gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Les Taqwacores : émergence d’une contre-subculture américano-musulmane (2012)

L’émergence de la scène taqwacore en 2004 fait référence au premier roman de l’écrivain américain musulman Michael Muhammad Knight, The Taqwacores. Cette scène a fait découvrir au grand public une forme atypique de punk, le punk dit musulman. À travers des chansons aux textes incisifs et des déclarations publiques controversées, les taqwacores transmettent un message de tolérance religieuse, tout en proposant une réflexion sur l’identité américaine musulmane. Cet article décrit l’émergence de la scène taqwacore, la caractérise socialement et cerne ses influences et ses perspectives. Minorité au sein de la minorité que représente la communauté musulmane américaine, les taqwacores se positionnent comme les représentants de ce qui peut être appelé une contre-subculture qui réactive les codes hérités du punk émergeant dans les années 1960 et 1970 au bénéfice d’un combat contre, entre autres, l’islamophobie de l’après 11 septembre 2001, et contre les interventions militaires américaines en Irak et en Afghanistan. Cet article aborde en outre la question de l’héritage du punk et de son affaiblissement potentiel à des fins politiques ou commerciales.
[Somatic gene therapy of mucoviscidosis using recombinant adenovirus: the start of a long course]. (1997)

The identification of the gene on which mutations cause cystic fibrosis has opened the way to the concept of gene therapy of this disease. Somatic gene therapy for cystic fibrosis should be directed to the epithelial cells of the bronchi where the biological defect is the most deleterious. In order to have the normal DNA coding sequence penetrate the bronchial epithelial cells of a patient, a gene vector is necessary, and recombinant adenoviruses have been the subject of extensive studies in this regard. Data are available from many laboratories as well as from several phase I clinical trials. Successes and limits of this approach are reviewed here. The advantage of non-viral vectors, in particular cationic liposomes, as an alternative to recombinant adenoviruses is briefly discussed. Significant advances still need to be made before gene therapy becomes a reality in cystic fibrosis. These future improvements should include the construction of more efficient gene vectors, and also the development of better tools for the evaluation of a biological effect of gene therapy in individual patients.
Autonomous Management in Virtual-Machine-Based Resource Providers (2008)

Nowadays, virtualization makes possible to consolidate the workloads of applications by sharing the resources of a physical node. The deployment of Virtual Machines (VMs) leads to a reduction in infrastructure costs, however, the CPU resources need an online management strategy to meet the particular requirements of each application. In this paper, we present and evaluate a component to provide autonomous management of VMs in a multi-core physical node. Our solution adjusts the CPU resources needed by each VM according to the application demand. We achieve this with (1) applying a policy that allows fulfilling the agreed application-level QoS, (2) a priority weight-based mechanism to spread the unused resources between the contending VMs, and (3) a learning mechanism to dynamically reach and meet service level objectives expressed in transactions per second. Our experiments show that the implemented approach meets Service Level Objectives (SLOs).
Carbon Single-Wall Nanatube Growth in a Volumetrically Confined Arc Discharge System (2004)

Carbon nanotubes hold significant promise for a vast number of materials applications due to their unique mechanical, electrical, and gas storage properties. Although carbon single-wall nanotubes (SWNTs) have been synthesized since 1993 by the arc discharge method, and numerous other synthesis methods have since been developed, no method has yet produced 100% pure carbon nanotubes. Instead, a significant amount of impurities—various carbon structures and metal catalysts—are present in the raw soot. While arc discharge was the first method for SWNT synthesis, it also produces more impure raw soot in comparison to the more recently developed laser vaporization, which has produced the purest raw soot to date but is much slower. Geometry and thermal gradient are appreciably different between traditional arc discharge systems and laser vaporization systems. We report that, by incorporating some characteristics inherent to a laser vaporization system into an arc discharge system, improvement in the yield of SWNT raw soot may be achieved. This is accomplished by confining the arc within a 50 mm diameter quartz tube, similar to laser vaporization. We find through transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy that SWNTs are made in significant numbers in this confined arc discharge system, comparable to laser vaporization synthesized material. Further study is, however, required to prove reproducibility and attain an exact value for the purity of the produced raw soot.
Power control for wireless data (2003)

With cellular phones mass-market consumer items, the next frontier is mobile multimedia communications. This situation raises the question of power control for information sources other than voice. To explore this issue, we use the concepts and mathematics of microeconomics and game theory. In this context, the quality of service of a telephone call is referred to as the "utility" and the distributed power control problem for a CDMA telephone is a "noncooperative game". The power control algorithm corresponds to a strategy that has a locally optimum operating point referred to as a "Nash equilibrium". The telephone power control algorithm is also "Pareto efficient" in the terminology of game theory. When we apply the same approach to power control in wireless data transmissions, we find that the corresponding strategy, while locally optimum, is not Pareto efficient. Relative to the telephone algorithm, there are other algorithms that produce higher utility for at least one terminal, without decreasing the utility for any other terminal. This paper presents one such algorithm. The algorithm includes a price function, proportional to the transmitter power. The price acts as a tax on the utility of a transmission. When terminals adjust their power levels to maximize the net utility (utility price), they arrive at lower power levels and higher utility than they achieve when they individually strive to maximize utility.
Speckle reduction in laser projection displays through angle and wavelength diversity (2016)

Speckle is the main obstacle for the use of laser light sources in projection technology. This paper focuses on speckle suppression by the reduction of temporal coherence which is provided by the broadband laser light. The investigation of the effect of laser spectrum width and multiple lasers on speckle contrast is discussed. A broader spectrum width of the laser light is attained by the use of multiple semiconductor laser diodes of the broad area type. Measurements of speckle contrast with and without angle diversity are performed for two and four laser diodes. The measurement of speckle contrast for a single laser diode is also presented for comparison. The experimental results show that multiple laser diodes provide lower speckle contrast as compared to a single laser diode. In addition, it is also shown in this paper that the wavelength distribution of independent laser diodes has an effect on speckle contrast. Two different types of blue laser diodes, Nichia NUB802T and Nichia NUB801E, which have slightly different central wavelengths, were used for the measurements. Four laser diodes with a combination of two types of laser diodes offer better speckle contrast reduction than four laser diodes of the same type due to an effective broader spectrum. Additional speckle contrast reduction is achieved through the angle diversity by using a dynamic deformable mirror.
Low noise, microwave signal generation using cryogenic, sapphire dielectric resonators: an update (2003)

Results obtained using sapphire dielectric resonators for automatic frequency control (AFC) stabilization of an X-band surface acoustic wave resonator voltage-controlled oscillator (SAWR VCO)-based source are reported. The resonators are operated in a low order mode and employ high temperature superconducting films in the metal enclosure covers in order to obtain unloaded Q-factors of 3*10/sup 5/ to 5*10/sup 5/. Signal source flicker-of-frequency noise and noise floor levels are measured at X-band. The measured values for flicker-of-frequency noise are 10 dB poorer than anticipated, based on the large value of discriminator sensitivity obtained. Possible causes for current limitations in signal near-carrier spectral performance include resonator short-term frequency fluctuations resulting from environmentally induced effects and/or frequency-drive (AM-to-FM) effects. Resonator vibration sensitivities on the order of 1*10/sup -8/ per g are measured. >
Identifying Mutations in Duplicated Functions in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>: Recessive Mutations in HMG-CoA Reductase Genes (1987)

The two yeast genes for 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase, HMG1 and HMG2, each encode a functional isozyme. Although cells bearing null mutations in both genes are inviable, cells bearing a null mutation in either gene are viable. This paper describes a method of screening for recessive mutations in the HMG1 gene, the gene encoding the majority of HMG-CoA reductase activity in the cell. This method should be applicable to the isolation of mutations in other recovered in HMG1. These mutations exhibited intragenic complementation: one allele is in one complementation group and three alleles are in a second complementation group. Assays of HMG-CoA reductase activity indicated that the point mutations destroy most if not all of the activity encoded by HMG1. Intragenic complementation occurred with partial restoration of enzymatic activity. HMG1 was mapped to the left arm of chromosome XIII near SUP79, and HMG2 was mapped to the right arm of chromosome XII near SST2. A slight deleterious effect of a null mutation in either HMG-CoA reductase gene was detected by a co-cultivation experiment involving the wild-type strain and the two single mutants.
Optical system assessment for design: numerical ray tracing in the Gaussian pupil (1988)

The continuing rapid increase in available computing power has not reduced the importance of efficient methods of optical system assessment for automatic lens design. On the contrary, the new capabilities simply show that truly automatic optical design will eventually be accomplished. It is proposed that the merit of a system-assessment scheme be measured in terms of the accuracy of its estimation of the overall performance of a proposed system as a function of the amount of work done (e.g., number of rays traced). By using this criterion, a number of schemes based on ray tracing are compared, and some highly efficient assessment procedures are developed. As a simplifying approximation, the effects of vignetting and pupil distortion are ignored here. The key to the most-effective methods lies in coupling appropriate coordinates to Gaussian quadrature schemes. Appropriate coordinate systems are those for which the relevant integrands (either wave-front errors or transverse intercept errors) take the form of smooth functions. The resulting methods for system assessment are typically at least an order of magnitude more efficient than comparatively simple schemes.
Enhancement of Photocurrent Generation by ITO Electrodes Modified Chemically with Self-Assembled Monolayers of Porphyrin–Fullerene Dyads (2002)

Porphyrin–fullerene linked systems (see Figure), which form self-assembled monolayers on ITO electrodes, exhibit enhanced photocurrent generation: This is due to a two-step electron transfer protocol—first intramolecularly from 1P to C60, then intermolecularly from the resulting C60• – to the electron carriers.
Nanoscale adhesion, friction and wear studies of biomolecules on silane polymer-coated silica and alumina-based surfaces (2008)

Proteins on biomicroelectromechanical systems (BioMEMS) confer specific molecular functionalities. In planar FET sensors (field-effect transistors, a class of devices whose protein-sensing capabilities we demonstrated in physiological buffers), interfacial proteins are analyte receptors, determining sensor molecular recognition specificity. Receptors are bound to the FET through a polymeric interface, and gross disruption of interfaces that removes a large percentage of receptors or inactivates large fractions of them diminishes sensor sensitivity. Sensitivity is also determined by the distance between the bound analyte and the semiconductor. Consequently, differential properties of surface polymers are design parameters for FET sensors. We compare thickness, surface roughness, adhesion, friction and wear properties of silane polymer layers bound to oxides (SiO(2) and Al(2)O(3), as on AlGaN HFETs). We compare those properties of the film-substrate pairs after an additional deposition of biotin and streptavidin. Adhesion between protein and device and interfacial friction properties affect FET reliability because these parameters affect wear resistance of interfaces to abrasive insult in vivo. Adhesion/friction determines the extent of stickage between the interface and tissue and interfacial resistance to mechanical damage. We document systematic, consistent differences in thickness and wear resistance of silane films that can be correlated with film chemistry and deposition procedures, providing guidance for rational interfacial design for planar AlGaN HFET sensors.
Review of Inorganic Salt Hydrates with Phase Change Temperature in Range of 5 to 60°C and Material Cost Comparison with Common Waxes (2018)

Phase change materials (PCMs) with desirable phase change temperatures can be used to provide a constant temperature source or sink for diverse applications. As such, incorporating PCMs into building materials, equipment, or appliances can shift and/or reduce the energy load. The motivation of this work is to identify low-cost inorganic salt hydrate PCMs that can complement current building systems and designs. Two key challenges to incorporating PCMs into building materials are 1) maintaining desirable thermal properties at large scales, and 2) developing cost-effective systems that are easily incorporated into existing structures and systems. In this work, we present an analysis of inorganic salt hydrates with phase change temperatures in the range of 5-60°C, targeted towards both space heating and cooling. The properties of the salt hydrates are compared with common waxes over the same temperature range. The results showed that salt hydrate systems such as sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate, NaS2O3·5H2O, has a latent heat as high as 201 kJ/kg at a phase change temperature of 48°C which is comparable to some paraffin waxes (213 kJ/kg at 52.5°C). At a density of 1.73 g/cm3, sodium thiosulfate pentahydrate has an energy density of 347 J/cm3 (paraffin waxes, 170 J/cm3). Moreover, it was found that salt hydrates are generally less costly per unit energy in contrast to common waxes with typical salt hydrate costs in the range of 0.001-0.01 $/kJ. This analysis shows the potential of salt hydrate PCMs for developing low-cost heating and cooling thermal energy storage systems to meet a range of applications.
Laser Ablation of Metal Substrates for Super-hydrophobic Effect (2011)

Pulsed UV laser ablation is applied to fabricate super-hydrophobic surfaces on metal substrates. The spike shape micro-structure arrays achieved by the laser ablation on the brass substrates increase the surface roughness (R a ) from ~ 400 nm to ~ 5 m. Meanwhile, plenty of nano-structures (200 ~ 600 nm) are also formed and scattered on the surface of the micro-structures. It is found that the water contact angle of the brass substrate increases from 110 to 161. Super-hydrophobic property of the metal surfaces with both the micro-& nano-roughness is explained by water repellent model for double roughness structures. High speed camera imaging is used to analyze water droplet dynamics during its rolling down along the slanted super-hydrophobic brass surface. It shows that the pulsed laser ablation is a versatile approach to create large area super-hydrophobic surfaces for industrial applications.
Porphyrin Functionalized Graphene Sheets in Aqueous Suspensions: From the Preparation of Graphene Sheets to Highly Conductive Graphene Films (2010)

Graphene has a unique structure and potential applications in nanoelectronics, nanocomposites, conductive and transparent films, etc. Synthesis of graphene is one of the major research efforts in order to make rapid developments in graphene research. In this study, a new method, that makes use of the π−π interactions between porphyrin and graphene to stabilize the chemically converted graphene (CCG), has been developed for preparation of CCG via chemical reduction of exfoliated graphene oxide (GO). Optical absorption spectroscopy measurement shows that π−π interactions take place between GO and porphyrins, 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H, 23H-porphine-p,p′,p′′,p′′′-tetrasulfonic acid tetrasodium hydrate (TPP-SO3Na) and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-trimethylammoniophenyl) porphyrin tetra(p-toluenesulfonate). TPP-SO3Na functionalized CCG can form a stable aqueous suspension due to the electrostatic repulsion between the CCG sheets, which results from the aggregation of TPP-SO3Na molecules on the surfaces of the CCG sheets. Atomic force microscope observation shows that the TPP-SO3Na functionalized CCG sheets are single-layer entities, which are sandwiched by TPP-SO3Na molecules. Conductive graphene films with various thicknesses have been prepared by using the TPP-SO3Na functionalized CCG suspension via a vacuum filtration method. It is found that the change of the sheet resistance of the CCG films follows the percolation mechanism. A sheet resistance as low as ca. 5 KΩ·◻−1 of the CCG films with 80% transparency at 550 nm has been obtained. Such low sheet resistance is contributed to improved sp2 networks of the CCG sheets, low contact resistance between the CCG sheets, and the healing of the defective vacancies on CCG sheets by porphyrin molecules, which are achieved by combination of chemical reduction of GO and thermal annealing of the resultant CCG films.
ETree: Effective and Efficient Event Modeling for Real-Time Online Social Media Networks (2011)

Outline social media networks (OSMNs) such as Twitter provide great opportunities for public engagement and event information dissemination. Event-related discussions occur in real time and at the worldwide scale. However, these discussions are in the form of short, unstructured messages and dynamically woven into daily chats and status updates. Compared with traditional news articles, the rich and diverse user-generated content raises unique new challenges for tracking and analyzing events. Effective and efficient event modeling is thus essential for real-time information-intensive OSMNs. In this work, we propose ETree, an effective and efficient event modeling solution for social media network sites. Targeting the unique challenges of this problem, ETree consists of three key components: (1) an n-gram based content analysis technique for identifying core information blocks from a large number of short messages, (2) an incremental and hierarchical modeling technique for identifying and constructing event theme structures at different granularities, and (3) an enhanced temporal analysis technique for identifying inherent causalities between information blocks. Detailed evaluation using 3.5 million tweets over a 5-month period demonstrates that ETree can efficiently generate high-quality event structures and identify inherent causal relationships with high accuracy.
On the relation between maximum spectral transition positions and phone boundaries (2006)

Earlier research has shown that the maximum spectral transition positions are related with the perceptual critical points that contain the most important information for consonant and syllable perception. This paper presents a quantitative analysis of the relation, in time, between the maximum spectral transition positions and the phone boundaries in fluent read speech. This analysis is based on the training part of the TIMIT American English database which contains both phone boundaries and labels manually-determined by a group of experts. The results of this analysis show that there is a significant correlation between the maximum spectral transition positions and the manually selected phone boundaries. This, in turn, suggests that there is an important relation between the commonly accepted phone boundaries and the perceptual critical points. Index Terms: phone boundaries, spectral transition, phonemes
Localization of Cu/Zn and Mn superoxide dismutase in various thyroid disorders (1993)

The intracellular localization of Cu/Zn- and Mn-superoxide dismutase (SOD), which catalyze the dismutation of superoxide radicals (O2-) to O2 and H2O2, was studied in the thyroid tissue of various thyroid disorders by an immunohistochemical technique. The concentrations of both SODs in those tissues were measured also by a sandwich enzyme immunoassay technique. Copper/zinc-SOD in thyroid tissues were identified by immunocytochemical staining in most cases of papillary carcinoma and in some cases of other thyroid disorders. In normal follicular cells this enzyme is localized in the perinuclear cytoplasm, whereas in thyroid tumor or hyperplastic follicular cells it exists homogeneously in cytoplasm. Manganese-SOD stained strongly in papillary carcinoma and papillary-growing cells in the thyroid tissue of adenoma and Graves' disease. The concentrations of Cu/Zn-and Mn-SOD in thyroid tumor tissues and hyperplastic follicular disorders were significantly higher than those in normal thyroid tissue when they were compared as a function of protein or deoxyribonucleic acid contents. The ratio of Mn-SOD to Cu/Zn-SOD was significantly higher only in papillary carcinoma, except for other thyroid disorders as compared with that in the normal thyroid. In conclusion, SOD seems to be related to cell proliferation and differentiation in the thyroid follicular cell because Cu/Zn-SOD changes its localization in tumor and hyperplastic follicular cells and because the Mn-SOD concentration is increased in papillary carcinoma or papillary-growing cells.
UV Lasers (1996)

This 1996 volume provided the first comprehensive overview of the use of ultraviolet laser radiation in the processing of materials. Lasers operating at ultraviolet wavelengths combine the ability to vaporise the most refractory of materials with the precision to ablate micron-sized holes in polymers and remove thin layers from the cornea for corrective surgery of the human eye. This book explores the use of UV laser radiation for the ablation and deposition of metals, insulating solids, polymers, semiconductors and superconductors. Emphasis has been placed on understanding the physical mechanisms accompanying these processes and the conversion of intense UV radiation to photothermal and photochemical energy in irradiated materials. This will be an invaluable source-book of current information in the rapidly developing field of laser applications for engineers, scientists, researchers and students in universities, government laboratories and the private sector, and will also form a valuable supplementary text for graduate courses in materials science.