gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A four-layer depth of interaction detector block for small animal PET (2003)

We are now planning to develop a positron emission tomograph dedicated to small animals such as rats and mice which meets the demand for higher sensitivity. We propose a new depth of interaction (DOI) detector arrangement to obtain DOI information by using a four-layer detector with all the same crystal elements. In this DOI detector, we control the behavior of scintillation photons by inserting the reflectors between crystal elements so that the DOI information of four layers can be extracted from one two-dimensional (2D) position histogram made by Anger-type calculation. As a preliminary experiment, we measured crystal identification performance of the DOI detector which consists of four layers of a 16 /spl times/ 16 crystal array using Gd/sub 2/SiO/sub 5/ crystals with Ce concentration of 0.5 mol %. Each crystal is 1.42 mm /spl times/ 1.42 mm /spl times/ 4.5 mm. A crystal block is optically coupled to a 256-channel flat panel position sensitive photomultiplier tube whose opening area is 52.0 mm /spl times/ 52.0 mm. We obtained sufficient positioning performance for this four-layer DOI detector on the 2D position histogram. We concluded it would be a promising device to realize a small animal positron emission tomography scanner with high sensitivity and high resolution.
Premature Coronary Artery Disease and Familial Hypercholesterolemia: Need for Early Diagnosis and Cascade Screening in the Indian Population (2011)

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in India, accounting for 28% of mortality. The average age of onset of CVD is younger (below 55 years) among Indians than in other populations. This may be due to bad lifestyle, genetic factors, or both. Hypertension, smoking, diabetes, and physical inactivity have been identified as modifiable risk factors for heart disease. Hypercholesterolemia is the most common and treatable cause of heart disease. Genetic factors that lead to hypercholesterolemia have not been fully studied in India. Familial Hypercholesterolemia results from mutations in the LDL receptor, ApoB, PCSK9, and ApoE genes. There is an urgent need to screen subjects with premature CAD and their relatives in India for the presence of FH, identify the mutations that lead to high cholesterol, and carry out cascade screening in the at-risk relatives. Those harbouring mutations in the above genes can be treated to lower the cholesterol levels, prevent early CVD, and avoid death. A programme based on these lines has been initiated in Delhi.
Topography, Crystallinity and Wettability of Photoablated PET Surfaces (1999)

Surface topography, crystallinity, and wettability of photoablated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) resulting from various ablation conditions have been characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), microconfocal Raman spectroscopy, and wettability measurements. Two ablation modes have been considered here: (i) static ablation, where the samples are immobilized in front of the pulsed laser beam and (ii) dynamic ablation, where the samples are moved in order to write three-dimensional structures in the polymer. Laser fluence, repetition rate, and speed of the substrate motion during the ablation process have been varied. The laser fluence has been observed to strongly affect the resulting surface roughness, which increased to a maximum value at fluences between 70 and 600 mJ·cm-2. For all fluences in the range of 1000−3000 mJ·cm-2, the roughness was found to be similar. No remarkable effects could be attributed to the pulse frequency of the 23 ns laser pulses. Raman spectroscopy studies demonstrated that the polymer surface exhibits a high degree of crystallinity when ablated in the static mode. Raman imaging of the surface indicated that these conditions also led to a more homogeneous surface state than when the polymer is ablated in the dynamic mode. Experiments measuring channel filling velocities by capillary action showed that the surfaces of structures fabricated in static photoablation mode were much more hydrophobic than those fabricated under dynamic photoablation.
Combinations of Antifungal and Antineoplastic Drugs with Interactive Effects on Inhibition of Yeast Growth (1990)

Interactive effects among antifungal and antineoplastic drugs contributed to toxicities when combinations of these drugs were used to inhibit the growth of five Candida spp. Drug interactions were measured by growth inhibition in both liquid and solid media, by viable cell counts and by examination using scanning electron microscopy. Large cooperative effects on toxicity were demonstrated between some antineoplastic and antifungal drugs. For example, positive cooperativity was seen between the antineoplastic drug 5-fluorouracil and combinations of the antifungal agents amphotericin B and miconazole nitrate. Smaller, and often negative, interactions occurred between the antineoplastic drug cyclophosphamide and antifungal drugs. The levels of drugs required for inhibition in combination drug treatments were critically dependent upon the ratios as well as the absolute concentrations of the drugs tested. Drug combinations were selected which inhibit yeast growth at concentrations far below the individual MIC of the drugs. These combinations may prove of value in clinical treatments of cancer patients infected by Candida.
A New LCD with an Input Function Using Conventional Electrodes for Both Display and Input (1987)

The research and development of the information terminals and systems which enable an operator to input data viewing characters and graphs-shown on the display have been increasing. Moreover, as the necessity of inputting graphic or hand written data increases, several types of data tablets become used in these systems widely.[l][2] It is an important problem how easily an operator can have an interactive conversation with these systems. However, conventional data tablets are inconvenient for the operator because they are set apart from a display monitor.
Robust Determination of the Pore Space Morphology in Sedimentary Rocks (2003)

Abstract We present a new robust approach to study the morphology (shapes and connectivity) of the pore space of a sedimentary rock. Our approach is based on the long-established, fundamental concepts of mathematical morphology. In particular, we propose an efficient and stable algorithm which distinguishes between the "pore bodies" and "pore throats," and establishes their respective volumes and connectivity. Our algorithm is extensively tested on the 3D digital images of computer-generated and natural sandstones. The algorithm tests on a pack of equal spheres, for which exact results can be verified visually, confirm its stability. Computer-generated pore space images are used to investigate the impact of image resolution on the algorithm output. Presently, the proposed algorithm produces a stick-and-ball diagram of the rock pore space. One of distinctive features of our approach is that no image thinning is applied. Instead, the information about the skeleton is stored through the maximal balls associated with each voxel. These maximal balls retain information about the entire pore space. Comparison with the results obtained by a thinning procedure preserving some topological properties of the pore space shows that our method produces more realistic estimates of the number and shapes of pore bodies and pore throats, and the pore coordination numbers. Based on the information about the maximal ball distribution, we simulate mercury injection and compute a dimensionless drainage capillary pressure curve. We demonstrate that the calculated capillary pressure curve is a robust descriptor of the pore space geometry and, in particular, can be used to determine the quality of computer-based rock reconstruction.
Solid state optical thermal imagers (2007)

The Thermal Light Valve™ (TLV) is a diffractive thin film spatial light modulator that provides high response to long-wavelength infrared radiation. In this paper we describe the rationale for optical-readout thermal imaging arrays, and some of the challenges faced by past devices. We then describe the TLV device, its solid state structure, readout system configuration, and performance parameters. We show how the TLV overcomes key performance issues faced by previous optical-readout arrays to achieve a modeled system performance of 16mK NETD. In addition we describe the TLV's advantages from the point of view of manufacturing tolerances and wide ambient temperature operating ranges resulting in a TLV chip yield in excess of 95% - a critical cost advantage of RedShift Systems' OpTIC™ optical thermal imaging cores.
Synthesis of New Naturally Occurring 4-Phenyl-2<i>H</i>-1-benzopyran-2-ones (1988)

Abstract 5,7-Dimethoxy-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one and 5,7-dimethoxy-4-(4-methoxyphenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, two new neoflavonoids occurring in Courtarea hexandra have been synthesized via Pechmann condensation. Attempts made to synthesize another 4-arylcoumarin, 5-hydroxy-7-methoxy-4-(2,5-dihydroxyphenyl)-2H-1-benzopyran-2-one, constituent of the same plant, led to the formation of the hitherto unknown 2-ethoxy-6-hydroxy-4H-1-benzopyran-4-one.
Biological treatment of distillery waste for pollution‐remediation (1995)

The biological treatment of spent wash from molasses distilleries was investigated. Analysis of raw spent wash showed it to be a recalcitrant waste, with a high COD of 85,170 mg/l and containing inhibitory phenolic compounds. Reverse phase thin layer chromatography identified gallic and vanillic acid present in spent wash. The fungi Geotrichum candidum, Coriolus versicolor, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Mycelia sterilia were screened for their ability to decolourize spent wash and to reduce the COD level. A 10 day pretreatment with Geotrichum candidum at 30 degrees C resulted in reducing the COD by 53.17% and total phenols by 47.82%, enabling other bioremediating organisms to grow. Coriolus versicolor immobilized in a packed-bed reactor reduced the COD of spent wash by a further 50.3%, giving an overall reduction in COD of 77% to 15,780 mg/l. A small amount of decolourization was achieved (4.2%), although the spent wash was still coloured. Present studies are encouraging and indicate that it is possible to bioremediate spent wash using a multi-stage treatment process involving an initial pretreatment step with Geotrichum candidum.
Cyclodextrin as a Drug Carrier Increasing Drug Solubility (2017)

The development of a new drug requires research and evaluation before the drug is approved to enter the market. One of the factors determining the efficacy of a drug is the aqueous solubility of the drug. A current problem in today’s pharmaceutical industry is the low aqueous solubility of many useful drugs. A drug with a low aqueous solubility will not readily be absorbed by the body. The low aqueous solubility of a drug is often due to the drug’s hydrophobic character. Drug enhancement methods are necessary to avoid the obstacle of drug insolubility and many methods have been developed. This paper focuses on the use of cyclodextrins and their derivatives as a drug carrier to increase the solubility of poorly soluble drugs. Cyclodextrins have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic character and are capable of encapsulating a hydrophobic drug molecule and forming guest-host complexes. The cyclodextrin’s cylindrical shape allows the guest molecule, the drug, to be kept within the hydrophobic interior while the exterior of the cyclodextrin is hydrophilic and soluble in aqueous solution. This complex improves the drug solubility and ultimately the bioavailability of insoluble drugs. In this paper the complexation of four drugs with cyclodextrin was studied; ibuprofen, imatinib, praziquantel and camptothecin. In each case the aqueous solubility of the poorly soluble drug was increased with the use of cyclodextrins.
[Clinical observation on the treatment of ischemic heart disease with Astragalus membranaceus]. (1995)

92 patients suffering from ischemic heart disease was successfully treated with Astragalus membranaceus (AM). The effect of the treatment was compared with that of Nifedipine and Tab. Salviae miltiorrhizae. The clinical practice showed that the group treated with AM yielded better results. After having administered the drug, the patients were markedly relieved from angina pectoris (heart stroke). Meanwhile the improvement of clinical objective index such as electrocardiogram (EKG) and impedance cardiogram can also be observed. The effective rate of EKG improvement was 82.6%. The treatment of ischemic heart disease with AM was significantly more effective in comparing with control group (P < 0.05).
Analysis of shock-wave-actuated ferroelectric power supplies (1976)

Abstract Electrical pulses with peak powers of a few hundred kilowatts lasting for several microseconds can be obtained by depoling ferroelectric materials with shock waves. This charge release process is most efficient when the shock amplitude is sufficient to induce a transformation to a non-ferroelectric phase. We will consider the cases in which planar shock waves propagate with a constant velocity either in a direction parallel to the material polarization, which we call “axial mode”, or in a direction perpendicular to the polarization, which we call “normal mode.” Under the axial mode conditions, a one-dimensional analysis is valid; the normal mode conditions are inherently two dimensional. Specifically in this paper, we will describe the axial and normal mode electrical response of shock loaded PZT.
Ethyl Cellulose Films and Plastics (1938)

The utility of ethyl cellulose films and plastics for electrical insulation depends upon a combination of properties which is unusual among cellulose derivatives. Ethyl cellulose films and plastics are mechanically strong and tough, have good dimensional stability, low moisture absorption, and good resistance to heat, light, and the action of water at ordinary temperatures. The dielectric properties of ethyl cellulose films vary more with the severity of their exposure to water than to any other condition tested, but are retained to a greater extent than those of other commercially available sheetings. Ethyl cellulose injection‐molded plastics have practically the same dielectric constant as the unplasticized film but have a higher power factor due to the presence of plasticizer. The dielectric properties of ethyl cellulose plastics are retained with very little change on exposure to temperatures up to 40° C. and on immersion in water at ordinary temperatures.
Phosphorylation of the PRC2 component Ezh2 is cell cycle-regulated and up-regulates its binding to ncRNA (2010)

Ezh2 functions as a histone H3 Lys 27 (H3K27) methyltransferase when comprising the Polycomb-Repressive Complex 2 (PRC2). Trimethylation of H3K27 (H3K27me3) correlates with transcriptionally repressed chromatin. The means by which PRC2 targets specific chromatin regions is currently unclear, but noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been shown to interact with PRC2 and may facilitate its recruitment to some target genes. Here we show that Ezh2 interacts with HOTAIR and Xist. Ezh2 is phosphorylated by cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) at threonine residues 345 and 487 in a cell cycle-dependent manner. A phospho-mimic at residue 345 increased HOTAIR ncRNA binding to Ezh2, while the phospho-mimic at residue 487 was ineffectual. An Ezh2 domain comprising T345 was found to be important for binding to HOTAIR and the 5' end of Xist.
Changes in free cytosolic Ca2+ in hepatocytes following alpha 1-adrenergic stimulation. Studies on Quin-2-loaded hepatocytes. (1983)

The Ca2+ selective fluorescent indicator, Quin-2, was employed to monitor continuously the concentration of free cytosolic Ca2+ [ Ca2+ ]i in isolated rat hepatocytes. Epinephrine (10(-6) M) and phenylephrine (10(-5) M), acting via alpha 1-adrenergic receptors, increases [ Ca2+ ]i from a basal concentration of approximately 0.2 microM to approximately 0.6 microM. This increase in [ Ca2+ ]i is evident as early as 1 to 1.5 s, the earliest time so far reported for any hepatic alpha 1-adrenergic event. Vasopressin (10(-8) M), after a lag which is 2 to 3 s longer, increases [ Ca2+ ]i to the same extent and at the same rate as the alpha 1-adrenergic agonists. Glucagon (10(-8) M) also increases [ Ca2+ ]i but at a significantly slower rate and only after a lag of about 10 s. All of these agents also induce an increase in the fluorescence of control cells. This Quin-2 independent fluorescence, which is due to an increased reduction of pyridine nucleotides, must be corrected for before the maximum change in [ Ca2+ ]i can be calculated but is sufficiently slow so as not to contribute to the initial rate of increase in the Quin-2-dependent fluorescence.
Influence of Asphaltenes on the Low-Sulphur Residual Marine Fuels’ Stability (2021)

The effects of asphaltenes from two heavy oil residues on the sedimentation stability of residual marine fuels were assessed and compared. As base components of residual marine fuels, the vacuum residue (VacRes) and visbreaking residue (VisRes) were taken. The heptane-insoluble fractions (HI-fractions), including asphaltenes, isolated from vacuum residue and visbreaking residue, were analyzed to determine the elemental composition (XRF) and cluster parameters (XRD). The results of the analysis of the parameters of the asphaltene cluster (HI-fraction) for vacuum residue and visbreaking residue showed that dγ – 6.1 and 5.9 Å, Lc – 26.72 and 20.78 Å, and La – 7.68 and 7.20 Å. The sedimentation stability of residual marine fuel was determined according to the ISO 10307-1-2009 (TSA) method and described using ternary phase diagrams. The ratio of stable compositions to the total number of possible compositions (with a step of 10 wt%) was 65/66 or 98.5% for residual marine fuel comprising a mixture VacRes/ULSD/LCGO (vacuum residue/ultra-low sulphur diesel/light catalytic gas oil). Meanwhile, the ratio of stable compositions to the total number of possible compositions was 38/66 or 57.6% for residual marine fuel comprising a mixture VisRes/ULSD/LCGO (visbreaking residue/ultra-low sulphur diesel/light catalytic gas oil).
Performance study of switching frequency signal injection algorithm in PMSMs for EV propulsion: A comparison in stator and rotor coordinates (2014)

This paper studies the performance of the switching frequency signal injection (SFSI) algorithm to estimate the rotor position in permanent magnets synchronous machines (PMSM) intended for electric vehicle (EV) propulsion. A simple and effective demodulation algorithm is proposed to carry out this estimation by using only current measurements. As opposed to recent literature on the subject, the proposed algorithm is not based on the inductance matrix from the high-frequency impedance model of the PMSM, therefore neither voltage sensors nor voltage reconstructions from the inverter switching states are necessary, thus reducing the system complexity. The analytical expressions in both stationary (αβ) and rotating (dq) reference frames are consistently derived. A performance comparison of sensorless control of PMSM in stator and rotor coordinates is carried out considering the dynamics model of a 1,200 Kg mass car. The simulation results obtained through MATLAB <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">®</sup> -SimPowerSystems™ demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed demodulation algorithm and its superiority in the rotating frame.
The Analysis of Cool-down and Snap-through of Cross-ply Laminates used as Multi-stable Structures (2006)

This paper shows the modelling of the cool-down process of unsymmetric laminates with ABAQUS TM . The attention is focused on the effects that thermal stresses have on the final shape of a composite structure. Unsymmetric laminates may possess more than a single equilibrium configuration, therefore during the cool-down the solution bifurcates at a given value of temperature and the numerical analysis must be coaxed to converge into one or the other branch of the solution. A methodology to overcome this problem is presented.
Signal Processing Algorithms for Doppler Effect Based Nanometer Positioning Systems (1999)

Interferometers based on laser Doppler effect are used as the vehicle to examine the cross relationship and performance impact among sub-systems such as optical layout, mechanical layout, signal processing algorithm, and signal processing circuitry. The classification of interferometers into the three main categories ( e.g. homodyne, heterodyne and quadrature) and their influence on signal processing algorithms and circuitry which impact interferometer performance is examined. A quadrature configuration, found to have some unique advantages, is detailed. Also presented is an experimental laser encoder set-up equipped with a real-time signal processing circuitry based on a high performance field programmable gate array (FPGA) circuitry with a PC interface for quadrature signal decoding that was constructed to verify the quadrature configuration presented. The experimental data obtained that verifies how this new system architecture can fulfill the stringent demands of today's high performance, high accuracy metrology systems is also examined.
Software Escalation Prediction with Data Mining (2004)

One of the most severe manifestations of poor quality of software products occurs when a customer “escalates ” a defect: an escalation is triggered when a defect significantly impacts a customer&apos;s operations. Escalated defects are then quickly resolved, at a high cost, outside of the general product release engineering cycle. While the software vendor and its customers often detect and report defects before they are escalated it is not always possible to quickly and accurately prioritize reported defects for resolution. As a result, even previously known defects, in addition to newly discovered defects, are often escalated by customers. Labor cost of escalations from known defects to a software vendor can amount to millions of dollars per year. The total costs to the vendor are even greater, including loss of reputation, satisfaction, loyalty, and repeat revenue. The objective of Escalation Prediction (EP) is to avoid escalations from known product defects by predicting and proactively resolving those known defects that have the highest escalation risk. This short paper outlines the business case for EP, an analysis of the business problem, the solution architecture, and some preliminary validation results on the effectiveness of EP. 1.
TENSOR-BASED QUALITY PREDICTION FOR BUILDING MODEL RECONSTRUCTION FROM LIDAR DATA AND TOPOGRAPHIC MAP (2012)

Abstract. A quality prediction method is proposed to evaluate the quality of the automatic reconstruction of building models. In this study, LiDAR data and topographic maps are integrated for building model reconstruction. Hence, data registration is a critical step for data fusion. To improve the efficiency of the data fusion, a robust least squares method is applied to register boundary points extracted from LiDAR data and building outlines obtained from topographic maps. After registration, a quality indicator based on the tensor analysis of residuals is derived in order to evaluate the correctness of the automatic building model reconstruction. Finally, an actual dataset demonstrates the quality of the predictions for automatic model reconstruction. The results show that our method can achieve reliable results and save both time and expense on model reconstruction.
The Relation Between Trauma Center Outcome and Volume in the National Trauma Databank (2004)

The findings of this study do not support the position that higher trauma center volumes are associated with improved survival. The implication of this study is that the hospital volume criteria established by the American College of Surgeons may need to be reexamined.