gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimation of individual admixture: Analytical and study design considerations (2005)

The genome of an admixed individual represents a mixture of alleles from different ancestries. In the United States, the two largest minority groups, African-Americans and Hispanics, are both admixed. An understanding of the admixture proportion at an individual level (individual admixture, or IA) is valuable for both population geneticists and epidemiologists who conduct case-control association studies in these groups. Here we present an extension of a previously described frequentist (maximum likelihood or ML) approach to estimate individual admixture that allows for uncertainty in ancestral allele frequencies. We compare this approach both to prior partial likelihood based methods as well as more recently described Bayesian MCMC methods. Our full ML method demonstrates increased robustness when compared to an existing partial ML approach. Simulations also suggest that this frequentist estimator achieves similar efficiency, measured by the mean squared error criterion, as Bayesian methods but requires just a fraction of the computational time to produce point estimates, allowing for extensive analysis (e.g., simulations) not possible by Bayesian methods. Our simulation results demonstrate that inclusion of ancestral populations or their surrogates in the analysis is required by any method of IA estimation to obtain reasonable results.
Mutual Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy approach to nonlinear estimation (2005)

For a general nonlinear estimation problem, the authors develop an upper bound on the correlation coefficient in terms of the mutual Komogorov-Sinai entropy. This upper bound may be reached by means of a nonlinear transformation such that, after transformation, the processes are jointly Gaussian. Furthermore, to minimize the minimum mean-square estimation (MMSE) error, an approach is used based on the calculus of variations, to find the vector nonlinear functions whose elements turn out to be the eigenfunctions of two vector integral operators that can be concurrently solved from two vector integral equations. The relationship between the minimum mean-square estimation error and the mutual Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy is discussed. It is shown that the mutual Kolmogorov-Sinai entropy rate being equal to 0.5 is an important threshold in MMSE.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
THE SYNTHESIS OF 5-NITRO-4-KETODIHYDROQUINAZOLINES FROM 6-NITRO-2-AMINOBENZOIC ACID, 6-NITRO-2-ACETYLAMINOBENZOIC ACID, AND FROM THE CORRESPONDING NITRO ACETYLANTHRANIL.<sup>1</sup> (1905)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE SYNTHESIS OF 5-NITRO-4-KETODIHYDROQUINAZOLINES FROM 6-NITRO-2-AMINOBENZOIC ACID, 6-NITRO-2-ACETYLAMINOBENZOIC ACID, AND FROM THE CORRESPONDING NITRO ACETYLANTHRANIL.1Marston Taylor Bogert and Victor John ChambersCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1905, 27, 6, 649–658Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1905Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1905https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01984a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01984a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views228Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Regional glucose metabolism and histopathology of gliomas: A study based on positron emission tomography-guided stereotactic biopsy (1996)

FDG uptake in gliomas is anatomically heterogeneous and is regionally related to the presence of anaplasia.
A 2-Kilowatt Average Power X-Band Receiver Protector for the Lincoln Laboratory SoSI RADAR (2005)

A 2-kilowatt average power receiver protector with a 5,000-hour operating life has been developed. The design is of the gas plasma diode hybrid type which heretofore could provide only one-tenth the power handling for equivalent operating life. Predicted life is based on experimentally obtained molecular sorption coefficients performed at 2-kW average power in X-band. The device has been developed for use as a receiver protector in the high-resolution SOSI RADAR at Lincoln Laboratory. This RADAR will transmit 200 kW average power at X-band and consequently requires a high average power receiver protector.
Studies on ultrasonic microfeeding of fine powders (2006)

Microfeeding can be used, inter alia, for solid freeforming, colour management and pharmaceutical dosing. In this work, a computer-controlled microfeeding system using ultrasonic vibration of a capillary was built. This paper describes the powder structures in the microfeeding process and defines the main processing factors affecting the mean dose mass. The experimental results show that the particle structures in the capillary tube can be divided into three types: arching, plugging and blocking. The nozzle diameter, transmission fluid depth, waveforms, voltage amplitude, frequency and oscillation duration all influence the dose mass. Among these factors, the nozzle diameter, voltage amplitude and oscillation duration can be used to control the dose mass. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.
Economics of osteoarthritis: A global perspective (1998)

Musculoskeletal disorders, of which osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common, incur significant economic, social and psychological costs. Costs of illness have risen over recent decades accounting for up to 1–2.5% of the gross national product for those countries studied so far, including the USA, Canada, the UK, France and Australia. Arthritis has a significant impact on psychosocial and physical function and is known to be the leading cause of disability in later life. There are also significant out-of-pocket costs and loss of earnings due to changes in occupation and roles in domestic duties. Current guidelines for the management of OA of hip and knee include the recommendation of inexpensive but effective interventions. Although the guidelines have not had a specific economic evaluation, cost reductions may be expected. OA is a very common disease and will become an increasing economic burden as the population ages.
THE FIVE WOUNDS OF OUR LORD—II (1963)

THE FIVE WOUNDS OF OUR LORD—II Get access DOUGLAS GRAY DOUGLAS GRAY Oxford Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 10, Issue 3, March 1963, Pages 82-d–89, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/10-3-82d Published: 01 March 1963
Understanding Neural Networks as Statistical Tools (1996)

Abstract Neural networks have received a great deal of attention over the last few years. They are being used in the areas of prediction and classification, areas where regression models and other related statistical techniques have traditionally been used. In this paper we discuss neural networks and compare them to regression models. We start by exploring the history of neural networks. This includes a review of relevant literature on the topic of neural networks. Neural network nomenclature is then introduced, and the backpropagation algorithm, the most widely used learning algorithm, is derived and explained in detail. A comparison between regression analysis and neural networks in terms of notation and implementation is conducted to aid the reader in understanding neural networks. We compare the performance of regression analysis with that of neural networks on two simulated examples and one example on a large dataset. We show that neural networks act as a type of nonparametric regression model, enabling us to model complex functional forms. We discuss when it is advantageous to use this type of model in place of a parametric regression model, as well as some of the difficulties in implementation.
On Improving Transition Test Set Quality to Detect CMOS Transistor Stuck-Open Faults (2015)

Detecting the defects inside the CMOS cells, especially the stuck-open faults, has gained a lot of attentions in recent years. It had been shown the test set generated by using the transition fault model is not sufficient to detect the stuck-open faults. In this paper, we propose an enhanced transition fault model, named cell transition, to improve the quality of the transition test set on detecting the stuck-open faults inside the CMOS cells. The fault sites targeted by the proposed model are placed at the cell boundary in order to keep the fault population similar to the transition fault model. Experimental results demonstrate the cell transition test set detects more stuck-open faults than the transition test set while the test coverage achieved for the transition faults is close to that obtained by the transition test set. Moreover, the number of generated tests is slightly higher than the transition test set.
High-Index low-loss LiNbO3 waveguides (1987)

The proton exchange (PE) technique for waveguide fabrication in lithium niobate1 has evoked considerable interest because of the possibilities offered by the high value of the extraordinary index increase δne,.2–4 However, up to now the problem of high loss was not resolved. The commonly accepted values for the losses were between 2.4 and 4 dB/cm at 0.6328 μm.5
Scaling effects on gate leakage current (2003)

Scaling effects on direct tunneling gate leakage current are analyzed by utilizing new models implemented to perform self-consistent calculation between the direct tunneling, the band-gap narrowing (BGN) and the incomplete impurity ionization. This calculation is indispensable for reproducing the measured gate current-gate voltage characteristics in the device simulation. As a result, it is concluded that the scaling of the gate width cannot suppress the gate leak, even if the specification of the threshold voltage is relaxed in order to shrink the gate width. It is also found that the scaling of the gate length cannot suppress the gate leak unless the vertical field is strong.
INTRATHYMIC TOLERANCE IN THE LEWIS-TO-F344 CHRONIC CARDIAC ALLOGRAFT REJECTION MODEL (1995)

Successful induction of donor-specific unresponsiveness by intrathymic inoculation of alloantigen in several experimental acute rejection models has led us to hypothesize that similar immune manipulations can prevent chronic rejection and development of graft arteriosclerosis in the Lewis-to-F344 rat chronic cardiac allograft rejection model. Recipient F344 rats were treated with donor (Lewis) splenocytes by intrathymic injection (i.t.) alone (10 x 10(6) cells/lobe); with donor splenocytes i.t. plus a one-time dose of ALS (1 mg) by intraperitoneal injection (i.p.); or with ALS i.p. (1 mg) alone 2 and 6 weeks prior to heterotopic Lewis heart transplantation. Control F344 recipients received saline i.t. Allografts were monitored by daily palpation, and long-term surviving grafts were harvested on day 90 for histopathologic analysis. Control allografts had 28.6% long-term survival (> 90 days) with mean graft survival of 46.7 +/- 12.2 days. At day 90 the surviving control allografts were enlarged and fibrotic with barely palpable heartbeat (mean heartbeat grade 0.29 +/- 0.18), and histologically showed diffuse moderate mononuclear cell infiltrates and advanced graft arteriosclerosis (mean vessel score 3.57 +/- 0.10 and 89 +/- 1% vessels diseased). Recipient treatment with intrathymic donor splenocytes alone significantly prolonged graft survival (89% long-term survival; mean 83.8 +/- 6.2 days, P < 0.04), but did not significantly inhibit the development of graft arteriosclerosis (score 2.98 +/- 0.53 and 79 +/- 8% diseased, P = NS). By contrast, treatment with i.t. donor splenocytes plus ALS 2 weeks prior to transplantation prolonged graft survival (100% long-term; mean 90.0 +/- 0.0 days, P < 0.04), and markedly inhibited graft arteriosclerosis (score 0.80 +/- 0.14, P < 0.05; 27 +/- 4% diseased, P < 0.05). ALS alone given two weeks prior to transplantation also prolonged graft survival (100% long-term; mean 90.0 +/- 0.0 days, P < 0.04), and inhibited graft arteriosclerosis (score 0.89 +/- 0.31, P < 0.05; 25 +/- 7% diseased, P < 0.05). However, when ALS was given 6 weeks prior to heart transplantation the beneficial effect of ALS alone was abolished, suggesting that lymphocyte depletion may have been responsible for the observed effects when ALS was administered at 2 weeks. Interestingly, intrathymic donor splenocytes plus ALS 6 weeks prior to transplantation, on the other hand, showed significant prolongation of allograft survival (100% long-term, mean 90.0 +/- 0.0 days, P < 0.04), and inhibited graft arteriosclerosis (score 0.41 +/- 0.02, P < 0.05; 16 +/- 2% diseased, P < 0.05).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
The Immunological Specificity of Thymidine Kinases in Cells Infected by Viruses of the Herpes Group (1969)

Microbiology Society journals contain high-quality research papers and topical review articles. We are a not-for-profit publisher and we support and invest in the microbiology community, to the benefit of everyone. This supports our principal goal to develop, expand and strengthen the networks available to our members so that they can generate new knowledge about microbes and ensure that it is shared with other communities.
Risk Factors for Metastatic Disease at Presentation with Osteosarcoma (2013)

Osteosarcoma patients with advanced age, a tumor in the axial skeleton, a larger tumor size, and a residence in a less affluent county were more likely to have metastatic disease at presentation.
Microseismic interferometry (2013)

We present the results of interferometry applied to three passive downhole microseismic data sets acquired in the hydrocarbon-bearing Niobrara, Eagle Ford, and Bakken formations. Although the available three-component (3C) data make it theoretically possible to recover full elastic Green’s tensors for any receiver pair, we choose to restrict the scope of our paper to single, along-the-well component of the 3C records. Depending on the survey geometry, cross-correlations of this component retrieve either P- or S-waves traveling between the receivers and allowing one to estimate the velocities useful for building models for microseismic data processing.
The Protective Characteristics of Polycarbonate Lenses Against CO2 Laser Radiation (1993)

The vulnerability of plastic laser eye protection used with Class 4 CW lasers was studied using a high-power industrial laser to produce 4 by 4 cm burn zones. Since a CW (or repetitively pulsed) laser beam can burn through such eye protectors, this potential is of concern to Laser Safety Officers (LSOs) prescribing laser eye protectors and transparent barriers for use around both the 10 to 80-W CO2 lasers used in surgery as well as multi-kilowatt industrial CO2 lasers. Polycarbonate filters are shown to have superior resistance to burn through, and thresholds for protective lens burn-through in 3–10 s are provided. It is recommended that LSOs consider polycarbonate transparent impact safety lenses to have a protective optical density (OD) of 4.
SAMoA: An experimental platform for Situation-Aware Mobile Assistance (1999)

Ultraportable mobile computers provide electronic assistance for environments and usage situations, where computer support up to now has not been feasible. For the first time, a true physical and cognitive integration of computer support into the everyday business of the real-world becomes possible, as envisioned in Mark Weiser's concept of "ubiquitous computing" However, although Handheld-PC etc. todayalready support a good deal of personal information management and basic access to distributed multimedia information services such as the World-Wide-Web, they are still surprisingly difficult to use in "full Action". Specifically, lenghty interaction sequences and the inability to find quickly that important piece of information which is embedded somewhere in the machine, makes using those devices sometimes a very disappointing experience Inthis paper, we outline a new approach to realizing an easy-to-usse personal digital assistant system, based on the concept of Situation Awareness. U sing knowledge about task structures, situation dependencies, and task contexts,our concept allows a mobile assistant to proactively provide the right information at the right time and the right place, without intruding upon the users primary task: interacting with reality.
Viscous linear stability analysis of rectangular duct and cavity flows (2004)

The viscous linear stability of four classes of incompressible flows inside rectangular containers is studied numerically. In the first class the instability of flow through a rectangular duct, driven by a constant pressure gradient along the axis of the duct (essentially a two-dimensional counterpart to plane Poiseuille flow – PPF), is addressed. The other classes of flow examined are generated by tangential motion of one wall, in one case in the axial direction of the duct, in another perpendicular to this direction, corresponding respectively to the two-dimensional counterpart to plane Couette flow (PCF) and the classic lid-driven cavity (LDC) flow, and in the fourth case a combination of both the previous tangential wall motions. The partial-derivative eigenvalue problem which in each case governs the temporal development of global three-dimensional small-amplitude disturbances is solved numerically. The results of Tatsumi & Yoshimura (1990) for pressure-gradient-driven flow in a rectangular duct have been confirmed; the relationship between the eigenvalue spectrum of PPF and that of the rectangular duct has been investigated. Despite extensive numerical experimentation no unstable modes have been found in the wall-bounded Couette flow, this configuration found here to be more stable than its one-dimensional limit. In the square LDC flow results obtained are in line with the predictions of Ding & Kawahara (1998 b ), Theofilis (2000) and Albensoeder et al. (2001 b ) as far as one travelling unstable mode is concerned. However, in line with the predictions of the latter two works and contrary to all previously published results it is found that this mode is the third in significance from an instability analysis point of view. In a parameter range unexplored by Ding & Kawahara (1998 b ) and all prior investigations two additional eigenmodes exist, which are both more unstable than the mode that these authors discovered. The first of the new modes is stationary (and would consequently be impossible to detect using power-series analysis of experimental data), whilst the second is travelling, and has a critical Reynolds number and frequency well inside the experimentally observed bracket. The effect of variable aspect ratio $A\in[0.5,4]$ of the cavity on the most unstable eigenmodes is also considered, and it is found that an increase in aspect ratio results in general destabilization of the flow. Finally, a combination of wall-bounded Couette and LDC flow, generated in a square duct by lid motion at an angle $\phi\in(0,{\pi}/{2})$ with the homogeneous duct direction, is shown to be linearly unstable above a Reynolds number $\Rey\,{=}\,800$ (based on the lid velocity and the duct length/height) at all $\phi$ parameter values examined. The excellent agreement with experiment in LDC flow and the alleviation of the erroneous prediction of stability of wall-bounded Couette flow is thus attributed to the presence of in-plane basic flow velocity components.
Aesthetic Primitives of Images for Visualization (2007)

Images play an important role in visualization. As users are more willing to adopt a product if it evokes pleasurable feelings the aesthetic appeal of interfaces becomes more important. Thus, there is a growing need to generate also images which appear aesthetically to the user. Starting with the modularities of the human visual system, we derive six dimensions of visual aesthetics. For each dimension we explore, inspired by principles of the visual arts and insights of cognitive neuroscience, which pecularities of the dimensions are particularly adequate for an aesthetic impression. Accompanied by a fair number of image examples, these considerations result in an easy to understand guideline for computer scientists and interface designers how to deal with images in terms of aesthetics.
Benzothiazines in Synthesis. Toward the Synthesis of Pseudopteroxazole (2004)

[reaction: see text] The tricyclic benzothiazine 15 was prepared in a straightforward fashion via a completely stereoselective intramolecular Friedel-Crafts alkylation. This compound represents a potential precursor to the antitubercular agent, pseudopteroxazole. Its synthesis proceeded via a completely selective, intramolecular addition of a sulfoximine-stabilized carbanion to an alpha,beta-unsaturated ester, followed by functional group manipulations.
Role of aldosterone in the remnant kidney model in the rat. (1996)

The renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) participates in the injury sustained by the remnant kidney. Our studies assessed the importance of aldosterone in that model and the response of aldosterone to drugs interfering with the RAAS. Initially, four groups of rats were studied: SHAM-operated rats, untreated remnant rats (REM), REM rats treated with losartan and enalapril (REM AIIA), and REM AIIA rats infused with exogenous aldosterone (REM AIIA + ALDO). The last group was maintained with aldosterone levels comparable to those in untreated REM rats by constant infusion of exogenous aldosterone. REM rats had larger adrenal glands and a > 10-fold elevation in plasma aldosterone compared to SHAM. REM AIIA rats demonstrated significant suppression of the hyperaldosteronism as well as marked attenuation of proteinuria, hypertension, and glomerulosclerosis compared to REM. REM AIIA + ALDO rats manifested greater proteinuria, hypertension, and glomerulosclerosis than REM AIIA rats. Indeed, by 4 wk of observation all of these features of the experimental disease were similar in magnitude in REM AIIA + ALDO and untreated REM. In separate REM rats spironolactone administration did not reduce glomerular sclerosis but did transiently reduce proteinuria, lowered arterial pressure, and lessened cardiac hypertrophy. In summary, aldosterone contributes to hypertension and renal injury in the remnant kidney model.