gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of 2-Vinylpyridine as Electrolyte Additive on Surface and Electrochemistry of Graphite for C∕LiMn[sub 2]O[sub 4] Li-Ion Cells (2005)

For lithium-ion batteries of C/spinel Li-Mn-O, severe capacity loss occurs after storage of the battery at 50C. According to our previous studies, this occurrence is predominantly attributable to degradation of the carbon anode, which was induced by electroreduction of MnII dissolved from the spinel; this step is followed by the irreversible electrochemical reaction at the graphite/Mn deposits/electrolyte interface. 2-Vinylpyridine VP used as an additive in the electrolyte suppressed this degradation; therefore, improving the battery performances. During the first "charge," the electrochemical reductive polymerization of VP monomers at about 0.9 V vs. Li/Li + resulted in the film formation of poly2-vinylpyridine on the graphite surface. The quantity of charge passed for the polymeric film formation depends on the amount of VP addition. Surface analyses using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and electron microscopy confirmed that the electrodeposited film blocked the electroreduction of dissolved MnII on the graphite electrode.
Whole cortex, 64 channel SQUID biomagnetometer system (1993)

The authors report on the development and testing of a novel, whole cortex, 64-channel superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) biomagnetometer system operating in an unshielded environment. The essential features of this instrument, including the cryogenics system, the room-temperature digital electronics, and signal processing capabilities, are described. A noise cancellation scheme is incorporated which allows extraction of biomagnetic signals over the surface of the cortex while operating in the presence of large background magnetic interference. A system description and the results of preliminary magneto-encephalographic measurements are presented. Measurements of noise performance and human auditory evoked response in an unshielded industrial environment have largely validated the noise cancellation methods incorporated in the instrument.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Nuclear Receptor Coactivator Amplified in Breast Cancer-1 Is Required for <i>Neu</i> (ErbB2/HER2) Activation, Signaling, and Mammary Tumorigenesis in Mice (2008)

Overexpression of the oncogene amplified in breast cancer 1 (AIB1)/steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) induces mammary tumorigenesis in mice. In breast cancer, high levels of AIB1/SRC-3 and the growth factor receptor HER2/neu predict resistance to endocrine therapy and poor outcome. However, a mechanistic relationship between AIB1/SRC-3 and HER2/neu in the development of breast cancer has not been shown. Here, we show that deletion of one allele of SRC-3 significantly delays Neu-induced mammary tumor development in mice. Homozygous deletion of SRC-3 in mice completely prevents Neu-induced tumor formation. By ages 3 to 4 months, Neu/SRC-3(+/-) mice exhibit a noticeable reduction in lateral side-bud formation, accompanied by reduced cellular levels of phosphorylated Neu compared with Neu/SRC-3(wt) mice. In Neu-induced tumors, high levels of SRC-3, phosphorylated Neu, cyclin D1, cyclin E, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression are observed, accompanied by activation of the AKT and c-Jun NH(2) kinase (JNK) signaling pathways. In comparison, phosphorylated Neu, cyclin D1, and cyclin E are significantly decreased in Neu/SRC-3(+/-) tumors, proliferation is reduced, and AKT and JNK activation is barely detectable. Our data indicate that AIB1/SRC-3 is required for HER2/neu oncogenic activity and for the phosphorylation and activation of the HER2/neu receptor. We predict that reducing AIB1/SRC-3 levels or activity in the mammary epithelium could potentiate therapies aimed at inhibiting HER2/neu signaling in breast cancer.
A review of time-domain and frequency-domain component mode synthesis method (1985)

Hurty (1965) has conducted a dynamic analysis of structural systems using component modes. The component mode synthesis (CMS) procedure considered by him represents a form of substructure coupling analysis which is often utilized in structural dynamics. Time-domain CMS methods employing real modes are discussed, taking into account real component modes, normal modes, redundant constraint modes, rigid-body modes, attachment modes, inertia-relief modes, statically-complete interface mode sets, dynamic component mode supersets, component modal models, the coupling of components, and the classification of methods. Attention is also given to the experimental determination of component mode synthesis parameters, time-domain CMS methods for damped systems, and frequency-domain CMS methods for damped systems.
A Multilevel Modular Converter for a Large, Light Weight Wind Turbine Generator (2008)

In an onshore horizontal axis wind turbine, generator and converter are usually in the nacelle on the top of the tower, while the grid step-up transformer is placed at the bottom. Electric power is transmitted down through flexible cables of high current rating which are expensive and can suffer from large I <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> R loss. An offshore wind turbine usually has to include the step-up transformer in the nacelle. This adds significantly to the mechanical loading of the tower even new designs aim to reduce the transformer size and weight. In either case, a transformer-less, high voltage, high reliability generating unit for nacelle installation would be an attractive technology for large wind turbines. This study presents a power electronic solution based on a permanent magnet generator design. A multilevel cascaded voltage source converter is developed to synthesize a high sinusoidal output voltage. The dc link voltages of inverter modules are balanced by rectifiers fed from isolated generator coils while the inverter switching strategy equalizes the power sharing between the modules. The switching strategy also reduces the low order harmonics to constrain the sizing of the dc link capacitors. The modulating effect between the ac and dc sides of the inverter is taken into account. This paper describes the generator-converter arrangement, analyzes the inverter switching effects and derives the switching strategy which is verified by simulation and laboratory experiment.
Carcinoma of the thyroid gland. (1949)

To the Editor:— InThe Journal, Oct. 22, 1960, there was an editorial on carcinoma of the thyroid gland based on a review of a text written by Lindsay. The contention of Lindsay that most carcinomas of the thyroid do not originate in preexisting benign nodules, is of course not original with the author, this hypothesis having been advanced for many years. Nor is the conclusion that the prophylactic removal of benign nodules, etc., a new idea. How is one to know whether or not an apparently benign nodule of the thyroid is malignant or not until it has been subjected to a careful microscopic study by a pathologist? Merely to cause regression in the size of the goiter by thyroid therapy, I 131 , x-ray, etc., is, in my opinion, not sufficient. The tumor must be entirely eradicated by surgery to prevent the possibility of either hyperthyroidism, malignancy, or any
Unilateral versus bilateral stage I neuromodulator lead placement for the treatment of refractory voiding dysfunction (2008)

Bilateral stage I neuromodulation trial provides a significantly higher rate of improvement in refractory voiding symptoms to allow for the progress to stage II implantation.
Impact of polysilicon emitter interfacial layer engineering on the 1/f noise of bipolar transistors (1996)

To optimize the electrical characteristics of polysilicon emitter bipolar transistors, the poly emitter interface needs careful engineering. In this paper, bipolar transistors of a 0.5 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process have been fabricated with intentionally grown oxides in an LPCVD cluster for precise control over the interfacial oxide thickness and uniformity. The trade off between current gain enhancement and increased 1/f noise will be discussed for various interfacial oxide thicknesses and emitter annealing conditions. It will be demonstrated that for sufficiently large base currents, both for large (20 /spl mu/m/spl times/20 /spl mu/m) and small (0.5 /spl mu/m/spl times/5 /spl mu/m) emitter areas the interfacial oxide dominates the 1/f noise spectrum of the base current. Hence, the polysilicon emitter interface engineering will not only set the current gain at a predefined value, but at the same time the associated oxide-tunnelling noise is fixed, within the constraint that the emitter-base junction depth is constant. Finally, it will be shown that the current gain enhancement and increased 1/f noise have compensating effects on the output noise of practical circuits.
Simultaneous perfusion and blood‐oxygenation‐level‐dependent measurements using single‐shot interleaved <i>z</i>‐shim echo‐planar imaging (2005)

Single-shot interleaved z-shim EPI (SSIZS-EPI) was extended to a simultaneous perfusion and blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) imaging technique that reduces susceptibility-induced signal loss while preserving rapid image acquisition. Experiments on human brains showed that images acquired with this technique had improved signal-to-noise ratio in the inferior prefrontal, meso-, and lateral-temporal lobes compared with a conventional EPI. Perfusion maps obtained from the SSIZS-EPI images at resting state illustrated substantial signal recovery in these brain areas. Perfusion and BOLD images collected with a sensorimotor paradigm demonstrated the feasibility of the technique to simultaneously measure cerebral blood flow and blood oxygenation signals associated with brain activation. Functional experiments with a neuropsychiatric paradigm showed increased brain activities in the periamygdalar regions in both perfusion and BOLD maps, consistent with a previous H(2) (15)O PET study. The proposed technique, with its advantages of reducing susceptibility artifacts and fast scanning speed, would be useful for obtaining more reliable measurements of functional signals, particularly in the brain regions with field inhomogeneities.
Role of SH-PTP2, a Protein-Tyrosine Phosphatase with Src Homology 2 Domains, in Insulin-Stimulated Ras Activation (1994)

SH-PTP2 is a nontransmembrane human protein-tyrosine phosphatase that contains two Src homology 2 (SH2) domains and binds to insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) via these domains in response to insulin. The expression of a catalytically inactive mutant of SH-PTP2 (containing the mutation Cys-459-->Ser) in Chinese hamster ovary cells that overexpress human insulin receptors (CHO-IR cells) markedly attenuated insulin-stimulated Ras activation. Expression of mutant SH-PTP2 also inhibited MAP kinase activation in response to insulin but not in response to 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate. In contrast, the insulin-induced association of phosphoinositide 3-kinase activity with IRS-1 was not affected by the expression of inactive SH-PTP2. Furthermore, the expression of mutant SH-PTP2 had no effect on the binding of Grb2 to IRS-1, on the tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, or on the formation of the complex between Shc and Grb2 in response to insulin. However, the amount of SH-PTP2 bound to IRS-1 in insulin-treated CHO-IR cells expressing mutant SH-PTP2 was greater than that observed in CHO-IR cells overexpressing wild-type SH-PTP2. Recombinant SH-PTP2 specifically dephosphorylated a synthetic phosphopeptide corresponding to the sequence surrounding Tyr-1172 of IRS-1, a putative binding site for SH-PTP2. Additionally, phenylarsine oxide, an inhibitor of protein-tyrosine phosphatases, inactivated SH-PTP2 in vitro and increased the insulin-induced association of SH-PTP2 with IRS-1. These results suggest that SH-PTP2 may regulate an upstream element necessary for Ras activation in response to insulin and that this upstream element may be required for the Grb2- or Shc-dependent pathway. Furthermore, these results are consistent with the notion that SH-PTP2 may bind to IRS-1 through its SH2 domains in response to insulin and dephosphorylate the phosphotyrosine residue to which it binds, thereby regulating its association with IRS-1.
Reinvigorating Exhausted T Cells by Blockade of the PD-1 Pathway (2015)

T-cell exhaustion due to persistent antigen stimulation is a key feature of chronic viral infections and cancer. Programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is a major regulator of T-cell exhaustion, and blocking the PD-1 pathway restores T-cell function and improves pathogen control and tumor eradication. Immunotherapy targeting the PD-1 inhibitory receptor pathway has demonstrated significant antitumor activity. Recently, antibodies blocking PD-1 have been approved for use in cancer patients. In this review, we summarize the role of the PD-1 pathway in chronic infection and cancer and the therapeutic potential of PD-1-directed immunotherapy in patients with chronic infection or cancer.
Blockage/shadowing and polarization measurements at 2.45 GHz for interference evaluation between Bluetooth and IEEE 802.11 WLAN (2002)

We present measurement results at 2.45 GHz to evaluate blockage/shadowing and fading effects due to furniture and people next to terminals for short range indoor communication systems. The following are the results: people crossing the link near to a terminal can cause fading of up to 20 dB, which is more than the measured furniture blockage of about 5-13 dB, depending on objects over the link; polarization coupling was also measured, by using a dual polarized antenna at the receiving end, and coupling is higher for obstructed links, which suggests the use polarization diversity (see Kim, S., "Modeling and Analysis of Indoor Wireless Communication Channel", Ph.D. Thesis, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, 1995).
A Study on the Motion Mechanism of Articulated Fish Robot (2007)

Recently, the technologies of mobile robots have been growing rapidly in the fields such as cleaning robot, explosive ordnance disposal robot, patrol robot, and etc. However, the researches about the autonomous underwater robots have not been done so much, and they still remain at the low level of technology. In this paper, we studied the motion mechanism of real fishes, from which we derived the dynamic equations of a fish robot. Using the equation we developed a method to find the optimal parameters to give a maximum propulsive power for a considered fish robot. The fished robot is model as a three jointed rigid bodies and its length is chosen as about 860 mm, based on the simulation result. Two servo motors with encoders are located at link 1 and link 2, respectively. However, the fourth link is connected to link 3 with a flexible springs to imitate the smooth motion of real fishes. Finally some experiments are carried out to compare the motion characteristics between experiment and simulation.
Three-switch LLC resonant converter for high efficiency adapter with universal input voltage (2017)

In this paper, an LLC resonant converter using three metal-oxide-silicon field-effect transistor (MOSFET) switches is proposed for high efficiency with universal input voltage. At high line input, the proposed converter operates same as the conventional half-bridge (HB) LLC converter. At low line input, by changing the operation of three switches, the resonant tank of the proposed converter is divided into two resonant tanks and turns-ratio of the proposed converter is changed to half. As a result, the DC voltage gain is doubled for the low line input, which enables the proposed converter to be designed with large magnetizing inductance (L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</sub> ). Therefore, the proposed converter has low conduction loss and low turn-off switching loss over the entire input voltage range. The proposed converter is verified by experimental results with 90V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ac</sub> ~264V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ac</sub> input and 45W/19V output prototype.
Prospective Study of Gefitinib in Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization–Positive/Phospho-Akt–Positive or Never Smoker Patients With Advanced Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer: The ONCOBELL Trial (2007)

Gefitinib is active and well tolerated in patients with trial characteristics, and EGFR FISH analysis is an accurate predictor for such therapy.
Protecting recognition sequences on DNA by a cleavage-deficient restriction endonuclease. (1993)

This report describes the use of a biochemical tool that has been developed to aid in the manipulation of DNA. A DNA binding-proficient and cleavage-deficient BamHI mutant protein, E113K, was used in vitro to protect its recognition sequence (5'-GGATCC-3') against the catalytic action of site-specific endonuclease, exonuclease and methylase. In vitro conditions are reported here in which the E113K protein protects BamHI sites (5'-GGATCC-3') from cleavage by BamHI endonuclease or Sau3AI endonuclease (5'-GATC-3'); protects a neighboring restriction site 5'-CCCGGG-3' from SmaI endonuclease digestion; blocks methylation of 5'-GGATCC-3' by Dam methylase (5'-GATC-3'); and blocks Bal31 exonuclease progression at a BamHI site. The Bal31 procedure could be used to generate unidirectional deletions of a DNA fragment. The use of mutant endonucleases that are binding-proficient and cleavage-deficient to shield DNA from nuclease digestion or methylase modification expands the repertoire of methods to manipulate DNA in vitro.
Modeling of the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor (AhR) Ligand Binding Domain and Its Utility in Virtual Ligand Screening to Predict New AhR Ligands (2009)

The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor; the AhR Per-AhR/Arnt-Sim (PAS) domain binds ligands. We developed homology models of the AhR PAS domain to characterize previously observed intra- and interspecies differences in ligand binding using molecular docking. In silico structure-based virtual ligand screening using our model resulted in the identification of pinocembrin and 5-hydroxy-7-methoxyflavone, which promoted nuclear translocation and transcriptional activation of AhR and AhR-dependent induction of endogenous target genes.
Input-Output and Output Flow Rate Static Characteristics of Non-Bleed Type Pneumatic Pilot Valve (1980)

The pneumatic pilot valve is one of pressure control valves and is used in pneumatic control instruments. The valve amplifies nozzle back pressure. This report deals with the so-called nonbleed type pilot valve with nonmetallic diaphragms. It is an advantage of this valve that it controls the large output flow rate consuming little control air. The valve contains two diaphrams for receiving the input and output pressures. There are three modes of actions with the valve; namely, (1) the steady mode when the both supply and exhaust valves are closed (2) the charge mode when the input signal increases and the supply valve opens, and (3) the discharge mode when the input signal decreases and the exhaust valve opens. The paper studies the characteristics of the valve under these three acting modes. A valve action of this type is constituted with these different modes, so there exists a strong non-linearity. In the charge and discharge modes, the pressure near the valve slit decreases steeply because the air speed is very high. The resultant force acts to close the valve. This force is called Bernoulli's force in fluid mechanics. Because it is difficult to estimate the magnitude of the force theoretically, we obtained it by experiment. The output flow rate is influenced by this force directly and decreased by about 20%.The action of the pilot valve was generally described as a first order system neglecting influences from loads. But the output pressure influences the valve displacement and the output pressure is determined by the pressure-flow characteristics of the load. Hence it should be necessary to regard the output pressure as a feed-back signal to the valve. From this point of view we proposed a new graphic model of the pilot valve.
ADVANCED DETECTION TECHNOLOGY FOR EARLY WARNING - THE KEY TO OIL SPILL PREVENTION (2008)

ABSTRACT This paper discusses the development of an oil spill detection and alarm system that provides industry with a reliable, cost-saving mechanism for containing and/or preventing accidental discharges of hydrocarbon-based pollutants. By utilizing an automated spill detection system, hydrocarbon releases are detected in real-time (analogous to a ‘smoke alarm’ for oil spills). Early warning and automated response capabilities allows early containment of oil pollution, thereby reducing the volume spilled and minimizing damage to the environment, wildlife, public waterways and/or commercial assets. This technology provides a new weapon in the pollution prevention arsenal, offering Health Safety & Environment (HSE) personnel a critical compliance tool in accordance with National Pollution Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), US EPA Spill Prevention Control & Countermeasure (SPCC), and other regulations stipulating spill prevention, planning and response. This paper details: 1) Development of a reliable, economical, optical, non contact, UV/fluorometry-type, hydrocarbon pollution detection sensor system 2) Performance results drawn from an array of performance tests and real-world deployments, 3) A variety of existing applications and deployment opportunities for which this new technology offers a reliable solution and easy-to-use tool for both regulatory compliance and realization of cost benefits associated with minimizing spill risk(s). Design features have evolved to reflect feedback from existing industrial users, as well as input from environmental consultants and regulatory agencies. These key system attributes include: 1) Near-zero maintenance, 2) Micron- level sensitivity for a comprehensive range of oils (from crude-oil to jet-A), and 3) Sensor/system flexibility and adaptability for varied application requirements and a wide range of installation settings (i.e. freshwater, marine, industrial, harbor, offshore, etc.). Finally this paper describes how any entity that produces, stores, uses, or transports hydrocarbons, can best employ the detection sensor/alarm to realize cost-benefits, strengthen compliance, and eliminate the expense, environmental damage, and bad publicity inherent with any oil spill.
Novel resist material for sub-100-nm contact hole pattern (2000)

Thermal flow process using a novel resist called the SMART (SaMsung Advanced Resist for Thermal flow process) was studied. The SMART consists of the conventional polyhydroxystyrene-based polymers and the additives inducing thermal cross-linking reactions with the base polymers. With the SMART resist, 240 nm contact holes were defined by KrF lithography system. Then following one-step thermal flow resulted in down to 90 nm contact holes with vertical sidewall profile. At 90 nm resolution, the critical dimension (CD) variation on 200 mm wafer was less than 20 nm. Its etch selectivity to silicon oxide was improved due to the cross- linking reaction. The main feature of the SMART is one step process having the linear dependency of flow rate on baking temperature. The flow amount can be controlled within the range of 100 - 150 nm without any significant pattern deformation. The thermal flow process using the SMART is a promising candidate for the fabrication of gigabit devices.