gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neuronal Nitric-oxide Synthase-μ, an Alternatively Spliced Isoform Expressed in Differentiated Skeletal Muscle (1996)

Nitric oxide (NO) functions as a molecular mediator in numerous processes in cellular development and physiology. Differential expression and regulation of a family of three NO synthase (NOS) gene products help achieve this diversity of action. Previous studies identify post-translational modification and interaction of NOS with specific protein targets as tissue-specific modes of regulation. Here, we show that alternative splicing specifically regulates neuronal NOS (nNOS, type I) in striated muscle. nNOS in skeletal muscle is slightly more massive than nNOS from brain owing to a 102-base pair (34-amino acid) alternatively spliced segment between exons 16 and 17. Following purification, this novel nNOS mu isoform has similar catalytic activity to that of nNOS expressed in cerebellum. nNOS mu appears to function exclusively in differentiated muscle as its expression occurs coincidentally with myotube fusion in culture. An isoform-specific antibody detects nNOS mu protein only in skeletal muscle and heart. This study identifies alternative splicing as a means for tissue-specific regulation of nNOS and reports the first additional protein sequence for a mammalian NOS since the original cloning of the gene family.
Promoting transplantation tolerance; adoptive regulatory T cell therapy (2012)

Transplantation is a successful treatment for end-stage organ failure. Despite improvements in short-term outcome, long-term survival remains suboptimal because of the morbidity and mortality associated with long-term use of immunosuppression. There is, therefore, a pressing need to devise protocols that induce tolerance in order to minimize or completely withdraw immunosuppression in transplant recipients. In this review we will discuss how regulatory T cells (T(regs)) came to be recognized as an attractive way to promote transplantation tolerance. We will summarize the preclinical data, supporting the importance of these cells in the induction and maintenance of immune tolerance and that provide the rationale for the isolation and expansion of these cells for cellular therapy. We will also describe the data from the first clinical trials, using T(regs) to inhibit graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation and will address both the challenges and opportunities in human T(reg) cell therapy.
[Study on the influence factors of human peripheral blood B lymphocyte transformation by Epstein-Barr virus]. (2009)

The results suggest the key issue is PBMCs being transformed at a concentration of 2 x 10(6)/ml, rather than using CSA at different concentration and adding time to culture fluid. The PBMCs at concentration of 1 x 10(6)/ml for worker exposed to trichloroethylene were transformed, which may be associated with sensitized status of lymphocytes.
Memory CD4 T Cells Direct Protective Responses to Influenza Virus in the Lungs through Helper-Independent Mechanisms (2010)

Memory CD4 T cells specific for influenza virus are generated from natural infection and vaccination, persist long-term, and recognize determinants in seasonal and pandemic influenza virus strains. However, the protective potential of these long-lived influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cells is not clear, including whether CD4 T-cell helper or effector functions are important in secondary antiviral responses. Here we demonstrate that memory CD4 T cells specific for H1N1 influenza virus directed protective responses to influenza virus challenge through intrinsic effector mechanisms, resulting in enhanced viral clearance, recovery from sublethal infection, and full protection from lethal challenge. Mice with influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA)-specific memory CD4 T cells or polyclonal influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cells exhibited protection from influenza virus challenge that occurred in the presence of CD8-depleting antibodies in B-cell-deficient mice and when CD4 T cells were transferred into lymphocyte-deficient RAG2(-/-) mice. Moreover, the presence of memory CD4 T cells mobilized enhanced T-cell recruitment and immune responses in the lung. Neutralization of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) production in vivo abrogated memory CD4 T-cell-mediated protection from influenza virus challenge by HA-specific memory T cells and heterosubtypic protection by polyclonal memory CD4 T cells. Our results indicate that memory CD4 T cells can direct enhanced protection from influenza virus infection through mobilization of immune effectors in the lung, independent of their helper functions. These findings have important implications for the generation of universal influenza vaccines by promoting long-lived protective CD4 T-cell responses.
Structural and vibrational properties of amorphous phosphorus (1981)

Thin films of amorphous P, prepared by rf sputter deposition under conditions of variable substrate temperature, have been studied using x-ray diffraction and Raman scattering methods. The low-angle x-ray spectra indicate a peak at $k\ensuremath{\simeq}1.1$ ${\mathrm{\AA{}}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$, whose half-width and relative intensity are a continuous function of deposition temperature. The diffraction spectra provide evidence for continuously variable intermediate-range order as a function of deposition temperature. The polarized and depolarized Raman components indicate substantial changes with deposition temperature associated with the development of a number of high-frequency spectral features. Modifications of the depolarized Raman spectra, as well as differences between the phonon density of states and depolarized bulk spectra, provide additional evidence for intermediate-range order. The x-ray and Raman spectra imply structural and dynamical correlations in amorphous solids of intermediate range and further suggest that such correlations are continuously variable. The experimental results are discussed in terms of a layerlike model with variable intralayer and interlayer correlations. As in crystalline solids, it appears that structural correlations are a prerequisite for dynamical correlations for optical-like modes.
Revisiting dictionary-based compression (2005)

An attractive way to increase text compression is to replace words with references to a text dictionary given in advance. Although there exist a few works in this area, they do not fully exploit the compression possibilities or consider alternative preprocessing variants for various compressors in the latter phase. In this paper, we discuss several aspects of dictionary-based compression, including compact dictionary representation, and present a PPM/BWCA-oriented scheme, word replacing transformation, achieving compression ratios higher by 2–6% than the state-of-the-art StarNT (2003) text preprocessor, working at a greater speed. We also present an alternative scheme designed for LZ77 compressors, with the advantage over StarNT of reaching up to 14% in combination with gzip. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unraveling DNA : the most important molecule of life (1997)

* From Modern Physics to Modern Biology * From DNA to Protein * Meet the Most Important Molecule * Under the Sign of DNA * We Can Reshuffle the Genes? * DNA Texts * Where Do Genes Come From? * Circular DNA * Knotted DNA * Genetic Engineering: Hazards and Hopes * The Controversy Around the Double Helix * Frontier Prospecting * Afterword
Tracking of Serum Lipids and Lipoproteins from Childhood to Adulthood (1991)

Serum lipids (total cholesterol and triglycerides) and lipoprotein cholesterol fractions (low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, and high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol) have been measured approximately every 3 years on children and young adults since 1973-1974 in Bogalusa, Louisiana, a community of approximately 22,000 individuals, one-third of whom are black and two-thirds of whom are white. A total of 1,586 children were examined both at baseline (1973-1974) and at the most recent survey (1984-1986), providing 12 years of follow-up. The decreases in levels noted during puberty for total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol, primarily for boys, were followed by a rise until age 26 years. HDL cholesterol levels, particularly for white boys, continued to drop after age 14 years, yielding increasingly high LDL cholesterol/HDL cholesterol ratios. Tracking, as measured by both correlation coefficients and persistence at extreme quartiles, was evident for all of the lipids and lipoproteins. The 12-year correlation coefficients were greatest for LDL cholesterol and no trend in the magnitude of the correlation coefficients with age was noted. Tracking for HDL cholesterol was better after age 9 years, particularly for white males. Approximately 50% of those children who had total cholesterol levels or LDL cholesterol levels above the 75th percentile at baseline remained elevated 12 years later. For HDL cholesterol, a trend with age was noted for white boys: 42% of those aged 9-14 years in the lower most quartile persisted in this rank 12 years later. The best predictor of follow-up lipid or lipoprotein level was baseline level. The next best predictor was increase in weight as defined by weight/height, an index of obesity. That serum lipid and lipoprotein levels continue to track from childhood into young adulthood points to the necessity of measurement early in life and, where indicated, the introduction of preventive and interventional programs aimed at developing healthy lifestyles.
Interleukin-1 and the Treatment of Auto-inflammatory Diseases (2012)

Chronic inflammatory diseases fall into two categories: either "autoimmune" or "auto-inflammatory" [1]. Although nearly all autoimmune diseases have an inflammatory component, as in rheumatoid arthritis, in autoimmune diseases, the primary defect is the auto-reactive T-cell. The term "auto-inflammatory diseases" encompasses several local and systemic diseases due to monocyte dysfunction, each responsive to blocking interleukin-beta (IL-1β) or blocking the IL-1 receptor using the IL-1 receptor antagonist. The best example is Familial Mediterranean Fever since manifestations of this disease include fever, fatigue, painful inflamed serosal and synovial tissues, biochemical markers of systemic inflammation, and hematological responses of neutrophilia [2]. Other auto-inflammatory diseases are due to single amino acid mutations in the protein "cryopyrin" [3] and are called "cryopyrinopathies"; the same syndromes are also termed "cryopyrin associated periodic syndromes" (CAPS). Systemic inflammation can be lethal, and the best example is septic shock. However, septic shock represents exogenously induced inflammation or simply "exogenous inflammation." Although many laboratory studies use bacterial products to stimulate IL-1β production, in the clinical sense, auto-inflammation is the result of IL-1-induced IL-1 or IL-1 induction of other cytokines such as IL-17. Either IL-1α or IL-1β can be the driving component in auto-inflammation. For example, in patients with neonatal onset multi-inflammatory disease (NOMID) treatment with the IL-1 receptor antagonist anakinra drives down not only the manifestations of the disease but also gene expression for IL-1α, IL-1β, TNFα, IL-6 and caspase-1 [4]. The most compelling evidence for the importance of IL-1 in inflammation comes from persons born with a mutation in the gene that codes for the IL-1 receptor antagonist. The syndrome is called DIRA for deficiency of the IL-1 receptor antagonist [5], [6]. At birth, these patients develop lethal inflammation with massive numbers of neutrophils in the skin and high levels of IL-17.
A new approach to diabetic control: Fuzzy logic and insulin pump technology (2006)

Diabetes is a major health problem. Since the utilisation of insulin in the 1920s there have been myriad problems in developing suitable technologies to formulate and administer correct dosages to temper this metabolic disease. From multiple daily injections, nasal inhalations and enzymatic supplementation these artificial shortcuts still do not have the ability to fully replicate a 'normoglycaemic' state of being. In this paper, we sought to explore the use of insulin pumps and the application of fuzzy logic technology to act as an 'artificial pancreas' in diabetic patients. This paper builds on our previous work [Grant P, Naesh, O. Fuzzy logic and decision-making in anaesthetics. J Roy Soc Med 2005;98(1):7-9 [review]].
Symplastic Transport in <i>Ipomea tricolor</i> Source Leaves (1986)

A novel method for the delivery of the fluorescent dye Lucifer Yellow CH to the cytosol of a source leaf mesophyll cell was devised which utilized a preencapsulation of the dye in phospholipid vesicles (liposomes). The liposomes were easily injected into the vacuoles of leaf cells of Beta vulgaris or Ipomea tricolor, where fusion with the tonoplast resulted in the release of the dye into the cytosol. Subsequent cell-to-cell movement of the dye was readily followed by fluorescence microscopy. Using this liposome technique symplastic continuity from the the mesophyll to the minor veins of the source leaf of Ipomea tricolor was demonstrated. This agreed with ultrastructural studies which demonstrated the presence of plasmodesmata between all cells from the mesophyll to the minor veins. The symplastic movement of dye from the injected mesophyll cell to the minor veins was unaffected by pretreatment of the leaf tissues with 2 millimolar p-chloromercuribenzenesulfonic acid. Pretreatment of the leaf tissues at alkaline pH (3-[N-morpholino] propanesulfonic acid-KOH, pH 8.0) had no apparent effect on dye movement between adjacent mesophyll cells but inhibited the movement of dye into and along the minor veins. Thus, although there were no apparent barriers to symplastic solute movement in this leaf, symplastic barriers could be imposed by the experimental conditions used.
Two- and Three-Component Interpenetrating Polymer Networks (1985)

Two-component interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) with opposite-charge groups (tertiary amine and carboxyl groups) were synthesized from polyurethanes and polymethacrylates, and their properties and morphologies were investigated. The improved molecular mixing in these IPNs, as determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), may be due to the influence of the opposite-charge groups in these systems. A comparison was made between full IPNs, pseudo-IPNs, graft copolymers, and related homopolymers from polyurethanes and epoxies. Increased compatibility in full IPNs and graft copolymers was observed by means of DSC, SEM, and dynamic mechanical spectroscopy. Three-component IPN systems made from polyurethanes, epoxies, and polymethacrylates containing charge groups were synthesized. They included full IPNs, pseudo-IPNs, and graft IPNs. The opposite-charge-containing IPNs exhibited better mechanical properties than the IPNs containing similar charge groups and no charge groups. A single-phase morphology was observed for the full IPNs and graft IPNs with opposite charge groups.
Highly Enantioselective Rhodium-Catalyzed [2+2+2] Cycloaddition of Diynes to Sulfonimines (2013)

A new asymmetric [2+2+2] cycloaddition of diynes to sulfonimines under rhodium catalysis that provides the corresponding enantioenriched 1,2-dihydropyridines in good yields is described.
Assessing the effect of unilateral cerebral revascularisation on the vascular reactivity of the non-intervened hemisphere: a retrospective observational study (2015)

Not only does CVR improve in the hemisphere ipsilateral to a flow restoration procedure, but it also improves in the non-intervened hemisphere. This highlights the potential of CVR mapping for staging and evaluating surgical interventions.
Detection of Quantum Signals by a Mismatched Receiver (1980)

A quantum receiver is modelled as a harmonic oscillator imperfectly matched to the incident signal-bearing field. At the beginning of its interaction with the field the oscillator is primed by being placed in a predetermined quantum state. It is shown how to calculate the state of this oscillator at the end of the observation interval both in the presence and in the absence of an incident coherent signal. As examples the error probabilities of a binary on-off communication system with such a mismatched receiver are calculated (a) for a signal of known phase, the receiver primed with a two-photon coherent state, and (b) for a signal of random phase, the receiver primed with a number eigenstate. In both cases the error probability depends on the mean number of externally available signal photons when the number of photons in the priming state is very large, rather than on the smaller number that would actually be absorbed by the mismatched receiver unprimed.
General Route from Simple Methyl, Alkyl, and Cycloalkyl Arenes to Polycyclic Cyclopentenyl Aryl Derivatives. The CpFe<sup>+</sup> Group as an Activator and Tag (2002)

[reaction: see text] The CpFe(+) group activates the perallylation of the benzylic groups of arenes using KOH and allylbromide under ambient conditions. This reaction can be followed by ruthenium-catalyzed RCM metathesis using Grubbs' catalyst at room temperature to give polycyclic aromatic derivatives in high yields, and these products are easily separated from the catalyst by extraction using ether. Alternatively, the RCM metathesis can be best carried out in ionic liquids at 80 degrees C, and extraction using ether is then facile.
Species-Specific Activity of Rat Recombinant Interleukin-1β (1995)

We have constructed expression clones for mature rat interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). Using these clones, rat recombinant IL-1 beta (rrIL-1 beta) was prepared and purified by a single-step cation-exchange chromatography method. In addition, synthetic rrIL-1 beta mRNA was transcribed and used to synthesize radiolabeled 35S-rrIL-1 beta for binding studies. The rrIL-1 beta produced was demonstrated to have IL-1 bioactivity in a mouse thymocyte proliferation assay, in which it could be blocked by inclusion of human recombinant IL-1 receptor antagonist (hrIL-1Ra). Similarly, rrIL-1 beta induced LIF mRNA expression in cultured rat sympathetic ganglia. In each case, the maximal dose of rrIL-1 beta was similar to that of human IL-1 beta. However, the peak response in rat tissue was twofold higher with rat IL-1 beta than with human IL-1 beta. The expression of rrIL-1 beta provides a useful tool for studying IL-1 receptors in rat, in which human and mouse IL-1 beta have been found to bind poorly. Species-specific activity of rat IL-1 beta may correlate with compensatory ionic properties of rat IL-1 receptor.
The Genome of Streptococcus mitis B6 - What Is a Commensal? (2010)

Streptococcus mitis is the closest relative of the major human pathogen S. pneumoniae. The 2,15 Mb sequence of the Streptococcus mitis B6 chromosome, an unusually high-level beta-lactam resistant and multiple antibiotic resistant strain, has now been determined to encode 2100 genes. The accessory genome is estimated to represent over 40%, including 75 mostly novel transposases and IS, the prophage wB6 and another seven phage related regions. Tetracycline resistance mediated by Tn5801, and an unusual and large gene cluster containing three aminoglycoside resistance determinants have not been described in other Streptococcus spp. Comparative genomic analyses including hybridization experiments on a S. mitis B6 specific microarray reveal that individual S. mitis strains are almost as distantly related to the B6 strain as S. pneumoniae. Both species share a core of over 900 genes. Most proteins described as pneumococcal virulence factors are present in S. mitis B6, but the three choline binding proteins PcpA, PspA and PspC, and three gene clusters containing the hyaluronidase gene, ply and lytA, and the capsular genes are absent in S. mitis B6 and other S. mitis as well and confirm their importance for the pathogenetic potential of S. pneumoniae. Despite the close relatedness between the two species, the S. mitis B6 genome reveals a striking X-alignment when compared with S. pneumoniae.
An analysis of the inverter overvoltage generated by the motor (2011)

The overvoltage in the inverter that supplies the AC induction motor, which during the deceleration operates as a generator delivering current back into the inverter DC bus, has been investigated. The investigation was performed experimentally using a special test bench. The impact of the motor deceleration rate, motor load and initial rotation velocity, at which the deceleration starts, on the overvoltage was investigated and analyzed. The obtained results were employed for the development of the overvoltage fault protection of the inverter. Streszczenie. W przeksztaltniku zasilającym silniki AC powstają przepiecia w czasie zwalniania silnika. Przeprowadzona badania tego zjawiska dla roznych: predkości zwalniania, obciązen silnika i predkości obrotowej (Analiza przepiec w przeksztaltniku zasilającym silnik)
Robust Networked Control Scheme for Distributed Secondary Control of Islanded Microgrids (2014)

Distributed secondary control (DSC) is a new approach for microgrids (MGs) by which frequency, voltage, and power can be regulated by using only local unit controllers. Such a solution is necessary for anticipated scenarios that have an increased number of distributed generators (DGs) within the MG. Due to the constrained traffic pattern required by the secondary control, it is viable to implement a dedicated local area communication functionality among the local controllers. This paper presents a new wireless-based robust communication algorithm for the DSC of MGs. The algorithm tightly couples the communication and the control functionality, such that the transmission errors are absorbed through an averaging operation performed in each local controller, resulting in a very high reliability. Furthermore, transmissions from each DG are periodic and prescheduled broadcasts, and in this way, contention over the shared wireless medium is avoided. Real-time simulation and experimental results are presented in order to evaluate the feasibility and robustness endowed by the proposed algorithm. The results indicate that the proposed algorithm is very robust with respect to communication impairments, such as packet delays and random packet losses.
The Raf/MEK inhibitor PD98059 enhances ERK1/2 phosphorylation mediated by peroxynitrite via enforced mitochondrial formation of reactive oxygen species (2003)

Exposure of PC12 cells to 100 microM peroxynitrite promotes phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) sensitive to PD98059 or U0126. At higher concentrations, however, ERK1/2 phosphorylation was prevented by U0126 and increased by PD98059 via a U0126-sensitive mechanism. PD98059, unlike U0126, enhanced the peroxynitrite-dependent formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). These results, along with others obtained using respiratory chain inhibitors and respiration-deficient cells, lead to the conclusion that PD98059, while effectively inhibiting the peroxynitrite-induced Raf/MEK signaling leading to ERK1/2 phosphorylation, promotes an enforced mitochondrial formation of ROS inducing ERK1/2 phosphorylation via a Raf-1-independent/MEK-dependent mechanism.