gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Increasing morphinan alkaloid production by over‐expressing codeinone reductase in transgenic <i>Papaver somniferum</i> (2006)

Only plants of the Papaver genus (poppies) are able to synthesize morphinan alkaloids, and cultivation of P. somniferum, opium poppy, remains critical for the production and supply of morphine, codeine and various semi-synthetic analgesics. Opium poppy was transformed with constitutively expressed cDNA of codeinone reductase (PsCor1.1), the penultimate step in morphine synthesis. Most transgenic lines showed significant increases in capsule alkaloid content in replicated glasshouse and field trials over 4 years. The morphinan alkaloid contents on a dry weight basis were between 15% and 30% greater than those in control high-yielding genotypes and control non-transgenic segregants. Transgenic leaves had approximately 10-fold greater levels of Cor transcript compared with non-transgenic controls. Two cycles of crossing of the best transgenic line into an elite high-morphine genotype resulted in significant increases in morphine and total alkaloids relative to the elite recurrent parent. No significant changes in alkaloid profiles or quantities were observed in leaf, roots, pollen and seed.
CO2 laser milling of hard tissue (2007)

Drilling of bone and tooth tissue belongs to recurrent medical procedures (screw- and pin-bores, bores for implant inserting, trepanation etc.). Small round bores can be in general quickly produced with mechanical drills. Problems arise however by angled drilling, by the necessity to fulfill the drilling without damaging of sensitive soft tissue beneath the bone, or by the attempt to mill precisely noncircular small cavities. We present investigations on laser hard tissue "milling", which can be advantageous for solving these problems. The "milling" is done with a CO2 laser (10.6 &mgr;m) with pulse duration of 50 - 100 &mgr;s, combined with a PC-controlled galvanic beam scanner and with a fine water-spray, which helps to avoid thermal side-effects. The damaging of underlying soft tissue can be prevented through control of the optical or acoustical ablation signal. The ablation of hard tissue is accompanied with a strong glowing, which is absent during the laser beam action on soft tissue. The acoustic signals from the diverse tissue types exhibit distinct differences in the spectral composition. Also computer image analysis could be a useful tool to control the operation. Laser "milling" of noncircular cavities with 1 - 4 mm width and about 10 mm depth is particularly interesting for dental implantology. In ex-vivo investigations we found conditions for fast laser "milling" of the cavities without thermal damage and with minimal tapering. It included exploration of different filling patterns (concentric rings, crosshatch, parallel lines and their combinations), definition of maximal pulse duration, repetition rate and laser power, optimal position of the spray. The optimized results give evidences for the applicability of the CO2 laser for biologically tolerable "milling" of deep cavities in the hard tissue.
Genetic Variation of Wood Density in Luanta Fir Tested in Central Taiwan (2007)

Forty-nine wind-pollinated families representing 8 provenances of Luanta fir ( Cunninghamia konishii ) were sampled from the species' range in Taiwan. The study plantation was established in central Taiwan with 49 ten-tree linear plots in each of 5 blocks in the randomized complete block design. In July 1998 at plantation age 25, a 0.45-cm caliber increment core sample was extracted at breast height in the east cardinal direction from the best tree per plot; altogether 245 cores (1 core/family/plot X 49 families X 5 blocks) were sampled. From each core, only the 6 outermost growth rings (near the bark) were used to determine extracted specific gravity according to the maximum moisture content method. Genetic variations among provenances and among families within provenances were tested following a general linear model. There was no apparent geographic variation pattern, and the main source of specific gravity variation was attributable to differences among families within provenance. Overall specific gravity was 0.36 and the narrow-sense family heritability was 0.46. Wood specific gravity is strongly controlled by additive genetic variance, suggesting that this trait would respond to selection breeding. The importance of family selection was emphasized in the improvement of this wood property in Taiwan.
Best practices for evaluating single nucleotide variant calling methods for microbial genomics (2015)

Innovations in sequencing technologies have allowed biologists to make incredible advances in understanding biological systems. As experience grows, researchers increasingly recognize that analyzing the wealth of data provided by these new sequencing platforms requires careful attention to detail for robust results. Thus far, much of the scientific Communit's focus for use in bacterial genomics has been on evaluating genome assembly algorithms and rigorously validating assembly program performance. Missing, however, is a focus on critical evaluation of variant callers for these genomes. Variant calling is essential for comparative genomics as it yields insights into nucleotide-level organismal differences. Variant calling is a multistep process with a host of potential error sources that may lead to incorrect variant calls. Identifying and resolving these incorrect calls is critical for bacterial genomics to advance. The goal of this review is to provide guidance on validating algorithms and pipelines used in variant calling for bacterial genomics. First, we will provide an overview of the variant calling procedures and the potential sources of error associated with the methods. We will then identify appropriate datasets for use in evaluating algorithms and describe statistical methods for evaluating algorithm performance. As variant calling moves from basic research to the applied setting, standardized methods for performance evaluation and reporting are required; it is our hope that this review provides the groundwork for the development of these standards.
Cycloadditions. 24. An improved procedure for the addition of dichloroketene to unreactive olefins (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCycloadditions. 24. An improved procedure for the addition of dichloroketene to unreactive olefinsLarry R. Krepski and Alfred HassnerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 14, 2879–2882Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00408a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00408a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2844Altmetric-Citations121LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Gaseous Ion Recombination Rates. III (1964)

The rate constants for the bimolecular recombination of gaseous ions in three different systems have been determined. The results suggest that the recombination rate constant is not particularly sensitive to the chemical identity of the ions, and that complexes between ions and neutral atoms are important even at pressures below 10 mm Hg.
Detection of Biologically Important Anions in Aqueous Media by Dicationic Azaborines Bearing Ammonio or Phosphonio Groups (2009)

New cationic triarylboranes bearing ammonio or phosphonio groups on the periphery were synthesized from a common intermediate, a dibromodibenzoazaborine. These cationic molecules are soluble in highly polar organic solvents as well as water, and they exhibit strong light absorption and photoluminescence emission in water. Complexation of the cationic azaborines with fluoride and cyanide ions in aqueous media proceeded and could be monitored by NMR, UV/Vis, and fluorescence spectroscopy.
ALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE AS A PROTEIN PRECIPITATING REAGENT IN THE DETERMINATION OF LACTOSE IN MILK. (1913)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTALUMINIUM HYDROXIDE AS A PROTEIN PRECIPITATING REAGENT IN THE DETERMINATION OF LACTOSE IN MILK.William H. Welker and Howard L. MarshCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1913, 35, 6, 823–824Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1913Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1913https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja02195a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja02195a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views107Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Anti-CD3 preconditioning separates GVL from GVHD via modulating host dendritic cell and donor T-cell migration in recipients conditioned with TBI (2008)

Host dendritic cells (DCs) play a critical role in initiating graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and graft-versus-leukemia (GVL), and separation of GVL from GVHD remains a major challenge in the treatment of hematologic malignancies by allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). Here, we show that preconditioning with anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody before conditioning with total body irradiation (TBI) prevents GVHD but retains GVL in a HCT model of major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched C57BL/6 donor to BALB/c host. Prevention of GVHD is associated with inhibition of donor T-cell expression of homing and chemokine receptors, and inhibition of GVHD target tissue expression of chemokines. Furthermore, inhibition of donor T-cell expression of gut homing alpha4beta7 and chemokine receptor (CCR)9 by anti-CD3 preconditioning results from a reduction of CD103(+) DCs in draining mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs), which is associated with down-regulation of DC expression of CCR7, a receptor required for tissue DC migration to draining LNs. These results indicate that anti-CD3 preconditioning reduces not only tissue release of chemokines but also prevents tissue DC migration to draining LNs and subsequently reduces the capacity of DCs of draining LNs to imprint donor T-cell tissue tropism. Therefore, modulation of host DCs by anti-CD3 preconditioning before HCT represents a new approach for separating GVL from GVHD.
Study of the ion-implanted back-surface fields in front-contact front-junction solar cells (2011)

We have studied low energy ion-implanted P+ and N+ back surface field (BSF) layers with shallow junctions in front-contact front-junction solar cells for the first time as far as we know. With N+ BSF layer, V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> and the efficiency of the solar cells increased on average by 30 mV and 1.3%, respectively. N+ BSF layer reduced recombination at the back surface significantly while P+ layer increased it. The higher V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> due to the reduced recombination for the N+ BSF and the lower V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">oc</sub> due to the increased recombination for the P+ BSF were attributed to the asymmetry in the capture cross-sections of the minority carriers (σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</sub> ~ 100*σ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</sub> ).
The Relationship Between Plaque pH, Plaque Acid Anion Profiles, and Oral Carbohydrate Retention After Ingestion of Several 'Reference Foods' by Human Subjects (1988)

The primary aim of this study was to rank several reference foods (apple drink, caramel, chocolate, cookie, skimmed milk powder, snack cracker, and wheat flake) according to their plaque pH response as monitored in a panel of 12 volunteers by the plaque-sampling method for comparison with data previously reported with other methods used to assess cariogenicity potential. Secondary experiments (using subsets of the panel of subjects) were undertaken in an attempt to elucidate some of the reasons for the observed plaque pH changes. Oral carbohydrate retention was measured at a single time period after food use as total anthrone-positive carbohydrate material, and as specific acidogenic sugars by gas-liquid chromatography after gel-exclusion chromatography. The concentrations of acid anions in the plaque fluid after food consumption were measured by isotachophoresis eight min after food use. According to the plaque pH response, apple-flavored fruit drink and chocolate were the most acidogenic foods and skimmed milk powder the least acidogenic. There were significant correlations (p less than 0.05) between the plaque pH data and lactate-plus-acetate concentrations in plaque fluid, but the correlations between the pH data and any of the carbohydrate retention parameters were not significant.
Extremely high-selective electron cyclotron resonance plasma etching for phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon (1990)

Extremely high-selective etching for phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon is achieved at the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) position in a newly developed ECR plasma etching system. The selectivity ratio (phosphorus-doped polycrystalline silicon etching rate/SiO2 etching rate) is around 100 at 5×10−4 Torr and 260 at 3×10−3 Torr. Furthermore, the polycrystalline silicon etching rate is more than 3000 Å/min in pure Cl2 etching gas with no rf bias under the above selectivity ratio conditions. The high etching selectivity ratio is generated by low ion energy due to no rf bias power and small magnetic field divergence. The high etching rate is achieved by high ion current density at the ECR position in the plasma chamber.
Antler growth in male red deer ( <i>Cervus elaphus</i> ) after active immunization against LH-RH (1982)

Four sexually mature male red deer were actively immunized against LHRH and this caused 3 of the animals to cast their antlers prematurely in the autumn instead of the spring. Development of new antlers was initiated after casting, but the effects on the antler cycle were variable and correlated with the antibody titre, only the animal with the highest titre developed antlers that resembled those of a castrate and remained 'in velvet' for more than 6 months. In October, when all the immunized deer had peak circulating levels of LHRH antibodies, the testes were reduced in size compared to the maximum values of the controls. The blood levels of testosterone were reduced in the immunized animals, and there was a minimal increase in the circulating levels of testosterone in response to an i.v. injection of 100 micrograms ovine LH. The immunized stags showed no rutting behaviour in the autumn. The changes in the testes confirm that the immunizations were effective in blocking the secretion of the gonadotrophic hormones. The re-development of antlers in these animals indicates that gonadotrophins are not directly involved in stimulating antler growth.
Diagnostic assessment of recurrent unexplained syncope with a new subcutaneously implantable loop recorder (2000)

An implantable loop recorder is useful for establishing a diagnosis when symptoms are recurrent but too infrequent for conventional monitoring techniques.
CALCULATION OF SOUND INSERTION LOSS OF A BARRIER BY FRESNEL ZONE METHOD (1989)

In this paper the formulas are presented to estimate the sound pressure amplitude at the observationpoint behind a half-infinite sound barrier,especially in the shadow region.The barrier may be a thin screen,or awedge,or a wide barrier These formulas are based on the Huygens-Fresnel principle of diffraction and on theconcept of Fresnel half-period zone.By using these formulas a new method,Fresnel Zone Method,to calcu-late sound insertion loss of a barrier is obtained.The calculations agree well with the experimental results.
Possibility of utilization of three-body recombination processes in generation of high-power continuous-wave visible laser radiation (1976)

Consideration is given to two possible laser systems which can be used to generate high-power visible radiation as a result of three-body recombination processes: one of them is a gasdynamic recombination laser and the other a hybrid laser employing additionally an electron-beam-controlled electric discharge. The characteristics of media suitable for such lasers are given and the results are reported of preliminary experiments which suggest that such lasers can be built in the near future.
Stapes Surgery: How Precisely Do Different Prostheses Attach to the Long Process of the Incus with Different Instruments and Different Surgeons? (2002)

The geometry of the loop affects the final length of the piston in the vestibule and its angle to the long process of the incus.
Spatial Distribution Maps for Atom Probe Tomography (2007)

A real-space technique for finding structural information in atom probe tomographs, spatial distribution maps (SDM), is described. The mechanics of the technique are explained, and it is then applied to some test cases. Many applications of SDM in atom probe tomography are illustrated with examples including finding crystal lattices, correcting lattice strains in reconstructed images, quantifying trajectory aberrations, quantifying spatial resolution, quantifying chemical ordering, dark-field imaging, determining orientation relationships, extracting radial distribution functions, and measuring ion detection efficiency.
Novelty seeking and drug use: Contribution of an animal model. (2005)

Although sensation seeking or novelty seeking is a reliable predictor of drug use in humans, individual differences in free-choice novelty seeking in animal models have generally failed to predict drug use. In the current article, hierarchical multiple regression analyses were used on data collected from a large sample of rats. Rats were screened on measures of inescapable and free-choice novelty tests and then were trained to lever press for sucrose or intravenous amphetamine. Although scores from the inescapable novelty test weakly predicted responding for amphetamine, the addition of free-choice novelty preference scores into the regression analyses significantly improved the predictive models. These results indicate that, similar to evidence in humans, individual differences in novelty seeking may be able to predict drug use in rats.
Interconnected Hollow Cobalt Phosphide Grown on Carbon Nanotubes for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (2018)

Transition-metal phosphides are deemed as potential alternative to platinum for large-scale and sustainable electrocatalytic hydrogen production from water. In this study, facile preparation of interconnected hollow cobalt monophosphide (CoP) supported on carbon nanotubes is demonstrated and evaluated as a low-cost electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. Hexamethylenetetramine is used as a structure-directing agent to guide the formation of interconnected cobalt oxide, which further grows into interconnected hollow CoP. Interconnected and hollow microstructural artifacts impart benign attributes, such as enhanced specific and electrochemically active surface area, low intrinsic charge transfer resistance, high interfacial charge transfer kinetics, and improved mass transport, to the electrocatalyst. As a result, the as-prepared electrode exhibits remarkable electrocatalytic performance, low onset (18 mV) and overpotential (η<sub>10</sub> = 73 mV); small Tafel slope (54.6 mV dec<sup>-1</sup>); and high turnover frequency (0.58 s<sup>-1</sup> at η = 73 mV). In addition, the electrode shows excellent electrochemical stability.
Solution binding of an antigenic peptide to a major histocompatibility complex class I molecule and the role of beta 2-microglobulin. (1992)

The major histocompatibility complex-encoded class I molecule, a noncovalent dimer of a polymorphic 45-kDa heavy chain and a nonpolymorphic 12-kDa beta 2-microglobulin (beta 2m) light chain, binds peptide antigen prior to its interaction with T-cell antigen receptors. We report here that the binding in aqueous solution at 37 degrees C of a soluble purified murine major histocompatibility complex class I protein, H-2Lds (a soluble analogue of H-2Ld consisting of the alpha 1 and alpha 2 domains of H-2Ld, the alpha 3 domain and the C terminus of Q10b), to an antigenic peptide is controlled by the light-chain subunit beta 2m. Analysis of the equilibrium binding data favors a model in which two classes of peptide binding sites exist, the high-affinity class having an equilibrium constant for dissociation, KH, of 3.7 x 10(-7) M and accounting for 12% of the theoretically available sites. Studies of binding in the presence of excess beta 2m indicate that this increases the concentration of available high-affinity sites. These data are consistent with a ternary model in which high-affinity sites are generated by the interaction of beta 2m with the peptide-binding class I heavy chain.
High aspect ratio quarter-micron electroless copper integrated technology (1998)

We present recent results of electroless Cu line and CoWP barrier/protection layer depositions with emphasis on copper encapsulation at low temperature for on-chip wiring of very high aspect ratio. We present a profile study of barrier/seed layers covered with thin (/spl sim/100 nm) electroless Cu films by SEM cross sections and step coverage in trenches and vias as a function of aspect ratio.