gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gait Changes in Older Adults: Predictors of Falls or Indicators of Fear? (1997)

Changes in gait cited previously as risk factors for falling, i.e., decreased stride length and speed and prolonged double support, may in fact be stabilizing adaptations related to fear of falling. Stride-to-stride variability in the control of gait is an independent predictor of falling and may be a useful measure for identifying high-risk individuals and evaluating preventive interventions. Stride width may also be a useful outcome measure. Contrary to common expectation, a wider stride does not necessarily increase stability but instead seems to predict an increased likelihood of experiencing falls.
Free circulating nucleic acids in plasma and serum (CNAPS) -- Useful for the detection of lung cancer patients? (2010)

Recent results indicate that not only intact circulating tumor cells but also extracellular, free-circulating nucleic acids containing tumor-associated genetic alterations can be detected in peripheral blood of cancer patients. The development of sensitive and specific methods for the detection of miniscule quantities of DNA or RNA has made it possible to isolate and characterize these tumor-associated alterations in cell-free circulating nucleic acids. So far almost all genetic alterations found in a tumor were also found in free-circulating nucleic acids, i.e. point mutations (like in p53, K-ras, myc, EGFR, etc.), microsatellite alterations, epigenetic alterations like hypermethylation of CpG islands in promotor regions and the overexpression of tumor-associated genes at the mRNA and the microRNA level. In this review we discuss the potential use of the detection and characterization of tumor-associated alterations in free-circulating nucleic acids for the differentiation between patients with benign lung diseases and lung cancer patients. In addition, we highlight some technical points considering the pre-analytical probe handling and assay standardization, as well as the biology behind free-circulating nucleic acids.
A Six Degrees-of-Freedom Vibration Isolation Platform Supported by a Hexapod of Quasi-Zero-Stiffness Struts (2017)

A platform supported by a hexapod of quasi-zero-stiffness (QZS) struts is proposed to provide a solution for low-frequency vibration isolation in six degrees-of-freedom (6DOFs). The QZS strut is developed by combining a pair of mutually repelling permanent magnets in parallel connection with a coil spring. Dynamic analysis of the 6DOFs QZS platform is carried out to obtain dynamic responses by using the harmonic balance method, and the vibration isolation performance in each DOF is evaluated in terms of force/moment transmissibility, which indicates that the QZS platform perform a good function of low-frequency vibration isolation within broad bandwidth, and has notable advantages over its linear counterpart in all 6DOFs.
Fe(CN)6−4-doped polypyrrole: a high-capacity and high-rate cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (2012)

A redox-active Fe(CN)6−4-doped polypyrrole was synthesized and found to have a remarkable redox capacity of 135 mA h g−1 in Na+ electrolyte, an excellent rate capability of 1600 mA g−1 and a strong capacity retention of 85% over 100 cycles, showing great promise for enabling low-cost and environmentally benign Na-ion batteries for large-scale electric energy storage.
Intravenous Sotalol: An Under Used Treatment Strategy (2018)

The pharmacologic treatment of arrhythmias has seen little advance over the past few years. Physicians treating life threatening or hemodynamically destabilizing arrhythmias depend almost entirely on intravenous (IV) amiodarone. This is regrettable due to the multiple toxicities of amiodarone and its long half-life. Once administered, it is a therapeutic commitment to long-term therapy. Given the very long terminal elimination half-life, treatment with amiodarone may interfere with baseline electrophysiologic studies and ablation procedures. Additionally, the side effect profile can be consequential, even with brief periods of treatment. Currently, sotalol, like amiodarone, is available in both IV and oral formulations, facilitating their use in emergency situations. IV sotalol has a rapid onset of action with linear pharmacokinetics. While sotalol's efficacy has mostly been evaluated in small clinical trials, 2 recent meta-analysis have been informative as to the utility of sotalol. Sotalol has similar efficacy as amiodarone, but has much more favorable adverse event profile. IV sotalol has been underutilized and could offer advantage in the treatment of AF for rate and rhythm control, as well in the pediatrics for treatment of supraventricular arrhythmias often resistant to other therapies.
Myoglobin-catalyzed intermolecular carbene N–H insertion with arylamine substrates (2014)

Engineered variants of the heme-containing protein myoglobin can efficiently catalyze the insertion of α-diazo esters into the N-H bond of arylamines, featuring a combination of high chemoselectivity, elevated turnover numbers, and broad substrate scope.
Neural net algorithms that learn in polynomial time from examples and queries (1991)

An algorithm which trains networks using examples and queries is proposed. In a query, the algorithm supplies a y and is told t(y) by an oracle. Queries appear to be available in practice for most problems of interest, e.g. by appeal to a human expert. The author's algorithm is proved to PAC learn in polynomial time the class of target functions defined by layered, depth two, threshold nets having n inputs connected to k hidden threshold units connected to one or more output units, provided k=/<4. While target functions and input distributions can be described for which the algorithm will fail for larger k, it appears likely to work well in practice. Tests of a variant of the algorithm have consistently and rapidly learned random nets of this type. Computational efficiency figures are given. The algorithm can also be proved to learn intersections of k half-spaces in R(n) in time polynomial in both n and k. A variant of the algorithm can learn arbitrary depth layered threshold networks with n inputs and k units in the first hidden layer in time polynomial in the larger of n and k but exponential in the smaller of the two.
CT Measurements of Lung Density in Life Can Quantitate Distal Airspace Enlargement—An Essential Defining Feature of Human Emphysema (1988)

We used a computerized microscopic image analysis system to directly measure the surface area of distal air spaces in methacrylate-embedded blocks randomly selected from inflation-fixed lobes that were resected from 45 patients as treatment of their peripheral lung tumors. In 28 of these patients, a preoperative computer tomography (CT) scan, at 6 and 10 cm below the sternal notch, was used to generate frequency histograms of CT numbers (measured as EMI units), a measure of lung density, in pixels from the lung or lobe that was subsequently resected. A similar CT number histogram was also derived from the lateral two fifths of the area of lobe/lung that was to be resected. The EMI unit that defined the lowest fifth percentile of this latter histogram correlated (n = 28, r = -0.77, p less than 0.001) with the mean value of the surface area of the walls of distal airspaces per unit lung volume (AWUV) in the five 1 mm x 1 mm microscopic fields with the lowest AWUV values, out of the 20 to 35 such fields examined in each patient. In the 34 of the 45 patients in whom we also measured volume-corrected diffusing capacity (DLCO/VA), this also correlated (n = 34, r = 0.84, p less than 0.001) with this value of AWUV, which measures the surface area of airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles--reflecting an increase in airspace size, a defining characteristic of emphysema. However, a low DLCO/VA is nonspecific, whereas an abnormally low regional lung density is more likely to be specific for emphysema. In addition, highlighting those pixels of the CT display with low CT numbers (i.e., EMI units -500 [air] to -450, where zero = water) can locate areas of macroscopic emphysema, as shown by subsequent pathologic examination. Thus the quantitative CT scan can diagnose, quantitate, and locate mild to moderate emphysema, in humans, in life, noninvasively.
MIMO-assisted hard versus soft decoding-and-forwarding for network coding aided relaying systems (2009)

This paper proposes two types of new decoding algorithms for a network coding aided relaying (NCR) system, which adopts multiple antennas at both the transmitter and receiver. In the NCR system, the relay station (RS) decodes the data received from both the base station (BS) as well as from the mobile station (MS) and combines the decoded signals into a single data stream before forwarding it to both. In this paper, we consider the realistic scenario of encountering decoding errors at the RS, which results in erroneous forwarded data. Under this assumption, we derive decoding algorithms for both the BS and the MS in order to reduce the deleterious effects of imperfect decoding at the RS. We first propose a decoding algorithm for a hard decision based forwarding (HDF) system. Then, for the sake of achieving further performance improvements, we also employ soft decision forwarding (SDF) and propose a novel error model, which divides the error pattern into two components: hard and soft errors. Given this error model, we then modify the HDF decoder for employment in SDF systems. We also derive estimation algorithms for their parameters that are required for the efficient operation of the proposed decoders. Our simulation results show that the proposed algorithms provide substantial performance improvements in terms of the attainable packet error rate as a benefit of our more accurate error model.
Gene effect in carriers of anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. (1966)

Anhidrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia
Computational Study of the Mechanisms of Superoxide-Induced Decomposition of Organic Carbonate-Based Electrolytes (2011)

There is increasing experimental evidence that organic carbonate-based electrolytes are incompatible with the discharge products of the nonaqueous lithium−air (oxygen) battery. Theoretically, the lithium−air battery offers the highest gravimetric density for energy storage applications, promising to revolutionize electric vehicle transportation. Calculations suggest that propylene carbonate, ethylene carbonate, and dimethyl carbonate, commonly used electrolytes in Li-ion batteries, are easily decomposed by the superoxide ion via nucleophilic attack at the ethereal carbon atom. In the case of propylene carbonate, base-mediated proton abstraction from the methyl group has to be considered as an additional solvent decomposition pathway. The present study provides a mechanistic understanding of solvent instability to assist the design of stable electrolytes for Li−air energy storage systems.
Perfluorinated alginate for cellular encapsulation (2012)

Molecules of pentadecafluorooctanoyl chloride (PFC) were grafted onto alginate (Alg) using a linear poly(ethylene glycol) linker and amide bonds. The resulting Alg-PFC material was characterized by proton nuclear magnetic resonance and infrared spectroscopies. The degree of PFC functionalization significantly influenced the physical and chemical properties of Alg-PFC, particularly when the resulting polymer was ionically crosslinked into hydrogels. Alg-PFC hydrogel beads fabricated via Ba(2+) crosslinking were found to match the permeability properties of control alginate beads, except upon swelling over time in culture media. When used to encapsulate MIN6 cells, a beta cell line, Alg-PFC beads demonstrated enhanced cell proliferation over alginate control beads. These results indicate that Alg-PFC hydrogels retain some of the PFC's biological-relevant benefits, such as enhancement of mass transport and bioinertness, to enhance cellular viability within alginate three-dimensional hydrogel environments. We envision these functionalized hydrogels to be particularly useful in the encapsulation of cells with a high metabolic demand, such as pancreatic islets.
Practice, Practice, Practice (2017)

Abstract This chapter analyzes dance games as transmission systems, assessing their capacity to notate, transmit, and archive embodied repertoires that are typically taught in face-to-face, body-to-body contexts. Dance games ask players to sight-read unfamiliar choreography in real time, mirroring the screen dancer as the routine unfolds. They imply that choreography can work like streaming audio or video—passing straight into a player’s proprioceptive system—and challenge players to cultivate techniques of anticipation to minimize “kinesthetic lag.” The games teach these techniques using hybrid notation systems, modular choreography tied to musical structure, and patterned repetition that integrates technical training into a repertoire of works. Close readings of Dance Central’s version of “Crank That” and Just Dance’s version of “Apache (Jump On It)” show how this technical pedagogy dovetails with the games’ remediation of existing song-and-dance repertoires to reinforce racialized models of dance authenticity.
Demonstration of feed-forward control for linear optics quantum computation (2002)

One of the main requirements in linear optics quantum computing is the ability to perform single-qubit operations that are controlled by classical information fed forward from the output of single-photon detectors. These operations correspond to predetermined combinations of phase corrections and bit flips that are applied to the postselected output modes of nondeterministic quantum logic devices. Corrections of this kind are required in order to obtain the correct logical output for certain detection events, and their use can increase the overall success probability of the devices. In this paper, we report on the experimental demonstration of the use of this type of feed-forward system to increase the probability of success of a simple nondeterministic quantum logic operation from approximately $\frac{1}{4}$ to $\frac{1}{2}.$ This logic operation involves the use of one target qubit and one ancilla qubit which, in this experiment, are derived from a parametric down-conversion photon pair. Classical information describing the detection of the ancilla photon is fed forward in real time and used to alter the quantum state of the output photon. A fiber-optic delay line is used to store the output photon until a polarization-dependent phase shift can be applied using a high-speed Pockels cell.
Chemical Shackles for Genes? (1996)

For years, researchers have thought that addition of a methyl group to the cell's DNA might be one of nature's ways of shackling the activity of genes that become unnecessary as development proceeds. Proving that has been difficult, however. But recent findings in both the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and in mice provide some of the best evidence yet for that idea. As reported on page 654 , the work shows that genetic modifications that reduce methylation lead to developmental abnormalities. Arabidopsis development is prolonged so that the plants make more leaves than normal before flowering, and the flowers themselves are abnormal. Still unclear, however, is exactly how methylation alters gene expression and development.
Material properties for making fast dissolving tablets by a compression method (2008)

Fast dissolving tablets (FDTs) are prepared by several different methods including crystalline transition, phase transition, sublimation, spray drying, and direct compression. Of these approaches, a conventional tablet compression method is used most widely because of its low cost and ease of manufacturing. Research on FDTs prepared by the compression method has focused on decreasing the dissolution (or disintegration) time of the tablets in the mouth, while maintaining sufficiently high mechanical strength to withstand handling during manufacturing, packaging, and transportation. The key to developing a successful FDT formulation by the compression method is to select the right excipients and the right processing techniques. In general, FDTs are made of highly hydrophilic materials and possess highly porous structures for fast water absorption into the tablet matrix. The excipients that are currently used as well as those that are expected to be used for the future development of improved FDTs are described.
The impact of genomics on novel antibacterial targets. (2000)

Antibiotic discovery has remained primarily focused on improving versions of existing classes of antibiotics which work on a limited set of bacterial targets. In addition, the characterization of these targets has focused almost entirely on Escherichia coli homologs. The advancing problems associated with resistant pathogens has driven a critical need for the discovery of new classes of antibiotics which will target novel bacterial functions required for viability and pathogenicity. Recent advances in DNA sequencing technology have now made it possible to elucidate the entire genomes of pathogenic bacteria. Comparative analysis of these genome sequences, driven by advancements in the availability of bioinformatic tools, is dramatically increasing our ability to interrogate the spectrum and selectivity of novel antibacterial target areas. In this review, we present an update on the antibiotic target areas of tRNA synthetases, two-component signal transduction systems, peptidoglycan biosynthesis, fatty acid biosynthesis and chorismate biosynthesis. We illustrate how the availability of genomes from a range of clinically important pathogens has enabled valid considerations of the limitations and advantages of particular targets based on their predicted spectrum and selectivity. Furthermore, we demonstrate how genomics is facilitating the characterization of targets from relevant pathogens and how these data, coupled with genomic-based technologies, provide new approaches for drug discovery.
Optimum frame and frequency synchronization for OFDM systems (2002)

In this paper, we propose an optimum frame and carrier frequency synchronization method for a burst type orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) application such as a wireless local area network (WLAN). In the case of burst transmission, rapid frequency synchronization is essential in order to rapidly achieve orthogonality among subcarriers. By estimating the frequency offset and timing offset before and after the demodulation we can achieve acquisition within one OFDM symbol period. Due to the subcarrier ambiguity in the maximum likelihood estimation (MLS) frequency detector before demodulation, the maximum correctable frequency range is limited to /spl plusmn/1/2 of the subcarrier spacing. This problem can be solved by using a frequency acquisition method after FFT.
Decreasing mitochondrial fission alleviates hepatic steatosis in a murine model of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (2014)

Mitochondria produce the majority of cellular ATP through oxidative phosphorylation, and their capacity to do so is influenced by many factors. Mitochondrial morphology is recently suggested as an important contributor in controlling mitochondrial bioenergetics. Mitochondria divide and fuse continuously, which is affected by environmental factors, including metabolic alterations. Underscoring its bioenergetic influence, altered mitochondrial morphology is reported in tissues of patients and in animal models of metabolic dysfunction. In this study, we found that mitochondrial fission plays a vital role in the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The development of hepatic steatosis, oxidative/nitrative stress, and hepatic tissue damage, induced by a high-fat diet, were alleviated in genetically manipulated mice suppressing mitochondrial fission. The alleviation of steatosis was recapitulated in primary hepatocytes with the inhibition of mitochondrial fission. Mechanistically, our study indicates that fission inhibition enhances proton leak under conditions of free fatty acid incubation, implicating bioenergetic change through manipulating mitochondrial fission. Taken together, our results suggest a mechanistic role for mitochondrial fission in the etiology of NAFLD. The efficacy of decreasing mitochondrial fission in the suppression of NAFLD suggests that mitochondrial fission represents a novel target for therapeutic treatment of NAFLD.
Geochemistry of Sulfur in Fossil Fuels (1990)

A renaissance in the 1980s concerning geochemistry of sulfur in fossil fuels makes an update of the subject timely. Papers developed from the 1989 ACS Symposium in Dallas provide a cross-section of recent research and progress in our understanding of the abundance and nature of organically bound sulfur in fossil fuels. This chapter furnishes an overview of our understanding of sulfur introduction into the geologic systems and biogenic materials that produce petroleum and natural gas. Many of the geochemical considerations also apply to coal and lignite deposits. A brief historical account leads to a summary of the most recent advances, an appraisal of current understanding, and some remaining challenges and opportunities for further research.
Effect of change in P50 on exercise tolerance at high altitude: a theoretical study (1982)

Acclimatization to altitude often results in a rightward shift of the O2 dissociation curve (ODC). However, a left-shifted ODC is reported to increase exercise tolerance in humans at medium altitude and increase survival in rats breathing hypoxic gas mixtures. We examined this paradox using a computer model of pulmonary gas exchange. A Bohr integration procedure allowed for alveolar-capillary diffusion. When diffusion equilibration was complete, mixed venous (PVO2) and arterial PO2 fell as O2 consumption (VO2) was increased, but PVO2 approached a plateau. Under these conditions a right-shifted ODC is advantageous (higher PVO2) at all but very high altitudes. However, diffusion limitation of O2 transfer may occur at any altitude if VO2 is increased sufficiently. If this occurs, a left-shifted ODC results in higher calculated VO2max (compared with the standard ODC). Further, diffusion limitation always occurs at a lower VO2 with a right-shifted ODC than with a left-shifted ODC. We conclude that whether a leftward or rightward shift in the ODC is advantageous to gas exchange at altitude depends on the presence or absence of diffusion limitation.
Physical and Functional Association of FcαR With Protein Tyrosine Kinase Lyn (1998)

In this report, we show that the Src family nonreceptor protein tyrosine kinase (PTK) Lyn associates with aggregated IgA Fc receptor (Fc alpha R) in the monocytic cell line THP-1. Receptor aggregation and subsequent immunoprecipitation of receptor complexes with huIgA adsorbed to nitrocellulose particles shows that Lyn associates with Fc alpha R by a mechanism sensitive to short treatment with the Src family-selective inhibitor PP1. However, interaction of Lyn with IgG Fc receptor (Fc gamma R) in THP-1 cells was unaffected by short treatment with the PTK inhibitor. Cross-linking of Fc alpha R induced tyrosine phosphorylation of several cellular proteins, including p72Syk, which appears to be a major target of early PTK activity. Unexpectedly, in vitro kinase assays showed that Fc alpha R aggregation-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Syk did not result in upregulation of Syk activity. Despite the lack of enhanced Syk kinase activity, downstream signaling after Fc alpha R cross-linking was functional and induced the release of significant amounts of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and interleukin-8. The induction of cytokine release was completely blocked by PP1, thus confirming the biological significance of the association of Lyn with aggregated Fc alpha R. Our data show that early signal transduction after Fc alpha R cross-linking as well as Fc alpha R-mediated activation of cellular effector functions depends on Src family kinase activity. The Src-family PTK involved in Fc alpha R-mediated tyrosine phosphorylation appears to be Lyn, which coprecipitated with aggregated Fc alpha R complexes.