gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Hyperemia During Spontaneous Cluster Headaches With Excessive Cerebral Vasoconstriction to Hyperoxia (1991)

SYNOPSIS Values for local cerebral blood flow (LCBF) were measured in three dimensions utilizing xenon enhanced computerized tomography among patients during spontaneously occurring cluster headaches, during headache‐free intervals and immediately after terminating attacks by inhalation of 100% oxygen. Results were compared with values measured among age‐matched normal volunteers. LCBF values measured in five cluster patients while headache‐free did not differ from similar measures among age‐matched normal volunteers. In three patients during attacks of spontaneously occurring cluster headache, LCBF values for temporal cortex, basal ganglia and subcortical white matter were increased. Immediately after terminating attacks of cluster by 100% oxygen inhalation for five minutes, LCBF values for temporal cortex and basal ganglia became significantly decreased below normal values in five patients with spontaneously occurring cluster headache. Prompt relief of head pain by inhalation of 100% oxygen is associated with abolition of the hyperperfusion of both cortical and subcortical brain structures that occurs during spontaneously occurring cluster headaches and is followed by excessive cerebrovascular constriction . It remains to be determined whether the cerebral hyperemia occurring during cluster headaches is causally related to the head pain or is secondary to the pain itself. Rapid termination of head pain by hyperoxia associated with excessive cerebral vasoconstriction suggests that this vascular phenomenon is unique to cluster headache and offers clues to its pathogenesis.
Synthesis and antimicrobial activity evaluation of novel phosphorylated derivatives of zidovudine (2010)

A series of novel phosphorylated derivatives of zidovudine (5-15) were synthesized in two step process with high yields. In the first step zidovudine (1) was reacted with bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphoramidicdichloride/4-nitrophenylphosphorodichloridate/4-chloro phenyl phosphorodichloridate in presence of triethylamine (TEA) in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) to yield the intermediates (2-4). They were further reacted with various compounds like monopotassium dihydrogenphosphate and amino acid esters to obtain the title compounds 5-15. The title compounds showed promising antimicrobial activity and it was greatly influenced by the presence of different bio-active groups at phosphorus.
Second Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of the Single Crystal of N-Benzyl 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline: Anomalous Enhancement of the d<sub>333</sub> Component and Its Possible Origin (2006)

A single crystal of N -benzyl 2-methyl-4-nitroaniline (BNA) whose dimensions were 8×10 mm (diameter × length) was grown using a vertical Bridgman method with sufficient optical transparency for spectroscopic use. Polarized reflection spectra of the crystal were measured in order to determine its linear optical parameters (refractive indices and extinction coefficients). The relative magnitudes of the d -tensor components of the crystal were determined to be d 333 =(17±9)× d 322 , d 322 > d 311 , d 311 ∼0 from polarization dependencies of the second harmonic generation. These results are in disagreement with previously reported theoretical studies, in which the effects of intermolecular interactions were completely neglected. Here, we have included these intermolecular interactions in the calculations assuming the presence of supra-molecular clusters. We conclude that the anomalous enhancement of d 333 is due to the interactions along the direction of the hydrogen bonds in the crystal and the resonance effect.
Hirudin: a family of iso-proteins. Isolation and sequence determination of new hirudins. (1988)

A recent NMR study of hirudin conformation in solution reveals a large extent of the tertiary structure of the inhibitor [2]. This model exhibits a highly packed core and two other extended wings-like domains. One of these domains centred at Gly (position 34) shows an accumulation of amino acid mutations, insertions, deletions located at an exposed position. This may represent evolutionary optimisation of the thrombin-binding site.
Liner Wall Movement and Vacuum Measured by Data Acquisition (2000)

The objective of this study was to measure liner wall movement and define the characteristics of pulsation. The cyclic opening and closing of the milking machine liner is called "Pulsation." The liner opening and closing is a consequence of the differential pressures across the walls of the liner barrel. Liner wall movement was measured in the laboratory and during milking with an analogue laser sensor and a laptop computer equipped with a data acquisition system. Measurements were made in 10-s segments. The first and last cycles of 10 pulsations were dropped from each segment, and the average of eight cycles was used for final analysis. Opening and closing phases of liner wall movement were characterized at the intersection of 1 mm less than fully open and 1 mm greater than fully closed. The 'D' phase of the liner was 407 ms, in contrast to the 'd' phase of the chamber vacuum of 259 ms with an artificial teat. Time of liner opening averaged 87 ms with an artificial teat and 98 ms during milking. Liner closure time was 23 ms with an artificial teat and 42 ms during milking. Liner ratio was 57:43, with a chamber vacuum ratio of 65:35 using an artificial teat. Liner ratio was 58.2:41.8 with a chamber ratio of 64.5:35.5 during milking. This technology can be used to improve liner design and enhance milking performance.
Comparison of the thermal tissue effects produced by aged sapphire and silica hemispherical tips (1994)

This study evaluated the performance of sapphire and fused silica hemispherical tips under the same exposure conditions. Lesions produced in the chicken breast and a blood field were sectioned for light and transmission polarizing microscopy. Lesion size and thermal damage area were recorded as a function of the tips accumulated exposure. The tips transmission was measured after every 1,000 J of exposure. Fused silica tips lasted for approximately 5,000 J and experienced significant surface and transmission deterioration. The sapphire hemispherical tips lasted for > 12,000 J with no surface and transmission deterioration. Lesions produced with the fused silica tips generally increased in depth with use, and depths of 6 mm were common. Lesions produced by the sapphire tips were subsurface spherical areas of coagulation with the tissue surface relatively intact. This difference in resulting lesions may be attributed to the higher thermal conductivity of sapphire.
Inhaled tyrosine kinase inhibitors for pulmonary hypertension: a possible future treatment (2014)

Pulmonary hypertension is a disease with severe consequences for the human body. There are several diseases and situations that induce pulmonary hypertension and are usually underdiagnosed. Treatments include conventional medical therapies and oral, inhaled, intravenous, and subcutaneous options. Depending on its severity, heart or lung transplant may also be an option. A possible novel treatment could be tyrosine kinase inhibitors. We conducted experiments with three jet nebulizers and three ultrasound nebulizers with erlotinib, gefitinib, and imatinib. Different residual cup designs and residual cup loadings were used in order to identify the best combination to produce droplets of less than 5 μm in mass median aerodynamic diameter. We found that gefitinib could not be transformed into a powder, so conversion to an aerosol form was not possible. Our experiments indicated that imatinib is superior to erlotinib with regard to small droplet size formation using both inhaled technologies (1.37 μm <2.23 μm and 1.92 μm <3.11 μm, jet and ultrasound, respectively) and, at jet devices (1.37 μm <1.92 μm). Cup designs C and G contribute best to small droplet creation uniquely supporting and equally well the activity of both drugs. The disadvantage of the large droplets formed for erlotinib was offset when combined with residual cup C (1.37 μm instead of 2.23 μm). At a 2 mL dose, the facemask and cone mouthpieces performed best and evenly; the facemask and low dose were the best choice (2.08 μm and 2.12 μm, respectively). Erlotinib and imatinib can be administered as an aerosols, and further in vivo experimentation is necessary to investigate the positive effects of these drugs in the treatment of pulmonary hypertension.
Tools for Collecting Speech Corpora via Mechanical-Turk (2010)

To rapidly port speech applications to new languages one of the most difficult tasks is the initial collection of sufficient speech corpora. State-of-the-art automatic speech recognition systems are typical trained on hundreds of hours of speech data. While pre-existing corpora do exist for major languages, a sufficient amount of quality speech data is not available for most world languages. While previous works have focused on the collection of translations and the transcription of audio via Mechanical-Turk mechanisms, in this paper we introduce two tools which enable the collection of speech data remotely. We then compare the quality of audio collected from paid part-time staff and unsupervised volunteers, and determine that basic user training is critical to obtain usable data.
Effect of Chemical Modification of Solution-Polymerized Rubber on Dynamic Mechanical Properties in Carbon-Black-Filled Vulcanizates (1987)

Abstract From the Part I experiments, n -butyl-EAB shows a strong interaction (chemisorption) with the carbon black surface. The chemical structure of chemisorbed n -butyl-EAB is similar to that of the component, with a peak at 290 nm. The EAB groups of the chain-ends in the modified polymer enhance the adsorption of the polymer onto CB-N, because of a chemisorption by the EAB groups. We estimate that the reaction mechanism of chemisorption is an acid-base reaction and that SBR-EAB has a conformation somewhat rising in the radial direction on the CB-N surfaces. From the Part II experiments, the saturated adsorption of n -butyl-EAB or the chemically-modified polymer prevents the agglomerate-growth of carbon black and enhances the dispersion stability of the carbon black dispersed in a nonpolar solvent such as benzene. From the Part III experiments, the chemically-modified rubber absorbed strongly onto the CB-N surface enhances the dispersion stability of the carbon black in vulcanizates, and, hence, suppresses the transient-structure formation or network formation of carbon-black-carbon-black particles. The reduction in the transient structure decreases the dynamic-shear modulus at low strain amplitude and, hence, decreases the loss modulus maximum G ″ max , causing the increase of rebound resilience.
DNA replication fidelity in<i>Escherichia coli</i>: a multi-DNA polymerase affair (2012)

High accuracy (fidelity) of DNA replication is important for cells to preserve the genetic identity and to prevent the accumulation of deleterious mutations. The error rate during DNA replication is as low as 10(-9) to 10(-11) errors per base pair. How this low level is achieved is an issue of major interest. This review is concerned with the mechanisms underlying the fidelity of the chromosomal replication in the model system Escherichia coli by DNA polymerase III holoenzyme, with further emphasis on participation of the other, accessory DNA polymerases, of which E. coli contains four (Pols I, II, IV, and V). Detailed genetic analysis of mutation rates revealed that (1) Pol II has an important role as a back-up proofreader for Pol III, (2) Pols IV and V do not normally contribute significantly to replication fidelity, but can readily do so under conditions of elevated expression, (3) participation of Pols IV and V, in contrast to that of Pol II, is specific to the lagging strand, and (4) Pol I also makes a lagging-strand-specific fidelity contribution, limited, however, to the faithful filling of the Okazaki fragment gaps. The fidelity role of the Pol III τ subunit is also reviewed.
The Effect of Pt-Pd Ratio on Oxidation Catalysts Under Simulated Diesel Exhaust (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">With a tighter regulatory environment, reduction of hydrocarbon emissions has emerged as a major concern for advanced low-temperature combustion engines. Currently precious metal-based diesel oxidation catalysts (DOC) containing platinum (Pt) and palladium (Pd) are most commonly used for diesel exhaust hydrocarbon oxidation. The efficiency of hydrocarbon oxidation is greatly enhanced by employing both Pt and Pd together compared to the case with Pt or Pd alone. However, there have been few systematic studies to investigate the effects of the ratio of platinum to palladium on catalytic oxidation over the DOC. The present study illustrates the relationship between the Pt-Pd ratio and catalyst activity and stability by evaluating a series of catalysts with various Pt to Pd ratios (1:0, 7:1, 2:1, 1:2, 1:5, 0:1). These catalysts were tested for their CO and hydrocarbon light-off temperatures under simulated conditions where both unburned and partially burned hydrocarbons were present. All bimetallic Pt-Pd catalysts showed better hydrocarbon light-off activity and thermal stability than the Pt- or Pd-only catalyst. NO oxidation to NO₂; however, was found to always depend directly on platinum content. If NO₂ production becomes less important over the DOC as advanced NO<sub>x</sub> reduction technology becomes less sensitive to the NO to NO₂ ratio, it may be possible to substantially reduce the platinum content of the DOC while maintaining stability and a low-temperature hydrocarbon light-off. These and other results will be discussed.</div></div>
Cell Cycle Effects by C-FADD Depend on Its C-terminal Phosphorylation Site (2003)

Expression of a truncated form of the death receptor adaptor FADD (C-FADD) as a transgene in mice blocks T cell proliferation. Here we provide evidence that the C-terminal phosphorylation site Ser194 in C-FADD affects the cell cycle in nonlymphoid cells as well. High expression of wild type C-FADD but not C-FADD with a S194A point mutation arrested the nontumor cell line MCF10A in G2/M but not the tumor cell line MCF7. BJAB as well as MCF10A cells expressing moderate levels of C-FADD with a S194E mutation mimicking phosphorylated C-FADD were more susceptible to a Taxol-induced G2/M arrest than cells expressing C-FADD S194A suggesting that C-FADD S194E lowers the threshold for G2/M arrest. Our data suggest that C-FADD may affect apoptosis sensitivity of cells by interfering with cell cycle progression and not only by binding to death receptors.
Detection of Microaneurysms in Color Retinal Images Using Multi-orientation Sum of Matched Filter (2013)

This paper presents a new method to detect retinal microaneurysms, which are the first sign of diabetic retinopathy (DR). The methods of automatic microaneurysm detection can be generally classified into two groups: filtering based methods and supervised methods. The detection accuracy of the filtering based methods is affected by the background noises and the small vessels. The supervised methods generally have better accuracy by feature sets extraction and training. But the computational cost of feature sets extraction is very high, which makes the supervised methods not suitable for large population screening. And the accuracy of supervised methods will affected by training samples. This paper presents a new method to detect retinal microaneurysms using Multi-orientation Sum of Matched Filter (MSMF), which can well suppress the affection of background noises and the small vessels. Experimental results show that our method is fast and effective in microaneurysm detection.
ChemInform Abstract: Dual‐Phase Titanate/Anatase with Nitrogen Doping for Enhanced Degradation of Organic Dye under Visible Light. (2011)

Abstract A nitrogen doped dual‐phase photocatalyst consisting of interdispersed protonated titanate and anatase nanocrystallites with the empirical formula H 2 Ti 3 O 7 ·xH 2 O is synthesized from Ti(OiPr) 4 in a mixture of triethylamine, acetylacetone, ethanol, and water in a molar ratio of 4:1:20:3 (autoclave, 160 °C, 3 h).
Multiple-fault diagnosis in intelligent control systems (2002)

Fault isolation, diagnosis, and recovery are key components of intelligent control systems. This paper presents some new approaches to the important issue of detecting and isolating faults from multiple causes. By using a new, heuristic, fault likelihood measure and sequential testing of components, fault diagnosis algorithms are presented for which polynomial computation is sufficient, in the average case, to complete the fault diagnosis procedure. Both iterative and noniterative approaches are considered and are compared through simulation studies. Finally, the testing cost associated with the diagnostic and repair effort is shown to be approximately linear in relation to problem size.
Molecular typing and epidemiology of enteroviruses identified from an outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Belgium during the summer of 2000 (2003)

Non-polio enteroviruses are the most common cause of aseptic meningitis worldwide. From May to September 2000, a major outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred in Belgium. Cerebrospinal fluid samples (CSF) of 122 patients were found to contain enterovirus RNA using diagnostic RT-PCR that targeted a 231-bp gene fragment in the 5' noncoding region. In addition, a molecular typing method was developed based on RT-nested PCR and sequencing directly from CSF(a) 358-bp fragment in the aminoterminal part of the VP1 capsid protein. To identify the enterovirus type, nucleotide sequences of the VP1 amplicons were compared to all the enterovirus VP1 sequences available in GenBank. Echovirus 30 (31.2%), echovirus 13 (23.8%), and echovirus 6 (20.5%) were identified most frequently during the epidemic. Coxsackievirus B5 was present in 15.6% of the samples, and could be subdivided in two distinct epidemic clusters, coxsackievirus B5a (10.7%) and B5b (4.9%). Other enteroviruses encountered were echovirus 16 (5.7%), echovirus 18 (1.6%), coxsackievirus B4 (0.8%) and echovirus 7 (0.8%). The high prevalence of echovirus 13, considered previously a rare serotype, indicates it is an emerging epidemic type. To verify the typing results and to explore further the intratypical genetic variation, phylogenetic analysis was carried out. Geographical clustering of most of the strains within each type and subtype could be observed. The RT-nested PCR strategy, carried out directly on clinical samples, is a simple and rapid method for adequate molecular typing of the Group B enteroviruses causing aseptic meningitis.
Rat parathyroid gland, with special reference to its blood vascular bed, pericapillary space and intercellular space. (1996)

The blood vascular bed, perivascular space and intercellular space of the rat parathyroid gland were studied using scanning electron microscopy of vascular casts, freeze-cracked tissue samples, and NaOH-digested tissue blocks. The findings were supplemented by transmission light and electron microscopy of iron colloid-treated or enzyme-digested tissue sections. The rat parathyroid gland contained a rich network of capillaries. These capillaries were surrounded by marked pericapillary spaces which were demarcated by basal lamina of both capillaries and parenchymal cells. The pericapillary spaces contained numerous collagen fibrils, and issued many crista-like projections which ran deep into the sheets of parenchymal cells. The intercellular spaces of parenchymal cells contained neither basal lamina nor collagen fibrils. The surfaces of the parenchymal cells showed strong negative charging, and maintained the intercellular spaces. The luminal surfaces of the capillary endothelium also showed strong negative charging, and maintained the capillary lumen.
An Analysis of Upstream Differencing (1988)

Summary A complete convergence analysis is carried out for upstream differencing as applied to one-dimensional (ID) tilted reservoirs experiencing gravity-segregation effects and possible countercurrent flows. It is shown that the standard upstream method converges to the correct physical solution of this problem, provided that an appropriate stability condition holds. Results from the theory of monotone-difference schemes are used. It is concluded that in addition to the practical advantages of the upstream formulation, there is also a strong theoretical justification for use of upstream techniques in multidimensional reservoir simulation.
Static analysis and dynamic steering of time-dependent systems (2001)

An enumerative technique is presented which supports reachability and timeliness analysis of time-dependent models. The technique assumes a dense model of time and uses equivalence classes to enable discrete and compact enumeration of the state space. Properties of timed reachability among states are recovered through the analysis of timing constraints embedded within equivalence classes. In particular, algorithms are given to evaluate a tight profile for the set of feasible timings of any untimed run. Runtime refinement of static profiles supports a mixed static/dynamic strategy in the development of a failure avoidance mechanism for dynamic acceptance and a guarantee of hard real-time processes.
Reduced gain of ion−implanted transistors (1975)

Ion implantation is increasingly being used as a deposition technique because of the good uniformity and reproducibility that can be obtained with it. In this letter it is reported that lower gains of bipolar transistors can result from this use of implantation rather than diffusion for depositions. The degradation of gain is shown to be a lifetime effect associated with crystal damage. A technique for avoiding the degradation is described.
Integration of Network Topological and Connectivity Properties for Neuroimaging Classification (2013)

Rapid advances in neuroimaging techniques have provided an efficient and noninvasive way for exploring the structural and functional connectivity of the human brain. Quantitative measurement of abnormality of brain connectivity in patients with neurodegenerative diseases, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD), have also been widely reported, especially at a group level. Recently, machine learning techniques have been applied to the study of AD and MCI, i.e., to identify the individuals with AD/MCI from the healthy controls (HCs). However, most existing methods focus on using only a single property of a connectivity network, although multiple network properties, such as local connectivity and global topological properties, can potentially be used. In this paper, by employing multikernel based approach, we propose a novel connectivity based framework to integrate multiple properties of connectivity network for improving the classification performance. Specifically, two different types of kernels (i.e., vector-based kernel and graph kernel) are used to quantify two different yet complementary properties of the network, i.e., local connectivity and global topological properties. Then, multikernel learning (MKL) technique is adopted to fuse these heterogeneous kernels for neuroimaging classification. We test the performance of our proposed method on two different data sets. First, we test it on the functional connectivity networks of 12 MCI and 25 HC subjects. The results show that our method achieves significant performance improvement over those using only one type of network property. Specifically, our method achieves a classification accuracy of 91.9%, which is 10.8% better than those by single network-property-based methods. Then, we test our method for gender classification on a large set of functional connectivity networks with 133 infants scanned at birth, 1 year, and 2 years, also demonstrating very promising results.