gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Prostate (2008)

Small cell carcinoma of prostate is rare, with the literature consisting of case reports and small series. The current work analyzes the morphology and immunohistochemistry of 95 cases of prostatic small cell carcinoma diagnosed at our institution. Specimens included 55 needle biopsies, 27 transurethral resections, 4 radical prostatectomies, and 9 biopsies from metastatic sites (some patients with >1 procedure). Patients ranged in age from 44 to 92 years old (mean: 69 y). Although serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in some cases was very high (up to 1896 ng/mL), the median value was only 4.0 ng/mL. Of cases with available information, 33/78 (42%) had a history of usual prostatic adenocarcinoma. The interval between the diagnosis of small cell carcinoma and prior usual prostatic cancer ranged from 1 to 300 months (median 25 mo). Pure small cell carcinoma was seen in 54/95 (57%) of cases with the remaining cases admixed with prostate adenocarcinoma. In cases with adenocarcinoma, there was a sharp demarcation between small cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma in 20.5% of cases; in the remaining cases there was gradual merging of the 2 components. In mixed cases, small cell carcinoma predominated (median: 80% of the tumor); the Gleason score of the adenocarcinoma was > or =8 in 85% of these cases. In 61 cases (64%), small cell carcinoma was classic "oat cell" morphology with remaining the "intermediate cell" variant. Of the 95 cases: necrosis was seen in 40% (2% to 95% of the tumor); giant bizarre cells in 19%; Indian filing in 21%; rosette formation in 29%; focal vacuolated cytoplasm in 18%; and desmoplasia in 20%. Most (88%) of small cell carcinoma were positive for at least 1 neuroendocrine marker. In the small cell carcinoma component, 14/73 (19%) were positive for PSA, 17/61 (28%) positive for prostein (P501S), and 15/59 (25%) positive for prostate-specific membrane antigen, although often very focally. Stains for thyroid transcription factor-1 were positive in 23/44 (52.3%) cases. In this, the largest study of prostatic small cell carcinoma, we highlight the presence of morphologic features that may result in its underdiagnosis. Other more classic histologic features of small cell carcinoma along with rosettes are critical for its accurate diagnosis. P501S and prostate-specific membrane antigen were better in identifying the prostatic origin of small cell carcinoma than PSA, although the majority (60%) of prostatic small cell carcinomas were negative for all 3 markers.
Increased motoneuron survival and improved neuromuscular function in transgenic ALS mice after intraspinal injection of an adeno-associated virus encoding Bcl-2 (2000)

Mutations in the gene encoding Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) underlie some familial cases of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by loss of cortical, brainstem and spinal motoneurons. Transgenic mice over- expressing a mutated form of human SOD1 containing a Gly-->Ala substitution at position 93 (SOD1(G93A)) develop a severe, progressive motoneuron disease. We investigated the potential of recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) to transfer neuroprotective molecules in this animal ALS model. Initial experiments showed that injection of an rAAV vector encoding green fluorescent protein unilaterally into the lumbar spinal cord of wild-type mice leads to expression of the reporter gene in 34.7 +/- 5.2% of the motoneurons surrounding the injection site. Intraspinal injection of an rAAV encoding the anti-apoptotic protein bcl-2 in SOD1 (G93A) mice resulted in sustained bcl-2 expression in motoneurons and significantly increased the number of surviving motoneurons at the end-stage of disease. Moreover, the compound muscle action potential amplitude elicited by nerve stimulation and recorded by electromyographic measurements was higher in the rAAV-bcl-2-treated group than in controls. Local bcl-2 expression in spinal motoneurons delayed the appearance of signs of motor deficiency but was not sufficient to prolong the survival of SOD1 (G93A) mice. To our know-ledge, this study describes the first successful transduction and protection of spinal motoneurons by direct gene transfer in a model of progressive motoneuron disease. Our results support the use of AAVs for the delivery of protective genes to spinal cord moto-neurons as a possible way to enhance motoneuron survival and repair.
Insights into <i>Actinobacillus succinogenes</i> Fermentative Metabolism in a Chemically Defined Growth Medium (2005)

Chemically defined media allow for a variety of metabolic studies that are not possible with undefined media. A defined medium, AM3, was created to expand the experimental opportunities for investigating the fermentative metabolism of succinate-producing Actinobacillus succinogenes. AM3 is a phosphate-buffered medium containing vitamins, minerals, NH4Cl as the main nitrogen source, and glutamate, cysteine, and methionine as required amino acids. A. succinogenes growth trends and end product distributions in AM3 and rich medium fermentations were compared. The effects of NaHCO3 concentration in AM3 on end product distribution, growth rate, and metabolic rates were also examined. The A. succinogenes growth rate was 1.3 to 1.4 times higher at an NaHCO3 concentration of 25 mM than at any other NaHCO3 concentration, likely because both energy-producing metabolic branches (i.e., the succinate-producing branch and the formate-, acetate-, and ethanol-producing branch) were functioning at relatively high rates in the presence of 25 mM bicarbonate. To improve the accuracy of the A. succinogenes metabolic map, the reasons for A. succinogenes glutamate auxotrophy were examined by enzyme assays and by testing the ability of glutamate precursors to support growth. Enzyme activities were detected for glutamate synthesis that required glutamine or alpha-ketoglutarate. The inability to synthesize alpha-ketoglutarate from glucose indicates that at least two tricarboxylic acid cycle-associated enzyme activities are absent in A. succinogenes.
Lower bounds for parametric estimation with constraints (1990)

A Chapman-Robbins form of the Barankin bound is used to derive a multiparameter Cramer-Rao (CR) type lower bound on estimator error covariance when the parameter theta in R/sup n/ is constrained to lie in a subset of the parameter space. A simple form for the constrained CR bound is obtained when the constraint set Theta /sub C/, can be expressed as a smooth functional inequality constraint. It is shown that the constrained CR bound is identical to the unconstrained CR bound at the regular points of Theta /sub C/, i.e. where no equality constraints are active. On the other hand, at those points theta in Theta /sub C/ where pure equality constraints are active the full-rank Fisher information matrix in the unconstrained CR bound must be replaced by a rank-reduced Fisher information matrix obtained as a projection of the full-rank Fisher matrix onto the tangent hyperplane of the full-rank Fisher matrix onto the tangent hyperplane of the constraint set at theta . A necessary and sufficient condition involving the forms of the constraint and the likelihood function is given for the bound to be achievable, and examples for which the bound is achieved are presented. In addition to providing a useful generalization of the CR bound, the results permit analysis of the gain in achievable MSE performance due to the imposition of particular constraints on the parameter space without the need for a global reparameterization.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultrastructural detection of DNA strand breaks in apoptotic neural cells by <i>in situ</i> end‐labelling techniques (1995)

Recently developed techniques based on 'in situ end-labelling' (ISEL) of DNA strand breaks may help to identify apoptotic cells in tissue sections. We have applied ISEL techniques at the electron microscopic (EM) level, in order to verify if ultrastructural features of apoptosis are indeed associated with evidence of DNA fragmentation, and whether cells committed to, but which have not yet entered the stage of cell death are also labelled. Terminal transferase and DNA polymerase assays were applied to thin sections of Araldite and LR Gold-embedded medulloblastomas and embryonic mouse dorsal root ganglia. Digoxigenin-labelled nucleotides were used; incorporation was demonstrated by immunogold staining. Apoptotic cells in various stages of the death process were easily labelled in both tissues. In addition, DNA fragmentation was demonstrated in cells with initial chromatin condensation, but otherwise indistinguishable from adjacent unstained cells. Our results show that EM-ISEL techniques effectively demonstrate the occurrence of DNA strand breaks in apoptotic and possibly 'pre-apoptotic' cells in neural tissues. Since the labelling is easily obtained on tissue that is routinely processed for electron microscopy, this technique may allow retrospective studies on archival material.
Polymorphism and gene conversion of the 16S rRNA genes in the multiple rRNA operons of<i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> (2005)

The genome sequence of a strain of Vibrio parahaemolyticus holds 11 copies of rRNA operons (rrn) with identical 16S rRNA genes (rrs). Conversely, the species type strain contains two rrs classes differing in 10 nucleotide sites within a short segment of 25 bp. Furthermore, we show here that the sequence of this particular segment largely differs between some strains of this species. We also show that of the eleven rrn operons in the species type strain, seven contain one rrs class and four the other, indicating gene conversion. Our results support the hypothesis that the rrs differences observed between strains of this species were caused by lateral transfer of an rrs segment and subsequent conversion.
Modeling and feedback control of nonholonomic mobile vehicles (2005)

A complete dynamic model of mobile vehicles moving on nonplanar surfaces under nonholonomic and dynamic constraints is presented. The kinematic control of such systems is examined, and the invariant manifold technique is introduced for steering a nonholonomic mobile vehicle to an invariant manifold which is relatively locally-locally controllable. A closed-loop control strategy based on the invariant manifold technique is formulated and applied to the control of nonholonomic vehicles. Tracking control of such vehicles is demonstrated with both holonomic and nonholonomic reference trajectories.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development of shape memory alloy actuator. Characteristics measurements of the alloy and development of an active endoscope. (1987)

今日, 医療や工業の分野で内視鏡 (エンドスコープ) は必要不可欠なものとなっている.しかし侵入径路が狭隘で複雑な場合, 現在の内視鏡では挿入が非常に困難であり, 特に大腸鏡などでは挿入に際し被験者に大きな苦痛を強いることとなり問題となっている.これは内視鏡全体の剛性が大きいことや, 能動部があっても先端に限られ, かつ自由度も小さいことなどに起因している.本研究の目的は, これらの問題を解決するため形状記憶合金アクチュエータを用いて, 全体幹を能動的に操作可能な内視鏡を実現することにある.そのため, まず初めに従来不十分であったアクチュエータとしてのSMA特性を明確化するため, SMAコイルばね試料を用いて, 温度, 応力, ひずみと電気抵抗の4変数の同時計測を行なう.次に測定結果についての新しい特性表現法の導入と, 温度―応力相図の作成により, 相変態の観点からSMAをアクチュエータに用いる場合の最適な使用条件, および熱処理条件を明確にする.この解析手法を用いて, 抵抗値フィードバック特性の向上を図り, また温度不均一による疲労問題の解決も行なう.最後にここで得られたSMAの知見を基に, 諸特性を最適化した能動内視鏡の第2次モデルを試作し, 安定な抵抗値フィードバックの下で, 十分な操作性を持つシフト制御が行なえることを検証し, 実用的な能動内視鏡の実現可能性を示す.
Self‐Organized Hexagonal‐Nanopore SERS Array (2010)

Non-lithographic fabrication of a self-aligned nanopore SERS array with large-area hexagonal symmetry is achieved by Au deposition on an anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) template. Precise self-formation of plasmonic nanopore arrays with facile structural tunability allows control of the SERS response, and results in highly reproducible, uniform, and sensitive SERS with an enhancement factor of 107. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Boxed out: blocking cellular interconnect bypass fraud at the network edge (2015)

The high price of incoming international calls is a common method of subsidizing telephony infrastructure in the developing world. Accordingly, international telephone system interconnects are regulated to ensure call quality and accurate billing. High call tariffs create a strong incentive to evade such interconnects and deliver costly international calls illicitly. Specifically, adversaries use VoIP-GSM gateways informally known as to receive incoming calls over wired data connections and deliver them into a cellular voice network through a local call that appears to originate from a customer's phone. This practice is not only extremely profitable for simboxers, but also dramatically degrades network experience for legitimate customers, violates telecommunications laws in many countries, and results in significant revenue loss. In this paper, we present a passive detection technique for combating simboxes at a cellular base station. Our system relies on the raw voice data received by the tower during a call to distinguish errors in GSM transmission from the distinct audio artifacts caused by delivering the call over a VoIP link. Our experiments demonstrate that this approach is highly effective, and can detect 87% of real simbox calls in only 30 seconds of audio with no false positives. Moreover, we demonstrate that evading our detection across multiple calls is only possible with a small probability. In so doing, we demonstrate that fraud that degrades network quality and costs telecommunications billions of dollars annually can easily be detected and counteracted in real time.
A STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF NATURAL GAS AND OF HYDROGEN UPON VARIOUS REFRACTORIES* (1934)

ABSTRACT Natural gas was passed through an electric‐tube furnace where it was partially cracked and then through a second furnace containing the sample of a refractory. The refractories tested were fireclay brick of various types and fired in various manners and brick made of magnesite, high alumina material, and silica. The action on the refractory was similar to that of carbon monoxide. Carbon was deposited in some of the refractory bodies within a critical temperature range. Some of the fireclay bodies were almost completely disintegrated by the growth of the carbon deposits, although others were scarcely affected. Hydrogen gas had no disintegrating action at any temperature studied.
Comparative proteomics based on global internal standard labeling technology (2002)

The concept of studying comparative proteomics through stable isotope labeling was evaluated in this research. The work described here started with the development of global internal standard technology (GIST) for quantification of relative changes in protein expression. The GIST protocol involved tryptic digestion of proteins from control and experimental samples followed by differential isotopic labeling of the resulting peptides with N-acetoxysuccinimide and N-acetoxy-2H3-succinimide separately, mixing the labeled control and experimental samples, fractionation by reversed phase chromatography, and isotope ratio analysis by mass spectrometry. The second portion of the work focused on the development of a new metal affinity chromatographic method to be used with GIST for simplification of complex mixtures through targeting histidine-containing peptides as part of signature peptide approach to comparative proteomics. A further study was directed toward the development of a high throughput method for proteomics using multiplexed global internal standard technology (mGIST). By applying mGIST, quantitative comparisons between samples from three different cell states were achieved simultaneously. N-acetoxysuccinimide, N-acetoxy-1, 2-13C2-succinimide and N-acetoxy-1, 2-13C2-2H3-succinimide were used to differentially derivatized peptides from three cell states. Finally, the efficacy of GIST for relative peptide quantification in a tandem mass spectrometer was examined. The results indicate that peptides differentially labeled with N-hydroxysuccinimide activated acetate and trideuteroacetate, propionate and 13C3- or trideuteropropionate, propionate and pentadeuteropropionate can be used to quantify and facilitate the identification of tryptic peptides as well as to aid the sequencing of peptide fragment ions generated by collisionally activated dissociation.
Two distinct populations of peripheral lymphocytes in mice distinguishable by immunofluorescence. (1970)

Immunofluorescent staining has been used to detect antigenic determinants on the surface of living lymphoid cells of mice. It has been possible to distinguish two distinct populations of peripheral lymphocytes: one population carries the theta isoantigen and is thymus-dependent; the other has naturally-occurring immunoglobulin determinants on the cell surface and appears to be thymus-independent. The relative proportions of these two populations of cells is characteristic for each type of lymphoid tissue and these proportions have been determined for thymus, lymph node, spleen, and thoracic duct cells.
Mesoporous carbon nanoshells for high hydrophobic drug loading, multimodal optical imaging, controlled drug release, and synergistic therapy (2016)

Loading and controlled release of sufficient hydrophobic drugs to tumor cells has been the bottleneck in chemotherapy for decades. Herein we report the development of a fluorescent and mesoporous carbon nanoshell (FMP-CNS) that exhibits a loading capacity for the hydrophobic drug paclitaxel (PTX) as high as ∼80 wt% and releases the drug in a controllable fashion under NIR irradiation (825 nm) at an intensity of 1.5 W cm<sup>-2</sup>. The high drug loading is primarily attributed to its mesoporous structure and to the supramolecular π-stacking between FMP-CNSs and PTX molecules. The FMP-CNS also exhibits wavelength-tunable and upconverted fluorescence properties and thus can serve as an optical marker for confocal, two-photon, and near infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging. Furthermore, our in vitro results indicate that FMP-CNSs demonstrate high therapeutic efficacy through the synergistic effect of combined chemo-photothermal treatment. In vivo studies demonstrate marked suppression of tumor growth in mice bearing rat C6 glioblastoma after administration with a single intratumoral injection of PTX-loaded FMP-CNS.
Evaluation of printed circuit board assembly manufacturing systems using fuzzy colored Petri nets (2002)

In this paper, implementation and evaluation of a printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) manufacturing system model based on fuzzy colored Petri nets (FCPN) modeling was performed. From the Petri nets simulation results, two contributions were claimed: (1) The successful application of our approach to evaluate systems that consist of complicated concurrent processes with embedded data structures and uncertainty reasoning. (2) An approach in automatic determination of the threshold values in the fuzzy production rules using FCPN. The details of the assembling processes and various manufacturing data were gathered from computer manufacturers located in China. Different resource allocation strategies were introduced in the experiments, and simulation results were obtained. The resources included screen printers, different pick and place machines, infrared soldering machines and component insertion robots. All the experiments were built by using the Petri net tool DESIGN/CPN. A number of hierarchy pages, color sets, places, arcs and transitions representing the PCBA and fuzzy production rules were constructed in the experiments. Simulation runs of the Petri nets model were carried out. The result shows that our approach could be used to guide decision-makers in the design and selection of a suitable PCBA manufacturing strategy. Future extension of our work is described.
Detection of pulse trains in the electrically stimulated cochlea: Effects of cochlear health (2011)

Perception of electrical stimuli varies widely across users of cochlear implants and across stimulation sites in individual users. It is commonly assumed that the ability of subjects to detect and discriminate electrical signals is dependent, in part, on conditions in the implanted cochlea, but evidence supporting that hypothesis is sparse. The objective of this study was to define specific relationships between the survival of tissues near the implanted electrodes and the functional responses to electrical stimulation of those electrodes. Psychophysical and neurophysiological procedures were used to assess stimulus detection as a function of pulse rate under the various degrees of cochlear pathology. Cochlear morphology, assessed post-mortem, ranged from near-normal numbers of hair cells, peripheral processes and spiral ganglion cells, to complete absence of hair cells and peripheral processes and small numbers of surviving spiral ganglion cells. The psychophysical and neurophysiological studies indicated that slopes and levels of the threshold versus pulse rate functions reflected multipulse integration throughout the 200 ms pulse train with an additional contribution of interactions between adjacent pulses at high pulse rates. The amount of multipulse integration was correlated with the health of the implanted cochlea with implications for perception of more complex prosthetic stimuli.
The asymptotic structure of transient elastodynamic fields at the tip of a stationary crack (1994)

Abstract The asymptotic structure of the transient elastodynamic near-tip fields around a stationary crack is investigated for all three fracture modes. The transient fields are obtained as the sum of their quasi-static counterparts and corresponding transient correction terms, in terms of variable-separable expansions. By allowing the coefficients of terms in the quasi-static expansion to deviate from their quasi-static restrictions, the correction terms are shown to be the particular solutions of a set of first order (for mixed mode I and II) or second order (for mode III) ordinary differential equations with constant coefficients and non-homogeneous terms involving only sine and cosine functions of the independent variable. It is found that the transient effects of dynamic loading on the near-tip fields are to alter the universal angular variations of the quasi-static field quantities for the fifth and higher order terms in their variable-separable expansions; thus the first four terms in the expansions have the same angular variations under both quasi-static and dynamic loading conditions. This seems to suggest that transient effects on the crack-tip fields are in general less severe for a stationary crack than for a propagating crack where only the first two terms in the expansions hold the same angular variations under both steady-state and transient crack growth conditions. Furthermore, the transient higher order terms for a stationary crack do not depend on the time-rate of the stress intensity factors; in fact, they only relate to the even order time-derivatives of the instantaneous values of the coefficients of the terms in the quasi-static expansions. This is also in contrast with the case of transient crack propagation where the time rates of the dynamic stress intensity factors play important roles in the higher order transient terms. Explicit expressions for the transient near-tip stress and displacement fields are provided.