gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zero bias resonant tunnel Schottky contact diode for wide-band direct detection (2005)

A Schottky-collector resonant tunnel diode detector has been fabricated and characterized at zero bias up to 400 GHz. General device structure and fabrication are discussed, and small-signal equivalent models are presented for different diode areas. Over the measured range of 200 to 400 GHz using a monolithic antenna structure, noise equivalent power values between 3-8 pW/Hz/sup 1/2/ are achieved. The current-voltage characteristics of the diode show weak temperature dependence over a measured range of 213-323 K.
Tumor necrosis factor downregulates an endothelial nitric oxide synthase mRNA by shortening its half-life. (1993)

Nitric oxide (NO), which accounts for the biological properties of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, is generated by NO synthase (NOS). The vascular endothelium contains two types of NOS: one is constitutively expressed (cNOS), and the other is inducible. Endothelium-mediated vasorelaxation is impaired in atherosclerotic vessels. To determine whether tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, which is commonly found in atherosclerotic lesions, has an effect on NOS message, we measured cNOS mRNA levels in TNF-treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) by RNA blot analysis with a cNOS cDNA probe. TNF-alpha markedly reduced cNOS mRNA levels in HUVECs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. In response to 3 ng/mL TNF-alpha, cNOS mRNA levels began to decrease at 4 hours and diminished to only 5% of control levels at 24 hours. As little as 0.1 ng/mL TNF-alpha reduced cNOS mRNA levels by 50%. This reduction in cNOS message in response to TNF-alpha depended on protein synthesis as it was blocked by cycloheximide. In nuclear runoff experiments, TNF-alpha did not change the rate of cNOS gene transcription. cNOS mRNA is very stable under basal conditions, with a half-life of 48 hours; however, treatment with TNF-alpha shortened this half-life to 3 hours. TNF-alpha thus appears to decrease cNOS mRNA levels by increasing the rate of mRNA degradation. TNF-induced reductions in cNOS mRNA levels may have an important effect on impaired endothelium-mediated vasorelaxation in atherosclerosis.
Degradation of woolen fabric by the fungus ctenomyces species: Part-I: Factors influencing the growth and activity of the fungus (2014)

The influence of various factors, viz. temperature, pH and period of incubation on the growth of the fungus ctenomyces sp. and on its activity with regard to the degradation of serge white lining (woolen fabric) has been studied. The results indicate that the growth and activity of the organism were maximum at temperature near about 30 degree celsius. The variation in pH (from 2.3 to 7.0) of the medium does not seem to influence the growth and or activity of the organism. Increase in the period of incubation from 4 to 24 days steadily increased the growth and activity of the organism.
Gas Polarographic Oxygen Sensor Using an Oxygen/Zirconia Electrolyte (1989)

A new type of oxygen sensor using the electrochemical oxygen pump of a zirconia electrolyte and the artificial oxygen diffusion overpotential behavior has been investigated from the theoretical and practical viewpoints of the "gas polarography," the concept of which is proposed in this paper. This new oxygen sensor has excellent oxygen sensing characteristics analogous to polarography. As a result of the artificial oxygen diffusion overpotential at the cathode, the reproducible limiting current relating to the oxygen concentration was observed over a wide oxygen concentration range up to 95% and a temperature range of 400°–700°C in gas mixtures. In this paper, the factors influencing the limiting current in the normal diffusion region, that is, the oxygen molar fraction, gaseous diffusion coefficients, the temperature, the pressure, and the two geometric quantities (area and length) of the gas diffusion hole are theoretically considered.
Measuring Spatially- and Directionally-varying Light Scattering from Biological Material (2013)

Light interacts with an organism's integument on a variety of spatial scales. For example in an iridescent bird: nano-scale structures produce color; the milli-scale structure of barbs and barbules largely determines the directional pattern of reflected light; and through the macro-scale spatial structure of overlapping, curved feathers, these directional effects create the visual texture. Milli-scale and macro-scale effects determine where on the organism's body, and from what viewpoints and under what illumination, the iridescent colors are seen. Thus, the highly directional flash of brilliant color from the iridescent throat of a hummingbird is inadequately explained by its nano-scale structure alone and questions remain. From a given observation point, which milli-scale elements of the feather are oriented to reflect strongly? Do some species produce broader "windows" for observation of iridescence than others? These and similar questions may be asked about any organisms that have evolved a particular surface appearance for signaling, camouflage, or other reasons. In order to study the directional patterns of light scattering from feathers, and their relationship to the bird's milli-scale morphology, we developed a protocol for measuring light scattered from biological materials using many high-resolution photographs taken with varying illumination and viewing directions. Since we measure scattered light as a function of direction, we can observe the characteristic features in the directional distribution of light scattered from that particular feather, and because barbs and barbules are resolved in our images, we can clearly attribute the directional features to these different milli-scale structures. Keeping the specimen intact preserves the gross-scale scattering behavior seen in nature. The method described here presents a generalized protocol for analyzing spatially- and directionally-varying light scattering from complex biological materials at multiple structural scales.
Infrared absorption in Ge<i>x</i>Si1−x quantum wells (1995)

The absorption characteristics of GexSi1−x quantum well infrared photodetector (QWIP) structures have been studied in samples over a range of germanium compositions and doping levels. In all these samples, quantum well intersubband transitions are either very weak or nonexistent for normally incident light. However, free carrier absorption in GexSi1−x quantum wells is a strong absorbing mechanism in the long wavelength infrared regime, and has been found to be stronger than in silicon for similar doping levels. Therefore, detectors relying upon free carrier absorption in GexSi1−x quantum wells may offer superior responsivity and quantum efficiency.
Xwalk: computing and visualizing distances in cross-linking experiments (2011)

Xwalk is freely available as a web server or stand-alone JAVA application at http://www.xwalk.org.
Almond Nutmeat Moisture and Water Activity and its Influence on Fungal Flora and Seed Composition (1983)

ABSTRACT Higher moisture in almonds, a possible result of rain during harvest, was studied. Water activity (a w ) was positively correlated with moisture, increased reducing sugar and free fatty acid, and negatively correlated with total fat of almond kernels. These parameters indicate increased metabolism in the moist kernel and may be the cause of “concealed damage” a defect evidenced by brown centers in heated almonds. An almond water sorption isotherm has been developed and compared to mathematical equations. Fungal growth occurred at a w 0.75 and above. Time for visible growth development was related to a w and moisture. Fungal growth on the kernel depended upon a w and time. Static flora did not change at a w 0.70 and below. Aspergillus glaucus group was most frequently isolated at a w 0.75–0.80 and other storage fungi more frequently as the a w increased to 0.9. A. niger was the most frequent isolate.
Manufacture of Titanium implants (2008)

Abstract Titanium is characterized by low density and excellent biocompatibility. Furthermore, Titanium based alloys feature a high strength. Due to this combination of properties Titanium and Titanium based alloys are increasingly used by medical technique. TiAl6V4 as an (α+β)‐alloy can only be formed substantially at high temperatures due to the limited deformation ability of the α‐phase. Titanium’s capability to dissolve several percent of oxygen causes difficulties at heat treatment and hot forming especially in thin dimensions. Alternative solutions and methods of resolution are being discussed. Based on a strip manufacturing process a cold rolled strip can be produced for specific applications. The process is mainly applicable to produce a cold rolled strip suitable for superplastic forming. For this purpose the superplastic forming was adapted to the new strip material. The cold rolled TiAl6V4‐strip exhibits a technically interesting area for superplastic forming. Formation of the microstructure and mechanical properties are being explained. On the basis of these results a first prototype shell of a pacemaker case was manufactured from the specific cold rolled TiAl6V4‐strip by superplastic forming. The results demonstrate the possibility to manufacture pacemaker cases with equable properties.
Trend from ICs to 3D ICs to 3D systems (2009)

Moore's law has driven the IC industry to a billion transistor chip. But major technical and financial barriers are foreseen beyond 32 nm. One alternative path to this challenge seems to be stacked 3D ICs. But 3D ICs are a small part of any system and the total benefits of miniaturization cannot be realized until the entire system is miniaturized. This is the basis of 3D systems, the focus of this paper. The 3D miniaturization technologies briefly described in this paper include Si or wafer level interposers with Through-Package-Vias (TPV), nano-scale passives, thermal materials and interfaces and fine pitch system interconnections.
Peripheral Circulation: Historical Aspects (1983)

The sections in this article are: 1 Harvey's Proof of the Circulation 2 Pressures in the Cardiovascular System 3 Windkessel, Wave Velocity, Arterial Pulse, and Blood Flow 4 Development of Knowledge of Artery and Capillary Structure 5 Nervous Control of the Circulation 6 Myogenic Hypothesis 7 Adrenal Sympathetic Effects on the Cardiovascular System 8 Chemoreceptor Reflexes 9 Capillary Circulation 10 Venous Tone 11 Venous Pressure and Venous Capacity 12 Summary
Fitting Full X-Ray Diffraction Patterns for Quantitative Analysis: A Method for Readily Quantifying Crystalline and Disordered Phases (2013)

Fitting of full X-ray diffraction patterns is an effective method for quantifying abundances during X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses. The method is based on the principal that the observed diffraction pattern is the sum of the individual phases that compose the sample. By adding an internal standard (usually corundum) to both the observed patterns and to those for individual pure phases (standards), all patterns can all be normalized to an equivalent intensity based on the internal standard intensity. Using least-squares refinement, the individual phase proportions are varied until an optimal match is reached. As the fitting of full patterns uses the entire pattern, including background, disordered and amorphous phases are explicitly considered as individual phases, with their individual intensity profiles or “amorphous humps” included in the refinement. The method can be applied not only to samples that contain well-ordered materials, but it is particularly well suited for samples containing amorphous and/or disordered materials. In cases with extremely disordered materials where no crystal structure is available for Rietveld refinement or there is no unique intensity area that can be measured for a traditional RIR analysis, full-pattern fitting may be the best or only way to readily obtain quantitative results. This approach is also applicable in cases where there are several coexisting highly disordered phases. As all phases are considered as discrete individual components, abundances are not constrained to sum to 100%.
Substituted N‐(2‐Aminophenyl)‐benzamides, (E)‐N‐(2‐Aminophenyl)‐acrylamides and Their Analogues: Novel Classes of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
HCI and the inadequacies of direct manipulation systems (1993)

The Direct Manipulation (DM) style of user interface made popular by the Macintosh is becoming a de facto standard. Rather than being taken as a point of departure, it appears to be taken more as a standard to achieve. Using the specification of scope as an example, DM interfaces are shown to be deficient in supporting a transaction fundamental to word processing, information retrieval and CAD. This essay is a plea for designers to break out of the complacency that surrounds the DM approach. It also calls into question the methodologies of HCI for the very limited degree to which they have challenged the DM approach and their paucity of ideas for generating strong new alternatives.
Conductivity and resistivity tensor rotation for surface impedance modeling of an anisotropic half‐space (2002)

The electromagnetic surface impedance of a half‐space with inclined conductivity anisotropy can be derived from the isotropic half‐space solution provided the conductivity term used in the expressions is the effective horizontal conductivity. For a TM‐mode plane wave incidence, the effective horizontal conductivity must be derived from the tensor rotation of the resistivity tensor and not from the tensor rotation of the conductivity tensor. For a TE‐mode incident with the same geometry as the TM‐mode, the surface impedance is independent upon the inclined anisotropy. This same formulation can then be extended to a multiple layered half‐space where each layer has an inclined anisotropy. For an anisotropic half‐space with coefficient of anisotropy of 4, with a horizontal conductivity of 0.001 S/m inclined at 45° with respect to the horizontal plane, the magnitude of the surface impedance calculated using the resistivity tensor rotation is approximately 53% larger than the magnitude of the surface impedance calculated using the conductivity tensor rotation.
Haematological and Biochemical Studies on some Ruminants (2012)

Haematological studies of ruminant vertebrates (cow, sheep and goat)\npresent one acceptable method of understanding the ecological\nbiochemical and physiological relationship between lower and higher\nvertebrate animals like man. Haematological/Biochemical studies were\ncarried out on blood from the vertebrate ruminants: Goat ( Capra hircus\n -L), sheep ( Ovis Aries dolrchra), cattle ( Bos taurus ) and human\n( Homo sapiens\t) as control, indicated that; Electrophoretically goat\nblood revealed three different Hb polymorphic types: HbAA (45%), HbAS\n(50%) and HbSS (5%). Only the ‘O’ Rh blood group was\nobserved in all cases, and GST values of 4.05-6.30 I.U were obtained on\nthe other hand. Cow Hb electrophoresis produced two patterns\ncorresponding to the human HbAA and HbAS types. Only the\n‘O’ Rh- blood group was obtained in all cases and GST\nvalues of 2.85-5.02 I.U were obtained, while sheep blood produced only\nthe HbAA-type, only the ‘O’ blood group was identified in\nall case. GST activity values were in the range of 3.05-4.52 I.U. These\nresults could point to definite haematological and biochemical\nsimilarities in man and ruminants and thus serves as a springboard for\nfurther genetic studies using lower vertebrates research models.
Plasma levels of substance p in liver cirrhosis: Relationship to the activation of vasopressor systems and urinary sodium excretion (1995)

The mediators of the hyperdynamic circulation of liver cirrhosis are not well characterized. Substance P is a potent vasodilatory peptide produced by the enteric nervous system and partly cleared by the liver. In this work we have investigated the plasma levels of substance P and their relationship to the hemodynamic, neurohormonal, and renal function changes occurring in patients with cirrhosis. Seven healthy subjects (control group), 7 cirrhotic patients without ascites (group I), and 24 cirrhotic patients with ascites (group II) were studied. Cardiac output (CO), femoral blood flow (FBF), blood volume (BV), femoral arteriovenous difference of oxygen content (Ca-v O2), plasma renin activity (PRA), plasma aldosterone concentration (PAC), and plasma norepinephrine (NE) were determined. Five patients underwent trans-jugular intrahepatic porto-systemic stent shunt (TIPSS) because of refractory ascites. Immunoreactive substance P (irSP) was measured by radioimmunoassay after plasma extraction. irSP was higher in ascitic patients than in healthy controls (P < .01) and directly correlated with PRA, PAC, plasma NE, and Pugh's score and was inversely correlated with urinary sodium excretion, glomerular filtration rate, and Ca-v O2. No differences were observed between portal and peripheral vein irSP concentration. TIPSS placement induced a decrease in portal pressure and an increase in CO but circulating irSP remained unchanged. Our data show that circulating irSP is increased in decompensated cirrhotic patients and may be involved in the pathogenesis of the hemodynamic changes of cirrhosis. Alleviation of portal hypertension did not result in decreased plasma levels of this vasodilatory substance.
The HBS1L-MYB intergenic region on chromosome 6q23.3 influences erythrocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts in humans (2007)

Common sequence variants situated between the HBS1L and MYB genes on chromosome 6q23.3 (HMIP) influence the proportion of F cells (erythrocytes that carry measurable amounts of fetal hemoglobin). Since the physiological processes underlying the F-cell variability are thought to be linked to kinetics of erythrocyte maturation and differentiation, we have investigated the influence of the HMIP locus on other hematologic parameters. Here we show a significant impact of HMIP variability on several types of peripheral blood cells: erythrocyte, platelet, and monocyte counts as well as erythrocyte volume and hemoglobin content in healthy individuals of European ancestry. These results support the notion that changes of F-cell abundance can be an indicator of more general shifts in hematopoietic patterns in humans.
Frequency Sidelobes Generated by Apodized Transducer Pairs (1982)

In the course of making a high-rejection SAW filter containing a 3-dB multistrip coupler in an echo-trap for triple transit, unexpected frequency sidelobes were encountered which limited the skirt selectivity of the filters. The origin of these sidelobes was traced to fundamental properties of apodized transducers. paper contains a description of the experiments and analysis used to discover and resolve this problem. The elimination of this effect has resulted in a 25 dB improvement of the close-in rejection for this filter. This paper demonstrates that an apodized transducer launches energy outside the spectrum of its Fourier transform which can limit the shape factor of a SAW filter. This
Design and synthesis of <i>N</i>‐(2,4=difluorophenyl)‐2‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide (diflufenican), a novel pre‐ and early post‐emergence herbicide for use in winter cereals (1987)

Abstract The pre‐ and early post‐emergence herbicidal activity of diflufenican, a novel herbicide, is reported and attention is drawn to its ability to control important weeds in winter cereals, including Galium aparine, Veronica hederifolia, Veronica persica and Viola arvensis , which are resistant to substituted‐urea herbicides. The synthesis of a series of related compounds is described and the relationship between structure and activities against a range of plant species is examined in respect of changes in the phenyl, phenoxy and pyridine rings. The design and synthesis of a small number of compounds combining the best patterns of substitution in each of the rings is described. The resulting optimisation of herbicidal activity in the series is reported, together with field trial results comparing the herbicidal efficacy, crop selectivity and soil persistence of the most active structures.
Reaction of ethyl .beta.-aminocrotonate with trichloromethanesulfenyl chloride (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction of ethyl .beta.-aminocrotonate with trichloromethanesulfenyl chlorideRobert K. HoweCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 20, 3230–3233Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00440a005https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00440a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views198Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Induced Sensitivity and Selectivity in Thin‐Film Transistor Sensors via Calixarene Layers (2010)

Sensors based on organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) must overcome challenges in reproducibility, sensitivity, and selectivity. Here we describe an approach to increase the sensitivity and induce selectivity within an existing (OFET) through the incorporation of an evaporated sensor layer based on a calix[n]arene molecule. The mild method does not influence device properties, and is amendable to incorporation into reproducible, commercial transistors.
Heterocyclic studies—XXII. Mass spectra of some 3‐hydroxypteridin‐4‐ones (1971)

Abstract Mass spectra of 3‐hydroxypteridin‐4‐one and five of its mono‐and di‐methyl derivatives are recorded. Fragmentation of the non‐methyl compound (I; R 1  R 2  R 3  H) occurred mainly by successive losses of NO, CO, HCN and HCN. Changes in m/e values of the major peaks with methyl‐substitution pattern in the derivatives were consistent with the proposed fragmentation pattern. Several minor fragmentation pathways were also observed but all involved an initial loss from the oxygen containing ring.
EVA: an experimental video annotator for symbolic analysis of video data (1989)

There is a joke about the man who has a map of the world ... with a scale of 1 mile to 1 mile. Sometimes video has the same character; it can be difficult to compress in useful ways. Sometimes you have to see all of it to understand any of it. Even so, the use of video as a research tool has been increasing rapidly, due partly to the reduction in equipment costs and partly to increased work in the areas of human factors and user interface design. This paper describes some of the issues surrounding capturing, recording, analyzing and presenting video data and describes a prototype system, called EVA, that is designed to address some of these issues.