gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Electrochemical Cell Configuration Incorporating an Ion Conducting Membrane Separator between Reference and Working Electrode (2009)

Ionic impurities can significantly interfere with certain electrochemical measurements and should therefore be completely avoided. However, standard reference electrodes such as the widely used Saturated Calomel Electrode (SCE) and the Ag/AgCl electrode contain saturated chloride solutions. Typically, this chloride solution is only separated from the electrochemical cell electrolyte by a porous glass frit, which still allows chlorides to diffuse through and contaminate the electrochemical system. In order to avoid this undesired effect, a new electrochemical cell setup is presented here. The modification incorporates an ion conducting membrane that serves to further separate chloride containing reference electrodes from the electrochemical cell, and thereby actively prevents the diffusion of chlorides to the surface of the working electrode. The benefits of this modification, in particular for long-term electrochemical measurements in which the electrodes are positioned closely, is demonstrated by means of the investigation of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) on polycrystalline Pt in both a single- and three-compartment electrochemical cell.
Tunnel monitoring using multicore fibre displacement sensor (2006)

In this paper, we report the first demonstration of multiplexed fibre Bragg grating strain sensors in a multicore fibre for shape measurement and their application to structural monitoring. Sets of gratings, acting as strain gauges, are co-located in the multicore fibre such that they enable the curvature to be determined via differential strain measurement. Multiple sets of these gratings allow the curvature to be measured at several points along the fibre. In this paper, the multicore fibre is configured to measure the deflection of a simple mechanical beam arising from the displacement of concrete tunnel sections. Laboratory tests are presented in which the system was demonstrated capable of displacement measurement with a resolution of +/- 0.1 mm over a range of several millimetres.
A sub 100ns static 64k CMOS EPROM with on-chip test functions (1983)

This report will cover the design of a sub 100ns 64K N-well CMOS EPROM with 1μW quiescent power dissipation. On-chip test circuits have been used to reduce the time required for testing and reliability screening. Typical access time is 80ns.
A Resonant Type LiNbO3 Optical Modulator Array with Micro-Strip Antennas (2007)

For the uplink of a radio-on-fiber system or an electromagnetic field sensor, a resonant type optical modulator array connected with antennas can effectively convert a micro/millimeter-wave to a light wave. We designed and fabricated 10 GHz band resonant modulators and micro-strip antennas. And we demonstrated the simultaneous operation of four modulators using power received by micro strip antennas connected to each modulator. We confirmed that the optical phase change induced by the received power could be proportionally increased with the number of arrays.
Cooperative binding of estrogen receptor to DNA depends on spacing of binding sites, flanking sequence, and ligand (1995)

It has been suggested that cooperative binding of estrogen receptor (ER) may, in part, be responsible for the synergistic activation of transcription of estrogen-responsive genes that contain multiple estrogen-response elements (EREs). Experiments described here show that estradiol-liganded ER (E2-ER) binds cooperatively to stereoaligned EREs that are surrounded by naturally occurring flanking sequences, such as an AT-rich region. In contrast, EREs lacking these sequences do not bind E2-ER cooperatively, regardless of ERE spacing or stereoalignment. Moreover, binding is of lower affinity and capacity in the absence of these critical flanking sequences. By varying the sequence of nucleotides adjacent to the ERE, features important for the flanking sequence effect were characterized. Interestingly, when ER was liganded with 4-hydroxytamoxifen (4-OHT), the active metabolite of the widely used therapeutic antiestrogen tamoxifen, the antiestrogen-liganded ER complex (4-OHT-ER) did not bind cooperatively to multiple EREs, regardless of spacing or flanking sequence. We postulate that ERE flanking sequences bestow upon E2-ER enhanced ERE binding capacity and cooperativity, but do not affect 4-OHT-ER-ERE binding.
Fabrication of a Potentiometric/Amperometric Bifunctional Enzyme Microbiosensor (2005)

We report the fabrication and functional characterization of a needle-type bifunctional enzyme microbiosensor that has, as technical novelty, simultaneously integrated a potentiometric and amperometric detection of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction at the tip of a pulled glass micropipet. The construction involved immobilizing an enzyme onto the platinized outer tip surface using the precipitation of electrodeposition paint with direct entrapment of the biocomponent in the slowly growing polymer film. Products of enzyme-substrate reaction could then be targeted in a dual-detection mode on one hand with the covered Pt layer at the tip region as amperometric detector and on the other hand with a proton-selective liquid membrane-based potentiometric sensor inside the open pipet tip. Completing and testing bifunctional glucose microsensors demonstrated the functionality of the proposed strategy. Synchronized amperometric and potentiometric detection of the addition of a glucose standard to a buffer solution became evident by observing stepwise increases in the amperometric H2O2 oxidation current and corresponding increases in the potential of the pH-selective sensor, which translates to a local pH decrease around the tip due to hydrolysis of enzymatically formed gluconic acid.
Detection-aided liver lesion segmentation using deep learning (2017)

A fully automatic technique for segmenting the liver and localizing its unhealthy tissues is a convenient tool in order to diagnose hepatic diseases and assess the response to the according treatments. In this work we propose a method to segment the liver and its lesions from Computed Tomography (CT) scans using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs), that have proven good results in a variety of computer vision tasks, including medical imaging. The network that segments the lesions consists of a cascaded architecture, which first focuses on the region of the liver in order to segment the lesions on it. Moreover, we train a detector to localize the lesions, and mask the results of the segmentation network with the positive detections. The segmentation architecture is based on DRIU, a Fully Convolutional Network (FCN) with side outputs that work on feature maps of different resolutions, to finally benefit from the multi-scale information learned by different stages of the network. The main contribution of this work is the use of a detector to localize the lesions, which we show to be beneficial to remove false positives triggered by the segmentation network. Source code and models are available at https://imatge-upc.github.io/liverseg-2017-nipsws/ .
High levels of p53 protein in UV-irradiated normal human skin. (1993)

Exposure of normal adult human skin to doses of UV irradiation that induced mild sunburn resulted in the rapid appearance of p53 protein in the epidermis and superficial dermal fibroblasts. Immunohistological analysis with a panel of antibodies established that while p53 staining was not seen in normal skin it appeared within 2 h of UV exposure. The level of p53 immunostaining peaked at 24 h and returned to undetectable levels within 360 h. The induction of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) (which is required for both DNA replication and repair) followed a similar spatial and temporal pattern to p53. The UV irradiation did not induce a mitotic response or the replication-associated antigens DNA polymerase alpha or Ki67. The accumulation of high levels of p53 and PCNA in response to UV doses to which many human populations are routinely exposed provides strong support for a model in which normal p53 acts as part of the DNA damage response in vertebrate cells. Such a model is consistent with the profound tumour-suppressor function of the p53 gene, the high rate of p53 mutation in neoplasia and the exceptionally high tumour susceptibility of p53-deficient mice.
Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone inhibits the nuclear transcription factor NF-kappa B activation induced by various inflammatory agents. (1998)

Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH) is a tridecapeptide found mainly in the brain, pituitary, and circulation. It inhibits most forms of inflammation by a mechanism that is not known. As most types of inflammation require activation of NF-kappa B, we investigated the effect of alpha-MSH on the activation of this transcription factor by a wide variety of inflammatory stimuli. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed that alpha-MSH completely abolished TNF-mediated NF-kappa B activation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. It also suppressed NF-kappa B activation induced by LPS, okadaic acid, and ceramide. The effect was specific, as the activation of the transcription factor activating protein-1 by TNF was unaffected. Western blot analysis revealed that TNF-dependent degradation of the inhibitory subunit of NF-kappa B, I kappa B alpha, and nuclear translocation of the p65 subunit of NF-kappa B were also inhibited. This correlated with suppression of NF-kappa B-dependent reporter gene expression induced by TNF. The inhibitory effect of alpha-MSH appeared to be mediated through generation of cAMP, as inhibitors of adenylate cyclase and of protein kinase A reversed its inhibitory effect. Similarly, addition of membrane-permeable dibutyryl cAMP, like alpha-MSH, suppressed TNF-induced NF-kappa B activation. Overall, our results suggest that alpha-MSH suppresses NF-kappa B activated by various inflammatory agents and that this mechanism probably contributes to its anti-inflammatory effects.
A volumetric electrically scanned two-dimensional microwave antenna array (2005)

By proper interelement phase control, the beam of a stationary two-dimensional antenna array can be scanned throughout a volume in space. This scanning is demonstrated with an array of radiating waveguides fed by a unique arrangement which permits both independent phase control of every element and frequency scanning along one dimension of the array. Volumetric scanning is achieved by various combinations of these phase-shifting schemes. The measured beam position corresponds very favorably with theory for any given phase distribution. The adverse sidelobes appearing in the measured radiation patterns correspond to systematic errors. Methods for suppressing these systematic errors are discussed in detail, and encouraging experimental results are reported.
Parameter Efficient Training of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks by Dynamic Sparse Reparameterization (2019)

Modern deep neural networks are typically highly overparameterized. Pruning techniques are able to remove a significant fraction of network parameters with little loss in accuracy. Recently, techniques based on dynamic reallocation of non-zero parameters have emerged, allowing direct training of sparse networks without having to pre-train a large dense model. Here we present a novel dynamic sparse reparameterization method that addresses the limitations of previous techniques such as high computational cost and the need for manual configuration of the number of free parameters allocated to each layer. We evaluate the performance of dynamic reallocation methods in training deep convolutional networks and show that our method outperforms previous static and dynamic reparameterization methods, yielding the best accuracy for a fixed parameter budget, on par with accuracies obtained by iteratively pruning a pre-trained dense model. We further investigated the mechanisms underlying the superior generalization performance of the resultant sparse networks. We found that neither the structure, nor the initialization of the non-zero parameters were sufficient to explain the superior performance. Rather, effective learning crucially depended on the continuous exploration of the sparse network structure space during training. Our work suggests that exploring structural degrees of freedom during training is more effective than adding extra parameters to the network.
Pick your contexts well (2011)

Object-sensitivity has emerged as an excellent context abstraction for points-to analysis in object-oriented languages. Despite its practical success, however, object-sensitivity is poorly understood. For instance, for a context depth of 2 or higher, past scalable implementations deviate significantly from the original definition of an object-sensitive analysis. The reason is that the analysis has many degrees of freedom, relating to which context elements are picked at every method call and object creation. We offer a clean model for the analysis design space, and discuss a formal and informal understanding of object-sensitivity and of how to create good object-sensitive analyses. The results are surprising in their extent. We find that past implementations have made a sub-optimal choice of contexts, to the severe detriment of precision and performance. We define a "full-object-sensitive" analysis that results in significantly higher precision, and often performance, for the exact same context depth. We also introduce "type-sensitivity" as an explicit approximation of object-sensitivity that preserves high context quality at substantially reduced cost. A type-sensitive points-to analysis makes an unconventional use of types as context: the context types are not dynamic types of objects involved in the analysis, but instead upper bounds on the dynamic types of their allocator objects. Our results expose the influence of context choice on the quality of points-to analysis and demonstrate type-sensitivity to be an idea with major impact: It decisively advances the state-of-the-art with a spectrum of analyses that simultaneously enjoy speed (several times faster than an analogous object-sensitive analysis), scalability (comparable to analyses with much less context-sensitivity), and precision (comparable to the best object-sensitive analysis with the same context depth).
Gold and Silver Leaching Practices in the United States I.C. 8969 (1984)

Gold and Silver Leaching Practices in the United States I.C. 8969 (1984) 52 p.
Para un tratamiento argumentativo de la predicación (2000)

Nuestros enunciados dicen acerca de algo, y esto en general es admirado sin demasiadas preguntas sobre que es ese algo o sobre lo que realmente significa eso de que sea dicho de otra cosa. Contra esta tesis banal hoy en dia, contra este casi hecho, el presente trabajo va a dedicarse al semantismo de la predicacion. A partir de dos ejemplos, uno de Aristoteles y otro de San Agustin, se abordan en primer lugar las dificultades que se presentan cuando se sostiene que nuestros enunciados hablan de un objeto extralinguistico al que referiria el sujeto gramatical. A partir de alli, se pone en tela de juicio toda la concepcion clasica de la predicacion y, en una segunda parte, se propone un nuevo enfoque. De lo que se trata es de generalizar la idea, ya presente por ejemplo en San Agustin, segun la cual se puede sostener este hombre virtuoso me sera caro, sin conocer al hombre en cuestion pero basandose solo en el hecho de que es virtuoso. De hecho, pueden existir otros lazos entre el predicado y su sujeto gramatical, parafraseables por medio de conjunciones diferentes de donc (por los tanto). Esta es la idea que se desarrolla aqui dentro de un enfoque, la de los bloques semanticos inscripta en el marco general de la teoria de la argumentacion de Anscombre y Ducrot.
Time Dependent Dielectric Breakdown in Copper Low-k Interconnects: Mechanisms and Reliability Models (2012)

The time dependent dielectric breakdown phenomenon in copper low-k damascene interconnects for ultra large-scale integration is reviewed. The loss of insulation between neighboring interconnects represents an emerging back end-of-the-line reliability issue that is not fully understood. After describing the main dielectric leakage mechanisms in low-k materials (Poole-Frenkel and Schottky emission), the major dielectric reliability models that had appeared in the literature are discussed, namely: the Lloyd model, 1/E model, thermochemical E model, E1/2 models, E2 model and the Haase model. These models can be broadly categorized into those that consider only intrinsic breakdown (Lloyd, 1/E, E and Haase) and those that take into account copper migration in low-k materials (E1/2, E2). For each model, the physical assumptions and the proposed breakdown mechanism will be discussed, together with the quantitative relationship predicting the time to breakdown and supporting experimental data. Experimental attempts on validation of dielectric reliability models using data obtained from low field stressing are briefly discussed. The phenomenon of soft breakdown, which often precedes hard breakdown in porous ultra low-k materials, is highlighted for future research.
Identifying Developmental Motor Difficulties: A Review of Tests to Assess Motor Coordination in Children (2020)

The latest guidelines recommend early identification of children with motor impairments using a standardized norm-referenced test. Motor coordination difficulties in developmental age have been studied extensively over recent years, with experimental literature on developmental coordination disorder (DCD) suggesting that motor proficiency assessments depend on the nature of the task at hand. In this article we reviewed 14 assessment tools to measure movement performance in childhood and adolescence, which are often referred to in an international context. This updated review aims to compare motor tests depending on a) the nature of the tasks included in the battery (i.e., questionnaire and clinical examination), b) psychometric properties, and c) cultural adaptation to relevant developmental norms. Finally, implications for diagnosis and clinical practice are discussed. Considering there are several tests used for DCD, it is important to better define their reliability and validity in different cultures in order to better compare the validation studies and select the most appropriate test to use in the assessment procedure.
Electrospun polyethylene terephthalate (PET) nanofibers as a new adsorbent for micro-solid phase extraction of chromium(<scp>vi</scp>) in environmental water samples (2015)

An SPME method based on electrospun PET nanofibers coupled with UV-Vis spectrophotometry for the detection of Cr(<sc>vi</sc>) in water.
Preparation and Consolidation of Alumina/Graphene Composite Powders (2009)

Alumina/graphene composite powders were produced by ball milling alumina and graphite for different times. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to characterize the obtained powders. 3–4 nm graphene sheets were produced after 30 h milling time. Accelerative effect of alumina to ball milling was also studied. Graphene reinforced alumina-based composites were fabricated by spark plasma sintering (SPS) technique from as-prepared powders. Microstructural observation of fracture surface was conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). It was found that adding graphene would hinder grain growth of alumina, making much finer particles.
Three-dimensional liquid display (2007)

A displaying technique of real three-dimensional (3D) dynamic images inside a transparent liquid is demonstrated for the first time. Images were formed by micro-flashes generated by means of laser breakdown in liquid. Amongst several types of liquid tested, tap water was found to be an optimal medium for the displaying due to its lowest breakdown threshold power. Electronic color filter was exploited for dynamic coloring of flashes in synchronization with 3D steering of laser beam's focal point.
High‐throughput cassette assay for drug stability measurement in plasma using direct HPLC‐MS/MS (2003)

A high‐throughput semi‐automated procedure for simultaneously stability evaluation of multiple compounds in plasma using direct single column high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) combined with tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) was developed to eliminate the laborious procedures that are traditionally used for stability studies. Untreated human, monkey, mouse and rat plasma samples containing ten drug components were directly injected into a mixed‐functional column that provided both protein removal and chromatographic functionality. Ten test compounds were simultaneously assayed using a tandem mass spectrometer in the positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Plasma samples containing ten test compounds were placed in a thermostatic autosampler and then sequentially monitored in one analytical procedure. The time between each injection was set about 7 minutes. The peak responses of the test compounds in individual plasma samples were repeatedly determined every 28 minutes. Drug stability in plasma was indicated by the change of the mass chromatographic peak areas for the test compounds and was observed to be a function of animal species, incubation time and incubation temperature. The potential for matrix ionization suppression on the direct single column HPLC‐MS/MS system was also investigated using the post‐column infusion technique. The proposed cassette assay procedure provides an analytical throughput ten times greater than the single component approach for the evaluation of drug stability in plasma without compromising data quality.
Einführung (1969)

Das Programm als Gesamtheit der Erzeugnisse einer Unternehmung ist der eigentliche Träger der Gewinnerzielung und bildet den Kern der unternehmerischen Betätigung. Es stellt zugleich einen wesentlichen Einflußfaktor auf die gewinnbestimmenden Größen dar. Das Programm beeinflußt mit seinen einzelnen Bestandteilen und in seiner Gesamtheit einerseits die Höhe und Zusammensetzung der Kosten und andererseits durch seine Vertriebswirksamkeit die Entwicklung der Erlöse. Hieraus ergibt sich die Bedeutung und die Problematik programmgestaltender Entscheidungen.
High-power InGaN/AlGaN double-heterostructure blue-light-emitting diodes (2002)

Highly efficient InGaN/AlGaN double-heterostructure blue-light-emitting diodes (LEDs) with an external quantum efficiency of 5.4% were fabricated by codoping Zn and Si into an InGaN active layer. The output power was as high as 3 mW at a forward current of 20 mA. The peak wavelength and the full width at half-maximum of the electroluminescence of blue LEDs were 450 nm and 70 nm, respectively. Blue-green LEDs with a brightness of 2 cd and a peak wavelength of 500 nm were also fabricated for application to traffic lights, by increasing the indium mole fraction of the InGaN active layer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chemistry of Rubber Processing and Disposal (1976)

The major chemical changes during the processing of rubber occur with the breakdown in mastication and during vulcanization of the molded tire. There is little chemical change during the compounding, calendering, extrusion, and molding steps. Reclaiming is the process of converting scrap rubber into an unsaturated, processible product that can be vulcanized with sulfur. Pyrolysis of scrap rubber yields a complex mixture of liquids, gas, and residue in varying ratios dependent on the nature of the scrap and the conditions of pyrolysis.