gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Twin Block Functional Therapy: Applications in Dentofacial Orthopaedics (1995)

The art of orthodontics. Introduction to Twin Blocks. Form and function. Growth studies in experimental animals. Diagnosis and treatment planning. The Clark cephalometric analysis. Appliance design and construction. Treatment of class II division 1 malocclusion deep overbite. Treatment in mixed dentition. Combination therapy - permanent dentition. The Twin Block traction technique. Treatment of anterior open bite and vertical growth patterns. Treatment of class 11 division 2 malocclusion. Treatment of class III malocclusion. Orthodontics, orthopaedics, or surgery? Management of crowding. Extraction therapy. Treatment of facial asymmetry. Magnetic Twin blocks. Adult treatment. Temporomandibular joint pain and dysfunction syndrome. New horizons in orthodontics. The flat earth concept of facial growth. Growth response to Twin Block treatment. List of recommended Orthodontic Laboratories.
Oxygen-driven transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional transport behaviour in β-Li<sub>3</sub>PS<sub>4</sub> electrolyte (2016)

Solid state electrolytes with high Li ion conduction are vital to the development of all-solid-state lithium batteries. Lithium thiophosphate Li3PS4 is the parent material of a series of Li superionic conductors Li10MX2S12 (M = Ge, Sn,…; X = P, Si,…), and β-Li3PS4 shows relatively high ionic conductivity itself, though it is not room-temperature stable. The positive effects of introducing O dopants into β-Li3PS4 to stabilize the crystal phase and improve the ionic conducting behaviour are revealed in this study. With the aid of first-principles density functional theory (DFT) computations and quasi-empirical bond-valence calculations, the effects of O doping at different concentrations on the properties of β-Li3PS4 is thoroughly investigated from the aspects of lattice structures, electronic structures, ionic transport properties, the interface stability against Li and the thermodynamic stability. An oxygen-driven transition from two-dimensional to three-dimensional transport behaviour is found and the oxygen dopants play the role as a connector of 2D paths. Based on all these simulation results, hopefully our research can provide a new strategy for the modification of lithium thiophosphate solid electrolytes.
Sensitive, high-speed thermometry using optical fibers (1982)

The use of aluminum-jacketed optical fibers for sensitive, high-speed thermometry is demonstrated. Sensitivity of the fiber to thermal variations is observed at frequencies up to 30 kHz. Although the presence of configurationdependent mechanical resonances between 10 and 22 kHz precludes a simple analysis of the thermal response at these frequencies, the response between 5 Hz and 4 kHz is in reasonable agreement with analytic results. Assuming a minimum-detectable phase change of 10(-6) rad, the observed sensitivity at 4 kHz corresponds to a minimum detectable temperature variation of 1 microK for a 1-cm length of fiber. This performance represents orders-of-magnitude improvement in both sensitivity and frequency response relative to those of commercially available temperature-smeasuring systems.
Preparation of various glucose esters via lipase‐catalyzed hydrolysis of glucose pentaacetate (1987)

Beta-D(+)-glucose pentaacetate was hydrolyzed both chemically and enzymatically. In contrast to the alkaline hydrolysis, esterase-catalyzed deacetylations afforded significant accumulation of intermediate glucose esters at different degrees of substrate conversion. Aspergillus niger lipase, the most suitable of the four enzymes tested, was used for preparative hydrolysis of glucose pentaacetate. As a result, gram quantities of pure glucose-2,3,4,6-tetraacetate, glucose triacetate (a mixture of two positional isomers, 2,4,6- and 3,4,6-), and glucose-4,6-diacetate were prepared.
Quantification of prostate-specific antigen mRNA by coamplification with a recombinant RNA internal standard and microtiterwell-based hybridization (1998)

We report a quantitative analytical methodology for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) mRNA, which is based on the coamplification of the target with a recombinant RNA internal standard (IS) using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. PSA mRNA and the RNA IS contain the same primer recognition sites and generate amplification products that have identical sizes but differ in a 24-bp sequence located in the center of the molecule. Amplified sequences are labeled with biotin using a biotinylated upstream primer. The products are captured on streptavidin-coated microtiter wells and hybridized to specific probes labeled with the hapten digoxigenin. The hybrids are determined using alkaline phosphatase-labeled anti-digoxigenin antibody and time-resolved fluorometry. The ratio of the fluorescence values obtained for the PSA mRNA and the RNA IS is a linear function of the amount of PSA mRNA present in the sample. Samples containing total RNA from PSA-expressing cells (LNCaP cells) in addition to 1 microg of RNA from healthy cells give fluorescence ratios related linearly to the number of cells in the range of 4 to 3000 cells.
Arrival of Imidazo[2,1-<i>b</i>]thiazole-5-carboxamides: Potent Anti-tuberculosis Agents That Target QcrB (2016)

Increasing interest in the potent anti-tuberculosis activity and the novel target (QcrB) of imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine-3-carboxamides encouraged extended structure-activity relationship studies of additional scaffolds. This study reports on the in vitro profiling of the imidazo[2,1-b]thiazole-5-carboxamides as a new promising class of anti-tuberculosis compounds endowed with nanomolar potency against replicating and drug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) as well as low toxicity to VERO cells. Compounds 6, 16, and 17 had MIC values <10 nM and toxicity >100 μM. On-target selectivity of this series was confirmed by cross-resistance of specific QcrB mutants as well as the hypersusceptibility of a mutant with a functional gene deletion of the alternative cytochrome bd oxidase. Additionally, to demonstrate selectivity, three analogues (6, 15, 17) were broadly screened against a diverse set of eight strains of bacteria, including both Gram-positive and Gram-negative as well as six disease-causing non-tuberculosis mycobacteria. Finally, compounds 16 and 17 were found to be active in macrophages infected with Mtb.
Image-based visual servoing for grasping unknown objects (2002)

In this paper we present an image-based visual servoing approach to the problem of grasping unknown objects by adopting visual vectors. A CCD camera mounted on the robot end-effector constructs the visually guided servo control system and the control scheme lends itself to task-level specification of manipulation goals by the visual vectors. The grasping task is to control the robot so that the vectors of the end-effector's finger and of a target object's grasp coincide. These vectors can be used to represent the work of a stable grasping of an object that is presented in an unstructured manner These visual vectors in image frame are obtained by analyzing the object's image and projection. The objective of vector processing is to estimate the error between the finger and grasp vectors, and to control the robot in order to eliminate kinematic errors.
Complete algorithms for feeding polyhedral parts using pivot grasps (1996)

To rapidly feed industrial parts on an assembly line, Carlisle et al. (1994) proposed a flexible part feeding system that drops parts on a flat conveyor belt, determines position and orientation of each part with a vision system, and then moves them into a desired orientation. When a part is grasped with two hard finger contacts and lifted, it pivots under gravity into a stable configuration. The authors refer to the sequence of picking up the part, allowing it to pivot, and replacing it on the table as a pivot grasp. The authors show that under idealized conditions, a robot arm with four degrees of freedom (DOF) can move (feed) parts arbitrarily in 6 DOF using pivot grasps. This paper considers the following planning problem: Given a polyhedral part shape, coefficient of friction, and a pair of stable configurations as input, find pairs of grasp points that will cause the part to pivot from one stable configuration to the other. For a part with n faces and m stable configurations, the authors give an O(m/sup 2/n log n) algorithm to generate the m/spl times/m matrix of pivot grasps. When the part is star-shaped, this reduces to O(m/sup 2/n). Since pivot grasps may not exist for some transitions, multiple steps may be needed. Alternatively, the authors consider the set of grasps where the part pivots to a configuration within a "capture region" around the stable configuration; when the part is released, it will tumble to the desired configuration. Both algorithms are complete in that they are guaranteed to find pivot grasps when they exist.
Two wavelength operation of an acousto-optically tuned quantum cascade laser and direct measurements of quantum cascade laser level lifetimes (2017)

We report simultaneous two wavelength operation of an acousto-optically tuned quantum cascade laser (QCL). The two wavelengths can be independently tuned as well as independently switched, retaining the submicrosecond switching capability. In addition, we have used the two wavelength operation as a tool for the direct measure of the lifetimes of the lasing states in a practical QCL. The lifetime measurements in an operational QCL are facilitated by our ability to vary the frequency separation between two simultaneously lasing wavelengths. The measured lifetime is 0.6 ps ± 0.2 ps for our quantum cascade laser. The two wavelength operation of QCLs paves the way for time resolved pump/probe studies of infrared phenomena and provides direct insight into the effectiveness of various QCL structure designs.
Use of specific radioactive probes to study transcription and replication of the influenza virus genome (1977)

Specific radioactive probes have been obtained for both influenza virion RNA (vRNA) and for its complement (complementary RNA or cRNA): 32P-labeled complementary DNA (cDNA) synthesized with the avian sarcoma virus reverse transcriptase, and [125I]vRNA, respectively. From the kinetics of annealing of these two probes to RNA from canine kidney cells infected with the WSN strain of influenza virus, we have determined the average number of cRNA and vRNA sequences in the nucleus and cytoplasm as a function of time after infection. Immediately after infection, a small amount of vRNA is detected, presumably from the inoculum virus. As expected, the amount of cRNA is insignificant. During the first 1.75 h of infection, the most significant increase observed is in cRNA sequences. Most of these cRNA sequences are found in the cytoplasm, but a significant amount (30%) is found in the nucleus. During this time, a small but significant increase in vRNA is also detected in the nucleus and cytoplasm. From 1.75 to 2.75 h, the absolute amounts of both cRNA and vRNA increase, predominantly in the cytoplasm, with cRNA remaining as the majority species. Subsequently, the amount of vRNA increases with respect to cRNA and becomes the majority species. At 3.75 h, 95% of both cRNA and vRNA are found in the cytoplasm. Addition of actinomycin D at 1.75 h completely suppresses the subsequent ninefold increase in cRNA and does not have a significant effect on the subsequent 14-fold increase in cytoplasmic vRNA. This assay is also able to detect the cRNA produced as a result of primary transcription, operationally defined as the cRNA produced in the presence of 100 mug of cycloheximide per ml added at zero time of infection. Increases in cRNA in the presence of cycloheximide are detectable in both the nucleus and the cytoplasm. Addition of actinomycin D as well as cycloheximide at zero time completely suppresses the appearance of cRNA in the cytoplasm, whereas a large fraction (50%) of the increase in nuclear cRNA still occurs.
Asynchronous Mini-Batch Gradient Descent with Variance Reduction for Non-Convex Optimization (2017)

We provide the first theoretical analysis on the convergence rate of asynchronous mini-batch gradient descent with variance reduction (AsySVRG) for non-convex optimization. Asynchronous stochastic gradient descent (AsySGD) has been broadly used for deep learning optimization, and it is proved to converge with rate of O(1/\sqrt{T}) for non-convex optimization. Recently, variance reduction technique is proposed and it is proved to be able to accelerate the convergence of SGD greatly. It is shown that asynchronous SGD method with variance reduction technique has linear convergence rate when problem is strongly convex. However, there is still no work to analyze the convergence rate of this method for non-convex problem. In this paper, we consider two asynchronous parallel implementations of mini-batch gradient descent method with variance reduction: one is on distributed-memory architecture and the other is on shared-memory architecture. We prove that both methods can converge with a rate of O(1/T) for non-convex optimization, and linear speedup is accessible when we increase the number of workers. We evaluate our methods by optimizing multi-layer neural networks on two real datasets (MNIST and CIFAR-10), and experimental results demonstrate our theoretical analysis.
Portable parallel algorithms for geometric problems (2003)

The development of algorithms which can be ported among different fine-grain, massively parallel architectures and yield reasonably good implementations on each is discussed. The approach is to write algorithms in terms of general data movement operations and then implement the data movement operations on the target architecture. Efficient implementation of the data movement operations requires careful programming, but since the data movement operations form the foundation of many programs, the cost of implementing them can be amortized. The use of data movement operations also helps programmers think in terms of higher-level programming units, in the same way that the use of standard data structures helps programmers of serial computers. An approach is described for designing efficient, portable algorithms, and sample algorithms are given to solve some fundamental geometric problems. The difficulties of portability and efficiency for these geometric problems are redirected into similar difficulties for the standardization operations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Water-in-sorbitan monostearate organogels (water-in-oil gels) (1999)

Novel multicomponent organogels containing an aqueous phase are described, and some properties which influence their potential as delivery devices for hydrophilic drugs and vaccines are discussed. The gel is produced by preparing a hot water-in-oil (w/o) emulsion using sorbitan monostearate, a nonionic surfactant which is also the organogelator, as the principal emulsifying agent. On cooling at room temperature, the w/o emulsion sets to an opaque, semisolid, thermoreversible organic gel. Cooling the emulsion results in a reduced solubility of the sorbitan monostearate in the oil, with a corresponding decrease in solvent-surfactant affinities, causing surfactant self-assembly into aggregates. The microstructure of the w/o gel is seen by light microscopy to consist of a network of tubules and fibrils (containing the aqueous phase) dispersed in the organic medium. X-ray diffraction and freeze-fracture studies suggest that the tubular aggregates in the w/o gel are made up of surfactant molecules arranged in inverted bilayers and that the aqueous phase is accommodated within these inverted bilayers, bound by the polar headgroups of the surfactant molecules. The presence of water in the tubular skeleton of the organic gels results in the establishment of percolating electroconductive aqueous channels in the organogel. Increasing the water content of a w/o gel causes the surfactant tubules to swell with a corresponding increase in conductivity until the tubules are saturated. Further increase in the water content results in the excess water accumulating in droplets within the organic medium and a decrease in conductivity as the gel integrity is compromised. The w/o gels (containing a model antigen, radiolabeled bovine serum albumin, in the aqueous phase) have demonstrated depot properties after intramuscular administration to mice, entrapped antigen being released over a period of days.
An ensemble solar power output forecasting model through statistical learning of historical weather dataset (2016)

Due to its economical and environmental benefits to society and industry, integrating solar power is continuously growing in many utilities and Independent System Operators (ISOs). However, the intermittent nature of the renewable energy brings new challenges to the system operators. One key to resolve this problem is to have a ubiquitously efficient solar power output forecasting system, so as to help enhance system reliability, improve power quality, achieve better generation scheduling and formulate superior bidding strategies in market. This paper proposes an ensemble learning method to forecast solar power output, combining the state-of-art statistical learning methods. The performance of the model is evaluated through comparing with a benchmark with different metrics, and the numerical results validate the effectiveness of the model.
Varicella-zoster viral glycoproteins analyzed with monoclonal antibodies (1984)

Monoclonal antibodies to varicella-zoster virus were used to study viral glycoproteins by immunoprecipitation and sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Based on the viral glycoproteins immunoprecipitated, the five monoclonal antibodies fell into three groups. Two antibodies, 4B7 and 8G9 (group 1), immunoprecipitated a single glycoprotein of molecular weight (MW) 118,000 (118K glycoprotein) and had high neutralizing activity in the absence of complement. One antibody, 3C7 (group 2), which lacked neutralizing activity, immunoprecipitated two glycoproteins of MWs 120,000 and 118,000 and a glycoprotein giving a diffuse band in the region of 64,000 to 65,000. Pulse-chase experiments and experiments with monensin as an inhibitor of glycosylation suggested that the 120K polypeptide was derived by glycosylation of the 118K polypeptide and that a 43K antigen was processed into the 64 to 65K glycoprotein. Two antibodies, 3G8 and 4E6 (group 3), both had neutralizing activity only in the presence of complement, and both immunoprecipitated at least five polypeptides, with MWs ranging from 50,000 to 90,000. Antibody 3G8 was isotype immunoglobulin G2b (IgG2b), and its immunoprecipitating activity was stronger than that of 4E6, which was isotype IgG1. Pulse-chase experiments with antibody 3G8 showed that lower-MW glycopeptides chased into three polypeptides of MWs 90,000, 80,000, and 60,000 by 24 h. Immunoprecipitation experiments with antibody 3G8 on infected cells treated with glycosylation inhibitors 2-deoxyglucose, monensin, and tunicamycin, suggested that a prominent, early-appearing 70K polypeptide may have been processed into the glycoproteins of higher MWs and that the 60K polypeptide may have been derived by glycosylation of polypeptides of lower MWs.
The structure of full-length LysR-type transcriptional regulators. Modeling of the full-length OxyR transcription factor dimer (2003)

The LysR-type transcriptional regulators (LTTRs) comprise the largest family of prokaryotic transcription factors. These proteins are composed of an N-terminal DNA binding domain (DBD) and a C-terminal cofactor binding domain. To date, no structure of the DBD has been solved. According to the SUPERFAMILY and MODBASE databases, a reliable homology model of LTTR DBDs may be built using the structure of the Escherichia coli ModE transcription factor, containing a winged helix- turn-helix (HTH) motif, as a template. The remote, but statistically significant, sequence similarity between ModE and LTTR DBDs and an alignment generated using SUPERFAMILY and MODBASE methods was independently confirmed by alignment of sequence profiles representing ModE and LTTR family DBDs. Using the crystal structure of the E.coli OxyR C-terminal domain and the DBD alignments we constructed a structural model of the full-length dimer of this LTTR family member and used it to investigate the mode of protein-DNA interaction. We also applied the model to interpret, in a structural context, the results of numerous biochemical studies of mutated LTTRs. A comparison of the LTTR DBD model with the structures of other HTH proteins also provides insights into the interaction of LTTRs with the C-terminal domain of the RNA polymerase alpha subunit.
A comprehensive profile of DNA copy number variations in a Korean population: identification of copy number invariant regions among Koreans (2009)

To examine copy number variations among the Korean population, we compared individual genomes with the Korean reference genome assembly using the publicly available Korean HapMap SNP 50 k chip data from 90 individuals. Korean individuals exhibited 123 copy number variation regions (CNVRs) covering 27.2 mb, equivalent to 1.0% of the genome in the copy number variation (CNV) analysis using the combined criteria of P value (P<0.01) and standard deviation of copy numbers (SD>or= 0.25) among study subjects. In contrast, when compared to the Affymetrix reference genome assembly from multiple ethnic groups, considerably more CNVRs (n=643) were detected in larger proportions (5.0%) of the genome covering 135.1 mb even by more stringent criteria (P<0.001 and SD>or=0.25), reflecting ethnic diversity of structural variations between Korean and other populations. Some CNVRs were validated by the quantitative multiplex PCR of short fluorescent fragment (QMPSF) method, and then copy number invariant regions were detected among the study subjects. These copy number invariant regions would be used as good internal controls for further CNV studies. Lastly, we demonstrated that the CNV information could stratify even a single ethnic population with a proper reference genome assembly from multiple heterogeneous populations.
Dual utilization of NADPH and NADH cofactors enhances xylitol production in engineered <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2015)

Abstract Xylitol, a natural sweetener, can be produced by hydrogenation of xylose in hemicelluloses. In microbial processes, utilization of only NADPH cofactor limited commercialization of xylitol biosynthesis. To overcome this drawback, Saccharomyces cerevisiae D452‐2 was engineered to express two types of xylose reductase (XR) with either NADPH‐dependence or NADH‐preference. Engineered S. cerevisiae DWM expressing both the XRs exhibited higher xylitol productivity than the yeast strain expressing NADPH‐dependent XR only (DWW) in both batch and glucose‐limited fed‐batch cultures. Furthermore, the coexpression of S. cerevisiae ZWF1 and ACS1 genes in the DWM strain increased intracellular concentrations of NADPH and NADH and improved maximum xylitol productivity by 17%, relative to that for the DWM strain. Finally, the optimized fed‐batch fermentation of S. cerevisiae DWM‐ZWF1‐ACS1 resulted in 196.2 g/L xylitol concentration, 4.27 g/L h productivity and almost the theoretical yield. Expression of the two types of XR utilizing both NADPH and NADH is a promising strategy to meet the industrial demands for microbial xylitol production.