gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ILT for double exposure lithography with conventional and novel materials (2007)

Multiple paths exists to provide lithography solutions pursuant to Moore's Law for next 3-5 generations of technology, yet each of those paths inevitably leads to solutions eventually requiring patterning at <i>k</i><sub>1</sub> < 0.30 and below. In this article, we explore double exposure single development lithography for <i>k</i><sub>1</sub> ≥ 0.25 (using conventional resist) and <i>k</i>1 < 0.25 (using new out-of-sight out-of-mind materials). For the case of <i>k</i><sub>1</sub> ≥ 0.25, we propose a novel double exposure inverse lithography technique (ILT) to split the pattern. Our algorithm is based on our earlier proposed single exposure ILT framework, and works by decomposing the aerial image (instead of the target pattern) into two parts. It also resolves the phase conflicts automatically as part of the decomposition, and the combined aerial image obtained using the estimated masks has a superior contrast. For the case of <i>k</i><sub>1</sub> < 0.25, we focus on analyzing the use of various dual patterning techniques enabled by the use of hypothetic materials with properties that allow for the violation of the linear superposition of intensities from the two exposures. We investigate the possible use of two materials: contrast enhancement layer (CEL) and two-photon absorption resists. We propose a mathematical model for CEL, define its characteristic properties, and derive fundamental bounds on the improvement in image log-slope. Simulation results demonstrate that double exposure single development lithography using CEL enables printing 80nm gratings using dry lithography. We also combine ILT, CEL, and DEL to synthesize 2-D patterns with <i>k</i><sub>1</sub> = 0.185. Finally, we discuss the viability of two-photon absorption resists for double exposure lithography.
Generation of the derivative of out-of-plane displacements using conjugate shear and moire interferometry (1986)

A new method of obtaining the spatial derivative of out-of-plane displacements in a moire interferometry setup is presented. It is based on the recently developed concept of conjugate lateral shear interferometry applied to the diffracted beams generated by the specimen grating. The moire fringes produced by overlapping the two interferograms give the desired information using either the uniform or finite fringe detection method. Simulation experiments using specially prepared transmission-type distorted gratings are given to verify the principles.
High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (2012)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewNEXTHigh Resolution Mass SpectrometryFeng Xian†, Christopher L. Hendrickson*†‡, and Alan G. Marshall*†‡View Author Information† Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4390, United States‡ Ion Cyclotron Resonance Program, National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 East Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310-4005, United States*E-mail: [email protected] (A.G.M.); [email protected] (C.L.H.).Cite this: Anal. Chem. 2012, 84, 2, 708–719Publication Date (Web):January 17, 2012Publication History Published online17 January 2012Published inissue 17 January 2012https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac203191thttps://doi.org/10.1021/ac203191treview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2012 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views11495Altmetric-Citations210LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Electrodes,Ions,Mass spectrometry,Mathematical methods,Power Get e-Alerts
Models and Tools for Collaborative Annotation (2002)

The Annotation Graph Toolkit (AGTK) is a collection of software which facilitates development of linguistic annotation tools. AGTK provides a database interface which allows applications to use a database server for persistent storage. This paper discusses various modes of collaborative annotation and how they can be supported with tools built using AGTK and its database interface. We describe the relational database schema and API, and describe a version of the TableTrans tool which supports collaborative annotation. The remainder of the paper discusses a high-level query language for annotation graphs, along with optimizations, in support of expressive and efficient access to the annotations held on a large central server. The paper demonstrates that it is straightforward to support a variety of different levels of collaborative annotation with existing AGTK-based tools, with a minimum of additional programming effort.
Collection Efficiency of Respirator Filters Challenged with Monodisperse Latex Aerosols (1989)

Collection efficiency was evaluated for 10 respirator Manufacturers' electrostatically-charged dust/mist filters challenged with eight sizes of latex spheres in a range representative of the silica aerosol used in National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) certification tests. Minimum efficiency occurred at or below the smallest size of 0.102 µm. Appreciable differences were found in the performances of filters distributed by the 10 manufacturers. Filters produced by 1 manufacturer exhibited significantly lower collection efficiency than other filters tested; those produced by 2 manufacturers performed somewhat better than the others tested. Statistical evaluation of Weibull-transformed data using analyses of covariance and Tukey's significant difference test allowed classification of the 10 manufacturers into three performance categories.
Isolation of the mating-type genes of the phytopathogenic fungus Magnaporthe grisea using genomic subtraction. (1994)

Using genomic subtraction, we isolated the mating-type genes (Mat1-1 and Mat1-2) of the rice blast fungus, Magnaporthe grisea. Transformation of M. grisea strains of one mating type with a linearized cosmid clone carrying the opposite mating-type gene resulted in many "dual maters," strains that contain both mating-type genes and successfully mate with Mat1-1 and Mat1-2 testers. Dual maters differed in the frequency of production of perithecia in pure culture. Ascospores isolated from these homothallic crosses were either Mat1-1 or Mat1-2, but there were no dual maters. Most conidia from dual maters also had one or the other of the mating-type genes, but not both. Thus, dual maters appear to lose one of the mating-type genes during vegetative growth. The incidence of self-mating in dual maters appears to depend on the co-occurrence of strains with each mating type in vegetative cultures. In rare transformants, the incoming sequences had replaced the resident mating-type gene. Nearly isogenic pairs produced from three M. grisea laboratory strains were mated to investigate their fertility. One transformant with switched mating type appears to have a mutation that impairs the development of asci when its mating partner has a similar genetic background. The M. grisea Mat1-1 and Mat1-2 genes are idiomorphs approximately 2.5 and 3.5 kb in length, respectively.
dARTMAP: A Neural Network for Fast Distributed Supervised Learning (1997)

Distributed coding at the hidden layer of a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) endows the network with memory compression and noise tolerance capabilities. However, an MLP typically requires slow off-line learning to avoid catastrophic forgetting in an open input environment. An adaptive resonance theory (ART) model is designed to guarantee stable memories even with fast on-line learning. However, ART stability typically requires winner-take-all coding, which may cause category proliferation in a noisy input environment. Distributed ARTMAP (dARTMAP) seeks to combine the computational advantages of MLP and ART systems in a real-time neural network for supervised learning, An implementation algorithm here describes one class of dARTMAP networks. This system incorporates elements of the unsupervised dART model as well as new features, including a content-addressable memory (CAM) rule for improved contrast control at the coding field. A dARTMAP system reduces to fuzzy ARTMAP when coding is winner-take-all. Simulations show that dARTMAP retains fuzzy ARTMAP accuracy while significantly improving memory compression.
Enhancing the photodynamic effect of hypericin in human bladder transitional cell carcinoma spheroids by the use of the oxygen carrier, perfluorodecalin (2006)

In the present study, we evaluated the possibility of enhancing the photodynamic effect of hypericin in transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) spheroids by the use of the oxygen carrier, perfluorodecalin. Following incubation with hypericin, RT-112 TCC spheroids were irradiated in the presence or absence of perfluorodecalin, at light doses of 7 J/cm(2) or 28 J/cm(2) , delivered at a fluence rate of 15 mW/cm(2) . The photodynamic therapy (PDT) efficacy was evaluated and apoptotic cells were visualized. The results show that, in the absence of perfluorodecalin, spheroidal TCC cells are inadequately sensitive to hypericin PDT. As was shown by fluorescence microscopy, this lack of activity was not due to insufficient photoactive concentrations of hypericin reaching the inner parts of the spheroids. Conversely, enhanced oxygenation of spheroids by perfluorodecalin led to a dramatic enhancement of hypericin PDT efficacy. The detection of nuclear shrinkage or fragmentation with DAPI staining and the assessment of cell morphology by light microscopy indicated that apoptosis was the most prominent response of spheroids to hypericin PDT in the presence of perfluorodecalin. In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that perfluorocarbons, such as perfluorodecalin, are useful in enhancing the oxygenation of tumor tissue, resulting in highly efficient hypericin PDT. Since hypericin becomes concentrated specifically in human bladder urothelial carcinoma lesions and the bladder is very well suited to instillation with a perfluorocarbon, combining the techniques looks very promising for an efficient and selective whole bladder wall photodynamic antitumoral treatment in a urological clinical setting.
General gambogic acids inhibited growth of human hepatoma SMMC-7721 cells in vitro and in nude mice. (2004)

GGA had inhibitory effect on the growth of SMMC-7721, which might be related to its inhibition of telomerase activity.
Potential Antitumor Promoting Diterpenoids from the Stem Bark of <i>Thuja standishii</i> (2003)

Six diterpenes, including one new natural product, were isolated from a CHCl 3 extract of the stem bark of Thuja standishii. The new compound has been characterized as 15-oxolabda-8(17),13 Z-dien-19-oic acid. The known compounds were identified as ferruginol (2), sugiol (3), isocupressic acid (4), sandaracopimaric acid (5) and 15-oxolabda-8(17),13 E-dien-19-oic acid (6). Compounds 2-5 and the derivatives 4a and 4b were tested for their inhibitory effects on Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Compounds 2, 3, 4 and 5 showed strong inhibitory effect on EBV-EA induction (100 % inhibition at 1000 mol ratio/TPA).
Likelihood ratio tests for modulation classification (2002)

We discuss modulation classification (MC) algorithms that are based on the decision theoretic approach, where the MC problem is viewed as a multiple-hypothesis testing problem. In particular, a random-phase AWGN channel is considered and possible solutions to this hypothesis testing problem are reviewed. We present two novel algorithms and we compare their performance with existing ones for a variety of modulation pairs. Simulation results show that these new algorithms can offer a significant performance gain for classification of dense, non-constant envelope constellations.
Assessing Signal Intensity Change on Well-registered Images: Comparing Subtraction, Color-encoded Subtraction, and Parallel Display Formats (2011)

When images are well registered, subtraction and color-encoded subtraction techniques offer advantages over the traditional parallel presentation format for the assessment of SI differences.
Beyond catalysis and membranes: visualizing and solving the challenge of electrode water accumulation and flooding in AEMFCs (2018)

Systematically controlling AEMFC electrode structure and water leads to record 1.9 W cm<sup>−2</sup> performance with ETFE membranes/ionomers and PtRu/Pt catalysts.
Spreading of a droplet on a solid surface (1994)

Abstract The spontaneous spreading of small liquid droplets on solid surfaces is examined with the objective of developing closed‐form expressions for the spreading dynamics, both for the case in which there is complete equilibrium spreading, that is the equilibrium contact angle is 0°, and for the case in which equilibrium spreading is incomplete. Such solutions are obtained using a simple hydrodynamic model. The results are consistent with the format of the universal Hoffman–Voinov–Tanner law (for complete spreading) and the modified Hoffman–Voinov–Tanner law for incomplete spreading. In the latter case, concurrence is found only when the dynamic contact angle is close to the equilibrium angle throughout the spreading process. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Atrial natriuretic factor decreases cell volume of rabbit atrial and ventricular myocytes (1991)

The effect of atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) on cell volume was studied using video microscopy of rabbit atrial and ventricular myocytes. Each cell served as its own control, and relative cell volumes were determined. ANF (1 microM) significantly decreased relative cell volume to 0.929 +/- 0.006 (n = 7) in atrial and 0.930 +/- 0.013 (n = 5) in ventricular myocytes (normalized to volume without ANF). Reduction of volume was detectable at greater than or equal to 0.01 microM ANF, and the ED50 was 0.072 +/- 0.007 microM (n = 15). The effect of ANF also was examined under hypotonic (0.55T, 168 mosmol/l) and hypertonic (1.82T, 560 mosmol/l) conditions; osmolarity was adjusted using mannitol with NaCl fixed at 65 mM. In 0.55T, 1 microM ANF decreased cell volume to 0.941 +/- 0.014 (n = 5) in atrial and 0.942 +/- 0.017 (n = 7) in ventricular cells (normalized to 0.55T without ANF). In contrast, 1 microM ANF had no effect on atrial (n = 13) or ventricular (n = 11) cell volume in 1.82T. The hypothesis that ANF decreases cell volume by inhibiting Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport was tested by blocking the cotransporter with bumetanide (10 microM). After inhibition of Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport, 1 microM ANF failed to reduce cell volume in either atrial (n = 6) or ventricular myocytes (n = 6). Block of ANF-induced cell shrinkage by bumetanide was not due to changes in cell volume, since similar results were obtained using atrial (n = 7) and ventricular (n = 7) cells swollen in hypotonic (0.80T, 244 mosmol/l) solution. Replacement of Na+ with N-methyl-D-glucamine or Cl- with methanesulfonate abolished the ability of both ANF and bumetanide to decrease volume of atrial and ventricular cells in 1T and 0.8T solution. These data suggest that ANF can decrease the volume of atrial and ventricular cells under isotonic and hypotonic conditions by a mechanism that may involve Na(+)-K(+)-2Cl- cotransport. An ANF-induced decrease in cell volume may act as negative feedback and inhibit the stretch-induced release of ANF from atrial and ventricular cells. Furthermore, it may contribute to cell volume maintenance in myocytes in the setting of congestive heart failure or myocardial hypoxia when ANF release is elevated.
Antisense inhibition of pig α1,3galactosyl‐transferase leads to a reduction in expression of the major target for human natural antibodies on pig vascular endothelial cells (1995)

Abstract: The expression of epitopes on pig cells for human natural antibodies (NAb) currently constitutes a major barrier to the use of pig organs and tissues in clinical transplantation. This is of particular significance to vascularized organs where the presence of carbohydrate antigens invariably leads to a hyperacute rejection when exposed to human blood or serum. It has been strongly suggested that the major antigen in this context consists of a terminal Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc trisaccharide. We have previously proposed that decreased expression of this epitope for human NAb may lead to elimination of hyperacute rejection. We have now used mRNA targeted antisense oligonucleotides to decrease the expression of the α1,3galactosyltransferase directing the terminal synthesis of this epitope on pig vascular endothelial cells. This mRNA antisense targeting leads to a decreased expression of the Galα1,3Galβ1,4GlcNAc structure as detected by epitope specific lectin. Moreover, a very similar reduction in mean fluorescence was seen when staining the same cells with human Galα1,3Galα1,4GlcNAc‐specific IgM NAb. We feel these findings constitute an important step in the process of providing conclusive evidence that reduction of or complete elimination of this epitope will overcome the hyperacute response in this species combination. In addition, such pig tissues may be less susceptible to further antibody rejection once the hyperacute phase has been overcome.
Urchin-like GdPO4 and GdPO4:Eu3+ hollow spheres – hydrothermal synthesis, luminescence and drug-delivery properties (2011)

In this work, we report a facile solution-phase synthesis of highly uniform and well-dispersed urchin-like GdPO4 hollow spheres (around 250 nm) by utilizing the colloidal spheres of Gd(OH)CO3 as a sacrificial template and NH4H2PO4 as a phosphorus source. Monodisperse urchin-like GdPO4 hollow spheres with controlled size were synthesized through the Kirkendall effect via the hydrothermal process. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption measurements suggest the presence of mesopores (av. 18.8 nm) in these hollow spheres. In addition, Eu3+-doped GdPO4 hollow spheres exhibit strong orange-red emission, corresponding to the characteristic transitions of 5D0 → 7F1, 2, 3, 4 of Eu3+, with 5D0 → 7F1 transition as the most prominent group. Attempts were made to utilize the luminescent GdPO4:Eu3+ hollow spheres as drug carriers. The biocompatibility test on L929 fibroblast cells using MTT assay reveals low cytotoxicity of the system. An Ibuprofen-loaded GdPO4:Eu3+ sample still shows orange–red luminescence of Eu3+ under UV irradiation, and the emission intensity of Eu3+ in the drug-carrier system varies with the released amount of ibuprofen, so that the drug together with its release situation can be easily tracked and monitored by the change in luminescence intensity.
Effect of Pramlintide on Prandial Glycemic Excursions During Closed-Loop Control in Adolescents and Young Adults With Type 1 Diabetes (2012)

Pramlintide delayed the time to peak postprandial BG and reduced the magnitude of prandial BG excursions. Beneficial effects of pramlintide on CL may in part be related to higher premeal insulin levels at lunch and dinner compared with breakfast.
Diabetes and the Risk of Infection-Related Mortality in the U.S. (2001)

These nationally representative data suggest that diabetic adults are at greater risk for infection-related mortality, and the excess risk may be mediated by CVD.
The Role of BF-7 on Neuroprotection and Enhancement of Cognitive Function (2004)

Amyloid β-peptide (Aβ) contributes to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), causing neuronal death through apoptosis. In this study, the neuroprotective role of BF-7, extracted form sericultural product, was examined against Aβ -induced toxicity in cultured human neuronal cell SKN-SH. In order to know if the BF-7 has positive role on the cognition and memory in human, the mixture of BF-7, DHA and EPA (BDE) was examined using Rey Kim and K-WAIS test with 50 healthy high school student. We report here that BDE significantly attenuated Aβ-induced apoptosis through the reduction of ROS accumulation, and diminished caspase-like protease activity. Moreover, the memory index and memory preservation, and attentative concentration of BDE treated group for 1 month were significantly improved, in contrast to the case of placebo control treated with DHA and EPA. This result represent that the BF-7 play significant positive role on learning memory. Taken together, our result suggested the natural product BF-7 is a good substance for the brain functionally and physiologically.
Metabolic induction of experimental ulcerative colitis by inhibition of fatty acid oxidation. (1986)

There is some evidence that failure of fatty acid or beta-oxidation in the epithelium of the colonic mucosa is associated with the development of ulcerative colitis. We tested the hypothesis that inhibition of fatty acid oxidation in the colonic mucosa of the rat reproduces the histological, clinical and biochemical lesions of acute ulcerative colitis of man. A specific inhibitor of beta-oxidation, sodium 2-bromo-octanoate, was instilled rectally for 5 days or exposed to isolated colonic epithelial cells which were subsequently tested for their ability to beta-oxidize n-butyrate. Weight loss, bloody diarrhoea and histological lesions occurred with 2-bromo-octanoate treated rats but not control animals. Ketogenesis and 14CO2 production was inhibited by 2-bromo-octanoate. Of 12 animals mucosal ulceration developed in six out of eight surviving animals and in all four animals that died. Ulceration, mucus cell depletion, vessel dilatation and increases of inflammatory cells were the most prominent histological changes. Present observations indicate that inhibition of beta-oxidation produces acute colitis and suggests that inhibition of beta-oxidation is primary rather than secondary in the genesis of ulcerative colitis. A search for agents producing such biochemical lesions in man should be undertaken.
Radiometric corrections and calibration of SAR images (1998)

Specific characteristics of SAR images are the result of the imaging radar technique, which produces radiometric and geometric distortions. The main radiometric distortions are due to the spreading loss effect, the non-uniform antenna pattern, possible gain changes, saturation and speckle noise. The main geometric distortions are projection in slant range, foreshortening, layover and shadowing. To remove or reduce the distortions arising from these effects the application of image preprocessing procedures is necessary. This paper presents the procedures for preprocessing ERS/SAR and Radarsat images in terms of the radiometric corrections and calibration. Procedures for estimating the input filtering parameters for speckle reduction are also presented.