gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of water Raman emission to correct airborne laser fluorosensor data for effects of water optical attenuation (1981)

Airborne laser fluorosensor measurements of fluorophore concentrations in surface waters are highly sensitive to interference from changes in optical attenuation. This interference can be eliminated by normalizing the fluorescence signal with the concurrent water Raman signal. In our application to remotely monitor chlorophyll a concentrations in fresh waters, the Raman-corrected chlorophyll a fluorescence measurements were found to be highly correlated with chlorophyll a ground truth data. Also, the reciprocal of the water Raman signal was seen to vary directly as the beam attenuation coefficient. It is suggested that this latter relationship be exploited as a means for remotely sensing changes in the optical attenuation of surface waters.
Decoding algorithm in statistical machine translation (1997)

Decoding algorithm is a crucial part in statistical machine translation. We describe a stack decoding algorithm in this paper. We present the hypothesis scoring method and the heuristics used in our algorithm. We report several techniques deployed to improve the performance of the decoder. We also introduce a simplified model to moderate the sparse data problem and to speed up the decoding process. We evaluate and compare these techniques/models in our statistical machine translation system.
Low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 mediates hypoxia-induced very low density lipoprotein-cholesteryl ester uptake and accumulation in cardiomyocytes (2012)

Our results demonstrate that hypoxia increases LRP1 expression through HIF-1α and that LRP1 overexpression mediates hypoxia-induced VLDL-CE uptake and accumulation in cardiomyocytes.
A generalized demodulation approach to time-frequency projections for multicomponent signals (2005)

In this paper, we introduce a flexible approach for the time-frequency analysis of multicomponent signals involving the use of analytic vectors and demodulation. The demodulated analytic signal is projected onto the time-frequency plane so that, as closely as possible, each component contributes exclusively to a different ‘tile’ in a wavelet packet tiling of the time-frequency plane, and at each time instant, the contribution to each tile definitely comes from no more than one component. A single reverse demodulation is then applied to all projected components. The resulting instantaneous frequency of each component in each tile is not constrained to a set polynomial form in time, and is readily calculated, as is the corresponding Hilbert energy spectrum. Two examples illustrate the method. In order better to understand the effect of additive noise, the approximate variance of the estimated instantaneous frequency in any tile has been formulated by starting with pure noise and studying its evolving covariance structure through each step of the algorithm. The validity and practical utility of the resulting expression for the variance of the estimated instantaneous frequency is demonstrated via a simulation experiment.
Look around you: Saliency maps for omnidirectional images in VR applications (2017)

Understanding visual attention has always been a topic of great interest in the graphics, image/video processing, robotics and human-computer interaction communities. By understanding salient image regions, the compression, transmission and rendering algorithms can be optimized. This is particularly important in omnidirectional images (ODIs) viewed with a head-mounted display (HMD), where only a fraction of the captured scene is displayed at a time, namely viewport. In order to predict salient image regions, saliency maps are estimated either by using an eye tracker to collect eye fixations during subjective tests or by using computational models of visual attention. However, eye tracking developments for ODIs are still in the early stages and although a large list of saliency models are available, no particular attention has been dedicated to ODIs. Therefore, in this paper, we consider the problem of estimating saliency maps for ODIs viewed with HMDs, when the use of an eye tracker device is not possible. We collected viewport center trajectories (VCTs) of 32 participants for 21 ODIs and propose a method to transform the gathered data into saliency maps. The obtained saliency maps are compared in terms of image exposition time used to display each ODI in the subjective tests. Then, motivated by the equator bias tendency in ODIs, we propose a post-processing method, namely fused saliency maps (FSM), to adapt current saliency models to ODIs requirements. We show that the use of FSM on current models improves their performance by up to 20%. The developed database and testbed are publicly available with this paper.
Influence of S and P Doping in a Graphene Sheet (2008)

In this work, we study the electronic and chemical properties of a graphene sheet doped with S or P, by means of ab initio calculations.We consider one, two and three impurity atoms by substitution on the graphene and obtain doping formation energies of 5.78, 7.43 and 10.53 eV for sulphur impurities and 2.73, 0.54 and 1.82 eV for phosphorous impurities.We find that doping induces a
Fan Stall Flutter Flow Mechanism Studied (2002)

Modern turbofan engines employ a highly loaded fan stage with transonic or low-supersonic velocities in the blade-tip region. The fan blades are often prone to flutter at off-design conditions. Flutter is a highly undesirable and dangerous self-excited mode of blade oscillations that can result in high-cycle fatigue blade failure. The origins of blade flutter are not fully understood yet. Experimental data that can be used to clarify the origins of blade flutter in modern transonic fan designs are very limited. The Transonic Flutter Cascade Facility at the NASA Glenn Research Center was developed to experimentally study the details of flow mechanisms associated with fan flutter. The cascade airfoils are instrumented to measure high-frequency unsteady flow variations in addition to the steady flow data normally recorded in cascade tests. The test program measures the variation in surface pressure in response to the oscillation of one or more of the cascade airfoils. However, during the initial phases of the program when all airfoils were in fixed positions, conditions were found where significant time variations in the pressures near the airfoil leading edges could be observed.
Thermoelectric power generation using large-area Si/SiGe pn-junctions with varying Ge content (2006)

We present strategies for improving the power output of large-area pn-junctions for thermoelectric power conversion. The gradient of the pn-junction's built-in potential is used to separate thermally generated electron–hole pairs. An externally applied temperature gradient along the pn-junction induces a driving force to both electrons and holes which results in currents from the hot end to the contacts. Due to the exponential dependence of the thermal generation rate on the local temperature, the temperature distribution within the device strongly influences the device behaviour. We present simulation results describing the possible application of graded SiGe alloys in order to control the temperature distribution and thus improve the power output and efficiency of thermoelectric generators using large-area pn-junctions.
Color Calibration of Scanners for Scanner‐Independent Grain Grading (2003)

ABSTRACT Scanner technology is emerging as a cost‐effective and robust imaging alternative to camera‐based systems in many applications. However, scanner technology is changing so fast that image quality can vary from model to model. It is critical that images scanned with different scanners be brought to a common basis for processing and measurement through a calibration process that eliminates scanner‐to‐scanner variability. The focus of this research was to investigate scanner‐to‐scanner variability and develop color correction or mapping functions to allow for machineindependent grain inspection. Various makes and models of scanners were compared for optical and color characteristics. Three different color correction methods wereevaluated: grayscale (GS) transformation, redgreen‐blue (RGB) transformation, and histogram matching. All three models of color correction worked within satisfactory tolerance for a multicolor Q60 chart. However, for grain samples of a limited color range, the histogram matching approach performed better than GS and RGB transformations for scanner calibration. The color‐corrected test images matched the reference images within 3 grey values. Differences between the three models of color correction are discussed.
Optical investigation of micrometer and nanometer-size individual GaN pillars fabricated by reactive ion etching (2002)

We present an optical investigation of GaN pillars using both micro-Raman (μ-Raman) and microphotoluminescence (μ-PL) spectroscopy. GaN pillars of diameter ranging from 100 nm to 5 μm were fabricated by electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching (RIE) with SiCl4 plasma. Optical measurements of both μ-Raman and μ-PL on individual pillars show consistent variations in the properties of the fabricated GaN structures as a function of GaN pillar size. μ-PL mapping gives strong evidence for defect-induced donors and/or acceptors near the facets of the RIE etched pillars. RIE for the nanostructuration of GaN could be used in the future to allow spectroscopic studies of a few or single quantum objects such as GaN quantum dots.
FPC: a system for building contigs from restriction fingerprinted clones (1997)

FPC (fingerprinted contigs) is an interactive program for building contigs from restriction fingerprinted clones. FPC uses an algorithm to cluster clones into contigs based on their probability of coincidence score. For each contig, it builds a consensus band (CB) map which is similar to a restriction map; but it does not try to resolve all the errors. The CB map is used to assign coordinates to the clones based on their alignment to the map and to provide a detailed visualization of the clone overlap. FPC has editing facilities for the user to refine the coordinates and to remove poorly fingerprinted clones. Functions are available for updating an FPC database with new clones. Contigs can easily be merged, split or deleted. Markers can be added to clones and are displayed with the appropriate contig. Sequence-ready clones can be selected and their sequencing status displayed. As such, FPC is an integrated program for the assembly of sequence-ready clones for large-scale sequencing projects.
The rate constant describing slow-onset inhibition of yeast AMP deaminase by coformycin analogs is independent of inhibitor structure (1990)

(R)- and (S)-2'-deoxycoformycin, (R)-coformycin, and the corresponding 5'-monophosphates were compared as inhibitors of yeast AMP deaminase. The overall inhibition constants ranged from 4.2 mM for (S)-2'-deoxycoformycin to 10 pM for (R)-coformycin 5'-monophosphate, a difference of 3.8 x 10(8) in affinities. (R)-Coformycin, (R)-2'-deoxycoformycin 5'-monophosphate, and (R)-coformycin 5'-monophosphate exhibited both rapid and slow-onset inhibition. The S inhibitors and (R)-2'-deoxycoformycin exhibited classical competitive inhibition but no time-dependent onset of inhibition. The results indicate that the presence of the 2'-hydroxyl and 5'-phosphate and the R stereochemistry at the C-8 position of the diazepine ring are necessary for the optimum interaction of inhibitors with yeast AMP deaminase. This differs from the results for rabbit muscle AMP deaminase [Frieden C., Kurz, L. C., & Gilbert, H. R. (1980) Biochemistry 19, 5303-5309] and calf intestinal adenosine deaminase [Schramm, V. L., & Baker, D. C. (1985) Biochemistry 24, 641-646], in which a tetrahedral hydroxyl at C-8 in the R stereochemistry is sufficient for slow-onset inhibition with the coformycins. The results suggest that the transition state contains a tetrahedral carbon with the R configuration as a result of the direct attack of an oxygen nucleophile at C-6 of AMP. Slow-onset inhibition of yeast AMP deaminase is consistent with the mechanism [formula: see text] in which the combination of E and I is rapidly reversible. For these inhibitors, Ki varied by a factor of 3 x 10(3), and the overall inhibition constant (Ki*) varied by a factor of 2 x 10(5).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Multimode fiber bandwidth increase by means of spatial light filtration (2010)

The paper investigates the influence of the amplitude spatial filtering of the launched light beam on the base-band width of MM fiber frequency response. The filter is located on the confocal plane of an 4f imager. It is shown both theoretically and experimentally that a substantial increase of 3 dB base-band frequency is possible with only moderate filtration losses.
Effect of interleukin-2 on microvascular liquid and protein transport in the rat small intestine. (1990)

Interleukin-2 (IL-2), a glycoprotein lymphokine derived from activated T-lymphocytes displays potent anti-cancer properties but its therapeutic use has been limited by generalized tissue swelling. To shed light on the mechanism underlying this potentially life-threatening edematogenic syndrome, recombinant IL-2 or an equal volume of control solution (excipient or 5% dextrose) was administered to 88 adult, male Sprague-Dawley rats. Initially, rats were injected with 50,000 Cetus units (equal to 300,000 I.U.) of IL-2 intraperitoneally, either one-time ("acute" rats) or every eight hours for two or seven days ("chronic" rats). Thereafter, under pentobarbital anesthesia, the main mesenteric lymph duct was isolated, incised, and measurements made of intestinal lymph flow (JV) and the total protein content and protein fractions in lymph (L) and plasma (P) (refractometry and agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively). Final measurements were also carried out after superior mesenteric vein constriction to assess filtration-independent L/P total protein "washdown." After IL-2, JV and protein clearance (JV x L/P) were increased (p less than 0.001) while lymph and plasma total protein content and protein fractionation were unchanged. Protein washdown was also maintained. These data are not only inconsistent with bulk "plasma leak" from damaged capillaries, but in conjunction with previously demonstrated increased cardiac output and reduced systemic vascular resistance after IL-2 administration, the findings favor augmented microvascular surface exchange area from increased capillary perfusion as the primary mechanism underlying increased transcapillary liquid and protein flux. This conclusion conforms to the rapid reversal of edema in patients after cessation of IL-2 therapy.
Differential expression of manganese containing superoxide dismutase in patients with breast cancer in Taiwan. (2004)

This study used Western blot analysis to measure the expression of superoxide dismutases (Mn-SOD and Cu/Zn-SOD) in breast cancer tissues from 57 patients. Mn-SOD expression in the breast cancer tissues averaged 1.5-fold higher than in the adjacent tumor-free tissues (p <0.05). There was no significant difference in Cu/Zn-SOD expression between neoplastic and tumor-free breast tissues. This study shows a significant increase of Mn-SOD expression in breast cancer tissues. The authors speculate that up-regulation of Mn-SOD expression induced by oxidative stress or local inflammation may contribute a selective growth advantage to tumor cells compared to their normal counterparts.
Prospective meta-analysis protocol on randomised trials of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors in patients with COVID-19: an initiative of the International Society of Hypertension (2021)

Ethics approval and informed consent will be the responsibility of the individual RCTs. Dissemination of results will occur by peer-reviewed publication. The results of our analysis can inform public health policy and clinical decision making regarding ACEi/ARB use in patients with COVID-19 on a global scale.
Activation of an IL-6:STAT3-dependent transcriptome in pediatric-onset inflammatory bowel disease (2007)

A proinflammatory IL6:STAT3 biologic network is upregulated in active pediatric IBD patients at diagnosis and during therapy. Specific targeting of this network may be effective in reducing mucosal inflammation.
Effective management of hypertension with dihydropyridine calcium channel blocker-based combination therapy in patients at high cardiovascular risk (2008)

The increasing prevalence of hypertension, owing to modern lifestyles and the increasing elderly population, is contributing to the global burden of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Although effective antihypertensive therapies are available, blood pressure (BP) is generally poorly controlled. In addition, the full benefits of antihypertensive therapy can only be realised when target BP is achieved. International guidelines and clinical trial evidence support the use of combination therapy to manage hypertension. In high-risk patients, such as those with coronary artery disease, diabetes and renal dysfunction, BP targets are lower and there is a need for intensive management with combination therapy to control BP and provide additional CV risk reduction benefits. Combinations of antihypertensive agents with different but complementary modes of action improve BP control and may also provide vascular-protective effects. Calcium channel blockers (CCBs) have been shown to be effective in combination with a range of antihypertensive drugs and in different patient populations. As part of a first-line combination strategy, CCBs can provide CV benefits beyond BP control, even in patients at increased CV risk. Benefits include protection against end-organ damage and serious CV events. Indeed, in major intervention trials, these benefits have already been clearly demonstrated. Ongoing studies will provide further data to support the clinical benefits of combination therapy as a first-line treatment approach. Implementation of this approach in clinical practice, together with adherence to global hypertension management guidelines will help ensure patients achieve and sustain BP targets, and reduce the risk of CV events.
Comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of 188Rhenium-liposomes and liposomal doxorubicin in a 4T1 murine orthotopic breast cancer model (2011)

Liposomal doxorubicin (Lipo-DOX) has been widely and successfully used in chemotherapy for breast cancer patients. Since our previous studies found that 188Rhenium (188Re)-N,N-bis (2-mercaptoethyl)-N',N'-diethy-lethylenediamine (BMEDA)-labeled pegylated liposomes (188Re-liposomes) have radiotherapeutic potential in a colon cancer model, and little information is available to make a comparison of the therapeutic efficacy of internal radiotherapy and chemotherapy, this study evaluates the therapeutic efficacy of 188Re-liposomes and Lipo-DOX, in a 4T1 murine orthotopic breast cancer model. MicroSPECT/CT imaging showed that the highest uptake of 188Re-liposomes was found at 24 h after intravenous administration. The results of a bio-distribution assay also demonstrated that the highest uptake of 188Re-liposomes in a tumor was 3.03±0.29 (%ID/g) at 24 h, and that the highest tumor to muscle ratio was approximately 17 at 48 h. According to measurements of body weight and survival rate, the maximum tolerated doses (MTD) of 188Re-liposomes and Lipo-DOX were 37 MBq and 25 mg/kg, respectively. In a study of therapeutic efficacy, mice with 4T1 orthotopic breast tumors that were treated with 188Re-liposomes (4/5 MTD, 29.6 MBq) or Lipo-DOX (4/5 MTD, 20 mg/kg), showed a significant inhibition of tumor growth. In the small tumor model (50 mm3), the lifespan of 4T1 tumor-bearing mice treated with 188Re-liposomes and Lipo-DOX was increased by 21.7 and 169.6%, respectively, compared to those treated with normal saline. In the large tumor model (300 mm3), the lifespan of the 188Re-liposomes and the Lipo-DOX treated group was also increased by 35.2 and 141.2%, respectively. In this study, it was found that Lipo-DOX is better than 188Re-liposomes, for the treatment of 4T1 breast cancer. A further investigation of combined therapy, in a breast cancer model, using 188Re-liposomes and Lipo-Dox, to determine whether a synergistic effect exists, is ongoing in our laboratory.
Prospective and retrospective memory in normal ageing and dementia: A questionnaire study (2000)

Frequency of prospective memory and retrospective memory failures was rated on a 16-item questionnaire by 862 volunteers, from five groups: patients with Alzheimer Disease (rated by carers), carers of Alzheimer Disease patients, elderly, young, and a group of married couples. Reported memory failures were highest for Alzheimer Disease patients, and lowest for carers, with elderly and young controls in between. More prospective memory than retrospective memory failures were reported in all groups, although the difference was small for Alzheimer Disease patients who were rated near ceiling for both. Prospective memory failures of Alzheimer Disease patients were reported as more frustrating for carers than retrospective memory failures; prospective memory and retrospective memory failures frustrated Alzheimer Disease patients equally. Data from the couples indicated that there were no biases resulting from rating on behalf of someone else. These results suggest that: (1) normal ageing has no greater effect on self-reported retrospective memory than prospective memory failures, (2) the relatively small number of memory failures reported by carers may result from comparing themselves with the Alzheimer Disease patients in their care, and (3) prospective memory failures have a greater impact on the lives of the carers and are therefore more likely to be reported as early indicants of the disease.