gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Folate-Synthesizing Enzyme System as Target for Development of Inhibitors and Inhibitor Combinations against <i>Candida </i><i>a</i><i>lbicans</i>Synthesis and Biological Activity of New 2,4-Diaminopyrimidines and 4‘-Substituted 4-Aminodiphenyl Sulfones (2003)

The paper describes the design, synthesis, and testing of inhibitors of folate-synthesizing enzymes and of whole cell cultures of Candida albicans. The target enzymes used were dihydropteroic acid synthase (SYN) and dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR). Several series of new 2,4-diaminopyrimidines were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of DHFR and compared with their activity against DHFR derived from mycobacteria and Escherichia coli. To test for selectivity, also rat DHFR was used. A series of substituted 4-aminodiphenyl sulfones was tested for inhibitory activity against SYN and the I(50) values compared to those obtained previously against Plasmodium berghei- and E. coli-derived SYN. Surprisingly, QSAR equations show very similar structural dependencies. To find an explanation for the large difference in the I(50) values observed for enzyme inhibition (SYN, DHFR) and for inhibition of cell cultures of Candida, mutant strains with overexpressed efflux pumps and strains in which such pumps are deleted were included in the study and the MICs compared. Efflux pumps were responsible for the low activity of some of the tested derivatives, others showed no increase in activity after pumps were knocked out. In this case it may be speculated that these derivatives are not able to enter the cells.
ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF SEX-LINKED FEMALE-STERILE MUTANTS IN <i>DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER</i> (1975)

The purpose of the experiments described was to identify X chromosome genes functioning mainly or exclusively during oogenesis. Two mutagenesis experiments were carried out with ethyl methane sulfonate. Following treatment inducing 60% lethals, 9% of the treated X chromosomes carried a female sterility mutation which did not otherwise seriously affect viability. Among--95 isolated mutants, 19 were heat-sensitive and 5 cold-sensitive. The mutants have been classified as follows: I (16 mutants; 12 complementation groups): the females laid few or no eggs; the defect concerned either ovulation or oogenesis. II (37 mutants; 18 complementation groups): the female laid morphologically abnormal eggs, often with increased membrane permeability. III A (13 mutants; at least 8 complementation groups): the homozygous females were sterile if mated to mutant males; their progeny (homo- and hemizygous) died at a late embryonic stage (11 mutants), at the larval stage (1 mutant) or at the pupal stage (1 mutant). However fertility was partly restored by breeding to wild-type males as shown by survival of some heterozygous descendants. III B (29 mutants; 22 complementation groups): the fertility of the females was not restored by breeding to a wild-type male. Most of the eggs of 13 of the mutants died at a late stage of embryogenesis. The eggs of the others ceased development earlier or, perhaps, remained unfertilized. The distribution of the number of mutants per complementation group led to an estimation of a total of about 150 X-linked genes involved in female fertility. The females of three mutants, heat-sensitive and totally sterile at 29 degrees, produced at a lower temperature descendants morphologically abnormal or deprived of germ cells. Three other mutants not described in detail showed a reduction in female fertility with many descendants lacking germ cells. A desirable mutant which was not recovered was one with normal fertile females producing descendants which, regardless of their genotype, bore specific morphological abnormalities. The value of the mutants isolated for analysis of the complex processes leading to egg formation and initiation of development is discussed.
Mobility enhancements for LTE-advanced multilayer networks with inter-site carrier aggregation (2013)

In this article we first summarize some of the most recent HetNet mobility studies for LTEAdvanced, and use these to highlight the challenges that should be further addressed in the research community. A state-of-the-art HetNet scenario with macros and small cells deployed on different carriers, while using inter-site carrier aggregation, is hereafter studied. Hybrid Het- Net mobility solutions for such cases are derived, where macrocell mobility is network controlled, while small-cell mobility is made UE-autonomous. The proposed scheme is characterized by having the UE devices autonomously decide small cell addition, removal, and change without any explicit signaling of measurement events to the network or any signaling of hand - over commands from the network. Hence, the proposed solution effectively offloads the network from having to perform frequent small cell handoff decisions, and reduces the signaling overhead compared to known network controlled mobility solutions. Results from extensive dynamic system-level simulations are presented to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed technique, showing significant savings in signaling overhead.
Migraine and Muscle Contraction Headaches: a Continuum (1985)

SYNOPSIS There is increasing evidence that migraine and muscle contraction headaches are similar; rather than being different entities, they may vary in symptom quantities instead of having qualitative differences. Analysis of elements of the headache history in 50 consecutive idiopathic headache patients failed to show evidence for distinct headache types. Quantitation of symptoms and characteristics showed a unipolar distribution; reported pain severity was directly related to the symptom quantitation score. These two statements were true for three different history scoring systems, from the simplest (quantitation of nausea, unilaterality and aura) to the most detailed (quantitation of nausea, unilaterality, aura, photophobia, throbbing pain, headache location, family history and clustering). Headache scores were lower for patients previously diagnosed as “tension” headache patients compared to those diagnosed previously as having “migraine”. Joint occurrence of the major migraine symptoms of nausea, aura and unilaterality was by chance. These data support the headache severity model described by others, and do not support the existence of separate, distinct idiopathic headache entities.
Maternal mortality: a problem whose time has come. (1988)

This article discusses the prevention of maternal deaths in developing countries through the use of contraception. High risk women (those younger than 18, those 35 or older, or those with 4 or more children) have usually been the focus of such efforts. The author argues however that family planning programs which are not focused on any particular age or parity group may actually be more effective. Most women probably use contraceptives to limit family size or for spacing purposes, not to avoid dying in childbirth. In the World Fertility Survey, about 4 in 10 married, fecund women said they wanted no more children, yet 7 in 10 were not using an effective method of contraception. If all these women were able to avoid unwanted pregnancies, an estimated 3 out of 10 maternal deaths could be averted. Other reasons concentrating on certain age or parity groups may be inappropriate include: 1) high risk women have lower birth rates; therefore the majority of maternal deaths may actually occur among "low risk" women, 2) many women wish to stop having children before they reach age 35 or have 4 children, 3) illicit abortions are a major cause of death in developing countries; therefore any unwanted pregnancy is high risk, 4) some women genuinely want more children although they have 4 or more, or are 35 or older, and, 5) confining attention to the usual high risk groups encourages an inappropriately clinical view of contraceptives. The main conclusion is that making family planning services available and accessible to all women is one of the ways which must be used to prevent maternal deaths in the Third World.
ClTi(O<i><sup>i</sup></i>Pr)<sub>3</sub>-Promoted Reductive Amination on the Solid Phase: Combinatorial Synthesis of a Biaryl-Based Sulfonamide Library (2008)

A combinatorial library (9 amines x 7 sulfonyl chlorides x 13 boronic acids = 819 compounds) was produced on solid support in a four-step sequence, i.e., ClTi(O(i)Pr)3-promoted reductive amination, sulfonylation of the resin-bound amine, Suzuki cross-coupling, and acid-mediated cleavage. The library members were obtained in moderate quantity (1-8 mg) with over 70% of the sampled products greater than 90% pure according to LC-MS analysis.
Tandem 1,4‐Addition/Enantioselective Protonation Catalyzed by Rhodium Complexes: Efficient Access to α‐Amino Acids (2004)

Conjugate addition of potassium trifluoro(organo)borates 2 (R=aryl, alkenyl) to 2-acetamidoacrylate 1 mediated by a chiral rhodium catalyst and with in situ enantioselective protonation afforded a variety of α-amino acids 3 with high yields and ee values up to 90 % (see scheme, cod=cycloocta-1,5-diene, binap=2,2′-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-1,1′-binaphthyl). Among the tested chiral ligands and proton sources, binap in combination with 2-methoxyphenol (guaiacol), an inexpensive and nontoxic phenol, afforded the highest asymmetric inductions.
Structure and expression of human Fli-1 gene. (1992)

Three ets family members, v-ets, spleen focus forming virus proviral integration 1/Pu.1, and Friend leukemia integration 1 (Fli-1), were shown to be involved in retroviral mediated acute leukemias suggesting that ets family members play a crucial role in transformation. Mouse Fli-1 was shown to be involved in 75% erythroleukemias induced by Friend murine leukemia virus suggesting the possibility that Fli-1 may play a critical role in cellular transformation. Since Fli-1 maps to the mouse chromosome region syntenic with human chromosome 11q23-24, it is tempting to speculate that human Fli-1 may be involved in human sarcomas, leukemias, and lymphomas involving human chromosome 11q23-24. We have isolated complementary DNA clones representing the human homologue of Fli-1 gene. Nucleotide sequence analysis revealed that the human Fli-1 gene codes for a 452-residue protein the predicted amino sequence of which shows 80% homology to the human erg-2 protein previously described. A 3.5-kilobase transcript of the human Fli-1 gene was observed in different cells. Sequence analysis revealed two domains of ets homology, one at the 5' and the other at the 3' end of the Fli-1 gene. This 3'-ets homology domain, which is mainly responsible for DNA binding activity, is seen in all the ets family members; however, the 5'-ets homology region is conserved in only five genes, Fli-1, c-ets-1, ets-2, GABP-alpha, and erg, suggesting a common biological function which is shared among these genes. Interestingly, mouse and human Fli-1 transcripts contain highly homologous 5'-untranslated region suggesting that this conserved region may play an important role in the posttranscriptional regulation of the Fli-1 transcript.
Loss of Collectrin, an Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Homolog, Uncouples Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Causes Hypertension and Vascular Dysfunction (2013)

Collectrin is a consequential link between the transport of l-arginine and endothelial nitric oxide synthase uncoupling in hypertension.
Effects of Target Length on the Hybridization Efficiency and Specificity of rRNA-Based Oligonucleotide Microarrays (2006)

The effect of target size on microarray hybridization efficiencies and specificity was investigated using a set of 166 oligonucleotide probes targeting the 16S rRNA gene of Escherichia coli. The targets included unfragmented native rRNA, fragmented rRNA ( approximately 20 to 100 bp), PCR amplicons (93 to 1,480 bp), and three synthetic single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides (45 to 56 bp). Fluorescence intensities of probes hybridized with targets were categorized into classes I (81 to 100% relative to the control probe), II (61 to 80%), III (41 to 60%), IV (21 to 40%), V (6 to 20%), and VI (0 to 5%). Good hybridization efficiency was defined for those probes conferring intensities in classes I to IV; those in classes V and VI were regarded as weak and false-negative signals, respectively. Using unfragmented native rRNA, 13.9% of the probes had fluorescence intensities in classes I to IV, whereas the majority (57.8%) exhibited false-negative signals. Similar trends were observed for the 1,480-bp PCR amplicon (6.6% of the probes were in classes I to IV). In contrast, after hybridization of fragmented rRNA, the percentage of probes in classes I to IV rose to 83.1%. Likewise, when DNA target sizes were reduced from 1,480 bp to 45 bp, this percentage increased approximately 14-fold. Overall, microarray hybridization efficiencies and specificity were improved with fragmented rRNA (20 to 100 bp), short PCR amplicons (<150 bp), and synthetic targets (45 to 56 bp). Such an understanding is important to the application of DNA microarray technology in microbial community studies.
Spectroscopic Measurement of Used Lubricating Oil Quality (1989)

Used lubricating oils have been examined by a number of spectroscopic techniques to assess whether it might be possible to improve turn-around time for laboratory analyses or to develop a simple oil quality sensor which could be used in a service workshop. Investigation shows that the development of an oil quality sensor based on discrete wavenumber measurements in the mid-infrared region would not be warranted, but heptane-insolubles can be estimated from a single measurement in the near-infrared region, and this could form the basis of a simple sensor. Considerable information about the quality of a used oil is available through a thorough examination of its mid-infrared spectrum. Use of the computer program CIRCOM, which employs factor analysis followed by multiple linear regression, allowed useful correlations to be obtained for n-heptane—insolubles level and viscosity and total base number of the oil sample. This supplements and extends the previously described methods for obtaining information such as fuel and water levels by IR analysis.
Remote Wireless Calibration of Equipment in the Distributed Measurement Systems (2007)

This paper presents possibilities of the GSM/GPRS communication network for remote wireless calibration of the measurement equipment used for metrological assurance of the distributed measurement systems. An automated calibration procedure is performed by the measurement data transmitting between calibrator unit in the control center and fixed or mobile remote measurement stations, using synchro timing distribution system. Such calibration procedure is implemented in distributed system for metrological support of power quality monitoring and analyzing, aimed to increase an efficiency of energy delivery and consumption. By means of the Lab VIEW application software, a virtual instrument for the measurement, recording and statistical processing of the measured power quality parameters, defined according to the relevant European quality standard EN 50160, is developed and implemented in this system.
Tuning techniques for the planar inverted-f antenna (1999)

The rapid growth of mobile communications since the introduction of GSM has challenged the industry for designing terminals of reduced size, cost and power consumption. The efficiency and size trade-offs of the antenna on such terminals become an important issue. On the other hand, multi-band operation covering the existing GSM900/DCS1800 and the future UMTS bands is another significant subject of investigation in the mobile phone industry. In this paper, different methods for tuning the planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA) are discussed, in particular with regard to the positioning of the short pins and the introduction of tuning capacitors. A reduced size dual band fine tuned PIFA for the GSM900/DCS1800 bands is introduced and its performance demonstrated. Finally, a technique employing reversed biased varactors for electronically tuning the PIFA is presented.
Low-level effects in SBARs and their application to device optimisation (2004)

Solidly mounted bulk acoustic wave resonator (SBAR) filters for 1.9 GHz, 3 GHz, and 7.9 GHz have been made. For the 1.9 GHz filter a 1-D analytical electro-acoustic model combined with electrical parasitics is shown to accurately predict most features of resonator and filter behaviour. This paper describes how the analysis of these and other low-level effects in resonators allows material data to be determined and spurious modes and related acoustic loss mechanisms to be investigated.
When it comes to childhood hunger, looks can be deceiving (2014)

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Photos courtesy of Karen Ande 

Looks can be deceiving, which is why AAP California Chapter 1 is working to raise awareness among pediatricians and the public in Northern California about this serious social health issue.

Each night, one in four San Francisco Bay Area children
Electrocatalytic Enhancement of Methanol Oxidation at Pt−WO<i><sub>x</sub></i> Nanophase Electrodes and In-Situ Observation of Hydrogen Spillover Using Electrochromism (2003)

A Pt−WOx nanophase electrode showed a considerably more enhanced electrocatalytic activity than Pt itself for methanol oxidation and exactly the reverse change in optical signal intensity with respect to electrochemical cell potential, compared with an electrochromic WOx electrode. This provides evidence for hydrogen spillover from Pt to WOx. Consequently, it was possible to directly observe the in-situ hydrogen transfer from platinum to tungsten oxide in a fuel cell electrode using electrochromism. The transfer of hydrogen ions, produced on the platinum during the electrooxidation of methanol, to the tungsten oxide ensures that the active reaction sites on the platinum remain clean, thus enhancing the electrooxidation current density.
Efficient Initial Guess Determination Based on 3D Point Cloud Projection for ICP Algorithms (2017)

The standard Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm is a robust and efficient rigid registration algorithm for 3D point clouds. Nevertheless, its efficiency notably decreases when applied to a large transformation cases. In order to avoid this drawback and improve its performance, we propose a new 3-step approach based on ICP and point Cloud Projection, called ICP- CP, that both enhances the accuracy in most cases and reduces the execution time. The first step consists in the determination of the best projection plane that preserves the topological structure of the point cloud. In the second, we compute an initial guess using the projected points. As to the third, it performs successive iterations until reaching the best transformation. The novelty of our approach is the use of the projected points that aims to find an adequate initialization for the ICP algorithm to ensure a fast convergence. We achieve a series of experimentations on both benchmarks and real clouds in order to validate our contribution and prove that, in most cases, the proposed algorithm is more accurate and robust than the standard ICP in a variety of situations, namely in case of large translation, large rotation and the both simultaneously.
Insulin-like Growth Factors in Pygmies (1987)

We measured the serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factors (IGF) I and II and testosterone in pygmy children, adolescents, and adults, as well as in controls, to determine more precisely the role of these factors in controlling growth. We had previously shown that growth hormone levels were normal in pygmies. Prepubertal pygmy children and controls did not differ in linear growth or in serum concentrations of IGF I and II. In pygmy adolescent boys, the mean (+/- SEM) serum concentration of IGF I was only one third that in control adolescents, who were similar to the pygmies in age and Tanner stage of development (154 +/- 22 vs. 435 +/- 37 ng per milliliter; P less than 0.01). A similar difference in IGF I concentration was observed in girls (278 +/- 18 vs. 570 +/- 25 ng per milliliter; P less than 0.01). IGF II and testosterone levels were normal in all groups. There was a significant difference in growth between controls and pygmies only during puberty. There was a marked acceleration of growth in the controls during adolescence, but such an acceleration was absent or blunted in the pygmies. These findings suggest that the short stature of adult pygmies is due primarily to a failure of growth to accelerate during puberty. We postulate that IGF I is the principal factor responsible for normal pubertal growth and that testosterone does not accelerate growth appreciably in the absence of an increase in the level of IGF I.
High-Rate Spinel LiMn<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> (LMO) Following Carbonate Removal and Formation of Li-Rich Interface by ALD Treatment (2019)

Recent work has identified enhanced charge-storage capacity in the spinel lithium manganese oxide (LiMn2O4; LMO) lithium-ion battery cathode upon a single atomic layer deposition (ALD) cycle composed of one chemical exposure of trimethylaluminum (TMA) and one exposure of water (H2O). Here, we report further study of the rate capability following one TMA/H2O exposure and identify enhanced rate capability versus pristine LMO. To understand this effect, we experimentally probe the surface composition of LMO with TMA/H2O treatment using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements with inert transfer. This includes a study of the LMO surface properties following TMA exposure before exposure to H2O. We identify the removal of a surface carbonate layer from LMO upon TMA exposure and the formation of a Li-rich aluminum oxide surface layer upon subsequent H2O exposure. We also observe a previously undescribed phenomenon of Li ions depleting from the LMO surface upon TMA exposure and returning upon H2O exposure. These effects are connected with the enhanced rate capability of ALD-coated LMO and are related to a range of emerging studies on carbonate surface layers in battery cathodes, as well as the use of ALD to stabilize battery interfaces.
IP multicasting for point-to-point local distribution (2002)

While support for IP multicasting continues to spread enabling new applications, an increasing number of hosts connects to the worldwide Internet via low bandwidth point-to-point links, such as wireline or wireless telephone lines. We discuss existing proposals for local and wide area IP multicasting and their implications for point-to-point links, identify problems with their integration in this environment, and propose alternative special purpose mechanisms to solve these problems. The main problems are overhead due to IGMP leave latency and unnecessary continuous probing of potentially power constrained hosts. Our solution is an alternative to IGMP mechanisms based on join/leave messages for tracking group membership over PtP networks. After presenting the implementation requirements of the proposed and existing mechanisms, we compare them with respect to the performance, interoperability, robustness and implementation complexity, demonstrating that our join/leave protocol is uniformly superior.
Automatic test generation for linear digital systems with bi-level search using matrix transform methods (1992)

Linear state variable digital systems, commonly implemented in bit-serial architecture using silicon compilers, are difficult to test for manufacturing defects due to deep sequentiality, low controllability and observabifity, and high latency. A novel hierarchical testing approach, based on matrix manipulation and constrained low-level test generation, is reported here. FEAST (Functional Extractor and Sequential Test generator) operates at the high level, where the circuit is described as an interconnection of arithmetic modules. CREST (Constrained Sequential Test generator) operates at the low level description of the individual modules, and generates test sets satisfying constraints imposed by the high-level modules and their interconnection structure. The new approach was found to perform better when compared to automatic test generation at the gate level using existing algorithms for several large circuits.