gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The oxidation of trimethylsilylated amides to hydroxamic acids (1979)

A method for the oxidation of trimethylsilylated amides to the corresponding hydroxamic acids is described. The method utilises aprotic oxidants, based on MoV peroxides and has been demonstrated for the oxidation of a variety of secondary amides. The oxidation is particularly efficient for aromatic amides and has been applied to the synthesis of herbicides of the 2,4-dihydroxybenzoxazinone class.
Properties of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate-Dependent Formate Dehydrogenase from <i>Clostridium thermoaceticum</i> (1966)

Li, Lan-Fun (Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio), Lars Ljungdahl, and Harland G. Wood. Properties of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-dependent formate dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum. J. Bacteriol. 92: 405-412. 1966.-A nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP)-dependent formate dehydrogenase has been isolated from C. thermoaceticum. The enzyme is very sensitive to oxygen and requires sulfhydryl compounds for activity. The apparent K(m) at 50 C and pH 7.0 for NADP is 5.9 x 10(-5)m and for formate, 2.2 x 10(-4)m. The enzyme is most active at about 60 C and at pH values between 7.0 and 9.0. The enzyme catalyzes an exchange between C(14)O(2) and formate, which requires NADP, but net synthesis of formate from CO(2) and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate could not be demonstrated. The reaction does not involve ferredoxin.
Semi-blind block channel estimation and signal detection using hidden Markov models (2002)

We propose two maximum likelihood based semi-blind block channel estimation and signal detection algorithms for multipath channels with additive Gaussian noise. The algorithms are based on the Baum-Welch (1972) algorithm and the segmental k-means algorithm for hidden Markov models (HMMs). By making use of a training signal, the algorithms are applied block-wise to sequential disjoint subintervals of the whole observation interval. We study the effects of block length in terms of the bit error rate (BER), the mean square error (MSE) of the estimated channel impulse response, and its Cramer-Rao lower bound. Our simulation results show that the BER performance does not suffer even for a short block length when a good initial estimate is available.
Characterization and evaluation of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) pod husk as a renewable energy source. (2015)

"In Colombia, the cocoa pod husk (CPH) is expected to reach 2 100 000 t year - 1 in 2021 which is usually burned or left over for decomposing outdoors at the plantations without any environmental control. Therefore, this study evaluated the energetic potential of CPH obtained after the initial processing of this fruit ( Theobroma cacao L.). Three biological materials were analyzed: clone CCN-51 (CPH 1 ), clone ICS- 39 (CPH 2 ) and a hybrid (CPH 3 ), which present high yield and number of fruits per tree. The samples were examined by using different characterization techniques for raw biomass and ashes; in addition to the ultimate, proximate and heating value analyses, different fouling indexes were determined in order to estimate the phenomena of solids formation inside the reactor when combustion or gasification is used as a thermochemical valorization process. The Colombian CPHs contain relatively homogeneous levels of C, H and O, but very heterogeneous ash contents (1.4 to 12.9 wt %). The three studied samples showed high content of K 2 O in ashes (67 to 74 wt %). The higher heating value (HHV) ranged from 15 395 to 16 670 kJ kg - 1 . Furthermore, the fouling index and the fusibility analysis suggest the appearance of agglomeration and sintering phenomena when CPH is used as a fuel. The gasification is proposed as the process with major possibilities for the energetic use of CPH. CPH 1 sample seems to allow a more stable and flexible operation, as compared to CPH 2 and CPH 3."
Spectrum sharing between IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks (2010)

Due to the high scarcity and high costs of radio spectrum, more and more radio services are occupying unlicensed bands for their operation. Due to this, there is a high risk of destructive interference which degrades the performance and fails to support Quality of Service (QoS) for systems operating in these bands. IEEE 802.11 based wireless networks are already operating in unlicensed band. A new competitor for unlicensed bands is the IEEE 802.16 based wireless metropolitan area network. Therefore, spectrum sharing between coexisting competing wireless systems like 802.11 and 802.16 is an upcoming challenge. To understand the characteristics of interference in such a heterogeneous scenario, an analysis of possible interference is presented and the performance of the legacy systems is evaluated. Then a spectrum sharing concept is proposed which can generally be applied to both systems. In this paper, the proposed concept is adapted for coexisting 802.16 and 802.11e based systems, which is an extention of 802.11. In this case, the 802.11e Hybrid Coordination Function (HCF) Controlled Channel Access (HCCA) is extended to provide a protocol for airtime sharing. Simulation results are presented showing that the proposed algorithm provides excellent improvement of system performance in the context of capacity and channel utilization compared to the case without applying any spectrum sharing method.
Cytochrome-P-450-Dependent Metabolism of Retinoic Acid in Rat Skin Microsomes: Inhibition by Ketoconazole (1988)

Epidermal microsomes, prepared from neonatal Wistar or Sprague-Dawley rats, show low levels of retinoic acid (RA) metabolism. The specific activities (as fmol/min/mg protein) of epidermal microsomes, using [15–<sup>14</sup>C]-RA as substrate, are 232 (Wistar rats) and 222 (Sprague-Dawley rats). Topical application of RA (1 mg) on 4-day-old rats induces a 3.3-and 3.9-fold increase in epidermis microsomal RA metabolism. A 4.6- to 8.1-fold increase is observed 24 h after topical application of 3-methylcholanthrene (0.5 mg). By contrast, phenobarbital (1 mg topically) has a much smaller inducing effect. So far the chemical structure of the metabolites has not been identified. The Rf values of two major compounds correspond with those of 4-hydroxy- and 4-ketoretinoic acid, formed after incubation of hamster liver microsomes in the presence of [15–<sup>14</sup>C]-RA. The RA metabolism in rat epidermal micromes shows the typical characteristics of a cytochrome-P-450 (P450)-dependent enzyme system, i.e. a requirement for NADPH and oxygen and inhibition by CO and SKF-525A. Ketoconazole and miconazole, imidazole antifungal agents and inhibitors of some fungal and mammalian P450-dependent enzymes, inhibit in vitro RA metabolism by rat epidermal microsomes. 50% inhibition is achieved at 6.5 × 10<sup>-7</sup> and ≧ 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/l, respectively. The triazole antifungal agent, itraconazole, has no effect at concentrations up to 10<sup>-5</sup> mol/l. Topical treatment of 4-day-old Wistar rats with ketoconazole, at doses of 1, 5 and 10 mg/kg, 1 h before the application of RA (1 mg/rat) results in a dose-dependent inhibition of RA metabolism by epidermal microsomes, prepared 24 h later. Our data show a P450-dependent RA metabolism in rat epidermal microsomes and suggest that ketoconazole may prove to be effective in maintaining biologically active levels of RA in epidermal cells.
Diagnosis and Tolerant Strategy of an Open-Switch Fault for T-Type Three-Level Inverter Systems (2013)

This paper proposes a new diagnosis method of an open-switch fault and fault-tolerant control strategy for T-type three-level inverter systems. The location of the faulty switch can be identified by the average of the normalized phase current and the change of the neutral-point voltage. The proposed fault-tolerant strategy is explained by dividing into two cases: the faulty condition of half-bridge switches and neutral-point switches. The performance of the T-type inverter system improves considerably by the proposed fault-tolerant algorithm when a switch fails. The proposed method does not require additional components and complex calculations. Simulation and experimental results verify the feasibility of the proposed fault diagnosis and fault-tolerant control strategy.
Preparation of monodisperse water‐in‐oil‐in‐water emulsions using microfluidization and straight‐through microchannel emulsification (2005)

Abstract Water‐in‐soybean oil‐in‐water (W/O/W) emulsions with an internal water phase content of 10–30% (vol/vol) were prepared by a two‐step emulsification method using microfluidization and straight‐through microchannel (MC) emulsification. A straight‐through MC is a silicon array of micrometer‐sized through‐holes running through the plate. Microfluidization produced water‐in‐oil (W/O) emulsions with submicron water droplets of 0.15–0.26 μm in average diameter ( d av,w/o ) and 42–53% in CV (CV w/o ) using tetraglycerin monolaurate condensed ricinoleic acid esters (TGCR) and polyglycerin polycondensed ricinoleic acid esters (PGPR) as surfactants dissolved in the oil phase. The d av,w/o and viscosity of the W/O emulsions increased with an increase in internal water phase content. Straight‐through MC emulsification was performed using the W/O emulsions as the to‐be‐dispersed phase and polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monooleate (Tween ® 80) as a surfactant dissolved in the external water phase. Monodisperse W/O/W emulsions with d av,w/o/w of 39.0–41.0 μm and CV w/o/w below 5% were successfully formed from a straight‐through MC with an oblong section (42.8×13.3 μm), using the TGCR‐containing systems. The d av,w/o/w of the monodisperse W/O/W emulsions decreased as the internal water phase content increased because of the increase in viscosity of the to‐be‐dispersed phase. Little leakage of the internal water droplets and no droplet coalescence or droplet break‐down were observed during straight‐through MC emulsification.
Automotive Radar Doppler Division MIMO With Velocity Ambiguity Resolving Capabilities (2019)

Automotive radar is stepping up Direction of Arrival (DOA) estimation performance by increasing the number of transmitters per radar. To use more transmitters, while maintaining target coherence in a Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar, new waveforms are needed beyond time division techniques. In this work a novel Doppler division based MIMO technique is presented. With this technique transmitted signals are orthogonalized with frequency offsets in the Doppler dimension. A spectral gap is created in the Doppler spectrum which allows detection of velocity ambiguity thus extending the maximum unambiguous velocity and correcting cyclic rotation of the transmitter ordering. A special, novel, version of the technique, using quadrature encoding, is presented which allows the simultaneous use of three transmitters using only binary phase shifters while maintaining the Doppler spectral gap.
Energy and charge trapping by localized vibrations: Electron-vibrational coupling in anharmonic lattices (1995)

We study the time dependence of the energy redistribution between an initially localized electron and the vibrations of a one-dimensional anharmonic lattice. Numerical solutions show the periodic electron-lattice energy exchange, in contrast to the usual irreversible gradual decrease of the electronic energy. This energy trapping is shown to occur due to the appearance of localized vibrations, induced by strong enough electron-vibrational coupling in the anharmonic lattice. For these strong-coupling situations, we observed both localized (trapped) and conductive electronic charge.
Effects of ractopamine supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers differing in biological type (2007)

Effects of ractopamine hydrochloride (RAC) supplementation on growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot steers differing in biological type were investigated using British, Continental crossbred, and Brahman crossbred calf-fed steers (n = 420). Steers of each type were weighed at reimplantation [British, mean BW = 375 kg (SD = 38 kg); Continental crossbred, mean BW = 379 kg (SD = 42 kg); Brahman crossbred, mean BW = 340 (SD = 32 kg)] and sorted into 7 BW blocks, each block consisting of 2 pens (10 steers per pen) per type. Pens within a block x type subclass were randomly assigned to RAC treatments (0 or 200 mg x steer(-1) x d(-1) fed during the final 28 d of the finishing period). The type x RAC interaction did not affect (P > 0.05) any of the traits evaluated in this study. Feeding RAC improved (P = 0.001) ADG (1.50 vs. 1.73 +/- 0.09 kg) and G:F (0.145 vs. 0.170 +/- 0.005), but did not affect (P = 0.48) DMI of steers. Dressing percentage, adjusted fat thickness, KPH percentage, and yield grade were not affected by RAC supplementation. Carcasses of steers fed RAC had heavier (P = 0.01) HCW (359 vs. 365 +/- 4.9 kg), larger (P = 0.046) LM areas (81.7 vs. 84.0 +/- 1.1 cm(2)), and tended (P = 0.07) to have lower mean marbling scores (487 vs. 477 +/- 5.2; Slight = 400, Small = 500) than did carcasses of control steers. Among the 3 biological types, Brahman crossbred steers had the lowest DMI and produced the lightest-weight carcasses that had the lowest mean marbling score (P < 0.05). Compared with Continental crossbred and Brahman crossbred steers, British steers produced carcasses with the greatest (P = 0.001) mean marbling scores. Continental crossbred steers had the heaviest BW and greatest dressing percentages and produced the heaviest carcasses with the largest LM areas (P < 0.05) compared with British and Brahman crossbred steers. In the present study, 28 d of supplementation with RAC at a dosage rate of 200 mg x steer(-1) x d(-1) elicited consistent responses in growth performance and carcass traits among 3 diverse biological cattle types.
OVPD: OLED manufacturing coming of age (2005)

In this paper achievements utilising Organic Vapor Phase Deposition (OVPD) are reviewed and presented together with recent results. Organic thin films could be deposited with a high degree of accuracy and reproducibility. Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs) were compared to devices manufactured with conventional techniques and showed similar or even slightly better performance. The combination of OVPD with Close Coupled Showerhead (CCS) technology results in manufacturing equipment with vast potential for cost effective manufacturing of OLED displays commercially competitive to LCD.
H<sub>2</sub>S-Selective Catalytic Oxidation: Catalysts and Processes (2014)

The most widely used catalysts and processes for H2S-selective catalytic oxidation are overviewed in this review. Two kinds of catalysts have been investigated intensively: carbon-based catalysts (active carbon catalyst, carbon nanotube catalyst, and carbon nanofiber catalyst), metal oxide-based catalysts (metal oxide catalyst, oxide-supported catalyst, and clay-supported catalyst). Among them, carbon-based catalysts are utilized mainly in discontinuous processes at relatively low temperatures, whereas metal oxide catalysts are the most widely used in practice. However, the reaction temperature is relatively high. Fortunately, a MgAlVO catalyst derived from LDH materials and intercalated clay-supported catalysts exhibit excellent catalytic activities at relatively lower temperatures. According to various studies, the catalytic behaviors mainly obey the Mars–van Krevelen mechanism; however, the catalyst deactivation mechanism differs, depending on the catalyst. In practice, the mobil direct oxidation process (MODOP), super-Claus and Euro-Claus processes were developed for H2S-selective catalytic oxidation. Nevertheless, MODOP has to proceed under water-free conditions. The super-Claus process can operate in up to 30% water content. The Euro-Claus process is a modified version of the super-Claus process, which was developed to eliminate recovery losses of escaped SO2.
Improvement of L-Arabinose Fermentation by Modifying the Metabolic Pathway and Transport in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (2013)

The L-arabinose utilization pathway was established in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, by expressing the codon-optimized araA, araB, and araD genes of Lactobacillus plantarum. After overexpressing the TAL1, TKL1, RPE1, RKI1, and GAL2 genes and adaptive evolution, the L-arabinose utilization of the recombinant strain became efficient. The resulting strain displayed a maximum specific growth rate of 0.075 h(-1), a maximum specific L-arabinose consumption rate of 0.61 g h(-1) g(-1) dry cell weight, and a promising ethanol yield of 0.43 g g(-1) from L-arabinose fermentation.
Metallic Nanostructures as Localized Plasmon Resonance Enhanced Scattering Probes for Multiplex Dark-Field Targeted Imaging of Cancer Cells (2009)

In this paper, we report the use of bioconjugated gold nanorods and silver nanoparticles as targeted localized surface plasmon resonance enhanced scattering probes for dark field multiplex and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging of pancreatic cancer cells. We take advantage of the spectrally widely separated localized plasmon resonance of the gold nanorods and silver nanoparticles which produce wavelength selective plasmon resonance scattering to allow multiplex imaging with high contrast. By functionalizing the surfaces, aqueous dispersions of bioconjugated gold nanorods and silver nanoparticles are prepared. We demonstrate receptor-mediated delivery of bioconjugated gold nanorods and silver nanoparticles simultaneously into pancreatic cancer cells, using multiplexed dark field microscopy technique. We also show that the bioconjugated metallic nanostructures can be used for high contrast TEM imaging as well.
A cost-effective, stable, magnetically recyclable photocatalyst of ultra-high organic pollutant degradation efficiency: SnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocrystals from a carrier solvent assisted interfacial reaction process (2015)

SnFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> nanocrystals, which are cost-effective, stable, and magnetically recyclable, exhibit ultra-high degradation efficiencies toward recalcitrant organic pollutants and are proven to be an extraordinary photocatalyst for Fenton-like processes for waste water treatment.
그로테스크를 통한 X-ray 광고 비주얼에 관한 연구 (2013)

그로테스크는 생경, 과장, 괴기, 엽기 등의 개념적 특성을 가지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 그로테스크 미학을 통해 분석한 새롭고 효과적인 광고 표현을 제시하여 광고 크리에이티브의 차별화를 꾀하는 데 있다. 연구자는 최근의 그로테스크 광고 중 광고 수용자의 시선확보에 매우 효과적인 X-ray 광고 비주얼에 주목하였다. X-ray는 투과시키는 특성과 디지털 기술을 바탕으로 상상을 초월하는, 시각적으로 불가능한 광고 비주얼 표현을 가능케 한다. 본 연구는 X-ray 광고 비주얼 특징을 그로테스크 부조화·그로테스크 과장·그로테스크 희화·그로테스크 알레고리로 구분하여 그 표현 특성을 논증·분석하였다. 또한 그로테스크 X-ray 광고 비주얼 표현의 한계와 비정상적, 반사회적, 비인간적 문제점 및 향후 전망에 대해 서술하였다. 그로테스크 X-ray 광고 비주얼은 1) 그로테스크 부조화에서 모순, 갈등, 긴장, 융합 등이 나타나며 이질적인 결합이 주를 이룬다. 2) 그로테스크 과장에서 비정상, 이탈, 과도, 섹시함 등이 나타나고 생경함, 기괴함 등이 목격된다. 3) 그로테스크 희화에서는 모방, 익살, 역설, 유희 등으로 나타나고 투명함, 장난스러움 등이 작동된다. 4) 그로테스크 알레고리에서 은유, 조롱, 상이, 대립 등으로 상징성, 비표상 등이 표출된다.
CRF and Related Peptides as Anti‐Inflammatory Agonistsa (1993)

The permeability of endothelial surfaces increases in response to injury. We have shown that vascular leakage in experimental models of tissue injury can be inhibited by CRF and by a novel class of peptides that we call mystixins. Binding sites for iodinated-Tyro-CRF have been revealed in mucous membranes, and immunoreactive CRF-like materials have been found in inflamed tissues. Perhaps the breakdown of cytoskeletal intermediate filaments after insult generates or exposes peptide domains similar to mystixins. Endogenous CRF-like or mystixin-like peptides, if activated or released locally in injured tissues, may function as agonists to counteract the immediate inflammatory response. If this is so, the peripheral actions of these peptides add a new dimension to the idea that CRF and related substances organize and regulate an organism's response to stress.
Selective gettering of hydrogen in high pressure metal iodide lamps (1976)

One of the main problems in the manufacture of high pressure gas discharge lamps is the elimination of gaseous impurities from their arc tubes. Long degassing processes of all the lamp components are necessary in order to produce lamps with a low ignition voltage and good maintenance of the radiation properties. The investigation described in this article deals with a selective getter place in the arc tube which can replace the long degassing process. The getter consists of a piece of yttrium encapsulated in thin tantalum foil. By this way it is possible to use the gettering action of tantalum and yttrium without having reaction between the metal iodide of the arc tube and yttrium. Yttrium is used because this metal can adsorb a large quantity of hydrogen even at a temperature of 1000°C. Hydrogen forms the main gaseous impurity in the high pressure metal iodide lamp. For this reason the adsorption properties like adsorption rate and capacity of the tantalum–yttrium getter for hydrogen are examined, and the results obtained from lamp experiments are given.
Hand gesture coding based on experiments using a hand gesture interface device (1991)

It would be ideal for computer-human interaction if a computer could understand human gestures. Hand gestures are one means of interaction between computers and humans[1][2]. A hand gesture interface device, the VPL Data Glove TM , provides real-time information on a user's hand movement[3].
Free-electron model for mesoscopic force fluctuations in nanowires (1998)

When two metal electrodes are separated, a nanometer-sized wire (nanowire) is formed just before the contact breaks. The electrical conduction measured during this retraction process shows signs of quantized conductance in units of ${G}_{0}{=2e}^{2}/h$. Recent experiments show that the force acting on the wire during separation fluctuates, which has been interpreted as being due to atomic rearrangements. In this paper we use a simple free-electron model, for two simple geometries, and show that the electronic contribution to the force fluctuations is comparable to the experimentally found values, about 2 nN.
Studies on implementation of digital filters with high throughput and low power consumption (2003)

Single-particle electron cryomicroscopy (cryo-EM) is an increasingly popular technique for elucidating the three-dimensional structure of proteins and other biologically significant complexes at near-atomic resolution. It is an imaging method that does not require crystallization and can capture molecules in their native states. In single-particle cryo-EM, the three-dimensional molecular structure needs to be determined from many noisy two-dimensional tomographic projections of individual molecules, whose orientations and positions are unknown. The high level of noise and the unknown pose parameters are two key elements that make reconstruction a challenging computational problem. Even more challenging is the inference of structural variability and flexible motions when the individual molecules being imaged are in different conformational states. This review discusses computational methods for structure determination by single-particle cryo-EM and their guiding principles from statistical inference, machine learning, and signal processing that also play a significant role in many other data science applications.