gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single exosome study reveals subpopulations distributed among cell lines with variability related to membrane content (2015)

Current analysis of exosomes focuses primarily on bulk analysis, where exosome-to-exosome variability cannot be assessed. In this study, we used Raman spectroscopy to study the chemical composition of single exosomes. We measured spectra of individual exosomes from 8 cell lines. Cell-line-averaged spectra varied considerably, reflecting the variation in total exosomal protein, lipid, genetic, and cytosolic content. Unexpectedly, single exosomes isolated from the same cell type also exhibited high spectral variability. Subsequent spectral analysis revealed clustering of single exosomes into 4 distinct groups that were not cell-line specific. Each group contained exosomes from multiple cell lines, and most cell lines had exosomes in multiple groups. The differences between these groups are related to chemical differences primarily due to differing membrane composition. Through a principal components analysis, we identified that the major sources of spectral variation among the exosomes were in cholesterol content, relative expression of phospholipids to cholesterol, and surface protein expression. For example, exosomes derived from cancerous versus non-cancerous cell lines can be largely separated based on their relative expression of cholesterol and phospholipids. We are the first to indicate that exosome subpopulations are shared among cell types, suggesting distributed exosome functionality. The origins of these differences are likely related to the specific role of extracellular vesicle subpopulations in both normal cell function and carcinogenesis, and they may provide diagnostic potential at the single exosome level.
Discovery of New Orally Active Phosphodiesterase (PDE4) Inhibitors. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Feel who's talking (2006)

While the sense of touch is capable of processing complex stimuli, the vibration feedback used in mobile phones is generally very simple. Using more complex vibrotactile messages would enable the communication of more information through phone alerts, however it has been suggested that phone vibration motors are not capable of presenting complex messages. This paper reports a study investigating the use of Tactons (tactile icons), presented using a standard mobile phone vibration motor, to represent mobile phone alerts. The recognition rate of 72% achieved for Tactons encoding two pieces of information is comparable to results achieved in a previous experiment with a high specification transducer, indicating that it is possible to communicate multi-dimensional information in mobile phone alerts. These results will help designers to understand the possibilities offered by standard phone vibration motors for communicating complex information.
Mixtures of Gaussian Processes (2000)

We introduce the mixture of Gaussian processes (MGP) model which is useful for applications in which the optimal bandwidth of a map is input dependent. The MGP is derived from the mixture of experts model and can also be used for modeling general conditional probability densities. We discuss how Gaussian processes —in particular in form of Gaussian process classification, the support vector machine and the MGP model— can be used for quantifying the dependencies in graphical models. 1
Developing New-Generation Disintegrable Material to Improve Efficiency of Multistage Fracturing Treatment in Cased-Hole Completions (2016)

Abstract Plug-and-perf is the most commonly used method for multistage hydraulic fracturing treatments in North America Shale. To execute and finish a plug-and-perf job, coiled tubing, or stick pipe, is deployed into the wellbore to drill out the composite plugs to open the wellbore for production. The drillout operation carries a burden of planning and oversight, as well as the risk of stuck pipe. In an effort to eliminate those burdens and risks, scientists have developed revolutionary materials that could alter the plug-and-perf landscape. These materials, when exposed in the right environments, can predictably disintegrate providing for a simple, yet dependable solution to eliminate the drillout phase of plug-and-perf completions. The implementation of a completely disintegrating plug represents a tremendous challenge to both design engineering and material development. The goal of the technology is to be a complete replacement product for composite plugs while still maintaining their primary benefits: flexible stage placement and full production potential through the inside diameter (ID) of the casing. This paper outlines the research, design, and testing of the first 100-ksi rated material combined with a corrosion rate above 100 mg/cm2/hr. The mechanical properties and corrosion rates were characterized from room temperature to 300°F. The material functionality was investigated using Finite Elemental Analysis (FEA) models and stringently tested in laboratory configurations to determine its downhole performance. The results showed that the configuration gripped the ID of the casing without slipping or material degradation at 10,000-psi pressure rating. The benefits and considerations of introducing this advanced material are discussed for multistage fracturing in cased-holed applications.
Normal Tension Glaucoma and Primary Open Angle Glaucoma Associated with Increased Platelet Aggregation. (2001)

On purpose of the present study was to evaluate platelet aggregation and fibrinolytic systems in patients with normal tension glaucoma (NTG) or primary open angle glaucoma (POAG). For platelet aggregation, we photoelectrophotometrically investigated adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or collagen-induced platelet aggregation in consecutively selected patients with glaucoma (22 patients with NTG and 13 patients with POAG) and 42 glaucoma free control subjects with normal ocular findings. The aggregation patterns of the patients' platelets reacted abnormally to ADP 1 microM or collagen 0.5 microg/ml as evidenced by secondary aggregation were compared with those of control subjects. For blood coagulative and fibrinolytic systems, we measured prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin III complex (TAT), alpha2 plasmin inhibitor-plasmin complex. Seventeen of 22 patients (77%) with NTG and 5 of 13 patients (38%) with POAG showed abnormal secondary aggregation. A significant difference was observed between the two groups. No control subjects showed abnormal secondary aggregation. In the fibrinolytic test, all the parameters examined showed within normal ranges, although the log10(TAT) value was higher in NTG than in POAG. Results of the present study suggested that increased platelet aggregation as defined by ADP or collagen induced abnormal secondary aggregation in vitro is frequently associated with glaucoma patients and this tendency is more apparent in NTG than that in POAG.
Organic and mineral networks in carapaces, bones and biomimetic materials (2004)

Skeletal tissues associate, in close interaction, an organic matrix and a mineral network. In crustaceans, chitin, the most frequent polysaccharide in invertebrate exoskeletons, is associated with calcite. In compact bone, collagen, major structural protein in vertebrate tissues is associated with hydroxyapatite. A parallel was evidenced in vivo between the three-dimensional assemblies of chitin and collagen matrices and molecular arrangements described in liquid crystals. The purified macromolecules, highly concentrated, assemble in vitro in ordered liquid crystalline phases. After stabilisation, they form biomimetic materials, presently investigated, in a pure state or in addition with inorganic phases to develop hybrid materials. To cite this article: M.-M. Giraud-Guille et al., C.R. Palevol 3 (2004). Réseaux organiques et minéraux dans la carapace, l'os et les matériaux biomimétiques. La trame organique et le réseau minéral des tissus squelettiques sont en interaction étroite. Chez les crustacés, la chitine, le polysaccharide le plus abondant chez les Invertébrés, est associée à la calcite. Dans l'os compact, le collagène, protéine structurale majeure des vertébrés, est associé à l'hydroxyapatite. Un parallèle est mis en évidence in vivo entre les structures tridimensionnelles des matrices de chitine ou de collagène et les arrangements moléculaires de cristaux liquides. Ces macromolécules purifiées donnent in vitro, en milieu condensé, des états cristallins liquides. Les matériaux biomimétiques obtenus sont étudiés après stabilisation, à l'état pur ou associés à des phases minérales. Pour citer cet article : M.-M. Giraud-Guille et al., C.R. Palevol 3 (2004).
Systematic Review on Polyphenol Intake and Health Outcomes: Is there Sufficient Evidence to Define a Health-Promoting Polyphenol-Rich Dietary Pattern? (2019)

Growing evidence support association between polyphenol intake and reduced risk for chronic diseases, even if there is a broad debate about the effective amount of polyphenols able to exert such protective effect. The present systematic review provides an overview of the last 10-year literature on the evaluation of polyphenol intake and its association with specific disease markers and/or endpoints. An estimation of the mean total polyphenol intake has been performed despite the large heterogeneity of data reviewed. In addition, the contribution of dietary sources was considered, suggesting tea, coffee, red wine, fruit and vegetables as the main products providing polyphenols. Total flavonoids and specific subclasses, but not total polyphenols, have been apparently associated with a low risk of diabetes, cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality. However, large variability in terms of methods for the evaluation and quantification of polyphenol intake, markers and endpoints considered, makes it still difficult to establish an evidence-based reference intake for the whole class and subclass of compounds. Nevertheless, the critical mass of data available seem to strongly suggest the protective effect of a polyphenol-rich dietary pattern even if further well targeted and methodologically sound research should be encouraged in order to define specific recommendations.
Watermark Embedding and Detection (2007)

The embedder and the detector (or decoder) are the two most important components of the digital watermarking systems. Thus in this work, we discuss how to design a better embedder and detector (or decoder). I first give a summary of the prospective applications of watermarking technology and major watermarking schemes in the literature. My review on the literature closely centers upon how the side information is exploited at both embedders and detectors. In Chapter 3, I explore the optimum detector or decoder according to a particular probability distribution of the host signals. We found that the performance of both multiplicative and additive spread spectrum schemes depends on the shape parameter of the host signals. For spread spectrum schemes, the performance of the detector or the decoder is reduced by the host interference. Thus I present a new host-interference rejection technique for the multiplicative spread spectrum schemes. Its embedding rule is tailored to the optimum detection or decoding rule. Though the host interference rejection schemes enjoy a big performance gain over the traditional spread spectrum schemes, their drawbacks that it is difficult for them to be implemented with the perceptual analysis to achieve the maximum allowable embedding level discourage their use in real scenarios. Thus, in the last chapters of this work, I introduce a double-sided technique to tackle this drawback. It differs from the host interference rejection schemes in that it utilizes but does not reject the host interference at its embedder. The perceptual analysis can be easily implemented in our scheme to achieve the maximum allowable level of embedding strength.
Differences in Bacteriological and Antibiotic Sensitivity Patterns in UTI among Hospitalized Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients (1970)

Aim of this study was to determine bacteriological pattern and there antibiotic sensitivity in UTI. The retrospective study carried out in department of internal medicine of BIRDEM on 300 consecutive patients with or without Diabetes Mellitus and whose urine culture shows growth of >105 organism/ml of urine, during the period from January 2006 to July 2007.A total of 300 patients were included in the study. The highest number of isolates was E.coli (62%,184) followed by Klebsiella (17%,50),Pseudomonas(6%,19), Enterococcus(8%, 23), Staphylococcus (3%, 10), Proteus (1%, 4) respectively in patient with DM(N-261) or without DM(N-39).All of these isolates were highly sensitive to Imipenem(96%) while some were high to moderate sensitive to other antibiotics. E.coli isolates showed high sensitivity to Aminoglycosides (72%, 133), Nitrofurantoin (70%, 129), and third generation Cephalosporin (61%, 112). Klebsiella was observed highly sensitive to third generation Cephalosporin (29%, 58) AND Nitrofurantoin (30%, 60). Â DOI = 10.3329/jom.v8i1.1373 J MEDICINE 2007; 8 : 10-13
A 2.5-Gb/s On-Chip Interconnect Transceiver With Crosstalk and ISI Equalizer in 130 nm CMOS (2011)

In this paper, a crosstalk compensation scheme for high speed single-ended on-chip signaling is presented. To reduce the effect of crosstalk in bandwidth enhanced channel employing capacitively driven interconnect, a crosstalk feed-forward equalizer is proposed, which compensates for the low-pass nature of the crosstalk. The proposed scheme is verified using a three-channel 10 mm on-chip interconnect implemented in 130 nm CMOS process. Measurement results show that the proposed transceiver effectively removes the crosstalk for data rates of up to 2.5-Gb/s while consuming 0.96 mW, which corresponds to energy efficiency of 0.41 pJ/bit.
A 5 Gb/s REPEATERLESS TRANSMISSION SYSTEM USING OPTICAL AMPLIFIERS (1992)

Recently, multigigabit repeaterless transmission using optical amplifiers has been actively studied for terrestrial longspan transmission and undersea island or coastal link applications. Here, the main thrusts are achieving high transmitting optical power, high receiver sensitivity and minimum dispersion penalty. This paper reports a practical 5 Gb/s IM-DD system for repeaterless longspan transmission with an emphasis on its long term performance. The transmitting power is +15.5 dBm with SBS suppression and an optical pre-amplifier receiver provides a receiver sensitivity of -35 dBm for 10-15 BER (or -38 dBm for 10-9 BER). A Ti:LiNbO3 modulator transmitter allows 226 km repeaterless transmission through non-DSF with a dispersion penalty less than 2 dB, corresponding to a total dispersion of 4100 ps/nm.
Performance analysis of a double-dwell serial search technique for cellular CDMA networks in the case of multiple pilot signals (1999)

The performance of a double-dwell serial search technique is analyzed for cellular code-division multiple-access (CDMA) networks in the case of multiple pilot signals. A general expression for the mean acquisition time is obtained by considering the multiple H/sub 1/ regions formed by the pilot signals coming from different base stations. The statistics of the demodulator output in code acquisition systems are discussed in detail for synchronous cellular CDMA networks with a focus on the nonstationarity of the interference in the forward link. The probabilities of detection and false alarm are then derived for frequency-selective Rayleigh fading environments in the case where the interference can be approximated by a stationary Gaussian noise process. Numerical evaluations are performed to examine the effects of decision thresholds, postdetection integration, fading rate, and so on, with emphasis on the case where the mobile station is located around the cell boundary.
Protection of keys against modification attack (2002)

Abstract In 1997, Anderson and Kuhn described an attack against tamper‐resistant devices wherein a secret key stored in EEPROM is compromised using a simple and low‐cost attack. The attack consists of setting bits in the EEPROM using low‐cost probes and observing the effect on the output of the device. These attacks are extremely general, as they apply to virtually any cryptosystem. The objective of the present work is to explore cryptographic techniques with the goal of raising the cost (in terms of time and money) of carrying out the EEPROM modification attack by class I attackers, at least to a point where it is as prohibitive as the cost of purchasing more expensive equipment. We propose the m ‐permutation protection scheme in which the key will be encoded in a special way and burned into the EEPROM of the device. To attack the scheme, the attacker needs to be able to solve for K in the equation K $= \bigoplus^{m}_{i=1}$ P $_i$ , in which P $_i$ 's are unknown. It is observed that the $m$ ‐permutation protection scheme does not distribute the key K uniformly. However, analysis shows that $m=3$ or $m=5$ are already good enough practically to provide strong security if the encoding is done properly, and that $m > 5$ may not give significant improvement to the security of the scheme. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Oxygen on Cyclohexane Oxidation: A Stirred Tank Study (2009)

Cyclohexane oxidation is the first step in the currently used technology for production of Nylon-6 and Nylon-6,6 which employs a two-stage process. In the first stage, cyclohexane is oxidized with air to 4−8% conversion at about 80% selectivity to cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone as desired products. In this study, we examined the effect of oxygen availability on the volumetric productivity, yield, and selectivity of this reaction by using a stirred autoclave operated free from mass transfer effects in a batch and “dead-end” semibatch mode. Both uncatalyzed and catalyzed systems were used. The experimental and the modeling results lead to the conclusion that increased oxygen availability improves the productivity and selectivity at the fixed cyclohexane conversion (4%) as the residence time required declines with the increase in oxygen concentration. The positive effect on the reaction rate of increased oxygen concentration is the same when such an increase is achieved at constant pressure by raising the mole fraction of oxygen in the feed or by raising the total pressure in the system at fixed oxygen mole fraction.
An introduction to geophysical exploration (1984)

1. The Principles and Limitations of Geophysical Exploration Methods 2. Geophysical Data Processing 3. Elements of Seismic Surveying 4. Seismic Reflection Surveying 5. Seismic Refraction Surveying 6. Gravity Sruveying 7. Magnetic Surveying 8. Electrical Surveying 9. Electromagnetic Surveying 10. Radiometric Surveying 11. Geophysical Borehole Logging
A preclinical pharmacokinetic study of the bioreductive drug AQ4N. (2001)

AQ4N (1,4-bis-[[2-(dimethylamino-N-oxide)ethyl]amino]5,8-dihydroxyanthracene-9,10-dione) is in a class of bioreductive agents incorporating the aliphatic N-oxide functionality and is well documented as a very effective enhancer of radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The compound is shortly to enter Phase I clinical trials in the United Kingdom, and this study describes the preclinical pharmacokinetics and metabolism of AQ4N in mice. AQ4N was administered by i.v. injection at doses of 200, 100, and 20 mg/kg and was quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy. There was a linear increase in the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) proportional to dose with a Cmax of 1171 microg/ml at the maximum tolerated dose of 200 mg/kg. The area under plasma concentration versus time curve (AUC) increased disproportionately with dose from 14.1 microg/h/ml at 20 mg/kg to 247 microg/h/ml at 200 mg/kg with a subsequent decrease in clearance. Terminal elimination half-lives ranged from 0.64 to 0.83 h. The spectra of the two major metabolites matched those from authentic standards with the molecular ions [M + H]+ being detected at m/z 445.4 (AQ4N), m/z 429.5 (AQ4 mono-N-oxide) and m/z 413.5 (AQ4). Only low concentrations of the toxic metabolite (AQ4) were detected in plasma at all three doses, with the AUC and Cmax at 200 mg/kg being 3.54 microg/h/ml and 3.7 microg/ml, respectively, representing <2% of AQ4N. Concentrations of the intermediate AQ4 M represented 8, 10, and 18% of those for AQ4N at the doses of 20,100, and 200 mg/kg. The concentrations necessary for a therapeutic response in vivo have been described in this pharmacokinetic study.
Body composition analysis of chickens by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (1997)

Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) was evaluated as a method for measuring the body composition of growing broiler chickens. A total of 130 chickens, ranging in weight from 400 to 3,290 g, were scanned using a DXA instrument (Lunar DPX-L). Single whole-body scans were acquired and analyzed using pediatric total body research software (neonatal mode) or small animal total body research software (detail or high resolution mode). The DXA measurements provided readings of total tissue mass, percentage fat, fat tissue mass, lean tissue mass, and bone mineral content. After scanning, the bodies of the chickens were frozen, then, after removing the feathers, homogenized for chemical determination of fat, water, and protein content. By chemical analysis, the whole body fat content of the chickens ranged from 2.8 to 27.2%, giving rise to DXA R values (ratio of attenuation coefficients) ranging from 1.415 to 1.339. The accuracy of DXA for measuring total body fat was a function of the scanning program and mode and also the size of the bird. The best agreement between DXA and chemical measurements of percentage body fat were obtained when chickens weighing more than 2,000 g were scanned using either the small animal-detail mode or neonatal mode. None of the scan modes proved to be accurate for measuring the fat content of birds weighing less than 2,000 g. The DXA measurement of lean mass of chickens was found to be highly correlated with both total body protein (R2 = 0.90) and total body water (R2 = 0.93), but was of little value for predicting percentage values for either. The ratio of DXA bone mineral content to total body ash was 0.77; however, the correlation (R2) between the two was only 0.46. These results suggest that although the DXA technique is potentially useful for measuring body composition of chickens, considerable refinement is needed prior to routine application.
Single transverse mode active multimode interferometerInGaAsP/InP laser diode (1998)

A novel laser diode, in which the pumping area is increased by a multi-mode interference (MMI) coupler, is proposed to maintain single-lobe outputs up to high powers. Utilising active 1×1 MMI couplers between singlemode waveguides, up to 90% higher single-lobe and fibre-coupled output powers were obtained at 1.3 µm.