gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peak-Distribution Effects in Random-Load Fatigue (1970)

This paper reports the effects of the stress-peak distribution upon the fatigue life of a certain type of test specimen excited to bending by Gaussian random vibrations. Approximately 200 specimens were tested using two different peak-distribution functions. The peak-distribution functions were produced by means of single- and two-degrees-of-freedom systems, respectively, excited by bands of random noise. The root-mean-square (RMS) level of the strain and the average number of zero crossings were kept constant and equal in both tests. Statistical and physical interpretations of the test results are presented and discussed.
A linear recursive bad data identification method with real-time application to power system state estimation (1992)

A fast and efficient algorithm, the recursive measurement error estimation identification (RMEEI) method, for bad data (BD) analysis is further developed. By using a set of linear recursive formulas, state variables, residuals, and their variances are updated after the removal of a measurement from a suspected data set to the remaining data set, or in the reverse direction. Neither a re-estimation nor a residual sensitivity matrix are needed in the identification process, which increases the computational speed greatly. Digital tests have been done to compare the RMEEI method with other conventional BD identification methods in terms of identification performance and computational speed. The real-time operational experience of the RMEEI method in the northeast China power system is outlined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>p</i>-Nitrobenzyl <i>p</i>-Toluenesulfonyl-<i>L</i>-Arginine: a Chromogenic Substrate for Thrombin, Plasmin and Trypsin (1978)

<i>p</i>-Nitrobenzyl <i>p</i>-toluenesulfonyl-<i>L</i>-arginine is hydrolyzed by thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin to <i>p</i>-nitrobenzyl alcohol and tosyl-<i>L</i>-arginine. The absorption of <i>p</i>-nitro-benzyl alcohol formed is measured at 271 nm (A<sub>mM</sub> 8.89). With 0.10 m<i>M</i> of the ester in 0.1 <i>M </i>Tris-HCl at pH 8.4 and 30 °C, the hydrolysis catalyzed by thrombin, plasmin, and trypsin is linearly proportional to time up to consumption of 60% of the substrate. K<sub>m</sub> is 14 <i>μM </i>and V<sub>max</sub> is 0.037 <i>μ</i>mol/min/NIH unit for bovine thrombin, K<sub>m</sub> is 78 <i>μM </i>and V<sub>max </sub>is 0.31 <i>μ</i>mol/min/CTA unit/ml for human plasmin, and K<sub>m</sub> is 12 <i>μM </i>and V<sub>max</sub> is 138 <i>μ</i>mol/min/mg protein/ml for bovine trypsin. Samples of bovine and human thrombin ranging in specific clotting activity from 59 to 2,133 NIH units/mg protein showed esterase activities ranging from 0.15 to 0.4 <i>μ</i>mol <i>p</i>-nitrobenzyl alcohol formed/10 min/NIH unit. Useful ranges for assay of enzymes were (per milliliter): 0.05–0.2 NIH units (thrombin), 0.005–0.02 CTA units (plasmin), and 0.01–0.04 <i>μ</i>g (trypsin).
Enhanced Bioavailability in the Oxalate Salt of the Anti-Tuberculosis Drug Ethionamide (2016)

Ethionamide (ETH) is an anti-tuberculosis (TB) Biopharmaceutics Classification System class II drug of poor aqueous solubility. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the solubility and bioavailability parameters of ETH cocrystals/salts with Generally Regarded as Safe (GRAS) coformers. Five cocrystals, namely, ETH–GLA (glutaric acid), ETH–ADP (adipic acid), ETH–SBA (suberic acid), ETH–SEBA (sebacic acid), ETH–FA (fumaric acid), and one salt ETH–OA (oxalic acid) were prepared by liquid-assisted grinding, and their structural characterization was carried out using spectroscopic, thermal, and powder X-ray diffraction techniques. The crystal structures of ETH–ADP, ETH–SBA, ETH–FA, and ETH–OA were confirmed by X-ray diffraction. The three cocrystal structures are sustained by the robust acid···pyridine synthon, while the ETH–OA salt has an ionic N–H···O hydrogen bond between carboxylate and pyridinium ions. The ETH–OA salt exhibited the highest dissolution compared to ETH (25 times), and its cocrystals (10 to 2 times higher). The intrinsic dissolution rates are ETH–OA > ETH–GLA > ETH–FA > ETH–SBA > ETH–ADP > ETH–SEBA > ETH. The best crystal form of ETH–OA was administered orally and exhibited 2.5 times enhanced plasma concentration in rats with Cmax of 4.08 ± 0.2 μg mL–1 at Tmax of 30 min, and AUC(0–8h) increased 1.9 fold to 6.49 ± 0.19 μg mL–1 h–1 compared to ETH. The oxalate salt exhibits the highest bioavailability enhancement for BCS class II drug ethionamide.
Zeaxanthin, a Retinal Carotenoid, Protects Retinal Cells against Oxidative Stress (2009)

Our results suggest that zeaxanthin provides effective protection against oxidative stress-induced retinal cell damage.
A Practical One-Pot Synthesis of 5-Aryl-2-furaldehydes (2001)

A useful one-pot synthesis of 5-aryl-2-furaldehydes via palladium-mediated Suzuki coupling of aryl halides with in situ generated 5-(diethoxymethyl)-2-furylboronic acid is described. The procedure has general applicability, delivers high yields, and is amenable to scale-up.
Whey Predominant, Whey Modified Infant Formula with Protein/energy Ratio of 1.8 g/100 kcal: Adequate and Safe for Term Infants From Birth to Four Months (2002)

Improvement of the amino acid profile permits a whey predominant starter formula with 1.8 g protein per 100 kcal to meet the needs of normal term infants during the first four months of life.
Optimal data processing procedure for automatic bacterial identification by gas-liquid chromatography of cellular fatty acids (1988)

Gas-liquid chromatography of cellular fatty acids was used in automatic identification of clinical bacterial isolates. The intraspecies variation in the occurrence of fatty acids and the variation in the relative gas-liquid chromatography peak areas of different fatty acids were evaluated and compared with the relative peak areas of these acids. A new chromatogram comparison method involving the use of an exponential function was developed to adjust to data variation optimally. This method was compared with several previously published methods of correlation analysis with data from representative clinical bacteriological isolates. The efficacies of the methods in separating different bacterial species into distinct clusters were compared. The new exponential function method was superior to the others both in its ability to separate species into different clusters and in giving a greater degree of identity to strains within a proper cluster. The results indicate that the gas-liquid chromatography of bacterial cellular fatty acids can be used effectively in the identification of clinically isolated bacteria. However, the usefulness of the analysis depends on the comparison method used and on its ability to cope with data variations.
Methanol Dehydrogenase of Methylomonas J: Purification, Crystallization, and Some Properties (1981)

A methanol dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.99.8] was purified and crystallized from methanol-grown Methylomonas J (formerly Pseudomonas sp. J), an obligate methylotroph. Its molecular weight was estimated to be 135,000 by gel chromatography. The sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed two bands and their molecular weights were approximately 60,000 and 10,000. The enzyme was relatively stable at pH 6 and 10, and was unstable at pH 8. The enzyme activity was lost at pH 4.0; however, the prosthetic group was not liberated from the enzyme. Its isoelectric point was pH 9.3. The visible-ultraviolet absorption, fluorescence, CD, and ESR spectra were measured. The amino acid composition was analyzed after separation of the two components. Primary alcohols and formaldehyde served as substrates. Phenazine methosulfate (PMS) was an effective electron acceptor of the enzyme in the presence of either NH4Cl or methylamine. The enzyme was inhibited partially by metal chelators and completely by Mn2+ and Co2+.
Detection of IL-1 <i>alpha</i> and IL-1 <i>beta</i> gene expression by in situ hybridization. Tissue localization of IL-1 mRNA in the normal C57BL/6 mouse. (1988)

IL-1 is a cytokine with a wide variety of effects on cells involved in inflammatory and immune responses, hemopoiesis, and bone formation. Many cell types have been shown to produce IL-1 in vitro; however, very little is known about the source and role of IL-1 in vivo. By using in situ hybridization, we examined the tissue distribution of cells containing IL-1 mRNA in normal C57BL/6 mice. The results show that many organs contain IL-1 mRNA-positive cells, but the highest frequency was found in lymphoid organs. The distribution and localization of these cells suggest that many of the IL-1 mRNA-producing cells are tissue macrophages. Organs exposed to environmental Ag and microbial products (lymph nodes, liver, intestine, lung, and uterus) had high frequencies of IL-1 mRNA-producing cells, suggesting that IL-1 is produced in local inflammatory or immune responses in vivo. The production of IL-1 mRNA in the thymus and in the bone marrow suggests that IL-1 is available to play physiologic roles in T cell differentiation and in hemopoiesis.
BENEFICIAL EFFECTS OF ADENOSINE AND PHOSPHATE IN KIDNEY PRESERVATION1,2 (1983)

A new perfusate developed in the animal laboratory has been used in our clinical transplantation program in the last year. This perfusate provides excellent clinical results even with less-than-ideal kidneys, as manifested by an 83% immediate function rate and a 96.5% one-month graft survival. Optimum utilization of all donors referred to a transplant center may lessen the problem of insufficient donor organs. Continued basic research in the laboratory to optimize perfusion preservation may produce even better perfusates that can be adapted to the clinical situation and further improve graft survival.
Three- and four-layer LPE InGaAs(P) mushroom stripe lasers for &#955; = 1.30, 1.54, and 1.66 &#181;m (1985)

Mushroom stripe (MS) InGaAsP/InP and InGaAs/InP lasers have been realized emitting at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lambda = 1.3, 1.54,</tex> and 1.66 μm, respectively. The main advantage of these MS lasers is their technological simplicity, because only one epitaxial growth step consisting of three or four layers, respectively, is required. No contact layer and no filling layers are needed. In our phosphorus silicate glass (PSG) passivated MS lasers, current spreading is completely inhibited. The devices have very low CW threshold currents and high values of output power, external differential efficiency, and T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">o</inf> . All these properties are equivalent to those of the much more complicated buried heterostructure lasers. CW operation in up-side-up mounted MS lasers on p-type substrates is easily achieved, because their series resistance is very low. The devices oscillate in the fundamental lateral mode for easily achievable width and thickness combinations, and tend to longitudinal monomode behavior at moderate output powers. The modulation capability is more than 1 Gbit/s RZ due to the low capacitance of the mushrooms. The commonly used antimeltback layer for lasers with <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\lambda > 1.5 \mu</tex> m on
Diffusion bonding of hot rolled 7075 aluminium alloy (1998)

AbstractAbstractDiffusion bonding studies of hot rolled 7075 aluminium alloy have been carried out in vacuum on a Gleeble 1500 test machine over a range of temperatures, pressures, and times. A new surface treatment procedure was used in which the surfaces to be joined were coated with an organic solution immediately after the removal of surface oxides. Bond quality was asssessed using optical microscopy, tensile strength measurements, and scanning electron microscopy of the surfaces of the fractured tensile specimens. Bonds with parent metal strength and microstructure were obtained and the optimum bonding conditions were identified. The characteristics of the surface treatment method and the bonding mechanism are discussed
On the mechanism of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones by bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxomonosulfate. Intermediacy of dioxiranes (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn the mechanism of the Baeyer-Villiger oxidation of ketones by bis(trimethylsilyl) peroxomonosulfate. Intermediacy of dioxiranesMichele Camporeale, Tiziana Fiorani, Luigino Troisi, Waldemar Adam, Ruggero Curci, and John O. EdwardsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 1, 93–98Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1990https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00288a020RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1229Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (741 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Overview: State-of-the Art Commercial Membranes for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolysis (2020)

Abstract One promising way to store and distribute large amounts of renewable energy is water electrolysis, coupled with transport of hydrogen in the gas grid and storage in tanks and caverns. The intermittent availability of renewal energy makes it difficult to integrate it with established alkaline water electrolysis technology. Proton exchange membrane (PEM) water electrolysis (PEMEC) is promising, but limited by the necessity to use expensive platinum and iridium catalysts. The expected solution is anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis, which combines the use of cheap and abundant catalyst materials with the advantages of PEM water electrolysis, namely, a low foot print, large operational capacity, and fast response to changing operating conditions. The key component for AEM water electrolysis is a cheap, stable, gas tight and highly hydroxide conductive polymeric AEM. Here, we present target values and technical requirements for AEMs, discuss the chemical structures involved and the related degradation pathways, give an overview over the most prominent and promising commercial AEMs (Fumatech Fumasep® FAA3, Tokuyama A201, Ionomr Aemion™, Dioxide materials Sustainion®, and membranes commercialized by Orion Polymer), and review their properties and performances of water electrolyzers using these membranes.
ITQ-12: a new microporous silica polymorph potentially useful for light hydrocarbon separationsElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: details of the structure solution, Rietveld refinements in space groups C2/m and Cm and energy minimisation calculations in C2/m, Cm and C2. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/cc/b3/b306440a/ (2003)

The new synthetic form of microporous crystalline silica, denoted as ITQ-12, shows a high potential for the separation of propane and propene from its mixtures.
2811 Development of force sensor using double-ended tuning fork (2005)

A novel force sensor that can provide high sensitivity with accurate gap control has been presented. It combines a double-ended tuning fork (DETF) resonator with a rigid beam. When the force to be measured is applied to the rigid beam, the resonant frequency of the tuning fork changes due to the change of the tension. The DETF-based sensor can detect the force as the amplitude change corresponding to the resonant frequency change. The performance of the sensor was theoretically and experimentally investigated. The sensor can measure the force under the condition that the change of the probe-sample gap is less than 1nm. The experimentally attained minimum detection limit of the force was 19.6mN and this can be improved by two order of magnitude according to theoretical estimation. The DETF-based force sensor can be useful tool for various field such as development of micro/nano-machine, micro/nano-tribology, probe microscopy.
Particle‐Based Simulation of Fluids (2003)

Abstract Due to our familiarity with how fluids move and interact, as well as their complexity, plausible animation of fluidsremains a challenging problem. We present a particle interaction method for simulating fluids. The underlyingequations of fluid motion are discretized using moving particles and their interactions. The method allows simulationand modeling of mixing fluids with different physical properties, fluid interactions with stationary objects, andfluids that exhibit significant interface breakup and fragmentation. The gridless computational method is suitedfor medium scale problems since computational elements exist only where needed. The method fits well into thecurrent user interaction paradigm and allows easy user control over the desired fluid motion.
Modeling Superconformal Electrodeposition Using The Level Set Method (2003)

Superconformal deposition enables the void-free filling of high aspect ratio features such as trenches or vias in the Damascene metallization process. Superconformal electrodeposition, also known as superfill, occurs when particular combinations of chemical additives are included in the electrolyte. The additives enable preferential metal deposition at the bottom surface which leads to bottom up filling before the sidewalls close off. Two crucial mechanisms by which the additives enable superfill to occur are (i) accelerator behavior increasing the copper deposition rate as a function of coverage and (ii) conservation of accelerator coverage with increasing/decreasing interface area. Thus, the adsorbed catalytic accelerator species floats upon the growing metal/electrolyte interface. An effective modeling approach must accurately track the position of the interface as well as preserving surfactant coverage while the interface is advancing. This must be achieved in an Eulerian framework due to the necessity of modeling the diffusion of electrolyte species. To this end, the level set method is used to track the interface while a scalar variable approach governs the surfactant coverage. Modeling of additive accumulation and conservation on a deforming interface in conjunction with the level set method presents areas for novel numerical approaches. Several test cases are examined to validate the surface coverage model. Comparison of superfilling simulations with experimental results is also presented. © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Regularized linear fuzzy clustering and probabilistic PCA mixture models (2005)

Fuzzy c-means (FCM)-type fuzzy clustering approaches are closely related to Gaussian mixture models (GMMs) and EM-like algorithms have been used in FCM clustering with regularized objective functions. Especially, FCM with regularization by Kullback-Leibler information (KLFCM) is a fuzzy counterpart of GMMs. In this paper, we propose to apply probabilistic principal component analysis (PCA) mixture models to linear clustering following a discussion on the relationship between local PCA and linear fuzzy clustering. Although the proposed method is a kind of the constrained model of KLFCM, the algorithm includes the fuzzy c-varieties (FCV) algorithm as a special case, and the algorithm can be regarded as a modified FCV algorithm with regularization by K-L information. Numerical experiments demonstrate that the proposed clustering algorithm is more flexible than the maximum likelihood approaches and is useful for capturing local substructures properly.
Incorporation of realistic delivery limitations into dynamic MLC treatment delivery (2002)

The clinical implementation of IMRT involves the use of a number of complex software-based systems, typically including an inverse planning system, a leaf sequencer, and a computer-controlled treatment delivery system. The inverse planning system determines the desired fluence patterns, the leaf sequencer translates those fluence maps into leaf trajectories, and the control system delivers those trajectories. While verification of intensity-modulated treatment fields has focused primarily on the dosimetric aspects of delivery, accurate delivery of the intended fluence distribution is dependent upon both the leaf sequencer and delivery control systems. Leaf sequencing algorithms typically do not incorporate many control system limitations, and this can lead to discrepancies between planned and delivered sequences. In this work, simple and complex fields were sequenced for the dynamic sliding window technique using different leaf speeds and tolerance settings to identify various limitations of the accelerator control system. This work was conducted on a Varian 2100 EX equipped with a Millennium 120 leaf MLC. The identified limitations were then incorporated into the sequencing algorithm using a limiting leaf velocity (less than the maximum leaf velocity), the leaf position tolerance, and the communications delay in the control system. Collision avoidance in leaf pairs was found to depend on a control system-enforced minimum gap between leaves and led to acceleration effects. By incorporating these effects into the leaf sequencing algorithm, dynamic sliding-window leaf sequences were produced which did not require beam interruptions or dose rate modulations for the parameter values used in calculating the sequence (dose rate, tolerance, leaf speed, and total monitor units). Incorporation of control system limitations into the leaf sequencing algorithm results in IMRT fields that are delivered with the prescribed constant dose rate, require less time to deliver, and have well-defined, calculable transmission dose characteristics.
Intratumoral injection of GM-CSF gene encoded recombinant vaccinia virus elicits potent antitumor response in a mixture melanoma model. (1997)

A recombinant vaccinia virus containing and expressing the gene for murine granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (VVGM-CSF) was constructed and tested for its antitumor activity. A murine tumor model was established by injecting 10(5) B16F10 melanoma cells into the right rear leg of C57BL/6 mice. Three days after B16F10 inoculation, VVGM-CSF or a thymidine kinase gene-deficient vaccinia virus (VVTK) were injected intratumorly twice weekly for 3 weeks. The results showed that VVGM-CSF treatment significantly inhibited the growth of subcutaneous tumor and delayed the survival period of tumor-bearing mice. Splenic lymphokine-activated killer cell, natural killer cell, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte activities were not found to be altered after VVGM-CSF or VVTK therapy. Cytotoxic and phagocytic activity of peritoneal macrophages were found to be greatly elevated in mice treated with VVGM-CSF. Nitric oxide released from the macrophages was also increased. Considering these data, we may speculate that continuous secretion of GM-CSF and activation of macrophages may contribute to the antitumor effects of VVGM-CSF injected intratumorally.