gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Endoscopic Laser Therapy for Gastrointestinal Disease (1984)

• As recently as 1981, less than 12 medical centers in the United States were using lasers for the treatment of gastrointestinal (GI) disease. Now they are being used in more than 200 American medical centers and the number is increasing. There are several causes for this increase: (1) the applications for the treatment of GI disease have expanded; (2) they are relatively easy to use; (3) they can be cost-effective if the same laser can be used by more than one subspecialty; and (4) lasers may provide therapeutic options where limited ones previously existed. In the past six months, the Food and Drug Administration ruled that lasers were no longer classified as investigational devices for certain GI applications (eg, upper GI bleeding or obstructing esophageal neoplasms). Most importantly, in most instances, they have been safe and effective. With the technology related to lasers and endoscopes advancing so rapidly, an even greater use of lasers for the field of GI disease, In specific, and medicine, in general, can be anticipated. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>1984;144:1225-1230)
Chick Embryonic Skin as a Rapid Organ Culture Assay for Cellular Neoplasia (1978)

We used chick embryonic skin (CES) in organ culture to assess the neoplastic potential of a variety of cultured human and nonhuman cell lines. Cells derived from cancer tissues grew in CES and formed tumors in nude mice while cells derived from normal tissues grew in neither system. The CES proved to be more sensitive than the nude mouse when used to assay SV40 transformed human cells; each of four such lines grew in CES while only one of the four lines grew and formed tumors in nude mice. In addition, the patterns of invasion by inoculated cells can be easily studied in the CES. These results suggest that CES in organ culture offers an inexpensive, rapid, and reliable alternative to the nude mouse as a tumorigenicity test.
Extraction of Nutraceuticals from Milk Thistle (2003)

Milk thistle contains compounds that display hepatoxic protection properties. We examined the batch extraction of Silymarin compounds from milk thistle seed meal in 50, 70, 85, and 100°C water as a function of time. After 210 min of extraction at 100°C, the yield of taxifolin was 1.2 mg/g of seed, a 6.2-fold increase over the results obtained in a Soxhlet extraction with ethanol on pretreated (defatted) seeds. Similarly, the yield of silychristin was 5.0 mg/g of seed, a 3.8-fold increase. The yields of silybinin A and silybinin B were 1.8 and 3.3 mg/g of seed, respectively, or roughly 30% of the Soxhlet yield. The ratios of the extracted compounds, and particularly the ratios at long extraction times, showed that the more polar compounds (taxifolin and silychristin) were preferentially extracted at 85 °C, while the less polar silybinin was favored at 100°C.
Preparation and Electroluminescent Characteristics of a Series of Cyclometalated Ir(III) Complexes Based on Phenylpyridines with a Diphenylamino Group (2005)

Abstract A series of cyclometalated iridium complexes with a strong electron-donating and bulky diphenylamino group was prepared and the phosphorescence wavelengths were found to be greatly dependent on the substituent positions: some of them afforded high performance electroluminescence (EL) devices.
Inhibition of the Class II HMG–CoA reductase of <i>Pseudomonas mevalonii</i> (2004)

There are two structural classes of HMG-CoA reductase, the third enzyme of the mevalonate pathway of isopentenyl diphosphate biosynthesis-the Class I enzymes of eukaryotes and the Class II enzymes of certain eubacteria. Structural requirements for ligand binding to the Class II HMG-CoA reductase of Pseudomonas mevalonii were investigated. For conversion of mevalonate to HMG-CoA the -CH(3), -OH, and -CH(2)COO(-) groups on carbon 3 of mevalonate were essential for ligand recognition. The statin drug Lovastatin inhibited both the conversion of HMG-CoA to mevalonate and the reverse of this reaction. Inhibition was competitive with respect to HMG-CoA or mevalonate and noncompetitive with respect to NADH or NAD(+). K(i) values were millimolar. The over 10(4)-fold difference in statin K(i) values that distinguishes the two classes of HMG-CoA reductase may result from differences in the specific contacts between the statin and residues present in the Class I enzymes but lacking in a Class II HMG-CoA reductase.
Ribosomal tunnel and translation regulation (2010)

This review describes the results of recent studies of the ribosomal tunnel (RT), the major function of which is to allow the smooth passage of nascent polypeptides with different sequences from the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome to the tunnel exit, where the folding of protein molecules begins. The features of structural organization of RT and their role in modulation and stabilization of the nascent chain conformation are discussed. Structural features of macrolide binding sites as well as application of macrolide antibiotics and their derivatives as tools to investigate ligand-tunnel wall interactions are also considered. Several examples of strong and specific interactions of regulatory polypeptides with nucleotide and amino acid residues of RT that lead to ribosome stalling and translational arrest are described in detail. The role of these events in regulation of expression of certain genes is discussed on the basis of recent high-resolution structural studies of nascent chains in the RT.
Low-swing charge recycle bus drivers (2002)

In this paper two robust bus drivers combining low-swing and semi-adiabatic charge recycling technique are presented. The drivers use a novel concept with Schmitt-triggers as voltage sensors. Hence, voltage references are not required. The drivers reduces the power consumption by 55 and 72 percent, respectively.
Membrane separation of produced water (1996)

Each time regulatory agencies initiate more stringent environmental controls, treatment technologies are refined to meet the updated standards. Centrifuges and hydrocyclones are, by and large, producing satisfactory effluents for meeting current quality requirements for the offshore petroleum industries. The European standard for effluent from onshore petroleum activities, however, requires less than 5 mg/l total hydrocarbons (HC) and less than 10 mg/l suspended solids. Such low concentrations are out of reach for the above classical separation processes. The amount of produced water in the North Sea is projected to increase by a factor of 6 from 1990 to the year 2000; from 16 to 90 million cubic meters each year. Produced water is the predominant source for oil discharges. The synergistic effects of chemicals, oil and dissolved components in the produced water effluent are given increased attention, with expectations of tougher effluent criteria. Microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) pilot trials with produced water from the Snorre field in the North Sea showed that UF, but not MF, could meet more stringent effluent standards for total HC, suspended solids and dissolved constituents. Total HC in the produced water was typically 50 mg/l and was reduced to 2 mg/l in the UF permeate (96% removal). The aromatics benzene, toluene and xylene (BTX) were similarly reduced by 54% and the heavy metals copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) by 95%. UF trials were performed with organic tubular membranes with typical transmembrane pressures between 6 and 10 bars. The feed velocities through the tubes were between 2 and 4 m/s. Flux varied from 140 to 550 l/m2/h (lmh) at a produced water temperature of 60°C and membrane molecular weight cut-off between 100,000 and 200,000 daltons. By recirculating UF retentate as membrane feed, a volume reduction (VR) of 24 was obtained in the trials; i.e., 96% permeate recovery. The limited volume of produced water available in the feed tank negated further volume reduction. Full-scale design is based on permeate recovery of 99%. No irreversible fouling of the membrane surface was experienced. The cleanwater flux was restored after chemical cleaning. The alkaline detergent Ultrasil 11 was chosen as the optimal cleaning agent.
Hrp pilus: An <i>hrp</i> -dependent bacterial surface appendage produced by <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>tomato</i>  DC3000 (1997)

Hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) genes control the ability of major groups of plant pathogenic bacteria to elicit the hypersensitive response (HR) in resistant plants and to cause disease in susceptible plants. A number of Hrp proteins share significant similarities with components of the type III secretion apparatus and flagellar assembly apparatus in animal pathogenic bacteria. Here we report that Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato strain DC3000 (race 0) produces a filamentous surface appendage (Hrp pilus) of 6-8 nm in diameter in a solid minimal medium that induces hrp genes. Formation of the Hrp pilus is dependent on at least two hrp genes, hrpS and hrpH (recently renamed hrcC), which are involved in gene regulation and protein secretion, respectively. Our finding of the Hrp pilus, together with recent reports of Salmonella typhimurium surface appendages that are involved in bacterial invasion into the animal cell and of the Agrobacterium tumefaciens virB-dependent pilus that is involved in the transfer of T-DNA into plant cells, suggests that surface appendage formation is a common feature of animal and plant pathogenic bacteria in the infection of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, we have identified HrpA as a major structural protein of the Hrp pilus. Finally, we show that a nonpolar hrpA mutant of P. syringae pv. tomato DC3000 is unable to form the Hrp pilus or to cause either an HR or disease in plants.
Stability-Based Multi-Hop Clustering Protocol (2006)

This paper presents a clustering protocol that is able to identify and manage moving network clusters. Such clusters can enable communication and shared use of resources within a group of nodes, and also make optimizations related to routing and mobility management possible. The protocol detects clusters with a stability-based mechanism that uses the associativity of the nodes and link quality as its criteria. After the cluster is set up, individual nodes can join and leave the cluster, and several clusters can be merged into larger multi-hop clusters. The protocol also features a "clustercast" mechanism for reducing forwarding of broadcast control messages. The protocol's functionality was evaluated with simulations whose results show that the clustering protocol identifies clusters and can perform the basic management operations. It was discovered that the overhead of the neighbor discovery mechanism is small, but the real challenge is in choosing the right parameters, which in turn depend on the used environment and radio technology characteristics.
Determining the Position and Orientation of In-Body Medical Instruments Using Near-Field Magnetic Field Mapping (2019)

There is an increasing demand for localizing medical implants in-body, such as the wireless capsule endoscope and the Nasogastric tube. Some studies have been conducted to solve this issue using either permanent magnets, static current sources, or RF fields. The permanent magnet fails due to low power, and static current source requires a relatively high power source. The RF field source requires high frequencies to get enough precision, which undergoes high attenuation in the body. At low frequency, when the distance between the source and the receiver array is shorter than the wavelength, the far field assumption fails for localization methods. Therefore, we propose a novel method of mapping the magnetic field vector in the near field region, with which wavelength independent localization is done. We did extensive MATLAB and CST Microwave simulations followed by practical experiments. The proposed method has achieved localization accuracy of less than 1 cm in the YZ plane that is 2 cm in depth (in X-axis), and the maximum orientation error remained 10° in three dimensions.
Expert Systems (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Expert Systems: A Definition History of Expert Systems Major Application Areas Books/Journals/Conferences Structure of Expert Systems Expert System Kernel Architecture An Expert System Architecture Development Current Applications The Future for Expert Systems Summary and Conclusions
Optimal Subcarrier-Chunk Scheduling for OFDM Systems (2010)

In practical orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems, subcarriers are grouped into chunks and a chunk of subcarriers is regarded as the minimum unit for subcarrier allocation. We consider the optimal chunk assignment that maximizes a utility function of average user rates for a wireless OFDM system under different power control policies. It is shown that the optimal schemes adopt a greedy structure. Novel low-complexity algorithms are developed to approach the optimal strategies without a-priori knowledge of statistics of the intended wireless channels. Numerical results are provided to gauge the performance of the proposed schemes.
Syntheses of Thiamine Alkyl Sulfides (1956)

Several thiamine alkyl sulfides, such as CH3 (X), C2H5 (XI), C3H7 (XII) and C4H9 (XIII) were prepared by alkylating the thiamine with dimethyl sulfate, halogen alkyl or alkyl p-toluenesulfonates in good yields. It was found that all these compounds have two melting points, and it seems to be a dimorphism.Methyl sulfonium iodide of (X) was obtained by the reaction of thiamine methyl sulfide and methyl iodide.
Bioactive S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the genus Allium: the chemistry of potential therapeutic agents (2005)

S-Alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides are odourless, non-protein sulfur amino acids typically found in members of the family Alliaceae and are the precursors to the lachrymatory and flavour compounds found in the agronomically important genus Allium. Traditionally, Allium species, particularly the onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (A. sativum), have been used for centuries in European, Asian and American folk medicines for the treatment of numerous human pathologies, however it is only recently that any significant progress has been made in determining their mechanisms of action. Indeed, our understanding of the role of Allium species in human health undoubtedly comes from the combination of several academic disciplines including botany, biochemistry and nutrition. During tissue damage, S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxides are converted to their respective thiosulfinates or propanethial-S-oxide by the action of the enzyme alliinase (EC 4.4.1.4). Depending on the Allium species, and under differing conditions, thiosulfinates can decompose to form additional sulfur constituents including diallyl, methyl allyl, and diethyl mono-, di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexasulfides, the vinyldithiins and (E)- and (Z)-ajoene. Recent reports have shown onion and garlic extracts, along with several principal sulfur constituents, can induce phase II detoxification enzymes like glutathione-S-transferases (EC 2.5.1.18) and quinone reductase (QR) NAD(P)H: (quinine acceptor) oxidoreductase (EC 1.6.99.2) in mammalian tissues, as well as also influencing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in numerous in vitro cancer cell models. Moreover, studies are also beginning to highlight a role of Allium-derived sulfur compounds in cardiovascular protection. In this review, we discuss the chemical diversity of S-alk(en)yl cysteine sulfoxide metabolites in the context of their biochemical and pharmacological mechanisms.
Evolving genetic regulatory networks for online neurogenesis (2016)

We evolve a Genetic Regulatory Network (GRN) in a three dimensional morphogen gradient environment to determine the topology of the neurons in a Spiking Neural Network (SNN). A genetic algorithm is used to optimize the GRN, selecting individuals based on the performance of the SNN grown by the GRN. Performance is measured on two tasks: visual discrimination and robotic foraging. Early results show potential for this method as both an indirect encoding and on-line regulator of neural networks.
Natural Color Holographic Stereograms By Superimposing Three Rainbow Holograms (1984)

A single-wavelength laser and a set of color-separated, black-and-white, two-dimensional photographs are used to produce three holographic stereograms, each containing a lightness scale corresponding to an appropriate concentration of the original primary color. The real images are individually projected and exposed onto a single holographic emulsion. This hologram, when reconstructed in white light, produces the overlapping spectra of three rainbow holograms. In image areas of equal density, these superimposed spectra create a shade of gray proportional to their combined intensities. All mixtures of colors and tones are found in other image areas. Detailed studies of the primary-color, viewing zones reveal misalignments and curvatures due to chromatic, spherical aberrations. The resulting color misregistration limits image depth to a few centimeters. However, within a restricted viewing area, three-dimensional images do appear in full natural color.
A cDNA Clone Highly Expressed in Ripe Banana Fruit Shows Homology to Pectate Lyases (1997)

A cDNA clone (Ban17), encoding a protein homologous to pectate lyase, has been isolated from a cDNA library from climacteric banana fruit by means of differential screening. Northern analysis showed that Ban17 mRNA is first detected in early climacteric fruit, reaches a steady-state maximum at the climacteric peak, and declines thereafter in overripe fruit. Accumulation of the Ban17 transcript can be induced in green banana fruit by exogenous application of ethylene. The demonstrates that expression of this gene is under hormonal control, its induction being regulated by the rapid increase in ethylene production at the onset of ripening. The deduced amino acid sequence derived from the Ban17 cDNA shares significant identity with pectate lyases from pollen and plant pathogenic bacteria of the genus Erwinia. Similarity to bacterial pectate lyases that were proven to break down the pectic substances of the plant cell wall suggest that Ban17 might play a role in the loss of mesocarp firmness during fruit ripening.
West Nile Drugs, Vaccine Still Years Away (2000)

With support from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), several research groups are taking the first steps toward developing drugs to fight the acute phase of West Nile virus infection. NIH is also supporting the fast-track development of a vaccine. But because it doesn't make sense to vaccinate the entire population for such a rare disease, it is unclear how large the market for a vaccine will be.
Dynamic SEOF: An Adaptable Object Prefetch Policy for Object-oriented Database Systems (2000)

When accessing objects in an object-oriented database, performance can be greatly improved by prefetching objects efficiently. In this paper we present a new object prefetch policy, dynamic selective eager object fetch (SEOF), which prefetches objects only from selected candidate pages without using any high-level object semantics. Our policy considers both correlations and frequencies of fetching objects when selecting prefetch candidates. Unlike existing prefetch policies, dynamic SEOF utilizes the memory and the swap space of clients efficiently without resource exhaustion. Furthermore, the proposed policy has good adaptability to both the effectiveness of clustering and database size. It also adjusts the degree of prefetching dynamically according to the working environment. We show the performance of the proposed policy through experiments over various multi-client system configurations.
An essential role for vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (VGLUT1) in postnatal development and control of quantal size (2004)

Quantal neurotransmitter release at excitatory synapses depends on glutamate import into synaptic vesicles by vesicular glutamate transporters (VGLUTs). Of the three known transporters, VGLUT1 and VGLUT2 are expressed prominently in the adult brain, but during the first two weeks of postnatal development, VGLUT2 expression predominates. Targeted deletion of VGLUT1 in mice causes lethality in the third postnatal week. Glutamatergic neurotransmission is drastically reduced in neurons from VGLUT1-deficient mice, with a specific reduction in quantal size. The remaining activity correlates with the expression of VGLUT2. This reduction in glutamatergic neurotransmission can be rescued and enhanced with overexpression of VGLUT1. These results show that the expression level of VGLUTs determines the amount of glutamate that is loaded into vesicles and released and thereby regulates the efficacy of neurotransmission.
Articles : Inactive but Dimeric Form of Lipoprotein Lipase in Human Plasma (2001)

Active lipoprotein lipase (LPL) is known as a noncovalent homodimer of identical subunits, and dissociation of the dimer to a monomeric form renders the lipase inactive. In this study, the oligomerization status of LPL in human and rat plasma was investigated. The LPL activity was barely detectable in the control rat and human plasma. After the injection of heparin, the total lipolytic activity of plasma was rapidly increased, and reached its maximum in 30 min. Changes of the LPL protein correlated well with those of lipolytic activity. The LPL protein that is released by heparin into both human and rat plasma was active and dimeric in the sucrose density gradient ultracentrifugation. In control rat plasma, LPL was inactive, and a great fraction was present as an aggregate. However, the inactive LPL protein in the control human plasma retained the dimeric state, indicating that dimerization can be an entity independent of the catalytic activity of LPL. The released LPL is transported as a complex with lipoproteins in plasma. Lipoprotein profiles, determined by NaBr ultracentrifugation, exhibited typical LDL- and HDL-mammal patterns in humans and rats, respectively, with a smaller amount of the LDL fraction observed in rats. The difference in the lipoprotein profiles might influence the fate of the released LPL in plasma.
Atomic Layer Etching of Silicon by Thermal Desorption Method (1995)

Atomic layer etching of Si has been realized by modulating the substrate temperature synchronized with chlorine gas irradiation. This is based on the surface chemistry wherein chlorine atoms adsorbed on the clean Si surface at room temperature are thermally desorbed as SiCl 2 over 650°C. For Si(111) substrates, the etching rate R was saturated at about 3/7 monolayer per cycle for the peak temperature of more than 675°C. The saturated etching rate corresponds to half the number of rest atoms of the Si(111) 7 ×7 surface. The chlorine dosage for the saturation was about 3.5 mTorr × 4 s. The experimental results agreed well with the theoretical estimations based on the desorption kinetics of SiCl 2 . The increase of the surface roughness by etching was less than one monolayer.
Characterization of (CA)<sub>n</sub>microsatellites with degenerate sequencing primers (1992)

Construction of DNA clones which allow determination of sequences flanking (CA),, microsatellites (1, 2) is the most