gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Malawi debt: cause of great suffering and impediment to development - means of removing the burden (1997)

1. Extent of the Debt Malawi is typical of sub-saharan African countries in having a debt burden that is well in excess of 150% of GNP and about 500% of exports of goods and services. It is also typical in having a ratio of total debt services to export of goods and services of about 25%. The total debt stocks have gone up every year from 1988 to 1995. The total increase over the years is $779 million from $1361 million to $2140 million, an increase of $779 million or 57.2%. The long-term debt element in this figure has also increased by $774 million, a slightly larger percentage. It is clear from these figures that Malawi has not the remotest chance of repaying this debt. The vast majority of it can only be extinguished by an act of debt remission by creditors.
Glutathione Depletion Is Necessary for Apoptosis in Lymphoid Cells Independent of Reactive Oxygen Species Formation (2007)

Changes in the intracellular redox environment of cells have been reported to be critical for the activation of apoptotic enzymes and the progression of programmed cell death. Glutathione (GSH) depletion is an early hallmark observed in apoptosis, and we have demonstrated that GSH efflux during death receptor-mediated apoptosis occurs via a GSH transporter. We now evaluate the relationship between GSH depletion, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the progression of apoptosis. Simultaneous single cell analysis of changes in GSH content and ROS formation by multiparametric FACS revealed that loss of intracellular GSH was paralleled by the generation of different ROS including hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anion, hydroxyl radical, and lipid peroxides. However, inhibition of ROS formation by a variety of antioxidants showed that GSH loss was independent from the generation of ROS. Furthermore, GSH depletion was observed to be necessary for ROS generation. Interestingly, high extracellular thiol concentration (GSH and N-acetyl-cysteine) inhibited apoptosis, whereas, inhibition of ROS generation by other non-thiol antioxidants was ineffective in preventing cell death. Finally, GSH depletion was shown to be a necessary for the progression of apoptosis activated by both extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways. These results document a necessary and critical role for GSH loss in apoptosis and clearly uncouple for the first time GSH depletion from ROS formation.
Differential effects of hydroxocobalamin on NO‐mediated relaxations in rat aorta and anococcygeus muscle (1993)

In rat aortic rings, hydroxocobalamin (10-30 microM) produced concentration-dependent reductions of the relaxant action of nitric oxide (NO) and the endothelium-dependent, NO-mediated, relaxant action of acetylcholine. In anococcygeus muscles, hydroxocobalamin (10-30 microM) reduced but also prolonged, NO-induced relaxations, but had no effect on non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic-mediated relaxations. Hydroxocobalamin had no effect on the NO-independent relaxant action of papaverine in either tissue. It is suggested that hydroxocobalamin sequesters NO by forming nitrosocobalamin. Nitrosocobalamin did not relax aortic rings, but produced a slowly developing and prolonged relaxation of anococcygeus muscles.
Review Of Uv Laser Damage Measurements At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1987)

Laser damage threshold measurements in the ultraviolet' (UV) have been made at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) since 1979. These tests were conducted using single pulses at the third (355 nm) and fourth (266 nm) harmonic wavelengths of 1064-nm Nd-glass lasers, and single and repetitively fired pulses from KrF (248 nm) and XeF (351 nm) excimer lasers respectively. Surface damage thresholds of dielectric thin films, antireflective (AR) coatings, highly reflective (HP) coatings, and porous and graded-index AR coatings, as well as surface and bulk thresholds of optical windows and crystals have been measured. More than twenty different parameter studies have been conducted to develop materials with increased laser damage thresholds.
Scaling of nonvolatile memories to nanoscale feature sizes (2007)

The market for nonvolatile memory devices is growing rapidly. Today, the vast majority of nonvolatile memory devices are based on the floating gate device which is facing serious scaling limitations. Material innovations currently under investigation to extend the scalability of floating gate devices are discussed. An alternative path is to replace the floating gate by a charge trapping material. The combination of charge trapping and localized channel hot electron injection allows storing two physically separated bits in one memory cell. The current status and prospects of charge trapping devices are reviewed, demonstrating their superior scalability. Floating gate as well as charge trapping memory cells suffer from severe performance limitations with respect to write and erase speed and endurance driving system overhead. A memory that works like random access memory and is nonvolatile would simplify system design. This, however, calls for new switching effects that are based on integrating new materials into the memory cell. An outlook to memory concepts that use ferroelectric switching, magnetic switching, phase change, or other resistive switching effects is given, illustrating how the integration of new materials may solve the limitations of today's semiconductor memory concepts.
An adaptive multi-user multi-antenna receiver for satellite-based AIS detection (2012)

In the field of maritime surveillance, the space-based detection of Automatic Identification System (AIS) communications enables ship tracking and fleet monitoring with a global coverage. SAT-AIS is a joint initiative from the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Maritime Safety Agency (EMSA) to define a sustainable space-based system that will provide AIS data to institutional organisations and other entities. The AIS communication system was not originally designed for a capture from space. As a consequence, a space-based AIS receiver faces severe technical issues, in particular a drastic amount of co-channel interferences. Astrium is working under ESA contract on an affordable SAT-AIS solution with a strong emphasis on a high-performance AIS payload and processing chain. We propose a multi-antenna AIS receiver coupled with an adaptive multi-user processing solution suited to maximize the detection of AIS messages. The proposed algorithm implements a number of diversity techniques to take advantage of the variability of received signal characteristics, especially the Direction of Arrival (DOA), incident polarization, Doppler spread, signal strength and path delay.
A beam approach to Kirchhoff depth imaging (2000)

Although Kirchhoff migration is currently the tool of choice for 3-D seismic prestack depth imaging, full volume imaging using Kirchhoff methods is costly for large surveys or interactive processing. This article describes a beam methodology for Kirchhoff imaging that leads to a theoretical speedup of up to two orders of magnitude over traditional implementations of Kirchhoff migration. Beam methodology has been used routinely in Amerada Hess for generating 3-D full-volume prestack depth images for the last several years.
Isolation of Chromobacterium spp. from foods, soil, and water (1982)

Chromobacterium violaceum, a soil and water inhabitant, has been implicated in human disease with a high mortality rate, particularly in the southeastern United States. The psychrotrophic Chromobacterium lividum has been isolated from foods, water, and soil, but is not considered pathogenic. To determine the distribution of Chromobacterium spp. in soil, water, and foods in the Gainesville area, we evaluated Bennett, Ryalls and Moss, and Aeromonas membrane agars for their ability to recover these organisms from various samples when incubated at 25 or 35 degrees C. Bennett agar was best for the isolation of both species when incubated at 25 degrees C; however, at 35 degrees C, Aeromonas membrane agar gave the highest recoveries of C. violaceum. C. violaceum was recovered only from soil and water, whereas C. lividum was frequently recovered from foods as well as soil and water.
Arylthioamides as H<sub>2</sub>S Donors: <scp>l</scp>-Cysteine-Activated Releasing Properties and Vascular Effects in Vitro and in Vivo (2013)

A small library of arylthioamides 1-12 was easily synthesized, and their H2S-releasing properties were evaluated both in the absence or in the presence of an organic thiol such as l-cysteine. A number of arylthioamides (1-3 and 7) showed a slow and l-cysteine-dependent H2S-releasing mechanism, similar to that exhibited by the reference slow H2S-releasing agents, such as diallyl disulfide (DADS) and the phosphinodithioate derivative GYY 4137. Compound 1 strongly abolished the noradrenaline-induced vasoconstriction in isolated rat aortic rings and hyperpolarized the membranes of human vascular smooth muscle cells in a concentration-dependent fashion. Finally, a significant reduction of the systolic blood pressure of anesthetized normotensive rats was observed after its oral administration. Altogether these results highlighted the potential of arylthioamides 1-3 and 7 as H2S-donors for basic studies, and for the rational design/development of promising pharmacotherapeutic agents to treat cardiovascular diseases.
An F41-K88-related genetic determinant of bovine septicemic Escherichia coli mediates expression of CS31A fimbriae and adherence to epithelial cells (1991)

A genetic determinant related to that encoding the F41 fimbrial adhesin was cloned from a bovine septicemic isolate of Escherichia coli. This determinant was found to mediate expression of morphologically distinct fimbriae in E. coli HB101. The gene encoding the fimbrial subunit protein was identified, and the nucleotide sequence was determined. Homology with the amino-terminal amino acid sequence of CS31A (J. Girardeau, M. Der Vartanian, J. Ollier, and M. Contrepois, Infect. Immun. 56:2180-2188, 1988) was observed, suggesting that this determinant encodes expression of the CS31A fimbrial antigen. The CS31A subunit gene was found to share extensive homology in its signal sequence to the subunit genes encoding the F41 and K88 adhesins. No apparent homology between the mature F41 and CS31A subunits was identified. However, substantial relatedness to the K88 fimbrial subunit was observed. Analysis of the protein products encoded by the CS31A, F41, and K88 determinants in maxicells established that despite extensive genetic similarities between the determinants, each encodes a distinct profile of proteins. E. coli HB101 harboring the cloned CS31A determinant was found to adhere to epithelial cells in a tissue culture assay, suggesting a role for CS31A in adherence. A CS31A-specific DNA hybridization probe detected homologous sequences among enterotoxigenic as well as septicemic E. coli isolates from calves.
Analgesic effects of botulinum toxin A: a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial (2000)

Postoperative pain in children with spastic cerebral palsy (CP) is often attributed to muscle spasm and is difficult to manage using opiates and benzodiazepines. Adductor-release surgery to treat or prevent hip dislocation in children with spastic CP is frequently performed and is often accompanied by severe postoperative pain and spasm. A double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial of 16 patients (mean age 4.7 years) with a mainly spastic type of CP (either diplegic or quadriplegic in distribution) was used to test the hypothesis that a significant proportion of postoperative pain is secondary to muscle spasm and, therefore, might be reduced by a preoperative chemodenervation of the target surgical muscle by intramuscular injection of botulinum toxin A (BTX/A). Compared with the placebo, BTX/A was found to be associated with a reduction in mean pain scores of 74% (P<0.003), a reduction in mean analgesic requirements of approximately 50% (P<0.005), and a reduction in mean length of hospital admission of 33% (P<0.003). It was concluded that an important component of postoperative pain in the patient population is due to muscle spasm and this can be managed effectively by preoperative injection with BTX/A. These findings may have implications for the management of pain secondary to muscle spasm in other clinical settings.
Diffusional motion of redox centers in carbonate electrolytes (2014)

Ferrocene (Fc) and N-(ferrocenylmethyl)-N,N-dimethyl-N-ethylammonium bistrifluoromethyl-sulfonimide (Fc1N112-TFSI) were dissolved in carbonate solvents and self-diffusion coefficients (D) of solutes and solvents were measured by (1)H and (19)F pulsed field gradient nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The organic solvents were propylene carbonate (PC), ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), and a ternary mixture that also includes ethylene carbonate (EC). Results from NMR studies over the temperature range of 0-50 °C and for various concentrations (0.25-1.7 M) of Fc1N112-TFSI are compared to values of D simulated with classical molecular dynamics (MD). The measured self-diffusion coefficients gradually decreased as the Fc1N112-TFSI concentration increased in all solvents. Since TFSI(-) has fluoromethyl groups (CF3), D(TFSI) could be measured separately and the values found are larger than those for D(Fc1N112) in all samples measured. The EC, PC, and EMC have the same D in the neat solvent mixture and when Fc is dissolved in EC/PC/EMC at a concentration of 0.2 M, probably due to the interactions between common carbonyl structures within EC, PC, and EMC. A difference in D (D(PC) < D(EC) < D(EMC)), and both a higher E(a) for translational motion and higher effective viscosity for PC in the mixture containing Fc1N112-TFSI reflect the interaction between PC and Fc1N112(+), which is a relatively stronger interaction than that between Fc1N112(+) and other solvent species. In the EC/PC/EMC solution that is saturated with Fc1N112-TFSI, we find that D(PC) = D(EC) = D(EMC) and Fc1N112(+) and all components of the EC/PC/EMC solution have the same E(a) for translational motion, while the ratio D(EC/PC/EMC)/D(Fc1N112) is approximately 3. These results reflect the lack of available free volume for independent diffusion in the saturated solution. The Fc1N112(+) transference numbers lie around 0.4 and increase slightly as the temperature is increased in the PC and EMC solvents. The trends observed for D from simulations are in good agreement with experimental results and provide molecular level understanding of the solvation structure of Fc1N112-TFSI dissolved in EC/PC/EMC.
The application of digital signal processing to transmitter linearisation (2003)

A description is given of three prototype transmitters, using digital signal processing in different ways to achieve linear RF amplification. The Cartesian feedback technique, the adaptive predistortion technique, and the LINC (linear amplification with nonlinear components) technique, are all shown to provide a good degree of intermodulation product suppression (>50 dB), with the LINC amplifier approach potentially the most power-efficient (>70%). Both the LINC and predistortion systems can operate in a wideband mode. The Cartesian approach, because of the inherent feedback control system, is limited to a bandwidth of about 10% of the operating frequency. The implementation costs are considerably reduced over conventional analog realizations of such systems for all three techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Flexible Generation of Kalman Filter Code (2006)

Domain-specific program synthesis can automatically generate high quality code in complex domains from succinct specifications, but the range of programs which can be generated by a given synthesis system is typically narrow. Obtaining code which falls outside this narrow scope necessitates either 1) extension of the code generator, which is usually very expensive, or 2) manual modification of the generated code, which is often difficult and which must be redone whenever changes are made to the program specification. In this paper, we describe adaptations and extensions of the AUTOFILTER Kalman filter synthesis system which greatly extend the range of programs which can be generated. Users augment the input specification with a specification of code fragments and how those fragments should interleave with or replace parts of the synthesized filter. This allows users to generate a much wider range of programs without their needing to modify the synthesis system or edit generated code. We demonstrate the usefulness of the approach by applying it to the synthesis of a complex state estimator which combines code from several Kalman filters with user-specified code. The work described in this paper allows the complex design decisions necessary for real-world applications to be reflected in the synthesized code. When executed on simulated input data, the generated state estimator was found to produce comparable estimates to those produced by a hand-coded estimator
Impact of germline <i>BRCA1</i> mutations and overexpression of p53 on prognosis and response to treatment following breast carcinoma (2003)

Germline BRCA1 mutations and p53 overexpression carry a negative prognosis that is not additive to known prognostic factors. Given the experimental sensitivity of BRCA1-mutated cells to chemotherapy, the worse survival among BRCA1 mutation-carrying lymph node-negative breast carcinoma patients may be partly explained by the significantly lower proportion of lymph node-negative patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy (P < 0.001).
Bence Jones Proteins: Malignant or Benign? (1982)

Over a century elapsed between Henry Bence Jones' discovery of a urinary protein with unusual thermal properties in patients with multiple myeloma1 and Edelman and Gally's demonstration2 that this curious protein was the light polypeptide portion (kappa or lambda chain) of the immunoglobulin molecule. It is now known that normal urine contains very small amounts of a mixture of free kappa and lambda light chains of polyclonal origin, but Bence Jones proteinuria denotes the presence of a monoclonal light chain of either the kappa or the lambda type.Bence Jones proteins, far from being a laboratory curiosity, are historically among . . .
Moving to XML: Latin texts XML conversion project at the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities (2001)

The delivery of documents on the Web has moved beyond the restrictions of the traditional Web markup language, HTML. HTML’s static tags cannot deal with the variety of data formats now beginning to be exchanged between various entities, whether corporate or institutional. XML solves many of the problems by allowing arbitrary tags, which describe the content for a particular audience or group. At the Center for Electronic Texts in the Humanities the Latin texts of Lector Longinquus are being transformed to XML in readiness for the expected new standard. To allow existing browsers to render these texts, a Java program is used to transform the XML to HTML on the fly.
X-ray diffraction study of the phase transitions and structural evolution of tin dioxide at high pressure:ffRelationships between structure types and implications for other rutile-type dioxides (1997)

${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ was investigated at pressures up to 49 GPa by angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction using an imaging plate. Three phase transitions were observed on compression. Rutile-type ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ underwent a second-order transition to a ${\mathrm{CaCl}}_{2}$-type phase at 11.8 GPa under hydrostatic conditions, as determined from the pressure dependence of the spontaneous strain. This transition was observed at significantly lower pressures under nonhydrostatic conditions. A second transition to an \ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{PbO}}_{2}$-type phase was observed to begin above 12 GPa under nonhydrostatic conditions; however, only a small amount of this phase was obtained. Both the \ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{PbO}}_{2}$-type and the ${\mathrm{CaCl}}_{2}$-type phases transformed to a modified fluorite-type phase, space group Pa3-bar, above 21 GPa. Upon decompression, retransformation was observed and the sample recovered under ambient conditions consisted of a mixture of the rutile-type and \ensuremath{\alpha}-${\mathrm{PbO}}_{2}$-type phases. The structures of the rutile, ${\mathrm{CaCl}}_{2}$ and modified fluorite type phases were refined in situ by the Rietveld method allowing the structural evolution of ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ to be followed as a function of pressure. The relationships between the high-pressure structures of ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ are discussed using group theory and potential transformation pathways identified. The transition sequence observed for tin dioxide has important implications for the high-pressure behavior of other rutile-structured compounds.
ENGLISH: THE JOURNALISTIC APPROACH (1962)

The ‘self-expression’ type of writing is certainly effective in teaching English to some technical students. Others, it leaves cold. ‘Report Writing’ can be a useful peg, but it seems too narrow for a basis. Why not teach students explicitly some of the skills of the professional technical journalist? His dependence on theory, techniques and craftsmanship they will appreciate — perhaps by analogy with their own
Magnetic properties of Ga-added die-upset Nd-Fe-B magnets (1989)

The magnetic properties of Ga-added die-upset Nd-Fe-B magnets have been measured between 4.2 and 473 K. The die-upset magnets show a larger stepwise decrease in the demagnetization curve then a sintered magnet below the spin reorientation temperature because of the low alignment of grains in the die-upset magnets. In the temperatures range above room temperature, the high-coercivity Ga-added die-upset magnet has excellent properties compared with the Ga-free die-upset magnet. The addition of Ga increases the pinning force, resulting in the increase of i/sub Hc/.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
坚持用硅技术实现10-40Gb/s网络处理器和协处理器 (2002)

如果你目前正开始一项设计，或许你会考虑采用10-40Gb/s的网络处理器(NP)，以实现对深层次数据包检验的支持能力，达到较好的服务质量(QoS)。即使你的创意缺乏新意，也可以有效地以OC-192的线速把4条OC-48线路汇接在一起。这意味着需要了解如何在众多NP和协处理器供应商中，从可能最终生存下来的6、7家厂商中选定其一。最佳的筛选方式是首先关注那些具有10Gbits/s或更高性能硅NP和协处理器产品的厂商。位于美国圣地亚哥的AMCC公司是2002年二季度唯一一家推出了10Gb/s硅芯片的厂商，而英特尔公司在第三季度加入竞争行列。在新创企业中，已成功地开发出10Gb/s硅芯片并于2002年
Deliberative Democracy in Action: A Case Study of Animal Protection (2018)

This article provides a case study of deliberative forums concerned with animal protection issues. It is argued that, whilst the deliberative exercises reviewed had relatively little impact on policy makers, there was some evidence of an attitude shift amongst the participants, and these tended to be in the direction of support for greater protection for animals. However, there are three important caveats to this conclusion. First, the opinion shifts documented all came about as a result of the provision of information which, strictly speaking, can be separated from deliberation. Secondly, there was no evidence of a shift in values; thirdly, and perhaps not surprisingly, shifts of opinion were less likely to occur when partisans were involved.