gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Design of Molecular Hosts, Guests, and Their Complexes (Nobel Lecture) (1988)

The founders of “supramolecular chemistry” include Charles J. Pedersen, Donald J. Cram , and Jean‐Marie Lehn , who shared the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1987 for their fundamental research in this area of organic chemistry. Their work focused the attention of many chemists on the cavities formed by certain types of molecules. Cations, anions, or neutral molecules can enter the cavities of specifically designed compounds and are held there by intermolecular forces. It is fully justified, therefore, to compare such compounds to biomolecules. How the development began, how it achieved its first successes, and what fascinating possibilities lie in store for future research are discussed by Pedersen and Cram in this issue and by Lehn in the January issue (page 89 ff.). The most recent results from Lehn's research are also reported, appropriately, in this issue.
3D regularized speed-map reconstruction in ultrasound transmission tomography (2009)

The paper is focused on ultrasonic transmission tomography as a potential medical imaging modality for breast cancer diagnosis. Ultrasound speed is one of the tissue parameters which are related to the pathological tissue state. An alternative to the commonly used filtered backprojection is presented, which can solve the problem of sparse transducer distribution. It is based on regularization of the image reconstruction problem which imposes smoothness in the resulting images while preserving edges. The approach is analyzed on synthetic data sets and illustrated on data acquired on a tissue phantom.
Effects of Frictional Geological Discontinuities on Hydraulic Fracture Propagation (2007)

Abstract This paper presents numerical results for a hydraulic fracture interacting with a frictional geological discontinuity in layered sedimentary rocks. A 2D hydraulic fracture model has been developed that can consider the details of the interaction and includes elastic rock deformation coupled to both fluid flow and frictional slippage. The interaction can result in fracture blunting, crossing or entering the interface, depending on modulus and stress contrasts, as well as the shear strength of the discontinuity. The numerical results are compared to experimental and field observations. When hydraulic fractures interact with long geological discontinuities, fracture growth can be stopped or retarded by the process. Treating pressure is increased by the large pressure gradients generated at offsets in the fracture path. Proppant transport can be impeded by such offsets because of the associated narrowing of fracture width. In some cases, the hydraulic fracture cannot easily enter frictional discontinuities when the interfaces have low frictional strength. In addition, pre-existing flaws are likely to serve as sites for re-initiation, allowing further hydraulic fracture growth into the intact side of the discontinuity. A higher closure stress acting in the intact rock favors arrest of the hydraulic fracture at the discontinuity, e.g., when a fracture attempts to cross a soft-to-stiff bedding plane. As a part of the interaction, the main hydraulic fracture will typically also lose fluid into cross-cutting frictional discontinuities.
THE TRUTH IS OFTEN BITTERSWEET...: CHOCOLATE DOES A HEART GOOD (2007)

consumption of the flavanol-rich cocoa was associated with significant improvement in blood flow and significant increases in circulating nitric oxide.
A Study of Brownian Motion Using Light Scattering (1970)

From the spectrum of light scattered by a suspension of particles in a fluid one can obtain quantitative information about the motion of the particles, including an accurate determination of their diffusion constant. If the incident light source is a laser, and the scattered light falls on the photosurface of a photomultiplier tube, then by measuring the spectrum of the photocurrent one obtains the spectrum of the intensity fluctuations of the scattered light. The intensity of the scattered light is determined by the instantaneous superposition of the phases of the waves scattered from each of the diffusing particles and the intensity fluctuates because the particles move. For particles of known diameter one can predict the spectral shape and width from the diffusion equation. We present a calculation of the spectrum of the field and the spectrum of the intensity of the scattered light and an advanced laboratory experiment and lecture demonstration by which the intensity spectrum can be studied.
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION OF A TRITIUM LABEL TO COMPONENTS OF NUCLEIC ACIDS BY HYDROGENOLYSIS OF THE CORRESPONDING PRECURSORS. VII. PRODUCTION OF TRITIUM‐LABELED ADENINE, ADENOSINE MONO‐, DI‐, AND TRIPHOSPHATES OF HIGH SPECIFIC RADIOACTIVITY (1981)

Abstract Die durch POCl 3 ‐Chlorierungen von Xanthin (I) bzw. Harnsäure (IV) und Umsetzungen des entstehenden Di‐ bzw. Trichlorpurins mit konz. wäßrigem NH 3 (im Bombenrohr) erhält man die chlorierten Adenine (II) und (V).
Reexamination of Effects of Stimulus Rate and Number on the Middle Components of the Averaged Electroencephalic Response (1975)

The middle components of the evoked cortical response (8-50 msec) were examined under improved signal processing conditions. 512 click stimuli were presented at 5 rates ranging from 1-16/sec to 10 normal-hearing subjects. The influence of stimulus numbers of 32, 64, 128 and 512 and stimulus rates of 1, 2, 4, 8 and 16/sec was examined. Identifiable and repeatable responses were found with as few as 128 stimuli. Stimulus rate had little effect on middle component waveform or its identifiability. An enhancement of signal-to-noise ratio through improved filter conditions is suggested as one reason for the ability to identify middle components to fewer stimuli.
An Integrated Approach To Optimize Bottomhole-Pressure-Drawdown Management for a Hydraulically Fractured Well Using a Transient Inflow Performance Relationship (2019)

Summary The purpose of this paper is to determine the optimal strategy of bottomhole-pressure (BHP) drawdown management in a hydraulically fractured well with pressure-sensitive conductivity to remain conductive while maintaining a high enough drawdown to maximize the estimated ultimate recovery (EUR). In this work, a novel permeability-decay coefficient accounting for dynamic conductivity effect (DCE) is proposed to represent the pressure sensitivity in a fracture on the basis of experimental results. Using an existing method, the constant/variable BHP conditions and the hydraulic fractures with DCE are considered in the model. Model verification is performed by comparing with the solutions from the numerical method. Then, the mechanism of fracture closure and its effect on production performance are investigated using the semianalytical solution, and the interplay between pressure drawdown and productivity loss is captured by generating a set of type curves for the transient inflow performance relationship (TIPR). Next, an easy-to-use approach is developed to find the optimal path of BHP decline vs. time, and the practical optimal drawdown is calibrated by capturing the time-lapse behavior, with consideration of the effect of production history on TIPR. It is found that if the relation of decay coefficient and pressure is a linear function, there will be a reversal behavior on TIPR as BHP drawdown increases. That is to say, an operating point exists on the TIPR curves, beyond which the production rate decreases; otherwise, the production rate increases. The operating point is defined as the optimal BHP drawdown at a given time, and the optimal profile of BHP drawdown is achieved by integrating operating points on TIPR curves corresponding to different times. Subsequently, a synthetic case generated by a coupled-geomechanical/reservoir simulator is defined to demonstrate that an optimal BHP-drawdown schedule developed by the semianalytical approach has the ability to enhance ultimate recovery by reducing the effective stress on the stress-sensitive fracture while maintaining the well productivity.
Effects of Lubricant Borne Solid Debris in Rolling Surface Contacts (1996)

The role of particle morphology, hardness and toughness in the rolling surface fatigue and wear have been investigated using a thrust bearing in an accelerated laboratory bench lest. Ceramic, steel and metal powders of known physical properties with sizes of 10-20 micrometers were used as contaminants in a 3-cSt ester fluid. Initial results suggest that ceramic particles with high hardness but low toughness induce the most damage in metallic rolling contacts. Emphasis was placed on analysis of the functional relationships among the various parameters.
Improved AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor using AlN interlayers (2003)

This work reports on the effects of AlN interlayers embedded into the GaN semi-insulating buffer of AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors, in comparison with standard heterostructures without AlN interlayers. Detailed optical and structural characterization data are presented, along with computer simulation results. The AlN interlayers generate a compressive strain in the GaN topmost layer, which slightly reduces the total polarization field, but most important, it prevents the AlGaN barrier from plastic relaxation. The final result is an enhanced polarization field with respect to standard heterostructures, providing an increased channel carrier density and pinch-off voltage. Electrical characterization confirms the advantages of using AlN interlayers, reaching maximum drain current density and extrinsic transconductance as high as 1.4 A/mm and 266 mS/mm, respectively, for 0.2-μm gate length.
Searching and Matching Texture-free 3D Shapes in Images (2018)

The goal of this paper is to search and match the best rendered view of a texture-free 3D shape to an object of interest in a 2D query image. Matching rendered views of 3D shapes to RGB images is challenging because, 1) 3D shapes are not always a perfect match for the image queries, 2) there is great domain difference between rendered and RGB images, and 3) estimating the object scale versus distance is inherently ambiguous in images from uncalibrated cameras. In this work we propose a deeply learned matching function that attacks these challenges and can be used for a search engine that finds the appropriate 3D shape and matches it to objects in 2D query images. We evaluate the proposed matching function and search engine with a series of controlled experiments on the 24 most populated vehicle categories in PASCAL3D+. We test the capability of the learned matching function in transferring to unseen 3D shapes and study overall search engine sensitivity w.r.t available 3D shapes and object localization accuracy, showing promising results in retrieving 3D shapes given 2D image queries.
A binary-to-thermometer decoder with built-in redundancy for improved DAC yield (2006)

This paper describes an architecture for binary-to-thermometer decoders used in segmented D/A converters. To improve basic converter characteristics, the architecture features redundant output thermometer code. The main concept offers two modes of operation. Each mode generates a different thermometer output, i.e. a different switching sequence for the DAC MSB thermometer analog elements. This results in two different transfer characteristics of the whole DAC for the same mismatch errors of its elements. After on-chip or off-chip measurements, the more linear transfer characteristic can be selected. In this way, chip yield is improved and the design requirements can be relaxed. Ultimately, the advantages introduced by the proposed decoder lead to cheaper and smaller D/A converters.
Challenges in integration of metal gate high-k dielectrics gate stacks (2004)

The methodology and various challenges of fabrication of sub 1 nm metal gate high k FETs are reviewed. Aggressively scaled metal gated-HfO 2 MOSFETs can be scaled below 1 nm using chemical oxides interface with only 5 A . General improvement in V T instability of sub 1 nm metal gated-HfO 2 devices are observed as a result of EOT scaling. With a 5 A interfacial oxide layer, the electron mobility of sub 1 nm metal gated-HfO 2 is observed to be severely degraded with EOT scaling in gate last transistor flows.
Proposals for concomitant use of several modulators of multidrug resistance in clinics. (1995)

Numerous modulators of multidrug resistance present a good in vitro activity which has not always been reproduced in vivo or in clinics. One reason is the fact that the plasma concentration required might exceed the maximum tolerated dose of modulator, due to its own toxicity. In addition, it has been suggested that the different modulators thus far identified might act on different sites of P-glycoprotein and eventually on different targets. It has been shown that the combination of verapamil and quinine, and of verapamil and cyclosporine A, behave synergistically in the circumvention of multidrug resistance. There is therefore a good rationale for the evaluation of protocols combining two different modulators to cytotoxic chemotherapy.
A Portable Cyanide Analyzer Using Gold Wire Electrodes (1999)

We report on a continuous flow potentiometric analyzer for cyanide incorporating multiple gold-wire electrodes. The portable apparatus comprised a low-powered peristaltic pump, a Perspex multicell incorporating six indicator and six reference electrodes connected to an eight channel A/D converter. Real-time data may be displayed on a notebook computer. The system performance was optimized for sample peak heights, reproducibility, working ranges and calibration slopes. Well- defined peaks and fast response times (with peak widths <20 s) were observed using a carrier of 0.1 M sodium hydroxide at a flow rate of 5 mL min–1. The repeatability of the electrode response was 2.3 % n=. The log–linear range was 0.25 to 70 ppm (9.6 to 2700 μAM) with slopes 96, 205 and 450 mV decade–1for one, three and six electrodes in series, respectively.
Acoustic Characterization of Silica Glasses (1993)

Acoustic characterization of doped silica glasses with a GeO 2 , P 2 O 5 , F, TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , or B 2 O 3 dopant having different concentrations is presented. Quantitative measurements were performed with a 225‐MHz line‐focus‐beam scanning acoustic microscope. The acoustic velocity variation due to different dopant concentrations is given. It has been found that the Al 2 O 3 dopant increases, but the other dopants decrease, the acoustic velocity as compared with that of the pure fused silica. We have also found that the fractional change in acoustic velocity is greater than that in refractive index for a given dopant concentration.
On the design of optimal equiripple FIR digital filters for data transmission applications (1988)

An improved linear programming algorithm is required for the design of finite impulse response (FIR) digital filters. This algorithm avoids the numerical ill-conditioning problems which commonly occur due to the necessity to sample the frequency response on a very dense grid of points for high-order filters. This technique is applied to the design of equiripple FIR Nyquist filters and equiripple FIR transmit and receive matched-filters for data transmission applications. The use of linear programming insures that the designs are optimal in the sense that they achieve the maximum possible stopband attenuation for a given filter order and stopband edge frequency. The design algorithm for the matched filters consists of a two-stage process of linear programming to design a Nyquist filter with a nonnegative frequency response followed by standard spectral factorization techniques to extract the nonlinear-phase transmit and receive filters. The design software consists primarily of commonly available FORTRAN subroutine packages for linear programming and polynomial factorization, and is numerically well behaved and very accurate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An efficient automated parameter tuning framework for spiking neural networks (2014)

As the desire for biologically realistic spiking neural networks (SNNs) increases, tuning the enormous number of open parameters in these models becomes a difficult challenge. SNNs have been used to successfully model complex neural circuits that explore various neural phenomena such as neural plasticity, vision systems, auditory systems, neural oscillations, and many other important topics of neural function. Additionally, SNNs are particularly well-adapted to run on neuromorphic hardware that will support biological brain-scale architectures. Although the inclusion of realistic plasticity equations, neural dynamics, and recurrent topologies has increased the descriptive power of SNNs, it has also made the task of tuning these biologically realistic SNNs difficult. To meet this challenge, we present an automated parameter tuning framework capable of tuning SNNs quickly and efficiently using evolutionary algorithms (EA) and inexpensive, readily accessible graphics processing units (GPUs). A sample SNN with 4104 neurons was tuned to give V1 simple cell-like tuning curve responses and produce self-organizing receptive fields (SORFs) when presented with a random sequence of counterphase sinusoidal grating stimuli. A performance analysis comparing the GPU-accelerated implementation to a single-threaded central processing unit (CPU) implementation was carried out and showed a speedup of 65× of the GPU implementation over the CPU implementation, or 0.35 h per generation for GPU vs. 23.5 h per generation for CPU. Additionally, the parameter value solutions found in the tuned SNN were studied and found to be stable and repeatable. The automated parameter tuning framework presented here will be of use to both the computational neuroscience and neuromorphic engineering communities, making the process of constructing and tuning large-scale SNNs much quicker and easier.
Origin and Migration of Oil (1959)

A relationship exists between the composition of crude oil and the solubility of the component hydrocarbons in dilute colloidal electrolyte solutions, suggesting that crude oil consists of hydrocarbons that were once solubilized in formation waters. It is not solubility in ordinary water or solubility in complete soap solution that correlates with the composition of oil but, rather, solubility in soap micelles. Because it implies a possible unloading mechanism, this concept is attractive, for it follows that when a soap solution is diluted with water, the soap micelles disperse and the hydrocarbons solubilized therein appear as discrete, filterable oil droplets. Thus, it would seem that crude oil originates during the compaction of a sedimentary basin by virtue of the fact that sediment hydrocarbons dissolve in waters containing natural solubilizers and then come out of solution as oil droplets. The composition of crude oil as now understood is consistent with this hypothesis. And-most important-it is now possible to formulate meaningful questions, the answers to which, upon investigation in both field and laboratory, will go far toward enabling us to assess the validity of the mechanism presented here. In addition to the implications regarding the composition of crude oil that are inherent in the hypothesis that crude oil collects from aqueous colloidal electrolyte solutions, there are several interesting implications from the geological viewpoint. To mention one, such a mechanism would lend credence to the suggestion that the source beds of petroleum are not necessarily unique accumulations of hydrocarbons in a limited area but, rather, may generally be coincident with the area from which water is expressed into the porous strata that eventually form the reservoirs.
Magnetic force microscope combined with a scanning electron microscope (1993)

A magnetic force microscope (MFM) using frequency modulation detection was combined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The first goal was to facilitate the selection of the MFM imaging field by positioning the magnetic tip using the SEM. The second goal was to improve the performance of the MFM by operating it in a vacuum. The efficiency of the combined SEM was proved by imaging the particular region (about 3 μm in length) on the sample. The improved features of a MFM operated in a vacuum were demonstrated by comparing images taken in air and in a vacuum. The lateral resolution was improved to 50 nm in a vacuum while it was 100 nm in air, although that resolution could possibly be due to atomic force. The dependence of the MFM image on the tip to sample spacing is discussed also.
SOP: Smart offloading proxy service for wireless content uploading over crowd events (2015)

Since commercialization of the Internet in mid-1990, human culture has changed dramatically due to booming of innovative online services. To cope with demands of network service providers to effectively and efficiently deliver contents and services to their clients, content distribution network technologies have been developed. These technologies have been optimized to transfer data from servers to users. It is not meant to support mobile users to upload and share real-time captured multimedia contents with his/her peers through social network services. It is even more difficult for the current network to support mobile users in a hot social event to shared live pictures and videos to their social network in real time. In this paper, we present our design of smart offloading proxy (SOP) service for wireless content uploading over crowd events. To test efficiency of SOP, we simulate a mobile network environment with wireless access network connected through a long-haul WAN to the target social network server. Preliminary experiments show that with an error rate of 1 % in the WAN, a mobile user may experience long file-uploading time of approximately 100 seconds in uploading a 10 MB file when a 54 Mbps WIFI media is simultaneously accessed by users randomly arrived at the inter-arrival time of 10 seconds. In contrast, it takes less than 10 seconds to upload the file if the WIFI is lightly loaded and the WAN is error free. We also show that by properly scheduling WIFI bandwidth to the mobile users, the file-uploading time can be reduced.
Dopamine-Induced Reduction and Functionalization of Graphene Oxide Nanosheets (2010)

10.1021/ma101526k
A simple linearization procedure for local fit of the Weibull survival distribution: a note on an article by Choe. (1982)

The author comments on an article by Choe concerning the use of the Weibull survival function to fit curves to infant and childhood mortality data. "As an alternative to the computer program [employed by Choe], this note gives a simple linearization procedure that is easily executed by hand calculator. This procedure allows one to check the fit of the Weibull curve locally...for a range of ages (e.g. those from which one wishes to extrapolate). It also provides a simple way to find the Weibull curve parameters of optimum local fit." The procedure is illustrated using data for the period 1970-1971 for males and females in Taiwan.