gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Carpal tunnel syndrome: etiological, clinical and electrophysiological aspects of 262 cases. (1995)

Two hundred and sixty-two patients with carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were analyzed retrospectively. Results showed that middle- and older-age women were more apt to have CTS than men, and that the dominant hand was more frequently affected. Hormonal changes, repetitive and forceful movements, awkward positions of hand and wrist, and other factors may be associated with CTS. Typical clinical manifestations include pain and paresthesia in the median nerve territory, worsening at night or in the early morning, and being relieved by shaking the hand. Although the patients may localize the discomfort beyond the territory, sensory changes are variable and not entirely reliable. Conduction abnormalities often appeared selectively in the median nerve distal to the wrist in CTS. If the patient who is clinically suggestive of CTS shows normal conduction with conventional methods, palmar stimulation and inching technique is recommended. The diagnosis of CTS requires confirmation of illness history, symptoms and signs with objective electrodiagnostic tests.
Maximum Li storage in Si nanowires for the high capacity three-dimensional Li-ion battery (2010)

Nanowires can serve as three-dimensional platforms at the nanometer scale for highly efficient chemical energy storage and conversion vehicles, such as fuel cells and secondary batteries. Here we report a coin-type Si nanowire (NW) half-cell Li-ion battery showing the Li capacity of approximately 4000 mAh/g, which nearly approaches the theoretical limit of 4200 mAh/g, with very high Coulombic efficiency of up to 98%. Concomitantly, we provide direct evidence of reversible phase transitions in the Si NW anodes at the full electrochemical cycles, varying from pure Si to Li22Si5 phase, which has been known empirically inaccessible in the bulk limit.
Representing and reasoning about mappings between domain models (2002)

Mappings between disparate models are fundamental to any application that requires interoperability between heterogeneous data and applications. Generating mappings is a labor-intensive and error prone task. To build a system that helps users generate mappings, we need an explicit representation of mappings. This representation needs to have well-defined semantics to enable reasoning and comparison between mappings. This paper first presents a powerful framework for defining languages for specifying mappings and their associated semantics. We examine the use of mappings and identify the key inference problems associated with mappings. These properties can be used to determine whether a mapping is adequate in a particular context. Finally, we consider an instance of our framework for a language representing mappings between relational data. We present sound and complete algorithms for the corresponding inference problems.
Surface and Subsurface Hydrogen:  Adsorption Properties on Transition Metals and Near-Surface Alloys (2005)

Periodic, self-consistent DFT-GGA calculations are used to study the thermochemical properties of both surface and subsurface atomic hydrogen on a variety of pure metals and near-surface alloys (NSAs). For surface hydrogen on pure metals, calculated site preferences, adsorption geometries, vibrational frequencies, and binding energies are reported and are found to be in good agreement with available experimental data. On NSAs, defined as alloys wherein a solute is present near the surface of a host metal in a composition different from the bulk composition, surface hydrogen generally binds more weakly than it binds to the pure-metal components composing the alloys. Some of the NSAs even possess the unusual property of binding hydrogen as weakly as the noble metals while, at the same time, dissociating H(2) much more easily. On both NSAs and pure metals, formation of surface hydrogen is generally exothermic with respect to H(2)(g). In contrast, formation of subsurface hydrogen is typically endothermic with respect to gas-phase H(2) (the only exception to this general statement is found for pure Pd). As with surface H, subsurface H typically binds more weakly to NSAs than to the corresponding pure-metal components of the alloys. The diffusion barrier for hydrogen from surface to subsurface sites, however, is usually lower on NSAs compared to the pure-metal components, suggesting that population of subsurface sites may occur more rapidly on NSAs.
450nm Laser diode beam shaping in engraving process (2017)

Laser applications in manufacturing processes such as cutting, welding, and engraving processes are become more popular nowadays. High-power and pulsed lasers such as CO2 and Nd:YAG gas lasers are commonly used in applications of metal cutting and welding. Meanwhile, for engraving process laser diode is more preferred due to its properties of compact shape, easy to operate, low power and high efficiency in comparison to CO2 and Nd:YAG laser gas. Owing to the rectangle resonator, the diode laser beam has some inevitable property disadvantages, such as wide-angle divergence, astigmatism and beam profile which has non-ideal elliptical beam shape. These deficiencies lead to a poor quality of beam profile. In order to obtain a high-quality engraving process, two things have to be considered. The first one is a significant requirement of a good beam quality, which is ideally a round beam shape and the second is characterization of burning time and laser intensity for each specific material object. The beam profile quality can be improved by several optical process steps, which finally end up to a perfect Gaussian round beam shape profile. The beam quality improvement can be done by using several-lens structures, for instances: (1) a combination of two sequential cylindrical lenses; (2) the use of two serial anamorphic prisms; (3) cylindrical micro lenses structure and (4) the usage of a single mode optical fiber. In this paper, we design a combination of two sequential cylindrical lenses to reshape a non-ideal beam shape (ellipse) generated from 450-nm laser diode to be more ideal round beam shape, which reduces the divergence angle of the fast axis. Based on the technical experience and consideration the uses of two cylindrical lenses are the most common, low cost and simple method. We analyze the quality of the beam profile by observing the laser-diode burned footprint on the material object. The round beam shape is the best shape and appropriate for engraving process. Moreover, in order to obtain a perfect engraving result, we are also conducting and reporting the burning time and laser intensity characterization.
Degradation of Pectins with Different Degrees of Esterification by <i>Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron</i> Isolated from Human Gut Flora (2000)

A complete human fecal flora and cultures of defined species obtained from fecal flora were investigated in vitro to determine their ability to ferment the dietary fiber pectin. Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron was tested as a pectin-degrading microorganism alone and in coculture with Escherichia coli. Macromolecular pectins with different degrees of esterification were used as substrates in microbial degradation studies. The levels of oligogalacturonic acids formed in batch cultures were estimated during a 24- or 48-h incubation period by using high-performance thin-layer chromatography and high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. The spectrum and the amount of unsaturated oligogalacturonic acids formed as intermediate products of pectin fermentation changed permanently in the culture media during incubation with the complete fecal flora. After 24 h, no oligogalacturonic acids were detected. The pectin-degrading activities of pure cultures of B. thetaiotaomicron were lower than the pectin-degrading activity of a complete fecal flora. Cocultures of B. thetaiotaomicron and E. coli exhibited intermediate levels of degradation activity. In pure cultures of E. coli no pectin-degrading activity was found. Additionally, the rate of pectin degradation was affected by the degree of esterification of the substrate. Saturated oligogalacturonic acids were not found during pectin fermentation. The disappearance of oligogalacturonic acids in the later stages of fermentation with both the complete fecal flora and B. thetaiotaomicron was accompanied by increased formation of short-chain fatty acids.
Randomized Prediction Games for Adversarial Machine Learning (2016)

In spam and malware detection, attackers exploit randomization to obfuscate malicious data and increase their chances of evading detection at test time, e.g., malware code is typically obfuscated using random strings or byte sequences to hide known exploits. Interestingly, randomization has also been proposed to improve security of learning algorithms against evasion attacks, as it results in hiding information about the classifier to the attacker. Recent work has proposed game-theoretical formulations to learn secure classifiers, by simulating different evasion attacks and modifying the classification function accordingly. However, both the classification function and the simulated data manipulations have been modeled in a deterministic manner, without accounting for any form of randomization. In this paper, we overcome this limitation by proposing a randomized prediction game, namely, a noncooperative game-theoretic formulation in which the classifier and the attacker make randomized strategy selections according to some probability distribution defined over the respective strategy set. We show that our approach allows one to improve the tradeoff between attack detection and false alarms with respect to the state-of-the-art secure classifiers, even against attacks that are different from those hypothesized during design, on application examples including handwritten digit recognition, spam, and malware detection.In spam and malware detection, attackers exploit randomization to obfuscate malicious data and increase their chances of evading detection at test time, e.g., malware code is typically obfuscated using random strings or byte sequences to hide known exploits. Interestingly, randomization has also been proposed to improve security of learning algorithms against evasion attacks, as it results in hiding information about the classifier to the attacker. Recent work has proposed game-theoretical formulations to learn secure classifiers, by simulating different evasion attacks and modifying the classification function accordingly. However, both the classification function and the simulated data manipulations have been modeled in a deterministic manner, without accounting for any form of randomization. In this paper, we overcome this limitation by proposing a randomized prediction game, namely, a noncooperative game-theoretic formulation in which the classifier and the attacker make randomized strategy selections according to some probability distribution defined over the respective strategy set. We show that our approach allows one to improve the tradeoff between attack detection and false alarms with respect to the state-of-the-art secure classifiers, even against attacks that are different from those hypothesized during design, on application examples including handwritten digit recognition, spam, and malware detection.
Why Least Squares and Maximum Entropy? An Axiomatic Approach to Inference for Linear Inverse Problems (1991)

An attempt is made to determine the logically consistent rules for selecting a vector from any feasible set defined by linear constraints, when either all $n$-vectors or those with positive components or the probability vectors are permissible. Some basic postulates are satisfied if and only if the selection rule is to minimize a certain function which, if a "prior guess" is available, is a measure of distance from the prior guess. Two further natural postulates restrict the permissible distances to the author's $f$-divergences and Bregman's divergences, respectively. As corollaries, axiomatic characterizations of the methods of least squares and minimum discrimination information are arrived at. Alternatively, the latter are also characterized by a postulate of composition consistency. As a special case, a derivation of the method of maximum entropy from a small set of natural axioms is obtained.
Toxicity of Copper, Cobalt, and Nickel Salts Is Dependent on Histidine Metabolism in the YeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae (1999)

The pH-dependent inhibition of 22 metal salts have been systematically investigated for the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. We have established that the inhibition of growth by Cu, Co, or Ni salts is markedly enhanced by histidine auxotrophy and by increasing the pH of the medium. Each of the his1-his7 mutant strains were unable to grow in the presence of elevated levels of Cu, Co, or Ni at nearly neutral pHs, in contrast to His(+) strains, which grew under these conditions. The Cu, Co, or Ni inhibition was reversed by the addition of histidine to the medium. Deletion of the high-affinity histidine permease Hip1p in His(-) strains resulted in even greater sensitivity to Cu, Co, and Ni and the requirement of an even higher level of histidine to reverse the inhibition. These results suggest that intracellular histidine, most likely in the vacuole, diminishes the pH-dependent toxicity of Cu, Co, and Ni. Furthermore, the toxicity of many salts is exacerbated in strains with a defective vacuolar H(+)-ATPase, which abolishes the ability of yeast to maintain an acidic vacuole, a compartment known to sequester metal compounds. We suggest that the accumulation of histidine in the vacuole is a normal process used to detoxify Cu, Co, and Ni.
Advances in the chemistry of isochroman (1989)

Data on the synthesis and chemical and biological properties of isochroman and its derivatives dating from 1923 (the start of research into this field) until 1985 inclusive are examined and described systematically. The bibliography includes 235 references.
Differential Effects of Delivery of Omega-3 Fatty Acids to Human Cancer Cells by Low-Density Lipoproteins <b> <i>versus</i> </b> Albumin (2004)

These results show the importance of the LDL receptor pathway in activating molecular mechanisms responsible for the tumor inhibitory properties of n-3FA.
Mid-IR Kerr-lens mode-locked polycrystalline Cr:ZnS and Cr:ZnSe lasers with intracavity frequency conversion via random quasi-phase-matching (2016)

Cr<sup>2+</sup> doped ZnS and ZnSe possess a unique blend of physical, spectroscopic, and technological parameters. These laser materials feature ultra-broadband gain in 1.9 – 3.3 μm mid-IR range, low saturation intensities, and large pump absorption coefficients. The II-VI semiconductor hosts provide a low phonon cut-off, broad IR transparency, and high second and third order nonlinearity. Cr:ZnS and Cr:ZnSe are available in polycrystalline form: the material consists of a multitude of microscopic single-crystal grains with a broad distribution of grain sizes and orientations, which results in random quasi-phase-matching (RQPM). The distinctive features of RQPM are a linear dependence of the conversion yield with length of the medium and ultra-wide bandwidth of three-wave mixing. We review resent experimental results on optically pumped mid-IR ultrafast lasers based on polycrystalline Cr:ZnS and Cr:ZnSe. We demonstrate that Kerrlens mode-locking of polycrystalline Cr:ZnS and Cr:ZnSe lasers allow for generation of few-cycle mid-IR pulses with MW-level peak power. This opens several avenues for efficient nonlinear frequency conversion of short optical pulses directly in the laser gain medium via RQPM process. We implemented Kerr-lens mode-locked Cr:ZnS oscillators, which feature high power (up to 0.25 W), spectrally broad (up to 22 THz) second harmonic generation (SHG) in the laser medium. We also demonstrate simple and robust ultrafast source based on single-pass continuously pumped polycrystalline Cr:ZnS laser amplifier: mid-IR pulses with 6.8 W average power and the spectrum spanning 2.0–2.6 μm as well as SHG pulses with 0.52 W average power and 1.05 – 1.25 μm spectral span were obtained.
The effects of mandatory corporate social responsibility policy on accounting conservatism (2016)

Purpose – This paper aims to investigate whether government-mandated corporate social responsibility (CSR) engenders conservative financial reporting in emerging markets. It is expected that CSR plays a substitute role for governance mechanisms in reducing information asymmetry. Design/methodology/approach – The C-Score developed by Khan and Watts (2007) was adopted to measure the degree of firm-year specific accounting conservatism. This study uses the CSR rating established by the Shanghai National Accounting Institute. Findings – Empirical evidence indicates that the government-mandated CSR policy may be sufficient to induce conservative financial reporting. However, due perhaps to political affiliations, the evidence to support this claim is weaker for state-owned enterprises (SOEs) than for non-SOEs. Originality/value – The findings provide a deeper understanding of the potential role of CSR in firms. The results also provide evidence on the dynamics between CSR activities and the reporting behavior of managers. These findings have important implications for investors, analysts and regulators.
Estrogen receptor β activation impairs mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and affects malignant mesothelioma cell growth in vitro and in vivo (2013)

Estrogen receptor (ER)-β has been shown to possess a tumor suppressive effect, and is a potential target for cancer therapy. Using gene-expression meta-analysis of human malignant pleural mesothelioma, we identified an ESR2 (ERβ coding gene) signature. High ESR2 expression was strongly associated with low succinate dehydrogenase B (SDHB) (which encodes a mitochondrial respiratory chain complex II subunit) expression. We demonstrate that SDHB loss induced ESR2 expression, and that activated ERβ, by over-expression or by selective agonist stimulation, negatively affected oxidative phosphorylation compromising mitochondrial complex II and IV activity. This resulted in reduced mitochondrial ATP production, increased glycolysis dependence and impaired cell proliferation. The observed in vitro effects were phenocopied in vivo using a selective ERβ agonist in a mesothelioma mouse model. On the whole, our data highlight an unforeseen interaction between ERβ-mediated tumor suppression and energy metabolism that may be exploited to improve on the therapy for clinical management of malignant mesothelioma.
Channelized Optical Waveguides On Silicon (1987)

Silicon provides a natural substrate base for the development of channel waveguides and their integration with optoelectronic components. Using epitaxial growth, selective doping, and plasma etching, channel waveguides can be fabricated using single crystal silicon alone. Oxide layers of low optical index are readily formed by thermal means on silicon to provide a base upon which low-loss film waveguides can be formed by ion exchange and implantation, chemical vapor deposition, and physical vapor deposition. Thermally oxidized and nitrided layers provide a simple means for developing waveguides. The channel shape for ridge waveguides can be delineated by chemical etching and ion milling techniques. The anisotropic etch characteristics of silicon provide a natural channel for imbedding waveguides using organic and inorganic materials. This paper will review common semiconductor processing techniques used for the formation of channel waveguides on silicon and the performance results obtained to date. The use of channel waveguides for specific device developments will be described and the most promising areas for future development will be addressed.
14C-tripalmitin breath test as a diagnostic aid for fat malabsorption due to pancreatic insufficiency. (1974)

Specific radioactivity of expired 14CO2 after ingestion of a test meal containing 5 µCi of 14C-labeled tripalmitin was measured at 1-hr intervals for 8 hr and also at 24 hr. Two or more days later, the test was repeated with ten tablets of Viokase (containng 650 FIP units of lipase per tablet) given immediately after the 14C-test meal. A mean peak specific radioactivity of expired 14CO2 (14CO2 value, expressed as percent dose per millimole × 104) without Viokase was 53.3 ± 3.3 (1 s.e.m.) for ten normal subjects and 25.8 ± 5.1 for 18 malabsorption patients. The test was repeated with Viokase in seven fat malabsorption patients with pancreatic involvement and fat malabsorption patients with no evidence of pancreatic involvement. The parameters examined were the absolute increase in the peak 14CO2 value due to Viokase administration and the ratio of post-Viokase to pre-Viokase peak 14CO2 values. Both parameters for the group with pancreatic involvement (the increase of 27.9 ± 3.4 and the ratio of 6.1 ± 1.7) were significantly greater than those for the group with no evidence of pancreatic involvement (5.2 ± 1.4 and 1.3 ± 0.1) (p
Effect of individual or combined ablation of the nuclear groups of the lamina terminalis on water drinking in sheep (1999)

The subfornical organ (SFO), organum vasculosum of the lamina terminalis (OVLT), and median preoptic nucleus (MnPO) were ablated either individually or in various combinations, and the effects on drinking induced by either intravenous infusion of hypertonic 4 M NaCl (1.3 ml/min for 30 min) or water deprivation for 48 h were studied. Ablation of either the OVLT or SFO alone did not affect drinking in response to intravenous 4 M NaCl, although combined ablation of these two circumventricular organs substantially reduced but did not abolish such drinking. Ablation of the MnPO or MnPO and SFO together also substantially reduced, but did not abolish, drinking in response to intravenous hypertonic NaCl. Only near-total destruction of the lamina terminalis (OVLT, MnPO, and part or all of the SFO) abolished acute osmotically induced drinking. The large lesions also reduced drinking after water deprivation, whereas none of the other lesions significantly affected such drinking. None of these lesions altered feeding. The results show that all parts of the lamina terminalis play a role in the drinking induced by acute increases in plasma tonicity. The lamina terminalis appears to play a less crucial role in the drinking response after water deprivation than for the drinking response to acute intravenous infusion of hypertonic saline.