gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of tracking photovoltaic systems with a single vertical axis (2002)

Abstract Solar tracking is used in large grid‐connected photovoltaic plants to maximise solar radiation collection and, hence, to reduce the cost of delivered electricity. In particular, single vertical axis tracking, also called azimuth tracking, allows for energy gains up to 40%, compared with optimally tilted fully static arrays. This paper examines the theoretical aspects associated with the design of azimuth tracking, taking into account shadowing between different trackers and back‐tracking features. Then, the practical design of the trackers installed at the 1.4 MW Tudela PV plant is presented and discussed. Finally, this tracking alternative is compared with the more conventional fully stationary approach. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced Methods for Testing VLSI Components (1982)

All methods for testing VLSI components are based on design for testability. Since VLSI complexity necessitates the utilization of regular design structures the emphasis of this paper is on how to exploit regularity in order to obtain easily testable components. Besides memories which are not considered here, the most important regular structures are programmable logic arrays (PLAs). Great effort has been spent on designing testable PLAs. The tendency is now towards universal test sets and self-test. Of equal importance are bit-sliced architectures. Applying the well-founded theory of iterative logic arrays (ILAs) to bit slices has produced very promising results. Self-test is entering this area, too. An example of a 32-bit execution unit combining bit-sliced architecture and self-test concludes this paper.
Atomic Layer Etching of Metal Oxides and Atomic Layer Deposition of Metal Fluorides (2015)

Atomic control of thin film growth and removal is essential for semiconductor processing. Atomic layer deposition (ALD) is a thin film deposition technique that is based on self-limiting surface reactions that deposit thin conformal films with atomic scale precision. The ALD of metal fluorides has been limited by the difficulty of handling the hydrogen fluoride (HF) precursor that is necessary for metal fluoride film growth. The use of HF-pyridine as an HF reservoir has allowed the development of metal fluoride ALD processes such as AlF3, LiF, lithium ion conducting (AlF3)(LiF)x alloy, ZrF4, HfF4, MnF2, MgF2, and ZnF2. AlF3 ALD was studied using trimethylaluminum (TMA) and HF at temperatures from 150-300Â°C by in situ techniques such as quartz crystal microbalance (QCM), quadrupole mass spectrometry (QMS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Ex situ characterization of the films was conducted using X-ray reflectivity (XRR) and spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE), grazing incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS). These high quality metal fluoride ALD films will be useful for many applications such as optical coatings and Lewis acid catalysts.\nâReverse ALDâ, i.e. atomic layer etching (ALE), is a film removal technique that is able to remove thin films with atomic level control. Current ALE processes based on halogen adsorption and ion-enhancement are inherently directional processes that lead to an anisotropic removal of material. New thermal approaches for Al2O3 and HfO2 ALE were demonstrated using Sn(acac)2 and HF as the reactants. In situ and ex situ studies showed that thermal ALE of Al2O3 and HfO2 is possible at temperatures from 150-250Â°C. In the proposed reaction mechanism, the HF reactant fluorinates the metal oxide surfaces to form the corresponding metal fluoride and H2O as reaction products. The Sn(acac)2 reactant induces a ligand exchange reaction to produce volatile SnF(acac) and Al(acac)3 or Hf(acac)4. This etching approach based on fluorination and ligand exchange is general and can be applied to other metal oxides, as well as metal nitrides, metal phosphides, metal arsenides and elemental metals. Thermally driven ALE processes will provide an important tool for isotropically etching materials at the atomic scale.
Mining significant semantic locations from GPS data (2010)

With the increasing deployment and use of GPS-enabled devices, massive amounts of GPS data are becoming available. We propose a general framework for the mining of semantically meaningful, significant locations, e.g., shopping malls and restaurants, from such data. We present techniques capable of extracting semantic locations from GPS data. We capture the relationships between locations and between locations and users with a graph. Significance is then assigned to locations using random walks over the graph that propagates significance among the locations. In doing so, mutual reinforcement between location significance and user authority is exploited for determining significance, as are aspects such as the number of visits to a location, the durations of the visits, and the distances users travel to reach locations. Studies using up to 100 million GPS records from a confined spatio-temporal region demonstrate that the proposal is effective and is capable of outperforming baseline methods and an extension of an existing proposal.
New electrical testing structures and analysis method for MOL and BEOL process diagnostics and TDDB reliability assessment (2013)

Both MOL PC-CA spacer dielectric and BEOL low-k dielectric breakdown data are commonly convoluted with multiple variables present in the data due to the involvement of many process steps such as lithography, etch, CMP, cleaning, and thin film deposition. With the continuing aggressive scaling of device dimensions and introduction of new device configurations, how to accurately analyze such complicated lateral dielectric breakdown data from MOL and BEOL TDDB in advanced VLSI circuits has become very challenging. In this paper, a new electrical method is developed to accurately characterize different variables in MOL and BEOL dielectric breakdown. This method provides a powerful way to do a fast deep dive process and reliability analysis for technology development and qualification without time consuming physical failure analysis.
Synthese und Aggregationsverhalten chiraler Cystein‐Amphiphile mit <i>s</i>‐Triazin als verknüpfende Partialstruktur (1989)

Abstract Es werden homologe Liposomenbausteine 3 mit L ‐Cystein als chirale hydrophile Kopfgruppe synthetisiert. Als Verknüpfungseinheit zwischen Cystein und den lipophilen Alkylketten dient s ‐Triazin. Mittels DSC‐ und Fluoreszenz‐Anisotropie‐Messungen lassen sich die Phasenübergangstemperaturen der Lipide bestimmen. Es kann gezeigt werden, daß eine den Phospholipiden analoge Relation zwischen Art und Länge der Ketten und der Phasenübergangstemperatur besteht. Einschlußversuche mit ionischen wasserlöslichen Farbstoffen ergeben Hinweise auf eine Interaktion der in Phosphatpuffer (pH = 7.0), gebildeten Vesikel mit kationischen, nicht jedoch mit anionischen hydrophilen Substanzen.
Further characterization of antibody and antigen in heparin‐induced thrombocytopenia (1999)

Patients with immune heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT) possess antibodies that bind to a complex of platelet factor 4 (PF4) and heparin. We observed that HIT antibodies will also bind to PF4 alone adsorbed on polystyrene ELISA wells but not to soluble PF4 in the absence of heparin. Having developed a technique to affinity-purify anti-PF4-heparin HIT IgG, we are able to provide the first estimates of the avidity of HIT IgG. HIT IgG displayed relatively high functional affinity for both PF4-heparin (Kd = 7-30 nM) and polystyrene adsorbed PF4 alone (Kd = 20-70 nM). Furthermore, agarose beads coated with PF4 alone were almost as effective as beads coated with PF4 plus heparin in depleting HIT plasmas of anti-PF4-heparin antibodies. We conclude that the HIT antibodies which bind to polystyrene adsorbed PF4 without heparin are largely the same IgG molecules that bind PF4-heparin and therefore most HIT antibodies bind epitope(s) on PF4 and not epitope(s) formed by part of a PF4 molecule and part of a heparin molecule. Binding of PF4 to heparin (optimal) or polystyrene/agarose (suboptimal) promotes recognition of this epitope.
Treating seeds with activators of plant defence generates long‐lasting priming of resistance to pests and pathogens (2011)

• Priming of defence is a strategy employed by plants exposed to stress to enhance resistance against future stress episodes with minimal associated costs on growth. Here, we test the hypothesis that application of priming agents to seeds can result in plants with primed defences. • We measured resistance to arthropod herbivores and disease in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) plants grown from seed treated with jasmonic acid (JA) and/or β-aminobutryric acid (BABA). • Plants grown from JA-treated seed showed increased resistance against herbivory by spider mites, caterpillars and aphids, and against the necrotrophic fungal pathogen, Botrytis cinerea. BABA seed treatment provided primed defence against powdery mildew disease caused by the biotrophic fungal pathogen, Oidium neolycopersici. Priming responses were long-lasting, with significant increases in resistance sustained in plants grown from treated seed for at least 8 wk, and were associated with enhanced defence gene expression during pathogen attack. There was no significant antagonism between different forms of defence in plants grown from seeds treated with a combination of JA and BABA. • Long-term defence priming by seed treatments was not accompanied by reductions in growth, and may therefore be suitable for commercial exploitation.
Carbene and Isocyanide Ligation at Luminescent Cyclometalated 6-Phenyl-2,2‘-bipyridyl Platinum(II) Complexes:  Structural and Spectroscopic Studies (1999)

A series of luminescent cyclometalated platinum(II) diamino−carbene complexes, namely, [(CNN)Pt{C(NHR1)(NHR2)}]+ (HCNN = 6-phenyl-2,2‘-bipyridine; for R1 = tBu, R2 = Me (2), NH2 (3), CH2Ph (4); for R1 = 2,6-Me2C6H3 (Ar‘), R2 = Me (6), NH2 (7), CH2Ph (8)), are synthesized by nucleophilic attack of amines at the coordinated isocyanide ligands of [(CNN)PtC⋮NR1]+ (R1 = tBu (1), Ar‘ (5)). The binuclear bridging bis(carbene) derivative [{(CNN)Pt}2μ-{C(NHtBu)(NH(CH2)3)}2NMe]2+ (9) is prepared by treatment of 1 with excess 3,3‘-diamino-N-methyldipropylamine. The molecular structures of 2(ClO4)·0.5H2O, 3(ClO4)·0.5H2O, 4(ClO4), and 6(ClO4) reveal Pt−C(carbene) distances of 1.997(7), 1.992(4), 1.989(6), and 1.996(8) Å, respectively. Short N−C(carbene) bond lengths (mean 1.332 Å) imply substantial pπ−pπ interactions within the N−C(carbene)−N fragment, and minimal π bonding in the Pt−C(carbene) moiety is inferred. Weak π−π stacking interactions between the CNN ligands are observed in the crystal lattice of 2−4 and 6 (range 3.5−3.6 Å). Complexes 1−9 display structureless emissions, with λmax ranging from 528 to 558 nm in acetonitrile at 298 K, and they are assigned to 3MLCT excited states. The emissions of 1 and 5 exhibit noticeably higher quantum yields, which reflect the strong ligand field strength of the isocyanide auxiliaries. The 77 K emissions of 1−9 in frozen acetonitrile are blue-shifted and display well-resolved vibronic structures. At high concentrations (≥10-5 M), 1 and 5 show an additional low-energy band at 627 (in butyronitrile) and 730 nm which are ascribed to π−π excimeric and MMLCT emissions, respectively. The solid-state emissions of complexes 1(ClO4)−9(ClO4)2 (except 5(ClO4)) at 298 K are red-shifted from solution to λmax 553−579 nm with a shoulder at 595−612 nm. They are tentatively assigned to 3MLCT excited states with excimeric character due to weak CNN π−π interactions, as evident in the crystal structures. The remarkable low-energy luminescence of 5(ClO4) in the solid state (λmax 704 nm at 298 K; 781 nm at 77 K) is attributed to MMLCT transitions arising from solid-state intermolecular stacking interactions. Upon photolysis with UV−visible light, reaction between complex 2 and iodomethane in acetonitrile leads to decomposition of the diamino−carbene ligand and generation of the platinum(IV) diiodide cyanide derivative trans-[(CNN)Pt(C⋮N)I2] (10).
Short Fiber Reinforced Composite: The Effect of Fiber Length and Volume Fraction (2006)

By increasing the volume fraction and length of short fibers up to 5 mm, which was the optimum length, the mechanical properties of short FRC were improved.
Robust quantitative single-exposure laser speckle imaging with true flow speckle contrast in the temporal and spatial domains (2019)

A systematic and robust laser speckle contrast imaging (LSCI) method and procedure is presented covering the LSCI system calibration, static scattering removal, and measurement noise estimation and correction to obtain a true flow speckle contrast <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msup><mml:msub><mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:mi>f</mml:mi></mml:msub> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> and the flow speed from single-exposure LSCI measurements. We advocate the use of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"> <mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mi>K</mml:mi> <mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msup> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> as the speckle contrast instead of the conventional contrast <i>K</i>, as the former relates simply to the flow velocity and is with additive noise alone. We demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed true flow speckle contrast by imaging phantom flow at varying speeds, showing that (1) the proposed recipe greatly enhances the linear sensitivity of the flow index (inverse decorrelation time) and the linearity covers the full span of flow speeds from 0 to 40 mm/s; and (2) the true flow speed can be recovered regardless of the overlying static scattering layers and the type of speckle statistics (temporal or spatial). The fundamental difference between the apparent temporal and spatial speckle contrasts is further revealed. The flow index recovered in the spatial domain is much more susceptible to static scattering and exhibit a shorter linearity range than that obtained in the temporal domain. The proposed LSCI analysis framework paves the way to estimate the <i>true</i> flow speed in the wide array of laser speckle contrast imaging applications.
IMouse: Eyes Gesture Control System (2018)

A high number of people, affected with neuro-locomotor disabilities or those paralyzed by injury cannot use computers for basic tasks such as sending or receiving messages, browsing the internet, watch their favorite TV show or movies. Through a previous research study, it was concluded that eyes are an excellent candidate for ubiquitous computing since they move anyway during interaction with computing machinery. Using this underlying information from eye movements could allow bringing the use of computers back to such patients. For this purpose, we propose an imouse gesture control system which is completely operated by human eyes only. The purpose of this work is to design an open-source generic eye-gesture control system that can effectively track eye-movements and enable the user to perform actions mapped to specific eye movements/gestures by using computer webcam. It detects the pupil from the user’s face and then tracks its movements. It needs to be accurate in real-time so that the user is able to use it like other every-day devices with comfort.
On circularity (1994)

Circularity is an assumption that was originally introduced for the definition of the probability distribution function of complex normal vectors. However, this concept can be extended in various ways for nonnormal vectors. The first purpose of the paper is to introduce and compare some possible definitions of circularity. From these definitions, it is also possible to introduce the concept of circular signals and to study whether or not the spectral representation of stationary signals introduces circular components. Therefore, the relationships between circularity and stationarity are analyzed in detail. Finally, the theory of linear mean square estimation for complex signals exhibits some connections with circularity, and it is shown that without this assumption, the estimation theory must be reformulated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Belief Propagation Approach to Privacy-Preserving Item-Based Collaborative Filtering (2015)

Collaborative filtering (CF) is the most popular recommendation algorithm, which exploits the collected historic user ratings to predict unknown ratings. However, traditional recommender systems run at the central servers, and thus users have to disclose their personal rating data to other parties. This raises the privacy issue, as user ratings can be used to reveal sensitive personal information. In this paper, we propose a semi-distributed belief propagation (BP) approach to privacy-preserving item-based CF recommender systems. Firstly, we formulate the item similarity computation as a probabilistic inference problem on the factor graph, which can be efficiently solved by applying the BP algorithm. To avoid disclosing user ratings to the server or other user peers, we then introduce a semi-distributed architecture for the BP algorithm. We further propose a cascaded BP scheme to address the practical issue that only a subset of users participate in BP during one time slot. We analyze the privacy of the semi-distributed BP from a information-theoretic perspective. We also propose a method that reduces the computational complexity at the user side. Through experiments on the MovieLens dataset, we show that the proposed algorithm achieves superior accuracy.
High Performance Coatings from Poly(Arylene Sulfide) Resins (1987)

Abstract Poly(arylene sulfide) resins have been formulated as high performance coatings and applied to steel pony rods for laboratory and oil well testing. The performance of the poly(arylene sulfide)- based coatings was evaluated as a measure of their ability to reduce corrosion in producing, but highly corrosive wells, by comparison to commercial epoxy coated pony rods. A high pressure testing apparatus was built in the laboratory to simulate down-hole oil well conditions, and it was used as a screening device to select coatings for field trials. Poly(phenylene sulfide) resins of 17,700 weight average molecular weight were cured to form coatings on pony rods. These rods, installed in two wells, have survived for eight months without any measurable deterioration of the coating. Epoxy and higher molecular weight coatings of poly(phenylene sulfide) showed varying degrees of deterioration after five months.
Recovery-phase patterns of ST segment depression in the heart rate domain. Identification of coronary artery disease by the rate-recovery loop. (1989)

Although the time course of ST segment depression after exercise has been related to the presence and severity of coronary artery disease, recovery-phase patterns of ST segment depression with reference to changing heart rate have not been quantified. We have found distinct recovery loop patterns of ST segment depression that distinguish subjects without coronary disease from patients with coronary artery disease when ST segment depression is examined in the heart rate domain. Continuous plots of ST segment depression and heart rate were constructed throughout treadmill exercise and recovery in 100 clinically normal subjects, in 124 patients with coronary artery disease proven by catheterization, and in 17 patients with no significant coronary disease at catheterization. Among clinically normal subjects, 95% (95 of 100) had normal (clockwise) rate-recovery loops, and 5% (five of 100) had abnormal (counterclockwise) rate-recovery loops. In these normal subjects, the resulting 95% specificity of a normal rate-recovery loop was similar to the 93% (93 of 100) specificity of standard end-exercise ST segment depression criteria. Among patients with coronary disease proven by angiography, 93% (115 of 124) had abnormal (counterclockwise) rate-recovery loops, and 7% (nine of 124) had normal rate-recovery loops. In contrast was the significantly lower 74% (92 of 124) sensitivity of standard ST segment criteria (p less than 0.001 vs. the rate-recovery loop). Specificity of a normal rate-recovery loop (71%, 12 of 17) and standard ST segment depression criteria (71%, 12 of 17) were similar in the patients with normal coronary arteries at angiography.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Biologically inspired coupled antenna beampattern design (2010)

We propose to design a small-size transmission-coupled antenna array, and corresponding radiation pattern, having high performance inspired by the female Ormia ochracea's coupled ears. For reproduction purposes, the female Ormia is able to locate male crickets' call accurately despite the small distance between its ears compared with the incoming wavelength. This phenomenon has been explained by the mechanical coupling between the Ormia's ears, which has been modeled by a pair of differential equations. In this paper, we first solve these differential equations governing the Ormia ochracea's ear response, and convert the response to the pre-specified radio frequencies. We then apply the converted response of the biological coupling in the array factor of a uniform linear array composed of finite-length dipole antennas, and also include the undesired electromagnetic coupling due to the proximity of the elements. Moreover, we propose an algorithm to optimally choose the biologically inspired coupling for maximum array performance. In our numerical examples, we compute the radiation intensity of the designed system for binomial and uniform ordinary end-fire arrays, and demonstrate the improvement in the half-power beamwidth, sidelobe suppression and directivity of the radiation pattern due to the biologically inspired coupling.
Identification and Characterization of Golgin-84, a Novel Golgi Integral Membrane Protein with a Cytoplasmic Coiled-coil Domain (1999)

The cytoplasmic face of the Golgi contains a variety of proteins with coiled-coil domains. We identified one such protein in a yeast two-hybrid screen, using as bait the peripheral Golgi phosphatidylinositol(4,5)P2 5-phosphatase OCRL1 that is implicated in a human disease, the oculocerebrorenal syndrome. The approximately 2.8-kilobase mRNA is ubiquitously expressed and abundant in testis; it encodes a 731-amino acid protein with a predicted mass of 83 kDa. Antibodies against the sequence detect a novel approximately 84-kDa Golgi protein we termed golgin-84. Golgin-84 is an integral membrane protein with a single transmembrane domain close to its C terminus. In vitro, the protein inserts post-translationally into microsomal membranes with an N-cytoplasmic and C-lumen orientation. Cross-linking indicates that golgin-84 forms dimers, consistent with the prediction of an approximately 400-residue dimerizing coiled-coil domain in its N terminus. The dimerization potential is supported by a data base search that showed that the N-terminal 497 residues of golgin-84 contain a coiled-coil domain that when fused to the RET tyrosine kinase domain had the ability to activate it, forming the RET-II oncogene. Data base searching also indicates golgin-84 is similar in structure and sequence to giantin, a membrane protein that tethers coatamer complex I vesicles to the Golgi.