gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anti-diabetic and hypolipidaemic properties of ginger (<i>Zingiber officinale</i>) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats (2006)

In the present study, the hypoglycaemic potentials of ginger (Zingiber officinale) were studied in rats. An aqueous extract of raw ginger was administered daily (500 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for a period of 7 weeks to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Fasting blood serum was analysed for blood glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels. The STZ-injected rats exhibited hyperglycaemia accompanied with weight loss, indicating their diabetic condition. At a dose of 500 mg/kg, raw ginger was significantly effective in lowering serum glucose, cholesterol and triacylglycerol levels in the ginger-treated diabetic rats compared with the control diabetic rats. The ginger treatment also resulted in a significant reduction in urine protein levels. In addition, the ginger-treated diabetic rats sustained their initial weights during the treatment period. Moreover, ginger decreased both water intake and urine output in the STZ-induced diabetic rats. The present results indicate that raw ginger possesses hypoglycaemic, hypocholesterolaemic and hypolipidaemic potential. Additionally, raw ginger is effective in reversing the diabetic proteinuria observed in the diabetic rats. Thus, ginger may be of great value in managing the effects of diabetic complications in human subjects.
Skin problems in individuals with lower-limb loss: Literature review and proposed classification system (2009)

Problems with skin integrity can disrupt daily prosthesis use and lead to decreased mobility and function in individuals with lower-limb loss. This study reviewed the literature to examine how skin problems are defined and diagnosed and to identify the prevalence and types of skin problems in individuals with lower-limb loss. We searched the literature for terms related to amputation and skin problems. We identified 777 articles. Of the articles, 90 met criteria for review of research methodology. Four clinical studies met our selection criteria. The prevalence rate of skin problems was 15% to 41%. The most commonly reported skin problems were wounds, abscesses, and blisters. Given the lack of standardized definitions of skin problems on residual limbs, we conclude this article with a system for classification.
Cyclosporine Drug Interactions (1987)

Wadhwa, Nand K.; Schroeder, Tim J.; Pesce, Amadeo J.; Myre, Steven A.; Clardy, Chris W.; First, M. Roy Author Information
Multi-Aperture CMOS Sun Sensor for Microsatellite Attitude Determination (2009)

This paper describes the high precision digital sun sensor under development at the University of Naples. The sensor determines the sun line orientation in the sensor frame from the measurement of the sun position on the focal plane. It exploits CMOS technology and an original optical head design with multiple apertures. This allows simultaneous multiple acquisitions of the sun as spots on the focal plane. The sensor can be operated either with a fixed or a variable number of sun spots, depending on the required field of view and sun-line measurement precision. Multiple acquisitions are averaged by using techniques which minimize the computational load to extract the sun line orientation with high precision. Accuracy and computational efficiency are also improved thanks to an original design of the calibration function relying on neural networks. Extensive test campaigns are carried out using a laboratory test facility reproducing sun spectrum, apparent size and distance, and variable illumination directions. Test results validate the sensor concept, confirming the precision improvement achievable with multiple apertures, and sensor operation with a variable number of sun spots. Specifically, the sensor provides accuracy and precision in the order of 1 arcmin and 1 arcsec, respectively.
Adverse Cutaneous Reactions to Pyrimethamine/Sulfadiazine and Pyrimethamine/Clindamycin in Patients with AIDS and Toxoplasmic Encephalitis (1995)

We assessed the value of clinical and laboratory parameters for predicting the occurrence of skin reactions induced by pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine and pyrimethamine/clindamycin and the effects of continued therapy for patients with these reactions. We retrospectively studied all episodes of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS who were treated with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine or pyrimethamine/clindamycin. Eighteen (75%) of 24 patients treated with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine had cutaneous reactions after a mean of 11 days, whereas 15 (58%) of 26 patients treated with pyrimethamine/clindamycin had cutaneous reactions after a mean of 13 days (P = .56). Nine (50%) of the 18 patients continued to be treated with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine throughout the duration of hypersensitivity, compared with all 15 patients who were treated with pyrimethamine/clindamycin (P = .002). Nine patients had to stop therapy with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine (two had Stevens-Johnson syndrome and one had Lyell's syndrome). Thus, treatment throughout the duration of hypersensitivity is more likely to succeed for patients receiving pyrimethamine/clindamycin, whereas therapy with pyrimethamine/sulfadiazine is associated with a high risk of Lyell's syndrome and Stevens-Johnson syndrome.
Degradation of alkylphenol ethoxylates by Pseudomonas sp. strain TR01 (1994)

An alkylphenol ethoxylate-degrading bacterium was isolated from activated sludge of a municipal sewage treatment plant by enrichment culture. This organism was found to belong to the genus Pseudomonas; since no corresponding species was identified, we designated it as Pseudomonas sp. strain TR01. This strain had an optimal temperature and pH of 30 degrees C and 7, respectively, for both growth and the degradation of Triton N-101 (a nonylphenol ethoxylate in which the average number of ethylene oxide [EO] units is 9.5). The strain was unable to mineralize Triton N-101 but was able to degrade its EO chain exclusively. The resulting dominant intermediate was identified by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry as a nonylphenol ethoxylate with 2 mol of EO units. A carboxylated metabolite, [(nonylphenoxy)ethoxy]acetic acid, was detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. This bacterium also metabolized alcohol ethoxylates with various numbers of EO units but not polyethylene glycols whatever their degree of polymerization. By oxygen consumption assay, the alkyl group or arene corresponding to the hydrophobic part of alcohol ethoxylates or alkylphenol ethoxylates was shown to contribute to the induction of the metabolic system of the EO chain of Triton N-101, instead of the EO chain itself, which corresponds to its hydrophilic part. Thus, the isolated pseudomonad bacterium has unique substrate assimilability: it metabolizes the EO chain only when the chain linked to bulky hydrophobic groups.
Fiber optic polymer cure sensor (1988)

An in situ method is presented for monitoring the curing of polymeric compositions, including epoxy- and polymide-based composites. The sensor measures the difference between the refractive index of the cured and uncured composition, with the index increasing as polymerization proceeds. The method differs from all existing methods in that it relies on a self-referential differential measurement rather than on an absolute measurement, the sensor is totally independent of curing conditions and is sensitive to the extent of cure even at the latest stages. It can be used within the body of large composite structures undergoing curing in an autoclave, and it can indicate the end of cure without calibration of any kind.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
4-(4-Methoxyphenyl)-3-[2-(2-methoxyphenyl)ethyl]-1<i>H</i>-1,2,4-triazol-5(4<i>H</i>)-one (2009)

The title compound, C(18)H(19)N(3)O(3), is a biologically active triazole derivative. The five-membered ring is oriented with respect to the six-membered rings at dihedral angles of 51.59 (4) and 61.37 (4)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen-bond inter-actions between centrosymmetrically related mol-ecules [the dihedral angle between the benzene rings is 47.44 (5)°].
Inhibition of aminoacyl-transfer RNA formation by low-molecular substances from melanoma extract. (1984)

Two partially purified fractions of the ethanol precipitate (70-95%) of the water extract of Harding-Passey mouse melanoma, which inhibit protein and DNA syntheses of B-16 melanoma cells in culture, also inhibit protein synthesis in various cell-free systems. By examining their inhibitory effects on limited reactions of protein synthesis, it was found that one of them (ME II) inhibits protein synthesis by blocking aminoacyl-tRNA formation, while the other (ME IV) does not. This inhibition of aminoacyl-tRNA formation was not limited to specific amino acids. Since the amino acid-dependent pyrophosphate (PPi)-ATP exchange reaction catalyzed by aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases was not inhibited, it was concluded that some factor(s) in ME II inhibits amino acid transfer from aminoacyl-AMP to tRNA. ME II contains more than 20 proteins from 10,000 to 90,000 daltons. EDTA treatment of this fraction caused the release of low-molecular substances with inhibitory activity from the proteins. The molecular weights of the active substances are less than 5,000 daltons. The active low-molecular substances are apparently not peptides or nucleotides.
Efficient Synthesis of Anastrephin via the Allylic Substitution for Quaternary Carbon Construction (2016)

Lactone-moiety-attached 2-cyclohexylideneethyl picolinate was prepared through the OH-directed epoxidation (98% ds) of (<i>R</i>)-3-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-ol (99% ee), Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons olefination, conversion to the allylic moiety, and epoxide ring opening with Et<sub>2</sub>AlCH<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>2</sub> <i>t</i>-Bu. The allylic substitution of the picolinate with Me<sub>2</sub>CuMgBr·MgBr<sub>2</sub> furnished a quaternary carbon center with 92% ds. Finally, the lactonization of the product, the <i>tert</i>-butyl ester of the seco acid, under acidic conditions, afforded (–)-anastrephin.
Why Condensate Drops Can Spontaneously Move Away on Some Superhydrophobic Surfaces but Not on Others (2012)

The coalesce-induced condensate drop motion on some superhydrophobic surfaces (SHSs) has attracted increasing attention because of its wide potential applications. However, microscopic mechanism of spontaneous motion has not been discussed thoroughly. In this study, we fabricated two types of superhydrophobic copper surfaces with sisal-like nanoribbon structures and defoliation-like nanosheet structures by different wet chemical oxidation process and followed by same fluorization treatment. With lotus leaf and butterfly wing as control samples, the spontaneous motion phenomenon of condensate drops on these four kinds of SHSs was investigated by using optical microscope under ambient conditions. The results showed that among all four types of SHSs, only superhydrophobic copper surfaces with sisal-like nanoribbon structures showed obvious spontaneous motion of condensate drops, especially when the relative humidity was higher. The microscopic mechanism of spontaneous motion was discussed in relation to the states of condensate drops on different nanostructures. It shows that the instantaneous Cassie state of condensed droplets prior to coalescence plays a key role in determining whether the coalesced drop departs, whereas only SHS possessing nanostructures with small enough Wenzel roughness parameter r (at least <2.1) and nanogaps forming high enough Laplace pressure favors the formation of the instantaneous Cassie state by completing the Wenzel-Cassie transition.
Multiphoton microscopy for the <i>in‐situ</i> investigation of cellular processes and integrity in cryopreservation (2009)

In this study we demonstrate a new noninvasive imaging method to monitor freezing processes in biological samples and to investigate life in the frozen state. It combines a laser scanning microscope with a computer-controlled cryostage. Nearinfrared (NIR) femtosecond laser pulses evoke the fluorescence of endogenous fluorophores and fluorescent labels due to multiphoton absorption.The inherent optical nonlinearity of multiphoton absorption allows 3D fluorescence imaging for optical tomography of frozen biological material in-situ. As an example for functional imaging we use fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) to create images with chemical and physical contrast.
Steroid-induced Glaucoma: An Avoidable Irreversible Blindness. (2017)

Phulke S, Kaushik S, Kaur S, Pandav SS. Steroid-induced Glaucoma: An Avoidable Irreversible Blindness. J Curr Glaucoma Pract 2017;11(2):67-72.
Side Chain Structure Affects the Photovoltaic Performance of Two-Dimensional Conjugated Polymers (2013)

We used Stille coupling of electron-rich benzo[1,2-b:4,5-b′]dithiophene (BDT) presenting conjugated alkylthiophene (T), alkylphenyl (P), or alkylfuran (F) side chains with electron-deficient alkoxy-modified 2,1,3-benzooxadiazole (BO) moieties to obtain a series of two-dimensional, conjugated, D−π–A polymers (PBDTTBO, PBDTPBO, and PBDTFBO). The side chains of the BDT units altered the solubility, conformations, and electronic properties of the synthesized conjugated polymers, allowing tuning of their photovoltaic properties when blended with fullerenes. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the presence of these side chain groups on the BDT donor units affected the torsion angles between the side chain groups and the conjugated main chains but resulted in only slightly different energy levels for the highest occupied molecular orbitals for these polymers, consistent with results obtained experimentally using cyclic voltammetry. These polymers displayed excellent thermal stabilities (5 wt % degradation temperatures: >330 °C) and broad spectral absorptions (from 450 to 700 nm). Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the morphologies of active layers comprising these two-dimensional conjugated polymers and the fullerene derivative PC71BM did, however, vary substantially depending on the structure of the side chains that affects the solubility of the polymers. As a result, the efficiencies of photovoltaic devices incorporating PBDTFBO, PBDTPBO, or PBDTTBO polymers and PC71BM varied greatly, from 3.6 to 5.9%. When using 1-chloronaphthalene (1 vol %) or 1,8-diiodooctane (1 vol %) as an additive for processing the active layer, the power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of photovoltaic devices incorporating blends of PBDTFBO, PBDTPBO, or PBDTTBO and PC71BM (1:2) improved to 5.4, 6.4, and 7.4%, respectively, due to their optimized morphologies, with the PCE of 7.4% being among the highest values reported for conjugated polymers involving BO moieties. Thus, the photovoltaic properties of these conjugated polymers were highly tunable through slight modifications of their side chain structures.
Centroid estimation by means of uncompetitive unsupervised neural element (2002)

In this paper the drawbacks of classical unsupervised learning laws are discussed and the paradigms of an alternative clustering algorithm are carried out. Then a new model of neuron element able to search the centroid of clusters without competition with other neurons, as in an unsupervised competitive learning law, is singled out.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Studies on Steam Activation of Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin (1970)

フェノール-ホルムアルデヒド樹脂の水蒸気賦活を系統的に行ない, 炭化温度, 賦活温度, 賦活時間, 水蒸気量が活性炭の比表面積, 細孔分布, 酸素量などに及ぼす影響をしらべた。活性炭の比表面積は製造条件によって異なり 390～2770m2/g の範囲にあった。賦活温度は最も重要な因子であり, 高温になるほど賦活反応が急激にすすむので比表面積の大きな活性炭がえられた。本実験でえられた活性炭は細孔容積の大部分をミクロ孔が占めており, 賦活温度が高いほど, 賦活時間が長いほど細孔容積は増大し, 極大分布半径は半径の大きいほうへ移動した。炭化温度の低いものほど収率が少ないので, 賦活温度 800℃ では比表面積も収率の減少に対応して増加しているが, 賦活温度 850,900℃ では炭化温度 600～700℃ のものが最小となる傾向がみられた。活性炭中の酸素量は賦活温度が高いほど減少し, 賦活時間とともに減少した。同一賦活条件でが炭化温度 600～700℃ のものが最大であった。またX線回折によれば,層面間隔が 3.4～3.5A の六環平面が数層重なった微結晶が集合して turbostratic な構造をなしていることが判明した。
A genetic system to identify DNA polymerase β mutator mutants (1997)

DNA polymerase beta (pol beta) is a 39-kDa protein that functions in DNA repair processes in mammalian cells. As a first step toward understanding mechanisms of polymerase fidelity, we developed a genetic method to identify mammalian pol beta mutator mutants. This screen takes advantage of a microbial genetics assay and the ability of rat pol beta to substitute for Escherichia coli DNA polymerase I in DNA replication in vivo. Using this screen, we identified 13 candidate pol beta mutator mutants. Three of the candidate mutator mutants were further characterized in vivo and shown to confer an increased spontaneous mutation frequency over that of wild-type pol beta to our bacterial strain. Purification and subsequent analysis of one of our putative mutator proteins, the pol beta-14 protein, showed that it possesses intrinsic mutator activity in four different assays that measure the fidelity of DNA synthesis. Therefore, residue 265, which is altered in pol beta-14 and another of our mutant proteins, pol beta-166, is probably critical for accurate DNA synthesis by pol beta. Thus, our genetic method of screening for pol beta mutator mutants is useful in identifying active mammalian DNA polymerase mutants that encode enzymes that catalyze DNA synthesis with altered fidelity compared with the wild-type pol beta enzyme.
A Simplified Method Using Commercial Milk Powder for Hand-Rearing of the Caesarean-Derived Infant Rabbits (1977)

An efficient and simplified method for hand-rearing of Caesarean-derived infant rabbits under gnotobiotic condition was devised. The Caesarean-derived infant Dutch or Japanese-White rabbits and their hybrids (F1; Japanese-White female x Dutch male) were reared in sterilized vinyl-isolators by hand-feeding with two kinds of milk diets, A and B, consisted mainly ofa commercial milk powder for dogs and cats (Esbilac) supplemented with several minor components (Table 2) and administered intragastrically once a day through a Nelaton's catheter. Bacteriological examinations revealed that feces and urine were sterile for the first three days. On the third day, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Streptococcus faecalis, Bacillus subtilis, Enterococcus, and Bacteroides sp. were given with milk diet and the infant rabbits were reared until 10 to 12 weeks of age. The weaning rate at 5 weeks of age and the raising rate at 3 months of age were approximately 78% and 77%, respectively (Table 3), indicating that feeding once-a-day with a milk diet mainly composed of Esbilac is suitable for the hand-rearing of infant rabbits. There was, however, no significant difference milk diet A and B on the weaning rate.
History of World War II (1945)

History of World War II. By Francis Trevelyan Miller, with a Board of Historical and Military Authorities. (Philadelphia: John C. Winston Co., 1945. xxiv + 937 pp. Authorities and official sources and chronology. $5.00.) William H. Seiler William H. Seiler State University of Iowa Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 32, Issue 3, December 1945, Pages 452–453, https://doi.org/10.2307/1891169 Published: 01 December 1945
Development of a support software system for real-time HAL/S applications (1984)

Methodologies employed in defining and implementing a software support system for the HAL/S computer language for real-time operations on the Shuttle are detailed. Attention is also given to the management and validation techniques used during software development and software maintenance. Utilities developed to support the real-time operating conditions are described. With the support system being produced on Cyber computers and executable code then processed through Cyber or PDP machines, the support system has a production level status and can serve as a model for other software development projects.
Comparação de métodos de regressão para avaliar a estabilidade fenotípica em cana-de-açúcar (2002)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar dois métodos de regressão empregados para avaliar a estabilidade fenotípica em plantas de cana-de-açúcar, o linear, de Cruz et al., e o não-linear, de Toler & Burrows. Utilizaram-se as informações do ensaio de caracterização de 1994 do programa de melhoramento genético da Copersucar, compreendendo 13 locais e 20 genótipos de cana-de-açúcar no Estado de São Paulo. Os resultados permitiram concluir que ambos os modelos se ajustaram satisfatoriamente aos dados. As estimativas da qualidade ambiental pelos dois modelos mostraram diferenças entre seus valores, porém foram concordantes para inferir sobre os melhores e piores ambientes. Ao classificar os genótipos com base na produtividade e no padrão de resposta, no entanto, apenas dez foram coincidentes nos dois métodos. As vantagens estatísticas do método não-linear torna-o recomendável para pesquisa sobre estabilidade.
PD-1 and its ligands are important immune checkpoints in cancer (2016)

// Yinan Dong 1 , Qian Sun 1 and Xinwei Zhang 1 1 Cell Immunology Lab, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin Key Laboratory of “Cancer Prevention and therapy”, Key Laboratory of Immunology and Cancer Biotherapy, Tianjin, China Correspondence to: Xinwei Zhang, email: // Keywords : PD-1, PD-L1, PD-L2, T cell anergy, immune checkpoint blockade Received : April 14, 2016 Accepted : November 21, 2016 Published : December 10, 2016 Abstract Checkpoint programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed cell death ligands (PD-Ls) have been identified as negative immunoregulatory molecules that promote immune evasion of tumor cells. The interaction of PD-1 and PD-Ls inhibits the function of T cells and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) while increasing the function of immunosuppressive regulatory T cells (Tregs). This condition causes the tumor cells to evade immune response. Thus, the blockade of PD-1/PD-L1 enhances anti-tumor immunity by reducing the number and/or the suppressive activity of Tregs and by restoring the activity of effector T cells. Furthermore, some monoclonal antibodies blockading PD-1/PD-Ls axis have achieved good effect and received Food and Drug Administration approval. The role of PD-1/PD-Ls in tumors has been well studied, but little is known on the mechanism by which PD-1 blocks T-cell activation. In this study, we provide a brief overview on the discovery and regulatory mechanism of PD-1 and PD-L1 dysregulation in tumors, as well as the function and signaling pathway of PD-1 and its ligands; their roles in tumor evasion and clinical treatment were also studied.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS AND CARBON‐13 NMR SPECTRA PYRROLOTHIAZOLES AND THEIR PRECURSORS. BROMINE‐INDUCED CYCLIZATION OF PYRROLYLTHIOUREAS (1979)

Abstract Aus dem Nitropyrrolen (I) werden durch katalytische Hydrierung die Aminopyrrole (II) dargestellt und mit den Isothiocyanaten (III) zu den Pyrrolylthioharnstoffen (IV) kondensiert; Brom‐induzierte Cyclisierung der Verbindungen (IV) in Essigsäure liefert die Pyrrolothiazole (V).
Antibody Complementarity-Determining Regions (CDRs): A Bridge between Adaptive and Innate Immunity (2009)

These results open a new scenario about the possibility that, beyond the half life of immunoglobulins, Ab fragments may effectively influence the antiinfective cellular immune response in a way reminiscent of regulatory peptides of innate immunity.