gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of molecular structure on the dynamic thermoelasticity of polyphasic polymer systems (1985)

The relationship between the dynamic thermoelastic behavior and molecular morphology of polyphasic polymer systems was studied. A sensitive tensometer equipped with a 50 W/I2 V heating lamp provided uniform and controlled heat pulses to one side of the film. For various extension ratios, the stress change (Δσ) as a function of the sample temperature, was recorded, both for increasing and decreasing extension ratios.The amount of increase in stress Δσ with temperature was different for Kraton GX-6500 samples cast from either toluene, cyclohexane, or heptane. The variation of Act with temperature was dependent on the extension ratio and was always greater for increasing extension. The slope of Δσ with temperature decreased at 100–150% elongation in all Kraton GX-6500 samples during increasing extension. However, this slope increased at higher elongations. Small angle X-ray scattering studies on Kraton GX-6500 showed the presence of lamellar, rod shape, and spherical structures in samples cast from toluene, cyclohexane, and heptane solvents, respectively. The extreme dependence of elastomeric behavior on polyphasic morphology caused Kraton samples to show a strong decline in thermoelastic response with cycling.X-ray studies on the films of Spandex, cast from dimethyl formamide, at different extension ratios showed the onset of crystallization at about 150% elongation. The thermoelastic studies performed on Spandex films also showed an increase in slope of Δσ vs. T at 150–170% elongations, which was attributed to the influence of increased crystalline orientation on thermoelastic response. X-ray studies on unstretched and stretched Hytrel films showed the presence of crystallinity. The magnitude of Δσ and variation with temperature for Hytrel films was greater than that of either Spandex, Kraton GX-6500, or cross-linked natural rubber.By comparison with the latter, only Hytrel was superior in the magnitude of Δσ variations with temperature. This was attributed to intrinsic crystallinity and the orientation which developed on stretching. At extension ratios λ = 2, Δσ for Hytrel was an order of magnitude greater than for cross-linked natural rubber.
Seeding Collaborations to Advance Kinase Science with the GSK Published Kinase Inhibitor Set (PKIS) (2014)

To catalyze research on historically untargeted protein kinases, we created the PKIS, an annotated set of 367 small molecule kinase inhibitors. The set has been widely distributed to academic collaborators as an open access tool. It has been used to identify chemical starting points for development of chemical probes for orphan kinases and to investigate kinase signaling in high content phenotypic assays. Access to the set comes with few restrictions other than the requirement that assay results be released into the public domain for the benefit of the entire research community. Examples from the efforts of several collaborators are summarized.
Zinc absorption in human small intestine (1989)

We determined the intestinal site of zinc absorption in humans and investigated the interaction between intestinal absorption of zinc and other solutes using the triple-lumen steady-state perfusion technique. Twenty-one healthy subjects participated in the study. During intestinal perfusion of a balanced electrolyte solution containing 0.1 mM zinc acetate, zinc absorption occurred throughout the entire small intestine. However, the jejunum had the highest rate of absorption (357 +/- 14 nM.min-1.40 cm-1) compared with the duodenum (230 +/- 33 nM.min-1.40 cm-1) and ileum (84 +/- 10 nM.min-1.40 cm-1). Over a range of zinc concentrations infused into the jejunum (0.1, 0.9, and 1.8 mM) there were linear increases in the rate of zinc absorption (P less than 0.05). Intestinal absorption of zinc was significantly stimulated by the addition of glucose (20 mM). Zinc absorption increased from 459 +/- 39 to 582 +/- 45 nM.min-1.40 cm-1 (P less than 0.05). Conversely, zinc (0.9 mM) also enhanced the absorption of glucose, which was increased from 293 +/- 43 to 447 +/- 27 microM.min-1.40 cm-1 (P less than 0.05). The enhanced absorption of zinc or glucose was not accompanied by any increase in absorption of water and sodium. In contrast, increasing the concentration of zinc in the perfusate resulted in decreased absorption of sodium and water in a dose-related manner. In conclusion, our study demonstrated that zinc absorption is concentration dependent and occurs throughout the small intestine. The jejunum has the highest rate of absorption of zinc. The interactions between absorption of zinc and other solutes suggest that the transport process of zinc is carrier mediated.
Palladium(<scp>ii</scp>)-catalyzed synthesis of dibenzothiophene derivatives via the cleavage of carbon–sulfur and carbon–hydrogen bonds (2016)

A new process has been developed for the palladium(ii)-catalyzed synthesis of dibenzothiophene derivatives <i>via</i> the cleavage of C-H and C-S bonds. In contrast to the existing methods for the synthesis of this scaffold by C-H functionalization, this new catalytic C-H/C-S coupling method does not require the presence of an external stoichiometric oxidant or reactive functionalities such as C-X or S-H, allowing its application to the synthesis of elaborate π-systems. Notably, the product-forming step of this reaction lies in an oxidative addition step rather than a reductive elimination step, making this reaction mechanistically uncommon.
Mobile Voice Health Monitoring Using a Wearable Accelerometer Sensor and a Smartphone Platform (2012)

Many common voice disorders are chronic or recurring conditions that are likely to result from faulty and/or abusive patterns of vocal behavior, referred to generically as vocal hyperfunction. An ongoing goal in clinical voice assessment is the development and use of noninvasively derived measures to quantify and track the daily status of vocal hyperfunction so that the diagnosis and treatment of such behaviorally based voice disorders can be improved. This paper reports on the development of a new, versatile, and cost-effective clinical tool for mobile voice monitoring that acquires the high-bandwidth signal from an accelerometer sensor placed on the neck skin above the collarbone. Using a smartphone as the data acquisition platform, the prototype device provides a user-friendly interface for voice use monitoring, daily sensor calibration, and periodic alert capabilities. Pilot data are reported from three vocally normal speakers and three subjects with voice disorders to demonstrate the potential of the device to yield standard measures of fundamental frequency and sound pressure level and model-based glottal airflow properties. The smartphone-based platform enables future clinical studies for the identification of the best set of measures for differentiating between normal and hyperfunctional patterns of voice use.
Cosmic Ray Induced Dark Current in Photomultipliers (1966)

Čerenkov light flashes produced by cosmic rays traversing the window of an end-on photomultiplier create a fundamental noise limitation that cannot be reduced by cooling the tube. Although the cosmic ray pulse rate is only 1 or 2 cm−2/min, the individual pulses may be hundreds of times larger than single electron pulses. Thus in dc or charge integration photometry, cosmic ray noise can exceed thermionic dark current noise at temperatures as high as +10°C. These assertions are based on the observed behavior of EMI 6256 and 9558 tubes. The implications for photometry of faint astronomical sources are discussed.
Analysis of the <i>DPYD</i> Gene Implicated in 5-Fluorouracil Catabolism in a Cohort of Caucasian Individuals (2005)

Abstract Purpose: Complete or partial loss of dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) function has been described in cancer patients with intolerance to fluoropyrimidine drugs like 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or Xeloda. The intention of this population study is to assess and to evaluate gene variations in the entire coding region of the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase gene (DPYD), which could be implicated in DPD malfunction. Experimental Design: A cohort of 157 individuals was genotyped by denaturing high-performance liquid chromatography; 100 of these genotypes were compared with functional studies on DPD activity and mRNA expression. Results: Twenty-three variants in coding and noncoding regions of the DPYD gene were detected, giving rise to 15 common haplotypes with a frequency of &gt;1%. Rare sequence alterations included a frameshift mutation (295-298delTCAT) and three novel point mutations, 1218G&gt;A (Met406Ile), 1236G&gt;A (Glu412Glu), and 3067C&gt;T (Pro1023Ser). DPD enzyme activity showed high variation in the analyzed population and correlated with DPD mRNA expression. In particular, the novel variants were not accompanied with decreased enzyme activity. However, a statistically significant deviation from the median DPD activity of the population was associated with the mutations 1601G&gt;A (Ser534Asn) and 2846A&gt;T (Asp949Val). Conclusion: This work presents an analysis of DPYD gene variations in a large cohort of Caucasians. The results reflect the genetic and enzymatic variability of DPD in the population and may contribute to further insight into the pharmacogenetic disorder of DPD deficiency.
Data security and privacy through stenography (2018)

This paper aims at hidding the image for security and secrecy provided by the covered image based image hiding. The stego image algorithm is designed and implemented to provide confidentiality and security in transmission of the image based data as well as in storage. This new proposed algorithm can ensure the lossless of transmissions of images. The proposed algorithm in this study has been tested on binary and gray level images and showed good results.
Biochemical determinants of clearance of tissue-type plasminogen activator from the circulation. (1988)

Biochemical modification of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA) designed to alter pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics offers promise for development of pharmaceuticals particularly suitable for treatment of specific disorders and for induction of coronary thrombolysis by intramuscular as well as intravenous administration. Accordingly, to identify biochemical determinants of clearance of t-PA from the circulation, we injected rabbits intravenously with three different preparations of t-PA synthesized from the same human gene and expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells cultured under disparate conditions. Influences of glycosylation on clearance were defined by experiments with enzymatically treated t-PA in which clearance was assessed with concomitant administration of selected neoglycoproteins that compete with t-PA for specific glycoprotein receptors. The role of an intact active catalytic site, as reflected by differences in clearance with and without prior treatment of t-PA with the protease inhibitor PPACK, was defined also. Results indicate that clearance is altered by inhibition of the active site and that the nature and extent of glycosylation--not evident simply by analysis of peptide structure--influence clearance as well. These findings suggest that mannose/N-acetylglucosamine-specific glycoprotein receptors expressed on hepatic reticuloendothelial cells participate in clearance of t-PA from the circulation but that galactose-specific glycoprotein receptors probably do not. The observations may explain differences in clearance seen with different preparations of t-PA that have been seen in clinical pilot studies and may identify biochemical determinants of clearance amenable to modification for development of agents with potentially desirable, specific biological properties.
A way to enhance the magnetic moment of multiferroic bismuth ferrite (2010)

Transition metals, including Co, Cr, Ni and Mn, were doped into multiferroic Bi 0.8 La 0.2 Nb 0.01 Fe 0.99 O 3 samples that were fabricated by a solid state reaction. X-ray diffraction results show that only the Mn-doped sample did not contain any impurity phases, while the other transition metal dopants destroyed the phase stability of the pure Bi 0.8 La 0.2 Nb 0.01 Fe 0.99 O 3 phase and caused the formation of second phases. All the transition metal doped Bi 0.8 La 0.2 Nb 0.01 Fe 0.99 O 3 samples show significant enhancement in their magnetic moment at room temperature in comparison with the BiFeO 3 and Bi 0.8 La 0.2 Nb 0.01 Fe 0.99 O 3 samples without transition metal doping. This is explained by the formation of local ferrimagnetic ordering or ferromagnetic ordering in the transition metal doped Bi 0.8 La 0.2 Nb 0.01 Fe 0.99 O 3 , according to the electron configurations of the dopant transition metal ions.
A wide-band RF activated electrooptic laser beam modulator (2002)

A wide-band optical modulator for laser beam is designed and constructed. The velocity-matching between the laser beam and the RF wave is realized in a partially-loaded micro-strip line structure to achieve 10 GHz bandwidth.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Historical Environment of Real Estate Returns (1995)

Executive Summary. Returns on real estate investments have been examined from many historical perspectives. This study provides a comprehensive review of the real estate investment literature according to the following topics: (1) general returns and risk on real estate, relative to other investments; (2) benefits from diversification and portfolio optimization; (3) returns on real estate as measured by REIT performance; and (4) inflation and real estate returns.The results are quite interesting. Most studies that provide a comparison show that real estate has higher absolute returns than debt (such as bonds). The performance of real estate, in comparison to common stocks, is mixed. Slightly more than half of the studies that provide a direct comparison show a higher average return for stocks than for real estate. However, when adjusting for risk, most studies find that real estate investments have a higher return per unit of risk than bonds or stocks. There is a consensus among studies examining the issue that diversification with real estate can enhance risk-adjusted portfolio yield. Findings are mixed, however, on the returns of REITs, relative to other assets, and the inflation-hedging benefits of real estate.
Coating Technology of Automotive Bulbs (2004)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Coatings on automotive bulbs are becoming increasingly more important. Environmentally friendly amber and red filter layers can be used on bulbs for signaling functions. Infrared reflective layers enhance the efficiency of halogen bulbs. Styling needs can be addressed with bluish bulbs matching the color impression of Xenon headlamps or silver / neutral colored amber filters for turn signal applications. Aside from aesthetic reasons, there is evidence that the modified spectral output of coated bulbs may provide visual benefits over standard tungsten halogen lamps for example during nighttime driving.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Experience has shown that poorly engineered color-coated bulbs may fade in color or cause glare for other road participants by light scattering and color separation. Additionally insufficient road illumination for the driver himself is another negative side effect that can be observed with poorly engineered coatings.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In this contribution, a survey of various coating types, the underlying physical principles responsible for their effect and the technology used to realize such coatings are presented. Specific requirements in the automotive environment will be addressed. Several examples of thin film coatings on the bulb surface applied by different coating technologies and the characterization thereof are given. These include coatings designed to increase visibility while driving at night or under specific weather conditions or coatings that give bulbs a silver appearance when unlit while ensuring that intensity and color of the emitted light meets the legal requirements when the lamp is switched on.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">One of the future trends currently under discussion is active infrared night vision which requires a light module blocking the visible light and transmitting the near-infrared radiation. An infrared filter coating on the bulb surface which eliminates the need of an additional volume filter element will be discussed.</div>
Data Mining the Multiwavelength Data (2006)

With astronomical data increasing in quality and quantity, data mining techniques show their superiority. It is rather convenient and significant for astronomers to extract information and knowledge from large amounts of data by means of automated methods. We introduce the process of data mining on multiwavelength data including data selection, data processing, feature selection/extraction, data mining algorithms and result evaluation. Examples are presented which invoke applications and relatioships of data across catalogs, in order to solve specific astronomical research problems. In the future these processes will be automated in the context of the virtual observatory.
Scaling assessment of fully-depleted SOI technology at the 30 nm gate length generation (2002)

Thin-film SOI MOSFETs are of interest for scaling devices down into the deep-submicron region due to their ability to reduce short-channel effects (SCE). While double-gate MOSFET is currently considered the most promising candidate for CMOS scaled beyond the 20-30nm limit, we investigate the single-gated SOI MOSFET scalability at the 30nm gate length generation. We have examined their electrostatic behavior using the drift-diffusion ISE DESSIS device simulator. An internally developed quantum transport simulator was also used to confirm the DESSIS simulation trend and assess the impact of thin silicon film on SCE. The device under study has mid-gap workfunction gate material, undoped channel and 15/spl Aring/ gate oxide thickness. This device presents the strongest scaling potential due to the high mobility from the absence of ionized doping impurities, suppression of dopant fluctuation effects and reduced threshold voltage variation with silicon film thickness. We have studied the impact of the silicon film thickness, BOX and front gate dielectric thickness and k values on the short-channel performance of the device. The ground plane structure was also simulated for comparison. We show that extremely thin silicon film thickness around 3nm would be necessary to meet the low-power applications 1999 ITRS specifications at the 50nm technology node. The quantum mechanical effects at this silicon film thickness become dominant, preventing the FDSOI technology to be scaled down to 30nm and beyond.
Investigation of the Ability of MDHS Method 25 to Determine Urethane-Bound Isocyanate Groups (1995)

Method 25 for the Determination of Hazardous Substances (MDHS 25) of the Health and Safety Executive of the United Kingdom attempts to identify and quantify all isocyanate species in an air sample. Isocyanate species are derivatized with 1-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine (MOPP) and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with tandem ultraviolet/electrochemical (UV/EC) detection. The method identifies peaks as being isocyanate-derived if the EC/UV detector response ratio is between 0.75 and 1.5 times that of the derivatized monomer. This investigation sought to determine if the method correctly identifies and accurately quantifies intermediates created during polyurethane formation that possess free isocyanate groups. Model compounds derived from 2,4-toluene diisocyanate (2,4-TDI) and ethylene glycol were prepared. These urethane species contained two ("dimer") and three ("trimer") TDI units and terminal MOPP-derivatized isocyanate groups. Like monomeric 2,4-TDI/MOPP urea, each contained two derivatized isocyanate groups per molecule. This investigation found that neither the UV nor the EC response is proportional to the number of isocyanate groups present in the model compounds. Therefore, it is concluded that MDHS 25 is neither capable of correctly identifying TDI-urethane intermediates possessing MOPP-derivatized isocyanate groups nor is it capable of accurately quantifying these isocyanate groups. The proposed solution to this problem is the utilization of a derivatizing reagent that yields derivatized isocyanate species whose detector responses come more exclusively from the derivatized isocyanate moiety and, therefore, are more proportional to the number of derivatized isocyanate groups.
Vitamin B12 deficiency among patients with diabetes mellitus: is routine screening and supplementation justified? (2013)

Vitamin B12 is an essential micronutrient required for optimal hemopoetic, neuro-cognitive and cardiovascular function. Biochemical and clinical vitamin B12 deficiency has been demonstrated to be highly prevalent among patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. It presents with diverse clinical manifestations ranging from impaired memory, dementia, delirium, peripheral neuropathy, sub acute combined degeneration of the spinal cord, megaloblastic anemia and pancytopenia. This review article offers a current perspective on the physiological roles of vitamin B12, proposed pathophysiological mechanisms of vitamin B12 deficiency, screening for vitamin B12 deficiency and vitamin B12 supplementation among patients with diabetes mellitus.
Dietary Nitrate Supplementation and Exercise Performance (2014)

Dietary nitrate is growing in popularity as a sports nutrition supplement. This article reviews the evidence base for the potential of inorganic nitrate to enhance sports and exercise performance. Inorganic nitrate is present in numerous foodstuffs and is abundant in green leafy vegetables and beetroot. Following ingestion, nitrate is converted in the body to nitrite and stored and circulated in the blood. In conditions of low oxygen availability, nitrite can be converted into nitric oxide, which is known to play a number of important roles in vascular and metabolic control. Dietary nitrate supplementation increases plasma nitrite concentration and reduces resting blood pressure. Intriguingly, nitrate supplementation also reduces the oxygen cost of submaximal exercise and can, in some circumstances, enhance exercise tolerance and performance. The mechanisms that may be responsible for these effects are reviewed and practical guidelines for safe and efficacious dietary nitrate supplementation are provided.
An Efficient Synthesis of Achiral and Chiral 1,2,4-Triazolium Salts:  Bench Stable Precursors for N<i>-</i>Heterocyclic Carbenes (2005)

[reaction: see text] The promising utility of triazolyl N-heterocyclic carbene catalysts in umpolung aldehyde chemistry requires a straightforward reliable synthesis from readily available materials. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a variety of triazolyl N-heterocyclic carbene precursors. The reactions commence from commercially available amino acids and proceed in 44-68% overall yields. The N-heterocyclic salts are air-stable crystalline solids that can be stored with no special precaution and can generate the active catalyst when treated with an appropriate base.
<i>RC</i> -active synthesis using positive-immittance convertors (1967)

Positive-immittance convertors (p.i.c.s) with a purely reactive conversion ratio are used to simulate inductors in LCnetworks. This approach, in addition to all the advantages and disadvantages of multigyrator-capacitor networks, results in simulated inductors whose magnitudes are controlled by resistor networks. Consequently the capacitors directly involved in the simulation of the inductors may all be made equal to some convenient magnitude.
Baking problems solved (2001)

Questions are presented under the following headings: Problem solving: A guide Flours Fats Improvers Other bakery ingredients Bread Fermented products Laminated products Short pastry Cakes and sponges Biscuits Other bakery products.