gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Candida dubliniensis: an emerging opportunistic pathogen. (1997)

The incidence of opportunistic fungal infections continues to increase, partly as a result of the continuing AIDS epidemic. Candida albicans remains the most important fungal pathogen and is frequently associated with oral candidiasis in HIV-infected individuals. Over the past decade, however, there has been an increasing number of reports implicating other Candida species, such as C. tropicalis, C. glabrata and C. krusei, in disease in these patients and in other patient groups. During the same period there have also been frequent reports in the literature describing what have generally been termed "atypical" C. albicans strains. These isolates have usually been recovered from symptomatic HIV-infected individuals and are unidentifiable as any recognized Candida species using conventional criteria. Two such groups of isolates recovered from cases of oral candidiasis in Irish and Australian HIV-infected and AIDS patients have been postulated to constitute a novel species which has been termed C. dubliniensis. These isolates are phenotypically very similar to C. albicans in that they produce germ tubes and chlamydospores. However, they have unusual carbohydrate assimilation patterns and grow poorly or not at all at 42 degrees C. Using a variety of DNA fingerprinting techniques and karyotype analysis, the genomic organization of C. dubliniensis was shown to be distinctly different from that of C. albicans. Classification of C. dubliniensis as a separate species was confirmed by phylogenetic analysis, whereby the comparison of ribosomal RNA sequences demonstrated that C. dubliniensis isolates formed a cluster clearly distinct from other Candida species, including C. albicans, to which it is most closely related. Since its original identification, atypical Candida isolates from around the world have been positively identified as belonging to this species. To date, isolates of C. dubliniensis have been recovered mainly from the oral cavities of HIV-infected individuals and are most frequently implicated in cases of recurrent infection following antifungal drug treatment. The clinical importance of this species and the role of drug resistance in its epidemiology have yet to be determined.
Interstitial cystitis: bladder pain and beyond (2008)

Interstitial cystitis contributes substantially to chronic pelvic pain and to poor quality of life. Oral or intravesical administration of solutions containing sodium hyaluronate, chondroitin sulfate and quercetin to both reduce bladder inflammation and 'replenish' the glycosaminoglycan layer should be tried. There is a clear need for therapeutic modalities. New potential translational research areas are suggested.
Adaptive Sliding Mode-Based Lateral Stability Control of Steer-by-Wire Vehicles With Experimental Validations (2020)

In this paper, a robust adaptive sliding mode (ASM) controller for improving vehicle maneuverability and lateral stability of steer-by-wire (SBW) vehicles. The proposed stability control algorithm is composed of the following three remarkable characteristics: 1) As the vehicle sideslip angle which is very useful in vehicle stability control is often unavailable or unmeasurable for practical applications, a sliding mode-based state observer is proposed to online estimate the actual sideslip angle via the yaw rate and the lateral acceleration measurements. 2) ASM lateral stability controller, as an upper level controller, is designed to calculate the corrected steering angle for driving both the yaw rate and the sideslip angle to achieve their desired values in the presence of modelling uncertainties and external disturbances. Moreover, an adaptive law is incorporated in the control law to estimate the switching gain such that the complex uncertainty bound information can be avoided. 3) The desired steering angle is realized by a lower steering controller via ASM for an SBW system. The hardware-in-the-loop simulation results demonstrate the excellent stability control performance of the proposed control for different steering maneuvers.
Frequency effects on the scale and behavior of acoustic streaming (2014)

Acoustic streaming underpins an exciting range of fluid manipulation phenomena of rapidly growing significance in microfluidics, where the streaming often assumes the form of a steady, laminar jet emanating from the device surface, driven by the attenuation of acoustic energy within the beam of sound propagating through the liquid. The frequencies used to drive such phenomena are often chosen ad hoc to accommodate fabrication and material issues. In this work, we seek a better understanding of the effects of sound frequency and power on acoustic streaming. We present and, using surface acoustic waves, experimentally verify a laminar jet model that is based on the turbulent jet model of Lighthill, which is appropriate for acoustic streaming seen at micro- to nanoscales, between 20 and 936 MHz and over a broad range of input power. Our model eliminates the critically problematic acoustic source singularity present in Lighthill's model, replacing it with a finite emission area and enabling determination of the streaming velocity close to the source. At high acoustic power P (and hence high jet Reynolds numbers ReJ associated with fast streaming), the laminar jet model predicts a one-half power dependence (U∼P1/2∼ ReJ) similar to the turbulent jet model. However, the laminar model may also be applied to jets produced at low powers-and hence low jet Reynolds numbers ReJ-where a linear relationship between the beam power and streaming velocity exists: U∼P∼ReJ2. The ability of the laminar jet model to predict the acoustic streaming behavior across a broad range of frequencies and power provides a useful tool in the analysis of microfluidics devices, explaining peculiar observations made by several researchers in the literature. In particular, by elucidating the effects of frequency on the scale of acoustically driven flows, we show that the choice of frequency is a vitally important consideration in the design of small-scale devices employing acoustic streaming for microfluidics.
Nucleotide sequence of beet western yellows virus RNA (1988)

The nucleotide sequence of the genomic RNA (5641 nt) of beet western yellow virus (BWYV) isolated from lettuce has been determined and its genetic organization deduced. The sequence of the 3'terminal 2208 nt of RNA of a second BWYV isolate, obtained from sugarbeet, was also determined and was found to be very similar but not identical to that of the lettuce isolate. The complete sequence of BWYV RNA contains six long open reading frames (ORFs). A cluster of three of these ORFs, including the coat protein cistron, display extensive amino acid sequence homology with corresponding ORFs of a second luteovirus, the PAV isolate of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) (1,2). The ORF corresponding to the putative viral RNA-dependant RNA polymerase, on the other hand, resembles that of southern bean mosaic virus. There is circumstantial evidence that expression of the BWYV RNA polymerase ORF may involve a translational frameshift mechanism. The ORF immediately following the coat protein cistron may be translated by in-frame readthrough of the coat protein cistron amber termination codon. Similar mechanisms have been proposed for expression of the corresponding ORFs of BYDV(PAV) (1).
A 24-28GHz Reconfigurable CMOS Power Amplifier in 22nm FD-SOI for Intelligent SoC Applications (2018)

A 2-stage 24 to 28 GHz reconfigurable CMOS power amplifier (PA) is designed in a 22nm fully-depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) technology. The differential PA uses stacked FETs and digitally-controlled neutralization capacitors and output matching capacitors with adjustable body-bias and on-chip baluns to increase output power P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> , reconfigurability, and wideband performance. Post-layout SPICE simulations show S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> of 27 dB, peak power-added efficiency (PAE) of 29.1% at P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OUT</sub> =17.5 dBm and P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> =13 dBm can be achieved at 28 GHz. The digitally-controlled neutralization caps can tune S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">21</sub> by 6 dB at 28 GHz, while varying body bias of the FD SOI NMOS can enable ~2 dB fine gain tuning, and the output matching caps can further optimize PA's performance for intelligent SoC applications.
A 10T Non-Precharge Two-Port SRAM for 74% Power Reduction in Video Processing (2007)

We propose a low-power non-precharge-type two-port SRAM for video processing. The proposed memory cell (MC) has ten transistors (10T), comprised of the conventional 6T MC, a readout inverter and a transmission gate for a read port. Since the readout inverter fully charges/discharges a read bitline, there is no precharge circuit on the read bitline. Thus, power is not consumed by precharging, but is consumed only when a readout datum is changed. This feature is suitable to video processing since image data have special correlation and similar data are read out in consecutive cycles. As well as the power reduction, the precharge-less structure shortens a cycle time by 38% compared with the conventional SRAM, because it does not require a precharge period. This, in turn, demonstrates that the proposed SRAM operates at a lower voltage, which achieves further power reduction. Compared to the conventional 8T SRAM, the proposed SRAM reduces a charge/discharge possibility to 19% (81% reduction) on the bitlines, and saves 74% of a readout power when considered as an H.264 reconstructed-image memory. The area overhead is 14.4% in a 90-nm process technology.
Metallic Nanowires and Their Application (2016)

Metallic nanowire films, especially silver nano-wires (AgNWs) and copper nanowires (CuNWs), with a random mesh structure have attracted considerable attention as high-performance flexible transparent films to replace the traditional, expensive, and brittle indium tin oxide films. These films have been widely used in displays, touchscreens, and solar cells to achieve next-generation electronics that can be bent, stretched, compressed, twisted, and deformed into complex, nonplanar shapes but maintain good conductive performance, reliability, and integration. Recent researches have indicated that the application of metallic nanowires has been accelerated due to these promising properties. This paper reviews the wet-chemical synthesis of AgNWs and CuNWs, fabrication and posttreatment of nanowire films, as well as their applications as conductive materials in some devices. It provides a latest overview of metallic nanowires and exhibits the developing prospects of high-performance conducting materials for future flexible and wearable optoelectronic devices.
Review article: mechanisms of drug release from tablets and capsules. I: Disintegration (1989)

Variable drug release from solid oral dosage forms has been an important cause of bioavailability problems in the past, and is a factor now carefully controlled in pharmaceutical products. In two reviews, we describe briefly the composition and manufacture of tablets and capsules, and the two main processes by which they release drugs; disintegration and dissolution. We will explain what is presently understood of the actual mechanisms of drug release and the physico-chemical factors that affect the release process. The strategies adopted by pharmaceutical scientists in designing modern oral solid dose forms to release drugs at reproducible and therapeutically optimal rates will be discussed. Finally, the role of gamma scintigraphy in assessing dosage form performance in vivo will be described.
Effects of Serum on In Vitro Susceptibility Testing of Echinocandins (2007)

The effects of protein binding on the activities of caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin were evaluated against Candida and Aspergillus species. Adding human serum sharply increased the MICs of micafungin and anidulafungin and modestly affected the MIC of caspofungin. The increase in MICs does not appear consistent with the rate of protein binding for the three compounds.
Model-based neural distance control for autonomous road vehicles (2002)

In this paper, a model-based neural distance controller is presented which directly gives control signals to throttle and brake. The neural network itself consists of a simple multilayer feed forward perceptron network. A special training method is used where the neural network is trained on a detailed nonlinear dynamic longitudinal vehicle model by minimizing a cost function. Only a few simulated driving manoeuvres are necessary to train the controller. Practical road tests with the Daimler-Benz experimental vehicle OSCAR (MB 300 TE station wagon) show that the model-based neural distance controller can be used for intelligent autonomous cruise control as well as for distance control in stop and go-traffic.
Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Assay for Simultaneous Measurement of Estradiol and Estrone in Human Plasma (2004)

LC-MS/MS allows rapid, simultaneous, sensitive, and accurate quantification of E1 and E2 in human serum.
Interaction of AP-2, a monoclonal antibody specific for the human platelet glycoprotein IIb-IIIa complex, with intact platelets. (1983)

A murine monoclonal antibody, designated AP-2, reacts specifically with the complex formed by human platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb and IIIa, but does not react at all with the individual glycoproteins. Purified AP-2 covalently coupled to Sepharose CL4B was used as an immunoadsorbent column to purify the IIb-IIIa complex from a preparation of Triton X-100-solubilized human platelet proteins. Radioiodinated AP-2 was shown to bind to a single class of sites, with 57,400 +/- 9,700 molecules bound per cell (mean +/- S.D.) at saturation and a dissociation constant (Kd) of 0.64 +/- 0.15 nM (mean +/- S.D.). Binding could not be readily reversed even after a 1-h incubation with a 100-fold excess of cold antibody. AP-2 inhibits ADP-induced binding of radiolabeled fibrinogen to gel-filtered platelets in a noncompetitive fashion, consistent with the previous observation that AP-2 also inhibits the aggregation of platelets in plasma induced by a number of physiologic agonists, including adenosine diphosphate, epinephrine, collagen, thrombin, and arachidonic acid. Using AP-2, we have obtained evidence that the IIb-IIIa complex exists in the membrane of intact nonstimulated platelets and that complex integrity is not affected by external calcium ion concentration.
Long-term complications of antiretroviral therapy (2000)

For healthcare professionals who treat HIV Disease\n\nUpon completion of this educational program, participants should be able to:\n\nIdentify osteoporosis/osteopenia and cardiac complications in patients being treated for HIV disease\n\nIdentify different metabolic alterations as well as body-fat redistribution in patients being treated for HIV disease\n\nCompare data on the relative contribution of protease inhibitors, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors to these long-term complications\n\nRecognize the principles of diagnosis and the clinical management of these conditions
Single crystalline silicon micromirror array for peptide synthesis applications (2005)

A single crystalline silicon (SCS) micromirror array (MMA) using a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafer and stepper photolithography was developed firstly for peptide synthesis applications. A large mirror size (210 /spl mu/m) and a separation (60 /spl mu/m) were optimized for the peptide synthesis application. Smooth surface (RMS roughness <4 nm), flat mirror plate (curvature radius >0.3 m), and uniform voltage characteristics among 256 mirrors (only 2.12 V standard deviation for the average of 96.99 V) were obtained thanks to the SCS and the stepper. Peptide spacers were synthesized with different lengths using the fabricated MMA that was installed in an automatic peptide synthesis system, confirming that the fabricated SCS MMA is a useful tool in peptide synthesis.
Double Prenylation by RabGGTase Can Proceed without Dissociation of the Mono-prenylated Intermediate (2001)

Rab geranylgeranyltransferase (RabGGTase) catalyzes the prenylation of Rab proteins. Despite possessing a single active site, RabGGTase is able to add geranylgeranyl moieties onto each of the two C-terminal cysteine residues of Rab. We have studied the kinetics of Rab double prenylation employing a combination of a novel high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC)-based in vitro prenylation assay and fluorescence spectroscopy. Transfer of the first geranylgeranyl group proceeds with a k(1) = 0.16 s(-1), while the conversion from singly to double prenylated Rab is 4-fold slower (k(2) = 0.039 s(-1)). We found that following the first transfer reaction, the conjugated lipid is removed from the active site of RabGGTase but mono-prenylated Rab.REP complex remains bound to RabGGTase with a K(d) < 1 nm. In contrast to the doubly prenylated Rab7.REP dissociation of the mono-prenylated species from RabGGTase was only weakly stimulated by phosphoisoprenoid. Based on the obtained rate constants we calculated that at least 72% of mono-prenylated Rab molecules proceed to double prenylation without dissociating from RabGGTase. The obtained data provides an explanation of how RabGGTase discriminates between mono-prenylated intermediate and double prenylated reaction product. It also indicates that the phosphoisoprenoid acts both as a substrate and as a sensor governing the kinetics of protein.protein interactions in the double prenylation reaction.
The [<sup>14</sup>C]-triolein breath test is not valid as a test of fat absorption (1991)

The [14C]-triolein breath test is used as a test of fat absorption. However, its validity has not been established. The aim of this study was to investigate, whether the absorption of [14C]-triolein could be estimated from the breath test, and whether the breath test could be useful as a clinical test. The [14C]-triolein absorption was estimated from faecal measurements, using 51CrCl3 as non-absorbable marker. The breath test was done according to the standard technique with hourly estimations of the 14CO2 expiration. Fifty-one patients participated. A nearly perpendicular, curvilinear relation between the 6-h cumulative 14CO2 expiration and the [14C]-triolein absorption was found, and no obvious cut-off level for normal 14CO2 expiration could be identified. Accordingly, the diagnostic sensitivity of the breath test was 80% at the expense of a specificity of 45%. In 19 patients duplicate measurements were done. A high intra- and inter-individual variation in the fraction of absorbed [14C]-triolein, expired within 6 h, was found. It is concluded that expiration of 14CO2 is influenced by factors other than the absorption of [14C]-triolein, and that the [14C]-triolein breath test is not useful as test of fat absorption.
The problem of front-back localization in binaural hearing. (1982)

Some investigations concerning the problem of front-back discrimination in normal hearing are described. Three groups of experiments are included: Some objective measurements of transfer functions of the ears of four subjects, horizontal plane simulations and modifications of artificial-head signals in order to bring about directional inversions in the horizontal plane. It is concluded that subjects are able to utilize small individual characteristics in the transfer functions of their own outer ears to distinguish between front and back.
Cdk5 and the mystery of synaptic vesicle endocytosis (2003)

Regulation of endocytosis by protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation is critical to synaptic vesicle recycling. Two groups have now identified the neuronal kinase Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) as an important regulator of this process. Robinson and coworkers recently demonstrated that Cdk5 is necessary for synaptic vesicle endocytosis (SVE) (Tan et al., 2003), whereas a new report in this issue claims that Cdk5 negatively regulates SVE (Tomizawa et al., 2003). Careful examination of the data reveals a model that helps resolve the apparently contradictory nature of these reports.
Wellen: stehende, fortschreitende und solitäre (1995)

Wellen unterschiedlicher Arten begegnen uns allenthalben, und in der Physik spielten sie während der letzten anderthalb Jahrhunderte eine dominierende Rolle. Als Beispiele seien Schall- und Lichtwellen erwähnt, ferner Rundfunk-, Ferseh- und Mikrowellen sowie Wasser- und seismische Wellen. Wellen gibt es auch bei der Gravitation, und wieder andere Wellen transportieren Nervenimpulse; schließlich seien die «Teilchenwellen» in der Quantenmechanik nicht vergessen. Die meisten der hier aufgeführten Wellenarten haben einige wichtige Eigenschaften gemeinsam, während manche Wellentypen sich vor allem durch das Fehlen bestimmter Merkmale auszeichnen. In diesem Kapitel wollen wir die Vorstellungen untersuchen, die der Beschreibung der verschiedenen Wellenarten zugrunde liegen. Manche Charakteristika von Wellen kennen wir aus dem Alltag, während andere uns nicht so vertraut und zuweilen faszinierend oder gar verblüffend sind. Die Möglichkeiten der Mathematik bei der Vereinheitlichung zeigen sich darin, daß dieselben oder zumindest ähnliche Gleichungen das Verhalten ganz unterschiedlicher physikalischer Systeme beschreiben, die analoge Phänomene hervorrufen.
Volumetric hydrogen storage in single-walled carbon nanotubes (2002)

Macroscopically long ropes of aligned single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), synthesized by a hydrogen and argon arc discharge method, were cold pressed into tablets without any binder for measurements of their volumetric hydrogen storage capacity. The typical apparent density of the tablets was measured to be around 1.7 g/cm3 with respect to a molding pressure of 0.75 Gpa. A volumetric and mass hydrogen storage capacity of 68 kg H2/m3 and 4.0 wt %, respectively, was achieved at room temperature under a pressure of 11 MPa for suitably pretreated SWNT tablets, and more than 70% of the hydrogen adsorbed can be released under ambient pressure at room temperature. Pore structure analysis indicated that the molding process diminished the mesopore volume of the SWNT ropes, but exerts little influence on their intrinsic pore textures.
Development of an Aspherical Aerial Camera Optical System (2019)

The aerial camera lens largely determines the performance of the camera. It is necessary to further optimize the lens to satisfy the requirements of small-scale and lightweight aircraft camera systems. The optical system design is the primary prerequisite. Therefore, considering the image quality and working environment of the aerial camera, an aspherical aerial camera optical system is developed by studying the aerial camera optical system. The work presented in this paper decreases the overall weight of the aerial camera by using an aspherical lens instead of a spherical lens, which reduces the number of lenses and improves the image quality. The athermalization of the optical system ensures that the camera has good temperature adaptability in the temperature range of -60 °C~60 °C. The definition of the aspherical surface shape is detected by a ZYGO digital interferometer. The root mean square (RMS) of the system is 0.0403λ(λ = 632 nm), and the peak value (PV) is 0.354λ, which ensures the image quality of the camera. The research results verify that the aspherical lens can be well applied to the camera optical system, improving the image quality of the system and reducing the weight of the camera.