gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Basic Acoustic Properties of Microbubbles (2002)

Small (encapsulated) gas bubbles in a contrast medium react to an external oscillating pressure field with volume pulsations. Depending on the magnitude of the ultrasound wave, the vibrations will be related either linearly or nonlinearly to the applied acoustic pressure. For low acoustic pressures, the instantaneous radius oscillates linearly in relation to the amplitude of the applied external pressure field. The oscillation of the bubble is governed by parameters such as resonance frequency, damping coefficients, and shell properties. For higher amplitudes of the external field, the pulsation of the bubbles becomes nonlinear. The spectrum of the scattered ultrasound wave also contains higher harmonics of the emitted frequency in addition to the fundamental frequency. The emitted frequency, bubble size, and nonlinear propagation effects have significant influence on the harmonic generation. For encapsulated bubbles exposed to even higher acoustic amplitudes, their scattering effectiveness increases dramatically and becomes transient. The scattered frequency spectrum broadens, containing higher harmonics. This consequence is due to rupture, disappearance, change of gas content, etc. Using these specific characteristics of the contrast bubbles will open new perspectives in imaging and analysis for medical diagnosis.
Solid‐State Olefin Metathesis: ADMET of Rigid‐Rod Polymers and Ring‐Closing Metathesis (2004)

Abstract Summary: Solid‐state olefin metathesis of rigid‐rod acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymers and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) have been investigated. 1,4‐Dipropoxy‐2,5‐divinylbenzene ( 4 ) was synthesized and used in a bulk ADMET polymerization to produce oligomers of dialkoxy poly(phenylene vinylene). The reaction was continued in the solid state, effectively doubling the molecular weight. Solid‐state RCM was investigated with a variety of solid dienes and metathesis catalysts, and demonstrated in low conversions using amide diene 5 with catalysts 9 , 13 , and 14 . magnified image
A low-distortion output stage with improved stability for monolithic power amplifiers (1988)

A low-distortion class AB output stage with improved stability suitable for monolithic power amplifiers (P/sub 0/>or=40 W) is described. The concept has been verified on a 12-W breadboard version as well as on a partly integrated prototype, and is supported by computer simulations for P/sub 0/>or=40 W A biasing control law which guarantees predictable conduction of both output transistors at all times is implemented. This reduces crossover distortion and allows the customary quasi-p-n-p compound transistor to be eliminated, thus also improving stability. Linearity is improved by use of local negative feedback. Phase margin is improved by application of high-frequency feedforward. Measured phase margin is around 60 degrees and total harmonic distortion for a load of 7 Omega is about -80 dB at 20 kHz.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Principles of management (2004)

Recent years have seen major changes in the diagnostic use of genetics-based technologies. The current challenge is applying these technologies to improve treatment approaches in myeloma with the overall aim of individualizing myeloma therapy and improving patient survival. Although this is not feasible currently, within the next decade it is possible to see how strategies based on genetic technologies can be developed and applied in the clinical setting (see Table 11.1). Using these approaches, physicians will be able to not only predict outcome but also determine whether a patient will respond to a given treatment, an approach that is becoming more relevant with the introduction of effective new therapeutic agents.
Remington The Science and Practice of Pharmacy Volume I (2006)

1.Part 1:Orientation...3
2.Part 2:Pharmaceutics...99
3.Part 3:Pharmaceutical Chemistry...361
4.Part 4:Pharmacutical Testing, Analys, and Control...495
5.Part 5:Pharmaceutical Manufacturing...691
6.Part 6:Phamacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics...1095
7.Part 7:Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Agents...1261
8.Part 8:Pharmacy Practice...1745
Gallium arsenide integrated optical devices in adverse environments (1987)

We discuss preliminary measurements of the response of gallium arsenide integrated optical waveguides to radiation from a Febetron. The Febetron produces electrons in the 300-700 keV rangelA in approximately 3-ns FWHM pulses, with a maximum dose rate of approximately 10 rad/sec. Prompt radiation effects were monitored on a streak camera recording system.
Rationally Designed Glycosylated Premithramycins:  Hybrid Aromatic Polyketides Using Genes from Three Different Biosynthetic Pathways (2002)

Heterologous expression of the urdGT2 gene from the urdamycin producer Streptomyces fradiae Tü2717, which encodes a C-glycosyltransferase, into mutants of the mithramycin producer Streptomyces argillaceus, in which either one or all glycosyltransferases were inactivated, yielded four novel C-glycosylated premithramycin-type molecules. Structure elucidation revealed these to be 9-C-olivosylpremithramycinone, 9-C-mycarosylpremithramycinone, and their respective 4-O-demethyl analogues. In another experiment, both the urdGT2 gene from S. fradiae and the lanGT1 gene from S. cyanogenus, were coexpressed into a S. argillaceus mutant lacking the MtmGIV glycosyltransferase. This experiment, in which genes from three different organisms were combined, resulted in the production of 9-C-(olivo-1-4-olivosyl)premithramycinone. These results prove the unique substrate flexibility of the C-glycosyltransferase UrdGT2, which tolerates not only a variety of sugar-donor substrates, but also various acceptor substrates. The five new hybrid products also represent the first compounds, in which sugars were attached to a position that is normally unglycosylated. The successful combination of two glycosyltransferases in the latter experiment proves that the design of saccharide side chains by combinatorial biosynthetic methods is possible.
Filtering of Noise in Electrocardiographic Signals Using An Unbiased and Normalized Adaptive Artifact Cancellation System (2007)

The electrocardiogram (ECG) is routinely used for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases. The removal of artifacts in ambulatory ECG recordings is essential in many biomedical applications. In this paper, we present the design of an unbiased linear filter with normalized weight coefficients in an adaptive artifact cancellation (UNAAC) system. We also develop a new weight coefficient adaptation algorithm that normalizes the filter coefficients, and utilize the steepest-descent algorithm to effectively cancel the artifacts present in ECG signals. The proposed UNAAC system was tested through experiments on the benchmark MIT-BIH database. Empirical results demonstrate that the UNAAC system can effectively eliminate two types of predominant artifacts: baseline wander and muscle-contraction artifact. Furthermore, the proposed UNAAC system achieved significantly higher signal-to-noise and signal-to-error ratios in the enhanced ECG signals, as compared with the normalized least-mean-square (NLMS) filter.
<title>Autonomous analysis of interactive systems with self-propelled instrumentation</title> (2005)

Finding the causes of intermittent bugs and performance problems in modern systems is a challenging task. Conventional profilers focus on improving aggregate performance metrics in an application and disregard many problems that are highly visible to users but are deemed statistically insignificant. Finding intermittent bugs is also hard -- breakpoint debuggers change the timing of events, often masking the problem. To address these limitations, we propose a novel approach called <i>self-propelled instrumentation</i> -- using an autonomous agent to perform self-directed exploration of the system. We inject the agent into a running application, and the agent starts propagating through the code, carried by the application's flow of control. As it propagates, it inserts instrumentation dynamically to collect and analyze detailed execution information. The key feature of this approach lies in its ability to meet three requirements: high level of detail, low overhead, and autonomy (here, little reliance on human help). Existing techniques for tracing and profiling violate at least one of the requirements. As a proof of concept, we implemented a tool called <i>spTracer</i> that uses self-propelled instrumentation to obtain function-level traces from applications and the kernel. The tool enabled us to locate and fix three problems in unfamiliar code in the Linux environment.
Critical Analysis of the Operative Treatment of Hirschsprung's Disease (1996)

The most common operations (Soave and Duhamel) for Hirschsprung's disease result in an uneventful recovery in only 60% to 67% of patients. Although both Soave and Duhamel pull-through operations have nearly identical reoperation rates (26% vs 29%), complications after Soave pull-through operations often require multiple, more extensive procedures. Short-term total continence rates for both procedures are less than 50%, however, 100% became continent by 15 years after the pull-through procedure. Further refinement in operative technique and close follow-up are warranted.
Stendhal, Ortega y el amor (1983)

Proton radiotherapy offers distinct physical properties that could lead to an improvement of dose distribution with subsequent reduction of integral dose to the patient. This supports the potential use of proton beams in tumors close to sensitive structures, such as the skull base and the brain. In the present manuscript, the literature on proton therapy for brain and skull base tumors is critically reviewed and compared with results obtained with modern photon techniques. Treatment planning comparisons demonstrate that dose distributions within the target are comparable. In terms of normal tissue dose distribution, protons offer an advantage in the intermediate- and low-dose regions, and this may result in long-term clinical benefit, although to date no randomized or long-term follow-up data demonstrate this. Considering the excellent long-term results seen with photons in localized tumors, this benefit may be modest and difficult to demonstrate. Protons may allow for safe delivery of higher local doses with the potential to improve local control in some tumors. However, improvements in photon techniques also enable safe dose escalation, and therefore, the comparison of the techniques of delivery is likely to need randomized trials. Proton therapy offers effective treatment for a range of brain tumors. However, the limited availability, the cost, and the lack of evidence of superiority mean that advanced photon radiotherapy continues to be the treatment of choice. It is hoped that advances in technology, both in proton and photon radiotherapy delivery, and increasing information on the efficacy and toxicity of the two modalities will lead to further improvement in radiotherapy approaches and provide the basis for the best choice of treatment for the individual patient.
Operons in <i>Escherichia coli</i> : Genomic analyses and predictions (2000)

The rich knowledge of operon organization in Escherichia coli, together with the completed chromosomal sequence of this bacterium, enabled us to perform an analysis of distances between genes and of functional relationships of adjacent genes in the same operon, as opposed to adjacent genes in different transcription units. We measured and demonstrated the expected tendencies of genes within operons to have much shorter intergenic distances than genes at the borders of transcription units. A clear peak at short distances between genes in the same operon contrasts with a flat frequency distribution of genes at the borders of transcription units. Also, genes in the same operon tend to have the same physiological functional class. The results of these analyses were used to implement a method to predict the genomic organization of genes into transcription units. The method has a maximum accuracy of 88% correct identification of pairs of adjacent genes to be in an operon, or at the borders of transcription units, and correctly identifies around 75% of the known transcription units when used to predict the transcription unit organization of the E. coli genome. Based on the frequency distance distributions, we estimated a total of 630 to 700 operons in E. coli. This step opens the possibility of predicting operon organization in other bacteria whose genome sequences have been finished.
Effects of Temperature, Light Intensity and Nitrogen Application on the Recovery of Photosynthesis in the Senescent Primary Leaves by the Removal of Foliage Leaves in Snap Bean (2004)

The effects of three environmental factors on the recovery of net photosynthetic rate (Pn) in the senescent primary leaves by the removal of foliage leaves in snap bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were examined. Effects of temperature were examined under three different conditions : 23/18, 25/20, and 28/23°C (day/night) . Under these conditions, Pn at 25°C were not affected. Effects of light intensity were examined by covering the primary leaves with 1-3 layers of black cheesecloth. The recovery of Pn on a fresh weight basis decreased with increasing shade level. However, any difference was not observed in Pn on a dry weight basis. Since shading with black cheesecloth increased leaf extension and decreased leaf thickness, the effect of light intensity appeared to be through the effect on leaf morphology. Effects of nitrogen were examined by applying three different levels of nitrogen during the different experimental period. It became evident that the nitrogen level in the nutrient solution applied to plants is an important environmental factor affecting the recovery of Pn.
Displacement Enzyme Linked Aptamer Assay (2005)

Immense effort has been placed on the realization of immunoassays exploiting displacement of a suboptimum target, due to the ease of use and applicability to immunochromatographic strips and immunosensors. Most of the efforts reported to date focus on the use of a suboptimal target that is displaceable by the target toward which the antibody has higher affinity. Limited success has been achieved due to difficulty in obtaining suboptimal targets to which the antibody has enough affinity to bind while at the same time having lower levels of affinity in comparison to the target to facilitate displacement. Aptamers are synthetic oligonucleotides specifically selected to bind a certain target. Thanks to their high affinity and sensitivity, aptamers appear as alternative candidates to antibodies for analytical devices and several enzyme-linked aptamer assays and aptasensors have been reported. Aptamers, in contrast to antibodies, require the formation of a three-dimensional structure for target binding and can thus be anticipated to have a much higher affinity for binding its target rather than a modified form of the target (e.g., enzyme-labeled target). This phenomenon can be exploited for the development of a displacement assay, using enzyme-labeled target as a suboptimal displaceable molecule. Here, we report the first demonstration of the exploitation of an aptamer in an extremely rapid and highly sensitive displacement assay. Surface plasmon resonance studies demonstrated the thrombin-binding aptamer to have a lower affinity for enzyme-labeled thrombin than unmodified thrombin, with respective K(D) of 1.1 x 10(-8) and 2.9 x 10(-9) M. The assay is extremely rapid, requiring only 10 min for completion, and exhibits a detection limit lower than that obtainable with competitive enzyme-linked aptamer assays and comparable to that of hybrid aptamer-antibody assays. Optimal storage conditions for precoated microtiter plates (consisting of coated aptamer and captured labeled target) were elucidated, and the results demonstrated their amenability to long-term storage, facilitating commercially viable displacement enzyme-linked aptamer assays that simply require sample addition, with a total assay time, including color development, of 30 min.
APL-ASCII workspace transfer (1997)

article Free Access Share on APL-ASCII workspace transfer Author: Jim Weigang View Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGAPL APL Quote QuadVolume 27Issue 4June 1997 pp 3–7https://doi.org/10.1145/291419.291424Online:01 June 1997Publication History 0citation90DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations0Total Downloads90Last 12 Months3Last 6 weeks1 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Density‐Dependent Host‐Pathogen Dynamics in Soil Microcosms (1992)

Temporal density—dependent parasitism and a host threshold density are important features of disease induced by infectious parasites in populations of aboveground, macroscopic organisms. We determined whether these features also occur in soil microcosms containing a microscopic host (the nematode Heterodera schachtii) and its parasite (the nematophagous fungus Hirsutella rhossiliensis). Soil microcosms are especially interesting because (1) the environment and scale are quite different from conventional host—parasite systems and may result in considerably different disease dynamics, (2) the small size of the soil microcosms, although biologically appropriate, facilitates experimentation and parameter estimation, and (3) some soil—borne, microscopic organisms (such as H. schachtii) are important agricultural pests. Temporal density—dependent parasitism was directly assessed with laboratory experiments in which host density and environment were controlled. A theory, which complements and extends the experiments, was developed to enable direct comparison of observed and predicted dynamics and to provide a stringent test of our understanding of processes underlying the dynamics. The theory was simple, yet explicitly described the essential biology. Parameters for the theory were measured with short—term experiments. We found that the disease dynamics in soil microcosms exhibited both temporal density—dependent parasitism and a host threshold density. However, epidemics were slow to develop. Observed and predicted dynamics were quite similar, indicating that our understanding of the underlying biology was correct.
ソヴィエト科学の"脱スターリン化"と科学アカデミー : 1953-1956年のソ連邦科学アカデミー幹部会議事録・速記録から (2011)

Many of the recent studies about the history of Soviet science, based on previously classified sources in Russia, seem to be concentrated on the issues characteristic to the late Stalin era, such as Lysenkoism, with some exceptions like Slava Gerovitch's work focused on the diffusion process of 'Cybernetics' during 1950s and 1960s. Drawing mostly on the records of the Presidium Meetings of the USSR Academy of Sciences during the three years from 1953 to 1956, immediately after Stalin's death to the end of the year of 20th Party Congress, I would like to try to provide a general view of the "de-Stalinizaion" efforts made by the leading Soviet scientists in its very early stage.
A Bridge for Measuring Audio-Frequency Transistor Parameters (1955)

A bridge is described which measures the small-signal parameters of point contact and junction transistors at a frequency of 1 kc. The impedance parameters of point-contact transistors are measured for the grounded-base connection, while a set of parameters representing a compromise between the impedance parameters and the h parameters is measured for junction transistors operating in either the grounded-base or grounded-emitter connections. This set includes the short-circuit input impedance h11, the short circuit current amplification factor h2l, a paralleled resistance r22 and capacitance C22 representing the open-circuit output impedance, and two feedback resistances r12 and r12' which in the particular case of the grounded-base connection represent the "low-frequency" base resistance rb and the "high-frequency" base resistance rb' respectively. It is also shown that the α cut-off frequency of junction transistors can be calculated with good accuracy from the bridge measurements.
Application of tissue‐marking ink to prostate biopsy specimens* (2002)

With our current protocol, all biopsy specimens are placed on separate moistened gauze sponges. Specimens from the right side of the prostate are marked by green ink, and those from the left side are marked by black ink with a cotton swab. After applying 1% acetic acid to each core, the left and right cores from each location are placed in a single container. This method curbs pathology expenses and maintains tumor location information.
A eukaryotic LOV‐histidine kinase with circadian clock function in the picoalga <i>Ostreococcus</i> (2010)

The marine environment has unique properties of light transmission, with an attenuation of long wavelengths within the first meters of the water column. Marine organisms have therefore evolved specific blue-light receptors such as aureochromes to absorb shorter-wavelength light. Here, we identify and characterize a light, oxygen, or voltage sensing (LOV) containing histidine kinase (LOV-HK) that functions as a new class of eukaryotic blue-light receptor in the pico-phytoplanktonic cell Ostreococcus tauri. This LOV-HK is related to the large family of LOV-HKs found in prokaryotes. Phylogenetic analysis indicates that the LOV domains from LOV-HKs, including O. tauri LOV-HK, and phototropins (phot; plant and green algal LOV serine/threonine kinases) have different evolutionary histories. Photochemical analysis shows that the LOV domain of LOV-HK binds a flavin cofactor and absorbs blue light with a fast photocycle compared with its prokaryotic counterparts. Ostreococcus tauri LOV-HK expression is induced by blue light and is under circadian control. Further, both overexpression and downregulation of LOV-HK result in arrhythmia of the circadian reporter CCA1:Luc under constant blue light. In contrast, photochemical inactivation of O. tauri LOV-HK is without effect, demonstrating its importance for function of the circadian clock under blue light. Overexpression/downregulation of O. tauriLOV-HK alters CCA1 rhythmicity under constant red light, irrespective of LOV-HK's photochemical reactivity, suggesting that O. tauri LOV-HK also participates in regulation of the circadian clock independent of its blue-light-sensing property. Molecular characterization of O. tauri LOV-HK demonstrates that this type of photoreceptor family is not limited to prokaryotes.