gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Structure–Activity Relationship Studies of HIV‐1 Virion Infectivity Factor (Vif) Inhibitors that Block Viral Replication (2012)

The human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) virion infectivity factor (Vif) protein, essential for in vivo viral replication, protects the virus from innate antiviral cellular factor apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing, enzyme-catalytic, polypeptide-like 3G (APOBEC3G; A3G) and is an attractive target for the development of novel antiviral therapeutics. We have evaluated the structure-activity relationships of N-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2-((4-nitrophenyl)thio)benzamide (RN-18), a small molecule recently identified as an inhibitor of Vif function that blocks viral replication only in nonpermissive cells expressing A3G, by inhibiting Vif-A3G interactions. Microwave-assisted cross-coupling reactions were developed to prepare a series of RN18 analogues with diverse linkages and substitutions on the phenyl rings. A dual cell-based assay system was used to assess antiviral activity against wild-type HIV-1 in both nonpermissive (H9) and permissive (MT4) cells that also allowed evaluation of specificity. In general, variations of phenyl substitutions were detrimental to antiviral potency and specificity, but isosteric replacements of amide and ether linkages were relatively well tolerated. These structure-activity relationship data define structural requirements for Vif-specific activity, identify new compounds with improved antiviral potency and specificity, and provide leads for further exploration to develop new antiviral therapeutics.
Ultraviolet B radiation sensitizes a murine epidermal dendritic cell line (XS52) to undergo apoptosis upon antigen presentation to T cells (1996)

Ultraviolet B irradiation of skin leads to immunologic tolerance, rather than immunity against newly introduced Ag, by altering the function of Langerhans cells, skin-specific members of the dendritic cell (DC) family. Using the murine epidermal-derived DC line, XS52, which retains important features of resident Langerhans cells, we have tested the hypothesis that UV radiation delivers a signal leading to apoptosis. XS52 cells, when exposed to modest fluences (25-100 J/m2) of radiation, underwent apoptosis during a subsequent 6-h incubation with LPS or upon 6-h coculture with the keyhole limpet hemocyanin-specific Th1 clone HDK-1 in the presence of Ag. Specifically, XS52 cells treated in this way exhibited diminished cell viability, DNA laddering, and condensed staining of DNA. By contrast, none of these changes was induced by radiation alone, LPS alone, or coculture with T cells and Ag. Likewise, neither UV radiation plus T cells nor radiation plus Ag were sufficient to induce apoptosis, indicating that both T cells and Ag are required to induce apoptosis in the UV-sensitized cells. XS52 cells remained fully susceptible to T cell-mediated apoptosis even 16 h after irradiation, indicating the persistence of the sensitized state. These observations establish a model in which UV radiation induces a first event in which DC become sensitive to a second, apoptotic signal that is delivered by Ag-specific interaction with T cells or by LPS. We suggest that DC undergoing apoptosis deliver unusual activation signals to T cells during Ag presentation, signals that lead to cellular unresponsiveness rather than to effective immunity.
Dectin-1 Regulates IL-10 Production via a MSK1/2 and CREB Dependent Pathway and Promotes the Induction of Regulatory Macrophage Markers (2013)

In response to infection by fungal pathogens, the innate immune system recognises specific fungal pathogen associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via pattern recognition receptors including the C-type lectin dectin-1 and members of the Toll Like Receptor (TLR) family. Stimulation of these receptors leads to the induction of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. The protein kinases MSK1 and 2 are known to be important in limiting inflammatory cytokine production by macrophages in response to the TLR4 agonist LPS. In this study we show that MSKs are also activated in macrophages by the fungal derived ligand zymosan, as well as the dectin-1 specific agonists curdlan and depleted zymosan, via the ERK1/2 and p38α MAPK pathways. Furthermore, we show that MSKs regulate dectin-1 induced IL-10 production, and that this regulation is dependent on the ability of MSKs to phosphorylate the transcription factor CREB. IL-10 secreted in response to zymosan was able to promote STAT3 phosphorylation via an autocrine feedback loop. Consistent with the decreased IL-10 secretion in MSK1/2 knockout macrophages, these cells also had decreased STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation relative to wild type controls after stimulation with zymosan. We further show that the reduction in IL-10 production in the MSK1/2 macrophages results in increased secretion of IL-12p40 in response to zymosan relative to wild type controls. The production of high levels of IL-10 but low levels of IL-12 has previously been associated with an M2b or 'regulatory' macrophage phenotype, which was initially described in macrophages stimulated with a combination of immune complexes and LPS. We found that zymosan, via dectin-1 activation, also leads to the expression of SphK1 and LIGHT, markers of a regulatory like phenotype in mouse macrophages. The expression of these makers was further reinforced by the high level of IL-10 secreted in response to zymosan stimulation.
Synthesis of polyphosphazene block copolymers bearing alkoxyethoxy and trifluoroethoxy groups (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of polyphosphazene block copolymers bearing alkoxyethoxy and trifluoroethoxy groupsKrzysztof Matyjaszewski, Mary K. Moore, and Michael L. WhiteCite this: Macromolecules 1993, 26, 25, 6741–6748Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00077a008https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00077a008research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views387Altmetric-Citations50LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The engineering challenges in quantum computing (2017)

Quantum computers may revolutionize the field of computation by solving some complex problems that are intractable even for the most powerful current supercomputers. This paper first introduces the basic concepts of quantum computing and describes what the required layers are for building a quantum system. Thereafter, it discusses the different engineering challenges when building a quantum computer ranging from the core qubit technology, the control electronics, to the microarchitecture for the execution of quantum circuits and efficient quantum error correction. We conclude by discussing some compiler and programming issues relative to quantum algorithms.
The mouse model of schistosome immunity (1987)

Etude des caracteristiques de l'immunite chez la souris, les mecanismes immunitaires, une base moleculaire possible pour un vaccin. Modulation de l'immunite par les anticorps bloquants, implications pour le developpement d'un vaccin
The Keap1–Nrf2–ARE Pathway As a Potential Preventive and Therapeutic Target: An Update (2016)

The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE ((Kelch-like ECH-Associating protein 1) nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor 2-antioxidant response element) pathway is one of the most important defense mechanisms against oxidative and/or electrophilic stresses, and it is closely associated with inflammatory diseases, including cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and aging. In recent years, progress has been made in strategies aimed at modulating the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway. The Nrf2 activator DMF (Dimethylfumarates) has been approved by the FDA as a new first-line oral drug to treat patients with relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis, while a phase 3 study of another promising candidate, CDDO-Me, was terminated for safety reasons. Directly inhibiting Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interactions as a novel Nrf2-modulating strategy has many advantages over using electrophilic Nrf2 activators. The development of Keap1-Nrf2 protein-protein interaction inhibitors has become a topic of intense research, and potent inhibitors of this target have been identified. In addition, inhibiting Nrf2 activity has attracted an increasing amount of attention because it may provide an alternative cancer therapy. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms and biological functions of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE system. The main focus of this review is on recent progress in studies of agents that target the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway and the therapeutic applications of such agents.
Development of the mammalian gonad: The fate of the supporting cell lineage (1991)

Sex determination in mammals is mediated via the supporting cell lineage in the fetal gonad. In the very early stages of gonadal development, the fate of the supporting cell population is critically dependent on the expression of the male-determining gene on the Y chromosome. If this gene is absent or fails to be expressed, or is expressed too late or in too small a number of supporting cells, all supporting cells (XX or XY) differentiate as pre-follicle cells and development proceeds along the female pathway. Supporting cells in which the male-determining gene is expressed in a timely manner differentiate as pre-Sertoli cells; given sufficient such cells, testis cords form and development proceeds in a male direction. If XX supporting cells are also present, a few may be recruited into the pre-Sertoli population and participate in testis cord formation. The subsequent fate of pre-follicle cells depends critically on interaction with the germ cell population in the developing gonad: absence of germ cells may lead to partial masculinization of the gonad, and/or to disappearance of the supporting cell component.
Calamitic metallomesogens: metal-containing liquid crystals with rodlike shapes (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCalamitic metallomesogens: metal-containing liquid crystals with rodlike shapesSarah A. Hudson and Peter M. MaitlisCite this: Chem. Rev. 1993, 93, 3, 861–885Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr00019a002https://doi.org/10.1021/cr00019a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1765Altmetric-Citations410LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Atopic Dermatitis—More Than a Simple Skin Disorder (2005)

Children over 5 years old may have outgrown their symptoms, so it is best to diagnose this condition at an early age to provide better management outcomes. Because it is part of an atopic triad, the nurse practitioner must think beyond the presenting skin condition to consider possible respiratory system conditions. AD may herald the onset of asthma and AR.
Continuous nasal administration of antigen is critical to maintain tolerance in adoptively transferred autoimmune arthritis in SCID mice (2002)

Mucosal tolerance is a natural mechanism that prevents immunological reactions to antigens by altering the activity of immune cells of pathogenic clones without modulating the entire immune system. This 'natural immune suppression' can be exploited when antigen(s) of the target organ in an autoimmune disease is used for mucosal treatment. Being inspired by the experimental results in animal models, clinical trials using type II collagen for mucosal treatment have been conducted in rheumatoid arthritis. High-density proteoglycan (aggrecan) is another major macromolecular component in articular cartilage, and may be a candidate autoantigen for provoking immune reactions in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Indeed, like type II collagen, systemic immunization of genetically susceptible mice with proteoglycan (PG) aggrecan induces progressive autoimmune polyarthritis. Here, we investigated whether intranasally applied PG can be effective in suppressing PG-induced arthritis (PGIA) in BALB/c mice. We found that nasal administration of 100 microg PG exerted a strong suppressive effect on both the incidence and severity of the disease, most probably by reducing responsiveness towards the immunizing PG antigen. When we transferred PGIA into genetically matched but immunodeficient SCID mice, we were able to establish a tolerized state, but only if the recipient SCID mice received lymphocytes from tolerized animals and intranasal treatment with PG was continued. Without nasally administered antigen, the transferred anergic cells recovered and arthritis rapidly developed in a severe form. Intranasal PG treatment of recipient SCID mice was ineffective when cells from non-tolerized arthritic donors were transferred, in which case the regular weekly 'tolerizing' dose of PG made the disease worse. Our results suggest that mucosal treatment in an already existing disease may result in paradoxical outcomes.
Motility as a morphogenic character in the genus Arthrobacter (1976)

Motility in Arthrobacter atrocyaneus, A. citreus, and A. simplex was found to correlate with the morphogenic cycle of these organisms. The percentage of the A. atrocyaneus and A. simplex populations that were flagellated at a given time during the growth cycle differed significantly from that of the normorphogenic Pseudomonas aeruginosa population. Flagellation in A. atrocyaneus was shown to be dependent upon the morphogenic cycle rather than upon growth. The commitment to flagellar synthesis in A. atrocyaneus was found to occur only after induction to the rod morphology. Flagellar synthesis in A. atrocyaneus was shown to be restricted to only a small segment of the morphogenic cycle.
Regulatory T Cells in the Human Immune System (2010)

Regulatory T () cells are essential for maintaining peripheral tolerance, preventing autoimmune diseases and limiting chronic inflammatory diseases. However, they also limit beneficial responses by suppressing sterilizing immunity and limiting antitumor immunity. cells characterized by expression of the transcription factor Foxp3 play a key role in immune homeostasis. Rather than a monomorphic population strictly determined by Foxp3 as a 'master regulator', the emerging view is one of cells as a population with many levels of complexity. Distinct subphenotypes of cells are found in different anatomical locations. This review will focus on these novel aspects of cell diversity, and discuss recent findings regarding human cells, including the ontogeny and development of cell subsets that have naive or memory phenotypes, the unique mechanisms of suppression mediated by cell subsets and factors that regulate cell lineage commitment. We also will discuss future studies that are needed for the successful therapeutic use of human cells.
Television Terminals for Coaxial Systems (1949)

THE broad features of the operation of the L-1 coaxial system for the transmission of television have been public for more than a year,1 but thus far the factors influencing the design of the coaxial television terminals and a detailed discussion of the equipment now in service in the Bell Systems' television network have not been published. The television terminals here described were placed into network service in 1947, but in basic form are similar to experimental models developed prior to the war and used in early television transmission studies over the coaxial cable.2,3
Breast cancer genetics in African Americans (2002)

Deleterious BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations have been identified in African-American and African families. A number of unique mutations have been described, but recurrent mutations are widely dispersed and are not readily identifiable in the few families that have been tested. Access to genetic counseling and testing in a culturally sensitive research setting must remain a high priority before genetic testing can be disseminated in the community.
Inhibition of Tumor Necrosis Factor-<i>α</i>Production by Orally Administering a Perilla Leaf Extract (1997)

The overproduction of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) was suppressed by orally administering a perilla leaf extract (PLE). When mice were successively injected with OK-432, severe TNF-alpha was induced in the serum, but this elevated TNF-alpha level was reduced after an oral administration of PLE (400 microliters/mouse). Oral administration of PLE also inhibited TNF-alpha production that was induced by muramyl dipeptide (500 micrograms/mouse) and OK-432 (3 KE/mouse). These characteristics were obtained from all strains of perilla. The inhibitory activity against TNF-alpha production was heat-stable, and the existence of several active molecules was suggested. When PLE was passed through an ultrafilter, the inhibitory activity against TNF-alpha production was collected in those fractions with a mass of 0.5 to 1 kDa and more than 10 kDa. When PLE was solvent-extracted, the strongest activity was recognized with aqueous preparation, although significant activity was also detected in preparations extracted with n-hexane and ethyl acetate. These findings suggest that the daily use of certain functional foods may be useful for controlling the host defense system.
Geometric Grouping of Repeated Elements within Images (1998)

The objective of this work is the automatic detection and grouping of imaged elements which repeat on a plane in a scene (for example tiled floorings). It is shown that structures that repeat on a scene plane are related by particular parametrized transformations in perspective images. These image transformations provide powerful grouping constraints, and can be used at the heart of hypothesize and verify grouping algorithms. The parametrized transformations are global across the image plane and may be computed without knowledge of the pose of the plane or camera calibration.

Parametrized transformations are given for severalcl asses of repeating operation in the world as well as groupers based on these. These groupers are demonstrated on a number of real images, where both the elements and the grouping are determined automatically.

It is shown that the repeating element can be learnt from the image, and hence provides an image descriptor. Also, information on the plane pose, such as its vanishing line, can be recovered from the grouping.
Optical Chinese Character Recognition Using Accumulated Stroke Features (1989)

An intelligent optical Chinese character recognition system using accumulated stroke features has been developed to solve the input problem of Chinese characters. The hardware architecture of the system is built on an IBM PC-AT with three extension boards: the preprocessor board, the feature extraction board, and the matching recognition board. The system can recognize, at the same time in the same program, either printed or handwritten Chinese characters of different styles and sizes. At present, a total of 5401 commonly used Chinese characters can be recognized. Results show that 99% of printed characters and 90% of constrained handwritten characters can be correctly recognized, at a speed of about 300 characters per minute.
Diagnosis of damage in a steel frame (1998)

In order to investigate on the state of the art of the techniques which make use of Vibration Based Inspection (VBI) to detect structural damage, recently a blind test exercise involving a steel frame has been proposed. The aim of this paper is to compare results obtained applying optimisation-based methods, which make use of genetic algorithm and simulated annealing to solve the inverse problem and eigen-sensitivity techniques in the detection and quantification of the extent of the damage in the steel frame under test. Because of some problems in developing a mathematical model with natural frequencies in agreement with those proposed by the blind test, it has been decided to evaluate dynamic characteristics of a damaged structure by introducing damage in the FE model, while the shear-type model has been used in order to detect and assess the structural modification.
An 8Gb/s 0.75mW/Gb/s injection-locked receiver with constant jitter tracking bandwidth and accurate quadrature clock generation in 40nm CMOS (2014)

This paper presents an energy-efficient forwarded-clock receiver in 40nm CMOS process. The receiver adopts injection-locked ring oscillator (ILRO) to implement jitter filtering and phase deskew. The proposed cascaded ILROs enable our receiver to maintain a constant jitter tracking bandwidth (JTB) for good jitter tolerance and generate accurate quadrature clocks for quarter-rate sampling. The first-stage ILRO is used to control the JTB and filter out the high-frequency clock jitter that cannot track the data jitter. The second-stage ILRO is injected by the first one's outputs to generate precise quadrature clocks for phase shifting and deskew. The simulation results show our receiver can work at 8Gb/s and consume only 6mW under a 0.9V power supply voltage. The JTB can be controlled up to 260 MHz with a variation less than 20 MHz and the quadrature phase error is minimized to 1°.
Model predictive control for a thermostatic controlled system (2013)

This paper proposes a model predictive control scheme to provide temperature set-points to thermostatic controlled cooling units in refrigeration systems. The control problem is formulated as a convex programming problem to minimize the overall operating cost of the system. The foodstuff temperatures are estimated by reduced order observers and evaporation temperature is regulated by an algorithmic suction pressure control scheme. The method is applied to a validated simulation benchmark. The results show that even with the thermostatic control valves, there exists significant potential to reduce the operating cost.
XLII.—The chemistry of lignin. Part I. Flax lignin and some derivatives (1924)

W. J. Powell and H. Whittaker, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1924, 125, 357 DOI: 10.1039/CT9242500357