gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Blind signal separation with a projection pursuit index (2002)

Blind signal separation (BSS) is a powerful technique for separation of mixed signals with weak assumptions on the incoming signals. The objectives of BSS are analogous to the objectives of exploratory projection pursuit which is widely used in the statistical community for finding structure in high dimensional data sets. In this paper, we adapt exploratory projection pursuit for BSS. First, we introduce exploratory projection pursuit and the associated projection pursuit index (PPI). We adapt the PPI for application to BSS. We also investigate the order of approximation required to achieve satisfactory separation using the PPI, and compare its performance to a maximum-likelihood BSS technique using a Gram-Charlier expansion.
Aromatic Substitution. XVI.<sup>1</sup> Friedel-Crafts Isopropylation of Benzene and Methylbenzenes with Isopropyl Bromide and Propylene (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAromatic Substitution. XVI.1 Friedel-Crafts Isopropylation of Benzene and Methylbenzenes with Isopropyl Bromide and PropyleneGeorge A. Olah, Sylvia H. Flood, Stephen J. Kuhn, Maryanne E. Moffatt, and Nina A. OverchuckCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1964, 86, 6, 1046–1054Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01060a016https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01060a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views528Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Quantitative assessment of human whole blood RNA as a potential biomarker for infectious disease (2007)

Infection remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality especially in newborn infants. Analytical methods for diagnosing infection are severely limited in terms of sensitivity and specificity and require relatively large samples. It is proposed that stringent regulation of the human transcriptome affords a new molecular diagnostic approach based on measuring a highly specific systemic inflammatory response to infection, detectable at the RNA level. This proposition raises a number of as yet poorly characterised technical and biological variation issues that urgently need to be addressed. Here we report a quantitative assessment of methodological approaches for processing and extraction of RNA from small samples of infant whole blood and applying analysis of variation from biochip measurements. On the basis of testing and selection from a battery of assays we show that sufficient high quality RNA for analysis using multiplex array technology can be obtained from small neonatal samples. These findings formed the basis of implementing a set of robust clinical and experimental standard operating procedures for whole blood RNA samples from 58 infants. Modelling and analysis of variation between samples revealed significant sources of variation from the point of sample collection to processing and signal generation. These experiments further permitted power calculations to be run indicating the tractability and requirements of using changes in RNA expression profiles to detect different states between patient groups. Overall the results of our investigation provide an essential first step toward facilitating an alternative way for diagnosing infection from very small neonatal blood samples, providing methods and requirements for future chip-based studies.
Lipid-based drug delivery systems (LDDS): Recent advances and applications of lipids in drug delivery (2013)

Recently, advances in pharmaceutical research is focused on new delivery systems utilizing new devices to achieve modification of delivery time, targeting, as well as improve the in vivo solubility and hence bioavailability of poorly soluble drugs. Lipid based drug delivery systems (LDDS) consists of diverse group of formulations, each consisting of varying functional and structural properties that are amenable to modifications achieved by varying the composition of lipid excipients and other additives. LDDS has evolved, overtime, from micro- to nano-scale enhancing the efficacy and therapeutic application of these systems. LDDS are accepted, proven, commercially viable strategies for formulating challenging pharmaceutical molecules and can be tailored to meet a wide range of product requirements. Generally, most lipid drug delivery systems used as drug carriers have high stability, high carrier capacity, feasibility of incorporating both hydrophilic and hydrophobic substances and feasibility of variable routes of administration, including oral, topical, parenteral and pulmonary routes. LDDS can also be designed to allow modified drug release from matrices. LDDS could be broadly grouped into four: solid lipid particulate dosage forms, emulsion based systems, solid lipid tablets, and vesicular systems. Modifications from these four types include: lipospheres, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), nano structured lipid carriers (NLC), lipid drug conjugate nanoparticles (LDC), self emulsifying formulations (SEFs), pickering emulsions, dry emulsions, micro and nano-emulsions, solidified reverse micellar solution (SRMS) based tablets, liposomes, herbosomes, cryptosomes and transferosomes amongst others. This work exhaustively reviewed the advances in LDDS and also drew comparison between the different types based on history, methods of manufacture, applications, advantages and disadvantages. Key words: Cryptosomes, lipospheres, lipoplexes, solid lipid tablets, pharmacosomes, virosomes, vesosomes.
Optimum Phase Condition for Low-Contrast X-Ray Masks (1999)

A low-contrast X-ray mask works as an attenuating phase-shift mask. The X-rays which pass through the clear and opaque areas of the mask interfere with each other and therefore enhance the image contrast. In proximity X-ray lithography, the rays which gather on an image plane have a phase difference caused by the optical path length. Thus, the phase shift (PS) on the wafer is determined by the sum of the PS caused by the absorber and the PS caused by the optical path length difference. In line-and-space (L&S) patterns, the phase-shift effect can be simplified by considering two typical rays: the rays passing through the center of the opaque area and those passing through the center of the clear area. With this model, the optimum phase condition is obtained by setting both the absorber PS and the geometric PS as π/2. The 70 nm and 50 nm L&S patterns are resolved under this condition.
Antitumour activity of <i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>, an edible mushroom, on intraperitoneally implanted lewis lung carcinoma in synergenic mice (1992)

Abstract The antitumour activity of Ganoderma lucidum , called ‘Ling‐Zhi or holy mushroom’in Chinese traditional medicine, was investigated on intraperitoneally implanted Lewis lung carcinoma in syngeneic C57BL/6 mice. An aqueous extract of Ling‐Zhi significantly increased the life span of tumour‐implanted mice, when administered intraperitoneally alone or in combination with cytotoxic antitumour drugs (Adriamycin, fluorouracil, thioguanine, methotrexate, Cisplatin) or a synthetic immunomodulator (Imexon). The aqueous extract was not cytotoxic in cell cultures and the antitumour activity was abolished by pretreatment of mice with cyclosporine. The active principle(s) was found to be present predominantly in the ethanol precipitable fraction of the aqueous extract.
Video Coding: Part II of Fundamentals of Source and Video Coding (2016)

Digital video coding technologies have become an integral part of the way we create, communicate, and consume visual information. In the first part of this two-part text, we introduced the fundamental source coding techniques entropy coding, quantization, prediction, and transform coding. The present second part describes the application of these techniques to video coding. We introduce the basic design of hybrid video encoders and decoders, explain the basic concepts of intra-picture coding, motion-compensated prediction, and prediction error coding, and discuss encoder optimization techniques. Special emphasis is put on a fair analysis of various design aspects and coding tools in terms of coding efficiency.We highlight the application of the discussed concepts in modern video coding standards and compare important standards with respect to the achievable coding efficiency.
Isolation, sequencing and characterization of two cDNA clones coding for trypsin‐like enzymes from the midgut of <i>Aedes aegypti</i> (1993)

In order to understand the regulation of trypsin genes by the blood meal, we constructed a cDNA library from mRNA isolated from midguts of blood-fed female Aedes aegypti. The library was screened with a Drosophila melanogaster trypsin-like gene; twelve cDNAs were isolated and sequenced. Two clones were 846 bp and 788 bp long with 762 bp and 716 bp open reading frames, respectively. The cDNAs were identified as coding for serine proteases by the presence of conserved serine, histidine and aspartic acid residues; the presence of an aspartate residue at position 176 suggests that the clones were derived from trypsin-like gene transcripts rather than chymotrypsin or other serine proteases. One of the clones contained a 5' untranslated region and coding regions for putative signal and activation peptides, suggesting that the product is secreted as an inactive zymogen and processed by autoactivation. Southern analysis of genomic DNA suggests that trypsin is encoded by a multigene family in A. aegypti.
Increased Expression of Insulin-Like Growth Factor I is Associated with Ara-C Resistance in Leukemia (2006)

Resistance to cytosine arabinoside (Ara-C) is a major problem in the treatment of patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). In order to investigate the mechanisms involved in Ara-C resistance, the gene expression profile of Ara-C-resistant K562 human myeloid leukemia cells (K562/AC cells) was compared to that of Ara-C-sensitive K562 cells (K562 cells) by using a cDNA microarray platform. Correspondence analysis demonstrated that insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) gene was upregulated in K562/AC cells. The biological significance of IGF-I overexpression was further examined in vitro. When K562 cells were incubated with IGF-I ligand, they were protected from apoptosis induced by Ara-C. In contrast, a significant inhibition of growth and increase of apoptosis of K562/AC cells were induced by IGF-I receptor neutralizing antibody, or suramin, a nonspecific growth factor antagonist. Moreover, from the analysis of 27 AML patients, we have shown that IGF-I expression levels are higher in patients at refractory stage, after Ara-C combined chemotherapy, than those in patients at diagnosis. These results suggest that the inhibition of IGF-I and its downstream pathway is a valuable therapeutic approach to overcome Ara-C resistance in AML.
Effects of Electrode Location and Spacing on Phoneme Recognition with the Nucleus-22 Cochlear Implant (1999)

The cochlear location and spacing of the activated electrodes had a clear effect on phoneme recognition. Temporal cues were less affected by tonotopic shifts or linear tonotopic stretching or shrinking, but were susceptible to nonlinear tonotopic warping. Spectral cues were sensitive to all tonotopic manipulations: shifting, linear stretching, and nonlinear warping. However, the present experiments could not differentiate whether the optimal mapping between analysis frequency bands and stimulation electrodes was determined by the normal acoustic tonotopic pattern or by the pattern learned from experience with the 20-electrode implant.
Selection of important variables and determination of functional form for continuous predictors in multivariable model building (2007)

In developing regression models, data analysts are often faced with many predictor variables that may influence an outcome variable. After more than half a century of research, the 'best' way of selecting a multivariable model is still unresolved. It is generally agreed that subject matter knowledge, when available, should guide model building. However, such knowledge is often limited, and data-dependent model building is required. We limit the scope of the modelling exercise to selecting important predictors and choosing interpretable and transportable functions for continuous predictors. Assuming linear functions, stepwise selection and all-subset strategies are discussed; the key tuning parameters are the nominal P-value for testing a variable for inclusion and the penalty for model complexity, respectively. We argue that stepwise procedures perform better than a literature-based assessment would suggest. Concerning selection of functional form for continuous predictors, the principal competitors are fractional polynomial functions and various types of spline techniques. We note that a rigorous selection strategy known as multivariable fractional polynomials (MFP) has been developed. No spline-based procedure for simultaneously selecting variables and functional forms has found wide acceptance. Results of FP and spline modelling are compared in two data sets. It is shown that spline modelling, while extremely flexible, can generate fitted curves with uninterpretable 'wiggles', particularly when automatic methods for choosing the smoothness are employed. We give general recommendations to practitioners for carrying out variable and function selection. While acknowledging that further research is needed, we argue why MFP is our preferred approach for multivariable model building with continuous covariates.
Enhancing Traffic Flow Using Vehicle Dashboard Traffic Lights with V2I Networks (2015)

The increasing number of vehicles nowadays makes it hard to manage traffic flow on the streets, especially when it comes to intersection management. This paper proposes the use of dashboard traffic lights (DTL), an intelligent traffic light system based on client-server communication that will use V2I (Vehicle-to- Intersection) network scheme to send request messages from moving vehicles to the intersection station that will analyze the request message and send back the decision message based on the intersection status. The average waiting time and the number of vehicles stopping at the intersection is significantly reduced.
The role of codon selection in regulation of translation efficiency deduced from synthetic libraries (2011)

The distribution of codons along the genes appears to affect translation efficiency, consistent with analysis of natural genes. This study demonstrates how synthetic biology complements bioinformatics by providing a set-up for well controlled experiments in biology.
Two Dimensional Array of Piezoresistive Nanomechanical Membrane-Type Surface Stress Sensor (MSS) with Improved Sensitivity (2012)

We present a new generation of piezoresistive nanomechanical Membrane-type Surface stress Sensor (MSS) chips, which consist of a two dimensional array of MSS on a single chip. The implementation of several optimization techniques in the design and microfabrication improved the piezoresistive sensitivity by 3~4 times compared to the first generation MSS chip, resulting in a sensitivity about ~100 times better than a standard cantilever-type sensor and a few times better than optical read-out methods in terms of experimental signal-to-noise ratio. Since the integrated piezoresistive read-out of the MSS can meet practical requirements, such as compactness and not requiring bulky and expensive peripheral devices, the MSS is a promising transducer for nanomechanical sensing in the rapidly growing application fields in medicine, biology, security, and the environment. Specifically, its system compactness due to the integrated piezoresistive sensing makes the MSS concept attractive for the instruments used in mobile applications. In addition, the MSS can operate in opaque liquids, such as blood, where optical read-out techniques cannot be applied.
The Biology Of Cachectin/TNF: A Primary Mediator Of The Host Response (1989)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Certifying off-the-shelf software components (1998)

Software components are often delivered in "black boxes" as executable objects whose licenses forbid decompilation back to source code. Often source code can be licensed, but the cost makes doing so prohibitive. We therefore have developed a methodology for determining the quality of off-the-shelf (OTS) components using a set of black box analyses. This methodology will provide developers with information useful for choosing components and for defending themselves legally against someone else's imperfect OTS components.
Mechanism of the positive effect of poly(ethylene glycol) addition in enzymatic hydrolysis of steam pretreated lignocelluloses (2011)

The efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulses can be increased by addition of surfactants and polymers, such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). The effect of PEG addition on the cellulase adsorption was tested on various steam pretreated lignocellulose substrates (spruce, willow, hemp, corn stover, wheat straw, sweet sorghum bagasse). A positive effect of PEG addition was observed, as protein adsorption has decreased and free enzyme activities (FP, β-glucosidase) have increased due to the additive. However, the degree of enhancement differed among the substrates, being highest on steam pretreated spruce. Results of lignin analysis (pyrolysis-GC/MS, (31)P NMR) suggest that the effect of PEG addition is in connection with the amount of unsubstituted phenolic hydroxyl groups of lignin in the substrate. Adsorption experiments using two commercial enzyme preparations, Celluclast 1.5L (Trichoderma reesei cellulase) and Novozym 188 (Aspergillus niger β-glucosidase) suggested that enzyme origins affected on the adsorptivity of β-glucosidases.
Deploying RNA and DNA with Functionalized Carbon Nanotubes (2013)

Carbon nanotubes internalize into cells and are potential molecular platforms for siRNA and DNA delivery. A comprehensive understanding of the identity and stability of ammoniumfunctionalized carbon nanotube (f-CNT)-based nucleic acid constructs is critical to deploying them in vivo as gene delivery vehicles. This work explored the capability of f-CNT to bind single- and double-strand oligonucleotides by determining the thermodynamics and kinetics of assembly and the stoichiometric composition in aqueous solution. Surprisingly, the binding affinity of f-CNT and short oligonucleotide sequences was in the nanomolar range, kinetics of complexation were extremely rapid, and from one to five sequences were loaded per nanotube platform. Mechanistic evidence for an assembly process that involved electrostatic, hydrogen-bonding and π-stacking bonding interactions was obtained by varying nanotube functionalities, oligonucleotides, and reaction conditions. <sup>31</sup>P-NMR and spectrophotometric fluorescence emission data described the conditions required to assemble and stably bind a DNA or RNA cargo for delivery in vivo and the amount of oligonucleotide that could be transported. The soluble oligonucleic acid-f-CNT supramolecular assemblies were suitable for use in vivo. Importantly, key evidence in support of an elegant mechanism by which the bound nucleic acid material can be 'off-loaded' from the f-CNT was discovered.
Properties of a quantum system during the time interval between two measurements (1990)

A description of quantum systems at the time interval between two successive measurements is presented. Two wave functions, the first preselected by the initial measurement and the second postselected by the final measurement, describe quantum systems at a single time. It is shown how this approach leads to a new concept: a weak value of an observable. Weak values represent novel characteristics of quantum systems between two measurements. They are outcomes of a standard measurement procedure that fulfills certain requirements of ``weakness.'' We call it weak measurement. Physical meaning, underlying mathematical structure, and prospects of practical usage of weak measurements are explored.
Flash thermal processing through the melting point of silicon (2004)

The recent capability to achieve sub-millisecond surface temperature increases of greater than 600/spl deg/C over the entire surface of 300 mm wafers using flash-assist rapid thermal processing, fRTP/sup TM/ has allowed the exploration of silicon's response to rapid thermal processes over the entire surface of the wafer. Previous results from high-speed processing of silicon through its equilibrium melting point have only been attainable by localized, small area, application of high-powered lasers. We report data obtained from a narrow band radiometer, operating at 1450/spl plusmn/30 nm with a 25 kHz sampling rate, that indicates anomalous emissions during melting. Interesting re-crystallization behavior of the bare silicon surface that is cooling 500.000/spl deg/C/s through its equilibrium melting point after a flash anneal from an intermediate temperature of 900/spl deg/C is also reported. Wafer survivability after exposure to greater than 600/spl deg/C surface temperature jumps from intermediate temperatures of 700/spl deg/C to 900/spl deg/C also demonstrates the inherent robustness of the wafer to withstand large thermal gradient at elevated bulk temperatures imposed during fRTP.
Minimum inhibitory concentrations of some antimicrobial drugs against bacteria causing uterine infections in cattle (2004)

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of oxytetracycline, cephapirin, cephapirin/mecillinam, cefquinome, ceftiofur and enrofloxacin, candidate antibiotics for the principal bacteria associated with uterine infections: Escherichia coli , Arcanobacterium pyogenes and the anaerobic bacteria Fusobacterium necrophorum and Prevotella melaninogenicus , were determined by the agar dilution method. The bacteria were isolated from animals with clinical metritis and/or endometritis. For E coli , cefquinome and enrofloxacin had the lowest MIC90 and MIC50 values (<0.06 μg/ml), and oxytetracycline and cephapirin had the highest values. For A pyogenes , oxytetracycline had the highest MIC50 value (16 μg/ml), but all the cephalosporins had values below 0.06 μg/ml. For the anaerobic bacteria, enrofloxacin and oxytetracycline had the highest MIC50 values but all the cephalosporins had values of 0.06 μg/ml or below.