gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibitory influence of the ipsilateral motor cortex on responses to stimulation of the human cortex and pyramidal tract (1998)

1. The ability of the primary motor cortex (M1) to modulate motor responses in ipsilateral hand muscles seems to be important for normal motor control and potentially also for recovery after brain lesions. It is not clear which pathways mediate this ipsilateral modulation. Transcallosal connections have been proposed, but are known to be sparse between cortical hand motor representations in primates. The present study was performed to determine whether descending ipsilateral modulation of motor responses might also be mediated below the cortical level in humans. 2. A paired-pulse protocol was used, in which motor-evoked potentials (MEPs) were produced by cortical transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTMS) or by electrical stimulation of the pyramidal tract at the level of the pyramidal decussation (pdTES), in both preactivated and relaxed hand muscles. Paired stimuli were applied at various interstimulus intervals (ISIs) between 2 and 100 ms. The conditioning stimulus (CS) was always magnetic, and delivered to the M1 ipsilateral to the target hand, prior to the test stimulus (TS). The magnetic TS was delivered to the M1 contralateral to the target hand; the electrical TS was applied through electrodes placed over the mastoid process bilaterally. Further experiments included cortical electrical stimulation and H-reflexes. The MEP amplitudes were averaged separately for each ISI and the control condition (no CS), and expressed as a percentage of the unconditioned response. 3. Conditioning stimulation of the ipsilateral M1 resulted in significant inhibition of magnetically evoked MEPs, and also of MEPs produced by pdTES. Inhibition occurred at ISIs between 6 and 50 ms, and was observed in preactivated and relaxed muscles. Higher CS intensities caused greater inhibition of both cTMS- and pdTES-evoked MEPs. 4. While the conditioning effects on magnetically evoked muscle responses could be explained by a transcallosal mechanism, the effects on pdTES-evoked MEPs cannot, because they are elicited subcortically and are therefore not susceptible to inhibitory mechanisms transmitted at the cortico-cortical level. 5. In conclusion, the present results provide novel evidence that the inhibitory influence of the human M1 on ipsilateral hand muscles is to a significant extent mediated below the cortical level, and not only through cortico-cortical transcallosal connections. They point to a concept of inhibitory interaction between the two primary motor cortices that is relayed at multiple levels along the neuroaxis, thus perhaps providing a structurally redundant system which may become important in case of lesions.
Molecular phenotyping of human chondrocyte cell lines T/C‐28a2, T/C‐28a4, and C‐28/I2 (2003)

The expression of SOX9, the master gene of chondrocytic cell differentiation, reflects the basically chondrocytic phenotype of these cells. However, the major issue appears to be that these cell lines mainly proliferate and show less expression of genes involved in matrix synthesis and turnover. In this respect, C-28/I2 cells display the highest levels of matrix-anabolic and matrix-catabolic genes and thus are presumably preferable for use in investigating chondrocyte anabolic and catabolic activity and its regulation. None of the 3 cell lines appears to be a direct substitute for primary chondrocytes. A successful approach will have to validate the findings obtained with chondrocyte cell lines by using primary chondrocytes or cartilage-tissue cultures. This would permit the establishment of reproducible in vitro models and subsequently allow investigators to relate the findings to the physiologic situation.
Ferrite Phase Shifters and Multi-Port Circulators in Microstrip and Stripline (1971)

Theoretical and experimental results are presented for new ferrite stripline phase shifters and new multi-port microstrip circulators, utilizing the edge-guided mode of propagation.
IFN-gamma, tumor necrosis factor-<i>alpha</i>, and urokinase regulate the expression of urokinase receptors on human monocytes. (1988)

The ability of macrophages to reach inflammatory loci is crucial in the function of cellular immunity. Invasive properties of macrophages may be due to the proteinase urokinase which binds to cell surface receptors, and thereby confers on macrophages the capacity for localized proteolysis of the interstitium. Here, we investigated the role of the macrophage-activating factors IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and granulocyte-macrophage-CSF and of urokinase on the expression of urokinase receptors by human cultured monocytes. IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha induced increased urokinase binding to human cultured monocytes in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. At optimal concentrations, IFN-gamma (200 U/ml) increased the number of receptors/cell from 14,000 to 64,000, TNF-alpha (50 U/ml) to 30,000, and combinations of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha to 90,000. Granulocyte-macrophage-CSF had no effect. The enhanced urokinase binding is due to increased numbers of urokinase receptors and not an increased affinity of the receptor for urokinase. In the presence of urokinase during monocyte activation, IFN-gamma induced only 25,000 receptors/cell. However, urokinase does not inhibit increased receptor expression when the cells are activated with TNF-alpha. The effect of urokinase on induction of urokinase receptors by combinations of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha varied with the dosage of TNF-alpha: A combination of IFN-gamma (200 U/ml) and TNF-alpha (15 U/ml) induced 38,000 receptors/cell in the presence and 90,000 receptors/cells in the absence of urokinase, whereas IFN-gamma (200 U/ml) and TNF-alpha (20 U/ml) induced 90,000 receptors/cell in the absence and presence of urokinase. These studies demonstrate that IFN-gamma, TNF-alpha, and urokinase collectively regulate the number of urokinase receptors on human monocytes. The induction of urokinase receptors may be responsible for increased invasiveness of the activated macrophage.
L'incidence et le traitement de la restenose coronarienne malgre l'implantation d'une endoprothese. [Incidence and treatment of coronary restenosis in spite of the implantation of an endoprosthesis] (1988)

Between April 1986 and February 1988, 72 endoprosthesis implantations were carried out in the coronary arteries of 65 patients. The indication for implantation was either abrupt closure post angioplasty or prevention of restenosis. The first 3 cases of restenosis within the stented segment are reported. Two were treated by repeat balloon angioplasty, with temporary improvement. The possible mechanisms underlying this particular form of restenosis are discussed.
IL-17 and TNF-α Sustain Neutrophil Recruitment during Inflammation through Synergistic Effects on Endothelial Activation (2012)

IL-17A (IL-17) is the signature cytokine produced by Th17 cells and has been implicated in host defense against infection and the pathophysiology of autoimmunity and cardiovascular disease. Little is known, however, about the influence of IL-17 on endothelial activation and leukocyte influx to sites of inflammation. We hypothesized that IL-17 would induce a distinct pattern of endothelial activation and leukocyte recruitment when compared with the Th1 cytokine IFN-γ. We found that IL-17 alone had minimal activating effects on cultured endothelium, whereas the combination of TNF-α and IL-17 produced a synergistic increase in the expression of both P-selectin and E-selectin. Using intravital microscopy of the mouse cremaster muscle, we found that TNF-α and IL-17 also led to a synergistic increase in E-selectin-dependent leukocyte rolling on microvascular endothelium in vivo. In addition, TNF-α and IL-17 enhanced endothelial expression of the neutrophilic chemokines CXCL1, CXCL2, and CXCL5 and led to a functional increase in leukocyte transmigration in vivo and CXCR2-dependent neutrophil but not T cell transmigration in a parallel-plate flow chamber system. By contrast, endothelial activation with TNF-α and IFN-γ preferentially induced the expression of the integrin ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, as well as the T cell chemokines CXCL9, CXCL10, and CCL5. These effects were further associated with a functional increase in T cell but not neutrophil transmigration under laminar shear flow. Overall, these data show that IL-17 and TNF-α act in a synergistic manner to induce a distinct pattern of endothelial activation that sustains and enhances neutrophil influx to sites of inflammation.
Synthesis and reaction of N-methyl-N-tosylpyrrolidinium perchlorate, a selective tosylating reagent (1972)

Reaction of N-methylpyrrolidine and tosyl chloride in the presence of AgClO4 afforded N-methyl-N-tosylpyrrolidinium perchlorate (II) as a stable, crystalline salt, which can be used for the selective tosylation of an amino-group in the presence of a hydroxy-group.
Microbending loss evaluation in arbitrary-index single-mode optical fibers. Part I: Formulation and general properties (1980)

Microbending loss formula is derived for arbitrary-index profile optical fibers by using analytical curved fiber fields to the first-order perturbation theory. Relation between loss and fiber curvature power spectral statistics is studied in detail. Normalized frequency giving the minimum microbending loss value scarcely depends on the power spectrum. The larger the propagation constant difference between the guided and quasi-guided modes, the smaller the microbending loss is in regard to wavelength, relative index difference, and normalized frequency dependence. The obtained formulas for single-mode fiber show the same dependence as the graded-index multimode fiber, with respect to fiber structure and curvature statistical parameters.
Enhancement of γ-aminobutyric acid production in recombinant <i>Corynebacterium glutamicum</i> by co-expressing two glutamate decarboxylase genes from <i>Lactobacillus brevis</i> (2013)

γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a non-protein amino acid, is a bioactive component in the food, feed and pharmaceutical fields. To establish an effective single-step production system for GABA, a recombinant Corynebacterium glutamicum strain co-expressing two glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) genes (gadB1 and gadB2) derived from Lactobacillus brevis Lb85 was constructed. Compared with the GABA production of the gadB1 or gadB2 single-expressing strains, GABA production by the gadB1-gadB2 co-expressing strain increased more than twofold. By optimising urea supplementation, the total production of L-glutamate and GABA increased from 22.57 ± 1.24 to 30.18 ± 1.33 g L⁻¹, and GABA production increased from 4.02 ± 0.95 to 18.66 ± 2.11 g L⁻¹ after 84-h cultivation. Under optimal urea supplementation, L-glutamate continued to be consumed, GABA continued to accumulate after 36 h of fermentation, and the pH level fluctuated. GABA production increased to a maximum level of 27.13 ± 0.54 g L⁻¹ after 120-h flask cultivation and 26.32 g L⁻¹ after 60-h fed-batch fermentation. The conversion ratio of L-glutamate to GABA reached 0.60-0.74 mol mol⁻¹. By co-expressing gadB1 and gadB2 and optimising the urea addition method, C. glutamicum was genetically improved for de novo biosynthesis of GABA from its own accumulated L-glutamate.
Identification and Analysis of P2P Traffic- An Example of BitTorrent (2006)

A pay load-analysis approach to identification and measurement of peer-to-peer (P2P) network services is proposed. The proposed approach effectively and efficiently identifies the complicated traffic caused by P2P network services. The feature extraction, pay load analysis and dynamic measurement are the three pillars of the proposed approach. The dynamics of BT connections are featured to generalize the packet-capture criteria. Followed up, a payload analysis of captured packets is used to identify and measure the traffic. The implementation of the proposed scheme has been realized on a Pentium-III computer. The results shows the effectiveness of the proposed scheme and the efficient measurement of the traffic parameters, such as peer IPs, port numbers, data rates, etc. The parameter measurement facilitates this possible bandwidth management of P2P traffic in the near future
Carbon Monoxide Mass Transfer for Syngas Fermentation in a Stirred Tank Reactor with Dual Impeller Configurations (2007)

This study compares the power demand and gas-liquid volumetric mass transfer coefficient, kLa, in a stirred tank reactor (STR) (T = 0.211 m) using different impeller designs and schemes in a carbon monoxide-water system, which is applicable to synthesis gas (syngas) fermentation. Eleven different impeller schemes were tested over a range of operating conditions typically associated with the “after large cavity” region (ALC) of a Rushton-type turbine (D/T = 0.35). It is found that the dual Rushton-type impeller scheme exhibits the highest volumetric mass transfer rates for all operating conditions; however, it also displays the lowest mass transfer performance (defined as the volumetric mass transfer coefficient per unit power input) for all conditions due to its high power consumption. Dual impeller schemes with an axial flow impeller as the top impeller show improved mass transfer rates without dramatic increases in power draw. At high gas flow rates, dual impeller schemes with a lower concave impeller have kLa values similar to those of the Rushton-type dual impeller schemes but show improved mass transfer performance. It is believed that the mass transfer performance can be further enhanced for the bottom concave impeller schemes by operating at conditions beyond the ALC region defined for Rushton-type impellers because the concave impeller can handle higher gas flow rates prior to flooding.
Structuring and supporting persistent chat conversations (2006)

Persistence of conversations has been found to be a useful feature in group chat tools. When conversations are stored and made accessible to all members of a group, they can facilitate organizational memory, group awareness, and other beneficial practices. However, the lack of structure in chat conversations makes it difficult for users to read and keep track of lengthy conversation histories. To contend with this problem, we have developed a persistent chat system that incorporates a number of features which facilitate participation in long, ongoing conversations.
The Surgical Art (1999)

Enlightenment London surgeon. Examining his personal, professional, and genteel achievements enhances our understanding of the boundary between surgeons and physicians in Enlightenment 'marketplace' practice. Turner's pioneering writing on skin disease, De Morbis Cutaneis, emphasizes the skin's role as a physical and professional boundary between university-educated physicians who treated internal disease and apprentice-trained surgeons relegated to the care of external disorders. Turner also argued that a pregnant woman's imagination could be transferred to her unborn child, imprinting its skin with various marks and deformities. This stance sparked a major pamphlet war between Turner and London physician James Blondel, raising this phenomenon from a folk belief to a chief concern of Enlightenment natural philosophy. Turner's career-long crusade against quackery and his voluminous writings on syphilis, a common 'surgical' disorder, provide a refined view into distinctions between orthodox and quack practices in 18th-Century London. Turner, long viewed as a pioneer in British dermatology, also holds the Anglo-American distinction of receiving a medical degree from Yale, the first such degree offered from Colonial America
A recombinant chimeric protein composed of human and mice‐specific <scp>CD</scp>4<sup>+</sup> and <scp>CD</scp>8<sup>+</sup> T‐cell epitopes protects against visceral leishmaniasis (2016)

In this study, a recombinant chimeric protein (RCP), which was composed of specific CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell epitopes to murine and human haplotypes, was evaluated as an immunogen against Leishmania infantum infection in a murine model. BALB/c mice received saline were immunized with saponin or with RCP with or without an adjuvant. The results showed that RCP/saponin-vaccinated mice presented significantly higher levels of antileishmanial IFN-γ, IL-12 and GM-CSF before and after challenge, which were associated with the reduction of IL-4 and IL-10 mediated responses. These animals showed significant reductions in the parasite burden in all evaluated organs, when both limiting dilution and quantitative real-time PCR techniques were used. In addition, the protected animals presented higher levels of parasite-specific nitrite, as well as the presence of anti-Leishmania IgG2a isotype antibodies. In conclusion, the RCP/saponin vaccine could be considered as a prophylactic alternative to prevent against VL.
A dark-line two-dimensional magneto-optical trap of 85Rb atoms with high optical depth (2012)

We describe the apparatus of a dark-line two-dimensional (2D) magneto-optical trap (MOT) of (85)Rb cold atoms with high optical depth (OD). Different from the conventional configuration, two (of three) pairs of trapping laser beams in our 2D MOT setup do not follow the symmetry axes of the quadrupole magnetic field: they are aligned with 45° angles to the longitudinal axis. Two orthogonal repumping laser beams have a dark-line volume in the longitudinal axis at their cross over. With a total trapping laser power of 40 mW and repumping laser power of 18 mW, we obtain an atomic OD up to 160 in an electromagnetically induced transparency (EIT) scheme, which corresponds to an atomic-density-length product NL = 2.05 × 10(15) m(-2). In a closed two-state system, the OD can become as large as more than 600. Our 2D MOT configuration allows full optical access of the atoms in its longitudinal direction without interfering with the trapping and repumping laser beams spatially. Moreover, the zero magnetic field along the longitudinal axis allows the cold atoms maintain a long ground-state coherence time without switching off the MOT magnetic field, which makes it possible to operate the MOT at a high repetition rate and a high duty cycle. Our 2D MOT is ideal for atomic-ensemble-based quantum optics applications, such as EIT, entangled photon pair generation, optical quantum memory, and quantum information processing.
An improved method for RTL synthesis with testability tradeoffs (1993)

A method for high level synthesis with testability is presented with the objective to generate self-testable RTL datapath structures. We base our approach on a new improved testability model that generates various testable design styles while reducing the circuit sequential depth from controllable to observable registers. We follow the allocation method with an automatic test point selection algorithm and with an interactive tradeoff scheme which trades design area and delay with test quality. The method has been implemented and design comparisons are reported.
Democratie zonder volk. Het meerderheidsbeginsel in een radicaal gepolariseerde samenleving (2007)

Perceiving an object as salient from its surround often requires a preceding process of grouping the object and background elements as perceptual wholes. In humans, motion homogeneity provides a strong cue for grouping, yet it is unknown to what extent this occurs in nonprimate species. To explore this question, we studied the effects of visual motion homogeneity in barn owls of both genders, at the behavioral as well as the neural level. Our data show that the coherency of the background motion modulates the perceived saliency of the target object. An object moving in an odd direction relative to other objects attracted more attention when the other objects moved homogeneously compared with when moved in a variety of directions. A possible neural correlate of this effect may arise in the population activity of the intermediate/deep layers of the optic tectum. In these layers, the neural responses to a moving element in the receptive field were suppressed when additional elements moved in the surround. However, when the surrounding elements all moved in one direction (homogeneously moving), they induced less suppression of the response compared with nonhomogeneously moving elements. Moreover, neural responses were more sensitive to the homogeneity of the background motion than to motion-direction contrasts between the receptive field and the surround. The findings suggest similar principles of saliency-by-motion in an avian species as in humans and show a locus in the optic tectum where the underlying neural circuitry may exist.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> A critical task of the visual system is to arrange incoming visual information to a meaningful scene of objects and background. In humans, elements that move homogeneously are grouped perceptually to form a categorical whole object. We discovered a similar principle in the barn owl's visual system, whereby the homogeneity of the motion of elements in the scene allows perceptually distinguishing an object from its surround. The novel findings of these visual effects in an avian species, which lacks neocortical structure, suggest that our basic visual perception shares more universal principles across species than presently thought, and shed light on possible brain mechanisms for perceptual grouping.
CRYING IN INFANCY (1962)

Eighty mothers of normal newborn infants kept daily records of their infants' fussing for the first 12 weeks. Twenty-eight babies were the firstborn in the family. An attempt was made to eliminate excessive environmental tension as an additive factor. Babies with underlying pathology were eliminated also. There was an average of 2¼ hours' crying in the first 7 weeks, with less each week thereafter. The time of day of its occurrence is summarized. Typical non-fussers sucked their fingers for longer periods each day. Babies who cried an unusual amount responded to manipulation of environmental tension. The possible innate reasons for crying in the infant are summarized. The hypothesis is made that a certain amount of crying is necessary. The reassuring aspect of this incidence of crying in "normal," emotionally secure, well-fed infants can be stressed by pediatricians for earnest parents who become anxious about a normal amount of unsatisfiable crying in their own neonate.