gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the sensitivity of patient‐specific IMRT QA to MLC positioning errors (2009)

Accurate multileaf collimator (MLC) leaf positioning plays an essential role in the effective implementation of intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). This work evaluates the sensitivity of current patient-specific IMRT quality assurance (QA) procedures to minor MLC leaf positioning errors. Random errors of up to 2 mm and systematic errors of +/-1 mm and +/-2 mm in MLC leaf positions were introduced into 8 clinical IMRT patient plans (totaling 53 fields). Planar dose distributions calculated with modified plans were compared to dose distributions measured with both radiochromic films and a diode matrix. The agreement between calculation and measurement was evaluated using both absolute distance-to-agreement (DTA) analysis and gamma index with 2%/2 mm and 3%/3 mm criteria. It was found that both the radiochromic film and the diode matrix could only detect systematic errors on the order of 2 mm or above. The diode array had larger sensitivity than film due to its excellent detector response (such as small variation, linear response, etc.). No difference was found between DTA analysis and gamma index in terms of the sensitivity to MLC positioning errors. Higher sensitivity was observed with 2%/2 mm than with 3%/3 mm in general. When using the diode array and 2%/2 mm criterion, the IMRT QA procedure showed strongest sensitivity to MLC position errors and, at the same time, achieved clinically acceptable passing rates. More accurate dose calculation and measurement would further enhance the sensitivity of patient-specific IMRT QA to MLC positioning errors. However, considering the significant dosimetric effect such MLC errors could cause, patient-specific IMRT QA should be combined with a periodic MLC QA program in order to guarantee the accuracy of IMRT delivery.
Poly(organophosphazenes) with oligopeptides as side groups: prospective biomaterials (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPoly(organophosphazenes) with oligopeptides as side groups: prospective biomaterialsH. R. Allcock and Ji Young ChangCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 5, 993–999Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00005a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00005a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views184Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Application of FISH for in situ detection and quantification of DNA breakage (1998)

We describe a simple procedure that allows the use of fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) for in situ detection of DNA strand breaks in single cells (DBD-FISH: DNA Breakage Detection-FISH). After trapping within an agarose microgel, cells are incubated in an unwinding alkaline solution, deproteinized and dehydrated. Areas of single-stranded DNA are generated by the alkaline solution in proportion to the degree of DNA strand breakage. These then act as targets for FISH of whole genomic or region-specific probes (telomeric, human chromosome 8 painting, human alphoid DXZ1 locus, and human c-erbB-2 cosmid probes). Measurement of the amount and surface of FISH signals provides information on the breakage level in probed areas, permitting the assessment of possible intragenomic differences in sensitivity as well as intercellular heterogeneity in DNA damage induction or repair.
Emergence of a New Cucurbit-Infecting Begomovirus Species Capable of Forming Viable Reassortants with Related Viruses in the <i>Squash leaf curl virus</i> Cluster (2002)

ABSTRACT Cucurbit leaf curl virus (CuLCV), a whitefly-transmitted geminivirus previously partially characterized from the southwestern United States and northern Mexico, was identified as a distinct bipartite begomovirus species. This virus has near sequence identity with the previously partially characterized Cucurbit leaf crumple virus from California. Experimental and natural host range studies indicated that CuLCV has a relatively broad host range within the family Cucurbitaceae and also infects bean and tobacco. The genome of an Arizona isolate, designated CuLCV-AZ, was cloned and completely sequenced. Cloned CuLCV-AZ DNA A and B components were infectious by biolistic inoculation to pumpkin and progeny virus was transmissible by the whitefly vector, Bemisia tabaci, thereby completing Koch's postulates. CuLCV-AZ DNA A shared highest nucleotide sequence identity with Squash leaf curl virus-R (SLCV-R), SLCV-E, and Bean calico mosaic virus (BCaMV) at 84, 83, and 80%, respectively. The CuLCV DNA B component shared highest nucleotide sequence identity with BCaMV, SLCV-R, and SLCV-E at 71, 70, and 68%, respectively. The cis-acting begomovirus replication specificity element, GGTGTCCTGGTG, in the CuLCV-AZ origin of replication is identical to that of SLCV-R, SLCV-E, and BCaMV, suggesting that reassortants among components of CuLCV-AZ and these begomoviruses may be possible. Reassortment experiments in pumpkin demonstrated that both reassortants of CuLCV-AZ and SLCV-E A and B components were viable. However, for CuLCV-AZ and SLCV-R, only one reassortant (SLCV-R DNA A/CuLCV-AZ DNA B) was viable on pumpkin, even though the cognate component pairs of both viruses infect pumpkin. These results demonstrate that reassortment among sympatric begomovirus species infecting cucurbits are possible, and that, if generated in nature, could result in begomoviruses bearing distinct biological properties.
Quantitation of hepcidin from human and mouse serum using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (2007)

The hepatic peptide hormone hepcidin is considered the central regulator of iron metabolism. Characterizing the circulating levels of this peptide is critical to understanding its role in the development of clinically relevant syndromes, such as anemia of inflammation/chronic disease, and may provide insight into potential clinical interventions. While quantitative methods have been published for the determination of urinary hepcidin and serum prohepcidin, no definitive methods have been published for the determination of hepcidin in serum. In this report, we describe a quantitative method for the determination of both human and mouse hepcidin in serum and plasma. The method employs protein precipitation and solid-phase extraction followed by liquid chromatographic separation and tandem mass spectrometry detection. The method has a quantitative range of 0.25 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL serum for mouse hepcidin and 1 ng/mL to 500 ng/mL serum for human hepcidin. The method uses small sample volumes (50 microL for mice and 100 microL for humans) and 96-well formats for rapid sample processing. The method was used to establish baseline serum and plasma concentrations of hepcidin in normal C57Bl/6 mice and healthy human volunteers.
Heavy metal gettering in silicon-on-insulator structures formed by oxygen implantation into silicon (1985)

Gettering of chromium and copper metal impurities to the damaged regions surrounding an implanted buried oxide has been investigated. Cr tends to segregate to the surface Si-SiO2 interface; only a small fraction moves to the damaged regions surrounding the buried oxide. Cu segregates to the damaged regions more readily; in addition, a large fraction of the implanted Cu moves to a location several micrometers beneath the buried oxide layer. The buried oxide does not appear to stop the movement of the Cu.
Detection and classification in uterine electromyography by multiscale representation (2002)

The purpose of this study was to detect the uterine contraction and other events in uterine electromyography (EMG). Classical statistical algorithms of change detection use a criterion based on signal variance in a sequential manner. The idea of the present work is to generalize these algorithms in a multidimensional way using a multiscale signal decomposition. In this case, the classical algorithms are modified by use of a criterion based on covariance matrix estimates. The isolation is achieved by a multi-hypothesis test. Thus, the successive events are detected by a single multidimensional detector and classified regarding their covariance matrix. This approach leads to different detection and isolation delays, the former being defined by the detection threshold, the latter depending on the estimation time of the covariance matrix.
Tertiary treatment of municipal sewage effluents (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTertiary treatment of municipal sewage effluentsFrank X. Pollio and Robert KuninCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1968, 2, 1, 54–60Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es60013a003https://doi.org/10.1021/es60013a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views158Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Non-convex utility maximization in Gaussian MISO broadcast and interference channels (2011)

Utility (e.g., sum-rate) maximization for multiantenna broadcast and interference channels (with one antenna at the receivers) is known to be in general a non-convex problem, if one limits the scope to linear (beamforming) strategies at transmitter and receivers. In this paper, it is shown that, under some standard assumptions, most notably that the utility function is decreasing with the interference levels at the receivers, a global optimal solution can be found with reduced complexity via a suitably designed branch-and-bound method. Although infeasible for real-time implementation, this procedure enables a non-heuristic and systematic assessment of suboptimal techniques. In addition to the global optimal scheme, a real-time suboptimal algorithm, which generalizes the well-known distributed pricing techniques, is also proposed. Finally, numerical results are provided that compare global optimal solutions with suboptimal (pricing) techniques for sum-rate maximization problems, affording insight into issues such as the robustness against bad initializations in real-time suboptimal strategies.
Changes in the Endogenous Level and Effects of Abscisic Acid during Somatic Embryogenesis of Daucus carota L. (1981)

The amount of endogenous ABA in cell clusters and embryos remained low during the first 7 days of culture regardless of the presence or absence of 2,4-D in the medium, but it increased toward the 10th day of culture. The ABA content in developing embryos reached a maximum on the 10th day then decreased. But, in cell clusters grown in a medium containing 2,4-D (in which embryo formation and development were suppressed) the ABA content increased continuously until it reached the maximum value of 80 ng/g fr wt on the 13th day, then it decreased to a low level on the 17th day of culture. The effects of ABA on embryo formation and development were investigated in a medium containing ABA at a concentration of 100 ng/ml, a level comparable to the endogenous levels of ABA which we had measured. Due to continuous treatment with ABA, both the total number of embryos and the number of abnormal embryos (those with extremely elongated roots) decreased. A similar, but weaker effect, was obtained when ABA was applied only during the first 7 days of culture (embryo-forming stage). When ABA was applied during the last 7 days of culture (embryo-developing stage), its effect was marked especially on the suppression of abnormal embryo formation.
Overexpression of a Gene Cluster Encoding a Chalcone Synthase-like Protein Confers Redbrown Pigment Production in Streptomyces griseus. (1995)

A 7.0-kb DNA fragment that conferred redbrown pigment production on Streptomyces griseus was shotgun-cloned with a multicopy vector pIJ486 from this microorganism. By restriction endonuclease mapping and subcloning, a 1.5-kb fragment which is essential for the production of redbrown pigment was determined. The nucleotide sequence of this region revealed the presence of two open reading frames, ORF1 with 109 amino acids (named RppA) and ORF2 with 262 amino acids (RppB), in addition to a truncated ORF3. The termination codon of rppA and the initiation codon of rppB overlapped, sharing one common nucleotide, which strongly suggests that these two genes are cotranscribed. Both rppA and rppB were essentially required for the pigmentation. The RppB protein showed great similarity in amino acid sequence to a chalcone synthase, a key enzyme of central importance in the biosynthetic pathway of all classes of flavonoids in plants. Part of RppA showed sequence similarity to the 33kDa phosphoprotein of adenovirus. Nucleotide sequences homologous to rppA and rppB were widely distributed in Streptomyces species, as determined by Southern hybridization. Further nucleotide sequencing of the entire orf-3 gene showed that ORF3 with 403 amino acids was a cytochrome P-450 (named P-450RPP). These data suggested that the cloned fragment contained part of a gene cluster for the biosynthesis of a certain metabolite. Introduction of the subcloned 1.5-kb fragment into Streptomyces lividans as well as Escherichia coli also caused production of redbrown pigment, suggesting that RppA and RppB are capable of synthesizing the redbrown pigment from metabolites commonly present in bacteria.
Statistical modeling in manufacturing: Adapting a diagnostic tool to real-time applications (1993)

This paper describes a process for constructing a statistical model to automate the analysis of data from complex diagnostic tools. The method is demonstrated on data taken from an optical emission spectrometer (OES), one of the most powerful tools used in semiconductor manufacturing for detecting the chemical composition and impurity levels in plasma processes. The analysis of OES data currently requires hours of manual effort by an expert spectroscopist, rendering it ineffective for real-time monitoring and control. However, through the use of statistical modeling, the analysis can be performed automatically on a personal computer in a matter of seconds. The process of model construction is examined in general, and methods are developed for demonstrating how information from an expert can be combined with information from the data in order to provide a statistical basis for analysis. The effectiveness of the model is demonstrated on data from typical plasma processes.
Understanding the Effects of Tobacco Smoke on the Pathogenesis of Aortic Aneurysm (2013)

Aneurysmal arterial disease is a vascular degenerative condition that is distinct from atherosclerotic and other occlusive arterial diseases. There is regionalization of the predisposition to aneurysm formation within the vascular tree, and the pathological process varies with location. Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is the most common manifestation of aneurysmal disease, and smoking is the dominant risk factor. Smoking is a much greater risk factor for AAA than for atherosclerosis. In addition to playing a role in the pathogenesis of AAA, smoking also increases the rate of expansion and risk of rupture of established AAA. The mechanistic relationship between AAA and smoking is being established by the use of enhanced animal models that are dependent on smoke or smoke components. The mechanisms seem to involve durable alterations in vascular smooth muscle cell and inflammatory cell function. This review examines the clinical, epidemiological, and mechanistic evidence implicating smoking as a cause of aneurysms, focusing on AAA.
Electrocatalytic Metal–Organic Frameworks for Energy Applications (2017)

With the global energy demand expected to increase drastically over the next several decades, the development of a sustainable energy system to meet this increase is paramount. Renewable energy sources can be coupled with electrochemical conversion processes to store energy in chemical bonds. To promote these difficult transformations, electrocatalysts that operate at high conversion rates and efficiency are required. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged as a promising class of materials; however, the insulating nature of MOFs has limited their application as electrocatalysts. The recent development of conductive MOFs has led to several electrocatalytic MOFs that display activity comparable to that of the best-performing heterogeneous catalysts. Although many electrocatalytic MOFs exhibit low activity and stability, the few successful examples highlight the possibility of MOF electrocatalysts as replacements for noble-metal-based catalysts in commercial energy-converting devices. We review herein the use of pristine MOFs as electrocatalysts to facilitate important energy-related reactions.
Obesity resistance of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase-deficient (<i>scd1</i> <sup>-/-</sup>) mouse results from disruption of the epidermal lipid barrier and adaptive thermoregulation (2007)

Targeted deletion of the stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 gene (scd1) in mouse causes obesity resistance and a severe skin phenotype. Here, we demonstrate that SCD1 deficiency disrupts the epidermal lipid barrier and leads to uncontrolled transepidermal water loss, breakdown of adaptive thermoregulation and cold resistance, as well as a metabolic wasting syndrome. The loss of omega-hydroxylated very long-chain fatty acids (VLCFA) and ceramides substituted with omega-hydroxylated VLCFA covalently linked to corneocyte surface proteins leads to the disruption of the epidermal lipid barrier in scd1-/- mutants. Artificial occlusion of the skin by topical lipid application largely reconstituted the epidermal barrier and also reversed dysregulation of thermogenesis and cold resistance, as well as the metabolic disturbances. Interestingly, SCD1 deficiency abolished expression of the key transcription factor Lef1, which is essential for interfollicular epidermis, sebaceous glands, and hair follicle development. Finally, the occurrence of SCD1 and a newly described hSCD5 (ACOD4) gene in humans suggests that the scd1-/- mouse mutant might be a valuable animal model for the study of human skin diseases associated with epidermal barrier defects.
On the mechanism of the lycopene isomerase/cyclase reaction in Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. chromoplasts. (1991)

The lycopene cyclase reaction was investigated in Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. membranes using the terminal desaturation product of the system, 7,9,9',7'-tetra-cis-lycopene (prolycopene) as substrate. The enzymatically formed bicyclic carotenes were trans configured, so the overall reaction consists of two individual processes, isomerization and cyclization. The two reactions were experimentally distinguished by use of the inhibitor [2-(p-chlorophenylthio)triethylammonium chloride. NADPH, the essential cofactor for the overall reaction, originates from the plastid glycolytic pathway. It is shown that NADPH exhibits its function at the stage of isomerization and is also able to promote reduction of the prolycopene substrate in vitro.
“NANOJET”: Tool for the nanofabrication (2001)

A tool for pattern generation and microfabrication based on scanning micro/nanonozzle is presented. Electrically neutral radicals created in a plasma discharge are pumped through a small tube tapered to a nozzle. A small distance between the nozzle and the surface of the substrate allows a localized interaction. A description of the tool and principles of this technology, such as transport of free radicals through a high aspect ratio hollow tip, localized etching and high etching rates without ion bombardment are demonstrated in this work. This article presents the fundamental aspects and the experimental proofs of the outlined nanofabrication technique.
Resin Capsules: Permeable Containers for Parallel/Combinatorial Solid-Phase Organic Synthesis (2008)

A resin capsule is a permeable container for resin beads designed for multiple/combinatorial solid-phase organic synthesis. Resin capsules consist of a high density polyethylene ring sealed with peek mesh on both sides. The cylindrical shape of resin capsules enabled space-saving packing into plastic columnlike reaction vessels commonly used for solid-phase organic synthesis. Resin capsules have been evaluated for their use in combinatorial synthesis, and a set of model compounds with excellent purity was prepared.
Highly stable amplification of femtosecond pulses (1994)

We have achieved highly stable amplification of femtosecond pulses to the millijoule level with pulse-to-pulse energy fluctuations below those of the pump source. Our Ti:Al2O3 amplifier produces pulses with a root-mean-square fluctuation in pulse energy of 0.42%, which is the lowest value to our knowledge for any optical pulse amplifier reported to date. Pump-noise suppression by a factor of 40 is demonstrated for the first time to our knowledge. We discuss this high-stability behavior through model simulations.
Adversarial CAPTCHAs (2021)

Following the principle of to set one's own spear against one's own shield, we study how to design adversarial completely automated public turing test to tell computers and humans apart (CAPTCHA) in this article. We first identify the similarity and difference between adversarial CAPTCHA generation and existing hot adversarial example (image) generation research. Then, we propose a framework for text-based and image-based adversarial CAPTCHA generation on top of state-of-the-art adversarial image generation techniques. Finally, we design and implement an adversarial CAPTCHA generation and evaluation system, called aCAPTCHA, which integrates 12 image preprocessing techniques, nine CAPTCHA attacks, four baseline adversarial CAPTCHA generation methods, and eight new adversarial CAPTCHA generation methods. To examine the performance of aCAPTCHA, extensive security and usability evaluations are conducted. The results demonstrate that the generated adversarial CAPTCHAs can significantly improve the security of normal CAPTCHAs while maintaining similar usability. To facilitate the CAPTCHA security research, we also open source the aCAPTCHA system, including the source code, trained models, datasets, and the usability evaluation interfaces.