gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pathogenicity and virulence: another view (1988)

The concepts of pathogenicity and virulence have governed our perception of microbial harmfulness since the time of Pasteur and Koch. These concepts resulted in the recognition and identification of numerous etiological agents and provided natural and synthetic agents effective in therapy and prevention of diseases. However, Koch's postulates--the premier product of this view--place the onus of harmfulness solely on the microbial world. Our recent experiences with polymicrobic and nosocomial infections, legionellosis, and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome point to the host as the major determinant of disease. The principles of parasitism, enunciated by Theobold Smith, approximate more accurately the disturbances of the host-parasite equilibrium we designate as infection. Many complex attributes of microbial anatomy and physiology have been obscured by our dependency on the pure-culture technique. For example, bacterial attachment organelles and the production of exopolysaccharides enable microorganisms to interact with mammalian glycocalyces and specific receptors. In addition, selection, through the use of therapeutic agents, aids in the progression of environmental organisms to members of the intimate human biosphere, with the potential to complicate the recovery of patients. These factors emphasize further the pivotal significance of host reactions in infections. Parasitism, in its negative aspects, explains the emergence of "new" infections that involve harm to more than host organs and cells: we may encounter subtler infections that reveal parasitic and host cell nucleic acid interactions in a form of genomic parasitism.
Computational learning theory: an introduction (1992)

Computational learning theory is a subject which has been advancing rapidly in the last few years. The authors concentrate on the probably approximately correct model of learning, and gradually develop the ideas of efficiency considerations. Finally, applications of the theory to artificial neural networks are considered. Many exercises are included throughout, and the list of references is extensive. This volume is relatively self contained as the necessary background material from logic, probability and complexity theory is included. It will therefore form an introduction to the theory of computational learning, suitable for a broad spectrum of graduate students from theoretical computer science and mathematics.
Comparison of DLPC and DPPC in Controlling the Dynamic Adsorption and Surface Tension of Their Aqueous Dispersions (2002)

The adsorption of dilauroylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC) at the air/ water interface was investigated with tensiometry, infrared reflection−absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS), and ellipsometry. The tension dynamics at 25 °C at constant and pulsating area depends strongly on the concentration (10−1000 ppm) and sizes of dispersed DLPC particles, which are liposomes or vesicles. Dynamic surface tensions as low as 1−5 mN/m are observed for DLPC. For dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC), such tensions are also observed, but only for certain special preparation procedures. Direct probing of the surface by IRRAS and ellipsometry indicates that DLPC adsorbs by a molecular adsorption mechanism, controlled largely by the rate of dissolution of the dispersed particles. The surface layer is a monolayer with no particles attached to it, unlike DPPC in which the surface monolayer forms by particles which reach the interface and remained attached to it (Wen, X.; Franses, E. I. Langmuir 2001, 17, 3194). Spectroturbidimetry and dialysis experiments, used to determine the DLPC solubility in water as 4 ± 1 ppm and the DPPC solubility as essentially zero, support the above mechanisms. For DLPC, a simple diffusion/adsorption model with molecular diffusion and variable effective diffusion length can account for the dynamic surface tension data.
Rigid body state estimation using dynamic vision and inertial sensors (2003)

In this paper, estimation of rigid body orientation is studied. The measurements are angular velocities from a rate gyro and the perspective projections of lines, obtained from a computer vision system. The problem is formulated as an implicit output problem for a system evolving on the special orthogonal group and,it is shown that it is possible to decouple the rotation estimation problem from the position estimation. Observability is studied for different line configurations and an observer for the rotation is proposed. It is shown that under some natural conditions on the translation, the observer is locally exponentially stable. The observer does not use any local parameterization of the special orthogonal group but instead evolves on the group of rotation matrices.
The Cholinergic Deficit Coincides with Aβ Deposition at the Earliest Histopathologic Stages of Alzheimer Disease (2000)

Effective therapeutic intervention in Alzheimer disease (AD) will be most effective if it is directed at early events in the pathogenic sequence. The cholinergic deficit may be such an early event. In the present study, the brains of 26 subjects who had no history of cognitive loss and who were in early histopathologic stages of AD (average Braak stage less than II) were examined at autopsy to determine whether a cortical cholinergic decrement was associated with Abeta concentration or deposition. In the superior frontal and inferior temporal gyri, the choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity of plaque-containing cases was significantly decreased (p < 0.05, unpaired, two-tailed t-tests), measuring 70.9% and 79.5%, respectively, relative to plaque-free cases. In the inferior temporal gyrus, Spearman's rank correlation analysis showed that ChAT activity had a significant inverse correlation with Abeta concentration (p = 0.075; r = -0.3552). The results indicate that the cholinergic deficit is established at an early histopathologic stage of AD, before the onset of clinical symptoms.
Threshold-voltage balance for minimum supply operation (2003)

The difference between the threshold voltages V/sub t/ of pMOS and nMOS transistors is a critical issue in the low-voltage operation of CMOS circuits. The pMOS/nMOS V/sub t/ balancing profit is analyzed in terms of subthreshold leakage current and the performance of CMOS LSIs and the minimum supply voltage of logic circuits. Matching the pMOS/nMOS V/sub t/ improves LSI performance and reduces the lowest supply voltage by 0.15 V. We propose a new concept of body bias management that uses forward biasing, fluctuation compensating, and V/sub t/ matching technologies to resolve the issue.
Activity and Cross-Reactivity of Antibodies Induced in Mice by Immunization with a Group B Meningococcal Conjugate (2001)

The capsular polysaccharide of group B Neisseria meningitidis is composed of a linear homopolymer of alpha(2-8) N-acetyl neuraminic acid or polysialic acid (PSA) that is also carried by isoforms of the mammalian neural cell adhesion molecule (NCAM), which is especially expressed on brain cells during development. Here we analyzed the ability of antibodies induced by the candidate vaccine N-propionyl polysaccharide tetanus toxoid conjugate to recognize PSA-NCAM. We hyperimmunized mice to produce a pool of antisera and a series of immunoglobulin G monoclonal antibodies and evaluated their self-reactivity profile by using a battery of tests (immunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, and immunofluorescence detection on live cells and human tissue sections) chosen for their sensitivity and specificity to detect PSA-NCAM in various environments. We also searched for the effects of the vaccine-induced antibodies in two functional assays involving cell lysis or cell migration. Although they were highly bactericidal, all the antibodies tested showed very low or no recognition of PSA-NCAM, in contrast to PSA-specific monoclonal antibodies used as controls. Different patterns of cross-reactions were revealed by the tests used, likely due to affinity and specificity differences among the populations of induced antibodies. Furthermore, neither cell lysis nor perturbation of migration was observed in the presence of the tested antibodies. Importantly, we showed that whereas enzymatic removal of PSA groups from the surfaces of live cells perturbed their migration, blocking them with PSA-specific antibodies was not functionally detrimental. Taken together, our data indicated that this candidate vaccine induced antibodies that could not demonstrate an immunopathologic effect.
On-Site Visual Detection of Hydrogen Sulfide in Air Based on Enhancing the Stability of Gold Nanoparticles (2014)

We have described a simple and low-cost visual method for on-site detection of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in air based on the antiaggregation of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The bubbling of H2S into a weak alkaline buffer solution leads to the formation of HS-, which can stabilize the AuNPs and ensure the AuNPs maintain their red color even in a Tris buffer solution containing 80 mM NaCl with the presence of Tween 80. The stabilization of the AuNPs is attributed to the adsorption of negatively charged S2- on the AuNPs surface. In contrast, without the bubbling of H2S, AuNPs aggregate and change color from red to blue. Under optimal conditions, the proposed method exhibits excellent visual sensitivity with a naked-eye detectable limit of 0.5 ppm (v/v), making the on-site detection of H2S possible. This method also possesses good selectivity toward H2S over other gases by using a simple SO2 removal device. The successful determination of the concentrations of H2S in local air indicates the potential application of this cost-effective method.
Die Gitterenergie des SiO2 und der Natriumsilikate (1958)

Als Gitterenergie eines Körpers wird die Arbeit bezeichnet, die, z.B. in Form von Wärme, zugeführt werden muß, um ihn in seine einzelnen, „unendlich“ weit voneinander entfernten Atome (bzw. Ionen) zu zerlegen. Sie läßt sich mit thermochemischen Messungen experimentell bestimmen.
Apoptosis induction mediated by wild-type p53 adenoviral gene transfer in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. (1995)

Cancer gene therapy strategies for inducing apoptosis in solid tumors may allow contemporary medicine to reassess its management of these cancers. We demonstrated previously that overexpression of the wild-type p53 gene in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cell lines via adenovirus-mediated gene transfer suppressed growth both in vitro and in vivo. Here, we characterize the mechanism of the growth suppression by the exogenous p53 gene as a consequence of programmed cell death (apoptosis). One of the cell lines used in this study, Tu-138, harbors a mutated p53 gene, whereas the other cell line, MDA 686LN, possesses a wild-type p53 gene. DNA fragmentation was detected by electrophoresis in both cell lines after infection with the wild-type p53 adenovirus, Ad5CMV-p53. With the use of the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end-labeling method, 4.4% of the remaining viable Tu-138 cell population was identified as apoptotic as early as 15 h after inoculation with Ad5CMV-p53. The percentage of apoptotic cells increased to 31% at 22 h. In contrast, only 10% of the viable MDA 686LN cells (wt-p53) had undergone apoptosis 30 h after Ad5CMV-p53 infection, although the percentage of apoptotic cells rapidly increased to 60% at 48 h after infection. For in vivo analysis of apoptosis, nude mice in which squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck cell lines had been implanted s.c. had exogenous wt-p53 transiently introduced to the tumor cells via Ad5CMV-p53 2 days later. In situ end labeling clearly illustrated apoptosis in the tumor cells. These results suggest that wt-p53 plays an important role in the induction of apoptosis in human head and neck cancer cell lines and that selective induction of apoptosis in cancer cells can be further explored as a strategy for cancer gene therapy.
Systemic Administration of Glibenclamide Fails to Achieve Therapeutic Levels in the Brain and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Rodents (2015)

Activating mutations in the Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel cause neonatal diabetes (ND). Patients with severe mutations also suffer from neurological complications. Glibenclamide blocks the open KATP channels and is the treatment of choice for ND. However, although glibenclamide successfully restores normoglycaemia, it has a far more limited effect on the neurological problems. To assess the extent to which glibenclamide crosses the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in vivo, we quantified glibenclamide concentrations in plasma, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and brain tissue of rats, control mice, and mice expressing a human neonatal diabetes mutation (Kir6.2-V59M) selectively in neurones (nV59M mice). As only small sample volumes can be obtained from rodents, we developed a highly sensitive method of analysis, using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry acquisition with pseudo-selected reaction monitoring, achieving a quantification limit of 10ng/ml (20nM) glibenclamide in a 30μl sample. Glibenclamide was not detectable in the CSF or brain of rats after implantation with subcutaneous glibenclamide pellets, despite high plasma concentrations. Further, one hour after a suprapharmacological glibenclamide dose was administered directly into the lateral ventricle of the brain, the plasma concentration was twice that of the CSF. This suggests the drug is rapidly exported from the CSF. Elacridar, an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein and breast cancer resistance protein (major multidrug resistance transporters at the BBB), did not affect glibenclamide levels in CSF and brain tissue. We also identified a reduced sensitivity to volatile anaesthetics in nV59M mice and showed this was not reversed by systemic delivery of glibenclamide. Our results therefore suggest that little glibenclamide reaches the central nervous system when given systemically, that glibenclamide is rapidly removed across the BBB when given intracranioventricularly, and that any glibenclamide that does enter (and is below our detection limit) is insufficient to influence neuronal function as assessed by anaesthesia sensitivity.
The β-Barrel Outer Membrane Protein Assembly Complex of<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2009)

The evolutionarily conserved protein Omp85 is required for outer membrane protein (OMP) assembly in gram-negative bacteria and in mitochondria. Its Escherichia coli homolog, designated BamA, functions with four accessory lipoproteins, BamB, BamC, BamD, and BamE, together forming the beta-barrel assembly machinery (Bam). Here, we addressed the composition of this machinery and the function of its components in Neisseria meningitidis, a model organism for outer membrane biogenesis studies. Analysis of genome sequences revealed homologs of BamC, BamD (previously described as ComL), and BamE and a second BamE homolog, Mlp. No homolog of BamB was found. As in E. coli, ComL/BamD appeared essential for viability and for OMP assembly, and it could not be replaced by its E. coli homolog. BamE was not essential but was found to contribute to the efficiency of OMP assembly and to the maintenance of OM integrity. A bamC mutant showed only marginal OMP assembly defects, but the impossibility of creating a bamC bamE double mutant further indicated the function of BamC in OMP assembly. An mlp mutant was unaffected in OMP assembly. The results of copurification assays demonstrated the association of BamC, ComL, and BamE with Omp85. Semi-native gel electrophoresis identified the RmpM protein as an additional component of the Omp85 complex, which was confirmed in copurification assays. RmpM was not required for OMP folding but stabilized OMP complexes. Thus, the Bam complex in N. meningitidis consists of Omp85/BamA plus RmpM, BamC, ComL/BamD, and BamE, of which ComL/BamD and BamE appear to be the most important accessory components for OMP assembly.
On the Mechanism of CO-Tolerance of Pt-Mo Alloy Electrocatalysts (1998)

A mechanism of action of Mo atoms in the Pt-Mo alloy surface for the electrooxidation of CO and H2/CO mixtures is proposed. The Mo atoms nucleate reactive OH groups which oxidize CO adsorbed at neighboring Pt sites at much lower overpotentials than on the pure Pt surface. In the case of H2/CO mixtures, the rate of oxidation of CO even at very low overpotential is sufficiently high such that the steady-state coverage by CO of Pt sites is significantly less than the saturation coverage, creating a steady-state level of vacant Pt sites for the oxidation of H2 to take place at a high rate. A mathematical model is derived which produces simulated i-E curves that are in reasonable agreement with experiment.
Development progress toward the fabrication of vacuum microelectronic devices using conventional semiconductor processing (2002)

First attempts to create functioning vacuum microelectronic devices using a newly proposed cusp molding technique produced a few structures on which basic diode properties could be measured. The vacuum I-V characteristics obtained are presented. Field emission is believed to be the principal conduction mechanism. Fowler-Nordheim plots of these data are discussed along with the need to correct the measurements for nonemission conduction and some empirical methods for doing so. Similar measurements performed in air at atmospheric pressure are also presented and compared.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Virtual Machines Detection Methods Using IP Timestamps Pattern Characteristic (2016)

Virtual machines (VMs) are underlying technologies of IT solutions such as cloud computing. VMs provide ease of use through their on-demand characteristics and provide huge benefits in terms of lowering costs and improving scalability. VMs are also being used as malware detection systems, and with the rapidly expanding usage of mobile devices, besides of their usage as honeypots, VMs are coming to be used as emulators for detecting malware in apps. This is due to the limited resources, such as processing power, available in mobile devices. Currently, the security of applications for mobile devices is checked by running them in VM environments before they are released to the end user. We argue that such a process may cause or overlook serious security threats to the end user. In particular, if a piece of malware can detect its current running environment, it may change its behavior such that it doesn't perform malicious operations in environments it suspects to be emulators. In this way, when the malware detects that its running environment is on a VM, it may be able to hide from the security system on the VM. This is a potential security hazard for end users, especially users of mobile devices. In this paper, we present a VM detection method that we argue could be used for remotely detecting VM environments. The detection method works by analyzing the pattern of IP timestamps in replies sent from the target environment. The method does not require any installation of software on the target machine which further increase its potential harm if it were to be used by malware to detect VM environments. In this paper, we also present a technique to disguise a real PC machine such that it shows the similar IP timestamp patterns as the VM. By using this technique, malware may not be able to differentiate between a real machine and a VM, thus providing protection to PC end users.
A fully automated synthesis of [<sup>18</sup>F]‐FEAU and [<sup>18</sup>F]‐FMAU using a novel dual reactor radiosynthesis module (2009)

Abstract 2′‐Deoxy‐2′‐[ 18 F]fluoro‐5‐substituted‐1‐ β ‐ D ‐arabinofuranosyluracils, including 2′‐deoxy‐2′‐[ 18 F]fluoro‐5‐methyl‐1‐ β ‐ D ‐arabinofuranosyluracil [ 18 F]FMAU and [ 18 F]FEAU are established radiolabeled probes to monitor cellular proliferation and herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (HSV1‐tk) reporter gene expression with positron emission tomography. For clinical applications, a fully automated CGMP‐compliant radiosynthesis is necessary for production of these probes. However, due to multiple steps in the synthesis, no such automated synthetic protocols have been developed. We report here a fully automated synthesis of [ 18 F]‐FEAU and [ 18 F]‐FMAU on a prototype dual reactor module TRACERlab FX FN. The synthesis was performed by using a computer‐programmed standard operating procedure, and the product was purified on a semipreparative high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) integrated with the synthesis module using 12% EtOH in 50 mM Na 2 HPO 4 . Finally, the percentage of alcohol was adjusted to 7% by adding Na 2 HPO 4 and filtered through a Millipore filter to make dose for human. The radiochemical yield on the fluorination was 40±10% ( n =10), and the overall yields were 4±1% (d. c.), from the end of the bombardment; [ 18 F]FEAU ( n =7) and [ 18 F]FMAU ( n =3). The radiochemical purity was >99%, specific activity was 1200–1300 mCi/µmol. The synthesis time was 2.5 h. This automated synthesis should be suitable for production of [ 18 F]FIAU, [ 18 F]FFAU, [ 18 F]FCAU, [ 18 F]FBAU and other 5‐substitued thymidine analogues. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Several epitopes of p85 glycoprotein (CDw44) are dependent on intact disulphide bonds. Isolation of cDNA clones requires a polyclonal antibody raised against the reduced protein (1988)

Monoclonal antibodies 50B4 and 50E6 recognize two distinct epitopes of human p85 glycoprotein (CDw44). Both epitopes are destroyed by reduction of the purified glycoprotein as demonstrated by inhibition of cellular radioimmunoassay and Western blot analysis. Endoglycosidase F treated p85 glycoprotein, with an apparent molecular weight of 73,000, is still reactive with both monoclonal antibodies. Thus both epitopes are conformational determinants of the polypeptide chain. A rabbit antibody produced against purified native p85 glycoprotein also reacted only with the non-reduced form of p85. Repeated immunizations with SDS-dissociated and reduced p85 yielded a polyclonal antibody reactive by Western blot analysis with reduced and non-reduced forms of p85 glycoprotein. When a HOON leukemia cell line cDNA expression library was screened with this polyclonal antibody, two cDNA clones were isolated which reacted specifically with the antiserum and not with the control non-immune serum. Preliminary characterization of these clones indicates that they are p85-related.
[Lessening the impairment of wound healing by pre-or postoperative quantitative factor-XIII substitution (author's transl)]. (1980)

In the light of listed references, a report is given on the influence of the clotting factor XIII in experiments with animals as well as with patients. Through own examinations in 95 patients with severe abdominal and vessel surgery, a clear lessening of impairment of wound healing could be achieved by the quantitative pre- and postoperative substitution of the fibrin stabilizing factor.
All-fiber source of frequency-entangled photon pairs (2009)

We present an all-fiber source of frequency-entangled photon pairs by using four-wave mixing in a Sagnac fiber loop. Special care is taken to suppress the impurity of the frequency entanglement by cooling the fiber and by matching the polarization modes of the photon pairs counterpropagating in the fiber loop. Coincidence detection of signal and idler photons, which are created in pair and in different spatial modes of the fiber loop, shows the quantum interference in the form of spatial beating, while the single counts of the individual signal (idler) photons keep constant. When the production rate of photon pairs in each propagation direction of the fiber loop is about 0.065 pairs/pulse, the envelope of the quantum interference reveals a visibility of $(95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}2)%$, which is close to the calculated theoretical limit 98.7%.