gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereospecific benzylic hydroxylation of bicyclic alkenes by Pseudomonas putida: isolation of (+)-R-1-hydroxy-1,2-dihydronaphthalene, an arene hydrate of naphthalene from metabolism of 1,2-dihydronaphthalene (1989)

Metabolism of the bicyclic alkenes 1,2-dihydronaphthalene, indene, and 1,2-benzocyclohepta-1,3-diene by a mutant strain of Pseudomonas putida yields benzylic monols (exclusively with R configuration) as major metabolites and vicinal cis diols as minor products having an excess of the S configuration at the benzylic position.
A Well Control Procedure for Wells with High Rate Upward Crossflow (2018)

Abstract This paper describes a new procedure/technique which was used to control wells with high upward crossflow. The procedure was successfully deployed in four wells at different occasions. The subject wells, located in brown fields, are tubingless water injectors identified with shallow casing leaks. The shallow leaks were located above an existing liner hanger. The casing leaks prompted upward crossflow of high magnitude in all four wells. The downhole dynamic upward crossflow took place between two formations at shut-in conditions. Water was flowing from a deep high pressure zone to a shallow low pressure zone through the casing leak in all wells. The crossflows were confirmed inside the wellbore and their flowrates were determined using electric line flowmeter measurement. Conventional methods such as surface bullheading, downhole dynamic kill, and mechanical plugs installation had previously been used, and proven costly and ineffective atsuch high rates. This new procedure repurposes several oilfield workover equipment items to achieve well control in cases of dynamic upward crossflow. The procedure deploys a drill string that comprises a modified liner tie-back stem, casing joints, liner top packer without slips, float sub with float valve, and all associated running equipment. This drill string is then stung into an existing liner tie-back area. This tie-back area was already existent in all four wells and is fundamental to implementing the proposed procedure. The modified liner tie-back stem (which is the bottom component of the drill string) forms a metal to metal contact with the existing tie-back area. Although the contact may not entirely form a pressure seal, it will decrease the crossflow rate entering the leak area. The liner top packer is then set without slips to allow for future retrieval after killing the well to cure the casing leak. After setting the liner top packer, a normal kill fluid bullheading is performed using the appropriate mud weight through the drill string to achieve the required well control. The field deployment of this new technique resulted in safe, successful, and cost-effective well control in all four case studies. In addition, costly remedial actions such as drilling relief wells and premature well plug and abandonment were avoided. The paper will describe in details the new procedure, equipment used, conveyance method, and related engineering calculations.
Challenges in the areal measurement of surface roughness and shape at the micro and nanoscale (2014)

Measuring surface roughness accurately at the micro and nano scale presents several challenges. While optical techniques can be used to rapidly measure large areas, significant variations can be found between results from different techniques on similar samples. In the present work, a comparison has been made between the results of two different systems using interference microscopy and AFM to make measurements at the same place on the same sample. Two samples were prepared on silicon wafers by marking them with a multi-scale pattern using a photoresist process of lithography from an optical mask, followed by reactive ion etching. One was left bare and the other was prepared with a rough layer of hydroxyapatite before measuring at the chosen positions. Comparison of the results showed that while the general shapes of the measured surface microstructures were similar, several differences were found. For example, there was a variation of up to 7% between techniques in the measurement of the depths of the etched features and artefacts were also visible at square edges. These results show the need to pay careful attention to instrument calibration and probe/surface interactions in order to improve the accuracy of surface characterization of surface roughness and topography.
Catalytic water oxidation on derivatized nanoITO (2010)

Electrocatalytic water oxidation occurs on high surface area, nanocrystalline ITO (nanoITO) surface-derivatized by phosphonate-binding of the catalyst [Ru(Mebimpy)(4,4'-((HO)(2)OPCH(2))(2)bpy)(OH(2))](2+) (Mebimpy is 2,6-bis(1-methylbenzimidazol-2-yl)pyridine; bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine). With nanoITO, spectral data can be acquired on electrochemically generated intermediates and voltammograms monitored spectrophotometrically.
Stochasticity and Cell Fate (2008)

Fundamental to living cells is the capacity to differentiate into subtypes with specialized attributes. Understanding the way cells acquire their fates is a major challenge in developmental biology. How cells adopt a particular fate is usually thought of as being deterministic, and in the large majority of cases it is. That is, cells acquire their fate by virtue of their lineage or their proximity to an inductive signal from another cell. In some cases, however, and in organisms ranging from bacteria to humans, cells choose one or another pathway of differentiation stochastically, without apparent regard to environment or history. Stochasticity has important mechanistic requirements. We speculate on why stochasticity is advantageous-and even critical in some circumstances-to the individual, the colony, or the species.
Multilayers and optical constants of various fluorides in the far UV (2015)

Multilayer coatings in the far UV (FUV) are required for various fields of application, such as space instrumentation for astrophysics, solar physics and atmosphere physics, as well as free electron lasers, plasma diagnostics, synchrotron radiation, spectroscopy, etc. In order to design the desired multilayer, accurate optical constants of the materials are required. Several fluorides are among the materials in nature that keep their transparency down to the short FUV, which makes them almost the only choice for multilayer coatings tuned in the ~100-150-nm wavelength range. The optical constants of thin films of MgF<sub>2</sub>, LaF<sub>3</sub>, and CeF<sub>3</sub> have been determined in the spectral range of 30-950 nm. Among them, MgF<sub>2</sub> is a low refractive index material whereas LaF3 and CeF3 have a relatively high refractive index at short wavelengths; this contrast is adequate to make multilayer coatings. Fluoride thin films were deposited by evaporation onto substrates at 523 K. Optical constants were calculated using sets of transmittance, reflectance, and ellipsometry measurements. The measured optical constants were extended to a broader range with literature data and extrapolations in order to obtain self-consistent sets of data using the Kramers-Krönig analysis. The optical constant data here presented extend the available literature data both shortwards and longwards, particularly for CeF3 where few data had been reported. The obtained optical constants of MgF<sub>2</sub> and LaF<sub>3</sub> were used to design narrowband reflective multilayer coatings for the short FUV. Multilayer coatings centered at 121 and at 130 nm with remarkable reflectance were prepared. The coatings kept a valuable reflectance after ageing in a desiccator for 12 months.
Design and Optimization of a Natural Graphite/Iron Phosphate Lithium-Ion Cell (2004)

No abstract prepared.
Clinical Evaluation of Paresthesia Steering with a New System for Spinal Cord Stimulation (1998)

The clinical performance of transverse tripolar stimulation is in accordance with the characteristics predicted by computer modeling. It enables finer control of paresthesia than that achieved by polarity changes in conventional spinal cord stimulation systems.
CAR-T design: Elements and their synergistic function (2020)

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells use re-engineered cell surface receptors to specifically bind to and lyse oncogenic cells. Two clinically approved CAR-T-cell therapies have significant clinical efficacy in treating CD19-positive B cell cancers. With widespread interest to deploy this immunotherapy to other cancers, there has been great research activity to design new CAR structures to increase the range of targeted cancers and anti-tumor efficacy. However, several obstacles must be addressed before CAR-T-cell therapies can be more widely deployed. These include limiting the frequency of lethal cytokine storms, enhancing T-cell persistence and signaling, and improving target antigen specificity. We provide a comprehensive review of recent research on CAR design and systematically evaluate design aspects of the four major modules of CAR structure: the ligand-binding, spacer, transmembrane, and cytoplasmic domains, elucidating design strategies and principles to guide future immunotherapeutic discovery.
Development of compact thermal models for advanced electronic packages (2008)

This study is aimed at developing compact models for advanced electronic packages, such as an area array e.g. Ball Grid Array (BGA), or flip chip type packages.
Modal characterization of fiber-to-fiber coupling processes (2013)

We present a detailed experimental investigation of a fiber-to-fiber coupling process by characterizing the mode content at the output of the system. In our experiment a single-mode fiber is transversally scanned with respect to a multimode fiber, revealing position-dependent higher-order mode excitation. The outlined measurement system can be used for automated optimization of fundamental mode content and beam quality. Additionally, our approach characterizes the modal transmission properties of the multimode waveguide in its present state and is hence of high relevance for the conception of transport fibers and fiber laser systems.
Male Contraception (2002)

The provision of safe, effective contraception has been revolutionized in the past 40 yr following the development of synthetic steroids and the demonstration that administration of combinations of sex steroids can be used to suppress ovulation and, subsequently, other reproductive functions. This review addresses the current standing of male contraception, long the poor relation in family planning but currently enjoying a resurgence in both scientific and political interest as it is recognized that men have a larger role to play in the regulation of fertility, whether seen in geopolitical or individual terms. Condoms and vasectomy continue to be popular at particular phases of the reproductive lifespan and in certain cultures. Although not perfect contraceptives, condoms have the additional advantage of offering protection from sexually transmitted infection. The hormonal approach may have acquired the critical mass needed to make the transition from academic research to pharmaceutical development. Greatly increased understanding of male reproductive function, partly stimulated by interest in ageing and the potential benefits of androgen replacement, is opening up other avenues for investigation taking advantage of nonhormonal regulatory pathways specific to spermatogenesis and the reproductive tract.
Selection of malignant melanoma variant cell lines for ovary colonization (1979)

Murine melanoma line B16-F1, which shows some specificity for metastatic organ colonization of lung but rarely metastasizes to ovary, was used to select variant cell lines with increased preference for experimental ovary metastasis. Ovary-colonizing melanoma cell lines were sequentially selected in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice by repeated intravenous administration and surgical recovery of ovarian melanoma tumors for tissue culture. After ten selections for experimental ovary metastasis, line B16-010 was established which formed experimental metastatic ovary tumors in almost every test animal. In tissue culture B16-010 cells grew in circular colonies with rounded, smooth cell peripheries compared to B16-F1 cells which were flatter, grew in irregular patterns, and exhibited long cellular projections. Ovary-selected B16 lines contained less melanin pigment (B16-010 less than B16-05 less than B16-01 approximately equal to B16-F1) compared to the parental melanoma line. Together with previous cloning and selection data, these results are consistent with the preexistence of highly malignant cells in the parental tumor population that possess the ability to metastasize to specific organs.
Development and Genetic Control of Plant Architecture and Biomass in the Panicoid Grass, Setaria (2016)

The architecture of a plant affects its ability to compete for light and to respond to environmental stresses, thus affecting overall fitness and productivity. Two components of architecture, branching and height, were studied in 182 F7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) at the vegetative, flowering and mature developmental stages in the panicoid C4 model grass system, Setaria. The RIL population was derived from a cross between domesticated S. italica (foxtail millet) and its wild relative S. viridis (green foxtail). In both field and greenhouse trials the wild parent was taller initially, started branching earlier, and flowered earlier, while the domesticated parent was shorter initially, but flowered later, producing a robust tall plant architecture with more nodes and leaves on the main culm and few or no branches. Biomass was highly correlated with height of the plant and number of nodes on the main culm, and generally showed a negative relationship with branch number. However, several of the RILs with the highest biomass in both trials were significantly more branched than the domesticated parent of the cross. Quantitative trait loci (QTL) analyses indicate that both height and branching are controlled by multiple genetic regions, often with QTL for both traits colocalizing in the same genomic regions. Genomic positions of several QTL colocalize with QTL in syntenic regions in other species and contain genes known to control branching and height in sorghum, maize, and switchgrass. Included in these is the ortholog of the rice SD-1 semi-dwarfing gene, which underlies one of the major Setaria height QTL. Understanding the relationships between height and branching patterns in Setaria, and their genetic control, is an important step to gaining a comprehensive knowledge of the development and genetic regulation of panicoid grass architecture.
Atomic-step rearrangement on Si(100) by interaction with arsenic and the implication for GaAs-on-Si epitaxy (1991)

The lowest-energy configuration of a class of vicinal Si(100) surfaces has equally spaced steps, each with a height of two atomic units. This results in a single-domain surface with the surface Si-Si dimers being aligned parallel to the step edges. The interaction of As with vicinal Si(100) surfaces is crucial for GaAs growth on Si and there have been several studies of this system, but results from several groups appear to be in contradiction. The results described here, which combine scanning tunneling microscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and x-ray photoemission, yield a consistent picture of the interaction of As with vicinal Si(100). It is found that depending on the time order of (i) exposure to As and (ii) raising the surface temperature, the directions of the As-As dimers can reproducibly be made perpendicular or parallel to the step edge. In the latter case the step array on the Si substrate is completely rearranged. GaAs grown on one type of dimer arrangement is controllably oriented 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} with respect to that on the other type.
Sliding Control of Force Reflecting Teleoperation:Preliminary Studies (1994)

In this paper, sliding mode nonlinear control is applied to force reflecting teleoperation. Various forms of the sliding mode control law are derived for force feedback master manipulation with an arbitrary factor for force and position scaling. Experiments were performed on a one axis test system and frequency domain Hybrid 2-port matrices are measured and compared between the sliding mode controller and a classical position error-based feedback controller. Time domain experiments are also performed. The model-based portion of the sliding mode controller was shown to be responsible for most of its performance improvement, but the nonlinear “sliding” component was essential for steady-state position accuracy and robust stability.
Minimize waiting time and conserve energy by scheduling transmissions in IEEE 802.11-based ad hoc networks (2003)

The mobile ad hoc network (MANET) has attracted lots of attention recently. Most of the researches assume that every mobile host in the MANET uses a fixed data rate and follows a distributed coordination function (DCF) to transmit messages. As we know that none of the research has combined multiple data rates and transmission scheduling to minimize waiting time and conserve energy for a MANET with power-saving (PS) mode hosts. IEEE 802.11 has already supported multiple data transmission rate. However, how to decide the transmission rate is still an open question. Here, we propose a data rate selection protocol to select the best available data rate to transmit messages. After the data transmission rate has been selected, we can schedule each transmission according to the data transmission rate and the packet size. Our goal is to minimize the average waiting time of each transmission and thus the PS hosts can switch back to power-saving mode as soon as possible. Therefore, we follow the shortest job first policy to let the transmission with shortest transmission time to access the channel first. Simulation results show that our scheduling protocol can achieve high packet delivery rate, reduce waiting time and conserve lots of energy.
Bandwidth aggregation in stream control transmission protocol (2004)

In this paper, we address various aspects related to extending and engineering stream control transmission protocol (SCTP) to utilize its multi-homing support for simultaneous transmission of data chunks on different path, while maintaining the congestion control on each path to ensure fair integration with other traffic in the network. The extended SCTP, referred to as load sharing-SCTP (LS-SCTP), is able to aggregate the bandwidth of all the active transmission paths between the communicating endpoints. It monitors the paths, and accordingly chooses the paths that are suitable for load sharing. In addition, LS-SCTP retransmission mechanism accelerates the delivery of missing data to the receiver to prevent stalling the transport connection while waiting for missing data chunks. Simulation results show that LS-SCTP is extremely beneficial for networks with limited bandwidth and failure prone links.
Analysis of normal breast tissue and of solid breast masses using three‐dimensional ultrasound mammography (1999)

Three-dimensional reconstruction, in particular parallel planar reformatted sections, represents a valuable adjunct to the characterization of breast masses using ultrasongraphy. Further studies are necessary to assess the validity of the present findings, particularly with regard to the rarer, more unusual types of carcinoma.
Local side‐effects of inhaled corticosteroids in asthmatic children: influence of drug, dose, age, and device (2001)

Local side-effects of ICS are common in asthmatic children of all ages, and the device used constitutes the most influential factor.
Some New Results on Strong $\gamma_k$-$\gamma_{cl} H_{\infty}$ Stabilization (2008)

The strong gamma <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</sub> -gamma <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">cl</sub> H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> stabilization problem is addressed in this paper. Based on the bounded real lemma, an improved sufficient condition on strong H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">infin</sub> stabilization as well as its dual form is derived, which extends the ARE constraint in the former results into an inequality constraint. Two path-following algorithms are proposed to solve the associated optimization problems with BMI constraints, which lead to full order controllers. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the result.
Fast predictive post-OPC contact/via printability metric and validation (2007)

Yield is one of the most important factors for massive semiconductor circuits production. As process variation tolerances decrease and the number of contacts/vias increase in modern technologies, contact/via failure has increased substantially, which attracts many attentions from both manufacture and design domains. Among all the contact/via failure mechanisms, lithography related ones become more important, the majority of which are rooted in focus and dose variations. Since the lithography image robustness is pattern dependent, conventional design rules are becoming less efficient and effective to convey the information. Models should be established to facilitate the evaluation of the lithography pattern robustness. Meanwhile, the models need to be fast enough to be used in design tools. Since Optical Proximity Correction (OPC) is very expensive to apply, the metric should be computed without doing actual OPC. We develop two new pre-OPC metrics to predict the post-OPC contact/via CD error due to focus variation, which are validated by our simulations. However, the metric for the post-OPC contact/via CD error due to dose variation is found not correlated well to the actual simulation. Further investigation is needed to increase the metric accuracy.
Generation of Reduced Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide for Nitrate Reduction in Green Leaves (1971)

An in vivo assay of nitrate reductase activity was developed by vacuum infiltration of leaf discs or sections with a solution of 0.2 m KNO(3) (with or without phosphate buffer, pH 7.5) and incubation of the infiltrated tissue and medium under essentially anaerobic conditions in the dark. Nitrite production, for computing enzyme activity, was determined on aliquots of the incubation media, removed at intervals.By adding, separately, various metabolites of the glycolytic, pentose phosphate, and citric acid pathways to the infiltrating media, it was possible to use the in vivo assay to determine the prime source of reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) required by the cytoplasmically located NADH-specific nitrate reductase. It was concluded that sugars that migrate from the chloroplast to the cytoplasm were the prime source of energy and that the oxidation of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was ultimately the in vivo source of NADH for nitrate reduction.THIS CONCLUSION WAS SUPPORTED BY EXPERIMENTS THAT INCLUDED: inhibition studies with iodoacetate; in vitro studies that established the presence and functionality of the requisite enzymes; and studies showing the effect of light (photosynthate) and exogenous carbohydrate on loss of endogenous nitrate from plant tissue.The level of nitrate reductase activity obtained with the in vitro assay is higher (2.5- to 20-fold) than with the in vivo assay for most plant species. The work done to date would indicate that the in vivo assays are proportional to the in vitro assays with respect to ranking genotypes for nitrate-reducing potential of a given species. The in vivo assay is especially useful in studying nitrate assimilation in species like giant ragweed from which only traces of active nitrate reductase can be extracted.