gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cytotoxicity Effects of Graphene and Single-Wall Carbon Nanotubes in Neural Phaeochromocytoma-Derived PC12 Cells (2010)

Graphitic nanomaterials such as graphene layers (G) and single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) are potential candidates in a large number of biomedical applications. However, little is known about the effects of these nanomaterials on biological systems. Here we show that the shape of these materials is directly related to their induced cellular toxicity. Both G and SWCNT induce cytotoxic effects, and these effects are concentration- and shape-dependent. Interestingly, at low concentrations, G induced stronger metabolic activity than SWCNT, a trend that reversed at higher concentrations. Lactate dehydrogenase levels were found to be significantly higher for SWCNT as compared to the G samples. Moreover, reactive oxygen species were generated in a concentration- and time-dependent manner after exposure to G, indicating an oxidative stress mechanism. Furthermore, time-dependent caspase 3 activation after exposure to G (10 microg/mL) shows evidence of apoptosis. Altogether these studies suggest different biological activities of the graphitic nanomaterials, with the shape playing a primary role.
A Framework for Smart Proxies and Interceptors in RMI (2002)

The Java Remote Method Invocation (RMI) API shields the developer from the details of distributed programming, allowing him to concentrate on application specific code. But to perform some operations that are orthogonal to the application, like logging, auditing, caching, QoS, fault tolerance, and security, sometimes it is necessary to customize the default behavior of the RMI runtime. Other middleware for distributed programming, like CORBA and the Remoting framework of the .NET platform, support smart proxies and interceptors, which can be used for these purposes, allowing the separation of application-specific code from service-specific code. In RMI there is no direct way of doing so. This paper presents a framework based on the Dynamic Proxy API for using smart proxies and interceptors with RMI. This framework requires no changes in the client application and minimal changes in the server application, giving the developer greater control over the distributed application. A practical example of use is also given, by using the described framework to implement user authentication and fine-grained access control in RMI.
Synthesis of boron doped graphene for oxygen reduction reaction in fuel cells (2011)

Boron atoms, with strong electron-withdrawing capability, are doped into graphene frameworks forming boron doped graphene (BG) via a catalyst-free thermal annealing approach in the presence of boron oxide. Atomic force microscopic (AFM) and transmission electron microscopic (TEM) characterizations reveal that the as-prepared BG has a flake-like structure with an average thickness of ca. 2 nm. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrates that boron atoms can be successfully doped into graphene structures with the atomic percentage of 3.2%. Due to its particular structure and unique electronic properties, the resultant BG exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in alkaline electrolytes, similar to the performance of Pt catalysts. In addition, the non-metallic BG catalyst shows long-term stability and good CO tolerance superior to that of Pt-based catalysts. These results demonstrate that the BG, as a promising candidate in advanced electrode materials, may substitute Pt-based nanomaterials as a cathode catalyst for ORR in fuel cells as well as other electrochemical applications similar to the reported nitrogen doped graphene.
Customary (And Not So Customary) International Environmental Law (1995)

In this article, Professor Bodansky examines the creation and importance of customary international law. He suggests that the debate over the legal status of any given norm may be misplaced Instead, he suggests that international lawmakers should spend their time and energy incorporating norms, regardless of their true status, into "concrete treaties and actions." The author begins his discussion by providing a working definition of customary international law. He asserts that such law can be based not just on uniformities of state behavior, as is traditionally held, but also on regularities in behavior. Thus, customary international law can be formed even when states do not fully comply with a particular norm. Next, Professor Bodansky contends that state declarations may be just as indicative and useful in uncovering customary international law as state behavior. But the author goes on to state that such "declarative law" does not and should not carry the same weight as customary norms based on state behavior. Because such norms are "nonlegal, "courts and other arbiters cannot enforce them against a state. The author concludes, however, that these non-legal norms may play a significant role in setting the terms of the debate, especially in negotiations between states. These norms can then be incorporated into treaties and other internationala greements, making them more concrete and enforceable. Ultimately, as the author states, the international community should spend less time debating a norm's legals tatus and more time translatingg eneral norms into enforceable treaties.
NK-cell-dependent killing of colon carcinoma cells is mediated by natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) and stimulated by parvovirus infection of target cells (2013)

Altogether, these data suggest that IL-2-activated NK cells actively kill colon carcinoma cells and that this killing is mediated by several natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) in combination. Additionally, in association with parvovirus H-1PV, IL-2-activated NK cells have the potential to boost immune responses against colon cancer.
Enzymatic N‐terminal Addition of Noncanonical Amino Acids to Peptides and Proteins (2008)

Get connected: A chromatographic assay was used to identify ten noncanonical amino acids that can be appended to the N terminus of peptides and proteins by the L,F-transferase of Escherichia coli. A model protein substrate, E. coli dihydrofolate reductase, was modified with p-ethynylphenylalanine and conjugated to azide–biotin and azide–polyethylene glycol–fluorescein probes (see scheme). Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2268/2008/z700605_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Peritoneoscopic Placement of Swan Neck Peritoneal Dialysis Catheters (1996)

Peritoneoscopic placement of peritoneal dialysis catheters, although accomplished in only about 10% of dialysis centers, is a nonsurgical technique that fulfills requirements for safety and dependability. Over a 40-month period, 136 catheters were placed with the peritoneoscope, 135 of which were double-cuffed, Swan neck curled catheters, with a uniform radiopaque stripe. Patients were followed longitudinally for outcome. Catheters were placed in 44 diabetic patients, 1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive patient, and 18 morbidly obese patients. No complications occurred as a direct result of placement. Catheters were used, on average, nine days after placement (many on days 1 to 4) usually with 1.5 to 2 L exchanges. With 1183 patient-months’ experience, complications were few: 28 patients experienced catheter-related infections, and there were five leaks that resolved with supine, low-volume dialysis for several days. Leakage did not correlate with time of usage after placement. Of ten outflow/mechanical problems that required catheter removal, nine involved catheter migration, probably due to lack of attention during placement to orientation of the radiopaque stripe. One was due to a preperitoneal placement early in this institution's experience with the peritoneoscope. Five of the migrated catheters were removed and then successfully replaced with the peritoneoscope at the same sitting. Four patients requested surgical removal and replacement. Sixteen catheters were removed because of catheter-related infections: five refractory Staphylococcus aureus, six Pseudomonas aeruginosa, two fungal, two Serratia species, and one Mycobacterium chelonei. Actuarial life table analysis showed that at the end of the 40-month follow-up, 62% of the catheters were expected to survive. Because more than 50% survived, median catheter survival could not be calculated. The adverse responses were removal because of infection or catheter migration. Peritoneal dialysis catheter implantation with the peritoneoscope represents a safe and dependable method for catheter placement. Literature review and comparison indicate that catheter-related complications are fewer and catheter longevity is better with peritoneoscopic placement than with surgical placement. Our experience with prompt postplacement utilization suggests the need for further evaluation of catheter break-in procedure with the peritoneoscope.
European defence in view of Brexit: Europe's military power might not suffer, but its political clout is at risk (2017)

The United Kingdom (UK) Prime Minister Theresa May's official request, on March 29th, to leave the European Union (EU) will change the way European countries organise their defence policies. Europeans have always managed their defence via various channels: nationally, in the EU, through NATO and in smaller formats. Brexit will change the way these formats function and how they interact. The effect on the EU's Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP) will be limited. NATO might benefit from a greater UK commitment, as can smaller formats. The result will be greater fragmentation in European defence, which risks weakening the Europeans' political and military capacity to act. (SWP Comments)
A data parallel algorithm for ray tracing of heterogeneous databases (1992)

We describe a new data parallel algorithm for raytracing. Load balancing is achieved through the use of processor allocation, which continually remaps available resources. In this manner heterogeneous data bases are handled without the usual problems of low resource usage. The proposed approach adapts well to both extremes: a small number of rays and a large database; a large number of rays and a small database. The algorithm scales linearly---over a wide range---in the number of rays and available processors. We present an implementation on the Connection Machine CM2 system and provide timings. R&apos;esum&apos;e Cet article pr&apos;esente un nouvel algorithme parall`ele pour le lancer de rayons. L&apos;allocation des processeurs, qui distribue la tache aux resources disponibles, permet de garder une charge bien r&apos;epartie. Ainsi &apos;evitons nous les probl`emes usuels dus aux ressources de bas niveau tout en manipulant des structures de donn&apos;ees h&apos;et&apos;erog`enes. Notre approche s&apos;applique aussi bien `a un f...
Microglial P2Y12 is necessary for synaptic plasticity in mouse visual cortex (2016)

Microglia are the resident immune cells of the brain. Increasingly, they are recognized as important mediators of normal neurophysiology, particularly during early development. Here we demonstrate that microglia are critical for ocular dominance plasticity. During the visual critical period, closure of one eye elicits changes in the structure and function of connections underlying binocular responses of neurons in the visual cortex. We find that microglia respond to monocular deprivation during the critical period, altering their morphology, motility and phagocytic behaviour as well as interactions with synapses. To explore the underlying mechanism, we focused on the P2Y12 purinergic receptor, which is selectively expressed in non-activated microglia and mediates process motility during early injury responses. We find that disrupting this receptor alters the microglial response to monocular deprivation and abrogates ocular dominance plasticity. These results suggest that microglia actively contribute to experience-dependent plasticity in the adolescent brain.
Mobile IP Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting Requirements (2000)

The Mobile IP and Authentication, Authorization, Accounting (AAA) working groups are currently looking at defining the requirements for Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting. This document contains the requirements which would have to be supported by a AAA service to aid in providing Mobile IP services.
.beta.-Adrenoceptor studies. 5. Proton NMR and IR spectroscopic analysis of the conformation of the hydrohalide salts of .beta.-adrenoceptor-blocking aryloxypropanolamines. Evidence for a seven-membered ring structure with participation of two hydrogen bonds (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT.beta.-Adrenoceptor studies. 5. Proton NMR and IR spectroscopic analysis of the conformation of the hydrohalide salts of .beta.-adrenoceptor-blocking aryloxypropanolamines. Evidence for a seven-membered ring structure with participation of two hydrogen bondsJohan ZaagsmaCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1979, 22, 4, 441–449Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00190a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00190a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views91Altmetric-Citations18LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Statistical Aspects of Fracture Problems (1948)

In recent years there has been an increasing interest in the development of statistical theories of strength. A main aim of these theories is to explain in a reasonable way such things as the dependence of the strength of specimens on their volume or length. In this paper it is pointed out that the problems posed by these models are equivalent to an important problem in mathematical statistics, namely, the distribution of the smallest value in samples of size n drawn from a population having some probability density function f(x). The calculations made by mathematical statisticians give a far more complete description of the results to be expected than do the estimates to be found up to now in the technical literature.
Characterization of glial trkB receptors: differential response to injury in the central and peripheral nervous systems. (1993)

In situ hybridization on sections from the adult rat peripheral and central nervous systems demonstrated that trkB mRNA was expressed not only by neurons but also by cells in central nervous system white matter as well as by Schwann cells in the sciatic nerve. In situ hybridization with an oligonucleotide complementary to the trkB tyrosine kinase domain could only demonstrate mRNA in neurons, indicating expression of truncated trkB receptors lacking the tyrosine kinase domain by glial cells. RNA blot analysis was performed on separately cultured central nervous system glial cells to study which cell types express trkB mRNA. Several transcripts encoding truncated trkB receptors were expressed at high levels in O-2A progenitors, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, but not trkB mRNA could be detected in microglia. The expression of trkB mRNA by glial cells in vivo was also investigated after injury; strongly elevated levels of mRNA encoding truncated receptors were detected in the glial scar formed after an incision in the spinal cord dorsal funiculus. In contrast, in the cut sciatic nerve, trkB mRNA decreased distal to the transection, and by 3 weeks only very low levels of mRNA could be detected. Immunoelectron microscopy located trkB-like immunoreactivity to axons and Schwann cells in the sciatic nerve. The expression of truncated trkB receptors by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells and the altered levels in response to injury indicate that glial trkB receptors may serve an important function in the intact and injured nervous system.
Decentralized evolution of robotic behavior using finite state machines (2009)

Purpose In evolutionary robotics (ER), robotic control systems are subject to a developmental process inspired by natural evolution. The purpose of this paper is to utilize a control system representation based on finite state machines (FSMs) to build a decentralized online‐evolutionary framework for swarms of mobile robots. Design/methodology/approach A new recombination operator for multi‐parental generation of offspring is presented and a known mutation operator is extended to harden parts of genotypes involved in good behavior, thus narrowing down the dimensions of the search space. A storage called memory genome for archiving the best genomes of every robot introduces a decentralized elitist strategy. These operators are studied in a factorial set of experiments by evolving two different benchmark behaviors such as collision avoidance and gate passing on a simulated swarm of robots. A comparison with a related approach is provided. Findings The framework is capable of robustly evolving the benchmark behaviors. The memory genome and the number of parents for reproduction highly influence the quality of the results; the recombination operator leads to an improvement in certain parameter combinations only. Research limitations/implications Future studies should focus on further improving mutation and recombination. Generality statements should be made by studying more behaviors and there is a need for experimental studies with real robots. Practical implications The design of decentralized ER frameworks is improved. Originality/value The framework is robust and has the advantage that the resulting controllers are easier to analyze than in approaches based on artificial neural networks. The findings suggest improvements in the general design of decentralized ER frameworks.
Room occupancy measurement using low-resolution infrared cameras (2010)

Measuring room occupancy has always been a desirable endeavour. This could be for security reasons, to save energy or simply for statistical reasons. Recently the use of thermal imaging systems in this area has increased as these systems became cheaper and therefore more attractive. This paper investigates room occupancy measurement using a low resolution (16x16 Pixel) infrared camera. After giving a short overview of application areas, the chosen people detection algorithm is outlined. This includes the introduction of a novel method for blob classification, using morphological area adjustment.
Optimal Controlled Flooding Search in a Large Wireless Network (2005)

In this paper we consider the problem of searching for a node or an object (i.e., piece of data, file, etc.) in a large wireless network. We consider the class of controlled flooding search strategies where query/search packets are broadcast and propagated in the network until a preset TTL (time-to-live) value carried in the packet expires. Every unsuccessful search attempt results in an increased TTL value (i.e., larger search area) and the same process is repeated. We derive search strategies that minimize the search cost in the worst-case, via a performance measure in the form of the competitive ratio between the average search cost of a strategy and that of an omniscient observer. This ratio is shown in prior work to be lower bounded by 4 among all deterministic search strategies. In this paper we show that by using randomized strategies this ratio is lower bounded by e. We derive an optimal strategy that achieves this lower bound, and discuss its performance under other performance criteria.
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Mediates Luteinizing Hormone-Induced Breakdown of Communication and Oocyte Maturation in Rat Ovarian Follicles (2004)

Resumption of meiosis, induced by LH, is preceded by the breakdown of gap junctional communication, which terminates the supply of cAMP from the somatic cells of the ovarian follicle to the oocyte. It has recently been shown that LH-induced reinitiation of meiosis is mediated by MAPK; however, the underlying molecular mechanism involved in the action of this enzyme remains unknown. We hypothesized that activation of MAPK interrupts junctional communication within the ovarian follicle, leading, in turn, to oocyte maturation. To test this hypothesis, we blocked the activation of MAPK by UO126, which specifically inhibits the MAPK signaling pathway. We analyzed junctional communication using three complementary methods: 1) patch-clamp analysis, which determined changes in the electrical coupling between two adjacent granulosa cells; 2) the scrape-loading technique, which monitored the spread of dyes through a granulosa cell layer; and 3) a metabolic coupling assay, which evaluated the transfer of radiolabeled uridine from the cumulus cells to the oocyte. We show, herein, that the somatic follicle cells, rather than the oocyte, activate MAPK immediately after their exposure to LH. Moreover, inhibition of LH-induced MAPK activation not only prevents oocyte maturation but also blocks the reduction in junctional communication. In addition, the appearance of the two phosphorylated forms of the gap junction protein, connexin 43, in response to LH, was avoided by UO126. We concluded that MAPK mediates LH-induced oocyte maturation by interrupting cell-to-cell communication within the ovarian follicle, possibly through phosphorylation of connexin 43.
Mapping of Ising models onto injection-locked laser systems (2011)

We propose a mapping protocol to implement Ising models in injection-locked laser systems. The proposed scheme is based on optical coherent feedback and can be potentially applied for large-scale Ising problems.