gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporal and Spatial Resolution of Type I and III Interferon Responses<i>In Vi</i><i>vo</i> (2010)

Although the action of interferons (IFNs) has been extensively studied in vitro, limited information is available on the spatial and temporal activation pattern of IFN-induced genes in vivo. We created BAC transgenic mice expressing firefly luciferase under transcriptional control of the Mx2 gene promoter. Expression of the reporter with regard to onset and kinetics of induction parallels that of Mx2 and is thus a hallmark for the host response. Substantial constitutive expression of the reporter gene was observed in the liver and most other tissues of transgenic mice, whereas this expression was strongly reduced in animals lacking functional type I IFN receptors. As expected, the reporter gene was induced not only in response to type I (alpha and beta) and type III (lambda) IFNs but also in response to a variety of IFN inducers such as double-stranded RNA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and viruses. In vivo IFN subtypes show clear differences with respect to their kinetics of action and to their spatial activation pattern: while the type I IFN response was strong in liver, spleen, and kidney, type III IFN reactivity was most prominent in organs with mucosal surfaces. Infection of reporter mice with virus strains that differ in their pathogenicity shows that the IFN response is significantly altered in the strength of IFN action at sites which are not primarily infected as well as by the onset and duration of gene induction.
Development of the Measurement System with Interferometers for Ultraprecise X-ray Mirror (2003)

A figure measurement system with a stitching method has been developed for evaluation and fabrication of the ultraprecise hard X-ray mirror optics. This system was constructed by two interferometers. One is the Michelson-type microscopic interferometer which is improved to keep the focus distance within 0.1μm. Another is the Fizeau's interferometer employed to compensate stitching error in the long spatial wavelength range. To estimate the absolute accuracy in this figure measurement system, the reflection X-ray intensity distributions of flat and asphericl mirrors, which are fabricated by us, were predicted by wave-optical simulation based on measured profile and compared with actually observed distributions. As the result, they are in good agreements. These agreements prove that the developed system has sub-nanometer absolute accuracy in all the spatial wavelength range longer than 0.5mm, because sub-nanometer figure error in those spatial wavelength ranges are known to affect reflection X-ray intensity distributions.
A Low Loss High Isolation DC-60 GHz SPDT Traveling-Wave Switch With a Body Bias Technique in 90 nm CMOS Process (2010)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this letter, a low loss high isolation broadband single-port double-throw (SPDT) traveling-wave switch using 90 nm CMOS technology is presented. A body bias technique is utilized to enhance the circuit performance of the switch, especially for the operation frequency above 30 GHz. The parasitic capacitance between the drain and source of the NMOS transistor can be further reduced using the negative body bias technique. Moreover, the insertion loss, the input 1 dB compression point (<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm P} _{{1}~{\rm dB}}$</tex></formula>), and the third-order intermodulation (IMD3) of the switch are all improved. With the technique, the switch demonstrates an insertion loss of 3 dB and an isolation of better than 48 dB from dc to 60 GHz. The chip size of the proposed switch is 0.68<formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>0.87 <formula formulatype="inline"> <tex Notation="TeX">${\rm mm}^{2}$</tex></formula> with a core area of only 0.32<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex></formula>0.21 <formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">${\rm mm}^{2}$</tex></formula>. </para>
A strategy for developing a hammerhead ribozyme for selective RNA cleavage depending on substitutional RNA editing (2012)

Substitutional RNA editing plays a crucial role in the regulation of biological processes. Cleavage of target RNA that depends on the specific site of substitutional RNA editing is a useful tool for analyzing and regulating intracellular processes related to RNA editing. Hammerhead ribozymes have been utilized as small catalytic RNAs for cleaving target RNA at a specific site and may be used for RNA-editing-specific RNA cleavage. Here we reveal a design strategy for a hammerhead ribozyme that specifically recognizes adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) and cytosine to uracil (C-to-U) substitutional RNA-editing sites and cleaves target RNA. Because the hammerhead ribozyme cleaves one base upstream of the target-editing site, the base that pairs with the target-editing site was utilized for recognition. RNA-editing-specific ribozymes were designed such that the recognition base paired only with the edited base. These ribozymes showed A-to-I and C-to-U editing-specific cleavage activity against synthetic serotonin receptor 2C and apolipoprotein B mRNA fragments in vitro, respectively. Additionally, the ribozyme designed for recognizing A-to-I RNA editing at the Q/R site on filamin A (FLNA) showed editing-specific cleavage activity against physiologically edited FLNA mRNA extracted from cells. We demonstrated that our strategy is effective for cleaving target RNA in an editing-dependent manner. The data in this study provided an experimental basis for the RNA-editing-dependent degradation of specific target RNA in vivo.
Compression Neuritis of the Ulnar Nerve at the Elbow (1970)

Abstract Most cases of compression of the ulnar nerve at the elbow are due to pressure by a transverse band between the heads of the flexor carpi ulnaris. Two forms can be recognised: Acute on chronic compression lesions, and acute on normal ulnar nerve lesions. Compression can also occur in cases of recurrent subluxation of the nerve. Treatment is by decompression of the nerve by division of the band. Recurrence should be prevented by suturing the band together beneath the nerve.
Vitamin B12-Folate Interrelationships (1985)

The objective of this review is to provide an overview of intermittent fasting regimens, summarize the evidence on the health benefits of intermittent fasting, and discuss physiological mechanisms by which intermittent fasting might lead to improved ...Read More
Breakdown of self-tolerance and the pathogenesis of autoimmunity. (1999)

Autoimmunity results from a breakdown of physiological mechanisms responsible for maintaining tolerance to self-antigens. These mechanisms are traditionally divided into central and peripheral. T or B lymphocytes that bind to self-antigens with high avidity are deleted or rendered unresponsive during their ontogeny in generative lymphoid organs such as the thymus and the bone marrow (central tolerance). However, this elimination process is incomplete, and regulatory mechanisms that keep mature autoreactive lymphocytes in check are necessary for preventing autoimmunity (peripheral tolerance). Peripheral tolerance mechanisms include passive or activation-induced T and B cell apoptosis, anergy, ignorance, and perhaps suppression of autoreactivity by regulatory lymphocytes. Observations in humans and experimental animals with defined genetic mutations provide examples of autoimmune disorders arising from failure to maintain peripheral tolerance to self. However, multiple factors are necessary for the induction of autoimmunity. For example, bacterial and viral infections may precipitate autoimmune disease in genetically susceptible individuals by exposing autoreactive T cells to cross-reactive peptides (molecular mimicry) or by enhancing lymphocyte stimulation.
Dietary and Health Information Logging System for Home Health Care Services (2007)

In this paper, we propose a wearable dietary and information logging system. The system consists of a cellular phone, a sphygmomanometer, a body composition monitor and a calorie consumption meter, which are crucial for monitoring life-related diseases. We conducted an experiment with a subject and succeeded to get his dietary and health information continuously for two months. We also introduce the blog interface for home health care as one of the applications
The Effect of Bleeding on Hematopoietic Stem Cell Cycling and Self-Renewal (2007)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) divide and give rise to more committed progenitors, which ultimately produce all lineages of blood cells. HSCs can be induced to enter the cell cycle in vitro and in vivo by stimulatory cytokines and in vivo by ablation of bone marrow (BM) cells with irradiation or chemotherapeutic agents. Although it has been postulated that rates of HSC proliferation increase with normal hematopoietic stresses, such as infection or hemorrhage, this hypothesis has never been directly tested. The ability to analyze HSCs prospectively by cell-surface phenotype c-kit(+), Thy1.1(lo), Sca-1(+), Linage(neg/lo) has allowed us to perform a detailed examination of the effects of bleeding on the cell cycle kinetics of HSCs. Our results demonstrate for the first time that HSCs in both the BM and the spleen proliferate and self-renew in response to tail-vein bleeding in mice. This response was suppressed when red blood cells, but not when white blood cells, were transferred after bleeding. Thus, regulators of HSC proliferation can sense and respond to red blood cell levels.
Polystyrene Resin-Supported Aluminium Copper(I) Chloride as Selective Ethylene Adsorbent (1986)

Abstract Solid adsorbents for ethylene are prepared by stirring copper(I) chloride, aluminium chloride, and a macroreticular type polystyrene resin in carbon disulfide, followed by removal of the liquid phase. The adsorbents effectively adsorb ethylene at 20 °C under 1 atm, and exhibit no measurable adsorptions of nitrogen, hydrogen, and methane.
Extending the Applicability of Esterases of Low Enantioselectivity in Asymmetric Synthesis (1985)

A strategy for expanding the applicability of esterases of low enantioselectivity for asymmetric synthesis is described. This concept is generally applicable to biochemical processes involving enantiotopic group differentiation. Quantitative expressions have been derived to permit the prediction of enantiomeric excess and the optimization of optical and chemical yields.
Large-Scale Distributed Language Modeling (2007)

A novel distributed language model that has no constraints on the n-gram order and no practical constraints on vocabulary size is presented. This model is scalable and allows for an arbitrarily large corpus to be queried for statistical estimates. Our distributed model is capable of producing n-gram counts on demand. By using a novel heuristic estimate for the interpolation weights of a linearly interpolated model, it is possible to dynamically compute the language model probabilities. The distributed architecture follows the client-server paradigm and allows for each client to request an arbitrary weighted mixture of the corpus. This allows easy adaptation of the language model to particular test conditions. Experiments using the distributed LM for re-ranking N-best lists of a speech recognition system resulted in considerable improvements in word error rate (WER), while integration with a machine translation decoder resulted in significant improvements in translation quality as measured by the BLEU score.
On the Equivalent Annual Cost Method (2014)

The equivalent annual cost (EAC) method is a useful tool in asset pricing, lease financing and corporate investment. It deals with projects with different economic lives and has wide applications in many fields outside the finance or even business. However, the important EAC concept and its applications are not always very well understood even within the finance academia. There are a few misunderstandings surrounding 1this widely taught and practiced methodology as evidenced by our experience with finance professionals over the past decades and the lack of clarity in all the mainstream textbooks we have surveyed. One of them is the misconception that the EAC method requires infinite time horizon and infinite repetitions of the identical project or equipment. Given its importance and wide application, the finance profession has an obligation to serve well its gatekeeper role by not overlooking these misconceptions. Thus far, no one has raised and addressed these misconceptions. We fill in this void by explicitly revealing, explaining and addressing these misconceptions. Specifically, we argue that infinite horizon is a convenience but not a necessity by showing how the method can be used for projects or assets with finite horizons and what cautions one has to take. We also provide threads for future studies along this line. Our work makes a marginal contribution the finance theory, pedagogy and practice.
The Economic Burden of<i>Campylobacter‐Associated</i>Guillain‐Barré Syndrome (1997)

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disease characterized by acute neuromuscular paralysis. Of an estimated annual number of 2628-9575 US cases, 526-3830 are triggered by Campylobacter infection. Research objectives were to identify the lifetime consequences of GBS and, when possible, to quantify their economic burden. The cost-of-illness method was used to calculate annual societal resources spent on medical care and lost productivity due to illness or premature death from Campylobacter-associated GBS. Estimated total costs (in US$) of Campylobacter-associated GBS ($0.2-$1.8 billion) were added to previously estimated costs of campylobacteriosis ($1.3-$6.2 billion) for a total annual cost from Campylobacter of $1.5-$8.0 billion (1995 dollars). It is concluded that up to $8.0 billion in US human illness costs are spent annually because of Campylobacter infection. Economic evaluation of the other costs associated with GBS, such as physical and psychological costs, would increase these estimates.
Neuroimaging Markers of Cellular Function in Major Depressive Disorder: Implications for Therapeutics, Personalized Medicine, and Prevention (2012)

It is estimated that 15% of all individuals will experience a major depressive episode (MDE) during their lifetime and that treatment response is inadequate in 40% of these cases. To address this, neuroimaging is being used to identify MDE subtypes and mechanisms of onset as well as to optimize target occupancy of novel treatments. Neuroimaging of monoamine oxidase-A (MAO-A) binding; glutamate levels; indexes of 5-HT(2A), 5-HTT, 5-HT(1A), and 5-HT(1B) receptors; levels of dopamine transporters D(1) and D(2); and hippocampal volume are described here. Three themes emerge. First, symptoms such as pessimism, motor retardation, anxiety disorder, and verbal memory deficits best indicate the subtype of depression. Second, measures related to mechanisms of monoamine loss, particularly elevated MAO-A binding in prefrontal and anterior cingulate cortex, are present in MDE and in high-risk states for MDE. Third, clinical trials show a consistent 80% 5-HTT occupancy of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors at doses sufficient to distinguish from placebo in clinical trials (although in vitro affinities vary 100-fold), thereby supporting the need for further occupancy studies to accelerate therapeutic development.
Poly(vinyl alcohol) Functionalized Poly(dimethylsiloxane) Solid Surface for Immunoassay (2007)

In this communication, we describe a simple and robust method for the covalent bonding of poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) on a silanized poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) surface. Nonspecific adsorption of proteins via hydrophobic-hydrophobic interactions of the PVA-coated surface is greatly reduced, and biomolecules can be rapidly anchored on the PVA-coated surface with high loading and uniformity. On the basis of a sandwich immunoassay with the anti-rabbit IgG and IgG pair as a model, the detection limit for IgG is down to 1 pg/mL with linearity up to 11 microg the levels often encountered in biological, forensic, and environmental samples.
Varenicline Augmentation in Depressed Smokers (2009)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00525837.
Laser-Patterned Super-Hydrophobic Pure Metallic Substrates: Cassie to Wenzel Wetting Transitions (2011)

A femtosecond laser was used to create microstructures on very pure metal surfaces. The irradiated samples initially showed super-hydrophilic behavior. With time and exposure to ambient air the contact angle increased to about 160° with very low hysteresis. The surfaces supported the Cassie and Wenzel wetting states, depending on the technique used to deposit the water droplets. The created surface morphologies were idealized with a geometric model that is an assembly of densely packed cylindrical pillars with semispherical caps. Using this geometric model for calculation of the surface roughness, a theoretical Young contact angle of about 99° was calculated for all samples from the Wenzel and Cassie–Baxter equations. While the value of 99° significantly differs from the measured hydrophilic contact angles on the polished pure metallic samples, it indicates that a laser-induced surface reaction must be responsible for the evolution of contact angles to super-hydrophobic ones and that this phenomenon is independent of the type of metal.
Lipid peroxidation, DNA damage and coenzyme Q10 in lung cancer patients--markers for risk assessment? (2011)

The results suggest that the aforementioned parameters can be useful for lung cancer risk assessment.
Observation of resonant tunnelling via first excited level in double-barrier diodes (1986)

Two clear resonance peaks for each bias direction accompanying negative differential resistance are observed in the Al0.3Ga0.7/GaAs/Al0.3Ga0.7As double-barrier diode of 24 to 26 monolayer well thickness. These two peaks are found to be the resonant tunnelling through the ground and first excited energy levels in the well.
Identification of the UDP-MurNAc-Pentapeptide: <scp>l</scp> -Alanine Ligase for Synthesis of Branched Peptidoglycan Precursors in <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i> (2001)

Many species of gram-positive bacteria produce branched peptidoglycan precursors resulting from the transfer of various L-amino acids or glycine from amino acyl-tRNA to the epsilon-amino group of L-lysine. The UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide:L-alanine ligase and alanyl-tRNA synthetase genes from Enterococcus faecalis were identified, cloned, and overexpressed in Escherichia coli. The purified enzymes were necessary and sufficient for tRNA-dependent addition of L-alanine to UDP-MurNAc-pentapeptide in vitro. The ligase belonged to the Fem family of proteins, which were initially identified genetically as factors essential for methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus.
CW room-temperature blue upconversion fibre laser (1992)

The Letter reports what the authors believe to be the first single-wavelength pumped, CW, room-temperature, blue upconversion laser. This 480nm laser uses Tm3+ as the active ion in a fluorozirconate glass fibre. Up to 60 mW of output power has been observed with a slope efficiency of 18% with respect to coupled pump power.
Analysis of target rotation and translation in SAR imagery (2009)

Synthetic aperture radar (SAR) is a popular tool for long-range imaging of stationary ground objects. Moving targets in the imaged scene will have a mismatch to the matched filter in the image formation process, thus degrading target image quality. In this paper, the impact of uncompensated target motion in SAR imagery is studied in detail. Bounds on allowable target rotation, and random and deterministic translation are derived to maintain image interpretability.
Protocol Optimization for the Production of the Non-Cytotoxic JΔNI5 HSV Vector Deficient in Expression of Immediately Early Genes (2020)

Non-toxic herpes simplex virus (HSV) vectors can be generated by functional deletion of all immediate-early (IE) genes, providing a benign vehicle with potential for gene therapy. However, deletion of multiple IE genes raises manufacturing concerns and thus limits clinical application of these vectors. To address this issue, we previously developed a novel production cell line, called U2OS-ICP4/27, by lentiviral transduction of human osteosarcoma U2OS cells with two essential HSV IE genes, ICP4 and ICP27. To optimize the process of vector manufacturing on this platform, we evaluated several cell culture parameters of U2OS-ICP4/27 for high-titer and -quality production of non-toxic HSV vectors, revealing that the yields and functionality of these vectors can be significantly influenced by culturing conditions. We also found that several chemical compounds can enhance the replication of non-toxic HSV vectors and their release from producer cells into the supernatants. Notably, the vector produced by our optimized protocol displayed a greatly improved vector yield and quality and showed elevated transgene expression in cultures of primary dorsal root ganglion neurons. Taken together, our optimized production approach emerges as a relevant protocol for high-yield and high-quality preparation of non-toxic HSV-based gene therapy vectors.
Large-area infrared-emitting diodes with an output optical power greater than 1 W (1998)

The achievement of high-optical power infrared-emitting diodes (IRED's) is a permanent research topic. Large-area IRED's (about 200 times larger than standard ones) is the approach presented in this work in which AlGaAs IRED's have been developed, manufactured and characterized. For a 11-mm/sup 2/ sized IRED an output optical power of 1060 mW at 18 A of pulsed current has been obtained. The work shows that: (1) large-area IRED's are capable of achieving very high-optical power if series resistance is well controlled; (2) the required driving circuits could be simple; (3) large-area IRED's are more easily manufactured than series-connected arrays; (4) have dimensions compatible with high yields; (5) can achieve fast switching times; and (6) allow that both the current density and the thermal resistance decreases. Finally, a design criteria for optimizing the device area is presented.
Absorption of Pesticides on Plastic Films Used as Agricultural Soil Covers (1996)

The absorption of some organochlorine and organophosphorus pesticides on low-density polyethylene (LDPE) films used as agricultural soil covers is studied. Four different types of LDPE films (black, normal, thermic, and extra low density) and a copolymer of ethylene and vinyl acetate (EVA) were selected to do the kinetic study. Temperature ranged from 24 to 50 °C, and contact time between plastic films and a standard solution of pesticides in aqueous phase varied between 3 and 20 days. As pesticides the following were studied: dicloran, malathion, procymidone, folpet, α- and β-endosulfan, chlorothalonil, chlorpyriphos, and methylchlorpyriphos. Kinetic equations of first order were obtained in all cases having kinetic constants from 6.5 × 10-4 to 1 × 10-4 days-1. Most of the pesticides studied were completely absorbed on the plastic films after 15 days of contact time. No degradation of pesticides was observed once they were absorbed on the plastic. Both the absorption process and the capacity of absorption of each type of plastic are discussed. Keywords: Absorption; organochlorine pesticides; organophosphorus pesticides; agricultural soil covers; low-density polyethylene films