gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human Xenografts Are Not Rejected in a Naturally Occurring Immunodeficient Porcine Line: A Human Tumor Model in Pigs (2012)

Animal models for cancer therapy are invaluable for preclinical testing of potential cancer treatments; however, therapies tested in such models often fail to translate into clinical settings. Therefore, a better preclinical model for cancer treatment testing is needed. Here we demonstrate that an immunodeficient line of pigs can host and support the growth of xenografted human tumors and has the potential to be an effective animal model for cancer therapy. Wild-type and immunodeficient pigs were injected subcutaneously in the left ear with human melanoma cells (A375SM cells) and in the right ear with human pancreatic carcinoma cells (PANC-1). All immunodeficient pigs developed tumors that were verified by histology and immunohistochemistry. Nonaffected littermates did not develop tumors. Immunodeficient pigs, which do not reject xenografted human tumors, have the potential to become an extremely useful animal model for cancer therapy because of their similarity in size, anatomy, and physiology to humans.
The Ownership and Patenting of Inventions Resulting from Stem Cell Research (2003)

H]uman embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells taken from fertilized embryos that can morph into virtually any of the more than 200 cell types in the human body.").
Requirement for DCP-1 Caspase During <i>Drosophila</i> Oogenesis (1998)

Caspases, a class of cysteine proteases, are an essential component of the apoptotic cell death program. During Drosophila oogenesis, nurse cells transfer their cytoplasmic contents to developing oocytes and then die. Loss of function for the dcp-1 gene, which encodes a caspase, caused female sterility by inhibiting this transfer. dcp-1- nurse cells were defective in the cytoskeletal reorganization and nuclear breakdown that normally accompany this process. The dcp-1- phenotype suggests that the cytoskeletal and nuclear events in the nurse cells make use of the machinery normally associated with apoptosis and that apoptosis of the nurse cells is a necessary event for oocyte development.
Factors Influencing Populations ofEumargarodes laingiandPromargarodesspp. (Hemiptera: Margarodidae) in Australian Sugarcane (1993)

A survey of the margarodids Eumargarodes laingi Jakubski and Promargarodes spp. in sugarcane was carried out at Bundaberg, southeastern Queensland, Australia. E. laingi cyst numbers were influenced by soil type; Promargarodes spp. numbers did not differ between soil types, but there were differences between cultivars. There were more E. laingi and Promargarodes spp. cysts in older crops. The number of times the previous fallow was plowed and rotary hoed influenced E. laingi numbers, but not Promargarodes spp. numbers. There were fewer E. laingi cysts after a long fallow, but crop rotations did not affect E. laingi numbers. There were trends to lower Promargarodes spp. numbers after a long fallow or a sugarcane-rockmelon rotation. Fields treated with chlorpyrifos (emulsifiable concentrate) had lower numbers of E. laingi than those treated with controlled release chlorpyrifos; Promargarodes spp. numbers were not influenced by insecticide applications. Soil pH and electrical conductivity, ripping during fallow, type of irrigation, and nematicides used did not affect numbers of E. laingi or Promargarodes spp.
Determinants of loan loss provisions of commercial banks in Malaysia (2018)

Purpose This paper aims to derive determinants of loan loss provisions (LLPs) of commercial banks in Malaysia. Design/methodology/approach A single-stage panel data analysis multiple regression model that contains a mixture of quantitative and qualitative elements is used. The LLPs is a dependent variable or regressor, and non-performing loan (NPL), interest income, net profit, loans and advances and gross domestic product (GDP) are the independent variables or regressor/explanatory variables. The moderating variable is “credit risk management” (CRM) and the intervening variable is “relevance and faithful representation”. Findings This paper suggests in LLPs, NPLs, interest income, loans and advances, net profit and GDP, as well as the moderating effect of CRM and the intervening effect of relevance and faithful representation, are determinants of the LLPs. The moderating variable CRM strengthens the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The intervening variable “relevance and faithful representation” brings about a more accurate reporting on the levels of the LLPs. Practical implications The association of the factors is investigated further to detect possible effect of multicollinearity and research to better understand how banks manage their risk as the current investigation is limited to banks in Malaysia. Social implications Loan loss provisioning issues of commercial banks in Malaysia are challenges for both regulators and the banking industry owing to the implementation of several new measures, the convergence with internationally accepted accounting standards and differences in loan grading and applications of different loan loss provisioning standards. Because of these challenges, Bank Negara Malaysia (the Central Bank of Malaysia) has tightened its supervision of commercial banks to ensure that banks are sufficiently and adequately provisioned. The banking sector plays a significant role, and it is important that it is resilient in the face of potential sources of systemic risk. And, like in other major ASEAN economies, the Malaysian’s financial system remains largely bank-dominated. Originality/value This study discovers whether Malaysian banks are sufficiently provisioned for the regional financial integration under the ASEAN Capital Markets Forum (ACMF) by the end of 2015, where several initiates have been initiated, including the harmonization of standards to encourage greater intra-regional investment flows and transactions and continued provisions of the much needed funds by the region’s private sectors.
Printable and Flexible Copper–Silver Alloy Electrodes with High Conductivity and Ultrahigh Oxidation Resistance (2017)

Printable and flexible Cu-Ag alloy electrodes with high conductivity and ultrahigh oxidation resistance have been successfully fabricated by using a newly developed Cu-Ag hybrid ink and a simple fabrication process consisting of low-temperature precuring followed by rapid photonic sintering (LTRS). A special Ag nanoparticle shell on a Cu core structure is first created in situ by low-temperature precuring. An instantaneous photonic sintering can induce rapid mutual dissolution between the Cu core and the Ag nanoparticle shell so that core-shell structures consisting of a Cu-rich phase in the core and a Ag-rich phase in the shell (Cu-Ag alloy) can be obtained on flexible substrates. The resulting Cu-Ag alloy electrode has high conductivity (3.4 μΩ·cm) and ultrahigh oxidation resistance even up to 180 °C in an air atmosphere; this approach shows huge potential and is a tempting prospect for the fabrication of highly reliable and cost-effective printed electronic devices.
Detection of adulterated gasoline using colorimetric organic microfibers (2011)

Gasoline adulteration poses serious economic and environmental problems in many countries. A “protective layer approach” has been developed for the colorimetric detection of fake and adulterated gasolines. In this approach, a distinct blue-to-red colour change is observed when a conjugated polydiacetylene (PDA)-embedded, electrospun fiber mat is exposed to fake gasoline (a mixture of thinner, toluene, and methanol) and adulterated gasoline (toluene or methanol added to commercial gasoline). The matrix polymer used for electrospinning is found to play a critical role as a protective layer for the embedded colorimetric PDA supramolecules. Thus, chromic transition occurs only when the protective matrix polymer is dissolved by the component of the gasoline. In fact, toluene and methanol were found to facilitate dissolution of the matrix polymer (toluene for polystyrene and methanol for polyacrylic acid) and allows penetration of the adulterated gasoline to the embedded PDA, causing blue-to-red phase transition of PDA. The colour change occurs almost instantaneously (<3 s) and is observable by the naked eye. Thus, complicated instrumental techniques are not required in this approach. Importantly, this smart sensor system is portable, inexpensive, sensitive and it requires minimal amounts (app. 40 µL) of test samples.
X-Ray Source without Moving Parts for Ultra-High Speed Tomography (1979)

A method for producing a sequence of intense X-ray focal sources, by azimuthally sweeping apulsed electron beam around a large diameter target path circumscribing the patient, was demonstrated during the Spring of 1977 in laboratory tests at Palo Alto using the full scale geometry of a whole body scanner, at electron energies in the range of 130 to 200 kV and with peak currents of 200 to 400 mA. A low emittance electron gun together with a multi-element beam handling system was employed to overcome a variety of beam optic problems and to provide small X-ray focal sources of controllable and reproducible shape and position. Some of the initial test results illustrating the effectiveness of this technique will be discussed. Also discussed are alternative, more recently investigated methods, in which immediately prior to executing an X-ray scan, the HV system is energy stabilized by loading the azimuthally fast sweeping high power electron beam into a radiation shielded, annular collector located contiguous to the target. With this method, a rapid sequence of X-ray sources is produced (a) in the case of a pulsed electron beam, by using a low intensity dc field to kick the beam onto the annular target, and (b) in the case of a dc electron beam, by using a programmed low perturbing field to radially oscillate the beam on and off the target during the azimuthal sweep.
An Evaluation of Major Image Search Engines on Various Query Topics (2008)

This paper investigates the information retrieval effectiveness of major image search engines based on various query topics. Initially, major image search engines, namely, Google, Yahoo, Ask and MSN are selected. Then, seven appropriate topics are determined from the categories of the top search terms used on the web and five queries per topic are chosen. Each query is run on the selected image search engines separately and first forty images retrieved in each retrieval output are classified as being "relevant" or "non-relevant" to calculate precision ratios at various cut-off points for each pair of query and search engine. The results indicated that Google has the best overall retrieval effectiveness in topics "Automotive Manufacturers", "Broadcast Media", "Pharmaceutical and Medical Product" and "Movies" and was followed by MSN in topics "Food and Beverage Brands", "IT and Internet" and Ask in topic "Travel Destinations and Accommodations". All image search engines seem to have the lowest effectiveness for the topic "Food and Beverage Brands". The precision ratio of any one of the image search engines was not the same and changed for every topic.
Novel method of cell fusion in field constriction area in fluid integration circuit (1989)

A novel method of cell fusion is developed based on the fluid integrated circuit (FIC) concept, in which all cell-handling components are photolithographically integrated on the substrate. A strong field constriction area is produced between the cell fusion electrodes by constricting all electric fluxes to a small opening made at the center of an insulating barrier placed between the electrodes. Cells are sent, one by one, from two micropumps, each containing a suspension of one type of cells, and then dielectrophoretically trapped at the opening to form a pearl-chain pair. Then the pulse voltage is applied to trigger the fusion of the cell pair. This procedure ensures that the fusion product is an exclusive one-to-one hybrid among the two species. Problems associated with the adhesion of the fusion product on the electrodes do not arise. The small dimensions of the field constriction area allow the application of constant pulse voltage on the cell membranes, regardless of the cell diameter. The FIC cell fusion device has been constructed and its performance tested. Analysis of the field constriction area is also made.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and evaluation of a new reflectance pulse oximeter sensor. (1988)

The design and construction of a new optical reflectance sensor suitable for noninvasive monitoring of arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation with a pulse oximeter is described. The reflectance sensor was interfaced to a Datascope ACCUSAT pulse oximeter that was specially adapted for this study to perform as a reflectance oximeter. We evaluated the reflectance sensor in a group of 10 healthy adult volunteers. SpO2 obtained from the forehead with the reflectance pulse oximeter and SpO2 obtained from a finger sensor that was connected to a standard ACCUSAT transmittance pulse oximeter were compared simultaneously to arterial blood samples analyzed by an IL 282 CO-Oximeter. The equation for the best fitted linear regression line between the reflectance SpO2 and HbO2 values obtained from the reference IL 282 CO-Oximeter in the range between 62 and 100% was: SpO2 (%) = 4.78 +/- 0.96 (IL); n = 110. The regression analysis revealed a high degree of correlation (r = 0.98) and a relatively small standard error of the estimate (SEE = 1.82%). The mean and standard deviations for the difference between the reflectance SpO2 and IL 282 measurements was 1.38 and 1.85%, respectively. This study demonstrates the ability to acquire accurate SpO2 from the forehead using a reflectance sensor and a pulse oximeter.
Adaptive Semiblind Calibration of Bandwidth Mismatch for Two-Channel Time-Interleaved ADCs (2008)

Bandwidth mismatch between sample-and-hold (S/H) circuits in a time-interleaved analog-to-digital data converter (ADC) causes undesirable distortions in the output spectrum. To reduce these undesired spectral components, methods are needed to estimate and correct the mismatch. In this paper, we introduce a hybrid filter-bank model of a two-channel time-interleaved ADC. The model allows the development of digital domain estimation and correction techniques. The estimation method is a semiblind estimation technique where a test tone of small amplitude is injected just below the half sampling frequency and is used to estimate the bandwidth mismatch without affecting the normal ADC operation. The estimation procedure relies on an adaptive filtering structure with three fixed relatively short finite-impulse response (FIR) filters and a single adjustable tap representing the estimated relative bandwidth mismatch of the two S/Hs. The correction method removes the first-order effects of S/H mismatches. It only requires a first-order fixed IIR filter and two fixed FIR filters. Simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed estimation and correction techniques.
A Framework to Determine Secure Distances for Either Drones or Robots Based Inventory Management Systems (2020)

We propose a framework to determine a secure distance between a drone with an ultrahigh-frequency band radio frequency identification (UHF band RFID) reader and metallic objects affixed with RFID tags. The secure distance avoids order changes in received signal strength indicator (RSSI) values among the identified RFID tags in the field of view of the RFID reader. This distance enables a drone operator to securely operate the drone while identifying the RFID tag on the front of an object based on the measurements of RSSI values. An RFID tag located on the front of an object provides the maximum RSSI value. However, multipath propagation alters the RSSI values. Therefore, a framework is needed to determine a secure distance considering the multipath effects. Although inventory management systems based on drones and RFID systems have been proposed to date, this article establishes a framework to determine the secure distance. In the proposed framework, RFID tag and reader radiation patterns and multipath propagation effects were considered. The proposed framework was evaluated theoretically and experimentally. To evaluate and demonstrate the secure distance, we measured the RSSI values of two RFID tags attached to a metallic balcony. The height from the ground and spacing of the two RFID tags were 1.5 m and 1.3 m, respectively. In this environment, the secure distance was 3.8 m. The experimentally obtained distance that avoids order changes in RSSI values corresponded well with that obtained by this framework. The proposed secure distance is crucial when either drones or robots are introduced to inventory management systems.
Wurtzite-type faceted single-crystalline GaN nanotubes (2006)

We report on the direct fabrication of single-crystalline wurtzite-type hexagonal GaN nanotubes via a newly designed, controllable, and reproducible chemical thermal-evaporation process. The nanotubes are single crystalline, have one end closed, an average outer diameter of ∼300nm, an inner diameter of ∼100nm, and a wall thickness of ∼100nm. The structure and morphology of the tubes are characterized using a scanning electron microscope and a transmission electron microscope. The cathodoluminescence of individual nanotubes is also investigated. The growth mechanism, formation kinetics, and crystallography of GaN nanotubes are finally discussed.
<title>Design And Performance Of 64 X 128 Element PtSi Schottky-Barrier Infrared Charge-Coupled Device (IRCCD) Focal Plane Array</title> (1982)

A 64 x 128-element IR-CCD focal plane array was developed with high-performance PtSi Schottky-barrier detectors. The buried-channel CCD imager has an interline transfer organi-zation with 22% detector area efficiency and 120 x 60 μm pixel size. The high-performance "thin" platinum silicide detectors have cut-off wavelength of about 6.0 μm and quantum efficiency of 4.0 to 1.0% in the 3.0 to 4.5 μm spectral range. Depending on the processing parameters and operating voltage, the measured dark current density of these IR detectors at 77K is in the range of 5 to 60 nA/cm2. High quality thermal imaging has been obtained with the 64 x 128-element PtSi Schottky-barrier IR-CCD focal plane array in a TV compatible IR camera. The IR-CCD camera operates at 60 frames per second without vertical interlacing.
Beschleunigung von Substitutionsreaktionen eines Phosphorsäurediesters durch Bis(guanidinium)‐Verbindungen (1994)

Acceleration of Substitution Reactions of a Phosphoric Acid Diester by Bis(guanidinium) Compounds Ion‐pair coordination of phosphoric acid diesters with positively charged guanidines may cause large rate accelerations in substitution reactions. Here we present a comparative study on the catalytical influence of several mono‐ bis‐ and tris(guanidines) and of other cationic compounds. Large rate effects occur if 1,3‐bis(aminomethyl)benzene or 1,2‐ethylenediamine are used as spacers. Further acceleration can be achieved by exchanging guanidinium groups by 2‐aminoimidazolines. The 4800‐fold rate enhancement seen in the best case demonstrates the importance of the bis(guanidinium) moiety of staphylococcal nuclease and gives good perspectives towards future uses of guanidinium compounds as RNA cleaving agents. magnified image
Correlations between clinical facets of outcome in rheumatoid arthritis. (1993)

At 8-year follow-up of 103 patients with rheumatoid arthritis, an X-ray index based on Larsen's score for the hands, wrists, ankles and feet showed a high correlation with the joint score (0.75 by Spearman's rank correlation), the function score (0.68), ESR (0.61), and CRP (0.64). These results suggest that Larsen's method of scoring both the hands and feet is a valid single method to assess long-term outcome in rheumatoid arthritis.
Characterizing Adversarial Subspaces Using Local Intrinsic Dimensionality (2018)

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have recently been shown to be vulnerable against adversarial examples, which are carefully crafted instances that can mislead DNNs to make errors during prediction. To better understand such attacks, a characterization is needed of the properties of regions (the so-called 'adversarial subspaces') in which adversarial examples lie. We tackle this challenge by characterizing the dimensional properties of adversarial regions, via the use of Local Intrinsic Dimensionality (LID). LID assesses the space-filling capability of the region surrounding a reference example, based on the distance distribution of the example to its neighbors. We first provide explanations about how adversarial perturbation can affect the LID characteristic of adversarial regions, and then show empirically that LID characteristics can facilitate the distinction of adversarial examples generated using state-of-the-art attacks. As a proof-of-concept, we show that a potential application of LID is to distinguish adversarial examples, and the preliminary results show that it can outperform several state-of-the-art detection measures by large margins for five attack strategies considered in this paper across three benchmark datasets. Our analysis of the LID characteristic for adversarial regions not only motivates new directions of effective adversarial defense, but also opens up more challenges for developing new attacks to better understand the vulnerabilities of DNNs.
Respiratory self‐gated four‐dimensional coronary MR angiography: A feasibility study (2008)

The four-dimensional (4D) coronary MR angiography (MRA) approach has been developed to eliminate the need for accurate determination of the acquisition window and trigger delay time. Diaphragm navigator (NAV) has been the conventional respiratory gating method for free-breathing coronary MRA. However, NAV echo acquisition interrupts the continuous radiofrequency pulse application required for 4D steady-state free precession coronary MRA. The objective of this work was to investigate the feasibility of a respiratory self-gating (RSG) technique for 4D coronary MRA and its effectiveness by comparing with retrospective NAV gating. Data were acquired continuously throughout the cardiac cycle and retrospectively remapped to cardiac phases based on the electrocardiogram signal simultaneously recorded. An RSG signal extracted from a direct measurement of the heart position was used for retrospective respiratory gating and motion correction. In seven healthy volunteers, 4D MRA images were reconstructed, allowing retrospective assessment of the cardiac motion of the coronary artery and selection of the images with the best vessel delineation. Statistical analysis shows that 4D RSG provides coronary artery delineation comparable to mid-diastole images acquired using NAV. Respiratory self-gating is an effective method for eliminating respiratory motion artifacts and allows 4D coronary MRA during free breathing.