gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
UNIQUE PROPERTIES CAN PUT CERAMICS IN NUCLEAR REACTORS. PART 1 (1960)

General concepts and properties of ceramic materials for use as fuels and controls in reactors are discussed. Ways in which ceramic fuels may be used in reactors area (1) in high temperature gas cooled reactors where the fuel element is 100% ceramic; (2) in gas or liquid cooled reactors where a bulk ceramic core has a metallic cladding; (3) same as (2) with ceramic dispersed in a metallic matrix. Materials used for reactor controls must possess a high thermal neutron capture cross section, provide enough poison material for burnout throughout the core life, and during its life maintain the same blackness. At the present Eu/sub 2/O/sub 3/ shows promise as a ceramic control material, followed by B/sub 4/C, other metal borides, and possibly HfO/sub 2/. (B.O.G.)
Schottky diode with excellent performance for large integration density of crossbar resistive memory (2012)

A Schottky diode (SD) with Au/Pt/TiO2/Ti/Pt stacked structure were fabricated for its application to crossbar type resistive switching (RS) memory. The SDs showed a highly promising rectification ratio (∼2.4 × 106 @ ±2 V) between forward and reverse state currents and a high forward current density (∼3 × 105 A/cm2 @ 2 V), which is useful for highly integrated crossbar RS memory. The SD has local forward current conduction paths, which provides extremely scaled devices with an advantage. The minimization of interconnection line resistance is also important to provide sufficient current to achieve stable operation of RS memory.
A novel vector quantizer-based architecture for block-matching motion estimation (2002)

Block-matching algorithms (BMA) are commonly used in image sequence coding for motion estimation. Even though the estimation of block motion vectors by an exhaustive search is optimal, the computational complexity precludes its usage in many read-time codec applications. In this paper, we present a novel vector quantizer (VQ) based architecture for BMA offering sizeable reduction in the number of computations and also the number of motion vectors transmitted. We also compare the performance of the proposed algorithm with other commonly used fast search methods.
Synthesis and performance of high-efficiency cosurfactants. 1. Model systems (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and performance of high-efficiency cosurfactants. 1. Model systemsNiloofar Asgharian, Philip Otken, Chunhee Sunwoo, and William H. WadeCite this: Langmuir 1991, 7, 12, 2904–2910Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/la00060a007https://doi.org/10.1021/la00060a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views100Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bipolar - JFET - MOSFET negative resistance devices (1985)

A systematic method is given for generating negative-resistance circuits made of 2 transistors and linear positive resistors only. The 2 transistors may be bioolar ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n-p-n</tex> or <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p-n-p</tex> ), <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">JFET</tex> ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -channel or p-channel), <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MOSFET</tex> ( <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</tex> -channel or <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p</tex> -channel), or their combinations. Since the circuits do not require an internal power supply, they are passive and can be integrated as a two-terminal device in monolithic form. Two algorithms are given for generating a negative-resistance device which exhibits either a type- <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">N</tex> <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\upsilon - i</tex> characteristic similar to that of a tunnel diode, or a type- <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">S</tex> <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\upsilon -i</tex> characteristic similar to that of a four-layered <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">p-n-p-n</tex> diode. Hundreds of new and potentially useful negative resistance devices have been discovered. A selected catalog of many such prototype negative-resistance devices is included for future applications.
Aircraft alerting systems standardization study (1981)

This report is one of a series of documented studies and experiments directed to the improvement and standardization of cockpit alerting systems. The efforts in this current study are noteworthy in that the three major manufacturers of Commercial Transport Aircraft, Douglas, Lockheed, and Boeing conducted the tests and co-authored this report. The primary purpose of the study is to extend and validate, through simulation, the precepts advanced in the previous contract study. The primary purpose of this report is to document the results of objective and subjective tests and the development of the functional design of the candidate alerting systems which will be implemented and evaluated in a flight simulator. (Author)
Detection of the fundamental frequency in noisy environment for speech enhancement of a hearing aid (2003)

This paper describes a method for noise-proof detection of the fundamental frequency of the voice in a noisy environment. Noise reduction techniques have been required in the development of a hearing aid, because noise makes intelligibility of hearing awfully inferior. In various methods of noise reduction, the fundamental frequency is often a significant parameter, but it is difficult to extract the frequency from the noisy voice. In order to utilize a comb filter method for noise reduction, a new method of detecting the fundamental frequency is developed by using the property of continuity in the fundamental frequency and the power spectrum envelope (PSE) of the human voice. The continuity of the PSE is utilized for determining the most reliable frequency. The gross pitch error (GPE) is reduced by the determination. Besides the frequency used for the comb filter is obtained from a linear predicting frequency and the latest fundamental frequency from the noisy voice, so as to suppress fluctuation of the frequency that degrades filtered voice. The procedure improves a fine pitch error (FPE) within 5%. The results of the evaluation showed that the present method proved to be superior to the traditional cepstrum method in the GPE and the FPE. We conclude that the proposed frequency detection method is available for noise reduction in the comb filter method.
Near-field phase shift photolithography for high-frequency SAW transducers (2003)

Optical lithography has been widely used in mass production of various electronic devices, mainly because of its high throughput capability. However, the resolution in conventional lithography is diffraction limited. Cost issues, on the other hand, make slower but higher resolution methods, like electron beam lithography, unattractive for industrial applications. In order to be able to continue the use of optical lithography, new schemes were developed that enhance the resolution. Phase-shifting masks, for example, alter both the amplitude and the phase of the exposing light and lead to higher resolution. Using the related phase edge method it has been shown that 100 nm features can be produced using 248 nm light. Furthermore, employing an elastomeric phase mask, commercially available photo resist, and incoherent light, down to 90 nm features were demonstrated. Here, we report on the application of a near-field phase shift technique on the fabrication of SAW transducers. This simple and low cost technique is best suited for the fabrication of SAW structures, where the metallization ratio is different from 1:1, like Narrow Gap Floating Electrode Unidirectional Transducers (NG-FEUDTS).
Medical and Surgical Retina: Advances, Controversies, and Management (1993)

This volume provides up-to-date and practical coverage of the most recent advances and innovations, controversies and management of medical and surgical retina problems by acknowledged experts in the field. The text is organized according to major clinical problem areas in medical and surgical retina, eg; diabetic retinopathy, age-related macular degeneration, retinal detachments, retinal vascular occlusions, and mascular holes, and is illustrated with both halftones and line drawings.
A mercury ion frequency standard engineering prototype for the NASA deep space network (2002)

An engineering prototype linear ion trap frequency standard (LITS-4) using /sup 199/Hg/sup +/ is operational and currently under test for NASA's Deep Space Network (DSN). The DSN requires high stability and reliability with continuous operation. For practical considerations optical pumping and atomic state selection are accomplished with a /sup 202/Hg/sup +/ RF discharge lamp, and the trapped ions are cooled to near room temperature using a helium buffer gas. The standard is closely modeled from earlier research standards LITS-1 and LITS-2 which have demonstrated excellent frequency stability for uninterrupted comparison intervals up to 5 months. During an initial 135 day test in the DSN, LITS-4 operated continuously using a quartz crystal as the local oscillator. Recent signal to noise measurements indicate that a short term stability of /spl sigma//sub y/(/spl tau/)=2.0/spl times/10/sup -14///spl tau//sup 1/2/ can be achieved when operated with a sufficiently stable local oscillator.
Let Girls Live (2011)

Males and females are different biologically and these differences determine their chance of living and health, but when this difference is associated with any alterable behaviour like gender value in society then it becomes inequity. Natural sex ratio of male to female has more number of females as compared to males throughout life. But in South Asia natural sex ratio has been altered and there are more males as compared to females due to female foeticide, infanticide and intentional neglect of daughters.
The rules and roles of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling proteins (2001)

The spatial separation of mRNA synthesis from translation, while providing eukaryotes with the possibility to achieve higher complexity through a more elaborate regulation of gene expression, has set the need for transport mechanisms through the nuclear envelope. In a simplistic view of nucleocytoplasmic transport, nuclear proteins are imported into the nucleus while RNAs are exported to the cytoplasm. The reality is, however, that transport of either proteins or RNAs across the nuclear envelope can be bi-directional. During the past years, an increasing number of proteins have been identified that shuttle continuously back and forth between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. The emerging picture is that shuttling proteins are key factors in conveying information on nuclear and cytoplasmic activities within the cell.
NEW EXPERIMENTAL CAPABILITIES AND THEORETICAL INSIGHTS OF HIGH PRESSURE COMPRESSION WAVES (2007)

Currently there are three platforms that offer quasi‐isentropic compression or ramp‐wave compression (RWC): light‐gas gun, magnetic flux (Z‐pinch), and laser. We focus here on the light‐gas gun technique and on some current theoretical insights from experimental data. An impedance gradient through the length of the impactor provides the pressure pulse upon impact to the subject material. Applications and results are given concerning high‐pressure strength and the liquid‐to‐solid, phase transition of water giving its first associated phase fraction history. We also introduce the Korteweg‐deVries‐Burgers equation as a means to understand the evolution of these RWC waves as they propagate through the thickness of the subject material. This model equation has the necessary competition between non‐linear, dispersion, and dissipation processes, which is shown through observed structures that are manifested in the experimental particle velocity histories. Such methodology points towards a possibility of quantifying dissipation, through which RWC experiments may be analyzed.
A design of size-reduced negative group delay circuit using a stepped impedance resonator (2010)

A design method to reduce the size of the planar negative group delay circuit (NGDC) is proposed by using a stepped impedance resonator (SIR) concept. From the conventional transmission line resonator, an equivalent stepped impedance resonator with reduced size is derived. To validate the derivation, the reflection coefficient and group delay response are compared between the two types of one-port NGDC. Finally, the reflection topology NGDC using a stepped impedance resonator is fabricated and tested. Maintaining its intrinsic electric properties, total size of the circuit is reduced to 72% from its original size.
Relationship between Burnout and Communication Skill Training among Japanese Hospital Nurses: A Pilot Study (2003)

We investigated the relationship between burnout and communication skill training among Japanese hospital nurses to improve the mental health of human service workers. The subjects were forty-five registered nurses referred to a self-expression skill intervention program by their section superiors, with each superior choosing from two to five nurses. The hospital was located in the Kyushu area and staffed by about four hundred nurses. The subjects were divided into an intervention group (19 nurses) and a reference group (26 nurses). The intervention group received the communication skill training in July and August, 2001. The communication skill training was carried out in accordance with the assertiveness training (AsT) precepts of Anne Dickson. In June, 2001, we delivered a set of questionnaires including age, gender, working years, a burnout scale, and a communication skill check-list as a baseline survey. The baseline questionnaires were returned at the end of June, 2001. In January, 2002, we delivered the same questionnaire again to the two groups and collected them at the end of the month. Excluding the only male and insufficient answers, twenty-six nurses (58%) returned complete answers in the initial and subsequent surveys. We found that the personal accomplishment and the two communication skills such as "accepting valid criticisms" and "negotiation" of the intervention group had improved significantly five months after the training as compared with that of the reference. Our results implied that communication skill training might have a favorable effect on burnout among Japanese hospital nurses.
Multiwindowed Defocused Electronic Speckle Photographic System for Tilt Measurement (2005)

Defocused speckle photography has long been used to measure rotations of rough surfaces. By addition of a suitably perforated mask, some measurement properties, such as range and lateral resolution, may be changed at will. In particular, the maximum measurable tilt can be significantly increased, although at the expense of poorer lateral resolution. Advantages of this compared with previously described techniques include independent tuning of speckle size and optical system aperture and greater adaptability to various measuring needs. The benefits and disadvantages of the new and old techniques are thoroughly compared.
Changes in Macroeconomic Policies and Volatility of Chinese Stock Market (2012)

Based on a comprehensive investigation on Chinese Stock Market and macroeconomic policies, analyzing samples of the SSE Composite Index and relevant monetary and fiscal policies during the period from January 2000 to June 2008, this paper uses GARCH-type models and EVIEWS5.1 software to study effects of changes in macroeconomic policy on conditional volatility of Chinese Stock Market and analyzes the economic significance and reasonability of empirical results. The results show that, when the government adopts the compound policies of money supply, interest rate, stamp duty and fiscal expenditure to regulate the stock market, changes in monetary policies (including money supply and interest rate) have significant effects on the conditional volatility of Chinese Stock Market, while effects of changes in fiscal policies (including stamp duty and fiscal expenditure) on the conditional volatility of Chinese Stock Market are not statistically significant. This finding, to a certain extent, verifies the fund-pulled features and weak-form efficient features of Chinese Stock Market.
Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for progressive multiple sclerosis: report of efficacy and safety at three yr of follow up in 21 patients (2006)

Autologous HSCT seems beneficial to PMS. However, more patients and longer follow up would be required to assess the risk/benefit ratio.
Regenerative Therapy After Cancer: What Are the Risks? (2010)

There is often a pressing need for reconstruction after cancer surgery. Regenerative therapy holds the promise of more natural and esthetic functional tissue. In the case of breast reconstruction postmastectomy, volume retention problems associated with autologous fat transfer could be ameliorated by augmentation with cells capable mediating rapid vascularization of the graft. Intentional placement of regenerating tissue at the site of tumor resection raises questions concerning the possibility of promoting cancer recurrence. Here we review coculture and animal models of tumor/mesenchymal stem cell interactions under regenerating conditions. Available evidence from case reports, cell lines, and clinical isolates favors the interpretation that regenerating tissue promotes the growth of active, high-grade tumor. In contrast, dormant cancer cells do not appear to be activated by the complex signals accompanying wound healing and tissue regeneration, suggesting that engineered tissue reconstruction should be deferred until cancer remission has been firmly established.
Frequency multiplication in actively mode-locked semiconductor lasers (1993)

We report a method that enables an external-cavity semiconductor laser to be actively mode locked at multiples of the radio frequency (rf) drive frequency. The key to this method is the choice of the relationship between the external cavity resonance frequency and the rf drive frequency. The repetition rate of the output pulses is the lowest common multiple of the external cavity resonance frequency and the rf modulation frequency. The method has been demonstrated in a laser with a cavity resonance frequency of 1 GHz; 17 GHz pulse streams were generated using rf drive frequencies of 8.49 and 5.67 GHz.
Synthesis of Enantiopure Di( <i>Tert</i> ‐Butyl) (2 <scp> <i>S</i> </scp> ,4 <scp> <i>S</i> </scp> )‐4‐Hydroxy‐6‐Oxo‐1,2‐Piperidinedicarboxylate. A Useful Building Block for the Preparation of 4‐Hydroxypipecolate Derivatives (2008)

Abstract N ‐alpha‐ tert ‐Butoxycarbonyl‐L‐aspartic acid alpha‐ tert ‐butyl ester 2,2‐Dimethyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐4,6‐dione N ‐(3‐Dimethylaminopropyl)‐ N ′‐ethylcarbodimide hydrochloride 2‐ tert ‐ Butoxycarbonylamino‐4‐(2,2‐dimethyl‐4,6‐dioxo‐[1,3]dioxin‐5‐yl)‐4‐oxo‐butyric acid tert ‐butyl ester Di( tert ‐butyl)(2 S )‐4,6‐dioxo‐1,2‐piperidinedicarboxylate Sodium borohydride Di( tert ‐butyl)(2 S ,4 S )‐4‐hydroxy‐6‐oxo‐1,2‐piperidinedicarboxylate
A Novel Phase Variation Mechanism in the Meningococcus Driven by a Ligand-Responsive Repressor and Differential Spacing of Distal Promoter Elements (2009)

Phase variable expression, mediated by high frequency reversible changes in the length of simple sequence repeats, facilitates adaptation of bacterial populations to changing environments and is frequently important in bacterial virulence. Here we elucidate a novel phase variable mechanism for NadA, an adhesin and invasin of Neisseria meningitidis. The NadR repressor protein binds to operators flanking the phase variable tract and contributes to the differential expression levels of phase variant promoters with different numbers of repeats likely due to different spacing between operators. We show that IHF binds between these operators, and may permit looping of the promoter, allowing interaction of NadR at operators located distally or overlapping the promoter. The 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, a metabolite of aromatic amino acid catabolism that is secreted in saliva, induces NadA expression by inhibiting the DNA binding activity of the repressor. When induced, only minor differences are evident between NadR-independent transcription levels of promoter phase variants and are likely due to differential RNA polymerase contacts leading to altered promoter activity. Our results suggest that NadA expression is under both stochastic and tight environmental-sensing regulatory control, both mediated by the NadR repressor, and may be induced during colonization of the oropharynx where it plays a major role in the successful adhesion and invasion of the mucosa. Hence, simple sequence repeats in promoter regions may be a strategy used by host-adapted bacterial pathogens to randomly switch between expression states that may nonetheless still be induced by appropriate niche-specific signals.