gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of infectious bovine papillomavirus from cloned viral DNA by using an organotypic raft/xenograft technique (2000)

Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) induces fibropapillomas in its natural host and can transform fibroblasts in culture. The viral genome is maintained as an episome within fibroblasts, which has allowed extensive genetic analyses of the viral functions required for DNA replication, gene expression, and transformation. Much less is known about BPV-1 gene expression and replication in bovine epithelial cells because the study of the complete viral life cycle requires an experimental system capable of generating a fully differentiated stratified bovine epithelium. Using a combination of organotypic raft cultures and xenografts on nude mice, we have developed a system in which BPV-1 can replicate and produce infectious viral particles. Organotypic cultures were established with bovine keratinocytes plated on a collagen raft containing BPV-1-transformed fibroblasts. These keratinocytes were infected with virus particles isolated from a bovine wart or were transfected with cloned BPV-1 DNA. Several days after the rafts were lifted to the air interface, they were grafted on nude mice. After 6-8 weeks, large xenografts were produced that exhibited a hyperplastic and hyperkeratotic epithelium overlying a large dermal fibroma. These lesions were strikingly similar to a fibropapilloma caused by BPV-1 in the natural host. Amplified viral DNA and capsid antigens were detected in the suprabasal cells of the epithelium. Moreover, infectious virus particles could be isolated from these lesions and quantitated by a focus formation assay on mouse cells in culture. Interestingly, analysis of grafts produced with infected and uninfected fibroblasts indicated that the fibroma component was not required for productive infection or morphological changes characteristic of papillomavirus-infected epithelium. This system will be a powerful tool for the genetic analysis of the roles of the viral gene products in the complete viral life cycle.
Potentiometric Sensing of Chemical Warfare Agents:  Surface Imprinted Polymer Integrated with an Indium Tin Oxide Electrode (2004)

Rapid and specific recognition of methylphosphonic acid (MPA), the degradation product of nerve agents sarin, soman, VX, etc., was achieved with potentiometric measurements using a chemical sensor fabricated by a surface imprinting technique coupled with a nanoscale transducer, indium tin oxide (ITO). An octadecylsiloxane thin layer was covalently bound to the ITO-coated glass surface in the presence of MPA. After extraction of MPA, potentiometric measurements showed selective detection of MPA. The selectivity of the sensor has been tested on other alkylphosphonic acids, such as ethylphosphonic acid and propylphosphonic acid, as well as tert-butylphosphonic acid. The viability of the sensor in the presence of other chemical analogues, such as organophosphorus pesticides and herbicides, was investigated.
Factors involved in the relaxation of female pig urethra evoked by electrical field stimulation (1995)

1. Non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) relaxations induced by electrical field stimulation (EFS) were studied in pig isolated urethra. The mechanism for relaxation was characterized by measurement of cyclic nucleotides and by study of involvement of different subsets of voltage-operated calcium channels (VOCCs). 2. EFS evoked frequency-dependent and tetrodotoxin-sensitive relaxations in the presence of propranolol (1 microM), phentolamine (1 microM) and scopolamine (1 microM). At low frequencies (< 12 Hz), relaxations were rapid, whereas at high (> 12 Hz) frequencies distinct biphasic relaxations were evoked. The latter consisted of a rapidly developing first phase followed by a more long-lasting second phase. 3. Treatment with the NO-synthesis inhibitor NG-nitro-L-arginine (L-NOARG; 0.3 mM) inhibited relaxations at low frequencies of stimulation. At high frequencies (> 12 Hz) only the first relaxation phase was affected. 4. Measurement of cyclic nucleotides in preparations subjected to continuous nerve-stimulation, revealed an increase in guanosine 3':5'-cyclic monophosphate (cyclic GMP) levels from 1.3 +/- 0.3 to 3.0 +/- 0.4 pmol mg-1 protein (P < 0.01). In the presence of L-NOARG, there was a significant decrease in cyclic GMP content to control. However, there was no increase in cyclic GMP content in response to EFS. Levels of cyclic AMP remained unchanged following EFS. 5. Treatment with the N-type VOCC-inhibitor, omega-conotoxin GVIA (0.1 microM) reduced NO-dependent relaxations, the effect being most pronounced at low frequencies (1-4 Hz) of stimulation. The NO independent second phase of the relaxation, studied in the presence of L-NOARG (0.3 mM) at 16-30 Hz, was however markedly reduced or abolished by omega-conotoxin GVIA. omega-Conotoxin MVIIC (1 microM)or omega-agatoxin IVA (30 nM) had no effect on electrically evoked relaxations.6. These results suggest that NANC-nerve derived urethral relaxation in the pig consists of two apparently independent components. One is mediated by NO and associated with an increase in cyclic GMP content. The other mediator is unknown and produces relaxations not associated with changes in levels of cyclic nucleotides. The release of this mediator seems to involve the N-type VOCC, since the relaxation was markedly reduced or abolished by omega-conotoxin GVIA.
Filter design using in-line triple-mode cavities and novel iris couplings (1989)

The authors present principles for triple-mode filter designs based on a sidewall-tuned triple-mode cavity and two iris geometries. It is shown that these principles allow optimal filter realizations with a minimum number of triple- and dual-mode cavities. Verification of these principles is obtained by realizing several filter types. Experimental results are provided for elliptic-function filters of fifth, sixth (both in in-line configuration), and seventh order.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultrahigh Thermoelectric Performance by Electron and Phonon Critical Scattering in Cu<sub>2</sub>Se<sub>1‐x</sub>I<sub>x</sub> (2013)

Iodine-doped Cu2 Se shows a significantly improved thermoelectric performance during phase transitions by electron and phonon critical scattering, leading to a dramatic increase in zT by a factor of 3-7 times culminating in zT values of 2.3 at 400 K.
TNF receptor-2-triggered apoptosis is associated with the down-regulation of Bcl-xL on activated T cells and can be prevented by CD28 costimulation (1997)

Stimulation of recently activated T cells results in apoptosis of the responding cells, a process referred to as activation-induced cell death. This process is believed to play an important role in the regulation of immune homeostasis and is suggested to be mediated mainly by interactions between Fas and Fas ligand. Recent evidence indicates that TNF-alpha and TNFR2 interaction plays an important role in down-regulating activated T cells. The role of TNFR2 signaling in activation-induced cell death, however, has not been directly examined. We demonstrate here that 48-h activated T cells are most sensitive to TNFR2-induced apoptosis. Cross-linking of TNFR2 on activated T cells results in down-regulated protein and mRNA expression of Bcl-xL. Furthermore, CD28 costimulation can prevent anti-TNFR2-induced apoptosis and restore Bcl-xL expression. These results have potential implications for understanding the role of TNFR2 signaling in the regulation of T cell responses.
Glycosaminoglycans and Periodontal Disease: Analysis of GCF by Safranin O (1993)

The purpose of this study was to quantify glycosaminoglycans (GAG) released into the gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) during health, gingivitis, and adult periodontitis. The investigation tested the hypothesis that increased amounts of GAG can be measured in GCF associated with gingivitis and adult periodontitis as compared to health. An individual patient's sampling sites were assigned to either a health (control) group or 1 of 3 experimental groups, gingivitis, periodontal "maintenance" (perio-M), or periodontal "non-maintenance" (perio-NM) according to standard clinical criteria of pocket probing depth, bleeding on probing, and radiographic evidence of bone loss. The perio-M group was defined as a periodontal patient who had received a dental prophylaxis and/or root planning within 6 months prior to GCF collection. The perio-NM group had received no periodontal therapy during the previous 6 months. Subsequent to air-drying and isolation, GCF was collected by a microcapillary pipette held at the gingival margin. All fluid samples were digested overnight at 37 degrees C with 25 micrograms of papain and analyzed for GAG content using a chondroitin-4-sulfate standard. Data generated from safranin "O" dye binding assays of GAG revealed 4.41 +/- 9.82 ng GAG from the health (control) group (n = 23); the gingivitis group (n = 13) showed 15.23 +/- 11.85 ng GAG/sample; perio-M group (n = 11) showed 23.64 +/- 12.98 ng GAG/sample and the perio-NM group (n = 12) exhibited 119.08 +/- 33.14 ng GAG/sample.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Removal of the pericarp and testa of seeds of japonica and indica rice (<i>Oryza sativa</i>) at various oxygen concentrations has opposite effects on germination (1997)

The germination of intact, dehusked, and peeled seeds (caryopses) of the japonica rice cultivar Sasanishiki, harvested 30, 40, 47 and 60 days after anthesis, and of the indica rice cultivar Assam IV, harvested 14 and 28 days after anthesis, was examined. Dehusking strongly inhibited germination of Sasanishiki seeds, with the exception that seeds harvested 30 days after anthesis gave minimal germination percentages even when left intact. Peeling (removal of the pericarp and testa) restored or enhanced germination, and 60–100% of seeds germinated after 10 days. By contrast, the rank order of germination of Assam IV seeds was intact, dehusked, and peeled seeds, with peeled seeds yielding germination percentages of 100%. In Sasanishiki, inhibition of germination of peeled seeds was observed at reduced oxygen concentrations (1–4% oxygen). This inhibition might explain the inhibitory effects of dehusking on germination of seeds from the japonica cultivar. It is possible that the testa and pericarp, which cover the embryos of dehusked seeds, acted as a barrier to the diffusion of oxygen to the embryo.
Alternative Respiration: a Biochemical Mechanism of Resistance to Azoxystrobin (ICIA 5504) in<i>Septoria tritici</i> (1997)

The mechanism of resistance to ICIA 5504 (azoxystrobin) in a Septoria tritici mutant raised in the laboratory has been investigated. This mutant was approximately 10 times less sensitive than the wild-type strain in in-vitro tests towards spore germination or fungal growth. Glucose oxidation in whole cells was inhibited in the wild type (80% inhibition at 0·1 μg ml-1), whereas in the resistant mutant, oxygen uptake was stimulated (50% stimulation at 1·0 μg ml-1). Respiration of the wild-type strain was inhibited by antimycin A and cyanide but not that of the mutant. These results indicate the existence of an efficient alternative respiratory pathway in the mutant, which was inhibited by the addition of 2 mM salicylhydroxamate (SHAM). Using mitochondria, antimycin A and ICIA 5504 did not completely inhibit NADH oxidation in either strain. Addition of SHAM inhibited part of the antimycin- and ICIA 5504-insensitive oxygen uptake only in mutant mitochondria. For complete inhibition of oxygen reduction, SHAM and cyanide need to be present. Thus, three systems of electron transfer from exogenous NADH to oxygen are present in S. tritici mitochondria: the cytochrome pathway which is sensitive to ICIA 5504 and antimycin A inhibition in both strains, the system of NADH-cytochrome c reductase which bypasses the methoxyacrylate inhibition at the cytochrome bc1 complex, and the alternative oxidase which is inhibited by SHAM, and which is partially functioning only in mitochondria isolated from the ICIA 5504-resistant mutant. When the S. tritici isolates were tested for their in-vivo sensitivity to ICIA 5504 on wheat, the resistant strain was controlled better than the wild type. This indicates that the decreased ATP formation by the alternative pathway of respiration was inadequate for efficient parasitic growth on the host. © 1997 SCI.
Localized surface elasticity measurements using an atomic force microscope (1997)

Magnetic recording, microelectro mechanical systems, and other microelectronics industries use ultrathin continuous films as well as composite films. The motivation of this research was to identify and map differences in the stiffness or elasticity of these ultrathin films at the very near surface (up to a few nm) by using the force modulation technique. We have shown that this technique amplitudes on samples can yield quantitative elasticity data on samples with an elastic modulus up to a few tens of GPa. This technique provides an alternative to current elasticity measurements that require forces higher than 1 μN, and which can only make single point measurements. With this technique it is possible to make quantitative measurements with loads as low as a few tenths of a μN. By choosing tips that match the stiffness of the sample, the depth of the indentation during the elasticity measurement is kept small, thus eliminating significant plastic deformation of samples of any hardness and any stiffness. The technique has been applied to quantitatively measure the elasticity of polytetrafluoroethylene and to qualitatively map magnetic tape samples to reveal sharp variations in the surface elasticity due to the composite nature of the polymer matrix with magnetic and abrasive particles.
Word 2010 Bible (2010)

In-depth guidance on Word 2010 from a Microsoft MVP Microsoft Word 2010 arrives with many changes and improvements, and this comprehensive guide from Microsoft MVP Herb Tyson is your expert, one-stop resource for it all. Master Word's new features such as a new interface and customized Ribbon, major new productivity-boosting collaboration tools, how to publish directly to blogs, how to work with XML, and much more. Follow step-by-step instructions and best practices, avoid pitfalls, discover practical workarounds, and get the very most out of your new Word 2010 with this packed guide. Coverage includes: Making Word Work for You The X Files: Understanding and Using Word' New File Format Make It Stop! Cures and Treatments for Word' Top Annoyances Word on the Street Formatting 101: Font/Character Formatting Paragraph Formatting In Style! The Clipboard Find, Replace, and Go To Writing Tools Language Tools Building Blocks and Quick Parts AutoCorrect AutoFormat Action Options (What Happened to Smart Tags?) Tables Pictures and SmartArt Headers and Footers Symbols and Equations WordArt Charts Inserting Objects and Files Page Setup and Sections Textboxes and Other Shapes Columns Publishing as PDF and XPS Blogging and Publishing as HTML Templates and Themes Bookmarks Tables of Contents Footnotes, Endnotes, Citations, and Bibliography Captions and Tables of Captioned Items Indexing Tables of Authorities Hyperlinks and Cross-References Data Sources Envelopes and Labels Data Documents and Mail Merge Forms Keyboard Customization The Quick Access Toolbar The Ribbon Options and Settings Macros: Recording, Editing, and Using Security, Tracking, and Comments Comparing and Combining Collaborative Documents SharePoint and SkyDrive SharePoint Workspace Integration with Other Office Applications Discover all the changes and improvements to Word 2010 and start using them to full effect with the Word 2010 Bible!
Weighted least-square design of FIR filters using a fast iterative matrix inversion algorithm (2002)

It has been shown by some researchers that in a problem of weighted least-square (WLS) design of finite-impulse response (FIR) filters, bulk of the design computation is concerned with the evaluation of the inverse of a matrix in order to solve a system of equations. In this paper, a new algorithm for the WLS design of FIR filters is presented, in which an iterative procedure is developed for the inversion of the matrix involved in the design. By imposing a mild constraint on the updation factor of the weighting function, the inverse of a matrix is expanded as a convergent power series. By investigating the properties of some of the matrices from the design formulation, a modified version of the series that converges rapidly is then proposed to evaluate the inverse in each iteration. It is shown that due to the fast convergence of the power series, one needs to evaluate only the first two or three terms of the series except during the initial stages of the iterations, implying that the conventional operation for matrix inversion is simplified significantly.
Proton NMR spectroscopic studies on the interactions between human plasma antithrombin III and defined low molecular weight heparin fragments (1992)

The effects of length and composition upon the antithrombin-binding properties of heparin have been investigated for two series of structurally related heparin oligosaccharides. Each series consists of a tetrasaccharide, hexasaccharide, and octasaccharide heparin fragment composed of alternating hexuronic acid (either iduronate 2-sulfate or glucuronate) and glucosamine 6,N-disulfate residues. These two series represent dominant structural motifs in intact heparin and differ from each other by the presence of a glucuronic acid in one series in place of an iduronate 2-sulfate residue penultimate to the reducing end of the fragment. Perturbations to the 1H resonances in the NMR spectrum of antithrombin upon binding of the two series of heparin fragments are compared to those generated by intact heparin binding, as well as to the effects of binding of a synthetic high-affinity pentasaccharide. All of the heparin fragments examined appear to bind to antithrombin at the same site. Three of the heparin fragments (hexasaccharide-2, octasaccharide-2, and octasaccharide-1) produce almost identical perturbations in the antithrombin 1H NMR spectrum compared to binding of intact heparin, including perturbations of resonances from tryptophan 49. This indicates that neither the glucuronic acid nor the trisulfated glucosamine residue (structural elements known to be part of the high-affinity heparin motif) are necessary for the majority of the conformational changes induced upon heparin fragment binding to antithrombin. However, the low anticoagulant activity of these fragments indicates that the changes in protein conformation upon fragment binding, as manifested by these 1H resonance perturbations, are not sufficient for catalytic activation of the inhibitor.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Some unique properties and applications of perfect squares minimum phase CAZAC sequences (2003)

Properties described include the Constant Amplitude (CA) and Zero AutoCorrelation (ZAC) features, the ideal unfiltered and filtered Fourier transforms, the complex time domain, phase trajectory and perfect (unfiltered as well as filtered) periodic autocorrelation function properties. Additional characteristics presented are the remarkable resemblance between the CAZAC sequences and CWFM chirp signals, as well as the relationship between their instantaneous frequency and Fourier transform representations. Examples of the generation of typical PS-MP CAZAC sequences are given. It is demonstrated that these sequences are periodically, self-invertible and therefore constitute the optimum sequences for maximum-likelihood channel estimation. The paper includes simulation results with reference to potential applications.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In Vivo Examination of an Injectable Hydrogel System Crosslinked by Peptide–Oligosaccharide Interaction in Immunocompetent Nude Mice (2017)

Hydrogels can serve as matrices to mimic natural tissue function and be used for wide‐ranging applications such as tissue regeneration and drug delivery. Injectable hydrogels are particularly favorable because their uses are minimally invasive. However, creating moldable substance for injection often results in compromised function and stability. This study reports an injectable hydrogel system crosslinked by peptide–oligosaccharide noncovalent interaction. The dynamic network shows fast self‐healing, a property essential for injectability. Injected hydrogels in immunocompetent mice and release of encapsulated compound are monitored up to 9 months by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optical imaging. This surprisingly stable hydrogel does not cause adverse inflammatory response, as analyzed by measuring cytokine levels, immunohistochemistry, and MRI. Hydrogel degradation is associated with invasion of macrophages and vascular formation. The facile synthesis, high biocompatibility, and stability of this injectable hydrogel can lead to various experimental and clinical applications in regenerative medicine and drug delivery.
Randomized clinical trial of mechanical bowel preparation <i>versus</i> no preparation before elective left-sided colorectal surgery (2005)

Abstract Background Mechanical bowel preparation (MBP) is performed routinely before colorectal surgery to reduce the risk of postoperative infectious complications. The aim of this randomized clinical trial was to compare the outcome of patients who underwent elective left-sided colorectal surgery with or without MBP. Methods Patients scheduled for elective left-sided colorectal resection with primary anastomosis were randomized to preoperative MBP (3 litres of polyethylene glycol) (group 1) or surgery without MBP (group 2). Postoperative abdominal infectious complications and extra-abdominal morbidity were recorded prospectively. Results One hundred and fifty-three patients were included in the study, 78 in group 1 and 75 in group 2. Demographic, clinical and treatment characteristics did not differ significantly between the two groups. The overall rate of abdominal infectious complications (anastomotic leak, intra-abdominal abscess, peritonitis and wound infection) was 22 per cent in group 1 and 8 per cent in group 2 (P = 0·028). Anastomotic leak occurred in five patients (6 per cent) in group 1 and one (1 per cent) in group 2 (P = 0·021). Extra-abdominal morbidity rates were 24 and 11 per cent respectively (P = 0·034). Hospital stay was longer for patients who had MBP (mean(s.d.) 14·9(13·1) versus 9·9(3·8) days; P = 0·024). Conclusion Elective left-sided colorectal surgery without MBP is safe and is associated with reduced postoperative morbidity.