gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wafer Scale Synthesis and High Resolution Structural Characterization of Atomically Thin MoS<sub>2</sub> Layers (2014)

Synthesis of atomically thin MoS 2 layers and its derivatives with large‐area uniformity is an essential step to exploit the advanced properties of MoS 2 for their possible applications in electronic and optoelectronic devices. In this work, a facile method is reported for the continuous synthesis of atomically thin MoS 2 layers at wafer scale through thermolysis of a spin coated‐ammonium tetrathiomolybdate film. The thickness and surface morphology of the sheets are characterized by atomic force microscopy. The optical properties are studied by UV–Visible absorption, Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopies. The compositional analysis of the layers is done by X‐ray photo­emission spectroscopy. The atomic structure and morphology of the grains in the polycrystalline MoS 2 atomic layers are examined by high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy. The electron mobilities of the sheets are evaluated using back‐gate field‐effect transistor configuration. The results indicate that this facile method is a promising approach to synthesize MoS 2 thin films at the wafer scale and can also be applied to synthesis of WS 2 and hybrid MoS 2 ‐WS 2 thin layers.
Practical Approach to Anonymity in Large Scale Electronic Voting Schemes. (1999)

Anonymity of ballots in electronic voting schemes usually relies on the existence of some kind of anonymous channel between voters and ballot collecting authorities. Currently, there exist solutions based on the mix concept, which allow for anonymous e-mail communications. However, integration of such solutions into the implementation of a voting scheme has some problems. In this paper we propose a large scale voting scheme based on the concurrent operation of multiple electronic electoral colleges, with no need for independent anonymous channels. Anonymity of ballots is assured by shu#ing of ballot boxes by a set of mobile agents acting on behalf of a central voting authority. Our voting scheme is totally self-contained and suitable to be implemented over large internets. 1. Introduction The objective of electronic voting schemes is to allow elections to take place securely over general-purpose and open computer networks. During the ballot collecting process, a set of eligible voter...
The SURE reliability analysis program (1986)

The SURE program is a new reliability tool for ultrareliable computer system architectures. The program is based on computational methods recently developed for the NASA Langley Research Center. These methods provide an efficient means for computing accurate upper and lower bounds for the death state probabilities of a large class of semi-Markov models. Once a semi-Markov model is described using a simple input language, the SURE program automatically computes the upper and lower bounds on the probability of system failure. A parameter of the model can be specified as a variable over a range of values directing the SURE program to perform a sensitivity analysis automatically. This feature, along with the speed of the program, makes it especially useful as a design tool.
Deep space optical communications (2018)

The future demand for enhanced telecommunication capacity required to support human and robotic exploration from deep-space has motivated the advancement of free-space laser communication technologies for the past few decades. Steady advances in these technologies, validated through space-to-ground demonstrations, have resulted in incremental advances with the deep-space optical communications (DSOC) technology demonstration being one of the next milestones on NASA’s roadmap. NASA’s Psyche Mission to launch early next decade plans to host a DSOC flight laser transceiver for link demonstrations extending from 0.1 to farther than 2 astronomical units (AU). The capabilities validated though this demonstration, we expect, could spur the use of optical communications infrastructure around Mars in the next few decades. In this paper we summarize ongoing activities underway at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in preparation for the DSOC technology demonstration and go on to present discussions on the drivers for developing a robust deep space laser communications operational capability.
Plasma sheath thickness in radio-frequency discharges (1990)

The radio-frequency glow discharges of several kinds of gases were examined to measure the ion sheath thickness at the cathode electrode. At intermediate gas pressures around 0.05– 0.5 Torr, the sheath thickness d depends on the pressure P in the expression P1/2d=K0 for almost all of the discharges examined. It was also pointed out that the constant K0 value decreased linearly against a mass of the predominant ion in the plasma. The discrepancy between the sheath thickness measured in this work and by theoretical solution was discussed for the argon discharge.
Quinoline Alkaloids, Coumarins and Volatile Constituents of Helietta longifoliata (2002)

A new quinoline alkaloid named helietidine ( 1), and seven known compounds ( 2 - 8) have been isolated from the stem barks of Helietta longifoliata. The structures of the new and the known compounds were established on the basis of spectral evidence, especially by 2D NMR ( 1H- 1H COSY, NOESY, HMQC, HMBC). In addition, the volatile constituents of H. longifoliata leaves were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Twenty-five constituents were identified representing ca. of 96 % of the oil, and limonene (17.50 %), germacrene D (16.60 %), elemol (11.81 %), bicyclogermacrene (11.67 %), guaiol (11.53), and epi-alpha-bisabolol (7.24 %) were the most abundant components. The oil was bioactive against some Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, as revealed by bioautography.
Finite Translations in Solid-State Physics (1967)

Eigenvalues of finite translations are used for specifying a complete set of states in quantum mechanics. A derivation of these states is given and they are shown to be very useful in solid-state physics.
Streptavidin Paramagnetic Particles Provide a Choice of Three Affinity-Based Capture and Magnetic Concentration Strategies for Retroviral Vectors (2001)

Three strategies have been designed to concentrate infectious retroviral vectors from the supernatants of human- (HT1080) and murine- (NIH 3T3) based packaging cells. Streptavidin-conjugated paramagnetic particles in conjunction with (i) antibodies directed against murine fibronectin, (ii) biotinylated lectins, or (iii) biotin-modified packaging cell-surface proteins allow affinity-mediated magnetic concentration of retroviral vectors. Retroviral titers (assayed by colony formation of human myeloid K562 cells) are increased by 1-4 x 10(3)-fold after volume reductions of only 125-fold. Using these procedures, preparations of 5 x 10(8) cfu/ml are routinely made from relatively low-titer (2-5 x 10(5) cfu/ml) starting material. High-titer (paramagnetic) retroviral vector preparations can be used for magnetic field-dependent retroviral infection in vitro. Magnetic field-dependent localization such as this may enable the in vivo administration of formulations that concentrate retroviral infection to the required target tissues and organs.
Resistance to Glucocorticoid Feedback in Obesity (2001)

Increased hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal axis drive has been reported in obese subjects but with paradoxically low or normal levels of plasma cortisol. Our current study was designed to investigate whether glucocorticoid feedback was altered in obesity, both under basal and stressed conditions. Plasma ACTH and cortisol concentrations in male control or obese subjects (age range 20-50 yr) were measured at frequent intervals over 24 h during infusion of saline or hydrocortisone at two physiological doses (7.5 and 15 mg/d) designed to occupy predominantly mineralocorticoid rather than glucocorticoid receptors. The same subjects then underwent insulin-induced hypoglycemia either in the morning or the evening. Obese subjects had significantly higher basal ACTH and lower cortisol concentrations throughout the 24 h infusion period, compared with controls (P < 0.05, two-way ANOVA followed by Newman-Keuls posthoc analysis). Basal plasma ACTH was decreased in obese groups given low- or high-dose hydrocortisone during the day (P < 0.05) but not during the night, unlike controls who responded to hydrocortisone both during the day and at night (P < 0.05). Obese subjects also showed resistance to steroid-induced inhibition of the ACTH response to hypoglycemia, compared with controls (P < 0.05). These data clearly show that obesity is associated with a relative insensitivity to glucocorticoid feedback, which is most marked during the night, and suggest that this condition is characterized by a decreased mineralocorticoid receptor response to circulating corticosteroids.
Occurrence of by-products of strong oxidants reacting with drinking water contaminants--scope of the problem. (1986)

This paper describes results of a detailed literature review of the organic and inorganic by-products that have been identified as being formed in aqueous solution with four of the strong oxidizing/disinfecting agents commonly employed in drinking water treatment. These agents are: chlorine, chlorine dioxide, chloramine, and ozone. Significant findings include the production of similar nonchlorinated organic oxidation products from chlorine, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. In addition, all three chlorinous oxidants/disinfectants can produce chlorinated by-products under certain conditions. The presence of chloronitrile compounds in drinking waters is indicated to arise from reactions of chlorine or chloramine to amine/amide functions in amino acids or proteinaceous materials, followed by dehydrohalogenation. These nitriles could hydrolyze to produce the corresponding chloroacetic acids. It is concluded that to minimize the presence of oxidation by-products in drinking waters, the concentrations of oxidizable organic/inorganic impurities should be lowered before any oxidizing agent is added.
Surviving the Flood: Antediluvian Libraries and the Ark (2011)

The paper gives a broad historical overview of the development of library automation and then assesses the impact of the Internet on libraries. It asserts that the profession has not always been adept at understanding the impact of changes although frequent early adopters of technology. It concludes that librarians need to step back and develop a new philosophy which understands how new applications are changing users’ lives and how libraries need to respond to ensure their continuing relevance.
Recent progress and remaining challenges in sulfur-based lithium secondary batteries – a review (2013)

This review is an attempt to report the latest development in lithium-sulfur batteries, namely the storage system that, due to its potential energy content, is presently attracting considerable attention both for automotive and stationary storage applications. We show here that consistent progress has been achieved, to the point that this battery is now considered to be near to industrial production. However, the performance of present lithium-sulfur batteries is still far from meeting their real energy density potentiality. Thus, the considerable breakthroughs so far achieved are outlined in this review as the basis for additional R&D, with related important results, which are expected to occur in the next few years.
FOXP3 Up-regulates <i>p21</i> Expression by Site-Specific Inhibition of Histone Deacetylase 2/Histone Deacetylase 4 Association to the Locus (2009)

p21 loss has been implicated in conferring oncogenic activity to known tumor suppressor gene KLF4 and cancer drug tamoxifen. Regulators of p21, therefore, play critical roles in tumorigenesis. Here, we report that X-linked tumor suppressor FOXP3 is essential for p21 expression in normal epithelia and that lack of FOXP3 is associated with p21 down-regulation in breast cancer samples. A specific FOXP3 binding site in the intron 1 is essential for p21 induction by FOXP3. FOXP3 specifically inhibited binding of histone deacetylase 2 (HDAC2) and HDAC4 to the site and increased local histone H3 acetylation. Short hairpin RNA silencing of either HDAC2 or HDAC4 is sufficient to induce p21 expression. Our data provides a novel mechanism for transcription activation by FOXP3 and a genetic mechanism for lack of p21 in a large proportion of breast cancer.
Understanding cross-cultural communication (1994)

The need for cross-cultural communication skills arises whenever people from different languages and cultures come into contact. With increased tourism, international business, students studying overseas, and increasing awareness of indigenous minority cultures there is concern to foster better communication among different cultural groups. In the present paper, examples of cultural differences in communication in Australia and New Zealand are presented. Two approaches to the training of cross-cultural communication skills are described: the cultural assimilator developed by Brislin, and McCaffery's “learning how to learn” orientation.
An alternative implementation of the reference monitor concept (military messaging, secure) (2003)

Research into the multilevel secure automated exchange of military messages is reported. This work represents approaches to 'designed-in security that are not based on the security kernal and Bell/LaPadula model approaches that have dominated military message systems and the industry. Instead, the approach is based on the concept of a network of communicating finite-state machines. The resulting product is the military message embedded executive (ME2), and its supporting hardware base, the trusted military message processor. Beyond its state machine architecture it is suggested that the (ME2) is additionally unique for its attention to the process security requirements of embedded computers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Intermediate filament change in astrocytes following mild cortical contusion (1996)

Astrocytes are known to become reactive as a result of various types of lesions. They upregulate astrocytic-specific intermediate filament glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and show a positive signal for the intermediate filament vimentin, a protein primarily found in developing astrocytes. An animal model for cortical contusions has been developed that manifests many of the neuropathologies seen in human closed head injury. The model involves an electronic controlled pneumatic impact device (ECPI), which can deliver precise and controlled cortical contusions to an animal. This model can be used to study astrocyte response to injury, leading to a better understanding of glial reaction to head trauma in humans. Young adult male Fisher 344 rats were subjected to a mild dorsal lateral cortical impact. The astrocytic intermediate filaments GFAP and vimentin were upregulated in a time-dependent manner 2 days after injury. By 30 days following contusion these intermediate filaments returned to near preinjury levels. Using the same injury model bromodeoxynridine (BrdU) was injected in additional animals on the day of sacrifice, 1, 2, 4, and 10 days after injury, to label cells synthesizing new DNA. Double labeling utilizing fluorescence immunocytochemistry indicated that on postinjury day 2 very few GFAP-positive cells were double labeled with BrdU. No double-labeled cells were seen at the other time points. These data suggest that astrocyte proliferation may not be a major response to mild cortical contusion and that vimentin expression may not necessarily be associated with astrocytic proliferation in response to injury.
Leafy Spurge (<i>Euphorbia esula</i>) Cell Cultures for Screening Deleterious Rhizobacteria (1994)

Bioassays using cell cultures and callus tissues of leafy spurge were devised to evaluate the potential of rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents. Rhizobacteria isolated from roots of leafy spurge seedlings were screened in suspension-cultured leafy spurge cells. Cell viability was assessed using the Evan's blue bioassay 48 h after bacterial inoculation. Among the 30 isolates tested, LS102 and LS105 consistently caused intensive cell death determined by measuring the A 630 of the inoculated cell cultures. Cell death was 2.5 to 3 times higher in cultures inoculated with LS105 and LS102, respectively, than in the control. Population levels of the two isolates within cell cultures and callus tissues of leafy spurge increased during the first 48 h. Leafy spurge callus tissues were inoculated with rhizobacteria either directly or by using the Host Pathogen Interaction System (HPIS). The latter exposes calli to bacteria without any physical contact. LS102 caused cellular leakage and eventually death of the callus tissue. Callus growth was reduced by about 30 to 70% when exposed to LS102 and LS105, respectively. Results suggest that these two isolates may affect leafy spurge at the cellular level by different mechanisms. A screening method based on cell cultures and callus tissues offers a good and rapid technique for detecting deleterious rhizobacteria with potential as biocontrol agents for leafy spurge.
Combination of Supervised and Reinforcement Learning For Vision-Based Autonomous Control (2018)

Reinforcement learning methods have recently achieved impressive results on a wide range of control problems. However, especially with complex inputs, they still require an extensive amount of training data in order to converge to a meaningful solution. This limitation largely prohibits their usage for complex input spaces such as video signals, and it is still impossible to use it for a number of complex problems in a real world environments, including many of those for video based control. Supervised learning, on the contrary, is capable of learning on a relatively small number of samples, however it does not take into account reward-based control policies and is not capable to provide independent control policies. In this article we propose a model-free control method, which uses a combination of reinforcement and supervised learning for autonomous control and paves the way towards policy based control in real world environments. We use SpeedDreams/TORCS video game to demonstrate that our approach requires much less samples (hundreds of thousands against millions or tens of millions) comparing to the state-of-the-art reinforcement learning techniques on similar data, and at the same time overcomes both supervised and reinforcement learning approaches in terms of quality. Additionally, we demonstrate the applicability of the method to MuJoCo control problems.
FastEx: Hash Clustering with Exponential Families (2012)

Clustering is a key component in any data analysis toolbox. Despite its impor-tance, scalable algorithms often eschew rich statistical models in favor of simpler descriptions such as k-means clustering. In this paper we present a sampler, ca-pable of estimating mixtures of exponential families. At its heart lies a novel proposal distribution using random projections to achieve high throughput in gen-erating proposals, which is crucial for clustering models with large numbers of clusters. 1
Imaging of EGFR and EGFR Tyrosine Kinase Overexpression in Tumors by Nuclear Medicine Modalities (2008)

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) play a pivotal role in signal transduction pathways and in the development and maintenance of various cancers. They are involved in multiple processes such as transcription, cell cycle progression, proliferation, angiogenesis and inhibition of apoptosis. Among the PTKs, the EGFR is one of the most widely studied and has emerged as a promising key target for the treatment of cancer. Indeed, several drugs directed at this receptor are FDA-approved and many others are at various stages of development. However, thus far, the therapeutic outcome of EGFR-targeted therapy is suboptimal and needs to be refined. Quantitative PET molecular imaging coupled with selective labelled biomarkers may facilitate in vivo EGFR-targeted drug efficacy by noninvasively assessing the expression of EGFR in tumor, guiding dose and regime by measuring target drug binding and receptor occupancy as well as potentially detecting the existence of a primary or secondary mutation leading to either drug interaction or failure of EGFR recognition by the drug. This review describes the attempts to develop labelled EGFR molecular imaging agents that are based either on low molecular weight tyrosine kinase inhibitors or monoclonal antibodies directed to the extracellular binding domain of the receptor to be used in nuclear medicine modalities.
Anti-inflammatory and Immune Regulatory Effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne 70% Ethanol Extract (2018)

Background: This present study was conducted to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and immune regulatory effects of Aucklandia lappa Decne (AL).BRMethods and Results: We measured cytotoxicity, nitric oxide (NO) content, mRNA expression (iNOS, IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α), protein expression (iNOS, COX-2, and IκB-α) and phagocytic activity in RAW264.7 cells. Male BALB/c mice were fed 100 ㎎/㎏ AL (Aucklandia lappa Decneon 70% ethanol extract) and 250 ㎎/㎏ AL for 4 weeks; thereafter, we observed B/T or CD4SUP /SUP/CD8SUP+/SUP lymphocyte subpopulation change, and expression patterns of CD4SUP+/SUP and CD8SUP+/SUP lymphocytes by immunohistochemical staining in mouse splenocytes and/or thymocytes. To determine the experimental concentration of AL, cell viability was measured by MTT assay and tested at 12.5 ㎍/㎖ or less. AL inhibited the levels of NO, lymphokine production (IL-1β, and TNF-α), and mRNA (iNOS, IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNF-α) and protein (iNOS, and COX-2) expression. Additionally, the levels of IκB-α, phagocytic activity, and splenic and thymic T lymphocytes, especially TSUBH/SUB and TSUBC/SUB cells were significantly increased in AL administered mice. The immuno-reactive density of CD4SUP+/SUP and CD8SUP+/SUP lymphocytes was stronger in AL groups than in the normal group. AL stimulated NO, iNOS, and COX-2, and regulated IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α, and IκB-α in macrophages treated with LPS (lipopolysaccharide). In addition, AL increased the phagocytic activity of macrophages and the immunity of mouse T (TSUBH/SUB, and TSUBC/SUB) cells.BRConclusions: These results suggested that AL might show anti-inflammatory activity via the suppression of various inflammatory markers and immuno-regulatory activity.
Mapping activation levels of skeletal muscle in healthy volunteers: An MRI study (2006)

There is substantial variation in the level of activation within and among the TS muscles; however, the activation level is mainly in the moderate to low range in all three muscles.
Multiuser MISO Transmitter Optimization for Intercell Interference Mitigation (2010)

The transmitter optimization (i.e., steering vectors and power allocation) for a MISO broadcast channel subject to general linear constraints is considered. Such constraints include, as special cases, the sum-power, per-antenna or per-group-of-antennas power, and “forbidden interference direction” constraints. We consider both the optimal dirty-paper coding and simple suboptimal linear zero-forcing beamforming strategies, and provide numerically efficient algorithms that solve the problem in its most general form. As an application, we consider a multicell scenario with partial cell cooperation, where each cell optimizes its transmitter by taking into account interference constraints on specific users in adjacent cells. The effectiveness of the proposed method is evaluated in a simple system scenario including two adjacent cells and distance-dependent pathloss, under different fairness criteria that emphasize the bottleneck effect of users near the cell “edge.” Our results show that this “active” Intercell Interference (ICI) mitigation outperforms the conventional “static” ICI mitigation based on fractional frequency reuse.