gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactions of host APOBEC3 restriction factors with HIV-1 in vivo: implications for therapeutics (2010)

Restriction factors are natural cellular proteins that defend individual cells from viral infection. These factors include the APOBEC3 family of DNA cytidine deaminases, which restrict the infectivity of HIV-1 by hypermutating viral cDNA and inhibiting reverse transcription and integration. HIV-1 thwarts this restriction activity through its accessory protein virion infectivity factor (Vif), which uses multiple mechanisms to prevent APOBEC3 proteins such as APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F from entering viral particles. Here, we review the basic biology of the interactions between human APOBEC3 proteins and HIV-1 Vif. We also summarise, for the first time, current clinical data on the in vivo effects of APOBEC3 proteins, and survey strategies and progress towards developing therapeutics aimed at the APOBEC3-Vif axis.
<i>In vitro</i> antimalarial activity of crude extracts and compounds from <i>Artemisia abrotanum</i> L (1990)

Abstract Artemisia abrotanum L. (Compositae) is widely used in European herbal medicine for treatment of various ailments including fever. Crude extracts of this plant and some of their constituents were tested for antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum in vitro using the technique of [ 3 H]hypoxanthine incorporation. Two pure compounds, isofraxidin and a novel sesquiterpene, 1(S*)‐hydroxy‐α‐bisabololoxide A acetate were found to be active (IC 50 values of 7.95 and 5.09 m̈g/mL, respectively).
Conjugative transfer of cadmium resistance plasmids in Rhodococcus fascians strains (1988)

The presence of a 138-kilobase plasmid (pD188) correlated with increased resistance to cadmium in Rhodococcus fascians D188. This plasmid could be transferred by a conjugation-like system in matings between R. fascians strains. Transconjugants expressed the cadmium resistance and could be used as donors in subsequent matings. Four other R. fascians strains (NCPPB 1488, NCPPB 1675, NCPPB 2551, and ATCC 12974) could also be used as donors for cadmium resistance in matings. Strain NCPPB 1675 showed a 100% cotransfer of cadmium and chloramphenicol resistance markers.
Total Syntheses of Macrosphelides C, F, G and H (2004)

The title macrosphelides were synthesized by using two-step conversion of furans into γ-oxo-α,β- unsaturated carboxylic acids as a key step. In the case of macrosphelide H, AcCH2 group at C(3) was constructed from CH2=CHCH2 by Wacker oxidation under modified conditions. Keywords: macrosphelide, asymmetric synthesis, wacker oxidation, furan, furan oxidation
Determination of surface antigens on highly purified human NK cells by flow cytometry with monoclonal antibodies. (1981)

We examined highly purified populations of NK cells, T cells, monocytes, and PMN with a variety of monoclonal reagents presumed specific for T cells and monocytes. The enriched NK cells showed a pattern of reactivity that was distinct from that of the other 3 populations, sharing antigens with T cells but also sharing antigens with monocytes and/or PMN. A portion of the enriched NK cells expressed OKT8, OKT10, and Lyt-3 antigens that were reported previously as T cell-associated antigens, but no reactivity was seen with other T cell-associated antigens (OKT3, OKT4, OKT6, and OKT11). In addition a portion of the enriched NK cells were positive for OKM1, asialo-GM1, and Ia antigens, which are undetectable on typical T cells but are present on PMN and/or monocytes. By depletion of antigen-positive cells on antibody monolayers, it was found that the activity of the enriched NK population was associated mainly with cells reactive with OKT10, OKM1, and Lyt-3. Although considerable evidence exists to support the T lineage of NK cells, the sharing of some antigens by NK cells and monocytes has suggested a possible relationship of NK cells to cells of the monocyte lineage. A possibility certainly exists that NK cells are not in either T cell or monocyte lineages and may represent a separate lineage of lymphoid cells.
On the value of static analysis for fault detection in software (2006)

No single software fault-detection technique is capable of addressing all fault-detection concerns. Similarly to software reviews and testing, static analysis tools (or automated static analysis) can be used to remove defects prior to release of a software product. To determine to what extent automated static analysis can help in the economic production of a high-quality product, we have analyzed static analysis faults and test and customer-reported failures for three large-scale industrial software systems developed at Nortel Networks. The data indicate that automated static analysis is an affordable means of software fault detection. Using the orthogonal defect classification scheme, we found that automated static analysis is effective at identifying assignment and checking faults, allowing the later software production phases to focus on more complex, functional, and algorithmic faults. A majority of the defects found by automated static analysis appear to be produced by a few key types of programmer errors and some of these types have the potential to cause security vulnerabilities. Statistical analysis results indicate the number of automated static analysis faults can be effective for identifying problem modules. Our results indicate static analysis tools are complementary to other fault-detection techniques for the economic production of a high-quality software product.
High-Throughput Measurement of Polymer Blend Phase Behavior (2000)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVCommunication to the...Communication to the EditorNEXTHigh-Throughput Measurement of Polymer Blend Phase BehaviorJ. Carson Meredith, Alamgir Karim, and Eric J. AmisView Author Information Polymers Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899 Cite this: Macromolecules 2000, 33, 16, 5760–5762Publication Date (Web):July 15, 2000Publication History Received14 March 2000Revised31 May 2000Published online15 July 2000Published inissue 1 August 2000https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma0004662https://doi.org/10.1021/ma0004662rapid-communicationACS PublicationsCopyright © Not subject to U.S. Copyright. Published 2000 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1429Altmetric-Citations162LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Deposition,Diffusion,Porous materials,Silicon,Thin films Get e-Alerts
Structural Components of Ryanodine Responsible for Modulation of Sarcoplasmic Reticulum Calcium Channel Function (1997)

Comparative molecular field analysis (CoMFA) was used to analyze the relationship between the structure of a group of ryanoids and the modulation of the calcium channel function of the ryanodine receptor. The conductance properties of ryanodine receptors purified from sheep heart were measured using the planar, lipid bilayer technique. The magnitude of the ryanoid-induced fractional conductance was strongly correlated to specific structural loci on the ligand. Briefly, electrostatic effects were more prominent than steric effects. The 10-position of the ryanoid had the greatest influence on fractional conductance. Different regions of the ligand have opposing effects on fractional conductance. For example, steric bulk at the 10-position is correlated with decreased fractional conductance, whereas steric bulk at the 2-position (isopropyl position) is correlated with increased fractional conductance. In contrast to fractional conductance, the 3-position (the pyrrole locus) had the greatest influence on ligand binding, whereas the 10-position had comparatively little influence on binding. Two possible models of ryanodine action, a direct (or channel plug) mechanism and an allosteric mechanism, were examined in light of the CoMFA. Taken together, the data do not appear to be consistent with direct interaction between ryanodine and the translocating ion. The data appear to be more consistent with an allosteric mechanism. It is suggested the ryanoids act by inducing or stabilizing a conformational change in the ryanodine receptor that results in the observed alterations in cation conductance.
Further results on binary convolutional codes with an optimum distance profile (Corresp.) (1978)

Fixed binary convolutional codes are considered which are simultaneously optimal or near-optimal according to three criteria: namely, distance profile <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d</tex> , free distance <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d_{ \infty}</tex> , and minimum number of weight <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d_{\infty}</tex> paths. It is shown how the optimum distance profile criterion can be used to limit the search for codes with a large value of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d_{\infty}</tex> . We present extensive lists of such robustly optimal codes containing rate <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R = l/2</tex> nonsystematic codes, several with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d_{\infty}</tex> superior to that of any previously known code of the same rate and memory; rate <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R = 2/3</tex> systematic codes; and rate <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R = 2/3</tex> nonsystematic codes. As a counterpart to quick-look-in (QLI) codes which are not "transparent," we introduce rate <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">R = 1/2</tex> easy-look-in-transparent (ELIT) codes with a feedforward inverse <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">(1 + D,D)</tex> . In general, ELIT codes have <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">d_{\infty}</tex> superior to that of QLI codes.
Diverse forms of stress lead to new patterns of gene expression through a common and essential metabolic pathway. (1982)

Many eukaryotic organisms respond to heat shock by synthesizing new proteins. We examined the possibility that heat shock proteins represent a particular expression of a general response to stress and that, regardless of the nature of the effective stimulus, the same proteins are synthesized. Accordingly, cardiac stress was applied in the intact rat by four methods: banding the ascending aorta, increasing body temperature to 42 degrees C, reducing body temperature to 18 degrees C, and forcing the rat to swim until exhausted. The hearts were then extirpated and analyzed for new mRNA synthesis. The extracted RNA was translated in a cell-free medium containing [35S]methionine. Translation products were resolved by two-dimensional electrophoresis and visualized by autoradiography. Lactic acid concentration in heart tissue was determined enzymatically. The results showed that two new and distinct proteins of Mr 71,000 and isoelectric points of 5.8 and 6.1 were synthesized in hearts stressed by banding and by heating but not in hearts of exhausted swimmers or in animals at reduced body temperatures. There was no significant difference in cardiac lactic acid concentration between control hearts and hearts from swimmers or cold-treated animals. However, there was a 2-fold increase in lactic acid concentration in hearts of rats with banded aortas compared to controls and a 10-fold increase in heat shocked hearts. We conclude that, under conditions in which the energy requirements of the heart are not completely met by aerobic processes, the resultant lactic acidosis creates an intracellular environment that leads to the selective activation of genes, the production of new mRNA, and the synthesis of a typical group of stress proteins.
Systemic Tetracycline Treatment of Alkali-Induced Corneal Ulceration in Rabbits (1987)

Recent evidence has demonstrated a marked anticollagenolytic effect for the tetracycline antibiotics. We have examined the efficacy of systemic tetracycline hydrochloride in a rabbit model of corneal ulceration. A standard alkali burn (1N sodium hydroxide for 40 s) was delivered to 62 eyes (31 rabbits). Animals were then divided into three groups: group 1 (controls) (ten rabbits [20 eyes]) received no treatment; group 2 (ten rabbits [20 eyes]) received 10 mg/kg/d of tetracycline hydrochloride, given intramuscularly; and group 3 (11 rabbits [22 eyes]) received 50 mg/kg/d. Ulceration occurred in 85% (17/20) of control eyes. The higher dosage of tetracycline was more effective in preventing ulceration than the lower dosage (9.1% vs 55%). Eyes with higher levels of tetracycline in ocular tissues were less likely to ulcerate.
Rearrangement of Alkyl Groups. Kinetic and Tracer Studies in the Pinacol Rearrangement<sup>1</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRearrangement of Alkyl Groups. Kinetic and Tracer Studies in the Pinacol Rearrangement1Martin Stiles and Raymond P. MayerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 6, 1497–1503Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01515a054https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01515a054research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views490Altmetric-Citations52LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Melanin and Melanin-Related Polymers as Materials with Biomedical and Biotechnological Applications—Cuttlefish Ink and Mussel Foot Proteins as Inspired Biomolecules (2017)

The huge development of bioengineering during the last years has boosted the search for new bioinspired materials, with tunable chemical, mechanical, and optoelectronic properties for the design of semiconductors, batteries, biosensors, imaging and therapy probes, adhesive hydrogels, tissue restoration, photoprotectors, etc. These new materials should complement or replace metallic or organic polymers that cause cytotoxicity and some adverse health effects. One of the most interesting biomaterials is melanin and synthetic melanin-related molecules. Melanin has a controversial molecular structure, dependent on the conditions of polymerization, and therefore tunable. It is found in animal hair and skin, although one of the common sources is cuttlefish (Sepia officinalis) ink. On the other hand, mussels synthesize adhesive proteins to anchor these marine animals to wet surfaces. Both melanin and mussel foot proteins contain a high number of catecholic residues, and their properties are related to these groups. Dopamine (DA) can easily polymerize to get polydopamine melanin (PDAM), that somehow shares properties with melanin and mussel proteins. Furthermore, PDAM can easily be conjugated with other components. This review accounts for the main aspects of melanin, as well as DA-based melanin-like materials, related to their biomedical and biotechnological applications.
Suppression of the Nicotinic Acetylcholine Response in Rat Superior Cervical Ganglionic Neurons by Steroids (1999)

The effects of various types of steroids on the nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptor (nAChR)-mediated responses were investigated in superior cervical ganglionic neurons acutely dissociated from rats using nystatin perforated patch recording. ACh induced a peak followed by a gradual decrease in the inward current at a holding potential of -40 mV. Nicotine, but not muscarine, mimicked ACh. Hydrocortisone at a concentration of >10(-6) M reversibly suppressed both the peak and steady-state nicotine-induced currents (Inic) in a noncompetitive manner. The inhibition of Inic by hydrocortisone did not show any voltage dependency and persisted in the presence of either cyclic AMP modulators, forskolin and 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine, or a protein kinase A inhibitor, N-[2-(methylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulfonamide dihydrochloride (H-89). Beta-estradiol, androsterone, aldosterone, and 17alpha-estradiol mimicked hydrocortisone in its inhibitory action on ACh-induced currents (I(ACh)). The potency for the inhibitory actions on I(ACh) was as follows: androsterone > beta-estradiol > hydrocortisone > or = aldosterone = 17alpha-estradiol. Cholesterol had no effect on the I(ACh). In conclusion, the structural characteristics of a steroid are thus considered to be necessary to block nicotinic I(ACh) in rat superior cervical ganglionic cells, whereas the cholesterol side chain might disturb the inhibitory action of the steroid skeleton on nAChRs.
Auditing as a means of detecting waste (2017)

Abstract There can be numerous sources of waste in the transfusion service. The most obvious source is wastage of the blood products themselves, either by expiration on the shelf of the blood bank, or else after they have been issued to a patient location in the hospital but not used and not returned to the blood bank in time to be returned into the general inventory. Reducing expiration due to the former mechanism is the sole responsibility of the transfusion service – to make sure that its inventory is commensurate with the volume of transfusions performed at the hospital(s) that it serves. Audits of clinical practice, and the practices in the transfusion service itself, are essential to identify whether these sources of waste are occurring. For example, evaluating the crossmatch:transfusion (C:T) ratio for the various clinical services can identify those that order far more crossmatches compared to the number of red blood cell ( RBC ) units that they transfuse. Addressing and correcting this issue with the services with high C:T ratios can reduce the workload on the transfusion service by when fewer crossmatches are ordered, and the RBC inventory can be more easily managed if fewer RBC s are reserved for specific patients. Auditing the transfusion service can reveal wasteful practices, too. For example, the crossmatch:issue (C:I) ratio can indicate whether the transfusion service is optimizing their process (i.e. method and timing) of performing RBC crossmatches.
Diode-pumped Yb:Y2O3 ceramic laser (2003)

We report on a diode-pumped polycrystalline Yb:Y2O3 ceramic laser. We demonstrate that, with a pump power of 11 W at 937 nm, 0.75-W cw laser output at 1078 nm can be obtained from the laser. The laser had a threshold of 4.7 W and a slope efficiency of 12.6% when an output coupler of R=98% was used.
Optical Imaging of Epileptiform Activity in Human Neocortex (2004)

The surgical outcomes of patients suffering from neocortical epilepsy are not as successful as the surgical outcomes from resections of epilepsy patients with mesial temporal sclerosis. The main difficulty in the treatment of neocortical epilepsy is that current technology has limited accuracy in mapping neocortical epileptogenic tissue. It is known that the optical spectroscopic properties of brain tissue are correlated with changes in neuronal activity. The method of mapping these activity-evoked optical changes is known as imaging of intrinsic optical signals (IIOS). Activity-evoked optical changes measured in neocortex are generated by changes in cerebral hemodynamics (i.e., changes in blood oxygenation and blood volume). Our experimental approach was to acquire high-resolution IIOS maps of epileptiform activity in patients undergoing surgery for medically intractable neocortical epilepsy. Both spontaneous and stimulation-evoked epileptiform activity was monitored. Imaging of intrinsic optical signals was able to localize neocortical epileptic foci precisely by using changes in blood volume in contrast to changes in blood oxygenation. IIOS has the potential to translate from a purely research tool to a new intraoperative approach for the surgical treatment of neocortical epilepsy.
Improving HomePlug Power Line Communications with LDPC Coded OFDM (2006)

Power line communications (PLC) has received much attention due to the wide connectivity and availability of power lines. Effective PLC must overcome the harsh and noisy environments inherent in PLC channels. HomePlug 1.0 is the current PLC standard in North America. The physical layer of HomePlug 1.0 employs orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) as well as concatenated Reed-Solomon and convolutional coding. Aiming to obtain higher PLC throughput, we investigate the performance of OFDM with low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and compare the proposed scheme with HomePlug 1.0 ROBO mode. In our simulations, the PLC channel is modeled by multipath fading, with Middleton's Class A noise (AWCN) model simulating the worst-case impulsive noise. We apply clipping to lessen the impact of impulsive noise. A simple but effective method is devised to estimate the variance of the clipped noise for LDPC decoding. In comparison with ROBO mode, the proposed scheme offers improved performance and lower computational complexity per decoded bit. Our scheme provides increased throughput by dispensing with ROBO mode's repetitive transmission of information to gain time diversity
A time-to-first spike CMOS imager (2004)

A novel time-to-first-spike CMOS imager is presented, in which the timing of a single spike from each pixel encodes the illuminance of each pixel. This temporal representation of illuminance can widen the image sensor dynamic range to over 100 dB. To reduce power consumption, an asynchronous address-event readout technique is incorporated. The imager essentially implements a pixel-level A/D conversion and benefits from the continued process scaling to deep submicron levels. Results are shown from a 32/spl times/32 pixel imager fabricated in the 0.5 /spl mu/m AMI process with measured dynamic range of 104 dB in one image. A test chip with one pixel and digital control logic has been fabricated through MOSIS using the TSMC 0.18 /spl mu/m standard digital CMOS process. It has demonstrated the expected functionalities. A modified architecture is also proposed for a larger imager array.