gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review of NASA supercritical airfoils (1974)

NASA supercritical airfoils are characterized by a substantially reduced curvature of the midcord region of the upper surface together with increased camber near the trailing edge. The basic aerodynamic phenomena associated with the airfoils and representative wind tunnel results are discussed. The results indicate that the drag rise Mach numbers for NASA supercritical airfoils are 0.1 higher than for comparable NACA 6-series airfoils. A recent analytic method for predicting the aerodynamic characteristics of supercritical airfoils is described. The flight demonstration programs of three applications of supercritical airfoils utilizing the F-8, T-2C and F-111 as test beds are summarized.
Study of silver films over silica beads as a surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate for detection of benzoic acid (2003)

Abstract Surfaces prepared by vacuum depositing silver on silica nanospheres were investigated as surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrates using benzoic acid as an analyte. The SERS sensitivity of the substrates was probed as a function of substrate parameters, such as silver‐film thickness and silica‐bead dimensions. The SERS signals were found to increase with an increase in silver‐film thickness and silica‐bead diameter until a maximum signal was reached. Additional increases in the film thickness or the bead diameter resulted in a decrease in the SERS signal. Maximum SERS response was obtained with a substrate made by vapor depositing a 6 nm thick coating of silver on a thin layer of silica beads with a nominal diameter of 565 nm. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the substrates was performed to consider the effect of surface morphology on the SERS responses. Optimal SERS substrates exhibited a detection limit of 5 × 10 −7 M for adsorbed benzoic acid. A linear relationship was demonstrated between the SERS response and the concentration of benzoic acid with two different slopes, one in the 10 −5 –10 −3 M range and the other in the 10 −3 –10 −1 M range. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Secure communication protocol for preserving E-tendering integrity (2004)

This paper presents a secure communication protocol which can be used as the framework for an e-tendering scheme. This protocol is focused on securing the integrity of tendering documents and ensuring that a secure record of document generation is kept. Our protocol provides a mechanism to manage e-tendering contract evidence as a legal record in a unique and effective manner. It is the starting point of reliable record keeping. To a certain extent, it also addresses existing security problems in the traditional tendering processes.
The T classification of clinically localized prostate cancer. An appraisal based on disease outcome after radiation therapy (1994)

The current UICC/AJCC system appears to be a valid method for categorizing a primary prostate carcinoma. This system defines a greater number of meaningful tumor categories and is prognostically superior to the traditional Whitmore-Jewett scheme.
Sulfur Speciation in Li–S Batteries Determined by Operando X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (2013)

Among the most challenging issues in electrochemical energy storage is developing insightful in situ probes of redox processes for a working cell. This is particularly true for cells that operate on the basis of chemical transformations such as Li–S and Li–O2, where the factors that govern capacity and cycling stability are difficult to access owing to the amorphous nature of the intermediate species. Here, we investigate cathodes for the Li–S cell comprised of sulfur-imbibed robust spherical carbon shells with tailored porosity that exhibit excellent cycling stability. Their highly regular nanoscale dimensions and thin carbon shells allow highly uniform electrochemical response and further enable direct monitoring of sulfur speciation within the cell over the entire redox range by operando X-ray absorption spectroscopy on the S K-edge. The results reveal the first detailed evidence of the mechanisms of sulfur redox chemistry on cycling, showing how sulfur fraction (under-utilization) and sulfide precipitation impact capacity. Such information is critical for promoting improvements in Li–S batteries.
Revisiting the Hetero-Fertilization Phenomenon in Maize (2011)

Development of a seed DNA-based genotyping system for marker-assisted selection (MAS) has provided a novel opportunity for understanding aberrant reproductive phenomena such as hetero-fertilization (HF) by observing the mismatch of endosperm and leaf genotypes in monocot species. In contrast to conventional approaches using specific morphological markers, this approach can be used for any population derived from diverse parental genotypes. A large-scale experiment was implemented using seven F(2) populations and four three-way cross populations, each with 534 to 1024 individuals. The frequency of HF within these populations ranged from 0.14% to 3.12%, with an average of 1.46%. The highest frequency of HF in both types of population was contributed by the pollen gametes. Using three-way crosses allowed, for the first time, detection of the HF contributed by maternal gametes, albeit at very low frequency (0.14%-0.65%). Four HF events identified from each of two F(2) populations were tested and confirmed using 1032 single nucleotide polymorphic markers. This analysis indicated that only 50% of polymorphic markers can detect a known HF event, and thus the real HF frequency can be inferred by doubling the estimate obtained from using only one polymorphic marker. As expected, 99% of the HF events can be detected by using seven independent markers in combination. Although seed DNA-based analysis may wrongly predict plant genotypes due to the mismatch of endosperm and leaf DNA caused by HF, the relatively low HF frequencies revealed with diverse germplasm in this study indicates that the effect on the accuracy of MAS is limited. In addition, comparative endosperm and leaf DNA analysis of specific genetic stocks could be useful for revealing the relationships among various aberrant fertilization phenomena including haploidy and apomixis.
The Reaction of 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid with Free Amino Groups of Proteins (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Reaction of 2,4-Dinitrobenzenesulfonic Acid with Free Amino Groups of ProteinsHerman N. Eisen, Sidney Belman, and Mary E. CarstenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 18, 4583–4585Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01114a507https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01114a507research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views336Altmetric-Citations218LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Professional Books (1989)

Abstract THE LONG DISTANCE GRANDMOTHER: How To Stay Close to Distant Grandchildren. & Marks, Inc., 1988. 288 pp. $9.95. Reviewed by Sandra Nicholson. HOW DO WE TELL THE CHILDREN? Dan Schaefer & Christine Lyons. New York: Newmarket Press, 1988. 145pp. $8.95. Reviewed by Martha Crouthers Grindler. GROWING PAINS: Helping Children Deal with Everyday Problems Through Reading. Maureen Cuddigan & Mary Beth Hanson. Chicago, IL: American Library Association, 1988. 165 pp. $17.50* Reviewed by Jill Janes. CLAY IN THE CLASSROOM: Helping Children Develop Cognitive and Affective Skills for Learning. Judith Hagan, Helen Lewis & Sara Smilansky. New York: Teachers College Press, 1988. 272 pp. $17.95. Reviewed by Deborah A. Byrnes. IS THE LEFT BRAIN ALWAYS RIGHT? A Guide to Whole Child Development. Clare Cherry, Douglas Godwin & Jesse Staples. Belmont, CA: David S. Lake Publishers, 1989. 372 pp. $13.95. Reviewed by Robert J. Canady. LEADERS IN EDUCATION: Their Views on Controversial Issues. Edited by Glenda F. Roberson & Mary A. Johnson. Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1988. 211 pp. $14.50 paper. Reviewed by Shirley C. Raines.
A study of the effect of angle of beam incidence on laser transformation hardening of 4340 alloy steel (1984)

A series of high power CO2 laser exposures of an alloy steel were conducted to study the effect of angle of beam incidence on transformation hardening. Hardening efficiencies were determined by cross-sectional measurements of the laser hardened zone. Relevance of the relationships to laser processing of intricately contoured parts is described.
Preparation of SCR Catalyst Carrier by APCVD and Sol‐gel Technologies (2011)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Materials and Methods Results and Discussion Conclusions Acknowledgement Editors
Structural and electron diffraction data for sapphire (α‐al<sub>2</sub>o<sub>3</sub>) (1985)

Abstract Crystallographic and electron diffraction data for sapphire (α‐Al 2 O 3 ) are presented which enable ready and unique identification of TEM diffraction patterns and facilitate image analysis. Crystallographic data is presented in the form of stereographic projections and in figures listing angles between planes and angles between zones. Electron diffraction data consist of computer‐simulated diffraction patterns and tables of extinction distances calculated using atomic and ionic electron scattering factors.
Effect of Vegetation on Landfill Stabilization (1977)

ABSTRACT Six types of vegetation were established successfully on lysimeters containing sanitary landfill materials. The vegetation grew well with the roots penetrating several refuse layers within one year. Leachate analysis indicated that vegetation and evapotranspiration (ET) reduced leachate volume and increased the rate of refuse decomposition. This was accompanied by production of a more potent leachate and a substantial increase in cumulative chemical oxygen demand. Therefore, this study suggests more potential ground‐water pollution in a shorter period of time when vegetation is planted on a landfill. The net effect of ET on the stabilization of any particular landfill will be the result of a complex interaction involving climate, vegetation, soil type, cover material, landfill geometry, and other variables. This makes extrapolation of our results to a particular field situation rather difficult.
Monomode polymer waveguides with integrated mirrors (1996)

Low loss monomode polymer waveguides with integrated mirrors for off-plane coupling are realised for applications in optical bus systems. The waveguide and mirror structures are fabricated in PMMA substrates by injection moulding. The microstructured metal mould inserts are prepared by silicon micromachining and electroplating. For polymer waveguide fabrication a new copolymer PFPMA/TeCEA is used as low loss UV-curing waveguide core material. First devices with a waveguide attenuation of 0.21 dB/cm at 1300 nm wavelength and a mirror loss of about 1 dB have been demonstrated.
Quantitative Analysis of the Decay of Immunoreactivity in Stored Prostate Needle Biopsy Sections (2000)

Application of immunohistochemistry to assess the presence of prognostic tissue markers is used widely. The quantitation of these markers may be hampered by a time-related loss of antigenicity in formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue stored on glass slides. Potential loss of immunohistochemical staining intensity was studied on prostatic needle biopsy sections stored for a maximum of 4 years with antibodies against p27kip1, CD-44s, MIB-1, and androgen receptor (AR). In benign tissue, the positive/total ratio for p27kip1 was determined, while CD-44s staining intensity was assessed semiquantitatively. For MIB-1 and AR, nuclear staining intensity was assessed using computed image analysis. An exponential and significant decay of immunoreactivity was seen for p27kip1, CD-44s, MIB-1, and AR, with half-lives of 587 days, 214 days, and 290 days for p27kip1, MIB-1, and AR, respectively. Immunohistochemical assessment of prognostic tissue markers on stored slides must be considered with care in research and clinical settings.
Multifunctional Magnetic Gold Nanocomposites: Human Epithelial Cancer Detection via Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Localized Synchronous Therapy (2008)

Abstract Novel multifunctional magnetic gold nanocomposites (MGNCs) were synthesized for synchronous cancer therapy and diagnosis via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The MGNCs consist of magnetic kernels (aggregates of ultra‐sensitive MnFe 2 O 4 magnetic nanocrystals wrapped in polymer) as effective MR contrast agents and silica–gold nanocomposites as hyperthermal therapeutic agents. A therapeutic antibody, Erbitux (ERB), was conjugated for specific tumor cell targeting both to localize the near‐IR laser beam and to image their events through MRI. ERB‐conjugated MGNCs selectively recognize the target cancer cell lines. Fluorescence images and MRI analysis show that the MGNCs are effectively taken up by the cells. ERB‐conjugated MGNCs have an excellent synchronous therapeutic efficacy as a result of the therapeutic antibody and near‐IR laser‐induced surface plasmon resonance. Consequently, MGNCs clearly demonstrate selective imaging and treatment of human epithelial cancer simultaneously.
Proposed Genetic Nomenclature Rules for Tetrahymena thermophila, Paramecium primaurelia and Paramecium tetraurelia (1998)

Abstract The genetics of the ciliated protozoa Tetrahymena thermophila and certain species of Paramecium (P. primaurelia and P. tetraurelia) have reached a level of maturity such that rules for genetic nomenclature for micronuclear and macronuclear genetics need to be clarified for workers in the field as well as for other geneticists. After a short introduction, the rules follow.
Tailorable Adhesives for Multi-material Joining, Facile Repair and Re-assembly (2015)

Joining of materials and components is inevitable as it allows versatility in assembly and repair along with reduction in time and cost of manufacturing. This work uses ‘active adhesives’ that inherit all the benefits of bonded joints, such as lightweight, eliminate holes and associated stress-concentrations, and overcomes the shortcomings of disassembly and repair. Thermoplastic adhesives modified by the incorporation of electrically conductive graphene nanoplatelets at a concentration above the percolation point provide a unique synergy of mechanical, thermal and electrical properties. While the choice of the thermoplastic is governed by the desired application the addition of the graphene nanoplatelets allows energy to be deposited primarily in the adhesive. The percolated network of graphene particles in the adhesive at less than 2% can quickly couple to high frequency radiation (microwave, or MW) via non-contact methods and increase the adhesive temperature to above the required processing temperatures. The adhesive melts and flows over the adherends and upon cooling forms a structural adhesive bond. Furthermore, the process can be used to disassemble the adhesive joint if repair or reworking is required. In this work, the concept of aforementioned active adhesives was studied using varying graphene contents in nylon-6 adhesive. Activation and re-assembly was studied on in-plane (lap-shear) joints. Structural behavior of re-assembled joints was found to be similar to thermally bonded joints. Overall, active adhesives such as the ones attempted in this work have a great potential in a wide range of applications wherein in-situ repair, re-assembly and recyclability are essential.
Heterologous growth phase- and temperature-dependent expression and H2O2 toxicity protection of a superoxide-inducible monofunctional catalase gene from Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (1996)

Catalase is an important protective enzyme against H2O2 toxicity. Here, we report the characterization of a Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae catalase gene (katX). The gene was localized and its nucleotide sequence was determined. The gene codes for a 77-kDa polypeptide. The deduced katX amino acid sequence shares regions of high identity with other monofunctional catalases in a range of organisms from bacteria to eukaryotes. The transcriptional regulation of katX was atypical of bacterial monofunctional kat genes. Northern (RNA) analysis showed that katX transcription was highly induced by treatments with low concentrations of menadione, a superoxide generator, and methyl methanesulfonate, a mutagen. It was only weakly induced by H2O2. Unlike in other bacteria, a high level of catalase in Xanthomonas spp. provided protection from the growth-inhibitory and killing effects of H2O2 but not from those of organic peroxides and superoxide generators. Unexpectedly, heterologous expression of katX in Escherichia coli was both growth phase and temperature dependent. Catalase activity in E. coli kat mutants harboring katX on an expression vector was detectable only when the cells entered the stationary phase of growth and at 28 degrees C. The patterns of transcription regulation, heterologous expression, and physiological function of katX are different from previously studied bacterial kat genes.
CSDA: Rule-based complex sensor data aggregation system for M2M gateway (2015)

To reduce the server load and communication cost of machine-to-machine (M2M) systems, sensor data are aggregated in M2M gateways. The C language is typically used for programming the aggregation logic, and the program is embedded into the firmware. However, developing aggregation programs is difficult for M2M service providers because it requires gateway-specific knowledge, and consideration must be given to CPU and memory resources. In addition, modifying aggregation logic requires firmware updates, which are risky. We propose a rule-based sensor data aggregation system, called the complex sensor data aggregator (CSDA) for M2M gateways. Data aggregation is categorized into filtering, statistical calculation, and concatenation. The proposed CSDA supports this aggregation process in three steps: the input, data processing, and output steps. The behaviors of these steps are configured by an XML based rule. The CSDA also supports update modules, which download and overwrite aggregation rules from the server when the modification of data aggregation logic is required. In this case, firmware updates are not necessary. The proposed system is evaluated in an M2M gateway experimental environment. Results show that developing CSDA configurations is much easier than using C because the configuration amount decreases by 10%. In addition, the performance evaluation demonstrates the proposed system's ability to operate on M2M gateways. CPU usage was less than 10%, even with a heavy load, and memory consumption was 128 Kbytes.
AnomBench: A Benchmark for Volume-Based Internet Anomaly Detection (2009)

Developing algorithms to detect anomalies in network traffic is an important goal to achieve secure and efficient operation of the Internet. To evaluate different algorithms, it is crucial to have a set of standardized test cases. We propose a benchmark suite called "AnomBench" that consists of sixteen different traffic scenarios that contain various different traffic anomalies. We describe why these scenarios are representative and show the results of a prototype implementation on DETERlab.
A Critical Review on Additives to Reduce Ash Related Operation Problems in Biomass Combustion Applications (2012)

Biomass combustion has a huge potential to produce power and heat in a sustainable way. However, some biomass fuels have high potassium contents, which react with other ash forming elements (i.e. Cl, Si, P and S) and lead to different ash related operational problems. Utilization of additives to abate these problems have been studied and tested for several decades. This work reviews current knowledge and studies about properties and effects of additives reported in the literature. Various additives can mitigate ash related issues by the following possible mechanisms: 1) capturing problematic ash species via chemical adsorption and reactions, 2) physical adsorption and elutriating troublesome ash species from combustion facilities, 3) increasing the biomass ash melting temperature by enhancing inert elements/compounds in ash residues, and 4) restraining biomass ash sintering by diluting and powdering effects from the additives. Additives are grouped according to the contained reactive compounds, including Al-silicates based additives, sulphur based additives, calcium based additives, and phosphorous based additives. Additives with strong chemical adsorption and reaction capacities can minimize K related ash sintering, deposition and slagging during biomass combustion processes. The effective chemical reaction mechanisms are closely related to K-Al-Si, K-Ca-Si and K-Ca-P systems. The capacities of additives to reduce ash related problems are heavily influenced by mass/molar ratios between the reactive components in the additives and the problematic elements in the biomass ash, as well as the reaction atmosphere and combustion technology. More detailed studies on high temperature reactions between additives and ashes from biomass combustion are needed.
<title>Impact of attenuated mask topography on lithographic performance</title> (1994)

Experimental evaluations were used in conjunction with rigorous electromagnetic simulations to evaluate the affect of attenuated phase-shifting mask (PSM) fabrication processes on lithographic performance. Three attenuated PSMs were fabricated including a normal leaky- chrome reticle and two novel approaches: a recessed leaky-chrome reticle for reduction of edge scattering and a single-layer reticle employing a hydrogenated amorphous carbon film. Direct aerial image measurements with the Aerial Image Measurement System (AIMS<SUP>TM</SUP>), exposures on an SVGL Micrascan 92 deep-UV stepper, and TEMPEST simulations were used to explore the effects of edge-scattering phenomena for the different mask topographies. For each reticle, the process window at a feature size of 0.25 micrometers was evaluated for four basic feature types: nested lines, isolated lines, isolated spaces, and contact holes. Further evaluation of the sidewall profiles and the image size on the mask are required to address these discrepancies.