gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Orientation passport: using gaming to engage university students (2011)

Adding game elements to an application to motivate use and enhance the user experience is a growing trend known as gamification. This study explores the use of game achievements when applied to a mobile application designed to help new students at university. This paper describes the foundations of a design framework used to integrate game elements to Orientation Passport, a personalised orientation event application for smart phones. Orientation Passport utilises game achievements to present orientation information in an engaging way and to encourage use of the application. The system is explained in terms of the design framework, and the findings of a pilot study involving 26 new students are presented. This study contributes the foundations of a design framework for general gamified achievement design. It also suggests that added game elements can be enjoyable but can potentially encourage undesirable use by some, and aren't as enjoyable if not enforced properly by the technology. Consideration is also needed when enforcing stricter game rules as usability can be affected.
Thermal Inactivation of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (1978)

Abstract Thermal inactivation of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBs Ag) was investigated under various experimental conditions by means of a quantitative radioimmunoassay. No decrease of HBs Ag immunologic reactivity could be detected at -80°C, up to 24 months of storage, whereas at -20 and 4°C survival of serum HBs Ag after 6 months was 71.4 and 48.7%, respectively. Freezing and thawing of serum affected the activity of the antigen slightly (60.6% after 26 cycles in 6 months). The loss of activity of purified HBs Ag in phosphate buffer at 20, 37, 44, 56, 70, and 98°C was linear with respect to time, and the half-life of inactivation ranged from 6 min at 98°C to 52 days, 18 hr, and 12 min at 20°C. Over this range of temperature, the velocity constants for inactivation (k) showed a linear relationship with the reciprocal of absolute temperature, and the energy (ΔH) and the entropy (ΔS) of activation of the process were 23.382 kcal/mole and -8.468 cal/mole/deg, respectively. No residual activity was detected after 15 min at 121°C (1 Atm). At neutral pH an increasing protective effect was afforded by deionized water, 0.15 M NaCl, 0.067 phosphate mixture, 0.1 M citric acid-0.2 M sodium phosphate dibasic buffer and human serum. Heat-stability of HBs Ag was significantly reduced by modifying the pH of the medium whereas addition of 1 M MgCl2 had a considerable stabilizing effect. Survival of HBs Ag was affected by contamination with a variety of microbial strains. Traces of the antigen dried on a glass surface could be recovered after 3 and 4 weeks of exposure at room temperature (21 ± 2°C) to ambient air. Subtypes adw and ayw were destroyed to the same extent by heat exposure, and no selective inactivation of a, d, and y subdeterminants was observed.
Structure of Mn–EDTA<sup>2–</sup>complex in aqueous solution by relaxation nuclear magnetic resonance (1981)

A comprehensive analysis is given for water proton relaxation rates, T–11. and T–12, measured in solutions of Mn–EDTA2–. Protons of water molecules hydrogen-bonded to co-ordinating carboxylate oxygen atoms of EDTA make a significant contribution to overall relaxation rates. After allowing for these secondary solvation-shell contributions, it is demonstrated that one water molecule is directly co-ordinated to the metal ion. The rotational correlation time of Mn2+ ions is increased from 4.2 × 10–11 to 6.3 × 10–11 s upon complexation and the electron spin relaxation time decreases from 1.5 × 10–8 to 1.67 × 10–9 s at 60 MHz.
Identification and Characterization of Novel Genes Modulated in the Thyroid of Dogs Treated with Methimazole and Propylthiouracil (1996)

Induction of cell proliferation by mitogen or growth factor stimulation leads to the specific stimulation or repression of a large number of genes. To better understand differentiated epithelial cell growth regulation, we have initiated a study to identify genes which are regulated by the thyrotropin-dependent mitogenic pathway in dog thyroid cells. A thyroid cDNA library was prepared from a methimazole and propylthiouracil-treated dog and differentially screened with probes derived from control or stimulated thyroids. Among 19 clones isolated, 6 encode known proteins (inwardly rectifying potassium channel, nucleosome assembly protein, ribosomal protein L7, elongation factor 1alpha, non-muscle myosin light chain, and heat shock protein 90beta). The 13 others correspond to proteins whose function is unknown. Among them, 5 correspond to mRNAs whose expression was modulated by mitogenic stimulation of thyrocytes in primary culture. A preliminary characterization of two of these cDNAs is reported: clone 5, which might represent a novel, atypical protein kinase, and clone 3, which contains ankyrin-like repeats, suggesting that it might interact with other proteins.
Self-Assembled Electrical Biodetector Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide (2012)

Large-scale fabrication of graphene-based devices is an aspect of great importance for various applications including chemical and biological sensing. Toward this goal, we present here a novel chemical route for the site-specific realization of devices based on reduced graphene oxide (RGO). Electrodes patterned by photolithography are modified with amino functional groups through electrodeposition. The amine groups function as hooks for the attachment of graphene oxide flakes selectively onto the electrodes. Graphene-like electrical behavior is attained by a subsequent thermal annealing step. We show that this anchoring strategy can be scaled-up to obtain RGO devices at a wafer scale in a facile manner. The scalability of our approach coupled with the use of photolithography is promising for the rapid realization of graphene-based devices. We demonstrate one possible application of the fabricated RGO devices as electrical biosensors through the immunodetection of amyloid beta peptide.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC INDUCTION IN THE ALKALOID‐CATALYZED MICHAEL REACTION (1976)

Abstract Michael‐Additionen werden in Gegenwart von Chinin (I) durchgeführt und der Anteil an den asymmetrischen Addukten bestimmt.
Optimization of PbI<sub>2</sub>/MAPbI<sub>3</sub> Perovskite Composites by Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy (2016)

A variety of PbI2/MAPbI3 perovskites were prepared and investigated by a rapid screening technique utilizing a modified scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM) in order to determine how excess PbI2 affects its photoelectrochemical (PEC) properties. An optimum ratio of 2.5% PbI2/MAPbI3 was found to enhance photocurrent over pristine MAPbI3 on a spot array electrode under irradiation. With bulk films of various PbI2/MAPbI3 composites prepared by a spin-coating technique of mixed precursors and a one-step annealing process, the 2.5% PbI2/MAPbI3 produced an increased photocurrent density compared to pristine MAPbI3 for 2 mM benzoquinone (BQ) reduction at −0.4 V vs Fc/Fc+. As a result of the relatively high quantum yield of MAPbI3, a time-resolved photoluminescence quenching experiment could be applied to determine electron–hole diffusion coefficients and diffusion lengths of PbI2/MAPbI3 composites, respectively. The diffusion coefficients combined with the exciton lifetime of the pristine 2.5% PbI2/MAPbI3 (τPL = 103.3 ns) give the electron and hole exciton diffusion lengths, ∼300 nm. Thus, the 2.5% PbI2/MAPbI3 led to an approximately 3.0-fold increase in the diffusion length compared to a previous report of ∼100 nm for the pristine MAPbI3 perovskite. We then demonstrated that the efficiency of liquid-junction solar cells for 2.5% excess PbI2 of p-MAPbI3 was improved from 6.0% to 7.3%.
Method of autonomous approach, docking and detaching between cells for dynamically reconfigurable robotic system CEBOT. (1990)

The concept of the new dynamically reconfigurable robotic system (DRRS) are its realization as the cell-structured distributed robotic system CEBOT are discussed in this paper. CEBOT can reconfigurate itself to optimal structure depending on purpose and environment. These robotic systems are very advantageous for space robotics, since the available resources are limited in space. This robotic system is possible owing to the use of separable self-controlled units called "cells" ; thus the robotic system is called a cell-structured robot #(CEBOT). CEBOT has unique features such as a dynamically reconfigurable structure, on-line task adaptability, fault tolerance, etc. With simple elementary cells clustered into large structures or modules, complicated tasks can be executed (this concept is found in biological organisms). We propose this concept, control and sensor system structure, and automatic approach control. The efticiency of CEBOT is shown by the results of automatic approaching, connecting and separating experiments.
Thermal oxidation of InP and properties of oxide film (1980)

Thermal oxidation of InP and properties of oxide films have been studied. Surface orientation dependence of the oxidation rate can be explained by orientation dependence of bond density available for reaction with oxygen molecules. The activation energy of the parabolic rate constant is 2.06 eV, which may be attributed to the value for oxygen diffusion through InP oxide. From the electron diffraction and infrared absorption measurements, it is found that the oxide film is composed of polycrystalline InPO4 (In2O3+P2O5) and that oxides thermally grown at high temperatures, above 620 °C become In rich and form lower oxides, such as In4O2 and In2O, owing to phosphorus evaporation. Resistivities of the thermally grown oxide films at room temperature range from 108 to 109 Ω cm and decrease with an increase in oxidation temperature and time, which may be mainly caused by lack of P2O5 in the oxide film.
Immunoregulatory T cells in man. Histamine-induced suppressor T cells are derived from a Leu 2+ (T8+) subpopulation distinct from that which gives rise to cytotoxic T cells. (1985)

One mechanism of histamine-mediated inhibition of the immune response in man is to activate T suppressor cells that bear the Leu 2 (OKT8) marker. The current study was undertaken to characterize the histamine-induced suppressor cell using a monoclonal antibody (9.3) shown previously to distinguish cytotoxic T cells from antigen-specific suppressor T cells. Leu 2+ cells isolated from peripheral blood were further separated with antibody 9.3 into Leu 2+, 9.3+, and Leu 2+, 9.3- subsets and each subset was incubated with different concentrations of histamine before determining their ability to suppress immune responses in vitro. The results indicate that the Leu 2+, 9.3- subpopulation includes all histamine-induced suppressor cells, that 10(-4) M histamine is the optimal concentration for suppressor cell induction, and that exposure of Leu 2+, 9.3- cells to histamine for 30 s is sufficient to initiate the induction process. After treatment with histamine these cells inhibit both phytohemagglutinin-induced T cell proliferation and pokeweed mitogen-induced B cell differentiation. The suppression of phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation was resistant to x-irradiation with 1,200 rad, either before or after histamine exposure, suggesting that Leu 2+, 9.3- cells need not proliferate to become suppressor cells or exert suppression. Moreover, suppression by these cells was not due to altered kinetics of the response. Finally, a histamine type 2 receptor antagonist (cimetidine) but not a type 1 receptor antagonist (mepyramine) blocked the induction of suppressor cells. On the basis of these results and our previous studies of antigen specific suppressor cells, we conclude that Leu 2+ suppressor cells in man are derived from a precursor pool that is phenotypically distinct from cells that can differentiate into cytotoxic T cells.
Stable field-induced electron emission from a solidified liquid metal ion source (1998)

Stable field-induced electron emission is derived from a tungsten tip covered by indium which has been solidified from its liquid state during an ion emission process. By choosing different ion emission currents at the beginning of the solidification process, the final geometry of the solidified emitter can be reshaped and the characteristics of the electron emission changed. The Fowler–Nordheim equation is used to infer the geometry of the electron emitter prepared by various solidification processes. The dual ion/electron point source is expected to have high potential applications in focused ion and electron beam technologies.
Entrevista con Henri Tajfel (1982)

RESUMENEn la entrevista de David Cohen a Henri Tajfel se repasan algunos aspectos de la vida y de la obra, así como las opiniones del entrevistado en torno a la Psicología Social del momento. El psicólogo polaco recuerda las casualidades y motivaciones que hicieron que se interesase por la Psicología. Reconoce a Bruner y a su escuela, el “New Look”, como la principal influencia y responde a cuestiones relativas a sus primeros años de formación, donde podemos apreciar la influencia que estos años tuvieron en la evolución posterior de su carrera profesional. Tajfel defiende una concepción de la psicología científica basada en el concepto de comprensión (“Verstehen”). El entrevistado mantiene una postura enfrentada tanto a la psicología más positivista como a la de los psicólogos humanistas. Los comentarios de Carmen Huici y David Cohen acerca del autor -uno de los principales responsables de la creación de una identidad de la psicología social europea- introducen la entrevista.
l-Lysine based gemini organogelators: their organogelation properties and thermally stable organogels (2003)

Novel gemini organogelators based on L-lysine, in which two L-lysine derivatives are linked by different alkylene chain lengths through the amide bond, have been simply and effectively synthesized, and their organogelation abilities and thermal stabilities have been investigated. In a series of L-lysine ethyl ester derivatives, the organogelation abilities decreased with increasing alkylene spacer length. In particular, bis(Nε-lauroyl-L-lysine ethyl ester) oxalyl amide is a good organogelator that gels most organic solvents such as alcohols, cyclic ethers, aromatic solvents and acetonitrile. Various oxalyl amide derivatives with different alkyl ester groups such as hexyl, decyl, dodecyl, 2-ethyl-1-hexyl and 3,5,5-trimethylhexyl also showed good organogelation abilities. Furthermore, it was found that the cyclohexane gels formed by some oxalyl amide derivatives have a high thermal stability.
Mutation of the dyslexia-associated gene<i>Dcdc2</i>impairs LTM and visuo-spatial performance in mice (2011)

Developmental reading disorder (RD) affects 5-10% of school aged children, with a heritability of approximately 60%. Genetic association studies have identified several candidate RD susceptibility genes, including DCDC2; however, a direct connection between the function of these genes and cognitive or learning impairments remains unclear. Variants in DCDC2, a member of the doublecortin family of genes, have been associated in humans with RD and ADHD and Dcdc2 may play a role in neuronal migration in rats. In this study, we examined the effect of Dcdc2 mutation on cognitive abilities in mice using a visual attention and visuo-spatial learning and memory task. We show that both heterozygous and homozygous mutations of Dcdc2 result in persistent visuo-spatial memory deficits, as well as visual discrimination and long-term memory deficits. These behavioral deficits occur in the absence of neuronal migration disruption in the mutant mice, and may be comorbid with an anxiety phenotype. These are the first results to suggest a direct relationship between induced mutation in Dcdc2 and changes in behavioral measures. Dcdc2 mutant mice should prove useful in future studies designed to further dissect the underlying neural mechanisms that are impaired following Dcdc2 mutation.
Tumor treating fields: concept, evidence and future (2011)

The proof of concept of TTFields has been well demonstrated in the preclinical setting, and the clinical data seem promising in various tumor types. The side effects of TTFields were minimal and in general consisted of skin reaction to the electrodes. There are a number of ways in which TTFields could be further evaluated, for example, in combination with chemotherapy, as a maintenance treatment, or as a salvage therapy if radiotherapy or surgery is not possible. While more clinical data are clearly needed, TTFields is an emerging and promising novel treatment concept.
SURVIVAL OF ACCOMMODATED CARDIAC XENOGRAFTS UPON RETRANSPLANTATION INTO CYCLOSPORINE-TREATED RECIPIENTS1,2 (1998)

Accommodated xenografts can have significantly prolonged acceptance when retransplanted into second recipients treated with CsA alone; in contrast, naive hearts or hearts that survived long term in first recipients, but did not accommodate, did not survive long term in the second recipients. We suggest that prolonged survival of accommodated xenografts is due to the expression of the protective genes A20, bcl-2 bcl-xL, and heme oxygenase-1 in the xenograft endothelium and possibly smooth muscle cells.
Regulation of gastric mucosal diamine oxidase activity by gastrin (1992)

The polyamines spermidine and spermine are essential for cell proliferation. Most growth factors stimulate polyamine synthesis by inducing ornithine decarboxylase activity, which catalyzes the formation of putrescine from ornithine. Putrescine can then be utilized either for polyamine biosynthesis or may serve as a substrate for diamine oxidase (DAO), leading to formation of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Growth of the oxyntic mucosa of the stomach is stimulated by feeding, by trophic hormones such as gastrin and by exogenous administration of putrescine. Conversely, fasting, as well as ornithine decarboxylase inhibition decrease oxyntic mucosal DNA synthesis. We now demonstrate that fasted rats show a high degree of [3H]GABA formation from [3H]putrescine in the oxyntic mucosa and that feeding or injections of gastrin, caerulein or the DAO-inhibitor aminoguanidine decrease such [3H]GABA formation and, instead, stimulate formation of [3H]spermidine. Moreover, gastrin injections reduced oxyntic mucosal DAO activity. Thus, oxyntic mucosal DAO activity is regulated by tropic factors and may be involved in growth regulation by controlling intramucosal putrescine metabolism.
Uniform Hashing in Constant Time and Optimal Space (2008)

Many algorithms and data structures employing hashing have been analyzed under the uniform hashing assumption, i.e., the assumption that hash functions behave like truly random functions. Starting with the discovery of universal hash functions, many researchers have studied to what extent this theoretical ideal can be realized by hash functions that do not take up too much space and can be evaluated quickly. In this paper we present an almost ideal solution to this problem: a hash function $h: U\rightarrow V$ that, on any set of n inputs, behaves like a truly random function with high probability, can be evaluated in constant time on a RAM and can be stored in $(1+\epsilon)n\log |V| + O(n+\log\log |U|)$ bits. Here $\epsilon$ can be chosen to be any positive constant, so this essentially matches the entropy lower bound. For many hashing schemes this is the first hash function that makes their uniform hashing analysis come true, with high probability, without incurring overhead in time or space.
The future of route survey (1995)

Several NATO Navies carry out route survey operations as a peace time operation aimed to improve the MCM efficiency in times of crisis or war. The main result of route survey operations is information about the environmental conditions of an area, and about the mine like contacts present in the area. A side effect of route survey (in its current form) is training of mine hunting teams.
Terrorism and Anarchy: Late 19th-century Images of a Political Phenomenon in France (1979)

AbstractThe final decade of the 19th century witnessed a considerable degree of political turmoil in France. The immediate cause of this unrest was the anarchist movement. There were violent murders, bombings, and secret plots. Paris railroad stations and cafés, the Stock Exchange, and the Chamber of Deputies became the targets of terrorist attacks. Yet despite this outburst of violence and death, very few images of terrorism can be found in the visual arts of the 1890s. Only in rare cases did the 19th-century artist get involved with political extremists. Additional informationNotes on contributorsAnnemarie SpringerAnnemarie Springer teaches art history at Mount Vernon College, Washington, DC.
Learning Bayesian network classifiers by maximizing conditional likelihood (2004)

Bayesian networks are a powerful probabilistic representation, and their use for classification has received considerable attention. However, they tend to perform poorly when learned in the standard way. This is attributable to a mismatch between the objective function used (likelihood or a function thereof) and the goal of classification (maximizing accuracy or conditional likelihood). Unfortunately, the computational cost of optimizing structure and parameters for conditional likelihood is prohibitive. In this paper we show that a simple approximation---choosing structures by maximizing conditional likelihood while setting parameters by maximum likelihood---yields good results. On a large suite of benchmark datasets, this approach produces better class probability estimates than naive Bayes, TAN, and generatively-trained Bayesian networks.
Aleurones from a Barley with Low [alpha]-Amylase Activity Become Highly Responsive to Gibberellin When Detached from the Starchy Endosperm (1993)

The physiological and molecular bases for contrasting [alpha]-amylase phenotypes were examined in germinating seeds of two barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars, Morex and Steptoe. Morex is a high-quality malting barley that develops high [alpha]-amylase activity soon after germination. Steptoe is a feed barley that develops only low [alpha]-amylase activity levels during this period. The expression of all high- and low-isoelectric point (pl) [alpha]-amylase isozymes is reduced in Steptoe. The amount of [alpha]-amylase mRNA per gram of seedling tissue is correspondingly lower in Steptoe. Southern blot analysis revealed that the cultivars have the same copy number and organization for most high- and low-pl genes. Steptoe seedlings or embryoless half-seeds produce little [alpha]-amylase in response to exogenous applications of gibberellic acid (GA3) compared with Morex. However, when isolated aleurones of both cultivars are treated with GA3, they produce similar amounts of high- and low-pl [alpha]-amylase RNAs. This suggests that a factor in the starchy endosperm is responsible for lowered [alpha]-amylase response in Steptoe. The factor is probably not abscisic acid (ABA), since the two cultivars have similar concentrations of ABA during germination.