gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Weight Reduction and the Impaired Plasma-Derived Free Fatty Acid Oxidation in Type 2 Diabetic Subjects<sup>1</sup> (2001)

In a previous study the oxidation of plasma free fatty acids (FFA) under baseline conditions and during exercise was lower in type 2 diabetic subjects compared with weight-matched controls. The present study intended to investigate the effect of weight reduction (very low calorie diet) on plasma FFA oxidation in seven type 2 diabetic male subjects (body fat, 37.4 +/- 1.2%; age, 51.3 +/- 3.4 yr; plasma glucose, 7.45 +/- 0.48 mmol/L). Subjects underwent a 10-week diet period. Body composition and substrate utilization during rest and during bicycle exercise (50% of maximum aerobic capacity) were determined before and after the diet (during weight-stable conditions). FFA metabolism was studied by means of the tracer [U-(13)C]palmitate. Rates of oxidation of plasma FFA were corrected with an acetate recovery factor. Additionally, activities of mitochondrial enzymes and cytosolic fatty acid-binding protein were determined in biopsies from the vastus lateralis muscle before and after the diet. The very low calorie diet resulted in a weight loss of 15.3 kg (110.8 +/- 7.4 vs. 95.5 +/- 5.8 kg; P < 0.01). The basal rates of appearance and disappearance of FFA decreased as a result of diet. The rates of appearance and disappearance of FFA during exercise were not different before and after diet. The oxidation of plasma-derived fatty acids tended to decrease after diet during baseline conditions (P = 0.10), whereas the plasma FFA oxidation during exercise was not different before and after the diet (14.1 +/- 1.9 vs. 14.8 +/- 1.8 micromol/kg fat-free mass.min). Skeletal muscle cytosolic fatty acid-binding protein and the activities of muscle oxidative enzymes did not significantly change as a result of weight loss. In conclusion, considerable weight reduction did not significantly improve plasma-derived FFA oxidation under baseline conditions and during exercise, suggesting that this impairment reflects a primary defect leading to the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus rather than resulting from the type 2 diabetic state.
A Hierarchy Navigation Framework: Supporting Scalable Interactive Exploration over Large Databases (2006)

Modern computer applications from business decision support to scientific data analysis use visualization techniques. However, visual exploration tools do not scale well for large data sets due to screen clutter. Visualization tools have thus been extended to support hierarchical views of the data, with support for focusing and drilling-down using interactive brushes. We now investigate how best to couple such a near real-time responsive visualization tool with database support. For this, we have developed a tree labeling method, called MinMax tree, that allows the movement of the on-line recursive processing of visual user interactions on hierarchical data sets into an off-line precomputation step. Using MinMax tree we map the recursive processing at the interface level to two dimensional range queries that can be answered efficiently using spatial indexes. We also employ caching and prefetching at the client side to cope with the real-time response requirements. The techniques have been incorporated into XmdvTool, a free software package for multi-variate data visualization and exploration. Our experimental results show 70% to 80% reduction in response time latency even with limited system resources.
Osmolality of normal human saliva at body temperature. (1966)

Osmotic pressure of unstimulated mixed saliva from young adult males was measured by a vapor pressure osmometer. Results on 92 fresh samples showed a normal range of 21-77 mosm./L., whereas 90 frozen samples had a normal range of 0-76 mosm./L. A significant difference (p < 0.001) existed between the 2 groups.
Sparse Coding Guided Spatiotemporal Feature Learning for Abnormal Event Detection in Large Videos (2018)

Abnormal event detection in large videos is an important task in research and industrial applications, which has attracted considerable attention in recent years. Existing methods usually solve this problem by extracting local features and then learning an outlier detection model on training videos. However, most previous approaches merely employ hand-crafted visual features, which is a clear disadvantage due to their limited representation capacity. In this paper, we present a novel unsupervised deep feature learning algorithm for the abnormal event detection problem. To exploit the spatiotemporal information of the inputs, we utilize the deep three-dimensional convolutional network (C3D) to perform feature extraction. Then, the key problem is how to train the C3D network without any category labels. Here, we employ the sparse coding results of the hand-crafted features generated from the inputs to guide the unsupervised feature learning. Specifically, we define a multilevel similarity relationship between these inputs according to the statistical information of the shared atoms. In the following, we introduce the quadruplet concept to model the multilevel similarity structure, which could be used to construct a generalized triplet loss for training the C3D network. Furthermore, the C3D network could be utilized to generate the features for sparse coding again, and this pipeline could be iterated for several times. By jointly optimizing between the sparse coding and the unsupervised feature learning, we can obtain robust and rich feature representations. Based on the learned representations, the sparse reconstruction error is applied to predicting the anomaly score of each testing input. Experiments on several publicly available video surveillance datasets in comparison with a number of existing works demonstrate that the proposed algorithm performs favorably against the state-of-the-art methods.
Cation-promoted association of a regulatory and target protein is controlled by protein phosphorylation. (1994)

A central question in molecular biology concerns the means by which a regulatory protein recognizes different targets. IIIGlc, the glucose-specific phosphocarrier protein of the bacterial phosphotransferase system, is also the central regulatory element of the PTS. Binding of unphosphorylated IIIGlc inhibits several non-PTS proteins, but there is little or no sequence similarity between IIIGlc binding sites on different target proteins. The crystal structure of Escherichia coli IIIGlc bound to one of its regulatory targets, glycerol kinase, has been refined at 2.6-A resolution in the presence of products, adenosine diphosphate and glycerol 3-phosphate. Structural and kinetic analyses show that the complex of IIIGlc with glycerol kinase creates an intermolecular Zn(II) binding site with ligation identical to that of the zinc peptidase thermolysin. The zinc is coordinated by the two active-site histidines of IIIGlc, a glutamate of glycerol kinase, and a water molecule. Zn(II) at 0.01 and 0.1 mM decreases the Ki of IIIGlc for glycerol kinase by factors of about 15 and 60, respectively. The phosphorylation of one of the histidines of IIIGlc, in its alternative role as phosphocarrier, provides an elegant means of controlling the cation-enhanced protein-protein regulatory interaction. The need for the target protein to supply only one metal ligand may account for the lack of sequence similarity among the regulatory targets of IIIGlc.
Protein Flexibility is an Important Component of Structure-Based Drug Discovery (2002)

Receptor-based drug discovery can increase the novelty of a hit list over ligand-based models that are dependent on known inhibitors. It is important to explore new conformational and chemical space, but it is difficult to predict the plasticity of the binding site. Receptor-based methods are usually based on crystal structures of ligand-protein complexes, and hit lists can be restricted to the size and shape of the receptor model. Many improvements that accommodate protein flexibility in computer-aided drug design are being developed. These methods are reviewed with the focus being techniques that move beyond the rotation of side chains. The use of multiple protein structures is emerging as the best choice for including more realistic changes in protein conformation, but the optimal way to using these structures is still unclear.
Modeling and rendering of outdoor scenes for distributed virtual environments (1997)

We present an approach for modeling and real-time rendering of outdoor scenes, for use in virtual reality applications such as fright simulators and multi-user virtual environments. The models are based on a procedural representation using directed cyclic graphs. It allows to represent extremely complex scenes with little memory and modeling effort. Very large scale virtual environments are supported by a bandwidth-preserving networking approach that makes use of the compact representation and on-the-fly database amplification.
Real-World Considerations for Deep Learning in Spectrum Sensing (2018)

Recently, automatic modulation classification techniques using deep neural networks on raw IQ samples have been investigated and show promise when compared to more traditional likelihood-based or feature-based techniques. While likelihood-based and feature-based techniques are effective, making classification decisions directly on the raw IQ samples removes the need for expertly crafted transformations and feature extractions. In practice, RF environments are typically very dense, and a receiver must first detect and isolate each signal of interest before classification can be performed. The errors introduced by this detection and isolation process will affect the accuracy of deep neural networks making automatic modulation classification decisions directly on raw IQ samples. The importance of defining upper limits on estimation errors in a detector is highlighted, and the negative effects of over-estimating or under-estimating these limits is explored. Additionally, to date, most of the published research has focused on synthetically generated data. While large amounts of synthetically generated data is generally much easier to obtain than real-world signal data, it requires expert knowledge and accurate models of the real world, which may not always be realistic. The experiments conducted in this work show how augmented real-world signal captures can be successfully used for training neural networks used in automatic modulation classification on raw IQ samples. It is shown that the quality and duration of real world signal captures is extremely important when creating training datasets, and that signal captures made from a single transmitter with one receiver can be broadly applicable to other radios through dataset augmentation.
Power systems for current and future high performance computers (2014)

The design of high performance computers (also known as supercomputers), and increasing any new computer we think about, has a strong focus on system power delivery and regulation - from the wall plug to the contacts on the processor die. I will explain what we look for in a design, what past solutions we have used, and what ideas we are considering for our next systems.
Characterization by gas-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy of pertrimethylsilyl methyl glycosides obtained in the methanolysis of glycoproteins and glycopeptides (1975)

The quantitative analysis by gas chromatography of monosaccharides present in glycoproteins and glycopeptides using methanolysis, followed by re-N-acetylation and trimethylsilylation, gives rise to several peaks for each monosaccharide. The identity of these peaks for xylose, fucose, mannose, galactose, glucose, N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine and N-acetylneuraminic acid was established for alpha- and beta-methyl pyranosides and furanosides by combined g.l.c.-mass spectrometry and proton-magnetic-resonance spectroscopy. These data provide for the unambiguous interpretation of the gas chromatograms obtained in the application of this g.l.c. method, and supply basic information for the further application of mass spectrometry in this field.
Experimental and clinical methods in the development of anti‐Alzheimer drugs (1998)

Methodology used for the development of anti-Alzheimer's disease (AD) drugs raises specific problems which are rarely examined in the literature. While the general development scheme is similar to that required for most drugs, some specific aspects must be analyzed, highly dominated by the dual goal of pharmacology, i.e., to obtain both symptomatic and etiopathogenic drugs. During preclinical studies, aged or lesioned animals are mainly useful for symptomatic drugs, whereas transgenic models or neurodegeneration-induced techniques would probably lead to etiopathogenic drugs potentially slowing down the process of AD. The first administrations of a new compound to human beings raise the question of the activity measurement techniques. Psychometry remains the most informative procedure to detect and analyze the activity of the drugs on the different components of cognition. Electrophysiology and neuroimaging need some complementary studies before they can be proposed as surrogate criteria in phase III trials. At this stage of development, American and the recently published European guidelines are of great help while insisting on long-term (6 months) placebo controlled trials with the use of the triple efficacy criterion: an objective cognition scale, a global assessment, and the opinion of the caregiver. In the long term, pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacoeconomy will have to confirm the rationale of this recent progress in the methodology of anti-AD drug development.
A novel distributed intrusion detection model based on mobile agent (2004)

Distributed intrusion detection is one of the most promising information security techniques. It is used to detect various attacks from distributed network environment. But attack behaviors are becoming more complicated with the development of network techniques so that it is becoming more difficult to detect them. In order to overcome the shortcomings of current intrusion detection techniques, a novel hierarchical model of multi-level detection intrusion is proposed. The model utilizes the intelligent, mobile and self-adaptive characteristics of agent and its distributed collaborative calculation capability. So it can detect complicated attacks effectively. The adoption of the clone and migration mechanism of agent and the security communication protocol enhances the security and collaborative detection capability of the model. communication load is reduced effectively and intrusions can be detected and responded as quickly as possible. The model can evolve and adjust itself dynamically to adapt to the external environmental change. The model is robust and scalable.
HLA‐A*0201‐restricted Cytotoxic T‐cell Epitopes in Three PE/PPE Family Proteins of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2008)

CD8+ T cells are thought to play an important role in protective immunity against tuberculosis. We report the identification of three peptides derived from Rv1818c, Rv3812 and Rv3018c proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis that bound to HLA-A*0201 molecules and their ability to induce in vitro T-cell response in peripheral blood lymphocytes from HLA-A*0201-positive healthy individuals (PPD+) and patients with TB. The peptide-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) generated were capable of recognizing peptide pulsed targets. Three 9-mer peptides bound with high affinity to HLA-A*0201 and displayed low dissociation rates of the bound peptide from HLA. Epitope-specific recognition was demonstrated by the release of perforin and gamma-interferon. Overall, our results demonstrate the presence of HLA class I-restricted CD8+ CTL against proteins from PE and PPE proteins of M. tuberculosis and identify epitopes that are strongly recognized by HLA-A*0201-restricted CD8+ T cells in humans. These epitopes thus represent potential subunit components for the design of vaccines against tuberculosis.
Validating structural properties of nested objects (2004)

Frameworks are widely used to facilitate software reuse and accelerate development time. However, there are currently no systematic mechanisms to enforce the explicit and implicit rules of these frameworks. This paper focuses on a class of framework rules that place restrictions on the properties of data structures in framework applications. We present a mechanism to enforce these rules by the use of a generic "bad store template" which can be customized for different rule instances. We demonstrate the use of this template to validate specific bad store rules within J2EE framework applications. Violations of these rules cause subtle defects which manifest themselves at runtime as data loss, data corruption, or race conditions. Our algorithm to detect "bad stores" is implemented in the Smart Analysis-Based Error Reduction (SABER) validation tool, where we pay special attention to facilitating problem understanding and remediation, by providing detailed problem explanations. We present experimental results on four commercially deployed e-commerce applications that show over 200 "bad stores".
Benzenesulphenanilidyl radicals. Part 3. Reactions of 4′-substituted benzenesulphenanilides with t-butoxyl radicals (1985)

Decomposition products of the 4′-substituted benzenesulphenanilidyl radicals (2a, b, d, and e), generated from the corresponding benzenesulphenanilides (1) with t-butoxyl radicals, have been investigated in benzene, acetonitrile, and acetone. Results indicate that the decomposition modes exhibited by these radicals are not essentially influenced by variation of the solvent polarity; comparison of the findings with present and previous results from the oxidation of (1) with lead dioxide show that the chemical reactivity trend displaced by the thioaminyls (2) can be greatly influenced both by the reaction medium and the 4′-substituent. Evidence is presented that the benzenesulphenanilides (1b) and (1e) react in acetone in the presence of di-t-butyl hyponitrite to give products ascribable to homolytic substitution at the sulphenanilide sulphur by acetonyl radicals.
Perturbative Quantum Error Correction (2011)

We derive simple necessary and sufficient conditions under which a quantum channel obtained from an arbitrary perturbation from the identity can be reversed on a given code to the lowest order in fidelity. We find the usual Knill-Laflamme conditions applied to a certain operator subspace which, for a generic perturbation, is generated by the Lindblad operators. For a weak interaction with an environment, the error space to be corrected is a subspace of that spanned by the interaction operators, selected by the environment's initial state.
Data Storage at the Nanoscale (2015)

In the big data era, data storage is one of the cores in the whole information chain, which includes production, transfer, sharing, and finally processing. Over the years, the growth of data volume has been explosive. Today, various storage services need memories with higher density and capacity. Moreover, information storage in the big data applic
Spectral transitions of nitrosyl hemes during ligand binding to hemoglobin. (1979)

Human deoxyhemoglobin has been titrated with nitric oxide at several pH values ranging from 6.0 to 9.0, in the presence and absence of the allosteric effector inositol hexaphosphate at 25 degrees C. Samples were frozen for EPR measurements or analyzed optically within 30 s after mixing to ensure a kinetic population of intermediates. Fractions of pentacoordinate alpha-NO heme groups were determined by fitting EPR and absorbance difference spectra in terms of linear combinations of standard signals. Equivalent results were obtained by these techniques. The fraction of alpha-NO heme exhibiting pentacoordinate character in Hb4NO increases from 0.07 to 0.73 in going from pH 9 to 6. The fraction of alpha hemes which are pentacoordinate in fully saturated nitrosyl hemoglobin, Hb4(NO), increases from 0.0 to 0.41 over the same pH range. Only in the presence of bound inositol-P6 are all 4 the alpha-NO hemes pentacoordinate. Thus, the expression of modified NO heme character is not simply a reflection of the formation of low affinity quaternary conformations. Rather, within this conformation the alpha chain iron atoms exhibit an equilibrium between hexa- and pentacoordinate structures which is perturbed markedly by both proton and phosphate binding. No intermediate coordination structure of the type suggested by Chevion et al. (Chevion, M., Stern, A., Peisach, J., Blumberg, W.E., and Simon, S. (1978) Biochemistry 17, 1745-1750) appears to occur since the observed alpha-NO heme spectra can always by represented quantitatively as a linear combination of the normal hexacoordinate and pentacoordinate signals. The formation of pentacoordinate alpha-NO causes this subunit to exhibit a higher affinity for nitric oxide. Thus on standing at low levels of saturation, there is a slow (t1/2 approximately equal to 8 min at pH 7, 25 degrees C) re-equilibration of ligand from beta to alpha subunits. The final ratio of alpha-NO to beta-NO is 2 to 1 in the absence of phosphates and greater than 10 to 1 in the presence of inositol hexaphosphate.
High efficiency interdigitated back contact silicon solar cells (1987)

Interdigitated back contact (IBC) silicon solar cells with 25.6% efficiency at 10 W/cm/sup 2/ and 24.4% at 30 W/cm/sup 2/ were fabricated. The authors report on the technological process, which produces a high effective carrier lifetime in the bulk (780 mu s), and on the characterization of the cells. The front side of these cells is textured and has a very efficient polka-dot floating tandem junction. IBC and point-contact (PC) cells are fabricated on the same substrate and their efficiencies are compared. The possibility of reaching 29% efficiency at 300X is shown.
Coordinate hypermethylation at specific genes in prostate carcinoma precedes LINE-1 hypomethylation (2004)

In prostate carcinoma (PCa) increased DNA methylation ('hypermethylation') occurs at specific genes such as GSTP1. Nevertheless, overall methylation can be decreased ('hypomethylation') because methylation of repetitive sequences like LINE-1 retrotransposons is diminished. We analysed DNA from 113 PCa and 36 noncancerous prostate tissues for LINE-1 hypomethylation by a sensitive Southern technique and for hypermethylation at eight loci by methylation-specific PCR. Hypermethylation frequencies for GSTP1, RARB2, RASSF1A, and APC in carcinoma tissues were each >70%, strongly correlating with each other (P<10(-6)). Hypermethylation at each locus was significantly different between tumour and normal tissues (10(-11)<P<10(3)), although hypermethylation, particularly of RASSF1A, was also observed in noncarcinoma tissues. ASC1 hypermethylation was observed in a subgroup of PCa with concurrent hypermethylation. Hypermethylation of CDH1, CDKN2A, and SFRP1 was rare. LINE-1 hypomethylation was detected in 49% PCa, all with hypermethylation at several loci. It correlated significantly with tumour stage, while hypermethylation was neither related to tumour stage nor Gleason score. Coordinate hypermethylation of several genes may occur early in PCa, with additional hypermethylation events and LINE-1 hypomethylation associated with progression. Hypermethylation allows detection of >82% of PCas. PCa may fall into three classes, that is, with few DNA methylation changes, with frequent hypermethylation, or with additional LINE-1 hypomethylation.
ChemInform Abstract: Dyes in Photoinitiator Systems (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.