gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The structure and function of oestrogens. IV. Synthesis of 17α-ethynyloestradiol specifically polydeuterated in ring C (1983)

Epoxidation of 17,17-ethylenedioxy-3-methoxyoestra-1,3,5(10),9(11)-tetraene( 5) by a two-phase procedure gave the labile 9a,11a-epoxide (11), treatment of which with lithium perchlorate in benzene gave 17,17-ethylenedioxy-3-methoxy-97#946;-oestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-11-one (7). Deuteration of this by prolonged treatment with the monosodium salt of (O,O'-2H2)hydroquinone in dry (O-2H)methanol gave mainly the 98,12,12-trideutero ketone (24) (92% 2H3). Reduction of this with lithium aluminium deuteride to a mixture of the 11-epimeric alcohols (27a) followed by dehydration gave 17,17-ethylenedioxy- 3-methoxy(l1,12,12-2H3)oestra-1,3,5(10),9(11)-tetraene (26) which upon reduction with lithium/ammonia gave 17,17-ethylenedioxy-3-methoxy(11?,12,12-2H3)oestra-1,3,5(10)-triene (25). Hydrolysis and demethylation of (25) followed by treatment with potassium acetylide in liquid ammonia yielded 3,17-dihydroxy-19-nor-17a-(11?, 12, 12-2H3)pregna-1 ,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne (29) (2H4, 9.2; 2H3, 84.1; 2H3, 3.1; 2H1, 2.2; 2H0, 1.3%). Reduction of the trideutero 9(11)-ene (26) with hexadeuterodiborane followed by treatment with alkaline hydrogen peroxide afforded 17,17-ethylenedioxy-3-methoxy(9a,11ß,12,12-2H4)oestra- 1,3,5(10)-trien-11a-ol (30a). Reduction of the corresponding tosylate (30b) with lithium aluminium deuteride, then hydrolysis, demethylation and ethynylation gave 3,17-dihydroxy-19-nor-17a- (9,l 1,11,12,12-2H5)pregna-1,3,5(10)-trien-20-yne (35) (2H5, 84.5; 2H4, 8.5; 2H3, 4.4; 2H2, 0.9; 2H1, 0.8; 2H0, 0.9%).
Double-Binary Circular Turbo Decoding Based on Border Metric Encoding (2008)

This brief presents an energy-efficient soft-input soft-output (SISO) decoder based on border metric encoding, which is especially suitable for nonbinary circular turbo codes. In the proposed method, the size of the branch memory is reduced to half and the dummy calculation is removed at the cost of a small-sized memory that holds encoded border metrics. Due to the infrequent accesses to the border memory and its small size, the energy consumed for SISO decoding is reduced by 26.2%. Based on the proposed SISO decoder and the dedicated hardware interleaver, a double-binary tail-biting turbo decoder is designed for the WiMAX standard using a 0.18-mum CMOS process, which can support 24.26 Mbps at 200 MHz.
Computed tomography of the head: clinical experience of the first 3000 scans with EMI scanner. (1978)

William C. Spencer applies for a commission as Captain in the African American regiment that William Oren Trenor is organizing.
Performance evaluation of the ECAT HRRT: an LSO-LYSO double layer high resolution, high sensitivity scanner (2007)

The ECAT high resolution research tomograph (HRRT) is a dedicated brain and small animal PET scanner, with design features that enable high image spatial resolution combined with high sensitivity. The HRRT is the first commercially available scanner that utilizes a double layer of LSO/LYSO crystals to achieve photon detection with depth-of-interaction information. In this study, the performance of the commercial LSO/LYSO HRRT was characterized, using the NEMA protocol as a guideline. Besides measurement of spatial resolution, energy resolution, sensitivity, scatter fraction, count rate performance, correction for attenuation and scatter, hot spot recovery and image quality, a clinical evaluation was performed by means of a HR+/HRRT human brain comparison study. Point source resolution varied across the field of view from approximately 2.3 to 3.2 mm (FWHM) in the transaxial direction and from 2.5 to 3.4 mm in the axial direction. Absolute line-source sensitivity ranged from 2.5 to 3.3% and the NEMA-2001 scatter fraction equalled 45%. Maximum NECR was 45 kcps and 148 kcps according to the NEMA-2001 and 1994 protocols, respectively. Attenuation and scatter correction led to a volume uniformity of 6.3% and a system uniformity of 3.1%. Reconstructed values deviated up to 15 and 8% in regions with high and low densities, respectively, which can possibly be assigned to inaccuracies in scatter estimation. Hot spot recovery ranged from 60 to 94% for spheres with diameters of 1 to 2.2 cm. A high quantitative agreement was met between HR+ and HRRT clinical data. In conclusion, the ECAT HRRT has excellent resolution and sensitivity properties, which is a crucial advantage in many research studies.
Vaccination of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss against the visceral form of coldwater disease (1992)

The vaccinal efficacy of a heat-inactivated strain of Flexibacter psychroph~lus, the bacterium responsible in France for the vlsceral form of coldwater disease, was tested after intraperitoneal (IP) or bath vaccination. The level of protection was determined by the survival of fish after IP injection challenge with the live bacterium. After IP vaccination of 2.2 g fish, a relative percent survival value of 80 was obtained. Bath vaccination provided a lower but still significant protection in fish vaccinated at 50 d post-hatch or later. No protection was observed in fish vaccinated at 30 or 40 d post-hatch.
Indium tin oxide nanopillar electrodes in polymer/fullerene solar cells (2011)

Using high surface area nanostructured electrodes in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is a route to enhanced power conversion efficiency. In this paper, indium tin oxide (ITO) and hybrid ITO/SiO(2) nanopillars are employed as three-dimensional high surface area transparent electrodes in OPVs. The nanopillar arrays are fabricated via glancing angle deposition (GLAD) and electrochemically modified with nanofibrous PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(p-styrenesulfonate)). The structures are found to have increased surface area as characterized by porosimetry. When applied as anodes in polymer/fullerene OPVs (architecture: commercial ITO/GLAD ITO/PEDOT:PSS/P3HT:PCBM/Al, where P3HT is 2,5-diyl-poly(3-hexylthiophene) and PCBM is [6,6]-phenyl-C(61)-butyric acid methyl ester), the air-processed solar cells incorporating high surface area, PEDOT:PSS-modified ITO nanoelectrode arrays operate with improved performance relative to devices processed identically on unstructured, commercial ITO substrates. The resulting power conversion efficiency is 2.2% which is a third greater than for devices prepared on commercial ITO. To further refine the structure, insulating SiO(2) caps are added above the GLAD ITO nanopillars to produce a hybrid ITO/SiO(2) nanoelectrode. OPV devices based on this system show reduced electrical shorting and series resistance, and as a consequence, a further improved power conversion efficiency of 2.5% is recorded.
The x-ray crystal structure of lysine-2,3-aminomutase from <i>Clostridium subterminale</i> (2005)

The x-ray crystal structure of the pyridoxal-5'-phosphate (PLP), S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM), and [4Fe-4S]-dependent lysine-2,3-aminomutase (LAM) of Clostridium subterminale has been solved to 2.1-A resolution by single-wavelength anomalous dispersion methods on a L-selenomethionine-substituted complex of LAM with [4Fe-4S]2+, PLP, SAM, and L-alpha-lysine, a very close analog of the active Michaelis complex. The unit cell contains a dimer of hydrogen-bonded, domain-swapped dimers, the subunits of which adopt a fold that contains all three cofactors in a central channel defined by six beta/alpha structural units. Zinc coordination links the domain-swapped dimers. In each subunit, the solvent face of the channel is occluded by an N-terminal helical domain, with the opposite end of the channel packed against the domain-swapped subunit. Hydrogen-bonded ionic contacts hold the external aldimine of PLP and L-alpha-lysine in position for abstraction of the 3-pro-R hydrogen of lysine by C5' of SAM. The structure of the SAM/[4Fe-4S] complex confirms and extends conclusions from spectroscopic studies of LAM and shows selenium in Se-adenosyl-L-selenomethionine poised to ligate the unique iron in the [4Fe-4S] cluster upon electron transfer and radical formation. The chain fold in the central domain is in part analogous to other radical-SAM enzymes.
Core fucosylation in honeybee venom (1994)

Journal Article Core fucosylation in honeybee venom Get access David R. Wing David R. Wing Glycobiology Institute, Department of BiochemistrySouth Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QU, UK. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Glycobiology, Volume 4, Issue 5, October 1994, Pages 548–549, https://doi.org/10.1093/glycob/4.5.548 Published: 01 October 1994
Anomalous behavior of magnetization for PtMnSb/CuMnSb multilayer films (1990)

Metallic multilayer films consisting of ferromagnetic PtMnSb and antiferromagnetic CuMnSb were prepared by an rf sputtering method. From the x-ray diffraction data, all the films were found to have a [111] texture of the C1b -type Heusler structure. The magnetization measured in PtMnSb/CuMnSb multilayers was larger than that in a PtMnSb compound. The temperature dependence of magnetization shows a bend at about 50 K near the Néel temperature of CuMnSb. This bend is explained qualitatively by using a molecular field model and assuming a trapezoidal modulation of exchange interaction.
VetTag: improving automated veterinary diagnosis coding via large-scale language modeling (2019)

Unlike human medical records, most of the veterinary records are free text without standard diagnosis coding. The lack of systematic coding is a major barrier to the growing interest in leveraging veterinary records for public health and translational research. Recent machine learning effort is limited to predicting 42 top-level diagnosis categories from veterinary notes. Here we develop a large-scale algorithm to automatically predict all 4577 standard veterinary diagnosis codes from free text. We train our algorithm on a curated dataset of over 100 K expert labeled veterinary notes and over one million unlabeled notes. Our algorithm is based on the adapted Transformer architecture and we demonstrate that large-scale language modeling on the unlabeled notes via pretraining and as an auxiliary objective during supervised learning greatly improves performance. We systematically evaluate the performance of the model and several baselines in challenging settings where algorithms trained on one hospital are evaluated in a different hospital with substantial domain shift. In addition, we show that hierarchical training can address severe data imbalances for fine-grained diagnosis with a few training cases, and we provide interpretation for what is learned by the deep network. Our algorithm addresses an important challenge in veterinary medicine, and our model and experiments add insights into the power of unsupervised learning for clinical natural language processing.
Lexical influences on children's early positional patterns (1986)

ABSTRACT Two young children were studied from the period when their expressive lexicons were approximately 30 words until they showed productive two-word positional patterns in their speech. Word combinations meeting the criteria for positional productive, positional associative and groping patterns were identified and the period during which the words appearing in these patterns were acquired was then determined. Words used in positional productive patterns had generally emerged in the children's speech before those used in associative or groping patterns. When several words that could play a particular semantic role (e.g. actor) were already well established in the child's lexicon, positional productive patterns that were somewhat broader in scope appeared as early as lexically based patterns.
Recent Developments in Hardware Sensors For the On-Line Monitoring of Polymerization Reactions (1999)

Click to increase image sizeClick to decrease image size ACKNOWLEDGMENT We gratefully acknowledge the European Community for supporting this research under the BRITE/EURAM Project BE-7009.
Unexpected ring closure reaction of α,β‐unsaturated ketones with aminoguanidine. entry into 1,3,5‐trisubstituted pyrazoles (2002)

Abstract Cyclizations of α,β‐unsaturated ketones with aminoguanidine under neutral conditions were examined. In contrast to literature reports of 1,2,4‐triazines as reaction products, formation of 5‐aryl‐4,5‐dihy‐dro‐3‐methyl‐1 H ‐pyrazole‐1‐carboximidamides and carboxamides was observed. An explanation based on the Hard‐Soft Acid‐Base principle is presented and the probable causes of divergent reaction pathways are discussed.
AL/NI multilayer used as a local heat source for mounting microelectronic components (2009)

This paper describes a novel local heating technique for microelectronic mounting. Aluminum/nickel (Al/Ni) multilayer foils show self-propagating exothermic reactions, driven by a reduction in atomic bond energy which can provide rapid bursts of heat and can act as a local heat source to melt solder layers and join materials. In this work, we demonstrate the validity of the Al/Ni reactive foils as a heat source in microelectronic mounting by joining a tiny sheet coppers to a printed circuit board. The Al/Ni multilayer was made by cooled rolling. Thermal analysis of the exothermic reactions in Al/Ni multilayer films was made to make sure that the bonding process is feasible theoretically. The interface of the bonding and the reaction product of the reactive Al/Ni foils was characterized by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray Detector (EDX).
Design of the Neuro-ECAT®: A High-Resolution, High Efficiency Positron Tomograph for Imaging the Adult Head or Infant Torso (1981)

The Neuro-ECAT scanner is a positron emission tomograph designed for high resolution cross-sectional imaging of the adult human head, or the complete torso of a child or small animal. The Neuro-ECAT scanner performs both rectilinear and tomographic scans, in both transmission and emission modes. There are three detector planes, producing five images. Each detector plane contains 88 bismuth germanate detectors, arranged in an octagonal array of 11 detectors per bank. Retained and electrically operated shadow shields provide two choices of reconstructed tomographic resolution, nominally 8.0 and 10.5 mm. Interplane septa, also retained and electrically operated, may be inserted between the detector planes for low noise, highly quantitative measurements, or moved aside for high efficiency scanning of low activity levels. The paper presents the Neuro-ECAT scanner design criteria and a description of the scanner. Data from phantom studies are presented to illustrate system performance.
Submicroscopic and Physics Simulation of Autonomous and Intelligent Vehicles in Virtual Reality (2010)

Simulation, which creates abstractions of the system is an appropriate approach for studying complex systems that are inaccessible through direct observation and measurement. Many simulators aimed at studying vehicles dynamics are existing. Most of them are focusing on mechanical simulation of the vehicle with a special focus on tyre/road contact. The main drawback of these is the requirement of real vehicle (this can be a simple prototype) to build a dynamical model. Another drawback is the difficulty to integrate virtual sensors and onboard artificial intelligence abilities. The aim of Virtual Intelligent Vehicle Urban Simulator is thus to overcome the general drawbacks of classical solutions by providing the possibility of designing vehicle virtual prototype with well simulated embedded sensors. This paper presents the global architecture of the simulator and draws some comparisons of simulations with real experiments.
A Review of the Thermodynamics of Protein Association to Ligands, Protein Adsorption, and Adsorption Isotherms (2008)

Abstract The application of thermodynamic models in the development of chromatographic separation processes is discussed. The paper analyses the thermodynamic principles of protein adsorption. It can be modeled either as a reversible association between the adsorbate and the ligands or as a steady‐state process where the rate of adsorption is equal to the rate of desorption. The analysis includes the competitive Langmuir isotherm and the exponentially modified Langmuir isotherm. If the adsorbate binds to one ligand only, the different approaches become identical. When the adsorbate acts as a ligand, dimerization takes place and will give rise to a sigmoid isotherm. A model that accounts for dimerization is discussed and a sample calculation shows the behavior of this isotherm. Insulin is known to have a concave isotherm at low concentrations. The calculation of the standard Gibbs energy change of adsorption is discussed. Hydrophobic and reversed phase chromatography are useful techniques for measuring solute activity coefficients at infinite dilution.
Correlation of HER-2 Status With Estrogen and Progesterone Receptors and Histologic Features in 3,655 Invasive Breast Carcinomas (2005)

We studied the inverse relationship between HER-2 and estrogen (ER) and progesterone (PR) receptors using HER-2 testing and correlated HER-2 status with histologic features in 3,655 unselected invasive breast carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis for ER, PR, and HER-2 and fluorescence in situ hybridization for HER-2 were performed. ER and PR expression were decreased significantly in HER-2+ tumors compared with HER-2- tumors (ER, 49.1% vs 78.17%; PR, 24.3% vs 53.13%). Even among HER-2+ tumors, the rate of ER or PR expression in high-grade tumors was significantly decreased compared with intermediate-grade tumors. HER-2 was positive in 10.87% of grade 2 and 27.84% of grade 3 ductal carcinomas and negative in all grade 1 ductal carcinomas. HER-2 overexpression or amplification essentially was limited to grades 2 and 3 ductal carcinomas and correlated inversely with ER or PR expression. Although ER or PR expression is decreased in HER-2+ tumors, a substantial proportion of them still express ER or PR.
3D manipulation of motion imagery (2002)

We present a set of automatic methods for the recovery and refinement of 3D scene geometry and camera poses from motion imagery. First, we present a two-frame "direct" method, which simultaneously estimates both relative pose between the cameras and 3D scene geometry using information from the images alone. Second, we discuss how to automatically estimate pose and scene geometry using extended sequences. Third, we present methods for recovery of pose when a scene model is known a priori. We show how the recovered pose can be use to extend and refine the scene model. Finally, we present applications of the above techniques for 3D imagery manipulation such as enhanced visualization of video, synthetic view generation and insertion of synthetic objects in the imagery.
Induction of human interleukin-1 gene expression by retinoic acid and its regulation at processing of precursor transcripts. (1994)

Retinoic acid (RA), we show, induces in peripheral blood mononuclear cells a transient wave of newly transcribed, unstable interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1 alpha) and IL-1 beta mRNA. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha mRNA, by contrast, is expressed in multiple waves. IL-1 genes are primary targets for RA. Most IL-1 beta gene transcription induced by RA fails to yield mature mRNA. Instead, precursor transcripts accumulate, detected by ribonuclease protection analysis. The flow of precursors into IL-1 beta mRNA becomes inhibited during induction. When translation is blocked, e.g. by cycloheximide, expression of IL-1 beta mRNA is superinduced by 2 orders of magnitude. Superinduction is dependent on transcription, yet is unaccompanied by increased primary transcription or mRNA stability. Instead, processing of unstable IL-1 beta precursor transcripts into mature mRNA is greatly facilitated. Control is not narrowly localized within precursors: splicing of distinct exons and intron excision are enhanced by cycloheximide. Pre-mRNA processing thus is a limiting step in RA-induced IL-1 beta gene expression. This regulation is specific for RA: when induced by phorbol ester, IL-1 beta gene expression is also superinduced by cycloheximide but that response is accompanied by enhanced mRNA stability. Thus, IL-1 beta gene transcription is induced by RA, yet, unlike for other primary target genes, mRNA expression is regulated at pre-mRNA processing.
Hitting a Baseball: A Biomechanical Description (1995)

A tremendous amount of time and energy has been dedicated to the development of conditioning programs, mechanics drills, and rehabilitation protocols for the throwing athlete. In comparison, a significantly smaller amount has been spent on the needs of the hitting athlete. Before these needs can be addressed, an understanding of mechanics and the demands placed on the body during the swing must be developed. This study uses three-dimensional kinematic and kinetic data to define and quantify biomechanics during the baseball swing. The results show that a hitter starts the swing with a weight shift toward the rear foot and the generation of trunk coil. As the hitter strides forward, force applied by the front foot equal to 123% of body weight promotes segment acceleration around the axis of the trunk. The hip segment rotates to a maximum speed of 714 degrees/sec followed by a maximum shoulder segment velocity of 937 degrees/sec. The product of this kinetic link is a maximum linear bat velocity of 31 m/sec. By quantifying the hitting motion, a more educated approach can be made in developing rehabilitation, strength, and conditioning programs for the hitting athlete.
A pressure sensor made of two piezoresistive bridges (2002)

A double piezoresistive bridge, which can improve sensor sensitivity, cancell zero pressure offset and decrease thermal sensitivity drift, is presented. The most distinguishing feature of this sensor is that the output polarity of two bridges is opposite as applying pressure to the bridges, and there is the same output polarity without the pressure on the bridges. After subtracting one from another, the pressure sensitive output is twice as large as that of a single-bridge, and the zero pressure output to depend on temperature is cancelled. When the sensor is made of diffused resistors with high level, it will have lower thermal sensitivity drift. The expectative results have been obtained in the modelling experiments.
Fabrication of Metal-Gated Carbon Nanotube Emitter Arrays Assisted by Focused Ion Beam and Chemical Vapor Deposition (2005)

Extract HTML view is not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button. Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2005 in Honolulu, Hawaii, USA, July 31--August 4, 2005
Adding parity to the Linux ext3 file system (2007)

Modern disks no longer operate in a simple "fail-stop" manner, yet commodity operating systems assume they do. We design and implement a parity based approach to improve the robustness of journaling file systems. We modify the existing ext3 file system for data and ordered journaling modes to incorporate parity and call it the "Parity File System". Using PFS, we are able to recover from a single latent sector error or silent block corruption within a given file. We show that the performance overhead for PFS compared to ext3 is minimal while the robustness is significantly improved.