gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cholesterol in Alzheimers Disease: Unresolved Questions (2009)

The role of cholesterol as a susceptibility factor or a protective agent in neurodegeneration and, more generally, in amyloid-induced cytotoxicity is still controversial. Epidemiological studies on the hypercholesterolemia-AD risk relation and some reports indicating a beneficial effect of statin therapy suggest cholesterol as a susceptibility factor in AD. The ApoE4 genotype as a prevalent genetic risk factor for AD and the function of ApoE as main cholesterol carrier in the brain also underlie a close cholesterol load-AD risk relation. Finally, cell biology evidences support a critical involvement of lipid raft cholesterol in the modulation of beta- and gamma-secretase cleavage of APP with altered Abeta production. However, little exchange does exist between circulating and brain cholesterol, the latter arising from endogenous synthesis. In addition, increasing evidence supports the idea that amyloid cytotoxicity in most cases is initiated by oligomer recruitment at the cell membrane with loss of membrane integrity, Ca(2+) ingress into the cell, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In such a scenario, increased membrane cholesterol seems to be protective by disfavouring aggregate binding to the membrane. Recent findings also indicate that a reduction of cellular cholesterol favours co-localization of BACE1 and APP in non-raft membrane domains and hinders generation of plasmin, an Abeta-degrading enzyme. Finally, recent researches on Seladin-1, involved in cholesterol biosynthesis, show that modulation of membrane cholesterol affects Abeta generation and cell resistance against Abeta oligomer toxicity. These data confirm previous findings indicating a reduction of the cholesterol/phospholipid ratio in aged and AD brains. The aim of this review is to critically discuss some of the main results reported in the recent years in this field supporting a role of cholesterol either as a susceptibility factor or as a protective agent in AD.
Approaching the in vitro clinical trial: engineering organs on chips (2014)

In vitro cell culture and animal models are the most heavily relied upon tools of the pharmaceutical industry. When these tools fail, the results are costly and have at times, proven deadly. One promising new tool to enhance preclinical development of drugs is Organs on Chips (OOCs), proposed as a clinically and physiologically relevant means of modeling health and disease. Bringing the patient from bedside to bench in this form requires that the design, build, and test of OOCs be founded in clinical observations and methods. By creating OOCs as models of the patient, the industry may be better positioned to evaluate medicinal therapeutics.
Quick deposition of a fluid on the wall of a tube (2000)

We are interested in the amount of fluid left behind a drop moved inside a capillary tube. Long ago, Taylor showed that for very viscous liquids moved at small velocities, the film thickness is a monotonic increasing function of the capillary number. New data obtained with liquids of low viscosity are reported here and compared with Taylor’s law. Two successive effects are observed: above a threshold in capillary number, the film is thicker than a Taylor film; at a very high speed, the deposition law becomes a decreasing function of the drop velocity. Both behaviors are analyzed thanks to scaling arguments and shown to be consequences of inertia.
Emergency Bedside Ultrasound to Detect Pneumothorax (2003)

Abstract A relatively new application of emergency ultrasound is its use in the diagnosis of pneumothorax. In patients with major trauma, early detection and treatment of pneumothorax are vital. Chest radiography in these patients is limited to anteroposterior (AP) supine films, in which radiographic features of pneumothorax may be quite subtle. Hence, rapid and accurate bedside ultrasonography can expedite resuscitation. Sonographic features of pneumothorax have been identified in a number of studies. The technique involves identification of the pleural line and observation for features such as “lung sliding” and comet‐tail artifacts, which are absent in pneumothorax. Based on a review of the literature, the author describes these features and discusses the utility of emergency ultrasound in detecting pneumothorax.
Serum concentrations of substance P in cholestasis (2010)

Substance P (SP) is an excitatory neuropeptide that acts via the neurokinin-1 receptor (NK-1) in the nervous system. Pruritus, a complication of cholestasis, is a nociceptive stimulus; thus, we hypothesized that cholestasis would be associated with increased neurotransmission via SP as evidenced, in part, by increased serum concentrations of this neuropeptide. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to determine the serum concentration of SP in patients with pruritus secondary to cholestasis and in the serum of rats with cholestasis secondary to bile duct resection (BDR). The mean serum SP concentration of patients with chronic liver disease (CLD) and pruritus was 9.09 pg/mL SD +/- 6.5, significantly higher than 0.74 pg/mL SD +/- 0.77, the mean serum concentration of SP from patients with CLD without pruritus (p = 0.0001), and from that of the control group, which was 0.65 pg/mL SD +/- 0.37 (p = 0.0001). The mean serum SP concentration from six rats with cholestasis secondary to BDR six and fourteen days after surgery was 57.9 pg/mL, SD +/- 17.3, and 56.3 pg/mL, SD +/- 21.4, respectively, as compared to the concentration from the sham resected control group, which was 3.5 pg/mL SD +/- 0.59 (p = 0.002) at six days post surgery. In conclusion, in cholestasis, there is increased availability of SP. These data provide a rationale for the study of SP release and metabolism in cholestasis, and in the mediation of the pruritus.
Learning Interactive Behaviors for Musculoskeletal Robots Using Bayesian Interaction Primitives (2019)

Musculoskeletal robots that are based on pneumatic actuation have a variety of properties, such as compliance and back-drivability, that render them particularly appealing for human-robot collaboration. However, programming interactive and responsive behaviors for such systems is extremely challenging due to the nonlinearity and uncertainty inherent to their control. In this paper, we propose an approach for learning Bayesian Interaction Primitives for musculoskeletal robots given a limited set of example demonstrations. We show that this approach is capable of real-time state estimation and response generation for interaction with a robot for which no analytical model exists. Human-robot interaction experiments on a 'handshake' task show that the approach generalizes to new positions, interaction partners, and movement velocities.
Statins, super-statins and cholesterol absorption inhibitors. (2003)

An elevated level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) is an independent risk factor for premature coronary heart disease (CHD), with a value of > or = 160 mg/dl designated as high-risk by the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panels I, II and III. Current goals of therapy for all patients with elevated LDL-C include reducing levels to: (i) < 160 mg/dl in those with < or = 1 CHD risk factor; (ii) < 130 mg/dl in those with more than or equal to 2 CHD risk factors; and (iii) < 100 mg/dl in patients with established CHD or CHD risk equivalents, one of which is diabetes. The discovery of drugs that inhibit 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR), the rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol biosynthesis, constituted a major advance in the treatment of patients with elevated plasma concentrations of LDL-C. The efficacy of statins in LDL-lowering and CHD risk reduction has clearly been demonstrated in a number of primary and secondary intervention trials. Emerging options for the treatment of patients with elevated LDL-C include the super-statins rosuvastatin and pitavastatin, as well as the cholesterol absorption inhibitor ezetimibe. This article reviews large-scale clinical trials in which statins have been used to reduce LDL-C concentrations. Studies that have examined the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin, pitavastatin and ezetimibe will also be discussed.
Topic-Oriented Information Retrieval (2014)

With the rapid development of Internet, more and more information has been displayed to people. More and more researcher pay more attention to how to find useful information from this huge information ocean. We design the topic-oriented information retrieval system in order to overcome the drawback of generic crawler. The system retrieves topic information efficiently and helps user get useful information rapidly and exactly.
Isothermal Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication of Point Contacts: Part III—Fully Flooded Results (1977)

Utilizing the theory developed by the authors in an earlier publication, the influence of the ellipticity parameter, the dimensionless speed, load, and material parameters on minimum film thickness was investigated. The ellipticity parameter was varied from one (a ball on a plate configuration) to eight (a configuration approaching a line contact). The dimensionless speed parameter was varied over a range of nearly two orders of magnitude. The dimensionless load parameter was varied over a range of one order of magnitude. Conditions corresponding to the use of solid materials of bronze, steel, and silicon nitride and lubricants of paraffinic and naphthenic mineral oils were considered in obtaining the exponent in the dimensionless material parameter. Thirty-four different cases were used in obtaining the minimum film thickness formula given below as H¯min=3.63U0.68G0.49W−0.073(1−e−0.68k) A simplified expression for the ellipticity parameter was found where k=1.03RyRx0.64 Contour plots were also shown which indicate in detail the pressure spike and two side lobes in which the minimum film thickness occurs. These theoretical solutions of film thickness have all the essential features of the previously reported experimental observations based upon optical interferometry.
System design of the internet of things for residential smart grid (2016)

The Internet of Things envisions integration, coordination, communication, and collaboration of real-world objects in order to perform daily tasks in a more intelligent and efficient manner. To comprehend this vision, this article studies the design of a large-scale IoT system for smart grid application, which constitutes a large number of home users and has the requirement of fast response time. In particular, we focus on the messaging protocol of a universal IoT home gateway, where our cloud enabled system consists of a back-end server, a unified home gateway (UHG) at the end users, and a user interface for mobile devices. We discuss the features of such an IoT system to support a large-scale deployment with a UHG and real-time residential smart grid applications. Based on the requirements, we design an IoT system using XMPP and implemented in a testbed for energy management applications. To show the effectiveness of the designed testbed, we present some results using the proposed IoT architecture.
Pioglitazone Suppresses CXCR7 Expression To Inhibit Human Macrophage Chemotaxis through Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ (2015)

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Pioglitazone, the widely used thiazolidinedione, is shown to be efficient in the prevention of cardiovascular complications of T2DM. In this study, we report that pioglitazone inhibits CXCR7 expression and thus blocks chemotaxis in differentiated macrophage without perturbing cell viability or macrophage differentiation. In addition, pioglitazone-mediated CXCR7 suppression and chemotaxis inhibition occur via activating peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) but not PPARα in differentiated macrophage. More importantly, pioglitazone therapy-induced PPARγ activation suppresses CXCR7 expression in human carotid atherosclerotic lesions. Collectively, our data demonstrate that pioglitazone suppresses CXCR7 expression to inhibit human macrophage chemotaxis through PPARγ.
Activity Stain for Rapid Characterization of Pectic Enzymes in Isoelectric Focusing and Sodium Dodecyl Sulfate-Polyacrylamide Gels (1985)

A system was developed for the rapid characterization of microbial pectic enzyme complexes and then tested on Erwinia chrysanthemi and Sclerotium rolfsii. Pectic enzymes in minute samples of crude culture filtrates were resolved by ultrathin-layer polyacrylamide gel isoelectric focusing and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and then assayed with an ultrathin pectate-agarose overlay stained with ruthenium red. The simple procedure can be completed within 30 min after isoelectric focusing, can detect extremely low levels of pectate lyase (6.4 x 10 mumol of product per min), and is sufficiently sensitive to determine the pectate lyase isozyme profile of a single bacterial colony with a diameter of 4 mm. Pectate lyases and polygalacturonases can be distinguished by altering buffer conditions in the overlays. The assay system revealed additional isozymes not resolved by classical techniques and generally corroborated the previously published isoelectric points and molecular weights of the pectate lyase isozymes and exo-poly-alpha-d-galacturonosidase produced by E. chrysanthemi and the endopolygalacturonase and exopolygalacturonase produced by S. rolfsii.
Calmodulin-Androgen Receptor (AR) Interaction: Calcium-Dependent, Calpain-Mediated Breakdown of AR in LNCaP Prostate Cancer Cells (2006)

Chemotherapy of prostate cancer targets androgen receptor (AR) by androgen ablation or antiandrogens, but unfortunately, it is not curative. Our attack on prostate cancer envisions the proteolytic elimination of AR, which requires a fuller understanding of AR turnover. We showed previously that calmodulin (CaM) binds to AR with important consequences for AR stability and function. To examine the involvement of Ca(2+)/CaM in the proteolytic breakdown of AR, we analyzed LNCaP cell extracts that bind to a CaM affinity column for the presence of low molecular weight forms of AR (intact AR size, approximately 114 kDa). Using an antibody directed against the NH(2)-terminal domain (ATD) of AR on Western blots, we identified approximately 76-kDa, approximately 50-kDa, and 34/31-kDa polypeptides in eluates of CaM affinity columns, suggesting the presence of CaM-binding sites within the 31/34-kDa ATD of AR. Under cell-free conditions in the presence of phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride, AR underwent Ca(2+)-dependent degradation. AR degradation was inhibited by N-acetyl-leu-leu-norleu, an inhibitor of thiol proteases, suggesting the involvement of calpain. In intact cells, AR breakdown was accelerated by raising intracellular Ca(2+) using calcimycin, and increased AR breakdown was reversed with the cell-permeable Ca(2+) chelator bis-(O-aminophenoxy)-ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetra-(acetoxymethyl)-ester. In CaM affinity chromatography studies, the Ca(2+)-dependent protease calpain was bound to and eluted from the CaM-agarose column along with AR. Caspase-3, which plays a role in AR turnover under stress conditions, did not bind to the CaM column and was present in the proenzyme form. Similarly, AR immunoprecipitates prepared from whole-cell extracts of exponentially growing LNCaP cells contained both calpain and calpastatin. Nuclear levels of calpain and calpastatin (its endogenous inhibitor) changed in a reciprocal fashion as synchronized LNCaP cells progressed from G(1) to S phase. These reciprocal changes correlated with changes in AR level, which increased in late G(1) phase and decreased as S phase progressed. Taken together, these observations suggest potential involvement of AR-bound CaM in calcium-controlled, calpain-mediated breakdown of AR in prostate cancer cells.
Rapid Quantitative Detection of <i>Lactobacillus sakei</i> in Meat and Fermented Sausages by Real-Time PCR (2006)

A quick and simple method for quantitative detection of Lactobacillus sakei in fermented sausages was successfully developed. It is based on Chelex-100-based DNA purification and real-time PCR enumeration using a TaqMan fluorescence probe. Primers and probes were designed in the L. sakei 16S-23S rRNA intergenic transcribed spacer region, and the assay was evaluated using L. sakei genomic DNA and an artificially inoculated sausage model. The detection limit of this technique was approximately 3 cells per reaction mixture using both purified DNA and the inoculated sausage model. The quantification limit was established at 30 cells per reaction mixture in both models. The assay was then applied to enumerate L. sakei in real samples, and the results were compared to the MRS agar count method followed by confirmation of the percentage of L. sakei colonies. The results obtained by real-time PCR were not statistically significantly different than those obtained by plate count on MRS agar (P > 0.05), showing a satisfactory agreement between both methods. Therefore, the real-time PCR assay developed can be considered a promising rapid alternative method for the quantification of L. sakei and evaluation of the implantation of starter strains of L. sakei in fermented sausages.
Impact of <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mi>g</mml:mi></mml:math>-factors and valleys on spin qubits in a silicon double quantum dot (2017)

Silicon quantum dots represent a promising platform for quantum computing, in which the spin states of single electrons can be used as qubits. Here, the authors examine the effect of the intervalley spin-orbit coupling on the resonance spectrum of a single qubit and propose a new type of universal two-qubit operation that utilizes the small g-factor difference between two exchange-coupled quantum dots. Both findings have significant implications for the development of larger-scale spin qubit systems.
Decreased Immunoglobulin A Concentrations in Feces, Duodenum, and Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells of Dogs with Inflammatory Bowel Disease (2012)

IBD dogs have decreased IgA concentrations in feces and duodenum and fewer IgA(+) PBMCs, which might contribute to development of chronic enteritis in dogs with IBD.
Unsupervised and Uncued Segmentation of the Fundamental Heart Sounds in Phonocardiograms Using a Time-Scale Representation (2006)

A methodology is proposed to segment and label the fundamental activities, namely the first and second heart sounds, S1 and S2, of the phonocardiogram (PCG). Information supplementary to the PCG, such as a cue from a synchronously acquired electrocardiogram (ECG), subject-specific prior information, or training examples regarding the activities, is not required by the proposed methodology. A bank of Morlet wavelet correlators is used to obtain a time-scale representation of the PCG. An energy profile of the time-scale representation and a singular value decomposition (SVD) technique are used to identify segments of the PCG that contain the fundamental activities. The robustness of the methodology is demonstrated by the correct segmentation of over 90% of 1068 fundamental activities in a challenging set of PCGs which were recorded from patients with normally functioning and abnormally functioning bioprosthetic valves. The PCGs included highly varying fundamental activities that overlapped in time and frequency with other aberrant non-fundamental activities such as murmurs and noise-like artifacts.
New treatments for age related macular degeneration (2012)

Abstract Treatment of age related macular degeneration (AMD) has progressed dramatically in the last 10 years, particularly in the neovascular stage of the disease. This has been accomplished in part through greater understanding of the pathophysiology of neovascular AMD and the role of VEGF in vessel growth and leakage. Anti‐VEGF treatment halts vision loss in more than 90% of patients, and leads to vision improvement in a third. Ideally, however, we would like to develop treatments that can prevent AMD or halt its progression as well as to prevent any vision loss, and this requires greater understanding of the earliest events in AMD. Genetic studies have identified associations with the CFH gene and HTRA‐1 gene amongst others, suggesting key pathways in the disease process. Delineating the dysfunction in these pathways through additional genetic and functional studies, and then developing effective interventions, is the current goal of AMD research. In addition, investigators seek to refine our current therapies as well as to improve current diagnostic modalities in order to better characterize the phenotype of AMD patients. Finally, since photoreceptor loss is the ultimate cause of vision loss in patients with AMD as well as other retinal disorders, investigations are ongoing to identify the molecular pathways of photoreceptor cell death and test therapies that might be used for neuroprotection. Commercial interest
The human ryk cDNA sequence predicts a protein containing two putative transmembrane segments and a tyrosine kinase catalytic domain. (1993)

The human ryk tyrosine kinase cDNA was originally identified as a PCR-amplified cDNA fragment (JTK5) from K562 leukemia cells and found to represent a ubiquitously expressed gene (Partanen et al., 1990). The open reading frame of human ryk, reported here, encodes a novel type of putative tyrosine kinase of 607 amino acid residues, having two potential transmembrane domains and homology to receptor tyrosine kinases, such as met (HGF/SF-R) and IGF-1R, in its catalytic domain. The gene maps to human chromosome 3q11-25. Expression of the 3.4 kb ryk mRNA was found in all human adult tissues examined.
FISCAL FEDERALISM IN THE UK (1987)

Journal Article FISCAL FEDERALISM IN THE UK Get access GORDON A HUGHES GORDON A HUGHES University of Edinburgh Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Oxford Review of Economic Policy, Volume 3, Issue 2, SUMMER 1987, Pages 1–23, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxrep/3.2.1 Published: 01 July 1987
Programmed resist sidewall profiles using subresolution binary grayscale masks for Si-photonics applications (2012)

In this paper we present a 45-degree mirror created for optical applications utilizing CMOS high-volume manufacturing processes with a gray-scale lithography technique. The process that is presented here was done by creating a 3D pattern in the photoresist and then by transferring the photoresist profile to the Si/SiO<sub>2</sub> substrate by specific dry etch processing. We discuss the optimization of the half-tone pattern to achieve the desired resist profile. We achieved smooth sidewalls with various sidewall angles and show that different 3D angles and profiles can be achieved and processed simultaneously.
Late-phase reaction in ocular allergy (2008)

The existing literature demonstrates that an ocular late-phase reaction also exists and has implications in the development severity of disease, change of reactivity and progression of the atopic disease state from a localized target organ, such as the nose or eye, to a more systemic atopic disorder. The existence of the clinically relevant allergic late-phase response is not only limited to the nose, skin and lungs but also includes the eyes. The appreciation that the late-phase response may be clinically very important as there is a continuum of ocular mast-cell activation during the waking hours of the day, a better understanding of its clinical impact may be a more appropriate focus in the development of future treatments.