gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accuracy, reliability and validity of finite element analysis in metal forming: a user's perspective (2009)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide industrial, education and academic users of computer programs a basic overview of finite elements in metal forming that will enable them to recognize the pitfalls of the existing formulations, identify the possible sources of errors and understand the routes for validating their numerical results. Design/methodology/approach The methodology draws from the fundamentals of the finite elements, plasticity and material science to aspects of computer implementation, modelling, accuracy, reliability and validation. The approach is illustrated and enriched with selected examples obtained from research and industrial metal forming applications. Findings The presentation is a step towards diminishing the gap being formed between developers of the finite element computer programs and the users having the know‐how on the metal forming technology. It is shown that there are easy and efficient ways of refreshing and upgrading the knowledge and skills of the users without resorting to complicated theoretical and numerical topics that go beyond their knowledge and most often are lectured out of metal forming context. Originality/value The overall content of the paper is enhancement of previous work in the field of sheet and bulk metal forming, and from experience in lecturing these topics to students in graduate and post‐graduate courses and to specialists of metal forming from industry.
A complex hepatitis B virus (X/C) recombinant is common in Long An county, Guangxi and may have originated in southern China (2010)

Recently, a complex (X/C) hepatitis B virus (HBV) recombinant, first reported in 2000, was proposed as a new genotype; although this was refuted immediately because the strains differ by less than 8 % in nucleotide distance from genotype C. Over 13.5 % (38/281) of HBV isolates from the Long An cohort in China were not assigned to a specific genotype, using current genotyping tools to analyse surface ORF sequences, and these have about 98 % similarity to the X/C recombinants. To determine whether this close identity extends to the full-length sequences and to investigate the evolutionary history of the Long An X/C recombinants, 17 complete genome sequences were determined. They are highly similar (96-99 %) to the Vietnamese strains and, although some reach or exceed 8 % nucleotide sequence difference from all known genotypes, they cluster together in the same clade, separating in a phylogenetic tree from the genotype C branch. Analysis of recombination reveals that all but one of the Long An isolates resembles the Vietnamese isolates in that they result from apparent recombination between genotype C and a parent of unknown genotype (X), which shows similarity in part to genotype G. The exception, isolate QL523, has a greater proportion of genotype C parent. Phylogeographic analysis reveals that these recombinants probably arose in southern China and spread later to Vietnam and Laos.
2-GHz/2-mW and 12-GHz/30-mW dual-modulus prescalers in silicon bipolar technology (2001)

Two dual-modulus prescalers manufactured in a low-cost silicon bipolar technology are presented. The first circuit is optimized for low power consumption and operates up to 2 GHz at a power consumption of 2 mW. The second prescaler is optimized for high speed and operates up to 12 GHz with a power consumption of 30 mW. The prescalers have selectable divide ratios of 128/129 and 256/257, respectively.
Design of Tightly Intermeshing Co-Rotating Twin Screw Extruders (1994)

Abstract Composite models for the calculation of the filling level profiles, the pressure profiles, the melting profiles, the residence time distributions, the temperature profiles, the shear stress profiles, and the power consumption in modular tightly intermeshing co-rotating twin screw extruders (ZSK) are developed. A complex systematic design procedure was compiled, which is explained in part in this paper. The simulation of the intermeshing co-rotating machine involves both screw and kneading disc elements, including left- and right-handed sections. Kneading blocks were approximated by a screw of “equivalent pitch” with making allowance for the leakage flow across the flights from one channel to the adjacent channel. The mathematical treatment of co-rotating twin screw extruders has been based up according to the theory of single screw extruders. There was seen to be a good correlation between calculated and experimental results.
Noggin Blocks Osteoinductive Activity of Porcine Enamel Extracts (2002)

Enamel extracts induce biomineralization such as osteogenesis and cementogenesis, but the molecular component responsible for this activity remains uncertain. We fractionated enamel extracts from developing pig teeth and isolated the osteoinductive fraction. Proteins from pig enamel scrapings were extracted under alkaline conditions (pH 10.8) and fractionated with the use of a Sephadex G-100 (size exclusion) column. The ability of each fraction to enhance alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was assayed in ST2 cells, a mouse bone marrow stromal cell line. The osteoinductive fraction of enamel extracts (OFE) was found in fractions 44 and 45, which induced ST2 cells to express the phenotype of bone-forming osteoblasts, and to form mineralized nodules. Furthermore, the ALP activity of ST2 cells exposed to OFE was reduced by noggin, an antagonist of BMPs, and OFE reacted with BMP-2/4 antibody in dot-blot analysis. These results indicate that OFE contains BMPs that contribute to the induction of biomineralization.
Dry powder nasal drug delivery: challenges, opportunities and a study of the commercial Teijin Puvlizer Rhinocort device and formulation (2016)

The Teijin powder nasal device is a simple and robust device to deliver pharmaceutical powder to the nasal cavity, thus highlighting the robustness of intranasal powder delivery systems. The large number of actuations needed to deliver the total dose (eight) should be taken in consideration when compared to aqueous sprays (usually two actuations), since this will impact on patient compliance and consequently therapeutic efficacy of the formulation.
The Effect of Redox Potential and Metal Solubility on Oxidative Polymer Degradation (2010)

Abstract Oxidative degradation of polymers is a serious concern in the field application of enhanced oil recovery polymers. This study is an attempt to resolve some of the discrepancies in the literature regarding the occurance and extent of this degradation, as well as to present a coherent framework for discussing the multitude of possible radical reactions. Sodium carbonate and bicarbonate are demonstrated to play a key role in stabilizing polymer against multiple reported sources of degradation, and it seems likely that this is due to their effect on iron solubility. Brines containing iron in the reduced state are often obtained from aquifers for use in polymer hydration. These brines are shown to be prone to causing immediate degradation if exposed to air during or after polymer hydration due to the oxidation of the iron. If this cannot be avoided, preaeration may be a feasible strategy to minimize degradation during hydration. However, care must be taken to ensure subsequent degradation is not caused by the injection of a polymer solution containing oxygen into a formation containing iron. For instance, sodium dithionite can be added downstream of the last exposure to oxygen. The use of sodium carbonate may also mitigate degradation due to the oxidation of iron (II) during polymer hydration.
Aripiprazole Augmentation of Antidepressants for the Treatment of Partially Responding and Nonresponding Patients With Major Depressive Disorder (2005)

Aripiprazole is an effective augmentation strategy for improving therapeutic response in patients with treatment-resistant major depressive disorder when administered in combination with standard antidepressant therapy. Based on this clinical signal, a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial is warranted.
Single-frequency operation of diode-laser-array transverse-pumped <i>Q</i> -switched Nd:YAG laser (1989)

Single-longitudinal-mode and single-transverse-mode operation of a miniature Nd:YAG laser transversely pumped by a quasi-CW diode-laser array is described. By injectionseeding this oscillator with a diode-laser end-pumped Nd:YAG microlaser, single-frequency Q-switched pulses of 0·25 mJ energy and 35 ns duration were generated.
Personalized TV-program recommendations based on life log (2010)

To improve the quality and timeliness of TV program recommendations, a recommendation system that uses life log data such as browsing histories on WEB, locations visited, operation history of consumer electronics, and personal scheduler on PC is proposed. A subjective experiment shows that life log data is effective in improving the quality of program recommendations.
Normalization of Blood Pressure and Renal Vascular Resistance in SHR With a Membrane-Permeable Superoxide Dismutase Mimetic (1998)

Superoxide radical (O2-) is increased in the vessel wall of spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) where its blockade potentiates endothelium-dependent vasodilation. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of O2- in the hypertension and renal vasoconstriction of SHR and its interaction with nitric oxide (NO). Baseline mean arterial pressure (MAP) and renal vascular resistance were markedly elevated in SHR (n=6) compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY; n=6) (145+/-4 versus 118+/-4 mmHg, P<0.05, and 24+/-3 versus 17+/-1 mmHg x mL(-1) x min(-1), respectively; P<0.05). The stable membrane-permeable superoxide dismutase mimetic 4-hydroxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethyl piperidine-1-oxyl (tempol; 72 micromol/kg i.v.) normalized MAP (103+/-9 versus 96+/-6 mm Hg for SHR and WKY, respectively) and RVR (17+/-2 versus 15+/-1 mm Hg x mL(-1) x min(-1)) of SHR. The MAP of SHR was more sensitive and responsive to graded infusions of tempol (0, 1.8, 18, 180, and 1800 micromol x kg(-1) x h(-1) i.v.) than that of WKY. To determine whether O2- increases MAP by inactivation of NO, its synthesis was blocked in SHR with NW-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 11 micromol x kg(-1) x min(-1) i.v., n=6). Whereas tempol alone significantly reduced MAP by 32% (184+/-12 to 121 +/- 18 mm Hg, P<0.05, n=6), L-NAME infusion abolished the MAP response to tempol (187+/-8 to 186+/-4 mm Hg, n=5). In contrast, tempol did reduce MAP of SHR (188+/-7 to 161+/-7 mm Hg, P<0.05) where MAP was elevated by norepinephrine (31 nmol x kg(-1) x min(-1) i.v., n=6). Finally, to determine the longer-term effect of O2-, tempol (1.5 mmol x kg(-1) x d(-1) i.p.) was given for 7 days. Tempol had no effect on MAP in WKY (96+/-1 to 97+/-1 mmHg, n=7) but significantly decreased MAP in SHR (133+/-2 to 120+/-3 mm Hg, P<0.05, n=7). These data implicate O2- in the hypertension of SHR in vivo. The antihypertensive action of tempol depends on NO synthesis presumably because O2- inactivates NO and thus diminishes its vasodilatory actions.
BIS-guided Anesthesia Decreases Postoperative Delirium and Cognitive Decline (2012)

BIS-guided anesthesia reduced anesthetic exposure and decreased the risk of POCD at 3 months after surgery. For every 1000 elderly patients undergoing major surgery, anesthetic delivery titrated to a range of BIS between 40 and 60 would prevent 23 patients from POCD and 83 patients from delirium.
<title>Development of algorithms for on-focal-plane gamma circumvention and time-delay integration</title> (1990)

Algorithms are described for ordering, averaging, and spike adaptive non-linear gamma circumvention. These algorithms take advantage of the nominally matched-insignal and position-correlated samples from the detectors of the time delay integration (TDI) chain of a scanning sensor. The effects of averaging and median (ordering) filtering on Gaussian noise and Gaussian plus gamma noise are presented along with the requirement for additional post filtering for these algorithms. Monte Carlo techniques are used to predict the performance of the various circumvention algorithms for both endoatmospheric and exoatmospheric applications. Finally, selected gamma circumvention algorithms suitable for on-focal plane mechanization using large scale integration (LSI) technology are presented.
Multiple Enzyme Layers on Carbon Nanotubes for Electrochemical Detection Down to 80 DNA Copies (2005)

Signal amplification using enzyme multilayers on carbon nanotube (CNT) templates is shown to yield a remarkably sensitive electrochemical detection of proteins and nucleic acids. The electrostatic layer-by-layer (LBL) self-assembly onto CNT carriers maximizes the ratio of enzyme tags per binding event to offer the greatest amplification factor reported to date. Absorption spectroscopy, TEM, and electrochemical characterization confirm the formation of LBL enzyme nanostructures on individual CNT carriers. The enzymatic activity is found to increase with the number of enzyme layers. The new protocol is illustrated for monitoring sandwich hybridization and antibody-antigen interactions in connection with alkaline phosphatase tracers. Factors affecting the enzyme loading and the analytical performance have been optimized. Such amplified bioelectronic assays allow detection of DNA and proteins down to 80 copies (5.4 aM) and 2000 protein molecules (67 aM), respectively. Given the enormous amplification afforded by the new CNT-LBL biolabel, such route offers great promise for ultrasensitive detection of infectious agents and disease markers.
Modification of Enzyme Activity by Vibrational Strong Coupling of Water (2019)

Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) has recently emerged as a completely new tool for influencing chemical reactivity. It harnesses electromagnetic vacuum fluctuations through the creation of hybrid states of light and matter, called polaritonic states, in an optical cavity resonant to a molecular absorption band. Here, we investigate the effect of vibrational strong coupling of water on the enzymatic activity of pepsin, where a water molecule is directly involved in the enzyme's chemical mechanism. We observe an approximately 4.5-fold decrease of the apparent second-order rate constant k<sub>cat</sub> /K<sub>m</sub> when coupling the water stretching vibration, whereas no effect was detected for the strong coupling of the bending vibration. The possibility of modifying enzymatic activity by coupling water demonstrates the potential of VSC as a new tool to study biochemical reactivity.
Observations on haemodynamic effects of mexiletine. (1979)

The haemodynamic effects of intravenous mexiletine have been studied in 16 patients with valvular heart disease without clinical evidence of heart failure. A bolus injection of 150 mg administered to 6 of the 16 patients resulted in a mean plasma concentration above the therapeutic range for at least 5 minutes after the drug was given. A small but significant rise in the mean pulmonary artery pressure occurred. In 10 patients, the effects of intravenous mexiletine were compared with those of intravenous saline in a double blind trial. No significant difference was found in the haemodynamic effects, though both saline and mexiletine produced a small rise in the mean pulmonary artery pressure. Mexiletine when administered to patients without heart failure in doses known to be clinically effective did not have important adverse haemodynamic effects.
A Novel Agent-Based Simulation Framework for Sensing in Complex Adaptive Environments (2010)

In this paper, we present a novel formal agent-based simulation framework (FABS). FABS uses formal specification as a means of clear description of wireless sensor networks (WSNs) sensing a complex adaptive environment. This specification model is then used to develop an agent-based model of both the WSN as well as the environment. As proof of concept, we demonstrate the application of FABS to a boids model of self-organized flocking of animals monitored by a random deployment of proximity sensors.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Triacetoneamine, an Improved Method. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Structure and Optical Properties of Silicon Oxycarbide Films Deposited by Reactive RF Magnetron Sputtering Using a SiC Target (2008)

Silicon oxycarbide (SiOC) films were prepared by reactive RF magnetron sputtering at room temperature with a SiC target, and deposition was carried out under various oxygen flow ratios. The Si–O chemical bonding in the SiOC films was evaluated by IR transmittance spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurement, and the composition of the SiOC film was determined by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS) measurement. The carbon and oxygen content in the SiOC film decreased and increased, respectively, with increasing oxygen flow ratio. The optical properties of the film were determined by UV–visible transmittance spectroscopy and ellipsometry. The absorption edge shifted to a shorter wavelength and the refractive index decreased because of an increase in the oxygen content of the SiOC film.
The design <i>versus</i> the analysis of observational studies for causal effects: parallels with the design of randomized trials (2006)

For estimating causal effects of treatments, randomized experiments are generally considered the gold standard. Nevertheless, they are often infeasible to conduct for a variety of reasons, such as ethical concerns, excessive expense, or timeliness. Consequently, much of our knowledge of causal effects must come from non-randomized observational studies. This article will advocate the position that observational studies can and should be designed to approximate randomized experiments as closely as possible. In particular, observational studies should be designed using only background information to create subgroups of similar treated and control units, where 'similar' here refers to their distributions of background variables. Of great importance, this activity should be conducted without any access to any outcome data, thereby assuring the objectivity of the design. In many situations, this objective creation of subgroups of similar treated and control units, which are balanced with respect to covariates, can be accomplished using propensity score methods. The theoretical perspective underlying this position will be presented followed by a particular application in the context of the US tobacco litigation. This application uses propensity score methods to create subgroups of treated units (male current smokers) and control units (male never smokers) who are at least as similar with respect to their distributions of observed background characteristics as if they had been randomized. The collection of these subgroups then 'approximate' a randomized block experiment with respect to the observed covariates.
ANTHEPROT: a package for protein sequence analysis using a microcomputer (1988)

A simple microcomputer package is described to make the theoretical analysis of protein sequences. Several methods designed to compare two sequences, to model proteolytic reactions and to predict the secondary structure, the hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions and the potential antigenic sites of proteins have been included in an Apple II microcomputer software. The package comprises 21 programs as well as the secondary structure database of Kabsch and Sander (1983).
Quadratic Hadamard memories (1990)

An associative memory, called selective reflexive memory (SRM), appears to have perfect associative recall of up to <e1 xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</e1> stored bipolar vectors, where <e1 xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</e1> is the memory dimension. The memory consists of a bidirectional linear transformer (BLT), followed by a dominant label selector (DLS). The BLT transforms the bipolar input vector into a linear combination of Hadamard vectors; the DLS selects, from this linear combination, the dominant Hadamard vector. The latter is returned to the BLT, which in its backstroke produces the stored vector closest to the input. DLS is an associative memory with quadratic activation, in which the stored vectors are Hadamard vectors. The number of physical connections is the same as for a fully connected Hopfield memory, and all the connections have the same weight. In the discrete asynchronous model, the DLS is stable, and its only stable states are the Hadamard vectors; there are no spurious stable states
Comprehensive biomechanical modeling and simulation of the upper body (2009)

We introduce a comprehensive biomechanical model of the human upper body. Our model confronts the combined challenge of modeling and controlling more or less all of the relevant articular bones and muscles, as well as simulating the physics-based deformations of the soft tissues. Its dynamic skeleton comprises 68 bones with 147 jointed degrees of freedom, including those of each vertebra and most of the ribs. To be properly actuated and controlled, the skeletal submodel requires comparable attention to detail with respect to muscle modeling. We incorporate 814 muscles, each of which is modeled as a piecewise uniaxial Hill-type force actuator. To simulate biomechanically-realistic flesh deformations, we also develop a coupled finite element model with the appropriate constitutive behavior, in which are embedded the detailed 3D anatomical geometries of the hard and soft tissues. Finally, we develop an associated physics-based animation controller that computes the muscle activation signals necessary to drive the elaborate musculoskeletal system in accordance with a sequence of target poses specified by an animator.
Discontinuous Release of Bone Morphogenetic Protein-2 Loaded Within Interconnected Pores of Honeycomb-Like Polycaprolactone Scaffold Promotes Bone Healing in a Large Bone Defect of Rabbit Ulna (2011)

The choice of an appropriate carrier and its microarchitectural design is integral in directing bone ingrowth into the defect site and determining its subsequent rate of bone formation and remodeling. We have selected a three-dimensional polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffold with an interconnected honeycomb-like porous structure to provide a conduit for vasculature ingrowth as well as an osteoconductive pathway to guide recruited cells responding to a unique triphasic release of osteoinductive bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) from these PCL scaffolds. We hypothesize that the use of recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein 2 (rhBMP2)-PCL constructs promotes rapid union and bone regeneration of a large defect. Results of our pilot study on a unilateral 15 mm mid-diaphyseal segmental rabbit ulna defect demonstrated enhanced bone healing with greater amount of bone formation and bridging under plain radiography and microcomputed tomography imaging when compared with an empty PCL and untreated group after 8 weeks postimplantation. Quantitative measurements showed significantly higher bone volume fraction and trabecular thickness, with lower trabecular separation in the rhBMP2-treated groups. Histology evaluation also revealed greater mature bone formation spanning across the entire scaffold region compared with other groups, which showed no bone regeneration within the central defect zone. We highlight that it is the uniqueness of the scaffold having a highly porous network of channels that promoted vascular integration and allowed for cellular infiltration, leading to a discontinuous triphasic BMP2 release profile that mimicked the release profile during natural repair mechanisms in vivo. This study serves as preclinical evidence demonstrating the potential of combining osteoinductive rhBMP2 with our PCL constructs for the repair of large defects in a large animal model.