gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Block of open channels of recombinant AMPA receptors and native AMPA/kainate receptors by Adamantane derivatives (1997)

1. The effects of two adamantane derivatives, 1-trimethylammonio-5-(1-adamantane-methyl-ammoniopentane dibromide) (IEM-1460) and 1-ammonio-5-(1-adamantane-methylammoniopentane dibromide) (IEM-1754) on kainate-induced currents were studied in Xenopus oocytes expressing recombinant ionotropic glutamate receptors and in freshly isolated neurones from rat hippocampal slices. 2. The adamantane derivatives caused use- and voltage-dependent block of open channels of recombinant AMPA receptors. This antagonism was dependent on receptor subunit composition; channels gated by recombinant, homomeric GluR1 and GluR3 receptors exhibited a higher sensitivity to block than those gated by receptors containing edited GluR2 subunits. In the former cases, IEM-1460 had an IC50 of 1.6 microM at a holding potential (Vh) of -80 mV and IEM-1754 was 3.8 times less potent than IEM-1460. In contrast, 100 microM IEM-1460 inhibited responses to 100 microM kainate of receptors containing edited GluR2 subunits by only 7.8 +/- 2.4% (n = 5 oocytes at a Vh of -80 mV. 3. Native AMPA/kainate receptors in isolated hippocampal cells were inhibited by adamantane derivatives in a use- and voltage-dependent manner. This antagonism was dependent on cell type: pyramidal neurones were less sensitive to IEM-1460 (IC50 = 1617 microM at Vh = -80 mV) than interneurones (IC50 = 1.6 microM at Vh = -80 mV). IEM-1460 and IEM-1754 were equipotent when applied to pyramidal neurones, but IEM-1754 was less potent (approximately 3 times) than IEM-1460 when applied to interneurones. 4. It is concluded that the presence of the edited GluR2 subunit in recombinant AMPA receptors and native AMPA/kainate receptors inhibits channel block by organic cations and that adamantane derivatives are potentially valuable tools for identifying classes of AMPA/kainate receptors and their roles in synaptic transmission.
Molecular mechanism of cataractogenesis: III. Toxic metabolites of oxygen as initiators of lipid peroxidation and cataract (1984)

A free radical mechanism of cataractogenesis involving enzymatic and nonenzymatic reactions, is proposed. Supporting experimental evidence is briefly reviewed. H2O2, which is one of the toxic metabolites of oxygen, was significantly increased 2-3 fold in ocular humors in several experimental cataracts and in human senile cataract. Various cataractogenic agents were also found to increase H2O2 in ocular humors in vivo prior to cataract formation. Enzymatic defenses against O2-. and H2O2 provided by superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase were impaired in cataracts. In some cataracts, catalase and superoxide dismutase were affected earlier. Malondialdehyde (MDA), a major breakdown product of lipid peroxides was significantly increased by 2-4-fold in human senile cataract, in cataracts induced in rabbit and rat, and in hereditary cataracts in mice. All the reactive species of O2 (O2-., H2O2, OH. and 1 delta gO2) may participate in initiating lipid peroxidation of lens in vitro. Various scavengers of these species were capable of preventing lenticular lipid peroxidation, amongst which OH. scavengers were found to be the most effective. Biological antioxidant, vitamin E afforded 44% prevention of lipid peroxidation in lens. The important observation was that vitamin E was therapeutically effective in about 50% of animals in arresting cataract induced in rabbit by 3-aminotriazole. In these rabbits, H2O2 and ascorbic acid of ocular humors and MDA of lens were close to normal. It is our working hypothesis that the carbonyl groups of MDA and amino groups of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids and their bases, and phospholipids could interact in a cross-linking reaction producing high molecular weight aggregates by Schiff-base conjugate formation in addition to disulfide cross-linking of proteins, and finally resulting in cataract.
Optimize Performance of Virtual Machine Checkpointing via Memory Exclusion (2009)

Virtual machine (VM) level checkpoints bring several advantages which process-level checkpoint implementation can hardly provide: compatibility, transparence, flexibility, and simplicity. However, the size of VM-level checkpoint may be very large and even in the order of gigabytes. This disadvantage causes the VM checkpointing and restart time become very long. To reduce the size of VM checkpoint, this paper proposes a memory exclusion scheme using ballooning mechanism, which omits saving unnecessary free pages in the VM. We implement our prototype in Xen environment. Experimental measurements show our approach can significantly reduce the size of VM checkpoint with minimal runtime overhead, thereby greatly improve the checkpoint performance.
Research roundup: January 2014 (2014)

In brief ▪ Smoking cessation aids do not increase the risk of serious cardiovascular disease events ▪ Taking statins with other medications that inhibit their metabolism increases the risk that patients will suffer muscle pain ▪ Carrying excess weight increases the risk of hearing loss ▪ Poorly controlled pre-existing diabetes increases the risk of foetal and infant death ▪ No link between topical corticosteroids in pregnancy and adverse outcomes
Stimulated molecular scattering of light in gases at different pressures (1975)

The Boltzmann transport equation method and the Bhatnager-Gross-Krook relaxation representation of the collision integral are used in developing a theory of stimulated molecular scattering (STMS) in polyatomic gases at various pressures. The frequency dependences of the backward STMS and the relaxation time of the effect are calculated for various pressures ranging from a collisionless gas to hydrodynamic conditions. It is shown that the central frequency peak in the STMS spectrum is present, in contrast to the spontaneous effect, only under hydrodynamic conditions. The experimental results are given for the backward STMS in nitrogen in the intermediate range of pressures 1–3 atm.
Training Surrogate Sensors in Musical Gesture Acquisition Systems (2010)

Capturing the gestures of music performers is a common task in interactive electroacoustic music. The captured gestures can be mapped to sounds, synthesis algorithms, visuals, etc., or used for music transcription. Two of the most common approaches for acquiring musical gestures are: 1) “hyper-instruments” which are “traditional” musical instruments enhanced with sensors for directly detecting the gestures and 2) “indirect acquisition” in which the only sensor is a microphone capturing the audio signal. Hyper-instruments require invasive modification of existing instruments which is frequently undesirable. However, they provide relatively straightforward and reliable sensor measurements. On the other hand, indirect acquisition approaches typically require sophisticated signal processing and possibly machine learning algorithms in order to extract the relevant information from the audio signal. The idea of using direct sensor(s) to train a machine learning model for indirect acquisition is proposed in this paper. The resulting trained “surrogate” sensor can then be used in place of the original direct invasive sensor(s) that were used for training. That way, the instrument can be used unmodified in performance while still providing the gesture information that a hyper-instrument would provide. In addition, using this approach, large amounts of training data can be collected with minimum effort. Experimental results supporting this idea are provided in two detection contexts: 1) strike position on a drum surface and 2) strum direction on a sitar.
Structure-activity and selectivity relationships in heterogeneous catalysis : proceedings of the ACS Symposium on Structure-Activity Relationships in Heterogeneous Catalysis, Boston, MA, April 22-27, 1990 (1991)

Oxidation (13 Papers). Hydrogenation (3 Papers). Zeolite Catalysis (8 Papers). Surface Science and Modeling (8 Papers). Author Index.
Fibronectin Protects from Excessive Liver Fibrosis by Modulating the Availability of and Responsiveness of Stellate Cells to Active TGF-β (2011)

Fibrotic tissue in the liver is mainly composed of collagen. Fibronectin, which is also present in fibrotic matrices, is required for collagen matrix assembly in vitro. It also modulates the amount of growth factors and their release from the matrix. We therefore examined the effects of the absence of fibronectin on the development of fibrosis in mice.Conditional deletion of fibronectin in the liver using the Mx promoter to drive cre expression resulted in increased collagen production and hence a more pronounced fibrosis in response to dimethylnitrosamine in mice. Exclusive deletion of fibronectin in hepatocytes or normalization of circulating fibronectin in Mx-cKO mice did not affect the development of fibrosis suggesting a role for fibronectin production by other liver cell types. The boosted fibrosis in fibronectin-deficient mice was associated with enhanced stellate cell activation and proliferation, elevated concentrations of active TGF-β, and increased TGF-β-mediated signaling.In vitro experiments revealed that collagen-type-I production by fibronectin-deficient hepatic stellate cells stimulated with TGF-β was more pronounced, and was associated with augmented Smad3-mediated signaling. Interfering with TGF-β signaling using SB431542 normalized collagen-type-I production in fibronectin-deficient hepatic stellate cells. Furthermore, precoating culture plates with fibronectin, but not collagen, or providing fibronectin fibrils unable to interact with RGD binding integrins via the RGD domain significantly diminished the amount of active TGF-β in fibronectin-deficient stellate cells and normalized collagen-type-I production in response to TGF-β stimulation. Thus, excessive stellate cell activation and production of collagen results from increased active TGF-β and TGF-β signaling in the absence of fibronectin.In conclusion, our data indicate that fibronectin controls the availability of active TGF-β in the injured liver, which impacts the severity of the resulting fibrosis. We therefore propose a novel role for locally produced fibronectin in protecting the liver from an excessive TGF-β-mediated response.
Reactivity of 3‐amino‐3<i>H</i>‐quinazolin‐4‐one derivatives towards some electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents and using of the products in the building of some interesting heterocycles as anticancer agent (2006)

Abstract magnified image The chemical reactivity of N ‐[1‐(3‐amino‐6,8‐dibromo‐4‐oxo‐3,4‐dihydro‐quinazolin‐2‐yl)‐2‐(2‐chlorophenyl)‐vinyl]benzamide ( 3 ) towards electrophilic and nucleophilic reagents have been reported. Structures of the products 3‐24 have been confirmed by elemental analysis and spectral data (IR, 1 H‐NMR, 13 C and MS). The bioassay indicates that some of the prepared compounds have a good selective anticancer activity.
Solubility of Gases in Liquids (2003)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Quantities Used as a Measure of Gas Solubility The Solution Components Degassing the Solvent Experimental Methods Related Experiments that Complement Gas Solubility Data Treatment of Data Standards Summary and Recommendations References
Optical Sensing of Cesium Using 1,3-Alternate Calix[4]-mono- and Di(anthrylmethyl)aza-crown-6 (1999)

We have synthesized two derivatives of alkylanthracene covalently bonded to 1,3-alternate calix[4]aza-crown-6 at the nitrogen position to study the effect of alkali metal ion complexation on the emission properties of anthracene fluorophore. The mono- and dianthryl-substituted probes are weakly fluorescent because their emission is partially quenched by photoinduced electron transfer (PET) from the nitrogen lone pair to the excited singlet state of anthracene. Upon complexation of alkali metal ions (e.g. K+, Cs+) by the crown moiety, the nitrogen lone pair can no longer participate in the PET process causing an enhancement in the emission of anthracene fluorophore (fluorescent turn on). The maximum fluorescence enhancement observed upon complexation of cesium ions by mono- and dianthryl-substituted calix[4]aza-crown-6 relative to the uncomplexed form was 8.5- and 11.6-fold, respectively.
Self‐Assembly of Rodlike Bio‐nanoparticles in Capillary Tubes (2009)

All lined up: Diverse patterns result from drying a solution of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) particles in a glass capillary tube (see AFM images). The hierarchical assembled structure can be controlled by the particle concentration, the drying process, and the surface properties of the interior surface of the tube. The internally patterned tube can potentially be applied to directing the orientation of rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Polarimetric measurements of fabric surfaces (2007)

We describe an optoelectronic setup designed to evaluate the surface parameters of fabrics that influence their tactile feel. The developed texturometer uses the periodic structure of a textile material and its ability to reflect light to evaluate its surface properties through its polarimetric properties. The device scans the surface with a laser line and performs a temporal Fourier analysis of the reflected light, which allows us to consider the periodical structure of the material's surface. Instead of using the overall reflected energy, the analysis is performed on the degree of polarization of light. Results obtained with this new texturometer are compared to those obtained with a nonpolarimetric device that uses overall reflected energy. Emerized and nonemerized twill fabrics are tested, as well as spun-bonded nonwovens. We show that discrimination between samples is enhanced with this polarimetric texturometer. For emerized fabrics, the results exhibit a decrease in depolarization as emerizing intensity increases. For nonwovens, a complementary study in polarimetric imaging has been performed to better understand the phenomena. Nonwoven thermobonded points exhibit lower depolarization of the lightwave than the rest of the structure. Moreover, their depolarization differentiates the tested nonwovens.
Synthesis and properties of a novel high-temperature diphenyl sulfone-based phthalonitrile polymer (2014)

A novel high-temperature diphenyl sulfone-based phthalonitrile polymer is prepared from bis-[4-(3,4-dicyanophenoxy)phenyl]sulfone (BDS) monomer synthesized with high yield by a simple nucleophilic displacement of a nitro-substituent from 4-nitrophthalonitrile (NPN). The structure of BDS polymer is investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and wide-angle X-ray diffraction. Curing behavior of BDS monomer with 1,3-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene (APB) is recorded by differential scanning calorimetry. The properties of BDS polymer are evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile test. The results reveal that the BDS polymer exhibits excellent thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities, high glass temperature ( T g = 337°C), and outstanding mechanical properties (Young’s modulus: 4.02 GPa and tensile strength: 64.16 MPa). Additionally, the BDS polymer exhibits high flame retardance and low water uptake.
Damage identification using inverse methods (2006)

This paper gives an overview of the use of inverse methods in damage detection and location, using measured vibration data. Inverse problems require the use of a model and the identification of uncertain parameters of this model. Damage is often local in nature and although the effect of the loss of stiffness may require only a small number of parameters, the lack of knowledge of the location means that a large number of candidate parameters must be included. This paper discusses a number of problems that exist with this approach to health monitoring, including modelling error, environmental effects, damage localization and regularization.
Mechanism of Action of Guinea Pig Liver Transglutaminase (1968)

Abstract The transglutaminase-catalyzed hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl acetate is effectively inhibited, in the absence of nucleophilic amine, by another substrate for the enzyme, benzyloxycarbonyl- (Z)-l-glutaminylglycine. Kinetic evaluation of this inhibition, with consideration of the dependence on calcium ion concentration and of previous studies of the amine transfer reaction, indicates that glutamine substrate is reversibly bound to different calcium-activated forms of the enzyme in the presence and in the absence of amine. The Ki value for Z-l-glutaminylglycine as an inhibitor of the esterolysis reaction was estimated to be 1.92 ± 0.5 x 10-3 m at pH 7.0. Examination of the calcium-dependent transglutaminase-catalyzed hydrolysis of Z-l-glutaminylglycine at two pH levels showed that the mechanism of hydrolysis conforms to that suggested by the esterolysis inhibition studies. The calcium ion requirements for hydrolysis were found to be very different from those for the amine transfer reaction. The Ka values of calcium in the hydrolysis reaction, estimated as 0.6 x 10-3 m at pH 7.0 and as 2.5 x 10-3 m at pH 5.4, are significantly lower than the Ka values of calcium reported for the amine transfer reaction and the Kd values derived from calcium-induced conformational changes in the enzyme protein. Agreement of the Km values for Z-l-glutaminylglycine at two pH levels in the hydrolysis reaction (approximately 2 x 10-3 m) with the Ki value for this Z-dipeptide as an inhibitor of esterolysis is consistent with the assumption that the hydrolysis reaction proceeds by an equilibrium mechanism. The effects of glutamine substrate on the rate of reaction between iodoacetamide and an essential sulfhydryl group of calcium-activated transglutaminase were investigated. The second order rate constant for reaction of the inactivator with this essential —SH group was found to be 96 x 103 liters mole-1 min-1, either in the presence or in the absence of hydroxylamine. Studies of the calcium ion requirement for this inactivation indicated that only the form of the enzyme in which metal ion is bound at both metal-binding positions reacts with iodoacetamide under the experimental conditions used. The decrease in reactivity of the essential —SH group resulting from Z-l-glutaminylglycine binding was found to be very different in the absence and in the presence of hydroxylamine. In the absence of amine the rate was decreased to about one-half that observed without substrate, whereas in the presence of amine the essential group appeared to be protected from reaction with iodoacetamide. These manifest differences, which are a function of steric changes induced by substrate binding, are in accord with the kinetic evidence for different mechanisms of substrate binding in the hydrolysis and amine transfer reactions.
Brain metabolism of branched-chain amino acids (1997)

The synthesis of brain glutamate requires an amino group donor that is efficiently transported into the brain and that is readily transaminated. The branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), particularly leucine, play this important role. The uptake of leucine across the blood-brain barrier is faster than any other amino acid. Studies with 15N-labelled branched-chain amino acids indicate that at least one third of the amino groups of brain glutamate are derived from the BCAA; leucine alone probably donates at least 25%. Transamination occurs in large measure in astrocytes, which articulate closely with the brain capillaries across which amino acids must past as they are transported from the blood. After using BCAA nitrogen for glutamate synthesis, the astrocytes may release the branched-chain ketoacid, e.g., alpha-ketoisocaproate, to the extracellular fluid, from which it can be taken up in a neuronal compartment and there converted back to leucine. This process, which consumes an equimolar amount of glutamic acid, may provide a mechanism for the "buffering" of brain glutamate if levels of this excitatory (and potentially toxic) neurotransmitter become elevated. Leucine so formed in neurons is released to the extracellular fluid and transported back to the astrocytes, thereby completing a "leucine-glutamate cycle."
Wave propagation and plasma uniformity in an electron cyclotron resonance plasma (1993)

This study examined microwave propagation and plasma uniformity in the mode of introduced microwaves and the discharged gases. TE11-mode microwaves are almost all absorbed close to the electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) region. Conversely, TM01-mode microwaves are mainly absorbed upstream from the ECR region. Accordingly, in the case of TE11-mode microwave, the plasma uniformity strongly depends on the magnetic field profiles and the position of the resonance region. TM01-mode microwave plasma is generated uniformly at any magnetic field and any position. Moreover, the microwave propagation states are changed on the discharged gases. TE11-mode microwaves are gradually absorbed upstream from the ECR region in CHF3 gas plasma, whereas N2 gas plasma causes microwave absorption close to the ECR region. Then, the CHF3 plasma results in a uniform ion current density, in comparison with the result for N2 gas plasma. This is considered to be due to electron temperature differences in the plasmas.
Development of Lactose-hydrolyzed Milk with Low Sweetness Using Nanofiltration (2007)

A lactose-hydrolyzed milk with low sweetness was developed using nanofiltration.Raw milk was treated with 0.03% β-galactosidase at 4°C for 24 h to hydrolyze lactose partially.The resultant lactose-hydrolyzed milk containing 0.43% lactose was then concentrated using a nanofiltration membrane to reach concentration factor of 2.13.The concentration factors and coefficients of retention of milk components in nanofiltration were determined.The concentration factor of milk fat was 2.20 which was the highest of the milk components.The coefficient of retention of calcium and riboflavin was 0.96 and 0.76, respectively.However, the coefficient of retention of glucose, galactose, and sodium was 0.21, 0.15, and 0.22, respectively.Raw milk was treated with 0.1% β-galactosidase at 4°C for 40 h to hydrolyze lactose fully and then concentrated to reach a concentration factor of 1.6 by using nanofiltration.The concentrated milk was reconstituted with water.The lactose-hydrolyzed milk had sweetness similar to milk.The compositional ratios of crude protein, calcium, sodium, and riboflavin of lactose-hydrolyzed nanofiltrated milk to those of raw milk were 99%, 97%, 77%, and 80%, respectively.This study showed that nanofiltration of lactose-hydrolyzed milk to remove galactose and glucose did not cause significant loss of calcium.The lactose-hydrolyzed nanofiltrated milk contained 0.06% lactose and had sweetness similar to milk.(
DISCRETE UNIFORM STRUCTURES AND QUASITOPOI (1984)

It is known that no non-trivial subcategory of the category of topological spares is a quasitopos in the sense of Penon. The purpose of this note is to establish the existence of a proper class of sub-categories of the category of uniform spaces which are quasitopoi. These subcategories are generated by certain proximally discrete uniform spaces which correspond to each infinite regular cardinal.
Tobacco smoking differently influences cell types of the innate and adaptive immune system—indications from CpG site methylation (2016)

Studying cell type-specific methylation changes provides helpful information regarding the biological relevance of epigenetic modifications. Here, we could show that smoking differently affects both cells of the innate and adaptive immune systems.