gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Concepts for spin injection into semiconductors—a review (2005)

Spintronics is a topic that has raised a lot of interest during the past years. The transport and manipulation of spin polarized electrons or holes in semiconductors offers a huge potential for novel devices that combine non-volatile information storage with high processing speed at low power, and which may even be useful for quantum computation. However, one major ingredient that has been missing for a long time is the transfer of spin polarized carriers from a magnetic contact into a non-magnetic semiconductor. Highly efficient electrical spin injection was realized for the first time in 1999 (Fiederling R et al Nature 402 787). Since then, several experiments have successfully demonstrated spin injection into semiconductors and additional concepts for spin filters and spin aligners have been proposed. Some of the experiments also yielded high spin injection efficiencies; however, in other experiments no unambiguous results could be obtained, and for many of the proposed concepts even a proof of principle is still missing. In this review, the suitability of different contact types for spin injection will be discussed together with a review of possible detection mechanisms that can be used in the experiment. By using a simple model based on load-lines we will show that for most spin aligners a first estimate of the injection efficiency can easily be obtained without complicated calculations.
Synthesis and Characterization of Metal Complexes Possessing the 5-(2-Pyridyl) Pyrazolate Ligands:  The Observation of Remarkable Osmium-Induced Blue Phosphorescence in Solution at Room Temperature (2003)

A total of three distinctive main group and transition metal complexes containing the 2-pyridyl pyrazolate (pypz) ligand were prepared, namely, [B(C6F5)2(pypz)] (1), [Ru(CO)2(pypz)2] (2), and [Os(CO)2(pypz)2] (3), where (pypz)H = 3-trifluoromethyl-5-(2-pyridyl)pyrazole. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies were carried out on complexes 2 and 3, revealing octahedral coordination geometry with two CO ligands located at cis dispositions. While the pypz ligand arrangement for complex 2 is in cis-(Npy,Npy) and trans-(Npz,Npz), complex 3 reveals a different configuration, cis-(Npz,Npz) and trans-(Npy,Npy) (Npy for pyridine-N and Npz for pyrazolate donor sites). Similar to that of the in-situ-prepared pypz anion, the boron complex [B(C6F5)2(pypz)] (1) exhibits a strong emission centered at 380 nm, which is unambiguously assigned to fluorescence derived from the S1(ππ*) → S0 transition. In contrast to the nonluminescent behavior for Ru complex 2, the Os complex 3 displays unique, strong room-temperature phosphorescence, showing vibronic progressions at 430, 457, and 480 nm. The remarkable differences in photophysical properties were rationalized by a combination of π-electron accepting CO ligand, relative pypz orientation, and heavy-atom-enhanced spin−orbit coupling effects.
Highly efficient semitransparent tandem organic solar cells with complementary absorber materials (2011)

We present highly efficient, semitransparent small molecule organic solar cells. The devices employ an indium tin oxide-free top contact, consisting of thin metal films. An additional organic layer is used to enhance light outcoupling. The solar cell incorporates two stacked subcells, each containing a donor:acceptor bulk heterojunction. The two subcells have complementary absorbers, with separate blue (C60), red (fluorinated zinc phthalocyanine), and green (dicyanovinyl oligothiophene derivative) absorbing molecules. A power conversion efficiency of 4.9 ± 0.2% is obtained for the device having an average transmission of 24% in the visible range.
High-speed addition in CMOS (1992)

A fully static complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) implementation of a Ling-type 32-bit adder is described. The implementation saves up to one gate delay and always reduces the number of serial transistors in the worst-case critical path over the conventional carry look-ahead (CLA) approach with a negligible increaser in hardware.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An explicit state-space solution for a decentralized two-player optimal linear-quadratic regulator (2010)

We develop controller synthesis algorithms for decentralized control problems, where individual subsystems are connected over a network. We focus on the simplest information structure, consisting of two interconnected linear systems, and construct the optimal controller subject to a decentralization constraint via a spectral factorization approach. We provide explicit state-space formulae for the optimal controller, characterize its order, and show that its states are those of a particular optimal estimator.
Clonal dissection of the human memory B‐cell repertoire following infection and vaccination (2009)

The analysis of the human memory B-cell repertoire is of both fundamental and practical significance. We developed a simple method for the selective activation of memory B cells in total fresh or frozen PBMC using a combination of R848 and IL-2. In these conditions, 30-40% of memory B cells generated clones producing on average 200 ng IgG in 10 days. This method was used to measure the frequency of antigen-specific memory B cells as well as the fine specificity, cross-reactivity and neutralizing activity of the secreted antibodies. Following influenza vaccination, specific B cells expanded dramatically, reaching up to 50% of total clonable memory B cells on day 14. Specific B-cell expansions were detected also in individuals that did not show a significant serological response. Dynamic changes and persistence of B cells specific for a variety of pathogens were documented in serial PBMC samples collected over almost two decades. These results reveal novel aspects of memory B-cell kinetics and provide a powerful tool to monitor immune responses following infection and vaccination.
Immunoassay design and optimization (1991)

Immunoassay methods based on radioisotopic labels have played a major role in medicine during the past three decades, their importance deriving from the ‘structural specificity’ of antibody-antigen reactions and the ‘detectability’ of isotopically-labelled reagents, the latter permitting observation of the binding reactions between exceedingly low reactant concentrations. These attributes have endowed radioimmunoassay (RIA) and immunoradiometric assay (IRMA) methods with unique specificity and sensitivity characteristics, largely accounting for their ubiquitous use in modern medicine and biology. More recently, interest has focussed on non-isotopic techniques based on identical principles, albeit differing in the marker used to label the reactant (antibody or antigen) whose distribution between reacted (‘bound’) and unreacted (‘free’) moieties constitutes the immunoassay ‘response’.
The Internet of Things as greenfield model: A categorization attempt for labeling smart devices (2014)

Prognoses predict the number of smart devices building the Internet of Things (IoT) to range between 30 and 50 billions in 2020, in the most conservative outlook triplicating today's numbers of devices connected to the Internet in just 7 years. While hardware developments and new standards for network and application protocols are progressing well, there is little consensus about how such heterogeneous, wide-scale networks should be planned, administrated and integrated with traditional networks, but also with cloud based infrastructure in a holistic, end-to-end fashion. Thousands of different vendor hardware and software options and incompatible technological lifecycle time spans for smart things will result in serious challenges for device orchestration, management and network scaling. The framework for data collection, transmission and storage has already been raised as an elementary question when aspects of social acceptance and regulatory transparency are being discussed. In this paper we propose a basic, holistic categorization model for devices building the IoT which aims at addressing some of the challenges described by introducing an universal, simple, high-level labeling scheme which contains different flags specifying possible application or use cases, data flow and storage options, economic and ecologic parameters as well as management and control elements.
Palm-top size megawatt peak power ultraviolet microlaser (2013)

The development of a very compact, highly efficient, megawatt peak power, subnanosecond pulse width, 266 nm ultraviolet (UV) microlaser is reported. It contains a specially designed passively Q-switched Nd∶YAG/Cr 4+ ∶YAG microchip laser whose high output peak power of 13 MW enables an efficient wavelength conversion without using any optics before the nonlinear crystals. The subnanosecond pulse width region, which delivers high peak power even at moderate pulse energy, is very useful for an efficient wavelength conversion. We achieve 73% second harmonic generation efficiency using a LiB 3 O 5 (lithium triborate) crystal and 45% fourth harmonic generation efficiency using a β−BaB 2 O 4 (β -barium borate) crystal. As a result, we obtain 650 μJ, 4.3 MW peak power, 150 ps, and 100 Hz pulse output at 266 nm. We use an original design for the nonlinear crystal holders to reduce the size of the microlaser. This palm-top size 266 nm UV microlaser will be useful for many applications, such as materials microprocessing, pulsed laser deposition, UV laser induced breakdown spectroscopy, and photoionization.
Rotary Wing Dynamic Component Structural Life Tracking with Self-Powered Wireless Sensors (2010)

KCF Technologies has developed a novel wireless load sensing technology that can be readily embedded in existing rotorcraft parts located in critical load paths for use in HUMS systems. An H-60 pitch link rod end manufactured by Lord Corporation was chosen as the development platform. The rod end has an existing cavity within the threaded stem where components are embedded. These components consist of a piezoelectric stack for energy harvesting, a magnetostrictive based load sensor, data acquisition hardware, RF transmitter, and all accompanying circuitry. Experimental testing at Lord Corporation demonstrated the system’s ability to harvest energy at representative pitch link loading levels, continuously sample load sensor data at 100 Hz, and wirelessly transmit the data to a nearby location. Flash memory can also be embedded within the rod end to store critical parameters derived from pitch link loading history. When not in service, the part could therefore be interrogated to determine its individual fatigue damage accumulation and remaining service life leading to improved aircraft readiness and reduced maintenance costs. KCF is working directly with partners Lord Corporation, Sikorsky Aircraft, and Goodrich to develop the core technology subject to critical performance and design constraints. KCF is also collaborating with Technical Data Analysis, Inc., to address the essential objectives of tracking each aircraft and its components in near real-time with a system level approach.
PREFATORY NOTE (2011)

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The Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Lower Critical Ordering Transition in Diblock Copolymers (1998)

The effect of hydrostatic pressure on the lower critical ordering transition (LCOT) was investigated by in situ small angle neutron scattering on symmetric and asymmetric diblock copolymers of perdeuterated polystyrene and poly(n-butyl methacrylate). These systems exhibit a transition from the disordered to ordered state upon heating. Similar to the lower critical solution transition (LCST) in polymer mixtures, the LCOT is entropically driven and is accompanied by an increase in volume on demixing of the copolymer blocks. As a consequence, application of hydrostatic pressure markedly increases the temperature at which the transition from the disordered to the ordered state occurs. Small angle neutron scattering studies as a function of temperature and pressure show that the pressure dependence of the LCOT, ΔTLCOT/ΔP, is up to +147 °C/kbar (1.45 ± 0.07 °C/MPa), roughly 1 order of magnitude greater than that seen at elevated pressures for diblock copolymers exhibiting an upper critical ordering transition (UCOT). Additionally, SANS data obtained at various pressures were superimposed to generate master curves for the peak intensity, peak position, and full width at half-maximum (fwhm). This suggests an equivalence between temperature and pressure of the thermodynamic behavior of systems that exhibit the LCOT.
Ex Vivo Expanded 3D Human Kidney Spheres Engraft Long Term and Repair Chronic Renal Injury in Mice (2020)

End-stage renal disease is a worldwide epidemic requiring renal replacement therapy. Harvesting tissue from failing kidneys and autotransplantation of tissue progenitors could theoretically delay the need for dialysis. Here we use healthy and end-stage human adult kidneys to robustly expand proliferative kidney epithelial cells and establish 3D kidney epithelial cultures termed "nephrospheres." Formation of nephrospheres reestablishes renal identity and function in primary cultures. Transplantation into NOD/SCID mice shows that nephrospheres restore self-organogenetic properties lost in monolayer cultures, allowing long-term engraftment as tubular structures, potentially adding nephron segments and demonstrating self-organization as critical to survival. Furthermore, long-term tubular engraftment of nephrospheres is functionally beneficial in murine models of chronic kidney disease. Remarkably, nephrospheres inhibit pro-fibrotic collagen production in cultured fibroblasts via paracrine modulation, while transplanted nephrospheres induce transcriptional signatures of proliferation and release from quiescence, suggesting re-activation of endogenous repair. These data support the use of human nephrospheres for renal cell therapy.
Formation of oligomeric structures from plasmid DNA carrying cos lambda that is packaged into bacteriophage lambda heads (1983)

Plasmids that carry cos lambda, the region necessary for lambda phage packaging and that are as small as four kilobases in size can be packaged into lambda phage heads in head-to-tail tandem oligomeric structures. Multimeric oligomers as large as undecamers have been detected. Oligomer formation depends upon the products of red and gam of lambda, and the general recombination occurs between different plasmids that share homologous DNA regions. The packaging efficiency of plasmids depends on its copy number in cells and its genome size. Upon injection into a cell, the DNA establishes itself as a plasmid in a tandem structure. When such a plasmid in a high oligomeric structure is used as the source of packaging DNA, the packaging efficiency of the plasmids is elevated. The oligomers are stable in recA cells, whereas they drift toward lower oligomers in recA+ cells.
Miniaturised wearable UHF-RFID tag with tuning capability (2012)

By carving a ‘square-smile’ slot profile over a folded patch, a miniaturised UHF-RFID tag is obtained, having a convenient two-step tuning mechanism (coarse and fine). This is useful to adapt the same tag to European and US frequencies and to make on-site corrections. The antenna is half the size of a credit card and can be read up to 5m when attached onto the body. The flexible and lightweight EPDM foam substrate makes the tag suited to be integrated in badges, wallets, pockets, plasters, wristbands and various garments.
Microwave filters-applications and technology (2002)

This paper describes the development of microwave filter technology from an applications perspective. Military applications required wide-band and tunable devices for electronic support measures receivers, which led to the development of highly selective wide-band waveguide filters, coaxial resonator and suspended-substrate multiplexers, and electronically tunable filters. The satellite communications industry created demand for low-mass narrow-band low-loss filters with severe specifications on amplitude selectivity and phase linearity. These requirements resulted in the development of dual-mode waveguide and dielectric-resonator filters, and advances in the design of contiguous multiplexers. Cellular communications base-stations demanded low-loss high power-handling selective filters with small physical size, capable of being manufactured in tens of thousands at a reasonable cost. These demands led to advances in coaxial resonator, dielectric resonator, and superconducting filters, and also to methods of cost-reduction, including computer-aided alignment. Cellular radio handsets have required the manufacture of hundreds of millions of extremely small very low-cost filters, still with reasonably low loss and high selectivity. This has driven significant advances in integrated ceramic, surface, and bulk acoustic-wave active filters and filters using micromachined electromechanical systems.
Measuring social capital change using ripple mapping (2013)

This article provides a detailed description of how to implement a ripple mapping activity to assess youth program effects on community capital and concludes with examples from Maine and Kansas. The maps lead to group reflection on project outcomes and further research and evaluation questions for group members. The results from five Maine communities showed that youth in schools and community clubs promoted intentional, mutually beneficial relationships with community groups and businesses and increased shared action on community projects. Likewise, youth in five small Kansas towns implemented and evaluated health promotion projects and found through mapping that youth built social capital in addition to awareness, knowledge, and skills in community health promotion. Ripple mapping helped to demonstrate that actions of youth-adult partnerships in both states improved the built, human, and social capital in small towns.
Temporal Action Detection with Structured Segment Networks (2017)

Detecting actions in untrimmed videos is an important yet challenging task. In this paper, we present the structured segment network (SSN), a novel framework which models the temporal structure of each action instance via a structured temporal pyramid. On top of the pyramid, we further introduce a decomposed discriminative model comprising two classifiers, respectively for classifying actions and determining completeness. This allows the framework to effectively distinguish positive proposals from background or incomplete ones, thus leading to both accurate recognition and localization. These components are integrated into a unified network that can be efficiently trained in an end-to-end fashion. Additionally, a simple yet effective temporal action proposal scheme, dubbed temporal actionness grouping (TAG) is devised to generate high quality action proposals. On two challenging benchmarks, THUMOS14 and ActivityNet, our method remarkably outperforms previous state-of-the-art methods, demonstrating superior accuracy and strong adaptivity in handling actions with various temporal structures.
A <i>MID1</i> gene mutation in a patient with Opitz G/BBB syndrome that altered the 3D structure of SPRY domain (2012)

Mutations in the MID1 gene result in X-linked Opitz G/BBB syndrome (OS), a disorder that affects development of midline structures and comprises hypertelorism, cleft lip/palate, hypospadias, and laryngo-tracheo-esophageal abnormalities, and, at times, neurological, anal, and cardiac defects. MID1 gene abnormalities include missense, nonsense, and splicing mutations, small insertions, small deletions, and complex rearrangements. Here, we present a patient with Opitz G/BBB syndrome and a unique MID1 gene point mutation c.1703T<C (p. Ile568Thr) in exon 10. This mutation was located in the loop between β5 and β6 beta pleated sheets in the SPRY domain. According to our 3D models based on the PRY-SPRY domain of the human TRIM72, the I568T mutation altered the conformation in the loops between β5 and β6 and between β7 and β8. Thus, the I568T mutation altered the conformation of surface B of the binding pocket and may affect the binding affinity to the PRY domain.
Small-Ring Compounds. XLVII. Reactions of Optically Active Cyclopropylmethylcarbinyl Derivatives<sup>1,2a</sup> (1966)

Cyclopropylmethylcarbinylamine and cyclopropylmethylcarbinol were resolved into optical antipodes and their configurations were related. The former was deaminated with aqueous nitrous acid to give the latter with 0-4% net inversion of configuration. Solvolysis of N-methyl-4- alkoxypyridinium salts was investigated as a means of providing a leaving group which would not undergo “internal return.” Solvolysis rates for N-methyl-4-(cyclopropylcarbinyloxy)pyridinium iodide and perchlorate in water and in 80% ethanol and of N-methyl-4-(cyclopropylmethylcarbinyloxy)pyridinium iodide in water were measured. The first-order rate constant for the hydrolysis of N-methyl-4-(cyclopropylmethylcarbinyloxy)pyridinium iodide at 30º was calculated to be 6 x 10^3 times that of N-methyl-\n4-(cyclopropyIcarbinyloxy)pyridinium iodide. The hydrolysis of optically active N-methyl4-(cyclopropylmethylcarbinyloxy) pyridinium iodide produced cyclopropylmethylcarbinol with 4.4 ± 1.5% inversion of configuration. The stereochemistry of the deamination of cyclopropylmethylcarbinylamine and of the hydrolysis of Nmethyl-4-(cyclopropylmethylcarbinyloxy)pyridinium iodide and the ratio of rate constants for the cyclopropylmethylcarbinyl\nand cyclopropylcarbinyl pyridinium salts are discussed with respect to the possible intervention of nonclassical carbonium ion intermediates in these reactions.
Gate-Controlled WSe2 Transistors Using a Buried Triple-Gate Structure (2016)

In the present paper, we show tungsten diselenide (WSe<sub>2</sub>) devices that can be tuned to operate as n-type and p-type field-effect transistors (FETs) as well as band-to-band tunnel transistors on the same flake. Source, channel, and drain areas of the WSe<sub>2</sub> flake are adjusted, using buried triple-gate substrates with three independently controllable gates. The device characteristics found in the tunnel transistor configuration are determined by the particular geometry of the buried triple-gate structure, consistent with a simple estimation of the expected off-state behavior.
Inhibition of p38α MAPK rescues cardiomyopathy induced by overexpressed β2-adrenergic receptor, but not β1-adrenergic receptor (2007)

We examined the role of p38alpha MAPK in mediating cardiomyopathy in mice overexpressing beta(1)-adrenergic receptor (beta(1)-AR) or beta(2)-AR by mating them with dominant-negative p38alpha (DNp38alpha) MAPK mice. Both beta(1)-AR and beta(2)-AR Tg mice had enhanced LV ejection fraction (LVEF) as young adults and developed similar cardiomyopathy at 11-15 months, characterized by reduced LVEF, myocyte hypertrophy, fibrosis, and apoptosis. We inhibited p38alpha MAPK by mating beta(1)-AR Tg and beta(2)-AR Tg mice with DNp38alpha MAPK mice, which rescued the depressed LVEF and reduced apoptosis and fibrosis in bigenic beta(2)-AR x DNp38alpha MAPK mice, but not bigenic beta(1)-AR x DNp38alpha MAPK mice, and failed to reduce myocyte hypertrophy in either group. G(salpha) was increased in both beta(1)-AR Tg and beta(2)-AR Tg mice and was still present in bigenic beta(1)-AR x DNp38alpha MAPK mice, but not bigenic beta(2)-AR x DNp38alpha MAPK mice. This suggests that p38alpha MAPK is one critical downstream signal for the development of cardiomyopathy following chronic beta(2)-AR stimulation, but other kinases may be more important in ameliorating the adverse effects of chronic beta(1)-AR stimulation.