gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A model of roll-back recovery with multiple checkpoints (1976)

A stochastic model of a transaction oriented computer system in the presence of intermittent failures, operating with a checkpoint and roll-back recovery scheme, is proposed in the case of a hierarchy of checkpoints and failures. An analysis provides the stationary probability distribution for the model and the optimum checkpoint intervals for two cases of interest: when a fixed checkpoint is used for each failure and when the allowable checkpoint closest in time is used.
Augmented microscopy with near-infrared fluorescence detection (2015)

Near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence has become a frequently used intraoperative technique for image-guided surgical interventions. In procedures such as cerebral angiography, surgeons use the optical surgical microscope for the color view of the surgical field, and then switch to an electronic display for the NIR fluorescence images. However, the lack of stereoscopic, real-time, and on-site coregistration adds time and uncertainty to image-guided surgical procedures. To address these limitations, we developed the augmented microscope, whereby the electronically processed NIR fluorescence image is overlaid with the anatomical optical image in real-time within the optical path of the microscope. <i>In vitro</i>, the augmented microscope can detect and display indocyanine green (ICG) concentrations down to 94.5 nM, overlaid with the anatomical color image. We prepared polyacrylamide tissue phantoms with embedded polystyrene beads, yielding scattering properties similar to brain matter. In this model, 194 μM solution of ICG was detectable up to depths of 5 mm. ICG angiography was then performed in anesthetized rats. A dynamic process of ICG distribution in the vascular system overlaid with anatomical color images was observed and recorded. In summary, the augmented microscope demonstrates NIR fluorescence detection with superior real-time coregistration displayed within the ocular of the stereomicroscope. In comparison to other techniques, the augmented microscope retains full stereoscopic vision and optical controls including magnification and focus, camera capture, and multiuser access. Augmented microscopy may find application in surgeries where the use of traditional microscopes can be enhanced by contrast agents and image guided delivery of therapeutics, including oncology, neurosurgery, and ophthalmology.
Composite Fuel Cell Membranes from Dual-Nanofiber Electrospun Mats (2011)

Nafion and poly(phenyl sulfone) are simultaneously electrospun into a dual-fiber mat. Follow-on processing of the mat produces two distinct membrane structures: (1) Nafion reinforced by a poly(phenyl sulfone) nanofiber network and (2) Nafion nanofibers embedded in inert/uncharged poly(phenyl sulfone) nanofiber network. For structure 1, the Nafion component of the fiber mat is allowed to soften and flow to fill the PPSU interfiber void space without damaging the PPSU fiber structure (by use of a mat compression step followed by thermal annealing). For structure 2, the PPSU material in the mat is allowed to soften and flow into the void space between Nafion nanofibers without damaging the Nafion fiber structure (by mat compression, exposure to chloroform solvent vapor, and then thermal annealing). Both membrane structures exhibit similar volumetric/gravimetric water swelling and proton conductivity, where the conductivity scales linearly with Nafion volume fraction and the swelling is less than expected based on the relative amounts of Nafion. The in-plane liquid water swelling of membranes with Nafion reinforced by a poly(phenyl sulfone) nanofiber network is always less than that of the inverse structure. On the other hand, the mechanical properties of membranes with Nafion nanofibers embedded in poly(phenyl sulfone) are superior to membranes with the opposite structure. Compared to other fuel cell membranes, the nanofiber composite membranes exhibit very low in-plane water swelling and better mechanical properties, which translates into improved membrane/MEA longevity in a hydrogen/air open circuit voltage humidity cycling durability test with no loss in power production as compared to a Nafion 212 membrane.
A Statistical Relational Learning Approach to Identifying Evidence Based Medicine Categories (2012)

Evidence-based medicine is an approach whereby clinical decisions are supported by the best available findings gained from scientific research. This requires efficient access to such evidence. To this end, abstracts in evidence-based medicine can be labeled using a set of predefined medical categories, the socalled PICO criteria. This paper presents an approach to automatically annotate sentences in medical abstracts with these labels. Since both structural and sequential information are important for this classification task, we use kLog, a new language for statistical relational learning with kernels. Our results show a clear improvement with respect to state-of-the-art systems. 1
Colloidal Nanocrystals with Inorganic Halide, Pseudohalide, and Halometallate Ligands (2014)

We investigate simple halides and pseudohalides as an important class of inorganic ligands for nanocrystals (NCs) in solution phase ligand exchange. These short, robust, and easy to model ligands bind to the NC surface and provide electrostatic stabilization of NC dispersions in N-methylformamide. The replacement of organic ligands on NCs with compact halide and pseudohalide ligands greatly facilitates electronic communication between NCs. For example, a high electron mobility of μ ≈ 12 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) has been observed in thin films made of I(-)-capped CdSe NCs. We also studied charge transport properties of thin films based on the pseudohalide N3(-)-capped InAs NCs, suggesting the possibility of obtaining "all III-V" NC solids. In addition, we extend the surface chemistry of halometallates (e.g., CH3NH3PbI3), which can stabilize colloidal solutions of lead chalcogenide NCs. These halide, pseudohalide, and halometallate ligands enrich the current family of inorganic ligands and can open up more opportunities for applications of NCs in the fields of electronics, optoelectronics, and thermoelectrics.
Implantación de un programa de apoyo al cuidador del anciano dependiente hospitalizado (2005)

La población anciana está aumentando de forma considerable actualmente. A medida que el anciano enferma aumenta su nivel de dependencia, creciendo la necesidad de cuidados, por ello es necesario formar al cuidador. En los meses de Enero-Febrero del 2004 se llevó a cabo en el Hospital Universitario San Rafael de Granada la implantación de un programa de apoyo al cuidador del anciano dependiente hospitalizado. Los objetivos de dicho programa fueron: Fomentar la relación del cuidador-enfermo, hacer partícipe al cuidador de los cuidados que el anciano requiere e instruirle acerca de la importancia de su propio bienestar para proporcionar una atención óptima a su paciente. Una vez evaluado el programa cabe destacar la aceptación del mismo por los usuarios así como la necesidad de desarrollar actividades orientadas a la formación de los cuidadores de pacientes con un alto grado de dependencia. Abstract In last years elderly population is increasing. Since care needs in this population are also increasing, the implementation of caregivers´ training and support programs is becoming mandatory. A supporting program focused on caregivers of the elderly people was started in January-February 2004. The objectives of this program were to promote the relationship between caregivers and their elderly relatives, to involve the caregiver in attending the elderly people needs and to underline the importance of wellbeing in order to offer an optimal care. The program was very welcomed and the need of specific training of caregivers attending limited elderly people was emphasized. Centro de Trabajo: Diplomadas Universitarias de Enfermería. Hospital Universitario San Rafael (Granada) Fecha del Trabajo: 15/03/2005 Palabra Clave: anciano, cuidador, dependencia. Key Words: older people, caregiver, dependency.
Apolipoprotein E does not cross the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, as revealed by an improved technique for sampling CSF from mice (2012)

Apolipoprotein E (apoE) is a 34-kDa glycoprotein that is important in lipoprotein metabolism both peripherally and centrally. Because it is primarily produced in the liver, apoE observed in the brain or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could have originated in the periphery; i.e., circulating apoE may cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and/or enter CSF and be taken up by brain cells. To determine whether this occurs, a second-generation adenovirus encoding human apoE3 was administered intravenously (iv) to C57BL/6J mice, and the detection of human apoE3 in the CSF was used as a surrogate measure of central availability of this protein utilizing an improved method for sampling CSF from mice. This improved technique collects mouse CSF samples with a 92% success rate and consistently yields relatively large volumes of CSF with a very low rate of blood contamination, as determined by molecular assessment of apolipoprotein B, a plasma-derived protein that is absent in the central nervous system. Through this improved method, we demonstrated that in mice receiving the administered apoE3 adenovirus, human apoE3 was expressed at high levels in the liver, leading to high levels of human apoE3 in mouse plasma. In contrast, human apoE3 levels in the CSF, as assessed by a sensitive ELISA, were essentially undetectable in human apoE3 adenovirus-treated mice, and comparable to levels in LacZ adenovirus-treated control mice. These data indicate that apoE in the CSF cannot be derived from the plasma pool and, therefore, must be synthesized locally in the brain.
Bactericidal and Cross-Protective Activities of a Monoclonal Antibody Directed against<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>NspA Outer Membrane Protein (1999)

The cross-bactericidal and cross-protective activities of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) named Me-7, which is directed against an antigenically highly conserved epitope on the meningococcal NspA protein, were studied. This MAb efficiently killed in vitro, in the presence of rabbit or human serum, 13 of 14 meningococcal strains tested, including 9 of 9, 2 of 3, and 2 of 2 strains of serotypes B, A, and C, respectively. MAb Me-7 also significantly reduced by more than 75% the levels of bacteremia recorded for mice challenged with 10 of 11 meningococcal strains tested. Analysis of the predicted amino acid sequence of the NspA protein from the meningococcal strain MCH88 (A:4:P1.10), which was not killed by MAb Me-7, indicated the presence of an additional glutamine residue at position 73, compared to the three other NspA sequences. The data presented in this study suggest that antibodies directed against this highly conserved outer membrane protein could protect against meningococcal infections.
PREPARATION AND QUALITY CONTROL OF 153SM-[TRIS (1, 10-PHENANTHROLINE) SAMARIUM (III)] COMPLEX (2012)

Sm in purity of 98.7% (ISOTEC Inc.) 1,10-phenanthroline was purchased from Aldrich Co., Germany, without further purification. Chromatogra-phy paper (Whatman No. 2) was obtained from Whatman (Maidstone, UK). Radio-chromatography was performed using a bioscan AR-2000 radio TLC scanner instrument (Bioscan, Paris, France). A high purity germanium (HPGe) detector, coupled with a Canberra™ (model GC1020-7500SL) multichannel analyzer and a dose calibrator ISOMED 1010 (Dresden, Germany), were used for counting distributed activity in rat organs. All other chemical reagents were purchased from Merck (Darmstadt, Germany). Calculations were based on the 103 keV peak for
Cerebral Infarction in Alzheimer's Disease Is Associated With Severe Amyloid Angiopathy and Hypertension (1995)

Severe AA is associated with an increased frequency of cerebral infarction in patients with AD. This appears to be largely due to an interaction between severe AA and hypertension that may produce multiplicative injuries on the vasculature. Further study with regard as to how AA may cause ischemia and its role in the neuropathologic and clinical progression of AD is needed.
Management of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors in the Imatinib Era: Selected Case Studies (2006)

The introduction of imatinib, an orally administered inhibitor of the KIT receptor tyrosine kinase, is prompting revision of the management algorithms that have traditionally guided the treatment of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). Historically, patients with GISTs have had substantial rates of relapse as well as limited long-term survival even after complete surgical resection of a primary tumor. Imatinib has been shown to induce durable tumor responses in more than half of the patients with malignant metastatic or unresectable GISTs and to halt disease progression in an additional third. These encouraging results have led to the initiation of clinical trials of imatinib as an adjuvant or neoadjuvant therapy with surgery. Until relevant data are reported to provide definitive direction for the management of operable or potentially operable GISTs, treatment decisions must be made on the basis of the available evidence and clinical experience with imatinib. This paper presents selected case studies describing approaches to the combined use of surgery and systemic therapy that have been applied in the treatment of individual GIST patients. The management of GIST in these cases required a coordinated, multidisciplinary approach involving medical oncologists, diagnostic radiologists, gastroenterologists, surgeons, and pathologists.
Micromachined S-shaped actuator (2002)

We report on a new type of micromachined electrostatic actuator with an S-shaped film element. The actuator consists of a pair of planar electrodes with an S-shaped film between them. The S-bend film moves back and forth through switching on applied voltage to each electrode plate. An advantage of this actuator is that it allows vertical film displacement to the order of several hundreds of micrometers. The actuator is suitable for gas control devices which require large conductance under rarefied pressure conditions. We made a prototype S-shaped microactuator by using micromachining technologies. It was composed of three stacked wafers. We succeeded in constructing an S-shaped film element with a structure height of 220 /spl mu/m and a thickness of 0.4 /spl mu/m. The S-shaped film was able to be operated by electrostatic force when the applied voltage was about 70 V.
Kinetically controlled synthesis of dipeptides using ficin as biocatalyst (1991)

The application of the sulfhydryl protease ficin as biocatalyst is proposed as a novel method for enzyme-catalyzed synthesis of dipeptides. The negligible peptidase but considerable esterase activity at alkaline pH facilitated the kinetically controlled formation of peptide bonds by coupling the ester substrates Z-Ala-OMe and Z-Gly-OMe with L-alanine, D-alanine, L-glutamine, D-glutamine and L-Cys(acetamidomethyl) respectively. The reaction is accomplished without the occurrence of secondary peptide hydrolysis. Under optimum reaction conditions (pH 9.2, high ratio nucleophile/carboxyl component, 4.8% ethanol, 40 degrees C), the peptide yields ranged from 5 to 91%, depending on the structure of the amino and/or carboxyl component. No racemization was observed in the enzymatic reaction. Application of short-chain peptides has been advocated recently in clinical nutrition. Ficin-catalyzed peptide synthesis might be an attractive biotechnological approach for the synthesis of suitable dipeptides in this respect.
The role of trimetazidine in cardiovascular disease: beyond an anti-anginal agent (2015)

With evidence for efficacy in such diverse clinical settings such as stable coronary artery disease, reperfusion injury, and contrast-induced nephropathy, trimetazidine (TMZ) is novel among cardiovascular agents. In spite of this and almost half a century of clinical experience with the drug, it remains licensed only as an adjunct in the management of angina pectoris in patients who are inadequately controlled by or intolerant to first-line therapies. Although no single pharmacological mechanism has been hitherto universally accepted, TMZ is known to target deranged cellular energetics particularly in ischaemic myocardial tissue. Mechanistically, this separates the drug from conventional anti-anginal therapies, namely beta-adrenergic antagonists, calcium channel blockers, and nitrates. Moreover, a haemodynamically neutral side-effect profile should make TMZ a much more attractive therapeutic agent in this setting. Such ostensibly beneficial pharmacodynamics notwithstanding, the drug has a limited role in angina pectoris treatment algorithms. Concerns regarding a potential for new onset movement disorder further complicate its use and have led to a licensing revocation in some jurisdictions for the treatment of vestibular disorders. In this review article, we examine the pertinent literature and assess the evidence base for TMZ as a viable treatment option in a number of clinical settings.
<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> NhhA is a multifunctional trimeric autotransporter adhesin (2006)

NhhA, Neisseriahia/hsf homologue, or GNA0992, is an oligomeric outer membrane protein of Neisseria meningitidis, recently included in the family of trimeric autotransporter adhesins. In this study we present the structural and functional characterization of this protein. By expressing in Escherichia coli the full-length gene, deletion mutants and chimeric proteins of NhhA, we demonstrated that the last 72 C-terminal residues are able to allow trimerization and localization of the N-terminal protein domain to the bacterial surface. In addition, we investigated on the possible role of NhhA in bacterial-host interaction events. We assessed in vitro the ability of recombinant purified NhhA to bind human epithelial cells as well as laminin and heparan sulphate. Furthermore, we shown that E. coli strain expressing NhhA was able to adhere to epithelial cells, and observed a reduced adherence in a meningococcal isogenic MC58DeltaNhhA mutant. We concluded that this protein is a multifunctional adhesin, able to promote the bacterial adhesion to host cells and extracellular matrix components. Collectively, our results underline a putative role of NhhA in meningococcal pathogenesis and ascertain its structural and functional belonging to the emerging group of bacterial autotransporter adhesins with trimeric architecture.
Predicting computer behavior (2003)

The major scientific and mathematical problems that need to be solved to advance the state of digital-system engineering practice are identified. Mathematics for digital systems is discussed for describing system behavior, defining acceptable behavior, demonstrating acceptable behavior, and scaling up. Current and future digital system engineering on the basis of these foundations is examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Limitation imposed by field clamping on the efficiency of high-field ac electroluminescence in thin films (1972)

In a series of experiments we have found that the field in the ZnS layer of an ac-operated thin-film high-field electroluminescent device becomes clamped at values ranging from 2.1×106 to 3×106 V/cm. The device is fabricated as a sandwich with the following layers from top to bottom: thin metal; ZnS:Tb3+; Ta1.98Mo0.02O5 and Ta0.99Mo0.01. Since the electroluminescence is expected to be very strongly field dependent because the excitation proceeds via direct impact of the Tb3+ ions by hot carriers, the observed field clamping may impose a serious limitation on the efficiency that one can obtain from such structures. Evidence for field clamping is obtained by measuring as a function of peak-to-peak applied voltage the following: (i) Tb3+ emission intensity, (ii) the ratio of emissions originating in two different Tb3+ levels and (iii) the magnitude of a pulsed photocurrent. In addition, the clamped field may be determined quantitatively through the use of a novel technique which permits the measurements of the current-field relationship in the active layer. The value of the clamped field depends only slightly on the method of preparation of the ZnS layer and is insensitive to the type of metal contact used, to the Tb concentration, and to temperature. Several mechanisms which could give rise to the steep current-field relationship responsible for field clamping are considered. One of these, multiplication by impact ionization, is ruled out by the pulsed photocurrent measurements; Frenkel-Poole emission and Schottky emission are too temperature dependent and do not exhibit sufficiently steep current-field characteristics. It is concluded that field emission at the contacts must be responsible although it is not entirely clear why it is so insensitive to the contact materials.
To Cast, to Saw, and Not to Injure: Can Safety Strips Decrease Cast Saw Injuries? (2016)

The findings of this study suggest that using safety strips in clinical practice could decrease blade-to-skin contact and therefore minimize cast saw injuries. However, validation of these findings in the clinical setting is necessary before drawing a definitive conclusion.
Two-dimensional Electron Transport in Gallium Nitride and Gallium Arsenide- based Heterostructures. (2011)

The emergence of III-V semiconductor heterostructures has enabled the study of a broad range of two-dimensional phenomena. These heterostructures are the building blocks of high frequency field-effect transistors (FETs). GaN-based heterostructures will have great impact in FET applications as they have the highest carrier densities achievable. In this thesis we studied electron transport in AlGaN/GaN samples covering a broad range of carrier density, from 0.5×1012 cm^-2 to 1.0×1013 cm^-2. We found at carrier densities below 5.0×1012 cm^-2, electron scattering from threading dislocations were the dominant scattering mechanism. The electron mobilities can be greatly enhanced by reducing the density of threading dislocations based on novel patterned growth techniques. We extended our studies to even higher carrier densities using lattice matched In0.16Al0.84N/GaN heterostructures. In particular, we investigated the magnetotransport regime in the presence of two subbands by using gated Hall bar samples. In addition to scattering processes, we also studied the spin-orbit interaction and phase coherence in GaN 2DEG samples by performing weak antilocalization (WAL) measurements. The spin-splitting energies extracted from WAL were found to be much smaller than the previous reports based on Shubnikov-de Haas measurements. By studying the spin splitting energies as a function of Fermi wave-vector we obtained the linear and cubic spin-orbit parameters for GaN 2DEG system. Furthermore, we used the WAL feature as a thermometer for the electron system, which allowed us to study energy relaxation processes in GaN. In contrast to GaN heterostructures, we used GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructures to study two-dimensional electron transport at very low carrier densities. We focused on the deep insulation regime of integer quantum Hall liquids (IQHLs), a transport regime not accessible by ordinary transport measurements. We explored the charge dynamics in this regime by using single electron transistors (SET) in both unpatterned and antidot structures. SETs allowed us to monitor slow motion of charges in and out of the IQHLs. We found that, near zero temperature, IQHLs can be viewed as magnetic flux-to-charge transformers and confirmed our ideas by making a SET based magnetometer with an SET placed on an AlGaAs/GaAs heterostructure with 25 identical quantum wells.