gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The ionic basis of concentration‐related effects of noradrenaline on the action potential of calf cardiac purkinje fibres. (1982)

1. Noradrenaline has paradoxical concentration-dependent effects on the Purkinje fibre action potential. At concentrations greater than 500 nM, it shortens the action potential whereas at lower concentrations it prolongs the action potential. 2. We determined the dose--response relation for Isi to noradrenaline in Purkinje fibres and found that a noradrenaline concentration of 126 nM produces a half maximal effect. 3. A maintained component of Isi was shown to have a similar response to noradrenaline. 4. The dose-dependence of noradrenaline-induced changes in Ix was determined. The half maximal noradrenaline concentration for this relationship was shown to be 133 nM. 5. The dose--response relationships for Ix and Isi were not altered by variation in extracellular Ca2+. 6. Ix appears to be approximately twice as responsive as Isi to saturating doses of noradrenaline. 7. These data were incorporated in a computer-generated reconstruction of the effects of noradrenaline on the action potential and are sufficient to account for the paradoxical effects of noradrenaline.
Bangladesh (2001)

Abstract Includes all relevant information on national elections and referendums held in Bangladesh since independence in 1971. Part I gives a comprehensive overview of Bangladesh's political history, outlines the evolution of electoral provisions, and presents the current electoral legislation in a standardized manner (suffrage, elected institutions, nomination of candidates, electoral system, organizational context of elections). Part II includes exhaustive electoral statistics in systematic tables (numbers of registered voters, votes cast, the votes for candidates and/or parties in parliamentary and presidential elections and referendums at both the national and regional level, the electoral participation of political parties, the distribution of parliamentary seats, etc.).
Nodamura Virus RNA Replication in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> : Heterologous Gene Expression Allows Replication-Dependent Colony Formation (2004)

Nodamura virus (NoV) and Flock House virus (FHV) are members of the family Nodaviridae. The nodavirus genome is composed of two positive-sense RNA segments: RNA1 encodes the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase and RNA2 encodes the capsid protein precursor. A small subgenomic RNA3, which encodes nonstructural proteins B1 and B2, is transcribed from RNA1 during RNA replication. Previously, FHV was shown to replicate both of its genomic RNAs and to transcribe RNA3 in transiently transfected yeast cells. FHV RNAs and their derivatives could also be expressed from plasmids containing RNA polymerase II promoters. Here we show that all of these features can be recapitulated for NoV, the only nodavirus that productively infects mammals. Inducible plasmid-based systems were used to characterize the RNA replication requirements for NoV RNA1 and RNA2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Induced NoV RNA1 replication was robust. Three previously described NoV RNA1 mutants behaved in yeast as they had in mammalian cells. Yeast colonies were selected from cells expressing NoV RNA1, and RNA2 replicons that encoded yeast nutritional markers, from plasmids. Unexpectedly, these NoV RNA replication-dependent yeast colonies were recovered at frequencies 10(4)-fold lower than in the analogous FHV system. Molecular analysis revealed that some of the NoV RNA replication-dependent colonies contained mutations in the NoV B2 open reading frame in the replicating viral RNA. In addition, we found that NoV RNA1 could support limited replication of a deletion derivative of the heterologous FHV RNA2 that expressed the yeast HIS3 selectable marker, resulting in formation of HIS+ colonies.
An Adaptive and Non Linear Technique for Enhancement of Extremely High Contrast Images (2006)

In night time surveillance, there is a possibility of having extremely bright and dark regions in some image frames of a video sequence. A novel non linear image enhancement algorithm for digital images captured under such extremely non-uniform lighting conditions is proposed in this paper. The new technique constitutes three processes viz. adaptive intensity enhancement, contrast enhancement and color restoration. Adaptive intensity enhancement uses a specifically designed nonlinear transfer function which is capable of reducing the intensity of bright regions and at the same time enhancing the intensity of dark regions. Contrast enhancement tunes the intensity of each pixels magnitude based on its surrounding pixels. Finally, a linear color restoration process based on the chromatic information of the input image frame is applied to convert the enhanced intensity image back to a color image.
Electrokinetic Separation Methods (1979)

Abstract Electrophoresis is the transport of dissolved molecules or suspended particles in a homogeneous polar liquid (such as water) under the influence of an electric field. Most molecules or particles acquire a surface electric charge when dissolved or suspended in buffered water (or other polar liquids), owing to ionization or adsorption of ions present in the water. The sign of the surface charge of molecules or particles determines whether they will migrate towards the positive or the negative electrode of the applied electric field, and the velocity of migration depends on the surface potential of the molecules or particles, as well as on the potential of the electric field.
Nucleosome repeat structure is present in native salivary chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. (1982)

The regularly repeating periodic nucleosome organization is clearly resolved in the chromatin of the isolated salivary chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster. A new microsurgical procedure of isolation in buffer A of Hewish and Burgoyne (1973, Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 52:504-510) yielded native Drosophila salivary chromosomes. These chromosomes were then swollen and spread by a modified Miller procedure, stained or shadowed, and examined in the electron microscope. Individual nucleoprotein fibers were resolved with regularly repeated nucleosomes of approximately 10 nm diameter. Micrococcal nuclease digestion of isolated salivary nuclei gave a family of DNA fragments characteristic of nucleosomes for total chromatin, 5S gene, and simple satellite (rho = 1.688 g/cm3) sequences.
Montelukast treatment (cysteinyl leukotriene receptor antagonist) in a model of food allergy: modifications in lymphatic cell population from rectal mucosa (2010)

We conclude that obtained data are important to elucidate immunopathology of local anaphylactic reaction in rectal mucosa from systemic sensitized animals after treatment with montelukast.
Desulfurization of Diesel Oils by a Newly Isolated Dibenzothiophene-Degrading Nocardia sp. Strain CYKS2 (1998)

A dibenzothiophene (DBT)-degrading bacterial strain was isolated from dyeing industry wastewater and identified as Nocardia sp. CYKS2. The newly isolated bacterial strain Nocardia sp. CYKS2 was able to convert DBT to 2-hydroxybiphenyl (2-HBP) as the dead-end metabolite through a sulfur-specific pathway. Other organic sulfur compounds, such as thiophene derivatives, thiazole derivatives, sulfides, and disulfides were also desulfurized by Nocardia sp. CYKS2. In batch culture, 0.2 mM DBT was completely desulfurized in 60 h. After DBT was depleted, neither cell growth nor 2-HBP production was observed. When a model oil which DBT was dissolved in hexadecane was treated with growing cells, DBT was desulfurized from 10 mM to about 2 mM in 80 h. In this case, desulfurization rate was 0.279 mg-sulfur/(L-dispersion.h), which was about 2.5 times higher than that in the previous case of batch culture. When diesel oil was treated, the sulfur content decreased from 0.3 to 0.24 wt % in 48 h. A volumetric phase ratio of oil to water was 1/10 in this case. The sulfur decreased from 0.3 to 0.2 wt % in 48 h, when the volumetric phase ratio was 1/20. The desulfurization rates were 0.909 and 0.992 mg-sulfur/(L-dispersion.h), respectively.
Coordination of time-of-day clocks among multiple systems (1992)

The IBM Enterprise Systems Architecture/390™ External-Time-Reference (ETR) architecture facilitates the synchronization of time-of-day (TOD) clocks to ensure consistent time-stamp data in an installation with multiple systems. The ETR architecture also provides a means by which the TOD clocks can be set automatically, without human intervention, to an accurate standard time source. This paper reviews the design considerations involved in providing these functions—along with “clock integrity” and continuous operation—as a consistent extension of the System/370™ TOD-clock architecture. The paper also provides a functional description of the IBM 9037 Sysplex Timer™, which is an implementation of the sending unit of the ETR network.
Interfacial Rheology (2009)

Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is a leading international academic publisher in the Humanities, Social Sciences, International Law, and Biology. With offices in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the USA and Asia, Brill today publishes more than 360 journals and 2,000 new books and reference works each year as well as a large number of databases and primary source research collections.
Single- Versus Multiple-Dose Surfactant Replacement Therapy in Neonates of 30 to 36 Weeks' Gestation With Respiratory Distress Syndrome (1990)

To assess the efficacy of a multiple-dose protocol of surfactant replacement therapy in neonates of 30 to 36 weeks' gestation, 75 neonates were randomly assigned to control, single-dose surfactant, or multiple-dose surfactant groups. Neonates at less than 6 hours of age with a diagnosis of respiratory distress syndrome were eligible. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 100 mg/kg of bovine surfactant or air placebo. Neonates in the multiple-dose group were eligible to receive up to three additional doses as indicated. Neonates in both surfactant groups showed a positive response to treatment, with marked improvement in oxygenation by 10 minutes postinstillation (P less than .0001). Both surfactant groups had better oxygenation than control subjects at lower ventilatory parameters over the first 24 hours. A deterioration in oxygenation and ventilatory requirements was seen in both treatment groups starting 6 to 12 hours after the first dose. The deterioration in oxygenation could be minimized by the use of multiple doses; however, extra doses had no effect on diminishing ventilatory requirements or time to extubation. It is concluded that surfactant therapy at less than 6 hours of age is effective in acutely reducing oxygen and ventilatory requirements in neonates of 30 to 36 weeks' gestation with respiratory distress syndrome. It appears that multiple doses of surfactant have a greater effect on sustaining improvements in oxygenation than on ventilatory requirements. Further study is required to determine optimal dosage and retreatment strategy.
Effect of refining of crude rice bran oil on the retention of oryzanol in the refined oil (2001)

Abstract The effect of different processing steps of refining on retention or the availability of oryzanol in refined oil and the oryzanol composition of Indian paddy cultivars and commercial products of the rice bran oil (RBO) industry were investigated. Degumming and dewaxing of crude RBO removed only 1.1 and 5.9% of oryzanol while the alkali treatment removed 93.0 to 94.6% of oryzanol from the original crude oil. Irrespective of the strength of alkali (12 to 20° Be studied), retention of oryzanol in the refined RBO was only 5.4–17.2% for crude oil, 5.9–15.0% for degummed oil, and 7.0 to 9.7% for degummed and dewaxed oil. The oryzanol content of oil extracted from the bran of 18 Indian paddy cultivars ranged from 1.63 to 2.72%, which is the first report of its kind in the literature on oryzanol content. The oryzanol content ranged from 1.1 to 1.74% for physically refined RBO while for alkali‐refined oil it was 0.19–0.20%. The oil subjected to physical refining (commercial sample) retained the original amount of oryzanol after refining (1.60 and 1.74%), whereas the chemically refined oil showed a considerably lower amount (0.19%). Thus, the oryzanol, which is lost during the chemical refining process, has been carried into the soapstock. The content of oryzanol of the commercial RBO, soapstock, acid oil, and deodorizer distillate were in the range: 1.7–2.1, 6.3–6.9, 3.3–7.4, and 0.79%, respectively. These results showed that the processing steps—viz., degumming (1.1%), dewaxing (5.9%), physical refining (0%), bleaching and deodorization of the oil—did not affect the content of oryzanol appreciably, while 83–95% of it was lost during alkali refining. The oryzanol composition of crude oil and soapstock as determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography indicated 24‐methylene cycloartanyl ferulate (30–38%) and campesteryl ferulate (24.4–26.9%) as the major ferulates. The results presented here are probably the first systematic report on oryzanol availability in differently processed RBO, soapstocks, acid oils, and for oils of Indian paddy cultivars.
DeepView: A collaborative framework for distributed microscopy (1998)

This paper outlines the motivation, requirements, and architecture of a collaborative framework for distributed virtual microscopy.In this context, the requirements are speci ed in terms of (1) functionality, (2) scalability, ( 3 ) i n teractivity, and (4) safety and security.F unctionality refers to what and how an instrument does something.Scalability refers to the number of instruments, vendor-speci c desktop workstations, analysis programs, and collaborators that can be accessed.Interactivity refers to how w ell the system can be steered either for static or dynamic experiments.Safety and security refers to safe operation of an instrument coupled with user authentication, privacy, and integrity of data communication.To meet these requirements, we i n troduce three types of services in the architecture: Instrument Services (IS), Exchange Services (ES), and Computational Services (CS).These services may r e s i d e o n any host in the distributed system.The IS provide an abstraction for manipulating di erent t ypes of microscopes the ES provide common services that are required between di erent resources and the CS provide analytical capabilities for data analysis and simulation.These services are brought together through CORBA and its enabling services, e.g., Event Services, Time Services, Naming Services, and Security Services.Two unique applications have b e e n i n troduced into the CS for analyzing scienti c images either for instrument c o n trol or recovery of a model for objects of interest.These include: in-situ electron microscopy and recovery of 3D shape from holographic microscopy.The rst application provides a near real-time processing of the video-stream for on-line quantitative analysis and the use of that information for closed-loop servo c o n trol.The second application reconstructs a 3D representation of an inclusion (a crystal structure in a matrix) from multiple views through holographic electron microscopy.These application require steering external stimuli or computational parameters for a particular result.In a sense, \computational instruments" (symmetric multiprocessors) interact closely with data generated from \experimental instruments" (unique microscopes) to conduct new experiments and bring new functionalities to these instruments.Both of these features exploit high-performance computing and low-latency networks to bring novel functionalities to unique scienti c imaging instruments.
Design, Control and Application of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Transmission Systems (2016)

Design, Control and Application of Modular Multilevel Converters for HVDC Transmission Systems is a comprehensive guide to semiconductor technologies applicable for MMC design, component sizing control, modulation, and application of the MMC technology for HVDC transmission. Separated into three distinct parts, the first offers an overview of MMC technology, including information on converter component sizing, Control and Communication, Protection and Fault Management, and Generic Modelling and Simulation. The second covers the applications of MMC in offshore WPP, including planning, technical and economic requirements and optimization options, fault management, dynamic and transient stability. Finally, the third chapter explores the applications of MMC in HVDC transmission and Multi Terminal configurations, including Supergrids. Key features: . Unique coverage of the offshore application and optimization of MMC-HVDC schemes for the export of offshore wind energy to the mainland.. Comprehensive explanation of MMC application in HVDC and MTDC transmission technology.. Detailed description of MMC components, control and modulation, different modeling approaches, converter dynamics under steady-state and fault contingencies including application and housing of MMC in HVDC schemes for onshore and offshore.. Analysis of DC fault detection and protection technologies, system studies required for the integration of HVDC terminals to offshore wind power plants, and commissioning procedures for onshore and offshore HVDC terminals.. A set of self-explanatory simulation models for HVDC test cases is available to download from the companion website. This book provides essential reading for graduate students and researchers, as well as field engineers and professionals who require an in-depth understanding of MMC technology
Connections Between Transcriptional Activators, Silencers, and Telomeres as Revealed by Functional Analysis of a Yeast DNA-Binding Protein (1988)

General regulatory factor I (GRFI) is a yeast protein that binds in vitro to specific DNA sequences at diverse genetic elements. A strategy was pursued to test whether GRFI functions in vivo at the sequences bound by the factor in vitro. Matches to a consensus sequence for GRFI binding were found in a variety of locations: upstream activating sequences (UASs), silencers, telomeres, and transcribed regions. All occurrences of the consensus sequence bound both crude and purified GRFI in vitro. All binding sites for GRFI, regardless of origin, provided UAS function in test plasmids. Also, GRFI binding sites specifically stimulated transcription in a yeast in vitro system, indicating that GRFI can function as a positive transcription factor. The stimulatory effect of GRFI binding sites at UASs for the PYK1 and ENO1 genes is significantly enhanced by flanking DNA elements. By contrast, regulatory sequences that flank the GRFI binding site at HMR E convert this region to a transcriptional silencer.
Locally and Dynamically Controllable Surface Topography Through the Use of Particle‐Enhanced Soft Composites (2015)

A new class of soft composite materials with dynamically tunable and reversible surface topographies is introduced that allows a wide diversity and local positioning of surface features. The particle‐enhanced soft composites are comprised of a soft elastomeric matrix with relatively stiff particles embedded below the surface. Upon application of external stimuli, a surface that is originally smooth and flat (or of other initial topology) transforms to engineered surface topographies. Finite element based micromechanical simulations are used to design and study the hybrid material structures that govern the evolution in surface topographies. Physical prototypes are fabricated using multimaterial 3D‐printing, and then experimentally evaluated to validate the accuracy of our simulations. It is demonstrated that a rich variety in periodic and random surface features including variable waves, crease‐like features, flat apexes, and valleys can be attained by changing different dimensionless geometric parameters (e.g., relative particle size, shapes, spacing, and distributions). Furthermore, these surface features can be locally controlled by positioning of particles and do not rely on instabilities. The material design depends primarily on the geometry of the particles and the arrays, making this approach to on‐demand custom and reversible surface patterning applicable over a wide range of size scales.
Valuation of retention/formation relationships using a laboratory piot-paper machine (2007)

The interdependency between filler retention and paper formation is well-known, where a high retention is accompanied by impaired formation. A challenge for today’s papermakers is to increase the competitiveness for uncoated and coated fine paper, by improving the formation at the same level of retention. Over the years, the use and the demands of retention aids have increased as a consequence of a higher system closure, increased machine speeds and increased filler content. The knowledge of whether some retention aid systems are more or less detrimental to paper formation than other systems, is very limited. The insuffiency of knowledge is, however, also true for other chemical, mechanical and interacting factors, which influence the retention/formation relationship in a complex manner. In order to investigate the retention/formation relationship (features, retention aids, dosage points, etc.), a pilot-scale fourdrinier former (R/F-machine) has been developed. The R/F-machine provides a short circulation of the white water and controlled experimental conditions and is appropriate for cost-effective investigations. Moreover, the R/F-machine has been designed to have a short residence time to chemical equilibrium and the machine has also shown high reproducibility in the results. This licentiate thesis presents the R/F-machine and examines, during constant experimental conditions, the retention/formation relationships for some different retention aid systems. Three single-component cationic polyacrylamides with varying molecular weights and two polyacrylamide-based microparticulate systems with varying microparticles were examined. The retention aid systems were investigated on the R/F-machine, for a fine paper stock (90 % bleached hardwood and 10 % bleached softwood) with addition of 25 % filler (based on total solids content). The results showed that the retention/formation relationship was not dependent on the retention aid system used. All systems showed the same relationship between retention and formation. On the other hand, the various retention aid systems provided different effects considering their retention performance.
Proapoptotic BID is required for myeloid homeostasis and tumor suppression (2003)

The proper expansion and contraction of hematopoietic cells requires tight regulation of cell death. BID, a "BH3-only" molecule, amplifies death receptor signals connecting the extrinsic to intrinsic pathways by triggering the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. Bid-deficient mice, as they age, spontaneously develop a myeloproliferative disorder, which progresses from myeloid hyperplasia to a fatal, clonal malignancy closely resembling chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML). Thus, an apoptotic defect can result in myeloid leukemogenesis. Premalignant Bid-/- myeloid precursor cells are resistant to death receptor-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, a competitive reconstitution assay demonstrates that Bid-deficient long-term repopulating cells give rise to expanded myelomonocytic cells in vivo. Surprisingly, a single BH3-only molecule operating in the extrinsic death receptor pathway proved essential in vivo for physiologic cell death required to maintain myeloid homeostasis. Moreover, progression to CMML indicates that an upstream BH3-only molecule, BID, is required to suppress tumorigenesis.