gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman study on the Ni/SiC interface reaction (2002)

Ni/SiC interface reaction was investigated by Raman scattering. The specimen consisted of a 200 nm Ni layer deposited on a both-side polished 6H–SiC wafer with postannealing at 500–1100 °C. Raman spectra were observed from both faces of the specimen, i.e., from the Ni layer side and from the opposite (SiC wafer) side. The spectra showed that nickel silicides were formed by annealing at above 500 °C, and diffusion of Si atoms into the Ni layer played a key role in forming an ohmic contact at above ∼900 °C. It was also found that carbon atoms that did not react with Ni formed nanometer-size clusters. This work clearly demonstrates that Raman scattering is useful for studying interface reactions between metallic electrodes and SiC.
ZeroDB white paper (2016)

ZeroDB is an end-to-end encrypted database that enables clients to operate on (search, sort, query, and share) encrypted data without exposing encryption keys or cleartext data to the database server. The familiar client-server architecture is unchanged, but query logic and encryption keys are pushed client-side. Since the server has no insight into the nature of the data, the risk of data being exposed via a server-side data breach is eliminated. Even if the server is successfully infiltrated, adversaries would not have access to the cleartext data and cannot derive anything useful out of disk or RAM snapshots. 
ZeroDB provides end-to-end encryption while maintaining much of the functionality expected of a modern database, such as full-text search, sort, and range queries. Additionally, ZeroDB uses proxy re-encryption and/or delta key technology to enable secure, granular sharing of encrypted data without exposing keys to the server and without sharing the same encryption key between users of the database.
Keeping chaos at bay (1993)

The use of electronic circuits in studying chaotic dynamics and control are reviewed. Since all chaotic systems have several properties in common, simple circuits are analogous to much more complicated ones, such as lasers. Consequently, the methods developed to control chaos in electronic circuits are applicable to many diverse physical systems. The controlling device itself is a high-speed analog circuit. In applying perturbations, no calculations are made; instead, trial-and-error adjustments are used to locate the desired behavior. The initial observations of chaos in electronics, the development of the Ott-Grebogi-Yorke method for calculating the perturbations needed to stabilize a periodic orbit in a chaotic system and the occasional proportional feedback method, and their applications are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conditionally Specified Distributions: An Introduction (with comments and a rejoinder by the authors) (2001)

A bivariate distribution can sometimes be characterized completely by properties of its conditional distributions. The present article surveys available research in this area. Questions of compatibility of conditional specifications are addressed as are characterizations of distributions based on their having conditional distributions that are members of prescribed parametric families of distributions. The topics of compatibility and near compatibility of conditional distributions are discussed. Estimation strategies for conditionally specified distributions are summarized. Additionally, certain conditionally specified densities are shown to provide convenient flexible conjugate prior families in certain multi- parameter Bayesian settings.
Nonlinear Estimation of Vehicle State and Tire Forces (1992)

Vehicle motion and tire force histories are estimated from an incomplete, noise-corrupted measurement set using an extended Kalman filter. A nine degree-of-freedom vehicle model and an analytic tire force model are used to simulate true vehicle motion, and a five degree-of-freedom vehicle model is used in the estimator. Simulation demonstrates that real-time filtering can provide state estimates required for advanced feedback control of ground vehicles. In addition, filtered histories of forces and motion can be used to construct tire models through off-line analysis. No prior knowledge of tire force characteristics or external factors that affect vehicle motion is required.
Comparison of Susceptibility Testing Methods with <i>mecA</i> Gene Analysis for Determining Oxacillin (Methicillin) Resistance in Clinical Isolates of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> and Coagulase-Negative <i>Staphylococcus</i> spp (1999)

Ninety-nine clinical staphylococcal isolates (58 coagulase-negative Staphylococcus spp. [CoNS] and 41 Staphylococcus aureus isolates) were evaluated for susceptibility to oxacillin. The following susceptibility testing methods, media, and incubation conditions were studied: agar dilution by using Mueller-Hinton (MH) medium (Difco) supplemented with either 0, 2, or 4% NaCl and incubation at 30 or 35 degrees C in ambient air for 24 or 48 h; disk diffusion by using commercially prepared MH medium (Difco) and MH II agar (BBL) and incubation at 35 degrees C in ambient air for 24 or 48 h; and agar screen (spot or swab inoculation) by using commercially prepared agar (Remel) or MH agar (Difco) prepared in-house, each containing 4% NaCl and 6 microg of oxacillin/ml (0.6-microg/ml oxacillin was also studied with MH agar prepared in-house for the agar swab method and CoNS isolates) and incubation at 35 degrees C in ambient air for 24 or 48 h for swab inoculation and at 30 or 35 degrees C in ambient air for 24 or 48 h for spot inoculation. The results for these methods were compared to the results for mecA gene detection by a PCR method. Given the ability to support growth and the results for susceptibility testing (the breakpoint for susceptible isolates was </=2 microg/ml), the best methods for CoNS isolates were (i) agar dilution by using MH medium supplemented with 4% NaCl and incubation at 35 degrees C for 48 h (no growth failures were noted, and sensitivity was 97.6%) and (ii) agar screen (swab inoculation) by using MH medium prepared in-house supplemented with 4% NaCl and containing 0.6 microg oxacillin/ml and incubation at 35 degrees C for 48 h (one isolate that did not carry the mecA gene did not grow, and the sensitivity was 100%). All but one (agar dilution without added NaCl and incubation at 30 degrees C for 48 h) of the methods tested revealed all oxacillin-resistant S. aureus isolates, and no growth failures occurred with any method. If the breakpoint for susceptibility was lowered to </=1 microg/ml for agar dilution methods, more CoNS isolates with oxacillin resistance related to the mecA gene were detected when 0 or 2% NaCl agar supplementation was used. Only one CoNS isolate with mecA gene-associated resistance was not detected by using agar dilution and MH medium supplemented with 4% NaCl with incubation for 48 h. When the breakpoint for susceptibility was decreased 10-fold (from 6.0 to 0.6 microg of oxacillin per ml) for the agar swab screen method, fully 100% of the CoNS isolates that carried the mecA gene were identified.
Adhesion of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to respiratory mucins and expression of mucin-binding proteins are increased by limiting iron during growth (1996)

The attachment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa to human respiratory mucus represents an important step in the development of lung infection, especially in cystic fibrosis. Local factors in the respiratory tract, such as osmolarity or iron concentration, might influence this colonization. In the present work, we have observed that overall levels of adhesion of two nonmucoid, nonpiliated strains of P. aeruginosa, 1244-NP and PAK-NP, to human airway mucins were higher when these strains were grown in a minimal medium of low osmolarity (M9) than when they were grown in a rich medium of higher osmolarity (tryptic soy broth [TSB]). However, increasing the NaCl concentration of M9 to increase the osmolarity did not modify the level of binding. In order to find out whether these differences were due to variations in nutrients, the influence of iron concentration was investigated: the levels of binding of the two strains increased after TSB was depleted of iron and decreased after iron was added to M9. Since the outer membranes from the two strains have been shown to contain proteins reacting with human bronchial mucins, we compared the mucin-binding proteins expressed by the two strains grown in different media. When the nonpiliated strains 1244-NP and PAK-NP were grown in the different media, previously observed mucin-binding bands were detected in the 42- to 48-kDa range but additional mucin-binding bands in the 77- to 85-kDa range were detected when these strains were grown in M9 or iron-deprived TSB. These results demonstrate that the adhesion of P. aeruginosa and the expression of mucin-binding proteins in the outer membranes of nonpiliated P. aeruginosa are affected by the iron content of the medium in which the bacteria are grown and not by the osmolarity.
Radioimmunoassay for the Quantitative Determination of Galanthamine (1990)

A radioimmunoassay for the quantitation of pmol amounts of the therapeutically important Amaryllidaceae alkaloid, galanthamine, has been developed. The antiserum was raised against a conjugate of galanthamine-2-O-hemisuccinate-bovine serum albumin. The measuring range of the assay extends from 0.5 to 100 ng of galanthamine, and as little as 3.5 pmol may be detected. The antiserum is highly specific for galanthamine, showing practically no cross reactivity with different representatives of the most frequently occurring types of alkaloidal structures in Amaryllidaceae. This assay enables a rapid, sensitive and precise quantitation of galanthamine in unpurified plant extracts. The galanthamine concentration in bulbs of several Leucojum aestivum plants and the distribution of galanthamine in some Amaryllidaceae genera of South African origin have been investigated. Preliminary experiments indicate that the galanthamine-specific radioimmunoassay can be a useful tool in medicinal plant breeding as well as in tissue and cell culture studies.
Computational Generation of Referring Expressions: A Survey (2011)

This article offers a survey of computational research on referring expression generation (REG). It introduces the REG problem and describes early work in this area, discussing what basic assumptions lie behind it, and showing how its remit has widened in recent years. We discuss computational frameworks underlying REG, and demonstrate a recent trend that seeks to link REG algorithms with well-established Knowledge Representation techniques. Considerable attention is given to recent efforts at evaluating REG algorithms and the lessons that they allow us to learn. The article concludes with a discussion of the way forward in REG, focusing on references in larger and more realistic settings.
Multicellular spheroids of bone marrow stromal cells: a three-dimensional in vitro culture system for the study of hematopoietic cell migration (2005)

Cell fate decisions are governed by a complex interplay between cell-autonomous signals and stimuli from the surrounding tissue. In vivo cells are connected to their neighbors and to the extracellular matrix forming a complex three-dimensional (3-D) microenvironment that is not reproduced in conventional in vitro systems. A large body of evidence indicates that mechanical tension applied to the cytoskeleton controls cell proliferation, differentiation and migration, suggesting that 3-D in vitro culture systems that mimic the in vivo situation would reveal biological subtleties. In hematopoietic tissues, the microenvironment plays a crucial role in stem and progenitor cell survival, differentiation, proliferation, and migration. In adults, hematopoiesis takes place inside the bone marrow cavity where hematopoietic cells are intimately associated with a specialized three 3-D scaffold of stromal cell surfaces and extracellular matrix that comprise specific niches. The relationship between hematopoietic cells and their niches is highly dynamic. Under steady-state conditions, hematopoietic cells migrate within the marrow cavity and circulate in the bloodstream. The mechanisms underlying hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell homing and mobilization have been studied in animal models, since conventional two-dimensional (2-D) bone marrow cell cultures do not reproduce the complex 3-D environment. In this review, we will highlight some of the mechanisms controlling hematopoietic cell migration and 3-D culture systems.
Novel Microstructures of Self-Assembled Microcrystallites of (NH4)3PW12O40 and Cs3PW12O40 (1997)

Abstract Three different microstructures of self-assembled microcrystallites (or of aggregates) of heteropoly compounds, (NH4)3PW12O40 and Cs3PW12O40, have been found: (1) microcrystallites that self-assembled with unidirectional orientation and were epitaxially connected with each other to form dodecahedra, (2) microcrystallites that self-assembled with unidirectional orientation, but were little connected epitaxially each other to form round aggregates, and (3) dispersed fine particles. This variation of the microstructure was consistently explained by the change in the solubility of the compounds, that is, the precipitation temperature and the kind of cation.
Devices for reading handwritten characters (1958)

In the last five years, much thought and effort have gone into the development of printed character-recognition devices. Varying degrees of success have been achieved. In some cases, ingeniously distorted type faces have been required. One might wonder why all this interest exists. The answer is simple. Character-recognition devices help reduce the substantial cost of getting information into forms that computers can understand.
3‐Heptylamino‐5‐Phenylpyridazine Derivatives as Analogues of Acyl‐CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase Inhibitors Containing the <i>N</i>‐Heptyl‐<i>N</i>′‐Arylureidic Moiety (2006)

A series of novel Acyl-CoA: cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors 8a-f was synthesized; the substances were characterized by the presence of a 2,5-dimethylpyrazin-3-yl moiety at one end and a 3-heptylamino-5-phenylpyridazine system at the other one, linked through linear alkyl spacers of different length. The new derivatives were designed based on the hypothesis that the 3-amino-5-phenylpyridazine moiety could mimic the aryl substituted urea, which was present in a number of ACAT inhibitors previously described. The choice of the 2,5-dimethylpyrazin-3-yl substituent was supported by a preliminary investigation, which indicated that this moiety is the most powerful in conferring ACAT inhibitory properties to the new series. The pharmacological results proved the idea to be sound. Finally, compounds 9a-c, lacking the phenylpyridazine moiety were prepared and tested to further strengthen our hypothesis.
High frequency probe for the measurement of the complex viscosity of liquids (2003)

A high frequency rheological measurement device based on resonant torsional oscillations of a titanium tube is proposed. The measurement is entirely based on a digital phase measurement and a single electromagnetic device plays the roles of both actuator and sensor, successively. It is shown that the measured probe behaviour is in good agreement with theoretical predictions for fluids which can be considered as Newtonian at the probe working frequency of about 5.6 kHz. Viscoelastic fluids are also measured, and the obtained complex viscosity appears to corroborate lower frequency measurements.
Multiple Extracellular Elements of CCR5 and HIV-1 Entry: Dissociation from Response to Chemokines (1996)

The human beta-chemokine receptor CCR5 is an important cofactor for entry of human immunodeficiency virus-type 1 (HIV-1). The murine form of CCR5, despite its 82 percent identity to the human form, was not functional as an HIV-1 coreceptor. HIV-1 entry function could be reconstituted by fusion of various individual elements derived from the extracellular region of human CCR5 onto murine CCR5. Analysis of chimeras containing elements from human CCR5 and human CCR2B suggested that a complex structure rather than single contact sites is responsible for facilitation of viral entry. Further, certain chimeras lacking the domains necessary to signal in response to their natural chemokine ligands retained vigorous HIV-1 coreceptor activity.
Structure of a character and the evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns (2001)

All butterfly eyespots appear to be formed by a similar developmental mechanism. Thus the great diversity of patterns observed across different species of butterfly has evolved through changes in the genetic modulation of this mechanism. Our descriptions of both the development of eyespots and the genetic variation for eyespot traits in an African butterfly, Bicyclus anynana, are used here to discuss the most appropriate ways of applying the character concept to the evolution of butterfly eyespot patterns. J. Exp. Zool. (Mol. Dev. Evol.) 291:93-104, 2001.
Channel-change games in spectrum-agile wireless networks (2005)

Growing numbers of wireless networks such as IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth are using unlicensed wireless spectrum. Unlicensed spectrum is a shared resource and simultaneous usage by multiple networks can result in interference problems. As the numbers of wireless devices continue to increase, the problem of interference from coexisting networks is expected to become much worse. This thesis introduces modeling of dynamic channel change as a game to address interference from coexisting wireless networks. The emergence of more intelligent, spectrum-agile network components that can dynamically change their transmission characteristics makes dynamic channel change feasible. In contrast, existing work in this area addresses the issue of how to share the current channel more effectively. In this thesis, game-theoretic decision-making based on the self-interest of rational decision makers is applied to a variety of channel-change scenarios. The decision-making consists of selecting the channel-change probability to minimize the transmission delay. Five different scenarios are studied. The results provide a theoretical basis for implementing the decision-making algorithm of a smart access point. Channel-change decisions are studied by first using the simpler approach of single-stage decisions that only consider the present situation. Next, the more realistic but complex approach of multi-stage decisions, that consider expected future actions also, is studied. The "cost" of strictly competitive game-theoretic decisions is determined by comparing them to centralized, socially optimal decisions that maximize the benefit of all coexisting networks. The results indicate that this cost can be considerable. The cost can be lowered by using trust-based schemes such as "coexistence etiquettes". However, in untrusted environments, game-theoretic decisions provide the best outcome. The thesis provides guidance on when to use which approach. The main contribution of this thesis is the introduction of game-theoretic models and their analysis for dynamic channel change decisions in coexisting spectrum-agile wireless networks. The models and analysis have led to an understanding of the policies adopted by self-interest-based decision makers and the resulting system performance. The thesis also provides guidance on when and how to use game-theoretic decisions for channel change.
Efficacy of glyphosate and its mixtures against weeds under young rubber forest plantation. (2006)

This case study demonstrates the coupling of an electroencephalogram (EEG)-based Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) with an implanted neuroprosthesis (Freehand system). Because the patient was available for only 3 days, the goal was to demonstrate the possibility of a patient gaining control over the motor imagery-based Graz BCI system within a very short training period. By applying himself to an organized and coordinated training procedure, the patient was able to generate distinctive EEG-patterns by the imagination of movements of his paralyzed left hand. These patterns consisted of power decreases in specific frequency bands that could be classified by the BCI. The output signal of the BCI emulated the shoulder joystick usually used, and by consecutive imaginations the patient was able to switch between different grasp phases of the lateral grasp that the Freehand system provided. By performing a part of the grasp-release test, the patient was able to move a simple object from one place to another. The results presented in this work give evidence that Brain-Computer Interfaces are an option for the control of neuroprostheses in patients with high spinal cord lesions. The fact that the user learned to control the BCI in a comparatively short time indicates that this method may also be an alternative approach for clinical purposes.
Design and Operation of a High Power L-Band Multiple Beam Klystron (2006)

A 10 MW, 1.3 GHz multiple beam klystron (MBK) has been developed for the DESY X-FEL and International Linear Collider projects. The device uses six electron beams set off-axis on a large bolt circle which interact with a combination of higher-order-mode and conventional klystron cavities to efficiently produce high power RF. Extensive two and three dimensional simulations were used to design the device. Recent test results have validated the basic design concepts and procedure. Ten megawatts of peak and 150 kW of average power have been stably generated with 59% efficiency and 48 dB of gain.
Induction plasma heating - Measurement of gas concentrations, temperatures, and stagnation heads in a binary plasma system (1970)

Mixing and temperature measurements on argon plasma operating as heater for surrounding sheath of air or hydrogen
Chitosan Polymer Sizes Effective in Inducing Phytoalexin Accumulation and Fungal Suppression Are Verified with Synthesized Oligomers (1994)

Biologically derived chitosan has been reported to induce pisatin and disease resistance response proteins in pea tissue and also to inhibit the germination and growth of some fungal pathogens. Stereo-controlled synthesis of chitosan tetramer, hexamer, and octamer allowed the precise verification of oligomer size required for biological activity. The octameric oligomer optimally induced pisatin accumulation and inhibited fungal growth, verifying previous results obtained with column-purified oligomers derived from crab shells.
Estimation of the Stoichiometric Air-Fuel Ratio in Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Injected Engines (2002)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Air-fuel ratio control in gasoline engines has so far relied upon the fact that the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio of gasoline is an identified constant, largely thanks to its consistent chemical composition. In the case of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), chemical composition is subject to high variability due to geological and economic factors, amongst others. The implication of this variability is unpredictable stoichiometric air-fuel ratio of the fuel supply within any given vehicle, and ultimately degraded control of air-fuel ratio. This paper addresses the problem of stoichiometric air-fuel ratio estimation by evaluating the measurement and modeling of the relative permittivity of fuel, and also the method of iterative computation. For the estimation method proposed in this paper, simulation results are presented to demonstrate its effectiveness.</div>
Implementation of Audio Signal Based on Universal DSP (2006)

Audio signal needs to be sampled in multimedia system design and realization, and video signal also needs same processing. For audio data is less and needs to be sampled continuously, it has to be compromised on these two kinds of data accessing and data integration. This paper introduces a solution based on DSP, which takes advantage of time slot while video signal is being sampled to save audio data perfectly. It takes least resource while ensures the realization.