gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Non-Orthogonal Cooperative Multiple Access (NCMA) Protocol and Low ML Decoding Complexity Codes (2007)

A half-duplex constrained non-orthogonal cooperative multiple access (NCMA) protocol suitable for transmission of information from N users to a single destination in a wireless fading channel is proposed. Transmission in this protocol comprises of a broadcast phase and a cooperation phase. In the broadcast phase, each user takes turn broadcasting its data to all other users and the destination in an orthogonal fashion in time. In the cooperation phase, each user transmits a linear function of what it received from all other users as well as its own data. In contrast to the orthogonal extension of cooperative relay protocols to the cooperative multiple access channels wherein at any point of time, only one user is considered as a source and all the other users behave as relays and do not transmit their own data, the NCMA protocol relaxes the orthogonality built into the protocols and hence allows for a more spectrally efficient usage of resources. Code design criteria for achieving full diversity of N in the NCMA protocol is derived using pair wise error probability (PEP) analysis and it is shown that this can be achieved with a minimum total time duration of 2N - 1 channel uses. Explicit construction of full diversity codes is then provided for arbitrary number of users. Since the maximum likelihood decoding complexity grows exponentially with the number of users, the notion of g-group decodable codes is introduced for the setup and a set of necessary and sufficient conditions is also obtained.
Effect of Aging on Fatty Streak Formation in a Diet-Induced Mouse Model of Atherosclerosis (2007)

Age is considered to be a major risk factor for atherosclerosis, but it is unclear whether age has a direct effect on susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Wild-type mice develop fatty streak lesions in the aortic root only when fed a cholate-containing high fat/cholesterol diet. To investigate the influence of age on fatty streak formation, young (10 weeks) and old (53 weeks) female C57BL/6 mice were fed an atherogenic diet containing 15% fat, 1.25% cholesterol and 0.5% sodium cholate for 12 weeks. Atherosclerotic lesions at the aortic root were measured after cryosections were stained with oil red O. Results showed that old mice developed a comparable size of aortic lesions with young counterparts (5,600 +/- 2,480 vs. 6,457 +/- 1,537 microm2/section; p = 0.77), although old mice had significantly higher plasma cholesterol levels than young mice on the atherogenic diet (p < 0.05). Plasma levels of soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 were significantly higher in old mice than in young mice on both chow and Western diets (p < 0.005). These data indicate that age has no direct effect on atherosclerosis susceptibility although it is accompanied by elevations in plasma cholesterol and vascular cell adhesion molecule 1 levels in C57BL/6 mice. Thus, increased cardiovascular events with age are probably related to a progressive increase in plaque size rather than to an increase in atherosclerosis susceptibility.
Mild Conditions for the Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrrolidines via Pd-Catalyzed Carboamination Reactions (2007)

[reaction: see text] The palladium-catalyzed carboamination of N-protected gamma-aminoalkenes with aryl bromides and triflates has been achieved under new, mild reaction conditions using the weak base Cs(2)CO(3) in dioxane solvent. These reactions tolerate a wide variety of functional groups, including enolizable ketones, nitro groups, methyl esters, and acetates, which are not compatible with previously described conditions.
An ultra-low-energy/frame multi-standard JPEG co-processor in 65nm CMOS with sub/near-threshold power supply (2009)

Many digital ICs can benefit from sub/near threshold operations that provide ultra-low-energy/operation for long battery lifetime. In addition, sub/near threshold operation largely mitigates the transient current hence lowering the ground bounce noise. This also helps to improve the performance of sensitive analog circuits on the chip, such as delay-lock loops (DLL), which is crucial for the functioning of large digital circuits. However, aggressive voltage scaling causes throughput and reliability degradation. This paper presents SubJPEG, a state of the art multi-standard 65nm CMOS JPEG encoding coprocessor that enables ultra-wide V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</inf> scaling. With a 0.45V power supply, it delivers 15fps 640×480 VGA application with only 1.3pJ/operation energy consumption per DCT and quantization computation. This co-processor is very suitable for applications such as digital cameras, portable wireless and medical imaging. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest sub-threshold processor so far.
Development of Wide-Viewing-Angle TFT-LCDs using halftone gray-scale method (1997)

We have developed wide-viewing-angle TFT-LCDs using the halftone gray scale (HTGS) method. Compared with conventional TN-LCDs, the viewing angle of HTGS TFT-LCDs is twice as wide in the up-down direction and has also greatly improved in the diagonal direction. The gray-scale display response time of HTGS TFT-LCDs is also shorter by one-half compared with conventional TN-LCDs. We have studied the application of HTGS TFT-LCDs to passenger cabin entertainment use. In contrast to consumer use, environmental durability characteristics are required; however, the developed HTGS TFT-LCDs meet all of the requirements and have been practically used. This paper presents the principles of HTGS, the pixel design, the device structure, the electro-optical characteristics, and the application to passenger cabin entertainment. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 80(5): 89–98, 1997
Training-Aided Frequency-Domain Channel Estimation and Equalization for Single-Carrier Coherent Optical Transmission Systems (2014)

Frequency-domain equalization supported by training-aided 2 × 2 multi-input multi-output channel estimation (CE) is proposed for coherent optical transmission systems. In particular, novel training sequence (TS) schemes based on a constant amplitude zero auto-correlation code, efficient CE algorithms and equalizer-tap updating solutions are derived from the theoretical linear fiber channel model and investigated through simulations. The robustness of the proposed methods is demonstrated with respect to the main degrading optical propagation effects, such as amplified spontaneous emission noise, chromatic dispersion, polarization-mode dispersion, polarization-dependent loss, time misalignment between received and reference TS, frequency offset between transmitter and receiver lasers, as well as dynamic state of polarization rotation.
Scene retrieval with sign sequence matching based on video and audio features (2005)

This work presents a method of retrieving similar scenes from video streams with sign sequence matching. The visual and auditory streams are partitioned into fixed-length video/audio packets. Based on feature vectors extracted from these packets, sign sequences are formed. The sign sequence can be viewed as abstraction of video and audio features. DP matching between the target and query sign sequences allows us to find scenes similar to the query in the video stream. For the purpose of efficient processing, packets, histogram based features, and sign sequences, which are the key ideas in this method, are introduced. The preliminary experimental results show that this method is promising for quick retrieval for similar scenes.
Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate Observed In-situ by Combined Small- and Wide-angle X-ray Scattering (2003)

The transformation of amorphous colloidal calcium carbonate into single microcrystals was observed in supersaturated solutions in situ. The observations are done by simultaneous time-resolved small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering experiments (TR-SAXS/WAXS) at a third generation synchrotron source. TR-SAXS/WAXS demonstrates that the particles generated by reaction of Ca2+ and CO32- ions are amorphous. The transformation of these amorphous CaCO3 particles proceeds via dissolution and subsequent heterogeneous nucleation of the crystalline modification on the walls of the quartz capillary containing the reacting mixture. The crystalline modifications thus generated could be identified. No solid−solid transition is observed. TR-SAXS/WAXS is therefore well-suited to follow the mineralization from aqueous solution in great detail.
Readability and Understandability: Different Measures ofthe Textual Complexity of Accounting Narrative (1992)

Adopts an empirical approach to demonstrate that a marked difference exists between the terms “readability” and “understandability”, suggesting that “reading ease”, as measured by formulae like FLESCH and LIX based on word and sentence complexity, conveys data which may be different to that conveyed by tests of the understandability of the message. The CLOZE method is used as a measure of understandability with audiences of differing accounting sophistication to measure the predictability of the narrative and to demonstrate inter‐group and inter‐formulae distinctions. Analysis of the results suggests that readability and understandability are different concepts and that standard setters should pay more attention to “understandability” as a desirable characteristic of accounting disclosures since there is a danger that the intended messages are of a complexity beyond the sophistication of the target audience.
Anisotropic vanadium dioxide sculptured thin films with superior thermochromic properties (2013)

VO2 (M) STF through reduction of V2O5 STF was prepared. The results illustrate that V2O5 STF can be successfully obtained by oblique angle thermal evaporation technique. After annealing at 550 °C/3 min, the V2O5 STF deposited at 85° can be easily transformed into VO2 STF with slanted columnar structure and superior thermochromic properties. After deposition SiO2 antireflective layer, Tlum of VO2 STF is enhanced 26% and ΔTsol increases 60% compared with that of normal VO2 thin films. Due to the anisotropic microstructure of VO2 STF, angular selectivity transmission of VO2 STF is observed and the solar modulation ability is further improved from 7.2% to 8.7% when light is along columnar direction. Moreover, the phase transition temperature of VO2 STF can be depressed into 54.5 °C without doping. Considering the oblique incidence of sunlight on windows, VO2 STF is more beneficial for practical application as smart windows compared with normal homogenous VO2 thin films.
Advances in cancer diagnosis (1990)

RECENT YEARS, propelled by advances in computers I and electronics, diagnostic imaging has experienced an impressive growth. The identification of tumors through the use of these techniques is expected to lead to significant improvement in the diagnosis, staging, and monitoring of cancer patients.
Electric Field Cycling Behavior of Ferroelectric Hafnium Oxide (2014)

HfO2 based ferroelectrics are lead-free, simple binary oxides with nonperovskite structure and low permittivity. They just recently started attracting attention of theoretical groups in the fields of ferroelectric memories and electrostatic supercapacitors. A modified approach of harmonic analysis is introduced for temperature-dependent studies of the field cycling behavior and the underlying defect mechanisms. Activation energies for wake-up and fatigue are extracted. Notably, all values are about 100 meV, which is 1 order of magnitude lower than for conventional ferroelectrics like lead zirconate titanate (PZT). This difference is mainly atttributed to the one to two orders of magnitude higher electric fields used for cycling and to the different surface to volume ratios between the 10 nm thin films in this study and the bulk samples of former measurements or simulations. Moreover, a new, analog-like split-up effect of switching peaks by field cycling is discovered and is explained by a network model based on memcapacitive behavior as a result of defect redistribution.
Interdigital electro-optic thin-film modulator (1972)

An integrated optical modulator is presented that achieved 50% depth of modulation. A double-ended coupling prism allowed nitrobenzene to be used as the waveguide material. Also, an approximate theory of operation is developed.
Effects of toxicity, aeration, and reductant supply on trichloroethylene transformation by a mixed methanotrophic culture (1991)

The trichloroethylene (TCE) transformation rate and capacity of a mixed methanotrophic culture at room temperature were measured to determine the effects of time without methane (resting), use of an alternative energy source (formate), aeration, and toxicity of TCE and its transformation products. The initial specific TCE transformation rate of resting cells was 0.6 mg of TCE per mg of cells per day, and they had a finite TCE transformation capacity of 0.036 mg of TCE per mg of cells. Formate addition resulted in increased initial specific TCE transformation rates (2.1 mg/mg of cells per day) and elevated transformation capacity (0.073 mg of TCE per mg of cells). Significant declines in methane conversion rates following exposure to TCE were observed for both resting and formate-fed cells, suggesting toxic effects caused by TCE or its transformation products. TCE transformation and methane consumption rates of resting cells decreased with time much more rapidly when cells were shaken and aerated than when they remained dormant, suggesting that the transformation ability of methanotrophs is best preserved by storage under anoxic conditions.
SUCCESSFUL EXPERIMENTAL MAINTENANCE OF LIFE BY HOMOLOGOUS LUNGS AND MECHANICAL HEART (1952)

Fischer, Harry W. M.D.1; Albert, Harold M.D.2; Riker, William L. M.D.3; Potts, Willis J. M.D.3 Author Information
Interleukin-7 receptor blockade suppresses adaptive and innate inflammatory responses in experimental colitis (2012)

Results from our studies showed that inhibition of IL-7R successfully ameliorated inflammation and disease development in Hb-infected mice by controlling the expansion of multiple leukocyte populations, as well as the activity of these immune cells. Our findings demonstrate an important function of IL-7R-driven immunity in experimental colitis and indicate that the therapeutic efficacy of IL-7R blockade involves affecting both adaptive and innate immunity.
Electrically induced conducting nanochannels in an amorphous resistive switching niobium oxide film (2010)

Metallic nanostructures that act as electrical switches between bistable resistance states are created electrically in an insulating amorphous niobium oxide thin film. The physical formation of the metallic nanostructures are probed using in situ focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy equipped with a current-voltage measurement system. While the electroforming process changes the film, dramatically inducing metallic nanochannels across it, significant changes in the film do not occur during repeated resistance switching afterward. A qualitative resistive switching model is proposed taking into account the gradual forming process.
Cultivation of Mammalian Cells in Fixed-Bed Reactors (2007)

Fixed-bed reactors for cultivation of mammalian cells can be used for a variety of applications such as the production of monoclonal antibodies with hybridoma cells or proteins for diagnostic or therapeutic use with recombinant, mostly anchorage-dependent animal cells, production of retroviral vectors, as well as for cultivation of tissue cells for artificial organs. In Subheading 2., suppliers for fixed-bed reactor systems and macroporous carriers as well as components of a lab-scale fixed-bed reactor and important mass balance equations are presented. Subheading 3., covers topics such as selection of suitable carriers, procedures for cultivation in lab-scale fixed-bed reactors (setting up of the reactor, autoclaving, sterility test, preparation of seed culture and inoculation, start-up and process monitoring during culture, batch and continuous operation, activities after the culture), and additional requirements for larger reactor volumes (setup and sterilization, “inoculation during cultivation strategy”).
Challenges and Recent Progress in Oral Drug Delivery Systems for Biopharmaceuticals (2019)

Routes of drug administration and the corresponding physicochemical characteristics of a given route play significant roles in therapeutic efficacy and short term/long term biological effects. Each delivery method has favorable aspects and limitations, each requiring a specific delivery vehicles design. Among various routes, oral delivery has been recognized as the most attractive method, mainly due to its potential for solid formulations with long shelf life, sustained delivery, ease of administration and intensified immune response. At the same time, a few challenges exist in oral delivery, which have been the main research focus in the field in the past few years. The present work concisely reviews different administration routes as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each method, highlighting why oral delivery is currently the most promising approach. Subsequently, the present work discusses the main obstacles for oral systems and explains the most recent solutions proposed to deal with each issue.
Colorimetric analysis of <i>p</i>‐chlorobenzyl <i>p</i>‐chlorophenyl sulphide (chlorbenside) residues in plant and animal tissue (1955)

Abstract A method is described for the colorimetric analysis of residues of p ‐chlorobenzyl p ‐chlorophenyl sulphide on leaf and fruit samples and in animal tissue. The method is based on pre‐oxidation of the spray residues followed by intensive nitration of the resulting p ‐chlorobenzyl p ‐chlorophenyl sulphone, and the formation of a purple colour on interaction of the nitrated products in benzene with sodium methylate. The method is sensitive to 0.05 mg. and is specific in the presence of all likely contaminants except DDT.
Physical and electrical properties of laser-annealed ion-implanted silicon (1978)

The use of a laser as a tool for annealing of ion-implantation damage is described. The principal results obtained are as follows: (1) electrical measurements show that activity comparable to that of a 1000 °C 30-min anneal can be obtained; (2) TEM measurements show that complete recrystallization of the damaged layer occurs during the laser anneal; (3) impurity profiles obtained from SIMS measurments show that the dopant atoms remain in the LSS profile during annealing. Simple diodes were fabricated to examine the feasibility of the method for device fabrication.
Development of Least-Squares Finite Element Method (1998)

The main purpose of this final report is to study the development, analysis and implementation of the least-squares finite element method (LSFEM) for fluid dynamics and electromagnetics applications.
Capacitor voltage balance performance comparison of MMC-STATCOM using NLC and PS-PWM strategies during negative sequence current injection (2016)

This paper addresses the modular multilevel converter applied as a static synchronous compensator. The main objective of this work is to compare the converter performance considering two different submodule capacitor voltage balancing strategies: nearest level control and phase-shifted pulse width modulation, during positive and negative sequence current injection. Results of a 15 MVA MMC STATCOM show that the nearest level control strategy has lower average switching frequency compared to the phase-shifted pulse width modulation strategy, considering comparable submodule capacitance voltage ripple.
WHO AND EXPERTS PRIORITIZE VACCINES, DIAGNOSTICS AND INNOVATIVE VECTOR CONTROL TOOLS FOR ZIKA R&D. (2016)

9 March 2016 - After a three-day consultation on Zika research and development, international experts, convened by WHO, have agreed on top priorities to advance R&D for Zika medical products.

The following tools were prioritized as the most viable options to help fight the spread of Zika virus in
Successful treatment of thrombotic microangiopathy after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation with rituximab (2007)

Thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) is a grave complication after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and effective treatment is undefined. Five patients with postHSCT TMA, which was refractory to at least 1 week of plasma exchange and prednisolone, were treated with rituximab (375 mg/m(2)/week x 4). Remission was achieved in four patients, of whom three remained in remission and one had died of sepsis at a median follow-up of 10 months. ADAMTS13 levels were low in all evaluable patients, and only one patient showed significant anti-ADAMTS13 antibody. The levels of ADAMTS13 and anti-ADAMTS13 antibody did not change significantly with rituximab-induced remission.
The kinetics of oxidation by nitrous acid and nitric acid. Part I. Oxidation of formic acid by nitrous acid (1954)

J. V. L. Longstaff and K. Singer, J. Chem. Soc., 1954, 2604 DOI: 10.1039/JR9540002604
NUTRITIONAL FACTORS IN OSTEOPOROSIS (1999)

Nutritional factors are important but correctable factors in the pathogenesis of osteoporosis. The rate of bone loss in the elderly can be reduced and the peak bone mass in the young can possibly be increased by dietary manipulation, thereby reducing the risk of fracture. Dietary manipulation likely to be of benefit are increased calcium intake, increased vitamin D intake, moderate reduction in intake of salt protein, caffeine and phosphate and increased intake of potassium and magnesium. The possible mechanisms by which these dietary factors influence bone metabolism are discussed.
Mussel-inspired modification of a polymer membrane for ultra-high water permeability and oil-in-water emulsion separation (2014)

Polydopamine/polyethyleneimine-decorated membranes were fabricated with excellent surface hydrophilicity and high water permeability for oil/water emulsion separation under atmospheric pressure.