gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Superheated Water Extraction of Lime Peel: a Comparison with Conventional Methods (2004)

Abstract A comparative study of superheated water extraction (SWE) with several conventional methods was performed on lime (Citrus aurantifolia, Swing) peel. Some superheated water parameters affecting the extraction were studied, such as temperature, dynamic and static time, and flow rate. At 130°C, a static and dynamic time of 5 and 15 min, and a water flow at 1 mL min−1, the main components of aroma compounds were successfully removed and collected in 2 mL hexane. Separation and identification of the components were carried out by using gas chromatography‐flame ionization detection (GC‐FID) and GC‐MS. The extraction technique was compared with steam or water distillation and organic solvent sonication. With the same amount of the extract, the highest oxygenated compound yield was found for SWE, while the less valuable monoterpene yields were maximized when using dichloromethane sonication. The composition of oxygenated components present in the SWE extracts, namely linalool, neral, terpineol, geranial, and geraniol, were 4.94, 19.13, 13.03, 30.00, and 10.48%, respectively. Compared in terms of the equal amount of internal standard, water distillation gave highest efficiency in removal of oxygenated components; however, the method required a long extraction time, making it less attractive. The proposed technique was also modified by adding 10–30% methanol or ethanol into the water. A high percentage of alcohol dramatically increased the extraction efficiency of monoterpene but slightly for the oxygenated components. The modified superheated water extraction, therefore, is considered to be an alternative technique to obtain high extraction efficiencies of low polar organics and possibly at a lower temperature. Keywords: Superheated waterSubcritical waterEssential oilLimeExtractionModification Acknowledgments Special thanks are due to the Postgraduate Education and Research Program in Chemistry (PERCH) of Thailand for a scholarship to W. Insuan, and to the Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Thailand, for instrumental and facilities support.
Test circuits for substrate noise evaluation in CMOS digital ICs (2001)

A Transition Controllable Noise Source (TCNS) generates substrate noises with controlled transitions in size, interstage delay, and direction. The noises are measured in a 100-ps 100-uV resolution by a linear substrate voltage detector that uses a front-end PMOS source follower probing substrate potential and a back-end latch comparator for sampling/digitizing the source follower output. A 0.4-um CMOS test chip demonstrates the effectiveness of these circuits in performing advanced researches on the substrate noise.
Generation and performance analysis of frequency-hopping optical orthogonal codes with arbitrary time blank patterns (2002)

We propose a new generation algorithm for frequency-hopping optical orthogonal codes (FH-OOC). The new algorithm generalizes the conventional FH-OOCs by considering the time blank patterns between two adjacent symbols. We show that it can generate more available codes than the previous algorithm which does not consider the effect of time blank patterns. We also derive the upper bound of the new code set. We conduct the performance analysis by considering the interference from unwanted frequency components, and compare the bit error rate of the new codes with those of other code sets in various cases.
Assembly of the 26 S complex that degrades proteins ligated to ubiquitin is accompanied by the formation of ATPase activity. (1990)

In the ubiquitin pathway for intracellular protein breakdown, proteins ligated to ubiquitin are degraded by a large (26 S) ATP-dependent protease complex. It was found previously that the 26 S complex is assembled from three different enzyme components by a process that requires MgATP. In addition, MgATP is also required for the continued action of the 26 S complex in the breakdown of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. In the present study we have tried to gain some insight into the mode of action of ATP by following ATP hydrolysis by the 26 S complex and its three components. It was found that none of the three unassembled components had significant ATPase activity, but such activity appeared following their entry into the 26 S complex. The presence of all three components and of MgATP was required for the formation of complex-associated ATPase activity. GTP and UTP cannot replace ATP for complex assembly, but these nucleotides can substitute for ATP in the stimulation of the conjugate-degrading activity of the 26 S complex. Unlabeled GTP and UTP inhibit the hydrolysis of [gamma-32P] ATP by complex-associated ATPase, indicating that this activity is related to the latter site of ATP action in this system.
Discrete Surface Ricci Flow (2008)

This work introduces a unified framework for discrete surface Ricci flow algorithms, including spherical, Euclidean, and hyperbolic Ricci flows, which can design Riemannian metrics on surfaces with arbitrary topologies by user-defined Gaussian curvatures. Furthermore, the target metrics are conformal (angle-preserving) to the original metrics. A Ricci flow conformally deforms the Riemannian metric on a surface according to its induced curvature, such that the curvature evolves like a heat diffusion process. Eventually, the curvature becomes the user defined curvature. Discrete Ricci flow algorithms are based on a variational framework. Given a mesh, all possible metrics form a linear space, and all possible curvatures form a convex polytope. The Ricci energy is defined on the metric space, which reaches its minimum at the desired metric. The Ricci flow is the negative gradient flow of the Ricci energy. Furthermore, the Ricci energy can be optimized using Newton's method more efficiently. Discrete Ricci flow algorithms are rigorous and efficient. Our experimental results demonstrate the efficiency, accuracy and flexibility of the algorithms. They have the potential for a wide range of applications in graphics, geometric modeling, and medical imaging. We demonstrate their practical values by global surface parameterizations.
Dynamic floating-body instabilities in partially depleted SOI CMOS circuits (2002)

Dynamic floating-body instabilities in PD/SOI CMOS devices and circuits are investigated using a physical yet compact MOSFET model in SOISPICE. SOISPICE simulations show how some floating-body effects can be beneficial, but they reveal that the hysteretic nature of the effects causes instabilities. They further exemplify how floating-body charge dynamics can complicate model parameter extraction. Accordingly SOISPICE-aided examinations of SRAM and DRAM circuits imply that conservative designs will be necessitated in PD/SOI technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
VI.—β-Amino-β-phenylpropiophenone (1921)

a-AMINO-KETONES., for example, a-aminopropiophenone, exhibit great instability in the free state on account of their tendency to condense in the presence of air to give substituted pyrazincs (Gabriel, Ber., 1908, 41, 1127). On the other hand, S-amino-ketones are much more stable; diacetoneamine is exceptional, as it can even be distilled, but other ketones of this class are not nearly so stable; thus Gabriel (Ber., 1908, 4 1, 242) has shown that P-aminopropiophenone evolves ammonia when heated with aqueous potassium hydroxide, and it does not appear from his description that the compound is stable enough to be kept a t the ordinary temperature for any length of time.
A novel synthetic route for the preparation of hydrolytically degradable synthetic hydrogels (2008)

A variety of approaches have been described for the modification of synthetic, water soluble polymers with hydrolytically degradable bonds and terminal vinyl groups that can be crosslinked in situ by photo- or redox-initiated free radical polymerization. However, changes in macromer concentration, functionality, and molecular weight commonly used to achieve variable degradation rates simultaneously alter hydrogel mechanical properties. Herein, we describe a novel, two-step synthetic route for the preparation of hydrolytically degradable, crosslinkable PEG-based macromers based on chemical intermediaries that form ester linkages with variable alkyl chain length. Changes in the concentration of a single macromer were shown to provide effective variation of degradation, but with corresponding significant changes in tensile properties. Through variation in the alkyl chain length of the chemical intermediary, variable degradation times ranging from weeks to months are achieved, without significantly affecting initial gelation efficiency, swelling, or tensile properties. When modified with adhesive ligands, hydrogels supported viability of encapsulated and adherent cells. Controlled release of a model protein (Immunoglobulin G) was attained as a function of hydrogel degradation rate. Independent control of hydrogel degradation and mechanical properties will offer improved flexibility for studying the effect of these material characteristics on cellular function and may be useful in the design of matrices for tissue engineering and controlled release of bioactive molecules.
Musculoskeletal manifestations of the Marfan syndrome: radiologic features. (1990)

Musculoskeletal manifestations of the Marfan syndrome: radiologic features.D Magid, R E Pyeritz and E K FishmanAudio Available | Share
Putting the 'Do' in Learn by Doing (2011)

Cal Poly's Learn by Doing motto is more than just a saying -in large part because of symbiotic relationships the university has forged with ind ustry giants.Polymers and coatirgs student Dahlia Nlngrun shows off some of the paint she and others are researching
Taxonomic and Geographic Notes on Some Halictine Bee Species (Hymenoptera: Halictidae) (1996)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Microfluidics: A Groundbreaking Technology for PET Tracer Production? (2013)

Application of microfluidics to Positron Emission Tomography (PET) tracer synthesis has attracted increasing interest within the last decade. The technical advantages of microfluidics, in particular the high surface to volume ratio and resulting fast thermal heating and cooling rates of reagents can lead to reduced reaction times, increased synthesis yields and reduced by-products. In addition automated reaction optimization, reduced consumption of expensive reagents and a path towards a reduced system footprint have been successfully demonstrated. The processing of radioactivity levels required for routine production, use of microfluidic-produced PET tracer doses in preclinical and clinical imaging as well as feasibility studies on autoradiolytic decomposition have all given promising results. However, the number of microfluidic synthesizers utilized for commercial routine production of PET tracers is very limited. This study reviews the state of the art in microfluidic PET tracer synthesis, highlighting critical design aspects, strengths, weaknesses and presenting several characteristics of the diverse PET market space which are thought to have a significant impact on research, development and engineering of microfluidic devices in this field. Furthermore, the topics of batch- and single-dose production, cyclotron to quality control integration as well as centralized versus de-centralized market distribution models are addressed.
Beyond quantification: <i>in situ</i> analysis of transcriptome and pre‐<scp>mRNA</scp> alternative splicing at the nanoscale (2016)

In situ analysis offers a venue for dissecting the complex transcriptome in its natural context to tap into cellular processes that could explain the phenotypic physiology and pathology yet to be understood. Over the past decades, enormous progress has been made to improve the resolution, sensitivity, and specificity of single-cell technologies. The continued efforts in RNA research not only facilitates mechanistic studies of molecular biology but also provides state-of-the-art strategies for diagnostic purposes. The implementation of novel bio-imaging platforms has yielded valuable information for inspecting gene expression, mapping regulatory networks, and classifying cell types. In this article, we discuss the merits and technical challenges in single-molecule in situ RNA profiling. Advanced in situ hybridization methodologies developed for a variety of detection modalities are reviewed. Considering the fact that in mammalian cells the number of protein products immensely exceeds that of the actual coding genes due to pre-mRNA alternative splicing, tools capable of elucidating this process in intact cells are highlighted. To conclude, we point out future directions for in situ transcriptome analysis and expect a plethora of opportunities and discoveries in this field. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1443. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1443 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
Prolonged oxidative stress impairs insulin-induced GLUT4 translocation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. (1998)

Prolonged exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to micromolar concentrations of H2O2 results in an impaired response to the acute metabolic effects of insulin. In this study, we further characterized the mechanisms by which oxidative stress impairs insulin stimulation of glucose transport activity. Although insulin induced a 2.5-fold increase in plasma membrane GLUT4 content and a 50% reduction in its abundance in the low-density microsomal (LDM) fraction in control cells, oxidation completely prevented these responses. The net effect of insulin on 2-deoxyglucose uptake activity was reduced in oxidized cells and could be attributed to GLUT1 translocation. Insulin stimulation of insulin receptor substrate (IRS) 1 tyrosine phosphorylation and the association of IRS-1 with phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase were not impaired by oxidative stress. However, a 1.9-fold increase in the LDM content of the p85 subunit of PI 3-kinase after insulin stimulation was observed in control, but not in oxidized, cells. Moreover, although insulin induced an increase in IRS-1-associated PI 3-kinase activity in the LDM in control cells, this effect was prevented by oxidation. These findings suggest that prolonged low-grade oxidative stress impairs insulin-stimulated GLUT4 translocation, potentially by interfering with compartment-specific activation of PI 3-kinase.
Dosimetric evaluation of a commercial proton spot scanning Monte-Carlo dose algorithm: comparisons against measurements and simulations (2017)

RaySearch Americas Inc. (NY) has introduced a commercial Monte Carlo dose algorithm (RS-MC) for routine clinical use in proton spot scanning. In this report, we provide a validation of this algorithm against phantom measurements and simulations in the GATE software package. We also compared the performance of the RayStation analytical algorithm (RS-PBA) against the RS-MC algorithm. A beam model (G-MC) for a spot scanning gantry at our proton center was implemented in the GATE software package. The model was validated against measurements in a water phantom and was used for benchmarking the RS-MC. Validation of the RS-MC was performed in a water phantom by measuring depth doses and profiles for three spread-out Bragg peak (SOBP) beams with normal incidence, an SOBP with oblique incidence, and an SOBP with a range shifter and large air gap. The RS-MC was also validated against measurements and simulations in heterogeneous phantoms created by placing lung or bone slabs in a water phantom. Lateral dose profiles near the distal end of the beam were measured with a microDiamond detector and compared to the G-MC simulations, RS-MC and RS-PBA. Finally, the RS-MC and RS-PBA were validated against measured dose distributions in an Alderson-Rando (AR) phantom. Measurements were made using Gafchromic film in the AR phantom and compared to doses using the RS-PBA and RS-MC algorithms. For SOBP depth doses in a water phantom, all three algorithms matched the measurements to within ±3% at all points and a range within 1 mm. The RS-PBA algorithm showed up to a 10% difference in dose at the entrance for the beam with a range shifter and >30 cm air gap, while the RS-MC and G-MC were always within 3% of the measurement. For an oblique beam incident at 45°, the RS-PBA algorithm showed up to 6% local dose differences and broadening of distal fall-off by 5 mm. Both the RS-MC and G-MC accurately predicted the depth dose to within ±3% and distal fall-off to within 2 mm. In an anthropomorphic phantom, the gamma index (dose tolerance = 3%, distance-to-agreement = 3 mm) was greater than 90% for six out of seven planes using the RS-MC, and three out seven for the RS-PBA. The RS-MC algorithm demonstrated improved dosimetric accuracy over the RS-PBA in the presence of homogenous, heterogeneous and anthropomorphic phantoms. The computation performance of the RS-MC was similar to the RS-PBA algorithm. For complex disease sites like breast, head and neck, and lung cancer, the RS-MC algorithm will provide significantly more accurate treatment planning.
Carbamazepine Augmentation of Clomipramine in the Treatment of Refractory Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (2000)

Article AbstractLetter to the Editor Sir: The serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SRIs) are now considered first-choice agents for the pharmacologic treatment of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). However, many patients with OCD are nonresponders or partial responders to these agents. Although the augmentation therapy of these agents with neuroleptics, lithium, benzodiazepines, or buspirone is recommended to treat refractory OCD, the efficacy of the augmentation strategy is still limited. The case presented here illustrates effective augmentation of clomipramine, an SRI, with carbamazepine in the treatment of a patient with OCD refractory to the previously recommended treatment strategies.
Cellular and molecular effects of steroid hormones on CNS excitability. (2004)

The steroid hormones 17beta-estradiol (estradiol) and progesterone not only regulate the reproductive system but have other central nervous system effects that can directly affect a variety of behaviors. Generally, estradiol has been shown to have activating effects, including the ability to increase seizure activity, while progesterone has been shown to have depressant effects, including anticonvulsant properties. Because levels of these hormones fluctuate across the menstrual cycle, it is important to understand how changes in these hormone levels may influence levels of excitability in the brain, especially in women who have seizure patterns that are related to their menstrual cycle, a phenomenon known as catamenial epilepsy. This paper reviews the effects of estradiol and progesterone on excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters, respectively, and the possible cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying the changes in brain excitability mediated by these hormones.
Polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene urethane; a disfavoured process (1998)

The ring-opening polymerization of 2,2-dimethyltrimethylene urethane (DTU, 1) is a thermodynamically disfavoured process. According to calorimetric measurements by Lebedev et al., the Gibbs energy of polymerization in bulk varies between 29 kJ · mol−1 and 23 kJ · mol−1. Poly(DTU) (2) was synthesized by polycondensation of an activated dimeric hydroxyurethane (DDPP, 3) in an end group selective reaction. The selectivity of the polycondensation is influenced by temperature and the catalyst chosen, and best results were obtained at 120°C employing Bu2Sn(OOC(CH2)10CH3)2 as a catalyst, which favours end group reaction rather than intramolecular transurethanization. Poly(DTU) (2) was degraded at 120°C in a closed system to yield a mixture containing 94 wt.-% of DTU and 6 wt.-% of oligomers. The depolymerization proceeds via formation of cyclic oligomers as intermediates.
Electrical Field Contactor for Solvent Extraction (1983)

Abstract Electrostatic coalescers have been extensively used in solvent extraction units. However, the multiple properties of electrical fields may be applied to the realization of liquid-liquid contactors in which mixing and phase separation are caused by electrostatic effects. Under the action of an electric field an emulsion is submitted to various effects : drop disintegration and promoted coalescence respectively for high and low field intensities, modified displacements resulting from electrostatic forces and change of the mass transfer coefficients. The last effect (mass transfer) has been studied with a suitable device : the LEWIS cell in which an electric field is applied perpendicular to the interface. Enhanced copper extraction was observed, using the LIX 65N extractant. The study of these basic mechanisms resulted in the design of an efficient electrostatic extraction column. The hydrodynamic study confirms the feasibility of applying high electrical voltages to two-phase systems containing a significant amount of conductive dispersed phase provided that the electrodes are coated with a suitable insulating layer.
Computed Tomography in Blunt Hepatic Trauma (1996)

The finding of PPT on the admission CT scan is not clinically significant and does not preclude nonoperative management of patients with blunt hepatic injury. Furthermore, routine follow-up CT scans are not indicated, as treatment is not influenced by their results. Rather, follow-up CT scans should be obtained as dictated by the patient's clinical course. Extrapolation of these findings to all patients with blunt hepatic trauma in the United States would result in considerable savings of health care dollars, without negatively affecting patient care.
Characterization of a Rhizobium Strain AA18 Isolated from Acacia auriculiformis (1994)

A fast-growing Rhizobium strain designated AA18 was isolated from Acacia auriculiformis root nodule. The physiological characteristics such as growth rate, acid production, mucoid production, sodium chloride tolerance, pH sensitivity, Congo red absorption and growth in media containing various organic acids were evaluated. The strain is unique in its ability to grow in basal salts medium containing citrate, glyoyxlate, lactate and pyruvate as compared to other rhizobia isolates. Based on these results, the strain AA18 is similar to R. meliloti. The strain formed root nodules with A. confusa and A. auriculiformis and the infection rates were 84% and 77%, respectively, when inoculated by the seed-coating method. However, the same method only produced 8% infected seedlings in A. mangium and none in A. mearnsii. These results indicated that AA18 has a narrow host range and A. confusa and A. auriculiformis are more susceptible to AA18. Seedlings inoculated with AA18 increased 2-3 folds and 3-5 folds in height and dry weinght, respectively, as compared to the non-inoculated controls. Among the four inoculation methods used in this study, seed coating with bacteria slurry was the most effective method.
Modulation of vertebrate brain Na<sup>+</sup> and K<sup>+</sup> channels by subtypes of protein kinase C (1990)

Effects of purified subtypes I, II and III of protein kinase C (PKC) on voltage-dependent transient K+ (A) and Na+ channels were studied in Xenopus oocytes injected with chick brain RNA. The experiments were performed in the constant presence of 10 nM beta-phorbol 12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA). Intracellular injection of subtype I (tau) reduced the A-current (IA), with no effect on Na+ current (INa). PKC subtype II (beta 1 + beta 2) and III (alpha) reduced both currents. PKC did not affect the response to kainate. Inactivated (heated) or unactivated (injected in the absence of PMA) enzyme and vehicle alone had no effect. Our results strongly suggest that INa and IA in vertebrate neurons are modulated by PKC; all PKC subtypes exert a similar effect on the A-channel while only subtypes II and III modulate the Na+ channel.
715. The addition of free radicals to unsaturated systems. Part IV. The direction of radical addition to hexafluoropropene. (1953)

R. N. Haszeldine, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 3559 DOI: 10.1039/JR9530003559