gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adsorption and reduction of nitrogen monoxide by potassium-doped carbon (1986)

Neither the adsorption nor the reduction of nitrogen monoxide occurs at 360 °C on pure carbon, but significant reduction of NO, giving N2 and CO2, proceeds on potassium-doped carbons. The uptake of NO on carbon is increased markedly by doping potassium salts and the adsorbed NO undergoes decomposition and/or desorption giving N2O (25–250 °C), NO (250–400 °C) and CO2(400 °C) in vacuum. Isotope labelling experiments using 15NO and N218O suggest that the N2O is produced by the decomposition of (NO)2(a) and that the NO and CO2 are caused by the reaction of NO2(a) with carbon. O(a) and NO2(a) are the predominant species during the reaction of NO on K-doped carbon, and NO2(a) suppresses the reaction of NO with carbon.
High spectral and spatial resolution hyperspectral imagery for quantifying Russian wheat aphid infestation in wheat using the constrained energy minimization classifier (2014)

The effects of insect infestation in agricultural crops are of major ecological and economic interest because of reduced yield, increased cost of pest control and increased risk of environmental contamination from insecticide application. The Russian wheat aphid (RWA, Diuraphis noxia) is an insect pest that causes damage to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). We proposed that concentrated RWA feeding areas, referred to as “hot spots,” could be identified and isolated from uninfested areas within a field for site specific aphid management using remotely sensed data. Our objectives were to (1) investigate the reflectance characteristics of infested and uninfested wheat by RWA and (2) evaluate utility of airborne hyperspectral imagery with 1-m spatial resolution for detecting, quantifying, and mapping RWA infested areas in commercial winter wheat fields using the constrained energy minimization classifier. Percent surface reflectance from uninfested wheat was lower in the visible and higher in the near infrared portions of the spectrum when compared with RWA-infested wheat. The overall classification accuracies of >89% for damage detection were achieved. These results indicate that hyperspectral imagery can be effectively used for accurate detection and quantification of RWA infestation in wheat for site-specific aphid management.
Research on packaging technology for a fiber optic acoustic sensor (2009)

A micro acoustic sensor with inclined fibers was proposed to improve its sensitivity. In order to get the highest sensitivity within the micro structure, the relative positions of elements in sensor should be exactly located; especially the distance between fibers and membrane should be optimum. A packaging technology for this micro sensor assemblage and test is introduced. It is based on a packaging system composed of three parts: distance adjusting, intensity collection and data analysis. The distance adjusting part increases the operating distance with a step of 2μm. Meanwhile the received power is recorded by intensity collection part on line to get the intensity characteristic curve. Through the data analysis part, sensitivity curve, optimum operating distance, the highest sensitivity and optimum received power of the proposed acoustic sensor are got. An experiment was implemented to assemble and test a sensor whose angle between two fibers was 60° by the proposed packaging system. Its optimum operating distance and highest sensitivity were analyzed to be 30μm and 2.49μW/μm. The sensitivity of packaged sensor to standard acoustic signal is 16mV/Pa and SNR is tested to be 54dB.
Effect of inspiratory muscle strength training on inspiratory motor drive and RREP early peak components (2003)

This study investigated the effect of inspiratory muscle strength training (IMST) on inspiratory motor drive [mouth occlusion pressure at 0.1 s (P(0.1))] and respiratory-related evoked potentials (RREP). It was hypothesized that, if IMST increased inspiratory muscle strength, inspiratory motor drive would decrease. If motor drive were related to the RREP, it was further hypothesized that an IMST-related decrease in drive would change RREP latency and/or amplitude. Twenty-three subjects received IMST at 75% of their maximal inspiratory pressure (Pi(max)) with the use of a pressure threshold valve. IMST consisted of four sets of six breaths daily for 4 wk. P(0.1) and the RREP were recorded before and after IMST. Posttraining, Pi(max) increased significantly by 36.0 +/- 2.7%. P(0.1) decreased significantly by 21.9 +/- 5.2%. The increase in Pi(max) was significantly correlated to the decrease in P(0.1). RREP peaks P(1a), N(f), P(1), and N(1) were identified pre- and post-IMST, and there was no difference in either amplitude or latency for those peaks. These results demonstrate that high-intensity IMST significantly increased Pi(max), decreased P(0.1), but did not change the RREP.
Motoneuron Apoptosis Is Blocked by CEP-1347 (KT 7515), a Novel Inhibitor of the JNK Signaling Pathway (1998)

Neurons undergoing apoptosis can be rescued by trophic factors that simultaneously increase the activity of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and decrease c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38. We identified a molecule, CEP-1347 (KT7515), that rescues motoneurons undergoing apoptosis and investigated its effect on ERK1 and JNK1 activity. Cultured rat embryonic motoneurons, in the absence of trophic factor, began to die 24-48 hr after plating. During the first 24 hr ERK1 activity was unchanged, whereas JNK1 activity increased fourfold. CEP-1347 completely rescued motoneurons for at least 72 hr with an EC50 of 20 +/- 2 nM. CEP-1347 did not alter ERK1 activity but rapidly inhibited JNK1 activation. The IC50 of CEP-1347 for JNK1 activation was the same as the EC50 for motoneuron survival. Inhibition of JNK1 activation by CEP-1347 was not selective to motoneurons. CEP-1347 also inhibited JNK1 activity in Cos7 cells under conditions of ultraviolet irradiation, osmotic shock, and inhibition of glycosylation. Inhibition by CEP-1347 of the JNK1 signaling pathway appeared to be selective, because CEP-1347 did not inhibit p38-regulated mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase-2 (MAPKAP2) activity in Cos7 cells subjected to osmotic shock. The direct molecular target of CEP-1347 was not JNK1, because CEP-1347 did not inhibit JNK1 activity in Cos7 cells cotransfected with MEKK1 and JNK1 cDNA constructs. This is the first demonstration of a small organic molecule that promotes motoneuron survival and that simultaneously inhibits the JNK1 signaling cascade.
Study on Velocity Characteristics and Mechanics of Paper Feeding with Rubber-Covered Roller Drive. (2001)

Paper feeding systems with rubber-covered roller drive are widely used in information processing devices such as copy machines, printers and ATM. It is important in their designs to control the paper velocity with precision. Accordingly, the experimental verification is carried out to estimate the effects of the normal load between two rollers, the back tension of a paper sheet and also the change of the frictional coefficient on the velocity ratios of the paper translation to the roller rotation. Next, the behaviors of a rubber-covered roller driving a loaded paper sheet together with a rigid roller are simulated in transition from the micro-slip contact to the rolling contact with non-linear finite element analyses. And furthermore, the variations of the shearing stress distributions and the deformations of the rubber as well as the local slippage in the various kinds of conditions are investigated by enforcing the rotating condition on the rubber-covered roller. As a result, the effects of the normall load, the tension force and the driving configuration on the velocity ratios are studied by using the presented mechanical model, which is based on the deformation mode and the micro-slip zone in the contact nip.
Genome recombination in intergeneric hybrids between tetraploid Festuca pratensis and Lolium multiflorum (1998)

Recombination of homoeologous genomes was studied using in situ hybridization of the total genomic DNA in four F 8 populations selected from reciprocal intergeneric hybrids of tetraploid (2n 4x 28) Lolium multiflorum with Festuca pratensis. The populations were selected for agronomic performance as forage grasses. They are fertile and productive and have satisfactory levels of stability and uniformity. The proportion of the total genome length occupied by the L. multiflorum chromatin among the 25 plants analyzed ranged from 49.2% to 66.7% and significant differences within and among the populations were found. Apart from the consistently higher proportion of L. multiflorum chromatin, no other patterns of introgression were apparent. This suggests that despite considerable taxonomic distance, the chromosomes of the two genera are genetically equivalent and almost perfect mixing of the genomes is possible.
<title>Supercritical carbon dioxide solvent extraction from surface-micromachined micromechanical structures</title> (1996)

Results are presented supporting the use of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO<SUB>2</SUB>) drying to enhance the yield of surface-micromachined micromechanical devices following the final release etch. The equipment and extraction process of the SCCO<SUB>2</SUB> system are described, and results of successfully released cantilevered beams and microengines are presented. A new system capable of drying 6 inch wafers is also described.
Discrete-event modelling, simulation and control of a distributed manipulation environment (1997)

Conventional robotics has proved to be inflexible and non-generic. The concept of Distributed Manipulation Environment (DME) is introduced to overcome some of these shortcomings. This concept proposes a distributed approach to robotics and flexible automation. The work is concerned with modelling, simulation and event based control of DME. The modelling, conducted both at the atomic and the coupled level, is quite generic and provides a framework for static and dynamic behaviour analysis of DME systems. The simulation models serve as a mean of performance evaluation of the system on a computer before the actual implementation in real time. The event-based controller provides a simple and robust control scheme. The controller, itself, can be tested, validated and finely tuned through simulation before implementation. The feasibility of the modelling technique is demonstrated through a case study.
Relevance of interleukin 1 receptor antagonist intron 2 polymorphism in Italian MS patients (1999)

The A1/A1 genotype of the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) polymorphism was more frequent in 339 Italian MS patients than in healthy controls (HCs) (odds ratio = 1.83). A more aggressive disease course was also associated with A1+ genotypes and might reflect the reduced ability of mononuclear cell cultures of A1+ HCs to produce IL-1Ra. We conclude that an IL-1Ra gene polymorphism is associated with occurrence of disease and clinical course variability in Italian MS patients.
Plant Betalains: Safety, Antioxidant Activity, Clinical Efficacy, and Bioavailability (2015)

Betalains are accepted food additives derived from vacuoles of plants belonging to about 17 families in the order Caryophyllales. These pigments are composed of a nitrogenous core structure, betalamic acid [4-(2-oxoethylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid]. Betalamic acid condenses with imino compounds (cyclo-DOPA and/or its glucosyl derivatives) or amines and/or their derivatives to form violet betacyanins (for example, betanin) and yellow betaxanthins (for example, indicaxanthin), respectively. Till date, structures of 75 betalains have been elucidated from plants under the order Caryophyllales. The extracted betalains are safe to consume and they act as micronutrients in the body. In vitro studies to highlight radical-scavenging activity, cell culture studies to assess cytotoxicity and absorption of betalains, and proven clinical efficacies are compiled in this review. The literature on biological activity has not been analyzed for a synthesis of safety, clinical efficacy, and bioavailability to arrive at the concentrations required for the purported health benefits. Most betalains are under-utilized in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations due to poor stability and lack of scientific reports highlighting their superior tinctorial strength including flourescence, water solubility, and functional value alongside their bioavailability. This is the first comprehensive review on the dietary safety, biological activity and bioavailability of betalains. Based on this review, for future debate and input from health professionals, a human daily intake of betanin and indicaxanthin can be proposed at 100 and 50 mg, respectively.
A new method for generating fuzzy rules from numerical data for handling classification problems (2001)

(2001). A new method for generating fuzzy rules from numerical data for handling classification problems. Applied Artificial Intelligence: Vol. 15, No. 7, pp. 645-664.
<scp>L</scp> ‐Aspartase: New Tricks from an Old Enzyme (2000)

The enzyme L-aspartate ammonia-lyase (aspartase) catalyzes the reversible deamination of the amino acid L-aspartic acid, using a carbanion mechanism to produce fumaric acid and ammonium ion. Aspartase is among the most specific enzymes known with extensive studies failing, until recently, to identify any alternative amino acid substrates that can replace L-aspartic acid. Aspartases from different organisms show high sequence homology, and this homology extends to functionally related enzymes such as the class II fumarases, the argininosuccinate and adenylosuccinate lyases. The high-resolution structure of aspartase reveals a monomer that is composed of three domains oriented in an elongated S-shape. The central domain, comprised of five-helices, provides the subunit contacts in the functionally active tetramer. The active sites are located in clefts between the subunits and structural and mutagenic studies have identified several of the active site functional groups. While the catalytic activity of this enzyme has been known for nearly 100 years, a number of recent studies have revealed some interesting and unexpected new properties of this reasonably well-characterized enzyme. The non-linear kinetics that are seen under certain conditions have been shown to be caused by the presence of a separate regulatory site. The substrate, aspartic acid, can also play the role of an activator, binding at this site along with a required divalent metal ion. Truncation of the carboxyl terminus of aspartase at specific positions leads to an enhancement of the catalytic activity of the enzyme. Truncations in this region also have been found to introduce a new, non-enzymatic biological activity into aspartase, the ability to specifically enhance the activation of plasminogen to plasmin by tissue plasminogen activator. Even after a century of investigation there are clearly a number of aspects of this multifaceted enzyme that remain to be explored.
Combining Liver- and Blood-Stage Malaria Viral-Vectored Vaccines: Investigating Mechanisms of CD8+ T Cell Interference (2011)

Replication-deficient adenovirus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vectors expressing single pre-erythrocytic or blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum Ags have entered clinical testing using a heterologous prime-boost immunization approach. In this study, we investigated the utility of the same immunization regimen when combining viral vectored vaccines expressing the 42-kDa C terminus of the blood-stage Ag merozoite surface protein 1 and the pre-erythrocytic Ag circumsporozoite protein in the Plasmodium yoelii mouse model. We find that vaccine coadministration leads to maintained Ab responses and efficacy against blood-stage infection, but reduced secondary CD8(+) T cell responses against both Ags and efficacy against liver-stage infection. CD8(+) T cell interference can be minimized by coadministering the MVA vaccines at separate sites, resulting in enhanced liver-stage efficacy in mice immunized against both Ags compared with just one. CD8(+) T cell interference (following MVA coadministration as a mixture) may be caused partly by a lack of physiologic space for high-magnitude responses against multiple Ags, but is not caused by competition for presentation of Ag on MHC class I molecules, nor is it due to restricted T cell access to APCs presenting both Ags. Instead, enhanced killing of peptide-pulsed cells is observed in mice possessing pre-existing T cells against two Ags compared with just one, suggesting that priming against multiple Ags may in part reduce the potency of multiantigen MVA vectors to stimulate secondary CD8(+) T cell responses. These data have important implications for the development of a multistage or multicomponent viral vectored malaria vaccine for use in humans.
Impact of Grain-Dependent Boron Uptake on the Electrochemical and Electrical Properties of Polycrystalline Boron Doped Diamond Electrodes (2006)

A combination of high-resolution electrical and electrochemical imaging techniques, in conjunction with cathodoluminescence (CL), is used to investigate the electrochemical behavior of oxygen-terminated highly doped polycrystalline boron doped diamond (BDD). The BDD has a dopant density approximately 5 x 10(20) atoms cm(-3), grain size ca. 5-40 microm, and thickness 500 microm. CL imaging demonstrates that boron uptake is nonuniform across the surface of BDD, and conducting atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) highlights how this impacts on the local conductivity. While C-AFM shows no evidence for enhanced grain boundary conductivity, two characteristic conductivity domains are found with resistances of ca. 100 kOmega and ca. 50 MOmega. With the use of scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), local heterogeneities are also observed in the electroactivity of the BDD surface, consistent with the two different types of conducting regions. Local currents of the magnitude expected for metal-like behavior are observed in some regions, suggesting degenerative doping of the grains (supported by CL studies). In other regions, slower electron transfer is apparent. However, even for the reduction of Ru(NH(3))(6)(3+), which occurs at potentials far negative of the flat-band potential for oxygen-terminated BDD, all areas of the surface show some electroactivity. This study highlights that the spatially heterogeneous conductivity and corresponding electroactivity of BDD are readily resolved using a combination of C-AFM, SECM, and CL.
Rapid tilted-plane Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm for holographic optical tweezers (2020)

Benefitting from the development of commercial spatial light modulator (SLM), holographic optical tweezers (HOT) have emerged as a powerful tool for life science, material science and particle physics. The calculation of computer-generated holograms (CGH) for generating multi-focus arrays plays a key role in HOT for trapping of a bunch of particles in parallel. To realize dynamic 3D manipulation, we propose a new tilted-plane GS algorithm for fast generation of multiple foci. The multi-focal spots with a uniformity of 99% can be generated in a tilted plane. The computation time for a CGH with 512×512 pixels is less than 0.1 second. We demonstrated the power of the algorithm by simultaneously trapping and rotating silica beads with a 7×7 spots array in three dimensions. The presented algorithm is expected as a powerful kernel of HOT.
Long‐term outcome in a case of translocated mitral valve replacement for massive mitral annular calcification (2017)

Few reports have described long-term outcomes after translocated mitral valve replacement. We describe tips, potential pitfalls, and long-term outcome associated with the construction of a new mitral annulus and reinforcement of prosthesis attachment using a mitral prosthetic valve with an equine pericardial collar in a woman with extensive mitral valve calcification.
Poseidon: An Efficient Communication Architecture for Distributed Deep Learning on GPU Clusters (2017)

Deep learning models can take weeks to train on a single GPU-equipped machine, necessitating scaling out DL training to a GPU-cluster. However, current distributed DL implementations can scale poorly due to substantial parameter synchronization over the network, because the high throughput of GPUs allows more data batches to be processed per unit time than CPUs, leading to more frequent network synchronization. We present Poseidon, an efficient communication architecture for distributed DL on GPUs. Poseidon exploits the layered model structures in DL programs to overlap communication and computation, reducing bursty network communication. Moreover, Poseidon uses a hybrid communication scheme that optimizes the number of bytes required to synchronize each layer, according to layer properties and the number of machines. We show that Poseidon is applicable to different DL frameworks by plugging Poseidon into Caffe and TensorFlow. We show that Poseidon enables Caffe and TensorFlow to achieve 15.5x speed-up on 16 single-GPU machines, even with limited bandwidth (10GbE) and the challenging VGG19-22K network for image classification. Moreover, Poseidon-enabled TensorFlow achieves 31.5x speed-up with 32 single-GPU machines on Inception-V3, a 50% improvement over the open-source TensorFlow (20x speed-up).
Host-Plasmid Interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Effect of Host Ploidy on Plasmid Stability and Copy Number (1989)

The segregational stability of two chimaeric plasmids has been examined in an isogenic series of haploid, diploid and tetraploid strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, constructed by transformation-associated spheroplast fusion. For the highly unstable, ARS-based plasmid YRp7M, a significant increase in its segregational stability was observed with increasing ploidy, while the relatively stable, 2 microns-based plasmid pMA3a showed only a small increase in stability in strains of higher ploidy. The copy number of both pMA3a and the endogenous 2 microns plasmid increased in proportion with the host cell ploidy, while the copy number of TRp7M was increased in the higher ploidy strains but did not correlate with ploidy. These results suggest that the copy numbers of both the 2 microns plasmid and a plasmid derived from it are controlled by a nuclear gene and that, in addition, there are 2 microns sequences, other than those required for the FLP-mediated recombination system, that play a role in maintaining copy number.