gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vitro infection of human epidermal Langerhans' cells with HIV-1. (1995)

Epidermal Langerhans' cells (LC) from human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients harbour HIV-1 proviral DNA and RNA. In the present study, we investigated whether LC from epidermis of normal, HIV-seronegative subjects could be infected in vitro with HIV-1. Epidermal cells (EC) spontaneously detached from epidermal sheet cultures were enriched for LC (10-25% of CD1a+/CD4+ cells), deprived of contaminating T cells and then incubated with HIV-1IIIB. After 24 hr, purified LC and LC-depleted EC fractions were obtained by immunomagnetic separation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed the presence of HIV-1 proviral DNA (gag) only in purified LC. In addition, LC-enriched EC, purified LC, LC-depleted EC or the non-permissive cell line, TF-1, the latter having being previously challenged with HIV-1IIIB for the same length of time as the EC, were co-cultivated with C8166 cells, and the co-cultures assessed for the presence of HIV DNA by PCR. Co-cultures of C8166 cells with purified LC or LC-enriched EC previously exposed to HIV-1IIIB exhibited a time-dependent increase in HIV proviral DNA. In contrast, PCR analysis of C8166 cells co-cultured with either LC-depleted EC or TF-1 cells gave negative results. Finally, C8166 cells co-cultured with HIV-infected LC formed syncytia, showed membrane budding and released numerous retroviral particles. The results indicate that LC from normal subjects can be infected in vitro with HIV and can transmit infection to myeloid cells. This in vitro model may help in understanding the regulation of HIV infection of LC.
Influence of the optical isomers (+)‐ and (−)−naloxone on beating frequency, contractile force and action potentials of guinea‐pig isolated cardiac preparations (1986)

Naloxone in concentrations ranging from 7.5 to 120 mumol l-1 reduced the beating frequency of guinea-pig isolated atria. The ED50 was 7.9 mumol l-1 for the (-)-isomer and 10.8 mumol l-1 for the (+)-isomer. Concentrations up to 120 mumol l-1 of either (-)- or (+)-naloxone did not affect the force of contraction of left atria stimulated at 1 Hz. In concentrations from 30 to 120 mumol l-1 (-)-naloxone increased the action potential (AP) duration and the functional refractory period (FRP) of papillary muscles. The resting membrane potential and the AP amplitude remained unchanged, while a small decrease of Vmax was seen with the larger drug concentrations. The influence of (+)-naloxone (120 mumol l-1) was comparable to that of the (-)-isomer. The influence of morphine (120 mumol l-1) on papillary muscle AP was small. AP duration and FRP showed a marginal prolongation while Vmax was slightly decreased. (-)-Naloxone 60 mumol l-1 had no effect on slow-response APs of K+-depolarized papillary muscles. Slow-response APs were abolished by verapamil (1 mumol l-1). In left atrial strips the prolongation of the AP duration produced by 120 mumol l-1 of either (-)- or (+)-naloxone resembled the drug effect in papillary muscles. Most of the observed changes can be explained by an inhibition of the time-dependent membrane K+ outward current, an effect of naloxone that may be classified as a Class III antiarrhythmic action. Apparently this effect is not mediated by stereospecific opioid receptors.
Cell surface-mediated cytotoxicity of polymer-bound Adriamycin against drug-resistant hepatocytes. (1983)

Growth inhibition properties of Adriamycin-coupled polyglutaraldehyde microspheres have been assessed using a highly resistant rat liver cell line, RLC. Covalent attachment of Adriamycin to microspheres increased the cytostatic activity of the drug 1000-fold for this cell line as measured by 50% inhibitory concentration determinations. The effects of Adriamycin-polymer complexes were investigated and compared to free drug, using trypan blue dye exclusion and 51Cr release as indicators of cell viability. When carcinogen-altered drug-resistant rat hepatocytes were tested at an Adriamycin concentration of 10(-6) M, the polymer-bound drug killed 32% of the cells, while the free drug had no detectable cytotoxic effect. However, with normal rat hepatocytes at the same drug concentration, the Adriamycin-coupled microspheres were shown to be less toxic than free drug at 24 hr. It was demonstrated that greater than 99.5% of the drug remains covalently coupled to the microspheres throughout the experiments. Scanning electron micrographs are presented for both cell types, which demonstrate the effects of free and bound Adriamycin on the ultrastructure of the cell surface. The cells lose their microvilli, exhibit numerous blebs, and develop holes and pits in the surface. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrates that less than 1% of the microspheres is internalized by either cell type. Multiple interactions of the drug-polymer complexes with the cell surface are presented as the most probable explanation for the results.
Genetic disruption of G proteins, G<sub>i2</sub>α or G<sub>o</sub>α, does not abolish inotropic and chronotropic effects of stimulating muscarinic cholinoceptors in atrium (2009)

These data imply that there is either redundancy of G proteins for signal transduction or that Pertussis toxin-sensitive proteins other than G(i2)alpha and G(o)alpha mediate the vagal stimulation in the atrium. Moreover, different G proteins mediate the effect of carbachol in ventricle compared with atrium.
Surface area to volume ratio and metabolism: Analysing small group-task as Vygotskian activity (2013)

Three students Dan, Levi and Thor, attempt a group-task containing worksheets A and B. While worksheet A asks students to calculate and compare surface area to volume ratio of a sphere for six successive units, worksheet B asks them to consider the metabolism of living cells and the bearing the ratio has on their functioning and size. While Levi and Thor own the group-task, follow its instructions and deliberate on its questions, Dan declares his intention of observing Levi and Thor and takes a free ride. Based on students inscriptions and transcript of audio-recordings, I show how Levi and Thor work through calculations required in worksheet A with ease, even coming up with conjectures. In attempting worksheet B they are able to correlate better metabolism in cells with a smaller radius, yet question if that model is indeed borne out in reality. The concept of activity in Vygostkian theory is used to study students attempts at the group-task. Three constructs from cultural historical activity theory and/or CHAT namely leading activity, germ cell of activity and learning activity are utilised to shed light on attempts by Dan, Levi and Thor at their group-task.
A Novel Real-Time PCR for <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> That Monitors Analytical Performance via an Internal Amplification Control (2005)

We describe a novel quantitative real-time (Q)-PCR assay for Listeria monocytogenes based on the coamplification of a target hly gene fragment and an internal amplification control (IAC). The IAC is a chimeric double-stranded DNA containing a fragment of the rapeseed BnACCg8 gene flanked by the hly-specific target sequences. This IAC is detected using a second TaqMan probe labeled with a different fluorophore, enabling the simultaneous monitoring of the hly and IAC signals. The hly-IAC assay had a specificity and sensitivity of 100%, as assessed using 49 L. monocytogenes isolates of different serotypes and 96 strains of nontarget bacteria, including 51 Listeria isolates. The detection and quantification limits were 8 and 30 genome equivalents, and the coefficients for PCR linearity (R2) and efficiency (E) were 0.997 and 0.80, respectively. We tested the performance of the hly-IAC Q-PCR assay using various broth media and food matrices. Fraser and half-Fraser media, raw pork, and raw or cold-smoked salmon were strongly PCR-inhibitory. This Q-PCR assay for L. monocytogenes, the first incorporating an IAC to be described for quantitative detection of a food-borne pathogen, is a simple and robust tool facilitating the identification of false negatives or underestimations of contamination loads due to PCR failure.
Atomic layer deposition of ruthenium at 100 °C using the RuO<sub>4</sub>-precursor and H<sub>2</sub> (2014)

A novel Ru ALD process at 100 °C using the inorganic RuO<sub>4</sub>-precursor in a reduction chemistry with H<sub>2</sub> is being reported, and a proposal for the underlying reaction mechanism is given.
Vous avez dit cyberculture ? (2012)

Résumé L’environnement qui est le nôtre en matière de technologies de l’information et de la communication soulève de nouvelles questions chez les parents et les professionnels de l’enfance et de l’adolescence. Une fracture générationnelle en découle, pour quelques années encore, générant craintes et fascination chez nombre d’adultes. Comment les comprendre ? Comment les dépasser ? Quel rôle nouveau revient aux adultes dans l’univers cyberculturel ? Telles sont quelques-unes des questions qui sont abordées dans cet article.
Multidimensional thermal analysis of an ultrawide bandgap AlGaN channel high electron mobility transistor (2019)

Improvements in radio frequency and power electronics can potentially be realized with ultrawide bandgap materials such as aluminum gallium nitride (AlxGa1−xN). Multidimensional thermal characterization of an Al0.30Ga0.70N channel high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) was done using Raman spectroscopy and thermoreflectance thermal imaging to experimentally determine the lateral and vertical steady-state operating temperature profiles. An electrothermal model of the Al0.30Ga0.70N channel HEMT was developed to validate the experimental results and investigate potential device-level thermal management. While the low thermal conductivity of this III-N ternary alloy system results in more device self-heating at room temperature, the temperature insensitive thermal and electrical output characteristics of AlxGa1−xN may open the door for extreme temperature applications.
Congestion Management via Interactive Dynamic Flight Lists and Customer Submitted Multiple Routing Options (2005)

We propose a new concept for managing en route congestion that allows NAS customers to submit prioritized lists of alternative routing options for their flights, and provides traffic managers with a tool that algorithmically takes these customer preferences into consideration as it assigns reroutes and delays to flights subject to traffic flow constraints set by the traffic managers. This concept has the potential to reduce the workload of traffic managers, while allowing them finer control over traffic in uncertain weather situations, and giving NAS customers greater flexibility to operate their flights according to their business priorities. Perhaps one of the most significant benefits is the ability to recapture system capacity that is currently lost when severe weather (or other capacity limiting factors) does not materialize as predicted. This is due to the system remembering a flight's original routing preference. Presently this concept is being evaluated through a series of storyboards, simulations and human in the loop exercises with operational personnel from the airlines, business aviation, and traffic management communities.
Influences of aging and caloric restriction on the transcriptional profile of skeletal muscle from rhesus monkeys (2001)

In laboratory rodents, caloric restriction (CR) retards several age-dependent physiological and biochemical changes in skeletal muscle, including increased steady-state levels of oxidative damage to lipids, DNA, and proteins. We have previously used high-density oligonucleotide arrays to show that CR can prevent or delay most of the major age-related transcriptional alterations in the gastrocnemius muscle of C57BL/6 mice. Here we report the effects of aging and adult-onset CR on the gene expression profile of 7,070 genes in the vastus lateralis muscle from rhesus monkeys. Gene expression analysis of aged rhesus monkeys (mean age of 26 years) was compared with that of young animals (mean age of 8 years). Aging resulted in a selective up-regulation of transcripts involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, and a down-regulation of genes involved in mitochondrial electron transport and oxidative phosphorylation. Middle-aged monkeys (mean age of 20 years) subjected to CR since early adulthood (mean age of 11 years) were studied to determine the gene expression profile induced by CR. CR resulted in an up-regulation of cytoskeletal protein-encoding genes, and also a decrease in the expression of genes involved in mitochondrial bioenergetics. Surprisingly, we did not observe any evidence for an inhibitory effect of adult-onset CR on age-related changes in gene expression. These results indicate that the induction of an oxidative stress-induced transcriptional response may be a common feature of aging in skeletal muscle of rodents and primates, but the extent to which CR modifies these responses may be species-specific.
Regulation of Mitochondrial Function and Biogenesis in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) Cotyledons during Early Seedling Growth (1992)

The aim of this work was to characterize the respiratory metabolism of the greening cotyledons of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) during early seedling growth and to investigate how this is integrated with changes in mitochondrial biogenesis and function. In light-grown cotyledons, lipid mobilization extended from germination to 6 days postimbibition, reaching a maximum at 3 to 4 days postimbibition. The rate of dark oxygen uptake reached a maximum at 2 days postimbibition in dark-grown and 3 days postimbibition in light-grown cotyledons. Development of photosynthetic capacity occurred from 4 to 7 days postimbibition. In dark-grown cotyledons, lipid mobilization extended beyond 7 days postimbibition, and there was no greening or acquisition of photosynthetic competence. Measurements of mitochondrial function indicated that the respiratory capacity of the tissue changed such that during lipid mobilization there was a much greater capacity for the operation of the nondecarboxylating portion of the citric acid cycle (succinate to oxaloacetate), whereas during the development of photosynthetic function the activity of the remainder of the cycle (oxaloacetate to succinate) was induced. Comparison of the maximum capacities for mitochondrial substrate oxidations in vitro with the rates of in vivo substrate oxidations, predicted from the rate of lipid breakdown, indicated that mitochondria in this tissue operate at or below state 4 rates, suggesting limitation by both availability of ADP and substrate.
PREFER (2001)

Users often need to optimize the selection of objects by appropriately weighting the importance of multiple object attributes. Such optimization problems appear often in operations' research and applied mathematics as well as everyday life; e.g., a buyer may select a home as a weighted function of a number of attributes like its distance from office, its price, its area, etc. We capture such queries in our definition of preference queries that use a weight function over a relation's attributes to derive a score for each tuple. Database systems cannot efficiently produce the top results of a preference query because they need to evaluate the weight function over all tuples of the relation. PREFER answers preference queries efficiently by using materialized views that have been pre-processed and stored. We first show how the result of a preference query can be produced in a pipelined fashion using a materialized view. Then we show that excellent performance can be delivered given a reasonable number of materialized views and we provide an algorithm that selects a number of views to precompute and materialize given space constraints. We have implemented the algorithms proposed in this paper in a prototype system called PREFER, which operates on top of a commercial database management system. We present the results of a performance comparison, comparing our algorithms with prior approaches using synthetic datasets. Our results indicate that the proposed algorithms are superior in performance compared to other approaches, both in preprocessing (preparation of materialized views) as well as execution time.
A bridge for measuring the a.c. parameters of junction transistors (1954)

A bridge is described for measuring the low-frequency parameters of junction transistors under emitter open-circuit and collector shortcircuit conditions. Principal features of the bridge are its circuit simplicity and ease of operation. The transistor parameters are measured to an accuracy better than ±4%.
Next generation service creation using XML scripting languages (2003)

The next generation of scripting languages for creating value-added services in converged networks will be based upon XML. Industry forums, like Parlay, JAIN and OSA, have developed open standard application program interfaces (APIs) to enable service creation in converged next generation networks (NGN). While services can be developed in traditional programming languages (e.g. Java or C++) using these APIs, XML-based scripting languages offer some advantages. While not as flexible or powerful as a programming language, scripting languages are typically easier to learn, and are language and platform independent. We describe the architecture and framework (creation, deployment and execution) of XML-based service scripts in NGN. We focus on the service control markup language (SCML) being developed by the JAIN forum for call control scripts that is closely tied to the JAIN Java call control (JCC) API. SCML is intended to be part of a family of NGN service scripting languages that include facilities for user interaction, mobility, and other open NGN API functions. We compare SCML to the call processing language (CPL) defined by the IETF and note that SCML offers several advantages. We also briefly compare it to the requirements that are being developed by the W3C voice browser working group.
Analysis of hierarchical control architectures: a Petri net approach (2002)

Petri nets have been shown to be quite powerful in specifying the control logic for hierarchical systems. Each level of the hierarchy may be modeled by one or more Petri nets. Each Petri net receives tokens from only one higher-level Petri net. Also, any two adjacent Petri nets (in the same level) may pass tokens only through the immediately-higher-level Petri net. Some results concerning the analysis of this type of hierarchical Petri net structures are shown. The authors concentrate on the conservativeness property.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Clinical Impact of Ultrasonic Beam Focusing Patterns (1979)

Previous clinical ultrasound investigations have been adversely affected by inadequate knowledge of the focusing characteristics of the transducer. Precise knowledge of the beam width profile has substantial impact on routine diagnostic procedures and is essential for proper display of the anechoic nature of small cysts, tissue textures, and particularly the distal shadow which characterizes gallstones. In vitro and in vivo tests using transducers with various beam focusing profiles clearly demonstrate that optimal imaging performance occurs within a very narrow range at a critical distance from the transducer face.
Statistical Approach Based Detection of Distributed Denial of Service Attack in a Software Defined Network (2020)

Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack is one of the rapidly growing attack that threat the networks to disrupt the network services available to the intended users. The attack is executed by the perpetrator, who creates a malicious data packets and penetrates it into the normal traffic of the targeted network, thereby disrupting the service which is one of the types of botnet attack. DDoS attacks commonly occur in Software Defined Network (SDN) rather than conventional and ad hoc networks. Since the SDN has a centralized control plane which is completely software-based, the perpetrator overload the controller by sending more attack packets to it thereby resulting in a single point of failure. Due to the periodical changes in the fundamental architecture and the physical separation of forwarding plane from the control plane, the SDN becomes more vulnerable to the DDoS attacks. The usage of entropy is proposed to detect DDoS attacks in the existing methods. The proposed method determines the mean entropy using statistical approach and the rate of packet drops to identify the occurrence of DDoS attack at its early stage to prevent the controller from overloading and thus leading to a failure.
On generalized measures of fuzzy entropy (2004)

In the present paper, the existing measures of fuzzy entropy are reviewed.Two new generalized measures of fuzzy entropy are defined and char acterized.A new measure of P-normed fuzzy entropy is introduced and charac terized.Some generalized measures of fuzzy directed and symmetric divergence are studied and particular cases of the generalized and B-normed fuzzy entropies have also been obtained.
Identification of the galactose-adherence lectin epitopes of Entamoeba histolytica that stimulate tumor necrosis factor-alpha production by macrophages. (1995)

The 170-kDa subunit of the galactose-adherence lectin (Gal-lectin) of Entamoeba histolytica mediates adherence to human colonic mucins and intestinal epithelium as a prerequisite to amebic invasion. The Gal-lectin is an immunodominant molecule and a protective antigen in the gerbil model of amebiasis. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) produced by activated macrophages enhances nitric oxide-dependent cytotoxicity in host defense against E. histolytica. The purpose of this study was to identify the Gal-lectin epitopes which stimulate TNF-alpha production by macrophages. Murine bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMs) exposed to Gal-lectin (100-500 ng/ml) stimulated stable expression of TNF-alpha mRNA (8-fold increase) and TNF-alpha production similar to that of lipopolysaccharide-stimulated cells (100 ng/ml). Polyclonal anti-lectin serum specifically inhibited TNF-alpha mRNA induction in response to the Gal-lectin but not to lipopolysaccharide. Anti-lectin monoclonal antibodies 8C12, H85 and 1G7, which recognize nonoverlapping epitopes of the cysteine-rich region of the 170-kDa heavy subunit, inhibited both amebic adherence to mammalian cells and Gal-lectin-stimulated TNF-alpha mRNA expression by BMMs,but monoclonal antibody 7F4 did neither. As these inhibitory antibodies map to amino acids 596-1082 of the 170-kDa Gal-lectin, our results have identified the functional region that mediates amebic adherence and TNF-alpha mRNA induction in BMMMs; thus, this region of the Gal-lectin is a subunit vaccine candidate.