gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Algorithm Providing Fault-Tolerance for Layered Distributed Systems (1991)

This paper presents a new approach for the fault-tolerance in layered distributed systems. We develop the dynamic regeneration method in which faulty software components are dynamically regenerated. In contrast to other techniques which duplicated critical components, this method does not increase the complexity of the system and tolerates an unlimited number of failures. To apply this technique, we develop a method for the design of reliable systems. We transform an initial software architecture in a model which encloses homogeneous elements. Our study relies on the OSI standard model defined within the ISO organization. So, from an initial layered distributed architecture, we exhibit a homogeneous communication chain. The building and the maintenance of this chain in an unreliable environment is achieved by an algorithm using dynamic regeneration.
Cloud Point and Surface Tension Studies of Triblock Copolymer−Ionic Surfactant Mixed Systems in the Presence of Amino Acids or Dipeptides and Electrolytes (2010)

This paper is focused on the influence of some amino acids or dipeptides (glycine, l-alanine, l-valine, l-threonine, l-proline, glycylglycine, and glycyl-dl-valine) and electrolytes (NaCl, MgCl2, Na2SO4, and Na3PO4) on the cloud point (CP) and surface properties of pure triblock copolymers [(EO)2.5(PO)31(EO)2.5 and (EO)13(PO)30(EO)13 (L-64)] and their mixed systems with cationic surfactants [dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB), tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide (TTAB), and hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide] and anionic surfactants [sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS), and dioctyl sulphosuccinate sodium salt (AOT)]. The CP of the mixed system of triblock copolymers and surfactants is more than that of pure triblock copolymers. The decrease in the CP behavior of pure triblock copolymers as well as their mixed systems with ionic surfactants have been explained on the basis of the polar or nonpolar characteristics and the steric factor of the side chains of both amino acids and dipeptides. The variation of the CP of pure triblock copolymers and their mixed systems in the presence of electrolytes has been explained on the basis of salting-in or salting-out nature and the co- and counterion effect, respectively. The effect of amino acids or dipeptides on the surface properties of pure triblock copolymers and their mixed systems with ionic surfactants has been attributed to the hydrophobicity and steric effect of the side chains of these additives.
Widely tunable-constant bandwidth monolithic Fabry-Perot filter with a stable cavity design for WDM systems (2002)

The authors report the design and fabrication of micromechanically tunable filters using a novel stable resonator geometry. The filters consist of a 1/spl lambda/ air-gap cavity with two InP/air-gap Bragg reflectors. The design of the micromechanical structure ensures a stable resonator geometry under actuation that provides constant performance throughout the entire tuning range of 65 nm. The devices are micromachined from a monolithic all epitaxial InP-InGaAs structure that can be integrated with an InP-based photo detector or emitter in a low-cost component for coarse wavelength division multiplexing systems operating in the 1.3 or 1.55 μm band.
Facile Preparation of (3S)-1,3-Dimethyl-3-cyanomethyl-5-ethoxyoxindole from Julian's Nitrile Enriched in the (3S)-Enantiomer (1995)

3S)-1,3-Dimethyl-3-cyanomethyl-5-etho~le (4a) was prepared in high optical purity from a 4a enriched enantiomeric mixture obtained by asymmetric 3-cyanomethylation of oxindole (11) by removal of the racemate with a single recrystallization.Physostigmine (la), 1 a major alkaloid from Calabar beans, was recently found useful to relieve the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease.The therapeutic properties of l a are vastly improved in phenserine (2a) which is a long-acting and selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase, 2'4 and in 1-demethylphenserine (fl-norphenserine) (3a) which also shows such qualities.Since it was found that the (3aR)-enantiomer ( l b ) (not shown) of the unnatural series was largely devoid of anticholinesterase activity, synthetic efforts focused on the synthesis of compounds with (35)- configuration.The alkaloid ( l a ) was prepared by total synthesis by Julian and Pikl in 1935, '3 with nitrile (4) as the key intermediate, and a chemical resolution of the amine (9) obtained from 4 on reduction and methylation.Several improvements in the Julian total synthesis, accomplished by chemical resolution of different intermediates, 9-13 were recently reported.Further progress, achieved by asymmetric 3-cyanomethylation of oxindole with a chiral phase transfer catalyst (CPTC), yielding nitrile (5) with a 77 % ee of the (3s)-enantiomer (5a), gave optically pure material only after its reduction to amine (10) and a chemical resolution of 10 with dibenzoyl-P tartaric acid.l4 The resolution of 10 with tartaric acid was also reported recently.15 We recently reported chromatographic enantioseparation of 5 in high yield with cellulose triacetate as stationary phase on preparative scale, l6 but similar technique didn't work with Julian's nitrile (4), and other nitriles (6-8).In this paper, we describe a simple and efficient procedure to prepare optically pure 4a as the key intermediate in the total synthesis of physostigmine and its analogs.
Abundance and Diversity of <i>Archaea</i> in Heavy-Metal-Contaminated Soils (1999)

The impact of heavy-metal contamination on archaean communities was studied in soils amended with sewage sludge contaminated with heavy metals to varying extents. Fluorescent in situ hybridization showed a decrease in the percentage of Archaea from 1.3% +/- 0.3% of 4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole-stained cells in untreated soil to below the detection limit in soils amended with heavy metals. A comparison of the archaean communities of the different plots by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis revealed differences in the structure of the archaean communities in soils with increasing heavy-metal contamination. Analysis of cloned 16S ribosomal DNA showed close similarities to a unique and globally distributed lineage of the kingdom Crenarchaeota that is phylogenetically distinct from currently characterized crenarchaeotal species.
A noise and yet (1975)

The Coast Guard under Title 33, Chapter I, of the Code of Federal Regulations is designated to provide sound signals as aids to navigation. Cannons and bells were the first types of sound to be used. Through the years the sounds have changed. A tape recording of most of the sounds through the evolutionary years will be played. Some of these sounds are more readily accepted by the public than others. The Coast Guard is trying to provide the most pleasing sounds with the least amount of “noise pollution” from each signal, while providing the maximum signal necessary to the mariner. A summary of the noise control efforts being used in aids to navigation will be presented.
Information Slices: Visualising and Exploring Large Hierarchies using Cascading, Semi-Circular Discs (1998)

This paper presents work in progress on a new technique for visu- alising and manipulating large hierarchies. The information slices approach compactly visualises hierarchical structures using a series of semi-circular discs. The technique is described in the context of our early experience with a prototype file system visualiser based on information slices. Over the last few years, the emerging field of information visuali- sation has resulted in a numerous techniques for helping visualise and make sense of large information spaces (10). Among these are several techniques for visualising and interacting with large hierar- chies which go beyond the traditional approach taken in 2d scrolling browsers such as the Windows Explorer. Treemaps (6, 9) are space-filling visualisations of hierarchies based on successive horizontal and vertical subdivision of screen rectangles. The area of each rectangle is proportional to some at- tribute of the underlying hierarchy such as the (total) size of each subtree. Xdu (4) is a utility for the X window system which displays a graphical disk usage for Unix file systems. Rectangles are stacked from left to right as the directory tree is descended. The current di- rectory is represented by the leftmost rectangle, which is the entire height of the window. Subdirectories are represented by neighbour- ing rectangles in the next column, whose height are proportional to the size of each subdirectory. The hyperbolic browser (7) uses a focus and context technique based on hyperbolic geometry. A hierarchy is laid out uniformly on the hyperbolic plane and then mapped to the unit disc for display on screen. Nodes in the centre of the disc are largest and nodes are assigned progressively less space towards the perimeter of the disc. Cheops (3) is based on multiple re-use of overlaid triangles in the display. Working top-down, the selection of a node (triangle) at a particular level designates that node's children are to be represented
65-nm CMOS, W-Band Receivers for Imaging Applications (2007)

Two 76-92 GHz receivers, featuring 3-stage cascode LNAs coupled through a transformer to a double-balanced Gilbert-cell mixer and differential DC-5GHz IF buffer, are reported in 65-nm general purpose (GP) CMOS technology. One receiver features a traditional LNA with series-series inductive feedback, while the LNA of the second receiver employs a shunt-series, transformer-feedback cascode stage. Both receivers have a differential down-conversion gain of 12 dB, an input P <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1dB</sub> of -13 dBm, and a double-sideband noise figure of 9-10 dB. They each occupy an area of 550μm×550μm and consume 94 mW. An LO-to-RF isolation of 60 to 59 dB was measured for LO signals in the 80-85 GHz range. The transformer-feedback provides a broader bandwidth input match, lower than -10 dB from 74 to 95 GHz.
A single residue in the M2-M3 loop is a major determinant of coupling between binding and gating in neuronal nicotinic receptors. (1996)

Binding of agonists to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors generates a sequence of changes that activate a cation-selective conductance. By measuring electrophysiological responses in chimeric alpha7/alpha3 receptors expressed in Xenopus oocytes, we have showed the involvement of the M2-M3 loop in coupling agonist binding to the channel gate. An aspartate residue therein, Asp-266 in the alpha7 subunit, was identified by site-directed mutagenesis as crucial, since mutants at this position exhibited very poor functional responses to three different nicotinic agonists. We have extended this investigation to another neuronal nicotinic receptor (alpha3/beta4), and found that a homologous residue in the beta4 subunit, Asp-268, played a similar role in coupling. These findings are consistent with a hypothesis that the aspartate residue in the M2-M3 loop, which is conserved in all homomer-forming alpha-type subunits and all neuronal beta-type subunits that combine to form functional receptors, is a major determinant of information transmission from binding site to channel gate in all neuronal nicotinic receptors.
Nonlinearity Limitations When Mixing 40-Gb/s Coherent PDM-QPSK Channels With Preexisting 10-Gb/s NRZ Channels (2008)

We investigate the penalties onto a 40-Gb/s polarization-division-multiplexing (PDM)-quadrature phase-shift keying caused by PDM, wavelength-division multiplexing and 10-Gb/s nonreturn-to-zero neighbor channels. Besides, we optimize the carrier phase estimation process and introduce bandgaps in the multiplex in order to contain limitations caused by cross nonlinear effects.
Ytterbium-doped fibre lasers with tailored all-solid microstructured cladding (2008)

Although singlemode fiber lasers become a mature technology, enhancements, in terms of output power, spatial beam quality, bend insensitivity are still required. A major trend is to increase the active core area to increase the thresholds of nonlinear effects while ensuring a transverse singlemode behavior. Actually, increasing the active ions' concentration is also demanded since it allows a drastic reduction of the fiber length, everything being equal. Two non-exclusive strategies are laid out to overcome fiber laser limitations. On the one hand, it is demonstrated that surrounding a highly multimode active core by a properly designed microstructured cladding, exhibiting specific resonant features, allows the fiber laser to be operated in the singlemode regime. On the other hand, a large mode area photonic bandgap fibre is shown to lead to a transverse singlemode fiber laser with very good lasing efficiency.
A segmented T2-prepared SSFP sequence for T2-weighted imaging and T2-mapping of the myocardium (2010)

A segmented, T2-prepared, multi-slice, multi-echo imaging sequence is presented that can be applied to edema identification in AMI patients.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Modulates Survival, Proliferation, and Neuronal Differentiation in Neonatal Subventricular Zone Cell Cultures (2008)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha has been reported to modulate brain injury, but remarkably, little is known about its effects on neurogenesis. We report that TNF-alpha strongly influences survival, proliferation, and neuronal differentiation in cultured subventricular zone (SVZ) neural stem/progenitor cells derived from the neonatal P1-3 C57BL/6 mice. By using single-cell calcium imaging, we developed a method, based on cellular response to KCl and/or histamine, that allows the functional evaluation of neuronal differentiation. Exposure of SVZ cultures to 1 and 10 ng/ml mouse or 1 ng/ml human recombinant TNF-alpha resulted in increased differentiation of cells displaying a neuronal-like profile of [Ca2+](i) responses, compared with the predominant profile of immature cells observed in control, nontreated cultures. Moreover, by using neutralizing antibodies for each TNF-alpha receptor, we found that the proneurogenic effect of 1 ng/ml TNF-alpha is mediated via tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 activation. Accordingly, the percentage of neuronal nuclear protein-positive neurons was increased following exposure to mouse TNF-alpha. Interestingly, exposure of SVZ cultures to 1 ng/ml TNF-alpha induced cell proliferation, whereas 10 and 100 ng/ml TNF-alpha induced apoptotic cell death. Moreover, we found that exposure of SVZ cells to TNF-alpha for 15 minutes or 6 hours caused an increase in the phospho-stress-activated protein kinase/c-Jun N-terminal kinase immunoreactivity initially in the nucleus and then in growing axons, colocalizing with tau, consistent with axonogenesis. Taken together, these results show that TNF-alpha induces neurogenesis in neonatal SVZ cell cultures of mice. TNF-alpha, a proinflammatory cytokine and a proneurogenic factor, may play a central role in promoting neurogenesis and brain repair in response to brain injury and infection.
Ein neuer Zyklus der Schweineproduktion (1965)

Ein neuer Zyklus der Schweineproduktion
Homochiral Recognition among Organic Molecules on Copper(110) (2009)

The adsorption of a prochiral quinacridone derivative (QA16C) with two alkyl chains of 16 carbon atoms on a Cu(110) surface was investigated with variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopy. QA16C molecules prefer to assemble at 150 K into short homochiral molecular lines with two enantiomorphous orientations in which the lateral alkyl chains exhibit partial disorder. With increasing sample temperatures, the QA16C lines form larger well-ordered homochiral domains. As a reason for the homochiral recognition, we identify a rigid alignment of the molecule due to the interaction with the substrate. In addition, lateral intermolecular interactions in the form of hydrogen bonding and van der Waals interactions are identified.
Asymptotic optimal bandwidth selection in kernel regression function estimation (1998)

We considered the bandwidth selection method which has asymptotic optimal convergence rate in kernel regression function estimation. For the proposed bandwidth selection, we considered Mean Averaged Squared Error as a performance criterion and its Taylor expansion to the fourth order. Then we estimate the bandwidth which minimizes the estimated approximate value of MASE. Finally we show the relative convergence rate between optimal bandwidth and proposed bandwidth.
A CMOS Sensor based on Single Photon Avalanche Diode for Fluorescence Lifetime Measurements (2006)

This paper describes the design of a 7times2-pixels array, fabricated in a high voltage 0.35-mum CMOS technology, and specifically conceived for fluorescence lifetime measurements. The incident light is detected using a photodiode biased above its breakdown voltage so that an extremely high sensitivity can be achieved exploiting the intrinsic multiplication effect of the avalanche phenomenon. A single photon avalanche diode combined with an active quenching circuit and a 17-bit digital events counter have been implemented in a 180times150-mum <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> pixel. On chip master logic provides the digital control phases required by the pixel array with a fully programmability of the main timing synchronisms. A maximum operating frequency of 40MHz and an observation window within the 0-128ns range with a 0.5ns step are expected
Predictors and Prognostic Impact of Recurrent Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Left Ventricular Dysfunction, Heart Failure, or Both Following a First Myocardial Infarction (2010)

Even in the context of contemporary treatment, a recurrent MI confers a significantly increased risk of death in patients following a high-risk first MI. Strategies aimed at reducing recurrent MI will thus likely prolong survival in post-MI survivors.
The design of CMOS radio-frequency integrated circuits, 2nd edition (2004)

53 ■ IEEE CIRCUITS & DEVICES MAGAZINE ■ NOVEMBER/DECEMBER 2005 THE DESIGN OF CMOS RADIOFREQUENCY INTEGRATED CIRCUITS, 2ND ED By Thomas Lee, Cambridge University Press, 2003. All-CMOS radio transceivers and system-on-a-chip are rapidly making inroads into a wireless market that, for years, was dominated by bipolar solutions. On wireless LAN and Bluethooth, RF CMOS is especially dominant, and it is becoming also in GSM cellular and GPS receivers. Hence, books that cover this widespread domain respond to a real need. The first edition of this book, published on 1998, was a pioneering textbook on the field of RF CMOS design. This second edition is a very interesting and upgraded version that includes new material and revised topics. In particular, it now includes a chapter on the fundamentals of wireless systems. The chapter on IC components is greatly expanded and now follows that on passive RLC components. The chapter on MOS devices has been updated since it includes the understanding of the model for the shorth-channel MOS and considers and discusses the scaling trends and its impact on the next several years. It has also expanded the topic of power amplifiers; indeed, it now also covers techniques for linearization and efficiency enhancement. Low-noise amplifiers, oscillators, and phase noise are now expanded and treated with more detail. Moreover, the chapter on transceiver architectures now includes much more detail, especially on direct-conversion architecture. Finally, additional commentary on practical details on simulations, floorplanning, and packaging has been added. The first edition of this book widely covered all the main arguments needed in the CMOS design context and provided a bridge between system and circuit issues. This second edition, which is upgraded and improved, is really useful, both in the industry and academia, for the new generation of RF engineers. Indeed, it is suited for students taking courses on RF design and is a valuable reference for practicing engineers. Of course, the arguments treated in the textbook lead up to low-frequency analog design IC topics. Hence, readers have to be intimately familiar with that subject. The book is divided into 20 chapters: 1) A Nonlinear History of Radio 2) Overview of Wireless Principles 3) Passive RLC Networks 4) Characteristics of Passive IC Components 5) A Review of MOS Device Physics; 6) Distributed Systems 7) The Smith Chart and S-Parameters 8) Bandwidth Estimation Techniques 9) High-Frequency Amplifier Design 10) Voltage References and Biasing 11) Noise 12) LNA Design 13) Mixers 14) Feedback Amplifiers 15) RF Power Amplifiers 16) Phase Locked Loop 17) Oscillators and Synthesizers 18) Phase Noise 19) Architectures 20) RF Circuits Through the Ages. Moreover, it contains over 100 circuit diagrams and many homework problems. Gaetano Palumbo
Elimination of oblique flow artifacts in magnetic resonance imaging (1992)

We present an analysis of how flow oblique to the frequency-encoding direction generates displacement artifacts in MR imaging and show that for flow which has constant velocity between the start of the phase encoding and the center of the echo it is possible to eliminate these artifacts by gradient moment nulling in the phase-encoding direction. However, unlike the standard moment nulling calculations for flow compensating the frequency-encode and slice-selection gradients, the phase-encoding first moment must be nulled specifically with respect to the echo center. Limitations of this method imposed by finite gradient strengths are analyzed. In 3D volume acquisitions with two axes phase encoded it is possible to correct for oblique flow in all directions, and this is demonstrated in images of a human volunteer. Correction for oblique flow displacement artifacts may be particularly useful in quantitative flow and angiographic applications.
Relationships between rhodamine 123 transport, cell volume, and ion-channel function of P-glycoprotein. (1994)

The P-glycoprotein (Pgp), a plasma membrane protein overexpressed in multidrug-resistant tumor cells, is thought to be both an ATPase that actively exports cytotoxic drugs and a Cl- channel activated by cell swelling. The partial reversal of multidrug resistance by Cl- transport blockers suggests a possible role for Cl- in Pgp-mediated drug transport. We used multidrug-resistant Chinese hamster fibroblasts and human breast cancer cells expressing Pgp to study the roles of Cl- (and also Na+ and HCO3-/CO2) on Pgp-mediated efflux of the fluorescent dye rhodamine 123 (R123). In Pgp-expressing Chinese hamster fibroblasts, exposed to isosmotic solutions, the unidirectional efflux of R123 was not measurably changed by a approximately 60-min removal of Cl- (or by exposure to Na(+)-free, or nominally HCO3-/CO2-free medium); short term (2-3 min) ion substitutions were also ineffective. In human breast cancer cells transfected with human mdr1 cDNA, hyposmotic solutions activated a Cl- current but had no effect on the Pgp-mediated unidirectional efflux of R123. Additionally, in human breast cancer cells, the intracellular presence of R123 did not prevent activation of the Cl- current by hyposmotic solution. The lack of detectable effect of removal of Cl-, Na+, or HCO3- on Pgp-mediated R123 transport rules out direct coupling between substrate transport and transport of either of these ions by Pgp. The persistence of Pgp-mediated R123 efflux in osmotically swollen cells indicates that activation of the Pgp-associated Cl- current does not hinder the Pgp pump function. The lack of effect of R123 on swelling-activated Cl- current denotes that Pgp-mediated transport of organic substrates and Pgp-associated Cl- currents can occur at the same time in a single cell. These results underscore the dissociation between Pgp-mediated active drug transport and electrodiffusive Cl- transport.