gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Navigation Task Partitioning in Distributed-Processing Avionics Systems (1981)

Recent advancements in electronics technology, such as Very High Speed Integrated Circuits (VHSIC) and Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI), have made the use of embedded microprocessors not only feasible, but the most economical approach to designing modern airborne navigation systems. The integration of GPS and JTIDS with existing navigation systems naturally leads to the use of multiple embedded microprocessors. To effectively use multiple processors, a design procedure must be developed to allocate navigation tasks among processors. Procedures exist for evaluating the performance of computer networks once tasks have been allocated. In particular, simulations can be used to determine loadings and identify bottlenecks. However, these methods cannot be applied until considerable detailed design work has been completed. This paper addresses an approach to allocating navigation tasks early in the design process. The methods discussed are based on applying rate-distortion techniques from communication theory to navigation system design. All navigation activities are broken down into elementary functions. Rate-distortion methods are used to assess the impact on rms position and velocity errors of limiting communication bandwidths among elementary functions. Groups of functions that require high-bandwidth communication are assigned to the same microprocessor, while those that can perform effectively with lower-bandwidth links are separated. This approach also allows the trade-offs in function groupings to be quantified so that decisions regarding the use of VHSIC and VLSI can be based on quantitative assessments of benefits.
Virtual Double Staining: A Digital Approach to Immunohistochemical Quantification of Estrogen Receptor Protein in Breast Carcinoma Specimens (2017)

Visual assessment of immunohistochemically detected estrogen receptor protein is prone to interobserver and intraobserver variation due to its subjective evaluation. The aim of this study was to validate a new image analysis system based on virtual double staining (VDS) by comparing visual and automated scorings of ER in tissue microarrays of breast carcinomas. Tissue microarrays were constructed of 112 consecutive resection specimens of breast carcinomas. Immunohistochemistry assays for ER and pancytokeratin was applied on separate serial sections. ER scoring was visually performed by 5 observers using the histoscore (H-score) method. The Visiopharm ER image analysis protocol (APP) software application using VDS technique was applied separating stromal cells from carcinoma and other epithelial cells based on the pancytokeratin reaction. Using color deconvolution, polynomial filters, and nuclear segmentation the APP determined the percentage of positive cells and their intensity, and calculated the resulting H-score. On the basis of 1% cutoff VDS was perfectly correlated with visual assessment (κ=1). Using H-score, a very high agreement between VDS and visual ER assessment was seen (R=0.950). Image analysis has the attributes to eliminate the shortcomings of visual ER evaluation by generating automated, reproducible, and objective results of ER assessment.
Miesmuscheln als Gratin (1982)

Muscheln säubern, wie angegeben.
Control of the morphology of precipitated calcium carbonate. (1990)

The control of morphology of precipitated calcium carbonate in the carbonation precess of lime in an aqueous solution or in a suspension is described. Effects of concentration of dissolved calcium hydroxide in solution and additives such as saccharose and glutamic acid monosodium salt on the crystallization of amorphous calcium carbonate are examined and conditions for synthesis of such crystals, platy basic calcium carbonate, spherical vaterite, cubic or spindle-like calcite and calcium carbonate hexahydrate are discussed.
Actinic review of EUV masks (2010)

Management of mask defects is a major challenge for the introduction of EUV for HVM production. Once a defect has been detected, its printing impact needs to be predicted. Potentially the defect requires some repair, the success of which needs to be proven. This defect review has to be done with an actinic inspection system that matches the imaging conditions of an EUV scanner. During recent years, several concepts for such an aerial image metrology system (AIMS™) have been proposed. However, until now no commercial solution exists for EUV. Today, advances in EUV optics technology allow envisioning a solution that has been discarded before as unrealistic. We present this concept and its technical cornerstones.While the power requirement for the EUV source is less demanding than for HVM lithography tools, radiance, floor space, and stability are the main criteria for source selection. The requirement to emulate several generations of EUV scanners demands a large flexibility for the ilumination and imaging systems. New critical specifications to the EUV mirrors in the projection microscope can be satisfied using our expertise from lithographic mirrors. In summary, an EUV AIMS™ meeting production requirements seems to be feasible.
Nonmath analogies in teaching mathematics (2010)

Way too often, students find some concepts too abstract to comprehend. One of the strategies used to assist students with building conceptual knowledge is to use analogies. We investigate the place of nonmath analogies in teaching school mathematics. First, we demonstrate the widespread use of analogies by drawing examples through context analysis of tutoring websites, textbooks, and teaching experiences. Second, we argue that analogies reflect the grounded nature of mathematical concepts in common life experiences and, thus, have an essential place in instruction. To support our argument we offer a theoretical rationale based on research literature and historical sources.
Image appraisal for 2-D and 3-D electromagnetic inversion (2000)

Abstract Linearized methods are presented for appraising resolution and parameter accuracy in images generated with 2-D and 3-D nonlinear electromagnetic (EM) inversion schemes. When direct matrix inversion is used, the model resolution and a posteriori model covariance matrices can be calculated readily. By analyzing individual columns of the model resolution matrix, the spatial variation of the resolution in the horizontal and vertical directions can be estimated empirically. Plotting the diagonal of the model covariance matrix provides an estimate of how errors in the inversion process, such as data noise and incorrect a priori assumptions, map into parameter error and thus provides valuable information about the uniqueness of the resulting image. Methods are also derived for image appraisal when the iterative conjugate gradient technique is applied to solve the inverse. An iterative statistical method yields accurate estimates of the model covariance matrix as long as enough iterations are used. Although determining the entire model resolution matrix in a similar manner is computationally prohibitive, individual columns of this matrix can be determined. Thus, the spatial variation in image resolution can be determined by calculating the columns of this matrix for key points in the image domain and then interpolating between. Examples of the image analysis techniques are provided on 2-D and 3-D synthetic crosswell EM data sets as well as a field data set collected at Lost Hills oil field in central California.
Preliminary Investigation on Protein Bodies of Soybean Seeds (1966)

With the purpose of separation and isolation of protein bodies from soybean, soybean seeds were homogenized in oil and fractionated by successively adjusting densities of extracts with carbon tetrachloride. Isolated protein bodies consist of about 10% nitrogen, 0.8% phosphorus, 8.5% sugar, 7% ash and 0.5% RNA. Over 93% of protein in the bodies is found as particle-bound protein which is insoluble in 15% Carbowax 6000 solution but soluble in 10% sodium chloride solution. Protein bodies in intact cells, isolated bodies and those treated with Carbowax 6000 solution were respectively observed by electron-microscopy.
Safety Goggles with Local-Space Modulation (1992)

Abstract The goggles based on LC spatial light modulator for protection observers' eyes from blinding objects are discussed.
Effects of an over‐the‐counter herbal weight management product (Zotrim®) on weight and waist circumference in a sample of overweight women: a consumer study (2005)

Purpose Aims to carry out a consumer intervention study to evaluate the impact of an over‐the‐counter herbal weight management product (Zotrim®) on weight and waist circumference. Design/methodology/approach Overweight women were recruited using local media and 61 passed initial screening to begin a four‐week intervention using a free sample of Zotrim at a dosage corresponding to manufacturers’ recommendations. A total of 56 subjects completed the study, but data on all 61 were included in the “intention to treat” analysis. Findings There was a self‐reported mean weight loss of 1.79kg (0.45kg per week) at week 4. Data on perceived hunger and fullness from three sets of questionnaires suggested that subjects felt less hungry between meals and fuller after meals at weeks 1 and 4 compared with base‐line. This is likely to have impacted on energy intake and may account for the weight loss. Average weight loss as a percentage of baseline was 2.3 per cent, but this masked a broad range, suggesting that some subjects benefited more than others. Taking into account adjusted guidelines for clinically significant weight loss, 23 per cent of subjects achieved this cut‐off, suggesting that their risk of chronic disease had reduced. Similarly, waist circumference (an independent measure of disease risk) decreased by an average of 4.3cm during the four‐week period. This reduced the number of subjects exceeding SIGN guidelines for central obesity from 93 per cent to 83 per cent. Originality/value Adds to the body of knowledge by proring that Zotrim can aid weight loss and help reduce waist circumference.
Breakers and blockers—miRNAs at work (2015)

MicroRNAs mediate silencing through messenger RNA degradation and translation repression
Comparing Exhaustive and Random Fault Injection Methods for Configuration Memory on SRAM-based FPGAs (2019)

In this paper, authors propose two approaches of fault injection emulation performed in the configuration memory bits of an SRAM-based FPGA. One is based on exhaustive and sequential fault injection and the other one is based on random accumulated distribution of fault occurrence. The goal is to present the difference between these two approaches and how the random approach, that is significantly faster than the exhaustive one, can be used to well estimate the susceptibility and reliability of a design synthesized into an SRAM-based FPGA.
Low voltage, room temperature, ridge waveguide green-blue diode laser (1993)

Ridge waveguide quantum well (QW) diode lasers in the green/blue region have been operated at voltages as low as 7 V in ZnCdSe/ZnSSe/ZnMgSSe pseudomorphic separate confinement heterostructures. These lasers include a p-Zn(Se, Te) graded gap ohmic contact layer to the top metal electrode. Without any attempt at heatsinking, and without reflective facet coatings, these devices have operated at pulsed duty cycles of 20% at room temperature, with average power output of several milliwatts.
Mode Personalization in Trip-Based Transit Routing (2019)

We study the problem of finding bi-criteria Pareto optimal journeys in public transit networks. We extend the Trip-Based Public Transit Routing (TB) approach [Sascha Witt, 2015] to allow for users to select modes of interest at query time. As a first step, we modify the preprocessing of the TB method for it to be correct for any set of selected modes. Then, we change the bi-criteria earliest arrival time queries, and propose a similar algorithm for latest departure time queries, that can handle the definition of the allowed mode set at query time. Experiments are run on 3 networks of different sizes to evaluate the cost of allowing for mode personalization. They show that although preprocessing times are increased, query times are similar when all modes are allowed and lower when some part of the network is removed by mode selection.
Guanidinium Chloride- and Urea-Induced Unfolding of the Dimeric Enzyme Glucose Oxidase (2002)

We have carried out a systematic study on the guanidinium chloride- and urea-induced unfolding of glucose oxidase from Aspergillus niger, an acidic dimeric enzyme, using various optical spectroscopic techniques, enzymatic activity measurements, glutaraldehyde cross-linking, and differential scanning calorimetry. The urea-induced unfolding of GOD was a two-state process with dissociation and unfolding of the native dimeric enzyme molecule occurring in a single step. On the contrary, the GdmCl-induced unfolding of GOD was a multiphasic process with stabilization of a conformation more compact than the native enzyme at low GdmCl concentrations and dissociation along with unfolding of enzyme at higher concentrations of GdmCl. The GdmCl-stabilized compact dimeric intermediate of GOD showed an enhanced stability against thermal and urea denaturation as compared to the native GOD dimer. Comparative studies on GOD using GdmCl and NaCl demonstrated that binding of the Gdm(+) cation to the enzyme results in stabilization of the compact dimeric intermediate of the enzyme at low GdmCl concentrations. An interesting observation was that a slight difference in the concentration of urea and GdmCl associated with the unfolding of GOD was observed, which is in violation of the 2-fold rule for urea and GdmCl denaturation of proteins. This is the first report where violation of the 2-fold rule has been observed for a multimeric protein.
The 2015 Oncology Drug Pipeline: Innovation Drives the Race to Cure Cancer. (2015)

“Innovation drives progress,” suggests the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in its report on the 41 new molecular entities and new biologic pharmaceuticals that were approved in 2014.1 This perspective is echoed by the FDA's Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER) as the rationale for its support for innovation in the pharmaceutical industry. The CDER states, “The availability of new drugs and biological products often means new treatment options for patients and advances in health care for the American public. For this reason, CDER supports innovation and plays a key role in helping to advance new drug development.”1

More recently, in a provocative article published in this journal and titled “Breaking the Bank: Three Financing Models for Addressing the Drug Innovation Cost Crisis,” Kleinke and McGee argue that drug innovation is key to medical advances, especially in deadly diseases such as cancer: to ensure continuing innovation in drug therapies, what is needed is not to halt funding innovation but rather to find a new way to pay for drugs. “Innovative new treatments designed to address serious diseases in targeted patient populations represent the future of medicine. Traditional payment methodologies need to change to keep pace with medical innovation,” Kleinke and McGee propose, offering 3 models for consideration that will help pay for drugs in a novel way and allow drug innovation to continue in its path.2

Reflecting on oncology drugs in its 2014 report, the IMS Institute for Healthcare Informatics (henceforth, IMS) highlighted innovation as a key feature in the oncology pipeline. According to that report, “Developers have brought innovation across cancer types and therapeutic approaches, including preventive vaccines. Pharmaceutical company investments remain high and cancer therapies account for more than 30% of all preclinical and phase 1 clinical development, with 21 new molecular entities being launched and reaching patients in the last two years alone. These new medicines have increased the complexity of treating cancer, leading to more combination therapies and additional lines of therapy.”3
Atomic Layer Deposition of Ruthenium Thin Films for Copper Glue Layer (2004)

Ruthenium thin films were produced by atomic layer deposition (ALD) using an alternating supply of bis(ethylcyclopentadienyl) ruthenium [Ru(EtCp)(2)] and oxygen at a deposition temperature of 270 degreesC. The relative ratio of the Ru(EtCp)(2) adsorbed on the film surface to the oxygen partial pressure in the following oxygen pulse determines whether Ru or RuO2 film was obtained. At the range with higher relative ratio the film was composed of ruthenium, but the film deposited at the lower range was revealed to be ruthenium oxide. In case of the ruthenium thin film, the film thickness per cycle was saturated at 0.15 nm/cycle, and its resistivity was about 15 muOmega cm. The impurities of carbon and oxygen were incorporated into the film with less than 2 atom %. It was also demonstrated that the ruthenium thin films prepared by ALD can be used as an excellent glue layer to improve the interfacial adhesion of metallorganic chemical vapor deposited copper to TiN. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy analysis showed that the ruthenium glue layer suppressed the interfacial contaminants, such as carbon and fluorine, which originated from the metallorganic precursors of copper. (C) 2004 The Electrochemical Society.
Very Short Quasi-Periodic And Aperiodic Mode Converters For 60 And 140 GHz Gyrotrons (1988)

Very short, broad bandwidth designs will be discussed for varying-radius mode transducers for TE02-TE01 and TE03-TE02 mode conversion in a 2.779 cm diameter circular waveguide at 60 and 140 GHz and for TE15, 2-TE15, 1 mode conversion in 2.54 cm diameter waveguide at 14'0 GHz.
Flexible organic light-emitting diodes using a laser lift-off method (2013)

Flexible electronics are pliable, thin, light weight, and impact resistant, and have many possible applications. Despite flexible substrates and fabrication methods having been studied in numerous reports, the flexible substrates cannot be used in conventional mass production facilities due to their flexibility. Here, we present an innovative approach to the sacrificial material and fabrication process of flexible organic light-emitting diodes using laser transfer technology. An amorphous gallium oxide (α-GaOx) was used as a sacrificial layer for laser lift-off. The atomic structure of α-GaOx on a near-medium range order was changed owing to oxygen deficiency and local absorption centers in bandgap increased laser ablation as the power density of the electron-beam evaporator was increased. The α-GaOx can be completely melted by laser irradiation, thus allowing the OLEDs to be lifted off the glass substrate. The results suggest that the laser lift-off process can be integrated into high temperature processes for fabricating flexible organic devices.
Application of electro acoustics for dewatering pharmaceutical sludge (1992)

Abstract Application of electro acoustic principles for dewatering has been developed by Battelle Institute. The Department of Energy, Battelle Institute, and Ashbrook‐Simon‐Hartley, have jointly developed an Electro Acoustic Dewatering press (EAD press). The EAD press applies a combination of mechanical pressure, electrical current and ultrasonics. This press is utilized after conventional dewatering devices and can remove up to 50% water from filtered sludge cake at a fraction of the cost incurred in existing thermal drying devices. The dominant mechanism of sludge dewatering by EAD press is electro‐osmosis due to the application of a direct current field. Electro‐osmosis is caused by an electrical double layer of oppositely charged ions formed at the solid liquid interface, which is characterized by zeta potential. The ultrasonic fields help electro‐osmosis by consolidation of the filter cake and by release of inaccessible liquid. The EAD press has been tested successfully on a variety of materials including apple pomace, corn gluten, sewage sludge, and coal fines. A three week long full scale trial was conducted successfully at a pharmaceutical industry to determine the application of this technology for dewatering waste activated sludge.
From angiography to angioscopy: informal discussion. (1986)

Devices for visualizing blood vessels have evolved from a rigid, illuminated tube (1913), to a tube with an added convex lens (1922), to one with a transparent inflatable balloon for displacing blood from the line of vision (1943), to a flexible angioscope (1960s). Recent fiberoptic developments make it possible to visualize the orifices of the coronary arteries and simultaneous laser angioplasty. The characteristic fluorescence of hematoporphyrin derivative under ultraviolet light has been visualized angioscopically in experimental atherosclerotic plaque, where it accumulates and acts as a marker. However, several requirements need to be met in order for angioscopy to fulfill its therapeutic possibilities in angioplasty, thrombolytic therapy, intraoperative inspection of vascular anastomoses, and its diagnostic potential in distinguishing plaques from clots and pulmonary embolisms from other obstructions. These requirements are: (1) variously-sized angioscopes to accommodate iliac, femoral, renal, and coronary arteries; (2) percutaneous introducers in the various sizes to prevent back-bleeding; (3) a more flexible, easily manipulated fiberoptic; (4) a sufficiently inflatable balloon tip; (5) cross hairs and reference points in the optical system; and (6) optimal focal lengths for the areas to be visualized.
Forest Development Leading to Disturbances (1995)

Natural disturbance in western U.S.A. forest ecosystems is related to forest succession, growth, and structural development. Natural disturbance may be biotic (insects and diseases) or abiotic (fire, wind, avalanche, etc.). Natural disturbances are more appropriately thought of as natural processes; disturbance is a social connotation implicating economic loss. Forest development influences the amplitude of natural processes, which in turn influences forest development. Understanding balances among ecological processes, and how these processes influence wildlife, timber, and other valued resources is becoming increasingly important for land managers. We can use currently available vegetation management tools and concepts to keep some of the natural disturbances within socially acceptable limits. This is the role and responsibility of silviculture in ecosystem-based forest management.
Engagement of the monocyte surface antigen CD14 induces lymphocyte function-associated antigen-1/intercellular adhesion molecule-1-dependent homotypic adhesion. (1990)

Murine anti-CD14 mAb which recognize different CD14 epitopes induced marked homotypic adhesion of normal human monocytes. Induction of aggregation by anti-CD14 mAb required Mg2+, occurred at an optimal temperature of 37 degrees C, but not at 4 degrees C, and exhibited a kinetics which differed from adhesion triggered by IFN-gamma and anti-CD43 mAb. Monocyte adhesion induced by anti-CD14 mAb required neither Fcy gamma R engagement nor cross-linking of CD14, because adhesion was induced by F(ab)'2 fragments, as well as by monovalent F(ab) fragments of anti-CD14 mAb. mAb to CD11a, CD18, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), but not antibodies to CD11b and CD11c, inhibited monocyte adhesion induced by CD14 engagement. These results indicate that CD14-dependent adhesion is mediated by lymphocyte function-associated Ag-1/ICAM-1 interactions. This was confirmed by the absence of aggregation in anti-CD14-stimulated cells from a patient with leukocyte adhesion deficiency. Monocyte adhesion upon CD14 engagement was blocked by an inhibitor of protein kinases, sphingosine. This suggests that protein kinases play a role in the intracellular signaling pathway(s) which couple CD14 to lymphocyte function-associated Ag-1/ICAM-1.