gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Promoting Research on Research Integrity in Canada (2012)

Research on research integrity is an important element in building a strong national research integrity framework. There is a lack of empirical evidence and conceptual research on research integrity in Canada. To further strengthen and develop our system of research integrity, we believe that greater support is needed to promote research on research integrity. Research on research integrity is imperative in order to gain a richer understanding of the diversity of responsible conduct of research norms, practices, education and policies from a Canadian perspective. The knowledge gained would help in the development of an evidenced-based and responsive Canadian system of research integrity.
SHAREDWEALTH: A CRYPTOCURRENCY TO REWARD MINERS EVENLY (2015)

Bitcoin [19] is a decentralized cryptocurrency that has recently gained popularity and has emerged as a popular medium of exchange. The total market capitalization is around 1.5 billion US dollars as of October 2013 [28]. All the operations of Bitcoin are maintained in a distributed public global ledger known as a block chain which consists of all the successful transactions that have ever taken place. The security of a block chain is maintained by a chain of cryptographic puzzles solved by participants called miners, who in return are rewarded with bitcoins. To be successful, the miner has to put in his resources to solve the cryptographic puzzle (also known as a proof of work). The reward structure is an incentive for miners to contribute their computational resources and is also essential to the currency's decentralized nature. One disadvantage of the reward structure is that the payment system is uneven. The reward is always given to one person. Hence people form mining pools where every member of the pool solves the same cryptographic puzzle and irrespective of the person who solved it, the reward is shared evenly among all the members of the pool. The Bitcoin protocol assumes that the miners are honest and they follow the Bitcoin protocol as prescribed. If group of selfish miners comes to lead by forming pools, the currency stops being decentralized and comes under the control of the selfish miners. Such miners can control the whole Bitcoin network [29]. Our goal is to address this problem by creating a distinct peer-to-peer protocol that reduces the incentives for the miners to join large mining pools. The central idea is to pay the “runners-up” who come close to finding a proof, thereby creating a less volatile payout situation. The work done by the “runners-up” can be used by other miners to find the solution of proof of work by building upon their work. Once they find the actual solution they have to include the solution of the other miner in order to get rewarded. The benefit of this protocol is that not only the miners save their computational resources but also the reward is distributed among the miners.
Insertion process and electrical conduction of conjugated molecules in <i>n</i>-alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on Au(111) (2000)

We have investigated an insertion process of conjugated molecules, 4-biphenylmethanethiol (BP) and [1,1′:4′,1″-terphenyl]-4-methanethiol (TP) into preassembled n-alkanethiol self-assembled monolayers on Au(111) using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Ex situ STM observation revealed that the insertion process is dependent on an organic solvent in which the conjugated molecules dissolve. The insertion of conjugated molecules with three phenyl rings (TP) was faster than that with two phenyl rings (BP). By analyzing the STM images, the lower limits of resistances for single BP and TP molecules were obtained as 22±5 and 36±5 GΩ, respectively.
On the mechanism of preferential incorporation of dAMP at abasic sites in translesional DNA synthesis. Role of proof reading activity of DNA polymerase and thermodynamic characterization of model template-primers containing an abasic site (1995)

DNA polymerase preferentially incorporate dAMP opposite abasic sites (A-rule). The mechanism of the A-rule can be studied by analyzing three dissected stages of the reaction including (i) initial nucleotide insertion, (ii) proofreading excision of the inserted nucleotide and (iii) extension of the nascent primer terminus. To assess the role of the stage (ii) in the A-rule, kinetic parameters of the proofreading excision of primer terminus nucleotides opposite abasic sites were determined using E.coli DNA polymerase I Klenow fragment. The relative efficiency of the excision (Vmax/Km) revealed that removal of A was the least favored of the four nucleotides, but the differences in the efficiencies between excision of A and the other nucleotides was less than 2-fold. In addition, in an attempt to reconcile kinetic data associated with the stage (i) or (ii), the differences in free energy changes (delta delta G degrees) for the formation of model template-primer termini containing XN pairs (X = abasic site, N = A, G, C or T) were determined by temperature dependent UV-melting measurements. The order of delta delta G degrees was XG > XA = XC > or = XT, with delta delta G degrees being 0.5 kcal/mol for the most stable XG and the least stable XT. Based on these data, the role of the stage (ii) and energetic aspects of the A-rule are discussed.
Chemical and Biological Terrorism: How Real a Threat? (2000)

The potential threat of chemical and biological terrorism is sufficient to warrant an ongoing investment in improved intelligence collection and civil defense as a prudent insurance policy, but not on the massive scale advocated by some publicists and federal officials.
WOOD PRESERVATION. (1953)

Keywords WOOD, PRESERVATION, DETERIORATION, INSECTS, TIMBER, DESIGN, DECAY, RESISTANCE, BIOLOGY, ATTACK, FUNGAL, MARINE, PROTECTION, METHODS, PRESERVATIVES, SURFACE, TREATMENT, STEEPING, DIFFUSION, PRESSURE... Show All
Expression of Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus polyhedrin in insect cells by using a baculovirus expression vector, and its assembly into polyhedra (1993)

A cDNA encoding the cytoplasmic polyhedrin of Bombyx mori cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus (BmCPV) strain H was introduced into an improved baculovirus expression vector which can be utilized to express foreign genes in the Spodoptera frugiperda cell line IPLB-SF-21AE (Sf21 cells) and the B. mori cell line BmN. A recombinant virus produced large, cubic inclusion body-like structures in infected Sf21 and BmN cells. Western blot analysis showed that these structures were BmCPV polyhedra. This result suggested that the supramolecular assembly of BmCPV polyhedrin is responsible for its properties.
Synthesis of Modified Tris(pyrazolyl)methane Ligands: Backbone Functionalization (2003)

The deprotonation of HC(pz)3 with n-butyllithium followed by reaction with methyl iodide, benzyl bromide and chloro­trimethylsilane produced the respective substituted ligands RC(pz)3 [R = CH3, C6H5CH2, (CH3)3Si] in good yield. Analogous chemistry starting with HC(3-Phpz)3 was only successful in high yield when the deprotonation step was carried out with LiN[Si(CH3)3]2, added at low temperature, and led to the syntheses of RC(3-Phpz)3 [R = CH3, (CH3)3Si, CH2=CHCH2, C6H5CH2]. In contrast, the alcohol derivatives HOCH2C(pz)3 and HOCH2C(3-Phpz)3 were prepared using potassium tert-butoxide for the deprotonation step followed by paraformaldehyde. For HC(3-t-Bupz)3, deprotonation with n-butyllithium at low temperature was most successful and led to the syntheses of RC(3-t-Bupz)3 [R = CH3, (CH3)3Si, HOCH2]. The compound HOCH2C(pz)3 was converted into t-BuPhCH2OCH2C(pz)3 by reaction with sodium hydride and (tert-butyl)benzyl bromide. These synthetic routes have made a variety of functionalized tris(pyrazolyl)methane ligands available for studies of their coordination chemistry.
MEMS scanning laser projection based on high-Q vacuum packaged 2D-resonators (2011)

Small size, low power consumption and the capability to produce sharp images without need of an objective make MEMS scanning laser based pico-projectors an attractive solution for embedded cell-phone projection displays. To fulfil the high image resolution demands the MEMS scanning mirror has to show large scan angles, a large mirror aperture size and a high scan frequency. An additional important requirement in pico-projector applications is to minimize power consumption of the MEMS scanner to enable a long video projection time. Typically high losses in power are caused by gas damping. For that reason Fraunhofer ISIT has established a fabrication process for 2D-MEMS mirrors that includes vacuum encapsulation on 8-inch wafers. Quality factors as high as 145,000 require dedicated closed loop phase control electronics to enable stable image projection even at rapidly changing laser intensities. A capacitive feedback signal is the basis for controlling the 2D MEMS oscillation and for synchronising the laser sources. This paper reports on fabrication of two-axis wafer level vacuum packaged scanning micromirrors and its use in a compact laser projection display. The paper presents different approaches of overcoming the well-known reflex problem of packaged MEMS scanning mirrors.
NANOCOMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON POLYMERS AND ALUMINA NANOPARTICLES (2009)

The synergistic combination of polymers and inorganic compounds via sol-gel process has attracted great attention, by manipulating structure at molecular level, for developing new materials with desired properties.These new hybrid materials could have a controllable combination of the benefits of polymers (flexibility, toughness, ease of processing) and those of ceramics or glasses (hardness, durability, thermal stability).The microstructures and the properties of hybrid materials depend on the particle size of inorganic phase, the uniform distribution of inorganic phase within the organic phase and the interfacial force between the two phases.The paper presents research concerning the obtaining of composite coating nanomaterials consisting of an organic component (functionalized acrylic copolymers in water dispersion and aluminium lignosulfonate) and inorganic component nano aluminium oxide.The formation of a crosslinked nanometric network of inorganic and organic domains was evidenced by AFM analysis.The interphase characterization of the nanostructured materials was performed using FT-IR analysis.
In-situ morphology and temperature monitoring of laser based metal additive manufacturing for defect detection (2017)

Metal laser additive manufacturing (LAM) provides unique possibilities for the fabrication of complex parts in many key industrial areas such as aerospace, automotive, and healthcare. However, due to variations in part geometry, local environment, and the inherent stochasticity of the laser melting process, reproducibility in final part morphology and characteristics is a major concern. In this paper, we demonstrate that optics-based morphology and temperature measurements on time scales sufficient to measure melt pool dynamics provide direct monitoring of the build process, allowing for on-the-fly defect detection.
Ku band active transmitarray based on microwave phase shifters (2009)

The aim of this paper is to introduce a novel 12 GHz radiating design based on the idea of active transmitarray.
Origami-enabled deformable silicon solar cells (2014)

Deformable electronics have found various applications and elastomeric materials have been widely used to reach flexibility and stretchability. In this Letter, we report an alternative approach to enable deformability through origami. In this approach, the deformability is achieved through folding and unfolding at the creases while the functional devices do not experience strain. We have demonstrated an example of origami-enabled silicon solar cells and showed that this solar cell can reach up to 644% areal compactness while maintaining reasonable good performance upon cyclic folding/unfolding. This approach opens an alternative direction of producing flexible, stretchable, and deformable electronics.
AIDS — An Immunologic Reevaluation (1984)

THE acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is a novel, epidemic form of immunodeficiency that has been widely recognized within the past three years.1 2 3 Full-blown AIDS, as defined clinically by the Centers for Disease Control surveillance definition, is characterized by opportunistic infections and malignant diseases in patients without a known cause for immunodeficiency.4 This clinical pattern has been associated with certain epidemiologic features and immunologic abnormalities. We take the view that AIDS represents a broad spectrum of conditions, including the full-blown syndrome, persistent lymphadenopathy with other clinical manifestations, and a disorder not associated with symptoms — all in persons having similar characteristic . . .
Three-Color Acoustooptic Modulator (1974)

Designers of laser scanning systems which require several independently modulated wavelengths may find this approach useful. Multiple wavelengths are independently modulated in one acoustooptic cell by a multifrequency technique. Possible applications include television-film recording, color facsimile, and laser color displays.
Wideband high efficiency digitally-assisted envelope amplifier with dual switching stages for radio base-station envelope tracking power amplifiers (2010)

This paper presents a novel envelope amplifier architecture to improve the overall efficiency of wideband high linearity envelope tracking power amplifiers (PAs). We show here a technique to increase the efficiency of the envelope amplifier while maintaining the amplifier's bandwidth. The technique utilizes digital signal processing (DSP) control in conjunction with analog hysteretic feedback. Two high efficiency buck switching stages are coordinated to provide the wideband envelope power to the RF stage; a wide bandwidth linear regulator is also used at low power to maintain the envelope signal accuracy. The technique improves the efficiency of the envelope amplifier, especially for applications requiring high peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) with wide bandwidth signals. The overall system was demonstrated using a GaAs high voltage HBT PA. For a variety of signals ranging from 6.6dB to 9.6dB PAR and up to 10MHz bandwidth, the overall system PAE reached above 50%, with a normalized power RMS error below 5% and ACLR1 of -50dBc with memory-less digital predistortion, at an average output power above 19W and gain of 10dB. The efficiencies obtained are the best ever reported, to our knowledge, for envelope tracking base station amplifiers for these signals.
Aluminium Chloride‐Catalyzed Intermolecular <i>vs</i> Intramolecular Friedel‐Crafts Reaction of Acrylanilides and 3‐Chloropropanamides (2000)

Abstract 3‐Phenylpropionanilide ( 4a ) is obtained in a yield of 89% from acrylanilide by the treatment with AlCl 3 /benzene, compared with a yield of 39% by the 1,4‐conjugate addition of phenyllithium. The formation of 4a indicated that an intermolecular Friedel‐Crafts reaction occurred, rather than the relatively more facile intramolecular ring cyclization, and provided a more efficient route than a conjugate addition of phenyllithium for the preparation of 3‐phenylpropionanilide and its derivatives. Although the methoxy group is an activator of the nucleophilic substitution, introduction of a methoxy substituent at N ‐phenyl did not increase the competitive capability of the intramolecular cyclization because of AlCl 3 ‐catalyzed demethylation to form the ArOAlCl 2 complex which decreased the availability of the π‐electron in the N ‐phenyl aromatic system.
Context inference of users' social relationships and distributed policy management (2009)

Inference of high-level context is becoming crucial in development of context-aware applications. An example is social context inference - i.e., deriving social relations based upon the user's daily communication with other people. The efficiency of this mechanism mainly depends on the method(s) used to draw inferences based on existing evidence and sample information, such as a training data. Our approach uses rule-based data mining, Bayesian network inference, and user feedback to compute the probabilities of another user being in the specific social relationship with a user whose daily communication is logged by a mobile phone. In addition, a privacy mechanism is required to ensure the user's personal integrity and privacy when sharing this user's sensitive context data. Therefore, the derived social relations are used to define a user's policies for context access control, which grant the restricted context information scope depending on the user's current context. Finally, we propose a distributed architecture capable of managing this context information based upon these context access policies.
A planar broad-band flared microstrip slot antenna (1987)

Experimental results have been obtained on a planar multioctave bandwidth flared microstrip slot. When crossed, the element is capable of horizontal, vertical, or circular polarization. A design was fabricated and measurements were taken to define the performance. The input impedance and radiation characteristics are shown to have a broadband response when configured as a cavity-backed element.
NorUDCA improves liver injury and glucose sensitivity in a mouse model of obesity and steatosis (2015)

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease ranges from simple benign steatosis to the more severe forms of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), cirrhosis and ultimately hepatocellular carcinoma. The leptin deficient mouse (ob/ob) mimics metabolic syndrome and suffers from hyperinsulinemia, insulin resistance, hyperlipidemia, hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Bile acids (BA) operate via nuclear and G protein-coupled receptors. Currently, ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) is the only BA used as therapeutic in humans, but showed only limited efficacy in NASH. NorUDCA is a side-chained shortened derivative of UDCA improving liver injury in mouse models of cholestatic liver and bile duct injury. Therefore, we aim to explore whether NorUDCA improves hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice.
Synthesis and Anti-lipid Peroxidation Activity of Amino Acid Derivatives of Benzisoselenazolone (1995)

Nine amino acid compounds (3-11) of benzoisoselenazolone were synthesized, where the phenyl ring at 2 position of 2-phenyl-1,2-benzoisoselenazol-3(2H)-one (Ebselen) with well-known antioxidative activity was replaced by ethyl aminoacetates. Effects of compounds 3- 11 as well as Ebselen on Fe2+/ cysteine and vitamin C-induced rat liver microsome lipid peroxidation were investigated. Compounds 5, 6 were more active than Ebselen in Fe2+ / cysteine system (Their IC50 were 14, 12 and 24μmol / L respectively). And in vitamin C system, compound 4, 7, 8, 9 and 10 were more active than Ebselen (Their IC50 were 33, 51, 39, 28, 17.5 and 66μmol / L respectively).
Cold climate could be an etiologic factor involved in Raynaud's phenomenon physiopathology. Epidemiological investigation from 954 consultations in general practic. (2015)

We confirmed that the lower winter temperatures a region experiences, the higher the prevalence of RP, thus raising the question of the physiopathological role of the cold in the induction or in the revelation of RP.
Preparation of graphene–TiO<sub>2</sub>composites with enhanced photocatalytic activity (2010)

The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 is limited by the aggregation of nanoparticles and the fast electron–hole pair recombination. Graphene sheets, with high specific surface area and unique electronic properties, can be used as a good support for TiO2 to enhance the photocatalytic activity. Herein, we prepared graphene–TiO2 (G–TiO2) composites through a one-pot solvothermal reaction by using graphite oxide (GO) and tetrabutyl titanate as starting materials. TiO2 particles with anatase phase and a narrow size distribution were dispersed on the surface of graphene sheets uniformly. The fluorescence quenching confirmed that graphene acted as an electron-acceptor material to effectively hinder the electron–hole pair recombination of TiO2. The product prepared with 30 mg of GO and 8 h of reaction time exhibited excellent photocatalysis to methylene blue (MB) degradation under irradiation of simulated sunlight. Such intriguing photocatalyst may find significant applications in various fields.
Abtrennung organischer Dämpfe mit Membranen (1998)

Abstract Removal of Organic Vapours by Membranes Even on consistent use of productionoriented environmental protection measures it still proves impossible to avoid the formation of solvent‐containing gaseous effluents in many production processes. Thus the reduction of emissions by purification of solventcontaining process and exhaust gas streams is still a highly topical matter. Thermal, catalytic, or biological oxidation processes leading to destruction of the organic solvents should only be used when solvent recovery is impossible. Preference should always be given to those processes which protect resources by permitting recovery of solvent. Substantial advances in the area of membrane technology during the past ten years mean that gas permeation now constitutes an interesting alternative to conventional processes. Combination of a membrane separation stage with direct or indirect condensation gives a hybrid process permitting gentle and contamination‐free recovery of organic components. This article briefly summarises the fundamentals of permeation of gas/vapour mixtures through polymer membranes.
Mixed Metaphors: Model Civil Jury Instructions for Title VII Disparate Treatment Claims (1997)

Employment discrimination is one of the fastest growing areas of civil litigation, and courts report that they are being “swamped” with these claims. Motivated in part by a desire to assist litigants through the labyrinth of employment discrimination law, and in part by a need to control their dockets, district courts in the Eighth Circuit have begun to develop standardized forms for use in these cases. One of the innovations in standardization is the Manual of Model Civil Jury Instructions for the District Courts of the Eighth Circuit (Model Instructions). It is important that scholars and practitioners, particularly those within the Eighth Circuit, critically examine these instructions. This article scrutinizes the charge recommended by the Model Instructions in Title VII disparate treatment claims. The examination begins with a brief review of two Title VII metaphors: pretext and mixed-motive disparate treatment discrimination claims. It then reviews the changes made to those metaphors by the Civil Rights Act of 1991. Part IV scrutinizes the disparate treatment jury charge recommended by the Model Instructions, and Part V discusses why the instructions are erroneous. Next, the article examines cases from the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals and other United States Courts of Appeals, concluding that the Model Instructions are inconsistent with these precedents. Finally, this article proposes an improved formula jury instruction along with an alternative interpretation of the Civil Rights Act of 1991.
Putative nucleotide binding sites of guinea pig liver transglutaminase (1992)

Three peptides corresponding to glycine-rich internal sequences of the guinea pig liver transglutaminase molecule were synthesized. These were peptide 1 (amino acid residues 520-544), peptide 2 (amino acid residues 345-367) and peptide 3 (amino acid residues 45-69). All of the synthetic peptides demonstrated significant binding ability for both ATP and GTP. Peptide 1 was the best protector of transglutaminase activity from both ATP and GTP inhibition, while peptides 2 and 3 protected the activity only from GTP inhibition. The data shown here lead us to propose putative binding site(s) for ATP and GTP guinea pig liver transglutaminase.