gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multivariate projection of ocean surface data onto subsurface sections (2000)

A multivariate projection of ocean surface data onto subsurface fields is presented. The method is applied to the projection of sea surface height and sea surface temperature anomalies onto the three dimensional temperature field. The results are compared to the conventional univariate regression between sea surface height and the underlying temperature structure. The multivariate method clearly outperforms the univariate approach and succeeds in capturing the equatorial anomaly structures even during the early nineties, a period in which the univariate projection encounters great difficulties. A multivariate scheme projects onto linear combinations of different vertical modes, depending on the contribution of each input variable. Thus, vertical patterns, different not only in amplitude but also in shape can be affected, as opposed to the univariate case. During the ENSO cycle two different vertical temperature modes become dominant. To address both modes, two linearly independent variables are required. Therefore, the combination of SSH and SST contains additional information about the vertical temperature structure that cannot be extracted from either sea surface height measurements, or sea surface temperature only. This is of relevance in the context of ENSO predictions, and it may help to improve the initialization of ENSO forecast models.
Correlation-Resistant Storage via Keyword-Searchable Encryption. (2005)

We consider the problem of using untrusted components to build correlation-resistant survivable storage systems that protect file replica locations, while allowing nodes to continuously re-distribute files throughout the network. The principal contribution is a chosen-ciphertext secure, searchable public key encryption scheme which allows for dynamic re-encryption of ciphertexts, and provides for node-targeted searches based on keywords or other identifiers. The scheme is provably secure under the SXDH assumption which holds in certain subgroups of elliptic curves, and a closely related assumption that we introduce.
Detection of Airborne<i>Stachybotrys chartarum</i>Macrocyclic Trichothecene Mycotoxins on Particulates Smaller than Conidia (2005)

Highly respirable particles (diameter, <1 microm) constitute the majority of particulate matter found in indoor air. It is hypothesized that these particles serve as carriers for toxic compounds, specifically the compounds produced by molds in water-damaged buildings. The presence of airborne Stachybotrys chartarum trichothecene mycotoxins on particles smaller than conidia (e.g., fungal fragments) was therefore investigated. Cellulose ceiling tiles with confluent Stachybotrys growth were placed in gas-drying containers through which filtered air was passed. Exiting particulates were collected by using a series of polycarbonate membrane filters with decreasing pore sizes. Scanning electron microscopy was employed to determine the presence of conidia on the filters. A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for macrocyclic trichothecenes was used to analyze filter extracts. Cross-reactivity to various mycotoxins was examined to confirm the specificity. Statistically significant (P < 0.05) ELISA binding was observed primarily for macrocyclic trichothecenes at concentrations of 50 and 5 ng/ml and 500 pg/ml (58.4 to 83.5% inhibition). Of the remaining toxins tested, only verrucarol and diacetylverrucarol (nonmacrocyclic trichothecenes) demonstrated significant binding (18.2 and 51.7% inhibition, respectively) and then only at high concentrations. The results showed that extracts from conidium-free filters demonstrated statistically significant (P < 0.05) antibody binding that increased with sampling time (38.4 to 71.9% inhibition, representing a range of 0.5 to 4.0 ng/ml). High-performance liquid chromatography analysis suggested the presence of satratoxin H in conidium-free filter extracts. These data show that S. chartarum trichothecene mycotoxins can become airborne in association with intact conidia or smaller particles. These findings may have important implications for indoor air quality assessment.
Quantitative control of plasma-surface interactions for highly reliable interconnects (2004)

Plasma technologies for highly reliable Cu/low-k interconnects were developed. Although good dual damascene profiles were fabricated, insufficiently optimized plasma for etching (and/or ashing) degraded Cu and SiOCH surface, and corrupted the interface between Cu and barrier metal (BM) after all. Therefore, we clarified the effect of degradation in the interconnect reliabilities, and controlled the densities of reactive species (CFx and O) in the plasma to optimize the reactions between plasma and material surfaces. Consequently, we achieved high yield and high reliability for 90-nm-node Cu/low-k interconnects in over 40 lots.
A three channels, low ripple PFC rectifier using a standard power module (1999)

PFC rectifiers are more and more used as front end circuits for low and mid sized apparatus. Especially for the high current applications, the size and weight of passive components are an important factor, also for the economic aspect. The number and size of the active switches of classical PFC scheme, together with the design of heatsinks must be carefully investigated. A new possibility has been investigated using the current sharing on a higher amount of silicon devices, together with the effect of cancellation of the ripple of the resulting current by a shifted pulsation of paralled channels. All the needed active components of the proposed topology exist in the form of complex hybrid moduls normally used for compact frequency converters (fig. 1). A compact, low weight, low ripple rectifier unit has been realised, with an impressive reduced size of passive components.
Pkc-Mediated Stimulation of Amphibian Cftr Depends on a Single Phosphorylation Consensus Site. Insertion of This Site Confers Pkc Sensitivity to Human Cftr (2001)

Mutations of the CFTR, a phosphorylation-regulated Cl(-) channel, cause cystic fibrosis. Activation of CFTR by PKA stimulation appears to be mediated by a complex interaction between several consensus phosphorylation sites in the regulatory domain (R domain). None of these sites has a critical role in this process. Here, we show that although endogenous phosphorylation by PKC is required for the effect of PKA on CFTR, stimulation of PKC by itself has only a minor effect on human CFTR. In contrast, CFTR from the amphibians Necturus maculosus and Xenopus laevis (XCFTR) can be activated to similar degrees by stimulation of either PKA or PKC. Furthermore, the activation of XCFTR by PKC is independent of the net charge of the R domain, and mutagenesis experiments indicate that a single site (Thr665) is required for the activation of XCFTR. Human CFTR lacks the PKC phosphorylation consensus site that includes Thr665, but insertion of an equivalent site results in a large activation upon PKC stimulation. These observations establish the presence of a novel mechanism of activation of CFTR by phosphorylation of the R domain, i.e., activation by PKC requires a single consensus phosphorylation site and is unrelated to the net charge of the R domain.
[Preparation and schistosomicidal activity of vinylogues of 1,3-dithio-3-thione]. (1987)

The synthesis of vinylogues of 1,2-dithiol-3-thione is described. The activity in experimental schistosomiasis (schistosomicidal activity and, for the most interesting ones, on the egg-laying) was tested in mice with Schistosoma mansoni in comparison with oltipraz.
Single Image Reflection Suppression (2017)

Reflections are a common artifact in images taken through glass windows. Automatically removing the reflection artifacts after the picture is taken is an ill-posed problem. Attempts to solve this problem using optimization schemes therefore rely on various prior assumptions from the physical world. Instead of removing reflections from a single image, which has met with limited success so far, we propose a novel approach to suppress reflections. It is based on a Laplacian data fidelity term and an l-zero gradient sparsity term imposed on the output. With experiments on artificial and real-world images we show that our reflection suppression method performs better than the state-of-the-art reflection removal techniques.
Stationary common spatial patterns for brain–computer interfacing (2012)

Classifying motion intentions in brain-computer interfacing (BCI) is a demanding task as the recorded EEG signal is not only noisy and has limited spatial resolution but it is also intrinsically non-stationary. The non-stationarities in the signal may come from many different sources, for instance, electrode artefacts, muscular activity or changes of task involvement, and often deteriorate classification performance. This is mainly because features extracted by standard methods like common spatial patterns (CSP) are not invariant to variations of the signal properties, thus should also change over time. Although many extensions of CSP were proposed to, for example, reduce the sensitivity to noise or incorporate information from other subjects, none of them tackles the non-stationarity problem directly. In this paper, we propose a method which regularizes CSP towards stationary subspaces (sCSP) and show that this increases classification accuracy, especially for subjects who are hardly able to control a BCI. We compare our method with the state-of-the-art approaches on different datasets, show competitive results and analyse the reasons for the improvement.
Analysis of a SPECT OSEM reconstruction method with 3D beam modeling and optional attenuation correction: phantom studies (2004)

The performance of a fast OSEM reconstruction method with 3D collimator beam modeling and optional attenuation correction ("Flash-3D"), developed by Siemens is investigated using various phantoms, and acquisition parameters. Data spectrum's cylinder phantom with rod and spheres inserts are acquired with varying protocols by systematically changing image quality relevant parameters, such as orbit, or collimator. They are then reconstructed with different methods and varying reconstruction parameters. The rod phantom is acquired with its long axis parallel and perpendicular to the rotation axis. A comparison between the 3D, 2D, 1D iterative methods, with and without attenuation correction, and FBP is done using qualitative and semiquantitative measures of image quality. The attenuation correction is done using CT-derived mu-maps. The contrast of the hot rods in parallel alignment is for OSEM-3D AC 17% larger than for OSEM-2D AC for the 3 largest rod sections. In this configuration where each slice shows the same structure the difference between 3D and 2D is minor. For the perpendicular alignment the contrast of the OSEM-3D AC reconstruction is 118% larger than from OSEM-2D AC. OSEM-2D AC shows almost identical contrast values as FBP, which is mainly due to the distortions of the rods, due to the 2D beam modeling. OSEM-3D AC comes closest to the expected hot contrast of 3.7 for the hot-cold sphere phantom. Future work will further develop the analysis tools for the phantoms and investigate the affect of varying image quality relevant acquisition and reconstruction parameters.
Replacements for Trans Fats—Will There Be an Oil Shortage? (2007)

Manufacturers use the process of hydrogenation to create trans fats in order to increase the shelf life of baked and fried foods. Ingestion of trans fats is associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular disease. A groundswell of public sentiment is causing regulatory bodies to ban the use of trans fats in foods. Alternatives to trans fats are needed now in order to preserve the freshness and provide an appealing texture of many packaged foods. As trans fats become phased out, there are eight types of approaches currently being developed to substitute for these fats as ingredients for baked and fried foods: (1) modified hydrogenation, (2) genetically modified seeds, (3) interesterification, (4) fractionation and blending, (5) butter and animal fat, (6) natural saturated oils, (7) natural unsaturated oils, and (8) fat substitutes. These alternatives to trans fats will require close scrutiny to ascertain whether they will also turn out to be linked with cardiovascular disease.
Studies on the Antiviral Activity of Protein Kinase Inhibitors against the Replication of Vesicular Stomatitis Virus. (1995)

Several derivatives of K-252a, a protein kinase inhibitor isolated from Nocardiopsis sp., were investigated for their effects on the replication of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) in BHK-21 cell cultures. Among those we tested, KT5926, which preferentially inhibits the myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), suppressed the viral replication by 95-99% at 15 microM. K-252a, which inhibits a broad spectrum of cellular protein kinase, similarly affected the viral replication. Other derivatives, KT5720 and KT5823, that are known to inhibit the cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PKA) and cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG), respectively, did not suppress VSV replication even at a high concentration as 15 microM. None of these inhibitors affected the Sindbis virus replication in BHK-21 cells under similar assay conditions as used for VSV. KT5926 and K-252a seemed to affect the VSV replication at the step(s) after the viral invasion, resulting in decreased viral RNA synthesis. Neither substance inhibited cellular casein kinase (CK) II which is known to be involved in phosphorylation of the nonstructural (NS) protein, a non-catalytic subunit of the viral RNA polymerase. These results suggest that the inhibition of VSV replication by KT5926 and K-252a is not a secondary effect due to generalized suppression of host cell activities, and that the VSV replication requires the KT5926-sensitive function(s) in the cell which would be performed by an enzyme(s) other than CK II.
Molecular Adjustment of the Electronic Properties of Nanoporous Electrodes in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2005)

Molecular modification of dye-sensitized, mesoporous TiO2 electrodes changes their electronic properties. We show that the open-circuit voltage (V(oc)) of dye-sensitized solar cells varies linearly with the dipole moment of coadsorbed phosphonic, benzoic, and dicarboxylic acid derivatives. A similar dependence is observed for the short-circuit current density (I(sc)). Photovoltage spectroscopy measurements show a shift of the signal onset as a function of dipole moment. We explain the dipole dependence of the V(oc) in terms of a TiO2 conduction band shift with respect to the redox potential of the electrolyte, which is partially followed by the energy level of the dye. The I(sc) shift is explained by a dipole-dependent driving force for the electron current and a dipole-dependent recombination current.
Transistorized frequency stabilization for reflex klystrons used in magnetic resonance (1960)

The description of a fully transistorized frequency stabilizer for reflex klystrons is given. This is suitable for magnetic-resonance experiments and other microwave applications, where frequency stability is essential. In a typical case (klystron, type 2K25, cavity Q = 3000) the effect of ripple and drift of the power supply is reduced by a factor of 1000.
Suppressing spatiotemporal lasing instabilities with wave-chaotic microcavities (2018)

Spatiotemporal instabilities are widespread phenomena resulting from complexity and nonlinearity. In broad-area edge-emitting semiconductor lasers, the nonlinear interactions of multiple spatial modes with the active medium can result in filamentation and spatiotemporal chaos. These instabilities degrade the laser performance and are extremely challenging to control. We demonstrate a powerful approach to suppress spatiotemporal instabilities using wave-chaotic or disordered cavities. The interference of many propagating waves with random phases in such cavities disrupts the formation of self-organized structures such as filaments, resulting in stable lasing dynamics. Our method provides a general and robust scheme to prevent the formation and growth of nonlinear instabilities for a large variety of high-power lasers.
Transverse Thermoelectric Effects for Cooling and Heat Flux Sensing (2006)

While thermoelectric technology has developed steadily over the last 50 years, transverse thermoelectrics have generally been ignored in the industrial and commercial uses of thermoelectric devices to date. This project focuses on investigating transverse thermoelectric effects for localized cooling and heat flux sensing. Thermoelectric cooling devices are useful when their advantages (small size, solid state, active temperature control) outweigh their relatively poor efficiency. Transverse heat flux sensors, which generate an electric field in a direction orthogonal to the heat flow, have the advantage that the signal depends on the length of the device rather than the thickness. Thus, they can be made very thin for fast response times while maintaining a large signal. A prototype transverse device was built out of bulk samples of bismuth and bismuth telluride, which are common thermoelectric materials. The device was constructed of alternating layers of the constituent materials to simulate the effects of an intrinsically anisotropic material. The device was tested for its cooling and heat flux sensing capabilities, and the results of this testing were compared to predicted values. Although the device failed to demonstrate cooling, its heat flux sensing capabilities were promising. The device was tilted to several angles of inclination between 44° and 84° from horizontal, and the output voltage was recorded for several values of heat flux. The signal strength varied between 190.2 and 2321.6 Ã¬V/(W/cm2), at inclination angles of 84° and 44°, respectively. The results followed the trend of the predicted values well, but the magnitude of the output voltage was significantly lower than expected. An uncertainty analysis was performed, and it was determined that the most likely source of error was the uncertainty in the amount of heat flux that went through the device during testing. This thesis outlines the process of building and testing the device, and the analysis of the results. Recommendations for future work are also given.
Cisplatin Induction of ERCC-1 mRNA Expression in A2780/CP70 Human Ovarian Cancer Cells (1998)

ERCC-1 is a critical gene within the nucleotide excision repair pathway, and cells without a functional ERCC-1 do not perform cisplatin-DNA adduct repair. We therefore investigated the cisplatin effect on ERCC-1 mRNA expression in vitro. In response to a 1-h cisplatin exposure, A2780/CP70 human ovarian cancer cells showed a 6-fold increase in steady-state level of ERCC-1 mRNA. This rise was attributable to increased transcription as measured by nuclear run-on assays and a 60% increase in ERCC-1 mRNA half-life. The increase in ERCC-1 mRNA was preceded by a 4-5-fold rise in mRNA expressions of c-fos and c-jun, a 14-fold increase in c-Jun protein phosphorylation, and an increase in in vitro nuclear extract binding activity to the AP-1-like site of ERCC-1. These data suggest that the induction of ERCC-1 expression in A2780/CP70 cells exposed to cisplatin results from two major factors: (a) an increase in the expression of transactivating factors that bind the AP-1-like site in the 5'-flanking region of ERCC-1 and (b) an increase in the level of c-Jun phosphorylation that enhances its transactivation property.
Nanosizing and Nanoconfinement: New Strategies Towards Meeting Hydrogen Storage Goals (2010)

Hydrogen is expected to play an important role as an energy carrier in a future, more sustainable society. However, its compact, efficient, and safe storage is an unresolved issue. One of the main options is solid-state storage in hydrides. Unfortunately, no binary metal hydride satisfies all requirements regarding storage density and hydrogen release and uptake. Increasingly complex hydride systems are investigated, but high thermodynamic stabilities as well as slow kinetics and poor reversibility are important barriers for practical application. Nanostructuring by ball-milling is an established method to reduce crystallite sizes and increase reaction rates. Since five years attention has also turned to alternative preparation techniques that enable particle sizes below 10 nanometers and are often used in conjunction with porous supports or scaffolds. In this Review we discuss the large impact of nanosizing and -confinement on the hydrogen sorption properties of metal hydrides. We illustrate possible preparation strategies, provide insight into the reasons for changes in kinetics, reversibility and thermodynamics, and highlight important progress in this field. All in all we provide the reader with a clear view of how nanosizing and -confinement can beneficially affect the hydrogen sorption properties of the most prominent materials that are currently considered for solid-state hydrogen storage.
Porosity evaluation of igneous rocks based on deep learning (2019)

The mineral composition of the igneous rock is complex. Even with the same lithology, the rock matrix parameters vary greatly, which makes it difficult to obtain the porosity accurately. In this paper, the formation porosity is obtained based on the density logging and the geochemical spectroscopy logging. The geochemical spectroscopy logging combined with deep learning is used to determine the rock matrix density. The deep learning database, constrained by the core analysis data, is established based on the physical properties of minerals and the Monte Carlo method. To make full use of the robustness of deep learning and improve the interpretation accuracy, the density of each mineral changes within a certain range when the rock matrix density of training samples is set up. Once the rock matrix density is obtained, porosity can be derived by the volume model. The field example shows the porosity calculated by deep learning is closer to the core porosity than that calculated by the conventional methods. Presentation Date: Tuesday, September 17, 2019 Session Start Time: 9:20 AM Presentation Time: 9:20 AM Location: Poster Station 4 Presentation Type: Poster
Photochemical Mechanism of Size-Quantized Vanadium-Doped TiO2 Particles (1994)

Transition metal ions doped into TiO_2 can increase the quantum efficiency of the heterogeneous photooxidation of chlorinated hydrocarbons. In this regard, a single dopant (vanadium) has been selected for a detailed investigation to elucidate the mechanism of the dopant action on the photoreactivity of TiO_2. Large polycrystalline (1-4 nm) TiO_2 particles (50 μm) that show size quantization effects due to the individual crystallites are synthesized. Doping (1 at. % ) of the TiO_2 crystals with vanadium reduces the photooxidation rates of 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) compared to the undoped aggregates. Under ambient conditions (25 °C), vanadium is found to be present primarily on TiO_2 surfaces as >VO_2^+ (~90%) (">" denotes a surficial moiety) and secondarily as interstitial V^(4+) (~10% ). Sintering at higher temperatures (200-400 °C) results in the formation of surficial islands of V_2O_5 on TiO_2 while sintering at 600 and 800 °C produces nonstoichiometric solid solutions of V_xTi_1-xO_2. Vanadium appears to reduce the photoreactivity of TiO_2-25 by promoting charge-carrier recombination with electron trapping at > VO_2^+ whereas V (IV) impurities in surficial V_2O_5 islands on TiO_2-200/400 promote charge-carrier recombination by hole trapping. Substitutional V(IV) in the lattice of TiO_2-600/800 appears to act primarily as a charge-carrier recombination center that shunts charge carriers away from the solid-solution interface with a net reduction in photoreactivity. The complexities of the physical and electronic effects of vanadium doping are expected to be present in the mechanisms of other transition metal ions doped into TiO_2.