gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Bactericidal action of tachyplesin I against oral streptococci (1994)

Tachyplesin I, a polycationic antimicrobial peptide isolated from hemocytes of horseshoe crabs, kills bacteria by disrupting the membrane potential of the cytoplasmic membrane. The present study shows that, among 36 oral streptococcal strains, 12 of 21 Streptococcus sanguis, 3 Streptococcus mutans, 9 Streptococcus salivarius and 3 Streptococcus milleri strains were susceptible to tachyplesin I, whereas 9 S. sanguis strains were resistant. Interestingly, these resistant strains include the clinical isolates from both Kawasaki disease and Behçet patients. According to the time-kill study, tachyplesin I inhibited irreversibly the growth of S. sanguis, S. mutans and S. salivarius strains within 20 min and an S. milleri strain within 80 min. Although it has been suggested that Escherichia coli cultured in rich media were more susceptible to tachyplesin I, the present results show that only 3 S. milleri strains were more sensitized to tachyplesin I in a glucose-supplemented medium, and other tested strains were not. Similarly, only 4 strains were more resistant to tachyplesin I in saline than these were in a rich medium.
Characterization of Cemented Sand for Building of Levee (2006)

A 58-year-old man with persistent symptomatic sinus bradycardia (52 beats/min) showed a markedly prolonged postpacing pause (3240 msec) after atrial pacing at a cycle of 840 msec. In addition, Wenckebach block occurred following atrial pacing at a cycle length of 700 msec. After atropine (2 mg) postpacing pauses returned to normal value and type 1 second-degree AV block completely reversed to 1:1 AV conduction until paced rates greater than 140/min. It may be that in some patients marked and persistent vagal overactivity may predispose to "intrinsic" sinus node dysfunction; in later stages, sinus node function may paradoxically result unaffected by changes in autonomic tone.
Generation of Phase Shifted Microwaves Using Thermo-Optic Multimode Interference Phase Modulator Antenna Array Based on ORMOCERs (2007)

We propose a novel multimode interference thermo-optic phase modulator array based on ORMOCERs <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">reg</sup> for generation of phase shifted microwaves. Theoretical and experimental results for the phase modulation analysis and device fabrication will be presented.
Effects of Semantic Segmentation Visualization on Trust, Situation Awareness, and Cognitive Load in Highly Automated Vehicles (2021)

Autonomous vehicles could improve mobility, safety, and inclusion in traffic. While this technology seems within reach, its successful introduction depends on the intended user’s acceptance. A substantial factor for this acceptance is trust in the autonomous vehicle’s capabilities. Visualizing internal information processed by an autonomous vehicle could calibrate this trust by enabling the perception of the vehicle’s detection capabilities (and its failures) while only inducing a low cognitive load. Additionally, the simultaneously raised situation awareness could benefit potential take-overs. We report the results of two comparative online studies on visualizing semantic segmentation information for the human user of autonomous vehicles. Effects on trust, cognitive load, and situation awareness were measured using a simulation (N=32) and state-of-the-art panoptic segmentation on a pre-recorded real-world video (N=41). Results show that the visualization using Augmented Reality increases situation awareness while remaining low cognitive load.
BOUNDARIES OF THE PUBLIC HEALTH FIELD (1926)

At no time in the world's history has there been, as now, such widespread recognition of the paramount importance of the public health to the welfare and happiness of the people. Nations, states, communities, official and nonofficial agencies, and hosts of individuals are demanding and obtaining the adoption of measures and means for the protection and betterment of physical and mental health to an extent that could not have been considered possible a quarter of a century ago. The growth of public health activities constitutes one of the striking phenomena and characteristics of the present generation. Public health has become the password which opens national doors to those who would promote also the cause of religion, education and international trade. It is the one subject which internationals, however uncongenial and mutually suspicious, can and do discuss without acrimony, political chicanery and hostility engendered in real or fancied wrongs. It is
Lectin-dependent attachment of Actinomyces naeslundii to receptors on epithelial cells (1984)

The adherence of Actinomyces naeslundii WVU45 to monolayer cultures of human epithelial cell lines was mediated by the lactose-sensitive fimbriae (type 2) of strain WVU45. The attachment of Actinomyces viscosus T14V, which has both types 1 and 2 fimbriae, was approximately half that of A. naeslundii, and only minimal attachment of A. naeslundii and A. viscosus mutants lacking type 2 fimbriae was detected. The adherence of strain WVU45 was enhanced two- to threefold by neuraminidase treatment of the epithelial cells. The Fab fragments of antibodies which recognize the type 2 fimbriae inhibited the adherence of A. naeslundii WVU45 to the epithelial cells. The bacterial interaction with epithelial cells was inhibited by lactose, methyl-beta-D-galactoside, and N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, but not by methyl-alpha-D-galactoside, cellobiose, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, L-fucose, or D-mannose. To further characterize the epithelial cell receptors for the bacterial lectin, we utilized several plant and invertebrate lectins as potential inhibitors of bacterial adherence. Lectins from Bauhinia purpurea and Arachis hypogaea which recognize N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-galactose, and D-galactose-beta-(1----3)-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine inhibited bacterial attachment, and binding of these lectins to epithelial cells was enhanced by the addition of neuraminidase. Lectins reacting with alpha-linked D-galactose, alpha-linked N-acetyl-D-galactosamine, D-mannose, or sialic acid were not inhibitory. Under similar assay conditions, adherence of a mannose-sensitive strain of Escherichia coli was inhibited by concanavalin A but not by the lectin from Bauhinia purpurea. These results indicate that certain plant lectins have specificities similar to that of the actinomyces fimbrial lectin and are, therefore, useful probes for identifying receptors on epithelial cells for certain bacteria.
AFP, PIVKAII, GP3, SCCA-1 and follisatin as surveillance biomarkers for hepatocellular cancer in non-alcoholic and alcoholic fatty liver disease (2008)

We conclude that while novel means of surveillance are urgently required, the combination of AFP and PIVKAII for HCC is an improvement on AFP alone in ALD/NAFLD patients. Furthermore, our data in this homogenous subset of patients- particularly that confirming no role for SCCA-1 - suggests that the choice of optimal biomarkers for HCC surveillance may be determined by the aetiology of underlying chronic liver disease.
Selective Hydrogenation for Fine Chemicals: Recent Trends and New Developments (2003)

Abstract In this overview, recent trends and developments for the selective hydrogenation of multifunctional molecules are discussed and assessed from the point of view of fine chemicals synthesis. In a first part, the design and preparation of catalysts and ligands with interesting properties are summarized, particularly meant for the catalysis specialist. The following topics are described in some detail: How enantioselective homogeneous catalysts are designed and tested; new effective chiral monodentate phosphines; successful bidentate phosphines ligand families (with axially chiral biaryl‐ and ferrocenyl‐based backbones, new phospholanes and with stereogenic phosphorus); novel bidentate ligand families with P‐O and P‐N bonds; and oxazoline‐based ligands. A short overview on immobilized chiral complexes and of the toolbox of heterogeneous catalysis (bimetallic, colloidal and modified catalysts) concludes this chapter. In a second part, progress for selected catalytic transformations and generic selectivity problems is described, intended mainly for the organic chemist who has to solve specific synthetic problems. Emphasis is on the following topics: The enantioselective hydrogenation of olefins with various substitution patterns; the chemo‐ and enantioselective hydrogenation of ketones; the diastereo‐ and enantioselective hydrogenation of CN functions; the stereoselective hydrogenation of aromatic rings; chemoselectivity and hydroxylamine accumulation in the reduction of functionalized nitroarenes; chemoselectivity and new protecting groups for catalytic debenzylation; the mild hydrogenation of carboxylic acid derivatives; and the chemoselective hydrogenation of nitriles. In the last parts of the review, transfer hydrogenation and mechanistic issues are discussed, followed by a short conclusions and outlook paragraph.
Antigen–antibody recognition by Fourier transform IR spectroscopy/attenuated total reflection studies: Biotin–avidin complex as an example (1991)

Biotin-avidin recognition is studied by Fourier transform ir spectroscopy/attenuated total reflection (FTIR/ATR) under physiological conditions. The ureido portion of biotin is confirmed to be involved in the interaction with avidin, as previously found, but when the biotin-avidin complex forms, an electrostatic interaction occurs between the carboxylate group of the biotin molecule and the protonated aminic end group of the avidin amino acid side chains. Comparison of the biotin-avidin system with the biotin-1,4-diaminobutane and biotin-tryptophan systems confirms these findings.
Spatial Dissipative Structures in Passive Optical Systems (1987)

We consider a nonlinear, passive optical system contained in an appropriate cavity, and driven by a coherent, plane-wave, stationary beam. Under suitable conditions, diffraction gives rise to an instability which leads to the emergence of a stationary spatial dissipative structure in the transverse profile of the transmitted beam.
[Tasks of the psychiatric polyclinic]. (1983)

Results of a random sample investigation at the psychiatric out-patient department of the University of Göttingen are reported: Data derived from 1479 consultations of 757 patients are given (age, sex, diagnosis, way of referral, advice for further treatment) and compared to those attending other in-patient and out-patient services and practitioners. We discuss the achievements of an out-patient department, also considering, however, that patients suffering from schizophrenia, alcoholism and psychogeriatric illness are only insufficiently taken care of, thus wanting further means of attendance to be offered.
Tissue Patterning: Translating Design Principles from In Vivo to In Vitro (2016)

Recapitulating the architecture of native tissue remains a significant challenge, impeding the progress of engineering tissues. Imposing appropriate organization is especially challenging in tissues that contain multiple cellular components in complex structural units. One solution is to mimic developmental processes in embryos. In an embryo, cells are organized by tissue patterning, whereby induction of fate-determining genes is spatially controlled to generate patterns of cell differentiation and maturation. Following patterning, the imposed cell organization is further reinforced by implementation of compartment boundaries, which prevent intermingling of cells from distinct phenotypic domains, thereby ensuring preservation of proper cell organization in growing and reorganizing tissues. Both morphogenic processes utilize a conserved set of fundamental principles, the implementation of which leads to highly regulated cell organization. In this article, we review these patterning principles in vivo and reflect on the progress made by tissue engineers in mimicking tissue patterning ex vivo.
An Efficient Collision Detection Scheme for Generation-2 RFID Systems (2012)

In radio-frequency identification (RFID) systems, tag collision resolution is a significant issue for fast tag identification. Dynamic framed slotted ALOHA (DFSA) is one of the most widely used algorithms to resolve tag collision. Collision detection (CD) plays an important role in determining the efficiency of DFSA-based algorithms because most DFSA-based algorithms determine the next frame size according to the number of collided slots in the current frame. Existing CD methods do not respond quickly enough to detect a collision and have difficulty in distinguishing a collision from noise, resulting in a degradation of system efficiency. This paper presents a CD scheme based on the EPCglobal Class-1 Generation-2 protocol to improve CD efficiency. This scheme enables fast and accurate CD by detecting the number of pulses transmitted by tags. The effectiveness and practical feasibility of the scheme is verified by simulation and implementation. Performance evaluation results show that the proposed scheme achieves faster identification speed than the conventional methods, especially under noise conditions.
Poly(4-<i>tert</i>-butylstyrene) as a Soluble Polymer Support in Homogeneous Catalysis (2003)

[reaction: see text] Use of soluble poly(4-tert-butylstyrene) (PtBS) as a support in synthesis is demonstrated. These soluble polymers supported catalysts that were used in a monophasic medium. Subsequent separation of the catalysts after reaction was effected either by cooling- or by water-induced liquid/liquid-phase separation. Specific catalysts studied included both phosphine and DMAP nucleophilic catalysts. Low loadings of an azo dye quantified the efficiency of separation and recovery of these catalysts through multiple reaction cycles.
Light-Harvesting Chlorophyll a/b Complexes: Interdependent Pigment Synthesis and Protein Assembly. (1995)

The biogenetic interdependence of light-harvesting chlorophyll (Chl) a/b proteins (LHCPs) and antenna pigments has been analyzed for two nuclear mutants of Chlamydomonas that have low levels of Chl b, neoxanthin, and loroxanthin. In mutant PA2.1, the apoprotein precursors (pLHCP II) of the major light-harvesting complex LHC II were synthesized at approximately wild-type rates, processed to their mature size, and rapidly degraded. Because the bulk of labile LHCP II in PA2.1 was soluble, a thylakoid integration factor apparently is defective in this strain. Chl a, Chl b, neoxanthin, and loroxanthin synthesis and accumulation were coordinately reduced in PA2.1, indicating that LHCP II play important regulatory or substrate roles in de novo synthesis of these pigments. Mutant GE2.27 is impaired principally in Chl b synthesis but nonetheless accumulated wild-type levels of all LHCPs. Topology studies of the GE2.27 LHCP II demonstrated that their insertion into thylakoids was incomplete even though they were not structurally altered. Thus, Chl b formation mediates conformational changes of LHCP II after thylakoid integration is initiated. GE2.27 also exhibited very low rates of neoxanthin synthesis and was unable to accumulate loroxanthin. Revertant GE2.27 strains with varying capacities for Chl b formation provided additional evidence that neoxanthin synthesis and accumulation are coupled with the final steps of LHCP II integration into thylakoids. We propose that biogenesis of LHC includes interdependent pigment synthesis/assembly events that occur during LHCP integration into the thylakoid membrane and that defects in these events account for the pleiotropic characteristics of many Chl b-deficient mutants.
Chloramphenicol: Relation of Structure to Activity and Toxicity (1988)

The availability of an increasing number of effective broad spectrum anti­ microbials in the past decade has diminished considerably the clinical in­ dications for chloramphenicol (CAP). However, interest in this antibiotic has recently been revived both because of its antimicrobial activity and its toxic­ ity. Some factors affecting its resurgence are the emergence of ampicillin­ resistant Halmophilus influenzae, the superiority of CAP in fighting certain anaerobic infections and infections of the central nervous system, and the development of sensitive assays for the antibiotic and some of its metabolites in body fluids. Greater attention, however, has focused on hematotoxicity from CAP and its pathogenesis. The extensive use of a CAP analogue, thiamphenicol (TAP), in Europe and the Far East, without an increase in the incidence of associated aplastic anemia, has revived interest in the structure­ toxicity relationship in the CAP molecule and has focused attention on the P-N02 group as the structural feature that probably underlies the development of bone marrow aplasia in association with administration of CAP. TAP, with a similar antimicrobial spectrum, has emerged as a challenging substitute to CAP. In this chapter the comparative metabolism and toxicity of CAP and TAP are reviewed with particular emphasis on the role of the P-N02 group. For a clearer perspective, the properties of CAP, its mechanism of action, and relation of structure to activity and to bacterial resistance are briefly consid­ ered.
Increased Efficiency and Controlled Light Output from a Microstructured Light-Emitting Diode (2001)

The use of Bragg scattering to increase the efficiency and control the spectrum and polarization of light from a polymer light-emitting diode (LED) is demonstrated. A lateral wavelength-scale microstructure in the form of a corrugation is integrated into the light-emitting layer and used to control the lateral modes (those parallel to the light-emitting layer) of the structure. Both photoluminescence and electroluminescence efficiencies can be enhanced in poly[2-Methoxy-5-(2′-ethyl-hexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH–PPV) based devices.
Impaired Ca2+-Induced Tyrosine Phosphorylation and Defective Lipid Scrambling in Erythrocytes From a Patient With Scott Syndrome: A Study Using an Inhibitor for Scramblase That Mimics the Defect in Scott Syndrome (1998)

Abstract Scott syndrome is an hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by a deficiency in platelet procoagulant activity. Unlike normal blood cells, Scott platelets, as well as erythrocytes and lymphocytes, are strongly impaired in their ability to scramble their membrane phospholipids when challenged with Ca2+. In normal cells this collapse of membrane asymmetry leads to surface exposure of phosphatidylserine. Here we report that Scott erythrocytes show an apparent defect in tyrosine phosphorylation on treatment with Ca2+-ionophore. Diminished tyrosine phosphorylation was also apparent in activated Scott platelets, but much less pronounced than observed in red blood cells. On the other hand, tyrosine phosphorylation profiles observed in Scott red blood cell ghosts after sealing in the presence of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were indistinguishable from those obtained from normal ghosts. Several observations argue in favor of a mechanism in which tyrosine phosphorylation in red blood cells is facilitated by, rather than required for scrambling of membrane lipids. Staurosporin blocks tyrosine phosphorylation in normal red blood cells, but does not inhibit the lipid scrambling process. White ghosts from normal erythrocytes, resealed in the absence of ATP, exhibit Ca2+-induced lipid scrambling without tyrosine phosphorylation. A selective inhibitor of Ca2+-induced lipid scrambling also showed an apparent inhibition of tyrosine phosphorylation in ionophore-treated normal red blood cells, similar to that observed in Scott erythrocytes. While this inhibitor also suppressed Ca2+-induced lipid scrambling in ghosts that were sealed in the presence of ATP, it did not inhibit tyrosine kinase activity. We conclude that the apparent deficiency in tyrosine phosphorylation in Scott cells is an epiphenomenon, possibly associated with a defect in phospholipid scrambling, but not causal to this defect.
Fuzzy logic and intelligent agents (1999)

Intelligent agents are software modules that can interact with its external environment in an autonomous fashion to achieve its goals. Fuzzy logic can play a major role in an intelligent agent for reasoning about the dynamic environment. FLAME (fuzzy logic adaptive model of emotions) is a new computational model of emotions that can be incorporated into intelligent agents and other complex, interactive programs.
Purification and properties of the thermostable acid protease of Penicillium duponti (1976)

An acid protease produced by the thermophilic fungus Penicillium duponti K 1014 has been purified by consecutive ion-exchange and gel permeation chromatography, and crystallized from aqueous acetone solution. The purified endopeptidase gave a symmetrical schlieren peak by sedimentation velocity, and was found to be homogeneous upon disc gel electrophoresis at pH 9.5. The enzyme was most active at pH 2.5 against milk casein and showed high thermostability. An isoelectric point of 3.81 was found by isoelectric focusing. A minimum molecular weight of 41 590 was calculated from the amino acid composition, adopting an arginine content of one residue per mole of enzyme. This minimum molecular weight is in good agreement with the value of 41 000 previously found by gel permeation (Hashimoto, H., Iwaasa, T., and Yokotsuka, T. (1973), Appl. Microbiol. 25, 578). Besides the thermostability, the purified P. duponti protease differs from other well-characterized acid proteases in that it contains carbohydrate, 4.33% expressed as glucose. The enzyme was not affected by p-bromophenacyl bromide, but was completely inactivated by alpha-diazo-p-bromoacetophenone, diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester, and diazoacetylglycine ethyl ester, in the presence of Cu2+. The complete inactivation of the protease by diazoacetyl-DL-norleucine methyl ester resulted in the specific incorporation of 1 mol of norleucine/mol of enzyme. On the basis of similar behavior of other acid proteases toward this inactivator, the results suggest the presence at the active site of an unusually reactive carboxyl group, involved in the catalytic function. The naturally occurring pepsin inhibitor of Streptomyces naniwaensis [Murao, S., and Satoi, S. (1970), Agric. Biol. Chem. 34, 1265] inhibited also the protease, at a threefold molar excess with respect to the enzyme.
SIDELOBES REDUCTION USING SIMPLE TWO AND TRI-STAGES NON LINEAR FREQUENCY MODULATION (NLFM) (2009)

The Linear Frequency Modulation (LFM) waveform is the most commonly and extensively used signal in practical radar system. However a compressed LFM signal at the receiver will produce the first sidelobe at a level of -13 dB to the peak of the main lobe. A weighting function is needed to apply in order to reduce the sidelobes. However, the penalty of mismatch loss is clearly evident. It may reduce output SNR, typically by 1 to 2 dB. Every single dB of additional SNR can have great effects in reducing false alarm rates in target detection applications. In an effort to achieve low autocorrelation sidelobe level without applying weighting function, Non-Linear Frequency Modulation (NLFM) signal has been investigated. This paper describes the sidelobe reduction techniques using simple two-stage FM waveform, modified two-stage FM waveform and tri-stage FM waveform. Simulation results of the proposed NLFM signal are presented. Sidelobe reduction of more than -19 dB can be achieved by this design without any weighting technique applied.