gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliability-constrained area optimization of VLSI power/ground networks via sequence of linear programmings (2003)

This paper presents a new method of sizing the widths of the power and ground routes in integrated circuits so that the chip area required by the routes is minimized subject to electromigration and IR voltage drop constraints. The basic idea is to transform the underlying constrained nonlinear programming problem into a sequence of linear programs. Theoretically, we show (that the sequence of linear programs always converges to the optimum solution of the relaxed convex optimization problem. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed sequence-of-linear-program method Is orders of magnitude faster than the best-known method based on conjugate gradients with constantly better solution qualities.
The Principal Point and CCD Cameras (1998)

The principal point has long been regarded as one of the fundamental parameters in camera calibration. In the age of film based aerial and large format terrestrial cameras, the principal point could be located by a variety of techniques with a certainty of ±10 mm (Carman and Brown, 1961) and this was considered sufficient. However, aerial cameras were precision, purpose built, expensive pieces of equipment where the assembly was painstaking and the location of the principal point measured to a known tolerance. In the digital era, photogrammetrists, and many others, are using cameras which have not been specifically designed or built for photogrammetry. For these cameras there is no requirement for the manufacturers to position the lens in a pre‐defined location relative to the image sensing plane or for the lens manufacturer to align the lens elements precisely. In fact, deviations from the centre of the sensor can be a considerable percentage of the extent of the sensor (up to 10 per cent for some zoom lenses (Burner, 1995)). This paper discusses the development of methods of obtaining the location of the principal point, considers the relationship between the principal point and other parameters in the functional model, and shows how the location of this point can be estimated with and without recourse to autocollimation methods.
Models and Simulation of Liquid-Phase Membrane Reactors (1998)

A model of a liquid-phase membrane reactor is presented here. The model utilizes a reaction scheme and rate data applicable to the hydrocracking of California Hondo crude derived asphaltenes. Two reactor configurations have been investigated. In the first reactor configuration (configuration A) the shell-side reactor volume is kept constant by continuously pumping into the reactor pure solvent. In the second reactor configuration (configuration B) no additional solvent is added to the reactor shell side, whose volume, as a result, decreases as the solvent and solutes diffuse across the membrane from the shell side to the tube side. The model has been utilized to identify optimal reactor and process conditions and membrane characteristics, which maximize conversion and product yields.
Oocyte and somatic tyrosine tRNA genes in Xenopus laevis. (1989)

Over a period of many months, Xenopus oocytes stockpile large quantities of tRNA for use during the first few hours of embryogenesis. To test the idea that these tRNAs are transcribed from one set of genes and that another set is used by somatic cells, we used synthetic oligonucleotides to analyze the sequence and steady-state levels of unspliced tyrosine tRNA precursors in Xenopus laevis oocytes, embryos, and cultured kidney cells. These analyses identify four kinds of tyrosine tRNA genes, two oocyte-type and two somatic-type, whose unspliced transcripts are distinguishable from one another by their different 5' leader and intervening sequences. The oocyte-type tyrosine tRNA precursors are present in oocytes, very abundant in gastrula embryos, but absent from postembryonic somatic cells. The somatic-type precursors are undetectable in oocytes but are found in gastrula and later stage embryos and in somatic cells. The major switch from oocyte-type to somatic-type transcripts occurs early during embryogenesis, between the midblastula transition and the onset of neurulation, but some oocyte-type precursors are also detectable in tadpoles.
Mechanism of duplex DNA destabilization by RNA-guided Cas9 nuclease during target interrogation (2017)

The prokaryotic clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-associated 9 (Cas9) endonuclease cleaves double-stranded DNA sequences specified by guide RNA molecules and flanked by a protospacer adjacent motif (PAM) and is widely used for genome editing in various organisms. The RNA-programmed Cas9 locates the target site by scanning genomic DNA. We sought to elucidate the mechanism of initial DNA interrogation steps that precede the pairing of target DNA with guide RNA. Using fluorometric and biochemical assays, we studied Cas9/guide RNA complexes with model DNA substrates that mimicked early intermediates on the pathway to the final Cas9/guide RNA-DNA complex. The results show that Cas9/guide RNA binding to PAM favors separation of a few PAM-proximal protospacer base pairs allowing initial target interrogation by guide RNA. The duplex destabilization is mediated, in part, by Cas9/guide RNA affinity for unpaired segments of nontarget strand DNA close to PAM. Furthermore, our data indicate that the entry of double-stranded DNA beyond a short threshold distance from PAM into the Cas9/single-guide RNA (sgRNA) interior is hindered. We suggest that the interactions unfavorable for duplex DNA binding promote DNA bending in the PAM-proximal region during early steps of Cas9/guide RNA-DNA complex formation, thus additionally destabilizing the protospacer duplex. The mechanism that emerges from our analysis explains how the Cas9/sgRNA complex is able to locate the correct target sequence efficiently while interrogating numerous nontarget sequences associated with correct PAMs.
Feature set evaluation and fusion for motor fault diagnosis (2010)

This paper proposes a novel approach to the feature fusion in motor fault diagnosis with the main aim of improving the performance and reliability of clustering and identification of the fault patterns. In addition, the significance of individual feature sets in specific fault scenarios, which is normally gained by engineers through experience, is investigated by using flexible Non-Gaussian modeling of the historical data. Furthermore the comparison is made by applying individual and fusion of feature sets to the probabilistic distributions of trained models using a Maximum a Posteriori (MAP) approach. To carry out the task, current waveforms are collected non-invasively from three-phase DC motors. Waveforms are then compressed into time, frequency and wavelet feature sets to form the input to the clustering algorithm. The result demonstrates the suitability of specific feature sets in different motor modes and the efficiency of fusion which is carried out with a Winner Takes All (WTA) approach.
Real-time exploitation system (1998)

The proliferation and technology advances of digital sensors for reconnaissance imaging require a commensurate increase in the productivity of ground-based exploitation system to process the increased volume of remotely-sensed data. Systems to support this level of production, themselves, must have significantly reduced development and life-cycle costs from previously installed systems. For cost, growth, and integration advantages, reconnaissance exploitation systems should be designed to maximize Commercial-Off-The-Shelf (COTS) hardware and software. As an example, the Real-Time Exploitation System is a state-of-the-art system for photo interpretation and exploitation of real-time digital reconnaissance imagery. Using COTS hardware, the system is able to receive imagery at rates greater than 80 Mpixels/sec; perform detailed interpretation, exploitation and report generation, and; disseminate reports to intelligence users over secure networks. New technologies have been applied in workflow management, database management, and user interfaces to provide the image analyst with superior analysis tools and access to other intelligence data sources. Photogrammetric functions are also provided for monoscopic and stereoscopic imagery. These functions provide greater geographic accuracy than is achievable in most reconnaissance exploitation systems. The Real-Time Exploitation System significantly reduces timelines for the analysis and report generation process, and significantly increases the quality and accuracy of reports.
Synthesis and Postpolymerization Functionalization of Poly(5-iodo-1,2,3-triazole)s (2011)

The step-growth, click polymerization of complementary azide and alkyne-containing monomers to produce polytriazoles (PTAs) has become a versatile and popular method of preparing structurally diverse high molecular weight polymers with a variety of useful functions. We describe here a new class of PTAs that contain 5-iodotriazole linkages prepared by the iodoalkyne version of the copper-catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition (iCuAAC) of an α-azido-ω-iodoalkyne (A–B) monomer. We found this monomer to be highly reactive in the iCuAAC polymerization and show that the resulting poly(5-iodo-1,2,3-triazole) (iodo-PTA) can serve as a useful building block for further postpolymerization derivatization using palladium-catalyzed cross-couplings such as Suzuki and Heck reactions. The parent iodo-PTA and functionalized materials were successfully characterized by various spectroscopic techniques and shown to exhibit a wide range of chemical and thermal properties that are determined by the nature of functionalization at the 5-position of the triazole ring. This data suggests a certain tunability of PTA properties and offers potential for the development of a multitude of useful triazole-based materials based on this postpolymerization functionalization strategy.
How visual query tools can support users searching the Internet (2004)

Visual tools have been developed to help users formulate advanced Internet queries. Users can control the query coordination process at the level of the individual search terms or at the level of the search engines to be consulted. This work addresses the usability issue of the level at which visual query tools can provide the greatest benefit to users searching the Internet. MetaCrystal and its Category View and Cluster Bulls-Eye tools are used to visualize the degree of overlap between the results returned by different query formulations or search engines. It is shown that certain types of similarity relationships between ranked lists give rise to unique visual patterns in the Cluster Bulls-Eye. The MetaCrystal toolset is used to show why visual query tools may provide greater benefits to users who want to coordinate meta searches rather than individual search terms.
Regulation of Phosphatidic Acid Phosphohydrolase by Epidermal Growth Factor (1996)

An important component of receptor-mediated intracellular signal transduction is the generation of lipid second messengers. Lipid second messenger production is a complex process involving a variety of regulatory enzymes that control the intracellular response to the extracellular signal. Phosphatidic acid (PA) is generated in response to phospholipase D and can be converted to other lipid second messengers including diacylglycerol (DG) and lysophosphatidic acid. PA is converted to DG by PA phosphohydrolase (PAP). We report here that PAP activity can be detected in epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor immunoprecipitates. Following treatment with EGF, there is a substantial reduction in the PAP activity that co-precipitates with the EGF receptor. The loss of EGF receptor-associated PAP activity occurs with a concomitant increase in PAP activity associated with the epsilon isoform of protein kinase C (PKC). The PAP activity associated with PKCepsilon was dependent upon the PKC co-factors phosphatidylserine and DG but was independent of the kinase activity of PKCepsilon. These data suggest a novel signaling mechanism for the regulation of lipid second messenger production and implicate PAP as an important regulatory component for lipid second messenger production in receptor-mediated intracellular signaling.
Modulation of Osteoclastogenesis by Fatty Acids (2008)

Clinical studies have shown that total body fat mass is related to both bone density and fracture risk and that fat ingestion reduces bone turnover. These effects are at least partially mediated by endocrine mechanisms, but it is possible that lipids might act directly on bone. We assessed the effects of broad fractions of milk lipids in osteoblasts, bone marrow, and neonatal mouse calvariae. Several milk fractions and their hydrolysates inhibited osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow cultures, so we assessed the effects of free fatty acids in this model. Saturated fatty acids (0.1-10 microg/ml) inhibited osteoclastogenesis in bone marrow cultures and RAW264.7 cells. This effect was maximal for C14:0 to C18:0 fatty acids. The introduction of greater than 1 double bond abrogated this effect; omega3 and omega6 fatty acids had comparable low activity. Osteoblast proliferation was modestly increased by the antiosteoclastogenic compounds, ruling out a nonspecific toxic effect. Active fatty acids did not consistently change expression of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappaB ligand or osteoprotegerin in osteoblastic cells nor did they affect the activity of key enzymes in the mevalonate pathway. However, receptors known to bind fatty acids were found to be expressed in osteoblastic (GPR120) and osteoclastic (GPR40, 41, 43, 120) cells. A synthetic GPR 40/120 agonist mimicked the inhibitory effects of fatty acids on osteoclastogenesis. These findings provide a novel link between lipid and bone metabolism, which might contribute to the positive relationship between adiposity and bone density as well as provide novel targets for pharmaceutical and nutriceutical development.
Interface control in double diffused polysilicon bipolar transistors (2002)

The properties of the polysilicon/silicon interface which contribute to variations in DC performance of bipolar transistors are investigated. Measurements of interfacial oxide thickness and epitaxial realignment of the polysilicon are correlated with gain, emitter resistance, and poly sheet resistance from complete devices, two-mask bipolar structures, and unpatterned implanted poly subjected to base-emitter drive cycles. The data obtained suggest that significant benefits may be realized in the fabrication of diffused polysilicon bipolar transistors if rapid thermal processing is used for the emitter drive. Higher gain and potentially lower emitter resistance may be obtained if epitaxial realignment is initiated by minimizing the amount of interfacial oxide introduced prior to deposition.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Controlling the minimal feature sizes in adjoint optimization of nanophotonic devices using b-spline surfaces (2020)

Adjoint optimization is an effective method in the inverse design of nanophotonic devices. In order to ensure the manufacturability, one would like to have control over the minimal feature sizes. Here we propose utilizing a level-set method based on b-spline surfaces in order to control the feature sizes. This approach is first used to design a wavelength demultiplexer. It is also used to implement a nanophotonic structure for artificial neural computing. In both cases, we show that the minimal feature sizes can be easily parameterized and controlled.
New Model for Calculation of Solvation Free Energies:  Correction of Self-Consistent Reaction Field Continuum Dielectric Theory for Short-Range Hydrogen-Bonding Effects (1996)

We present self-consistent reaction field (SCRF) calculations, utilizing correlated ab initio quantum mechanics, of aqueous solvation free energies for a large data base of molecular solutes. We identify a subset of chemical functional groups for which there are systematic deviations in the comparison of theory and experiment; furthermore, for one case which has been extensively investigated, methylated amines, similar deviations appear in explicit solvent free energy perturbation calculations employing several commonly used molecular mechanics potential functions. By carrying out high-level ab initio quantum chemical calculations of hydrogen-bonding energies of the solutes to a water molecule, we arrive at a coherent explanation of the disagreements between theory and experiment, namely, that hydrogen-bonding energies are in some cases poorly correlated with classical electrostatic interaction energies. We show that the deviation in hydrogen-bonding energies of a solute from a reference molecule (for which there is good agreement between the SCRF calculations and experiment) is an excellent predictor of the errors made for that solute in the SCRF calculations. A new SCRF model is developed in which short-range empirical corrections, based upon solvent accessibility, are made for these chemical functional groups; this reduces the mean error of the calculated solvation free energies for the entire data base by a factor of ∼2, to 0.37 kcal/mol. These results have significant implications for the accuracy of explicit solvent potential functions as well as dielectric continuum models. Finally, we also identify cases where the observed discrepancies in solvation free energies cannot be explained by pair hydrogen-bonding results and suggest problems here that may be specific to dielectric continuum theory.
Logic programming (1985)

Logic programming is programming by description. The programmer describes the application area and lets the program choose specific operations. Logic programs are easier to create and enable machines to explain their results and actions.
10 mW superfluorescent single-mode fibre source at 1060 nm (1987)

A broadband source suitable for fibre-optic gyroscopes with an output power greater than 10 mW at 1060 nm and a linewidth of 17 nm (FWHM) has been demonstrated in a singlemode Nd-doped fibre.
Solution Synthesis of Iodine-Doped Red Phosphorus Nanoparticles for Lithium-Ion Battery Anodes (2017)

Red phosphorus (RP) is a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries due to its earth abundance and a high theoretical capacity of 2596 mA h g<sup>-1</sup>. Although RP-based anodes for lithium-ion batteries have been reported, they were all in the form of carbon-P composites, including P-graphene, P-graphite, P-carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and P-carbon black, to improve P's extremely low conductivity and large volume change during cycling process. Here, we report the large-scale synthesis of red phosphorus nanoparticles (RPNPs) with sizes ranging from 100 to 200 nm by reacting PI<sub>3</sub> with ethylene glycol in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) in ambient environment. Unlike the insulator behavior of commercial RP (conductivity of <10 <sup>-12</sup> S m<sup>-1</sup>), the conductivity of RPNPs is between 2.62 × 10<sup>-3</sup> and 1.81 × 10<sup>-2</sup> S m<sup>-1</sup>, which is close to that of semiconductor germanium (1.02 × 10<sup>-2</sup> S m<sup>-1</sup>), and 2 orders of magnitude higher than silicon (5.35 × 10<sup>-4</sup> S m<sup>-1</sup>). Around 3-5 wt % of iodine-doping was found in RPNPs, which was speculated as the key to significantly improve the conductivity of RPNPs. The significantly improved conductivity of RPNPs and their uniform colloidal nanostructures enable them to be used solely as active materials for LIBs anodes. The RPNPs electrodes exhibit a high specific capacity of 1700 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> (0.2 C after 100 cycles, 1 C = 2000 mA g<sup>-1</sup>), long cycling life (∼900 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> after 500 cycles at 1 C), and outstanding rate capability (175 mA h g<sup>-1</sup> at the charge current density of 120 A g<sup>-1</sup>, 60 C). Moreover, as a proof-of-concept example, pouch-type full cells using RPNPs anodes and Li(Ni<sub>0.5</sub>Co<sub>0.3</sub>Mn<sub>0.2</sub>)O<sub>2</sub> (NCM-532) cathodes were assembled to show their practical uses.
Prediction models for incident Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the older population: KORA S4/F4 cohort study (2010)

This longitudinal study in an older population provides models to predict the future risk of Type 2 diabetes. The OGTT, but not biomarkers, improved discrimination of incident diabetes.
Different Effect of the Atmospheres on the Phase Formation and Performance of Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Prepared from Ball-Milling-Assisted Solid-Phase Reaction with Pristine and Carbon-Precoated TiO<sub>2</sub> as Starting Materials (2011)

Pristine Li4Ti5O12 and Li 4Ti5O12/C composite are prepared by high-energy ball-milling (HEBM)-assisted solid-state reaction with TiO2 anatase and Li2CO3 or carbon-precoated TiO2 anatase and Li2CO3 as reactants. The influence of calcination atmosphere on the phase formation and particulate morphology of those two products are systematically investigated by XRD, SEM, TEM, O2-TPO, and TPR techniques. The optimal calcination atmospheres for the synthesis of Li4Ti5O12 and Li4Ti 5O12/C are diluted hydrogen and nitrogen atmospheres, respectively. TPR in various atmospheres demonstrates the difference in optimal atmospheres is due to the suppressing effect of hydrogen for Li 2CO3 decomposition, the reducing properties of carbon and hydrogen, and the blocking effect of carbon for the reaction between TiO 2 and Li2O. Both the pristine and carbon-coated Li 4Ti5O12 show good rate and cycling performance. A near theoretical capacity of 175 mA h g-1 is achieved for both samples at 0.5 C rate. After a total cycling number of 40 at various rates between 0.5 and 40 C, the capacity retention for Li4Ti 5O12 and Li4Ti5O12/C is 97.8 and 98.5%, respectively. The HEBM-assisted solid-state reaction in controlled atmosphere may be a practical way for the economic synthesis of both pristine and carbon-coated Li4Ti5O12 as high-performance electrodes of lithium-ion batteries. © 2011 American Chemical Society.
A Study of Student Design Team Behaviors in Complex System Design (2012)

Large-scale engineering systems require design teams to balance complex sets of considerations using a wide range of design and decision-making skills. Formal, computational approaches for optimizing complex systems offer strategies for arriving at optimal solutions in situations where system integration and design optimization are well-formulated. However, observation of design practice suggests engineers may be poorly prepared for this type of design. Four graduate student teams completed a distributed, complex system design task. Analysis of the teams' design histories suggests three categories of suboptimal approaches: global rather than local searches, optimizing individual design parameters separately, and sequential rather than concurrent optimization strategies. Teams focused strongly on individual subsystems rather than system-level optimization, and did not use the provided system gradient indicator to understand how changes in individual subsystems impacted the overall system. This suggests the need for curriculum to teach engineering students how to appropriately integrate systems as a whole.
Regular Complex Polytopes (1974)

Frontispiece Preface to the second edition Preface to the first edition 1. Regular polygons 2. Regular polyhedra 3. Polyhedral kaleidoscopes 4. Real four-space and the unitary plane 5. Frieze patterns 6. The geometry of quaternions 7. The binary polyhedral groups 8. Unitary space 9. The unitary plane, using quaternions 10. The complete enumeration of finite reflection groups in the unitary plane 11. Regular complex polygons and Cayley diagrams 12. Regular complex polytopes defined and described 13. The regular complex polytopes and their symmetry groups Tables Reference Index Answers to exercises.