gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Sensitive Fluorescent Dyes and Intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> Imaging (2013)

Imaging Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent indicators provides a common approach for studying Ca(2+) signals in many contexts. Fluorescent indicators are particularly useful for measuring acute Ca(2+) changes in a relatively noninvasive manner. The availability of indicators that can be targeted to specific cellular domains, coupled with variations in affinity, brightness or spectral characteristics, provides tools for exploring spatially and temporally diverse Ca(2+) signals, and moreover, multiplexing the readout of Ca(2+) with other cellular functions. This article aims to give the novice experimentalist some insight into the considerations and potential pitfalls that impinge on the use of fluorescent Ca(2+) indicators.
The location of very small particles in silane RF discharge (2001)

The size and location of silicon particles that grow in a pure silane, capacitively coupled RF discharge, are measured by laser light scattering. The discharge conditions were similar to those typically used to produce amorphous silicon devices, except the temperatures is 300 K. At early discharge time, when the particles are small (D/spl sim/15 nm), they are located at the middle of the discharge. The larger ones that occur at later discharge times form a double layer nearer the electrodes. Surprisingly, the particles are not concentrated at the region of brightest discharge-light, which represents the distribution of high-energy electrons. Yet as expected, the distribution of film deposition on the electrodes fits radical diffusion with a source proportional to light intensity. It is also shown, by tilting the substrate, that a small gradient in plasma potential can have a major effect on particle positions.
Insights into Enhanced Visible-Light Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution of g-C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>and Highly Reduced Graphene Oxide Composite: The Role of Oxygen (2015)

The reduced graphene oxide (RGO)-based composites have attracted intensive attention in research due to its superior performance as photocatalysts, but still lacking is the theoretical understanding on the interactions between constituents, as well as the connection between such interaction and the enhanced photoactivity. Herein, the interaction between the g-C3N4 and RGO sheets is systematically explored by using state-of-the-art hybrid density functional theory. We demonstrate that the O atom plays a crucial role in the RGO-based composites. Compared to the isolated g-C3N4 monolayer, the band gap of composites obviously decreases, and at higher O concentration, the levels in the vicinity of Fermi level are much more dispersive, indicating the smaller effective mass of the carrier. These changes are nonlinear on the O concentration. Interestingly, appropriate O concentration alters the direct-gap composite to indirect-gap one. Most importantly, at a higher O concentration, a type-II, staggered band alignment can be obtained in the g-C3N4-RGO interface, and negatively charged O atoms in the RGO are active sites, leading to the high hydrogen-evolution activity. Furthermore, the calculated absorption spectra which vary with the O concentration shed light on different experimental results. The findings pave the way for developing RGO-based composites for photocatalytic applications.
<i>If Not and or but</i> Conjunctions in Sentential and Deductive Logic (1975)

The simple conjunctions of the English language are defined in terms of truth tables to show the relationship between logic and linguistic coupling words. Some principles and problems of deduction in technical writing are discussed in terms: of linguistic couplers, of the technical level necessary for understanding the premises, and of the criteria for judging arguments in different fields of reasoning. This is an introductory paper; it discusses several related principles of technical reasoning, and it provides detailed references and a brief annotated bibliography for those who wish to read further.
Symptom‐relieving and neuroprotective effects of the phytocannabinoid Δ<sup>9</sup>‐THCV in animal models of Parkinson's disease (2011)

Acute administration of Δ(9)-THCV attenuated the motor inhibition caused by 6-hydroxydopamine, presumably through changes in glutamatergic transmission. Moreover, chronic administration of Δ(9)-THCV attenuated the loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurones caused by 6-hydroxydopamine in the substantia nigra, through an effect related to its antioxidant properties (it was reproduced by cannabidiol -enriched botanical extract). In addition, CB(2) receptor-deficient mice responded to 6-hydroxydopamine in a similar manner to wild-type animals, and CB(2) receptors were poorly up-regulated in the rat substantia nigra in response to 6-hydroxydopamine. By contrast, the substantia nigra of mice that had been injected with LPS exhibited a greater up-regulation of CB(2) receptors. In these animals, Δ(9)-THCV also caused preservation of tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurones. This effect probably involved CB(2) receptors as it was also elicited by the selective CB(2) receptor agonist, HU-308, and CB(2) receptor-deficient mice were more vulnerable to LPS lesions. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Given its antioxidant properties and its ability to activate CB(2) but to block CB(1) receptors, Δ(9)-THCV has a promising pharmacological profile for delaying disease progression in PD and also for ameliorating parkinsonian symptoms.
与北美(美国、加拿大)人做生意 (1994)

对于那些想与“美国人”做生意的外邦人来说,实际经历可能使他们迷惑不解,因为许多人可以合法地为他们自己冠以这一称号.为了给这一问题划一界线,这一章只涉及格兰得河以北的民族与文化(第十四章集中讨论该河及美国边界以南的情况).无论如何,这有助于外地人首先看一下整个“泛美”地区,然后我们将分别分析北美当地人及南美当地人.对于与这些市场打交道的外国商人来说,主要问题在于南北两方都存在不同文化之间的交叉及相互影响.因此,
Video-Based Analysis of Heart Rate Applied to Falls (2018)

Falls are the number one cause of unintentional injuries and among the top-ten causes of deaths for older adults. An improved understanding of the causes of falls may lead to better approaches to prevention. Changes in blood pressure and heart rate can contribute to falls. Our goal is to develop techniques for measuring these parameters during real-life falls. In this paper, we apply advanced video processing techniques to footage of real-life falls in long-term care facilities to measure the heart rate of individuals before, during and after falls. We use an object-tracking algorithm to track a region of interest (ROI), such as the face, neck, hands or legs. We then estimate the heart rate based on subtle color changes in the ROI, which correlate with arterial blood flow. To verify the performance of the video-based method an experiment was conducted where the subject was wearing a pulse oximeter to measure the heart rate while being videotaped. Our results demonstrate that the proposed video-based processing method can be used to accurately capture heart rate variations during a fall. We also evaluate how the accuracy of the heart rate estimation depends on the size of the selected ROI. The proposed system could be used for remote patient monitoring and health informatics for improved detection and identification of the causes of falls.
Comparing Three-class Diagnostic Tests by Three-way ROC Analysis (2000)

Three-way ROC surfaces are based on a generalization of dichotomous ROC analysis to three-class diagnostic tests. The discriminatory power of three-class diagnostic tests is measured by the volume under the ROC surface. This measure can be given a probabilistic interpretation similar to the equivalence of the c-index to the area under the ROC curve. This article presents a method to calculate nonparametric estimates of the variance of the volume under the surface using Mann-Whitney U statistics. As a simple extension of this result, it is possible to calculate covariance estimates for the volume under the surface. This allows the statistical comparison of two tests used for diagnostic tasks with three possible outcomes. The formulas derived are validated on synthetic data and applied to a three-class data set of pigmented skin lesions. It is shown that a neural network algorithm trained on clinical data and lesion features performs better than one trained on only the lesion features.
Transcriptional and Epigenetic Regulation of Oligodendrocyte Development and Myelination in the Central Nervous System (2015)

Central nervous system (CNS) myelination by oligodendrocytes (OLs) is a highly orchestrated process involving well-defined steps from specification of neural stem cells into proliferative OL precursors followed by terminal differentiation and subsequent maturation of these precursors into myelinating OLs. These specification and differentiation processes are mediated by profound global changes in gene expression, which are in turn subject to control by both extracellular signals and regulatory networks intrinsic to the OL lineage. Recently, basic transcriptional mechanisms that control OL differentiation and myelination have begun to be elucidated at the molecular level and on a genome scale. The interplay between transcription factors activated by differentiation-promoting signals and master regulators likely exerts a crucial role in controlling stage-specific progression of the OL lineage. In this review, we describe the current state of knowledge regarding the transcription factors and the epigenetic programs including histone methylation, acetylation, chromatin remodeling, micro-RNAs, and noncoding RNAs that regulate development of OLs and myelination.
A Phase I Trial of Epstein-Barr Virus Gp350 Vaccine for Children With Chronic Kidney Disease Awaiting Transplantation (2009)

BACKGROUND.: Vaccination against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), inducing an antibody response to the envelope glycoprotein gp350, might protect EBV-negative children with chronic kidney disease from lymphoproliferative disease after transplantation. METHODS.: A phase I trial recruited children with chronic kidney disease to two successive cohorts given three injections of 12.5 microg (n=6) and 25 microg (n=10) recombinant gp350/alhydrogel vaccine over 6 to 8 weeks. RESULTS.: One in each cohort acquired wild EBV before the week 28 evaluation. Both doses were similarly immunogenic, inducing an IgG response in all 13 evaluable patients. Neutralizing antibodies were detected in four recipients (1/4 in the 12.5 microg and 3/9 in the 25 microg cohort). Median time from first vaccination to transplantation was 24 weeks. Immune responses declined rapidly and were unlikely to affect posttransplant events. DISCUSSION.: The vaccine was immunogenic but a prolonged vaccine schedule up to time of transplantation or improved adjuvants are required in future trials to reduce posttransplant EBV load and risk of lymphoproliferative disease.
In Vivo Imaging of oskar mRNA Transport Reveals the Mechanism of Posterior Localization (2008)

oskar mRNA localization to the posterior of the Drosophila oocyte defines where the abdomen and germ cells form in the embryo. Although this localization requires microtubules and the plus end-directed motor, kinesin, its mechanism is controversial and has been proposed to involve active transport to the posterior, diffusion and trapping, or exclusion from the anterior and lateral cortex. By following oskar mRNA particles in living oocytes, we show that the mRNA is actively transported along microtubules in all directions, with a slight bias toward the posterior. This bias is sufficient to localize the mRNA and is reversed in mago, barentsz, and Tropomyosin II mutants, which mislocalize the mRNA anteriorly. Since almost all transport is mediated by kinesin, oskar mRNA localizes by a biased random walk along a weakly polarized cytoskeleton. We also show that each component of the oskar mRNA complex plays a distinct role in particle formation and transport.
A 12b 1.6GS/s 40mW DAC in 40nm CMOS with &#x003E;70dB SFDR over entire Nyquist bandwidth (2013)

Current-steering DACs are generally used in high-speed signal generation. The critical challenges for DACs are to realize the highest-possible spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) and inter-modulation distortion (IMD) at the widest possible signal bandwidth. However, the above performances are degraded by many nonlinear causes, e.g., parasitic capacitor-induced finite output impedance [1], current-source (CS) mismatch, and input-code dependent switching transients [2]. While CS mismatch and input-code dependent switching transients result in distortion tones, the parasitic capacitor-induced finite output impedance further limits the high-linearity bandwidth and causes the SFDR to drop at high signal frequencies. In addition, low power consumption and small area are important factors for low-power applications and reduced implementation cost, respectively.
A High-Capacity Pressurized Continuous Chromatograph (1983)

Abstract Multicomponent liquid chromatographic separations have been achieved by using a slowly rotating annular bed of sorbent material. The feed material is continuously introduced at a stationary point at the top of the bed, and eluent is allowed to flow everywhere else around the annulus. The rotation of the sorbent bed causes the separated components to appear as helical bands, each of which has a characteristic, stationary exit point; hence the separation process is truly continuous. The concept has been developed primarily on a 279-mm-diam by 0.6-m-long device with a 12.7-mm-wide annulus. The effects of annulus width and diameter have been studied using the same device with annulus widths up to 114.3 mm. With this largest width, approximately 96% of the area available within the outer cylinder is devoted to the rotating sorbent bed. Further annulus-width studies have been pursued on units with 89- and 445-mm diameters. These geometric extensions to the basic concept allow extremely large capacity increases with minimal loss in separation and no increase in chromatograph diameter. The effects associated with increased feed concentration have also been studied. In this effort as well as in the annulus-width program, the separation of copper, nickel, and cobalt components from a carbonate solution was studied in detail. The nickel and cobalt components are found in the leach liquor of the Caron process for recovering nickel and cobalt from laterite ores. Nominally 50-μm-diam Dowex 50W-X8 cation exchange resin was used
Study and implement about rendering of clouds in flight simulation (2008)

Modeling and rendering clouds is an important field in the virtual reality technology in recent years, and it takes an important role in virtual display system, computer games and 3D animation field. In this paper, we study the simulation of clouds from the modeling method, lighting model and the rendering efficiency. As far as the modeling method, we model cloud based on the particle system and fractal method. This reduces the complexity of the simulation. And then the exiting multiple forward scattering illumination models were used. At last, the Billboard and Impostor techniques are used to enhance the operation speed. The result shows that visual effect of 3D cloud scene is true to life, and it can even meet the need of real time animation on generic PC.
Identification of members of the <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> SREA regulon: genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis and utilization (2002)

Iron is an essential trace element for almost all organisms. However, an excess of this metal within cells can be deleterious on account of catalysis of cell-damaging hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, the concentration of iron within cells is tightly regulated and the primary control occurs by regulating its uptake. Under conditions of low iron availability, most fungi mobilize extracellular iron by excretion of low-molecular-mass ferric iron chelators, termed siderophores. Due to the potential impact of iron metabolism on fungal pathogenicity, a better insight into siderophore-mediated iron uptake is needed. In Aspergillus nidulans, siderophore biosynthesis and uptake are negatively regulated by the GATA-type transcription factor SREA. Hence, genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis and uptake are characterized by transcriptional induction under iron limitation in wild-type strain and de-repression in an sreA-deletion strain under conditions of sufficient iron supply. Such genes have been searched for using different strategies, e.g. differential mRNA display and expression analysis of candidate genes from various A. nidulans sequence databases. The identified genes presumably encode enzymes needed for siderophore biosynthesis, and transporters involved in siderophore uptake and/or excretion. The functional characterization of these genes will help to unravel the pathways involved in siderophore biosynthesis and uptake.
Work function and affinity changes associated with the structure of hydrogen-terminated diamond (100) surfaces (1998)

The positron and electron work functions and affinities of diamond (100) surfaces were measured using positron reemission and Kelvin probe techniques to reveal changes in the chemical potential, surface dipole, and band bending. The positron affinity ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{+}$ is negative; at temperatures between 20 and 100 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C we find ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{+}=\ensuremath{-}4.20\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\mathrm{eV}$ for the $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ reconstructed, hydrogen-free surface, $\ensuremath{-}3.76\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\mathrm{eV}$ for the monohydride surface, and $\ensuremath{-}3.03\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.04\mathrm{eV}$ for a fully hydrogenated surface. Similar magnitude, but opposite sign changes are observed for the electron work function ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{-}}.$ The increases in the room-temperature values of ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{+}$ and the decreases in ${\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{\ensuremath{-}}$ as hydrogen is added are in agreement with theoretical results. The positron affinity of the $(2\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1)$ surface is nearly temperature independent, indicative of a surface that is nearly hydrogen-free and consisting of \ensuremath{\pi}-bonded dimers. As the temperature is raised, the positron affinity of the monohydride surface decreases to a minimum of -4.08 eV at $(575\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}50)\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ and returns to the room-temperature value by 800 \ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}C. We speculate that the complex temperature dependence is caused by fluctuations or phase transitions of the two-dimensional array of hydrogen atoms. Contrary to assumptions that band bending is the major contribution to changes in the contact potential of diamond, little band bending is evident at room temperature for variously prepared undoped diamond surfaces. Nevertheless, substantial changes in the positron yield at elevated temperatures are consistent with the formation of a positive electric field due to $3\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{10}{\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}2}$ surface electrons occupying states associated with absorbed oxygen or structural defects.
Evaluation of antibacterial activity of silver nanoparticles against MSSA and MRSA on isolates from skin infections (2011)

In recent years, skin and soft-tissue infections (SSTIs), particularly due to multidrug-resistant pathogens are increasingly being encountered in clinical settings. Due to the development of antibiotic resistance and the outbreak of infectious diseases caused by resistant pathogenic bacteria, the pharmaceutical companies and the researchers are now searching for new unconventional antibacterial agents. Recently, in this field nanotechnology represents a modern and innovative approach to develop new formulations based on metallic nanoparticles with antimicrobial properties. The bacterial growth curve, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) towards Staphylococcus aureus ATCC25923, methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA), and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) were examined in this study. The experiment results showed that the lowest MIC and MBC of Ag-NPs to MRSA was 12.5 μg/ml and 25 μg/ml, respectively. The obtained results suggested that Ag-NPs exhibit excellent bacteriostatic and bactericidal effect towards all clinical isolates tested regardless of their drug-resistant mechanisms.
A theory of the learnable (1984)

Humans appear to be able to learn new concepts without needing to be programmed explicitly in any conventional sense. In this paper we regard learning as the phenomenon of knowledge acquisition in the absence of explicit programming. We give a precise methodology for studying this phenomenon from a computational viewpoint. It consists of choosing an appropriate information gathering mechanism, the learning protocol, and exploring the class of concepts that can be learned using it in a reasonable (polynomial) number of steps. Although inherent algorithmic complexity appears to set serious limits to the range of concepts that can be learned, we show that there are some important nontrivial classes of propositional concepts that can be learned in a realistic sense.
25.1: Improvement on Longevity of Blue Phosphor for PDP Applications (2001)

Abstract Improvement in longevity of blue phosphor (Eu 2+ ‐activated barium magnesium aluminate, call as BAM) is investigated for the application of color plasma displays. It is clarified that the properties of phosphor deterioration caused by the irradiation of vacuum ultraviolet rays are dependent on the substituted elements for the specific part of the BAM. The longevity of the modified BAM is longer than that of the conventional one by twice or more by means of the substitution of In, Lu or Sc.
Effect of Titanium on Fluxional Behavior of Unbridged Metallocene Catalysts (2004)

Abstract Summary: Thanks to the use of a ligand consisting of a saturated ring fused to the cyclopentadienyl moiety, which sensibly increases the stability of titanocenes, it was possible to investigate the oscillating behavior of titanium catalysts in propylene polymerization for the first time. The titanium‐based catalysts yield poly(propylene)s with new and interesting microstructures. Indeed, in spite of the significantly lower isotactic pentad content [ mmmm ], the average lengths of the isotactic blocks ( N iso ) are similar or even higher than that obtained with the zirconium‐based homologues. Accordingly, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis shows melting peaks which are more evident than those obtained with the zirconium homologues. The study of the microstructure of the poly(propylene)s obtained with these catalysts allowed us to participate in the still open discussion on the oscillating mechanism of unbridged metallocenes. The titanium‐based catalysts employed in this study. image The titanium‐based catalysts employed in this study.