gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hypervalent Bonding in One, Two, and Three Dimensions: Extending the Zintl-Klemm Concept to Nonclassical Electron-Rich Networks (2000)

We construct a theory for electron-rich polyanionic networks in the intermetallic compounds of heavy late main group elements, building a bonding framework that makes a connection to well-understood hypervalent bonding in small molecules such as XeF(4), XeF(2), and I(3)(-). What we do is similar in spirit to the analogy between the Zintl-Klemm treatment of classical polyanionic networks and the octet rule for molecules. We show that the optimal electron count for a linear chain of a heavy main group element is seven electrons per atom, six electrons per atom for a square lattice, and five electrons per atom for a simple cubic lattice. Suggestions that these electron counts are appropriate already exist in the literature. We also derive electron counts for more complicated topologies, including one-dimensional ladders and one dimensional strips cut from a square lattice. We also study pairing (Peierls) distortions from these ideal geometries as well as other deformations. The presence of s-p mixing (or its absence) plays a critical role in the propensity for pairing and, in general, in determining the geometrical and electronic structure of these phases. Hypervalent bonding goes along with the relative absence of significant s-p interaction; there is a continuum of such mixing, but also a significant difference between the second-row and heavier elements. We attribute the existence of undistorted metallic networks of the latter elements to diminished s-p mixing, which in turn is due to the contraction of less-screened s orbitals relative to p orbitals down the groups in the Periodic Table. The number of electrons in the polyanionic network may be varied experimentally. An important general principle emerges from our theoretical analysis: upon oxidation a hypervalent structure transforms into a classical one with the same lattice dimensionality, while upon Peierls distortion the hypervalent structures transform into classical ones with the lattice dimensionality reduced. Dozens of crystal structure types, seemingly unrelated to each other, may be understood using the unifying concept of electron-rich multicenter bonding. Antimonides, which are explored in great detail in the current work, conform particularly well to the set of electron counting rules for electron-rich nonclassical networks. Some deviation up and down from the ideal electron count is exhibited by known stannides and tellurides. We can also make sense of the bonding in substantially more complicated alloys, including La(12)Mn(2)Sb(30) and Tl(4)SnTe(3). The hypervalent electron counting scheme developed in this paper, along with the classical Zintl-Klemm electron counting rules, gives an easy qualitative understanding of bonding in a wide variety of intermetallic compounds of heavy main group elements.
A regulatory toolbox of MiniPromoters to drive selective expression in the brain (2010)

The Pleiades Promoter Project integrates genomewide bioinformatics with large-scale knockin mouse production and histological examination of expression patterns to develop MiniPromoters and related tools designed to study and treat the brain by directed gene expression. Genes with brain expression patterns of interest are subjected to bioinformatic analysis to delineate candidate regulatory regions, which are then incorporated into a panel of compact human MiniPromoters to drive expression to brain regions and cell types of interest. Using single-copy, homologous-recombination "knockins" in embryonic stem cells, each MiniPromoter reporter is integrated immediately 5' of the Hprt locus in the mouse genome. MiniPromoter expression profiles are characterized in differentiation assays of the transgenic cells or in mouse brains following transgenic mouse production. Histological examination of adult brains, eyes, and spinal cords for reporter gene activity is coupled to costaining with cell-type-specific markers to define expression. The publicly available Pleiades MiniPromoter Project is a key resource to facilitate research on brain development and therapies.
Online Tracking of Component Interactions for Failure Detection and Localization in Distributed Systems (2007)

This paper proposes a novel failure-detection approach that can handle high-dimensional observation and frequent system changes. We extract two statistics from the subspace decomposition of observations, and use the mixture of Gaussians to model their probability density. Instead of monitoring the original data, the density model of extracted statistics is adaptively updated and examined regularly to detect failures. We also present a localization method to identify the faulty components once the failure happens. Applying our technique to monitor the component interactions in an e-commerce application shows satisfactory results in detecting a variety of injected failures.
Structure dynamics control approach to supply chain planning and adaptation (2012)

Many of the existing methods and models of supply chain planning and control consider only one supply chain structure and assume it's more or less static in nature. In practice, supply chains have a multi-structural semantics and those multiple interrelated structures (organisational, functional, informational, financial, topological, technological, product, and energy structures) are dynamic and subject to many planned and disturbance-based changes. These changes are tackled by control activities which make planning an adaptive process. Although the supply chain optimal planning domain for static structures has been extensively investigated, the domain of planning and control of supply chains with structure dynamics merits more systematic and critical attention. In this study, an original form of supply chain representation as a dynamic system with changing multi-structural characteristics is developed. The structure dynamics control is a dynamic interpretation of the supply chain (re)synthesis process and aims at both advancing the supply chain (re)planning domain and enlarging the scope of the supply chain analysis domain that is currently rather limited. The developed approach is based on an optimal program control theory, active modelling objects, and structural–mathematical concept blended with mathematical programming. In this paper, we describe its basic features and exemplify possible applications and extensions regarding real planning and control problems faced by international supply chains in recent years.
Base-catalysed reactions of α-bromo-N-benzyl-propionamide and -isobutyramide. Formation of 2-amino-oxazolidinones (1980)

α-Bromo-N-benzyl-propionamide and -isobutyramide react with sodium hydride yielding 2-amino-oxazolidinones. Dioxopiperazines are formed only from the halogeno-propionamide. The structure and stereochemistry of a 2-amino-oxazolidinone have been demonstrated by an X-ray crystal analysis. A cycloaddition onto an amide carbonyl is suggested in order to explain the formation of the oxazolidinone derivatives.
2D tree detection in large urban landscapes using aerial LiDAR data (2009)

We present a scalable approach to tree detection in large urban landscapes using aerial LiDAR data. Similar to our previous work in 2006, our current method consists of segmentation followed by classification. However, unlike our previous work, the current approach does not use color information or aerial imagery, and hence is more generally applicable. Also, our current approach has been successfully tested on two very large datasets, which are many orders of magnitude larger than the dataset used in 2006. Specifically, we use a North American dataset, containing 125 million LiDAR returns over 3 km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and a European dataset, containing 200 million LiDAR returns over 7 km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . For both datasets, we report precision and recall rates of over 95%.
Parallel quasi-phase-shifting digital holography (2004)

We propose parallel quasi-phase-shifting digital holography as a technique capable of noiseless instantaneous measurement of three-dimensional objects. The technique implements four kinds of phase shifting at a time using a phase shifting array device located in the reference beam. The device is an array of 2×2 phase retarders. We conduct both numerical simulation and preliminary experiment, and the results agree well with those of the conventional phase shifting method. Also, the results are superior to those using a Fresnel transform alone, which is another digital holography method that can achieve instantaneous measurement.
Windows NT Server 3.5:Microsoft重兵压境企业计算领域 (1995)

随着WindowsNTServer3.5的面世,Microsoft向世人表明,它已不满足于台式机和工作组领域,而准备完全进据企业计算领地。这个服务器版NT大大简化了网络管理以及与其它网络的互操作性,并提供了许多新的工具和特性。其性能略高于WindowsNT3.1,但远胜于SCOUnix,用户得到的是一个颇具竞争力的网络操作系统。WindowsNT现在分为两个截然不同的产品,它们共用同一种公共结
Further Studies of Baits for Oriental Fruit Moth Control1 (1927)

The relative attractiveness of various baits to the oriental fruit-moth, Laspeyresia moles/a , is discussed. The results correlate very well with those made by the writer in 1925. The possibilities of weak acids, volatile oils or their ingredients, fermenting and non-fermenting baits are discussed. While fermenting baits give, on the whole, larger catches, the non-fermenting baits have a longer period of activity and may prove more practical for control purposes. The results clearly indicate that a more attractive bait must be had before adequate control can be expected. Orchard tests, where the infestation is not high, show a reduction of nearly 30% wormy fruit.
Descobrint la Prehistòria: una aplicació didàctica des de l' arqueologia experimental. (1994)

Es presenta una primera valoracio de les activirats diddactiques
desenvolupades a partir de la col.laboracio establerta entre el Museu Arqueologic Municipal d'Alcoi, la CAM-Fundacion Cultural i el CEP de l'Alcoia-Comtat. Se'n descriuen els objectius, els dos niveils d'actuacio -curs per al professorat i tallers per a escolars- i una breu valoracio.
대덕 IT 클러스터의 구조와 특성 분석 (2004)

본 연구는 대덕밸리의 주축을 이루는 IT벤처기업을 중심으로 형성된 대덕 IT클러스터의 구조와 특성을 분석함으로써 그것이 혁신클러스터로서의 요건을 어느 정도 갖추고 있는지를 밝히기 위해 수행되었다. 대덕 IT클러스터 엔진은 대덕연구단지내에서도 ETRI와 KAIST등 연구기관에서 스핀옵된 벤처기업들이라고 볼 수 있다. 1997년 IMF경제위기 이후 시작된 정부의 벤처육성 정책과 대덕연구단지내 정부출연연구기관의 대규모 구조조정이 1998년 이후 벤처창업을 가속화시킨 외부적인 요인으로 파악된다. 벤처기업이 일정한 규모를 형성되기 시작한 2000년도를 전후하여 초기의 개인 또는 모태기관을 중심으로 개별적으로 형성되던 네트워킹 현상이 보다 조직적, 집단적으로 표출되기 시작하였고, 이러한 네트워킹이 대덕 IT클러스터 형성을 위한 지원기관이나 공식적 모임의 모습으로 표출되고 있다. 신기술혁신 등이 활발하게 이루어지고 있는 등 혁신시너지가 나타나는 혁신 클러스터로의 발전 가능성이 높은 것으로 판단된다. 종합적으로 대전 IT클러스터는 산업군집 수준을 넘어선 상태로 판단된다. 하지만, 클러스터의 성숙과 성과를 위해서는 시장 연계와 생산기반의 미흡, 그리고 보다 실질적인 기술협력네트워크의 구축이 필요한 것으로 결론지을 수 있다.
Effects of ultra-narrow channel on characteristics of MOSFET memory with silicon nanocrystal floating gates (2003)

This paper describes the improved characteristics of a newly proposed ultra-narrow channel floating-dot memory where the channel width is scaled to sub-10 nm. Thanks to the classical bottleneck effect and the quantum confinement effect, large threshold voltage shift and long retention time have been obtained in the fabricated ultra-narrow channel memory. The extreme case of the proposed ultra-narrow channel memory is the ultimate single-electron memory where one bit is represented by one electron. In the narrowest (5 nm) channel device, the threefold increase in drain current has been actually observed due to the discharging of a single electron from a dot.
<i>In Vivo</i> Molecular Electron Paramagnetic Resonance-Based Spectroscopy and Imaging of Tumor Microenvironment and Redox Using Functional Paramagnetic Probes (2017)

The recent progress in clinical EPR instrumentation and development of biocompatible paramagnetic probes for in vivo multifunctional TME profiling eventually will make possible translation of these EPR techniques into clinical settings to improve prediction power of early diagnostics for the malignant transition and for future rational design of TME-targeted anticancer therapeutics. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 28, 1365-1377.
Progress Fitful on Understanding AIDS, Developing Therapies (1992)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTProgress Fitful on Understanding AIDS, Developing Therapies■ Reports at AIDS conference suggest that era of rapid advances is pasty researchers face tenacious adversaryRUDY M. BAUMView Author Information C&EN San FranciscoCite this: Chem. Eng. News 1992, 70, 34, 26–31Publication Date (Print):August 24, 1992Publication History Published online10 November 2010Published inissue 24 August 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v070n034.p026https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v070n034.p026newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 1992 AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETYArticle Views8Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Practical and theoretical aspects of flavanone–chalcone isomerisations (1992)

Isomerisation equilibria of the flavanone/2′-hydroxychalcone, 7-hydroxyflavanone/2′,4′-dihydroxychalcone and 4′,5,7-trihydroxyflavanone (naringenin)/2′,4′,6′,4-tetrahydroxychalcone systems have been studied in dilute and saturated solutions – the latter in equilibrium with the solid precipitated form. Seemingly inconsistent results found in the literature are rationalized in terms of proton transfer reactions and solubility effects. The results indicate that at least two different isomerisation mechanisms operate, one in the acidic and weakly alkaline region, the second in strongly alkaline solutions. Practical conclusions may ease the preparation of pure chalcones or flavanones in which contamination with the other isomer is minimized.
Effects of Doxycycline on Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo (1998)

M ortality from cancer is usually due to metastatic disease, which represents the uncontrolled proliferation of cells that no longer respond to the normal regulatory controls of the organism (Silverberg et al, 1990). There are several factors which may accelerate metastasis, including: increased extracellular matrix degradation, due to increased matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activity, which can facilitate tumor spread (Liotta et al, 1980; DeClerck et al, 1992; Azzam et al, 1993); increased angiogenesis, which is related, at least in part, to elevated MMP activity, permitting the hematogenous spread of tumors (Moscatelli and Rifkin, 1988; Tamargo et al, 1991); and decreased apoptosis, or programmed cell death, in cancer cells, allowing the abnormal cells to escape one of the principal mechanisms for their removal and survive to spread through the body (Armstrong et al, 1992; Furuya et al, 1994). We have been examining the effects of doxycycline, a synthetic tetracycline (TCN), on several human cancer cell lines in vitro, as well as in vivo in the athymic mouse/ xenograft model of metastatic human breast cancer produced by orthotopic implantation of the human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, MDA-MB-435, into the inframammary fat pads of athymic mice. The ability of doxycycline and other TCNs to inhibit MMP activity has been described in the literature. We have shown that doxycycline suppresses MMP activity and cell proliferation in this and other cancer cell lines. We hypothesize that doxycycline inhibits tumor growth in breast and other cancers by a direct effect on the regulation of cell proliferation, which may be distinct from its ability to inhibit MMP activity.
A Wide-Band 12-GHz 12-Way Planar Power Divider/Combiner (Short Paper) (1986)

A 12-way, low-loss, wide-band planar electrically symmetric hybrid power divider/combiner for the X-band is described. It is a two-stage fork, 12-way hybrid realized completely in microstrip. A circuit design is given to maximize the match and isolation at band center. Over a frequency band of 10-13 GHz, this divider/combiner has an insertion loss of less than 1 dB and an isolation between output ports of better than 17 dB.
Repair of Giant Midline Abdominal Wall Hernias: “Components Separation Technique” versus Prosthetic Repair (2007)

Repair of abdominal wall hernias with the component separation technique compares favorably with prosthetic repair. Although the reherniation rate after CST is relatively high, the consequences of wound healing disturbances in the presence of e-PTFE patch are far-reaching, often resulting in loss of the prosthesis.
Slow Temporal Summation of Pain for Assessment of Central Pain Sensitivity and Clinical Pain of Fibromyalgia Patients (2014)

Compared to single WU series, WU-RFs integrate individuals' pain sensitivity as well as WU and WD. Slope of WU-RFs was significantly different between FM patients and NC. Therefore WU-RF may be useful for assessing central sensitization of chronic pain patients in research and clinical practice.
Evidence of genetic underexpression in chorionic villi samples of euploid fetuses with increased nuchal translucency at 10–11 weeks' gestation (2006)

Abnormal extraembryonic genetic expression is found at 10-11 weeks' gestation in euploid fetuses with increased NT. If both extra- and intraembryonic mesoderms express the same genetic alterations, then microarray analyses on CVS could be used to screen several mesoderm-derivate anomalies.
Entropy: a new definition and its applications (1991)

Shannon's definition of entropy is critically examined and a new definition of classical entropy based on the exponential behavior of information gain is proposed along with its justification. The concept is extended to defining the global, local, and conditional entropy of a gray-level image. Based on these definitions four algorithms for object extraction are developed. One of these algorithms uses a Poisson distribution-based model of an ideal image. A concept of positional entropy giving any information regarding the location of an object in a scene is introduced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[The optimization of epilepsy therapy with finlepsin]. (2000)

A clinical pharmacological study (270 patients) was made to optimize therapy of epilepsy with carbamazepines (finlepsin and its retard form). It was established that insufficient (standard) doses of finlepsin are often used, serum levels of the drug are not estimated, drug pharmacokinetics is not taken into account, maximum permissible doses of the drug are not reached. Estimation of the efficiency of both preparations in the treatment of various types of the seizures was carried out. The advantages of finlepsin-retard were demonstrated.
Zwitterionic Compounds in the Synthesis of Water-Soluble 1,3-Oxathiolane Derivatives (2005)

Perhydropyrimidin-2-ylium and perhydro-1,3-diazepin-2-ylium iodides with linked 1,3-oxathiolane ring were obtained. These new, water-soluble derivatives of 1,3-oxathiolane were prepared by cyclocondensation of diiodomethane with appropriate zwitterionic derivatives of 2-hydroxypropionic acid. The iodides were exploited in metathesis process with various anions.
Ivermectin-induced immunopotentiation in onchocerciasis: recognition of selected antigens following a single dose of ivermectin (1996)

Onchocerciasis is associated with blindness and gross skin changes, believed to be a consequence of the immune response to antigens released from the offspring of the female worm of Onchocerca volvulus, the microfilariae (mf). An effective microfilaricidal drug is now available which quickly reduces the mf burden without affecting the adult worm. There exist foci in onchocerciasis endemic areas where some of the patients have many mf in their skin but relatively few clinical symptoms. This state of hyposensitivity is believed to be due to immunosuppression. The aim of this study was to address the question of the basis of, and the effect of ivermectin treatment on this immunosuppression. Female adult worms of O. volvulus were used as whole or fractionated antigens to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Microfilariae are found in the reproduction tract of the female worms, and thus an antigen preparation of the female adult O. volvulus contains both exclusive adult antigens as well as antigens from microfilariae. Cells were obtained from onchocerciasis patients, individuals of similar socio-economic status living in the same Ghanaian village, but who showed no parasitological or clinical evidence of onchocerciasis (exposed endemic controls), healthy Ghanaians living in areas where transmission of onchocerciasis does not seem to occur (non-exposed endemic controls) and unexposed healthy Swedish donors. As a group, cells from onchocerciasis patients proliferated to a lesser degree than cells from the exposed endemic control and the non-exposed endemic control groups to the whole worm antigen, whereas the phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) response was strongest in the patients. Proliferative responses of above 1000 ct/min to fractions of the worm extract were only evident in the cells from a few individuals in each of the various groups. However, 28 days following ivermectin treatment, cells from all onchocerciasis patients were able to mount significantly enhanced proliferation to a fraction of approximately 96 kD (fraction 3), while only four of nine of this group showed an increased response to the whole worm antigen. The proportional increase in the response to the whole organism in these individuals was of a much lower magnitude than the increased response to fraction 3. The O. volvulus antigen-specific immunosuppression observed in these onchocerciasis patients appears to be due to suppressive antigens which have the capacity to mask the potential response to selected antigens of O. volvulus, and ivermectin treatment possibly modulates the immune response, allowing for stepwise recognition of such antigens. Since ivermectin treatment kills only the microfilariae and not the adult worm, the putative suppressive antigens would be expected to be from the microfilariae.
Network Recovery After Massive Failures (2016)

This paper addresses the problem of efficiently restoring sufficient resources in a communications network to support the demand of mission critical services after a large scale disruption. We give a formulation of the problem as an MILP and show that it is NP-hard. We propose a polynomial time heuristic, called Iterative Split and Prune (ISP) that decomposes the original problem recursively into smaller problems, until it determines the set of network components to be restored. We performed extensive simulations by varying the topologies, the demand intensity, the number of critical services, and the disruption model. Compared to several greedy approaches ISP performs better in terms of number of repaired components, and does not result in any demand loss. It performs very close to the optimal when the demand is low with respect to the supply network capacities, thanks to the ability of the algorithm to maximize sharing of repaired resources.
ChemInform Abstract: MONOBACTAMS. STEREOSPECIFIC SYNTHESIS OF (S)‐3‐AMINO‐2‐OXOAZETIDINE‐1‐SULFONIC ACIDS (1982)

Abstract Aus der Chlormethyl‐aminosäure (I) entsteht das N‐Sulfonsäureamid (III), das mit Base zu einem Azetidinon (IV) cyclisiert werden kann.