gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transgenic Overexpression of Protein-tyrosine Phosphatase 1B in Muscle Causes Insulin Resistance, but Overexpression with Leukocyte Antigen-related Phosphatase Does Not Additively Impair Insulin Action (2004)

Previous studies implicate protein-tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) and leukocyte antigen-related phosphatase (LAR) as negative regulators of insulin signaling. The expression and/or activity of PTP1B and LAR are increased in muscle of insulin-resistant rodents and humans. Overexpression of LAR selectively in muscle of transgenic mice causes whole body insulin resistance. To determine whether overexpression of PTP1B also causes insulin resistance, we generated transgenic mice overexpressing human PTP1B selectively in muscle at levels similar to those observed in insulin-resistant humans. Insulin-stimulated insulin receptor (IR) tyrosyl phosphorylation and phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity were impaired by 35% and 40-60% in muscle of PTP1B-overexpressing mice compared with controls. Insulin stimulation of protein kinase C (PKC)lambda/zeta activity, which is required for glucose transport, was impaired in muscle of PTP1B-overexpressing mice compared with controls, showing that PTP1B overexpression impairs activation of these PKC isoforms. Furthermore, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp studies revealed that whole body glucose disposal and muscle glucose uptake were decreased by 40-50% in PTP1B-overexpressing mice. Overexpression of PTP1B or LAR alone in muscle caused similar impairments in insulin action; however, compound overexpression achieved by crossing PTP1B- and LAR-overexpressing mice was not additive. Antibodies against specific IR phosphotyrosines indicated overlapping sites of action of PTP1B and LAR. Thus, overexpression of PTP1B in vivo impairs insulin sensitivity, suggesting that overexpression of PTP1B in muscle of obese humans and rodents may contribute to their insulin resistance. Lack of additive impairment of insulin signaling by PTP1B and LAR suggests that these PTPs have overlapping actions in causing insulin resistance in vivo.
Recent Advances on the Design of Lightweight Dismounted Disruptors (2014)

In recent decades, there has been an ever-increasing need to reduce the weight of the weapon systems carried by combat personnel in the United States Army. This need is the thrust behind the weight reduction initiative for the disruptor systems used by the Army’s Explosive Ordinance Disposal (EOD) community. This work evaluates the conflict between weight reduction in dismounted disruptors and the dynamic performance of these systems during operation. This work also describes a recently-patented dismounted disruptor system designed to satisfy both the need for system weight reduction without compromising the dynamic performance of the system. The recently-patented disruptor is a variation of the Mk 2-the standard caliber .50 disruptor currently used by EOD teams of all military services in the United States.
The characterization of a new enzyme from rat liver mitochondria, oligophosphoglyceroyl-ATP 3′-phosphodiesterase (1991)

By using an assay based on the precipitation of intact 14C-labelled substrate, an activity has been located in the mitochondrial fraction of rat liver which selectively hydrolyses the 3' ester link in the fairly recently discovered oligomeric tetraphosphate derivative of ATP and glyceric acid for which the structure 3-phospho[glyceroyl-gamma-triphospho-5'-adenosine-3'-3-phospho]n-glyceroyl- gamma-triphospho-5'-adenosine has been proposed [Hutchinson, Morris & Mowbray (1986) Biochem. J. 234, 623-627]. This enzyme activity (Mr 85,000) has been purified approx. 30-fold from washed mitochondria by (NH4)2SO4 precipitation and f.p.l.c. The apparent Km for substrate (adenosine equivalents) is around 35 microM. The recovery of total activity is about 20%, and this, allied to the relatively low Vmax. found in contrast with the rapid turnover of oligomer seen in post-ischaemic tissues, suggests that some activating factors have been lost in purification. Percoll-gradient studies confirm that the activity is mitochondrial and not lysosomal or endoplasmic-reticular. The activity is latent in intact mitochondria; it is not, however, associated with intact inner-membrane vesicles but released during their preparation, implying an intermembrane-space location. The product of the enzyme is proposed to be the monomeric unit 3-phosphoglyceroyl-gamma-triphospho-5'-adenosine, from which digestion with snake-venom phosphodiesterase releases ADP.
Improving online banking security with hardware devices (2005)

Even though it probably has never happened to us, it is possible to introduce our credit card on an ATM and have it steal the money from our account or access our bank account from a computer and have someone else getting access to it. In the first case we believe that the ATM is a trusted device and never tries to cheat us. In the second case, we believe that our computer provides a safe environment for electronic banking. Although there are a few records in history of ATM fraud, we generally believe that it won't happen to us. However, we all know that computers are not safe and still take the risk. Viruses and trojans (malicious software) can do all this and much more, not only in movies but in the real world. This is possible just because we are giving away all the information needed to access our money instead of keeping them. In the first case we are giving away our credit card and the PIN (personal identification number) and in the second case we are giving away our login and password/s. Anyone who can intercept this information can successfully pretend to be us and withdraw our money. Digital signature can solve these problems providing the means for validating a user or a given operation without exposing the data required to do it. However, the point is not if digital signature is the best way to protect our money, but how to implement the system in a way that is easy to use and safe enough. Here we propose some possible implementations based on the idea that not only digital signature is needed but also human interaction is required in order to avoid a classic man-in-the-middle-attack. It is not safe to introduce a smart card on a standard smart card reader, introduce the PIN on the application used to access it, and then expect the application to do exactly what we tell it to do. That would be perfectly fine in a world where we can trust each other and we can consider computers to be completely safe from intrusions. But the truth is unfortunately far from being like that and so we need to look for new ways to protect us from this kind of attacks. Several hardware devices are proposed based on a basic structure where we have a display, some way to input data (such as a keyboard or a few buttons) and some way to communicate with any computer
Codon usage and gene expression level in<i>Dictyosteiium discoidtum</i>: highly expressed genes do [prefer[ optimal codons (1989)

Codon usage patterns in the slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum have been re-examined (a total of 58 genes have been analysed). Considering the extreme A + T-richness of this genome (G + C = 22%), there is a surprising degree of codon usage variation among genes. For example, G + C content at silent sites varies from less than 10% to greater than 30%. It was previously suggested [Warrick, H.M. and Spudich, J.A. (1988) Nucleic Acids Res. 16: 6617-6635] that highly expressed genes contain fewer 'optimal' codons than genes expressed at lower levels. However, it appears that the optimal codons were misidentified. Multivariate statistical analysis shows that the greatest variation among genes is in relative usage of a particular subset of codons (about one per amino acid), many of which are C-ending. We have identified these as optimal codons, since (i) their frequency is positively correlated with gene expression level, and (ii) there is a strong mutation bias in this genome towards A and T nucleotides. Thus, codon usage in D. discoideum can be explained by a balance between the forces of mutational bias and translational selection.
High-Fidelity Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging of Primate Brain Tissue (1996)

We demonstrate a new mid-infrared and near-infrared imaging approach which is ideally suited to microscopic applications. The method employs an indium antimonide (InSb) focal-plane array detector and a commercially available step-scan Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FT-IR). With either a KBr or a CaF 2 beamsplitter, images from 1 to 5.5 μm (10,000-1818 cm −1 ) can be rapidly acquired with the use of all the available pixels on the detector. The spectral resolution for each image is easily varied by changing the number of acquired images during the interferometer scan. We apply this technique to noninvasively generate image contrast in sections of monkey brain tissue and to relate these data to specific lipid and protein fractions. In addition, we describe several computational methods to highlight the spatial distributions of components within a sample.
Elicitation of lens formation from the ‘ventral iris’ epithelium of the newt by a carcinogen, <i>N</i>-methyl-<i>N</i>′-nitro-<i>N</i>-nitrosoguanidine (1973)

ABSTRACT A potent carcinogenic compound, N-methyl-N′-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NG), was administered to the lentectomized eyes of the newt, Triturus pyrrhogaster. Supernumerary lenses were formed from the dorsal iris and even from the ventral iris, which never transforms into lens following simple surgical lentectomy or the grafting of isolated iris pieces into lentectomized eyes. After the administration of NG the pigmented epithelial cells of the ventral iris were induced to gain the competence for transformation into lens cells. The induced competence of the iris epithelial cells was stably maintained for at least 12 months. The secondary regeneration of the lens 45 days or 12 months after the primary lentectomy took place at the same positions of the ventral area of the iris where the primary lens regeneration had been induced by NG. The effects of NG were also confirmed by implanting isolated pieces of iris treated with NG solution into lentectomized eyes. Five implants out of 42 available experiments on the ventral half of the iris were found to be transformed into lens.
Two adaptive hybrid cache coherency protocols (2002)

We present and evaluate adaptive, hybrid cache coherence protocols for bus-based, shared-memory multiprocessors. Such protocols are motivated by the observation that sharing patterns vary substantially between different programs and even cache blocks within the same program. Performance measurements across a range of parallel applications indicate that the adaptive protocols we present perform well compared to both write-invalidate and write-update protocols.
Recent Advances in Understanding Endothelial Dysfunction in Atherosclerosis (2006)

Over the last two decades, it has become evident that decreased bioavailability of endothelial nitric oxide (NO) produced from endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), referred to as endothelial dysfunction, plays a crucial role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. Much progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of decreased endothelial NO bioavailability at the levels of regulation of eNOS gene expression, eNOS enzymatic activity and NO inactivation. Initial studies suggest that increasing eNOS gene expression would improve endothelial NO release in the hope of inhibiting the progression of atherosclerosis. Recent experimental studies, however, do not always support this therapeutic concept and show some evidence that overexpression of eNOS in atherosclerosis may be even harmful for the disease progression.Thus, recent research to improve endothelial function in atherosclerosis has focused on regulation of eNOS enzymatic activity and prevention of NO inactivation by oxidative stress. Since the role of oxidative stress in endothelial NO bioavailability has been reviewed in a large number of comprehensive articles, this article focuses on the relevant regulatory mechanisms of eNOS enzymatic activity that are emerging to play a role in endothelial dysfunction in atherosclerosis.
A 45nm low power system-on-chip technology with dual gate (logic and I/O) high-k/metal gate strained silicon transistors (2008)

A leading edge 45 nm CMOS system-on-chip (SOC) technology using Hafnium-based high-k/metal gate transistors has been optimized for low power products. PMOS/NMOS logic transistor drive currents of 0.86/1.08 mA/um, respectively, have been achieved at 1.1 V and off-state leakage of 1 nA/um. Record RF performance for a mainstream 45nm bulk CMOS technology has been achieved with measured f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> /f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MAX</inf> values of 395GHz/410GHz for NMOS and 300GHz/325GHz for PMOS with 28nm L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gate</inf> transistors. HV I/O transistors with robust reliability and other SOC features, including linear resistors, MIS and MIM capacitors, varactors, inductors, vertical BJTs, precision diodes and high density OTP fuses are employed for HV I/O, analog and RF circuit integration.
A tutorial of wind turbine control for supporting grid frequency through active power control (2012)

As wind energy becomes a larger portion of the world's energy portfolio and wind turbines become larger and more expensive, wind turbine control systems play an ever more prominent role in the design and deployment of wind turbines. The goals of traditional wind turbine control systems are maximizing energy production while protecting the wind turbine components. As more wind generation is installed there is an increasing interest in wind turbines actively controlling their power output in order to meet power setpoints and to participate in frequency regulation for the utility grid. This capability will be beneficial for grid operators, as it seems possible that wind turbines can be more effective at providing some of these services than traditional power plants. Furthermore, establishing an ancillary market for such regulation can be beneficial for wind plant owner/operators and manufacturers that provide such services. In this tutorial paper we provide an overview of basic wind turbine control systems and highlight recent industry trends and research in wind turbine control systems for grid integration and frequency stability.
Wound Healing with Collagen Sheet in Chronic Ulcers (2018)

Collagen Sponge sheet has unique properties like enhanced wound healing through neovascularization, anti adhesive effects, bacteriostatic, without inducing immunological reactions. There are no studies to quantify neovascularization with any agent applied to chronic non healing ulcers. This study is done to evaluate effects of healing in chronic ulcers as evidenced by quantum of neovascularization by collagen sheet application for a period of eight weeks in 15 patients with collagen sheet. Collagen sheet is commercially available. Patients are evaluated at first, second, fourth, sixth and eighth week. In the first two weeks there is faster rate of neovascularization as seen by counting the number of capillaries in an average of five high power fields (p-value <0.0001), later on there is congestion of vessels with formation of granulation tissue which peaks at fourth week (p- <0.0001), leading to reduction in ulcer size. There is significant reduction in ulcer size (p- 0.000) with collagen sheet. The cost effectiveness, readily availability, ease of application makes collagen sheet a better choice for treating chronic ulcers.
Vasopressin in Preeclampsia (2014)

Preeclampsia, a cardiovascular disorder of late pregnancy, is characterized as a low-renin hypertensive state relative to normotensive pregnancy. Because other nonpregnant low-renin hypertensive disorders often exhibit and are occasionally dependent on elevated arginine vasopressin (AVP) secretion, we hypothesized a possible use for plasma AVP measurements in the prediction of preeclampsia. Copeptin is an inert prosegment of AVP that is secreted in a 1:1 molar ratio and exhibits a substantially longer biological half-life compared with AVP, rendering it a clinically useful biomarker of AVP secretion. Copeptin was measured throughout pregnancy in maternal plasma from preeclamptic and control women. Maternal plasma copeptin was significantly higher throughout preeclamptic pregnancies versus control pregnancies. While controlling for clinically significant confounders (age, body mass index, chronic essential hypertension, twin gestation, diabetes mellitus, and history of preeclampsia) using multivariate regression, the association of higher copeptin concentration and the development of preeclampsia remained significant. Receiver operating characteristic analyses reveal that as early as the sixth week of gestation, elevated maternal plasma copeptin concentration is a highly significant predictor of preeclampsia throughout pregnancy. Finally, chronic infusion of AVP during pregnancy (24 ng per hour) is sufficient to phenocopy preeclampsia in C57BL/6J mice, causing pregnancy-specific hypertension, renal glomerular endotheliosis, proteinuria, and intrauterine growth restriction. These data implicate AVP release as a novel predictive biomarker for preeclampsia very early in pregnancy, identify chronic AVP infusion as a novel and clinically relevant model of preeclampsia in mice, and are consistent with a potential causative role for AVP in preeclampsia in humans.
Prospective Study on the Complication Rate of Carotid Surgery (1999)

In this center, a beneficial effect of carotid surgery for asymptomatic stenoses cannot be safely assumed.
An Ultrasensitive, Visco‐Poroelastic Artificial Mechanotransducer Skin Inspired by Piezo2 Protein in Mammalian Merkel Cells (2017)

An artificial ionic mechanotransducer skin with an unprecedented sensitivity over a wide spectrum of pressure by fabricating visco-poroelastic nanochannels and microstructured features, directly mimicking the physiological tactile sensing mechanism of Piezo2 protein is demonstrated. This capability enables voice identification, health monitoring, daily pressure measurements, and even measurements of a heavy weight beyond capabilities of human skin.
Two-Component Signal Transduction as a Target for Microbial Anti-Infective Therapy (1998)

Bacteria are continually bombarded by a multitude of chemicals from their environment, some of which may serve as potential sources of carbon, nitrogen, and energy, while others may act as poisons of their metabolic and regulatory processes. This mix of environmental signals and insults is highly variable and most certainly locale dependent. The potential for an organism to grow and divide within any locale or ecological niche is determined genetically by its repertoire of genes and by its capacity to induce new gene expression to cope with new environments. Often a bacterial infection results from an organism moving from an environment where its presence is benign (e.g., the gastrointestinal system) to another environment where it poses a serious problem (e.g., the urinary tract). This movement between ecological niches requires that the organism “sense” its presence in the new environment and “respond” by expressing new genetic information to permit it to occupy and grow within it. Success in this endeavor is the result of the sum of incremental genetic responses to the new environment of the host.
ac aging and space-charge characteristics in low-density polyethylene polymeric insulation (2005)

In the present work efforts have been made to investigate the influence of ac aging on space-charge dynamics in low-density polyethylene (LDPE). LDPE films with 200 μm were aged under various electric stress levels at 50 Hz for various times at ambient temperature. Space-charge dynamics in the samples after aging were monitored using the pulsed electroacoustic technique. It has been revealed that the space charge under ac aging conditions is related to the level of the applied field, duration of the voltage application, as well as the electrode materials. By comparing with the results of unaged sample the results from aged sample provide a direct evidence of changing trapping characteristics after ac aging. Negative space charge is present in the bulk of the material and the total amount of charge increases with the aging time. The amount of charge increases with the applied field. Charge decay test indicates that the charges are captured in deep traps. These deep traps are believed to form during the aging and related to change caused by injected charge. By using different electrode materials such as gold, brass alloy, and polyethylene loaded with carbon black, it was found that the electrode has an important role in the formation of charge, hence subsequent changes caused by charge. The charge dynamics of the aged samples under dc bias differ from the sample without ac aging, indicating changes brought in by ac aging. Chemical analysis by Fourier transform infrared spectroscope and Raman microscope reveals no detectable chemical changes taken place in the bulk of the material after ac aging. Finally, the consequence of the accumulation of space charge under ac conditions on the lifetime of the material has been discussed. The presence of deeply trapped space charge leads to an electric stress enhancement which may shorten the lifetime of the insulation system.
Handover Study Concerning Mobility in the Two-Hierarchy Network (2009)

Femtocell is an emerging technology aiming for a better indoor coverage. Due to its low costs, high grade of service, promotion of fixed-mobile convergence (FMC) and no change of core network, it has drawn close attention from the standardization organizations and the industrial field. In the two-hierarchy networks composed of traditional macro cellular networks and the embedded femtocell hotspots, moving mobiles will face up to the continual handovers when they pass along buildings. In this paper, handover algorithms considering signal strength and velocity are proposed using the mathematics concept of "set". Different handover methods are discussed and simulated. The results show that the proposed algorithms can obviously cut down unnecessary handovers compared with conventional soft handover on the same handover signal level limit. What's more, throughput of high speed mobiles and the total throughput of macro base station are increased.
[Advances in molecular genetics research of IgA nephropathy]. (2011)

Immunoglobulin A nephropathy (IgAN), which can develop into end-stage renal disease, is the most common primary glomerulonephritis. The pathogenesis of IgAN is not clear. Many studies have confirmed that genetic susceptibility is associated with IgAN, and it belongs to polygenic disease. Some studies have found that IgAN is associated with chromosome 6q22-23, 2q36 by linkage analysis, and several candidate genes have been confirmed to be associated with IgAN, such as angiotensin converting enzyme, Fc fragment of IgA receptor, human leukocyte antigen. In recent years, as the progression of molecular genetics and the Human Genome Project, more attention has been paid to the role of genetic factors in the pathogenesis of IgAN.
Randomized Controlled Trial of a Protein Substitute with Prolonged Release on the Protein Status of Children with Phenylketonuria (2014)

Protein substitutes with prolonged release might be beneficial to protein status in children with phenylketonuria.