gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular functions and biological roles of hepatitis B virus x protein (2006)

Chronic infection of hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the major causes of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in the world. Hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) has been long suspected to be involved in hepatocarcinogenesis, although its oncogenic role remains controversial. HBx is a multifunctional regulator that modulates transcription, signal transduction, cell cycle progress, protein degradation pathways, apoptosis, and genetic stability by directly or indirectly interacting with host factors. This review focuses on the biological roles of HBx in HBV replication and cellular transformation in terms of the molecular functions of HBx. Using the transient HBV replication assay, ectopically expressed HBx could stimulate HBV transcription and replication with the X-defective replicon to the level of those with the wild one. The transcription coactivation is mainly contributing to the stimulatory role of HBx on HBV replication although the other functions may affect HBV replication. Effect of HBx on cellular transformation remains controversial and was never addressed with human primary or immortal cells. Using the human immortalized primary cells, HBx was found to retain the ability to overcome active oncogene RAS-induced senescence that requires full-length HBx. At least two functions of HBx, the coactivation function and the ability to overcome oncogene-induced senescence, may be cooperatively involved in HBV-related hepatocarcinogenesis.
A Modified Inhomogeneity Measure in Spatial Distribution (2013)

In this paper, we investigated the traditional inhomogeneity measure and proposed a modified inhomogeneity measure. The traditional inhomogeneity measure adopted absolute value as norm. However, it was not accurate enough when used in sparse spatial distribution. The modified inhomogeneity measure adopted Euclidean distance instead of absolute value. An example was taken to compare the traditional inhomogeneity measure and the modified inhomogeneity measure, and verified the modified inhomogeneity measure was more accurate in sparse spatial distribution. Simulation compared the inhomogeneity measured by different method, and the results showed that the modified inhomogeneity measure better fits human perception.
Candidate Enzymes for Saffron Crocin Biosynthesis Are Localized in Multiple Cellular Compartments (2018)

Saffron is the dried stigmas of <i>Crocus sativus</i> and is the most expensive spice in the world. Its red color is due to crocins, which are apocarotenoid glycosides that accumulate in the vacuole to a level up to 10% of the stigma dry weight. Previously, we characterized the first dedicated enzyme in the crocin biosynthetic pathway, carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase2 (CsCCD2), which cleaves zeaxanthin to yield crocetin dialdehyde. In this work, we identified six putative <i>aldehyde dehydrogenase</i> (<i>ALDH</i>) genes expressed in <i>C. sativus</i> stigmas. Heterologous expression in <i>Escherichia coli</i> showed that only one of corresponding proteins (CsALDH3I1) was able to convert crocetin dialdehyde into the crocin precursor crocetin. CsALDH3I1 carries a carboxyl-terminal hydrophobic domain, similar to that of the <i>Neurospora crassa</i> membrane-associated apocarotenoid dehydrogenase YLO-1. We also characterized the UDP-glycosyltransferase CsUGT74AD1, which converts crocetin to crocins 1 and 2'. In vitro assays revealed high specificity of CsALDH3I1 for crocetin dialdehyde and long-chain apocarotenals and of CsUGT74AD1 for crocetin. Following extract fractionation, CsCCD2, CsALDH3I1, and CsUGT74AD1 were found in the insoluble fraction, suggesting their association with membranes or large insoluble complexes. Analysis of protein localization in both <i>C. sativus</i> stigmas and following transgene expression in <i>Nicotiana benthamiana</i> leaves revealed that CsCCD2, CsALDH3I, and CsUGT74AD1 were localized to the plastids, the endoplasmic reticulum, and the cytoplasm, respectively, in association with cytoskeleton-like structures. Based on these findings and current literature, we propose that the endoplasmic reticulum and cytoplasm function as transit centers for metabolites whose biosynthesis starts in the plastid and are accumulated in the vacuole.
Lifestyle and environmental contribution to male infertility (2000)

This chapter is an overview of recent developments in our understanding and thinking about the importance and nature of environmental effects on sperm counts and fertility in the human male. This area is plagued by imperfect studies, not necessarily because of imperfect design but because of other 'uncontrollable' constraints. The available data, therefore, need to be placed in context and account taken of the limitations of our understanding or, more correctly, our ignorance. As we enter the new millennium, one of the saddest scientific aspects of human reproduction and infertility is our persisting ignorance about the causes and treatment of male infertility. With one notable exception (Y chromosome microdeletions) there has been little advance in our understanding of the causes of male infertility and its direct treatment over the past 20 years. Although most infertile men can now be offered the chance of fertility via ICSI, it is largely ignored that this does not represent treatment of the patient's infertility (which will persist unchanged), but is a means of circumventing the problem and leaving it for the next generation to tackle. There are many reasons for our ignorance about the causes of infertility, and some of these are outlined below in order to emphasise how this limits our ability to establish whether or not specific lifestyle and environmental factors do, or do not, affect human male reproductive function.
Biology and Pathogenicity of Autonomous Parvoviruses (1984)

During the past ten years parvoviruses have attracted considerable interest. This is in part due to their unique molecular organization as well as to the fact that they provide an excellent experimental tool to study the replication of a small, single-stranded viral DNA genome and to probe into the synthesis of eucaryotic cell DNA. On the other hand, parvoviruses were shown to be associated with various economically important diseases of animals. At lease since the very recent world-wide epidemic of canine parvovirus enteritis they are no longer regarded as constituting a mere laboratory problem.
Regulation of Proline Degradation in<i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> (1970)

The pathway for proline degradation in Salmonella typhimurium appears to be identical to that found in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis. Delta(1)-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid (P5C) is an intermediate in the pathway; its formation consumes molecular oxygen. Assays were devised for proline oxidase and the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-specific P5C dehydrogenase activities. Both proline-degrading enzymes, proline oxidase and P5C dehydrogenase, are induced by proline and are subject to catabolite repression. Three types of mutants were isolated in which both enzymes are affected: constitutive mutants, mutants with reduced levels of enzyme activity, and mutants unable to produce either enzyme. Most of the mutants isolated for their lack of P5C dehydrogenase activity have a reduced level of proline oxidase activity. All the mutations are cotransducible. A genetic map of some of the mutations is presented. The actual effector of the pathway appears to be proline.
Submillimeter optical reflectometry (1989)

The development of optical reflectometers with a spatial resolution in the submillimeter range is reviewed. Optical time-domain reflectometers (OTDRs) and optical low-coherence reflectometers (OLCRs) for nondestructive diagnostics of waveguide devices are discussed. Techniques, system performances, and experimental results are discussed for OTDRs and for OLCRs. Fields of applications for these techniques are indicated, and some preliminary conclusions are presented. A dynamic range of approximately 100 dB and a spatial resolution in the range of 10-60 mu m were achieved with both types of reflectometers. Nondestructive diagnostics on waveguide components and integrated optics circuits are feasible at these performance levels.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nitrate‐dependent iron(II) oxidation in paddy soil (2001)

Iron(III) profiles of flooded paddy soil incubated in the greenhouse indicated oxidation of iron(II) in the upper 6 mm soil layer. Measurement of oxygen with a Clark-type microelectrode showed that oxygen was only responsible for the oxidation of iron(II) in the upper 3 mm. In the soil beneath, nitrate could be used as electron acceptor instead of oxygen for the oxidation of the iron(II). Nitrate was still available 3 mm below the soil surface, and denitrifying activity was indicated by higher concentrations of nitrite between 3 and 6 mm soil depth. Nitrate was generated by nitrification from ammonium. Ammonium concentrations increased beneath 6 mm soil depth, indicating ammonium release and diffusion from deeper soil layers. High concentrations of ammonium were also found at the surface, probably resulting from N2 fixation by cyanobacteria. Experimental adjustment of the nitrate concentration in the flooding water to 200 microM stimulated nitrate-dependent iron(II) oxidation, which was indicated by significantly lower iron(II) concentrations in soil layers in which nitrate-dependent iron(II) oxidation was proposed. Soil incubated in the dark showed high iron(III) concentrations only in the layer where oxygen was still available. In this soil, the nitrogen pool was depleted because of the lack of N2 fixation by cyanobacteria. In contrast, soil incubated in the dark with 500 microM nitrate in the flooding water showed significantly higher iron(II) and significantly lower iron(II) concentrations in the anoxic soil layers, indicating nitrate-dependent iron(II) oxidation. Anoxic incubations of soil with nitrate in the flooding water also showed high concentrations of iron(II) and low concentrations of iron(II) in the upper 3 mm. As oxygen was excluded in anoxic incubations, the high iron(III) concentrations are a sign of the activity of nitrate-dependent iron(II) oxidizers. The presence of these bacteria in non-amended soil was also indicated by the most probable number (MPN) counts of nitrate-dependent iron(II) oxidizers in the layer of 3-4 mm soil depth, which revealed 1.6 x 10(6) bacteria g(-1) dry weight.
Reactions of Sixty-Seven Accessions of Twelve Cucumis Species to Seven Viruses (1993)

Four varieties, eight cultivars and 67 accessions of twelve Cucumis species originating from 45 contries were examined for reaction to seven viruses (cucumber green mottle mosaic Tobamovirus, CGMMV; cucumber leaf spot Carmovirus, CLSV; cucumber mosaic Cucumovirus, CMV; melon necrotic spot Carmovirus, MNSV; Melandrium yellow fleck Bromovirus, MYFV; watermelon mosaic-2 Potyvirus, WMV-2; zucchini yellow mosaic Potyvirus, ZYMV). Out of the 410 host-virus relationships 219 were compatible and 191 incompatible. From the point of view of resistance to the viruses examined Cucumis africanus G1. 2302 proved the best, being immune to five viruses (CGMMV, CLSV, CMV, WMV-2, ZYMV). Good resistance qualities were shown by Cucumis melo P. I. 217974, which was immune to four viruses (CLSV, CMV, WMV-2, ZYMV) and hypersensitively resistant to two viruses (MNSV, MYFV). Cucumis melo P. I. 161375, an accession known thought by the literature, but so far unknown for its behaviour to certain viruses was immune to four viruses (CGMMV, MNSV, WMV-2, ZYMV), and showed hypersensitive resistance to MYFV. The highest susceptibility to viruses was found in Cucumis dipsaceus G1. 0255, which proved susceptible to all viruses included in the study. The second in order of susceptibility was Cucumis melo P. I. 288988, which was susceptible to 5 out of 6 viruses (CGMMV, CLSV, CMV: WMV-2, ZYMV), and showed hypersensitive resistance to one virus. Next from the point of view of susceptibility was Cucumis metuliferus G1.1775, which was susceptible to 5 out 6 viruses (CGMMV, CLSV, CMV, WMV-2, ZYMV), and resistant to one virus, Cucumis melo P. I. 116479 was susceptible to 6 out of the 7 viruses (CGMMV, CLSV, CMV, MNSV, WMV-2, ZYMV) and immune to one virus.
Use of Petri Nets for Modeling an Agent-Based Interactive System: Basic Principles and Case Study (2008)

Petri nets allow the modeling and visualization of behaviors comprising parallelism, synchronization and resource sharing. Their power lies in their formal aspect; they allow the modeling of discrete systems evolving in parallel, which represents a great contribution for the modeling of various facets relating to human-machine interactions, particularly in complex systems. Various complementary approaches are found on this subject in the literature, based on the use of various types of PN in the field of human-machine interaction, a subject which has been developed ever since the end of the Eighties They are given here in a list which is not intended to be exhaustive, but rather to be representative. Thus, PN were used: (1) before design phases (with an aim of human-computer interaction specification), for task modeling (also called prescribed or theoretical task); it corresponds to the task, envisaged by the designer(s), to be carried out by the user and/or the machine (a priori modeling); (2) for the modeling of the human activities (a posteriori modeling); this modeling follows the phase of evaluation of the interactive system in a real or simulated situation with users. By a confrontation of the a priori and a posteriori models, and by an analysis of the differences between these two complementary sets of PN, it is possible to detect design errors, lacks of information, and so on, and to put forward proposals, especially concerning the improvement of human-computer interaction Figure The places in the PN represent the actions carried out by the user whereas the transitions represent the reactions from the user interface; the graphic components present on it (bottom left part on figure Very important basic research was undertaken by P. Palanque, R. Bastide and their colleagues on the use of the PN for the checking and validation of interactive systems (
Directed cytokine expression in tumour cells in vivo using recombinant vaccinia virus. (1994)

Athymic (Swiss nude) and euthymic (DBA) tumour-bearing mice were injected intravenously with various vaccinia virus (Copenhagen strain) recombinants. Several days after inoculation, tumour cells were found to be well infected with infective vaccinia particles, while organs such as liver, spleen, brain and bone marrow showed barely detectable levels or no signs at all of virus infection. Injection of tumour bearing mice with recombinant VV harbouring the cDNA for either huIL-2 or muIL-6 resulted in detectable lymphokine in the sera of injected animals. Injection of tumour-bearing nude mice with VV-IL-6, but not with VV-IL-2, resulted in significant reduction in growth rate of the tumour, and in some cases, complete rejection of the tumour. Tumour-bearing euthymic mice responded differently. Intravenous injection of VV-IL-2, but not VV-IL-6 resulted in reduced growth rate of 50% of tumours and complete rejection of 17% of tumours.
NATURE OF THE INACTIVATION OF ELASTASE BY N-PEPTIDYL-O-AROYL HYDROXYLAMINE AS A FUNCTION OF PH (1995)

The mechanism of inactivation of porcine pancreatic elastase (PPE) by N-peptidyl-O-aroylhydroxylamine was studied by X-ray crystallography. The inactivator forms a stable complex with the enzyme by means of a covalent attachment to the active site Ser 203(195) O gamma. The nature of the complex is, however, different depending on the pH at which the inactivation reaction occurs. At pH 5, the complex formed is a hydroxylamine derivative of Ser 203(195) in which the O gamma of serine is the oxygen of the hydroxylamine derivative. At pH 7.5, the complex formed is a carbamate derivative at Ser 203(195) O gamma. In both types of complexes, the inactivator binds in the S' subsites of the enzyme instead of forming the usual antiparallel beta-sheet with the S subsites. The implication for the mechanism of inactivation at different pHs is discussed.
Ddsign and Implementation of a Smart Park Card Management System (2011)

The design and implementation of a smart park card management system based on C/S model is described.The system uses E-R diagrams to design the database.Indy10 is used as a communication control between server and client,dbExpress to connect the database,and define an application protocol.
[Disorders of thermoregulation in adaptation to external cold and heat stimuli in patients with atopic eczema]. (1988)

Patients suffering from atopic eczema (AE) often exhibit disturbances of various neurovegetative (in particular, vasomotoric) skin functions. Thus, in 21 patients with AE we studied the response of the skin of one forearm to standardized 15-min exposure of the other arm to a cold and a warm bath (17 degrees-18 degrees C and 40 degrees-41 degrees C respectively). The results were compared with those in 23 age- and sex-matched healthy controls under similar environmental conditions. In most patients, during exposure of one forearm to warmth the skin temperature of the contralateral forearm remained unchanged or decreased slightly, whereas exposure to cold induced either a slight rise in skin temperature or an almost indiscernible decrease. In contrast to the normal temperature reaction of the non-exposed forearm to warmth exposure of the contralateral arm in most controls, our findings in atopic patients indicated a "rigid" or even "paradoxical" response to thermic stimuli. This abnormal pattern of thermoregulation may reflect an intrinsic disturbance of the peripheral and hypothalamic autonomous system involved in the pathogenetic conditions of AE.
Efficient therapeutic gene delivery after systemic administration of a novel polyethylenimine/DNA vector in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. (2003)

Successful systemic gene therapy has been hindered by vector-related limitations, including toxicity and inefficient gene delivery to tumor cells after i.v. administration. To circumvent these problems, we developed a novel formulation between the polycation polyethyleneimine and DNA that mediates high-level tumor cell transduction in vitro and efficient i.v. gene delivery in that greater reporter gene expression occurred in tumor than in lung. Strikingly, administration of just 6 micro g of the polyethyleneimine/DNA-p53 vector every 3 days for 3 weeks indicated restoration of normal cell cycle regulation and apoptotic mechanisms as demonstrated by efficient p53 expression, increased apoptosis, and a 70% reduction in tumor size in an orthotopic bladder cancer model. This novel vector formulation represents a new method to increase i.v. delivery of genes to tumors.
Polymerization of epoxyorganosilanes. III. Copolymerization with glycidyl ether (1970)

Abstract Glycidyl ether with a trimethylsilyl group, i.e. (2.3‐epoxypropoxy)trimethylsilane was copolymerized cationically with alkyl glycidyl ethers by use of boron trifluoride etherate and triethylaluminum/water (1:0.5) system as catalysts. The results offered suggestions not only on the specific effect of the silicon substituent adjacent to the oxygen atom but also on the effect of substituents on the reactivities of glycidyl ethers in the cationic copolymerization.
Charles Dickens, the World of his Novels (1959)

Charles Dickens, the World of his Novels Get access Sheila M. Smith Sheila M. Smith Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 6, Issue 7, 1 July 1959, Pages 294–295, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/6.7.294a Published: 01 July 1959
Friedreich's Ataxia: From Disease Mechanisms to Therapeutic Interventions (2006)

Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA) is the most common inherited ataxia. FRDA is an autosomal recessive degenerative disorder caused by a GAA triplet expansion or point mutations in the FRDA gene on chromosome 9q13. The FRDA gene product, frataxin, is a widely expressed mitochondrial protein that is severely reduced in FRDApatients. The function of frataxin has not been established yet. Studies of the yeast and animal model of the disease as well as of tissues from FRDA patients have demonstrated that deficit of frataxin is associated with mitochondrial iron accumulation, increased sensitivity to oxidative stress, deficit of respiratory chain complex activities and in vivo impairment of tissue energy metabolism. Pilot studies have shown the potential effect of antioxidant therapy in this condition and provide a strong rationale for designing larger clinical randomized trials.
Absolute interferometry with a 670-nm external cavity diode laser (1999)

In the past few years there has been much interest in use of tunable diode lasers for absolute interferometry. Here we report on use of an external cavity diode laser operating in the visible (lambda approximately 670 nm) for absolute distance measurements. Under laboratory conditions we achieve better than 1-microm standard uncertainty in distance measurements over a range of 5 m, but significantly larger uncertainties will probably be more typical of shop-floor measurements where conditions are far from ideal. We analyze the primary sources of uncertainty limiting the performance of wavelength-sweeping methods for absolute interferometry, and we discuss how errors can be minimized. Many errors are greatly magnified when the wavelength sweeping technique is used; sources of error that are normally relevant only at the nanometer level when standard interferometric techniques are used may be significant here for measurements at the micrometer level.
Fuel Shutoff Controls on Diesel Tractors: An Investigation of a Population Stereotype (1981)

Diesel powered equipment is in widespread use throughout agriculture, construction, mining, forestry, and other outdoor industries. In the event of an accident involving a turnover or collision, there is a high probability that the engine will continue to run, possibly presenting a severe hazard to the operator as well as to other persons in the area. This paper presents the results of a pilot study designed to survey the ability of persons to locate and correctly operate the shutoff control on a diesel engine. This ability is studied as a function of the type of control and its marking and also as a function of individual experience with power equipment in general. Training did not have a significant effect in reducing the time required to shut off the diesel tractors tested. Since the user population in this case could represent anyone able to help in an emergency, a larger survey employing untrained subjects is recommended.
Cell-surface glycosyltransferases in cultured fibroblasts: increased activity and release during serum stimulation of growth. (1977)

Cell-surface galactosyltransferase was studied in suspensions of intact baby hamster kidney fibroblasts with both endogenous and exogenous glycoprotein acceptors. The cell-surface location of galactosyltransferase was demonstrated in experiments with the enzyme modifier alpha-lactalbumin, which does not enter the cell. The addition of alpha-lactalbumin to the assay medium for galactosyltransferase resulted in accumulation of lactose in the medium but not in the cells. There was no detectable hydrolysis of UDP-galactose to free galactose by these cells, nor did a 100-fold molar excess of free galactose inhibit cell-surface galactosyltransferase. There was a marked increase in specific activity of cell-surface exogenous galactosyltransferase in serum-stimulated as compared to resting fibroblasts. Dividing but not resting fibroblasts released galactosyltransferase, but not sialyl- or fucosyltransferase, in soluble form into the tissue culture medium. The release of galactosyltransferase was greater from virally transformed than from nontransformed fibroblasts.