gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An inequality on guessing and its application to sequential decoding (1996)

Let (X,Y) be a pair of discrete random variables with X taking one of M possible values, Suppose the value of X is to be determined, given the value of Y, by asking questions of the form "Is X equal to x?" until the answer is "Yes". Let G(x|y) denote the number of guesses in any such guessing scheme when X=x, Y=y. We prove that E[G(X|Y)/sup /spl rho//]/spl ges/(1+lnM)/sup -/spl rho///spl Sigma//sub y/[/spl Sigma//sub x/P/sub X,Y/(x,y)/sup 1/1+/spl rho//]/sup 1+/spl rho// for any /spl rho//spl ges/0. This provides an operational characterization of Renyi's entropy. Next we apply this inequality to the estimation of the computational complexity of sequential decoding. For this, we regard X as the input, Y as the output of a communication channel. Given Y, the sequential decoding algorithm works essentially by guessing X, one value at a time, until the guess is correct. Thus the computational complexity of sequential decoding, which is a random variable, is given by a guessing function G(X|Y) that is defined by the order in which nodes in the tree code are hypothesized by the decoder. This observation, combined with the above lower bound on moments of G(X|Y), yields lower bounds on moments of computation in sequential decoding. The present approach enables the determination of the (previously known) cutoff rate of sequential decoding in a simple manner; it also yields the (previously unknown) cutoff rate region of sequential decoding for multiaccess channels. These results hold for memoryless channels with finite input alphabets.
Switchgrass Water Extracts: Extraction, Separation and Biological Activity of Rutin and Quercitrin (2009)

Switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) has recently received significant attention as a possible feedstock for the production of liquid fuels such as ethanol. In addition, switchgrass may also be a source of valuable co-products, such as antioxidants, and our laboratory recently reported that switchgrass contains policosanols and alpha-tocopherol. Motivation for this work began when a switchgrass sample was extracted with water at 50 degrees C and was then tested for low-density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation inhibition activity using the Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) assay. The TBARS results showed that the switchgrass water extracts inhibited LDL oxidation by as much as 70% in comparison to the control. Liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were used to identify the compounds that were responsible for LDL oxidation inhibition activity as flavonoids: quercitrin (quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside) and rutin (quercetin-3-O-rutinoside). To maximize flavonoid concentrations, switchgrass was then extracted with water and 60% methanol at different temperatures. The 60% methanol treatment resulted in higher rutin and quercitrin yields when compared to water-only extraction; however, the use of this solvent would not be practical with current biorefinery technology. Centrifugal partition chromatography (CPC) was then used to purify rutin and quercitrin from the switchgrass water extract, which were then tested via the TBARS assay and shown to exhibit lipid peroxidation inhibition activity similar to that obtained with pure flavonoid standards. This is the first report on the presence of rutin and quercitrin in switchgrass. The results support the extraction of viable coproducts from switchgrass prior to conversion to liquid fuel.
TLR2 and TLR4 serve distinct roles in the host immune response against <i>Mycobacterium bovis</i> BCG (2003)

Toll-like receptor (TLR) proteins mediate cellular activation by microbes and microbial products. To delineate the role of TLR proteins in the development of host immune responses against mycobacteria, wild-type and TLR-deficient mice were infected with nonpathogenic Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG). Two weeks after intraperitoneal challenge with BCG, few bacilli were present in the lungs of wild-type and TLR4(-/-) mice, whereas bacterial loads were tenfold higher in the lungs of infected TLR2(-/-) mice. BCG challenge in vitro strongly induced proinflammatory cytokine secretion by macrophages from wild-type and TLR4(-/-) mice but not by TLR2(-/-) macrophages. In contrast, intracellular uptake, intracellular bacterial growth, and suppression of intracellular bacterial growth in vitro by interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) were similar in macrophages from all three mouse strains, suggesting that BCG growth in the lungs of TLR2(-/-) mice was a consequence of defective adaptive immunity. Antigenic stimulation of splenocytes from infected wild-type and TLR4(-/-) mice induced T cell proliferation in vitro, whereas T cells from TLR2(-/-) mice failed to proliferate. Unexpectedly, activated CD4(+) T cells from both TLR-deficient mouse strains secreted little IFN-gamma in vitro compared with control T cells. A role for TLR4 in the control of bacterial growth and IFN-gamma production in vivo was observed only when mice were infected with higher numbers of BCG. Thus, TLR2 and TLR4 appear to regulate distinct aspects of the host immune response against BCG.
Lamin proteolysis facilitates nuclear events during apoptosis. (1996)

Expression of the adenovirus E1A oncogene stimulates both cell proliferation and p53-dependent apoptosis in rodent cells. p53 implements apoptosis in all or in part through transcriptional activation of bax, the product of which promotes cell death. The adenovirus E1B 19K product is homologous in sequence and in function to Bcl-2, both of which bind to and inhibit the activity of Bax and thereby suppress apoptosis. The E1B 19K protein also interacts with the nuclear lamins, but the role of this interaction in the regulation of apoptosis is not known. Lamins are, however, substrates for members of the interleukin-1 beta-converting enzyme (ICE) family of cysteine proteases that are activated during apoptosis and function downstream of Bcl-2 in the cell death pathway. lamins are degraded during E1A-induced p53-dependent apoptosis. Lamin A and C are cleaved into 47- and 37-kD fragments, respectively, and the site of proteolysis is mapped to a conserved aspartic acid residue at position 230. The cleavage of lamins during apoptosis is consistent with the activation of an ICE-related cysteine protease down-stream of p53. No lamin protease activity was detected in cells expressing the E1B 19K protein, indicating that 19K functions upstream of protease activation in inhibiting apoptosis. Substitution of the aspartic acid at the cleavage site produced a mutant lamin protein that was resistant to proteolysis both in vitro and in vivo. Expression of uncleavable mutant lamin A or B attenuated apoptosis, delaying cell death and the associated DNA fragmentation by 12 h. Mutant lamin expressing cells failed to show the signs of chromatin condensation and nuclear shrinkage typical of cell death by apoptosis. Instead, the nuclear envelope collapsed and the nuclear lamina remained intact. However, the late stage of apoptosis was morphologically unaltered and formation of apoptotic bodies was evident. Thus, lamin breakdown by proteolytic degradation facilitates the nuclear events of apoptosis perhaps by facilitating nuclear breakdown.
Mediterranean Dietary Pattern in a Randomized Trial (1998)

This randomized trial suggests that patients following a cardioprotective Mediterranean diet have a prolonged survival and may also be protected against cancer. Further studies are warranted to confirm the data and to explore the role of the different lipids and fatty acids in this protection.
Removal of time-varying errors in network-analyser measurements: signal normalisation and test results (2002)

A new approach to network-analyser measurements has been developed, which uses a dynamic-error suppression technique to remove time-varying component-drift errors (such as amplifier- and filter-response changes) and physical‐device errors (such as response changes due to cable flexure). This dynamic-error suppression technique is combined with a conventional static-error suppression technique, such as ‘short/open/load/thru’ (SOLT) or ‘thru/reflection/line’ (TRL), to remove all types of errors. This procedure is referred to as the accurate real-time total-error-suppression technique (ARTTEST). Special signal flow models and normalisation equations are developed for the suppression of both static and time-varying errors in the transmitter, receiver, reference, and link circuitry. In order to test the prototype system, time-varying reflection and transmission errors are introduced in the various paths in the ARTTEST network analyser. Based on these tests, it is found that the ARTTEST network analyser's dynamic-error suppression technique provides an improvement, when compared with conventional network analyser measurements, of greater than 50 dB for reflection and greater than 40 dB for transmission measurements. Corresponding improvements of greater than a factor of 300 for reflection phase and greater than a factor of 100 improvement for measurements of transmission phase are also achieved.
Environmental adaptation based on first order approximation (2002)

We propose an algorithm that compensates for both additive and convolutional noise. The goal of this method is to achieve an efficient environmental adaptation to realistic environments both in terms of computation time and memory. The algorithm described in this paper is an extension of an additive noise adaptation algorithm. Experimental results are given on a realistic database recorded in a car. This database is further filtered by a low pass filter to combine additive and channel noise. The proposed adaptation algorithm reduces the error rate by 75 % on this database, when compared to our baseline system without environmental adaptation.
Hot-gas cleanup for coal-based gas turbines (1994)

This article describes a gas turbine combined-cycle system, linked by a hot-gas cleanup process to an advanced coal-conversion system. Integrated gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) and pressurized fluidized-bed combustion (PFBC) are two examples of types of new-generation advanced coal-fired power plants. In these plants, coal-derived gases are cleaned prior to or during combustion at elevated pressures and temperatures, which makes them compatible with gas turbine power generation systems. Such gas turbine systems will achieve exceptional efficiencies by the end of the decade, assisted by a government-sponsored advanced turbine system (ATS) initiative. In commercially available IGCC systems, superior environmental performance has already been achieved. With the adaptation of hot-gas cleanup, large-scale demonstration plants will achieve 45 percent efficiency by the turn of the century. IGCC plant efficiencies will climb to 52 percent and greater as advanced turbine systems are incorporated.
Effects on Murine Behavior and Lifespan of Selectively Decreasing Expression of Mutant Huntingtin Allele by Supt4h Knockdown (2015)

Production of protein containing lengthy stretches of polyglutamine encoded by multiple repeats of the trinucleotide CAG is a hallmark of Huntington's disease (HD) and of a variety of other inherited degenerative neurological and neuromuscular disorders. Earlier work has shown that interference with production of the transcription elongation protein SUPT4H results in decreased cellular capacity to transcribe mutant huntingtin gene (Htt) alleles containing long CAG expansions, but has little effect on expression of genes containing short CAG stretches. zQ175 and R6/2 are genetically engineered mouse strains whose genomes contain human HTT alleles that include greatly expanded CAG repeats and which are used as animal models for HD. Here we show that reduction of SUPT4H expression in brains of zQ175 mice by intracerebroventricular bolus injection of antisense 2'-O-methoxyethyl oligonucleotides (ASOs) directed against Supt4h, or in R6/2 mice by deletion of one copy of the Supt4h gene, results in a decrease in mRNA and protein encoded specifically by mutant Htt alleles. We further show that reduction of SUPT4H in mouse brains is associated with decreased HTT protein aggregation, and in R6/2 mice, also with prolonged lifespan and delay of the motor impairment that normally develops in these animals. Our findings support the view that targeting of SUPT4H function may be useful as a therapeutic countermeasure against HD.
Anelastic Behavior in Filled Elastomers Under Harmonic Loading Using Distributed Rate-Dependent Elasto-Slide Elements (2012)

Anelastic Behavior in Filled Elastomers Under Harmonic Loading Using Distributed Rate-Dependent Elasto-Slide Elements
Absorption of SO<sub>2</sub> from Air. Oxidation in Drops Containing Dissolved Catalysts (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAbsorption of SO2 from Air. Oxidation in Drops Containing Dissolved CatalystsH. F. Johnstone and D. R. CoughanowrCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1958, 50, 8, 1169–1172Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50584a039https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50584a039research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views144Altmetric-Citations71LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Pattern Recognition: An overview (2006)

Summary Pattern recognition has become more and more popular and important to us since 1960’s and it induces attractive attention coming from a wider areas. In this paper Pattern recognition was introduced including concept, method, application and integration. At the same time, ten definitions and more than ten methods of pattern recognition were summarized. On the end, the structure and classification of PR and its related fields and application areas were introduced in detail.
Assessment of c-erbB-2 amplification by immunohistochemistry in paraffin-embedded breast cancer. (1993)

The c-erbB-2 (HER-2/neu) proto-oncogenes is important in oncogenesis and for determination of prognosis in a number of human malignancies. DNA (Southern) hybridization and immunoblotting (Western) techniques are most commonly utilized for determining amplification status and protein expression of this proto-oncogene, respectively. These extraction techniques are often time-consuming, costly, and subject to variability depending on the histological characteristics of the tumor. Paraffin-immunohistochemistry (P-IHC), on the other hand, is time and cost-effective. In addition, this technique may offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity over extraction techniques due to the in situ nature of analysis. In data presented here, 67 cases of human mammary carcinoma were concomitantly assessed for c-erbB-2 gene copy number and oncoprotein expression by dilutional DNA hybridization and P-IHC, respectively. In 64 (95.5%) of 67 cases, high level expression was associated with gene amplification, whereas no detectable expression was associated with a normal diploid gene copy number. In two of the three discrepant cases, P-IHC predicted amplification not corroborated by Southern analysis. In these cases, tumor mass was limited by the intraductal component of the lesion or by an abundance of stromal elements within the specimen. We conclude that P-IHC offers a favorable alternative to Southern analysis in the assessment of c-erbB-2 gene copy number of this oncoprotein in human mammary carcinoma. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry may prove superior to either extraction technique in specimens with limited tumor mass, such as biopsy materials, stroma-rich tumors, or early stage lesions such as intraductal carcinoma.
South African War Resisters and the Ideologies of Return from Exile (2002)

While there has been strong research interest in the areas of voluntary and self‐repatriation, work on the actual process of return has maintained a focus on description rather than explanation. One explanatory concept that has been employed has been ‘the myth of return’. Using a case study of South African returnees, this article challenges the value of this concept. Instead, it argues that the process of return—and, in particular, the ways in which members make sense of the return—should be analysed within the context of the ideologies that underpin both displacement and repatriation. The article explores the impact of the changes in South Africa in 1990 on a ‘return group’ established in exile in Europe by the Committee on South African War Resistance. It discusses how the group prepared its return to South Africa and examines the ideologies of exile that sustained the decision of its members as individuals and as a group.
A novel predictive coding algorithm for 3-D image compression (1997)

We propose two predictive coding algorithms for 3-D stereo image compression which make use of inter-frame and intra-frame correlation present in stereo image pairs. The predictive coding is applied to one of the two frames associated with each stereo image pair on top of DCT-quantization based compression technology to achieve extra data compression. The technology can also be applied in addition to any other compression technology such as, wavelets based, fractal based, etc. This novel coding technique eliminates the necessity of using overhead bits in reconstructing the predicted image.
A Template-based Model Transformation Approach for Deriving Multi-Tenant SaaS Applications (2012)

Abstract: Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) and Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) are two of the most dominant software engineering paradigms nowadays. Multi-tenancy is the key to successful SaaS. In this paper, we introduce a data middleware to customize the multitenant database first. In addition, with the help of model transformation, it is possible to generate SaaS applications from the models. However, most of the current model transformation approaches do not fully support the requirements for model synchronization, and they do not cater for the specific problems faced in the multi-tenancy. Therefore, an effective and simple template-based model transformation and model synchronization approach based on model evolution of MDE paradigms is fully integrated for the development of SaaS multi-tenant applications. The proposed framework uses a novel extensible business component model (xBC) to sufficiently describe both the structural and behavioral properties of SaaS applications. The distribution and uninterrupted running of the generated SaaS applications proves that our approach is feasible and correct in practice. Keywords: Software-as-a-Service; multi-tenancy; textual template evolution; model transformation; model synchronization – 25 – K. Ma et al. A Template-based Model Transformation Approach for Deriving Multi-Tenant SaaS Applications 1
Dynamic optimization of load distribution in heterogeneous systems (2002)

Considers at run-time t the dynamic load redistribution of the m(t) interacting heterogeneous unexecuted modules of a given workload over the p(t) heterogeneous processors available at time t. Average-valued parameters are used to model the workload parameters and its execution on the system processors. We seek to minimize a multi-metric objective function representing a combination of workload completion time, communication cost, resource utilization cost, and processor idle-time cost. The efficacy of a processor is defined as a composite measure of its CPU speed, memory speed, and the averaged workload parameters. The optimal load distribution is found to be the apportionment of the total load among a subset of the available processors, composed of the q(t)/spl les/p(t) most efficacious processors, in direct proportion to their efficacies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Manufactured object sub-segmentation based on reflection motion estimation (2015)

In computer vision, reflection is a long-standing problem, it covers image textures, makes original color difficult to recognize, complicates the understanding of the scene. Most of the time, it is considered as “noise”. Many methods are proposed in order to reduce or delete the reflection effects in the image, but generally, the performances are not quite satisfactory. While instead of working on “de-noising”, we propose a method to take advantage of moving reflections that can be used for different computer vision applications. For instance, the segmentation of reflective manufactured objects is presented in this paper. We focus on tracking reflection components and segmenting continuous surfaces of the object by taking motion information into account. In this paper, a comparison with several conventional segmentation methods is proposed to illustrate how our approach significantly improves the segmentation results.
On an argument of Armstrong against nominalism (1988)

On an argument of Armstrong against nominalism Get access Michael Levin Michael Levin City College of New YorkNew York, NY 10031, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Analysis, Volume 48, Issue 1, January 1988, Pages 9–12, https://doi.org/10.1093/analys/48.1.9 Published: 01 January 1988
Development of real‐time RT‐PCR assays for detection of three classes of HHV‐6A gene transcripts (2017)

Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6), a member of the betaherpesvirus family, has two distinct species: HHV‐6A and HHV‐6B. HHV‐6B real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) has been used to distinguish between active and latent viral infection. In this study, we developed a real‐time RT‐PCR assay to detect HHV‐6A‐specific transcripts and evaluated its reliability for analysis of clinical samples. To develop HHV‐6A‐specific real‐time RT‐PCR assays, three different classes of gene transcripts (immediate early: U90; early: U12; and late: U100) were selected as targets. Serial d ilutions of plasmid DNAs containing target sequences and RNAs extracted from HHV‐6A‐infected cells were used to determine assay specificity and sensitivity. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) collected from patients with either primary or reactivated HHV‐6B infection, and one patient with X‐linked severe combined immunodeficiency (X‐SCID) with HHV‐6A reactivation, were used to evaluate assay reliability. The HHV‐6A‐specific real‐time RT‐PCR assays amplified plasmids containing the target sequences at concentrations between 10 and 1 × 10 6 copies per reaction. The intra‐assay coefficients of variation were less than 5%. The three classes of HHV‐6A gene transcripts were not detected in any HHV‐6B sample isolated from the patients. In the X‐SCID patient, high copy numbers of HHV‐6A U12 and U100 transcripts were detected in PBMC samples during viremia. Thus, we successfully established highly sensitive and reproducible real‐time RT‐PCR methods targeting three classes of HHV‐6A gene transcripts. This method should be useful for discriminating active HHV‐6A infection from either latent infection or chromosomally integrated HHV‐6A (ciHHV‐6A).