gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rates and mechanisms of hydrolysis of esters of phosphorous acid (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRates and mechanisms of hydrolysis of esters of phosphorous acidF. H. Westheimer, Shaw. Huang, and Frank. CovitzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 1, 181–185Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00209a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00209a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3162Altmetric-Citations83LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Distributed Layer-3 E-Mail Classification for Spam Control (2006)

This paper proposes a distributed layer-3 e-mail classification for spam control. E-mail packets are inferred in transit and tagged with an intra-packet spam score to indicate whether the packet forms a legitimate or spam e-mail. During e-mail packet reassembly, tags for an e-mail are aggregated to give an inter-packet spam score. The naive Bayes inference technique is used to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach compared to the full e-mail classification approach. Our simulation results show that the proposed approach exhibits a comparable spam precision (and confidence) to the full e-mail classification approach. Spam recall increases from 63% to 85% depending to the maximum transmission unit size, approaching the 87% of the full e-mail classification. For 67% spam-to-legitimate ratio, we obtain reduction of end servers's workload by 42% to 57% (across all maximum transmission unit sizes tested) of the total e-mail traffic. Thus, the proposed approach can complement existing anti-spam systems by pre-processing e-mail packets on upstream nodes. Layer-3 e-mail processing requires reduced processing complexity as compared to layer-7 processing and is viable for high throughput hardware-based implementations
Tracking segmented objects using tensor voting (2002)

The paper presents a new approach to track objects in motion when observed by a fixed camera, with severe occlusions, merging/splitting objects and defects in the detection. We first detect regions corresponding to moving objects in each frame, then try to establish their trajectory. We propose to implement the temporal continuity constraint efficiently, and apply it to tracking problems in realistic scenarios. The method is based on a spatiotemporal (2D+t) representation of the moving regions, and uses the tensor voting methodology to enforce smoothness in space and table of the tracked objects. Although other characteristics may be considered, only the connected components of the moving regions are used, without further assumptions about the object being tracked. We demonstrate the performance of the system on several real sequences.
Structural Classifier Ensembles for Vector Space Embedded Graphs (2007)

The motivation of classifier ensembles is that errors of an individual classifier can often be compensated by the other ensemble members. In the present paper we introduce a general approach to building structural classifier ensembles, i.e. classifiers that make use of graphs as representation formalism and include strings and trees as special cases. The proposed methodology is based on graph embedding in real vector spaces by means of prototype selection. This selection is performed randomized eta times such that the procedure leads to eta different graph embeddings. Hence, a classifier can be trained for each embedding and the results of the individual classifiers can be combined in an appropriate way. In the present paper we take into account that not only the prototypes themselves but also their number has a critical impact on the classification accuracy in the resulting vector space. In several experimental results we make investigations on the classification accuracy of the resulting classifier ensembles and compare them with single classifier systems.
Experimental investigation of all-optical switching in fibre loop mirror device (1989)

Nonlinear optical switching has been experimentally demonstrated in a monomode fibre loop mirror (Sagnac) interferometer using both Q-switched and CW-mode locked pulses of a Nd: YAG laser at 1.32 µm. The switching crossover for a 25 m loop occurs at 22 W. It has been shown that incomplete switching occurs due to pulse shape effects. The presence of Raman scattering results in a step-like, rather than periodic, response.
A novel bandpass filter using active capacitance (2003)

In this paper a novel RF active bandpass filter is proposed. In the proposed design the resonator is made of an active capacitor together with a conventional inductor. The FET-based active capacitor exhibits a negative resistance property as well as capacitive property, and it compensates the resistance from the inductor which consists of the resonant circuit Conventional active filters usually have high noise figure, while in the proposed design good noise characteristics can be achieved. So, the proposed active filter is applicable to the RF front-end design as RFIC or MMIC. The measured 2-stage active bandpass filter shows bandwidth of 52.5 MHz, 0.3 dB insertion loss, 0.3 dB ripple, noise figure of 2.7 dB and OIP3 of 8 dBm at 1.9 GHz, which agrees well with the simulated results.
Therapeutic Effect of pHLIP-mediated CEACAM6 Gene Silencing in Lung Adenocarcinoma (2019)

Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 6 (CEACAM6) plays an important role in lung cancer progression. Here, we examined the therapeutic efficacy of CEACAM6 gene silencing using an siRNA delivery platform targeting the acidic tumour microenvironment in a lung adenocarcinoma xenograft mouse model. An siRNA delivery vector was constructed by tethering the peptide nucleic acid form of an siRNA targeting CEACAM6 (siCEACAM6) to a peptide with a low pH-induced transmembrane structure (pHLIP) to transport siRNAs across the plasma membrane. Specific binding of the pHLIP-siCEACAM6 conjugate to A549 lung adenocarcinoma cells at low pH was demonstrated by flow cytometry. A549 cells incubated with pHLIP-siCEACAM6 at an acidic pH showed downregulated expression of endogenous CEACAM6 protein and reduced cell viability. The in vivo tumour-suppressing effects of pHLIP-siCEACAM6 in lung adenocarcinoma were assessed in a xenograft model generated by injecting BALB/c nude mice with A549 cells. pHLIP-siCEACAM6 treatment alone resulted in tumour growth inhibition of up to 35.5%. When combined with cisplatin treatment, pHLIP-siCEACAM6 markedly enhanced tumour growth inhibition by up to 47%. In conclusion, the delivery of siCEACAM6 to lung adenocarcinoma using the pHLIP peptide has therapeutic potential as a unique cancer treatment approach.
Complex question answering: minimizing the gaps and beyond (2013)

Current Question Answering (QA) systems have been significantly advanced in demonstrating finer abilities to answer simple factoid and list questions. Such are easier to process as they require small snippets of texts as the answers. However, there is a category of that represents a more information need, which cannot be satisfied easily by simply extracting a single entity or a single sentence. For example, the question: How was Japan affected by the earthquake? suggests that the inquirer is looking for information in the context of a wider perspective. We call these complex questions and focus on the task of answering them with the intention to minimize the existing gaps in the literature.
The major limitation of the available search and QA systems is that they lack a way of measuring whether a user is satisfied with the information provided. This was our motivation to propose a reinforcement learning formulation to the question answering problem. Next, we presented an integer linear programming formulation where sentence compression models were applied for the query-focused multi-document summarization task in order to investigate if sentence compression improves the overall performance. Both compression and summarization were considered as global optimization problems. We also investigated the impact of syntactic and semantic information in a graph-based random walk method for answering questions. Decomposing a question into a series of simple and then reusing the techniques developed for answering simple is an effective means of answering questions. We proposed a supervised approach for automatically learning good decompositions of in this work. A question often asks about a topic of user's interest. Therefore, the problem of question decomposition closely relates to the problem of topic to question generation. We addressed this challenge and proposed a topic to question generation approach to enhance the scope of our problem domain.
Thrombocytopoietic properties of oncostatin M (1995)

Oncostatin M (OM) is a 28-kD glycoprotein that exhibits a panoply of biologic effects. Based on histologic observations of increased splenic megakaryocytes in nude mice implanted with an OM-secreting cell line, the thrombocytopoietic properties of OM in mice were investigated in culture and in vivo. Alone, OM did not induce megakaryocytic colony formation, but in combination with murine interleukin-3 (IL-3), OM markedly enhanced colony formation. The effects of OM on colony formation were similar to those of IL-6. OM alone augmented acetylcholinesterase in short-term marrow cultures. In normal mice, the administration of OM augmented platelet counts without increasing other circulating blood cell counts. The increment in counts exceeded that observed with IL-6. The kinetics of the OM response suggested that maximal increases in platelets occurred 3 days after the cessation of OM administration, irrespective of the duration of administration. In irradiated mice, OM administration accelerated platelet recovery and prevented the decrease in red blood cells observed in irradiated control animals. The data show that OM behaves as a megakaryocytic maturation factor in vitro and augments platelet production in vivo. Based on these animal data, OM may have potential clinical utility as a thrombocytopoietic agent.
IMPa-4, an <i>Arabidopsis</i> Importin α Isoform, Is Preferentially Involved in <i>Agrobacterium</i> -Mediated Plant Transformation (2008)

Successful transformation of plants by Agrobacterium tumefaciens requires that the bacterial T-complex actively escorts T-DNA into the host's nucleus. VirD2 and VirE2 are virulence proteins on the T-complex that have plant-functional nuclear localization signal sequences that may recruit importin alpha proteins of the plant for nuclear import. In this study, we evaluated the involvement of seven of the nine members of the Arabidopsis thaliana importin alpha family in Agrobacterium transformation. Yeast two-hybrid, plant bimolecular fluorescence complementation, and in vitro protein-protein interaction assays demonstrated that all tested Arabidopsis importin alpha members can interact with VirD2 and VirE2. However, only disruption of the importin IMPa-4 inhibited transformation and produced the rat (resistant to Agrobacterium transformation) phenotype. Overexpression of six importin alpha members, including IMPa-4, rescued the rat phenotype in the impa-4 mutant background. Roots of wild-type and impa-4 Arabidopsis plants expressing yellow fluorescent protein-VirD2 displayed nuclear localization of the fusion protein, indicating that nuclear import of VirD2 is not affected in the impa-4 mutant. Somewhat surprisingly, VirE2-yellow fluorescent protein mainly localized to the cytoplasm of both wild-type and impa-4 Arabidopsis cells and to the cytoplasm of wild-type tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells. However, bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays indicated that VirE2 could localize to the nucleus when IMPa-4, but not when IMPa-1, was overexpressed.
Miniaturized dual-wideband circular patch antenna for biomedical telemetry (2017)

A compact dual-wideband circular patch antenna is designed for implanted biomedical data telemetry systems. Several miniaturization techniques were applied to have the resonance at the desired frequencies. The antenna has a radius of 7.5 mm, a thickness of 1.92 mm and a total volume of 340 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sup> . The antenna covers MedRadio (401-405 MHz), MICS (402-405 MHz), and ISM (433.2-434.8 MHz, 2.4-2.5 GHz) bands with a total bandwidth of 685 MHz. The -10dB bandwidth were 351-476 MHz (125 MHz) and 2.26-2.82 GHz (560 MHz). The antenna performance was evaluated in a human tissue model.
Direct Synthesis of Photocatalytically Active Rutile TiO<sub>2</sub> Nanorods Partly Decorated with Anatase Nanoparticles (2010)

TiO2 rutile nanorods either decorated with anatase nanoparticles or pure have been prepared via a facile single-step hydrothermal method using commercially available aqueous solutions of titanium bis(ammonium lactate) dihydroxide at natural pH (∼8.0) without any additives. The obtained powders have been characterized by X-ray diffraction, field-emission scanning electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, UV−vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and nitrogen adsorption. The photocatalytic activities have been evaluated for the gas-phase decomposition of acetaldehyde under UV(A) illumination. The results revealed that TiO2 rutile nanorods decorated with anatase nanoparticles exhibit a higher photocatalytic activity than those embedded in anatase nanoparticles or without any anatase contact. This behavior is explained by the better charge carrier separation in the case of anatase rutile mixtures.
Growth kinetics of a bacteriophage in continuous culture (1996)

Lytic coliphage Qbeta was grown in continuously cultured host bacteria using a cascade of stirred flow reactors. The apparatus was constructed so that the steady stream of exponentially growing bacterial cells passing through the stirred flow reactors served to prevent coevolution brought about by host-parasite interactions. Wall growth was the primary cause for deviation from ideal continuous culture conditions and is largely dependent on the surface structure of the host bacteria. Using an Escherichia coli strain deficient in adhesive type I pili expression, the desynchronization of single burst events could easily be followed over the course of four infection latency periods. Computer simulations based on a two-stage model for the Qbeta infection cycle were in perfect agreement with the experimental data. Applications of the optimized system to strategies of molecular evolution are discussed.
A pattern-based clustering strategy for object-oriented databases (2002)

Due to the navigational characteristic, queries in an object-oriented database system (OODBS) often access a series of related objects. A clustering strategy can be used to place related objects on the same disk page such that the number of I/O operations required for query processing can be reduced. Therefore, the clustering strategy is important for improving the performance of OODBSs. In this research, we propose a new clustering strategy which uses both the object affinity and access pattern information to cluster objects. We first use a set of queries to generate the training traces. Each query produces a graph that represents the access pattern of the query. Then, we use these patterns as clustering units to group objects. If the size of objects in one graph is larger than the size of one disk page, we partition the objects in the graph. Simulation results of our new clustering strategy are also included.
Prophage mutation causing heat inducibility of defective Bacillus subtilis bacteriophage PBSX (1976)

A mutant of Bacillus subtilis 168 has been isolated in which the defective phage PBSX was heat inducible, whereas another phage, phi105, was not so induced. A culture of the mutant grown at 30 degrees C, when shifted to 45 degrees C, began to lyse after 45 min; cell viability began to decrease after 10 min. Heat-induced lysis of the mutant was prevented by chloramphenicol. DNA, RNA, protein, and peptidoglycan synthesis were normal at the nonpermissive temperature up to the time of lysis. The site of xhi-1479 mutation causing this phenotype was linked (50%) in phage PBS1-mediated transduction to the host marker metC and to another PBSX marker xtl and was thus thought to map within the PBSX prophage. The order of markers was argC-thiB-metA-xhi-metC. The xhi mutation was thus distinct from another mutation, tsi-23, causing a similar heat inducibility of PBSX (Siegel and Marmur, 1969), which was unlinked to the metC marker. tsi-23 is therefore thought to be a host mutation, and the available evidence for a scattered phage genome being the cause of the defective nature of PBSX is thus less tenable. It was shown that the mutant, besides carrying the xhi mutation, also carried another closely linked mutation, xki-1479, which caused the PBSX produced to have no killing activity on the sensitive strain W23. The xki mutation was separated from xhi by recombination.
Application of the pMHC Array to Characterise Tumour Antigen Specific T Cell Populations in Leukaemia Patients at Disease Diagnosis (2015)

Immunotherapy treatments for cancer are becoming increasingly successful, however to further improve our understanding of the T-cell recognition involved in effective responses and to encourage moves towards the development of personalised treatments for leukaemia immunotherapy, precise antigenic targets in individual patients have been identified. Cellular arrays using peptide-MHC (pMHC) tetramers allow the simultaneous detection of different antigen specific T-cell populations naturally circulating in patients and normal donors. We have developed the pMHC array to detect CD8+ T-cell populations in leukaemia patients that recognise epitopes within viral antigens (cytomegalovirus (CMV) and influenza (Flu)) and leukaemia antigens (including Per Arnt Sim domain 1 (PASD1), MelanA, Wilms' Tumour (WT1) and tyrosinase). We show that the pMHC array is at least as sensitive as flow cytometry and has the potential to rapidly identify more than 40 specific T-cell populations in a small sample of T-cells (0.8-1.4 x 10(6)). Fourteen of the twenty-six acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients analysed had T cells that recognised tumour antigen epitopes, and eight of these recognised PASD1 epitopes. Other tumour epitopes recognised were MelanA (n = 3), tyrosinase (n = 3) and WT1(126-134) (n = 1). One of the seven acute lymphocytic leukaemia (ALL) patients analysed had T cells that recognised the MUC1(950-958) epitope. In the future the pMHC array may be used provide point of care T-cell analyses, predict patient response to conventional therapy and direct personalised immunotherapy for patients.
A Single-Copy Gene Encodes Kex1, a Serine Endoprotease of <i>Pneumocystis jiroveci</i> (2002)

We have cloned and characterized the kex1 gene of Pneumocystis jiroveci. Unlike the case for Pneumocystis carinii, in which the homologous PRT-1 genes are multicopy, kex1 is a single-copy gene encoding a protein homologous to fungal serine endoproteases, which localize to the Golgi apparatus. Thus, substantial biological differences can be seen among Pneumocystis species.
Microprocessor Verification via Feedback-Adjusted Markov Models (2007)

The challenge of verifying a modern microprocessor design is an overwhelming one: Increasingly complex microarchitectures combined with heavy time-to-market pressure have forced microprocessor vendors to employ immense verification teams in the hope of finding the most critical bugs in a timely manner. Unfortunately, too often, size does not seem to matter in verification, as design schedules continue to slip and microprocessors find their way to the marketplace with design errors. In this paper, we describe a novel closed-loop simulation-based approach to hardware verification and present a tool called StressTest that uses our methods to locate hard-to-find corner-case design bugs and performance problems. StressTest is based on a Markov-model-driven random instruction generator with activity monitors. The model is generated from the user-specified template files and is used to generate the instructions sent to the design under test (DUT). In addition, the user specifies key activity nodes within the design that should be stressed and monitored throughout the simulation. The StressTest engine then uses closed-loop feedback techniques to transform the Markov model into one that effectively stresses the user-selected points of interest. In parallel, StressTest monitors the correctness of the DUT response and, if the design behaves against expectation, it reports a bug and a trace leading to it. Using two microarchitectures as example testbeds, we demonstrate that StressTest finds more bugs with less effort than open-loop random instruction test generation techniques
Mechanistic and Molecular Investigations on Stabilization of Horseradish Peroxidase C (2002)

The enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) shows a decreasing activity when the enzyme's substrate hydrogen peroxide is present with the degree of inactivation being dependent on the incubation time and the hydrogen peroxide concentration. Incubation times of some minutes do not inactivate the enzyme independent of the H2O2 concentration. After several hours, only 50% of the activity is found for a medium H2O2 excess, and a >100-fold excess of H2O2 completely inactivates the enzyme. Polymeric additives, in particular Gafquat, lead to higher residual activities, whereas stabilizers, such as aminopyrine, preserve the full activity. Circular dichroism (CD) measurements reveal that the enzyme structure remains more or less unchanged when hydrogen peroxide is added. Only when a 1000-fold excess of hydrogen peroxide is present are structural changes observed. UV spectra highlight that the heme group in the enzyme is affected by hydrogen peroxide in a first step. Without any prolonged incubation, a decrease of the Soret band to approximately 50% is found for low hydrogen peroxide concentrations (HRP/H2O2 from 1:1 to 1:100). Higher H2O2 concentrations lead to the formation of catalytically inactive HRP forms. Preincubation of Gafquat, which is a copolymer from vinylpyrrolidone and derivatized methyl methacrylate, with hydrogen peroxide shifts the influence of hydrogen peroxide to higher concentrations, the shift being dependent on the Gafquat concentration. This effect is not observed for other polymers, such as dextrans, but it is also found for the stabilizer aminopyrine. Extended incubation times (24 h) of HRP together with H2O2, however, lead to an at least partial recovery of the Soret band for lower H2O2 concentrations (H2O2/HRP from 1:1 to 1:100). When hydrogen peroxide is used in a >100 fold excess, the heme group is irreversibly destroyed, and even the characteristic band of cpd III is not found. Here, the presence of Gafquat only reduces the degree of destruction. Computer modeling of the interaction between the polymers and the enzyme shows no specific binding sites for the functional groups of the vinylpyrrolidone-methacrylate copolymer Gafquat or of DEAE-dextran on the enzyme, whereas for the only activating polymer, polyethylenimine clustering of binding sites is observed.