gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low turn-on voltage InGaP/GaAsSb/GaAs double HBTs grown by MOCVD (2002)

A novel InGaP/GaAs/sub 0.92/Sb/sub 0.08//GaAs double heterojunction bipolar transistor (DHBT) with low turn-on voltage has been fabricated. The turn-on voltage of the DHBT is typically 150 mV lower than that of the conventional InGaP/GaAs HBT, indicating that GaAsSb is a suitable base material for reducing the turn-on voltage of GaAs HBTs. A current gain of 50 has been obtained for the InGaP/GaAs/sub 0.92/Sb/sub 0.08//GaAs DHBT. The results show that InGaP/GaAsSb/GaAs DHBTs have a great potential for reducing operating voltage and power dissipation.
32. Attempts to find new antimalarials. Part XXVII. Derivatives of various benzacridines and pyridoacridines (1948)

J. Dobson, W. C. Hutchison and W. O. Kermack, J. Chem. Soc., 1948, 123 DOI: 10.1039/JR9480000123
Shear Stress Measurements (2010)

Abstract Wall shear stress or skin friction causes a significant amount of drag in an aerodynamic system. As a result, measurements are extremely important for efficient and effective aerodynamic design as well as fundamental understanding of the underlying flow physics. This measurement is also important for a wide variety of applications ranging from feedback flow control to drag reduction to wind tunnel design and characterization. It may also be a useful technique for non‐intrusive flow rate measurement. An instrument grade, time accurate sensor with sufficient spatial resolution is required for quantitative time resolved wall shear stress measurement. This chapter gives an overview of relevant measurement scales that depend on the nature of the flow, existing measurement techniques with their strengths and limitations, and a methodology to characterize shear stress sensors, ultimately leading to a fully characterized shear stress measurement tool.
Assessment of <i>Phialophora</i> species based on ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacers and morphology (1995)

Fifty-one isolates of Phialophora americana, P. parasitica, P. richardsiae, and P. verrucosa (deuteromycetes) were initially characterized by restriction enzyme mapping of the ribosomal DNA region containing the conserved 5.8 S gene and the more variable intergenic spacers. Based on this mapping, the 34 isolates in the P. americana/P. verrucosa complex were separated into eight phenotypic groups, the 9 isolates of P. parasitica were split into four groups, and all 6 isolates of P. richardsiae were within a single group. Twenty-four isolates representing 12 of the 13 restriction map groups were chosen for sequence analysis of the same region. The results indicated that isolates selected from the same group shared identical DNA sequences. Comparisons of the sequences revealed a wide range of variation among the species, from a minimum of 13 to a maximum of 196 base pair differences. The gene regions (3′ end of the 18S, 5.8S, and 5′ end of the 25S genes) were highly conserved, while the internal transcribed spacers were variable among the species. Phenetic similarity clustering produced groupings consistent with morphological species designations for all four species. Phylogenetic bootstrap analysis also supported the separation of isolates into at least four groups corresponding to morphology. Each of the species were placed into separate clades indicating that each was monophyletic. Maximum likelihood analyses supported these conclusions. Phialophora americana and P. verrucosa, considered by some to be synonymous, were closely related but clearly separated into distinct clades. Two isolates, initially designated as P. verrucosa, consistently branched off separately from all other Phialophora isolates and may represent a previously undescribed species. Phialophora parasitica was found to be genetically variable, while P. richardsiae was genetically homogeneous, which is consistent with morphological findings.
Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor Genes Are Differentially Expressed during the Soybean Life Cycle and in Transformed Tobacco Plants (1989)

K. Diane Jofuku, Robert B. Goldberg, Kunitz Trypsin Inhibitor Genes Are Differentially Expressed during the Soybean Life Cycle and in Transformed Tobacco Plants, The Plant Cell, Vol. 1, No. 11 (Nov., 1989), pp. 1079-1093
Dendritic cells generated from blood precursors of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients carry the philadelphia translocation and can induce a CML-specific primary cytotoxic T-cell response (1997)

Dendritic cells (DC) are professional antigen-presenting cells specialized in the initiation of primary immune responses. We were interested to know whether mature DC can be grown in vitro from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of patients with chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and whether they carry the Philadelphia (Ph) translocation. Using a method recently described, DC were generated from PBMC precursors of 12 patients with CML using GM-CSF, IL-4, and monocyte-conditioned medium. DC exhibited the typical morphology with thin cytoplasmatic processes and expressed high levels of MHC class II, CD86, and CD83 typical for mature DC. After sorting with the monoclonal antibody CD83, a cell population of more than 95% CD83 positive cells was obtained. The presence of the Ph translocation was analyzed in these cells, in PBMC, lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCL), and in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-induced T blasts from the same patients by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). In contrast to all other cells analyzed, the vast majority of DC (95.9 ± 0.7%) displayed the Ph translocation, irrespective of disease stage or therapy. PBMC were predominantly positive for the Ph chromosome (67.6 ± 7.3%), whereas only 11.4 ± 1% of the B cells and 4.4 ± 1.1% of the PHA blasts carried the Ph translocation. Using such leukemic DC as antigen-presenting cells, a primary CML-directed cytotoxic immune response in vitro was obtained, as shown by the specific recognition of Ph chromosome positive cells. We conclude that DC can be generated from blood progenitors of CML patients in vitro and exhibit, to a large extent, the Ph translocation. Such DC, which in a preliminary experiment have been able to induce a primary CML-directed cytotoxic immune response in vitro, might be ideal candidates for adoptive immunotherapy either by direct transfer of DC for in vivo generation of a T-cell response or by in vitro generation of CML-specific cytotoxic autologous or HLA-matched normal T-cell clones for use in vivo. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 20:215–223, 1997. © 1997 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Wavelength selective coupler on silicon for applications in wavelength division multiplexing (2010)

A wavelength selective add/drop filter based on coupled vertical gratings is proposed for applications in wavelength division multiplexing on silicon. We demonstrate tailoring of device bandwidth and channel location.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis and Characterization of Some Derivatives of Anilinetricarbonylchromium. Part 4. (1993)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Telavancin, a Multifunctional Lipoglycopeptide, Disrupts both Cell Wall Synthesis and Cell Membrane Integrity in Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2005)

The emergence and spread of multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacteria represent a serious clinical problem. Telavancin is a novel lipoglycopeptide antibiotic that possesses rapid in vitro bactericidal activity against a broad spectrum of clinically relevant gram-positive pathogens. Here we demonstrate that telavancin's antibacterial activity derives from at least two mechanisms. As observed with vancomycin, telavancin inhibited late-stage peptidoglycan biosynthesis in a substrate-dependent fashion and bound the cell wall, as it did the lipid II surrogate tripeptide N,N'-diacetyl-L-lysinyl-D-alanyl-D-alanine, with high affinity. Telavancin also perturbed bacterial cell membrane potential and permeability. In methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, telavancin caused rapid, concentration-dependent depolarization of the plasma membrane, increases in permeability, and leakage of cellular ATP and K(+). The timing of these changes correlated with rapid , concentration-dependent loss of bacterial viability, suggesting that the early bactericidal activity of telavancin results from dissipation of cell membrane potential and an increase in membrane permeability. Binding and cell fractionation studies provided direct evidence for an interaction of telavancin with the bacterial cell membrane; stronger binding interactions were observed with the bacterial cell wall and cell membrane relative to vancomycin. We suggest that this multifunctional mechanism of action confers advantageous antibacterial properties.
Bioprocessing Technologies in Biorefinery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers (2013)

Preface xvii Contributors xix 1 Integrated Biorefi nery for Sustainable Production of Fuels, Chemicals, and Polymers 1 Shang-Tian Yang and Mingrui Yu 2 The Outlook of Sugar and Starch Crops in Biorefinery 27 Klanarong Sriroth and Kuakoon Piyachomkwan 3 Novel and Traditional Oil Crops and Their Biorefinery Potential 47 Johann Vollmann and Margit Laimer 4 Energy Crops 61 Walter Zegada-Lizarazu and Andrea Monti 5 Microalgae as Feedstock for Biofuels and Biochemicals 79 Dong Wei 6 Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Biomass 91 Tae Hyun Kim 7 Amylases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 111 Hesham A. El-Enshasy, Yasser R. Abdel Fattah, and Nor Zalina Othman 8 Cellulases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 131 Xiao-Zhou Zhang and Yi-Heng Percival Zhang 9 Xylanases: Characteristics, Sources, Production, and Applications 147 Evangelos Topakas, Gianni Panagiotou, and Paul Christakopoulos 10 Lignin-Degrading Enzymes: An Overview 167 Rajni Hatti-Kaul and Victor Ibrahim 11 Advances in Lignocellulosic Bioethanol 193 Reeta Rani Singhania, Parameswaran Binod, and Ashok Pandey 12 Biodiesel Properties and Alternative Feedstocks 205 Bryan R. Moser 13 Biological Production of Butanol and Higher Alcohols 235 Jingbo Zhao, Congcong Lu, Chih-Chin Chen, and Shang-Tian Yang 14 Advancement of Biohydrogen Production and Its Integration with Fuel Cell Technology 263 Jong-Hwan Shin and Tai Hyun Park 15 Biogas Technology 279 Gunter Busch 16 Production of Lactic Acid and Polylactic Acid for Industrial Applications 293 Nuttha Thongchul 17 Production of Succinic Acid from Renewable Resources 317 Jongho Yi, Sol Choi, Min-Sun Han, Jeong Wook Lee, and Sang Yup Lee 18 Propionic Acid Fermentation 331 Zhongqiang Wang, Jianxin Sun, An Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang 19 Anaerobic Fermentations for the Production of Acetic and Butyric Acids 351 Shang-Tian Yang, Mingrui Yu, Wei-Lun Chang, and I-Ching Tang 20 Production of Citric, Itaconic, Fumaric, and Malic Acids in Filamentous Fungal Fermentations 375 Kun Zhang, Baohua Zhang, and Shang-Tian Yang 21 Biotechnological Development for the Production of 1,3-Propanediol and 2,3-Butanediol 399 Youngsoon Um and Kyung-Duk Kim 22 Production of Polyhydroxyalkanoates in Biomass Refining 415 Jian Yu 23 Microbial Production of Poly- -Glutamic Acid 427 Zhinan Xu, Huili Zhang, Hao Chen, Feng Shi, Jin Huang, Shufang Wang, and Cunjiang Song 24 Refining Food Processing By-Products for Value-Added Functional Ingredients 441 Kequan Zhou, Yuting Zhou, and Y. Martin Lo About the Editors 449 Index 451
La visión de Francia durante la Guerra dels Segadors a través de sermones catalanes (1998)

No hay duda de que las relaciones entre Francia y Cataluna han sido estrechas a 10 largo de la historia, en contra de impedimentos fisicos y politicos; 10s Pirineos han actuado como una frontera permeable que ha sido testigo de influjos mutuos entre las poblaciones asentadas a ambas vertientes de la cordillera. En Cataluna, durante la Edadl Moderna (y mis concretamente durante el s. XVI, y las primeras decadas del s. XVII), la presencia de franceses fue algo a 10 que se hubieron de acostumbrar 10s catalanes, que veian como oleadas de inmigrantes llegaban a sus villas y ciudades provenientes del reino vecino'. Pero uno de 10s episodios que rnas debio marcar a 10s habitantes del Principado fue el hecho de verse anexionados a la Corona francesa durante la llamada Guerra dels Segadors. Si antes del alzamiento de 1640 10s inmigrantes franceses se habian establecido pacificamente en la sociedad catalana, durante la guerra la situacion vario cualitativamente: las relaciones entre catalanes y franceses se vieron marcadas por la presencia de las tropa!; de la Corona de Francia que actuaban en el Principado, cuyos abusos debieron modificar notablemente la imagen que de Francia tenian 10s catalanes. Aun asi, y sobre todo en 10s anos iniciales de la revuelta, la propaganda oficialista se dedico a presentar a 10s franceses como 10s auxiliadores de C:ataluna: habia que concienciar a la poblacion de la necesidad de la ayuda francesa para salvaguardar 10s intereses catalanes. Uno de 10s canales utilizados para conseguir este objetivo fue la predicacion. El sermon era, y es, un creador y modificador de la conciencia colectiva, a la vez que un transmisor de pautas de comportamiento, altratarse de uno de 10s pocos medios con 10s que contaba la poblacion para acceder a la informacion; en palabras de Francisco Aguilar: >~. Ademas, presumiblemente, el predicador debia gozar de uila cierta ascendencia sobre la congregacion, 10 cua1 conferiria a su discurso un grado de confianza que quiza no poseian otros medios de informacirjn.
Biometric Acoustic Ear Recognition (2016)

This chapter deals with the holistic development of a biometric system based on acoustic ear recognition. Its main purpose is to map and investigate the many aspects within acoustic ear recognition, and based on the most influential ones, make attempts on deducing well performing recognition systems. Fifty subjects have participated in experiments collecting biometric samples. The measuring device composed of a pair of headphones with an integrated microphone as sensor. Several methods have been utilized for feature extraction, including principal component analysis, and various types of distance metrics and classifiers have been employed.
Monitoring of Hemostasis Parameters During Coronary Thrombolysis with Recombinant Tissue-Type Plasminogen Activator (1988)

The monitoring of changes in the blood coagulation and fibrinolytic systems during thrombolytic therapy with recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator (rt-PA) may be complicated by artifacts due to in vitro activation after blood collection and to interference of other agents (e.g., heparin) in the assays. In 106 patients with early acute myocardial infarction, infused with 150 mg of rt-PA (G11044) intravenously over 5 to 8 hours, blood samples were collected into liquid citrate supplemented with the plasmin inhibitor aprotinin (200 KIU/ml plasma) or on a lyophilized mixture of acidified citrate and the synthetic t-PA inhibitor D-Phe-Pro-Arg-CH2Cl (PPACK). A good correlation between precipitable (sulphite) and functional (clotting rate) fibrinogen levels was observed in plasma collected on citrate before therapy (r = 0.76) and in samples collected after 3 hours on either aprotinin (r = 0.87) or PPACK (r = 0.82). Precipitable fibrinogen levels were approximately 10% higher than functional level, in baseline samples collected on citrate alone and approximately 20% higher in 3 hour samples collected on either PPACK or aprotinin. Fibrinogen levels measured with both assays correlated well, but were somewhat higher in samples collected on PPACK than on aprotinin. rt-PA antigen levels assayed in plasma collected in either inhibitor correlated well (r = 0.90) but were 10-20% higher in PPACK containing samples. Addition of heparin up to 9 units/ml to plasma had no effect on the functional fibrinogen assay.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Edwardsiella tarda inFreshwater Catfish andTheir Environment (1979)

Edwardsiella tardawasisolated from47,88,and79%ofskin, visceral, and dressed-fish samples, respectively. Thisspecies wasalsoisolated from30%of imported dressed fish, 75%ofcatfish pondwatersamples, 64%ofcatfish pond mudsamples, and100%offrogs, turtles, andcrayfish fromcatfish ponds. The incidence ofEdwardsiella increased during thesummermonths, aswatertemperatures increased. Ofseveral isolation mediaevaluated, themosteffective was selective enrichment indouble-strength Salmonella-Shigella broth andsubsequentplating onsingle-strength Salmonella-Shigella agar. Thesignificance of theincidence ofEdwardsiella incatfish, catfish disease, andpublic health could notbesubstantiated. Theoccurrence ofEdwardsiella tarda incatfish wasfirst recorded byMeyerandBullock (16). Edwardsiella wasisolated fromlesions on theposterolateral areas ofinfected catfish. The disease wasdescribed asabscesses thatrapidly increased insize anddeveloped aslarge cavities filled withgasthatemitted afoul odorwhen incised. Thedisease wastermed emphysematousputrefactive disease aptly describing thegross appearance ofinfected fish. Theproposed etiological agent ofemphysematousputrefactive disease ofcatfish, E.tarda, is a memberofthefamily Enterobacteriaceae. Thespecies wasfirst recognized byTrabulski andEwing(24) inworkpublished in1962and wasintroduced asanewgroup ofEnterobacteriaceae in1964(7). KingandAdler(14)described thebiochemical reactions ofanisolate fromapatient withacute enteric fever andgastroenteritis. Theycalled thisgroupofEnterobacteriaceae theBartholomew group. In1965, Sakazaki (19)presented workdescribing new Enterobacteriaceae
124. Nucleotides. Part II. A synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (1949)

J. Baddiley, A. M. Michelson and A. R. Todd, J. Chem. Soc., 1949, 582 DOI: 10.1039/JR9490000582
Architecture for the Use of PE-PE IPsec Tunnels in BGP/MPLS IP VPNs (2005)

In BGP/MPLS IP Virtual Private Networks (VPNs), VPN data packets
traveling from one Provider Edge (PE) router to another generally
carry two MPLS labels, an inner label that corresponds to a VPN-
specific route, and an outer label that corresponds to a Label
Switched Path (LSP) between the PE routers. In some circumstances, it
is desirable to support the same type of VPN architecture, but using
an IPsec Security Association in place of that LSP. The outer MPLS
label would thus be replaced by an IP/IPsec header. This enables the
VPN packets to be carried securely over non-MPLS networks, using
standard IPsec authentication and/or encryption functions to protect
them. This draft specifies the procedures which are specific to
support of BGP/MPLS IP VPNs using the IPsec encapsulation.
Hemorrhagic Shock after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury in Mice: Effect on Neuronal Death (2008)

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) from blast injury is often complicated by hemorrhagic shock (HS) in victims of terrorist attacks. Most studies of HS after experimental TBI have focused on intracranial pressure; few have explored the effect of HS on neuronal death after TBI, and none have been done in mice. We hypothesized that neuronal death in CA1 hippocampus would be exacerbated by HS after experimental TBI. C57BL6J male mice were anesthetized with isoflurane, mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was monitored, and controlled cortical impact (CCI) delivered to the left parietal cortex followed by continued anesthesia (CCI-only), or either 60 or 90 min of volume-controlled HS. Parallel 60- or 90-min HS-only groups were also studied. After HS (+/-CCI), 6% hetastarch was used targeting MAP of > or =50 mm Hg during a 30-min Pre-Hospital resuscitation phase. Then, shed blood was re-infused, and hetastarch was given targeting MAP of > or =60 mm Hg during a 30-min Definitive Care phase. Neurological injury was evaluated at 24 h (fluorojade C) or 7 days (CA1 and CA3 hippocampal neuron counts). HS reduced MAP to 30-40 mm Hg in all groups, p < 0.05 versus CCI-only. Ipsilateral CA1 neuron counts in the 90-min CCI+HS group were reduced at 16.5 +/- 14.1 versus 30.8 +/- 6.8, 32.3 +/- 7.6, 30.6 +/- 2.2, 28.1 +/- 2.2 neurons/100 mum in CCI-only, 60-min HS-only, 90-min HS-only, and 60-min CCI+HS, respectively, all p < 0.05. CA3 neuron counts did not differ between groups. Fluorojade C staining confirmed neurodegeneration in CA1 in the 90-min CCI+HS group. Our data suggest a critical time window for exacerbation of neuronal death by HS after CCI and may have implications for blast injury victims in austere environments where definitive management is delayed.
Long-term Antiplaque, Anticalculus, and Antigingivitis Effects of Benzethonium/Polymer Complex in Beagle Dogs (1981)

An electrostatic complex of 0.1% benzethonium chloride (BTC) plus 0.05% copolymer of methoxyethylene and maleic acid was evaluated in vitro for antibacterial effect. The complex by itself showed as much antibacterial activity as 0.1% BTC. The adsorption of 14C-BTC on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite disks and teeth in vitro was lower from the complex than the BTC solution, although in vivo activity was the same. The complex, BTC, and polymer solutions were evaluated in a 28-week study in 16 beagle dogs against plaque, gingivitis, and calculus formation. BTC and the complex significantly (alpha = 0.05) reduce plaque and gingivitis. There was no significant difference between the two active groups. BTC (0.1%) significantly increased calcified deposits at 22-28 wk compared to the water control group, while the complex and the polymer groups showed significantly (alpha = 0.05) less calculus. Thus, the complex was not only effective in vivo, but also significantly (alpha = 0.05) reduced tendencies of cationic antibacterials to induce calcified deposits on teeth.
Malaria Methods and Protocols (2002)

Despite considerable scientific and medical effort over the past decades, malaria remains the most important human parasitic disease. It is responsible for up to 3 million deaths and another 300-500 million new cases each year, and is becoming resistant to the current chemoprophylactic and chemotherapeutic agents. In Malaria Methods and Protocols, internationally respected scientists and clinicians describe in step-by-step detail their most useful conventional and cutting-edge techniques for the study of malaria. Areas covered include clinical and laboratory diagnosis and typing, animal models, molecular biology, immunology, cell biology, vaccinology, laboratory models, and field applications. Each readily reproducible protocol has been tested, standardized, and optimized for experimental success, and includes many laboratory notes on troubleshooting, avoiding pitfalls, and interpreting results. Several of the most widely used methods are either described here in detail for the first time or have been thoroughly updated since their original publication (e.g., in vitro culture of Plasmodium parasites and in vitro growth inhibition assay). State-of-the-art and highly practical, Malaria Methods and Protocols makes available to basic and applied researchers today's only comprehensive collection of essential laboratory methods for diagnosing malaria, characterizing the parasite, understanding the interaction between the human host and Plasmodium parasite, and developing effective preventive measures