gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation-spectroscopy study of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ga</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Al</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Sb</mml:mi></mml:math>band structure (1983)

We report a detailed study of the ${\mathrm{Ga}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Al}}_{x}\mathrm{Sb}$ band structure over the entire composition range. We have determined the energies, as a function of temperature, at which the direct transitions ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}^{v}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}^{c}({E}_{0})$, ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{7}^{v}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{6}^{c}({E}_{0}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0})$, ${L}_{4,5}^{v}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{6}^{c}({E}_{1})$, and ${L}_{6}^{v}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{6}^{c}({E}_{1}+{\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1})$ occur, and those at which the indirect transitions ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}^{v}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{X}_{6}^{c}({E}_{X})$ and ${\ensuremath{\Gamma}}_{8}^{v}\ensuremath{\rightarrow}{L}_{6}^{c}({E}_{L})$ occur. A simple physical model is proposed to explain the experimental values of the ${E}_{0}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{0}$, ${E}_{1}$, ${\ensuremath{\Delta}}_{1}$ bowing parameters. A detailed comparison is made between our results and previously reported ones.
Hydrothermal catalytic conversion of biomass for lactic acid production (2007)

Abstract The production of lactic acid has increased owing to growing polymer markets, increased demand in the chemical sector and many applications in the food industry. Biomass hydrothermal decomposition is potentially a method for lactic acid production. To obtain a higher yield of lactic acid, the influence of metal ions (Zn(II), Ni(II),Co(II) and Cr(III)) on biomass decomposition in sub‐critical water ( T = 300 °C) was investigated and the catalyst function in the complex reaction network of biomass degradation was discussed. In comparison with a non‐catalytic process, the addition of 400 ppm Ni(II) catalyst increased the yield of lactic acid from 3.25% to 6.62% at 300 °C and 120 s for microcrystalline cellulose. The lactic acid yield for glucose was 9.51% for 400 ppm Co(II) catalyst at 300 °C and 120 s. In the case of Cr(III) and Ni(II), the conversion of maize straw, sawdust and rice husk first increased, and then decreased from 0 to 800 ppm. For catalyst Cr(III), Zn(II) and Ni(II), the conversion of wheat bran indicated a decreasing trend. Transition metal ions have a great influence on raw materials conversion to lactic acid. In the conversion of pyruvaldehyde to lactic acid, the ionic catalyzed Cannizzaro‐type reaction would take place. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhancement of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy thanks to Pt insertions in synthetic antiferromagnets (2012)

Synthetic antiferromagnets are of great interest as reference layers in magnetic tunnel junctions since they allow decreasing the dipolar coupling between the two magnetic electrodes and exhibit larger pinning fields than single reference layers. In this letter, we investigate the effect of the insertion of an ultrathin Pt layer in contact with the Ru spacer in synthetic antiferromagnets with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Surprisingly, for Ru thickness below 0.75 nm, the antiferromagnetic coupling amplitude through Ru first increases upon Pt insertion up to a critical Pt thickness (∼0.25 nm) above which coupling decreases. In addition, the corresponding increase of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy enhances the thermal stability of the structure.
Characterization of a Rous sarcoma virus mutant defective in packaging its own genomic RNA: biochemical properties of mutant TK15 and mutant-induced transformants (1984)

The accompanying paper (S. Kawai and T. Koyama , J. Virol. 51:147-153, 1984) describes the isolation and biological properties of a mutant, TK15 , derived from a Rous sarcoma virus mutant, tsNY68 . The cis-acting defect of the mutant is analyzed biochemically in this paper. TK15 virions released from virus-producing 15c (+) cells were deficient in viral genomic 39S RNA, although comparable amounts of viral RNAs were transcribed in 15c (+) and tsNY68 -infected cells. Analysis of provirus DNA occurring in 15c (+) cells suggested that the mutant genome had a deletion of ca. 250 bases near the 5' end of the genome somewhere between the primer binding site and the 5' end of the gag-coding region. These findings indicate that at least part of the sequence lost in the TK15 genome is indispensable for packaging viral genomic RNA into virions. TK15 induces nonvirus -producing 15c (-) transformants at high frequency. Southern blot analysis of DNAs from those 15c (-) clone cells revealed that TK15 -derived proviruses contained various extents of internal deletions. Many 15c (-) clones had a provirus carrying only the src gene with long terminal repeat sequences at both ends. The mechanism for the segregation of 15c (-) cells is discussed.
Scrapie infectivity correlates with converting activity, protease resistance, and aggregation of scrapie-associated prion protein in guanidine denaturation studies (1997)

Denaturation studies with guanidine HCl (GdnHCl) were performed to test the relationship between scrapie infectivity and properties of scrapie-associated prion protein (PrP(Sc)). Large GdnHCl-induced reductions in infectivity were associated with the irreversible elimination of both the proteinase K resistance and apparent self-propagating converting activity of PrP(Sc). In intermediate GdnHCl concentrations that stimulate converting activity and partially disaggregate PrP(Sc), both scrapie infectivity and converting activity were associated with residual partially protease-resistant multimers of PrP(Sc).
The molecular basis of resistance to isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (2001)

Multidrug-resistant (MDR) strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis have emerged worldwide. In many countries and regions, these resistant strains constitute a serious threat to the efficacy of tuberculosis control programs. An important element in gaining control of this epidemic is developing an understanding of the molecular basis of resistance to the most important antituberculosis drugs: isoniazid, rifampin, and pyrazinamide. On the basis of this information, more exacting laboratory testing, and ultimately more appropriate and timely treatment regimens, can be developed.
Loss mechanisms in piezoelectrics: how to measure different losses separately (2001)

Losses in piezoelectrics are considered in general to have three different mechanisms: dielectric, mechanical, and piezoelectric losses. This paper deals with the phenomenology of losses first, then how to measure these losses separately in experiments. We found that heat generation at off-resonance is caused mainly by dielectric loss tan delta' (i.e., P-E hysteresis loss), not by mechanical loss, and that a significant decrease in mechanical Qm with an increase of vibration level was observed in resonant piezoelectric ceramic devices, which is due to an increase in the extensive dielectric loss, not in the extensive mechanical loss. We propose the usage of the antiresonance mode rather than the conventional resonance mode, particularly for high power applications because the mechanical quality factor QB at an antiresonance frequency is larger than QA at a resonance frequency.
<i>Fiber Optics: Technology and Applications</i> (1986)

Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Steward D. Personick, P. K. Cheo; Fiber Optics: Technology and Applications. Physics Today 1 June 1986; 39 (6): 90. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.2815047 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentPhysics Today Search Advanced Search
Treating domestic wastewater with water hyacinths (1981)

Greenhouse system purifies water, extracts fertilizers, and generates fuels. When fully developed, system may supplant septic tanks and central sewage for rural and underdeveloped areas.
Amylase assay and diagnosis of pancreatic disease. (1985)

Journal Article Amylase assay and diagnosis of pancreatic disease. Get access J A Lott, J A Lott Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E C Ellison E C Ellison Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 31, Issue 8, 1 August 1985, Page 1263, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/31.8.1263 Published: 01 August 1985
Review of continental shelf marine geotechnics: Distribution of soils, measurement of properties, and environmental hazards (1975)

Abstract Sands and silty sands are the predominant surficial soils of continental shelves. Cohesive fine‐grained soils are typical off the mouths of large rivers, near bays and estuaries, and in basins located on the shelf. The stratigraphy of shelf soils is very poorly known for most engineering purposes, except in the vicinity of the Mississippi Delta. Vibratory coring is the most common method of sampling shelf sands to depths of about 13 m; greater soil depths are sampled by borings often using drilling and wireline sampling tools. Employment of self‐contained or wireline static cone penetrometers to obtain in situ measurements of sands has not been as common in the United States as in Europe. Dynamic piston corers are the most common samplers in cohesive soils, but rotary and hydraulically activated incremental corers are becoming available for marine use. Self‐contained or wireline vane shear devices and static cone penetrometers are used for the in situ testing of cohesive soils, and the latter device is also used for cohesionless soils. Dynamic cone penetrometers have been developed and have had limited experimental use at sea. In situ electrical resistivity and nuclear‐transmission and backscatter probes have been used in cohesive soils to obtain bulk‐density and water‐content measurements and for stratigraphic correlation. Acoustical properties of cohesive and cohesionless soils have been measured by in situ probes and have been estimated from results of geophysical surveys made on ships that are under way. Environmental hazards to the foundations of offshore structures include earthquakes, wave‐induced loading and scour, and burrowing animals. Reported bottom‐current velocities on the United States continental shelf appear to have maximums of about 0.5 m/s under fair‐weather conditions and greater than about 5 m/s under hurricane conditions. Cyclical loading of the seafloor induced by storm waves appears to be a major hazard to soil stability in some areas. A representative sample of the widely scattered engineering and scientific literature of continental shelf marine geotechnics and geotechnically related subjects has been made to aid marine geologists, geotechnologists, and other specialists.
Measurements of Oxidants in Ozonized Seawater and Some Biological Reactions (1979)

Ozonization of seawater oxidizes bromide ion to bromine (hypobromus acid and hypobromite ion) and then to bromate. If seawater is ozonized for more than 60 min, essentially all bromide is converted to bromate. Ozonization of high purity sodium chloride solution did not produce significant oxidants. However, ozonization of sodium bromide solution produced both bromine and bromate. Ozone is unstable in seawater and was undetectable several minutes after the ozonization was completed. Bromate toxicity tests on marine animals indicate the levels of bromate produced by chlorination or ozonization of power plant cooling waters are not acutely toxic. The LC50 ranged from 30 mg/L bromate for Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas, larva to several hundred mg/L for fish, shrimp, and clams. Key words: ozone, oxidants, bromate, bromine, seawater, toxicity
Perceptual limits for a robotic rehabilitation environment using visual feedback distortion (2005)

Imperceptible visual distortion, in the form of a disguised progression of performance goals, may be a helpful addition to rehabilitation after stroke and other brain injuries. This paper describes work that has been done to lay the groundwork for testing this hypothesis. We have constructed and validated an experimental environment that provides controllable visual distortion and allows precise force and position measurements. To estimate the amount of visual distortion that should be imperceptible, we measured the limits for force and distance/position perception in our rehabilitation environment for young and elderly unimpaired subjects and for a single traumatic brain injury (TBI) patient. We found the Just Noticeable Difference (JND) for produced force to be 19.7% (0.296 N) and the JND for movement distance/finger position to be 13.0% (3.99 mm) for young subjects (ages 18-35). For elderly subjects (ages 61-80), the JND for force was measured to be 31.0% (0.619 N) and the JND for distance/po'sition was 16.1% (5.01 mm). JNDs of 46.0% (0.920 N) and 45.0% (14.8 mm) were found for the motor-impaired individual. In addition, a subject's rating of effort was found to be profoundly influenced by visual feedback concerning the force magnitude. Even when this feedback was distorted, it accounted for 99% of the variance of the effort rating. These results indicate that substantial visual distortions should be imperceptible to the subject, and that visual feedback can be used to influence the subject's perceived experience in our robotic environment. This means that we should be able to use imperceptible visual distortion to alter a patient's perception of therapeutic exercise in a robotic environment.
Properties of Optical and Laser-Related Materials: A Handbook (1997)

Laser Materials and Their Hosts. Nonliner Optical Crystals. Main Optical Materials. Alkali and Alkaline Earth Halides. Oxides, Sulfides, Selenides and Tellurides. Semiconductors and Other Crystalline Materials. Glasses and Polymers. Liquids. Gases. Appendix. References. Index.
Evaluation of checkpoint mechanisms for massively parallel machines (2002)

Massively parallel machines typically contain thousands of processor units and therefore are more likely to suffer system breakdown because of component failures. This paper studies efficient diskless checkpointing mechanisms for SIMD massively parallel machines. Three checkpointing schemes: mirror checkpointing, parity checkpointing, and partial parity checkpointing are compared in terms of their checkpoint performance and storage overheads, based on empirical measurements. Mirror checkpointing and parity checkpointing schemes have been successfully implemented and tested on a DECmpp 12000 machine, without hardware or OS modifications. It has been shown that mirror checkpointing is an order of magnitude faster than parity checkpointing, but takes twice as much storage overhead. Partial parity checkpointing, although significantly reduces the storage overhead, could lead to unpredictable execution performance. This paper also examines the detailed storage/performance tradeoffs for partial parity checkpointing through manual instrumentation, and describes the implementation experience from these experiments.
mirracle: An augmented reality magic mirror system for anatomy education (2012)

We present an augmented reality magic mirror for teaching anatomy. The system uses a depth camera to track the pose of a user standing in front of a large display. A volume visualization of a CT dataset is augmented onto the user, creating the illusion that the user can look into his body. Using gestures, different slices from the CT and a photographic dataset can be selected for visualization. In addition, the system can show 3D models of organs, text information and images about anatomy. For interaction with this data we present a new interaction metaphor that makes use of the depth camera. The visibility of hands and body is modified based on the distance to a virtual interaction plane. This helps the user to understand the spatial relations between his body and the virtual interaction plane.
Study on the synthetic process of diclofenac sodium (2008)

Diclofenac sodium(Ⅰ),a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug,was synthesized by 2,6-dichlorodiphenylamine(Ⅳ) and chloroacetyl chloride as raw materials.Synthetic processes included acylation,intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation and hydrolysis.The first and second reactions were carried out in solvent-free process,the third in water which accorded with the principle of green chemistry.The best technical condition for various processes had been found as follows:①acylation,the mole ratio of Ⅳ to chloroacetyl chloride was 1 ∶1.2,reaction temperature 140 ℃,the yield of intermediate Ⅲ was 96.6%;②intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation,the mole ratio of Ⅲ to aluminum chloride was 1 ∶2,reaction temperature 150 ℃,the yield of intermediate Ⅱ was 91.2%;③hydrolysis,the mole ratio of Ⅱ to sodium hydroxide was 1 ∶2.5,mass fraction of sodium hydroxide was 20%,reaction time 6 h,amount of catalyst was 2% of Ⅱ,the yield of Ⅰ was 92.5%.From Ⅳ to Ⅰ,the overall yield reached 81.5%.
Considerations Given to Land Rig Design for Versatility of Operations (2002)

Abstract This paper discusses factors that were considered in the design of the first generation Super Single™ rig. The initial design concept was driven by certain drilling requirements for a slant drilling operation of PanCanadian Petroleum. The discussion also includes examples of the rig's application, operating data and results and safety benefits achieved from the new rig design. PanCanadian first applied the Super Single rig to a slant hole drilling under Lake Newell in southern Alberta. This application and subsequent projects, which represent a total of more than 5,000 wells drilled, have proven that the Super Single rig is more efficient and safer than conventional double, telescoping double and single rigs in the overall completion of a drilling well.
Trophoblast transferrin and transferrin receptors in the host–parasite relationship of human pregnancy (1979)

Abstract Transferrin and specific transferrin receptors are demonstrated on the microvillous surface of syncytiotrophoblast in human immature and term placentae by immunohistological techniques with the use of light and electron microscopy. That the distribution of transferrin is limited to the materno-foetal interface supports the hypothesis that binding of maternal transferrin to trophoblast receptors is involved in the process of iron transport to the foetus. Parallel studies with baboon placentae demonstrate the presence of trophoblast receptors which bind both baboon and human transferrin, thereby putting forward an experimental model which might be used to test the biological significance of placental transferrin receptors in primates. In addition, investigation of a large number of human cell lines shows that many transformed cells, but no normal cells (such as blood lymphocytes) or cells from primary culture (such as neonatal foreskin fibroblasts), possess the ability to bind transferrin to their membranes. These findings suggest that transferrin receptors may play important biological roles in addition to that of iron transport from mother to foetus. One such role could be the limitation of iron in intervillous spaces, thus depriving iron-requiring microorganisms of iron, hence serving as a non-specific factor of resistance for placentae. Another role for foetal transferrin receptors on trophoblasts could be to bind maternal transferrin at the materno-foetal interface, thus frustrating maternal immunosurveillance. This is similar to a mechahism used by schistosomes in the host-parasite relation where host proteins are bound by the parasite to escape immunological recognition. The presence of transferrin receptors on transformed cells suggests that this mechanism might also be employed by tumour cells. Finally, in view of previous studies which show that transferrin is required by stimulated lymphocytes to pass from the G1 to the S phase of cellular replication, it is proposed that trophoblast transferrin receptors could limit the amount of transferrin in intervillous spaces and thus impede the proliferation and possible cytotoxicity of maternal activated lymphocytes at the materno-foetal interface.
The Dissociation of Lactonitrile in Aqueous Solution (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Dissociation of Lactonitrile in Aqueous SolutionWm. F. Yates and R. L. HeiderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1952, 74, 16, 4153–4155Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01136a058https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01136a058research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views144Altmetric-Citations23LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Introduction (1997)

This then I note as a great defect in the Civill policy of this kingdom, in that for the space of 350 yeares at least after the Conquest first attempted, the English lawes were not communicated to the Irish, nor the benefit and protection therof allowed unto them, though they earnestly desired and sought the same. For, as long as they were out of the protecion of the Lawe, so as every English-man might oppresse, spoyle, and kill them without controulment, howe was it possible they shoulde bee other then Out-lawes & Enemies to the Crown of England? If the King woulde not admit them to the condition of Subiects, how could they learn to acknoledge and obey him as their Soveraigne? When they might not converse or Commerce with any Civill men, nor enter into any Towne or Citty without perrill of their Lives; whither should they flye but into the Woods and Mountaines, and there live in a wilde and barbarous maner? … In a word, if the English woulde neither in peace Governe them by the Law, nor could in War root them out by the sword; must they not needes bee prickes in their eyes, and thornes in their sides, till the worlds end? and so the Conquest never bee brought to perfection.1
A Chemically Defined Medium for the Growth and Synthesis of Ergot Alkaloids by Species of Balansia (1985)

A chemically defined medium was developed for the growth of and ergot alkaloid synthesis by five species of Balansia (Clavicipitaceae). It was determined that the nitrogen required for growth was not strict, but NH4Cl (2.4 g/l) produced good growth and favored total ergot alkaloid synthesis. The fungi required thiamine, nicotinic acid, and pyridoxine for growth. Incorporating DL-tryptophan into the medium did not increase growth, but did cause a 2–4-fold increase in the yield of total alkaloid produced by the species tested.