gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Optimum Fabrication Condition of p-Type Antimony Tin Oxide Thin Films Prepared by DC Magnetron Sputtering (2016)

Transparent Sb-doped tin oxide (ATO) thin films were fabricated on quartz glass substrates via a mixed (SnO 2 + Sb 2 O 3 ) ceramic target using direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering in ambient Ar gas at a working pressure of 2 × 10 −3 torr. X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Hall-effect, and UV-vis spectra measurements were performed to characterize the deposited films. The substrate temperature of the films was investigated in two ways: (1) films were annealed in Ar ambient gas after being deposited at room temperature or (2) they were deposited directly at different temperatures. The first process for fabricating the ATO films was found to be easier than the second process. The deposited films showed p-type electrical properties, a polycrystalline tetragonal rutile structure, and their average transmittance was greater than 80% in the visible light range at the optimum annealing temperature of 500°C. The best electrical properties of the film were obtained on a 10 wt% Sb 2 O 3 -doped SnO 2 target with a resistivity, hole concentration, and Hall mobility of 0.55 Ω·cm, 1.2 × 10 19 cm −3 , and 0.54 cm 2 V −1 s −1 , respectively.
Integration of thin film passive circuits using high/low dielectric constant materials (2002)

Integration of passives is a continuous challenge towards achieving high performance packages with low profile, improved reliability, maximum packaging efficiency and low cost. This paper discusses the design, fabrication and measurement of integrated passive structures using dielectric constants of 3.3 and 9.1, and thickness in the range of 10-21 /spl mu/m for wireless applications. The use of polymer-ceramic composite material provides the design flexibility to combine both high dielectric constant and low dielectric constant materials within a single module. This allows for the design of matching networks, RF filters and ability to decouple power supplies for mixed signal applications with reduced size.
Performance Analysis of On-Chip Cache and Main Memory Compression Systems for High-End Parallel Computers. (2004)

Cache and memory compression systems have been developed for improving memory system performance of high-performance parallel computers. Cache compression systems can reduce onchip cache miss rate and off-chip memory traffic by storing and transferring cache lines in compressed form, while memory compression systems can expand main memory capacity by storing memory pages in compressed form. However, these systems have not been quantitatively evaluated on an identical condition, making it difficult to understand the performance of a new system relative to the existing systems. In this paper, we provide an identical execution-driven simulation environment for these systems. To the best of our knowledge, none has been evaluated the performance of cache and memory compression systems by using an execution-driven simulator. Experimental results show that cache compression systems reduce cache miss rate by 16 % and memory traffic by 30%, while it expands memory capacity by less than 160%. The results also show that memory compression systems significantly expand memory capacity by over 270%. Based on these experimental analyses, we finally provide future research directions on the compression systems.
Real-time systems (2003)

Real-time systems are those systems in which the correctness of the system depends not only on the logical result of computation, but also on the time at which the results are produced (Stankovic, 1988). Real-time systems span a broad spectrum of complexity from very simple microcontrollers (such as a microprocessor controlling an automobile engine) to highly sophisticated, complex and distributed systems (such as air traffic control for continental USA). Other examples of real-time systems include command and control systems, process control systems, flight control systems, flexible manufacturing applications, intensive care monitoring, intelligent highway systems, and multimedia and high-speed communication systems (Buttazzo, 1997; Kopetz, 1997; Stankovic and Ramamritham, 1988, 1994).
The trans-1,4-cyclohexylene group as a structural fragment in liquid crystals (1999)

In this review the effect on physico-chemical and electro-optical properties of the introduction of the trans-1,4-cyclohexylene fragment into the molecular core of liquid crystals is discussed, rationalized in terms of existent theories, and compared with the effect of other well-known molecular fragments.
DRD2 Dopamine Receptor Genotype, Linkage Disequilibrium, and Alcoholism in American Indians and Other Populations (1993)

We defined interpopulation differences in the frequency of the dopamine D2 receptor DRD2/Taq1 A1 allele, which has previously been associated with alcoholism. Frequencies of the A1 allele in unrelated subjects were 0.18 to 0.20 (se = 0.02 to 0.03) in several Caucasian populations previously assessed, 0.38 (+/- 0.05) in American Blacks (n = 44), 0.63 (+/- 0.07) in Jemez Pueblo Indians (n = 23), and 0.80 (+/- 0.04) in Cheyenne Indians (n = 52). The existence of large interpopulation differences in the frequency of the Taq1 alleles suggests that associations to disease status could readily be generated or masked if disease and control groups were uneven in ethnic composition. To address the possibility that the 4-fold higher frequency of the A1 allele in Cheyenne Indians was related to an increased vulnerability to alcoholism in that population, 47 Cheyenne Indians were psychiatrically interviewed and blind-rated. However, there was no significant difference between interviewed controls (0.73 +/- 0.06, n = 24), subjects with alcoholism and/or drug abuse (0.74 +/- 0.06, n = 23) and noninterviewed population controls (0.87 +/- 0.05, n = 20). Legitimate association of the DRD2/Taq1 allele to alcoholism would presumably require it to be in linkage disequilibrium (nonrandom association) with a functional mutation at DRD2 or elsewhere. The level of disequilibrium would vary between populations and could place an upper bound on the strength of an association.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Wood solubilization and depolymerization using supercritical methanol. Part 1: Process optimization and analysis of methanol insoluble components (bio-char) (2008)

Abstract Conversion of wood into a methanol soluble liquid (bio-oil) was shown to occur under supercritical methanol treatment (SCM). The particle size of the solid material (bio-char) left after evaporating the solvent from the bio-oil was analyzed. Expectedly, the degradation of the particle size was more pronounced during a severe SCM treatment in comparison to subcritical solubilization conditions. Molecular mass was reduced by 90% under optimal conditions of SCM treatment under which the highest degree of solubilization (degradation) was obtained. The bio-char was also analyzed by pyrolysis GC-MS. The composition of the bio-char after sub- and moderate SCM treatments consisted mainly of carbohydrate derived degradation products, which was mixed with some lignin moieties. At near to optimal SCM treatment conditions, the remaining bio-char was composed mainly of modified cellulose and lignin. The optimization of the liquefaction process was performed by means of the statistical design called “response surface model with a central composite design”.
Gradient of mutual information in linear vector Gaussian channels (2005)

This paper considers a general linear vector Gaussian channel with arbitrary signaling and pursues two closely related goals: i) closed-form expressions for the gradient of the mutual information with respect to arbitrary parameters of the system, and ii) fundamental connections between information theory and estimation theory. Generalizing the fundamental relationship recently unveiled by Guo, Shamai, and Verdu/spl acute/, we show that the gradient of the mutual information with respect to the channel matrix is equal to the product of the channel matrix and the error covariance matrix of the best estimate of the input given the output. Gradients and derivatives with respect to other parameters are then found via the differentiation chain rule.
Survey of free speeds on roads outside built-up areas with elevated speed limits in Hungary (2013)

In Hungary since 2008 some roads operate with posted speed limits which are higher than the general 90 kmph outside urban areas. The goal of the current study was to explore how well road users can recognize various types of roads. An on-line picture-show survey was made about the speed choices of 170 drivers at 35 different road scenes. The comparison with existing speed measurements showed a quite good match. Therefore the survey method is appropriate to estimate the drivers’ speed behaviour. The results show on one hand that on the usual road categories like motorways and normal two-lane\nprimary roads the speed choice is clear for road users, i.e. these roads are self-explaining. On the other hand, there are also road categories, which are not self-explaining and therefore road users have difficulties to choose the appropriate speeds.
Predicting the Probability for Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults Using the Timed Up & Go Test (2000)

The results suggest that the TUG is a sensitive and specific measure for identifying community-dwelling adults who are at risk for falls. The ability to predict falls is not enhanced by adding a secondary task when performing the TUG.
The ratio error of the overlapped-tube cryogenic current comparator (1990)

Analytic expressions for the ratio uncertainty of the overlapped-tube cryogenic current comparator are derived for dimensioning the overlapped-tube comparator. Theoretical predictions agree reasonably well with experimental observations by H. Ramin (Arch. Elektrotech., vol.58, p.53, 1976). The construction of a very sensitive cryogenic current comparator and the possibility of minimizing the ratio uncertainty by reducing the size of the detection coil are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor (MNSF) with the use of a monoclonal antibody. (1987)

The secretion of immunoglobulin (Ig) from cultured mononuclear cells by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation is inhibited by monoclonal nonspecific suppressor factor (MNSF), a lymphokine produced by murine T cell hybridoma. In an attempt to develop a murine monoclonal antibody (MAb) with specific reactivity against MNSF, a cell fusion technique that incorporated immune murine splenocytes and HAT-sensitive murine myeloma cells was used. Cross-reactivity experiments confirmed that the MAb (MO6) does not bind to unrelated proteins such as bovine serum albumin, mouse IgG, and murine interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma). There are no effects when anti-IFN-gamma antibodies are used with MNSF. As far as biological activity is concerned, MO6 inhibits in vitro the activity of MNSF in terms of the Ig secretion from cultured lymphocytes. By using MO6, affinity chromatography and immunoblotting were performed. The MNSF on the SDS-PAGE showed a band with m.w. of approximately 70,000, indicating the formation of an aggregate in saline; but after treatment with 0.4 M pyridine-acetic acid buffer, separate bands of 24,000 and 16,000 daltons were evident. Therefore MO6 recognizes 70,000 and both 24,000 and 16,000 daltons. Thus we confirmed by using this MAb and affinity chromatography, the existence of human counterpart, human nonspecific suppressor factor (hNSF), in supernatant from concanavalin A-stimulated T cells. When hNSF was fractionated by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC), the activity was found in a region corresponding to 70,000 daltons. However, when fractionated in pyridine-acetic acid buffer, hNSF activity was distributed in a slightly wider range of 15,000 to 30,000 daltons. Physicochemical analysis showed that the purified hNSF is resistant to either heating at 56 degrees C or to 2-mercaptoethanol treatment; however, it is labile to acidification at pH 2.0 and is also sensitive to protease treatment, the characteristics of which were similar to those of murine MNSF. Thus MO6 was confirmed to be a pertinent tool for isolation of hNSF, as well as for murine MNSF.
Control of hemopoiesis by a bone marrow stromal cell clone: lipopolysaccharide- and interleukin-1-inducible production of colony- stimulating factors (1987)

A stromal cell line, GY30, was cloned from mouse bone marrow adherent cell layers. In culture, GY30 cells sustain the production of granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells (GM-CFU) but fail to support the survival of pluripotential stem cells (CFU-S). GY30 cells secrete two growth factor activities distinct from interleukin-3 (IL-3), IL-2, and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) but functionally similar to GM-CSF and G-CSF. The production of both CSFs is increased 70- to 200-fold by treating GY30 cells with lipopolysaccharide or IL-1. RNA blot analysis reveals the presence of GM-CSF and G-CSF transcripts and demonstrates that IL-1 regulates the production of both factors at the mRNA level. Further, these studies show that the GM-CSF secreted by GY30 cells is structurally similar to the GM-CSF produced by activated T cells.
Population‐biomass dynamics and the absence of ‐ 3/2 self‐thinning in the clonal weed <i>Salvinia molesta</i> (1994)

Abstract In the field, the population density (n) of crowded, living ramets of Salvinia molesta ranged from 2500 m −2 in nutrient‐poor water to more than 30 000 m −2 in nutrient‐rich water. Biomass of living shoots (B) in some localities exceeded 600 gm −2 dry weight (150 tonnes ha −1 fresh weight) and shoots plus roots of living and floating dead material exceeded 1600 gm −2 dry weight (400 tonnes ha −1 fresh weight). The ultimate limit B= 10 5 n 0.5 suggested by previous authors was not exceeded. The highest n and smallest ramets occurred in nutrient‐rich water and B was a linear function of n. Field experiments confirmed no effect of n, but a strong effect of nutrient availability, on ramet weight. In a glasshouse experiment, ramet populations did not ‘self‐thin’ along the log log B‐n trajectory of slope ‐0.5, which has been suggested for aclonal plants, but followed trajectories having slopes closer to +1.0 before halting at the ambient B‐n limit. Nutrient concentrations in the plants increased during the experiment, causing ramet size to decrease and slopes of log log B‐n trajectories to depart from +1.0 by amounts which reflected the degree to which nutrient concentration had changed. Under constant conditions, mean ramet size is expected to remain constant and log log B‐n trajectories to travel in a straight line of slope +1.0 to the ambient B‐n limit. This behaviour of salvinia, whose ramets consist of a single structural module, is contrasted with that expected of clonal plants whose ramets are made up of multiple structural modules. A logistic model explained the increases in n and biomass of living and dead ramets when ramets were assumed to have constant longevity, constant time to decay, and when both the B‐n limit and size of ramets were dependent on nitrogen content of the plant. There was no indication that physiological integration within phenets halted production of new ramets when carrying capacity was reached and new ramets continued to be produced on top of older ramets. Rates of ramet mortality were equal to, and dependent on, rates of ramet natality.
Experiences with Problem-Based Learning: Virginia Initiative for Science Teaching and Achievement (2015)

The Virginia Initiative for Science Teaching and Achievement (VISTA) provides high-quality professional development for teachers and administrators to enhance the quality of their science instructional programs. One emphasis of this program is helping teachers learn to implement Problem-Based Learning in the elementary science classroom. Problem-Based Learning (PBL) has the potential to produce significant positive outcomes for students, such as increased student engagement, and opportunities for in-depth critical thinking [1]. Teachers find PBL challenging because it does take additional time for planning and material acquisition, but experience has shown that the benefits outweigh these challenges. Setting clear goals, identifying specific learning objectives, and developing big questions that tie these together help increase the success of the unit. Additionally, administrators can help teachers succeed in implementing a Problem-Based Learning unit by understanding the dynamic nature of the PBL environment, providing flexibility with unit pacing, and setting aside time for refining, reflection, and revision of the unit.
The role of the <i>CD58</i> locus in multiple sclerosis (2009)

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease of the central nervous system associated with demyelination and axonal loss. A whole genome association scan suggested that allelic variants in the CD58 gene region, encoding the costimulatory molecule LFA-3, are associated with risk of developing MS. We now report additional genetic evidence, as well as resequencing and fine mapping of the CD58 locus in patients with MS and control subjects. These efforts identify a CD58 variant that provides further evidence of association with MS (P = 1.1 x 10(-6), OR 0.82) and the single protective effect within the CD58 locus is captured by the rs2300747(G) allele. This protective rs2300747(G) allele is associated with a dose-dependent increase in CD58 mRNA expression in lymphoblastic cell lines (P = 1.1 x 10(-10)) and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from MS subjects (P = 0.0037). This protective effect of enhanced CD58 expression on circulating mononuclear cells in patients with MS is supported by finding that CD58 mRNA expression is higher in MS subjects during clinical remission. Functional investigations suggest a potential mechanism whereby increases in CD58 expression, mediated by the protective allele, up-regulate the expression of transcription factor FoxP3 through engagement of the CD58 receptor, CD2, leading to the enhanced function of CD4(+)CD25(high) regulatory T cells that are defective in subjects with MS.
The Very First Step: What Are We Measuring? (2008)

The article states measuring homelessness should not be on the basis of statistical data, hierarchy of need or based on the western concept of home. It is more important to know how long people have lived in tenuous accommodation rather than how many people are homeless.
B형 간염의 치료 (2016)

The successful treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection was achieved in earnest in the early 1990s with the increasingly widespread use of interferons. Currently, pegylated interferon (PEG-IFN) and six oral antiviral agents are used in clinical situations. Although the ideal therapeutic target of antiviral agents is to remove the hepatitis B virus completely, current therapeutic agents are unable to remove the cccDNA in hepatocytes, and are limited in terms of the development of resistance during long-term administration. Thus, a variety of drugs are under investigation in order to overcome this challenge. In this article, the natural course of hepatitis B infection is reviewed, together with indications for treatment, issues surrounding hepatitis B treatment and the management of hepatitis B management (past and present).Various drugs under investigation are discussed.
Arithmetic and growth of periodic orbits (1999)

We give necessary and sufficient conditions for a sequence to be exactly realizable as the sequence of numbers of periodic points in a dynamical system. Using these conditions, we show that no non-constant polynomial is realizable, and give some conditions on realizable binary recurrence sequences. Realization in rate is always possible for sufficiently rapidly-growing sequences, and is never possible for slowly-growing sequences. Finally, we discuss the relationship between the growth rate of periodic points and the growth rate of points with specified least period.
Evapotranspiration from pasture: a comparison of lysimeter and Bowen ratio measurements with Priestley‐Taylor estimates (1984)

Abstract The objectives of this study were to compare evapotranspiration (ET) data obtained using 2 independent measurement techniques, and to compare measured ET with ET estimates obtained using a commonly‐applied formula. The measurements were made in a mixed‐pasture paddock near Palmerston North. The soil — Manawatu fine sandy loam — contained adequate plant‐available water during the study. One set of ET measurements was made using a weighing lysimeter with surface area 2 m 2 and a soil depth of 1 m. The lysimeter had a suction‐operated drainage system at its base. The other set of ET data was obtained using the Bowen ratio‐energy balance technique, with duplicate sets of Bowen ratio apparatus, net radiometers, and soil heat flux sensors. Daily ET estimates were made with the PriestleyTaylor formula, using measured net radiation and air temperature values. The daily ET for wellwatered full‐cover pasture measured by the lysimeter on rain‐free days was in good agreement with the ET measured using the Bowen ratio‐energy balance technique. The cumulative ET values over 35 such days differed by only 6%. When wet days were included in the comparison, larger discrepancies occurred. Over periods of less than a day there were sometimes quite large differences between the Bowen ratio and lysimeter ET measurements. Daily measurements of ET by the lysimeter agreed reasonably well with Priestley‐Taylor estimates; the agreement was even better over longer periods. The cumulative Priestley‐Taylor ET value was 7% higher than the lysimeter ET values over 33 rain‐free days. The estimated ET was 2% lower than the ET measured using the Bowen ratio method accumulated over 60 days. This agreement further confirms the usefulness of Priestley‐Taylor estimates of ET from well‐watered pasture in humid temperate climates.
CHEMICAL REACTION RATES OF AMINO ACIDS WITH SINGLET OXYGEN (1979)

Abstract— The chemical reactions of amino acids with singlet oxygen have been measured in D 2 O solution where the singlet oxygen was generated directly by irradiation of the oxygen 3 ∑ g ‐ → 1 δ g + lv electronic transaction with the 1.06 μm output of an Nd‐Yag laser. Chemical reaction was measured as amino acid loss by an amino acid analyzer or by fluorescence in the cases of tryptophan and tyrosine. The chemical rate constants, in units of 10 7 M ‐1 s ‐1 , are histidine 10, tryptophan 3, methionine 1.7, tyrosine 0.8 and alanine 0.2, In the cases of histidine, methionine and alanine the interaction appears to be entirely chemical, i.e. there is no evidence for physical quenching in addition to the chemical reaction. The histidine chemical reaction rate constant shows an increase with pD with a p K of 6.9.