gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of chemicals that mimic transcriptional changes associated with autism, brain aging and neurodegeneration (2016)

Environmental factors, including pesticides, have been linked to autism and neurodegeneration risk using retrospective epidemiological studies. Here we sought to prospectively identify chemicals that share transcriptomic signatures with neurological disorders, by exposing mouse cortical neuron-enriched cultures to hundreds of chemicals commonly found in the environment and on food. We find that rotenone, a pesticide associated with Parkinson's disease risk, and certain fungicides, including pyraclostrobin, trifloxystrobin, famoxadone and fenamidone, produce transcriptional changes in vitro that are similar to those seen in brain samples from humans with autism, advanced age and neurodegeneration (Alzheimer's disease and Huntington's disease). These chemicals stimulate free radical production and disrupt microtubules in neurons, effects that can be reduced by pretreating with a microtubule stabilizer, an antioxidant, or with sulforaphane. Our study provides an approach to prospectively identify environmental chemicals that transcriptionally mimic autism and other brain disorders.
SparCE: Sparsity Aware General-Purpose Core Extensions to Accelerate Deep Neural Networks (2018)

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) have emerged as the method of choice for solving a wide range of machine learning tasks. The enormous computational demand posed by DNNs is a key challenge for computing system designers and has most commonly been addressed through the design of DNN accelerators. However, these specialized accelerators utilize large quantities of multiply-accumulate units and on-chip memory and are prohibitive in area and cost constrained systems such as wearable devices and IoT sensors. In this work, we take a complementary approach and improve the performance of DNNs on general-purpose processor (GPP) cores. We do so by exploiting a key attribute of DNNs, viz. sparsity or the prevalence of zero values. We propose Sparsity-aware Core Extensions (SparCE) - a set of low-overhead micro-architectural and ISA extensions that dynamically detect whether an operand (e.g., the result of a load instruction) is zero and subsequently skip a set of future instructions that use it. To maximize performance benefits, SparCE ensures that the instructions to be skipped are prevented from even being fetched, as squashing instructions comes with a penalty (e.g., a pipeline stall). SparCE consists of 2 key micro-architectural enhancements. First, a Sparsity Register File (SpRF) is utilized to track registers that are zero. Next, a Sparsity-Aware Skip Address (SASA) Table is used to indicate instruction sequences that can be skipped, and to specify conditions on SpRF registers that trigger instruction skipping. When an instruction is fetched, SparCE dynamically pre-identifies whether the following instruction(s) can be skipped, and if so appropriately modifies the program counter, thereby skipping the redundant instructions and improving performance. We model SparCE using the gem5 architectural simulator, and evaluate our approach on 6 state-of-the-art image-recognition DNNs in the context of both training and inference using the Caffe deep learning framework. On a scalar microprocessor, SparCE achieves 1.11×-1.96× speedups across both convolution and fully-connected layers that exhibit 10-90 percent sparsity. These speedups translate to 19-31 percent reduction in execution time at the overall application-level. We also evaluate SparCE on a 4-way SIMD ARMv8 processor using the OpenBLAS library, and demonstrate that SparCE achieves 8-15 percent reduction in the application-level execution time.
Pathological Diversity of Gastric Cancer from the Viewpoint of Background Condition (2021)

In this review, after a brief overview of conventional gastric carcinoma with H. pylori infection, including its molecular classification, histological characteristics of gastric cancer after eradicating H. pylori are described. The clinicopathological characteristics of gastric cancer independent of H. pylori infection are then explained. Autoimmune gastritis (type A gastritis) increases the risk of gastric adenocarcinoma and neuroendocrine tumors. Gastric carcinoma without H. pylori infection has various histological subtypes, including fundic gland-type adenocarcinoma (oxyntic gland adenoma), foveolar-type adenocarcinoma/adenoma, signet ring cell carcinoma, and adenocarcinoma of the esophagogastric junction. In addition, some familial gastric cancer syndromes, including hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, familial adenomatous polyposis, and gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach, are also discussed. Key Messages: Although the incidence of gastric cancer will decrease in the near future, the diversity of gastric cancer pathology will be enhanced because H. pylori-negative gastric cancer will have a significant impact on the clinical practice guidelines for gastric cancer. Gastroenterologists and pathologists should be aware of the morphological diversity of H. pylori-negative gastric cancer, and attention should be paid to the status of the background gastric mucosa while examining gastric cancer.
Targeting Host Cell Furin Proprotein Convertases as a Therapeutic Strategy against Bacterial Toxins and Viral Pathogens (2007)

Pathogens or their toxins, including influenza virus, Pseudomonas, and anthrax toxins, require processing by host proprotein convertases (PCs) to enter host cells and to cause disease. Conversely, inhibiting PCs is likely to protect host cells from multiple furin-dependent, but otherwise unrelated, pathogens. To determine if this concept is correct, we designed specific nanomolar inhibitors of PCs modeled from the extended cleavage motif TPQRERRRKKR downward arrowGL of the avian influenza H5N1 hemagglutinin. We then confirmed the efficacy of the inhibitory peptides in vitro against the fluorescent peptide, anthrax protective antigen (PA83), and influenza hemagglutinin substrates and also in mice in vivo against two unrelated toxins, anthrax and Pseudomonas exotoxin. Peptides with Phe/Tyr at P1' were more selective for furin. Peptides with P1' Thr were potent against multiple PCs. Our strategy of basing the peptide sequence on a furin cleavage motif known for an avian flu virus shows the power of starting inhibitor design with a known substrate. Our results confirm that inhibiting furin-like PCs protects the host from the distinct furin-dependent infections and lay a foundation for novel, host cell-focused therapies against acute diseases.
Complex formation between iron(III) and some substituted salicylic acids (1966)

The complexes formed by salicyluric acid and several substituted derivatives of salicylic acid with ferric ions have been investigated at 25° and in a medium of ionic strength 0·1 using pH and oxidation-potential measurements. The equilibrium constants of complex formation of the 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 mole ratio iron (III)–acid complexes formed are discussed with reference to the inductive, mesomeric, and steric effects of substituents. Appoximate values of the constants for the 1 : 3 complexes of some of the acids were also obtained, and evidence indicating the possible presence of a protonated 1 : 1 complex is reported.
Logic synthesis for programmable gate arrays (1990)

The problem of combinational logic synthesis is addressed for two interesting and popular classes of programmable gate array architectures: table-look-up and multiplexor-based. The constraints imposed by some of these architectures require new algorithms for minimization of the number of basic blocks of the target architecture, taking into account the wiring resources.
An Examination of Questionnaire Evaluation by Expert Reviewers (2010)

Expert reviews are frequently used as a questionnaire evaluation method but have received little empirical attention. Questions from two surveys are evaluated by six expert reviewers using a standardized evaluation form. Each of the questions has validation data available from records. Large inconsistencies in ratings across the six experts are found. Despite the lack of reliability, the average expert ratings successfully identify questions that had higher item nonresponse rates and higher levels of inaccurate reporting. This article provides empirical evidence that experts are able to discern questions that manifest data quality problems, even if individual experts vary in what they rate as being problematic. Compared to a publicly available computerized question evaluation tool, ratings by the human experts positively predict questions with data quality problems, whereas the computerized tool varies in success in identifying these questions. These results indicate that expert reviews have value in identifying question problems that result in lower survey data quality.
A monolithic quad line driver for industrial applications (1994)

The device described in this paper is a new quad line driver to be used in the hostile and noisy industrial environment and developed in mixed technology (BCD: Bipolar, CMOS, DMOS). It consists of four independent line drivers, each of which has a rail-to-rail push-pull output stage realized with power DMOS transistors connected in half bridge configuration. Even though the device is designed to be used primarily in the output cards of programmable controllers, it is a general purpose device, since it can drive any kind of load (resistive, capacitive, or inductive) with an output current of 100 mA. The novel structure of the top driver allows full protection of the output stage against any kind of short circuits and/or overloads, providing a linear current limitation. Furthermore, when a channel is tristated, for every applied voltage ranging from ground to the supply voltage, virtually zero current is absorbed from the output. An innovative high efficiency central charge pump circuit has also been designed and implemented, making both a very wide supply voltage operation (6-50 V) and high switching frequency (up to 500 KHz) possible, The device can also be used as a receiver since the input voltage can swing from -10-50 V.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Drinking, oropharyngeal signals, and inhibition of vasopressin secretion in dogs (1987)

Ingestion of water leads to a rapid fall in plasma levels of vasopressin in 24-h water-deprived dogs. The rapid inhibition of vasopressin secretion is not due to absorption of water and dilution of plasma nor is it due to gastric distension. Blood pressure rises sharply during drinking, and this may provide the afferent signal leading to inhibition of vasopressin secretion. Other possibilities include a generalized increase in oropharyngeal motor activity or simply the sight of water. To test these hypotheses, 24-h water-deprived dogs were given either phenylephrine, to mimic the rise in blood pressure observed during drinking, offered canned meat, to induce oropharyngeal motor activity and swallowing, or presented with a bowl of water that was placed just out of reach. Administration of phenylephrine, ingestion of food, and the presence of water all caused increases in blood pressure, which were similar to the rise in blood pressure during drinking. However, none of these paradigms caused a fall in plasma vasopressin. In contrast, ingestion of water consistently led to a significant fall in plasma vasopressin, which was detectable within 3 min of drinking and well before changes in plasma osmolality. Therefore we conclude that the mechanism by which ingestion of water causes rapid inhibition of vasopressin secretion in dehydrated dogs cannot be dependent on a rise in blood pressure, a nonspecific increase in oropharyngeal motor activity, or the presence of water.
Factors Affecting Wood Dissolution and Regeneration of Ionic Liquids (2010)

Three wood species, eucalyptus grandis (E. grandis), southern pine (S. pine), and Norway spruce thermomechanical pulp (N. spruce TMP) were pretreated by dissolution in the ionic liquid (IL) 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([AMIM]Cl). The wood was regenerated from the ionic liquid in high yield and the recycling of the ionic liquid was nearly quantitative. The lignin contents and the efficiencies of cellulase enzymatic hydrolyses of the regenerated wood were examined offering an understanding into the IL pretreatment efficiency. The components that remained within the recycled ILs were qualitatively characterized by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Wood density, pulverization intensity, and the nature of the regeneration nonsolvents were investigated as factors affecting the overall process. An increase in the wood density decreased the efficiency of the pretreatment, whereas extended pulverization periods decreased the yield of the regenerated wood after the IL pretreatment,with more glucose being released during the enzymatic hydrolysis. The yield of wood after IL pretreatment using water as the regeneration nonsolvent was found to be much higher than that of using methanol. As the reuse cycles of IL increased the wood regeneration yield increased, while certain wood components enriched within the recycled IL. The efficiency of cellulase enzymatic hydrolysis on the regenerated wood decreased with increasing reuse cycles of the IL.
Fiber-optic probe for electro-optic sampling (2009)

In-circuit probing of high-speed circuits is becoming a common need as circuit complexity and operating frequencies increase. Electrical methods are not generally capable of probing internal points that are not matched to 50 Ω. Electro-optic sampling is a proven technique for noninvasive in-circuit probing of high-speed circuits, but remains a laboratory tool used by a few experts. This work is aimed at designing and developing a fiber optic based electro-optic sampling system that can be used by test engineers to measure the voltage waveform at internal points. The use of a fiber based pulsed laser and confinement of the optical sampling pulses to fiber optic cables and components results in a compact probe station style system that is easy to use. A novel fiber optic based sampling tip has been designed, built, tested and incorporated into a custom designed microwave probe station. The sampling tip has been made by attaching AlGaAs, an electro-optic material to the end of a fiber optic cable and thinned to a thickness of 1.6 μm using selective wet etching. A theoretical model has been developed to describe the characteristics of the tip when exposed to an external electric field. Measurements of the electric field over a coplanar waveguide structure with 60 μm center and 30 μm gaps have been successfully made. The measurements are consistent with results obtained from an electrostatic simulation of the coplanar waveguide. The electro-optic sampling tip has a V[sub π] of 2200 kV when used as a sensor over the coplanar waveguide at a height of 6 μm above the surface of the conductor. The tip can also be accurately placed over a test point by monitoring the power reflected from the surface of the circuit. A phase locked loop (PLL) has been implemented to synchronize the optical sampling pulses to the signal driving the circuit. The PLL successfully locks the optical pulses and signal driving the circuit to a reference oscillator without degrading the phase noise of the optical sampling pulses.
International Aspects Of The Control Of Illicit Payments (1982)

Article details the international aspects of control over illicit payments. It argues that America's hope for achieving an international code of conduct on illicit payments through negotiations in the United Nations is a forlorn one.
Transcriptional Architecture and Chromatin Landscape of the Core Circadian Clock in Mammals (2012)

The mammalian circadian clock involves a transcriptional feed back loop in which CLOCK and BMAL1 activate the Period and Cryptochrome genes, which then feedback and repress their own transcription. We have interrogated the transcriptional architecture of the circadian transcriptional regulatory loop on a genome scale in mouse liver and find a stereotyped, time-dependent pattern of transcription factor binding, RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) recruitment, RNA expression, and chromatin states. We find that the circadian transcriptional cycle of the clock consists of three distinct phases: a poised state, a coordinated de novo transcriptional activation state, and a repressed state. Only 22% of messenger RNA (mRNA) cycling genes are driven by de novo transcription, suggesting that both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms underlie the mammalian circadian clock. We also find that circadian modulation of RNAPII recruitment and chromatin remodeling occurs on a genome-wide scale far greater than that seen previously by gene expression profiling.
A Virtual Impactor with Clean Air Core for the Generation of Aerosols with Narrow Size Distributions (1993)

An improved virtual impactor with interchangeable nozzles was designed and fabricated. One impactor nozzle, of 1.98-mm diameter, was calibrated with monodisperse polystyrene latex spheres. The results show that the separation efficiency of this impactor can be predicted on a semiempirical basis. With a clean air core in the center of an aerosol flow, this impactor has a better separation characteristic than the conventional virtual impactor. Aerosols with narrow size distributions were obtained by passing Arizona road dust particles through this impactor. The mass median diameter (MMD) of these aerosols varies from 10.0 to 3.3 μm with the geometric standard deviation (GSD) ranging from 1.16 to 1.48. The mass concentrations (Ma) of these aerosols ranges over several orders of magnitude from 0.03 to 13 mg/m3. Aerosols with the MMD values ranging from 2.0 to 0.98 μm were obtained with this virtual impactor followed by a real impactor. The GSD values of these aerosols vary from 1.44 to 1.28 and the M a range from 0.07 to 3.57 mg/m3. The effects of varying total flow rate (Q t), clean air flow ratio (q), and minor flow ratio (r) were investigated. As Q i decreases, the MMD becomes larger and the GSD is decreased. With increasing q, the distribution curve becomes narrower and the Ma decreases. In addition, the fine particle contamination increases as r increases.
Fucoidan induces apoptosis of human HS-Sultan cells accompanied by activation of caspase-3 and down-regulation of ERK Pathways (2004)

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide in brown seaweed, was found to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in human lymphoma HS-Sultan cell lines. Fucoidan-induced apoptosis was accompanied by the activation of caspase-3 and was partially prevented by pretreatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor, z-VAD-FMK. The mitochondrial potential in HS-Sultan cells was decreased 24 hr after treatment with fucoidan, indicating that fucoidan induced apoptosis through a mitochondrial pathway. When HS-Sultan was treated with 100 microg/mL fucoidan for 24 hr, phosphorylation of ERK and GSK markedly decreased. In contrast, phosphorylation of p38 and Akt was not altered by treatment with fucoidan. L-selectin and P-selectin are known to be receptors of fucoidan; however, as HS-Sultan does not express either of these selectins, it is unlikely that fucoidan induced apoptosis through them in HS-Sultan. The neutralizing antibody, Dreg56, against human L-selectin did not prevent the inhibitory effect of fucoidan on the proliferation of IM9 and MOLT4 cells, both of which express L-selectin; thus it is possible fucoidan induced apoptosis though different receptors. These results demonstrate that fucoidan has direct anti-cancer effects on human HS-Sultan cells through caspase and ERK pathways.
Exercise and Immune Function (2024)

Endocrine Responses to Exercise, M. Kjaer and F. Dela Neuroendocrine Effects on Immunity, B.S. Rabin, N.M. Moyna, A. Kusnecov, D. Zhou, and M.R. Shurin Exercise and the Acute Phase Response, J.G. Cannon Exercise and Cytokines: Spontaneous and Elicited Responses, G.J. Bagby, L. Couch, and R. Shepherd Immunological Responses to Acute Exercise, B.K. Pedersen Exercise Training and Immune Function, R.J. Shephard and P.N. Shek Immune Responses to Overtraining and Fatigue, D. Keast Prolonged Aerobic Exercise: Immune Response and Risk of Infection, D.C. Nieman Exercise and Autoimmune Diseases, A. Ferry Exercise, Immunity, and Colon Cancer, L. Hoffman-Goetz and J. Husted Exercise, Immunity, and Aging, R.S. Mazzeo Substance Abuse, Exercise, and Immunity, S.E. Blank and G.G. Meadows Exercise, Immunity, and Dieting, C.A. Conn
New Plant Type for High Yield Potential in Wheat-designed (2001)

To achieve a quantum jump in wheat productivity in India, there is a need to design a new plant type, combining negatively correlated yield components in a single genotypc of very high yield potential. In this endeavour new plant type combining two negatively correlated traits high tillers with high grain weight and high grain weight with high grain number/ear) have been successfully combined resulting in significantly high yields. The second phase advance generation materials are in pipeline, which have optimum combination of all three yield components and also carry alien genes (Lr24/Sr24) for leaf and stem rusts resistance, would have further increased in yield potential.
Pharmacogenomics of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. (2001)

Approximately 80% of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can be cured with modern therapy. Despite this success, the number of cases of relapsed ALL remains greater than the number of new cases of most childhood cancers. New strategies are needed to develop curative therapy for the 20% of patients who are not being cured today, and to develop less toxic and less onerous treatment for ALL patients. Molecular genetics has already provided important insights to the mechanisms of leukemogenesis and is now routinely used to define the prognosis and guide treatment intensity for childhood ALL. Pharmacogenomics is a burgeoning field that aims to elucidate inherited differences in drug disposition and treatment response, toward individualizing therapy to enhance efficacy and reduce toxicity. Herein, we review recent progress in thesefields as they relate to childhood ALL, and discuss the promise they hold to further enhance treatment of the most common cancer in children.
Gold(III) derivatives with anionic oxygen ligands: mononuclear hydroxo, alkoxo and acetato complexes. Crystal structure of [Au(bpy)(OMe)2][PF6] (2000)

A variety of gold(III) adducts having σ-ligated oxygen-donor ligands have been prepared from [Au(bpy)Cl2][PF6] 1 (bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine) either by partial or total replacement of the chloride ions. The new species comprise hydroxo, [Au(bpy)(OH)Cl][PF6] 2 and [Au(bpy)(OH)2][PF6] 3, oxo, [Au2(bpy)2(μ-O)2][PF6]24, acetato, [Au(bpy)(O2CMe)2][PF6] 5, and alkoxo complexes, [Au(bpy)(OR)Cl][PF6] 6, 7 and [Au(bpy)(OR)2][PF6] 8–10 (R = Me 6 and 8; Et 7 and 9; Pri10). The dihydroxo and the oxo complexes can be interconverted by refluxing the former in anhydrous THF and the latter in water. The hydroxides 2 and 3 and the acetato complex 5 undergo σ-ligand metathesis in ROH solution (R = Me, Et or Pri) to give the corresponding alkoxides. The crystal structure of 8, the first of a gold(III) methoxo complex, has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.