gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of Physical Exercise on Neuroinflammation, Neuroplasticity, Neurodegeneration, and Behavior (2014)

Physical exercise is a cornerstone in the management of many neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease, dementia, and stroke. However, much of its beneficial effects on improving motor functions and cognition as well as decreasing neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation are not yet well understood. The obvious limitations of studying the protective mechanisms behind exercise, for example, brain plasticity and neurodegeneration, could be overcome by generating novel animal models of neurodegenerative disorders. In this narrative review, we discuss the beneficial effects of exercise performed in animal models of neurodegenerative disorders and how the results from animal studies can be used in clinical settings. From preclinical studies, the positive effects of exercise have been related to increased levels of neurotrophic factors, elevated expression of anti-inflammatory cytokines, and reduced levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and activated microglia. It is clear that parameters influencing the effect of exercise, such as intensity, still remain to be investigated in animal studies in order to find the optimal program that can be translated into exercise interventions for patients with neurodegenerative diseases.
Series anti-parallel diode linearizer for class-B power amplifiers with a gain expansion (2006)

A Series Anti-Parallel Diode Linearizer (SAPDL) for class-B power amplifiers with a gain expansion has been proposed. SAPDL has the characteristic whose gain is decreased in the middle power region and is increased in the saturated region. In this paper, the operation principle of SAPDL is made clear. SAPDL is applied for a class- B UHF-band power amplifier with a gain expansion. An improvement of Adjacent Channel leakage Power Ratio (ACPR) of 4 dB and Power Added Efficiency (PAE) of 6 % has been achieved for the OFDM signal of the 6MHz bandwidth.
Chlorophyll Estimation Using Multispectral Reflectance and Height Sensing (2007)

Chlorophyll is an indirect indicator of nitrogen status and is used in optical reflectance-based variable-rate chemical application technology. Chlorophyll concentration relates strongly to the photosynthetic potential of a plant and to the physiological and metabolic status of the plant. This research investigated a non-destructive method of determining chlorophyll content and concentration at the individual plant level in Spinacea oleracea (spinach). A multispectral imaging system was used to determine spectral reflectance and to estimate top-view surface area. An ultrasonic distance sensor provided vegetation height estimates. Surface area estimates and height data were included in calculations to estimate plant biomass. The relationships between reflectance, estimated biomass, and laboratory-measured chlorophyll content and concentration were investigated. The product of biomass estimate and normalized difference vegetative index (NDVI670) provided the best estimate of chlorophyll content per plant (R2 = 0.91), while estimates of chlorophyll concentration per unit leaf mass were less accurate (R2 = 0.30).
Using Free Energies to Represent Q-values in a Multiagent Reinforcement Learning Task (2000)

The problem of reinforcement learning in large factored Markov decision processes is explored. The Q-value of a state-action pair is approximated by the free energy of a product of experts network. Network parameters are learned on-line using a modified SARSA algorithm which minimizes the inconsistency of the Q-values of consecutive state-action pairs. Actions are chosen based on the current value estimates by fixing the current state and sampling actions from the network using Gibbs sampling. The algorithm is tested on a co-operative multi-agent task. The product of experts model is found to perform comparably to table-based Q-learning for small instances of the task, and continues to perform well when the problem becomes too large for a table-based representation. 1 Introduction Online Reinforcement Learning (RL) algorithms try to find a policy which maximizes the expected time-discounted reward provided by the environment. They do this by performing sample backups to lea...
Towards the integration of both ROM and RAM functions phase change memory cells on a single die for system-on-chip (SOC) applications (2014)

We discovered that by changing the dielectric capping layer above the phase change memory element we can change the SET speed and data retention of the memory. This allows us, for the first time, to integrate memories of different functions on the same chip with simple processes. By using a low temperature silicon nitride capping material we can get fast SET speed down to 20ns. With a high temperature silicon nitride capping material, on the other hand, data retention is increased to > 400 years at 85°C. Based on these discoveries, we propose a unified embedded memory solution which provides both ROM and RAM functions in a single chip for SOC applications.
Roles of biogenic amines and cyclic nucleotides in seizure mechanisms. (1986)

Data indicating that some biogenic amines (norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin), adenosine, and the cyclic nucleotides [adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) and guanosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic GMP)] are involved in pathophysiological mechanisms of seizures are reviewed. Currently available evidence leads to the conclusion that norepinephrine, serotonin, cyclic AMP, and perhaps dopamine are involved in processes that inhibit or confine seizure activity in brain and that cyclic GMP may be involved in mechanisms responsible for initiating or maintaining seizure activity.
Proposed optoelectronic method of achieving very fast digital logic (1964)

In fast logic systems many difficulties are involved in electrical logical interconnections, which in the fastest systems have to be by correctly terminated matched lines. Because the line impedance is necessarily low, it is difficult to meet the requirements of (i) a useful fan-out ratio, and (ii) digit voltages large enough to overcome interference and tolerances at the inputs of succeeding logic elements, without demanding considerable energy dissipation at each logic step. Some of these difficulties may be avoided by transmitting the digital information in the form of light, but the losses inherent in this process, and the large gain required to offset these losses, have hitherto precluded the realisation of fast optoelectronic digital systems.A method is proposed in which a large current gain is obtained by accelerating photoelectrons in vacuo and using their kinetic energy to generate electron-hole pairs in a semiconductor electron detector. The time delay associated with this gain is far smaller than would be introduced by other means.It is shown that an optoelectronic logic system using refinements of techniques already available should yield logic speeds comparable with the fastest so far reported for other methods, larger fan-in and fan-out ratios, and a power dissipation several times smaller. Foreseeable developments should permit substantial further increase in speed and reduction of power dissipation.
The opioid growth factor, [Met<sup>5</sup>]‐enkephalin, inhibits DNA synthesis during recornification of mouse tail skin (2000)

Opioid peptides serve as tonically active negative growth regulators in renewing and regenerating epithelia. To examine the involvement of opioids in renewal of the stratum corneum after tape stripping of tail skin, C57BL/6 J mice were given systemic injections of the potent opioid antagonist, naltrexone (NTX, 20 mg/kg i.p.) following injury. Blockade of opioidreceptor interaction by NTX for 4 h resulted in an elevation of 36–;66% in basal cell DNA synthesis measured 24 h after injury. Injection of the endogenous opioid peptide, [Met 5 ]‐enkephalin (OGF, 10 mg/kg i.p.) 4 h before termination, suppressed radiolabelled thymidine incorporation in the basal cell layer by 37–46%at 24 h after wounding. The magnitude of the effects on DNA synthesis of OGF, but not NTX, depended on the timing of administration with respect to injury. OGF maximally depressed basal cell labelling (72%) when given 16 h after tape stripping. Concomitant administration of naloxone (10 mg/kg) with OGF blocked the inhibition of DNA synthesis; naloxone alone at the dosage utilized had no effect on cell labelling. Both OGF and its receptor, OGFr, were detected by immunocytochemistry in the basal and suprabasal cell layers, but not the cornified layer of tape stripped and uninjured tail skin. These results indicate: (a) a native opioid peptide and its receptor are expressed in epidermal cells of injured and uninjured mouse tail skin; (b) removal of the stratum corneum by tape stripping does not disrupt the function of the endogenous opioid growth system; (c) the proliferative response to wounding of the tail is tonically inhibited by the receptor‐mediated action of an endogenous opioid peptide; and (d) DNA synthesis by basal cells can be elevated by disrupting opioid peptidereceptor interactions.
Factors involved in specific transcription by mammalian RNA polymerase II: purification and analysis of transcription factor IIA and identification of transcription factor IIJ. (1992)

The previously described transcription factor IIA (TFIIA) protein fraction was separated into two factors that affect transcription, TFIIA and TFIIJ. TFIIA was found to have a stimulatory effect, and TFIIJ was found to be required for transcription. The requirement of TFIIJ was observed when bacterially produced purified human or yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) TATA-binding protein (TBP) was used in lieu of the endogenous HeLa cell TFIID complex, suggesting that TFIIJ may be part of the TFIID complex. The stimulatory activity of TFIIA was found also to be dependent on the source of the TBP. Transcription reactions reconstituted with TFIID were stimulated by TFIIA; however, when human or yeast TBP was used instead of TFIID, TFIIA had no effect. TFIIA was found to interact with the TBP and was extensively purified by the use of affinity chromatography on columns containing immobilized recombinant yeast TBP. TFIIA is a heterotrimer composed of polypeptides of 34, 19, and 14 kDa. These three polypeptides were required to isolate, by using the gel mobility shift assay, a stable complex between TBP and the TATA box sequence.
Electronic transitions of single silicon vacancy centers in the near-infrared spectral region (2012)

Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of single silicon vacancy (SiV) centers in diamond frequently feature very narrow room temperature PL lines in the near-infrared (NIR) spectral region, mostly between 820 nm and 840 nm, in addition to the well known zero-phonon line (ZPL) at approximately 738 nm [E. Neu et al., Phys. Rev. B 84, 205211 (2011)]. We here exemplarily prove for a single SiV center that this NIR PL is due to an additional purely electronic transition (ZPL). For the NIR line at 822.7 nm, we find a room temperature linewidth of 1.4 nm (2.6 meV). The line saturates at similar excitation power as the ZPL. The ZPL and NIR line exhibit identical polarization properties. Cross-correlation measurements between the ZPL and the NIR line reveal anticorrelated emission and prove that the lines originate from a single SiV center, furthermore indicating a fast switching between the transitions (0.7 ns). ${g}^{(2)}$ autocorrelation measurements exclude that the NIR line is a vibronic sideband or that it arises due to a transition from/to a metastable (shelving) state.
Report on the second acm international symposium on mobile ad hoc networking and computing (2001)

No abstract available.
Time Course and Quantification of Extracellular Matrix Maturation in the Chick Chorioallantoic Membrane and in Cultured Endothelial Cells (1993)

Neovascularization, i.e. the formation of new blood vessels either from pre-existing ones or from mesenchymal cells, is associated with the deposition of a subendothelial basement membrane. The sequential expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins, such as fibronectin, laminin, collagen-IV and collagen-I, was quantified both in vivo, in the chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) using Western blotting techniques, and in vitro, in cultured rat adrenal medullary endothelial (RAME) cells, using indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme-linked immunoadsorption techniques; the combination of these techniques allowed discrimination between extracellularly and intracellularly located proteins. In the CAM, fibronectin expression increased transiently with the peak at day 7 of development, after which it decreased gradually. By contrast, deposition of laminin and collagen-I increased steadily during development. Quantification at later stages of CAM development showed the predominance of collagen-I, whereas laminin comprised only a minor component of the ECM proteins. A similar temporal sequence of ECM protein expression was observed with RAME cells in vitro. Fibronectin was the first protein to appeal extracellularly and its expression was also transient. The levels of laminin and collagen-IV increased steadily during culture, to reach a plateau after confluency. Collagen-IV was the most abundant ECM protein of those studied. Both laminin and collagen-IV were synthesized from the onset of culture, but they were deposited into the ECM only after cell-cell contacts were established. Ascorbate, a known promoter of in vitro angiogenesis, was shown to have a differential effect on ECM protein expression.
Cytokinin biosynthesis ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE genes are differentially expressed during phyllomorph development in the acaulescent Streptocarpus rexii (Gesneriaceae) (2017)

The enzyme ISOPENTENYLTRANSFERASE (IPT) is responsible for the rate limiting step of cytokinin biosynthesis, an important plant hormone with key roles in meristem maintenance and organ development. In this study, we isolated IPT genes from the acaulescent Streptocarpus rexii, a plant that shows an unorthodox development starting with post-germination anisocotyly, in which cytokinins play an integral role. Three adenosine phosphate-IPTs and two tRNA-IPTs were isolated from S. rexii. Their expression levels and patterns in different tissues were compared by means of realtime-PCR and mRNA in-situ hybridization. We found that each SrIPT had a distinctive expression pattern. Interestingly, in vegetative tissues as well as in meristems only the adenosine phosphate-IPT SrIPT5 and the tRNA-IPT SrIPT9 were found. In addition, they were differentially affected by external hormone application, suggesting their different regulation and expression during meristem formation and maintenance and lamina growth. Our results indicate that SrIPTs are involved in shaping the architecture of S. rexii, working differentially and redundantly, and show that differentially expressed IPT genes regulate plant form.
Retinal Cell Degeneration in Animal Models (2016)

The aim of this review is to provide an overview of various retinal cell degeneration models in animal induced by chemicals (N-methyl-D-aspartate- and CoCl2-induced), autoimmune (experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis), mechanical stress (optic nerve crush-induced, light-induced) and ischemia (transient retinal ischemia-induced). The target regions, pathology and proposed mechanism of each model are described in a comparative fashion. Animal models of retinal cell degeneration provide insight into the underlying mechanisms of the disease, and will facilitate the development of novel effective therapeutic drugs to treat retinal cell damage.
A high-speed, small-area, threshold-voltage-mismatch compensation sense amplifier for gigabit-scale DRAM arrays (1993)

A high-speed small-area DRAM sense amplifier with a threshold-voltage (V/sub T/) mismatch compensation function is proposed. This sense amplifier features a novel hierarchical data-line architecture with a direct sensing scheme that uses only NMOS transistors in the array, and simple V/sub T/ mismatch compensation circuitry using a pair of NMOS switching transistors. The layout area of the sense amplifier is reduced to 70% of that of a conventional CMOS common I/O sense amplifier due to the removal of PMOS transistors from the array. The readout time is improved to 35% of that of a conventional CMOS sense amplifier because of direct sensing and a 1/10 reduction in V/sub T/ mismatch. This sense amplifier eliminates the sensitivity degradation and the area overhead increase that are expected in gigabit-scale DRAM arrays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Feeding beneficial bacteria: A natural solution for increasing efficiency and decreasing pathogens in animal agriculture (2009)

Consumer demand for natural and organic foods has risen steadily. Correspondingly, the demand for technologies to enhance animal performance through natural and organic solutions continues to increase. One such technology receiving considerable attention is the feedstuff application of live, beneficial bacteria, commonly called probiotics, but properly referred to as direct-fed microbials (DFM). The use of DFM in animal agriculture has grown continually over the last decade, yet the commercial success of DFM in poultry production to date has been limited. Overviewed here are the history, commercial applications, and research trials of DFM technology in animal agriculture as a means to gain some foresight into the future commercial use of DFM in poultry. We discuss successful probiotic trials in animal agriculture and emphasize those in poultry production that demonstrate 1) improved BW gain, 2) decreased morbidity, 3) decreased incidence of bird and human pathogens, and 4) increased economic profitability. Last, we present current and future obstacles and basic microbiological concepts that are essential for functional probiotic technologies.
Resection, biopsy, and survival in malignant glial neoplasms (1993)

Between July, 1984, and October, 1988, 263 patients (163 male, 100 female), aged from 4 to 83 years (mean 52 years), with malignant brain gliomas underwent surgical procedures: stereotactic biopsy in 160 and resection in 103 patients. There were 170 grade IV astrocytomas, 17 grade IV mixed oligoastrocytomas, 44 grade III astrocytomas, 22 grade III mixed oligoastrocytomas, and 10 malignant oligodendrogliomas. Overall median survival time was 30.1 weeks for grade IV gliomas, 87.7 weeks for grade III gliomas, and 171.3 weeks for malignant oligodendrogliomas. Multivariate analysis in 218 newly diagnosed cases revealed that the variables most strongly correlated with survival time were: tumor grade, patient age, seizures as a first symptom, a Karnofsky Performance Scale score of less than 70%, tumor resection, and a radiation therapy dose greater than 50 Gy. The proportions of patients receiving tumor resection versus biopsy in each of these prognosis factor groups were similar. Since most of the 22 patients with midline and brain-stem tumors were treated with biopsy alone, these were excluded. Considering 196 newly diagnosed patients with cortical and subcortical tumors, grade IV glioma patients undergoing resection of the contrast-enhancing mass (as evidenced on computerized tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) and postoperative external beam radiation therapy lived longer than those undergoing biopsy only and radiation therapy (median survival time 50.6 weeks and 33.0 weeks, respectively; Smirnov test, p = 0.0380). However, survival in patients with resected grade III gliomas was no better than in those with biopsied grade III lesions (p = 0.746). The authors conclude that, in selected grade IV gliomas, resection of the contrast-enhancing mass followed by radiation therapy is associated with longer survival times than radiation therapy after biopsy alone.
Design for a single‐mode optical fiber switch (1986)

Abstract Because of its low loss and broadband characteristics, the optical communication system with single‐mode fibers is promising for long‐distance large‐capacity communication and subscriber video transmission systems. These systems require optical switching techniques for upgrading and for expanding applications. In this paper, with a view to establishing a method for design of a single‐mode optical fiber switch, an optical collimating system employing a focusing rod lens is analyzed by means of a beam mode expansion method. Next, the characteristics of the optical collimating system, the characteristics of a large matrix optical switch collimating system and the displacement, which is important in the optical circuit, are discussed. Finally, a method of construction and test results are described for a 1 × 3 single‐mode fiber optical switch employing a parallelogram prism. A single‐mode optical fiber switch with insertion loss of 0.4 dB and switching reproducibility of less than 0.1 dB is realized. The results confirm the validity of the design method of single‐mode optical fibers.
A Solvable Case of the One-Machine Scheduling Problem with Ready and Due Times (1978)

We consider a class of n-job one-machine scheduling problems with ready time r(i), processing time p(i), and due time d(i) for each job i. Preemption is not allowed, and precedence constraints among jobs are not assumed. For this problem we show that there is a 0(n 2 )-time algorithm to find a schedule that minimizes the number of tardy jobs, under the assumption that r(i) < r(j) implies d(i) ≤ d(j).
Efficient Kernel Discriminative Geometry Preserving Projection for Document Classification (2012)

A new dimensionality reduction algorithm called kernel discriminative geometry preserving projection (KDGPP) is proposed to cope with document classification. By considering both intraclass geometry and interclass discrimination, KDGPP can not only nonlinearly project documents into lower-dimensional feature space via manifold adaptive kernel function but also reduce the computational complexity with Nystrom method. Experimental results demonstrate that KDGPP outperforms other related algorithms in terms of effectiveness and efficiency. Streszczenie. Zaproponowano nowy algorytm do klasyfikacji dokumentow nazwany KDGPP - kernel discriminative geometry preserving projection. Algorytm redukuje zlozonośc obliczen numerycznych. (Algorytm KDGPP do identyfikacji I klasyfikacji dokumentow)
Thresholding in Edge Detection: A Statistical Approach (2004)

Many edge detectors are available in image processing literature where the choices of input parameters are to be made by the user. Most of the time, such choices are made on an ad-hoc basis. In this article, an edge detector is proposed where thresholding is performed using statistical principles. Local standardization of thresholds for each individual pixel (local thresholding), which depends upon the statistical variability of the gradient vector at that pixel, is done. Such a standardized statistic based on the gradient vector at each pixel is used to determine the eligibility of the pixel to be an edge pixel. The results obtained from the proposed method are found to be comparable to those from many well-known edge detectors. However, the values of the input parameters providing the appreciable results in the proposed detector are found to be more stable than other edge detectors and possess statistical interpretation.