gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anatomically realistic multiscale models of normal and abnormal gastrointestinal electrical activity (2007)

One of the major aims of the International Union of Physiological Sciences (IUPS) Physiome Project is to develop multiscale mathematical and computer models that can be used to help understand human health. We present here a small facet of this broad plan that applies to the gastrointestinal system. Specifically, we present an anatomically and physiologically based modelling framework that is capable of simulating normal and pathological electrical activity within the stomach and small intestine. The continuum models used within this framework have been created using anatomical information derived from common medical imaging modalities and data from the Visible Human Project. These models explicitly incorporate the various smooth muscle layers and networks of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) that are known to exist within the walls of the stomach and small bowel. Electrical activity within individual ICCs and smooth muscle cells is simulated using a previously published simplified representation of the cell level electrical activity. This simulated cell level activity is incorporated into a bidomain representation of the tissue, allowing electrical activity of the entire stomach or intestine to be simulated in the anatomically derived models. This electrical modelling framework successfully replicates many of the qualitative features of the slow wave activity within the stomach and intestine and has also been used to investigate activity associated with functional uncoupling of the stomach.
Contact modelling of human skin: What value to use for the modulus of elasticity? (2012)

In modelling and understanding the contact and friction behaviour of human skin, the elastic modulus of the skin is an important input parameter. For the development of design rules for the engineering of surfaces in contact with the skin an expression that describes the relation between the elastic modulus of the skin and the size of the contact is essential. Although an exact description of the mechanical behaviour of the skin requires an anisotropic, nonlinear, viscoelastic model, in this study it was found that for contact modelling involving relatively small deformations, the mechanical behaviour seems to be accurately described by a single parameter: the effective elastic modulus. The effective elastic modulus is shown to decrease several orders of magnitude when the length scale increases, which is the consequence of the rather complex anatomy of the skin. At an indentation depth of 10 µm, the effective elastic modulus was shown to decrease from 0.15 to 0.015 MPa when the radius of curvature of the indenter increases from 10 µm to 10 mm. The variation of the elasticity is explained by the variation in the composition and properties of the different skin layers. This study shows that for the contact modelling of human skin, a closed-form expression based on the anatomy of the skin exists, which yields the magnitude of the effective elastic modulus of the skin as a function of the length scale of the contact depending on variables such as age, gender and environmental conditions.
Equalisation using non-linear adaptive clustering (1994)

The optimal equalisation of communications channels is achieved by the use of maximum likelihood sequence estimation (MLSE). Nonlinear clustering procedures extend the capabilities of MLSE in the case of channel nonlinearity or time variation. However, a problem with these techniques has been either high computational complexity or uncertainty about model order. This paper provides a technique which fixes the model order at an a priori known level and simplifies the clustering by the use of a finite (and exact) polynomial interpretation, which also leads to simple and stable adaptation.
The C‐terminal domain of the secretin PulD contains the binding site for its cognate chaperone, PulS, and confers PulS dependence on pIV<sup>f1</sup> function (1997)

Related outer membrane proteins, termed secretins, participate in the secretion of macromolecules across the outer membrane of many Gram-negative bacteria. In the pullulanase-secretion system, PulS, an outer membrane-associated lipoprotein, is required both for the integrity and the proper outer membrane localization of the PulD secretin. Here we show that the PulS-binding site is located within the C-terminal 65 residues of PulD. Addition of this domain to the filamentous phage secretin, pIV, or to the unrelated maltose-binding protein rendered both proteins dependent on PulS for stability. A chimeric protein composed of bacteriophage f1 pIV and the C-terminal domain of PuID required properly localized PulS to support phage assembly. An in vivo complex formed between the pIV-PulD65 chimera and PulS was detected by co-immunoprecipitation and by affinity chromatography.
Flash pyrolysis of sewage sludge (1986)

A dry mixture of raw and activated sewage sludge was pyrolyzed in a bench-scale fluidized-bed reactor at residence times of less than 1s over the temperature range 400-700°C. Organic liquid yields of up to 52% maf were obtained at the optimum temperature of 450°C and 0.55-s residence time. Shorter reaction times gave slightly higher liquid yields. The effects of reaction athmosphere, char accumulation, and deashing on liquid yields were also investigated. A test in a larger unit at a feed rate of 2kg/h duplicated the bench-scale result. From elemental analyses, the char appears to be aromatic in character, while the liquid tar product has a H/C atomic ratio of about 1.77. A certain amount of water-soluble alcohols, ketones, etc., appear to be present also.
Modulation Instability of Incoherent Beams in Non-Instantaneous Nonlinear Media (1999)

Modulation Instability (MI) is a fairly common phenomenon in non-linear wave systems; it can typically be observed on top of a pulse that is very smooth compared to the other characteristic length scales of the physical system.
Regulatory B cells are enriched within the IgM memory and transitional subsets in healthy donors but are deficient in chronic GVHD (2014)

A subset of regulatory B cells (Bregs) in mice negatively regulate T-cell immune responses through the secretion of regulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and direct cell-cell contact and have been linked to experimental models of autoimmunity, inflammation, and cancer. However, the regulatory function of Bregs in human disease is much less clear. Here we demonstrate that B cells with immunoregulatory properties are enriched within both the CD19(+)IgM(+)CD27(+) memory and CD19(+)CD24(hi)CD38(hi) transitional B-cell subsets in healthy human donors. Both subsets suppressed the proliferation and interferon-γ production of CD3/CD28-stimulated autologous CD4(+) T cells in a dose-dependent manner, and both relied on IL-10 secretion as well as cell-cell contact, likely mediated through CD80 and CD86, to support their full suppressive function. Moreover, after allogeneic stem cell transplantation, Bregs from patients with chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) were less frequent and less likely to produce IL-10 than were Bregs from healthy donors and patients without cGVHD. These findings suggest that Bregs may be involved in the pathogenesis of cGVHD and support future investigation of regulatory B cell-based therapy in the treatment of this disease.
Fail-safe and fail-operational systems safeguarded with coded processing (2013)

Safety has the highest priority because it helps contribute to customer confidence and thereby ensures further growth of the new markets, like electromobility. Therefore in series production redundant hardware concepts like dual core microcontrollers running in lock-step-mode are used to reach for example ASIL D safety requirements given from the ISO 26262. Coded processing is capable of reducing redundancy in hardware by adding diverse redundancy in software, e.g. by specific coding of data and instructions. A system with two coded processing channels is considered. Both channels are active. When one channel fails, the service can be continued with the other channel. It is imaginable that the two channels with implemented coded processing are running with time redundancy on a single core or on a multi core system where for example different ASIL levels are partitioned on different cores. In this paper a redundancy concept based on coded processing will be taken into account. The improvement of the Mean Time To Failure by safeguarding the system with coded processing will be computed for fail-safe as well as for fail-operational systems. The use of the coded processing approach in safeguarding failsafe systems is proved.
Efficiently monitoring relational databases (1979)

An alerter is a program which monitors a database and reports to some user or program when a specified condition occurs. It may be that the condition is a complicated expression involving several entities in the database; in this case the evaluation of the expression may be computationally expensive. A scheme is presented in which alerters may be placed on a complex query involving a relational database, and a method is demonstrated for reducing the amount of computation involved in checking whether an alerter should be triggered.
A Model for Throughput Prediction for Mobile Users (2014)

In this paper we propose a stochastic model to predict user throughput in mobile networks. In particular, the model accounts for uncertainty such as random phenomena (e.g., fast fading) or inexact information (e.g., user location) to derive the statistical distribution of the user throughput. Such a model is highly useful for aiding scheduling and resource allocation decisions. In addition, we provide a taxonomy of prediction techniques to investigate error sources and the main characteristics of prediction accuracy. Finally, we show the versatility of the model by analyzing LTE user throughput for the case where knowledge of either the user's actual position or the congestion level in the cell is inexact.
Biodegradation of Phenol: Mechanisms and Applications (2000)

Abstract Phenol, or hydroxybenzene, is both a synthetically and naturally produced aromatic compound. Microorganisms capable of degrading phenol are common and include both aerobes and anaerobes. Many aerobic phenol-degrading microorganisms have been isolated and the pathways for the aerobic degradation of phenol are now firmly established. The first steps include oxygenation of phenol by phenol hydroxylase enzymes to form catechol, followed by ring cleavage adjacent to or in between the two hydroxyl groups of catechol. Phenol hydroxylases ranging from simple flavoprotein monooxygenases to multicomponent hydroxylases, as well as the genes coding for these enzymes, have been described for a number of aerobic phenol-degrading microorganisms. Phenol can also be degraded in the absence of oxygen. Our knowledge of this process is less advanced than that of the aerobic process, and only a few anaerobic phenol-degrading bacteria have been isolated to date. Convincing evidence from both pure culture studies with the denitrifying organism Thauera aromatica K172 and with two Clostridium species, as well as from mixed culture studies, indicates that the first step in anaerobic phenol degradation is carboxylation in the para-position to form 4-hydroxybenzoate. Following para-carboxylation, thioesterification of 4-hydroxybenzoate to co-enzyme A allows subsequent ring reduction, hydration, and fission. Para-carboxylation appears to be involved in the anaerobic degradation of a number of aromatic compounds. Numerous practical applications exist for microbial phenol degradation. These include the exploitation of indigenous anaerobic phenol-degrading bacteria in the in situ bioremediation of creosote-contaminated subsurface environments, and the use of phenol as a co-substrate for indigenous aerobic phenol-degrading bacteria to enhance in situ biodegradation of chlorinated solvents.
Bovine respiratory disease in feedlot cattle: Environmental, genetic, and economic factors (2006)

The objective of this study was to characterize genetic, environmental, and economic factors related to the incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) in feedlot calves. Records from 18,112 calves representing 9 breeds (Angus, Braunvieh, Charolais, Gelbvieh, Hereford, Limousin, Pinzgauer, Red Poll, and Simmental) and 3 composite types (MARC I, MARC II, and MARC III) over a 15-yr period (1987 to 2001) were evaluated. Disease incidence was observed and recorded by station veterinary and technical staff. The incidence of BRD varied across years, with the annual observed incidence ranging from 5 to 44%. From 1987 to 1992, the annual average incidence generally exceeded 20%. However, in later years the annual incidence did not exceed 14%. The epidemiological pattern indicated that BRD infection increased dramatically after 5 d on feed and remained high until approximately 80 d on feed. Previous BRD infection during the preweaning period did not influence subsequent BRD infection in the feedlot. Steers were more likely to become sick with BRD than heifers; castration before entry in the feedlot may be a predisposing cause. Few significant differences among breeds were detected for BRD incidence. Adjusted solutions from mixed model analyses indicated that Herefords were generally more susceptible to BRD infection (P < 0.05) than MARC I and III composite types. Composite breed types had similar susceptibility compared with other purebred breeds. Mortality associated with BRD was greatest in Red Poll calves (9%) compared with the average over all breeds (4%). Estimates of heritability for resistance to BRD ranged from 0.04 to 0.08 +/- 0.01. When the observed heritability was transformed to an underlying continuous scale, the estimate increased to 0.18. Selection for resistance to BRD could be effective if phenotypes for BRD resistance were known. Thus, development of an inexpensive and humane method of challenging animals with BRD to determine resistance would be an important step in reducing the incidence of BRD. This study also demonstrated that producer-collected field data could be used for selection against this disease. The economic loss associated with lower gains and treatment costs for BRD infection in a 1,000-cattle feedlot was estimated as dollar 13.90 per animal, not including labor and associated handling costs.
Breast cancer stem-like cells and breast cancer therapy (2010)

@@ Until the early 1990s, human cancers were considered a morphologically heterogeneous population of cells. In 1997, Bonnet et al[1] demonstrated that a small population of leukemia cells was able to differentiate in vivo into leukemic blasts, indicating that the leukemic clone was organized as a hierarchy; this was subsequently denoted as cancer stem like cells (CSCs). CSCs are cancer cells that possess characteristics associated with normal stem cells and have the specific ability to give rise to all cell types found in a particular cancer. One reason for the failure of traditional anti tumor therapies might be their inability to eradicate CSCs. Therefore, therapies must identify and destroy CSCs in both primary and metastatic tumors.
Intercalating Nucleic Acids with Pyrene Nucleotide Analogues as Next‐Nearest Neighbors for Excimer Fluorescence Detection of Single‐Point Mutations under Nonstringent Hybridization Conditions (2003)

Abstract Fluorescence and hybridization specificity is reported for intercalating nucleic acids (INAs), which are here oligodeoxynucleotides (ODNs) synthesized with insertions using ( S )‐1‐[bis(4‐methoxyphenyl)(phenyl)methoxy]‐3‐[(pyren‐1‐yl)methoxy]propan‐2‐ol phosphoramidites. It is shown that an INA with two insertions placed as next‐nearest neighbors can be used for discrimination between nucleic acids and their single‐point mutants. Quenching of an excimer band at 480 nm is observed upon hybridizing to a complementary sequence, whereas the excimer band is present when the nucleobase pair between the two pyrene moieties is mismatched. It is the first example of a solution based on fluorescence detection of single‐point mutants that uses excimer formation and does not rely on stringent hybridization conditions. Furthermore, it is shown that INAs with pyrene insertions retain their sequence specificity in thermal melting.
Experience with Pediatric Kidney Transplantation, 1985-2016: A Single Regional Center Study (2017)

Purpose: Kidney transplantation (KT) is an ideal treatment for pediatric patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). We report the clinical outcomes of pediatric ESRD patients who underwent KT in a single regional center. Methods: We retrospectively investigated the medical records of 60 pediatric patients who were diagnosed with ESRD and underwent KT in our hospital between January 1985 and June 2016. Results: A total of 60 children and adolescents (40 male, 20 female; mean age, 13.864.26 years) were included in this study. Six patients (10.0%) underwent KT immediately after receiving the diagnosis of ESRD, while the others underwent KT after dialysis treatment (mean period of dialysis, 368.74,41.8 days). The mean donor age (50 living-related [83.3%], 10 deceased [16.7%]) was 40.012.85 years and the male:female ratio was 1.07:1. The most common cause of ESRD was chronic glomerulonephritis. The overall survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years after KT were 98%, 98%, and 96%, respectively, while the graft survival rates at 1, 3, and 5 years were 93%, 86%, and 68%, respectively. Children who underwent KT before 10 years of age had better monthly growth rates than those who underwent KT later than 10 years of age. Conclusions: KT is performed less frequently in children than in adults, but causes of ESRD vary and clinical outcomes after KT greatly affect the growth and development of pediatric patients. Therefore, further analysis and monitoring of clinical progression after KT in pediatric ESRD patients are necessary.
First Successful Multilateral Well Installation From a Floating Rig: Development and Case History (1998)

Abstract This paper details the design, development, testing, and installation of the first successful multilateral well installed from a floating rig offshore Norway. Well design constraints were evaluated with respect to their impact on a multilateral well. These constraints included rig heave affecting multilateral operations, horizontal junction placement, unconsolidated junction/reservoir rock, and requirements for a cemented junction. Potential problems were determined, and materials and processes were developed to provide resolutions for these problems. Testing was performed to verify that the solutions planned would be successful. New developments for the project included a rate-of-penetration controller tool and a new fluid-loss-control device. Other firsts included the use of a single hollow whipstock to mill the casing window as well as treatment of the junction area with a consolidating chemical to improve stability and reduce the tendency for sand production. The multilateral well was constructed according to plan with no serious problems and is currently producing from both laterals. P. 647
Immune‐mediated necrotizing myopathy associated with statins (2009)

We report patients from two neuromuscular centers who were evaluated between the years 2000 and 2008 and met the following criteria: (1) proximal muscle weakness occurring during or after treatment with statins; (2) elevated serum creatine kinase (CK); (3) persistence of weakness and elevated CK despite discontinuation of the statin; (4) improvement with immunosuppressive agents; and (5) muscle biopsy showing necrotizing myopathy without significant inflammation. Twenty-five patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Twenty-four patients required multiple immunosuppressive agents. Fifteen patients relapsed after being tapered off immunosuppressive therapy. Exposure to statins prior to onset was significantly higher in patients with necrotizing myopathy (82%) as compared to those with dermatomyositis (18%), polymyositis (24%), and inclusion-body myositis (38%) seen in the same time period. The lack of improvement following discontinuation of statins, the need for immunosuppressive therapy, and frequent relapse when treatment was tapered suggest an immune-mediated etiology for this rare, statin-associated necrotizing myopathy.
A Novel Adaptive Single-Phase Reclosure Scheme Using Dual-Window Transient Energy Ratio and Mathematical Morphology (2006)

It is well known that most adaptive autoreclosure schemes are dependent on the voltages sampled from the transmission lines to distinguish between the transient faults and the permanent faults; therefore, the transforming characteristics or required mounting position of the voltage transducer will limit the applications of voltage-based schemes. To overcome this disadvantage, a criterion of a dual-window transient energy ratio (ER) based on mode current to implement the adaptive autoreclosure of transmission lines is proposed in this paper. It is demonstrated that the ER approaches 1 during the steady-state where it increases greatly during some moments; for instance, for the fault occurrence, breaker opening and closing, the existences of primary and secondary arcs, and arc extinguishing. Therefore, the setting of the criterion is easy. To effectively extract the high-frequency energy of the mode current, a novel concept of generalized multiresolution morphological gradient (GMMG) is put forward on the basis of the multiresolution morphological gradient (MMG). The design of GMMG is more flexible and the relative factors of the structure element can be regulated according to the desirable effects. Electromagnetic Transients Program-based simulation results show that the GMMG-based autoreclosure scheme improves the reliability of fault discrimination and promises to be applied to the real power systems.
Tubular damage in chronic systolic heart failure is associated with reduced survival independent of glomerular filtration rate (2010)

Tubular damage, as indicated by increased urinary concentrations of NGAL, NAG and KIM-1 is common in patients with CHF and mildly reduced GFR. Both urinary KIM-1 and NAG showed prognostic information additional to GFR. These findings suggest an important role for tubular damage and tubular markers in cardiorenal interaction in heart failure.