gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Secondary Metabolism as a Measurement of Efficacy of Botanical Extracts: The Use of Azadirachta indica (Neem) as a Model (2012)

This chapter is primarily concerned with the concept and correct use of natural products as insecticides. All organisms need to transform and interconvert a vast number of organic compounds in order to be able to live, grow, and reproduce. They need to provide themselves with energy in the form of ATP and a supply of building blocks to construct their own tissues. Despite the extremely varied characteristics of living organisms, the pathways for generally modifying and synthesizing carbohydrates, proteins, fats, and nucleic acids are found to be essentially the same in all organisms, apart from minor variations. These processes demonstrate the fundamental unit of all ways of life, and are collectively described as primary metabolism. In contrast to these metabolic pathways, which synthesize, degrade, and generally interconvert compounds commonly encountered in all organisms, there is also an area of metabolism concerned with compounds which have a much more limited distribution in nature called secondary metabolism (Dewick, 2009). Secondary metabolites or natural products are commonly reserved for organic compounds of natural origin that are unique to one organism, or common to a small number of closely related organisms Secondary metabolites are not necessarily produced under all conditions, and in the vast majority of cases the function of these compounds and their benefit to the organism are not yet known. In fact, they are usually an expression of the individuality of species (Dewick, 2009). In most examples they appear to be non-essential to the plant, insect, or microorganism producing them. For instance, the morphine only occurs in two species of poppy, Papaver somniferum and P. setigerum, and although it is widely used and abused by man, it has no function which is known in these plants Plants produce a large diversity of natural products which are usually sub-divided in classes according to metabolic pathways at polyketides, lignans, coumarins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids, alkaloids, etc. These are of great importance for the plant for their interaction with the environment due to their roles as pollinator attractants, for symbiosis and for defense against attacks by microorganisms, other plants or animals. Moreover, they are economically important to man as a source of pharmaceuticals, flavours, fragrances, insecticides, dyes, food additives, toxins, etc. (Zarate et al., 2010). Structures of an estimated 200,000 natural products have been elucidated (Dixon & Strack, 2003). Nowadays, www.intechopen.com Insecticides -Advances in Integrated Pest Management 368 researches for new insecticides are a promising area which is showing the growing demand for natural products. The diversity of secondary metabolites from plants may be commercially explored as botanical extracts or pure compounds after extraction and isolation by phytochemical process.
Sketch‐to‐Design: Context‐Based Part Assembly (2013)

Abstract Designing 3D objects from scratch is difficult, especially when the user intent is fuzzy and lacks a clear target form. We facilitate design by providing reference and inspiration from existing model contexts. We rethink model design as navigating through different possible combinations of part assemblies based on a large collection of pre‐segmented 3D models. We propose an interactive sketch‐to‐design system, where the user sketches prominent features of parts to combine. The sketched strokes are analysed individually, and more importantly, in context with the other parts to generate relevant shape suggestions via adesign galleryinterface. As a modelling session progresses and more parts get selected, contextual cues become increasingly dominant, and the model quickly converges to a final form. As a key enabler, we use pre‐learned part‐based contextual information to allow the user to quickly explore different combinations of parts. Our experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach for efficiently designing new variations from existing shape collections.
An automated reticulocyte counting method: preliminary observations. (1989)

We evaluated the counting of reticulocytes in the peripheral blood with a newly developed flow cytometer type of automated counter that performs a single test within 60 s. The volume of sample needed is 100 microliters and the cells are stained with auramine-O in the counter. The mean within-run reproducibility was 4.66% (CV, n = 50), and dilution of blood gave highly linear results with an r value of 0.996. Correlation was good between manual reticulocyte counts and those performed with the counter (r = 0.893). Samples with large numbers of leucocytes, erythrocytes, or platelets did not interfere with the automated reticulocyte counting, and provided accurate and precise data.
Silicon Nanocrystals Functionalized with Pyrene Units: Efficient Light-Harvesting Antennae with Bright Near-Infrared Emission (2014)

Pyrene chromophores were attached to silicon nanocrystals (SiNCs) with diameters of 2.6 and 5.0 nm to provide light-harvesting antennae for enhanced optical absorption. Efficient energy transfer from the pyrene moieties to the SiNCs was observed to induce bright visible (2.6 nm) or near-infrared (NIR) (5.0 nm) photoluminescence (PL). The 5.0 nm diameter pyrene-derivatized SiNCs exhibited NIR PL emission that was insensitive to dioxygen, with a 40% quantum yield and long lifetime (hundreds of μs).
Effect of Short-Chain Branching on the Rheology of Polyolefins (2006)

A series of carefully synthesized ethylene/butene copolymers (0.2−0.85 mole fraction butene) were synthesized using metallocene catalysts to probe the relationship between the chemical architecture of polyolefins and their rheology. The dependence of , the plateau modulus, on mb, the molecular weight per backbone bond, which we have seen previously for polyolefins is obeyed by these copolymers. Moreover, the modulus at the frequency at which G‘ = G‘ ‘ also scales with copolymer composition. We also show that the van Gurp−Palmen plots (|G*| vs δ) for these copolymers show a universal behavior, which could allow for the characterization of copolymer composition by rheology. We demonstrate that combining small-amplitude oscillatory shear data with stress relaxation experiments the theory of linear viscoelasticity allows us to determine low-frequency behavior much more rapidly. The zero shear viscosity of these ethylene copolymers also shows a regular dependence on the copolymer composition, and we propose a new scaling relationship for zero shear viscosity in terms of mb. We show that this applies to a wide range of polyolefins and show similar relations for the equilibration time, τe, and monomeric friction factor, ζ.
Information-theoretic lower bounds for distributed statistical estimation with communication constraints (2013)

We establish lower bounds on minimax risks for distributed statistical estimation under a communication budget. Such lower bounds reveal the minimum amount of communication required by any procedure to achieve the centralized minimax-optimal rates for statistical estimation. We study two classes of protocols: one in which machines send messages independently, and a second allowing for interactive communication. We establish lower bounds for several problems, including various types of location models, as well as for parameter estimation in regression models.
The protective effects of high amylose maize (amylomaize) starch granules on the survival of Bifidobacterium spp. in the mouse intestinal tract (1999)

The possibility of using high amylose maize starch granules as a delivery system for probiotic bacteria has been investigated using Bifidobacterium spp. LaftiTM 8B and LaftiTM 13B which were isolated from a healthy human. The Bifidobacterium cells were able to adhere to the amylomaize starch granules and were also able to hydrolyse the starch during growth. Initially, in vitro studies were carried out by studying the survival of strains Bifidobacterium LaftiTM 8B and LaftiTM 13B when exposed to pH 2.3, 3.5 and 6.5 as well as 0.03 and 0.05% w/v bile acids. Both strains were grown either in the absence or presence of high amylose maize starch granules, then mixed with the high amylose maize starch granules and exposed to acidic buffers or bile acid solutions. It was shown that growth in and the presence of high amylose maize starch granules led to enhanced survival of strains LaftiTM 8B and LaftiTM 13B. Subsequently, survival in vivo was monitored by measuring the faecal level of Bifidobacterium LaftiTM 8B after oral administration of the strain to mice. A sixfold better recovery of strain LaftiTM 8B from mice faeces after oral dosage was noted for cells grown in amylose-containing medium compared with controls. It was concluded that high amylose maize starch granules contributed to enhanced survival of Bifidobacterium sp. LaftiTM 8B and LaftiTM 13B.
Process viscometry of complex fluids and suspensions with helical ribbon agitators (1998)

Abstract The viscosity of highly inelastic shear thinning fluids and aqueous suspensions of kaolin clay particles has been investigated using a helical ribbon impeller fitted to a rheometer. Viscosity data for the single phase non‐Newtonian fluids adequately processed with a generalized Reynolds number based on the impeller tip speed are shown to superimpose very well to the results obtained with a cone and plate rheometer. In the case of the two‐phase system, it is shown that the data treatment for single phase system can be extended. The helical ribbon impeller yields more stable viscosity values than with the traditional geometries and no spurious flow phenomena (i.e., sedimentation, slip at the wall, etc.) was observed, making this system a superior device for suspension rheology over cone and plate and Couette flow rheometers.
Fatty Acylation of Two Internal Lysine Residues Required for the Toxic Activity of <i>Escherichia coli</i> Hemolysin (1994)

Hemolysin of Escherichia coli is activated by fatty acylation of the protoxin, directed by the putative acyl transferase HlyC and by acyl carrier protein (ACP). Mass spectrometry and Edman degradation of proteolytic products from mature toxin activated in vitro with tritium-labeled acylACP revealed two fatty-acylated internal lysine residues, lysine 564 and lysine 690. Resistance of the acylation to chemical treatments suggested that fatty acid was amide linked. Substitution of the two lysines confirmed that they were the only sites of acylation and showed that although each was acylated in the absence of the other, both sites were required for in vivo toxin activity.
A monolithically three-dimensional flow-focusing device for formation of single/double emulsions in closed/open microfluidic systems (2006)

This paper proposes a design concept and fabrication method of a planar three-dimensional (3D) microfluidic flow-focusing device (MFFD) that can produce monodisperse single/double emulsions in a closed/open microfluidic system. The device consists of three layers of SU-8 resist structures to form coaxial embedded orifices at the center of the microchannel with dimensions ranging from 50 µm to 200 µm by means of the black photoresist shadow method. Two or three immiscible fluids can be focused through the coaxial orifices, producing monodispersed droplets with a coefficient of variance (CV) of less than 4.1%. At the orifice, the inner liquid thread stays confined to the central axis of the microchannel, surrounded by the continuous phase. As the dispensed phase (inner fluid thread) does not wet channel walls, our proposed 3D MFFD can produce single emulsions for both water-in-oil (W/O) and oil-in-water (O/W) droplets utilizing the same device. The droplet diameter ranges from 50 µm to 300 µm. Also, double emulsions containing one to several internal droplets were successfully produced in the closed channel configuration. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time the feasibility of forming W/O droplets and polymer particles in an open channel configuration by withdrawing the fluid from the outlet channel. W/O droplets and polymer particles, smaller than 10 µm and 40 µm, respectively, were successfully produced. In contrast to the closed channel configuration where the droplet size decreases with an increasing flow rate, in an open channel configuration, the droplet size increases with an increasing withdrawal rate. The unique fabrication of the monolithic 3D MFFD device utilizing SU-8 resist overcomes problems regarding orifice sizes/shapes, alignment and assembly for current axisymmetric flow-focusing devices (AFFD) based on capillary microtubes, and provides flexibility for the future development of an integrated miniaturized lab-on-a-chip microsystem.
Borane-catalyzed condensation of trisilazane and N-methyldisilazane (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBorane-catalyzed condensation of trisilazane and N-methyldisilazaneWilliam M. Scantlin and Arlan D. NormanCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1972, 11, 12, 3082–3084Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50118a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50118a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views127Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Measurement of guiding effects in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (1996)

Wave-guiding mechanisms in large area InGaAs-GaAs MQW vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) have been investigated using novel spatially and spectrally resolved measurements of spontaneous and stimulated emission. Carrier induced anti-guiding is found to be important despite the presence of other guiding mechanisms.
REASONS FOR THE HIGH CARBOHYDRATE REQUIREMENT OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN (1940)

The purpose of this paper is to discuss briefly a few of the less well known causes of the fact that the requirement for carbohydrates in the diet of infants and children is higher than that in the diet of older persons. The normal diet of the breast-fed infant 3 months of age contains, in percentage of the total calories per kilogram of body weight per day, about four times more carbohydrate than the normal diet of a 6 year old child and ten times more than the diet of an adult (table 1). It is clear that here is a problem that is as important and interesting to the biologist as to the pediatrician. It is a daily experience of the latter to observe that the addition of 20 to 25 Gm. of sugar to the diet of an infant produces within twenty-four hours a gain in weight of
A NEW FAMILY OF BOMBYCOIDEA (LEPIDOPTERA) BASED ON <i>CARTHAEA SATURNIOIDES</i> WALKER FROM WESTERN AUSTRALIA (1966)

Abstract Carthaea saturnioides Walk., previously referred to the Geometridae, is here assigned to a new family Carthaeidae of the Bombycoidea. The presence in the adult of 3‐segmented maxillary palpi, a strong functional haustellum, a well developed frenulum in both sexes and a relatively unspecialized wing venation, indicates that the family is one of the most primitive in the superfamily. The larva, which feeds on Dryandra (Proteaceae), has a series of prominent lateral eyespots. The early instars bear prominent scoli but these disappear in the final instar, and the setae are greatly reduced. Pupation occurs on the ground in a flimsy cocoon.
Optimizing BIST and repair logic for embedded memories (2008)

This paper describes certain practical issues on designing and implementing built-in self-test circuits for testing and repairing a group of embedded memories of different types and sizes. Various test architectures presented in this paper provide for different optimizing criteria such as test time, routing feasibility, silicon overhead, and dynamic power compliance. The repair circuits are based on the most popular and widely accepted built-in-self-test strategy, and are power aware, repair friendly, and supports scan based testing of random glue logic in SOC designs. These features are useful primarily in SOC testing because such designs typically contain many memories that are large and repairable. Without an effective repair scheme, the production yield of a SOC containing a large numbers of embedded memory types and instances may severely be compromised.
Direct activation of human resting T cells by IL 2: the role of an IL 2 receptor distinct from the Tac protein. (1987)

High concentrations of interleukin 2 (IL 2) were shown to produce a delayed but pronounced proliferation of purified resting T cells in the apparent absence of other activation signals. Because these stimulatory effects of IL 2 occurred in the absence of detectable Tac+ cells, the possibility that IL 2 might be initially interacting with an IL 2 binding protein distinct from the Tac protein was studied. Chemical cross-linking studies with 125I-IL 2 revealed the presence of an IL 2 binding protein distinct from the Tac protein on the surface of these unstimulated T cells. This second IL 2 receptor has an estimated molecular size of 70,000 daltons, lacks reactivity with the anti-Tac antibody, and appears to be identical to the p70 protein recently proposed as a component of the high affinity IL 2 receptor. Scatchard analysis of IL 2 binding assays performed with the unactivated T cells revealed approximately 600 to 700 p70 sites per cell and an apparent Kd of 340 pM. These data indicate that the p70 protein present on resting T cells binds IL 2 with an intermediate affinity compared with the previously recognized high and low affinity forms of the receptor and may account for the high concentration of IL 2 needed to induce resting T cell proliferation. To investigate the early biologic consequences of IL 2 binding to the p70 protein, potential changes in the expression of genes involved in T cell activation were examined. Northern blotting revealed the rapid induction of c-myc, c-myb, and Tac mRNA after stimulation of resting T cells with a high concentration of IL 2. The anti-Tac antibody did not inhibit IL 2 induced expression of these genes, suggesting that the p70 protein rather than the Tac antigen or the high affinity IL 2 receptor complex mediated this signal. However, in contrast to these early activation events, the anti-Tac antibody significantly inhibited IL 2 induced T cell proliferation. This finding implicates the high affinity form of the IL 2 receptor in the proliferative response of the IL 2 activated T cells. Thus these data support a two step model for the induction of resting T cell proliferation by high doses of IL 2 involving the initial generation of an activation or "competence" signal through the p70 protein and a subsequent proliferation or "progression" signal through the high affinity form of the receptor.
Design and Implementation of an Interactive Interface for Demand Response and Home Energy Management Applications (2017)

Demand response (DR) implementations have recently found wide application areas in the context of smart grids. The effectiveness of these implementations is primarily based on the willingness of end-users to be involved in such programs. In this paper, an interactive and user-friendly interface is presented in order to facilitate and accordingly to increase the participation of end-users in DR programs. The proposed interface has the capability of providing the targeted information about the DR events to end-users and system operators, as well as allowing end-users to interactively monitor and control the progress of their appliances. In addition to its benefits to system operators and thus to the improved operation of power systems, the proposed interface particularly aims to exploit the potential energy-related cost savings by providing the required information and resources to end-users via mobile phone. A separate interface apart from the mentioned end-user oriented interface has also been developed for the system operator to more effectively check the status of DR applications in detail. The capabilities of the proposed concept are evaluated in a real smart home in terms of various aspects.
Reinforcement Learning of Question-Answering Dialogue Policies for Virtual Museum Guides (2012)

We use Reinforcement Learning (RL) to learn question-answering dialogue policies for a real-world application. We analyze a corpus of interactions of museum visitors with two virtual characters that serve as guides at the Museum of Science in Boston, in order to build a realistic model of user behavior when interacting with these characters. A simulated user is built based on this model and used for learning the dialogue policy of the virtual characters using RL. Our learned policy out-performs two baselines (including the original dialogue policy that was used for collecting the corpus) in a simulation setting. 1
Tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 inhibitors in tumor-targeted therapies (2020)

Src homology containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) represents a noteworthy target for various diseases, serving as a well-known oncogenic phosphatase in cancers. As a result of the low cell permeability and poor bioavailability, the traditional inhibitors targeting the protein tyrosine phosphate catalytic sites are generally suffered from unsatisfactory applied efficacy. Recently, a particularly large number of allosteric inhibitors with striking inhibitory potency on SHP2 have been identified. In particular, few clinical trials conducted have made significant progress on solid tumors by using SHP2 allosteric inhibitors. This review summarizes the development and structure-activity relationship studies of the small-molecule SHP2 inhibitors for tumor therapies, with the purpose of assisting the future development of SHP2 inhibitors with improved selectivity, higher oral bioavailability and better physicochemical properties.
Enhancing a User Context by Real-Time Clustering Mobile Trajectories (2005)

Fundacao para a Ciencia e a Tecnologia (FCT) – Programa Operacional Sociedade da Informacao (POSI) POSI/CHS/44971/2002 – LOCAL.