gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On-Line Oil Consumption Measurement and Characterization of an Automotive Gasoline Engine by SO2 Method (1992)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An on-line oil consumption measurement system using the SO<sub>2</sub> tracer method has characterized automotive gasoline engine oil consumption under various engine operating conditions, including a 200-hour durability test. An oil consumption map of total engine, individual cylinder, and valve train was produced for various speed and load ranges under both steady-state and step-transient operating conditions. The effect of spark timing as an additional engine parameter on the oil consumption was also investigated.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Oil consumption maps have enlightened the conventional understanding of oil consumption characteristics and broadened the areas of concern for control technologies. This paper reports the benefit of the on-line oil consumption measurement system, the result of oil consumption history over the durability test, discrete measurement of oil consumption contribution within the engine, and various oil consumption characteristics affected by engine operating conditions.</div>
Metabolomics Applied to Diabetes Research (2009)

Type 2 diabetes is caused by a complex set of interactions between genetic and environmental factors. Recent work has shown that human type 2 diabetes is a constellation of disorders associated with polymorphisms in a wide array of genes, with each individual gene accounting for <1% of disease risk (1). Moreover, type 2 diabetes involves dysfunction of multiple organ systems, including impaired insulin action in muscle and adipose, defective control of hepatic glucose production, and insulin deficiency caused by loss of β-cell mass and function (2). This complexity presents challenges for a full understanding of the molecular pathways that contribute to the development of this major disease. Progress in this area may be aided by the recent advent of technologies for comprehensive metabolic analysis, sometimes termed “metabolomics.” Herein, we summarize key metabolomics methodologies, including nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mass spectrometry (MS)-based metabolic profiling technologies, and discuss “nontargeted” versus “targeted” approaches. Examples of the application of these tools to diabetes and metabolic disease research at the cellular, animal model, and human disease levels are summarized, with a particular focus on insights gained from the more quantitative targeted methodologies. We also provide early examples of integrated analysis of genomic, transcriptomic, and metabolomic datasets for gaining knowledge about metabolic regulatory networks and diabetes mechanisms and conclude by discussing prospects for future insights.

In principal, metabolomics can provide certain advantages relative to other “omics” technologies (genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics) in diabetes research: 1 ) Estimates vary, but one current source, the Human Metabolome Database (HMDB)-Canada (3), currently lists ∼6,500 discrete small molecule metabolites, significantly less than the estimate of 25,000 genes, 100,000 transcripts, and 1,000,000 proteins. 2 ) Metabolomics measures chemical phenotypes that are the net result of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic variability, therefore providing the most integrated profile of biological status. 3 ) Metabolomics is in …
The Natural History of Human Papillomavirus Type 16 Capsid Antibodies among a Cohort of University Women (1996)

To study the temporal relationship between serum antibody response and human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV-16) infection, a cohort of 325 university women were scheduled for examinations at 4-month intervals. At every examination, interviews were completed, cells were obtained for polymerase chain reaction-based testing and for Pap screening, and serum was obtained for testing with a HPV-16 capsid-capture ELISA. Seroreactivity was associated with detection of HPV-16 DNA and with increased numbers of sex partners. The median time to seroconversion was 8.3 months among women with incident HPV-16 infections. Within 16 months following HPV-16 DNA detection, 93.7% of women with prevalent and 67.1% of women with incident infections seroconverted. After seroconversion, antibody responses were maintained during follow-up among HPV-16 DNA-positive women. Women who seroconverted were 5.7 times (95% confidence interval = 2.4-13.4) more likely to have squamous intraepithelial lesions associated with the detection of HPV-16 DNA than were women who did not seroconvert.
Novel all-reflective Fourier transform imaging spectrometer based on Fresnel double-mirror (2007)

In order to develop new technology during the spaceborne remote sensing mission, we introduce a novel all-reflective Fourier Transform Imaging Spectrometer(FTIS) based on Fresenel Double Mirror (FDM). Using all reflective parts, the system can work in visible and infrared waveband. Besides, the novel optical configuration which is involved can lead to the characters of the high spatial, spectral resolution and large field of view. The basic performance of the system was analyzed based on the test results.
Increased longevity in older users of postmenopausal estrogen therapy: the Leisure World Cohort Study (2006)

Long-term ET is associated with lower all-cause mortality in older women.
Apoptotic responsiveness of PC-3 prostate cancer cells to tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand: evidence for differential effects of Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 down-regulation. (2004)

Tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is cytotoxic to the majority of cancer cells while sparing most normal cells. However, different prostate carcinoma cell lines respond with different sensitivities to TRAIL, urging us to disclose the mechanisms that determine TRAIL sensitivity in prostate cancer cells, i.e. to identify and validate target molecules. In this report, we show that down-regulation ('knockdown') of Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2, markedly amplifies TRAIL-induced apoptosis in PC-3 prostate carcinoma cells. The knockdown was accomplished by second-generation chimeric antisense oligonucleotides: Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL levels were strongly and reproducibly reduced, as revealed by real-time RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Knockdown of Bcl-xL and administration of TRAIL significantly synergized in dissipation of mitochondrial membrane potential, release of cytochrome c, activation of caspase-9 and -3 and, consequently, apoptotic cell death. Knockdown of Bcl-2 did not affect any of these activities. We conclude that that Bcl-xL represents a promising target to improve cancer therapy by potentiating TRAIL's cytotoxic effects.
Serological markers to measure recent changes in malaria at population level in Cambodia (2016)

For Plasmodium falciparum, antibodies against LSA3.RE, GLURP and Pf.GLURP.R2 are most likely to be a reflexion of recent (range from 6 to 8 months) exposure in the Mekong Subregion. PvEBP is the only Plasmodium vivax Ag responding reasonably well, in spite of an estimated Ab half-life of more than 1 year. The use of Ab intensity data rather dichotomizing the continuous Ab-titre data (positive vs negative) will lead to an improved approach for serological surveillance.
2D Barcode Image Decoding (2013)

Barcode technology is one of the most important parts of Automatic Identification and Data Capture (AIDC). Quick Response code (QR code) is one of the most popular types of two-dimensional barcodes. How to decode various QR code images efficiently and accurately is a challenge. In this paper, we revise the traditional decoding procedure by proposing a serial of carefully designed preprocessing methods. The decoding procedure consists of image binarization, QR code extraction, perspective transformation and resampling, and error correction. By these steps, we can recognize different types of QR code images. The experiment results show that our method has better accuracy than Google open-source 1D/2D barcode image processing library Zxing-2.1. Moreover, we evaluate the execution time for different-size images. Our method can decode these images in real time.
Phenotypic differences between dermal fibroblasts from different body sites determine their responses to tension and TGFβ1 (2002)

The presence of myofibroblasts and the apoptosis level can be regulated by both TGFbeta1 and by the extracellular matrix. However, reduction of tension in the matrix is the critical determinant. This predicts that the tension in the wound bed determines the type of scar at different body sites.
Electrical power distribution system (HV270DC), for application in more electric aircraft (2010)

In the new designs of military aircraft and unmanned aircraft there is a clear trend towards increasing demand of electrical power. This fact is mainly due to the replacement of mechanical, pneumatic and hydraulic equipments by partially or completely electrical systems. Generally, use of electrical power onboard is continuously increasing within the areas of communications, surveillance and general systems, such as: radar, cooling, landing gear or actuators systems. To cope with this growing demand for electric power, new levels of voltage (270 V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DC</inf> ), architectures and power electronics devices are being applied to the onboard electrical power distribution systems. The purpose of this paper is to present and describe the technological project HV270DC. In this project, one Electrical Power Distribution System (EPDS), applicable to the more electric aircrafts, has been developed. This system has been integrated by EADS in order to study the benefits and possible problems or risks that affect this kind of power distribution systems, in comparison with conventional distribution systems.
Tumour formation and insulin secretion by clonal RINm5F cells following repeated subcutaneous transplantation in NEDH rats (1988)

The effects of repeated s.c. transplantation of clonal insulin-secreting RINm5F cells in NEDH rats on tumour morphology, insulin-glucose homeostasis and the function of RINm5F cells re-established in culture were examined after maintenance in vivo for periods of up to 308 days. Transplantation of RINm5F cells for ten consecutive passages consistently produced a single encapsulated vascularized tumour associated with the development in recipient rats of hyperinsulinaemia, hypoglycaemia and eventual neuroglycopenic coma. At the tenth passage, tumour-bearing rats exhibited a markedly enhanced rate of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake by 19 days, with evidence of a large and variable insulin response to i.p. glucose. Survival was 22 +/- 2 days, and resected RINm5F cell tumours exhibited weak immunostaining for insulin in scattered cells, with strands of fibrous tissue separating clusters of tumour cells many of which had distinct polarity. There was no detectable immunostaining for glucagon, somatostatin or pancreatic polypeptide. The insulin content and insulin secretory output of RINm5F cells re-established in culture after 20, 146, 259 or 308 days propagation in vivo were generally enhanced compared with non-passaged RINm5F cells. The magnitude of the effect was not appreciably affected by the duration of maintenance in vivo, but it was critically dependent upon the subsequent period of culture in vitro. Thus, whereas 2-day cultured RINm5F cells from the eighth tumour passage exhibited a greater than 100-fold increment of insulin content and release, with enhanced secretory responsiveness to leucine, arginine, theophylline, K+ (25 mmol/l) or Ca2+ (7.6 mmol/l), RINm5F cells cultured for a further 19 days had almost completely lost the attributes resulting from 259 days of maintenance in vivo. The results indicate substantial enhancement of the functional capabilities of RINm5F cells in vivo, and suggest that the resulting tumours afford a novel model in NEDH rats of responsive trabecular-type insulinomas.
Size selection of colloidal gold aggregates by filtration: effect on surface-enhanced Raman scattering intensities (1999)

The effect of colloidal Au particle aggregation on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra was probed by SERS filtration experiments. In this approach, SERS and optical spectra were recorded for trans-1,2-bis(4-pyridyl)ethylene (BPE)-aggregated solutions of colloidal Au filtered through straight-channel membranes with successively smaller diameters. This allowed the overall SERS intensity to be factored into aggregate size-dependent contributions. Experiments were carried out as a function of adsorbate concentration (0.5–2.5 µM BPE) and initial particle size (12–50 nm diameter colloidal Au). The key findings are as follows: (i) under conditions of minimal aggregation, appreciable SERS intensity derives from aggregates with effective diameters less than 200 nm; (ii) the amount of aggregant clearly controls the average aggregate size; and (iii) similarly aggregated solutions based on different diameter colloidal Au particles give different distributions of aggregates. These studies provide an insight into the dynamics of colloidal Au aggregation, suggest a procedure for signal optimization in colloid SERS experiments, and set the stage for controlled surface confinement of SERS-active particle clusters. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Involvement of JC Virus–Infected Mononuclear Cells from the Bone Marrow and Spleen in the Pathogenesis of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy (1988)

Medical Intelligence from The New England Journal of Medicine — Involvement of JC Virus–Infected Mononuclear Cells from the Bone Marrow and Spleen in the Pathogenesis of Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy
The Mechanism of Aconitase Action (1972)

A magnetic resonance study of the paramagnetic contribution to the longitudinal (l/Tl) and the transverse (l/Tz) relaxation rates of the carbon-bound protons of citrate and trans-aconitate has been made utilizing Mn(II), Fe(II), and aconitase.The width of the methylene resonances in the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum of citrate (an AB pattern) increases linearly with Mn(IJ) concentration from 0 to 200 pM due to a paramagnetic effect on l/T:! of these protons.Aconitase enhances the effect of Mn(I1) on the l/T1 and l/Ta relaxation rates of the methylene protons of citrate and enhances the effect of Fe(H) on both relaxation rates of the -CH2-and -CHD-protons of pro-R monodeuterocitrate.From the Solomon-Bloembergen equation for 1 /T1, the Mn(I1) to proton distance in the aconitase-manganese-citrate ternary complex is 4.3 f 0.5 A, and the Fe(I1) to proton distances in the aconitase-iron-monodeuterocitrate ternary complex are 3.8 f 0.2 A (-CH2-) and 3.1 f 0.2 A (-CHD-).The absolute and relative values of these distances are in good agreement with crystallographic distances in the binary Mn(II)-citrate chelate complex.Hypetine coupling of the unpaired electrons of enzymebound Fe(I1) with the protons of citrate is detected.The data are, therefore, consistent with direct coordination of the substrate, citrate, by the metal ion on aconitase.In contrast with citrate, the NMR spectrum of the inhibitor trans-aconitate shows a nonlinear dependence of the width of the coupled methylene and methine resonances on the concentration of Mn(I1) below 30 PM due to chemical exchange spin decoupling (FRANKEL, L. S. (1969) J. Mot.Specfrosc.29, 273).Above 30 PM Mn(II), the resonance widths increase linearly with Mn(II) due to a simple paramagnetic effect on 1 /Tz.A ternary aconitase-manganesetrans-aconitate bridge complex is detected since aconitase enhances the effect of Mn(I1) on the l/T2 relaxation rate of
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF THIO‐ AND SELENOCARBONIC ACIDS PART 3, N‐ALKYLDISELENOCARBAMIC ACIDS AND DERIVED COMPOUNDS (1974)

Abstract Selenkohlenstoff (I) reagiert mit primären Aminen (II) zu den Selenocarbamaten (III) wenn Reine primäre oder sekundäre Alkylgruppe ist.
<i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovars Gallinarum and Pullorum Expressing <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhimurium Type 1 Fimbriae Exhibit Increased Invasiveness for Mammalian Cells (2000)

Salmonella enterica serovars Gallinarum and Pullorum are S. enterica biotypes that exhibit host specificity for poultry and aquatic birds and are not normally capable of causing disease in mammalian hosts. During their evolution toward host restriction serovars Gallinarum and Pullorum lost their ability to mediate mannose-sensitive hemagglutination (MSHA), a phenotype correlated with adherence to certain cell types. Because adherence is an essential requirement for invasion of cells by bacterial pathogens, we examined whether MHSA type 1 fimbriae would increase the ability of serovars Pullorum and Gallinarum to invade normally restrictive cells. Serovars Gallinarum and Pullorum expressing S. enterica serovar Typhimurium strain LT2 type 1 fimbriae exhibited a 10- to 20-fold increased ability to adhere to and a 20- to 60-fold increased invasion efficiency of the human epithelial HEp-2 cell line. Invasion was accompanied by extensive ruffling of the membranes of the HEp-2 cells. In a murine ligated ileal loop model, a 32% increase in the number of M-cell ruffles was seen when serovar Gallinarum expressed serovar Typhimurium type 1 fimbriae.
Utilizing a GnRH-based chimeric protein for the detection of adenocarcinoma (2005)

Since early diagnosis of many types of cancer greatly improves the chances for successful treatment, high-quality methods for cancer detection are necessary. Our laboratory develops chimeric proteins for targeted therapy, such as gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)-based chimeric proteins for the targeted therapy of adenocarcinomas in humans. For chimeric proteins to cause specific cell death, they must first recognize specific receptors/binding sites expressed on the surface of target cells. Thus, we examined whether we could exploit these binding sites not only as targets for the killing of specific cells but also as a diagnostic marker for identifying adenocarcinomas, using the same chimeric proteins. In this report, we show that one such GnRH-based chimeric protein, GnRH-Caspase3, can indeed serve as a diagnostic tool. GnRH-Caspase3 was able to specifically bind adenocarcinoma cells, as measured by FACS analysis and demonstrated with the aid of confocal microscopy and specific antibodies. Moreover, we found a correlation between cell sensitivity to treatment and the binding level of the chimeric protein to the cells. Hence, we suggest that in addition to their therapeutic potential, GnRH-based chimeric proteins can be used as a diagnostic tool for the detection of adenocarcinomas.
Spatially polarizing autocloned elements (2007)

A space-variant polarization converting element is introduced that utilizes an autocloning effect to produce high aspect ratio from birefringent gratings. This method utilizes a multilayer deposition process on a template to convert a linearly polarized incident beam to an azimuthally polarized output at a wavelength of 1.55 microm with more than 90% efficiency.
Controllable Synthesis of Graphene and Its Applications (2010)

Graphene, a two-dimensional material, is regarded as one of the most promising candidates for future nanoelectronics due to its atomic thickness, excellent properties and widespread applications. As the first step to investigate its properties and finally to realize the practical applications, graphene must be synthesized in a controllable manner. Thus, controllable synthesis is of great significance, and received more and more attention recently. This Progress Report highlights recent advances in controllable synthesis of graphene, clarifies the problems, and prospects the future development in this field. The applications of the controllable synthesis are also discussed.
A Radioimmunoassay for Human Prolactin (1971)

A radioimmunoassay for primate prolactin has been developed, with [(131)I] monkey prolactin, and antibodies to monkey or human prolactin. The assay is specific for prolactin; human growth hormone, and human and monkey placental lactogen show no significant crossreaction. The assay is sensitive enough to measure prolactin concentrations in the sera of most humans studied. The concentration of prolactin in the serum of normal children and adults of either sex was usually below 30 ng/ml, while very high concentrations (up to 500 ng/ml) were observed in newborn infants. The serum prolactin concentration during the menstrual cycle showed no definite increase in the luteal phase. Of 24 patients with galactorrhea, 20 had prolactin concentrations above 30 ng/ml; the highest value observed was 1500 ng/ml. In contrast, 12 of 13 patients with acromegaly had concentrations within the normal range. During pregnancy, the concentration of prolactin in serum rose progressively from an average of 30 ng/ml in the first trimester to 200 ng/ml at term. Postpartum, prolactin concentrations fell to normal levels after 1-2 weeks. Suckling was a potent stimulus to prolactin release, increasing its concentration in serum some 10- to 20-fold.
Low Bit Rate Differential PCM for Monochrome Television Signals (1973)

This paper contains an examination of the performance of low bit rate differential PCM systems when used to encode monochrome National Television System Commission (NTSC) television pictures. 12 different encoders with various sampling rates and numbers of quantizing levels operating at bit rates from 9 to 24 Mb were considered. The differential PCM systems were implemented by using an 8-b PCM A/D converter followed by digital logic that performed the differential operation in a simple previous sample feedback loop. The subjective performance of these encoders was determined using an anchored seven-point quality rating scale and equipreference contours were plotted in a plane whose axes are sampling rate and quantizing bits. Entropy measurements were made on the output of the differential PCM encoders. These entropy measures were compared with the subjective performance of encoding systems operating at the same transmission rate. The encoding systems studied produced television pictures of medium quality in which quantizing noise and bandwidth limitations were apparent.
Infrared diodes fabricated with HgCdTe grown by molecular beam epitaxy on GaAs substrates (1989)

Infrared photodiodes fabricated with HgCdTe epilayers grown on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) are reported here for the first time. Growth was carried out on the (211)B orientation of GaAs, and the as-grown epilayer (x=0.24) was p type. The n-p junction was formed by Be ion implantation, the resistance-area product (R0 A) at zero bias was 1.4×103 Ω cm2 , the wavelength cutoff was 8.0 μm, and the quantum efficiency was 22%; all were measured at 77 K. We show that in the diffusion regime diodes fabricated with MBE HgCdTe/GaAs have comparable R0 A product values to those made with HgCdTe grown by bulk techniques. This result discloses new possibilities for advanced monolithic HgCdTe devices based on GaAs integrated circuit technology.
Immunosuppressive Activity of Concanavalin A (1969)

Two strains of mice (C-57 B] and DBA) were given skin allografts from Swiss ICR/HA mice and were treated with varying doses of concanavalin A; the dosage ranged from only two injections of 25 micrograms during the experiment to daily doses of 1000 micrograms intraperitoneally. Immullosuppression was present at all dosages, the most prolonged and consistent effect being observed at 300 micrograms per day. Grafts survived for 14 to 21 days at this dosage compared to 4 to 9 days for controls.