gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Copper Filling of Deep Submicrometer Trenches with Ruthenium-Lined Barrier Metal by High-Vacuum Magnetron Sputtering Using Argon Gas with Added Oxygen (2012)

A fine structure with a ruthenium-lined barrier layer was experimentally fabricated, and copper-filling tests were performed by high-vacuum sputtering using argon gas with added oxygen. As a result, the complete copper filling of all trenches with a width of about 80 nm and an aspect ratio (AR) of four was accomplished with good reproducibility. The experimental results also show that complete copper filling was even possible in the case of trenches with a width of about 30 nm and an AR of nine. The reasons for these results are explained by applying capillary theory from the viewpoint of copper wettability on a ruthenium-lined layer.
On the Correlation between Controller Faults and Instruction-Level Errors in Modern Microprocessors (2008)

We investigate the correlation between register transfer-level faults in the control logic of a modern microprocessor and their instruction-level impact on the execution flow of typical programs. Such information can prove immensely useful in accurately assessing and prioritizing faults with regards to their criticality, as well as commensurately allocating resources to enhance testability, diagnosability, manufacturability and reliability. To this end, we developed an extensive infrastructure which allows injection of stuck-at faults and transient errors of arbitrary starting point and duration, as well as cost-effective simulation and classification of their repercussions into various instruction-level error types. As a test vehicle for our study, we employ a superscalar, dynamically-scheduled, out-of-order, Alpha-like microprocessor, on which we execute SPEC2000 integer benchmarks. Extensive experimentation with faults injected in control logic modules of this microprocessor reveals interesting trends and results, corroborating the utility of this simulation infrastructure and motivating its further development and application to various tasks related to robust design.
Cashmere-2L (1997)

Cashmere-2L currently runs on an &node, 32-processor DEC AlphaServersystem. Speedups rangefrom 8 to 31 on 32processors for our benchmark suite, depending on the application's characteristics. We quanhfi the importance of ourprotocol optimizations by comparing perjormance to that of several alternative protocols that do not share memory in hardware within an SMP, and require more synchronization. In comparison to a one-level protocol that does not share memory in hardware within an SMP Cashmere-2L improves performance by up to 46%.
Consequences of Reduction of <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae</i> Capsule Expression on Interactions of This Bacterium with Epithelial Cells (1999)

Most Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates are fully encapsulated and adhere in vitro to intestinal cell lines with an aggregative pattern. In this study, the influence of the capsule on interactions with epithelial cells was investigated by creating an isogenic mutant defective in the synthesis of the capsule. Determination of the uronic acid content of bacterial extracts confirmed that the mutant did not produce capsular polysaccharides whereas, with the wild-type strain, the level of encapsulation was growth phase dependent and reached a maximum during the lag and early log phases. Assays performed with different epithelial cell lines, Int-407, A-549, and HEp-2, showed that the capsule-defective mutant demonstrated greater adhesion than did the wild-type strain and that the aggregative pattern was maintained, indicating that the capsule was not related to the adhesion phenotype. In contrast, when the mucus-producing HT-29-MTX cells were used, the encapsulated wild-type strain adhered more strongly than did the capsule-defective mutant. No invasion properties were observed with any of the capsular phenotypes or cell lines used. The K. pneumoniae adhesin CF29K was detected by Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay on the surface of transconjugants obtained after transfer of a conjugative plasmid harboring the CF29K-encoding genes into both the wild-type and the capsule-defective strains. The amounts of adhesin detected were greater in the capsule-defective background strain than in the wild-type encapsulated strain and were associated with an increase in the level of adhesion to Caco-2 cells. Moreover, RNA slot blot experiments showed that transcription of the adhesin-encoding gene was markedly increased in the capsule-defective mutant compared to the wild-type encapsulated background. These results suggest (i) that the capsule plays an active role during the initial steps of the pathogenesis by interacting with mucus-producing cells but is subsequently not required for the adhesin-related interaction with the epithelial cell surface and (ii) that the expression of the adhesin is modulated by the presence of a capsule at a transcriptional level.
Bacteriology of Human Gingivitis (1987)

The subgingival bacterial floras of naturally occurring gingivitis in adults and children were characterized and compared with the floras of other periodontal conditions previously studied. The composition of the gingivitis floras was found to be distinct from that of floras associated with health or with moderate, severe, or juvenile periodontitis. There were no major differences between the floras of naturally-occurring gingivitis and the floras of the human experimental gingivitis model. Data indicated that the flora of healthy sites within a mouth is influenced by the number of inflamed sites, which argues against independence of sites bacteriologically. Proportions of ten bacterial species increased in both gingivitis and periodontitis, as compared with health, in both adults and children. These species were found in both affected and unaffected sites of people with gingivitis. The numbers of five other cultivable species and the "large treponeme", which was not cultivated, increased in gingivitis and periodontitis of adults only. Significant differences in non-spirochetal floras between children and adults were not found, although they were in the experimental gingivitis model studied previously. Cultivable spirochetes did differ between children and adults. Children had fewer samples positive for spirochetes, and children's positive samples contained greater proportions of T. socranskii subsp. paredis. Some species that predominate in periodontitis, but which are absent from healthy gingivae, were found as a small percentage of the flora in gingivitis. This suggests that increased serum and blood in the gingival crevice encourage species that relate to periodontitis.
Nanomedicine for drug targeting: strategies beyond the enhanced permeability and retention effect (2014)

The growing research interest in nanomedicine for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory-related pathologies is yielding encouraging results. Unfortunately, enthusiasm is tempered by the limited specificity of the enhanced permeability and retention effect. Factors such as lack of cellular specificity, low vascular density, and early release of active agents prior to reaching their target contribute to the limitations of the enhanced permeability and retention effect. However, improved nanomedicine designs are creating opportunities to overcome these problems. In this review, we present examples of the advances made in this field and endeavor to highlight the potential of these emerging technologies to improve targeting of nanomedicine to specific pathological cells and tissues.
An optimized and reliable LDD structure for 1-&#181;m NMOSFET based on substrate current analysis (1985)

Optimization of the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> region concentration for n-channel MOSFET's with a lightly doped drain (LDD) structure was investigated, based on an analysis of the substrate current characteristics. When a substrate current tailing is observed, which is peculiar to the LDDFET with a low-concentration n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> region, a gate current is not observed, which suggests strong resistance against hot-carrier injection. This was confirmed by a bias stress test. The optimized surface concentration for the n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-</sup> region ranges from 1 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> to 2.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> under negligible V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">TH</inf> shift and less than 25-percent driving capability degradation, compared to values for a conventional MOSFET.
Is Mannitol Metabolized? (1948)

1. In 92 unselected clearance periods in 29 tests on 22 patients 100.4 mg of mannitol were recovered in the urine for every 100 mg injected.
Carbon Dioxide Adsorption on Grafted Nanofibrous Adsorbents Functionalized Using Different Amines (2019)

Of late, the demand for new CO2 adsorbents with high adsorption capacity and stability is growing very fast. Nanofibrous adsorbents are potential materials for such application with most attempts made on carbon nanofibers. In this study, a series of electrospun nanofibrous adsorbents containing amines were prepared using a 3-stage promising approach and tested comparatively for CO2 capture. The preparation of adsorbents involved electrospinning of syndiotactic polypropylene (s-PP) solution, radiation-induced grafting (RIG) of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) onto electrospun nanofibers, and functionalization of poly-GMA grafted s-PP nanofibrous mats with different amines, including ethanolamine (EA) diethylamine (DEA) and triethylamine (TEA). The effect of different amination parameters: namely, amine concentration, reaction time, temperature, and degree of grafting (DG) on the degree of amination (DA), was evaluated. The nanofibrous mats containing amine were tested for CO2 adsorption in a fixed bed column operated under various parameters such as amine density, amine type, initial CO2 concentration and temperature. The adsorbents recorded CO2 adsorption capacities of 2.87, 2.06 and 0.94 mmol/g for EA-, DEA- and TEA-containing adsorbents, respectively, at 30° C using initial CO2 concentration of 15%. This was coupled with the same order of high amine efficiency of 75, 57, and 31%. Results demonstrated that the nanofibrous adsorbent containing amine had strong potential for CO2 capture application.
Towards the web of concepts (2010)

Concepts are sequences of words that represent real or imaginary entities or ideas that users are interested in. As a first step towards building a web of concepts that will form the backbone of the next generation of search technology, we develop a novel technique to extract concepts from large datasets. We approach the problem of concept extraction from corpora as a market-basket problem, adapting statistical measures of support and confidence. We evaluate our concept extraction algorithm on datasets containing data from a large number of users (e.g., the AOL query log data set), and we show that a high-precision concept set can be extracted.
<title>JPEG 2000 still image coding versus other standards</title> (2000)

JPEG 2000, the new ISO/ITU-T standard for still image coding, is about to be finished. Other new standards have been recently introduced, namely JPEG-LS and MPEG-4 VTC. This paper compares the set of features offered by JPEG 2000, and how well they are fulfilled, versus JPEG-LS and MPEG-4 VTC, as well as the older but widely used JPEG and more recent PNG. The study concentrates on compression efficiency and functionality set, while addressing other aspects such as complexity. Lossless compression efficiency as well as the fixed and progressive lossy rate-distortion behaviors are evaluated. Robustness to transmission errors, Region of Interest coding and complexity are also discussed. The principles behind each algorithm are briefly described. The results show that the choice of the 'best' standard depends strongly on the application at hand, but that JPEG 2000 supports the widest set of features among the evaluated standards, while providing superior rate-distortion performance in most cases.
Reliable distributed shared memory (2002)

Some aspects of research into distributed shared memory (DSM) systems which concern reliability are presented. The research is concerned with applications that use shared memory in single-site systems, and their extension to operation in a distributed environment. A DSM system consists of a shared address space that is accessed by logical operations. In the author's model processes create shared memory by using a segment; the segment's size, name, and access protection are defined when the memory is created. Processes locate and attach the segment into their virtual memory address space by name. When a process is finished with the segment, it may be detached. The last detach of a segment destroys the data. The shared portion of a process's address space is partitioned into data pages, which are replicated. System implementation, distributed architecture, and issues affecting DSM reliability are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In Vitro Analysis of Complement-Dependent HIV-1 Cell Infection Using a Model System (1999)

Previous studies based on the use of human serum as a source of C have provided evidence for the C-dependent enhancement of cell infection by HIV-1. The present study was undertaken to distinguish C from other serum factors and to identify the proteins and the mechanisms involved in C-dependent cell infection by HIV-1. The classical C activation pathway was reconstituted from the proteins C1q, C1r, C1s, C4, C2, C3, factor H, and factor I; each were purified to homogeneity. A mixture of these proteins at physiological concentrations was shown to reproduce the ability of normal human serum to enhance the infection of MT2 cells by HIV-1 at low doses of virus. This enhancing effect was abolished when heat-inactivated serum and C2- or C3-depleted serum were used, and was restored upon addition of the corresponding purified proteins. A mixture of two synthetic peptides corresponding to positions 10-15 and 90-97 of human C receptor type 2 (CD21) as well as soluble CD4 both inhibited the C-dependent infection process. These data provide unambiguous evidence that HIV-1 triggers a direct activation of the classical C pathway in vitro and thereby facilitates the infection of MT2 cells at low doses of virus. These findings are consistent with a mechanism involving increased interaction between the virus opsonized by C3b-derived fragment(s) and the CD21 cell receptors and subsequent virus entry through CD4 receptors.
Caring for a demented elderly person — burden and burnout among caregiving relatives (1997)

Fifty-two family caregivers for demented elderly people were investigated for burden and burnout experiences. A structured burden questionnaire and the Burnout Measure were used. Burnout is described in relation to the caregiver's gender, age, family relationship and the demented person's living place. Older wives and daughters were the most likely to report burnout in their lives. Some siblings and daughters-in-law also risked developing burnout. Regression analysis showed that limitation in social life, poor health and a lack of positive outlook on caring were the most important independent variables explaining variance in burnout among caregivers. There was no difference in burnout experiences between caregivers having their demented elderly person living at home and those having them in an institution.
Formation of misfit dislocations at the thin strained Si∕strain-relaxed buffer interface (2005)

Misfit dislocations at the strained Si∕SiGe strain-relaxed buffer interface are known to enhance leakage currents of strained Si metal oxide semiconductor devices. As we show in this letter, misfit dislocations at this interface might be generated even for Si thicknesses below the critical thickness for layer relaxation. The important parameter is the degree of relaxation of the strain-relaxed buffer. If the strain-relaxed buffer is not fully relaxed, threading dislocations can glide during thermal treatments. This results in misfit dislocations at the strained Si∕SiGe interface, because the threading dislocation segments within the strained Si are blocked by its tensile stress.
Explicit allocation of best-effort packet delivery service (1998)

This paper presents the "allocated-capacity" framework for providing different levels of best-effort service in times of network congestion. The "allocated-capacity" framework-extensions to the Internet protocols and algorithms-can allocate bandwidth to different users in a controlled and predictable way during network congestion. The framework supports two complementary ways of controlling the bandwidth allocation: sender-based and receiver-based. In today's heterogeneous and commercial Internet the framework can serve as a basis for charging for usage and for more efficiently utilizing the network resources. We focus on algorithms for essential components of the framework: a differential dropping algorithm for network routers and a tagging algorithm for profile meters at the edge of the network for bulk-data transfers. We present simulation results to illustrate the effectiveness of the combined algorithms in controlling transmission control protocol (TCP) traffic to achieve certain targeted sending rates.
Sub-populations of Spinal V3 Interneurons Form Focal Modules of Layered Pre-motor Microcircuits (2018)

Layering of neural circuits facilitates the separation of neurons with high spatial sensitivity from those that play integrative temporal roles. Although anatomical layers are readily identifiable in the brain, layering is not structurally obvious in the spinal cord. But computational studies of motor behaviors have led to the concept of layered processing in the spinal cord. It has been postulated that spinal V3 interneurons (INs) play multiple roles in locomotion, leading us to investigate whether they form layered microcircuits. Using patch-clamp recordings in combination with holographic glutamate uncaging, we demonstrate focal, layered modules, in which ventromedial V3 INs form synapses with one another and with ventrolateral V3 INs, which in turn form synapses with ipsilateral motoneurons. Motoneurons, in turn, provide recurrent excitatory, glutamatergic input to V3 INs. Thus, ventral V3 interneurons form layered microcircuits that could function to ensure well-timed, spatially specific movements.
X- and Ka-band power performance of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs grown by ammonia-MBE (2008)

A report is presented on the power performance of deep submicron AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors grown by ammonia molecular beam epitaxy. At 10 GHz, 70% power-added-efficiency (PAE) and 3 W/mm power density were demonstrated at a drain bias of 20 V. At 30 GHz, 31% PAE and 6.5 W/mm power density were achieved at a drain bias of 40 V.
Topical SDZ GLC-756, a novel dopamine D-1 antagonist and D-2 agonist, lowers intraocular pressure in conscious rabbits. (1996)

This investigation was carried out to evaluate the effect of SDZ GLC-756, a novel dopamine D-1 antagonist and D-2 agonist, on intraocular pressure (IOP) in rabbits. A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-masked, crossover study with topical application of SDZ GLC-756 eyedrops [0.015% (n = 10), 0.03% (n = 10), 0.0625% (n = 10), 0.125% (n = 9), 0.25% (n = 10), 0.5% (n = 14)] and vehicle alone (placebo-control) to the right eye was performed in New Zealand White rabbits. The contralateral eye received no treatment. IOP was measured using a pneumatonometer. Topical SDZ GLC-756 significantly lowered IOP in a dose-dependent manner (maximal IOP-lowering effect 1 approximately 2 hours after administration) in the treated eye and, to a lesser extent, in the contralateral eye. The duration of action was approximately 4 hours. The simultaneous D-1 antagonistic and D-2 agonistic properties of SDZ GLC-756 may provide a new pharmacological approach to the treatment of glaucoma, which deserves further investigation.
An emergency response UAV Surveillance System. (2006)

A system using Unmanned Air Vehicles (UAVs), equipped for real time telemetry of video imagery, sensor support data, and GPS/INS navigation, is being developed to provide situational awareness (SA) to the central command of mass casualty incident response. UAVs provide an inexpensive and safe means of acquiring video surveillance in chaotic disaster scenes, while being durable and non-intrusive. The system provides autonomous surveillance of defined perimeters, video tracking and active following of targets of interest, and real time cueing to other imaging UAVs.
Effect of Temperature and Commodity on Distribution of CCl4-CS2 (80:20) and EDC-CCl4 (75:25) Applied by Gravity Penetration and Closed Recirculation (1971)

Gravity penetration and closed recirculation fumigations were conducted in wheat, corn, and sorghum at 45, 65, and 85°F to investigate the effect of temperature and commodity on the distribution of 2 liquid fumigant mixtures. carbon tetrachloride-carbon disulfide (CCI4-CS2, 80:20) and ethylene dichloride-carbon tetrachloride (EDC.CCI4°. 75:25). The fumigations were conducted in 5-ft metal towers each containing 2 bushels of grain. In the gravity fumigations the time required for the passage of a detectable concentration of fumigant through the commodity increased as grain temperatures decreased. Penetration time at each temperature tested was least in com and greatest in sorghum. Concentrations of each component were generally higher in the recirculation fumigations than in the gravity fumigations, particularly at 45°F fumigations. CS2 was less affected by decreased temperatures or changes in commodity than CCl4 or EDC. Comparison of the total component concentrations obtained in each commodity fumigation with the total obtained at each fumigation temperature indicates that the high sorption capacity of sorghum was a more limiting distribution factor than the slower rate of volatilization and penetration resulting from fumigation at 45°F in both gravity and recirculation fumigations.