gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From fish to man: understanding endogenous remyelination in central nervous system demyelinating diseases (2008)

In the central nervous system (CNS) of man, evolutionary pressure has preserved some capability for remyelination while axonal regeneration is very limited. In contrast, two efficient programmes of regeneration exist in the adult fish CNS, neurite regrowth and remyelination. The rapidity of CNS remyelination is critical since it not only restores fast conduction of nerve impulses but also maintains axon integrity. If myelin repair fails, axons degenerate, leading to increased disability. In the human CNS demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS), remyelination often takes place in the midst of inflammation. Here, we discuss recent studies that address the innate repair capabilities of the axon-glia unit from fish to man. We propose that expansion of this research field will help find ways to maintain or enhance spontaneous remyelination in man.
Strong enhancement of light extraction efficiency in GaInAsP 2-D-arranged microcolumns (1999)

This paper experimentally demonstrates the strong enhancement of light extraction efficiency in two-dimensionally arranged microcolumns. They were designed like a honeycomb photonic crystal and fabricated into GaInAsP-InP wafers by using the inductively coupled plasma etching. For the laterally directed light passing through the microcolumns, peculiar transmission characteristics were observed, which could be explained by the Bragg reflection theory, namely, the photonic bandgap (PBG). The measurement of spontaneous lifetime showed that the internal efficiency in the microcolumns was reduced by the surface recombination at sidewalls. In contrast, the light extraction efficiency evaluated from the measured photoluminescence intensity, and the internal efficiency was more than ten times that for a planar wafer. This was thought to be due to the expanded escape cone of internal light by the low effective refractive index, and also due to the strong diffraction and scattering of laterally directed light, which corresponds to the second-order Bragg condition. Such effects are expected not only in photonic crystals but also in some disordered structures. We expect this structure to allow a high-efficiency light-emitting diode (LED), since electronic elements needed for current injection devices can be added independently of the effects.
Properties of Formaldehyde Dismutation Catalyzing Enzyme of<i>Pseudomonas putida</i>F61 (1984)

Journal Article Properties of Formaldehyde Dismutation Catalyzing Enzyme of Pseudomonas putida F61 Get access Nobuo Kato, Nobuo Kato Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Tottori University, Tottori 680, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Hisataka Kobayashi, Hisataka Kobayashi Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Tottori University, Tottori 680, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Masayuki Shimao, Masayuki Shimao Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Tottori University, Tottori 680, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Chikahiro Sakazawa Chikahiro Sakazawa Department of Environmental Chemistry and Technology, Tottori University, Tottori 680, Japan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, Volume 48, Issue 8, 1 August 1984, Pages 2017–2023, https://doi.org/10.1080/00021369.1984.10866439 Published: 01 August 1984 Article history Received: 09 January 1984 Published: 01 August 1984
The Heat-Treatment of Anodic Oxide Films on Tantalum (1964)

Dielectric measurements have been used to study the distribution of the conductivity which is introduced into the anodic oxide film on tantalum by heat‐treatment in air. The temperature and frequency dependences of capacitance indicate that the conductivity distribution is exponential with position in the oxide. The combination of these dependences yields an activation energy of 0.6 ev for the conduction process. The temperature and frequency dependences of tan δ for films which have been partially reanodized after heat‐treatment also yield an activation energy of 0.6 ev.
Natural Convection in Open-Ended Inclined Channels (1985)

Heat transfer and flow visualization experiments were carried out in water to investigate the effect of inclination on natural convection in a parallel-walled channel. Parametric variations were also made of the dimensionless interwall spacing S/H, the mode of heating, and the wall-to-ambient temperature difference (i.e., the Rayleigh number Ras). The heating modes included: (I) both walls heated and maintained at the same uniform temperature, (II) heating only from above, and (III) heating only from below. The Nusselt number results for top-heated channels inclined at an angle θ and for the vertical one-sided heated channel were perfectly correlated by the single parameter (S/H)Rascosθ. On the other hand, the results for bottom-heated channels displayed a separate dependence on S/H, Ras, and θ. The Nusselt numbers for two-sided heating exceeded those for one-sided heating for vertical and moderately inclined channels, with a mixed trend at high inclinations. The global correlation Nus = 0.645[(S/H)Ras]1/4 represented all the results within ±10 percent. Recirculation zones were present adjacent to the unheated wall of top-heated and one-sided heated channels. In the presence of heating from below, secondary flows in the form of longitudinal vortices existed above a threshold Rayleigh number.
Discovery of midgut genes for the RNA interference control of corn rootworm (2016)

RNA interference (RNAi) is a promising new technology for corn rootworm control. This paper presents the discovery of new gene targets - dvssj1 and dvssj2, in western corn rootworm (WCR). Dvssj1 and dvssj2 are orthologs of the Drosophila genes snakeskin (ssk) and mesh, respectively. These genes encode membrane proteins associated with smooth septate junctions (SSJ) which are required for intestinal barrier function. Based on bioinformatics analysis, dvssj1 appears to be an arthropod-specific gene. Diet based insect feeding assays using double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) targeting dvssj1 and dvssj2 demonstrate targeted mRNA suppression, larval growth inhibition, and mortality. In RNAi treated WCR, injury to the midgut was manifested by "blebbing" of the midgut epithelium into the gut lumen. Ultrastructural examination of midgut epithelial cells revealed apoptosis and regenerative activities. Transgenic plants expressing dsRNA targeting dvssj1 show insecticidal activity and significant plant protection from WCR damage. The data indicate that dvssj1 and dvssj2 are effective gene targets for the control of WCR using RNAi technology, by apparent suppression of production of their respective smooth septate junction membrane proteins located within the intestinal lining, leading to growth inhibition and mortality.
Comparison of 1,2-dihydropyrido[3,4-b]pyrazines (1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridines) with several other inhibitors of mitosis. (1987)

Several properties of four 1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridines were compared with those of each other and with those of colchicine, nocodazole, podophyllotoxin, and vincristine. Compound NSC 370147 was more active than the other compounds of this type with respect to inhibition of proliferation of cultured L1210 cells and to increase of the mitotic index. On an equimolar basis it was more active than two of the 1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridines, colchicine, and nocodazole and was comparable to podophyllotoxin and vincristine in inhibiting the polymerization of partially purified pig brain tubulin. All four of the 1-deaza-7,8-dihydropteridines caused decreases in the extent of binding of [3H]colchicine to partially purified tubulin and enhanced the binding of [3H]vincristine to the tubulin. Emphasis in further testing was placed upon NSC 370147, because it is easier to synthesize and is more stable than some of the other compounds of this type and because its greater solubility in water facilitates its formulation for therapeutic administration. Compound NSC 370147 inhibited competitively the binding of [3H]colchicine to purified tubulin and enhanced slightly the binding of [3H]vincristine to tubulin. It was also synergistic with vincristine in killing cultured L1210 cells and in increasing the life-spans of mice bearing P388 leukemia. It is suggested that it would be worthwhile to evaluate combinations of NSC 370147 and vincristine in tests with other experimental neoplasms.
A X-band digitally controlled 5-bit phase shifter in 0.18-μm CMOS technology (2015)

A X-band 5-bit switch type phase shifter (STPS) in 0.18-μm CMOS technology is presented in this paper. The proposed switched delay networks are using transmission lines to avoid process variation of small-size capacitors. For all 32 states, the insertion loss is -14 ± 3dB, including pad loss and the input and output return loss is > 8 dB over 8-12 GHz. The measzured rms amplitude error and rms phase error are smaller than 1.3 dB and 8.8°, respectively. The total chip size is 0.81 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , including pads with 0-mW dc power consumption.
Computational Fluid-Structure Interaction (2014)

The interaction of fluids with mechanical systems, also known as fluid-structure interaction, is a multi-physics phenomenon which can be observed in a vast variety of scientific problems, industrial applications, and everyday life. Think, for instance, of the motion and deformation of the flexible rotor blades of a wind turbine, the impact of water waves against embankments, or the motion of the heart valves in the human body – the characteristics of such examples are crucially determined by the interaction between the mechanical structures and fluids. Due to the complexity, analytical treatment is usually not possible and experimental approaches are often either expensive or limited in scope. Therefore, the development of computational methods for efficient modeling and simulation of fluid-structure interaction problems is of significant importance from both the scientific as well as the industrial perspective. Based on the coupling of flexible multibody systems with particle-based fluid mechanics, this work describes an unconventional, but promising numerical approach to fluid-structure interaction, covering everything from an introduction to the respective fields, to the underlying theory, the coupling strategy, and implementation details.
Introducing the Adaptive Energy Management Features of the Power7 Chip (2011)

Power7 implements several new adaptive power management techniques which, in concert with the EnergyScale firmware, let it proactively exploit variations in workload, environmental conditions, and overall system use to meet customer-directed power and performance goals. These innovative features include per-core frequency scaling with available autonomic frequency control, per-chip automated voltage slewing, power consumption estimation, and hardware instrumentation assist.
Fully Integrated Immunoassays on a Disc (2011)

We report a fully automated "lab-on-a-disc" system for multiplex immunoassay starting from real samples such as whole blood or saliva. While immunoassay has been a standard tool in identification of protein biomarkers in clinical diagnostics, the tests can be labor intensive and time consuming. Integration with microfluidic technology allows more precise control of fluids while also reducing the expensive reagent consumption, the required analysis time and possible manual errors. In this paper, a lab-on-a-disc for multiplex immunoassay is introduced in addition to the recently reported fully integrated bead-based immunoassay on a disc (1) and simultaneous analysis of biochemistry and immunoassay on a disc (2).
ChemInform Abstract: Thermally Stable, Low‐Leakage Self‐Aligned Titanium Silicide Junctions. (1990)

Abstract It is found that the thermal stability of TiSi 2 films formed on single‐crystalline Si depends on the processing conditions used for film preparation.
Coulomb-glass-like behavior of ultrathin films of metals (1998)

A field-effect conductance-modulation experiment has been performed on ultrathin films of metals deposited onto amorphous germanium substrates. For the thinnest films at the lowest temperatures, the conductance exhibits logarithmic decay, memory, aging, and hysteretic effects in its response to changes in gate voltage. These glasslike phenomena disappear above a characteristic temperature, and become immeasurable as film thickness is increased.
A capacitance method to determine the metallurgical gate-to-source/drain overlap length of submicron LDD MOSFETs (2002)

A new CV method is proposed to determine the metallurgical gate-to-source/drain overlap length of LDD MOSFETs. In addition, the flatband voltage is extracted roughly by using the same method. The gate-to-substrate capacitances of a plate gate capacitor and finger type capacitor with the same total gate areas are measured with varying gate bias. At the peak point of difference between the two capacitor data, overlap length is extracted using a simple formula. This method is evaluated using the two-dimensional device simulator.
A strategy plan for the management of Brisbane waterways (1991)

In times past, Brisbane's streams had forested catchments which regulated runoff from all but the most extreme storms. As urban development occurred and expanded, this regulation of stormwater diminished, siltation increased, impervious areas of roofs and roads grew, all leading to increased runoff and a reduction in the carrying capacity of the creek systems. These streams also supported a rich variety of flora and fauna and were the life support systems of the area in colonial times. Reduced carrying capacity led to higher velocities and uncontrolled erosion which further worsened ecological and flooding problems and in some cases necessitated drastic remedial engineering measures including clearing of vegetation and channelisation. The strategy plan is intended to 'reverse' these past trends by providing a planned approach to development. The strategy provides a balanced approach to all facets of the waterways while re-establishing environmental linkages where compatible with minimising flooding problems. The strategy covers 33 identified catchments which were divided into 195 planning units where treatment objectives are defined after weighing ecological, landscape, recreational, land use and flooding factors. Priorities have been assigned to planning measures, upgrading actions and maintenance. The Strategy Plan leans towards preservation of the remaining natural creek corridors and minimising flooding while taking the opportunity for enhancing the urban amenity of the waterway's environment. Control of future land use will be a major tool in achieving the strategy.
Multifractal Fingerprints in the Visual Arts (2004)

The similarity in fractal dimensions of paint “blobs” in samples of gestural expressionist art implies that these pigment structures are statistically indistinguishable from one another. This conclusion suggests that such dimensions cannot be used as a “finger-print” for identifying the work of a single artist. To overcome this limitation, the authors have adopted the multifractal spectrum as an alternative tool for artwork analysis. For the pigment blobs, it is demonstrated that this spectrum can be used to isolate a construction paradigm or art style. Additionally, the fractal dimensions of edge structures created by luminance gradients on the canvas are analyzed, yielding a potential method for visual discrimination of fractally similar paintings
Liver acid sphingomyelinase inhibits growth of metastatic colon cancer (2013)

Acid sphingomyelinase (ASM) regulates the homeostasis of sphingolipids, including ceramides and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). These sphingolipids regulate carcinogenesis and proliferation, survival, and apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the role of ASM in host defense against liver metastasis remains unclear. In this study, the involvement of ASM in liver metastasis of colon cancer was examined using Asm-/- and Asm+/+ mice that were inoculated with SL4 colon cancer cells to produce metastatic liver tumors. Asm-/- mice demonstrated enhanced tumor growth and reduced macrophage accumulation in the tumor, accompanied by decreased numbers of hepatic myofibroblasts (hMFs), which express tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase 1 (TIMP1), around the tumor margin. Tumor growth was increased by macrophage depletion or by Timp1 deficiency, but was decreased by hepatocyte-specific ASM overexpression, which was associated with increased S1P production. S1P stimulated macrophage migration and TIMP1 expression in hMFs in vitro. These findings indicate that ASM in the liver inhibits tumor growth through cytotoxic macrophage accumulation and TIMP1 production by hMFs in response to S1P. Targeting ASM may represent a new therapeutic strategy for treating liver metastasis of colon cancer.
코로나19의 비전통안보에 대한 영향: 솅겐협약 등 유럽 국경안보를 중심으로 (2021)

코로나19는 아시아에서 확산되기 시작해 유럽에도 심각한 충격을 주었다. 2020년 3월 EU는 솅겐협약에 따라 약 30년 간 개방되어온 회원국 간 국경을 통제하도록 권고했는데, 이는 각 회원국이 팬데믹에 더 효과적으로 대응할 수 있도록 하기 위해서였다. 이에 따라 26개 솅겐협약 회원국 중 대부분이 코로나19 확산 방지를 위해 국경검색을 재도입했으며 유럽 국경개방원칙인 솅겐협약의 효력도 잠정 중지되었다. 회원국들의 국경통제 기간은 각국의 상황에 따라 차이가 있었다. 코로나19 방역 목적의 국경통제 기간은 1980~1990년대 솅겐협약 가입국(105.85일)이 2000년대 가입한 동유럽 국가(97.78일)보다 더 길었다. 또 코로나19와 난민, 테러 등 국경통제 이유를 모두 포함한 총 국경통제 기간 역시 기존 가입국(209.15일)이 신생 가입국(97.78일)보다 길었다. 단 일부 회원국은 다른 국가에 비해 코로나19 상황이 상대적으로 양호한 데도 불구하고 더 긴 기간 동안 국경을 통제한 것으로 드러났다. 본 논문은 솅겐협약 회원국들이 팬데믹 기간 동안 재도입한 국경통제 정책과 기간을 살펴보고 기간 연장에 대한 요인을 분석하는 데 목적을 둔다. 이를 위해 「솅겐국경법」이 발효된 2006년부터 팬데믹이 진행 중인 2021년까지 26개 회원국의 국경통제 상황을 양적·질적으로 분석한다. 종속변수로는 회원국들이 어떠한 목적으로 국경통제를 한 것인지 알아보기 위해 26개 회원국의 2020년 3월 이후 코로나19로 인한 국경통제 기간과 방역·테러·난민 등을 이유로 한 전체 국경통제 기간을 선택했다. 독립변수로는 코로나 19 이전의 국경통제 행태와 비교하기 위해 2006년부터 2019년까지의 회원국들의 국경통제 조치 및 기간을 포함했다. 이는 2006년 이후 점점 더 많은 회원국들이 테러, 심각한 위협, 대규모난민유입, 중요국제행사 시 보안문제 등으로 국경을 통제하는 경우가 많았기 때문이다. 분석결과, 코로나19를 이유로 국경을 통제한 기간과 회원국들의 코로나19 확진자 및 사망자 수와는 통계적으로 유의미한 관계가 없었다. 즉 코로나19 피해가 큰 국가가 더 오랫동안 국경을 통제한 것이 아니었다. 반면 2006년-2019년에 난민 등으로 인한 2차 피해와 테러 예방차원에서 더 오랫동안 국경을 통제했던 국가일수록 여러 이유로 더 긴 기간 동안 국경을 통제한 것으로 나타났다. 이는 회원국들의 국경통제조치가 방역목적보다는 다른 요인과 더 높은 상관관계가 있음을 보여준다. 만약 코로나19 위기 이후에도 이와 같은 국경통제 경향이 지속된다면 추후 솅겐협약뿐 아니라 국경개방원칙을 근간으로 발전해온 유럽통합에도 악영향을 미칠 위험을 배제하기 어렵다.
The etiology of lobar pneumonia in the Gambia. (1986)

Sixty-four patients who had been admitted to hospital in the Gambia with acute lobar pneumonia were investigated. Lung aspiration proved to be the most effective method of establishing a bacterial etiology, and Streptococcus pneumoniae was the pathogen isolated most frequently from patients irrespective of age. Among children, Haemophilus influenzae, either singly or in combination with another bacterial agent, was an important cause of pneumonia. Of 13 isolates of H. influenzae two were of serotype a, while four others were non-capsulated. All isolates of S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were sensitive to penicillin.
A New Ablative Material Offering SRM Nozzle Design Breakthroughs (2011)

For many decades, Solid Rocket Motor (SRM) nozzle designs have used rayon-based, carbon-fabric-reinforced phenolic liners and insulators to protect the structural parts from the thermal aggression of the high temperature propellant gases, both for small tactical applications and very large military or space SRM applications. These 2D reinforced-plastic materials offer a unique combination of very interesting thermal insulative properties with predictable ablation and char properties together with good in-plane mechanical properties. However, ply-lift & pocketing resistance and orthogonal tensile strength are very sensitive to tape wrapping and autoclave cure manufacturing process parameters. If not mastered, these parameters may lead to nozzle failure. As a result, SRM nozzle design basics have not changed a lot for many years and advances in nozzle designs have only marginally been possible. In order to implement nozzle design simplifications needed to reduce nozzle costs, Snecma Propulsion Solide developed a new generation of carbon phenolic liners, made from a Naxeco ® 3D reinforcement, impregnated with phenolic resin using a Resin Transfer Molding (RTM) Process. The first operational application is the Vega launch vehicle first stage (P80) nozzle of which the development was funded by CNES. Not subjected to inside high pore pressure loads developed during the charring phase that make 2D reinforced-plastic carbon-phenolic materials delamination-sensitive, and with a third direction that increases the interlaminar shear strength, this new material family allows nozzle design simplifications of the exit cone and the flexseal cowl which are now self-standing parts, without requiring any metallic or composite structural shell.
Modification of forward osmosis membrane with naturally-available humic acid: Towards simultaneously improved filtration performance and antifouling properties (2019)

In this work, a thin-film composite forward osmosis (FO) membrane was fabricated on polyethersulfone substrate by interfacial polymerization with naturally-available humic acid (HA) as a stable membrane additive in the support layer. Compared with the pristine polyethersulfone substrate, the incorporation of HA significantly altered the cross-section structure, increased average pore size and porosity of the substrate, leading to a thinner polyamide layer, further increasing the water flux (permeability). Specifically, the FO membrane showed a higher water flux (~20 L m<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup> h<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>) with the introduction of HA than the membrane synthesized without HA (~15 L m<sup>-</sup><sup>2</sup> h<sup>-</sup><sup>1</sup>) in the FO mode with 2 M NaCl as draw solution. Moreover, the selectivity of the membrane was improved ~45% by dosing 0.8 wt% HA into the substrate, in comparation to the pristine membrane without HA doped. Besides, the average roughness of the polyamide layer was reduced by up to 68% when HA was present in the substrate, which mitigated the fouling potential. Thus, a slower flux decline ratio (~60%) was observed for the membrane modified with 0.8 wt% HA than the pristine membrane (~80%). Taken together, our findings shed light on using natural-available HA for effectively and efficiently modifying membrane substrate to simultaneously enhance the permeate-selectivity performance and the anti-fouling behavior in FO membrane process. The fundamental causes of these differences in membrane separation performance and fouling behavior are considered and related to the physical and chemical characteristics of support layer (i.e., porosity and pore size) and polyamide layer (i.e., active layer thickness and roughness) of membranes.