gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microbial synthesis of poly-γ-glutamic acid: current progress, challenges, and future perspectives (2016)

Poly-γ-glutamic acid (γ-PGA) is a naturally occurring biopolymer made from repeating units of l-glutamic acid, d-glutamic acid, or both. Since some bacteria are capable of vigorous γ-PGA biosynthesis from renewable biomass, γ-PGA is considered a promising bio-based chemical and is already widely used in the food, medical, and wastewater industries due to its biodegradable, non-toxic, and non-immunogenic properties. In this review, we consider the properties, biosynthetic pathway, production strategies, and applications of γ-PGA. Microbial biosynthesis of γ-PGA and the molecular mechanisms regulating production are covered in particular detail. Genetic engineering and optimization of the growth medium, process control, and downstream processing have proved to be effective strategies for lowering the cost of production, as well as manipulating the molecular mass and conformational/enantiomeric properties that facilitate screening of competitive γ-PGA producers. Finally, future prospects of microbial γ-PGA production are discussed in light of recent progress, challenges, and trends in this field.
Role of FliC and FliD Flagellar Proteins of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> in Adherence and Gut Colonization (2001)

In vitro and in vivo adhesive properties of flagella and recombinant flagellin FliC and flagellar cap FliD proteins of Clostridium difficile were analyzed. FliC, FliD, and crude flagella adhered in vitro to axenic mouse cecal mucus. Radiolabeled cultured cells bound to a high degree to FliD and weakly to flagella deposited on a membrane. The tissue association in the mouse cecum of a nonflagellated strain was 10-fold lower than that of a flagellated strain belonging to the same serogroup, confirming the role of flagella in adherence.
Image estimation from scattered field data (1990)

Abstract The purpose of this paper is to reappraise the linearizing methods frequently used to solve inverse scattering problems. We describe inversion algorithms based on the Born and the Rytov approximations and the nature of the distortions obtained in the reconstructions when using them. We present extensions of these methods, namely, the distorted‐wave Born and the distorted‐wave Rytov approximations, which incorporate prior knowledge about part of the scattering structure. A method for inverting scattered field data using these distorted‐wave approximations is described, which retains the computational simplicity of the Born and the Rytov techniques. Some examples of their use with simulated and real data are given. A further extension of our distorted‐wave formalism, which leads to improvements of the reconstructed image, is suggested. This entails a spectral estimation procedure also based on the incorporation of prior knowledge about the scatterer. This spectral estimation procedure can be useful for interpolation of scattered field data as well as resolution enhancement.
The extracellular matrix: A dynamic niche in cancer progression (2012)

The local microenvironment, or niche, of a cancer cell plays important roles in cancer development. A major component of the niche is the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of macromolecules with distinctive physical, biochemical, and biomechanical properties. Although tightly controlled during embryonic development and organ homeostasis, the ECM is commonly deregulated and becomes disorganized in diseases such as cancer. Abnormal ECM affects cancer progression by directly promoting cellular transformation and metastasis. Importantly, however, ECM anomalies also deregulate behavior of stromal cells, facilitate tumor-associated angiogenesis and inflammation, and thus lead to generation of a tumorigenic microenvironment. Understanding how ECM composition and topography are maintained and how their deregulation influences cancer progression may help develop new therapeutic interventions by targeting the tumor niche.
Technical Aspects of Experimental Public Telephone Service on Railroad Trains (1948)

Telephone service was made available experimentally in 1947 to passengers aboard certain railroad trains operating between New York, N.Y., and Washington, D.C. Communication between these trains and the telephone network is effected through radio stations of the urban mobile telephone services of the Bell System. This paper describes component parts of the train telephone system, results of radio coverage tests on the routes involved, and devices employed to control two-way transmission. Special features of the installations which differ from previous mobile installations and some results of the experimental operation are pointed out.
Structural organization of the functional domains of <i>Clostridium difficile</i> toxins A and B (2010)

Clostridium difficile toxins A and B are members of an important class of virulence factors known as large clostridial toxins (LCTs). Toxin action involves four major steps: receptor-mediated endocytosis, translocation of a catalytic glucosyltransferase domain across the membrane, release of the enzymatic moiety by autoproteolytic processing, and a glucosyltransferase-dependent inactivation of Rho family proteins. We have imaged toxin A (TcdA) and toxin B (TcdB) holotoxins by negative stain electron microscopy to show that these molecules are similar in structure. We then determined a 3D structure for TcdA and mapped the organization of its functional domains. The molecule has a “pincher-like” head corresponding to the delivery domain and two tails, long and short, corresponding to the receptor-binding and glucosyltransferase domains, respectively. A second structure, obtained at the acidic pH of an endosome, reveals a significant structural change in the delivery and glucosyltransferase domains, and thus provides a framework for understanding the molecular mechanism of LCT cellular intoxication.
Excessive dose requirements of local anaesthetic for epidural analgesia (1985)

On two separate occasions, a 78-year-old obese man suffering from congestive cardiac failure and peripheral vascular disease, required epidural anaesthesia for surgery to his leg. The dosage requirement on the first occasion was large and much greater than on the second occasion. Reasons for the difference in dosage are discussed. We suggest an epidural catheter should be inserted 3 cm into the epidural space.
The evaluation of underarm deodorants (1983)

Synopsis Double-blind cross-over trials in which trained assessors evaluated axillary malodour on a 0 to 10 scale showed that ethanol at 60% and 99% w/w significantly reduced odour for up to 24 h. Reduction in odour was increased by the addition of non-volatile antimicrobial ingredients such as chlorhexidine, Irgasan DP 300 (Triclosan, Ciba Geigy) or aluminium chlorhydrate. Volunteer panellists were able to identify statistically significant deodorant effects when they rated their own axillary odour on a 0 to 10 scale. An odour absorber, zinc ricinoleate (Grillocin, Grillo-Werke, A. G.) was used to treat existing malodour and gave reduced perception of that malodour for up to 24 h. A close correlation was found between panel odour scores and the bacterial status of the axilla as assessed by the replipad technique when biocidal systems were studied. Irgasan DP 300, a bacteriostat, did not perform so well in skin flora sampling procedures, but was nevertheless effective as a deodorant ingredient. Thus in vivo microbiological techniques, although often useful as predictors of deodorancy, do not replace the carefully controlled clinical trial with direct assessment of odour.
Translation Inhibition by Rocaglates Activates a Species-Specific Cell Death Program in the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris (2020)

Fungal infections are a major contributor to infectious disease-related deaths worldwide. Recently, global emergence of the fungal pathogen <i>Candida auris</i> has caused considerable concern because most <i>C. auris</i> isolates are resistant to fluconazole, the most commonly administered antifungal, and some isolates are resistant to drugs from all three major antifungal classes. To identify novel agents with bioactivity against <i>C. auris</i>, we screened 2,454 compounds from a diversity-oriented synthesis collection. Of the five hits identified, most shared a common rocaglate core structure and displayed fungicidal activity against <i>C. auris</i> These rocaglate hits inhibited translation in <i>C. auris</i> but not in its pathogenic relative <i>Candida albicans</i> Species specificity was contingent on variation at a single amino acid residue in Tif1, a fungal member of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) family of translation initiation factors known to be targeted by rocaglates. Rocaglate-mediated inhibition of translation in <i>C. auris</i> activated a cell death program characterized by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased caspase-like activity, and disrupted vacuolar homeostasis. In a rocaglate-sensitized <i>C. albicans</i> mutant engineered to express translation initiation factor 1 (Tif1) with the variant amino acid that we had identified in <i>C. auris</i>, translation was inhibited but no programmed cell death phenotypes were observed. This surprising finding suggests divergence between these related fungal pathogens in their pathways of cellular responses to translation inhibition. From a therapeutic perspective, the chemical biology that we have uncovered reveals species-specific vulnerability in <i>C. auris</i> and identifies a promising target for development of new, mechanistically distinct antifungals in the battle against this emerging pathogen.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Emergence of the fungal pathogen <i>Candida auris</i> has ignited intrigue and alarm within the medical community and the public at large. This pathogen is unusually resistant to antifungals, threatening to overwhelm current management options. By screening a library of structurally diverse molecules, we found that <i>C. auris</i> is surprisingly sensitive to translation inhibition by a class of compounds known as rocaglates (also known as flavaglines). Despite the high level of conservation across fungi in their protein synthesis machinery, these compounds inhibited translation initiation and activated a cell death program in <i>C. auris</i> but not in its relative <i>Candida albicans</i> Our findings highlight a surprising divergence across the cell death programs operating in <i>Candida</i> species and underscore the need to understand the specific biology of a pathogen in attempting to develop more-effective treatments against it.
Bone destruction of a distal phalanx caused by periungual warts (1973)

A periungual wart caused pain and roentgenographic evidence of bone destruction in the right index finger of a 40-year-old man. When conventional therapy failed, 2,250 rads of x-ray therapy was given and the wart disappeared. Roentgenograms of the finger one month after clinical cure showed early bone remineralization. Subungual epidermoid carcinomas and keratoacanthomas may cause destruction of the underlying bone, but both of these diagnoses could be excluded in this patient. We believe that this is the first report in which a common wart is shown to cause underlying bone destruction.
Human Ornithine Transcarbamylase Locus Mapped to Band Xp21.1 Near the Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Locus (1984)

The gene for the mitochondrial enzyme ornithine transcarbamylase was mapped to the short arm of the X chromosome by in situ hybridization experiments, with DNA complementary to the human ornithine transcarbamylase gene used as a probe. A series of cell lines with X chromosome abnormalities was used to localize the gene to band Xp21.1. Because the gene maps near the Duchenne muscular dystrophy locus, the ornithine transcarbamylase probe may be useful in carrier detection and prenatal diagnosis of Duchenne muscular dystrophy as well as of ornithine transcarbamylase deficiency.
Tracking targets with self-organizing distributed ground sensors (2004)

This paper describes a fully distributed approach to target tracking that we have implemented and tested in a military setting. The approach is built upon local sharing of robust statistics that summarize local events. Local collaboration extracts detection information such as time, velocity, position, heading and target type from the summary statistics. The groups of nodes used for local collaboration are determined dynamically at run time. Local collaboration information is compared with a list of tracks in the immediate vicinity. Associating detections to tracks is currently done using a variation of the nearest-neighbor metric. This paper extends our previous work by using mobile code daemons to support multiple hypothesis tracking methods. This is done in a resourceconstrained environment by using the network to swap sohare modules dynamically. Results from field tests of the approach are provided. This includes a dependability analysis of the distributed approach versus centralized systems
Chemical and Structural Comparison of N-BOC-CBQ and N-BOC-CBI: Identification and Structural Origin of an Unappreciated but Productive Stability of the CC-1065 and Duocarmycin SA Alkylation Subunits (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical and Structural Comparison of N-BOC-CBQ and N-BOC-CBI: Identification and Structural Origin of an Unappreciated but Productive Stability of the CC-1065 and Duocarmycin SA Alkylation SubunitsDale L. Boger, Philippe Mesini, and Christine M. TarbyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 14, 6461–6462Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00093a067https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00093a067research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views154Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
DNA polymerase POLQ and cellular defense against DNA damage (2012)

In mammalian cells, POLQ (pol θ) is an unusual specialized DNA polymerase whose in vivo function is under active investigation. POLQ has been implicated by different experiments to play a role in resistance to ionizing radiation and defense against genomic instability, in base excision repair, and in immunological diversification. The protein is formed by an N-terminal helicase-like domain, a C-terminal DNA polymerase domain, and a large central domain that spans between the two. This arrangement is also found in the Drosophila Mus308 protein, which functions in resistance to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents. Homologs of POLQ and Mus308 are found in multicellular eukaryotes, including plants, but a comparison of phenotypes suggests that not all of these genes are functional orthologs. Flies defective in Mus308 are sensitive to DNA interstrand crosslinking agents, while mammalian cells defective in POLQ are primarily sensitive to DNA double-strand breaking agents. Cells from Polq(-/-) mice are hypersensitive to radiation and peripheral blood cells display increased spontaneous and ionizing radiation-induced levels of micronuclei (a hallmark of gross chromosomal aberrations), though mice apparently develop normally. Loss of POLQ in human and mouse cells causes sensitivity to ionizing radiation and other double strand breaking agents and increased DNA damage signaling. Retrospective studies of clinical samples show that higher levels of POLQ gene expression in breast and colorectal cancer are correlated with poorer outcomes for patients. A clear understanding of the mechanism of action and physiologic function of POLQ in the cell is likely to bear clinical relevance.
Reactive Uptake of Ozone by Aerosol-Associated Unsaturated Fatty Acids:  Kinetics, Mechanism, and Products (2002)

The heterogeneous reaction between ozone and oleic and linoleic acids, prevalent components of both marine and urban organic aerosol, were studied in a flow reactor using electron impact and chemical ionization mass spectrometry. Liquids and frozen liquids were used as proxies for atmospheric aerosol. The reactive uptake coefficients, γ, were determined to be (8.3 ± 0.2) × 10-4 and (1.2 ± 0.2) × 10-3 for liquid oleic and linoleic acid respectively and (5.2 ± 0.1) × 10-5 and (1.4 ± 0.1) × 10-4 for frozen oleic and linoleic acid, respectively. Although, the reacto-diffusive length is estimated to be rather small in the liquid experiments, <10 nm, a clear indication of the participation of subsurface layers in the uptake is observed. This is in contrast to uptake by the frozen acids where the reaction is limited to the surface. Aldehydes were identified as the major volatile reaction products: 1-nonanal was detected following reaction with oleic acid, 2-nonenal, 4-nonenal, and 1-hexanal were detected following reaction with linoleic acid. The aldehyde yield, defined as the amount of the volatile product released relative to the ozone consumed, is dictated by its solubility in the liquid and frozen liquid acids. Azelaic acid was identified as a liquid-phase reaction product following the reaction with oleic acid. The implications regarding the atmospheric aging of aerosols with a fatty acid component are discussed.
Detecting Method of Parallelism from Nested Loops with Loop Carried Data Dependences (2010)

Our loop parallelizing method of compiler for SIMD architecture enables SIMD instructions to be generated from loops which include complicated data dependency. The characteristic of our method is in choosing the more optimizing method for parallelization from two shearing conversions by inner and outer loop carried data dependences. One of them is novel and involves shearing horizontally along the inner loop index and the other is well-established shearing vertically along the outer loop index. These loop transformations are formalized by matrix operations. They enable the original loop indexes to be expressed using new loop indexes so that compiler does not need to make any change in loop body. At this point, simple templates suffice to generate optimal code. To conclude we summarize the conditions for choosing suitable shearing method and the requirements for conversion.
The Bladed Beowulf: a cost-effective alternative to traditional Beowulfs (2003)

We present a new twist to the Beowulf cluster - the Bladed Beowulf. In contrast to traditional Beowulfs which typically use Intel or AMD processors, our Bladed Beowulf uses Trans-meta processors in order to keep thermal power dissipation low and reliability and density high while still achieving comparable performance to Intel- and AMD-based clusters. Given the ever increasing complexity of traditional supercomputers and Beowulf clusters; the issues of size, reliability power consumption, and ease of administration and use will be "the" issues of this decade for high-performance computing. Bigger and faster machines are simply not good enough anymore. To illustrate, we present the results of performance benchmarks on our Bladed Beowulf and introduce two performance metrics that contribute to the total cost of ownership (TCO) of a computing system - performance/power and performance/space.
Lipides sanguins dans la population suisse: enquête MONICA 1988-89 (1993)

The second population survey of the Swiss MONICA project took place in 1988-89 in the cantons of Vaud, Fribourg and Ticino. Blood lipids (total, LDL, and HDL cholesterol as well as apolipoproteins A-I and B) were measured in 3341 individuals aged 25-74 years belonging to a representative sample of the three cantons' population. Total and LDL cholesterol values were high on average, especially among patients aged 45 and over: total cholesterol was > 6.5 mmol/l in 27% (age 25-34) to 58% (age 45-54) and in 15% (age 25-34) to 64% (age 65-74) of men and women, respectively. HDL cholesterol values were relatively stable with age, at a higher level in women (median 1.5 mmol/l) than in men (median 1.2 mmol/l). To summarize, about 1 out of 5 people had cholesterol values placing them at low risk for the development of coronary heart disease, whereas 1 out of 4 were at increased risk. Apolipoprotein B, a component of LDL cholesterol, and apolipoprotein A-I, a component of HDL cholesterol, were measured for the first time in a large representative sample of the Swiss population. The distribution of both apolipoproteins was, in the aggregate, very similar to the distribution of the corresponding LDL and HDL cholesterol. A comparison of cholesterol values measured in 1988-89 with values previously measured in the same population (MONICA population survey 1984-85) did not show any reduction with time.
Effect of Humidity and Aging on Adhesion and Removal of Glass Particles from FPD Glass (2001)

Surface cleaning is an essential process in the manufacturing of flat panel displays (FPDs). This paper introduces recent results that show the effect of humidity on the adhesion and removal of glass particles from flat panel displays. Glass particles were deposited on FPD glass samples and aged in 95% relative humidity for one to six weeks. The glass samples were then cleaned using a megasonic cleaning technique. The results show that the particle removal efficiency decreases with aging time. Complete removal of particles can be achieved under certain cleaning conditions. The results also show that particle imprints were left on the glass surface after megasonic cleaning. The formation mechanism of these imprints is not quite clear, but these imprints yield a high adhesion between glass particles and the FPD glass surface.
Disease Diagnosis by Recombinant DNA Methods (1987)

Recombinant DNA procedures have now been applied to the problem of the identification of molecular defects in man that account for heritable diseases, somatic mutations associated with neoplasia, and acquired infectious disease. Thus recombinant DNA technology has rapidly expanded our ability to diagnose disease. Substantial advances in the simplification of procedures for diagnostic purposes have been made, and the informed physician has gained in diagnostic accuracy as a consequence of these developments. The wide application of recombinant DNA diagnostics will depend on simplicity, speed of results, and cost containment.