gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On the Thermoelectric Power of Stabilized Zirconia (1970)

Abstract Thermoelectric power of stabilized zirconia, at different CaO and MgO concentrations within the cubic phase, has been measured. The results show a concentration dependence of the thermoelectric power which is preliminarly discussed. The homogeneous part of the thermoelectric power, moreover, is discussed with the classical approach of irreversible thermodynamics.
[The effectiveness of a 0.1% polyhexanide gel]. (2008)

In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of studies dealing with chronic wound infections which have led to the use of new terms such as critical colonization or bacterial films which, together with a patient's base conditions, are closely related to the cicatrisation process, especially regarding the stagnation or regression of this process. For this reason an evaluation on the effectiveness of Prontosan Gel, a 0.1% polyhexanide gel, was carried out to see how this gel met the recommendations for cleansing wounds provided by the National Group which Studies and Counsels Health Professionals regarding Bed Sores and Chronic Wounds (GNEAUPP) and by the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research (AHCPR) for the control of bacterial build-up in chronic wounds. The data obtained in the final evaluation of the lesions studied have been: a reversal in positive cultures (p=0.004); an improvement in the stagnation of the cicatrisation process (p=0.000); reduction in the size of the wound (p=0.013); an improvement in the percentage of granulation tissue (p=0.001); an improvement in the percentage of slough in the bed of the wound (p=0.002); an improvement in the presence of exudation (p=0.008); an improvement in the presence of purulent exudation (p=0.005); an improvement in the condition of skin nearby the wound (p=0.021); an improvement in pain control (p=0.049); an improvement in erythema in nearby skin (p=0.004); an improvement in edema in skin nearby the wound (p=0.000); an improvement in the heat in the skin nearby the wound (p=0.004); and an improvement in the smell (p=0.029). To use this product propitiates the cleansing of unwanted slough in the bed of a wound; favors bacterial control and a reduction of bio-films and the care of local infection in wounds; to use this product stimulates granulation, favoring the control of stagnant ulcers, without evolution, in their cicatrisation process; the use of this product has no toxic effects on new-formed tissue; this product aids wound cicatrisation reducing the time needed for a wound to close; this product increases a patient's life quality by controlling pain, smell and the condition of surrounding tissues (edema, erythema, maceration...).
Analysis of Imbibition in Mixed-Wet Rocks Using Pore-Scale Modeling (2004)

Abstract Counter-current imbibition is an important recovery mechanism during waterflooding in fractured reservoirs. While this may be a rapid and efficient recovery process in strongly water-wet systems, the vast majority of reservoirs show some mixed-wet or oil-wet characteristics. If the reservoir is mixed-wet, it is possible for some water to imbibe spontaneously, but the ultimate recovery is lower and the imbibition rate may be several orders of magnitude slower than for strongly water-wet rock. We use quasi-static pore-scale network modeling as a tool to study the behavior of mixed-wet rocks and to predict relative permeability and capillary pressure. The model uses a topologically disordered network that represents the pore space of Berea sandstone. We adjust the distribution of contact angles at the pore scale to match previously publised experimental co-current waterflood recoveries and wettability indices on Berea. We then input the relative permeabilities and capillary pressures into a conventional grid-based code and simulate counter-current imbibition in one dimension. We make predictions, with no matching parameters, of the recovery as a function of time and compare the results with the experimental measurements. We are able to reproduce the observed dramatic increase in imbibition time as the system changes from being water-wet to mixed-wet. In a mixed-wet system spontaneous imbibition, where the capillary pressure is positive, is limited to a narrow saturation range where the water saturation is small. At these low saturations the water is poorly connected through the network in wetting layers and the water relative permeability is extremely low, leading to recovery rates tens to thousands of times slower than for water-wet media. We present a semi-empirical equation to correlate imbibition recovery in mixed-wet rocks with different wettability states and for a wide range of viscosity ratios. We show that the recovery rate is proportional to the water mobility at the end of imbibition.
Poster — Wed Eve—17: Detrimental Dose: A Proposed Metric to Score Incidents in Radiation Therapy (2009)

Public awareness of radiation therapy is increasing, and incidents related to radiation therapy delivery are receiving increased public scrutiny. There is a growing interest within the professional community in systems for reporting errors in radiation therapy and communicating their significance. Many of the reporting systems proposed to‐date use decision trees to stratify incidents according to differing levels of severity, with the result that it is difficult to compare incidents between disparate systems. We propose a new metric that uses absorbed dose as a basis for estimating the anticipated detriment of a radiation therapy error in much the same way as dose is used to determine risk in radiation protection. The formulation takes into account the magnitude of the dose error and the volume of tissue unintentionally irradiated, modified by dimensionless quantities that account for tissue response (Tissue Sensitivity) and patient‐specific quality of life factors (Severity Index). The resulting quantity, which we have termed “Detrimental Dose”, should be applicable to describing the severity of an adverse event regardless of the magnitude of the error. Using specific examples of recent radiation therapy incidents, we illustrate how this new metric can be used to estimate the severity of a misadministration of dose. We believe that such a system can provide a unified framework for reporting and assessment of radiation therapy errors.
Neural network path-tracking and real-time multi-task flight simulation for the automatic transition of tilt-rotor aircraft (2011)

The purpose of this research is to accomplish the neural network path-tracking and real-time multi-task flight simulation for the automatic transition of tilt-rotor aircraft. For the highly instability of the system during the period of the dynamic transition maneuver, it is necessary to design a neural network control system to stabilize the unstable aircraft and accomplish the desired path tracking for the VTOL (Vertical Take-Off and Landing) transition flight. First, we simulate and validate the aerodynamic force and control law with Matlab. Secondly, the VTOL flight control system is designed and simulated with the back-propagation neural network path-tracking methodology and the tracking performance has been validated from the flight dynamic behavior. Finally, we set up a real-time multi-task flight simulation system to simulate and validate the system dynamic behavior of the tilt-rotor aircraft.
Dryout phenomena in a three‐phase fixed‐bed reactor (2003)

Abstract Understanding the mechanism of liquid‐phase evaporation in a three‐phase fixed‐bed reactor is of practical importance, because the reaction heat is usually 7–10 times the vaporization heat of the liquid components. Evaporation, especially the liquid dryout, can largely influence the reactor performance and even safety. To predict the vanishing condition of the liquid phase, Raoult's law was applied as a preliminary approach, with the liquid vanishing temperature defined based on a liquid flow rate of zero. While providing correct trends, Raoult's law exhibits some limitation in explaining the temperature profile in the reactor. To comprehensively understand the whole process of liquid evaporation, a set of experiments on inlet temperature, catalyst activity, liquid flow rate, gas flow rate, and operation pressure were carried out. A liquid‐region length‐predicting equation is suggested based on these experiments and the principle of heat balance.
Molecular mechanism for the umami taste synergism (2008)

Umami is one of the 5 basic taste qualities. The umami taste of L-glutamate can be drastically enhanced by 5' ribonucleotides and the synergy is a hallmark of this taste quality. The umami taste receptor is a heteromeric complex of 2 class C G-protein-coupled receptors, T1R1 and T1R3. Here we elucidate the molecular mechanism of the synergy using chimeric T1R receptors, site-directed mutagenesis, and molecular modeling. We propose a cooperative ligand-binding model involving the Venus flytrap domain of T1R1, where L-glutamate binds close to the hinge region, and 5' ribonucleotides bind to an adjacent site close to the opening of the flytrap to further stabilize the closed conformation. This unique mechanism may apply to other class C G-protein-coupled receptors.
Challenges in Antimicrobial Drug Discovery and the Potential of Nucleoside Antibiotics (2004)

Antimicrobial resistance in hospital and community settings is growing at an alarming rate and has been attributed to such organisms as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus, staphylococci with decreased susceptibility to vancomycin, vancomycin-resistant enterococci, multi-drug resistant pseudomonas spp., klebsiella spp., enterobacter spp, and acinetobacter spp., as well as Streptococcus pneumoniae with decreased susceptibility to penicillin and other antibacterials. To address the need for new therapies to combat resistant organisms, drug companies are refocusing their discovery efforts on developing novel agents with new mechanisms of action. The hope is that rapidly emerging technologies including combinatorial chemistry, high throughput screening, proteomics and microbial genomics will have a positive impact on antimicrobial drug discovery. These technologies should aid in the identification of novel drug targets and compounds with unique mechanisms of action other than those currently provided by the traditional antibiotics. Nucleosides are one class of compounds worthy of further investigation as antibacterials since some derivatives have shown moderate to good activity against specific bacterial strains. For example, 5'-peptidyl nucleoside derivatives can inhibit peptide deformylase, an enzyme essential for bacterial survival that is not vital to human cells. This review also includes a list of miscellaneous nucleosides that have been synthesized as potential antibacterials. More detailed investigations on structure, as it relates to the antimicrobial activity of the various classes of nucleosides, need to be conducted in order to maximize the potential of developing a potent nucleoside for the treatment of bacterial infections. This review begins with an introduction to terms followed by discussions regarding the general background and relevance for developing novel antimicrobial agents. Challenges facing the antimicrobial drug discovery process are discussed along with relevant drug targets. An overview of nucleoside chemistry as it relates to antimicrobial activity is presented, followed by a discussion of the evidence which supports the potential of this class of compounds to yield the novel antimicrobial therapies needed in the new millennium.
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori infection in adults and children by using the Malakit Helicobacter pylori, a commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (1993)

Malakit Helicobacter pylori (Biolab, Limal, Belgium) is a second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of Helicobacter pylori infection. We evaluated its ability to diagnose H. pylori infection in 489 asymptomatic pregnant women, 427 asymptomatic children, and 95 symptomatic children. 87 asymptomatic adults (17.8%), 31 asymptomatic children (7.3%), and 27 symptomatic children (28.4%) were seropositive. We observed an increase in H. pylori infection with age. 13C-urea breath tests were performed for all seropositive and 100 randomly selected seronegative asymptomatic adults. They were also performed for all seropositive and 65 randomly chosen seronegative asymptomatic children. Breath tests were positive for 86 of 87 (98.9%) seropositive adults, 30 of 31 seropositive children (96.8%), and no seronegative individual. Compared with those of culture, the sensitivity and specificity of the Malakit Helicobacter pylori were both 96%. We conclude that the Malakit Helicobacter pylori is equally suitable for adults and children. Therefore, this ELISA can be proposed as an important alternative to other more time-consuming and/or more expensive diagnostic tests for the detection of H. pylori.
Magnetic biasing effects while using an unbalanced planar magnetron (1993)

Magnetic biasing of a floating substrate affects the plasma of an unbalanced magnetron, changing the plasma distribution near the substrate and, therefore, varying the ion bombardment of the substrate. Biasing magnets which focus the plasma flow increase two parameters as measured by electrical probes located in the center of the sputtering zone: floating potential and ion current at the floating potential. Biasing magnets which defocus the plasma flow decrease the floating potential and ion energy flux, but cause little variation of the ion current. In both magnet configurations, a small plasma is confined near the top of the biasing magnets.
Megaconial congenital muscular dystrophy due to loss-of-function mutations in choline kinase β (2013)

CHKB encodes choline kinase β, an enzyme that catalyzes the first de-novo biosynthetic step of phosphatidylcholine, the most abundant phospholipid in the eukaryotic membrane. The identification of a new muscle disease caused by the defect in phospholipid metabolism will pave the way for a novel biological pathway that connects phospholipid metabolism, mitochondria biology, and muscular dystrophy.
BCR‐ABL influences the antileukaemic efficacy of alkylphosphocholines (1999)

We have compared the antileukaemic efficacy of a series of new i.v. injectable alkylphosphocholines (APC) with their clinically used congeners miltefosine and perifosine. The test system consisted of four leukaemic cell lines carrying the bcr-abl rearrangement (K-562, LAMA-84, CML-T1 and BV-173) and two other leukaemic cell lines (HL-60 and SKW-3) without this genetic alteration. The prototype of i.v. injectable APC, erucylphosphocholine, was more active against BCR-ABL-positive cell lines than the two reference APC. It induced programmed cell death in HL-60 and SKW-3 cells after exposure for 24 h, and in bcr-abl expressing cells after a prolonged incubation period (48 h). LAMA-84 cells responded to i.v. injectable APC with increased conversion to an adherent, fibroblast-like phenotype. Experiments with a cell-free system showed that the target structures of APC are localized within the cytoplasmic compartment. Blockade of ceramide synthase by fumonisin B1 was insufficient to prevent oligonucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Using RT-PCR we confirmed that K-562 and LAMA-84 cells carry the b3a2 fusion type, and CML-T1 and BV-173 the b2a2 variant. BV-173 cells had the lowest level of bcr-abl mRNA which correlated with their increased sensitivity. Transfection of K-562 cells with antisense oligonucleotides directed against bcr-abl caused a specific suppression of K-562 clonogenicity. Our data indicated that i.v. injectable alkylphosphocholines are potent inducers of apoptosis and display increased antileukaemic efficacy against BCR-ABL-positive blasts as compared with miltefosine and perifosine. The expression of BCR-ABL cannot prevent apoptosis but delays erucylphosphocholine-induced programmed cell death. Transfection with bcr-abl directed antisense oligonucleotides reduces the clonogenicity of K-562 cells.
The Potential Role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins in Periodontal Reconstruction (1995)

Growth factors and cytokines are currently under investigation as potential therapeutics for the site-specific regeneration of alveolar bone. Many of these factors, including TGF-beta, PDGF, IGF-I, IGF-II, and FGF influence bone growth and resorption, and as such may be useful in the regeneration process. However, these molecules have effects on many other tissue and cell types. In contrast, the bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) represent a unique set of differentiation factors that induce new bone formation at the site of implantation instead of changing the growth rate of pre-existing bone. Recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2), for example, has been shown to induce ectopic bone formation in an in vivo setting. Cell culture studies indicate that rhBMP-2 can cause mesenchymal precursor cells to differentiate into cartilage- and bone-forming cells. Additional animal studies have shown that rhBMP-2 is capable of replacing large (2.5 cm) defects in canine mandibles, healing a variety of long bone defects in orthopedic animal models, and repairing bony defects in animal models of bone lost due to periodontal disease. These results suggest that rhBMP-2 has broad therapeutic potential for dental and cranio/maxillofacial reconstruction.
Improved contact performance of GaN film using Si diffusion (2000)

In this letter, we investigate a metalization process for reducing the contact resistance on undoped GaN layers. The Si metal source was diffused successfully into the GaN films by using SiOx/Si/GaN/Al2O3 structures. By using a high-temperature annealing process, we diffused and activated the Si atoms into the GaN film. This caused a heavy doped n-type GaN layer to be formed near the GaN surface. Under high temperatures, such as a diffusion process at 1000 °C, the as-deposited Ni/Al/Ti contact had good ohmic properties and a low specific contact resistivity (ρc) of 1.6×10−3 Ω cm2. Rapid thermal annealing the contact at 800 °C for 30 s caused the ρc to decrease rapidly to 5.6×10−7 Ω cm2. The Ni/Al/Ti contact characteristics on the GaN films diffused at various temperatures are also discussed.
Model-Based Control of the VGT and EGR in a Turbocharged Common-Rail Diesel Engine: Theory and Passenger Car Implementation (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In this article model-based controller design techniques are investigated for the transient operation of a common-rail diesel engine in order to optimize driveability and to reduce soot emissions. The computer-aided design has benefits in reducing controller calibration time.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper presents a nonlinear control concept for the coordinated control of the exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) valve and the variable geometry turbocharger (VGT) in a common-rail diesel engine. The overall controller structure is set up to regulate the total cylinder air-charge with a desired fresh air-charge amount by means of controlling the intake manifold pressure and estimating the fresh air-charge inducted into the cylinders.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">During varying engine operating conditions the two control loops are coordinated by a compensation of the EGR valve action through the VGT controller. A nonlinear exhaust pressure controller is designed to regulate the estimated turbocharger power which compensates all EGR valve actions and results in the desired turbocharger power management.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The VGT and EGR controllers, the cylinder air-charge observer and the turbocharger identification algorithm are developed based on a nonlinear diesel engine model. The benefits of the coordinated controller structure are demonstrated with transient engine measurements in a passenger car.</div>
A Constitutive Active MEK → ERK Pathway Negatively Regulates NF-κB-dependent Gene Expression by Modulating TATA-binding Protein Phosphorylation (2000)

Endotoxin-induced cytokine gene expression is regulated, in part, by NF-kappaB. We have shown that both the ERK and p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases are necessary for cytokine gene transcription and that the p38 MAP kinase is required for NF-kappaB-driven transcription, so we hypothesized that the MEK --> ERK pathway regulated NF-kappaB-driven transcription as well. We found that a constitutive active MEK --> ERK pathway inhibited NF-kappaB-driven transcription. In addition, both PD 98059 and a dominant negative ERK2 augmented NF-kappaB-driven transcription; however, neither PD 98059 nor MEK1 altered NF-kappaB activation at any level. The constitutive active MEK --> ERK pathway inhibited the phosphorylation of TBP, which is necessary for both interaction with RelA and binding to the TATA box. Due to the fact that we have shown that the p38 MAP kinase modulates TBP activation, we evaluated the effect of the constitutive active MEK --> ERK pathway on p38 MAP kinase activity. We found that the MEK --> ERK pathway negatively regulates NF-kappaB-driven transcription, in part, by inhibiting p38 MAP kinase activity. Thus, the ERK and p38 MAP kinases have differential effects on NF-kappaB-driven transcription.
Introducing localized constraints in global geomagnetic field modelling (2006)

Abstract A set of functions is defined that can be used for modelling the internal part of the geomagnetic field. These functions are represented in term of spherical harmonics of a given maximum degree L and are centred at specific latitudes and longitudes. The number of functions needed and the positions of their centres are such that any potential field of maximum spherical harmonic degree L can be modelled. Formulae are obtained to transform between the potential field representation using these functions and a classic spherical harmonic representation. The shape of these functions can be optimized to make them reasonably localized, and from there it is shown how a localized constraint can be applied to an internal geomagnetic field model. The technique is demonstrated by means of models built from a few months of the Swarm mission synthetic data set.