gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamics of phosphorus transfers from heavily manured Coastal Plain soils to drainage ditches (2007)

Abstract: Understanding the dynamics of phosphorus (P) transport in agricultural drainage ditches is essential to their improved management for water quality protection. Seven ditches draining soils with a 20+ year history of receiving poultry litter were monitored: two for five years and five for one year. Ditches receiving runoff from point sources (e.g., barns) exported 4.3 to 25.3 kg total P ha−1 (3.8 to 22.6 lb total P ac−1) from 2005 to 2006, while ditches draining areas with only nonpoint source contributions exported 2.6 to 4.8 kg total P ha−1 (2.3 to 4.3 lb total P ac−1) during that period. High concentrations of P in field soils (Mehlich-3 P averaged 441 mg kg−1, or parts per million) and ditch soils (Mehlich-3 P averaged 171 mg kg−1) suggest that desorption is the key nonpoint source process controlling P in ditch flow. Over five years, annual total P losses from two ditches with only nonpoint source P contributions were 1.4 to 26.2 kg ha−1 (1.3 to 23.4 lb ac−1). Overland flow from the fields to these two ditches accounted for ⩽ 8% of annual ditch P export, pointing to groundwater as a key pathway for P transport to ditches. Because P export from ditches was primarily in storm flow and groundwater sampling was primarily during base flow, this study does not provide compelling insight into the role of groundwater in ditch P transport. Only occasionally did dissolved P concentrations in groundwater and ditch flow correspond, and P export from the ditches occurred primarily in storm flow. Sampling of algal mats formed on the bottom of ditches suggests that floating algae may exacerbate sediment-related P transport. Results point to the need for new ditch management practices that can sequester dissolved forms of P and trap floating sources of P, in combination with traditional methods that primarily address sediment-bound P.
CMOS compatible micro-scintillators for wireless multi-species radiation detection and tracking (2010)

This paper reports on an integrated system of wirelessly linked radiation detectors that are sensitive to alpha, beta, gamma, and neutron radiation. The detectors use glass and quartz doped with <sup>10</sup>B nanoparticles to detect impinging radiation producing varying optical pulses which exit the material. The varying optical pulses are differentiated by onchip pulse height spectroscopy. Signal discrimination is done with on-chip CMOS circuitry using a 0.35 μm process and a photodiode or photo-multiplier (PM) tube. On-chip CMOS interfacing is key to the production of small integrated radiation detection packages that are cheaper, more reliable, and easier to produce than assembled devices that use commercial off-the-shelf parts. CMOS packages are designed for low power consumption with maximum battery life; this lends itself to creating small, hard to detect radiation sensor packages that are easy to integrate with wireless sensor nodes. The network would use a mesh configuration and transmit real time radiation information from each node to a local hub. As a radiation source enters the coverage area, the data from sensors in the immediate area is transmitted and compared to find the location of the source. Pinpointing the source is achieved by comparing data received from each node. Radiation testing was done using <sup>241</sup>Am, <sup>90</sup>Sr, and <sup>60</sup>Co sources for alpha, beta, and gamma particles. Initial results show that quartz and glass scintillators doped with boron are able to detect each form of radiation. The quartz scintillator is also able to detect neutron radiation particles, which being neutral, are undetected with traditional solid state radiation detectors.
Microscopic examination of hot spots giving rise to nonlinearity in superconducting resonators (2011)

We investigate the microscopic origins of nonlinear rf response in superconducting electromagnetic resonators. Strong nonlinearity appearing in the transmission spectra at high input powers manifests itself through the emergence of jumplike features near the resonant frequency that evolve toward lower quality factor with higher insertion loss as the rf input power is increased. We directly relate these characteristics to the dynamics of localized normal regions (hot spots) caused by microscopic features in the superconducting material making up the resonator. A clear observation of hot-spot formation inside a Nb thin film self-resonant structure is presented by employing the microwave laser scanning microscope, and a direct link between microscopic and macroscopic manifestations of nonlinearity is established.
Amorphous Metallic NiFeP: A Conductive Bulk Material Achieving High Activity for Oxygen Evolution Reaction in Both Alkaline and Acidic Media (2017)

The intrinsic catalytic activity at 10 mA cm −2 for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is currently working out at overpotentials higher than 320 mV. A highly efficient electrocatalyst should possess both active sites and high conductivity; however, the loading of powder catalysts on electrodes may often suffer from the large resistance between catalysts and current collectors. This work reports a class of bulk amorphous NiFeP materials with metallic bonds from the viewpoint of electrode design. The materials reported here perfectly combine high macroscopic conductivity with surface active sites, and can be directly used as the electrodes with active sites toward high OER activity in both alkaline and acidic electrolytes. Specifically, a low overpotential of 219 mV is achieved at the geometric current density 10 mA cm −2 in an alkaline electrolyte, with the Tafel slope of 32 mV dec −1 and intrinsic overpotential of 280 mV. Meanwhile, an overpotential of 540 mV at 10 mA cm −2 is attained in an acidic electrolyte and stable for over 30 h, which is the best OER performance in both alkaline and acidic media. This work provides a different angle for the design of high‐performance OER electrocatalysts and facilitates the device applications of electrocatalysts.
Design, Development, and Biopharmaceutical Properties of Buccoadhesive Compacts of Pentazocine (1999)

Buccoadhesive compacts (BCs) of pentazocine (PZ) were prepared by the direct compression method using polymers like carbopol 974P (CP 974P) and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC K4M) in ratios of 1:0 (batch B1), 1:1 (B2), 1:2 (B3), 1:4 (B4), and 0:1 (B5). The compacts were evaluated for thickness uniformity, weight variation, drug content uniformity, and swelling index. Swelling was increased with an increase in HPMC K4M content in the compacts. An in vitro assembly was developed to measure and compare the bioadhesive strength of compacts. The maximum bioadhesive strength was observed in compacts formulated with a combination of CP 974P and HPMC K4M. The compacts were evaluated in vitro for 24 hr in pH 6.6 phosphate buffer using a standardized dissolution apparatus. The data were evaluated by a simple power equation (Mt/M infinity = Ktn); it was observed that all the compacts followed non-Fickian release kinetics. Some of the buccoadhesive compacts were evaluated in vivo in rabbits. The compacts gave controlled blood level profiles with a twofold to threefold increase in area-under-the-curve (AUC) values in comparison to oral administration of aqueous drug solution.
Type 2 Cytokine Gene Activation and Its Relationship to Extent of Disease in Patients with Tuberculosis (2000)

The extent of type 2 cytokine gene expression in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) was studied by use of quantitative nested reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 mRNA expression was significantly greater in patients-median mRNA copy numbers were 1.7 and 1.1 log10 higher, respectively-than in matched tuberculin-positive control subjects. Significant correlations with radiologic extent of disease and serum IgE levels supported the biologic significance of these results. Interferon-gamma mRNA copy numbers exceeded those of type 2 cytokines but were only marginally lower in patients than in control subjects. Gene expression of an IL-4 splice variant (IL-4delta2) was bimodally distributed in both patient and control groups. Patients with greater IL-4delta2 expression also expressed more IL-4 mRNA and had more extensive disease. Type 2 cytokines are associated with immunopathologic changes in TB patients but could be a cause or consequence of disease.
A Technique To Calibrate Polarimetric Radar Images Using Only Image Parameters And Trihedral Corner Reflectors (2005)

The technique described uses the radar return from natural targets and at least one trihedral corner reflector to calibrate compressed polarimetric radar data for relative amplitude, relative phase, absolute amplitude, and system crosstalk. The crosstalk method is based on the theoretical result that, for natural targets with azimuthal symmetry, the copolarized and cross-polarized components of the scattering matrix are uncorrelated. This method does not require any external calibration targets to be deployed. Since compressed data are used, it is necessary to model the transmitting and receiving systems as reciprocal. The method is used to estimate the crosstalk parameters of the NASA/JPL aircraft for different types of terrain and for two frequencies. For the C-band systems the crosstalk is less than -20 dB for all ranges in the images. The crosstalk of the L-band system is a function of range, however, and may be as poor as -10 dB in the near range, leading to a noticeable distortion of the polarization signatures.
Natural Variation in Vif: Differential Impact on APOBEC3G/3F and a Potential Role in HIV-1 Diversification (2005)

The HIV-1 Vif protein counteracts the antiviral activity exhibited by the host cytidine deaminases APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F. Here, we show that defective vif alleles can readily be found in HIV-1 isolates and infected patients. Single residue changes in the Vif protein sequence are sufficient to cause the loss of Vif-induced APOBEC3 neutralization. Interestingly, not all the detected defects lead to a complete inactivation of Vif function since some mutants retained selective neutralizing activity against APOBEC3F but not APOBEC3G or vice versa. Concordantly, independently hypermutated proviruses with distinguishable patterns of G-to-A substitution attributable to cytidine deamination induced by APOBEC3G, APOBEC3F, or both enzymes were present in individuals carrying proviruses with completely or partly defective Vif variants. Natural variation in Vif function may result in selective and partial neutralization of cytidine deaminases and thereby promote viral sequence diversification within HIV-1 infected individuals.
Minimal cut sets, Petri nets, and prime number encoding in distribution system reliability evaluation (2012)

Reliability assessment of secondary distribution networks is an important subject due to the increasing demand for more reliable service with less interruption frequency and duration. The connection of a distribution network may be neither series nor parallel, and analyzing such a network is a complicated process and time consuming task. In this paper, a technical approach for evaluating the reliability of a mesh networked distribution system is described. The proposed method is based on the identification of circuit minimal tie sets using the concept of Petri nets. Then, prime numbers encoding and unique prime factorization are applied to classify the remaining combinations as tie sets, cut sets, or minimal cut sets. The minimal cut sets are used to calculate the Availability (A), Average Interruption Frequency (AIF), and Average Interruption Duration (AID) of the network. Examples are shown to illustrate the proposed method. The method shown is algorithmic and appears suitable for off-line comparison of alternative secondary distribution system designs on the basis of their reliability.
Curing of polyimides (1989)

Abstract The imidization of films of the polyamic acid obtained from reaction of pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) with oxydianiline (ODA) was studied by dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (with the Polymer Labs DMTA), Two process regions are observed. The first process is characterized by decomplexation of the NMP/polyamic acid complex, plasticization, and imidization. The heating rate determines the character of the first process. At high temperatures (above 300°C) the second process becomes apparent. It is connected to the increase in chain mobility at these temperatures which allow molecular packing processes (densification, ordering) to occur. The ordering leads to an increase of the storage modulus. The particular transition temperature increases with annealing time.
S-parameter based macro model of distributed-lumped networks using Pade approximation (2002)

A scattering-parameters (S-parameters) based macromodel of distributed-lumped networks is presented. The networks can include capacitive cutsets, inductive loops, RLC meshes, and lossy transmission lines. An efficient network reduction algorithm is developed to reduce the original network into a network containing one multiport component together with the sources and loads of interest. The S-parameters of the circuit components are approximated by Taylor series to simplify the reduction process. The Pade approximation is used to derive the macromodel. The macromodel is very flexible and the accuracy of the model can be controlled by adjusting the order of approximation. The experimental results indicate that the model can approach the accuracy of SPICE with one or two orders less computing time.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Surfactant Protein A Modulates the Inflammatory Response in Macrophages during Tuberculosis (2004)

Tuberculosis leads to immune activation and increased human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) replication in the lung. However, in vitro models of mycobacterial infection of human macrophages do not fully reproduce these in vivo observations, suggesting that there are additional host factors. Surfactant protein A (SP-A) is an important mediator of innate immunity in the lung. SP-A levels were assayed in the human lung by using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL). There was a threefold reduction in SP-A levels during tuberculosis only in the radiographically involved lung segments, and the levels returned to normal after 1 month of treatment. The SP-A levels were inversely correlated with the percentage of neutrophils in BAL fluid, suggesting that low SP-A levels were associated with increased inflammation in the lung. Differentiated THP-1 macrophages were used to test the effect of decreasing SP-A levels on immune function. In the absence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, SP-A at doses ranging from 5 to 0.01 micro g/ml inhibited both interleukin-6 (IL-6) production and HIV-1 long terminal repeat (LTR) activity. In macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, SP-A augmented both IL-6 production and HIV-1 LTR activity. To better understand the effect of SP-A, we measured expression of CAAT/enhancer binding protein beta (C/EBPbeta), a transcription factor central to the regulation of IL-6 and the HIV-1 LTR. In macrophages infected with M. tuberculosis, SP-A reduced expression of a dominant negative isoform of C/EBPbeta. These data suggest that SP-A has pleiotropic effects even at the low concentrations found in tuberculosis patients. This protein augments inflammation in the presence of infection and inhibits inflammation in uninfected macrophages, protecting uninvolved lung segments from the deleterious effects of inflammation.
An Aminated GDP-Fucose Analog Useful in the Fucosyltransferase Catalyzed Addition of Biological Probes onto Oligosaccharide Chains<sup>1</sup> (1995)

Abstract An analog (1) of GDP-fucose, where C-6 is derivatized with an eight-atom spacer terminating in a primary amino group, was chemically synthesized. This amino group in sugar nucleotide 1 can be acylated using an N-hydroxysuccinimide ester of biotin and it can be coupled to another molecule that also contains an amino group using squaric acid diethyl ester as the coupling reagent. In this way, biotin and a blood group A-active trisaccharide were linked to C-6 of fucose in GDP-fucose. Both complex sugar nucleotides thus prepared were active as donors for a human milk fucosyltransferase, which transferred the derivatized α-linked fucose residue to a glycoside of N-acetyllactosamine, thus labeling this sequence with either biotin or the blood-group A trisaccharide. Compound 1 is proposed as a general and versatile reagent which should permit the addition of biological probes to the sugar chains of cell surface glycoproteins or glycolipids.
DESIGN OF A UNIFORM CIRCULAR PHASED-ARRAY SMART ANTENNA FOR 2.4 GHZ APPLICATIONS (2011)

An antenna is a transitional structure between free-space and a guiding device. Different types of antennas have different properties in terms of its radiation characteristics, directivity and gain. One of the antennas, which play an important role in advanced wireless communication systems, is the smart antenna. One of the most remarkable properties of a smart antenna is that it is capable of directing its main beam towards the direction of the individual user and the nulls in the direction of interfering signals. There are different configurations for smart antennas. One of these configurations is the Uniform Circular Array Antenna (UCA). In this work, it is proposed to steer the radiation pattern of a uniform circular array antenna in the azimuthal plane by keeping the driven elements at the same position and dynamically adding and removing reflectors and directors. The proposed design is composed of a total of 25 elements arranged in two concentric circles, of which 8 are used as directors, 14 as reflectors and 3 as fixed driven elements.
Condensation of Laterally Lithiated <i>o</i>-Methyl and <i>o</i>-Ethyl Benzamides with Imines Mediated by (−)-Sparteine. Enantioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-ones (2001)

The first asymmetric synthesis of tetrahydroisoquinolin-1-ones using a (−)-sparteine-mediated lateral metalation−imine addition sequence to furnish 3-phenyl tetrahydroisoquinolinones 3a with enantioselectivities up to 81% ee is described (Scheme 4). For amide 7b, imine addition products 10 and 11 have been obtained with high diastereoselectivities (91−97% de) and enantioselectivities (91−98% ee) (Scheme 8).
Preparation of coenzyme M analogs and their activity in the methyl coenzyme M reductase system of Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum (1978)

A number of 2-(methylthio)ethanesulfonate (methyl-coenzyme M) analogues were synthesized and investigated as substrates for methyl-coenzyme M reductase, an enzyme system found in extracts of Methanobacterterium thermoautotrophicum. Replacement of the methyl moiety by an ethyl group yielded an analogue which served as a precursor for ethane formation. Propyl-coenzyme M, however, was not converted to propane. Analogues which contained additional methylene carbons such as 3-(methylthio)propanesulfonate or 4-(methylthio)butanesulfonate or analogues modified at the sulfide or sulfonate position, N-methyltaurine and 2-(methylthio)ethanol, were inactive. These analogues, in addition to a number of commercially available compounds, also were tested for their ability to inhibit the reduction of methyl-coenzyme M to methane. Bromoethanesulfonate and chloroethanesulfonate proved to be potent inhibitors of the reductase, resulting in 50% inhibition at 7.9 X 10(6) M and 7.5 X 10(5) M. Analogues to coenzyme M which contained modifications to other regions were evaluated also and found to be weak inhibitors of methane biosynthesis.
Epitaxial growth of GaN thin film on sapphire with a thin ZnO buffer layer by liquid target pulsed laser deposition (1998)

Epitaxially grown gallium nitride thin films were deposited on sapphire(0001) substrates with a thin zinc oxide buffer layer by a liquid target pulsed laser deposition technique. The GaN thin film optimized at a substrate temperature of 600 °C has an epitaxial relationship with ZnO buffered sapphire(0001) of (0001)GaN//(0001)ZnO//(0001)sapphire, and (101̄0)GaN//(101̄0)ZnO//(112̄0)sapphire. The surface morphology was also improved by applying a ZnO buffer layer shown by scanning electron microscopy. Although the as-grown GaN thin film showed no band edge or yellow band photoluminescence at room temperature, a weak band edge luminescence of 3.42 eV could be seen at 20 K.
The ultra clean sputtering process and high density magnetic recording media (1997)

The ultra clean sputtering process (UC-process) was newly introduced in the fabrication of CoNiCr and CoCrTa thin film media to establish the new concept of controlling the microstructure and magnetic properties. The relation between cleanness during film deposition process and magnetic properties has been discussed in connection with their microstructure. The UC-process presented enables the control of the fine structure of the thin film media and resulted in excellent magnetic properties. This study demonstrates that the UC-process is very superior to the normal process presently used and plays a dominant role for the thin film media fabrication.
Pivotal Advance: The promotion of soluble DC-SIGN release by inflammatory signals and its enhancement of cytomegalovirus-mediated<i>cis</i>-infection of myeloid dendritic cells (2010)

DC-SIGN is a member of the C-type lectin family. Mainly expressed by myeloid DCs, it is involved in the capture and internalization of pathogens, including human CMV. Several transcripts have been identified, some of which code for putative soluble proteins. However, little is known about the regulation and the functional properties of such putative sDC-SIGN variants. To better understand how sDC-SIGN could be involved in CMV infection, we set out to characterize biochemical and functional properties of rDC-SIGN as well as naturally occurring sDC-SIGN. We first developed a specific, quantitative ELISA and then used it to detect the presence sDC-SIGN in in vitro-generated DC culture supernatants as cell-free secreted tetramers. Next, in correlation with their inflammatory status, we demonstrated the presence of sDC-SIGN in several human body fluids, including serum, joint fluids, and BALs. CMV infection of human tissues was also shown to promote sDC-SIGN release. Based on the analysis of the cytokine/chemokine content of sDC-SIGN culture supernatants, we identified IFN-γ and CXCL8/IL-8 as inducers of sDC-SIGN production by MoDC. Finally, we demonstrated that sDC-SIGN was able to interact with CMV gB under native conditions, leading to a significant increase in MoDC CMV infection. Overall, our results confirm that sDC-SIGN, like its well-known, counterpart mDC-SIGN, may play a pivotal role in CMV-mediated pathogenesis.
Carbon fibre composite bone plates. Development, evaluation and early clinical experience (1990)

We compared the mechanical properties of carbon fibre composite bone plates with those of stainless steel and titanium. The composite plates have less stiffness with good fatigue properties. Tissue culture and small animal implantation confirmed the biocompatibility of the material. We also present a preliminary report on the use of the carbon fibre composite plates in 40 forearm fractures. All fractures united, 67% of them showing radiological remodelling within six months. There were no refractures or mechanical failures, but five fractures showed an unexpected reaction; this is discussed.