gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Black Beetle Virus Proteins in Cultured <i>Drosophila</i> Cells: Differential Expression of RNAs 1 and 2 (1981)

Black beetle virus is an insect virus with a split genome consisting of two single-stranded, messenger-active RNA molecules with molecular weights of 1.0 x 10(6) (RNA 1) and 0.5 x 10(6) (RNA 2), respectively. Virions contained two proteins, beta with a molecular weight of 43,000 (43K) and gamma (5K), and traces of a third protein, alpha (47K). When translated in cell-free extracts of rabbit reticulocytes, RNA 1 directed the synthesis of protein A (104K), whereas RNA 2 synthesized protein alpha. The in vitro translation efficiency of the two RNAs was roughly equal. Infection of cultured Drosophila cells induced the synthesis of five new proteins: A, alpha, beta, gamma, and B (10K), detected by autoradiography of polyacrylamide gels after electrophoresis of extracts from [(35)S]methionine-labeled cultures. All but protein gamma could also be detected by staining with Coomassie brilliant blue, indicating vigorous synthesis of viral proteins. Pulse-chase experiments in infected cells revealed the disappearance of protein alpha and the coordinate appearance of proteins beta and gamma, supporting an earlier proposal that coat protein of mature virions is made by cleavage of precursor alpha. Proteins A and B were stable in such pulse-chase experiments. The three classes of virus-induced proteins, represented by A, B, and alpha, were synthesized in markedly different amounts and with different kinetics. Synthesis of proteins A and B peaked early in infection and then declined, whereas synthesis of coat protein precursor alpha peaked much later. These results suggest that RNA 1 controls early replication functions via protein A (and also possibly protein B), whereas RNA 2 controls synthesis of coat protein required later for virion assembly.
SUMO-specific proteases/isopeptidases: SENPs and beyond (2014)

We summarize the evolutionary relationship, structure and subcellular distribution of SUMO proteases (or SUMO isopeptidases). We also discuss their functions and allude to their involvement in human disease.
Larvae of some eusocial bees and wasps (1979)

The larvae of 17 species of social wasps in the genera Apoica, Belonogaster , Microstigmus, Mischocxttarus, Polistes, Polxbia, Ropalidict, Synoeca and Vespitla are described and many figured; the same for eight species of social bees in the genera Apis, Bombus, Brciunsapis, Lasioglossum, Melipona and Trigona.
Representation and transformation of uncertainty in an evidence theory framework (2003)

Interpreting uncertain information, a fundamental requirement of many computer vision and pattern recognition systems is commonly supported by models of the uncertainty. Evidence theory, also called Dempster-Shafer theory, is particularly useful for representing and combining uncertain information when a single precise uncertainty model is unavailable. A framework is presented for deriving and transforming evidence-theoretic belief representations of uncertain variables that denote numerical quantities. Belief is derived from probabilistic models using relationships between probability bounds and the support and plausibility functions used in evidence theory. This model-based approach to belief representation is illustrated by an algorithm currently used in a vision system to label anomalous high-intensity pixels in imagery. As the uncertain variables are manipulated to form features and object discriminants, the belief representation of the uncertain variables must be transformed accordingly. Belief transformations, analogous to the transformation of probability-density functions in mappings of random variables, are derived to maintain the same rigorous belief representation for computed quantities. The results demonstrate novel ways to address uncertainty in the use of sensor information, and contribute to understanding of the similarities and distinctions of probability theory and evidence theory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ring‐opening polymerization and copolymerization of cyclic carbonates (1991)

Abstract The anionic ring‐opening polymerization may result in a broad variety of homo‐ and copolycarbonates. Upon suitable selection of monomers, polymers with functional groups may be obtained which are eligible to cross‐linking reactions or exert a high degree of hydrophilicity. Copolymers with lactones are readily obtained, provided both polymerization reactions follow the same mechanism; the ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic carbonates is exclusively initiated by alcoholate ions and not by carboxylate anions. Since butyllithium is a suitable Initiator for the ring‐opening anionic polymerization of cyclic carbonates, living vinyl polymers may be used as initiators as well to obtain the respective blockcopolymers. Instead of living vinyl polymers obtained in the conventional manner, using carbanionic Initiators, also living polymers obtained by group transfer polymerization may be used as initiators for the ring‐opening polymerization of cyclic carbonates; the mechanism for the latter polymerization, however, then is rather a non‐metallic anionic one than a group transfer mechanism.
A multimedia communications system for medical applications (2003)

The authors address picture archiving and communications from the perspective of improving the communication of radiological information (images and diagnostic reports) between the radiologist and the client physicians. To that end, an experimental multimedia communication system (called IRIS) has been developed which supports the capture and distribution of digitized X-ray images and voice reports as integrated electronic patient folders. It also supports online consultation between the radiologist and physician by providing a multimedia shared space through synchronized workstation operation. In order to assess the clinical value and acceptance of these service concepts, the system is being deployed in the Ottawa Civic Hospital for a series of clinical trials. The authors describe the architecture and operation of the IRIS system and briefly discuss the first clinical trial, an emergency radiology link.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dyslipidemia in type II Diabetes: Implications for Therapeutic Intervention (1991)

Cardiovascular disease, and in particular ischemic heart disease, is the principal cause of morbidity, functional disability, and mortality in patients with non-insulin-dependent (type II) diabetes. The main risk factors for the macrovascular complications of diabetes are dyslipidemia, hypertension, and cigarette smoking. Although degree of hyperglycemia is a risk factor for microvascular complications, it is not a prominent risk factor for macrovascular complications. Nevertheless, there are theoretical reasons for believing that glycemic control could lower cardiovascular risk. For example, glycemic control may both improve clearance and suppress hepatic overproduction of very-low-density lipoprotein. Moreover, there is direct empirical evidence that improved glycemic control can favorably alter lipid profiles in type II diabetic patients. Despite this, the only clinical trial that has assessed cardiovascular mortality as an end point in diabetic subjects (i.e., the University Group Diabetes Program) failed to demonstrate a benefit of glycemic control. In this study, the insulin-variable group, which achieved sustained glycemic control relative to the placebo group, had essentially the same cardiovascular mortality as the latter group. All of the conventional lipid-lowering agents have been shown to produce favorable changes in lipid profiles in diabetic subjects. However, the optimum regimen remains to be defined. Metabolic differences between diabetic and nondiabetic subjects mean that the optimum lipid-lowering regimens for the two categories of patients may differ. For example, nicotinic acid, which is a powerful lipid-altering drug, may worsen glucose intolerance. The characteristic lipid abnormalities in type II diabetic subjects are hypertriglyceridemia and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, not hypercholesterolemia. Although the role of hypertriglyceridemia as a cardiovascular risk factor in the general population has been questioned, there is evidence that this lipid abnormality may play a stronger role in diabetic subjects. For all of the above reasons, there is an urgent need for large-scale clinical trials assessing cardiovascular end points and testing various strategies of improving lipid profiles in diabetic subjects, particularly given the fact that all of the current generation of lipid-lowering trials have systematically excluded diabetic patients.
Management of Chemotherapy‐Induced Nausea and Vomiting (1990)

Cancer chemotherapy is associated with numerous toxicities such as nausea and vomiting (emesis). The frequency, onset, and duration of emesis depend largely on the emetogenic potential of specific agents. An exact mechanism for chemotherapy-induced emesis (CIE) is not known but is thought to occur through several noxious actions and numerous neuronal pathways. The three types of CIE are acute, delayed, and anticipatory. Nonchemotherapy causes of emesis should be considered before diagnosing CIE. Once the diagnosis is established, antiemetic regimens should be recommended based on characteristics of the patients and the agents. Phenothiazines, butyrophenones, cannabinoids, metoclopramide, corticosteroids, and benzodiazepines have been successful in preventing and treating CIE. Combinations of these drugs have also been successful and are still being investigated for improved emetic protection with fewer adverse reactions. Investigational agents such as serotonin antagonists may prove to be effective with few toxic effects. Despite the minimal information available on delayed and anticipatory nausea and vomiting, attempts should be made to treat them. Suggested guidelines for the management of CIE have been developed.
Brain-derived gangliosides regulate the cytokine production and proliferation of activated T cells (1996)

Gangliosides may regulate the activity of the immune system in vivo, particularly within tissues such as neoplasms or the central nervous system, where they are most abundant. However, the specific mechanisms by which gangliosides modulate immune function remain incompletely understood. We have characterized the effects that brain-derived gangliosides have on specific steps of the T cell activation process in vitro. Gangliosides inhibit T cell proliferation downstream from the early activation events that are bypassed pharmacologically using the combination of a phorbol ester plus a calcium ionophore. These lipids block IL-2 and IFN-gamma gene transcription without inhibiting the production of IL-4 and IL-10 mRNA. This may be accounted for by the ability of gangliosides to prevent the activation of NF-kappaB in mitogen-stimulated T cells. Despite inhibiting IL-2 production, the antiproliferative effects of gangliosides are not reversed by adding supplemental IL-2 to the culture media. This defect persists because gangliosides also block the entry of activated T cells into the cell cycle. In this setting, phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma gene product, a protein whose phosphorylation state is an important regulator of normal cell cycle progression, is prevented. These studies help to define how gangliosides modulate T cell effector function in vitro. They also highlight the fact that certain T cell responses, namely the production of Th2-associated cytokines, are not inhibited by their actions.
Dissecting the Maturation Steps of the Lasso Peptide Microcin J25 in vitro (2012)

Microcin J25 is the archetype of a growing class of bacterial ribosomal peptides possessing a knotted topology (lasso peptides). It consists of an eight-residue macrolactam ring through which the C-terminal tail is threaded. It is biosynthesized as a precursor that is processed by two maturation enzymes (McjB/McjC). Insights into the mechanism of microcin J25 biosynthesis have been provided previously by mutagenesis of the precursor peptide in vivo. In this study we have demonstrated distinct functions of McjB and McjC in vitro for the first time, based on the detection of reaction intermediates. McjB was characterized as a new ATP-dependent cysteine protease, whereas McjC was confirmed to be a lactam synthetase. The two enzymes were functionally interdependent, likely forming a structural complex. Their substrate preference was directly investigated with the aid of mutated precursor peptides. Depending on the substitutions, microcin J25 variants with either a lasso or branched-cyclic topology could be generated in vitro.
Direct-digital modulation (DIDIMO) transmitter with &#x2212;156dBc/Hz Rx-band noise using FIR structure (2012)

A direct-digital modulation (DIDIMO) transmitter employing 3-taps 10-bit Finite Impulse Response configuration is proposed and evaluated. FIR-DIDIMO provides simultaneous combination of D/A conversion, up-conversion, power control and also quantization noise filtering at arbitrary offset frequency from the carrier. This makes the circuit suitable for multistandard transmitters by eliminating the area-consuming analog baseband low-pass filter. Moreover it enables optimum RF noise shaping against various modes and bands requirement. The noise shape adjustment scheme is also detailed in this paper. Using a WCDMA signal, the transmitter achieves 81dB of power control range, EVM of less than 3% from -42dBm to +6.0dBm output power for band I operation with 568.32MHz sampling frequency. The RX band (190 MHz offset) noise floor achieves -156.3dBc/Hz measured with 291mW analog power consumption at +6.0dBm output. WCDMA band II and LTE 20M band1 performances are also demonstrated. The chip is designed and implemented with a low-power 0.13um 1.5V/3.3V CMOS process and the transmitter analog area measures 1.3mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Distributed Wireless Visual Communication With Power Distortion Optimization (2013)

This paper proposes a novel framework called DCast for distributed video coding and transmission over wireless networks, which is different from existing distributed schemes in three aspects. First, coset quantized DCT coefficients and motion data are directly delivered to the channel coding layer without syndrome or entropy coding. Second, transmission power is directly allocated to coset data and motion data according to their distributions and magnitudes without forward error correction. Third, these data are transformed by Hadamard and then directly mapped using a dense constellation (64K-QAM) for transmission without Gray coding. One of the most important properties in this framework is that the coding and transmission rate is fixed and distortion is minimized by allocating the transmission power. Thus, we further propose a power distortion optimization algorithm to replace the traditional rate distortion optimization. This framework avoids the annoying cliff effect caused by the mismatch between transmission rate and channel condition. In multicast, each user can get approximately the best quality matching its channel condition. Our experiment results show that the proposed DCast outperforms the typical solution using H.264 over 802.11 up to 8 dB in video PSNR in video broadcast. Even in video unicast, the proposed DCast is still comparable to the typical solution.
The calcium signal and phosphatidylinositol breakdown in 2H3 cells. (1984)

Phosphatidylinositol (PI) and its phosphorylated derivatives are rapidly broken down in 2H3 cells stimulated with antigen, with a time course which coincides with the generation of the Ca signal. Stimulated PI breakdown is absolutely dependent on Ca2+ in the medium with a concentration dependence similar to that of the Ca signal and histamine release described in the preceding paper. However, PI breakdown does not depend on the rise in free cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in stimulated cells over the range 100 nM to 1 microM. Thus, stimulation by the ionophore A23187 causes only a small increase in PI breakdown and the Ca signal stimulated by antigen can be selectively blocked with appropriate concentrations of Zn2+ (100 microM) or La3+ (10-100 microM) which have small or negligible effects on stimulated PI breakdown. Both PI breakdown and the Ca signal appear to depend on a common external Ca2+ site (or sites) with Km approximately equal to 0.4 mM, and the data are consistent with either independent activation of PI phosphodiesterase and the Ca signal after antigenic stimulation, or with PI breakdown as a component of the mechanism by which the Ca signal is generated.
Magnetic Ordering Properties of Rare-Earth Ions in Strong Cubic Crystal Fields (1963)

A theoretical discussion of some of the effects resulting from the interplay between strong crystalline-field torques and weaker exchange torques acting on rare-earth ions is given. The crystalline field is supposed to have cubic symmetry. A semiclassical discussion of the effect of the crystalline field in determining easy directions, anisotropy, and the depression of ground-state ordered moment values for the rare-earth series is given and used to interpret the results of the exact calculations. It is shown that for some of the rare earths the crystalline field may be so large that no long-range magnetic order is possible at low temperatures. The theory is applied to the case of the rare-earth phosphides. Adjusting the exchange and crystalline-field parameters to yield the observed ordered moment values (and moment directions) of TbP and ErP, one predicts the HoP moment in agreement with the experimental value, and predicts that TmP will not order at all. The "holmium flopside" moment pattern is explained as being due to magnetic dipole forces. The ratio of the sixth-order component of the crystalline potential to the fourth-order component must be increased some five times over the naively computed value in order to reach agreement with experiment; however, an experimental indication of a possibly important noncubic component of the crystalline potential may change this value appreciably.
Signaling of programmed cell death induction in WEHI‐231 B lymphoma cells (1993)

The murine WEHI-231 B lymphoma is highly sensitive to membrane immunoglobulin ligation which leads to programmed cell death (PCD) in this cell line. To study the molecular pathways involved in PCD induction in these cells, we derived two variants of WEHI-231 resistant to anti-Ig treatment. The level of bcl-2 mRNA was identical in the wild type and the variants, either untreated or anti-Ig treated, suggesting that PCD is not under the control of bcl-2 in WEHI-231 cells. In contrast, c-myc gene expression was markedly different in the wild type and the variants, both in the unstimulated and anti-Ig-stimulated state. Our findings are interpreted in the context of the dual capacity of c-myc to promote cell growth or cell death, in conjunction with other growth regulatory signals.
Comparison of sulfoquinovosyl diacylglycerol from spinach and the purple bacterium<i>Rhodobacter sphaeroides</i> by fast atom bombardment tandem mass spectrometry (1992)

Isolated sulfoquinovosyl-diacylglycerol (SQD) from spinach and the purple bacterium Rhodobacter sphaeroides provide two sources of very different molecular species of SQD. We were able to demonstrate by fast atom bombardment-collisionally activated dissociation tandem mass spectrometry in the negative ion mode that the sulfoquinovosyl head group of the plant and bacterial lipids can be characterized by the common fragmentation pattern found in the spectra of both samples. Differences in the acyl functions from the two sources were also identified by this technique. SQD specific fragments are found at m/z 299, 283, 241, 225, 165 and 80 which indicate the presence of the sulfoquinovosyl moiety. The two predominant molecular species found in spinach contain palmitic and linolenic ([M-H]- at m/z 815) or two linolenic acids ([M-H]- at m/z 837) in the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, while the two major species of the bacterial lipid contain palmitic and 18:1 (vaccenic) acids ([M-H]- at m/z 819) or stearic and 18:1 (vaccenic) acids, ([M-H]- at m/z 847), respectively.
Transforming Growth Factor β1 Induces the Expression of Collagen Type I by DNA Methylation in Cardiac Fibroblasts (2013)

Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β), a key mediator of cardiac fibroblast activation, has a major influence on collagen type I production. However, the epigenetic mechanisms by which TGF-β induces collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) expression are not fully understood. This study was designed to examine whether or not DNA methylation is involved in TGF-β-induced COL1A1 expression in cardiac fibroblasts. Cells isolated from neonatal Sprague-Dawley rats were cultured and stimulated with TGF-β1. The mRNA levels of COL1A1 and DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) were determined via quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the protein levels of collagen type I were determined via Western blot as well as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The quantitative methylation of the COL1A1 promoter region was analyzed using the MassARRAY platform of Sequenom. Results showed that TGF-β1 upregulated the mRNA expression of COL1A1 and induced the synthesis of cell-associated and secreted collagen type I in cardiac fibroblasts. DNMT1 and DNMT3a expressions were significantly downregulated and the global DNMT activity was inhibited when treated with 10 ng/mL of TGF-β1 for 48 h. TGF-β1 treatment resulted in a significant reduction of the DNA methylation percentage across multiple CpG sites in the rat COL1A1 promoter. Thus, TGF-β1 can induce collagen type I expression through the inhibition of DNMT1 and DNMT3a expressions as well as global DNMT activity, thereby resulting in DNA demethylation of the COL1A1 promoter. These findings suggested that the DNMT-mediated DNA methylation is an important mechanism in regulating the TGF-β1-induced COL1A1 gene expression.
Blood–brain barrier structure and function and the challenges for CNS drug delivery (2013)

The neurons of the central nervous system (CNS) require precise control of their bathing microenvironment for optimal function, and an important element in this control is the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is formed by the endothelial cells lining the brain microvessels, under the inductive influence of neighbouring cell types within the 'neurovascular unit' (NVU) including astrocytes and pericytes. The endothelium forms the major interface between the blood and the CNS, and by a combination of low passive permeability and presence of specific transport systems, enzymes and receptors regulates molecular and cellular traffic across the barrier layer. A number of methods and models are available for examining BBB permeation in vivo and in vitro, and can give valuable information on the mechanisms by which therapeutic agents and constructs permeate, ways to optimize permeation, and implications for drug discovery, delivery and toxicity. For treating lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs), models can be included that mimic aspects of the disease, including genetically-modified animals, and in vitro models can be used to examine the effects of cells of the NVU on the BBB under pathological conditions. For testing CNS drug delivery, several in vitro models now provide reliable prediction of penetration of drugs including large molecules and artificial constructs with promising potential in treating LSDs. For many of these diseases it is still not clear how best to deliver appropriate drugs to the CNS, and a concerted approach using a variety of models and methods can give critical insights and indicate practical solutions.