gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combined experimental and<i>ab initio</i>study of the electronic structure of narrow-diameter single-wall carbon nanotubes with predominant (6,4),(6,5) chirality (2010)

Narrow diameter tubes and especially (6,5) tubes with a diameter of 0.75 nm are currently one of the most studied carbon nanotubes because their unique optical and especially luminescence response makes them exceptionally suited for biomedical applications. Here we report on a detailed analysis of the electronic structure of nanotubes with (6,5) and (6,4) chiralities using a combined experimental and theoretical approach. From high-energy spectroscopy involving x-ray absorption and photoemission spectroscopy the detailed valence- and conduction-band response of these narrow diameter tubes is studied. The observed electronic structure is in sound agreement with state of the art ab initio calculations using density-functional theory.
Mitigation of Lost Circulation in Oil-Based Drilling Fluids Using Oil Absorbent Polymers (2018)

In order to mitigate the loss circulation of oil-based drilling fluids (OBDFs), an oil-absorbent polymer (OAP) composed by methylmethacrylate (MMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and hexadecyl methacrylate (HMA) was synthesized by suspension polymerization and characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). The oil-absorptive capacity of OAP under different solvents was measured as the function of temperature and time. The effect of the OAP on the rheological and filtration properties of OBDFs was initially evaluated, and then the sealing property of OAP particles as lost circulation materials (LCMs) was examined by a high-temperature and high-pressure (HTHP) filtration test, a sand bed filtration test, a permeable plugging test, and a fracture sealing testing. The test results indicated that the addition of OAP had relatively little influence on the rheological properties of OBDF at content lower than 1.5 <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> % but increased the fluid viscosity remarkably at content higher than 3 <i>w</i>/<i>v</i> %. It could reduce the HTHP filtration and improve the sealing capacity of OBDF significantly. In the sealing treatment, after addition into the OBDF, the OAP particles could absorb oil accompanied with volume enlargement, which led to the increase of the fluid viscosity and slowing down of the fluid loss speed. The swelled and deformable OAP particles could be squeezed into the micro-fractures with self-adoption and seal the loss channel. More important, fluid loss was dramatically reduced when OAP particles were combined with other conventional LCMs by a synergistic effect.
Numbers of Receptor Sites from Scatchard Graphs: Facts and Fantasies (1982)

Data for ligand and receptor binding presented in the format of a Scatchard graph are compared with the same data shown as bound ligand plotted against the logarithm of free ligand. From this comparison it is apparent that extrapolations in the Scatchard graph to yield total number of receptor sites are generally not correct.
Reconfigurable monopolar patch antenna (2010)

A single probe-fed reconfigurable monopolar patch antenna with frequency diversity is presented. The proposed antenna has a rectangular patch with two shorting pins. Four open stubs are attached to the rectangular patch through four pin diodes, and the ability of switching the antenna operating frequency is achieved by using dual in-line package switches to control the states of the diodes, whereby eight different operating bands over a wide range of frequencies can be switched. Moreover, the radiation patterns of the proposed antenna are stable in each operating band.
SIRT3 is Pro-Apoptotic and Participates in Distinct Basal Apoptotic Pathways (2007)

SIRT3, one of seven mammalian sirtuins, is a NAD-dependent deacetylase. SIRT3 localizes to mitochondria where it deacetylates and thus activates acetyl-CoA synthetase 2 (AceCS2), indicating a role for SIRT3 in metabolism. Here we provide evidence that SIRT3 also impacts upon apoptosis and cell growth control. Using RNAi under basal (non-stress) conditions we show that SIRT3 is required for apoptosis induced by selective silencing of Bcl-2 in HCT116 human epithelial cancer cells. Identical treatment of ARPE19 epithelial non-cancer cells induces G(1) growth arrest which also proved to be SIRT3-dependent. Previously we have identified SIRT1 and JNK2 as constitutive suppressors of apoptosis in HCT116 cells. We now demonstrate that SIRT3 functions in JNK2-regulated apoptosis but is dispensable for SIRT1-regulated apoptosis. SIRT3 is also dispensable for stress-induced apoptosis. Thus the pro-apoptotic functioning of SIRT3 is selectively coupled with defined pathways regulating cell survival under basal conditions.
APPLICATION OF ECOLOGICAL RISK ASSESSMENT PRINCIPLES TO NATURAL RESOURCES DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (1997)

ABSTRACT Ecological risk assessment principles are basic to the assessment of environmental injury during the Natural Resources Damage Assessment (NRDA) process; however, what is sought is quantified injury, rather than quantified risk, to valued ecosystem components. These principles were used to develop an NRDA program for studies of injury to herring and pink salmon populations in Prince William Sound (PWS), Alaska, following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. Overall, exposures and subsequent effects of the spill on herring and salmon were minimal and post-spill harvests of the year's classes that were at greatest risk of spill injury were at or near record levels.
Reactions of Alcohols with Alkenes over an Aluminum-Exchanged Montmorillonite (1983)

Abstract The reaction of 2-methyl pent-2-ene with primary alcohols (C 1 -C 18 ) at 95°C over an Al-montmorillonite gave yields of 20–90% of ethers of the type R-O-C(CH 3 ) 2 C 3 H 7 . Lower yields were produced if secondary alcohols were employed, and tertiary alcohols gave only a trace of this ether. When a variety of alkenes was reacted with butan-1-ol at 95°C over a similar catalyst, no reaction occurred unless the alkene was capable of forming a tertiary carbonium ion immediately upon protonation. In this case the product was the tertiary ether t-R-O-nC 4 H 9 . However, at a reaction temperature of 150°C a variety of products were formed including (1) ether by the attack of butanol on the carbonium ions produced either directly from protonation of the alkenes or by hydride shift from such an ion, (2) alkenes by the attack of n-C 4 H 9 + ions (derived from protonation and dehydration of butanol) on the alkene, (3) di-(but-1-yl) ether by dehydration of the butanol, and (4) small amounts of alcohol by hydration of the alkene. The differences in reactivity below and above 100°C are related directly to the amount of water present in the interlayer space of the clay and the degree of acidity found there. Although the clay behaves as an acid catalyst, the reactions are far cleaner (more selective) than comparable reactions catalyzed by sulfuric acid.
Three dimensional CMOS integrated circuits on large grain polysilicon films (2002)

In this paper, we report high performance three-dimensional (3-D) CMOS integrated circuits. The first layer of transistors is fabricated on Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) and second layer is fabricated on large-grain polysilicon-on-insulator (LPSOI) film, with oxide as the interlayer dielectric. The LPSOI film is formed by the re-crystallization of amorphous silicon through metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC) at an elevated temperature. Compared with the conventional 2-D CMOS SOI low-voltage circuit, 3D circuit shows significant reduction in circuit area, shorter propagation delay and lower dynamic power consumption.
Modular system-level architecture for concurrent cell balancing (2013)

This paper proposes a novel modular architecture for Electrical Energy Storages (EESs), consisting of multiple series-connected cells. In contrast to state-of-the-art architectures, the presented approach significantly improves the energy utilization, safety, and availability of EESs. For this purpose, each cell is equipped with a circuit that enables an individual control within a homogeneous architecture. One major advantage of our approach is a direct and concurrent charge transfer between each cell of the EES using inductors. To enable a system-level modeling and performance analysis of the architecture, a detailed investigation of the components and their interaction with the Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) control was performed at transistor-level. At system-level, we propose a control algorithm for the charge transfer that aims at minimizing the energy loss and balancing time. The results give evidence of the significant advantages of our architecture over existing passive and active balancing methods in terms of energy efficiency and charge equalization time.
Polyploid nuclei in human artery wall smooth muscle cells. (1983)

Although polyploid nuclei have long been known to be present in many adult human tissues, the ploidy of smooth muscle cells in human artery wall has never been determined. We measured DNA content in individual smooth muscle cell nuclei of artery wall specimens by two means: Feulgen microdensitometry and flow microfluorimetry. A significant percentage of nuclei were polyploid; most of these were tetraploid, although higher levels were also found. The frequency of polyploidy varied with age from less than 1% at birth to a mean of 7% in adult aortic, carotid, and iliac vessels. Atherosclerotic plaques had a lower tetraploid content than the underlying media, whereas normal intima was similar to the corresponding media. The increase in frequency of hyperploid smooth muscle cell nuclei correlates with the normal growth, development, and aging of human artery wall. We suggest that the regular existence of a subset of polyploid smooth muscle cells may indicate an important functional role for this phenotype.
Evaluation of Two Sources of Calcium Sulfate for a Local Drug Delivery System: A Pilot Study (2011)

Local delivery of eluted daptomycin can be tailored through material selection and K(2)SO(4) addition.
New main reflector, subreflector and dual chamber concepts for compact range applications (1987)

A compact range is a facility used for the measurement of antenna radiation and target scattering problems. Most presently available parabolic reflectors do not produce ideal uniform plane waves in the target zone. Design improvements are suggested to reduce the amplitude taper, ripple and cross polarization errors. The ripple caused by diffractions from the reflector edges can be reduced by adding blended rolled edges and shaping the edge contour. Since the reflected edge continues smoothly from the parabola onto the rolled surface, rather than being abruptly terminated, the discontinuity in the reflected field is reduced which results in weaker diffracted fields. This is done by blending the rolled edges from the parabola into an ellipse. An algorithm which enables one to design optimum blended rolled edges was developed that is based on an analysis of the continuity of the surface radius of curvature and its derivatives across the junction. Futhermore, a concave edge contour results in a divergent diffracted ray pattern and hence less stray energy in the target zone. Design equations for three-dimensional reflectors are given. Various examples were analyzed using a new physical optics method which eliminates the effects of the false scattering centers on the incident shadow boundaries. A Gregorian subreflector system, in which both the subreflector and feed axes are tilted, results in a substantial reduction in the amplitude taper and cross polarization errors. A dual chamber configuration is proposed to eliminate the effects of diffraction from the subreflector and spillover from the feed. A computationally efficient technique, based on ray tracing and aperture integration, was developed to analyze the scattering from a lossy dielectric slab with a wedge termination.
CRC-16 polynomials optimized for applications using self-synchronous scramblers (2003)

In order to protect public network data transmission from layer 1 attacks by malicious users, self-synchronous scramblers have come into widespread use. Such networks include those using ATM, packet over SONET (POS), and the new generic framing procedure (GFP). Unfortunately, self-synchronous descramblers cause error multiplication that can degrade the performance of the popular CRC error check codes. The paper analyzes this scrambler/CRC interaction, and then presents a new class of CRC-16 codes that are optimized for these applications.
Capillary and Venous Blood Glucose Concentrations Measured During Intravenous Insulin and Glucose Infusion: A Comparison of Steady and Dynamic States (2009)

Capillary and venous BG values are similar under steady-state conditions but may differ under dynamic conditions. Variability associated with these differences was substantial during all states. As hospital insulin infusion protocols are widely implemented, healthcare providers need to be aware that glucose values may differ when blood is sampled from capillary and venous sites. Based on the tight ranges used in these protocols, these differences may impact insulin dosing decisions.
Antiviral and Hemolytic Activities of Surfactin Isoforms and Their Methyl Ester Derivatives. (1999)

Inactivation of enveloped viruses (VSV, SFV, and SHV-1) by surfactin lipopeptides was dependent on the hydrophobicity, i.e. the number of carbon atoms of the fatty acid, and on the charge of the peptide moiety as well as on the virus species. Surfactins with fatty acid chains of 13 carbon atoms showed very low antiviral activity in comparison to C14 and C15 isoforms. C15 surfactin monomethyl ester also inactivated SFV which was resistant to the mixture of surfactin isoforms as produced by Bacillus subtilis. In contrast, the dimethyl ester showed no virus-inactivation capacity. Disintegration of viral structures as determined by electron microscopy after inactivation of VSV and SFV was comparable to the titer reduction. The effect of the surfactin isoforms and methyl esters on erythrocyte hemolysis correlated with the virus-inactivation capacity. Surfactins with a fatty acid chain moiety of 15 carbon atoms and one negative charge showed the highest antiviral activity.
A fully operational 1-kbit HEMT static RAM (1986)

In this paper we describe the current status of materials and fabrication technologies, and optimal design of a memory cell, and the performance of fully functional 1-kbit HEMT SRAM's. The surface defect density on MBE-grown wafers has been reduced to less than 100 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> by improving MBE technology. Standard deviations of threshold voltages are 6.7 and 11.8 mV for enhancement-type and depletion-type HEMT's, respectively, measured in a 10 mm × 10 mm area. These deviations are sufficiently small for DCFL circuits. Memory cell design parameters have been optimized by circuit simulation, where the effects of variations in threshold voltages are taken into account. Full function of 1-kbit SRAM's has been confirmed by marching tests and partial galloping tests. The RAM chips have also shown excellent uniformity in access time. The difference between maximum and average values on the RAM chip is 4 percent.
Macrolide Efflux Genes <i>mef</i> (A) and <i>mef</i> (E) Are Carried by Different Genetic Elements in <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2002)

Susceptibilities to macrolides were evaluated in 267 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, of which 182 were from patients with invasive diseases and 85 were from healthy carriers. Of the 98 resistant isolates, 20 strains showed an M phenotype and carried mef. Strains that carried both mef(A) and mef(E) were found: 17 strains carried mef(A) and 3 carried mef(E). The characteristics of the strains carrying the mef genes and the properties of the mef-containing elements were studied. Strains carrying mef(A) belonged to serotype 14, were susceptible to all the antibiotics tested except erythromycin, and appeared to be clonally related by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The three mef(E) strains belonged to different serotypes, showed different susceptibility profiles, and did not appear to be related by PFGE. The sequences of a fragment of the mef-containing element, which encompassed mef and the msr(A) homolog, were identical among the three mef(E)-positive strains and among the three mef(A)-positive strains, although there were differences between the sequences for the two variants at 168 positions. In all mef(A)-positive strains, the mef element was inserted in celB, which led to impairment of the competence of the strains. In line with insertion of the mef(E) element at a different site, the competence of the mef(E)-positive strains was maintained. Transfer of erythromycin resistance by conjugation was obtained from two of three mef(A) strains but from none of three mef(E) strains. Due to the important different characteristics of the strains carrying mef(A) or mef(E), we suggest that the distinction between the two genes be maintained.
Design, expression, purification, and characterization, in vitro and in vivo, of an antimelanoma single-chain Fv antibody fused to the toxin gelonin. (2003)

We constructed a single-chain anti-gp240 antibody (designated MEL sFv) and fused this to the recombinant toxin gelonin (rGel). MEL sFv-rGel was produced in bacterial expression plasmid (pET-32), and the protein composition was confirmed by both DNA sequencing and Western analysis. Inhibition of cell-free protein synthesis by the fusion construct demonstrated an IC(50) of 100 pM, comparable with that for native gelonin (104 pM). The MEL sFv-rGel fusion toxin bound to antigen-positive but not antigen-negative cells as assessed by ELISA. Internalization into A-375 target cells was demonstrable by 1 h after exposure. Against A-375 cells, MEL sFv-rGel demonstrated an IC(50) of approximately 8 nM, which was 250-fold lower than that for free rGel (2000 nM). The cytotoxic effects of the construct did not involve apoptosis because terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated nick end labeling assays of treated cells were negative. (125)I-labeled MEL sFv-rGel demonstrated biphasic clearance of the construct from plasma (t(1/2) alpha and t(1/2) beta were 0.46 and 7.2 h, respectively). At 72 h after administration, xenograft studies showed that the tissue:blood ratio was highest for tumor followed by spleen, kidney, and liver. Groups of tumor-bearing nude mice were treated with fusion toxin at either 2 or 20 mg/kg. Compared with saline-treated controls, for which mean tumor burden increased 6-fold, the groups treated with the high and low doses of fusion construct showed no increase or only a 2-fold increase, respectively. These studies suggest that this recombinant fusion construct has potent cytotoxic activity both in vitro and in vivo and is an excellent candidate for clinical development.
Novel indolene-spiro-hydroxytetronimides as potential antineoplastic and antiviral agents. (1983)

In a continuing search for new antineoplastic and antiviral agents, the preparation of some substituted indol-2(3H)-one-3-spiro-2'-3',4'-dihydroxy-5'-imino-2',5'-dihydrofurans was designed. The synthesis was achieved by reacting isatin, 1-alkyl- or 1-aralkylisatin derivative with glyoxal sodium bisulfite and potassium cyanide. However, when 1-substituted aminomethyl derivatives of isatin or of 5-bromoisatin were used in this reaction, the indolone-spiro-hydroxytetronimide unsubstituted at position 1 was, unexpectedly, the only product isolated. Two compounds were tested against P-388 lymphocytic leukemia in mice and were inactive.
Synthesis of the Peptide Nucleic Acid (PNA) Incorporating 2-Amino-6-vinylpurine Derivative and Evaluation of the Reactivity (2008)

Previously, we established a new strategy of synchronous cross linking reaction activated by hybridization to target genes. In this strategy, the highly reactive cross-linking agent, 2-amino-6-vinylpurine nucleoside analog, is generated from its stable precursors by a hybridization-promoted activation process with selectivity to cytosine. In this paper, we wish to report the synthesis of the peptide nucleic acids (PNAs) incorporating 2-amino-6-vinylpurine derivatives and the evaluation of their reactivity to target DNA.
Evidence for Functional Conservation, Sufficiency, and Proteolytic Processing of the CLAVATA3 CLE Domain (2006)

Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) CLAVATA3 (CLV3) is hypothesized to act as a ligand for the CLV1 receptor kinase in the regulation of stem cell specification at shoot and flower meristems. CLV3 is a secreted protein, with an amino-terminal signal sequence and a conserved C-terminal domain of 15 amino acids, termed the CLE (CLV3/ESR-related) domain, based on its similarity to a largely unstudied protein family broadly present in land plants. We have tested the function of 13 Arabidopsis CLEs in vivo and found a significant variability in the ability of CLEs to replace CLV3, ranging from complete to no complementation. The best rescuing CLE depends on CLV1 for function, while other CLEs act independently of CLV1. Domain-swap experiments indicate that differences in function can be traced to the CLE domain within these proteins. Indeed, when the CLE domain of CLV3 is placed downstream of an unrelated signal sequence, it is capable of fully replacing CLV3 function. Finally, we have detected proteolytic activity in extracts from cauliflower (Brassica oleracea) that process both CLV3 and CLE1 at their C termini. For CLV3, processing appears to occur at the absolutely conserved arginine-70 found at the beginning of the CLE domain. We propose that CLV3 and other CLEs are C-terminally processed to generate an active CLE peptide.
A STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF 1 α-HYDROXY-VITAMIN D3 (1985)

Abstract A stereoselective synthesis of 1 α -hydroxy-vitamin D3 was achieved through the solvolysis of the 3,5-cyclovitamin D3 which was prepared from (−)-(3S,5R)-2-methylene-3-methoxymethyloxybicyclo[3.1.0]hexanecarboxaldehyde and the des-AB-8-bromomethylene-cholestane.
In Vitro Propagation of Virginia Pine from Cotyledons (1991)

Adventitious shoots developed on cotyledons of Virginia pine (Pinus virginiana Mill.) excised from seeds subjected to H 2 O 2 treatment for 3, 6, or 9 days and cultured on media containing 0.5 to 10 mg BA/liter. Shoot regeneration was greatest (42 shoots per embryo) on cotyledons from seeds treated with H 2 O 2 for 6 days and placed on medium containing BA at 10 mg·liter -1 . Excised shoots elongated on medium lacking BA. Following elongation, shoots were placed on media containing IBA at 0 to 40 mg·liter -1 for 14 days followed by transfer to the same medium lacking auxin. Without IBA treatment, rooting was 3%, and increased to 50% for 5 to 40 mg·liter -1 . Rooted shoots averaged 2.0 roots per shoot without auxin incorporation, 3.3 roots when treated with 5 mg IBA/liter, and the number of roots increased linearly with increased IBA concentration up to 40 mg·liter -1 (4.5 roots). Plantlets were transferred to growing medium and acclimated successfully to greenhouse conditions. Chemical names used: N- (phenylmethyl)-1 H- purine-6-amine (BA), 1 H- indole-3-butyric acid CBA).