gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Molecular cloning, expression and functional characterization of the <i>cytochrome P450 2A6</i> gene in pig liver* (2004)

Raising intact male pigs would have a significant economic impact on the pork industry because intact males have improved feed efficiency and a greater lean yield of the carcass compared with barrows. However, the presence of skatole, a major cause of boar taint, in meat from intact male pigs could be highly objectionable to consumers. It has been shown that CYP2A6 is a key enzyme in the hepatic metabolism of skatole and that the activity of CYP2A6 is negatively correlated with skatole accumulation in fat. The aim of this study was to isolate and characterize CYP2A6 from pig liver, as well as identify genetic polymorphisms in the CYP2A6 gene, and examine the association between these polymorphisms and skatole level. We identified a single base deletion in CYP2A6, resulting in a frame shift in the coding region that produces a non-functional enzyme, which was associated with high levels of skatole in fat tissue.
Mast Cells as Regulators of T Cell Responses (2015)

Mast cells (MCs) are recognized to participate in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune responses. Owing to their strategic location at the host-environment interface, they control tissue homeostasis and are key cells for starting early host defense against intruders. Upon degranulation induced, e.g., by immunoglobulin E (IgE) and allergen-mediated engagement of the high-affinity IgE receptor, complement or certain neuropeptide receptors, MCs release a wide variety of preformed and newly synthesized products including proteases, lipid mediators, and many cytokines, chemokines, and growth factors. Interestingly, increasing evidence suggests a regulatory role for MCs in inflammatory diseases via the regulation of T cell activities. Furthermore, rather than only serving as effector cells, MCs are now recognized to induce T cell activation, recruitment, proliferation, and cytokine secretion in an antigen-dependent manner and to impact on regulatory T cells. This review synthesizes recent developments in MC-T cell interactions, discusses their biological and clinical relevance, and explores recent controversies in this field of MC research.
VEGF–neuropilin-2 signaling promotes stem-like traits in breast cancer cells by TAZ-mediated repression of the Rac GAP β2-chimaerin (2018)

The role of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling in cancer is not only well known in the context of angiogenesis but also important in the functional regulation of tumor cells. Autocrine VEGF signaling mediated by its co-receptors called neuropilins (NRPs) appears to be essential for sustaining the proliferation and survival of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are implicated in mediating tumor growth, progression, and drug resistance. Therefore, understanding the mechanisms involved in VEGF-mediated support of CSCs is critical to successfully treating cancer patients. The expression of the Hippo effector TAZ is associated with breast CSCs and confers stem cell-like properties. We found that VEGF-NRP2 signaling contributed to the activation of TAZ in various breast cancer cells, which mediated a positive feedback loop that promoted mammosphere formation. VEGF-NRP2 signaling activated the GTPase Rac1, which inhibited the Hippo kinase LATS, thus leading to TAZ activity. In a complex with the transcription factor TEAD, TAZ then bound and repressed the promoter of the gene encoding the Rac GTPase-activating protein (Rac GAP) β2-chimaerin. By activating GTP hydrolysis, Rac GAPs effectively turn off Rac signaling; hence, the TAZ-mediated repression of β2-chimaerin resulted in sustained Rac1 activity in CSCs. Depletion of β2-chimaerin in non-CSCs increased Rac1 activity, TAZ abundance, and mammosphere formation. Analysis of a breast cancer patient database revealed an inverse correlation between β2-chimaerin and TAZ expression in tumors. Our findings highlight an unexpected role for β2-chimaerin in a feed-forward loop of TAZ activation and the acquisition of CSC properties.
Vitamin D-Dependent Calcium Binding Proteins: Chemistry, Distribution, Functional Considerations, and Molecular Biology* (1989)

One of the most important contributions to the vitamin D field has been the discovery by Wasserman and Taylor in 1966 (1) of vitamin D-dependent calcium binding protein [calbindin-D (2)]. Early studies using competitive ion exchange methods as well as equilibrium dialysis indicated that administration of vitamin D to rachitic chicks resulted in an increase in the calcium binding activity of crude extracts of intestinal mucosa (1). Further investigations showed that the calcium binding activity was associated with a protein of about 28,000 mol wt (3, 4). Soon after the discovery of avian intestinal calbindin (1), a vitamin D-responsive calcium binding protein was also shown to be present in rat intestine (5, 6). Since the initial discoveries of the avian and rat intestinal calbindins, calbindins have been reported in a variety of species (7–19) and in many other tissues including kidney (20–25), bone (26), and tissues which are not regulators of serum calcium such as pancreas (27–32), placenta (33, 34), and brain (35–40). Several of these proteins have been isolated and biochemically characterized. In addition, antisera against a few of these proteins have been developed, which provide a tool for their assay and a means of determining their localization. Hypotheses concerning the functional significance of the calbindins, based on immunocytochemical localization studies, have been presented. Although the exact physiological function of calbindin is unknown at this time, regulation of its biosynthesis has provided an important model for studying the molecular mechanisms of action of the hormonally active form of vitamin D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25(OH)2D3). 1,25-(OH)2D3 is concentrated in target cells by stereospecific binding to a high affinity receptor protein in the target cell nucleus, resulting in the expression of genetic information coding for calbindin (41, 42).
Systematic review and meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and white blood cell count for suspected acute appendicitis (2012)

Procalcitonin has little value in diagnosing acute appendicitis, with lower diagnostic accuracy than CRP and WBC. However, procalcitonin has greater diagnostic value in identifying complicated appendicitis. Given the imperfect accuracy of these three variables, new markers for improving medical decision-making in patients with suspected appendicitis are highly desirable.
Semantic Image Segmentation with Task-Specific Edge Detection Using CNNs and a Discriminatively Trained Domain Transform (2016)

Deep convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are the backbone of state-of-art semantic image segmentation systems. Recent work has shown that complementing CNNs with fully-connected conditional random fields (CRFs) can significantly enhance their object localization accuracy, yet dense CRF inference is computationally expensive. We propose replacing the fully-connected CRF with domain transform (DT), a modern edge-preserving filtering method in which the amount of smoothing is controlled by a reference edge map. Domain transform filtering is several times faster than dense CRF inference and we show that it yields comparable semantic segmentation results, accurately capturing object boundaries. Importantly, our formulation allows learning the reference edge map from intermediate CNN features instead of using the image gradient magnitude as in standard DT filtering. This produces task-specific edges in an end-to-end trainable system optimizing the target semantic segmentation quality.
Novel Tough Micro-Alloyed Bearing Steel with High Hardenability (2017)

A near-eutectoid lower-carbon vanadium-alloyed steel has been under consideration for bearing steel components where improved toughness, and therefore better micro-defect tolerance, is required. Due to the steel’s relatively lower concentration of carbon—that is, compared with a typical approximately 1 wt.% C through-hardened bearing steel, the hardenability was found to be higher. The steel design and heat treatment concepts have been investigated experimentally using, for example, dilatometry and transmission electron microscopy characterizing small-scale lab melts. The novel steel has been designed with a particular focus on continuous casting as a suitable process.
Review of the pharmaceutical properties and clinical effects of the topical NSAID formulation, diclofenac epolamine (2008)

The patch delivery of DI in DI-EP affords controlled delivery of the active drug in contrast to that from application of gels or ointments of NSAIDs.
Statistical Mechanical Theory of the Viscosity Coefficients of Binary Liquid Solutions (1960)

The method of the pair space linear relations is used to develop a formula for the coefficient of viscosity of a binary liquid solution from statistical mechanics. When the solution is regular a statistical-mechanical analog of the Stokes-Einstein equation is obtained in which the product of the self-diffusion coefficient and the viscosity is expressed as a composition independent average over the radial distribution function for unlike pairs. The relationship between the present theory and the results of experimental measurements of viscosity and diffusion coefficients is discussed at some length, and the Gordon equation for the mutual diffusion coefficient is derived.
Authenticated Wireless Roaming via Tunnels: Making Mobile Guests Feel at Home. (2008)

Abstract. In wireless roaming a mobile device obtains a service from some foreign network while being registered for the similar service at its own home network. However, recent proposals try to keep the service provider role behind the home network and let the foreign network create a tunnel connection through which all service requests of the mobile device are sent to and answered directly by the home network. Such Wireless Roaming via Tunnels (WRT) offers several (security) benefits but states also new security challenges on authentication and key establishment, as the goal is not only to protect the end-to-end communication between the tunnel peers but also the tunnel itself. In this paper we formally specify mutual authentication and key establishment goals for WRT and propose an efficient and provably secure protocol that can be used to secure such roaming session. Additionally, we describe some modular protocol extensions to address resistance against DoS attacks, anonymity of the mobile device and unlinkability of its roaming sessions, as well as the accounting claims of the foreign network in commercial scenarios.
530. The stepwise degradation of peptides (1951)

S. G. Waley and J. Watson, J. Chem. Soc., 1951, 2394 DOI: 10.1039/JR9510002394
Low‐ and zero‐sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur anti‐wear additives for engine oils (2008)

Abstract Modern engine lubricant specifications include compositional constraints in terms of the permitted level of sulphated ash, phosphorus and sulphur (SAPS). This necessitates a reduction in the concentration of the additive zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (ZDDP) used in engine oils, and there is currently great interest in identifying anti‐wear additives that contain low or zero SAPS to partially or wholly replace ZDDP. This paper reviews the main chemical classes that are reported in the literature as potential low‐ or zero‐SAPS anti‐wear agents. There are many such possible additives, although none appears to be quite as versatile as ZDDP. Instead, combinations of anti‐wear and extreme pressure additives are likely to be employed in the future. The literature reveals a strong imbalance in the amount and depth of research carried out on the various additive types, with a great deal of research on a few classes of additives and very little recent work on most others. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress in Medical Defense Against Nerve Agents (1989)

For nearly 50 years, nerve agents have constituted a serious threat that has stimulated extensive efforts to develop effective medical countermeasures. Recent progress in producing pharmacologic defenses suggests that humans can be largely protected from the lethal and prolonged incapacitating effects of these compounds on a chemical battlefield. Current research on new approaches to binding and inactivating nerve agents may further decrease their potential as a threat against protected persons.
IDU and Cytosine Arabinoside in Experimental Herpetic Keratitis (1963)

Recently 5-iodo-2′-deoxyuridine (IDU) has been shown to be effective in experimental herpetic keratitis of rabbits as well as in herpes simplex keratitis in man.<sup>1,2</sup>Since the discovery of the therapeutic antiviral activity of this compound, a search for additional compounds has been made. The first success came with the finding that a series of substituted 5-haloginated cytidines also possessed therapeutic antiviral activity in experimental keratitis.<sup>3</sup>These compounds, although possessing superior solubility, and perhaps stability, were as active as the original compound IDU, being metabolized to this compound by the cells and depending for antiviral activity on the ability of the cell to convert and de-aminate the compound. The mechanism of the action of these agents, therefore, was identical to that of IDU and the other 5-haloginated uridines. Recently, Underwood reported that cytosine arabinoside is also active in the treatment of experimental herpes simplex keratitis.<sup>4</sup>This compound differs
Phonon superlattice transport (1997)

We predict in Si/Ge superlattices a dramatic high-temperature suppression of the perpendicular thermal transport. Total internal reflection confines the superlattice modes and significantly reduces the average group velocity at nonzero in-plane momenta. These consequences of the acoustic mismatch cause at high temperatures an order-of-magnitude reduction in the ratio of superlattice thermal conductivity to phonon relaxation time.
Ketazolam once daily for spasticity: double-blind cross-over study. (1986)

This double-blind cross-over study of 14 severely spastic inpatients with chronic multiple sclerosis reveals that once-daily doses of ketazolam, a new drug, are effective in reducing spasticity in a significant proportion of patients without significant side-effects. Added to the similar findings of an earlier double-blind controlled study of divided doses, the results suggest that this special feature of ketazolam provides a unique flexibility that may be exploited in individual cases.
Significance of the Positive Crossmatch Test in Kidney Transplantation (1969)

Crossmatch tests of the prospective kidney-transplant donor's lymphocytes with the serum of the prospective recipient in 225 transplants showed that eight of 195 with negative crossmatch failed to function immediately, in contrast to 24 of 30 with positive crossmatch (p less than 0.001). Immediate failure occurred in significantly higher numbers among patients with a higher risk of having antibodies, such as multiparous females and patients receiving secondary transplants. The effect was not a nonspecific one, for more immediate failures occurred among transplants from unrelated than among those from related donors. The corresponding frequency of positive crossmatch was also lower among related donors. The presence of preformed cytotoxic antibodies against the donor appears to be a strong contraindication for transplantation.
The Post-Illumination Pupil Response (PIPR) (2015)

All current PIPR metrics provide a direct measure of the intrinsic melanopsin photoresponse. To measure progressive changes in melanopsin function in disease, we recommend that the PIPR be measured using short-duration pulses (e.g., ≤ 1 second) with high melanopsin excitation and analyzed with plateau and/or 6-second metrics. Our PIPR duration data provide a baseline for the selection of interstimulus intervals between consecutive pupil testing sequences.
Assessment of caspase activity as a possible prognostic factor in acute myeloid leukaemia (2002)

Caspases are one of the key effector molecules in apoptosis. Caspase-3 activity (identified by cleavage of the peptide DEVD) was analysed in bone marrow blasts (minimum 70%) from 45 acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) patients. 12 patients (25%) exhibited high levels of specific DEVDase activity. These blast cells, despite having activated caspase-3, displayed none of the classical caspase-dependent morphological characteristics of apoptosis, such as degradation of DNA fragmentation factor 45, DNA fragmentation, and appeared to be more resistant to drug-induced apoptosis. Our results suggest that in these AML cells, resistance to apoptosis occurred downstream of caspase-3 activation.
In vitro antidiabetic potential of the fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida. (2015)

In an attempt to develop alternative medicine for the treatment of diabetes and related complications, the antidiabetic potential of the fruits of Crataegus pinnatifida was evaluated. The antidiabetic potential of the methanol (MeOH) extract as well as different solvent soluble fractions of the fruits of C. pinnatifida was evaluated via α-glucosidase, protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B), rat lens aldose reductase (RLAR), and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) formation inhibitory assays. The MeOH extract showed potent inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase, PTP1B, and AGEs formation with IC50 values of 122.11, 3.66 and 65.83 μg/ml respectively, while it showed moderate inhibitory activity against RLAR with the IC50 value of 160.54 μg/ml. Among different fractions, the ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and the dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) fractions were found as active fractions exhibiting potential α-glucosidase, PTP1B, RLAR inhibitory, and AGEs formation inhibitory activities. Seven compounds including hyperoside, chlorogenic acid, ursolic acid, oleanolic acid, 3-epicorosolic acid, β-sitosterol, β-sitosterol glucoside were isolated from these two fractions. 3-Epicorosolic acid showed both potent α-glucosidase and PTP1B inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 30.18 and 4.08 μg/ml respectively. Moreover, kinetic study revealed that 3-epicorosolic acid showed mixed type inhibition against PTP1B, while it showed uncompetitive inhibition against α-glucosidase. Therefore, these results suggest that the fruits of C. pinnatifida and its constituents have potential antidiabetic activity which might be used as a functional food for the treatment of diabetes and associated complications.
Mechanistic Study Of A Selective Gas-Phase Reactive Microlithographic System (1987)

The gas-phase functionalization of poly(p-hydroxystyrene) (PPHS), prepared imagewise by the acid-catalyzed deprotection of poly(t-butoxycarbonyloxystyrene) (PBOCST) was investigated using a piezoelectric quartz crystal microbalance fitted inside a temperature- and pressure-controlled chamber. This apparatus allowed the real-time monitoring of the mass changes in the resist film during acid-catalyzed thermolysis of the t-butoxycarbonyl groups and subsequent vapor treatment with hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS). Effects of optical exposure, presilylation baking, vapor treatment conditions, and copolymerization with Tn-lowering acrylate esters were investigated and suggest the following: (1) Gas-phase fanctionalization rates are dependent on vapor treatment temperature and pressure, as well as other process variables that alter polymer chain mobility. (2) Rapid diffusion of HMDS takes place in the exposed areas due to the plasticization and increases in void space caused by the evolution of isobutylene and carbon dioxide during photoacid-catalyzed thermolysis of the pendant t-butoxycarbonyl groups. (3) Silicon incorporation appears to be initially reaction-rate limited due to the void space enhanced diffusion.
The Preparation and Crystal Structure of MgP<sub>4</sub> (1974)

Abstract In the systematical study of the A 11 B V semiconducting compounds the Mg‐P system has been examined. Among the products of crystallization from BiPbSn alloy the crystals of a new compound MgP 4 have been identified. It has been found that these crystals are isostructural with CdP 4 . The crystal structure refinement from X‐ray data has been performed. The lattice constants are: a = 5.141 Å, b = 5.079 Å, c = 7.518 Å, β = 98.64°; Z = 2; space group P 2 1 / c .
Activation of plastic with mixed-colloid solutions in the electroless plating of copper. (1987)

The applicability of an activation method utilizing solutions of mixed hydroxide colloids was examined for the electroless plating of copper onto ABS plastic surfaces or sintered MgO disks. The main results are as follows:1) The activation of ABS plastic with colloid solutions of Ni(OH)2 or Cu(OH)2 at pH 7.8 was found to be insufficient or unattainable, whereas activation with mixed -colloid solutions of Ni(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2 was satisfactory.2) The addition of neutral salts, such as MgCl2 and NaCl, to mixed-colloid solutions of Ni(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2 enhanced the activation. By contrast, the addition of MgSO4 or Na2SO4 had no effect on activation.3) Copper films formed on ABS plastic, pre-activated with mixed-colloid solutions of Ni(OH)2 and Cu(OH)2, were sufficiently competitive to those activated by an ordinary SnCl2-PdCl2 method.4) The activation method using mixed-colloid solutions requires adequate adsorption ability of colloids onto the substrate and the adequate reducibility of colloids to metallic state using a reducing agent such as KBH4.5) The mechanism of the process of activation of ABS plastic or sintered MgO disks can be explained by surface electrochemistry.
[Pharmacological characteristics of desoxypeganine hydrochloride]. (1986)

Desoxypeganine hydrochloride isolated from Peganum harmala L. caused in animals a pronounced depression of cholinesterase activity. By anticholinesterase activity desoxypeganine was ten times superior peganine hydrochloride and 2 times galanthamine hydrochloride. In the experiments on anesthetized cats desoxypeganine hydrochloride eliminated blockade of neuromuscular conductivity induced by diplacine and on the contrary enhanced blockade induced by ditilin. It increases sensitivity to acetylcholine of the straight abdominal muscle of the frog and isolated segments of the small intestine. Desoxypeganine hydrochloride is used for treatment of patients with lesions of the peripheral nervous system.
Expression of Tissue Inhibitor of Matrix Metalloproteinases 1 by Use of an Adenoviral Vector Inhibits Smooth Muscle Cell Migration and Reduces Neointimal Hyperplasia in the Rat Model of Vascular Balloon Injury (1999)

The response to arterial balloon injury involves MMP-dependent SMC migration and can be attenuated in vivo by the transmural expression of TIMP-1 by adenoviral gene transfer.
Preparation and properties of immobilized methanol oxidase (1978)

Abstract Methanol oxidase produced by the yeast Hansenula polymorpha DL‐1 was used for the enzymatic oxidation of methanol to formaldehyde. The kinetics of enzyme and protein release during cell desruption were studied at the laboratory scale with a Braun homogenizer and the pilot plant scale with a Manton–Gaulin homogenizer. Conditions were defined for maximum release and retention of high activity in cell‐free extracts. Methanol oxidase was immobilized by adsorption on DEAE‐cellulose from enzymes in cell‐free extracts or from ammonium sulfate purified purified fractions. The kinetics of formaldehyde formation with both soluble and immobilized enzyme was studied in batch and continuous reactors.