gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Biosynthesis and Local Sequence Specific Degradation of Poly(3-hydroxyvalerate-c<i>o</i>-4-hydroxybutyrate) in <i>Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava</i> (2002)

A novel copolymer that consisted of 3-hydroxyvalerate and 4-hydroxybutyrate, P(3HV-co-4HB), was synthesized in Hydrogenophaga pseudoflava by growing it in media containing gamma-valerolactone and gamma-butyrolactone as a carbon source. The monomer ratio in the copolymer was changed by altering the feed ratio of the two lactones. The cultivation technique was composed of three steps: the first-step for high cell production in Luria-Bertani medium, the second-step for intracellular degrading removal of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (P(3HB)), which was formed in the first step, by culturing the cells in carbon-source-free medium, and the final step for accumulation of P(3HV-co-4HB) in a mixed lactone medium. All the P(3HV-co-4HB) copolymers contained less than 1 mol % of 3HB unit. These copolymers were characterized by NMR spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, and first-order kinetic analysis of intracellular degradation. The copolymer with an approximately equal ratio of the comonomers was found amorphous. The NMR microstructural analysis showed that the copolymers contained appreciable amounts of 3HV-rich or 4HB-rich chains. The (13)C NMR splitting patterns associated with the four carbons in the 4HB unit of P(3HV-co-4HB) bear close resemblance to those observed in the 4HB unit of P(3HB-co-4HB). The signals arising from the carbons in the 3HV unit of P(3HV-co-4HB) split in a manner similar to those in the 3HB unit of P(3HB-co-4HB). Thus the sequences were assigned by comparing the NMR splittings for P(3HV-co-4HB) with those for P(3HB-co-4HB) and P(3HB-co-3HV). The sequence assignment was further checked by comparing the signal intensities before and after degradation of the copolymers. This was considered reasonable because the H. pseudoflava intracellular PHA depolymerase is more specific to the 3HV unit than to the 4HB unit, which was also confirmed by the higher degradation rate constant for the 3HV unit in the first-order kinetic analysis.
Vector control system for induction motor without speed sensor at very low speed (2002)

The paper describes a vector control system for an induction motor operating in the very low speed range without a speed sensor. The system uses only current sensors in a closed loop control with rotor speed estimation and a PWM voltage source inverter. Online rotor speed estimation is based on utilizing a parallel model reference adaptive control system (MRAC). The modified flux model for speed estimator uses an /spl omega//sub e/-adaptation scheme, where the inputs estimated are /spl omega//sub r/ and /spl omega//sub s/, reference command voltage signal V*/sub ds/ and V*/sub qs/, and measured line current components I/sub ds/ and I/sub qs/. The estimated flux components in this model can be compensated from the effects of offset errors on integral. The designed speed identification algorithm is then chosen to satisfy Popov's hyperstability criterion. It can be compensated to the parameter variations and torque fluctuation with speed estimation in less then 63 rad/sec. The suggested control strategy and estimation method have been validated by simulation study. In the simulation, the proposed speed sensorless vector control system at very low speed range are shown to operate very well in spite of variable rotor time constant and load, without change the controller parameters.
A New Route for Manufacture of 3-Cyano-1-naphthalenecarboxylic Acid (2002)

3-Cyano-1-naphthalenecarboxylic acid is an intermediate required for manufacture of tachykinin receptor antagonists. The 1,3-disubstitution pattern on the naphthalene skeleton complicates the synthesis of this cyano acid. Previous literature-based chemistry is unattractive for large-scale manufacture due to stoichiometric use of mercury salts, low yield, and other operational difficulties. An attractive new route has been developed by establishing the 1,3-substitution on the carbon atoms destined for only one-half of the naphthalene 2-ring system, via 3-bromocoumalate, and then building up the rest of the naphthalene ring system by Diels−Alder addition of 3-bromocoumalate to in situ-generated benzyne. The resulting 4-bromo-2-naphthoate was converted to the required cyanoacid by transformation of ester to nitrile followed by carbonylation of the bromo substituent. The new route has been scaled up successfully and offers significant advantages over previous literature chemistry in terms of improved process environmental implications, improved yield, lower cost, and improved robustness and ease of operation at larger scales of operation.
An Access Control Framework for Cloud-Enabled Wearable Internet of Things (2017)

Internet of Things (IoT) has become a pervasive and diverse concept in recent years. IoT applications and services have given rise to a number of sub-fields in the IoT space. Wearable technology, with its particular set of characteristics and application domains, has formed a rapidly growing sub-field of IoT, viz., Wearable Internet of Things (WIoT). While numerous wearable devices are available in the market today, security and privacy are key factors for wide adoption of WIoT. Wearable devices are resource constrained by nature with limited storage, power, and computation. A Cloud-Enabled IoT (CEIoT) architecture, a dominant paradigm currently shaping the industry and suggested by many researchers, needs to be adopted for WIoT. In this paper, we develop an access control framework for cloud-enabled WIoT (CEWIoT) based on the Access Control Oriented (ACO) architecture recently developed for CEIoT in general. We first enhance the ACO architecture from the perspective of WIoT by adding an Object Abstraction Layer, and then develop our framework based on interactions between different layers of this enhanced ACO architecture. We present a general classification and taxonomy of IoT devices, along with brief introduction to various application domains of IoT and WIoT. We then present a remote health and fitness monitoring use case to illustrate different access control aspects of our framework and outline its possible enforcement in a commercial CEIoT platform, viz., AWS IoT. Finally, we discuss the objectives of our access control framework and relevant open problems.
Adenosine Enhances Sweet Taste through A2B Receptors in the Taste Bud (2012)

Mammalian taste buds use ATP as a neurotransmitter. Taste Receptor (type II) cells secrete ATP via gap junction hemichannels into the narrow extracellular spaces within a taste bud. This ATP excites primary sensory afferent fibers and also stimulates neighboring taste bud cells. Here we show that extracellular ATP is enzymatically degraded to adenosine within mouse vallate taste buds and that this nucleoside acts as an autocrine neuromodulator to selectively enhance sweet taste. In Receptor cells in a lingual slice preparation, Ca(2+) mobilization evoked by focally applied artificial sweeteners was significantly enhanced by adenosine (50 μM). Adenosine had no effect on bitter or umami taste responses, and the nucleoside did not affect Presynaptic (type III) taste cells. We also used biosensor cells to measure transmitter release from isolated taste buds. Adenosine (5 μM) enhanced ATP release evoked by sweet but not bitter taste stimuli. Using single-cell reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR on isolated vallate taste cells, we show that many Receptor cells express the adenosine receptor, Adora2b, while Presynaptic (type III) and Glial-like (type I) cells seldom do. Furthermore, Adora2b receptors are significantly associated with expression of the sweet taste receptor subunit, Tas1r2. Adenosine is generated during taste stimulation mainly by the action of the ecto-5'-nucleotidase, NT5E, and to a lesser extent, prostatic acid phosphatase. Both these ecto-nucleotidases are expressed by Presynaptic cells, as shown by single-cell RT-PCR, enzyme histochemistry, and immunofluorescence. Our findings suggest that ATP released during taste reception is degraded to adenosine to exert positive modulation particularly on sweet taste.
Benefits of roads (2010)

The United Kingdom (UK) climate for road investment has been poor for nearly two decades. In the last ten years the major road network has increased by just 1 per cent, as it strains to accommodate a 26 per cent increase in licensed vehicles. 92 per cent of UK passenger travel and nearly 90 per cent of freight depends on road transport to keep industry and commerce moving, allow individuals equality of opportunity and to enjoy the freedoms of travel. The vehicles delivering these benefits enter the era of the climate change agenda idling in traffic jams on a wholly inadequate major road system and one of the poorest motorway networks in Europe. Representing a wide and varied range of influential British road user organisations the Road Users' Alliance places the results of its member research studies in the context of government policy, to highlight both the business and social benefits of roads and how changes in the process of cost: benefit analysis are long overdue. This paper will consider the economic and social benefits of roads along with other externalities, covering subjects such as: rates of return on public spending on transport; the impact of car ownership on the lowest income quintile of society; the cost of accidents and the environmental impacts of overcrowded roads.
Desktop Experiment Management (1993)

Traditionally, the scale and scope of an experimental study was determined by the ability of the research team to generate data. Over the past few years, we have been experiencing an unprecedented increase in the ability of small teams of experimental scientists to generate data. This has led to a shift in the balance between the different components of an experimental study. Today, it is not uncommon to find a study whose scale and scope have been determined by the ability of the team to manage the data rather than to generate it. Whether the discipline is experimental computer science [4], genetics, earth and space sciences, soil sciences, or high-energy physics, scientists are faced in their daily work with an experiment and data management bottleneck. Unfortunately, an experimental scientist can not find ready off-the-shelf management tools that offer both the functionality required by a scientific environment and an interface that feels natural and intuitive to the non-expert. While no special expertise is needed to manage a collection of images stored as files on a PC or as pictures in a paper notebook, existing database systems (DBMSs) that offer the desired functionality require expertise that most teams of experimental scientists do not have and can not afford to pay for. This poses a challenge to the database community to develop management tools that can be tailored by a typical scientific team to effectively manage their unique experimental environment. To address this challenge, we have undertaken an effort to develop a desktop Experiment Management System (EMS) [2]. We view the desktop EMS as the sole interface between the experimental scientist and the data
Disruption of the FEN-1/PCNA Interaction Results in DNA Replication Defects, Pulmonary Hypoplasia, Pancytopenia, and Newborn Lethality in Mice (2007)

The interaction between flap endonuclease 1 (FEN-1) and proliferation cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is critical for faithful and efficient Okazaki fragment maturation. In a living cell, this interaction is probably important for PCNA to load FEN-1 to the replication fork, to coordinate the sequential functions of FEN-1 and other enzymes, and to stimulate its enzyme activity. The FEN-1/PCNA interaction is mediated by the motif (337)QGRLDDFFK(345) of FEN-1, such that an F343AF344A (FFAA) mutant cannot bind to PCNA but retains its nuclease activities. To determine the physiological roles of the FEN-1/PCNA interaction in a mammalian system, we knocked the FFAA Fen1 mutation into the Fen1 gene locus of mice. FFAA/FFAA mouse embryo fibroblasts underwent DNA replication and division at a slower pace, and FFAA/FFAA mutant embryos displayed significant defects in growth and development, particularly in the lung and blood systems. All newborn FFAA mutant pups died at birth, likely due to pulmonary hypoplasia and pancytopenia. Collectively, our data demonstrate the importance of the FEN-1/PCNA complex in DNA replication and in the embryonic development of mice.
Expression of the multidrug resistance‐associated protein (MRP) and chemoresistance of human non‐small‐cell lung cancer cells (1997)

Human non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is considered to be a chemotherapy-refractory malignancy. The underlying mechanisms remain rather obscure. The multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP), mediating a multidrug resistance (MDR) phenotype, has been reported to be overexpressed in several drug-selected lung cancer cell lines. A few previous studies have described intrinsic MRP expression in both NSCLC and normal lung tissues. However, the drug-transporting activity as well as the correlation with chemoresistance is unclear. Using 15 unselected cell lines, we show that MRP (mRNA and protein as detected by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot) is frequently expressed intrinsically, with markedly varying intensity, in NSCLC. Two cell lines expressed high MRP levels, one comparable to the drug-selected controls (GLC4/ADR, HL-60/AR) without, however, amplification of the MRP gene (Southern hybridization). Using 3H-daunomycin (3H-DM) and calcein as MRP substrates and probenecid (PRO), genistein (GEN), benzbromarone (BB), N-ethylmaleimide (NEM) and verapamil (VP) as MRP modulators, drug accumulation studies revealed a transporting activity of MRP that correlated significantly with the gene expression data. Moreover, a significant correlation between MRP expression and chemoresistance against daunomycin (DM), doxorubicin (DOX), etoposide (VP-16) and vinblastine (VBL), but not cisplatin (CDDP) and bleomycin (Bleo) (MTT-based survival assay), was detected. Correlations mainly rested on the pronounced chemoresistance of 2 highly MRP-expressing cell lines and did not reach significance when these cell lines were excluded. Int. J. Cancer 73:84–93, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Modeling of Driver's Collision Avoidance Maneuver Based on Controller Switching Model (2005)

This paper presents a modeling strategy of human driving behavior based on the controller switching model focusing on the driver's collision avoidance maneuver. The driving data are collected by using the three-dimensional (3-D) driving simulator based on the CAVE Automatic Virtual Environment (CAVE), which provides stereoscopic immersive virtual environment. In our modeling, the control scenario of the human driver, that is, the mapping from the driver's sensory information to the operation of the driver such as acceleration, braking, and steering, is expressed by Piecewise Polynomial (PWP) model. Since the PWP model includes both continuous behaviors given by polynomials and discrete logical conditions, it can be regarded as a class of Hybrid Dynamical System (HDS). The identification problem for the PWP model is formulated as the Mixed Integer Linear Programming (MILP) by transforming the switching conditions into binary variables. From the obtained results, it is found that the driver appropriately switches the "control law" according to the sensory information. In addition, the driving characteristics of the beginner driver and the expert driver are compared and discussed. These results enable us to capture not only the physical meaning of the driving skill but the decision-making aspect (switching conditions) in the driver's collision avoidance maneuver as well.
The effect of a novel probiotic on metabolic biomarkers in adults with prediabetes and recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2017)

Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry, ACTRN12613001378718 . Registered on 16 December 2013.
The Formation of Bubbles (1944)

Extreme values for the negative pressures and the degrees of superheat which water will withstand without forming bubbles are contrasted with the ease of forming bubbles by vibration or by the turbulent flow of liquids. The subject of bubble nuclei is briefly reviewed, and it is pointed out that such nuclei usually function by virtue of sorbed or trapped air which can be removed, rendering the nuclei ineffective. Technique for avoiding extraneous bubble nuclei is presented with some experiments on the formation of bubbles by mechanical action. It is pointed out that free vortices in liquids produce sufficient tension to rupture the liquid, and it is suggested that mechanical disturbance produces bubbles only in such vortices and not by general pressure lowering in sound waves.
Monoclonal antibodies against the CD44 [<i>In(Lu)</i>-related p80], and Pgp-1 antigens in man recognize the Hermes class of lymphocyte homing receptors. (1989)

An 85- to 95 kDa class of lymphocyte surface molecules, defined in man by antibodies of the Hermes series, is involved in lymphocyte binding to high endothelial venules and is likely of central importance in the process of lymphocyte homing. In this report, we have examined the relationship between these Hermes-defined "homing-receptors" and two other 80 to 95 kDa lymphocyte surface molecules that have been extensively studied--CD44 [In(Lu)-related p80] defined by mAb A1G3 and A3D8, and Pgp-1 defined by antibody IM7. Our findings indicate that, in man, similar or identical glycoprotein(s) are recognized by these independently and diversely obtained antibodies. All antibodies showed identical immunohistologic patterns of reactivity on a variety of lymphoid and nonlymphoid human tissues, and demonstrated similar bands on Western blots of both crude tonsil lymphocyte lysates and highly purified Hermes-1 Ag preparations. Similarly, purified CD44/p80 Ag from RBC and human serum bound Hermes-1. Preclearing of tonsil lysates with the Hermes-1 antibody removed antigenic activity for all antibodies. Cross-blocking experiments demonstrated that A3D8, IM7 (anti-Pgp-1), and Hermes-2 antibodies recognize overlapping epitopes. Finally, expression of the epitopes defined by the Hermes-1, Hermes-3, H2-7, and H3-61 antibodies on RBC was shown to be regulated by the In(Lu) gene. These findings unify several different lines of investigation, and suggest the possibility that the CD44/Pgp-1/Hermes class of molecules may serve as cell-cell or cell-substrate adhesion/recognition elements for both hematolymphoid and non-hematolymphoid cell types.
Follow-up studies of three subtypes of acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis ascertained by renal biopsy. (1987)

Quantitative correlative investigations by means of light, immunofluorescence and electron microscopy carried out in the early phase of the disease on 58 patients (children and adults) with acute postinfectious glomerulonephritis (APGN) formed the basis of subtyping APGN into a starry sky type, a mesangial type and a garland type [Sorger et al. 1982 and 1983]. The subtypes also showed differences in the clinical picture. The garland type was of special interest since most patients had severe proteinuria. This caused us to follow-up the patients with these three subtypes (up to 10 years and 7 months). Proteinuria proved to be the most reliable follow-up parameter. A comparison of the three groups showed that proteinuria rapidly declined as a rule in the patients with the starry sky and the mesangial patterns. In the garland pattern there were also cases with a complete disappearance of proteinuria, especially in younger patients, but other patients still had a distinct proteinuria after months to years indicating a protracted or chronic course. The morphological findings of the rebiopsies correlated with the clinical courses, especially with the course of proteinuria. The three morphological subtypes are thus significant for estimating the prognosis of APGN, which is favorable as a rule in patients with the starry sky and mesangial types, but much more unfavorable in patients with the garland type. Even if fewer cases with demonstrated streptococcal etiology were found in the garland pattern group, i.e., among patients with the most uncertain prognosis, than in the remaining groups, these differences were not statistically significant. Therefore, our investigations do not provide any indications that different etiological factors are responsible for the three subtypes. The individual immune response of the host body is likely to be very much more decisive.
Radiographic Clues to Chest Tube Perforation of Neonatal Lung (1985)

A premature infant with hyaline membrane disease who developed a pneumothorax and was treated by a thoracostomy tube subsequently died of intracranial hemorrhage. At autopsy the tube was unexpectedly found to have penetrated completely through the right upper lobe. Observation of the course of a thoracostomy tube on both frontal and lateral radiographs may give additional evidence for perforation of the lung if the tube is not located peripherally and if it does not lie in the expected location of an interlobar fissure. In turn, a heightened index of suspicion may lead to more timely operative intervention if complications ensue after placement or after removal of a thoracostomy tube that has lacerated the lung.
K u 2 magnetic anisotropy term of CoPtCr–SiO2 media for high density recording (2005)

Measurements of higher energy term of magnetic anisotropy, Ku2, in CoPtCr–SiO2 perpendicular recording media are described. It was revealed that the values of Ku2 and the first order energy term, Ku1, vary significantly according to the seed layer material used, however, no significant change in the ratio of Ku2∕Ku1 was observed on the addition of SiO2 to CoPtCr films. Ku2 increases and Ku1 decreases as the c∕a ratio of the hcp-CoPtCr lattice increases. It is concluded that CoPtCr films have sufficient potential in the values of Ku1 and Ku2 for high density perpendicular media.
Brain natriuretic peptide increases acutely and much more prominently than atrial natriuretic peptide during coronary angioplasty (2000)

Plasma BNP levels increase acutely and much more prominently than those of plasma ANP during coronary angioplasty; however, plasma BNP levels return to baseline values shortly after the end of the procedure.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on Closed-Loop Phase Behavior of Block Copolymers (2003)

The effect of hydrostatic pressure (P) on closed-loop phase behavior of deuterated polystyrene-block-poly(n-pentyl methacrylate) copolymers [dPS-PnPMA] was investigated by using small-angle neutron scattering and birefringence. For P<20.7 bar, dPS-PnPMA exhibited a lower disorder-to-order transition temperature (T(LDOT)) at 175 degrees C, and then an upper order-to-disorder transition temperature (T(UODT)) at 255 degrees C. With increasing pressure both T(LDOT) and T(UODT) were markedly changed, where dT(LDOT)/dP was 725 degrees C/kbar and dT(UODT)/dP was -725 degrees C/kbar. These are consistent with predictions by the Clausius-Clapeyron equation using measured values of the volume and enthalpy changes of both transitions. The large pressure coefficients imply that the closed-loop phase behavior observed for PS-PnPMA is an entropic-driven phase transition.