gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial resistance: risk associated with antibiotic overuse and initiatives to reduce the problem (2014)

Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health challenge, which has accelerated by the overuse of antibiotics worldwide. Increased antimicrobial resistance is the cause of severe infections, complications, longer hospital stays and increased mortality. Overprescribing of antibiotics is associated with an increased risk of adverse effects, more frequent re-attendance and increased medicalization of self-limiting conditions. Antibiotic overprescribing is a particular problem in primary care, where viruses cause most infections. About 90% of all antibiotic prescriptions are issued by general practitioners, and respiratory tract infections are the leading reason for prescribing. Multifaceted interventions to reduce overuse of antibiotics have been found to be effective and better than single initiatives. Interventions should encompass the enforcement of the policy of prohibiting the over-the-counter sale of antibiotics, the use of antimicrobial stewardship programmes, the active participation of clinicians in audits, the utilization of valid rapid point-of-care tests, the promotion of delayed antibiotic prescribing strategies, the enhancement of communication skills with patients with the aid of information brochures and the performance of more pragmatic studies in primary care with outcomes that are of clinicians' interest, such as complications and clinical outcomes.
Protein Kinase A-Dependent Step(s) in Hepatitis C Virus Entry and Infectivity (2008)

Viruses exploit signaling pathways to their advantage during multiple stages of their life cycle. We demonstrate a role for protein kinase A (PKA) in the hepatitis C virus (HCV) life cycle. The inhibition of PKA with H89, cyclic AMP (cAMP) antagonists, or the protein kinase inhibitor peptide reduced HCV entry into Huh-7.5 hepatoma cells. Bioluminescence resonance energy transfer methodology allowed us to investigate the PKA isoform specificity of the cAMP antagonists in Huh-7.5 cells, suggesting a role for PKA type II in HCV internalization. Since viral entry is dependent on the host cell expression of CD81, scavenger receptor BI, and claudin-1 (CLDN1), we studied the role of PKA in regulating viral receptor localization by confocal imaging and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) analysis. Inhibiting PKA activity in Huh-7.5 cells induced a reorganization of CLDN1 from the plasma membrane to an intracellular vesicular location(s) and disrupted FRET between CLDN1 and CD81, demonstrating the importance of CLDN1 expression at the plasma membrane for viral receptor activity. Inhibiting PKA activity in Huh-7.5 cells reduced the infectivity of extracellular virus without modulating the level of cell-free HCV RNA, suggesting that particle secretion was not affected but that specific infectivity was reduced. Viral particles released from H89-treated cells displayed the same range of buoyant densities as did those from control cells, suggesting that viral protein association with lipoproteins is not regulated by PKA. HCV infection of Huh-7.5 cells increased cAMP levels and phosphorylated PKA substrates, supporting a model where infection activates PKA in a cAMP-dependent manner to promote virus release and transmission.
Nonreciprocal left-handed microstrip lines using ferrite substrate (2004)

A ferrite left-handed transmission line has been proposed and investigated for the first time, which is composed of a ferrite microstrip line loaded periodically with capacitances and inductances. The nonreciprocal transmission characteristics with the isolation of greater than 20 dB are numerically obtained by finite element method and demonstrated experimentally in the positive and negative permeability frequency region for edge guided modes when the passband in the left-handed transmission overlaps with the negative permeability frequency region.
Identification of ERF-1 as a member of the AP2 transcription factor family (1997)

The ERF-1 transcription factor was previously shown to be involved in the regulation of estrogen receptor (ER) gene transcription in hormonally responsive breast and endometrial carcinomas. In this study we sought to identify the gene for ERF-1. ERF-1 activates ER gene transcription by binding to the imperfect palindrome CCCTGCGGGG within the promoter of the ER gene. ERF-1 protein was purified from the ER-positive breast carcinoma cell line, MCF7, utilizing ion exchange and DNA affinity chromatography. Peptide sequence analysis was used to isolate a 2.7 kb cDNA clone from an MCF7 cDNA library. This cDNA encodes a protein of 48 kDa previously identified as the AP2gamma transcription factor. By gel-shift analysis, in vitro synthesized ERF-1 comigrates with MCF7 native ERF-1 complex and demonstrates identical sequence binding specificity as native ERF-1. In addition, AP2 polyclonal antisera supershifts both in vitro synthesized and native ERF-1 complexes. These results show that ERF-1 is a member of the AP2 family of developmentally regulated transcription factors. Given the central role of ER expression in breast carcinoma biology, ERF-1 is likely to regulate expression of a set of genes characteristic of the hormonally-responsive breast cancer phenotype.
Rapid and sensitive detection of viable bacteria in contaminated platelet concentrates using a newly developed bioimaging system (2008)

The microbiologic method described here is rapid and sensitive, and this method has potential for the screening of PCs contaminated with bacterial cells. Furthermore, this method could contribute to further evaluation of inactivation techniques.
Numerical FEM Models for the Planning of Magnetic Induction Hyperthermia Treatments With Nanoparticles (2009)

A numerical FEM model of a magnetic fluid hyperthermia (MFH) treatment on an hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) metastasis has been simulated. Starting from actual CT images of the patient, a 3-D geometry of the anatomical district has been reconstructed and a coupled electromagnetic and thermal transient analysis has been performed, in order to predict the temperature distribution during the treatment. The <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">in</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">vivo</i> effect of blood perfusion has also been implemented through the Pennes's model. Various simulations have been carried out, based on different particle sizes and concentrations, as well as different exciting field intensities.
Allergic lung inflammation induces pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness (2006)

Pulmonary arterial vasoconstriction is an important early component of pulmonary hypertension. Inflammatory mechanisms play a prominent role in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. The present authors investigated the potential role of acute allergic lung inflammation for alterations in pulmonary haemodynamics. BALB/c mice were intraperitoneally sensitised to ovalbumin and challenged by ovalbumin inhalation. Subsequently, lungs were ventilated and perfused ex vivo, and pulmonary arterial pressure (P(pa)) was continuously monitored. Isolated perfused lungs of allergen-sensitised and -challenged mice showed five-fold enhanced P(pa) responses to serotonin, which is reported to be a significant contributor to pulmonary hypertension in humans. This increase in P(pa) was abolished by the serotonin receptor-2A antagonist ketanserin, but not the serotonin receptor-1B antagonist GR127935. Intracellular signalling to serotonin involved phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C and protein kinase C, as well as Rho-kinase, as assessed by employing the specific inhibitors D609, bisindolylmaleimide and Y27632, respectively. In addition to serotonin, impressively enhanced P(pa) increases in allergic lungs were also evoked by the thromboxane receptor agonist U46619, angiotensin II and endothelin-1. In conclusion, allergic lung inflammation was accompanied by impressive pulmonary vascular hyperresponsiveness. These results suggest a possible role for allergic inflammation in the development of pulmonary arterial hypertension.
From big data to insights (2013)

The combination of advanced genomic technologies and computational tools enables researchers to conduct large-scale experiments that answer biological questions in unprecedented ways. However, interaction tools in this area currently remain immature. We propose that tangible, embedded, and embodied interaction (TEI) offers unique opportunities for enhancing discovery and learning in genomics. Also, designing for problems in genomics can help move forward the theory and practice of TEI. We present challenges and key questions for TEI research in genomics, lessons learned from three case studies, and potential areas of focus for TEI research and design.
Comprehensive Handbook of Chemical Bond Energies (2007)

Understanding the energy it takes to build or break chemical bonds is essential for scientists and engineers in a wide range of innovative fields, including catalysis, nanomaterials, bioengineering, environmental chemistry, and space science. Reflecting the frequent additions and updates of bond dissociation energy (BDE) data throughout the literat
Ceramic and Ceramic Composite Materials with Improved Friction and Wear Properties (1995)

Dry friction and wear tests were performed with self-mated couples of SiC with 50 wt%TiC, SiC-TiB2, Si3N4 with 30 wt%TiN, Si3N4 with 5, 10 and 20 wt%BN and a binary carbo-nitride composite (Ti,Mo)(C,N) at room temperature and 40°C or 80°C. The results are compared with currently available SiC and Si3N4 materials. In a normal environment the examined ceramic composites used during these studies are able to form a lubricious oxide reaction layer or a film of an intrinsic solid lubricant on a hard substrate. The binary carbo-nitride composite had a wear coefficient smaller than 10−6 mm3 · N−1 ·m−1, sometimes smaller than 10−7 mm3 · N−1 · m−1, that was independent of temperature from ambient up to 800°C. At 22°C the addition of hexagonal BN reduced the friction of Si3N4. Simultaneously, the wear coefficient was independent of sliding velocity and below 10−6 mm3 · N−1 · m−1. Friction and wear increased with increasing temperature. The addition of TiC to SiC reduced friction and wear. At room temperature, Si3N4−TiN exhibited a lower wear than Si3N4. At 800°C, the wear coefficient of Si3N4 was reduced by two orders of magnitude by the addition of TiN as TiO2-x forming substrate. The addition of TiB2 to SiC was only beneficial at 400°C and above 0.5 m·s−1 compared to SiC by decreasing the wear coefficient.
Polymeric Systems Based on Derivatives of Ethylene-Vinyl Alcohol Copolymers (2000)

To obtain polymers with improved hemocompatibility properties, commercial ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymers (EVAL) were chemically modified, by the introduction of stearoyl groups to bind albumin and quaternary ammonium groups to bind heparin. These novel polymer composites were characterized by FT-IR and H-1-NMR spectroscopy. The amount of heparin and albumin bonded by these polymers were determined and the influence of the adsorption sequence (heparin + albumin or vice versa) was evaluated. The amount of adsorbed albumin was proportional to the stearoyl content of the polymer. When heparin was exposed to polymer surfaces containing quaternary ammonium groups, the amount of bonded heparin was proportional to the content of positively charged groups. An in vitro evaluation of the anti-clotting properties and of the adhesion characteristics of the polymer surfaces containing both stearoyl groups and quaternary ammonium groups exhibited, after heparinization, good anticoagulant activity. This activity was retained after the albuminization. Platelet adhesion tests showed that albuminization of polymer films containing only stearoyl residues improved their behavior towards platelet adhesion.
Cathepsins B, H and L activities in gingival crevicular fluid from chronic adult periodontitis patients and experimental gingivitis subjects (1990)

To clarify roles of lysosomal cysteine proteinases cathepsins B, H and L in pathological destructive process of periodontal tissues, levels of their enzymatic activities were determined in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from chronic adult periodontitis patients and from experimental gingivitis subjects. In periodontitis patients, higher levels of cathepsins B, H and L activities were found at sites with more serious signs of the disease activity. The total activity of each enzyme (per unit time) was positively correlated with the GCF volume. However, it had little or no correlation with the probing depth (PD). In contrast, the specific activity of each enzyme in GCF (activity units per mg protein), which reflects the selectivity of enzyme exudation, was negatively correlated with the GCF volume. These results suggest that the cysteine proteinases are selectively released into gingival crevices at a relatively mild stage of periodontitis. In experimental gingivitis subjects, no significant activity of each enzyme was detected in GCF, even when the quantity of GCF was comparable to that from periodontitis patients. These data suggest that no significant amounts of these enzymes are released at experimental gingivitis sites or that a homeostatic mechanism, including regulation by protease inhibitors, may control activities of these enzymes in GCF with acute inflammation.
A Fuel Injection System for Light Economy Cars (1983)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">PIPER "PIJET" is a low cost microprocessor controlled fuelling system that can be readily integrated into a total engine management package for single or multi-cylinder engines to 150 BHP (112 KW).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The system introduces fuel at the intake port of individual cylinders via air bled nozzles of unique design that assure good distribution by a process of "natural selection" from a single solenoid injector controlled low pressure fuel supply. The nozzles may be represented as jets of a multi-jet carburettor and are designed to give a high degree of fuel atomisation at small throttle openings.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Although the system is designed to run under microprocessor control any failure of that control will result in a "fail-safe" emergency running mode.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">As with any downstream port fuelling system full advantage may be taken of the power and economy advantages of ram-tuned induction together with the extensive use of plastics for system components.</div>
Overview of 6 Years R&D on Characterizing Wireless Devices in Rayleigh Fading Using Reverberation Chambers (2007)

The paper gives an overview of how measurements in reverberation chambers can be used to characterize the performance of small antennas and wireless terminals for mobile communications in environments with Rayleigh fading. The measurement capabilities include radiation efficiency, radiated power, diversity gain, MIMO system capacity and receiver sensitivity. In the latter case the reverberation chamber enable fast measurements of bit error rate (BER) and frame error rate (FER), and thereby total isotropic sensitivity (TIS). In addition, the terminals can be tested under realistic and continuous fading very similar to what is present in urban and indoor environments, referred to as average fading sensitivity (AFS). The chamber is the only known measurement instrument for directly measuring diversity gain and channel capacity; the alternative being to drive measurement instruments around in an actual urban environment. The measurements can fast and easily be performed for different talk positions relative to a head phantom.
A CMOS TV tuner/demodulator IC with digital image rejection (2005)

Superheterodyne TV tuners have been implemented in discrete forms using tunable RF and SAW IF filters. Integrating TV tuners in CMOS technology without them is a challenging task to cope with technical issues such as harmonic mixing and image. The image rejection in low- or zero-IF systems has been limited to 30-40 dB by analog imperfections such as I/Q path gain and phase mismatches. A single-chip low-IF TV tuner solution is proposed so that the image can be suppressed digitally using an image cancellation technique based on a complex one-tap LMS signal decorrelation algorithm. Programmable digital filtering and video/sound demodulation make a multistandard TV tuner feasible in the 48-860 MHz VHF/UHF band. The chip has a maximum gain of 63 dB and an input automatic gain control (AGC) range from -15 to 25 dB with 0.85-dB steps. It achieves an image and IF rejection of 60 dB, a peak carrier-to-noise ratio (CNR) of 55 dB, and a peak sound signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of 44 dB without frequency modulation (FM) de-emphasis. The prototype occupies 6/spl times/6 mm/sup 2/ in 0.25-/spl mu/m CMOS and consumes 1 W at 2.5 V.
Photoinduced Alcoholysis of α,α,α-Tribromoacetophenone to Benzoylformate (1983)

Abstract Irradiation of p-substituted α,α,α-tribromoacetophenones (1) in O2-saturated alcohols (MeOH, prim. and sec. alcohols) afforded a new alcoholysis product, benzoylformate (2), in good yield (75–85%) along with benzoate and radical (reduction) products. Sensitization experiments showed that 2 was derived from the triplet excited 1. Formation of 2 as well as the decomposition rate of 1 were greatly accelerated by oxygen, presumably as a result of the involvement of the normally forbidden S0→T1 transition of 1 due to the oxygen-1 charge transfer complex. Independent synthesis and reaction of possible intermediates in the photoalcoholysis of 1 leading to 2 suggested that 2 was formed from spontaneous (dark) reactions of initial photoalcoholysis product, α,α-dibromo-α-alkoxyacetophenone.
New approaches to improve diabetes control. (1991)

Knowledge about diabetes mellitus and its management has steadily increased since the discovery of insulin in 1921. Specific therapies for both type I and type II diabetes have resulted in greater normalization of plasma glucose levels. Information obtained from self-monitoring of blood glucose levels has given physicians a firmer base on which to make management decisions concerning the safe control of diabetes.
High-voltage device modeling for SPICE simulation of HVIC's (1988)

A novel methodology for flexible SPICE implementation of physical models for high-voltage power devices, accounting for their unique characteristics, is presented and demonstrated. The implementation is achieved without modifying the simulator code by utilizing user-defined controlled sources that reference a subroutine that defines the system of model equations. The simultaneous solution of the equations, which describe the integrated charges in the device and the quasistatic terminal currents in the terms of the terminal voltages, is effected by the SPICE2 nodal analysis. The methodology is exemplified by modeling the insulated-gate transistor (IGT). SPICE simulations of DC and transient characteristics of IGT switching circuits are discussed and shown to be representative of measurements. The flexibility of the modeling methodology for high-voltage integrated-circuit (HVIC) CAD is demonstrated by simulating effects of both static and dynamic latch-up in the merged bipolar/MOS structure of the IGT.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Comparison of antibiotic combinations against penicillin-resistant pneumococci (1994)

The isolation rate of penicillin resistant pneumococci is increasing in France. To date, cefotaxime and ceftriaxone are the two drugs recommended for the treatment of severe infections and oral third generation cephalosporins are frequently employed for the treatment of non-invasive pneumococcal diseases. In this study, we determined the bacteriostatic activity of 21 antibiotic combinations against 13 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae with MICs > or = 0.1 mg/L penicillin and 13 strains that were susceptible.
British Incomes Policy, 1972–1974 (1975)

Assesses the incomes policy that was adopted by the Conservative government of Great Britain in 1972, modeled after the incomes policy of the United States administration under President Nixon. Wage and price goals of the policy; Comparison of the British wage controls with the wage controls of the U.S. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
Nettimer: a tool for measuring bottleneck link, bandwidth (2001)

Measuring the bottleneck link bandwidth along a path is important for understanding the performance of many Internet applications. Existing tools to measure bottleneck bandwidth are relatively slow, can only measure bandwidth in one direction, and/or actively send probe packets. We present the nettimer bottleneck link bandwidth measurement tool, the libdpcap distributed packet capture library, and experiments quantifying their utility. We test nettimer across a variety of bottleneck network technologies ranging from 19.2Kb/s to 100Mb/s, wired and wireless, symmetric and asymmetric bandwidth, across local area and crosscountry paths, while using both one and two packet capture hosts. In most cases, nettimer has an error of less than 10%, but at worst has an error of 40%, even on cross-country paths of 17 or more hops. It converges within 10KB of the rst large packet arrival while consuming less than 7% of the network trac being measured. 1 Introduction Network bandwidth continues to ...
Epidemiological studies of A-Hong Kong-68 virus infection in dogs. (1972)

Experimental inoculation of dogs with the A/Hong Kong/68 influenzavirus resulted in subclinical infection. The virus was readily passed to contacts in the same cage when the latter were exposed in the same inoculation room 24 hours after experimental infection. Removing the site of contact to a noncontaminated room or delaying contact until 48 hours after experimental inoculation greatly reduced the possibility of infection in contact animals. A survey of 271 canine serum samples obtained after a human epidemic from different geographical areas of the USA and the United Kingdom showed that 5.9% of the samples were positive; no positive reactions were found among 111 pre-epidemic samples. These studies demonstrated the laboratory and natural susceptibility of dogs to the Hong Kong variant and suggest the possible role of dogs in the epidemiology of human influenza.
On finite frequency selective surfaces (2004)

It is customary to approximate finite periodic structures by considering infinite surfaces. While this approach works under many circumstances, there are cases where strong surface waves are excited that cannot be accounted for by the infinite array approach An explanation of this phenomenon is shown.