gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review on Medusa<sup>®</sup>:a polymer-based sustained release technology for protein and peptide drugs (2007)

The polymer-based Medusa system (Flamel Technologies) has been designed for slow release of therapeutic proteins and peptides. The Medusa II consists of a poly L-glutamate backbone grafted with hydrophobic alpha-tocopherol molecules, creating a colloidal suspension of nanoparticles (10 - 50 nm) in water. The sustained drug release is based on reversible drug interactions with hydrophobic nanodomains within the nanoparticles. In vivo, it is suggested that the therapeutic protein is displaced by endogenous proteins present in physiological fluids, leading to a slow drug release. The peak concentration is dramatically decreased and the protein release substantially extended. The Medusa technology has been applied to subcutaneous injection for several therapeutic proteins, such as IL-2 and IFN-alpha(2b), in animal models (rats, dogs, monkeys) and clinical trials in renal cancer (IL-2) and hepatitis C (IFN-alpha(2b)) patients.
¿Es una "falsa sutileza" la división lógica de las figuras del silogismo?: sobre la crítica de Kant a la doctrina aristotélica del silogismo categórico (2010)

The aim of this paper is to show the unsoundness of Kant’s thesis, according to which Aristotle’s logic division of the four syllogistic figures is a false subtlety. As a matter of fact, Kant’s criticism of Aristotle’s doctrine of categorical syllogism is in last analysis based on a misinterpretation of the Aristotelian procedure of the reduction of syllogisms.
John Clare's 'Child Harold' : a polyphonic reading (1989)

John Clare's Child Harold is a poem of many voices. One of original manuscript versions (Northampton MS 6) is physically di vided into a series of discrete stanza-song units by a system of line divisions, and above quotation indicates just some of identi ties that personal pronoun assumes in its picaresque wanderings after the one whose heart was once his home.1 The present article is an attempt to elucidate this contention by reading poem against Bakhtin's notion of polyphonic text as developed in his Problems of Dostoevski's Poetics. This will include reference to following aspects of text: (1) as a site of interaction between a number of independent voices and its subsequent resistance to closure; (2) its tendency towards simultaneity and co-existence rather than sequence and development; (3) its use of doubly-voiced speech (in particular, stylisation).2 The reading also depends substantially on Bakh tinian theories of intonation as interpreted by various commentators, and I shall be especially concerned with class registers repre sented by different voices. The reader unfamiliar with Clare criticism will doubtless find it hard to believe that such a modest proposal represents a radical chal lenge to previous interpretations of Clare's asylum poem. Largely on account of repeated efforts to establish his status as a respected Romantic poet, few scholars have appeared willing to submit Clare's writings to same theoretical speculations as his more illustrious contemporaries. To actively deconstruct his work, or (as in this case) to question existence of an authentic authorial voice that can be identified as essential John Clare, would be deemed suicidal. Yet it is almost certainly this anxious inhibition, more than anything else, that has maintained Clare's position as a minor poet.
Tree based MPLS routing (2003)

MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching) is a new technology proposed by the IETF [4,10] for network routing, and is being increasingly deployed by the largest Internet service providers. The MPLS technology differs from conventional network protocols in a crucial way: instead of reading the entire packet header at all switching points, the analysis of the packet header is done just once, when the packet header is assigned a stack of labels, and thenceforth, each switching point or router just gets to look at the label at the top of the stack (and the ingress edge), and based only on this information, it has to make a decision about the next-hop node [17,16]. In another departure from conventional routing and in particular from IP source routing, where the entire packet route is explicitly put in the header and popped off along the route, the router can not only pop the top label, it can push other labels on top of the stack.The two parameters of interest in designing MPLS routing protocols are the number of labels used, and the depth of the stack used for routing. Clearly, both cannot be simultaneously minimized, and there is often an interesting trade-off between label size and stack depth: it is obvious that if k labels are used, one must have a stack depth of logk n.In fact, it was not known whether this bound could be achieved even for trees; the best stack depth previously achieved with a constant number of labels was O(log2 n). In this paper, we show that one can indeed get asymptotically optimal upper bounds and route on trees using k labels and a maximum stack depth of O(logk n), and that this trade-off can be achieved using a simpler and more intuitive protocol than the one given in [9]. These tree-routing ideas are then shown to give better routing protocols for planar graphs as well. In particular, we show how to route along near-shortest paths (of length at most (1 + e) times the shortest-path) with O(log2 n/e) labels and logarithmic stack depth. We also apply them to graphs with smaller separators, including most large ISP networks.
Functional Characterization of Peptide-Based Anthrax Toxin Inhibitors (2005)

We have identified an optimized peptide inhibitor that can be used to develop potent anthrax toxin therapeutics. Anthrax toxin, an essential virulence factor of Bacillus anthracis, elicits many of the symptoms associated with the disease, and is responsible for death. The toxin is composed of a cell-binding component, protective antigen, and two enzymatic components, edema factor and lethal factor. The three proteins are secreted individually by the bacterium and then assemble into functional complexes on the surface of mammalian cells. These complexes are endocytosed, and the enzymatic components are translocated into the cytosol, where they exert their activities. We screened a phage display library for peptides that can bind the heptameric cell-binding subunit of anthrax toxin, and identified a novel peptide that can block toxin assembly. We made a series of mutant peptides and attached these peptides to polymer backbones to assess their inhibitory activities in vitro. This series of truncated peptide mutants was used to identify a minimal peptide sequence, TYWWLD, that can be used to develop potent polyvalent inhibitors of anthrax toxin.
Staging of cervical cancer with soft computing (2000)

This paper describes a way of designing a hybrid decision support system in soft computing paradigm for detecting the different stages of cervical cancer. Hybridization includes the evolution of knowledge-based subnetwork modules with genetic algorithms (GA's) using rough set theory and the Interactive Dichotomizer 3 (ID3) algorithm. Crude subnetworks obtained via rough set theory and the ID3 algorithm are evolved using GA's. The evolution uses a restricted mutation operator which utilizes the knowledge of the modular structure, already generated, for faster convergence. The GA tunes the network weights and structure simultaneously. The aforesaid integration enhances the performance in terms of classification score, network size and training time, as compared to the conventional multilayer perceptron. This methodology also helps in imposing a structure on the weights, which results in a network more suitable for extraction of logical rules and human interpretation of the inferencing procedure.
Leukocyte CD11b expression is not essential for the development of atherosclerosis in mice (2000)

CD11b is an alpha chain of the leukocyte beta(2)-integrin, Mac-1, which mediates binding and extravasation of leukocytes. Because this event is critical in atherosclerosis, we examined the role of CD11b in lesion formation. Atherosclerosis-susceptible, low density lipoprotein receptor-deficient (LDL-R(-/)-) mice were irradiated and repopulated with bone marrow cells from CD11b-deficient (CD11b(-/)-) mice. After 4 weeks, <2% of the peripheral blood leukocytes of the CD11b(-/)- bone marrow-transplanted LDL-R(-/)- mice expressed CD11b, whereas approximately 25% of the CD11b(+/)+ bone marrow-transplanted LDL-R(-/)- mice expressed CD11b. After consuming a high-fat diet for 16 weeks the mean lesion aortic valve area, cholesterol accumulation in the aorta, and the degree of intimal macrophage infiltration were similar in mice reconstituted with either CD11b(+)(/+) or CD11b(-/)- bone marrow cells. The studies confirm that CD11b expression of bone marrow-derived cells does not influence the development of atherosclerosis in hypercholesterolemic LDL-R(-/)- mice.
The Power of Workplace Wellness: A Theoretical Model for Social Change Agency (2014)

As millions of individuals face the complex challenge of adopting prohealth behavior as a core lifestyle attribute, there is an ever-increasing need to take an opportunistic approach to practicing and internalizing such behavior. Time constraints, prioritization, and time mismanagement widely contribute to the perceived inability of individuals to adhere to prohealth behavior. Given vocation as a demand that constitutes approximately one third of daily life activity, the organizational setting has emerged as a context that can potentially offer a vast array of viable workplace wellness (WW) opportunities. Such initiatives go beyond framing organizations as vehicles for health behavior promotion—instead, the workplace is an institution that has the power to redefine corporate culture through the implicit indoctrination of prohealth ideals. As organizations increasingly acknowledge the critical linkage between healthcare costs and employee performance, there emerges an exigent call for the incorporation of health and wellness as foundational cornerstones of the organizational mission statement. However, the extant literature fails to provide a comprehensive model that elucidates the motivational foundations of WW initiatives. The following paper proposes a triadic model that consists of social comparison theory (Festinger, 1954), need theory (McClelland, 1951, 1961), and self-actualization (Maslow, 1954, 1970)—social cognitive theories that serve to highlight the motivational drivers of WW participation and elucidate how participation could potentially motivate individuals to affect change at the community level. Discussion concludes with perspectives on the extent to which WW participants can internalize collaboration, common purpose, congruence, commitment, and citizenship as core values and elements of social change agency.
The use of a new radioactive-iodine labeled lipid marker to follow in vivo disposition of liposomes: comparison with an encapsulated aqueous space marker. (1982)

The in vivo disposition of multilamellar liposomes extruded at 0.6 micrometers (PC/DPPA/CH/ alpha-T = 4:1:5:0.1 molar ratio) when injected i.v. into mice has been examined utilizing a novel iodinatable phospholipid derivative as a lipid phase marker (p-hydroxybenzamidine phosphatidylethanolamine: 125I-BPE) and compared to that using 14C-inulin as an aqueous phase marker. At times up to 5 h post-dose the disposition of both markers was essentially identical with the exception of blood and intestine, where 125I-BPE levels were consistently higher than 14C-inulin levels. At time intervals from 5-72 h post-dose 125I-BPE levels in all the organs examined were lower than those of 14C-inulin. These differences in the behaviour of the two labels may be explained in terms of exchange of the iodinated lipids, excretion of released inulin and long term metabolism of the lipid marker. We conclude tha 125I-BPE is a useful marker for following liposome disposition in short-term studies particularly in view of the easily quantifiable nature of gamma-radioactivity which obviates the need for sample preparation.
Pharmacokinetics and biotransformation of beraprost sodium. VI. Metabolism and excretion of beraprost sodium in dog. (1989)

The excretion and metabolism of beraprost sodium were investigated in dogs after oral administration of 3H-labeled beraprost sodium.In males, the orally administered radioactivity was excreted into urine and feces in 14.7% and 73.8% of administered dose, respectively, within 72hrs after dosing. In females, 17.6% and 69.6% of the dose were excreted into urine and feces, respectively.Beraprost sodium was metabolized by various reactions involving β-oxidation of α-side chain, reduction of C-13 double bond, oxidation of C-15 hydroxy group, ω-oxidation of ω-side chain and taurine conjugation. The major metabolites in urine and feces were 2, 3-dinor-beraprost and 13, 14-dihydro-2, 3-dinor-15-oxo-beraprost, accounting for 25.77% and 9.31% of the total dose in males, and 26.80% and 9.80% in females, respectively, as determined by HPLC. Identified metabolites accounted for 67.23% of the dose in males and 68.84% in females, respectively.No difference was observed in excretion as well as metabolism between male and female dog.
Semisynthesis of CRV431 (2021)

The non-immune-suppressive cyclophilin inhibitor CRV431 is a clinical candidate to cure nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and has the potential to treat liver fibrosis and cancer incidence. Herein we report a concise chemical semisynthesis of CRV431 in four steps from the commercially available cyclosporine, featuring in this the flow-chemistry-based methylenation an intermolecular ring-closing metathesis and a Rh-catalyzed diastereoselective hydrogenation.
Infrastructure as a service security: Challenges and solutions (2010)

Cloud Computing represents a new computing model that poses many demanding security issues at all levels, e.g., network, host, application, and data levels. The variety of the delivery models presents different security challenges depending on the model and consumers' Quality of Service (QoS) requirements. Confidentiality, Integrity, Availability, Authenticity, and Privacy are essential concerns for both Cloud providers and consumers as well. Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) serves as the foundation layer for the other delivery models, and a lack of security in this layer will certainly affect the other delivery models, i.e., PaaS, and SaaS that are built upon IaaS layer. This paper presents an elaborated study of IaaS components' security and determines vulnerabilities and countermeasures. Finally, as a result of this research, we propose a Security Model for IaaS (SMI) to guide security assessment and enhancement in IaaS layer.
Purification of Blood Coagulation Factors II, VII, IX and X from Bovine Citrated Plasma (1972)

The bovine coagulation factors II, VII, IX and X were separated from other plasma proteins, and each factor was obtained in a largely pure state by various chromatographic procedures in the presence of diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Factor X was separated from factors II, VII, and IX by DEAE Sephadex chromatography, followed by G-100 filtration and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Separation of factors II and IX from factor VII was achieved by chromatography on DEAE cellulose, followed by G-100 gel filtration and hydroxylapatite chromatography. Factors II and IX were separated by preparative polyacrylamide electrophoresis. After DEAE cellulose chromatography, factor VII was purified by gradient elution from hydroxylapatite.
On the Causes of Evolutionary Transition:Transversion Bias (2015)

A pattern in which nucleotide transitions are favored several fold over transversions is common in molecular evolution. When this pattern occurs among amino acid replacements, explanations often invoke an effect of selection, on the grounds that transitions are more conservative in their effects on proteins. However, the underlying hypothesis of conservative transitions has never been tested directly. Here we assess support for this hypothesis using direct evidence: the fitness effects of mutations in actual proteins measured via individual or paired growth experiments. We assembled data from 8 published studies, ranging in size from 24 to 757 single-nucleotide mutations that change an amino acid. Every study has the statistical power to reveal significant effects of amino acid exchangeability, and most studies have the power to discern a binary conservative-vs-radical distinction. However, only one study suggests that transitions are significantly more conservative than transversions. In the combined set of 1,239 replacements (544 transitions, 695 transversions), the chance that a transition is more conservative than a transversion is 53 % (95 % confidence interval 50 to 56) compared with the null expectation of 50 %. We show that this effect is not large compared with that of most biochemical factors, and is not large enough to explain the several-fold bias observed in evolution. In short, the available data have the power to verify the "conservative transitions" hypothesis if true, but suggest instead that selection on proteins plays at best a minor role in the observed bias.
How retail food markets responded to price liberalization in Russia after January 1992 (1993)

Under administered prices through the fall of 1991, Russia's food distribution system broke down, and it was feared that the food supply would be inadequate in the winter of 1992 and thereafter. In January and March 1992, price ceilings were removed on most items sold in state-owned Russian stores. Price liberalization was intended to return food to shelves and to improve the flow of food among regions through responses to price differentials. Privatization of the distribution system did not begin until October 1992. At the time of price liberalization the environment was still dominated by unrestructured state enterprises. Retail prices immediately rose sharply and fluctuated. Because food prices did not stabilize after the initial jump, many people questioned whether price liberalization accomplished anything positive. The authors examine data on movements in food prices and volumes between December 1991 and August 1992 to examine how retail food markets responded to liberalization. They address the following questions. Is there any evidence that after liberalization food returned to retail outlets that were essentially bare in December 1991? Is there evidence that transactions took place in response to price differentials (did markets begin to emerge despite the lack of privatization and demonopolization)? Did city-to-city price differentials evolve to reflect a price surface explainable by transportation costs and other economic variables? If not, why not? The authors conclude that progress was made toward market integration in the seven months after price liberalization. The volume of food sold in monitored shops increased substantially. The geographic dispersion of prices declined over time. But large price differences between cities persisted that cannot be explained in terms of available economic variables. Large economic gains could be achieved by futher market integration.
Genistein-Induced Cell Differentiation and Protein-Linked DNA Strand Breakage in Human Melanoma Cells (1990)

Genistein, an in vitro inhibitor of topoisomerase II and tyrosine kinases, elicited an inhibition of growth and increased melanin content in five human melanoma cell lines, after six days of treatment at a concentration of 45 microM. In two lines examined more thoroughly, HO and SK-MEL-131, treatment with genistein also increased other markers of differentiation, including tyrosinase activity, reactivity with CF21 monoclonal antibody, and dendrite-like structure formation. The genistein-evoked increases in melanin content and tyrosinase activity were concentration- and time-dependent. Treatment of HO and SK-MEL-131 cells with 45 microM genistein for 24 hr or 60-600 microM genistein for only 1 hr resulted in an increase in protein-linked DNA strand breaks. Our results suggest an association between the genistein-evoked, protein-linked, DNA strand breaks and the genistein-induced differentiation of human melanoma cells.
Mutations of <i>GTBP</i> in Genetically Unstable Cells (1995)

The molecular defects responsible for tumor cell hypermutability in humans have not yet been fully identified. Here the gene encoding a G/T mismatch-binding protein (GTBP) was localized to within 1 megabase of the related hMSH2 gene on chromosome 2 and was found to be inactivated in three hypermutable cell lines. Unlike cells defective in other mismatch repair genes, which display widespread alterations in mononucleotide, dinucleotide, and other simple repeated sequences, the GTBP-deficient cells showed alterations primarily in mononucleotide tracts. These results suggest that GTBP is important for maintaining the integrity of the human genome and document molecular defects accounting for variation in mutator phenotype.
Impact of interleukin-10 polymorphisms ( 1082 and 3575) on the survival of patients with lymphoid neoplasms (2007)

The IL-10(-3575A/A) genotype was identified as a marker of favorable survival. Because the IL-10(-1082) and (-3575) G-A/G-A diplotype was also identified as an indicator of longer survival, we cannot exclude the potential additive role of the IL-10(-1082GG) genotype. These results need to be replicated in larger series and examined in different NHL subtypes.
Conventional Methods and AI models for Solving an Industrial an Industrial Problem (2008)

This study presents a research that identifies and applies unsupervised connectionist models in conjunction with modelling systems, in order todetermine optimal conditions to perform laser milling of metallic components. This industrial problem is defined by a data set relayed through sensors situated on a laser milling centre that is a machine-tool used to manufacture high value micro-molds and micro-dies. The results of the study and the application of the connectionist architectures allow the identification, in a second phase, of a model for the milling machine process based on low-order models such as Black Box, which are capable of approximating the optimal form of the model. Finally, it is shown that the most appropriate model to control these industrial tasks is the Box-Jenkins algorithm, which calculates the function of a linear system from its input and output samples.
Coronary Plaque Characterization Using CT (2015)

OBJECTIVE. In this article, we review the histopathologic classification of coronary atherosclerotic plaques and describe the possibilities and limitations of CT regarding the evaluation of coronary artery plaques. CONCLUSION. The composition of atherosclerotic plaques in the coronary arteries displays substantial variability and is associated with the likelihood for rupture and downstream ischemic events. Accurate identification and quantification of coronary plaque components on CT is challenging because of the limited temporal, spatial, and contrast resolutions of current scanners. Nonetheless, CT may provide valuable information that has potential for characterization of coronary plaques. For example, the extent of calcification can be determined, lipid-rich lesions can be separated from more fibrous ones, and positive remodeling can be identified.