gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Graphite formation in diamond film deposition (1989)

In this paper we report on the existence, distribution, crystallographic orientation, size, and morphology of graphite crystallites within diamond films prepared by microwave plasma assisted chemical vapor deposition. Transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy techniques were used to characterize graphite formation in diamond films deposited under various conditions.
Self-diplexing circularly polarised antenna (1990)

A simple self-diplexing microstrip radiator that provides up to 40 dB isolation between transmit and receive is presented. The proposed approach reduces passive intermodulation interference, and this may be a decisive factor for avoiding the use of two separate arrays for transmit and receive. The radiator also has the property of canceling on-axis cross polarization and produces a symmetrical radiation pattern. Experimental results are presented on various breadboards of these radiators at L- and S-bands using different dielectrics, thicknesses, and feed circuit designs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Developing Cold‐Chipping Potato Varieties by Silencing the Vacuolar Invertase Gene (2011)

ABSTRACT Accumulation of reducing sugars during cold storage is a persistent and costly problem for the potato ( Solanum tuberosum L.) processing industry. High temperature processing of potato tubers with elevated amounts of reducing sugars results in potato chips, fries, and other products that are unacceptable to consumers because of their bitter taste and unappealing dark color. More problematically, such products contain increased amounts of acrylamide, a neurotoxin and a potential carcinogen. We have demonstrated that silencing of the potato vacuolar acid invertase gene VInv can prevent reducing sugar accumulation in cold‐stored tubers. Using this approach we developed VInv silencing lines using RNA interference (RNAi) from four potato cultivars grown currently for potato chip production in North America. Accumulation of reducing sugars during cold storage was reduced by ∼93% or more in all RNAi lines that had >90% reduction of VInv transcript. Potato chips produced from these lines were light colored and significantly lower in acrylamide than controls. Changes in growth and tuber yield were not associated with VInv suppression using RNAi. We demonstrate that silencing of VInv is an effective approach to control the cold‐induced sweetening problem in potato.
Synchronization of Neuronal Responses in Primary Visual Cortex of Monkeys Viewing Natural Images (2008)

When inspecting visual scenes, primates perform on average four saccadic eye movements per second, which implies that scene segmentation, feature binding, and identification of image components is accomplished in <200 ms. Thus individual neurons can contribute only a small number of discharges for these complex computations, suggesting that information is encoded not only in the discharge rate but also in the timing of action potentials. While monkeys inspected natural scenes we registered, with multielectrodes from primary visual cortex, the discharges of simultaneously recorded neurons. Relating these signals to eye movements revealed that discharge rates peaked around 90 ms after fixation onset and then decreased to near baseline levels within 200 ms. Unitary event analysis revealed that preceding this increase in firing there was an episode of enhanced response synchronization during which discharges of spatially distributed cells coincided within 5-ms windows significantly more often than predicted by the discharge rates. This episode started 30 ms after fixation onset and ended by the time discharge rates had reached their maximum. When the animals scanned a blank screen a small change in firing rate, but no excess synchronization, was observed. The short latency of the stimulation-related synchronization phenomena suggests a fast-acting mechanism for the coordination of spike timing that may contribute to the basic operations of scene segmentation.
CGA—154281—一种避免异丙甲草胺伤害玉米的保护剂 (1992)

CGA-154281,化学名称为4-(二氯-乙酰基)-3,4-二氢-3-甲基-2H-1-苯并号噁嗪,是由Ciba—Gejgy公司提供的一种保护玉米避免异丙甲草胺(melolaehlor)伤害的保护剂。CGA-180937是异丙甲草胺+CGA-154281,比例为30:1。通过室内和田间的试验表明,试该验性保护剂对于在不利条件下保护玉米幼苗免受异丙甲草胺的伤害是有特效的。
Notizen: Zur mathematischen Behandlung des Viskositätsanstieges bei der Symplexbildung von Aktomyosin aus seinen Komponenten (1952)

Article Notizen: Zur mathematischen Behandlung des Viskositätsanstieges bei der Symplexbildung von Aktomyosin aus seinen Komponenten was published on June 1, 1952 in the journal Zeitschrift für Naturforschung B (volume 7, issue 6).
Polyubiquitination Is Required for US11-dependent Movement of MHC Class I Heavy Chain from Endoplasmic Reticulum into Cytosol (2001)

The human cytomegalovirus protein US11 induces the dislocation of MHC class I heavy chains from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) into the cytosol for degradation by the proteasome. With the use of a fractionated, permeabilized cell system, we find that US11 activity is needed only in the cell membranes and that additional cytosolic factors are required for heavy chain dislocation. We identify ubiquitin as one of the required cytosolic factors. Cytosol depleted of ubiquitin does not support heavy chain dislocation from the ER, and activity can be restored by adding back purified ubiquitin. Methylated-ubiquitin or a ubiquitin mutant lacking all lysine residues does not substitute for wild-type ubiquitin, suggesting that polyubiquitination is required for US11-dependent dislocation. We propose a new function for ubiquitin in which polyubiquitination prevents the lumenal domain of the MHC class I heavy chain from moving back into the ER lumen. A similar mechanism may be operating in the dislocation of misfolded proteins from the ER in the cellular quality control pathway.
Separation of Nematode Eggs from Fecal Debris by Gradient Centrifugation (1961)

Separation of eggs of helminths from extraneous debris is usually accomplished by a combination of screening to remove larger debris (Seghetti, 1955), sedimentation, and flotation in a medium of high specific gravity. Coker and Lichtenberg (1956) described a method for removing schistosome eggs from hamster liver. Liver was comminuted, filtered and then layered on a solution of 0.5 M sucrose in a burette. The fluke eggs and debris fell through the sugar at different rates and could be drawn off at the bottom as separate fractions. Rowan and Gram (1959) separated parasite eggs from large volumes of sewage and from smaller amounts of feces or tissues by allowing the material to flow over the surface of a saline
Efficient Cytoplasmic Protein Delivery by Means of a Multifunctional Envelope-type Nano Device (2007)

The potential for protein therapy, such as the use of antibodies, and vaccines is now well accepted. However, it is difficult to enhance efficiency in protein therapy without a suitable delivery system for delivering proteins to target sites. Here we describe the development of protein delivery system, which is capable of cytoplasmic delivery as well as efficient packaging. The multifunctional envelope-type nano device (MEND), which was originally developed for the delivery of nucleic acids such as plasmid DNA and oligodeoxynucleotides, can also be applied to protein delivery. In this study, the green fluorescent protein (GFP), a model protein, was condensed with stearyl octaarginine (stearyl R8) to form a nano particle, which was then coated with a lipid membrane, thus permitting R8 to be introduced for efficient cellular uptake and controlled intracellular trafficking. The packaging efficiency of the MEND was significantly higher than that of conventional liposomes, because the GFP can be encapsulated a condensed form. According to confocal laser scanning microscopy, the MEND is internalized efficiently and escapes from the acidic compartment to efficiently release GFP into the cytosol. These results indicate that the MEND can serve as a useful cytoplasmic delivery system for protein therapy.
Early postoperative femoral-distal bypass graft failure due to vascular clamp injury induced common femoral artery thrombosis. (1988)

Acute early postoperative femoral-distal bypass graft failure associated with profound lower extremity ischemia is unusual because early graft failure commonly reverts leg circulation to the preoperative status. Two cases are reported where the etiology of profound early postoperative ischemia and graft failure were not due to technical aspects of graft reconstruction itself but rather to vascular clamp injury to a severely atherosclerotic common femoral artery with early postoperative common femoral artery, profunda femoris artery and graft thrombosis. This event requires immediate recognition and common femoral artery reconstruction for limb salvage.
Exploration of the Circuit Potential of Multiple-Gate Field-Effect Transistors (2006)

A comprehensive analysis of operational tall triple-gate MuGFET ring oscillators (ROs) is presented for the first time. Device geometries, process options and best inverter layout are discussed based on measured power and delay. A MOS model 11 based macro-model has been calibrated and correlated to hardware to enable a study on work-function tuning, conformal S/D extensions, strain engineering, raised S/D extensions and their impact at circuit level. Performance is benchmarked against reference bulk-planar LSTP and HP CMOS processes options to determine MuGFETs applicability opportunities. Finally, a new metric is used to assess CMOS technologies circuit potential, demonstrating the superior characteristics of MuGFET devices for low-power (LP) and for low-operational power (LOP) applications
SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein and Lung Vascular Cells (2020)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is causing the current pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), and COVID-19 vaccines focus on its spike protein. However, in addition to facilitating the membrane fusion and viral entry, the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein promotes cell growth signaling in human lung vascular cells, and patients who have died of COVID-19 have thickened pulmonary vascular walls, linking the spike protein to a fatal disease, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). In addition to SARS-CoV spike proteins, gp120, the viral membrane fusion protein of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), has been reported to promote cell signaling, and long-term surviving HIV-positive patients have a high incidence of developing PAH. This article describes the findings of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein affecting lung vascular cells and explains how the spike protein possibly increases the incidence of PAH. Since the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein will be administered to millions of people as COVID-19 vaccines, it is critical to understand the biological effects of this protein on human cells to ensure that it does not promote long-term adverse health consequences.
Aptamer-Gated Nanoparticles for Smart Drug Delivery (2011)

Aptamers are functional nucleic acid sequences which can bind specific targets. An artificial combinatorial methodology can identify aptamer sequences for any target molecule, from ions to whole cells. Drug delivery systems seek to increase efficacy and reduce side-effects by concentrating the therapeutic agents at specific disease sites in the body. This is generally achieved by specific targeting of inactivated drug molecules. Aptamers which can bind to various cancer cell types selectively and with high affinity have been exploited in a variety of drug delivery systems for therapeutic purposes. Recent progress in selection of cell-specific aptamers has provided new opportunities in targeted drug delivery. Especially functionalization of nanoparticles with such aptamers has drawn major attention in the biosensor and biomedical areas. Moreover, nucleic acids are recognized as an attractive building materials in nanomachines because of their unique molecular recognition properties and structural features. A active controlled delivery of drugs once targeted to a disease site is a major research challenge. Stimuli-responsive gating is one way of achieving controlled release of nanoparticle cargoes. Recent reports incorporate the structural properties of aptamers in controlled release systems of drug delivering nanoparticles. In this review, the strategies for using functional nucleic acids in creating smart drug delivery devices will be explained. The main focus will be on aptamer-incorporated nanoparticle systems for drug delivery purposes in order to assess the future potential of aptamers in the therapeutic area. Special emphasis will be given to the very recent progress in controlled drug release based on molecular gating achieved with aptamers.
Androstane derivatives--roxibolone and decylroxibolone--devoid of any affinity for the androgenic prostate and muscle receptors. (1986)

Unlike testosterone propionate and norandrostenolone decanoate, some new androstane derivatives did not cause any weight increase of the levator ani muscle and of the seminal vesicles in castrated rats. Actually, these new androsterone derivatives, characterized by the presence of a carboxyl group in the position 2 and a hydroxyl group in the 11 alpha or beta position, have entirely lost their affinity for the androgenic receptors of the prostate and of the skeletal muscles.
An Automated Optical Dilatometer for Inhomogeneously Expanding Material (1974)

The determination of the thermal Grüneisen parameter of anisotropic reentry vehicle materials has been limited in part by the accuracy of experimentally determined values of the thermal coefficient of linear expansion. In many cases, the coefficient of thermal expansion of recently developed anisotropic materials is very small and precise determination with commercially available dilatometers is, at best, extremely difficult if at all possible. A description will be given of a completely automated dilatometer developed at the Air Force Weapons Laboratory. The instrument employs samples of the materials of interest as the mirror spacing for a confocal, spherical Fabry‐Perot cavity. Results are presented of measurements made on well‐characterized, low expansion materials demonstrating a less than 1% uncertainty in the coefficient of expansion.
Insulin receptor: covalent labeling and identification of subunits. (1979)

Two methods were used to label insulin receptors covalently with 125I. In the first, an aryl azide derivative of insulin, 125I-labeled 4-azido-2-nitrophenyl-insulin, was synthesized and used to photolabel the binding region of the insulin receptor in rat liver membranes and human placenta membranes. In the second, insulin receptors were purified from rat liver membranes and labeled with 125I by use of chloramine-T; this method presumably has no specificity for the binding region of the receptor. The proteins labeled by both methods were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after or without reduction by dithiothreitol. The photoaffinity label specifically labeled a single band in both liver and placenta that had an apparent molecular weight of 135,000 after reduction. A band with similar mobility was present in the chloramine-T-labeled preparation, which also contained a second major band with an apparent molecular weight of 45,000. Without reduction, both methods resulted in a single labeled band with an apparent molecular weight of about 310,000. These results indicate that the insulin receptor of both liver and placenta has a subunit of molecular weight 135,000 that binds insulin and that the receptor may be composed of at least two different subunits that are linked together or greatly stabilized by disulfide bonds.
Program Synthesis Through Reinforcement Learning Guided Tree Search (2018)

Program Synthesis is the task of generating a program from a provided specification. Traditionally, this has been treated as a search problem by the programming languages (PL) community and more recently as a supervised learning problem by the machine learning community. Here, we propose a third approach, representing the task of synthesizing a given program as a Markov decision process solvable via reinforcement learning(RL). From observations about the states of partial programs, we attempt to find a program that is optimal over a provided reward metric on pairs of programs and states. We instantiate this approach on a subset of the RISC-V assembly language operating on floating point numbers, and as an optimization inspired by search-based techniques from the PL community, we combine RL with a priority search tree. We evaluate this instantiation and demonstrate the effectiveness of our combined method compared to a variety of baselines, including a pure RL ablation and a state of the art Markov chain Monte Carlo search method on this task.
Synthetic Organic Ligands active at Voltage‐Gated Calcium Channelsa (1991)

The calcium channel antagonists, including verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem, are a major class of drugs active in cardiovascular medicine."' Since their discovery (reviewed by Flecken~tein~) a number of questions have been posed that have served to define the sites and mechanisms of action of these agents. These questions may be summarized as fol10ws:~ (1) Are the specific sites of action discrete or multiple? What are the structure-activity relationships? (2) Are mobilization and currents involved in a relationship to Ca"? (3) Is the specificity of action in specific tissues or organs? What is the basis for the specificity? (4) How are membranes and sidedness involved in multiple sites of action? (5) Are the mechanisms single or multiple? There is now quite general agreement that, consistent with their chemical and pharmacologic heterogeneity, verapamil, nifedipine, and diltiazem (FIG. l), as representatives of the phenylalkylamine, 1,4-dihydropyridine, and benzothiazepine chemical classes, respectively, interact at three distinct sites that are located on a major protein, the nonglycosylated alpha, subunit of the voltage-gated L class of These sites are linked allosterically one to the other and to the functional machinery of the channel (FIG. 1). The 1,4-dihydropyridine structure, including Bay K 8644 and PN 202 791, and possibly the phenylalkylamine and benzothiazepine structures also, expresses potent activator properties (FIG. 1).* Furthermore, within the 1,4-dihydropyridine structure potent activator and antagonist properties may exist within the enantiomers of a single structure.' Expression of the alpha, protein shows that it possesses the major properties of the Ca" channellox1' and that it exists in several subclasses.'2 Although these agents all interact at a single category of Caz+ channel and although these channels are widespread in excitable tissues, there is considerable selectivity of drug action. The actions of current therapeutically available agents dominate in the cardiovascular system, and they exhibit also a significant range of cardiac:vascular selectivity (FIG. 1). Furthermore, the selectivity of the agents may be distinguished not only between groups, but also within groups. Thus, the 1,4- dihydropyridine structure embraces a range of activity from the normal vascular selective agents to more recently described cardiac selective agents
Vitamin B<sub>6</sub> Level Is Associated with Symptoms of Depression (2004)

Our study suggests that a low level of plasma PLP is associated with symptoms of depression. Randomized trials are now justified and needed in order to examine whether treatment with vitamin B6 may improve symptoms of depression.
Polarization dependent frequency shift induced BER penalty in DPSK demodulators (2009)

We experimentally analyzed the induced penalty due to polarization dependent frequency shift (PDf) for 10 GHz and 40 GHz DPSK demodulators, revealing a strong correlation with the PDf ratio and filtering effect of the delay interferometer.
Wide-coverage array antenna using a dual-beam switching for UHF RFID applications (2013)

Based on a dual-beam switching, the wide-coverage array antenna with a 4 × 4 proposed matrix which generates three dual-beams is presented for the ultra high frequency (UHF) radio frequency identification (RFID) applications. The 4 × 4 proposed matrix generates the three dual-beams which can find the approximate location of a tag by covering the wide spatial coverage of 180°. The main beam directions can be controlled by selecting the appropriate input port of the proposed matrix. Due to the compact structure and very low reflection coefficient, the circular polarized square quadrifilar spiral antenna (QSA) array incorporated with the 4×4 proposed matrix has been configured. The fabricated array antenna operates at the 902-928 MHz band and produces three dual-beams at ±12°, ±39°, and ±68°.
Pyromagnetic Effect: A Method for Determining Curie Points (1958)

A dynamic technique has been developed for studying the pyromagnetic effect (the change in the intensity of magnetization, I, with temperature, T). The thermal transients produced in a crystal of gadolinium iron garnet when subjected to brief, intense, flashes of light, result in transient changes in the intensity of magnetization. The magnitude of the signal picked up by the detector coil is determined by the pyromagnetic coefficient (dI/dT), and the rate of change of the temperature. No externally applied magnetic field is necessary to obtain these signals and, furthermore, the net state of magnetization of the crystal is determined nondestructively. As (dI/dT) possesses a very sharp peak at the Curie point, the latter can be determined simply and with some precision; the actual temperature change produced in the crystal by the light can be kept to a small fraction of a degree. The Curie point for gadolinium iron garnet was found to be 564±3°K. The technique may prove to be useful for studying the behavior of (dI/dT) at low temperatures.
Comparing computation in Gaussian mixture and neural network based large-vocabulary speech recognition (2013)

In this paper we look at real-time computing issues in large vocabulary speech recognition. We use the French broadcast audio transcription task from ETAPE 2011 for this evaluation. We compare word error rate (WER) versus overall computing time for hidden Markov models with Gaussian mixtures (GMM-HMM) and deep neural networks (DNN-HMM). We show that for a similar computing during recognition, the DNNHMM combination is superior to the GMM-HMM. For a realtime computing scenario, the error rate for the ETAPE dev set is 23.5% for DNN-HMM versus 27.9% for the GMM-HMM: a significant difference in accuracy for comparable computing. Rescoring lattices (generated by DNN-HMM acoustic model) with a quadgram language model (LM), and then with a neural net LM reduces the WER to 22.0% while still providing realtime computing.
Zwitterionic Organometallates (2000)

Whereas ion-pairing has been long recognized as playing a key role in organometallic chemistry, the zwitterionic feature of organotransition metal complexes has only recently become an influential factor in the design of cationic metal catalysts. The prospective situation of reversed polarity, with metal fragments formally bearing an integral negative charge, may be envisaged. Besides the well-documented zwitterionic complexes derived from phosphonium ylides, other examples of zwitterionic organometallate complexes, formulated as such on the basis of structural, spectroscopic, or chemical evidence, have been reported in the recent literature and are reviewed here. They are classified according to the nuclearity of the anionic core and the nature of the cationic moiety, which can be a phosphonium, an ammonium, an iminium, a sulfonium, or a cationic organometallic fragment. The stabilization of the non-solvated charge separation is shown to arise from resonance and partial hapticity effects, hydrogen-type bonding, and tight intramolecular ion-pairing made possible by a back-folding of the ligand onto the metal center.