gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Method to Warm Up Lubricating Oil to Improve the Fuel Efficiency During Cold Start (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Cold start driving cycles exhibit an increase in friction losses due to the low temperatures of metal and media compared to normal operating engine conditions. These friction losses are responsible for up to 10% penalty in fuel economy over the official drive cycles like the New European Drive Cycle (NEDC), where the temperature of the oil even at the end of the 1180 s of the drive cycle is below the fully warmed up values of between 100°C and 120°C. At engine oil temperatures below 100°C the water from the blowby condensates and dilutes the engine oil in the oil pan which negatively affects engine wear. Therefore engine oil temperatures above 100°C are desirable to minimize engine wear through blowby condensate. The paper presents a new technique to warm up the engine oil that significantly reduces the friction losses and therefore also reduces the fuel economy penalty during a 22°C cold start NEDC. Chassis dynamometer experiments demonstrated fuel economy improvements of over 7% as well as significant emission reductions by rapidly increasing the oil temperature. Oil temperatures were increased by up to 60°C during certain parts of the NEDC.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">It is shown how a very simple sensitivity analysis can be used to assess the relative size or efficiency of different heat transfer passes and the resulting fuel economy improvement potential of different heat recovery systems system. Due to its simplicity the method is very fast to use and therefore also very cost effective. The method demonstrated a very good correlation for the fuel consumption within ±1% compared to measurements on a vehicle chassis roll.</div></div>
Nonrandom chromosomal aberrations in chronic lymphocytic leukemia revealed by polyclonal B-cell-mitogen stimulation (1980)

Peripheral blood lymphocytes from 11 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia were stimulated by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), lipopolysaccharide from Escherichia (LPS), and phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Chromosome analysis with the Q-banding technique after 5 days incubation revealed an extra chromosome 12 in 5 of the patients and a translocation between chromosome 11 and chromosome 14 in 1. Two patients had a deletion of chromosome 6, and only 3 patients had a normal karyotype. In most patients, the abnormalities were found in the majority of metaphases after stimulation with EBV, LPS, or both mitogens, while PHA revealed a normal karyotype, with the exception of a total of 4 metaphases in 3 patients. An extra chromosome 12 appears to be specifically associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The frequency of chromosomal abnormalities in this disease appears to be much higher than has previously been thought.
Chemical synthesis and X-ray structure of a heterochiral {D-protein antagonist <i>plus</i> vascular endothelial growth factor} protein complex by racemic crystallography (2012)

Total chemical synthesis was used to prepare the mirror image (D-protein) form of the angiogenic protein vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). Phage display against D-VEGF-A was used to screen designed libraries based on a unique small protein scaffold in order to identify a high affinity ligand. Chemically synthesized D- and L- forms of the protein ligand showed reciprocal chiral specificity in surface plasmon resonance binding experiments: The L-protein ligand bound only to D-VEGF-A, whereas the D-protein ligand bound only to L-VEGF-A. The D-protein ligand, but not the L-protein ligand, inhibited the binding of natural VEGF(165) to the VEGFR1 receptor. Racemic protein crystallography was used to determine the high resolution X-ray structure of the heterochiral complex consisting of {D-protein antagonist + L-protein form of VEGF-A}. Crystallization of a racemic mixture of these synthetic proteins in appropriate stoichiometry gave a racemic protein complex of more than 73 kDa containing six synthetic protein molecules. The structure of the complex was determined to a resolution of 1.6 Å. Detailed analysis of the interaction between the D-protein antagonist and the VEGF-A protein molecule showed that the binding interface comprised a contact surface area of approximately 800 Å(2) in accord with our design objectives, and that the D-protein antagonist binds to the same region of VEGF-A that interacts with VEGFR1-domain 2.
A flexible, privacy-preserving authentication framework for ubiquitous computing environments (2003)

The proliferation of smart gadgets, appliances, mobile devices, PDAs and sensors has enabled the construction of ubiquitous computing environments, transforming regular physical spaces into "Active Information Spaces" augmented with intelligence and enhanced with services. This new exciting computing paradigm promises to revolutionize the way we interact with computers, services, and the surrounding physical spaces, yielding higher productivity and more seamless interaction between users and computing services. However, the deployment of this computing paradigm in real-life is hindered by poor security, particularly, the lack of proper authentication and access control techniques and privacy preserving protocols. We propose an authentication framework that addresses this problem through the use of different wearable and embedded devices. These devices authenticate entities with varied levels of confidence, in a transparent, convenient, and private manner, allowing the framework to blend nicely into ubiquitous computing environments.
Species-Specific Inhibition of Inosine 5‘-Monophosphate Dehydrogenase by Mycophenolic Acid (1999)

IMPDH catalyzes the oxidation of IMP to XMP with the concomitant reduction of NAD(+) to NADH. This reaction is the rate-limiting step in de novo guanine nucleotide biosynthesis. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) is a potent inhibitor of mammalian IMPDHs but a poor inhibitor of microbial IMPDHs. MPA inhibits IMPDH by binding in the nicotinamide half of the dinucleotide site and trapping the covalent intermediate E-XMP. The MPA binding site of resistant IMPDH from the parasite Tritrichomonas foetuscontains two residues that differ from human IMPDH. Lys310 and Glu431 of T. foetus IMPDH are replaced by Arg and Gln, respectively, in the human type 2 enzyme. We characterized three mutants of T. foetusIMPDH: Lys310Arg, Glu431Gln, and Lys310Arg/Glu431Gln in order to determine if these substitutions account for the species selectivity of MPA. The mutation of Lys310Arg causes a 10-fold decrease in the K(i) for MPA inhibition and a 8-13-fold increase in the K(m) values for IMP and NAD(+). The mutation of Glu431Gln causes a 6-fold decrease in the K(i) for MPA. The double mutant displays a 20-fold increase in sensitivity to MPA. Pre-steady-state kinetics were performed to obtain rates of hydride transfer, NADH release, and hydrolysis of E-XMP for the mutant IMPDHs. The Lys310Arg mutation results in a 3-fold increase in the accumulation level of E-XMP, while the Glu431Gln mutation has only a minimal effect on the kinetic mechanism. These experiments show that 20 of the 450-fold difference in sensitivity between the T. foetus and human IMPDHs derive from the residues in the MPA binding site. Of this, 3-fold can be attributed to a change in kinetic mechanism. In addition, we measured MPA binding to enzyme adducts with 6-Cl-IMP and EICARMP. Neither of these adducts proved to be a good model for E-XMP.
Ceftobiprole: A New Option for Treatment of Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections due to Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (2008)

recovered from 49 representative US hospitals [1], with similar trends in Europe [2]. MRSA infection has also become common in outpatients [3]. Even more worrisome is the fact that MRSA was identified as the most common pathogen in patients presenting with acute, purulent skin and soft-tissue infections to emergency departments in the United States [4], Such infections are associated with longer hospital stays, longer durations of antibiotic use, higher costs, and, probably, greater mortality rates, compared with infections caused by methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [5, 6]. The emergence of community-onset MRSA infection aggravates control of MRSA infection; a validated guideline for control of community-onset MRSA infection has not yet been pub-
An improved control strategy based on multiplier for CRM flyback PFC to reduce line current peak distortion (2010)

With high input voltage or light load, the peak of AC line current for critical conduction mode (CRM) flyback power factor Correctors (PFCs) appears notably distorted. In this paper, the reasons of line current distortion are investigated. Moreover, the relationship between line current peak distortion and high input voltage or light load is presented. Based on theoretical analysis, a simple improved control strategy is proposed. Finally, an experiment is carried out and the results convincingly demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method for reducing line current peak distortion.
Synthesis of 2′-Modified Cyclic Bis(3′–5′)diadenylic Acids (<i>c</i>-di-AMPs) and Their Promotion of Cell Division in a Freshwater Green Alga (2012)

Abstract Three 2′-modified cyclic bis(3′–5′)diadenylic acids (c-di-AMPs) were synthesized from commercially available adenosine phosphoramidites and the effects of c-di-AMP derivatives on the cell division of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a kind of freshwater green algae, were investigated. This structure–activity relationship study suggests that the di(2′-O-methyl)-c-di-AMP showed the highest activity and that 2′-substituents influenced the cell division of C. reinhardtii.
Key Management Extensions for Session Description Protocol (SDP) and Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) (2006)

This document defines general extensions for Session Description
Protocol (SDP) and Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) to carry
messages, as specified by a key management protocol, in order to
secure the media. These extensions are presented as a framework, to be
used by one or more key management protocols. As such, their use is
meaningful only when complemented by an appropriate key management
protocol. General guidelines are also given on how the framework
should be used together with SIP and RTSP. The usage with the
Multimedia Internet KEYing (MIKEY) key management protocol is also
defined. [STANDARDS-TRACK]
Selective Retardation of Perfume Oil Evaporation from Oil-in-Water Emulsions Stabilized by Either Surfactant or Nanoparticles (2010)

We have used dynamic headspace analysis to investigate the evaporation rates of perfume oils from stirred oil-in-water emulsions into a flowing gas stream. We compare the behavior of an oil of low water solubility (limonene) and one of high water solubility (benzyl acetate). It is shown how the evaporation of an oil of low water solubility is selectively retarded and how the retardation effect depends on the oil volume fraction in the emulsion. We compare how the evaporation retardation depends on the nature of the adsorbed film stabilizing the emulsion. Surfactant films are less effective than adsorbed films of nanoparticles, and the retardation can be further enhanced by compression of the adsorbed nanoparticle films by preshrinking the emulsion drops.
Valuable words: The price dynamics of internet domain names (2014)

This article estimates the first constant quality price index for Internet domain names. The suggested index provides a benchmark for domain name traders and investors looking for information on price trends, historical returns, and the fundamental risk of Internet domain names. The index increases transparency in the market for this newly emerged asset class. A cointegration analysis shows that domain registrations and resale prices form a long‐run equilibrium and indicates supply constraints in domain space. This study explores a large data set of domain sales spanning the years 2006 to 2013. Differences in the quality of individual domain names are controlled for in hedonic repeat sales regressions.
A Strategy for Searching Antigenic Regions in the SARS-CoV Spike Protein (2003)

In the face of the worldwide threat of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) to human life, some of the most urgent challenges are to develop fast and accurate analytical methods for early diagnosis of this disease as well as to create a safe anti-viral vaccine for prevention. To these ends, we investigated the antigenicity of the spike protein (S protein), a major structural protein in the SARS-coronavirus (SARS-CoV). Based upon the theoretical analysis for hydrophobicity of the S protein, 18 peptides were synthesized. Using Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), these peptides were screened in the sera from SARS patients. According to these results, two fragments of the S gene were amplified by PCR and cloned into pET-32a. Both S fragments were expressed in the BL-21 strain and further purified with an affinity chromatography. These recombinant S fragments were confirmed to have positive cross-reactions with SARS sera, either by Western blot or by ELISA. Our results demonstrated that the potential epitope regions were located at Codons 469-882 in the S protein, and one epitope site was located at Codons 599-620. Identification of antigenic regions in the SARS-CoV S protein may be important for the functional studies of this virus or the development of clinical diagnosis.
The elastodynamic field of N interacting vibrators (two-dimensional theory) (1985)

Abstract The elastodynamic field of N rigid strips, lying parallel on the surface of an elastic half-space and harmonically excited in time by vertical forces, was calculated. It is assumed (1) the contact between the rigid strips and the surface of the half-space is maintained during the motion of the strips, and (2) the horizontal component of the traction is zero on the surface of the half-space. Calculation of the elastodynamic field is based on the integral representation of the particle displacement in the half-space, together with the dynamic equations for the strip. From the integral representation and the dynamic equations, a set of coupled integral equations for the vertical component of the traction under the strips can be derived. This set of integral equations was solved numerically by the method of moments.The influence of the hold-down mass and its spring system is also investigated. It is shown that its action can be accounted for by introducing a frequency-dependent effective mass of the strips. At the resonance frequency of the hold-down mass/spring system, the power radiated into the half-space, is shown to be zero.Numerical results show that for a fixed strip width and fixed parameters of the elastic half-space, the frequency at which the peak in the radiated power occurs decreases as the mass/unit length of the strip increases, whereas the ratio of the radiated P-, S-, and Rayleigh waves does not change at all.Since the frequency at which the peak in the radiated power occurs depends upon the mass/unit length of the strip, and since the influence of the hold-down mass/spring is actually a frequency-dependent effective mass of the strip, theoretically it is possible to optimize the radiated power of a vibrator for a frequency band of interest. Such a vibrator, if ever constructed, will most likely depend upon a feedback and control system. I show that the phase difference between the driving force and the velocity of the strip is a suitable feedback signal.
Anti-Glycoprotein H Antibody Impairs the Pathogenicity of Varicella-Zoster Virus in Skin Xenografts in the SCID Mouse Model (2009)

Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) infection is usually mild in healthy individuals but can cause severe disease in immunocompromised patients. Prophylaxis with varicella-zoster immunoglobulin can reduce the severity of VZV if given shortly after exposure. Glycoprotein H (gH) is a highly conserved herpesvirus protein with functions in virus entry and cell-cell spread and is a target of neutralizing antibodies. The anti-gH monoclonal antibody (MAb) 206 neutralizes VZV in vitro. To determine the requirement for gH in VZV pathogenesis in vivo, MAb 206 was administered to SCID mice with human skin xenografts inoculated with VZV. Anti-gH antibody given at 6 h postinfection significantly reduced the frequency of skin xenograft infection by 42%. Virus titers, genome copies, and lesion size were decreased in xenografts that became infected. In contrast, administering anti-gH antibody at 4 days postinfection suppressed VZV replication but did not reduce the frequency of infection. The neutralizing anti-gH MAb 206 blocked virus entry, cell fusion, or both in skin in vivo. In vitro, MAb 206 bound to plasma membranes and to surface virus particles. Antibody was internalized into vacuoles within infected cells, associated with intracellular virus particles, and colocalized with markers for early endosomes and multivesicular bodies but not the trans-Golgi network. MAb 206 blocked spread, altered intracellular trafficking of gH, and bound to surface VZV particles, which might facilitate their uptake and targeting for degradation. As a consequence, antibody interference with gH function would likely prevent or significantly reduce VZV replication in skin during primary or recurrent infection.
Corticotropin-releasing factor decreases vasogenic brain edema. (1996)

We report the first series of studies comparing the anti-edematous effects of human corticotropin-releasing factor (hCRF) and dexamethasone in an experimental model of vasogenic peritumoral brain edema. Both hCRF and dexamethasone effectively decreased blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability of intracerebral RG2 gliomas in rats as observed by contrast-enhanced T(1)-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. A decrease in the water content of tumor and peritumoral brain tissue was observed with proton-density magnetic resonance imaging and confirmed by direct wet/dry tissue measurements. The calculated ED(50) for hCRF was 59 micrograms/kg s.c. twice a day, and that for dexamethasone was 0.61 mg/kg i.m. twice a day; the hCRF:dexamethasone dose-potency ratio was 120:1 on a molar basis. The anti-edematous action of hCRF is not mediated by the release of adrenal corticosteroids. A direct action of hCRF on the tumor microvasculature results in restoration of BBB integrity and up-regulation of BBB-specific protein expression. The average survival time with chronic treatment was prolonged significantly in the hCRF-treated group (35 days) compared with the dexamethasone-treated group (28 days; P < 0.05) and the saline-treated control group (22 days; P < 0.0001). hCRF, as an alternative to corticosteroid therapy, may provide substantial benefits with respect to reducing the major side effects encountered with long-term, high-dose corticosteroid treatment.
Colonialism-in-the-mind (2011)

This paper closely follows the text of a paper presented at the National Seminar on the contributions of K. P. Chattopadhyay and Iravati Karve to the development of Social Anthropology, organised by The Asiatic Society, Kolkata, September 8-9, 2009. The article hypothesises that the reason for some of the social ills embedded in the meta-culture of India as an independent former colony are the result of unconsciously holding in the mind British Imperialism as the aggressor, even though over sixty years ago India got rid of the yoke of being a colonised country. What the founding fathers of newly independent India did not take into consideration was the impact of two hundred years of barbaric control over the indigenous population of the sub-continent by an imperial power. Most of the ministers of the newly formed Government of India came from the stratum of Western educated upper middle class elite who had little idea of the realities of 80 percent of rural Indians at the time of independence. Yet in their push for creating a country wedded to the ideal of democracy, they decided to introduce election to all seats of State power based on adult franchise. Inevitably this resulted in gradual dominance in the state legislatures and the central parliament, the lower house of which is known as the Lok Sabha, of people from rural areas still maintaining a feudal outlook with 200 years of slavery internalised from under a punitive and ruthless British yoke.
Unsupervised joint prosody labeling and modeling for Mandarin speech (2009)

An unsupervised joint prosody labeling and modeling method for Mandarin speech is proposed, a new scheme intended to construct statistical prosodic models and to label prosodic tags consistently for Mandarin speech. Two types of prosodic tags are determined by four prosodic models designed to illustrate the hierarchy of Mandarin prosody: the break of a syllable juncture to demarcate prosodic constituents and the prosodic state to represent any prosodic domain's pitch-level variation resulting from its upper-layered prosodic constituents' influences. The performance of the proposed method was evaluated using an unlabeled read-speech corpus articulated by an experienced female announcer. Experimental results showed that the estimated parameters of the four prosodic models were able to explore and describe the structures and patterns of Mandarin prosody. Besides, certain corresponding relationships between the break indices labeled and the associated words were found, and manifested the connections between prosodic and linguistic parameters, a finding further verifying the capability of the method presented. Finally, a quantitative comparison in labeling results between the proposed method and human labelers indicated that the former was more consistent and discriminative than the latter in prosodic feature distributions, a merit of the method developed here on the applications of prosody modeling.
A Simplified Pseudo 3D Model to Evaluate Sand Production Risk in Deviated Cased Holes (1993)

Abstract When comparing various wells on a given field in terms of sand production, it often happens that they display quite different behaviours: for example, deviated wells will produce sand whilst vertical ones won’t. A major reason behind such an apparent paradox is the orientation of the well and its perforations in the in-situ stress field. Such a problem is usually studied by using complex non linear 3D Finite Element Models. In an attempt to make such an approach more flexible, this paper presents a simplified, semi quantitative analytical model able to evaluate sand production risks in cased holes with various deviations. This pseudo 3D model, based on linear elasticity, confirms that sand production risk for a given perforation strongly depends on well deviation and on the orientation of the perforation in the plane orthogonal to the wellbore. A field case illustrates how the model can hence provide an understanding for observations which could have otherwise remained unexplained. Finally, by introducing special failure criteria calibrated on hollow cylinder and cavity failure tests, an extension of the model is compared favourably to some 3D non linear numerical simulations in the case of a second field case. Because of its analytical nature, such an extension can easily be used in conjunction with logs in order to give a rather precise idea of the sand production risk on a newly drilled well.