gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of novel erythromycin derivatives in mother liquor concentrates of Streptomyces erythraeus. (1987)

A double blind study was carried out to compare the efficacy and safety of cefixime (CFIX), a new oral cephem with cefaclor (CCL) in the treatment of 245 children weighing 10 approximately 30 kg, with acute suppurative otitis media. The daily dosages of CFIX and CCL were 3 approximately 6 mg/kg in 2 divided portions, and 20 approximately 40 mg/kg in 3 divided portions, respectively, and the drugs were administered for 7 days. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows. Analyzed subjects were 211 patients (CFIX group: 108 patients, CCL group: 103 patients) for clinical efficacy. Efficacy rates judged by the doctor in charge were 88.9% and 83.5% in CFIX and CCL group, respectively, without significant difference between the 2 groups. Similar results were also obtained by the committee. When clinical effects were classified by clinical isolates, the efficacy rates against monomicrobial infections with Gram-negative bacteria were judged by the doctor in charge to be 100% in the CFIX group and 84.6% in the CCL group. Thus CFIX was judged to be significantly superior to CCL (P less than 0.05). The overall eradication rates of bacteria were 97.1% in the CFIX group and 90.3% in the CCL group. The eradication rate of CFIX was significantly superior to that of CCL (P less than 0.05). When improvements of individual symptoms were evaluated, regarding redness of the tympanic membrane and the tympanic cavity on the 3rd day of dosing, CFIX group (improvement in 84.1% of the cases) was significantly superior (P less than 0.05) to the CCL group (67.6%). Regarding purulent secretion on the 7th day of dosing, the CFIX group (improvement in 98.1% of the cases) was also significantly superior (P less than 0.05) to the CCL group (91.3%). Two hundred thirty eight patients were analyzed for side effects (CFIX group: 120 patients, CCL group: 118 patients). The incidence rates of side effects were 0.8% (1/120) in the CFIX group and 1.7% (2/118) in the CCL group, and there was no significant difference between the 2 drugs. From the above results, it is concluded that CFIX is a useful oral antibiotic in the treatment of acute suppurative otitis media in children. Furthermore, CFIX is expected to be equal or superior to CCL in clinical effects.
Quality Improvement of Endoscopy Videos (2010)

ACTA Press publishes numerous proceedings like technical publications, scientific publications for power and energy systems and research papers for international conferences in the general areas of engineering and computer science.
Cryogenic Surgery of the Basal Ganglia (1962)

Apparatus for the highly localized application of cold at various degrees from room temperature down to —190° C. (—310° F.) makes it possible to cause either temporary paralysis or permanent destruction of selected portions of the nervous system. The technique of cryogenic surgery consists of first applying moderate cold to identify the locus of abnormal neural activity and then intense cold to make a circumscribed lesion there. This paper reports the results of 2,060 applications of cryogenic surgery for the relief of the tremor and rigidity of parkinsonism and 150 applications for relief of other dystonic or hyperkinetic disorders. Since the lesion produced in the brain is sharply delimited and essentially nonhemorrhagic, the incidence of complications has been low, and in a series of 100 consecutive cases there was relief of symptoms in 90 cases with no deaths.
The utilization of some halogenated aromatic acids by <i>Nocardia</i>. Effects on the growth and enzyme induction (1968)

1. Halogen analogues of benzoate and p-nitrobenzoate did not support growth of Nocardia erythropolis. 2. These analogues, when present together with the parent compounds, inhibited growth of the organism. 3. The halogen analogues similarly inhibited oxidation of benzoate or p-nitrobenzoate by competent cells. 4. Fluoroacetate and 2-fluoro-4-nitrobenzoate caused comparable inhibition of growth on p-nitrobenzoate and both led to some citrate accumulation. 5. The induction of the p-nitrobenzoate-oxidation system was strongly inhibited by all the 2-halogeno-4-nitrobenzoates although the 2-fluoro and 2-chloro derivatives also acted as inducers. 6. Halogen analogues of benzoate also induced the benzoate-oxidation system.
Acadesine activates AMPK and induces apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells but not in T lymphocytes (2003)

Acadesine, 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide (AICA) riboside, induced apoptosis in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) cells in all samples tested (n = 70). The half-maximal effective concentration (EC(50)) for B-CLL cells was 380 +/- 60 microM (n = 5). The caspase inhibitor Z-VAD.fmk completely blocked acadesine-induced apoptosis, which involved the activation of caspase-3, -8, and -9 and cytochrome c release. Incubation of B-CLL cells with acadesine induced the phosphorylation of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), indicating that it is activated by acadesine. Nitrobenzylthioinosine (NBTI), a nucleoside transport inhibitor, 5-iodotubercidin, an inhibitor of adenosine kinase, and adenosine completely inhibited acadesine-induced apoptosis and AMPK phosphorylation, demonstrating that incorporation of acadesine into the cell and its subsequent phosphorylation to AICA ribotide (ZMP) are necessary to induce apoptosis. Inhibitors of protein kinase A and mitogen-activated protein kinases did not protect from acadesine-induced apoptosis in B-CLL cells. Moreover, acadesine had no effect on p53 levels or phosphorylation, suggesting a p53-independent mechanism in apoptosis triggering. Normal B lymphocytes were as sensitive as B-CLL cells to acadesine-induced apoptosis. However, T cells from patients with B-CLL were only slightly affected by acadesine at doses up to 4 mM. AMPK phosphorylation did not occur in T cells treated with acadesine. Intracellular levels of ZMP were higher in B-CLL cells than in T cells when both were treated with 0.5 mM acadesine, suggesting that ZMP accumulation is necessary to activate AMPK and induce apoptosis. These results suggest a new pathway involving AMPK in the control of apoptosis in B-CLL cells and raise the possibility of using acadesine in B-CLL treatment.
Handling Produced Water from Hydraulic Fracturing (2012)

The recycling of produced water and fracture flowback water for reuse in hydraulic fracturing is on the rise in the development of unconventional resource plays. The factors driving the conservation of water are the limitations in sources of fresh water in areas with a high rate of development, the attractive economics of recycling compared with tanker truck transportation costs, minimization of road traffic to reduce environmental impacts, and water disposal costs.
Mitochondrial myopathies (1985)

Mitochondrial myopathies are clinically heterogeneous disorders that can affect multiple systems besides skeletal muscle (mitochondrial encephalomyopathies or cytopathies) and are usually defined by morphological abnormalities of muscle mitochondria. There are a few distinctive syndromes, such as the Kearns-Sayre syndrome; myoclonus epilepsy with ragged-red fibers; and mitochondrial myopathy, encephalopathy, lactic acidosis, and strokelike episodes. Biochemically, mitochondrial myopathies can be divided into defects of substrate utilization, oxidation-phosphorylation coupling, and the respiratory chain. Because mitochondria have their own DNA and their own translation and transcription apparatuses, mitochondrial myopathies can be due to defects of either a nuclear or mitochondrial genome and can be transmitted by mendelian or maternal inheritance.
Attack and Defense of Dynamic Analysis-Based, Adversarial Neural Malware Detection Models (2018)

Recently researchers have proposed using deep learning-based systems for malware detection. Unfortunately, all deep learning classification systems are vulnerable to adversarial learning-based attacks, or adversarial attacks, where miscreants can avoid detection by the classification algorithm with very few perturbations of the input data. Previous work has studied adversarial attacks against static analysis-based malware classifiers which only classify the content of the unknown file without execution. However, since the majority of malware is either packed or encrypted, malware classification based on static analysis often fails to detect these types of files. To overcome this limitation, anti-malware companies typically perform dynamic analysis by emulating each file in the anti-malware engine or performing in-depth scanning in a virtual machine. These strategies allow the analysis of the malware after unpacking or decryption. In this work, we study different strategies of crafting adversarial samples for dynamic analysis. These strategies operate on sparse, binary inputs in contrast to continuous inputs such as pixels in images. We then study the effects of two, previously proposed defensive mechanisms against crafted adversarial samples including the distillation and ensemble defenses. We also propose and evaluate the weight decay defense. Experiments show that with these three defenses, the number of successfully crafted adversarial samples is reduced compared to an unprotected baseline system. In particular, the ensemble defense is the most resilient to adversarial attacks. Importantly, none of the defenses significantly reduce the classification accuracy for detecting malware. Finally, we show that while adding additional hidden layers to neural models does not significantly improve the malware classification accuracy, it does significantly increase the classifier's robustness to adversarial attacks.
Range sensor evaluation for use in Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance Systems (2009)

The Intelligent Transportation Institute at the University of Minnesota is developing a Cooperative Intersection Collision Avoidance System - Stop Sign Assist (CICAS-SSA) for rural intersections as an alternative to signalized intersections. When deployed, the system will provide a driver stopped at a thru-stop intersection information about the available gaps in the mainline road traffic stream. The system uses surveillance sensors alongside the major road to determine the state of the intersection; this state information is used to determine whether the gaps that exist are unsafe, thereby triggering a warning to a driver not to initiate the desired maneuver. The system is capable of sending intersection state information to the vehicle (I2V) so that gap information can be displayed in the vehicle. Low cost automotive radar/laser sensors form the basis of the surveillance system. Described herein is a performance evaluation of a Delphi ESR radar sensor (ESR), an Ibeo Lux laser sensor (LUX), and a Smartmicro Umrr9 radar sensor (UMRR9). Each sensor was mounted adjacent to the shoulder on US 52 while a probe vehicle equipped with dual frequency, carrier phase DGPS was driven past. The accuracy of the position and speed measurements for each sensor were determined by comparison with the DGPS position and speed measured at the probe vehicle. An analysis was conducted to determine which sensor provided the best performance:cost ratio when used as a CICAS-SSA mainline sensor.
An Evaluation Framework for Privacy-Preserving Record Linkage (2014)

Privacy-preserving record linkage (PPRL) addresses the problem of identifying matching records from different databases that correspond to the same real-world entities using quasi-identifying attributes (in the absence of unique entity identifiers), while preserving privacy of these entities. Privacy is being preserved by not revealing any information that could be used to infer the actual values about the records that are not reconciled to the same entity (non-matches), and any confidential or sensitive information (that is not agreed upon by the data custodians) about the records that were reconciled to the same entity (matches) during or after the linkage process. The PPRL process often involves three main challenges, which are scalability to large databases, high linkage quality in the presence of data quality errors, and sufficient privacy guarantees. While many solutions have been developed for the PPRL problem over the past two decades, an evaluation and comparison framework of PPRL solutions with standard numerical measures defined for all three properties (scalability, linkage quality, and privacy) of PPRL has so far not been presented in the literature. We propose a general framework with normalized measures to practically evaluate and compare PPRL solutions in the face of linkage attack methods that are based on an external global dataset. We conducted experiments of several existing PPRL solutions on real-world databases using our proposed evaluation framework, and the results show that our framework provides an extensive and comparative evaluation of PPRL solutions in terms of the three properties.
The kinetics of hepatitis C virus (2006)

The kinetics of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA during the first weeks of interferon-based antiviral therapy can be analysed by specific mathematical models. Those models have been inspired by previous work on the kinetics of human immune deficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) during antiviral therapy and are able to summarize important features of early response to antiviral therapy in patients chronically infected with HCV. Kinetic parameters of the underlying biological processes as viral clearance and infected cell loss as well as an efficiency factor of therapy on viral production can be obtained when fitting frequent quantifications of HCV RNA with such models. The main aims of analysing hepatitis C viral kinetics include the efficient comparison of different treatment regimens, prediction of virological response, and conclusions on antiviral mechanisms of therapy.
Oxy-Radicals and Related Species: Their Formation, Lifetimes, and Reactions (1986)

In this brief overview I will review some of the ways in which free radicals and related highly reactive species are produced in biological systems. I will discuss the reactivities and lifetimes of these species, and also will briefly list some pathological conditions and chronic diseases in which these species may be involved. The rich variety of the species of interest in free radical biology is notewor­ thy. Table 1 lists species that have been implicated in various physiological and pathological processes; some of these are neutral radicals, some are radical ions, and some are molecules that contain an even number of electrons and, therefore, are not free radicals. As we shall see, radicals differ greatly in their stabilities; one of the radicals listed in Table 1, nitrogen dioxide, is sufficiently stable to reach ppm levels in polluted urban air. What name can be used to encompass the species listed in Table I? A phrase that is finding increased use in free radical biology is partially reduced oxygen products. However, even this broad title is unsatisfactory since some of the species in Table 1 contain oxygen atoms at the same oxidation level as elemental oxygen (e.g. ozone and singlet oxygen). The property that these species share is that they have the potential to cause radical reactions to occur in biological systems. Some of these species are radicals and therefore react by radical processes; others react to produce molecules that can decompose to form radicals (e.g. singlet oxygen leads to hydroperoxides). However, these species need not always react via free radical pathways. For example, ozone, hydrogen
The crystal structures of semi‐synthetic aequorins (2005)

The photoprotein aequorin emits light by an intramolecular reaction in the presence of a trace amount of Ca(2+). Semi-synthetic aequorins, produced by replacing the coelenterazine moiety in aequorin with the analogues of coelenterazine, show widely different sensitivities to Ca(2+). To understand the structural basis of the Ca(2+)-sensitivity, we determined the crystal structures of four semi-synthetic aequorins (cp-, i-, br- and n-aequorins) at resolutions of 1.6-1.8 A. In general, the protein structures of these semi-synthetic aequorins are almost identical to native aequorin. Of the four EF-hand domains in the molecule, EF-hand II does not bind Ca(2+), and the loop of EF-hand IV is clearly deformed. It is most likely that the binding of Ca(2+) with EF-hands I and III triggers luminescence. Although little difference was found in the overall structures of aequorins investigated, some significant differences were found in the interactions between the substituents of coelenterazine moiety and the amino acid residues in the binding pocket. The coelenterazine moieties in i-, br-, and n-aequorins have bulky 2-substitutions, which can interfere with the conformational changes of protein structure that follow the binding of Ca(2+) to aequorin. In cp-aequorin, the cyclopentylmethyl group that substitutes for the original 8-benzyl group does not interact hydrophobically with the protein part, giving the coelenterazine moiety more conformational freedom to promote the light-emitting reaction. The differences of various semi-synthetic aequorins in Ca(2+)-sensitivity and reaction rate are explained by the capability of the involved groups and structures to undergo conformational changes in response to the Ca(2+)-binding.
Overview of CARAT-4, a Multi-body Simulation and Collision Modeling Program (2002)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">CARAT (Computer Aided Reconstruction of Accidents in Traffic) is a Microsoft Windows® based simulation program. CARAT allows for simulation of pre-collision, collision, and post-collision dynamics in a graphical environment. CARAT can model cars, trucks, trailers and tractor/semi-trailers.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">CARAT-3, released in the mid-90's, is a three degree-of-freedom (3 DOF) model, with three dependent DOF, and operates mathematically in a two-dimensional (2D) graphical environment. Vehicle graphics can be viewed in three dimensions (3D). CARAT-4 implements 3D multi-body models with 10 DOF for the car model, and up to 26 DOF for the truck and trailer model. CARAT is a time forward kinetic simulation, but can also be used to perform kinematic calculations forward and backwards in time. Both CARAT-3 and CARAT-4 implement a momentum-based collision algorithm.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper introduces and briefly describes the calculation models, and input parameters of CARAT-4 relating to the sprung masses, tire model, suspension, steering and braking systems. Graphical, tabular and plot output options are described.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Additionally, the RICSAC (Research Input for Computer Simulation of Automobile Collisions) tests were modeled by the CARAT collision algorithm, and the separation velocities and Delta-V's were compared with the test data, and SMAC calculations (as reported by McHenry).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">CARAT-4 can be used to simulate automobiles and a range of heavy truck configurations. Potential applications of the program include analyzing and visualizing the effects of vehicle design changes and accident reconstruction.</div>
Summary Abstract: Compound semiconductor structures for high speed, high frequency devices (1983)

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miR-145 inhibits breast cancer cell growth through RTKN. (2009)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a class of small non-coding RNAs regulating gene expression by inducing RNA degradation or interfering with translation. Aberrant miRNA expression has been described for several human malignancies. Herein, we show that miR-145 is down-regulated in human cancer cell line MCF-7 when compared to normal human mammary epithelial cell line MCF10A. Overexpression of miR-145 by plasmid inhibits MCF-7 cell growth and induces apoptosis. Subsequently, RTKN is identified as a potential miR-145 target by bioinformatics. Using reporter constructs, we show that the RTKN 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) carries the directly binding site of miR-145. Additionally, overexpression of miR-145 in MCF-7 reduces RTKN protein expression as well as mRNA level. Furthermore, down-regulation of RTKN by siRNA can inhibit MCF-7 cell growth. Taken together, we propose that loss of miR-145 may provide a selective growth advantage for MCF-7 by targeting RTKN.
The Dehydration of 1,4-Butanediol to Tetrahydrofuran in Supercritical Water (2001)

The dehydration of 1,4- butanediol to tetrahydrofuran is a reaction that possesses disadvantages under conventional conditions caused by the use of mineral-acids and the corrosion problem interconnected with it. These disadvantages can be remedied by the use of pure supercritical water as reaction medium, as well as catalyst. The ionic mechanism, which exists under conventional conditions, could be validated by the examinations of this present work not only in the sub- but also in the supercritical range.
Introduction (2004)

Migration is a growing global phenomenon, which has a tremendous impact on the demography, culture, economy, and politics of the state. In 2000, an estimated 175 million people lived outside their country of birth, an increase of 46 percent since 1990, and double the number in 1975. Of these, about 159 million were considered international migrants, approximately 16 million were recognized refugees fleeing a well-founded fear of persecution, and about 900,000 were asylum seekers.1 On January 1, 1998, the total foreign or non-national population of the 15 European Union (EU) Member States was 19.1 million of the total population of 375 million.2 KeywordsEuropean UnionMigrant WorkerAsylum SeekerIllegal ImmigrantForeign ResidentThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Architectures and Control of Submodule Integrated DC–DC Converters for Photovoltaic Applications (2012)

This paper describes photovoltaic (PV) module architectures with parallel-connected submodule-integrated dc-dc converters (subMICs) that improve efficiency of energy capture in the presence of partial shading or other mismatch conditions. The subMICs are bidirectional isolated dc-dc converters capable of injecting or subtracting currents to balance the module substring voltages. When no mismatches are present, the subMICs are simply shut down, resulting in zero insertion losses. It is shown that the objective of minimum subMIC power processing can be solved as a linear programming problem. A simple close-to-optimal distributed control approach is presented that allows autonomous subMIC control without the need for a central controller or any communication among the subMICs. Furthermore, the proposed control approach is well suited for an isolated-port architecture, which yields additional practical advantages including reduced subMIC power and voltage ratings. The architectures and the control approach are validated by simulations and experimental results using three bidirectional flyback subMICs attached to a standard 180-W, 72-cell PV module, yielding greater than 98% module-level power processing efficiency for a mismatch less than 25%.
A simple ghost-free exposure fusion for embedded HDR imaging (2012)

We propose a simple ghost-free exposure fusion algorithm in which three (over-, mid-, under-) exposures are input for fast embedded HDR imaging. Previous methods in this area require a complicated post-processing, such as morphological operations and large size kernel operations. To remove ghost artifacts successfully even with a low computing power, first of all an over-exposure input is set as a reference image, and non-ghostness probability is applied to acquire a ghost-free fusion weight. Through some experimental analysis, we show that such a reference image setting scheme makes it possible to skip the heavily time consuming post-processing.