gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Investigation of a Lean-Burn Piston Engine with Catalytic Prechamber (1996)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Lean burning in piston engines gives opportunity to achieve important enviromental and fuel economy objectives. Unfortunately, lean mixtures are not readily ignited and are characterized by poor flame propagation. Thus, techniques which enhance ignition, flame formation and its propagation must be applied, if lean combustion is to be reliably sustained. To overcome difficulties related to the lean burning, it has been proposed to equip the engine cylinders with prechambers, containing catalytic inserts, shaped in form of an open coil. The coils not only facilitate ignition but also generate turbulence, to intensify the combustion process in prechamber.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A four-cylinder Diesel engine has been adapted for experiments aimed at confirmation of the effectiveness of the catalytic action on operation of the system.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The modification of Diesel engine to the Otto cycle was performed in a simple way, i.e. by replacing fuel injectors with prechambers equipped with ignition plugs and catalytic inserts. In this configuration the engine compression ratio decreases to ε=16. Thus, the engine with a catalytic insert in prechamber, can operate in a stable way within the range of lean mixture, i.e. λ up to 1.55.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Comparison of the load characteristics, for a constant speed n = 3000 r.p.m., shows that for an engine with a catalytic insert the specific fuel consumption has undergone a distinct decrease (about 15%) for operation within the range of partial load torque (50 to 75% full load). The concentration of unburned hydrocarbons is reduced by 30 to 50%.Considerable decreases in misfires were observed. The concentration of NO<sub>x</sub> was relatively low - particularly for higher air excess coefficients.</div>
Outside the box: an alternative data analytics framework (2014)

In this paper, an alternative framework for data analytics is proposed which is based on the spatially-aware concepts of eccentricity and typicality which represent the density and proximity in the data space. This approach is statistical, but differs from the traditional probability theory which is frequentist in nature. It also differs from the belief and possibility-based approaches as well as from the deterministic first principles approaches, although it can be seen as deterministic in the sense that it provides exactly the same result for the same data. It also differs from the subjective expert-based approaches such as fuzzy sets. It can be used to detect anomalies, faults, form clusters, classes, predictive models, controllers. The main motivation for introducing the new typicality- and eccentricity-based data analytics (TEDA) is the fact that real processes which are of interest for data analytics, such as climate, economic and financial, electro-mechanical, biological, social and psychological etc., are often complex, uncertain and poorly known, but not purely random. Unlike, purely random processes, such as throwing dices, tossing coins, choosing coloured balls from bowls and other games, real life processes of interest do violate the main assumptions which the traditional probability theory requires. At the same time they are seldom deterministic (more precisely, have always uncertainty/noise component which is nondeterministic), creating expert and belief-based possibilistic models is cumbersome and subjective. Despite this, different groups of researchers and practitioners favour and do use one of the above approaches with probability theory being (perhaps) the most widely used one. The proposed new framework TEDA is a systematic methodology which does not require prior assumptions and can be used for development of a range of methods for anomalies and fault detection, image processing, clustering, classification, prediction, control, filtering, regression, etc. In this paper due to the space limitations, only few illustrative examples are provided aiming proof of concept.
DeLIMiting development (1998)

LIM-homeodomain transcription factors (LIM-HD) regulate expression of genes that pattern the body and generate cell specificity during development in invertebrates and vertebrates. It is especially interesting that most are expressed in and participate in the development of the nervous system. LIM-HD proteins are themselves regulated by both intramolecular and intermolecular interactions mediated by the LIM domains. LIM domains positively regulate LIM-HD activity by promoting protein-protein interactions that allow cooperative binding to regulatory regions of tissue-specific promoters. They also negatively regulate LIM-HD activity, possibly by preventing HD association with DNA. Interaction of LIM domains with other proteins relieves this interference, permitting DNA binding and providing a mechanism for refining LIM-HD activity. The recurrence of LIM-HD proteins in fundamental developmental processes emphasizes the importance of their function and regulation and provides an opportunity to identify mechanisms and molecules underlying patterning and cell specification.
Physicochemical Studies on Starches. Part 63. The Molecular Size and Shape of Amylopectin (1972)

Abstract Light‐scattering, viscosity and ultracentrifugal techniques have been applied to a number of amylopectin samples. These measurements have confirmed the very large size of the macromolecule, and shown that such values are real, and are not due to aggregation resulting from hydrogen‐bonding. The hydrodynamic behaviour of amylopectin has been compared with that of the closely‐related glycogen. The difference between the two has been shown to be due to the much more flexible, coil‐like nature of the amylopectin. An examination has been made of the factors governing the extension of amylopectin as the pH is varied, and it is shown that under appropriate solvent conditions a “coil‐to‐helix” transformation may be observed. The conformation of the amylopectin molecule is discussed, and the concept that the macromolecule is a two‐dimensional entity is proposed.
Polyethylene glycol (PEG): a versatile polymer for pharmaceutical applications (2016)

Guidance on PEG application and grade of choice is lacking in the available literature. The authors have discussed and provided guidance to formulators on the appropriate PEG grade selection for particular application based on the available in vitro and in vivo literature data. In this review a State-of-the-art use of PEG in therapeutic applications, its clinical status and commercial use is also summarized. Nevertheless, toxicities related to different PEG grades and related impurities are discussed in this review.
Conception, synthèse et caractérisation de nouveaux systèmes de guidage et de vectorisation pour la cancérologie (2005)

Président de Jury : Pr.Yannick Vallée ; Rapporteurs : Dr. Anne-Catherine Prats et Pr. Jean Martinez ;
X-Ray Tomography for Lithium Ion Battery Research: A Practical Guide (2017)

X-ray tomography has emerged as a powerful technique for studying lithium ion batteries, allowing nondestructive and often quantitative imaging of these complex systems, which contain solid components with length scales spanning orders of magnitude and which are in-filled with liquid electrolyte. Over the past decade, X-ray tomography has allowed interrogation of structure and material composition, providing quantitative or qualitative insight into battery operation and degradation. In this review, we first provide an overview of X-ray tomography and explore what types of experiments can yield insight into open questions in the lithium ion battery research field. In the second half of the review, we discuss the aspects a researcher must consider, and we summarize challenges and approaches to sample preparation, experimental setup, and data analysis. Finally, we describe both outstanding challenges and promise in using X-ray tomography for lithium ion battery research.
Performance analysis of IEEE 802.16e WiMAX Radio-over-fiber distributed antenna system (2009)

Interest in radio-over-fiber (RoF) networks has been gaining increasing popularity for RF distribution networks. This paper examines link transmission quality over RoF of the WiMax signal between the base station and RAU in both downlink and uplink instances experimentally. EVM results are presented to illustrate the effectiveness of a fiber link for RF signal distribution. Downlink EVM performance was measured to be better than 3.1% for a RF power range of between -3 dBm to 10 dBm over 5 km RoF. Uplink EVM with AGC was better than 3.1% for an RF input signal range between -70 dBm to -45 dBm over 5 km RoF.
1,4-Benzoxathians. 1. Reactions of o-mercaptophenol with .alpha.-halo Michael acceptors (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT1,4-Benzoxathians. 1. Reactions of o-mercaptophenol with .alpha.-halo Michael acceptorsA. R. Martin and J. F. CaputoCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 13, 1811–1814Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00927a004https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00927a004research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views149Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Radioimaging of melanoma using 99mTc-labeled Fab fragment reactive with a high molecular weight melanoma antigen. (1990)

Twenty patients with metastatic malignant melanoma were studied with 99mTc-labeled monoclonal antibody (MoAb) Fab fragment (NR-Ml-05) reactive with a high molecular weight (Mr 240,000) melanoma associated antigen. Patients received 40 mg unlabeled irrelevant MoAb (NR-2AD-IgG) and 7.5 mg unlabeled NR-Ml-05 (whole IgG) prior to infusion of 10 mg 99mTc-labeled (10-25 mCi) NR-Ml-05 Fab. Unlabeled MoAb were given to block nonspecific and specific binding sites. Gamma camera scans and single photon emission computed tomography were performed at 8 and 24 h postadministration. Of 172 preexisting lesions, 136 were imaged for a sensitivity of detection of 79%. Imaging was site and size dependent with the greatest sensitivity for liver lesions (100%) and the least for bowel (0%). Six sites (2 skin, 1 lung, 3 liver) were detected by single photon emission computed tomography that were missed on routine planar images. Forty-one additional unconfirmed sites were seen. Of these, 7 (17%) have been confirmed as tumor after a median follow-up time of 6 months. False positive scans included scar tissue, areas of chronic inflammation, an infected femoral aneurysm, and septic emboli. Nonspecific uptake of radioactivity occurred in kidney, gallbladder, bowel, thyroid, and myocardium. Human anti-mouse antibodies were detected in up to 69% of patients. In summary, radioimaging with 99mTc-NR-Ml-05 is a sensitive test, especially for detecting liver lesions. It is safe, simple to administer, and convenient for the patient. Biodistribution and imaging sensitivity differ significantly from studies in which 111In-labeled anti-melanoma MoAb have been used.
AlGaAs/GaAs HBTs fabricated by a self-alignment technology using polyimide for electrode separation (1988)

A self-aligned HBT (heterojunction bipolar transistor) technology using polymide for insulating the emitter contact from the base contact is described. A 1- mu m emitter-width HBT with maximum oscillation frequency of 86 GHz was successfully fabricated. This processing was also applied to fabricate frequency-divider ICs. An operating frequency of 18 GHz was obtained with good reproducibility.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and Analysis of Power Distribution Networks in VLSI Circuits. (2008)

Amniotic fluid embolism occurring following diagnostic amniocentesis is extremely rare. Only 2 cases have been reported in the English literature over the past 55 years, the most recent one approximately 3 decades ago. We present a case of amniocentesis at 24 weeks' gestation that was performed as part of an evaluation of abnormal fetal ultrasound findings. Immediately following amniotic fluid aspiration, maternal hemodynamic collapse occurred, initially diagnosed and treated as anaphylactic shock. Shortly after initial therapy, coagulopathy was noted and amniotic fluid syndrome suspected. Rapid response restored maternal hemodynamic stability; however, the fetus had suffered fatal damage.
Radiation induced current in the RF coils of integrated linac‐MR systems: The effect of buildup and magnetic field (2012)

The RIC in RF coils results from the lack of electronic equilibrium in the coil conductor as the RIC in planar conductor was completely removed by identical buildup of adequate thickness to create electronic equilibrium. The buildup method of RIC removal is effective in cylindrical coil geometry when the coil conductor is in direct contact with the patient. The presence of air makes this method of RIC removal less effective although placing buildup still reduces the RIC by up to 60%. The RIC Monte Carlo simulation is a useful tool for practical coil design where radiation effects must be considered. The SNR is improved in the images obtained concurrently withradiation if buildup is applied to the coil.
USE OF RADIOGRAPHY IN COMBINATION WITH COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF NONCARDIAC THORACIC DISEASE IN THE DOG AND CAT (2005)

Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax was performed in 28 dogs and five cats and findings were compared with previous thoracic radiographs. The sample population included all animals that had thoracic radiographs and a CT study within 5 days of each other, where the complete imaging studies were available for review. Thoracic radiographs were considered indeterminate in 31 patients and CT examinations were done to acquire additional information. The presence of additional information from CT relating to presence of pathology, location of pathology, extent of pathology, and involvement of mediastinal structures was recorded. Whether there was a change in diagnosis based on the CT findings was also recorded. In only 4/33 animals (all dogs) did CT fail to provide any new information for the parameters evaluated when compared with survey thoracic radiographs. Additional information about the pathology that was present was gained by CT in 5/5 cats and 21/ 28 dogs. New information on compartmental location of pathology was seen in 4/5 cats and 19/28 dogs. New information on pathology extent was noted in 5/5 cats and 20/28 dogs. Additional information regarding involvement of mediastinal structures was obtained in 2/5 cats and 10/28 dogs. A change in diagnosis was made in 3/5 cats and 13/28 dogs. In conclusion, CT is a valuable tool for evaluating intrathoracic disease. CT provides additional cross-sectional anatomic information that can aid in anatomic localization and evaluation of the extent of the pathology in question.
Chain: tasks and channels for reliable intermittent programs (2016)

Energy harvesting computers enable general-purpose computing using energy collected from their environment. Energy-autonomy of such devices has great potential, but their intermittent power supply poses a challenge. Intermittent program execution compromises progress and leaves state inconsistent. This work describes Chain: a new model for programming intermittent devices. A Chain program is a set of programmer-defined tasks that compute and exchange data through channels. Chain guarantees forward progress at task granularity. A task is restartable and never sees inconsistent state, because its input and output channels are separated. Our system supports language features for expressing advanced data exchange patterns and for encapsulating reusable functionality. Chain fundamentally differs from state-of-the-art checkpointing approaches and does not incur the associated overhead. We implement Chain as C language extensions and a runtime library. We used Chain to implement four applications: machine learning, encryption, compression, and sensing. In experiments, Chain ensured consistency where prior approaches failed and improved throughput by 2-7x over the leading state-of-the-art system.
Endogenous Virus of BHK-21 Cells Complicates Electron Microscopy Studies of Foamy Virus Maturation (1999)

Baldwin and Linial previously reported that in the absence of the envelope glycoprotein (Env), foamy virus (FV) particles were not released from BHK-21-derived FAB cells as determined by immunoprecipitation of FV proteins from culture media (2). These results were similar to those of Fischer et al. (5) who utilized 293T cells. Budding of Env-deficient viral particles from the plasma membrane (PM) was not seen by electron microscopy (EM) in either report. However, these two reports differed regarding EM evidence for intracellular FV budding in the absence of Env. Baldwin and Linial found a few examples of intracytoplasmic budding of Env-deficient FV particles in BHK-21-derived FAB cells, whereas Fischer et al. reported no such budding in 293T cells. Is there an explanation for this apparent discrepancy?
Efficient Oxidation of Methane to Methanol by Dioxygen Mediated by Tricopper Clusters (2013)

TONs of copper fun: There is considerable interest in developing catalysts to harness the abundant natural supply of methane for various industrial applications. Two tricopper complexes capable of mediating efficient oxidation of methane to methanol under ambient conditions were tested: a biomimetic tricopper complex (see figure) and a tricopper-peptide species derived from the particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO) protein.
A Low-Cost and Low-Power CMOS Receiver Front-End for MB-OFDM Ultra-Wideband Systems (2007)

This paper presents an RF receiver front-end for MB-OFDM-based ultra-wideband (UWB) systems. The receiver occupies only 0.35 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a 0.18 mum CMOS process and consists of a low-noise amplifier, downconverter and a bandpass filter. There are no on-chip inductors and the receiver requires no off-chip matching components. The measured receiver gain is 21 dB, noise figure is less than 6.6 dB, input IIP <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> is -5.6 dBm, and the receiver consumes 19.5 mA from a 2.3 V supply. The receiver covers all the MB-OFDM bands from 3.1 to 8 GHz.
In Vivo Cytotoxicity of the Prion Protein Fragment 106–126 (2000)

Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies are fatal neurological diseases characterized by astroglyosis, neuronal loss, and by the accumulation of the abnormal isoform of the prion protein. The amyloid prion protein fragment 106-126 (P106-126) has been shown to be toxic in cultured hippocampal neurons (). Here, we show that P106-126 is also cytotoxic in vivo. Taking advantage of the fact that retina is an integral part of the central nervous system, the toxic effect of the peptide was investigated by direct intravitreous injection. Aged solutions of P106-126 induced apoptotic-mediated retinal cell death and irreversibly altered the electrical activity of the retina. Neither apoptosis nor electroretinogram damages were observed with freshly diluted P106-126, suggesting that the toxicity is linked to the aggregation state of the peptide. The retina provides a convenient in vivo system to look for potential inhibitors of cytotoxicity associated with spongiform encephalopathies.
Neuronal plasticity in relation to nociception and healing of rat achilles tendon (2003)

Abstract Nerve regeneration and the occurrence of three neuropeptides; i.e. substance P (SP), calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) and galanin (GAL), were studied during healing of tendon rupture in the rat by semi‐quantitative immunohistochemistry. The neuronal findings were related to nociception as assessed by hindpaw withdrawal latencies at thermal and mechanical tests. Experimental rupture of rat Achilles tendon—normally devoid of nerves—elicited extensive nerve ingrowth into the rupture site in the early phase of healing followed by almost complete fiber disappearance (weeks 12–16). The ingrowth of SP and CGRP positive fibers, seen already at weeks 1–2, was associated with increased nociception. Subsequently, the occurrence of GAL positive fibers at weeks 4–6 was associated with decreased nociception. An even stronger relationship to nociception during healing was observed when the rate of change in neuropeptide expression instead of the expression in absolute terms was considered, according to the „cascade”︁ formula of SP' + CGRP' – GAL'. It may prove that the observed temporal occurrence of different neuropeptides reflects a role of the peripheral nervous system in regulating synchronously nociception and healing. © 2002 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Science Ltd. All rights reserved.
A New Family of Self-Activated Phosphors (1963)

A series of compounds were discovered which have the generalized formula . Examination of single crystals of showed it to have hexagonal symmetry with and . Five of the seven compounds studied (, , , , and ) were isostructural with , and the seventh, , had optical properties closely related to the group. With the exception of all of the compounds exhibited a broad band blue fluorescence, with an intensity maximum near 4800Aå, when excited by 2537Aå radiation. By contrast, showed a weak orange fluorescence, more easily excited by 3650Aå radiation. Emission, absorption, and excitation data are presented.
Influence of Nucleation Seeding on the Hydration Mechanisms of Tricalcium Silicate and Cement (2009)

The fundamental chemical hydration process of portland cement and its main mineral component, tricalcium silicate, was studied by investigating the effects of various additives. A relatively small amount (1−4 wt %) of well-dispersed calcium silicate hydrate (C−S−H), a pure form of the main hydration product, significantly increases both the early hydration rate and the total amount of hydration during the early nucleation and growth period (the first ∼24 h), as measured by calorimetry. This is attributed to a seeding effect whereby the C−S−H additive provides new nucleation sites within the pore space away from the particle surfaces. This mechanism is verified by a digital simulation of the hydration process that reproduces key features of the hydration kinetics. The results provide strong evidence that the hydration process is autocatalytic such that the C−S−H gel product stimulates its own formation. The seeding effect of C−S−H also provides a new explanation of the hydration-accelerating effects of various forms of reactive silica because these additives form C−S−H by reacting with aqueous calcium ions released by cement dissolution. Experiments involving sucrose, a hydration retarder, confirm that sucrose interferes with the normal nucleation process on the particle surface.