gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crowd science user contribution patterns and their implications (2015)

Scientific research performed with the involvement of the broader public (the crowd) attracts increasing attention from scientists and policy makers. A key premise is that project organizers may be able to draw on underused human resources to advance research at relatively low cost. Despite a growing number of examples, systematic research on the effort contributions volunteers are willing to make to crowd science projects is lacking. Analyzing data on seven different projects, we quantify the financial value volunteers can bring by comparing their unpaid contributions with counterfactual costs in traditional or online labor markets. The volume of total contributions is substantial, although some projects are much more successful in attracting effort than others. Moreover, contributions received by projects are very uneven across time--a tendency toward declining activity is interrupted by spikes typically resulting from outreach efforts or media attention. Analyzing user-level data, we find that most contributors participate only once and with little effort, leaving a relatively small share of users who return responsible for most of the work. Although top contributor status is earned primarily through higher levels of effort, top contributors also tend to work faster. This speed advantage develops over multiple sessions, suggesting that it reflects learning rather than inherent differences in skills. Our findings inform recent discussions about potential benefits from crowd science, suggest that involving the crowd may be more effective for some kinds of projects than others, provide guidance for project managers, and raise important questions for future research.
Drosophila ninaA gene encodes an eye-specific cyclophilin (cyclosporine A binding protein). (1989)

Mutations in the ninaA gene of Drosophila severely reduce the amount of rhodopsin specifically in R1-6 photoreceptors. Isolation of the ninaA gene by chromosomal walking revealed that it is expressed only in the eye and encodes a 237-amino acid polypeptide that shows strong sequence similarity to cyclophilin, a putative molecular target for cyclosporine A, a potent immunosuppressant used in human organ transplantations. Unlike most cyclophilins characterized to date, the ninaA-encoded protein has a putative signal sequence and a transmembrane domain. Each of the three ehtyl methanesulfonate-induced ninaA mutant alleles analyzed shows a single nucleotide change in the mRNA coding region leading to either a nonsense or a missense mutation. We find no evidence that the ninaA-encoded protein is directly involved in phototransduction. The only detectable mutant phenotype that correlates with the severity of molecular defects in the three mutants is the amount of depletion of R1-6 rhodopsin. The above results and the recent findings that cyclophilin is a peptidylprolyl cis-trans-isomerase suggest that the ninaA-encoded protein may be required for proper folding and stability of R1-6 rhodopsin.
Inter‐ and intramolecular polymerization in heat‐bodied linseed oil (1954)

Summary 1. Linseed oil has been polymerized at 300° for 1.5, 3, and 6 hours. The polymeric glycerides have been separated from the monomeric glycerides, and the derived methyl esters of each fraction have been analyzed for monomer, dimer, and trimer. 2. The monomeric glycerides show very little intradimerization, ranging from 1.3 to 6% of their acid groups, or 3 to 4% of the total polymeric acid groups in the whole oil. 3. The polymeric glycerides show appreciable intradimerization, from 10 to 20% of their total polymeric acid groups. 4. There is no evidence that a shift from intra‐ to interdimerization is the major cause of the sudden increase in viscosity in the later stages of thermal polymerization. 5. The rapid rise in viscosity is due to the nature of the relationship of viscosity to molecular weight and of molecular weight to extent of reaction in the difunctional polymerization system present.
Activation of methane and toluene by rhodium(II) porphyrin complexes (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTActivation of methane and toluene by rhodium(II) porphyrin complexesBradford B. Wayland, Sujuan Ba, and Alan E. SherryCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 14, 5305–5311Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00014a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views2692Altmetric-Citations202LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (915 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transport from late endosomes to lysosomes, but not sorting of integral membrane proteins in endosomes, depends on the vacuolar proton pump. (1995)

Endocytosed proteins are sorted in early endosomes to be recycled to the plasma membrane or transported further into the degradative pathway. We studied the role of endosomes acidification on the endocytic trafficking of the transferrin receptor (TfR) as a representative for the recycling pathway, the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (MPR) as a prototype for transport to late endosomes, and fluid-phase endocytosed HRP as a marker for transport to lysosomes. Toward this purpose, bafilomycin A1 (Baf), a specific inhibitor of the vacuolar proton pump, was used to inhibit acidification of the vacuolar system. Microspectrofluorometric measurement of the pH of fluorescein-rhodamine-conjugated transferrin (Tf)-containing endocytic compartments in living cells revealed elevated endosomal pH values (pH > 7.0) within 2 min after addition of Baf. Although recycling of endocytosed Tf to the plasma membrane continued in the presence of Baf, recycled Tf did not dissociate from its receptor, indicating failure of Fe3+ release due to a neutral endosomal pH. In the presence of Baf, the rates of internalization and recycling of Tf were reduced by a factor of 1.40 +/- 0.08 and 1.57 +/- 0.25, respectively. Consequently, little if any in TfR expression at the cell surface was measured during Baf treatment. Sorting between endocytosed TfR and MPR was analyzed by the HRP-catalyzed 3,3'-diaminobenzidine cross-linking technique, using transferrin conjugated to HRP to label the endocytic pathway of the TfR. In the absence of Baf, endocytosed surface 125I-labeled MPR was sorted from the TfR pathway starting at 10 min after uptake, reaching a plateau of 40% after 45 min. In the presence of Baf, sorting was initiated after 20 min of uptake, reaching approximately 40% after 60 min. Transport of fluid-phase endocytosed HRP to late endosomes and lysosomes was measured using cell fractionation and immunogold electron microscopy. Baf did not interfere with transport of HRP to MPR-labeled late endosomes, but nearly completely abrogated transport to cathepsin D-labeled lysosomes. From these results, we conclude that trafficking through early and late endosomes, but not to lysosomes, continued upon inactivation of the vacuolar proton pump.
Technological applications of ferrofluids (1984)

Ferrofluids have novel properties and their behaviour in magnetic fields leads to many interesting applications. Although magnetic fluids are already used in some devices they have not yet been exploited to any extent
A Numerical Study of the Effects of Packer-Induced Stresses and Stress Shadowing on Fracture Initiation and Stimulation of Horizontal Wells (2010)

Abstract "Stress shadowing", where the creation of hydraulic fractures affect the stresses in certain parts of the reservoir, has the dual effect of assisting and hampering the generation of hydraulic fracture stimulation in horizontal wells. In this paper, the stress contrast and pressure profiles around the near wellbore regions of a horizontal wellbore with the presence of packers and hydraulic fractures are investigated. This was accomplished by using a finite element software package where the numerical results of the behavior of the stress envelopes and stress shadowing phenomena could be evaluated and different sensitivities analyzed. From the results obtained, it is concluded that packers with higher pressure generation allow for easier fracture initiation as compared to packers with lower pressure generation. Additionally, modeling indicates that the weakest point for fracture initiation in a wellbore with a packer is at the ends of the packer. When two packers, with differing pressure generations, are placed in the wellbore, fracture initiation will occur near the packer with the higher pressure generation. Finally, it can be concluded that in areas of high stress concentration, the ability to generate hydraulic fractures is reduced as compared to areas of low stress concentrations.
Streamwise vorticity and entrainment in the near field of a round jet (1991)

The transition in round jets is accompanied by the transport of azimuthal to streamwise vorticity in the near field of the flow. In free shear layers, this forms Bernal–Roshko structures which are streamwise vortex pairs. Similar structures are shown to exist in round jets. The vortical ring structures form, grow, and amalgamate as they move downstream; they develop azimuthal instabilities. The resulting radial component of vorticity in the flow is tilted backward and stretched by the axial shear in the braid region of the flow. As the vortex filaments stretch backward, the vorticity increases and the induced velocity of the resulting vortex pair moves it farther outward, away from the shear layer into the stagnant fluid. The end of the pair is then left behind the braid and forms a streamerlike structure. This process is identified via flow visualization and confirmed by detailed entrainment measurements. The structures are shown to grow in the braid region. The streamwise structures have a major impact on the instantaneous entrainment field and, therefore, on the mixing process of the jet.
Serine Phosphorylation within a Concise Amino-terminal Domain in Nuclear Respiratory Factor 1 Enhances DNA Binding (1997)

Nuclear respiratory factor 1 (NRF-1) is a transcriptional activator that acts on a diverse set of nuclear genes required for mitochondrial respiratory function in mammalian cells. These genes encode respiratory proteins as well as components of the mitochondrial transcription, replication, and heme biosynthetic machinery. Here, we establish that NRF-1 is a phosphoprotein in vivo. Phosphorylation occurs on serine residues within a concise NH2-terminal domain with the major sites of phosphate incorporation at serines 39, 44, 46, 47, and 52. The in vivo phosphorylation pattern can be approximated in vitro by phosphorylating recombinant NRF-1 with purified casein kinase II. Phosphate incorporation at the sites utilized in vivo results in a marked stimulation of DNA binding activity which is not observed in mutated proteins lacking these sites. Pairwise expression of the wild-type protein with each of a series of truncated derivatives in transfected cells results in the formation of a dimer between wild-type and mutant forms demonstrating that a homodimer is the active binding species. Although NRF-1 can dimerize in the absence of DNA, phosphorylation does not enhance the formation of these dimers. These findings suggest that phosphorylation results in an intrinsic change in the NRF-1 dimer enhancing its ability to bind DNA.
Machine Learning Methods of Mapping Semantic Web Ontologies (2008)

This paper is an overview of the application of machine learning to ontology mapping at a high level. This paper introduces ontologies and ontology research for the Semantic Web. It compares several similarity measures and algorithms used to map or merge two ontologies with machine learning algorithms. 1
Use of topical anesthesia alone in cataract surgery (1996)

Because the vital signs were essentially unchanged during surgery, I believe patients were very comfortable despite having no intravenous sedation.
The movement of Iowa's commercial corn and oats (1927)

Contrary to the rather popular statement that Iowa is a surplus corn producing state, we find a four year average showing only 15 percent of Iowa's corn crop entering commercial channels.\nFirst, in this bulletin we show that portion of the crop which is sold off the farm as cash grain. The figures bring out the variation in the commercial surplus from year to year.
A well-synchronized sensing/equalizing method for sub-1.0-V operating advanced DRAMs (1994)

Proposes an advanced DRAM array driving technique which can achieve low-voltage operation, a well-synchronized sensing and equalizing method. This method sets the DRAM array free from the body effect, achieves a small influence of the short channel effect, and reduces the leakage current. The sense and restore amplifier and equalizer can operate rapidly under a low-voltage operating condition such as 1.0 V V/sub CC/. Therefore, one can make determining the V/sub th/ easy for the satisfaction of the high-speed, the low-power dissipation, and a simple device structure. The well-synchronized sensing and equalizing method is applicable to low-voltage operating DRAMs with capacity of 256 Mbits and more.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Synthetic Network Generator for Covert Network Analytics (2020)

We study social networks and focus on covert (also known as hidden) networks, such as terrorist or criminal networks. Their structures, memberships and activities are illegal. Thus, data about covert networks is often incomplete and partially incorrect, making interpreting structures and activities of such networks challenging. For legal reasons, real data about active covert networks is inaccessible to researchers. To address these challenges, we introduce here a network generator for synthetic networks that are statistically similar to a real network but void of personal information about its members. The generator uses statistical data about a real or imagined covert organization network. It generates randomized instances of the Stochastic Block model of the network groups but preserves this network organizational structure. The direct use of such anonymized networks is for training on them the research and analytical tools for finding structure and dynamics of covert networks. Since these synthetic networks differ in their sets of edges and communities, they can be used as a new source for network analytics. First, they provide alternative interpretations of the data about the original network. The distribution of probabilities for these alternative interpretations enables new network analytics. The analysts can find community structures which are frequent, therefore stable under perturbations. They may also analyze how the stability changes with the strength of perturbation. For covert networks, the analysts can quantify statistically expected outcomes of interdiction. This kind of analytics applies to all complex network in which the data are incomplete or partially incorrect.
Sensory restoration by epidural stimulation of dorsal spinal cord in upper-limb amputees (2019)

Restoring somatosensory feedback to people with limb amputations is crucial for improving prosthesis acceptance and function. Epidural spinal cord stimulation is a commonly used clinical procedure that targets sensory neural pathways in the dorsal spinal cord to treat pain conditions. A similar approach could be developed as a clinically translatable means to restore somatosensation in amputees. We show that epidural stimulation of the dorsal spinal cord evoked sensory percepts, perceived as emanating from the amputated arm and hand, in four people with upper-limb amputation. After an initial caudal movement immediately following the implantation, the leads stabilized, exhibiting a median migration of <5 mm (each electrode contact is 3 mm long) over the remainder of the study in all the subjects. This was reflected in the consistent locations of evoked percepts in the hand across four subjects throughout the period of implantation, which lasted up to 29 days. The median change in the centroid location was 1.2 to 35.3 mm and the median change in percept area was 0 to 40%. While most of the evoked percepts were paresthetic in nature, a subset was described as naturalistic (e.g. touch or pressure) in three subjects. Modulating the stimulus amplitude affected the perceived intensity of the sensation in all subjects. A variety of sensory percepts were evoked in all subjects irrespective of the level of amputation or the time since amputation, suggesting the approach is amenable to a diverse population of amputees.
Preparation of octakis(3,6-anhydro)-γ-cyclodextrin and characterization of its cation binding ability (1993)

Octakis(3,6-anhydro)-γ-cyclodextrin 3 has been prepared by the reaction of octakis (6-O-tosyl)-γ- Cyclodextrin with KOH; 3 shows a specific binding ability to alkali metal ions with larger ionic diameters, owing to its hydrophilic cavity which is similar to the layered crown ethers.
Ultrasound-guided localized detection of cavitation during, lithotripsy in pig kidney in vivo (2002)

It is supposed that inertial cavitation plays a significant role in tissue damage during extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy (ESWL). In this work we attempted to detect cavitation in tissue. In vivo experiments with pigs were conducted in a Dornier HM3 electrohydraulic lithotripter. Kidney alignment was made using fluoroscopy and B-mode ultrasound. Cavitation was detected by a dual passive cavitation detection (DPCD) system consisting of two confocal spherical bowl PZT transducers (1.15 MHz, focal length 10 cm, radius 10 cm). An ultrasound scanhead was placed between the transducers, an hyperechoic spots in the image indicated pockets of bubbles during ESWL. A coincidence-detection algorithm and the confocal transducers made it possible to localize cavitation to within a 4 mm diameter region. The signals from both the collecting system and kidney tissue were recorded. The targeting of the DPCD focus was confirmed by using the DPCD transducers as high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) sources at HIFU durations below the lesion formation threshold. In this HIFU regime, a bright spot appears in the B-mode image indicating the position of the DPCD focus. In this way we could confirm that refraction and scattering in tissue did not cause a misalignment. The tissue region interrogated was also marked with a lesion produced by HIFU. Clear cavitation signals were detected from the collecting system and from pools of blood that formed near the kidney capsule and weak signals were recorded from tissue during the ESWL treatment.
Novel High-Molecular Weight Fucosylated Milk Oligosaccharides Identified in Dairy Streams (2014)

Oligosaccharides are the third largest component in human milk. This abundance is remarkable because oligosaccharides are not digestible by the newborn, and yet they have been conserved and amplified during evolution. In addition to encouraging the growth of a protective microbiota dominated by bifidobacteria, oligosaccharides have anti-infective activity, preventing pathogens from binding to intestinal cells. Although it would be advantageous adding these valuable molecules to infant milk formula, the technologies to reproduce the variety and complexity of human milk oligosaccharides by enzymatic/organic synthesis are not yet mature. Consequently, there is an enormous interest in alternative sources of these valuable oligosaccharides. Recent research has demonstrated that bovine milk and whey permeate also contain oligosaccharides. Thus, a thorough characterization of oligosaccharides in bovine dairy streams is an important step towards fully assessing their specific functionalities. In this study, bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) were concentrated by membrane filtration from a readily available dairy stream called "mother liquor", and analyzed by high accuracy MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry. The combination of HPLC and accurate mass spectrometry allowed the identification of ideal processing conditions leading to the production of Kg amount of BMO enriched powders. Among the BMOs identified, 18 have high-molecular weight and corresponded in size to the most abundant oligosaccharides present in human milk. Notably 6 oligosaccharides contained fucose, a sugar monomer that is highly abundant in human milk, but is rarely observed in bovine milk. This work shows that dairy streams represent a potential source of complex milk oligosaccharides for commercial development of unique dairy ingredients in functional foods that reproduce the benefits of human milk.
Intrusion Detection and Correlation : Challenges and Solutions (2005)

Computer Security and Intrusion Detection.- Alert Correlation.- Alert Collection.- Alert Aggregation and Verification.- High-Level Alert Structures.- Large-Scale Correlation.- Evaluation.- Open Issues.- Conclusions.
Age of Onset and Type of Diabetes (1985)

The age of onset and the clinical type of diabetes mellitus were evaluated on the basis of a cross-sectional study of medical records of 14 municipal health centers in East Finland. Altogether 281 patients were classified as having insulin-dependent (IDDM) and 2713 as having non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetes. Nearly all patients diagnosed before the age of 19 had IDDM, but a large proportion (37%) of all diagnoses of IDDM were made after that age. Six percent of all diabetic subjects in the age group 15-19 yr were classified as NIDDM and the proportion increased rapidly in older age groups. Half of the patients with NIDDM were diagnosed over the age of 64.
Algorithm for dynamic 3D object generation from multi-viewpoint images (2004)

In this paper, we present a high-resolution dynamic 3D object generating method from multi-viewpoint images. This dynamic 3D object can display fine images of the moving human body form arbitrary viewpoints, and consists of subject's 3D model generated for each video frame. To create a high-resolution dynamic 3D object, we propose a 3D-model-generation method from multi-viewpoint images. The method uses stereo matching to refine an approximate 3D model obtained by the volume intersection method. Furthermore, to reproduce high-resolution textures, we have developed a new technique which obtains the visibility of vertices and polygons of 3D models. A modeling experiment performed with 19 fire-wire cameras confirmed that the proposed method effectively generates high-resolution dynamic 3D objects.
Lumateperone for the Treatment of Schizophrenia. (2020)

Taken together, data from these trials suggest that lumateperone can effectively treat positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Lumateperone entrance to the market introduces an innovative way to treat schizophrenia featuring both a novel mechanism of action and a markedly reduced side effect profile. Further research is needed to determine the efficacy of Lumateperone in treating bipolar disorder in addition to schizophrenia.