gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theory of friction: Dynamical phase transitions in adsorbed layers (1995)

When an external force acts on an adsorbate structure, the structure may slide or flow relative to the substrate. The mechanism behind this sliding motion is of fundamental importance for the understanding of friction and lubrication between two flat macroscopic surfaces, and is also related to the question of what boundary condition should be used for the velocity field at a solid–liquid interface when solving the Navier–Stokes equations of fluid dynamics. Here I study the friction which occurs when adsorbate layers slides on surfaces. I present results of simulations based on Langevin or Brownian-motion dynamics, which illustrate the dependence of the nonlinear (in the external driving force F) sliding friction η̄ on the coverage θ, and on the microscopic friction η. The sliding friction (as a function of F) exhibit three dynamical phase transitions, namely (commensurate solid→incommensurate solid), (fluid→commensurate solid) and (fluid↔incommensurate solid) transitions. The role of static imperfections (pinning centers) on the sliding dynamics is also discussed.
Cu<i>K</i>α<sub>2</sub>elimination algorithm (1975)

The existence of the Kα2 lines in powder diffractograms has always obscured the interpretation of the diffraction patterns. Studies involving integrated intensity measurements, peak intensities and line broadening have been hampered owing to these extraneous lines. Crystal monochromators are ineffective for eliminating the Kα2 profile. This paper presents an algorithm which practically removes the Cu Kα2 profile. Previous procedures to remove the Kα2 line or resolve the Kα doublet assumed the shape of the α2 component to be identical to that of the a, component. The algorithm presented here uses the actual shape relationship between observed α1 and α2 components as a basis for elimination of the α2 profile. This algorithm has been applied to an on-line computer-controlled diffractometer to produce `real time' Cu Kα2-free diffraction patterns. The method is quite general and can be extended to remove the Kα2 lines of other radiations.
Randomized trial of adjuvant chemotherapy with mitomycin plus ftorafur versus mitomycin alone in resected locally advanced gastric cancer. (1998)

Significantly better survival results were observed for MMC-FT versus MMC alone. Subset analysis suggest a strong benefit in patients with node-negative and early-stage resected gastric cancer.
AC-NP: A Novel Chimeric Peptide with Natriuretic and Vasorelaxing Actions (2011)

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cardiovascular and renal activities of a newly designed natriuretic peptide (NP). Here, we engineered a novel 28-amino acid chimeric peptide, termed AC-NP that combined the 17-amino acid ring of C type natriuretic peptide (CNP) with the 6-amino acid N-terminus and 5-amino acid C-terminus of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). Both in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to determine the actions of AC-NP. In normal rats, AC-NP proved to be more potentially diuretic, natriuretic and hypotensive compared with other NPs, such as ANP, CNP and vasonatrin peptide (VNP), which is another man-made NP. In relaxation of isolated abdominal aorta from rat, AC-NP was equally effective to ANP, CNP and VNP. Elevated levels of 3',5'-guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) in plasma and urine cGMP excretion indicated the participation of cGMP in the functions of AC-NP. Taken together, innovative designed AD-NP might be a new candidate therapeutic peptide against cardiorenal disorders.
Cytoskeletal features of alveolar myofibroblasts and pericytes in normal human and rat lung. (1992)

Frozen or paraffin-embedded human and rat lung specimens were stained with antibodies against total actin, alpha-smooth muscle (SM) actin, vimentin, desmin, or gelsolin. Alveolar interstitial myofibroblasts [i.e., contractile interstitial cells (CIC)] were labeled by total actin antibody but not by alpha-SM actin antibody. They stained for vimentin and gelsolin and, in rat lungs, most of them for desmin. Pericytes located around venules at the junction of three alveolar septa were always positive for alpha-SM actin and never for desmin. Tissue samples were also immunostained by an alpha-SM actin antibody and studied by electron microscopy. With this technique we confirmed that cells, identified as pericytes on the basis of their location, were intensely labeled by alpha-SM actin antibodies, whereas alveolar myofibroblasts were not. We conclude that in the lung interstitium pericytes and alveolar myofibroblasts have distinct cytoskeletal features, alpha-SM actin antibody staining being a simple method to distinguish between them. Furthermore, it appears that alveolar myofibroblasts have a peculiar pattern of cytoskeletal protein composition which, in the rat, is similar to that previously described for stromal cells in uterine submucosa, liver sinusoids (Ito cells), or the core of intestinal villi.
Construction of surrogate model ensembles with sparse data (2007)

Construction of neural network ensembles (NNE) with sparse data requires comprehensive performance measure, multi-stage validation and usually a large member size. This paper presents a hybrid method which takes a selective optimization approach and is characterized with several novel features. First, candidate ensembles are widely explored using a multi-objective genetic algorithm. Secondly, the best local ensembles registered with each distinct objective weighting are determined based on the multi-stage validation results. Finally, a large global ensemble is formed by combining several local ensembles and virtually evaluated in the voids of possible parameter space. The demonstration of the proposed method is presented in a case study in which sparse data from FEA simulations are used to construct NNE for expandable pipe design, a novel application in oil and gas industry.
Bit-Sequential Arithmetic for Parallel Processors (1984)

A bit-sequential processing element with O(n) complexity is described, where n is the wordlength of the operands. The operations performed by the element are A * B + C * D, A/B, and √A. The operands are fixed point or floating point numbers with variable precision. The concept of semi-on-line algorithms is introduced. A processing element that uses semi-on-line algorithms produces a result δ clock cycles after the absorption of the n-bit operands, where δ is small compared to n. In the paper the processing element and the algorithms are described. A performance comparison between the bit-sequential processing element and conventional pipelined arithmetic units is given.
Threat Display of the Australian Painted Snipe (1975)

SUMMARYMuller, K. A. 1975. Threat display of the Australian Painted Snipe. Emu 75: 28–30.Previous literature on displays of the Old-World Painted Snipe is reviewed. Defensive behaviour of a pair of Australian Painted Snipe held in captivity is described, and compared to similar display of the Sun Bittern.
Membrane Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Induced Cooperative Signaling of TNFR60 and TNFR80 Favors Induction of Cell Death Rather Than Virus Production in HIV-infected T Cells (1997)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and lymphotoxin (LT) are highly pleiotropic cytokines that play a central role in regulating HIV-1 replication. These cytokines express their activities through two membrane receptors, TNFR60 (p55-60) and TNFR80 (p75-80). In the present study we have demonstrated by means of antagonistic and agonistic receptor-specific antibodies that in latently infected lymphocytic (ACH-2) cells the TNFR60 plays a dominant role in signaling HIV production, although selective activation of TNFR80 by receptor-specific antibodies can also induce HIV production. Unexpectedly, when both TNFRs were activated simultaneously by agonistic antibodies or coculture with cells expressing a noncleavable membrane form of TNF, HIV production was downregulated and induction of cell death was enhanced in ACH-2 cells. More relevant, in vitro HIV-infected peripheral blood lymphocytes cocultured with cells expressing membrane TNF underwent rapid induction of apoptosis with a subsequent reduced HIV production of these lymphocytes cultures. This was not observed with HIV-infected lymphocytes treated with soluble TNF. These data provide evidence for the differential trigger potential of membrane versus soluble TNF and show that TNFR80 is an important modulator of TNF responsiveness of HIV-infected T cells via cooperative signaling with TNFR60.
Variationally Coupled Meshfree-Finite Element Method for Analysis of Dynamic Crack Propagation (II) : - On Dynamic Fracture Mechanics and Applications - (2003)

The objective of this study is to develop a new numerical algorithm that analyzes dynamic crack propagation problems by using the variationally coupled Meshfree-Finite Element method. ID achieve this objective, This study describes linear dynamic fracture theory required to calculate dynamic stress intensity factors that predict whether or not to propagate and direction of crack propagation. Then, a numerical algorithm analyzing the dynamic crack propagtion in arbitrary directions by means of explicit time integration is also presented on the basis of the numerical program developed to analyze static and dynamic solid problems in the previous study. A series of dynamic fracture examples is analyzed to illustrate the performance of the algorithm. The results show that the algorithm not only has the good accuracy through comparing the numerical results with analytical solutions in the first and second examples, but also accurately and effectively simulates the dynamic arbitrary crack growth by comparing numerical results with experimental results in the third example.
Alternative Treatment to Lymphocyte Immunization for Treatment of Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion: Immunotherapy With Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Treatment of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss: American Experience (1994)

These preliminary data suggest IVIG may be effective treatment for RSA. Analysis of data from the completed randomized placebo-controlled trial will test this suggestion.
Mortality in Prostate Cancer (1996)

The fact that advanced age and black race are associated with disease specific mortality (even when treatment and stage are controlled) is a new observation, which suggests that tumor biology and/or response to treatment is worse in elderly and black men. Overall, the data are consistent with the hypothesis that treatment of prostate cancer is associated with lower disease specific and overall mortality rates. The decreases in relative mortality in treated patients from 1973 to 1990 indirectly support the theory that changes in patterns of care from 1973 to 1990 had a beneficial effect on mortality. This observation implies that future studies should account for calendar time when interpreting outcomes data.
Growth and Characterization of InAs Quantum Dots on Silicon (2001)

We present a comprehensive investigation of molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) grown InAs quantum dots (QD) on silicon (001) and (111) by reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and Raman spectroscopy in UHV environment and ex-situ by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Two different ways were developed to prepare up to 1011 cm—2 InAs QDs on Si(001). One is the conventional mode by exceeding a critical thickness of deposition at which 2D growth changes towards a 3D growth mode. A second way is a dewetting transition, induced by cooling an approximately 1 ML thin 2D InAs layer from growth temperature below a critical temperature at which RHEED indicates the formation of nanoislands. Samples grown in both manners show significant differences in morphology and shape though RHEED, TEM and Raman studies correspondingly indicate strain relaxation. On Si(111) InAs grows in the common temperature range for InAs growth (∼400 °C) in flat clusters separated by deep trenches. A previous passivation of the Si(111) surface with arsenic at ∼700 °C on the other hand leads to the formation of large InAs nanocrystals.
Ibudilast in healthy volunteers: safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics with single and multiple doses (2008)

Ibudilast is generally well tolerated in healthy adults when given as a single oral dose of 30 mg followed by 30 mg b.i.d. (60 mg day(-1)) for 14 days. Plasma PK reached steady state within 2 days of starting the b.i.d. regimen. Exposure to ibudilast was achieved of a magnitude comparable to that associated with efficacy in rat chronic pain models.
Rapid high-affinity transport of a chemotherapeutic amino acid across the blood-brain barrier. (1992)

The therapeutic efficacy of many anticancer drugs against intracerebral tumors is limited by poor uptake into the central nervous system. One way to enhance brain delivery is to design agents that are transported into the brain by the saturable nutrient carriers of the blood-brain barrier. In this paper, we describe a nitrogen mustard amino acid, DL-2-amino-7-bis[(2-chloroethyl)amino/bd-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-napthoi c acid, that is taken up into brain with high affinity by the large neutral amino acid carrier of the blood-brain barrier. Brain transport of DL-2-amino-7-bis[(2-chloroethyl)aminol-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-2-naphth oic acid in the rat was found to be rapid (cerebrovascular permeability-surface area product approximately 2 x 10(-2) ml/s/g), saturable and inhibitable by large neutral amino acids. Maximal influx rate (Vmax) and half-saturation (Km) constants equaled 0.26 nmol/min/g and 0.19 microM, respectively, in the parietal cortex. Regional brain uptake of acid exceeded that of the clinical analogue, melphalan, by greater than 20-fold. The results demonstrate that drug modification to produce high-affinity ligands for the cerebrovascular nutrient carriers is a viable means to enhance drug delivery to brain for the treatment of brain tumors and other central nervous system disorders.
<i>COL4A2</i> is associated with lacunar ischemic stroke and deep ICH (2017)

These results provide evidence of shared genetic determinants and suggest common pathophysiologic mechanisms of distinct ischemic and hemorrhagic cerebral SVD stroke phenotypes, offering new insights into the causal mechanisms of cerebral SVD.
The vitamin D receptor is required for iNKT cell development (2008)

CD1d-reactive natural killer T (NKT) cells with an invariant T cell receptor Valpha14 rearrangement are a unique subset of lymphocytes, which play important roles in immune regulation, tumor surveillance, and host defense against pathogens. Vitamin D is a nutrient/hormone that has been shown to regulate conventional T cell responses but not T cell development. The data show that expression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) is required for normal development and function of iNKT cells. The iNKT cells from VDR KO mice are intrinsically defective and lack T-bet expression. VDR KO iNKT cells fail to express NK1.1, although they express normal levels of CD122. Extrinsic factors that impact iNKT cell development and function in VDR KO mice include a failure of the liver to support homeostatic proliferation and reduced thymic expression of CD1d and other factors important for optimal antigen presentation in the thymus. In addition, VDR KO iNKT cells were intrinsically defective even when WT antigen-presenting cells were used to stimulate them.
Acoustic Simulations of Combined Electric and Acoustic Hearing (EAS) (2005)

Our results suggest that both deep and shallow insertions of electrodes could improve the speech understanding abilities of patients with residual hearing to 500 Hz. However, performance levels will be maximized if the gap between acoustic and electric stimulation is minimized.
Concrete optimisation with regard to packing density and rheology (2009)

In Civil Engineering granular materials, mixtures of particles with a wide grading span are used commonly. At the dry state, the sake of a minimum porosity or the maximum packing density is generally considered as a good strategy to get an optimised mix. However, modern concrete technology is now offering a variety of mixes suitable for different applications, that should match complex sets of specifications. These specifications ensure the ease of placement, the attainment of sufficient mechanical properties at the hardened state and a satisfactory durability in a certain environment. Rheology becomes a key issue in some mix categories, like Self-Compacting Concrete (SCC). In such a case, how the optimal aggregate gradation compares with the one of a dry mixture ? The paper discusses this old question through an example where a dry aggregate mix (in bulk or confined conditions), a Roller-Compacted Concrete, a Normal-Strength Concrete and a Self-Compacting Concrete are optimised with the same constituents. The effect of granular interactions, as wall effect and loosening effect, is highlighted.
High Resolution Schemes Using Flux Limiters for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws (1984)

The technique of obtaining high resolution, second order, oscillation free (TVD), explicit scalar difference schemes, by the addition of a limited antidiffusive flux to a first order scheme is explored and bounds derived for such limiters. A class of limiters is presented which includes a very compressive limiter due to Roe, and various limiters are compared both theoretically and numerically.
Beam scanning capability and suppression of endfire radiation of dipole array antennas coupled to two-wire parallel transmission line (2015)

In this letter, radiation pattern of a dipole array antenna coupled to a two-wire transmission line is numerically investigated. The effect of array spacing on the main beam direction of the array antenna is shown. In addition, it is shown that the endfire radiation of the array antenna can be suppressed when series inductors are loaded with the two-wire transmission line.
Measurement of length, surface form and thermal expansion coefficient of length bars up to 1.5 m using multiple-wavelength phase-stepping interferometry (1994)

A new interferometer has been developed for absolute length measurement of length bars between 100 and 1500 mm in length. The interferometer uses a combination of three-wavelength interferometry and phase-stepping interferometry to measure the length, flatness and mutual parallelism of the measuring faces, and thermal expansion of the bars, with direct traceability to realizations of the metre and the kelvin. The interferometer is operated inside a sealed chamber to minimize the effects of refractive index variations. The design and operation of the interferometer are presented, with representative results of length, flatness and parallelism and thermal expansivity measurements. The instrument has an estimated uncertainty of length measurement (at 95% confidence level) of +or-30 nm+or-6.2*10-8 L, where L is the length of the bar.
MSE network control in a mobile environment (2002)

The Mobile Subscriber Equipment (MSE) currently in use by the US Army comprises a network of communications equipment designed to provide total telecommunications service to an Army Corps and its attached Divisions. Control of the network is accomplished by use of the System Control Center (SCC). An overview of the MSE network is provided, with particular emphasis on the portions of the system involved in network control.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis of Bridged Azabicyclic Structures via Ring‐Closing Olefin Metathesis. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Debugging Machine Learning Tasks (2016)

Unlike traditional programs (such as operating systems or word processors) which have large amounts of code, machine learning tasks use programs with relatively small amounts of code (written in machine learning libraries), but voluminous amounts of data. Just like developers of traditional programs debug errors in their code, developers of machine learning tasks debug and fix errors in their data. However, algorithms and tools for debugging and fixing errors in data are less common, when compared to their counterparts for detecting and fixing errors in code. In this paper, we consider classification tasks where errors in training data lead to misclassifications in test points, and propose an automated method to find the root causes of such misclassifications. Our root cause analysis is based on Pearl's theory of causation, and uses Pearl's PS (Probability of Sufficiency) as a scoring metric. Our implementation, Psi, encodes the computation of PS as a probabilistic program, and uses recent work on probabilistic programs and transformations on probabilistic programs (along with gray-box models of machine learning algorithms) to efficiently compute PS. Psi is able to identify root causes of data errors in interesting data sets.
Trafficking and Release of Mycobacterial Lipids from Infected Macrophages (2000)

Analysis of infected macrophages revealed that lipid-containing moieties of the mycobacterial cell wall are actively trafficked out of the mycobacterial vacuole. To facilitate the analysis of vesicular trafficking from mycobacteria-containing phagosomes, surface-exposed carbohydrates were labeled with hydrazide-tagged markers. The distribution of labeled carbohydrate/lipid moieties and subsequent interaction with cellular compartments were analyzed by immunoelectron microscopy and by fluorescence microscopy of live cells. The released mycobacterial constituents were associated with several intracellular organelles and were enriched strikingly in tubular endocytic compartments. Subcellular fractionation of infected macrophages by density gradient electrophoresis showed temporal movement of labeled bacterial constituents through early and late endosomes. Thin layer chromatography analysis of these subcellular fractions confirmed their lipid nature and revealed five dominant bacteria-derived species. These mycobacterial lipids were also found in extracellular vesicles isolated from the medium and could be observed in un-infected 'bystander' cells. Their transfer to bystander cells could expand the bacteria's sphere of influence beyond the immediate confines of the host cell.
Assessing agreement on classification tasks: the kappa statistic (1996)

Currently, computational linguists and cognitive scientists working in the area of discourse and dialogue argue that their subjective judgments are reliable using several different statistics, none of which are easily interpretable or comparable to each other. Meanwhile, researchers in content analysis have already experienced the same difficulties and come up with a solution in the kappa statistic. We discuss what is wrong with reliability measures as they are currently used for discourse and dialogue work in computational linguistics and cognitive science, and argue that we would be better off as a field adopting techniques from content analysis. 1