gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Predicate Abstraction for Dense Real-Time Systems1 1This research was supported by the National Science Foundation under grants CCR-00-82560 and CCR-00-86096 and by NASA Langley Research Center under contract B09060051 and Cooperative Agreement NCC-1-399 with Honeywell Minneapolis. Most of this research has been conducted while the first author was visiting SRI International, July/August 2001. (2002)

We propose predicate abstraction as a means for verifying a rich class of safety and liveness properties for dense real-time systems. First, we define a restricted semantics of timed systems which is observationally equivalent to the standard semantics in that it validates the same set of μ-calculus formulas without a next-step operator. Then, we recast the model checking problem S ⊨ ϕ for a timed automaton S and a μ-calculus formula ϕ in terms of predicate abstraction. Whenever a set of abstraction predicates forms a so-called basis, the resulting abstraction is strongly preserving in the sense that S validates ϕ iff the corresponding finite abstraction validates this formula ϕ. Now, the abstracted system can be checked using familiar μ-calculus model checking. Like the region graph construction for timed automata, the predicate abstraction algorithm for timed automata usually is prohibitively expensive. In many cases it suffices to compute an approximation of a finite bisimulation by using only a subset of the basis of abstraction predicates. Starting with some coarse abstraction, we define a finite sequence of refined abstractions that converges to a strongly preserving abstraction. In each step, new abstraction predicates are selected nondeterministically from a finite basis. Counterexamples from failed μ-calculus model checking attempts can be used to heuristically choose a small set of new abstraction predicates for refining the abstraction.
Programmable surface acoustic wave devices utilizing hybrid microelectronic techniques (1974)

Programmable matched filters can be realized using surface acoustic wave propagation in conjunction with external microelectronic circuitry. Here two devices, a programmable analogue matched filter and a diode convolver, are discussed, highlighting the similarities in constructional technique. Specific device requirements include an r.f. circuit which for 10 MHz signal bandwidth must possess a 310 μm pitch. Factors influencing the choice of the thin film hybrid microelectronic technique are outlined and the design, fabrication and performance details are described.
Lymphatic Mapping and Sentinel Node Biopsy in the Patient With Breast Cancer (1996)

This study confirms that lymphatic mapping is technically possible in the patient with breast cancer and that the histologic characteristics of the SLN probably reflect the histologic characteristics of the rest of the axillary lymph nodes. The procedure also allows the pathologist to focus the histologic examination on 1 or 2 nodes, potentially increasing the yield of positive dissections and the accuracy of staging.
Hexuronate catabolism in Erwinia chrysanthemi (1987)

In the phytopathogenic enterobacterium Erwinia chrysanthemi, the catabolism of hexuronates is linked to the degradation of pectic polymers. We isolated Mu lac insertions in each gene of the hexuronate pathway and used genetic fusions with lacZ (the beta-galactosidase gene of Escherichia coli) to study the regulation of this pathway. Three independent regulatory genes (exuR, uxuR, and kdgR) were found. Galacturonate and glucuronate were converted into 2-keto-3-deoxygluconate (KDG) by separate three-step pathways encoded by the uxaC, uxaB, and uxaA genes and the uxaC, uxuB, and uxuA genes, respectively. The two aldohexuronates entered the cell by a specific transport system, encoded by exuT. Wild-type strain 3937 was unable to use glucuronate as a carbon source since glucuronate was unable to induce the exuT expression. Mutants able to use glucuronate possessed an inactivated exuR gene. The product of the regulatory gene exuR negatively controlled the expression of exuT, uxaC, uxaB, and uxaA, which was inducible in the presence of galacturonate. The two genes specifically involved in glucuronate catabolism, uxuA and uxuB, formed two independent transcriptional units regulated separately, uxuB expression was not inducible, whereas uxuA expression was induced in the presence of glucuronate and controlled by the uxuR product. KDG, the common end product of both pathways, is cleaved by the kdgK and kdgA gene products. KDG enters the cell by a specific transport system, encoded by kdgT. The regulatory gene kdgR controlled the expression of kdgT, kdgK, and kdgA and partially that of the pel genes encoding pectate-lyases. The real inducer of pectate-lyase synthesis, originating from catabolism of galacturonate or glucuronate, appeared to be KDG. The genes of E. chrysanthemi affecting hexuronate catabolism are separated into six independent transcriptional units exuT, uxaCBA, uxuA, uxuB, kdgK, and kdgA, but only three gene clusters were localized on the genetic map: exuT-uxaCBA, uxuA-uxuB-kdgK, and kdgA-exuR.
Batch Control and Diagnosis (2005)

Batch processes are becoming more and more important in the chemical process industry, where they are used in the manufacture of specialty materials, which often are highly profitable. Some examples where batch processes are important are the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, polymers, and semiconductors. The focus of this thesis is exception handling and fault detection in batch control. In the first part an internal model approach for exception handling is proposed where each equipment object in the control system is extended with a state-machine based model that is used on-line to structure and implement the safety interlock logic. The thesis treats exception handling both at the unit supervision level and at the recipe level. The goal is to provide a structure, which makes the implementation of exception handling in batch processes easier. The exception handling approach has been implemented in JGrafchart and tested on the batch pilot plant Procel at Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya in Barcelona, Spain. The second part of the thesis is focused on fault detection in batch processes. A process fault can be any kind of malfunction in a dynamic system or plant, which leads to unacceptable performance such as personnel injuries or bad product quality. Fault detection in dynamic processes is a large area of research where several different categories of methods exist, e.g., model-based and process history-based methods. The finite duration and non-linear behavior of batch processes where the variables change significantly over time and the quality variables are only measured at the end of the batch lead to that the monitoring of batch processes is quite different from the monitoring of continuous processes. A benchmark batch process simulation model is used for comparison of several fault detection methods. A survey of multivariate statistical methods for batch process monitoring is performed and new algorithms for two of the methods are developed. It is also shown that by combining model-based estimation and multivariate methods fault detection can be improved even though the process is not fully observable.
Anaerobic biodegradation of cyanide under methanogenic conditions (1991)

Upflow, anaerobic, fixed-bed, activated charcoal biotreatment columns capable of operating at free cyanide concentrations of greater than 100 mg liter-1 with a hydraulic retention time of less than 48 h were developed. Methanogenesis was maintained under a variety of feed medium conditions which included ethanol, phenol, or methanol as the primary reduced carbon source. Under optimal conditions, greater than 70% of the inflow free cyanide was removed in the first 30% of the column height. Strongly complexed cyanides were resistant to removal. Ammonia was the nitrogen end product of cyanide transformation. In cell material removed from the charcoal columns, [14C]bicarbonate was the major carbon end product of [14C]cyanide transformation.
Retrieval of Misfired Perforating Systems from Shallow Well Operations: Potential Thermal Cookoff Hazard (2015)

Abstract During perforating operations, the vast majority of perforating runs are executed without issue. It is possible, however, for misfires to occur. A special case of misfire can result when guns partially fire, leaving an unknown state of the remaining ballistic train. This type of misfire warrants deeper consideration, particularly for shallow well perforating on wireline. This paper examines how a partially fired gun can create a potentially hazardous situation based on the mechanism of delayed thermal cookoff. A relevant scenario for wireline perforating operations is used to simulate the delayed cookoff process. It begins with the initiation of a portion of the explosive train and the resulting release of heat. This raises the internal temperature and pressure of the gun, further accelerating thermal decomposition of the remaining explosive components. This continues to add heat and pressure to the system, potentially creating a situation of runaway reaction. The outcome of the process during gun retrieval can range from quiet decomposition to gun burst, depending on the starting conditions and reaction kinetics. Decomposition calculations and the accompanying pressure response are made using multi-step time iterations that show the progression of the decomposition process over time. Several factors can affect the decomposition reaction, such as downhole temperature, the amount of explosives that initially react, explosive type, and the free air volume inside the gun. For the case of runaway reaction, which can result in violent gun burst, proper job planning must be considered beforehand to help prevent damage to equipment and injury to personnel, should the event occur upon retrieval of guns to surface. To help mitigate risk, it is critical to advantageously use time and cooler temperatures in these situations. Moreover, to reduce uncertainty, the benefits of taking quantitative surface measurements are discussed. This paper describes the mechanism for delayed thermal cookoff and its potentially hazardous impact when retrieving misfired guns. The paper additionally shows how field personnel can determine if it is occurring at surface. A recommended procedure for retrieving these guns is suggested, which is wholly consistent with OSHA Process Safety Management.
Temporal-logics as query languages for Dynamic Bayesian Networks: Application to D. melanogaster Embryo Development (2018)

This paper introduces novel techniques for exact and approximate inference in Dynamic Bayesian Networks (DBNs) based on algorithms, data structures, and formalisms from the field of model checking. Model checking comprises a family of techniques from for formally verifying systems of concurrent reactive processes. We discuss: i) the use of temporal logics as a query language for inference over DBNs; ii) translation of DBNs into probabilistic reactive modules; and iii) the use of symbolic data structures and algorithms for deciding complex stochastic temporal logic formulas. We demonstrate the effectiveness of these new algorithms by examining the behavior of an enhanced expression model of embryogenesis in D. melanogaster. In particular, we converted an existing deterministic developmental model over a one-dimensional arrays of cells into a stochastic model over a two dimensional array of cells. Our results confirm that the rules which govern the one-dimensional model also display wild-type expression patterns in the two-dimensional case within certain parameter bounds.
Encapsulation of Bromocresol Green pH Indicator into a Sol‐Gel Matrix (2005)

The bromocresol green pH indicator was encapsulated into transparent monolithic silica matrices using acid catalyzed sol‐gel reaction. Tetraethylorthosilicate was used for the entrapment of the bromocresol green indicator. The immobilized bromocresol green shows behavior similar to its solution counterpart. It retains its structure during the sol‐gel reactions in terms of response to pH and albumine. The polarized light microscopy has indicated that the bromocresol green molecules are strongly interacted within the host silica network.
El horóscopo y el vaticinio: Dos mecanismos teatrales en La vida es sueño y en Eco y Narciso , de Calderón de la Barca (1991)

Hi 1 Teatro del Siglo de Oro se sostiene en una serie de formulas de numero relativamente limitado las cuales constituyen el mecanismo dramatico de cada una de las comedias. La manipulacion y combinacion de los componentes fundamentales de dichas formulas, ademas de establecerlos conflictos dramati cos, determinan que las obras lleguen a un final feliz o tragico. Una de las formulas, la mas socorrida tal vez, es la del caballero con su correlato de criados y graciosos; pero de todas ellas, aun no suficientemente estudiadas en sus dimensiones propiamente teatrales, las que ofrecen ramificaciones y conclu siones mas interesantes son sin duda alguna aquellas que se originan del vaticinio1, el horoscopo2, y el sueno, si bien este ultimo puede considerarse como el medio o conducto a traves del cual el vaticinio se filtra y manifiesta, las mas de las veces, a los Mortales. El analisis minucioso de estas formulas podria establecer una metodologia para el estudio de gran parte de las comedias mitologicas y biblicas particularmente, de Calderon,3 en las que aparecen dichos elementos, asi como algunas comedias de contenido filosofico, particularmente La vida es sueno. En este tipo de comedias el vaticinio y el horoscopo, ademas de crear el mecanismo dramatico, forman los ejes estructu rales y semanticos de las mismas, los cuales puede desdoblarse, aplicando la teoria de Roman Jacobson4 acerca de la comunicacion, en los siguientes cuatro componentes fundamentales: A. Un signo, generalmente de caracter linguistico o visual, dado por un ser superior. B. Un interprete o descodificador cualificado del signo.
Conditional, recombinase‐mediated expression of genes in plant cell cultures (2004)

In plant cells, overexpression of critical genes can be hampered by deleterious effects on development that results in a counterselection of transgenic cells harboring the gene of interest. Inducible expression systems have been reported, but many of them show unwanted leaky expression. To circumvent this potential problem, a novel inducible system was developed based on two previously characterized systems: the CRE-loxP site-specific recombination system of bacteriophage P1 and the subcellular targeting of proteins by a mammalian glucocorticoid receptor (GR). By fusing the receptor domain of the rat GR to the carboxyl terminus of the CRE recombinase, a double-lock conditional transcriptional induction system was created that is highly useful to overexpress genes whose expression may block transgenic regeneration. Furthermore, because the designed vector utilizes the GATEWAY recombination technology, cloning was restriction- and ligation-free, thus rendering the vector suitable for high-throughput research. The system was tested in Nicotiana tabacum bright yellow-2 (BY-2) cells and its efficiency was demonstrated for the controlled overexpression of the gus reporter gene and a mutant allele of the A-type cyclin-dependent kinase (CDKA), which is known to be a potent inhibitor of the cell cycle.
X-ray standing-wave study of an Sb-terminated GaAs(001)-(2×4) surface (1995)

The Sb-Sb dimer structure of a 2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}4 reconstructed Sb/GaAs(001) surface was investigated by core-level photoelectron collection mode of back reflection soft x-ray standing-wave technique. Sb atoms occupy the bridge site forming bonds with two underlying Ga atoms and form symmetric Sb-Sb dimers lining up in the [11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0] direction. The first-layer Sb atomic plane is estimated to be 1.81\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 \AA{} above the second-layer Ga lattice plane. The bond length of the Sb-Sb dimer on a GaAs(001) surface is estimated to be 2.95\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.06 \AA{}, which is longer than the reported Sb-Sb bond length for Sb/GaAs(110) surface.
Passive aggressive measurement with MGRP (2009)

We present the Measurement Manager Protocol (MGRP), an in-kernel service that schedules and transmits probes on behalf of active measurement tools. Unlike prior measurement services, MGRP transparently piggybacks application packets inside the often significant amounts of empty padding contained in typical probes. Using MGRP thus combines the modularity, flexibility, and accuracy of standalone active measurement tools with the lower overhead of passive measurement techniques. Microbenchmark experiments show that the resulting bandwidth savings makes it possible to measure the network accurately, but faster and more aggressively than without piggybacking, and with few ill effects to piggybacked application or competing traffic. When using MGRP to schedule measurements on behalf of MediaNet, an overlay service that adaptively schedules media streams, we show MediaNet can achieve significantly higher streaming rates under the same network conditions.
Integrative Physiology: Defined Novel Metabolic Roles of Osteocalcin (2010)

The prevailing model of osteology is that bones constantly undergo a remodeling process, and that the differentiation and functions of osteoblasts are partially regulated by leptin through different central hypothalamic pathways. The finding that bone remodeling is regulated by leptin suggested possible endocrinal effects of bones on energy metabolism. Recently, a reciprocal relationship between bones and energy metabolism was determined whereby leptin influences osteoblast functions and, in turn, the osteoblast-derived protein osteocalcin influences energy metabolism. The metabolic effects of bones are caused by the release of osteocalcin into the circulation in an uncarboxylated form due to incomplete gamma-carboxylation. In this regard, the Esp gene encoding osteotesticular protein tyrosine phosphatase is particularly interesting because it may regulate gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin. Novel metabolic roles of osteocalcin have been identified, including increased insulin secretion and sensitivity, increased energy expenditure, fat mass reduction, and mitochondrial proliferation and functional enhancement. To date, only a positive correlation between osteocalcin and energy metabolism in humans has been detected, leaving causal effects unresolved. Further research topics include: identification of the osteocalcin receptor; the nature of osteocalcin regulation in other pathways regulating metabolism; crosstalk between nutrition, osteocalcin, and energy metabolism; and potential applications in the treatment of metabolic diseases.
Transport properties and their correlation with the morphology of thermally conditioned polypropylene (1969)

Abstract Time‐lag and static sorption experiments were employed to measure permeability, diffusivity and solubility constants of He, A, and CF 4 in polypropylene films cooled at various rates from the melt and subsequently annealed at varying temperatures near the melting point. While solubility constants in films annealed above 90°C showed the normal variation with the amorphous content of the polymer, solubility constants for all unannealed, quenched films were remarkably constant and independent of the rate of cooling. In fact, all quenched films appeared to have the same amorphous content (ca. 41%). The remaining material is believed to be a mixture of monoclinic and hexagonal crystallinity, the volume ratio of the two being a function of the rate of quenching, and changing on annealing, in favor of the more stable, monoclinic form; the transition occurring rather sharply at 90°C. X‐ray diffraction provided supporting evidence for the presence of the hexagonal crystals. The diffusion behavior in crystalline polypropylene is normal and Fickian but instead of the usual decline with increasing crystallinity, diffusivities showed definite enhancement in the case of the annealed films, i.e., the expected monotonic decline of D with increasing crystallinity is not observed. This behavior is attributed to a reduction in diffusional impedance through formation of defects in existing crystallites, as the lamellae thicken, in a manner similar to that observed on annealing of polyethylene single crystals. The apparent activation energies of diffusion were essentially constant and independent of thermal history. This suggests that in a highly crystalline polymer diffusion is not so much impeded by the restricted mobility of chain segments but rather by the extremely small dimensions of the available diffusive pathways. In support of the argument that the transport properties of polypropylene are controlled at a level of microstructure well below the characteristic dimensions of spherulities, it was observed that bulk‐crystallized polypropylene has a spherulitic structure whose size and texture do not change significantly on annealing.
Junction termination extension (JTE), A new technique for increasing avalanche breakdown voltage and controlling surface electric fields in P-N junctions (1977)

Extremely high breakdown voltages with very low leakage current have been achieved in plane and planar p-n junctions using an ion implanted junction extension for precise control of the depletion region charge in the junction termination. Theory is presented which shows a greatly improved control of both the peak surface and bulk electric fields in reverse biased p-n junctions. Experimental results show breakdown voltages better than 95% of the ideal and at lower leakage current than the corresponding unimplanted devices. For example, diodes with a normal breakdown voltage of 1050 volts with a .5ma leakage current become 1400 volt (1450 ideal) devices with a 5µa leakage current. Applications of the technique are feasible in MOS technology, as would be expected, but are even more attractive in power devices in which the dramatically reduced surface fields are just as important as the extremely high breakdown voltages since it means more flexibility in passivation techniques, two of which we have used to date. Our results have also shown that the implant can be at a variety of temperatures with a good degree of success, extra process flexibility being the goal of these tests.
A unified computational framework for real-time optimal control (2004)

The dynamics of each agent of a multi-agent controlled dynamical system can be formulated in several possible ways: differential inclusion, flatness parameterization, higher-order inclusions and so on. A plethora of techniques have been proposed for each of these formulations but they are typically not portable across equivalent mathematical formulations. Further complications arise as a result of path constraints such as those imposed by obstacle avoidance or control saturation. In this paper, we present a unified computational framework based on pseudospectral methods to handle the optimal control of dynamical systems where the description of the governing equations or that of the path constraint is not a limitation. We illustrate our ideas by way of multiple formulations of a flexible link manipulator problem that includes a differentially flat formulation subject to control saturation. A comparison of our approach to a recent method reveals that we get an almost 30% improvement in the cost. Our results also show that equivalent mathematical formulations can yield varying run times leading to some surprising questions on flatness parameterization for real-time computation.