gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-throughput GaAs PIN electrooptic modulator with a 3-dB bandwidth of 96 GHz at 13 μm (1987)

GaAs PIN traveling-wave modulators with terminating resistors of various resistances operated at 1.3 microm have been fabricated from material grown by organometallic vapor phase epitaxy (OMVPE) on n(+) (100) GaAs substrates. It was found that modulators with positive reflection coefficients at the load exhibted initial rolloff in the frequency response. However, modulators with negative reflection coefficients at the load exhibited some peaking behavior at low frequencies at the expense of lower detected microwave powers. Based on this observation, a compromised PIN traveling-wave modulator was designed and measured to have a 3-dB bandwidth of 9.6 GHz.
Adhesion receptors as therapeutic targets for circulating tumor cells (2012)

Metastasis contributes to >90% of cancer-associated mortality. Though primary tumors can be removed by surgical resection or chemo/radiotherapy, metastatic disease is a great challenge to treatment due to its systemic nature. As metastatic "seeds," circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are believed to be responsible for dissemination from a primary tumor to anatomically distant organs. Despite the possibility of physical trapping of CTCs in microvessels, recent advances have provided insights into the involvement of a variety of adhesion molecules on CTCs. Such adhesion molecules facilitate direct interaction with the endothelium in specific tissues or indirectly through leukocytes. Importantly, significant progress has been made in understanding how these receptors confer enhanced invasion and survival advantage during hematogenous circulation of CTCs through recruitment of macrophages, neutrophils, platelets, and other cells. This review highlights the identification of novel adhesion molecules and how blocking their function can compromise successful seeding and colonization of CTCs in new microenvironment. Encouraged by existing diagnostic tools to identify and isolate CTCs, strategic targeting of these adhesion molecules to deliver conventional chemotherapeutics or novel apoptotic signals is discussed for the neutralization of CTCs in the circulation.
Foil Gas Bearings for Turbomachinery (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Hamilton Standard has developed and patented a new generation of foil journal and thrust bearings for use in high speed turbomachinery. These bearings are presently being used and are in production for air cycle machines used in environmental control systems on many civil and military aircraft. On the Boeing 747 aircraft, the foil bearing air cycle machines have accumulated over one million flight hours. The latest model 747 foil bearing air cycle machine has demonstrated an MTBF (mean time between failure) in excess of 100,000 hours. The present paper describes the Hamilton Standard journal and thrust foil bearing concept, its advantages, and its applications. Planned work to be pursued in the near future is also described.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROL SYSTEM (ECS) on the Boeing 747-400 airplane, in addition to heating and cooling the passenger compartment, pressurizes the cabin and, above all, keeps the passengers comfortable. The heart of the ECS is a compact high speed turbomachine called the air cycle machine (ACM) that circulates fresh air into the cabin through various heat exchangers and valves. This ACM has a turbine, a compressor, and a fan all mounted on a single shaft which usually spins at about 40,000 rpm. The shaft, however, is supported only by a thin film of air circulating between the shaft and a set of thin metal foils. There are no ball bearings, no oil pump, and no externally pressurized air. The film of air that supports the shaft is created only by the rotation of the shaft itself. There are two foil journal bearings to prevent radial displacements and two thrust bearings to limit axial motion. The journal bearings have three layers of thin foils that impart a small preload on the shaft when the machine is not rotating. During starting, the foils get separated from the shaft due to the self-generated pressure, and the shaft becomes fully supported on a cushion of air at about 1500 rpm. The thrust bearings have a pair of washer-shaped bearing plates on which thin sector shaped foils are welded. These foils form an air wedge between the bearing and the shaft disk. When the shaft is stationary, the foils are touching the shaft disk, but as soon as the shaft starts turning, the foils lift-off and the shaft becomes airborne. This is the simple principle behind Hamilton Standard foil bearings, even though the implementation may be complex.</div>
Mitochondrial dysfunction after aerobic exposure to the hypoxic cytotoxin tirapazamine. (2001)

Tirapazamine (TPZ) is a bioreductive drug that exhibits a high degree of selective toxicity toward hypoxic cells, and at doses that are used clinically, little or no cell killing is observed in aerobic cells. Nonetheless, the effects of TPZ on aerobic tissues are still responsible for the dose limitations on the clinical administration of this drug. Clinical side effects include fatigue, muscle cramping, and reversible ototoxicity. We have investigated TPZ-induced changes in the mitochondria in aerobically exposed cells as a potential mediator of these side effects. Our data show that aerobic administration of TPZ at clinically relevant doses results in a profound loss in the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). We show that loss in the MMP occurs in a variety of cell lines in vitro and also occurs in muscle tissues in vivo. The loss in MMP is temporary because recovery occurs within 2 h. TPZ is directly metabolized within mitochondria to a DNA-damaging form, and this metabolism leads to both the cell-killing effects of TPZ on aerobic cells at high doses and to the loss in MMP at clinically relevant doses. Using cell lines derived from genetically modified mice with a targeted deletion in manganese superoxide dismutase, we have further distinguished the phenotypic effects of TPZ in mitochondria at high toxic doses versus those at clinically relevant doses. We have investigated several potential mechanisms for this TPZ-induced loss in MMP. Our results indicate no change in the rate of cellular respiration in TPZ-treated cells. This implies that the loss in MMP results from an inability of the inner mitochondrial membrane to sustain a potential across the membrane after TPZ treatment. Incubation of cells with an inhibitor of the mitochondrial permeability transition suggests that the loss of MMP may result from the regulated opening of a large mitochondria channel.
Cationic polymerization of bis(1‐alkylvinyl)benzenes and related monomers, 4. Synthesis of monomers with long alkyl side chains (1991)

Abstract Homologues of the series 1,4‐bis(2‐methyl‐2‐alkenyl)benzene ( 6 ) are potential monomers for the systematic synthesis of alkyl‐substituted polyindans. The first five homologues were prepared by Witting‐synthesis, starting from 1,4‐diacetylbenzene ( 5 ) and the corresponding n ‐alkyltriphenyl‐phosphonium bromide ( 3 ). Three double‐bond isomers were qualitatively and quantitatively identified by 1 H and 13 C NMR spectroscopy. The reaction conditions chosen favour Z ‐olefination, and the selectivity ratio of Z ‐ and E ‐olefin formation in each step was estimated.
Optimally Coherent Kerr Combs Generated with Crystalline Whispering Gallery Mode Resonators for Ultrahigh Capacity Fiber Communications (2015)

Optical Kerr frequency combs are known to be effective coherent multiwavelength sources for ultrahigh capacity fiber communications. These combs are the frequency-domain counterparts of a wide variety of spatiotemporal dissipative structures, such as cavity solitons, chaos, or Turing patterns (rolls). In this Letter, we demonstrate that Turing patterns, which correspond to the so-called primary combs in the spectral domain, are optimally coherent in the sense that for the same pump power they provide the most robust carriers for coherent data transmission in fiber communications using advanced modulation formats. Our model is based on a stochastic Lugiato-Lefever equation which accounts for laser pump frequency jitter and amplified spontaneous emission noise induced by the erbium-doped fiber amplifier. Using crystalline whispering-gallery-mode resonators with quality factor Q∼10^{9} for the comb generation, we show that when the noise is accounted for, the coherence of a primary comb is significantly higher than the coherence of their solitonic or chaotic counterparts for the same pump power. In order to confirm this theoretical finding, we perform an optical fiber transmission experiment using advanced modulation formats, and we show that the coherence of the primary comb is high enough to enable data transmission of up to 144 Gbit/s per comb line, the highest value achieved with a Kerr comb so far. This performance evidences that compact crystalline photonic systems have the potential to play a key role in a new generation of coherent fiber communication networks, alongside fully integrated systems.
Prospective validation of fetal weight estimation using fractional limb volume (2012)

Fractional thigh volume can be added to two-dimensional sonographic measurements of the head and trunk to improve the precision of fetal weight estimation. This approach permits the inclusion of soft tissue development as part of a weight estimation procedure for the assessment of generalized fetal nutritional status.
Structural Insight into the Human Immunodeficiency Virus Vif SOCS Box and Its Role in Human E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Assembly (2008)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virion infectivity factor (Vif) causes the proteasome-mediated destruction of human antiviral protein APOBEC3G by tethering it to a cellular E3 ubiquitin ligase composed of ElonginB, ElonginC, Cullin5, and Rbx2. It has been proposed that HIV Vif hijacks the E3 ligase through two regions within its C-terminal domain: a BC box region that interacts with ElonginC and a novel zinc finger motif that interacts with Cullin5. We have determined the crystal structure of the HIV Vif BC box in complex with human ElonginB and ElonginC. This complex presents direct structural evidence of the recruitment of a human ubiquitin ligase by a viral BC box protein that mimics the conserved interactions of cellular ubiquitin ligases. We further mutated conserved hydrophobic residues in a region downstream of the Vif BC box. These mutations demonstrate that this region, the Vif Cullin box, composes a third E3-ligase recruiting site critical for interaction between Vif and Cullin5. Furthermore, our homology modeling reveals that the Vif Cullin box and zinc finger motif may be positioned adjacent to the N terminus of Cullin5 for interaction with loop regions in the first cullin repeat of Cullin5.
Translating HbA1c measurements into estimated average glucose values in pregnant women with diabetes (2017)

The HbA<sub>1c</sub>-average glucose relationship is altered by pregnancy. Routinely generated standard eAG values do not account for this difference between pregnant and non-pregnant individuals and, thus, should not be used during pregnancy. Instead, the PeAG values deduced in the current study are recommended for antenatal clinical care.
Preparation of Thin Mullite Films (1963)

Aluminosilicate glass films having compositions approximately that of mullite produced by reactive sputtering of aluminum‐silicon alloys are discussed. Data are given on the speed of deposition under certain conditions for a variety of metal and ceramic substrates. Mullite crystals with the needle habit are formed from the initial amorphous film by subsequent heat treatment of about 1 hour at temperatures of 1100° to 1400°C. The number and size of the crystals are affected by firing conditions, composition, and thickness of the film and by nucleating agents such as carbon on the surface of the film as indicated by transmission electron micrographs of unsupported films. The reaction of the oxide films with some supporting ceramic substrates has also been studied.
The qa repressor gene of Neurospora crassa: wild-type and mutant nucleotide sequences. (1986)

The qa-1S gene, one of two regulatory genes in the qa gene cluster of Neurospora crassa, encodes the qa repressor. The qa-1S gene together with the qa-1F gene, which encodes the qa activator protein, control the expression of all seven qa genes, including those encoding the inducible enzymes responsible for the utilization of quinic acid as a carbon source. The nucleotide sequence of the qa-1S gene and its flanking regions has been determined. The deduced coding sequence for the qa-1S protein encodes 918 amino acids with a calculated molecular weight of 100,650 and is interrupted by a single 66-base-pair intervening sequence. Both constitutive and noninducible mutants occur in the qa-1S gene and two different mutations of each type have been cloned and sequenced. All four mutations occur within the predicted coding region of the qa-1S gene. This result strongly supports the hypothesis that the qa-1S gene encodes a repressor. All four mutations are located within codons for the last 300 amino acids of the qa-1S protein. The mutations in three of the mutants involve amino acid substitutions, while the fourth mutant, which has a constitutive phenotype, contains a frameshift mutation. The two constitutive mutations occur in the most distal region of the gene, possibly implicating the COOH-terminal region of the qa repressor in binding to its target. The two noninducible mutations occur in a region proximal to the constitutive mutations, possibly implicating this region of the qa repressor in binding the inducer.
A hybrid iterative solver for robustly capturing coulomb friction in hair dynamics (2011)

Dry friction between hair fibers plays a major role in the collective hair dynamic behavior as it accounts for typical nonsmooth features such as stick-slip instabilities. However, due the challenges posed by the modeling of nonsmooth friction, previous mechanical models for hair either neglect friction or use an approximate smooth friction model, thus losing important visual features. In this paper we present a new generic robust solver for capturing Coulomb friction in large assemblies of tightly packed fibers such as hair. Our method is based on an iterative algorithm where each single contact problem is efficiently and robustly solved by introducing a hybrid strategy that combines a new zero-finding formulation of (exact) Coulomb friction together with an analytical solver as a fail-safe. Our global solver turns out to be very robust and highly scalable as it can handle up to a few thousand densely packed fibers subject to tens of thousands frictional contacts at a reasonable computational cost. It can be conveniently combined to any fiber model with various rest shapes, from smooth to curly. Our results, visually validated against real hair motions, depict typical hair collective effects and greatly enhance the realism of standard hair simulators.
IN VITRO ROSETTE INHIBITION BY ANTIHUMAN ANTILYMPHOCYTE SERUM (1969)

SUMMARY: Antihuman antilymphoeyte sera inhibit, in vitro the formation of rosettes between human peripheral lymphocytes and sheep red blood cells. This inhibition is increased by the presence of complement. Eighteen horse antilymphocyte sera have been tested in vitro for leukoagglutination, lymphocytotoxicity, and rosette inhibition without information on their in vivo effect. The rosette inhibition titres, measured in the presence of complement, were always much higher than leukoagglutination and cytotoxic titres. The immunosuppressive potency of the 18 sera, which had been evaluated by measuring the prolongation of allogenic skin graft survival in macaques and chimpanzees, was well correlated with the rosette inhibition titres. Conversely, the correlation was not satisfactory for leukoagglutination and cytotoxicity titres. The simple and easily reproducible rosette inhibition test can apparently be used for evaluation of imnumosuppressive activity of antihuman sera, but. it cannot predict their toxicity.
Cyclic Noise in Open-hole and Cased-hole Logging Measurements: Its Impact and Remediation (2003)

Abstract Cyclic noise can complicate interpretation of open-hole log data, cased-hole log data, and pressure transient data, especially when its amplitude becomes large relative to the primary measurement of interest. Sources of cyclic noise include the following: winch magnetism that affects the spontaneous potential measurement; cyclic (spiral or threaded) bore holes that cause variable standoff on bulk density, neutron porosity, and pad-type resistivity measurements; drill ship and floating platform vertical movement from wave action that can affect the absolute velocity of flow meter tools, reciprocating tool movement from logging-while-tractoring that affects the absolute velocity of flow meter tools; and tidal effects on long time pressure transient tests. Depth (time) domain filtering of log data affected by cyclic noise is not suitable in most cases because the filter length required to treat the problem causes severe reduction in the vertical resolution of the filtered log measurement. Frequency domain filtering using fast Fourier transforms has been used in the past to eliminate random noise using low pass filters and to determine the vertical resolution of logging measurements. Frequency domain filtering using fast Fourier transforms is readily amenable to treating cycle noise using notch filter(s) centered around the frequency (or frequencies) of the cycle noise. This approach has been used in the electronics industry for decades. Although these techniques are simple to implement, they seldom are used for logging data because stable filter application usually requires interactive filter design. This paper will review the methodology of applying fast Fourier transforms, designing frequency-domain filters, and applying them. Examples applying this approach to several of the types of cyclic noise listed above will be presented. Issues associated with non-zero mean cyclic noise such as is the case for log measurements made in spiral bore holes and its impact will be addressed.
Central nervous system (2015)

The incidences of both primary and secondary central nervous system (CNS) tumours are rising. Glioblastoma and meningioma are the most common primary brain tumours in adults. Secondary CNS tumours, brain metastases, arise predominantly from lung and breast primary cancers. Management of CNS tumours involves a multidisciplinary team including neurosurgery, radiation oncology and neuro-oncology or medical oncology. Advances in neuroimaging and tumour genetics and molecular characterization emphasize the growing role of neuroradiology and neuropathology in determining the optimal and individualized management of patients with CNS tumours.
Structures of the carbohydrate moieties of secretory component purified from human milk. (1982)

Secretory component purified from human milk contains four asparagine-linked sugar chains in one molecule. The sugar chains were released from the polypeptide portion of secretory component by hydrazinolysis as oligosaccharides and fractionated by paper electrophoresis and paper chromatography. The sugar chains of secretory component show an extraordinarily high multiplicity. By sequential exoglycosidase digestion in combination with methylation analysis, more than 40 structurally different sugar chains were found. They were all of biantennary complex type with either Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNac beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc or Man alpha 1 leads to 6(Man alpha 1 leads to 3)Man beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 6)GlcNAc as their core portions and the multiplicity is produced by variety of the two outer chain moieties. The structures of outer chains found are GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, +/- NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, GL beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(+/- Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3 Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2, and NeuAc alpha 2 leads to 6Gal beta 1 leads to 4GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 3Gal beta 1 leads to 4(Fuc alpha 1 leads to 3)GlcNAc beta 1 leads to 2.
Saponin Interactions with Model Membrane Systems – Langmuir Monolayer Studies, Hemolysis and Formation of ISCOMs (2016)

Saponins are used in medicine due to their pharmacological and immunological effects. To better understand interactions of saponins with model membranes and natural membranes of, for example, erythrocytes, Langmuir film balance experiments are well established. For most saponins, a strong interaction with cholesterol was demonstrated in dependence of both the aglycone part and the sugar moieties and is suggested to be correlated with a strong hemolytic activity, high toxicity, and high surface activity, as was demonstrated for the steroid saponin digitonin. In general, changes in the sugar chain or in substituents of the aglycone result in a modification of the saponin properties. A promising saponin with regard to fairly low hemolytic activity and high adjuvant effect is <i>α</i>-tomatine, which still shows a high affinity for cholesterol. An interaction with cholesterol and lipids has also been proven for the Quillaja saponin from the bark of <i>Quillaja saponaria</i> Molina. This triterpene saponin was approved in marketed vaccines as an adjuvant due to the formation of immunostimulating complexes. Immunostimulating complexes consist of a Quillaja saponin, cholesterol, phospholipids, and a corresponding antigen. Recently, another saponin from <i>Quillaja brasiliensis</i> was successfully tested in immunostimulating complexes, too. Based on the results of interaction studies, the formation of drug delivery systems such as immunostimulating complexes or similar self-assembled colloids is postulated for a variety of saponins.
Salient-class location: help developers understand code change in code review (2018)

Code review involves a significant amount of human effort to understand the code change, because the information required to inspect code changes may distribute across multiple files that reviewers are not familiar with. Code changes are often organized as commits for review. In this paper, we found that most of the commits contain a salient class, which is saliently modified and causes the modification of the rest classes in a commit. Our user studies confirmed that identifying the salient class in a commit can facilitate reviewers in understanding code change. We model the salient class identification as a binary classification problem and extract a number of discriminative features from commit to characterize the salience of a class. The initial experiment result shows that the proposed approach can improve the efficiency of reviewers understanding code changes in code review.