gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Optical and Thermal Properties of (C<sub>4</sub>H<sub>9</sub>NH<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>MI<sub>4</sub> (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) (1996)

Single crystals of the organic-inorganic layered perovskites (C4H9NH3)2MI4 (M = Ge, Sn, Pb) have been grown from aqueous hydriodic acid solutions. X-ray diffraction, thermal analysis, and photoluminescence spectroscopy were used to compare crystal structure, metal atom lone-pair stereoactivity, and physical properties as a function of group IVB element. The orthorhombic (C4H9NH3)2GeI4 structure, refined in the space group Pcmn, consists of single-layer-thick perovskite sheets of distorted corner-sharing GeI6 octahedra separated by n-butylammonium cation bilayers. (C4H9NH3)2SnI4 and (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 are structurally very similar but adopt the space group Pbca, with a more ideal octahedral iodine coordination around the divalent group IVB atoms. Within the more general tin(II)-based family, (C4H9NH3)2(CH3NH3)n-1SnnI3n+1, a structural comparison between the title semiconducting n = 1 compound and the previously reported semimetallic n = 3 and metallic n → ∞ members demonstrates a correlation between perovskite sheet thickness, Sn(II) lone-pair stereochemical activity, average Sn−I bond length, and electrical conductivity within this series. While (C4H9NH3)2GeI4 melts at 222(2) °C, significantly below its bulk decomposition temperature, (C4H9NH3)2SnI4 (Tm = 256(2) °C) and (C4H9NH3)2PbI4 (Tm = 285(4) °C) melt/decompose at progressively higher temperatures and are less stable as a melt. Room-temperature photoluminescence from the title compounds exhibits a pronounced spectral peak in the visible range, with the peak wavelength varying between 690(5), 625(1), and 525(1) nm for the M = Ge, Sn, and Pb compounds, respectively.
Production of Formaldehyde and DNA−Adriamycin or DNA−Daunomycin Adducts, Initiated through Redox Chemistry of Dithiothreitol/Iron, Xanthine Oxidase/NADH/Iron, or Glutathione/Iron (1997)

The reaction of the antitumor drugs adriamycin and daunomycin with the self-complementary DNA oligonucleotide (GC)4 to generate DNA−drug adducts was investigated as a function of redox reaction conditions. The redox systems dithiothreitol (DTT)/Fe(III) and xanthine oxidase/NADH both gave the same distribution of four DNA−anthracycline adducts. In each of these adducts the anthracycline is bonded via a methylene linkage between the 3‘-amino group of the drug and the 2-amino group of a deoxyguanosine of the DNA. The methylene linkage results from reaction of the drug and DNA with in situ-generated formaldehyde via Schiff base chemistry [Taatjes, D. J., Gaudiano, G., Resing, K., and Koch, T. H. (1997) J. Med. Chem. 40, 1276−1286]. Formaldehyde production is promoted by iron, inhibited by metal-chelating agents, and does not require drug. Iron enhances formaldehyde production by a factor of 30, EDTA inhibits its formation by a factor of 2, and Desferal inhibits its formation by a factor of more than 20. Hydrogen peroxide accumulates in significant quantities only with xanthine oxidase/NADH in the presence of Desferal. The results are explained in terms of Fenton oxidation of Tris buffer to formaldehyde. Biological reagents also cause DNA−drug adduct formation; reduction of ferric ion with glutathione in phosphate buffer in the presence of spermine produced the same DNA−drug adducts. The observations are discussed in terms of cytotoxicity resulting from iron chelated to adriamycin catalyzing in vivo production of formaldehyde which links adriamycin to DNA and tumor cell resistance resulting from factors which decrease formaldehyde.
A Surface-Reactive Rod-Coil Diblock Copolymer:  Nano- and Micropatterned Polymer Brushes (2002)

A diblock copolymer consisting of poly(3-(triethoxysilyl)propylisocyanate) (PIC) and polystyrene(PS) was synthesized by anionic polymerization. A polymeric monolayer of the block copolymer was formed on silica substrates by various grafting techniques such as immersion, casting, or contact-printing. The PIC block adheres covalently to Si substrates in an in-plane fashion due to its extended rodlike conformation and reactivity to the silica. The polystyrene blocks aggregate to form mounds on the surface resulting in a new type of nanopatterned polymer brush. The self-limiting adsorption of the rod coils results in a thickness of about 5 nm regardless of the solution concentration and coating method. This particular property allowed microcontact printing directly onto silicon or glass substrates. The resulting surface morphology consisted of nanoscale domains given by the block copolymer and uniform thickness micropatterns transferred from the stamp within the printed area. This study offers a simple new method to prepare a covalent polymeric monolayer with nano- and micropatterns, which can be performed directly onto various silicon-based substrates.
Mutation R96W in cytochrome P450c17 gene causes combined 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17-20-lyase deficiency in two French Canadian patients. (1996)

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is the most frequent cause of adrenal insufficiency and ambiguous genitalia in newborn children. In contrast to CAH caused by 21 alpha-hydroxylase and 11 beta-hydroxylase deficiencies, which impairs steroid formation in the adrenal exclusively, 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency impairs steroid biosynthesis in the adrenals and gonads. The sequence of CYP17 gene was determined by direct sequencing of asymmetric PCR products in two French-Canadian 46,XY pseudohermaphrodite siblings suffering from combined 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency. The two patients are homozygous for the novel missense mutation R96W caused by a C to T transition converting codon Arg96 (CGG) into a Trp (TGG) in exon 1. The both parents are heterozygous for this missense mutation. We assessed the effect of the R96W mutation on 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase activity by analysis of mutant enzyme, generated by site-directed mutagenesis, expressed in COS-1 cells. The presence of R96W substitution almost completely abolished the activity of the mutant protein. The present findings provide a molecular explanation for the signs and symptoms of combined 17 alpha-hydroxylase/17,20-lyase deficiency in these two patients and provide useful information on the structure-activity relationships of the P450c17, enzyme.
MEMS and FOG Technologies for Tactical and Navigation Grade Inertial Sensors—Recent Improvements and Comparison (2017)

In the following paper, we present an industry perspective of inertial sensors for navigation purposes driven by applications and customer needs. Microelectromechanical system (MEMS) inertial sensors have revolutionized consumer, automotive, and industrial applications and they have started to fulfill the high end tactical grade performance requirements of hybrid navigation systems on a series production scale. The Fiber Optic Gyroscope (FOG) technology, on the other hand, is further pushed into the near navigation grade performance region and beyond. Each technology has its special pros and cons making it more or less suitable for specific applications. In our overview paper, we present latest improvements at NG LITEF in tactical and navigation grade MEMS accelerometers, MEMS gyroscopes, and Fiber Optic Gyroscopes, based on our long-term experience in the field. We demonstrate how accelerometer performance has improved by switching from wet etching to deep reactive ion etching (DRIE) technology. For MEMS gyroscopes, we show that better than 1°/h series production devices are within reach, and for FOGs we present how limitations in noise performance were overcome by signal processing. The paper also intends a comparison of the different technologies, emphasizing suitability for different navigation applications, thus providing guidance to system engineers.
Reducing cold-start emission from internal combustion engines by means of a catalytic converter embedded in a phase-change material (1999)

Under normal operating conditions, catalytic converters appear to be the most effective means of reducing air pollution from internal combustion (IC) engines. The conversion efficiency, however, declines very steeply for temperatures below about 350°C and is practically zero during the starting and warming-up period. Improving the conversion efficiency under these conditions is important, particularly in large cities, where the number of startings per vehicle per day tends to be high. Among the more successful solutions are preheating of the catalyst electrically, warming up of the catalyst in an external combustion chamber, installation of an auxiliary small-capacity catalytic converter, and employment of an adsorbing unit between two catalysts. Although these methods are quite effective, their disadvantage lies in the fact that they require an external energy source, an additional component (a control unit) or a three-stage catalyst. In the present work an investigation was made of a solution based on the exploitation of thermal capacitance to keep the catalyst temperature high during off-operation periods. A phase-change material (PCM) with a transition temperature of 352.7°C, which is slightly above the light-off temperature of the metallic catalyst, was specially formulated, and a system comprising a catalytic converter embedded in the PCM was designed and tested. Under normal engine operating conditions, some of the thermal energy of the exhaust gases was stored in the PCM. During the time that the vehicle was not in use, the PCM underwent partial solidification, and the latent heat thus produced was exploited to maintain the catalyst temperature within the desired temperature range for maximum conversion efficiency.
[Recovery from out-of-hospital cardiac arrest after mild hypothermia: report of two cases]. (1998)

We report two patients with out-of-hospital cardiac arrest who recovered after hypothermia therapy. A 25-year-old man and a 16-year-old boy were transferred to our hospital after cardiopulmonary arrest due to idiopathic ventricular fibrillation and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, respectively. We carried out hypothermia therapy using cooling blankets, and the patients were maintained at 32-33 degrees C for 96 and 36 h, respectively. After slow rewarming, they regained consciousness and recovered. During hypothermia, hypokalemia and arrhythmia occurred. Their arrest times (no spontaneous circulation and no CPR) were 10 min and 8 min, and CPR times (no spontaneous circulation while CPR was being performed) were 24 min and 20 min, respectively. In cases where the duration of ischemia is prolonged, the prognosis is expected to be poor. Therefore, we believe that hypothermia therapy is beneficial for such patients.
Numerical modelling of the parasitic effects of supporting structures on HF Yagi arrays (1991)

In many situations, both land-based and on various mobile platforms, HF antennas can be severely compromised by the parasitic coupling effects of conducting objects in their vicinity. The author describes the results of some modelling exercises on a typical HF array with nearby parasitic conductors using MININEC. The presence of unavoidable co-polarised conductors in the vicinity of an HF Yagi-Uda array with thin-wire elements has been considered by simulating the arrangements with a moment method computer program.
Electrochemically driven delivery to cells from vesicles embedded in polyelectrolyte multilayers (2012)

Calcein was delivered from a functional coating into viable cells on top of it, upon the application of an electrochemical stimulus. The dye was loaded in liposomes stably embedded in a sandwich of polyelectrolyte multilayers. The covering multilayer was optimized with respect to its chemical composition to be resistant to galvanostatic conditions and to allow for cell growth. Additionally, spatial control over the release was achieved by two different patterning methods: (1) coating the indium tin oxide electrode by a micro-patterned insulator and (2) directly patterning the electrode. The release kinetics could be tuned by regulating the current density.
The effects of commensal microbiota on immune cell subsets and inflammatory responses (2011)

Billions of years of coevolution shaped the mutually beneficial relationships between metazoans and symbiotic commensal microorganisms. Commensal microorganisms profoundly affect the physiology of the host and provide the host with survival advantages in several ways, while they could also trigger pathogenic immune responses and threaten the well-being of the host. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology enabled the analysis of commensal microbiota, and improvements in the techniques of culturing gut-resident microorganisms and of rearing gnotobiotic rodents have made it possible to assess the effect of individual component of microbial communities on host physiology. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the interactions of commensal microbiota with the host immune system.
Far-infrared laser system for detection of defects in polyethylene-insulated power cables (1978)

A far-infrared laser system has been constructed and used for real-time detection of voids and contaminants imbedded in the polyethylene insulation of moving power cables. The measured scattered FIR laser radiation can be correlated to the size and the shape of the defects in polyethylene insulation during extrusion. The smallest detectable defect is 25 μm in size, which produces a scattered signal at a level about five times the background radiation scattered from microvoids usually occurring in cross-linked polyethylene material at a number density of 109 per cc.
Visibility on Cathode-Ray Tube Screens: Viewing Angle* (1949)

Thresholds of visual detectability were determined for signals on a modified 7BP7 cathode-ray tube. Thresholds were determined in units of signal voltage for three pip sizes, all relatively small, and for four screen brightnesses at each of several positions from the line of binocular regard to 20 degrees out from it. The purpose was to determine the limits within which chance eccentricity of view could be a factor in radar detection. The range of impairment from zero to twenty degrees of eccentricity was about 17 db of signal voltage. The course of the impairment is probably not quite linear, with the optimal scope brightness (about 0.16 footlambert for this phosphor), but the slope is a function of scope brightness. For very small pips the data show no region of equal visibility, even within the fovea; direct fixation is required for maximal detection. There being no data based on optically precise stimuli available for comparison with the radar thresholds, an estimate was made of the luminances of the pips and their backgrounds. As estimated, the visual threshold probably varies up to one-log unit or greater over a range of 20 degrees of viewing angle, for the optimal scope background.
The 1989 Livermore Evaluated Photon Data Library (EPDL) (1990)

This paper describes the contents of the 1989 Livermore Evaluated Photon Data Library (EPDL) as well as the sources of data, the evaluation methods and how to interpret and use the data. This library contains data for the elements H through Fm, Z = 1 {minus} 100, over the energy range 10 eV to 100 GeV. For each element cross sections, form factors, coherent anomalous scattering factors and the average energy of all secondary particles are given. 27 refs., 28 figs., 2 tabs.
Case 49-1968 (1968)

Presentation of Case First admission. A sixty-nine-year-old woman entered the hospital for removal of a vocal-cord polyp.For twelve years she had had episodes of respiratory distress and wheezing, which were treated with a bronchodilator medication. She habitually smoked 2 packages of cigarettes daily and had a chronic productive cough. One year before admission slight elevation of the blood pressure was found. Five months before entry vocal-cord polyps were removed at another hospital. At about that time she noticed loss of vision, and an intraocular hemorrhage was found in the left eye. Moderate polydipsia occurred, but no polyuria. Shortly before . . .
Isolation and characterization of Aurantiochytrium species: high docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) production by the newly isolated microalga, Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116 (2013)

A heterotrophic microalga, strain SD116, with the ability to produce high concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, C22:6n-3) was isolated from Shuidong Bay, Guangdong Province, China. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the 18S rDNA of SD116 showed that the strain has a close phylogenetic relationship to Aurantiochytrium species. The highest rates for growth and DHA accumulation for SD116 were obtained in 6.0% glucose, 2.0% yeast extract, and 50% artificial seawater (ASW) at a pH of 7 at 28°C. The maximum total lipid content reached 56.3% of the dry cell weight (DCW), and the maximum DHA content accounted for 50.9% of the total fatty acid (TFA) content. It was further found that urea may be a potential nitrogen source for industrial fermentation because of its cheap price and ability to induce a relatively high biomass and lipid production capacity. Using 5 L fermenters, the DCW, total lipid content, and DHA yield were found to be 70.43 g L(-1), 71.09% of the DCW, and 17.42 g L(-1) (34.79% of the TFA), respectively. The results show that Aurantiochytrium sp. SD116 is a promising candidate for commercial DHA production and could be useful for the synthesis of biomass-related products.
Nafazatrom-induced salvage of ischemic myocardium in anesthetized dogs is mediated through inhibition of neutrophil function. (1985)

The effects of nafazatrom on leukocyte function in vitro and in vivo were related to its ability to salvage ischemic myocardium in an occlusion-reperfusion model of myocardial injury in the anesthetized dog. Nafazatrom (0.4-75 microM) produced dose-related inhibition in vitro of neutrophil aggregation, superoxide anion generation, arachidonic acid metabolism, and, to a lesser extent, the release of beta-glucuronidase. In contrast, nafazatrom (0.4-37.5 microM) did not substantially influence platelet aggregation or the platelet metabolism of arachidonic acid. In vivo nafazatrom (10 mg/kg, po) reduced infarct size from 58 +/- 3% of the risk area (mean +/- SEM, n = 9) in control dogs to 23 +/- 2% of the risk area (n = 9, P less than 0.01). Nafazatrom also reduced the incidence of accompanying arrhythmias. Nafazatrom-induced myocardial salvage was not associated with any hemodynamic changes; moreover, it was independent of platelets, since thrombocytopenia did not prevent nafazatrom from exerting a protective effect. Measurements of the neutrophil-specific myeloperoxidase enzyme in ischemic myocardium indicate that the smaller infarct size in dogs treated with nafazatrom is accompanied by diminished leukocyte infiltration. Thus, the ability of nafazatrom to inhibit neutrophil function in vitro and cell infiltration in vivo may underly its myocardial-protective effects.
Radioimmunoassay of factor V in human plasma and platelets (1982)

Abstract Homogeneous, single-chain human factor V was used to develop a double antibody competition radioimmunoassay to measure factor V concentrations in plasma and platelets. Standard curves were constructed that allow for the detection of as little as 20 ng factor V/ml of plasma. Normal factor V concentrations range from 4 to 14 micrograms/ml of plasma with an average value of 7.0 +/- 2.0 micrograms/ml (n = 64). No correlation was observed between antigen levels and age or sex. The radioimmunoassay data are consistent with factor V clotting assays, providing freshly drawn plasma is used in the bioassay. Radioimmunoassay of washed platelets indicate that 0.63–1.93 microgram of factor V is present per 2.5 X 10(8) platelets (4612–14128 molecules of the factor V platelet). When normalized to individual hematocrits and platelet count, the data indicated that platelets contribute approximately 18%-25% of the factor V found in whole blood. In addition, two individuals with functionally deficient factor V were examined and found to be deficient in both antigen and activity.
Synthetic Studies on Resin Acids. III.<sup>1</sup> Synthesis of a Stereoisomer of Desisopropyldehydroabietic Acid (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic Studies on Resin Acids. III.1 Synthesis of a Stereoisomer of Desisopropyldehydroabietic AcidNarendra Nath Saha, Bejoy Kumar Ganguly, and Phanindra Chandra DuttaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 14, 3670–3674Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01523a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01523a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views55Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Calibration of Machine Learning Models (2011)

The evaluation of machine learning models is a crucial step before their application because it is essential to assess how well a model will behave for every single case. In many real applications, not only is it important to know the “total” or the “average” error of the model, it is also important to know how this error is distributed and how well confidence or probability estimations are made. Many current machine learning techniques are good in overall results but have a bad distribution assessment of the error. For these cases, calibration techniques have been developed as postprocessing techniques in order to improve the probability estimation or the error distribution of an existing model. This chapter presents the most common calibration techniques and calibration measures. Both classification and regression are covered, and a taxonomy of calibration techniques is established. Special attention is given to probabilistic classifier calibration.
Purification of Single-Stranded DNA by Co-Polymerization with Arylamide and Electrophoresis (2017)

Single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) oligonucleotides are useful as aptamers, hybridization probes and for emerging applications in DNA nanotechnology. Current methods to purify ssDNA require both a strand-separation step and a separate size-separation step but may still leave double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) impurities in the sample. Here, we use commercially available acrydite DNA primers to immobilize one strand of a PCR product within a polyacrylamide matrix. Electrophoresis moves the non-crosslinked DNA into the gel where the single-stranded product of desired size can be recovered. Our results show this method produces high yields of pure ssDNA.