gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Muscles and their myokines (2010)

In the past, the role of physical activity as a life-style modulating factor has been considered as that of a tool to balance energy intake. Although it is important to avoid obesity, physical inactivity should be discussed in a much broader context. There is accumulating epidemiological evidence that a physically active life plays an independent role in the protection against type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, dementia and even depression. For most of the last century, researchers sought a link between muscle contraction and humoral changes in the form of an 'exercise factor', which could be released from skeletal muscle during contraction and mediate some of the exercise-induced metabolic changes in other organs such as the liver and the adipose tissue. We have suggested that cytokines or other peptides that are produced, expressed and released by muscle fibres and exert autocrine, paracrine or endocrine effects should be classified as 'myokines'. Given that skeletal muscle is the largest organ in the human body, our discovery that contracting skeletal muscle secretes proteins sets a novel paradigm: skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ producing and releasing myokines, which work in a hormone-like fashion, exerting specific endocrine effects on other organs. Other myokines work via paracrine mechanisms, exerting local effects on signalling pathways involved in muscle metabolism. It has been suggested that myokines may contribute to exercise-induced protection against several chronic diseases.
Interactions between the ectodomains of haemagglutinin and CD46 as a primary step in measles virus entry (1996)

Recombinant soluble forms of the ectodomains of measles virus haemagglutinin (sH) and of its receptor CD46 (sCD46) were obtained as a purified disulphide-bonded sH homodimer with an apparent molecular mass of 160 kDa and a purified sCD46 monomer with an apparent molecular mass of 60 kDa, without detectable contamination with moesin. Purified sH bound to purified and immobilized sCD46 and this binding was specifically inhibited by sCD46 in solution. sCD46 bound to wild-type H expressed on the cell surface and inhibited measles virus binding to CD46-expressing cells. Binding of sCD46 to cell surface H was increased about twofold when measles virus fusion protein was coexpressed with H. sH bound to wild-type cell surface CD46 and inhibited measles virus binding onto CD46-expressing cells. sCD46 also inhibited virus infection. Thus, the direct interaction between the ectodomains of H and CD46 is likely to be the primary event in measles virus infection.
Tumor Size and Breast Cancer Detection: What Might Be the Effect of a Less Sensitive Screening Tool Than Mammography? (2006)

In some limited-resource areas, a state-of-the-art mammography program is not affordable. In such circumstances, one might consider a less resource-intensive, but also less sensitive screening tool such as clinical breast examination (CBE). We used data from the Swedish Two-County Trial to estimate the shift in tumor size resulting from invitation to mammographic screening. By postulating a lesser benefit of a less sensitive screening tool (CBE), particularly in terms of detecting very small tumors, we predicted its likely effect on tumor size distribution. In addition, using the observed association between tumor size and nodal status, and between tumor size and fatality, we predicted the likely benefit in terms of reductions in node-positive disease and in breast cancer mortality. An invitation to mammographic screening was associated with a 27% reduction in the number of node-positive tumors and a 31% reduction in the number of breast cancer deaths. We estimate that in the trial population, screening with CBE alone would have led to an 11% reduction in node-positive tumors and an 11% reduction in breast cancer deaths (approximately 42 deaths prevented per 1,000 cases). Assuming instead a tumor size distribution typical of a limited-resource setting (70% of tumors are 30 mm at presentation), we estimate that screening with CBE alone would lead to a 13% reduction in node-positive tumors and a 12% reduction in breast cancer deaths (approximately 72 deaths prevented per 1,000 cases). Thus, although the relative benefit of CBE is only slightly greater in the limited-resource setting, the absolute reduction in deaths per case is about 70% higher. Our findings suggest that a less sensitive tool might be expected to confer a breast cancer mortality reduction about half of that observed with mammography.
Deconvolution of 2D transport currents from the local magnetic field distribution above flat superconducting samples (2002)

Measurements of the magnetic field distribution (magnetic images) above flat superconducting samples provide information on the pattern of current flow within the material. While several deconvolution procedures to calculate the current flow have been proposed, we show here that they do not always give accurate results in situations where the current flow extends to regions that are outside of the magnetic image window, as with transport currents in a conductor. We describe two new procedures which overcome the problem. The most accurate (and most direct) approach is to incorporate magnetic images at different heights above the sample. The second method relates to the more conventional case using only one field image at a finite height above a thin sample (but of finite thickness). The results compare favourably to existing approaches.
Relationship Between Biofilm Formation and Antimicrobial Resistance in Gram-Negative Bacteria (2018)

Gram-negative microorganisms are a significant cause of infection in both community and nosocomial settings. The increase, emergence, and spread of antimicrobial resistance among bacteria are the most important health problems worldwide. One of the mechanisms of resistance used by bacteria is biofilm formation, which is also a mechanism of virulence. This study analyzed the possible relationship between antimicrobial resistance and biofilm formation among isolates of three Gram-negative bacteria species. Several relationships were found between the ability to form biofilm and antimicrobial resistance, being different for each species. Indeed, gentamicin and ceftazidime resistance was related to biofilm formation in Escherichia coli, piperacillin/tazobactam, and colistin in Klebsiella pneumoniae, and ciprofloxacin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. However, no relationship was observed between global resistance or multidrug-resistance and biofilm formation. In addition, compared with other reported data, the isolates in the present study showed higher rates of antimicrobial resistance. In conclusion, the acquisition of specific antimicrobial resistance can compromise or enhance biofilm formation in several species of Gram-negative bacteria. However, multidrug-resistant isolates do not show a trend to being greater biofilm producers than non-multiresistant isolates.
A 22-bit floating point registered arithmetic logic unit (2005)

The LSI Products Division of TRW is currently developing a third chip for its growing family of 22-bit floating point arithmetic devices. Joining the adder and the multiplier later this year will be the registered arithmetic logic unit (RALU), built in TRW's dual-metal one-micron bipolar "Omicron-B" process. Operating at a guaranteed (military temperature and supply voltage ranges) speed of 6 MHz, this device will be able to store, retrieve, add, subtract, and normalize 22-bit floating point numbers, convert between 22-bit floating point and 16-bit fixed point formats, and add, subtract, and perform logical operations on 16-bit fixed point numbers. With its built-in shifters and controls, it can also perform a fixed point multiplication or division or a floating point division in 16 clock cycles. The architecture of the RALU is very similar to that of the widely used 2901 four-bit microprocessor slice. The bus widths have been widened from 4 to 22 bits and the instruction set has been expanded to encompass the eight standard 2901 functions (for fixed point) and eight additional floating point and fixed-float conversion operations. The 2901's internal dual port RAM has been retained and widened for a 22-bit word size.
New multipage teletext decoders (1991)

Some approaches to multipage decoders and their characteristics are described along with various transmission and operating methods. Two novel decoder ICs are then described, which use different techniques to achieve multipage capability. One decoder uses the background memory controller technique while the other uses the memory pointer technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Archäologie in der Zürcher Wasserkirche (2005)

L'eglise zurichoise de Wasserkirche est etroitement liee au culte des saints patrons et martyrs de la ville de Zurich, Felix et Regula, personnages qui figurent dans la serie des legendes se rapportant a la Legion thebaine. D'apres les sources ecrites et archeologiques, le lieu d'execution de ces saints fut venere depuis l'an 1000 environ. En 1940/41, Emil Vogt conduisit des fouilles de grande ampleur dans l'eglise. Si les resultats qu'il obtint sont, pour l'essentiel, encore valables aujourd'hui, ils ont laisse de nombreuses questions en suspens. Les investigations de 2004/5 ont conduit a la decouverte d'une tombe de premiere importance, qui montre que la Wasserkirche fut utilisee comme lieu de sepulture pour un groupe de personnes eminentes ayant vecu aux 11 e -12 e siecles.
Low-Spur, Low-Phase-Noise Clock Multiplier Based on a Combination of PLL and Recirculating DLL With Dual-Pulse Ring Oscillator and Self-Correcting Charge Pump (2008)

A clock multiplier combines the low reference spur of a PLL with the low phase noise of a recirculating DLL. It uses a ring oscillator that has two pulses running simultaneously that are phase independent. One pulse is used by a PLL to precisely set ring delay while the other pulse is periodically realigned with the reference phase by a process of pulse removal and reinsertion, similar to a DLL. The DLL reference spur due to static phase offset is eliminated, since the realigned pulse is not used to control the delay. A self-correcting charge pump is introduced that corrects for mismatches in the actual up-and down currents. The 0.048 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> 90 nm CMOS circuit has -122 dBc/Hz phase noise @ 200 kHz offset of an 800 MHz carrier, - 48 dBc reference spur and consumes 15 mW from a 1 V supply.
Light-weight xPath processing of XML stream with deterministic automata (2003)

Several applications based on XML stream processing have recently emerged, such as those for air traffic control and the selective dissemination of information (SDI). Their common need is to process a large number of XPath expressions in continuous XML streams at high throughput.This paper proposes four techniques for XPath expression processing based on Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) for two purposes: to improve the memory usage efficiency of the automata and to support the processing of branching XPath expressions. The first technique, called n-DFA, clusters the given XPath expressions into n clusters to reduce the number of DFA states. The second, called shared NFA state table, lets the Non-Deterministic Finite Automata (NFA) state set be shared among the DFA states. Our experiments show that memory usage in an 8-DFA can, with the shared NFA state table, be reduced to 1/40th that of the original 1-DFA. The optimized NFA conversion and general XPath expression processing algorithm techniques contribute to the processing of branching XPath expressions efficiently; overall performance is better than is possible with earlier approaches.
Runtime Verification Based on Executable Models: On-the-Fly Matching of Timed Traces (2013)

Runtime verification is checking whether a system execution satisfies or violates a given correctness property. A procedure that automatically, and typically on the fly, verifies conformance of the system's behavior to the specified property is called a monitor. Nowadays, a variety of formalisms are used to express properties on observed behavior of computer systems, and a lot of methods have been proposed to construct monitors. However, it is a frequent situation when advanced formalisms and methods are not needed, because an executable model of the system is available. The original purpose and structure of the model are out of importance; rather what is required is that the system and its model have similar sets of interfaces. In this case, monitoring is carried out as follows. Two "black boxes", the system and its reference model, are executed in parallel and stimulated with the same input sequences; the monitor dynamically captures their output traces and tries to match them. The main problem is that a model is usually more abstract than the real system, both in terms of functionality and timing. Therefore, trace-to-trace matching is not straightforward and allows the system to produce events in different order or even miss some of them. The paper studies on-the-fly conformance relations for timed systems (i.e., systems whose inputs and outputs are distributed along the time axis). It also suggests a practice-oriented methodology for creating and configuring monitors for timed systems based on executable models. The methodology has been successfully applied to a number of industrial projects of simulation-based hardware verification.
Snapshot Peptidomics of the Regulated Secretory Pathway (2009)

Neurons and endocrine cells have the regulated secretory pathway (RSP) in which precursor proteins undergo proteolytic processing by prohormone convertase (PC) 1/3 or 2 to generate bioactive peptides. Although motifs for PC-mediated processing have been described ((R/K)X(n)(R/K) where n = 0, 2, 4, or 6), actual processing sites cannot be predicted from amino acid sequences alone. We hypothesized that discovery of bioactive peptides would be facilitated by experimentally identifying signal peptide cleavage sites and processing sites. However, in vivo and in vitro peptide degradation, which is widely recognized in peptidomics, often hampers processing site determination. To obtain sequence information about peptides generated in the RSP on a large scale, we applied a brief exocytotic stimulus (2 min) to cultured endocrine cells and analyzed peptides released into supernatant using LC-MSMS. Of note, 387 of the 400 identified peptides arose from 19 precursor proteins known to be processed in the RSP, including nine peptide hormone and neuropeptide precursors, seven granin-like proteins, and three processing enzymes (PC1/3, PC2, and peptidyl-glycine alpha-amidating monooxygenase). In total, 373 peptides were informative enough to predict processing sites in that they have signal sequence cleavage sites, PC consensus sites, or monobasic cleavage sites. Several monobasic cleavage sites identified here were previously proved to be generated by PCs. Thus, our approach helps to predict processing sites of RSP precursor proteins and will expedite the identification of unknown bioactive peptides hidden in precursor sequences.
Novel circuit implementation of current conveyors using an o.a. and an o.t.a (1980)

A novel three-port active R circuit is proposed which is capable of implementing all the four forms of current conveyors (namely c.c.I+, c.c.I−, c.c.II+ and c.c.II−) through appropriate adjustments, by employing an operational amplifier, an operational transconductance amplifier and only two resistors.
Induction of Lethal Graft-versus-Host Disease by Anti-CD137 Monoclonal Antibody in Mice Prone to Chronic Graft-versus-Host Disease (2009)

Chronic graft-versus-host disease (cGVHD) is an increasingly frequent complication of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. We previously showed that anti-CD137 monoclonal antibody (mAb) can cure advanced cGVHD by inducing activation-induced cell death of donor T cells. In this study, we examined whether administration of anti-CD137 mAb can prevent the development of cGVHD after bone marrow transplantation (BMT) in mice conditioned with total body irradiation (TBI). We used the B10.D2-->Balb/c (H-2(d)) minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched model, which reflects clinical and pathological symptoms of human cGVHD. A single injection of anti-CD137 mAb was administered immediately after BMT. In contrast to the results obtained from the curing model of cGVHD, anti-CD137 given simultaneously with BMT resulted in lethal GVHD. Histopathologic evaluation revealed inflammation and damage of target organs from acute GVHD (aGVHD) in anti-CD137-treated mice. Anti-CD137-induced lethal aGVHD required host cells, as well as irradiation and mature donor T cells. Apparently, anti-CD137 mAb rapidly induced activation of donor T cells and sustained their activation status under the inflammatory condition triggered by irradiation. When given on day 12 after irradiation and BMT, anti-CD137 mAb could still exacerbate GVHD, but when given on day 30, it could not. Our data demonstrate that anti-CD137 mAb can amplify inflammation induced by host preconditioning, subsequently resulting in lethal aGVHD; thus, alleviating irradiation-induced toxicity is critical to allow the use of anti-CD137 mAb as GVHD prophylaxis.
An anti-inflammatory role for γ δ T lymphocytes in acquired immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1997)

Although a role for gammadelta receptor-bearing T cells in the acquired immune response to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis is suggested by several lines of evidence, the only data indicating a possible role in specific protective immunity have been provided by very high dose i.v. infection models. In the current study, more modest low dose inocula delivered by the aerosol route grew identically in wild-type controls and in mutant mice in which the Cdelta gene of the gammadelta TCR has been disrupted by homologous recombination. This situation did not change if the inoculum size was increased or if an aerosol challenge with an M. tuberculosis strain of higher virulence was given. However, while the control and containment of these infections was similar, the mutant mice exhibited a substantial pyogenic form of the granulomatous response compared with the lymphocytic response seen in control animals, a finding that may well explain mortality in the former group if high i.v. doses are given. These data indicate that gammadelta T cells do not directly contribute to protection against tuberculosis or that they do so only when bacterial loads are very high. Instead, the data suggest that gammadelta T cells perhaps play an important role by influencing local cellular traffic, promoting the influx of lymphocytes and monocytes, and limiting the access of inflammatory cells that do not contribute to protection but may cause tissue damage.
Esterolytic and Lipolytic Enzymes in Organic Synthesis (1991)

The review covers the various fields of applications of esterolytic and lipolytic enzymes in organic synthesis. In the past decade this class of biocatalysts has provided a plethora of valuable transformations of simple achiral or prochiral substrates into optically active building blocks for organic synthesis. Emphasis is put on enantioselective and/or regioselective transformations of racemic and/or multifunctional substrates. Equivalent reactions of proteases or amidases are mentioned in relevant cases. The industrially important interesterification of lipids is not included. 1. Introduction 2. Enzymatic Transformations of Prochiral and meso Substrates. 2.1 Synthesis of Chiral Dicarboxylic Acid Monoesters 2.2 Synthesis of Chiral Monoacyl Diols 3. Kinetically Controlled Transformation of Racemic Substrates 3.1 Synthesis of Optically Active Acids and Esters via Hydrolysis 3.2 Aliphatic and Aromatic Monohydroxy Substrates 3.3 Cyclic Monohydroxy Substrates 3.4 Dihydroxy Substrates 4. Intra- and Intermolecular Transesterification of Hydroxy Acids 5. Sulfur and Halogen Containing Substrates 6. Nitrogen containing Substrates; Formation of Peptide Bonds 7. Enzyme-Catalyzed Acylation and Deacylation of Polyhydroxy Compounds (Sugars) 8. Silicon-Containing Substrates 9. Organometallic Substrates 10. Immobilization and Modification of the Biocatalysts 11. Concluding Remarks
Synthesis of Some 2-Furyl and 2-Thienyl Chromones (1981)

Chemistry Department, Bhagalpur University, Bhagalpur-912 007 <em>Manuscript received 25 February 1980, revised 6 October 1980, accepted 5 November 1980</em> Synthesis of Some 2-Furyl and 2-Thienyl Chromones.
PACAP38: Emerging Drug Target in Migraine and Cluster Headache (2017)

Here, we review the role of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide-38 (PACAP38) in migraine and cluster headache (CH). Mounting evidence implicates signaling molecule PACAP38 in the pathophysiology of migraine. Human provocation studies show PACAP38 induces migraine attacks in migraine patients without aura and marked and sustained dilation of extracerebral arteries. PACAP38 selectively targets the PAC<sub>1</sub> receptor making this receptor a promising candidate for targeted migraine therapy. Randomized clinical trials are warranted to pursue this possible treatment pathway. PACAP38 provocation studies in CH could elucidate possible involvement of PACAP38 in CH pathophysiology and predict efficacy of PACAP38 antagonists in this primary headache.
Long-haul WDM transmission using no-guard-interval coherent optical OFDM (2009)

This paper reviews 100-Gb/s/ch long-haul WDM transmission techniques based on no-guard-interval coherent optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing.
Peer to Peer for Privacy and Decentralization in the Internet of Things (2017)

In the Internet of Things (IoT) era new connected devices will spread highly sensitive personal data. Sending this type of data to centralized companies represents a serious risk for people's privacy, since economical or political interests could lead to an illegitimate use of personal information (as shown by Snowden's revelations). With the purpose of overcoming such status-quo, our research goal is to develop software systems according to the notion of decentralized private-by-design IoT. The basic idea is that data produced by personal IoT devices are safely stored in a distributed system whose design guarantees privacy, leaving to the people-the real data owners-the decision of which of them to share and with whom. To achieve this goal, a possible solution is to leverage the use of Peer-to-Peer storage networks in combination with the blockchain. However, such architecture, despite promising, embeds still limitations, especially in terms of scalability. In this paper we discuss our research motivation, we describe our research idea applied in a possible scenario and we present the scalability problem.