gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Newsgroup Exploration with WEBSOM Method and Browsing Interface (1996)

The current availability of large collections of full-text documents in electronic form emphasizes the need for intelligent information retrieval techniques. Especially in the rapidly growing World Wide Web it is important to have methods for exploring miscellaneous document collections automatically. In the report, we introduce the WEBSOM method for this task. Self-Organizing Maps (SOMs) are used to position encoded documents onto a map that provides a general view into the text collection. The general view visualizes similarity relations between the documents on a map display, which can be utilized in exploring the material rather than having to rely on traditional search expressions. Similar documents become mapped close to each other. The potential of the WEBSOM method is demonstrated in a case study where articles from the Usenet newsgroup &quot;comp.ai.neural-nets&quot; are organized. The map is available for exploration at the WWW address http://websom.hut.fi/websom/
Asymmetry of basal ganglia glucose metabolism and dopa responsiveness in parkinsonism (1998)

We investigated, by positron emission tomography (PET) with [18F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) (FDG-PET), brain glucose metabolism in 19 patients with parkinsonian features. We compared local pattern of FDG uptake and asymmetry indexes in patients with therapeutic response to levodopa (L-dopa) (group 1, presumed Parkinson's disease, n = 9) and patients without L-dopa therapeutic response (group 2, presumed striatonigral degeneration, n = 10). Limb dystonia was present in 11% of patients in group 1 and in 40% of patients in group 2. Asymmetry in basal ganglia metabolism was distributed differently in the two groups (analysis of variance, p < 0.04). In superior and inferior putamen, superior and middle caudate, ventral striatum, and inferior thalamus, relative reduction in metabolism on the side contralateral to predominant parkinsonian signs was associated with L-dopa unresponsiveness. On the contrary, in middle caudate, ventral striatum, and inferior thalamus, a relative increase in metabolism on the side contralateral to the predominant side, parkinsonian signs were found in L-dopa-responsive patients. Our FDG-PET study using simple statistical procedures demonstrates inverse asymmetry of basal ganglia glucose metabolism in parkinsonian patients grouped on the sole basis of L-dopa responsiveness.
Full-duplex performance assessment of in-line transceivers emitting at 1.3 μm and receiving at 1.55 μm (1996)

Starting from the signal-to-noise ratio formula for in-line transceivers, we evaluate the receiver performance in full-duplex operation. We show theoretically and experimentally two methods to obtain a system compatible sensitivity. Full-duplex sensitivities of -23.9 dBm and -19.1 dBm are demonstrated at 68 Mb/s and 196 Mb/s, respectively.
Architecting Scalability for Massively Multiplayer Online Gaming Experiences (2005)

In this study, the authors propose to discuss scalability challenges posed by Massively Multiplayer Online Game (MMOG) scenarios, while outlining issues specific to the context of online interactive experiences and game genres. These scalability issues concern: game simulation, content distribution, communication and coordination, and structural scalability. The authors present a critical review of approaches to known issues and outline research goals for an integrated scalability approach, to achieve a balanced, general purpose design, for MMOG infrastructure.
A time-of-flight voltage contrast detector for measurements on VLSI circuits (1990)

The authors present developments in the design of a new type of voltage contrast detector. Voltage contrast measurements are made by recording transit times of secondary electrons as they are emitted from a specimen and collected above the final lens of an SEM. The study shows that such a voltage contrast detector can be designed to combine a high spatial resolution with a large field of view: voltage measurements using sub- mu m probe sizes can be maintained over a 6 mm by 6 mm square region. The detector is also predicted to have data-acquisition times that are at least a factor of 30 times shorter than those of conventional retarding field-type detectors. The detector is expected to sample waveforms in its normal multi-stroboscopic mode of operation at frequencies up to 20 MHz.
Fabrication of plastic microlens arrays for array microscopy by diamond milling techniques (2010)

Six microlens arrays are fabricated in a single step process using diamond milling techniques, plunging and micromilling. Four of the lenses are cut using plunging, two each in poly(methyl methacrylate) and polystyrene (Rexolite 1422), and the other two are cut in polystyrene using 3D micro-milling. Half of the lenses are concave and the other half are convex. These are high power lenses having steep sag at the edges and radii between 2.0 - 2.1 mm for each array. The clear aperture diameters of the lenses are about 3.2 mm for plunged lenses and 2.6 mm for micro-milled lenses. The lenses are spaced 4 mm apart in a square grid. Setup and method of these techniques is described and the lens arrays are characterized based on radius (power) error, wavefront error, roughness, and grid position error. Micro-milled lenses are shown to be of high optical quality compared with standards for injection molded plastic lenses.
Design Principle of Channel Material for Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor with High Thermal Stability and High On-current by Fluorine Doping (2020)

We propose material design guideline of oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (OS-FET) based on first-principles calculation, and experimentally demonstrate excellent FET characteristics for the first time. Fluorine-doped In-Ga-Zn-O (IGZO) channel OS-FET exhibits both high thermal stability (>400°C) and high on-current at optimum F doping concentration which are required for co-integration with Si-CMOS as BEOL transistor. Our calculation revealed that high thermal stability comes from the release of overstress in IGZO by substitution of O by F. On the other hand, overdose of F decreases on-current by forming electron traps of metal-metal bonds. Considering these two different mechanisms behind, we successfully propose a breakthrough concept to improve thermal stability of OS-FET without degradation of on-current. Our results pave a new way for realizing high-performance BEOL transistors for 3D-LSI application.
Activation of Serum Creatine Kinase by Dithiothreitol (1972)

Abstract I studied activation of serum creatine kinase (CK) by sulfhydryl reagents, and the optimum assay conditions. Dithiothreitol and β-mercaptoethanol were the best activators. Dithioerythritol, L-cysteine, glutathione, and mercaptoacetate were less effective. Over a dithiothreitol concentration range from 0.02 to 2 mmol/liter, enzyme activity increased with increasing dithiothreitol. Activation was maximum between 2 and 20 mmol/liter. At any dithiothreitol concentration the rate of activation was rapid, and the activity attained did not increase on prolonged preincubation. Thus, the extent of activation of serum CK by dithiothreitol is largely a thermodynamically-controlled, not a kinetically-controlled, phenomenon.
Assessing successful entry into nurse practitioner practice: a literature review. (2005)

Nurse practitioners (NPs) have been the subjects of many studies focused on role performance, cost effectiveness, and acceptance in clinical practice. As part of a study to compare successful entry of NP program graduates from various backgrounds into NP practice, a review of the literature was performed. This literature review focuses on research studies that examine successful entry into NP practice by seasoned registered nurses as well as by non-nurse college graduates who have no prior nursing experience. The topical areas that emerged from the literature were educational background and experience as a registered nurse, socialization into practice, transition into NP practice, and evaluation measures of successful NP practice. The results of the literature review revealed the need for further work on assessment of successful entry into NP practice.
Diffraction Gratings at the Mount Wilson Observatory (1986)

The past century has seen major advances in diffraction gratings, motivated by pressure for new and better data in two rather distinct fields: laboratory spectroscopy—aimed at understanding atomic structure and testing quantum theory—and astrophysical spectroscopy—aimed at understanding objects ranging from the Sun and stars to faint sources at the limit of detection. In this historical account I trace some of the hard-won gains in the technology of the ruling machines that produce the gratings, and I touch on the role that larger and higher-quality gratings have played in scientific advances. I focus on the work at the Mount Wilson Observatory, where I directed the diffraction-grating laboratory from 1948 to 1963, but I do so with full recognition of the important contributions made at numerous other laboratories, especially those at The Johns Hopkins University, the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Bausch & Lomb Optical Company.
Interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization identifies chromosomal abnormalities in plasma cells from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (1995)

Karyotypic studies in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) have been hampered by a low percentage of bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC), which are predominantly nonproliferating. By combining cytomorphology and interphase fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) we investigated whether or not chromosomal abnormalities occur in BMPC from patients with MGUS. Studying chromosomes 3, 7, 11, and 18, which we found to be frequently aneuploid by FISH in multiple myeloma (MM), we observed three hybridization signals for one of these chromosomes 3 were most common, occurring in 38.9% of patients, followed by gains of chromosomes 11 (25%), 7 (16.7%), and 18 (5.6%) Among BMPC, the frequency of aneuploid cells was 18.9% +/- 13.9% (mean +/- SD) for chromosome 3, 22.3% +/- 9.2% for chromosome 11, 23.2% +/- 22.0% for chromosome 7, and 6.1% +/- 2.3% for chromosome 18. In five patients, chromosomal abnormalities were shown to be restricted to BMPC expressing cytoplasmic immunoglobulins corresponding to the serum paraprotein. No gain of hybridization signals was observed in normal and reactive plasma cells. In one patient with MGUS, metaphase cytogenetics revealed one abnormal metaphase with 47, XY, +4, and trisomy 4 was also demonstrated in a subpopulation of BMPC by interphase FISH. FISH results from patients with MGUS and newly diagnosed MM at stage IA (n = 14) indicated that aberrations involving > or = 2 chromosomes occurred significantly more often in early stage MM (P < .01). With respect to clinical and laboratory features, MGUS patients with and without chromosomal abnormalities were indistinguishable. Our results indicate that MGUS already has the chromosomal characteristics of a plasma cell malignancy.
Treatment window for hypothermia in brain injury (2001)

When hypothermia was administered immediately or 60 minutes after TBI, injured rats showed an improvement in functional outcome and a decrease in edema. Delayed hypothermia treatment had no effect on functional outcome or on edema.
Unsupervised Machine Learning for Unbiased Chemical Classification in X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy and X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (2021)

We report a comprehensive computational study of unsupervised machine learning for extraction of chemically relevant information in X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) and in valence-to-core X-ray emission spectra (VtC-XES) for classification of a broad ensemble of sulforganic molecules. By progressively decreasing the constraining assumptions of the unsupervised machine learning algorithm, moving from principal component analysis to a variational autoencoder to t-distributed stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), we find improved sensitivity to steadily more refined chemical information. Surprisingly, even in merely two dimensions, t-SNE distinguishes not just oxidation state and general sulfur bonding environment but the aromaticity of the bonding radical group with 87% accuracy as well as identifying even finer details in electronic structure within aromatic or aliphatic sub-classes. We find that the chemical information in XANES and VtC-XES is very similar, although they exhibit an unexpected tendency to have different sensitivity within a given molecular class.
Recombinant Human (rh)IL-4-Mediated Apoptosis and Recombinant Human IL-6-Mediated Protection of Recombinant Human Stem Cell Factor-Dependent Human Mast Cells Derived from Cord Blood Mononuclear Cell Progenitors (1999)

Although stem cell factor (SCF) appears to be the major growth factor for human mast cells, other factors undoubtedly play important roles in the development, survival, and function of these cells. The current study examined the effects of recombinant human (rh) IL-4 and rhIL-6 on rhSCF-dependent development and survival of human mast cells derived in vitro from cord blood progenitor cells. After 4-8 wk of culture with rhSCF and various amounts of rhIL-4, a dramatic decline in mast cell numbers was observed with rhIL-4, the EC50 being about 0.1 ng/ml. Numbers of other cell types remained high. Mast cells derived from cord blood progenitors after 7 wk of culture with rhSCF alone displayed an MCT phenotype and expressed Kit, FcepsilonRI, and IL-4R on their surface. Mast cells examined after purification by immunomagnetic sorting became apoptotic within hours after exposure to rhIL-4, a phenomenon blocked by anti-IL-4 Ab. Because rhIL-4-dependent apoptosis but not the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential was prevented by the pan-caspase inhibitor benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Ala-Asp-(Z-VAD)-fluoromethylketone, mitochondrial perturbation most likely preceded caspase activation. Consistent with this conclusion was the observation that both apoptosis and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (Deltapsim) were inhibited by cyclosporin A in combination with aristolochic acid. rhIL-6 protected cord blood mast cells from rhIL-4-induced apoptosis. Thus, IL-4 can cause both maturation and apoptosis of human mast cells, the latter effect being abrogated by IL-6.
Optimal Threshold for a Positive Hybrid Capture 2 Test for Detection of Human Papillomavirus: Data from the ARTISTIC Trial (2009)

We present data on the use of the Hybrid Capture 2 (HC2) test for the detection of high-risk human papillomavirus (HR HPV) with different thresholds for positivity within a primary screening setting and as a method of triage for low-grade cytology. In the ARTISTIC population-based trial, 18,386 women were screened by cytology and for HPV. Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia lesions of grade two and higher (CIN2+ lesions) were identified for 453 women within 30 months of an abnormal baseline sample. When a relative light unit/cutoff (RLU/Co) ratio of > or = 1 was used as the threshold for considering an HC2 result positive, 15.6% of results were positive, and the proportion of CIN2+ lesions in this group was 14.7%. The relative sensitivity for CIN2+ lesion detection was 93.4%. When an RLU/Co ratio of > or = 2 was used as the threshold, there was a 2.5% reduction in positivity, with an increase in the proportion of CIN2+ lesions detected. The relative sensitivity decreased slightly, to 90.3%. Among women with low-grade cytology, HPV prevalences were 43.7% and 40.3% at RLU/Co ratios of > or = 1 and > or = 2, respectively. The proportions of CIN2+ lesions detected were 17.3% and 18.0%, with relative sensitivities of 87.7% at an RLU/Co ratio of > or = 1 and 84.2% at an RLU/Co ratio of > or = 2. At an RLU/Co ratio of > or = 1, 68.3% of HC2-positive results were confirmed by the Roche line blot assay, compared to 77.2% of those at an RLU/Co ratio of > or = 2. Fewer HC2-positive results were confirmed for 35- to 64-year-olds (50.3% at an RLU/Co ratio of > or = 1 and 63.2% at an RLU/Co ratio of > 2) than for 20- to 34-year-olds (78.7% at an RLU/Co ratio of > or = 1 and 83.7% at an RLU/Co ratio of > 2). If the HC2 test is used for routine screening as an initial test or as a method of triage for low-grade cytology, we would suggest increasing the threshold for positivity from the RLU/Co ratio of > or = 1, recommended by the manufacturer, to an RLU/Co ratio of > or = 2, since this study has shown that a beneficial balance between relative sensitivity and the proportion of CIN2+ lesions detected is achieved at this threshold.
Fc gammaRIIb inhibits both B cell receptor- and CD19-induced Ca2+ mobilization in Fc gammaR-transfected human B cells. (1998)

Fc gammaRIIb (CD32) controls antibody production by down-regulating cell activation, when co-clustered with B cell antigen receptors (BCR) in vivo, via immune complexes consisting of secreted IgG and antigen. Fc gammaRIIb-BCR co-ligation in vitro was shown to inhibit the Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space, the mechanism of which is not fully understood. Human B cells express Fc gammaRIIb1 and Fc gammaRIIb2, differing only in a 19 amino acid long insert in the cytoplasmic tail of the former. To elucidate whether Fc gammaRIIb1 and Fc gammaRIIb2 isoforms show any difference in the down-regulation of B cells, we have studied the effect of co-clustering of BCR and Fc gammaRIIb1 or Fc gammaRIIb2 on the Ca2+ signaling in a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line, ST486, transfected with the two isoforms respectively. We have shown here, for the first time, that co-aggregation of BCR and Fc gammaRIIb may also inhibit Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum pool of human B cells. Both isoforms mediated this inhibition and the inhibitory effect depended on the ratio of BCR to Fc gammaRIIb cross-linking. In contrast to Fc gammaRIIb, the CD21/CD19 complex was shown to up-regulate B cell response by lowering the activation threshold. We have shown here that co-clustering of Fc gammaRIIb with CD19 inhibited the CD19-induced Ca2+ influx. Furthermore, the three party co-aggregation of Fc gammaRIIb with BCR and CD19 resulted in a decreased Ca2+ response, as compared to the BCR- plus CD19-induced one, indicating that Fc gammaRIIb may inhibit CD19-induced enhancement of B cell activation. On the basis of these data we suggest that IgG-containing and C3d-fixing immune complexes may down-regulate the B cell response by interfering with both BCR- and CD19-mediated Ca2+ mobilization.
PRCHMANN REACTION: COUMARINS FROM 2-ETHYLQUINOL AND 4-ETHYLPYROGALLOL (1956)

2-Ethylquinol and 4-ethylpyrogallol have been condensed with various \(\beta\)-ketonic esters and the respective coumarins obtained are described. The results show that these phenols are more reactive than quinol and pyrogallol respectively.
A cryogenic multichannel electronically scanned pressure module (1992)

Consideration is given to a cryogenic multichannel electronically scanned pressure (ESP) module developed and tested over an extended temperature span from -184 to +50 C and a pressure range of 0 to 5 psig. The ESP module consists of 32 pressure sensor dice, four analog 8 differential-input multiplexers, and an amplifier circuit, all of which are packaged in a physical volume of 2 x 1 x 5/8 in with 32 pressure and two reference ports. Maximum nonrepeatability is measured at 0.21 percent of full-scale output. The ESP modules have performed consistently well over 15 times over the above temperature range and continue to work without any sign of degradation. These sensors are also immune to repeated thermal shock tests over a temperature change of 220 C/sec.
Photocatalytic Hydrogen Generation Efficiencies in One-Dimensional CdSe Heterostructures (2012)

To better understand the role nanoscale heterojunctions play in the photocatalytic generation of hydrogen, we have designed several model one-dimensional (1D) heterostructures based on CdSe nanowires (NWs). Specifically, CdSe/CdS core/shell NWs and Au nanoparticle (NP)-decorated core and core/shell NWs have been produced using facile solution chemistries. These systems enable us to explore sources for efficient charge separation and enhanced carrier lifetimes important to photocatalytic processes. We find that visible light H2 generation efficiencies in the produced hybrid 1D structures increase in the order CdSe < CdSe/Au NP < CdSe/CdS/Au NP < CdSe/CdS with a maximum H2 generation rate of 58.06 ± 3.59 μmol h(-1) g(-1) for CdSe/CdS core/shell NWs. This is 30 times larger than the activity of bare CdSe NWs. Using femtosecond transient differential absorption spectroscopy, we subsequently provide mechanistic insight into the role nanoscale heterojunctions play by directly monitoring charge flow and accumulation in these hybrid systems. In turn, we explain the observed trend in H2 generation rates with an important outcome being direct evidence for heterojunction-influenced charge transfer enhancements of relevant chemical reduction processes.
A two‐center, double‐blinded, randomized trial testing the tolerability and efficacy of a novel therapeutic agent for cellulite reduction (2005)

The active topical agent used in this study was found to be effective in reducing the appearance of cellulite. All subjects tolerated the formulation well with no adverse effects. The success of this research validates the pathophysiologic concepts used to formulate the topical compound. This study both increases our understanding of the nature of cellulite and establishes a tolerable, effective product to treat it.
Android Malware Forensics: Reconstruction of Malicious Events (2012)

Smart mobile devices have been widely used and the contained sensitive information is endangered by malwares. The malicious events caused by malwares are crucial evidences for digital forensic analysis, and the main task of mobile forensic analysis is to reconstruct these events. However, the reconstruction heavily relies on the code analysis of the malware. The difficulties and challenges include how to quickly identify the suspicious programs, how to defeat the anti-forensics tricks of malicious code, and how to deduce the malicious behaviors according to the code. To address this issue, we propose systematic procedures of analyzing typical malware behaviors on the popular mobile operating system Android. Based on the procedures we discuss the deduction of Android malicious events. We also give a real malware forensic case as a reference.
The fast multipole algorithm (2000)

Accurate computation of the mutual interactions of N particles through electrostatic or gravitational forces has impeded progress in many areas of simulation science. The fast multipole algorithm (FMA) provides an efficient scheme for reducing computational complexity. Researchers are studying very large astrophysical simulations with hybrids of the FMA and the earlier Barnes-Hut scheme (J.E. Barnes and P. Hut, 1986). In the biophysical-simulation world, the Ewald summation method is an additional competitor. Since the development of the FMA, scientists have created various fast versions of the nearly 80-year-old Ewald method that are faster than multipole codes in some cases, although their error behavior is harder to quantify. The Ewald codes also handle periodic boundary conditions automatically; FMA-derived codes can be extended to this case with extra effort. None the less, FMA and its offspring remain important, and the newest formulations promise to again challenge Ewald codes for the title of fastest electrostatic solver.