gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermomechanical Behavior and Experimental Testing of Flexible Matrix Composite Box-Beams with Extension-Twist coupling (2006)

Flexible Matrix Composites (FMC), are shown to exhibit large failure strains and high anisotropic properties with excellent potential for elastic tailoring. A box-beam analytical model exhibiting extension-twist coupling is extended to include thermomechanical eects. Using this model, a detailed parametric study is conducted on various FMC and carbonepoxy (CE) designs. Thermal analyses performed on FMC designs showed that some designs are highly sensitive to temperature variations whereas certain others are more thermally curvature stable than the baseline CE. A design procedure involving stiness, deflections and strength is employed to derive candidate designs for FMC from a wide spectrum of laminates. Detailed quantitative analyses are performed on FMC candidate designs and compared with that of a CE baseline design. It is showed that FMC can be tailored to obtain thermally curvature stable laminates while satisfying certain design constraints. For example, the design [45, 75, 15]s generates nearly 5 times twist under axial load when compared with the CE baseline. This design exhibits only 0.5 ‐ twist at the tip due to a change in temperature of -200 ‐ F whereas the baseline generates 6.5 ‐ . Validation studies on analytical predictions are performed by conducting experiments on FMC specimens. Wet filament winding technique is employed to fabricate several FMC box-beam specimens exhibiting extension-twist coupling. The specimens are tested for axial deformation, twist, and bending under various loading conditions. Excellent correlation between analytical predictions and experimental results is observed. For [45, 45] specimen, experimental data fall within 6% of the theoretical results for twist and bending under axial and bending loads respectively. The present investigation demonstrates the potential of FMC for structural tailoring and shows that it is a viable candidate for applications involving large elastic deformations.
Structure of ACC synthase inactivated by the mechanism‐based inhibitor <scp>l</scp>‐vinylglycine (2005)

L-Vinylglycine (L-VG) is both a substrate for and a mechanism-based inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) synthase. The ratio of the rate constants for catalytic conversion to alpha-ketobutyrate and ammonia to inactivation is 500/1. The crystal structure of the covalent adduct of the inactivated enzyme was determined at 2.25 Angstroms resolution. The active site contains an external aldimine of the adduct of L-VG with the pyridoxal 5'-phosphate cofactor. The side chain gamma-carbon of L-VG is covalently bound to the epsilon-amino group of Lys273. This species corresponds to one of the two alternatives proposed by Feng and Kirsch [Feng, L. and Kirsch, J.F. (2000) L-Vinylglycine is an alternative substrate as well as a mechanism-based inhibitor of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate synthase. Biochemistry 39, 2436-2444] and presumably results from Michael addition to a vinylglycine ketimine intermediate.
Heparin Assay and Protamine Titration (1981)

By utilizing the fact that heparin and protamine sulfate directly neutralize each other, it is possible to quickly detect excess levels of protamine (anti-heparin activity) by back-titrating a plasma specimen with predetermined amounts of heparin. The approach suggested allows for the simultaneous definition of low levels of heparin, and incorporates an equally rapid and accurate measurement of high heparin concentrations. The methodology presented employs heparin assays using the "Protopath" technic. The concept appears to be applicable to other test systems currently designed to monitor heparin activity.
A dimensionally stable and fast-discharging graphite–silicon composite Li-ion battery anode enabled by electrostatically self-assembled multifunctional polymer-blend coating (2015)

A high-performance graphite-Si composite anode for Li-ion batteries containing Si nanoparticles (NPs) attached onto graphite microparticles was synthesized by adopting a polymer-blend of poly(diallyl dimethyl-ammonium chloride) and poly(sodium 4-styrenesulfonate). The polymer-blend enabled uniform distribution of Si NPs during synthesis and served as a robust artificial solid-electrolyte interphase that substantially enhanced the cycle stability and rate performance of the composite electrode. The electrode exhibited a specific capacity of 450 mA h g(-1), 96% capacity retention at a 10 C-rate, 95% retention after 200 cycles, and the same electrode expansion behavior as a pristine graphite electrode.
Challenges in the design high-speed clock and data recovery circuits (2002)

This article describes the challenges in the design of monolithic clock and data recovery circuits used in high-speed transceivers. Following an overview of general issues, the task of phase detection for random data is addressed. Next, Hogge (1985), Alexander (1975), and half-rate phase detectors are introduced and their trade-offs outlined. Finally, a number of clock and data recovery architectures are presented.
Recognition of handwritten phrases as applied to street name images (1996)

A method for recognition of street name phrases collected from mail pieces is presented in this paper. Some of the challenges posed by the problem are: (i) patron errors, (ii) non-standardized way of abbreviating names, and (iii) variable number of words in a street name image. A neural network has been designed to segment words in a phrase, a street name in this case, using distances between components and style of writing. The network learns the type of spacing (including size) that one should expect between different pairs of characters in handwritten test. Experiments show perfect word segmentation performance at about 85% of cases. Unlike conventional methods, where lexicon entries are expanded to take care of all variations of prefixes and sizes, substring matching is attempted only between the main body of a lexicon entry and the word segments of an image. Efforts to reduce computational complexity are successfully made by the sharing of character segmentation results between the segmentation and recognition phases. 83% phrase recognition accuracy is achieved on a test set.
On chip testing data converters using static parameters (1998)

In this paper, built-in self-test (BIST) approach has been applied to test digital-to-analog (D/A) and analog-to-digital (A/D) converters. Offset, gain, integral nonlinearity (INL), and differential nonlinearity (DNL) errors and monotonicity are tested without using mixed-mode or logic test equipment. An off-line calibrating technique has been used to insure the accuracy of BIST circuitry and to reduce area overhead by avoiding the use of high quality analog blocks. The proposed BIST structure presents a compromise between test cost, area overhead, and test time. By a minor modification the test structure would be able to localize the fail situation. The same approach may be used to construct a fast low cost off-chip D/A converter tester. The BIST circuitry has been designed and evaluated using complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) 1.2 /spl mu/m technology.
The Irish Parliament under Elizabeth and James I: a general survey. By T. W. Moody. In <i>Proc. RIA</i>, vol. xlv, sect. C, pp. 41–81. Dublin: Hodges, Figgis. 1939. 2<i>s</i>. (1940)

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Modular Design of Peptide Fibrillar Nano- to Microstructures (2009)

A general concept for designing self-assembling peptide fibrillar nano- to microstructures is described. The approach relies on the use of straightforward alpha-helical one-heptad (approximately 1 nm) modules without the need for more-specific designs. Various combinations of the modules gave a variety of constructs that were examined by a combination of spectroscopy and microscopy. These show that simple rearrangements and stereochemical conversions of the modules within similar templates lead to different fiber morphologies. The concept opens new strategies for designing fibrous materials with tunable properties at the nanoscale.
Categories (2013)

Categories are used to extend classes without using inheritance. When you use a category, you can add properties and methods to a class without declaring a super class.
Genetic alterations in colorectal cancer. (2012)

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cancer in men and the second most common cancer in women worldwide. Both genetic and epigenetic alterations are common in CRC and are the driving force of tumorigenesis. The adenoma-carcinoma sequence was proposed in the 1980s that described transformation of normal colorectal epithelium to an adenoma and ultimately to an invasive and metastatic tumor. Initial genetic changes start in an early adenoma and accumulate as it transforms to carcinoma. Chromosomal instability, microsatellite instability and CpG island methylator phenotype pathways are responsible for genetic instability in colorectal cancer. Chromosomal instability pathway consist of activation of proto-oncogenes (KRAS) and inactivation of at least three tumor suppression genes, namely loss of APC, p53 and loss of heterozogosity (LOH) of long arm of chromosome 18. Mutations of TGFBR and PIK3CA genes have also been recently described. Herein we briefly discuss the basic concepts of genetic integrity and the consequences of defects in the DNA repair relevant to CRC. Epigenetic alterations, essential in CRC tumorigenesis, are also reviewed alongside clinical information relevant to CRC.
PHY and MAC layer performance optimization of the IEEE 802.16 system (2012)

unknown accessibility
The Birth of Catholic Student Organizations in France (2007)

Active first in religious education and then in public higher education since the early 19th century, Catholic student groups were extremely diverse both in terms of their organization and the nature of their religious leadership. Although the Catholic Association of French Youth (ACJF, Association catholique de la jeunesse francaise) was founded in 1891, there was no student organization per se until the creation in 1922 of the French Federation of Catholic Students (FFEC, Federation francaise des etudiants catholiques), a very conservative group controlled by Jesuits. In contrast with this first group, the Christian Student Youth (JEC, Jeunesse etudiante chretienne) founded in 1929 and first mostly active in high schools, offered an alternative oriented towards the apostolate and run by bishops.
Economic, Exergy, Environmental (3E) Analysis of Methanol Production from Shale Gas (2019)

Compared with direct utilisation as fuel, the downstream processing of shale gas shows great potential in economic competitiveness, in which methanol is a particularly important product. This study simulates a technical route for producing methanol from shale gas, which is evaluated from the points of economic, exergy and environment. The economic target is estimated by purchased cost curves, while exergy analysis demonstrates the distribution of exergy destruction. A hybrid LCI (Life cycle inventory) model is established to assess pollutant emissions by sources. The results show that methane reforming features the highest capital cost, while methanol synthesis requires the highest operating cost. The reaction systems account for 73.3 % of total exergy destruction. Electricity consumption dominates the environmental impacts of the whole process.
Auditory neuroscience: Development, transduction, and integration (2000)

Hearing underlies our ability to locate sound sources in the environment, our appreciation of music, and our ability to communicate. Participants in the National Academy of Sciences colloquium on Auditory Neuroscience: Development, Transduction, and Integration presented research results bearing on four key issues in auditory research. How does the complex inner ear develop? How does the cochlea transduce sounds into electrical signals? How does the brain's ability to compute the location of a sound source develop? How does the forebrain analyze complex sounds, particularly species-specific communications? This article provides an introduction to the papers stemming from the meeting.
The Coxiella burnetii Dot/Icm System Delivers a Unique Repertoire of Type IV Effectors into Host Cells and Is Required for Intracellular Replication (2011)

Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of human Q fever, is an intracellular pathogen that replicates in an acidified vacuole derived from the host lysosomal network. This pathogen encodes a Dot/Icm type IV secretion system that delivers bacterial proteins called effectors to the host cytosol. To identify new effector proteins, the functionally analogous Legionella pneumophila Dot/Icm system was used in a genetic screen to identify fragments of C. burnetii genomic DNA that when fused to an adenylate cyclase reporter were capable of directing Dot/Icm-dependent translocation of the fusion protein into mammalian host cells. This screen identified Dot/Icm effectors that were proteins unique to C. burnetii, having no overall sequence homology with L. pneumophila Dot/Icm effectors. A comparison of C. burnetii genome sequences from different isolates revealed diversity in the size and distribution of the genes encoding many of these effectors. Studies examining the localization and function of effectors in eukaryotic cells provided evidence that several of these proteins have an affinity for specific host organelles and can disrupt cellular functions. The identification of a transposon insertion mutation that disrupts the dot/icm locus was used to validate that this apparatus was essential for translocation of effectors. Importantly, this C. burnetii Dot/Icm-deficient mutant was found to be defective for intracellular replication. Thus, these data indicate that C. burnetii encodes a unique subset of bacterial effector proteins translocated into host cells by the Dot/Icm apparatus, and that the cumulative activities exerted by these effectors enables C. burnetii to successfully establish a niche inside mammalian cells that supports intracellular replication.
Secretion, Degradation, and Elimination of Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 and Gastric Inhibitory Polypeptide in Patients with Chronic Renal Insufficiency and Healthy Control Subjects (2004)

Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) are important factors in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and have a promising therapeutic potential. Alterations of their secretion, in vivo degradation, and elimination in patients with chronic renal insufficiency (CRI) have not yet been characterized. Ten patients with CRI (aged 47 +/- 15 years, BMI 24.5 +/- 2.2 kg/m(2), and serum creatinine 2.18 +/- 0.86 mg/dl) and 10 matched healthy control subjects (aged 44 +/- 12 years, BMI 24.9 +/- 3.4 kg/m(2), and serum creatinine 0.89 +/- 0.10 mg/dl) were included. On separate occasions, an oral glucose tolerance test (75 g), an intravenous infusion of GLP-1 (0.5 pmol. kg(-1). min(-1) over 30 min), and an intravenous infusion of GIP (1.0 pmol. kg(-1). min(-1) over 30 min) were performed. Venous blood samples were drawn for the determination of glucose (glucose oxidase), insulin, C-peptide, GLP-1 (total and intact), and GIP (total and intact; specific immunoassays). Plasma levels of GIP (3-42) and GLP-1 (9-36 amide) were calculated. Statistics were performed using repeated-measures and one-way ANOVA. After the oral glucose load, plasma concentrations of intact GLP-1 and intact GIP reached similar levels in both groups (P = 0.31 and P = 0.87, respectively). The concentrations of GIP (3-42) and GLP-1 (9-36 amide) were significantly higher in the patients than in the control subjects (P = 0.0021 and P = 0.027, respectively). During and after the exogenous infusion, GLP-1 (9-36 amide) and GIP (3-42) reached higher plasma concentrations in the CRI patients than in the control subjects (P < 0.001 and P = 0.0033, respectively), whereas the plasma levels of intact GLP-1 and GIP were not different between the groups (P = 0.29 and P = 0.27, respectively). Plasma half-lives were 3.4 +/- 0.6 and 2.3 +/- 0.4 min for intact GLP-1 (P = 0.13) and 5.3 +/- 0.8 and 3.3 +/- 0.4 min for the GLP-1 metabolite (P = 0.029) for CRI patients vs. healthy control subjects, respectively. Plasma half-lives of intact GIP were 6.9 +/- 1.4 and 5.0 +/- 1.2 min (P = 0.31) and 38.1 +/- 6.0 and 22.4 +/- 3.0 min for the GIP metabolite (P = 0.032) for CRI patients vs. healthy control subjects, respectively. Insulin concentrations tended to be lower in the patients during all experiments, whereas C-peptide levels tended to be elevated. These data underline the importance of the kidneys for the final elimination of GIP and GLP-1. The initial dipeptidyl peptidase IV-mediated degradation of both hormones is almost unaffected by impairments in renal function. Delayed elimination of GLP-1 and GIP in renal insufficiency may influence the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of dipeptidyl peptidase IV-resistant incretin derivatives to be used for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes.
Interactions between Hydrophobically Modified Polymers and Surfactants:  A Fluorescence Study (2002)

Interactions between hydrophobically modified polymers (hm-polymers) and surfactants were investigated by steady-state fluorescence as well as rheological experiments. Hydrophobically modified hydroxyethylcellulose (hmHEC) with C16 hydrophobe grafts of 0.9% mole along with tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide were studied. The presence of C16HEC induced the aggregation of surfactant micelles in aqueous solution at concentrations about one-half times lower than the critical micelle concentration. As surfactant is added, the viscosity of hm-polymer solution first increases due to the bridging of hydrophobe clusters by surfactant micelles to form mixed micelles and later decreases due to the masking of hydrophobes individually by excess micelles. Fluorescence quenching experiments showed that the number of hydrophobes (NH) in a mixed micelle decreases steadily with increasing surfactant concentration due to hydrophobe dilution by the surfactant. NH declines from greater than two with no surfactant to around two at the concentration where the viscosity reaches a maximum and eventually falls to one or below when hydrophobes are masked. The observations were explained in terms of the effective associating junctions and are consistent with the picture of interactions between hm-polymers and surfactants for polymers with stiff backbones and no intramolecular association.
Antibody markers in the diagnosis of inflammatory bowel disease (2016)

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic intestinal inflammation of unknown etiology. The diagnosis of IBD is based on endoscopic, radiologic and histopathologic criteria. Recently, the search for a noninvasive marker that could augment or replace part of this diagnostic process has become a focus of IBD research. In this review, antibody markers, including microbial antibodies, autoantibodies and peptide antibodies, will be described, focusing on their common features. At present, no single marker with qualities that are satisfactory for the diagnosis and treatment of IBD has been identified, although panels of some antibodies are being evaluated with keen interest. The discovery of novel IBD-specific and sensitive markers is anticipated. Such markers could minimize the use of endoscopic and radiologic examinations and could enable clinicians to implement individualized treatment plans designed to improve the long-term prognosis of patients with IBD.
Titelei/Inhaltsverzeichnis (2011)

Gelehrter, Politiker, Katholik, Musiker – Hans Maiers Erinnerungen erzählen die Geschichte eines ungewöhnlich vielseitigen Lebens. Sie schildern in treffsicheren, subtil geschliffenen Portraits Menschen, denen Maier begegnet ist, darunter Martin Heidegger, Franz Josef Strauß und Joseph Ratzinger. Zugleich aber eröffnet das Buch mit großer atmosphärischer Dichte Einblicke in die deutsche Geschichte des 20. Jahrhunderts, die Maier als teilhabender Zeuge miterlebt hat – von den Jahren der NS-Zeit und der frühen Bundesrepublik bis zur Gegenwart.
Rationally Designed Sensing Selectivity and Sensitivity of an Aerolysin Nanopore via Site-Directed Mutagenesis (2018)

Selectivity and sensitivity are two key parameters utilized to describe the performance of a sensor. In order to investigate selectivity and sensitivity of the aerolysin nanosensor, we manipulated its surface charge at different locations via single site-directed mutagenesis. To study the selectivity, we replaced the positively charged R220 at the entrance of the pore with negatively charged glutamic acid, resulting in barely no current blockages for sensing negatively charged oligonucleotides. For the sensitivity, we substituted the positively charged lumen-exposed amino acid K238 located at trans-ward third of the β-barrel stem with glutamic acid. This leads to a surprisingly longer duration time at +140 mV, which is about 20 times slower in translocation speed for Poly(dA)<sub>4</sub> compared to that of wild-type aerolysin, indicating the stronger pore-analyte interactions and enhanced sensitivity. Therefore, it is both feasible and understandable to rationally design confined biological nanosensors for single molecule detection with high selectivity and sensitivity.
A Very Mild and Chemoselective Oxidation of Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds (2001)

Efficient oxidation of primary alcohols and beta-amino alcohols to the corresponding aldehydes and alpha-amino aldehydes can be carried out at room temperature and in methylene chloride, using trichloroisocyanuric acid in the presence of catalytic TEMPO: aliphatic, benzylic, and allylic alcohols, and beta-amino alcohols are rapidly oxidized without no overoxidation to carboxylic acids. Secondary carbinols are slowly oxidized so that the reaction is highly chemoselective. Reaction: see text.
Infections with various types of organisms stimulate transcription from a short promoter fragment of the potato gst1 gene (1996)

International audience
Modelling of a 400m 2 steam based Paraboloidal Dish concentrator for solar thermal power production (2004)

The Australian National University has a 400m 2 Paraboloidal dish solar concentrator system, informally named “the Big Dish” that produces superheated steam via a receiver mounted monotube boiler. The system, (shown in Figure 1) which is the worlds largest was constructed in 1994. This paper describes the results of the latest experimental tests plus associated system performance modelling. The system was modelled in the context of feasibility study and performance assessment for multiple dishes, central generation Rankine cycle power plants using the transient simulation pack age TRNSYS. The new custom components of the TRNSYS deck file constructed for this study are the Paraboloidal dish, the steam generating cavity receiver, steam line and steam engine. These component models are based on transient model using the energy balance equation and the empirical derived formulation. Validation test were performed by comparing with the latest experimental results measured with a 1-minute time step.