gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulating Charge‐Transfer Interactions in Topologically Different Porphyrin–C<sub>60</sub> Dyads (2003)

Control over the interchromophore separation, their angular relationship, and the spatial overlap of their electronic clouds in several ZnP-C(60) dyads (ZnP=zinc porphyrin) is used to modulate the rates of intramolecular electron transfer. For the first time, a detailed analysis of the charge transfer absorption and emission spectra, time-dependent spectroscopic measurements, and molecular dynamics simulations prove quantitatively that the same two moieties can produce widely different electron-transfer regimes. This investigation also shows that the combination of ZnP and C(60) consistently produces charge recombination in the inverted Marcus region, with reorganization energies that are remarkably low, regardless of the solvent polarity. The time constants of electron transfer range from the mus to the ps regime, the electronic couplings from a few tens to several hundreds of cm(-1), and the reorganization energies remain below 0.54 eV and can be as low as 0.16 eV.
Treating hepatitis C: current standard of care and emerging direct‐acting antiviral agents (2012)

Summary. During the late 1990s and early 2000s, major advances were made in the treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Interferon, combination interferon plus ribavirin (RBV) and pegylated interferon plus RBV increased sustained virologic response (SVR) rates from ~5% to ~40-80%, depending on the genotype of HCV infection. Advances in molecular biology have allowed investigators to begin to understand the mechanisms of HCV infection and replication. Advances in understanding of viral kinetics have provided tools to identify patients who are most likely to attain SVR. With the advances in the science of HCV infection, the first part of the 21st century has seen the development and early introduction of a number of direct-acting antiviral (DAA) drugs. These novel medications interfere with critical steps in HCV replication and have the potential to significantly increase SVR rates. This article will review the key elements of HCV replication and evaluate the various classes of new and investigational DAA that have the potential to create a revolution in the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C.
Discovery and characterization of novel <scp>d</scp> -xylose-specific transporters from <i>Neurospora crassa</i> and <i>Pichia stipitis</i> (2010)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is considered one of the most promising organisms for ethanol production from lignocellulosic feedstock. Unfortunately, pentose sugars, which comprise up to 30% of lignocellulose, cannot be utilized by wild type S. cerevisiae. Heterologous pathways were introduced into S. cerevisiae to enable utilization of d-xylose, the most abundant pentose sugar. However, the resulting recombinant S. cerevisiae strains exhibited a slow growth rate and poor sugar utilization efficiency when grown on d-xylose as the sole carbon source. d-xylose uptake is the first step of d-xylose utilization. d-xylose can only enter yeast cells through hexose transporters, which have two orders of magnitude lower affinity towards d-xylose compared to hexoses. It was also shown that inefficient pentose uptake is the limiting step in some d-xylose metabolizing yeast strains. Here we report the cloning and characterization of two novel d-xylose-specific transporters from Neurospora crassa and Pichia stipitis. These two transporters were identified from a total of 18 putative pentose transporters. They were functionally expressed and properly localized in S. cerevisiae as indicated by HPLC analysis and fluorescence confocal microscopy, respectively. Kinetic parameters of the d-xylose-specific transporters were determined using a (14)C-labeled sugar uptake assay. Use of pentose-specific transporters should improve d-xylose consumption and ethanol production in fast d-xylose assimilating strains, thereby lowering the cost of lignocellulosic ethanol production.
Various Contrasts Identifiable From the Backside of a Chip by 1.3μm Laser Beam Scanning and Current Change Imaging (1996)

Abstract We can identify various contrasts by scanning an 1.3 um laser beam from the backside of a chip and displaying current changes as brightness changes on a CRT, because the 1.3 um laser beam generates no OBIC signal and can penetrate P- Si substrate with little intensity degradation. The contrasts we have confirmed up to now are: (1) Current pass contrast at Al lines caused by OBIRCH, (2) Defect contrast at Al interconnects caused by OBIRCH, (3) Current pass contrast at a poly Si lines caused by OBIRCH, (4) Parasitic MIM (metal-insulator-metal) contrast caused by temperature dependence of MIM current, (5) Schottky-barrier contrast caused by internal photoemission.
The colon mitosis inhibitor pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine inhibits growth of non-tumorigenic colonic epithelial cells. (2004)

pEHG inhibits flux at the G2/M transition, but has no effect on cell death.
Granisetron, a selective 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, for the prevention of radiation induced emesis during total body irradiation. (1991)

The antiemetic efficacy of granisetron was tested in an open trial in patients undergoing highly emetogenic treatment by single fraction total body irradiation. Thirty-two consecutive patients were entered. Results were both patient- and observer-rated. Following a single intravenous dose of granisetron 18 patients (56.3%) experienced total protection and a further 13 (40.6%) had major antiemetic protection with four of these patients experiencing nausea only. One patient experienced an anaphylactic reaction on infusion of monoclonal antibody-treated donor marrow 5 h after administration of the trial drug and vomited on multiple occasions. The reaction was associated with hypotension. A further patient experienced transient hypotension secondary to septicaemia 8 h after receiving granisetron. Three patients required a second dose. Headache was the most frequent side-effect occurring in three patients, but in to of these patients the test drug was not thought to be implicated. In conclusion granisetron is a highly effective agent in controlling radiation induced emesis with a favourable toxicity profile.
Use of N-methyl-D-glucamine as buffer in the determination of serum alkaline phosphatase activity. (1981)

We describe a method for determining serum alkaline phosphatase activity with use of N-methyl-D-glucamine buffer, Na+ is a definite activator, whereas NH4+ and Li+ inhibit enzyme activity. Optimum reaction conditions are: methylglucamine buffer, 0.35 mol/L, pH 10.2 +/- 0.1 (30 degrees C); NaCl, 70 mmol/L; MgCl2, 0.5 mmol/L; disodium 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, 15 mmol/L; reaction temperature, 30 degrees C; reaction time, 2 min. The assay conditions are optimum for all human serum isoenzymes.
Optical emission spectroscopy of reactive plasmas: A method for correlating emission intensities to reactive particle density (1980)

The addition of a small concentration of suitably chosen noble gas to a reactive plasma is shown to permit the determination of the functional dependence of reactive particle density on plasma parameters. Examples illustrating the simplicity of this method are presented using F atomic emission from plasma-etching discharges and a comparison is made to available data in the literature.
Design strategies for optically-accessible, high-temperature, high-pressure reactor (2000)

The authors have developed two optical cell designs for high-pressure and high-temperature fluid research: one for flow systems, and the other for larger batch systems. The flow system design uses spring washers to balance the unequal thermal expansions of the reactor and the window materials. A typical design calculation is presented showing the relationship between system pressure, operating temperature, and torque applied to the window-retaining nut. The second design employs a different strategy more appropriate for larger windows. This design uses two seals: one for the window that benefits from system pressure, and a second one that relies on knife-edge, metal-to-metal contact.
Anal infections encountered in general practice. (1951)

Thoroughness in study of the anorectal canal to the ten-inch level serves to detect infectious lesions in that area in the incipient state and thus preclude the debilitating and destructive chain of events which follows when early treatment is delayed. The technical requisites of the routine examination are not beyond the scope of physicians in general practice, who can prevent many of the chronic and disabling complications by early diagnosis.
The effect of coronary artery bypass surgery on brain perfusion. (1998)

The results of this study indicate that regional cortical hypoperfusion may occur in patients with neuropsychological complications after CABG. Technetium-99m-HMPAO brain SPECT is a useful method to locate and determine brain perfusion changes after CABG.
Double-blind study with phosphatidylserine (PS) in parkinsonian patients with senile dementia of Alzheimer's type (SDAT). (1989)

Experimental and clinical studies showed that Phosphatidylserine--special preparation from cow's brain by FIDIA, Abano Terme, Italy--is able to influence cerebral changes contributed to the symptoms of senile dementia of Alzheimer's type. The application of the computerized EEG method DYNAMIC BRAIN MAPPING (HZI Research Center, Tarrytown, New York) is able to proof the therapeutic effect of Phosphatidylserine: the acceleration of a slowed EEG in Parkinsonian patients with SDAT. These reactions were seen previous to the favourable clinical influence documented by the Sandoz Clinical Assessment Geriatric Scale (SCAG), which showed a significant amelioration in anxiety, motivation and affectivity by the verum drug. Acute and long-term CEEG results--till 18 months--showed that the so-called Theta anteriorisation can be reduced or even abolished; this is replaced by Alpha waves. Even in preclinical cerebral changes this method open the possibility to show incipient alterations of the brain metabolism. Preliminary therapeutic results leads to this and not prooven hypothesis that prevention or retardation of cerebral ageing might be possible.
A new stacked capacitor cell for 64 Mbit DRAMs (1990)

A new stacked capacitor memory cell named a Cup-shaped Storage Node (CSN) is proposed for high density DRAMs. The storage capacitance of the cell is enhanced by stacking the cup shaped polysilicon layer. So single and double layered stacked cell structures can be fabricated with simple extra process steps. The usefulness of the fabrication process and electrical characteristics of this novel cell structure has been demonstrated.
A novel extracellular role for tissue transglutaminase in matrix-bound VEGF-mediated angiogenesis (2013)

The importance of tissue transglutaminase (TG2) in angiogenesis is unclear and contradictory. Here we show that inhibition of extracellular TG2 protein crosslinking or downregulation of TG2 expression leads to inhibition of angiogenesis in cell culture, the aorta ring assay and in vivo models. In a human umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) co-culture model, inhibition of extracellular TG2 activity can halt the progression of angiogenesis, even when introduced after tubule formation has commenced and after addition of excess vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In both cases, this leads to a significant reduction in tubule branching. Knockdown of TG2 by short hairpin (shRNA) results in inhibition of HUVEC migration and tubule formation, which can be restored by add back of wt TG2, but not by the transamidation-defective but GTP-binding mutant W241A. TG2 inhibition results in inhibition of fibronectin deposition in HUVEC monocultures with a parallel reduction in matrix-bound VEGFA, leading to a reduction in phosphorylated VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2) at Tyr¹²¹⁴ and its downstream effectors Akt and ERK1/2, and importantly its association with β1 integrin. We propose a mechanism for the involvement of matrix-bound VEGFA in angiogenesis that is dependent on extracellular TG2-related activity.
The GYRO System: a Recommended Approach to More Transparent Documentation (2011)

The GYRO documentation system offers a simple and efficient method for a friction ridge examiner to document the analysis and comparison stages of the ACE-V process. GYRO uses a color-coding system to convey the analyst's degree of confidence in the existence of a feature and the degree of variation to which that feature max appear in a corresponding exemplar print. We also explore the benefits and utility of the PiAnoS software, which bears some similarity to GYRO, but with added tools.
Postal Services in the Digital Age (2014)

In the so-called &ldquo;digital age,&rdquo; postal services are yet again being challenged. While they had already faced a significant challenge during the &ldquo;age of liberalization,&rdquo; the present challenge appears to be more serious, particularly in terms of its effect on the letter segment of the postal services. The aim of this introductory chapter is to place the challenge of the digital age within a broader historical, commercial, and political context of postal operators. Indeed, while postal operators have been quite successful at mastering the challenge of liberalization, the question now is whether they will also be able to master the challenge of the digital age, which I believe is a more fundamental challenge. I will try to address this question by way of a more historical approach. The history of postal operators and the postal sector more generally can be broadly structured into three phases: the phase of &ldquo;quiet life&rdquo; before liberalization (that is, before the 1980s), the phase of liberalization (roughly between 1990 and 2005), and the digital age (starting around 2005). These three phases also constitute the structure of this chapter, although the chapter's main focus is on the recent challenge of the digital age. I will conclude with some considerations about the future of the postal sector in general and, in particular, the future of historical postal operators beyond the digital age.
The Binary Systems of Water with Dodecylammonium Chloride and Its N-Methyl Derivatives<sup>1</sup> (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Binary Systems of Water with Dodecylammonium Chloride and Its N-Methyl Derivatives1F. K. Broome, C. W. Hoerr, and H. J. HarwoodCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 7, 3350–3352Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01151a104https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01151a104research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views144Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Understanding Melanocyte Stem Cells for Disease Modeling and Regenerative Medicine Applications (2015)

Melanocytes in the skin play an indispensable role in the pigmentation of skin and its appendages. It is well known that the embryonic origin of melanocytes is neural crest cells. In adult skin, functional melanocytes are continuously repopulated by the differentiation of melanocyte stem cells (McSCs) residing in the epidermis of the skin. Many preceding studies have led to significant discoveries regarding the cellular and molecular characteristics of this unique stem cell population. The alteration of McSCs has been also implicated in several skin abnormalities and disease conditions. To date, our knowledge of McSCs largely comes from studying the stem cell niche of mouse hair follicles. Suggested by several anatomical differences between mouse and human skin, there could be distinct features associated with mouse and human McSCs as well as their niches in the skin. Recent advances in human pluripotent stem cell (hPSC) research have provided us with useful tools to potentially acquire a substantial amount of human McSCs and functional melanocytes for research and regenerative medicine applications. This review highlights recent studies and progress involved in understanding the development of cutaneous melanocytes and the regulation of McSCs.
Development of a System to Provide Full, Real-time Remote Control of a Scanning Electron Microscope across the Second Generation Internet: The Teaching SEM (2000)

Abstract The development and makeup of a real-time full remote control system for the University of Michigan, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Teaching SEM is described. The instrument was initially controlled via the campus local area Ethernet network and cable TV network. The latest implementation employs Fast Ethernet, Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks, and moving picture experts group (MPEG) video encoding to effect the remote control via the computer network alone. Remote control demonstrations from Washington, DC, Dearborn, MI, and Emerson School, Ann Arbor, MI are described.
Adverse Events after Protamine Administration in Patients Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass: Risks and Predictors of Under-Reporting (1998)

A retrospective cohort study of patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass over 2 years at a single hospital was performed to determine the rate and predictors of attributing events to protamine and reporting them to a well-developed, hospital-based adverse drug reaction (ADR) program. Overall, 123 (12.9%) of 952 procedures were associated with an adverse event. Thirteen percent of these events were attributed to protamine in the medical record and 2.4% were reported to the ADR program. Only 19% of events attributed to protamine were reported. Even after excluding events with other measurable etiologies, the incidence of adverse events (2.6%) was still higher than that of attributed (0.8%) or reported (0.3%) events. Events that manifest as pulmonary hypertension occurred sooner after protamine, or were severe were significantly more likely to be attributed to protamine. These predictors demonstrated similar relationships with the probability of reporting events. Reliance on reporting of adverse events could not only underestimate the risk of these events, but might bias studies by identifying non-representative events.
Six Application Mechanisms Required for Wireless Access in Vehicular Environments (WAVE) (2007)

This paper presents six application mechanisms required by the use cases planned for deployment using the wireless access in vehicular environments standards. The use cases analyzed represent all known use cases that have been proposed in various organizations. With building blocks of secure communication, prioritization of the communication channel, and multi-hop networking, standardization of the six mechanisms will allow application developers to define applications and application messages.
Processing of composites with titanate coupling agents—a review (1984)

Abstract It is proposed that titanium‐derived coupling agents react with free protons at the inorganic interface to form organic monomolecular layers on the inorganic surface, which causes inorganic/organic phase compatibilization resulting in new composite property, catalysis, adhesion, and rheology performance standards. Processing techniques and rheology effects using titanates are discussed. The injection pressures of CaCO 3 , carbon black filled polystyrene, and glass‐fiber, talc‐filled poly(phenylene sulfide) are shown to be reduced 50 percent by use of cumyl phenyl type titanate. Adhesion effects are discussed in many composites such as epoxy/aluminum, acrylic/slate, carbon fiber/polyester, etc., followed by data showing significant property improvements in 1/16 inch milled glass fiber and Wollastonite RRIM urethane, printed circuit boards and amide and anhydride cured aramid fiber‐reinforced epoxy.
Silicon nanowire-array-textured solar cells for photovoltaic application (2010)

In this paper, a vertical-aligned silicon nanowires (Si NWs) array has been synthesized and implemented to the Si NW-array-textured solar cells for photovoltaic application. The optical properties of a Si NWs array on both the plane and pyramid-array-textured substrates were examined in terms of optical reflection property. Less than 2% reflection ratio at 800 nm wavelength was achieved. Using leftover monocrystalline Si (c-Si) wafer (125×125 mm2), a 16.5% energy conversion efficiency, with 35.4% enhancement compared to the pyramid-array-textured c-Si solar cells, was made by the Si NW-array-textured solar cells due to their enhanced optical absorption characteristics. However, without SiNx passivation, the short circuit current reduced due to the increased surface recombination when using Si NWs array as surface texturing, indicating that an optimum surface passivation was prerequisite in high-efficiency Si NW-array-textured solar cells.
THE PREPARATION OF CRYSTALLINE LACTIC ACID (1933)

On account of its importance in intermediary metabolism, lactic acid was among the first compounds chosen in our plan, which we have described in a previous communication (1), to augment the available data on the free energies of formation of substances significant in biological chemistry. It was necessary for this purpose to obtain pure crystalline lactic acid, free of water, anhydride, and lactide. The only description in the literature of the preparation of crystalline lactic acid is that of Krafft and Dyes (2). Table I shows that the product obtained by their method contains relatively large quantities of anhydro impurities. The subject of the present communication is the description of a method which yields the active isomers of lactic acid in a crystalline state, free of water, anhydride, and lactide, supplemented by the description of two methods of separating the active forms from the commercial syrup (1). Lactic acid commercially available at present either is in the form of the U.S.P. syrup, which usually exhibits a low optical activity corresponding to the excess it happens to contain, which is variable, of one or the other optical isomer, or is the expensive zinc sarcolactate. The methods described below now make it possible to obtain easily and quickly and at low cost large quantities of both active isomers in a relatively high degree of purity.
Comparatively Study Renting and Purchasing Carbon Subsidies Schemes on Portfolio and Stochastic Control Theory (2013)

Applying the portfolio and stochastic control theory, the paper comparatively considers tow carbon subsidies schemes: Renting and Purchasing, and focuses on the rental scheme to present a stochastic control model and obtain an analytical optimal dynamic strategy about harvesting quantity in conditions of stochastic commodity price and timber growth. Through contrasts, the conclusion shows that government will pay less under the rental scheme than under the purchasing scheme for the same negative effect on harvesting quantity.