gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In situ</i> magnetic field alignment of directly ordered L1 FePt nanoparticles (2006)

Gas-phase prepared directly ordered FePt nanoparticles were shown to align with in situ magnetic fields. As shown by magnetic and x-ray diffraction data, a 3800Oe perpendicular field switched L10 FePt particles with a mean size of 6nm from in-plane arrangement in as-deposited state to out-of-plane orientation. A 5000Oe in-plane field successfully defined nanoparticles with in-plane texture. These results demonstrated the feasibility of preparing nanoparticle-based magnetic recording media and exchange-spring-type permanent magnets with desired magnetic orientation control. Only involving thermal fluctuation as the obstacle, this approach makes an ideal subject for theoretical understanding and further optimization.
Bailliere's Clinical Infectious Diseases: Malaria (1996)

The world of malaria research and discovery is evolving at a remarkable pace. We now know more about the Plasmodium genome, the mechanism of drug resistance, and the pathophysiology of cerebral malaria than could have been reasonably expected just a few years ago. The major challenge in malaria is the translation of this amassing knowledge to improving our management of malaria infection and illness by the development of sustaining, effective programs that control the public health burden of malaria. Geoff Pasvol has edited this volume to update clinicians on the science of malaria, a formidable undertaking.The contributing authors represent an excellent array of authorities in various aspects of malaria, and, importantly, include several younger workers in the field, bringing new perspectives to the presentations. The topics of the chapters include fairly standard fare, such as, The epidemiology of malaria in the tropics and in travelers and Antimalaria chemotherapy, as well as the presentation of innovative perspectives, such as, The biology of malaria fever and The contributions of molecular biology to our understandings of malaria.
Neck-cooling improves repeated sprint performance in the heat (2015)

The present study evaluated the effect of neck-cooling during exercise on repeated sprint ability in a hot environment. Seven team-sport playing males completed two experimental trials involving repeated sprint exercise (5 × 6 s) before and after two 45 min bouts of a football specific intermittent treadmill protocol in the heat (33.0 ± 0.2°C; 53 ± 2% relative humidity). Participants wore a neck-cooling collar in one of the trials (CC). Mean power output and peak power output declined over time in both trials but were higher in CC (540 ± 99 v 507 ± 122 W, d = 0.32; 719 ± 158 v 680 ± 182 W, d = 0.24 respectively). The improved power output was particularly pronounced (d = 0.51-0.88) after the 2nd 45 min bout but the CC had no effect on % fatigue. The collar lowered neck temperature and the thermal sensation of the neck (P < 0.001) but had no effect on heart rate, fluid loss, fluid consumption, lactate, glucose, plasma volume change, cortisol, or thermal sensation (P > 0.05). There were no trial differences but interaction effects were demonstrated for prolactin concentration and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Prolactin concentration was initially higher in the collar cold trial and then was lower from 45 min onwards (interaction trial × time P = 0.04). RPE was lower during the football intermittent treadmill protocol in the collar cold trial (interaction trial × time P = 0.01). Neck-cooling during exercise improves repeated sprint performance in a hot environment without altering physiological or neuroendocrinological responses. RPE is reduced and may partially explain the performance improvement.
Highly Reactive, Single‐Component Nickel Catalyst Precursor for Suzuki–Miyuara Cross‐Coupling of Heteroaryl Boronic Acids with Heteroaryl Halides (2012)

One for all: The coupling of a range of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing heteroaryl halides with five-membered nitrogen-, oxygen-, and sulfur-containing heteroaryl boronic acids were achieved in high yields with only 0.5 mol % of the single-component nickel precatalyst [(dppf)NiCl(cinnamyl)] (dppf=1,1′-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)ferrocene). The reaction demonstrates good functional group compatibility, and is easily conducted on a large scale without a dry box. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as "Supporting Information". Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Defining bacterial species in the genomic era: insights from the genus Acinetobacter (2012)

We believe a combination of core genome phylogenetic analysis and ANI provides an appropriate method for bacterial species delineation, whereby bacterial species are defined as monophyletic groups of isolates with genomes that exhibit at least 95% pair-wise ANI. The proposed method is backwards compatible; it provides a scalable and uniform approach that works for both culturable and non-culturable species; is faster and cheaper than traditional taxonomic methods; is easily replicable and transferable among research institutions; and lastly, falls in line with Darwin's vision of classification becoming, as far as is possible, genealogical.
Purification and Properties of Tryptophan-Synthase-Inactivating Enzymes from Yeast (1972)

Tryptophan synthase has been purified about 100-fold from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Further-more two tryptophan synthase inactivating factors have been purified about 1000-fold from baker's yeast. The following findings demonstrate that the inactivating factors are enzymes: (1) they can be purified with typical fractionation methods for enzymes, (2) they are heat labile, (3) inactivation of tryptophan synthase follows for more than one hour a first-order reaction, (4) the rate of inactivation increases about 3-fold from 20 °C to 30. With hydroxyapatite column chromatography two fractions with tryptophan synthase inactivating activity can be separated (inactivases I and II). Inactivase I was purified 1200-fold, inactivase II 1900-fold. Inactivase I inactivates the apo-enzymes of tryptophan synthase and threonine dehydratase, but not of aspartate transaminase. Inactivase II inactiviates the apo-enzymes of tryptophan synthase and aspartate transaminase but not of threonine dehydratase. Neither inactivase inactivates any of three non-pyridoxal enzymes tested (alcoholdehydrogenase, hexokinase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase). There are also differences in the sensitivity of the two inactivases to pyridoxal phosphate and a mixture of pyridoxal phosphate and serine. In the exponential growth phase of a yeast culture no tryptophan synthase inactivating activity is found in the crude extract. whereas in the stationary phase high inactivating activity is observed. A biological significance of this observation is discussed. Some evidence that the chemical mechanism of the inactivation reaction is a proteolytic “splitting” of the substrate enzyme is reported.
Effect of trimethylamine oxide and betaine in swine diets on growth performance, carcass characteristics, nutrient digestibility, and sensory quality of pork. (1999)

Two growth experiments and one digestibility experiment were conducted to study the effect of trimethylamine oxide (TMAO) and betaine in swine diets. In Exp. 1, 36 limit-fed pigs averaging 19.1 kg in initial weight were used to study the effect of adding TMAO at 10 g/kg of feed or betaine at an equivalent level of methyl groups (10.5 g/kg feed) to a high-fat (11.3% ether extract) basal diet. Dietary addition of TMAO increased ADG by 61 g/d, reduced number of days to market by 8.3 d (P<.02), and tended (P<.09) to improve gain/feed (G/F) compared with the control diet. Betaine had no effect on growth performance of pigs. Adding TMAO or betaine to diets had no effect on percent carcass fat, percent carcass lean, or dressing percentage. Dietary supplementation of TMAO reduced (P<.05) plasma triacylglycerol level (TAG) compared with the control diet. There was no effect of dietary TMAO or betaine on sensory quality characteristics of pork. In Exp. 2, 48 ad libitum-fed pigs averaging 21.7 kg initial BW and 104.7 kg final BW were used to determine the effect of adding low and intermediate levels of TMAO (1, 2, or 5 g/kg) to diets. Adding 1 g of TMAO increased G/F (P<.01) compared with control pigs. When using orthogonal contrasts, adding 2 g of TMAO reduced (P<.05) P2 backfat thickness and tended to increase (P<.09) lean percentage compared with the control diet. Trimethylamine oxide gave a quadratic effect (P<.05) on plasma TAG levels. Adding 1 and 2 g of TMAO increased plasma TAG, but 5 g of TMAO decreased it compared with the control diet. In Exp. 3, 12 barrows of 42.3 kg average initial BW and 50.0 kg final BW were used to investigate the effect of supplementing diets with 1 g of TMAO and 1.27 g of betaine/kg of feed on apparent total tract nutrient digestibility. The addition of TMAO increased (P<0.03) apparent total tract digestibility of fat (HCl-EE). Betaine had no such effect. Adding TMAO to diets influenced growth performance and carcass quality in a dose-dependent manner.
Imaging-assisted hydrogel formation for single cell isolation (2020)

We report a flexible single-cell isolation method by imaging-assisted hydrogel formation. Our approach consists of imaging-aided selective capture of cells of interest by encasing them into a polymeric hydrogel, followed by removal of unwanted cells and subsequent release of isolated cells by enzymatic hydrogel degradation, thus offering an opportunity for further analysis or cultivation of selected cells. We achieved high sorting efficiency and observed excellent viability rates (>98%) for NIH/3T3 fibroblasts and A549 carcinoma cells isolated using this procedure. The method presented here offers a mask-free, cost-efficient and easy-to-use alternative to many currently existing surface-based cell-sorting techniques, and has the potential to impact the field of cell culturing and isolation, e.g. single cell genomics and proteomics, investigation of cellular heterogeneity and isolation of best performing mutants for developing new cell lines.
Optimization of thin-film resistive-gate and capacitive-gate GaAs charge-coupled devices (1992)

Computer simulation of high-speed gallium arsenide charge coupled devices (CCDs) was performed using a two-dimensional semiconductor device simulation program. The measured performance of fabricated GaAs CCDs is compared with modeled results. The effect of active layer thickness and doping concentration on the charge transfer efficiency (CTE) and the dynamic range is investigated using different layers. Various gate architectures are compared for optimum dynamic range and compatibility with GaAs MESFET technology. The effect of clock shape on CTE is studied. Sensitivity analysis is performed on output structures. Both capacitive-gate CCD (CGCCD) and resistive-gate CCD (RGCCD) techniques are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Improving the Thermostability of Acidic Pullulanase from Bacillus naganoensis by Rational Design (2016)

Pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) plays an important role in the specific hydrolysis of branch points in amylopectin. Enhancing its thermostability is required for its industrial application. In this study, rational protein design was used to improve the thermostability of PulB from Bacillus naganoensis (AB231790.1), which has strong enzymatic properties. Three positive single-site mutants (PulB-D328H, PulB-N387D, and PulB-A414P) were selected from six mutants. After incubation at 65°C for 5 min, the residual activities of PulB-D328H, PulB-N387D, and PulB-A414P were 4.5-, 1.7-, and 1.47-fold higher than PulB-WT, and their Tm values (the temperature at which half protein molecule denature) were 1.8°C, 0.4°C, and 0.9°C higher than PulB-WT, respectively. Then the final combined mutant PulB-328/387/414 was constructed. The t1/2 of it was 12.9-fold longer than that of PulB-WT at 65°C and the total increase in Tm of it (5.0°C) was almost 60% greater than the sum of individual increases (3.1°C). In addition, kinetic studies revealed that the kcat and the kcat/Km of PulB-328/387/414 increased by 38.8% and 12.9%. The remarkable improvement in thermostability and the high catalytic efficiency of PulB-328/387/414 make it suitable for industrial applications.
Novel therapies for advanced prostate cancer. (1997)

Approximately a third of the patients diagnosed with prostate cancer will present with advanced disease. Metastasis commonly occurs to the regional lymph nodes and/or the bony skeleton. Total androgen ablation by means of castration, antiandrogens or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone analogs remains the standard of care for patients. However, responses are short-lived in most patients with progression of hormone refractory disease being inevitable over the course of 2 to 3 years. Advances in molecular and cellular biology have led to an improved understanding of prostate biology and the characteristics of prostate cancer. Based on this improved understanding, several new approaches are being developed for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer. These range from traditional dietary modifications to altering the microcellular environment of the prostate cancer cell and gene therapy. This article provides an overview of some of the more promising novel therapeutic approaches being investigated in prostate cancer. While many of these treatments are still experimental, some are undergoing preliminary clinical trials and will hopefully result in new management choices for these patients in the near future.
Induction heat treatment of laser welds (2003)

In this article, a new approach based on induction heat treatment of flat laser welded sheets is presented. With this new concept, the ductility of high strength steels GA260 with a thickness of 1.8 mm and CMn with a thickness of 2.13 mm is believed to be improved by prolonging the cooling time from 750 to 450 °C. Initially, a simple analytical model was used to calculate the ideal energy contributions from a CO2 high power laser source together with an induction heat source such that the temperature can be kept at 600 °C for 2.5 s. This knowledge was then used for the design of an induction coil. A number of systematic laboratory tests were then performed in order to study the effects of the coil on bead-on-plate laser welded samples. In these tests, important parameters such as coil current and distance between coil and sample were varied. Temperature measurements were made at distances of 0, 2, and 4 mm away from the virtual weld line for the induction heating process and at distances of 2 and 4 mm for the laser welding with induction heating process. For practical reasons during performance of these laboratory experiments, the induction coil was placed below the sheets, trailing the laser beam as close as possible. After welding, the samples were quality assessed according to ISO 13.919-1 and tested for hardness. The metallurgical phases are analyzed and briefly described. A comparison between purely laser welded samples and induction heat-treated laser welded samples is made. The temperature measurements show that, with the chosen mechanical setup of laser and induction coil, it is difficult to obtain a quick increase to around 300 °C, the temperatures required for efficient heat treatment with the induction coil alone. Despite this, a reduction in the hardness values of both GA260 and CMn were recorded when laser welded samples were induction heat treated. The reduction was 6%–8% for GA260 and 41%–45% for CMn, respectively. GA260 displays a ferrite structure in basic and welded form, whereas CMn, with ten times more carbon, shows a ferrite and bainite structure when laser welded. Thus, when induction heat treating, the carbon was better dispersed in the grains of CMn.
Activation of Osteoblast Insulin-like Growth Factor-II/ Cation-Independent Mannose-6-phosphate Receptors by Specific Phosphorylated Sugars and Antibodies Induce Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Effects (1991)

The phosphorylated monosaccharide, mannose-6-phosphate (M6P), causes a dose-dependent stimulation of alkaline phosphatase production by osteoblasts. The concentrations tested ranged from 0.1 to 30 mM. A maximal effect was reproducibly seen at 10-30 mM, and represented a 30% stimulation over control cells. Glucose-6-phosphate and fructose-1-phosphate also stimulated osteoblast alkaline phosphatase production, but not to the same extent as M6P. Sugar residues such as mannose, mannose-1-phosphate, and fructose-6-phosphate had no effect. The stimulatory effect of M6P is similar to that seen with insulin-like growth factor II(IGF-II). However, increasing doses of IGF-II did not further stimulate or add to the effect of 10 mM M6P. These data indicate that the mechanism for the transduction of the stimulatory signal may be similar for both IGF-II and M6P. They do not address, however, the possibility of separate or similar binding sites for the two agents. A specific polyclonal antibody to the IGF-II/cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (IGF-II/CI-MPR) elicits the same effects as M6P and IGF-II in these bone cells. Non-immune serum used as a control does not have any effect. These results suggest that activation of the osteoblast IGF-II/CI-MPR by either M6P or a specific antibody can evoke a biological response similar to that observed with IGF-II.
Implementing group signature schemes with smart cards (2002)

Group signature schemes allow a group member to sign messages on behalf of the group. Such signatures must be anonymous and unlinkable but, whenever needed, a designated group manager can reveal the identity of the signer. During the last decade group signatures have been playing an important role in cryptographic research; many solutions have been proposed and some of them are quite efficient, with constant size of signatures and keys ([1], [6], [7] and [15]). However, some problems still remain among which the large number of computations during the signature protocol and the difficulty to achieve coalition-resistance and to deal with member revocation. In this paper we investigate the use of a tamper-resistant device (typically a smart card) to efficiently solve those problems.
Use of intravaginal microbicides to prevent acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in Lactobacillus-pretreated, estrogenized young mice. (2000)

D2A21, a novel peptide antibiotic has in vitro activity against a wide spectrum of sexually transmitted diseases (STD). In this study we tested the hypothesis that intravaginal D2A21 would interfere with acquisition of Trichomonas vaginalis infection in a modified mouse model. T. vaginalis infections of estrogenized young mice pretreated with Lactobacillus vaginalis or Lactobacillus rhamnosus were more frequent and persistent than those in mice pre-treated with Lactobacillus gasseri or Lactobacillus acidophilus. One hundred percent T. vaginalis infection was achieved for 2-4 days post-challenge when intravaginal L. rhamnosus pre-treatments were given to estrogenized mice 48 hr prior to a single T. vaginalis challenge. Estrogenized mice pre-treated with L. rhamnosus were pre-medicated with intravaginal placebo gel, 0.5% or 2% D2A21 gel, or 500 microg/mL metronidazole gel prior to T. vaginalis challenge. Both 2% D2A21 and metronidazole gels were significantly more efficacious (10% or none infected) than placebo gel (53% infected) in preventing vaginal T. vaginalis infections in mice.
Relationship between Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia and History of Coronary Artery Disease in Elderly Men (2000)

Smooth muscle proliferation is an important and possibly androgen-dependent step in the development of atherosclerosis and BPH. Prospective studies are required to assess the effect of antiandrogens on atherosclerosis.
The effect of synchronisation errors on MC-CDMA performance (2003)

We investigate the sensitivity of MC-CDMA systems to synchronisation errors. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of the MC-CDMA system at the input of the decision device in the presence of a carrier frequency offset or a clock frequency offset is a rapidly decreasing function of the number of carriers. For a maximal load, carrier phase jitter and timing jitter give rise to a degradation that is independent of the spectral content of the jitter; moreover, the degradation caused by carrier phase jitter is independent of the number of carriers. A constant carrier phase offset and a constant timing offset cause no degradation of the MC-CDMA system performance.
Expression of an <i>Aspergillus niger</i> Phytase Gene ( <i>phyA</i> ) in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1999)

Phytase improves the bioavailability of phytate phosphorus in plant foods to humans and animals and reduces phosphorus pollution of animal waste. Our objectives were to express an Aspergillus niger phytase gene (phyA) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and to determine the effects of glycosylation on the phytase's activity and thermostability. A 1.4-kb DNA fragment containing the coding region of the phyA gene was inserted into the expression vector pYES2 and was expressed in S. cerevisiae as an active, extracellular phytase. The yield of total extracellular phytase activity was affected by the signal peptide and the medium composition. The expressed phytase had two pH optima (2 to 2.5 and 5 to 5.5) and a temperature optimum between 55 and 60 degrees C, and it cross-reacted with a rabbit polyclonal antibody against the wild-type enzyme. Due to the heavy glycosylation, the expressed phytase had a molecular size of approximately 120 kDa and appeared to be more thermostable than the commercial enzyme. Deglycosylation of the phytase resulted in losses of 9% of its activity and 40% of its thermostability. The recombinant phytase was effective in hydrolyzing phytate phosphorus from corn or soybean meal in vitro. In conclusion, the phyA gene was expressed as an active, extracellular phytase in S. cerevisiae, and its thermostability was affected by glycosylation.
Heterocycles. XI. Synthesis of 2-amino-6-phenyl-3,4-dihydro-1,5-benzodiazocines. (1979)

2-Amino-6-phenyl-3, 4-dihydro-1, 5-benzodiazocine derivatives (4) were synthesized by cyclization of 3-(2-amino-α-phenylbenzylideneamino) propionitriles (3). The reactivity of the diazocine (4a) was different from that of the structurally similar diazepine (6). Reaction of 4a with methylamine hydrochloride or with methanolic hydrogen chloride did not give the diazocine (9 or 11) but afforded the aminoethylquinazoline (10). The ultraviolet spectra indicated that the conjugation systems of 4a and 6 are different. Deuterium exchange reactions of 4a and 6 confirmed the presence of the equilibria 4a⇌4´a and 6⇌6´.