gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The current distribution and AC resistance of a microstrip structure (1990)

The AC resistance of the strip in a microstrip structure is compared with that of an isolated strip for better understanding of the conductor loss mechanism. An analysis is presented of the AC resistance in a microstrip structure for any metallization thickness by deriving the current distribution over the strip cross section. The analysis uses the separation of variables technique and the Green's function method. It shows that the skin current of the strip is concentrated toward the ground plane in a microstrip structure. In the extreme case, the AC resistance of the strip can be twice as high as the AC resistance of the same isolated strip. The imperfect ground plane also adds to the total conductor loss of a microstrip line. For a wide strip over a lossy ground plane at high frequency, the ground plane surface current distribution is concentrated directly under the strip, and the ground plane AC resistance can be as large as the strip AC resistance. Therefore, the total AC resistance at the microstrip line can be four times as high as that of an isolated strip conductor.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extranuclear Apoptosis (1999)

The execution phase is the “active” phase of apoptosis occurring immediately after a cell commits to the death program. It lasts about an hour and is characterized by the hallmark morphologic features of apoptosis (e.g., membrane blebbing, chromatin condensation, and DNA fragmentation)
Bone Nanostructure near Titanium and porous Tantalum implants studied by Scanning small angle x-ray scattering (2006)

Bone sections including either titanium or porous tantalum implant devices used for interbody spinal fusion were investigated with position-resolved small angle X-ray scattering (sSAXS). The samples were obtained from six-month-old pigs that had undergone surgery three months prior to sacrifice. The aim of the study was to explore the possibility of using sSAXS to obtain information about thickness, orientation and shape/arrangement of the mineral crystals in bone near the implant surfaces. Detailed sSAXS scans were carried out in two different regions of bone adjacent to the implant in each of the implant samples. In the implant vicinity the mineral crystals tended to be aligned with the surface of the implants. The mean crystal thickness was between 2.1 and 3.0 nm. The mineral crystal thickness increased linearly with distance from the implant in both regions of the porous tantalum implant and in one of the regions in the titanium sample. In the second region of the titanium sample the thickest mineral crystals were found close to the implant surface. The observed differences in mineral thickness with distance from the implant surfaces might be explained by differences in mechanical load induced by the implant material and the geometrical design of the implant. The study shows that sSAXS is a powerful tool to characterize the nanostructure of bone near implant surfaces.
Epidemiology of gastric cancer. (1996)

The incidence of gastric cancer varies widely by country and population, with higher rates among the lower socioeconomic groups. Although the most common cause of cancer death in the United States in 1930, its incidence has decreased dramatically during the past 60 years. Most populations show a 2-1 ratio for male to female gastric cancer cases, and a higher incidence rate among United States blacks than whites. Although rates have generally decreased, there has been a dramatic increase in the incidence of gastric cancer in the cardia. Diet has been the most studied risk factor for gastric cancer. Of particular interest have been N-nitroso compounds derived from the consumption of preserved, smoked, and cured foods. An inverse association with the consumption of fruits and vegetables has also been consistently demonstrated, though the specific nutrient(s) that this represents has been unclear, although ascorbate and beta-carotene have been intensively studied. Among nondietary factors, substantial evidence has accumulated for an increased risk with Helicobacter pylori infection. Other exposures which have been fairly consistently associated with gastric cancer include cigarette smoking, partial gastrectomy, radiation exposure, family history, pernicious anemia, blood group A, certain occupational exposures, and Epstein-Barr virus.
Review of Colonic Anastomotic Leakage and Prevention Methods (2020)

Although surgeries involving anastomosis are relatively common, anastomotic leakages are potentially deadly complications of colorectal surgeries due to increased risk of morbidity and mortality. As a result of the potentially fatal effects of anastomotic leakages, a myriad of techniques and treatments have been developed to treat these unfortunate cases. In order to better understand the steps taken to treat this complication, we have created a composite review involving some of the current and best treatments for colonic anastomotic leakage that are available. The aim of this article is to present a background review of colonic anastomotic leakage, as well as current strategies to prevent and treat this condition, for a broader audience, including scientist, engineers, and especially biomedical engineers.
ChemInform Abstract: THE HYDRIDE REDUCTION OF HEMIAMINALS OF THIOBINUPHARIDINE AND THE STRUCTURE OF THIONUPHAROLINE (1974)

Es wird z.B. die Reduktion von 6,6′- Dihydroxy-thiobinupharidin mit NaBH4 und NaBD4 untersucht.
Taking apart beam migration (2009)

The years 2000–2001 sparked a flurry of activity on various flavors of beam migration. GEOPHYSICS papers by Yonghe Sun et al. on slant-stack Kirchhoff migration and Ross Hill on Gaussian-beam migration showed the potential of migration methods that combine aspects of Kirchhoff migration with some novel preprocessing. As a result, a number of variant beam-migration methods have arisen in the last few years, some promising great efficiency and some promising great imaging fidelity. On the other hand, because of beam migration's extra preprocessing, a simple interpretation of beam migration, analogous to that of Kirchhoff migration, has been hard to pin down. In this article, we try to add some intuition to the discussion of beam-migration methods. Our task is challenging since, for the most part, we will describe Gaussian-beam migration, which is possibly the most complicated of the slant-stack migrations. Of course, a successful understanding—even a partial understanding—of this important method will make it easier to understand the entire family of newly emerging beam-migration techniques.
Targeting Deubiquitinases Enabled by Chemical Synthesis of Proteins (2012)

Ubiquitination/ubiquitylation is involved in a wide range of cellular processes in eukaryotes, such as protein degradation and DNA repair. Ubiquitination is a reversible post-translational modification, with the removal of the ubiquitin (Ub) protein being catalyzed by a family of enzymes known as deubiquitinases (DUBs). Approximately 100 DUBs are encoded in the human genome and are involved in a variety of regulatory processes, such as cell-cycle progression, tissue development, and differentiation. DUBs were, moreover, found to be associated with several diseases and as such are emerging as potential therapeutic targets. Several directions have been pursued in the search for lead anti-DUB compounds. However, none of these strategies have delivered inhibitors reaching advanced clinical stages due to several challenges in the discovery process, such as the absence of a highly sensitive and practically available high-throughput screening assay. In this study, we report on the design and preparation of a FRET-based assay for DUBs based on the application of our recent chemical method for the synthesis of Ub bioconjugates. In the assay, the ubiquitinated peptide was specifically labeled with a pair of FRET labels and used to screen a library comprising 1000 compounds against UCH-L3. Such analysis identified a novel and potent inhibitor able to inhibit this DUB in time-dependent manner with k(inact) = 0.065 min(-1) and K(i) = 0.8 μM. Our assay, which was also found suitable for the UCH-L1 enzyme, should assist in the ongoing efforts targeting the various components of the ubiquitin system and studying the role of DUBs in health and disease.
<i>p</i>-Menthane-3-carboxaldehyde:  A Useful Chiral Auxiliary for the Synthesis of Chiral Quaternary Carbons of High Enantiomeric Purity (2004)

(+)- or (-)-p-Menthane-3-carboxaldehyde is made in two easy steps from (+)- or (-)-menthone, respectively. This auxiliary allows for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds bearing a alpha-chiral quaternary carbon. The flexibility, efficiency, and ease of use of the method are demonstrated in a series of examples, which include the total synthesis of (+)-cuparenone as well as a partial synthesis of (-)-cassiol.
<i>I</i> <i>n</i> <i>s</i> <i>i</i> <i>t</i> <i>u</i> removal of native oxide from silicon wafers (1990)

In many integrated circuit fabrication steps, it is important to be able to ensure that there is no native oxide on a silicon surface before the next layer is deposited. For example, when tungsten is deposited by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) by silicon/hydrogen reduction of WF6, attack of the silicon surface can be extensive (i.e., wormholes) if there is a native oxide layer.1 Similarly, growing epitaxial silicon on a single-crystal substrate at a low temperature also depends critically on the removal of such a native oxide. The standard procedure for attempting to remove any surface oxide involves various wet etches, generally concluding with a dip in dilute HF. However, exposing a clean wafer to the atmosphere for even a short time allows some oxide to regrow, since silicon is an extremely reactive material. Accordingly, it would be desireable to develop an in situ procedure for cleaning of native oxide, and that will be the subject of this brief note.
Transgene expression of steel factor in the basal layer of epidermis promotes survival, proliferation, differentiation and migration of melanocyte precursors (1998)

Mutations at the murine dominant white spotting (KitW) and steel (MgfSl) loci, encoding c-Kit receptor kinase and its ligand respectively, exert developmental defects on hematopoietic cells, melanocytes, germ cells and interstitial cells of Cajal. The expression patterns of steel factor (SLF) observed in the skin and gonads suggest that SLF mediates a migratory or a chemotactic signal for c-Kit-expressing stem cells (melanocyte precursors and primordial germ cells). By targeting expression of SLF to epidermal keratinocytes in mice, we observed extended distribution of melanocytes in a number of sites including oral epithelium and footpads where neither melanocytes nor their precursors are normally detected. In addition, enlarged pigmented spots of KitW and other spotting mutant mice were observed in the presence of the SLF transgene. These results provide direct evidence that SLF stimulates migration of melanocytes in vivo. We also present data suggesting that SLF does not simply support survival and proliferation of melanocytes but also promotes differentiation of these cells. Unexpectedly, melanocyte stem cells independent of the c-Kit signal were maintained in the skin of the SLF transgenic mice. After the elimination of c-Kit-dependent melanoblasts by function-blocking anti-c-Kit antibody, these stem cells continued to proliferate and differentiate into mature melanocytes. These melanoblasts are able to migrate to cover most of the epidermis after several months. The SLF transgenic mice described in this report will be useful in the study of melanocyte biology.
On the Chemistry, Toxicology and Genetics of the Cyanobacterial Toxins, Microcystin, Nodularin, Saxitoxin and Cylindrospermopsin (2010)

The cyanobacteria or "blue-green algae", as they are commonly termed, comprise a diverse group of oxygenic photosynthetic bacteria that inhabit a wide range of aquatic and terrestrial environments, and display incredible morphological diversity. Many aquatic, bloom-forming species of cyanobacteria are capable of producing biologically active secondary metabolites, which are highly toxic to humans and other animals. From a toxicological viewpoint, the cyanotoxins span four major classes: the neurotoxins, hepatotoxins, cytotoxins, and dermatoxins (irritant toxins). However, structurally they are quite diverse. Over the past decade, the biosynthesis pathways of the four major cyanotoxins: microcystin, nodularin, saxitoxin and cylindrospermopsin, have been genetically and biochemically elucidated. This review provides an overview of these biosynthesis pathways and additionally summarizes the chemistry and toxicology of these remarkable secondary metabolites.
New Operations for Display Space Management and Window Management (2002)

We present a set of new operations for managing screen real estate that allow windows to acquire more desktop space. This set of operations obeys the following guidelines: (1) the visible information contents of each window are preserved (i.e., operations never result in covering already-exposed window contents), (2) operation invocation requires only simple user action, and (3) windows grow and move in a natural and easily understandable manner, mimicking the interactions of colliding physical objects. We call the main operations expand and shove. Expand and shove represent two endpoints on a space-acquisition scale, and we give other possible operations called jostle and ram that fall between these two points. Additional concepts of undo (to allow windows to revert to earlier sizes and positions) and relevant regions (to allow more tightly controlled window information regions to be indicated) are also introduced. To theoretically support the methods used by the operations, we present a classification of the possible ways that pairs of windows can initially overlap and subsequently interact during the operations.
Effect of relative humidity on the aerosol backscattering coefficient at 0694- and 106-μm wavelengths (1984)

The effect of relative humidity on the backscattering of 0.694- and 10.6-μm radiation by aerosol particles in the lower troposphere is modeled. Two models of particle composition are considered: (1) all particles are composed of a uniform mixture of water-soluble material, dustlike material, and soot (uniform internal mixture) and (2) pure soot particles coexist with particles which are mixtures of water-soluble and dustlike materials (external mixture of soot). The amount of soot ranges from 1% to 20% of the volume of the aerosol. Changes in relative humidity have a greater effect on the backscattering coefficient, βπ, at 0.694 μm than at 10.6 μm. If soluble material accounts for 30% of the volume of mixed particles and if an urban type aerosol size distribution is assumed, an increase in relative humidity from 0% to 99% results in an increase in βπ at 0.694 μm ranging from a factor of 5.7 for an external mixture containing 20% soot by volume to a factor of 15.6 in the case of a uniform internal mixture containing 20% soot. At 10.6 μm the increase in βπ ranges from a factor of 2.1 to a factor of 2.8. The backscatter-to-extinction relation for 0.694-μm radiation propagating through a region of varying relative humidity is also investigated.
Operant behavioral treatment of fibromyalgia: A controlled study (2003)

These results suggest that operant pain treatment provided in an inpatient setting is an effective treatment for FMS, whereas a purely somatically oriented program may lead to a deterioration of the pain problem.
Cell Shape Dynamics: From Waves to Migration (2012)

We observe and quantify wave-like characteristics of amoeboid migration. Using the amoeba Dictyostelium discoideum, a model system for the study of chemotaxis, we demonstrate that cell shape changes in a wave-like manner. Cells have regions of high boundary curvature that propagate from the leading edge toward the back, usually along alternating sides of the cell. Curvature waves are easily seen in cells that do not adhere to a surface, such as cells that are electrostatically repelled from surfaces or cells that extend over the edge of micro-fabricated cliffs. Without surface contact, curvature waves travel from the leading edge to the back of a cell at -35 µm/min. Non-adherent myosin II null cells do not exhibit these curvature waves. At the leading edge of adherent cells, curvature waves are associated with protrusive activity. Like regions of high curvature, protrusive activity travels along the boundary in a wave-like manner. Upon contact with a surface, the protrusions stop moving relative to the surface, and the boundary shape thus reflects the history of protrusive motion. The wave-like character of protrusions provides a plausible mechanism for the zig-zagging of pseudopods and for the ability of cells both to swim in viscous fluids and to navigate complex three dimensional topography.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Eucalyptus Fiber Composites from Blend between biodegradable Poly(butylene succinate) and Recycled PET (2017)

The goal of this study was to enhance rigidity and to reduce cost of the PBS-based composites by blending with recycled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (r-PET) and Eucalyptus fibers. Prior compounding, Eucalyptus fibers were treated with alkali and γ-methacryloxypropyl trimethoxysilane (MPS) solution for compatibility improvement. PBS and r-PET were melt blended in a twin-screw extruder with the weight ratio of 95/5, 90/10, and 80/20 wt%, and compounded with MPS treated Eucalyptus fibers using fiber loading of 3, 5, and 7 wt% of composites. Samples were characterized by tensile test, notched Izod impact test, SEM, NMR, and DSC. It was found that r-PET increased rigidity of PBS matrix but reduced impact resistance. Glass transition temperature of PBS and r-PET shifted toward each other indicating compatibility between them via transesterification. Chemical shifts in NMR indicated chemical interaction between PBS matrix and MPS grafted on Eucalyptus fibers, which illustration of interaction was proposed. Blending PBS with r-PET and Eucalyptus fibers synergistically increased rigidity for the PBS matrix. Composites of PBS/r-PET 80/20 wt% blends with 7 wt% fiber presented Young’s modulus 67.3% higher than that of neat PBS. For impact property, it was found that it depended on r-PET content in the composites that the composites from PBS/r-PET 95/5 wt% blend was the best. SEM images revealed that there were fine particles of r-PET domains dispersed inside PBS matrix, and wetting of PBS on silane treated fibers was clearly obtained.
The distribution of blood group substance H and Cea in colorectal carcinoma (1984)

The distributional patterns of blood group substance H and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) in 20 colorectal carcinomas from 17 patients, were investigated. Prognosis in these cases was more obviously related to histologic classification and pathologic stage than to BGS and CEA distributional patterns or preoperative plasma CEA levels. The distribution of H and CEA was similar to that found by other investigators for A and B blood group substances with the exception that areas of identical localization could be shown in at least some areas of each tumor studied that was positive for both antigens. The relationship of CEA and BGS is as yet unknown, but it seems probable that they can occur simultaneously in the same tissue.
Enzyme‐analogue built polymers, 23. Influence of the structure of the binding sites on the selectivity for racemic resolution (1987)

Abstract The influence of the structure of the binding sites in template‐imprinted polymers on the selectivity for racemic resolution was investigated, taking boronic acids as the binding sites. A number of different polymerizable boronic acids, possessing varying degrees of flexibility between the polymerizable double bond and the boron, were synthesized and were bound to the phenyl α‐ D ‐mannopyranoside template. After polymerizing to highly crosslinked polymers and splitting off the template, the selectivity for racemic resolution of the racemate of the template was investigated. An inverse relationship between the flexibility of the binding sites and the selectivity for racemic resolution was observed.
Compartmentalization of ceramide signaling: physical foundations and biological effects (2000)

J. Cell. Physiol. 184:285–300, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Introducing a new advantage of crossover: commonality-based selection (1999)

The Commonality-Based Crossover Framework defines crossover as a two-step process: 1) preserve the maximal common schema of two parents, and 2) complete the solution with a construction heuristic. In these “heuristic ” operators, the first step is a form of selection. This commonality-based form of selection has been isolated in GENIE. Using random parent selection and a non-elitist generational replacement scheme, GENIE does not include fitness-based selection. However, a theoretical analysis shows that “ideal ” construction heuristics in GENIE can potentially converge to optimal solutions. Experimentally, results show that the effectiveness of practical construction heuristics can be amplified by commonalitybased restarts. Overall, it is shown that the commonality hypothesis is valid--schemata common to above-average solutions are indeed above average. Since common schemata can only be identified by multi-parent operators, commonality-based selection is a unique advantage that crossover can enjoy over mutation. 1
Epidermal morphogenesis during progressive <i>in vitro</i> 3<scp>D</scp> reconstruction at the air–liquid interface (2012)

Keratinocyte monolayers, cultured in immersed conditions, constitute a frequently used in vitro model system to study keratinocytes behaviour in response to environmental assaults. However, monolayers lack the keratinocyte terminal differentiation and the organization of the epidermal tissue, which are observed in vivo. Advancements of in vitro techniques were used to reconstruct three-dimensional equivalents that mimic human epidermis in terms of layering, differentiation and barrier function. Here, we update a published method and illustrate the progressive morphogenesis responsible for in vitro reconstruction. The analysis of cell proliferation, expression of differentiation markers and barrier efficacy demonstrate the excellent similarity of the reconstructed tissue with normal human epidermis. Availability of epidermal tissue during its reconstruction phase in culture appears crucial for studies intending to challenge the barrier function.
A Frequency Tuning Method for a Planar Inverted-F Antenna (2008)

A novel method is presented for electrically tuning the frequency of a planar inverted-F antenna (PIFA). A tuning circuit, comprising an RF switch and discrete passive components, has been completely integrated into the antenna element, which is thus free of dc wires. The proposed tuning method has been demonstrated with a dual-band PIFA capable of operating in four frequency bands. The antenna covers the GSM850, GSM900, GSM1800, PCS1900 and UMTS frequency ranges with over 40% total efficiency. The impact of the tuning circuit on the antenna's efficiency and radiation pattern have been experimentally studied through comparison with the performance of a reference antenna not incorporating the tuning circuit. The proposed frequency tuning concept can be extended to more complex PIFA structures as well as other types of antennas to give enhanced electrical performance.