gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate measurement of intrathoracic airways (1997)

Airway geometry measurements can provide information regarding pulmonary physiology and pathophysiology. There has been considerable interest in measuring intrathoracic airways in two-dimensional (2-D) slices from volumetric X-ray computed tomography (CT). Such measurements can be used to evaluate and track the progression of diseases affecting the airways. A popular airway measurement method uses the "half-max" criteria, in which the gray level at the airway wall is estimated to be halfway between the minimum and maximum gray levels along a ray crossing the edge. However, because the scanning process introduces blurring, the half-max approach may not be applicable across all airway sizes. We propose a new measurement method based on a model of the scanning process. In our approach, we examine the gray-level profile of a ray crossing the airway wall and use a maximum-likelihood method to estimate the airway inner and outer radius. Using CT scans of a physical phantom, we present results showing that the new approach is more accurate than the half-max method at estimating wall location for thin-walled airways.
Effectiveness of caching policies for a Web server (2002)

We look at a number of policies for managing a file system cache in a Web server. Traces from NCSA World Wide Web (WWW) server are used in this study. We study several caching policies for improving the overall performance of such a server and show that request response time can be improved by some of the replacement policies that take size of the request into account. It is shown that least frequently used (LFU) performs well when cache sizes are small (<16 MB) and SpacexAge replacement policy performs consistently better than LRU. We show that previously proposed cache sharing policies improve performance significantly in clustered Web servers.
3D Recognition and Segmentation of Objects in Cluttered Scenes (2005)

In this paper we present a novel viewpoint independent range image segmentation and recognition approach. We generate a library of 3D models off-line and represent each model with our tensor-based representation. Tensors represent local surface patches of the models and are indexed by a 4D hash table. During the online phase, a seed point is randomly selected from the range image and its neighbouring surface is represented with a tensor. This tensor is simultaneously matched with all the tensors of the library models using a voting scheme. The model which receives the most votes is hypothesized to be present in the scene. The model from the library is then transformed to the range image coordinates. If the model aligns accurately with a portion of the range image, that portion is recognized, segmented and removed. Another seed point is picked from the remaining range image and the matching process is repeated until the entire scene is segmented or no further library objects can be recognized in the scene. Our experiments show that this novel algorithm is efficient and it gives accurate results for cluttered and occluded range images
Compressive Sensing Based Three-Dimensional Imaging Method with Electro-Optic Modulation for Nonscanning Laser Radar (2020)

Low-cost Laser Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) is crucial to three-dimensional (3D) imaging in applications such as remote sensing, target detection, and machine vision. In conventional nonscanning time-of-flight (TOF) LiDAR, the intensity map is obtained by a detector array and the depth map is measured in the time domain which requires costly sensors and short laser pulses. To overcome such limitations, this paper presents a nonscanning 3D laser imaging method that combines compressive sensing (CS) techniques and electro-optic modulation. In this novel scheme, electro-optic modulation is applied to map the range information into the intensity of echo pulses symmetrically and the measurements of pattern projection with symmetrical structure are received by the low bandwidth detector. The 3D imaging can be extracted from two gain modulated images that are recovered by solving underdetermined inverse problems. An integrated regularization model is proposed for the recovery problems and the minimization functional model is solved by a proposed algorithm applying the alternating direction method of multiplier (ADMM) technique. The simulation results on various subrates for 3D imaging indicate that our proposed method is feasible and achieves performance improvement over conventional methods in systems with hardware limitations. This novel method will be highly valuable for practical applications with advantages of low cost and flexible structure at wavelengths beyond visible spectrum.
Passive Transfer of Immunoglobulin Y Antibody to <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> Glucan Binding Protein B Can Confer Protection against Experimental Dental Caries (2001)

Active immunization with Streptococcus mutans glucan binding protein B (GBP-B) has been shown to induce protection against experimental dental caries. This protection presumably results from continuous secretion of salivary antibody to GBP-B, which inhibits accumulation of S. mutans within the oral biofilm. The purpose of this study was to explore the influence of short-term (9- or 24-day) passive oral administration of antibody to S. mutans GBP-B on the longer-term accumulation and cariogenicity of S. mutans in a rat model of dental caries. Preimmune chicken egg yolk immunoglobulin Y (IgY) or IgY antibody to S. mutans GBP-B was supplied in lower (experiment 1) and higher (experiment 2) concentrations in the diet and drinking water of rats for 9 (experiment 1) or 24 (experiment 2) days. During the first 3 days of IgY feeding, all animals were challenged with 5 x 10(6) streptomycin-resistant S. mutans strain SJ-r organisms. Rats remained infected with S. mutans for 78 days, during which rat molars were sampled for the accumulation of S. mutans SJ-r bacteria and total streptococci. Geometric mean levels of S. mutans SJ-r accumulation on molar surfaces were significantly lower in antibody-treated rats on days 16 and 78 of experiment 2 and were lower on all but the initial (day 5) swabbing occasions in both experiments. Relative to controls, the extent of molar dental caries measured on day 78 was also significantly decreased. The decrease in molar caries correlated with the amount and duration of antibody administration. This is the first demonstration that passive antibody to S. mutans GBP-B can have a protective effect against cariogenic S. mutans infection and disease. Furthermore, this decrease in infection and disease did not require continuous antibody administration for the duration of the infection period. This study also indicates that antibody to components putatively involved only in cellular aggregation can have a significant effect on the incorporation of mutans streptococci in dental biofilm.
Regulation of Microfilament Organization by Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpes Virus-cyclin·CDK6 Phosphorylation of Caldesmon (2005)

Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpes virus (KSHV) encodes a D-like cyclin (K-cyclin) that is thought to contribute to the viral oncogenicity. K-cyclin activates cellular cyclin-dependent kinases (CDK) 4 and 6, generating enzymes with a substrate selectivity deviant from CDK4 and CDK6 activated by D-type cyclins, suggesting different biochemical and biological functions. Here we report the identification of the actin- and calmodulin-binding protein caldesmon (CALD1) as a novel K-cyclin.CDK substrate, which is not phosphorylated by D.CDK. CALD1 plays a central role in the regulation of microfilament organization, consequently controlling cell shape, adhesion, cytokinesis and motility. K-cyclin.CDK6 specifically phosphorylates four Ser/Thr sites in the human CALD1 carboxyl terminus, abolishing CALD1 binding to its effector protein, actin, and its regulator protein, calmodulin. CALD1 is hyperphosphorylated in cells following K-cyclin expression and in KSHV-transformed lymphoma cells. Moreover, expression of exogenous K-cyclin results in microfilament loss and changes in cell morphology; both effects are reliant on CDK catalysis and can be reversed by the expression of a phosphorylation defective CALD1. Together, these data strongly suggest that K-cyclin expression modulates the activity of caldesmon and through this the microfilament functions in cells. These results establish a novel link between KSHV infection and the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton.
Blind Receiver Skew Compensation and Estimation for Long-Haul Non-Dispersion Managed Systems Using Adaptive Equalizer (2014)

Imbalances between the four sampling channels of a coherent detector with polarization diversity can rapidly degrade system performance. One of these imbalances, namely the receiver skew, becomes increasingly important when higher symbol rates, higher modulation orders, and low roll-off pulse shapes are used. Here, we evaluate the performance of receiver skew compensation based on a complex-valued multiple-input multiple-output 4 × 2 adaptive equalizer that is tolerant to large residual chromatic dispersion. In addition, we derive skew estimation from converged equalizer taps. Both the adaptive equalizer and the derived estimator are validated experimentally with offline processing through long-haul transmission of 46 Gbaud signal over a non-dispersion-managed test bed. The transmitted signal is Nyquist pulse shaped with a root-raised-cosine filter with 0.1 roll-off factor, polarization division multiplexed, and modulated with 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation.
A high accuracy channel power extraction method in optical filter-less coherent detection for flexible ROADM (2012)

We propose a novel channel power extraction method in optical filter-less coherent detection. By detecting amplitude of optimally filtered electrical analog waveform, we achieved optical channel power monitoring accuracy of ±1dB under actual operation condition.
Identification and Molecular Characterization of an <i>N</i>‐Acetylmuraminidase, Aml, Involved in <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> Cell Separation (2006)

We previously demonstrated Streptococcus mutans produces two bacteriolytic enzymes of 100 kDa and 80 kDa (G. Yoshimura et al. Microbiol. Immunol. 48, 465-469, 2004). Here, we identified the protein sequence of these enzymes and found they come from a single gene product designated as automutanolysin (Aml). Aml has a modular design where the N-terminus contains five 13-amino-acid repeats and a C-terminal enzyme active domain. Aml selectively lyses S. mutans and S. sobrinus but no other oral streptococci. This suggests Aml possesses strong substrate specificity towards cariogenic bacteria present in the human oral cavity. Analysis of S. mutans peptidoglycan fragments released by Aml shows the enzyme is an N-acetylmuraminidase. We found Ca(2+) enhances the activity; and EGTA, EDTA and iodoacetic acid inhibit the activity. The optimum pH range for lytic activity was 6 to 7. Disruption of the aml gene in S. mutans results in the formation of a longer bacterial cell chain length that was dispersed by the addition of a low concentration of Aml. This suggests Aml is involved in S. mutans cell separation.
First Principles Based Design and Experimental Evidence for a ZnO-Based Ferromagnet at Room Temperature (2005)

The introduction of ferromagnetic order in ZnO results in a transparent piezoelectric ferromagnet and further expands its already wide range of applications into the emerging field of spintronics. Through an analysis of density functional calculations we determine the nature of magnetic interactions for transition metals doped ZnO and develop a physical picture based on hybridization, superexchange, and double exchange that captures chemical trends. We identify a crucial role of defects in the observed weak and preparation sensitive ferromagnetism in $\mathrm{ZnO}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\mathrm{Mn}$ and $\mathrm{ZnO}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\mathrm{Co}$. We predict and explain codoping of Li and Zn interstitials to both yield ferromagnetism in $\mathrm{ZnO}\ensuremath{\mathbin:}\mathrm{Co}$, in contrast with earlier insights, and verify it experimentally.
Light source selection and optical design of a UV absorption based detector for liquid chromatography (2015)

Thesis: M. Eng. in Manufacturing, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2015.
Report of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA)–International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Joint Committee on Nomenclature (1977)

This report lists nomenclature recommendations resulting from a six-year study of problems common to the disciplines of mineralogy and crystallography. The recommendations include definitions of polytypism, topotaxy, syntaxy, and epitaxy, certain criteria for mineral names, preferred format for chemical formulae, and preferred symbols for crystallographic axes and repeat distances. Two recommended systems of structural symbols to be used to differentiate polytypes are presented.
[Intravitreally injectable poly (D, L-Lactide) microspheres containing dexamethasone acetate for sustained release]. (2001)

Poly (d, l-lactide) microspheres containing dexamethasone acetate is a potentially promising delivery system for the suppression of proliferative vitreoretinopathy.
<title>Imagetool: image processing on the Sun workstation</title> (1991)

This paper describes an environment that builds on UNIX for image processing on Sun workstations. It includes discussions on writing image analysis functions using a command line interface and on the manipulation of images from within an imaging program. It then describes the program imagetool, which displays images in a window environment and supplies a menu interface to the image-analysis functions, driven by the command line.
Personality and sport performance: The role of perfectionism, Big Five traits, and anticipated performance in predicting the results of distance running competitions (2020)

Although multiple studies have analyzed the impact of perfectionism on sport-related motivation and emotions, studies analyzing its role in actual sport performance are scarce. In the present paper, in two independent studies, we analyze the effects of two features of perfectionism—perfectionistic strivings and perfectionistic concerns—on performance in a 10-kilometer street run (Study 1; n = 332) and a half-marathon (Study 2; n = 133). The participants completed a set of questionnaires online before the competition. In both studies, perfectionistic strivings significantly predicted the results of the run, explaining an additional 7% (Study 1) and 13% (Study 2) of variance beyond gender and age. Moreover, perfectionistic strivings moderated the association between anticipated and actual performance; among perfectionistic individuals, the relationships were markedly stronger. Additionally, Study 2 showed that the effects remained significant after controlling for Big Five personality traits, so they cannot be attributed to perfectionists' elevated conscientiousness. The present paper provides pioneering evidence for a significant positive effect of perfectionistic strivings on sport performance in distance running.
Impact of queue size at bottleneck point on TCP protocol over 10G-bps networks (2009)

Currently, most research and educational backbone networks consist of 10 G-bps network and some hosts connect to this backbone with 10-Gbps. When the hosts try to transfer data with high speed, network often experiences congestion at the backbone due to a confliction with commodity traffic. In such situations, queue size at the bottleneck point has an impact on the throughput performance of TCP data transfer. However, the importance of queue size has not often been well mentioned during design of real R & E network. Network devices with small queue size have sometimes been placed at the bottleneck point. If hosts transfer data over a long distance path and the network device with small queue becomes bottleneck, TCP cannot utilize the available bandwidth effectively. In particular, when running a single TCP stream, the impact of queue size at bottleneck point is significant. In this paper, we will show the impact of queue size at possible bottleneck point on TCP protocols over a 10G-bps network experimentally. The results of our experiments indicate that a network device with small queue size at a bottleneck point decrease the TCP throughput performance on a 10 Gbps long distance path. We confirmed similar results among several advanced TCP protocols.
Positive autoregulation of vipR expression in ViaB region-encoded Vi antigen of Salmonella typhi (1996)

vipR was the first gene in the ViaB region found to be involved in production of the Vi capsular antigen in Salmonella typhi and to be transcribed in the same direction as nine downstream genes. To investigate its function, we constructed a nonpolar vipR mutant by inserting a cat cartridge into the vipR gene on the chromosome. Inactivation of the gene decreased its transcriptional level and the levels of the downstream genes. When a functional vipR gene on a low-copy-number plasmid was introduced into the vipR mutant, the transcriptional levels of the chromosomal genes were restored. These results indicate that the vipR gene product acts as a transcriptional activator for the downstream genes. Interestingly, the vipR gene also was positively regulated by its own product. DNA-binding studies showed that protein extract that contained the VipR product specifically retarded the mobility of a 451-bp BspHI-XbaI fragment upstream of the vipR gene. In addition, complementation analysis indicated that the vipR gene was cotranscribed with a least two downstream genes, vipA and vipB. These findings suggest that the VipR product may interact with the regulatory region upstream of the vipR gene and induce operonic mRNA synthesis that includes the vipR and downstream genes.
High expression of active ATF6 aggravates endoplasmic reticulum stress‑induced vascular endothelial cell apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (2018)

Activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), one of three sensor proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), is an important regulatory factor in the ER stress‑induced apoptosis pathway. Although recent studies have made some progress in elucidating the regulation mechanism of ATF6, the specific regulatory mechanism of ER stress‑induced vascular endothelial cell (VEC) apoptosis is still unclear. The present study was designed to investigate the role of ATF6 in VECs under thapsigargin (TG)‑induced ER stress. ATF6 (1‑366aa; ATF6 high‑expressed plasmid) and ATF6 (151‑366aa; plasmid without transcriptional activity) were transfected into VECs to yield an ATF6 high‑expression model and a positive control model, respectively. High expression of ATF6 decreased viability and aggravated ER stress‑induced apoptosis in VECs. Increased expression of apoptosis‑related genes, including those encoding caspase‑3, caspase‑9, C/EBP homologous protein (CHOP), cytochrome c and B‑cell lymphoma‑associated protein X (Bax)/B‑cell lymphoma (Bcl‑)2, was detected by polymerase chain reaction and western blotting in the ATF6 (1‑366aa) + TG group. No significant effect of TG treatment and high ATF6 expression was indicated on the expression of death receptor‑related genes, including those encoding caspase‑8 and Fas. The results demonstrated that high expression of activated ATF6 aggravates ER stress‑induced VEC apoptosis through the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. Furthermore, in response to ER stress, ATF6 upregulates the expression of caspase‑3, caspase‑9, CHOP, cytochrome c and Bax/Bcl‑2.
Random and exchange anisotropy in consolidated nanostructured Fe and Ni: Role of grain size and trace oxides on the magnetic properties (1998)

Results of magnetization measurements on nanocrystalline Fe and Ni produced by inert-gas condensation are presented. The grain size, which is about 10 to 20 nm in the as-prepared state, is increased by annealing the samples incrementally from 100 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C to 1000 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. The coercive field shows a pronounced variation with grain size, with a maximum at around 30 nm and a steep decrease for smaller grain sizes. The coercivity is discussed on the basis of the random-anisotropy model that predicts that the effective anisotropy constant is reduced by averaging over magnetically coupled grains. This behavior is observed as long as the grain size is smaller than the effective bulk domain-wall width. The model also accounts for the approach to saturation in nanostructured Fe yielding values for the ferromagnetic correlation length and the anisotropy constant of the grains. The latter is about four times higher than the bulk value of Fe. Hysteresis measurements at 5 K after field cooling show a shift and broadening of the hysteresis loops for both Fe and Ni, which is attributed to an exchange coupling between the ferromagnetic grains and antiferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic (oxide) interfacial phases. The hysteresis shift decreases and finally vanishes with increasing grain size. This is indicative of a restructuring of the oxides, which is confirmed by the coercive field of the Fe samples showing a step at about 120 K caused by a phase transition of ${\mathrm{Fe}}_{3}{\mathrm{O}}_{4}.$ The step vanishes again with further increasing grain size. The saturation magnetization of the Ni samples increases with increasing annealing temperature, a fact that is attributed to the evolution of the oxides also.
Baghdadite, a new calcium zirconium silicate mineral from Iraq (1986)

Abstract Baghdadite, a new calcium zirconium silicate mineral has been found in melilite skarn in contact with banded diorite, from the Qala-Dizeh region, NE Iraq. Electron microprobe analysis yielded: SiO 2 = 29.26, ZrO 2 = 27.00, TiO 2 = 2.11, Fe 2 O 3 = 0.11, Al 2 O 3 = 0.03, MgO = 0.05, CaO = 41.44, Na 2 O = 0.02, sum = 100.02 wt. %. The mineral contains about 0.16% HfO 2 . This analysis calculates to Ca 3.00 (Zr 0.89 Ti 0.11 )(Si 1.98 Fe 0.01 )O 9 which leads to the ideal formula Ca 3 Zr[O 2 |Si 2 O 7 ]. X-ray single crystal study showed it to be monoclinic with space group P 2 1 / a . The unit cell dimensions are: a = 10.42(2), b = 10.16(2), c = 7.36(1) Å, β = 91.1°, Z = 4 and cell volume = 779.04 Å 3 . The seven strongest lines in the powder diffraction pattern are ( d,I,hkl ): 7.30 (45)(110), 3.23 (80)(130), 3.04 (75)(2̄02), 2.98 (85)(202), 2.88 (70)(320,212), 2.84 (100)(230), 1.702 (40)(522). It is colourless, lustre vitreous, no cleavage and VHN 50 = 725–783 kg mm −2 with H ∼ 6. Calculated density = 3.48 g cm −3 which is very close to 3.46 measured density of a synthetic Ca 3 ZrSi 2 O 9 . It is optically biaxial, positive, 2 V ∼ 72°, dispersion indiscernible. The cathodoluminescence colour is dull grey with a greenish tint. Refractive indices: α = 1.652, β = 1.658, γ = 1.670. The crystal habit is stumpy prismatic and a contact twin with b as twinning axis is observed. Optic orientation: α = c , β//b , γ = a .
Histochemical and Biochemical Studies on Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (1955)

Abstract (1) In a large series of individuals alkaline phosphatase activity in the leukocyte was studied by biochemical and histochemical methods. (2) The value of combined histochemical and biochemical measurements is demonstrated in this report. (3) In chronic myelogenous leukemia the neutrophil contain very little alkaline phosphatase activity while in myeloid metaplasia and pyogenic infections morphologically similar cells exhibit a great increase in this enzyme. (4) Various factors which might influence alkaline phosphatase activity in See PDF for Figure See PDF for Table leukocytes were investigated and it was found that on incubation in serum or saline the cell alkaline phosphatase activity increased. However, this in vitro rise was unrelated to the source of the serum menstrum.