gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Measurement of the Thickness of Metal Walls from One Surface Only, by an Electrical Method (1938)

There is a definite need in the engineering industry for an instrument which will determine accurately the thickness of a metal wall from one side only, and which is portable, robust, independent of external power supply, and easy to operate. The instrument described in the paper fulfils all these conditions. The method is essentially that of comparing the resistance of a metal wall under test with that of a similarly shaped wall of the same material, of which the thickness is known. Current, usually under 10 amp., is supplied by a 6- or 12-volt battery to two current contacts held against the wall and usually spaced 2 or 3 inches apart. The current in the circuit is adjusted by varying the rheostat or the number of cells of the small car-battery employed, until the very small potential drop indicated by the deflexion of a galvanometer connected to two potential contacts reaches a predetermined fixed value. From a calibration curve the thickness of the wall corresponding to the current registered by the ammeter is determined. The contacts are made on the plates whose thickness is to be measured by means of Evershed and Vignoles spring-controlled rotating points that were originally designed for a four-point method of working. The flexible leads from these, sometimes 100 but usually 30 feet long, are rubber-covered, and are connected to the circuit in the box by plugs and sockets. These are removed for transport and carried in a separate box. The instrument was originally designed for measuring the thickness of boiler tubes, and examples are given showing that its accuracy in this respect is within a few thousandths of an inch. It was found in practice that the instrument could be used to measure the thickness of mild steel plates up to 1·25 inches and of iron castings, up to 3 inches, with the same order of accuracy. It is also used for the measurement of engine cylinder walls to detect core shift. Examples of these are given in the paper. One notable case was that of the examination of a bank of superheater tubes in a boiler that had given much trouble due to the use of an unsuitable chain-grate stoker. Thinned tubes were at once detected and on being cut out the thicknesses indicated by the instrument were confirmed. Examples are given of the regular use of the instrument in determining the thickness of boiler and superheater tubes, ships' hull plates, tank wagons, and various iron castings that were accessible from one side only.
Quantitative Studies of Total Lipids of Pathogenic Fungi (1962)

Ten species of dermatophytes and four of the systemic fungi were assayed for total lipids, acetone-soluble fraction, and phospholipid content in different types of cultures. The yeast phase of each of the systemic fungi grown on solid medium exhibited a higher total lipid content than did the mycelial growth in liquid medium, either shake or still. Shake cultures, in all the fungi tested, produced the least lipids. The yeasts were consistently higher also in the acetone-soluble fraction. Histoplasma duboisii in the yeast phase and Microsporum gypseum produced the greatest amount of phospholipid, and Blastomyces dermatitidis in the yeast phase and M. canis produced the largest acetone-soluble fraction among the systemic fungi and dermatophytes, respectively.
Laser induced unzipping: A thermal route to polymer ablation (1994)

The data presented here show that polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) can be ablated by the evaporation of solid polymer targets with a pulsed ultraviolet laser. In situ measurements of the plume composition show that the products emitted under laser irradiation are primarily monomer and other species resulting from energetic collisions within the plasma. The similarities between the ablative and pyrolisis mass spectra suggest that ablation of PTFE and PMMA occur through a laser induced pyrolitic decomposition.
Long‐term administration of a commercial porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)‐inactivated vaccine in PRRSV‐endemically infected sows (2006)

The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of a commercial European porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV)-inactivated vaccine after 18-month use in gilts/sows at a farm with high seroprevalence. In a farrow-to-finish farm with 1100 sows, all sows and gilts were systematically vaccinated with the PRRS-inactivated PROGRESSIS vaccine for a period of 18 months. Farm's reproductive and litter characteristics were longitudinally recorded for this period and historically compared with those of the year prior to vaccination. Serology, employing immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, had confirmed a high prevalence of PRRS-specific antibodies in most age groups within the farm prior to vaccination. Seroprevalence during the experiment ranged between 0% and 100% in weaners and growers, but remained at stable high levels (> 93%) in finishing pigs and gilts throughout all 2-year period of serology measurements. No local or systemic vaccine side effects were noted throughout the trial period. Vaccinations had resulted over time in a significant improvement of sow reproductive performance (e.g. reduction of premature farrowings, abortions and increase of farrowing rate) and litter characteristics (e.g. increase of the number of live born and weaned pigs and decrease of stillborn, mummified, weak and splay-legged piglets). It has also been observed that the higher the degree of immunization of a sow, the better the improvement of her reproductive parameters. Sows after vaccination have shown improved characteristics compared to homoparous sows prior to the application of vaccinations in the farm.
Sclerotinia stem rot (Sclerotinia sclerotiorum) (2015)

The occurrence of Sclerotinia has shown an increase in Australia and Canada, with an increase in surface area under canola cultivation. In the Western Cape the surface area under canola has doubled during the past three seasons. Because the climate in the Overberg and Swartland is highly suitable for the development of the disease it occurs very commonly, especially in the Overberg over the past four seasons (2011 to 2014).
The Variation of Catalytic Efficiency of <i>Bacillus</i> <i>cereus</i> Metallo-β-lactamase with Different Active Site Metal Ions (2006)

The kinetics and mechanism of hydrolysis of the native zinc and metal substituted Bacillus cereus (BcII) metallo-beta-lactamase have been investigated. The pH and metal ion dependence of k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m), determined under steady-state conditions, for the cobalt substituted BcII catalyzed hydrolysis of cefoxitin, cephaloridine, and cephalexin indicate that an enzyme residue of apparent pK(a) 6.3 +/- 0.1 is required in its deprotonated form for metal ion binding and catalysis. The k(cat)/K(m) for cefoxitin and cephalexin with cadmium substituted BcII is dependent on two ionizing groups on the enzyme: one of pK(a1) = 8.7 +/- 0.1 required in its deprotonated form and the other of pK(a2) = 9.3 +/- 0.1 required in its protonated form for activity. The pH dependence of the competitive inhibition constant, K(i), for CdBcII with l-captopril indicates that pK(a1) = 8.7 +/- 0.1 corresponds to the cadmium-bound water. For the manganese substituted BcII, the pH dependence of k(cat)/K(m) for benzylpenicillin, cephalexin, and cefoxitin similarly indicated the importance of two catalytic groups: one of pK(a1) = 8.5 +/- 0.1 which needs to be deprotonated and the other of pK(a2) = 9.4 +/- 0.1 which needs to be protonated for catalysis; the pK(a1) was assigned to the manganese-bound water. The rate was metal ion concentration dependent at the highest manganese concentrations used (10(-)(3) M). The metal substituted species have similar or higher catalytic activities compared with the zinc enzyme, albeit at pHs above 7. Interestingly, with cefoxitin, a very poor substrate for ZnBcII, both k(cat) and k(cat)/K(m) increase with increasing pK(a) of the metal-bound water, in the order Zn < Co < Mn < Cd. A higher pK(a) for the metal-bound water for cadmium and manganese BCII leads to more reactive enzymes than the native zinc BcII, suggesting that the role of the metal ion is predominantly to provide the nucleophilic hydroxide, rather than to act as a Lewis acid to polarize the carbonyl group and stabilize the oxyanion tetrahedral intermediate.
Customer satisfaction measurement in a business‐to‐business context: a conceptual framework (2003)

In practice, firms measure customer satisfaction using models and theory developed for evaluating the perceptions of individual consumers rather than entire organizations. This paper develops an integrated model of customer satisfaction measurement specific to a business‐to‐business context and addresses the unique challenges inherent in this context by incorporating learnings from the fields of customer satisfaction, organizational buying behavior and relationship marketing. After presenting the model and its rationale, the paper illustrates practical uses of the model as a managerial tool for framing a system of customer satisfaction measurement.
E-cadherin expression in squamous cell carcinomas of head and neck: inverse correlation with tumor dedifferentiation and lymph node metastasis. (1991)

Tissue sections of 32 squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs) of the head and neck were investigated for the expression of the epithelium-specific cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin. We found that E-cadherin expression is inversely correlated both with the loss of differentiation of the tumor and with lymph node metastasis. The well-differentiated SCCs expressed E-cadherin, often as strongly as the normal stratified epithelium (12 cases were tested); the moderately differentiated SCCs expressed intermediate amounts of E-cadherin or were heterogeneous (15 cases were analyzed); whereas the poorly differentiated SCCs were all E-cadherin-negative (five cases were investigated). Furthermore, seven of eight infiltrated lymph nodes of SCCs were E-cadherin-negative. These data indicate that the loss of the cell adhesion molecule E-cadherin in fact plays an important role in the progression of human squamous cell carcinomas, i.e., that down-regulation of expression is associated with dedifferentiation and metastasis of the tumor cells in vivo.
Moral distress experienced by nurses (2013)

Nurses are frequently confronted with ethical dilemmas in their nursing practice. As a consequence, nurses report experiencing moral distress. The aim of this review was to synthesize the available quantitative evidence in the literature on moral distress experienced by nurses. We appraised 19 articles published between January 1984 and December 2011. This review revealed that many nurses experience moral distress associated with difficult care situations and feel burnout, which can have an impact on their professional position. Further research is required to examine worksite strategies to support nurses in these situations and to develop coping strategies for dealing with moral distress.
Endogenous Nmnat2 Is an Essential Survival Factor for Maintenance of Healthy Axons (2010)

The molecular triggers for axon degeneration remain unknown. We identify endogenous Nmnat2 as a labile axon survival factor whose constant replenishment by anterograde axonal transport is a limiting factor for axon survival. Specific depletion of Nmnat2 is sufficient to induce Wallerian-like degeneration of uninjured axons which endogenous Nmnat1 and Nmnat3 cannot prevent. Nmnat2 is by far the most labile Nmnat isoform and is depleted in distal stumps of injured neurites before Wallerian degeneration begins. Nmnat2 turnover is equally rapid in injured Wld(S) neurites, despite delayed neurite degeneration, showing it is not a consequence of degeneration and also that Wld(S) does not stabilize Nmnat2. Depletion of Nmnat2 below a threshold level is necessary for axon degeneration since exogenous Nmnat2 can protect injured neurites when expressed at high enough levels to overcome its short half-life. Furthermore, proteasome inhibition slows both Nmnat2 turnover and neurite degeneration. We conclude that endogenous Nmnat2 prevents spontaneous degeneration of healthy axons and propose that, when present, the more long-lived, functionally related Wld(S) protein substitutes for Nmnat2 loss after axon injury. Endogenous Nmnat2 represents an exciting new therapeutic target for axonal disorders.
Disulfide-Linked Oligomers of the Major Outer Membrane Protein of Chlamydiae (1983)

The major outer membrane protein of chlamydial elementary bodies was identified in dimer, trimer, and other multimeric forms. These natural multimers were stabilized by disulfide-mediated cross-linking. Such cross-linking of outer membrane proteins may play an important role in the formation and evolution of chlamydial cell wall structure.
Heterologous Expression of <i>Pleurotus eryngii</i> Peroxidase Confirms Its Ability To Oxidize Mn <sup>2+</sup> and Different Aromatic Substrates (1999)

A versatile ligninolytic peroxidase has been cloned from Pleurotus eryngii and its allelic variant MnPL2 expressed in Aspergillus nidulans, with properties similar to those of the mature enzyme from P. eryngii. These include the ability to oxidize Mn(2+) and aromatic substrates, confirming that this is a new peroxidase type sharing catalytic properties of lignin peroxidase and manganese peroxidase.
Reasons for placement and replacement of restorations of direct restorative materials by a selected group of practitioners in the United Kingdom. (1997)

This article reports the findings of a study on reasons for the placement and replacement of direct restorations in general dental practice in the United Kingdom. Twenty-two selected practitioners recorded information pertaining to up to 250 consecutive direct restorations placed by themselves during a 6-week period. From data derived from 2,379 restorations, it was found that about 60% of restorative practice in the United Kingdom may be found to comprise the replacement of existing restorations. For restorations of amalgam and glass-ionomer cement, the principal reason for replacement was secondary caries. For restorations of resin composite, secondary caries and poor appearance accounted for equal proportions of failures. Apart from the need for more extensive surveys of the type reported, the data emphasize the need to monitor treatment trends in contemporary clinical practice.
SCR Device With Dynamic Holding Voltage for On-Chip ESD Protection in a 0.25-&lt;tex&gt;$mu hbox m$&lt;/tex&gt;Fully Salicided CMOS Process (2004)

A dynamic-holding-voltage silicon-controlled rectifier (DHVSCR) device is proposed and verified in a 0.25-/spl mu/m/2.5-V salicided CMOS process. In the DHVSCR device structure, the control nMOS and pMOS transistors are directly embedded in SCR device structure. The proposed DHVSCR device has the characteristics of tunable holding voltage and holding current by changing the gate voltage of embedded nMOS and pMOS. Under normal circuit operating condition, the DHVSCR has a holding voltage higher than the supply voltage without causing a latch-up issue. Under an electrostatic discharge (ESD) stress condition, the DHVSCR has a lower holding voltage to effectively clamp the overshooting ESD voltage. From the experimental results, the DHVSCR with a device width of 50 /spl mu/m can sustain a human-body-model ESD level of 5.6 kV.
European collaborative study of the antenatal management of feto‐maternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (2003)

The aims of this study were to determine whether the severity of fetomaternal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FMAIT) in the current pregnancy could be predicted from the history of FMAIT in previous pregnancies, and to assess the effects of different types of antenatal intervention. Fifty-six fetuses were studied that all had a sibling affected by FMAIT due to human platelet antigen 1a (HPA-1a) alloimmunization. Cases with a sibling history of antenatal intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) or severe thrombocytopenia (platelet counts of < 20 x 109/l) had significantly lower pretreatment platelet counts than cases whose siblings had less severe thrombocytopenia or postnatal ICH. Maternal therapy resulted in a platelet count exceeding 50 x 109/l in 67% of cases. None of the fetuses managed by serial platelet intrauterine transfusions (IUT) suffered ICH following treatment. However, several serious complications arose with fetal blood sampling (FBS). Overall, intervention improved outcome, as three study cases suffered from antenatal ICH and three others died whereas 15 study cases had a sibling with an ICH, eight of whom died. The results of this study suggest that the start of therapy can be stratified on the basis of the sibling history of FMAIT, and support the use of maternal therapy as first-line treatment.
Direct Fmoc-Chemistry-Based Solid-Phase Synthesis of Peptidyl Thioesters (2011)

Attachment of a growing peptide chain to a glycylaminomethyl resin via a thioglycinamide bond is compatible with Fmoc-chemistry solid-phase peptide synthesis. Subsequent S-alkylation of the thioamide gives a thioimide that, on treatment with aqueous trifluoroacetic acid, releases the peptide from the resin in the form of a C-terminal thioester.
Matrix Completion With Noise (2010)

On the heels of compressed sensing, a new field has very recently emerged. This field addresses a broad range of problems of significant practical interest, namely, the recovery of a data matrix from what appears to be incomplete, and perhaps even corrupted, information. In its simplest form, the problem is to recover a matrix from a small sample of its entries. It comes up in many areas of science and engineering, including collaborative filtering, machine learning, control, remote sensing, and computer vision, to name a few. This paper surveys the novel literature on matrix completion, which shows that under some suitable conditions, one can recover an unknown low-rank matrix from a nearly minimal set of entries by solving a simple convex optimization problem, namely, nuclear-norm minimization subject to data constraints. Further, this paper introduces novel results showing that matrix completion is provably accurate even when the few observed entries are corrupted with a small amount of noise. A typical result is that one can recover an unknown matrix of low rank from just about log noisy samples with an error that is proportional to the noise level. We present numerical results that complement our quantitative analysis and show that, in practice, nuclear-norm minimization accurately fills in the many missing entries of large low-rank matrices from just a few noisy samples. Some analogies between matrix completion and compressed sensing are discussed throughout.
Symbolic pattern databases in heuristic search planning (2002)

This paper invents symbolic pattern databases (SPDB) to combine two influencing aspects for recent progress in domain-independent action planning, namely heuristic search and model checking. SPDBs are off-line computed dictionaries, generated in symbolic backward traversals of automatically inferred planning space abstractions. The entries of SPDBs serve as heuristic estimates to accelerate explicit and symbolic, approximate and optimal heuristic search planners. Selected experiments highlight that the symbolic representation yields much larger and more accurate pattern databases than the ones generated with explicit methods.
CTB-MAC: Cluster-Based TDMA Broadcast MAC Protocol for Mobile Ad-Hoc Network (2010)

We introduce a simple approach to broadcast real time voice traffic with clustering and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Time is divided in sequence of super-frame. Cluster head selects a frame from super-frame which supposed to be the unique frame than its neighbor clusters. So while one cluster is on transmission schedule basically there won't be any other neighbor cluster on transmission. The overlapping clusters results some nodes to hear more than one Cluster-Head (CH) so are called relay nodes. Relay nodes always relay message from one CH to other. Before going for transmissions relay nodes and source nodes need to reserve data slot. Transmitting nodes use a contention slot to reserve data slot. Since the network is divided in overlapping clusters and no neighbor cluster has same frame and all the transmitting nodes in a frame has their own data slot we are assured that there is no collision in data slot which will save considerable amount of power moreover every nodes does not need to transmit, only relay node transmits a packet for a cluster and the CH broadcast it to its range. Since minimal number of nodes takes part in transmitting of a packet, all the network resources could be saved as well.
Virtual Channels in Networks on Chip: Implementation and Evaluation on Hermes NoC (2005)

Networks on chip (NoCs) draw on concepts inherited from distributed systems and computer networks subject areas to interconnect IP cores in a structured and scalable way. Congestion in NoCs reduces the overall system performance. This effect is particularly strong in networks where a single buffer is associated with each input channel, which simplifies router design, but prevents packets from sharing a physical channel at any given instant of time. The goal of this work is to describe the implementation of a mechanism to reduce performance penalization due to packet concurrence for network resources in NoCs. One way to reduce congestion is to multiplex a physical channel using virtual channels (VCs). VCs reduce latency and increase network throughput. The insertion of VCs also enables to implement policies for allocating the physical channel bandwidth, which enables to support quality of service (QoS) in applications. This paper has two main contributions. The first is the detailed implementation of a NoC router with a parameterizable number of VCs. The second is the evaluation of latency and throughput in reasonably sized instances of the Hermes NoC (8 times 8 mesh), with and without VCs. Additionally, the paper compares the features of the proposed router with others employing VCs. Results show that NoCs with VCs accept higher injections rates w.r.t. NoCs without VCs, with a small standard deviation in the latency values, guaranteeing precise packet latency estimation