gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carbon—Silica Dual Phase Filler: Part III. ESCA and IR Characterization (1998)

Abstract A series of carbon—silica dual phase fillers have been analyzed using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) and infrared spectroscopy (IR). These techniques reveal that the silicon in these materials is consistent with that in silica, and the predominant carbon in the carbon phase is similar to the predominant carbon in carbon black. ESCA and IR experiments demonstrate that the carbon—silica dual phase fillers are comprised of composite aggregates, each containing carbon and silica phases. In these dual phase aggregates the silica phase is intimately distributed with the carbon phase. Quantitative ESCA reveals that these dual phase fillers have excess oxygen over the expected stoichiometric amount for the silica present. This excess oxygen is likely due to oxygen groups on the carbon phase. Analysis of the ESCA oxygen Auger lines in combination with various chemical treatments substantiate the presence of carbon phase oxygen groups on the dual phase fillers. Quantitative ESCA in combination with IR spectra of a dual phase filler after removal of the silica phase, by HF treatment, suggests that the carbon phase of the dual phase filler contains more oxygen groups than its carbon black counterpart.
High-Temperature Sodium | Metal Chloride Storage Battery (2008)

To understand the dynamics of electrochemical cycling, a high-temperature sodium | ferrous chloride storage cell was modeled in two dimensions. The positive electrode, micronized iron, ferrous chloride, and sodium chloride, impregnated with a molten-salt electrolyte, is represented as a continuum, using porous electrode theory. The cell can thusly be described using transport phenomena and heterogeneous reaction kinetics. The time- dependent solution shows that a reaction front, starting at the interface with the negative electrode, moves deeper into the positive electrode with increasing depth of discharge. Cell potential falls continuously as the discharge front moves deeper; Ohmic resistance in the porous electrode limits cell performance.
Multi-component digital-based seismic landstreamer and boat-towed radio-magnetotelluric acquisition systems for improved subsurface characterization in the urban environment (2017)

It is estimated that urban life will be the norm for around 60% of the world’s population by 2040, leading to a more centralized distribution of people and making the city as the main place of residence (Whiteley, 2009). This population centralization inherently implies rapidly expanding cities and imposes the need for more infrastructure within, around and between the present city boundaries. However, infrastructure projects nowadays have to follow strict civil engineering standards that require detailed knowledge of subsurface conditions during different stages of the construction processes. Since direct methods conventionally used for site characterization (e.g., drilling and/or core testing) are still relatively expensive the focus in the last two decades has been on non-invasive, geophysical methods. However, geophysical site characterization in urban areas is not an easy task owing to numerous challenges and various types of noise sources. Challenges such as electric/electromagnetic (EM) noise, pipelines and other subsurface objects (sometimes even unknown or undocumented), the inability to properly couple sensors because of pavement, traffic noises and limited space are common in urban environment. Since geophysical surveys need to be done with the least amount of disturbances to the environment, residents and traffic, new geophysical techniques for fast, non-invasive and high-resolution site characterization are needed. To overcome some of these challenges, a nationwide joint industry-academia project was launched in 2012 TUST GeoInfra, www.trust-geoinfra.se). As a component in the project, Uppsala University developed two new data acquisition systems. These are a fully digital MEMS-based (Micro-machined Electro-Mechanical Sensor) three component (3C) seismic landstreamer and a boat-towed radio-magnetotelluric (RMT) acquisition system. Both systems were specifically designed to address urban environments with the RMT system particularly aiming at efficient and cost-effective geophysical surveying on shallow-water bodies, which constitute 7% of Scandinavia. In this article, we will describe the two systems and present two case studies illustrating their potential. A number of published accounts are now available from the two systems showing what type of problems they can address (e.g., Bastani et al., 2015; Brodic et al., 2015; Malehmir et al., 2015a, 2015b, 2016a, 2016b, 2017; Dehghannejad et al., 2017; Maries et al., 2017; Mehta et al., 2017; Brodic et al., 2017).
Laser crystallization and localized growth of nanomaterials for solar applications (2013)

Laser-assisted localized growth of semiconducting nanostructures is reported. As is the case of conventional crystal growth, localized laser enables three kinds of crystal growth: (1) melt growth (recrystallization) of amorphous silicon nanopillars by pulsed laser; (2) vapor growth (chemical vapor deposition) of germanium nanowires; (3) solution growth (hydrothermal growth) of zinc oxide nanowires. The results not only demonstrate programmable and digital fabrication of laser-assisted crystal growth, but also reveal unusual growth chacracteristics (grain morphologies, growth kinetics). Related to solar applications, it is suggested that these structures can act as epitaxial seeds for growth of coarse grains and as multi-spectral centers for enhanced and engineered light absorption.
An Experimental Analysis of a Salesman's Expert and Referent Bases of Social Power in the Buyer-Seller Dyad (1976)

A salesman's expert and referent social power bases are analyzed experimentally to assess their impact on the customer's trust in the salesman, attitude, and behavioral intentions. Findings indicate that expertise is generally more effective than referent power in producing the desired customer changes.
Polymer Characterization by Combined Chromatography‐Infrared Spectroscopy (2011)

Infrared spectroscopy is widely used in the analysis and characterization of polymers. Polymer products are not a singular species, but rather, they are a population of polymer molecules varying in composition and configuration plus other added components. This paper describes instrumentation that provides the benefit or resolving polymer populations into discrete identifiable entities, by combining chromatographic separation with continuous spectra acquisition. The technology also provides a way to determine the mass distribution of discrete components across the chromatographic distribution of a sample. Various examples of application of this technology to polymer products are described. Examples include additives analysis, resolution of polymer blends, composition characterization of copolymers, analysis of degradation byproducts, and techniques of analysis of reactive polymer systems.
Reports of 355 transfusion‐associated deaths: 1976 through 1985 (1990)

From 1976 through 1985, the United States Food and Drug Administration received reports of 355 fatalities associated with transfusion, 99 of which were excluded from further review because they were unrelated to transfusion or involved hepatitis or acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Of the remaining 256 reported deaths, 51 percent resulted from acute hemolysis following the transfusion of ABO-incompatible products. These deaths were due primarily to managerial, not clerical, errors. Other causes of death (in order of frequency of report) included acute pulmonary injury (15%), bacterial contamination of product (10%), delayed hemolysis (10%), damaged product (3%), and graft-versus-host disease (0.4%). Management systems for transfusion facilities should be created or revised to include the specific identification of personnel eligible to administer transfusions to provide written guidance and appropriate training (including recognition and management of errors), and to implement measures that target safe transfusion practices. Continued research into acute pulmonary injury, the immunologic hazards of transfusion, and the prevention of bacterial contamination of blood components is necessary.
Nrf2 Inhibits LXRα-Dependent Hepatic Lipogenesis by Competing with FXR for Acetylase Binding (2011)

Nrf2 activation inhibits LXRα activity and LXRα-dependent liver steatosis by competing with FXR for p300, causing FXR activation and FXR-mediated SHP induction. Our findings provide important information on a strategy to prevent and/or treat steatosis.
Security analysis on Nalla-Reddy's ID-based tripartite authenticated key agreement protocols. (2003)

In this paper we propose security analysis on passive attack for Nalla-Reddy’s ID-AK-2 and ID-AK-3 protocols. Keywors:Passive attack,Tripartite key agreement,Bilinear pairings
Molecular interactions of alanine‐rich and proline‐rich regions of cell surface protein antigen c in <i>Streptococcus mutans</i> (2008)

These results suggest that the A-region has a strong relationship with adhesion to tooth surfaces, while the P-region has a high affinity for PAc.
Stomatal behaviour, photosynthesis and transpiration under rising CO<sub>2</sub> (1999)

Definitions of the variables used and the units are given in Table 1 The literature reports enormous variation between species in the extent of stomatal responses to rising CO 2 . This paper attempts to provide a framework within which some of this diversity can be explained. We describe the role of stomata in the short‐term response of leaf gas exchange to increases in ambient CO 2 concentration by developing the recently proposed stomatal model of Jarvis & Davies (1998 ). In this model stomatal conductance is correlated with the functioning of the photosynthetic system so that the effects of increases in CO 2 on stomata are experienced through changes in the rate of photosynthesis in a simple and mechanistically transparent way. This model also allows us to consider the effects of evaporative demand and soil moisture availability on stomatal responses to photosynthesis and therefore provides a means of considering these additional sources of variation. We emphasize that the relationship between the rate of photosynthesis and the internal CO 2 concentration and also drought will have important effects on the relative gains to be achieved under rising CO 2 . . Abbreviations image
Traffic Light Detection in Autonomous Driving Systems (2020)

Vision-only systems are currently very popular for use in autonomous driving systems and advanced driver-assistance systems. These systems operate by using input images from a camera and no other sensors. One of the tasks these systems needs to perform is the detection and understanding of traffic lights in a traffic environment, by localizing all relevant traffic lights in an image received from an on board camera mounted on the vehicle. This article proposes a traffic light recognition system where adaptive thresholding and deep learning are used for region proposal and traffic light localization, respectively. The LISA open-source dataset is used along with custom augmentation methods in order to increase the number of available data samples. Performance of the developed system is presented in the form of true and false positive rates obtained on the test data. The classification part of the algorithm gives a total of 89.60% true detection rate, while the regression part of the model produced a correct location of the traffic light in 92.67% of cases.
On the Interaction of Adaptive Video Streaming with Content-Centric Networking (2013)

NA
Characterization of industrial processed milk by analysis of heat-induced changes (2000)

Abstract Thermal indicators in milk, which had been subjected to one of the six industrial processes of thermization, pasteurization, direct and indirect UHT-sterilization, pre-sterilization and in-bottle sterilization, were studied. The following three indices of heat damage were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), lactulose and acid-soluble β-lactoglobulin(β-LG). Average amounts found were 1710 mg/l of β-LG and 2.49 μmol/l of HMF in pasteurized milk. In UHT milk, the amounts for direct and indirect processes were 389 and 322 mg/l of β-LG, 12.0 and 250 mg/l of lactulose and 5.6 and 8.7 μmol/l of HMF. In sterilized milk the amounts were 1120 mg/l of lactulose and 22 μmol/l of HMF, without any detectable presence of undenatured whey proteins. On the basis of the time/temperature profiles, a sterilization factor, expressed as seconds, was defined for each thermal treatment. By applying discriminant analysis each industrial process could be classified independently at the 95% confidence level (pasteurization, UHT-treatment and in-bottle sterilization), but direct-UHT treated milk could not be discriminated from indirect-UHT milk, nor thermized milk from raw bulk milk. The simultaneous application of several heat-induced parameters improves the classification of industrial processed milks, and is therefore a useful tool for optimization of the processing conditions.
The clinical diagnosis of occlusal caries: a problem. (1989)

The problem of the diagnosis of occlusal caries is discussed on the basis of a pilot study. Out of twenty-six selected molars and premolars with a virtually intact enamel cover, twenty were found to be affected by occlusal caries extending into the dentine. In six cases in which the enamel was covered by a sealant, dentinal caries could not be excluded. Two teeth had a sound enamel surface in spite of the presence of much dentine caries. The bitewing radiographs of these cases showed a distinct radiolucency. Until it becomes possible to diagnose occlusal caries more effectively, the combination of bitewing radiograph and clinical examination with mirror, light, and probe is to be regarded as optimal. The dentist in general practice should keep in mind that even a tooth classified as clinically sound may contain extensive dentinal caries. The prevalence of this form of caries should be investigated further, and the search for better diagnostic aids should continue.
Resistance to Alpha/Beta Interferon Is a Determinant of West Nile Virus Replication Fitness and Virulence (2006)

The emergence of West Nile virus (WNV) in the Western Hemisphere is marked by the spread of pathogenic lineage I strains, which differ from typically avirulent lineage II strains. To begin to understand the virus-host interactions that may influence the phenotypic properties of divergent lineage I and II viruses, we compared the genetic, pathogenic, and alpha/beta interferon (IFN-alpha/beta)-regulatory properties of a lineage II isolate from Madagascar (MAD78) with those of a new lineage I isolate from Texas (TX02). Full genome sequence analysis revealed that MAD78 clustered, albeit distantly, with other lineage II strains, while TX02 clustered with emergent North American isolates, more specifically with other Texas strains. Compared to TX02, MAD78 replicated at low levels in cultured human cells, was highly sensitive to the antiviral actions of IFN in vitro, and demonstrated a completely avirulent phenotype in wild-type mice. In contrast to TX02 and other pathogenic forms of WNV, MAD78 was defective in its ability to disrupt IFN-induced JAK-STAT signaling, including the activation of Tyk2 and downstream phosphorylation and nuclear translocation of STAT1 and STAT2. However, replication of MAD78 was rescued in cells with a nonfunctional IFN-alpha/beta receptor (IFNAR). Consistent with this finding, the virulence of MAD78 was unmasked upon infection of mice lacking IFNAR. Thus, control of the innate host response and IFN actions is a key feature of WNV pathogenesis and replication fitness.
The Formable Object: A 24-Degree-of-Freedom Shape-Rendering Interface (2014)

Interacting with 3-D-shaped objects using bare hands represents a very intuitive way to explore object shapes and offers lots of new opportunities in the field of virtual reality and design. Only a few 3-D shape rendering interfaces are known in the literature so far, but their resolution is rather low and/or they are not actuated. Thus, a new parallel kinematic design for an actuated 3-D shape rendering interface with a comparatively high resolution is presented, which can be extended to cover larger interaction areas. Starting from a preliminary configuration, its kinematics is optimized for the rendering of basic shapes like cylinders or spheres. Due to its specific parallel kinematic design, where a determined system is gained by attaching one node to the environment, it can easily be mounted as an end-effector to kinesthetic haptic interfaces. The presented prototype of the formable object is evaluated with respect to its ability to render basic static and dynamic shapes as well as its maximum achievable mechanical stiffness.
Induction of chromosome abnormalities in mouse and human epidermal keratinocytes by the human papillomavirus type 16 E7 oncogene (1991)

Cytogenetic abnormalities associated with human papillomavirus (HPV) type 16 were studied using primary human and mouse epidermal keratinocytes. The E7 transforming gene of HPV-16 was found to induce chromosome duplication in epidermal keratinocytes; little or no detectable chromosome disorganization was associated with the function of the E6 gene. These results suggest that the E7 gene-linked cytogenetic effect reflects HPV-16-associated pathogenicity in the early phase of transformation.
Coagulation defects and altered hemodynamic responses in mice lacking receptors for thromboxane A2. (1998)

Thromboxane A2 (TXA2) is a labile metabolite of arachidonic acid that has potent biological effects. Its actions are mediated by G protein-coupled thromboxane-prostanoid (TP) receptors. TP receptors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. To investigate the physiological functions of TP receptors, we generated TP receptor-deficient mice by gene targeting. Tp-/- animals reproduce and survive in expected numbers, and their major organ systems are normal. Thromboxane agonist binding cannot be detected in tissues from Tp-/- mice. Bleeding times are prolonged in Tp-/- mice and their platelets do not aggregate after exposure to TXA2 agonists. Aggregation responses after collagen stimulation are also delayed, although ADP-stimulated aggregation is normal. Infusion of the TP receptor agonist U-46619 causes transient increases in blood pressure followed by cardiovascular collapse in wild-type mice, but U-46619 caused no hemodynamic effect in Tp-/- mice. Tp-/- mice are also resistant to arachidonic acid-induced shock, although arachidonic acid signifi-cantly reduced blood pressure in Tp-/- mice. In summary, Tp-/- mice have a mild bleeding disorder and altered vascular responses to TXA2 and arachidonic acid. Our studies suggest that most of the recognized functions of TXA2 are mediated by the single known Tp gene locus.
Enantioselective synthesis of the key intermediate of a 1β-methylcarbapenem antibiotic by way of nitrone 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition (1989)

Synthesis of the key intermediate of the 1β-methylcarbapenem antibiotic (1) was investigated by way of inter- and intramolecular nitrone 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition. A highly enantioselective construction of (3S,4R)-(–-)-3-[(1R)-1-(t-butyldimethylsiloxy)ethyl]-4-[(1R)-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl]azetidin-2-one (2) was achieved via intramolecular cycloaddition of the nitrone (6).
Robust Power System Security Assessment Under Uncertainties Using Bi-Level Optimization (2017)

Due to rapid expansions of renewable energy (RE) generations, it becomes more important to assess the feasibility of power system operation under limited controllable resources. Especially, exact evaluation of the system reserve for preserving system security is required under erroneous RE output predictions. This paper proposes a method to evaluate the size of the feasible region of power system operation in control space for the examination of the effective system reserve margin under uncertainties. Predicted RE and demands with their confidence intervals (CIs) are specified to formulate a problem for the evaluation of the size of the worst-case feasible region, where positive size implies feasibility, while negative, infeasibility. The method computes the degree of system security, which is referred to as “Robust Power System Security” in this paper. The problem is formulated as bi-level optimization, which is linearized and transformed into the mixed integer linear programming (MILP) problem. This is a new approach in the treatment of uncertainties. We use DC power flow and linear constrained dynamic economic dispatch problem to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The proposed approach is useful in power system planning in analyzing the feasibility of dynamic real-time operation in future circumstance.
ChemInform Abstract: ADDITION REACTIONS OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. PART 70. FORMATION OF QUINOLIZINES AND INDOLIZINES FROM NICOTINE DERIVATIVES AND ACETYLENIC ESTERS (1980)

Abstract Cotinin (I) reagiert mit Acetylendicarbonsäureester unter Bildung des 9aH‐Chinolizins (II), das beim Erhitzen in das 4H‐Isomere (III) übergeht.
Use of transparent indium tin oxide to form a highly efficient 20 GHz Schottky barrier photodiode (1985)

The letter discusses the development and characterisation of a GaAs Schottky barrier photodiode based on transparent conducting indium tin oxide (ITO). The use of ITO results in external quantum efficiencies of 60% at 830 nm. The devices have been measured to have a FWHM impulse response of ∼20 ps and a −3 dBm bandwidth in excess of 20 GHz.
Property specification patterns for finite-state verification (1998)

Finite-state verification (e.g., model checking) provides a powerful means to detect errors that are often subtle and difficult to reproduce. Nevertheless, the transition of this technology from research to practice has been slow. While there are a number of potential causes for reluctance in adopting such formal methods in practice, we believe that a primary cause rests with the fact that practitioners are unfamiliar with specification processes, notations, and strategies. Recent years have seen growing success in leveraging experience with design and coding patterns.
The O <sub>2</sub> sensitivity of the transcription factor FNR is controlled by Ser24 modulating the kinetics of [4Fe-4S] to [2Fe-2S] conversion (2009)

Fumarate and nitrate reduction regulatory (FNR) proteins are bacterial transcription factors that coordinate the switch between aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. In the absence of O(2), FNR binds a [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster (ligated by Cys-20, 23, 29, 122) promoting the formation of a transcriptionally active dimer. In the presence of O(2), FNR is converted into a monomeric, non-DNA-binding form containing a [2Fe-2S](2+) cluster. The reaction of the [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster with O(2) has been shown to proceed via a 2-step process, an O(2)-dependent 1-electron oxidation to yield a [3Fe-4S](+) intermediate with release of 1 Fe(2+) ion, followed by spontaneous rearrangement to the [2Fe-2S](2+) form with release of 1 Fe(3+) and 2 S(2-) ions. Here, we show that replacement of Ser-24 by Arg, His, Phe, Trp, or Tyr enhances aerobic activity of FNR in vivo. The FNR-S24F protein incorporates a [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster with spectroscopic properties similar to those of FNR. However, the substitution enhances the stability of the [4Fe-4S](2+) cluster in the presence of O(2). Kinetic analysis shows that both steps 1 and 2 are slower for FNR-S24F than for FNR. A molecular model suggests that step 1 of the FNR-S24F iron-sulfur cluster reaction with O(2) is inhibited by shielding of the iron ligand Cys-23, suggesting that Cys-23 or the cluster iron bound to it is a primary site of O(2) interaction. These data lead to a simple model of the FNR switch with physiological implications for the ability of FNR proteins to operate over different ranges of in vivo O(2) concentrations.