gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
X 15 T.N™ : A new Martensitic Stainless Steel for Surgical Instruments (2003)

The edge retention and wear resistance of steels are dependant upon hardness nd structure. Until now, two main principles have been adopted to increase the hardness of martensitic stainless steels: 1.Either through the introduction of a structural hardening mechanism into low carbon martensitic grades such as, AISI 630 and XM 16, 2.Or by increasing the carbon content of the martensite and subsequently strengthening it through the presence of primary carbides. The first option has not allowed to date, the mass production of steels with hardness levels greater than 52/54 HRC. Furthermore, the absence of carbides deleteriously affects cutting quality. The second option has two distinct disadvantages directly linked to the presence of large carbides, which render the steel brittle and reduce corrosion resistance, through chromium depletion of the matrix in the immediate vicinity of the carbides. In X 15 T.N™, (UNS S 42025) nitrogen is used as a partial substitute for carbon, causing hardening by interstitial insertion as well as by the formation of fine nitrides and carbonitrides. In this way, a hardness level (58/60 HRC) is obtained equivalent to a high carbon martensitic steel without chromium depletion, thereby giving a substantial improvement in corrosion resistance, i.e. equivalent or superior to AISI 630 and XM 16.
A safe &amp; secure arinc 653 hypervisor (2013)

Embedded hypervisors allow integration of a mixture of legacy and modern applications onto a single computing platform, thus reducing size, weight, power, and cost (SWaP-C). DornerWorks is developing extensions to the open source Xen hypervisor that will meet DO-178C Level A requirements for safety and high robustness requirements based on Common Criteria Evaluation Assurance Level (EAL) 6+ for security. Our extensions provide compliance with the ARINC 653 standard, including time and space partitioning and refine the idea of I/O partitioning. Our partitioning of I/O provides deterministic bandwidth allocation to guest domains. To meet security requirements we apply modern formal analysis techniques to our design. A distinctive aspect of our hypervisor is our use of permissive licensing based on open source with meticulous configuration management. We believe that the transparency and availability offered by a permissive license and an open architecture coupled with rigorous certification artifacts for both safety and security establishes a compelling alternative for partitioning of software in safety and security-critical systems.
Conversion of <i>p</i>-coumarate into caffeate by <i>Streptomyces nigrifaciens</i>. Purification and properties of the hydroxylating enzyme (1972)

1. An enzyme responsible for the conversion of p-coumarate into caffeate was purified 97-fold from Streptomyces nigrifaciens. The enzyme had a molecular weight of 18000 as determined by Sephadex G-100 gel filtration and was homogeneous on polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis. 2. The preparation exhibited both p-coumarate hydroxylase and caffeate oxidase activities. 3. Stoicheiometry of the reaction indicated a mono-oxygenase-mediated catalysis consuming 1mol of O(2)/mol of substrate hydroxylated. 4. NADH, NADPH, tetrahydropteroylglutamate or ascorbate act as electron donors for the reaction, ascorbate being inhibitory at higher concentrations. 5. The optimum enzyme activity was at about pH7.7 and 40 degrees C, with an activation energy of 39kJ/mol. 6. Monophenols such as p-hydroxyphenylpropionate, p-hydroxyphenylacetate, l-tyrosine and dl-p-hydroxyphenyl-lactate were also hydroxylated by the preparation, in addition to p-coumarate. 7. The enzyme was a copper protein having 0.38% copper in a bound form. 8. Thiol-group inhibitors did not affect the reaction. 9. The relationship of the enzyme to other hydroxylases is discussed.
Traffic Light Recognition Based on Binary Semantic Segmentation Network (2019)

A traffic light recognition system is a very important building block in an advanced driving assistance system and an autonomous vehicle system. In this paper, we propose a two-staged deep-learning-based traffic light recognition method that consists of a pixel-wise semantic segmentation technique and a novel fully convolutional network. For candidate detection, we employ a binary-semantic segmentation network that is suitable for detecting small objects such as traffic lights. Connected components labeling with an eight-connected neighborhood is applied to obtain bounding boxes of candidate regions, instead of the computationally demanding region proposal and regression processes of conventional methods. A fully convolutional network including a convolution layer with three filters of (1 × 1) at the beginning is designed and implemented for traffic light classification, as traffic lights have only a set number of colors. The simulation results show that the proposed traffic light recognition method outperforms the conventional two-staged object detection method in terms of recognition performance, and remarkably reduces the computational complexity and hardware requirements. This framework can be a useful network design guideline for the detection and recognition of small objects, including traffic lights.
Assessment of gefitinib- and CI-1040-mediated changes in epidermal growth factor receptor signaling in HuCCT-1 human cholangiocarcinoma by serial fine needle aspiration (2006)

One specific limitation to the clinical development of targeted cancer therapeutics is the lack of well-validated pharmacodynamic markers. Such tools might conceivably provide a framework within which to better evaluate the selection of specific molecules as therapeutic targets. Nevertheless, the practical application of this hypothesis in clinical development remains elusive. In this study, we present a minimally invasive pharmacodynamic assay for monitoring therapy-mediated changes in the activity of target signaling pathways by using fine needle aspiration (FNA) samples and quantitative ELISA methods. To this end, we used the HuCCT-1 cholangiocarcinoma cell line treated with gefitinib (ZD1839, Iressa), a selective blocker of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), and CI-1040, a selective inhibitor of the mitogen extracellular regulated kinase [mitogen-activated protein/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) kinase 1/2]. HuCCT-1 cells were resistant to gefitinib and CI-1040 alone but susceptible to the combination of these drugs in vitro and in vivo. This effect was associated with a greater inhibition of ERK1/2 activation, a downstream mediator in the EGFR-mitogen-activated protein/ERK kinase pathway. Using this model, we sought to assess whether FNA-obtained tumor biopsies could be used to measure signaling pathway activation. Cellular extracts prepared from FNA samples yielded adequately cellular, high-quality samples to assess therapy-mediated changes in EGFR and ERK1/2 phosphorylation by Western blotting and quantitative ELISA assays. Treatment with gefitinib alone effectively inhibited EGFR activation but failed to block ERK1/2 phosphorylation and tumor growth. Blocking was achieved by the addition of CI-1040 to the treatment regimen. These results show that the combination of serial FNA sampling with highly sensitive quantitative ELISA assays permits assessment of therapy-mediated changes in signaling pathways, which correlate well with antitumor effects. This assay is simple to implement and broadly applicable to diverse tumor types in clinical studies with cancer patients and may be useful in the development of targeted anticancer agents.
Binding of Filamin to the C-terminal Tail of the Calcitonin Receptor Controls Recycling (2003)

Many G protein-coupled receptors undergo endocytosis, but the mechanisms involved in endocytic sorting and recycling remain to be fully elucidated. We found that the G protein-coupled calcitonin receptor (CTR) undergoes tonic internalization and accumulates within the cell. Using a fluorescence loss in photobleaching assay, we classified these vesicles functionally as recycling vesicles. In a two-hybrid screening, we found that the actin-binding protein filamin interacted with the C-terminal tail of the CTR. The degradation of the receptor was profoundly increased in the absence of filamin or the CTR-filamin interaction. The absence of filamin was also associated with a marked decrease in recycling of the receptor from the endosomes to the cell surface. In contrast, calcitonin-induced inhibition of spontaneous filamin proteolysis was associated with increased recycling of the receptor to the cell surface and decreased degradation of the CTR, suggesting an important role for filamin in the endocytic sorting and recycling of the internalized CTR.
Particle Size Distributions from Angular Variation of Intensity of Forward-Scattered Light at Very Small Angles (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTParticle Size Distributions from Angular Variation of Intensity of Forward-Scattered Light at Very Small AnglesJ. H. Chin, C. M. Sliepcevich, and M. TribusCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1955, 59, 9, 841–844Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j150531a010https://doi.org/10.1021/j150531a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views154Altmetric-Citations60LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A Precursor Route to 2,7-Poly(9-fluorenone) (1999)

2,7-Poly(9-fluorenone) (PF) (1), a unique electron-deficient conjugated polymer, was prepared via a precursor route, using 2,7-poly(spiro[4‘,4‘-dioctyl-2‘,6‘-dioxocyclohexane-1‘,9-fluorene]) (10b) (POFK) as precursor polymer. Ketalization of 2,7-dibromo-9-fluorenone (6) with the diol 2,2-dioctyl-1,3-propanediol (8b) afforded a dibrominated ketal derivative of fluorenone (9b) which after Ni(0)-induced coupling provided the well-processable, structurally defined precursor polymer 10b with a polyphenylene backbone. Conversion to PF (1) proceeded smoothly by treating a POFK (10b) film with dichloroacetic acid. The cyclic voltammogram of PF (1) exhibits a reversible reduction with a E1/20 of −1.48 V vs Fc/Fc+ which qualifies 1, together with its facile accessibility, e.g., as electron transport material in multilayer LED.
Regulation of Artificial Intelligence, One Perspective from the Theory of Games (2020)

The following document presents the analysis of a recent debate framed around artificial intelligence. Thus, from the theory of games a scenario is presented in that the different points of view are put in perspective and seeks to resolve the debate from the application of the game theory.
The Structure of DAPI Bound to DNA (1989)

The structure of the DNA fluorochrome 4'-6-diamidine-2-phenyl indole (DAPI) bound to the synthetic B-DNA oligonucleotide C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-G-C-G has been solved by single crystal x-ray diffraction methods, at a resolution of 2.4 A. The structure is nearly isomorphous with that of the native DNA molecule alone. With one DAPI and 25 waters per DNA double helix, the residual error is 21.5% for the 2428 reflections above the 2-sigma level. DAPI inserts itself edgewise into the narrow minor groove, displacing the ordered spine of hydration. DAPI and a single water molecule together span the four AT base pairs at the center of the duplex. The indole nitrogen forms a bifurcated hydrogen bond with the thymine O2 atoms of the two central base pairs, as with netropsin and Hoechst 33258. The preference of all three of these drugs for AT regions of B-DNA is a consequence of three factors: (1) The intrinsically narrower minor groove in AT regions than in GC regions of B-DNA, leading to a snug fit of the flat aromatic drug rings between the walls of the groove. (2) The more negative electrostatic potential within the minor groove in AT regions, attributable in part to the absence of electropositive-NH2 groups along the floor of the groove, and (3) The steric advantage of the absence of those same guanine-NH2 groups, thus permitting the drug molecule to sink deeper into the groove. Groove width and electrostatic factors are regional, and define the relative receptiveness of a section of DNA since they operate over several contiguous base pairs. The steric factor is local, varying from one base pair to the next, and hence is the means of fine-tuning sequence specificity.
Psychological differentiation: Current status. (1979)

The status of the differentiation hypothesis, derived from differentiation theory, is examined in light of the evidence that has accumulated since the hypothesis was proposed a decade and a half ago. Assuming that greater or less differentiation is an organismic attribute, the hypothesis postulates that behaviors reflecting extent of differentiation are likely to be interrelated, making for self-consistency in individual functioning across domains. The newer evidence has on the whole confirmed the linkages among the behaviors examined in the earlier research that was done to test the differentiation hypothesis. The differentiation hypothesis has also proven useful in generating predictions about linkages to behaviors in new domains (cognitive restructuring, interpersonal competencies and cerebral lateralization); these predictions have been tested and generally confirmed. The differentiation construct appears able to account for phenomena that cannot be accommodated by other lower-order constructs, such as field dependence-independence. On all these grounds the differentiation construct continues to serve a useful function. Whereas the differentiation hypothesis has dealt only with the interrelatedness among components of a cluster of behaviors subsumed under differentiation, the newer evidence carries suggestions for a hierarchical ordering of these components and for the nature of causal connections among them.
Central neuronal activation and pressor responses induced by circulating ANG II: role of the brain aldosterone-“ouabain” pathway (2010)

An increase in plasma ANG II causes neuronal activation in hypothalamic nuclei and a slow pressor response, presumably by increasing sympathetic drive. We evaluated whether the activation of a neuromodulatory pathway, involving aldosterone and "ouabain," is involved in these responses. In Wistar rats, the subcutaneous infusion of ANG II at 150 and 500 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1) gradually increased blood pressure up to 60 mmHg at the highest dose. ANG II at 500 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1) increased plasma ANG II by 4-fold, plasma aldosterone by 25-fold, and hypothalamic aldosterone by 3-fold. The intracerebroventricular infusion of an aldosterone synthase (AS) inhibitor prevented the ANG II-induced increase in hypothalamic aldosterone without affecting the increase in plasma aldosterone. Neuronal activity, as assessed by Fra-like immunoreactivity, increased transiently in the subfornical organ (SFO) but progressively in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and supraoptic nucleus (SON). The central infusion of the AS inhibitor or a mineralocorticoid receptor blocker markedly attenuated the ANG II-induced neuronal activation in the PVN but not in the SON. Pressor responses to ANG II at 150 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1) were abolished by an intracerebroventricular infusion of the AS inhibitor. Pressor responses to ANG II at 500 ng x kg(-1) x min(-1) were attenuated by the central infusion of the AS inhibitor or the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker by 70-80% and by Digibind (to bind "ouabain") by 50%. These results suggest a novel central nervous system mechanism for the ANG II-induced slow pressor response, i.e., circulating ANG II activates the SFO, leading to the direct activation of the PVN and SON, and, in addition, via aldosterone-dependent amplifying mechanisms, causes sustained activation of the PVN and thereby hypertension.
Predictive Markers for the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) in Hemophiliacs: Persistence of p24 Antigen and Low T4 Cell Count (1989)

Strong predictors of AIDS are p24 antigenemia or low T4 counts. Detection of p24 antigen is highly specific and complementary to the greater sensitivity of low T4 counts. These findings have important implications regarding prognosis, counseling, and the planning of clinical trials.
Bone Marrow Transplantation in Adult Thalassemic Patients (1999)

One hundred seven adult patients with thalassemia aged from 17 through 35 years and transplanted from HLA-identical siblings between November 1988 and September 1996 were evaluated on December 31, 1997. The outcome experience of 20 consecutive patients transplanted between November 13, 1988 and January 10, 1991 and reported in September 1992 is updated after 5 additional years. The experience on 87 patients transplanted between May 1991 and September 1996 is described and evaluated as of the end of December 1997. Of 107 patients, 69 survive between 1.5 and 9 years after transplantation. Sixty-six of these patients do not have thalassemia and are identified as ex-thalassemic after bone marrow transplantation. The youngest survivor is 20 years old, 6 are older than 30 years, and the oldest is 37 years of age. Patients with chronic active hepatitis at the time of transplant were significantly more likely to die than patients without (P = .05; relative risk, 2.05). Marrow transplantation is a valid treatment option for older patients with thalassemia who have suitable donors and show deterioration with conventional therapy.
Activation and self-inactivation mechanisms of the cyclic oligoadenylate-dependent CRISPR ribonuclease Csm6 (2020)

Bacterial and archaeal CRISPR-Cas systems provide RNA-guided immunity against genetic invaders such as bacteriophages and plasmids. Upon target RNA recognition, type III CRISPR-Cas systems produce cyclic-oligoadenylate second messengers that activate downstream effectors, including Csm6 ribonucleases, via their CARF domains. Here, we show that Enteroccocus italicus Csm6 (EiCsm6) degrades its cognate cyclic hexa-AMP (cA6) activator, and report the crystal structure of EiCsm6 bound to a cA6 mimic. Our structural, biochemical, and in vivo functional assays reveal how cA6 recognition by the CARF domain activates the Csm6 HEPN domains for collateral RNA degradation, and how CARF domain-mediated cA6 cleavage provides an intrinsic off-switch to limit Csm6 activity in the absence of ring nucleases. These mechanisms facilitate rapid invader clearance and ensure termination of CRISPR interference to limit self-toxicity.
Nuclear PTEN expression and clinicopathologic features in a population‐based series of primary cutaneous melanoma (2002)

Germline mutations of the PTEN tumor-suppressor gene, on 10q23, cause Cowden syndrome, an inherited hamartoma syndrome with a high risk of breast, thyroid and endometrial carcinomas and, some suggest, melanoma. To date, most studies which strongly implicate PTEN in the etiology of sporadic melanomas have depended on cell lines, short-term tumor cultures and noncultured metastatic melanomas. The only study which reports PTEN protein expression in melanoma focuses on cytoplasmic expression, mainly in metastatic samples. To determine how PTEN contributes to the etiology or the progression of primary cutaneous melanoma, we examined cytoplasmic and nuclear PTEN expression against clinical and pathologic features in a population-based sample of 150 individuals with incident primary cutaneous melanoma. Among 92 evaluable samples, 30 had no or decreased cytoplasmic PTEN protein expression and the remaining 62 had normal PTEN expression. In contrast, 84 tumors had no or decreased nuclear expression and 8 had normal nuclear PTEN expression. None of the clinical features studied, such as Clark's level and Breslow thickness or sun exposure, were associated with cytoplasmic PTEN expressional levels. An association with loss of nuclear PTEN expression was indicated for anatomical site (p = 0.06) and mitotic index (p = 0.02). There was also an association for melanomas to either not express nuclear PTEN or to express p53 alone, rather than both simultaneously (p = 0.02). In contrast with metastatic melanoma, where we have shown previously that almost two-thirds of tumors have some PTEN inactivation, only one-third of primary melanomas had PTEN silencing. This suggests that PTEN inactivation is a late event likely related to melanoma progression rather than initiation. Taken together with our previous observations in thyroid and islet cell tumors, our data suggest that nuclear-cytoplasmic partitioning of PTEN might also play a role in melanoma progression.
Improvement in Dissolution Property of Poorly Water-soluble Drugs by Using Mechanofusion System (2006)

The dissolution property of poorly water-soluble drug, indomethacin, was improved by using a ball mill or a mechanofusion device. Co-grinded samples with indomethacin loading higher than 80% were prepared by mixing it with several additives. The highest dissolution rate of indomethacin was attained for the drug dispersion prepared with magnesium aluminomethasilicate (Neusilin) and additives such as PEG6000, sorbitol, mannitol.
SPADE: Support for Provenance Auditing in Distributed Environments (2012)

SPADE is an open source software infrastructure for data provenance collection and management. The underlying data model used throughout the system is graph-based, consisting of vertices and directed edges that are modeled after the node and relationship types described in the Open Provenance Model. The system has been designed to decouple the collection, storage, and querying of provenance metadata. At its core is a novel provenance kernel that mediates between the producers and consumers of provenance information, and handles the persistent storage of records. It operates as a service, peering with remote instances to enable distributed provenance queries. The provenance kernel on each host handles the buffering, filtering, and multiplexing of incoming metadata from multiple sources, including the operating system, applications, and manual curation. Provenance elements can be located locally with queries that use wildcard, fuzzy, proximity, range, and Boolean operators. Ancestor and descendant queries are transparently propagated across hosts until a terminating expression is satisfied, while distributed path queries are accelerated with provenance sketches.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2,3,9,10,16,17,23,24‐OCTAETHYLPHTHALOCYANINE (1985)

Abstract 1,2‐Diethylbenzol (I) wird nach Bromierung in das Phthalodinitril (II) übergeführt, das über das Isoindol (III) zum Octaethyl‐phthalocyanin (IV) kondensiert werden kann.