gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cost estimate for biosynfuel production via biosyncrude gasification (2009)

Abstract Production of synthetic fuels from lignocellulose like wood or straw involves complex technology. There‐fore, a large BTL (biomass to liquid) plant for biosynfuel production is more economic than many small facilities. A reasonable BTL‐plant capacity is ≥1 Mt/a biosynfuel similar to the already existing commercial CTL and GTL (coal to liquid, gas to liquid) plants of SASOL and SHELL, corresponding to at least 10% of the capacity of a modern oil refinery. BTL‐plant cost estimates are therefore based on reported experience with CTL and GTL plants. Direct supply of large BTL plants with low bulk density biomass by trucks is limited by high transport costs and intolerable local traffic density. Biomass densification by liquefaction in a fast pyrolysis process generates a compact bioslurry or biopaste, also denoted as biosyncrude as produced by the bioliq® process. The densified biosyncrude intermediate can now be cheaply transported from many local facilities in silo wagons by electric rail over long distances to a large and more economic central biosynfuel plant. In addition to the capital expenditure (capex) for the large and complex central biosynfuel plant, a comparable investment effort is required for the construction of several dozen regional pyrolysis plants with simpler technology. Investment costs estimated for fast pyrolysis plants reported in the literature have been complemented by own studies for plants with ca. 100 MWth biomass input. The breakdown of BTL synfuel manufacturing costs of ca. 1 € /kg in central EU shows that about half of the costs are caused by the biofeedstock, including transport. This helps to generate new income for farmers. The other half is caused by technical costs, which are about proportional to the total capital investment (TCI) for the pyrolysis and biosynfuel production plants. Labor is a minor contribution in the relatively large facilities. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Postjunctional α<sub>2</sub>‐adrenoceptors mediate vasoconstriction in human subcutaneous resistance vessels (1989)

1. In vitro studies have been performed on human medium-sized muscular arteries (internal diameter 1-4 mm) in a classical organ bath and with human subcutaneous resistance arteries (internal diameter 103-626 microns) in a microvascular myograph. 2. Although the medium-sized muscular arteries showed no response to either of the alpha 2-agonists B-HT 933 or UK 14304 in concentrations up to 10 microM, the subcutaneous resistance arteries from all regions examined showed well-pronounced and concentration-dependent responses to B-HT 933, the pD2 (-log EC50) being 5.11 +/- 0.09. 3. In the resistance arteries the alpha 2-antagonist yohimbine caused a parallel shift to the right of the B-HT 933 concentration-response curve; the yohimbine pA2 for the B-HT 933 receptor was 7.86 +/- 0.12. 4. There was an inverse relationship between the maximum response to B-HT 933 and the calibre of the resistance vessels. 5. These results indicate the presence of a postjunctional alpha 2-adrenoceptor in human subcutaneous resistance arteries and not in medium sized muscular arteries.
Apoptosis and inflammation in renal reperfusion injury (2002)

Ischemia followed by reperfusion (I/R) has cardinal implications in the pathogenesis of organ transplantation and rejection. Apoptosis and inflammation are central mechanisms leading to organ damage in the course of renal I/R. General aspects of apoptosis, morphology, induction, and biochemistry are discussed. Activated caspases, the classical effector enzymes of apoptosis, are able to induce not only apoptosis but also inflammation after I/R in experimental models. This redefines the involvement of apoptosis in I/R injury toward a central and functional role in the development of organ damage. Our purpose is to assess aspects of apoptosis and inflammation in terms of involvement in the pathogenesis of I/R-induced organ damage. Moreover, the implications of recent experimental advances for diagnosis and treatment of renal I/R injury in clinical practice will be discussed.
A Review of New High-Throughput Methods Designed for Fluorescence Lifetime Sensing From Cells and Tissues (2021)

Though much of the interest in fluorescence in the past has been on measuring spectral qualities such as wavelength and intensity, there are two other highly useful intrinsic properties of fluorescence: lifetime (or decay) and anisotropy (or polarization). Each has its own set of unique advantages, limitations, and challenges in detection when it comes to use in biological studies. This review will focus on the property of fluorescence lifetime, providing a brief background on instrumentation and theory, and examine the recent advancements and applications of measuring lifetime in the fields of high-throughput fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (HT-FLIM) and time-resolved flow cytometry (TRFC). In addition, the crossover of these two methods and their outlooks will be discussed.
Gas-phase synthesis of nanoparticles of group 12 chalcogenides (1997)

The effect of pyridine addition upon the gas-phase reactions of hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) or hydrogen selenide (H 2 Se) with either dimethylcadmium (Me 2 Cd) or dimethylzinc (Me 2 Zn) has been investigated. The deposits of CdS, CdSe, ZnSe or ZnS which form have been analysed by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), elemental analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). At ambient temperatures the deposits consist of particles in the nanocrystalline size range of the hexagonal phase. The average particle size within the deposits is dependent upon the concentration of pyridine in the gas phase, the temperature at which the reactants are mixed and, in the case of ZnSe, whether an inert (He) or reducing (H 2 ) carrier gas is used. At ambient temperatures in an inert carrier gas, the control of particle size exerted by pyridine decreases in the order ZnS > CdS > CdSe > ZnSe, although in hydrogen, the prereaction between Me 2 Zn and H 2 Se could be almost completely eliminated by raising the temperature. Further investigation of CdS deposits have been carried out by photoacoustic spectroscopy (PAS) to access the band-gap, and solid-state 13 C and 113 Cd NMR to probe the surface state of the particles. Elemental analysis and the NMR studies suggest that pyridine binds through the lone pair of the nitrogen to surface metal atoms on growing particles, inhibiting further particle growth. The particle size is greatly dependent upon the strength of the pyridine–surface metal atom interaction, the acidity of the EH bond (E=S or Se) and the polarity of the MMe bond (M=Zn or Cd). In hydrogen, it is proposed that amide species may form and be responsible for growth inhibition.
Post-riser quench improves FCC yields, profitability (1996)

Performance tests of a post-riser quench system have shown increases in gasoline yield; reductions in fuel gas, butadienes, and pentadienes; and improved oxidation stability of FCC gasoline. Following commercial trials in six of Amoco Petroleum Products` refineries for some 10 years, the system is now being installed by other refiners. Elimination of post-riser thermal cracking is essential to achieving the most desirable product slate. Most of Amoco`s FCC units (FCCUs) have rough-cut cyclone systems in which there is significant vapor residence time in the disengaging vessel. To overcome this problem Amoco chose to reduce the temperature in the dilute phase. This technology involves quenching the dilute phase, thereby reducing the thermal cracking rates. The approach is very effective and virtually eliminates post-riser cracking. This paper reviews this design.
Models for the Pigment Organization in the Chlorosomes of Photosynthetic Bacteria: Diastereoselective Control of in-vitro Bacteriochlorophyll cs Aggregation (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTModels for the Pigment Organization in the Chlorosomes of Photosynthetic Bacteria: Diastereoselective Control of in-vitro Bacteriochlorophyll cs AggregationJohn Chiefari, Kai Griebenow, Nils Griebenow, T. Silviu Balaban, Alfred R. Holzwarth, and Kurt SchaffnerCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1995, 99, 4, 1357–1365Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100004a041https://doi.org/10.1021/j100004a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views136Altmetric-Citations98LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Evaluation of Common Variants in the Six Known Maturity-Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY) Genes for Association With Type 2 Diabetes (2007)

An important question in human genetics is the extent to which genes causing monogenic forms of disease harbor common variants that may contribute to the more typical form of that disease. We aimed to comprehensively evaluate the extent to which common variation in the six known maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) genes, which cause a monogenic form of type 2 diabetes, is associated with type 2 diabetes. Specifically, we determined patterns of common sequence variation in the genes encoding Gck, Ipf1, Tcf2, and NeuroD1 (MODY2 and MODY4-MODY6, respectively), selected a comprehensive set of 107 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that captured common variation, and genotyped each in 4,206 patients and control subjects from Sweden, Finland, and Canada (including family-based studies and unrelated case-control subjects). All SNPs with a nominal P value <0.1 for association to type 2 diabetes in this initial screen were then genotyped in an additional 4,470 subjects from North America and Poland. Of 30 nominally significant SNPs from the initial sample, 8 achieved consistent results in the replication sample. We found the strongest effect at rs757210 in intron 2 of TCF2, with corrected P values <0.01 for an odds ratio (OR) of 1.13. This association was observed again in an independent sample of 5,891 unrelated case and control subjects and 500 families from the U.K., for an overall OR of 1.12 and a P value <10(-6) in >15,000 samples. We combined these results with our previous studies on HNF4alpha and TCF1 and explicitly tested for gene-gene interactions among these variants and with several known type 2 diabetes susceptibility loci, and we found no genetic interactions between these six genes. We conclude that although rare variants in these six genes explain most cases of MODY, common variants in these same genes contribute very modestly, if at all, to the common form of type 2 diabetes.
Carboxylation of Phenol and Its Salts with Alkali Metal Alkyl Carbonates (1969)

石炭酸またはそのアルカリ塩とアルキル炭酸アルカリ塩との反応により,パラオキシ安息香酸,サリチル酸および4-オキシイソフタル酸などのオキシ酸を合成し,各オキシ酸収率およびそれらのナキシ酸の全収率に及ぼす種々の反応条件を検討した。その結果窒素ガス中における石炭酸カリウムと等モルのアルキル炭酸カリウム(ROCOOK)との反応では,220℃以上の温度でパラオキシ安息香酸を主成分とするオキシ酸を好収率(R=CH3のとき70～80%,R=C2H5のとき80%以上)で得た。また炭酸ガス中における石炭酸カリウムと等モルのエチル炭酸カリウムとの反応,あるいは窒素ガス中における石炭酸と2倍モルのエチル炭酸カリウムとの反応を220℃で行なった場合,パラオキシ安息香酸を主成分とするオキシ酸をほぼ定量的に得ることができた。一方炭酸ガス中における石炭酸ナトリウムと等モルのメチル炭酸ナトリウムとの反応,あるいは炭酸ガスまたは窒素ガス中における石炭酸と2倍モルのエチル炭酸ナトリウムとの反応からもオキシ酸がかなりの収率で得られたが,主成分はサリチル酸であった。
A layer2 firewall for software defined network (2014)

The software defined networking is an emerging three layer architecture which defines data, control, and application planes. Data and control planes implement forwarding and routing functions, respectively. Application plane contains communicating processes. This paper presents a layer2 fire-wall implementation using an example tree topology with one controller, three switches, and four hosts. Our implementation uses POX controller at control plane of the architecture. The modified code successfully controlled flow of packets between hosts according to firewall rules.
Perfecting Imperfect “Monolayers”:  Removal of Siloxane Multilayers by CO<sub>2</sub> Snow Treatment (2005)

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of N-(3-triethoxysilylpropyl)-4-hydroxybutyramide were prepared on silicon oxide on silicon (Si/SiO(2)). Initial silane adsorption and high-temperature annealing led to a stable base monolayer with many large over-lying islands of disordered multilayers as a result of the non-self-limited growth process. The disordered multilayers were hydrolyzed and subsequently removed by CO(2) snow treatment. The resulting films were one monolayer thick as measured by ellipsometry. Atomic force microscopy, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and contact angle analysis showed that the films were composed of monolayers with full and uniform surface coverage rather than nonuniform coverage by islands or patches of multilayers. Monolayers of octadecyltrichlorosilane were also prepared by multilayer removal via CO(2) treatment, showing the general applicability of the technique toward siloxane SAMs. We believe that CO(2) is an excellent solvent for weakly bound and hydrolyzed molecules that compose multilayers, and this ability to prepare near-perfect monolayer films from imperfect ones allows for less stringent formation conditions.
Development of apple powdery mildew on sources of resistance to <i>Podosphaera leucotricha</i>, exposed to an inoculum virulent against the major resistance gene <i>Pl‐2</i> (2007)

Abstract The major resistance gene Pl‐2 in apple has recently been shown to be overcome by a virulent population of powdery mildew, Podosphaera leucotricha , in genotypes of the fourth generation after introgression of Pl‐2 from crab apple, Malus zumi . Tests of pathogenicity in controlled conditions and observations in an orchard showed that the initial progenitor of Pl‐2 , MAL 68/1, was overcome by a virulent inoculum. As a consequence, all selections derived from MAL 68/1 may lose their resistance to powdery mildew, if Pl‐2 is used alone. Sources of resistance other than Pl‐2 remained efficient to the virulent population: M. hupehensis , M. mandshurica , M. robusta , M. sargentii , M. sieboldii , D12, Mildew Immune Selection and ‘White Angel’. The combination of Pl‐2 with quantitative resistance genes resulted in a high level of resistance.
MicroRNA-204 increases sensitivity of neuroblastoma cells to cisplatin and is associated with a favourable clinical outcome (2012)

Neuroblastoma remains a major cause of cancer-linked mortality in children. miR-204 has been used in microRNA expression signatures predictive of neuroblastoma patient survival. The aim of this study was to explore the independent association of miR-204 with survival in a neuroblastoma cohort, and to investigate the phenotypic effects mediated by miR-204 expression in neuroblastoma. Neuroblastoma cell lines were transiently transfected with miR-204 mimics and assessed for cell viability using MTS assays. Apoptosis levels in cell lines were evaluated by FACS analysis of Annexin V-/propidium iodide-stained cells transfected with miR-204 mimics and treated with chemotherapy drug or vehicle control. Potential targets of miR-204 were validated using luciferase reporter assays. miR-204 expression in primary neuroblastoma tumours was predictive of patient event-free and overall survival, independent of established known risk factors. Ectopic miR-204 expression significantly increased sensitivity to cisplatin and etoposide in vitro. miR-204 direct targeting of the 3′ UTR of BCL2 and NTRK2 (TrkB) was confirmed. miR-204 is a novel predictor of outcome in neuroblastoma, functioning, at least in part, through increasing sensitivity to cisplatin by direct targeting and downregulation of anti-apoptotic BCL2. miR-204 also targets full-length NTRK2, a potent oncogene involved with chemotherapy drug resistance in neuroblastoma.
Risk Reduction for Use of Complex Devices in Space Projects (2007)

We present guidelines to reduce risk to an acceptable level when using complex devices in space applications. An example of application for the use of Virtex 4 field programmable gate array (FPGA) on express logistic carrier(ELC) project is presented.
HHR23B, a Human Rad23 Homolog, Stimulates XPC Protein in Nucleotide Excision Repair In Vitro (1996)

A protein complex which specifically complements defects of XP-C cell extracts in vitro was previously purified to near homogeneity from HeLa cells. The complex consists of two tightly associated proteins: the XPC gene product and HHR23B, one of two human homologs of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae repair gene product Rad23 (Masutani et al., EMBO J. 13:1831-1843, 1994). To elucidate the roles of these proteins in "genome-overall" repair, we expressed the XPC protein in a baculovirus system and purified it to near homogeneity. The recombinant human XPC (rhXPC) protein exhibited a high level of affinity for single-stranded DNA and corrected the repair defect in XP-C whole-cell extracts without extra addition of recombinant HHR23B (rHHR23B) protein. However, Western blot (immunoblot) experiments revealed that XP-C cell extracts contained excess endogenous HHR23B protein, which might be able to form a complex upon addition of the rhXPC protein. To investigate the role of HHR23B, we fractionated the XP-C cell extracts and constructed a reconstituted system in which neither endogenous XPC nor HHR23B proteins were present. In this assay system, rhXPC alone weakly corrected the repair defect, while significant enhancement of the correcting activity was observed upon coaddition of rHHR23B protein. Stimulation of XPC by HHR23B was found with simian virus 40 minichromosomes as well as with naked plasmid DNA and with UV- as well as N-acetoxy-2- acetylfluorene-induced DNA lesions, indicating a general role of HHR23B in XPC functioning in the genome-overall nucleotide excision repair subpathway.
Dissipating heat from hot spot using a new nano thermal interface material (2012)

The need for faster, smaller, more reliable and efficient products has resulted in increased heat generated in microelectronic components. Removal of the heat generated is an important issue in electronic packaging. Therefore, a novel Nano-Thermal Interface Material was developed to improve this. This paper aims at studying the thermal performance of the new nano-structured polymer-metal composite film (Nano-TIM) in application for dissipating around hot spots which exist in non-uniform power generation. Through semiconductor process and Micron-RTD principle, 5*5mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> thermal test chips were developed to serve as a heat source for detecting the heat dissipation effect of the Nano-TIM. T3Ster test system and IR Camera were used to measure partial thermal resistance of the 50 and 75 um Nano-TIM layer and study the spread of different hot spot positions in 10*10mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> power chip. We also studied the hot spot dissipation effect under different die attach areas with the Nano-TIM. According to the results of this study, this new class of Nano-TIM can meet the high requirements for hot spot dissipation of highly non-uniform power distribution in electronics packaging.
Pyridine nucleotide-linked oxidation of methanol in methanol-assimilating yeasts (1975)

An alcohol dehydrogenase linked to nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and requiring glutathione has been isolated and partially purified from two methanol-assimilating yeasts. It differs from previously described methanol-oxidizing enzymes in pH optima, electron acceptor specificity, substrate specificity, inhibition pattern, and stability.
Two dimensional optical data links (2002)

The complexity and size of interconnection rich telephone switching systems requires the extension of data buses over a large complement of frames. Physical designers have chosen bit serial transport over fiber to overcome the limitations of coax. It has been shown that for certain optical data link applications there exists an optimum degree of parallelism (based on cost) depending on the data rate and the number of the channels. Prototype One Dimensional Optical Data Links (1D-ODL) using linear 1/spl times/n device arrays, have been demonstrated in a number of laboratories, taking advantage of the current infrastructure of fiber ribbon, splices, and connectors. Extending this concept to a second dimension creating a Two Dimensional Optical Data Link (2D-ODL) using n/spl times/m device arrays, may yield further economies of scale. We have constructed several prototype 2D-ODLs using direct modulation of 2D arrays of Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser's (VCSELs), and Symmetric Self-Electrooptic Effect Device (S-SEED) reflection modulators with Silicon p-i-n/bipolar OEIC receivers. Most recently we studied a 4/spl times/18 2D-ODL using S-SEED reflection modulators and FET-SEED OEIC receiver arrays. 2D-ODL system demonstrations to date are described, and benefits and drawbacks of each technology are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Large‐scale screening for human parvovirus B19 DNA in clinical specimens by dot blot hybridization and polymerase chain reaction (1995)

Large-scale screening for human parvovirus B19 (B19) DNA in serum samples was carried out by both dot blot hybridization and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Dot blot hybridization was undertaken with a digoxigenin-labeled DNA probe. Serum samples from four patients were pooled and tested by a dot blot hybridization assay. When a dot was positive, each of the four samples was tested separately to identify the positive sample. The PCR template was the DNA extracted from mixed serum samples from 10 patients. When B19 DNA was positive by PCR, each of the ten samples was tested separately. A total of 7,969 serum samples were tested by dot blot hybridization and 15 samples (11 patients) were positive for B19 DNA; 7,038 serum samples were tested by PCR and 71 samples (50 patients) were positive. Large-scale screening for B19 DNA by PCR suggested a broader spectrum of clinical manifestations associated with B19 infection.
A Review on Bidirectional Matrix-Based AC-DC Conversion for Modular Solid-State-Transformers (2019)

This paper has presented an extensive review of the bidirectional phase-modular and semi-modular Solid-State- Transformer (SST) topologies, specific to the matrix-type variants with single-stage AC-DC conversion. This includes a qualitative and mathematical explanation of each topology and the corresponding modulation(s). A comparative analysis incorporating the criteria of power density, failure rate, cost and component count is also done among all these topologies along with the conventional Cascaded-Modular-SST (CMSST) topology with two-stage AC-DC conversion. The matrix-based topologies clearly prove to be better than the CMSST topology in terms of power density and reliability, with the entirely phase-modular topologies proving to be superior overall. The AC-DC DAB type submodule has been estimated to have the best characteristics in terms of all the comparison indices and thus it can be considered to be the best among the grid-connected matrix-based SST topologies for the application-type under consideration.