gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Test Quality Feedback Improving Effectivity and Efficiency of Unit Testing (2012)

Writing unit tests for a software system enhances the confidence that a system works as expected. Since time pressure often prevents a complete testing of all application details developers need to know which new tests the system requires. Developers also need to know which existing tests take the most time and slow down the whole development process. Missing feedback about less tested functionality and reasons for long running test cases make it, however, harder to create a test suite that covers all important parts of a software system in a minimum of time. As a result a software system may be inadequately tested and developers may test less frequently. Our approach provides test quality feedback to guide developers in identifying missing tests and correcting low-quality tests. We provide developers with a tool that analyzes test suites with respect to their effectivity (e.g., missing tests) and efficiency (e.g., time and memory consumption). We implement our approach, named Path Map, as an extended test runner within the Squeak Smalltalk IDE and demonstrate its benefits by improving the test quality of representative software systems.
Feature evolution during plasma etching. II. Polycrystalline silicon etching (2000)

The effect of source power, bias power, chamber pressure, flow rate, and feed gas composition on profile evolution during polycrystalline silicon etching with an oxide hardmask has been studied in a transformer-coupled plasma system. The large resultant data set provides a comprehensive look at feature evolution as plasma parameters are varied. This data set is valuable for evaluating the importance of several proposed mechanisms for feature evolution and for validating computational models. Microtrench formation was found to be a strong function of the plasma condition. A correlation between sidewall shape and microtrench development was observed. Profile development was found to be highly sensitive to feed gas composition. Results are consistent with a previous study on the etching of crystalline silicon under identical plasma conditions.
Technique for measurement of fluorescence lifetime by use of stroboscopic excitation and continuous-wave detection (2006)

A study of the practicality a simple technique for obtaining time-domain information that uses continuous wave detection of fluorescence is presented. We show that this technique has potential for use in assays for which a change in the lifetime of an indicator occurs in reaction to an analyte, in fluorescence resonance energy transfer, for example, and could be particularly important when one is carrying out such measurements in the scaled-down environment of a lab on a chip (biochip). A rate-equation model is presented that allows an objective analysis to be made of the relative importance of the key measurement parameters: optical saturation of the fluorophore and period of the excitation pulse. An experimental demonstration of the technique that uses a cuvette-based analysis of a carbocyanine dye and for which the excitation source is a 650 nm wavelength, self-pulsing AlGaInP laser diode is compared with the model.
Improving CDs on a MEBES system by improving the ZEP 7000 development and dry etch process (1999)

Previous papers have examined the use of ZEP 7000 resist with dry etch and the compatibility of this process with advanced MEBES writing tools. This paper details further advances made to this process and the improvements in critical dimension (CD) control that can be made by fine-tuning the process. This paper describes how isofocal dose is found experimentally and how a process is established using that dose. The advantage of running a process at or near isofocal is that it provides minimum CD variation. One disadvantage of running at isofocal is that data bias is usually required. With a higher dose than 8 (mu) C/cm<SUP>2</SUP>, a new developer solvent from Nippon Zeon (ZED 750) is introduced to have a sufficient number of puddles and a long enough develop time to ensure good uniformity. Results of edge slope (i.e. sidewall profile) comparisons, resolution, and CD uniformity when using this process are presented and compared with results of the established process. Dry etching masks becomes increasingly important as the dimensions on the mask shrink in accordance with the SIA roadmap. The advantage of dry etch over wet etch is its anisotropy and, thus, a much reduced etch CD bias. One disadvantage of dry etch is the resist loss that occurs during plasma etching. The minimal resist thickness required for a dry etch process tends to be larger than that for wet etch. By choosing a different etch chemistry, significant improvements can be made in the selectivity during the dry etch, which is the ratio of the chrome etch rate relative to the ZEP 7000 resist etch rate. Improvements in selectivity may permit the use of thinner resists, resulting in a more robust process. Along with improved selectivity, the etch CD bias is decreased. This reduces the need to bias the data. Results from this alternative chemistry are shown.
Semi-Insulating Polycrystalline-Silicon (SIPOS) Films Applied to MOS Integrated Circuits (1976)

A semi-insulating polycrystalline-silicon (SIPOS) film doped with oxygen atoms is deposited on the surface of silicon substrates by a chemical vapor reaction of silane and nitrous oxide in nitrogen ambient, and has been studied for the surface passivation of MOS-IC's, in particular, C/MOS-IC's of channel-stopperless structure. SIPOS films are semi-insulating and intrinsically neutral. A double-layer system consisting of 3000 Å SIPOS and 6000 Å SiO2 films is employed as a replacement of a thick silicon dioxide layer in C/MOS-IC's of channel-stopperless structure and exhibits excellent field-passivating properties, namely, a small drain-source leakage current, a high drain breakdown voltage, and a high parasitic threshold voltage. Furthermore, the silicon surface passivated by SIPOS films shows high stability under a severe bias-temperature stress. It is concluded that C/MOS-IC's passivated by SIPOS films are not required to have a channelstopper diffusion region and can be operated at high applied voltages, which leads to higher integrating density and higher reliability.
Androgen receptor mutations in prostate cancer. (1996)

AR gene mutations occur in both early-stage prostate cancers (28, 51, our unpublished data) and late-stage disease (36, 37, 55-57). One common feature is that both types of mutations retain ligand-dependent transcriptional activity. We speculate that AR mutations may characterize a more aggressive disease, or confer an ability to survive androgen ablation therapy. A large percentage of tumors appears to have no AR gene mutation, but the possibility has not been ruled out that tumors without an AR gene mutation may nonetheless produce variant AR, for example, by alternative splicing. The apparent absence of AR gene mutations in the majority of early-stage tumors indicates that the role of androgen in the development of clinical prostate cancer is mediated predominantly by a normal AR gene, which exists as multiple alleles that differ in glutamine and glycine repeat length, and that potentially differ in signal-transducing activity. Glutamine and glycine repeat length may thereby modulate the effect of androgen on tumor cell proliferation. The effect of glutamine and glycine repeat length on AR function may determine the sensitivity of tumor cells to existing tissue levels of dihydrotestosterone, but tissue dihydrotestosterone levels depend on circulating androgen levels and the amount of 5 alpha-reductase activity in the tissue. Therefore, although potential AR activity may be affected by the length of the glutamine and/or glycine repeat, actual AR activity will depend also on these other factors.
Concurrent application of tretinoin (retinoic acid) partially protects against corticosteroid-induced epidermal atrophy (1996)

Cutaneous atrophy arising from prolonged use of potent topical corticosteroids has long been a concern. Thus, it would be advantageous to find an agent which protects against atrophy produced by corticosteroids but at the same time does not impair their anti-inflammatory effects. Recent work shows that topical all-trans retinoic acid (tretinoin) prevents skin atrophy in mice treated with topical corticosteroids, but such studies have not been performed in humans. We performed an 8-week clinical, histological and biochemical study to test the ability of tretinoin to enhance efficacy and inhibit atrophogenicity of topical corticosteroids, when used in the treatment of psoriasis. In each of 20 psoriasis patients, one plaque, and its perilesional skin, was treated once daily with betamethasone dipropionate and tretinoin 0.1%, and one plaque, and its perilesional skin, treated with once daily betamethasone dipropionate and tretinoin vehicle. There was no difference in the speed or degree of improvement in plaques treated with either the topical corticosteroid/tretinoin combination or with corticosteroid alone. Light microscopy revealed a 19% reduction in epidermal thickness, in corticosteroid-treated perilesional skin, as compared with a slight (1%) increase in corticosteroid/tretinoin-treated perilesional areas (P = 0.067). Western blot analysis showed a 55% reduction in procollagen I aminopropeptide in perilesional skin treated corticosteroid alone, as compared with a 45% reduction in corticosteroid/tretinoin-treated perilesional skin. These data indicate that the addition of tretinoin does not impair the efficacy of a topical corticosteroid, in the treatment of psoriasis, and partially ameliorates epidermal atrophy produced by the topical corticosteroid.
The Resistance Protein Tm-1 Inhibits Formation of a Tomato Mosaic Virus Replication Protein-Host Membrane Protein Complex (2013)

The Tm-1 gene of tomato confers resistance to Tomato mosaic virus (ToMV). Tm-1 encodes a protein that binds ToMV replication proteins and inhibits the RNA-dependent RNA replication of ToMV. The replication proteins of resistance-breaking mutants of ToMV do not bind Tm-1, indicating that the binding is important for inhibition. In this study, we analyzed how Tm-1 inhibits ToMV RNA replication in a cell-free system using evacuolated tobacco protoplast extracts. In this system, ToMV RNA replication is catalyzed by replication proteins bound to membranes, and the RNA polymerase activity is unaffected by treatment with 0.5 M NaCl-containing buffer and remains associated with membranes. We show that in the presence of Tm-1, negative-strand RNA synthesis is inhibited; the replication proteins associate with membranes with binding that is sensitive to 0.5 M NaCl; the viral genomic RNA used as a translation template is not protected from nuclease digestion; and host membrane proteins TOM1, TOM2A, and ARL8 are not copurified with the membrane-bound 130K replication protein. Deletion of the polymerase read-through domain or of the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the genome did not prevent the formation of complexes between the 130K protein and the host membrane proteins, the 0.5 M NaCl-resistant binding of the replication proteins to membranes, and the protection of the genomic RNA from nucleases. These results indicate that Tm-1 binds ToMV replication proteins to inhibit key events in replication complex formation on membranes that precede negative-strand RNA synthesis.
Multiple-model adaptive estimation using a residual correlation Kalman filter bank (2000)

We propose a modified multiple model adaptive estimation (MMAE) algorithm that uses the time correlation of the Kalman filter residuals, in place of their scaled magnitude, to assign conditional probabilities for each of the modeled hypotheses. This modified algorithm, denoted the residual correlation Kalman filter bank (RCKFB), uses the magnitude of an estimate of the correlation of the residual with a slightly modified version of the usual MMAE hypothesis testing algorithm to assign the conditional probabilities to the various hypotheses that are modeled in the Kalman filter bank within the MMAE. This concept is used to detect flight control actuator failures, where the existence of a single frequency sinusoid (which is highly time correlated) in the residual of an elemental filter within an MMAE is indicative of that filter having the wrong actuator failure status hypothesis. This technique results in a delay in detecting the flight control actuator failure because several samples of the residual must be collected before the residual correlation can be estimated. However, it allows a significant reduction of the amplitude of the required system inputs for exciting the various system modes to enhance identifiability, to the point where they may possibly be subliminal, so as not to be objectionable to the pilot and passengers.
ELECTRO-PNEUMATIC BRAKING: "HOW" IS NOW THE QUESTION (1997)

By early next year, railroads, suppliers, and shippers should have a much clearer picture of the future of electro-pneumatic braking systems in the new world of tomorrow's railroads: How wired and wireless systems will fit into an improved braking environment in the broad traffic mix that railroading involves; what kinds of defect detection systems can be applied to take advantage of either wired or wireless e-p systems' communications capabilities; and, how hard and soft numbers can be brought to bear in a meaningful way in the whole cost-benefit analysis process that every freight car owner will be facing. The article provides information on how the e-p system development stands now.
Rhodium-carbonyl cluster chemistry under high pressure of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 1. Infrared spectroscopic study of homogeneous systems active in the catalytic synthesis of polyalcohols from carbon monoxide and hydrogen (1980)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRhodium-carbonyl cluster chemistry under high pressure of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. 1. Infrared spectroscopic study of homogeneous systems active in the catalytic synthesis of polyalcohols from carbon monoxide and hydrogenJose L. Vidal and W. E. WalkerCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1980, 19, 4, 896–903Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1980Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1980https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50206a021https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50206a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views241Altmetric-Citations79LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Rural Self‐Reliance in Bondolfi, Zimbabwe: the role of beekeeping (2000)

Community‐based economic self‐reliance has become critical in many African countries because of the severity of prevailing soci‐economic and environmental constraints. Concerns over food security have encouraged a re‐evaluation of the importance of indigenous technical knowledge. This study examines a rural area in Zimbabwe where members of the local community have established a successful beekeeping association to improve their livelihoods. The history of the initiative, its broader impact on the community and the role played by external facilitation feature in the study.
End-to-End Multi-Task Denoising for the Joint Optimization of Perceptual Speech Metrics (2019)

Although supervised learning based on a deep neural network has recently achieved substantial improvement on speech enhancement, the existing schemes have either of two critical issues: spectrum or metric mismatches. The spectrum mismatch is a well known issue that any spectrum modification after short-time Fourier transform (STFT), in general, cannot be fully recovered after inverse short-time Fourier transform (ISTFT). The metric mismatch is that a conventional mean square error (MSE) loss function is typically sub-optimal to maximize perceptual speech measure such as signal-to-distortion ratio (SDR), perceptual evaluation of speech quality (PESQ) and short-time objective intelligibility (STOI). This paper presents a new end-to-end denoising framework. First, the network optimization is performed on the time-domain signals after ISTFT to avoid the spectrum mismatch. Second, three loss functions based on SDR, PESQ and STOI are proposed to minimize the metric mismatch. The experimental result showed the proposed denoising scheme significantly improved SDR, PESQ and STOI performance over the existing methods. Moreover, the proposed scheme also provided good generalization performance over generative denoising models on the perceptual speech metrics not used as a loss function during training.
New reference values for routine blood samples and human neutrophilic lipocalin during third-trimester pregnancy (2001)

Reference values are usually based on blood samples from healthy men or non-pregnant women. Blood samples from pregnant women may be compared with these reference values. Correct references for pregnancy can be extremely important for clinical decisions such as ablatio placentae, appendicitis, premature rupture of membranes and preeclampsia. Previous studies of normal variations during third-trimester pregnancy are incomplete. Blood samples during pregnancy weeks 33, 36 and 39 as well as 1-3 h postpartum were collected from pregnant women with dietary iron supplement and at least one previous pregancy without a history of hypertension or preeclampsia. When the sampled values were compared with the present reference values from men and non-pregnant women, the following differences were found during normal pregnancy: Haemoglobin and ferritin were reduced, CRP was slightly elevated, WBC (white blood cell count) and HNL (human neutrophilic lipocalin) were elevated during pregnancy and significantly increased postpartum. Albumin was reduced. ALT and AST were slightly elevated and GGT was unchanged during pregnancy. ALP, D-dimer and fibrinogen were elevated. Uric acid increased during the third trimester and thrombocyte count decreased. Separate reference values for pregnant women are essential for correct diagnostic decisions during third-trimester pregnancy. Elevated levels of D-dimer do not necessarily indicate ablatio placentae. A diagnosis of progressive preeclampsia cannot be based on increasing uric acid levels and reduced platelet count in a stable clinical condition. HNL signals activation of neutrophilic granulocytes and can thereby offer a helpful tool for diagnosing infection during pregnancy and postpartum.
Observation of magnetic-domain states of barium ferrite particles by electron holography (1993)

Magnetic domain states of completely isolated particles of barium ferrite between 0.1 and 2 μm in size are investigated by electron holography. Phase distribution is reconstructed digitally by the Fourier transform method and converted to interference micrographs. In the interference micrographs single magnetic-domain particles are observed directly and clearly for the first time. Furthermore, it is found that single-domain and two-domain particles coexist down to sizes as small as about 0.1 μm.
Digital self-aware charge pump calibration technique for frequency synthesizers (2009)

As radio design complexity increases and features sizes decrease, more innovative solutions are explored to ensure analog circuit designs meet specifications. Digital calibration is an inexpensive and effective solution. A novel digital calibration technique to improve charge pump current mismatch in frequency synthesizers is presented. This method detects the charge pump error by measuring the low pass filter voltage of the system forced to operate at a fixed phase error. A reference table developed from a mathematical model of the system uses the measurement result to produce a digital control word. The digital control word acts on a charge pump array to correct the error. The technique is implemented and tested in Matlab/Simulink for a case study frequency synthesizer. The calibration technique corrects the charge pump current absolute error to within 1.4% of the nominal value. Additionally, the technique is exceptionally effective for correcting the charge pump current mismatch to within 1%.
Studies in Silico-Organic Compounds. XXIV. Hydrolysis and Disproportionation of α- and β-Chloroethyltrialkoxysilanes (1952)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStudies in Silico-Organic Compounds. XXIV. Hydrolysis and Disproportionation of α- and β-ChloroethyltrialkoxysilanesFrederick C. Boye and Howard W. PostCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1952, 17, 10, 1389–1392Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1952Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1952https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo50010a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo50010a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views70Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts