gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Black Powder in Gas Transmission Systems (2008)

Abstract Despite its common occurrence in the gas industry, black powder is a problem that is not well understood across the industry, in terms of its chemical and physical properties, source, formation, prevention or management of its impacts. In order to prevent or effectively manage the impacts of black powder, it is essential to have knowledge of its chemical and physical properties, formation mechanisms and sources. This paper is divided into two parts. The first part reviews the recent laboratory and field work conducted at Saudi Research and Development Center to determine the compositions, properties, sources and formation mechanisms of black powder in gas transmission systems. Microhardness, nano-indentation, X-ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) techniques, as well as several bacterial analysis methods were used to analyze a large number of black powder samples collected from the field. Our findings showed that black powder is generated inside pipelines due to internal corrosion and that the composition of black powder is dependent on the composition of transported gas. The second part presents a summary and brief discussion of various black powder management methods.
Theory of Secondary Emission (1957)

The elementary theory of secondary electron emission developed by Salow, Bruining, Baroody, and others has been generalized and modified to incorporate recent measurements by Young of the range-energy relation and the dissipation of energy by slow electrons in solids. It is found that these modifications give considerably improved agreement between the theoretical and experimental "universal" reduced yield curves. However, for primary energies several times higher than that for which the yield has its maximum value, deviations occur; the reduced yield curve for metals appears to lie slightly above the theoretical curve, while that for MgO falls increasingly below. Similar results are found for Ge, but the agreement is better than for MgO.
Task search in a human computation market (2010)

In order to understand how a labor market for human computation functions, it is important to know how workers search for tasks. This paper uses two complementary methods to gain insight into how workers search for tasks on Mechanical Turk. First, we perform a high frequency scrape of 36 pages of search results and analyze it by looking at the rate of disappearance of tasks across key ways Mechanical Turk allows workers to sort tasks. Second, we present the results of a survey in which we paid workers for self-reported information about how they search for tasks. Our main findings are that on a large scale, workers sort by which tasks are most recently posted and which have the largest number of tasks available. Furthermore, we find that workers look mostly at the first page of the most recently posted tasks and the first two pages of the tasks with the most available instances but in both categories the position on the result page is unimportant to workers. We observe that at least some employers try to manipulate the position of their task in the search results to exploit the tendency to search for recently posted tasks. On an individual level, we observed workers searching by almost all the possible categories and looking more than 10 pages deep. For a task we posted to Mechanical Turk, we confirmed that a favorable position in the search results do matter: our task with favorable positioning was completed 30 times faster and for less money than when its position was unfavorable.
Philippines (1996)

The Philippine market features a broad range of financial instruments but overall liquidity in most sectors is thin. The country's currency is not yet freely convertible and spot and forward trading is negligible. The lack of currency convertibility has made foreign access to local debt and equity investments difficult and has kept many institutions from participating. The domestic bond market remains extremely fragmented with true liquidity existing in only certain benchmark instruments; the equity market, though growing on a primary basis, is thinly traded apart from the largest capitalization stocks. The illiquid and restrictive nature of the local markets has slowed development of domestic derivatives considerably; the country's primary success has come in listed commodity futures, where hedging activity in key commodities has created reasonably deep liquidity. Despite the current limitations greater advancements in domestic derivatives are expected as the local financial market deregulates and expands.KeywordsTrading VolumeEquity MarketDerivative MarketConvertible BondCurrency ContractThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Induces Membrane Ruffling and Increases Motility of Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells via Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor and CrkII (2002)

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P), a ligand for endothelial differentiation gene family proteins, is one of the most potent signal mediators released from activated platelets. Here, we report that S1P induces membrane ruffling of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) via the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), Src family tyrosine kinase(s), and the CrkII adaptor protein. S1P induced prominent phosphorylation of CrkII in HUVECs, indicating that CrkII was involved in the S1P-induced signaling pathway. S1P-induced CrkII phosphorylation was blocked by pertussis toxin and overexpression of the carboxyl terminus of beta-adrenergic receptor kinase, indicating that the betagamma subunit of G(i) was required for the phosphorylation. Notably, the S1P-induced CrkII phosphorylation was also abolished by inhibitors of VEGFR or Src family tyrosine kinases. By using Picchu, a real time monitoring protein for CrkII phosphorylation, we found that S1P induced rapid CrkII phosphorylation at membrane ruffles. Finally, we observed that expression of a dominant negative mutant of CrkII inhibited the S1P-induced membrane ruffling and cell migration. These results delineated a novel S1P signaling pathway that involves sequential activation of G(i)-coupled receptor(s), VEGFR, Src family tyrosine kinase(s), and the CrkII adaptor protein, and which is responsible for both the induction of membrane ruffling and the increase in cell motility.
A Biomechanical Comparison of Three Different Lateral Tibia Locking Plates (2010)

The purpose of this study was to determine how well laterally placed modern tibia locking plates used in the treatment of Schatzker V tibial plateau fractures would uphold the medial plateau during axial loading. Fifteen third generation Sawbone tibias were obtained and an osteotomy was cut beneath the medial plateau to recreate Schatzker V type plateau fractures. Three groups were created (n=5 per group). Each group was plated with either a Synthes 4.5-mm LCP proximal tibial plate, a Zimmer NCB proximal tibia plate, or a DePuy Polyax tibial plate. A vertical load was applied over the medial plateau using an Instron servohydraulic test machine. Load measurements were analyzed at 2 and 3 mm of subsidence as well as load to failure. Failure was defined as closure of the wedge osteotomy or the medial condyle collapsing. A statistical difference was noted between the 2 plates from Synthes and DePuy and the plate from Zimmer with load carried at 2 and 3 mm of subsidence (Synthes 640.4 N & 943.7 N, Depuy 607.4 N & 891.0 N, Zimmer 459.7 N & 643.2 N). At failure, DePuy (2051.2 N) was statistically stronger than both Synthes (1724.8 N) and Zimmer (1724.8 N). The Synthes and DePuy plates both held up better than the Zimmer plate at 2 and 3 mm of subsidence. Despite this fact, all plates tested held up well above physiological forces of full and partial weight bearing and therefore would be appropriate for the treatment of Schatzker V type tibial plateau fractures.
A toolbox for operational analysis (2012)

Knowledge and experience play an important role in the successful application of operational analysis. But how can knowledge be saved and shared in a large organization? How can different viewpoints on the data be supported? Another challenge is to foster communication and cooperation between analysts. This is especially important for distributed teams such as deployed operational analysists and their reach-back components. We present a concept that emphasizes connections between stored information and enables a fast and comfortable retrievement of the data. Furthermore, security concerns can be addressed. The innovative concept was implemented as a prototype using the open-source content management framework Drupal for a govermental organization but can be easily transferred to other areas -- for instance organizations working in humanitarian logistics.
Automated image analysis of uterine cervical images (2007)

Cervical Cancer is the second most common cancer among women worldwide and the leading cause of cancer mortality of women in developing countries. If detected early and treated adequately, cervical cancer can be virtually prevented. Cervical precursor lesions and invasive cancer exhibit certain morphologic features that can be identified during a visual inspection exam. Digital imaging technologies allow us to assist the physician with a Computer-Aided Diagnosis (CAD) system. In colposcopy, epithelium that turns white after application of acetic acid is called acetowhite epithelium. Acetowhite epithelium is one of the major diagnostic features observed in detecting cancer and pre-cancerous regions. Automatic extraction of acetowhite regions from cervical images has been a challenging task due to specular reflection, various illumination conditions, and most importantly, large intra-patient variation. This paper presents a multi-step acetowhite region detection system to analyze the acetowhite lesions in cervical images automatically. First, the system calibrates the color of the cervical images to be independent of screening devices. Second, the anatomy of the uterine cervix is analyzed in terms of cervix region, external os region, columnar region, and squamous region. Third, the squamous region is further analyzed and subregions based on three levels of acetowhite are identified. The extracted acetowhite regions are accompanied by color scores to indicate the different levels of acetowhite. The system has been evaluated by 40 human subjects' data and demonstrates high correlation with experts' annotations.
<i>In vivo</i> Detection of Alzheimer's Disease. (2018)

Recent revisions to the diagnostic criteria for Alzheimer's disease (AD) incorporated conceptual advances in the field. Specifically, AD is now recognized to encompass a continuum, spanning from preclinical (accruing brain pathology in the absence of symptoms) through symptomatic predementia (prodromal AD, mild cognitive impairment) and dementia phases. The role of biological markers (biomarkers) of both the underlying molecular pathologies and related neurodegenerative changes has also been acknowledged. In this abridged review, we provide an overview of fluid (cerebrospinal fluid and blood) and molecular imaging-based biomarkers used within the field and discuss the potential role of computer driven artificial intelligence approaches for both the early and accurate identification of AD and as a tool for population enrichment in clinical trials testing candidate disease modifying therapies.
Study on Heat and Mass Transfer During Urea Prilling Process (2012)

Urea prills are produced in the prilling towers where a solidification-cooling process takes place. The ambient air is used as the cooling air stream for this process. In hot days, the temperature of the product at the bottom of the tower are hot that cannot be packed directly. In addition, in hot/ humid days, the prills form lamps and cakes with each other and on the scrubber. A mathematical model based on the hydrodynamics, heat, and mass transfer between the urea and the cooling air is developed. A numerical technique with an explicit scheme is used to solve the model. The model results describe the variation of the temperature and moisture along the radius of the particle. Hence, the model results introduce an interpretation of the problem of caking and lamps formation appears because of the incomplete solidification of the prills at the bottom of the tower. In addition, the results predict the quality of the product under different operating conditions of the ambient cooling air. Urea is marketed as a solution or in the solid form. Urea in solid form is produced in the final process stage by either granulation or prilling. Transformation of urea from melt to solid prills takes place in the urea prilling tower. In the prilling process, urea melt is pumped to the top of 50 to 60 meter (above ground) cylindrical concrete tower where it is fed to the prilling device that called rotating bucket. The rotating bucket is a sieve-like cylindrical or conical drum that rotates about its axis. Liquid jets emerge from the various holes on the curved surface of the drum, and break up due to centrifugal and capillary instability. The liquid urea droplets formed fall downward the prilling tower. A countercurrent cooling air stream enters from intake openings located around the circumference of the tower at a height approximately 7 meters from the ground level of the tower. Heat and mass transfer between the downward urea droplets and the upward cooling air stream along the height of the tower occurs, and thus a solidification-cooling process takes place. The product, urea prills, goes from the tower base to a conveyor belt where it has collected and packed. The air stream exhaust from the tower through the exhausted stakes located at the top of the tower where it spreads in the surrounding environment. As ambient air is used in the process of cooling and solidification of the prills inside the tower, thus both the dry bulb temperature and humidity of the ambient air highly affect the quality of the final product. In this study, a case study of a prilling process in Abu Qir Fertilizers Co, Alexandria, Egypt is considered. Based on the reported information from the company that is in some days in summer session, the prills are hot to the limit that cannot be packed directly. The delay in the packing process leads to a decrease in the yearly company production. In addition, in humid/ hot days, the lamp of prills forms at the bottom of the tower that also is not desired for the product quality.
Modulus- and surface energy-tunable ultraviolet-curable polyurethane acrylate: properties and applications (2011)

Since the introduction of ultraviolet (UV)-curable polyurethane acrylate (PUA) materials in 2004, our group has extensively used the material in various applications ranging from nanopatterning, biomimetics, microfluidics, to tissue engineering. In this highlight, we aim to provide a brief overview of the properties and applications of PUA with particular focus on the ability of tuning modulus (20–320 MPa) and surface energy (20–60 mJ m−2). These unique features enable us to use the material in various patterning applications as a mold and a patterned film, respectively. In addition, one can benefit from several other features of PUA such as self-replication, partial curing, flexibility, biocompatibility, and transparency. These issues are also briefly described along with their applications.
Mobile games 2010 (2006)

This extended abstract summarizes an invited speech in CyberGames conference. The topic of the speech is mobile games and mobile gaming in year 2010. The focus is in the European market. During the year 2006, we have conducted a study where we interviewed about 20 mobile game publishers, developers, and mobile operators. We also invited individuals who work in the games industry to write papers of their area of expertise to support our study. This presentation summarizes the most important findings in our study, which is also publicly available in Nokia Research Center's Internet page.
Focal-Plane Analog Image Processing (2006)

In this chapter, three systems for imaging and visual information processing at the focal plane are described: current-mode, voltage-mode and mixed-mode image processing. It is demonstrated how spatiotemporal image processing can be implemented in the current and voltage modes. A computation-on-readout (COR) scheme is highlighted; this scheme maximizes pixel density but still allows multiple processed images to be produced in parallel. COR requires little additional area and access time compared to a simple imager, and the ratio of imager to processor area increases drastically with scaling to smaller-feature-size CMOS technologies. In some cases, it is necessary to perform computations in a pixel-parallel manner while still retaining the imaging density and low-noise properties of an APS imager. Hence, an imager that uses both current-mode and voltage-mode imaging and processing is presented. The mixed-mode approach has some limitations, however, and these are described in detail. Three case studies are used to show the relative merits of the different approaches for focal-plane analog image processing.
MIWI and piRNA-mediated cleavage of messenger RNAs in mouse testes (2015)

The piRNA machinery is known for its role in mediating epigenetic silencing of transposons. Recent studies suggest that this function also involves piRNA-guided cleavage of transposon-derived transcripts. As many piRNAs also appear to have the capacity to target diverse mRNAs, this raises the intriguing possibility that piRNAs may act extensively as siRNAs to degrade specific mRNAs. To directly test this hypothesis, we compared mouse PIWI (MIWI)-associated piRNAs with experimentally identified cleaved mRNA fragments from mouse testes, and observed cleavage sites that predominantly occur at position 10 from the 5' end of putative targeting piRNAs. We also noted strong biases for U and A residues at nucleotide positions 1 and 10, respectively, in both piRNAs and mRNA fragments, features that resemble the pattern of piRNA amplification by the 'ping-pong' cycle. Through mapping of MIWI-RNA interactions by CLIP-seq and gene expression profiling, we found that many potential piRNA-targeted mRNAs directly interact with MIWI and show elevated expression levels in the testes of Miwi catalytic mutant mice. Reporter-based assays further revealed the importance of base pairing between piRNAs and mRNA targets and the requirement for both the slicer activity and piRNA-loading ability of MIWI in piRNA-mediated target repression. Importantly, we demonstrated that proper turnover of certain key piRNA targets is essential for sperm formation. Together, these findings reveal the siRNA-like function of the piRNA machinery in mouse testes and its central requirement for male germ cell development and maturation.
Impact of a Spherical Tool against a Sonic Transmission Line (1972)

The impact of a tool against a sonic transmission line is a subprocess of the impact coupling method of sonic power transfer. This process is modeled and the nonlinear governing equation developed in this paper. A probability density function is derived that enables the average rebound velocity of the impacting tool to be established. Numerical results are obtained, for selected material-geometry parameters, on the stress pulses resulting from several conditions of impact, for the rebound velocity as a function of phase angle of impact and for the average rebound velocity. Future work will consider the entire impact coupling process and tools of more complex shape.
Sentic Activation: A Two-Level Affective Common Sense Reasoning Framework (2021)

An important difference between traditional AI systems and human intelligence is our ability to harness common sense knowledge gleaned from a lifetime of learning and experiences to inform our decision making and behavior. This allows humans to adapt easily to novel situations where AI fails catastrophically for lack of situation-specific rules and generalization capabilities. Common sense knowledge also provides the background knowledge for humans to successfully operate in social situations where such knowledge is typically assumed. In order for machines to exploit common sense knowledge in reasoning as humans do, moreover, we need to endow them with human-like reasoning strategies. In this work, we propose a two-level affective reasoning framework that concurrently employs multi-dimensionality reduction and graph mining techniques to mimic the integration of conscious and unconscious reasoning, and exploit it for sentiment analysis.
Skeletal Complications in Pediatric Oncology Patients (1999)

Pediatric oncology patients are at risk for the development of numerous skeletal complications, and radiologic studies are important in the identification and evaluation of these conditions. Methotrexate osteopathy manifests as osteopenia, dense provisional zones of calcification, pathologic fractures, and sharply outlined epiphyses. Hypertrophic osteoarthropathy may occur with nasopharyngeal carcinoma or tumors of the lungs or pleura and manifests as cortical thickening, lamellar periosteal new bone formation, and soft-tissue swelling. Biomechanical abnormalities are often seen at bone scintigraphy in patients who have undergone surgery for bone tumors. Growth plate injury may manifest as marked deformity, sclerotic metaphyseal bands, metaphyseal fraying, and longitudinal striations. Radiation "osteitis" is seen as an initial decrease in bone density with subsequent development of a mixed radiolucent and sclerotic appearance. Ischemic necrosis of the femoral heads is best demonstrated at magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and has low signal intensity on T1-weighted images and a high-signal-intensity rim on T2-weighted images. Bone infarcts are seen as well-demarcated, often ring-shaped areas of decreased signal intensity on T1-weighted MR images and as areas of increased signal intensity on short-inversion-time inversion recovery images. Radiographic signs of infection include bone destruction, periosteal new bone formation, and sclerotic changes. Short-inversion-time inversion recovery MR imaging is particularly useful in evaluating posttherapy changes in bone marrow. Osteochondroma may demonstrate a cartilaginous cap at MR imaging, whereas the most important finding in radiation-induced sarcoma is a soft-tissue mass. Radiologists who work with children with cancer need to be familiar with these complications and their imaging appearances.
<i>Prdm14</i> promotes germline fate and naive pluripotency by repressing FGF signalling and DNA methylation (2013)

Primordial germ cells (PGCs) and somatic cells originate from postimplantation epiblast cells in mice. As pluripotency is lost upon differentiation of somatic lineages, a naive epigenome and the pluripotency network are re-established during PGC development. Here we demonstrate that Prdm14 contributes not only to PGC specification, but also to naive pluripotency in embryonic stem (ES) cells by repressing the DNA methylation machinery and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) signalling. This indicates a critical role for Prdm14 in programming PGCs and promoting pluripotency in ES cells.
Cathode ray sphere: a prototype system to display volumetric three-dimensional images (1994)

Details are given on a novel type of display system based on traditional technology and capable of displaying truly three-dimensional computer-generated images that can be viewed concurrently from practically any orientation without the need for special glasses to be worn. The principle of operation is elucidated, data rate requirements are described, the prototype control system hardware is outlined, and pictures of some simple computer-generated shapes that have been displayed are included.