gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Regional Myocardial Perfusion by Positron Emission Tomography after Intracoronary Administration of Gallium-68 Labeled Albumin Microspheres (1979)

Positron emission computed tomography (ECT) of the normal and ischemic canine heart was undertaken in eight anesthetized dogs after the intracoronary administration of 68gallium labeled human serum albumin microspheres (SAM). Bolus doses of 200 muCi of 68Ga-SAM were injected into the left anterior descending (LAD) and left circumflex coronary arteries of four normal dogs and four dogs undergoing LAD ligation. Positron imaging of 68Ga-SAM distribution was performed with a multicrystal positron camera and computer reconstruction. In normal dogs, five to six axial transverse section images of the heart demonstrated the transmural distribution of 68Ga-SAM in an annular pattern around the left ventricular cavity. In dogs with LAD ligation, perfusion defects in the anterolateral wall and septum were observed in tomographic cuts through ischemic areas. In conclusion, these studies demonstrate the feasibility of positron ECT imaging of the heart after intracoronary administration of 68Ga-SAM.
Drug Transporter Pharmacogenetics in Nucleoside-Based Therapies (2010)

This article focuses on the different types of transporter proteins that have been implicated in the influx and efflux of nucleoside-derived drugs currently used in the treatment of cancer, viral infections (i.e., AIDS) and other conditions, including autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Genetic variations in nucleoside-derived drug transporter proteins encoded by the gene families SLC15, SLC22, SLC28, SLC29, ABCB, ABCC and ABCG will be specifically considered. Variants known to affect biological function are summarized, with a particular emphasis on those for which clinical correlations have already been established. Given that relatively little is known regarding the genetic variability of the players involved in determining nucleoside-derived drug bioavailability, it is anticipated that major challenges will be faced in this area of research.
Effect of chirped gratings on reflective optical bistability in DFB semiconductor laser amplifiers (1998)

We use spatial chirp of the built-in grating to improve optical bistability on reflection from distributed feedback semiconductor laser amplifiers. We show that improvements in the on-off switching ratio occur because spatial chirp greatly affects the saturation behavior of the reflectivity resonances, allowing access to states of low reflection during bistable switching. We also show that spatial chirp modifies the spectral range of the variety of hysteresis shapes that occur on reflection. In doing so, we discover a new type of hysteresis loop that reveals a qualitative difference between the loop-shaped hystereses occurring near the two edges of the stop band. With spatial chirp, the new hysteresis loop can exhibit an on-off switching ratio in excess of 100000.
Measuring and Monitoring Carbon in the Agricultural and Forestry Sectors (2008)

Severe physical and psychological distress occurs due to disfigurement caused by loss of eye. Ocular prosthesis is the only mode of rehabilitation for the missing eye. There are different materials and techniques used for the fabrication of the same. Resin proved to be the better among the available materials. Either using the stock eye or using customized ocular prosthesis has their own advantages and disadvantages. Through our clinical report, we have fabricated a semi-customized ocular prosthesis with stock iris and customized sclera. This prosthesis had the advantages of both stock and custom ocular prosthesis providing functionally and esthetically satisfactory result.
How Does the Value Function of a Markov Decision Process Depend on the Transition Probabilities? (1997)

The present work deals with the comparison of (discrete time) Markov decision processes (MDPs), which differ only in their transition probabilities. We show that the optimal value function of an MDP is monotone with respect to appropriately defined stochastic order relations. We also find conditions for continuity with respect to suitable probability metrics. The results are applied to some well-known examples, including inventory control and optimal stopping.
Assessment of DNA integrity and morphology of ejaculated spermatozoa from fertile and infertile men before and after cryopreservation (2001)

Cryopreservation of human spermatozoa is extensively used in artificial insemination and IVF programmes. Despite various advances in cryopreservation methodology, the recovery rate of functional post-thaw spermatozoa remains mediocre, with sperm motility being significantly decreased after freezing. This aim of this study was to investigate the effects of cryopreservation on both DNA integrity and morphology of spermatozoa from fertile and infertile men. Semen samples were obtained from 17 fertile and 40 infertile men. All samples were prepared by discontinuous Percoll density centrifugation (95.0:47.5). Samples were divided into aliquots to allow direct comparison of fresh and frozen spermatozoa from the same ejaculate. Aliquots for cryopreservation were mixed with a commercial cryoprotectant and frozen by static phase vapour cooling before plunging into liquid nitrogen. Thawing was carried out slowly at room temperature. Sperm DNA integrity was determined using a modified alkaline single cell gel electrophoresis (comet) assay and sperm morphology analysed using the Tygerberg criteria. DNA of semen and prepared spermatozoa from fertile men was found to be unaffected by cryopreservation. In marked contrast, spermatozoa from infertile men were significantly damaged by freeze-thawing. Cryopreservation had a detrimental effect on morphology of semen and prepared samples from fertile and infertile men.
A mechanism for persistently naming topological entities (2004)

Nowadays, history-based, constraint-based and feature-based modeling is supported by most commercial systems. Several solutions of persistent naming have been provided which is used to identify entities in an original model and match them in re-evaluated models. The purpose of this paper is to provide a hybrid, simple and effective approach to handle this traditional issue. The authors design a face-based and history-based naming mechanism which includes entity naming and entity retrieval. The necessary history information effaces is kept by face's name. All topological entities are managed by three kinds of tables: face tables, edge tables and vertex tables. What's more, a two-level representation is provided to support model re-revaluation.
Problems with currently available antidepressants. (2000)

Although options for pharmacologic treatment for depression have grown seemingly exponentially over the past several decades, the current armamentarium of antidepressants continues to have limitations of both efficacy and tolerability. The problems include an unacceptable lack of efficacy, delayed onset of therapeutic effects, an inability to predict responses to one or another agent, drug-drug interactions, and difficulty with tolerability during both acute and chronic treatment. This article reviews the problems that persist in the use of currently available antidepressant medications and presents a list of attributes that would be characteristic of the ideal antidepressant.
Static pulsed bus for on-chip interconnects (2003)

Static Pulsed Bus (SPB) improves delay by 15%-25% or reduces energy by 12%-25% and peak current by 26%-34%, compared to the conventional static bus (SB) scheme, for 1500 μm to 4500 μm bus lengths in a 100 nm technology. Energy savings are maintained across all data activity factors.
Novel designs for sampled grating-based multiplexers–demultiplexers (1999)

Novel multiplexers-demultiplexers for dense wavelength-division multiplexing systems that use interleaved sampled gratings are presented. It is shown that, with the appropriate design, configurations ranging from hybrid to add-drop as well as all-grating-based multiplexers can easily be realized.
Experimental Studies on Mechanical Properties of Rock Joints under Dynamic Loading (2006)

In order to study the strength and deformation properties of rock joint under different shear velocities, normal stresses and undulation angles, series testes are conducted by a RMT-150C testing machines with artificial concrete rock joint samples in the present paper. Base on the experimental results, it can be found that the peak shear strengths decrease with the increment of shear velocity, and the decreasing rates tend to decrease with the increasing shear velocity. The shear strength of rock joints increase with the increasing undulation angles, and linearly increase with the increment of normal stress. It is also indicated that the shear stiffness increase with the increasing normal stress, undulation angle as well as the shear velocity with a decreasing tendency.
5-HT in migraine: evidence from 5-HT receptor antagonists for a neuronal aetiology (1990)

The fact that antagonists at certain 5-HT receptor subtypes are effective in the prophylaxis or treatment of migraine implicates the endogenous amine in a causal role in the condition. On the basis of the properties and selectivities of such antagonists, this chapter discusses the potential significance of 5-HTlc, 5-HT2, and 5-HT3 receptors in the initiation, development, and symptomatology of migraine. The likely source(s) of the 5-HT needed to stimulate these sites are considered, and a hypothesis is proposed to implicate the activity of the 5-HT neurones arising in the mid-brain raphe nuclei in a key role in the aetiology of migraine. The ideas discussed here are developments and extensions of those expressed over a number of years in several review articles and are by no means unique.
IODINE-131 IN POST-MORTEM HUMAN THYROIDS. (1964)

Fifty-seven thyroid samples were made available by three New England hospitals during the period May 14, 1962, through January 10, 1963. Up to the middle of September, /sup 131/I was detected in three out of 37 samples (range 47 to 51 pC/g). Positive values for /sup 131/I were found in 6 out of 15 post- mortem thyroids from September 15 through October 26 (range 41 to 58 pC/g). From November 4 through January 10, 1963, one positive value (29 pC/g) of /sup 131/I was noted among five samples collected. The highest individual thyroid burden noted represented about one-sixth of the RP0 of 1.5 rem/yr, and the average of 20 samples after September 15, 1962, represented about one-eighth of the RPG of 0.5 rem/yr. (auth)
THE SPECIFIC ESTERASE ACTIVITY OF TRYPSIN (1948)

The discovery of relatively simple peptide derivatives as substrates for proteolytic enzymes has introduced a new approach to the problem of the specifity of this group of hydrolytic enzymes. Although crystalline trypsin is known to catalyze the hydrolysis of internal peptide bonds of proteins, its action toward internal peptide bonds of synthetic substrates has been demonstrated for only one case. Since all other synthetic substrates for trypsin, described in the extensive work of Bergmann and coworkers, are amides of lysine and arginine derivatives and are split enzymatically into ammonia and the corresponding amino acid derivatives, the action of trypsin toward these substrates may be more adequately described as an amidase activity. In the course of an investigation of the inhibition of crystalline pancreatic proteolytic enzymes by specific low molecular weight compounds the discovery was made that crystalline trypsin is likewise a powerful catalyst for the hydrolysis of certain amino acid esters. The most specific substrates of this type are alpha-benzoyl-L-arginine methyl ester (BAME) and alpha-toluene-sulfonyl-L-arginine methyl ester (TSAME). It was also found that, contrary to previous reports, trypsin catalyzes the amide hydrolysis of alpha-toluenesulfonyl-L-arginamide and does so even more rapidly than it catalyzes the hydrolysis of the classical substrate, alpha-benzoyl-L-argininamide. The structural specificity of these esters for trypsin is approximately analogous to that of the corresponding amides, although a certain measure of cross-reactivity of one of these (BAME) with chymotrypsin exists. Both the esterase and amidase activities are apparently mediated by the same active surface configurations of the enzyme, as is evidenced by studies of various modes of partial and complete enzyme inactivatiopn. The results of these kinetic studies are presented in this article.
Output devices for dynamic electronic holography (1989)

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1993.
Inhibition of Gas Hydrates in Deepwater Drilling (1990)

Summary With the movement of offshore rigs into deep water, the problem of gas hydrates has become an important issue in drilling. If a kick is taken, gas hydrates can form in the blowout preventer (BOP) or chokelines while the kick is circulated out. The water-based pill presented here significantly improves gas-hydrate inhibition. This pill, which can be spotted in the BOP and weighted up, is environmentally safe and easily adaptable to offshore operations. Compatible with commonly used drilling fluids, the pill can be mixed directly into the mud system without any adverse effects after the danger of hydrate formation diminishes. This technology is an important safety consideration for deepwater drilling well control and hydrate-free operations above the mudline.
Insulin-like Growth Factor–Binding Protein-7 Functions as a Potential Tumor Suppressor in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2011)

The present findings provide evidence that IGFBP7 functions as a novel putative tumor suppressor for HCC and establish the corollary that IGFBP7 downregulation can effectively modify AEG-1 function. Accordingly, targeted overexpression of IGFBP7 might be a potential novel therapy for HCC.
Precision halo control with antimony and indium on Axcelis medium current ion implanters (2002)

Heavy ions such as indium and antimony are increasingly being used for high tilt angle halo implants needed for control of short channel effects in advanced CMOS devices. Precise angular control of these implants is required, especially when masking due to high tilt shadowing can occur, or when device geometry requires an implant at a channeling condition. This paper will describe the antimony and indium process performance of Axcelis Technologies' medium current serial implanters, the 8250 <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HT</sub> and the MC3. Parallelism and angular control data, uniformity results, and throughput versus energy for antimony and indium implants are presented.
Repeat-Free Codes (2019)

In this paper we consider the problem of encoding data into repeat-free sequences in which sequences are imposed to contain any k-tuple at most once (for predefined k). First, the capacity and redundancy of the repeat-free constraint are calculated. Then, an efficient algorithm, which uses a single bit of redundancy, is presented to encode length-n sequences for k = 2 + 2 log n. This algorithm is then improved to support any value of k of the form k = a log n, for 1 <; a ≤ 2, while its redundancy is o(n). Lastly, we also calculate the capacity of this constraint when combined with local constraints which are given by a constrained system.
Autolysin-targeted LightCycler assay including internal process control for detection of Streptococcus pneumoniae DNA in clinical samples (2004)

The development and clinical evaluation of a LightCycler PCR assay, including an internal process control (IPC), to detect the Streptococcus pneumoniae autolysin gene in clinical samples is reported. The assay was developed to provide a second target for use in conjunction with existing pneumolysin PCR assays to increase the reliability of non-culture PCR diagnosis of pneumococcal infection. Primers amplify a 173 bp fragment of the autolysin gene (lytA), which is detected by fluorescence-labelled hybridization probes. An IPC was designed to check for the presence of PCR inhibitors and loss of assay sensitivity. The IPC product was amplified by the lytA primers and detected by a second set of hybridization probes. The analytical specificity of the autolysin PCR assay was 100% against 39 other bacterial species tested; these included related streptococci and other organisms. The assay, which could reliably detect 50 fg purified pneumococcal DNA per reaction, was capable of distinguishing between S. pneumoniae and atypical Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis strains known to contain the lytA gene. Using DNA extracts from a panel of EDTA bloods from patients with blood-culture-confirmed pneumococcal infection, the autolysin PCR had a sensitivity of 42.9%, which was similar to a previously reported TaqMan pneumolysin PCR (43.8%) run in parallel. Total agreement was shown between the autolysin assay and the pneumolysin TaqMan assay when used to test 23 culture-negative clinical samples, of which eight were positive by PCR, adding valuable clinical information. A specific autolysin-based LightCycler assay has been developed to complement pneumolysin PCR for the detection of S. pneumoniae in clinical samples. This should be a particularly useful tool for the rapid and sensitive diagnosis of pneumococcal meningitis, even after an antibiotic has been administered. However, poor sensitivity on blood samples limits its usefulness in other bacteraemic infections.
Non‐Th2 Regulatory T‐Cell Control of Th1 Autoimmunity (2001)

The Th1/Th2 concept brought an attractive explanation of the active self tolerance which appears to control the onset of pathogenic autoimmunity. New data coming from various independent horizons indicate that self immunoregulation could also depend to a large extent on non-Th2 cells. Original data derived from the day-3-thymectomy model, selective T-cell lymphocytopenia and nonobese diabetic mice are discussed in an effort to analyze similarities and differences in phenotype (CD25, CD62L and CD45RB) and cytokine pattern (notably interleukin (IL)-4, IL-10 and transforming growth factor (TGF)beta) of regulatory cells involved in these models. The relationship of these cells with Th3, Tr1 and natural killer (NK) T cells are also discussed. The hypothesis is proposed that CD25 CD62L T cells mediate the physiologic regulation of self regulation whereas Th2 and Th3 cells are essentially induced following sensitization against autoantigens.
ChipEst-FPGA: a tool for chip level area and timing estimation of lookup table based FPGAs for high level applications (2002)

The importance of efficient area and timing estimation techniques for hierarchical design methodology is well-established in High-Level Synthesis (HLS), since the estimation allows more realistic exploration of the design space, and hierarchical design methodology matches well with HLS paradigm. In this paper, we present ChipEst-FPGA, a chip level estimator for designs implemented using a hierarchical design methodology for Lookup Table Based FPGAs. In FPGAs, the wire delay may contribute to a significant portion of the overall design delay. ChipEst-FPGA uses a realistic model which takes the component area/delay as well as wiring effects into account. We tested our ChipEst-FPGA on several benchmarks and the results show that we can get accurate area and timing estimates efficiently.
Utilization of Fuel Consumption Data in an Ecodriving Incentive System for Heavy-Duty Vehicle Drivers (2011)

Driver behavior is one of the greatest factors determining fuel consumption and, thus, carbon dioxide emissions from a heavy-duty vehicle. The difference in fuel consumption can be up to 30%, depending on the driver. Education, monitoring, and feedback are ways of guiding drivers toward more fuel-efficient driver behavior. An incentive system related to fuel consumption is one way of giving feedback. The greatest challenge facing transportation companies with such incentive systems is fair measurement of the driver's fuel consumption. This paper focuses on that challenge. As a result of this paper, a method for utilizing fuel consumption data in an incentive system has been developed for the case company Tampere City Transport. Measurement of fuel consumption is based on groups, which are formed by runs with similar vehicles, routes, and time of day. The individual driver's average fuel consumption in a specific group is then compared with the average fuel consumption of all drivers in that specific group.
Application of model-based approach for testing dynamic systems (2011)

In today’s world, systems that contain software are everywhere. They may be observed in common devices employed in everyday living (e.g., coffee machines, washing machines, cell phones) as well as in sophisticated engineering systems (e.g., cars, planes, spacecrafts). As the complexity of control systems grows, testing becomes more and time consuming. Poorly tested systems may cost producers billions of dollars annually especially when defects are found by end users in production environments. Barry Boehm’s research analysis [5] indicates that the cost of removing a software defect grows exponentially for each stage of the development life cycle in which it remains undiscovered. Boris Beizer [2] estimates that 30 up to 90 percentage of the effort in put into testing. Another research project conducted by the United States Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology [21] estimated that software defects cost the U.S. economy $60 billion per year. There are several facts that show clearly possible consequences of poorly tested systems. On February 25, 1991, an Iraqi Scud hit the barracks in Dhahran in Saudi Arabia, killing 28 soldiers from the US Army. This accident was caused by software error in the system’s clock [20]. The Patriot missile battery has been in operation for 100 hours, by which time the system’s internal clock had drifted by one third of a second. For a target moving as fast as Scud, this was equivalent to a position error of 600 meters. Another example is connected with Therac-25 radiation therapy machine that was produced by Atomic Energy of Canada Limited and CGR of France. The machine was involved with at least six known accidents between 1985 and 1987, in which patients were given massive overdoses of radiation, which were in some cases on the order of hundreds of grays [13]. At least five patients died of the overdoses. These accidents were caused by errors in software control application. One of the most infamous computer bugs in history was found during flight 501 that took place on June 4, 1996. This was the first, and unsuccessful, test flight of the European Ariane 5 expendable lunch system. Due to an error in the software design (inadequate protection from integer
Model of cortical organization embodying a basis for a theory of information processing and memory recall. (1985)

Motivated by V. B. Mountcastle's organizational principle for neocortical function, and by M. E. Fisher's model of physical spin systems, we introduce a cooperative model of the cortical column incorporating an idealized substructure, the trion, which represents a localized group of neurons. Computer studies reveal that typical networks composed of a small number of trions (with symmetric interactions) exhibit striking behavior--e.g., hundreds to thousands of quasistable, periodic firing patterns, any of which can be selected out and enhanced with only small changes in interaction strengths by using a Hebb-type algorithm.
Taper-less III-V/Si Hybrid MOS Optical Phase Shifter using Ultrathin InP Membrane (2020)

We present proof-of-concept taper-less III-V/Si hybrid MOS optical phase shifter. An ultrathin InP membrane enables low insertion loss despite no taper, with keeping high modulation efficiency owing to strong electron confinement at the MOS interface.