gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HIF-1 Signaling in Drug Resistance to Chemotherapy (2014)

Activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) signaling is observed in a broad range of human cancers due to tumor hypoxia and epigenetic mechanisms. HIF-1 activation leads to the transcription of a plethora of target genes that promote physiological changes associated with therapeutic resistance, including the inhibition of apoptosis and senescence and the activation of drug efflux and cellular metabolism. As a result, targeting HIF-1 represents an attractive strategy to enhance the efficacy of current therapies as well as reduce resistance to chemotherapy in tumors. Approaches to inhibit HIF-1 signaling have primarily focused on reducing HIF-1α protein levels, by inducing its degradation or inhibiting its transcription, inhibiting HIF-1-mediated transcription, or disrupting the formation of the HIF-1 transcription factor complex. To date, multiple preclinical and clinical agents have been identified that effectively inhibit HIF-1 activity through various mechanisms, likely accounting for a portion of their anti-tumor efficacy. This review aims to provide an overview of our current understanding of the role of HIF-1 in therapeutic resistance and discuss the ongoing effort to develop HIF-1 inhibitors as an anti-cancer strategy.
Microparticles Carrying Sonic Hedgehog Favor Neovascularization through the Activation of Nitric Oxide Pathway in Mice (2010)

These findings suggest that MPs(Shh+) may contribute to reparative neovascularization after ischemic injury by regulating NO pathway and genes involved in angiogenesis.
A Low Complexity Decoding Scheme for Raptor-Like LDPC Codes (2019)

Recently, a new structure of low density parity check (LDPC) code named raptor-like LDPC code has attracted much attention. It has better performance at low code rate. In this paper, a novel decoding scheme for raptor-like LDPC code is proposed. First, the Gaussian approximation density evolution (GADE) algorithm is used to track and analyze the message transmission during the decoding process. It is found that certain log likelihood ratio (LLR) messages can be approximated by “zero” setting in the early iteration of raptor-like LDPC decoding. In other words, some column and row operations could be eliminated without compromise the performance. Next, we propose a new decoding scheme, which can skip unnecessary column and row operations. In comparison with the traditional belief propagation (BP)-based LDPC decoding scheme, the proposed scheme can reduce the decoding complexity. Additionally, a new algorithm is developed to facilitate the selection of the early iteration number. With this novel design, the proposed decoding scheme performs almost the same as the traditional BP-based scheme. To proof the concept, the raptor-like LDPC codes in the ATSC3.0 digital TV system are used to evaluate the proposed scheme, in comparison with the traditional BP-based schemes, i.e., sum-product algorithm (SPA), offset min-sum algorithm (OMSA), and normalized min-sum algorithm (NMSA). The simulation results confirm that the proposed scheme can reduce the decoding complexity without sacrifice in performance for all SPA, OMSA, and NMSA methods. About 10% complexity reduction can be achieved. This will reduce the buttery consumption for Internet of Things (IoT) and handheld devices.
Silicon MINP solar cells (1985)

The MINP solar cell concept refers to a cell structure designed to be a base region dominated device. Thus, it is desirable that recombination losses are reduced to the point that they occur only in the base region. The most unique feature of the MINP cell design is that a tunneling contact is utilized for the metallic contact on the front surface. The areas under the collector grid and bus bar are passivated by a thin oxide of tunneling thickness. Efforts must also be taken to minimize recombination at the surface between grid lines, at the junction periphery and within the emitter. Results of both theoretical and experimental studies of silicon MINP cells are given. Performance calculations are described which give expected efficiencies as a function of base resistivity and junction depth. Fabrication and characterization of cells are discussed which are based on 0.2 ohm-cm substrates, diffused emitters on the order of 0.15 to 0.20 microns deep, and with Mg MIS collector grids. A total area AM 1 efficiency of 16.8% was achieved. Detailed analyses of photocurrent and current loss mechanisms are presented and utilized to discuss future directions of research. Finally, results reported by other workers are discussed.
Purification and Characterization of a Polygalacturonase-Inhibiting Protein from <i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L. (1987)

Homogeneous endo-polygalacturonase (PG) was covalently bound to cyanogen-bromide-activated Sepharose, and the resulting PG-Sepharose conjugate was utilized to purify, by affinity chromatography, a protein from Phaseolus vulgaris hypocotyls that binds to and inhibits PG. Isoelectric focusing of the purified PG-inhibiting protein (PGIP) showed a major protein band that coincided with PG-inhibiting activity. PGIP formed a complex with PG at pH 5.0 and at low salt concentrations. The complex dissociated in 0.5 m Na-acetate and pH values lower than 4.5 or higher than 6.0. Formation of the PG-PGIP complex resulted in complete inhibition of PG activity. PG activity was restored upon dissociation of the complex. The protein exhibited inhibitory activity toward PGs from Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, Fusarium moniliforme and Aspergillus niger. The possible role of PGIP in regulating the activity of fungal PG's and their ability to elicit plant defense reactions are discussed.
API Terms and Conditions as a Service (2014)

Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) has evolved from business-to-business interactions, into the new API model that enables open partnerships and interoperability with just about anyone. In SOA, terms of service (ToS) and service level agreements (SLAs) were agreed upon on one-to-one basis, as the Web service interfaces were defined. In contrast, API ecosystems appeal for self-serve and instant gratification, being able to access, try and buy an API with a single click. As business teams and citizen developers access API ecosystems, they will want to quickly identify APIs that conform to their legal and usage terms requirements. For example, a large, established enterprise would not be as keen to give up their brand permission easily through use of a 3rd party API, whereas a citizen developer would probably not be concerned too much. Therefore we see a need to be able to automatically assess API terms of service to facilitate comparison and selection of multiple APIs from different providers. To enable API consumers to navigate this flood of APIs, we present a system that simplifies API terms of service creation and assessment. The core of the proposed system is a common API terms of service data model, which captures legal and entitlement capabilities. The system enables profile-based search, thereby allowing users to specify their terms of service requirements relevant to different roles that they may have in the ecosystem (e.g. citizen developer, enterprise procurement officer, etc.).
Meltblown nanofibres for nonwoven filtration applications (2001)

Nanomaterials have contributed significantly to the enhancement of technological and industrial development. The conventional membranes used in various separation processes are limited in their abilities, performances, and are prone to fouling or biofouling. Membranes fabricated with functionalized nanomaterials are sustainable, robust, and energy-efficient in membrane technology. The nanomaterials incorporate several properties into the membrane, such as antifouling, chemical resistance, high mechanical strength, and enhanced separation properties. In this chapter, the fabrication of sustainable membranes with FNMs is presented, discussing their performance, advantages, and drawbacks. Different fabrication techniques, including interfacial polymerization, surface coating, electrospinning, phase inversion, slip casting, extrusion, chemical vapor deposition, and more, have been detailed in this chapter. Various membranes such as thin-film nanocomposite, nanofibrous, ceramic, and carbon nanotube-based membranes can be fabricated using these techniques. Such membranes have enhanced properties that significantly improve the performance to overcome several challenges faced in the traditional membrane technology-based water treatment and desalination applications.
Rapid Diagnosis of Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever by Reverse Transcription-PCR in an Outbreak Setting and Assessment of Patient Viral Load as a Predictor of Outcome (2004)

The largest outbreak on record of Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EHF) occurred in Uganda from August 2000 to January 2001. The outbreak was centered in the Gulu district of northern Uganda, with secondary transmission to other districts. After the initial diagnosis of Sudan ebolavirus by the National Institute for Virology in Johannesburg, South Africa, a temporary diagnostic laboratory was established within the Gulu district at St. Mary's Lacor Hospital. The laboratory used antigen capture and reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR) to diagnose Sudan ebolavirus infection in suspect patients. The RT-PCR and antigen-capture diagnostic assays proved very effective for detecting ebolavirus in patient serum, plasma, and whole blood. In samples collected very early in the course of infection, the RT-PCR assay could detect ebolavirus 24 to 48 h prior to detection by antigen capture. More than 1,000 blood samples were collected, with multiple samples obtained from many patients throughout the course of infection. Real-time quantitative RT-PCR was used to determine the viral load in multiple samples from patients with fatal and nonfatal cases, and these data were correlated with the disease outcome. RNA copy levels in patients who died averaged 2 log(10) higher than those in patients who survived. Using clinical material from multiple EHF patients, we sequenced the variable region of the glycoprotein. This Sudan ebolavirus strain was not derived from either the earlier Boniface (1976) or Maleo (1979) strain, but it shares a common ancestor with both. Furthermore, both sequence and epidemiologic data are consistent with the outbreak having originated from a single introduction into the human population.
Eye movements and pupil dilation during event perception (2006)

Human observers segment ongoing activities into events that are reliable across observers [Newtson and Engquist 1976]. Segments can be small ("fine") or large ("coarse") with clusters of fine-grained segments relating hierarchically to coarse segments. Segmentation behaviour occurs even without instruction indicated by neural activity in the Medial Temporal complex (MT+)and Frontal Eye Field (FEF). Similar activation is observed during active segmentation [Zacks et al. 2001]. These two brain regions are known to be active during the processing of visual motion (MT+) and guiding saccadic eye movements (FEF). This, along with behavioural evidence [Zacks 2004], indicates that visual motion may play an important role in identifying events.
Design of synthetic hexapeptide substrates for prostate‐specific antigen using single‐position minilibraries (1999)

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), a serine endoprotease with chymotrypsin-like substrate specificity, is a marker used widely for detection of prostate cancer and other prostate diseases, catalyzing hydrolysis of the gel-forming proteins semenogelins I and II, which are synthesized and secreted by the seminal vesicle. In this study we report the use of two single-position minilibraries and RP-HPLC selection to optimize a hexapeptide substrate for PSA, spanning substrate positions P3 to P3'. PSA has been shown previously to prefer tyrosine in position P1 [Denmeade et al. (1997) Cancer Research, 57, 4924-4930]. Here we demonstrate preference for serine in position P1' and strong preference for phenylalanine in position P2. Based on these results we have designed and demonstrated the utility of the optimized fluorogenic PSA substrate 7-methoxy-coumarin-4-acetylGlnPheTyrSerSerAsnLys(epsilon-2,4-dinit rophenyl)amide, 1, which permits continuous monitoring of PSA endopeptidase activity at high sensitivity.
Distinguishing between linear and exponential cell growth during the division cycle: Single-cell studies, cell-culture studies, and the object of cell-cycle research (2006)

The logical consistency of exponential growth--integrating and accounting for biochemistry, cell biology, and rigorous experimental analysis--leads to the conclusion that proposals of linear growth are the result of experimental perturbations and measurement limitations. It is proposed that the universal pattern of cell growth during the cell cycle is exponential.
An Efficient Implementation of Multi-channel H.264 Decoder SoC (2008)

We developed a multi-channel H.264 decoder based on a single channel H.264 decoder which was developed using autonomous module design methodology. Since an autonomous module can control itself by checking states of its neighbor modules, we could easily extend the decoder for decoding multi-channel streams. We utilized the nature of SDRAM structure for efficient use of frame data. We developed specialized SDRAM controller and DMA controller for efficient data transfers of 2- dimensional data. By assigning dedicated channels for modules which require data transfer from/to SDRAM, they can freely use SDRAM data. The decoder can decode 1~16 channels of QVGA, 1~4 channels of VGA, 1~2 channels of XGA or HD, or 1 channel of Full-HD videos at 30 fps within 150 MHz. 1
Nature and Role of Loosely Bound Fluoride in Dental Caries (1990)

This paper discusses loosely bound fluoride and its role in dental caries and prevention. Loosely bound fluoride (abbr. by Fa) is fluoride adsorbed onto enamel mineral crystallites. Several recent studies indicate that a high total level of fluoride in enamel does not guarantee protection against caries. This leads to the conclusion that a major part of fluoride present in the solid enamel is not active in prevention. The adsorption of Fa to the mineral under acidic conditions is described. Most likely there is a dynamic equilibrium between fluoride in solution and adsorbed Fa at the crystal surface interface. When the crystallite is completely covered by adsorbed Fa, there is a maximum inhibition of dissolution. The rate of dissolution of mineral depends on pH, the actual concentrations of calcium and phosphate in the liquid in contact with the crystallites, and on the fraction of the surface covered by adsorbed fluoride. The fluoride, Fs, localized in the inner part of the crystallites is relatively unimportant. "CaF2-like" material can be formed on and in enamel depending on conditions. The in vivo-formed globular "CaF2-like" material is not pure CaF2 and releases F- ions when dissolving; these ions will also be partly adsorbed as Fa in and on enamel. Presently, the amount and importance of Fa originating from in vivo-formed "CaF2-like" material are not known. The level of fluoride, Fa, necessary for strong inhibition of enamel demineralization in vitro is estimated to correspond to a fluoride concentration, FL, in the liquid phase of 1 ppm or 50 mumol/L fluoride ions.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synthèse d'acétyl‐6 et benzoyl‐6 indoles (1981)

Abstract La synthèse d'acétyl‐6 et benzoyl‐6 indoles a été réalisée via la réaction de Hemetsberger. Quelques aspects de leur réactivité sont envisagés.
Review of Oxidative Stress in Brain and Spinal Cord Injury: Suggestions for Pharmacological and Nutritional Management Strategies (1998)

Much of the damage that occurs in the central nervous system (CNS) following trauma is due to secondary effects of glutamate excitotoxicity, Ca2+ overload, and oxidative stress, three mechanisms that in a spiraling interactive cascade end in neuronal death. Oxidative stress activates mechanisms that result in a neutrophil-mediated inflammation that also causes secondary damage. Mechanisms of oxidative stress are reviewed, with particular attention paid to lipid peroxidation and the central role of reduced glutathione in scavenging peroxides. We suggest that decreasing oxidative stress will greatly reduce the amount of secondary damage due to trauma. Oxidative stress can be minimized by 1) maintaining reduced-glutathione levels through the administration of cysteine precursors such as N-acetylcysteine and 2) limiting neutrophil invasion by administering platelet-activating factor antagonists such as BN 52021. Aggressive nutritional support following CNS trauma can also contribute to maximizing antioxidant defenses. Furthermore, we suggest that flavonoids such as quercetin have the potential to be therapeutically effective because of their free radical quenching, iron chelating, and anti-inflammatory properties.
7.5-GHz injection-locked dual modulus prescaler with 1-GHz locking range (2007)

In this paper we propose a novel injection-lock based dual modulus (2/3) prescaler. The prescaler is based on the modulo-n ILFD with ring oscillator and is designed with the TSMC 0.13μm. Simulations showed a current consumption of 700μA with a maximum operating frequency of 8GHz and about 1GHz common lock range.
Studies on spasmolytics. II. Synthesis and anticholinergic activities of 4-acyloxy-1-alkyl-1-(1,3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl)piperidinium compounds. (1984)

Quaternization of 4-acyloxy-1-(1, 3-dioxolan-4-ylmethyl) piperidine derivatives with methyl bromide afforded two diastereoisomers in equal amounts. The stereochemistry of these compounds was determined from the chemical shift of the N-methyl signals in the proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) spectra. The quaternary salts showed high anticholinergic activities. The trans isomers tended to be more potent than the corresponding cis isomers.
Experimental Verification of SAR-GMTI Improvement Through Antenna Switching (2010)

Recently, theoretical investigations have shown that switching between parts of the transmit and/or receive aperture in a pulse-to-pulse cycle may improve the ground moving target indication (GMTI) performance of a two-channel radar system. This paper intends to verify these findings experimentally for the switching concept for the first time. Accordingly, six different GMTI modes were implemented in the system PAMIR (phased-array multifunctional imaging radar) of the Fraunhofer Institute for High Frequency Physics and Radar Techniques (Fraunhofer FHR) including three switching modes. An experiment was conducted using six cooperative vehicles following a predefined scenario to compare the GMTI performance and, in particular, the positioning accuracy of the different GMTI modes. The results of this experiment as well as the underlying signal processing are presented in this paper. The analysis is based on a multilook constant false-alarm rate detection scheme. Due to the heterogenous nature of the considered scene, the well-known test statistic for homogeneous terrain had to be extended accordingly, and a novel test statistics is proposed.
Road traffic estimation using in-situ acoustic sensing (2010)

In this paper, we explore the efficacy of curb-side acoustic sensing to estimate road traffic conditions. We formulated a set of hypotheses which attempted to correlate traffic conditions with the ambient traffic noise. We present the evaluation of our hypotheses under various traffic conditions. Our threshold-based-classification yields 70-90% accuracy in distinguishing congested from free-flowing traffic.
1-Bromopinacolone, an active site-directed covalent inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase. (1982)

1-Bromopinacolone, BrPin, acts initially as a reversible competitive inhibitor for acetylcholinesterase, KI = 0.18 mM in hydrolysis of acetylcholine. Unlike bromoacetone, with time it acts as an irreversible covalent inhibitor. BrPin has a hydrolytic half-life of 30 h at the pH of incubation, 7.8. The enzyme-BrPin complex is 50% inactivated in 2 h. First order kinetics are observed; the rate constant is proportional to the concentration of complex. Retardation by cationic inhibitors of the inactivation is consistent with inactivation occurring as a result of binding of BrPin to the active site. Efficiency of irreversible inhibition by BrPin is essentially the same for hydrolysis of cationic and uncharged substrates, acetylcholine, 3,3-dimethylbutyl acetate, phenyl acetate, n-butyl acetate, and indophenyl acetate. In contrast, a cationic alkylating agent, N,N-dimethyl-2-phenylaziridinium ion, DPA, acts noncompetitively; it inactivates completely toward cationic, and partially toward uncharged substrates, and does so slightly more rapidly than BrPin, but less than would be commensurate with its greater intrinsic reactivity. Enzyme first treated with DPA is inactivated by BrPin toward hydrolysis of 3,3-dimethylbutyl acetate. It is proposed that BrPin, and not DPA, binds and reacts in, and may be a useful labeling agent for, the active site.
Inositol synthesis and catabolism inCryptococcus neoformans (1999)

Cryptococcus neoformans is an opportunistic fungal pathogen that synthesizes and catabolizes inositol. This study demonstrates inositol synthesis from glucose-6-phosphate via inositol-1-phosphate synthase and catabolism to glucuronic acid via inositol oxygenase in this organism. These inositol synthetic and catabolic pathways are regulated in opposition; repressing conditions for one are inducing conditions for the other. An inositol-requiring strain was generated by UV mutagenesis. Without inositol, this mutant strain undergoes 'inositol-less' death, during which time the phosphatidylinositol composition of the membranes decreases without alteration of the proportion of other phospholipids. The mutation on this strain results in no detectable inositol synthetic activity but normal (wild-type) inositol catabolic activity. This inositol-requiring mutant strain reverted at a high frequency. Classical genetic experiments revealed that the majority of the reverting mutations are at second sites. Interestingly, the revertants exhibited unusual morphological phenotypes when deprived of inositol, while provision of inositol restored wild-type morphology. Inositol metabolism is clearly important for growth and development of C. neoformans and may be involved in this organism's mechanism for survival as both a saprophyte in soil and a parasite in humans.
Aryldiazomethanes for Universal Labeling of Nucleic Acids and Analysis on DNA Chips (2003)

DNA and RNA labeling and detection are key steps in nucleic acid-based technologies, used in medical research and molecular diagnostics. We report here the synthesis, reactivity, and potential of a new type of labeling molecule, m-(N-Biotinoylamino)phenylmethyldiazomethane (m-BioPMDAM), that reacts selectively and efficiently with phosphates in nucleotide monomers, oligonucleotides, DNA, and RNA. This molecule contains a biotin as detectable unit and a diazomethyl function as reactive moiety. We demonstrate that this label fulfills the requirements of stability, solubility, reactivity, and selectivity for hybridization-based analysis and especially for detection on high-density DNA chips.