gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A controlled-power arbitrary waveform method of defibrillation (2000)

Ventricular fibrillation is a condition affecting over 300,000 people annually. With fibrillation, the cardiac muscle does not contract synchronously, causing death if not treated within minutes. The preferred treatment, ventricular defibrillation, is the process of applying a strong electric shock to the ventricles to re-synchronize the cardiac muscle cells. Using an effective shock with a minimal amount of energy is a goal of the defibrillation industry as it allows for smaller and less expensive devices that can be made more accessible to the public. Shock parameters including waveform current, waveform shape and waveform duration have been shown to be important factors in predicting defibrillation efficacy. In fact, for certain waveforms, there exists an optimal duration for which a minimum amount of energy defibrillates. Present defibrillation techniques have the disadvantage of using shocks with parameters that are altered by variations in patient resistance. Thus, it is not possible to deliver a waveform that will be equally optimal for a population. Proposed is a novel technique for generating waveforms independent of variations in patient resistance. Waveform shape, duration and current will be adjustable with the only constraint being the total delivered energy. With the new technique, a waveform with optimal parameters can be found and then delivered using less energy than that required by presently-used techniques. With the controlled-power arbitrary waveform defibrillator, it was possible to defibrillate with 26% less energy than with a traditional truncated-exponential waveform method. When subject resistance was artificially increased by 25%, the controlled-power method required 38% less delivered energy to defibrillate.
Leveraging architectural models to inject trust into software systems (2005)

Existing software systems have become increasingly durable and their lifetimes have significantly lengthened. They are increasingly distributed and decentralized. Our dependence on them has grown tremendously. As such, the issues of trustworthiness and security have become prime concerns in designing, constructing, and evolving software systems. However, the exact meanings of these concepts are not universally agreed upon, nor is their role in the different phases of the software development lifecycle. In this paper, we argue that trustworthiness is a more broadly encompassing term than security, and that the two are often interdependent. We then identify a set of dimensions of trustworthiness. Finally, we analyze how the key elements of a software system's architecture can be leveraged in support of those trustworthiness dimensions. Our ultimate goal is to apply these ideas in the context of a concrete software architecture project. The goal of this paper is more modest: to understand the problem area and its relation to software architecture.
Modification of Delipidated Apoprotein B of Low Density Lipoprotein by Lipid Oxidation Products in Relation to Macrophage Scavenger Receptor Binding. (1994)

It is known that macrophages recognize and take up oxidized low density lipoprotein (LDL) and this macrophage recognition has been suggested to be due to modification of the lysine (Lys) residues of apoprotein B (apo B). In order to determine whether such modification is involved in recognition, delipidated apo B was modified with lipid peroxidation products and the macrophage recognition of the modified apo B was examined. When delipidated apo B was treated with linoleic acid 13-mono-hydroperoxide (LOOH) and trans-2-octenal (octenal), apo B became fluorescent and its Lys and histidine (His) residues were decreased. When delipidated apo B, partially methylated at the epsilon-amino groups of Lys residues, was treated with LOOH and octenal, fluorescence was not produced and the free Lys residues were not decreased. LOOH- and octenal-modified delipidated apo B were recognized by mouse peritoneal macrophages. The macrophage recognition of the modified apo B was prevented by maleyl bovine serum albumin, indicating that the scavenger receptor was involved in recognition. Neither methyl apo B nor methyl apo B, modified with LOOH or octenal, was recognized by macrophages. Neutralization of positively charged Lys residues of apo B by modification with LOOH and octenal may be requisite for recognition. Bovine serum albumin modified with LOOH and octenal prevented the recognition of the modified apo B, indicating that none of the intrinsic structure of apo B is required for recognition.
A Method for Fitting Linear Combinations of Exponentials (1962)

Many situationis in biology, epidemiology, economics and the physical sciences yield data which can best be described by linear combinations of exponelntials. This is particularly true in biological radiation, growth and tracer studies. In this paper it will be shown that the method of partial totals may be used to fit linear combinations of any number of exponentials to data taken at equally spaced intervals. The method has been applied to special cases of the general model before, for instance, by Stevens [1951] and Croxton and Cowden [1960]. As in the particular case considered by Stevens, it will be shown that the method, though not generally efficient, is consistent. The method is often useful in computing preliminary estimates for iterative maximum likelihood solutions. Alternatively, if computing facilities are not available for obtaining maximum likelihood estimates, the method provides a systematic, consistent and relatively simple estimation procedure. Also, since for this estimation procedure it is not necessary to assume that all observations have the same distribution, it can be utilized sometimes when other methods are inappropriate. The estimation procedure will be developed in detail and illustrated for two simple models with only one exponential term. Then the general estimation procedure will be presented analogously and concisely and will be illustrated for a model with two exponential terms. The consistency and the large sample variances of the estimators will also be considered briefly. The simple models are emphasized because they are the ones most often encountered in applications. 2. ESTIMATION PROCEDURE FOR ONE EXPONENTIAL TERM
RFID and Contactless Smart Card Applications (2005)

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. FOREWORD. PREFACE. INTRODUCTION. Part One: Review and supplementary information. 1 Review. 1.1 The Elements of a Device. 1.2 General Operating Principles of the Station-Transponder Pair. 1.3 Before We Continue ... Conventional Notation. 2 The Transponder: Supplementary Information. 2.1 Ready-made Products. 2.2 Specification or Choice of the Transponder Integrated Circuit. 2.3 The Transponder Antenna. 3 The Base Station: Supplementary Information. 3.1 The Base Station Antenna. 3.2 Review and Supplementary Technical Information. 3.3 Structure of the Driver Stage of the Base Station Antenna. 3.4 The Downlink. 3.5 Summary of the Principal Formulae of Chapters 2 and 3. Part Two: Applications and implementation. 4 Design and Implementation of a Contactless Application. 4.1 Specifying an Application. 4.2 Specifying the Requirements. 4.3 Specifying the Near Environment of the Application. 4.4 How to Approach an Application. 4.5 Choice of the Operating Frequency. 4.6 Overview of the Frequencies Used in RFID. 4.7 Choosing the Right Frequency. Part Three: Examples. 5 Examples at 125kHz. 5.1 The Usual Constants and Parameters of Applications Operating at 125 kHz. 5.2 Example. 6 Examples at 13.56MHz. 6.1 The Usual Constants and Parameters of Applications Operating at 13.56 kHz. 6.2 ISO 14 443 Proximity Applications (Approximately 10 cm). 6.3 Applications (Approximately 70 cm) of the ISO 15 693 or 18 000 Type and Long-range Applications for Vicinity Cards or Item Management. 6.4 Applications and Conformity with Standards. Part Four: Antennae and their technology. 7 The Transponder Antenna and its Technology. 7.1 The Range of Technologies. 7.2 The Geometrical Shapes of the Windings. 8 The Base Station Antenna and Its Technology. 8.1 Shape, Size and Technology of the Base Station Antenna. Part Five: The electronics involved. 9 Electronic Systems of the Base Station. 9.1 Standard Base Station Circuits. 9.2 Advanced Base Station Circuits. 9.3 The Output Stage Transmission Part. 9.4 Driving the Antenna. 9.5 The Demodulators. 9.6 The Common Reception/Transmission Part. Part Six: Tools and Measurement Methods. 10 Development Aids and Tools. 10.1 Simulation of the System Performance. 10.2 Development Aid Tools. 11 Measurement Methods for Systems. 11.1 The Principal Parameters to be Measured for a Transponder. 11.2 Transponder Measurement Methods and Set-ups. 11.3 Measuring Complete Systems. 11.4 Conclusions. 11.5 The Future. Appendix A. A.1 Duality of Series and Parallel RLC Circuits. A.2 Useful Addresses and Information. INDEX.
Fractal compression of data structures (1994)

The application of fractal geometry to database structures is demonstrated using existing technology. Fractal data compression has the advantage of shrinking large amounts of data for storage and analysis with minimal loss of information. Fractals minimize the need for defining a specific database topology-a property suitable in object-oriented design. Fractals represent the atomic (smallest) element of information. Through recursive properties fractals support the construction of relationships between atomic elements and their derivatives: for instance in defining virtual objects or groups.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The interaction of bovine factor IX, its activation intermediate, factor IX α, and its activation products, factor IXaα and factor IXa<i>β</i>, with acidic phospholipid vesicles of various compositions (1986)

The interactions of bovine factor IX, its activation intermediate, Factor IX alpha, and its activation products, Factor IXa alpha and Factor IXa beta, with phospholipid vesicles, of mean radius of approx. 30 nm, containing various amounts of phosphatidylserine (PS) and phosphatidylcholine (PC), have been examined. For Factor IX, Factor IX alpha, Factor IXa alpha and Factor IXa beta, the dissociation constants, at saturating levels of Ca2+, are independent of the PS concentration in the vesicle after levels of 20-30% (w/w) have been reached, and attain minimum values of approx. 1.7, 1.7, 0.7 and 1.0 microM, respectively, with vesicles containing 50% PS. The amount of protein bound per vesicle particle is independent of the PS content, above 20% PS, for Factor IX and Factor IXa beta, with values of approx. 995-1197 and 1128-1566 molecules/vesicle, respectively. With Factor IX alpha, a dependence on the amount of protein bound with the content of PS is seen, which ranges from 338 to 619 molecules/vesicle with membranes containing 30-50% PS. For Factor IXa alpha, no regularity is noted and a range of 583-1083 molecules of protein/vesicle is observed with the systems employed. Examination of the radii of the proteins on the vesicle demonstrates that Factors IX alpha and IXa alpha occupy considerably more of the surface than do Factors IX and IXa beta, suggesting that a reason for the decreased number of binding sites for the former two proteins on the vesicle may be related to their greater surface spatial requirements.
Switched-capacitor decimation and interpolation circuits (1980)

Novel switched-capacitor decimation and interpolation circuits are described. The decimator can function as an input stage, the interpolator as an output stage in a filter system. This allows the use of differing clock rates in the various stages of the system, which in turn can result in simpler antialiasing requirements, more practical element values and lower sensitivities for the individual filters in the system.
On triazoles. VII Synthesis of novel tri‐ and tetracyclic ring systems (1987)

Abstract The ring‐closure of the 5‐amino‐1‐(2‐aminophenyl)‐3‐methylthio‐1 H ‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives 3 and 4 with different simple and cyclic C 1 components lead to the formation of 1,2,4‐triazolo[1,5‐α]‐1,3,5‐benzotriazepines 5–6 , their 4,5‐dihydro‐ 7 , different 5‐spiro‐homocyclic‐ 8–13 , and 5‐spiro‐heterocyclic‐ 14‐15 analogues. The structure of the compounds obtained was proved with the use of their ir, uv, 1 H‐nmr and 13 C‐nmr spectra.
Effect of coating thickness on thermal stresses in tungsten-coated optical fibers (2000)

This study investigates the effect of coating thickness on the thermal stresses in tungsten-coated optical fibers. Theoretical results indicate that the maximum normal stress in the tungsten coating decreases with increasing coating thickness. However, the maximum shear stress at the interface of the glass fiber and tungsten coating increases. Eight samples of tungsten-coated optical fibers with coating thicknesses of 58, 75, 101, 128, 158, 383, 557, and 1013 nm, respectively, are immersed in liquid nitrogen for one day. Experimental results show that thermal stresses will either break or delaminate the tungsten coating. The crack density decreases with increased coating thickness, while the delaminated area of tungsten coating increases. The theoretical results can explain the break and delamination of the tungsten coating in the optical fiber. To minimize the break and delamination of the tungsten coatings in the optical fibers, the optimal thickness of the tungsten coating is about 158 nm.
Information systems security design methods (1993)

The security of information systems is a serious issue because computer abuse is increasing. It is important, therefore, that systems analysts and designers develop expertise in methods for specifying information systems security. The characteristics found in three generations of general information system design methods provide a framework for comparing and understanding current security design methods. These methods include approaches that use checklists of controls, divide functional requirements into engineering partitions, and create abstract models of both the problem and the solution. Comparisons and contrasts reveal that advances in security methods lag behind advances in general systems development methods. This analysis also reveals that more general methods fail to consider security specifications rigorously.
Predicting Human Nucleosome Occupancy from Primary Sequence (2008)

Nucleosomes are the fundamental repeating unit of chromatin and comprise the structural building blocks of the living eukaryotic genome. Micrococcal nuclease (MNase) has long been used to delineate nucleosomal organization. Microarray-based nucleosome mapping experiments in yeast chromatin have revealed regularly-spaced translational phasing of nucleosomes. These data have been used to train computational models of sequence-directed nuclesosome positioning, which have identified ubiquitous strong intrinsic nucleosome positioning signals. Here, we successfully apply this approach to nucleosome positioning experiments from human chromatin. The predictions made by the human-trained and yeast-trained models are strongly correlated, suggesting a shared mechanism for sequence-based determination of nucleosome occupancy. In addition, we observed striking complementarity between classifiers trained on experimental data from weakly versus heavily digested MNase samples. In the former case, the resulting model accurately identifies nucleosome-forming sequences; in the latter, the classifier excels at identifying nucleosome-free regions. Using this model we are able to identify several characteristics of nucleosome-forming and nucleosome-disfavoring sequences. First, by combining results from each classifier applied de novo across the human ENCODE regions, the classifier reveals distinct sequence composition and periodicity features of nucleosome-forming and nucleosome-disfavoring sequences. Short runs of dinucleotide repeat appear as a hallmark of nucleosome-disfavoring sequences, while nucleosome-forming sequences contain short periodic runs of GC base pairs. Second, we show that nucleosome phasing is most frequently predicted flanking nucleosome-free regions. The results suggest that the major mechanism of nucleosome positioning in vivo is boundary-event-driven and affirm the classical statistical positioning theory of nucleosome organization.
Relationship between turbidity and total suspended solids concentration within a combined sewer system (2011)

This article confirms the existence of a strong linear relationship between turbidity and total suspended solids (TSS) concentration. However, the slope of this relation varies between dry and wet weather conditions, as well as between sites. The effect of this variability on estimating the instantaneous wet weather TSS concentration is assessed on the basis of the size of the calibration dataset used to establish the turbidity - TSS relationship. Results obtained indicate limited variability both between sites and during dry weather, along with a significant inter-event variability. Moreover, turbidity allows an evaluation of TSS concentrations with an acceptable level of accuracy for a reasonable rainfall event sampling campaign effort.
New Synthetic Methods and Reagents for Complex Carbohydrates. II. Synthesis of 2-Acylamino-2-deoxy-<scp>d</scp>-glucopyranose Derivatives by Dimethylphosphinothioic Mixed Anhydride Method (1988)

Abstract Dimethylphosphinothioic (Mpt) mixed anhydrides of carboxylic acids were found to be useful for N-acylation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose derivatives without protecting the hydroxyl functions. By this method, N-acylation of 2-amino-2-deoxy-d-glucopyranose hydrochloride in methanol was also found to be possible.
InP-based high-speed electronics (2003)

InP/InGaAs heterostructure bipolar transistor (HBT) technology, including the fabrication process, reliability, modeling, and circuit applications, is described. A 40-Gbit/s error-free decision IC and a 72-GHz 4:1 dynamic frequency divider IC fabricated using the HBTs are presented. A photoreceiver and an optoelectronic demultiplexer circuit for 80-Gbit/s operation using InP/InGaAs uni-traveling-carrier photodiodes (UTC-PDs) are also described.
Property Inference Attacks on Fully Connected Neural Networks using Permutation Invariant Representations (2018)

With the growing adoption of machine learning, sharing of learned models is becoming popular. However, in addition to the prediction properties the model producer aims to share, there is also a risk that the model consumer can infer other properties of the training data the model producer did not intend to share. In this paper, we focus on the inference of global properties of the training data, such as the environment in which the data was produced, or the fraction of the data that comes from a certain class, as applied to white-box Fully Connected Neural Networks (FCNNs). Because of their complexity and inscrutability, FCNNs have a particularly high risk of leaking unexpected information about their training sets; at the same time, this complexity makes extracting this information challenging. We develop techniques that reduce this complexity by noting that FCNNs are invariant under permutation of nodes in each layer. We develop our techniques using representations that capture this invariance and simplify the information extraction task. We evaluate our techniques on several synthetic and standard benchmark datasets and show that they are very effective at inferring various data properties. We also perform two case studies to demonstrate the impact of our attack. In the first case study we show that a classifier that recognizes smiling faces also leaks information about the relative attractiveness of the individuals in its training set. In the second case study we show that a classifier that recognizes Bitcoin mining from performance counters also leaks information about whether the classifier was trained on logs from machines that were patched for the Meltdown and Spectre attacks.
The promoter for the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of rat glucose-6-phosphatase contains two distinct glucose-responsive regions (2006)

Glucose homeostasis requires the proper expression and regulation of the catalytic subunit of glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-Pase), which hydrolyzes glucose 6-phosphate to glucose in glucose-producing tissues. Glucose induces the expression of G-6-Pase at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels by unknown mechanisms. To better understand this metabolic regulation, we mapped the cis-regulatory elements conferring glucose responsiveness to the rat G-6-Pase gene promoter in glucose-responsive cell lines. The full-length (-4078/+64) promoter conferred a moderate glucose response to a reporter construct in HL1C rat hepatoma cells, which was dependent on coexpression of glucokinase. The same construct provided a robust glucose response in 832/13 INS-1 rat insulinoma cells, which are not glucogenic. Glucose also strongly increased endogenous G-6-Pase mRNA levels in 832/13 cells and in rat pancreatic islets, although the induced levels from islets were still markedly lower than in untreated primary hepatocytes. A distal promoter region was glucose responsive in 832/13 cells and contained a carbohydrate response element with two E-boxes separated by five base pairs. Carbohydrate response element-binding protein bound this region in a glucose-dependent manner in situ. A second, proximal promoter region was glucose responsive in both 832/13 and HL1C cells, with a hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 binding site and two cAMP response elements required for glucose responsiveness. Expression of dominant-negative versions of both cAMP response element-binding protein and CAAT/enhancer-binding protein blocked the glucose response of the proximal region in a dose-dependent manner. We conclude that multiple, distinct cis-regulatory promoter elements are involved in the glucose response of the rat G-6-Pase gene.
Zirconia–Mullite Composites Consolidated by Spark Plasma Reaction Sintering from Zircon and Alumina (2005)

Mullite–ZrO 2 composites have been fabricated by attrition milling a powder mixture of zircon, alumina, and aluminum metal with MgO or TiO 2 as sintering additives, heating at 1100°C to oxidize the aluminum metal, and consolidation by spark plasma sintering (SPS). The influence of the SPS temperature on the formation of mullite, and the density and the mechanical properties of the resulting composites have been studied. For the mullite–zirconia composites without sintering additives, the mullite formation was accomplished at 1540°C. In contrast, for the composites having MgO and TiO 2 , the formation temperature dropped to 1460°C. The composites without sintering additives were almost fully dense (99.9% relative density) and retained a larger amount of tetragonal zirconia. Those materials attained the best mechanical properties ( E =214 GPa and K I C =6 MPa·m 1/2 ). To highlight the advantages of using the SPS technique, the obtained results have been compared with the characteristics of a mullite–zirconia composite prepared by the conventional reaction‐sintering process.