gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study of the effects of using anatomical priors in PET reconstruction (2005)

Presents preliminary results of a Monte-Carlo study in which the authors quantify the relative performance of several PET image reconstruction procedures. Through the use of ensemble averages they estimate bias and variance on a pixel-by-pixel basis and also for larger regions of interest (ROIs). They compare the performance of filtered back-projection (FBP), maximum likelihood (ML) and several maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimators. The MAP estimators are based on Markov random field image models with the following Gibbs energy functions: (i) quadratic, (ii) Geman and McClure (1985), (iii) weak membrane model, (iv) weak membrane with additional line process interactions. In all cases the MAP estimators use an automated procedure to chose the prior parameter which is based on the "L-curve" as described below. The weak membrane prior includes a line process which models the locations of discontinuities in image intensity. In cases where prior information, in the form of an anatomical MR image, is available concerning the potential locations of discontinuities in the PET image, this can be incorporated into the prior and used to influence the formation of boundaries. The impact of this additional information on the reconstructed image is quantified through the authors' Monte-Carlo study. Results indicate that MAP estimation procedures are able to reduce variance considerably, in comparison to ML, with a corresponding small increase in bias. The addition of boundary information results in further reductions in variance and reduced bias.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Negative consequences of uncorrected hearing loss—a review (2003)

Hearing loss gives rise to a number of disabilities. Problems in recognizing speech, especially in difficult environments, give rise to the largest number of complaints. Other kinds of disabilities may concern the reduced ability to detect, identify and localize sounds quickly and reliably. Such sounds may be warning or alarm signals, as well as music and birds singing. The communicative disability affects both hearing-impaired people and other people in their environment--family members, fellow workers, etc. Hearing-impaired people are not always aware of all the consequences of the impairment; they do not always know what they are missing. Several studies have shown that uncorrected hearing loss gives rise to poorer quality of life, related to isolation, reduced social activity, and a feeling of being excluded, leading to an increased prevalence of symptoms of depression. These findings indicate the importance of early identification of hearing loss and offers of rehabilitative support, where the fitting of hearing aids is usually an important component. Several studies also point to a significant correlation between hearing loss and loss of cognitive functions. Most of these studies show such a correlation without being able to show whether the hearing loss caused the reduction in cognitive performance or if both the hearing loss and the cognitive decline are parts of a common, general age-related degeneration. A couple of these studies, however, indicate that the uncorrected hearing loss may be the cause of cognitive decline. Whichever alternative is true, the correlation should be seen as a clear indication for early hearing aid fitting for those needing it. Monaural hearing aid fitting in subjects with bilateral hearing loss may give rise to a reduced ability to recognize speech presented to the unaided ear, the so-called late-onset auditory deprivation effect. This functional decline is reversible in some but not all subjects after fitting of a hearing aid also on the previously unaided ear.
Interaction of alloys and intermetallic compounds obtained by mechanochemical methods with hydrogen (1998)

Data on hydrogenation of mechanical alloys and intermetallic compounds formed in the course of mechanical alloying and mechanical milling are generalised. It is shown that mechanochemical methods make it possible to solve a number of problems arising in the hydrogenation of metals and alloys and to synthesise novel hydrides and nanocomposite materials. The mechanism of hydrogenation of mechanical alloys is discussed. The bibliography includes 98 references.Data on hydrogenation of mechanical alloys and intermetallic compounds formed in the course of mechanical alloying and mechanical milling are generalised. It is shown that mechanochemical methods make it possible to solve a number of problems arising in the hydrogenation of metals and alloys and to synthesise novel hydrides and nanocomposite materials. The mechanism of hydrogenation of mechanical alloys is discussed. The bibliography includes 98 references.
Using spectral estimation techniques in adaptive processing antenna systems (1986)

Improved spectral estimation techniques hold promise for becoming a valuable asset in adaptive processing array antenna systems. Their value lies in the considerable amount of additional useful information which they can provide about the interference environment, utilizing a relatively small number of degrees of freedom (DOF). The "superresolution" capabilities, estimation of coherence, and relative power level determination serve to complement and refine the data from faster conventional estimation techniques. Two conceptual application area examples for using such techniques are discussed; partially adaptive low-sidelobe arrays, and fully adaptive tracking arrays. For the partially adaptive area the information is utilized for efficient assignment of a limited number of DOF in a beamspace constrained adaptive system in order to obtain a stable main beam, retention of low sidelobes, considerably faster response, and reduction in overall cost. These benefits are demonstrated via simulation examples computed for a 16-element linear array. For the fully adaptive tracking array area the information is utilized in an all-digital processing system concept to permit stable hulling of coherent interference sources in the main beam region, efficient assignment/control of the available DOF, and greater flexibility in time-domain adaptive filtering strategy.
Resistive Tapered Stripline (RTS) in Electroencephalogram Recordings During MRI (2004)

A purely resistive stripline lead is introduced to reduce the specific absorption rate (SAR) increase due to the presence of leads in electroencephalography (EEG) measurements during magnetic resonance imaging. Discontinuities in the resistivity profile of the stripline introduce high-frequency inductive impedance that is not present in the low-frequency band of the EEG recordings. The changes in SAR introduced by the resistive tapered stripline (RTS) are studied using the finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) algorithm on a spherical phantom that models the human head. The FDTD simulations predict a reduction of the peak SAR when using RTS versus conventional resistive carbon fibers. Furthermore, our FDTD simulations have been validated on a simple prototype that exhibits no temperature increase on a spherical phantom.
Neuro-ophthalmologic findings in humans with quadrupedal locomotion (2012)

The neuro-ophthalmic examination in CAMRQ2 revealed downbeat nystagmus in all patients, and temporal disc pallor and macular atrophy in two patients. It remains to be determined whether these findings are consistent in other forms of CAMRQ with mutations in VLDLR or CA8.
The Disperse Dyes — Their Development and Application (1956)

The disperse dyes have come to be applied to a very large number and variety of fibres and have therefore achieved an importance which is probably greater than the weights used would suggest. They were the first type to be applied directly to a fibre from an insoluble suspension. Their preparation includes a process of particle size reduction and often subsequent drying, both in the presence of a dispersing agent. The mechanism of dyeing with them would seem to entail their passing from suspension through solution on to the fibre, to which they become attached by non‐polar forces. The colouring matters used in the preparation of disperse dyes belong mainly to three chemical groups. The connection between dyeing and fastness properties on the one hand and chemical constitution on the other is in general indefinite. However, the best fastnesses are obtained by moving in the direction of greater molecular complexity, but this unfortunately is accompanied by a reduction in dyeing power. The introduction in recent years of the man‐made fibres has accelerated the development of new application methods, and these are assisting the dyer to utilise these more complex dyes. This tendency emphasises that the achievement of better fastness with disperse dyes will require, as with other dyeing classes, a close understanding between, and the combined efforts of, both those working on the elaboration of new dye structures and those whose interests lie in one or other aspects of dye application.
A soft switched DC/DC converter with current-doubler synchronous rectification (2004)

A high efficiency DC/DC converter for low output voltage/high output current applications is proposed in this paper. To substantially enhance efficiency, a current-doubler synchronous rectifier is combined with the asymmetrical half-bridge converter retaining inherent zero voltage switching property. Power losses of the primary switches and the secondary rectification stage can be significantly reduced. The detailed operating principles of the developed converter are described and analyzed in this paper. Simulation and experimental results for a laboratory prototype are discussed to verify the feasibility.
Erythropoietin rapidly induces tyrosine phosphorylation in the human erythropoietin-dependent cell line, UT-7 (1992)

UT-7 is a human megakaryoblastic cell line capable of growing in interleukin-3, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, or erythropoietin (Epo) (Cancer Res 51:341, 1991). We used this cell line and a selected Epo-dependent subcell line (UT-7/Epo) to study the early signal transduction events induced by Epo. When UT-7 cells were exposed to Epo, tyrosine phosphorylation of several proteins (with molecular weight equivalent to that of p85, p110, and p145) was observed. Protein phosphorylation occurred in both a dose- and time-dependent manner. p85 showed a marked increase in phosphotyrosine content within 30 seconds; maximal phosphorylation was observed at 1 minute. Subsequently, tyrosine phosphorylation of p110 and p145 was observed, beginning at 1 minute and reaching plateau at 5 minutes. The degree of phosphorylation of these three proteins gradually decreased thereafter. In addition, in UT-7/Epo cells, Epo induced tyrosine phosphorylation of other proteins that were not observed in Epo-induced UT-7 cells. The concentration of Epo required to induce tyrosine phosphorylation was in the same range of concentration required to stimulate cell growth. Epo was also able to activate p21ras as measured by exchange of guanosine diphosphate for guanosine triphosphate. These data show that tyrosine phosphorylation and P21ras activation are early signals in the Epo-induced mitogenic pathway.
Modeling the structure of feathers (2002)

We present a parametric model for feather modeling in computer graphics. The model is based on Bezier curves and allows easy generation of many feather structures through manipulation of the parameters.
Branched-chain amino acids improve glucose metabolism in rats with liver cirrhosis (2004)

It is well established that impaired glucose metabolism is a frequent complication in patients with hepatic cirrhosis. We previously showed that leucine, one of the branched-chain amino acids (BCAA), promotes glucose uptake under insulin-free conditions in isolated skeletal muscle from normal rats. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of BCAA on glucose metabolism in a rat model of CCl(4)-induced cirrhosis (CCl(4) rats). Oral glucose tolerance tests were performed on BCAA-treated CCl(4) rats. In the CCl(4) rats, treatment with leucine or isoleucine, but not valine, improved glucose tolerance significantly, with the effect of isoleucine being greater than the effect of leucine. Glucose uptake experiments using isolated soleus muscle from the CCl(4) rats revealed that leucine and isoleucine, but not valine, promoted glucose uptake under insulin-free conditions. To clarify the mechanism of the blood glucose-lowering effects of BCAA, we collected soleus muscles from BCAA-treated CCl(4) rats with or without a glucose load. These samples were used to determine the subcellular location of glucose transporter proteins and glycogen synthase (GS) activity. Oral administration of leucine or isoleucine without a glucose load induced GLUT4 and GLUT1 translocation to the plasma membrane. GS activity was augmented only in leucine-treated rats and was completely inhibited by rapamycin, an inhibitor of mammalian target of rapamycin. In summary, we found that leucine and isoleucine improved glucose metabolism in CCl(4) rats by promoting glucose uptake in skeletal muscle. This effect occurred as a result of upregulation of GLUT4 and GLUT1 and also by mammalian target of rapamycin-dependent activation of GS in skeletal muscle. From these results, we consider that BCAA treatment may have beneficial effects on glucose metabolism in cirrhotic patients.
Crystal Structures of the Polymer Electrolytes Poly(ethylene oxide)4:MSCN (M = NH4, K) (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrystal Structures of the Polymer Electrolytes Poly(ethylene oxide)4:MSCN (M = NH4, K)P. Lightfoot, J. L. Nowinski, and P. G. BruceCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1994, 116, 16, 7469–7470Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00095a085https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00095a085research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views239Altmetric-Citations45LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Synthesis of WS<sub>2<i>x</i></sub>Se<sub>2–2<i>x</i></sub> Alloy Nanosheets with Composition-Tunable Electronic Properties (2015)

Two-dimensional (2D) layered transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have recently emerged as a new class of atomically thin semiconductors for diverse electronic, optoelectronic, and valleytronic applications. To explore the full potential of these 2D semiconductors requires a precise control of their band gap and electronic properties, which represents a significant challenge in 2D material systems. Here we demonstrate a systematic control of the electronic properties of 2D-TMDs by creating mixed alloys of the intrinsically p-type WSe2 and intrinsically n-type WS2 with variable alloy compositions. We show that a series of WS2xSe2-2x alloy nanosheets can be synthesized with fully tunable chemical compositions and optical properties. Electrical transport studies using back-gated field effect transistors demonstrate that charge carrier types and threshold voltages of the alloy nanosheet transistors can be systematically tuned by adjusting the alloy composition. A highly p-type behavior is observed in selenium-rich alloy, which gradually shifts to lightly p-type, and then switches to lightly n-type characteristics with the increasing sulfur atomic ratio, and eventually evolves into highly n-doped semiconductors in sulfur-rich alloys. The synthesis of WS2xSe2-2x nanosheets with tunable optical and electronic properties represents a critical step toward rational design of 2D electronics with tailored spectral responses and device characteristics.
Development of Canistering Systems for Monolithic Catalysts (1976)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper contents the description of two different canister systems for monolithic catalysts.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The first version is an underhood system fitted directly to the exhaust manifold, which has to stand a very high exhaust gas temperature impact as well as gas pulsations and engine vibrations. The difficulties to overcome both thermal expansion effects and dimension tolerances of the monolithic units are explained based on test results.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The second version is a ceramic wrapping canister system developed for an underfloor catalyst configuration, which because of the lower thermal and mechanical loads can be designed in a more cost-efficient manner.</div>
An Electrochemical Route to Graphene Oxide (2011)

Large-scale graphene oxide (GO) with adjustable resistivity was synthesized from graphite via an electrochemical method using KCl solution as an effective electrolyte. During the exfoliation process, electrostatic force intercalates chloride ions between the expanded graphite layers on the anode. These chloride ions form small gas bubbles between the graphite layers in the electrochemical reaction. It is believed that the gas bubbles expand the gap between graphite sheets and produce a separating force between adjacent graphene layers. This separating force overcomes the Van der Waals force between adjacent sheets and exfoliates graphene layers from the starting graphite. Because the graphene is electrochemically oxidized by chorine during the exfoliation, the exfoliated GO sheets are hydrophilic and easily dispersed in the electrolyte solution. The GO solution prepared by the electrochemical exfoliation can be simply sprayed or spin-coated onto any substrate for device applications. The measured average thicknesses of a monolayer, bilayer, and trilayer exfoliated GO on SiO2 substrate were 1.9, 2.8, and 3.9 nm, respectively. It was observed that the measured resistance of the exfoliated GO sheets increases due to electrochemical oxidation in the solution. This electrochemical approach offers a low-cost and efficient route to the fabrication of graphene based devices.
Two-dimensional dodecagonal and decagonal quasiperiodic photonic crystals in the microwave region (2000)

We experimentally and numerically demonstrate dodecagonal and decagonal quasiperiodic photonic crystals in the microwave region. The results show that only a small number of rows are needed to create a frequency gap in the transmission spectrum, and that the gap position is insensitive to the incident angle. In particular, there is no defect state at the first gap of a dodecagonal quasiperiodic photonic crystal when there is a cavity in the center region, even though the cavity volume is much larger than the square of the wavelength. The decagonal quasiperiodic crystal can offer great possibilities for creating defect states. These quasiperiodic photonic crystals may find some important applications in photoelectric devices.
Vestibular Neuritis (2009)

The key signs and symptoms of vestibular neuritis are rotatory vertigo with an acute onset lasting several days, horizontal spontaneous nystagmus (with a rotational component) toward the unaffected ear, a pathologic head-impulse test toward the affected ear, a deviation of the subjective visual vertical toward the affected ear, postural imbalance with falls toward the affected ear, and nausea. The head-impulse test and caloric irrigation show an ipsilateral deficit of the vestibuloocular reflex. Vestibular neuritis is the third most common cause of peripheral vestibular vertigo. It has an annual incidence of 3.5 per 100,000 population and accounts for 7% of the patients at outpatient clinics specializing in the treatment of vertigo. The reactivation of a latent herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection is the most likely cause, as HSV-1 DNA and RNA have been detected in human vestibular ganglia. Vestibular neuritis is a diagnosis of exclusion. Relevant differential diagnoses are vestibular pseudoneuritis due to acute pontomedullary brainstem lesions or cerebellar nodular infarctions, vestibular migraine, and monosymptomatically beginning Ménière's disease. Recovery from vestibular neuritis is due to a combination of (a) peripheral restoration of labyrinthine function, usually incomplete but can be improved by early treatment with corticosteroids, which cause a recovery rate of 62% within 12 months; (b) mainly somatosensory and visual substitution; and (c) central compensation, which can be improved by vestibular exercise.
Further Evidence that Papillomavirus Capsids Exist inTwo DistinctConformations (2003)

Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) serve as primary attachment receptors for human papillomaviruses (HPVs). To demonstrate that a biologically functional HPV-receptor interaction is restricted to a specific subset of HSPGs, we first explored the role of HSPG glucosaminoglycan side chain modifications. We demonstrate that HSPG O sulfation is essential for HPV binding and infection, whereas de-N-sulfated heparin interfered with VLP binding but not with HPV pseudoinfection. This points to differences in VLP-HSPG and pseudovirion-HSPG interactions. Interestingly, internalization kinetics of VLPs and pseudovirions, as measured by fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis, also differ significantly with approximate half times of 3.5 and 7.5 h, respectively. These data suggest that differences in HSPG binding significantly influence postbinding events. We also present evidence that pseudovirions undergo a conformational change after cell attachment. A monoclonal antibody (H33.J3), which displays negligible effectiveness in preattachment neutralization assays, efficiently neutralizes cell-bound virions. However, no difference in H33.J3 binding to pseudovirions and VLPs was observed in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus capture assays. In contrast to antibody H33.B6, which displays equal efficiencies in pre- and postattachment neutralization assays, H33.J3 does not block VLP binding to heparin, demonstrating that it interferes with steps subsequent to virus binding. Our data strongly suggest that H33.J3 recognizes a conformation-dependent epitope in capsid protein L1, which undergoes a structural change after cell attachment.