gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cucurbitacin D Upregulates Fetal Hemoglobin Expression in K562 Cells and Human Erythroid Progenitors. (2007)

Abstract The search for novel therapeutic candidates causing reactivation of fetal hemoglobin (a2g2; HbF) to reduce the imbalance of globin gene expression is important in order to develop effective approach for the clinical management of sickle cell anemia and b-thalassemia. For the first time, we have identified cucurbitacin D (CuD), a naturally occurring oxygenated tetracyclic triterpenoid, as a molecular entity inducing g-globin gene expression and HbF synthesis in K562 cells and human erythroid progenitors from either peripheral blood or bone marrow. The upregulation of HbF induced by CuD was dose- and time- dependent. CuD was compared to hydroxyurea (HU), 5-azacytidine, amifostine, recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO), and sodium phenylbutyrate. At their optimal dosage, CuD (12.5 ng/mL) and HU (25.0 μg/mL) induced nearly 70% K562 cells to express total hemoglobin after 6 days culture, which was higher than the induction by Amifostine (30%), 5-azacytidine (36%), rhEPO (16%), sodium phenylbutyrate (23%) at their optimal concentrations and negative control (11%). Fetal hemoglobin ELISA showed that CuD (12.5 ng/mL) and 5-azacytidine (400 ng/mL) induced higher levels of fetal hemoglobin in K562 cells (15.4 ng/μL and 29.3 ng/μL, respectively), compared to HU (10.3 ng/μL), amifostine (7.8 ng/μL), rhEPO (10.9 ng/μL), sodium phenylbutyrate (9.9 ng/μL) at their optimal concentrations and negative control (5.3 ng/μL). CuD induced a significantly higher fetal cell percentage than HU in K562 cells (65% vs 37% maximum) and primary erythroid progenitors (36% vs 21% maximum) based on the immunofluorescence imaging and flow cytometry analysis. Real-time PCR results showed that the amount of γ-globin mRNA increased from 2.5-fold in CuD-optimal-treated cells (12.5 ng/mL, 48 hours) compared with 1.5-fold in HU-optimal-treated cells (25.0 μg/mL, 48 hours). Growth inhibition assay (MTT) demonstrated that CuD at its optimal γ-globin inducing dosage (12.5 ng/mL) inhibited proliferation of K562 by less than 10% of untreated control cells; while hydroxyurea at its optimal dosage (25.0 μg/mL) inhibited 80% of cell division. The in vitro therapeutic index (calculated by dividing the dose inhibiting 50% cell growth (IC50) by dose inducing 50% maximal HbF production (ED50)) of CuD was 40-fold greater than HU. Taken together, the results suggest that CuD has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for treatment of sickle cell anemia and b-thalassemia.
Contingent Capital, Real Options, and Agency Costs (2016)

Abstract This paper aims to clarify how contingent convertible bond (CoCo) as a debt financing instrument affects a firm's investment policy, agency cost of debt, and capital structure. We consider endogenous and exogenous conversion thresholds, respectively. Under the exogenous case, there is an explicit optimal fraction of equity allocated to CoCo holders upon conversion, such that the agency cost reaches zero. Numerical analysis demonstrates that under an endogenous conversion threshold, CoCo induces overinvestment, a higher leverage, a possible bigger agency cost, and a stronger incentive to increase risk. But if the conversion threshold is exogenously determined, almost the opposite holds true.
An evaluation of e-payment systems and their application in mobile commerce (2004)

Electronic commerce is growing at an ever increasing pace every year. However, the payment mechanisms in use were developed without electronic commerce in mind, and as a result, must be modified before they may be used for online transactions. In this thesis, the online payment mechanisms in use are analyzed to find out if they meet present day electronic businesses requirements. A comparative study of existing payment mechanisms has been performed and their strengths and weaknesses evaluated. Recommendations are made for improved mechanisms capable of meeting the needs of consumers and businesses today.
Reaction of Aminobenzimidazoles with 4-Hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone and 4-Hydroxycoumarine (1999)

Abstract 6- and 7-(4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-1-pyridyl)benzimidazoles and 1-(6- and 7-benzimidazolyl)-4-hydroxy-2-oxoquinolines were synthesized by reaction of aminobenzimidazoles with 4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-pyrone and 4-hydroxycoumarine.
Absorption of kininogen from human plasma by <i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> is followed by the release of bradykinin (1997)

H-kininogen (high-molecular-mass kininogen, HK) is the precursor of the vasoactive peptide hormone bradykinin (BK). Previous work has demonstrated that HK binds to Streptococcus pyogenes through M-proteins, fibrous surface proteins and important virulence factors of these bacteria. Here we find that M-protein-expressing bacteria absorb HK from human plasma. The HK bound to the bacteria was found to be cleaved, and analysis of the degradation pattern suggested that the cleavage of HK at the bacterial surface is associated with the release of BK. Moreover, addition of activated plasma prekallikrein to bacteria preincubated with human plasma, resulted in BK release. This mechanism, by which a potent vasoactive and proinflammatory peptide is generated at the site of infection, should influence the host-parasite relationship during S. pyogenes infections.
Two Microplitis demolitor polydnavirus mRNAs expressed in hemocytes of Pseudoplusia includens contain a common cysteine-rich domain (1997)

Microplitis demolitor is a polydnavirus-carrying wasp that parasitizes the larval stage of Pseudoplusia includens. A previous study indicated that M. demolitor polydnavirus (MdPDV) infects primarily hemocytes in parasitized hosts. Thereafter, several alterations that compromise the immune response of P. includens toward the developing parasitoid occur in hemocytes. In this study, we identified two MdPDV mRNAs (1.0 and 1.5 kb) expressed in P. includens hemocytes that have homology to the viral genomic clone pMd-2. Corresponding 1.0- and 1.5-kb cDNA clones (MdPi455 and MdPi59) were isolated from an MdPDV-infected hemocyte cDNA library. Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cDNA clones confirmed that the 1.5- and 1.0-kb mRNAs have significant regions of homology. Sequence alignment revealed that the gene, OMd1.0, encoding the 1.0-kb mRNA is present in pMd-2. This gene contains two introns and three exons that agree with the sequence for MdPi455. In contrast, the 1.5-kb mRNA is likely encoded by a related gene located on the same MdPDV genomic DNA as is OMd1.0. The predicted peptide sequences for the 1.0- and 1.5-kb transcripts contain a cysteine-rich region at their 5' ends that have some similarity with epidermal growth factor-like motifs. Hybridization studies revealed that both mRNAs are expressed in granular cells and plasmatocytes, the primary classes of hemocytes involved in defense against M. demolitor and other parasites.
Folate-Based Radiotracers for PET Imaging—Update and Perspectives (2013)

The folate receptor (FR) is expressed in many tumor types, among those ovarian and lung cancer. Due to the high FR affinity of folic acid, it has been used for targeting of FR-positive tumors, allowing specific delivery of attached probes to the malignant tissue. Therefore, nuclear imaging of FR-positive cancer is of clinical interest for selecting patients who could benefit from innovative therapy concepts based on FR-targeting. Positron emission computed tomography (PET) has become an established technique in clinical routine because it provides an increased spatial resolution and higher sensitivity compared to single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Therefore, it is of critical importance to develop folate radiotracers suitable for PET imaging. This review article updates on the design, preparation and pre-clinical investigation of folate derivatives for radiolabeling with radioisotopes for PET. Among those the most relevant radionuclides so far are fluorine-18 (t(1/2): 110 min, E(av) β⁺: 250 keV) and gallium-68 (t(1/2): 68 min, E(av) β⁺: 830 keV). Recent results obtained with new PET isotopes such as terbium-152 (t(1/2): 17.5 h, Eβ⁺: 470 keV) or scandium-44 (t(1/2): 3.97 h, (Eav) β⁺: 632 keV) are also presented and discussed. Current endeavors for clinical implementation of PET agents open new perspectives for identification of FR-positive malignancies in patients.
The Altaic Numerals and Japanese (1969)

The pronouns are a rich field for general Altaic comparisons; and the relationship of the Old Japanese pronouns to those of the other Altaic languages helps to clarify some of the inner relationships among these languages at the same time that it irrefutably establishes the relationship of Japanese to this language family. But the numerals present another and strikingly different kind of problem. In most general terms, the Altaic numerals are not a particularly rewarding area for the activities of the comparative linguist; and in fact, when surveying the evidence he is tempted more than once to conclude that they were especially devised to try both his patience and his ingenuity.
Edge filter enhanced self-mixing interferometry (2015)

Self-mixing interferometry (SMI) represents a simple, robust, and self-aligned technique for metrology applications. Still, its applicability on diffuse targets is limited to distances up to few meters. We present an enhanced approach based on the detection of the frequency-modulated (FM) self-mixing signal. The FM signal detection is achieved using an acetylene edge filter that maps laser frequency variations into intensity variations as the laser wavelength is tuned to the edge of the steep absorption profile. An experimental comparison between the enhanced and the conventional SMI approach is presented. The new approach yields to about two orders of magnitude larger signal-to-noise ratio and extends the applicability of SMI into new fields allowing longer detection ranges and lower backscattering signals.
Switching between Manual Control and Brain-Computer Interface Using Long Term and Short Term Quality Measures (2012)

Assistive devices for persons with limited motor control translate or amplify remaining functions to allow otherwise impossible actions. These assistive devices usually rely on just one type of input signal which can be derived from residual muscle functions or any other kind of biosignal. When only one signal is used, the functionality of the assistive device can be reduced as soon as the quality of the provided signal is impaired. The quality can decrease in case of fatigue, lack of concentration, high noise, spasms, tremors, depending on the type of signal. To overcome this dependency on one input signal, a combination of more inputs should be feasible. This work presents a hybrid Brain-Computer Interface (hBCI) approach where two different input signals (joystick and BCI) were monitored and only one of them was chosen as a control signal at a time. Users could move a car in a game-like feedback application to collect coins and avoid obstacles via either joystick or BCI control. Both control types were constantly monitored with four different long term quality measures to evaluate the current state of the signals. As soon as the quality dropped below a certain threshold, a monitoring system would switch to the other control mode and vice versa. Additionally, short term quality measures were applied to check for strong artifacts that could render voluntary control impossible. These measures were used to prohibit actions carried out during times when highly uncertain signals were recorded. The switching possibility allowed more functionality for the users. Moving the car was still possible even after one control mode was not working any more. The proposed system serves as a basis that shows how BCI can be used as an assistive device, especially in combination with other assistive technology.
Beyond the Limitations of API RP-14E Erosional Velocity -A Field Study for Gas Condensate Wells (2018)

Fluid velocity has the potential to cause severe erosion damage to oil & gas production infrastructure. In order to avoid or alleviate damage due to erosion, the American Petroleum Institute Recommended Practice (API RP) 14E recommends a threshold fluid velocity for production tubing and pipelines. However, field and laboratory data have proven that the applied empirical constants, known as C-factors, within the formula are not valid for all conditions. In many cases the calculated API RP 14E erosional velocity is significantly underestimated or overestimated due to insufficient consideration of fluid characteristics. In addition, accurate field data on erosional velocity can assist proper pipe sizing calculations for prospective oilfield projects. Oversizing of tubing unnecessarily increases construction costs whilst underestimating required size of tubulars can lead to catastrophic erosion/corrosion failures. In this study new values for erosional velocity constants, beyond those suggested by API RP 14E, are proposed based on experimental data achieved from sidestream pilot test units. The experimental pilot test units were installed on four different gas condensate production fields in the south of Iran. Electrical Resistance (ER) probes were employed to gather online erosion-corrosion data from the pilot units, each of which was in service for about nine months. The results showed that higher C-factors can be safely applied for these gas condensate fields in comparison with those recommended by API RP 14E. Furthermore, it was revealed that pilot test units exposed to a higher Condensate Gas Ratio (CGR) experienced a greater rate of erosion.
Efficient trimmed NURBS tessellation (2004)

Interactive rendering of trimmed NURBS models is of great importance for CAD systems. For this the model\nneeds to be transformed into a polygonal representation. This transformation can be either performed in a\npreprocessing step, at the cost of losing the capability to edit the surfaces, or on the fly during rendering. Since\nthe number of frames per second is usually critical, efficient on the fly tessellation of trimmed NURBS surfaces\nis very important for interactive rendering and editing of such models.\nIn this paper we present an efficient – with respect to both runtime and to the number of generated triangles –\ntessellation algorithm for trimmed NURBS surfaces that is capable of guaranteeing a specified geometric\napproximation error. When affordable by the subsequent steps in the pipeline, an approximate error of the\ntessellation can also be used leading to fewer triangles.
Immunostimulant activities of a lipophilic muramyl dipeptide derivative and of desmuramyl peptidolipid analogs (1980)

The immunostimulant properties of a new muramyl dipeptide (MDP) derivative bearing a lipophilic moiety on the C-terminal end of the peptide chain are described. It is shown, in particular, that 1,O-(acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-L-alanyl)-glycerol-3-mycolate had increased immunostimulant activity in comparison with MDP. It induced hypersensitivity even when administered with an antigen in saline, and it gave higher protection against bacterial infections than did MDP. A quite unexpected finding was obtained with the corresponding desmuramyl compound 1,O-(L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-L-alanyl)-glycerol-3-mycolate, which had no activity in producing humoral antibodies but was just as active as the muramic acid-containing compound in stimulating nonspecific resistance to bacterial infections. It was not pyrogenic. Modifications of the peptide moiety or the lipid moiety of this peptidolipid led to decrease, or even loss, of activity. These results show the importance of the N-acetylmuramyl moiety in MDP for humoral antibody production. The peptidolipid 1,O-(L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine-L-alanyl)-glycerol-3-mycolate is the first member of a new category of nonspecific immunostimulants.
Application of RFID and Data Mining in the Timber Management System (2011)

RFID makes information data more conception, more precision and more timeliness as an advanced information gathering way. So the level of data mining is more open. It is very important for us to protect and rationally use timber resources and create greater economic and social values since RFID used in timber information resources management and thus achieving that the reading and writing of timber information resources data automatically, systems management and scientific analysis and processing. The article emphasized on RFID and the research of its application on timber and its application effect to data warehouse of the underlying data mining.
A Versatile Polarization Cell System (1976)

Although numerous polarization cells have been designed for electrochemical measurements, many of them are complex in design and not easily modified for special experiments. There is a need for an adaptable polarization cell which can be employed for a wide variety of experiments. A new polarization cell system utilizing commercially available glass pipe and simple TFE parts has been developed to meet these needs. This system is simple and rugged and can be adapted, without fabricating special components, to perform: (1) multicompartment measurements; (2) multielectrode studies; (3) electrochemical measurements in large electrolyte volumes; (4) flow studies; (5) elevated temperature measurements; (6) optical studies of polarized electrodes; (7) electrochemical measurements in actual process streams; and (8) studies of stressed metal specimens.
Reciprocal actions of interleukin‐6 and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor on rat and mouse primary sensory neurons (2000)

In low-density, serum-free cultures of neurons from embryonic rat dorsal root ganglia, interleukin-6 supports the survival of less than one third of the neurons yet virtually all of them bear interleukin-6 alpha-receptors. A finding that might explain this selectivity is that interleukin-6 acts on sensory neurons in culture through a mechanism requiring endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor. Antibodies or a trkB fusion protein that block the biological activity of brain-derived neurotrophic factor synthesized by dorsal root ganglion neurons also block the survival-promoting actions of interleukin-6 on these neurons. Two results indicate that interleukin-6 influences synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in adult dorsal root ganglion neurons. Intrathecal infusion of interleukin-6 in rats increases the concentration of brain-derived neurotrophic factor mRNA in rat lumbar dorsal root ganglia. The induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in dorsal root ganglion neurons that is seen after nerve injury in rats or wild-type mice is severely attenuated in mice with null mutation of the interleukin-6 gene. In brief, the ability of interleukin-6 to support the survival of embryonic sensory neurons in vitro depends upon the presence of endogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor and the induction of brain-derived neurotrophic factor in injured adult sensory neurons depends upon the presence of endogenous interleukin-6.
Textile Performance Properties of Cotton Fabric Treated with Selected Flame-Retarding Finishes (1977)

Seven different types of flame-retarding finishes were applied to light-to-medium weight cotton fabric at add-ons appropriate to pass the DOC FF 3–71 test. The finishes studied were based on tetrakis(hydroxymethyl)phosphonium chloride (THPC), neutralized THPC (THPOH), Fyrol 76, and Pyrovatex CP. The specific finishes were: THPOH-NH 3 , THPOH-urea-trimethylolmelamine, Proban (THPC-urea precondensate)-NH 3 , THPC-urea-disodium hydrogen phosphate, Fyrol 76, Fyrol 76-N-methylolacrylamide, and Pyrovatex CP-methylolmelamine. Textile performance properties are reported as a function of add-on of each type of finish; strengths and abrasion resistance of the finished fabrics are considered and discussed as a function of resilience. General trends of decreasing strength and abrasion resistance with increasing resilience were observed for these flame-retardant fabrics. Within this trend there is latitude for selection of finishes that will provide superior performance in the individual textile property such as abrasion resistance, breaking strength, and tearing strength.
Integrated chemiresistor array for small sensor platforms (2000)

Chemiresistors are fabricated from materials that change their electrical a resistance when exposed to certain species. Composites of soluble polymers with metallic particles have shown remarkable sensitivity to many volatile organic chemicals, depending on the ability of the analyte molecules to swell the polymer matrix. These sensor can be made extremely small, operate at ambient temperatures, and require almost no power to read-out. However, the chemiresistors itself is only a part of a more complex sensor system that delivers chemical information to a user who can act on the information. We present the design, fabrication and performance of a chemiresistors array chip with four different chemiresistors materials, heaters and a temperature sensor. We also show the design and fabrication of an integrated chemical sensor array, where the electronics for measuring each chemiresistors' resistance are on the same chi with the chemiresistors films. The circuit was designed to perform several functions to make the sensor data more useful. The integrated chemiresistors' resistance are on the same chip with the chemiresistors films. The circuit was designed to perform several functions to make the senor dat more useful. The integrated chemiresistors array's small size and low power demand makes it ideal for deployment on a Sandia-developed microrobot platform.
Fully decentralised algorithm for multisensor Kalman filtering (1991)

An algorithm that achieves complete decentralisation of the Kalman filter algorithm amongst the sensing nodes of a multisensor system is preserved. This algorithm does not require any form of central processing facility or centralised communications medium. Each sensing node implements its own local Kalman filter to arrive at a partial decision which it then broadcasts to every other node. Each node then assimilates this received information to arrive at its own local estimate of the system state. The algorithm guarantees that each local estimate thus obtained is identical to the estimate that would be obtained if a conventional, completely centralised, Kalman filter were used. Because there is no single central processing node the algorithm is highly resilient to loss of one or more sensing nodes. The fully decentralised nature ensures that it is ideal for implementation on a parallel processing array, such as a transputer network. The algorithm has been tested using a simulated multiperson pursuitevasion game to check the viability. The algorithm has also been implemented on a transputer based array of cameras to perform tracking of an object moving around a room.
Image registration for the underwater inspection using the maximum a posteriori technique (2003)

Describes an image registration method for underwater inspection tasks. A remotely operated vehicle equipped with a video camera and a scanning sonar is used as the testbed vehicle. Each image of the underwater scene is saved along with the video camera's position and orientation. The images are then combined to create a large composite picture of the underwater structure being inspected. This method is based upon a maximum a posteriori estimation technique and provides smooth and robust estimates of image shifts. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of this highly promising underwater inspection procedure.
Failure of geometric optics for analysis of circular optical fibers (1974)

In addition to rays that lose energy by undergoing refraction, there is a large class of weakly attenuated rays in circular optical fibers. These leaky rays are incorrectly predicted to be lossless by Fresnel’s laws. Thus, Fresnel’s laws fail for the analysis of long fibers. The significance and properties of leaky rays are discussed. A very simple attenuation coefficient is given, from which the loss of all rays is computed. This attenuation coefficient makes it possible to extend the use of ray tracing and Snell’s laws for analyzing circular optical fibers.