gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental Demonstration of Ferroelectric HfO<sub>2</sub> FET with Ultrathin-body IGZO for High-Density and Low-Power Memory Application (2019)

We have experimentally demonstrated a ferroelectric HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> FET with memory operation by introducing ultrathin IGZO as a channel material. Ultrathin-body IGZO ferroelectric FET (FeFET) shows high mobility with deposited channel material, nearly ideal subthreshold slope, and controllable memory characteristics with the use of back-end compatible process. These results are attributed to the properties of IGZO channel: junctionless FET operation, nearly-zero low-k interfacial layer on metal-oxide channel and good capping effect for realizing ferroelectric phase formation with HfZrO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . IGZO FeFET will open a new path for high-density memory application. Keywords: ferroelectric FET, HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> , IGZO, memory.
Cellular Census: Explorations in Urban Data Collection (2007)

Much of our understanding of urban systems comes from traditional data collection methods such as surveys by person or phone. These approaches can provide detailed information about urban behaviors, but they're hard to update and might limit results to "snapshots in time." In the past few years, some innovative approaches have sought to use mobile devices to collect spatiotemporal data. But little research has been done to develop and analyze the much larger samples of existing data generated daily by mobile networks. The most common explanation for this is that the challenge of data-sharing with the telecommunications industry has hampered data access. However, in early 2006, a collaboration between Telecom Italia, which serves 40 percent of the Roman market, and MIT's SKNSEable City Laboratory (http://senseable.mit.edu) allowed unprecedented access to aggregate mobile phone data from Rome. Here, we explore how researchers might be able to use data for an entire metropolitan region to analyze urban dynamics.
Relationship between signal nucleotide polymorphism of FAK and coronary heart disease (2013)

Objective To explore the relationship between signal nucleotide polymorphism of FAK and coronary heart disease. Methods 215 CHD(coronary heart disease)patients who underwent coronary angiography and168 healthy control subjects were recruited in this study.They were genotyped according to the technique of polymerase chain reactionrestriction fragment length polymorphism.The distribution of T genotype and C genotype in the two groups were compared. Results In the case group of male,there was significant difference in the distribution of T and C genotype between the case group and the control group (P 0.05).In the case group of female,there was significant difference in the distribution of T and C genotypes between the case group and the control group (P0.05). Conclusion There is association between T and C genotype of FAK C2564T and the happening of coronary heart disease.
Finite Precision Number Systems and Arithmetic (2010)

Fundamental arithmetic operations support virtually all of the engineering, scientific, and financial computations required for practical applications, from cryptography, to financial planning, to rocket science. This comprehensive reference provides researchers with the thorough understanding of number representations that is a necessary foundation for designing efficient arithmetic algorithms. Using the elementary foundations of radix number systems as a basis for arithmetic, the authors develop and compare alternative algorithms for the fundamental operations of addition, multiplication, division, and square root with precisely defined roundings. Various finite precision number systems are investigated, with the focus on comparative analysis of practically efficient algorithms for closed arithmetic operations over these systems. Each chapter begins with an introduction to its contents and ends with bibliographic notes and an extensive bibliography. The book may also be used for graduate teaching: problems and exercises are scattered throughout the text and a solutions manual is available for instructors.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of New 1,1′‐Diester, Diketone, and Dinitrile Derivatives of 2,2′‐Biimidazole. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Autonomous rendezvous and docking: A commercial approach to on-orbit technology validation (1991)

SpARC, in conjunction with its corporate affiliates, is planning an on-orbit validation of autonomous rendezvous and docking (ARD) technology. The emphasis in this program is to utilize existing technology and commercially available components wherever possible. The primary subsystems to be validated by this demonstration include GPS receivers for navigation, a video-based sensor for proximity operations, a fluid connector mechanism to demonstrate fluid resupply capability, and a compliant, single-point docking mechanism. The focus for this initial experiment will be ELV based and will make use of two residual Commercial Experiment Transporter (COMET) service modules. The first COMET spacecraft will be launched in late 1992 and will serve as the target vehicle. After the second COMET spacecraft has been launched in late 1994, the ARD demonstration will take place. The service module from the second COMET will serve as the chase vehicle.
Effect of hydroxy (HHO) gas addition on performance and exhaust emissions in compression ignition engines (2010)

In this study, hydroxy gas (HHO) was produced by the electrolysis process of different electrolytes (KOH(aq), NaOH(aq), NaCl(aq)) with various electrode designs in a leak proof plexiglass reactor (hydrogen generator). Hydroxy gas was used as a supplementary fuel in a four cylinder, four stroke, compression ignition engine without any modification and its effects on exhaust emissions and engine performance characteristics were investigated. The flow rate of hydroxy gas was measured by using various amounts of KOH, NaOH, NaCl (catalysts). These catalysts were added into the water to diminish hydrogen and oxygen bonds and NaOH was specified as the most appropriate catalyst. The experiments were performed at full open throttle operating conditions. Using hydroxy gas as a supplementary fuel in the engine resulted in reducing carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbon (HC) emissions and specific fuel consumption.
Stretchable and Transparent Organic Semiconducting Thin Film with Conjugated Polymer Nanowires Embedded in an Elastomeric Matrix (2015)

Despite the considerable efforts applied toward developing stretchable electronics, few intrinsically stretchable semiconductors have been reported that retain the original electrical characteristics under stretching. This study introduces an intrinsically stretchable and transparent organic semiconducting layer by blending self‐assembled nanowires (NWs) of an organic semiconductor with an elastomeric and transparent polymer. Blends of poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) NWs and poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) yield P3HT NW networks embedded in the PDMS matrix. Interestingly, it is found that the vertical distribution of P3HT NWs in the blend films is sensitive to the surface characteristics of the underlying substrate. Compared to the P3HT NWs distributed on a Si substrate with vertical gradation, the P3HT NWs are evenly distributed throughout the PDMS matrix on a PDMS substrate. Organic transistors prepared with the blend active layers with various P3HT ratios exhibit device performances comparable to those of a device prepared with homo‐P3HT NWs, even at 1 wt% P3HT, due to the formation of percolated networks of the P3HT NWs with a high crystallinity and a large aspect ratio. This blend active layer shows the superior electrical and mechanical properties during stretching at high strains unlike the homo‐P3HT NW system.
High Throughput Screening of Co-Expressed Gene Pairs with Controlled False Discovery Rate (FDR) and Minimum Acceptable Strength (MAS) (2005)

Many exploratory microarray data analysis tools such as gene clustering and relevance networks rely on detecting pairwise gene co-expression. Traditional screening of pairwise co-expression either controls biological significance or statistical significance, but not both. The former approach does not provide stochastic error control, and the later approach screens many co-expressions with excessively low correlation. We have designed and implemented a statistically sound two-stage co-expression detection algorithm that controls both statistical significance (false discovery rate, FDR) and biological significance (minimum acceptable strength, MAS) of the discovered co-expressions. Based on estimation of pairwise gene correlation, the algorithm provides an initial co-expression discovery that controls only FDR, which is then followed by a second stage co-expression discovery which controls both FDR and MAS. It also computes and thresholds the set of FDR p-values for each correlation that satisfied the MAS criterion. Using simulated data, we validated asymptotic null distributions of the Pearson and Kendall correlation coefficients and the two-stage error-control procedure; we also compared our two-stage test procedure with another two-stage test procedure using the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. We then used yeast galactose metabolism data to illustrate the advantage of our method for clustering genes and constructing a relevance network. The method has been implemented in an R package "GeneNT" that is freely available from the Comprehensive R Archive Network (CRAN): www.cran.r-project.org/.
Using the Machine Vision Method to Develop an On-machine Insert Condition Monitoring System for Computer Numerical Control Turning Machine Tools (2018)

This study uses the machine vision method to develop an on-machine turning tool insert condition monitoring system for tool condition monitoring in the cutting processes of computer numerical control (CNC) machines. The system can identify four external turning tool insert conditions, namely fracture, built-up edge (BUE), chipping, and flank wear. This study also designs a visual inspection system for the tip of an insert using the surrounding light source and fill-light, which can be mounted on the turning machine tool, to overcome the environmental effect on the captured insert image for subsequent image processing. During image capture, the intensity of the light source changes to ensure that the test insert has appropriate surface and tip features. This study implements outer profile construction, insert status region capture, insert wear region judgment, and calculation to monitor and classify insert conditions. The insert image is then trimmed according to the vertical flank, horizontal blade, and vertical blade lines. The image of the insert-wear region is captured to monitor flank or chipping wear using grayscale value histogram. The amount of wear is calculated using the wear region image as the evaluation index to judge normal wear or over-wear conditions. On-machine insert condition monitoring is tested to confirm that the proposed system can judge insert fracture, BUE, chipping, and wear. The results demonstrate that the standard deviation of the chipping and amount of wear accounts for 0.67% and 0.62%, of the average value, respectively, thus confirming the stability of system operation.
The Anti-Formalist (2007)

Well, what if anything can we judges do about this mess? Judge Richard Posner asked that question midway through his opinion in United States v Marshall.1 The question, and the fact that he asked it, tell you as much about Posner as any answer he might give. If the law is a mess, then that is something judges should notice. They should not pretend that there is no mess, or that the mess is always someone else's (such as the legislature's) problem. And, if possible, they should try to improve the situation. The issue in Marshall was whether blotter paper impregnated with the illegal drug LSD counts as a mixture or contain ing LSD.2 The question matters because the weight of the mixture or substance generally determines the offender's sentence. A dose of LSD weighs almost nothing compared to blotter paper or anything else that might be used in a similar way (such as gelatin or sugar cubes). If the weight of the medium counts, a person who sold an enormous amount of pure LSD might receive a much lighter sentence than a person who sold a single dose contained in a medium. Also, the per-dose sentences for sales of LSD would bear an arbitrary relation ship to the per-dose sentences for sales of other drugs, because the LSD sentences would be, for all practical purposes, a function of the weight of the medium. The en banc Seventh Circuit, in an opinion by Judge Easterbrook, held that the blotter paper was a mixture or containing LSD, and further ruled that the statute, so interpreted, was constitu tional.3 Judge Posner's dissent argued that the mixture or substance language should be interpreted not to include the medium, because the majority's conclusion led to irrational results?indeed results so irrational that they would be unconstitutional if the statute were not
Measurement and analysis of a microwave oscillator stabilized by a sapphire dielectric ring resonator for ultra-low noise (2003)

Phase noise measurements are presented for a microwave oscillator whose frequency is stabilized by a whispering-gallery mode sapphire ring resonator with Q of 2*10/sup 5/. Isolation of RF fields by the special nature of the electromagnetic mode allows the very low loss of the sapphire itself to be realized. Several mode families have been identified with fairly good agreement with calculated frequency predictions. Waveguide coupling parameters have been characterized for the principal (lowest frequency) mode family, for n=5 to n=10 full waves around the perimeter. Based on the measurements and on the performance of commercially available phase detectors, the performance for a cooled resonator operating at 77 K with a Q of 3*10/sup 7/ is projected to be -85 dB/Hz at an offset of 1 Hz. This value is 30 dB below that of the best X-band source presently available, a frequency-multiplied quartz crystal oscillator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantitative information flow as network flow capacity (2008)

We present a new technique for determining how much information about a program's secret inputs is revealed by its public outputs. In contrast to previous techniques based on reachability from secret inputs (tainting), it achieves a more precise quantitative result by computing a maximum flow of information between the inputs and outputs. The technique uses static control-flow regions to soundly account for implicit flows via branches and pointer operations, but operates dynamically by observing one or more program executions and giving numeric flow bounds specific to them (e.g., 17 bits). The maximum flow in a network also gives a minimum cut (a set of edges that separate the secret input from the output), which can be used to efficiently check that the same policy is satisfied on future executions. We performed case studies on 5 real C, C++, and Objective C programs, 3 of which had more than 250K lines of code. The tool checked multiple security policies, including one that was violated by a previously unknown bug.
The Synthesis of Anthglutin and Its Analogues (1981)

Abstract Anthglutin (1-γ-l-glutamyl-2-(2-carboxyphenyl)hydrazine) and its analogues were synthesized. Their inhibitory activity on γ-glutamyl transpeptidase was measured. 2-Carboxyphenyl derivatives, including anthglutin, showed inhibitory activity, while the other derivatives did not. The 2-carboxyl group seems to be essential for the inhibitory activity.
Fast 2D-3D registration using GPU-based preprocessing (2005)

This paper describes the fast point-based 2-D/3-D registration that will increase the registration speed of intraoperative two-dimensional (2-D) fluoroscopy and preoperative three-dimensional (3-D) CT images using GPU (graphics processing unit)-based DRR's preprocessing. Rigid 2-D/3-D registration of 2-D fluoroscopy images with 3-D CT images can be used for image-guided surgery or intraoperative navigation. X-ray fluoroscopy images provide real-time visualization. However, in general, resolution of fluoroscopy images is limited, these modalities are only 2-D and features in the front of body overlap one. Because of its drawback, three-dimensional imaging modalities such as computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging are broadly used in clinical diagnostics and treatment planning [1], These have the spatial information and high resolution, but at present their use as interventional imaging modalities has been limited. In this paper, to utilize CT information during interventional procedures, a preoperative CT scan is aligned with an intraoperative X-ray fluoroscopy image. In preprocessing procedure we generate CT-derived DRRs using graphic hardware. This method is over 150 times faster than software rendering. And for registration accuracy and speed, we propose point-based 2D-3Dregistration of phantom dataset. And to reduce computation cost, we apply point-based registration technique. Because this method leads the computation time to about one second, the registration speed is enough to apply to intervention.
Genetics of Type 1A Diabetes (2001)

Type 1A diabetes is an autoimmune disease with genetic and environmental factors contributing to its etiology. Twin studies, family studies, and animal models have helped to elucidate the genetics of autoimmune diabetes. Most of the genetic susceptibility is accounted for by human leukocyte antigen (HLA) alleles. The most-common susceptibility haplotypes are DQA1*0301-DQB1*0302 and DQA1*0501-DQB1*0201. Less-common haplotypes such as DQA1*0401-DQB1*0402 and DQA1*0101-DQB1*0501 are associated with high risk for diabetes; however, large study populations are needed to analyze their effect. The DQA1*0102-DQB1*0602 haplotype is associated with diabetes resistance. DR molecules, such as DRB1*1401, confer protection from diabetes. Monozygotic twins of patients with type 1A diabetes have a diabetes risk higher than that for HLA-identical ordinary siblings, suggesting that non-HLA genes contribute to diabetes risk. Polymorphisms in the regulatory region of the insulin gene (designated IDDM2), polymorphisms in cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) gene (IDDM12), and other genes are likely to contribute to diabetes risk and susceptibility in some individuals. In selected families, major diabetogenes (e.g., IDDM17, autoimmune regulator gene (AIRE)) are likely to be of importance. Other factors--either noninherited genes (i.e., somatic mutations and T-cell receptor or immunoglobulin rearrangements) or environment--may have a role in progression to diabetes. This is suggested by the finding that the risk for monozygotic twins of patients with type 1A diabetes is not 100 percent. Studying the genetics of type 1A diabetes will allow us to better define this disease, to improve our ability to identify individuals at risk, and to predict the risk of associated disorders.
Abnormal type I collagen metabolism by cultured fibroblasts in lethal perinatal osteogenesis imperfecta (1984)

Cultured skin fibroblasts from seven consecutive cases of lethal perinatal osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) expressed defects of type I collagen metabolism. The secretion of [14C]proline-labelled collagen by the OI cells was specifically reduced (51-79% of control), and collagen degradation was increased to twice that of control cells in five cases and increased by approx. 30% in the other two cases. Sodium dodecyl sulphate/polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis revealed that four of the OI cell lines produced two forms of type I collagen consisting of both normally and slowly migrating forms of the alpha 1(I)- and alpha 2(I)-chains. In the other three OI cell lines only the 'slow' alpha (I)'- and alpha 2(I)'-chains were detected. In both groups inhibition of the post-translational modifications of proline and lysine resulted in the production of a single species of type I collagen with normal electrophoretic migration. Proline hydroxylation was normal, but the hydroxylysine contents of alpha 1(I)'- and alpha 2(I)'-chains purified by h.p.l.c. were greater than in control alpha-chains. The glucosylgalactosylhydroxylysine content was increased approx. 3-fold while the galactosylhydroxylysine content was only slightly increased in the alpha 1(I)'-chains relative to control alpha 1(I)-chains. Peptide mapping of the CNBr-cleavage peptides provided evidence that the increased post-translational modifications were distributed throughout the alpha 1(I)'- and alpha 2(I)'-chains. It is postulated that the greater modification of these chains was due to structural defects of the alpha-chains leading to delayed helix formation. The abnormal charge heterogeneity observed in the alpha 1 CB8 peptide of one patient may reflect such a structural defect in the type I collagen molecule.
On issues of constructing an exception handling mechanism for CSP-based process-oriented concurrent software (2005)

Abstract. This paper discusses issues, possibilities and existing approaches for fitting an exception handling mechanism (EHM) in CSP-based process-oriented software architectures. After giving a survey on properties desired for a concurrent EHM, specific problems and a few principal ideas for including exception handling facilities in CSP-designs are discussed. As one of the CSP-based frameworks for concurrent software, we extend CT (Communicating Threads) library with the exception handling facilities. The extensions result in two different EHM models whose compliance with the most important demands of concurrent EHMs (handling simultaneous exceptions, the mechanism formalization and efficient implementation) are observed.
A Polarization-Rotating SIW Reflective Surface With Two Sharp Band Edges (2015)

A single-layer polarization-rotating reflective surface with two sharp band edges is proposed in this letter using the substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) technology. The linearly polarized incident electromagnetic wave can be reflected back with its polarization rotated orthogonally, and two sharp band edges of the cross-polarized reflection coefficient can be achieved using the proposed reflective surface. The periodic element of the proposed reflective surface is a square SIW cavity resonator with two parallel L-shaped slots etched on its front side. The operating principle is investigated with the mode analysis and parametric study performed. A more accurate analysis on the structure with one L-shaped slot is presented. Moreover, the leaky mode and coplanar waveguide (CPW) mode of parallel slots are introduced to explain the operating principle of the modified structure with two parallel L-shaped slots. A prototype is designed and fabricated with its frequency centered at 34.5 GHz to validate the proposed structure. The simulated and experimental results are consistent well, with two zeros of copolarized reflection coefficient in the passband and two zeros of cross-polarized reflection coefficient in the stopband observed. The fractional bandwidth (FBW) is around 3%, and the mode conversion loss is around 0.6 dB with the copolarized reflection coefficient under -10 dB. Oblique incident cases are also investigated, and stable frequency responses can be achieved.