gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High concentrations of flavor chemicals are present in electronic cigarette refill fluids (2019)

We characterized the flavor chemicals in a broad sample of commercially available electronic cigarette (EC) refill fluids that were purchased in four different countries. Flavor chemicals in 277 refill fluids were identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and two commonly used flavor chemicals were tested for cytotoxicity with the MTT assay using human lung fibroblasts and epithelial cells. About 85% of the refill fluids had total flavor concentrations >1 mg/ml, and 37% were >10 mg/ml (1% by weight). Of the 155 flavor chemicals identified in the 277 refill fluids, 50 were present at ≥1 mg/ml in at least one sample and 11 were ≥10 mg/ml in 54 of the refill fluids. Sixty-one% (170 out of 277) of the samples contained nicotine, and of these, 56% had a total flavor chemical/nicotine ratio >2. Four chemicals were present in 50% (menthol, triacetin, and cinnamaldehyde) to 80% (ethyl maltol) of the samples. Some products had concentrations of menthol ("Menthol Arctic") and ethyl maltol ("No. 64") that were 30 times (menthol) and 100 times (ethyl maltol) their cytotoxic concentration. One refill fluid contained cinnamaldehyde at ~34% (343 mg/ml), more than 100,000 times its cytotoxic level. High concentrations of some flavor chemicals in EC refill fluids are potentially harmful to users, and continued absence of any regulations regarding flavor chemicals in EC fluids will likely be detrimental to human health.
The use of separated reflection components in estimating geometrical parameters of curved surface elements (1995)

Iterative least-squares estimation, requires accurate reflectance models to retrieve geometrical parameters of curved surface elements from an image projection. We investigate the use of separating the diffuse (body) reflection from the specular (surface) reflection being responsible for image highlights. Experiments show that the (smooth) diffuse component yields the best convergence properties, while the (sharp) specular component can contribute to the improvement of the noise insensitivity
[Ultrastructural and proliferation studies of human, catheter atherectomy extracted plaque material]. (1991)

Atherectomy with a Simpson catheter enables a detailed characterization of percutaneously removed human atheromatous plaque material. Cell biological investigations (flow-cytometric analyses, cell type-specific antibodies, immunohistological labelling methods of selected extracellular matrix proteins) are aimed at a comparative characterization of excised material from primary lesions and restenoses to yield further insight into the mechanisms of plaque formation. First results on 17 specimens would like to contribute to a better understanding of the structure and composition of the extracellular matrix and their interaction with cells in atherosclerotic plaques.
Nasal biomarker profiles in acute and chronic rhinosinusitis (2005)

In mucosal infection, numerous inflammatory mediators are activated. Simple correlations of few biomarkers with a specific disease process bear the risk of overestimating a possibly unspecific effect. To assess biomarker profiles, more complex analytic tools may be more appropriate to delineate mechanisms underlying mucosal disease. Using principal component analysis, it was found that high nIgE and IL-5 levels are specific for CRS with nasal polyps.
Application of BiPAP in treatment of moderate and severe asthma in acute stage (2013)

Objective To compare the different effects of conventional therapy and BiPAP plus conventional therapy on patients with acute moderate or serious bronchial asthma.Methods Thirty-two cases of moderate or serious bronchial asthma in acute stage were chose.Sixteen patients were given BiPAP plus conventional therapy and 16 patients were given conventional therapy alone.Both groups had similar clinical characteristics on hospital admission.Bedside lung function test results and vital signs,such as SaO2,HR,RR,PaO2,PaCO2,were obtained at baseline,and during at 30 min,1 h,2 h,24 h,48 h,72 h and at the end and one day after the study protocol.At the third and fourth day,lung function and record FEV1,FVC were examined.Results After 3 days ventilation,the levels of FEV1,PaCO2 and breath rate of the two groups all improved,but the BiPAP group was superior to control group in each indexes at the given time,and the time of dyspnea alleviation and dispearance were shorter significantly in BiPAP group.So most patients avoided invasive ventilation.Conclusions It is effective to treat the patients of bronchial asthma by BiPAP plus conventional therapy.

Key words: 
Bronchial asthma;  Bilevel positive airway pressure (BiPAP) ;  Therapy
Implementing a Generalized Tool for Network Monitoring: (Best Paper Award!) (1997)

Determining how you were attacked is essential to developing a response or countermeasure. Usually, a system or network manager presented with a successful intrusion has very little information with which to work: a possibly corrupted system log, a firewall log, and perhaps some tcpdump output.

When hackers come up with a new technique for cracking a network, it often takes the security community a while to determine the method being used. In aviation, an aircraft's black box is used to analyze the details of a crash. We believe a similar capability is needed for networks. Being able to quickly learn how an attack works will shorten the effective useful lifetime of the attack. Additionally, the recovered attack records may be helpful in tracking or prosecuting the attacker. Since we've developed a general purpose statistics-gathering system, we believe it will be useful for more than just security. For example, a network manager may desire an historical record of the usage growth of certain applications, or details about the breakdown of types of traffic at different times of day. Such records will provide useful information for network managers in diagnosing performance problems or planning growth.

This paper describes an architecture and toolkit for building network traffic analysis and statistical event records: The Network Flight Recorder. The NFR uses a promiscuous packet interface to pass visible traffic into an internally meta-programmed decision engine which routes information about packets and their contents into statistical or logging backends. In addition to packet analysis and collection, the NFR's internal architecture permits network managers to sample interesting portions of network traffic for logging or statistical analysis. The NFR programming language is simple, but powerful enough that you can perform reasonable analysis on traffic before choosing to record it. For example, you might analyze SMTP transactions but only choose to record those relating to a user who is sending spam or abusive E-mail. The analysis language includes a capability for generating alert messages which the rest of the system queues, multiplexes, and delivers. A simplified hyper-query interface allows extensive browsing of the NFR's stored datasets and statistics from any Java-enabled browser. The NFR is currently being deployed at a number of ISPs and commercial sites, and is available for download in source code form from www.nfr.net.
The Blind Man's Bluff Approach to Security Using IPv6 (2012)

Most networks today employ static network defenses. The problem with static defenses is that adversaries have unlimited time to circumvent them. This article proposes a moving-target defense based on the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) that dynamically obscures network-layer and transport-layer addresses. This technique can be thought of as "frequency hopping" in the Internet Protocol space. By constantly moving the logical location of a host on a network, this technique prevents targeted attacks, host tracking, and eavesdropping. The authors demonstrate the design's feasibility and functionality using prototypes deployed on Virginia Tech's campuswide IPv6 network.
Fraced horizontal well shows potential of deep tight gas (1996)

Successful completion of a multiple fraced, deep horizontal well demonstrated new techniques for producing tight gas sands. In Northwest Germany, Mobil Erdgas-Erdoel GmbH drilled, cased, and fraced the world`s deepest horizontal well in the ultra-tight Rotliegendes ``Main`` sand at 15,687 ft (4,783 m) true vertical depth. The multiple frac concept provides a cost-efficient method to economically produce significant gas resources in the ultra-tight Rotliegendes ``Main`` sand. Besides the satisfactory initial gas production rate, the well established several world records, including deepest horizontal well with multiple fracs, and proved this new technique to develop ultra-tight sands.
A review of amlodipine in myocardial ischaemia. (1991)

Amlodipine is a dihydropyridine calcium antagonist with a unique pharmacokinetic profile providing advantages over other therapies of its kind. It has been shown to possess high oral absorption, long elimination half-life, smooth onset of action and long duration of pharmacodynamic activity. These properties result in gradual vasodilation, ensuring a low incidence of vasodilatory side effects and once-daily administration. In randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studies a dose of 5-10 mg once daily has been established as the most efficacious dose for the treatment of angina pectoris. Amlodipine was found to increase exercise capacity significantly and reduce electrocardiographic evidence of myocardial ischaemia after treadmill exercise testing 24 h after administration compared with placebo in patients suffering from angina pectoris. Angina attack rate and glyceryl trinitrate consumption were also significantly reduced. Amlodipine was shown to possess comparable anti-anginal efficacy with the calcium antagonist diltiazem and the beta-blocker nadolol. In combination with beta-blockers and/or nitrates the addition of amlodipine was found to produce enhanced anti-anginal efficacy with good tolerability. Amlodipine is also effective in reducing the angina attack rate in patients with vasospastic angina. In conclusion, amlodipine is an effective and well-tolerated therapeutic agent given once daily as monotherapy or in combination with beta-blockers and/or nitrates for the treatment of chronic stable angina pectoris and vasospastic angina.
The Photo-ionization of Some Triphenylmethane-leucocyanides Containing Certain Groups Substituted in the para-Position Dissolved in 1,2-Dichloroethane (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Photo-ionization of Some Triphenylmethane-leucocyanides Containing Certain Groups Substituted in the para-Position Dissolved in 1,2-DichloroethaneEdward O. Holmes JrCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1958, 62, 7, 884Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150565a042https://doi.org/10.1021/j150565a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views32Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
High-frequency magnetic properties of W-type barium–ferrite BaZn2−xCoxFe16O27 composites (2003)

The static and high frequency magnetic properties have been studied for BaW ferrites BaZn2−xCoxFe16O27 with x=0, 0.5, 0.7, 1.0, 1.5, and 2.0. The results showed that Co ions are able to modify the anisotropy from c axis to c plane at x=0.6–0.7. For the BaW composites with c-plane anisotropy, as the Co concentration x increases, the resonance frequencies fR are shifted to higher frequency, from 2.5 GHz at x=0.7 to 12.0 GHz at x=1.5. The permeabilities μ0′ and μmax″ are 2.4–2.2 and ∼0.8, respectively, for composites with 35% (by volume) BaW ferrite powders at x=0.7 and 1.0. The parameters indicate that BaZn2−xCoxFe16O27 composites have suitable high frequency properties for use as electromagnetic materials with low reflectivity at microwave frequencies. In addition, for BaW composites with c-axis anisotropy, there exist both the domain wall and natural resonances. However, only natural resonance is observed for composites with c-plane anisotropy.
Risk of thrombosis in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythemia vera according to JAK2 V617F mutation status (2007)

We compared the laboratory and clinical findings of 179 patients with essential thrombocythemia (ET) and 77 with polycythemia vera (PV) classified according to the presence of the JAK2 V617F mutation. A gradient was observed in laboratory values between patients with JAK2 wild-type ET, JAK2 V617F ET and PV (all of whom carried the JAK2 mutation). The rate of thrombotic complications in JAK2-positive ET patients was significantly higher than that in wild-type ET patients and not statistically different from that in PV patients.
Multi-gate 3-D SOI MOSFETs as the mainstream technology in high speed CMOS applications (2004)

We review the origins, recent developments and present status of silicon-on-insulator (SOI) MOSFET technology which is becoming the technology of choice in mainstream CMOS circuits for VLSI as well as for other high frequency applications in the low-GHz range. The different basic multi-gate three dimensional SOI structures that are especially amenable to high speed operation are analyzed, compared and discussed.
Estimation of elastic stiffness coefficients of an orthorhombic physical model using group velocity analysis on transmission data (2013)

ABSTRACT We acquired 3C ultrasonic transmission seismograms, measured group velocities associated with the three quasi-body wave types, and determined density-normalized stiffness coefficients (Aij=Cij/ρ) over an orthorhombic physical (laboratory) model. The estimation of Aij is based on an approximate relationship between the nine orthorhombic Aij and group velocities. Estimation of the anisotropic Aij is usually done using phase velocities with well-known formulas expressing their theoretical dependence on Aij. However, on time-domain seismograms, arrivals are observed traveling with group velocities. Group velocity measurements are found to be straightforward, reasonably accurate, and independent of the size of the transducers used. In contrast, the accuracy of phase velocities derived from the (τ,p) transform analysis was found to be very sensitive to small differences in picked arrival times and to transducer size. Theoretical phase and group velocities, calculated in a forward manner from the Aij estimates, agreed with the originally measured phase and group velocities, respectively. This agreement confirms that it is valid to use easily measured group velocities with their approximate theoretical relationship to the Aij to determine the full stiffness matrix. Compared to the phase-velocity procedure, the technique involving group velocities is much less prone to error due to time-picking uncertainties, and therefore is more suitable for analyzing physical model seismic data.
Quantitative Parameters Measured by a New Sonographic Method for Differentiation of Benign and Malignant Breast Disease (1995)

After further technical development, CARI could be used synchronously with mammography to improve the detection and differentiation of benign and malignant breast lesions.
Percutaneous Absorption of Captopril from Hydrophilic Cellulose Derivatives Through Excised Rabbit Skin and Human Skin (1998)

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the influence of percutaneous absorption of captopril from hydrophilic cellulose derivatives gel bases (carboxymethylcellulose sodium [CMC], hydroxypropylcellulose [HPC] and hydroxylpropylmethylcellulose [HPMC]. The effects of various types and concentrations of penetration enhancers on captopril percutaneous absorption from HPC gel through rabbit skin were evaluated and selected to obtain some optimal formulations for penetration study through human chest skin. Then the required flux (1488 microg/hr) for captopril transdermal drug delivery system to maintain the therapeutic minimum effective concentration through human skin was used to evaluate the development of the optimal formulations. The results indicated that the minimum administered areas for therapeutic minimum effective concentration of captopril (cap) gel containing decanol (dec) were 10.4 cm2 (5% cap, 7% dec) and 7.6 cm2 (7% cap, 7% dec). These areas were within acceptable range, so these formulations can possibly be developed for a transdermal drug delivery system.
Intestinal inflammation in children with atopic eczema: faecal eosinophil cationic protein and tumour necrosis factor‐α as non‐invasive indicators of food allergy (1996)

We conclude that in children with atopic eczema food allergy is associated with intestinal inflammation indicating that more general immunologic disturbances than previously thought take place in these patients. We further suggest that faecal eosinophil cationic protein, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and alpha-1 antitrypsin distinctly indicate various reaction types of food allergy. Parallel testing with eosinophil cationic protein and tumour necrosis factor-alpha may significantly enhance the accuracy in diagnosis of food allergy in patients with atopic eczema.
Using via fences for crosstalk reduction in PCB circuits (2006)

Crosstalk is one of the major signal integrity con- cerns at high-speed and high-frequency electronic circuits. Via fences or in another term guard traces are increasingly used to alleviate this problem as dense interconnect layouts emerge. In this paper, first the effect of loading of a via fence on signal transmission in a microstrip line is investigated through para- metric studies. Subsequently, a via fence structure is designed and optimized to reduce coupling between two adjacent traces. Additionally, experimental results, while compared with fullwave simulations, are presented to demonstrate crosstalk reduction. Index Terms— Via fence, guard trace, crosstalk, coupled PCB microstrip, signal integrity.
Building-Level Functionality Assessment (2006)

ASTM International defines building performance as the in-service functioning of a building for a specified use (ASTM E1480-92). The term refers to how effectively, safely, and efficiently a building performs its mission at any time during its life cycle. A building's performance state, which changes during time in service, is reflected by two different indicators: the physical condition state and the functionality state. The physical condition state relates to a facility's general "physical fitness," independent of its mission, as it deteriorates due to routine aging, excessive or abusive use, or poor maintenance. The functionality state relates to the facility's suitability to function as intended and required for the mission. The functionality state is distinct from, and determined independently from, the physical condition state. Condition-based metrics such as the Condition Index (CI) have been used by the Army for decades, but a companion index of functionality was not developed at the same time. However, to fully describe a building's fitness for changing missions over its entire life cycle, a quantitative and objective Functionality Index (FI) is needed.
Synthesis Gas from Bovine Wastes (1975)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis Gas from Bovine WastesJames E. Halligan, Karl L. Herzog, and Harry W. ParkerCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1975, 14, 1, 64–69Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1975Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1975https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260053a011https://doi.org/10.1021/i260053a011research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views48Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Biological Control of Fusarium fujikuroi, the Causal Agent of Bakanae Disease by Rice Associated Antagonistic Bacteria (2007)

KAZEMPOUR, Mostafa Niknejad and Seyed Ali ELAHINIA, 2007. Biological control of Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal agent of Bakanae disease by rice associated antago-nistic bacteria. Bulg. J. Agric. Sci., 13: 393-408 In this research, effect of some isolates antagonistics bacteria were investigated against Fusarium fujikuroi the causal agent of bakanae disease and foot rot of rice, collected from infection farming in Rasht, Lahijan, Foman, Anzaly, Talesh and Astara in the Guilan Province under greenhouse conditions. Two hundred thirty eight bacterial isolates, separated from the rhizosphere and seeds of rice infected by the fungus which mentioned above and antagonistic ability of 13 isolates of these bacteria (8 gram negative and 5 gram positive) were demonstrated by using the dual culture method. According to the results of biochemical and morphological
Simple, Mild, and Practical Esterification, Thioesterification, and Amide Formation Utilizing <i>p</i>‐Toluenesulfonyl Chloride and <i>N</i>‐Methylimidazole (2003)

Abstract We have developed an efficient method for the esterification or thioesterification of equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols or thiols using a novel reagent, p ‐toluenesulfonyl chloride (TsCl) together with N ‐methylimidazole. The present method is simple, mild, and reactive, uses readily available and economical reagents. The choice of amine is critical for the present method. The amine, N ‐methylimidazole, has two roles: (i) as an HCl scavenger for the initial smooth generation of mixed anhydrides between carboxylic acids and TsCl and (ii) successive formation of highly reactive ammonium intermediates from mixed anhydrides. This method could be applied to various types of carboxylic acids, alcohols, and thiols: a) several functionalities were tolerated; b) two N ‐Cbz amino acids were smoothly esterified without racemization; and c) the labile 1β‐methylcarbapenem key intermediate and a pyrethroid insecticide, prallethrin, were successfully prepared. The related amide formation between carboxylic acids and primary or secondary amines was also performed. The proposed reaction mechanism involves a novel method for producing the reactive acylammonium intermediates. The production of these intermediates was rationally supported by a careful 1 H NMR monitoring study.