gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Mixing Properties of Non-Linear Condensers (1948)

The theory of a mixer circuit, containing a non-linear condenser as a mixing element, is developed. It is shown that such a condenser has an imaginary conversion transconductance and a capacitive input and output impedance. It is found that the circuit has widely different properties, depending upon the choice of the frequency, ωm, of the local oscillator, the i-f frequency, ω0, and the input frequency, ωi. The following three cases are considered: (a) ωm = ωi+ω0, (b) ωm = ωi−ω0, and (c) ωm = ω0−ωi. A non-linear condenser in a mixing circuit acts as a transformer; in the cases (b) and (c) the mixing condenser transforms an i-f impedance into a positive input load; in case (a) an i-f impedance is transformed into a negative input load, so that oscillations may even occur. In case (c) the power gain is larger than unity, the power delivered to the circuit by the antenna is smaller than the power dissipated by the output load, and the difference is due to the power delivered by the local oscillator. In case (b) the power gain is smaller than unity, because in this case power is dissipated by the local oscillator. In case (c) instability may occur; the circuit is then capable of splitting the local-oscillator signal into two signals of frequencies, ωi and ω0, respectively. The band width and the noise factor of the circuit are also discussed; it is shown that the circuit might have a very low noise factor. A few experiments are given which show qualitative agreement with theory.
Leakage performance of labyrinth seal for oil sealing of aero-engine (2019)

Experimental investigation has been done to evaluate the leakage performance of labyrinth seal for oil sealing on high-speed sealing test rig at different working and geometric parameters. Typical values of pressure ratio ranging from 1.0 to 2.0 were used and the rotating speed varied from 0 to 30,000 rpm. Dimensionless Taylor number was invited to response the effect of rotation. Oil was injected at the rate from 1.2 L/min to 2.8 L/min to check the sealing capacity. Leakage was measured at different seal configurations including sealing clearance, tooth tip thickness, pitch, teeth number, front inclined angle and oil-throwing angle. Different from gas sealing, the application of oil-throwing tooth in oil sealing attracted much interest as an obvious alternative to the conventional labyrinth seal. A blocking ring was captured during testing, which establishes understanding of underlying flow mechanisms in the clearance and plays an important role in oil sealing. There is a critical Taylor number at which the leakage coefficient drops drastically. After the critical Taylor number, a parabola rule appears. An optimal composition of tooth tip thickness, teeth number, oil-throwing angle and front inclined angle exists where the leakage performance behaves better.
Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels regulate action potential repolarization in urinary bladder smooth muscle (1997)

The goal of this study was to examine the role of large conductance Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels in the regulation of cell excitability in urinary bladder smooth muscle from the guinea pig. Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels were studied with single-channel recording techniques and found to be intracellular Ca2+ and voltage dependent and sensitive to external tetraethylammonium and blocked by nanomolar concentrations of iberiotoxin (apparent dissociation constant of 4 nM). Spontaneous action potentials recorded from intact tissue strips depended on external Ca2+ and were inhibited by Ca2+ channel blockers. Iberiotoxin (100 nM) significantly altered the configuration of the action potential by increasing the duration and peak amplitude of the action potential and decreasing the rate of decay. Iberiotoxin also increased the action potential frequency from 0.11 to 0.29 Hz. This study suggests that Ca(2+)-activated K+ channels play a significant role in the repolarization of the action potential and in the maintenance of the resting membrane potential of the urinary bladder smooth muscle.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG). A new procedure comes of age. (1986)

Our cumulative literature review suggests PEG is a simple, relatively safe, and cost-effective means of establishing enteral access for patients who qualify for long-term nutritional support. Tube placement can be achieved in 98% of patients, usually within 15 to 30 minutes without general anesthesia. The gastrostomy catheter can be easily removed when treatment is ended and conveniently replaced if accidentally dislodged. Complications occur in approximately 17% of patients, but only 3.0% are regarded as serious. No procedure-related deaths have been reported. PEG as the initial choice for feeding tube placement followed by surgical gastrostomy in patients in whom PEG is unsuccessful is a reasonable approach to nutritional management in appropriate patients. PEG for purposes of chronic gastrointestinal decompression and internalization of biliary drainage holds promise but requires further evaluation.
Introduction to Computers (1988)

This book is concerned mainly with microcomputers (see figure 1) which are sometimes called micros, desk-top computers, personal computers or PCs. The practical assignments in Parts II and III are designed to be completed using this type of computer. However, before looking into microcomputers in more detail it is worth mentioning other types of computers, namely mainframes and minis.
The Multiple-Access Channel With Causal Side Information: Double State (2012)

We consider a memoryless multiple-access channel (MAC) that is governed by two independent memoryless state sequences, each of which is revealed to a different encoder in a strictly causal or causal way. The special case where one of the state sequences is deterministic (null) corresponds to an MAC governed by a single state that is revealed to only one of the encoders. We show that, even in the strictly causal case, the state information at the encoders can increase the capacity region. It cannot, however, increase the sum-rate capacity. We provide general inner and outer bounds on the capacity region, and we also study a Gaussian example where they coincide. We show that in the causal case, naïve Shannon strategies may be suboptimal.
Estimation of Degradation-Based Reliability in Outdoor Environments (2001)

Some importan t reliability problems in volve estimatin g a life distribution when failure is due to chemical degradation of materials or products that are exposed to the outdoor en viron men t. There is a growin gn eed to obtain timely prediction s of such degradation behaviors on the basis of accelerated laboratory tests. Laboratory life tests provide in formation about degradation processes. Historical weather data are used to characterize the stochastic outdoor en viron men t over time. A physical/chemical model for degradation rate is used as a basis for usin g these data to produce reliability estimates. We proposean d illustrate the use ofan evaluation /estimation method that in volves time series modelin g. The method is illustrated with an examplein volvin g the degradation of a solar-reflector material. We will also show how to con struct approximate con5# n e in tervals for importan t reliability metrics. Key words: Service Life Prediction , Time Series, Accelerated Testin g, Risk Assessmen t. 1 1
Energy Flow in the Hadronic Final State of Diffractive and Non-Diffractive Deep-Inelastic Scattering at HERA (1996)

An investigation of the hadronic final state in diffractive and non--diffractive deep--inelastic electron--proton scattering at HERA is presented, where diffractive data are selected experimentally by demanding a large gap in pseudo --rapidity around the proton remnant direction. The transverse energy flow in the hadronic final state is evaluated using a set of estimators which quantify topological properties. Using available Monte Carlo QCD calculations, it is demonstrated that the final state in diffractive DIS exhibits the features expected if the interaction is interpreted as the scattering of an electron off a current quark with associated effects of perturbative QCD. A model in which deep--inelastic diffraction is taken to be the exchange of a pomeron with partonic structure is found to reproduce the measurements well. Models for deep--inelastic $ep$ scattering, in which a sizeable diffractive contribution is present because of non--perturbative effects in the production of the hadronic final state, reproduce the general tendencies of the data but in all give a worse description.
Spectroscopic Characterization of a Novel Multihemec-Type Cytochrome Widely Implicated in Bacterial Electron Transport (1998)

NapC is a member of a family of bacterial membrane-anchored tetra-heme c-type cytochromes that participate in a number of respiratory electron transport pathways. They are postulated to mediate electron transfer between membrane quinols/quinones and soluble periplasmic enzymes. The water-soluble heme domain of NapC has been expressed as a periplasmic protein. Mediated redox potentiometry and characterization by UV-visible, magnetic circular dichroism, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopies demonstrates that soluble NapC contains four low spin hemes, each with bis-histidine axial ligation and with midpoint reduction potentials of -56, -181, -207, and -235 mV.
1215 Numerical Prediction of Combustion Process in Premixed Compression Ignition Engines (2001)

For numerically analyzing the combustion process in premixed compression ignition engines, submodels for fuel sprays (the authors' modified wave breakup model, etc.), ignition (Livengood-Wu's model) and combustion (Reitz's model) were incorporated into the authors' GTT code. The combustion processes in the two-types of premixed compression ignition engines (side-injection and central-injection engines) were numerically analyzed using this code. These submodels were validated by comparing the calculated results of heat release rate with experimental ones. The calculated NO formation using the extended Zeldovich mechanism nearly agreed with experimental one.
The Condensation of Butyraldehyde and Aniline (1940)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Condensation of Butyraldehyde and AnilineM. S. Kharasch, Isadore Richlin, and Frank R. MayoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1940, 62, 3, 494–497Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1940Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1940https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01860a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01860a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views345Altmetric-Citations26LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
III-V Semiconductor Waveguides And Phase-Modulators : The Localized Vapor Phase Epitaxy Approach (1986)

The vapor phase epitaxy has been used to realize a number of new GaAs and InP waveguide structures. Among them, the inverted rib structure has been used in order to fabricate GaAs homojunction phase modulators. The structures have been analyzed with two-dimensional numerical methods, allowing for an accurate modelling and optimization of the device. The potentialities of similar heterojunction phase modulators for both the GaAs and InP systems are discussed.
Measuring pulsed picometer-displacement vibrations by optical interferometry (1976)

Optical interferometers are very sensitive if they operate at the point halfway between the peak and minimum of detected intensity. By introducing a 90° phase shift between orthogonal polarizations in the reference beam, the interferometer signals due to each polarization are in quadrature; squaring and summing the signals effectively stabilizes the operating point of the interferometer at the high-sensitivity point, independent of the large low-frequency variations in optical-path difference caused by ambient disturbances. This method has been used to make stable (±0.5 dB) measurements of 2.5-MHz ultrasound pulses of 1-pm displacement.
Bromate Formation by Ozone-VUV in Comparison with Ozone and Ozone-UV: Effects of pH, Ozone Dose, and VUV Power (2010)

The formation of bromate by ozone–vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) (185+254 nm) process in comparison with ozone and ozone-ultraviolet (UV) (254 nm) processes of coagulated and softened water was studied. The effects of pH (7, 9, and 11), ozone dosage (1, 2, and 4 mg O3/mg C), and VUV power (30, 60, and 120 W) were investigated. Bromate concentrations formed by the ozone-VUV process were up to four and six times less than those by the ozone and ozone-UV processes, respectively. Among the variables studied, ozone dosage had the most effect on bromate formation by the ozone-VUV process. Approximately 64 and 213% increases of bromate concentration were observed when the ozone dosage was increased from 1 to 2 and 4 mg O3/mg C with VUV power of 120 W at pH 7. The bromate formation also increased as VUV power and pH increased. Hydroxyl radical exposure had a positive relationship with ozone dosage and bromate formation. Results further indicated that it might be difficult to achieve the drinking water standard for bromate and high organic matter removal concurrently.
Porous Tin Oxide Nanostructured Microspheres for Sensor Applications (2005)

We have sought to enhance the sensitivity of conductometric gas microsensors through the design and fabrication of porous, three-dimensional tin oxide nanoparticle structures. Electrostatically controlled layer-by-layer processing in aqueous solutions was used to decorate sacrificial latex microspheres with Sb:SnO2 nanoparticles. To evaluate their sensing performance, these structures were then deposited as films, via micropipetting, on MEMS micro-hot-plate platforms with interdigitated electrodes. Prior to gas testing, rapid heating of the micro-hot-plates was used to remove the sacrificial latex templates, thereby revealing a 3-D structure composed of interconnected spherical tin oxide nanoparticle shells with porous ultrathin walls. Changes in film conductance, caused by exposure to test gases (methanol, carbon monoxide, benzene, water) in a dry air background, were measured at different temperatures. Hollow nanoparticle microsphere films exhibited partial selectivity for these different gases, good dynamic range at different temperatures and gas concentrations, and good repeatability and stability over long runs. These films also yielded approximately 3-fold and 5-fold increases in sensitivity to methanol when compared to SnO2 polycrystalline chemical vapor deposition films and Sb:SnO2 microporous nanoparticle films, respectively. Gains in sensitivity are attributed to the multiscale porous architecture of the hollow microsphere films. This architecture promotes gas diffusion and increases the active surface area.
Calculating energy derivatives for quantum chemistry on a quantum computer (2019)

Abstract Modeling chemical reactions and complicated molecular systems has been proposed as the “killer application” of a future quantum computer. Accurate calculations of derivatives of molecular eigenenergies are essential toward this end, allowing for geometry optimization, transition state searches, predictions of the response to an applied electric or magnetic field, and molecular dynamics simulations. In this work, we survey methods to calculate energy derivatives, and present two new methods: one based on quantum phase estimation, the other on a low-order response approximation. We calculate asymptotic error bounds and approximate computational scalings for the methods presented. Implementing these methods, we perform geometry optimization on an experimental quantum processor, estimating the equilibrium bond length of the dihydrogen molecule to within $$0.014$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mn>0.014</mml:mn></mml:math> Å of the full configuration interaction value. Within the same experiment, we estimate the polarizability of the H $${}_{2}$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math> molecule, finding agreement at the equilibrium bond length to within $$0.06$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mn>0.06</mml:mn></mml:math> a.u. ( $$2 \%$$ <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>%</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math> relative error).
Graphene and Carbon‐Nanotube Nanohybrids Covalently Functionalized by Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines for Optoelectronic Properties (2018)

In recent years, there has been a rapid growth in studies of the optoelectronic properties of graphene, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), and their derivatives. The chemical functionalization of graphene and CNTs is a key requirement for the development of this field, but it remains a significant challenge. The focus here is on recent advances in constructing nanohybrids of graphene or CNTs covalently linked to porphyrins or phthalocyanines, as well as their application in nonlinear optics. Following a summary of the syntheses of nanohybrids constructed from graphene or CNTs and porphyrins or phthalocyanines, explicit intraconjugate electronic interactions between photoexcited porphyrins/phthalocyanines and graphene/CNTs are introduced classified by energy transfer, electron transfer, and charge transfer, and their optoelectronic applications are also highlighted. The major current challenges for the development of covalently linked nanohybrids of porphyrins or phthalocyanines and carbon nanostructures are also presented.
Horn-like space-coiling metamaterials toward simultaneous phase and amplitude modulation (2018)

Acoustic metasurfaces represent a family of planar wavefront-shaping devices garnering increasing attention due to their capacity for novel acoustic wave manipulation. By precisely tailoring the geometry of these engineered surfaces, the effective refractive index may be modulated and, consequently, acoustic phase delays tuned. Despite the successful demonstration of phase engineering using metasurfaces, amplitude modulation remains overlooked. Herein, we present a class of metasurfaces featuring a horn-like space-coiling structure, enabling acoustic control with simultaneous phase and amplitude modulation. The functionality of this class of metasurfaces, featuring a gradient in channel spacing, has been investigated theoretically and numerically and an equivalent model simplifying the structural behavior is presented. A metasurface featuring this geometry has been designed and its functionality in modifying acoustic radiation patterns experimentally validated. This class of acoustic metasurface provides an efficient design methodology enabling complete acoustic wave manipulation, which may find utility in applications including biomedical imaging, acoustic communication, and non-destructive testing.
High performance quantum cascade lasers based on three-phonon-resonance design (2009)

A quantum cascade laser structure based on three-phonon-resonance design is proposed and demonstrated. Devices, emitting at a wavelength of 9 μm, processed into buried ridge waveguide structures with a 3 mm long, 16 μm wide cavity and a high-reflection (HR) coating have shown peak output powers of 1.2 W, slope efficiencies of 1 W/A, threshold current densities of 1.1 kA/cm2, and high wall-plug efficiency of 6% at 300 K. A 3 mm long, 12 μm wide buried-heterostructure device without a HR coating exhibited continuous wave output power of as high as 65 mW from a single facet at 300 K.
Synthesis of new 3‐(trifluoromethyl)‐1<i>H</i>‐indoles by reduction of trifluoromethyloxoindoles (2008)

Abstract magnified image This work describes the synthesis of new 3‐trifluoromethylindoles. Different isatins were trifluoromethylated using (trifluoromethyl) trimethylsilane (Me 3 SiCF 3 ) as a nucleophilic agent giving new 3‐hydroxy‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)indolin‐2‐one. Different “one‐step” procedures to transform the latter compounds into the reduced indoles were attempted, but failed. For the synthesis of the new trifluoromethylindoles the corresponding 2‐oxo‐3‐(trifluoromethyl)indoles were reduced using borane/THF complex to furnish 3‐(trifluoromethyl)indolin‐3‐ol that additionally were dehydrated using thionyl chloride in pyridine to give excellent yields of the desired products.
Evidence for the significant role of immunoglobulin light chains in antigen recognition and selection in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (2008)

We analyzed somatic hypermutation (SHM) patterns and secondary rearrangements involving the immunoglobulin (IG) light chain (LC) gene loci in 725 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Important differences regarding mutational load and targeting were identified in groups of sequences defined by IGKV/IGLV gene usage and/or K/LCDR3 features. Recurrent amino acid (AA) changes in the IGKV/IGLV sequences were observed in subsets of CLL cases with stereotyped B-cell receptors (BCRs), especially those expressing IGHV3-21/IGLV3-21 and IGHV4-34/IGKV2-30 BCRs. Comparison with CLL LC sequences carrying heterogeneous K/LCDR3s or non-CLL LC sequences revealed that distinct amino acid changes appear to be "CLL-biased." Finally, a significant proportion of CLL cases with monotypic LC expression were found to carry multiple potentially functional LC rearrangements, alluding to active, (auto)antigen-driven receptor editing. In conclusion, SHM targeting in CLL LCs is just as precise and, likely, functionally driven as in heavy chains. Secondary LC gene rearrangements and subset-biased mutations in CLL LC genes are strong indications that LCs are crucial in shaping the specificity of leukemic BCRs, in association with defined heavy chains. Therefore, CLL is characterized not only by stereotyped HCDR3 and heavy chains but, rather, by stereotyped BCRs involving both chains, which generate distinctive antigen-binding grooves.