gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Parallel Detection EELS for an Ultra-HVEM (1992)

Some improvements of the ultra-HVEM (HU-2000) for STEM-EELS in Osaka Univ. are summarized. At first, the stability of the accelerating voltage of the ultra-HVEM was improved to realize the parallel detection EELS. Two compensators for the residual instability of the accelerating voltage and the beam trajectory were attached; the beam deflection due to the HF leakage magnetic fluxes was cancelled out by a deflection coil attached above the lens column and the spectrum shift due to the ripple and drift of accelerating voltage was compensated by the deflectors in front of the detector. The parallel detection system was also improved in some points; the fluorescent plate with a low blur and the data processing method. The characteristics of this system, that is, the relation among the spatial resolution for STEM, the energy resolution for EELS and the measuring time is summarized in a figure. Finally, we show an application for the parallel detection EELS at an accelerating voltage of 500 kV.
The Malpractice Standard under Health Care Cost Containment (1989)

For decades, medicine has been dominated by a “spare-no-expense’’ philosophy that fostered an ethic of providing all care that is of any conceivable benefit, regardless of the cost. This extended financial honeymoon has now ended. Sweeping reimbursement reform is limiting payment for health care under both public programs and private insurance. As physicians respond to this emerging cost consciousness in health care by declining to perform procedures once considered necessary, will they be exposed to liability or will legal standards shift to accommodate the new constraints? This dilemma is one of the most important issues that will confront health care tort law throughout the remainder of the century. The potential conflict between malpractice law and cost containment has received considerable scholarly attention over the past dozen years, particularly following the 1983 reform of the Medicare program and the 1986 California appellate decision in Wickline v. State of California concerning that state's Medicaid program.
Anti-inflammatory Activity of Ailanthus altissima in Ovalbumin-Induced Lung Inflammation (2006)

As part of an ongoing investigation to find bioactive medicinal herbs exerting anti-inflammation activity, the effect of an ethanol extract from the parts of Ailanthus altissima (Simaroubaceae) was evaluated in both in vitro and in in vivo system. The ethanol extract of A. altissima (EAa) inhibited generation of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) dependent phases of prostaglandin D2 in bone marrow-derived mast cells (BMMC) in a concentration-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 214.6 microg/ml. However, this compound did not inhibit COX-2 protein expression up to a concentration of 400 microg/ml in the BMMC, indicating that EAa directly inhibits COX-2 activity. In addition, EAa inhibited leukotriene C4 production with an IC50 value of 25.7 microg/ml. Furthermore, this compound inhibited degranulation reaction in a dose dependent manner, with an IC50 value of 27.3 microg/ml. Ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized mice were orally pretreated with EAa before aerosol challenges. EAa reduced the eosinophil infiltration into the airway and the eotaxin, IL-4, and IL-13 mRNA expression levels. These results suggest that the anti-inflammation activity of A. altissima in OVA-induced lung inflammation may occur in part via the down regulation of T(H)2 cytokines and eotaxin transcripts as well as the inhibition of inflammatory mediators.
Determination of Effective Capillary Pressures for Porous Media from Imbibition Data (1960)

Published in Petroleum Transactions, AIME, Volume 219, 1960, pages 75–80. Abstract Two equations are compared for calculating imbibition rates of water into porous media. A linear relation was found to apply when the square of the volume of water imbibed was plotted against time for water imbibing in natural rock materials. The effect of absorbed organic materials on surface wettability was determined from measurements of rate of imbibition, water saturation and water permeability. Introduction An understanding of the mechanisms by which water displaces oil from porous media requires an understanding of the role of capillary forces in the displacement process. The capillary forces are determined by properties of the water-oil-solid surfaces. Consequently, some measure of the surface properties of reservoir rocks is necessary if displacement behavior in oil reservoirs is to be predicted from laboratory measurements. Several experimental procedures have been proposed to assign quantitative wettability indexes to reservoir rock surfaces. The most recent of these proposals are those of Bobek, Mattox and Denekas and Amott. These indexes are designed to show a continuous variation from the preferential oil-wet to the preferential water-wet systems. They require measuring some property of the rock which is a function of surface wettability. The quantities are measured on unaltered core material and compared with values obtained for known oil-wet and water-wet extremes on the same material. These methods are useful but are semi-empirical in nature. they have the disadvantage that the measured quantities may be functions of other variables in addition to surface wettability. Some understanding of the behavior of water-oil-rock systems may be obtained from studies of the simpler water-air-rock systems. Surfaces of a given wettability are more easily maintained for the latter. Also, certain approximations can be made for the flow of water and air which are not justified for water-oil flow. The theoretical and experimental work discussed in this paper is part of a study of the role of capillarity in the dynamic displacement of air by water. The expectation is that observations for the water-air system will lead to generalizations which are applicable to water-oil systems.
Machine learning-based run-time anomaly detection in software systems: An industrial evaluation (2018)

Anomalies are an inevitable occurrence while operating enterprise software systems. Traditionally, anomalies are detected by threshold-based alarms for critical metrics, or health probing requests. However, fully automated detection in complex systems is challenging, since it is very difficult to distinguish truly anomalous behavior from normal operation. To this end, the traditional approaches may not be sufficient. Thus, we propose machine learning classifiers to predict the system's health status. We evaluated our approach in an industrial case study, on a large, real-world dataset of 7.5 • 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> data points for 231 features. Our results show that recurrent neural networks with long short-term memory (LSTM) are more effective in detecting anomalies and health issues, as compared to other classifiers. We achieved an area under precision-recall curve of 0.44. At the default threshold, we can automatically detect 70% of the anomalies. Despite the low precision of 31 %, the rate in which false positives occur is only 4 %.
Tomatidine, a Tomato Sapogenol, Ameliorates Hyperlipidemia and Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice by Inhibiting Acyl-CoA:cholesterol Acyl-transferase (ACAT) (2011)

It was previously revealed that esculeoside A, a new glycoalkaloid, and esculeogenin A, a new aglycon of esculeoside A, contained in ripe tomato ameliorate atherosclerosis in apoE-deficent mice. This study examined whether tomatidine, the aglycone of tomatine, which is a major tomato glycoalkaloid, also shows similar inhibitory effects on cholesterol ester (CE) accumulation in human monocyte-derived macrophages (HMDM) and atherogenesis in apoE-deficient mice. Tomatidine significantly inhibited the CE accumulation induced by acetylated LDL in HMDM in a dose-dependent manner. Tomatidine also inhibited CE formation in Chinese hamster ovary cells overexpressing acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyl-transferase (ACAT)-1 or ACAT-2, suggesting that tomatidine suppresses both ACAT-1 and ACAT-2 activities. Furthermore, the oral administration of tomatidine to apoE-deficient mice significantly reduced levels of serum cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, and areas of atherosclerotic lesions. The study provides the first evidence that tomatidine significantly suppresses the activity of ACAT and leads to reduction of atherogenesis.
Gradient and Curvature from Photometric Stereo Including Local Condence Estimation (1994)

Photometric stereo is one technique for 3D shape determination that has been implemented in a variety of experimental settings and that has produced consistently good results. The idea is to use intensity values recorded from multiple images obtained from the same viewpoint but under dieren t conditions of illumination. The resulting radiometric constraint makes it possible to obtain local estimates of both surface orientation and surface curvature without requiring global smoothness assumptions and without requiring prior image segmentation. This paper moves photometric stereo one step closer to practical viability by describing an experimental setting in which surface gradient estimation is achieved on full frame video data at near video frame rates (i.e., 15Hz). The implementation uses commercially available hardware. Reectance is modeled empirically using measurements obtained from a calibration sphere. Estimation of the gradient, (p; q), requires only simple table lookup. Curvature estimation uses, in addition, the reectance map, R(p; q). The required lookup table and reectance maps are derived during calibration. Because reectance is modeled empirically, no prior physical model of the reectance characteristics of the objects to be analyzed is assumed. At the same time, if a good physical model is available, it can be retrot to the method for implementation purposes. Photometric stereo is subject to error in the presence of cast shadows and interreection. No purely local technique can succeed since these phenomena are inherently non-local. Nevertheless, this paper demonstrates that one can exploit the redundancy in three light source photometric stereo to, in most cases, locally detect the presence of cast shadows and interreection. Detection is facilitated by explicitly including a local condence estimate in the lookup table used for gradient estimation.
Minimizing the number of paths in BDDs: Theory and algorithm (2005)

The complexity of circuit and systems design increases rapidly. Therefore, a main focus of research in the area of electronic-design automation are efficient algorithms and data structures. Among these, binary decision diagrams (BDDs) have been used in a wide variety of applications and were intensively studied from a theoretical point of view. But mostly, when complexity issues were considered, only the number of nodes in a BDD has been analyzed. Here, we study minimizing the number of paths in BDDs from a theoretical and a practical point of view. Connections to different areas in computer-aided design are outlined, theoretical studies are carried out, and an algorithm to minimize the number of paths is presented. Experimental results show the efficiency of the algorithm.
Poisoning of topoisomerase I by an antitumor indolocarbazole drug: stabilization of topoisomerase I-DNA covalent complexes and specific inhibition of the protein kinase activity. (1999)

We have investigated the mechanism of topoisomerase I inhibition by an indolocarbazole derivative, R-3. The compound is cytotoxic to P388 leukemia cells, but not to P388CPT5 camptothecin-resistant cells having a deficient topoisomerase I. R-3 can behave both as a specific topoisomerase I inhibitor trapping the cleavable complexes and as a nonspecific inhibitor of a DNA-processing enzyme acting via DNA binding. In addition, the drug is a potent inhibitor of the kinase activity of topoisomerase I. Unlike camptothecin, R-3 completely inhibits the phosphorylation of SF2/ASF, a member of the SR protein family, in the absence of DNA. The inhibitory effect is also observed using mutant enzyme Y723F that lacks DNA cleavage/religation activity but does not affect phosphotransferase activity, indicating, therefore, that R-3 acts independently at both DNA cleavage and protein kinase sites. R-3 is the only compound known thus far that interferes specifically with the kinase activity of topoisomerase I and not with other kinases, such as protein kinase C and the cdc2 kinase. The study reinforces the view that topoisomerase I is a dual enzyme with a DNA cleavage site juxtaposed to a functionally independent kinase site and shows for the first time that indolocarbazole drugs can inhibit both the DNA cleavage/religation and kinase activities of the enzyme.
The Application of Ultrasonic Waves to the Study of Electrolytic Solutions I. A Modification of Debye's Equation for the Determination of the Masses of Electrolytic Ions by means of Ultrasonic Waves (1947)

Debye's equation for the alternating potential which should accompany the passage of ultrasonic waves through an electrolytic solution is modified and extended by the addition of terms representing corrections for relaxation forces, electrophoretic effects, thermal diffusion, and the pressure gradient associated with the material wave.
DVCC based current-mode first-order all-pass filter and its application (2004)

In this paper, a new realisation of DVCC based current-mode all-pass filter circuit is proposed. This circuit employs only one active element and three passive elements of which two are grounded. Using the proposed filter topology a new quadrature oscillator is presented as an application. SPICE simulations verify the theoretical results.
Ultrasound-guided drug delivery in cancer (2017)

Recent advancements in ultrasound and microbubble (USMB) mediated drug delivery technology has shown that this approach can improve spatially confined delivery of drugs and genes to target tissues while reducing systemic dose and toxicity. The mechanism behind enhanced delivery of therapeutics is sonoporation, the formation of openings in the vasculature, induced by ultrasound-triggered oscillations and destruction of microbubbles. In this review, progress and challenges of USMB mediated drug delivery are summarized, with special focus on cancer therapy.
An open simulation architecture for Force XXI (1995)

Force XXI will be America's Army in the 21st century. New technology, a post-Cold War world and a declining force structure have made simulation a critical means for defining and implementing Force XXI. Military organizations are hierarchical. In combat, these command levels operate simultaneously with varying levels of coupling. A platoon on platoon operation can be significantly affected by unilateral actions of higher level friendly or enemy headquarters. A high-fidelity simulation must be able to represent the simultaneous actions of several command echelons. A multi-level simulation approach is presented in which different echelons of command can view objects at varying levels of detail consistently. A task force commander should be able to view the position and movement of a tank platoon on a map or a virtual view of the battlefield as seen from the platoon leader's hatch or real-time live video from an actual tank on the ground. Each view must be logically consistent with each other, so that the mountain on the map sheet affects movement in the same manner as the virtual mountain and the actual mountain seen via live video. Various combinations of live, virtual and constructive simulations will run concurrently in the same simulation infrastructure. Expert systems will control constructive simulation nodes lacking human players. At any level in the simulation human players and expert system players may be interchanged. The opposing force will be similarly configured. Force on force virtual simulations will be supported in the simulation infrastructure. The resulting open simulation architecture (OSA) is discussed in detail.
De vasallo non statu Imperii (2004)

1. Reichsitalien vollzog den Übergang «[v]on offener Verfassung zu gestalteter Verdichtung», den Peter Moraw für den deutschen Reichsteil im späten Mittelalter beschrieben hat, nicht mit und schon gar nicht die Reichsreformbewegung des späten 15. und des 16. Jahrhunderts. Insbesondere partizipierten die italienischen Vasallen nicht an den reichsständisch geprägten Institutionen Reichstag und Reichskammergericht. Bestimmend blieben die Lehensbindungen, so dass die Beziehungen der Vasallen zum Reich sich vor allem auf den Kaiser als obersten Lehensherrn konzentrierten. Es gab aber auch hier einen allerdings moderaten Trend zu einer «Modernisierung» im Sinne einer Fiskalisierung des Reichslehnswesens und durch die Schaffung der Institution der kaiserlichen Plenipotenz.2. Die Bindungen der italienischen Vasallen an das Reich wurden während der gesamten Frühen Neuzeit weder von deutscher noch von italienischer Seite grundsätzlich und allgemein in Frage gestellt. Ein strukturelles Problem war aber, dass die italienischen Vasallen an der Libertät und den Partizipationsrechten der deutschen Reichsstände keinen Anteil hatten. Darüber hinaus kam ihnen – unabhängig von ihrem Prestige auf europäischer Ebene – im Reichssystem nur ein niederer Rang zu. Nicht zuletzt dies bewog einige der größeren italienischen Staaten, sich dem Vasallitätsverhältnis zu entziehen zu suchen.3. Ungeachtet der gravierenden Unterschiede zum stärker verdichteten, quasi das engere Reich ausmachenden deutschen Reichsteil, blieb Reichsitalien dem größeren «Römischen» Reiches verbunden. Je nach Standort und Interesse des Betrachters konnte seine Stellung im Reichssystem als integral oder nebensächlich betrachtet werden. Sicherlich war Reichsitalien ein besonders «exotisches» Stück des Alten Reichs. Die Tatsache aber, dass es seine Verbindungen zum Sacrum Imperium wahrte, mag ein Argument dafür sein, einen offenen Reichsbegriff zu wählen, um nicht durch eine zu enge Definition Bereiche, die nicht in dieses Raster passen, auszuklammern und so der historischen Realität des Alten Reiches nicht oder zumindest nicht in allen seinen Dimensionen gerecht zu werden.
Increased content of an endogenous lactose-binding lectin in human colorectal carcinoma progressed to metastatic stages. (1991)

The quantity and localization of two lactose-binding lectins with molecular weights of 31,000 and 14,500 in human colorectal carcinoma tissue specimens obtained by surgical resection have been studied using specific polyclonal antibodies. Electrophoretic separation and blotting of detergent extracts of tumor tissues (48 specimens), followed by the binding of an antibody that recognizes both of these lectins, demonstrated that the contents of Mr 31,000 and 14,500 lectins vary from one specimen to another. The Mr 31,000 lectin content was higher in tumor specimens classified as Dukes' stage D than in those from other stages. A significant correlation was found between Mr 31,000 lectin levels and the levels of carcinoembryonic antigen in the patients' sera at the time of surgery. Immunohistochemical staining with antibodies specific for each lectin was performed with 20 colon carcinoma tissues and 5 colonic adenoma tissues. The results showed that the Mr 31,000 lectin localizes in the cytoplasm of colorectal carcinoma cells and normal epithelial cells, whereas antibody binding to Mr 14,500 lectin is observed in a limited number of carcinoma specimens and is mainly associated with luminal surfaces and secretory products. Adenoma cells were reactive with Mr 14,500 anti-lectin antibody at their luminal surfaces or cytoplasms, but they did not stain with Mr 31,000 anti-lectin antibody. These results suggest that a correlation exists among the level of the Mr 31,000 lectin, the serum level of carcinoembryonic antigen, and the stage of progression of colorectal carcinomas.
The purification and characterization of the cytochrome d terminal oxidase complex of the Escherichia coli aerobic respiratory chain. (1983)

The aerobic respiratory chain of Escherichia coli is branched. In aerobically grown cells harvested in midexponential phase, a respiratory chain containing only b-type cytochromes is predominant. This chain contains a terminal oxidase which is a b-type cytochrome, referred to as cytochrome o. However, when the bacteria are grown under conditions of oxygen limitation, additional components of the respiratory chain are induced, as evidenced by the appearance of new spectroscopic species. These include a new b-type cytochrome, cytochrome b558, as well as cytochrome a1 and cytochrome d. In this paper, a purification protocol and the initial characterization of the terminal oxidase complex containing cytochrome d are reported. Solubilization of the membrane is effected by Zwittergent 3-12, and purification is accomplished by chromatography with DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B and hydroxyapatite. The complex contains cytochrome b558, a1, and d. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gels indicates that the complex contains only two types of polypeptides with the molecular weights estimated to be 57,000 and 43,000. The purified complex has oxidase activity in the presence of detergents, utilizing substrates including ubinquinol-1, N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine, and 2,3,5,6-tetramethyl-p-phenylenediamine. The cytochrome d complex contains protoheme IX and iron, but does not contain nonheme iron or copper. Approximately half of the cytochromes which are thought to participate in E. coli aerobic respiration are accounted for by this single complex. These results suggest that the E. coli aerobic respiratory chain is organized around a relatively small number of cytochrome-containing complexes.
Cadmium carcinogenesis in male Wistar [Crl:(WI)BR] rats: dose-response analysis of tumor induction in the prostate and testes and at the injection site. (1988)

Carcinogenic dose-response effects of CdCl2 in male Wistar [Crl:(WI)BR] rats were studied over a 2-year period. Groups of rats received a single s.c. injection of CdCl2 at doses of 0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0, or 40.0 mumol/kg in the dorsal thoracic midline. Other groups received either four separate s.c. doses of 5 mumol Cd/kg each (at 0, 48, 96, and 168 h), or low dose cadmium (5.0 mumol/kg, s.c., at 0 h) followed by a higher dose (10.0 or 20.0 mumol/kg, s.c., at 48 h). The cadmium treatments resulted in appearance of tumors at the injection site, in the testes, and in the ventral prostate. Injection site tumors (mostly sarcomas) appeared to be strictly related to accumulated dose of cadmium and approached a 45% incidence at the highest cadmium dose (40 mumol/kg). Testicular tumors (mostly Leydig cell adenomas) were found to be highly dependent on testicular degeneration caused by cadmium. The highest Leydig cell tumor incidence occurred in the 40 mumol/kg (83%) and 20 mumol/kg (72%) dosage groups. Low dose pretreatment (5.0 mumol/kg) reduced or prevented the testicular degeneration and tumor formation that would otherwise result from a subsequent higher dose of CdCl2 (20 mumol/kg). Prostatic tumors (mostly adenomas of the ventral lobe) were also found to be associated with cadmium treatment, but in a non-dose related fashion. Prostatic tumor incidence was significantly elevated at the 2.5 mumol/kg dose of CdCl2 (eight tumors/26 rats; 31%) and showed a strong positive correlation between 0.0 and 2.5 mumol/kg in both tumor incidence and multiplicity. At higher doses, including those that caused marked testicular degeneration and induced prostatic atrophy, an elevated incidence of tumors did not occur. The occurrence of hyperplastic foci of the prostate, however, showed a strong positive correlation with increasing dose after single injections of cadmium up to and including 20.0 mumol/kg. Results indicate that CdCl2 can induce preneoplastic lesions of the prostate that appear to develop into tumors only at doses well below those causing marked degeneration of the testes and atrophy of the prostate.