gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Meisenheimer Complex Inspired Catalyst- and Solvent-Free Synthesis of Noncyclic Poly(aryl ether sulfone)s (2014)

Identifying solvent- and catalyst-free conditions for polymerizations of engineering thermoplastics is of increasing interest due to new polymer processing technologies such as 3-D printing. We report the selective formation of linear poly(aryl ether sulfone)s (PESs) from the polycondensation of trimethylsilyl-protected bisphenol A (TMS-BPA) with nitro-substituted diaryl fluorides without added solvent or catalyst. DFT calculations show that nitro groups strategically placed in the ortho-position to the fluoride leaving group form a stable Meisenheimer complex during polyether synthesis. This strategy represents a route to linear PESs that employs anionic conditions, destabilizing propagating phenoxide chain ends preventing backbiting while simultaneously stabilizing the Meisenheimer complex intermediate. Thermodynamic over kinetic control in the polycondensation minimizes cyclic PES formation and promotes the formation of pure linear PESs.
STIR MR imaging of the orbit (1988)

Fifteen patients with CT-documented orbital lesions were evaluated with MR imaging at 1.5 T with both conventional spin-echo (SE) and short inversion time inversion recovery (STIR) sequences. Fat signal was reliably nulled at inversion times of approximately 120-200 msec in all cases, thereby allowing clear detection of all retrobulbar lesions and normal structures on STIR images as markedly hyperintense relative to fat. All lesions were also clearly depicted on SE images; in fact, short repetition time/short echo time SE sequences were at least as useful as STIR images for illustrating anatomic structures and mass lesions, and in a much shorter scanning time. Separation of optic nerve from perioptic subarachnoid space was clear on SE images, but often difficult or impossible on STIR images owing to the relatively high intensity of normal optic nerves on STIR images. The synergism of relaxation prolongation with STIR actually resulted in loss of information, as any ability to separate the effects of T1 from T2 on signal intensity was impossible when STIR was the sole pulse sequence. We believe that more information is obtained with standard SE sequences than with STIR sequences, and therefore SE remains the method of choice for orbital MR imaging.
Recognition of the <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> VirE2 Translocation Signal by the VirB/D4 Transport System Does Not Require VirE1 (2003)

Agrobacterium tumefaciens uses a type IV secretion system to deliver a nucleoprotein complex and effector proteins directly into plant cells. The single-stranded DNA-binding protein VirE2, the F-box protein VirF and VirE3 are delivered into host cells via this VirB/D4 encoded translocation system. VirE1 functions as a chaperone of VirE2 by regulating its efficient translation and preventing VirE2-VirE2 aggregation in the bacterial cell. We analyzed whether the VirE1 chaperone is also essential for transport recognition of VirE2 by the VirB/D4 encoded type IV secretion system. In addition, we assayed whether translocation of VirF and VirE3, which also forms part of the virE operon, is affected by the absence of VirE1. We employed the earlier developed CRAFT (Cre recombinase Reporter Assay For Translocation) assay to detect transfer of Cre::Vir fusion proteins from A. tumefaciens into plants, monitored by stable reconstitution of a kanamycin resistance marker, and into yeast, screened by loss of the URA3 gene. We show that the C-terminal 50 amino acids of VirE2 and VirE3 are sufficient to mediate Cre translocation into host cells, confirming earlier indications of a C-terminal transport signal. This transfer was independent of the presence or absence of VirE1. Besides, the translocation efficiency of VirF is not altered in a virE1 mutant. The results unambiguously show that the VirE1 chaperone is not essential for the recognition of the VirE2 transport signal by the transport system and the subsequent translocation across the bacterial envelope into host cells.
Basic pharmacotherapy for melancholic patients (2006)

I, who have always seen him so serene, so completely the master of his wonderful emotional instrument … so sensitive to human contacts and yet so secure from them; I could hardly believe it was the same James who cried out to me his fear, his despair, his craving for the “cessation of consciousness,” and all his unspeakable loneliness and need of comfort, and inability to be comforted! “Not to wake – not to wake –” that was his refrain; “and then one does wake, and one looks again into the blackness of life, and everything ministers to it.”
Current induced magnetization switching in magnetic tunnel junction with MgO [001] tunnel barrier (2005)

Magnetic tunnel junction (MTJ) consisting of Ta/CuN/Ta/Pt/sub 50/Mn/sub 50//Co/sub 70/Fe/sub 30//Ru/Co/sub 60/Fe/sub 20/B/sub 20//MgO/Co/sub /6/sub 0/Fe/sub 20/B/sub 20//Ta/Ru is prepared on a thermally oxidized silicon wafer by sputtering. Magnetoresistance is measured using AC four-point-probe method with applying magnetic field along the long axis of the elements. Current induced magnetization switching (CIMS) is measured by applying short current pulses. Results show that the MTJs showed large magnetoresistance of about 130% at room temperature and at a low bias voltage. A minor loop corresponding to the magnetization reversal of the free layer shows sharp switchings of the resistance. The resistance change due to CIMS is about 164 /spl Omega/ (/spl Delta/R), which corresponds to 76% of the resistance change due to magnetic field sweep. A possible reason for this is the degradation of insulating property of the thin MgO barrier during the repetition of current bias sweep.
Evaluation of a porcine model for pulmonary gene transfer using a novel synthetic vector (2002)

This study demonstrates the use of the pig for studies of gene transfer in the lung and confirms in a second species the potential of the LID vector for gene therapy of pulmonary diseases such as cystic fibrosis.
Pathloss determination of uplink power control for UL CoMP in heterogeneous network (2012)

The latest 3GPP LTE release enables coordinated multi-point (CoMP) operation in heterogeneous networks. In this context, a multitude of low power nodes can be deployed within the coverage area of a high-power macro node, allowing to configure different sets of network nodes for the uplink reception from and the downlink transmission to a target mobile terminal. The resulting asymmetry between the uplink composite channel for joint reception and the downlink channel for joint transmission precludes the mobile terminal to accurately estimate the uplink pathloss using standard estimation techniques based on measuring the signal strength of downlink reference signals. In this paper, we introduce the concept of virtual propagation loss for an uplink signal jointly received by multiple geographically separated points. We demonstrate how this new metric can readily be computed at a network controller (.g., the eNodeB in LTE systems), hence enabling a fast correction of the erroneous pathloss estimate at the mobile terminal side through a simple closed-loop feedback for power control. We evaluate our method with extensive system-level simulations, showing that the proposed power control scheme achieves 20% cell-average and 50% cell-edge throughput gain over the LTE Rel.-10.
A non-local post-filtering algorithm for PET incorporating anatomical knowledge (2009)

The maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM) reconstruction method is known to yield noisy images at high iteration numbers because emission tomographic reconstruction is an ill-posed problem. The noise can be suppressed by post-filtering the ML estimate or imposing a priori knowledge as a constraint within a Bayesian reconstruction framework. Most of these filters and priors are based on weighting the intensity differences between neighbouring pixels within a small local neighbourhood. Therefore, they have limited information to distinguish edges from noise. We investigated the use of a non-local means (NLM) filter for post-filtering MLEM reconstructed positron emission tomography (PET) images. We further investigated the effect of incorporating anatomical side information obtained from co-registered computed tomography (CT) images into the NLM, resulting in an adaptive non-local means (A-NLM) filter which takes into account the variance within each anatomical region on the PET image. In simulated and physical phantom experiments, the A-NLM filter demonstrated superior performance tradeoff between lesion contrast and noise than conventional Gaussian post-filtering and NLM without anatomical prior. We conclude that the A-NLM filter has potential for improved lesion detection over Gaussian post-filtered MLEM images.
Low Thermal Sensitivity Grating Devices Based on Ex-45$^{\circ}$ Tilting Structure Capable of Forward-Propagating Cladding Modes Coupling (2006)

The authors describe a detailed investigation on tilted fiber Bragg grating (TFBG) structures with tilted angles exceeding 45deg. In contrast to the backward mode coupling mechanism of Bragg gratings with normal and small tilting structures, the ex-45deg TFBGs facilitate the light coupling to the forward-propagating cladding modes. The authors have also theoretically and experimentally examined the mode coupling transition of TFBGs with small, medium, and large tilt angles. In particular, experiments are conducted to investigate the spectra and far-field distribution, as well as temperature, strain, and refractive-index sensitivities of ex-45deg devices. It has been revealed that these ex-45deg gratings exhibit ultralow thermal sensitivity. As in-fiber devices, they may be superior to conventional Bragg and long-period gratings when the low thermal cross sensitivity is required
New discotic liquid crystals having a tricycloquinazoline core (1992)

Abstract Tricycloquinazoline, a molecule of both biological and physical interest, has been found to function as the core fragment for a remarkable new family of discotic mesogens, which have C3 symmetry and six aliphatic side chains. Eight representative homologous 2,3,7,8,12,13-hexa(thioalkoxy)tricycloquinazoline derivatives, 14, were synthesized, with alkyl side chain lengths varying from three to eighteen carbon atoms. These highly fluorescent, heteroaromatic compounds are conveniently obtained by nucleophilic substitution of hexachlorotricycloquinazoline, 3, by thiolate anions. Compound 3 is prepared by trimerization of 5,6-dichloroanthranil. 12. All compounds, 14 are mesogenic within a very broad temperature range. The nature of these new mesophases was studied by DSC, optical microscopy with polarized light, and X-ray diffraction. DSC measurements show highly reversible behaviour at the clearing point, indicating high chemical stability. Conversely, the melting transition was found to be irreversible. The diffraction spacings of three representative compounds (having 5,8, and 18 carbon atoms in the side chain) in the mesophase are consistent, in all cases, with a two dimensional hexagonal lattice having unit cell sides of α = 21·2, 24·8, and 34·7 Å, respectively and containing one molecule per unit cell.
Ein neues Herstellungsverfahren für 2,2,2-Trialkoxyacetonitrile und 2-Dialkylamino-2-alkoxycarbonsäurenitrile (1984)

Les premiers composes sont prepares a partir d'orthocarbonates, les seconds a partir d'amidacetals
Strukturmerkmale von Berufen: Einfluss auf die berufliche Mobilität von Ausbildungsabsolventen (2011)

"Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird untersucht, ob Berufe durch ihre strukturellen Merkmale zu einer sozialen Schließung beitragen. Zu diesem Zweck wurden auf Basis der Berufsordnungen der KldB88 die vier Strukturindikatoren berufliche Spezifität, Standardisierung durch eine Ausbildungsvorschrift, freiwillige Zertifizierung durch private Bildungsträger und Repräsentation durch einen Berufsverband gebildet. Konkret wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern diese vier Strukturmerkmale die berufliche Mobilität von Absolventen einer dualen Ausbildung restringieren. Aus theoretischer Sicht ist zu erwarten, dass bei einer hohen Ausprägung der Indikatoren eine größere soziale Schließung des jeweiligen Berufs herrscht und somit ein Wechsel in einen solchen Beruf schwieriger möglich sein sollte. Empirisch zeigt sich, dass drei Strukturindikatoren in die prognostizierte Richtung weisen: Der Zugang zu Berufen, die durch eine Ausbildungsvorschrift standardisiert oder durch private Träger zertifiziert sind, ist schwieriger. Auch bei einer höheren Ausprägung der beruflichen Spezifität sinken die Chancen, in einen solchen Beruf zu wechseln. Entgegen der theoretischen Überlegungen verhält sich jedoch die Variable Berufsverband – sie besitzt einen positiven Einfluss auf berufliche Mobilitätschancen. Die gleichen Wirkungszusammenhänge ergaben sich, bei einer nach Berufsbereichen differenzierten Betrachtung, für Technische und Dienstleistungsberufe. Im Fertigungsbereich allerdings weichen die Effekte der beruflichen Spezifität und der Berufsverbände von den übrigen Ergebnissen ab." (Autorenreferat)
Smart Contracts Integration between Blockchain and Internet of Things: Opportunities and Challenges (2019)

A Smart Contract is self-executable and self-enforceable program code that runs on the top of blockchain to manage complex business logic. It eliminates the need of extrinsic enforcement of legal agreements. Furthermore, it enforces the terms and conditions of an agreement that lies between untrustworthy parties in which the trusted third parties cannot interfere. The cryptography logic used in smart contract enables the blockchain network to provide trust and authority to all parties in transaction. Network decentralization, data immutability and transparency, resiliency and security make blockchain technology more versatile. Recently, it has become a potential quality and capability of IoT to connect uncountable electronic objects or devices at the same time. The most prominent feature of blockchain-based IoT applications is the integration of smart contracts between blockchain and IoT.A brief comparison has been given in the paper that how the smart contracts react on multiple blockchain platforms with respect to scalability, system complexity and consensus protocol factors. Furthermore, the context of Smart contract integration between blockchain and IoT with highlighting the integration opportunities and challenges along with future research directions. Therefore, we have concluded in the current paper that amalgamation of Blockchain with IoT through Smart Contract can provide a strong framework for distributed application and the newly introduced business communities.
Channeled substrate buried heterostructure InGaAsP/InP laser employing a buried Fe ion implant for current confinement (1984)

A channeled substrate buried heterostructure InGaAsP/InP laser is demonstrated using a hybrid technique of Fe ion implantation followed by liquid phase epitaxy. A high resistivity region is formed by the implantation and subsequent anneal of Fe into an n-type InP substrate, and this is used to provide a self-aligned current confinement barrier layer. The use of an in situ anneal prior to liquid phase epitaxy minimizes the number of processing steps. Pulsed threshold currents as low as 22 mA have been achieved on devices utilizing broad area metal contacts.
Acoustic cloaking in 2D and 3D using finite mass (2008)

Fundamental features of rotationally symmetric acoustic cloaks with anisotropic inertia are derived. Two universal relations are found to connect the radial and transverse phase speeds and the bulk modulus in the cloak. Perfect cloaking occurs only if the radial component of the density becomes infinite at the cloak inner boundary, requiring an infinitely massive cloak. A practical cloak of finite mass is defined in terms of its effective visible radius, which vanishes for perfect cloaking. Significant cloaking is obtained when the effective visible radius is subwavelength, reducing the total scattering cross section, and may be achieved even as the interior radius of the cloak is large relative to the wavelength. Both 2D vs. 3D effects are compared as we illustrate how the spatial dependence of the cloaking parameters effect the total cross section.
Modulation of the Human Gut Microflora Towards Improved Health Using Prebiotics - Assessment of Efficacy (2005)

There is increasing awareness that the human gut microflora plays a critical role in maintaining host health, both within the gastrointestinal tract and, through the absorption of metabolites, systemically. An "optimal" gut microflora establishes an efficient barrier to the invasion and colonisation of the gut by pathogenic bacteria, produces a range of metabolic substrates which in turn are utilized by the host (e.g. vitamins and short chain fatty acids) and stimulates the immune system in a non-inflammatory manner. Although little is known about the individual species of bacteria responsible for these beneficial activities, it is generally accepted that the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli constitute important components of the beneficial gut microflora. A number of diet-based microflora management tools have been developed and refined over recent decades including probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic approaches. Each aims to stimulate numbers and/or activities of the bifidobacteria and lactobacilli within the gut microflora. The aim of this article is to examine how prebiotics are being applied to the improvement of human health and to review the scientific evidence supporting their use.
High-brightness subpicosecond terawatt KrF* system driven with a frequency-converted self-mode-locked pulse-compressed Ti:Al_2O_3 laser (1993)

The phase control achievable in a subpicosecond self-mode-locked pulse-compressed Ti:Al2O3 system permits the production of a seed beam for a KrF* (248-nm) system operating near the power limit determined by self-phase modulation in the optical window material used. These limits are ~14 and ~30 GW/cm2 for CaF2 and MgF2 optics, respectively. We show experimental results for CaF2, which at 248 nm demonstrate a pulse length of ~270 fs, a pulse energy of ~240 mJ, and a resulting brightness of ~2.9 × 1021 W cm−2 sr−1.
Damage removal/dopant diffusion tradeoffs in ultra-shallow implanted p/sup +/-n junctions (1990)

The tradeoffs between implant damage annealing and shallow junction formation are investigated. For very-low-energy amorphizing implants the time for damage anneal has a fourth-power dependence on depth below the Si surface. The depth effect depends on the type of amorphizing ion. It is shown that as a result, implanted B in Ge-preamorphized Si diffuses with no detectable self-interstitial supersaturation if the damage is <600 AA deep. Conditions for forming defect-free, shallow p/sup +/-n junctions are described in design curves and comparisons are made between several junction-formation approaches. Implantation of B at energies below 2 keV offers an attractive way of achieving 500-AA junctions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of the Thoracodorsal Artery: Morphology and Reactivity (2012)

We conclude that the TDA exhibits comparable characteristics to other current vascular models, with the additional advantage of being easily manipulated for molecular and ex vivo vasoreactivity studies.
High-throughput methods for measuring DNA thermodynamics (2020)

Understanding the thermodynamics of DNA motifs is important for prediction and design of probes and primers, but melt curve analyses are low-throughput and produce inaccurate results for motifs such as bulges and mismatches. Here, we developed a new, accurate and high-throughput method for measuring DNA motif thermodynamics called TEEM (Toehold Exchange Energy Measurement). It is a refined framework of comparing two toehold exchange reactions, which are competitive strand displacement between oligonucleotides. In a single experiment, TEEM can measure over 1000 ΔG° values with standard error of roughly 0.05 kcal/mol.
The Friends of Cleanthes: a Case of Conceptual Poverty (2000)

Whatever our considered judgement may be concerning Hume’s arguments in his Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion, the work is undoubtedly one of the classics of our philosophical heritage. As we know, the Dialogues concern the possibility of inferring God’s existence from the nature of or the existence of the world about us. Cleanthes argues for this possibility, while Philo argues against it. Most scholars now agree that Philo represents, more or less, Hume’s own views on these matters.
The impact of accurate mass measurements using quadrupole/time-of-flight mass spectrometry on the characterisation and screening (2000)

Figure 3. CID spectra of remikiren A) triple quadrupole instrument at 50 eV B) LCQ MS 2 631.4 -> spectra at 60 % C)
High-Power Single Transverse Mode Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers With Monolithically Integrated Curved Dielectric Mirrors (2008)

We report the monolithic integration of vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) with curved dielectric mirrors. The laser structure has an InGaAs/GaAs gain region and incorporates a photoresist pattern fabricated on the substrate side. A dielectric distributed Bragg reflector is applied on the curved photoresist surface which provides sufficient optical feedback for laser operation. On-wafer measurements at room temperature show single transverse mode output powers up to 15.0 mW under continuous wave operation.
Functional IL-2 Receptor β (CD122) and γ (CD132) Chains Are Expressed by Fibroblast-Like Synoviocytes: Activation by IL-2 Stimulates Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 Production (2001)

The expression of the IL-2R alpha-, beta-, and gamma-chains, CD25, CD122, and CD132, respectively, was investigated on fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) and dermal fibroblasts (DF). Both protein and mRNA for CD122 and CD132 were observed but there was no evidence of CD25 expression. Quantification of the Ag binding sites for CD122 showed that FLS expressed 4 times more receptor molecules than DF. The functional capability of these receptors was confirmed by the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) in direct response to stimulation by IL-2, which could be inhibited by neutralizing anti-CD122 mAb. Both rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and osteoarthritis (OA) FLS and DF spontaneously produced MCP-1 in culture over a similar range of concentrations. However, RA and OA FLS produced significantly greater levels of MCP-1 following stimulation by IL-2 and IL-1 beta; RA FLS produced significantly more MCP-1 than OA FLS. Addition of exogenous IL-2 caused a slight, but significant, decrease in MCP-1 production by DF. The addition of neutralizing anti-CD122 mAb to FLS cultures partially, but significantly, reduced the IL-2-induced MCP-1 secretion, but did not effect either the spontaneous or IL-1 beta-induced secretion of MCP-1. Increased tyrosine phosphorylation was observed in FLS lysates following 30-min incubation with IL-2. In conclusion, in the inflamed synovium, as activated T cells migrate through the sublining and lining layer, T cell-derived IL-2 may activate FLS to secrete MCP-1, thus recruiting macrophages into the rheumatoid synovium and perpetuating inflammation.