gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Gelatinization and Hydrolysis Conditions on the Selectivity of Starch Hydrolysis with α-Amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (2007)

Enzymatic hydrolysis of starch can be used to obtain various valuable hydrolyzates with different compositions. The effects of starch pretreatment, enzyme addition point, and hydrolysis conditions on the hydrolyzate composition and reaction rate during wheat starch hydrolysis with alpha-amylase from Bacillus licheniformis were compared. Suspensions of native starch or starch gelatinized at different conditions either with or without enzyme were hydrolyzed. During hydrolysis, the oligosaccharide concentration, the dextrose equivalent, and the enzyme activity were determined. We found that the hydrolyzate composition was affected by the type of starch pretreatment and the enzyme addition point but that it was just minimally affected by the pressure applied during hydrolysis, as long as gelatinization was complete. The differences between hydrolysis of thermally gelatinized, high-pressure gelatinized, and native starch were explained by considering the granule structure and the specific surface area of the granules. These results show that the hydrolyzate composition can be influenced by choosing different process sequences and conditions.
Corallorazines from the Myxobacterium <i>Corallococcus coralloides</i> (2014)

The myxobacterium Corallococcus coralloides is the producer of the antibiotic compound corallopyronin A, which is currently in preclinical evaluation. To obtain suitable amounts of this antibiotic, the production strain C. coralloides B035 was cultured in large volumes, which in the addition to the isolation of the target molecule facilitates the detection of additional metabolites of this myxobacterial strain (corallorazines A-C). Corallorazine A is a new structural type of dipeptide composed of a dehydroalanine and a glycine moiety that are linked via a semiaminal bond, thus forming a piperazine ring. The latter is further connected via an amide bond to an unusual aliphatic acyl chain.
Sodium-Sulfur Batteries (1975)

The sodium-sulfur battery is one of the high energy electrochemical devices being developed to store energy. These batteries satisfy the specific energy requirements for both automotive and utility load-leveling applications. Sodium-sulfur cells which use β-alumina cell dividers have unique properties other than high specific energy, and work is being carried out by many organizations to develop practical battery systems.
Identification of a brain-specific protein kinase C<i>ζ</i> pseudogene (ΨPKC<i>ζ</i>) transcript (1995)

Protein kinase C (PKC), a widely-distributed enzyme implicated in the regulation of many physiological processes, consists of a family of at least twelve isoenzymes which differ in tissue distribution, subcellular localization, regulatory properties, etc. In addition to this heterogeneity at the protein level, we identify here for the first time a PKC zeta pseudogene (psi PKC zeta) transcript, specifically expressed in the brain, which is identical with PKC zeta except for sequence divergence within the first variable domain (V1). The authenticity of this unique V1 sequence (V1') in mRNA was confirmed by RNase protection and reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) analysis. When translated in-frame with PKC zeta, a stop codon is located 28 amino acids towards the N-terminus of the divergence point and the intervening sequence lacks an expected initiating methionine. psi PKC zeta is non-functional in terms of protein synthesis since Western blotting with an antibody directed against the C-terminus of PKC zeta failed to reveal a protein smaller than PKC zeta, and synthetic psi PKC zeta RNA failed to support protein synthesis in a translation system in vitro. PCR amplification of rat genomic DNA demonstrated lack of an intron at the junction between V1' and the first constant domain (the V1'-C1 border), and genomic DNA Southern blot analysis using PKC zeta and psi PKC zeta-specific probes indicated that they have different loci. psi PKC zeta, therefore, is not derived from the PKC zeta gene by alternative splicing, but rather is the product of a distinct gene. In Northern blot analysis, brain PKC zeta mRNA was identified as a low-abundance 3.1 kb transcript, while the abundant 2.5 and 4.7 kb mRNAs previously reported to encode PKC zeta are, in fact, psi PKC zeta transcripts. Analysis of rat brain, heart, lung, liver, kidney and skeletal muscle revealed psi PKC zeta mRNA only in brain. PKC zeta transcripts were most abundant in lung and kidney (2.7 and 4.7 kb mRNAs), correlating with the tissue profile of PKC zeta immunoreactivity in Western blots. Probes complementary to the common V5 and C1 domains detected both PKC zeta and psi PKC zeta transcripts. Interestingly, the C1 probe also detected an abundant novel 1.75 kb mRNA in brain and heart, suggesting the existence of an additional PKC zeta-related species. This work, therefore, also emphasizes the importance of careful choice of oligonucleotide and cDNA probes to study PKC zeta mRNA.
Generating flat patterns for folded structures: Search space reduction (2017)

A significant number of packaging products can be represented as folded structures. This contribution demonstrates an approach for generating a set of feasible flat patterns based upon a graph representation of the folded structures. It presents algorithms to detect several typical design features. In order to present alternative flat patterns with different properties to the designer, it is preferred to first generate all feasible spanning trees. Two options to decrease the number of generated spanning trees are then proposed: user constraints and overlapping features. Each of these reduction possibilities is examined, and several practical examples with outcomes are shown. The presented framework shows a decrease of up to 98.5% in the number of possible flat patterns for the investigated parts.
New Approaches for High Energy Density Lithium–Sulfur Battery Cathodes (2012)

The goal of replacing combustion engines or reducing their use presents a daunting problem for society. Current lithium-ion technologies provide a stepping stone for this dramatic but inevitable change. However, the theoretical gravimetric capacity (∼300 mA h g(-1)) is too low to overcome the problems of limited range in electric vehicles, and their cost is too high to sustain the commercial viability of electrified transportation. Sulfur is the one of the most promising next generation cathode materials. Since the 1960s, researchers have studied sulfur as a cathode, but only recently have great strides been made in preparing viable composites that can be used commercially. Sulfur batteries implement inexpensive, earth-abundant elements at the cathode while offering up to a five-fold increase in energy density compared with present Li-ion batteries. Over the past few years, researchers have come closer to solving the challenges associated with the sulfur cathode. Using carbon or conducting polymers, researchers have wired up sulfur, an excellent insulator, successfully. These conductive hosts also function to encapsulate the active sulfur mass upon reduction/oxidation when highly soluble lithium polysulfides are formed. These soluble discharge products remain a crux of the Li-S cell and need to be contained in order to increase cycle life and capacity retention. The use of mesoporous carbons and tailored designs featuring porous carbon hollow spheres have led to highly stable discharge capacities greater than 900 mA h g(-1) over 100 cycles. In an attempt to fully limit polysulfide dissolution, methods that rely on coating carbon/sulfur composites with polymers have led to surprisingly stable capacities (∼90% of initial capacity retained). Additives will also play an important role in sulfur electrode design. For example, small fractions (> 3 wt%) of porous silica or titania effectively act as polysulfide reservoirs, decreasing their concentration in the electrolyte and leading to a higher utilization of sulfur and increased capacities.
Sample size formulas for estimating intraclass correlation coefficients with precision and assurance (2012)

The number of subjects required to estimate the intraclass correlation coefficient in a reliability study has usually been determined on the basis of the expected width of a confidence interval. However, this approach fails to explicitly consider the probability of achieving the desired interval width and may thus provide sample sizes that are too small to have adequate chance of achieving the desired precision. In this paper, we present a method that explicitly incorporates a prespecified probability of achieving the prespecified width or lower limit of a confidence interval. The resultant closed-form formulas are shown to be very accurate.
Influence of initial component temperature on the apparent viscosity and handling characteristics of acrylic (PMMA) bone cement (2006)

The flow and polymerization characteristics of poly(methylmethacrylate) (PMMA) bone cement can be changed by manipulating the temperature of the bone cement components or the environment that they are prepared in. To quantify the effects of the initial component temperature (T(ic)) of acrylic bone cement on the rheological and handling characteristics, ASTM F451-99a compliant methods and clinically relevant testing methods were utilized. A rheometer was designed and fabricated using the dimensions of a clinical, commercially available, cement gun and nozzle. The influence on the apparent viscosity and handling characteristics (setting time, working time, and peak exotherm temperature) for a high viscosity (HV) commercially-available acrylic bone cement, Palacos R, were determined. The values of T(ic) used were 23 degrees C (room), 6 degrees C (refrigerator), and -14 degrees C (freezer). Using the apparent viscosity of a medium viscosity (MV) bone cement as a benchmark (Simplex P at room temperature), it was found that by adjusting the T(ic) the HV cement was able to mimic the flow characteristics of the MV cement. Lowering the T(ic) lowered the apparent viscosity of the bone cement. The effects of T(ic) on the polymerization of bone cement were studied in dynamic and static conditions. The dynamic test recorded temperature and torque from stirring resistance. Setting times were also determined using the ASTM exotherm mold method. The setting times determined by the dynamic testing conditions were consistently shorter than those determined by the ASTM method. Lowering the T(ic) increased the working and setting times; however, it did not have a significant effect on the peak exotherm temperature.
Tolerance Requirements for Dispersion Free Single-Mode Fiber Design: Influence of Geometrical Parameters, Dopant Diffusion, and Axial Dip (1982)

The dispersion sensitivity to small changes in index-differences, radius, and wavelength is investigated in the case of dispersion free single-mode fibers. If a minimum bandwidth is required, tolerances on the various parameters can then be deduced: singly- and doubly-clad structures are compared. Constant reference is made to the HE/sub 11/ mode spot-size to relate dispersion properties and attenuation. A nonzero fundamental mode cutoff is shown to induce an enhanced sensitivity to a change in fiber geometrical characteristics. The effect of dopant diffusion and axial dip on dispersion is then considered and conclusions are drawn concerning the use of profiles measured on preforms to predict fiber propagation properties.
Expression of the <i>TCL1</i> Gene at 14q32 in B‐Cell Malignancies but Not in Adult T‐Cell Leukemia (1998)

The TCL1 gene was recently cloned as a candidate target within the 14q32.1 breakpoint cluster region observed in T-cell malignancies. We examined the TCL1 gene expression in 21 patients with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and 5 cell lines, because ATL is reported to have frequent chromosome 14 band q32 aberrations. However, 20 of the ATL patients and all 5 cell lines lacked any TCL1 expression on northern blot analysis, and TCL1 transcripts were only very faintly detected in the remaining one patient. Expansion of our analysis to include other types of hematopoietic malignancies revealed strong expression of the TCL1 gene in almost all tumor cells of B-cell lineage except myelomas. However, no TCL1 signals were encountered in cells of T-cell or myeloid lineages. In normal human tissues TCL1 was found to be expressed in the spleen, lymph nodes and B-lymphocytes of peripheral blood. These results indicate that TCL1 is not a major target gene for ATL, but that it may play a role in B-cell differentiation and proliferation.
A convenient eco-friendly system for the synthesis of 5-sulfenyl tetrazole derivatives of indoles and pyrroles employing CeCl<sub>3</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O in PEG-400 (2014)

The use of CeCl<sub>3</sub>·7H<sub>2</sub>O in PEG-400 for the convenient synthesis of 5-sulfenyl tetrazoles derived from indoles and pyrroles, is reported. The scope and limitations of the transformation were also studied.
Adaptive and Flexible Blocking for Record Linkage Tasks (2010)

In data integration tasks, records from a single dataset or from different sources must often be compared to identify records that represent the same real world entity. The cost of this search process for finding duplicate records grows quadratically as the number of records available in the data sources increases and, for this reason, direct approaches, such as comparing all record pairs, must be avoided. In this context, blocking methods are used to create groups of records that are likely to correspond to the same real world entity, so that the deduplication can be applied to these blocs only. In the recent literature, machine learning processes are used to find the best blocking function, based on a combination of low cost rules, which define how to perform the record blocking. In this paper we present a new blocking method based on machine learning. Different from other methods, our method is  based on genetic programming, allowing for the use of more flexible rules and a larger number of such rules for defining blocking functions, leading to a more effective process for the identification of duplicate records. Experimental results with real and synthetic data show that our method achieves over 95\% of correctness when generating block of potential duplicate.
Einführung (1970)

Den Ausgangspunkt der Ausführungen dieses Teiles bildet der Gedanke, daß die konkrete Optimumbestimmung, insbesondere die Wirtschaftlichkeitsrechnung, ausschließlich unter dem Aspekt der Gewinnerzielung vollzogen wird. Dabei wird der „Gewinn“ ganz grob als das finanzielle Ergebnis eines Erwerbsunternehmens verstanden.
Studies on lankacidin-group (T-2636) antibiotics. VI. Chemical structures of lankacidin-group antibiotics. II. (1975)

Chemical structures of the minor components obtained from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces rochei var. volubilis, lankacyclinol A and iso-lankacidinol, and the anti microbially active metabolites, lankacyclinol, were proposed by chemical degradation studies and spectral analyses. Lankacyclinol A and lankacyclinol were the decarboxylated compounds of lankacidinol A and lankacidinol, respectively. Iso-lankacidinol was assumed to be 16-epimer of lankacidinol. These compounds are belong to lankacidin-group (T-2636) antibiotics whose chemical structures are shown in Chart 1.
Glass-ceramic-mediated, magnetic-field-induced localized hyperthermia: response of a murine mammary carcinoma. (1983)

Hyperthermia has been found to be a useful modality for cancer therapy. In this report, a biocompatible, ferrimagnetic glass-ceramic capable of inducing localized hyperthermia by hysteresis heating upon exposure to an alternating magnetic field is presented. When the glass-ceramic was placed in the region of a subcutaneously transplanted, weakly antigenic breast carcinoma and subjected to the magnetic field, sufficient temperature rise was obtained to cause significant (approximately 50%) tumor regrowth delay and a 12% permanent control. The data demonstrate that glass-ceramic-mediated hysteresis heating may be a useful therapeutic approach in the treatment of cancer which offers the advantage of producing a highly localized and predictable tumor volume hyperthermia.
[Hydrogen sulfide water balneum effect on erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis--in vitro study]. (2004)

The aim of the study was to investigate, in vitro, hydrogen sulphide water balneum effect on erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Erythrocytes from 29 consecutive patients with rheumatoid arthritis (11 men, 18 women) aged 54 years were obtained. The control group comprised of 30 healthy subjects with a mean age of about 40 years. Patients with rheumatoid arthritis were subdivided into two groups: with active disease (18 patients) and in remission (11 patients), and secondly into patients receiving (21 subjects) and not receiving (8 subjects) non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. For erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity evaluation, with method of Misra i Fridovich was used. Superoxide dismutase activity was assessed after 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes erythrocytes incubation with hydrogen sulphide water. The mean baseline erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity (T0) was in rheumatoid arthritis patients 1589.95+/-208.41 U/gHb and was 1622.12+/-321+/-321.58 U/gHb in the control group (ns). After 5 and 10 minutes of incubation with hydrogen sulphide water T0-T5 i T5-T10 erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity increased significantly (p<0.05) in rheumatoid arthritis patients. In rheumatoid arthritis patients erythrocyte superoxide dismutase activity was higher and increased significantly when compared with control group. It seems that hydrogen sulphide water balneum produces an antioxidant effect on erythrocyte status in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.
Experimental fabrication and characterization of out-of-plane fiber waviness in continuous fiber-reinforced composites (2011)

This study presents the development of fabrication techniques and experimental measurements of out-of-plane fiber waviness in a continuous fiber-reinforced polymer composite. Literature on characterization and fabrication techniques was briefly reviewed. Three fabrication methods were developed: the transverse-strip method, ply-drop method, and constant-thickness ply-drop method. Experimental characterization demonstrated that specimens with a range of waviness parameters can be easily manufactured. The most important features of the techniques are ease of fabrication and simplicity of experimental setup. An industrial part was characterized optically to validate the techniques, showing a maximum misalignment angle of 5.3°.
Functionally distinct receptors for cholecystokinin and gastrin on dispersed chief cells from guinea pig stomach (1988)

Caerulein, gastrin, and C-terminal fragments of cholecystokinin (CCK) varying in length from eight (CCK-8) to four (CCK-4) amino acids stimulate pepsinogen secretion from dispersed chief cells prepared from guinea pig stomach. C-terminal fragments of CCK containing fewer than four amino acids, even when tested at concentrations as high as 3 mM, do not stimulate pepsinogen secretion. The efficacies of gastrin and the various CCK-related peptides, coupled with the pattern of action of CCK receptor antagonists, indicate that chief cells from guinea pig stomach possess two functionally distinct classes of receptors, C-receptors and G-receptors. The C-receptors can be occupied by caerulein, CCK-8, CCK-7, des(SO3)CCK-8, or des(SO3)CCK-7, and occupation of C-receptors causes full stimulation of pepsinogen secretion. G-receptors can be occupied by gastrin I, gastrin II, CCK-6, CCK-5, or CCK-4, and occupation of G-receptors causes stimulation of pepsinogen secretion that is 60% of maximal.
Intestinal obstruction from cecal bezoar; a complication of fiber-containing tube feedings. (1992)

Dietary fiber increases stool bulk, regulates bowel transit time, and decreases intraluminal pressure. Because these actions constitute a natural way to stop diarrhea, a frequent problem with tube feedings, enteral tube feeding manufacturers have marketed several fiber-containing formulae. While bulk-forming agents such as fiber may not be appropriate for every tube-fed patient, we were unable to find any published contraindications to the use of fiber-containing enteral products. We present the case of a seriously ill man who received a fiber-containing tube feeding while also getting intestinal motility-suppressing medications. A large fiber bezoar developed, with resultant mesenteric hemorrhage. We conclude that fiber-containing tube feedings are contraindicated in certain types of patients.
Automatic control of blood pressure by drug infusion (1982)

Automatic control of arterial blood pressure by infusing the drug sodium nitroprusside is used for the treatment of elevated blood pressure after open-heart surgery at the Cardiac Surgical Intensive Care Unit of the University of Alabama Hospital. Controller design was based on investigations of the dynamics of the physiological responses of patients to nitroprusside infusion. A nonlinear PID digital controller has been used on over 1700 patients. Clinical experiences have shown that automatic control is safe and effective. The wide range of patient characteristics we have observed warranted the design of an improved controller.For analysis, design and evaluation, a model of the system related to arterial pressure and its response to nitro prusside was developed, and patient care practices were analysed. An adaptive multiple-mode multirate sampled-data controller was designed using model-based techniques, and was implemented with a microcomputer system. Simulation results were verified by experiments in the animal laboratory. Results from clinical evaluations with postsurgical patients were superior to the performance of previous automated infusion systems.
[The mouse model and human disease]. (2001)

The mouse is an ideal model organism for studies of human disease, because mouse is physiologically very similar to human. Also, there is a large genetic reservoir of potential models of human diseases that has been generated. In addition, high-resolution genetic and physical linkage maps are now available and the sequence of mouse genome will be completed in the near future. Furthermore, the techniques necessary for the modification of mouse genome, such as transgenic and knockout techniques, and chromosome engineering methods have been established. These techniques enable us to introduce any mutations anywhere in the mouse genome. The methods for analyzing complex genetic diseases also have been developed. These advances facilitate the identification and cloning of mouse disease loci and the establishment of new models. It makes mouse the model organism of choice by academic and industrial researchers to study human diseases. In Part I of this review, we summarize the classical and modern approaches that provide the basis of establishing mouse model of human diseases. In the following parts, we will list more than 100 mouse models of human diseases. In most of these models, the mouse mutant phenotype closely resembles the human disease phenotype. These mouse models are valuable sources for the understanding of the human diseases and they can be used to develop strategies for prevention and treatment of the diseases.