gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single‐cell RNA sequencing in breast cancer: Understanding tumor heterogeneity and paving roads to individualized therapy (2020)

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) is a novel technology that allows transcriptomic analyses of individual cells. During the past decade, scRNA-seq sensitivity, accuracy, and efficiency have improved due to innovations including more sensitive, automated, and cost-effective single-cell isolation methods with higher throughput as well as ongoing technological development of scRNA-seq protocols. Among the variety of current approaches with distinct features, researchers can choose the most suitable method to carry out their research. By profiling single cells in a complex population mix, scRNA-seq presents great advantages over traditional sequencing methods in dissecting heterogeneity in cell populations hidden in bulk analysis and exploring rare cell types associated with tumorigenesis and metastasis. scRNA-seq studies in recent years in the field of breast cancer research have clustered breast cancer cell populations with different molecular subtypes to identify distinct populations that may correlate with poor prognosis and drug resistance. The technology has also been used to explain tumor microenvironment heterogeneity by identifying distinct immune cell subsets that may be associated with immunosurveillance and are potential immunotherapy targets. Moreover, scRNA-seq has diverse applications in breast cancer research besides exploring heterogeneity, including the analysis of cell-cell communications, regulatory single-cell states, immune cell distributions, and more. scRNA-seq is also a promising tool that can facilitate individualized therapy due to its ability to define cell subsets with potential treatment targets. Although scRNA-seq studies of therapeutic selection in breast cancer are currently limited, the application of this technology in this field is prospective. Joint efforts and original ideas are needed to better implement scRNA-seq technologies in breast cancer research to pave the way for individualized treatment management. This review provides a brief introduction on the currently available scRNA-seq approaches along with their corresponding strengths and weaknesses and may act as a reference for the selection of suitable methods for research. We also discuss the current applications of scRNA-seq in breast cancer research for tumor heterogeneity analysis, individualized therapy, and the other research directions mentioned above by reviewing corresponding published studies. Finally, we discuss the limitations of current scRNA-seq technologies and technical problems that remain to be overcome.
Electrical properties of high-pressure reactive sputtered thin hafnium oxide high-<i>k</i>gate dielectrics (2007)

Thin films of hafnium oxide have been deposited by the high-pressure reactive sputtering (HPRS) system. In this growth system the deposition pressure is around 1 mbar, three orders of magnitude higher than in the conventional ones, assuring that both reflected and sputtered particles reach the substrate with a low energy. The amorphous or polycrystalline structure is modified by adjusting the ratio of oxygen to argon of the sputtering gas. The electrical characteristics of both polycrystalline and amorphous films are compared. In all cases, the leakage current can be fitted to Poole-Frenkel emission. Amorphous films show the best characteristics in terms of capacitance-voltage behaviour, leakage current and interfacial state density, with conductance and flat-band voltage transients almost negligible.
Distinct Intramembrane Cleavage of the β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Family Resembling γ-Secretase-like Cleavage of Notch (2001)

The intramembrane cleavage of beta-amyloid precursor protein by gamma-secretase is the final step in the generation of amyloid beta-protein. A 59- or 57-residue C-terminal fragment called CTFgamma is produced concomitantly. Putative CTFgamma generated in rat brain membrane preparations was purified and sequenced. Instead of CTFgamma, shorter 50- and 49-residue fragments were identified. In addition, we found similar C-terminal fragments of beta-amyloid precursor-like proteins 1 and 2; these were also cleaved at corresponding sites. This newly identified cleavage occurs at a site two to five residues inside the cytoplasmic membrane boundary, which is very similar to gamma-secretase-like cleavage of Notch 1.
A mutation in segment IVS6 disrupts fast inactivation of sodium channels. (1994)

Na(+)-channel inactivation is proposed to occur by binding of an intracellular inactivation gate to a hydrophobic inactivation gate receptor in the intracellular mouth of the pore. Amino acid residues in transmembrane segment S6 of domain IV (IVS6) that are critical for fast inactivation were identified by alanine-scanning mutagenesis. Mutant VIL1774-6AAA, in which three adjacent residues (Val-Ile-Leu) at the intracellular end of segment IVS6 were converted to alanine, had substantial (> 85%) sustained Na+ currents remaining 15 ms after depolarization, while a nearby mutation of three residues to alanine had no effect. Single-channel analysis revealed continued reopenings late in 40-ms depolarizing pulses indicating that inactivation was substantially impaired compared to wild type. The mean open time for VIL1774-6AAA was longer than wild type, suggesting that this mutation also decreases the rate of entry into the fast inactivated state. These results suggest that residues near the intracellular end of segment IVS6 are critical for fast Na(+)-channel inactivation and may form part of the hydrophobic receptor site for the fast inactivation gate.
Rac1 pathway mediates stretch response in pulmonary alveolar epithelial cells (2013)

Alveolar epithelial cells (AECs) maintain the pulmonary blood-gas barrier integrity with gasketlike intercellular tight junctions (TJ) that are anchored internally to the actin cytoskeleton. We have previously shown that AEC monolayers stretched cyclically and equibiaxially undergo rapid magnitude- and frequency-dependent actin cytoskeletal remodeling to form perijunctional actin rings (PJARs). In this work, we show that even 10 min of stretch induced increases in the phosphorylation of Akt and LIM kinase (LIMK) and decreases in cofilin phosphorylation, suggesting that the Rac1/Akt pathway is involved in these stretch-mediated changes. We confirmed that Rac1 inhibitors wortmannin or EHT-1864 decrease stretch-stimulated Akt and LIMK phosphorylation and that Rac1 agonists PIP3 or PDGF increase phosphorylation of these proteins in unstretched cells. We also confirmed that Rac1 pathway inhibition during stretch modulated stretch-induced changes in occludin content and monolayer permeability, actin remodeling and PJAR formation, and cell death. As further validation, overexpression of Rac GTPase-activating protein β2-chimerin also preserved monolayer barrier properties in stretched monolayers. In summary, our data suggest that constitutive activity of Rac1, which is necessary for stretch-induced activation of the Rac1 downstream proteins, mediates stretch-induced increases in permeability and PJAR formation.
VLSI implementation of the keyed-hash message authentication code for the wireless application protocol (2004)

Security has become a highly critical issue in the provision of mobile services. The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) has specified a powerful security layer, the WTLS. The Keyed-Hash Authentication Code (HMAC) has been adopted by the WTLS in order to support the special demands for authentication with security of high-level strength. A VLSI architecture and the FPGA implementation of HMAC for the WTLS are proposed in this work. The introduced design is based on the SHA-1 hash function. The implementation results for both the HMAC and the SHA-1 proposed architectures are compared with other related works. From these comparisons, it is proven that the proposed system performs better in all of the cases. It is also superior to the conventional hardware implementations by using the area-delay product. In addition to the WAP protocol, the proposed architecture can be implemented for any authentication system of computer networks and wireless protocols, with high-performance demands and hard secure authentication needs at the same time.
Securing Peer-to-Peer Distributions with Trusted Platform Modules (2012)

We present a novel solution that allows one platform to securely distribute or redistribute digital contents to another in P2P networks. The solution is based on platforms with Trusted Platform Modules (TPMs). It maintains the confidentiality and freshness of digital contents during the processes of distribution. Given an ideal (tamper-proof) trusted platform, the solution can even withstand attacks by dishonest users during the processes of usage. Moreover, it can also be used to redistribute n-time-use digital content offline, so it is more flexible and scalable than other related distribution solutions to enable widespread deployment. Lastly, by adding a few simple features to TPMs, our solution can easily prevent the malicious sender and receiver from colluding when the redistribution takes place, so we can ensure that they can not gain more than a previously defined amount of rights without contacting the content provider.
Partial discharge. XIII. Acoustic partial discharge detection-fundamental considerations (1992)

An overview of the basic acoustics theory required to understand the finer points of acoustic partial discharge (PD) detection systems is given. PD and acoustic test methods are discussed, and acoustic wave motion, impedance, and intensity are described. Wave propagation and signal absorption, and the velocity of sound are discussed. Acoustic characteristics of media gases, liquids, and solid materials are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Application of Neuronavigation System to Brain Tumor Surgery with Clinical Experience of 420 Cases (2006)

A new era of neurosurgery has recently been unveiled with the advent of image-guided surgery. The use of neuronavigation is beginning to have a significant impact on a variety of intracranial procedures. Herein, we report our clinical experience using a neuronavigation system with different surgical applications and techniques for a variety of brain tumors. We used the BrainLab VectorVision neuronavigation system, which is a frameless and image-guided system. We operated on 420 cases having various types of brain tumor with the help of this system. The mean target localizing accuracy and mean volume were 1.15 mm and 30.8 mL (0.2-216.4 mL), respectively. We utilized this system to effectively make bone flaps, to detect critically located, deep-seated, subcortical, skull-base and skull bone tumors, and to operate on intraparenchymal lesions with grossly unclear margins, such as gliomas. We also performed tumor biopsy using the combination of a conventional stereotactic biopsy instrument and an endoscope. The application of the neuronavigation system not only revealed benefits for operative planning, appreciation of anatomy, lesion location and the safety of surgery, but also greatly enhanced surgical confidence.
Modeling of partial discharge activity in spherical cavities within a dielectric material (2011)

In this paper, a model for a spherical cavity within a homogeneous dielectric material was developed using finite element analysis (FEA) software. The model was used to study the influence of different cavity conditions on local electric field distribution and consequent PD activity. The study involved variation of cavity diameter and cavity location within the dielectric material. In addition, experimental measurements were undertaken using epoxy samples containing single spherical cavities of different diameters.
Mg Segregation at Coherent and Semi-Coherent Al/Al3Sc Interfaces (2006)

Extended abstract of a paper presented at Microscopy and Microanalysis 2006 in Chicago, Illinois, USA, July 30 – August 3, 2005
Human serine/threonine protein kinase EMK1: genomic structure and cDNA cloning of isoforms produced by alternative splicing (1998)

The EMK (ELKL Motif Kinase) is a small family of ser/thr protein kinases involved in the control of cell polarity, microtubule stability and cancer. We have isolated several cDNA clones that encoded two isoforms of the human ser/thr protein kinase EMK1 (GDB symbol EMK1, alias ELKL motif kinase 1, and MARK2). These isoforms were characterized by the presence of a 162-bp alternative exon that gave rise to two forms, one containing the exon and the other one lacking it. Both forms were found to be coexpressed in a number of selected cell lines and tissue samples when analyzed by RT-PCR. By Northern blot, human EMK1 was shown to be encoded by a single mRNA ubiquitously expressed. We have reconstructed most of the genomic structure of EMK1 from the sequence of two human chromosome 11 cosmids deposited in databases, and showed that the gene is composed of a minimum of 16 small exons.
Changes in rabbit cardiac function during fulminant endotoxin shock. (1994)

Septic shock in humans is usually characterized by severe changes in the left ventricular function, while little is known about the dysfunction of the right ventricle. Rabbits were injected intraventricularly with endotoxin from Escherichia coli at a dose of 2 mg/kg following catheterization of both heart ventricles with the purpose of measuring their pressure, and determining a number of contractility indices. In the animals in which endotoxin shock developed very rapidly and death occurred between the 60th and the 90th min (shock development is called fulminant), we established significant changes in the function of both ventricles. At the 20th min, the intraventricular pressure, EDP and P-(dP/dtmax) increased, indicating a tension lead of the right ventricle. At the same time, there was a decrease in plus dP/dtmax, minus dP/dtmax, (dP/dtmax)/P and [(dP/dt)/P]max, considered evidence for impaired contractility and relaxation of the right ventricular myocardium. During the subsequent observation periods, some of the contractility indices returned to normal. At the 20th min, a reduction of intraventricular pressure, P-(dP/dtmax), plus dP/dtmax, minus dP/dtmax and (dP/dt)P was registered in the left ventricle. Pronounced bradycardia was observed from the 30th min to the end of the experiments. Fulminant endotoxin shock in rabbits occurs as a result of the impaired function of the right ventricle attributed to tension leading and endotoxin-induced biventricular myocardial dysfunction.
The Interaction of Silicon Self-Interstitials and Substitutional Carbon in Silicon Based Heterostructures (2001)

The increasing drive to reduce the size of transistors to sub-100 nm dimensions for overall improved performance is ultimately limited by the control over the dopant profiles. Ultra-sharp profiles can be obtained by techniques like ion-implantation or lowtemperature epitaxy, making the primary challenge to control thermal diffusion of dopants during subsequent fabrication steps after the initial profile is formed. This work examines two approaches to obtain structures with sharp doping profiles: (1) reduce the dopant diffusivity through the incorporation of substitutional carbon; and (2) reduce the thermal budget of the preparation steps for silicon epitaxy creating additional growth flexibility for novel design of structures with sharp dopant profiles. This work’s contribution to the first approach include: (i) development of a new gas chemistry in the Princeton rapid thermal chemical vapor deposition (RTCVD) reactor for increased substitutional carbon incorporation in low germanium concentration films, (ii) quantification of the substitutional carbon effect on the dopant diffusivities in and near SiGeC layers, (iii) discovery and understanding that substitutional carbon reacts directly with the silicon self-interstitial in a one-for-one “kick-out” like
Books (1991)

Journal Article Books Get access Mozart in Vienna, 1781—1791 Volkmar Braunbehrens Translated by Timothy BellNew York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1990 481 pages, $25.95 George Martin George Martin Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Opera Quarterly, Volume 8, Issue 3, Autumn 1991, Pages 91–96, https://doi.org/10.1093/oq/8.3.91 Published: 01 October 1991
Acute effects of the β<sub>3</sub>‐adrenoceptor agonist, BRL 35135, on tissue glucose utilisation (1995)

1. The acute effects of BRL 35135 (BRL) on tissue glucose utilisation index (GUI) in vivo were investigated in anaesthetized rats by use of 2-deoxy-[3H]-glucose. 2. Intravenous injection of BRL caused a dose-dependent increase in GUI in skeletal muscle, and white and brown adipose tissue; plasma insulin and fatty acid concentrations were also increased. Chronic treatment with BRL added to the diet caused a 34 fold increase in basal GUI of brown adipose tissue (BAT), but had no effect on GUI in other tissues. After chronic treatment, the acute tissue response to an intravenous maximal dose of BRL had disappeared completely in all tissues apart from the soleus muscle. 3. A high dose (20 mg kg-1) of the non-selective beta-antagonist, propranolol, inhibited the acute effect of BRL on GUI in BAT, but failed to affect GUI in muscle. A lower dose (1 mg kg-1) of the antagonist also inhibited the BAT response, but had little or no effect on the response in Type I (working) muscles such as soleus and adductor longus (ADL), and potentiated the response in Type II (non-working) muscles such as tibialis and extensor digitorium longus (EDL). 4. A low dose (1 mg kg-1) of the selective beta 1-antagonist, atenolol, had no effect on the BRL response but the same dose of the selective beta 2-antagonist, ICI 118551, potentiated significantly the effect of BRL on GUI in most muscles without altering plasma insulin levels. 5. It is concluded that: (i) the heterogeneous tissue responses of different muscle fibre types in the presence of P-antagonists indicates that BRL affects muscle GUI directly, in addition to effects mediated by increases in plasma insulin concentration; (ii) the resistance of the BRL response to conventional P-adrenoceptor antagonists implicates an atypical adrenoceptor mediating the GUI response in skeletal muscle, but this may not be identical to the adipose tissue P3-adrenoceptor; (iii) the potentiation of BRL responses by ICI 118551 indicates an inhibitory P2-adrenoceptor-mediated component in the muscle GUI response to BRL.
Acidosis reduces neuronal apoptosis (1998)

Acidosis is a well established concomitant of tissue ischemia. Acidosis in the pH range 6.0-7.0 is seen in cerebral ischemia and within solid tumors. Extracellular acidosis of pH 6.0 and 6.4 provided essentially complete protection from 48 h serum deprivation induced apoptotic death of cultured primary murine neurons. We tested the effect of p53 using transformed mouse embryo fibroblasts of either p53+/+ or p53-/- genotype. Both were markedly protected from serum deprivation by acidity. Hypoxia induced fibroblast injury was also reduced at pH 6.8. Lower pH resulted in a shift from apoptotic to necrotic morphology after 42 h hypoxia. Acidosis reduces apoptosis of both normal and transformed cells, irrespective of p53 status.
DSP implementation issues in 1000BASE-T Gigabit Ethernet (2002)

This is the second part of a tutorial on 1000BASE-T, physical layer of Gigabit Ethernet over copper. A general presentation of the 1000BASE-T standard was given in a previous communication [Azadet, 1999]. In this paper we focus on one of the main challenges in Gigabit Ethernet: DSP implementation. After presenting a reference implementation of the receiver we describe low-power digital adaptive filter architectures, and techniques for combining Viterbi and Decision Feedback Equalizers (DFE). The last section studies the critical path and complexity of the joint Viterbi/DFE decoder.
Fully planarized 0.5 mu m technologies for 16-Mb DRAM (2003)

The authors describe key points of 0.5- mu m technologies for fabricating high-density memory devices such as 16-Mb DRAM (dynamic random access memory). The main features of the technologies are the use of field-shield isolation and a W contact source/drain transistor utilizing silane reduction of WF/sub 6/. The field-shield isolation technology enables the isolation region to be reduced down to half a micron. The selective W deposition leads to a reduction of the parasitic resistance. A fully planarized T-shaped stacked capacitor cell was fabricated and found to be suitable for a 16-Mb DRAM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Spectrofluorimetric determination of orthophosphate as Rhodamine B molybdophosphate (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSpectrofluorimetric determination of orthophosphate as Rhodamine B molybdophosphateG. F. Kirkbright, R. Narayanaswamy, and T. S. WestCite this: Anal. Chem. 1971, 43, 11, 1434–1438Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60305a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60305a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The association between radiographic knee osteoarthritis and knee symptoms, function and quality of life 10–15 years after anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (2010)

Subjects with radiographic knee OA showed significantly more symptoms than those without OA, and subjects with severe radiographic knee OA had significantly more pain, impaired function and reduced quality of life than those without radiographic knee OA 10-15 years after ACL reconstruction.
Quick start crystal oscillator circuit (2004)

Quick start oscillator architecture and its CMOS implementation are described in this paper. The ability to power down a system when not in use and reliably restart when needed has a great benefit when it comes to saving power. One of the most difficult circuits to turn on quickly is the crystal oscillator. Typically it takes between a few milliseconds to tens of milliseconds for an oscillator to start. It will be shown with this implementation, that the start-up time will be approximately ten microseconds.