gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Discrepancies between isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the stable isotope analysis of plant and soil waters (2010)

The use of isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy (IRIS) for the stable hydrogen and oxygen isotope analysis of water is increasing. While IRIS has many advantages over traditional isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), it may also be prone to errors that do not impact upon IRMS analyses. Of particular concern is the potential for contaminants in the water sample to interfere with the spectroscopy, thus leading to erroneous stable isotope data. Water extracted from plant and soil samples may often contain organic contaminants. The extent to which contaminants may interfere with IRIS and thus impact upon data quality is presently unknown. We tested the performance of IRIS relative to IRMS for water extracted from 11 plant species and one organic soil horizon. IRIS deviated considerably from IRMS for over half of the samples tested, with deviations as large as 46 per thousand (delta(2)H) and 15.4 per thousand (delta(18)O) being measured. This effect was reduced somewhat by using activated charcoal to remove organics from the water; however, deviations as large as 35 per thousand (delta(2)H) and 11.8 per thousand (delta(18)O) were still measured for these cleaned samples. Interestingly, the use of activated charcoal to clean water samples had less effect than previously thought for IRMS analyses. Our data show that extreme caution is required when using IRIS to analyse water samples that may contain organic contaminants. We suggest that the development of new cleaning techniques for removing organic contaminants together with instrument-based software to flag potentially problematic samples are necessary to ensure accurate plant and soil water analyses using IRIS.
Trench isolation technology (2002)

The process technologies associated with fabricating trench isolation are discussed along with current process and device concerns. Potential development directions required for further refinements and diversification to satisfy future device designs are also considered. The following process elements are examined: trench formation, trench linear formation, trench filling, and surface replanarization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Low energy cyclotron production and chemical separation of "no carrier added" iodine-124 from a reusable, enriched tellurium-124 dioxide/aluminum oxide solid solution target (2000)

Iodine-124 is a radionuclide with a 4.18 day half-life which decays by positron emission(23.3%) and electron capture (76.7%). Details on the preparation of this radionuclide via the 124 Te(p,n) 124 I nuclear reaction are described. A reusable target uniquely suited for low energy cyclotron irradiations has been described along with specific characteristics for the dry distillation recovery of the 124 I species.
Addition‐Fragmentation Chain Transfer Involving Dimers of <i>α</i>‐Methylvinyl Monomers Studied by ESR Spectroscopy: Competition between Fragmentation and Bimolecular Termination (2003)

Abstract Detection of the adduct radical by ESR spectroscopy and after‐effect ESR measurements of the adduct radical concentrations in the photosensitized polymerization of styrene (St) in the presence of dimers of α ‐methylstyrene (MSD) and methyl methacrylate have revealed that the dominant mechanism of adduct radical loss changes from bimolecular termination to fragmentation as the temperature is increased beyond 90 °C for St/MSD. magnified image
$A$-Stable and $L$-Stable High-Order Integration Methods for Solving Stiff Differential Equations (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper describes a new <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$A$</tex></formula>- and <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$L$</tex></formula>-stable integration method for simulating the time-domain transient response of nonlinear circuits. The proposed method, which is based on the Obreshkov formula, can be made of arbitrary high order while maintaining the <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$A$</tex></formula>-stability property. The new method allows for the adoption of higher order integration methods for the transient analysis of electronic circuits while enabling them to take larger step sizes without violating the stability, leading to faster simulations. The method can be run in an <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$L$</tex></formula>-stable mode to handle circuits with extremely stiff equations. Necessary theoretical foundations, implementation details, error-control mechanisms, and computational results are presented. </para>
A single stage power factor corrected AC/DC converter (2002)

This paper presents a single-stage isolated power converter topology to achieve a regulated DC output voltage having no low frequency components and a high input power factor. The topology is derived from the basic two-switch forward power converter, but incorporates an additional transformer winding, an inductor and a few diodes. The proposed circuit inherently forces the input current to be discontinuous and AC modulated to achieve high input power factor. The power converter's output is operated in the discontinuous mode to minimize the bulk capacitor voltage variations when the output load is varied. Analysis of the power converter is presented and performance characteristics are given. Further, design guidelines to select critical components of the circuit are presented. Finally, experimental results on a 160 W, universal input, 54 VDC output power converter are given which confirm the high efficiency and high power factor features of the proposed topology.
Energy-landscape-model analysis for irreversibility and its pulse-width dependence in cells subjected to a high-intensity ultrashort electric pulse (2004)

We provide a simple, but physical analysis for cell irreversibility and apoptosis in response to an ultrashort (nanosecond), high-intensity electric pulse. Our approach is based on an energy landscape model for determining the temporal evolution of the configurational probability function p(q). The primary focus is on obtaining qualitative predictions of a pulse width dependence to apoptotic cell irreversibility that has been observed experimentally. The analysis couples a distributed electrical model for current flow with the Smoluchowski equation to provide self-consistent, time-dependent transmembrane voltages. The model captures the essence of the experimentally observed pulse-width dependence, and provides a possible physical picture that depends only on the electrical trigger. A number of interesting features are predicted.
The Use of Hydrogen as an Inert Gas During Diving: Pulmonary Function During Hydrogen-Oxygen Breathing at Pressures Equivalent to 200 Feet of Sea Water (1974)

Abstract : A review of the characteristics of hydrogen as an inert gas for use in diving is presented, with special emphasis on the extention of the respiratory limitation in diving by use of this least dense of all gases. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume in 2 seconds (FEV2), peak expiratory flow rate (PEFR), peak inspiratory flow rate (PIFR), and maximal voluntary ventilation (MVV) were measured on four subjects breathing 97% H2-3% O2 at 200 fsw, on two subjects breathing 97% He-3% o2, and on two divers using 97% N2-3% O2. The MVV on H2-O2 at 200 fsw was 14% better than on air at the surface and was improved 40% compared with He-O2 and 171% when compared with N2-O2 at 200 fsw. Similar findings were obtained for the following functions: FEV1, FEV2, PEFR, and PIFR. This is the first study in which pulmonary function has been measured during hydrogen-oxygen breathing. The values in this study for the relationship of relative gas density to flow are in good agreement with both the theoretical and experimental values of Wood and Bryan.
<scp>III</scp>. Yeast sequencing reports. Determination of the sequence of the yeast <i>YCL313</i> gene localized on chromosome III. Homology with the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI gene product) of other organisms (1991)

We have determined the nucleotide sequence of the YCL313 gene as part of the YIp5 A1G clone localized on the left arm of chromosome III. This YCL313 gene encodes a protein of 522 amino acids (MW 58.3 kDa) which has large homologies with the human, mouse, chicken, bovine and rat PDI gene products. In these organisms the PDI gene encodes the protein disulfide isomerase (EC 5.3.4.1) also called S-S rearrangase, an enzyme that catalyses the rearrangements of S-S bonds in proteins. This enzyme is probably involved in protein folding within the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. These sequence homologies suggest that YCL313 is the yeast equivalent of the PDI gene. Gene disruption of YCL313 leads to a lethal phenotype indicating that this gene is essential for cell survival.
The Resting Human Brain and Motor Learning (2009)

Functionally related brain networks are engaged even in the absence of an overt behavior. The role of this resting state activity, evident as low-frequency fluctuations of BOLD (see [1] for review, [2-4]) or electrical [5, 6] signals, is unclear. Two major proposals are that resting state activity supports introspective thought or supports responses to future events [7]. An alternative perspective is that the resting brain actively and selectively processes previous experiences [8]. Here we show that motor learning can modulate subsequent activity within resting networks. BOLD signal was recorded during rest periods before and after an 11 min visuomotor training session. Motor learning but not motor performance modulated a fronto-parietal resting state network (RSN). Along with the fronto-parietal network, a cerebellar network not previously reported as an RSN was also specifically altered by learning. Both of these networks are engaged during learning of similar visuomotor tasks [9-22]. Thus, we provide the first description of the modulation of specific RSNs by prior learning--but not by prior performance--revealing a novel connection between the neuroplastic mechanisms of learning and resting state activity. Our approach may provide a powerful tool for exploration of the systems involved in memory consolidation.
Exhaust Purification of Diesel Engines by Homogeneous Charge with Compression Ignition Part 2: Analysis of Combustion Phenomena and NOx Formation by Numerical Simulation with Experiment (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An experimental and a numerical analysis wereconducted based on the concept of homogeneous charge diesel combustion (HCDC), in which most of the fuel is supplied for pre-mixed homogeneous charge which is compressed in the cylinder and then ignited by small amount of diesel fuel directly injected into a cylinder.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">At the previous report, It was indicated that simultaneous improvement of NOx and smoke were possible. Especially under a certain condition, NOx was extremely reduced.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This report describes the preliminary analysis for the cause of this emission improvement with HCDC method.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">As result, direct optical observation of the combustion phenomena and numerical analysis using KIVA2 code suggested that low NOx combustion may be caused by lowered combustion temperature and reduced combustion period due to the uniform lean combustion.</div>
Identification of a mouse cytoskeleton‐associated protein, CKAP2, with microtubule‐stabilizing properties (2004)

Microtubule dynamics is an important factor in cell proliferation and one of the main targets of cancer chemotherapy. Since microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) are known to influence microtubule stability, study of MAPs may contribute both to knowledge of cancer cell biology and to the production of new anti-cancer drugs. In this study, we identified a new mouse gene which is a homolog of human cytoskeleton-associated protein, CKAP2 gene, by differential display analysis. The level of expression of mouse CKAP2 (mCKAP2) was significantly higher in NIH3T3 cells expressing RET with a multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) 2A or MEN2B mutation than in parental NIH3T3 cells. Immunocytochemical analysis showed that mCKAP2 protein is localized in cytoplasm with a fibrillar appearance, and is co-localized with microtubules throughout the cell cycle. Furthermore, overexpression of mCKAP2 in cells appeared to stabilize microtubules against treatment with nocodazole, a microtubule-depolymerizing agent. In addition, levels of human CKAP2 were increased in some human tumor cell lines examined. These findings suggest that CKAP2 is a new MAP with microtubule-stabilizing properties and may represent a new molecular target for cancer chemotherapy.
<title>Rapid mapping of transverse stresses along a highly birefringent optical fiber</title> (1993)

A new arrangement is described for mapping transverse stress regions along a highly- birefringent fiber, using the optical Kerr effect in a pump-probe system. This arrangement provides a passively-biased detection system immune from thermal variations in sensitivity and, in principle, enables information to be extracted with only one laser pulse. It also enables real time location of transverse stress points which are moving along the fiber. As the laser sources employed are very compact, this system is potentially easily portable.
Optical Fuse by Carbon-Coated TeO<sub>2</sub>Glass Segment Inserted in Silica Glass Optical Fiber Circuit (2004)

Excessive-light-induced melt down was observed in a carbon-coated TeO2 glass segment formed between a pair of optical fiber end-faces. This structure was made by splicing single-mode silica fibers through TeO2 glass melt to form a necked bridge, which was coated with carbon-containing paint after quenching it. Optical fusing action was induced by 0.3–1.5 W of CW light (1.54 µm) and its output power dropped by 12 dB on average. Optical decoupling seems to be induced by not only deformation but also crystallization of the glass bridge. Its quite a high insertion loss of about 2 dB can be reduced by introducing some refractive index modulations into the present structure.
Stochastic Modeling and Quantization of Harmonic Phases in Speech using Wrapped Gaussian Mixture Models (2007)

Harmonic sinusoidal representations of speech have proven to be useful in many speech processing tasks. This work focuses on the phase spectra of the harmonics and provides a methodology to analyze and subsequently to model the statistics of the harmonic phases. To do so, we propose the use of a wrapped Gaussian mixture model (WGMM), a model suitable for random variables that belong to circular spaces, and provide an expectation-maximization algorithm for training. The WGMM is then used to construct a phase quantizer. The quantizer is employed in a prototype variable rate narrow-band VoIP sinusoidal codec that is equivalent to iLBC in terms of PESQ-MOS, at ~13 kbps.
İNANÇ VE DOĞA TURİZMİNİN KESİŞTİĞİ NOKTA: AZİZ PAUL YOLU (2014)

Anadolu, sadece Selçuklu ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğundankalan İslami değerlere evsahipliği yapmakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda tarih öncesiçağlardan başlayarak Hitit, Phryg, Hellenistik Dönem, Roma, Bizans vb. bir çokkültürel değeri bağrında barındırmıştır. Tek tanrılı dinlere ait pek çok tarihieser, bu&amp;nbsp; imtiyazlı ülkenin kültürelbirikimine değer katmıştır. Çünkü Anadolu, bu dinlerin serpilip, boy attığı yerolmuş, dinlerin doğdukları yere yakın olmanın sağladığı&amp;nbsp; jeopolitik değer Anadolu’yu farklı kılmayayetmiştir. Anadolu, Hristiyanlığın ilk çıkış yılları açısından oldukçaönemlidir. Bu topraklar, ilk Hristiyan topluluklara evsahipliği yapmıştır.Hristiyanlar için önemli bir figür olan Aziz Paul Tarsus’ta doğmuş veAnadolu’nun bir çok noktasını misyonerlik faaliyetleri doğrultusunda gezmiştir.Ülkemiz bu inanç turizmi potansiyeli ve&amp;nbsp;deniz –güneş- kum üçgenini potansiyeline ilaveten&amp;nbsp; alternatif turizmin bir parçası olan Doğaturizmi açısından da olağanüstü zenginliklere sahiptir. Bu çalışmamızdaalternatif turizmin dalları olan inanç ve doğa turizmini kesiştiği nokta olanAziz Paul Yolunu değerlendirmeye çalışacağız.
Androgenic Suppression of ATP-binding Cassette Transporter A1 Expression in LNCaP Human Prostate Cancer Cells (2004)

Alteration of lipid metabolism is commonly observed in sex hormone-dependent cancer cells, yet its mechanistic involvement in cancer cell proliferation and progression is unclear. We have found that the expression of the cholesterol transporter, ATP-binding cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1), was 15- to 20-fold higher in androgen-dependent than in androgen-independent LNCaP human prostate cancer cells, indicating a possible relationship between the expression levels of ABCA1 and prostate cancer progression. On the basis of real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis, expression of ABCA1 in androgen-dependent cells was inhibited by androgen. The antiandrogen Casodex blocked the effect of androgen, implicating the androgen receptor in regulation of ABCA1 expression by androgens. Using an ABCA1 promoter-reporter gene assay, androgenic suppression was observed at the transcriptional level in androgen-dependent but not in androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. ABCA1 appears to have a role in modulating cell proliferation because knockdown of ABCA1 expression by RNA interference in androgen-dependent cells increased their rate of proliferation. Therefore, a suppressive effect of androgen on ABCA1 expression may be one of the mechanisms by which androgens regulate proliferation in prostate cancer cells. Attenuated ABCA1 expression in androgen-independent cells thus may contribute, in part, to prostate cancer progression.
The Relationship Between Pitch Change and Stimulus in Cholesterics (1972)

Abstract An expression is derived which relates the change of pitch of a cholesteric liquid crystal to the stimulus which causes the change. The relationship is a measure of the sensitivity of the cholesteric. The expression applies to mixtures to two or more molecular species which produce a cholesteric and to any stimulus which actually or effectively changes the ratios of constituents.
Expression of the Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Protein REBα in Rat Testicular Sertoli Cells1 (1999)

Sertoli cell differentiation is initiated in the embryo to promote testicular development and male sex determination. In the adult, Sertoli cells are critical for maintenance of the spermatogenic process. Previously, Sertoli cell differentiation has been shown to be regulated in part by basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) transcription factors. This was based on the observation that promoters of a number of Sertoli cell genes contained bHLH-responsive E-box response elements and that overexpression of Id, a negatively acting HLH protein, down-regulates Sertoli cell differentiated functions. Analysis of Sertoli cell bHLH proteins demonstrated the expression of REBalpha in Sertoli cells. REBalpha and REBbeta are spliced variants of the REB gene that is implicated in cell-specific gene expression as part of dimeric bHLH complexes acting on E-box response elements. Although both the transcripts of the REB gene are widely expressed, differential expression of the REB gene transcripts REBalpha and REBbeta has been shown. In the current study, a polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based approach demonstrated that REB gene transcripts are expressed in the testis. Characterization of the REB transcripts suggested that REBalpha is the major splice variant in Sertoli cells. PCR primers specifically designed to amplify either REBalpha or REBbeta demonstrated that Sertoli cells express only REBalpha, not REBbeta. REBbeta was present in the RNA samples obtained from whole testis, suggesting expression in other testicular cell types. A Northern blot analysis of RNA from Sertoli cells treated with or without FSH or cAMP demonstrated that REBalpha is not hormone responsive. REBalpha was also found to be expressed in germ cells and peritubular cells. An immunocytochemical analysis demonstrated that REBalpha is predominantly expressed by Sertoli cells within the seminiferous tubules. The activity of REBalpha in Sertoli cells was demonstrated with an E-box gel shift with Sertoli cell nuclear extracts. The E-box gel shift was found to contain REBalpha and E47/E12 bHLH proteins. In summary, the Sertoli cell is one of the first cells shown to specifically express the REBalpha isoform of the REB gene. The results are discussed in relation to the possibility that Sertoli cells may express a cell-specific bHLH protein that can preferentially dimerize with REBalpha.
Intracellular Signaling Pathways Involved in Acetaldehyde–Induced Collagen and Fibronectin Gene Expression in Human Hepatic Stellate Cells (2001)

Ethanol induces liver fibrosis by several means that include, among others, the direct fibrogenic action of acetaldehyde on hepatic stellate cells (HSC). However the mechanisms responsible for this effect are not well understood. In this communication we investigated signal transduction pathways triggered by acetaldehyde leading to upregulation of α2(I) collagen and fibronectin gene expression in human HSC. Run–on assays showed that acetaldehyde–enhanced transcription of these 2 genes as early as 2 hours, via de novo protein synthesis–independent and –dependent mechanisms. It also stimulated a time–dependent induction in phosphorylation of pp70 S6K and extracellular–regulated kinase ½ (ERK½). These effects were completely prevented by calphostin C, a protein kinase C inhibitor. As expected, acetaldehyde–elicited ERK½ phosphorylation was inhibited by PD98059, a MEK inhibitor, but not by wortmannin, a PI3K inhibitor. On the other hand, both of these inhibitors partially inhibited phosphorylation of pp70 S6K induced by acetaldehyde suggesting that its activation is ERK½– and PI3K–dependent. Acetaldehyde–elicited fibronectin and α2(I) collagen upregulation was inhibited by calphostin C. However, while PD98059, wortmannin and rapamycin (a pp70 S6K inhibitor) completely abrogated α2(I) collagen upregulation, they had no effect on fibronectin expression. Overall, these data suggest that protein kinase C is an upstream component from which acetaldehyde signals are transduced to other pathways such as PI3K and ERK½. In addition, differential activation of these pathways is needed for the increase in fibronectin and α2(I) collagen gene expression induced by acetaldehyde in human HSC.
The LED driver IC of visible light communication with high data rate and high efficiency (2016)

The Light-Emitting Diode (LED) driver is an important part of Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems. The main challenge of the VLC LED driver is to offer a high data transmission rate with high power efficiency. This paper presents the design of a white light LED driver that combines the LED lighting with VLC technology. The proposed LED driver uses linear current regulation and controls the AC current signal and the DC current through a single power device for the purposes of high speed, high efficiency and high integration. It also can support the modulation format of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). In addition, this work presents an impedance reduction technique to enhance the bandwidth of the LED driver. And a first-order pre-equalizer is utilized to enhance the electron-optical-electron (E/O/E) bandwidth in the VLC system due to the bandwidth limitation of the phosphor-converted LED. The VLC LED driver is fabricated in a standard 0.5μm CMOS technology with chip area 1540μm×1250μm. It is available in a standard SOP-16 pin package. The experimental results show that the optical modulation bandwidth of 10.9 MHz has been achieved with the forward biased LED current of 350 mA. By using the OFDM data modulation scheme, the data rate of 50 Mb/s is demonstrated.