gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Today's sulfur recovery processes (1968)

Sulfur demand is currently extremely high. So is the price. This means that the natural gas processors can now economically recovery sulfur from many streams heretofore too lean to consider. Contemporary sulfur recovery processes may be classified into 4 major categories: (1) dry bed-catalytic conversion (such as modified Claus, and direct oxidation); (2) dry bed adsorption--catalytic conversion (such as Haines, and Shell's molecular sieve process); (3) liquid media absorption--air oxidation (such as Giammarco-Vetrocoke, Stretford, Lacy-Keller, Thylox, Perox and Ferrox); and (4) liquid media absorption--direct conversion (such as Townsend and Shell's new patent issued to C.H. Deal, et al.). Processes in each main category are discussed independently.
An Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Intracellular Sensor of Pathological Nuclear Factor-κB Activation for Disease-Inducible Gene Transfer (2013)

Stimulation of resident cells by NF-κB activating cytokines is a central element of inflammatory and degenerative disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). This disease-mediated NF-κB activation could be used to drive transgene expression selectively in affected cells, using adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated gene transfer. We have constructed a series of AAV vectors expressing GFP under the control of different promoters including NF-κB -responsive elements. As an initial screen, the vectors were tested in vitro in HEK-293T cells treated with TNF-α. The best profile of GFP induction was obtained with a promoter containing two blocks of four NF-κB -responsive sequences from the human JCV neurotropic polyoma virus promoter, fused to a new tight minimal CMV promoter, optimally distant from each other. A therapeutical gene, glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) cDNA under the control of serotype 1-encapsidated NF-κB -responsive AAV vector (AAV-NF) was protective in senescent cultures of mouse cortical neurons. AAV-NF was then evaluated in vivo in the kainic acid (KA)-induced status epilepticus rat model for temporal lobe epilepsy, a major neurological disorder with a central pathophysiological role for NF-κB activation. We demonstrate that AAV-NF, injected in the hippocampus, responded to disease induction by mediating GFP expression, preferentially in CA1 and CA3 neurons and astrocytes, specifically in regions where inflammatory markers were also induced. Altogether, these data demonstrate the feasibility to use disease-activated transcription factor-responsive elements in order to drive transgene expression specifically in affected cells in inflammatory CNS disorders using AAV-mediated gene transfer.
Cultivation of a Novel Type of Common-cold Virus in Organ Cultures (1965)

Fourfold or eightfold rise.All sera were tested against influenza A, B, and C, para-influenza 1 and 3 by haemagglutination-inhibition test and against these plus para-influenza 2, mumps V and S antigen, respiratory syncytial virus, herpes simplex, adenoviruses, psittacosis, Rickettsia burnetii, Mycoplasma pneumoniae by complement-fixation test. Clinical Features of Colds Produced by B814 VirusThe frequency of some symptoms, clinical signs, and certain other data regarding volunteers who developed colds after inoculation with B814 material are listed in Table V.This shows that the illnesses were slightly more frequent, were more 1468 5 June 1965Common-cold Viruses-Tyrrell and Bynoe * In first passages control fluids were collected from uninoculated cultures har- vested and stored exactly as the test cultures.For later passages the control fluids were passed serially in parallel with the test cultures.t Identical volunteers
Development of a quantitative real-time RT-PCR for kinetic analysis of immediate-early transcripts of Rat cytomegalovirus (2009)

One-step real-time RT-PCR assay was developed for quantification of the immediate-early (IE), namely IE1 and IE2 transcripts of Rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV), strain ALL-03 in rat embryonic fibroblast cells (REF). This in-house SYBR Green I based RT-PCR was shown to have higher amplification efficiency and detection limit as compared to a commercially available real-time RT-PCR kit in quantifying these two transcripts. The quantification histogram revealed the divergence of transcription activities of the two IE genes. The IE1 transcript had a concentration peak at 7 hrs post infection (p.i.), whereas IE2 transcript at 20 hrs p.i. Regulation of IE expression is critical for determination, whether the infection is going to be abortive, lytic or latent. Therefore, this in-house developed quantitative RT-PCR assay offers an alternative for diagnosis and monitoring of the acute cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection directed at IE transcript detection.
Fault-Tolerant Time-Triggered Ethernet Configuration with Star Topology. (2006)

<b>Objective:</b> To explore risk factors associated with in-hospital mortality in patients requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) in the perioperative period of heart transplantation. <b>Methods:</b> The data of ECMO cases in the perioperative period of heart transplantation from the Chinese Society of Extracorporeal Life Support (CSECLS) between January 2017 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. These patients were divided into the survival group and non-survival group according to their outcomes at discharge. The demographics, indications and complications of ECMO between the two groups were compared, and the related risk factors of poor prognosis were analyzed. <b>Results:</b> A total of 77 patients were included in the study, including 67 males and 10 females, with a median age [<i>M</i>(<i>Q</i><sub>1</sub>, <i>Q</i><sub>3</sub>)] of 48 (36, 59) years. Sixty-three patients (81.8%) were successfully withdrawn from the ECMO and 46 patients (59.7%) survived to discharge. The median ECMO time was 139 (92, 253) hours. Compared with the survival group, the non-survival group (<i>n</i>=31) had more patients with chronic kidney disease before surgery [22.6% (7/31) vs 4.3% (2/46), <i>P</i>=0.034], and a higher proportion of continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) during ECMO [74.2% (23/31) vs 50.0% (23/46), <i>P</i>=0.034]. Moreover, the non-survival group had longer duration of extracorporeal circulation [262 (195, 312) vs 201 (155, 261) min, <i>P</i>=0.056] and higher lactate value in the first 24 hours of ECMO support [2.7 (2.1, 4.7) vs 2.3 (1.4, 3.8) mmol/L, <i>P</i>=0.060], but the differences were not statistically significant. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that perioperative application of CRRT was an independent risk factor for poor prognosis in ECMO patients during heart transplantation (<i>OR</i>=19.345, 95%<i>CI</i>: 1.209-309.440, <i>P</i>=0.036). <b>Conclusion:</b> CRRT treatment during ECMO is a risk factor for in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing heart transplantation.
Blood flow augmentation by intrinsic venular contraction in vivo (2012)

Venomotion, spontaneous cyclic contractions of venules, was first observed in the bat wing 160 years ago. Of all the functional roles proposed since then, propulsion of blood by venomotion remains the most controversial. Common animal models that require anesthesia and surgery have failed to provide evidence for venular pumping of blood. To determine whether venomotion actively pumps blood in a minimally invasive, unanesthetized animal model, we reintroduced the batwing model. We evaluated the temporal and functional relationship between the venous contraction cycle and blood flow and luminal pressure. Furthermore, we determined the effect of inhibiting venomotion on blood flow. We found that the active venous contractions produced an increase in the blood flow and exhibited temporal vessel diameter-blood velocity and pressure relationships characteristic of a peristaltic pump. The presence of valves, a characteristic of reciprocating pumps, enhances the efficiency of the venular peristaltic pump by preventing retrograde flow. Instead of increasing blood flow by decreasing passive resistance, venular dilation with locally applied sodium nitroprusside decreased blood flow. Taken together, these observations provide evidence for active venular pumping of blood. Although strong venomotion may be unique to bats, venomotion has also been inferred from venous pressure oscillations in other animal models. The conventional paradigm of microvascular pressure and flow regulation assumes venules only act as passive resistors, a proposition that must be reevaluated in the presence of significant venomotion.
New materials for flash-pumped organic lasers (1969)

Two compounds derived from 2-hydroxyquinoline were found to lase in the violet region of the spectrum when pumped by a flashlamp. Two aminocoumarin derivatives, under the same conditions, lased intensely in the range from 440 to 480 nm at a wavelength that depended on the addition of acid.
Thinning algorithms for three‐dimensional gray images and their application to medical images with comparative evaluation of performance (1997)

In this paper, thinning algorithms considering the density of three-dimensional (3D) images are proposed and their characteristics are defined. In the 3D thinning methods reported so far, only two-level images which could not use the density information have been treated. Moreover, they are adversely influenced by noise in the shape of the objects. The proposed method can apply a thinning algorithm not only to the shape information but also to the density information. We apply this method to artificial objects and to real blood vessel area images extracted from 3D CT images; we then compare our results with the results of the conventional thinning methods applied to binary images and evaluate them qualitatively as well as quantitatively. It is shown that if we apply our thinning technique suitably with allowance for density information, then the influence of shape noise can be made smaller and natural thinning results can be obtained. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 28(9): 55–66, 1997
Job Accessibility in the San Juan Metropolitan Region: Implications for Rail Transit Benefit Analysis (1998)

Public transportation investment is made primarily because of its potential social and economic benefits. Properly identifying and measuring these benefits has been the central concern in rail transit investment. The social aspects of the benefits, however, have not been well examined. In this research on the potential benefits of Tren Urbano (a new rail transit system proposed in San Juan, Puerto Rico), accessibility measures are utilized as a key analytical tool. An analysis of Tren Urbano’s effects on employment accessibility in the region is presented. The results show that there is a need for lower-income workers to improve their accessibility to jobs. Tren Urbano will enhance employment accessibility at the regional level and for all income groups as well. The results also reveal spatial inequity in the distribution of the potential benefits, even though the eventual outcome will be dependent on the actual distribution of ridership. Efforts should be made to channel the potential benefits of transportation investment toward socially targeted populations. Integrating the rail system with other transit modes and formulating favorable land use policies are critical to enhance accessibility.
Intravenous glucose infusion in labor does not affect maternal and fetal acid-base balance (2000)

We conclude that a 5% glucose infusion does not significantly reduce maternal acidemia associated with vaginal delivery and therefore its use cannot be recommended, since maternal glucose is largely available during labor. Intrapartum glucose infusions do not alter the acid-base balance, when the fetus is well oxygenated.
Coherence properties of a 26–75  μm frequency comb produced as a subharmonic of a Tm-fiber laser (2016)

We study the temporal coherence of an ultrabroadband frequency comb produced in a degenerate GaAs optical parametric oscillator (OPO) pumped by a stabilized Tm-fiber comb, by observing multiheterodyne beats in the RF domain. We infer that in such a regime the OPO automatically produces a stable frequency comb that is phase and frequency locked to the pump. By varying intracavity dispersion, we achieve a comb spanning 2.6-7.5 μm at a -20 dB level. Low pump threshold (down to 7 mW), high average power (up to 73 mW), broad spectral coverage, flat spectrum, and high coherence make this comb a source suitable for various applications, foremost dual-comb molecular spectroscopy.
Recommendations for the Remediation of Bots in ISP Networks (2012)

This document contains recommendations on how Internet Service
Providers can manage the effects of computers used by their
subscribers, which have been infected with malicious bots, via various
remediation techniques. Internet users with infected computers are
exposed to risks such as loss of personal data, as well as increased
susceptibility to online fraud and/or phishing. Such computers can
also become an inadvertent participant in or component of an online
crime network, spam network, and/or phishing network, as well as be
used as a part of a distributed denial of service attack. Mitigating
the effects of and remediating the installations of malicious bots
will make it more difficult for botnets to operate and could reduce
the level of online crime on the Internet in general and/or on a
particular Internet Service Provider's network.
Climate Variability and Crop Insurance: An Optimization Analysis (2016)

Agricultural production is a risky endeavor. Farmers face uncertain yield (revenues) due to climate conditions, pest infestations and other stochastic production factors. Crop insurance offers farmers economic stability under these environments. This study focuses on the impact of climate variability on row crop production in North Florida. The climate in Southeast US is influenced by El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). Recent scientific advances have improved the ability to predict climate fluctuations and provide opportunities to improve the management of climate-associated risks for agriculture. The study case includes farmers growing four crops corn, cotton, peanuts, and soybeans in Jackson County, Florida. We use enterprise budgets along with historical yield harvest data related to ENSO to create whole farm budgets under climate variability. Our study shows that climate variability significantly affects selecting the right crop insurance mixture for farmers.
Assembly, Characterization, and Reworkability of Pb-free Ultra-Fine Pitch C4s for System-on-Package (2007)

As chip I/O count continues to increase, the C4 bump pitch needs to be further reduced. In this work, a Si-based test carrier was used for characterization of ultra-fine pitch micro C4s. Successful assembly and rework of die with 11,892 micro C4s were demonstrated. The micro C4 contact resistance was measured for various pad geometries. The mechanical shear force was characterized for several variables including contact pad area, pad shape, and shear direction. When joined onto pads with reduced size, the micro C4s were sheared without significant damage. Therefore, a carrier with reduced-size bonding pads can be utilized as a platform for functional test and burn-in followed by chip removal to create know-good-die (KGD). These high I/O KGD can be joined to a multi-chip module, silicon package or stacked to create chip stacks and tested to create known-good-modules (KGM) or known-good-die-stacks (KGDS). This specialized high I/O silicon carrier with full area array, reduced-area bonding pads is also referred to as a temporary chip attachment (TCA) substrate.
The Saga Security System: a security architecture for open distributed systems (2002)

We present an overview of the Saga Security System. An agent in the Saga Security System is called a Saga Agent. The authorization model in the Saga Security System (the Saga authorization model) supports the novel concept of a service path and provides uniform and flexible protection appropriate for advanced computational models such as object-oriented systems and cooperative agent systems. The key features of the Saga Security System security mechanism are the use of an access token and a Security Monitor. Access tokens are implemented using public key technology and ensure the integrity of request messages issued by Saga Agents. One can regard the Security Monitor of a Saga Agent as a reference monitor for the agent. The security of a Saga Agent during its traversal over distributed environments is controlled by the Security Monitor integrated with the agent.
Retardation of V<sup>5+</sup>-Cyclohexanone Initiated Polymerization of Acrylonitrile by Phenol (1983)

Abstract Studies have been made on the kinetics and mechanism of the retardation of v5+-cyclohexanone initiated polymerization of acrylonitrile by phenol in the temperature range 45–50°C. The effects of metal ion, monomer, phenol, HzSOI, some inorganic salts, and some organic solvents have also been studied. The unique observation in this investigation is the positive intercept obtained from the plot of [M]/Rp vs l/[M]. This type of observation is significantly different from previous studies on retarded polymerization. The values of composite rate constants k0kt/kikkpK were calculated from plots of [M]/Rp vs [M]−1. A suitable mechanism is put forth and the rate law based on the proposed mechanism is derived.
Effect of imprint on operation and reliability of ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) (2001)

The effect of the imprint on the operation of the ferroelectric random access memory (FeRAM) was estimated by a quasitheoretical model, including the hysteresis shift along the voltage axis and the depolarization induced by the hysteresis shift. Based on the experimental data of the imprint up to 90 days, the hysteresis shift and the depolarization are expressed by a stretched exponential equation as the aging time, and a hyperbolic tangent as the shifted voltage, respectively. Using this model, nonlinear phenomena of bit-line voltage change with the aging time is successfully predicted, and the aging reliability for two transistor and two capacitor (2T/2C) cell architecture with the imprinted capacitors is estimated for the first time. This technique is applied to the evaluation of aging reliability for the Pb(Zr,Ti)O/sub 3/ and (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O/sub 3/ capacitors, revealing that the latter has higher reliability than the former.
Optical Fiber Birefringence Effects – Sources, Utilization and Methods of Suppression (2012)

The application area of optical fibers is quite extensive. Telecommunication applications were the primary field of fibers employment. The related area is the utilization of optical fibers for control purposes, which benefits from principal galvanic isolation between the transmitting and receiving part of the system. A minimal sensitivity of light propagation inside the fiber to electromagnetic field of common magnitudes allows use the fiber in systems with high level of electromagnetic disturbance. Regarding the physical aspects of light propagation in fibers, they find utilization possibility in physical quantities sensors. It is possible to modulate the phase and state of polarization of the wave inside fiber optical medium by means of external physical quantity. The interaction is described by electro-optical, magnet-optical and elasto-optical effects. In order to achieve high data transmission rates in field of telecommunication applications the single-mode fibers are used exclusively. Similarly, single-mode fibers are used in the case of intrinsic fiber optic sensors. Intrinsic fiber optic sensors exploit the fiber itself to external quantity sensing and the fiber serves to signal transmission also. The reason of single-mode fiber utilization is the presence of basic waveguide mode – single wave with single phase and single polarization characteristic. In spite of the fiber utilization advantages we have to take into account undesirable effects, which are present in real non-ideal optical fiber. In telecommunication and sensor application field the presence of inherent and induced birefringence is crucial. The presence of birefringence may cause an undesirable state of polarization change. In the case of high-speed data transmission on long distances the polarization mode dispersion may occur. Due to this effect the light pulses are broadened. This may result in inter-symbol interference. In the case of sensor application, when the state of polarization is a carrier quantity, the possibility of output characteristic distortion and sensors sensitivity decreasing may occur. It’s advantageous to consider fiber sensor application for purposes of birefringence origin and influence description, since the presence of linear and circular birefringence together is watched often. While the inherent circular birefringence is negligible in common single-mode fibers, the inherent and induced linear birefringence may be present in considerable rate. The inherent linear birefringence is mostly undesirable effect, when we exclude utilization in polarization maintaining fibers. Whereas, the induced linear
P2X4 Receptor-Dependent Ca2+ Influx in Model Human Monocytes and Macrophages (2017)

Monocytes and macrophages express a repertoire of cell surface P2 receptors for adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) a damage-associated molecular pattern molecule (DAMP), which are capable of raising cytoplasmic calcium when activated. This is achieved either through direct permeation (ionotropic P2X receptors) or by mobilizing intracellular calcium stores (metabotropic P2Y receptors). Here, a side-by-side comparison to investigate the contribution of P2X4 receptor activation in ATP-evoked calcium responses in model human monocytes and macrophages was performed. The expression of P2X1, P2X4, P2X5 and P2X7 was confirmed by qRT-PCR and immunocytochemistry in both model monocyte and macrophage. ATP evoked a concentration-dependent increase in intracellular calcium in both THP-1 monocyte and macrophages. The sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase inhibitor thasigargin (Tg) responses to the maximal ATP concentration (100 μM) in THP-1 monocytes, and responses in macrophage were significantly attenuated. Tg-resistant ATP-evoked calcium responses in the model macrophage were dependent on extracellular calcium, suggesting a requirement for calcium influx. Ivermectin (IVM) potentiated the magnitude of Tg-resistant component and slowed the decay of response in the model macrophage. The Tg-resistant component was attenuated by P2X4 antagonists 5-BDBD and PSB-12062 but not by the P2X1 antagonist Ro0437626 or the P2X7 antagonist A438079. shRNA-mediated P2X4 knockdown resulted in a significant reduction in Tg-resistant ATP-evoked calcium response as well as reduced sensitivities towards P2X4-specific pharmacological tools, IVM and PSB-12062. Inhibition of endocytosis with dynasore significantly reduced the magnitude of Tg-resistant component but substantially slowed decay response. Inhibition of calcium-dependent exocytosis with vacuolin-1 had no effect on the Tg-resistant component. These pharmacological data suggest that P2X4 receptor activation contributed significantly towards the ionotropic calcium response evoked by ATP of the model human macrophage.
Photostrictive effect in Plzt-Based ceramics and its applications (1995)

Photostriction in ferroelectrics arises from a superimposed phenomenon of the photovoltaic and inverse piezoelectric effects. This paper reviews the recent developments in materials and their device applications: ion doping effect is described in (Pb, La)(Zr, Ti)O3 based ceramics firstly to improve the response speed, then the drive/control methods (polarized light method and dual beam method) are presented, finally photo-driven relays, micro walking machines and photoacoustic devices are introduced. The devices based on a bimorph structure were designed to start moving by the irradiation without any external electric circuit.