gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Research trends of sub-subjects on Economics: a bibliometric study (2018)

The paper is basically a bibliometric study based on 4993 citations from 53 PhD theses under four sub-subjects of Economics viz. Indian Economics, Rural Economics, Economic Developing and International Economics). The purpose of the study is to analyze the citation pattern of references appended to the theses of all four subjects submitted to The University of Burdwan during the period 2006-2015. To fulfill the purpose, all the relevant information has been collected from the research section of The University of Burdwan and Shodhganga (http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/) and finally has been analyzed against pre-defined parameters such as bibliographic forms, journal ranking, authorship pattern, authorship collaboration, degree of collaboration. All the information collected under these parameters has been presented through dBaseIII plus programmer. It was found that highest number of contribution was in Indian Economics with 26 theses (49.05%) and least number of theses was contributed by International Economics with 2 theses (3.77%). The study also revealed that journals were found to be most cited documents (50.15%), followed by books (26.57%) and single authored articles were mostly cited than multi-authored articles.
Hydrogen Sulfide Darkening of Exterior Paint (1966)

Hydrogen sulfide reacts with heavy metal salts in exterior paints to form a precipitate which discolors the paint. Variables of this reaction include: type and concentration of heavy metal in the paint, age and condition of the paint surface, concentration and time of hydrogen sulfide exposure as well as the temperature and relative humidity of the ambient atmosphere. Variables of this reaction will be reviewed in terms of literature references and field results in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Cryogen-free Superconducting Magnet (2007)

Cryogen-free superconducting magnets are becoming popular due to their simple operation compared with conventional liquid helium cooled magnets. JAPAN SUPERCONDUCTOR TECHNOLOGY INC. has manufactured more than a hundred cryogen-free superconducting magnets based on technologies developed by the R&D division of Kobe Steel. The company has the largest worldwide market share. This report describes the basic features of cryogen-free magnets, as well as related recent and future developments.
Optimal Conditions for Protein Array Deposition Using Continuous Flow (2008)

Optimal conditions for depositing protein microarrays using a continuous-flow microfluidic device, the continuous-flow microspotter (CFM), have been determined using a design of experiments approach. The amount of protein deposited on the surface depends on the rates of convective and diffusive transport to the surface and binding at the surface. These rates depend on parameters such as the flow rate, time, and capture mechanism at the surface. The process parameters were optimized, and uniform protein spots were obtained at a protein concentration of 10 microg/mL and even at 0.4 microg/mL. A 150-fold dilution in protein concentration in the sample solution decreased surface concentration by a factor of only 16. If the capture mechanism of the protein on the substrate is nonspecific, optimal deposition is obtained at higher flow rates for short periods of time. If the capture mechanism is specific, such as biotin-avidin, deposition is optimal at medium flow rates with little advantage beyond 30 min. The CFM can be used to deposit protein arrays with good spot morphology, spot-to-spot uniformity and enhanced surface concentration. The CFM was used to deposit an array of various antibodies, and their interactions with an antigen were studied using surface plasmon resonance (SPR). Affinity values were obtained at low antibody concentrations (5 microg/mL) with low coefficients of variation. Thus, the CFM can be used to effectively capture proteins and antibodies from dilute samples while depositing multiple spots, thereby increasing the quality of spots in protein microarrays and especially improving screening throughput of SPR.
Metals, Surface Treatment (2006)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Cleaning 2.1. Cleaning in Aqueous and Nonaqueous Solvents 2.1.1. Cleaning and Degreasing in Aqueous Media 2.1.2. Cleaning Agents Based on Organic Solvents 2.1.3. Cleaning Process Technology 2.2. Cleaning and Pickling with Salt Baths 2.2.1. Bath Composition and Properties 2.2.2. Descaling of Metals 2.2.3. Casting Cleaning 2.2.4. Coatings Removal 3. Phosphating 3.1. Chemistry 3.2. Methods of Application 3.3. Uses of Phosphate Coatings 4. Case Hardening of Ferrous Metals 4.1. Case Hardening without Chemical Reaction via Phase Boundary 4.1.1. Flame Hardening 4.1.2. Induction Hardening 4.1.3. Laser Hardening 4.1.4. Electron Beam Hardening 4.2. Thermochemical Treatment 4.2.1. Gas Carburizing 4.2.1.1. Principles 4.2.1.2. Properties of Carburized Components 4.2.1.3. Carburizing Methods 4.2.2. Nitriding and Nitrocarburizing 4.2.2.1. Principles 4.2.2.2.
Oxygen delivery using engineered microparticles (2016)

A continuous supply of oxygen to tissues is vital to life and interruptions in its delivery are poorly tolerated. The treatment of low-blood oxygen tensions requires restoration of functional airways and lungs. Unfortunately, severe oxygen deprivation carries a high mortality rate and can make otherwise-survivable illnesses unsurvivable. Thus, an effective and rapid treatment for hypoxemia would be revolutionary. The i.v. injection of oxygen bubbles has recently emerged as a potential strategy to rapidly raise arterial oxygen tensions. In this report, we describe the fabrication of a polymer-based intravascular oxygen delivery agent. Polymer hollow microparticles (PHMs) are thin-walled, hollow polymer microcapsules with tunable nanoporous shells. We show that PHMs are easily charged with oxygen gas and that they release their oxygen payload only when exposed to desaturated blood. We demonstrate that oxygen release from PHMs is diffusion-controlled, that they deliver approximately five times more oxygen gas than human red blood cells (per gram), and that they are safe and effective when injected in vivo. Finally, we show that PHMs can be stored at room temperature under dry ambient conditions for at least 2 mo without any effect on particle size distribution or gas carrying capacity.
A PLASTIC-VISCO-ELASTIC MODEL FOR WRINKLES IN FACIAL ANIMATION AND SKIN AGING (1994)

A model is described to simulate expressive wrinkles in 3D facial animation and skin aging.A plastic-visco-elastic skin surface is defined that can slide over an underlying layer.This layer constrains the skin surface by the spring force that simulates the connective fat tissue between skin and muscles.Muscle masks are constructed to characterize the muscular contractions that offer the tension to the skin and provide the facial movement.By choosing proper parameters for this physically based model, wrinkles in facial animation and skin aging are simulated through the elastic process assembled with visco and plastic units.
Resolution of Pd Catalyst with <i>tropos</i> Biphenylphosphine (BIPHEP) Ligand by DM-DABN:  Asymmetric Catalysis by an Enantiopure BIPHEP−Pd Complex<sup>1</sup> (2001)

[reaction: see text] The racemic Pd complex with the chirally flexible (tropos) biphenylphosphine (BIPHEP) ligand can be resolved with enantiopure 3,3'-dimethyl-2,2'-diamino-1,1'-binaphthyl (DM-DABN) as a resolving agent at room temperature. The enantiopure BIPHEP-Pd complex is obtained from complexation with enantiopure DABN followed by tropo-inversion into the single BIPHEP-Pd diastereomer at 80 degrees C and protonation at 0 degrees C. The enantiopure BIPHEP-Pd complex can be used as an efficient Lewis acid catalyst for the Diels-Alder reaction at room temperature to give high enantioselectivity (82% ee, 60%).
Fungicidal properties of Pinus sylvestris L. for improvement of air quality. (2004)

Sick building syndrome is a term commonly used to describe the consequences of poor indoor air quality. It is well documented that first of all air quality depends on the chemical composition, and until now negligible attention has been paid to air pollution by microorganisms. Some species of fungi (Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. parasiticus, A. oryzea and other) and their toxins cause difficulty in breathing, allergic rhinitis, watery eyes, headaches, and flu-like symptoms. Over recent years considerable interest has been developed for plant extracts that would be of great use for the improvement of air quality. The biological activity of Pinus sylvestris L. has been investigated in order to find out its fungicidal activity against airborne microorganisms. It was determined, that fungi from Aspergillus and Penicillium genera dominated indoors. Antimicrobial activity of pine oil was evaluated by technique of oil diffusion to Czapek agar (for fungi), malt extract agar (for yeast and yeast-like fungi) and nutrient agar (for bacteria). Minimum inhibitory concentrations of pine oil to 13 species (8 fungi, 2 yeast-like fungi, yeast and 2 bacteria,) were determined: 1.0-2.5, 1.0-1.2, 0.5-0.75, and 0.75-1.2% (v/v), respectively. According to resistance to pine oil action, microorganisms grouped themselves as following: fungi, spore bacteria, yeast-like fungi, yeast, and bacteria (fungi being the most resistive and bacteria being the least resistive). The most active concentration of pine oil against all tested microorganisms was 2.5%, and the most sensitive fungus to volatiles was Ulocladium oudemansii.
A Magnetic Tracking System based on Highly Sensitive Integrated Hall Sensors. (2002)

A tracking system with five degrees of freedom based on a 2D-array of 16 Hall sensors and a permanent magnet is presented in this paper. The sensitivity of the Hall sensors is increased by integrated micro- and external macro-flux-concentrators. Detection distance larger than 20cm (during one hour without calibration) is achieved using a magnet of 0.2cm3. This corresponds to a resolution of the sensors of 0.05µTrms. The position and orientation of the marker is displayed in real time at least 20 times per second. The sensing system is small enough to be hand-held and can be used in a normal environment. This presented tracking system has been successfully applied to follow a small swallowed magnet through the entire human digestive tube. This approach is extremely promising as a new non-invasive diagnostic technique in gastro-enterology.
Unique dicistronic operon (<i>ptsI‐crr</i>) in <i>Mycoplasma capricolum</i> encoding Enzyme I and the glucose‐specific Enzyme IIA of the phosphoenolpyruvate: Sugar phosphotransferase system: Cloning, sequencing, promoter analysis, and protein characterization (1994)

The region of the genome of Mycoplasma capricolum encompassing the genes for Enzymes I and IIAglc of the phosphoenolpyruvate:sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS) was cloned and sequenced. Examination of the sequence revealed a unique arrangement of the pts operon. In all other bacterial species characterized thus far, the gene encoding Enzyme I (ptsI) in the pts operon is located immediately downstream of the gene (ptsH) encoding HPr, a general energy coupling protein of the PTS. In M. capricolum, ptsH and ptsI reside on 2 distinct operons at separate loci on the chromosome (Zhu PP, Reizer J, Reizer A, Peterkofsky A, 1993, J Biol Chem 268:26531-26540). In the present work, it is shown that the Mycoplasma Enzyme I gene is preceded by an open reading frame homologous to the product of the Escherichia coli kdtB gene and is followed by the gene (crr) encoding Enzyme IIAglc. Northern blot analysis indicated that ptsI and crr constitute a dicistronic operon that includes an independent promoter for the crr gene. Primer extension studies established the transcription start sites for the ptsI and crr genes. The products of the ptsI and crr genes are homologous to previously sequenced Enzymes I and IIAglc proteins but are more similar to the counterpart proteins from gram-positive than to those from gram-negative organisms. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Mycoplasma Enzyme I shows that it differs from other Enzymes I by having fewer acidic amino acids and more basic, amidated, and aromatic amino acids. The deduced amino acid sequence of the Mycoplasma Enzyme IIAglc indicates that it is the shortest (154 residues) of the proteins in this class and it is the only Enzyme IIAglc with a tryptophan and a cysteine residue. In vitro sugar phosphorylation studies with extracts from E. coli and Bacillus subtilis and purified proteins indicated that the Mycoplasma HPr is not a phosphoacceptor from the E. coli Enzyme I, whereas the Mycoplasma Enzyme IIAglc accepts and transfers phosphate from both E. coli and B. subtilis PTS components.
Role of Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) in breast cancer (2011)

The Y-box binding protein-1 (YB-1) is a multifunctional protein with roles in transcription, translation, DNA repair, and a recently identified function as an extracellular mitogen. YB-1 is over-expressed in various malignancies including breast carcinoma. Previous work from our laboratory has shown that YB-1 is expressed in approximately 40% of invasive breast carcinomas, and its expression correlates with relapse and poor survival. Further, the oncogenic potential of YB-1 has been demonstrated in breast cancer. In the studies presented in this thesis, we sought to understand the contribution of YB-1 as an oncogenic transcription factor to breast cancer. We focused our studies on the basal-like breast carcinoma (BLBC) and the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) over-expressing breast cancers, as patients with these subtypes suffer the worst prognosis. Using BLBC cell lines, we demonstrated that YB-1 induces expression of MET and PIK3CA to promote anchorage-independent growth and invasion respectively. These studies further identified YB-1 as a potential therapeutic target in BLBC. We then directed our focus to the HER2 over-expressing breast cancers. Although the development of trastuzumab (Herceptin®), a targeted therapy against HER2, has provided a substantial advance in the care of affected patients, resistance remains a prevailing challenge. We identified a novel mechanism by which signalling proteins, mitogen activated protein kinase interacting kinase (MNK) and p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK), interact to increase phosphorylation of YB-1. In turn, phosphorylation of YB-1 promotes its nuclear translocation where it regulates transcription of genes involved in trastuzumab resistance. These results further suggest YB-1 as a therapeutic target to improve outcome for women with trastuzumab refractory disease. As a whole, the studies outlined in this thesis have contributed to our understanding of breast cancer pathogenesis and have identified novel aspects of YB-1 function in BLBC and in HER2 over-expressing breast carcinomas.
P-I-N Variable Attenuator with Low Phase Shift (Short Papers) (1972)

A broad-band MIC current-controlled variable attenuator that exhibits small phase change versus attenuation has been developed. Design factors that effect phase shift are discussed. Performance at frequencies between 0.5 and 3.0 GHz is shown. Measured values of attenuation are shown to be independent of frequency from 0.5 to 3.0 GHz.
Characterization of a novel thioesterase (PtTE) from <i>Phaeodactylum tricornutum</i> (2011)

The Phaeodactylum tricornutum (P. tricornutum) thioesterase PtTE was encoded by a 648 bp open reading frame. The deduced 216 amino acids showed no similarity with plant acyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterases and bacterial thioesterases. Southern blot analysis revealed that one copy of PtTE was present in the P. tricornutum genome, and Real-time quantitative PCR showed that PtTE was up-regulated upon nitrogen deprivation. Thioesterase activity of PtTE was established by heterologous expression of PtTE cDNA in Escherichia coli (E. coli) XL1-Blue and K27fadD88, a mutant strain of fatty acid β-oxidation pathway. The substrate specificity of PtTE was determined by fatty acid profile analyses of the culture supernatant and membrane lipid of recombinant strains. Recombinant PtTE in E.coli enhanced total fatty acid content of XL1-Blue by 21%, and also changed the fatty acid compositions of membrane lipid and culture supernatant. These changes were directed predominantly towards C18:0 and C18:1 fatty acids. Overexpression of PtTE alone in P. tricornutum did not alter the fatty acid composition of P. tricornutum, but enhanced total fatty acid content by 72%. This novel thioesterase gene shows its potential in metabolic engineering for enhancing lipid yield of microalgae. This is so far the first report of thioesterase from eukaryotic microalgae.
Analysis of the HUPO Brain Proteome reference samples using 2‐D DIGE and 2‐D LC‐MS/MS (2006)

Within the Human Proteome Organization (HUPO) Brain Proteome Project, a pilot study was launched with reference samples shipped to nine international laboratories (see Hamacher et al., this Special Issue) to evaluate different proteome approaches in neuroscience and to build up a first version of a brain protein database. One part of the study addresses quantitative proteome alterations between three developmental stages (embryonic day 16; postnatal day 7; 8 weeks) of mouse brains. Five brains per stage were differentially analyzed by 2-D DIGE using internal standardization and overlapping pH gradients (pH 4-7 and 6-9). In total, 214 protein spots showing stage-dependent intensity alterations (> two-fold) were detected, 56 of which were identified. Several of them, e.g. members of the dihydropyrimidinase family, are known to be associated with brain development. To feed the HUPO BPP brain protein database, a robust 2-D LC-MS/MS method was applied to murine postnatal day 7 and human post-mortem brain samples. Using MASCOT and the IPI database, 350 human and 481 mouse proteins could be identified by at least two different peptides. The data are accessible through the PRIDE database (http://www.ebi.ac.uk/pride/).
Hierarchical segmentation of cervical and lumbar vertebrae using a customized generalized Hough transform and extensions to active appearance models (2004)

The paper describes a semi-automatic segmentation method for application to cervical and lumbar X-ray images. The method consists of a three stage, coarse to fine, segmentation process utilizing the generalised Hough transform for one stage, and active appearance models for two stages. Customizations to these algorithms are introduced, and segmentation results for 273 cervical X-ray images and 262 lumbar X-ray images are presented.
A scalable and flexible web services authentication model (2007)

The WS-* specification set defines a message authentication model for web services. This model targets the authentication of messages exchanges in large scale decentralized systems, composed by different authentication domains. However, it has scalability and flexibility limitations: the acquirement of identity claims requires online interactions with security token services, which introduces communication overhead and creates performance bottlenecks; the services' policies, containing its requirements, must directly point to the issuing security token services, limiting the flexibility of the trust relations.
Changes in Gene Expression Foreshadow Diet-Induced Obesity in Genetically Identical Mice (2006)

High phenotypic variation in diet-induced obesity in male C57BL/6J inbred mice suggests a molecular model to investigate non-genetic mechanisms of obesity. Feeding mice a high-fat diet beginning at 8 wk of age resulted in a 4-fold difference in adiposity. The phenotypes of mice characteristic of high or low gainers were evident by 6 wk of age, when mice were still on a low-fat diet; they were amplified after being switched to the high-fat diet and persisted even after the obesogenic protocol was interrupted with a calorically restricted, low-fat chow diet. Accordingly, susceptibility to diet-induced obesity in genetically identical mice is a stable phenotype that can be detected in mice shortly after weaning. Chronologically, differences in adiposity preceded those of feeding efficiency and food intake, suggesting that observed difference in leptin secretion is a factor in determining phenotypes related to food intake. Gene expression analyses of adipose tissue and hypothalamus from mice with low and high weight gain, by microarray and qRT-PCR, showed major changes in the expression of genes of Wnt signaling and tissue re-modeling in adipose tissue. In particular, elevated expression of SFRP5, an inhibitor of Wnt signaling, the imprinted gene MEST and BMP3 may be causally linked to fat mass expansion, since differences in gene expression observed in biopsies of epididymal fat at 7 wk of age (before the high-fat diet) correlated with adiposity after 8 wk on a high-fat diet. We propose that C57BL/6J mice have the phenotypic characteristics suitable for a model to investigate epigenetic mechanisms within adipose tissue that underlie diet-induced obesity.
Terrain-Referenced Navigation Using the IGMAP Data Fusion Algorithm (2005)

Accuracy and robustness are vital to present and future air navigation, both in the military and civil spheres. The strengths of INS and GPS are well known; integrated INS/GPS systems combine their advantages. However, the knowledge required to jam GPS is becoming public, and it can be carried out with basic hardware. When GPS data are unavailable, and a low grade INS is used, navigation accuracy quickly degrades to an unacceptable level. Terrain-referenced navigation (TRN) techniques - for example, terrain contour navigation based on radio altimeter measurements over undulating terrain - provide a complementary technology: when integrated with INS and GPS, TRN can allow the system to establish and maintain high accuracy even in sustained GPS outages. The authors' previous paper [1] explored different techniques for performing the triple integration of TRN, INS and GPS, and found that there were performance advantages if TRN data were processed using a novel data fusion algorithm known as IGMAP; in particular, IGMAP was found to provide more accurate and robust performance over low roughness terrain, which can prove challenging to conventional TRN algorithms. The present paper explores the IGMAP algorithm and its performance in more detail. IGMAP (Iterative Gaussian Mixture Approximation of the Posterior) is an advanced data fusion algorithm for handling non-linear measurements, particularly ambiguous measurements (i.e. measurements for which the likelihood function may be multimodal), in conjunction with a linear or linearisable system model. It is particularly well suited to system models of high dimensionality, and applications where it is desired to interoperate with existing approaches using a Kalman Filter or multi-hypothesis Kalman Filter. Although devised with integrated TRN/INS or TRN/INS/GPS systems in mind, the algorithm has potential applications to other data fusion problems, for example in target tracking. The paper outlines the mathematical foundations of the algorithm, and illustrates its operation using recorded flight data based on the use of an inertial system aided by terrain height information from a radio altimeter.