gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Factors governing the flow cytometric analysis and sorting of large biological particles (1987)

We have investigated the suitability of large flow cell tips for the flow cytometric analysis and sorting of large biological particles, including plant cells (pollen) and protoplasts. Using flow tips ranging in diameter from 79-204 micron, we have optimized conditions for the establishment of a stable hydrodynamic flow leading to accurate droplet production. We describe instrument modifications required for large particle sorting and demonstrate the use of these experimental conditions for the sorting to high purity of pollen and viable plant protoplasts possessing diameters as large as 95 micron. Our experiments have revealed a complex interaction among sorting efficiency, particle diameter, flow cell tip diameter and bimorphic crystal drive frequency. This interaction can be satisfactorily explained in terms of interference effects owing to phase differences between the particle-induced disturbance and the undulation driven by the bimorphic crystal.
Manufacturing of Porous Alumina Ceramic by Gel Casting (2011)

Various quantities of non-toxic monomer (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, HEMA) was added to form porous alumina ceramic by gel casting process. Pure water, monomer, cross-linker (N, N’-methylene-bis-acrylamide (MBAm)), and dispersant (ammonium salt of poly (methacrylic acid), PAS) were combined to form an aqueous solution, which added alumina powder and was milled to form alumina slurry with zirconia balls for 240 minutes. An initiator (ammonium persulfate, APS) was added to the alumina slurry with a vacuum mixing system and formed in an inverted metal mold. After heat treatment, curing, stripping and drying, the alumina green body was sintered at 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500 and 1600 ℃ for 1 h. The original alumina powder and sintered porous alumina ceramic materials were analyzed for particle size, viscosity, TGA/DTA, sintering density, porosity, SEM, XRD and bending strength. The results show that the porous alumina ceramic can be prepared with porosity of 12-48 wt% and bending strength of 17-153 MPa at various monomer content of 5-25 wt% and sintering temperatures of 1200-1500 ℃.
Economic Evaluations of Antibiotic Use and Resistance-A Perspective: Report of Task Force 6 (1987)

The economic consequences of antibiotic prophylaxis and therapy for bacterial infections in humans are profound. The reduction in real-dollar terms in the amount of illness and disability resulting from the use of developed and marketed antibiotics far outweighs costs of adverse effects, including resistance. Although bacterial infections continue to cause substantial mortality and morbidity worldwide, standard criteria for assessing the relation of infection to death or the contribution of resistance to mortality and morbidity do not exist. While local outbreaks of resistance may have serious consequences, bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial therapy has remained virtually unchanged nationally where studied. Nevertheless, discriminating use of antimicrobial agents is held widely to be the keystone for minimizing resistance. It is not clear whether risk of selecting resistance is lowered by current community or clinical practices. Some analysts concentrate on the "problem" and "cost" of resistance and forget the benefits of the use of antibiotics. Development of resistance is a natural consequence of antibiotic use, but further quantification of this relation is required. Reports that resistance is increasing worldwide have presented a scientific challenge and economic opportunity to the pharmaceutical industry for the development of new antimicrobial agents. However, if a reasonable rate of return cannot be foreseen, capital for research and development is likely to be invested in areas that appear more financially attractive.
COMPLICATIONS OF ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE AND DIAGNOSTIC MARKERS (2011)

Alcoholism is one of the leading diseases affecting people’s health and immunity worldwide. Nearly 30 thousand people in the USA die from chronic liver damage. The liver is the central organ in the metabolism of alcohol. Alcohol is primarily a hepatotoxic agent. Hepatotoxicity of alcohol is clinically manifested by the development of alcoholic fatty liver, alcoholic hepatitis and alcoholic cirrhosis. It is characterized by appropriate symptomatology, depending on the degree of liver damage. Excessive use of alcohol for a long period of time, along with malnutrition, genetic and ethnic predisposition, leads to alcoholic cirrhosis and the development of its complications. Portal hypertension damages other organs and organ systems, causing hepatopulmonary syndrome, hepatorenal syndrome, hepatic encephalopathy, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, etc. For these reasons, alcoholism reduction is given priority, as well as reduction of morbidity and mortality of people with alcoholic chronic liver damage. Therefore, early diagnosis of alcohol abuse is necessary, as well as timely diagnosis of different degrees of alcoholic liver damage. The diagnosis of chronic alcoholic liver damage is set on the basis of confirmed data of alcohol consumption; liver function test (serum markers aminotransferase, gammaglutamyl transferase, prothrombin time, serum bilirubin and albumin level); serum markers of liver fibrosis. Fibrosis markers are directly involved in sedimentation and dissolution of extracellular matrix, i.e. in the process of fibrogenesis and fibrinolysis of liver tissues. They include markers and enzymes of metabolism, as well as cytokines and chemokines.
Mechanical Properties of Cotton Yarns Mercerized in Liquid Ammonia and Sodium Hydroxide (1976)

Yarns spun from high- and low-maturity cottons were mercerized in liquid ammonia in a continuous process, and in liquid ammonia and sodium hydroxide in skein form under various tensions. Both swelling agents produced similar changes in mechanical properties (breaking strength, tenacity, elongation-at-break, and initial modulus) under comparable conditions. Mercerization under high tension increased breaking strength and tenacity and decreased elongation-at-break. Slack mercerization in caustic resulted in elongations-at-break substantially higher than did ammonia treatment. A major difference between reagents was noted during treatment. When skeins were swollen slack and then restretched, much greater force was required to restretch ammonia-swollen skeins, and they could not be stretched as much as those that were caustic-swollen. Measurements of length changes in yarns during swelling, tensioning, and deswelling gave quantitative data to substantiate this observation. Differences in mechanism of swelling are discussed in relation to these findings.
Proteasome inhibitor PS-341 induced G2-M phase arrest and apoptosis in human glioblastoma multiforme (2004)

4006 The proteasome plays a pivotal role in the control of cell proliferation, apoptosis and differentiation in a variety of normal and tumor cells. PS-341, a novel boronic acid dipeptide that inhibits 20S proteasome activity, has been shown to have prominent activity both in vitro and in vivo systems, against various solid tumor types including breast, lung, colon, bladder, ovarian, pancreatic, prostate, and squamous cell cancers. Using 3 human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) cell lines and 5 primary GBM explants, we examined the effect of PS-341 on their proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, as well as expression of proteins involved in cell growth. We also explored whether the effect of PS-341 on GBM cells is dependent on the mutational status of p53. PS-341 markedly inhibited growth of GBM cell lines and explants with a mean IC50 of PS-341 at about 1x10 -7 M. The cells developed a cell cycle block at G2/M with a concomitant decrease in S phase (≈ 2-fold), an increase of p21 WAF1 , p27 KIP1 and a down-regulation of CDK2, CDK4 and E2F4. About 20 –40 % of the cells became apoptosis when exposed to 1x10 -7 M PS-341 for 24 hrs as shown by Tunel analysis. Immunoblot analysis of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) showed that a C-terminal 85 kDa apoptotic fragment was generated and levels of Bcl2 and Bcl-xl were decreased. These changes occurred in the cells irrespective of their p53 mutant status. One major effect of proteasome inhibition in many cell types is the inhibition of NF- k B translocation to the nucleus, due to blocking of the cytosolic degradation of I k -B. We found that PS-341 decreased nuclear NF- k B and transcriptional activity of NF- k B as measured by a reporter gene containing NF- k B binding sites fused to the luciferase gene. We conclude that PS-341 has profound effects on GBM cells including inhibiting their cell growth and inducing their G2/M phase arrest, apoptosis and accumulation of p21 WAF1 and p27 KIP1 in a p53-independent fashion, as well as inhibiting NF- k B nuclear translocation and transcriptional activity. These findings suggested that PS-341 may be highly effective as a therapy for gliomas in patients.
Synthesis and <i>in vitro</i> antitumor activity of some tetraphenylantimony derivatives of <i>exo</i>‐7‐oxa‐bicyclo[2,2,1] heptane (ene)‐3‐arylamide‐2‐acid (2001)

Abstract A series of novel tetraphenylantimony derivatives of exo ‐7‐oxa‐bicyclo[2,2,1] heptane (ene)‐3‐arylamide‐2‐acid of the general formula Ph 4 SbO 2 CCHCHCH 2 CH 2 CH(O)HCONHAr (Ar = Ph,4‐ClC 6 H 4 , 4‐BrC 6 H 4 , 3‐BrC 6 H 4 , 4‐F‐3‐ClC 6 H 3 and 4‐ MeC 6 H 4 ) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1 H NMR and mass spectra. The crystal structure of Ph 4 SbO 2 CCHCHCH 2 CH 2 CH(O)HCONHC 6 ­H 4 CH 3 ·CHCl 3 was determined by X‐ray diffraction. Five human neoplastic cell lines (HL‐60, KB, Bel‐7402, BGC‐823 and HCT‐8) were used to screen these compounds. The results indicate that these compounds at 10 µ M show certain in vitro antitumor activities. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Common Cytokine Receptor γ Chain Plays an Essential Role in Regulating Lymphoid Homeostasis (1997)

In the immune system, there is a careful regulation not only of lymphoid development and proliferation, but also of the fate of activated and proliferating cells. Although the manner in which these diverse events are coordinated is incompletely understood, cytokines are known to play major roles. Whereas IL-7 is essential for lymphoid development, IL-2 and IL-4 are vital for lymphocyte proliferation. The receptors for each of these cytokines contain the common cytokine receptor gamma chain (gammac), and it was previously shown that gammac-deficient mice exhibit severely compromised development and responsiveness to IL-2, IL-4, and IL-7. Nevertheless, these mice exhibit an age-dependent accumulation of splenic CD4+ T cells, the majority of which have a phenotype typical of memory/activated cells. When gammac-deficient mice were mated to DO11.10 T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic mice, only the T cells bearing endogenous TCRs had this phenotype, suggesting that its acquisition was TCR dependent. Not only do the CD4+ T cells from gammac-deficient mice exhibit an activated phenotype and greatly enhanced incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine but, consistent with the lack of gammac-dependent survival signals, they also exhibit an augmented rate of apoptosis. However, because the CD4+ T cells accumulate, it is clear that the rate of proliferation exceeds the rate of cell death. Thus, surprisingly, although gammac-independent signals are sufficient to mediate expansion of CD4+ T cells in these mice, gammac-dependent signals are required to regulate the fate of activated CD4+ T cells, underscoring the importance of gammac-dependent signals in controlling lymphoid homeo-stasis.
Remote photoacoustic imaging on solid material using a two-wave mixing interferometer (2010)

We report on remote and contactless photoacoustic imaging (PAI) for the inspection of solid materials using a two-wave mixing interferometer. In this Letter, a semitransparent sample was excited with picosecond laser pulses. The local absorption of the electromagnetic radiation led to generation of broadband ultrasonic waves inside the sample. Ultrasonic waves arriving at the sample surface were detected utilizing a two-wave mixing interferometer. After data acquisition, the initial pressure distribution was reconstructed using a Fourier space synthetic aperture technique algorithm. We show the potential of PAI for the inspection of semitransparent solid materials.
Acute cytomegalovirus infection induces a subendothelial inflammation (endothelialitis) in the allograft vascular wall. A possible linkage with enhanced allograft arteriosclerosis. (1994)

Clinical and experimental studies have established the accelerating role of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection on cardiac allograft arteriosclerosis, ie, chronic rejection. We have investigated the mechanisms behind the interaction between CMV infection and chronic rejection. In the first part of the study, 762 endomyocardial biopsy specimens obtained from 47 heart allograft recipients were analyzed. Of these, 28 patients developed CMV infection during the first postoperative year. In 24 of 28 CMV patients, mononuclear inflammatory cells (endothelialitis) were seen in the subendothelium of small intramyocardial arterioles. In CMV-free recipients, only five of 19 had any subendothelial inflammation in the vascular structures P < 0.0001 when compared with CMV patients). The subendothelial inflammation demonstrated an intensive peak at the onset of CMV infection, subsiding slowly thereafter. Morphologically, the inflammatory cells in the subendothelium were small lymphocytes. Only few activated pyroninophilic lymphocytes were seen. Immunohistochemistry revealed that the lymphocytes were mostly T cells (UCHL1+). In the second part of the study, we investigated if a similar endothelialitis could be induced experimentally in allografted rats. We performed rat aortic allografts from the DA (AG-B4, RT1a) donors to the WF (AG-B2, RT1v) recipients and infected the recipients with 10(5) plaque-forming units of rat CMV Maastricht strain 1 day after transplantation. In rat CMV-infected aortic allografts, the frequency of subendothelial leukocyte common antigen (LCA, OX1) positive leukocytes, 1.7 +/- 0.1 (SEM) point score units, was significantly higher when compared to noninfected allografts, 0.8 +/- 0.1 point score units (P < 0.05), and they were most prominent in the intimal space during and following acute infection. During subsequent weeks, the LCA-positive leukocytes were replaced by alpha-actin-positive smooth muscle cells. Instead, most of the cells in intima of CMV-free grafted rats stained positively to alpha-actin from the beginning and were smooth muscle cells. Practically no leukocytes were seen. In rat CMV-infected aortic allografts most subendothelial inflammatory cells represented T cells (W3/25+) and cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage (OX42+). In conclusion, acute CMV infection is associated with an subendothelial inflammation (endothelialitis) of allograft vascular structures both in human and in rat. Nonactivated T lymphocytes and monocytes predominate the inflammatory lesion in the subendothelium. The results suggest that the virus-linked vascular wall inflammation may play a role in the immune injury toward allograft vascular structures, particularly to endothelium, and thus contribute to allograft arteriosclerosis.
Standard cell characterization considering lithography induced variations (2006)

As VLSI technology scales toward $65nm$ and beyond, both timing and power performance of integrated circuits are increasingly affected by process variations. In practice, people often treat systematic components of the variations, which are generally traceable according to process models, in the same way as random variations in process corner based methodologies. Consequently, the process corner models are unnecessarily pessimistic. In this paper, we propose a new cell characterization methodology which captures lithography induced gate length variations. A new technique of dummy poly insertion is suggested to shield inter-cell optical interferences. This technique together with standard cells characterized using our methodology will let current design flows comprehend the variations almost without any changes. Experimental results on industrial designs indicate that our methodology can averagely reduce timing variation window by 8%-25%, power variation window by 55% when compared to a worst case approach. For an industrial low power design, over 300ps reduction on the path delay variation is obtained by using cells characterized according to our methodology.
Auction Approaches for Resource Allocation in Wireless Systems: A Survey (2012)

As wireless systems evolve with new mobile technologies, they tend to become complicated in terms of architectures and managements. Auction theory, as a subfield of economics and business management, has been introduced to provide an interdisciplinary technology for radio resource allocation (e.g., subchannels, time slots, and transmit power levels) in the wireless systems. By using various auction approaches, such radio resources are efficiently allocated among users and providers of services in the systems. Participants (i.e., users and providers) of an auction have their own strategies that follow the incentives and rules brought by the auction. Auction methods are widely employed in areas such as cognitive radio, cellular networks, and wireless mesh networks. This paper gives a comprehensive survey of recent auction approaches (i.e., auction-based applications and mechanisms) applied in wireless and mobile systems. First, auction theory and different types of auction are introduced. The motivation of using auction in wireless systems is given. Then, the reviews of auction approaches applied in the single-hop and multi-hop wireless networks are provided. Finally, the open research issues are discussed.
Integrating real-time drilling information into the geological model (2009)

Abstract Hugues Thevoux-Chabuel explores various approaches to improving the geological model of a reservoir through more effective integration of real time drilling data.
Quantitative structure–activity studies of insect growth regulators: XVIII. Effects of substituents on the aromatic moiety of dibenzoylhydrazines on larvicidal activity against the Colorado potato beetle <i>Leptinotarsa decemlineata</i> (2001)

Larvicidal activity against the Colorado potato beetle Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) was measured for a series of N-tert-butyl-dibenzoylhydrazines having various substituents on the benzoyl (A-ring) moiety nearer to the tert-butyl group, with the other benzoyl (B-ring) moiety being unsubstituted. The effects of these substituent on the larvicidal activity were analyzed using classical quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) procedures. The effects of substituents on the A-ring moiety on larvicidal activity were entirely different from those against the lepidopteran rice stem borer Chilo suppressalis (Walker) previously reported. Position-specific steric and hydrophobic effects, as well as certain substitution patterns, were likely to participate in modifying the larvicidal activity. The activity of para-substituted compounds was generally lower than that of un-, ortho- and meta-substituted compounds. Most multi-substituted compounds showed an activity equivalent to or lower than that of the unsubstituted compound. Among 46 compounds tested, the 2-sec-butoxy analogue was most potent against L decemlineata, although this compound had previously been shown to be only weakly active against C suppressalis.
Light-gathering Properties of Curved Fibre Optic Faceplates (1970)

Abstract The amount of light collected and transmitted by cylindrical fibres with numerical apertures of 1·17, 1·0, 0·8, 0·56 has been calculated for the condition where the entrance or exit face is not perpendicular to the axis of the fibre. From these results the variation in transmission across a fibre optic faceplate with one spherical face has been determined. The results are presented graphically.
Entropy based optimized weighted histogram equalization for Hazy Images (2014)

The contrast of an image is a feature which determines how image looks better visually. The Contrast enhancement is considered as one of the most important issues in image processing. The contrast of Hazy Images is very low. Haze is cloudiness of a product that is caused by scattering of light. Histogram equalization (HE) is one of the methods used for improving contrast. One drawback of HE have not preserve the brightness while enhancing the contrast because abrupt mean shift is occur during the process of equalization. Today many HE based methods is presented to overcome the problem of mean shift. But, they suffered from over-enhancement. In this paper a novel approach of histogram equalization is proposed which is called optimized weighted histogram equalization using Genetic algorithm (GWHE). The central idea of paper is to modify the histograms by weighting process based on a normalized power law function. Genetic Algorithm (GA) is used to optimize the value of weighing constraints i.e. `a' and `b' based on entropy. The experimental results show that the proposed method does both enhancement and brightness preservation and thereby improves information of hazy images. Entropy of images is used as a fitness function in this work. For other performance assessment we have used in this paper Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Structure Similarity Index (SSEVI).
Magnetic properties of ultrafine cobalt ferrite particles (2003)

We have studied magnetic properties of a diluted system of ultrafine cobalt ferrite nanoparticles (d∼3.3 nm). From the peak of the zero-field-cooled measurements, we obtained the blocking temperature TB of about 90.5 K and it is virtually independent of the applied magnetic field up to 5 kOe. At the superparamagnetic region T&gt;TB, the system follows the modified Curie-law variation of the magnetic susceptibility χ=χo+C/T. We observed that the saturation magnetization follows a spin-wavelike temperature dependence at temperature above 10 K. In spite of the cubic structure for cobalt ferrite, at 2 K, the reduced remanence Mr/Ms is equal to 0.46 which is close to the theoretical value of 0.5 expected for noninteracting uniaxial single-domain particles with the easy axis randomly oriented. From the ac susceptibility measurements at different frequencies, we obtained a linear dependence of the logarithm of the experimental time window τex as function of inverse blocking temperature (1/TB). The fitting results in the anisotropy constant value K of 3.15×107 erg/cm3 that is one order of magnitude higher than 1.8–3.0×106 erg/cm3 in bulk CoFe2O4 materials.
Assessment of genetic and functional diversity of phosphate solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from rhizospheric soil (2008)

Present study revealed a high degree of functional and genetic diversity among the phosphate solubilizing fluorescent pseudomonad bacteria. Due to their innate potential of producing an array of plant growth promoting enzymes, hormones and antifungal metabolites these phosphate solubilizing strains are considered to play a vital role in plant growth promotion, disease suppression and subsequent enhancement of yield.