gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Log-structured memory for DRAM-based storage (2014)

Traditional memory allocation mechanisms are not suitable for new DRAM-based storage systems because they use memory inefficiently, particularly under changing access patterns. In contrast, a log-structured approach to memory management allows 80-90% memory utilization while offering high performance. The RAMCloud storage system implements a unified log-structured mechanism both for active information in memory and backup data on disk. The RAMCloud implementation of log-structured memory uses a two-level cleaning policy, which conserves disk bandwidth and improves performance up to 6× at high memory utilization. The cleaner runs concurrently with normal operations and employs multiple threads to hide most of the cost of cleaning.
Upper and lower airway compromise in the apert syndrome (1992)

Both upper and lower airway compromise may be responsible for early death in some patients with the Apert syndrome. We report on two and review six cases with complete or partial cartilage sleeve abnormalities of the trachea. Possible mechanisms include tracheal stenosis and/or lack of tracheal distensibility which may result in respiratory inefficiency, inability to clear secretions, and/or increased liability to surface injury from tracheal suctioning. Upper airway compromise, consisting of obstructive sleep apnea and cor pulmonale, may result from reduced nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal dimensions in the Apert craniofacial configuration.
Stanniocalcin 1 Is an Autocrine Modulator of Endothelial Angiogenic Responses to Hepatocyte Growth Factor (2003)

Stanniocalcin 1 (STC1) is a secreted glycoprotein originally described as a hormone involved in calcium and phosphate homeostasis in bony fishes. We recently identified the mammalian homolog of this molecule to be highly up-regulated in an in vitro model of angiogenesis, as well as focally and intensely expressed at sites of pathological angiogenesis (e.g. tumor vasculature). In the present study, we report that STC1 is a selective modulator of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced endothelial migration and morphogenesis, but not proliferation. STC1 did not inhibit proliferative or migratory responses to vascular endothelial growth factor or basic fibroblast growth factor. The mechanism of STC1 inhibitory effects on HGF-induced endothelial migration seem to occur secondary to receptor activation because STC1 did not inhibit HGF-induced c-met receptor phosphorylation, but did block HGF-induced focal adhesion kinase activation. In the mouse femoral artery ligation model of angiogenesis, STC1 expression closely paralleled that of the endothelial marker CD31, and the peak level of STC1 expression occurred after an increase in HGF expression. We propose that STC1 may play a selective modulatory role in angiogenesis, possibly serving as a "stop signal" or stabilizing factor contributing to the maturation of newly formed blood vessels. HGF is a mesenchyme-derived pleiotropic factor with mitogenic, motogenic, and morphogenic activities on a number of different cell types. HGF effects are mediated through a specific tyrosine kinase, c-met, and aberrant HGF and c-met expression are frequently observed in a variety of tumors. Recent studies have shown HGF to be a potent growth factor implicated in wound healing, tissue regeneration, and angiogenesis.
An approach to analog mitigation of RFI (2002)

Among all noise sources present in wireline transmission systems we focus on one special type: narrowband radio frequency interference generated by radio amateurs (RAM) and broadcast radio stations. This disturbance, characterized by high power and narrow bandwidth, has the potential of overloading the receiver's analog-to-digital converter (ADC). Once the ADC is in saturation, any countermeasure taken in digital domain will fail. A viable way to face this problem is cancellation using the common-mode signal as a reference. This paper describes in detail an adaptive, mixed-signal, narrowband interference canceller employing a modified recursive least-squares algorithm, which is split into an analog and a digital part. The mixed-signal approach enables the circuit to generate an interference-cancelling signal of several MHz while operating the adaptive algorithm at some kilohertz. Simulation as well as measurement results show a steady-state disturbance suppression of about 35 dB. The convergence speed is high enough to protect the ADC from overloading due to time-variant HAM interference.
Mg Intercalation Properties into V[sub 2]O[sub 5] gel/Carbon Composites under High-Rate Condition (2003)

carbon composites were prepared from a homogeneous suspension in which vanadium pentoxide sol and acetylene black powder were mixed with acetone acting as a surfactant. The composite was loaded on indium-tin oxide (ITO)-coated glass, and then the magnesium intercalation property and the high-rate charge-discharge performance were evaluated in an electrolyte of acetonitrile at room temperature. In cyclic voltammetry, two main peaks of a reversible redox reaction were observed. It was determined that 1.84 mol of Mg per mol of were inserted in the first cycle at a relatively slow sweep rate of 0.1 mV s−1, which corresponds to a specific capacity of 540 mAh Galvanostatic charge-discharge tests at various current densities showed a high capacity of about 600 mAh at a current density of 1.0 A and about 300 mAh was maintained even at 20 A © 2003 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Discovering biomedical semantic relations in PubMed queries for information retrieval and database curation (2016)

Identifying relevant papers from the literature is a common task in biocuration. Most current biomedical literature search systems primarily rely on matching user keywords. Semantic search, on the other hand, seeks to improve search accuracy by understanding the entities and contextual relations in user keywords. However, past research has mostly focused on semantically identifying biological entities (e.g. chemicals, diseases and genes) with little effort on discovering semantic relations. In this work, we aim to discover biomedical semantic relations in PubMed queries in an automated and unsupervised fashion. Specifically, we focus on extracting and understanding the contextual information (or context patterns) that is used by PubMed users to represent semantic relations between entities such as 'CHEMICAL-1 compared to CHEMICAL-2' With the advances in automatic named entity recognition, we first tag entities in PubMed queries and then use tagged entities as knowledge to recognize pattern semantics. More specifically, we transform PubMed queries into context patterns involving participating entities, which are subsequently projected to latent topics via latent semantic analysis (LSA) to avoid the data sparseness and specificity issues. Finally, we mine semantically similar contextual patterns or semantic relations based on LSA topic distributions. Our two separate evaluation experiments of chemical-chemical (CC) and chemical-disease (CD) relations show that the proposed approach significantly outperforms a baseline method, which simply measures pattern semantics by similarity in participating entities. The highest performance achieved by our approach is nearly 0.9 and 0.85 respectively for the CC and CD task when compared against the ground truth in terms of normalized discounted cumulative gain (nDCG), a standard measure of ranking quality. These results suggest that our approach can effectively identify and return related semantic patterns in a ranked order covering diverse bio-entity relations. To assess the potential utility of our automated top-ranked patterns of a given relation in semantic search, we performed a pilot study on frequently sought semantic relations in PubMed and observed improved literature retrieval effectiveness based on post-hoc human relevance evaluation. Further investigation in larger tests and in real-world scenarios is warranted.
Transient absorption and two-step laser excitation fluorescence studies of the excited-state proton transfer and relaxation in the methanol solution of 7-hydroxyflavone (1984)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTransient absorption and two-step laser excitation fluorescence studies of the excited-state proton transfer and relaxation in the methanol solution of 7-hydroxyflavoneMichiya Itoh and Tomoko AdachiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1984, 106, 16, 4320–4324Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1984Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1984https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00328a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00328a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views171Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Multiple turn on of IGBTs in Large Inverters (2006)

Large inverter-systems are characterized by a significant number of parallel IGBTs operating on the same DC-link. The IGBT-phases are cross coupled by their mutual stray inductance. This paper investigates the special effects occurring due to nearly simultaneous turn on of multiple IGBTs. This operation can cause a significant increase in stress on the IGBT and especially on the free wheeling diode. Countermeasures to cope with these problems will be discussed
Performance analysis of MSP: feature-rich high-speed transport protocol (1993)

A performance analysis of the MultiStream Protocol (MSP), a feature-rich flexible transport protocol designed to meet the needs of high-performance applications, is presented. The analysis presents the advantages and disadvantages of the implementation of several different protocol mechanisms, such as packet or block mode data transfer. It is based on the processing complexity associated with executing each protocol function. Results show that a feature-rich transport protocol can be implemented in which the protocol control processing overhead is not prohibitive to providing high performance to an application. Instead, the benefits of a lean protocol are achieved because the protocol services better fit application requirements. Also, the primary bottleneck for data transfer is shown to be the complexity associated with error control, which can reduced through the technique of transmitting packets in blocks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cancer: A Computational Disease That AI Can Cure (2011)

Cancer kills millions of people each year. From an AI perspective, finding effective treatments for cancer is a high‐dimensional search problem characterized by many molecularly distinct cancer subtypes, many potential targets and drug combinations, and a dearth of high‐quality data to connect molecular subtypes and treatments to responses. The broadening availability of molecular diagnostics and electronic medical records presents both opportunities and challenges to apply AI techniques to personalize and improve cancer treatment. We discuss these in the context of Cancer Commons, a “rapid learning” community where patients, physicians, and researchers collect and analyze the molecular and clinical data from every cancer patient and use these results to individualize therapies. Research opportunities include adaptively planning and executing individual treatment experiments across the whole patient population, inferring the causal mechanisms of tumors, predicting drug response in individuals, and generalizing these findings to new cases. The goal is to treat each patient in accord with the best available knowledge and to continually update that knowledge to benefit subsequent patients. Achieving this goal is a worthy grand challenge for AI.
Speciation of selenium in aqueous and biological matrices by microbore ion chromatography coupled with electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry via ultra low volume fraction collection† (1998)

A robust, user-friendly, sensitive and affordable speciation method based on microbore anion-exchange chromatography (IC) for the separation of selenium species and Zeeman-effect ETAAS for element specific detection is described. By exploiting the very low flow rates normally employed in microbore chromatography, the analytical usefulness of chromatography coupled to the sensitive but discontinuous ETAAS detector has been increased in comparison with couplings incorporating normal bore liquid chromatography. The flow rate of the mobile phase in this particular IC system was 80 µl min–1. A highly reproducible and automated collection of 20 µl fractions in sampler cups was used for interfacing the chromatographic separation with ETAAS. The IC–ETAAS results were also directly compared with those obtained by IC-direct injection nebulizer ICP-AES for assessing the chromatographic resolution of the proposed method. It is possible to separate selenomethionine, selenite, selenate and selenocystine in 6 min. The trade-off in chromatographic resolution and time consumption in the detection step using IC–ETAAS is compensated for by a high degree of simplicity and the high specificity and sensitivity of the Zeeman-effect ETAAS resulting in relative detection limits of 2.8–4.1 ng ml–1 (42–61 pg absolute). These detection limits are comparable to those for published HPLC–ICP-MS methods. The method was evaluated by injecting aqueous standards, unspiked and spiked sample extracts from the biological certified reference material CRM 402. The eluent was injected along with a palladium–magnesium nitrate modifier since the pyrolysis curves for trimethylselenonium, selenomethionine, selenite, selenate and selenocystine revealed a similar response for all species by using this modifier, i.e, all species are thermally stabilized up to 1000 °C. Without adding the modifier, the species showed very different volatilities during the thermal pre-treatment step.
The production of an amyloidogenic metabolite of the Alzheimer amyloid beta precursor protein (APP) in thyroid cells is stimulated by interleukin 1 beta, but inhibited by interferon gamma. (1996)

Thyroid epithelial cells have been shown to have a high APP expression and to produce large amounts of its metabolic derivatives, namely secreted APPs and a potentially amyloidogenic 41-kDa C-terminal fragment. It was the aim of the present study to analyze how APP production and metabolism were regulated in human thyroid cells. The effects of three cytokines, interferon gamma (IFN gamma), interleukin 1beta (IL-1 beta) and transforming growth factor (TGF) beta, were investigated. Cell extracts and supernatants were studied by immunoblotting using specific N- and C-terminal APP antibodies. Quantification was performed by densitometric scanning. We demonstrate that IFN gamma has a strong suppressive effect on the production and metabolism of APP. From a concentration of 30 U/ml upwards it reduces the cellular APP content, decreases the amounts of secreted APPs and inhibits the generation of the 41-kDa amyloidogenic APP fragment. In contrast, IL-1 beta has a stimulatory influence on the generation of the amyloidogenic 41-kDa APP metabolite, but does not affect the cellular holoprotein or APPs. TGFbeta has no significant effect on APP. Our results demonstrate that cytokines can regulate APP production and metabolism in thyroid cells. IFN gamma is the first naturally occurring agent described to inhibit the generation of amyloidogenic APP fragments. It may be of relevance in preventing amyloid deposition during inflammatory processes in the thyroid gland, but may exert a similar protective effect in other non-neuronal and neuronal tissues.
High‐performance radiofrequency coils for <sup>23</sup>Na MRI: brain and musculoskeletal applications (2015)

23 Na RF coil design for brain and MSK applications presents a number of challenges, including poor coil loading for arrays of small coils and SNR penalties associated with providing 1 H capability with the same coil. The basics of RF coil design are described, as well as a review of historical approaches to dual tuning. There follows a review of published high performance coil designs for MSK and brain imaging. Several coil designs have been demonstrated at 7T and 3T which incorporate close‐fitting receive arrays and in some cases design features which provide 1 H imaging with little penalty to 23 Na sensitivity. The “nested coplanar loop” approach is examined, in which small transmit‐receive 1 H elements are placed within each 23 Na loop, presenting only a small perturbation to 23 Na performance and minimizing RF shielding issues. Other designs incorporating transmit‐receive arrays for 23 Na and 1 H are discussed including a 9.4 T 23 Na / 1 H brain coil. Great gains in 23 Na SNR have been made with many of these designs, but simultaneously achieving high performance for 1H remains elusive. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of internal waves in the South China Sea Observed by a shipboard coherent radar (2010)

In 2005 and 2007, a coherent, X-band radar was deployed in the South China Sea on two different ships. In both cases, the two parabolic antennas of the radar were fixed at grazing angles of approximately 2° looking toward the bow of the ship. The radar transmitted and received through a single antenna but alternated between the two antennas approximately every half second. One antenna was horizontally polarized and the other was vertically polarized. The data were analyzed by computing normalized radar cross sections and scatterer velocities as a function of ground range and time. Surface signatures of the internal waves were obvious in both types of image and at both polarizations as regions of enhanced cross sections or scatterer velocities. The collected imagery showed that at least two different types of internal waves exist in the South China Sea: small, nearly sinusoidal trains of waves and large soliton-like waves. These different types travel at very different speeds and interact with each other. The small nearly sinusoidal waves travelled at phase speeds near 1 m/s that increased as the small wave trains were overtaken by the faster solitons. Combined with other shipboard measurements, the radar measurements yielded the widths, maximum velocities, and strain rates of the solitons as well as the dependence of phase speed on amplitude. When the speeds of both the ship and the solitons were removed, the measurements showed that soliton full-widths at half-maximum ranged from about 0.5 to 4.5 km. These widths showed a dependence on the amplitude of the soliton. The phase speeds of the solitons also depended on their amplitude, reaching 3 m/s in deep water but only about 1.2 m/s in shallow water. CTD profiles were used to estimate an interface depth for a two-layer fluid model of the propagation of the solitons. The phase speeds predicted by this model agreed well with the observed dependence of the soliton phase speed on amplitude in both shallow and deep water.
Bexxar (Corixa/GlaxoSmithKline). (2002)

Bexxar (131I tositumomab) is a radiolabeled anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of relapsed and refractory follicular/low-grade and transformed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. It has shown high response rates with durable complete remissions in patients who have received either prior chemotherapy or rituximab (Rituxan, MabThera; IDEC Pharmaceuticals Corp/Genentech/F Hoffmann La Roche). Complications include myelosuppression, secondary acute leukemia, myelodysplasia and hypothyroidism. The role of this promising new agent is being defined in phase II and III trials. In February 2001, ABN Amro Predicted launch in 2001 and sales of US $25 million rising to US $70 million in 2003 [422363]. Corixa and GlaxoSmithKline anticipate a launch in the US in 2002 [424619].
Structural basis of the therapeutic anti-PD-L1 antibody atezolizumab (2017)

Monoclonal antibodies targeting PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway have achieved unprecedented success in cancer treatment over the last few years. Atezolizumab is the first PD-L1 monoclonal antibody approved by US FDA for cancer therapy; however the molecular basis of atezolizumab in blocking PD-1/PD-L1 interaction is not fully understood. Here we have solved the crystal structure of PD-L1/atezolizumab complex at 2.9 angstrom resolution. The structure shows that atezolizumab binds the front beta-sheet of PD-L1 through three CDR loops from the heavy chain and one CDR loop from the light chain. The binding involves extensive hydrogen-bonding and hydrophobic interactions. Notably there are multiple aromatic residues from the CDR loops forming Pi-Pi stacking or cation-Pi interactions within the center of the binding interface and the buried surface area is more than 2000 Å<sup>2</sup>, which is the largest amongst all the known PD-L1/antibody structures. Mutagenesis study revealed that two hot-spot residues (E58, R113) of PD-L1 contribute significantly to the binding of atezolizumab. The structure also shows that atezolizumab binds PD-L1 with a distinct heavy and light chain orientation and it blocks PD-1/PD-L1 interaction through competing with PD-1 for the same PD-L1 surface area. Taken together, the complex structure of PD-L1/atezolizumab solved here revealed the molecular mechanism of atezolizumab in immunotherapy and provides basis for future monoclonal antibody optimization and rational design of small chemical compounds targeting PD-L1 surface.
Growth Inhibition of Foodborne and Pathogenic Bacteria by Conjugated Linoleic Acid (2009)

The influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on the growth of some foodborne and pathogenic bacteria was examined. A potassium salt of CLA (CLA-K) was tested against three Gram-positive strains ( Bacillus cereus , Staphylococcus aureus , and Streptococcus mutans ) and five Gram-negative strains ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa , Salmonella typhimurium , Vibrio parahemolyticus , Klebsiella pneumoniae , and Proteus mirabilis ). CLA-K-mediated growth inhibition was evident for all tested strains, particularly the Gram-positive strains. The IC(50) value of CLA-K was 0.3 mM for B. cereus, 1.2 mM for S. aureus, and 0.3 mM for S. mutans, whereas the value was 1.2 mM for K. pneumoniae, 1.2 mM for P. aeruginosa, 1.8 mM for S. typhimurium, 1.8 mM for V. parahemolyticus, and 2.4 mM for P. mirabilis. The CLA-K delayed the growth of all the tested strains at lower CLA-K concentrations, but completely inhibited the growth at higher concentrations. All cells grown in the medium containing CLA-K contained CLA in their membranes and exhibited irregular cell surface and cell disruption, which were greater in Gram-positive than Gram-negative strains. Higher lactic dehydrogenase activity (LDH), protein content, and malondialdehyde (MDA) content were evident in Gram-positive strains than in Gram-negative strains. These results suggest that the broad spectrum of growth inhibition by CLA mediated through the lipid peroxidation of CLA in the membranes and in the medium.