gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intracellular Copper Does Not Catalyze the Formation of Oxidative DNA Damage in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2006)

Because copper catalyzes the conversion of H(2)O(2) to hydroxyl radicals in vitro, it has been proposed that oxidative DNA damage may be an important component of copper toxicity. Elimination of the copper export genes, copA, cueO, and cusCFBA, rendered Escherichia coli sensitive to growth inhibition by copper and provided forcing circumstances in which this hypothesis could be tested. When the cells were grown in medium supplemented with copper, the intracellular copper content increased 20-fold. However, the copper-loaded mutants were actually less sensitive to killing by H(2)O(2) than cells grown without copper supplementation. The kinetics of cell death showed that excessive intracellular copper eliminated iron-mediated oxidative killing without contributing a copper-mediated component. Measurements of mutagenesis and quantitative PCR analysis confirmed that copper decreased the rate at which H(2)O(2) damaged DNA. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spin trapping showed that the copper-dependent H(2)O(2) resistance was not caused by inhibition of the Fenton reaction, for copper-supplemented cells exhibited substantial hydroxyl radical formation. However, copper EPR spectroscopy suggested that the majority of H(2)O(2)-oxidizable copper is located in the periplasm; therefore, most of the copper-mediated hydroxyl radical formation occurs in this compartment and away from the DNA. Indeed, while E. coli responds to H(2)O(2) stress by inducing iron sequestration proteins, H(2)O(2)-stressed cells do not induce proteins that control copper levels. These observations do not explain how copper suppresses iron-mediated damage. However, it is clear that copper does not catalyze significant oxidative DNA damage in vivo; therefore, copper toxicity must occur by a different mechanism.
Serum Protein-Bound Carbohydrates for Following the Course of Disease in Patients With Metastatic Breast Carcinoma<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1978)

Serum protein-bound carbohydrates, L-fucose, sialic acid, D-galactose, and D-mannose, were measured as potential biologic markers in patients with breast cancer with the use of high-resolution anion exchange separation in combination with a sensitive cerate oxidimetric fluorescence detector system. For 22 randomly selected patients with proved metastatic breast cancer, both L-fucose and sialic acid levels were above the normal range in 21 patients (95%). In contrast, D-mannose was increased in the sera of 9 patients (41%), and D-galactose in 6 (27%). By comparison, the level of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was elevated in 14 patients (64%). The levels for serially determined serum protein-bound carbohydrates paralleled objective changes of response or progression in 5 patients with measurable disease. As might be expected, the degree and pattern of elevation for the individual carbohydrates varied for each patient studied. Combinations of serum protein-bound carbohydrates, particularly L-fucose and sialic acid, and, in addition, CEA, appear to have promise as potential biomarkers for following the course of the disease in patients with metastatic breast cancer.
Privacy critics (1999)

Creating usable systems to protect online privacy is an inherently difficult problem. Privacy critics are semi-autonomous agents that help people protect their online privacy by offering suggestions and warnings. Two sample critics are presented.
Complications with hydroxyapatite particulate separation in total hip arthroplasty. (1994)

This study reports on the results of the implant and tissue analysis of clinically retrieved hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated implants. Five of the patients with fixed HA-coated stems had been clinically diagnosed with osteolysis. The semiquantitative histologic grading in these patients showed HA, polyethylene, and metal particles were all present (Grade 3+) in the osteolytic regions of the periprosthetic tissue. Additionally, inflammatory cells (Grade 3+) were present in these regions. Back-scattered electron (BSE) and correlated elemental analysis showed HA particulate was present in the polyethylene inserts. The HA could be distinguished from bone chips in the polyethylene based on morphology and anatomic number gray level differences. This study was limited in that no clinical results of particular HA-coated implant series were reported. Careful follow-up care in patients with coated devices is recommended.
A New Power-Factor-Based Vector Control Method for Sensorless Drive of Permanent-Magnet Synchronous Motors -Simplification and Conversion to Voltage Reference Frame- (2010)

As a simple vector control method for sensorless drives of permanent-magnet synchronous motors, the so-called “Power-Factor-Based (PFB) Vector Control Method” has been proposed. The conventional PFB method directly estimates the phase of the quasi-optimal stator current through a control of the power factor phase, instead of the estimation of the rotor phase. The stator current is controlled in the current reference frame whose secondary axis phase is the same as the stator current phase. This paper proposes a new PEB method where the stator current is controlled in the voltage reference frame whose secondary axis phase is the same as the voltage phase rather than the current phase. It is shown that the similar quasi-optimal stator current control can be attained through the current control with appropriate current commands taking the power factor phase into account. This paper also shows a practical method for generating the current commands and a practical guideline for the design parameters of the new PFB method.
Synthesis of bis(η-1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene) sandwich complexes of titanium, zirconium, and hafnium, and of the hafnium(0) carbonyl complex [Hf(η-Bu<sup>t</sup><sub>3</sub>C<sub>6</sub>H<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>(CO)] (1987)

Cocondensation of 1,3,5-tri-t-butylbenzene with atoms of Ti, Zr, or Hf yields the diamagnetic sandwich compounds [M(η-But3C6H3)2], M = Ti, Zr, or Hf; the hafnium complex reacts with carbon monoxide to afford [Hf(η-But3C6H3)2(CO)].
Combinatorial epigenetic therapy in diffuse large B cell lymphoma pre-clinical models and patients (2016)

Our data supports the strategy of epigenetic priming by employing DNMTI in RR-DLBCL patients in order to overcome resistance and improve their outcomes.
Installation of Complex Multilateral Wells With Standalone Sand Screens in the Vincent Field (2014)

Summary The Vincent project is an offshore oil field developed by subsea multilateral (ML) wells with sand control. This paper provides an insight into how completion practices were developed to maximize well productivity and how they were balanced against risks for constructing ML junctions. The fluids used for drilling and cleaning up openhole laterals can have a significant impact on well productivity in standalone-screen applications, especially with respect to sand-screen plugging. This paper details the development of openhole fluid selection and cleanup practices for completing long 7,000-ft+ horizontal laterals with standalone screens. The Vincent wells are more complex because of drilling trilateral wells that include two technology-advancement ML (TAML) Level-5 ML junctions requiring openhole connections. The paper identifies the key risks for installing the ML junctions in a weak formation, including risks imposed from cleanup practices. The paper reviews the lessons learned during execution, how the ML-junction installation risks were mitigated, and how the Vincent wells were delivered with a well-performance meeting expectation.
Real-time estimation of long-term 3-D motion parameters for SNHC face animation and model-based coding applications (1999)

We present two recursive methods for the real-time estimation of long-term three-dimensional (3-D) motion parameters from monocular image sequences suitable for synthetic/natural hybrid coding face animation and model-based coding applications. Based on feature point extractions in energy frame, the 3-D motion parameters of a human face are estimated with a predictive approach. The first method uses a recursive linear least squares approach and the second employs a nonlinear extended Kalman filter, which does not rely on a linearized model of the face motion. Both methods perform a prediction and correction loop at every time step. Compared to other methods described in the literature, the recursive and predictive structure of the proposed estimation process solves the problem of error accumulation in long-term motion estimation. This makes the estimation stable and consistent over long periods. Experimental results are presented for synthetic data and real image sequences, which demonstrate the performance of the estimation methods and compare the two approaches.
Shortened Antimicrobial Treatment for Acute Otitis Media in Young Children (2016)

Among children 6 to 23 months of age with acute otitis media, reduced-duration antimicrobial treatment resulted in less favorable outcomes than standard-duration treatment; in addition, neither the rate of adverse events nor the rate of emergence of antimicrobial resistance was lower with the shorter regimen. (Funded by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and the National Center for Research Resources; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01511107 .).
Reversing the intractable nature of pancreatic cancer by selectively targeting ALDH-high, therapy-resistant cancer cells (2013)

Human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a cancer with a dismal prognosis. The efficacy of PDAC anticancer therapies is often short-lived; however, there is little information on how this disease entity so frequently gains resistance to treatment. We adopted the concept of cancer stem cells (CSCs) to explain the mechanism of resistance and evaluated the efficacy of a candidate anticancer drug to target these therapy-resistant CSCs. We identified a subpopulation of cells in PDAC with CSC features that were enriched for aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH), a marker expressed in certain stem/progenitor cells. These cells were also highly resistant to, and were further enriched by, treatment with gemcitabine. Similarly, surgical specimens from PDAC patients showed that those who had undergone preoperative chemo-radiation therapy more frequently displayed cancers with ALDH strongly positive subpopulations compared with untreated patients. Importantly, these ALDH-high cancer cells were sensitive to disulfiram, an ALDH inhibitor, when tested in vitro. Furthermore, in vivo xenograft studies showed that the effect of disulfiram was additive to that of low-dose gemcitabine when applied in combination. In conclusion, human PDAC-derived cells that express high levels of ALDH show CSC features and have a key role in the development of resistance to anticancer therapies. Disulfiram can be used to suppress this therapy-resistant subpopulation.
CaM kinase II and visual input modulate memory formation in the neuronal circuit controlling courtship conditioning. (1997)

In Drosophila, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaM kinase) has been shown to be important in the expression of both learning and memory for the associative behavior courtship conditioning. In this study we examine the role of visual input in producing this behavior and the effects of modifying visual input on CaM kinase-dependent memory formation. Inhibition of CaM kinase blocked apparent learning regardless of visual input. Visual input selectively affected the memory phase of courtship conditioning: normal visual input masked the memory effects of inhibition of CaM kinase resulting in generation of memory without apparent learning, whereas disruption of visual input revealed the CaM kinase-dependence of memory. Visual input was found to be important only during the training period, which implies that vision and CaM kinase are interacting in the formation rather than the retrieval of memory. Our results suggest a model for courtship conditioning in which multiple sensory inputs are integrated at a CaM-kinase-dependent neuronal switch to modulate courtship behavior.
Design of dual purpose no voltage combined windings for bearingless motors (2016)

A winding design approach is proposed to create a single motor winding which is able to produce both radial force and torque. This approach can be used to design new bearingless motors as well as to transform conventional motor designs into bearingless motors by simply modifying the winding end-connections. The resulting winding has two sets of terminal connections: one for torque and one for suspension. The suspension terminals experience no motional-EMF when the rotor is centered, which means that the suspension drive can have a low voltage rating and that rotor vibrations can be passively dampened by simply short-circuiting the suspension terminals. Bearingless motors that use these so-called “dual purpose no voltage windings” can be designed to have higher torque density and lower losses associated with the magnetic suspension operation than traditional bearingless motors which utilize separate torque and suspension windings. It will be shown that many popular winding designs, including fractional-slot and concentrated windings, can be realized as dual purpose no voltage windings. The proposed approach applies to traditional p±1 polepair bearingless motors as well as the bearingless consequent-pole and ac homopolar motors. Fractional-slot motor winding theory is used to derive the new winding requirements and a generalized design procedure; example designs are explored through finite element analysis and experimental results from a hardware prototype of a bearingless ac homopolar motor.
Design of CMOS Scholtz's monocycle pulse generator (2004)

In this paper, a new Scholtz's monocycle pulse generator is proposed and simulated on TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Scholtz's monocycle pulse, which has more advantages than the others, is basically achieved from second derivative of Gaussian pulse. Gaussian pulse is roughly achieved on quadrant squarer circuit with hyperbolic tangent input, and then Scholtz's monocycle pulse is generated by second differential operations in passive components. It can be applied to pulse generator in UWB transmitter as well as the wavelet for a correlator in receiver.
Polysialic acid as a drug carrier: evaluation of a new polysialic acid–epirubicin conjugate and its comparison against established drug carriers (2012)

This paper explores the potential of polysialic acid (PSA) as a carrier for low molecular weight anticancer drugs. A PSA–epirubicin (Epi) conjugate was synthesized and compared against Epi conjugates containing established carriers, namely: N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide (HPMA) copolymers, poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and polyglutamic acid (PGA). Biological assessments in the breast cancer cell line MCF-7 and in the anthracycline resistant MCF-7/DX showed that the PSA–Epi conjugate had the highest activity (40% and 30% cell death in the two cell lines at 1 μM Epi equiv., respectively). FACS studies confirmed internalization of all conjugates by cholesterol-dependent endocytosis. PSA–Epi showed release of Epi (40% at 5 h) when incubated with lysosome extracts. In vivo evaluation showed that all conjugates had a significantly longer half-life compared to free Epi. This study also allowed an investigation on the effect of the polymeric carrier on the biological activity of a conjugate, with the biodegradability of the carrier emerging as an important feature.
Graphical framework for action recognition using temporally dense STIPs (2009)

Graphical models have been shown to provide a natural framework for modelling high level action transition constraints, and to simultaneously segment and recognize a sequence of actions. Spatio-temporal interest points (STIPs) have been proposed as suitable features for action detection. These interest points are typically mapped to a set of codewords, and actions are detected by accumulating the codeword weights or by learning suitable classifiers. Existing methods for interest point detection provide a sparse representation of actions and require a costly exhaustive search over the entire spatio-temporal volume for action classification. Our contribution here is two-fold -first, we combine the interest point models of actions with pedestrian detection and tracking using a conditional random field (CRF); second, we extend existing interest point detectors to provide a dense action representation while minimizing spurious detections. The larger number of interest points and the high-level reasoning provided by the CRF allows us to automatically recognize action sequences from an unsegmented stream, at real time speed. We demonstrate our approach by showing results comparable to state-of-the-art for action classification on the standard KTH-action set, and also on more challenging cluttered videos.
Crystal structure of inactivated <i>Thermotoga maritima</i> invertase in complex with the trisaccharide substrate raffinose (2006)

Thermotoga maritima invertase (beta-fructosidase), a member of the glycoside hydrolase family GH-32, readily releases beta-D-fructose from sucrose, raffinose and fructan polymers such as inulin. These carbohydrates represent major carbon and energy sources for prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The invertase cleaves beta-fructopyranosidic linkages by a double-displacement mechanism, which involves a nucleophilic aspartate and a catalytic glutamic acid acting as a general acid/base. The three-dimensional structure of invertase shows a bimodular enzyme with a five bladed beta-propeller catalytic domain linked to a beta-sandwich of unknown function. In the present study we report the crystal structure of the inactivated invertase in interaction with the natural substrate molecule alpha-D-galactopyranosyl-(1,6)-alpha-D-glucopyranosyl-beta-D-fructofuranoside (raffinose) at 1.87 A (1 A=0.1 nm) resolution. The structural analysis of the complex reveals the presence of three binding-subsites, which explains why T. maritima invertase exhibits a higher affinity for raffinose than sucrose, but a lower catalytic efficiency with raffinose as substrate than with sucrose.
High-resolution mass spectrometry of viral assemblies: Molecular composition and stability of dimorphic hepatitis B virus capsids (2008)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a major human pathogen. In addition to its importance in human health, there is growing interest in adapting HBV and other viruses for drug delivery and other nanotechnological applications. In both contexts, precise biophysical characterization of these large macromolecular particles is fundamental. HBV capsids are unusual in that they exhibit two distinct icosahedral geometries, nominally composed of 90 and 120 dimers with masses of approximately 3 and approximately 4 MDa, respectively. Here, a mass spectrometric approach was used to determine the masses of both capsids to within 0.1%. It follows that both lattices are complete, consisting of exactly 180 and 240 subunits. Nanoindentation experiments by atomic-force microscopy indicate that both capsids have similar stabilities. The data yielded a Young's modulus of approximately 0.4 GPa. This experimental approach, anchored on very precise and accurate mass measurements, appears to hold considerable potential for elucidating the assembly of viruses and other macromolecular particles.
Transcription Attenuation: Once Viewed as a Novel Regulatory Strategy (2000)

The views expressed in this feature do not necessarily represent the views of the journal or of ASM .

Regulation by transcription termination/antitermination, transcription attenuation, is a commonly used strategy. It is most often based on selective formation of either of two alternative base-
Electrolytic coating of microparticles for laser fusion targets (1977)

An electroplating apparatus for applying uniform metallic coatings that have excellent surface finishes to discrete microparticles is described. The device is used to electrodeposit metals onto thin-walled metal, metallized glass, or plastic mandrels. The apparatus and process were developed for fabrication of microsphere pressure vessels to be used as targets in laser fusion research.
Synthesis of 1,1-Disubstituted Olefins via Catalytic Alkyne Hydrothiolation/Kumada Cross-Coupling (2008)

Using recently developed methodology for the regioselective formation of branched alkyl vinyl sulfides, we report a convenient route to 1,1-disubstituted olefins. We demonstrate that n-propanethiol successfully undergoes catalytic alkyne hydrothiolation with both aryl and aliphatic alkynes using Tp*Rh(PPh3)2 as the catalyst. The resulting vinyl sulfides undergo Kumada cross-coupling to afford the desired disubstituted alkene. Both two-step and one-pot procedures are reported.
SLE<sup>x</sup> expression of normal CD 34 positive bone marrow haemopoietic progenitor cells (1994)

We investigated sialylated Lewis x (sLe(x)) antigen expression on CD34 positive (CD34+) haemopoietic progenitors in the bone marrow of eight healthy volunteers using monoclonal antibodies. We found that in all the samples examined, CD34+ bone marrow progenitors strongly expressed the sLe(x) antigen. This contradicts previous publications which reported sLe(x) expression on malignant blast cells but not on normal CD34+ progenitor cells.
Enzyme Reaction Engineering (2004)

Kinetic Modeling: Rationale and Purpose The Ideal World: Ideal Kinetics and Ideal Reactors The Classic Case: Michaelis–Menten Equation Design of Ideal Reactors Integrated Michaelis–Menten Equation in Ideal Reactors Enzymes with Unfavorable Binding: Inhibition Types of Inhibitors Integrated Michaelis–Menten Equation for Substrate and Product Inhibition The KI–[I]50 Relationship: Another Useful Application of Mechanism Elucidation Reactor Engineering Configuration of Enzyme Reactors Immobilized Enzyme Reactor (Fixed-Bed Reactor with Plug-Flow) Enzyme Membrane Reactor (Continuous Stirred Tank Reactor, CSTR) Rules for Choice of Reaction Parameters and Reactors Enzyme Reactions with Incomplete Mass Transfer: Influence of Immobilization External Diffusion (Film Diffusion) Internal Diffusion (Pore Diffusion) Methods of Testing for Mass Transfer Limitations Influence of Mass Transfer on the Reaction Parameters Enzymes with Incomplete Stability: Deactivation Kinetics Resting Stability Operational Stability Comparison of Resting and Operational Stability Strategy for the Addition of Fresh Enzyme to Deactiving Enzyme in Continuous Reactors Enzymes with Incomplete Selectivity: E-Value and its Optimization Derivation of the E-Value Optimization of Separation of Racemates by Choice of Degree of Conversion Optimization of Enantiomeric Ratio E by Choice of Temperature