gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Towards standardization of muscle strength testing (1970)

Male subjects (N = 24) exerted maximal horizontal forces either trying to maintain a constant level over 5 seconds, or increasing steadily to the subjective maximum, or in vigorous jerks of the body. Statistical analysis (p ≤ 0.01) indicated that these different techniques of force generation can result in different peak impulses. For the force maintained over 5 seconds, different scores (peak, and 12 averages during the exertion period) were extracted from the recorded force curves. Many of the resulting scores were significantly different from the others. Thus, a number of distinctly different “strength” scores resulted either from different techniques of force generation used by the subjects, or from different statistical treatments of the same raw data by the experimenter. To standardize measures of “strength,” a definition of strength, a checklist to control experimental techniques, and a regimen to calculate the strength index are proposed.
Inductive Powering: Basic Theory and Application to Biomedical Systems (2009)

Inductive powering has been a reliable and simple method for many years to wirelessly power devices over relatively short distances, from a few centimetres to a few feet. Examples are found in biomedical applications, such as cochlear implants; in RFID, such as smart cards for building access control; and in consumer devices, such as electrical toothbrushes. Device sizes shrunk considerably the past decades, demanding accurate design tools to obtain reliable link operation in demanding environments. With smaller coil sizes, the link efficiency drops dramatically to a point where the commonly used calculation methods become invalid. Inductive Powering: Basic Theory and Application to Biomedical Systems lists all design equations and topology alternatives to successfully build an inductive power and data link for your specific application. It also contains practical guidelines to expand the external driver with a servomechanism that automatically tunes itself to varying coupling and load conditions.
In Vivo Selection of Rous Sarcoma Virus Mutants with Randomized Sequences in the Packaging Signal (1998)

Retrovirus genomes contain a sequence at the 5' end which directs their packaging into virions. In Rous sarcoma virus, previous studies have identified important segments of the packaging signal, Psi, and support elements of a secondary-structure prediction. To further characterize this sequence, we used an in vivo selection strategy to test large collections of mutants. We generated pools of full-length viral DNA molecules with short stretches of random sequence in Psi and transfected each pool into avian cells. Resulting infectious virus was allowed to spread by multiple passages, so that sequences could compete and the best could be selected. This method provides information on the kinds of sequences allowed, as well as those that are most fit. Several predicted stem-loop structures in Psi were tested. A stem at the base of element O3 was highly favored; only sequences which maintained base pairing were selected. Two other stems, at the base and in the middle of element L3, were not conserved: neither base pairing nor sequence was maintained. A single mutation, G213U, was seen upstream of the randomized region in all selected L3 stem mutants; we interpret this to mean that it compensates for the defects in L3. Randomized mutations adjacent to G213 maintained the wild-type base composition but not its sequence. The kissing-loop sequence at end of L3, postulated to function in genome dimerization, was not required for infectivity but was selected for over time. Finally, a deletion of L3 was constructed and found to be poorly infectious.
Ketenes. VIII. Some Reactions of 1-(Dimethylamino)-4-methyl-1-penten-3-one<sup>1</sup> (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTKetenes. VIII. Some Reactions of 1-(Dimethylamino)-4-methyl-1-penten-3-one1James C. Martin, Kenneth R. Barton, P. Glenn Gott, and Ronald H. MeenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1966, 31, 3, 943–946Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1966https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01341a074https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01341a074research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views231Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mining probabilistic generalized frequent itemsets in uncertain databases (2013)

Researchers have recently defined and presented the theoretical concepts and an algorithm necessary for mining so-called probabilistic frequent itemsets in uncertain databases---based on possible world semantics. Further, there exist algorithms for mining so-called generalized itemsets in certain databases, where a taxonomy exists relating concrete items to abstract (generalized) items not in the database. Currently, no research has been done in formulating a theory and algorithm for mining generalized itemsets from uncertain databases. Using probability theory and possible world semantics, we formulate a method for calculating the probability a generalized item will occur within an uncertain transaction.
High-temperature metal-carbon eutectic fixed-point cells with improved robustness (2004)

A novel metal-carbon eutectic fixed-point cell taking advantage of a hyper-eutectic porous structure to improve its robustness is proposed. This structure maintains its porous form and its shape even after melting. Investigation has revealed that the cell can withstand repeated rapid heating and cooling without breakage, and repeatability of the melting temperature comparable to conventional metal-carbon eutectic fixed point cells has been demonstrated. The applications of this technique to realizing secondary standards or transfer standards in thermometry, long cells for thermocouple calibration and large aperture cells for irradiance standards in radiometry/photometry are of particular interest.
Evaluation of integration technology approaches in the healthcare supply chain (2007)

Healthcare organisations are increasingly being challenged to look at their operations and find opportunities to improve the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of their supply chain services. In light of this situation, there is an apparent need for healthcare organisations to invest in integration technologies and to achieve the integration of supply chain processes, in order to break up the historical structure characterised by numerous interfaces and the segregation of responsibilities. The aim of this paper is to take an independent look at the healthcare supply chain and identify at different levels the core entities, processes, information flows, and system integration challenges which impede supply chain quality improvements to be realised. Moreover, this paper proposes, from an information systems perspective, a framework for the evaluation of different integration technology approaches, which can be used as a potential guideline tool for assessing integration technology alternatives, in order to add value to a healthcare-supply-chain management system.
A 1024$\,\times\,$8, 700-ps Time-Gated SPAD Line Sensor for Planetary Surface Exploration With Laser Raman Spectroscopy and LIBS (2013)

A 1024 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\,\times\,$</tex> </formula> 8 time-gated, single-photon avalanche diode line sensor is presented for time-resolved laser Raman spectroscopy and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Two different chip geometries were implemented and characterized. A type-I sensor has a maximum photon detection efficiency of 0.3% and median dark count rate of 80 Hz at 3 V of excess bias. A type-II sensor offers a maximum photon detection efficiency of 19.3% and a median dark count rate of 5.7 kHz at 3 V of excess bias. Both chips have 250-ps temporal resolution and fast gating capability, with a minimum gate width of 1.8 ns for type I and 0.7 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$~$</tex></formula> ns for type II. Raman spectra were successfully observed from natural minerals, such as calcite and willemite. With the use of subnanosecond gating, background fluorescence was significantly reduced.
Organic chemical approach to photo-crosslinks of nucleic acids to proteins (1980)

Various proteins are known to be linked covalently to nucleic acids under UV irradiation. The phOto-cross-links occurs from the interacting states between nucleic acids and proteins. The present approach to this problem involves the characterization and identification of photoproducts obtained from model systems using simple pyrimidine bases and amino acids as well as some mechanistic aspects. 5-Bromouracil or its derivatives undergoes selective photocoupling to tryptophan, indoles and some electron-rich aromatics under varthus irradiation conditions, where four modes of reactions were observed: involvement of (1) triplet bromouracil, (2) a double electron transfer in the presence of an electron carrier, (3) mixed aggregate formation in aqueous frozen solution, and (4) fluorescence quenching of the aromatics by bromouracfl. Other topics of the photochemistry of pyrimidine bases, including synthesis of fluorescent uracils using photo-cross-coupling with 5-chloro-and 5-iodouracils, photoreactions between a 4-thiouracil and L-lysine and between thymine and L-tryptophan, and synthesis and behaviors of model compounds for stacking interactions between 5-bromouracil (or thymine) and tryptophan.
American Comint in the Korean war (part ii): From the Chinese intervention to the armistice (2000)

This article examines American intelligence during the Korean War, from the intervention to the armistice, focusing primarily upon Comint. The role of Comint cannot be said to have been decisive, being weakest during the first year of the war, when strategic development were at their most fluid. Comint was certainly critical at the operational level after 1951 and helped the UN forces in Korea win significant battles. But Comint never came close to living up to its full potential and only came on stream in a manner that commanders found acceptable after the campaign in Korea had reached stalemate. The most dramatic military contribution of Comint during the Korean War was probably in the closing stages of the air war, where its impact was almost certainly critical.
Synthesis and structural study of <i>N</i>‐methyl‐2‐methylthiopyrimidine derivatives from trihalomethylated enones (2010)

Abstract magnified image The synthesis and chemoselective study of a novel series N ‐methyl‐2‐methylthio‐tetrahydropyrimidines and or N ‐methyl‐2‐methylthiodihydropyrimidines, from the cyclocondensation reaction of β‐alkoxyvinyl trihalomethyl ketones (enones) with 1,2‐dimethylisothiourea sulfate is described. It was found that the chemoselectivity depends on both the reaction conditions and the steric and electronic effects of the substituents on the enones. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
The effect of extracorporeal shock wave treatment (ESWT) on bone defects. An experimental study. (1999)

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy (ESWT) on the formation of callus in bone defects created in rabbit radii. this study searches for an answer to whether ESWT may have a therapeutic effect on bone defects. A bone defect with a radius of 1 cm was created in both forelimbs of 20 rabbits. At the 7th, 14th, and 21st days ESWT treatment was applied to the forming callus in the right radius under fluoroscopic control. At the 6th and 12th weeks, the animals were sacrificed and callus analysis was performed by computerized scan, dual energy x-ray absorptiometer. Histological analyses were also performed. The results revealed that the average callus area in the right (ESWT applied) radial defect was greater in both groups and statistically significant at the 12th week (p < 0.05). There was no difference in bone density between defects. Histologically the callus area was greater on the right side (ESWT applied side) in both groups. However in the first group trabeculae were occupying less space on the right side. Granulation tissue areas and chondroid areas were greater on the right side. We conclude that ESWT has a disorganizing and dispersing rather than a direct osteoinductive effect on forming callus. This effect may play a therapeutic role in bone defects and in situations like callus lengthening where a greater amount of callus is necessary.
A High-Performance Sintered Iron Electrode for Rechargeable Alkaline Batteries to Enable Large-Scale Energy Storage (2017)

Iron-based alkaline rechargeable batteries such as iron-air and nickel-iron batteries are particularly attractive for large-scale energy storage because these batteries can be relatively inexpensive, environment- friendly, and also safe. Therefore, our study has focused on achieving the essential electrical performance and cycling properties needed for the widespread use of iron-based alkaline batteries in stationary and distributed energy storage applications.We have demonstrated for the first time, an advanced sintered iron electrode capable of 3500 cycles of repeated charge and discharge at the 1-hour rate and 100% depth of discharge in each cycle, and an average Coulombic efficiency of over 97%. Such a robust and efficient rechargeable iron electrode is also capable of continuous discharge at rates as high as 3C with no noticeable loss in utilization. We have shown that the porosity, pore size and thickness of the sintered electrode can be selected rationally to optimize specific capacity, rate capability and robustness. As a result, these advances in the electrical performance and durability of the iron electrode enables iron-based alkaline batteries to be a viable technology solution for meeting the dire need for large-scale electrical energy storage.
Dynamics and biological relevance of DNA demethylation in <i>Arabidopsis</i> antibacterial defense (2013)

DNA methylation is an epigenetic mark that silences transposable elements (TEs) and repeats. Whereas the establishment and maintenance of DNA methylation are relatively well understood, little is known about their dynamics and biological relevance in plant and animal innate immunity. Here, we show that some TEs are demethylated and transcriptionally reactivated during antibacterial defense in Arabidopsis. This effect is correlated with the down-regulation of key transcriptional gene silencing factors and is partly dependent on an active demethylation process. DNA demethylation restricts multiplication and vascular propagation of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae in leaves and, accordingly, some immune-response genes, containing repeats in their promoter regions, are negatively regulated by DNA methylation. This study provides evidence that DNA demethylation is part of a plant-induced immune response, potentially acting to prime transcriptional activation of some defense genes linked to TEs/repeats.
Laser-Machining Thin-Film Electrode Arrays on Quartz Crystal Substrates (1969)

The feasibility of laser-machining quartz crystal resonators for frequency and inter-resonator coupling adjustment has been demonstrated. The inter-resonator coupling has been adjusted by altering the geometry of the electrode array. The frequency has been adjusted by vaporizing material to form an array of holes on the electrode surface. The results indicate that extremely fine adjustments of inter-resonator coupling and resonator frequency can be achieved. Frequency adjustments greater than one part in 108 have been demonstrated. No degradation of the crystal unit electrical parameters could be detected as a result of the machining process. Furthermore, laser trimming lends itself to automated processing without the need for elaborate vacuum equipment as is presently required with some adjustment techniques. Laser trimming also appears to be ideally suited for adjustment of high-frequency resonators where fine tolerances are required.
Computer-aided speckle interferometry using spectral amplitude fringes (1993)

A fully automatic speckle metrology technique is developed. Two speckle patterns of a specimen, one before and one after the specimen deformation, are captured by a video camera. An equivalent double-exposure speckle pattern is obtained by superimposing the two digital images. The superimposed speckle pattern is then segmented into a series of small subimages. For each subimage a fast-Fourier transform is applied and a computer-generated Young's fringe pattern is obtained. The fringe pattern, which characterizes the local displacement vector, is analyzed by a second fast-Fourier transform. The local displacement vector is determined by a cardinal interpolation and a crest searching around a signal peak in the second spectral domain. An artificial rigid shift between the two images is introduced in the cases of extremely large or small displacements. From analysis of all subimage pairs of the whole superimposed speckle pattern a complete two-dimensional displacement field is deduced. Experimental results using laser as well as white-light speckle patterns are demonstrated.
Orange juice quality with an emphasis on flavor components (1979)

This review studies the chemistry of the flavor of citrus juices with emphasis on the components of the flavor of orange juice and their origin in the different parts of the orange fruit. Citrus processing and the nature of the various products as they affect flavor are discussed. The composition of peel oil, aroma oil, orange juice, orange essence, and orange essence oil is presented. The relationship between flavor and color are discussed and the role of lipid components as they affect flavor stability and off-flavors are described. Spoilage resulting from microbes is briefly treated. The nutritional value of orange juice is cited.
Modulation of In-Membrane Receptor Clustering upon Binding of Multivalent Ligands (2013)

In living cells and biomimetic systems alike, multivalent ligands in solution can induce clustering of membrane receptors. The link between the receptor clustering and the ligand binding remains, however, poorly defined. Using minimalist divalent ligands, we develop a model that allows quantifying the modulation of receptor clustering by binding of ligands with any number of binding sites. The ligands, with weak binding affinity for the receptor and with binding sites held together by flexible linkers, lead to nearly quantitative clustering upon binding in a wide range of experimental conditions, showing that efficient modulation of receptor clustering does not require pre-organization or large binding affinities per binding site. Simulations show that, in the presence of ligands with five or more binding sites, an on/off clustering response follows a very small change in receptor density in the membrane, which is consistent with the highly cooperative behavior of multivalent biomolecular systems.
Well-Control Analyses on Extended-Reach and Multilateral Trajectories (2005)

Summary For economic and technical reasons, the industry has used directional, extended-reach, horizontal, and multilateral wells. Although technologies are well developed for these wells, and there are numerous successes in the last decade, these wells still have high level of risk in drilling and completion. Well control is one of the relatively unanswered, but important, operations because improper well control, followed by a blowout is one of the most expensive and feared operational hazards. To maintain a specified bottomhole pressure (BHP), surface choke pressures highly depend on kick vertical height in the well and well trajectory. As the final hold angle of the well increases from vertical, shut-in casing pressure (SICP) reduces to shut-in drillpipe pressure (SIDPP) and remains the same as long as the kick stays in the horizontal section. For equal vertical depths, the maximum choke pressure is insensitive to hold angles or hold lengths, aslong as the initial pit-volume gain is the same. However, for directional andextended-reach wells, choke pressure can increase, even without kick expansion, because of the gain of kick vertical height in the build section. This may maskchoke-pressure reduction because of larger annular capacity when the kick passes the casing shoe, especially if the kickoff point (KOP) and casing-shoe depth are close. In multilateral wells with more than one kicking wellbore, SIDPP is affected by both formation over pressure and kick size in each wellbore. The maximum value among them will appear at the surface. Therefore, we should be careful in the interpretation of the shut-in pressures. For safe kick circulation, we must consider additional pressure to compensate for hydrostatic-pressure reduction resulting from kick migration and expansion in branch wellbores.
Effects of Laser Textured Disk Surfaces on a Slider’s Flying Characteristics (1998)

Recently, laser texturing has captured the attention of head/media interface engineers in the hard disk drive industry because it provides precision in the landing zone placement while eliminating the transition zone of a mechanically textured landing zone. It also offers excellent tribological performance in terms of low CSS stiction and good durability. These advantages make it the solution of choice for high-end magnetic hard disk drives. This paper models the effects of laser bumps and laser textured disk surfaces on the Headway AAB slider’s flying characteristics. Two commonly used laser bump profiles (“Sombrero” and “Volcano” types) and various texture patterns are numerically generated in the simulator. The slider’s dynamic responses to these moving laser bumps and textures under two outer rail flying conditions are simulated, and the effects of various bump/texture parameters on the slider’s fly height, pitch, roll and their modulations are discussed. The laser texture mechanism is explained by examining the air bearing pressure profiles induced by the moving laser textures.
An evaluation of the Charm Test – a rapid method for the detection of penicillin in milk (1983)

Using the Charm radioactive assay technique as a rapid test for the determination of penicillin in milk in experiments with milks containing known concentrations of penicillin, the coefficient of variation was found to be 15 and 11% for raw whole and reconstituted skim-milks respectively. Storage of reagents for up to 4 d increased the variance of the test by more than 20% and the estimated penicillin concentration 0.4%/d of storage up to 25 d. In comparison with the Bromocresol Purple Test, which was capable of 100% accuracy in defining a threshold of 0.02 i.u. penicillin/ml milk, the Charm Test falsely classified 15.6% of the samples.
Fiber optic hydrogen sensor utilizing facet-etched metal nano-apertures (2010)

We demonstrate a hydrogen sensor that is composed of a nano-aperture etched onto the facet of a palladium coated fiber tip.