gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Expression of <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> Pyrazinamidase in <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Confers Hypersensitivity to Pyrazinamide and Related Amides (2000)

A pyrazinamidase (PZase)-deficient pncA mutant of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, constructed by allelic exchange, was used to investigate the effects of heterologous amidase gene expression on the susceptibility of this organism to pyrazinamide (PZA) and related amides. The mutant was highly resistant to PZA (MIC, >2,000 microg/ml), in accordance with the well-established role of pncA in the PZA susceptibility of M. tuberculosis (A. Scorpio and Y. Zhang, Nat. Med. 2:662-667, 1996). Integration of the pzaA gene encoding the major PZase/nicotinamidase from Mycobacterium smegmatis (H. I. M. Boshoff and V. Mizrahi, J. Bacteriol. 180:5809-5814, 1998) or the M. tuberculosis pncA gene into the pncA mutant complemented its PZase/nicotinamidase defect. In both pzaA- and pncA-complemented mutant strains, the PZase activity was detected exclusively in the cytoplasm, suggesting an intracellular localization for PzaA and PncA. The pzaA-complemented strain was hypersensitive to PZA (MIC, </=10 microg/ml) and nicotinamide (MIC, >/=20 microg/ml) and was also sensitive to benzamide (MIC, 20 microg/ml), unlike the wild-type and pncA-complemented mutant strains, which were highly resistant to this amide (MIC, >500 microg/ml). This finding was consistent with the observation that benzamide is hydrolyzed by PzaA but not by PncA. Overexpression of PzaA also conferred sensitivity to PZA, nicotinamide, and benzamide on M. smegmatis (MIC, 150 microg/ml in all cases) and rendered Escherichia coli hypersensitive for growth at low pH.
Nucleation of Polymer Droplets (1967)

The nucleation of droplets of polyethylene, polyethylene oxide, polyoxymethylene, nylon 6, poly (3,3-bis-chloromethyloxacyclobutane), isotactic polypropylene, and isotactic polystyrene, suspended in silicone oil, has been investigated. Under conditions of slow cooling (0.1°C/min), two different phenomena were observed; occasional droplet solidification at low degrees of subcooling, the number of droplets solidified and the temperature at which nucleation occurred being a function of the thermal melt history; and a sudden catastrophic, history-independent, nucleation phenomenon at large subcooling. The latter event may be identified as a critical phenomenon occurring at a subcooling ΔTc which is only slightly dependent upon the rate of cooling. For polyethylene and isotactic polypropylene, the ΔTc's correspond closely with values obtained by other authors using different suspending media and have been identified with homogeneous nucleation. Homogeneous nucleation may also be explored by the method of kinetic-rate measurements, with the advantage that rate constants can be evaluated directly rather than by theoretical derivation. Interfacial energies calculated from nucleation theory using the first (slow-cooling) method, have been compared in this work with those obtained from the second (isothermal) method. Such comparison shows that the isothermal method gives values of the same order as, but somewhat lower than, the slow-cooling method. For the other polymers, most of which are glass-forming, it is not entirely clear that the catastrophic event corresponds with homogeneous nucleation. Whereas critical supercooling and solidification rates resemble those for homogeneous nucleation, there is evidence that the interfacial energies recovered are too low and the circumstances surrounding the catastrophic event suggest that the suspending medium may be catalyzing nucleation.
Induction of CD70 on Dendritic Cells through CD40 or TLR Stimulation Contributes to the Development of CD8+ T Cell Responses in the Absence of CD4+ T Cells (2005)

The expansion of CD8(+) T cells in response to Ag can be characterized as either dependent or independent of CD4(+) T cells. The factors that influence this dichotomy are poorly understood but may be dependent upon the degree of inflammation associated with the Ag. Using dendritic cells derived from MHC class II-deficient mice to avoid interaction with CD4(+) T cells in vivo, we have compared the immunogenicity of peptide-pulsed dendritic cells stimulated with molecules associated with infection to those stimulated via CD40. In the absence of CD4(+) T cell help, the expansion of primary CD8(+) T cells after immunization with TNF-alpha- or poly(I:C)-stimulated dendritic cells was minimal. In comparison, LPS- or CpG-stimulated dendritic cells elicited substantial primary CD8(+) T cell responses, though not to the same magnitude generated by immunization with CD40L-stimulated dendritic cells. Remarkably, mice immunized with any stimulated dendritic cell population generated fully functional recall CD8(+) T cells without the aid of CD4(+) T cell help. The observed hierarchy of immunogenicity was closely correlated with the expression of CD70 (CD27L) on the stimulated dendritic cells, and Ab-mediated blockade of CD70 substantially prevented the CD4(+) T cell-independent expansion of primary CD8(+) T cells. These results indicate that the expression of CD70 on dendritic cells is an important determinant for helper-dependence of primary CD8(+) T cell expansion and provide an explanation for the ability of a variety of pathogens to stimulate primary CD8(+) T cell responses in the absence of CD4(+) T cells.
Urban Land Use and Land Cover Classification Using Novel Deep Learning Models Based on High Spatial Resolution Satellite Imagery (2018)

Urban land cover and land use mapping plays an important role in urban planning and management. In this paper, novel multi-scale deep learning models, namely ASPP-Unet and ResASPP-Unet are proposed for urban land cover classification based on very high resolution (VHR) satellite imagery. The proposed ASPP-Unet model consists of a contracting path which extracts the high-level features, and an expansive path, which up-samples the features to create a high-resolution output. The atrous spatial pyramid pooling (ASPP) technique is utilized in the bottom layer in order to incorporate multi-scale deep features into a discriminative feature. The ResASPP-Unet model further improves the architecture by replacing each layer with residual unit. The models were trained and tested based on WorldView-2 (WV2) and WorldView-3 (WV3) imageries over the city of Beijing. Model parameters including layer depth and the number of initial feature maps (IFMs) as well as the input image bands were evaluated in terms of their impact on the model performances. It is shown that the ResASPP-Unet model with 11 layers and 64 IFMs based on 8-band WV2 imagery produced the highest classification accuracy (87.1% for WV2 imagery and 84.0% for WV3 imagery). The ASPP-Unet model with the same parameter setting produced slightly lower accuracy, with overall accuracy of 85.2% for WV2 imagery and 83.2% for WV3 imagery. Overall, the proposed models outperformed the state-of-the-art models, e.g., U-Net, convolutional neural network (CNN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) model over both WV2 and WV3 images, and yielded robust and efficient urban land cover classification results.
Stratum corneum removal facilitates experimental sensitization to mite allergens in atopic dogs (2010)

In humans with atopic dermatitis and in mouse models of IgE-mediated allergic diseases, evidence is mounting that the stratum corneum (SC) provides an important barrier against environmental allergens. At this time, it is not known whether the SC has a similar role in dogs, especially in those with atopic dermatitis. The objectives of this pilot study were to determine whether SC removal led to earlier and stronger sensitization of atopic dogs to Dermatophagoides farinae (Df) house dust mites. Five Maltese-beagle atopic (MBA) dogs were sensitized epicutaneously after the SC was removed with ten tape strips (TS group), while sensitization was done without tape strips in five other MBA dogs (nontape stripping; NTS group). During this 16 week study, sensitization was assessed with allergen-specific IgE serology, intradermal testing with Df allergens and determination of stimulation indices of blood mononuclear cells cultured with Df and stained for CD4 and the activation markers CD25 or CD30. Compared with dogs from the NTS group, those of the TS group exhibited earlier rises in Df-specific IgE serum levels, usually had higher allergen-specific IgE titres, showed higher intradermal test reactivity and had earlier increases and higher percentages of CD25- or CD30-positive activated allergen-specific peripheral CD4-positive T lymphocytes. These observations implicate a role of the SC as a barrier limiting sensitization to exogenous allergens in this experimental atopic dog model.
Synthesis of Nickel Nanoparticles in Water-in-Oil Microemulsions (2000)

The synthesis of nickel nanoparticles by the reduction of nickel chloride with hydrazine in the cationic water-in-oil microemulsions of water/CTAB (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide)/n-hexanol at 73 °C has been studied. By the analyses of electron diffraction pattern and X-ray diffraction, the resultant particles were characterized to be the pure nickel crystalline with a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. The investigation on the composition of microemulsion solution indicated that the average diameter of nickel nanoparticles was affected mainly by the ratio of CTAB to n-hexanol instead of the size of microemulsion droplets. Smaller particles could be obtained at higher ratios of CTAB to n-hexanol. At a constant nickel chloride concentration, the average diameter of nickel nanoparticles decreased with the increase of hydrazine concentration and then approached to a constant value when the concentration ratio of hydrazine to nickel chloride was above 10. At a sufficient high hydrazine concentration, the average diameter of nickel nanoparticles was independent of nickel chloride concentration. The effects of microemulsion composition and the concentrations of hydrazine and nickel chloride on the particle size are discussed in detail. The magnetic measurements for a typical sample with an average diameter of 4.6 nm showed that the resultant nickel nanoparticles were superparamagnetic due to extremely small size. The saturation magnetization (26.2 emu/g), remanent magnetization (0.67 emu/g), and the coercivity (7.5 Oe) were significantly smaller than those of the bulk nickel, reflecting the nanoparticle nature. In addition, the magnetization was observed to increase with the decrease of temperature due to the decrease in thermal energy.
On the Mathematical Modeling of Polymerization Reactors (1972)

Abstract As commercially produced polymers become more of a commodity product, rather than a specialty product, there is a growing need for a more detailed understanding of the phenomena taking place in the polymer reactor. One quantitative form of this process understanding is the mathematical model, which can represent the detailed behavior of a polymer reactor. The mathematical model is an invaluable tool for developing the optimal design and optimal control system for these reactors.
Effects of Chemical Composition of Nonmetallic Inclusions on Fatigue Strength of High Strength Steels (1993)

It is well known that the fatigue strength of high strength steels are strongly influenced by the existence of nonmetallic inclusions. It is said that the effects of nonmetallic inclusions on the fatigue strength of high strength steels depend on their size, shape, chemical composition and locations where they exist. Therefore, nonmetallic inclusions are likely to cause a large scatter in fatigue strength.A firm opinion that hard inclusions are more detrimental than soft inclusions for fatigue strength, has prevailed for long years.In the present paper, this opinion is proved incorrect by detailed investigations of the chemical composition and size of inclusions observed at fracture origin, i. e., the chemical composition of inclusions is not crucial factor controlling fatigue limit, even if the chemical composition influences the rigidity of inclusions and the residual stresses around inclusions.On the contrary, it is verified that two crucial factors which control the fatigue strength are the Vickers hardness of matrix (HV) and the square root of projection area of inclusion (√area). It is shown that the lower bound of large scatter in fatigue strength can be successfully predicted by the statistics of extreme values (√area max) of inclusions contained in many specimens.
Nonlocality as a benchmark for universal quantum computation in Ising anyon topological quantum computers (2012)

An obstacle affecting any proposal for a topological quantum computer based on Ising anyons is that quasiparticle braiding can only implement a finite (nonuniversal) set of quantum operations. The computational power of this restricted set of operations (often called stabilizer operations) has been studied in quantum information theory, and it is known that no quantum-computational advantage can be obtained without the help of an additional nonstabilizer operation. Similarly, a bipartite two-qubit system based on Ising anyons can not exhibit nonlocality (in the sense of violating a Bell inequality) when only topologically protected stabilizer operations are performed. To produce correlations that can not be described by a local hidden variable model again requires the use of a nonstabilizer operation. Using geometric techniques, we relate the sets of operations that enable universal quantum computing (UQC) with those that enable violation of a Bell inequality. Motivated by the fact that nonstabilizer operations are expected to be highly imperfect, our aim is to provide a benchmark for identifying UQC-enabling operations that is both experimentally practical and conceptually simple. We show that any (noisy) single-qubit nonstabilizer operation that, together with perfect stabilizer operations, enables violation of the simplest two-qubit Bell inequality, can also be used to enable UQC. This benchmarking requires finding the expectation values of two distinct Pauli measurements on each qubit of a bipartite system.
Targeted Therapy in Combination with Chemotherapy in Recurrent and/or Metastatic Head and Neck Cancer (2010)

Two epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting strategies are used in recurrent and/or metastatic squamous cell cancer of the head and neck (SCCHN): monoclonal antibodies and small-molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors. Thus far, the monoclonal antibody cetuximab has been studied in most detail. Based on the results of two randomised phase III trials, cetuximab in combination with platinum-based chemotherapy should be considered the new standard first-line regimen for patients with recurrent and/or metastatic disease for whom a platinum-based regimen regimen is considered the best treatment option. Other EGFR-directed monoclonal antibodies are under investigation. The role of EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in SCCHN is less well established and early data on other targeted agents have also been disappointing thus far. Dual pathway inhibition may overcome resistance to single pathway inhibition.
Craftsman bungalows in Blackburn (1986)

The Craftsman bungalows of designer and builder, Algernon John Elmore (1882-1961) relate in particular aesthetic and functional ways to Blackburn, Melbourne, at the time between 1910 and 1929 when it was a rural suburb. His oil-stained timber bungalows were appropriate for Blackburn. Not only did they fit harmoniously into the landscape of gums and wattles, they sat more happily on their foundations in Blackburn's heavy clay sub-soil than did solid brick houses.(1) Simple rectangular forms , striking craftsmanship in Australian timbers and many original ideas in design are the distinguishing qualities of Elmore's work.
Ventilated Brake Rotor Air Flow Investigation (1997)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Air flow through the passages of a Chrysler LH platform ventilated brake rotor is measured. Modifications to the production rotor's vent inlet geometry are prototyped and measured in addition to the production rotor. Vent passage air flow is compared to existing correlations. The inlet modifications show significantly improved vent air flow, over the production rotor. The result improvement in heat transfer and rotor cooling is reported. These benefits in performance should be attainable at very low increases in production cost.</div>
The direct injection of liquid droplets into low pressure plasmas (2009)

A much greater number of useful precursors for plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) can be dispersed in high vapor pressure solvents than can be put into the vapor phase directly. In order to enable the use of such precursors, the authors investigated a method by which one can directly inject these liquids as microdroplets into low pressure PECVD environments. The solvent evaporates first leaving behind the desired precursor in the gas/plasma. The plasma dissociates the vapor and causes the deposition of a composite film (from precursor, solvent, and plasma gas). The authors made preliminary tests using Fe nanoparticles in hexane and were able to incorporate over 4% Fe in the resulting thin films. In addition, the authors simulated the process. The time required for a droplet to fully evaporate is a function of the background pressure, initial liquid temperature, droplet-vapor interactions, and initial droplet size. A typical evaporation time for a 50μm diameter droplet of hexane is ∼3s without plasma at 100mTorr. The presence of plasma can decrease the evaporation time by more than an order of magnitude. In addition, the model predicts that the temperature of the injected droplet first decreases by evaporative cooling (to ∼180K for hexane); however, once the solvent has fully evaporated/sublimated, the plasma heats any remaining solute. As a result the solute temperature can first fall to 180K, then rise to nearly 750K in less than 1s.
A New Broadband High Directivity 3dB-Hybrid and Power Divider (1980)

This paper shows an analytic way of synthesizing the 2-way Wilkinson power divider without any CAD optimization. The bandwidth in the new design is increased by increasing the number of quarter-wave transformer in the even and odd mode equivalent circuits. Only one isolating resistance is used independent of bandwidth. The new power divider is converted into a 180°/90° 3dB-hybrid with 4 output ports. This 4-port component has a high directivity independent of frequency when used as a 180° 3dB-hybrid. Experimental results are given for a 2-way divider and a 3dB-hybrid built in microstrip with the center frequency 5 GHz.
Identification and characterization of the herpesvirus saimiri oncoprotein STP-C488 (1991)

The protein encoded by herpesvirus saimiri transforming gene STP-C488 was identified and characterized. Antibodies were produced in rabbits by immunization with keyhole limpet hemocyanin-conjugated synthetic peptides specific for the predicted sequence of STP-C488. STP-C488-encoded protein was detected in recombinant Escherichia coli, transformed Rat-1 cells, transfected COS-1 cells, and in common marmoset T lymphocytes immortalized by herpesvirus saimiri strain 488. STP-C488 protein was sensitive to treatment by bacterial collagenase, consistent with the 18 uninterrupted collagenlike repeats predicted by the DNA sequence. The apparent molecular size of STP-C488 in sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)-polyacrylamide gels (20 to 22 kDa) was considerably larger than that predicted from the DNA sequence (9.9 kDa). Using indirect immunofluorescence tests and subcellular fractionation, STP-C488 was found to be membrane bound, primarily in perinuclear compartments. The 18 uninterrupted collagenlike repeats, sensitivity to collagenase, location in the cell, and anomalous migration through SDS-polyacrylamide gels suggest an unusual, membrane-associated, fibrous structure for this transforming herpesvirus oncoprotein.
What Is Mentoring? (1994)

Addresses the process of mentoring, the utility of planned or facilitated mentoring programmes and the infrastructure necessary for the delivery of such programmes. Argues that mentoring, which is characterized by a one‐to‐one developmental relationship based on temporary inequality, is a powerful process. Also indicates that mentoring is not a cheap and easy remedy for shortfalls in social planning. It is, however, a process worthy of investment, which can provide new horizons and opportunities for the development of capability in young people.
Spectrum of Nonrandom Associations Between Microsatellite Loci on Human Chromosome 11p15 (2001)

Most evidence about nonrandom association of alleles at different loci, or gametic disequilibrium, across extensive anonymous regions of the human genome is based on the analysis of overall disequilibrium between pairs of microsatellites. However, analysis of interallelic associations is also necessary for a more complete description of disequilibrium. Here, we report a study characterizing the frequency and strength of both overall and interallelic disequilibrium between pairs of 12 microsatellite loci (CA repeats) spanning 19 cM (14 Mb) on human chromosome 11p15, in a large sample (810 haplotypes deduced from 405 individuals) drawn from a single population. Characterization of disequilibrium was carried out, taking into account the sign of the observed disequilibria. This strategy facilitates detection of associations and gives more accurate estimates of their intensities. Our results demonstrate that the incidence of disequilibrium over an extensive human chromosomal region is much greater than is commonly considered for populations that have expanded in size. In total, 44% of the pairs of microsatellite loci and 18% of the pairs of alleles showed significant nonrandom association. All the loci were involved in disequilibrium, although both the frequency and strength of interallelic disequilibrium were distributed nonuniformly along 11p15. These findings are especially relevant since significant associations were detected between loci separated by as much as 17-19 cM (7 cM on average). It was also found that the overall disequilibrium masks complicated patterns of association between pairs of alleles, dependent on their frequency and size. We suggest that the complex mutational dynamics at microsatellite loci could explain the allele-dependent disequilibrium patterns. These observations are also relevant to evaluation of the usefulness of microsatellite markers for fine-scale localization of disease genes.
Detecting and measuring asymmetric links in an IP network (2003)

The rapid growth of Internet traffic has made it important to pinpoint network bottlenecks. Measuring link bandwidths can help identifying such bottlenecks. Existing bandwidth measurement tools such as Pathchar, Bing and Bprobe assume symmetric links. But as ADSL lines, cable modems, satellite links, and 56 K modems gain popularity, it becomes necessary to consider asymmetric links. We present an algorithm that can measure each hop's link bandwidth in both directions in an IP network. Hence it is trivial to detect link asymmetry. We performed several experiments to validate our algorithm. We also discuss factors that can adversely affect the precision and/or correctness of bandwidth measurement, and suggest some possible solutions.
1-Lithioadamantane (1972)

Abstract Recently we desorbed the synthesis and some reactions of 2-lithioadamantane1. We report now on the stability of 1-Lithioadamantane as exemplified by a few of its reactions.
A fast slewing monolithic operational amplifier (1970)

It is well known that a principal limitation in monolithic operational amplifiers is inadequate slew rate. This paper will discuss a design that achieves slew rates in excess of 40 V/μs by means of an input stage which tends to retain small signal characteristics when subjected to large differential input signals.