gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protective Antigens and Mechanisms of Anti-Candida Immunity (2000)

Life threatening fungal diseases are now frequent in a substantial fraction of the immunocompromised host population. The toxicity and the relative scarcity of efficacious antifungal drugs highlight the need for developing alternative or integrative immunoprophylactic and therapeutic tools; among them the need to develop prophylactic or therapeutic vaccines against candidiasis, a widespread mucosal or deep-seated infection caused primarily by the fungus Candida albicans, are of clear priority. Vaccination is a highly beneficial medical practice, and probably the most cost-effective measure against disease onset and progression. It is based on the use of microbial antigens capable of conferring protection in a susceptible target host. To date, only a handful of Candida albicans antigens have been produced and very few of them have been thoroughly investigated for immunogenicity and protection in experimental models of candidiasis. Thus, approaches to the molecular, biochemical and functional characterization of novel C. albicans encoded molecules are most welcome to improve the perspective of developing in the near future an effective vaccine against C. albicans. Identification of anti-Candida vaccine candidates must take into account the diversity of Candida diseases, the various underlying mechanisms of protection as well as the major immune dysfunctions observed as predisposing factors for disease. Antigens to be considered possible vaccine candidates include members of the aspartyl proteinase (Sap2) family and the 65kDa mannoprotein (MP65) antigen. An additional molecule of C. albicans which has not yet been identified but deserves great consideration as a vaccine candidate is the yeast-killer toxin receptor (KTR). Initial experimental evidence strongly suggests that the above antigens are able to elicit protective immunity against mucosal and/or systemic candidiasis. A series of molecular, biochemical and immunological studies aimed at validating and strengthening this initial evidence are in progress, with the ultimate goal of producing recombinant or natural antigens that can be assessed for their ability to elicit a protective immunity in animal models and the mechanisms whereby protection is achieved, with emphasis on determination of immune correlates of protection.
Contrast-Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Estimation of Altered Capillary Permeability in Experimental Mammary Carcinomas After X-Irradiation (1994)

Dynamic MRI-enhanced with macromolecular contrast medium permits noninvasive quantitative estimates of capillary permeability in tumors, with and without x-irradiation. Because the transendothelial permeability for macromolecular solutes likely influences tumoral accumulation of macromolecular chemotherapeutic agents, this noninvasive technique may prove to be clinically useful in tailoring tumor treatment programs which combine radiation and chemotherapy.
Tetraspanin CD9 determines invasiveness and tumorigenicity of human breast cancer cells (2015)

Interaction of breast cancer cells (BCCs) with stromal components is critical for tumor growth and metastasis. Here, we assessed the role of CD9 in adhesion, migration and invasiveness of BCCs. We used co-cultures of BCCs and bone marrow-derived multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs), and analyzed their behavior and morphology by dynamic total internal reflection fluorescence, confocal and scanning electron microscopy. 83, 16 and 10% of contacts between MDA-MB-231 (MDA), MA-11 or MCF-7 cells and MSCs, respectively, resulted in MSC invasion. MDA cells developed long magnupodia, lamellipodia and dorsal microvilli, whereas long microvilli emerged from MA-11 cells. MCF-7 cells displayed large dorsal ruffles. CD9 knockdown and antibody blockage in MDA cells inhibited MSC invasion by 95 and 70%, respectively, suggesting that CD9 is required for this process. Remarkably, CD9-deficient MDA cells displayed significant alteration of their plasma membrane, harboring numerous peripheral and dorsal membrane ruffles instead of intact magnupodium/lamellipodium and microvillus, respectively. Such modification might explain the delayed adhesion, and hence MSC invasion. In agreement with this hypothesis, CD9-knockdown suppressed the metastatic capacity of MDA cells in mouse xenografts. Our data indicate that CD9 is implicated in BCC invasiveness and metastases by cellular mechanisms that involve specific CD9+ plasma membrane protrusions of BCCs.
Patent claims-How to keep track of them (1995)

The claims are a vital part of every patent disclosure, but can be confusing for a non-lawyer to read and understand. A patent disclosure includes, among other things, a description of the embodiment which reads like a technical article, and a set of claims, which reads like a legal document: the claims often depend on each other in a complicated way. While preparing material for a UK, US and Canadian patent with my patent attorney, I have found the claims to be the most difficult to keep organised: it is only too easy to leave something out, or to get the dependencies mixed up. The author has found it useful to summarise the claims in tabular form, and a simple dependency table is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Exosomes from IL-1β stimulated synovial fibroblasts induce osteoarthritic changes in articular chondrocytes (2014)

Exosomes from IL-1β stimulated SFB induce OA-like changes both in vitro and in ex vivo models. Exosomes represent a novel mechanism by which pathogenic signals are communicated among different cell types in OA-affected joints.
2',5'-Oligoadenylates and related 2',5'-oligonucleotide analogs. 1. Enzymic synthesis and substrate specificity of the interferon-induced murine 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (1983)

The substrate specificity of the interferon-induced mouse L-cell enzyme, 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase, was determined with a number of nucleoside 5'-triphosphate analogues. Selected nucleoside 5'-triphosphates were converted to 2',5'-oligonucleotides with the following order of efficiency for the nucleoside: 8-azaadenosine greater than adenosine = 2-chloroadenosine greater than sangivamycin greater than toyocamycin greater than formycin greater than 3-ribosyladenine greater than ribavirin greater than tubercidin greater than adenosine 1-oxide greater than 2-beta-D-ribofuranosylthiazole-4-carboxamide greater than inosine = 1,N6-ethenoadenosine greater than guanosine greater than 8-bromoadenosine = uridine greater than cytidine. Adenosine 5'-((beta, gamma-imidotriphosphate) did not seem to be a recognizable substrate since no detectable product resulted. Either the 2',5'-oligoadenylate synthetase is not as specific as had been previously thought, or there may be more than one 2',5'-oligonucleotide synthetase. The 2',5'-oligonucleotide analogue products in which the adenosine of ppp(A2'P5')nA was replaced by the various nucleoside analogues were separated by DEAE-cellulose column chromatography and the chain length and number of 5'-phosphate residues analyzed by a rapid, efficient high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) system involving ion-pairing C18 reversed-phase column chromatography. Separation of the 5'-mono-, 5'-di-, and 5'-triphosphorylated forms of the 2',5'-oligonucleotide analogue dimers, trimers, tetramers, and pentamers was readily achieved by this useful HPLC system. No 5'-nonphosphorylated forms were detected for any of the 2',5'-oligonucleotide analogue products.
Simultaneous Epoxidation of 1-Hexene and Hydroxylation of Benzene during Electrolysis of Water (1994)

Abstract Epoxidation of 1-hexene and hydroxylation of benzene to phenol and hydroquinone occurred at the same time on the anode and the cathode, respectively, during electrolysis of water at room temperature. The most favorable anode and the cathode for these reactions were Pt black and the carbon whisker added with Pd black and Fe2O3, respectively.
Seedless Electrodeposition of Cu on Unmodified Tungsten (2002)

Adherent Cu films were electrodeposited on polycrystalline W foils from a purged 0.05 M solution in supporting electrolyte at pH 1. Films were deposited under constant potential conditions at voltages between and vs. Ag/AgCl. The films produced by pulses of 10 s duration were visible to the eye, copper colored, and survived the Scotch tape test. Characterization by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) confirmed the presence of Cu, with apparent dendritic growth. No sulfur impurity was observable by XPS. Kinetics measurements indicated that the Cu nucleation process is slow compared to recently reported kinetics for Cu electrodeposition on TiN. The adhesion of the deposited Cu strongly suggests the absence of an interfacial oxide. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Firewall model for cloud computing (2013)

Cloud computing is becoming increasingly popular in the business world due to the advantages that it offers by eliminating the need to have infrastructure within business premises and dedicated staff to maintain infrastructure. Apart from the advantages the cloud offers, it can also bring in some potential security threats to the organization by not having organization specific firewalls, monitoring mechanisms and physical security. This limits the chances that companies move onto the cloud, which could have otherwise become an extremely attractive alternative for the businesses. The need is to make cloud services more reliable and trustworthy for the businesses by providing a proper security mechanism that addresses the existing drawbacks in cloud computing. The key is a firewall model that constitutes a centralized Cloud Firewall Management Server and Firewall Clients that communicate with the Cloud Firewall Management Server. This enables the organizations to maintain their own control over the firewall and firewall policies. This model does not share any information with the cloud service provider thereby providing a fully trusted solution for the businesses and additionally caters for the audit needs of the businesses by making all the information available at the central Cloud Firewall Management Server.
The Value of Flexibility in Managing Uncertainty in Oil and Gas Investments (2002)

Abstract This paper deals with improving the oil and gas industry's ability to manage the impacts of uncertainty on investment evaluations. We first review the economic performance of the industry and conclude that it is not good. Under-performance is attributed largely to poor investment decision-making, which is in turn due to inaccurate evaluation of the economic impacts of uncertainty. We describe how undue focus on Value of Information (VoI) and classical DCF techniques can prevent full value creation from an investment opportunity, by not encouraging exploration of the use of flexibility to manage, or even exploit, uncertainty. A Real Options (RO) approach has considerable appeal in overcoming this problem. However, its widespread application has yet to occur due to unfamiliarity, issues around its robust implementation and a focus on valuation rather than value creation. Here, the VoI concept is extended to assessing the Value of Flexibility (VoF). Building on a previously published framework (SPE 71414), we show how VoI and VoF analyses can be performed using a Stochastic Integrated Asset Model and thus offer a practical means to capture some of the benefits of a real options approach. The VoI concept is reviewed and illustrated by the example of executing a seismic study to reduce OOIP uncertainty. VoF is illustrated by planning extra slots on a platform to manage residual OOIP uncertainty and by estimating the value of incremental water injection facilities to manage uncertainty in aquifer strength. Value creation from flexibility is illustrated by considering the potential to change production rate as oil price changes.
Super-narrow track MR head (1975)

A magnetoresistive (MR) head produces high output. A stripe type MR head, however, has poor wave-length response due to its stripe width loss and has limitation in reducing track width due to its configuration. A new MR head, therefore, is proposed here to obtain extremely narrow track width. This head can achieve very high areal density and has no wear problems, since having flux guide cores.
Postarthroscopy analgesia with bupivacaine (1990)

The analgesic effect of intraarticular bupivacaine injected at the conclusion of knee arthroscopy done under general anesthesia was investigated in a prospective, randomized, and blinded fashion. Pain scores, the use of analgesic medications, crutch use, weight-bearing, activity level, and difficulty sleeping the night after surgery were all unaffected by the use of bupivacaine. The apparent lack of effect is most likely due to rapid clearance from the knee, leaving only a transient, 1 to 2 hours of potential benefit. In this study, the patients were already quite comfortable during this time period due to the routine use of intraoperative narcotics. The preoperative level of knee discomfort was found to be a major determinant of postoperative discomfort. Other much less important factors were synovial and chondral shaving, sex of the patient, and experience of the surgeon.
Tabu-search simulation optimization approach for flow-shop scheduling with multiple processors — a case study (2004)

The flow shop with multiple processors (FSMP) environment is relatively common and has a variety of applications. The majority of academic authors solve the scheduling problem of FSMP using deterministic data that ignore the stochastic nature of a real-world problem. Discrete-event simulation can model a non-linear and stochastic problem and allows examination of the likely behaviour of a proposed manufacturing system under selected conditions. However, it does not provide a method for optimization. The present paper proposes to solve the FSMP scheduling problem by using a tabu-search simulation optimization approach. It features both the stochastically modelling capability of the discrete-event simulation and the efficient local-search algorithm of tabu search. A case study from a multilayer ceramic capacitor manufacturing illustrates the proposed solution methodology. Empirical results show promise for the practical application of the proposed methodologies. Future research opportunities are then addressed.
The small envelope protein is required for secretion of a naturally occurring hepatitis B virus mutant with pre-S1 deleted (1997)

Naturally occurring deletions in the hepatitis B virus pre-S1 domain have been frequently found during persistent viral infection. In this study we have investigated the functional properties of a mutant viral genome that carries an in-frame deletion of 183 nucleotides in the pre-S1 region. This deletion removes the promoter of the small envelope gene. Transfection into human hepatocellular carcinoma cells of a replication-competent construct containing this deletion resulted in an increase of intermediate DNA replicative forms compared to those produced by wild-type hepatitis B virus. Northern blot analysis revealed that such cells lack the 2.1-kb transcripts encoding the small envelope protein and that hepatitis B surface antigen was absent as well. Furthermore, nucleocapsids containing the genome with pre-S1 deleted were not secreted, and the deleted large envelope protein was retained with the cytoplasm and exhibited a perinuclear pattern of distribution. However, coexpression with the small envelope protein was sufficient to restore virion secretion and to change the cellular distribution of the deleted large envelope protein. In addition, the creation of point mutations that prevent the synthesis of large or small envelope proteins also inhibited viral secretion and led to increased levels of hepatitis B virus intermediate replicative forms within the cell. These studies suggest that naturally occurring viral mutants with pre-S1 deletions involving the promoter region of the small envelope gene will generate a deleted large envelope protein that is retained in the endoplasmic reticulum, resulting in the accumulation of nucleocapsids containing viral DNA; transcomplementation with the wild-type small envelope protein will allow mutant virion secretion to occur.
Endoscopy in general practice (1995)

those who have some experience of developing schemes.Furthermore, it would signal potential topics for systematic reviews by the NHS Reviews and Dissemination Centre.Additionally, the register would be a resource for health service researchers wishing to study specific innovations in cooperation with purchasers and providers and for potential funders of such research.As far as possible, multicentre trials of innovations should be promoted to deternine whether innovations are generalisable and, if they are not, in which circumstances they are most appropriate.Entry to the register could be by notification to the regional research and development directorate, which could also try to ensure that funds were made available to evaluate innovations consuming substantial NHS resources.This should act as an incentive for notification.Innovations have the potential for both good and harm.They entail the expenditure of scarce resources that could be used in other ways.A strong case therefore exists for avoiding premature dissemination, improving coordination, and ensuring that effort is focused where it is most likely to benefit the NHS.This could be achieved by a mechanism such as that of the current Standing Group on Health Technology, which takes stock of existing, proposed, and possible future inno- vations and advises on where development and research efforts might best be concentrated.Such a mechanism should not stifle innovation but channel it to maximise the experience of those who innovate.It could promote the dissemination of successful examples to the rest of the NHS without delay."2Doctors are under increasing pressure to take account of evidence of clinical effectiveness when treating patients.Similarly, managers should seek out and heed information about the cost effective organisation ofhealth care.
Draft Genome Sequence of Aeromonas veronii Hm21, a Symbiotic Isolate from the Medicinal Leech Digestive Tract (2013)

Aeromonas veronii strain Hm21 was isolated from the digestive tract of the medicinal leech Hirudo verbana and has been used to identify genes that are important for host colonization. This species is also a symbiont in the gut of zebrafish and is a pathogen of mammals and fish. We present here a 4.68-Mbp draft genome sequence for Hm21.
Juvenile idiopathic arthritis. (2010)

General practice plays an important role in the early detection, initial management and ongoing monitoring of children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Early detection involves understanding the classification framework for subtypes of juvenile idiopathic arthritis, and being aware of the clinical manifestations and how to look for them, through history, examination and appropriate investigation. The major extra-articular manifestations of juvenile idiopathic arthritis are uveitis and growth disturbance. Treatment options include nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, methotrexate, biologic agents, and corticosteroids. Management using a multidisciplinary approach can prevent long term sequelae. Unfortunately, approximately 50% of children will have active disease as adults.
Activation of Wood Surface and Nonconventional Bonding (1984)

Nonconventional bonding includes many different methods of bonding wood, all of them radically different from the conventional phenol-formaldehyde and ureaformaldehyde and related methods. In many cases the methods rely, at least in principle, on formation of covalent bonds to wood surfaces. Some of the systems involve direct covalent bonds between the wood surfaces, some employ bifunctional monomers for joining the surfaces, and others covalently bridge the surfaces by polymeric chains. The last methods appear to bridge the gaps between wood surfaces with the least difficulty. The methods include gluing by spent sulfite liquor at low pH; gluing by a mixture of spent sulfite liquor, furfuryl alcohol, and maleic anhydride with oxidative surface activation; gluing by water-soluble carbohydrates with a catalyst; and gluing by isocyanates. Some methods are at the pilot plant stage, some are at the laboratory stage, while gluing by isocyanates has been in industrial use for some time. The products often exhibit improved dimensional stability and water resistance, but tend to suffer from abnormally high variability in the mechanical properties. Progress is handicapped by insufficient knowledge of the chemical composition of wood surfaces as well as of the chemical processes involved in bonding. The reacting wood surfaces are commonly richer in lignin than the bulk of the wood and are covered with a layer of polar and nonpolar extractives. This coverage as well as chemical transformations during surface preparation and history can influence the formation of covalent bonds to wood. Acid or oxidant activators can be required for bond formation. Such activators could promote cross-linking of the introduced polymers without formation of covalent bonds to wood surface, could change the polymer and enable it to form covalent bonds with the wood surface, or could change the wood surface and enable it to form covalent bonds with the polymer. Some systems involve the lignin portion of wood for formation of covalent bonds (lignophilic systems), others preferentially form covalent bonds with cellulose or hemicelluloses (cellophilic systems).
Gastrointestinal stromal tumors in a mouse model by targeted mutation of the Kit receptor tyrosine kinase (2003)

Oncogenic Kit mutations are found in somatic gastrointestinal (GI) stromal tumors (GISTs) and mastocytosis. A mouse model for the study of constitutive activation of Kit in oncogenesis has been produced by a knock-in strategy introducing a Kit exon 11-activating mutation into the mouse genome based on a mutation found in a case of human familial GIST syndrome. Heterozygous mutant KitV558Delta/+ mice develop symptoms of disease and eventually die from pathology in the GI tract. Patchy hyperplasia of Kit-positive cells is evident within the myenteric plexus of the entire GI tract. Neoplastic lesions indistinguishable from human GISTs were observed in the cecum of the mutant mice with high penetrance. In addition, mast cell numbers in the dorsal skin were increased. Therefore KitV558Delta/+ mice reproduce human familial GISTs, and they may be used as a model for the study of the role and mechanisms of Kit in neoplasia. Importantly, these results demonstrate that constitutive Kit signaling is critical and sufficient for induction of GIST and hyperplasia of interstitial cells of Cajal.
Dynamics of success and failure in phage and antibiotic therapy in experimental infections (2002)

1) The Smith and Huggins phage and antibiotic therapy results are quantitatively and qualitatively robust. (2) Our RCA values reflect the microbiological efficacies of the different phages and of streptomycin in preventing mortality, and reflect the decline in their efficacy with a delay in treatment. These results show specifically that bacteria become refractory to treatment over the term of infection. (3) The K1-specific and non-specific phages had similar replication rates on bacteria grown in broth (based on the PRA), but the K1-specific phage had markedly greater replication rates in mouse serum.
Multiwavelength integrated 2×2 optical cross-connect switch and lambda-partitioner with 2×N phased-array waveguide grating in self-loopback configuration (2002)

Summary form only given. We have designed and fabricated a new photonic integrated multichannel wavelength-selective switch that is far less sensitive to the uniformity problem of the phase-array waveguide grating (PAWG) process and can perform many wavelength switching functions. With improved PAWG performance, this new design holds great potential to produce high performance and high yield reconfigurable wavelength-switching devices.