gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Black Start and Island Operation Capabilities of Wind Power Plants (2017)

Current practice of wind turbines’ start-up relies on the electricity available at the network that they are connected. Hence, in case of a long duration of electricity shortage, external auxiliary power supplies are needed for starting and running the wind turbines or at least for powering their internal auxiliary loads. The state of the art wind turbines with power electronics based converters can be equipped with functions such that they can start and run without the need for external auxiliary power supplies; and furthermore wind power plants composed of the state of the art wind turbines can form grid voltage and operate as a stiff voltage source, as long as wind blows. This can help fast and environmental friendly black start solutions by wind turbines for power system restoration and also use of cost effective offshore HVDC converters (e.g. diode rectifier) as well. Additionally, this would help to avoid today’s necessity of auxiliary diesel generators for offshore wind power plants, which in turn would increase reliability and decrease cost. In this paper the background and existing solutions for wind turbine and wind power plant (self) start-up and island operation are presented, while the challenges are identified as future focus areas.
L-glutamine with D-glucose stimulates oxidative metabolism and NaCl absorption in piglet jejunum (1992)

To explore the relationship between intestinal fluid absorption and oxidative metabolism, we measured the effects of amino acids and glucose on piglet jejunal ion transport and oxygen consumption (QO2) in vitro. Jejunal QO2 was stimulated by L-glutamine and D-glucose but not by the nonmetabolizable organic solutes methyl beta-D-glucoside or L-phenylalanine. QO2 was maximally enhanced by the combination of D-glucose and L-glutamine (5 mM). Even though 5 mM L-glutamine was previously found to be insufficient to stimulate NaCl absorption, 5 mM L-glutamine enhanced jejunal NaCl flux when combined with equimolar mucosal D-glucose. Either D-glucose or methyl beta-D-glucoside caused an increase in short-circuit current (Isc), an increase in Na+ absorption in excess of Isc, and a decrease in Cl- secretion, when L-glutamine was substituted for D-glucose (10 mM) on the serosal side. This relationship suggests that mucosal sugars, if combined with L-glutamine, enhance neutral NaCl absorption as well as electrogenic Na+ flow. (Aminooxy)acetate, an inhibitor of alanine aminotransferase, abolished the stimulation of QO2 and the NaCl-absorptive response to L-glutamine. We conclude that the oxidative metabolism fueled by L-glutamine is linked to a NaCl-absorptive mechanism in the intestine. We propose that the CO2 produced by glutamine metabolism yields carbonic acid, which dissociates to H+ and HCO3-, which may stimulate parallel antiports in the apical membrane.
In vitro Activity of Monoclonal and Recombinant Yeast Killer Toxin-like Antibodies Against Antibiotic-resistant Gram-positive Cocci (2000)

scFvKT exerted a microbicidal activity against multidrug resistant bacteria, which may represent the basis for the drug modeling of new antibiotics with broad antibacterial spectra to tackle the emergence of microbial resistance.
Low energy focused ion beam system design (2006)

Focused ion beam (FIB) systems operated at typically 30keV energy have now reached a remarkable level of sophistication in terms of optical performance. Not unlike the much earlier developments in scanning electron microscopy, there now seems to be a fairly recent trend towards also enhancing the low energy performance of these systems—mainly driven by their possible utilization in transmission electron microscopy sample preparation. However, low energy operation indeed appears to have already been an issue in the very early days of FIB development—although then against the background of potential applications in direct semiconductor device fabrication. In this study, different approaches for generating low energy ion probes are discussed on the basis of previous and existing FIB systems for which experimental data have been made available. Subsequently, a dedicated low energy focused ion beam column design is introduced, which operates similarly to many modern field emission scanning electron microscopes. The performance of the system is assessed by means of standard aberration-optical calculations as well as by using data from direct ray tracing. The latter also allows the consideration of the impact of mutual Coulomb interactions.
Mechanistic Studies of the Rhodium-Catalyzed Direct C–H Amination Reaction Using Azides as the Nitrogen Source (2014)

Direct C-H amination of arenes offers a straightforward route to aniline compounds without necessitating aryl (pseudo)halides as the starting materials. The recent development in this area, in particular in the metal-mediated transformations, is significant with regard to substrate scope and reaction conditions. Described herein are the mechanistic details on the Rh-catalyzed direct C-H amination reaction using organic azides as the amino source. The most important two stages were investigated especially in detail: (i) the formation of metal nitrenoid species and its subsequent insertion into a rhodacycle intermediate, and (ii) the regeneration of catalyst with concomitant release of products. It was revealed that a stepwise pathway involving a key Rh(V)-nitrenoid species that subsequently undergoes amido insertion is favored over a concerted C-N bond formation pathway. DFT calculations and kinetic studies suggest that the rate-limiting step in the current C-H amination reaction is more closely related to the formation of Rh-nitrenoid intermediate rather than the presupposed C-H activation process. The present study provides mechanistic details of the direct C-H amination reaction, which bears both aspects of the inner- and outer-sphere paths within a catalytic cycle.
Proteophosphoglycan, a Major Secreted Product of Intracellular<i>Leishmania mexicana</i>Amastigotes, Is a Poor B-Cell Antigen and Does Not Elicit a Specific Conventional CD4<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Response (1999)

Secreted and surface-exposed antigens of intracellular pathogens are thought to provide target structures for detection by the host immune system. The major secreted product of intracellular Leishmania mexicana amastigotes, a proteophosphoglycan (aPPG), is known to contribute to the establishment of the parasitophorous vacuole and is able to activate complement. aPPG belongs to a novel class of serine- and threonine-rich Leishmania proteins that are extensively modified by phosphodiester-linked phosphooligosaccharides and terminal mannooligosaccharides. Here we show that mice chronically infected with L. mexicana generally do not produce antibodies or Th cells specific for aPPG. Similarly, antibody titers are very low in mice vaccinated with aPPG, and specific CD4+ T cells are undetectable. Comparative analyses of other Leishmania glycoconjugates indicate that L. mexicana-specific carbohydrate structures are poorly immunogenic in mice and that the proteophosphoglycan aPPG behaved immunologically like a carbohydrate. The latter observation is explained by the lack of induction of aPPG-specific CD4+ T cells. In contrast, recombinant aPPG peptides stimulate CD4+ T-cell responses and high titers of specific antibodies are found in the sera of mice vaccinated with these peptides. Native aPPG is highly resistant to proteinases and apparently cannot be degraded by macrophages. It is concluded that conventional CD4+ T cells against the polypeptide backbone of aPPG are not induced because the molecule resists antigen processing due to its extensive and complex carbohydrate modification. The complex glycan chains of aPPG, which exhibit important biological functions for the parasite, may therefore also have evolved to evade detection by the immune system of the host organism.
Processing Swedish sentences : a unification-based grammar and some applications (1997)

A unification-based grammar is a type of language description well suited for the implementation on a computer. As many other contemporary grammar theories, almost all the unification-based ones advocate the usage of a set of phrase structure rules to describe how acceptable utterances are formed in a particular language. The constituents of the rules are annotated with a set of features. Rules may be applied to phrases only if the structure of a rule and a phrase match each other, or in other words, if they unify. That is, if their features only take on values of the same types and within the same ranges. The thesis describes the implementation of a large-scale unification-based grammar for Swedish. Part of the text is devoted to the more theoretical and linguistic sides, discussing all the different grammar rules, while concentrating the main effort on the treatment of verb phrases. Another part addresses a range of different application areas in which a language processing system eq...
Phase and amplitude correction for multi‐echo water–fat separation with bipolar acquisitions (2010)

For bipolar multi-echo acquisitions, uniform water-fat separation can be achieved by removing high order phase errors with the proposed method.
Recast and Elicitation: The Effectiveness of Corrective Feedback on Japanese Language Learners (2021)

This paper examines the effectiveness of corrective feedback on learners of the Japanese language. The current study had a total of 25 students who agreed to participate, consisting of both advanced and intermediate levels. There are six main types of corrective feedback established and defined by Lyster and Ranta (1997), this study focused on two particular types, recast (a category of implicit) and elicitation (a category of prompt). Comparing a particular feedback or a category of feedback with another has been one of the ongoing topics in the field of second language (L2) learning. The present study is intended to examine which feedback works better for the learners in terms of repairing their mistakes and to investigate which learner group shows a better effect on each feedback. The results suggest that elicitation is more beneficial to L2 learners than recast in reformulating their utterance. The reason for this is likely that elicitation is not as implicit as recast; thus, the learners had a better opportunity to notice elicitation that was given when they made a mistake. Interestingly, this outcome also provided a comparison between the advanced and intermediate groups. Both repaired their mistakes more after elicitation was given, but the advanced group did better. Since each group displayed almost the same moderate rate of repairing for recast, what truly differentiated one group from the other was elicitation. This result suggests that learners who have more knowledge of the target language will benefit from elicitation.
Bilingual Collocation Extraction Based on Syntactic and Statistical Analyses (2004)

In this paper, we describe an algorithm that employs syntactic and statistical analysis to extract bilingual collocations from a parallel corpus. Collocations are pervasive in all types of writing and can be found in phrases, chunks, proper names, idioms, and terminology. Therefore, automatic extraction of monolingual and bilingual collocations is important for many applications, including natural language generation, word sense disambiguation, machine translation, lexicography, and cross language information retrieval. Collocations can be classified as lexical or grammatical collocations. Lexical collocations exist between content words, while a grammatical collocation exists between a content word and function words or a syntactic structure. In addition, bilingual collocations can be rigid or flexible in both languages. Rigid collocation refers to words in a collocation must appear next to each other, or otherwise (flexible/elastic). We focus in this paper on extracting rigid lexical bilingual collocations. In our method, the preferred syntactic patterns are obtained from idioms and collocations in a machine-readable dictionary. Collocations matching the patterns are extracted from aligned sentences in a parallel corpus. We use a new alignment method based on punctuation statistics for sentence alignment. The punctuation-based approach is found to outperform the length-based approach with precision rates approaching 98%. The obtained collocations are subsequently matched up based on cross-linguistic statistical association. Statistical association between the whole collocations as well as words in collocations is used to link a collocation with its counterpart collocation in the other language. We implemented the proposed method on a very large Chinese-English parallel corpus and obtained satisfactory results.
Information security: from reference monitors to wrappers (1998)

Information system security has turned out to be much more challenging than at first thought. In the 1980s, a great deal of energy was expended in an attempt to create a broad market of security-enhanced systems. This market, however, did not develop, and most computer systems today include only rudimentary security mechanisms. New technologies, such as extensible systems and security wrappers, hold promise to reintroduce security as an effective and ubiquitous system service.
Advanced Structural Materials (2006)

A snapshot of the central ideas used to control fracture properties of engineered structural metallic materials, Advanced Structural Materials: Properties, Design Optimization, and Applications illustrates the critical role that advanced structural metallic materials play in aerospace, biomedical, automotive, sporting goods, and other indust
Delay performance of segmentation options for mixed packet networks (2002)

In many mixed-technology packet switching networks, segmentation is required to convert larger data units of one technology (e.g., frame relay) to data units of another technology (e.g., asynchronous transfer mode or ATM). This paper examines cut-through and non-cut-through segmentation and presents simulation results of delay performance for these two options for a network consisting of local access arrangements, frame relay network access links, and an ATM backbone network, cut-through segmentation is found to significantly reduce delays when the segmenter input blocks are large compared to the output segments and the segmenter input clock rate is small compared to other network rates. Cut-through segmentation also typically produces a less bursty output stream which improves queuing delay performance for all network traffic. In our sample network, the effect of the different segmentation options is found to be highly dependent on the local access arrangement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Get IT Scored Using AutoSAS — An Automated System for Scoring Short Answers (2019)

In the era of MOOCs, online exams are taken by millions of candidates, where scoring short answers is an integral part. It becomes intractable to evaluate them by human graders. Thus, a generic automated system capable of grading these responses should be designed and deployed. In this paper, we present a fast, scalable, and accurate approach towards automated Short Answer Scoring (SAS). We propose and explain the design and development of a system for SAS, namely AutoSAS. Given a question along with its graded samples, AutoSAS can learn to grade that prompt successfully. This paper further lays down the features such as lexical diversity, Word2Vec, prompt, and content overlap that plays a pivotal role in building our proposed model. We also present a methodology for indicating the factors responsible for scoring an answer. The trained model is evaluated on an extensively used public dataset, namely Automated Student Assessment Prize Short Answer Scoring (ASAP-SAS). AutoSAS shows state-of-the-art performance and achieves better results by over 8% in some of the question prompts as measured by Quadratic Weighted Kappa (QWK), showing performance comparable to humans.
Novell's complete encyclopedia of networking (1994)

This vital reference provides a comprehensive summary of concepts and topics related to networks and networking at both hardware and software levels. In addition to factual information, the Encyclopedia includes networking tips and cautions. Extensive cross-references and indexing make it easier for readers to find the information they need, at the level of detail they want.
Modular specification and dynamic enforcement of syntactic language constraints when generating code (2014)

A key problem in metaprogramming and specifically in generative programming is to guarantee that generated code is well-formed with respect to the context-free and context-sensitive constraints of the target language. We propose typesmart constructors as a dynamic approach to enforcing the well-formedness of generated code. A typesmart constructor is a function that is used in place of a regular constructor to create values, but it may reject the creation of values if the given data violates some language-specific constraint. While typesmart constructors can be implemented individually, we demonstrate how to derive them automatically from a grammar, so that the grammar remains the sole specification of a language's syntax and is not duplicated. We have integrated support for typesmart constructors into the run-time system of Stratego to enforce usage of typesmart constructors implicitly whenever a regular constructor is called. We evaluate the applicability, performance, and usefulness of typesmart constructors for syntactic constraints in a compiler for MiniJava developed with Spoofax and in various language extensions of Java and Haskell implemented with SugarJ and SugarHaskell.
Sub-nm equivalent oxide thickness on Si-passivated GaAs capacitors with low Dit (2011)

A thin amorphous silicon interlayer, inserted between the III-V semiconductor and the gate dielectric is expected to prevent III-V oxidation, as required for high-mobility channel transistors. We demonstrate that the addition of a thin Al2O3 barrier layer between the a-Si and the high-k HfO2, together with optimized post-metallization annealing, is the key to reduce the a-Si consumption and to achieve a highly scaled gate stack with equivalent oxide thickness of ∼0.8 nm. The evolution of the interfaces during growth and the quality of the stack are investigated by in-situ X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical measurements on metal-oxide-semiconductors capacitors.
Switching and Negative Resistance in Amorphous Boron Layers (1968)

Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter Facebook Reddit LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Reprints and Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Charles Feldman, William A. Gutierrez; Switching and Negative Resistance in Amorphous Boron Layers. Journal of Applied Physics 1 April 1968; 39 (5): 2474–2476. https://doi.org/10.1063/1.1656584 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAIP Publishing PortfolioJournal of Applied Physics Search Advanced Search |Citation Search
Techniques To Reduce Power In Fast Wide Memories (1994)

Memories contain large arrays with high capacitance bitlines and IO lines. To reduce the power of memory accesses we limit the swings on these by controlling the time the lines are driven by using a replica feedback. The swings are set to 10% of the supply over a wide range of process and operating conditions. Introduction Memory power is an important component of the power budget in today&apos;s electronic systems. This paper looks at circuit techniques that can be used to reduce the power requirements of a wide access width memory while having minimum effect on its access time. In CMOS memories the access path can be broken into two parts: from address to local wordline select, and from local wordline to sensed data. It is usually the latter half of the access (which involves driving the bitlines and local bus lines and sensing them) that consume the most power. These lines are heavily loaded and thus require a large amount of energy each time they are changed. While various techniques...
On the Occurrence of Transient Puffs in a Rotary Kiln Incinerator Simulator I. Prototype Solid Plastic Wastes (1987)

In the operation of practical rotary kiln incinerators, the hazardous waste charge is often introduced in drums or containers in a batch mode. The ensuing transient condition, caused by the rapid devolatilization of waste materials, can momentarily deplete or displace local levels of excess oxygen in the kiln, resulting in heavy transient loadings of unburned gaseous and particulate hydrocarbons (here denoted as "puffs") leaving the kUn. This system upset must then be handled by an afterburner and subsequent air pollution control devices downstream. Such an overcharging or transient condition may even result in unacceptably low destruction of principal organic hazardous constituents (POHC) and the formation of products of incomplete combustion (PIC). A 73-kW (250,000-Btu/h) rotary kiln simulator was designed and constructed to provide engineering insight into the chemical and physical parameters associated with failure mode conditions. To this end, a statistically designed parametric investigation was undertaken to determine which waste and kiln variables (charge mass, charge surface area, charge composition, and kiln temperature) significantly affect both instantaneous intensity and total magnitude of the pollutant puffs leaving the kiln. Emphasis was on the incineration of simple prototype plastic wastes, ranging from polyethylene to polyvinyl chloride. Results demonstrate the relative ease with which failure conditions are experienced, even at high excess air values and high ktin temperatures. Transient puffs leaving the kiln contain a number of hazardous compounds. Increasing kiln temperature does not necessarily decrease the puff intensity and may in fact cause an increase. However, the total mass emitted decreases with increasing temperature. In addition, the mass, surface area, and composition of the charge are all important.
Effects of Exposure in Space on Tomato Seeds: Photosynthesis, Biomass, and Water Relations of Well-Watered and Drought-Stressed Plants (1998)

Tomato seeds exposed to space conditions for nearly six years on board the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) satellite were subsequently germinated and the resultant seedlings grown on earth under controlled conditions for analysis. Photosynthesis, biomass, and water relations were compared between mature plants grown from earth-based control seeds and space-exposed seeds under both well-watered and drought-stressed conditions. No consistent significant differences in photosynthesis and water relations were observed in the two sets of plants at any level of drought stress. Fruit production, however, though limited and variable, was significantly greater in plants grown from space-exposed seeds than in plants grown from earth-based seeds. Overall, exposure of seeds to space had only minor effects on the physiology and growth of plants grown from such seed.
Linear codes for masking memory defects (Corresp.) (1985)

The construction of a class of binary linear codes for masking computer memory defects is presented. These codes are capable of masking three or fewer defects and correcting multiple random errors.