gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transform Invariant Auto-encoder (2017)

The auto-encoder method is a type of dimensionality reduction method. A mapping from a vector to a descriptor that represents essential information can be automatically generated from a set of vectors without any supervising information. However, an image and its spatially shifted version are encoded into different descriptors by an existing ordinary auto-encoder because each descriptor includes a spatial subpattern and its position. To generate a descriptor representing a spatial subpattern in an image, we need to normalize its spatial position in the images prior to training an ordinary auto-encoder; however, such a normalization is generally difficult for images without obvious standard positions. We propose a transform invariant auto-encoder and an inference model of transform parameters. By the proposed method, we can separate an input into a transform invariant descriptor and transform parameters. The proposed method can be applied to various auto-encoders without requiring any special modules or labeled training samples. By applying it to shift transforms, we can achieve a shift invariant auto-encoder that can extract a typical spatial subpattern independent of its relative position in a window. In addition, we can achieve a model that can infer shift parameters required to restore the input from the typical subpattern. As an example of the proposed method, we demonstrate that a descriptor generated by a shift invariant auto-encoder can represent a typical spatial subpattern. In addition, we demonstrate the imitation of a human hand by a robot hand as an example of a regression based on spatial subpatterns.
A High-Resolution Isophotometer. (1957)

A modification of a microdensitometer that converts the instrument into an isophotometer is described. There are two advantages of the modified instrument. First, it is completely automatic in operation; second, the accuracy of the intensity levels can be made very high
The differential diagnosis of macular hemorrhage (2009)

Objective To investigate the causation and the function offundus angiography in the di-agnosis of macular hemorrhage.Methods Patients with macular hemorrhages (142 cases)underwent Ftmdus Fluorescein Angiography(FFA)and partially underwent lndocyanine Green Angiography(ICGA),.Fluorescein and indocyanine green fundus angiography were used to evalute the macular morphologic results.Results The result of fundus angiography showed that 90 cases 98 eyes had choroidal neovacularization,There were exudation age-related macular degeneration 39 cases (44 eyes), idophaic CNV 23 cases (23eyes)and highly myopia 22 cases (25 eyes), Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculpathy (PCV)4cases (4eyes), multifocai choroidit 1 case (1 eye)and nodifferentiate 1 cases.52 cases (54 eyes)had not CNV.There were highly myopic cracks in macula 17 cases(11 eyes ),retinal arterial macroaneurysm 12cases(12 eyes), retinal vein occlusions in macula 8 cases(8 eyes ), Idiopathic macular preretinal membrane 5 cases(5 eyes), traumatic break in choroid 4patients (4 eyes), Choroidal hemangioma4cases (4 eyes).It was difficult to differentiate in 2 cases.Conclusions Fun-dus angiography plays an important role in the diagnosis and the guidance to the treatment of macular hemor-rhage. 

Key words: 
Macular hemorrhage; Fundus Fluorescein Angiography; Indocyanine Green Angiography
Hereditary Pancreatitis (1990)

Department of Pediatrics University of Naples XXXI Internal Medicine Unit Ospedale Cardarelli Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit Ospedale Torre del Greco Naples, Italy
Single-Particle Light–Scattering Measurement: Photochemical Aerosols and Atmospheric Particulates (1972)

The use of single-particle light-scattering measurements to determine the origin of atmospheric hazes has been explored by measurement of laboratory aerosols, field samples, and computer analysis of the light-scattering data. The refractive index of measured spherical particles 800 nm to 1000 nm in diameter was determined within 2%. For particles of diameter less than 500 nm the measurement of absolute scattering intensity is required for complete analysis. Distinctive nonspherical and absorbing particles were observed both in automotive exhaust and atmospheric samples. Electrostatic suspension of atmospheric particulates is demonstrated to provide a practical approach to optical measurement of single particles. The technique may be used to calibrate optical particle counters or identify particles with unique shape or refractive index.
Proteomics analysis in lung cancer: Challenges and opportunities (2006)

Recent technological developments in proteomic analysis are bringing us new insights into the molecular classification of tumours. Although proteomic analysis in cancer profiling is still under development both in terms of the instruments used and the data analytical tools, this method has great potential advantages for the analysis of biospecimens of many types. Direct measurement of abnormally expressed or modified proteins in the tumour tissue and/or patient blood may be an effective approach for discovering new biomarkers. Proteomics has the significant advantage of being able to discern not only changes in expression levels but also in post-translational modifications. Thus, the proteomics approach to protein profiling and biomarker discovery uncovers biomarkers from a different viewpoint than microarray analysis. This review summarizes the range of proteomics technologies employed for cancer profiling, and how they have been used to derive new classification models for human lung cancer.
Multicomponent hydrogen/hydrocarbon separation by MFI‐type zeolite membranes (2000)

Abstract Separation of an eight‐component simulated refinery gas mixture including hydrogen (∼84 mol %) and light hydrocarbons (C 1 –C 4 , 7.5∼0.3 mol %) by α‐alumina‐supported polycrystalline MFI zeolite membranes was studied at 25–500°C and feed pressures of 0.1–0.4 MPa. The zeolite membrane showed excellent separation properties for rejection of hydrogen from the hydrogen/hydrocarbon mixture at <100°C. At room temperature and atmospheric pressure on both feed and permeate sides, hydrogen permeation rate is almost zero, while the hydrocarbon permeation rate is 2–4×10 −4 mol·m −2 ·s −1 . The zeolite membrane outperforms the microporous carbon membrane in terms of both selectivity and permeance for hydrocarbons over hydrogen. At 500°C the zeolite membrane becomes permselective for hydrogen over hydrogen (C 1 –C 4 ). In the whole temperature range iso‐butane is nonpermeable (with a permeance below the GC analysis limit) through the zeolite membrane. Separation results of the zeolite membrane can be characterized by a solution‐diffusion model considering competitive adsorption of hydrocarbons over hydrogen and configurational diffusion in the zeolite pores. The MFI‐type zeolite membranes showed promise for applications in separation processes for hydrogen concentration/purification from various hydrogen/hydrocarbon mixtures (at lower temperatures) and in membrane reactors for dehydrogenation reactions (at high temperatures).
Use of molecular hydrogen as an energy substrate by human pathogenic bacteria (2005)

Molecular hydrogen is produced as a fermentation by-product in the large intestine of animals and its production can be correlated with the digestibility of the carbohydrates consumed. Pathogenic Helicobacter species (Helicobacter pylori and H. hepaticus) have the ability to use H(2) through a respiratory hydrogenase, and it was demonstrated that the gas is present in the tissues colonized by these pathogens (the stomach and the liver respectively of live animals). Mutant strains of H. pylori unable to use H(2) are deficient in colonizing mice compared with the parent strain. On the basis of available annotated gene sequence information, the enteric pathogen Salmonella, like other enteric bacteria, contains three putative membrane-associated H(2)-using hydrogenase enzymes. From the analysis of gene-targeted mutants it is concluded that each of the three membrane-bound hydrogenases of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium are coupled with an H(2)-oxidizing respiratory pathway. From microelectrode probe measurements on live mice, H(2) could be detected at approx. 50 muM levels within the tissues (liver and spleen), which are colonized by Salmonella. The half-saturation affinity of whole cells of these pathogens for H(2) is much less than this, so it is expected that the (H(2)-utilizing) hydrogenase enzymes be saturated with the reducing substrate in vivo. All three enteric NiFe hydrogenase enzymes contribute to virulence of the bacterium in a typhoid fever-mouse model, and the combined removal of all three hydrogenases resulted in a strain that is avirulent and (in contrast with the parent strain) one that is not able to pass the intestinal tract to invade liver or spleen tissue. It is proposed that H(2) utilization and specifically its oxidation, coupled with a respiratory pathway, is required for energy production to permit growth and maintain efficient virulence of a number of pathogenic bacteria during infection of animals. These would be expected to include the Campylobacter jejuni, a bacterium closely related to Helicobacter, as well as many enteric bacteria (Escherichia coli, Shigella and Yersinia species).
ECG Based Recognition Using Second Order Statistics (2008)

This paper investigates the applicability of electrocardiogram (ECG) signals for human recognition. Current approaches apply feature extraction on a fiducial points basis. In this paper we demonstrate an autocorrelation based feature extraction approach, in conjunction with the discrete cosine transform or linear discriminant analysis. As an optimization, we introduce a template matching technique that substantially improves the classification performance while also acting as an intruder detector. The experimental results show considerably high recognition rates, rendering identification applications based on ECG very promising.
Overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor C increases growth and alters the metastatic pattern of orthotopic PC-3 prostate tumors (2009)

The data suggest that even though VEGF-C/VEGFR3 pathway is primarily required for lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic metastasis, an increased level of VEGF-C can also stimulate angiogenesis, which is associated with growth of orthotopic prostate tumors and a switch from a primary pattern of lymph node metastasis to an increased proportion of metastases at distant sites.
Dialogue Management: New Concepts in Human-Computer Interface Development. (1983)

Abstract : Dialogue Management is an emerging field which emphasizes a specialization in the development of quality human-computer interfaces. It encompasses the design, implementation, simulation, execution, maintenance, and metering of dialogues in an integrated environment. Several key concepts in dialogue management have been identified in response to the need for improved human-computer interfaces. These concepts are surveyed here, and their importance to dialogue design and management is discussed. Dialogue independence and internal and external dialogue are manifest in the separation of the dialogue components of a software system from the computational components. In a new system design role, a dialogue author is responsible for creating the dialogue which constitutes the human-computer interface of an application system. A holistic methodological approach to system development places emphasis on the development of both dialogue and computational components of an application system. Systems are now being built which incorporate many of these important concepts in the management of dialogues for human-computer systems. Several of these systems are mentioned as examples of concepts application, and one such system is described in some detail. (Author)
High-frequency ultrasound backscattering by blood: Analytical and semianalytical models of the erythrocyte cross section (2007)

This paper proposes analytical and semianalytical models of the ultrasonic backscattering cross section (BCS) of various geometrical shapes mimicking a red blood cell (RBC) for frequencies varying from 0 to 90 MHz. By assuming the first-order Born approximation and by modeling the shape of a RBC by a realistic biconcave volume, different scattering behaviors were identified for increasing frequencies. For frequencies below 18 MHz, a RBC can be considered a Rayleigh scatterer. For frequencies less than 39 MHz, the general concept of acoustic inertia tensor is introduced to describe the variation of the BCS with the frequency and the incidence direction. For frequencies below 90 MHz, ultrasound backscattering by a RBC is equivalent to backscattering by a cylinder of height 2 microm and diameter 7.8 microm. These results lay the basis of ultrasonic characterization of RBC aggregation by proposing a method that distinguishes the contribution of the individual RBC acoustical characteristics from collective effects, on the global blood backscattering coefficient. A new method of data reduction that models the frequency dependence of the ultrasonic BCS of micron-sized weak scatterers is also proposed. Applications of this method are in tissue characterization as well as in hematology.
Optimization of high frequency flip–chip interconnects for digital superconducting circuits (2006)

This paper presents results of optimization of Multi-Chip-Module (MCM) contact pads and driver circuitry for gigabit chip-to-chip communication. Optimization has been done using 3D Electromagnetic (EM) simulations of flip-chip contacts and time domain simulations of drivers and receivers. A single optimized flip-chip contact has signal refection of less than -20 dB for up to 503 GHz bandwidth. The MCM data link with optimized SFQ driver, receivers and two MCM contact has operational margins on global bias current of +-30% at 30 Gbit/s speed and can operate at maximum 113 Gbit/s of operational speed. High bandwidth transmission requires realization of an advanced flip-chip process with small dimension of contact pads (less 30 micro meter) and small hight of bumps in the order of 2 micro meter. Current processes with about 7 micro meter hight of the bumps requires application of Double Flux Quantum (DFQ) driver. The data link with DFQ driver was also simulated. It has operational margins on global bias current of +-30% at 30 Gbit/s, however the maximum speed of operation is 61 Gbit/s. Several test structures have been designed for measurements signal re°ection, bit error rate (BER) and operational margins of the data link.
THE SOS RESPONSE: Recent Insights into <i>umuDC</i>-Dependent Mutagenesis and DNA Damage Tolerance (2000)

Be they prokaryotic or eukaryotic, organisms are exposed to a multitude of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damaging agents ranging from ultraviolet (UV) light to fungal metabolites, like Aflatoxin B1. Furthermore, DNA damaging agents, such as reactive oxygen species, can be produced by cells themselves as metabolic byproducts and intermediates. Together, these agents pose a constant threat to an organism's genome. As a result, organisms have evolved a number of vitally important mechanisms to repair DNA damage in a high fidelity manner. They have also evolved systems (cell cycle checkpoints) that delay the resumption of the cell cycle after DNA damage to allow more time for these accurate processes to occur. If a cell cannot repair DNA damage accurately, a mutagenic event may occur. Most bacteria, including Escherichia coli, have evolved a coordinated response to these challenges to the integrity of their genomes. In E. coli, this inducible system is termed the SOS response, and it controls both accurate and potentially mutagenic DNA repair functions [reviewed comprehensively in () and also in ()]. Recent advances have focused attention on the umuD(+)C(+)-dependent, translesion DNA synthesis (TLS) process that is responsible for SOS mutagenesis (). Here we discuss the SOS response of E. coli and concentrate in particular on the roles of the umuD(+)C(+) gene products in promoting cell survival after DNA damage via TLS and a primitive DNA damage checkpoint.
A Cure for Toxic Masculinity: Male Bonding and Friendship in Final Fantasy XV (2024)

This book analyzes the video game Final Fantasy XV’s positive depiction of the importance of homosocial bonds in men’s lives, and why this depiction has become a profoundly important example of the importance of digital storytelling.
Simulation Study of View Angle Effects on Thermal Infrared Measurements Over Heterogeneous Surfaces (2004)

The issue of deriving cross-scale aggregation rules has been extensively investigated over the last two decades. A widely used approach consists of formulating grid-scale surface radiances using the same equations that govern the patch-scale behavior but whose arguments are the aggregate expressions of those at the patch-scale. This approach derives the area-averaged or effective radiative surface temperature as might be observed using low spatial resolution satellite data. The problem however is that such satellite data exhibit large directional effects and no study has addressed this issue. The present work tackles this problem in the thermal infrared domain. The directional effects are studied by modeling. Thus, an infrared sensor observing a two-dimensional (2-D) heterogeneous plane surface is modeled. The 2-D heterogeneous plane surface is simulated by a grid with two homogeneous elements (vegetation-bare soil). The angular properties of the local surfaces, assumed homogeneous, are calculated by a multiple scattering model. The equivalent angular radiance of the complete heterogeneous scene is then determined by applying the aggregation method. This radiance is very sensitive to the surface heterogeneity, especially when the spatial variation of the surface temperature is significant and when the directional behavior of the surface is non-Lambertian. As a result, an angular variation of 6% on radiance was obtained on a heterogenous surface between a zenith angle of 70/spl deg/ and on-nadir measurements.
INFLUENCE OF SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION IN NON-TOXIC DOSES ON TESTIS LIPID PEROXIDE AND ANTIOXIDANT LEVELS IN CHRONIC ALCOHOL-FED RATS (1995)

Prolonged consumption of alcohol leads to peroxidative damage in testicular tissues and gonadal dysfunction. Selenium (Se) deficiency also gives rise to testicular structural and functional disturbances similar to those caused by alcohol. We examined the possibility that Se supplementation might, at least partially, prevent the testicular disorders induced by alcohol. Rats were fed alcohol and alcohol with 3 p.p.m. Se in drinking water for 5 months. Ethanol administration decreased vitamin C and glutathione levels in testicular tissue, but caused no alterations in vitamin E and polyunsaturated fatty acid levels. However, lipid peroxide levels were increased by alcohol. Selenium supplementation diminished both the depletion of vitamin C and the production of lipid peroxides, but did not affect the depletion of glutathione induced by alcohol in testicular tissue. In addition, Se supplementation ameliorated the decrement of serum testosterone levels induced by alcohol.
Helping the Community from the Bottom Up: Distributing Diapers to the Williamsburg Community (2014)

There is a great need for a sustainable supply of clean diapers for low-income residents of Williamsburg since this region is without a diaper bank. Being unable to afford diapers can have a myriad of negative consequences from being unable to send children to child care to increased health risks involved in leaving a baby in a soiled diaper. Our model of a diaper bank differs from most because we mail diapers directly to families, eliminating transportation needs. We hope to partner with community agencies and The College of William & Mary to expand our services and create a more sustainable model in order to serve families in the Greater Williamsburg area. We believe that providing diapers will help break many unhealthy cycles and create a brighter future for our community.
Photoconductivity in nanocrystalline GaN and amorphous GaON (2006)

In this work we present a study of the optoelectronic properties of nanocrystalline GaN (nc-GaN) and amorphous GaON (a-GaON) grown by ion-assisted deposition. The two classes of film show very distinct photoconductive responses; the nc-GaN has a fast small response while the a-GaON films have a much larger response which is persistent. To describe the observed intensity, wavelength, and temperature dependence of the photoconductivity in each class of film, we build a model which takes into account the role of a large density of localized states in the gap. The photoconductivity measurements are supplemented by thermally stimulated conductivity, measurement of the absorption coefficient, and determination of the Fermi level. Using the model to aid our interpretation of this data set, we are able to characterize the density of states in the gap for the two materials.
Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Polypeptide Anti-Mitogenic Signaling in Cerebral Cortical Progenitors Is Regulated by p57<sup>Kip2</sup>-Dependent CDK2 Activity (2002)

Generation of distinct cell types and numbers in developing cerebral cortex is subject to regulation by extracellular factors that positively or negatively control precursor proliferation. Although signals stimulating proliferation are well described, factors halting cell cycle progression are less well defined. At the molecular level, production and association of cyclins, cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs), and CDK inhibitors (CKIs) regulate cycle progression. We now report that the endogenous peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP), negatively regulates the cell cycle by inhibiting p57Kip2-dependent CDK2 activity in embryonic cortex. Protein levels of CDK2 and members of the CIP/KIP family of CKIs (p27Kip1, p57Kip2) were detected in developing rat cortex from embryonic day 13.5 through postnatal day 2. With advancing development, CDK2 protein levels decreased, whereas CKI expression increased, suggesting that stimulatory and inhibitory cycle proteins control cell cycle exit. Using a well defined, nonsynchronized, 8 hr precursor culture, PACAP decreased the fraction of cells crossing the G1/S boundary, inhibiting DNA synthesis by 35%. CDK2 kinase activity was inhibited 75% by PACAP, whereas kinase protein and its regulatory cyclin E subunit were unaffected. Moreover, decreased kinase activity was accompanied by a twofold increase in levels of p57Kip2 protein, but not p21Cip1 or p27Kip1, suggesting that p57Kip2 mediates PACAP anti-mitogenic effects. Indeed, immunoprecipitation of CDK2 complex revealed increased p57Kip2 association with the kinase and concomitant reduction in free inhibitor after PACAP exposure, suggesting that p57Kip2 interactions directly regulate CDK2 activity. These observations establish a mechanism whereby anti-mitogenic signals actively induce cell cycle withdrawal in developing cortex.