gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of smokeless diesel combustion with oxygenated fuels based on the dependence of the equivalence ration and temperature on soot particle formation (2002)

The equivalence ratio φ and temperature T are well known to have a significant effect on the quality of particulate formation, such as the soot volume fraction, particle diameter and number density. The purpose of this work is to clarify the φ-T dependence of soot formation for various kinds of fuels, including paraffinic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon and oxygenated hydrocarbon, and to discuss a possibility for smokeless diesel combustion considering particulate size and number density. The sooting φ-T map, showing the tendency to generate soot particles as a function of φ-T and T, was made using a detailed soot kinetic model. The computational results show that oxygenated fuel reactions lead to a lower soot yield, smaller particle diameter, lower number density and narrower sooting φ-T region than those of aliphatic and aromatic fuels, due to the notable reduction in production of both acetylene and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Furthermore, this lower sooting tendency is emphasized as the fuel oxygen content increases. It was also found that the leaner mixture side of the soot formation peninsula on the φ-T map, rather than the lower temperature side, should be utilized to suppress the formation of PAHs and ultra-fine particles together with a large reduction in particulate mass.
Phase II clinical trial preliminary report: Cetuximab, gemcitabine and simultaneous radiotherapy for locally advanced head and neck cancer: Preliminary report (2006)

15502 Background: Previous studies with cetuximab in SCCHN demonstrate to be clinically beneficial. In the present study we wished to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a chemotherapeutic scheme using gemcitabine, radiotherapy and cetuximab for SCCHN. Preliminary report of 20 of 40 enrolled patients into a phase II clinical trial. Methods: inclusion criteria; histological confirmation of epidermoid carcinoma, ages 18 to 70, K > 70%, normal renal, hepatic and haematologic functions, without previous treatment, surgically inoperable disease, or patients with operable disease that did not consent to surgery. All patients signed an informed consent form. Radiotherapy: 200 cGy/d/5/w until 70Gy were completed. Cetuximab: an initial dose of 400 mg/m 2 one week prior to initiation of radiotherapy, followed by 250 mg/m 2 weekly until completion of radiotherapy. Gemcitabine: 50 mg /m 2 weeks 1–2, 4–5 and 7. Results: 20 patients were enrolled (16m/4f) from november of 2004 to november of 2005, (5 oral cavity, 5 oropharynx, 8 larynx, 1 hypopharynx and 1 paranasal sinus). Mean age 56 yrs (33–75). Tumor staging: 7/III, 8/IVa and 5/IVb. One female was excluded, 19 completed the study and were evaluated. GR 17/19 (89.5%), CR 13/17 (76.5%) and PR 4/17 (23.5%). 2/19 NR (10.5%). CR of the 1ary tumor 15/19 patients (78.9%); CR 6/11 patients with lymphatic disease at diagnosis (54.5%), PR 3/19 (27.3%). Toxicity: mucositis g/III-IV 8/19 patients; rash g/III 4 patients. 2/19 did not complete treatment with chemotherapy due to mucositis but did with radiotherapy. No relationship was found between clinical response and the severity of the rash. One patient developed leukopenia g/III. 4 patients developed disphagia g/II, one has not resolved after 8 month follow up. Xerostomia g/II was 7/19 patients. Dermatological toxicity resolved by the end of the treatment. Mean follow up: 6 months, 1 patient which did not respond died and 1 patient with a PR recurred. Conclusions: The scheme is safe and effective with tolerable toxicity. In our previously reported experience, the addition of cetuximab to gemcitabine and radiotherapy does not increment local toxicity, statistical validation of these findings require the completion of the 40 patient study. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Efficient reconstruction from architectural drawings (2010)

This paper presents an efficient method for reconstructing 3D building models from Electronic Architectural Drawings (EADs). EADs are matched via recognising axes and elevation. After recognising Candidate Contours (CCs) of Architectural Components (ACs) in one floor plan, the method incorporates the results into recognising the neighbour floors, which is achieved by a mapping algorithm. CC classification is proposed to reduce the interaction for 3D reconstruction. A parameterised 3D model database is used to improve details of reconstructed results. Our method requires some interaction as guidance. The experimental results show that ordinary users could create a 3D building model that consists of over 100 components in several minutes.
Transforming growth factor-beta up-regulates elastin gene expression in human skin fibroblasts. Evidence for post-transcriptional modulation. (1992)

Transforming growth factor-beta s (TGF-beta) are potent enhancers of the expression of several connective tissue genes. In this study we examined the effects of TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 on human elastin mRNA abundance, promoter activity, and mRNA stability in cultured human skin fibroblasts. Treatment of cell cultures with varying concentrations of TGF-beta 1 or TGF-beta 2 for 24 hours resulted in a dose-dependent increase in the elastin mRNA steady-state levels, with a maximum enhancement of approximately 30-fold being noted with 1 ng/ml. Addition of cycloheximide (10 micrograms/ml) failed to block up-regulation of elastin gene expression by TGF-beta, indicating that this effect can occur in the absence of active protein synthesis. Furthermore, TGF-beta elicited enhancement of elastin mRNA levels could be abrogated by tumor necrosis factor-alpha and partially counteracted by interferon-gamma. Transient transfections of human skin fibroblasts with elastin promoter/chloramphenicol acetyl-transferase reporter gene constructs, which contained up to approximately 5 kb of the 5' flanking DNA, revealed no change in the promoter activity in the presence of TGF-beta. However, TGF-beta appeared to stabilize the elastin mRNA transcripts as determined by Northern hybridizations after inhibition of initiation of the transcription. As a result of this stabilization, the elastin mRNA levels were clearly detectable in TGF-beta 1-treated cultures even up to 48 hours after inhibition of transcription while they were undetectable in the control cells after 24 hours of incubation. These results demonstrate that TGF-beta 1 and TGF-beta 2 are potent enhancers of elastin gene expression and that this effect is mediated, at least in part, post-transcriptionally. These results suggest that TGF-beta s are involved in regulation of elastin deposition during fetal development and tissue repair, as well as in pathological conditions.
Coinoculation of Borrelia spp. with Tick Salivary Gland Lysate Enhances Spirochete Load in Mice and Is Tick Species-Specific (2002)

N. S. Zeidner, B. S. Schneider, M. S. Nuncio, L. Gern, J. Piesman, Coinoculation of Borrelia spp. with Tick Salivary Gland Lysate Enhances Spirochete Load in Mice and Is Tick Species-Specific, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 88, No. 6 (Dec., 2002), pp. 1276-1278
Role of iron and ferritin in MR imaging of the brain: a study in primates at different field strengths. (1990)

The authors measured in vivo signal intensity on magnetic resonance (MR) images and postmortem iron concentrations in the brains of three young and two old rhesus monkeys. T2-weighted MR imaging was done at 0.5, 1.5, 2.0, and 4.7 T. Relative assessment of iron concentration was made from the optical density of brain sections stained with the Perls' method intensified with diaminobenzidine. MR imaging and optical density measurements were made in the centrum semiovale (white matter) and in four gray matter areas: the insular cortex, caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus, the latter three of which accumulate significant iron deposits with age. High optical density and decreased signal intensity were found in these areas, and the inverse correlation between gray matter/white matter signal ratio and optical density was in good agreement with the theory of T2 shortening caused by diffusion of water through magnetic inhomogeneities. However, the dependence of T2 shortening on field strength was not quadratic, as expected for paramagnetic iron, but instead showed a marked leveling off at higher field strengths. This magnetic "saturation" is explainable by antiferromagnetism and superparamagnetism of the ferritin core and has been observed in ferritin solutions at low temperatures. Similar observations at body temperature are needed before the iron-ferritin explanation for T2 shortening can be considered proved.
Weak Consistency: A Generalized Theory and Optimistic Implementations for Distributed Transactions (1999)

Current commercial databases allow application programmers to trade off consistency for performance. However, existing definitions of weak consistency levels are either imprecise or they disallow efficient implementation techniques such as optimism. Ruling out these techniques is especially unfortunate because commercial databases support optimistic mechanisms. Furthermore, optimism is likely to be the implementation technique of choice in the geographically distributed and mobile systems of the future. This thesis presents the first implementation-independent specifications of existing ANSI isolation levels and a number of levels that are widely used in commercial systems, e.g., Cursor Stability, Snapshot Isolation. It also specifies a variety of guarantees for predicate-based operations in an implementation-independent manner. Two new levels are defined that provide useful consistency guarantees to application writers; one is the weakest level that ensures consistent reads, while the other captures some useful consistency properties provided by pessimistic implementations. We
Detection of parasites in food (1999)

The importance of foodborne parasitic zoonoses remains high in many regions of the world. Although control efforts have been exerted for quite some time, overall progress has not been satisfactory, even in many well developed countries. An important drawback in control programmes for parasites such as Trichinella, Toxoplasma and Taenia has been the absence of rapid, accurate and sensitive diagnostic tests for these meatborne parasites. However, the rapid advances in the molecular biology of these organisms has yielded concomitant gains in precision of detection. This review highlights these advances and their impact or potential application to the control of foodborne parasites.
Synthesis of 6-Substituted 4-Hydroxy-2-pyrones from Aldehydes by Addition of an Acetoacetate Equivalent, Dess-Martin Oxidation and Subsequent Cyclization (2001)

A three step procedure for the synthesis of 6-substituted 4-hydroxy-2-pyrones 2 from aldehydes 1 is described. An acetoacetate equivalent 3 was added to the corresponding aldehyde (10 examples) in a vinylogous Mukaiyama aldol addition (72-99%). The intermediate alcohols 4 were oxidized to the ketones 5 using the Dess-Martin method (67%-quant.). A final thermal cyclization of compounds 5 yielded the title compounds 2 (61-92%; 40-85% overall).
Human and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Stem Cells: Convergent and Divergent Mechanisms of Myogenesis (2014)

Satellite cells are the chief contributor to skeletal muscle growth and regeneration. The study of mouse satellite cells has accelerated in recent years due to technical advancements in the isolation of these cells. The study of human satellite cells has lagged and thus little is known about how the biology of mouse and human satellite cells compare. We developed a flow cytometry-based method to prospectively isolate human skeletal muscle progenitors from the satellite cell pool using positive and negative selection markers. Results show that this pool is enriched in PAX7 expressing cells that possess robust myogenic potential including the ability to give rise to de novo muscle in vivo. We compared mouse and human satellite cells in culture and identify differences in the elaboration of the myogenic genetic program and in the sensitivity of the cells to cytokine stimulation. These results indicate that not all mechanisms regulating mouse satellite cell activation are conserved in human satellite cells and that such differences may impact the clinical translation of therapeutics validated in mouse models. Thus, the findings of this study are relevant to developing therapies to combat muscle disease.
Energy From Offshore Wind (2006)

Abstract This paper provides an overview of the nascent offshore wind energy industry including a status of the commercial offshore industry and the technologies that will be needed for full market development. It provides a perspective on the status of the critical environmental and regulatory issues for offshore wind and how they are affecting the formation of the U.S. industry. The rationale provided describes why offshore wind has the potential to become a major component of the national electric energy supply. Future projections show this potential could result in over $100 billion of revenue to the offshore industry over the next 30 years in the construction and operation of offshore wind turbines and the infrastructure needed to support them. The paper covers technical issues and design challenges needed to achieve economic competitiveness for near term deployments in shallow water below 30-m depth. It also examines the requirements for future technologies needed to deploy systems in deeper water beyond the current depth limits. Although most studies to date indicate very low impacts to the environment, regulatory and environmental barriers have hindered the first offshore wind projects in the United States. A summary of these issues is given. Introduction Over the past two decades, on-shore wind energy technology has seen a ten-fold reduction in cost and is now competitive with fossil and nuclear fuels for electric power generation in many areas of the United States. Wind energy installations in the United States have grown from about 1,800 MW in 1990 to an estimated 9,200 MW at the end of 2005, and are expected to grow to 14,000 MW by the end of 2007 [1]. While onshore wind energy technology appears to be maturing rapidly by some measure, the need for further technology development still remains, as development booms have historically coincided with the existence of the 1.9-cent/kWh production energy tax credit for renewable energy sources. In addition, as wind energy penetrates a larger percentage of the grid, industry growth, dispatchability, and infrastructure, barriers will become critical long-term research issues. Initial onshore wind development in the United States focused on the windiest sites (Class 6 that average 7.4 m/s at 10 m above surface annually), but these sites are generally in the more remote areas of the west, and on a few ridgelines in the east. The DOE Wind Program has led an initiative to drive the cost of wind energy down further through sustained technology innovations that have been identified, but have not yet been fully implemented under a Low Wind Speed Technology Program [2,3]. As lower costs are achieved, more sites are becoming economically viable in areas closer to energy constrained load centers, giving a higher value to the delivered electricity [4]. The full extent of the vast land-based resource is limited by transmission line access and capacity on the grid, which is making transport of electricity from the windiest areas more difficult [5].
TISSUE MICROARRAY ANALYSIS OF hMSH2 EXPRESSION PREDICTS OUTCOME IN MEN WITH PROSTATE CANCER (2005)

hMSH2 is differentially expressed in malignant prostate tissue and hMSH2 immunohistochemical staining intensity correlates with Gleason score, overall and disease-free survival. Taken together our results suggest that hMSH2 expression may be a useful prognostic biomarker for outcome in men with clinically organ confined PC.
Complete Genome Sequence of the Oral Pathogenic Bacterium <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> Strain W83 (2003)

The complete 2,343,479-bp genome sequence of the gram-negative, pathogenic oral bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis strain W83, a major contributor to periodontal disease, was determined. Whole-genome comparative analysis with other available complete genome sequences confirms the close relationship between the Cytophaga-Flavobacteria-Bacteroides (CFB) phylum and the green-sulfur bacteria. Within the CFB phyla, the genomes most similar to that of P. gingivalis are those of Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron and B. fragilis. Outside of the CFB phyla the most similar genome to P. gingivalis is that of Chlorobium tepidum, supporting the previous phylogenetic studies that indicated that the Chlorobia and CFB phyla are related, albeit distantly. Genome analysis of strain W83 reveals a range of pathways and virulence determinants that relate to the novel biology of this oral pathogen. Among these determinants are at least six putative hemagglutinin-like genes and 36 previously unidentified peptidases. Genome analysis also reveals that P. gingivalis can metabolize a range of amino acids and generate a number of metabolic end products that are toxic to the human host or human gingival tissue and contribute to the development of periodontal disease.
Genetic interactions between ATM and the nonhomologous end-joining factors in genomic stability and development (2001)

DNA ligase IV (Lig4) and the DNA-dependent protein kinase (DNA-PK) function in nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ). However, although Lig4 deficiency causes late embryonic lethality, deficiency in DNA-PK subunits (Ku70, Ku80, and DNA-PKcs) does not. Here we demonstrate that, similar to p53 deficiency, ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) gene deficiency rescues the embryonic lethality and neuronal apoptosis, but not impaired lymphocyte development, associated with Lig4 deficiency. However, in contrast to p53 deficiency, ATM deficiency enhances deleterious effects of Lig4 deficiency on growth potential of embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) and genomic instability in both MEFs and cultured progenitor lymphocytes, demonstrating significant differences in the interplay of p53 vs. ATM with respect to NHEJ. Finally, in dramatic contrast to effects on Lig4 deficiency, ATM deficiency causes early embryonic lethality in Ku- or DNA-PKcs-deficient mice, providing evidence for an NHEJ-independent role for the DNA-PK holoenzyme.
Proliferative activity of plasma cells is the most relevant prognostic factor in elderly multiple myeloma patients (2004)

Although multiple myeloma (MM) is predominantly a disease of the elderly, few studies have focused on the identification of prognostic factors in this group of patients. Four hundred twenty five MM patients >65 years were uniformly treated with chemotherapy (MP or VCMP/VBAD). Multivariate analysis identified 4 factors with independent unfavorable prognostic influence: high percentage of S-phase bone marrow plasma cells (>2.5%); elevated beta(2) microglobulin (B2M) (>4 mg/L); age >80 years old; and LDH serum levels (above normal limit). The S-phase value was the most powerful independent prognostic factor to discriminate subgroups of patients with different prognosis. Thus, 3 main risk categories could be identified according to S-phase values: </=1%, 1-3% and >3%, with median survivals of 34, 22 and 12 months, respectively (p < 0.0001). Our study also proved the value for elderly patients of the recently developed International Score System (ISS) based on B2M and albumin. Furthermore, the number of S-phase cells helped to subdivide the ISS III Group identifying a subset of patients with very poor prognosis defined by an additional high S-phase, who displayed a median survival of only 8 months. These results demonstrate that elderly patients can be accurately classified according to prognosis, which may be particularly valuable when comparing the efficacy of new treatment strategies. Moreover, our results underline the high prognostic value of proliferative activity of PC, a parameter that should be considered in routine laboratory investigations of MM.
Hybrid fuel cell power in aircraft (2008)

Traditionally, electric generators, driven by an aircraft's main propulsion engines or by a gas turbine (GT) auxiliary power unit (APU), have supplied the electrical needs of commercial aircraft. In flight, the marginal efficiency of electric power generated by the main engines and their generators is at most 30-40%, whereas on the ground with the engines shut off, the average fuel efficiency of the turbine-powered APU is typically less than 20% and also has undesirable noise and gaseous emissions. As environmental concerns mount, aircraft manufacturers and others are challenged to reduce fuel consumption while simultaneously reducing emissions. Hence, there is a very strong interest in developing fuel cells for aerospace applications. In this article, we report the study results of usingsolid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) in combination with a GTas a hybrid APU system for a commercial aircraft. The purpose of this feasibility study is to investigate the potential use of fuel-cell-based APUs for onboard power generation in future "more-electric" commercial aircraft. In this article, the modeling of the major components of the SOFC-GT power generation system, summary of the findings, challenges, and final recommendations are presented.
Rhinovirus Infections in the Upper Airway (2011)

The majority of cold and flulike illnesses are caused by human rhinoviruses (HRVs). Improved detection of HRV has shown that HRVs are also associated with more serious illness, such as exacerbation of asthma, wheezing illnesses in children, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, cardiopulmonary disease, and fatal pneumonia in immune-compromised patients. HRV is a major cause of acute viral respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children and is among the leading causes of childhood mortality worldwide. Detection of the HRV genome by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction and genomic sequencing has brought to light a new clade, HRV-C, to the already recognized HRV-A and HRV-B clades. The clinical complications related to all rhinovirus infections include acute otitis media, acute sinusitis, and acute bronchitis. The enormous public health implications from those diseases far overshadow those of the common cold. This article provides an overview of the pathogenesis of rhinovirus infection in the upper airways. Most research has been done in young healthy adults with self-limiting experimental and natural rhinovirus infections, and this may set the stage for understanding rhinovirus infections in the ear, sinus, and lower airways.
Effect of N-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propionyl Pro-Pro-Gly-Ala-Gly on calcium-induced arrhythmias. (1988)

The present investigation was done to examine whether or not the presence of hydroxyproline in N-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propionyl Pro-Hyp-Gly-Ala-Gly (HP-5) is essential for the antiarrhythmic activity. Pretreatment of mice with 10 mg/kg of [Pro2]-HP-5 provided significantly better protection against calcium-induced arrhythmias than did pretreatment with HP-5. Thus, the prolyl residue was more favorable than the hydroxyprolyl residue for antiarrhythmic activity of these analogues.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications for Cross-Linked Siloxane Particles (2010)

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.