gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring Graph-structured Passage Representation for Multi-hop Reading Comprehension with Graph Neural Networks (2018)

Multi-hop reading comprehension focuses on one type of factoid question, where a system needs to properly integrate multiple pieces of evidence to correctly answer a question. Previous work approximates global evidence with local coreference information, encoding coreference chains with DAG-styled GRU layers within a gated-attention reader. However, coreference is limited in providing information for rich inference. We introduce a new method for better connecting global evidence, which forms more complex graphs compared to DAGs. To perform evidence integration on our graphs, we investigate two recent graph neural networks, namely graph convolutional network (GCN) and graph recurrent network (GRN). Experiments on two standard datasets show that richer global information leads to better answers. Our method performs better than all published results on these datasets.
The 2018 NVIDIA AI City Challenge (2018)

The NVIDIA AI City Challenge has been created to accelerate intelligent video analysis that helps make cities smarter and safer. With millions of traffic video cameras acting as sensors around the world, there is a significant opportunity for real-time and batch analysis of these videos to provide actionable insights. These insights will benefit a wide variety of agencies, from traffic control to public safety. The second edition of the NVIDIA AI City Challenge, being organized as a CVPR workshop, provided a forum to more than 70 academic and industrial research teams to compete and solve real-world problems using traffic camera video data. The Challenge was launched with three tracks — speed estimation, anomaly detection, and vehicle re-identification. Each track was chosen in consultation with traffic and public safety officials based on the value of potential solutions. With the largest available dataset for such tasks, and ground truth for each track, the Challenge enabled 22 teams to evaluate their solutions. Given how complex these tasks are, the results are encouraging and reflect increased value addition year over year for the Challenge.
Structure‐activity analysis of ginkgolide binding in the glycine receptor pore (2008)

Ginkgolides, active constituents of Ginkgo biloba extracts, potently block the glycine receptor chloride channel (GlyR). Ginkgolides A, B, C and J are structurally similar, varying only by the presence or absence of oxygens at their R1 and R2 positions. The aim of this study was to understand how variable ginkgolide groups bind to pore-lining 2' and 6' residues in the alpha1 GlyR. Ginkgolide potency was not affected by G2'A or G2'S mutations, suggesting 2' residues are not important for ginkgolide coordination. Analysis of the alpha1(T6'S) GlyR suggests that ginkgolides bind to this receptor via hydrogen bonds between T6'S and ginkgolide R1 hydroxyls. The abolition of block by the T6'A and T6'V mutations but not by the T6'S mutation implies the existence a second transmembrane domain alpha-helical kink formed by hydrogen bonding between 6' threonine and serine sidechains and backbone carbonyl oxygens. We also found that ginkgolide A binds in different orientations in the closed and open states of a mutant GlyR, possibly reflecting its enhanced flexibility relative to other ginkgolides. Together these results indicate that small variations in ginkgolide structure or pore structure can lead to drastic potency variations. This property may be exploited to create improved pharmacological probes for discriminating among anionic Cys-loop receptor isoforms with 6' structural variations.
Author name disambiguation for collaboration network analysis and visualization (2009)

Abstract In this paper we outline a heuristic algorithm for disambiguating author names of publications via deterministic clustering based on well‐defined similarity measures between publications in which their names appear as authors. The algorithm is designed to be used in the construction of a collaboration network, i.e., a graph of author nodes and co‐author links. In this context, the goal is to produce a co‐authorship graph with network characteristics that are close to those of the “true” collaboration network, so that meaningful network metrics can be determined. The algorithm we present here is fairly easily comprehended as it does not depend on any sophisticated AI techniques. This is important in the context of policy studies, in which we successfully applied it, as it enables policy makers to judge the soundness of the methodology with considerable confidence. It is also quite fast, making it possible to run large‐scale analyses (here, in the order of a hundred thousand publications and in the order of a million names to be disambiguated) on a moderately sized desktop computer within a few days. The algorithm is, finally, open to improvement via extensions that take into account additional kinds of fields in bibliographic records of publications to provide evidence that two occurrences of similar names belong to the same individual.
Effects of Usage-Based Feedback on Video Retrieval (2011)

We present a model for exploiting community-based usage information for video retrieval, where implicit usage information from past users is exploited in order to provide enhanced assistance in video retrieval tasks, and alleviate the effects of the semantic gap problem. We propose a graph-based model for all types of implicit and explicit feedback, in which the relevant usage information is represented. Our model is designed to capture the complex interactions of a user with an interactive video retrieval system, including the representation of sequences of user-system interaction during a search session. Building upon this model, four recommendation strategies are defined and evaluated. An evaluation strategy is proposed based on simulated user actions, which enables the evaluation of our recommendation strategies over a usage information pool obtained from 24 users performing four different TRECVid tasks. Furthermore, the proposed simulation approach is used to simulate usage information pools with different characteristics, with which the recommendation approaches are further evaluated on a larger set of tasks, and their performance is studied with respect to the scalability and quality of the available implicit information.
Homo‐ and Heteroleptic Bismuth(III/V) Thiolates from N‐Heterocyclic Thiones: Synthesis, Structure and Anti‐Microbial Activity (2014)

Homo- and heteroleptic bismuth thiolato complexes have been synthesised and characterised from biologically relevant tetrazole-, imidazole-, thiadiazole- and thiazole-based heterocyclic thiones (thiols): 1-methyl-1H-tetrazole-5-thiol (1-MMTZ(H)); 4-methyl-4H-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol (4-MTT(H)); 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-2-thiol (2-MMI(H)); 5-methyl-1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-thiol (5-MMTD(H)); 1,3,4-thiadiazole-2-dithiol (2,5-DMTD(H)2 ); and 4-(4-bromophenyl)thiazole-2-thiol (4-BrMTD(H)). Reaction of BiPh3 with 1-MMTZ(H) produced the rare Bi(V) thiolato complex [BiPh(1-MMTZ)4 ], which undergoes reduction in DMSO to give [BiPh(1-MMTZ)2 {(1-MMTZ(H)}2 ]. Reactions with PhBiCl2 or BiPh3 generally produced monophenylbismuth thiolates, [BiPh(SR)2 ]. The crystal structures of [BiPh(1-MMTZ)2 {1-MMTZ(H)}2 ], [BiPh(5-MMTD)2 ], [BiPh{2,5-DMTD(H)}2 (Me2 CO)] and [Bi(4-BrMTD)3 ] were obtained. Evaluation of the bactericidal properties against M. smegmatis, S. aureus, MRSA, VRE, E. faecalis and E. coli showed complexes containing the anionic ligands 1- MMTZ, 4-MTT and 4-BrMTD to be most effective. The dithiolato dithione complexes [BiPh(4-MTT)2 {4-MTT(H)}2 ] and [BiPh(1-MMTZ)2 {1-MMTZ(H)}2 ] were most effective against all the bacteria: MICs 0.34 μM for [BiPh(4-MTT)2 {4-MTT(H)}2 ] against VRE, and 1.33 μM for [BiPh(1-MMTZ)2 {1-MMTZ(H)}2 ] against M. smegmatis and S. aureus. Tris-thiolato Bi(III) complexes were least effective overall. All complexes showed little or no toxicity towards mammalian COS-7 cells at 20 μg mL(-1) .
Efficient and Rapid Method for the Oxidation of Electron‐Rich Aromatic Aldehydes to Carboxylic Acids Using Improved Basic Hydrogen Peroxide (2006)

Abstract An efficient and rapid method for oxidation of electron‐rich aromatic aldehydes to their corresponding carboxylic acids in excellent yields was developed. It is based on the oxidation of methoxy‐substituted benzaldehydes in methanol with an improved aqueous basic hydrogen peroxide system. Benzaldehydes with electron‐withdrawing substituents are oxidized to the corresponding carboxylic acid in excellent yields under mild reaction conditions.
Analysis of passive and light-driven ion movements in large bacteriorhodopsin liposomes reconstituted by reverse-phase evaporation. 2. Influence of passive permeability and back-pressure effects upon light-induced proton uptake (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleAnalysis of passive and light-driven ion movements in large bacteriorhodopsin liposomes reconstituted by reverse-phase evaporation. 2. Influence of passive permeability and back-pressure effects upon light-induced proton uptakeMichel Seigneuret and Jean Louis RigaudCite this: Biochemistry 1986, 25, 21, 6723–6730Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00369a060https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00369a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views214Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Model for Continuous Foam Concentration of Proteins: Effects of Kinetics of Adsorption of Proteins and Coalescence of Foam (1995)

Abstract A model for concentration of proteins from dilute solutions in a continuous foam fractionation column is proposed. This model accounts for (1) kinetics of adsorption of proteins in the liquid pool as well as in the foam, (2) liquid drainage from thin films due to Plateau border suction and disjoining pressure, (3) gravity drainage of liquid from Plateau borders, and (4) bubble coalescence in the foam. Protein enrichment and recovery were found to increase as the liquid pool height increased, eventually attaining constant values (corresponding to adsorption equilibrium), thus demonstrating the strong dependence of protein separation on adsorption kinetics. Higher enrichments and lower recoveries were obtained for smaller gas velocities, larger bubble sizes, and higher feed flow rates. Enrichments as well as recoveries were higher at lower feed concentrations. Coalescence was found to lead to higher enrichments and lower recoveries, this dependence being stronger for larger inlet bubble sizes. Key Words: Foam fractionationFoam concentrationProtein separationProtein adsorptionPreconcentration of proteins
Inhibitory Activities of Colicins against <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strains Responsible for Postweaning Diarrhea and Edema Disease in Swine (2004)

The efficacies of colicins E1 and N against Escherichia coli strains responsible for postweaning diarrhea and edema disease, two of the most prevalent disease problems for pigs in the United States, were determined in vitro. These proteins may provide an environmentally sound means for the prevention of these infections in swine.
DepthCut: improved depth edge estimation using multiple unreliable channels (2018)

In the context of scene understanding, a variety of methods exists to estimate different information channels from mono or stereo images, including disparity, depth, and normals. Although several advances have been reported in the recent years for these tasks, the estimated information is often imprecise particularly near depth discontinuities or creases. Studies have however shown that precisely such depth edges carry critical cues for the perception of shape, and play important roles in tasks like depth-based segmentation or foreground selection. Unfortunately, the currently extracted channels often carry conflicting signals, making it difficult for subsequent applications to effectively use them. In this paper, we focus on the problem of obtaining high-precision depth edges (i.e., depth contours and creases) by jointly analyzing such unreliable information channels. We propose DepthCut, a data-driven fusion of the channels using a convolutional neural network trained on a large dataset with known depth. The resulting depth edges can be used for segmentation, decomposing a scene into depth layers with relatively flat depth, or improving the accuracy of the depth estimate near depth edges by constraining its gradients to agree with these edges. Quantitatively, we compare against 18 variants of baselines and demonstrate that our depth edges result in an improved segmentation performance and an improved depth estimate near depth edges compared to data-agnostic channel fusion. Qualitatively, we demonstrate that the depth edges result in superior segmentation and depth orderings. (Code and datasets will be made available.)
Sugars as a Perturbation of the Water Matrix (2009)

Near infrared (NIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy studies were performed to determine the behaviour of water during an osmotic process of apple spheres in concentrated sugar solutions. The osmotic dehydration is a process of water removal from cellular structures through immersion in a hypertonic solution. Relationships between sugars and water were studied using both two-dimensional correlation, calculated on NIR spectra recorded during the process, and NIR–NMR outer product analysis (OPA). We found that there was a shift of 7nm towards higher wavelengths in the maximum absorbance of the first overtone range of the water O–H stretching, due to the increase of hydrogen bonds implicated in the binding of the sugars progressively increasing in concentration during water removal. The absorptions detected by two-dimensional correlation, using processing time as the dynamic variable, belong to the elements which have more OH free as indicated from the outer product analysis, i.e. free water at 1936 nm followed by bonded water at 1393 nm and 1518 nm and sugars at 2131 nm, respectively.
Charge Transfer Reaction Inverse Photoemission Spectroscopy (CTRIPS) at a Gold/Acetonitrile Solution Interface. Evidence for Photon Emission via Surface States (1990)

Abstract The emission of light caused by electron transfer reaction at a gold electrode in acetonitrile solution containing one of three aromatic redox compounds (benzophenone, t-stilbene and benzonitrile) was studied. From the potential dependence of the spectrum, we proposed that the emission is due to charge transfer reaction inverse photoemission (CTRIP) process which takes place via surface states.
Meso/Macroporous Carbon Monoliths from Polymeric Foams (2004)

The authors present a novel route for the preparation of monolithic carbons with a meso/macroporous structure by templating mesostructured silica monoliths prepared by using macroporous polystyrene foams as structure scaffolds. The carbon skeletal of these materials shows a well‐developed and well‐structured porosity made up of mesopores and a very large surface area and a high pore volume.
Reactive ion etching of <i>a</i>-SiC:H films using CCl4 and O2 gas mixture (1993)

Reactive ion etching (RIE) of a-SiC:H thin films in a CCl4/O2 plasma has been investigated. The effects of process parameters, in particular radio-frequency power, oxygen addition, gas flow rate, interelectrode spacing, and pumping speed, on a-SiC:H etch rate and a-SiC:H/oxide etch selectivity are reported. For the RIE of a-SiC:H in CCl4/O2 plasmas, the gas phase plasma chemistry and surface reactions appear to be more important than ion bombardment. Reactive species generated from neutral chemical reactions of oxygen in the discharge play a more dominant role than those generated from the electron impact dissociation processes.
Dynamically phase‐cycled radial balanced SSFP imaging for efficient banding removal (2014)

Dynamically phase-cycled radial bSSFP has the potential for banding-free bSSFP imaging in a short scan time, in the presence of severe field inhomogeneities and at high resolution.
Seed Production and Seedling Establishment in the Mayapple, Podophyllum peltatum L. (1981)

Mayapple (Podophyllum peltatum L), a perennial clonai herb, produces flowering and nonflowering stems. Stem densities per clone are fairly constant from year to year, but fruit and seed production is variable, both among clones and among years. Fruit production is positively correlated with flowering stem density per clone. Seven age-specific mortalities are recognized from flowering to seedling establishment: flower abortion, improper pollination, immature fruit loss, failure of fruits and seeds to be removed from clone area, seed pr?dation, failure of seed germination and seedling competition. Improper pollination is responsible for the largest loss of potential seeds; failure of seeds to be removed from the clonai area is the second most important mortality factor. Eastern box turtles (Terrapene carolina) are the only seed dispersal agents so far identified. Turtle-ingested seeds germinate faster and have a higher probability of success than noningested seeds. The survivorship curve for turtle-ingested seeds is Type II. The negative exponential model for seedling mortality best describes the mayapple and predicts a reduction of the initial seed crop to one plant by the 5th year.
Effects of Process Feedback on Motivation, Satisfaction, and Performance in Virtual Teams (2006)

In virtual teams, the lack of feedback and information about team processes is a major problem. To encounter this challenge of virtual teamwork, team process feedback was provided by an Online-Feedback-System (OFS). It contained feedback regarding motivation, task-related aspects, and relationshiprelated aspects. A longitudinal study of 52 virtual teams with student participants was conducted. Teams that used the OFS showed an increase in performance compared with controls that did not use the OFS. Furthermore, results indicate initial motivation as a moderating variable on the improvement caused by the OFS. Positive OFS effects were found on motivation and satisfaction for the less motivated team members. Furthermore, for less motivated team members, effects of the OFS on performance were mediated by interpersonal trust. Overall, results imply that team process feedback has a positive effect on motivation, satisfaction, and performance in virtual teams.
A device for 24 hour ambulatory monitoring of abdominal girth using inductive plethysmography (2002)

Inductive plethysmography (IP) sensors and oscillator modules were assessed for their potential use in the ambulatory monitoring of abdominal girth in subjects with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) in order to objectively quantify their bloating symptoms. A dedicated microprocessordata logger was designed to record over 24 h the frequency output of IP oscillators connected to a belt around the subject's lower abdomen. Posture was also recorded via tilt switches (standing, sitting and lying). The system was separately calibrated by placing the belts around a variable rectangular phantom and measuring the frequency of oscillation. A theoretical geometric model was devised to convert measured frequency into circumference and account for changes caused by variations in shape. Using the calibration factors, it was found that the circumference of a circular phantom could be measured accurately (mean difference 1.27 cm and SD 0.25 cm). The system has been tested over 24 h with 20 volunteers. Movement introduced variations in measured girth larger than those found during periods of non-movement during sleep. We conclude that IP promises to be a useful and quantitative tool suitable for ambulatory monitoring of abdominal girth, a hitherto relatively unexplored symptom of IBS.
Formic Acid (2016)

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Physical Properties 3. Chemical Properties 3.1. Stability 3.2. Carboxylic Acid Reactions 3.3. Other Reactions 4. Production 4.1. Methyl Formate Hydrolysis 4.1.1. Kemira ‐ Leonard Process 4.1.2. BASF Process 4.1.3. USSR Process 4.2. Production from Formates 4.2.1. Formates as Polyol Byproducts 4.2.2. Formates from Carbon Monoxide 4.3. Formic Acid from Carbon Dioxide 4.4. Formic Acid from Biomass 4.5. Other Processes 4.6. Recovery of Formic Acid 5. Environmental Protection 6. Quality Specifications 7. Chemical Analysis 8. Storage and Transportation 9. Legal Aspects 10. Uses 10.1. Biomass Preservation 10.1.1. Silage 10.1.2. Animal Biomass 10.2 Leather 10.3. Textile 10.4. Feed Additives 10.5. Pharmaceuticals and Food Additives 10.6. Other Uses 10.6.1. Rubber Coagulation 10.6.2. Gas desulfurization 10.6.3. Well acidifizers 10.6.4. Formic Acid as Source of Hydrogen and Carbon Dioxide 10.6.5. Cleaning Agents 10.6.6. Solvent Use 11. Economic Aspects 12. Derivatives 12.1. Salts 12.1.1. Sodium Formate 12.1.2. Potassium Formate 12.1.3. Other Formate Salts 12.2. Esters 12.1.1. Methyl Formate 12.1.2. Ethyl Formate 12.2.3. Other Esters 12.3. Performic Acid 13. Toxicology and Occupational Health
Strain modification in thin Si1−x−yGexCy alloys on (100) Si for formation of high density and uniformly sized quantum dots (1999)

The effects of alloying C with Ge and Si and varying the C/Ge ratio during the growth of very thin layers of the ternary alloy SiGeC grown on Si (100) substrates and the resulting strain modification on self-assembled and self-organized quantum dots are examined. During coherent islanded growth, where dislocations are not formed yet to relieve the strain, higher strain energy produced by greater lattice mismatch acts to reduce the island size, increase the density of islands, and significantly narrow the distribution of island sizes to nearly uniformly sized quantum dots. Strain energy can also control the critical thickness for dislocation generation within the three-dimensional islands, which then limits the maximum height which coherent islands can achieve. After the islands relax by misfit dislocations, the island sizes increase and the island size distribution becomes broader with the increase of misfit and strain. The optimal growth for a high density of uniform coherent islands occurred for the Si0.49Ge0.48C0.03 alloy composition grown on (100) Si, at a growth temperature of 600 °C, with an average thickness of 5 nm, resulting in a narrow size distribution (about 42 nm diameter) and high density (about 2×1010 dots/cm2) of quantum dots.
Foam Solar Sea Power Plant (1975)

In the accompanying report Beck suggests a new type of open-cycle system for obtaining power from the ocean's thermal gradient. A modification of this open-cycle plant which will ensure a high efficiency, and also a low capital cost per unit power output, is described here.