gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF) in a Clinical Sample (2002)

Evidence for the validity of the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF; Gioia, Isquith, Guy, & Kenworthy, 2000) based on internal structure was examined in a sample of children with mixed clinical diagnoses via maximum likelihood confirmatory factor analysis. Four alternative factor models of children's executive function, based on current theories that posit a unidimensional versus fractionated model (Rabbitt, 1997; Shallice & Burgess, 1991), using the revised 9-scale BRIEF configuration that separates two components of the Monitor scale, were examined for model fit. A 3-factor structure best modeled the data when compared directly with 1-, 2-, and 4-factor models. The 3-factor model was defined by a Behavior Regulation factor consisting of the BRIEF Inhibit and Self-Monitor scales, an Emotional Regulation factor consisting of the Emotional Control and Shift scales, and a Metacognition factor composed of the Working Memory, Initiate, Plan/Organize, Organization of Materials, and Task-Monitor scales. The findings support a fractionated, multi-component view of executive function as measured by the BRIEF.
Improvement of Gasoline Octane Number by Using Organic Compounds (2014)

The toxic lead additives to gasoline are no longer used in many countries around the world. Many other countries are now phasing out the lead in gasoline. Although the lead fuel is still in use in Iraq, several plans are considered to phase out the lead. The use of organic compounds to replace the lead additives in gasoline is considered now as an option in Iraqi refineries. The main objective of this project was preparation of premium gasoline, by blending of gasoline with Alternative additives (alcohol, aromatic) to enhancing octane number of Al-Doura gasoline pool. Improved gasoline was tested by ASTM standard method which includes octane number measuring by CFR engine analyzer. Gasoline pool RON (80) was used and selective components were added to the gasoline pool (1-3%) to improving it octane, such as ethanol, methanol,isopropanol,isobutanol, benzene, nitrobenzene, Aniline, and nitro aniline. Octane number of blends was measured by CFR engine. Mixture of alternative additives was prepared and adding in 1-3%vol to the gasoline pool. It was found that the additives show significant improvement of octane number of gasoline but the important increasing of RON was shown on use mixture of alcohols and aniline.
On the biosynthesis of the antibiotic vancomycin (1982)

In the biosynthesis of vancomycin by Streptomyces orientalis it has been shown that di-m-hydroxyphenylglycine can be derived from acetic acid, whereas p-hydroxyphenylglycine and m-chloro-β-hydroxytyrosine are derived from tyrosine.
Genetic modifiers of otocephalic phenotypes in<i>Otx2</i>heterozygous mutant mice (2002)

Mice heterozygous for the Otx2 mutation display a craniofacial malformation, known as otocephaly or agnathia-holoprosencephaly complex. The severity of the phenotype is dependent on the genetic background of a C57BL/6 (B6) strain; most of the offspring of Otx2 knock-out chimeras, which are equivalent to the F(1) of CBA and B6 strains, backcrossed with B6 females display reduction or loss of mandible, whereas those backcrossed with CBA females do not show noticeable phenotype at birth. The availability of phenotypically disparate strains renders identification of Otx2 modifier loci possible. In this study, a backcross of chimera with B6 was generated and genome-wide scans were conducted with polymorphic markers for non-mendelian distribution of alleles in Otx2 heterozygous mutant mice displaying abnormalities in the lower jaw. We identified one significant locus, Otmf18, between D18Mit68 and D18Mit120 on chromosomes 18, linked to the mandibular phenotype (LOD score 3.33). A similar replication experiment using a second backcross (N3) mouse demonstrated the presence of another significant locus, Otmf2 between D2Mit164 and D2Mit282 on chromosome 2, linked to the mandibular phenotype (LOD score 3.93). These two modifiers account for the distribution of the craniofacial malformations by the genetic effect between B6 and CBA strains. Moreover, Otmf2 contain a candidate gene for several diseases in mice and humans. These genetic studies involving an otocephalic mouse model appear to provide new insights into mechanistic pathways of craniofacial development. Furthermore, these experiments offer a powerful approach with respect to identification and characterization of candidate genes that may contribute to human agnathia-holoprosencephaly complex diseases.
Enzymatic acyl exchange to vary saturation in di‐ and triglycerides (1979)

Abstract The reaction rac ‐glyceryl‐1‐palmitate‐2,3‐dioleate (POO) and palmitic acid (P) (excess) → glyceryl‐2‐oleate‐1, 3‐dipalmitate (POP) + O catalyzed by porcine pancreatic lipase is a model for the general reaction AAA′’ + A′’ → A′'AA′’ +A.(P,O,A = palmitoyl, oleyl, acyl groups or palmitic, oleic, or fatty acids; AAA′’ , etc., are triglycerides). The re‐esterification is accom‐panied by formation of palmitate‐enriched digly‐ceride — rac ‐glyceryl‐1‐palmitate‐2‐oleate (PO‐ OH @@) exceeds rac ‐glyceryl‐1,2‐dioleate ( OO ‐OH) — and glyceryl‐2‐monoleate (HO‐ O ‐OH). Buffer pH optimum for maximum POO conversion and palmitate enrich‐ment in 15 min is between 6.0 and 6.5 at 38 C. Hexane is used to dissolve P in the oil phase. In‐creasing the amount of dissolved P by increasing the amount of hexane added increases palmitate enrich‐ment and decreases reaction rate. At 36 C and 6.0 buffer pH (26 volume % POO and 15 volume % P in oil phase), yields after 3 hr were POP , 22%; PO‐ OH, 27%; HO‐ O ‐OH, 11%; POO , 27%; glyceryl‐1,2,3‐tri‐oleate (OOO) , 3%; and OO ‐OH, 10%.
Die historische Entwicklung der operativen Behandlung des Maldescensus testis (2003)

An undescended testicle can be found in about 3-4% of all newborns and in 21-23% of all premature infants. In most of the young patients, the testicle will descend spontaneously during the first year of life. Thus, at the end of the second year of life, an undescended position of the testis will remain in 1-2% of all children. Since the first successful surgical treatment of the undescended testicle by Max Schüller 120 years ago in Munich, many various surgical procedures have been described. This paper gives an overview starting with the historical development of the operative treatment of the undescended testicle and leading up to the modern techniques used today.
Efficient intra-mode coding method in video coding (2012)

This paper proposes an efficient intra-mode coding method using the deviation of neighbor pixels. In HEVC, the number of intra-prediction modes is increased in order to improve coding performance for intra-prediction as compared to H.264/AVC. However, this causes coding inefficiency in intra-mode coding. To improve coding efficiency, we propose a new intra-mode coding method that applies the analysis of the correlation between neighbor pixels and the intra-mode. Experimental results show that coding efficiency is improved by up to 0.80% in intra-mode coding. The proposed method also reduces an average 0.19% of the bitrate in the total codec as compared to HM4.0.
A Modeling and Rendering Method for Snow by Using Metaballs (1997)

The display of natural scenes such as mountains, trees, the earth as viewed from space, the sea, and waves have been attempted. Here a method to realistically display snow is proposed. In order to achieve this, two important elements have to be considered, namely the shape and shading model of snow, based on the physical phenomenon. In this paper, a method for displaying snow fallen onto objects, including curved surfaces and snow scattered by objects, such as skis, is proposed. Snow should be treated as particles with a density distribution since it consists of water particles, ice particles, and air molecules. In order to express the material property of snow, the phase functions of the particles must be taken into account, and it is well‐known that the color of snow is white because of the multiple scattering of light. This paper describes a calculation method for light scattering due to snow particles taking into account both multiple scattering and sky light, and the modeling of snow.
Image-Segmentation Evaluation From the Perspective of Salient Object Extraction (2006)

Image segmentation and its performance evaluation are very difficult but important problems in computer vision. A major challenge in segmentation evaluation comes from the fundamental conflict between generality and objectivity: For general-purpose segmentation, the ground truth and segmentation accuracy may not be well defined, while embedding the evaluation in a specific application, the evaluation results may not be extended to other applications. We present in this paper a new benchmark for evaluating image segmentation. Specifically, we formulate image segmentation as identifying the single most perceptually salient structure from an image. We collect a large variety of test images that conforms to this specific formulation, construct unambiguous ground truth for each image, and define a reliable way to measure the segmentation accuracy. We then present two special strategies to further address two important issues: (a) the most salient structures in some real images may not be unique or unambiguously defined, and (b) many available image-segmentation methods are not developed to directly extract a single salient structure. Finally, we apply this benchmark to evaluate and compare the performance of several state-of-the-art image-segmentation methods, including the normalized-cut method, the level-set method, the efficient graph-based method, the mean-shift method, and the ratio-contour method.
Gadfly of Government 1761–1763 (1996)

Abstract This chapter discusses the radical movement, which was considered as an attack on ‘establishment politics’. Due to the continuous advocacy of ideas of electoral reform, British radicalism is generally held to have begun with the Wilkie period. The chapter also looks at the new phenomenon in British politics, when the press became a major player in the political game. Part of the discussion in this chapter looks at the North Briton, which is a major topic in the next chapter.
Safe water for everyone (2004)

In the evolution of life on earth, the membrane was essential in that it allowed the formation of cells, and later the compartmentalisation of processes in cells. As humans have learned how to produce more complicated and efficient synthetic membranes, so too have we developed the ability to compartmentalise processes. In this way, membranes can be used to filter cells from for example waste water. If the filtered cells play a role in breaking down additional waste flowing through the membranes, a membrane bioreactor has been created. A membrane bioreactor consists of some biological item or items in association with a membrane. A membrane is a surface that has the ability to let some things through it and will block others.
Dissociated non-steroidal glucocorticoids: tuning out untoward effects (2007)

The endogenous glucocorticoid (GC), cortisol, is involved in maintaining homeostatic balance in glucose regulation and immune response while allowing stress adaptation. The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is required to maintain life and is the target of numerous FDA-approved drugs. Synthetic steroidal GCs are useful in a plethora of conditions characterized by excessive inflammatory or immune responses. Unfortunately, the GCs used at present have potentially dose-limiting and debilitating side effects, some of which derive from the glucose regulatory role of GCs. Consequently, there is a great need to find agents which preserve the potent immune effects without the side effects. This manuscript reviews the existing patent literature on these intensely sought non-steroidal agents that dissociate the therapeutic from metabolic effects, or specifically retain certain GR target effects with attenuated untoward effects. The chemical classes and underlying mechanisms (when known) for these non-steroidal GCs are discussed.
The Potential for Oligodendrocyte Proliferation During Demyelinating Disease (1993)

The potential for oligodendrocytes to proliferate in response to central nervous system injury was examined. We used intracerebral infection of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus, a model for multiple sclerosis, which results in chronic demyelinating disease of SJL/J mice. Proliferating cells in spinal cord sections of adult mice were identified using simultaneous immunohistochemistry and in situ autoradiography ([3H]-thymidine incorporation). Seven different cell-specific markers were used to characterize proliferating cells as oligodendrocytes (myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, galactocerebroside, CNPase), astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein), microglia/macrophages (Griffonia simplicifolia isolectin B4) or T-lymphocytes (CD3). The average number of proliferating cells per area of spinal cord white matter was 11/mm2 in normal young adult mice compared to 61/mm2 in chronically infected mice. Most proliferating cells in normal spinal cord were not identified with these markers and were presumed to be progenitor glial cells. However, in spinal cord white matter of mice infected with Theiler's virus for approximately 4 months, 88% of proliferating cells were identified. Approximately one-third of all proliferating cells were in the oligodendrocyte lineage and expressed markers observed late in myelin differentiation. In demyelinated areas as compared to normal white matter, there was an 80- to 211-fold increase in the number of proliferating oligodendrocytes expressing myelin basic protein or proteolipid protein, respectively. The remainder of the proliferating cells in areas of demyelination were astrocytes, microglial cells and T-cells. These experiments support the hypothesis that factors within a demyelinating lesion promote the proliferation and differentiation of cells within the oligodendroglial lineage.
Diagnostics of Mechanical Faults of Loudspeakers Using Principal Component Analysis and Fisher’s Discriminant Analysis (2011)

This study illustrates a novel model based FDI method for the common mechanical faults arising during the manufacture of loudspeakers. To overcome the drawbacks of the conventional signal based approaches, the Bayesian classification of impulse responses based on a model based fault symptom database is proposed. The loudspeaker model is estimated via IRES and ARMA techniques. The fault symptom database is constructed with a novel nonlinear loudspeaker model. The performances of Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and Fisher’s Discriminant Analysis (FDA) are compared. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed method. It is also shown that the FDA based classifier performs better than PCA in terms of the accuracy and consistency of the healthy baseline estimation. However, the fault isolation is difficult due to the similarities of fault signatures.
Observation of Calcium-dependent Unidirectional Rotational Motion in Recombinant Photosynthetic F1-ATPase Molecules (2004)

ATP hydrolysis and synthesis by the F(0)F(1)-ATP synthase are coupled to proton translocation across the membrane in the presence of magnesium. Calcium is known, however, to disrupt this coupling in the photosynthetic enzyme in a unique way: it does not support ATP synthesis, and CaATP hydrolysis is decoupled from any proton translocation, but the membrane does not become leaky to protons. Understanding the molecular basis of these calcium-dependent effects can shed light on the as yet unclear mechanism of coupling between proton transport and rotational catalysis. We show here, using an actin filament gamma-rotation assay, that CaATP is capable of sustaining rotational motion in a highly active hybrid photosynthetic F(1)-ATPase consisting of alpha and beta subunits from Rhodospirillum rubrum and gamma subunit from spinach chloroplasts (alpha(R)(3)beta(R)(3)gamma(C)). The rotation was found to be similar to that induced by MgATP in Escherichia coli F(1)-ATPase molecules. Our results suggest a possible long range pathway that enables the bound CaATP to induce full rotational motion of gamma but might block transmission of this rotational motion into proton translocation by the F(0) part of the ATP synthase.
Nonlinear optical tuning of photonic crystal microcavities by near-field probe (2008)

We report on a nonlinear way to control and tune the dielectric environment of photonic crystal microcavities exploiting the local heating induced by near-field laser excitation at different excitation powers. The temperature gradient due to the optical absorption results in an index of refraction gradient which modifies the dielectric surroundings of the cavity and shifts the optical modes. Reversible tuning can be obtained either by changing the excitation power density or by exciting in different points of the photonic crystal microcavity.
Structural and spectral studies of halogeno complexes of rhodium(III) (1977)

Halogeno complexes of rhodium(III) of the type A2 [RhCl5H2O], A3 [RhCl6],H2O and A3 [Rh2X9] (X = Cl, Br, A = alkali metal, ammonium and alkylammonium cations) have been prepared and investigated structurally by X-ray powder photography, and by infrared and visible spectroscopy. The relationship between the various preparative procedures has been determined. Factors such as acidity and type of cation are important. Structural and spectroscopic studies have revealed trends which, in some cases, can be related to the influence of the cations on the halogenorhodate(III) anions in the solid state, and, in other cases, to the ionic/covalent nature of the metal-halogen bond.
Broad is the way (2001)

Ultrawideband (UWB) systems, which combine bandwidths in excess of 1 GHz with very low power spectral densities (PSDs), are currently attracting growing interest as a means of wresting additional capacity from the already heavily utilised store of wireless bandwidth. If the emissions from UWB devices are regulated to avoid causing significant interference to licensed services, then it becomes possible to allow UWB systems to operate on an unlicensed basis, enabling UWB technology to support a diverse range of applications. As yet, there are no regulations for UWB devices. However, the US is in the process of setting up a regulatory framework, while within Europe, where matters are not quite so far advanced, possible approaches to UWB regulation are under consideration. The author describes the basic principles and the role of regulation in determining the UWB devices destined for commercial deployment.
Procyanidin-Rich Extract from Grape Seeds Prevents Cataract Formation in Hereditary Cataractous (ICR/f) Rats (2002)

Antioxidants such as vitamin C, vitamin E, and carotenoids have been reported to prevent the progression of experimentally induced cataracts. However, little is known of the effect of procyanidins, a powerful antioxidant, on cataract formation. This paper investigates the anticataract activity of grape seed extract (GSE, which contains 38.5% procyanidins) in hereditary cataractous rats (ICR/f rats). The ICR/f rats were fed a standard diet containing 0 or 0.213% GSE [0.082% procyanidins in the diet (w/w)] for 27 days. The GSE significantly prevented and postponed development of cataract formation by evaluation of slit lamp observations of the rats' eyes. Lens weight and malondialdehyde concentration in the lens and plasma cholesteryl ester hydroperoxide (ChE-OOH) level induced by CuSO4 were significantly lower in the GSE group compared with the control group. The rats were also fed for 14 days either the diet containing 0.085% procyanidin dimer to tetramer fraction (0.085% as the procyanidins), the diet containing 0.090% procyanidin pentamer to heptamer fraction (0.085% as the procyanidins), or the diet containing 0.093% procyanidin oligomers more than decamer fraction (0.085% as the procyanidins). The ChE-OOH levels in the procyanidin pentamer to heptamer and procyanidin oligomers more than decamer groups were significantly lower than in the procyanidin dimer to tetramer group. These results suggested that procyanidins and their antioxidative metabolites prevented the progression of cataract formation by their antioxidative action. The larger molecular procyanidins in the GSE might contribute this anticataract activity.
Video content analysis using MPEG-7 descriptors (2004)

A video content analysis tool for video coding is presented. The underlying assumption of our approach is that the textures in a video scene can be labeled subjectively relevant or irrelevant. Relevant textures are defined as containing subjectively meaningful details, while irrelevant textures contain less important subjective details. We apply this idea to video coding using a texture analyzer and a texture synthesizer. The texture analyzer (encoder side) identifies the texture regions with unimportant subjective details and generates side information for the texture synthesizer (decoder side), which inserts synthetic textures at the specified locations. The focus of this paper is the texture analyzer, which uses MPEG-7 descriptors for similarity estimation. The texture analyzer is based on a split and merge segmentation approach and also provides solutions concerning temporal mapping of identified detail-irrelevant textures. The current implementation of the texture analyzer yields an identification rate of up to 93%. 1.
The Hashgraph Protocol: Efficient Asynchronous BFT for High-Throughput Distributed Ledgers (2020)

Atomic broadcast protocols are increasingly used to build distributed ledgers. The most robust protocols achieve byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) and operate in asynchronous networks. Recent proposals such as HoneyBadgerBFT (ACM CCS `16) and BEAT (ACM CCS `18) achieve optimal communication complexity, growing linearly as a function of the number of nodes present. Although asymptotically optimal, their practical performance precludes their use in demanding applications. Further performance improvements to HoneyBadgerBFT and BEAT are not obvious as they run two separate sub-protocols for broadcast and voting, each of which has already been optimized. We describe how hashgraph - an asynchronous BFT atomic broadcast protocol (ABFT) - departs in structure from prior work by not using communication to vote, only to broadcast transactions. We perform an extensive empirical study to understand how hashgraph's structure affects performance. We observe that hashgraph can improve latency by an order of magnitude over HoneyBadgerBFT and BEAT, while keeping throughput constant with the same number of nodes; similarly, throughput can increase by up to an order of magnitude while maintaining latency. Furthermore, we test hashgraph's capability for high performance, and conclude that it can achieve sufficiently high throughput and low latency to support demanding practical applications.