gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of C2H2-zinc finger genes and subfamilies in mammals: Species-specific duplication and loss of clusters, genes and effector domains (2008)

Our results are in agreement with the "birth and death hypothesis" for the evolution of C2H2-ZNF genes, but also show that this hypothesis alone cannot explain the considerable evolutionary variation within the subfamilies of these genes in mammals. We, therefore, propose a new model involving the interdependent evolution of C2H2-ZNF gene subfamilies.
A stereo audio sigma-delta A/D-converter (1994)

A stereo sigma delta A/D-converter for audio applications is presented. In this converter, two identical cascaded fourth-order sigma-delta modulators and a sophisticated multistage linear-phase FIR decimation filter with oversampling ratio of 64 are implemented on the same die. The analog part is designed to operate at a low voltage with a low power consumption. Techniques to achieve simultaneously a high performance and a low power consumption are discussed in details. The minimum stopband attenuation of the decimator is more than 120 dB and the passband ripple of the overall converter is less than 0.0003 dB. The first decimation stage is a special tapped comb filter, whereas the remaining stages are realized without general multipliers by simultaneously implementing all the filter coefficients by using special bit-serial networks. For the integrated overall stereo converter, the power consumption and the signal-to-noise ratio are 180 mW and 97 dB (85 mW and 95 dB) for a 5 V (3 V) power supply. The circuit die area is only 4.7 mm/spl times/5.5 mm using a 1.2 /spl mu/m double-poly BiCMOS process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Floating-gate Based Low-Power Capacitive Sensing Interface Circuit (2006)

This paper describes a high signal-to-noise ratio capacitive sensing circuit topology based on a capacitive feedback charge amplifier with high power and area efficiency. When the circuit is used in an audio MEMS sensor, 78.6dB SNR in audio band is measured with less than 0.5 muW power consumption. With a MOS-BJT pseudo-resistor feedback scheme, this topology has also been applied to a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) operating around 1MHz. An adaptation scheme using Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and channel hot electron injection mechanisms is also employed to stabilize the output DC voltage in an audio MEMS microphone sensor. The measured noise spectrums show that this slow-time scale adaptation does not degrade the performance of the circuit. Therefore, this simple topology can be employed in many capacitive sensing applications and can achieve high performance with high efficiency
Building a medical multimedia database system to integrate clinical information: an application of high-performance computing and communications technology. (1995)

The rapid growth of diagnostic-imaging technologies over the past two decades has dramatically increased the amount of nontextual data generated in clinical medicine. The architecture of traditional, text-oriented, clinical information systems has made the integration of digitized clinical images with the patient record problematic. Systems for the classification, retrieval, and integration of clinical images are in their infancy. Recent advances in high-performance computing, imaging, and networking technology now make it technologically and economically feasible to develop an integrated, multimedia, electronic patient record. As part of The National Library of Medicine's Biomedical Applications of High-Performance Computing and Communications program, we plan to develop Image Engine, a prototype microcomputer-based system for the storage, retrieval, integration, and sharing of a wide range of clinically important digital images. Images stored in the Image Engine database will be indexed and organized using the Unified Medical Language System Metathesaurus and will be dynamically linked to data in a text-based, clinical information system. We will evaluate Image Engine by initially implementing it in three clinical domains (oncology, gastroenterology, and clinical pathology) at the University of Pittsburgh Medical Center.
On improving the collision property of robust hashing based on projections (2009)

In this paper, we study the collision property of one of the robust hash functions proposed. This method was originally proposed for robust hash generation from blocks of image data and is based on projection of image block data on pseudo-random matrices. We show that collision performance of this robust hash function is not optimal when used to extract hash bits from a moment invariants feature matrix for video fingerprinting. We identify that the collision performance of this hash extraction method could be improved if the pseudo-random matrices are selected carefully. We propose two methods that use an offline training set to improve the collision property. Both of the methods attempt to select the matrices that minimize cross-correlation among the projected features. The first method uses an iterative procedure to select the matrices that satisfy a cross-correlation threshold. The second method used Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) of the feature covariance matrix and hence the crosscorrelation of the projected values is zero. We show the improved collision performance of both these methods on the same dataset. Also, we interpret the projection matrices obtained through the SVD procedure and show that they capture appearance and motion information from the moment invariants feature matrix.
Logic synthesis of reversible wave cascades (2002)

A circuit is reversible if it maps each input vector into a unique output vector, and vice versa. Reversible circuits lead to power-efficient CMOS implementations. Reversible logic synthesis may be applicable to optical and quantum computing. Minimizing garbage bits is the main challenge in reversible logic synthesis.
Abstracts of the 18th Annual Convention (1987) ; B-4. Studies on Crude Drugs Actiong on Drug Metabolizing Enzymes (VIII) On hepatic drug metabolism inhibitors from the seeds of Myristica fragrans (1988)

The hexane extract from Nutmeg, the seeds of Myristica fragrans caused a significant inhibition of hepatic drug metabolizing enzyme activity (DME). Through systematic fractionation by SiO₂ column and vacuum liquid chromatogrilphy monitoring by bioassays, three components were identified as the major active principles. The structures of these compounds were elucidated as myristicin(I), dehydrodiisoeugenol(II) and licarin-B by spectral analysis. Compound II and III, wtih a single treatment (200㎎/㎏, i,p) showed not only a significant prolongation of hexobarbital-induced hypnosis but also a significant inhibition of aminopyrine N-demethylase activity in mce. Compound I and III provoked a sleep episode at a subhypnotic dose of hexobarbital, suggesting that they possess CNS-deppresant properties.
Measuring the Absolute Water Content of the Brain Using Quantitative MRI (2010)

Methods for quantitative imaging of the brain are presented and compared. Highly precise and accurate mapping of the absolute water content and distribution, as presented here, requires a significant number of corrections and also involves mapping of other MR parameters. Here, either T(1) and T(2)(*) or T(2) is mapped, and several corrections involving the measurement of temperature, transmit and receive B(1) inhomogeneities and signal extrapolation to zero TE are applied. Information about the water content of the whole brain can be acquired in clinically acceptable measurement times (10 or 20 min). Since water content is highly regulated in the healthy brain, pathological changes can be easily identified and their evolution or correlation with other manifestations of the disease investigated. In addition to voxel-based total water content, information about the different environments of water can be gleaned from qMRI. The myelin water fraction can be extracted from the fit of very high-SNR multiple-echo T(2) decay curves with a superposition of a large number of exponentials. Diseases involving de- or dysmyelination can be investigated and lead to novel observations regarding the water compartmentalisation in tissue, despite the limited spatial coverage. In conclusion, quantitative MRI is emerging as an unparalleled tool for the study of the normal and diseased brain, replacing the customary time-space environment of the sequential mixed-contrast MRI with a multi-NMR-parametric space in which tissue microscopy is increasingly revealed.
Designing an electrically small ferrite-loaded loop antenna for Optimum Performance (2007)

The design of small ferrite-loaded loop antennas is complicated by the number of parameters involved - frequency, size, shape, core material, and number of turns - as well as by the geometry. Even though ferrite-loaded loops have long been known to have certain advantages over air-core loops of similar size, their use has been limited to low-frequency reception where approximate design concepts have been found to be more or less adequate. More recently, it has been shown that quasistatic field theory (QS) may be used to analyze small spheroidal loops yielding electrical properties in closed form. Optimum design, however, has been an elusive concept. The purpose of this paper is to present QS results for the hollow-core ferrite-loaded loop antenna and, by comparing with solid-core results, to show that hollow cores give the maximum bandwidth and efficiency for a given volume of ferrite.
A Phase II Clinical Trial of CPI-613 in Patients with Relapsed or Refractory Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (2016)

Single agent CPI-613 had no efficacy in this study. Further study of CPI 613 in combination with a topoisomerase inhibitor is warranted.
Design Features and Initial Performance Data on an Automotive Steam Engine Part II - Reciprocating Steam Expander - Design Features and Performance (1974)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper describes the approach taken in the design and fabrication of a 4-cyl in-line trunk piston steam expander suitable for a standard six-passenger automobile. Series poppet admission valving is used with variable cutoff of steam to the expander attained by variable phasing of one camshaft with the aid of a hydraulically operated cam phasing mechanism. A specially formulated lubricant is used which allows expander operation with steam at 1000°F/1000 psig.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Preliminary performance measurements for the expander are presented and results are thought to be good considering the maturity of the system. Improvements to the expander which will result in increased efficiency are discussed.</div>
Efficient sampling of SAT solutions for testing (2018)

In software and hardware testing, generating multiple inputs which satisfy a given set of constraints is an important problem with applications in fuzz testing and stimulus generation. However, it is a challenge to perform the sampling efficiently, while generating a diverse set of inputs which satisfy the constraints. We developed a new algorithm QuickSampler which requires a small number of solver calls to produce millions of samples which satisfy the constraints with high probability. We evaluate QuickSampler on large real-world benchmarks and show that it can produce unique valid solutions orders of magnitude faster than other state-of-the-art sampling tools, with a distribution which is reasonably close to uniform in practice.
Forgetting in Reinforcement Learning Links Sustained Dopamine Signals to Motivation (2016)

It has been suggested that dopamine (DA) represents reward-prediction-error (RPE) defined in reinforcement learning and therefore DA responds to unpredicted but not predicted reward. However, recent studies have found DA response sustained towards predictable reward in tasks involving self-paced behavior, and suggested that this response represents a motivational signal. We have previously shown that RPE can sustain if there is decay/forgetting of learned-values, which can be implemented as decay of synaptic strengths storing learned-values. This account, however, did not explain the suggested link between tonic/sustained DA and motivation. In the present work, we explored the motivational effects of the value-decay in self-paced approach behavior, modeled as a series of 'Go' or 'No-Go' selections towards a goal. Through simulations, we found that the value-decay can enhance motivation, specifically, facilitate fast goal-reaching, albeit counterintuitively. Mathematical analyses revealed that underlying potential mechanisms are twofold: (1) decay-induced sustained RPE creates a gradient of 'Go' values towards a goal, and (2) value-contrasts between 'Go' and 'No-Go' are generated because while chosen values are continually updated, unchosen values simply decay. Our model provides potential explanations for the key experimental findings that suggest DA's roles in motivation: (i) slowdown of behavior by post-training blockade of DA signaling, (ii) observations that DA blockade severely impairs effortful actions to obtain rewards while largely sparing seeking of easily obtainable rewards, and (iii) relationships between the reward amount, the level of motivation reflected in the speed of behavior, and the average level of DA. These results indicate that reinforcement learning with value-decay, or forgetting, provides a parsimonious mechanistic account for the DA's roles in value-learning and motivation. Our results also suggest that when biological systems for value-learning are active even though learning has apparently converged, the systems might be in a state of dynamic equilibrium, where learning and forgetting are balanced.
Host Anomalies Detection Using Logistic Regression Modeling (2009)

Malicious activities will lead to abnormal host traffic patterns. This paper presents a model of host anomalies detection that can be used given bi-directional flow data. We first select a group of variables to represent the host traffic, and then use a Bayesian logistic regression, which was developed using a combination of expert experiences and manually-flagged training data to evaluate the probability of host anomaly. The primary experiment results indicate the approach is effective.
Plasmonic quantum dots for nonlinear optical applications [Invited] (2011)

This paper focuses on the subject of nanoparticle-based absorbers and fluorophores for numerous high-efficiency absorber and emitter device applications. The latter includes the use of two-photon-absorption-induced fluorescence (TPAF) in such nanoparticles for medical applications such as deep-tissue imaging and deep-tissue photodynamic therapy (PDT). In particular, we propose and elucidate the use of advanced plasmonic quantum dot nanoparticle assemblies for such applications, and specify the design of optimized nanostructures that should result in enhancement of fluorescence signal intensity (and corresponding increases in PDT efficacies) by > 160,000 compared to those obtainable under comparable illumination conditions – from the same fluorescent labels (quantum dots or otherwise) used without plasmonic enhancement.
beta-Oxidation in Candida tropicalis. Partial purification and biological function of an inducible 2,4-dienoyl coenzyme A reductase. (1983)

Evidence is presented that Candida tropicalis grown on oleic acid as sole carbon and energy source possesses the ability to degrade saturated as well as unsaturated fatty acids. Inducible activities of the four enzymes required for beta-oxidation of saturated fatty acids are demonstrated in this organism. Furthermore, it is shown that 2,3-enoyl-CoA isomerase and 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase are induced simultaneously with the other beta-oxidation enzymes. A partial purification of 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase is described. This reductase has a specific requirement for NADPH, is unable to utilize NADH, and catalyzes the conversion of 2-trans, 4-cis-decadienoyl-CoA to 3-trans-decenoyl-CoA. It also reduces 2-trans, 4-trans-dienoyl-CoA esters. In vitro studies with extracts from oleate-grown cells of C. tropicalis containing the beta-oxidation enzymes showed that 4-cis-decenoyl-CoA, a metabolite of linoleic acid, was only degraded when the 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase step was not blocked by lack of NADPH. Based on the properties of the partially purified 2,4-dienoyl-CoA reductase and the results of the in vitro degradation studies, we conclude that in C. tropicalis the reductase together with the 2,3-dienoyl-CoA isomerase is necessary to link the degradation of unsaturated fatty acids to the beta-oxidation cycle. The implication of this conclusion for degradation of unsaturated fatty acids in general is discussed.
Tumor Markers in Neuroendocrine Tumors (2000)

Most neuroendocrine tumors produce and secrete a multitude of peptide hormones and amines. Some of these substances cause a specific clinical syndrome: carcinoid, Zollinger-Ellison, hyperglycemic, glucagonoma and WDHA syndrome. Specific markers for these syndromes are basal and/or stimulated levels of urinary 5-HIAA, serum or plasma gastrin, insulin, glucagon and vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, respectively. Some carcinoid tumors and about one third of endocrine pancreatic tumors do not present any clinical symptoms and are called 'nonfunctioning' tumors. Therefore, general tumor markers such as chromogranin A, pancreatic polypeptide, serum neuron-specific enolase and subunits of glycoprotein hormones have been used for screening purposes in patients without distinct clinical hormone-related symptoms. Among these general tumor markers chromogranin A, although its precise function is not yet established, has been shown to be a very sensitive and specific serum marker for various types of neuroendocrine tumors. This is because it may also be elevated in many cases of less well-differentiated tumors of neuroendocrine origin that do not secrete known hormones. At the moment, chromogranin A is considered the best general neuroendocrine serum or plasma marker available both for diagnosis and therapeutic evaluation and is increased in 50-100% of patients with various neuroendocrine tumors. Chromogranin A serum or plasma levels reflect tumor load, and it may be an independent marker of prognosis in patients with midgut carcinoids.
Combining Vascular Normalization with an Oncolytic Virus Enhances Immunotherapy in a Preclinical Model of Advanced-Stage Ovarian Cancer (2018)

We have shown, for the first time, that NDV, like other oncolytic viruses, is a potent mediator of acute vascular shutdown and that preventing this through vascular normalization can promote regression in a preclinical model of advanced-stage ovarian cancer. This challenges the current focus on induction of intravascular thrombosis as a requisite for successful oncolytic virotherapy.<i>See related commentary by Bykov and Zamarin, p. 1446</i>.
Update of Practice Guidelines for the Management of Community-Acquired Pneumonia in Immunocompetent Adults (2003)

Recent antibiotic therapy b A respiratory fluoroquinolone c alone, an advanced macrolide d plus high-dose amoxicillin, e or an advanced macrolide plus high-dose amoxicillin-clavulanate f Comorbidities (COPD, diabetes, renal or congestive heart failure, or malignancy) No recent antibiotic therapy An advanced macrolide d or a respiratory fluoroquinolone Recent antibiotic therapy A respiratory fluoroquinolone c alone or an advanced macrolide plus a b-lactam g Suspected aspiration with infection Amoxicillin-clavulanate or clindamycin Influenza with bacterial superinfection A b-lactam g or a respiratory fluoroquinolone Inpatient Medical ward No recent antibiotic therapy A respiratory fluoroquinolone alone or an advanced macrolide plus a b-lactam h Recent antibiotic therapy An advanced macrolide plus a b-lactam or a respiratory fluoroquinolone alone (regimen selected will depend on nature of recent antibiotic therapy) ICU Pseudomonas infection is not an issue A b-lactam h plus either an advanced macrolide or a respiratory fluoroquinolone Pseudomonas infection is not an issue but patient has a b-lactam allergy A respiratory fluoroquinolone, with or without clindamycin Pseudomonas infection is an issue i Either (1) an antipseudomonal agent j plus ciprofloxacin, or (2) an antipseudomonal agent plus an aminoglycoside k plus a respiratory fluoroquinolone or a macrolide Pseudomonas infection is an issue but the patient has a b-lactam allergy Either (1) aztreonam plus levofloxacin, l or (2) aztreonam plus moxifloxacin or gatifloxacin, with or without an aminoglycoside Nursing home Receiving treatment in nursing home A respiratory fluoroquinolone alone or amoxicillin-clavulanate plus an advanced macrolide Hospitalized Same as for medical ward and ICU NOTE. COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; ICU, intensive care unit. a Erythromycin, azithromycin, or clarithromycin.
INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE PREPARATION OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN FOR IMMUNOASSAY: POTENCY ESTIMATES IN VARIOUS BIOASSAY AND PROTEIN BINDING ASSAY SYSTEMS; AND INTERNATIONAL REFERENCE PREPARATIONS OF THE α AND β SUBUNITS OF HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN FOR IMMUNOASSAY (1980)

The preparation and nature of the International Reference Preparation of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin (HCG) for Immunoassay (IRP), as well as that of a second batch of ampoules (HCG 75/589) prepared identically from the same HCG preparation, are described. A collaborative study of these materials was carried out by 11 laboratories in eight countries, using different bioassay and immunoassay methods. Using the various in-vivo and in-vitro bioassays and receptor assays, the mean log potency estimates for each method within each laboratory of the HCG content of ampoules of the IRP, in terms of the Second International Standard of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin for Bioassay (IS), were homogeneous and gave an overall weighted geometric mean (95% confidence limits) of 650 (632–669) International Units (i.u.)/ampoule. There was considerable heterogeneity of potency estimates of the IRP in terms of the IS both within and between many of the immunoassay systems (reflecting the impurity of the IS), and hence attempts to calibrate the IRP with immunoassay systems of different specificities were invalid. Immunoassay estimates of the HCG content of preparations of serum and urine, in terms of the IRP, showed considerable heterogeneity between assay systems (although the degree of this heterogeneity was no greater than that observed using the IS as standard), but the ranking order between preparations was consistent. Confirmation was obtained that contamination of the IRP with HCG-α and HCG-β subunits was insignificant. Accelerated degradation studies of the IRP stored at increased temperatures suggested that its stability under normal storage conditions would be satisfactory. It was agreed that the IRP was suitable to serve as an international reference preparation for immunoassay, and it was assigned a unitage of 650 i.u./ampoule on the basis of bioassay calibration. Since the ampoules of HCG (75/589) did not differ significantly from the IRP in any of the assay systems studied, it appeared to be equally suitable as a reference preparation. The International Reference Preparations of the α and β Subunits of Human Chorionic Gonadotrophin for Immunoassay are also described.
Oxidative Stress in Type 1 Diabetes (2003)

We have been investigating the effects of preventing oxidative stress on pathogenesis and complications of type 1 diabetes in the NOD mouse model. Our studies have shown that damage caused by oxidative stress is higher in islets and vascular tissue of NOD mice than in nonautoimmune controls or a diabetes-resistant NOD mouse. In addition, phagocytic function and cytokine production by macrophages are aberrant in the NOD. We have demonstrated that treatment of prediabetic NOD mice for 2 weeks with a metalloporphyrin superoxide dismutase (SOD) mimetic results in marked reduction of oxidative stress in islets and vascular tissue and a reversal of macrophage defects.