gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MOVE: a framework for high-performance processor design (1991)

CPU architectures allowing exploitation of instruct ion-level par­ allelism (pipelining, VllW, supersc alar) exhibit poor average hardware utilization and complex hardware organizations. We propose a different architecture with a less complex hardware or­ ganization and significantly better hardware utilization. This ar­ chitecture allows short cycle implementations, and is easily con­ figurable in functionality and scalable in performance. Besides being suitable for high-performance general-purpose computing, the architecture is particularly useful as framework for the (semi) automaJic generation of high-performance processo rsfor specific applications. The key feature of this architecture is the separation of data trans­ port and data operations. This separation yields a degree of auto­ nomicity for the different operational units which allows,for exam­ ple, diff erent units to implement different pipelining schemes. Fur­ thermore this separation allows the machine cycle to be reduced to the transport delay. The resulting programming model is quite unusual and provides scheduling possibilities unexploitable in the aforementioned architectures. We believe this architecture will be a favorable candidaJe for future powerful computing systems.
Preparation of Solid Superacid Catalysts. (1996)

Our recent works on preparation of solid superacid catalysts, sulfate-metal oxides and tungstate-, molybdate-, or borate-metal oxides, are reviewed. Superacids with an acid strength of up to Ho_??_-16.04 are obtained by adsorbing sulfate ion onto amorphous oxides of Fe, Ti, Zr, Hf, Sn, and Si followed by calcination in air at above 500°C; a superacid of Al2O3 is prepared from the crystallized oxide.Superacids by metal oxides with an acid strength of up to Ho_??_-14.52 are synthesized in the same manner as those of the sulfate superacids by supporting ZrO2 with WO3 (13wt% W) or MoO3 (6wt% Mo): impregnation of amorphous ZrO2 with aqueous ammonium metatungstate or molybdic acid dissolved in ammonia water, followed by evaporation of water and calcination in air at 800-850°C. Similar superacids are prepared by impregnation of amorphous oxides of Sn, Ti, and Fe with ammonium metatungstate and calcination in air, the maximum activity for reaction of isopentane being observed with calcination at 1000°C for the Sn base material and 700°C for those of Ti and Fe; borate supported on zirconia also shows superacidity, though weak in strength.
AdaptiveFace: Adaptive Margin and Sampling for Face Recognition (2019)

Training large-scale unbalanced data is the central topic in face recognition. In the past two years, face recognition has achieved remarkable improvements due to the introduction of margin based Softmax loss. However, these methods have an implicit assumption that all the classes possess sufficient samples to describe its distribution, so that a manually set margin is enough to equally squeeze each intra-class variations. However, real face datasets are highly unbalanced, which means the classes have tremendously different numbers of samples. In this paper, we argue that the margin should be adapted to different classes. We propose the Adaptive Margin Softmax to adjust the margins for different classes adaptively. In addition to the unbalance challenge, face data always consists of large-scale classes and samples. Smartly selecting valuable classes and samples to participate in the training makes the training more effective and efficient. To this end, we also make the sampling process adaptive in two folds: Firstly, we propose the Hard Prototype Mining to adaptively select a small number of hard classes to participate in classification. Secondly, for data sampling, we introduce the Adaptive Data Sampling to find valuable samples for training adaptively. We combine these three parts together as AdaptiveFace. Extensive analysis and experiments on LFW, LFW BLUFR and MegaFace show that our method performs better than state-of-the-art methods using the same network architecture and training dataset. Code is available at https://github.com/haoliu1994/AdaptiveFace.
Effect of substrate material on crosstalk in mixed analog/digital integrated circuit (2002)

As the level of integration increases in ICs, the combination of analog and digital functions on the same silicon substrate has become increasingly common. One of the most difficult problems in mixing analog and digital functions is crosstalk through the common substrate. Although there has been some analysis of the crosstalk problem in the literature, there has been relatively little discussion of the effect of different kinds of substrate material on crosstalk. In this paper we discuss crosstalk results obtained in a CMOS process with different epi thicknesses (including no epi), bonded wafer silicon-on-insulator, and junction isolated p-wells and n-wells. The results show that is possible to obtain crosstalk reduction of 10 times or more compared to traditional CMOS epi substrates, thereby enabling circuits to be built with higher levels of integration and better performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Stochastic Model for Order Book Dynamics (2010)

We propose a continuous-time stochastic model for the dynamics of a limit order book. The model strikes a balance between three desirable features: it can be estimated easily from data, it captures key empirical properties of order book dynamics, and its analytical tractability allows for fast computation of various quantities of interest without resorting to simulation. We describe a simple parameter estimation procedure based on high-frequency observations of the order book and illustrate the results on data from the Tokyo Stock Exchange. Using simple matrix computations and Laplace transform methods, we are able to efficiently compute probabilities of various events, conditional on the state of the order book: an increase in the midprice, execution of an order at the bid before the ask quote moves, and execution of both a buy and a sell order at the best quotes before the price moves. Using high-frequency data, we show that our model can effectively capture the short-term dynamics of a limit order book. We also evaluate the performance of a simple trading strategy based on our results.
Effects of disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate on hypercalcemia produced by bone metastases. (1980)

The aim of this study was to determine the ability of disodium dichloromethylene diphosphonate (Cl2MDP) to reduce the hypercalcemia secondary to skeletal metastases and induced by stimulation of bone resorption by malignant cells. Five patients with hypercalcemia due to bone metastases of breast or renal cancer were treated orally for 4 wk with 3,200 mg of Cl2MDP and 4 wk with a placebo in a double blind, crossover study. During the Cl2MDP period of administration four patients experienced a rapid and significant decrease in serum calcium and urinary calcium excretion together with an increase in alkaline phosphatase. In the remaining patient who developed a sudden paraplegia at the onset of the therapy followed by a marked increase in serum calcium levels and urinary calcium excretion, Cl2MDP was able to reverse this worsening of hypercalcemia or to reduce serum and urinary calcium to normal values. For all patients, urinary hydroxyproline excretion was unchanged during the Cl2MDP period when compared with the prestudy or placebo periods. From these results, and because of the rapid relapse of hypercalcemia during the placebo period or after withdrawal of the treatment, we can conclude that Cl2MDP is capable of reducing excessive mobilization of calcium resulting from bone metastases.
SCOOPY and oxirane reactions: a-lithio-ylides vs. conventional ylides (1983)

Ph3P:CH2 reacted with epoxides I (R = H, Me, vinyl; R1 = H, Me) or cyclohexene oxide in the presence of 1.2 equiv LiX (X = Br, iodo, BPh4) to give Ph3P+CH2CH2CRR1OH X- or 83% trans-II. Similarly, Ph3P:CH, I (R = R1 = H) and LiBr gave 68% Ph3P+CHMeCH2CH2OHBr-. Thus it is unnecessary to use a-lithio-ylides. [on SciFinder (R)]
Tanshinlactone, a novel seco-abietanoid from Salvia miltiorrhiza. (1986)

Further study on the constituents of Salvia miltiorrhiza BUNGE (Labiatae) afforded a novel seco-abietanoid named tanshinlactone. The structure of tanshinlactone was characterized on the basis of spectral data. The biogeneses of tanshinlactone and a related compound are discussed.
Implementing a Resilient Application Architecture for State Management on a PaaS Cloud (2013)

Platform as a Service Clouds typically lack direct support for application state management, and traditional state management techniques like clustering are not applicable as PaaS platforms offer little support for changing the underlying platform configuration. In this paper we build upon our earlier work where we proposed a session-state management architecture for Cloud called ReLoC, that uses loosely-coupled services and platform agnostic scalable messaging technology to propagate and save session states. Here, we present an actual implementation of the ReLoC onto a PaaS platform and an empirical evaluation of the original hypotheses of scalability and resilience of the proposed application architecture. We also present the challenges faced in implementing ReLoC on Heroku. The results indicate that ReLoC indeed allows applications to scale well and mitigates failures in individual application instances while maintaining state and hiding such failures from the users. The results also indicate that the performance degradation due to use of ReLoC is minimal and it is thus a promising approach for resilient user state management on PaaS Clouds.
Synthesis of some biologically active derivatives of 2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-4H-pyran-4-one (1990)

Depending on reaction conditions, acylation of the phenolic and primary alcoholic group in 2-hydroxymethyl-5-hydroxy-4 H -pyran-4-one leads to mono- or disubstituted products. Also described is acylation of the phenolic group in 2-chloromethyl- or 2-bromomethyl-5-hydroxy-4 H -pyran-4-one as well as the nucleophilic replacement of the halogen by azide group. The prepared derivatives exhibit herbicidal and growth regulatory activity.
Whither the North-South gap? (1996)

During much of the Cold War, the central dilemma of development economics was how to reverse the growing economic gap between the rich and poor countries of the world. In recent years, the World Bank has declared a victory on that front. The Bank asserts that not only is the gap no longer growing, but indeed that it has begun to narrow. Moreover, the Bank claims, the free market policies it has spearheaded are at the core of the developing country turnabout that is closing the North-South gap. This article challenges the World Bank assertion of a narrowing North-South gap. Rather, we argue, economic data from the World Bank and other United Nations agencies suggest that the North-South gap continues to widen in all but roughly a dozen Third World countries, and there remains a net flow of resources from most Southern nations to the North. The Bank bases its claim of a closing gap on two primary assertions: that the economies of the developing countries are growing faster than industrial countries' economies, and that large net capital flows are now flowing into developing countries. Based on an examination of World Bank and United Nations data, this article refutes both of these assertions. We first compare the growth rates of Northern versus Southern countries. Then we survey the nature and levels of the financial flows between North and South. As we discover, a major problem with the Bank's gap closing projections is that they are based on aggregate data and often on the strength of only one to three years of data from the early 1990s. Disaggregating the data paints a vastly different picture of the dynamics and consequences of these economic flows and trends for the majority of developing countries. A closer and longer look at North-South data reveals that, while the gap may be closing between a few developing countries-particularly the 10 'big emerging markets' (BEMS) pinpointed by the US Department of Commerce' and the industrial countries, the vast majority of Third World countries are slipping further behind the North. We focus on the World Bank not only because it is the major donor to the Third World. In recent years, its influence has outstripped its lending and it has become the preeminent source of policy advice and development research and
Influence of Executive Function on Locomotor Function: Divided Attention Increases Gait Variability in Alzheimer's Disease (2003)

Divided attention markedly impairs the ability of patients with AD to regulate the stride-to-stride variations in gait timing. This susceptibility to distraction and its effect on stride time variability, a measure of gait unsteadiness, could partially explain the predilection to falling observed in patients with dementia. The results also support the concept that persons with AD have significant impairments in the cognitive domain of attention and that locomotor function relies upon cognitive, especially executive, function.
Structural insights into the binding of hepatitis B virus core peptide to HLA‐A2 alleles: Towards designing better vaccines (2011)

Binding of specific antigenic peptides with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules is a prerequisite for the initiation of T-cell responses and structural information about the peptide-HLA complex is essential for the detailed understanding of such interactions. HLA-A2 is the most prevalent HLA allele globally but aside from A*02:01 there is a significant lack of crystal structures, particularly for alleles that occur in high frequencies among Asian populations. Here, we report three HLA-A2 structures with the immunodominant hepatitis B core antigen 18-27 (HBcAg18-27) epitope, namely A*02:03, A*02:06, and A*02:07 at resolutions of 2.16, 1.70, and 1.75 Å respectively. This comparative analysis reveals that minor polymorphic residue changes between different HLA alleles can induce significant alterations in the major histocompatibility complex-peptide interface, and introduce conformational changes in the p3-p8 peptide region. Circular dichroism analysis demonstrated the HLA-A2-peptide complexes to have a hierarchy of thermostability and binding affinity in the order of A*02:06>A*02:07>A*02:01>A*02:03. Our findings provide structural insights into the varied HLA-A2 allele binding of the hepatitis B core antigen 18-27 epitope and the data suggest that chemical modifications of the peptide side chains could be a promising strategy to modulate and improve HLA-A2-peptide binding affinity for vaccine design.
Asymmetric organocatalysis (2005)

The field of asymmetric organocatalysis is rapidly developing and attracts an increasing number of research groups around the world. Here we present a brief overview of this area, guided by a mechanistic classification. Accordingly, organocatalysts are categorized as either Lewis base, Lewis acid, Brønsted base, or Brønsted acid catalysts.
Fast point-to-point shortest path computations with arc-flags (2009)

We present a number of improvements of the basic variant of the arc-flag acceleration (Lauther, 1997(Lauther, , 2004) ) for point-to-point (P2P) shortest path computations on large graphs.Arc-flags are a modification to the standard Dijkstra algorithm and are used to avoid exploring unnecessary paths during shortest path computation.We assume that for the same input graph the shortest path problem has to be solved repeatedly for different node pairs.Thus, precomputing the arc-flags is possible.We show that the improved arc-flag acceleration achieves speedups of P2P shortest path queries of more than 1,470 on a subnetwork of the German road network 1 with 1M node and 2.5M arcs using 450 bits of additional information per arc.The acceleration factors increase with the size of the input graph.Finally, we present an improved preprocessing version which allows precomputing arc-flags for European and North-American road networks within hours.
Glucagon-like peptide 1(7-36) amide's central inhibition of feeding and peripheral inhibition of drinking are abolished by neonatal monosodium glutamate treatment. (1998)

In the rat, the glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1)(7-36) amide inhibits neurones in the central nervous system responsible for food and water intake. GLP-1-induced inhibition of food intake may involve the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus, whereas rostral sensory circumventricular organs may be responsible for the inhibitory action of GLP-1 on drinking. To further investigate the role of these blood-brain-barrier-free areas in GLP-1-induced inhibition of ingestive behavior, neonatal Wistar rats were subjected to monosodium glutamate (MSG) treatment, which causes extensive damage to the arcuate nucleus as well as to parts of the sensory circumventricular organs. The inhibitory effect of GLP-1 on feeding induced by food deprivation was completely abolished in MSG-lesioned rats. This effect was not due to either a loss of sensitivity to anorectic agents or a loss of taste aversion because MSG-treated animals displayed normal anorectic responses to central administration of corticotropin-releasing factor and normal aversive responses to peripheral administration of both lithium chloride and D-amphetamine. In non-lesioned rats, neuropeptide Y (NPY)-induced feeding was significantly reduced by concomitant GLP-1 administration. In contrast, GLP-1 had no effect on NPY-induced feeding in MSG-lesioned rats, suggesting that the GLP-1 receptors that mediate inhibition of feeding are localized upstream to the NPY-sensitive neurones inducing feeding behavior. The inhibitory effect of GLP-1 on water intake was tested using an ANG II-elicited drinking paradigm. Central administration of GLP-1 inhibited ANG II drinking in both MSG-treated rats and their nontreated littermates. In contrast, peripheral administration of GLP-1 did not inhibit ANG II-induced drinking behavior in MSG-treated rats. Thus it is evident that centrally acting GLP-1 modulates feeding and drinking behavior via neurones sensitive to MSG lesioning in the arcuate nucleus and circumventricular organs, respectively.
Preparation of ZnO Thin-Film Transducers by Vapor Transport (1968)

Thin films of ZnO were prepared for transducers and microwave acoustic delay lines. Preliminary results are reported for the latter devices. Vapor transport of ZnO in a sealed system was achieved at a source temperature of 700°C, a source-substrate distance of 10 cm, a substrate temperature of 570°C, and 2 mm O2. On (0001) sapphire substrates, x-ray diffraction proved ZnO (0002) planes were oriented parallel to the substrate. Methods were developed for the construction of predominantly longitudinal mode transducers. A one-way conversion loss of 20 dB at 1.2 GHz was measured.
Understanding Intra-Abdominal Hypertension (2011)

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) and abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) are highly morbid conditions that are common and underrecognized in the intensive care unit. Intra-abdominal hypertension affects the critically ill patient population and is not solely limited to the trauma and surgical subgroups. The recognition of IAH and ACS as distinct clinical states has become more apparent. Extensive bench and clinical research has shed significant light into the definition, incidence, etiology, physiology, clinical manifestations, and treatment strategies. Although further research into this morbid condition is needed, improvement in recognition is a critical first step. This review aims to scrutinize the basic science and clinical literature available on this condition in a surgically focused, organ-system-based approach.
Logical Functions of a Cross Junction of Excitable Chemical Media (2001)

We discuss properties of a cross junction composed of active areas, in which the Belousov−Zhabotinsky reaction proceeds, and passive stripes. The response of such a junction with respect to pulses of excitation arriving from perpendicular directions is studied. It is shown that the device works as a coincidence detector because the second pulse is stopped if it arrives earlier than a certain characteristic time after the first one. Using the Rovinsky−Zhabotinsky model, we calculate the size of the cross junction and specify its temporal characteristics. We suggest how the cross junction can work as a switch of a chemical signal.
The University of Nauvoo, 1841-45 (2009)

BlackA number of new sources reveal little-known facts about the University of Nauvoo.These facts provide unique properties and greater clarity to our understanding of the role of the university.This article will explain these facts and show why the university was established in Nauvoo, describe its structure from 1841 to 1845, and analyze its effectiveness and role in the city. Establishing a University in NauvooThe Lord commanded the early Saints to "teach one another the doctrines of the kingdom" (D&C 88:77).The reason was so that the Saints "may be instructed more perfectly in theory, in principle, in doctrine, in the law of the gospel, in all things that pertain unto the kingdom of God" (v.78).The Lord also admonished the Prophet Joseph Smith and his followers to learn "of things both in heaven and in the earth, and under the earth; things which have been, things which are, things which must shortly come to pass" (v.79).Hoping to implement these directives, Joseph instructed his followers early on to establish private schools to educate the children of the Church.In response, Latter-day Saints in Ohio opened their homes, shops, and barns for academic instruction.Eliza R. Snow taught the basics-reading, writing, and arithmetic; Orson Hyde taught English grammar, oration, and writing; and M.
Data driven operation of semiconductor amplifierloop mirror at 40 Gbit/s (1995)

A 40 Gbit/s OTDM signal is simultaneously wavelength converted over 10 nm and demultiplexed to 10 Gbit/s by a data driven semiconductor amplifier loop mirror. The regeneratively configured switch demonstrated negligible sensitivity to the data polarisation. Interchannel crosstalk arising from a finite switch extinction ratio was significantly reduced by using an appropriate probe signal.
Homozygous deletion of p16<sup>INK4a</sup>and tobacco carcinogen exposure in nonsmall cell lung cancer (2005)

Inactivation of p16(INK4a) in the Rb pathway is among the most common somatic alterations observed in nonsmall cell lung cancers (NSCLCs). While epigenetic inactivation of the p16(INK4a) gene promoter has been shown to be associated with increased tobacco carcinogen exposure, little investigation of any similar association of homozygous deletion or mutation of p16(INK4a) and tobacco use has been completed. In 177 consecutive NSCLCs, we examined the determinants of p16(INK4a) homozygous deletion and mutation, including the pattern of tobacco smoking and asbestos exposure. We observed that p16(INK4a) homozygous deletion occurred at a higher frequency in never smokers as compared to former and current smokers (p = 0.01). This observation suggested that tumors from these patients might be more prone to DNA deletion events; consistent with this, epigenetic silencing of the DNA double-strand break repair genes FancF and BRCA1 was also associated with homozygous deletion of p16(INK4a)(p = 0.002 and p = 0.06, respectively). Finally, mutation of p16(INK4a) was rare and only occurred in patients who were smokers. Hence, the character of somatic alteration in the Rb pathway (deletion, mutation or methylation silencing) in NSCLC is associated with the pattern of tobacco exposure, suggesting that susceptibility to lung cancer is, at least in part, mediated by the biological mechanism that selects for the character of the induced somatic lesion.