gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study of Lattice Expansion in CeO<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles by Transmission Electron Microscopy (2009)

Nanoceria was produced by an aqueous precipitation technique in the presence of an organic stabilizer. The stable suspensions were diafiltered to remove reaction byproducts. Particles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy with images used to size the particles, and selected-area electron diffraction was used to determine the lattice structure and the lattice constant. For all particles studied, the electron diffraction data were consistent with that of CeO2 and not Ce2O3, as predicted by some researchers for very small particles sizes. At particle diameters of ∼1 nm, the lattice expansion approached 7%. In agreement with earlier researchers, we interpret this effect as due to the formation of substantial amounts of Ce3+ with corresponding oxygen vacancies, but within the fluorite lattice structure of CeO2. Even at a particle size of 1 nm, there was a measurable oxygen storage capacity, consistent with a still-reducible CeO2 structure, rather than the fully oxidized Ce2O3.
Role of vitamin B12 on methylmalonyl-CoA mutase activity (2012)

Vitamin B(12) is an organometallic compound with important metabolic derivatives that act as cofactors of certain enzymes, which have been grouped into three subfamilies depending on their cofactors. Among them, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase (MCM) has been extensively studied. This enzyme catalyzes the reversible isomerization of L-methylmalonyl-CoA to succinyl-CoA using adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) as a cofactor participating in the generation of radicals that allow isomerization of the substrate. The crystal structure of MCM determined in Propionibacterium freudenreichii var. shermanii has helped to elucidate the role of this cofactor AdoCbl in the reaction to specify the mechanism by which radicals are generated from the coenzyme and to clarify the interactions between the enzyme, coenzyme, and substrate. The existence of human methylmalonic acidemia (MMA) due to the presence of mutations in MCM shows the importance of its role in metabolism. The recent crystallization of the human MCM has shown that despite being similar to the bacterial protein, there are significant differences in the structural organization of the two proteins. Recent studies have identified the involvement of an accessory protein called MMAA, which interacts with MCM to prevent MCM's inactivation or acts as a chaperone to promote regeneration of inactivated enzyme. The interdisciplinary studies using this protein as a model in different organisms have helped to elucidate the mechanism of action of this isomerase, the impact of mutations at a functional level and their repercussion in the development and progression of MMA in humans. It is still necessary to study the mechanisms involved in more detail using new methods.
Image Inpainting Algorithm Based on Partial Differential Equation (2008)

Image inpainting technique has been widely used for reconstructing damaged old photographs and removing unwanted objects from images. Now many inpainting algorithm performs well, but they consume much time. In this paper we present a new algorithm based on partial differential equation (PDE) method. This model we called quick curvature-driven diffusions(QCDD) which can get good effect with much less computation time.QCDD model is developed by the curvature-driven diffusions(CDD) model, both of the two models is supported by "connectivity and holistic principle," our experiment shows that the model is feasible.
Immunomodulatory mechanisms of lactobacilli (2011)

Over the past decade it has become clear that lactobacilli and other probiotic and commensal organisms can interact with mucosal immune cells or epithelial cells lining the mucosa to modulate specific functions of the mucosal immune system. The most well understood signalling mechanisms involve the innate pattern recognition receptors such as Toll-like receptors, nucleotide oligomerization domain-like receptors and C-type lectin receptors. Binding of microbe-associated molecular patterns with these receptors can activate antigen presenting cells and modulate their function through the expression of surface receptors, secreted cytokines and chemokines. In vitro the cytokine response of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and dendritic cells to lactobacilli can be strikingly different depending on both the bacterial species and the strain. Several factors have been identified in lactobacilli that influence the immune response in vitro and in vivo including cell surface carbohydrates, enzymes modifying the structure of lipoteichoic acids and metabolites. In mice mechanistic studies point to a role for the homeostatic control of inducible T regulatory cells in the mucosal tissues as one possible immunomodulatory mechanism. Increasing evidence also suggests that induction of epithelial signalling by intestinal lactobacilli can modulate barrier functions, defensin production and regulate inflammatory signalling. Other probiotic mechanisms include modulation of the T cell effector subsets, enhancement of humoral immunity and interactions with the epithelial-associated dendritic cells and macrophages. A major challenge for the future will be to gain more knowledge about the interactions occurring between lactobacilli and the host in vivo and to understand the molecular basis of innate signalling in response to whole bacteria which trigger multiple signalling pathways.
A Binary String Approach for Updates in Dynamic Ordered XML Data (2009)

To facilitate XML query processing, several labeling schemes have been proposed, in which the ancestor-descendant and parent-child relationships in XML queries can be quickly determined without accessing the original XML file. However, all of these existing schemes have to relabel the existing nodes or recalculate certain values when order-sensitive updates cause insertions, thus causing the label update cost to be high. In this paper, we propose a novel labeling scheme, called IBSL (Improved Binary String Labeling), which supports order-sensitive updates without relabeling or recalculation. In addition, we reuse the deleted labels at the same position in the XML tree. The conducted experimental results show that IBSL efficiently processes order-sensitive queries and leaf node/subtree updates.
Nerve Growth Factor and Alzheimer's Disease (1994)

Nerve growth factor (NGF) is a well-characterized protein that exerts pharmacological effects on a group of cholinergic neurons known to atrophy in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Considerable evidence from animal studies suggests that NGF may be useful in reversing, halting, or at least slowing the progression of AD-related cholinergic basal forebrain atrophy, perhaps even attenuating the cognitive deficit associated with the disorder. However, many questions remain concerning the role of NGF in AD. Levels of the low-affinity receptor for NGF appear to be at least stable in AD basal forebrain, and the recent finding of AD-related increases in cortical NGF brings into question whether endogenous NGF levels are related to the observed cholinergic atrophy and whether additional NGF will be useful in treating this disorder. Evidence regarding the localization of NGF within the central nervous system and its presumed role in maintaining basal forebrain cholinergic neurons is summarized, followed by a synopsis of the relevant aspects of AD neuropathology. The available data regarding levels of NGF and its receptor in the AD brain, as well as potential roles for NGF in the pathogenesis and treatment of AD, are also reviewed. NGF and its low affinity receptor are abundantly present within the AD brain, although this does not rule out an NGF-related mechanism in the degeneration of basal forebrain neurons, nor does it eliminate the possibility that exogenous NGF may be successfully used to treat AD. Further studies of the degree and distribution of NGF within the human brain in normal aging and in AD, and of the possible relationship between target NGF levels and the status of basal forebrain neurons in vivo, are necessary before engaging in clinical trials.
Photodynamic Therapy with 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA) Impairs Tumor Initiating and Chemo-Resistance Property in Head and Neck Cancer-Derived Cancer Stem Cells (2014)

Our results provide insights into the clinical prospect of ALA-PDT as a potential chemo-adjuvant therapy against head and neck cancer through eliminating CSCs property.
Multi-Satellite Observation Scheduling Based on a Hybrid Ant Colony Optimization (2013)

in this paper, we attempted to find an effective method to resolve multi-satellite observation scheduling problems. Firstly, an acyclic directed graph model for multi-satellite observation scheduling was constructed. Secondly, based on the graph model, we presented a novel hybrid ant colony optimization mixed with the iteration local search algorithm (ACO-ILS) to produce high quality schedules. At last, extensive experimental simulations demonstrated that the proposed ACO-ILS algorithm is very efficient.
Reversal of defective lysosomal transport in NPC disease ameliorates liver dysfunction and neurodegeneration in the <i>npc1</i> <sup>−/−</sup> mouse (2009)

Niemann-Pick type C disease is largely attributable to an inactivating mutation of NPC1 protein, which normally aids movement of unesterified cholesterol (C) from the endosomal/lysosomal (E/L) compartment to the cytosolic compartment of cells throughout the body. This defect results in activation of macrophages in many tissues, progressive liver disease, and neurodegeneration. In the npc1(-/-) mouse, a model of this disease, the whole-animal C pool expands from 2,082 to 4,925 mg/kg body weight (bw) and the hepatic C pool increases from 132 to 1,485 mg/kg bw between birth and 49 days of age. A single dose of 2-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (CYCLO) administered at 7 days of age immediately caused this sequestered C to flow from the lysosomes to the cytosolic pool in many organs, resulting in a marked increase in cholesteryl esters, suppression of C but not fatty acid synthesis, down-regulation of genes controlled by sterol regulatory element 2, and up-regulation of many liver X receptor target genes. There was also decreased expression of proinflammatory proteins in the liver and brain. In the liver, where the rate of C sequestration equaled 79 mg x d(-1) x kg(-1), treatment with CYCLO within 24 h increased C movement out of the E/L compartment from near 0 to 233 mg x d(-1) x kg(-1). By 49 days of age, this single injection of CYCLO resulted in a reduction in whole-body C burden of >900 mg/kg, marked improvement in liver function tests, much less neurodegeneration, and, ultimately, significant prolongation of life. These findings suggest that CYCLO acutely reverses the lysosomal transport defect seen in NPC disease.
Romanticism and the Gold Standard (2013)

Through a close analysis of the pamphlets, reviews, lectures, journalism, editorials, poems, and novels surrounding the introduction of the gold standard in 1816, this book examines the significance o
Plexin-B1 plays a redundant role during mouse development and in tumour angiogenesis (2007)

Our expression analysis suggests a multifaceted role of PlexinB1 during mouse development and tissue homeostasis in the adult. Nonetheless, the genetic deletion of PlexinB1 does not result in major developmental defects or clear functional abnormalities. We infer that PlexinB1 plays a redundant role in mouse development and it is not strictly required for tumour induced angiogenesis.
Anxiety Disorders: Overview (2017)

As a group, anxiety disorders are the most prevalent class of mental disorders. Over the course of a lifetime, 15% of the population experience one or another anxiety disorder.
Circularly Polarized Patch-Helix Hybrid Antenna With Small Ground (2014)

A new design of circularly polarized (CP) patch-helix hybrid antenna with small ground is presented. The proposed antenna consists of a driven patch, a parasitic patch, and a helix connected with the parasitic patch. The hybrid antenna has a relatively small ground, making the overall antenna compact. The proposed antenna can be packaged in a thin cylinder and can be easily mounted in the space-limited systems. Good impedance matching was achieved by capacitive coupling between the driven patch and the parasitic patch, while high gain was obtained with a small ground due to relatively uniform current along the helix. A prototype antenna for 5.8-GHz Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) was fabricated and tested to verify the design idea. The measured impedance bandwidth (S <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sub> ≤ -10 dB) was 19% (5.22-6.30 GHz), and the corresponding peak gain was 10.85-13.35 dBic. Excellent CP performance (axial ratio AR ≤ 3 dB) was achieved over the whole impedance bandwidth.
Galectin‐3 regulates T‐cell functions (2009)

Galectin-3 is absent in resting CD4+ and CD8+ T cells but is inducible by various stimuli. These include viral transactivating factors, T-cell receptor (TCR) ligation, and calcium ionophores. In addition, galectin-3 is constitutively expressed in human regulatory T cells and CD4+ memory T cells. Galectin-3 exerts extracellular functions because of its lectin activity and recognition of cell surface and extracellular matrix glycans. These include cell activation, adhesion, induction of apoptosis, and formation of lattices with cell surface glycoprotein receptors. Formation of lattices can result in restriction of receptor mobility and cause attenuation of receptor functions. Consistent with the presence of galectin-3 in intracellular locations, several functions have been described for this protein inside T cells. These include inhibition of apoptosis, promotion of cell growth, and regulation of TCR signal transduction. Studies of cell surface glycosylation have led to convergence of glycobiology and galectin biology and provided new clues on how galectin-3 may participate in the regulation of cell surface receptor activities. The rapid expansion of the field of galectin research has positioned galectin-3 as a key regulator in T-cell functions.
Reflux of duodenal or gastro-duodenal contents induces esophageal carcinoma in rats (1996)

Esophageal adenocarcinoma arises from Barrett's esophagus, which is induced by gastro-esophageal reflux. This refluxate often contains duodenal contents, whose backflow triggers gastric carcinoma, suggesting the hypothesis that refluxed duodenal contents cause esophageal carcinoma. This study examines the role of duodenal and gastric reflux in the absence of exogenous carcinogens in esophageal carcinogenesis. Wistar male rats, 120 in all, each weighing approximately 250 g, were used. Three experimental procedures were performed to produce gastro-duodeno-esophageal reflux, duodeno-esophageal reflux and gastro-esophageal reflux, for comparison with 2 control procedures, Roux-en-Y reconstruction and a sham operation. The animals were fed a standard diet and were examined 50 weeks after surgery. While no carcinoma was found among the 16 gastro-esophageal-reflux, 11 Roux-en-Y and 12 sham-operation animals, 10 of the 12 animals with gastro-duodeno-esophageal reflux (83%) and 10 of the 13 with duodeno-esophageal reflux (77%) developed esophageal carcinoma. The difference between groups was significant (p < 0.001). Two animals with gastro-duodeno-esophageal reflux had esophageal double and triple carcinomas respectively. Of the 23 carcinomas, 16 were adenocarcinoma, 4 adenosquamous carcinoma, and 3 squamous-cell carcinoma. Adenocarcinoma developed from the columnar-lined epithelium near the esophago-jejunostoma, while adenosquamous and squamous-cell carcinoma arose from the squamous esophagitis. These observations demonstrate that refluxed duodenal contents per so are responsible for esophageal carcinogenesis.
Haemolysin II is a Bacillus cereus virulence factor that induces apoptosis of macrophages (2010)

Bacillus cereus is a Gram-positive spore-forming bacterium causing food poisoning and serious opportunistic infections. These infections are characterized by bacterial accumulation despite the recruitment of phagocytic cells. The precise mechanisms and the bacterial factors allowing B. cereus to circumvent host immune responses remain to be elucidated. We have previously shown that B. cereus induces macrophage cell death by an unknown mechanism. Here we identified the toxic component from the B. cereus supernatant. We report that Haemolysin II (HlyII) provokes macrophage cell death by apoptosis through its pore-forming activity. The HlyII-induced apoptotic pathway is caspase 3 and 8 dependent, thus most likely mediated by the death receptor pathway. Using insects and mice as in vivo models, we show that deletion of hlyII strongly reduces virulence. In addition, we show that after infection of Bombyx mori larvae, the immune cells are apoptotic, demonstrating that HlyII induces apoptosis of phagocytic cells in vivo. Altogether, our results clearly unravel HlyII as a novel virulence protein that induces apoptosis in phagocytic cells in vitro and in vivo.
Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment of Gas Transmission Pipelines (2002)

Abstract An internal corrosion assessment methodology applied to gas transmission systems was developed and is termed ‘Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment’ (ICDA). The ICDA method can be used to enhance the assessment of internal corrosion in pipelines and help ensure pipeline integrity. The method is applicable for gas transmission lines that normally carry dry gas but may suffer from short term upsets of wet gas or liquid water (or other electrolyte). The basis behind ICDA is that detailed examination of locations along a pipeline where an electrolyte such as water would first accumulate provides information about the remaining length of pipe. The primary goal of the approach is to determine if internal corrosion is likely or unlikely to exist in a chosen length of pipe. If the locations along a length of pipe most likely to accumulate electrolyte have not corroded, then other locations less likely to accumulate electrolyte may be considered free from corrosion and not require further examination.
Bandwidth and Signal-to-Noise Ratio Enhancement of the NPS Transient Electromagnetic Scattering Laboratory (1989)

This thesis decribes the development of a parallel GaAs FET amplifier configuration for the Transient Electromagnetic Scattering Range at the Naval Postgraduate School. The implementation of the parallel amplifier configuration improved the bandwidth and the signal-to-noise ratio of the range. Existing software was used to process signals scattered from canonical targets. When interpreted, this data was used to optimize the new amplifier configuration. The upgraded facility is shown to provide measurements having excellent agreement with theoretically-predicted signatures of simple canonical shapes. A significant improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio and bandwidth of scattered signatures vis-a-vis that of the previous laboratory configuration is observed. Results are documented for a target library created to facilitate research into a number of scattering problems.
Treatment Strategies in Essential Thrombocythemia a critical appraisal of various experiences in different centers (1996)

The therapeutic strategy in patients with Essential Thrombocythemia (ET) is a difficult balance between the prevention of bleeding and thrombotic complications and the risks of drug side effects and toxicity. Major bleeding is rare and seem to be related to higher platelet counts: therefore, a platelet count over 1500 x 10(9)/L is generally regarded as an indication for cytoreduction. Thrombotic complications include microvascular occlusive symptoms, which are reversible with low-dose aspirin, and large vessels thrombosis. The risk of major thrombosis is higher in ET patients aged more than 60 ys. and with previous occlusive event. In this high-risk group, the non-alkylating agent hydroxyurea (HU) significantly reduces the rate of vascular complications and has emerged as the treatment of choice. However, the long-term risk/benefit of HU remains disputed because its leukemogenic potential has not been ruled out. This holds also for other myelosuppressive agents, such as busulphan and pipobroman. Other drugs of particular interest for young patients include recombinant alpha-interferon (IFN) and Anagrelide. Both of them are effective in lowering platelet count, but their efficacy in reducing clinical complications remains to be demonstrated. However, both IFN and Anagrelide have shown to have frequent and clinically important side effects. Thus, further clinical studies are required to establish their role in the strategy of ET patient treatment.
Heat transport in metals irradiated by ultrashort laser pulses (1998)

Different regimes of heat propagation in metals irradiated by subpicosecond laser pulses are studied on the basis of a two-temperature diffusion model. Analytical solutions for the heat conduction equation, corresponding to the different temperature dependences of the electron thermal conductivity, are obtained. It is shown that in case of a strong electron-lattice nonequilibrium, the heat penetration depth grows linearly with time, and the heat propagation velocity decreases with increasing laser fluence. Investigations of this ``counterintuitive'' regime of heat propagation are performed.
CHANGING VIRAL SUSCEPTIBILITY OF A HUMAN CELL LINE IN CONTINUOUS CULTIVATION (1961)

During its serial transfer and cultivation in this laboratory, a human conjunctival cell line (Chang) was observed to change in morphology. Concurrently no change was noted in the susceptibility of the cells to viruses capable of infecting the original cell line. However, it was noted that the derived variant cell line had acquired susceptibility to the induction of cytopathic effects and incomplete virus formation by several strains of influenza viruses. It was then discovered that swine influenza virus and the N-WS strain of influenza A virus could be serially propagated in the derived cell line with production of infective virus. The swine virus required adaptation, but the N-WS strain did not. N-WS and swine influenza viruses multiply with infective virus formation only in the variant conjunctival cell and in no other cell line. Antigenic, cytologic, and virologic evidence is presented that the influenza virus-susceptible variant cell is of human origin and is not a contaminating cell exogenously introduced. Transition of a cell line from complete insusceptibility to susceptibility to virus infection and multiplication has not been described previously.
Computer-optimized Neurological Stimulation (2005)

COMPUTER INTERFACE Neurological stimulation alleviates chronic pain by delivering elechid pulses to the nervous system of a pa ti en^ We have developed a compum intexface that optimizes stimulation with commercially avaihble nwostimulatars. For research purposes. the computer and intexfax can deliver arbilrary and uniqw paradigms of stimulation far beyond the current capabiities of neuroStimulators. In clinical practice, the computer and interface provides for patient interaction. optimizes stimulation automatically. and reduces the time spent by health care professionals.
Heterocyclic compounds. VI. Synthesis of poly nuclear thienopyrimidine derivatives (1976)

Abstract Quinazoline derivatives have received great interest because of their potential biological activity. This communication describes a facile method for the synthesis of substituted thiophenopyrimidones. 2‐Amino‐3‐earbethoxy‐4,5‐tetramethylenethiophene on heating with substituted imidoyl‐chlorides, iminoethers, iminothioethers or thioamides affords thiophenopyrimidones. By using this method a number of such compounds of varying complexity were synthesized which are otherwise not so easily accessible.