gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plant Transformation Technology: Particle Bombardment (2004)

Abstract Stable gene transfer to plants can be achieved by two general strategies— Agrobacterium ‐mediated transformation and the direct introduction of DNA into the plant cell. Agrobacterium ‐mediated transformation is dependent on complex biological interactions between the bacterium and host plant, while direct DNA transfer is based on chemical or physical principles. Techniques included in this category, however, require particular cell types as transformation targets, and it is not always possible to regenerate plants from such cells. Only particle bombardment, the introduction of DNA into plants using high‐velocity microprojectiles, has the potential to transform any cell type from any plant, providing a truly universal transformation strategy. In this chapter, we discuss the principles of particle bombardment and variables that must be optimised for efficient transient and stable transformation. We also discuss the fate of exogenous DNA once it has entered the plant cell, and how this influences transgene expression. A literature survey is presented, listing all the plant species that have been transformed using this method, up to the end of the year 2001.
Humoral immunodeficiency in patients after bone marrow transplantation. (1996)

Ex vivo IgG production was determined in 17 children and adolescents and in 14 adult patients between 10 months and 6 years after BMT. Twenty-four patients received allogeneic transplants. Seven patients were transplanted with autografts. Seven patients received immunosuppressive therapy. B cells were purified by positive selection with a CD20 antibody. After IL-2 or IL-10 stimulation, IgG production of SAC-preactivated B cells in patients with immunosuppression (median/range: 11/4-15 ng/ml or 14210-29 ng/ml) was significantly reduced compared with patients receiving allogenic (30/3-860 ng/ml or 33/2-3431 ng/ml; P < 0.01) or autologous transplants (75/7-1431 ng/ml or 269-/7-13600 ng/ml, P < 0.01). In 14/31 patients ex vivo IgG production was defective. Investigations of B cell function in patients with defective IgG production was performed significantly earlier after BMT compared with patients with normal IgG production ex vivo (2 +/- 1 years vs 3.3 +/- 1.5 years; P < 0.05). In addition, only patients with a B cell deficiency received immunosuppression. However, patients ex vivo IgG produced by B cells was decreased, but IgG production/sIgG+ B cells was within range of healthy volunteers. The number of IgG-committed B cells in these patients was significantly reduced compared to patients without deficiency (23/19-45/microliter vs 100/14-336/microliter; P < 0.05), indicating an in vivo switching defect. Although IL-10 is known to induce IgG-isotype switching in vitro, production of IL-10 by anti-CD3 activated MNCs obtained from patients with a switching defect did not differ from patients without B cell defects (1699/400-2662 pg/ml vs 724-112-1826 pg/ml). In nine patients IgG production and IgG production/sIgG+ B cells were impaired. The number of sIgG+ B cells was not decreased compared with patients without B cell deficiency (115/18-288/microliter), indicating a defective terminal differentiation of IgG-committed B cells to plasma cells. Although autocrine IL-6 is essential for plasma cell formation of isotype-determined B cells, it was comparable in patients with a terminal deficiency and without deficiency (3838/583-5967 pg/ml vs 2423/1643-6184 pg/ml). However, IL-10 production by anti-CD3 activated MNCs in patients with a terminal B cell defect (426/54-2262 pg/ml, P < 0.05) was significantly lower than in patients without deficiency, indicating a deviant cytokine production by T cells which might in part account for the B cell defect. Defective isotype switching as well as impaired terminal differentiation of B cells were found. Further analysis of factors regulating isotype-switching in vivo as well as cytokine receptor expression or signalling processes of differentiation factors in activated B cells might help to characterize the nature of these B cell deficiencies after BMT.
Preclinical and clinical examinations of Salvia miltiorrhiza and its tanshinones in ischemic conditions. (2006)

Salvia miltiorrhiza (Labiatae, Laminaceae), danshen, is an annual sage mainly found in China and neighboring countries. The crude drug (dried root) and its preparations are currently used in China to treat patients suffering from heart attack, angina pectoris, stroke and some other conditions. The use of S. miltiorrhiza has been increasing in the management of stroke. Pharmacological examinations showed that the plant and its active ingredients, tanshinones and salvianolic acids, have anticoagulant, vasodilatory, increased blood flow, anti-inflammatory, free radical scavenging, mitochondrial protective and other activities. This review discusses the pharmacology, medicinal chemistry and clinical studies published, especially in China, for danshen and tanshinone preparations. Clinical examinations are evaluated in terms of S. miltiorrhiza preparation, dose, double blinding, control, clinical assessments of outcomes and other parameters. Meta-analyses of S. miltiorrhiza are also discussed.
An Inclusion Membrane Protein from <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> Enters the MHC Class I Pathway and Stimulates a CD8+ T Cell Response (2003)

During its developmental cycle, the intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis remains confined within a protective vacuole known as an inclusion. Nevertheless, CD8(+) T cells that recognize Chlamydia Ags in the context of MHC class I molecules are primed during infection. MHC class I-restricted presentation of these Ags suggests that these proteins or domains from them have access to the host cell cytoplasm. Chlamydia products with access to the host cell cytoplasm define a subset of molecules uniquely positioned to interface with the intracellular environment during the pathogen's developmental cycle. In addition to their use as candidate Ags for stimulating CD8(+) T cells, these proteins represent novel candidates for therapeutic intervention of infection. In this study, we use C. trachomatis-specific murine T cells and an expression-cloning strategy to show that CT442 from Chlamydia is targeted by CD8(+) T cells. CT442, also known as CrpA, is a 15-kDa protein of undefined function that has previously been shown to be associated with the Chlamydia inclusion membrane. We show that: 1) CD8(+) T cells specific for an H-2D(b)-restricted epitope from CrpA are elicited at a significant level (approximately 4% of splenic CD8(+) T cells) in mice in response to infection; 2) the response to this epitope correlates with clearance of the organism from infected mice; and 3) immunization with recombinant vaccinia virus expressing CrpA elicits partial protective immunity to subsequent i.v. challenge with C. trachomatis.
CO<sub>2</sub> Capture by Polyethylenimine-Modified Fibrous Adsorbent (2008)

This work focuses on developing a novel adsorbent for CO2 capture, by coating polyethylenimine (PEI) on glass fiber matrix and using epichlorohydrin (ECH) as cross-linking agent. The physicochemical properties of the fibrous adsorbent were characterized. The CO2 adsorption capacity was evaluated. Factors that affect the adsorption capacity of the fibrous adsorbent were studied. The experimental results show that this fibrous PEI adsorbent exhibits a much higher adsorption capacity for CO2 compared with another PEI fiber prepared in our previous work, which employed epoxy resin as the cross-linking agent. A CO2 adsorption capacity as high as 4.12 mmol CO2/g of adsorbent was obtained for this fibrous PEI adsorbent at 30 degrees C, equal to 13.56 mmol CO2/g of PEI, with a PEI/ECH ratio of 20:1. The adsorbent can be completely regenerated at 120 degrees C.
DakNet: rethinking connectivity in developing nations (2004)

DakNet provides extraordinarily low-cost digital communication, letting remote villages leapfrog past the expense of traditional connectivity solutions and begin development of a full-coverage broadband wireless infrastructure. What is the basis for a progressive, market-driven migration from e-governance to universal broadband connectivity that local users will pay for? DakNet, an ad hoc network that uses wireless technology to provide asynchronous digital connectivity, is evidence that the marriage of wireless and asynchronous service may indeed be the beginning of a road to universal broadband connectivity. DakNet has been successfully deployed in remote parts of both India and Cambodia at a cost two orders of magnitude less than that of traditional landline solutions.
Genres populaires et «érographiques» en Afrique francophone: le cas des romans de la collection Adoras (2009)

L'objet de cet article est d'examiner les enjeux esthetiques et institutionnels relatifs a l'emergence des litteratures populaires en Afrique francophone a travers l'etude du cas des romans Adoras. Vehicule d'un discours « erographique » qui s'efforce de concilier modernite et tradition, cette paralitterature francophone emergente, qui a souvent fait l'objet d'un traitement anecdotique, pose un certain nombre de questions fondamentales sur le statut de la litterature francophone, les contraintes socioeconomiques de l'edition en Afrique et les modalites esthetiques d'un imaginaire erotique africain different de celui que proposent les auteurs de la litterature francophone « canonique ».
Center-Pivot Irrigation System for Independent Site-Specific Management of Water and Chemical Application (2009)

The development of lateral-move and center-pivot irrigation systems equipped for spatially variable water application and those equipped with an independent chemical application system have largely evolved independently. Integration of independent site-specific water and chemical application with lateral-move and center-pivot irrigation systems has received little attention. Increasing the utility of site-specific management technologies added to automated irrigation systems will increase their cost effectiveness and commercial potential. An independent chemical application system capable of variable rate application was installed and tested on a 4-span center-pivot irrigation system equipped for variable rate water application. The chemical application system was assembled using mini-sprinklers and common commercial irrigation system components. For uniform chemical application, the coefficient of uniformity (CU) values ranged from 84 to 90 providing acceptable application uniformity. For variable rate chemical application, CU values ranged from 79 to 93 and measured mean area-weighted relative application values were well correlated with target relative application values with R2 of 0.9 or higher. Field testing of the chemical application system demonstrated that it can be used to effectively apply spatially variable chemical application concurrent and independent of spatially variable water application.
Design considerations for wireless electric vehicle charging (2013)

This paper focuses on the design challenges in the design of an efficient, wireless, Level-2 PHEV battery charger. Specifically, this work focuses on the challenges posed by the coupling factor, AC resistance and Q-factor, equivalent load impedance, and need for power electronics. It uses the WiTricity™ system proposed by researchers as a sample system for wireless automotive charging. In-depth study study shows that the output could be modeled as a current source. This paper presents a novel AC/DC rectification and regulation scheme based on a modified boost converter and hysteresis controller. Detailed simulation has been carried out for the system, which shows that the system has 80% efficiency at full load.
Field distribution in waveguide of mid-infrared strain-compensated InAlAs/InGaAs/InP quantum cascade laser (2017)

In this paper we present calculated mode distributions in double-trench mesa waveguide of a quantum cascade laser (QCL) and far-field distributions of the QCL beam—both calculated and experimental. We have computed electric field distribution in the waveguide, confinement factor and mode absorption for different transversal modes and far-field distributions based on them. The parameters of the modes were calculated for various sizes: width and length, of the QCL waveguide. The maximal mesa width for single-transverse-mode operation was determined to be about 0.7 times wavelength. This value and the mode discrimination depend only slightly on the resonator length. To verify experimentally the results of the simulations we have measured power distribution in the far field by using goniometric profiler. The measured distribution agrees well with the results of the numerical calculations.
High-power single-polarization and single-transverse-mode fiber laser with an all-fiber cavity and fiber-grating stabilized spectrum (2006)

Conventionally, large-mode-area (LMA) fiber lasers use free-space polarizing components to achieve linear polarization output. External components, however, significantly limit laser robustness and power scalability. We demonstrate, to the best of our knowledge, the first high-power all-fiber cavity single-polarization single-transverse-mode LMA fiber laser, without the use of free-space polarizing components. This has been achieved by using tightly coiled high-birefringence 20 microm core LMA fiber. The lasing spectrum at 1085 nm has been stabilized by a fiber grating, spliced at one end of a LMA fiber. Up to 405 W of single-polarization output with a polarization extinction of >19 dB with a narrow spectrum (1.9 nm FWHM) and in a single-transverse mode (M2 < 1.1) has been demonstrated. The simplicity of a monolithic-cavity approach is highly beneficial for a number of applications, including the use of a fiber laser for nonlinear wavelength conversion and for coherent and spectral beam combining.
Self-healing by means of runtime execution profiling (2011)

A self-healing application brings itself into a stable state after a failure put the software into an unstable state. For such self-healing software application, finding fix for a previously unseen fault is a grand challenge. Asking the user to provide fixes for every fault is bad for productivity, especially when the users are non-savvy in technical aspect of computing. If failure scenarios come into existence, the user wants the runtime environment to handle those situations autonomically. This paper presents a new technique of finding self-healing actions by matching a fault scenario to already established fault models. By profiling and capturing runtime parameters and execution pathways, stable execution models are established and later are used to match with an unstable execution scenario. Experimentation and results are presented that showed that even with additional overheads; this technique can prove beneficial for autonomically healing faults and reliving system administrators from mundane troubleshooting situations.
Trying to Get Smart; Progress in Safety Assessment (1996)

ABSTRACT The extensive requirements for safety testing of pesticides are intended to reassure us that these compounds do not represent health or environmental hazards. There is a danger that as the complexity of requirements increases so this original objective may be lost sight of and we may end up doing unnecessary or ineffectual tests simply because they are what we have always done. How do we avoid this trap? Newer scientific information will inform us and must find its way into the regulatory process as soon as is practicable; there is a clear implication that other processes must be abandoned.
Do pentaquarks really exist? (2005)

In 2003 evidence for a novel family of particles called pentaquarks was reported by researchers working on a number of different experiments. The prospect of such a particle – which contains four quarks and one antiquark – has generated a huge amount of interest among theorists because, if confirmed, it would prove that quarks experience powerful correlations that had not been anticipated (see Physics World June 2004 pp25–30).
Biological network motif detection: principles and practice (2011)

Network motifs are statistically overrepresented sub-structures (sub-graphs) in a network, and have been recognized as 'the simple building blocks of complex networks'. Study of biological network motifs may reveal answers to many important biological questions. The main difficulty in detecting larger network motifs in biological networks lies in the facts that the number of possible sub-graphs increases exponentially with the network or motif size (node counts, in general), and that no known polynomial-time algorithm exists in deciding if two graphs are topologically equivalent. This article discusses the biological significance of network motifs, the motivation behind solving the motif-finding problem, and strategies to solve the various aspects of this problem. A simple classification scheme is designed to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of several existing algorithms. Experimental results derived from a few comparative studies in the literature are discussed, with conclusions that lead to future research directions.
Discriminatively Trained Markov Model for Sequence Classification (2006)

In this paper, we propose a discriminative counterpart of the directed Markov Models of order k - 1, or MM(k - 1) for sequence classification. MM(k - 1) models capture dependencies among neighboring elements of a sequence. The parameters of the classifiers are initialized to based on the maximum likelihood estimates for their generative counterparts. We derive gradient based update equations for the parameters of the sequence classifiers in order to maximize the conditional likelihood function. Results of our experiments with data sets drawn from biological sequence classification (specifically protein function and subcellular localization) and text classification applications show that the discriminatively trained sequence classifiers outperform their generative counterparts, confirming the benefits of discriminative training when the primary objective is classification. Our experiments also show that the discriminatively trained MM(k - 1) sequence classifiers are competitive with the computationally much more expensive Support Vector Machines trained using k-gram representations of sequences.
Applications of neural networks to monitoring and decision making in the operation of nuclear power plants. Summary (1990)

Application of neural networks to monitoring and decision making in the operation of nuclear power plants is being investigated under a US Department of Energy sponsored program at the University of Tennessee. Projects include the feasibility of using neural networks for the following tasks: (1) diagnosing specific abnormal conditions or problems in nuclear power plants, (2) detection of the change of mode of operation of the plant, (3) validating signals coming from detectors, (4) review of ``noise`` data from TVA`s Sequoyah Nuclear Power Plant, and (5) examination of the NRC`s database of ``Letter Event Reports`` for correlation of sequences of events in the reported incidents. Each of these projects and its status are described briefly in this paper. This broad based program has as its objective the definition of the state-of-the-art in using neural networks to enhance the performance of commercial nuclear power plants.
Algorithm and architecture of a 1V low power hearing instrument DSP (1999)

This paper presents a 1 V digital signal processor used in the Danalogic hearing aid manufactured by GN Danavox. The processor is the first general purpose programmable used in behind-the-ear and in-the-ear hearing aid applications. It is integrated with memories, in a 0.5~ CMOS process with standard thresholds. At 2 MHz processing speed, the processor consumes 800pA from a single cell battery. Using a dual multiplyaccumulate architecture, the processor executes a 256 point block floating-point FFT in just 2900 instruction cycles.
Base-catalyzed intermolecular condensation of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones. Self-condensation of styryl methyl and styryl ethyl ketones to 5-alry-3-styryl-2-cyclohexen-1-ones (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBase-catalyzed intermolecular condensation of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated ketones. Self-condensation of styryl methyl and styryl ethyl ketones to 5-alry-3-styryl-2-cyclohexen-1-onesArnold T. Nielsen and Susan HaseltineCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 8, 3264–3272Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1968https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01272a049RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (1 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Variability in Software Product Lines (2005)

Product line engineering is a widely used approach for the efficient development of whole portfolios of software products. The basis of the approach is that products are built from a core asset base, a collection of artifacts that have been designed specifically for use across the portfolio. To account for differences among the software products, some adaptations of the core assets are usually required. These adaptations should be planned before development and made easy for the product developers to use without jeopardizing existing properties of the core assets. In a product line with a large number of products and core assets, as well as requirements to make fine-grained adjustments, managing variability can become problematic very quickly. Mismanagement may result in adding unnecessary variability, implementing variation mechanisms more than once, selecting incompatible or awkward variation mechanisms, and missing required variations. As the product line grows and evolves, the need for variability increases, and managing the variability grows increasingly difficult. This report describes the concepts needed when creating core assets with included variability. These concepts provide guidelines to core asset creators on how to model the variability explicitly, so it is handled consistently throughout the product line and managing the variability becomes feasible.