gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Field Measurements of Capacity and Delay at Unsignalized Intersections (1997)

Capacity and delay are key parameters in evaluating intersection operations. Capacity and delay models are available through the 1994 update of the Highway Capacity Manual (HCM), which is commonly used by traffic engineers. These models could, though, provide invalid results when an intersection has unusual geometric or traffic flow conditions. Field measurements are important to verify model results under such circumstances and to ensure the suitability of the recommended intersection control type. Directly measuring capacity and delay can be difficult, though, and videotape data extraction can be time consuming and impractical for most engineers. The authors of this article introduce a practical method for measuring capacity and delay at unsignalized intersections. A model relating average total delay and average queue length based on queuing theory is presented. By conducting field measurements of queue length and volume, the delay is determined. Then, using the delay models of the 1994 HCM update, capacity can be computed.
Genetic competence in Escherichia coli requires poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate/calcium polyphosphate membrane complexes and certain divalent cations (1995)

In earlier studies of genetic competence in Escherichia coli induced with calcium-containing buffers, a strong correlation was found between transformation efficiency and the formation of poly-beta-hydroxybutyrate/calcium polyphosphate (PHB/Ca2+/PPi) complexes in the plasma membranes. In this study, we replaced Ca2+ with one of a number of other cations--monovalent, divalent, and trivalent--and found significant numbers of transformants (transformation efficiency, > 10(5)/micrograms of pBR322 DNA) only when the cells had high levels of PHB/Ca2+/PPi and the medium contained at least one of the divalent cations Ca2+, Mn2+, Sr2+, or Mg2+. Cells with high levels of the complexes were not competent when the medium did not contain these cations, but the cations were also ineffectual when the cells had few complexes. Surprisingly, Mn, Sr, and Mg were not incorporated into the complexes in place of Ca. These results indicate that PHB/Ca2+/PPi complexes and the above-mentioned divalent cations each have essential but disparate roles in genetic competence. Moreover, the strong selectivity of PHB/PPi for Ca2+ suggests the binding sites in the complexes are ionophoretic.
Hierarchical routing in traffic networks (2005)

In this paper the design of a dynamic Routing system, called Hierar- chical routing system, has been developed. It splits traffic networks into several smaller and less complex networks by introducing a hierarchy. The Hierarchical routing system therefore consists of several distributed Routing systems where each of it is responsible for one network of the hierarchical network. The route optimization is done with an adapted version of the AntNet-algorithm, a decentralized routing algorithm, which uses intelligent agents that explore the network and find the shortest routes in time. This algorithm was derived from the behaviour of ants in nature.
Compression flow modeling of underfill encapsulants for low cost flip chip assembly (2002)

Currently, underfill dispense processing is achieved through capillary action, making it a costly and time consuming process particularly as device size increases and standoff gaps decrease. As part of the Low Cost Next Generation Flip Chip Processing Program at Georgia Tech, an advanced flip chip assembly process is being developed. This process eliminates the need for time consuming capillary flow processing, and integrates the simultaneous reflow and cure of the solder interconnect and polymer underfill. The advanced process results in a significantly lower assembly cost combined with reduced throughput time. Reduced throughput time and cost are achieved through the compression flow of the underfill material. Since the flow of the material governs assembly yield and reliability, this work focused on flow simulation studies of the placement process. Here a simulation methodology and simulation studies were conducted to characterize the compression flow of the underfill and predict void formation. Results yielded design guidelines that gave insight into process parameters such as the limits on underfill deposition geometry and underfill viscosity. The results indicated the initial limits of an overall process window for compression flow chip placement.
Spectroscopic investigation of laser-initiated low-pressure plasmas in atmospheric gases (1983)

Laser-initiated breakdown of N2, O2, and Ar has been investigated at sub-atmospheric pressures using a pulsed (10-nsec) Nd:yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser at 1.06 μm. Breakdown thresholds have been determined from 3 to 760 Torr, and spectral analysis of the plasma emission has been carried out at 10 and 125 Torr over the 300–600-nm range. Sharp spectral features arising from highly excited singly and multiply charged ions are reported as well as an underlying continuum at intermediate pressure. Time-resolved measurements indicate a complex kinetic dynamic optical behavior.
Metal-nitride-oxide-silicon-capacitor arrays as electrical and optical stores (1972)

Metal-nitride-oxide-silicon capacitor arrays can be used to store information which is presented to the input as an electrical or optical pattern. The stored information can be read sequentially and nondestructively. Such arrays offer the possibility of high-density memories which are simple in structure and mode of operation.
Anion Exchange Studies. II. Tantalum in Some HF-HCl Mixtures<sup>1</sup> (1951)

In the previous paper results on the anion exchange behavior of niobium and zirconium in HCl-HF mixtures were given. This paper will deal with a similar study of tantalum and the subsequent one will deal with protactinium and a general discussion of the separation of the triadniobium, tantalum and protactinium.
Software reliability models—A selected annotated bibliography (1993)

Abstract Many articles on software reliability models have been published in the last two decades. Because of the importance of this area and increasing interest in it, this annotated bibliography of 100 selected publications has been prepared. First, books, edited works and review papers of general interest are summarized and this is followed by separate introductions to various types of models.
Measurement method of optical scatter using a STAR GEM as a scatterometer (2008)

A STAR GEM as a scatterometer can measure diffuse reflection spectra. The acronym of STAR GEM is from the capital letters of Scatter, Transmission, and Absolute Reflection measurements using a Geminated Ellipsoid Mirror. A biconical accessory, such as the STAR GEM, has the advantage that it has very high collection efficiency and the ability to measure scattered reflected light from very small samples. However, it is generally thought of as a qualitative device. It becomes clear that the STAR GEM is superior to a goniometer on the study to measure absolute reflectance of a specular sample. Only the goniometer and its family can quantitatively measure the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) of a sample. The purpose of this paper is to describe the possibilities and problems for the STAR GEM to measure the BRDF of a sample.
Radiometric Calibration of Multispectral Airborne Video Systems (1999)

This paper describes the operational characteristics and radiometric calibration of the Multispectral Airborne Video System (MAVS) at Charles Sturt University. The system consists of an array of four high-resolution Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) cameras, each with a narrow band filter. The four channels of image data are digitised in real time using a data acquisition system, which also provides for continuous interactive viewing while the system is in operation. The characteristics of system performance, the results of aperture calibration and the results of system radiometric calibration are presented. The video imaging system is found to have a highly linear response. The differences of the radiance based and reflectance based system calibration curves are investigated through a newly developed radiometric calibration model. As a result of this, a method for calculation of atmospheric optical thickens is presented. Calibrated imagery from this system is now being used routinely for remote monitoring of land and water.
Monoclonal antibody produced in plants efficiently treats West Nile virus infection in mice (2010)

Over the past decade, West Nile virus (WNV) has spread to all 48 of the lower United States as well as to parts of Canada, Mexico, the Caribbean, and South America, with outbreaks of neuroinvasive disease occurring annually. At present, no therapeutic or vaccine is available for human use. Epidemics of WNV and other emerging infectious disease threats demand cost-efficient and scalable production technologies that can rapidly transfer effective therapeutics into the clinical setting. We have previously reported that Hu-E16, a humanized anti-WNV mAb, binds to a highly conserved epitope on the envelope protein, blocks viral fusion, and shows promising postexposure therapeutic activity. Herein, we generated a plant-derived Hu-E16 mAb that can be rapidly scaled up for commercial production. Plant Hu-E16 was expressed at high levels within 8 days of infiltration in Nicotiana benthamiana plants and retained high-affinity binding and potent neutralizing activity in vitro against WNV. A single dose of plant Hu-E16 protected mice against WNV-induced mortality even 4 days after infection at rates that were indistinguishable from mammalian-cell-produced Hu-E16. This study demonstrates the efficacy of a plant-produced mAb against a potentially lethal infection several days after exposure in an animal challenge model and provides a proof of principle for the development of plant-derived mAbs as therapy against emerging infectious diseases.
Converting the interlaced 3:2 pulldown film to the NTSC video without motion artifacts (2005)

In this paper, we present a new format conversion methodology in which the interlaced 3:2 pulldown film is converted to the NTSC video. For display purposes, the 24 frames/s film is converted to 60 fields/s video by alternatively repeating each frame for 3 fields and 2 fields. This conversion results in severe motion judder when the film is displayed on the progressive TV. Although motion estimation and compensation (ME and MC) are employed to eliminate the motion judder, other artifacts may be resulted depending on the accuracy of ME. Such motion artifacts are including halo effects, block artifacts, and the severe distortion in periodic patterns when the block-based ME is used to interpolate the intermediate fields. To resolve those problems, we propose a robust full-search block motion algorithm using pseudo M-estimator, which is performed on field images to reduce the physical memory size (reducing motion search range) when implemented with hardware.
Interference Transmission Filters for the Far Ultraviolet* (1962)

The properties of simple and multiple Fabry–Perot-type interference filters with aluminum films as the reflecting layers are deduced with the aid of the measured optical constants of aluminum. Computed transmission curves are given for several filters of these types in the wavelength range from 1500 to 2500 Å. The properties of multiple-stack filters, two or more simple three-layer interference filters stacked contiguously, are deduced. It is shown that multiple-stack filters have definite advantages over three-layer interference filters. In particular, improvement in contrast without significant increase in bandwidth is obtained. Combination of a first- and second-order filter in the same multiple-stack filter is shown to give a reduced bandwidth, as expected. Experimental results for multiple filters confirm the predicted theoretical advantages.
Autoinducer 2 Is Required for Biofilm Growth of<i>Aggregatibacter</i>(<i>Actinobacillus</i>)<i>actinomycetemcomitans</i> (2007)

Autoinducer 2 (AI-2) is required for the growth of Aggregatibacter (Actinobacillus) actinomycetemcomitans in culture under conditions of iron limitation. However, in vivo this organism thrives in a complex multispecies biofilm that forms in the human oral cavity. In this report, we show that adherent growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans on a saliva-coated surface, but not planktonic growth under iron-replete conditions, is defective in a LuxS-deficient background. Biofilm growth of the luxS mutant exhibited lower total biomass and lower biofilm depth than those for the wild-type strain. Normal biofilm growth of the luxS mutant was restored genetically by introduction of a functional copy of luxS and biochemically by addition of partially purified AI-2. Furthermore, introduction of S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase, which restores the metabolism of S-adenosylmethionine in the absence of LuxS, into A. actinomycetemcomitans did not complement the luxS mutation unless AI-2 was added in trans. This suggests that AI-2 itself is required for biofilm growth by A. actinomycetemcomitans. A biofilm growth deficiency similar to that of the LuxS-deficient strain was also observed when a gene encoding the AI-2-interacting protein RbsB or LsrB was inactivated. Biofilm formation by A. actinomycetemcomitans was virtually eliminated upon inactivation of both rbsB and lsrB. In addition, biofilm growth by wild-type A. actinomycetemcomitans was reduced in the presence of ribose, which competes with AI-2 for binding to RbsB. These results suggest that RbsB and LsrB function as AI-2 receptors in A. actinomycetemcomitans and that the development of A. actinomycetemcomitans biofilms requires AI-2.
4. Building a Model (2004)

It is insufficient to pick an arbitrary number of logistic basis functions, pick a prior, fit the model using all of the available explanatory variables, and assume that everything will work out fine. The key question is, “Is this the right model?” This chapter looks at issues in building a model, first addressing issues and methodology related to choosing a model and then examining how one might do this in practice when faced with a dauntingly large model space.
Signal processing of vibrations for condition monitoring of an induction motor (2004)

Vibration monitoring is studied for fault diagnostics of an induction motor. Several features of vibration signals are compared as indicators of broken rotor bar of a 35 kW induction motor. Regular fast Fourier transform (FFT) based power spectrum density (PSD) estimation is compared to signal processing with higher order spectra (HOS), cepstrum analysis and signal description with autoregressive (AR) modelling. The fault detection routine and feature comparison is carried out with support vector machine (SVM) based classification. The best method for feature extraction seems to be the application of AR coefficients. The result is found out with real measurement data from several motor conditions and load situations.
Fault tree synthesis from UML models for reliability analysis at early design stages (2011)

System reliability analysis is often neglected at early design stages when design decisions change the system architecture rigorously. This is because appropriate methods are time consuming and require an in-depth knowledge about the applied method. We propose a modeling approach that focuses on reusability and automatic fault tree synthesis of the models. We use UML to model application dependent and application independent views on the system and allocate steps of the application definition to architecture elements. In doing so various different system concepts can be investigated with minimal re-modeling effort. We identify capturing fault propagation and fault containment information as a major challenge in automatic fault tree synthesis and offer an application dependent and an application independent approach to modeling this kind of information. Then we introduce an algorithm that transforms the UML model into a fault tree representation of the respective system and validate our approach using an example from the automotive domain. The results from the validation highlight the validity of the generated trees, the efficiency with which different system concepts may be evaluated, and the degree to which the analysis results can be generalized
Novel pyrazole compounds for pharmacological discrimination between receptor‐operated and store‐operated <scp> <scp> Ca <sup>2+</sup> </scp> </scp> entry pathways (2012)

The pyrazole derivatives Pyr6 and Pyr10 are able to distinguish between TRPC and Orai-mediated Ca(2+) entry and may serve as useful tools for the analysis of cellular functions of the underlying Ca(2+) channels.
Hybrid overlay metrology for high order correction by using CDSEM (2016)

Overlay control has become one of the most critical issues for semiconductor manufacturing. Advanced lithographic scanners use high-order corrections or correction per exposure to reduce the residual overlay. It is not enough in traditional feedback of overlay measurement by using ADI wafer because overlay error depends on other process (etching process and film stress, etc.). It needs high accuracy overlay measurement by using AEI wafer. WIS (Wafer Induced Shift) is the main issue for optical overlay, IBO (Image Based Overlay) and DBO (Diffraction Based Overlay). We design dedicated SEM overlay targets for dual damascene process of N10 by i-ArF multi-patterning. The pattern is same as device-pattern locally. Optical overlay tools select segmented pattern to reduce the WIS. However segmentation has limit, especially the via-pattern, for keeping the sensitivity and accuracy. We evaluate difference between the viapattern and relaxed pitch gratings which are similar to optical overlay target at AEI. CDSEM can estimate asymmetry property of target from image of pattern edge. CDSEM can estimate asymmetry property of target from image of pattern edge. We will compare full map of SEM overlay to full map of optical overlay for high order correction ( correctables and residual fingerprints).
No Confinement Needed: Observation of a Metastable Hydrophobic Wetting Two-Layer Ice on Graphene (2009)

The structure of water at interfaces is crucial for processes ranging from photocatalysis to protein folding. Here, we investigate the structure and lattice dynamics of two-layer crystalline ice films grown on a hydrophobic substrate, graphene on Pt(111), with low energy electron diffraction, reflection-absorption infrared spectroscopy, rare-gas adsorption/desorption, and ab initio molecular dynamics. Unlike hexagonal ice, which consists of stacks of puckered hexagonal "bilayers", this new ice polymorph consists of two flat hexagonal sheets of water molecules in which the hexagons in each sheet are stacked directly on top of each other. Such two-layer ices have been predicted for water confined between hydrophobic walls, but not previously observed experimentally. Our results show that the two-layer ice forms even at zero pressure at a single hydrophobic interface by maximizing the number of hydrogen bonds at the expense of adopting a nontetrahedral geometry with weakened hydrogen bonds.
Overlapping upper and lower gastrointestinal symptoms in irritable bowel syndrome patients with constipation or diarrhea (2003)

Upper GI symptoms consistent with functional dyspepsia were more frequent in IBS-C. Although there was considerable overlap of upper and lower GI symptoms in patients with IBS-C and IBS-D, the former had more frequent lower abdominal pain and bloating.
Electrolysis for the benign conversion of renewable feedstocks (2007)

Abstract A large variety of C,C-bond forming reactions and functional group interconversions can be achieved by electron transfer. For the conversion of renewable feedstocks, electrolysis has been applied to coupling of radicals generated by anodic decarboxylation of fatty acids and carboxylic acids of carbohydrates. Furthermore, a derivative of L-gulonic acid is converted nearly quantitatively into L-xylonolacton. Trimethyl aconitate from trimethyl citronate is dimerized stereoselectively at the cathode in 72 % yield to a cyclic hexamethyl ester by an inter- and intramolecular Michael addition. Two acetoxy groups are added anodically to methyl conjuenate (obtained from methyl linoleate) to form methyl ( E )-9,12-diacetoxy-10-octenoate and methyl ( E )-10,13-diacetoxy-11-octenoate in 85 % yield. The primary hydroxy groups in mono- and disaccharides can be oxidized to carboxylic acid groups in good yield and high selectivity by anodic oxidation with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine- N -oxyl (TEMPO) as mediator. The results demonstrate that electrolysis is in good accordance with many of the 12 principles of green chemistry.
Preparation, solution behaviour and electrical properties of octasubstituted phthalocyaninato and 2,3-naphthalocyaninato oxotitanium(IV) complexes (1997)

The octasubstituted oxo(phthalocyaninato)titanium(iv) complexes TiO[Pc′(CH2OC5H11)8 ] (Pc′=2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24-octasubstituted phthalocyaninate) and TiO[Pc″(OC4H9)8 ] (Pc″=1,4,8,11,15,18,22,25-octasubstituted phthalocyaninate) and the first 2,3,-naphthalocyaninato titanium complex TiO[Nc′(C6H13)8 ] (Nc′=2,5,11,14,20,23,29,32-octasubstituted naphthalocyaninate) have been prepared by treating the corresponding dicyano-benzenes or -naphthalene with titanium(iv) ethoxide and urea in n-pentanol. These compounds and their analogues TiO[Pc′(R)8 ] (R=C7H15 , OC5H11) tend to form molecular aggregates in solutions and the effects of solvent and concentration on their aggregation behaviour were investigated by UV–VIS and 1H NMR spectroscopy. The electrochemistry and electrical properties of these compounds were also studied.
METAPI - a language for extensions (1971)

The METAPI system [1,2] can be considered to be a combination of a translator writing system and an extensible language system. The history and usage of the system should make clear how it functions in both roles. METAPI grew from the need for a language in which a version of Fortran especially suited for interactive use could be implemented. Originally METAPI consisted of a translator writing system based on the Schorre [3] META II system. It was enhanced during implementation of PIFOR*, our Fortran language. It turned out that METAPI could be incorporated on an equal footing with PIFOR in the interactive system. Thus METAPI became a language for extensions since it was dynamically available. A user of the PI system, which incorporates METAPI and PIFOR can extend his language by writing statements in METAPI and can create any new statement type he wants. It is arbitrary whether these new statement types are considered to be a Fortran type or a METAPI type since in the PI system both languages are so closely intertwined. The PI implementations are examples of the usual applications of a translator writing system. A simple example of an extension would be a shift operator which can be added to PIFOR with a single short line of METAPI code.
Performance limits of uncooled VO x microbolometer focal plane arrays (2004)

Uncooled microbolometer technology has shown dramatic improvements in recent years as tens of thousands of imaging systems have been delivered. This paper outlines the performance limits that must be overcome to continue to achieve performance improvements.