gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microlens array film fabricated by UV roll-to-roll nanoimprinting for enhancing out-coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting devices (2012)

Microlens arrays film fabricated by UV roll-to-roll nanoimprinting lithography is introduced on glass substrate to improve the out-coupling efficiency of organic light-emitting devices. The microlenses suppress wave guiding loss in the substrate and a theoretical model, based on Monto-Carlo model, is developed to simulate the enhancement effects. The numerical results show that ellipsoidal-like microlens array can increase the efficiency by a factor of more than 35% and the luminance density distribution along the orthogonal directions can be compressed by 10 degree. Such a microlens array mold is fabricated by a combination of DMD-based laser direct writing lithography and thermal reflow method, followed by electroforming for transferring the surface structure to a nickel plate. The obtained mold is wrapped on a roller for the mass production of microlens array film by UV roll-to-roll nanoimprinting process. OLED attached with such microlens array film with a maximum increase of 35% in efficiency is achieved and directional out-coupling phenomenon can be observed experimentally. Such a directional out-coupling microlens array film can be used to OLED to enhance the luminous intensity efficiency and save power consumption for future lighting and display application.
Increased Chemotherapeutic Activity of Camptothecin in Cancer Cells by siRNA-Induced Silencing of WRN Helicase (2007)

Werner syndrome helicase (WRN) participates in a wide range of DNA activities, including replication, double-strand DNA break repair, telomere and retrovirus long terminal repeat maintenance. Mutations of the WRN gene cause Werner syndrome (WS), an autosomal recessive premature ageing disorder associated with various symptoms related to ageing. In this study, we investigated the siRNA that specifically down-regulates WRN expression. WRN silencing increased markedly the chemotherapeutic activity of camptothecin (CPT) on cancer cells in terms of the extent of efficacy and lowering effective drug dosage, accompanied by suppressing recovery from DNA damage caused by CPT. Here, we propose a potential combination therapy of WRN-siRNA and CPT, looking forward to minimizing the inevitable adverse effects associated with cancer chemotherapy.
Biobased and Biodegradable Polymer Materials: Rationale, Drivers, and Technology Exemplars (2006)

Biobased and biodegradable plastics can form the basis for an environmentally preferable, sustainable alternative to current materials based exclusively on petroleum feedstocks. These biobased materials offer value in the sustainability/life-cycle equation by being part of the biological carbon cycle, especially as it relates to carbon-based polymeric materials such as plastics, water soluble polymers and other carbonbased products like lubricants, biodiesel, and detergents. This global carbon cycle vis-à-vis managing carbon efficiently and in an environmentally responsible manner is discussed. Identification and quantification of biobased content uses radioactive C-14 signature. Biopolymers are generally capable of being utilized by living matter (biodegraded), and so can be disposed in safe and ecologically sound ways through disposal processes (waste management) like composting, soil application, and biological wastewater treatment. Single use, short-life, disposable products can be engineered to be biboased and biodegradable. The need for such products to be fully biodegradable in a defined time frame in the selected disposal infrastructure as opposed to degradable or partially biodegradable is reviewed. Emerging ASTM and International consensus standards on biobased content, and biodegradability is presented. The manufacture of starch foam and starch bioplastics is discussed as technology exemplars for biobased and biodegradable products.
Systematic analysis of biological and physical limitations of proton beam range verification with offline PET/CT scans (2009)

The clinical use of offline positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) scans for proton range verification is currently under investigation at the Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH). Validation is achieved by comparing measured activity distributions, acquired in patients after receiving one fraction of proton irradiation, with corresponding Monte Carlo (MC) simulated distributions. Deviations between measured and simulated activity distributions can either reflect errors during the treatment chain from planning to delivery or they can be caused by various inherent challenges of the offline PET/CT verification method. We performed a systematic analysis to assess the impact of the following aspects on the feasibility and accuracy of the offline PET/CT method: (1) biological washout processes, (2) patient motion, (3) Hounsfield unit (HU) based tissue classification for the simulation of the activity distributions and (4) tumor site specific aspects. It was found that the spatial reproducibility of the measured activity distributions is within 1 mm. However, the feasibility of range verification is restricted to a limited amount of positions and tumor sites. Washout effects introduce discrepancies between the measured and simulated ranges of about 4 mm at positions where the proton beam stops in soft tissue. Motion causes spatial deviations of up to 3 cm between measured and simulated activity distributions in abdominopelvic tumor cases. In these later cases, the MC simulated activity distributions were found to be limited to about 35% accuracy in absolute values and about 2 mm in spatial accuracy depending on the correlativity of HU into the physical and biological parameters of the irradiated tissue. Besides, for further specific tumor locations, the beam arrangement, the limited accuracy of rigid co-registration and organ movements can prevent the success of PET/CT range verification. All the addressed factors explain why the proton beam range can only be verified within an accuracy of 1-2 mm in low-perfused bony structures of head and neck patients for which an accurate co-registration of predominant bony anatomy is possible, as shown previously. However, most of the limitations of the current approach are conquerable. By implementing technological and methodological improvements like the use of in-room PET scanners, PET measurements could soon be used to provide proton range verification in clinical routine.
Oestrogens in rheumatic diseases: friend or foe? (2008)

Immunological and epidemiological evidences suggest that female sex hormones play an important role in the aetiology and pathophysiology of chronic inflammatory diseases; however, whether (or when) oestrogens are friends or foes in inflammatory/immune-mediated rheumatic diseases is still a matter of debate. Several significant factors generate confusion and opposite conclusions in evaluating the role of oestrogens in inflammatory/immune diseases. These factors include the relatively superficial translation done from the animal studies to the human condition, the different effects of oestrogens on their different receptors or on different target cells, the different oestrogen concentrations employed and finally, opposite effects (especially on cell proliferation) exerted by different peripheral oestrogen metabolites. However, as supported by the higher prevalence of rheumatic autoimmune diseases in women, oestrogens are generally considered as enhancers of cell proliferation and humoral immune response.
A Neural Basis for Motor Primitives in the Spinal Cord (2010)

Motor primitives and modularity may be important in biological movement control. However, their neural basis is not understood. To investigate this, we recorded 302 neurons, making multielectrode recordings in the spinal cord gray of spinalized frogs, at 400, 800, and 1200 mum depth, at the L2/L3 segment border. Simultaneous muscle activity recordings were used with independent components analysis to infer premotor drive patterns. Neurons were divided into groups based on motor pattern modulation and sensory responses, depth recorded, and behavior. The 187 motor pattern modulated neurons recorded comprised 14 cutaneous neurons and 28 proprioceptive neurons at 400 mum in the dorsal horn, 131 intermediate zone interneurons from approximately 800 microm depth without sensory responses, and 14 motoneuron-like neurons at approximately 1200 microm. We examined all such neurons during spinal behaviors. Mutual information measures showed that cutaneous neurons and intermediate zone neurons were related better to premotor drives than to individual muscle activity. In contrast, proprioceptive-related neurons and ventral horn neurons divided evenly. For 46 of the intermediate zone interneurons, we found significant postspike facilitation effects on muscle responses using spike-triggered averages representing short-latency postspike facilitations to multiple motor pools. Furthermore, these postspike facilitations matched significantly in both their patterns and strengths with the weighting parameters of individual primitives extracted statistically, although both were initially obtained without reference to one another. Our data show that sets of dedicated interneurons may organize individual spinal primitives. These may be a key to understanding motor development, motor learning, recovery after CNS injury, and evolution of motor behaviors.
Pragmatic Drum Motion Capture System (2015)

The ability to acquire and analyze a percussion performance in an efficient, affordable, and non-invasive manner has been made possible by a unique composite of off-the-shelf products. Through various methods of calibration and analysis, human motion as imparted on a striking implement can be tracked and correlated with traditional audio data in order to compare performances. Ultimately, conclusions can be drawn that drive pedagogical studies as well as advances in musical robots.
The ST5000: a high-precision star tracker and attitude determination system (2008)

The University of Wisconsin's Space Astronomy Laboratory has designed and built a Star Tracker suitable for use on sounding rockets and class D satellites. This device brings together autonomous attitude determination ("Lost in Space" mode), multi-star tracking, and a novel form of Progressive Image Transmission (US patent #5,991,816), which allows the device to be used as an ultra-low bandwidth imager. The Star Tracker 5000 (ST5000) reached operational status in a suborbital sounding rocket flight in August 2007. The ST5000 determined the rocket's inertial (FK5) attitude with arcsecond precision using its autonomous attitude determination capability, and then provided continuous sub-arc-second tracking for the full 360-second on-target portion of the flight. The ST5000 RMS tracking error was 0.54 arc-seconds in yaw and pitch, and 17 arc-seconds in roll. The vehicle RMS jitter was 0.5 arc-seconds in yaw and pitch, and 10 arc-seconds in roll. The ST5000 was funded by NASA grants NAG5-7026 and NAG5-8588.
Electrically wired glutathione reductase: a biocatalyst for the photochemical reduction of glutathione (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrically wired glutathione reductase: a biocatalyst for the photochemical reduction of glutathioneItamar Willner and Noa LapidotCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1991, 113, 9, 3625–3626Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00009a077https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00009a077research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views135Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Volume‐activated DIDS‐sensitive whole‐cell chloride currents in trout red blood cells (1997)

1. The nystatin-perforated whole-cell recording mode of the patch-clamp technique was used to investigate the membrane conductance of trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) red blood cells in the steady state, 5 min after exposure to hyposmotic medium and 10 min after return to normal isosmotic medium. 2. Whole-cell I-V relations showed outward rectification when red blood cells were bathed in isosmotic (320 mosmol l-1) saline solution and the patch pipette was filled with 117 mM KCl. The membrane conductance was 2.58 +/- 0.59 nS (number of experiments, n = 18) between 0 and 100 mV and 1.32 +/- 0.19 nS (n = 18) between 0 and -100 mV. Removal of Cl- from the extracellular side or incubation with the Cl- channel blocker DIDS caused a reduction in whole-cell membrane conductance by more than 50%, indicating that the membrane current was generated by Cl- ions. The remaining conductance was voltage independent and probably due to non-selective cation conductance. 3. The membrane conductance increased approximately 2-fold after cell swelling induced by exposure to hyposmotic saline solution (215 mosmol l-1). This effect was abolished in Cl(-)-free hyposmotic medium or in the presence of DIDS. 4. The return to isosmotic solution produced a fall in membrane conductance to, or below, control values. 5. We conclude that trout red blood cells possess a significant Cl- conductance in the steady state which is reversibly activated during cell swelling and contributes to volume recovery.
Clique-based randomized multiple access for energy-efficient wireless ad hoc networks (2004)

A fundamental tradeoff in MAC protocol design for wireless ad hoc networks is between proactive and reactive coordination, where the latter is used to resolve access conflicts whose severity is determined by the former. In this paper, we describe clique-based randomized multiple access (CRMA), a distributed MAC protocol for wireless ad hoc network applications. Of the many objectives in MAC design for this application, CRMA places strongest emphasis on energy efficiency and reliance only on local (one-hop) connectivity information. CRMA forms collection of nodes, or cliques, separated by one hop, and provides the proactive coordination required for clique members to synchronize their wake-sleep cycles. Each clique selects a slot in the clique's frame pseudo-randomly, so that no proactive coordination between cliques required. To limit potential access conflicts CRMA can exploit bandwidth via frequency hopping or spread spectrum coding; these also provide robustness to multi-channel radios to increase performance. With a slight amount of additional proactive coordination, CRMA can also employ what we call predictive conflict resolution, wherein clique members predict access conflicts and resolve them ahead of time.
Epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, prevention and control of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early outbreak period: a scoping review (2020)

There has been a rapid surge in research in response to the outbreak of COVID-19. During this early period, published research primarily explored the epidemiology, causes, clinical manifestation and diagnosis, as well as prevention and control of the novel coronavirus. Although these studies are relevant to control the current public emergency, more high-quality research is needed to provide valid and reliable ways to manage this kind of public health emergency in both the short- and long-term.
The polymerization of vinylaminosilanes. Unique stability of silicon-nitrogen bonds toward alkylithium compounds (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe polymerization of vinylaminosilanes. Unique stability of silicon-nitrogen bonds toward alkylithium compoundsMarilyn R. Stober, Keith W. Michael, and John L. SpeierCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 9, 2740–2744Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1967https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01284a021RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views244Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (787 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
CALCIUM RETENTION OF YOUNG ADULT MALES AS AFFECTED BY LEVEL OF PROTEIN AND OF CALCIUM INTAKE* (1974)

A bstract The effect of protein intake (47, 95, and 142 g) on calcium retention, calcium absorption, and urinary calcium of 33 young adult males was determined at calcium intakes of 500, 800, and 1400 mg daily. Magnesium intake was 400 (27 subjects) or 490 mg (six subjects). The calcium‐to‐phosphorus ratio was 1.0 (1400 mg calcium intake), 0.8 (800 mg calcium intake), and 0.6 (500 mg calcium intake). When consuming the 47‐g protein intake, the subjects were consistently in calcium balance and the amount of calcium retained was unaffected by the calcium intake. At the 95‐g protein intake, none of the subjects were in calcium balance when 500 mg calcium was given, but they did achieve balance when 800 mg was given. When 142‐g protein was ingested, no subject was in balance at either the 500‐ or 800‐mg calcium intake and only three of 15 subjects were in balance at the 1400‐mg intake. Calcium absorption was not affected by dietary protein at an intake of 500 mg calcium, but significantly more calcium was absorbed at medium or high protein intakes than at low when 800 or 1400 mg calcium was given, the maximal protein effect having been reached at the 95‐g protein level. Urinary calcium was significantly affected by protein intake. All subjects, regardless of level of calcium intake, excreted less calcium when given the low protein diet than when given the medium, and all except two subjects excreted less when given the medium than when given the high protein diet.
A Discussion about Value Management in Civil Engineering (2013)

As one of the new management theory, the value management of civil engineering has gained much attention by a large number of scholars and has achieved some good results. However, civil engineering projects are particularly complex entities involving things such as social, physical, aesthetic and environmental factors, some of which offer unreasonable way of measuring the benefit and cost. There is an increasing demand for providing civil engineering products that satisfy customers' requirements and have relatively low life-cycle costs. Understanding of the relationship between the costs of civil engineering enterprises and the customers' value is the key to the ability of the enterprise to reach its maximum profit. This paper attempts to improve the theory of value management in civil engineering, some management strategies of value management for civil engineering enterprises are proposed.
Over 7nm (875GHz) continuous wavelength tuning by tunable twin-guide (TTG) laser diode (1990)

The recently developed tunable twin-guide (TTG) laser, which needs only a single control current for continuous wavelength tuning, was fabricated according to an optimised design. Continuous tuning ranges of 7.1 nm (890 GHz) under constant laser current and 5.4 nm (675 GHz) at a constant light output power of 1 mW were achieved at 25°C.
The <i>CCP</i>4 molecular-graphics project (2002)

This new package will provide easy-to-use access to crystallographic structure solution, model building and structure analysis. It will be possible for any developer to integrate scientific software into the system.
Multidimensional wave propagation in elastic porous materials with applications to sound absorption, transmission and impedance measurement (1991)

In this thesis, a multi-dimensional model for wave propagation in elastic porous materials is discussed along with its application to the prediction of the absorption coefficient and the transmission loss of foam-lined noise control treatments. In addition, the theory has been used to investigate the effects of edge constraints on the measurement of the surface normal impedance of elastic porous materials in standing wave tubes. The theoretical model described in this thesis is based on the Biot theory and takes into account all three types of waves known to propagate in an elastic porous material; it can thus be used to predict the acoustical behavior of layers of elastic porous materials when excited by plane waves incident at arbitrary angles. In the present theory, the elastic porous material is characterized by seven macroscopic parameters, including: the bulk density, the in vacuo bulk Young's modulus, the associated loss factor, the Poisson's ratio, the porosity, the structure factor and flow resistivity. The elastic porous material model has been incorporated into a technique for predicting the absorption coefficients of noise control treatments featuring an impermeable membrane, a porous lining and a hard wall. This absorption model was used to study effects associated with the method of mounting a porous material to a backing or facing material and, at the same time, to identify optimum treatment configurations. Results of this study have indicated that configurations in which a porous lining is separated from a facing membrane by a small air gap generally yield better performance than do those treatments in which a facing material is bonded directly to a porous layer. The porous material model has also been used in predictions of sound transmission through lined double-panel structures. It was found that configurations in which the lining is not directly attached to the facing panels are to be preferred to those in which the foam is directly bonded to the facing panels. Satisfactory agreement was found between experimental measurements and theoretical predictions of transmission loss, and all significant effects predicted by the theoretical model were found to appear in the experimental results. The predictions of absorption coefficients and transmission losses confirmed that the acoustical behavior of foam is very sensitive to its mounting. Consequently, it is reasonable to expect that the measurement of surface normal impedance of foam placed in a standing wave tube depends on how the sample is constrained at its edges when it is placed in the tube. Two extreme mounting configurations were investigated theoretically: a sample fully constrained at its edges and a sample that is free to slide at its edges. Comparison of the surface normal impedances of the two configurations has shown that edge constraints may significantly affect impedance measurements, particularly at low frequencies.