gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Genetic and Biological Comparisons of Pathogenic and Nonpathogenic Molecular Clones of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV <sub>MAC</sub> ) (1992)

Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) is a designation for a group of related but unique lentiviruses identified in several primate species. A viral isolate from a rhesus macaque (i.e., SIVmac) causes a fatal AIDS-like disease in experimentally infected macaques, and several infectious molecular clones of this virus have been characterized. This report presents the complete nucleotide sequence of molecularly cloned SIVmac1A11, and comparisons are made with the sequence of molecularly cloned SIVmac239. SIVmac1A11 has delayed replication kinetics in lymphoid cells but replicates as well as uncloned SIVmac in macrophage cultures. Macaques infected with virus from the SIVmac1A11 clone develop antiviral antibodies, but virus does not persist in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and no disease signs are observed. SIVmac239 infects lymphoid cells, shows restricted replication in cultured macrophages, and establishes a persistent infection in animals that leads to a fatal AIDS-like disease. Both viruses are about 98% homologous at the nucleotide sequence level. In SIVmac1A11, the vpr gene as well as the transmembrane domain of env are prematurely truncated, whereas the nef gene of SIVmac239 is prematurely truncated. Sequence differences are also noted in variable region 1 (V1) in the surface domain of the env gene. The potential implications of these and other sequence differences are discussed with respect to the phenotypes of both viruses. This animal model is critically important for investigating the roles of specific viral genes in viral/host interactions that cannot be studied in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
Laser-induced fluorescence technique for velocity field measurements in subsonic gas flows (1983)

A nonintrusive optical technique is reported for multiple-point velocity measurements in subsonic flows. The technique is based on the detection of fluorescence from a Doppler-shifted absorption line of seeded iodine molecules excited at a laser frequency fixed in the wing of the line. Counterpropagating laser sheets are used to illuminate the flow, in the present case a nitrogen round jet, thereby eliminating the need for an unshifted reference signal. The fluorescence is detected simultaneously at 10,000 points in a plane of the flow using a 100 x 100 element photodiode-array camera. The velocity at each point is computed from four successive camera frames, each recorded with a different beam direction. The measured mean velocities between 5 and 50 m/sec agree well with data from the literature.
Evidence that the High Incidence of Treatment Failures in Indian Kala‐Azar Is Due to the Emergence of Antimony‐Resistant Strains of<i>Leishmania donovani</i> (1999)

The possibility that the high frequency of treatment failures in Indian kala-azar might be due to infection with antimony-resistant strains of Leishmania donovani has not been experimentally addressed. L. donovani isolates were obtained from splenic aspiration smears of 24 patients in Bihar, India, who either did not respond (15) or did respond (9) to 1 or more full courses of treatment with sodium antimony gluconate (SAG). A strong correlation (P<.001) between clinical response and SAG sensitivity in vitro was observed only when strains were assayed as intracellular amastigotes: responsive isolates ED50=2.4+/-2.6, ED90=6.4+/-7.8 microgram SAG/mL; unresponsive isolates ED50=7.4+/-3.7 microgram SAG/mL, ED90=29.1+/-11.1 SAG/mL. No correlation with clinical response was found by use of extracellular promastigotes (ED50=48+/-22 vs. 52+/-29 microgram/mL). The emergence of antimony-resistant L. donovani strains appears to be a cause of treatment failures in India.
Proposal for a 94-GHz phase-reversal optical modulator using a loaded transmission line (1997)

One of the most important problems associated with the design of external travelling wave optical modulators operating at very high frequency is the reduction of microwave loss associated with the electrode structure. With this in view, a new design for a Ti:LiNbO/sub 3/ narrow-band optical modulator is proposed for operation at 94 GHz. It uses a low-loss loaded transmission line with dielectric overlay and uses phase-reversals to achieve phase matching. Numerical simulations predict a required 21-dBm drive power for full on-off switching at 94 GHz.
Ex Vivo Phenotype and Frequency of Influenza Virus-Specific CD4 Memory T Cells (2004)

Recent advances in class II tetramer staining technology have allowed reliable direct ex vivo visualization of antigen-specific CD4 T cells. In order to define the frequency and phenotype of a prototype response to a nonpersistent pathogen, we have used such techniques to analyze influenza virus-specific memory CD4 T cells directly from blood. These responses are stably detectable ex vivo at low frequencies (range, 0.00012 to 0.0061% of CD4 T cells) and display a distinct "central memory" CD62L(+) phenotype.
Fault plane solutions for the 1984 Morgan Hill, California, Earthquake Sequence: Evidence for the state of stress on the Calaveras Fault (1988)

Fault plane solutions for 946 aftershocks of the April 24, 1984, Morgan Hill, California, M 6.2 earthquake reveal a pattern of complex faulting within a 10‐km‐wide zone surrounding the Calaveras fault. The fault plane solutions fall into three groups: strike‐slip mechanisms located along the Calaveras fault with north‐northwest striking dextral slip planes nearly parallel to the fault, strike‐slip mechanisms located northeast of the Calaveras fault with north striking dextral slip planes, and reverse mechanisms located southwest of the Calaveras fault with northeast or southwest dipping slip planes. The average azimuth of P axes for aftershocks located on the Calaveras fault is N10°±1°E. In contrast, the average azimuths of P axes for aftershocks northeast and southwest of the Calaveras fault are N49°±7°E and N37°±3°E, respectively. By assuming that the earthquakes occur on preexisting cracks in response to a uniformly oriented regional stress field, we are able to infer from the observed average slip directions an orientation for σ 1 , the axis of maximum horizontal compression, 63°–80° from the local strike of the Calaveras fault. Such a high‐angle orientation of σ 1 is incompatible with the classical Andersonian model of strike‐slip faulting but is consistent with an alternate model in which a weak Calaveras fault is driven by plate motion slightly convergent with respect to the San Andreas fault system in central California. If this inferred high‐angle uniform stress field is combined with the changes in the static stress field calculated with elastic dislocation theory for the 1984 Morgan Hill main shock, the resulting stress field predicts most of the observed spatial pattern of the aftershocks and their fault plane solutions. The orientations of the inferred aftershock slip planes are generally consstent with the fracture orientations predicted by the Coulomb failure criterion. Areas with predicted increases in the Coulomb failure function of only a few tenths of a megapascal correspond to areas of intense aftershock activity. The invariance of focal mechanisms in the vicinity of the south end of the main shock rupture before and after the main shock suggests that the magnitude of compressive stress in this area is at least 10 MPa. In addition to explaining a preponderance of the seismic observations of the aftershock sequence, the presence of a predominantly fault‐normal compressive regional stress field accounts for the contemporary development of folds, reverse faults, and topographic relief observed throughout the central California Coast Ranges.
Comparative genomics of Steinernema reveals deeply conserved gene regulatory networks (2015)

We have identified a set of expanded gene families that are likely to be involved in parasitism. We have also identified a set of non-coding motifs associated with groups of orthologous genes in Steinernema and Caenorhabditis involved in neurogenesis and embryonic development that are likely part of conserved protein-DNA relationships shared between these two genera.
The Yeast Protein Complex Containing Cdc68 and Pob3 Mediates Core-Promoter Repression Through the Cdc68 N-Terminal Domain (1998)

Transcription of nuclear genes usually involves trans-activators, whereas repression is exerted by chromatin. For several genes the transcription mediated by trans-activators and the repression mediated by chromatin depend on the CP complex, a recently described abundant yeast nuclear complex of the Pob3 and Cdc68/Spt16 proteins. We report that the N-terminal third of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Cdc68 protein is dispensable for gene activation but necessary for the maintenance of chromatin repression. The absence of this 300-residue N-terminal domain also decreases the need for the Swi/Snf chromatin-remodeling complex in transcription and confers an Spt- effect characteristic of chromatin alterations. The repression domain, and indeed the entire Cdc68 protein, is highly conserved, as shown by the sequence of the Cdc68 functional homolog from the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis and by database searches. The repression-defective (truncated) form of Cdc68 is stable but less active at high temperatures, whereas the known point-mutant form of Cdc68, encoded by three independent mutant alleles, alters the N-terminal repression domain and destabilizes the mutant protein.
Seawater usable for production and consumption of hydrogen peroxide as a solar fuel (2016)

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water has been proposed as a promising solar fuel instead of gaseous hydrogen because of advantages on easy storage and high energy density, being used as a fuel of a one-compartment H2O2 fuel cell for producing electricity on demand with emitting only dioxygen (O2) and water. It is highly desired to utilize the most earth-abundant seawater instead of precious pure water for the practical use of H2O2 as a solar fuel. Here we have achieved efficient photocatalytic production of H2O2 from the most earth-abundant seawater instead of precious pure water and O2 in a two-compartment photoelectrochemical cell using WO3 as a photocatalyst for water oxidation and a cobalt complex supported on a glassy-carbon substrate for the selective two-electron reduction of O2. The concentration of H2O2 produced in seawater reached 48 mM, which was high enough to operate an H2O2 fuel cell.
Continuous production of a cytopathic human T-lymphotropic virus in a permissive neoplastic T-cell line (1986)

We developed cloned populations from the commonly available, well-characterized cell line HUT-78. These cloned cells grow permanently after infection with isolates of human T-lymphotropic virus type III, also called lymphadenopathy virus (HTLV-III/LAV), from patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and related syndromes. In contrast, activated human T cells are lysed after HTLV-III/LAV infection. The infected cloned cells have been in culture continuously for 6 months and have produced high levels of extracellular reverse transcriptase (400,000 cpm/ml). This level is comparable to that of similarly infected normal human T cells. Three weeks after infection with HTLV-III/LAV, more than 90% of the cloned HUT-78 cells lysed; the remaining cells continued to grow. Approximately 80% of these cells expressed HTLV-III/LAV antigens by immunofluorescence. The extracellular virus of the chronically infected cell line was shown to be similar to other HTLV-III/LAV isolates by competition radioimmunoassay, by reactivity with human serum, and by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This HTLV-III/LAV-infected immortalized cell line enables the continuous production of large amounts of virus.
Detonation Properties of Mixtures of Ammonium Nitrate Based Fertilizers and Fuels (2011)

Detonation properties of mixtures of milled ammonium nitrate based fertilizers and fuels − aluminium or mineral oil − have been determined. The fertilizers used were ammonium nitrate and its compositions with mineral meal; for some compositions additional amount of mineral meal was mixed with the fertilizer. Detonation velocity, Guerney’s energy and limits of detonability of such mixtures have been measured. It was examined that mixtures of mineral oil and fertilizers containing over 20% of mineral meal detonated during the tests. Mixtures of aluminium and fertilizers detonated even if concentration of mineral meal in the fertilizers was 40%.
A compositional approach to learning part-based models of objects (2011)

We propose a new method for learning probabilistic part-based models of objects using only a limited number of positive examples. The parts correspond to HOG bundles, which are groupings of HOG features. Each part model is supplemented by an appearance model, which captures the global appearance of the object by using bags of words of PHOW features. The learning is invariant to scaling and in-plane rotations of the object, the number of parts is learnt automatically, and multiple models can be learnt to allow for variations of 3D viewpoint or appearance. Through an experiment, we show that 3D multi-view object recognition can be performed by a series of learnt 2D models. The method is supervised but can learn models for multiple object viewpoints without these viewpoints being labeled in the training data. We evaluate our method on three benchmark datasets: (i) the ETHZ shape dataset, (ii) the INRIA horse dataset, and (iii) a multiple viewpoint car dataset. Our results on these datasets show proof of concept for our approach since they are superior or close to the state-of-the-art on all three datasets while we do not use any negative examples.
Cross‐validation‐based kernel support selection for improved GRAPPA reconstruction (2008)

The extended version of the generalized autocalibrating partially parallel acquisition (GRAPPA) technique incorporates multiple lines and multiple columns of measured k-space data to estimate missing data. For a given accelerated dataset, the selection of the measured data points for fitting a missing datum (i.e., the kernel support) that provides optimal reconstruction depends on coil array configuration, noise level in the acquired data, imaging configuration, and number and position of autocalibrating signal lines. In this work, cross-validation is used to select the kernel support that best balances the conflicting demands of fit accuracy and stability in GRAPPA reconstruction. The result is an optimized tradeoff between artifacts and noise. As demonstrated with experimental data, the method improves image reconstruction with GRAPPA. Because the method is simple and applied in postprocessing, it can be used with GRAPPA routinely.
Monolithic master oscillator power amplifier at 1.58 um for lidar measurements (2017)

Nowadays the interest in high power semiconductor devices is growing for applications such as telemetry, lidar system or free space communications. Indeed semiconductor devices can be an alternative to solid state lasers because they are more compact and less power consuming. These characteristics are very important for constrained and/or low power supply environment such as airplanes or satellites. Lots of work has been done in the 800-1200 nm range for integrated and free space Master Oscillator Power Amplifier (MOPA) [1]-[3]. At 1.5 μm, the only commercially available MOPA is from QPC [4]: the fibred output power is about 700 mW and the optical linewidth is 500 kHz. In this paper, we first report on the simulations we have done to determine the appropriate vertical structure and architecture for a good MOPA at 1.58 μm (section II). Then we describe the fabrication of the devices (section III). Finally we report on the optical and electrical measurements we have done for various devices (section IV).
Incremental Mining of Frequent XML Query Patterns (2005)

The discovering of frequent XML query patterns gains its focus due to its many applications in XML data management, and several algorithms have been proposed to discover frequent query patterns using the frequent structure mining techniques. In this paper we consider the problem of incremental mining of frequent XML query patterns. We propose a method to minimize the I/O and computation requirements for handling incremental updates.
Na de fluwelen revoluties: markttransitie en sociale ongelijkheid in Oost-Europa (2007)

In the leading sociological journals since 1989 a debate is rumbling on between economic sociologists about the question of what the effects are of the introduction and expansion of markets in (post)communist societies on their system of social stratification. In this essay the questions and answers in that debate are reconstructed. Their quality is assessed by confronting them with (meta)theoretical considerations and empirical findings. None of the theories involved (new institutionalism, power conversion theory, modernisation theory) proves to be without flaws. A synthesis suggested by several authors seems to promise more success. What is lacking, however, in that synthesis is the idea that the legitimizing and motivating role of the prevailing ideologies mitigates the effect of the market transition on the social stratification of (post)communist societies.
Genes encoding homologues of three consecutive enzymes in the butyrate/butanol-producing pathway of<i>Clostridium acetobutylicum</i>are clustered on the<i>Clostridium difficile</i>chromosome (1994)

Screening of a Clostridium difficile lambda EMBL3 gene library with antisera raised against C. difficile culture supernatant identified several clones expressing a 31-kDa protein. A 1.8-kb HindIII fragment subcloned from one of the clones was sufficient for expression of the 31-kDa polypeptide. Southern blot analysis showed a region homologous to this fragment to be present in all of 13 different C. difficile strains tested. Sequence analysis of the 1.8-kb fragment revealed three adjacent open reading frames. A database search showed that these three open reading frames appeared to encode homologues of three consecutive enzymes in the butanol/butyrate-producing pathway of Clostridium acetobutylicum (crotonase, beta-hydroxybutyryl coenzyme A dehydrogenase and thiolase).
On Automatically Extracting Discoveries from User Generated Content (2014)

The internet is a rich source of knowledge that is constantly expanding as users generate content which needs to be organized and classified. Future versions of the web are likely to include intelligent software agents capable of using metadata to understand complex relationships and better support users in discovering new knowledge. Wikipedia is a rich source of knowledge, but with limited and inconsistent structure to its content there has been limited progress in developing agents to use this information. This paper investigates using natural language processing to add metadata to Wikipedia articles, and presents an application where users could use the metadata to discover an alternative destination.
The lithium chloride complex of the<i>anti</i>isomer of the bridged spherand C<sub>50</sub>H<sub>48</sub>O<sub>6</sub> (2000)

The structure of (11,12,24,25-tetra­hydro-28,34-di­methoxy-3,6,16,19,31,37-hexa­methyl-1,21[1′,3′]:8,14[1′′,3′′]-di­benzeno-10H,23H-tetrabenzo­[f,h,o,z][1,5,10,14]­tetraoxa­cyclo­octa­decane)­lithium chloride monohydrate, anti-[Li(C50H48O6)]Cl·H2O, at 100 K reveals that the host is less strained than that of the syn-bridged isomer. There are two independent complex cations, each lying on a center of symmetry. Four short [1.944 (2)–1.998 (2) Å] and two long [2.381 (2) and 2.455 (2) Å] Li+⋯O distances provide six-coordination in a distorted octahedral environment.
Surround Sound 1 (2017)

Surround sound is a 'catch-all' term often used to describe any form of loudspeaker sound reproduction that involves more than two loudspeakers and attempts to surround the listener with sounds from multiple directions. It started as a marketing term that aimed to imply something more spatially interesting than 2-channel stereo. In this chapter, therefore, the discussion will be restricted to approaches based on conventional stereophonic principles that range from three channels upward, but don't involve height information. Three front channels were the norm in cinema sound reproduction for many years, partly because of the wide range of seating positions and size of the image. The chapter also discusses the evolution of surround sound. Spatialization of sound images in basic stereophony was achieved by the introduction of simple time and/or level differences between channels, created out of the relationships between microphone outputs or by simple panpots. The aim was one of creating an adequate spatial illusion.
One-step foaming method to functional polyurethane absorbents foam (2016)

Traditional preparation of superhydrophobic absorbents relies on solvents or further modification with silane. For environmental reasons, it is ideal to find ways that reduce or completely non-solvent. Herein, we show that superhydrophobic sponges can be obtained without solvents by the foaming process. Rough surface morphology and low surface energy were achieved simultaneously during the formation of superhydrophobic foam without further modification. The time required for oil–water separation was shortened significantly, when combined the sponge with a vacuum system. Importantly, the obtained sponge can retain its high oil absorption capacity after several cycles of oil–water separation. The sponge is easy to be scaled up and we have fabricated foams in large scale (37 cm × 30 cm × 22 cm) for making it an ideal candidate for practical application.
When is the Fiftieth Anniversary of Lianda? Observations on the Semicentennial of an Eminent University (1992)

(1992). When is the Fiftieth Anniversary of Lianda? Observations on the Semicentennial of an Eminent University. Republican China: Vol. 17, No. 1, pp. 79-104.
Optimizing earthwork block removal in road construction (2010)

In road construction, earthwork operations account for about 25% of the construction costs. Existing linear programming models for earthwork logistics optimization are designed to minimize the hauling costs and to balance the earth across the construction site. However, these models do not consider the removal of physical blocks that may influence the earthwork process. In this thesis, we extend the linear programming model of Mayer and Stark (1981) with the addition of a block removal schedule. The resulting model is a mixed-integer linear program. We analyze the model size and the schedule search space in order to make conclusion about the use of the model. Based on structural observations, we introduce a set of algorithms that significantly reduce the solving time of the model. Finally, we conduct numerical experiments to compare our solutions with the solutions of a traditional earthwork process that makes use of linear programming. From our numerical results, we conclude that an optimal removal schedule produces solutions that are 4.1% cheaper on average than a traditional method, with savings that can go as high as 19%. We conclude our discussion with possible extensions to the model, that can help an engineer to design roads that are more economical and ecological with respect to the earthwork operations.