gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Consistent Nonparametric Tests of Independence (2010)

Three simple and explicit procedures for testing the independence of two multi-dimensional random variables are described. Two of the associated test statistics (L1, log-likelihood) are defined when the empirical distribution of the variables is restricted to finite partitions. A third test statistic is defined as a kernel-based independence measure. Two kinds of tests are provided. Distributionfree strong consistent tests are derived on the basis of large deviation bounds on the test statistics: these tests make almost surely no Type 1 or Type II error after a random sample size. Asymptotically α-level tests are obtained from the limiting distribution of the test statistics. For the latter tests, the Type I error converges to a fixed non-zero value a, and the Type II error drops to zero, for increasing sample size. All tests reject the null hypothesis of independence if the test statistics become large. The performance of the tests is evaluated experimentally on benchmark data. © 2010 Arthur Gretton and László Györfi.
Autonomous System for Air Traffic Control in Terminal Airspace (2014)

In this article we present recent work towards the development of an autonomous system that performs conflict resolution and arrival scheduling for aircraft in the terminal airspace around an airport. An autonomous air traffic control system is defined as a system that can safely solve the major traffic management problems currently handled by human controllers. It has the potential to handle higher traffic levels and a mix of conventional and unmanned aerial vehicles with reduced dependency on controllers. The main objective of this paper is to describe the fundamental trajectory algorithms that must be incorporated in such a system. These algorithms generate arrival trajectories that are free of conflicts with other traffic, and meet scheduled times of arrival for landing with specified in-trail spacings. The maneuvers the system employs to resolve separation and spacing conflicts include speed control, horizontal maneuvers, and altitude changes. Furthermore, the system can reassign arrival aircraft to a different runway in order to reduce delays. Examples of problems solved and performance statistics from a fast-time simulation using simulated traffic of arrivals and departures at the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport and Dallas Love Field Airport are also provided.
Putting coombsville on the map for napa cabernet (2001)

In adult patients with celiac disease, HRQOL was associated with age, education, adherence to GFD, and GSRS score. Additionally, occupation and disease duration were associated with HRQOL only in women and men respectively.
Real‐time organ motion tracking and fast image registration system for MRI‐guided surgery (2005)

Abstract The advantage of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided surgery, in which MR images taken during surgery are used to guide the surgery, has been recognized recently. However, there is a problem, due to long imaging time of MRI, that it is difficult to capture the respiratory organ motion. It is often a constraint that the patient must hold his or her breath, especially in the treatment of the abdominal region. Consequently, this paper proposes a method of eliminating this constraint in MRI‐guided surgery by real‐time monitoring of the movement of the organ involved in the surgery by means of the signal derived from MRI. Specifically, the navigator echo is extracted in imaging during surgery. The movement of the organ involved in surgery is detected on the basis of the change in the calculated projection profile, and the results are presented to the surgeon. In this study, the procedure is built into a 1.5‐T clinical MRI system. The feasibility of the proposed system was examined under clinical conditions by evaluating its accuracy and delay in a phantom experiment, and also in an in vivo experiment on the liver of a volunteer. The results are reported in this paper. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(1): 83–92, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience ( www.interscience.wiley.com ). DOI 10.1002/scj.20186
Purification and Characterization of a Novel Methyltransferase Responsible for Biosynthesis of Halomethanes and Methanethiol in Brassica oleracea (1995)

A novel S-adenosyl-L-methionine:halide/bisulfide methyltransferase (EC 2.1.1.-) was purified approximately 1000-fold to apparent homogeneity from leaves of Brassica oleracea. The enzyme catalyzed the S-adenosyl-L-methionine-dependent methylation of the halides iodide, bromide, and chloride to monohalomethanes and of bisulfide to methanethiol. The dual function of the enzyme was demonstrated through co-purification of the halide- and bisulfide-methylating activities in the same ratio and by studies of competition between the alternative substrates iodide and bisulfide. The purification procedure included gel filtration, anion exchange chromatography, and affinity chromatography on adenosine-agarose. Elution of the protein from a chromatofocusing column indicated a pI value of 4.8. The pH optimum of halide methylation (5.5-7.0) was different from that of bisulfide methylation (7.0-8.0). The molecular mass values for the native and denatured protein were 29.5 and 28 kDa, respectively, suggesting that the active enzyme is a monomer. The enzyme had the highest specificity constant for iodide and the next highest for bisulfide. Substrate interaction kinetics and product inhibition patterns were consistent with an Ordered Bi Bi mechanism.
Compact Deep Convolutional Neural Networks With Coarse Pruning (2016)

The learning capability of a neural network improves with increasing depth at higher computational costs. Wider layers with dense kernel connectivity patterns furhter increase this cost and may hinder real-time inference. We propose feature map and kernel level pruning for reducing the computational complexity of a deep convolutional neural network. Pruning feature maps reduces the width of a layer and hence does not need any sparse representation. Further, kernel pruning converts the dense connectivity pattern into a sparse one. Due to coarse nature, these pruning granularities can be exploited by GPUs and VLSI based implementations. We propose a simple and generic strategy to choose the least adversarial pruning masks for both granularities. The pruned networks are retrained which compensates the loss in accuracy. We obtain the best pruning ratios when we prune a network with both granularities. Experiments with the CIFAR-10 dataset show that more than 85% sparsity can be induced in the convolution layers with less than 1% increase in the missclassification rate of the baseline network.
Two faces of p53: aging and tumor suppression (2007)

The p53 tumor suppressor protein, often termed guardian of the genome, integrates diverse physiological signals in mammalian cells. In response to stress signals, perhaps the best studied of which is the response to DNA damage, p53 becomes functionally active and triggers either a transient cell cycle arrest, cell death (apoptosis) or permanent cell cycle arrest (cellular senescence). Both apoptosis and cellular senescence are potent tumor suppressor mechanisms that irreversibly prevent damaged cells from undergoing neoplastic transformation. However, both processes can also deplete renewable tissues of proliferation-competent progenitor or stem cells. Such depletion, in turn, can compromise the structure and function of tissues, which is a hallmark of aging. Moreover, whereas apoptotic cells are by definition eliminated from tissues, senescent cells can persist, acquire altered functions, and thus alter tissue microenvironments in ways that can promote both cancer and aging phenotypes. Recent evidence suggests that increased p53 activity can, at least under some circumstances, promote organismal aging. Here, we discuss the role of p53 as a key regulator of the DNA damage responses, and discuss how p53 integrates the outcome of the DNA damage response to optimally balance tumor suppression and longevity.
Suppression of metalloproteinase biosynthesis in human alveolar macrophages by interleukin-4. (1992)

To study the interaction of lymphocytes and macrophages in the control of extracellular matrix turnover, we determined the effects of several soluble T cell products on mononuclear phagocyte production of metalloproteinases. Cytokines including IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), GM-CSF, and IFN-gamma were each tested for capacity to modulate macrophage metalloproteinase and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) expression. The addition of IL-4 to cells cultured under basal conditions caused a dose-dependent suppression in the release of 92-kD type IV collagenase without affecting TIMP production. 92-kD enzyme secretion was inhibited by 50% with 1-2 ng/ml of IL-4 and by 90% with 10 ng/ml of IL-4. When cells were first exposed to killed Staphylococcus aureus to induce metalloproteinase production, IL-4 potently blocked the stimulated release of both interstitial collagenase and 92-kD type IV collagenase, again without effect upon TIMP. Metabolic labeling experiments and Northern hybridizations demonstrated that IL-4 exerted its action at a pretranslational level. Furthermore, IL-4 possessed the capacity to inhibit metalloproteinase expression even in the relatively immature peripheral blood monocyte. As reported previously (Shapiro, S. D., E. J. Campbell, D. K. Kobayashi, and H. G. Welgus. 1990. J. Clin. Invest. 86:1204), IFN-gamma suppressed constitutive macrophage production of 92-kD type IV collagenase. Despite the frequent antagonism observed between IL-4 and IFN-gamma in other systems, the combination of these two agents lowered metalloproteinase biosynthesis dramatically, whereas IL-4 opposed the IFN-gamma-stimulated production of cytokines (IL-1 and TNF alpha). IL-6 had only minimal effect upon metalloproteinase production, but appeared to specifically augment TIMP release. In summary, cytokines released by activated T cells may profoundly reduce the capacity of the macrophage to mediate extracellular matrix degradation.
Use of 99m-technetium-glucoheptonate as a tracer for brain tumor imaging: An overview of its strengths and pitfalls (2014)

Brain tumors represent a vexing clinical problem in oncology due to their increasing incidence, difficulties in treatment and high rates of recurrence. It is especially challenging to evaluate the posttreatment disease status because differentiation of recurrence from treatment-induced changes (radiation necrosis) is not possible with the use of magnetic resonance imaging, the most commonly used imaging method in this setting. Various functional imaging methods, including positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) have been employed in this context. SPECT with 99m-technetium (99mTc)-glucoheptonate (GHA) has shown promising results for differentiation of recurrent brain tumor from radiation necrosis. In this review, we have discussed in details the basics of 99mTc-GHA SPECT imaging in brain tumor along with the available literature in this regard.
Approximation and optimization of electron density maps (1980)

The three-dimensional structure of proteins is commonly determined from x-ray diffraction data by manually inspecting the electron density, displayed as a stack of two dimensional contour maps. A network connecting peaks and passes of the density function has been suggested as a representation more suitable for automatic interpretation. However, locating all critical points of such a complicated function is a difficult problem.
The solution proposed here is to partition the domain into cubes and approximate the density function on each cube by a polynomial of three variables, chosen so that all first derivatives are continuous across the cube boundaries. Two algorithms are examined for this approximation: one is least squares fitting with smooth tent-shaped basis functions (known as tensor product B-splines) by repeated univariate least squares spline fits, and the other scales Fourier coefficients of the electron density function. Critical points can then be sought independently on each cube. One variable is solved for immediately in terms of the other two; the resulting two-dimensional problems are approximated on a subgrid and finally reduced to one-dimensional quadratic equations. This method locates critical points more accurately than discrete pattern matching and more quickly than repeated Newton searches.
Densities of Unfilled One-Electron Levels in the Elements Vanadium and Iron through Zinc by Means of X-Ray Continuum Isochromats (1973)

X-ray continuum isochromats have been obtained at a photon energy of 530 eV from bulk samples of vanadium, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, and zinc under ultrahigh-vaccum conditions. The isochromats have been partially corrected for the smearing due to the spectral window of the two-crystal potassium acid phthalate (KAP) monochromator used and for the distortion due to the nonsingular nature of the electron spectra in the samples. The corrected data may be interpreted as measures of the densities of available one-electron states in these materials.
Synthesis of 11.beta.-[18F]Fluoro-5.alpha.-dihydrotestosterone and 11.beta.-[18F]Fluoro-19-nor-5.alpha.-dihydrotestosterone: Preparation via Halofluorination-Reduction, Receptor Binding, and Tissue Distribution (1995)

We have prepared 11 beta-fluoro-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (11 beta-F-DHT, 1) and 11 beta-fluoro-19-nor-5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone (11 beta-F-19-nor-DHT, 2) in order to investigate the properties of these new androgens labeled with fluorine-18 as potential androgen receptor (AR)-based imaging agents for prostate cancer. These compounds were synthesized in 6 steps from hydrocortisone and in 13 steps from 1,4-androstadiene-3,11,17-trione, respectively. Relative binding affinities (RBA) of 11 beta-F-DHT and 11 beta-F-19-nor-DHT to AR are 53.1 and 75.3 (R1881 = 100), respectively, the latter being the highest reported among fluorine-substituted androgens. The fluorination step, which involves addition of halogen fluoride across the 9(11)-double bond, followed by reductive dehalogenation at the 9 alpha-position has been adapted to introduce a fluorine-18-label at the 11 beta-position of DHT and 19-nor-DHT. The two high-affinity F-18-labeled ligands [18F]-1 and [18F]-2 were evaluated in vivo, in tissue distribution studies using diethylstilbestrol-pretreated mature male rats. 11 beta-F-DHT shows high prostate uptake and selective prostate to blood and prostate to muscle uptake ratios, the latter two ratios increasing from 5 and 8 at 1 h to 12 and 19 at 4 h postinjection. Moreover, this compound has low uptake in bone, displaying the lowest in vivo defluorination among all androgens labeled with fluorine-18 tested so far. The in vivo properties of 11 beta-F-DHT in rats are thus favorable for imaging of prostate cancer. On the other hand, 11 beta-F-19-nor-DHT shows low prostate uptake with low selectivity and high uptake in liver, kidney, and bladder. Even though this ligand has the highest RBA and undergoes little metabolic defluorination, it appears to suffer from rapid metabolism in vivo. Therefore, it is apparent that the biodistribution properties of androgens are affected by their structure and metabolism as well as by their RBA.
Detection of Volatile Organic Compounds Using Microfabricated Resonator Array Functionalized with Supramolecular Monolayers (2015)

This paper describes the detection of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) using an e-nose type integrated microfabricated sensor array, in which each resonator is coated with different supramolecular monolayers: p-tert-butyl calix[8]arene (Calix[8]arene), 2,3,7,8,12,13,17,18-octaethyl-21H,23H-porphine (Porphyrin), β-cyclodextrin (β-CD), and cucurbit[8]uril (CB[8]). Supramolecular monolayers fabricated by Langmuir-Blodgett techniques work as specific sensing interface for different VOCs recognition which increase the sensor selectivity. Microfabricated ultrahigh working frequency film bulk acoustic resonator (FBAR) transducers (4.4 GHz) enable their high sensitivity toward monolayer gas sensing which facilitate the analyses of VOCs adsorption isotherms and kinetics. Two affinity constants (K1, K2) are obtained for each VOC, which indicate the gas molecule adsorption happen inside and outside of the supramolecular cavities. Additional kinetic information on adsorption and desorption rate constants (ka, kd) are obtained as well from exponential fitting results. The five parameters, one from the conventional frequency shift signals of mass transducers and the other four from the indirect analyses of monolayer adsorption behaviors, thus enrich the sensing matrix (Δf, K1, K2, ka, kd) which can be used as multiparameter fingerprint patterns for highly selective detection and discrimination of VOCs.
Robust methods in inverse theory (1988)

Due to ill-conditioning of the linearised forward problem and the presence of noise in most data, inverse problems generally require some kind of 'regularisation' in order to generate physically plausible solutions. The most popular method of regularised inversion is damped least squares. Damping sometimes forces the solution to be smoother than it otherwise would be by raising all of the eigenvalues in an ad hoc fashion. An alternative is described, based upon the method of least-absolute deviation, which has a property known in the statistical literature as robustness. An account of robust inversion methods-their history and computational developments-is given. The key computational technique turns out to be preconditioned conjugate gradient, an algorithm which had as its genesis 'the method of orthogonal vectors' by Fox, Huskey and Wilkinson (1948). Applications are illustrated from seismic tomography and inverse scattering, two of the most computationally intensive tasks in inverse theory.
Effects of Planting and Harvest Date on Betalain Pigment Concentrations in Three Table Beet Genotypes (1986)

Abstract The effects of planting and harvest dates on violet betacyanin (BC) and yellow betaxanthine (BX) pigment concentrations and the BC : BX ratio were studied in three table beet ( Beta vulgaris L.) genotypes. The R'R, R t 'r , and R'r genotypes, conditioning high (violet), medium (red), and low (orange) BC/BX ratios, were studied using two planting and three harvest dates. Total pigment (BC + BX) increased with both later planting and later harvest dates. BC : BX ratio increased with later planting date but decreased with later harvest dates. For any planting date-harvest date combination the three genotypes showed distinct pigment ratios. The R t 'r genotypes planted on 1 July and harvested at 50 days had a pigment ratio similar to the R'R genotype planted on 1 July and harvested at 100 days. Environment can affect betacyanin and betaxanthine production differently, altering pigment concentrations and ratios.
Emission and Deposit Formation in Direct Injection Stratified Charge SI Engines (2001)

A promising approach to increase the efficiency of the spark ignition (SI) engine is to inject the fuel directly into the cylinder to form a stratified charge. There is a potential to reduce the fuel consumption at low speeds and loads by 20 - 25% compared with conventional SI engines with stoichiometric homogeneous charge. The main drawbacks to contemporary direct injection stratified charge (DISC) engines are high hydrocarbon (HC) and soot emissions. An experimental investigation of the sources of HC emissions, from a production Mitsubishi GDI® direct injection stratified charge SI engine which uses wall-guided mixture preparation, is presented in this thesis. The engine-out HC emissions were 50% higher for stratified operation than for homogeneous operation for the engine tested under the low load and speed conditions investigated. A comparison of cycle-resolved HC and NOx emissions was made for homogeneous and stratified operation. Distinct differences observed in HC concentration traces indicate clearly that the sources of hydrocarbon emissions are not the same as in conventional SI engines. The measurements indicate that over mixing (quenching), at the boundaries of the air/fuel mixture cloud, and under mixing, both in the spray center and on the surface of the piston bowl, are the dominating mechanisms for HC emission formation in this engine. The engine tested is more sensitive to fuel composition than conventional SI engines. While there is only a marginal potential to reduce the HC emissions from DISC engines by altering the distillation curve of the fuel, there is much greater potential to decrease the emissions by improving the fuel and combustion systems. Injector fouling was found to have a detrimental effect on HC emissions and engine stability when the engine was subjected to a 60 h deposit accumulation cycle. The frequency of misfires and/or partial burns became unacceptable after such short time intervals as 6 - 30 h for some of the gasolines tested. Although the deposit levels depend on fuel composition, it is concluded from this study that the formation of combustion chamber deposits did reduce HC emissions, due primarily to reduced heat transfer. It is clear from these tests that preventing injector deposit formation is essential for direct injection SI engines.
Tyrosinase inhibition due to interaction of homocyst(e)ine with copper: the mechanism for reversible hypopigmentation in homocystinuria due to cystathionine beta-synthase deficiency. (1995)

Deficiency of cystathionine beta-synthase (CBS) is a genetic disorder of transsulfuration resulting in elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine and methionine and decreased cysteine. Affected patients have multisystem involvement, which may include light skin and hair. Reversible hypopigmentation in treated homocystinuric patients has been infrequently reported, and the mechanism is undefined. Two CBS-deficient homocystinuric patients manifested darkening of their hypopigmented hair following treatment that decreased plasma homocyst(e)ine. We hypothesized that homocyst(e)ine inhibits tyrosinase, the major pigment enzyme. The activity of tyrosinase extracted from pigmented human melanoma cells (MNT-1) that were grown in the presence of homocysteine was reduced in comparison to that extracted from cells grown without homocysteine. Copper sulfate restored homocyst(e)ine-inhibited tyrosinase activity when added to the culture cell media at a proportion of 1.25 mol of copper sulfate per 1 mol of DL-homocysteine. Holo-tyrosinase activity was inhibited by adding DL-homocysteine to the assay reaction mixture, and the addition of copper sulfate to the reaction mixture prevented this inhibition. Other tested compounds, L-cystine and betaine did not affect tyrosinase activity. Our data suggest that reversible hypopigmentation in homocystinuria is the result of tyrosinase inhibition by homocyst(e)ine and that the probable mechanism of this inhibition is the interaction of homocyst(e)ine with copper at the active site of tyrosinase.
Theory and application of optimum transmit-receive radar (2002)

Recent advances in linear amplifier and arbitrary waveform generation technology have spawned interest in adaptive transmitter systems as a means for both optimizing target signal gain and enhancing ID. In this paper rigorous theoretical performance bounds are constructively established for the joint transmitter-target-channel-receiver optimization problem in the presence of additive colored noise (ACN), (e.g., interference multipath). For the ACN case, an analytical solution is obtained as an eigenvector (with associated maximum eigenvalue) of a homogeneous Fredholm integral equation of the second type. The kernel function is Hermitian and is obtained from the cascade of the target impulse response with the ACN whitening filter. The theoretical performance gains achievable over conventional transmitter strategies (e.g., chirp) are presented for various simulation scenarios including interference multipath mitigation. Also discussed is the potential effectiveness of an optimal discriminating pulse solution for the N-target ID problem that arises naturally from the theory.