gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Population structure and genetic variability within isolates of Grapevine fanleaf virus from a naturally infected vineyard in France: evidence for mixed infection and recombination (2004)

The nematode-borne Grapevine fanleaf virus, from the genus Nepovirus in the family Comoviridae, causes severe degeneration of grapevines in most vineyards worldwide. We characterized 347 isolates from transgenic and conventional grapevines from two vineyard sites in the Champagne region of France for their molecular variant composition. The population structure and genetic diversity were examined in the coat protein gene by IC-RT-PCR-RFLP analysis with EcoRI and StyI, and nucleotide sequencing, respectively. RFLP data suggested that 55 % (191 of 347) of the isolates had a population structure consisting of one predominant variant. Sequencing data of 51 isolates representing the different restrictotypes confirmed the existence of mixed infection with a frequency of 33 % (17 of 51) and showed two major predominant haplotypes representing 71 % (60 of 85) of the sequence variants. Comparative nucleotide diversity among population subsets implied a lack of genetic differentiation according to host (transgenic vs conventional) or field site for most restrictotypes (17 of 18 and 13 of 18) and for haplotypes in most phylogenetic groups (seven of eight and six of eight), respectively. Interestingly, five of the 85 haplotypes sequenced had an intermediate divergence (0.036-0.066) between the lower (0.005-0.028) and upper range (0.083-0.138) of nucleotide variability, suggesting the occurrence of homologous RNA recombination. Sequence alignments clearly indicated a mosaic structure for four of these five variants, for which recombination sites were identified and parental lineages proposed. This is the first in-depth characterization of the population structure and genetic diversity in a nepovirus.
High-speed varifocal imaging with a tunable acoustic gradient index of refraction lens (2008)

Fluidic lenses allow for varifocal optical elements, but current approaches are limited by the speed at which focal length can be changed. Here we demonstrate the use of a tunable acoustic gradient (TAG) index of refraction lens as a fast varifocal element. The optical power of the TAG lens varies continuously, allowing for rapid selection and modification of the effective focal length at time scales of 1 mus and shorter. The wavefront curvature applied to the incident light is experimentally quantified as a function of time, and single-frame imaging is demonstrated. Results indicate that the TAG lens can successfully be employed to perform high-rate imaging at multiple locations.
Polarization multiplexed 100 Gbps direct-detection OFDM transmission without MIMO processing (2009)

We propose a low-overhead method of polarization multiplexing in direct detection OFDM that requires no digital MIMO processing. Using 16QAM and only 31GHz bandwidth, 100 Gbps transmission over 80 km of SSMF is successfully demonstrated.
Electron Radiation Damage Effects in Silicon Surface-Barrier Detectors (1971)

Silicon surface-barrier detectors have been irradiated at room temperature with monoenergetic electrons in the energy range of 200 keV to 1 MeV. The changes of detector reverse leakage current, noise, capacitance and alpha-particle counting response were determined. In general, detector current and noise increased with electron fluence and energy for electron energies of 400 keV and above. Detector capacitances tended to decrease slightly for electron fluences up to 1013 cm-2 and increase at higher fluences. No significant degradation of detector performance was observed as a result of irradiation with 200-keV electrons for fluences up to 1016 cm-2. The effects of damage on detector performance were reduced when the rear, aluminum contact was irradiated rather than the front, gold contact.
EWMA techniques for computer intrusion detection through anomalous changes in event intensity (2002)

Abstract Intrusion detection is used to monitor and capture intrusions into computer and network systems, which attempt to compromise the security of computer and network systems. To protect information systems from intrusions and thus assure the reliability and quality of service of information systems, it is highly desirable to develop techniques that detect intrusions into information systems. Many intrusions manifest in dramatic changes in the intensity of events occurring in information systems. Because of the ability of exponentially weighted moving average (EWMA) control charts to monitor the rate of occurrences of events based on the their intensity, we apply three EWMA statistics to detect anomalous changes in the events intensity for intrusion detections. They include the EWMA chart for autocorrelated data, the EWMA chart for uncorrelated data and the EWMA chart for monitoring the process standard deviation. The objectives of this paper are to provide design procedures for realizing these control charts and investigate their performance using different parameter settings based on one large dataset. The early detection capability of these EWMA techniques is also examined to provide the guidance about the design capacity of information systems. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mechanical Reliability of a Digital Micromirror With Interdigitated Cantilevers (2010)

This paper is the first to report on analytical studies and experimental results pertaining to the mechanical reliability of a micromirror with a new spring structure called as interdigitated cantilevers. The bending actuation of the interdigitated cantilevers means that it is capable of a symmetrical bidirectional rotation. Through analytical calculations, finite element method (FEM) simulations, and experiments, we show that the mechanical reliability of the micromirror can simply be improved by changing the spring structure from a conventional twisting hinge type to the new bending interdigitated cantilever type. To quantitatively demonstrate the improvement, we compare the maximum Von Mises stress exerted in two types of micromirrors. The analytical calculations and FEM simulations confirm that the maximum Von Mises stress for cyclic rotations with regard to the micromirror with interdigitated cantilevers is only half that of a conventional micromirror with a hinge when the two micromirrors have the same performance and the same rotation angle. Also, we experimentally evaluate the mechanical reliability of the micromirror with interdigitated cantilevers. The micromirror that is made of pure aluminum was successfully operated without any failures after more than 500 h of operation and 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> cycles under a laboratory air condition (23°C and 50 %).
Deposition of titanium nitride thin films at low temperatures by CVD using metalorganic and organometallic titanium compounds as precursors (1993)

A series of titanium compounds, Ti(NMe2)4, t-BuTi(NMe2)3, [Ti(µ-N-t-Bu)(-NMe2)2]2, Ti(t-BuDAD)2 and CpTiC7H7, have been screened in combination with NH3 for their suitability as precursors for the CVD of titanium nitride films at substrate temperatures of 300-600°C and a system pressure of 1.5 Torr. The best TiN layers have been grown using t-BuTi(NMe2)3 and NH3, from which an 0.8 µm thick layer deposited at 400°C. showed a resistivity of 1.4*10-3 Ω*cm and contained 5 atom% carbon and 6 atom% oxygen.
Induced polarization response of porous media with metallic particles — Part 6: The case of metals and semimetals (2017)

We collected spectral induced polarization spectra with clean sand mixed with metallic particles (either silver, graphite, copper, steel, magnetite, or pyrite particles). The initial pore water conductivity was either 1500 or [Formula: see text] depending on the experiments (25°C, NaCl). For each of the 15 experiments, we used a narrow and unimodal grain size distribution for the metallic particles. The resulting polarization spectra display clear polarization peaks in the phase and can be fitted with a Cole-Cole complex conductivity model. In addition to this, the chargeability scales with the volume content of the metallic particles in a way that is consistent with the theory of disseminated metallic particles in a weakly polarizable background. Similarly, the phase scales with the content of the metallic particles in a predictable way. The Cole-Cole relaxation time shows a rough dependence with the mean particle size. The trend between these two parameters can be used to determine an apparent diffusion coefficient for the charge carriers responsible for the polarization. Finally, we conducted a laboratory sandbox experiment in which we put a copper plate in tap water-saturated sand. We use an approach based on self-potential tomography and compactness to invert the secondary source current density from the secondary voltages associated with time-domain induced polarization. With this approach, we localized the copper plate and determined a value for the relaxation time that is consistent with the laboratory core sample experiments.
Bioengineering of Microalgae: Recent Advances, Perspectives, and Regulatory Challenges for Industrial Application (2020)

Microalgae, due to their complex metabolic capacity, are being continuously explored for nutraceuticals, pharmaceuticals, and other industrially important bioactives. However, suboptimal yield and productivity of the bioactive of interest in local and robust wild-type strains are of perennial concerns for their industrial applications. To overcome such limitations, strain improvement through genetic engineering could play a decisive role. Though the advanced tools for genetic engineering have emerged at a greater pace, they still remain underused for microalgae as compared to other microorganisms. Pertaining to this, we reviewed the progress made so far in the development of molecular tools and techniques, and their deployment for microalgae strain improvement through genetic engineering. The recent availability of genome sequences and other omics datasets form diverse microalgae species have remarkable potential to guide strategic momentum in microalgae strain improvement program. This review focuses on the recent and significant improvements in the omics resources, mutant libraries, and high throughput screening methodologies helpful to augment research in the model and non-model microalgae. Authors have also summarized the case studies on genetically engineered microalgae and highlight the opportunities and challenges that are emerging from the current progress in the application of genome-editing to facilitate microalgal strain improvement. Toward the end, the regulatory and biosafety issues in the use of genetically engineered microalgae in commercial applications are described.
Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of filtering on chaotic symbolic dynamics (2003)

Motivated by the practical consideration of the measurement of chaotic signals in experiments or the transmission of these signals through a physical medium, we investigate the effect of filtering on chaotic symbolic dynamics. We focus on the linear, time-invariant filters that are used frequently in many applications, and on the two quantities characterizing chaotic symbolic dynamics: topological entropy and bit-error rate. Theoretical consideration suggests that the topological entropy is invariant under filtering. Since computation of this entropy requires that the generating partition for defining the symbolic dynamics be known, in practical situations the computed entropy may change as a filtering parameter is changed. We find, through numerical computations and experiments with a chaotic electronic circuit, that with reasonable care the computed or measured entropy values can be preserved for a wide range of the filtering parameter.
Negative index material composed of electric and magnetic resonators (2007)

Negative index-of-refraction materials (NIMs) require both the electric permittivity and the magnetic permeability of the material to be negative. Most reported NIMs have combined conducting split ring resonators (SRRs) to realize the magnetic response and nonresonant wires to realize the electric response. Here, however, the authors demonstrate an impedance-matched, relatively broadband NIM which makes use of SRRs and electric resonators, tuned such that they resonate at the same frequency and with nearly the same frequency dispersion. The NIM properties are confirmed by direct measurements of the phase variation and field distributions, obtained by field mapping.
A novel low-cost horizontal current bipolar transistor (HCBT) with the reduced parasitics (2004)

A novel horizontal current bipolar transistor (HCBT) structure, suitable for the integration with pillar-like MOSFETs, is presented. The HCBT is processed by a low-cost technology in the (111) sidewalls on the [110] wafers, with minimized volume of the extrinsic regions, resulting in reduced parasitics. The HCBT structure exhibits the highest f/sub /spl tau// (30.4 GHz) and f/sub T/BV/sub CEO/ product (127.7 GHzV) among the lateral bipolar transistors.
Synthesis and characterization of telechelic polymethacrylates via RAFT polymerization (2005)

Abstract The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization technique has been employed to synthesize linear α,ω ‐telechelic polymers with either hydroxyl or carboxyl end groups. Methyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, and butyl acrylate were polymerized with RAFT polymerization. The polymerizations exhibited the usual characteristics of living processes. Telechelic polymethacrylates were obtained from a hydroxyl monofunctional RAFT polymer with a two‐step chain‐end modification procedure of the dithioester end group. The procedure consisted of an aminolysis followed by a Michael addition on the resulting thiol. The different steps of the procedure were followed by detailed analysis. It was found that this route was always accompanied by side reactions, resulting in disulfides and hydrogen‐terminated polymer chains as side products next to the hydroxyl‐terminated telechelic polymers. Telechelic poly(butyl acrylates) with carboxyl end groups were produced in a single step procedure with difunctional trithiocarbonates as RAFT agents. The high yield in terms of end group functionality was confirmed by a new critical‐liquid‐chromatography method, in which the polymers were separated based on acid‐functionality and by mass spectrometry analysis. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 43: 959–973, 2005
The faecal tumour M2-PK screening test for invasive & pre-invasive colorectal cancer: estimated specificity & results as a function of age for a study population of 4854 volunteers (2009)

Faecal tumour M2-Pyruvate kinase levels were measured in a large, unselected, asymptomatic screening population to determine its specificity and to demonstrate the distribution in different age groups. Faecal tumour M2-Pyruvate kinase levels were measured with a sandwich ELISA in stool samples of 4854 screened volunteers. The levels were below the cutoff value of 4.0 kU/L in 4425 of the population. This means that 91.2% of all the people we screened had faecal tumour M2-Pruvate kinase levels within the normal, non-pathological range. The percentage of individuals with elevated tumour M2-Pruvate kinase concentrations increased from 6.9% in the age group of 30–39 years to 16.0% in the age group of 70–79 years. The estimated specificity range of the test, using prevalence data and our study results was 0.93-0.96. These results underline the usefulness of the tumour M2-Pruvate kinase stool test as a non-invasive, easy, fast, and economical method for colorectal cancer screening.
Non-invasive microwave multifrequency radiometry used in microwave hyperthermia for bidimensional reconstruction of temperature patterns (1993)

Microwave radiometry, used routinely since 1984 for non-invasive temperature measurements during hyperthermia sessions for superficial tumours treatment has proven its efficiency for temperature control. From radiometric temperature measurements in two frequency ranges (around 1 and 3 GHz) and superficial (or cutaneous) temperature measurements achieved during hyperthermia sessions, a numerical method to obtain the two-dimensional thermal profile has been developed and implemented. This method is based on hyperthermia simulation from the bioheat equation, the absorbed microwave power calculation in the medium taking into account the radiative diagram of the applicator, and the calculation of radiometric temperatures. From these experimental measurements (radiometric and superficial temperatures, heating power, dielectric and thermal characteristics), a program to determine the bidimensional distribution of temperature during the hyperthermia session has been developed, tested and used during and after clinical treatments.
Piezoelectric Properties of Low Coercive-Field BaTiO<sub>3</sub> Ceramics and Its Application (1989)

Low coercive-field BaTiO 3 ceramics having a very low coercive field, 37 V/mm, was produced by substituting of 9 mol% Hf–Zr to Ti-site. Dielectric, piezoelectric and electrostrictive properties of low coercive-field BaTiO 3 were discussed compared with those of the normal BaTiO 3 ceramics. Piezoelectric and electrostrictive constants of the low coercive-field BaTiO 3 were found 2 to 4 times higher than those of normal BaTiO 3 , and the low coercive-filed BaTiO 3 was shown a quadratic characteristic in the strain as a function of electric field. In the vibration of piezoelectric transformer made by low coercive-field BaTiO 3 at 5 kHz, the output frequency at 10 kHz with twice of input frequency was observed.
Laser writing of superconducting patterns on YBa2Cu3O<i>x</i> films (1990)

A novel process for the direct laser writing of thin-film high Tc patterns is demonstrated. The process consists of deposition of a high quality film (308 nm laser ablation from a YBa2Cu3Ox target with a 750 °C substrate temperature and a 150 mTorr O2 ambient), annealing in an inert atmosphere (Ar at 400 °C for 5–20 min) to reduce the oxygen content and depress or eliminate the superconducting transition temperature, and direct-write laser heating (1.06 μm at ≊0.5 kW/cm2 for ≊5 min) in an oxygen atmosphere at ≊590 Torr to selectively regenerate the high Tc material. rf eddy current and four-point resistivity probe results confirm this process for both SrTiO3 and LaAlO3 substrates. Scanning electron micrographs indicate that this is a very mild processing sequence with no observable changes in film morphology.
Reflection full waveform inversion with a corrected step length and application in land data set (2013)

For seismic inversion, apart from the gradient direction, the step length also plays a critical role in the model update during the seismic inversion based on the steepest descent gradient method. In this paper we derive the defection of the conventional parabolic interpolation works poor for reflection FWI and propose a more reliable method for step length calculation. And we also apply the reflection FWI to MarmousiII and field land seismic data successfully.
An escaping scheme for gradient descent bit-flipping decoding of LDPC codes (2016)

The gradient descent bit-flipping (GDBF) decoding algorithm offers an attractive tradeoff between performance and complexity compared with the other bit-flipping (BF) decoding algorithms. However, the performance of GDBF decoding is seriously effected by infinite decoding loop, which always results in decoding failure when maximal iteration number is reached. To avoid the decoding loop and improve the performance, an efficient escaping scheme is proposed for the GDBF algorithm in this paper. This scheme firstly introduces syndrome weight to detect the decoding loop. If a decoding loop is detected, the escaping mechanism works, where only the bit which can decrease the syndrome weight most efficiently is selected to be flipped. In addition, the excluding set is introduced to further prevent the local maximum. Simulation results show that the GDBF algorithm can obtain about 1 dB code gain by utilizing this scheme. Compared with noise GDBF, it has 0.1dB performance loss as well as lower complexity.
Dependence of acoustic attenuation of hearing protectors on incident sound level. (1979)

The relationship between incident sound level and acoustic attenuation for four types of earplug and four types of earmuff have been investigated using freshly prepared and instrumented cadaver ears. Pure tones and 1/3-octave bands of random noise in the frequency range 125-8000 Hz were employed as steady-state stimuli with sound pressure levels between 75 and 125 dB. Impulses with peak sound levels in the range 135-175 dB(P) were also presented. For the steady-state signals employed, the eight hearing protectors have been shown to have constant attenuation characteristics over the range of incident sound levels investigated. This was also the case for the six conventional protectors (with intentionally linear characteristics) for the impulse stimuli. The two intentionally amplitude-sensitive protectors provided attenuation which increased with incident sound level for impulse noises. Comparison of the protector attenuation-frequency characteristics determined for steady-state sounds shows good agreement with those obtained from subjective (threshold shift) national standard measurement procedures. It may be concluded, therefore, that the six conventional hearing protectors studied here have attenuation characteristics that are equal for incident sound levels at about 40 and 75 dB, and that they are constant for levels between 75 and 175 dB. Consequently, the results of national standard threshold-shift procedures, although measured at low sound levels, may be applied with confidence to occupations where hazardous high-level noises are present.
Software lending library (1984)

Cornell University has a rather unique approach in microcomputer user support. In the spring of 1983, we ordered several software packages for our office IBM personal computers. At the time we also purchased all the microcomputers for university departments. Because of this situation, we were in the public eye of campus microcomputer users. People would inquire about our software as they saw it in our office. How did we like it? Could they try it? Remember, software is usually purchased for a specific machine. How did we provide support to our campus users and remain legal?