gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interferon‐<i>β</i>Mediates Opposing Effects on Interferon‐<i>γ</i>‐dependent Interleukin‐12 p70 Secretion by Human Monocyte‐Derived Dendritic Cells (2006)

Interferon-beta (IFN-beta) exposure during tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)-induced human monocyte-derived dendritic cell (DC) maturation augments the capacity of DC to promote the generation of T helper 1 (Th1) cells, while IFN-beta exposure during naive Th cell stimulation inhibits Th1 cell generation (Nagai et al., J Immunol, 2003 171:5233-43). Investigating these contradictory outcomes of IFN-beta exposure, we find that isolated DC matured with both TNF-alpha and IFN-beta secrete more IL-12 p70 upon CD40L stimulation than DC matured with TNF-alpha alone. mAb blocking studies indicate that the basis for this enhanced IL-12 p70 production is augmentation of two successive CD40-dependent autocrine pathways in the DC: (1) a pathway in which low levels of IL-12 p70, IL-27, IL-18 and, possibly, IL-23 act to mediate autocrine induction of DC IFN-gamma secretion; and (2) an IFN-gamma-initiated autocrine pathway promoting optimal DC IL-12 p70 secretion. In contrast to the IL-12 p70 promoting effects of IFN-beta during DC maturation, IFN-beta pre-treatment before CD40L stimulation was found to inhibit IFN-gamma-mediated enhancement of DC IL-12 p70 secretion. Thus, IFN-beta exposure during TNF-alpha-mediated DC maturation may promote Th1 polarization by increasing DC IL-12 p70 secretion, through enhancement of autocrine-acting IFN-gamma production by the DC. Moreover, IFN-beta exposure during naive Th cell stimulation may inhibit Th1 cell generation by blocking the IFN-gamma-induced signals required for optimal CD40L-induced DC IL-12 p70 secretion. IFN-beta pre-treatment was also observed to inhibit CD40L-induced DC IL-23 secretion. Our findings may account for some of the beneficial effects of IFN-beta therapy in patients with relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis.
Sec- and Tat-Dependent Translocation of β-Lactamases across the<i>Escherichia coli</i>Inner Membrane (2008)

beta-Lactamases represent the major resistance mechanism of gram-negative bacteria against beta-lactam antibiotics. The amino acid sequences of these proteins vary widely, but all are located in the periplasm of bacteria. In this study, we investigated the translocation mechanism of representative beta-lactamases in an Escherichia coli model. N-terminal signal sequence analyses, antibiotic activity assay, and direct measurement of translocation of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) reporter fused to beta-lactamases revealed that most were exported via the Sec pathway. However, the Stenotrophomonas maltophilia L2 beta-lactamase was exported via the E. coli Tat translocase, while the S. maltophilia L1 beta-lactamase was Sec dependent. These results show the possible Tat-dependent translocation of beta-lactamases in the E. coli model system. In addition, the mutation of the cytoskeleton-encoding gene mreB, which may be involved in the spatial organization of penicillin-binding proteins, decreased the MIC of beta-lactams for beta-lactamase-producing E. coli. These findings provide new knowledge about beta-lactamase translocation, a putative new target for addressing beta-lactamase-mediated resistance.
Multivariate Longitudinal Shape Analysis of Human Lateral Ventricles during the First Twenty-Four Months of Life (2014)

Little is known about the temporospatial shape characteristics of human lateral ventricles (LVs) during the first two years of life. This study aimed to delineate the morphological growth characteristics of LVs during early infancy using longitudinally acquired MR images in normal healthy infants.
Controller Design for Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drive Systems with Direct Torque Control (2011)

The synchronous reluctance motor (SynRM) has many advantages over other ac motors. For example, its structure is simple and rugged. In addition, its rotor does not have any winding or magnetic material. Prior to twenty years ago, the SynRM was regarded as inferior to other types of ac motors due to its lower average torque and larger torque pulsation. Recently, many researchers have proposed several methods to improve the performance of the motor and drive system [1]-[3]. In fact, the SynRM has been shown to be suitable for ac drive systems for several reasons. For example, it is not necessary to compute the slip of the SynRM as it is with the induction motor. As a result, there is no parameter sensitivity problem. In addition, it does not require any permanent magnetic material as the permanent synchronous motor does. The sensorless drive is becoming more and more popular for synchronous reluctance motors. The major reason is that the sensorless drive can save space and reduce cost. Generally speaking, there are two major methods to achieve a sensorless drive system: vector control and direct torque control. Although most researchers focus on vector control for a sensorless synchronous reluctance drive [4]- By using direct torque control, the plane of the voltage vectors is divided into six or twelve sectors. Then, an optimal switching strategy is defined for each sector. The purpose of the direct torque control is to restrict the torque error and the stator flux error within given hysteresis bands. After executing hysteresis control, a switching pattern is selected to generate the required torque and flux of the motor. A closed-loop drive system is thus obtained. Although many papers discuss the direct torque control of induction motors [13]-[15], only a few papers study the direct torque control for synchronous reluctance motors. For example, Consoli et al. proposed a sensorless torque control for synchronous reluctance motor drives In this published paper, however, only a PI controller was used. As a result, the transient responses and load disturbance responses were not satisfactory. To solve the problem, in this chapter, an adaptive backstepping controller and a model-reference adaptive controller are proposed for a SynRM direct torque control system. By using the www.intechopen.com Torque Control 254 proposed controllers, the transient responses and load disturbance rejection capability are obviously improved. In addition, the proposed system has excellent tracking ability. As to the authors best knowledge, this is the first time that the adaptive backstepping controller and model reference adaptive controller have been used in the direct torque control of synchronous reluctance motor drives. Several experimental results validate the theoretical analysis.
Nonclinical Development of BCG Replacement Vaccine Candidates (2013)

The failure of current Mycobacterium bovis bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccines, given to neonates to protect against adult tuberculosis and the risk of using these live vaccines in HIV-infected infants, has emphasized the need for generating new, more efficacious and safer replacement vaccines. With the availability of genetic techniques for constructing recombinant BCG (rBCG) strains containing well-defined gene deletions or insertions, new vaccine candidates are under evaluation at both the preclinical and clinical stages of development. Since most BCG vaccines in use today were evaluated in clinical trials decades ago and are produced by outdated processes, the development of new BCG vaccines offers a number of advantages that include a modern well-defined manufacturing process along with state-of-the-art evaluation of safety and efficacy in target populations. We provide a description of the preclinical development of two novel rBCGs, VPM1002 that was constructed by adding a modified hly gene coding for the protein listeriolysin O (LLO) from Listeria monocytogenes and AERAS-422, which carries a modified pfoA gene coding for the protein perfringolysin O (PFO) from Clostridium perfringens, and three genes from Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Novel approaches like these should be helpful in generating stable and effective rBCG vaccine candidates that can be better characterized than traditional BCG vaccines.
Correcting the Normalization Shift of Redundant Binary Representations (2009)

An important problem in the realization of floating-point subtraction is the identification of the position of the first nonzero digit in a radix-represented number, since the significand usually is to be represented left-normalized in the part of the word(s) allocated for representing its value. There are well-known log-time algorithms for determining this position for numbers in nonredundant representations, which may also be applied to suitably (linear-time) transformed redundant representations. However, due to the redundancy in the latter case, the position thus determined may need a correction by one. When determination of the shift amount is to be performed in parallel with conversion to nonredundant representation (the subtraction), it must be performed on the redundant representation. This is also the case when the significand is to be retained in a redundant representation until the final rounding. This paper presents an improved algorithm for determining the need for a correction of the normalization shift amount, which can be run in parallel with the algorithm finding the "approximate" position.
A hundred years of progress in electrocardiography. 2: The rise and decline of vectorcardiography. (1988)

Throughout the 20th century electrocardiography has been almost exclusively preoccupied by the single dipole concept as a model to account for body surface manifestations of cardiac electrical activity. Vectorcardiography, based on the single dipole approximation as an equivalent cardiac generator, has prevailed for over one half of this century as one of the most prominent components of electrocardiographic research. In retrospect, vectorcardiography has had conceptually an important impact on the progress in electrocardiography although it never became widely used in clinical practice. Recent comparative studies have confirmed that the diagnostic information contents of the standard 12-lead electrocardiogram and the vectorcardiogram are practically identical if adequately powerful, identical diagnostic classification procedures are used in extracting diagnostic information. After serving a useful role as a conceptual model, vectorcardiography is gradually fading away, being replaced by more realistic cardiac source models and by body surface leads supplementing in a better way the information content of the standard ECG leads.
Altered Interactions between the Gut Microbiome and Colonic Mucosa Precede Polyposis in APCMin/+ Mice (2015)

Mutation of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC gene), an early event in the adenoma-carcinoma sequence, is present in 70-80% of sporadic human colorectal adenomas and carcinomas. To test the hypothesis that mutation of the APC gene alters microbial interactions with host intestinal mucosa prior to the development of polyposis, culture-independent methods (targeted qPCR assays and Illumina sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene V1V2 hypervariable region) were used to compare the intestinal microbial composition of 30 six-week old C57BL/6 APCMin/+ and 30 congenic wild type (WT) mice. The results demonstrate that similar to 12-14 week old APCMin/+ mice with intestinal neoplasia, 6 week old APCMin/+ mice with no detectable neoplasia, exhibit an increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes spp in the colon. Parallel mouse RNA sequence analysis, conducted on a subset of proximal colonic RNA samples (6 APCMin/+, 6 WT) revealed 130 differentially expressed genes (DEGs, fold change ≥ 2, FDR <0.05). Hierarchical clustering of the DEGs was carried out by using 1-r dissimilarity measurement, where r stands for the Pearson correlation, and Ward minimum variance linkage, in order to reduce the number of input variables. When the cluster centroids (medians) were included along with APC genotype as input variables in a negative binomial (NB) regression model, four of seven mouse gene clusters, in addition to APC genotype, were significantly associated with the increased relative abundance of Bacteroidetes spp. Three of the four clusters include several downregulated genes encoding immunoglobulin variable regions and non-protein coding RNAs. These results support the concept that mutation of the APC gene alters colonic-microbial interactions prior to polyposis. It remains to be determined whether interventions directed at ameliorating dysbiosis in APCMin/+mice, such as through probiotics, prebiotics or antibiotics, could reduce tumor formation.
Supplementation of growing cattle grazing warm-season grass with proteins of various ruminal degradabilities (1993)

This study was conducted to determine in situ ruminal protein degradation and animal responses to ruminally degraded and escape protein supplementation of warm-season grass. Cattle grazed a mixed stand of primarily big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman) and switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) with some indiangrass (Sorghastrum nutans [L.] Nash) from the 1st wk of June to the 3rd wk of August. In 1987, 72 yearling steers (286 kg) were allotted randomly to three treatments: energy control (cornstarch-molasses mixture) or energy control plus .1 or .2 kg.animal-1.d-1 of escape protein. The total amount of a supplement fed per day was 1 kg. In 1988, 90 yearling heifers (240 kg) were allotted to five treatments: negative control (no supplement), energy control, energy control plus .14 kg.animal-1.d-1 of escape protein, energy control plus .18 kg.animal-1.d-1 of ruminally degraded protein, or .36 kg.animal-1.d-1 of protein supplied by a combination of the two protein sources. The total amount of a supplement fed per day was 1.7 kg. During 1987, the .2-kg level of escape protein produced the greatest gains (P < .10). In 1988, gains did not differ between the control and escape protein treatments. Ruminally degraded protein tended (P = .12) to increase gains (.09 kg/d) compared with the energy control. The combination treatment supported .13 kg/d more ADG (P < .10) than the negative and energy controls and the escape protein treatment. Ruminal ammonia concentrations in unsupplemented steers were low, with few values > 5 mg/dL. Based on in situ measurements, 42 to 54% of the forage protein escaped ruminal degradation.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Personalized advertisement-duration control for streaming delivery (2002)

This paper describes the development of a streaming advertisement delivery system that controls the insertion of streaming advertisements into streaming content.Conventional personalization techniques lack a time-control function for advertisement insertion, so the advertisement exposure for each user access can become excessive, much to the annoyance of viewers. This could devalue streaming content by making it less attractive.In our technique, advertisement insertion control is based on the history of each viewer. This personalization method makes it possible to maintain a balanced ratio of the advertisement length to the content length. As a result, our technique should encourage the growth of Internet streaming services and enable more effective and less intrusive advertising.
Evidence for genetic heterogeneity in tuberous sclerosis: one locus on chromosome 9 and at least one locus elsewhere. (1992)

Linkage of tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), an autosomal dominant disorder, to markers on chromosome 9 was reported first in 1987. This assignment was confirmed by an international collaborative study that suggested more than one locus may be responsible for the phenotype. We studied 14 multigenerational TSC families (13 previously unreported) with markers for nine loci in the linked region of chromosome 9q32-q34. Our results confirm the previous reports that the genetic locus in one-third to one-half of families maps to chromosome 9. Comparison of clinical findings in the chromosome 9-linked families with those in the chromosome 9-unlinked families reveals only a higher incidence of ungual fibromata in the chromosome 9-linked families.
Diamagnetic Properties of High-T<sub>c</sub> Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Superconducting Thin Films (1988)

The diamagnetic properties of superconductive Bi-Sr-Ca-Cu oxide thin films were studied, by using an rf SQUID susceptometer. The specimen showing diamagnetization up to about 100 K has also indicated the zero-resistance temperature of 102 K. The critical current density is estimated from the diamagnetization shielding effect to be 3.3×10 6 A/cm 2 at 4.2 K and 7×10 4 A/cm 2 at 77 K.
Ultrasound enhancement of cellulose processing in ionic liquids: from dissolution towards functionalization (2007)

The ionic liquids 1-allyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride[Amim][Cl] and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride[Bmim][Cl] were utilized in the dissolution of different natural cellulose biopolymers. The biopolymers subject to this investigation were microcrystalline cellulose, cotton linters as well as Kraft cellulose cut to 0.35 mm fibres. High-intensity acoustic irradiation by means of an ultrasonic horn was applied to enhance the dissolution process. The ionic liquids investigated were able to dissolve cellulose at elevated temperatures, in high concentrations, although significant differences were observed, depending on the type of cellulose and ionic liquid. Moreover, the dissolution process under conventional heating was rather slow, typically extending for a period of several hours. Upon use of high-power ultrasound, the dissolution process was dramatically intensified and complete dissolution was achieved in a matter of few minutes only. Various approaches to cellulose functionalization were proposed and investigated. The effect of external parameters, such as the reaction temperature, the cellulose–derivatising agent molar ratio and the batch time of experiment were studied. Various physico-chemical methods, such as acid methanolysis, TGA, DSC, SEM as well as NMR on 1H and 13C nuclei were applied to investigate the structure and morphology of both the cellulose samples and ionic liquids before and after processing.
Infraadditive diuretic efficacy of concurrent aminophylline and frusemide. (1993)

Male albino rats weighing between 150-225 gm fasted over night but freed having water ad libitum were used to assess the diuretic efficacy of intramuscular aminophylline and frusemide separately and concurrently after intraperitoneal 10 ml of distilled water loading. The normal rate of diuretic weight loss was less augmented by aminophylline and more augmented by frusemide. The diuretic response was more by the concurrent intramuscular administration of aminophylline and frusemide in comparison with that due to either drug alone. However, the observed diuretic response of the two drugs administered concurrently was lesser (infraadditive) than the sum of the individual diuretic response (additive).
Vibrio damsela as a pathogenic agent causing mortalities in cultured sea bass (Lates calcarifer) (1994)

Vibrio anguillarum and Vibrio ordali are species frequently described as fish pathogens. Seven species of Vibrio can also be implicated in disease problems in mariculture (Toranzo 1990). sorne of Vibrios and Barja, In addition, these marine such as V. vulnificus (Tison et al.. 1982) and V. damsela (Love et al., 1981) can also cause illness homoiothermic animals
Biologically active acyclonucleoside analogues. II. The synthesis of 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]guanine (BIOLF-62) (1982)

The chemical synthesis of 9-[[2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethoxy]methyl]guanine is described. This compound, known as BIOLF-62, is active against herpesviruses. This compound is a member of a novel class of nucleoside analogues which lack a rigid carbohydrate ring, but which possess all of the functional groups of naturally occurring deoxynucleosides.
New Thinking on Hearing in Noise: A Generalized Articulation Index (2002)

The articulation index (AI) theory serves to predict word recognition scores when the number of speech cues have been reduced by noise or lack of audibility. It fails to predict how poorly some subjects do in noise, even when all speech cues have been made audible with amplification. Such subjects require an unusually large signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for a given performance level, and are said to have a large SNR loss. We have found that the AI can be generalized to predict word recognition scores in the case of missing (speech cue) dots. Some speech cues appear to be lost on the way to the brain even though they were audible. Corliss[1] suggested the term channel capacity to describe this phenomenon, and we adopt that term for our use. In this article, the substantial psychoacoustic and physiological evidence in favor of this generalized AI is described. Perhaps the strongest evidence is (1) the SNR loss of subjects is poorly predicted by the degree of their audiometric loss, and (2) their wideband word-recognition performance in noise can be predicted from their channel capacity inferred from filtered speech experiments.
End-to-End learning of cost-volume aggregation for real-time dense stereo (2017)

We present a new deep learning-based approach for dense stereo matching. Compared to previous works, our approach does not use deep learning of pixel appearance descriptors, employing very fast classical matching scores instead. At the same time, our approach uses a deep convolutional network to predict the local parameters of cost volume aggregation process, which in this paper we implement using differentiable domain transform. By treating such transform as a recurrent neural network, we are able to train our whole system that includes cost volume computation, cost-volume aggregation (smoothing), and winner-takes-all disparity selection end-to-end. The resulting method is highly efficient at test time, while achieving good matching accuracy. On the KITTI 2012 and KITTI 2015 benchmark, it achieves a result of 5.08% and 6.34% error rate respectively while running at 29 frames per second rate on a modern GPU.
A design-for-verification technique for functional pattern reduction (2003)

This technique reduces the number of required functional patterns by first defining conditions for hard-to-control (HTC) code in a hardware-description-language design and then using an algorithm to detect such code automatically. A second algorithm eliminates these HTC points by selecting a minimum number of nodes for control point insertion.
Impact damage thresholds in brittle materials impacted by water drops (1980)

The damage threshold for brittle materials impacted by water drops has been studied by using a combination of analytic and numerical approaches to obtain solutions for the impact stress fields and dynamic stress intensity factors. It has been shown that expressions for the damage threshold, which consists of the activation of preexistent surface microcracks, can be derived from these solutions. The expressions identify three types of behavior, depending upon the adjacence of the preexistent cracks to the impact center, vis-a-vis their size, and describe the respective roles of the three important target parameters, the fracture toughness, the elastic wave velocity, and the preexistent flaw size. An absolute damage threshold has also been defined. The conditions at this threshold are demonstrated to be reasonably consistent with available threshold measurements.
Strategies for the Development of Visible-light-driven Photocatalysts for Water Splitting (2004)

Abstract Photocatalysts for water splitting developed by the present authors are reviewed. A NiO (0.2 wt %)/NaTaO3:La (2%) photocatalyst with a 4.1-eV band gap showed high activity for water splitting into H2 and O2 with an apparent quantum yield of 56% at 270 nm. Many visible-light-driven photocatalysts have also been developed through band engineering by doping of metal cations, forming new valence bands with Bi6s, Sn5s, and Ag4d orbitals, and by making solid solutions between ZnS with wide band gap and narrow band gap semiconductors. Overall water splitting under visible light irradiation has been achieved by construction of a Z-scheme photocatalysis system employing the visible-light-driven photocatalysts for H2 and O2 evolution, and the Fe3+/Fe2+ redox couple as an electron relay.