gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Collimator selection for SPECT brain imaging: the advantage of high resolution. (1986)

We compared a prototype long-bore (LB) high-resolution collimator with a low-energy, general-purpose collimator (LEGP) using 99mTc and 123I. The LB collimator provided a 56% improvement in tomographic resolution (autocorrelation width) over the LEGP for 99mTc; for 123I, the gain was 79%, providing substantially improved contrast for small structures. The sensitivity of the LB collimator, however, is only 32% of that of the LEGP. The imaging tasks to be performed on [123I]IMP brain scans involve localization and discrimination of small, high-contrast brain structures and detection of abnormalities in shape, size, or uptake, rather than simple detection of lesions. Observer performance in such higher-order imaging tasks is known to depend on high spatial resolution, even at the cost of sensitivity. Patient studies confirmed that, for resolution-limited tasks, the increase in resolution outweighs the increased noise due to a loss in sensitivity. When the tomographic resolution of the LB collimator was degraded by smoothing to that of the LEGP, the noise in the LB images was lower than that of the LEGP by a factor of 2.9 for the same imaging time, demonstrating the advantage of high-resolution detectors and a smooth reconstruction filter over low-resolution detectors without smoothing. Therefore, collimators designed for high resolution, even at substantial cost in sensitivity, are expected to yield significant improvements for brain SPECT. Geometric calculations show that commercially available low-energy, high-resolution cast collimators promise to meet these requirements.
Finding missed compiler optimizations by differential testing (2018)

Randomized differential testing of compilers has had great success in finding compiler crashes and silent miscompilations. In this paper we investigate whether we can use similar techniques to improve the quality of the generated code: Can we compare the code generated by different compilers to find optimizations performed by one but missed by another?
Form design for high accuracy optical character recognition (1996)

To successfully apply character recognition technology most of the forms currently hand-keyed will need to be redesigned. This paper presents results from a comprehensive study of three versions of a redesigned tax form. Analyses show that using separately spaced character boxes provides superior machine readability over fields containing combs and adjoining character boxes. It is shown that character boxes containing two vertically stacked ovals cause writers much more difficulty. Analyses provide proof that writer idiosyncratic responses on forms are the major source of errors, and proper form design can reduce these errors.
Biotin Reagents for Antibody Pretargeting. 7. Investigation of Chemically Inert Biotinidase Blocking Functionalities for Synthetic Utility (2006)

An investigation was conducted to evaluate three biotin derivatives designed to block biotinidase cleavage of the biotinamide bond. Difficulties in multistep syntheses of molecules containing tert-butyl protected hydroxymethyl and carboxylate groups positioned alpha to a biotinamide bond led to the investigation of alternative biotinidase-blocking moieties that do not require protection and deprotection. The targeted biotin derivatives contained serine-O-methyl ether, 2-aminobutyric acid, and valine moieties conjugated to the biotin carboxylate functionality. Those derivatives were further modified with a radioiodinated aryl ring to study their biotinidase stability. As a comparison to previously studied biotin derivatives, radioiodinated versions of biotin conjugates that contained (a) no biotinidase stabilizing group, (b) an N-methyl (sarcosine) stabilizing group, (c) an alpha-carboxylate (aspartate) stabilizing group and hydroxymethyl (serine) stabilizing group were also prepared and tested. When tested in human serum, all of the radioiodinated biotinidase-stabilized biotin derivatives had <1% biotinamide cleavage. Thus, under the conditions studied, all of the tested biotinidase blocking moieties appeared to be equal with regards to protection from biotinidase cleavage. Further testing of the biotin derivatives included a HPLC assay to determine their relative dissociation from recombinant streptavidin (rSAv). The dissociation of cyanocobalamin (CN-Cbl) adducts of biotin-serine-O-methyl ether, biotin-aminobutyric acid, and biotin-valine were compared with the CN-Cbl adduct of biotin-sarcosine. The relative rates of dissociation found were biotin-sarcosine-CN-Cbl > biotin-valine-CN-Cbl > biotin-serine-O-methyl ether-CN-Cbl > biotin-aminobutyric acid-CN-Cbl. Due to the high cost of serine-O-ethyl ether (and its N-Boc derivative) and difficulty in syntheses of its biotin derivatives, that adduct is not an attractive candidate for application to compounds used in vivo. The higher lipophilicity and diminished binding of the biotin-valine adduct also makes its use in vivo less attractive. Thus, the biotin-aminobutyric acid adduct appears to be the best candidate for incorporation into biotin derivatives used in vivo, as it simplifies the synthetic procedures, has low cost, and provides effective blocking of biotinidase while retaining high binding affinity.
Evaluation of a radioimmunoassay and establishment of a reference interval for salivary cortisol in healthy subjects in Denmark (2003)

A commercial radioimmunoassay (RA) for salivary cortisol was evaluated using certified reference material in water and spiked to pooled saliva in the range 2.1–89.1 nmol/L. A variance component model for describing the effects of age, body mass index (BMI), diurnal variation, gender, days of sick leave during the past year, and smoking habits was established. Reference intervals for salivary cortisol in 120 healthy individuals performing their routine work were established according to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the International Federation of Clinical Chemistry (IFCC). The method evaluation of the certified reference material in water did not show any bias of the method, i.e. recovery was 97% [CI: 94%; 100.9%]. LOD (detection limit) was 1.59 nmol/L. The ratio between analytical and within‐subject variation (CVa/CVi) was 0.14, indicating that the method was adequate for measurement in healthy subjects. Reference intervals were estimated to be from 3.6 to 35.1 nmol/L for samples at the time of awakening (05.27–07.27), 7.6–39.4 nmol/L for peak level in saliva samples collected 20 min after awakening (05.47–07.47), and LOD 10.3 nmol/L for late afternoon samples (17.00–19.00). Reactivity (increase from awakening to 20 min after awakening) was estimated to be 82% [CI: −179; 345%] and recovery (decrease from 20 min after awakening to 18.00) to be 80% [CI: 51; 109%]. Eighteen percent of the subjects showed a decrease in cortisol in saliva from awakening to 20 min after awakening. Salivary cortisol was not affected by age, body mass index, gender, smoking habits or days of sick leave during the past year.
Combination of OCT and FFA for the research of pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy (2011)

Background The diagnosis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) is mainly dependent onfluorescine fundus angiography (FFA). However, the combination of optical coherence topography (OCT) with FFA offers a new approach to the research of the pathogenesis of CSC. Objective This clinical study was designed to study the combined application of the FFA and OCT for the research of the pathogenesis of central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC). Methods Forty-four eyes of 44 patients with CSC were included in this study with 36 cases of males and 8 cases of female. The patients were aged 39.3 ± 5.3 years and the visual acuity was 0. 64 ±0. 27. FFA and OCT examinations were performed in all patients and the FFA images were imported into the Topcon 3D OCT 1000 device to locate the conformity of OCT lesions with the leakages of FFA. The neuroepithelial layer thickness at the fovea and the height of the neuroepithelial layer detachment were measured using 3-D OCT. Results OCT showed serous REP detachment in 34 eyes (77.3%) and rough surfaces of RPE in 10 eyes (22. 7% ). In thirtyfour eyes with RPE detachment, the OCT lesions and FFA leakage spots conformed to the same locations in 31 eyes, but the other three eyes did not. The mean foveal neuroepithelial thickness was (138.5±19.4) μm in CSC eyes and that of normal eyes was ( 131.35±5. 01 ) μm ,showing a significant difference between them( t=0. 39 ,P＞0. 05 ). The mean height of neuroepithelial detachment was (263.3 ± 126.7 ) μm in CSC eyes. Conclusion RPE detachment occurs in CSC eyes and further induces macular neuroepithelial detachment. Leakage lesion of fluorescine corresponds to RPE detachment. CSC without RPE detachment may be related to the increase in RPE permeability. OCT can accurately measure the thickness of the macular neuroepithelial layer and the height of the neuroepithelial detachment.

Key words: 
Central serous chorioretinopathy;  Optical coherence tomography;  Fundus fluorescein angiography
Damping of the resonant modes of a rectangular metal package (MMICs) (1989)

It is shown that the lowest order TM/sub 110/ resonant mode of a metal package can be suppressed by fixing a substrate coated with a thin resistive film to the upper wall of the package cavity. Design information is presented to allow unwanted modes to be easily and effectively damped with this technique. It was found that it is possible to obtain resonant mode quality factors of 20 or less with film resistivities between 10 and 30 Omega /sq on high-dielectric-constant substrates. Thin films of this resistivity can be formed on alumina, which has a high dielectric constant, by evaporating approximately 100-1000 AA of chrome or titanium on its surface. The backside of the alumina substrate can then be metallized and soldered to the lid of a package containing a large monolithic microwave integrated circuit, using the same proven technology used to affix the circuit to the bottom of the package, effectively damping the lowest order cavity mode supported by the package.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Detection and jamming low probability of intercept (LPI) radars (2006)

An increasing number of LPI radars are integrated into integrated air defense systems (IADS) and modern platforms and weapons, such as anti-ship missiles, and littoral weapon systems. These LPI radars create a requirement for modern armed forces to develop new techniques, strategies, and equipment. The primary objective of this thesis is to investigate methods and means to counter LPI radar threats integrated into a modem platforms and weapons and focus on the related techniques, strategies, and technology. To accomplish this objective both platform centric and network centric approaches will be examined thoroughly.
Temperature-Aware Data Allocation for Embedded Systems with Cache and Scratchpad Memory (2015)

The hybrid memory architecture that contains both on-chip cache and scratchpad memory (SPM) has been widely used in embedded systems. In this article, we explore this hybrid memory architecture by jointly optimizing time performance and temperature for embedded systems with loops. Our basic idea is to adaptively adjust the workload distribution between cache and SPM based on the current temperature. For a problem in which the workload can be estimated a priori, we present a nonlinear programming formulation to optimally minimize the total execution time of a loop under the constraints of SPM size and temperature. To solve a problem in which the workload is not known a priori, we propose a temperature-aware adaptive loop scheduling algorithm called TALS to dynamically allocate data to cache and SPM at runtime. The experimental results show that our algorithms can effectively achieve both performance and temperature optimization for embedded systems with cache and SPM.
Polyether Glycols from Tetrahydrofuran and Ethylene Oxide (1981)

Polyether glycols have found wide acceptance as soft segment components for polyurethanes. Representative examples of useful polyether glycols are obtained by ring-opening polymerization of propylene oxide to polypropylene ether glycol and tetrahydrofuran (THF) to polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMEG). However, the copolymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) and THF produced copolyether glycols which were reported to give polyurethanes with inferior properties (1). It is now known that these early EO/THF copolymers contained macrocyclic oligomers. The formation of macrocyclics in the cationic polymerization of certain cyclic ethers has been known for some time (2). McKenna et al. (3) have reported on the macrocyclics from THF. Dale (4) has studied the formation of cyclic oligomers from EO, and Hammond (5) has identified some of the macrocyclics produced in the copolymerization of propylene oxide and THF. We have recently reported (6) on the formation of crown ethers from EO and THF using CF3SO3H as a
A Convenient Synthesis of β-Hydroxyesters from Andehydes or Ketones and α-Bromoesters BrCH<sub>2</sub>-Coor', R' Being A Long Carbon Chain (1989)

Abstract The Reformatsky reaction between aldehydes or ketones and bromoesters BrCH2 COOR (R' nC8 H17, nC12 H25) proceeds readily in ether provided activated zinc is used.
Energy-Saving Mechanisms in Walking and Running (1991)

Energy can be saved in terrestrial locomotion in many different ways. The maximum shortening speeds (Vmax) of the muscles can be adjusted to their optimum values for the tasks required of them. The moments exerted by the muscles at different joints can be adjusted to keep the ground force in line with the leg so that muscles do not work against each other. The joints of the legs can be kept as straight as possible, minimizing muscle forces and work requirements. Walking gaits should be selected at low Froude numbers (a dimensionless speed parameter) and running gaits at high Froude numbers. Tendon and other springs can be used to store elastic strain energy and to return it by elastic recoil. This paper aims to show how these energy-saving mechanisms work and to what extent mammals exploit them. Arguments based on our rather limited knowledge of the relationship between the mechanical performance of muscle and its metabolic energy consumption are used throughout. They suggest that muscles that are optimally adapted for their tasks in running should do positive work with constant efficiency.
Generation of Polyclonal CMV-specific T Cells for the Adoptive Immunotherapy of Glioblastoma (2012)

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common primary brain cancer in adults and is virtually incurable. Recent studies have shown that cytomegalovirus (CMV) is present in majority of GBMs. To evaluate whether the CMV antigens pp65 and IE1, which are expressed in GBMs, could be targeted by CMV-specific T cells, we measured the frequency of T cells targeting pp65 and IE1 in the peripheral blood of a cohort of 11 sequentially diagnosed CMV-seropositive GBM patients, and evaluated whether it was feasible to expand autologous CMV-specific T cells for future clinical studies. All 11 CMV-seropositive GBM patients had T cells specific for pp65 and IE1 in their peripheral blood assessed by IFNγ enzyme-linked immunospot assay. However, the precursor frequency of pp65-specific T cells was decreased in comparison with healthy donors (P=0.001). We successfully reactivated and expanded CMV-specific T cells from 6 out of 6 GBM patients using antigen-presenting cells transduced with an adenoviral vector encoding pp65 and IE1. CMV-specific T-cell lines contained CD4 as well as CD8 T cells, recognized pp65 and IE1 targets and killed CMV-infected autologous GBM cells. Infusion of such CMV-specific T-cell lines may extend the benefits of T-cell therapy to patients with CMV GBMs.
Single Rochon Prisms for Light Polarization Between 1400–70,000 Å (1969)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Graeme C. Morris and Allan S. Abramson, "Single Rochon Prisms for Light Polarization Between 1400–70,000 Å," Appl. Opt. 8, 1249-1250 (1969) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Clustering of 770,000 genomes reveals post-colonial population structure of North America (2017)

Despite strides in characterizing human history from genetic polymorphism data, progress in identifying genetic signatures of recent demography has been limited. Here we identify very recent fine-scale population structure in North America from a network of over 500 million genetic (identity-by-descent, IBD) connections among 770,000 genotyped individuals of US origin. We detect densely connected clusters within the network and annotate these clusters using a database of over 20 million genealogical records. Recent population patterns captured by IBD clustering include immigrants such as Scandinavians and French Canadians; groups with continental admixture such as Puerto Ricans; settlers such as the Amish and Appalachians who experienced geographic or cultural isolation; and broad historical trends, including reduced north-south gene flow. Our results yield a detailed historical portrait of North America after European settlement and support substantial genetic heterogeneity in the United States beyond that uncovered by previous studies.
Glucocorticoids completely reverse refractory diuretic resistance in a patient with decompensated heart failure and gross edema (2013)

Diuretic resistance is not uncommon in severe congestive heart failure patients. In most cases, diuretic resistance can be overcome by intravenous administration of a high dose of loop diuretics. Here we report the use of glucocorticoids to reverse refractory diuretic resistance in a congestive heart failure patient who failed with intravenous administration of a high dose of furosemide (1000 mg/day). A 65-year-old man with a history of triple vessel disease and systolic ventricular dysfunction developed refractory diuretic resistance. The glucocorticoids slowly but dramatically reversed diuretic resistance. As a result, there was a dramatic improvement in his renal function. The maximum daily urine output was 8950 ml/day on day 8. The average daily output was 5636 ml/day. Finally, the patient lost 42 kg of his body weight. Potential mechanisms using glucocorticoids to revert diuretic resistance are also discussed.
Gender difference in clinicopathologic features and survival of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (2004)

Female patients tend to have higher survival rates than males. These differences were probably due to more favorable pathologic features of HCC at initial diagnosis and greater likelihood to undergo curative therapy in female patients.
Ultrasound Speckle Reduction Using Generative Adversial Networks (2018)

Generative adversial networks (GANs) have shown its ability to create realistic and accurate image-to-image transformation. The goal of this work was to investigate whether deep convolutional GANs can learn to perform advanced ultrasound speckle reduction in real-time. The GAN was trained using a dataset of cardiac images from 200 patients and tested on a separate dataset from 55 patients. A U-net type of generator was used together with a patch-wise discriminator. Three different generator sizes were tested in order to see the tradeoff between speckle reduction accuracy and runtime. The results show that GANs can learn ultrasound speckle reduction. Even though the training set consisted only of cardiac ultrasound images, results from other parts of the body and scanners indicate that the method learns speckle reduction in general, and not just for cardiac images. By reducing the number of filters in the generator, real-time performance was achieved with an average of 11 ms per frame.
Cutting Edge: Role of B Lymphocytes in Protective Immunity Against <i>Salmonella typhimurium</i> Infection (2000)

Infection of mice with Salmonella typhimurium gives rise to a disease similar to human typhoid fever caused by S. typhi. Since S. typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium, the requirement of B cells in the immune response against S. typhimurium is a longstanding matter of debate. By infecting mice on a susceptible background and deficient in B cells (Igmu-/- mice) with different strains of S. typhimurium, we could for the first time formally clarify the role of B cells in the response against S. typhimurium. Compared with Igmu+/+ mice, LD50 values in Igmu-/- mice were reduced during primary, and particularly secondary, oral infection with virulent S. typhimurium. After systemic infection, Igmu-/- mice cleared attenuated aroA- S. typhimurium, but vaccine-induced protection against systemic infection with virulent S. typhimurium involved both B cell-dependent and -independent effector mechanisms. Thus, B cell-mediated immunity plays a distinct role in control of S. typhimurium in susceptible mice.
Antigen Recognition By Autoreactive Cd4+ Thymocytes Drives Homeostasis Of The Thymic Medulla (2012)

The thymic medulla is dedicated for purging the T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire of self-reactive specificities. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) play a pivotal role in this process because they express numerous peripheral tissue-restricted self-antigens. Although it is well known that medulla formation depends on the development of single-positive (SP) thymocytes, the mechanisms underlying this requirement are incompletely understood. We demonstrate here that conventional SP CD4⁺ thymocytes bearing autoreactive TCRs drive a homeostatic process that fine-tunes medullary plasticity in adult mice by governing the expansion and patterning of the medulla. This process exhibits strict dependence on TCR-reactivity with self-antigens expressed by mTECs, as well as engagement of the CD28-CD80/CD86 costimulatory axis. These interactions induce the expression of lymphotoxin α in autoreactive CD4⁺ thymocytes and RANK in mTECs. Lymphotoxin in turn drives mTEC development in synergy with RANKL and CD40L. Our results show that Ag-dependent interactions between autoreactive CD4⁺ thymocytes and mTECs fine-tune homeostasis of the medulla by completing the signaling axes implicated in mTEC expansion and medullary organization.
The Resolving-Power Functions and Quantum Processes of Television Cameras (1968)

The extensive paper by O. H. Schade, Sr., (RCA Review, vol. 28, pp. 460–535, September 1967) is summarized. The resolving power of an imaging system is described in terms of a series of “resolving power functions”; these relate the resolution to the exposure as a critical variable. The successive functions vary as a number of other significant parameters are changed. The treatment permits prediction of resolving power performance of TV camera and other imaging systems under a variety of operating conditions. Experimental confirmation of the analysis is mentioned.
Transient Performance of Permanent Magnet AC Motor Drives (1986)

The transient behavior of permanent magnet ac motor drives is analyzed. A new model is proposed where particular emphasis is placed on the role that armature reaction and saturation effect play on the flux distribution of the machine. Equations for calculation of these fluxes are deduced and verified by experimental tests on the machine. Simulation of motor transients both for constant and variable speed operations are presented and compared with experimental tests.