gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of RIP to inactivate genes in Neurospora crassa. (1989)

About two years ago we suggested that a novel genetic mechanism, operating in the period between fertilization and nuclear fusion in Neurospora, scans the genome for sequence dupliations and alters them (Selker E. et al. 1987 Cell 51:741-752).
Cutting Edge: IL-36 Receptor Promotes Resolution of Intestinal Damage (2015)

IL-1 family members are central mediators of host defense. In this article, we show that the novel IL-1 family member IL-36γ was expressed during experimental colitis and human inflammatory bowel disease. Germ-free mice failed to induce IL-36γ in response to dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced damage, suggesting that gut microbiota are involved in its induction. Surprisingly, IL-36R-deficient (Il1rl2(-/-)) mice exhibited defective recovery following DSS-induced damage and impaired closure of colonic mucosal biopsy wounds, which coincided with impaired neutrophil accumulation in the wound bed. Failure of Il1rl2(-/-) mice to recover from DSS-induced damage was associated with a profound reduction in IL-22 expression, particularly by colonic neutrophils. Defective recovery of Il1rl2(-/-) mice could be rescued by an aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonist, which was sufficient to restore IL-22 expression and promote full recovery from DSS-induced damage. These findings implicate the IL-36/IL-36R axis in the resolution of intestinal mucosal wounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Isolation, Separation, and Characterization of the Fullerenes C60 and C70: The Third Form of Carbon. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Augmentation of late sodium current unmasks the proarrhythmic effects of amiodarone (2007)

In hearts in which late INa is augmented to mimic congenital or acquired pathological conditions, amiodarone has a concentration-dependent biphasic effect to induce and then suppress arrhythmic activity, secondary to inhibition of HERG K+ and late Na+ currents. This is the first preclinical model demonstrating the potential for amiodarone to induce TdP.
LayerCAM: Exploring Hierarchical Class Activation Maps for Localization (2021)

The class activation maps are generated from the final convolutional layer of CNN. They can highlight discriminative object regions for the class of interest. These discovered object regions have been widely used for weakly-supervised tasks. However, due to the small spatial resolution of the final convolutional layer, such class activation maps often locate coarse regions of the target objects, limiting the performance of weakly-supervised tasks that need pixel-accurate object locations. Thus, we aim to generate more fine-grained object localization information from the class activation maps to locate the target objects more accurately. In this paper, by rethinking the relationships between the feature maps and their corresponding gradients, we propose a simple yet effective method, called LayerCAM. It can produce reliable class activation maps for different layers of CNN. This property enables us to collect object localization information from coarse (rough spatial localization) to fine (precise fine-grained details) levels. We further integrate them into a high-quality class activation map, where the object-related pixels can be better highlighted. To evaluate the quality of the class activation maps produced by LayerCAM, we apply them to weakly-supervised object localization and semantic segmentation. Experiments demonstrate that the class activation maps generated by our method are more effective and reliable than those by the existing attention methods. The code will be made publicly available.
A Flexible Architecture for Service Management in the Cloud (2014)

Cloud computing is a style of computing where different capabilities are provided as a service to customers using Internet technologies. The most common offered services are Infrastructure (IasS), Software (SaaS) and Platform (PaaS). This work integrates the service management into the cloud computing concept and shows how management can be provided as a service in the cloud. Nowadays, services need to adapt their functionalities across heterogeneous environments with different technological and administrative domains. The implied complexity of this situation can be simplified by a service management architecture in the cloud. This paper focuses on this architecture, taking into account specific service management functionalities, like incident management or KPI/SLA management, and provides a complete solution. The proposed architecture is based on a distributed set of agents, using semantic-based techniques: a Shared Knowledge Plane, instantiated in the cloud, has been introduced to ensure communication between agents.
2009 개정 교육과정 총론 시안에서 학년군, 교과군 개념의 교육과정적 의의 분석 (2009)

이 연구는 2009 개정 교육과정에 처음으로 도입된 학년군과 교과군에 관한 시론적 연구이다. 선행연구가 없는 관계로 교육과정 개정 과정에 참여한 경험을 토대로 도입의 필요성, 취지와 목적, 장단점, 문제점과 개선방안 등을 중심으로 진술하였다. 학년군과 교과군의 장단점을 교육목표, 교육과정, 수업, 교육평가, 교육제도와 환경, 교사와 학생의 참여와 역할 측면에서 검토해보았다. 학년군과 교과군은 다분히 집중이수를 위한 방편으로 도입되었으나, 외국의 경우를 보면 학년군은 일정한 시기와 단계의 교육의 중점을 표현하고, 달성하고자 하는 교육목표를 강조하기 위한 수단으로 쓰이고 있다. 이 두 개념은 교육과정 설계의 종횡을 교직하는 두 축으로써, 장차 단계별 교육 중점의 설정과 교과의 정비를 위한 잠재적 효용이 높은 개념이라고 할 수 있다.
From Dystopia to Utopia (1998)

Commenting on Salisbury Cathedral in the travelogue A Journey into Cornwall (1799), George Lipscomb, like most other contemporary travel writers, focuses on the spire and especially its 'astonishing height'.1 The tall spire interests Lipscomb because it has 'frequently been noticed' by others, and he reports well known facts that explain how and why others have viewed it before him. He offers two historical examples: 'Among the extraordinary feats which have been attempted', he writes, a story is related here of a man who stood upon the very top of this spire (four hundred feet from the ground) at the time when King Charles the second visited Salisbury, and continued there while he sung a loyal song in the King's hearing: after he had descended he waited upon his Majesty, requesting the honor of Knighthood as a mark of the King's favour and as a reward of this singular proof of his attachment. The good humoured monarch remarked, that he could not think of making him a Knight, but that he was very ready to issue letters patent, giving him an exclusive right of climbing all the steeples in England and forbidding any other of his loving subjects from an encroachment upon this privilege, by attempting to do the like. It is a well known fact that when his present Majesty was at Salisbury a few years ago in his road to Weymouth, some man, in imitation of the above-mentioned feat, seated himself also on the spire, and there sung 'God save the King'.2
Intracellular delivery of biopolymers using membrane-permeable peptides. (2003)

Basic peptides such derived from HIV-1 Tat and Drosophila Antennapedia proteins have been utilized as novel carriers for the intracellular delivery of various biopolymers. We have elucidated that these features were shared by many other arginine-rich peptides including various RNA- and DNA-binding peptides, and the presence of a ubiquitous internalization mechanism for the arginine-rich peptides has been suggested. In this review, the potential of the membrane-permeable arginine-rich peptides for the delivery of biopolymers into living cells is reviewed.
Some Clinical Issues in the Light of Attachment Research and Theory (2002)

(2002). Some Clinical Issues in the Light of Attachment Research and Theory. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy: Vol. 2, Attachment. Current Research, Theory, and Clinical Practice. Proceedings of a Conference Held in New York, December 1–2, 2000, pp. 11-17.
Epitope Changes on the Haemagglutinin Molecule of Recently Isolated H1N1 Influenza Viruses (1991)

We have studied changes of epitopes on the haemagglutinin molecule (HA) of H1N1 influenza viruses isolated between 1977 and 1986. For this purpose monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were raised against the HA of the influenza A/England/333/80 and A/Yamagata/120/86 strain viruses. In order to define the amino acid residues responsible for the change of epitopes, we prepared several HA cDNAs modified by site-directed mutagenesis and cloned them into a simian virus 40 expression vector (SVHA). The substitution of glycine with serine at position 125c (suffix indicates presence in H1 but not in H3 subtype HAs) on the HA of the influenza A/USSR/90/77 strain virus resulted in the loss of epitope 110 (epitopes were named after MAbs) and created new epitopes 139 and 15, which were observed on the HA of A/England/333/80 and a few isolates from 1983. These new epitopes disappeared from the HA in some of the isolates in 1983 and most of the isolates in 1984 and 1986. The disappearance of epitopes 139 and 15 seems to be associated with the loss of epitope W18, which was identified on the HA of A/USSR/90/77. We suggested previously that amino acid residue 189 was involved in epitope W18. We therefore expressed an HA protein with two amino acid substitutions at positions 189 and 125c and found that the conversion of glutamine to lysine at position 189 in SVHA-67 prevented the expression of epitopes 139 and 15.
A Study on the Required Video Bit-rate for 8K 120-Hz HEVC/H.265 Temporal Scalable Coding (2018)

This paper studies the video bit-rate required for 8K 119.88 Hz (120 Hz) high efficiency video coding (HEVC)/H.265 temporal scalable coding that can partially decode 59.94 Hz (60 Hz) video frames from compressed 120 Hz bit-streams. We compress 8K 120 Hz test sequences using software that emulates our developing HEVC/H.265 encoder and conduct two types of subjective evaluation experiments to investigate the appropriate bit-rate for both 8K 120 and 60 Hz videos for broadcasting purpose. From the results of the experiments, we conclude that the required video bit-rate for 8K 120 Hz temporal scalable coding is estimated to be between 85 and 110 Mbps, which is equivalent to the practical bit-rate for 8K 60 Hz videos, and the appropriate bitrate allocation for the 8K 60 Hz video in 8K 120 Hz temporal scalable video coding at 85 Mbps is presumed to be ~80 Mbps.
Squalene emulsion potentiates the adjuvant activity of the TLR4 agonist, GLA, via inflammatory caspases, IL‐18, and IFN‐γ (2014)

The synthetic TLR4 agonist glucopyranosyl lipid adjuvant (GLA) is a potent Th1-response-inducing adjuvant when formulated in a squalene oil-in-water emulsion (SE). While the innate signals triggered by TLR4 engagement are well studied, the contribution of SE remains unclear. To better understand the effect of SE on the adjuvant properties of GLA-SE, we compared the innate and adaptive immune responses elicited by immunization with different formulations: GLA without oil, SE alone or the combination, GLA-SE, in mice. Within the innate response to adjuvants, only GLA-SE displayed features of inflammasome activation, evidenced by early IL-18 secretion and IFN-γ production in memory CD8(+) T cells and neutrophils. Such early IFN-γ production was ablated in caspase-1/11(-/-) mice and in IL-18R1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, caspase-1/11 and IL-18 were also required for full Th1 CD4(+) T-cell induction via GLA-SE. Thus, we demonstrate that IL-18 and caspase-1/11 are components of the response to immunization with the TLR4 agonist/squalene oil-in-water based adjuvant, GLA-SE, providing implications for other adjuvants that combine oils with TLR agonists.
Comparison of Immune Responses Induced in Mice by Vaccination with DNA Vaccine Constructs Expressing Mycobacterial Antigen 85A and Interleukin-21 and Bacillus Galmette-Guérin (2008)

In this paper, we addressed the immune adjuvant effects of interleukin(IL)-21 on DNA vaccine constructs expressing mycobacterium tuberculosis (TB) Ag85A and compared immune responses induced in mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A and IL-21 with mice inoculated DNA vaccine constructs expressing Ag85A alone or Bacillus Galmette-Guérin(BCG.). In this experiment, the gene of IL-21 was firstly amplified from plasmid pcDNA3.1-mIL21 by PCR and cloned into the plasmid pRSC, forming recombinant plasmid pRSC-IL21. Then, the gene of Ag85A was amplified from the plasmid pIRES-Ag85A by PCR and cloned into the recombinant pRSC-IL21 again, finally forming co-expression DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A. It was identified by the analysis of endonuclease digestion, DNA sequencing, the IL-21 and Ag85A expression in SP2/0 cells. Mice were i.m. immunized with BCG, DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-Ag85A or pRSC-IL21-Ag85A respectively, and the immune responses induced in mice was compared with other vaccines. The results showed that the DNA vaccine constructs pRSC-IL21-Ag85A was successfully constructed since the Ag85A and IL-21 was correctly expressed in SP2/0 cells respectively, and it elicited stronger immune responses in Balb/c mice than that of mice immunized with pRSC-Ag85A and the efficiency was as BCG did. We concluded that the IL-21 was a promising immune adjunctive modality to enhance immunigenicity of DNA vaccine containing Ag85A and the study provided the possibility of further development of immune accessory effect of IL-21 on DNA vaccine against TB.
Modeling and current control of modular multilevel converters considering actuator and sensor delays (2009)

Voltage source converter (VSC) technology becomes more and more common in high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems. Compared to conventional VSC technology modular multilevel design offers advantages such as higher voltage levels, modular construction, longer maintenance intervals and improved reliability. A multilevel approach can also help to reduce harmonics due to sinusoidal output voltages so that grid filters become dispensable. Modular multilevel converters (MMC) are a new circuit topology to realize multilevel converters that can be used for high-voltage transmission systems and offer the benefit of an only linearly rising hardware complexity for an increasing number of levels. To control the innovative MMC topology, special requirements exist which exceed classical converter control features. This paper presents a multivariable approach to realize an optimal current control considering actuator and sensor delays that occur in real converter control systems.
Analysis of DNA Binding Proteins by Mobility Shift Assay (2003)

DNA binding proteins are involved in replication, repair, recombination, and transcription. In recent years, the heightened interest in transcriptional regulation has led to the development of several distinct techniques for the study of DNA binding proteins. These include the gel mobility shift assay (1,2), DNase I footprinting analyses (3), and the methylation-interference assay (4,5). Although each technique can be used to obtain valuable information regarding DNA/protein interactions, each method has its limitations and technical difficulties. Taken together, these methods can be used to identify important regulatory elements in mammalian and viral gene promoters, to characterize the DNA binding activity of the proteins that bind to these elements and to identify protein(s) that bind to these sites.
Chronic Atrial Fibrillation Is a Biatrial Arrhythmia (2008)

AF termination is a prognostic important end point of catheter ablation for CAF. Termination of AF was achieved in both atria and the coronary sinus, suggesting a biatrial substrate of CAF. Subsequent arrhythmias often recur during follow-up and, therefore, should be targeted for ablation.
Graphitization as a Universal Tool to Tailor the Potential‐Dependent Capacitance of Carbon Supercapacitors (2014)

Most efforts to improve the energy density of supercapacitors are currently dedicated to optimized porosity or hybrid devices employing pseudocapacitive elements. Little attention has been given to the effects of the low charge carrier density of carbon on the total material capacitance. To study the effect of graphitization on the differential capacitance, carbon onion (also known as onion‐like carbon) supercapacitors are chosen. The increase in density of states (DOS) related to the low density of charge carriers in carbon materials is an important effect that leads to a substantial increase in capacitance as the electrode potential is increased. Using carbon onions as a model, it is shown that this phenomenon cannot be related only to geometric aspects but must be the result of varying graphitization. This provides a new tool to significantly improve carbon supercapacitor performance, in addition to having significant consequences for the modeling community where carbons usually are approximated to be ideal metallic conductors. Data on the structure, composition, and phase content of carbon onions are presented and the correlation between electrochemical performance and electrical resistance and graphitization is shown. Highly graphitic carbons show a stronger degree of electrochemical doping, making them very attractive for enhancing the capacitance.
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐AMINO‐2H‐1,2,4‐BENZOTHIADIAZINE‐1,1‐DIOXIDES WITH ANTIHYPERTENSIVE AND POSSIBLY DIABETOGENIC ACTIVITY (1981)

Abstract Die Benzothiadiazinone (Ia) werden mit Phosphoroxytri‐ Chlorid in Gegenwart eines Amins zu den Enchloriden (IIa) umgesetzt.
THE CLINICAL FEATURES OF SUBMASSIVE AND MASSIVE PULMONARY EMBOLI (1977)

<p>We develop tools to construct Lyapunov functionals on the space of probability measures in order to investigate the convergence to global equilibrium of a damped Euler system under the influence of external and interaction potential forces with respect to the 2-Wasserstein distance. We also discuss the overdamped limit to a nonlocal equation used in the modelling of granular media with respect to the 2-Wasserstein distance, and provide rigorous proofs for particular examples in one spatial dimension.</p>
No room for mediocrity One Prick to Burst a Bubble, Paul Gilbert : lifestyle books (2010)

This is not a novel but nonetheless a good and surprisingly riveting read. Cleverly titled One Prick to Burst a Bubble is a collection of papers compiled by Paul Gilbert in response to the 2009 financial meltdown in the United Kingdom and its effect on the legal profession, namely the legal adviser/in-house counsel and/or practicing attorney/solicitor or law firm (law firm).
Trigonal‐Monopyramidal M<sup>III</sup> Complexes of the Type [M(N<sub>3</sub>N)] (M = Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe; N<sub>3</sub>N = [(<i>t</i>BuMe<sub>2</sub>Si)\documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$\mathop {\rm N}\limits^{\hbox{..}}_{\raise3pt\hbox{..}}$\end{document}CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>2</sub>]<sub>3</sub>N) (1992)

The bulkiness and multidenticity of the ligands stabilize the unusual trigonal-monopyramidal coordination geometry of the title complexes, which were prepared by “reductive” (Ti, V), “direct” (Cr, Fe), and “oxidative” (Mn) routes. The V complex was characterized by X-ray crystallography (structure shown here).
Learning to write right (1985)

It is useful to understand the underlying structure of sentences in English. Words are the building blocks of all languages, and as young children we begin by expressing ourselves in single words; but as we grow up we learn to combine words into groups. There are two sorts of groups called Phrases and Clauses.
Simultaneous Determination of  9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-nor-9-Carboxy- 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Human Plasma by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Negative Ion Chemical Ionization-Mass Spectrometry (2001)

Delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and 11-nor-9-carboxy-delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THCA) in human plasma can be simultaneously detected using solid-phase extraction with gas chromatography and negative ion chemical ionization mass spectrometry. THC-d3 and THCA-d3 are added as internal standards; protein is precipitated with acetonitrile and the resulting supernatants diluted with 0.1 M sodium acetate (pH 7.0) prior to application to the solid-phase extraction columns. THC and THCA were eluted separately and then pooled, dried under air, and derivatized with trifluoroacetic anhydride and hexafluoroisopropanol. The derivatized THC-d0 gives abundant molecular anions (m/z 410), and the derivatized THCA-d0 gives abundant fragment ions (m/z 422) formed by loss of (CF3)2CHOH from its molecular anion. The recoveries of THC and THCA were 74% and 17%, respectively. The lower and upper limits of quantitation were 0.5 and 100 ng/mL for THC and 2.5 ng/mL and 100 ng/mL for THCA. The within-run accuracy and precision for THC (measured at 0.5, 1, 10 and 75 ng/mL) ranged from 98 to 106% (% target) and 4.1 to 9.5 (%CV), respectively. For THCA, the within-run accuracy and precision (measured at 2.5, 5, 10, and 75 ng/mL) ranged from 89 to 101% and 4.3 to 7.5%, respectively. The between-run accuracy and precision for THC ranged from 92 to 110% and 0.4 to 12.4%, respectively. The between-run accuracy and precision for THCA ranged from 97 to 103% and 6.5 to 12.3%, respectively. In processed samples stored in reconstituted form at -20 degrees C, THC and THCA were stable for at least three days. THC and THCA stored in plasma were stable following three freeze/thaw cycles. THC and THCA in whole blood at room temperature for 6 h, or in plasma stored at room temperature for 24 h, did not show significant change. Storage in polypropylene containers for 7 days at -20 degrees C and the presence of 1% sodium fluoride or the cannabinoid receptor antagonist, SR141716, at 1 microg/mL did not interfere with the quantitation of THC and THCA. In three individuals who smoked marijuana under controlled dosing conditions, peak THC concentrations of 151, 266, and 99 ng/mL were seen in the first plasma samples drawn immediately after the end of smoking, and corresponding peak THCA concentrations of 41, 52, and 17 ng/mL occurred at 0.33 to 1 h after cessation of smoking.
Students' Assessments of Instruction as a Basis for Teaching Improvement and Promotions Decisions: A Case‐Study (1983)

ABSTRACT As part of an investigation of ways in which systematic evaluation of instruction might be implemented, teaching evaluations were carried out in a pre‐clinical medical department. The basis of the assessment was student feedback via questionnaire forms. Each form contained a common core of global items, aimed primarily at providing quantitative evidence relating to quality of teaching, and “tailor‐made” items aimed at the improvement of teaching. The results of the evaluations are discussed in terms of the reliability and validity of the procedures. Staff attitudes to the exercise are also discussed, as are modifications to procedures which have been made based on staff and student opinion.
ERW: States Conclude a Protocol (2004)

In November 2003, the States Parties to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW) met in Geneva and agreed to the creation of a fifth protocol on explosive remnants of war (ERW). This new international humanitarian law is designed to minimise the risks and effects of ERW in the post-conflict period.