gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mean periodic correlation of sequences in CDMA (2002)

In CDMA systems, pseudo-random codes are used to distinguish between different users. The codes in an ideal CDMA system would have zero crosscorrelation, and pulse-like autocorrelation with a nonzero value at the origin and a zero value elsewhere. In the paper we prove that both requirements can not be met simultaneously. Different authors, e.g., Sidelnikov 1971, Welch 1974, Sarwate 1979, have derived lower bounds on the maximal correlation (crosscorrelation and out-of-phase autocorrelation) of codes. However, the maximal correlation is not the only relevant criteria in a code set design process. In a real CDMA system the mean value of the correlation of codes is important and should be considered as well. In the paper the derivation of the lower bounds of the mean correlation moments of codes is given. The results are very useful for evaluation of different code sets in CDMA systems.
Synthetic Approach to the AB Ring System of Ouabain (2003)

Several novel hydroxylated cis-decalin derivatives, potential intermediates for the synthesis of the AB ring system of the important cardiotonic steroid ouabain, have been synthesized from commercially available starting materials. The first step in the preparation of these highly functionalized intermediates is a Robinson annulation of the beta-keto ester 6 and the 4-silyl-3-buten-2-one 5 to furnish the octalone 4 with good diastereoselectivity in fair yield (due to competition with a novel silicon-to-carbon phenyl migration). Reduction of the epoxy alcohol 3 (derived from 4 in two high-yielding steps) with LiAlH(4) gave a mixture of the desired triol 11 along with the product of an unusual reductive opening at the tertiary carbon, namely the triol 12. A plausible mechanism for this unusual reduction is presented as are possible methods for avoiding it. In particular, reduction of the corrresponding epoxy ketone 15 with aluminum amalgam proceeded in good yield to give the hydroxy ketone 16. Also reduction of the epoxide ester having the inverted stereochemistry at C3 afforded the desired tertiary alcohol 33 in good yield. Another approach using the beta,gamma-unsaturated ketal 38 permitted the formation of the tertiary alcohol 40. Fleming oxidation of the related, very functionalized silane 39 afforded the desired 1beta-alcohol 41 in fair yield. Finally a novel rearrangement was observed when the epoxy alcohol 24 was treated with DIBAL to effect loss of the angular hydroxymethyl group to produce the tetrasubstitued alkene 29 in high yield.
Silver Colloids Impregnating or Coating Bacteria (1998)

We produce silver nanocolloids selectively within and on Escherichia coli bacteria. Silver preferentially concentrates in the bacteria, distributes uniformly within them, or, alternatively, forms a rough coating over them. Oscillations in polarized light scattering vs scattering angle are more pronounced and shift to larger angles, compared to a control that has no silver. Very intense surface-enhanced Raman signals are observed for E. coli with a “wall colloid”. The main bands can be associated with peptides and polysaccharides in the cell wall and its membrane. This work was extended to Gram-positive Bacillus megaterium.
Comparison of Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled with Sulfur-Chemiluminescence Detector to Standard Methods for Speciation of Sulfur-Containing Compounds in Middle Distillates (2006)

The monitoring of total sulfur content and speciation of individual sulfur-containing compounds in middle distillates is required for efficient catalyst selection and for a better understanding of the kinetics of the reactions involved in hydrotreament processes. Owing to higher resolution power and enhanced sensitivity, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GCxGC) hyphenated to sulfur chemiluminescence detection (SCD) has recently evolved as a powerful tool for improving characterization and identification of sulfur compounds. The aim of this paper is to compare quantitatively GCxGC-SCD and various other methods commonly employed in the petroleum industry, such as X-ray fluorescence, conventional GC-SCD, and high-resolution mass spectrometry, for total sulfur content determination and speciation analysis. Different samples of middle distillates have been analyzed to demonstrate the high potential and important advantages of GCxGC-SCD for innovative and quantitative analysis of sulfur-containing compounds. More accurate and detailed results for benzothiophenes and dibenzothiophenes are presented, showing that GCxGC-SCD should become, in the future, an essential tool for sulfur speciation analysis.
Near-field ultra-wideband imaging with two-dimensional sparse MIMO array (2010)

In this paper, we investigate the feasibility of utilizing the concept of effective aperture for designing sparse multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) array oriented for ultrawideband (UWB) near-field imaging. The array design approach based on the effective aperture concept was previously applied under narrowband far-field conditions. Numerical and experimental studies are performed to show that such method can be still feasible in the near-field of the UWB array aperture. Two-dimensional MIMO array is designed based on the design method with extension using the principle of separable aperture functions. The real 2-D aperture array is compared with its effective aperture measured with synthetic aperture radar (SAR) technique. The similarity of their beam pattern and imaging capabilities confirm the feasibility of the effective aperture approach, and demonstrate the potential of UWB near-field imaging system with 2-D sparse multi-static array configuration.
Embedded Bell-state analysis (1998)

We discuss a method for distinguishing the four orthogonal Bell states of two entangled particles. Because the scheme relies only on linear optical elements, it should be realizable with current technology. The new feature is that the Bell states must be embedded in a larger Hilbert space. That is, the correlated particles must be entangled in more than one degree of freedom.
An adaptive coded modulation scheme associated with improved HARQ (2004)

In this paper, an adaptive coded modulation scheme associated with improved HARQ is proposed. In the scheme, non-uniform constellation Gray encoding for the modulation with alphabet size M>4 is adopted in the retransmissions. Combining with the symbol bits rearrangement before modulation mapping and non-uniform constellation for retransmission in HARQ scheme, the reliability of each bit inputting to the turbo decoder is averaged and improved. As a result, the system throughput is increased effectively, and it is noticed that the throughput of 1/2 code rate 8PSK with the improved HARQ is shown to be better than 3/4 code rate QPSK with conventional HARQ. So instead of 3/4 code rate QPSK, a novel adaptive coded modulation scheme associated with improved HARQ is proposed, and the system throughput gets a significant performance improvement.
Scott's rule (2010)

Abstract The optimal construction of a histogram is a fundamental task in data analysis. Many rules of thumb are available to get started. Some use the normal density as a reference distribution. Scott's rule is of that class, using as the measure of discrepancy the mean integrated squared error. This article discusses the origin and formulation of this formula, as well as comparisons with some other formulae and their relative performance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. This article is categorized under: Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Density Estimation
Cytotoxicity and Dentin Permeability of Carbamide Peroxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Vital Bleaching Materials, in vitro (1993)

There has been recent concern about the inadvertent exposure of dentin with patent tubules as well as gingiva to bleaching systems containing 10-15% carbamide peroxide or 2-10% hydrogen peroxide for more than a few minutes. The aims of the present study were: (1) to determine the cytotoxicity of dilutions of hydrogen peroxide in cell culture; (2) to measure hydrogen peroxide diffusion from bleaching agents through dentin in vitro; and (3) to determine the risk of hydrogen peroxide-induced cytotoxicity from exposure of dentin to these vital bleaching agents. The 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) of hydrogen peroxide to succinyl dehydrogenase activity in cultured cells was found to be 0.58 mmol/L after 1 h. All bleaching materials demonstrated diffusion of hydrogen peroxide through dentin in an "in vitro pulp chamber" device. The one- and six-hour diffusates of all bleaching agents through 0.5-mm dentin exceeded the ID50 in monolayer cultures. Inhibition of succinyl dehydrogenase activity corresponded to the amount of hydrogen peroxide that can rapidly diffuse through dentin in vitro and reach concentrations which are toxic to cultured cells in less than 1 h.
Enhanced critical current density in Ca-doped Y1Ba2Cu4O8 (1991)

The Jc of Ca0.1Y0.9Ba2Cu4O8 (Ca-1:2:4) synthesized in elevated oxygen pressure is found to be ≳106 A/cm2 at low temperatures and fields, two orders of magnitude greater than the Jc of undoped Y1Ba2Cu4O8 (1:2:4). The Jc (determined by magnetic hysteresis measurements) remains high (5×105 A/cm2) up to B=4 T at 5 K, and is still ≳104 A/cm2 at 40 K and 4 T indicating strong flux pinning. At 77 K, Jc drops to 103 A/cm2 at B=1 T. Ca-1:2:4 was partially converted to 1:2:3+CuO by brief thermal treatment to generate additional flux pinning centers, but Jc did not improve further.
Design of Gene Constructs for Transgenic Maize (2009)

The first step of any maize transformation project is to select gene expression elements that will make up an effective construct. When designing a gene construct, one must have a full understanding of the different expression elements that are currently available and of the strategies that have been successfully used to overcome obstacles in past. In this chapter, we discuss several major classes of expression elements that have been used for maize transformation, including promoters, introns, and untranslated regions. We also discuss several strategies for further improving transgene expression levels, such as optimization of codon usage, removal of deleterious sequences, addition of signal sequences for subcellular protein targeting, and use of elements to reduce position effects. We hope that this chapter can serve as a general guideline to help researchers, especially beginners in the field, to design a gene construct that will have the maximum potential for gene expression.
Secretion of proinflammatory cytokines by epithelial cells in response to Chlamydia infection suggests a central role for epithelial cells in chlamydial pathogenesis. (1997)

Chlamydia species infect epithelial cells at mucosal surfaces, and are major causes of sexually transmitted diseases. Infection is characterized by inflammation which is exacerbated upon reinfection, ultimately leading to tissue damage and scarring. Although central for the development of disease manifestations, little is known about the mechanisms that initiate and sustain the inflammatory response to Chlamydia. Infection of cervical and colonic epithelial cells with Chlamydia trachomatis and Chlamydia psittaci is shown in the present studies to upregulate mRNA expression and secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-8, GRO alpha, GM-CSF, and IL-6. In contrast to the rapid, but transient, cytokine induction following infection with other invasive bacteria, the epithelial cytokine response to Chlamydia was delayed until 20-24 h after infection, persisted throughout the chlamydial growth cycle (2-4 d), and required bacterial protein synthesis. Moreover, epithelial cell lines and primary endocervical epithelial cells released IL-1alpha after Chlamydia infection, and increased secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines could be inhibited by anti-IL-1alpha. This suggests that IL-1alpha, released following lysis of infected epithelial cells, may amplify the inflammatory response by stimulating additional cytokine production by noninfected neighboring cells. These findings suggest a novel pathophysiologic concept wherein the acute host response to Chlamydia at mucosal surfaces is primarily initiated and sustained by epithelial cells, the first and major targets of chlamydial infection.
Synthesis and Preliminary<i>in Vivo</i>Evaluation of Well-Dispersed Biomimetic Nanocrystalline Apatites Labeled with Positron Emission Tomographic Imaging Agents (2015)

In recent years, biomimetic synthetic apatite nanoparticles (AP-NPs), having chemical similarity with the mineral phase of bone, have attracted a great interest in nanomedicine as potential drug carriers. To evaluate the therapeutic perspectives of AP-NPs through the mechanisms of action and organs they interact with, the noninvasive monitoring of their in vivo behavior is of paramount importance. To this aim, here the feasibility to radiolabel AP-NPs ("naked" and surface-modified with citrate to reduce their aggregation) with two positron emission tomographic (PET) imaging agents ([(18)F]NaF and (68)Ga-NO2AP(BP)) was investigated. [(18)F]NaF was used for the direct incorporation of the radioisotope into the crystal lattice, while the labeling by surface functionalization was accomplished by using (68)Ga-NO2AP(BP) (a new radio-metal chelating agent). The labeling results with both tracers were fast, straightforward, and reproducible. AP-NPs demonstrated excellent ability to bind relevant quantities of both radiotracers and good in vitro stability in clinically relevant media after the labeling. In vivo PET studies in healthy Wistar rats established that the radiolabeled AP-NPs gave significant PET signals and they were stable over the investigated time (90 min) since any tracer desorption was detected. These preliminary in vivo studies furthermore showed a clear ability of citrated versus naked AP-NPs to accumulate in different organs. Interestingly, contrary to naked AP-NPs, citrated ones, which unveiled higher colloidal stability in aqueous suspensions, were able to escape the first physiological filter, i.e., the lungs, being then accumulated in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the spleen. The results of this work, along with the fact that AP-NPs can be also functionalized with targeting ligands, with therapeutic agents, and also with metals for a combination of different imaging modalities, make AP-NPs very encouraging materials for further investigations as theranostic agents in nanomedicine.
A novel transform-domain image watermark (2004)

A novel transform-domain image watermark based on cepstrum analysis is proposed in this paper. A complex cepstrum-based scheme is developed to embed a gray-level image in the one-dimensional cepstrum components of the original image signal. Computer simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is imperceptible and is robust to most watermarking attacks, especially to image cropping, JPEG compression and multipliable noise.
Evolution of the deaminase fold and multiple origins of eukaryotic editing and mutagenic nucleic acid deaminases from bacterial toxin systems (2011)

The deaminase-like fold includes, in addition to nucleic acid/nucleotide deaminases, several catalytic domains such as the JAB domain, and others involved in nucleotide and ADP-ribose metabolism. Using sensitive sequence and structural comparison methods, we develop a comprehensive natural classification of the deaminase-like fold and show that its ancestral version was likely to operate on nucleotides or nucleic acids. Consequently, we present evidence that a specific group of JAB domains are likely to possess a DNA repair function, distinct from the previously known deubiquitinating peptidase activity. We also identified numerous previously unknown clades of nucleic acid deaminases. Using inference based on contextual information, we suggest that most of these clades are toxin domains of two distinct classes of bacterial toxin systems, namely polymorphic toxins implicated in bacterial interstrain competition and those that target distantly related cells. Genome context information suggests that these toxins might be delivered via diverse secretory systems, such as Type V, Type VI, PVC and a novel PrsW-like intramembrane peptidase-dependent mechanism. We propose that certain deaminase toxins might be deployed by diverse extracellular and intracellular pathogens as also endosymbionts as effectors targeting nucleic acids of host cells. Our analysis suggests that these toxin deaminases have been acquired by eukaryotes on several independent occasions and recruited as organellar or nucleo-cytoplasmic RNA modifiers, operating on tRNAs, mRNAs and short non-coding RNAs, and also as mutators of hyper-variable genes, viruses and selfish elements. This scenario potentially explains the origin of mutagenic AID/APOBEC-like deaminases, including novel versions from Caenorhabditis, Nematostella and diverse algae and a large class of fast-evolving fungal deaminases. These observations greatly expand the distribution of possible unidentified mutagenic processes catalyzed by nucleic acid deaminases.
A long term evolution link level simulator (2009)

3GPP LTE (Long Term Evolution) is the evolution of the UMTS which will make possible to deliver next generation high quality multimedia services according to the users' expectations. Since the LTE performance evaluation needs link and system level simulations, a software tool to simulate the LTE Downlink based on OFDM technology with MIMO antenna processing is presented in this master thesis. This simulator contains the MIMO algorithms, the spatial channel models and modulation and coding schemes for LTE. The result of this simulator serves to evaluate the OFDM-MIMO LTE Link Level performance in different environments and create link level look-up tables to be used as an input for a future LTE system level simulator.
Epstein-Barr Virus and Human Herpesvirus 6 Detection in a Non-Hodgkin's Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphoma Cohort by Using RNA Sequencing (2013)

Comprehensive virome analysis of RNA sequence (RNA-seq) data sets from 118 non-Hodgkin's B-cell lymphomas revealed a small subset that is positive for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B), with one coinfection. EBV transcriptome analysis revealed expression of the latency genes RPMS1, LMP1, and LMP2, with one sample additionally showing a high level of early lytic expression and another sample showing a high level of EBNA2 expression. HHV-6B transcriptome analysis revealed that the majority of genes were transcribed.
Performance analysis of AlGaAs/GaAs tunnel junctions for ultra-high concentration photovoltaics (2012)

Abstract An n ++ -GaAs/p ++ -AlGaAs tunnel junction with a peak current density of 10 100 A cm −2 is developed. This device is a tunnel junction for multijunction solar cells, grown lattice-matched on standard GaAs or Ge substrates, with the highest peak current density ever reported. The voltage drop for a current density equivalent to the operation of the multijunction solar cell up to 10 000 suns is below 5 mV. Trap-assisted tunnelling is proposed to be behind this performance, which cannot be justified by simple band-to-band tunnelling. The metal-organic vapour-phase epitaxy growth conditions, which are in the limits of the transport-limited regime, and the heavy tellurium doping levels are the proposed origins of the defects enabling trap-assisted tunnelling. The hypothesis of trap-assisted tunnelling is supported by the observed annealing behaviour of the tunnel junctions, which cannot be explained in terms of dopant diffusion or passivation. For the integration of these tunnel junctions into a triple-junction solar cell, AlGaAs barrier layers are introduced to suppress the formation of parasitic junctions, but this is found to significantly degrade the performance of the tunnel junctions. However, the annealed tunnel junctions with barrier layers still exhibit a peak current density higher than 2500 A cm −2 and a voltage drop at 10 000 suns of around 20 mV, which are excellent properties for tunnel junctions and mean they can serve as low-loss interconnections in multijunction solar cells working at ultra-high concentrations.
Tongue and oropharynx: findings on MR imaging. (1986)

Ten healthy subjects and 44 patients with diseases of the tongue or oropharynx were studied with magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. Axial, coronal, and sagittal images with a thickness of 4 mm were obtained with a pixel size of 0.75 X 0.75 mm on a 256 matrix. Nineteen of the patients underwent computed tomography (CT). Nine of those patients later had surgery, and the specimens were obtained for organ sectioning. These three studies as well as clinical history and physical examination findings were correlated. MR imaging was equal to or better than CT in those patients having both examinations. However, neither CT nor MR allowed recognition of histologic features or detection of microscopic spread of disease. Direct coronal and sagittal imaging planes on MR imaging allowed visualization of intrinsic tongue musculature, not possible with CT; this was important in recognizing subtle tumor extension. For these reasons, MR is the imaging method of choice for studying diseases of the tongue and oropharynx.
Trends in Java code changes: the key to identification of refactorings? (2003)

Changes made to object-oriented (OO) systems over time provide an insight into both design robustness and changes in requirements. When expressed at a high level of abstraction, observing trends in changes to code can indicate opportunities for refactoring at the architectural level. In this paper, we empirically investigate the changes made to a set of fifty-two Java library classes over a three year period. The research attempts to support the hypothesis that certain types of changes made to Java code fall into distinct trends and, furthermore, are likely to be made at a high level of abstraction; in this case to method signatures. Our empirical results show that change trends are identifiable thus informing well-known refactorings, but not as we had envisaged. Control logic constructs were found to be the focus of most changes to the library classes examined.
Mechanisms of Oxidative Degradation of Carbohydrates During Oxygen Delignktcation. I. Reaction of Methyl β-D-Glucopyranoside with Photochemically Generated Hydroxyl Radicals (2000)

Abstract Hydroxyl radical is considered to be the major species causing degradation of carbohydrates during oxygen delignification. In this study, reactions involving a carbohydrate model compound and either photochemically generated hydroxyl radical or superoxide from potassium superoxide were carried out to investigate the cleavage of glycosidic linkages. Experiments show that hydroxyl radicals are responsible for the degradation of glycosidic linkages in methyl β-D-glucopyranoside by a substitution reaction displacing D-glucose. Once the glycosidic linkage is broken, reducing carbohydrates undergo a series of reactions forming aldonic acids and lower order aldoses. Control experiments established that no reaction occurs in the absence of UV light under otherwise identical conditions.
Experimental studies of inhomogeneous coatings for optical applications (1991)

A novel codeposition process has been developed for the fabrication of inhomogeneous optical coatings. These single-layer coatings exhibit composition and refractive index that vary continuously with thickness. Two types of inhomogeneous optical filters for antireflection and narrow band rejection applications, respectively, were experimentally fabricated using different vacuum deposition processes. The antireflection coating, composed of ZrO2 and MgF2, was prepared by electron beam coevaporation. The narrow band rejection filter, made up of SiO2 and TiO2, was codeposited by ion assisted, dual ion beam sputtering technique. The physical, chemical, and microstructural characteristics, as well as optical and environmental properties of these filters were evaluated.