gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Media representation of science: How the Philippine press defines biotechnology (2011)

The Philippines is the first and only Asian country to approve genetically modified (GM) Bt corn for commercialization. Even prior to its approval and eventual commercialization, the print media assumed a critical role in providing information about biotechnology and in documenting the scientific process that led to its adoption by farmers. To develop an understanding of the media coverage of modern biotechnology in the Philippines, a ten- year study (2000 to 2009) was conducted to find out how the country’s three major national newspapers Manila Bulletin, Philippine Daily Inquirer and Philippine Star defined biotechnology through the use of metaphors. Categorized mostly under fear- and promise domains, metaphors were dominant during the first half of the decade due to uncertainty and unfamiliarity of the technology and the absence of concrete biotech products. An analysis of metaphors showed exaggerated claims and drama initially but a shift towards straight science-based reporting citing authoritative sources was observed over time. This shows the ability of the Philippine press to define accurately and describe the technology. It was able to negotiate meanings with scientists and key stakeholders enabling it to evolve from sensational writing to clear definitions of concepts and processes.

	 

	Key words: Media representation of science, metaphor analysis, print media, agricultural biotechnology.
<i>SOS1</i> mutations are rare in human malignancies: Implications for Noonan syndrome patients (2007)

Germ line gain-of-function mutations in several members of the RAS/ERK pathway, including PTPN11, KRAS, and RAF1, cause the autosomal dominant genetic disorder Noonan Syndrome (NS). NS patients are at increased risk of leukemia/myeloproliferative disease and possibly some solid tumors, such as neuroblastoma. Recently, SOS1 gain of function mutations have also been shown to cause NS. Somatic PTPN11, KRAS, and RAF1 mutations occur (although at different frequencies) in a variety of sporadic neoplasms, but whether SOS1 mutations are associated with human cancer has not been evaluated. We sequenced DNA from a total of 810 primary malignancies, including pancreatic, lung, breast, and colon carcinomas, and acute myelogenous leukemia, as well as several neuroblastoma cell lines. From this large, diverse series, missense SOS1 mutations were identified in a single pancreatic tumor, one lung adenocarcinoma, and a T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line. Our findings suggest that SOS1 is not a significant human oncogene in most cancers. Furthermore, NS patients with SOS1 mutations may not be at increased risk of developing cancer.
Clearance of bacterial lipopolysaccharides and lipid A by the liver and the role of arginino-succinate synthase (2008)

The liver is thought to be involved in the systemic clearance and detoxification of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Argininosuccinate synthase (AS), a liver cytosolic urea cycle enzyme, has been found to bind to and inactivate LPS and lipid A. To elucidate the participation of AS in the clearance of LPS by liver and hepatocytes, we investigated the correlation between AS content and the removal of lipid A and LPS in vivo and in vitro, tracing levels of biological activity. A hepatotoxic model in which mice were injected with CCl(4) revealed a significant reduction in lipid A clearance along with liver failure on day 1; total body clearance was changed to 0.534 ml/min from 1.42 ml/min. AS content in liver concomitantly decreased to about half and AS leaked to blood at about 6 microg/ml. Total body clearance of i.v. injected AS was estimated at 0.083 ml/min, which predicted about 24-h leakage of AS after CCl(4) injection. The treatment also reduced the clearance of R-type LPSs to a lesser degree the larger its polysaccharide portion. S-type LPS, which has a large O-antigen polysaccharide, exhibited enhancement of clearance on CCl(4) treatment. When pretreated in vitro with AS and injected into normal mice, lipid A and R-type LPS showed a similar pattern of clearance of residual activities to the untreated forms, but S-type LPS exhibited enhancement of clearance. Comparison between different strains of mice revealed a correlation of AS content in liver and lipid A clearance, where the higher AS strain C3H/He mice showed a more rapid clearance than the lower AS strains C57BL/6 and BALB/c. Primary spheroid cultures of hepatocytes treated with 0.1 microM dexamethasone and 1 microM glucagon showed about a 2-fold increase in AS amount and a more rapid clearance of LPS from culture medium than untreated cells. These results suggest that AS in hepatocytes may be involved in the process of lipid A and LPS clearance and the extracellular leakage of AS may also participate in the systemic detoxification.
Design of a Single AAV Vector for Coexpression of TH and GCH1 to Establish Continuous DOPA Synthesis in a Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease (2012)

Preclinical efficacy of continuous delivery of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) with adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors has recently been documented in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD). So far, all studies have utilized a mix of two monocistronic vectors expressing either of the two genes, tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and GTP cyclohydrolase-1 (GCH1), needed for DOPA production. Here, we present a novel vector design that enables efficient DOPA production from a single AAV vector in rats with complete unilateral dopamine (DA) lesions. Functional efficacy was assessed with drug-induced and spontaneous motor behavioral tests where vector-treated animals showed near complete and stable recovery within 1 month. Recovery of motor function was associated with restoration of extracellular DA levels as assessed by online microdialysis. Histological analysis showed robust transgene expression not only in the striatum but also in overlying cortical areas. In globus pallidus, we noted loss of NeuN staining, which might be due to different sensitivity in neuronal populations to transgene expression. Taken together, we present a single AAV vector design that result in efficient DOPA production and wide-spread transduction. This is a favorable starting point for continued translation toward a therapeutic application, although future studies need to carefully review target region, vector spread and dilution with this approach.
Catadioptric sensors that approximate wide-angle perspective projections (2002)

We present two families of reflective surfaces that are capable of providing a wide field of view, and yet still approximate a perspective projection to a high degree. These surfaces are derived by considering a plane perpendicular to the axis of a surface of revolution and finding the equations governing the distortion of the image of the plane in this surface. We then view this relation as a differential equation and prescribe the distortion term to be linear. By choosing appropriate initial conditions for the differential equation and solving it numerically, we derive the surface shape and obtain a precise estimate as to what degree the resulting sensor can approximate a perspective projection. Thus these surfaces act as computational sensors, allowing for a wide-angle perspective view of a scene without processing the image in software. The applications of such a sensor should be numerous, including surveillance, robotics and tradition photography.
Determining Parameters of Double-Wiebe Function for Simulation of Combustion Process in Overload Diesel Engine with Common Rail Fuel Feed System (2018)

To analyze the peculiarities of the combustion process in an overload diesel engine with the system of Common Rail type with one-stage injection, the indicator diagram was registered. The parameters of the combustion process simulated by the double-Wiebe function were calculated as satisfactorily reconstructing the law of burning rate variation. The main parameters of the operating cycle obtained through the indicator diagram processing and the double-Wiebe function calculation differed insignificantly. And the calculated curve of the cylinder pressure differed notably only in the end of the expansion stroke. To improve the performance of the diesel engine, a two-stage fuel injection was recommended.
A novel accelerated wear test for magnetic recording disks (1993)

Future disk files will operate at lower flying height, thus increasing the possibility of asperity contacts. Conventional tests include sliding (pin-on-disk or slider-on-disk), flying (flyability tests), or contact start/stop modes of operation. A novel accelerated water test (NAWT) was developed to produce intermittent asperity contacts. The NAWT operates in a mixed sliding and flying region, and is designed to operate in a zone of interaction where a significant number of asperity contacts occur. The NAWT uses an acoustic emission sensor to detect asperity contacts. The signal is processed by fast Fourier transform to detect significant increase in the frequency and severity of the contacts. The new apparatus and procedure are presented along with illustrative results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sophocles, <i>Antigone</i> 108, 208, 223 (1966)

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In vivo high-resolution magic angle spinning magnetic and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of mitochondria-targeted peptide in Drosophila melanogaster with trauma-induced thoracic injury (2015)

Trauma is the most common cause of mortality among individuals aged between 1 and 44 years and the third leading cause of mortality overall in the US. In this study, we examined the effects of trauma on the expression of genes in Drosophila melanogaster, a useful model for investigating genetics and physiology. After trauma was induced by a non-lethal needle puncture of the thorax, we observed the differential expression of genes encoding for mitochondrial uncoupling proteins, as well as those encoding for apoptosis-related and insulin signaling-related proteins, thus indicating muscle functional dysregulation. These results prompted us to examine the link between insulin signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction using in vivo nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) with complementary electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. Trauma significantly increased insulin resistance biomarkers, and the NMR spectral profile of the aged flies with trauma-induced thoracic injury resembled that of insulin-resistant chico mutant flies. In addition, the mitochondrial redox status, as measured by EPR, was significantly altered following trauma, indicating mitochondrial uncoupling. A mitochondria-targeted compound, Szeto-Schiller (SS)-31 that promotes adenosine triphosphate (ATP) synthesis normalized the NMR spectral profile, as well as the mitochondrial redox status of the flies with trauma-induced thoracic injury, as assessed by EPR. Based on these findings, we propose a molecular mechanism responsible for trauma-related mortality and also propose that trauma sequelae in aging are linked to insulin signaling and mitochondrial dysfunction. Our findings further suggest that SS-31 attenuates trauma-associated pathological changes.
Room-temperature mixed-solvent-vapor annealing for high performance perovskite solar cells (2015)

A facile annealing method of room-temperature mixed-solvent-vapor annealing (rtMSVA) was proposed to fabricate high crystallinity and ultra-smooth perovskite thin films, and the photovoltaic performance of perovskite solar cells was improved with the rtMSVA treatment.
Influence of the angle of incidence on sputtering yields (1960)

Small metal spheres are bombarded by uniform Hg+ ion beams of low energy (125 to 800 ev). Comparison of shadow micrographs of the spheres before and after sputtering makes it possible to determine the influence of the angle of incidence on sputtering yields. Fe, Ta, and Mo showed a pronounced increase in yield at more oblique incidence of the ions while Au, Ag, and Pt showed this effect only slightly.
Experimental Results of Self Control System synchronized with Phase of Electromotive Force at the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line (2000)

In the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line, the location of the train is detected with the inductive radio system. The inductive radio system is very reliable and accurate. However using the inductive radio system, we have to lay the cross inductive cable along the guideway accurately and set up the detecting system of train's location in each power conversion station. Therefore the cost of construction and maintenance is very expensive. Moreover, from the redundancy point of view, it is necessary to examine the other method of detecting train's location, in case of inductive radio system down.We have already proposed a new train's location detecting system using the phase of Electromotive Force (EMF). In this system, the reduced-order state observer estimates the phase of EMF. Therefore the inductive radio system is not required. We have reported the configuration and the basic characteristics of the EMF observer. In this paper, we report the experimental results of running test at the speed of 300km/h_??_0km/h in the Yamanashi Maglev Test Line. We confirm the performance of velocity and current control with EMF.
Enhanced Tracheal Mucus Clearance with High Frequency Chest Wall Compression (1983)

The clearance of mucus in the trachea during high frequency chest wall compression (HFCWC) was studied in nine anesthetized dogs. High frequency chest wall compression was applied by oscillating the pressure in a thoracic cuff such that it produced oscillatory tidal volumes of 25 to 100 cc at frequencies of 3 to 17 Hz. The tracheal mucus clearance rate (TMCR) was determined by direct observation of the rate of displacement of a charcoal particle spot by means of a fiberoptic bronchoscope. Baseline TMCR during spontaneous breathing averaged 8.2 +/- 5.6 mm/min in the 9 dogs. The TMCR during 2 min of HFCWC was increased at 5, 8, 11, 13, 15, and 17 Hz but not at 3 Hz. The enhancement of clearance was most pronounced in the range of 11 to 15 Hz, reaching a peak value of 340% of control at 13 Hz. These studies suggest that HFCWC might be of considerable potential benefit as a mode of chest physiotherapy.
The response of <i>Microcystis aeruginosa</i> strain MGK to a single or two consecutive H <sub>2</sub> O <sub>2</sub> applications (2019)

Various approaches have been proposed to control/eliminate toxic Microcystis sp. blooms including H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> treatments. Earlier studies showed that pre-exposure of various algae to oxidative stress induced massive cell death when cultures were exposed to an additional H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> treatment. We examined the vulnerability of exponential and stationary-phase Microcystis sp. strain MGK cultures to single and double H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> applications. Stationary cultures show a much higher ability to decompose H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> than younger cultures. Nevertheless, they are more sensitive to an additional H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> dose given 1-6 h after the first one. Transcript analyses following H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> application showed a fast rise in glutathione peroxidase abundance (227-fold within an hour) followed by a steep decline thereafter. Other genes potentially engaged in oxidative stress were far less affected. Metabolic-related genes were downregulated after H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> treatments. Among those examined, the transcript level of prk (encoding phosphoribulose kinase) was the slowest to recover in agreement with the decline in photosynthetic rate revealed by fluorescence measurements. Our findings shed light on the response of Microcystis MGK to oxidative stress suggesting that two consecutive H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> applications of low concentrations are far more effective in controlling Microcystis sp. population than a single dose of a higher concentration.
Hydrogenation of Carbon Dioxide Catalyzed by Ruthenium Trimethylphosphine Complexes: A Mechanistic Investigation Using High-Pressure NMR Spectroscopy (2009)

Complex cis-(PMe3)4RuCl(OAc) (1) acts as a catalyst for CO2 hydrogenation into formic acid in the presence of a base and an alcohol cocatalyst. NMR spectroscopy has revealed that 1 exists in solution in equilibrium with fac-(PMe3)3RuCl(η2-OAc) (2), [(PMe3)4Ru(η2-OAc)]Cl (3a), and free PMe3. Complex 2 was found to be a poor CO2 hydrogenation catalyst under the conditions of catalysis used for 1. Complex 3a can be prepared by adding certain alcohols, such as MeOH, EtOH, or C6H5OH, to a solution of 1 in CDCl3. The chloride ion of 3a was exchanged for the noncoordinating anion BPh4− or B(ArF)4− (B(ArF)4 = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate) to produce [(PMe3)4Ru(η2-OAc)]BPh4 (3b) and [(PMe3)4Ru(η2-OAc)]B(ArF)4 (3c). Complexes 3b and 3c were found to be as efficient as 1 in the catalytic hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid in the presence of an alcohol cocatalyst. In contrast to 1, 3b and 3c continued to show high catalytic activity in the absence of the alcohol cocatalyst. High-pressure NMR spectroscopy was used to investigate the mechanism of CO2 hydrogenation via 3b,c in the presence of base. The observations were inconsistent with the previously reported phosphine-loss mechanism; a new mechanism is proposed involving an unsaturated, cationic ruthenium complex of the form [(PMe3)4RuH]+ (B) as the active catalyst. The role of the base in this system includes not only trapping of the formic acid product but also initiation of the catalysis by aiding the conversion of 3b,c to B. Crystallographically determined structures are reported for complexes 2, 3b, {[(PMe3)3Ru]2(μ-Cl)2(μ-OAc)}BPh4, and {[(PMe3)3Ru]2(μ-Cl)3}Cl.
Analgesic Effect of Methotrimeprazine and Morphine (1963)

Since methotrimeprazine has been used successfully for the past few years in Europe and Canada for a wide variety of painful conditions<sup>1-6</sup>and has recently been shown by Lasagna and DeKornfeld<sup>7</sup>to compare favorably with morphine in relieving postoperative pain, a trial was set up to compare the analgesic activity of these two drugs in several diseases. A simple design wherein single subcutaneous injections of each drug were given randomly as coded medications was utilized in this study. In general it was shown that a 15 mg. dose of methotrimeprazine hydrochloride provided analgesia comparable in degree to a 10 mg. dose of morphine sulfate. The degree of analgesic activity of methotrimeprazine makes this drug unique among currently available phenothiazides. The activity of its parent compound, chlorpromazine, has been both weaker and less reproducible.<sup>2,7</sup>Sigwald and co-workers<sup>1,2</sup>reported methotrimeprazine to be the most effective phenothiazine for pain.
Effect of host age on experimental K virus infection in mice (1981)

Mice were inoculated by the oral route with K virus at 4, 8, 12, and 23 days and at 4 months of age. The effect of host age on the pathogenesis of infection was studied by immunofluorescence, virus assay, and histopathology. K virus produced a systemic infection in all animals, although the infection because progressively more limited as animals matured. In mice inoculated at 4 days of age, K virus infection resulted in a fatal interstitial pneumonia identical to that seen in newborn animals and was characterized by the presence of virus and viral antigen in pulmonary and extrapulmonary vascular endothelia, reticuloendothelial organs, and brains. In older animals, K virus infection was clinically inapparent; organ involvement was similar in distribution to that seen in fatally infected suckling ice, but cells exhibiting specific viral fluorescence were fewer in number and viral titers were lower. Although animals surviving K virus infection developed high titers of hemagglutination inhibition antibody to the virus, positive cells and infectious virus could still be detected in intestines 2 months after inoculation. In animals inoculated at 8 and 12 days of age, in which K virus produced an extensive initial infection, virus could also be detected 56 days after inoculation in lungs, livers, spleens, and brains. The present study indicates that murine K virus produces a systemic infection throughout the life of its host and that the maturation of host defenses and the development of specific humoral immunity, although they limit dissemination of virus during acute infection, may not eliminate viral persistence in intestines or other organs once infection has occurred.
Four-week supplementation with a natural dietary compound produces favorable changes in body composition. (1999)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether a natural dietary supplement produced favorable changes in body composition during a 4-week diet- and-exercise program. The active compound contains a patented combination of chromium picolinate, inulin, capsicum, L-phenylalanine, and other lipotropic nutrients. A double-blind, weight-loss intervention design was used. Participants were randomly assigned to either a diet/exercise/supplement group (n = 56) or a diet/exercise/placebo group (n = 67). Caloric intake was reduced to 1500 kcal/d and participants walked for 45 minutes, 5 days a week, to attain between 60% and 80% of predicted maximal heart rate. Analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) showed significant differences (P < .05) between groups in percent body fat, fat mass, and fat-free mass; no significant differences were found (P > .05) in body weight, body mass index, or energy intake. Independent t tests showed no significant differences (P > .05) in diet composition between groups. Results indicate that the addition of a natural dietary supplement during a 4-week diet-and-exercise weight-loss program accelerates the rate of body fat loss and helps maintain fat-free mass (lean tissue), thereby producing favorable changes in body composition.
Disordered Cellular Migration and Angiogenesis in <i>cd39-</i> Null Mice (2001)

Our findings demonstrate a role for NTPDase1 and phosphohydrolysis of extracellular nucleotides in the regulation of the cellular infiltration and new vessel growth in a model of angiogenesis.
Automating Specification-Based Software Testing (1996)

From the Publisher:
What is the fastest, cheapest way to get a software product to market? Don't test it! What is the fastest, cheapest way to get a reliable software product to market? Use automated specification-based testing as an integral part of software development. This book explains what specification-based testing is, why it is the best kind of testing, how it is performed, how it prevents defects, and how it is automated.