gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fast and accurate computation of surface normals from range images (2011)

The fast and accurate computation of surface normals from a point cloud is a critical step for many 3D robotics and automotive problems, including terrain estimation, mapping, navigation, object segmentation, and object recognition. To obtain the tangent plane to the surface at a point, the traditional approach applies total least squares to its small neighborhood. However, least squares becomes computationally very expensive when applied to the millions of measurements per second that current range sensors can generate. We reformulate the traditional least squares solution to allow the fast computation of surface normals, and propose a new approach that obtains the normals by calculating the derivatives of the surface from a spherical range image. Furthermore, we show that the traditional least squares problem is very sensitive to range noise and must be normalized to obtain accurate results. Experimental results with synthetic and real data demonstrate that our proposed method is not only more efficienThe fast and accurate computation of surface normals from a point cloud is a critical step for many 3D robotics and automotive problems, including terrain estimation, mapping, navigation, object segmentation, and object recognition. To obtain the tangent plane to the surface at a point, the traditional approach applies total least squares to its small neighborhood. However, least squares becomes computationally very expensive when applied to the millions of measurements per second that current range sensors can generate. We reformulate the traditional least squares solution to allow the fast computation of surface normals, and propose a new approach that obtains the normals by calculating the derivatives of the surface from a spherical range image. Furthermore, we show that the traditional least squares problem is very sensitive to range noise and must be normalized to obtain accurate results. Experimental results with synthetic and real data demonstrate that our proposed method is not only more efficient by up to two orders of magnitude, but provides better accuracy than the traditional least squares for practical neighborhood sizes.t by up to two orders of magnitude, but provides better accuracy than the traditional least squares for practical neighborhood sizes.
Low-temperature growth of epitaxial Ti<sub>2</sub>AlC MAX phase thin films by low-rate layer-by-layer PVD (2019)

Here we report on the structural and tribo-mechanical characterization of epitaxial single-crystalline Ti2AlC MAX phase thin films, grown by means of electron beam physical vapor deposition at relatively low temperature (700°C). The growth of phase pure Ti2AlC at a relatively lower temperature when compared to other PVD methods was achieved utilizing a relatively low deposition rate and layer-by-layer deposition technique. The epitaxial growth is evidenced through the combination of XRD, HR-TEM and Raman spectroscopy measurements. The nanomechanical and micro-scale tribological properties of the Ti2AlC thin films were studied by means of nanoindentation and nanoscratch tests.
Advancing quantitative description of porosity in autogenous laser-welds of 304L stainless steel (2014)

Abstract Porosity in linear autogenous laser welds of 304L stainless steel has been investigated using micro-computed tomography to reveal defect content in fifty-four welds made with varying delivered power, travel speed and focal lens. Trends associated with porosity size and frequencies are shown and interfacial measures are employed to provide quantitative descriptors of pore shape, directionality, interspacing and solid linear fraction. Lastly, the coefficient of variation associated with equivalent pore radii is reported toward a discussion of microstructural variability and the influence of process-parameters on such variability.
Effect of Melting History on the Mechanical Properties of Glass: II, Effects of Raw Materials and Bubbling Gases Through the Melt* (1975)

Powdered premelted end‐member glasses were mixed in equimolar quantities to yield the composition 0.5Li 2 O· 0.5K 2 O·2SiO 2 . The pristine strength of glass rods drawn from melts of this mixture showed the same relation to melting history and to microphase size as that of the glass melted from batch as reported in Part I of this paper. No conclusive differences in strength were found when alkali nitrates were used instead of alkali carbonates. Bubbling dry O 2 into the melt increased the strength, as did melting in dry O 2 , but much more rapidly. Although bubbling with dry Ar increased the strength rapidly at first, a very drastic and sharp decrease followed.
Online Modified Greedy Algorithm for Storage Control Under Uncertainty (2015)

This paper studies the general problem of operating energy storage under uncertainty. Two fundamental sources of uncertainty are considered, namely the uncertainty in the unexpected fluctuation of the net demand process and the uncertainty in the locational marginal prices. We propose a very simple algorithm termed Online Modified Greedy (OMG) algorithm for this problem. A stylized analysis for the algorithm is performed, which shows that comparing to the optimal cost of the corresponding stochastic control problem, the sub-optimality of OMG is controlled by an easily computable bound. This suggests that, albeit simple, OMG is guaranteed to have good performance in cases when the bound is small. Meanwhile, OMG together with the sub-optimality bound can be used to provide a lower bound for the optimal cost. Such a lower bound can be valuable in evaluating other heuristic algorithms. For the latter cases, a semidefinite program is derived to minimize the sub-optimality bound of OMG. Numerical experiments are conducted to verify our theoretical analysis and to demonstrate the use of the algorithm.
Tackling the Drop Impact Reliability of Electronic Packaging (2003)

A 3-year collaboration program between the Institute of Microelectronics, National University of Singapore, and the University of Cambridge has been established with the following two objectives: (i) to establish a mechanics and physics-of-failure based board-level test methodology; (ii) to establish design guidelines and, ultimately, failure criteria for board level interconnect during drop/impact test. The following accomplishments have been achieved in the first year of the program: (i) the mechanics and physics of failure in a typical board-level test have been established (ii) the drop impact characteristics of 6 commercial portable products have been comprehensively surveyed; (iii) a weakness has been identified in the drop impact strength of SnAgCu solder alloy (acknowledged as the leading Pb-free solder candidate).
Right prefrontal activation as a neuro-functional biomarker for monitoring acute effects of methylphenidate in ADHD children: An fNIRS study (2012)

An objective biomarker is a compelling need for the early diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), as well as for the monitoring of pharmacological treatment effectiveness. The advent of fNIRS, which is relatively robust to the body movements of ADHD children, raised the possibility of introducing functional neuroimaging diagnosis in younger ADHD children. Using fNIRS, we monitored the oxy-hemoglobin signal changes of 16 ADHD children (6 to 13 years old) performing a go/no-go task before and 1.5 h after MPH or placebo administration, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover design. 16 age- and gender-matched normal controls without MPH administration were also monitored. Relative to control subjects, unmedicated ADHD children exhibited reduced activation in the right inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and middle frontal gyrus (MFG) during go/no-go tasks. The reduced right IFG/MFG activation was acutely normalized after MPH administration, but not after placebo administration. The MPH-induced right IFG/MFG activation was significantly larger than the placebo-induced activation. Post-scan exclusion rate was 0% among 16 right-handed ADHD children with IQ > 70. We revealed that the right IFG/MFG activation could serve as a neuro-functional biomarker for monitoring the acute effects of methylphenidate in ADHD children. fNIRS-based examinations were applicable to ADHD children as young as 6 years old, and thus would contribute to early clinical diagnosis and treatment of ADHD children.
Algorithms for Multi-target Learning (2012)

In this work we will investigate multi-target Learning, also called multi-tasklearning, a branch of Machine Learning. A multi-target learner builds a modelwhich, given some input, returns/predicts multiple variables simultaneously.This stand in contrast with the usual Single-Target model which predicts onlyone variable. We will see that MT-models have numerous advantages and thatmany real world applications can benefit from using a multi-target approach. We observe that when multiple targets are predicted simultaneously by a MT-model, the predictive accuracy might increase in comparison to the single-targetmodel. This is a result of inductive transfer which we discuss in depth in chapter3. An algorithm is proposed which tries to maximally exploit this effect in orderto increase the predictive accuracy of the model for one specific target (themain target). Next, we focus our attention to a different problem: Collaborative Filtering, atype of recommender system. Such a system tries to predict user preferences, foritems such as books or movies, based on already known preferences of the users.We demonstrate how this problem fits the multi-target setting and proposea graph based algorithm to alleviate two common problems inherent to theCollaborative Filtering setting: the Cold Start and the Sparsity problem. Finally, we propose a new learning setting called Two-Way learning. A specifictype of multi-target learning where we try to predict an attribute of a relationbetween two types of objects. We propose data transposition as an effectivemethod to solve a Two-Way learning problem. This method is applied andstudied in depth on the problem of processor performance prediction.
Slot/pole combinations choice for concentrated multiphase machines dedicated to mild-hybrid applications (2011)

This paper presents multiphase permanent magnet machines with concentrated non-overlapped winding as a good candidate for automotive low voltage mild-hybrid applications. These machines often require a trade-off between low speed performances such as high torque density and high speed performances like flux weakening capabilities. This paper describes how to choose a key design parameter to ease this compromise, the slots/poles combination, according to three parameters: winding factor including harmonics factor, rotor losses amount thanks to a comparison factor, and radial forces balancing. The comparison criterions are based on both analytical formula and Finite Element Analysis.
[Amphibian bombesin and its analog alytesin]. (1989)

A convenient route of synthesis of amphibian bombesin and bombesin-like peptide alytesin was found. These tetradecapeptides were obtained by assembling the 1-5 and 6-14 fragments by means of DCC-HONB or mixed anhydrides methods. Structure of the tetradecapeptides was confirmed by high resolution NMR spectroscopy data. The bombesin and alytesin synthesized potently decrease body temperature and stimulate pancreatic juice secretion.
Image Hallucination Using Neighbor Embedding over Visual Primitive Manifolds (2007)

In this paper, we propose a novel learning-based method for image hallucination, with image super-resolution being a specific application that we focus on here. Given a low-resolution image, its underlying higher-resolution details are synthesized based on a set of training images. In order to build a compact yet descriptive training set, we investigate the characteristic local structures contained in large volumes of small image patches. Inspired by progress in manifold learning research, we take the assumption that small image patches in the low-resolution and high-resolution images form manifolds with similar local geometry in the corresponding image feature spaces. This assumption leads to a super-resolution approach which reconstructs the feature vector corresponding to an image patch by its neighbors in the feature space. In addition, the residual errors associated with the reconstructed image patches are also estimated to compensate for the information loss in the local averaging process. Experimental results show that our hallucination method can synthesize higher-quality images compared with other methods.
Initiation of Lead Azide by High-Intensity Light (1964)

Radiation from an argon flash-bomb is used to initiate detonation in lead azide aggregates. Optical methods are employed to measure initiation delay as a function of energy absorbed by the azide. It is found that the product of the rate of energy absorption and the initiation delay is constant. This is interpreted in terms of a thermal initiation mechanism as follows: Absorption of flash-bomb radiation causes a continuing increase in azide surface temperature; above a critical temperature Tc, exothermic decomposition of the azide becomes very rapid and leads to thermal explosion and detonation in very short times. Typical initiation delays are of the order of 1 μsec and Tc∼900°K. Reaction-rate parameters calculated on the basis of this model, using measured initiation delays, are in good agreement with those obtained from thermal decomposition studies without explosion. It is shown that, for the experimental conditions used, purely photochemical reactions are unimportant.
Low Complexity Interpolation Filters for Motion Estimation and Application to the H.264 Encoders (2013)

Techniques for image super-resolution play an important role in a plethora of applications, which include video compression and motion estimation. The detection of the fractional displacements among frames facilitates the removal of temporal redundancy and improves the video quality by 2-4 dB PSNR. However, the increased complexity of the Fractional Motion Estimation (FME) process adds a significant computational load to the encoder and sets constraints to real-time designs. Researchers have performed timing analysis for the motion estimation process and they reported that FME accounts for almost half of the entire motion estimation period, which in turn accounts for 60-90% of the total encoding time depending on the design configuration.
Logic decomposition of speed-independent circuits (1999)

Logic decomposition is a well-known problem in logic synthesis, but it poses new challenges when targeted to speed-independent circuits. The decomposition of a gate into smaller gates must preserve not only the functional correctness of a circuit but also speed independence, i.e., hazard freedom under unbounded gate delays. This paper presents a new method for logic decomposition of speed-independent circuits that solves the problem in two major steps: (1) logic decomposition of complex gates and (2) insertion of new signals that preserve hazard freedom. The method is shown to be more general than previous approaches and its effectiveness is evaluated by experiments on a set of benchmarks.
Optimal interpolator using a trigonometric polynomial (2002)

All-digital approaches for the adjustment of timing offset in digital modems have attracted increasing attention. We recently announced a novel interpolation method which, instead of approximating the continuous-time signal with a conventional polynomial and computing the synchronized samples using a Farrow structure, uses a trigonometric polynomial. Simulation results indicate that improved performance, reduced computational delay and, in most cases, simplified hardware can be achieved. To recover a synchronized sample from existing samples, given a timing offset, we show here that we can optimize this method such that the interpolation error in the recovered sample is minimized for that specific timing offset value. Using this optimization technique, the overall interpolation error is reduced. As for the implementation, the optimal interpolator does not require additional hardware as compared to our original method.
CodeXGLUE: A Machine Learning Benchmark Dataset for Code Understanding and Generation (2021)

Benchmark datasets have a significant impact on accelerating research in programming language tasks. In this paper, we introduce CodeXGLUE, a benchmark dataset to foster machine learning research for program understanding and generation. CodeXGLUE includes a collection of 10 tasks across 14 datasets and a platform for model evaluation and comparison. CodeXGLUE also features three baseline systems, including the BERT-style, GPT-style, and Encoder-Decoder models, to make it easy for researchers to use the platform. The availability of such data and baselines can help the development and validation of new methods that can be applied to various program understanding and generation problems.
The structure of chromospheres around late-type giants and supergiants (1981)

Observations alpha Tau (K5III) and beta Gru (M2II) made at high resolution are used to confirm line identifications of features blended at low resolution. The high resolution spectra allow selected pairs of lines to be used to find the electron density and the opacity. Methods for determining these factors and the usual emission measure are presented. The electron density and opacity can be used together with the emission measure to place constraints on the structure of the atmosphere. The line formation processes are briefly discussed. Photo-excitation by strong lines appears to be important in these late type atmospheres.
Angiogenesis and Cardiac Hypertrophy (2014)

Cardiac hypertrophy is an adaptive response to physiological and pathological overload. In response to the overload, individual cardiac myocytes become mechanically stretched and activate intracellular hypertrophic signaling pathways to re-use embryonic transcription factors and to increase the synthesis of various proteins, such as structural and contractile proteins. These hypertrophic responses increase oxygen demand and promote myocardial angiogenesis to dissolve the hypoxic situation and to maintain cardiac contractile function; thus, these responses suggest crosstalk between cardiac myocytes and microvasculature. However, sustained pathological overload induces maladaptation and cardiac remodeling, resulting in heart failure. In recent years, specific understanding has increased with regard to the molecular processes and cell-cell interactions that coordinate myocardial growth and angiogenesis. In this review, we summarize recent advances in understanding the regulatory mechanisms of coordinated myocardial growth and angiogenesis in the pathophysiology of cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure.
Optically Transparent Ferromagnetic Nanogranular Films with Tunable Transmittance (2016)

Developing optically transparent magnets at room temperature is an important challenge. They would bring many innovations to various industries, not only for electronic and magnetic devices but also for optical applications. Here we introduce FeCo-(Al-fluoride) nanogranular films exhibiting ferromagnetic properties with high optical transparency in the visible light region. These films have a nanocomposite structure, in which nanometer-sized FeCo ferromagnetic granules are dispersed in an Al-fluoride crystallized matrix. The optical transmittance of these films is controlled by changing the magnetization. This is a new type of magneto-optical effect and is explained by spin-dependent charge oscillation between ferromagnetic granules due to quantum-mechanical tunneling.
<b>SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE RESPONSES IN RATS TO INJECTION OF FINE PARTICLES OF SYNTHETIC HYDROXYAPATITE </b><b>CERAMIC</b> (1988)

To clarify tissue responses to hydroxyapatite ceramic (HAP), time course observation of lesions induced by subcutaneous injections of fine particles of HAP was performed by light and electron microscopy: The description was based on the division of the particles into smaller-sized and larger-sized ones. Smaller particles, ranging in diameter from 0.65 to a few micra and scattered in the tissue, were phagocytized by macrophages in extremely early stages. Phagocytized particles formed phagosomes and phago-lysosomes containing one or more particles. In later stages, macrophages laden with smaller particles were widely distributed and occasionally observed in perivascular areas. Some of the phagocytized particles were resolved in phago-lysosomes. In contrast, larger particles measuring several micra in diameter were not phagocytized, being instead surrounded by numerous macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. Infiltrating macrophages at the injection sites gathered densely, closely approximating one another by the interdigitation of numerous microprojections in a zipper-like manner. The formation of a fibrous capsule was not evident, though the fibroblasts were gradually increased in number in and around the lesions. These results suggest that HAP particles are recognized as foreign bodies and provoke foreign body reactions in cells, principally that in mononuclear phagocytes and their derivates.
Coupled-line directional coupler based on Composite Right / Left-Handed coplanar waveguides (2008)

A broadside coupled (BSC) coupled-line directional coupler based on Composite Right/Left-Handed (CRLH) Coplanar Waveguide (CPW) is proposed. The CRLH CPW on both sides of the substrate comprises of series gap capacitor, broadside-coupled capacitor, and shunt meandering short-circuited stub inductor symmetrically. The new CRLH CPW coupler exhibits a quasi-0-dB coupling over a very wide bandwidth of 89.4% from 6.45 ∼ 13.6GHz centered at 8GHz. It is also very compact and symmetrical compared with the conventional designs. An equivalent circuit model including series inductance, capacitance and shunt inductance and capacitance tank also has been established. Good agreement between the full-wave simulation and equivalent circuit model has been achieved and verified the effectiveness of the proposed circuit model.
Tutorial on design for testability (DFT) "An ASIC design philosophy for testability from chips to systems" (2002)

This is a comprehensive tutorial on DFT with emphasis on concepts of digital Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) testing incorporating boundary scan architecture in ASIC design. This tutorial covers discussion and features of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 1149.1, Joint Test Action Group (JTAG) test technique, that can be implemented during design and development of digital ASIC and systems. These test techniques can be applied to test device mounted multi-layer Printed Circuit Boards (PCBs) and Multi Chip Modules (MCMs).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>