gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MPC-Polymer Reduces Adherence and Biofilm Formation by Oral Bacteria (2011)

Oral biofilms such as dental plaque cause dental caries and periodontitis, as well as aspiration pneumonia and infectious endocarditis by translocation. Hence, the suppression of oral biofilm formation is an issue of considerable importance. Mechanical removal, disinfectants, inhibition of polysaccharide formation, and artificial sugar have been used for the reduction of oral biofilm. From the viewpoint of the inhibition of bacterial adherence, we investigated whether aqueous biocompatible 2-methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC)-polymer can reduce streptococcal colonization and biofilm formation. We examined the effects of MPC-polymer on streptococcal adherence to saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and oral epithelial cells, and the adherence of Fusobacterium nucleatum to streptococcal biofilm. MPC-polymer application markedly inhibited both the adherence and biofilm formation of Streptococcus mutans on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite and streptococcal adherence to oral epithelial cells, and reduced the adherence of F. nucleatum to streptococcal biofilms. A small-scale clinical trial revealed that mouthrinsing with MPC-polymer inhibited the increase of oral bacterial numbers, especially of S. mutans. These findings suggest that MPC-polymer is a potent inhibitor of bacterial adherence and biofilm development, and may be useful to prevent dental-plaque-related diseases. (UMIN Clinical Trial Registry UMIN000003471).
Inhibition of Bacteriophage T7 RNA Polymerase <i>in </i><i>Vitro</i> Transcription by DNA-Binding Pyrrolo[2,1-<i>c</i>][1,4]benzodiazepines (1997)

The interactions of several pyrrolo[2, 1-c][1,4]benzodiazepine (PBD) antitumor antibiotics with linearized plasmid pGEM-2-N-ras DNA have been analyzed by quantitative in vitro transcription (QIVT) and in vitro transcription footprinting (IVTF) methods. A concentration-dependent inhibitory effect of the PBDs on transcription is observed using both techniques. The rank order for overall inhibition of transcription by the QIVT method is found to be: sibiromycin > tomaymycin > anthramycin > DC-81 > neothramycin, whereas the IVTF experiments show a different ranking: sibiromycin > anthramycin > neothramycin > tomaymycin. In addition, stimulation of transcription was observed at low PBD concentrations in both the QIVT and IVTF experiments. These results demonstrate unequivocally that the formation of PBD-DNA adducts at AGA-5' base sequences on the transcribed strand results in transcription blockage for all PBDs examined. Furthermore, the sequence of flanking base pairs appears to influence the degree of blocking, with the sequences ACAGAAA-5', AAAGATG-5', AGAGATA-5', and CAAGAAC-5' providing the most pronounced blocks for all PBDs studied in this system. Neothramycin and tomaymycin cause additional blocks at some GGA-5' and TGA-5' sequences. Parallel MPE-Fe(II) footprinting studies have revealed PBD binding sites on both the transcribing and nontranscribing strands, although all transcription blocks determined from the IVTF assays are due to drug bound on the transcribing DNA template strand.
A Moving Target Defense Approach to Disrupting Stealthy Botnets (2016)

Botnets are increasingly being used for exfiltrating sensitive data from mission-critical systems. Research has shown that botnets have become extremely sophisticated and can operate in stealth mode by minimizing their host and network footprint. In order to defeat exfiltration by modern botnets, we propose a moving target defense approach for dynamically deploying detectors across a network. Specifically, we propose several strategies based on centrality measures to periodically change the placement of detectors. Our objective is to increase the attacker's effort and likelihood of detection by creating uncertainty about the location of detectors and forcing botmasters to perform additional actions in an attempt to create detector-free paths through the network. We present metrics to evaluate the proposed strategies and an algorithm to compute a lower bound on the detection probability. We validate our approach through simulations, and results confirm that the proposed solution effectively reduces the likelihood of successful exfiltration campaigns.
Performance of a block detector PET scanner in imaging non-pure positron emitters—modelling and experimental validation with <sup>124</sup>I (2004)

The key performance measures of resolution, count rate, sensitivity and scatter fraction are predicted for a dedicated BGO block detector patient PET scanner (GE Advance) in 2D mode for imaging with the non-pure positron-emitting radionuclides 124I, 55Co, 61Cu, 62Cu, 64Cu and 76Br. Model calculations including parameters of the scanner, decay characteristics of the radionuclides and measured parameters in imaging the pure positron-emitter 18F are used to predict performance according to the National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA) NU 2-1994 criteria. Predictions are tested with measurements made using 124I and show that, in comparison with 18F, resolution degrades by 1.2 mm radially and tangentially throughout the field-of-view (prediction: 1.2 mm), count-rate performance reduces considerably and in close accordance with calculations, sensitivity decreases to 23.4% of that with 18F (prediction: 22.9%) and measured scatter fraction increases from 10.0% to 14.5% (prediction: 14.7%). Model predictions are expected to be equally accurate for other radionuclides and may be extended to similar scanners. Although performance is worse with 124I than 18F, imaging is not precluded in 2D mode. The viability of 124I imaging and performance in a clinical context compared with 18F is illustrated with images of a patient with recurrent thyroid cancer acquired using both [124I]-sodium iodide and [18F]-2-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose.
Activation of PPARβ/δ prevents hyperglycaemia-induced impairment of Kv7 channels and cAMP-mediated relaxation in rat coronary arteries (2016)

PPARβ/δ activation protects against endothelial dysfunction in diabetic models. Elevated glucose is known to impair cAMP-induced relaxation and Kv channel function in coronary arteries (CA). Herein, we aimed to analyse the possible protective effects of the PPARβ/δ agonist GW0742 on the hyperglycaemic-induced impairment of cAMP-induced relaxation and Kv channel function in rat CA. As compared with low glucose (LG), incubation under high glucose (HG) conditions attenuated the relaxation induced by the adenylate cyclase activator forskolin in CA and this was prevented by GW0742. The protective effect of GW0742 was supressed by a PPARβ/δ antagonist. In myocytes isolated from CA under LG, forskolin enhanced Kv currents and induced hyperpolarization. In contrast, when CA were incubated with HG, Kv currents were diminished and the electrophysiological effects of forskolin were abolished. These deleterious effects were prevented by GW0742. The protective effects of GW0742 on forskolin-induced relaxation and Kv channel function were confirmed in CA from type-1 diabetic rats. In addition, the differences in the relaxation induced by forskolin in CA incubated under LG, HG or HG + GW0742 were abolished by the Kv7 channel inhibitor XE991. Accordingly, GW0742 prevented the down-regulation of Kv7 channels induced by HG. Finally, the preventive effect of GW0742 on oxidative stress and cAMP-induced relaxation were overcome by the pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) inhibitor dichloroacetate (DCA). Our results reveal that the PPARβ/δ agonist GW0742 prevents the impairment of the cAMP-mediated relaxation in CA under HG. This protective effect was associated with induction of PDK4, attenuation of oxidative stress and preservation of Kv7 channel function.
Aneurysmal Rebleeding: A Preliminary Report from the Cooperative Aneurysm Study (1983)

It is generally considered that the peak incidence of rebleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage is at the end of the 1st or the beginning of the 2nd week after the initial rupture. However, in a series of 2265 patients admitted within 3 days of their first subarachnoid hemorrhage, the peak of rebleeding occurred on the same day as the initial hemorrhage and there was no later peak. These data suggest that new management strategies for minimizing rebleeding must be considered for patients admitted soon after aneurysm rupture.
Imaging capabilities of a long gradient-index rod (1982)

The possibilities of transmitting spatial information through a long gradient-index rod are presented. Spatial resolution vs rod diameter are optimized for both visible and IR transmitting systems.
Release of Endotoxin‐binding Proteins during Major Elective Surgery: Role of Soluble CD14 in Phagocytic Activation (2000)

Our previous study demonstrated that soluble CD14 (sCD14) modulates the biologic activity of circulating endotoxin, which appears after surgery. In this study, we examined the behavior of endotoxin-binding proteins, such as sCD14, lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP), and bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein (BPI), in patients' plasma after major abdominal surgery and the phagocytic secretion of sCD14 from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) throughout the observation period. In a prospective study, 15 patients undergoing major abdominal surgery (gastrectomy, n = 3; pancreatectomy, n = 10: colectomy, n = 2) were involved in this study. The endotoxin-binding proteins were perioperatively (preoperatively; postoperative hour 6; days 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 10) measured by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). To exclude the hemodilution effect of samples, each parameter was corrected by dividing the respective value by the albumin concentration. The phagocytic activity at each time point was tested as an ex vivo sCD14 secretion from PBMCs in the presence and absence of exogenously added endotoxin, Escherichia coli 055B5 (1 ng/ml). Significant endotoxemia (0.35 +/- 0.13 EU/ml; p < 0.05) was observed 6 hours after the beginning of surgery. The sCD14/albumin value rapidly increased at 6 hours after surgery, peaked on day 1, and sequentially declined, whereas the BPI/albumin and LBP/albumin ratios increased more gradually and peaked on day 2. The secretion of sCD14 from 2 x 10(6) PBMCs was significantly enhanced from 6 hours after operation. The increased plasma level of sCD14 may be explained by the parallel-enhanced sCD14 PBMC production. Activated secretion of these endotoxin-binding proteins may play a role in regulating the biologic activity of circulating endotoxin.
Serotype distribution and antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates from 17 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2016 (2017)

High resistance to clinical routine antibiotics was observed for all 881 S. pneumoniae strains. Drug resistance varied among different serotypes and age groups. Prevalent serotypes among the isolates were 19F, 19A, 15, 6B, 6A, and 17. Community-acquired strains should also be included in future studies to gain a better understanding of the prevalence and resistance of S. pneumoniae in China.
High Field Properties of Superconducting Y<sub>x</sub>Ba<sub>1-x</sub>Cu-Oxides (1987)

The transition temperature, T c , the upper critical field, H c2 ( T ), and the critical current density, J c ( H ), at 4.2 K have been studied in high- T c Y x Ba 1- x Cu-Oxide system. Two maxima in T c around x =0.33 and 0.4 have been observed. The slope d H c2 mid /d T near T c for the sample x =0.4 is -1.5 T/K, resulting in H c2 at 0 K higher than 85 T by an extrapolation according to the WHH theory. Although the J c value of ∼3.5 A/cm 2 at 15 T is very low, it decreases only 10% even at 27 T, showing high potential for practical use at high fields when J c is raised by the introduction of strong pinning centers in this material.
A 80dB–SNR ±1g fully–integrated biaxial linear accelerometer in a standard 0.5µm CMOS technology for high–sensitivity applications (2002)

A fully-integrated biaxial linear accelerometer realized in a standard 0.5µm CMOS technology is proposed. The device features a full-scale of ±1g and a sensitivity of 250µg. No external components are required since a switched-capacitor low-pass filter is internally embedded which limits the output signal band to 30Hz. The biaxial sensor is packaged with the electronics. In the final device only four pins are active, plus a test pin. The device sensitivity is on-chip factory trimmed. This sensitivity is adjusted with a total accuracy of ±10%. The device exhibits a SNR of about 80dB and consumes 45mW from a single 5V supply.
Tissue elasticity imaging for diagnosis of prostate cancer: A preliminary report (2006)

Background: Elastography is a diagnostic imaging technique that evaluates the hardness of a lesion. It is expected to become a new diagnostic modality for prostate cancer. The aim of this study was to examine the usefulness of elastography in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Methods: A total of 29 patients with untreated, histologically proven prostate cancer were examined using an elastographic imaging technique. The patient was scanned in the dorsosacral position and the prostate was manually compressed with a transrectal ultrasonic probe. The echo signals from inside the tissue were measured before and after the tissue compression and an elastogram was generated by spatially differentiation of the displacement distribution. Results: Elastography depicted the cancer lesion as a harder tissue than the surrounding normal prostatic tissue. Elastography successfully detected 93% (27 patients) of the untreated prostate cancer lesions. Detection of cancer lesions using elastography was significantly higher than by digital rectal examination (59%; 17 patients) and transrectal ultrasonography (55%; 16 patients). Conclusion: Elastography has great potential as a useful modality for diagnosis of prostate cancer. Differentiation between cancerous and normal tissues can be expected to become more accurate as a result of technical advances in the quantification of tissue hardness.
MOSFET-C filter with on-chip tuning and wide programming range (2001)

This paper describes a complete system that includes a signal processing circuit, i.e., a bandpass audio filter, with its surrounding Q and f/sub c/ tuning circuitry. The filter is not only tunable against fabrication tolerances or aging, but also programmable by the user in a wide range for both parameters. To achieve this goal, a novel phase-locked loop architecture has been designed and implemented. For the amplitude detection and control of both voltage-controlled oscillator and Q-tuning circuit, a novel scheme is also proposed. The complete system has been implemented on a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS technology.
New drugs in multiple myeloma (2008)

This new antimultiple myeloma arsenal has shown its worth in both the relapsed/refractory and frontline setting and provides valuable options for patients with this debilitating disease.
El Niño on the Devil's Staircase: Annual Subharmonic Steps to Chaos (1994)

The source of irregularity in El Niño, the large interannual climate variation of the Pacific ocean-atmosphere system, has remained elusive. Results from an El Niño model exhibit transition to chaos through a series of frequency-locked steps created by nonlinear resonance with the Earth's annual cycle. The overlapping of these resonances leads to the chaotic behavior. This transition scenario explains a number of climate model results and produces spectral characteristics consistent with currently available data.
A survey and classification of real time rendering methods (1999)

The following report is the first of a series of technical documents of the joint research project on the mathematical properties of the representation, compression and dynamics of Surfels, which is carried out by ETH (Zurich, Switzerland) and MERL (Boston, USA). It documents the work performed at ETH between December 1998 and March 1999. The objective of the initial phase of the project was to give a survey and classification of existing techniques, each dealing with a particular issue involved in the project or pursuing a similar purpose as the project. Consequently, this report is mainly presenting a structured literature overview of relevant contributions.
An accurate simulation framework for thermal explorations and optimizations (2015)

While technology scaling allows to integrate more cores in the same chip, the complexity of current designs requires accurate and fast techniques to explore different trade-offs. Moreover, the increased power densities in current architectures highlight thermal issues as a first class design metric to be addressed. At the same time, the need to access to accurate models for the exploited actuators is of paramount importance, since their overheads can shadow the benefit of the proposed methodologies. This paper proposes a complete simulation framework for the assessment of run-time policies for thermal-performance and power-performance trade-offs optimization with two main improvements over the state of the art. First, it accurately models Dynamic Voltage and Frequency Scaling (DVFS) modules for both cores and NoC routers as well as a complete Globally Asynchronous Locally Synchronous (GALS) design paradigm and power gating support for crossabar and buffers in the NoC. Second, it accounts for the chip thermal dynamics as well as power and performance overheads for the actuators.
Optical Density Variations and Microscopic Observations in the Evaluation of Platelet Shape Change and Microaggregate Formation (1980)

Addition of Ristocetin to formalin-fixed platelets suspended in diluted PPP induces a marked increase in turbidity which is not caused by platelet shape change but by the formation of microaggregates. If diluted PPP of patients with severe von Willebrand's disease is used, only an initial increase in turbidity and no further decrease is observed without any form variation of the platelets but again with formation of many microaggregates. In normal PRP diluted with buffered EDTA, ADP induces an increase in turbidity without further changes in optical density. Simultaneously platelets immediately change their shape with formation of pseudopodia and sphering but at the same time also microaggregates appear. Shape change and microaggregate formation can also be observed after the addition of Collagen to undiluted PRP which is followed by the formation of large aggregates and a decrease in optical density. Increase in optical density in undiluted PRP is not a specific indicator of platelet shape changes. Microaggregates can alone or partially be responsible for these changes. For the evaluation of platelet shape changes but also for the estimation of microaggregate formation microscopic methods are preferred.
Epidemiological Investigation of Fluoroquinolone Resistance in Infections Due to Extended‐Spectrum β‐Lactamase–Producing<i>Escherichia coli</i>and<i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> (2001)

The incidence of infections due to extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae (ESBL-EK) has increased markedly in recent years. Treatment is difficult because of frequent multidrug resistance. Although fluoroquinolones offer effective therapy for ESBL-EK infections, their usefulness is threatened by increasing fluoroquinolone resistance. To identify risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance in ESBL-EK infections, a case-control study of all patients with ESBL-EK infections from 1 June 1997 through 30 September 1998 was conducted. Of 77 ESBL-EK infections, 43 (55.8%) were resistant to fluoroquinolones. Independent risk factors for fluoroquinolone resistance were fluoroquinolone use (odds ratio [OR], 11.20; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99-63.19), aminoglycoside use (OR, 5.83; 95% CI, 1.12-30.43), and long-term care facility residence (OR, 3.39; 95% CI, 1.06-10.83). The genotypes of fluoroquinolone-resistant ESBL-EK isolates were closely related. Efforts should be directed at modification of these risk factors to preserve the utility of fluoroquinolones in the treatment of ESBL-EK infections.
Amplification of a Mitochondrial DNA Sequence in the Cytoplasmically Inherited ‘Ragged’ Mutant of <i>Aspergillus amstelodami</i> (1980)

A comparison has been made between mtDNA of the cytoplasmically inherited 'ragged' mutant of Aspergillus amstelodami and that of the wild-type strain. Ragged mitochondria contain both the wild-type mitochondrial genome and several large DNA molecules which are not cleaved by the restriction endonucleases BamHI, HaeIII, HhaI, HindII, HindIII, PstI and MboI, but are converted by either EcoRI or HpaII into a single 820-840 base-pair fragment. Restriction analysis and molecular hybridization data indicate that this fragment contains sequences of wild-type mtDNA located within a 1200-base-pair segment of the 40,500-base-pair genome, for which a basic restriction map has been deduced. It is concluded that in the ragged mutant a small segment of wild-type mtDNA has been amplified as tandem repeats, which is reminiscent of the Rho- petite phenotype of yeast. The results are discussed in relation to the phenomenon of senescence in Podospora anserina.
Superconducting material diagnostics using a scanning near-field microwave microscope (1999)

We have developed scanning near-field microwave microscopes which can image electrodynamic properties of superconducting materials on length scales down to about 2 /spl mu/m. The microscopes are capable of quantitative imaging of sheet resistance of thin films, and surface topography. We demonstrate the utility of the microscopes through images of the sheet resistance of a YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thin film wafer, images of bulk Nb surfaces, and spatially resolved measurements of T/sub c/ of a YBa/sub 2/Cu/sub 3/O/sub 7-/spl delta// thin film. We also discuss some of the limitations of the microscope and conclude with a summary of its present capabilities.
On the combination of equalization and coding in saturation recording (2003)

The authors establish the importance of considering equalization loss and coding gain together in evaluating the performance of a particular code in a saturation-recording storage channel. They illustrate methods by which it is possible, under this measure of performance, to increase the effective density using well-designed equalizers and codes in combination. It is concluded that, while coding gain of existing codes can be used to increase areal density at fixed or reduced linear density, new codes designed specifically for families of partial-response polynomials at increasing clock rates or density are required for significant further linear density increase.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of injectable hydrogels containing chitosan (2009)

Scaffold material is one of the three key factors in tissue engineering. Among the architectures of scaffold material, polymeric hydrogels are increasingly preferred because of their high water content, which is similar to natural extracellular matrix (ECM). Furthermore, injectable hydrogels minimize the invasiveness to the patients during the surgery, thus post-surgery complications can be decreased. In this work, we fabricated an injectable hydrogel system with multi-phased structure from PEO, Laponite, and chitosan. Micron-sized aggregates were trapped and well distributed within the hydrogels. The injectability is related to the unique shear-thinning behavior of the hydrogels. Addition of chitosan increases the elastic modulus, decreases the strain required to be injected, and reinforces the overall hydrogel network. The elastic modulus of the hydrogels recovered quickly after mimicked injection, because of the physical and reversible nature of the crosslinking. The aggregates increased the adhesiveness of the hydrogels to fibroblast cells. Films made from the hydrogels were characterized using mechanical tests, in vitro degradation/dissolution tests, and in vitro cell proliferation assay. In vitro cell growth study indicated that the material support cell proliferation. Confocal microscopic images show that fibroblast cells adhere and spread on the film surface.