gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changing How Earth System Modeling is Done to Provide More Useful Information for Decision Making, Science, and Society (2014)

New details about natural and anthropogenic processes are continually added to models of the Earth system, anticipating that the increased realism will increase the accuracy of their predictions. However, perspectives differ about whether this approach will improve the value of the information the models provide to decision makers, scientists, and societies. The present bias toward increasing realism leads to a range of updated projections, but at the expense of uncertainty quantification and model tractability. This bias makes it difficult to quantify the uncertainty associated with the projections from any one model or to the distribution of projections from different models. This in turn limits the utility of climate model outputs for deriving useful information such as in the design of effective climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies or identifying and prioritizing sources of uncertainty for reduction. Here we argue that a new approach to model development is needed, focused on the delivery of information to support specific policy decisions or science questions. The central tenet of this approach is the assessment and justification of the overall balance of model detail that reflects the question posed, current knowledge, available data, and sources of uncertainty. This differs from contemporary practices by explicitly seeking to quantify both the benefits and costs of details at a systemic level, taking into account the precision and accuracy with which predictions are made when compared to existing empirical evidence. We specify changes to contemporary model development practices that would help in achieving this goal.
Induced Electric Currents in the Alaska Oil Pipeline Measured by Gradient Fluxgate and SQUID Magnetometers (1980)

Fluxgate magnetometers in a gradient alignment and a gradient superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer were used to determine the current induced in the Alaska oil pipeline during a period of geomagnetic disturbance. The measurements compared favorably to each other and to the nearby current deterninations using a shunt connected directly to the pipe.
Multirate asynchronous sampling of sparse multiband signals (2008)

Because optical systems have a huge bandwidth and are capable of generating low-noise short pulses, they are ideal for undersampling multiband signals that are located within a very broad frequency range. We propose a new scheme for reconstructing multiband signals that occupy a small part of a given broad frequency range under the constraint of a small number of sampling channels. The scheme, which we call multirate sampling (MRS), entails gathering samples at several different rates whose sum is significantly lower than the Nyquist sampling rate. The number of channels does not depend on any characteristics of a signal. In order to be implemented with simplified hardware, the reconstruction method does not rely on the synchronization between different sampling channels. Also, because the method does not solve a system of linear equations, it avoids one source of lack of robustness of previously published undersampling schemes. Our simulations indicate that our MRS scheme is robust both to different signal types and to relatively high noise levels. The scheme can be implemented easily with optical sampling systems.
Cholinergic Abnormalities in Autism (2010)

The core dysfunctions of autism spectrum disorders, which include autistic disorder, Asperger disorder, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified, include deficits in socialization and communication and a need for the preservation of "sameness;" intellectual impairment and epilepsy are common comorbidities. Data suggest that pathological involvement of cholinergic nuclei and altered expression of acetylcholine receptors, particularly nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, occur in brain of persons with autistic disorder. However, many of these studies involved postmortem tissue from small samples of primarily adult persons. Thus, the findings may reflect compensatory changes and may relate more closely to intellectual impairment and the confounding effects of seizures and medications, as opposed to the core dysfunctions of autism. Nonetheless, because of the roles played by acetylcholine receptors in general, and nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in particular, in normal processes of attention, cognition, and memory, selective cholinergic interventions should be explored for possible therapeutic effects. Additionally, there are electrophysiological data that complement the clinical observations of frequent comorbid seizure disorders in these patients, suggesting a disturbance in the balance of excitatory and inhibitory tone in the brains of persons with autistic disorders. Conceivably, because the alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is located on the surface of gamma-aminobutyric acid inhibitory neurons, selective stimulation of this receptor would promote gamma-aminobutyric acid's release and restore diminished inhibitory tone. The development of agonists and partial agonists for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and positive allosteric modulators that enhance the efficiency of coupling between the binding of agonist and channel opening should facilitate consideration of clinical trials.
Full MEMS monolithic microcolumn for wafer-level arrayal (2004)

Recently, an advanced microcolumn concept for improved throughput was proposed. However, due to the complexity of the approach, the miniaturization was limited. In addition, microcolumns must run under ultrahigh vacuum conditions in order to obtain stable electron emission at the field-emission tip. Both signal and power lines need to be connected through the ultrahigh vacuum chamber. Therefore, increases in the number of microcolumn arrays necessitate more wiring from the external control unit to the internal units, and the number of wires can become prohibitive. To solve this problem, a new concept, exploiting the possibility of an arrayed microcolumn which uses microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technology has been developed. This paper describes a monolithic (3×3 arrayed) microcolumn, which consists of a cold field-emission tip, an input lens, an einzel lens, and novel deflectors for multiple-arrayed microcolumns. We also describe its fabrication process, which relies on improved microfabrication and MEMS technology, most notably multiwafer anodic bonding techniques and copper electroplating for the double metallization process. This paper describes an electro-optical analysis and an optimization using an equivalent circuit and a newly proposed simulation tool. We focus on the production possibilities for microcolumns constructed using MEMS technology. The emission current of the fabricated tungsten and molybdenum cold field-emission tip was several microamperes for an applied gate voltage of 100V. The probe current, which was measured in the sample grid of the wafer stage, was about 1nA. The amount of electron-beam deflection was proportional to the applied voltage at the deflector, and operated at about 1μm∕V.
Complete computer system simulation: the SimOS approach (1995)

SimOS is a simulation environment capable of modeling complete computer systems, including a full operating system and all application programs that run on top of it. Two features help make this possible. First, SimOS provides an extremely fast simulation of system hardware, and the second feature that enables SimOS to model the full operating system is its ability to control the level of simulation detail. Designed for efficient and accurate study of both uniprocessor and multiprocessor systems, SimOS simulates computer hardware in enough detail to run an entire operating system and provides substantial flexibility in the tradeoff between simulation speed and detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of electro conductive film and strain gage as displacement sensor for pneumatic artificial muscle (2011)

For safety contact between humans and machines, Soft actuators are very useful. This reason is that soft actuators have flexibility, light weight and safety. However, it is difficult to realize accuracy control. The aim of this research is to develop a pneumatic soft actuator that has a flexible displacement sensor. The soft actuator is a pneumatic artificial muscle that can generate contracting motion. It consists of a silicone rubber tube and PET plates. Additionally it has a displacement sensor on constructional material. In this research, we have verified two types of sensors, strain gages and conductive film sensors. The both sensors can detect the change of their electrical resistance when the PET plate in the actuator is deformed. Through the experiments we have compared with each sensor's feature.
Personalized <i>In Vitro</i> and <i>In Vivo</i> Cancer Models to Guide Precision Medicine (2017)

Precision medicine is an approach that takes into account the influence of individuals' genes, environment, and lifestyle exposures to tailor interventions. Here, we describe the development of a robust precision cancer care platform that integrates whole-exome sequencing with a living biobank that enables high-throughput drug screens on patient-derived tumor organoids. To date, 56 tumor-derived organoid cultures and 19 patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models have been established from the 769 patients enrolled in an Institutional Review Board-approved clinical trial. Because genomics alone was insufficient to identify therapeutic options for the majority of patients with advanced disease, we used high-throughput drug screening to discover effective treatment strategies. Analysis of tumor-derived cells from four cases, two uterine malignancies and two colon cancers, identified effective drugs and drug combinations that were subsequently validated using 3-D cultures and PDX models. This platform thereby promotes the discovery of novel therapeutic approaches that can be assessed in clinical trials and provides personalized therapeutic options for individual patients where standard clinical options have been exhausted.<b>Significance:</b> Integration of genomic data with drug screening from personalized <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> cancer models guides precision cancer care and fuels next-generation research. <i>Cancer Discov; 7(5); 462-77. ©2017 AACR.</i><i>See related commentary by Picco and Garnett, p. 456</i><i>This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 443</i>.
The phototoxicity of phenothiazinium derivatives against<i>Escherichia coli</i>and<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2003)

Phenothiazinium dyes, and derivatives, were tested for toxicity to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. The dyes were generally lipophilic (log P>1) and showed inherent dark toxicity (minimum lethal concentrations: 3.1-1000 microM). Dye illumination (total light dose of 3.15 J cm(-1) over 30 min) led to up to eight-fold reductions in minimum lethal concentrations. Most of the illuminated dyes showed significant relative singlet oxygen yields (phi'delta: 0.18-1.35) suggesting a type II mechanism of generating a phototoxic response. Although generally up to six-fold more effective against S. aureus, the dyes tested efficiently killed E. coli and may be of particular use in combating Gram-negative pathogens.
Alveolar Macrophages Transport Pathogens to Lung Draining Lymph Nodes (2009)

The first step in inducing pulmonary adaptive immunity to allergens and airborne pathogens is Ag acquisition and transport to the lung draining lymph nodes (dLN). Dendritic cells (DC) sample the airways, and active transfer of Ag to the lung dLN is considered an exclusive property of migratory DC. However, alveolar macrophages (AM) are the first phagocytes to contact inhaled particulate matter. Although having well-defined immunoregulatory capabilities, AM are generally considered as restricted to the alveoli. We show that murine AM constitutively migrate from lung to dLN and that following exposure to Streptococcus pneumoniae, AM rapidly transport bacteria to this site. Thus AM, and not DC, appear responsible for the earliest delivery of these bacteria to secondary lymphoid tissue. The identification of this novel transport pathway has important consequences for our understanding of lung immunity and suggests more widespread roles for macrophages in the transport of Ags to lymphoid organs than previously appreciated.
A spline-based adaptive filter for the removal of blocking artifacts in image sequences coded at very low bitrate (2002)

In this paper, a method for the reduction of blocking effect in image sequences coded at very low bitrate is presented. The proposed operator is capable of adapting its behaviour to the local characteristics of the images. In areas containing details, the degradation introduced by block-based coding is often masked by the texture itself and a satisfactory visual effect can be achieved by simply leaving the area unchanged. In uniform areas, instead, the coarse quantization normally used at very low bitrate results in visible steps in the gray level. A local action along the border is not sufficient for the removal of the artifact (specially when the frames are later viewed in a sequence). In this case, a spline interpolation is performed on the gray levels of pixels located on a wider area across the border. The extension of the filtered zone inside the blocks is evaluated by means of an index of activity so as to maximize the smoothing effect, while preserving the details inside the blocks.
Conversion of hydroxylamine hydrochloride to hydroxylamine nitrate by electrodialysis and water-splitting processes (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTConversion of hydroxylamine hydrochloride to hydroxylamine nitrate by electrodialysis and water-splitting processesYuehsiung Chang and Harry P. GregorCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1981, 20, 2, 361–366Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i200013a028https://doi.org/10.1021/i200013a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views142Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
CSCW for film and TV preproduction (1994)

During preproduction, film and television companies consider visuals in deciding on cast, location, and special effects. Using telecommunications would allow these decision makers to confer at a distance, reducing travel and delays caused by shipping materials back and forth. To support preproduction, an interdisciplinary team developed a prototype computer supported cooperative work application, implemented on Telstra's experimental multimedia communications platform, and demonstrated it to major Australian film and television companies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optical Parametric Oscillation in KTP for Tunable Mid-Infrared Lasers (1989)

We report the first demonstration of a tunable mid-IR (1.8-2.4 µm) coherent source generated from OPO in KTP crystal pumped by Nd:YAG (1064 nm) laser. Phase matching, OPO gain and threshold energy are discussed. The tuning range and efficiency are measured at various pumping energies and cavity lengths.
The purse‐string suture revisited: a useful technique for the closure of cutaneous surgical wounds (2007)

The purse-string suture provides complete or partial closure of round postoperative skin defects. It is a rapid and simple procedure to perform. Tension placed on the suture uniformly advances the skin from the entire periphery of the wound, resulting in a significant reduction of the defect size and enhancement of hemostasis at the wound edge. The history, modifications of the technique, advantages, and potential complications of the purse-string suture are reviewed. It is not only useful following the removal of nonmelanoma skin cancer but also after the local excision of melanoma. In addition, this technique is especially suitable for the repair of round surgical wounds for patients who are unable to modify their active lifestyles during the week following surgery, individuals concurrently being treated with anticoagulants, antiplatelet agents or both, and people with extensive postoperative defects that would otherwise require either a skin graft or a large cutaneous flap. Typically, the site of the surgical wound following partial or complete closure with the purse-string suture demonstrates excellent long-term cosmetic and functional results.
<i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> conjugative plasmid pAM373: complete nucleotide sequence and genetic analyses of sex pheromone response (2000)

pAM373 is a 36.7 kb conjugative plasmid in Enterococcus faecalis that encodes a response to a peptide sex pheromone, cAM373, secreted by plasmid-free (recipient) strains of enterococci. It was identified over 15 years ago as one of five plasmids in E. faecalis strain RC73 and was of interest because a related pheromone activity could be detected in culture supernatants of Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus gordonii. Because of increased clinical concern relating to the possibility of mobilizing vancomycin resistance determinants from enterococci, where they are becoming common, into pathogens such as S. aureus, efforts were initiated to characterize pAM373 further. The results of a complete nucleotide sequence determination of pAM373, as well as a genetic analysis of key genes related to regulation of the pheromone response, are reported here. With regard to determinants related to conjugation, the plasmid has a structural organization similar to other known pheromone-responsive plasmids such as pAD1, pCF10 and pPD1; however, there are several unique features. Although there are significant homologues relating to a pheromone-binding surface protein (TraC) and a negatively regulating protein (TraA), there is an absence of a determinant equivalent to traB of pAD1 (reduces endogenous pheromone) and a determinant for surface-exclusion protein. The precursor structure of the inhibitor peptide iAM373 was identified, and its determinant (iam373) was found to be about 500 nt upstream of an apparent transcription terminator t1. Tn917-lac insertion analyses provided interesting insights into aspects of control of the pheromone response and showed that, although the traA product is sensitive to pheromone, it appears to act differently from the traA homologue of pAD1.
Intracellular Persistence of Staphylococcus aureus Small-Colony Variants within Keratinocytes: A Cause for Antibiotic Treatment Failure in a Patient with Darier's Disease (2001)

Intracellular persistence assays were performed with small-colony variants (SCVs) derived from a patient with Darier's disease from whom different phenotypes and genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus were isolated over a 28-month period; the assays revealed that >100-fold more SCV cells persisted intracellularly relative to the normal phenotype. The presence of intracellular S. aureus SCVs may protect against host defenses and antibiotic therapy and thus may have contributed to this patient's very prolonged skin infection.
Hybrid membrane resonators for multiple frequency asymmetric absorption and reflection in large waveguide (2017)

We report that Hybrid membrane resonators (HMRs) made of a decorated membrane resonator backed by a shallow cavity can function as Helmholtz resonators (HRs) when mounted on the sidewall of a clear waveguide for air ventilation. When two single-frequency HMRs are used in the same scheme as two frequency-detuned HRs, asymmetric total absorption/reflection is demonstrated at 286.7 Hz with absorption coefficient over 97% in a waveguide 9 cm × 9 cm in cross section. When two multiple-frequency HMRs are used, absorption in the range of near 60% to above 80% is observed at 403 Hz, 450 Hz, 688 Hz, 863 Hz, and 945 Hz. Theoretical predictions agree well with the experimental data. The HMRs may replace HRs in duct noise reduction applications, in that at a single operation frequency they have stronger strength to cover a much larger cross section area than that of HRs with similar cavity volume, and they can be designed to provide multiple frequency absorption band.
Efficient personalized communication on wormhole networks (2002)

Bridging models, such as the BSP (bulk synchronous parallel) model, tend to abstract the characteristics of interconnection networks using a small set of parameters, by dividing the computation into supersteps and organizing the communication into global patterns called h-relations. In this paper, we evaluate (through experimental results conducted on a wormhole-routed 2D torus and a quaternary fat-tree with 256 processing nodes) the execution time of three families of h-relations with variable degree of imbalance. We also prove a strong result that links the communication performance of the fat-tree with the BSP abstraction of the interconnection network. Given a generic h-relation, we can provide a value of g (the gap) that, in the worst case, slightly overestimates the completion time and is very close to optimality.
Assessment Accommodations for English Language Learners: Implications for Policy-Based Empirical Research (2004)

Increased attention to large-scale assessments, the growing number of English language learners in schools, and recent inclusionary policies have collectively made assessment accommodations a hotly debated issue, especially regarding the validity of test results for English language learners. Decisions about which accommodations to use, for whom, and under what conditions, are based on limited empirical evidence for their effectiveness and validity. Given the potential consequences of test results, it is important that policy-makers and educators understand the empirical base underlying their use. This article reviews test accommodation strategies for English learners, derived from “scientifically based research.” The results caution against a one-size-fits-all approach. The more promising approaches include modified English and customized dictionaries, which can be used for all students, not just English language learners
Statin-Induced Cholesterol Lowering and Plaque Regression After 6 Months of Magnetic Resonance Imaging–Monitored Therapy (2004)

AP regression and reverse remodeling can be detected accurately by MRI 6 months after statin therapy initiation, and it is strongly associated with LDL cholesterol reduction.