gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hands-On Electronics: A Practical Introduction to Analog and Digital Circuits (2003)

Packed full of real circuits to build and test, Hands-On Electronics is a unique introduction to analog and digital electronics theory and practice. Ideal both as a college textbook and for self-study, the friendly style, clear illustrations and construction details included in the book encourage rapid and effective learning of analog and digital circuit design theory. All the major topics for a typical one semester course are covered including RC circuits, diodes, transistors, op-amps, oscillators, TTL logic, counters, D/A converters and more. There are also chapters explaining how to use the equipment needed for the examples (oscilloscope, multimeter and breadboard) together with pin-out diagrams and manufacturers' specifications for all the key components referred to in the book.
Reconstruction of reflectance spectra using weighted principal component analysis (2008)

Abstract The weighted principal component analysis technique is employed for reconstruction of reflectance spectra of surface colors from the related tristimulus values. A dynamic eigenvector subspace based on applying certain weights to reflectance data of Munsell color chips has been formed for each particular sample and the color difference value between the target, and Munsell dataset is chosen as a criterion for determination of weighting factors. Implementation of this method enables one to increase the influence of samples which are closer to target on extracted principal eigenvectors and subsequently diminish the effect of those samples which benefit from higher amount of color difference. The performance of the suggested method is evaluated in spectral reflectance reconstruction of three different collections of colored samples by the use of the first three Munsell bases. The resulting spectra show considerable improvements in terms of root mean square error between the actual and reconstructed reflectance curves as well as CIELAB color difference under illuminant A in comparison to those obtained from the standard PCA method. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 360–371, 2008
A systems‐level “misunderstanding”: the plasma metabolome in Huntington's disease (2015)

Understanding the complex changes in the delicate balance of the metabolome and the gut microbiome in HD, and how they relate to disease onset, progression, and phenotypic variability in HD are critical questions for future research.
Ups and downs: The STAT1:STAT3 seesaw of Interferon and gp130 receptor signalling (2008)

Downstream of cytokine or growth factor receptors, STAT3 counteracts inflammation and promotes cell survival/proliferation and immune tolerance while STAT1 inhibits proliferation and favours innate and adaptive immune responses. STAT1 and STAT3 activation are reciprocally regulated and perturbation in their balanced expression or phosphorylation levels may re-direct cytokine/growth factor signals from proliferative to apoptotic, or from inflammatory to anti-inflammatory. Here we review the functional canonical and non-canonical effects of STAT1/3 activation and discuss the hypothesis that perturbation of their expression and/or activation levels may provide novel therapeutic strategies in different clinical settings and particularly in cancer.
The synergistic triad between microcin, colibactin, and salmochelin gene clusters in uropathogenic Escherichia coli (2020)

A functional synergy was previously demonstrated between microcin, salmochelin and colibactin islands in Escherichia coli strains from B2 phylogroup. We aimed to determine this association prevalence in uropathogenic E. coli, and whether it was predictive of the infection severity in a collection of 225 E. coli strains from urinary samples. The high prevalence of this triad, even if it wasn't correlated with infection severity, suggested that it might not be a virulence factor per se within the urinary tract, but would promote its colonization. This triad would enable the strain to dominate the rectal reservoir with a minimal genetic cost.
Quantitative Framework for Model Evaluation in Microbiology Research Using <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> and Cystic Fibrosis Infection as a Test Case (2020)

Laboratory models are a cornerstone of modern microbiology, but the accuracy of these models has not been systematically evaluated. As a result, researchers often choose models based on intuition or incomplete data. We propose a general quantitative framework to assess model accuracy from RNA sequencing data and use this framework to evaluate models of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> cystic fibrosis (CF) lung infection. We found that an <i>in vitro</i> synthetic CF sputum medium model and a CF airway epithelial cell model had the highest genome-wide accuracy but underperformed on distinct functional categories, including porins and polyamine biosynthesis for the synthetic sputum medium and protein synthesis for the epithelial cell model. We identified 211 "elusive" genes that were not mimicked in a reference strain grown in any laboratory model but found that many were captured by using a clinical isolate. These methods provide researchers with an evidence-based foundation to select and improve laboratory models.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Laboratory models have become a cornerstone of modern microbiology. However, the accuracy of even the most commonly used models has never been evaluated. Here, we propose a quantitative framework based on gene expression data to evaluate model performance and apply it to models of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> cystic fibrosis lung infection. We discovered that these models captured different aspects of <i>P. aeruginosa</i> infection physiology, and we identify which functional categories are and are not captured by each model. These methods will provide researchers with a solid basis to choose among laboratory models depending on the scientific question of interest and will help improve existing experimental models.
Update on rifampin drug interactions. II (1992)

Rifampin is a potent inducer of hepatic P450 oxidative enzymes. Clinically important drug interactions have been documented between rifampin and numerous other drugs, such as oral anticoagulants, oral contraceptives, cyclosporine, digitalis, and ketoconazole. New, potentially clinically significant rifampin drug interactions have been reported for haloperidol, several antiarrhythmics, fluconazole, diltiazem, and select benzodiazepines. Further research has been conducted for previously reported drug interactions with rifampin involving such drugs as glucocorticoids, cyclosporine, verapamil, and oral anticoagulants. Proper management of these interactions is essential to avoid therapeutic failures on initiating rifampin therapy and potential toxic reactions after discontinuing rifampin. New rifampin drug interactions will continue to be identified with future investigations. (<i>Arch Intern Med</i>. 1992;152:711-716)
Fabrication of two-sided anamorphic microlenses and direct coupling of tapered high-power diode laser to single-mode fiber (1995)

An anamorphic microlens has been developed to couple a tapered unstable-resonator laser directly to a single-mode fiber, and has demonstrated capability for simple, compact and efficient high-power diode laser systems. Far high collection and coupling efficiencies, the refractive microlens has been fabricated by utilizing both sides of a GaP substrate, in which the first side was used to remove the astigmatism of the laser output and the second side to focus the beam to a spot size comparable to the fiber mode. The microlenses have been accurately formed by using a recent technique of mass-transport smoothing of etched multimesa preforms. Initial fiber-coupling experiments showed powers as high as 360 mW at the fiber output, and coupling efficiency as high as 29.5% has been measured at a lower power.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Adaptive Optimization Techniques for Inteligent Network Security (2017)

Due to increasing incidents of cyber-attacks, building effective intrusion detection systems (IDS) are essential for protecting information systems security, and yet it remains an elusive goal and a great challenge. In this article, we report different adaptive optimization techniques for intelligent network security. Their structure is explained and main purpose. Collaboration between the different approaches is suggested as a result of the made analyses. This article was devoted to Reinforcement Learning and Fuzzy logic, which are the methods selected amongst several ones and a brief adaptation of multi-agent based fuzzy reinforcement learning is proposed.
Worst-case quadratic loss bounds for prediction using linear functions and gradient descent (1996)

Studies the performance of gradient descent (GD) when applied to the problem of online linear prediction in arbitrary inner product spaces. We prove worst-case bounds on the sum of the squared prediction errors under various assumptions concerning the amount of a priori information about the sequence to predict. The algorithms we use are variants and extensions of online GD. Whereas our algorithms always predict using linear functions as hypotheses, none of our results requires the data to be linearly related. In fact, the bounds proved on the total prediction loss are typically expressed as a function of the total loss of the best fixed linear predictor with bounded norm. All the upper bounds are tight to within constants. Matching lower bounds are provided in some cases. Finally, we apply our results to the problem of online prediction for classes of smooth functions.
Graphene mode-locked femtosecond laser at 2 μm wavelength (2012)

We experimentally demonstrated a passively mode-locked femtosecond laser by using a graphene-based saturable absorber mirror (graphene SAM) in the spectral region of 2 μm. The graphene SAM was fabricated by transferring chemical-vapor-deposited, high-quality, and large-area graphene on a highly reflective plane mirror. Stable mode-locked laser pulses as short as 729 fs were obtained with a repetition rate of 98.7 MHz and an average output power of 60.2 mW at 2018 nm.
Therapeutic Promises of 2-Methoxyestradiol and Its Drug Disposition Challenges (2010)

2-Methoxyestradiol (2MeO-E2) is an endogenous metabolite of estrogen which was initially considered to be inactive. During the last few decades it has been shown that 2MeO-E2 is a promising anticancer drug. In vitro experiments have demonstrated that it has several anticancer activities, and potential to alleviate hypertension, glomerulosclerosis, hypercholesterolemia, and other disorders. However, due to its low solubility and extensive glucuronidation, to achieve effective concentrations large doses of 2MeO-E2 would be required. Clinical studies reflected very high inter- and intrapatient variability and oral bioavailability of 1 to 2%. Thus, this review paper highlights the origin of this compound, its therapeutic promises, and possible mechanisms of action. It also discusses the pharmacokinetic properties of 2MeO-E2 as well as current developments to overcome low drug solubility and its extensive first pass metabolism.
ATTENUATION OF HYPERSONIC WAVES IN SAPPHIRE AND RUTILE AT 2.8 Gc/sec AND ROOM TEMPERATURE (1964)

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Foamy Virus Bet Proteins Function as Novel Inhibitors of the APOBEC3 Family of Innate Antiretroviral Defense Factors (2005)

Foamy viruses are a family of complex retroviruses that establish common, productive infections in a wide range of nonhuman primates. In contrast, humans appear nonpermissive for foamy virus replication, although zoonotic infections do occur. Here we have analyzed the ability of primate and mouse APOBEC3G proteins to inhibit the infectivity of primate foamy virus (PFV) virions produced in their presence. We demonstrate that several APOBEC3 proteins can potently inhibit the infectivity of a PFV-based viral vector. This inhibition correlated with the packaging of inhibitory APOBEC3 proteins into PFV virions, due to a specific PFV Gag/APOBEC3 interaction, and resulted in the G to A hypermutation of PFV reverse transcripts. While inhibition of PFV virion infectivity by primate APOBEC3 proteins was largely relieved by coexpression of the PFV Bet protein, a cytoplasmic auxiliary protein of previously uncertain function, Bet failed to relieve inhibition caused by murine APOBEC3. PFV Bet bound to human, but not mouse, APOBEC3 proteins in coexpressing cells, and this binding correlated with the specific inhibition of their incorporation into PFV virions. Of note, both PFV Bet and a second Bet protein, derived from an African green monkey foamy virus, rescued the infectivity of Vif-deficient human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) virions produced in the presence of African green monkey APOBEC3G and blocked the incorporation of this host factor into HIV-1 virion particles. However, neither foamy virus Bet protein reduced APOBEC3 protein expression levels in virion producer cells. While these data identify the foamy virus Bet protein as a functional ortholog of the HIV-1 Vif auxiliary protein, they also indicate that Vif and Bet block APOBEC3 protein function by distinct mechanisms.
Reciprocal Control of Expression of mRNAs for Osteoclast Differentiation Factor and OPG in Osteogenic Stromal Cells by Genistein: Evidence for the Involvement of Topoisomerase II in Osteoclastogenesis (2001)

Osteoclast-like cells, in cocultures with mouse spleen cells and clonal osteogenic stromal ST2 cells, are formed from spleen cells with monocyte/macrophage lineage in response to a combination of osteoclast differentiation factor (RANKL) and OPG, a decoy receptor for RANKL, produced by ST2 cells in response to 1alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3). Treatment of ST2 cells with the natural isoflavonoid genistein for 6 h before coculture with spleen cells inhibited the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast-like cells. When we measured levels of RANKL mRNA in ST2 cells, we found that genistein decreased the level of this mRNA. By contrast, the level of OPG mRNA was enhanced by genistein. Genistein is a specific inhibitor of topoisomerase II (topo II) and an inhibitor of protein tyrosine kinase, as well as being a potent phytoestrogen. To characterize the mode of action of genistein, we examined the effects of an inactive form of genistein (daidzein), 17beta-estradiol, inhibitors of topo II, and inhibitors of tyrosine kinases on the formation of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase-positive osteoclast-like cells. Among the compounds tested, two inhibitors of topo II, amsacrine and etoposide, attenuated the formation of osteoclast-like cells via reciprocal regulation of the expression of mRNAs for RANKL and OPG in ST2 cells, acting similarly to genistein. Our findings indicate that genistein might inhibit the formation of osteoclast-like cells via inhibition of the activity of topo II, suggesting the novel possibility that topo II might play an important role in osteoclastogenesis.
Chronic Constipation: Current Treatment Options (2011)

Constipation is a common functional gastrointestinal disorder that affects patients of all ages. In 2007, a consensus group of 10 Canadian gastroenterologists developed a set of recommendations pertaining to the management of chronic constipation and constipation dominant irritable bowel syndrome. Since then, tegaserod has been withdrawn from the Canadian market. A new, highly selective serotonin receptor subtype 4 agonist, prucalopride, has been examined in several large, randomized, placebo-controlled trials demonstrating its efficacy and safety in the management of patients with chronic constipation. Additional studies evaluating the use of stimulant laxatives, polyethylene glycol and probiotics in the management of chronic constipation have also been published. The present review summarizes the previous recommendations and new evidence supporting different treatment modalities - namely, diet and lifestyle, bulking agents, stool softeners, osmotic and stimulant laxatives, prucalopride and probiotics in the management of chronic constipation. A brief summary of lubiprostone and linaclotide is also presented. The quality of evidence is presented by adopting the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation system. Finally, a management pyramid for patients with chronic constipation is proposed based on the quality of evidence, impact of each modality on constipation and on general health, and their availabilities in Canada.
Detecting Fatigue in Commercial Flight Operations Using Physiological Measures (2013)

The purpose of this study is to determine whether any technology exists to unobtrusively, reliably, and accurately detect symptoms of fatigue in real time before fatigue affects performance. Airline pilots are fitted with a variety of physiological measurement devices (e.g. EEG, blink rate, etc.) that have been demonstrated in the literature to be related to fatigue. Each crew of two pilots performs simulated gate-to-gate flight operations under rested and fatigued conditions, during which physiologic and performance parameters are continuously monitored. In addition, audio, video, and simulator data are recorded for post-session evaluation. Ultimately, if one or more technologies proves effective, we can incorporate it into the flight deck for real-time fatigue detection capability as part of a larger fatigue risk management system. The usefulness of this type of approach extends beyond the commercial flight deck to any work environment that requires multi-shift or other non-traditional scheduling.
A Raman study of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> and D<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> vapor (1974)

Abstract The Raman spectrum of hydrogen peroxide in the vapor phase has been measured for the first time by means of an Ar + laser source. Three parallel bands were found at 3607 ( v 1 ), 1393.5 ( v 2 ), and 863.5 ( v 3 ) cm −1 , with relative intensities of about 10:3:12. In deuterium peroxide the corresponding frequencies are 2668.5, 1028.5, and 867.0 cm −1 , and the relative intensities, 20:3:12. Thus, the OO stretching frequency is appreciably lower in the free molecule than in condensed phases (880 cm −1 ). The shift corresponds to a bond shortening of about 0.01 Å in the latter, in agreement with X‐ray and neutron diffraction data for various crystals. The slight shift to higher frequency of the OO vibration in D 2 O 2 is due primarily to coupling with the OD bending, as indicated by a normal coordinate analysis.
Adaptation and learning for robotic manipulator by neural network (1990)

Neural network applications for robotic motion control in which the controller is applicable to position and force control of robotic manipulators are addressed. The proposed neural servo controller is based on a neural network which consists of input/output layers and two hidden layers, and which has time delay elements in its first hidden layer. This neural network can learn the complex dynamics of the system in forward manner to cooperate with the feedback loop, depending on the unknown characteristics of objects to be handled. A variable learning method, fuzzy turbo, which is based on fuzzy set theory, is proposed. This method can avoid stagnation during the learning process and has insensitive characteristics at a stable extreme, so that the neural network can learn the dynamical system quickly. Simulations are carried out for the case of force control handling of unknown objects and trajectory control handling of unknown payloads of a two-dimensional robotic manipulator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cationization of cotton for low-salt or salt-free dyeing (2001)

Cotton acquires negative charge in aqueous med ium and thus repels negati vely charged dye ani on during dyeing. Such repul sion between fibre and dye is offset by using large quantity of salt in dye bath. particularly for reacti ve dyes. A low dye bath ex haustion also leads to low dye fixation of reactive dyes on cotton. Thus. the use of hi gh salt concentration and low reactive dye fixation lead to environmental problems related to hi ghly coloured efnu ent with high salt content. These problems can be overcome by improving the dye substantivity of cotton in the absence of salt or with low salt additions. One such approach is cation ization of cotton which is criti ca lly reviewed in the present paper. Majori ty of the chemica ls used for in troducing cat ionic si tes in cotton are themselves not sa fe environmentall y. Therefore. there is a need to explore the potentiality of the cationi za ti on route using eco fri endly chemicals. The use of chitosan. a polymer derived from chitin . is a step forward in this direc tion.
The Investigational Agent E1210 Is Effective in Treatment of Experimental Invasive Candidiasis Caused by Resistant Candida albicans (2014)

The in vitro and in vivo activity of the inositol acyltransferase inhibitor E1210 was evaluated against echinocandin-resistant Candida albicans. E1210 demonstrated potent in vitro activity, and in mice with invasive candidiasis caused by echinocandin-resistant C. albicans, oral doses of 10 and 40 mg E1210/kg of body weight twice daily significantly improved survival and reduced fungal burden compared to those of controls and mice treated with caspofungin (10 mg/kg/day). These results demonstrate the potential use of E1210 against resistant C. albicans infections.
Antioxidant Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles in Biology and Medicine (2016)

Previously, catalytic cerium oxide nanoparticles (CNPs, nanoceria, CeO2-x NPs) have been widely utilized for chemical mechanical planarization in the semiconductor industry and for reducing harmful emissions and improving fuel combustion efficiency in the automobile industry. Researchers are now harnessing the catalytic repertoire of CNPs to develop potential new treatment modalities for both oxidative- and nitrosative-stress induced disorders and diseases. In order to reach the point where our experimental understanding of the antioxidant activity of CNPs can be translated into useful therapeutics in the clinic, it is necessary to evaluate the most current evidence that supports CNP antioxidant activity in biological systems. Accordingly, the aims of this review are three-fold: (1) To describe the putative reaction mechanisms and physicochemical surface properties that enable CNPs to both scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and to act as antioxidant enzyme-like mimetics in solution; (2) To provide an overview, with commentary, regarding the most robust design and synthesis pathways for preparing CNPs with catalytic antioxidant activity; (3) To provide the reader with the most up-to-date in vitro and in vivo experimental evidence supporting the ROS-scavenging potential of CNPs in biology and medicine.
Approaching the Silylium (R<sub>3</sub>Si<sup>+</sup>) Ion:  Trends with Hexahalo (Cl, Br, I) Carboranes as Counterions (1996)

A systematic investigation has been made into the degree of silylium ion character in species of the type i-Pr3SiY where Y- is a weakly coordinating hexahalo-carborane anion, X6-CB11H6-, with X = Cl, Br, I. By X-ray crystal structural criteria such as the average C−Si−C angle (117.3(4)°, 117.0(13)°, and 115.6(9)° for X = Cl, Br, I, respectively) and the downfield 29Si chemical shift (115, 110, and 97 ppm for X = Cl, Br, I, respectively) the hexachloro-carborane anion is the least coordinating. Thus, the “ion-like” species i-Pr3Siδ+(Cl6-CB11H6)δ- becomes the closest structural approach to date to a condensed phase silylium ion. With the aid of ab initio molecular orbital theory and silicon chemical shift calculations we address the question of how much silylium ion character this species represents. From structural, energetic, and NMR criteria (where expectation values for the condensed phase 29Si chemical shifts are revised downward) we conclude that i-Pr3Siδ+(Cl6-CB11H6)δ- may have >50% silylium ion character.