gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of random and scatter fractions in variance reduction using time-of-flight information (2004)

The ability of differential time-of-flight (TOF) information to reduce the statistical noise variance in PET reconstructions has been known since the 1980's. Since then, the technology and applications of PET have evolved, warranting a reconsideration of the estimated improvements of TOF with respect to modern PET. For example, whereas 2D cardiology or neurology studies were once the only options, 3D clinical whole-body oncology imaging is becoming more common. The augmented sensitivity, change in object size and shape, as well as the accompanying changes in isotope and dose, result in different relative amounts of scattered, random, and true coincidences than were seen in the past. Thus in an analysis of the TOF gain for modern PET, it is useful to consider the separate effects of varying these fractions. We present a simulation study investigating the relative amount of TOF contrast-to-noise gain for a range of levels of scattered and random coincidences. We demonstrate that both increased scatter and increased randoms noticeably enhance the TOF gain, but that the higher randoms fraction introduces the most drastic improvement. These results are encouraging for modern PET, where there is a greater random/scatter fraction than in the PET of the 1980's.
REVIEWS (1959)

REVIEWS Get access Faith and Logic: Oxford Essays in Philosophical Theology. Edited by BASIL MITCHELL. Pp. 222. London: Allen & Unwin, 1957. 21s. H. D. LEWIS H. D. LEWIS Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Journal of Theological Studies, Volume X, Issue 1, April 1959, Pages 202–205, https://doi.org/10.1093/jts/X.1.202 Published: 01 April 1959
The Hepatoprotective and MicroRNAs Downregulatory Effects of Crocin Following Hepatic Ischemia‐Reperfusion Injury in Rats (2017)

<i>Background</i>. Liver ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is one of the chief etiologies of tissue damage during liver transplantation, hypovolemic shock, and so forth. This study aimed to evaluate hepatoprotective effect of crocin on IR injury and on microRNAs (miR-122 and miR-34a) expression. <i>Materials and Methods</i>. 32 rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham, IR, crocin pretreatment (Cr), and crocin pretreatment + IR (Cr + IR) groups. In sham and Cr groups, animals were given normal saline (N/S) and Cr (200 mg/Kg) for 7 consecutive days, respectively, and laparotomy without inducing IR was done. In IR and Cr + IR groups, N/S and Cr were given for 7 consecutive days and rats underwent a partial (70%) ischemia for 45 min/reperfusion for 60 min. Blood and tissue samples were taken for biochemical, molecular, and histopathological examinations. <i>Results</i>. The results showed decreased levels of antioxidants activity and increased levels of liver enzymes improved by crocin. The expression of miR-122, miR-34a, and p53 decreased, while Nrf2 increased by crocin. Crocin ameliorated histopathological changes. <i>Conclusion</i>. The results demonstrated that crocin protected the liver against IR injury through increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes, improving serum levels of liver enzymes, downregulating miR-122, miR-34a, and p53, and upregulating Nrf2 expression.
A comparison of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule and clinical diagnosis (1987)

The Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS) was administered to 220 psychiatric patients by lay interviewers. Kappas for agreement between DIS and chart diagnoses ranged from .39 to -.03 and averaged .14 for 13 diagnostic categories. Agreement was best for affective, obsessive-compulsive, and schizophrenic disorders and was poorest for phobias where patients overemphasized fears. The authors suggest that clinician evaluation of information collected by the DIS is important, especially in diagnosing individual cases.
Increased diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity in association with zinc deficiency—a preliminary report (1996)

Plasma zinc levels, in a cohort of 116 children aged 12-59 months recently recovered from an episode of acute diarrhoea attending a community health clinic in an urban slum, were related to diarrhoeal and respiratory morbidity in the 3 month period following recovery. Children with low plasma zinc levels (< 60 micrograms dl-1) spent a significantly greater number of days with watery diarrhoea (rate ratio 1.69 (95% confidence intervals 1.03-2.78)), diarrhoea associated with fever (rate ratio 1.88 (95% confidence intervals 1.05-3.34)), and acute lower respiratory tract infections (rate ratio 2.69 (95% confidence intervals 1.64-4.38)).
Commensal bacteria shape intestinal immune system development (2005)

M icrobes have a knack for making us sick. Until recently, many of these encounters proved deadly. In Guns, Germs, and Steel, evolutionary biologist Jared Diamond argues that such interactions were a primary force shaping human history. Therefore, it is not surprising that human-microbe interactions often are viewed through the lens of conflict. The proliferation of antibacterial consumer products underscores the prevailing idea that human-bacterial contact is something to be controlled or avoided. However, this understanding of human-microbe relationships is changing. An accumulating body of evidence indicates that we maintain mutually beneficial relationships with the microbes that cohabit our bodies, suggesting a profound intertwining of human and microbial biology. Wielding sophisticated new molecular tools, investigators in a number of labs are learning about the extent to which gut microbes drive intestinal immunity. These studies are revealing that the functions of our gut immune system are only partially encoded in our genes, and require cues from our microbial partners for full development. As a consequence, disrupting these beneficial host-bacterial relationships with antibiotic treatments may pave the way for immunologic diseases.
A Point Mutation in the 14α-Sterol Demethylase Gene <i>cyp51A</i> Contributes to Itraconazole Resistance in <i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (2003)

The genes encoding 14alpha-sterol demethylases (cyp51A and cyp51B) were analyzed in 12 itraconazole (ITC)-resistant and three ITC-susceptible clinical isolates of Aspergillus fumigatus. Six ITC-resistant strains exhibited a substitution of another amino acid for glycine at position 54, which is located at a very conserved region of the Cyp51A protein. The cyp51A gene from the A. fumigatus wild-type strain (CM-237) was replaced with the mutated cyp51A gene copy of an ITC-resistant strain (AF-72). Two transformants exhibited resistance to ITC, both of which had incorporated the mutated copy of the cyp51A gene.
Iterative multi-user decoding for asynchronous users (2002)

An iterative scheme for decoding asynchronous users on a multi-user adder channel is presented. In each iteration step, one user's a posteriori symbol probabilities are computed. The contribution of that user to the sum signal is partially cancelled such that the residual noise is minimized. Simulations show that two rate-2/3 users of a noiseless binary adder channel can be separated by a 4-state code.
Particle filter‐based vehicle tracking via HOG features after image stabilisation in intelligent drive system (2018)

Tracking vehicles automatically are of great importance in the intelligent transportation systems to guarantee the traffic safety, especially for the self‐driving technique. To solve the problem of the tiny jitter of the camera due to the shaking platform and the rough road, and to track the vehicle ahead, a salient feature‐based video stabilisation method is introduced to remove the effect of camera motion, and an improved particle filter‐based vehicle tracking algorithm via histogram of oriented gradient (HOG) features is proposed in this study. For video stabilisation, first, the features from accelerated segment test algorithm are applied to extract salient points from the two adjacent frames. Then, the fast retina keypoint algorithm is used to match the correspondences and the M‐estimator sample consensus algorithm is applied to remove the outliers. Finally, the image with tiny jitter is stabilised by the affine transformation matrix calculated from the retained inliers. After the image stabilisation, an improved particle filter‐based tracking method is proposed for vehicle tracking via the HOG feature extracted from an adaptive searching area determined by the expected vehicle position of the previous frame. Experimental results demonstrate that camera motion can be effectively compensated by the feature‐based stabilisation method, and the forward vehicle can be tracked with stability and robustness in real time.
Phase II study of S-1, a novel oral fluorouracil, in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (2001)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel oral anticancer fluoropyrimidine derivative, S-1, in patients receiving initial chemotherapy for unresectable, advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Between June 1996 and July 1998, 62 patients with NSCLC who had not received previous chemotherapy for advanced disease were enrolled in this study. 59 patients (22 stage IIIB and 37 stage IV) were eligible for the evaluation of efficacy and safety. S-1 was administered orally, twice daily, after meals. 3 dosages of S-1 were prescribed according to body surface area (BSA) so that they would be approximately equivalent to 80 mg m(-2)day(-1): BSA < 1.25 m(2), 40 mg b.i.d.; BSA> or =1.25 but <1.5 m(2); 50 mg b.i.d., and BSA> or =1.5 m(2): 60 mg b.i.d. One cycle consisted of consecutive administration of S-1 for 28 days followed by a 2-week rest period, and cycles were repeated up to 4 times. The partial response (PR) rate of the eligible patients was 22.0% (13/59); (95% confidence interval: 12.3-34.7%). A PR was observed in 22.7% (5/22) of the stage IIIB patients and 21.6% (8/37) of the stage IV patients. The median response duration was 3.4 months (1.1-13.7 months or longer). Grade 4 neutropenia was observed in one of the 59 patients (1.7%). The grade 3 or 4 toxicities consisted of decreased haemoglobin level in 1.7% of patients (1/59), neutropenia in 6.8% (4/59), thrombocytopenia in 1.7% (1/59), anorexia in 10.2% (6/59), diarrhoea in 8.5% (5/59), stomatitis in 1.7% (1/59), and malaise in 6.8% (4/59), and their incidences were relatively low. There were no irreversible, severe or unexpected toxicities. The median survival time (MST) of all patients was 10.2 months (95% confidence interval: 7.7-14.5 months), and the one-year survival rate was 41.1%. The MST of the stage IIIB patients was 7.9 months, and that of the stage IV patients was 11.1 months. The one-year survival rates of the stage IIIB and IV patients were 30.7% and 47.4%, respectively. S-1 was considered to be an active single agent against NSCLC. Further study of S-1 with other active agents is warranted.
Carbohydrate Reserves and Reproductive Development at Low Leaf Water Potentials in Maize<sup>1</sup> (1985)

Low water potentials (ψ w ) during anthesis and early grain fill can decrease yields in grain crops. If photosynthesis is inhibited under these conditions, carbohydrate reserves may become limiting for grain growth. We measured the mobilization of stored nonstructural carbohydrates in the maize plant ( Zea mays L.) during low ψ w , imposed at silk emergence (T1), early grain fill (T2), and mid‐grain fill (T3) and maintained to maturity. low leaf ψ w , completely inhibited photosynthesis, and reproductive development depended entirely on reserves. The control yield was equivalent to 9910 kg ha −1 . Mean yields on a per‐plant basis were 139, 89, 25, and 0 g for the control, T3, T2, and T1 treatments, respectively. Yield losses resulted from decreased seed size in T3, decreased seed size and number in T2, and a cessation of silk and ear development in T1. After anthesis, dry matter accumulated in the stems and leaves and was mobilized to the ear at low ψ w in T3 and T2 but not in T1. All the mobilized dry matter from the stems and a sizable fraction from the leaves was carbohydrate. By maturity, the mobilized carbohydrates had been depleted to the level at anthesis. In T1, there was no mobilization and the carbohydrates remained at the low anthesis levels until maturity. The low carbohydrate at T1 indicates that reserves were not sufficient to support reproductive development when photosynthesis was inhibited at low ψ w . The lack of reserves may explain the high sensitivity of anthesis and early grain fill to low ψ w , as well as previous reports of the inability of silks to maintain turgor by osmotic adjustment. The decreasing sensitivity of grain development to low ψ w as reproduction progresses may result from an increasing availability of reserves.
Triglyceride composition of tea seed oil (1976)

Abstract Fatty acid and triglyceride compositions of the seed oil of Thea sinensis (tea seed oil) of Indian origin have been determined by combination of techniques of low temperature crystallisation, spectrophotometry, pancreatic lipase hydrolysis, thin‐layer chromatography, gas–liquid chromatography and densitometry. Percentages of individual fatty acids were found to be: palmitic, 17.8; stearic, 3.0; oleic, 59.9; linoleic, 18.0. Triglyceride composition was calculated from the fatty acid compositions of the native oil and of the monoglycerides produced from it by pancreatic lipase hydrolysis. The oil is composed of 0.7, 11.1, 41.9 and 46.3% GS 3 , GS 2 U, GSU 2 and GU 3 respectively. Prominent features of the oil is its content of 11.6, 21.4 and 22.0% dioleolinolein, triolein and dioleopalmitin respectively.
A Second-Order Markov Random Walk Approach for Collaborative Filtering (2009)

Collaborative filtering is the most widely used technique to generate recommendations for an active user by the opinions of the others. However, the challenge is that sometimes the data set is too sparse to identify the similarities of user interests. Random walk on bipartite graphs has been proposed to solve this problem. By exploring transitive association through the first-order Markov process, it is able to find a group of like-minded users for an active user, even if they have no co-rated items. It works for the ratings in binary, but quite often people rate items with numerical scale (e.g. 1-5), which makes it hard to be applied. In this paper, we propose a second-order Markov process to overcome the limitation. Experimental results demonstrate that this approach outperforms the classic collaborative filtering methods with substantial improvements in prediction accuracy and coverage on sparse data set.
Aligning and Clustering Patterns to Reveal the Protein Functionality of Sequences (2014)

Discovering sequence patterns with variations unveils significant functions of a protein family. Existing combinatorial methods of discovering patterns with variations are computationally expensive, and probabilistic methods require more elaborate probabilistic representation of the amino acid associations. To overcome these shortcomings, this paper presents a new computationally efficient method for representing patterns with variations in a compact representation called Aligned Pattern Cluster (AP Cluster). To tackle the runtime, our method discovers a shortened list of non-redundant statistically significant sequence associations based on our previous work. To address the representation of protein functional regions, our pattern alignment and clustering step, presented in this paper captures the conservations and variations of the aligned patterns. We further refine our solution to allow more coverage of sequences via extending the AP Clusters containing only statistically significant patterns to Weak and Conserved AP Clusters. When applied to the cytochrome c, the ubiquitin, and the triosephosphate isomerase protein families, our algorithm identifies the binding segments as well as the binding residues. When compared to other methods, ours discovers all binding sites in the AP Clusters with superior entropy and coverage. The identification of patterns with variations help biologists to avoid time-consuming simulations and experimentations. (Software available upon request).
Development of Reverse Transcription-PCR (Oligonucleotide Probing) Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assays for Diagnosis and Preliminary Typing of Foot-and-Mouth Disease: a New System Using Simple and Aqueous-Phase Hybridization (2000)

A reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR)-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay system that detects a relatively conserved region within the RNA genome of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) has been developed. The high specificity of the assay is achieved by including a rapid hybridization step with a biotin-labeled internal oligonucleotide. The assay is highly sensitive, fast, and easy to perform. A similar assay, based on a highly variable region of the FMDV genome and employing a single asymmetric RT-PCR and multiple hybridization oligonucleotides, was developed to demonstrate the method's ability to type FMDV. Based on our theoretical and practical knowledge of the methodology, we predict that similar assays are applicable to diagnosis and strain differentiation in any system amenable to PCR amplification.
Development of 10 kV 4H-SiC JBS diode with FGR termination (2014)

The design, fabrication, and electrical characteristics of the 4H-SiC JBS diode with a breakdown voltage higher than 10 kV are presented. 60 floating guard rings have been used in the fabrication. Numerical simulations have been performed to select the doping level and thickness of the drift layer and the effectiveness of the edge termination technique. The n-type epilayer is 100 μm in thickness with a doping of 6 × 1014 cm−3. The on-state voltage was 2.7 V at JF = 13 A/cm2.
Microelectromechanical tuning of electrooptic devices (1992)

The wavelengths of separate-confinement quantum-well heterostructure semiconductor lasers have been tuned by applying mechanical stress through a piezoelectric transducer. In addition, photoluminescence measurements have been made on GaAs samples stressed with piezoelectric bimorphs. It is shown that measurable shifts in the energy gap can be obtained by mechanically stressing the semiconductor with a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) transducer. The authors demonstrate MEMS-induced wavelength tuning with four independent phenomena: photoluminescence, photoresponse, lasing, and electroluminescence.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evidence against involvement of the acid lysosomal sphingomyelinase in the tumor-necrosis-factor- and interleukin-1-induced sphingomyelin cycle and cell proliferation in human fibroblasts (1994)

The hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SPM) has been reported to mediate a number of responses to extracellular agents, including cytokines. The so-called SPM cycle may result from the activation of different types of sphingomyelinases (SPMases). We investigated the hypothetical contribution of acid lysosomal SPMase in the SPM signal-transduction pathway. We examined the ability of human skin fibroblasts with a genetic deficiency of acid lysosomal SPMase activity to respond to tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) or interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta). We report that both cytokines promoted SPM hydrolysis in fibroblasts derived from patients with Niemann-Pick disease or I-cell disease, similar to that observed in normal cells. Treatment of normal fibroblasts with cationic amphiphilic drugs resulted in inhibition of acid SPMase activity, but had no effect on cytokine-induced SPM turnover. In addition, TNF-alpha and IL-1 beta stimulated [3H]thymidine incorporation in Niemann-Pick fibroblasts, as in normal cells. Thus our results argue against a role for acid endolysosomal SPMase in mediating the cytokine-induced SPM signalling cascade.
Introduction (2002)

Extract Not since 1967 when Constance Rover's Women's Suffrage and Party Politics in Britain was published has there been an attempt to assess the entire campaign to secure the parliamentary vote for women. Since 1967 a great deal of primary material has become available and a number of studies of specific aspects of the movement have helped to change our perspective on the cause. However, in view of the importance of the subject and the popular interest it still engenders, it cannot be said that a great deal has been published. Several aspects of the topic remain neglected, and the treatment of it seems unbalanced in many ways. Some authors continue to approach it by attacking the straw men of the past—that is the accounts written by George Dangerfield in The Strange Death of Liberal England as long ago as 1935, and by Roger Fulford in Votes for Women as...
An efficient algorithm for commercial aircraft trajectory optimization in the air traffic system. (2012)

University of Minnesota M.S. thesis. July 2012. Major: Aerospace Engineering and Mechanics. Advisor: Yiyuan J. Zhao. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 64 pages.
Mapping by VESGEN of Leaf Venation Patterning in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> with Bioinformatic Dimensions of Gene Expression (2014)

ABSTRACT The leaf venation of angiosperms is key to their terrestirial dominance. These higher land plants include maple, corn, and ISS model organism Arabidopsis thaliana . The venation-dependent photosynthetic capacity of angiosperm leaves is largely responsible for terrestrial production of glucose and atmospheric oxygen, and may be fundamentally important to long-term space colonization. Leaf studies in orbit, where human-tended experiments are limited, can be enhanced by quantifying complex venation patterning. VESsel GENeration Analysis (VESGEN), a beta-level NASA software that analyzes vertebrate and human vascular branching for biomedical applications, is therefore being modified to map the branching venation patterns of dicot angiosperm leaves. By physiological branching rules, VESGEN decomposes a continuously connected vascular tree into its structural (dendritic) branching and reticulate (networked) capillary components. For an arabidopsis juvenile leaf flown on NASA Space Shuttle Mission (STS)-130, the venation patterning of larger structural vessel orders 1°-2° remained relatively constant compared to normal gravity (by vessel number density N v , 1.24E-5/micron 2 , and 1.29E-5/micron 2 , respectively). However, as a measure of increased venation maturity, N v of smaller reticulate orders ≥ 3° increased considerably from 7.7E-6/micron 2 in ground control to 1.74E-5/micron 2 in the STS-130 leaf. Vascular geometric complexity is another feature of plant development that is governed in part by changes in gene expression patterns responding to environmental influence. We therefore propose that the mapping of leaf venation patterns by VESGEN can provide additional insight into plant responses to the spaceflight environment.
Subpixel Edge Detection And Estimation With A Line Scan Camera (1987)

A microprocessor-controlled line scan camera system for measuring edges and lengths of steel strips is described, and the problem of subpixel edge detection and estimation is considered based on measurements of gray values of the line images at a limited number of pixels. The true edge locations may be between pixels. A two-stage approach is presented. At the first stage, a simple template matching method is used to place the estimated edge point to the nearest pixel value. Three second-stage methods are examined, which are designed for subpixel estimation. In the case of nonstationary Poisson noise, a recursive maximum likelihood method is proposed. Monte Carlo simulations for Gaussian and Poisson noise indicate that subpixel estimation accuracy can be obtained if the noise level is not very high.