gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Artificial Neural Networks-Based Software for Measuring Heat Collection Rate and Heat Loss Coefficient of Water-in-Glass Evacuated Tube Solar Water Heaters (2015)

Measurements of heat collection rate and heat loss coefficient are crucial for the evaluation of in service water-in-glass evacuated tube solar water heaters. However, conventional measurement requires expensive detection devices and undergoes a series of complicated procedures. To simplify the measurement and reduce the cost, software based on artificial neural networks for measuring heat collection rate and heat loss coefficient of water-in-glass evacuated tube solar water heaters was developed. Using multilayer feed-forward neural networks with back-propagation algorithm, we developed and tested our program on the basis of 915 measured samples of water-in-glass evacuated tube solar water heaters. This artificial neural networks-based software program automatically obtained accurate heat collection rate and heat loss coefficient using simply "portable test instruments" acquired parameters, including tube length, number of tubes, tube center distance, heat water mass in tank, collector area, angle between tubes and ground and final temperature. Our results show that this software (on both personal computer and Android platforms) is efficient and convenient to predict the heat collection rate and heat loss coefficient due to it slow root mean square errors in prediction. The software now can be downloaded from http://t.cn/RLPKF08.
Refractometry of living cells part I. basic principles (1954)

ABSTRACT The principles underlying a new method of refractometry of living cells are discussed. The method was evolved from the chance observation that the amoebocytes of the blood of the earthworm, examined in their own blood, appeared bright instead of dark by positive phase-contrast microscopy. This was shown to be due to the presence of dissolved haemoglobin which raised the refractive index of the medium above that of the cytoplasm. In order to determine the refractive index of the latter it was only necessary to dilute the blood until the cytoplasm became virtually invisible. Non-pigmented proteins and other high molecular weight substances have now been substituted for haemoglobin. The nature of the initial observations suggested that if the cell could be regarded to a first approximation as being composed entirely of proteins, the cytoplasmic protein concentration could be equated to the protein concentration of the immersion medium which made the cell appear with minimum contrast. This would only be true if equal concentrations of different proteins in solution had the same refractive index. The nature of refractive index and its relationship to density are discussed and it is shown that for nearly all unconjugated proteins so far investigated the specific refraction increments (i.e. the increase in refractive index per 1 per cent, increase in concentration) have almost the same values (00185±2 per cent.). The effects of many factors such as pH, salts, temperature, wavelength, concentration, and nature of the solvent are discussed. Since living cells contain substances other than proteins the specific refraction increments of protein derivatives, lipides, carbohydrates, and salts are considered and it is shown that the presence of moderate amounts of such substances is unlikely to affect the refractive index of cells to any great extent. It is suggested that the mean specific refraction increment of protoplasm should be taken as 0018 and that this value can be used in order to calculate the solid and water content of protoplasm from values of refractive index.
Comparison of four enrichment broths for the detection of non-O157 Shiga-toxin-producing Escherichia coli O91, O103, O111, O119, O121, O145 and O165 from pure culture and food samples (2011)

Novobiocin should not be added to media used for the enrichment of non-O157 STEC in food when cell injury is anticipated.
Mechanism of action of human pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylase on alpha-4-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside substrate. (1982)

We evaluated the enzymic mechanism by which alpha-4-nitrophenyl maltoheptaoside serves as a substrate for serum amylase (EC 3.2.1.1). Because polymeric substrates possess many potential sites of cleavage, the expression of enzymic activity as the number of micromoles of substrate transformed under defined conditions by an enzyme must be changed to "one microequivalent of group transformed." Therefore, we measured the activity of the isoenzymes of alpha-amylase with regard to suitable oligosaccharide substrates, which allowed us to express the catalytic activity in IUB units (U). By "high-performance" liquid chromatography we investigated the mechanism of human pancreatic and salivary alpha-amylase action, both alone and in combination with alpha-glucosidase (EC 3.2.1.20). On the basis of these results, we can describe exactly the entire reaction sequence and determine the stoichiometric coefficient of 4-nitrophenol within 0.02 mol/L (SD) produced under the assay conditions.
Optical 8-DPSK and receiver with direct detection and multilevel electrical signals (2004)

This paper presents a differential 8-level phase-shift keying (8-DPSK) modulation format with a simple new receiver for transmission of 3 bit/symbol. The receiver with direct detection is based on a differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) receiver with binary decision devices and a combinational network for estimating the transmitted bit sequences from the detected multilevel electrical signals. The 8-DPSK transmitter is based on a differential quadrature phase-shift keying (DQPSK) transmitter with an additional phase modulator. Spectral properties of 8-DPSK and chromatic dispersion tolerance are investigated.
mTOR kinase, a key player in the regulation of glial functions: Relevance for the therapy of multiple sclerosis (2012)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase with a central role in the regulation of cell growth and proliferation, and several intracellular processes, such as mRNA transcription and translation, autophagy and cytoskeletal organization. The relevance of this pathway in the regulation of the immune system is well characterized. mTOR is essential for the proper activation and proliferation of effector T cells, restricts the development of regulatory T cells, and downregulates innate immune responses. Recently, a direct role of mTOR in the modulation of glial functions has also been recognized. Data from our group and others support the notion that mTOR is involved in microglial proinflammatory activation. The kinase regulates several intracellular processes in astrocytes, among which the rate of mRNA degradation of the inducible form of NO synthase. Therefore, the inhibition of mTOR kinase activity in glial cells results in anti-inflammatory actions, suggesting possible beneficial effects of mTOR inhibitors (like rapamycin) in the treatment of inflammatory-based pathologies of the central nervous system. In contrast, mTOR plays an important role in the regulation of oligodendrocyte development and myelination process as well as several neuronal functions, which may limit this therapeutic approach. Nevertheless, as reviewed here, there is robust evidence that rapamycin ameliorates the clinical course of both the relapsing-remitting and the chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and significantly reduces the hyperalgesia observed before clinical development of EAE. These findings may have important clinical implications for the therapy of multiple sclerosis.
Hsp90 C-Terminal Inhibitors Exhibit Antimigratory Activity by Disrupting the Hsp90α/Aha1 Complex in PC3-MM2 Cells (2014)

Human Hsp90 isoforms are molecular chaperones that are often up-regulated in malignances and represent a primary target for Hsp90 inhibitors undergoing clinical evaluation. Hsp90α is a stress-inducible isoform of Hsp90 that plays a significant role in apoptosis and metastasis. Though Hsp90α is secreted into the extracellular space under metastatic conditions, its role in cancer biology is poorly understood. We report that Hsp90α associates with the Aha1 co-chaperone and found this complex to localize in secretory vesicles and at the leading edge of migrating cells. Knockdown of Hsp90α resulted in a defect in cell migration. The functional role of Hsp90α/Aha1 was studied by treating the cells with various novobiocin-based Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors. These inhibitors disrupted the Hsp90α/Aha1 complex, caused a cytoplasmic redistribution of Hsp90α and Aha1, and decreased cell migration. Structure-function studies determined that disruption of Hsp90α/Aha1 association and inhibition of cell migration correlated with the presence of a benzamide side chain, since an acetamide substituted analog was less effective. Our results show that disruption of Hsp90α/Aha1 interactions with novobiocin-based Hsp90 C-terminal inhibitors may limit the metastatic potential of tumors.
Possible Avian Influenza (H5N1) from Migratory Bird, Egypt (2007)

DOAJ is a unique and extensive index of diverse open access journals from around the world, driven by a growing community, committed to ensuring quality content is freely available online for everyone.
Effects of control hysteresis on the space shuttle orbiter's entry (1975)

There are six degree-of-freedom simulations of the space shuttle orbiter entry with aerodynamic control hysteresis conducted on the NASA Langley Research Center interactive simulator known as the Automatic Reentry Flight Dynamics Simulator. These were performed to determine if the presence of aerodynamic control hysteresis would endanger the mission, either by making the vehicle unable to maintain proper attitude for a safe entry, or by increasing the amount of the reaction control system's fuel consumption beyond that carried.
Optimal Procedures for Detecting Analytic Bias Using Patient Samples (1997)

We recently described the performance characteristics of the exponentially adjusted moving mean (EAMM), a patient-data, moving block mean procedure, which is a generalized algorithm that unifies Bull's algorithm and the classic average of normals (AON) procedure. Herein we describe the trend EAMM (TEAMM), a continuous signal analog of the EAMM procedure related to classic trend analysis. Using computer simulation, we have compared EAMM and TEAMM over a range of biases for various sample sizes (N or equivalent smoothing factor alpha) and exponential parameters (P) under conditions of equivalent false rejection (fixed on a per patient sample basis). We found optimal pairs of N and P for each level of bias by determination of minimum mean patient samples to rejection. Overall optimal algorithms were determined through calculation of undetected lost medical utility (ULMU), a novel function that quantifies the medical damage due to analytic bias. The ULMU function was calculated based on lost test specificity in a normal population. We found that optimized TEAMM was superior to optimized EAMM for all levels of analytic bias. If these observations hold true for non-Gaussian populations, TEAMM procedures are the method of choice for detecting bias using patient samples or as an event gauge to trigger use of known-value control materials.
Polycarbazole obtained by electrochemical polymerization of monomers either in solution or in thin film form (2000)

Polycarbazole has been synthesized by electrochemistry. The carbazole monomer source consists either in carbazole in solution in the electrolyte or in carbazole deposited in thin film form onto the working electrode. The two families of polymers have been studied by infrared absorption, X-ray diffraction, thermal gravimetric analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electron spin resonance, and electrical conductivity measurements. It is shown that the polycarbazole films obtained with carbazole deposited in the thin film form exhibit a better polymerization efficiency and an electrical conductivity one order of magnitude higher. This result is in good accordance with a higher spin density and homogeneity. It is proposed that not only are some monomers activated during the evaporation but also that the physical contact between the working electrode and the continuous carbazole films induces the growth of homogenous highly polymerized polycarbazole films. In agreement with this suggestion, the SEM study shows that this type of polycarbazole thin films keep in memory the morphology of the SnO2 under layer. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 75: 1561–1568, 2000
Synergistic dual-targeting hydrogel improves targeting and anticancer effect of Taxol in vitro and in vivo (2014)

A synergistic dual-targeting molecular self-assembly hydrogel was designed with estrone (Et) and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD) peptide. Confocal imaging in vitro and real-time visualization in vivo researches were carried out to evidence enhanced targeted delivery and anticancer effect of Taxol.
Cooperative Multi-Cell Block Diagonalization with Per-Base-Station Power Constraints (2010)

Block diagonalization (BD) is a practical linear precoding technique that eliminates the inter-user interference in downlink multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) systems. In this paper, we apply BD to the downlink transmission in a cooperative multi-cell MIMO system, where the signals from different base stations (BSs) to all the mobile stations (MSs) are jointly designed with the perfect knowledge of the downlink channels and transmit messages. Specifically, we study the optimal BD precoder design to maximize the weighted sum-rate of all the MSs subject to a set of per-BS power constraints. This design problem is formulated in an auxiliary MIMO broadcast channel (BC) with a set of transmit power constraints corresponding to those for individual BSs in the multi-cell system. By applying convex optimization techniques, this paper develops an efficient algorithm to solve this problem, and derives the closed-form expression for the optimal BD precoding matrix. It is revealed that the optimal BD precoding vectors for each MS in the per-BS power constraint case are in general non-orthogonal, which differs from the conventional orthogonal BD precoder design for the MIMO-BC under one single sum-power constraint. Moreover, for the special case of single-antenna BSs and MSs, the proposed solution reduces to the optimal zero-forcing beamforming (ZF-BF) precoder design for the weighted sum-rate maximization in the multiple-input single-output (MISO) BC with per-antenna power constraints. Suboptimal and low-complexity BD/ZF-BF precoding schemes are also presented, and their achievable rates are compared against those with the optimal schemes.
Gossypium barbadense genome sequence provides insight into the evolution of extra-long staple fiber and specialized metabolites (2015)

Of the two cultivated species of allopolyploid cotton, Gossypium barbadense produces extra-long fibers for the production of superior textiles. We sequenced its genome (AD)2 and performed a comparative analysis. We identified three bursts of retrotransposons from 20 million years ago (Mya) and a genome-wide uneven pseudogenization peak at 11-20 Mya, which likely contributed to genomic divergences. Among the 2,483 genes preferentially expressed in fiber, a cell elongation regulator, PRE1, is strikingly At biased and fiber specific, echoing the A-genome origin of spinnable fiber. The expansion of the PRE members implies a genetic factor that underlies fiber elongation. Mature cotton fiber consists of nearly pure cellulose. G. barbadense and G. hirsutum contain 29 and 30 cellulose synthase (CesA) genes, respectively; whereas most of these genes (>25) are expressed in fiber, genes for secondary cell wall biosynthesis exhibited a delayed and higher degree of up-regulation in G. barbadense compared with G. hirsutum, conferring an extended elongation stage and highly active secondary wall deposition during extra-long fiber development. The rapid diversification of sesquiterpene synthase genes in the gossypol pathway exemplifies the chemical diversity of lineage-specific secondary metabolites. The G. barbadense genome advances our understanding of allopolyploidy, which will help improve cotton fiber quality.
Rufinamide: a new antiepileptic drug treatment for Lennox–Gastaut syndrome (2010)

Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is a relatively rare epilepsy syndrome that usually begins in early-mid childhood and is characterized by multiple seizure types, particularly generalized seizures, which are often resistant to antiepileptic drug medication. Rufinamide is a new antiepileptic drug approved as adjunctive therapy to treat seizures in Lennox-Gastaut syndrome in those 4 years of age and older. In this article, the putative mechanism of action is described, along with data relating to its pharmacokinetics and metabolism. Key findings from clinical trials are presented and discussed. Adverse effects are summarized and compared with those encountered with competitor antiepileptic drugs. Finally, the role of rufinamide in the holistic management of subjects with Lennox-Gastaut syndrome is considered.
High speed three-dimensional profilometry utilizing laser diode arrays (2003)

A laser diode array probe design concept utilizing an optical scanning technique for high-speed and high-precision 3-D profile measurement is presented. The probe consists of 100 laser lines emerging from 100 laser diodes, arranged in five rows. This measurement method adopts the idea of a fringe projection technique. A profile is obtained by projecting multiple laser beams simultaneously onto the surface or using single-beam scans on the surface. The specimen profile data are obtained without the need for a scanning mechanism. The beams projected onto the surface could cause distinguishing difficulties for a complicated profile. This problem was resolved using a computer to control the on/off sequences for the diode array light source. The measurement accuracy is equivalent to the conventional single laser beam scanning measurement system. The measurement speed depends on the optical scanning process and usually occurs in less than 1 s when multibeam scanning is used.
Measuring aortic diameter improves accuracy of esophageal Doppler in assessing fluid responsiveness (2007)

Monitoring the changes in aortic diameter improves the accuracy of EDM in assessing the hemodynamic effects of a fluid challenge, especially if it induces a large increase in arterial pressure. Estimating rather than measuring the aortic diameter may lead to underestimation of fluid responsiveness.
TREX: A Universal Tool for the Transfer and Expression of Biosynthetic Pathways in Bacteria (2012)

Secondary metabolites represent a virtually inexhaustible source of natural molecules exhibiting a high potential as pharmaceuticals or chemical building blocks. To gain broad access to these compounds, sophisticated expression systems are needed that facilitate the transfer and expression of large chromosomal regions, whose genes encode complex metabolic pathways. Here, we report on the development of the novel system for the transfer and expression of biosynthetic pathways (TREX), which comprises all functional elements necessary for the delivery and concerted expression of clustered pathway genes in different bacteria. TREX employs (i) conjugation for DNA transfer, (ii) randomized transposition for its chromosomal insertion, and (iii) T7 RNA polymerase for unimpeded bidirectional gene expression. The applicability of the TREX system was demonstrated by establishing the biosynthetic pathways of two pigmented secondary metabolites, zeaxanthin and prodigiosin, in bacteria with different metabolic capacities. Thus, TREX represents a valuable tool for accessing natural products by allowing comparative expression studies with clustered genes.
Distinct Polymer Architecture Mediates Switching of Complement Activation Pathways at the Nanosphere−Serum Interface: Implications for Stealth Nanoparticle Engineering (2010)

Nanoparticles with surface projected polyethyleneoxide (PEO) chains in "mushroom-brush" and "brush" configurations display stealth properties in systemic circulation and have numerous applications in site-specific targeting for controlled drug delivery and release as well as diagnostic imaging. We report on the "structure-activity" relationship pertaining to surface-immobilized PEO of various configurations on model nanoparticles, and the initiation of complement cascade, which is the most ancient component of innate human immunity, and its activation may induce clinically significant adverse reactions in some individuals. Conformational states of surface-projected PEO chains, arising from the block copolymer poloxamine 908 adsorption, on polystyrene nanoparticles trigger complement activation differently. Alteration of copolymer architecture on nanospheres from mushroom to brush configuration not only switches complement activation from C1q-dependent classical to lectin pathway but also reduces the level of generated complement activation products C4d, Bb, C5a, and SC5b-9. Also, changes in adsorbed polymer configuration trigger alternative pathway activation differently and through different initiators. Notably, the role for properdin-mediated activation of alternative pathway was only restricted to particles displaying PEO chains in a transition mushroom-brush configuration. Since nanoparticle-mediated complement activation is of clinical concern, our findings provide a rational basis for improved surface engineering and design of immunologically safer stealth and targetable nanosystems with polymers for use in clinical medicine.
AdBlue: An Overview (2011)

AdBlue is an ultra pure solution of urea in demineralised water, used in the latest generation of commercial diesel vehicles for the removal of Nitrous Oxide, an environmental pollutant. It consists of high purity urea dissolved and suspended within deionized water. The ratio of the mix is approximately 32.5% urea and 67.5% deionized water. It is used by modern diesel engines which are equipped with an SCR, AdBlue never comes into contact with the fuel, and it is a common misconception that it is an additive. AdBlue is carried onboard the vehicle in a separate vessel to the fuel storage tank. It is injected into the exhaust gases as a post combustion process through an SCR where it breaks harmful Nitrous Oxide emissions down into mostly Nitrogen and Oxygen. The use of AdBlue benefits everyone it helps the environment by reducing the number of harmful emissions created by diesel engines and it helps fleet operators and drivers reduce fuel costs. It is likely that further savings will be made in the future as governments are anticipated to introduce new carbon taxes and penalties for individuals who do not take necessary action to reduce damage impacted on the environment.
Endoscopic coronary artery bypass grafting on the beating heart using a computer enhanced telemanipulation system. (1999)

The endoscopic stabilizer can sufficiently immobilize the heart to enable endoscopic beating heart coronary artery bypass grafting by means of a computer controlled instrumentation system.
A low power high accuracy CMOS time-to-digital converter (2002)

In this paper, we present a new CMOS time-to-digital converter (TDC) with the cyclic delay line structure. The static supply current is 2-nA only. Furthermore, the continuous calibration is no longer needed. The TDC can be shunted down between measurements to make the power consumption negligible. The circuit with 64-stage cyclic delay line has been fitted into 0.25 mm/spl times/0.75 mm chip area with a typical 0.8-/spl mu/m SPDM process. The measured resolution is 286 picoseconds, and the measured single-shot accuracy is less than 143 picoseconds. Both can be made much less if the control voltage is well tuned.