gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design of Well Barriers to Combat Circulation Losses (2007)

Abstract The paper summarize a 10 -year research program at the U. of Stavanger in borehole fracturing and mud design. Novel fracturing cells and mud cells were built to better understand the mechanisms that lead to circulation losses. Numerous experiments are conducted using both oil- and water based drilling fluids. The paper presents a new mechanistic model for fracturing called "the elastoplastic barrier model". It is different than other recent models, and it is verified with lab experiments. In simple terms it defines optimal barrier filtrate loss to place particles in the loss zone, and, also the mechanical strength of the particles required to resist losses. Selected lab experiments will be presented demonstrating that borehole fracturing resistance can be significantly improved by changing the mud composition. Testing commercial LCM products it was found that some worked well, some were poor, and some worked only in synergy with others. Based on this, the compostion of an optimal LCM pill will be presented. Non-petroleum products have also been tested to search for improvements in mud design. One result is that calcium-carbonate can be replaced with more efficient materials. We have also shown that adding small amounts of carbon fibre have a positive effect. This research has been conducted in close cooperation with major mud companies and operators. A field case will be presented from a shallow field. The mud was designed and tested during operation at the lab of the U.of Stavanger. The result was a clear increase in fracture pressure, resulting in a successful operation.
Spatially and Temporally Resolved Single-Cell Exocytosis Utilizing Individually Addressable Carbon Microelectrode Arrays (2008)

We report the fabrication and characterization of carbon microelectrode arrays (MEAs) and their application to spatially and temporally resolve neurotransmitter release from single pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. The carbon MEAs are composed of individually addressable 2.5-mum-radius microdisks embedded in glass. The fabrication involves pulling a multibarrel glass capillary containing a single carbon fiber in each barrel into a sharp tip, followed by beveling the electrode tip to form an array (10-20 microm) of carbon microdisks. This simple fabrication procedure eliminates the need for complicated wiring of the independent electrodes, thus allowing preparation of high-density individually addressable microelectrodes. The carbon MEAs have been characterized using scanning electron microscopy, steady-state and fast-scan voltammetry, and numerical simulations. Amperometric results show that subcellular heterogeneity in single-cell exocytosis can be electrochemically detected with MEAs. These ultrasmall electrochemical probes are suitable for detecting fast chemical events in tight spaces, as well as for developing multifunctional electrochemical microsensors.
A simple technique for staining of cell membranes with imidazole and osmium tetroxide. (1995)

We describe a simple new technique based on the affinity of imidazole and osmium tetroxide for unsaturated lipids. Organs (e.g., kidney, liver, intestine) were perfused in vivo with a glutaraldehyde solution. Tissue fragments were then immersed in a solution containing imidazole and OsO4 and are further stained with a double lead and copper citrate solution. Ultra-thin (0.06 microns) or thick (0.1-0.3 microns) sections were observed with transmission electron microscopy (80-100 kV). The method presented permits excellent visualization of cell membranes (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, endocytotic apparatus) because it favors good resin penetration and the alkaline pH preserves cell volume. A better stereomicroscopic analysis of the relationship between cell organelles can be carried out with thick sections. The imidazole/osmium can be used routinely because the technical steps are easy and simple to follow. Furthermore, it can complement other cytochemical methods.
Monte Carlo Analyses of the NEO Beam Electron Beam Facility for Space Solar Cell Radiation Qualification (2010)

MCNPX Monte Carlo electron transport analyses are used to characterize the electron beam facility at NEO Beam. The electron flux and energy profiles are quantified along the beam path leading to a better understanding of solar cell damage. Experimental results are compared to the MCNPX simulations.
Measurement of OH radical CT for inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum using photo/ferrioxalate and photo/TiO<sub>2</sub>systems (2008)

This study is the first report of an investigation on the role of the OH radical in the photo/ferrioxalate and photo/TiO2 systems and on the OH radical CT required for C. parvum inactivation.
Creating missing classes automatically to improve question classification in question answering systems (2012)

Internet is one of the main sources for information which attracts million of users to find the answers for their questions. Finding the accurate answer of the question from giant databases or web pages is a very challenging task. Question answering systems answer the question from structured or unstructured databases. Question answering is different from the traditional ad-hoc document retrieval tasks in a way that in simple document search engine, the set of relevant documents are returned in response of the query, whereas, in the question answering systems the response of the query is the correct answer to what is asked. Finding the exact answer is more interesting and useful than getting a list of documents to look through and find the answer manually. Generally, the question classification is first phase in question answering systems. This phase reduces the answer space by pruning out the extra information that is irrelevant by finding out the expected answer type. This paper mainly focuses on Numeric type questions and also discusses briefly about the questions of type Entity and Location. Almost all the previous question classification algorithms evaluated their work by using the classes defined by Li and Roth [1]. The coarse grained class Numeric has fine grained class Other. In this paper, we target and present the mechanism to create new classes to replace the Other class in Numeric class. We present an automatic hierarchy creation method to add new class nodes using the knowledge resources and shallow language processing.
Tagging muscle cell lineages in development and tail regeneration using Cre recombinase in transgenic Xenopus (2003)

The use of Cre and FLP recombinases to analyze embryogenesis and organogenesis in Xenopus has not been applied so far. We report on the generation of transgenic Xenopus animals containing a Cre-activated reporter gene cassette expressing blue fluorescent protein that can be switched over to yellow fluorescent protein expression upon Cre-mediated recombination. By injecting Cre mRNA into the two-cell stage embryo we show that Cre-mediated activation of the yellow fluorescent protein gene occurs. In addition, we observe upon injection an extinction of blue fluorescence in animals expressing the transgene and the induction of blue fluorescence in larvae containing a silent reporter gene. By crossing the reporter strains with animals expressing a muscle-specific Cre transgene we obtained an efficient and specific recombination of the reporter gene that leads to yellow fluorescence in myotomes and myofibrils of the developing larvae. Removal of the tail tips of these larvae allows the continuous recording of muscle cell differentiation in the regenerating tail. We detect a dramatic increase in transgene expression at the site of tissue removal in the tail stump. In the regenerated tail, yellow fluorescence is restricted to the myotomes thus excluding transdifferentiation of muscle cells.
Robust distributed video compression based on multilevel coset codes (2004)

A new video coding paradigm (PRISM) built on distributed coding principles has recently been proposed in R. Puri and K. Ramchandran, (2002, 2003). The PRISM framework rests heavily on channel coding concepts. The basic idea is to do intra-frame coding but to approach the coding efficiency of motion-compensated inter-frame coding by using channel codes to derive a coding rate rebate by "exploiting" the correlated side-information present in the form of previous temporal frames at the decoder. The coding strategy described in R. Puri and K. Ramchandran, (2002, 2003) was limited to rate-1/2 trellis coset codes, which limit the granularity at which the correlated side-information can be exploited. In this work, we generalize the coset coding framework to multi-level codes which allow more flexible encoding rates and the capability to exploit correlations with much finer granularity. Simulation results validate the better compression performance (of the order of 1 dB for typical tests) of the multilevel framework.
Absorption of Sound in Insulators (1961)

The theory of sound attenuation in structurally perfect dielectric crystals is extended and applied to recent experiments on the absorption of acoustic waves in crystalline quartz at frequencies from ${10}^{9}$ cps to 2.4\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{10}$ cps. The sound wave is assumed to vary the frequencies of the thermal phonons adiabatically, and the complete Boltzmann equation is used to determine the response of the thermal phonon distribution to this disturbance. The rate of energy transfer from the thermal phonons to the temperature bath is computed. In the steady state, energy is supplied by the driving sound wave to the thermal phonons at the same rate, which gives the attenuation. Relaxation times are assumed for $N$ and $U$ processes. Since the effect of the sound wave on a thermal phonon depends on the relative polarization and wave-number vectors of both, the phonon distribution in a small spatial region tends to relax to a new temperature ${T}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ which is determined by requiring local conservation of the total energy to first order. The present treatment leads to better understanding of the rapid decrease in attenuation with decreasing temperature in the range in which the sound-wave period becomes comparable to the average relaxation time of the thermal phonons.
Hybrid Monte Carlo/Deterministic Methods for Radiation Shielding Problems. (2009)

For the past few decades, the most common type of deep-penetration (shielding) problem simulated using Monte Carlo methods has been the source-detector problem, in which a response is calculated at a single location in space. Traditionally, the nonanalog Monte Carlo methods used to solve these problems have required significant user input to generate and sufficiently optimize the biasing parameters necessary to obtain a statistically reliable solution. It has been demonstrated that this laborious task can be replaced by automated processes that rely on a deterministic adjoint solution to set the biasing parameters – the so-called hybrid methods. The increase in computational power over recent years has also led to interest in obtaining the solution in a region of space much larger than a point detector. In this thesis, we propose two methods for solving problems ranging from source-detector problems to more global calculations – weight windows and the Transform approach. These techniques employ some of the same biasing elements that have been used previously; however, the fundamental difference is that here the biasing techniques are used as elements of a comprehensive tool set to distribute Monte Carlo particles in a user-specified way. The weight window achieves the user-specified Monte Carlo particle distribution by imposing a particular weight window on the system, without altering the particle physics. The Transform approach introduces a transform into the neutron transport equation, which results in a complete modification of the particle physics to produce the user-specified Monte Carlo distribution. These methods are tested in a three-dimensional multigroup Monte Carlo code. For a basic shielding problem and a more realistic one, these methods adequately solved source-detector problems and more global calculations. Furthermore, they confirmed that theoretical Monte Carlo particle distributions correspond to the simulated ones, implying that these methods can be used to achieve user-specified Monte Carlo distributions. Overall, the Transform approach performed more efficiently than the weight window methods, but it performed much more efficiently for source-detector problems than for global problems.
Colorimetric Effect of Gold Nanocup Arrays on Fluorescence Amplification (2015)

Without changing underlying plasmonic substrate designs, tunable fluorescence enhancement is achieved by varying surrounding fluidic refractive indices on a colorimetric plasmonic substrate of periodic Au nanocup arrays. When comparing the emission characteristics of two fluorophores on the plasmonic surface, HEX with green emission and TEX with red emission, tuning the plasmonic resonance wavelength matched with the emission band of fluorophores is verified as a key factor for the largest fluorescence amplification. Even though the plasmonic nanocup array substrate is already capable of enhancing fluorescence emission compared to that on the Au film, further enhancement by 6.93-fold for HEX at 1.36 refractive index unit (RIU) and 7.12-fold for TEX at 1.45 RIU, both from 1 RIU, is accomplished on the same nanoplasmonic device. The numerical calculations of the quantum efficiency and the radiative decay rate show the same response with the experimental fluorescence emission variations under fluidic refractive index variations. The lifetime reduction of HEX and TEX from solution states proves the enhanced photostability on the plasmonic surface. These findings on optofluidically tuned fluorescence enhancement guide a pathway on multiplexed detection of local molecular binding on targets tagged with fluorescence dyes through a subsequent refractive index change on the nanoplasmonic substrate.
Outcome Analysis of Our First 75 Spring-Assisted Surgeries for Scaphocephaly (2010)

Spring-assisted surgery is a safe, effective, minimally invasive treatment of scaphocephaly. It combines the low morbidity and the operative time of a strip craniectomy with dynamic reshaping techniques while the implanted spring gradually distracts the skull, improving head shape. Our 7 years of experience has shown that SAS effectively corrected cranial shape including frontal bossing with maintained results over time.
Storage virtualization using a block-device file system (2008)

The design and organization of modern file systems has been traditionally driven by practical considerations related to the physical properties of computer disks Storage virtualization makes such considerations largely irrelevant, and file-system designs based on them perform sub-optimally in a virtual storage environment. One important example of this phenomenon is the relationship between disk seek times and the placement and organization of file system meta-data. In this paper we show that traditional approaches to organizing meta-data in file systems are closely related to assumptions about the physical properties of disks and that for this reason traditional file systems fail to materialize the full benefits of storage virtualization. We go on to propose a different file system organization of data and meta-data designed to exploit the power of virtualized storage.
Considerations in glaucoma therapy: fixed combinations versus their component medications (2009)

Fixed combinations of medications that lower intraocular pressure (IOP) are increasingly used in the treatment of glaucoma and ocular hypertension and offer several potential advantages over combined use of the separate component medications including enhanced convenience, improved adherence, reduced exposure to preservatives, and possible cost savings. This review aims to examine the current role of IOP-lowering fixed combinations in disease management. The results of studies that compared the efficacy and safety of IOP-lowering fixed combinations with their component medications are summarized, including those fixed combinations that consist of a prostaglandin analog and timolol. The fixed combinations currently available for use in the United States are fixed-combination dorzolamide/timolol (FCDT) and fixed-combination brimonidine/timolol (FCBT). Both of these fixed combinations reduce IOP more effectively than their component medications used separately as monotherapy. FCBT therapy also demonstrates a more favorable safety profile and reduced ocular allergy compared to monotherapy with brimonidine, a component medication. Few studies have directly compared the efficacy and safety of FCDT and FCBT, but available evidence suggests that FCBT is at least as effective as FCDT in lowering IOP and is more comfortable and better tolerated. Additional studies are needed to further evaluate the comparative efficacy and tolerability of FCDT and FCBT in the management of glaucoma and ocular hypertension.
[Changes in arterial pressure in hypertension patients engaged in therapeutic gymnastics at a polyclinic]. (1978)

This paper presents a hardware design for a scalable, high throughput, configurable LFSR. High throughput is achieved by producing L consecutive outputs per clock cycle with a clock cycle period that, for practical cases, increases only logarithmically with the block size L and the length of the register N. Flexibility is ensured by offering full reconfigurability of the generator polynomial within 1 clock cycle. At the heart of the design is a decomposition of the block-based state-update transition-matrix into two matrices, which enables an efficient implementation in terms of both latency and area. Potential target applications for this design include PN sequence generation in CDMA systems, BIST for VLSI circuits, CRC, encryption and error correction.
Use of Molecular Methods To Identify the <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex (MTBC) and Other Mycobacterial Species and To Detect Rifampin Resistance in MTBC Isolates following Growth Detection with the BACTEC MGIT 960 System (2003)

A prospective study was organized by using a total of 1,585 consecutive clinical specimens to determine whether biomass obtained from positive growth in the MGIT 960 system could be used directly in AccuProbe DNA hybridization tests, the PCR-based Inno-LiPA Rif.TB (LiPA) assay, and a PCR-based DNA sequencing of the rpoB gene for the rapid identification of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) and other mycobacterial species and for the determination of rifampin (RIF) resistance in MTBC strains. The results were compared to routine culture, identification, and susceptibility testing techniques performed on the same samples. The study results revealed that the DNA AccuProbe assay (on the day of growth positivity) readily identified 95.7%, the LiPA assay readily identified 98.6%, and rpoB sequencing readily identified 97.1% of the 70 MTBC isolates from mycobacterial growth indicator tubes (MGIT). In addition, application of the LiPA for the identification and RIF susceptibility testing of the MTBC in growth-positive MGIT resulted in a turnaround time of less than 2 weeks after specimen receipt. Although DNA sequencing of rpoB required a slightly longer (16 days) turnaround time, this method was capable of identifying several species of nontuberculous mycobacteria in addition to identifying MTBC and determining RIF susceptibility or resistance. The molecular methods were also found to rapidly identify RIF-susceptible and -resistant MTBC in two of the three mixed mycobacterial cultures weeks earlier than conventional methods. In conclusion, the biomass obtained in MGIT at the time of growth positivity in the 960 system is sufficient for use in all three molecular tests, and this approach can reduce the turnaround time for reporting results.
Bacteriophages as an Alternative Strategy for Fighting Biofilm Development (2014)

The ability of microbes to form biofilms is an important element of their pathogenicity, and biofilm formation is a serious challenge for today's medicine. Fighting the clinical complications associated with biofilm formation is very difficult and linked to a high risk of failure, especially in a time of increasing bacterial resistance to antibiotics. Bacterial species most commonly isolated from biofilms include coagulase-negative staphylococci, Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Acinetobacter spp. The frequent failure of antibiotic therapy led researchers to look for alternative methods and experiment with the use of antibacterial factors with a mechanism of action different from that of antibiotics. Experimental studies with bacteriophages and mixtures thereof, expressing lytic properties against numerous biofilm-forming bacterial species showed that bacteriophages may both prevent biofilm formation and contribute to eradication of biofilm bacteria. A specific role is played here by phage depolymerases, which facilitate the degradation of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and thus the permeation of bacteriophages into deeper biofilm layers and lysis of the susceptible bacterial cells. Much hope is placed in genetic modifications of bacteriophages that would allow the equipping bacteriophages with the function of depolymerase synthesis. The use of phage cocktails prevents the development of phage-resistant bacteria.
Towards reliable storage systems (2009)

These results demonstrated no significant differences between the B2 and B3 erosion patterns, with respect to the glenoid indicies measured. The aetiology of the B3 glenoid cannot be completely explained by progression of wear in a B2 glenoid.
Microcrystalline cellulose as a versatile excipient in drug research (2009)

Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) has emerged as the most resourceful excipient of all times in drug research. Thanks to its profusion in terms of grades available for different needs and its physical properties that support a variety of functionality requirements especially for the most frequently used unit dosage forms. MCC can be used as a bulking agent, disintegrant, binder, lubricant, and glidant besides being a stability enhancer and a secondary suspending agent. It can be used in direct compression of most drugs and saves material, capital, equipment, and labor. Its ever increasing applications in drug research include its utility in immediate release (tablets and liquids) dosage forms, sustained release dosage forms (multiparticulates and matrix tablets), topical preparations, oral liquids, organoleptic enhancements as in chewable and mouth dissolving tablets, anti-res ux, and nutraceuticals. The review discusses these applications in sufÞ cient detail citing examples and investigating the justiÞ cations for such functions. Key words: Avicel, direct compression, extrusion, microcrystalline cellulose, multiparticulates, wet granulation.