gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human papillomaviruses : clinical and scientific advances (2001)

Bullying is a pressing societal problem. As such, it is important to gain a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in bullying and of resilience factors which might protect victims. Moreover, it is necessary to provide tools that can train potential victims to strengthen their resilience. To facilitate both of these goals, the current study tests a recently developed virtual environment that puts participants in the role of a victim who is being oppressed by a superior. In a 2 × 2 between-subjects experiment (<i>N</i> = 81), we measured the effects of gender of the oppressor and gender of the participant on psychophysiological reactions, subjective experiences and willingness to report the event. The results reveal that even when a male and a female bully show the exact same behavior, the male bully is perceived as more threatening. In terms of gender of the victim, the only difference that emerged was a more pronounced increase in heart rate in males. The results were moderated by the personality factors social gender, neuroticism, and need to belong, while self-esteem did not show any moderating influence.
Inhibition of Helicobacter pylori Urease Activity by Hydroxamic Acid Derivatives. (1994)

Helicobacter pylori (HP) produces strong urease [EC 3.5.1.5], which is considered to play a role in the pathogenesis of gastritis and peptic ulcers. Inhibitions against this enzyme have been studied with hydroxamic acid (HXA) derivatives of aliphatic or aromatic carboxylic acids, amino acids and dipeptides. A number of HXAs potently inhibited the urease (I50 values were near the order of 10(-6)M), and H-Ile-Gly-NHOH (I50 = 0.20 x 10(-6)M) was the most potent inhibitor among the derivatives. HP urease was inhibited more potently, in general, than Jack bean (JB) urease by HXAs, and a correlation between the chemical structures of HXA derivatives and their inhibitory effects on HP urease was observed, in comparison with JB urease.
Automatic inspection system for billet (2011)

In billet production, the quality of billet is an important issue to assure. In this study, we proposed an automatic inspection system to locate and classify defects for billet. The proposed system is consisted of three modules: (1) image processing and defect location, (2) feature extraction and selection, (3) incremental learning classifier. In the first module, the region of interest is extracted and normalized to reduce the effects of uneven illumination. We then develop two methods to detect different types of defects based on their characteristics. In the second module, k-nearest neighbor classifier and tabu search are employed to select the best set of features for classification. In the last module, a classifier with incremental learning capability called Learn++ is used to classify the detected defects. Experiments show that the proposed system provides defect detection with good accuracy and speed. Comparing with the conventional BPN, the Learn++ classifier is much more efficient in training and obtains better classification rates.
V367F mutation in SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD emerging during the early transmission phase enhances viral infectivity through increased human ACE2 receptor binding affinity (2020)

The current global pandemic of COVID-19 is caused by a novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2. The SARS-CoV-2 spike protein receptor-binding domain (RBD) is the critical determinant of viral tropism and infectivity. To investigate whether naturally occurring mutations in the RBD have altered the receptor binding affinity and infectivity, firstly we analyzed in silico the binding dynamics between mutated SARS-CoV-2 RBDs and the human ACE2 receptor. Among 1609 genomes of SARS-CoV-2 strains isolated during the early transmission phase, 32 non-synonymous RBD mutants were identified and found clustered into nine mutant types under high positive selection pressure. Applying molecular dynamics simulations, three mutant types (V367F, W436R, N354D/D364Y) displayed higher binding affinity to human ACE2, likely due to the enhanced structural stabilization of the RBD beta-sheet scaffold. The increased infectivity of one mutant (V367F) circulating worldwide was further validated by performing receptor-ligand binding ELISA, surface plasmon resonance, and pseudotyped virus assays. Genome phylogenetic analysis of V367F mutants showed that during the early transmission phase, most V367F mutants clustered more closely with the SARS-CoV-2 prototype strain than the dual-mutation variants (V367F + D614G), which emerged later and formed a distinct sub-cluster. The analysis of critical RBD mutations provides further insights into the evolutionary trajectory of SARS-CoV-2 under high selection pressure and supports the continuing surveillance of spike mutations to aid in the development of COVID-19 drugs and vaccines.
A Dual-Slope Capacitance-to-Digital Converter Integrated in an Implantable Pressure-Sensing System (2015)

A dual-slope capacitance-to-digital converter for pressure-sensing is presented and demonstrated in a complete microsystem. The design uses base capacitance subtraction with a configurable capacitor bank to narrow down input capacitance range and reduce conversion time. An energy-efficient iterative charge subtraction method is proposed, employing a current mirror that leverages the 3.6 V battery supply available in the system. We also propose dual-precision comparators to reduce comparator power while maintaining high accuracy during slope conversion, further improving energy efficiency. The converter occupies 0.105 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 180 nm CMOS and achieves 44.2 dB SNR at 6.4 ms conversion time and 110 nW of power, corresponding to 5.3 pJ/conv-step FoM. The converter is integrated with a pressure transducer, battery, processor, power management unit, and radio to form a complete 1.4 mm × 2.8 mm × 1.6 mm pressure sensor system aimed at implantable devices. The multi-layer system is implemented in 180 nm CMOS. The system was tested for resolution in a pressure chamber with an external 3.6 V supply and serial communication bus, and the measured resolution of 0.77 mmHg was recorded. We also demonstrated the wireless readout of the pressure data on the stack system operating completely wirelessly using an integrated battery.
Efficient Closed-loop Production Optimization Under Uncertainty (2005)

Abstract This work discusses a closed-loop approach for efficient real-time production optimization that consists of three key elements – adjoint models for efficient parameter and control gradient calculation, polynomial chaos expansions for efficient uncertainty propagation, and Karhunen-Loeve (K-L) expansions and Bayesian inversion theory for efficient real-time model updating (history-matching). The control gradients provided by the adjoint solution are used by a gradient-based optimization algorithm to determine optimal control settings, while the parameter gradients are used for model updating. Polynomial chaos expansions provide optimal encapsulation of information contained in the input random fields and output random variables. This approach allows the forward model to be used as a black box but is much faster than standard Monte Carlo techniques. The K-L representation allows for the direct application of adjoint techniques for history matching while assuring that the two-point geostatistics of the reservoir description are maintained. The benefits and efficiency of the overall closed-loop approach are demonstrated through real-time optimizations of net present value (NPV) for synthetic reservoirs under waterflood subject to production constraints and uncertain reservoir description. The closed-loop procedure is shown to provide a substantial improvement in NPV over the base case, and the results are seen to be very close to those obtained when the reservoir description is known apriori.
Heterogeneously catalysed cleavage of carbon–carbon double bonds with hydrogen peroxide using calcined heteropolyacids on oxide supports (1999)

Reaction of an alkene with aqueous hydrogen peroxide and a catalytic quantity of a heteropolyacid adsorbed onto magnesium, aluminium or zinc oxide leads to complete, rapid cleavage of the alkene to give carbonyl compounds.
Organisch-anorganische Hybridmaterialien: von „einfachen” Koordinationspolymeren zu Molybdänoxiden mit Organodiamin-Templaten (1999)

Eine Blaupause für das Design von Oxidmaterialien kann uns die Natur liefern, da sie bei Biomineralisationsprozessen und bei der Hydrothermalsynthese komplexer Mineralien anorganische Mikrostrukturen beeinflussen kann. Eine Anleihe bei dieser Fähigkeit führt zu einer ganz neuen Klasse von Materialien, bei denen organische Komponenten eine Rolle bei der Kontrolle über die anorganischen Mikrostrukturen spielen. Der Einsatz von Verbindungen aus der beständig wachsenden Klasse polymerer Komplexkationen ermöglicht die Herstellung von Molybdänoxiden mit neuartigen Substrukturen (siehe das im Bild gezeigte Beispiel).
Diauxic growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens 15955 on succinate and mannopine (1992)

Diauxic growth was observed upon incubation of Agrobacterium tumefaciens 15955 on a mixture of succinate and mannopine as the carbon source. Diauxic growth was also observed when either fumarate or L-malate was mixed with mannopine. No diauxie was detectable when A. tumefaciens 15955 was grown on a mixture of mannopine and glucose, fructose, sucrose, or L-arabinose. Preferential utilization of succinate was observed in the initial growth phase of diauxie, whereas the final growth phase occurred at the expense of mannopine. Cells harvested during the initial growth phase exhibited a capacity for uptake of [14C]succinate but not of [14C] mannopine. A capacity for [14C]mannopine uptake was expressed during the final growth phase. Extracts from cells grown on a mixture of succinate and mannopine exhibited a low level of mannopine cyclase activity in the initial phase of diauxie. This activity increased substantially in the final phase of growth. Added succinate had no effect on the rate of [14C]mannopine uptake or mannopine cyclase activities of cells previously grown on mannopine. Diauxie was also observed during growth of strain 15955 on a mixture of succinate and octopine.
MinimaLT: Minimal-latency Networking Through Better Security. (2013)

Minimal Latency Tunneling (MinimaLT) is a new network protocol that provides ubiquitous encryption for maximal confidentiality, including protecting packet headers. MinimaLT provides server and user authentication, extensive Denial-of-Service protections, and IP mobility while approaching perfect forward secrecy. We describe the protocol, demonstrate its performance relative to TLS and unencrypted TCP/IP, and analyze its protections, including its resilience against DoS attacks [56]. By exploiting the properties of its cryptographic protections, MinimaLT is able to eliminate three-way handshakes and thus create connections faster than unencrypted TCP/IP.
Molecular Crowding Accelerates Fibrillization of α-Synuclein:  Could an Increase in the Cytoplasmic Protein Concentration Induce Parkinson's Disease? (2002)

Parkinson's disease (PD) is one of many neurodegenerative diseases that are characterized by amyloid fibril formation. Alpha-synuclein is a primary component of the fibrillar neuronal inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, that are diagnostic of PD. In addition, the alpha-synuclein gene is linked to familial PD. Fibril formation by alpha-synuclein proceeds via discrete beta-sheet-rich oligomers, or protofibrils, that are consumed as fibrils grow. Both FPD mutations accelerate formation of protofibrils, suggesting that these intermediates, rather than the fibril product, trigger neuronal loss. In idiopathic PD, other factors may be responsible for accelerating protofibril formation by wild-type alpha-synuclein. One possible factor could be molecular crowding in the neuronal cytoplasm. We demonstrate here that crowding using inert polymers significantly reduced the lag time for protofibril formation and the conversion of the protofibril to the fibril, but did not affect the morphology of either species. Physiologically realistic changes in the degree of in vitro crowding have significant kinetic consequences. Thus, nonspecific changes in the total cytoplasmic protein concentration, induced by cell volume changes and/or altered protein degradation, could promote formation of and stabilize the alpha-synuclein protofibril.
Risk of Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease in Children with Cancer and Response of Immunocompromised Leukemic Children to a Conjugate Vaccine (1990)

From 1969 to 1988, 8 cases of systemic Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) disease occurred among 5288 patients with cancer. For the first 4 years of life, systemic Hib disease was significantly greater in leukemic children than in the general population (606/100,000 vs. 90/100,000, respectively). Fifty children aged 2-6 years with acute leukemia were vaccinated with a Hib conjugate vaccine, ProHibit. The overall response rate was 50%; however, 75% of children receiving leukemic therapy for less than 12 months responded versus 18% of those treated longer. After vaccination, the geometric mean antibody concentration was 7.2 micrograms/ml, appreciably lower than for normal children of similar ages. After 12 months, the geometric mean antibody concentration had declined to 0.35 micrograms/ml, and 75% of subjects had antibody levels greater than or equal to 0.15 micrograms/ml. A booster dose for unsuccessfully vaccinated subjects was of minimal benefit. Children with acute leukemia in remission who were treated according to the leukemia therapy protocol of St. Jude Children's Research Hospital had a good likelihood of responding to the conjugate Hib vaccine if administered within a year of initiation of chemotherapy.
A cytosine methyltransferase homologue is essential for repeat-induced point mutation in <i>Neurospora crassa</i> (2002)

During sexual development, Neurospora crassa inactivates genes in duplicated DNA segments by a hypermutation process, repeat-induced point mutation (RIP). RIP introduces C:G to T:A transition mutations and creates targets for subsequent DNA methylation in vegetative tissue. The mechanism of RIP and its relationship to DNA methylation are not fully understood. Mutations in DIM-2, a DNA methyltransferase (DMT) responsible for all known cytosine methylation in Neurospora, does not prevent RIP. We used RIP to disrupt a second putative DMT gene in the Neurospora genome and tested mutants for defects in DNA methylation and RIP. No effect on DNA methylation was detected in the tissues that could be assayed, but the mutants showed recessive defects in RIP. Duplications of the am and mtr genes were completely stable in crosses homozygous for the mutated potential DMT gene, which we call rid (RIP defective). The same duplications were inactivated normally in heterozygous crosses. Disruption of the rid gene did not noticeably affect fertility, growth, or development. In contrast, crosses homozygous for a mutation in a related gene in Ascobolus immersus, masc1, reportedly fail to develop and heterozygous crosses reduce methylation induced premeiotically [Malagnac, F., Wendel, B., Goyon, C., Faugeron, G., Zickler, D., et al. (1997) Cell 91, 281-290]. We isolated homologues of rid from Neurospora tetrasperma and Neurospora intermedia to identify conserved regions. Homologues possess all motifs characteristic of eukaryotic DMTs and have large distinctive C- and N-terminal domains.
Automated AFM Boosts Throughput in Automatic Defect Review (2014)

The scaling trend in semiconductor design requires tighter control over defects on wafers. To characterize the defects, both inspection and review tools are needed. The inspection tools such as surface scanning inspection systems (SSIS) are employed to locate and map defect sites. Then review tools such as scanning electron microscopes (SEMs) are used to obtain morphological information. Large defects, which are visible by light optical microscopy (LOM), can be easily found by an inspection tool and imaged by a review tool. However, as processing requirements become more stringent, the defect size of interest gets smaller, below the diffraction limit of LOM. To locate and identify small defects, a large survey scan needs to be performed by the review tool in order to find the exact location of the defects (Figure 1). ... Defect review SEM has been used to image the defects of a bare wafer after defect sites are mapped by the laser-scattering defect inspection tools such as Surfscan from KLA-Tencor. However, the imaging by defect review SEM is limited to 2D and cannot provide 3D information, which has become more crucial in recent days for bare wafer manufacturing control. Also, smaller defects, less than 50 nm, are increasingly difficult to detect by the defect review SEM because irradiation damage on the bare surface or small-sized defects can change morphologies.
New drug delivery strategies for improved Parkinson's disease therapy (2009)

Increasing interest has been addressed toward the introduction of new therapeutic approaches to obtaining continuous dopaminergic stimulation (CDS). The goal of this therapeutic strategy is to reduce the occurrence and severity of L-DOPA (LD)-associated motor fluctuations and dyskinesia, and provide good long-term safety and tolerability. CDS can be achieved by the administration of oral dopamine (DA) agonists with a long half-life, transdermal or subcutaneous delivery of DA agonists, or intestinal LD infusion. To allow higher concentrations of LD to reach the brain and to reduce peripheral side effects, the therapeutic approach provides the concomitant administration of LD, carbidopa and entacapone that have been developed in tablet form, standard LD/carbidopa, LD/benserazide, LD/entacapone, LD/tolcapone associations or long-acting controlled release formulations, LD/carbidopa and LD/benserazide. Alternatively to solid formulations, LD/carbidopa liquid forms have been developed. Furthermore, the authors examine a series of new LD codrugs and non-dopaminergic drugs for Parkinson's disease treatment, together with a variety of experimental delivery strategies including transdermal therapeutic systems, liposomes, solid lipid nanoparticles and biocompatible microparticles. This review provides an overview of progress in anti-Parkinson therapy, mainly focused on delivery strategies and codrug approach for treatment of this neurological disorder.
Surface Properties of Poly(ethylene terephthalate) (2007)

Plastic beverage containers are often produced by the blow molding of preforms made from poly(ethylene terephthalate) resin. As the bottles leave the blow molding machines, they are conveyed to a palletizer to be stacked for storage. During this conveying, bottles sometimes stick together causing backups or jams. This study attempted to determine if common processing parameters cause changes in the surface tension of the polymer. Initially, several contact angle techniques were tested to determine the optimal technique to be used for the remaining experiments. From these initial tests, the Harmonic Mean method was selected to determine the surface tension of the polymers. Flat parts were injection molded from both copolymer and homopolymer resins and aged at room temperature and humidity for two months. The surface tension of these parts was measured during several intervals throughout this storage time. The surface tensions of both materials dropped slightly for the first week of storage before leveling off to 44-47 ii dynes/cm. Varying the injection molding conditions did not seem to cause the surface tension to change drastically. Some additional materials were aged for three weeks at
Identification of DNMT1 (DNA methyltransferase 1) hypomorphs in somatic knockouts suggests an essential role for DNMT1 in cell survival (2006)

Previous studies have shown that DNA methyltransferase (Dnmt) 1 is required for maintenance of bulk DNA methylation and is essential for mouse development. However, somatic disruption of DNMT1 in the human cancer cell line HCT116 was not lethal and caused only minor decreases in methylation. Here, we report the identification of a truncated DNMT1 protein, which was generated by the disruption of DNMT1 in HCT116 cells. The truncated protein, which had parts of the regulatory N-terminal domain deleted but preserved the catalytic C-terminal domain, was present at different levels in all DNMT1 single-knockout and DNMT1/DNMT3b double-knockout cell lines tested and retained hemimethylase activity. DNMT1 RNAi resulted in decreased cell viability in WT and knockout cells and further loss of DNA methylation in DNMT1 knockout cells. Furthermore, we observed a delay in methylation after replication and an increase in hemimethylation of specific CpG sites in cells expressing the truncated protein. Remethylation studies after drug-induced hypomethylation suggest a putative role of DNMT1 in the de novo methylation of a subtelomeric repeat, D4Z4, which is lost in cells lacking full-length DNMT1. Our data suggest that DNMT1 might be essential for maintenance of DNA methylation, proliferation, and survival of cancer cells.
Paclitaxel-Based chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: predicting the response with 99mTc-tetrofosmin chest imaging. (2001)

99mTc-TF chest images are potential tools for understanding MDR-Pgp expression in NSCLC and for predicting the chemotherapeutic response to paclitaxel.
AN IMPROVED BIO‐ASSAY FOR ABSCISIC ACID AND OTHER ANTITRANSPIRANTS (1973)

SUMMARY A greatly improved method is described for the bio‐assay of abscisic acid (ABA) and other compounds that possess ‘antitranspirant’ activity. As in the previous method, the stomatal responses are observed on pieces of isolated epidermis of Commelina communis immersed in small volumes of solution containing the compounds to be assayed. In new media, it is now possible to obtain linear responses to ABA concentrations over the range 10 ‐4 ‐10 ‐8 M in PIPES buffer at pH 6.8, and over the range 10 ‐7 ‐10 ‐10 M in citrate buffer at pH 5.5. In citrate buffer, it is possible to detect as little as 26 pg of ABA. In both media, the assay is unaffected by the presence of six other growth regulators (auxin, gibberellic acid, kinetin, coumarin, xanthinin and scopoletin) but the stomata closed partially in response to 10 ‐3 M chlorogenic acid.
The intestine-specific transcription factor Cdx2 inhibits β-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity by disrupting the β-catenin–TCF protein complex (2009)

Cdx2 is an intestine-specific transcription factor known to regulate proliferation and differentiation. We have reported previously that Cdx2 limits the proliferation of human colon cancer cells by inhibiting the transcriptional activity of the beta-catenin-T-cell factor (TCF) bipartite complex. Herein we further elucidate this mechanism. Studies with a classic Cdx2 target gene and a canonical Wnt/beta-catenin/TCF reporter suggest that Cdx2 regulates these promoters by distinctly different processes. Specifically, inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF activity by Cdx2 does not require Cdx2 transcriptional activity. Instead, Cdx2 binds beta-catenin and disrupts its interaction with the DNA-binding TCF factors, thereby silencing beta-catenin/TCF target gene expression. Using Cdx2 mutants, we map the Cdx2 domains required for the inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF activity. We identify a subdomain in the N-terminus that is highly conserved and when mutated significantly reduces Cdx2 inhibition of beta-catenin/TCF transcriptional activity. Mutation of this subdomain also abrogates Cdx2's anti-proliferative effects in colon cancer cells. In summary, we conclude that Cdx2 binds beta-catenin and disrupts the beta-catenin-TCF complex. Considering the pivotal role of beta-catenin/TCF activity in driving proliferation of normal intestinal epithelial and colon cancer cells, our findings suggest a novel mechanism for Cdx2-mediated regulation of Wnt/beta-catenin signaling and cell proliferation.