gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Deep Learning (2020)

Many machine learning models learn a relationship between variates in a dataset by introducing a parametric class of functions and identifying the values of the parameters that minimize a specified loss value. The core idea of deep learning is to enhance simple parametric models by composing several of them. Such compositions are called neural networks, in reference to their historical role in efforts to model biological systems. In addition to its role in image and language processing, deep learning has led to monumental improvements in computer board game play. The pace of achievements in deep learning over the past decade has been unparalleled in other areas of machine learning and has cemented its status as an important resource in the data scientist's toolkit. The authors also develop the ideas necessary to implement a plain-vanilla neural network called the multilayer perceptron. They discuss convolutional neural networks, which are designed for handling image data.
Romania appeal (1999)

The author of ‘Elective placements in nurse education: Romania’ (PN. 11, 2) must be applauded for attempting to open up relationships between the nursing professions of both countries through the elective placement described. This laudable aim apparently failed: the question should be asked: why? I believe this question would not have had to be asked if, at the outset, a proper understanding of the fundamental differences between our two societies had been recognised.
Alternative perspective on intestinal calcium absorption: proposed complementary actions of Cav1.3 and TRPV6 (2011)

Transcellular models of dietary Ca(2+) absorption by the intestine assign essential roles to TRPV6 and calbindin-D(9K) . However, studies with gene-knockout mice challenge this view. Something fundamental is missing. The L-type channel Ca(v) 1.3 is located in the apical membrane from the duodenum to the ileum. In perfused rat jejunum in vivo and in Caco-2 cells, Ca(v) 1.3 mediates sodium glucose transporter 1 (SGLT1)-dependent and prolactin-induced active, transcellular Ca(2+) absorption, respectively. TRPV6 is activated by hyperpolarization and is vitamin D dependent; in contrast, Ca(v) 1.3 is activated by depolarization and is independent of calbindin-D(9K) and vitamin D. This review considers evidence supporting the idea that Ca(v) 1.3 and TRPV6 have complementary roles in the regulation of intestinal Ca(2+) absorption as depolarization and repolarization of the apical membrane occur during and between digestive periods, respectively, and as chyme moves from one intestinal segment to another and food transit times increase. Reassessment of current arguments for paracellular flow reveals that key phenomena have alternative explanations within the integrated Ca(v) 1.3/TRPV6 view of transcellular Ca(2+) absorption.
EMBER: An Open Dataset for Training Static PE Malware Machine Learning Models (2018)

This paper describes EMBER: a labeled benchmark dataset for training machine learning models to statically detect malicious Windows portable executable files. The dataset includes features extracted from 1.1M binary files: 900K training samples (300K malicious, 300K benign, 300K unlabeled) and 200K test samples (100K malicious, 100K benign). To accompany the dataset, we also release open source code for extracting features from additional binaries so that additional sample features can be appended to the dataset. This dataset fills a void in the information security machine learning community: a benign/malicious dataset that is large, open and general enough to cover several interesting use cases. We enumerate several use cases that we considered when structuring the dataset. Additionally, we demonstrate one use case wherein we compare a baseline gradient boosted decision tree model trained using LightGBM with default settings to MalConv, a recently published end-to-end (featureless) deep learning model for malware detection. Results show that even without hyper-parameter optimization, the baseline EMBER model outperforms MalConv. The authors hope that the dataset, code and baseline model provided by EMBER will help invigorate machine learning research for malware detection, in much the same way that benchmark datasets have advanced computer vision research.
Pivotal Role of Electrophilicity in Glutathione <i>S</i>-Transferase Induction by <i>tert</i>-Butylhydroquinone (2003)

Although the induction of glutathione S-transferase (GST) activity by tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) has been well-documented in several cell culture systems and rodent experiments, the exact mechanism responsible for its inducibility is still not thoroughly understood. To more precisely define the molecular mechanism of GST induction by tBHQ, we examined the one-electron oxidation and glutathione (GSH) reaction potentials of tBHQ as compared to its analogue, 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (DtBHQ). tBHQ and DtBHQ showed similar one-electron oxidation potentials, including free radical quenching (antioxidant), oxidative conversion of both compounds to a benzoquinone form, and Cu(2+)-dependent superoxide generation. On the other hand, the reduced GSH level was observed by the addition of tBHQ, but not DtBHQ, suggesting that tBHQ acts as an electrophile while DtBHQ does not. The data were consistent with the observation that tBHQ more potently induced the GSTP1 gene expression in RL34 cells than DtBHQ did. Moreover, we indeed detected the GSH-tBHQ conjugates in the cells exposed to tBHQ using an electrochemical detector-high-performance liquid chromatography technique. Thus, we conclude that an electrophilic quinone oxidation product that reacts with intracellular nucleophiles including protein thiol or GSH plays a major role in the GSTP1 gene expression.
Ecological Significance of Microdiversity: Identical 16S rRNA Gene Sequences Can Be Found in Bacteria with Highly Divergent Genomes and Ecophysiologies (2004)

A combination of cultivation-based methods with a molecular biological approach was used to investigate whether planktonic bacteria with identical 16S rRNA gene sequences can represent distinct eco- and genotypes. A set of 11 strains of Brevundimonas alba were isolated from a bacterial freshwater community by conventional plating or by using a liquid most-probable-number (MPN) dilution series. These strains had identical 16S rRNA gene sequences and represented the dominant phylotype in the plateable fraction, as well as in the highest positive dilutions of the MPN series. However, internally transcribed spacer and enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus PCR fingerprinting analyses, as well as DNA-DNA hybridization analyses, revealed great genetic diversity among the 11 strains. Each strain utilized a specific combination of 59 carbon substrates, and the niche overlap indices were low, suggesting that each strain occupied a different ecological niche. In dialysis cultures incubated in situ, each strain had a different growth rate and cell yield. We thus demonstrated that the B. alba strains represent distinct populations with genetically determined adaptations and probably occupy different ecological niches. Our results have implications for assessment of the diversity and biogeography of bacteria and increase the perception of natural diversity beyond the level of 16S rRNA gene sequences.
Fundamentals of Astrometry (2004)

Astrometry encompasses all that is necessary to provide the positions and motions of celestial bodies. This includes observational techniques, instrumentation, processing and analysis of observational data, reference systems and frames, and the resulting astronomical phenomena. Astrometry is fundamental to all other fields of astronomy, from the pointing of telescopes, to navigation and guidance systems, to distance and motion determinations for astrophysics. In the last few decades, new observational techniques have enabled improvements in accuracy by orders of magnitude. Starting from basic principles, this 2004 book provides the fundamentals for this new astrometry at milli- and micro-arcsecond accuracies. Topics include: basics of general relativity; co-ordinate systems; vectors, tensors, quaternions, and observational uncertainties; determination and use of the celestial and terrestrial reference systems and frames; applications of new observational techniques; present and future star catalogues and double star astrometry. This comprehensive reference will be invaluable for graduate students and research astronomers.
Enzymatic assay for creatinine with fixed-time kinetics on a centrifugal analyzer. (1984)

A method is described for enzymatic measurement of serum creatinine using a centrifugal analyzer. The method employs fixed-time kinetics and a true serum blank. The method required 100 microliters of serum and is linear to 90 mg per L. Day-to-day precision studies revealed a standard deviation (coefficient of variation) of less than +/- 0.5 mg per L (7.4 percent) at a mean creatinine concentration of 6 mg per L and +/- 0.5 mg per L (1.8 percent) at a mean value of 28 mg per L. The method was free of interferences from acetoacetic acid, ascorbic acid, bilirubin, and hemoglobin. The speed, precision, and accuracy of the method suggest that it represents a useful alternative to methods using the alkaline picrate procedure.
Recent Family Medicine Residency Graduates' Perceptions of Resident Duty Hour Restrictions (2013)

Most graduates who responded to the survey felt supervision was equally or more important than limits on resident duty hours. However, 20% of respondents felt that the duty hour standards limited their education. The duty hour and supervision requirements challenge educators to ensure quality education.
Comparative fermentation studies of industrial strains belonging to four species of solvent-producing clostridia. (2000)

Industrial and culture collection strains of solvent-producing clostridia, classified as Clostridium acetobutylicum, Clostridium beijerinckii, Clostridium saccharobutylicum, and Clostridium saccharoperbutylacetonicum were utilised in a comparative study of fermentation performance in a laboratory fermentation medium, a molasses fermentation medium, and a maize fermentation medium under standardised culture conditions. At least one representative strain was selected from each of the sub-groups within the four species. Preliminary evaluations were first undertaken for the three different fermentation media to determine the most appropriate media formulations, carbohydrate concentrations, and culture conditions for comparison of the solvent-producing ability of these strains. Standardised fermentation media and culture conditions were then selected for each of the comparative fermentation studies. These included TYA medium containing 4% glucose, a supplemented molasses medium containing 6% fermentable sugars, and a supplemented maize mash medium containing 8% maize. Additional comparative fermentation studies on industrial strains belonging to two species of solvent-producing clostridia were carried out in molasses containing higher concentrations of fermentable sugars, and the sugar concentrations supporting maximum levels of solvent production were determined. Although all the strains tested grew in the maize fermentation medium and degraded starch, only a few strains produced consistently high solvent levels. Optimum starch utilisation and solvent production was obtained at a maize concentration of 80 g/l. Pretreatment of the maize by milling or saccharification decreased the buffering capacity of the medium and resulted in decreased solvent production. Decreasing the time used to gelatinise the starch had little effect. Solvent yields and concentrations obtained in this study were compared with various published data in the scientific and patent literature and appeared to closely simulate the results obtained in the industrial fermentation process. The fermentation performances of individual strains could provide useful comparative data for the selection and development of strains for use on various commercial fermentation substrates.
The π and σ bonding modes of meso-octaethylporphyrinogen to transition metals: the X-ray structure of a meso-octaethylporphyrinogen–zirconiuml(<scp>IV</scp>) complex and of the parent meso-octaethylporphyrinogen ligand (1991)

The meso-octaethylporphyrinogen tetraanion provides σ and π binding pyrrolyl anions to electron poor transition metals, as shown in the structure of the meso-octaethylporphyrinogen–zirconium(IV) complex containing two η5 and two σ metal-bonded pyrrolyl anions.
Dual‐slot antennas for microwave tissue heating: Parametric design analysis and experimental validation (2011)

Dual-slot antennas can produce more spherical ablation zones while retaining low reflection coefficients. These benefits are obtained without adding to the antenna diameter. Further evaluation for clinical microwave ablation appears warranted.
Human recombinant erythropoietin promotes differentiation of murine megakaryocytes in vitro. (1987)

To determine if erythropoietin affects megakaryocytopoiesis, we measured acetylcholinesterase (AchE) activity, a marker of the murine megakaryocytic lineage, after the addition of human recombinant erythropoietin to serumless murine bone marrow cultures. Erythropoietin increased AchE activity substantially. Moreover, when the hormone was added to serumless cultures of 426 isolated single megakaryocytes derived from megakaryocytic colonies, erythropoietin induced a significant increase in the diameters of these cells. From a Bayesian analysis of the likelihood that some megakaryocytes increased in DNA content during the culture period, we estimate that 61% of the cells increased in ploidy. These data indicate that the action of erythropoietin is not restricted to the erythroid lineage.
A Novel Method for Developing Robotics via Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things (2014)

This paper describe about a new methodology for developing and improving the robotics field via artificial intelligence and internet of things. Now a day, we can say Artificial Intelligence take the world into robotics. Almost all industries use robots for lot of works. They are use co-operative robots to make different kind of works. But there was some problem to make robot for multi tasks. So there was a necessary new methodology to made multi tasking robots. It will be done only by artificial intelligence and internet of things.
The targeted cytotoxic prodrug, AQ4N, has significant activity in the breast adenocarcinoma model MDA-MB-231. (2006)

Proc Amer Assoc Cancer Res, Volume 47, 2006

5545 

Introduction: An ideal anti-tumor treatment is the use of highly selective compounds to eliminate neoplastic cells while having minimal systemic toxicity to normal tissues. AQ4N (banoxantrone; 1,4 bis[[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]amino]-5,8-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione bis N-oxide) is designed to have little or no toxicity until selectively activated by bioreduction to AQ4, a highly potent DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor. In vitro , AQ4 has potent cytotoxicity on a panel of solid tumor lines and treatment with AQ4N has been shown to have significant anti-tumor activity in xenograft models of colon and pancreatic carcinoma. Here we investigate the anti-tumor potential of AQ4N in a breast adenocarcinoma tumor model, MDA-MB-231. Experimental Methods: The cytotoxic activity of AQ4 and AQ4N was determined by MTT assay following a 24 hour incubation with drug in vitro . To investigate the anti-tumor effects of AQ4N in vivo , human MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cells were subcutaneously implanted into nude mice (10 mice per group). Mice were randomized and treatment initiated when tumors reached 80-120mm3; the endpoint of the study was defined as tumors of 1500mm3. AQ4N was dosed intravenously and two treatment groups included 75 mg/kg every other day (qod) × 6 and 90mg/kg every three days (q3d) × 6. Paclitaxel, a highly effective anti-neoplastic agent in this model, was used as a positive control. Treatment outcome was determined from tumor growth delay, defined as the increase in median time to endpoint (TTE) in the treatment group as compared to untreated mice; statistical significance was determined by log-rank test. Results: AQ4N and AQ4 were screened against the human breast cell line, MDA-MB-231 in vitro . Whereas the parent AQ4N molecule was shown to be inactive, the bioreduced AQ4 metabolite demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity with an IC50 of 2.71μM. In vivo , both AQ4N dose groups demonstrated significant tumor growth delay compared to the no treatment control (TTE = 26.4 days for untreated) in the MDA-MB-231 tumor model. AQ4N dosed at 90mg/kg q3d × 6 yielded a median TTE of 36.7 days corresponding to a 10.3 day (39%) tumor growth delay (P=0.005). In addition, AQ4N dosed at 75mg/kg qod x6 resulted in a median TTE of 34.1 days corresponding to a 7.7 day (29%) tumor growth delay (P=0.02). As expected, paclitaxel dosed at 30mg/kg qod × 5 had 100% day 60 survival (P<0.0001). Conclusions: The cytotoxic prodrug AQ4N demonstrates significant anti-tumor activity in the MDA-MB-231 breast adenocarcinoma tumor model, at doses below the MTD. This extends our observations showing significant anti-tumor effects in pancreatic and colon carcinoma xenograft models and indicates that AQ4N may have potential as single agent therapy in multiple solid tumor malignancies. AQ4N is currently being investigated in human clinical studies.
Fiber hybrid polyimide‐based composites reinforced with carbon fiber and poly‐<i>p</i>‐phenylene benzobisthiazole fiber: Tribological behaviors under sea water lubrication (2014)

Fiber hybrid polyimide‐based (PI‐based) composites reinforced with carbon fiber (CF) and poly‐ p ‐phenylene benzobisthiazole (PBO) fiber of different volume fractions were fabricated by means of hot press molding technique, and their mechanical properties and tribological behaviors under sea water lubrication were systematically investigated in relation to the synergism of CF and PBO fiber. Results showed that the incorporation of CF or PBO fiber improved the tensile strength, hardness, and wear resistance of PI. More importantly, because of the synergistic enhancement effect between CF and PBO fiber on PI matrix, the combination of 10%CF and 5%PBO fiber reinforced PI‐based composite had the best mechanical and tribological properties, showing promising application in ocean environment. POLYM. COMPOS., 37:1650–1658, 2016. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Analysis of Reaction Kinetics for Carbon Monoxide and Carbon Dioxide on Polycrystalline Platinum Relative to Fuel Cell Operation (1996)

Polymer electrolyte fuel cells operate at high efficiencies using pure H2 fuel. H2 produced by reforming hydrocarbons or alcohols contains CO and CO2 (COx) impurities which readily adsorb onto anode Pt electrocatalysts, reducing the efficiency for H2 electrooxidation. A COx inventory model is useful for describing the behavior of adsorbed CO on Pt electrocatalyst surfaces. The model compares three fluxes: (1) direct adsorption of CO, (2) the electroreduction of CO2, and (3) electrooxidation of adsorbed CO. The fluxes of CO2 electroreduction and CO electrooxidation were measured electrochemically on polycrystalline Pt electrodes (surface roughness = 30−100) in 1 N H2SO4 between 23 and 66 °C. This study concludes that, under polymer electrolyte fuel cell conditions, CO tolerance is achieved when the flux of CO electrooxidation balances the combined adsorption fluxes from both CO and CO2. Furthermore, under most conditions, CO adsorption will generally exceed the fluxes of CO2 electroreduction.
Multi-stage programming with explicit annotations (1997)

We introduce MetaML, a statically-typed multi-stage programming language extending Nielson and Nielson's two stage notation to an arbitrary number of stages. MetaML extends previous work by introducing four distinct staging annotations which generalize those published previously [25, 12, 7, 6]We give a static semantics in which type checking is done once and for all before the first stage, and a dynamic semantics which introduces a new concept of cross-stage persistence, which requires that variables available in any stage are also available in all future stages.We illustrate that staging is a manual form of binding time analysis. We explain why, even in the presence of automatic binding time analysis, explicit annotations are useful, especially for programs with more than two stages.A thesis of this paper is that multi-stage languages are useful as programming languages in their own right, and should support features that make it possible for programmers to write staged computations without significantly changing their normal programming style. To illustrate this we provide a simple three stage example, and an extended two-stage example elaborating a number of practical issues.
<title>All inorganic oxide solid state thin film electrochromic devices with variable reflectance</title> (1997)

All inorganic oxide solid-state thin-film electrochromic (EC) devices with variable reflectance were fabricated by electron beam (EB) evaporation deposition technology. Multilayer thin film configuration was deposited in NiOx/SiOx/WO<SUB>3</SUB>/Al order onto a glass substrate precoated with indium tin oxide (ITO) transparent conductive layer. We designed and developed a comprehensive test system to measure the optical, electrical and electrochromic characteristics of such a device. A composite virtual instruments in the system may generate a square wave or triangle wave to drive EC unit, and also can collect and store all optical and electrical data occurred in EC processes. For reflective EC devices, their optical switching and modulating characteristics, response and open- circuit memory behavior and optical reflective spectra are investigated. Reflective changes as large as 60% at 633.3 nm wavelength are obtained. Optimal coloring and bleaching time are 3.5 sec and 2 sec respectively. Several hundreds coloration and bleaching cycles of such devices have been carried out without any degradation. All results indicate that such a device is highly suitable for potential applications such as automotive rear-view mirror and other variable transmittance devices.
Preclinical evaluation of genexol-PM, a nanoparticle formulation of paclitaxel, as a novel radiosensitizer for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer. (2013)

e13546 Background: A key research objective in radiation oncology is to identify agents that can improve chemoradiotherapy. Nanoparticle (NP) chemotherapeutics possess several properties, such as preferential accumulation in tumors, that are uniquely suited for chemoradiotherapy. To facilitate the clinical translation of NP chemotherapeutics in chemoradiotherapy, we conducted preclinical evaluation of Genexol-PM, the only clinically approved NP chemotherapeutic with a controlled drug release profile, as a radiosensitizer using non-small cell lung cancer as a model disease. Methods: The physical characteristics and drug release profile of Genexol-PM were characterized. Genexol-PM’s efficacy as a radiosensitizer was evaluated in vitro using NSCLC cell lines and in vivousing mouse xenograft models of NSCLC. Paclitaxel dose to normal lung and liver after Genexol-PM administration were quantified and compared to that of after Taxol administration. Results: Genexol-PM have a size of 23.91 ± 0.41 nm and surface charge of -8.1 ± 3.1 mV. It releases paclitaxel in a controlled release profile. In vitro evaluation of Genexol-PM as a radiosensitizer showed it is an excellent radiosensitizer and is more effective than Taxol, its small molecule counterpart at the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50). In vivostudy of Genexol-PM as a radiosensitizer demonstrated that it is more effective as a radiosensitizer than Taxol. We also found that Genexol-PM leads to lower paclitaxel exposure to normal lung and liver tissue than Taxol at 6 hours post administration. Conclusions: We have demonstrated that Genexol-PM is more effective than Taxol as a radiosensitizer in the preclinical setting and holds high potential for clinical translation. Our data support the clinical evaluation of Genexol-PM in chemoradiotherapy for NSCLC.