gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability of Injected Glucagon: Differences Between Intramuscular, Subcutaneous, and Intravenous Administration (1985)

Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of 1 mg glucagon injected intramuscularly (i.m.), subcutaneously (s.c.), or intravenously (i.v.) were studied in 6 nondiabetic men rendered hypoglycemic by s.c. injection of 10 U regular insulin. At 90 min after the insulin injection, when blood glucose levels had fallen to a mean of 49 mg/dl, glucagon was administered. Ten minutes later plasma glucagon levels had risen from a mean of 246 to 3233 pg/ml (s.c. experiment) and from 250 to 2638 pg/ml (i.m. experiment). Accordingly, there was no difference in blood glucose behavior whether glucagon was injected s.c. or i.m. In the i.v. experiment, plasma glucagon levels were significantly higher during the first 15 min after the glucagon injection when compared with the other experiments. The initially high levels of plasma glucagon after i.v. administration were associated with a steeper rise of glycemia during the first 5 min after glucagon injection; the maximal increase of blood glucose was, however, not different when compared with the s.c. or i.m. route of glucagon administration. Thus, in case of severe hypoglycemia, therapeutically administered glucagon will be most efficient when injected i.v., but there is no difference between the i.m. and s.c. routes of administration with regard to the efficacy to increase blood glucose levels.
IR Measurements of Intracrystalline Water in Quartz at High Temperatures. Time-Dependent Spectral Change of OH Species. (1998)

In-situ IR measurements were conducted with varying heating duration to study a time-dependent changes (i) an increase of the 3379cm-1 absorption peak at room temperature (RT) assigned to OH associated with Al3+ substitution for Si (OH (Al) ) and (ii) a decrease of the 3482cm-1 peak (RT) assigned to OH (Al) including a influence of Li+ interstitial defects or Li-O-Al as acharge compensating role. These (i) and (ii) are consideredto be dueto an exchangeof Li+ with H+, since theseions become more diffusive at higher temperatures.
A DNA–lipid complex soluble in organic solvents (1992)

A DNA–lipid complex is readily prepared by mixing aqueous solutions of anionic DNA and cationic dialkyl amphiphiles, which thus forms a double helical structure and exhibits intercalation of dyes in chloroform solution.
rwthlm — the RWTH aachen university neural network language modeling toolkit (2014)

We present a novel toolkit that implements the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network concept for language modeling. The main goal is to provide a software which is easy to use, and which allows fast training of standard recurrent and LSTM neural network language models. The toolkit obtains state-of-the-art performance on the standard Treebank corpus. To reduce the training time, BLAS and related libraries are supported, and it is possible to evaluate multiple word sequences in parallel. In addition, arbitrary word classes can be used to speed up the computation in case of large vocabulary sizes. Finally, the software allows easy integration with SRILM, and it supports direct decoding and rescoring of HTK lattices. The toolkit is available for download under an open source license.
Region-of-interest based image resolution adaptation for MPEG-21 digital item (2004)

The upcoming MPEG-21 standard proposes a general framework for augmented use of multimedia services in different network environments, for various users with various terminal devices. In the context of image adaptation, terminals with different screen size limitation require the multimedia adaptation engine to adapt image resources intelligently. Saliency map based visual attention analysis provides some intelligence for finding the attention area within the image. In this paper, we improved the standard MPEG-21 metadata driven adaptation engine by using enhanced saliency map based visual attention model which provides a mean to intelligently adapt JPEG2000 image resolution for different terminal devices with varying screen size according to human visual attention.
Short-Term Ex Vivo Expansion of CD133+ Cells by Co-Culture with Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Role of SDF-1/CXCL12 (2008)

Abstract CD133 (prominin-1) is the first in a class of novel pentaspan membrane proteins identified in humans and mice, and studies have since confirmed the utility of CD133 as a marker of stem cells with hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic lineage potential. A number of human transplantation studies have documented hematopoietic reconstitution from CD133+ stem cells from mismatched donors, with a suggested advantage over standard grafts in avoidance of graft versus host disease. We have developed a novel hematopoietic culture system (Long-Term Stem Cell Culture or LTSCC) to investigate the potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) to form stroma that can support short- and long-term hematopoiesis derived from cord blood (CB)-derived CD133+ cells. In addition, we analyzed the effect of stromal derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) on survival and short-and long-term colony-forming capacity of CD133+ hematopoiesis. LTSCC induced stroma-like changes in the MSC feeder layer, with adipocyte formation, thought to be needed for formation of stem cell niches, and supported long-term (>9 weeks) survival of CB-CD133+ cells. Cobblestone areas of active CD133-derived hematopoiesis were seen in LTSCC for up to 9 weeks of culture. SDF-1/CXCL12 acted as a survival factor for CB-CD133+ cells and induced a significant ex vivo cell expansion at weeks 3 and 4 of LTSCC (maximal 500-fold increase), while maintaining the capacity for CFU-Mix and BFU-E colony formation up to 7 weeks. Long-term hematopoiesis was assessed by enumeration of long-term culture initiating cells (LTC-IC). When SDF-1/CXCL12 was added to LTSCC, we found a significant increase in LTC-IC: 0.3% (+SDF-1/CXCL12) vs. 0.05% (-SDF-1/CXCL12). Finally, homing capacity, as defined by SDF-1/CXCL12-induced adhesion and migration of CB-CD133+ cells, was maintained and even increased during the first 3 weeks of LTSCC. In summary, MSC can be maintained in LTSCC medium, and this simplified feeder layer is able to provide niches for cobblestone area forming cells derived from CB-CD133+ cells. SDF-1/CXCL12 is critical to support the survival and expansion of CD133+ cells, either directly or indirectly by paracrinesignaled retention of CD133+ cells in contact with specialized MSC niches. We suggest that expansion of CD133+ cells from cord blood may be useful in clinical transplantation limited by insufficient numbers of stem cells.
Physical Random-Number Generator Using Schottky MOSFET (2001)

A new physical random-number generator using a metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) whose source and drain are made of Schottky contacts is proposed. MOSFETs, which have PtSi source and drain contacts, are fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator. It was found that large noise appears in the drain current of the PtSi Schottky-source/drain MOSFET when it is operated as an n-channel transistor. The noise spectrum in the frequency range up to 400 kHz shows that the noise is frequency-dependent, which is similar to the noise of a conventional pn-junction MOSFET. A circuit in which an inverter consisting of two Schottky MOSFETs is used as the noise source is proposed to create a random binary signal. The circuit is demonstrated to be able to create a binary signal array whose characteristic is close to a quasi-random number generated by a computer.
High Performance Monolithically Integrated GaN Driving VMOSFET on LED (2017)

This letter reports the monolithic integration of GaN-based driving vertical metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistor (VMOSFET) on light-emitting diode (LED) with high output current density and bright-ness. By selectively regrowing a simple p- and n-GaN bilayer on top of an LED wafer, the VMOSFET was realized with an n/p/n structure and intrinsically connected with the LED through the bottom conductive n-GaN layer. During the fabrication, a tetramethylammonium hydride wet etch technique was employed to smoothen the sidewall channel surface of the VMOSFET and to enhance its channel electron mobility, consequently achieving a high output current density exceeding 1.4 kA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The integrated VMOSFET-LED exhibited a high light output power of 8.5 mW or 9.4 W/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> with a modulated injection current of 10 mA through the VMOSFET, showing a great potential of such integration scheme for a variety of smart-lighting applications.
A Phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study of CJC-1008—a long-acting, parenteral opioid analgesic—in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (2006)

This study provides evidence of a greater analgesic effect when using CJC-1008 compared to placebo in patients with PHN. However, the effect only lasted through eight hours postdose and diminished by 24 hours. This study provides evidence of a peripheral action of dynorphin, since CJC-1008 does not cross the blood-brain barrier.
Improved automatic white balance based on Otsu threshold (2012)

Automatic white balance algorithm is a method to solve the picture distortion under different illumination. However, most of algorithms do not perform well and the computation amount is large. This paper proposed an improved method by OTSU threshold, which quickly distinguishes the background and foreground and also improves the performance by applying Gray World Assumption (GW) under the condition of considering the weight of background and foreground.
Brassinosteroids Regulate Grain Filling in Rice   (2008)

Genes controlling hormone levels have been used to increase grain yields in wheat (Triticum aestivum) and rice (Oryza sativa). We created transgenic rice plants expressing maize (Zea mays), rice, or Arabidopsis thaliana genes encoding sterol C-22 hydroxylases that control brassinosteroid (BR) hormone levels using a promoter that is active in only the stems, leaves, and roots. The transgenic plants produced more tillers and more seed than wild-type plants. The seed were heavier as well, especially the seed at the bases of the spikes that fill the least. These phenotypic changes brought about 15 to 44% increases in grain yield per plant relative to wild-type plants in greenhouse and field trials. Expression of the Arabidopsis C-22 hydroxylase in the embryos or endosperms themselves had no apparent effect on seed weight. These results suggested that BRs stimulate the flow of assimilate from the source to the sink. Microarray and photosynthesis analysis of transgenic plants revealed evidence of enhanced CO(2) assimilation, enlarged glucose pools in the flag leaves, and increased assimilation of glucose to starch in the seed. These results further suggested that BRs stimulate the flow of assimilate. Plants have not been bred directly for seed filling traits, suggesting that genes that control seed filling could be used to further increase grain yield in crop plants.
<sup>129</sup>Xe and <sup>1</sup>H NMR Study of the Reversible Trapping of Xenon by Cryptophane-A in Organic Solution (1998)

The interaction of xenon with cryptophane-A in 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane-d2 is investigated by 129Xe and 1H NMR spectroscopy. Xenon is reversibly trapped into the cavity of this host to form a 1 to 1 host−guest complex with an apparent association constant K of the order of at least 3 × 103 M-1 at 278 K. The exchange between the free and bound xenon is slow on the 129Xe NMR time scale, and the bound xenon resonance is shifted by approximately 160 ppm to lower frequencies with respect to the free xenon resonance. The xenon complex is at least 4 and 20 times more stable, respectively, than the corresponding chloroform and methane complexes under the same conditions. The stability of this xenon complex appears to be much greater than that of the previously described xenon complex of α-cyclodextrin in water. This is probably due to the combination of three favorable effects: (i) good size matching between the guest and the cryptophane cavity in its most relaxed conformation, resulting in the optimization of the London forces between the highly polarizable guest and the electron rich aromatic rings of the host (enthalpic stabilization); (ii) no rotational or vibrational entropy loss of the monatomic guest in the cryptophane cavity; and (iii) no (or little) entropy loss due to reduction of the conformational freedom of the host. Analysis of the line widths of the signals corresponding to the free and bound xenon as a function of the relative xenon/cryptophane ratio suggests that the incoming xenon atom must displace the departing one to enter the cryptophane cavity, and that the empty cryptophane is not involved in the complexation equilibrium.
Chain Length Effect on the Structure and Photoelectrochemical Properties of Self-Assembled Monolayers of Porphyrins on Gold Electrodes (2000)

Disulfides, with a systematic series of alkyl spacers containing porphyrins at both terminals, were prepared to investigate the effect of the spacer length on the structure and photoelectrochemical properties of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of the porphyrins on a gold electrode. The structure of the SAMs was studied using ultraviolet (UV)−visible absorption spectroscopy in transmission mode, cyclic voltammetry, UV−visible ellipsometry, and fluorescence spectroscopy. These measurements showed that as the length of the spacers increases, the SAMs tend to form highly ordered structures on the gold electrodes. In addition, the structures of the monolayers vary depending on the even and odd number of the methylene spacers (n). From these measurements a porphyrin dimer model is proposed in that the two porphyrins take J-aggregate-like partially stacked structures in the monolayers. Photoelectrochemical studies were carried out in argon-saturated Na2SO4 aqueous solution containing methyl viologen as an electron carrier using the modified gold working electrode, a platinum wire counter electrode, and a Ag/AgCl reference electrode. The quantum yield increases in a zigzag fashion with an increase in the spacer length up to n = 6 and then starts decreasing slightly as the chain lengths become longer. A plausible explanation for the photocurrent trend comes from the following points: (i) there are two competitive deactivation pathways for the excited singlet state of the porphyrin dimer, i.e., the quenching by the electrode via energy transfer and by the electron carrier via electron transfer, (ii) the porphyrin aggregation enhances the rate of nonradiative pathway in the excited state, and (iii) the electron transfer rate from the gold electrode to the resulting porphyrin cation radical decreases with an increase of the spacer lengths. These results will provide basic information for the construction of molecular assembly with photoactive function on surface.
Exploratory benchtop study evaluating the use of surgical design and simulation in fibula free flap mandibular reconstruction (2013)

The study revealed that the participants were more consistent in the preoperatively digitally planned surgery than they were in the free hand surgery.
Phenotyping Parents of Mapping Populations of Rice for Heat Tolerance during Anthesis (2008)

Seed set of rice ( Oryza sativa L.) is highly sensitive to short episodes of high temperature at anthesis events that are likely to be more frequent in future climates. Breeding for tolerance is therefore an essential component of adaptation to climate variability and change. Experiments were conducted in 2003 and 2004 at optimum (30°C daytime) and high (35 and 38°C) air temperature using parents of some prominent mapping populations (i) to determine whether there were differences in the daily flowering pattern and hence a potential heat avoidance mechanism, and (ii) to identify rice genotypes having true heat tolerance during anthesis, that is, high seed set in spikelets exposed to high temperature. Rice cultivar CG14 ( O. glaberrima ) reached peak anthesis earlier in the morning (1.5 h after dawn) under both control (30°C) and high (38°C) temperature conditions than O. sativa genotypes (≥3 h after dawn). Exposure to high temperature (centered on the time of peak anthesis) for 6 h reduced spikelet fertility more than exposure for 2 h, and fertility was lower at 38°C than at 35°C. Genotypic ranking for spikelet fertility at 35 and 38°C was highly correlated in both 2003 and 2004. Fertility was also highly correlated across years, suggesting a consistent and reproducible response of spikelet fertility to temperature. The check cultivar N22 was the most heat tolerant genotype (64–86% fertility at 38°C) and cultivars Azucena and Moroberekan the most susceptible (<8%).
Exchanging Genetic Data for Public Health Practice and Human Subjects Research: Implications for Health Practitioners (2005)

Advances in genomic science and medicine require collaboration between healthcare providers, researchers and public health practitioners to improve individual and communal health. However, broader collaboration raises significant privacy and other concerns about acquisitions, uses and disclosures of identifiable genetic data. Corresponding legal requirements vary extensively if data are to be used in clinical practice, human subjects research, or public health surveillance. Distinguishing between practice and research activities is not easy. We introduce an enhanced methodology to distinguish public health practice from human subjects research to: help providers, researchers, and public health practitioners navigate the legal requirements underlying the exchange of genetic information; determine when public health data use crosses over to research, thereby triggering differing legal and ethical regulations; and to protect individual and group privacy from the unintended misuse of genetic information.
Tissue interactions and antlerogenesis: New findings revealed by a xenograft approach (2001)

Tissue interactions play a pivotal role in organogenesis. Here we describe a xenograft approach to investigate how heterotypic tissue interactions control antler formation in deer. Deciduous antlers grow from the apices of permanent protuberances, called pedicles. Histogenesis of pedicles depends on the antlerogenic periosteum (AP). Pedicles and growing antlers are made up of interior osseocartilage (a mixture of bone and cartilaginous tissue) and exterior skin. In a previous study we hypothesised that pedicle growth may result from mechanical interactions between the interior and exterior components whereas antler generation from a pedicle would involve molecules communicating between the interior and exterior components. To test this hypothesis, we subcutaneously transplanted AP of red deer (Cervus elaphus), either alone or with future pedicle skin, onto nude mice. The results showed that under the nude mouse skin, subcutaneously xenografted AP alone not only could form pedicle-shaped protuberances but also could differentiate into well-organised pedicle-like structures. The overlying mouse skin accommodated the expansion of the grafted AP by initial mechanical stretching and subsequent formation of new skin. Nude mouse skin was not capable of participating in antler tissue formation. However, grafted deer skin together with AP may have successfully rescued this failure after wounding, which highlights the necessity of the specificity of the overlying skin for antler tissue generation. Therefore, we conclude that it is the interaction between the antlerogenic tissue and the overlying skin that results in antlerogenesis: reciprocal mechanical interactions cause pedicle formation, whereas reciprocal instructive interactions induce first antler generation.
In Vivo Biodistribution and Lifetime Analysis of Cy5.5-Conjugated Rituximab in Mice Bearing Lymphoid Tumor Xenograft Using Time-Domain Near-Infrared Optical Imaging (2008)

Rituximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against human CD20 antigen, which is expressed on B-cell lymphocytes and on the majority of B-cell lymphoid malignancies. Herein we report the conjugate of rituximab with the near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore Cy5.5 (RI-Cy5.5) as a tool for in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo NIR time-domain (TD) optical imaging. In vitro, RI-Cy5.5 retained biologic activity and led to elevated cell-associated fluorescence on tumor cells. In vivo, TD optical imaging analysis of RI-Cy5.5 injected into lymphoma-bearing mice revealed a slow tumor uptake and a specific long-lasting persistence of the probe within the tumor. Biodistribution studies after intraperitoneal and endovenous administration were undertaken to evaluate differences in the tumor uptake. RI-Cy5.5 concentration in the organs after intraperitoneal injection was not as high as after endovenous injection. Ex vivo analysis of biologic tissues and organs by both TD optical imaging and immunohistochemistry confirmed the probe distribution, as demonstrated by imaging experiment in vivo, showing that RI-Cy5.5 selectively accumulated in the tumor tissue and major excretion organs. In summary, the study indicates that NIR TD optical imaging is a powerful tool for rituximab-targeting investigation, furthering understanding of its administration outcome in lymphoma treatment.
Industrial Inorganic Chemistry (2000)

Primary inorganic materials: water hydrogen hydrogen peroxide and inorganic peroxo compounds nitrogen and nitrogen compounds phosphorus and its compounds sulfur and sulfur compounds halogens and halogen compounds mineral fertilizers - phosphorus-containing fertilizers nitrogen-containing fertilizers potassium-containing fertilizers. Metals and their compounds: alkali and alkaline earth metals and their compounds aluminum and its compounds chromium compounds and chromium silicon and its inorganic compounds manganese compounds and manganese. Silicones: structure and properties economic importance silicone manufacture industrial silicon products. Inorganic solids: silicate products inorganic fibers construction materials enamels ceramics metallic hard materials carbon modifications fillers inorganic pigments. Nuclear fuel cycle: economic importance of nuclear energy availability of uranium and thorium nuclear reactor types nuclear fuel production disposal of waste from nuclear power stations.
Epinephrine kinetics in septic shock – a means to understand variable catecholamine efficiency? (2009)

It is well-established that the hemodynamic response to infusing catecholamines, the most frequently applied drugs for circulatory support during shock states, may vary markedly within and between individuals. In this context it is striking that only scarce data are available on the pharmacokinetics of catecholamines in critically ill patients. Furthermore, the existing literature comprises fairly equivocal observations. Abboud and colleagues now report that, in patients with septic shock, epinephrine kinetics are linear and its clearance directly depends on body weight and is inversely related to the severity of the disease. The authors conclude that the endogenous adrenal axis hormones do not assume any additional importance.
20—NOTE ON THE COMPRESSIBILITY OF WOOL (1946)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size This article is part of the following collections: Special Issue in Celebration of the Journal of the Textile Institute's Centenary Year
Electrofinishing of metals using eutectic based ionic liquids (2008)

Ionic liquids are molten salts that have low melting points. This review concentrates upon eutectic mixtures of quaternary ammonium salts and metal salts (usually halides). These so-called eutectic\nbased ionic liquids can be used for the electrodeposition and dissolution of a wide range of metals and alloys. The review highlights the technological challenges involved in the application of ionic liquids to metal finishing.