gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The neural basis of cognitive development: A constructivist manifesto (1997)

How do minds emerge from developing brains? According to "neural constructivism," the representational features of cortex are built from the dynamic interaction between neural growth mechanisms and environmentally derived neural activity. Contrary to popular selectionist models that emphasize regressive mechanisms, the neurobiological evidence suggests that this growth is a progressive increase in the representational properties of cortex. The interaction between the environment and neural growth results in a flexible type of learning: "constructive learning" minimizes the need for prespecification in accordance with recent neurobiological evidence that the developing cerebral cortex is largely free of domain-specific structure. Instead, the representational properties of cortex are built by the nature of the problem domain confronting it. This uniquely powerful and general learning strategy undermines the central assumption of classical learnability theory, that the learning properties of a system can be deduced from a fixed computational architecture. Neural constructivism suggests that the evolutionary emergence of neocortex in mammals is a progression toward more flexible representational structures, in contrast to the popular view of cortical evolution as an increase in innate, specialized circuits. Human cortical postnatal development is also more extensive and protracted than generally supposed, suggesting that cortex has evolved so as to maximize the capacity of environmental structure to shape its structure and function through constructive learning.
The Ratio of Diameters Between the Target Artery and the Bypass Modifies Hemodynamic Parameters Related to Intimal Hyperplasia in the Distal End-to-Side Anastomosis (2016)

Hemodynamics in the distal end-to-side anastomosis is related to early development of intimal hyperplasia and bypass failure. In this study we investigated the effect of diameter ratios between the target artery and the bypass at three different angles of the connection. The pulsatile flow field was visualized using particle image velocimetry in transparent models with three different angles of the connection (25°, 45°, 60°) and the diameter ratio between the bypass and the target artery was 4.6 mm : 6 mm, 6 mm : 6 mm, and 7.5 mm : 6 mm. Six parameters including location and oscillation of the stagnation point, local energy dissipation, wall shear stress (WSS), oscillatory shear index, spatial and temporal gradient of WSS and their distribution in the target artery were calculated from the flow field. In the wider bypass, the stagnation point oscillated in a greater range and was located more proximal to the anastomosis. Energy dissipation was minimal in a wider bypass with a more acute angle. The maximum WSS values were tree times greater in a narrow bypass and concentrated in a smaller circular region at the floor of the anastomosis. The oscillatory shear index increased with wider bypass and more acute angle. The maximum of spatial gradient of WSS concentrated around the floor and toe of the anastomosis and decreased with more acute angle and wider bypass, the temporal gradient of WSS was stretched more towards the side wall. Greater bypass to target vessel ratio and more acute anastomosis angle promote hemodynamics known to reduce formation of intimal hyperplasia.
S19 ribosomal protein cross-linked dimer causes monocyte-predominant infiltration by means of molecular mimicry to complement C5a. (1998)

S19 ribosomal protein is a component of the protein-producing machinery, ribosome. When recombinant S19 proteins were cross-linked intermolecularly by plasma transglutaminase (coagulation factor XIIIa), this homodimer newly exhibited monocyte chemotactic activity. This effect was specific to monocytes. The S19 protein homodimer shared the immunoreactivity with the complement-derived chemotactic factor, component 5a (C5a). Monocytes pretreated with an anti-C5a receptor antibody or with a synthetic C5a receptor antagonist responded poorly in chemotaxis to this homodimer. These data indicate that the S19 protein homodimer possesses a 3-dimensional structure similar to C5a in terms of the immunologic epitope and the receptor ligand, although homology between their primary structures is only 4%. In contrast, the S19 protein homodimer did not attract polymorphonuclear leukocytes. In addition, the homodimer inhibited a chemotactic response of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to C5a in vitro and in vivo as a receptor antagonist. Furthermore, the S19 protein homodimer competitively inhibited the binding of radiolabeled C5a to polymorphonuclear leukocytes. The S19 protein homodimer with these opposite effects in the leukocyte chemotaxis seems to induce the monocyte/macrophage predominant infiltration in chronic inflammation.
Transneuronal transfer of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) from mixed limb nerves to the CNS. I. Sequence of transfer from sensory, motor, and sympathetic nerve fibres to the spinal cord (1992)

The time course of transneuronal transfer of Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV 1) from sensory, motor, and sympathetic nerve fibres to connected spinal neurones was examined. After injection of a constant number of infectious units into distal forelimb or hindlimb nerves of inbred rats of the same age, the extent of viral transfer was strictly dependent on the survival time postinoculation (p.i.). Retrograde transport to somatic motoneurones occurred at 28-29 hours p.i. (stage 1), in synchrony with anterograde transneuronal transfer via small cutaneous afferents (to laminae I-II). At 36-43 hours p.i. (stage 2), retrograde transneuronal transfer from sympathetic nerve fibres first labelled sympathetic preganglionic neurones. At 48-51 hours p.i. (stage 3), transfer via sensory and sympathetic axons became more extensive, labelling laminae III-IV and other preganglionic neurones. Transneuronal transfer from large muscle afferents and motoneurones (to Clarke's columns and the spinal intermediate zone) occurred only at 66-78 hours p.i. (stage 4). Further increases in distribution (stages 5-6) obtained between 78 and 97 hours p.i. may reflect both specific labelling of second and third order neurones and a gradual local loss of specificity. These results indicate that transfer of HSV 1 occurs through all main classes of peripheral axons, but that both anterograde and retrograde transneuronal transfer from small (unmyelinated and fine myelinated) cutaneous and sympathetic axons precedes transfer from large (myelinated) cutaneous and muscle afferents and motor axons. Analysis of viral transfer at sequential intervals is required to distinguish serially connected neurones, determine the route of labelling, and ensure its specificity.
The Immunoglobulin Heavy Chain Locus Control Region Increases Histone Acetylation along Linked c-<i>myc</i> Genes (1998)

In chromosome translocations characteristic of Burkitt lymphomas (BL) and murine plasmacytomas, c-myc genes become juxtaposed to immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) sequences, resulting in aberrant c-myc transcription. Translocated c-myc alleles that retain the first exon exhibit increased transcription from the normally minor c-mycpromoter, P1, and increased transcriptional elongation through inherent pause sites proximal to the major c-myc promoter, P2. We recently demonstrated that a cassette derived from four DNase I-hypersensitive sites (HS1234) in the 3′Cα region of the IgH locus functions as an enhancer-locus control region (LCR) and directs a similar pattern of deregulated expression of linked c-mycgenes in BL and plasmacytoma cell lines. Here, we report that the HS1234 enhancer-LCR mediates a widespread increase in histone acetylation along linked c-myc genes in Raji BL cells. Significantly, the increase in acetylation was not restricted to nucleosomes within the promoter region but also was apparent upstream and downstream of the transcription start sites as well as along vector sequences. Histone hyperacetylation of control c-myc genes, which was induced by the deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A, mimics the effect of the HS1234 enhancer on expression from the c-myc P2 promoter, but not that from the P1 promoter. These results suggest that the HS1234 enhancer stimulates transcription of c-myc by a combination of mechanisms. Whereas HS1234 activates expression from the P2 promoter through a mechanism that includes increased histone acetylation, a general increase in histone acetylation is not sufficient to explain the HS1234-mediated activation of transcription from P1.
Characterization of a cleavage mutant of the measles virus fusion protein defective in syncytium formation (1994)

Membrane fusion caused by measles virus (MV) is a function of the fusion (F) protein. This process is essential for penetration into the host cell and subsequent initiation of the virus replicative cycle. The biological activity of the MV F protein is generated by endoproteolytic cleavage of a precursor protein (F0) into a large F1 subunit and a smaller F2 subunit held together by disulfide bonds. The cleavage site consists of a cluster of five basic amino acids (amino acids 108 to 112) within the predicted primary structure of the F protein. To investigate the role of the arginine residue at the carboxy terminus of the F2 subunit (arginine 112), site-directed mutagenesis was used to construct a cleavage mutant of the MV F protein in which this arginine residue was changed to a leucine residue. The mutated F gene, encoding four out of the five basic amino acids at the cleavage site, was inserted into the genome of vaccinia virus. The resulting recombinant virus was used to study expression of the mutant F protein in infected cells. Analysis of the Leu-112 mutant protein made in infected cells demonstrated that this single-amino-acid substitution resulted in a reduced rate of transport of the mutant protein to the cell surface, despite its efficient cleavage to yield F1 and F2 subunits. However, the electrophoretic mobilities of the Leu-112 polypeptides suggested that the protein was cleaved incorrectly. This aberrant cleavage appears to have abolished the ability of the F protein to cause syncytium formation. The data indicate that the arginine 112 residue is critical for the correct proteolytic cleavage that is required for the membrane fusion activity of the MV F protein.
A new asynchronous protocol for microcomputer communication (2003)

A new asynchronous protocol has been developed to meet the needs of microcomputer communication. The heart of this protocol is the 'break' signal, a unique signal that cannot be introduced in the standard data stream. Every standard command is preceded by the break signal. The command format contains the protocol signature followed by slave address, command bytes, I/O device address, the address from which data must be retrieved, and the number of bytes/sectors to be transferred. There are five different protocols defined for this asynchronous communication: bus arbitration protocol (BAP); command transfer protocol (CTP); bus access protocol (BACP); data transfer/receive protocol; and retransmission protocol.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sulfide-passivated GaAs (001). II. Electronic properties (1996)

We have investigated the correlation between the change of the surface electronic properties (surface recombination velocity, surface barrier) and the change of the surface chemical bonds under annealing in ultrahigh vacuum of sulfide-passivated (001)GaAs. The electronic properties of a (${\mathrm{NH}}_{4}$${)}_{2}$S-passivated surface were monitored using room-temperature photoreflectance, which gave the value of the surface barrier, and photoluminescence. The surface chemical bonds were probed by (i) reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy, which essentially monitors the optical transitions due to surface dimers, and (ii) core-level spectroscopy results on the same sample (companion paper in the same issue). We find that breaking of arsenic-related chemical bonds, which induces arsenic dimers on the surface, produces an increase of photoluminescence intensity (PLI). Conversely, a clear correlation is found between the desorption of sulfur due to breaking of Ga-S chemical bonds, the appearance of the gallium dimer line, and the decrease of PLI. Based on these results, we outline the dominant features of sulfide passivations: (i) The improvement of electronic properties of (001) GaAs arises due to formation of S-Ga bonds on the gallium-terminated part of the surface, (ii) electronic properties of the as-treated surface are deteriorated by excess arsenic, which produces midgap levels, and (iii) the passivation efficiency can also be reduced by formation of additional surface defects due to etching of the surface in sulfide solutions. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Inferring microstructural features and the physiological state of tissues from diffusion‐weighted images (1995)

We review several methods that have been developed to infer microstructural and physiological information about isotropic and anisotropic tissues from diffusion weighted images (DWIs). These include Diffusion Imaging (DI), Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI), isotropically weighted imaging, and q-space imaging. Just as DI provides useful information about molecular displacements in one dimension with which to characterize diffusion in isotropic tissues, DTI provides information about molecular displacements in three dimensions needed to characterize diffusion is anisotropic tissues. DTI also furnishes scalar parameters that behave like quantitative histological or physiological 'stains' for different features of diffusion. These include Trace(D), which is related to the mean diffusivity, and a family of parameters derived from the diffusion tensor, D, which characterize different features of anisotropic diffusion. Simple thought experiments and geometrical constructs, such as the diffusion ellipsoid, can be used to understand water diffusion in isotropic and anisotropic media, and the NMR experiments used to characterize it.
Specific Removal of β<sub>1</sub>-Adrenergic Autoantibodies from Patients with Idiopathic Dilated Cardiomyopathy (2002)

To the Editor: The pathophysiologic relevance of autoantibodies against cardiac proteins in the induction or maintenance of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy is still unclear. It has been shown tha...
MirrorFlow: Exploiting Symmetries in Joint Optical Flow and Occlusion Estimation (2017)

Optical flow estimation is one of the most studied problems in computer vision, yet recent benchmark datasets continue to reveal problem areas of today's approaches. Occlusions have remained one of the key challenges. In this paper, we propose a symmetric optical flow method to address the well-known chicken-and-egg relation between optical flow and occlusions. In contrast to many state-of-the-art methods that consider occlusions as outliers, possibly filtered out during post-processing, we highlight the importance of joint occlusion reasoning in the optimization and show how to utilize occlusion as an important cue for estimating optical flow. The key feature of our model is to fully exploit the symmetry properties that characterize optical flow and occlusions in the two consecutive images. Specifically through utilizing forward-backward consistency and occlusion-disocclusion symmetry in the energy, our model jointly estimates optical flow in both forward and backward direction, as well as consistent occlusion maps in both views. We demonstrate significant performance benefits on standard benchmarks, especially from the occlusion-disocclusion symmetry. On the challenging KITTI dataset we report the most accurate two-frame results to date.
The coupon collector’s problem revisited: generalizing the double Dixie cup problem of Newman and Shepp (2016)

The “double Dixie cup problem” of [D.J. Newman and L. Shepp, Amer. Math. Monthly 67 (1960) 58–61] is a well-known variant of the coupon collector’s problem, where the object of study is the number Tm(N) of coupons that a collector has to buy in order to complete m sets of all N existing different coupons. More precisely, the problem is to determine the asymptotics of the expectation (and the variance) of Tm(N), as well as its limit distribution, as the number N of different coupons becomes arbitrarily large. The classical case of the problem, namely the case of equal coupon probabilities, is here extended to the general case, where the probabilities of the selected coupons are unequal. In the beginning of the article we give a brief review of the formulas for the moments and the moment generating function of the random variable Tm(N). Then, we develop techniques of computing the asymptotics of the first and the second moment of Tm(N) (our techniques apply to the higher moments of Tm(N) as well). From these asymptotic formulas we obtain the leading behavior of the variance V [ Tm(N) ] as N → ∞. Finally, based on the asymptotics of E [ Tm(N) ] and V [ Tm(N) ] we obtain the limit distribution of the random variable Tm(N) for large classes of coupon probabilities. As it turns out, in many cases, albeit not always, Tm(N) (appropriately normalized) converges in distribution to a Gumbel random variable. Our results on the limit distribution of Tm(N) generalize a well-known result of [P. Erdős and A. Rényi, Magyar. Tud. Akad. Mat. Kutató Int. Közl. 6 (1961) 215–220] regarding the limit distribution of Tm(N) for the case of equal coupon probabilities.
Reversible oxidation of 1,3-dithiolan-2-thione (1977)

Oxidation of 1,3-dithiolan-2-thione by nitrosonium tetrafluoroborate to 2,2′-dithio-bis-(1,3-dithiolanium) ditetrafluoroborate is reversible and is linked to nitrosative exchange of sulphur for oxygen.
Benzodiazepine Whole Blood Concentrations in Cases With Positive Oral Fluid On-Site Screening Test Results Using the DrugWipe® Single for Benzodiazepines (2011)

Reliable on-site oral fluid screening devices are a useful and convenient means of policing traffic. In Finland, benzodiazepines represent a particular challenge to traffic safety. This study presents a retrospective examination of toxicological analysis results from whole blood in cases which gave a positive screening result for benzodiazepines in oral fluid using the DrugWipe Single device (Securetec). Use of oral fluid on-site screening tests and blood confirmation analyses reflects the real situation in many countries. The data were compiled from the databases of Alcohol and Drug Analytics Unit at the National Institute for Health and Welfare. Confirmation analysis results in whole blood were obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Data were from 224 real cases in which the Finnish police had conducted a DrugWipe Single benzodiazepines test on drivers suspected of driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). The benzodiazepine concentrations encountered in positive oral fluid screening cases in this study indicate that the device is able to detect these substances even at relatively low levels. However, the DrugWipe device does not enable any distinction between therapeutic use and harmful use of benzodiazepines at higher doses.
Multiplex polymerase chain reaction for detection and differentiation of the microbial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis (1993)

A rapid identification of Bacillus thuringiensis strains was established by using multiplex polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Primers of high homology specific to regions within genes encoding three major classes of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins were used to generate a PCR product profile characteristic of each strain of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki. Differentiation among these strains was made on the basis of the electrophoretic pattern of the PCR products. Known B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strains as well as unidentified strains isolated from insect cadavers were analyzed by PCR. Small amounts of crude sample lysates were assayed in a two-step PCR containing five primers capable of distinguishing between the strains giving products of 1,500, 858, and 653 bp for the CryIA(a) CryIA(b), and CryIA(c) genes, respectively. The method can be applied to rapidly detect the strains of B. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki in commercial formulations and in the field.
Design of Speed-Independent CMOS Cells from Signal Transition Graphs (1998)

This paper presents a method for designing speed-independent sequential cells from signal transition graphs (STG). The initial STG is assumed to satisfy the complete state coding property (CSC). It is modified by the introduction of auxiliary signals to satisfy the rule of alternate up and down transitions, as well as other rules derived from the properties of negative gates. Two design examples show that this method minimizes the number of transistors and the switching activity, and is thus well suited for the design of basic low-power library cells.
The final step of pantothenate biosynthesis in higher plants: cloning and characterization of pantothenate synthetase from Lotus japonicus and Oryza sativum (rice) (1999)

We have isolated a Lotus japonicus cDNA for pantothenate (vitamin B(5)) synthetase (PS) by functional complementation of an Escherichia coli panC mutant (AT1371). A rice (Oryza sativum) expressed sequence tag, identified by sequence similarity to PS, was also able to complement the E. coli auxotroph, as was an open reading frame from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast). The Lotus and rice cDNAs encode proteins of approx. 34 kDa, which are 65% similar at the amino acid level and do not appear to encode N-terminal extensions by comparison with PS sequences from other organisms. Furthermore, analysis of genomic sequence flanking the coding sequence for PS in Lotus suggests the original cDNA is full-length. The Lotus and rice PSs are therefore likely to be cytosolic. Southern analysis of Lotus genomic DNA indicates that there is a single gene for PS. Recombinant PS from Lotus, overexpressed in E. coli AT1371, is a dimer. The enzyme requires d-pantoate, beta-alanine and ATP for activity and has a higher affinity for pantoate (K(m) 45 microM) than for beta-alanine (K(m) 990 microM). Uncompetitive substrate inhibition becomes significant at pantoate concentrations above 1 mM. The enzyme displays optimal activity at about 0.5 mM pantoate (k(cat) 0.63 s(-1)) and at pH 7.8. Neither oxopantoate nor pantoyl-lactone can replace pantoate as substrate. Antibodies raised against recombinant PS detected a band of 34 kDa in Western blots of Lotus proteins from both roots and leaves. The implications of these findings for pantothenate biosynthesis in plants are discussed.