gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RF-Based Partial Discharge Early Warning System for Air-Insulated Substations (2009)

Partial discharges (PDs) generate wideband radio-frequency interference which can be used for noninvasive monitoring of discharges. This paper presents a novel method based on this principle for PD monitoring of substations. The significant advantage of this method lies in the ability to detect PD sources in energized equipment anywhere within a substation compound during normal operating conditions. The results obtained from the prototypes installed in the U.K. and U.S. substations are reported. Results include correlation with apparent charge and daily recordings obtained before, during, and after the failure of a 132-kV current transformer and 69-kV voltage transformer.
Air Pollution in China: Mapping of Concentrations and Sources (2015)

China has recently made available hourly air pollution data from over 1500 sites, including airborne particulate matter (PM), SO2, NO2, and O3. We apply Kriging interpolation to four months of data to derive pollution maps for eastern China. Consistent with prior findings, the greatest pollution occurs in the east, but significant levels are widespread across northern and central China and are not limited to major cities or geologic basins. Sources of pollution are widespread, but are particularly intense in a northeast corridor that extends from near Shanghai to north of Beijing. During our analysis period, 92% of the population of China experienced >120 hours of unhealthy air (US EPA standard), and 38% experienced average concentrations that were unhealthy. China's population-weighted average exposure to PM2.5 was 52 μg/m3. The observed air pollution is calculated to contribute to 1.6 million deaths/year in China [0.7-2.2 million deaths/year at 95% confidence], roughly 17% of all deaths in China.
Modulation of the translocation of peptides through nanopores by the application of an AC electric field (2011)

The interaction of two peptides with the α-hemolysin pore was studied in the presence of a MHz AC field. For an α-helical peptide the proportion of bumping events increased with increasing AC field whereas for a linear peptide with no dipole moment only small changes in the event profiles were observed.
Release Behavior of 5-Fluorouracil from Chitosan-Gel Nanospheres Immobilizing 5-Fluorouracil Coated with Polysaccharides and Their Cell Specific Cytotoxicity (1994)

Abstract Small-sized chitosan-gel nanospheres, CNSs (average diameter 250 nm), containing 5-fluorouracil (5FU) or immobilizing 5FU derivatives (aminopentyl-carbamoyl-5FU or aminopentyl-ester-methylene-5FU) were prepared by the glutaraldehyde crosslinking technique and the emulsion method. When chitosan was crosslinked with glutaraldehyde, these 5FU derivatives were simultaneously immobilized to CNSs by means of Schiff's base formation. The CNSs were coated with anionic polysaccharides, such as 6-O-carboxymethyl-N-acetyl-α-l,4-polygalactosamine/Na (CM-NAPGA/Na), 6-O-carboxymethyl-chitin/Na (CM-chitin/Na), and sodium hyaluronate, through formation of a polyelectrolyte complex membrane to give CNS/polyanion, i.e., CNS/G, CNS/C, and CNS/H, respectively. The polyelectrolyte complex of polysaccharide was employed to achieve the controlled release and effective targeting of 5FU by the CNSs. The release rate of 5FU from the CNSs could be controlled by immobilization of 5FU, degree of deacetylation of chitosan used and coating with polysaccharides. Since very few galactosamine residues are known to be able to cross-react with ligands for galactose, the galactosamine residues on the surface of CNS/Gs are expected to act as the targeting moieties for hepatocyte. The CNS/G showed the lectinmediated aggregation phenomenon by the addition of APA lectin. Moreover, CNS/G had the highest cytotoxic activity among the three kinds of CNS/polyanion and CNS in HLE human hepatoma cell culture system in vitro.
Knowledge aided design (1992)

Conceptions and misconceptions of knowledge aided design, Marc Green design problem solving - a task analysis, B. Chandrasekaran towards a domain-indepedent synthesis system, William Birmingham and Iris Tommelein compiling redesign plans and diagnosis rules from a structure behaviour device model, Richard Keller, et al design fusion - an architecture for concurrent design, Mark Fox, et al knowledge-based design rationale capture - automating engineering trade studies, John Boose knowledge acquisition for knowledge-based design systems, Sandra Marcus experiences with modelling memory and simple learning in routine design problem solving systems, David Brown, et al eliminating search in design via learning, Chris Tong.
Pharmacokinetics, dose adjustments, and 6‐mercaptopurine/ methotrexate drug interactions in two patients with thiopurine methyltransferase deficiency (1998)

Two children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were found to be thiopurine methyltransferase (TPMT)‐deficient by both genotype and phenotype. They were monitored with haematological parameters and red blood cell concentrations of 6‐thioguanine nucleotides (E‐6TGN) and methotrexate (E‐MTX, including MTX polyglutamates), in relation to the doses of 6‐mercaptopurine (6MP) and methotrexate (MTX), during their maintenance chemotherapy. Both patients developed severe pancytopenia at the standard protocol dose of 6MP. Even at 25% and 5%, respectively, of the protocol dose of 6MP, they achieved E‐6TGN values several‐fold above the population median, but without unacceptable bone‐marrow toxicity. Their high E‐6TGN values had only a minor influence on their E‐MTX values and their tolerance to oral MTX, but severe pancytopenia followed high‐dose MTX infusions. Due to the risk of fatal myelo‐suppression we recommend up‐front determination of TPMT activity in patients treated with 6MP or azathioprine.
Metal object detection circuit with non-overlapped coils for wireless EV chargers (2016)

In the inductive power transfer (IPT) system operation, overheating of metal objects caused by eddy current may cause ignition, resulting in fire or damages to the equipment. Therefore, a metal object detection (MOD) circuit with non-overlapped coils to ensure safe operation of a wireless EV chargers is proposed in this paper. The proposed MOD circuit is composed of a variable resistor, a low pass filter, and a precision rectifier with amplification for accurate data acquisition. Influence of metal object under alternating magnetic field is described with respect to various thickness and types of metal objects. The proposed MOD circuit was experimentally verified using three non-overlapped coils and a 4cm × 4cm metal object, where its output voltage was changed from 200 mV to 1V. The MOD circuit can detect multiple metal objects at the same time and is suitable for high power wireless EV chargers.
PROTEASES ASSOCIATED WITH GYNECOLOGICAL TUMORS (1994)

Proteases are involved in the invasion and metastasis of tumours by destruction of the basal membrane and connective tissue. As levels in malignant tissue have both prognostic and therapeutic implications, we examined 318 frozen samples from malignant tumours and comparable non-malignant tissue looking for urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA), tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) levels with ELISA, as well as cathepsin D with RIA. Oestrogen receptor (ER) levels, progesterone receptor (PrgR) levels and epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFR) were measured by biochemical methods at the same time. Significantly raised levels of uPA, PAI-1 and cathepsin D were found in malignant tissue, with PAI-1 particularly high in carcinoma of the cervix. Significantly raised tPA levels were found in breast cancer tissue with a more favourable clinical prognosis, with a positive correlation between tPA and ER. No correlation could be shown between uPA, PAI-1 and cathepsin D with other prognostic factors for breast cancer. It could be that routine, uncomplicated estimation of tumour-associated proteases such as uPA, tPA, PAI-1 and cathepsin D will provide an independent prognostic marker for therapeutic decisions with regard to gynaecological tumours and breast cancer.
GPU accelerated face detection (2010)

Recently many-core graphic processor units (GPUs) are delivering impressive power for general purpose computing applications. Thanks to their high memory bandwidth and computing throughput, GPUs could often significantly accelerate many applications. In this paper, we present a CPU-GPU cooperative implementation for a Viola-Jones based face detection system. The experiment results show that our face detector running on a GTX280 graphics card could achieve an over 20X speed-up compared with the CPU equivalent on an Intel core 2 duo processor, while maintaining exactly the same detection quality. We also show that our implementation offers good scalability in terms of image size.
Double Sparsity: Learning Sparse Dictionaries for Sparse Signal Approximation (2009)

An efficient and flexible dictionary structure is proposed for sparse and redundant signal representation. The proposed sparse dictionary is based on a sparsity model of the dictionary atoms over a base dictionary, and takes the form D = ¿ A, where ¿ is a fixed base dictionary and A is sparse. The sparse dictionary provides efficient forward and adjoint operators, has a compact representation, and can be effectively trained from given example data. In this, the sparse structure bridges the gap between implicit dictionaries, which have efficient implementations yet lack adaptability, and explicit dictionaries, which are fully adaptable but non-efficient and costly to deploy. In this paper, we discuss the advantages of sparse dictionaries, and present an efficient algorithm for training them. We demonstrate the advantages of the proposed structure for 3-D image denoising.
On the joint source-channel decoding of variable-length encoded sources: the BSC case (2001)

This paper proposes an optimal maximum a posteriori probability decoder for variable-length encoded sources over binary symmetric channels (BSC) that uses a novel state-space to deal with the problem of variable-length source codes in the decoder. This sequential, finite-delay, joint source-channel decoder delivers substantial improvements over the conventional decoder and also over a system that uses a standard forward error correcting code operating at the same over all bit rates. This decoder is also robust to inaccuracies in the estimation of channel statistics.
An Inexpensive Automatic Liquid Nitrogen Level Control System Using an Integrated Circuit (1971)

A highly reliable, automatic liquid nitrogen level control system using an integrated circuit is described. Inexpensive standard components are used in the device. Construction of the system is simple and straightforward.
Quantitative Comparison of Linear and Non-linear Dimensionality Reduction Techniques for Solar Image Archives. (2012)

This work investigates the applicability of several dimensionality reduction techniques for large scale solar data analysis. Using the first solar domain-specific benchmark dataset that contains images of multiple types of phenomena, we investigate linear and nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods in order to reduce our storage costs and maintain an accurate representation of our data in a new vector space. We present a comparative analysis between several dimensionality reduction methods and different numbers of target dimensions by utilizing different classifiers in order to determine the percentage of dimensionality reduction that can be achieved on solar data with said methods, and to discover the method that is the most effective for solar images.
SD-OCT with Prolonged Scan Depth for Imaging the Anterior Segment of the Eye (2010)

An 840-nm wavelength spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) with prolonged scan depth was developed and mounted onto a conventional slit lamp for imaging the anterior segment of the eye. X-Y cross aiming was applied to align the SD-OCT scanning position during imaging. An internal fixation target displayed on a miniature LCD monitor was provided. The SD-OCT instrument had an axial resolution of 6 μm and a prolonged scan depth of 7.2 mm. High-quality SD-OCT images, consisting of 2,048 × 2,048 pixels, were acquired of the entire anterior chamber and entire crystalline lens from a healthy subject. The entire cornea, anterior chamber angle, limbus, and iris were clearly visible. Additionally, the internal structure of crystalline lens, including anterior and posterior surfaces of the crystalline lens, capsule, nucleus, and cortex, were clearly imaged with the instrument. The system was also tested in imaging accommodation of the same eye, demonstrating the feasibility of the novel approach for evaluating presbyopia/accommodation.
Robust Design-for-Security Architecture for Enabling Trust in IC Manufacturing and Test (2018)

Due to the prohibitive costs of semiconductor manufacturing, most system-on-chip design companies outsource their production to offshore foundries. As most of these devices are manufactured in environments of limited trust that often lack appropriate oversight, a number of different threats have emerged. These include unauthorized overproduction of the integrated circuits (ICs), sale of out-of-specification/rejected ICs discarded by manufacturing tests, piracy of intellectual property, and reverse engineering of the designs. Over the years, researchers have proposed different metering and obfuscation techniques to enable trust in outsourced IC manufacturing, where the design is obfuscated by modifying the underlying functionality and only activated by using a secure obfuscation key. However, Boolean satisfiability-based algorithms have been shown to efficiently break key-based obfuscation methods, and thus circumvent the primary objectives of metering and obfuscation. In this paper, we present a novel secure cell design for implementing the design-for-security infrastructure to prevent leaking the key to an adversary under any circumstances. Importantly, our design does not limit the testability of the chip during the normal manufacturing flow in any way, including postsilicon validation and debug. Our proposed design is resistant to various known attacks at the cost of a very little (<; 1%) area overhead.
Generating test data for branch coverage (2000)

Branch coverage is an important criteria used during the structural testing of programs. We present a new program execution based approach to generate input data that exercises a selected branch in a program. The test data generation is initiated with an arbitrarily chosen input from the input domain of the program. A new input is derived from the initial input in an attempt to force execution through any of the paths through the selected branch. The method dynamically switches among the paths that reach the branch by refining the input. Using a numerical iterative technique that attempts to generate an input to exercise the branch, it dynamically selects a path that offers less resistance. We have implemented the technique and present experimental results of its performance for some programs. Our results show that our method is feasible and practical.
ELF-1 Interacts with and Transactivates the IgH Enhancer π Site (1996)

We previously identified a B-cell-specific regulatory element in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) enhancer, π, with striking similarity to binding sites for ets-related transcription factors. Whereas the ability of ets-related factors to bind to and transactivate the π site has been substantiated, the identification of the particular member of the ets family responsible for B-cell-specific regulation of the π site has remained controversial. We have used antibodies specific for individual members of the ets family to evaluate which ets-related factor in B-cell nuclear extracts interacts with the IgH π site. We present strong evidence that ELF-1 is highly expressed in B-cells and is one of two major factors specifically interacting with the murine IgH enhancer π site in B-cell nuclear extracts. Binding of ELF-1 correlates with activity of the π site, since mutations abolishing function of π also inhibit binding of ELF-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ELF-1 can transactivate the IgH enhancer in HeLa cells, suggesting a role for ELF-1 in B-cell-specific IgH gene expression. We previously identified a B-cell-specific regulatory element in the immunoglobulin heavy chain (IgH) enhancer, π, with striking similarity to binding sites for ets-related transcription factors. Whereas the ability of ets-related factors to bind to and transactivate the π site has been substantiated, the identification of the particular member of the ets family responsible for B-cell-specific regulation of the π site has remained controversial. We have used antibodies specific for individual members of the ets family to evaluate which ets-related factor in B-cell nuclear extracts interacts with the IgH π site. We present strong evidence that ELF-1 is highly expressed in B-cells and is one of two major factors specifically interacting with the murine IgH enhancer π site in B-cell nuclear extracts. Binding of ELF-1 correlates with activity of the π site, since mutations abolishing function of π also inhibit binding of ELF-1. Furthermore, we demonstrate that ELF-1 can transactivate the IgH enhancer in HeLa cells, suggesting a role for ELF-1 in B-cell-specific IgH gene expression.
Distribution of Methanol Carbon Between Assimilation and Oxidation Pathways in Methanol-grown Pseudomonas C (1980)

In Pseudomonas C, a facultative methylotrophic bacterium, methanol is assimilated via the 2-keto-3-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate (KDPG) variant of the ribulose monophosphate (RMP) pathway of formaldehyde fixation. The oxidation of methanol to CO2 is accomplished by the direct oxidation pathway (which involves formic acid as an oxidation intermediate), via a cyclic oxidation pathway (glucose monophosphate shunt) and by other decarboxylation reactions. The distribution pattern of methanol carbon among the assimilation and the different oxidation pathways was studied by measuring the distribution between CO2 and cell constituents of 14C-labelled compounds after their injection into a culture growing on methanol in a chemostat. From these measurements, it was calculated that 25% of the methanol consumed by the cells was oxidized through formate to CO2, while the remainder was diverted into the hexulosephosphate synthase reaction from which 55% was assimilated through the KDPG reaction and 17% was oxidized to CO2 via a cyclic oxidation pathway and other decarboxylation reactions. The remaining 7% from the methanol carbon was re-incorporated as CO2 into cell material through carboxylation reactions.
Thymidylate Synthesis (2016)

Abstract Thymidylate is a component of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), and is synthesised from the de novo or nucleotide salvage pathways. Many cell types rely on the salvage pathway, but often this is insufficient. Thymidylate is synthesised de novo from deoxyuridylate and methylenetetrahydrofolate by thymidylate synthase (TYMS), with the enzymes dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and serine hydroxymethyltransferase (SHMT) or methylenetetrahydrofolate dehydrogenase 1 (MTHFD1) which are required to regenerate methylenetetrahydrofolate. The de novo synthesis pathway forms a nuclear complex at the nuclear lamina at sites of DNA replication. DNA polymerases do not distinguish between deoxyuridylate and thymidylate, and when thymidylate synthesis is insufficient, uracil is misincorporated into DNA. This can lead to futile cycles of DNA repair and subsequent DNA single‐ and double‐strand breaks. Impaired de novo thymidylate synthesis can result in neural tube defects, megaloblastic anaemia and severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID). Inhibitors of TYMS and DHFR impair cell replication and have been used in the treatment of cancer. Key Concepts Thymidylate (deoxythymidine 5′‐monophosphate, 5‐methyluracil‐2′‐deoxyriboside‐5′‐phosphate, dTMP) ( Figure 1) is an essential metabolite required for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis and repair. Thymidylate can be synthesised through a salvage pathway or de novo through a folate‐dependent pathway. Thymidylate synthesis through both the salvage and de novo pathways occurs in the nucleus and mitochondria. Thymidylate biosynthesis in the nucleus functions during DNA replication and repair. Thymidylate synthesis occurs at a greater rate during DNA replication when cells are in S‐phase of the cell cycle. De novo thymidylate biosynthesis is impaired by folate or vitamin B12 deficiency. Impaired de novo thymidylate biosynthesis causes uracil misincorporation into DNA and DNA instability. Thymidylate synthesis enzymes have been successfully targeted by chemotherapeutic agents for treatment of several types of cancers. Common polymorphisms in the TYMS gene are associated with cancer risk. Inhibition of thymidylate biosynthesis can cause a class of common birth defect known as neural tube defects, as well as severe combined immune deficiency (SCID) and megaloblastic anaemia.
Paper-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators Made of Stretchable Interlocking Kirigami Patterns (2016)

The development of stretchable energy generation devices is indispensable for achieving stretchable, self-powered electronic systems. In this paper, a type of highly stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators made from conventional, inelastic materials such as paper is presented. It exploits a rationally designed interlocking kirigami structure and is capable of harvesting energy from various types of motions such as stretching, pressing, and twisting owing to the shape-adaptive thin film design. Energy harvested from the as-fabricated devices has been used for powering an LCD screen and lighting LED arrays. Furthermore, the paper-based devices have also been demonstrated for self-powered acceleration sensing and self-powered sensing of book opening and closing. This work introduces traditional kirigami into the development of stretchable triboelectric nanogenerators and verifies its promising applications in both power generation and self-powered sensing.
Interactions between folding factors and bacterial outer membrane proteins (2005)

The outer membrane is the first line of contact between Gram-negative bacteria and their external environment. Embedded in the outer membrane are integral outer membrane proteins (OMPs) that perform a diverse range of tasks. OMPs are synthesized in the cytoplasm and are translocated across the inner membrane and probably diffuse through the periplasm before they are inserted into the outer membrane in a folded and biologically active form. Passage through the periplasm presents a number of challenges, due to the hydrophobic nature of the OMPs and the choice of membranes into which they can insert. Recently, a number of periplasmic proteins and one OMP have been shown to play a role in OMP biogenesis. In this review, we describe what is known about these folding factors and how they function in a biological context. In particular, we focus on how they interact with the OMPs at the molecular level and present a comprehensive overview of data relating to a possible effect on OMP folding yield and kinetics. Furthermore, we discuss the role of lipo-chaperones, i.e. lipopolysaccharide and phospholipids, in OMP folding. Important advances have clearly been made in the field, but much work remains to be done, particularly in terms of describing the biophysical basis for the chaperone-OMP interactions which so intricately regulate OMP biogenesis.