gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
All-Optical Networking—Evolution, Benefits, Challenges, and Future Vision (2012)

While all-optical networking had its origins in the research community a quarter of a century ago, the realization of the vision has not had a straight trajectory. The original goal of the all-optical network was based on keeping the data signals entirely in the optical domain from source to destination to eliminate the so-called electronic bottleneck, and to allow arbitrary signal formats, bitrates, and protocols to be transported. The latter property is referred to as transparency. When all-optical networks were finally commercialized around the turn of the century, however, a modified reality emerged; the quest for transparency was replaced by the more pragmatic objective of reducing the network cost and energy consumption. Moreover, especially for networks of large geographical extent, electronics were still present at some (relatively few) points along the data path, for signal regeneration and traffic grooming. This modified vision captures the state of today's networks, though terms like all-optical and transparent are still used to describe this technology. However, continued advancements are bringing back some aspects of the original transparency vision. In this paper, we review the evolution of all-optical networking, from the early vision to its present vibrant state, which was made possible by great advances in optical transmission and all-optical switching technologies. We describe the numerous benefits afforded by the technology, and its relative merits and drawbacks compared to competing technologies, sometimes referred to as opaque. We also discuss the remaining challenges and future directions of all-optical networking. While all-optical solutions permeate today's access, metro, and core networks, this paper focuses on the core.
Giant magnetic anisotropy of transition-metal dimers on defected graphene from the first-principles calculations (2013)

Continuous miniaturization of magnetic units in spintronics and quantum computing devices inspires efforts to search for magnetic nanostructures with large magnetic anisotropy energy (MAE). Typical nanostructures including molecular magnets, magnetic nanoclusters and magnetic nanowires have MAEs of a few meV so their blocking temperature is mostly lower than 50 K. In this work, we demonstrated the feasibility of achieving giant MAE in systems with transition metal dimers on defected and decorated graphene, based on density functional theory calculations. In particular, either a Pt-Ir dimer on a single vacancy or an Os-Ru dimer on a nitrogen-decorated divacancy possesses an MAE larger than 60 meV and high structural stability. Interestingly, their magnetic anisotropy can be conveniently manipulated by using external electric field. These features make them good candidates for the use in room temperature spintronics and quantum computing devices.
A novel design of lifting scheme from general wavelet (2001)

A novel algorithm that is used to lift the vanishing moments of the wavelet from general wavelet, and not only from the Lazy wavelet, is proposed. It is based on the relationship between the vanishing moments of the wavelet and multiple of zeros of z=1 and only needs to solve simple linear equations to obtain the lifting coefficients. Moreover, the shortest lifting scheme and its uniqueness are introduced, from which an iterative algorithm for designing the lifting scheme is presented.
Higher-order test generation (2012)

Symbolic reasoning about large programs is bound to be imprecise. How to deal with this imprecision is a fundamental problem in program analysis. Imprecision forces approximation. Traditional static program verification builds "may" over-approximations of the program behaviors to check universal "for-all-paths" properties, while automatic test generation requires "must" under-approximations to check existential "for-some-path" properties.
Fast interfacial electron transfer between cytochrome c peroxidase and graphite electrodes promoted by aminoglycosides: novel electroenzymic catalysis of hydrogen peroxide reduction (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFast interfacial electron transfer between cytochrome c peroxidase and graphite electrodes promoted by aminoglycosides: novel electroenzymic catalysis of hydrogen peroxide reductionFraser A. Armstrong and A. Martin LannonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1987, 109, 23, 7211–7212Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00257a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00257a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views311Altmetric-Citations116LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Remote access networks : PSTN, ISDN, ADSL, Internet and wireless (1998)

This volume provides the practical information network managers need to establish an RNA (remote network access) system with ISDN, PSTN (public service telephone networks) and the Internet. This technology enables users to work anywhere, anytime. Coverage includes a complete review of remote networking technologies and LAN-based applications, plus special issues related to RNA, such as network management and security.
Production and Application of High-Accuracy Polymer-Based Magnetically Driven Microtool (2008)

We discuss a novel magnetically driven polymeric microtool for non-intrusive and non-contaminating experiments on a chip. The composite is formed by suspending magnetite particles (Fe 3 O 4 ) in polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). To obtain precise, complex patterns from magnetically driven microtools, photolithography has been applied taking advantage of thick KMPR-1050 photoresist as a sacrificed mold. The microtool surface was coated to suppress stiction in the biochip. These microtools feature 1. fabrication of any shape, 2. softness (harmless to cells), 3. no stiction, and 4. mass production at low cost enabling disposability. We demonstrate versatile mass-produced magnetically driven microtools such as stirrers and valves. The potential impact of this technology includes sample selection and separation, cell immobilization, mixing and reaction into portable microfluidic labs-on-a-chip, and long-term culture and cell loading.
A new synthesis of eupolauramine from a benz[f]indole derivative. (1988)

Eupolauramine (1__-), a structurally unique alkaloid having oxindole and pyridine nuclei, was synthesized from a benz [f] indole derivative easily prepared from a pyrrole derivative. The synthetic route involves one-pot cnstruction of a pyridine ring via an enediamine moiety derived from the corresponding indole-2-carboxylic acid, and transformation of the enediamine to oxindole.
<i>Bsu</i>BI—an isospecific restriction and modification system of<i>Pst</i>I: characterization of the<i>Bsu</i>BI genes and enzymes (1992)

The enzymes of the Bacillus subtilis BsuBI restriction/modification (R/M) system recognize the target sequence 5'CTGCAG. The genes of the BsuBI R/M system have been cloned and sequenced and their products have been characterized following overexpression and purification. The gene of the BsuBI DNA methyltransferase (M.BsuBI) consists of 1503 bp, encoding a protein of 501 amino acids with a calculated M(r) of 57.2 kD. The gene of the restriction endonuclease (R.BsuBI), comprising 948 bp, codes for a protein of 316 amino acids with a predicted M(r) of 36.2 kD. M.BsuBI modifies the adenine (A) residue of the BsuBI target site, thus representing the first A-N6-DNA methyltransferase identified in B. subtilis. Like R.PstI, R.BsuBI cleaves between the A residue and the 3' terminal G of the target site. Both enzymes of the BsuBI R/M system are, therefore, functionally identical with those of the PstI R/M system, encoded by the Gram negative species Providencia stuartii. This functional equivalence coincides with a pronounced similarity of the BsuBI/PstI DNA methyltransferases (41% amino acid identity) and restriction endonucleases (46% amino acid identity). Since the genes are also very similar (58% nucleotide identity), the BsuBI and PstI R/M systems apparently have a common evolutionary origin. In spite of the sequence conservation the gene organization is strikingly different in the two R/M systems. While the genes of the PstI R/M system are separated and transcribed divergently, the genes of the BsuBI R/M system are transcribed in the same direction, with the 3' end of the M gene overlapping the 5' end of the R gene by 17 bp.
Boosting lazy decision trees (2003)

This paper explores the problem of how to construct lazy decision tree ensembles. We present and empirically evaluate a relevancebased boosting-style algorithm that builds a lazy decision tree ensemble customized for each test instance. From the experimental results, we conclude that our boosting-style algorithm significantly improves the performance of the base learner. An empirical comparison to boosted regular decision trees shows that ensembles of lazy decision trees achieve comparable accuracy and better comprehensibility. We also introduce a novel distance-based pruning strategy for the lazy decision tree algorithm to address the problem of over-fitting. Our experiments show that the pruning strategy improves the accuracy and comprehensibility of both single lazy decision trees and boosted ensembles. 1.
Formation and properties of Group 1B metal carbonyl cations (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation and properties of Group 1B metal carbonyl cationsYoshie. Souma, Jun. Iyoda, and Hiroshi. SanoCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1976, 15, 4, 968–970Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50158a049https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50158a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views220Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A CE/SE Scheme for Flows in Porous Media and Its Applications (2009)

In this paper, a new computational scheme for solving flows in porous media was proposed. The scheme was based on an improved CE/SE method (the space-time Conservation Element and Solution Element method).We described porous flows by adopting DFB (Brinkman-Forchheimer extended Darcy) equation. The comparison between our computational results and Ghia’s confirmed the high accuracy, resolution, and efficiency of our CE/SE scheme. The proposed first-order CE/SE scheme is a new reliable way for numerical simulations of flows in porous media. After investigation of effects of Darcy number on porous flow, it shows that Darcy number has dominant influence on porous flow for the Reynolds number and porosity considered.
An Addition-Metalation Reaction of Benzene with Phenylpotassium<sup>1</sup> (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAn Addition-Metalation Reaction of Benzene with Phenylpotassium1AVERY A. MORTON and EDWARD J. LANPHERCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1958, 23, 11, 1639–1642Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01105a015https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01105a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views167Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Crisis! What Crisis? (2008)

Abstract This chapter is concerned with the limits of the public rather than the official response to the refugee crisis. It picks up thematically and chronologically where Chapter 4 leaves off with the intensification of the public campaign against the expulsions, loosely centred around Victor Gollancz's ‘Save Europe Now’ movement, and climaxing with a mass rally in London against the backdrop of hysteria about the ‘flooding’ of the British zone with German refugees. The second half of the chapter discusses why public interest in these issues fell away after December 1945, and reflects on the character and wider significance of the British response to the expulsions and refugee crisis, and how this can be explained in terms of a central opposition between population transfer in principle and practice.
Cholera toxin activates dendritic cells through dependence on GM1‐ganglioside which is mediated by NF‐κB translocation (2003)

Cholera toxin (CT) is a potent adjuvant; however, the mechanism for its ability to enhance mucosal immunity has not been fully elucidated. We report here that CT exerts its adjuvant properties by signaling through the GM1 ganglioside receptor. When ganglioside-defective mice were given the antigen (Ag) ovalbumin (OVA) with CT by the oral route, CT failed to support either OVA-specific antibody or CD4+ T cell responses. In vitro treatment of murine bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DC) with CT induced full maturation as evidenced by up-regulation of the costimulatory molecules, as well as by an enhanced ability to effectively present OVA for Ag-specific T cell responses. On the other hand, ganglioside-defective DC failed to differentiate to full function as Ag-presenting cells in response to CT. Since ganglioside-defective DC showed a mature phenotype after stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), the effects of CT on DC was independent of signal transduction through adjuvant receptor for LPS, the Toll-like receptor 4. Furthermore, CT also induced nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (NF)-kappaB in DC in a GM1-dependent fashion. These results highlight gangliosides expressed by DC for recognition of the non-self protein bacterial enterotoxin, which employ a unique signaling pathway to induce both innate and adaptive immunity.
In situ opening of epoxy alcohols: a convenient alternative to the isolation of unstable epoxy alcohols (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIn situ opening of epoxy alcohols: a convenient alternative to the isolation of unstable epoxy alcoholsSoo Y. Ko and K. Barry SharplessCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 26, 5413–5415Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00376a068https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00376a068research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views480Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Visualizing the results of interactive queries for geographic data on mobile devices (2005)

The capabilities of current mobile computing devices such\nas PDAs and mobile phones are making it possible to\ndesign and develop mobile GIS applications that provide\nusers with geographic data management and cartographic\npresentations in the field. However, research on how\nto properly support users who interact with geographic\ndata on mobile devices is still lacking. In this paper,\nwe present an approach to geographic data analysis that\nallows users to exploit interactive dynamic queries as a\ntechnique for filtering geographic information. Moreover,\nthe proposed approach displays the results of queries\nthrough visualizations that are aimed at facing the screen\nestate problem typical of mobile devices. We will show\nhow this approach can be applied to different domains by\nillustrating two examples of its application: (i) a decision\nsupport tool that allows tourists to search for points of\ninterest (e.g., hotels, restaurants,...) that best satisfy\ntheir preferences and (ii) a tool allowing users to retrieve\ninformation about soil properties in a geographic area to\nmeet a number of user’s constraints.
Cold elicits the simultaneous induction of fatty acid synthesis and β‐oxidation in murine brown adipose tissue: prediction from differential gene expression and confirmation in vivo (2002)

A survey of genes differentially expressed in the brown adipose tissue (BAT) of mice exposed to a range of environmental temperatures was carried out to identify novel genes and pathways associated with the transition of this tissue toward an amplified thermogenic state. The current report focuses on an analysis of the expression patterns of 50 metabolic genes in BAT under control conditions (22 degrees C), cold exposure (4 degrees C, 1 to 48 h), warm acclimation (33 degrees C, 3 wk), or food restriction/meal feeding (animals fed the same amount as warm mice). In general, expression of genes encoding proteins involving glucose uptake and catabolism was significantly elevated in the BAT of cold-exposed mice. The levels of mRNAs encoding proteins critical to de novo lipogenesis were also increased. Gene expression for enzymes associated with procurement and combustion of long chain fatty acids (LCFAs) was increased in the cold. Thus, a model was proposed in which coordinated activation of glucose uptake, fatty acid synthesis, and fatty acid combustion occurs as part of the adaptive thermogenic processes in BAT. Confirmation emerged from in vivo assessments of cold-induced changes in BAT 2-deoxyglucose uptake (increased 2.7-fold), BAT lipogenesis (2.8-fold higher), and incorporation of LCFA carboxyl-carbon into BAT water-soluble metabolites (elevated approximately twofold). It is proposed that temperature-sensitive regulation of distinct intracellular malonyl-CoA pool sizes plays an important role in driving this unique metabolic profile via maintenance of the lipogenic pool but diminution of the carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1 inhibitory pool under cold conditions.
Accumulation of oxidative DNA damage restricts the self-renewal capacity of human hematopoietic stem cells (2011)

Stem cells of highly regenerative organs including blood are susceptible to endogenous DNA damage caused by both intrinsic and extrinsic stress. Response mechanisms to such stress equipped in hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are crucial in sustaining hematopoietic homeostasis but remain largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that serial transplantation of human HSCs into immunodeficient mice triggers replication stress that induces incremental elevation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and the accumulation of persistent DNA damage within the human HSCs. This accumulation of DNA damage is also detected in HSCs of clinical HSC transplant patients and elderly individuals. A forced increase of intracellular levels of ROS by treatment with a glutathione synthetase inhibitor aggravates the extent of DNA damage, resulting in the functional impairment of HSCs in vivo. The oxidative DNA damage activates the expression of cell-cycle inhibitors in a HSC specific manner, leading to the premature senescence among HSCs, and ultimately to the loss of stem cell function. Importantly, treatment with an antioxidant can antagonize the oxidative DNA damage and eventual HSC dysfunction. The study reveals that ROS play a causative role for DNA damage and the regulation of ROS have a major influence on human HSC aging.
How to Fine-Tune BERT for Text Classification? (2019)

Language model pre-training has proven to be useful in learning universal language representations. As a state-of-the-art language model pre-training model, BERT (Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers) has achieved amazing results in many language understanding tasks. In this paper, we conduct exhaustive experiments to investigate different fine-tuning methods of BERT on text classification task and provide a general solution for BERT fine-tuning. Finally, the proposed solution obtains new state-of-the-art results on eight widely-studied text classification datasets.
Deep Reinforcement Learning from Self-Play in Imperfect-Information Games (2016)

Many real-world applications can be described as large-scale games of imperfect information. To deal with these challenging domains, prior work has focused on computing Nash equilibria in a handcrafted abstraction of the domain. In this paper we introduce the first scalable end-to-end approach to learning approximate Nash equilibria without prior domain knowledge. Our method combines fictitious self-play with deep reinforcement learning. When applied to Leduc poker, Neural Fictitious Self-Play (NFSP) approached a Nash equilibrium, whereas common reinforcement learning methods diverged. In Limit Texas Holdem, a poker game of real-world scale, NFSP learnt a strategy that approached the performance of state-of-the-art, superhuman algorithms based on significant domain expertise.