gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Correlation between p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> and Reactivity of Quinuclidine-Based Catalysts in the Baylis−Hillman Reaction:  Discovery of Quinuclidine as Optimum Catalyst Leading to Substantial Enhancement of Scope (2003)

The reactivity of a variety of quinuclidine-based catalysts in the Baylis-Hillman reaction has been examined, and a straightforward correlation between the basicity of the base and reactivity has been established, without exception. The following order of reactivity was established with pK(a)'s of the conjugate acids (measured in water) given in parentheses: quinuclidine (11.3), 3-hydroxyquinuclidine (9.9), DABCO (8.7), 3-acetoxyquinuclidine (9.3), 3-chloroquinuclidine (8.9), and quinuclidinone (7.2). The higher than expected reactivity of DABCO, based on its pK(a), was analyzed by comparing the relative basicity of DABCO and 3-acetoxyquinuclidine in DMSO. It was found that in aprotic solvent, DABCO was 0.6 pK(a) units more basic than 3-acetoxyquinuclidine, thus establishing a direct link between pK(a) of the amine and its reactivity. In contrast to previous literature work that reported the contrary, quinuclidine, which has the highest pK(a), was found to be the most active catalyst. The reaction profile with quinuclidine showed significant autocatalysis, which suggested that the presence of proton donors might further enhance rates. Thus, a series of additives bearing polar X-H bonds were investigated and it was found that methanol, triethanolamine, formamide, and water all provided additional acceleration. Methanol was found to be optimum, and the powerful combination of quinuclidine with methanol was tested with a host of aldehydes and Michael acceptors. Not only were the reactions more efficient and faster than previously reported, but now new substrates that were previously unreactive could be employed. Notable examples include the use of acetylenic aldehydes and the employment of vinyl sulfones, acrylamides, delta-lactones, and even alpha,beta-unsaturated esters bearing a beta-substituent.
Production Rate and Production Cost (1974)

Feedback is a ubiquitous anatomical feature of sensory processing in vertebrates. In this issue of Neuron, two papers (Boyd et al., 2012, and Markopoulos et al., 2012) analyze the features of feedback from olfactory cortex to olfactory bulb.
Inhibition of Food-Borne Pathogens by T1, a Novel Antimicrobial Peptide as a Potential Food Preservative (2008)

An efficient and convenient purifying procedure for recombinant peptide was established. Thereby, the aimed antimicrobial peptide T1 containing the conservative sequences derived from cecropin was successfully expressed and purified. The composition of amino acid of the purified peptide T1 was consistent with that of theoretical design. The significant antimicrobial activity of T1 against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was demonstrated, suggesting that the conservative sequences in cecropin play an important role in the antimicrobial mechanism and that antimicrobial peptide T1 has the potential to be used as the food preservative.
Pyridylethyl: A versatile protecting group. Part II. The protection of heterocyclic N‐H groups (1987)

Abstract Pyrrole, indole, carbazole and imidazole have been protected as N ‐[2‐(4‐pyridyl)ethyl] derivatives. Deprotection occurred under mild conditions after quaternisation. 3‐Bromoindole was prepared by bromin‐ation of the protected parent indole.
Investigation of the emission mechanism in InGaN/GaN-based light-emitting diodes (2001)

The exciton-localization effect and quantum-confine Stark effect (QCSE) on the performance of InGaN/GaN-based light-emitting diodes (LEDs) have been investigated with regard to indium mole fraction and well thickness by means of temperature-dependent and excitation-power-dependent photoluminescence measurements. The exciton-localization effect can be enhanced by increasing the indium mole fraction or increasing well thickness but up to 2.5 nm. The QCSE is monotonically enhanced with increasing indium concentration or well thickness. The output power of the LED can be increased by the enhanced exciton-localization effect; however, the QCSE has much stronger influence on the output power of LEDs than the exciton-localization effect, which should be taken into account for further improving the performance of InGaN/GaN-based LEDs.
Studies on Lipids of Soil Micro-organisms with Particular Reference to Hydrocarbons (1969)

SUMMARY: The lipids of soil micro-organisms harvested from simple and complex media varied from 2 to 20% in bacteria, 10 to 20% in fungi, 2.5 to 15% (w/w) in algae. The bulk of the lipid usually consisted of polar compounds; paraffinic hydrocarbons comprised 0.008 to 2.7% in bacteria, 0.04 to 0.7% in fungi, 0.08 to 2.9% (w/w) in algae. Lipid contents of algae were more affected by growth medium composition than were those of the bacteria and fungi. Gas–liquid chromatography showed that the hydrocarbons were paraffins in the range C16–36. The hydrocarbon patterns varied with species and growth medium. A peak in the range C27–31 was usual in bacteria with sometimes a minor peak in the range C18–22. The fungi exhibited slightly more stable hydrocarbon patterns (except Trichoderma viride) than bacteria and most showed major and minor paraffin peaks in similar regions. The algae showed a peak at C17 regardless of the growth medium but Tetraspora gelatinosa showed an increase in C25 and C27 paraffin content when grown with acetate. The ratio of paraffin chains consisting of odd numbers of carbon atoms to those containing even numbers of carbon atoms was around unity for bacteria and fungi, also for T. gelatinosa when it was grown on CO2 as sole carbon source. The Nostoc sp. and T. gelatinosa (grown with CO2 plus acetate) contained predominantly Codd paraffins.
The Biopesticide <i>Paenibacillus popilliae</i> Has a Vancomycin Resistance Gene Cluster Homologous to the Enterococcal VanA Vancomycin Resistance Gene Cluster (2000)

We have previously identified, in Paenibacillus popilliae, a 708-bp sequence which has homology to the sequence of the enterococcal vanA gene. We have performed further studies revealing five genes encoding homologues of VanY, VanZ, VanH, VanA, and VanX in P. popilliae. The predicted amino acid sequences are similar to those in VanA vancomycin-resistant enterococci: 61% identity for VanY, 21% for VanZ, 74% for VanH, 77% for VanA, and 79% for VanX. The genes in P. popilliae may have been a precursor to or have had ancestral genes in common with vancomycin resistance genes in enterococci. The use of P. popilliae biopesticidal preparations in agricultural practice may have an impact on bacterial resistance in human pathogens.
Processing of epidermal glucosylceramides is required for optimal mammalian cutaneous permeability barrier function. (1993)

The interstices of the mammalian stratum corneum contain lipids in a system of continuous membrane bilayers critical for the epidermal permeability barrier. During the transition from inner to outer stratum corneum, the content of polar lipids including glucosylceramides, decreases while ceramide content increases. We investigated whether inhibition of glucosylceramide hydrolysis would alter epidermal permeability barrier function. Daily topical applications of bromoconduritol B epoxide (BrCBE) to intact murine skin selectively inhibited beta-glucocerebrosidase, increased glucosylceramide content of stratum corneum with ceramide content remaining largely unchanged, and caused a progressive, reversible decrease in barrier function. Histochemistry of inhibitor-treated epidermis revealed persistence of periodic acid-Schiff-positive staining in stratum corneum cell membranes, consistent with retention of hexose moieties. Electron microscopy of inhibitor-treated samples revealed no evidence of toxicity or changes in the epidermal lipid delivery system. However, immature membrane structures persisted in the intercellular spaces throughout the stratum corneum, with reappearance of mature membrane structures progressing outward from the lower stratum corneum upon termination of BrCBE. Finally, the induced barrier abnormality was not reversed by coapplications of ceramide. These data demonstrate that glucosylceramide hydrolysis is important in the formation of the epidermal permeability barrier, and suggest that accumulation of glucosylceramides in stratum corneum intercellular membrane domains leads to abnormal barrier function.
Research on Modified Algorithms of Cylindrical External Thread Profile Based on Machine Vision (2020)

Abstract In the non-contact detection of thread profile boundary correction, it remains challenging to ensure that the thread axis intersects the CCD camera axis perpendicularly. Here, we addressed this issue using modified algorithms. We established the Cartesian coordinate system according to the spatial geometric relationship of the thread. We used the center of the bottom of the thread as the origin, and the image of the extreme position image was replaced by the image of the approximate extreme position. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between the boundary of the theoretical thread image and the theoretical profile. We calculated the coordinate transformation of the point on the theoretical tooth profile and the coordinate function of the point on the boundary of the theoretical image. At the same time, the extreme value of the function was obtained, and the boundary equation of the theoretical thread image was deduced. The difference equation between the two functions was used to correct the boundary point of the actual thread image, and the fitting results were used to detect the key parameters of the external thread of the cylinder. Further experiment proves that the above algorithm effectively improves the detection accuracy of thread quality, and the detection error of main geometric parameters is reduced by more than 50 %.
Effect of Areal Chain Density on the Location of Polymer-Modified Gold Nanoparticles in a Block Copolymer Template (2006)

A strategy for controlling the location of gold nanoparticles within block copolymer domains through varying the surface coverage of gold nanoparticles by end-attached polymer ligands is described. Gold nanoparticles coated by short thiol end functional polystyrene homopolymers (PS-SH) (Mn = 3.4 kg/mol) are incorporated into a poly(styrene-b-2-vinylpyridine) diblock copolymer template (PS-b-P2VP) (Mn = 196 kg/mol), the P2VP block of which has a more favorable interaction with a bare gold particle surface than does the PS block. The areal chain density of the PS-SH ligands on gold particles is varied by changing the mole ratio of PS-SH chains to gold atoms. It is found that the areal density of PS chains on the gold particles is critical to controlling their location in block copolymer templates. PS-coated gold nanoparticles with PS chain areal density higher than 1.6 chains/nm2 are dispersed in PS domains of PS-b-P2VP while they are segregated along the interface between PS and P2VP domains of PS-b-P2VP for PS chain areal density <1.3 chains/nm2. Even at extremely low grafting densities of polymer ligands, gold nanoparticles can be stabilized in solution, and self-assembly of these nanoparticles can be controlled within the block copolymer template.
Expression and clinical significance of NET-1 and PCNA in hepatocellular carcinoma (2009)

Objective To detect the expression of NET-1 and PCNA in hepatoeellular carcinoma (HCC)and adjacent tissues and investigate the relation of the expression of NET-1 in HCC tissue to cancer proliferation,metastasis and clinic stages.Methotis The expression of NET-1 mRNA was de-tected by RT-PCR in 34 human HCC tissues and 34 matched paracarcinoma tissues.The expression of PCNA in HCC was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.Meanwhile,the relation of the expression to clinic pathological features of HCC was evaluated,and the correlation between the expression of NET-1 and PCNA in HCC determined.Results Expression of NET-1 was significantly higher in HCC than HCC tissues compared with TMN Ⅰ-ⅡHCC tissues(P<0.05).The expression level of NET-1 in HCC tissues was related to intrahepatic metastasis and portal vein infiltration.The expression of NET-1 in HCC tissues was positively correlated with PCNA.Conclusion The expression of NET-1 might be related to proliferation,metastasis and clinic stages of HCC.The expression of NET-1 in HCC tissues may be positively correlated with the TMN stages.

Key words: 
Carcinoma hepatocellular; NET-1; PCNA
Interactions of Indocyanine Green and Lipid in Enhancing Near-Infrared Fluorescence Properties: The Basis for Near-Infrared Imaging <i>in Vivo</i> (2014)

Indocyanine green (ICG) is a near-infrared (NIR) contrast agent commonly used for in vivo cardiovascular and eye imaging. For medical diagnosis, ICG is limited by its aqueous instability, concentration-dependent aggregation, and rapid degradation. To overcome these limitations, scientists have formulated ICG in various liposomes, which are spherical lipid membrane vesicles with an aqueous core. Some encapsulate ICG, while others mix it with liposomes. There is no clear understanding of lipid-ICG interactions. Therefore, we investigated lipid-ICG interactions by fluorescence and photon correlation spectroscopy. These data were used to design stable and maximally fluorescent liposomal ICG nanoparticles for NIR optical imaging of the lymphatic system. We found that ICG binds to and is incorporated completely and stably into the lipid membrane. At a lipid:ICG molar ratio of 250:1, the maximal fluorescence intensity was detected. ICG incorporated into liposomes enhanced the fluorescence intensity that could be detected across 1.5 cm of muscle tissue, while free ICG only allowed 0.5 cm detection. When administered subcutaneously in mice, lipid-bound ICG in liposomes exhibited a higher intensity, NIR image resolution, and enhanced lymph node and lymphatic vessel visualization. It also reduced the level of fluorescence quenching due to light exposure and degradation in storage. Lipid-bound ICG could provide additional medical diagnostic value with NIR optical imaging for early intervention in cases of lymphatic abnormalities.
Functional α,ω-dienes via thiol-Michael chemistry: synthesis, oxidative protection, acyclic diene metathesis (ADMET) polymerization and radical thiol–ene modification (2014)

The synthesis of the novel α,ω-diene 2-(undec-10-en-1-yl)tridec-12-en-1-yl acrylate is described.
Integrated System and Process Crash Recovery in the Loris Storage Stack (2012)

In this paper, we look at two important failure classes in the storage stack: system crashes, where the whole system shuts down unexpectedly, and process crashes, where a part of the storage stack software fails due to an implementation bug. We investigate these two problems in the context of the Loris storage stack. We show how restoring metadata consistency can provide a common first step for recovery from both types of crashes. In addition, we present fine-grained and corruption-resistant data resynchronization as the second step for system crash recovery, and an in-memory roll-forward log that can provide strong guarantees as the second step for process crash recovery in a microkernel setting. We implement our findings in our Loris prototype, and implement a new crash-resistant on-device layout as part of our proof of concept. The evaluation shows that our approach provides increased reliability at a reasonable performance cost.
Clustering aided approach for decision making in computationally expensive multiobjective optimization (2008)

Typically, industrial optimization problems need to be solved in an efficient, multiobjective and global manner, because they are often computationally expensive (as function values are typically based on simulations), they may contain multiple conflicting objectives, and they may have several local optima. Solving such problems may be challenging and time consuming when the aim is to find the most preferred Pareto optimal solution. In this study, we propose a method where we use an advanced clustering technique to reveal essential characteristics of the approximation of the Pareto optimal set, which has been generated beforehand. Thus, the decision maker (DM) is involved only after the most time consuming computation is finished. After the initiation phase, a moderate number of cluster prototypes projected to the Pareto optimal set is presented to the DM to be studied. This allows him/her to rapidly gain an overall understanding of the main characteristics of the problem without placing too much cognitive load on the DM. Furthermore, we also suggest some ways of applying our approach to different types of problems and demonstrate it with an example related to internal combustion engine design.
Trends and Perspectives of the Biological Prophylaxis of Silicosis (1989)

Boris A. Katsnelson, Eugene V. Polzik, Kapitalina I. Morosova, Larissa I. Privalova, Marina Yu. Kochneva, Nadezda S. Kislitsina, Vladimir S. Kasantsev, Trends and Perspectives of the Biological Prophylaxis of Silicosis, Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol. 82 (Jul., 1989), pp. 311-321
Chemical Action in the Glow Discharge II.* Further Investigation on the Synthesis of Ammonia (1930)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical Action in the Glow Discharge II.* Further Investigation on the Synthesis of AmmoniaA. K. BrewerA. K. BrewerMore by A. K. Brewer and J. W. WesthaverJ. W. WesthaverMore by J. W. WesthaverCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1930, 34, 1, 153–164Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1930Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1930https://doi.org/10.1021/j150307a010Request reuse permissionsArticle Views87Altmetric-Citations28LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (648 KB) Get e-Alerts
Identification of antigen epitope located at the N terminal nuclear localization signal region in capsid protein of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). (2010)

【Objective】 Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an important causative agent of postweaning multisystemic syndrome in pigs and capsid protein (Cap) encoded by ORF2 as the main structural protein is involved in the host immune protective response, so it is very important to identify the antigenic epitopes of PCV2 Cap. 【Method】 In this study, five monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against recombinant PCV2-ORF2 Cap expressed by baculovirus system were generated and preliminary epitopes region was localized using the five MAbs after expression of truncated fragments from ORF2 gene in Echerichia coli system. Subsequently, peptides were synthesized to further accurately identify epitopes on the Cap. 【Result】 Of the five MAbs, four MAbs were against the same core epitope (26RPWLVHPRHRY36) verified by peptides mapping, locating in nuclear localization signal region at the N terminal of Cap. Besides, another MAb (1D2) could not react with the four truncated fragments only to react with the whole recombinant Cap, and it may be a conformational epitope based on its neutralizing effect against PCV2. 【Conclusion】 It was concluded that an epitope located in nuclear localization signal region of Cap was firstly reported, which will provide a basis for further studies on the functions of Cap as well as on the mechanism of Cap localization into nuclear.
Hypophysial Responses to Continuous and Intermittent Delivery of Hypothalamic Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (1978)

In rhesus monkeys with hypothalamic lesions that abolish gonadotropic hormone release by the pituitary gland, the constant infusion of exogenous gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) fails to restore sustained gonadotropin secretion. In marked contrast, intermittent administration of the synthetic decapeptide once per hour, the physiological frequency of gonadotropin release in the monkeys, reestablishes pituitary gonadotropin secretion. This phenomenon is attributable to the pattern of GnRH delivery rather than to the amounts of this hormone to which the cells of the pituitary are exposed. Moreover, the initiation of continuous GnRH administration in animals with lesions and in which gonadotropin secretion is reestablished by intermittent GnRH replacement can result in a "desensitization" or "down regulation" of the processes responsible for gonadotropin release.
Site-Selective Oxidation of Vitamin B12 Using 2-Iodoxybenzoic Acid (2012)

Reaction of vitamin B<sub>12</sub> (B<sub>12</sub>) with excess 2-iodoxybenzoic acid and 2-hydroxypyridine leads to selective oxidation of the 5′-hydroxyl group of the ribose tail of B<sub>12</sub> in a 30% isolated yield. The acid derivative was purified in one step by HPLC chroma­tography and characterized by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry, <sup>1</sup>H NMR and 2D (HSQC and HMBC) NMR. The new carboxylic acid derivative is perfectly suited to make stable amide-based B<sub>12</sub> bioconjugates.
Fabrication of graphene flakes composed of multi-layer graphene sheets using a thermal plasma jet system (2010)

We have developed a method to fabricate graphene flakes composed of high quality multi-layer graphene sheets using a thermal plasma jet system. A carbon atomic beam was generated by injecting ethanol into Ar plasma continuously; the beam then flowed through a carbon tube attached to the anode. Graphene was made by epitaxial growth where a carbon atomic beam, having the proper energy, collided with a graphite plate. The graphene fabricated was very pure and showed a relatively good crystalline structure. We have demonstrated that the number of layers of graphene sheets could be controlled by controlling the rate of ethanol injection. Our process is a continuous process with a relatively high yield (approximately 8%).
Synchronous Tricolor Emission-Based White Light from Quantum Dot Complex (2015)

Herein we report the generation of synchronous tricolor emission for a single wavelength excitation from a quantum dot complex (QDC). The single-component QDC was formed out of a complexation reaction, at room temperature, between ligand-free Mn(2+)-doped ZnS quantum dots (Qdots) and a mixture of two organic ligands (acetylsalicylic acid and 8-hydroxyquinoline). Furthermore, the tunability in chromaticity color coordinates, which is important for solid-state lighting, was achieved following the synthesis of QDC. Moreover, the photostable QDC emitted white light (λex 320 nm) with (0.30, 0.33) and (0.32, 0.32) chromaticity color coordinates in the liquid and the solid phases, respectively. Hence, the white light-emitting QDC may be a superior material for light-emitting applications.