gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Giant Optical Pulsations from Ruby (1962)

Giant pulses of optical maser radiation have been produced which are several orders of magnitude larger than the commonly observed spontaneous pulses. The pulses were produced by varying the effective reflectivity of the reflecting surfaces at the ends of the ruby rod through a Kerr-cell switching technique. The measured pulse characteristics are found to be in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Robust color edge detection using color-scale morphology (2002)

Color-scale morphological operations by flat structuring elements are introduced in this paper. Color-scale alternative sequential filters are constructed based on the fundamental color-scale morphological filters. In color-scale morphological filters, the correlation between color components is utilized so that noise in the color image is morphologically filtered. Furthermore, new schemes of color edge detection are presented. Some experimental results show that the color-scale alternative sequential filters can very powerfully eliminate noise in color images without blurring edges in the color image and the new methods of color edge detection are robust and efficient.
Cocaine use by the otolaryngologist: a survey. (1978)

The unique characteristics of cocaine--anesthesia and vasoconstriction--make it a valuable nasal anesthetic which is a safe topical anesthetic when used properly. The safe dose limit for cocaine used topically in the nose is surely greater than 200 mg, as evidenced by 826 otolaryngologists using greater than 200 mg in their daily practice without ever having experienced a cocaine reaction. Cocaine reactions are not simply dose-dependent, as evidenced by reactions occurring with as little as 10 mg. Fatalities secondary to topical application of cocaine to the nasal mucous membranes are exceedingly rare; only 15 fatalities have been seen in the entire clinical practices of the 2,434 physicians responding in this survey. Establishing 200 mg as the safe limit for cocaine in our literature, althugh it is not based on experimental evidence, is haphazard and carries far-reaching medicolegal implication to 48% of otolaryngologists who use greater than 200 mg of cocaine. A controlled scientific study to elucidate experimental data regarding the toxicity of cocaine in clinically useful doses is urgently needed.
Badger responses to small-scale culling may compromise targeted control of bovine tuberculosis (2014)

Where wildlife disease requires management, culling is frequently considered but not always effective. In the British Isles, control of cattle tuberculosis (TB) is hindered by infection in wild badger (Meles meles) populations. Large-scale badger culling can reduce the incidence of confirmed cattle TB, but these benefits are undermined by culling-induced changes in badger behavior (termed perturbation), which can increase transmission among badgers and from badgers to cattle. Test-vaccinate/remove (TVR) is a novel approach that entails testing individual badgers for infection, vaccinating test-negative animals, and killing test-positive animals. Imperfect capture success, diagnostic sensitivity, and vaccine effectiveness mean that TVR would be expected to leave some infected and some susceptible badgers in the population. Existing simulation models predict that TVR could reduce cattle TB if such small-scale culling causes no perturbation, but could increase cattle TB if considerable perturbation occurs. Using data from a long-term study, we show that past small-scale culling was significantly associated with four metrics of perturbation in badgers: expanded ranging, more frequent immigration, lower genetic relatedness, and elevated prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis, the causative agent of TB. Though we could not reject the hypothesis that culling up to three badgers per social group might avoid perturbation, we also could not reject the hypothesis that killing a single badger prompted detectable perturbation. When considered alongside existing model predictions, our findings suggest that implementation of TVR, scheduled for 2014, risks exacerbating the TB problem rather than controlling it. Ongoing illegal badger culling is likewise expected to increase cattle TB risks.
Aseptic Loosening Of Total Hip Replacement: Macrophage Expression Of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase And Cyclo-oxygenase-2, Together With Peroxynitrite Formation, As A Possible Mechanism For Early Prosthesis Failure (1997)

Aseptic loosening is a major cause of failure of total hip arthroplasty. The adverse tissue response to prosthetic wear particles, with activation of cytokine and prostanoid production, contributes to bone loss around the implants. We have investigated the possibility that inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) are expressed in macrophages in the pseudomembrane at the bone-implant interface, thereby contributing to the periprosthetic bone resorption. We also assessed whether peroxynitrite, a nitric oxide (NO)-derived oxidant associated with cellular injury, is generated in the membrane. Enzymatic activity of iNOS was measured using the arginine-citrulline assay technique and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), as an indicator of COX-2 activity, was measured using an enzyme immunoassay. Cellular immunoreactivity for iNOS, nitrotyrosine (a marker of peroxynitrite-induced cellular injury) and COX-2 was assessed by quantitative peroxidase immunocytochemistry while immunofluorescence methods were used for subsequent co-localisation studies with CD68+ macrophages. The presence of calcium-independent iNOS activity and PGE2 production was confirmed in the homogenised interface membrane. Immunocytochemistry showed that periprosthetic CD68+ wear-debris-laden macrophages were the most prominent cell type immunoreactive for iNOS, nitrotyrosine and COX-2. Other periprosthetic inflammatory and resident cell types were also found to immunolocalise nitrotyrosine thereby suggesting peroxynitrite-induced protein nitrosylation and cellular damage not only in NO-producing CD68+ macrophages, but also in their neighbouring cells. These data indicate that both iNOS and COX-2 are expressed by CD68+ macrophages in the interface membrane and peroxynitrite-induced cellular damage is evident in such tissue. If high-output NO and peroxynitrite generation were to cause macrophage cell death, this would result in the release of phagocytosed wear debris into the extracellular matrix. A detrimental cycle of events would then be established with further phagocytosis by newly-recruited inflammatory cells and subsequent NO, peroxynitrite and prostanoid synthesis. Since both NO and PGE2 have been implicated in the induction and maintenance of chronic inflammation with resulting loss of bone, and peroxynitrite in the pathogenesis of disease states, they may be central to the pathogenesis of aseptic loosening.
Impurity effects in <i>a</i>-Si:H solar cells due to air, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphine, or monochlorosilane in the plasma (1981)

It is demonstrated that solar cells fabricated using plasma-deposited a-Si:H alloys can be seriously degraded by the incorporation of certain impurities during deposition of the a-Si:H materials. Nominally intrinsic layers are adversely affected by the addition to the plasma of air, N2+O2 mixtures (although by neither N2 nor O2 separately), PH3, or SiH3Cl (monochlorosilane). For example, the conversion efficiency of Pd/p-i-n solar cells is lowered from 3.1% to 1.5% by the presence in the plasma of 3000 ppm air during deposition of the i-layer. In this case modification of the a-Si:H gap-state density owing to synergistic effects of oxygen and nitrogen in the plasma leads to a collapse of the space-charge region and a reduction of the μτ product for holes. The deleterious effects on device performance of phosphine and monochlorosilane are also discussed.
Prophylactic pretreatment of mice with hematopoietic growth factors induces expansion of primitive cell compartments and results in protection against 5-fluorouracil-induced toxicity (1996)

The aim of this study was to expand the primitive and committed hematopoietic cell compartments in vivo in order to confer resistance of the blood cell forming system against the cytotoxic, cell cycle specific drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). Possible chemoprotective effects of such a pretreatment could result from increased numbers of hematopoietic cells, present before 5-FU administration. In addition, we hypothesized that an enhanced number of primitive and progenitor calls would result in a reduced cycling activity, ie, 5-FU sensitivity, of these same cells, due to normal physiological feedback loops. Administration of stem cell factor (SCF) plus interleukin-11 (IL-11) to mice was shown to result in expansion of the various immature cell compartments in marrow and, in particular, spleen. The total body content of the primitive cobblestone area forming cells (CAFC)-day 28 was increased to 140%, whereas the more committed cells (CAFC-day 7, erythroid and granuloid progenitors) were increased to 500%. This in vivo expansion resulted in a decreased 5-FU sensitivity of the hematopoietic system. In particular, mice that had received 5-FU 24 hours after discontinuation of growth factor pretreatment showed significantly less toxicity of committed cell stages. Compared with mice not pretreated, it appeared that in pretreated mice, 24 hours after 5-FU administration, the absolute number, but also the fraction of surviving CAFC, was much higher in both marrow and spleen. This was caused by a decrease in the cycling activity of all primitive cell subsets. To explore the possible use of this finding in a chemotherapeutic setting, we determined the interval between two subsequent doses of 5-FU (160 mg/kg) that was required to prevent drug-induced mortality. When control mice received a second dose of 5-FU 7, 10, or 14 days after the first, respectively 0%, 20%, and 80% survived. In contrast, 40% and 100% of mice that received SCF + IL-11 before the first dose of 5-FU, survived a second dose of 5-FU given respectively after 7 or 10 days. To assess whether chemoprotection in this setting could be ascribed to protection of the hematopoietic system, we transplanted a high number of normal bone marrow cells (sufficient to compensate for any hematopoietic deficiency) to normal and pretreated mice after they had been administered 2 doses of 5-FU, given 7 days apart. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) could only rescue 50% of mice not pretreated, showing that a significant part of the mortality was because of nonhematologic toxicity. However, a BMT given to growth factor pretreated mice saved all mice, indicating that in this setting SCF + IL-11 had additional protective effects on cell systems other than hematopoiesis. In conclusion, our study showed fundamental knowledge about the behavior of primitive cells in vivo and has shown that manipulation of these and other cell compartments with appropriate growth factors may confer resistance against cytotoxic drugs.
Controlled Synthesis and Chemical Conversions of FeO Nanoparticles (2007)

In Form gebracht: Monodisperse FeO-Nanopartikel wurden durch reduktives Zersetzen von Eisen(III)-acetylacetonat mit Ölsäure (OA) und Oleylamin (OAm) hergestellt. Die Größe der Nanopartikel konnte zwischen 14 und 100 nm und ihre Form als kugelförmig oder gekappt-oktaedrisch (siehe Bilder) eingestellt werden. Die FeO-Nanopartikel wurden in eine Vielzahl von FexOy-Nanopartikeln überführt, die für magnetische und katalytische Anwendungen interessant sind.
A novel small molecule inhibitor of MDM2-p53 (APG-115) enhances radiosensitivity of gastric adenocarcinoma (2018)

In summary, we found that combination of MDM2-p53 inhibitor (APG-115) and radiotherapy can enhance antitumor effect both in vitro and in vivo. This is the first report on radiosensitivity of APG-115 which shed light on clinical trial of the combination therapy of radiation with APG-115 in gastric adenocarcinoma.
Molecular genetics of the glycophorin gene family, the antigens for MNSs blood groups: Multiple gene rearrangements and modulation of splice site usage result in extensive diversification (1995)

The purpose of the review is to describe a system of human erythrocyte membrane glycoproteins exhibiting extensive diversity. Glycophorins A and B (GPA and GPB) are the antigens of the MNSs blood groups; thus individuals bearing variant glycophorins can be readily identified by serological typing. Examination of the wide array of variants of these antigens showed that they include many forms, possibly made evident by lack of constraints due to the apparent dispensability of the parent molecules. This article reviews the molecular genetics of 25 variants of the glycophorin gene family, whose common denominator is that they arise from unequal gene recombinations or gene conversions coupled to splice-site mutations. Most rearrangements occurred within a 2-kb region mainly within GPA and GPB of the gene family and only rarely within the third member, GPE. The key feature is the shuffling of sequences within two specific exons (one of which is silent), homologous in the two parent genes. This has resulted in expression of a mosaic of sequences within this region, leading to polymorphism. The common pattern of recombinations coupled to pre-mRNA splicing was the predominant mechanism of the origin of glycophorin diversity. Thus far this mechanism appears to be unique among human gene families. It could have occurred by chance rearrangements among closely linked genes and been driven by a biological advantage, not as yet identified. This remains to be established. Nevertheless, gene rearrangements observed here are akin to those reported for the major histocompatibility complex (MHC). In the glycophorin family the small size of the region within which gene interactions have occurred and the participation of essentially only two alleles makes this relatively simpler system more focused and easier to dissect and describe molecularly.
Predicting retrosynthetic pathways using transformer-based models and a hyper-graph exploration strategy (2020)

We present an extension of our Molecular Transformer model combined with a hyper-graph exploration strategy for automatic retrosynthesis route planning without human intervention. The single-step retrosynthetic model sets a new state of the art for predicting reactants as well as reagents, solvents and catalysts for each retrosynthetic step. We introduce four metrics (coverage, class diversity, round-trip accuracy and Jensen-Shannon divergence) to evaluate the single-step retrosynthetic models, using the forward prediction and a reaction classification model always based on the transformer architecture. The hypergraph is constructed on the fly, and the nodes are filtered and further expanded based on a Bayesian-like probability. We critically assessed the end-to-end framework with several retrosynthesis examples from literature and academic exams. Overall, the frameworks have an excellent performance with few weaknesses related to the training data. The use of the introduced metrics opens up the possibility to optimize entire retrosynthetic frameworks by focusing on the performance of the single-step model only.
The effect of climate change on Yellow Fever disease burden in Africa (2020)

Abstract Yellow Fever (YF) is an arbovirus capable of causing haemorrhagic fever which is endemic in tropical regions of Africa and South America. In recent years, it has resurged – leading to large outbreaks and expanding its endemic zone, the causes of which are unknown. In Africa, the disease is currently considered endemic in 34 countries where it is estimated to cause 78,000 deaths a year. As the mosquito vectors of YF sensitive to environmental conditions, climate change may have substantial effects on the transmission of YF. Here we present the first analysis of the potential impact of climate change on YF transmission and disease burden. We extend an existing model of YF transmission in Africa to account for rainfall and a temperature suitability index. From this, we project transmission intensity across the African endemic region in the context of four climate change scenarios (representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6, 4.5, 6.0 and 8.5). We use these transmission projections to assess the change from current to future disease burden in 2050 and 2070 for each emission scenario. We find that disease burden changes heterogeneously with temperature and rainfall across the region. In RCP 2.6, we find a 93.0% [95% CI 92.7, 93.2%] chance that deaths will increase in 2050. We find that the annual expected number of deaths may increase by between 10.8% [95% CrI -2.4, 37.9%] for RCP 2.6 and 24.9% [95% CrI -2.2, 88.3%] for RCP 8.5 in 2050, with the most notable changes occurring in East and Central Africa. Changes in temperature and rainfall will affect the transmission dynamics of YF. Such a change in epidemiology will complicate future control efforts. As such, we may need to consider the effect of changing climactic variables on future intervention strategies.
Needle cytology of the breast. A quantitative and qualitative study of the cells of benign and malignant ductal neoplasia. (1979)

On behalf of Theodore Roosevelt, his secretary thanks O. F. Anderson for the letter. His secretary agrees that getting a square deal for the Progressive movement in local papers would bring knowledge to the voters and ease the work of campaign managers.
Engineering the root–soil interface via targeted expression of a synthetic phytase gene in trichoblasts (2003)

For biochemical modification of the root-soil interface, the engineered secretion of stable enzymes from trichoblasts (= root hair bearing rhizodermal cells) is proposed. As a reporter activity, we chose to express a synthetic gene encoding a secretory phytase (PHY) directed by a trichoblast-specific promoter in root hair cells of the crop plant potato. Transgenic plants produced and secreted phytase in sufficient amounts to release phosphate from phytate in liquid medium. When grown in an unsterile substrate containing phytate, transgenic plants accumulated 40% more P in leaves than wild-type plants. The improved P nutrition driven by trichoblast-targeted expression and subsequent secretion of PHY illustrates the potential of using trichoblast-targeted expression of suitable enzymes for future applications in plant nutrition, phytoremediation and molecular farming.
MPER-specific antibodies induce gp120 shedding and irreversibly neutralize HIV-1 (2011)

Interference with virus entry is known to be the principle mechanism of HIV neutralization by antibodies, including 2F5 and 4E10, which bind to the membrane-proximal external region (MPER) of the gp41 envelope protein. However, to date, the precise molecular events underlying neutralization by MPER-specific antibodies remain incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the capacity of these antibodies to irrevocably sterilize HIV virions. Long-term effects of antibodies on virions can differ, rendering neutralization either reversible or irreversible. MPER-specific antibodies irreversibly neutralize virions, and this capacity is associated with induction of gp120 shedding. Both processes have similar thermodynamic properties and slow kinetics requiring several hours. Antibodies directed to the CD4 binding site, V3 loop, and the MPER can induce gp120 shedding, and shedding activity is detected with high frequency in plasma from patients infected with divergent genetic HIV-1 subtypes. Importantly, as we show in this study, induction of gp120 shedding is closely associated with MPER antibody inhibition, constituting either a primary event leading to virion neutralization or representing an immediate consequence thereof, and thus needs to be factored into the mechanistic processes underlying their activity.
High-fat diet transition reduces brain DHA levels associated with altered brain plasticity and behaviour (2012)

To assess how the shift from a healthy diet rich in omega-3 fatty acids to a diet rich in saturated fatty acid affects the substrates for brain plasticity and function, we used pregnant rats fed with omega-3 supplemented diet from their 2nd day of gestation period as well as their male pups for 12 weeks. Afterwards, the animals were randomly assigned to either a group fed on the same diet or a group fed on a high-fat diet (HFD) rich in saturated fats for 3 weeks. We found that the HFD increased vulnerability for anxiety-like behavior, and that these modifications harmonized with changes in the anxiety-related NPY1 receptor and the reduced levels of BDNF, and its signalling receptor pTrkB, as well as the CREB protein. Brain DHA contents were significantly associated with the levels of anxiety-like behavior in these rats.
Mechanism of Captopril-Induced Renin Release in Conscious Rats (1981)

The increase in plasma renin activity after angiotensin I-converting enzyme inhibition by Captopril (SQ 14225) is well documented. In a study of the mechanism of Captopril-induced renin release, conscious rats were treated with Captopril (100 mg/kg per day) in their drinking water. Plasma renin activity (PRA) rose sixfold to a plateau after 5 days. At the end of 5 days of treatment with Captopril, rats carrying Alzet osmotic minipumps which infused angiotensin II (ANG II) at 200 ng/kg per min intraperitoneally had a slightly elevated PRA, as opposed to a greatly suppressed one, in ANG II-infused controls (P < 0.05). Urinary prostaglandin ((PG)E2) daily excretion was unchanged by dietary Captopril. Indomethacin (5 mg/kg) injected subcutaneously significantly reduced plasma PGE2 after 90 min, whereas PRA in Captopril-treated rats was unchanged after indomethacin injection. Results were similar in ANG II-infused Captopril-treated rats. Propranolol (10 mg/kg) injected intraperitoneally significantly reduced PRA 45 min later, but the PRA of ANG II-infused rats was not lower after propranolol injection under Captopril treatment than in similar rats not infused with ANG II. Indomethacin did not potentiate the effects of propranolol or propranolol plus ANG II on PRA of Captopril-treated rats. In conclusion, Captopril increased renin secretion by β-adrenergically mediated activation of the sympathetic nervous system and by interruption of the short feeback loop of ANG II. PGs did not appear to be involved. Other factors may be operating, since propranolol plus ANG II did not normalize PRA.
Distributed Architecture for Large Scale Image-Based Search (2007)

In recent years, some computer vision algorithms such as SIFT (Scale Invariant Feature Transform) have been employed in image similarity match to perform image-based search applications. However, with the increasing scale of image databases, centralized image retrieval system no longer provide adequate prompt search. In this paper, we design a scalable distributed architecture, which is analog to web search engine, for efficient large-scale image retrieval. In our distributed architecture, images are partitioned to multiple servers and an index is built. Administrated by a controlling server, each distributed server matches query image in its own image sub-collection in parallel and returns the intermediate search results, a list of images similar to query image, to the controlling server for further re-ranking and merging. An evaluation of the results shows that our distributed architecture removes the limitation of a centralized image retrieval system. By performing reasonable indexing, merging and ranking strategies, the precision level of search is near to that performed on stand-alone retrieval systems indexing all images.