gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Diffusion of silicon in gallium arsenide using rapid thermal processing: Experiment and model (1984)

Rapid thermal processing was used to diffuse Si into GaAs from a thin elemental source. Several encapsulants were applied. The diffusion was found to be dependent on the type of encapsulant. A model is developed based on the formation and rapid diffusion of Si nearest neighbor donor-acceptor pairs. Results from the codiffusion of Si and Ge support this model.
Coronary Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Burden and Deoxyribonuclease Activity in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome Are Predictors of ST-Segment Resolution and Infarct Size (2014)

PMNs are highly activated in ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome and undergo NETosis at the CLS. Coronary NET burden and deoxyribonuclease activity are predictors of ST-segment resolution and myocardial infarct size.
Complex Dynamics of Mesoscopic Magnets (1995)

For many years physicists thought small structures would be nearly ideal systems in which to explore and manipulate magnetic interactions. On a small enough length scale the interactions between individual atomic spins cause their magnetic moments to align in the ordered pattern of a single domain, without the complication of domain walls separating regions of varying orientation. For particle sizes at or below that of a single domain, many theoretical models of dynamical behavior predict simple, stable magnets with controllable classical properties. However, as with advances in semiconductor physics, the process of miniaturizing magnetic materials has unexpectedly revealed fascinating new classical and quantum mechanical phenomena. Even the simplest magnetic system, the isolated single-domain particle, exhibits a wealth of exotic behavior that pushes us to the limits of our present understanding of the fundamentals of magnetism.
CD8+ Dendritic Cells Use LFA-1 to Capture MHC-Peptide Complexes from Exosomes In Vivo (2007)

Exosomes are secreted vesicles formed in late endocytic compartments. Mature dendritic cells (DCs) secrete exosomes bearing functional MHC-peptide complexes and high levels of ICAM-1. Such exosomes can activate Ag-specific naive T cells but only after recapture by recipient APCs. In this study, we addressed the molecular mechanisms of interaction between exosomes and recipient DCs. We show that exosomes can be presented by mouse DCs without the need for internalization and processing. Exosomes interact with DCs through a specific saturable receptor. Although the two major ligands of ICAM-1, LFA-1 and Mac-1, are expressed by lymphoid organ DCs, only LFA-1 is required for exosome capture by these cells. Accordingly, we show that CD8(+) DCs express higher levels of LFA-1 than CD8(-) DCs, and that they are the main recipients of exosomes in vivo. We propose a new role for LFA-1 on DCs, as a receptor for exosomes to favor Ag transfer between DCs in vivo.
A macromodular systems simulator (MS2) (1967)

The macromodular systems simulator is a control program and programming language implemented at Washington University to facilitate the design and subsequent realization of macromodular computer systems. The MS2 control program and language enable an engineer or programmer to describe macromodular systems and run programs on such systems simulated on a conventional digital computer (IBM 360/50). Input to the simulator consists of a standard set of function definitions for the basic macromodules, a description of the organization of the target machine, the program to be executed by the target machine, and data required by that program. Output from the present version of MS2 is a level change map (a continuous trace of the internal control network of the target machine as it executes its program) and the results of computations performed by the target machine. A procedure for preparing wiring tables and diagrams has been developed and will be incorporated into an improved version of the simulator.
AFM-based analysis of human metastatic cancer cells (2008)

Recently biomechanics of cancer cells, in particular stiffness or elasticity, has been identified as an important factor relating to cancer cell function, adherence, motility, transformation and invasion. We report on the nanomechanical responses of metastatic cancer cells and benign mesothelial cells taken from human body cavity fluids using atomic force microscopy. Following our initial study (Cross et al 2007 Nat. Nanotechnol. 2 780-3), we report on the biophysical properties of patient-derived effusion cells and address the influence of cell morphology on measured cell stiffness. Using a cytocentrifugation method, which yields morphologically indistinguishable cells that can be prepared in 1 min and avoids any possible artifacts due to 12 h ex vivo culture, we find that metastatic tumor cells are more than 80% softer than benign cells with a distribution over six times narrower than that of normal cells. Consistent with our previous study, which yielded distinguishable cell populations based on ex vivo growth and morphological characteristics, our results show it is unlikely that morphology alone is sufficient to explain the difference in elastic moduli for these two cell types. Moreover, analysis of non-specific cell adhesion inherent to tumor and normal cells collected from patients show surface adhesion of tumor cells is ∼33% less adhesive compared to that of normal cells. Our findings indicate that biomechanical-based functional analysis may provide an additional platform for cytological evaluation and diagnosis of cancer in the future.
Covering versus partitioning with Polish spaces (2022)

Given a completely metrizable space $X$, let $\mathfrak {par}(X)$ denote the smallest possible size of a partition of $X$ into Polish spaces, and $\mathfrak {cov}(X)$ the smallest possible size of a covering of $X$ with Polish spaces. Observe that $\
Development of a semitransparent CdMgTe/CdS top cell for applications in tandem solar cells (2008)

The band gap of Cd1−xMgxTe can be easily tuned from 1.48 to 3.5 eV (x = 0 to 1), and hence this material is a potential candidate for developing the wide band gap top cell in tandem solar cells. In this paper, we present an all-sputtered Cd1−xMgxTe/CdS top cell developed on commercial SnO2:F-coated (Tec-7) glass substrates with sheet resistance of ∼7Ω/□. The Cd1−xMgxTe (x = 0.05, 0.21, 0.26) films were deposited by RF sputtering at deposition temperatures in the range 250–300 °C. The films were characterized for structure, morphology and optical properties. Raman spectroscopic studies showed that the lattice perturbations increase with Mg content in the film. We have explored cadmium chloride vapor annealing of Cd1−xMgxTe thin films, and found that the film composition has a significant influence on stability. Films with a lesser amount of Mg show better stability during vapor chloride treatments at 387 °C. Longer annealing durations resulted in a decrease in band gap of the films. Recrystallization due to the vapor chloride treatments were studied using transmittance, XRD, AFM and Raman spectroscopy. Prototype devices of the configuration Tec-7/CdS/Cd0.95Mg0.05Te/metal show promising photovoltaic characteristics such as 630 mV open circuit voltage and 17 mAcm−2 short circuit current.
Three-dimensional on-chip conical spiral antennas on video-monitored micromachined (100) silicon wafers (2006)

We report realization of 3-D conical spiral structures on Si-based membranes suitable for on-chip antenna fabrication. The floating broadband coplanar waveguide (CPW)-fed spiral on-chip antenna is designed for unlicensed 60 GHz band. With a novel video monitoring technique, thin membranes for antenna substrate are realized. Chromium has been used for antenna conducting parts and patterned using standard photolithography. Finally the sample is immersed in KOH solution. Thin silicon membrane is then removed, and the conical spiral antenna is realized.
Malthus, Darwin, and Bagehot: A Study in the Transference of a Concept (1937)

A familiar phenomenon in the history of science is the transference of a concept from one field of investigation to another. At present the newer concepts in use in physics are being applied in the social sciences. The classic example of this transference phenomenon is the concept of evolution; originating in the social sciences, it was taken over into biology and thence to the whole range of current thought. This paper aims at tracing the use of one idea--the struggle for existence--by Malthus in 1798 in an attempt to solve a problem in economics and politics, its elaboration by Darwin sixty years later into the theory of natural selection for the purpose of solving a problem in biology, and the immediate application of the combined doctrines by Walter Bagehot in an effort to solve the problem of social change.
TGF-β1 is an Autocrine Mediator of Renal Tubular Epithelial Cell Growth and Collagen IV Production (2002)

Recent studies in cultured cells have provided evidence that a variety of pathobiologic stimuli, including high glucose, angiotensin II, and thromboxane A(2), trigger a signaling pathway leading to autocrine induction of TGF-beta1. TGF-beta1 production through this pathway may profoundly affect cell growth, matrix synthesis, and response to injury. This study examines the role of autocrine versus exogenously added TGF-beta1 in cellular proliferation and collagen IV production, critical targets of TGF-beta1 signaling, using renal cells derived from TGF-beta1 knockout (KO) animals or wild-type (WT) controls. Growth of WT and KO cells was assessed by cell counting and [(3)H]thymidine uptake. Basal and TGF-beta1-stimulated collagen production was assessed by Northern and Western blotting; transcriptional activity of the alpha1(IV) collagen gene was assessed by transient transfection analysis. KO cells grew at a faster rate than WT cells carefully matched for plating density and passage number. This increased growth rate was paralleled by increases in [(3)H]thymidine uptake. KO cells expressed lower levels of the cell cycle inhibitors p21 and p27 than WT cells. KO cells failed to express TGF-beta1, as expected. Basal TGF-beta3 mRNA levels were higher in KO cells than in WT cells. WT cells expressed higher basal levels of TGF-beta2 mRNA than KO cells. Basal alpha1(IV) and alpha2(IV) collagen mRNA and protein expression were significantly lower in KO cells than WT cells. Administration of exogenous TGF-beta1 induced collagen IV production in both KO and WT cells. Although basal transcriptional activity of an alpha1(IV) collagen-CAT construct was lower in KO cells than WT cells, administration of exogenous TGF-beta1 was associated with significant increases in transcriptional activity of this construct in both KO and WT cells. These studies provide evidence that autocrine production of TGF-beta1 may play a critical role in regulation of growth and basal collagen IV production by renal tubular epithelial cells.
Murine model of IgE production with a predominant Th2‐response by feeding protein antigen without adjuvants (1997)

Stimulation of systemic antigen-specific IgE production plays an important role in the mediation of food allergy; however, the mechanism of IgE production against food antigens is not fully understood. The development of relevant animal models may help to elucidate the pathogenesis of food allergy. We here show that DBA/2 mice receiving a casein diet without any adjuvant produced high levels of IgE specific for casein, accompanied by predominant Th2-like responses in liver lymphocytes, mesenteric lymph node cells and spleen cells. This model of IgE production produced by feeding protein antigen as a constituent of the diet can be applied to investigate the mechanism of IgE production and to develop reagents for controlling food allergy.
Cationic graft copolymerization of styrene onto natural rubber (1967)

Abstract The polymerization of styrene was carried out in a cyclohexane solution of natural rubber with stannic chloride. It was found that the grafting copolymerizations of styrene took place as well as the cyclization of rubber. The rate of polymerization of styrene was proportional to the second power of the concentration of styrene and to the concentrations of stannic chloride and natural rubber, respectively. The overall activation energy was about 6 kcal./mole. The percentage grafting increased with increasing concentration of rubber. On the other hand, the grafting efficiency showed the reverse tendency. The percentage grafting could be increased to 150% by the addition of nitrobenzene, a polar solvent.
Strain-dependent magnetic phase diagram of epitaxial La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin films (2000)

Effects of lattice strain on magnetic behavior of epitaxial La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 thin films grown by 90° off-axis sputtering have been studied. The size of epitaxial strain was varied using four different substrates, i.e., (001) LaAlO3, (001) SrTiO3, (001) La0.3Sr0.7Al0.65Ta0.35O9, and (110) NdGaO3. The observed magnetism of coherent epitaxial films grown on these substrates, particularly anisotropy and Curie temperature, exhibit strong correlations with lattice strains. Spin reorientation transitions have been observed. The dependence of Curie temperature on the bulk and Jahn–Teller strains has been determined.
Oligomers and Polymers of Polyethers and Polyformals (1984)

Abstract Linear high molecular weight aromatic polyformals are readily obtained from biphenols and excess methylene chloride with solid sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst or an aprotic dipolar solvent. By control of the stoichiometry bifunctional oligomers can be obtained which can subsequently be incorporated into a variety of block copolymers.
Clinical thermal imaging today (1998)

In order to make thermal imaging a universally acceptable clinical technique, one must try to understand what is being observed, and what the observation signifies. One must also prove the validity of hypotheses about underlying causes of a given local hyper or hypothermia. Such an understanding is absolutely necessary before one can adapt the available technology to meet given clinical needs effectively. This paper demonstrates that such an understanding is now developing and will lead to a far better utilization of infrared imaging technology.
A Full-Swing CMOS Current Steering DAC with an Adaptive Cell and a Quaternary Driver (2015)

This paper describes a CMOS current steering digital-to-analog converter (DAC) with a full-swing output signal. Generally, a normal current steering DAC cannot have a full swing output signal, because conventional DACs have an inevitable voltage drop at the output current cell. In order to improve the drawbacks, we propose a new scheme of quaternary driver and an adaptive output current cell composed of both nMOS and pMOS. As well as the nMOS operates from the power supply to the half of the power supply, the pMOS operates independently from the half of the power supply to the ground voltage. Then, the final output voltage is obtained through a multiplexer that is driven by a quaternary driver which selects the optimized current cell. A 6-bit 1GS/s current steering DAC has been fabricated with Dongbu 0.11μm 1-poly 6-metal CMOS technology to verify the performance of the proposed full-swing DAC. The effective chip area is 0.46mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and power consumption is about 19.1mW. The measured results reveal that the DAC has a full swing output signal.
Simultaneous characterization of glutathione S-transferase M1 and T1 polymorphisms by polymerase chain reaction in American whites and blacks (1996)

Human glutathione S-transferase (GST) M1 and T1 enzymes exhibit genetic polymorphism, with a percentage of normal individuals exhibiting a homozygous deletion of the relevant genes. We established a differential polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique to simultaneously characterize inactivating mutations responsible for the null alleles of GSTM1 and GSTT1. Primers for GSTM1,GSTT1,and for beta-globin (as a positive control) were used to simultaneously amplify all three gene products from leukocyte DNA from 416 normal healthy human volunteers. Identical GSTM1 and CSTT1 genotypes were obtained using nine samples processed either separately or simultaneously for GSTM1 and GSTT1. The frequency of the null genotype for GSTM1 was higher in whites (114/213 or 53.5% vs 56/203 or 27.6%, p < 0.001) and for GSTT1 was higher in blacks (49/203 or 24.1% vs 32/213 or 15.0%, p = 0.019). The observed frequency of the 'double null' genotype for both GSTM1 and GSTT1 was not significantly different from that predicted if both polymorphisms were independent (p = 0.102) and did not differ by race (p = 0.120) or sex (p = 0.800). There was a higher frequency of the GSTM1 null genotype among females than males (92/202 or 45.5% vs 78/214 or 36.4%, p = 0.049). These results demonstrate that this PCR method is a simple and reliable tool to simultaneously characterize both GSTM1 and GSTT1 null genotypes.
Optimization of power MOSFET body diode for speed and ruggedness (1990)

The built-in diode in the power MOSFET can be used as an integral flyback diode in a power electronics circuit. However, if the power MOSFET is not optimized for utilization of the built-in diode, it can catastrophically fail during the diode mode of operation. A failure mechanism is proposed and discussed. It is found that through improved design with optimized cell geometry, vertical device structure, and electron irradiation, a rugged power MOSFET can be made such that the built-in diode will operate successfully as a flyback diode without inducing failure to the power MOSFET device.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of p38 MAPK activation protects cardiac mitochondria from ischemia/reperfusion injury (2015)

Context: Cardiac cell death and fatal arrhythmias during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) can be reduced by p38 MAPK inhibition. However, the effects of p38 MAPK inhibition on cardiac mitochondria have not been investigated.
Knoppix Hacks (2004)

Knoppix Hacks is an invaluable collection of one hundred industrial-strength hacks for new Linux users, power users, and system administrators using--or considering using--the Knoppix Live CD. These tips and tools show how to use the enormous amount of software on this live CD to troubleshoot, repair, upgrade, disinfect, and generally be productive without Windows--without the difficulty of installing Linux itself.
Primary coronary vasodilation associated with pauses in heart rhythm during sleep (1993)

We observed 162 episodes of pause in heart rhythm in chronically instrumented dogs primarily during transitions from deep slow-wave sleep to other stages of sleep. These pauses lasted 1.1-8.0 s and were followed by increases in coronary blood flow (CBF) averaging 30% and ranging up to 84%. The postpause surges in CBF do not appear to be mediated by local metabolic factors because the flow surges occurred without significant changes in the heart rate x systolic blood pressure (HRxSBP) product, a standard index of cardiac metabolic activity. Enhanced vagal tone is suggested by the background of marked respiratory sinus arrhythmia, low average heart rates, and the hallmark event, the pause in heart rhythm. In a series of experiments in alpha-chloralose-anesthetized dogs, we demonstrated that direct vagus nerve stimulation can induce both the pause in heart rhythm and the postpause increase in CBF in a pattern similar to that observed during sleep. This response was markedly attenuated after pericoronary denervation. These observations provide suggestive evidence but not definitive proof that enhanced vagal activity may be involved in the increase in CBF after spontaneous pauses in heart rhythm during sleep.
Identification and Characterization of Nonchromate Corrosion Inhibitor Synergies Using High-Throughput Methods (2008)

The replacement of chromate corrosion inhibitors will require synergistic combinations of materials that can only be identified and characterized through experimentation at the present time. One approach to accelerate the discovery and characterization of materials is through the use of high-throughput screening (HTS) methods. This paper presents three methods developed for the HTS of corrosion inhibitors and their combinations for the aluminum aerospace alloy, AA2024-T3 (UNS A92024). Rapid assays for corrosion determination included direct current (DC) polarization, surface copper assessment, and fluorometric detection of Al3+. These methods increased experimental throughput by a factor of more than 1,000. Tests were conducted on single and binary combinations of cerium chloride (CeCl3), yttrium chloride (YCl3), lanthanum chloride (LaCl3), europium chloride (EuCl3), gadolinium chloride (GdCl3), neodymium chloride (NdCl3), sodium metatungstate (NaWO4-3WO3), sodium metavanadate (NaVO3), sodium molybdate (Na2MoO4), sodium metasilicate (Na2SiO3), potassium phosphate (KH2PO4), sodium phosphate (Na3PO4), and barium metaborate (BaB2O4). Testing was performed at 3.4 mM total inhibitor concentration in 0.6 M sodium chloride (NaCl) at pH 2, 4, 7, 10, and 12. The results from each HTS assay correlated well with 10-day electrochemical impedance target data (R2 = 0.80 to 0.90). HTS testing revealed both synergistic and antagonistic pairings of the inhibitors. Synergistic combinations have been identified with corrosion inhibition properties that exceed those of chromate under the conditions of these HTS methods. These methods provide a promising route for the rapid discovery and characterization of effective nonchromate corrosion inhibitors and other electrochemical phenomenon.
Interactive multi-attribute electronic negotiations in the supply chain: design issues and an application prototype (2003)

We report on the development of a generic application for interactive electronic negotiations in the supply chain. We introduce the concept of interactive bilateral multi-attribute electronic negotiations and explain its significance. We specify an application architecture for this domain, showing three main components and four interfaces. We apply the ebXML framework to model the negotiation process and negotiation documents. As ebXML does not supply suitable process descriptions for generic, interactive electronic negotiations, we suggest a novel ebXML negotiation process model. Additionally, we develop ebXML document structures for this domain.