gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Income Tax Credits to Assist Beginning Farmers and Ranchers: A Look at State-Level Policies (2016)

Purpose This research estimates the impact of state-level income tax credit programs that were designed to assist beginning farmers and ranchers gain access to farm assets.Design/methodology/approach The authors construct a pooled time series of nationally representative cross-sections of data from the USDA's Agricultural Resource Management Survey (ARMS) for years 2003-2014.The model estimated measures the predicted probability of observing a beginning farm.Using the variation in the generosity of tax credits for beginning farmers across time and states, and employing limited-dependent variable methods, the authors are able to control for a host of farm business and farm household-specific factors, as well as timeinvariant and state-level fixed effects to identify an effect of the program on the predicted probability of observing a beginning farmer and rancher. FindingsThe authors find that, all else equal, when a state raises the value of an income tax credit for income generated from a share lease agreement by 10 percentage points, the predicted probability of observing a beginning farm in that state increases by between 0.4% and 0.6%.We do not find any statistically significant effects of a tax credit based on a cash lease agreement. ImplicationsThe estimates suggest there is a modest effect of the tax credit provision for the share lease, but not the cash lease, on overall participation of beginning farmers and ranchers.Share agreements may encourage collaboration and knowledge sharing from established farmers to beginning farmers and ranchers, and this may increase the odds of a beginning farm or ranch surviving.
Season Primes the Brain in an Arctic Hibernator to Facilitate Entrance into Torpor Mediated by Adenosine A1 Receptors (2011)

Torpor in hibernating mammals defines the nadir in mammalian metabolic demand and body temperature that accommodates seasonal periods of reduced energy availability. The mechanism of metabolic suppression during torpor onset is unknown, although the CNS is a key regulator of torpor. Seasonal hibernators, such as the arctic ground squirrel (AGS), display torpor only during the winter, hibernation season. The seasonal character of hibernation thus provides a clue to its regulation. In the present study, we delivered adenosine receptor agonists and antagonists into the lateral ventricle of AGSs at different times of the year while monitoring the rate of O(2) consumption and core body temperature as indicators of torpor. The A(1) antagonist cyclopentyltheophylline reversed spontaneous entrance into torpor. The adenosine A(1) receptor agonist N(6)-cyclohexyladenosine (CHA) induced torpor in six of six AGSs tested during the mid-hibernation season, two of six AGSs tested early in the hibernation season, and none of the six AGSs tested during the summer, off-season. CHA-induced torpor within the hibernation season was specific to A(1)AR activation; the A(3)AR agonist 2-Cl-IB MECA failed to induce torpor, and the A(2a)R antagonist MSX-3 failed to reverse spontaneous onset of torpor. CHA-induced torpor was similar to spontaneous entrance into torpor. These results show that metabolic suppression during torpor onset is regulated within the CNS via A(1)AR activation and requires a seasonal switch in the sensitivity of purinergic signaling.
Converging flow of polymer melts in extrusion dies (1972)

Abstract Practical extrusion processes often involve geometrically complex dies. Such dies are usually tapered, or streamlined, to achieve maximum output rate under conditions of laminar flow. These converging flows may be analysed in terms of their extensional and simple shear components to calculate the relationships between volume flow rate, pressure drop, and post extrusion swelling. The analysis can also be extended to cover the free convergence as fluid flows from a reservior into a die. Comparisons between predicted and observed data for a series of coni‐cylindrical dies suggest that using this approach the pressure drop/flow rate relationship can be predicted within ±20% and the swell ratio/flow rate relationship within ±10%. Similar treatments have been in use for the last three years in solving such complex flow problems as radial flow in injection moulding and two‐dimensional annular convergence in blow moulding dies.
Synthesis of Some Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers Found in Marine Sponges (1985)

A simple general route for the synthesis of polybrominated diphenyl ethers is reported.
Introduction (2006)

There is a problem with many natural hazard risk assessments. They do not incorporate long-term and/or prehistoric records of extreme events; otherwise known as natural hazards when they affect humans physically, psychologically, socially or economically. Short historical records are frequently assumed to be a true reflection of the long-term behaviour of a hazard. Historical records may be appropriate, in this regard, where they extend for at least several centuries or even a millennium such as in China. However, in many countries, like the United States, United Kingdom and Australia, the historical record is often not much longer than 100 years. Many assessors of risks from natural hazards see these short records as appropriate for determining the natural variability of a hazard. From this they extrapolate to determine the magnitude of less frequent, higher magnitude events and construct probability distributions of the occurrence of a hazard at various return intervals. Inherent in this process is the assumption that natural hazards occur randomly over a variety of time scales and that the mean and variance of the hazard do not change. This may be true in certain circumstances, especially shorter time periods, but is often not the case for longer intervals. When we rely upon short historical records we run the real risk of not capturing the natural variability of the hazard.
A Comparison of Epidural Catheters With or Without Subcutaneous Injection Ports for Treatment of Cancer Pain (1994)

The aim of this study was to compare the incidence of technical complications of epidural catheters with subcutaneous injection ports to percutaneous epidural catheters without ports, fixed only by adhesive dressing. We reviewed 149 patients who received 250 epidural catheters for treatment of cancer pain during a 3 1/2-yr period from January 1, 1989, to June 30, 1992. Of the 250 catheters, 52 were provided with subcutaneous injection ports and 198 were percutaneous catheters. Of the 198 percutaneous catheters, 41 were tunneled for a short distance; the remainder entered the skin at the dorsal midline. In the percutaneous group 21% of the catheters became dislodged. In the injection port group, there were no catheter dislodgements. The overall incidence of infections was similar in both groups (13.6%). When we indexed the infection rate to catheter-days, the number of infections per 1000 catheter-days in the injection port group was half that of the percutaneous group (2.86 infections versus 5.97 for percutaneous catheters). No injection port became infected during the first 70 days of treatment, whereas in the percutaneous group infections occurred as early as the first week. Within the percutaneous group the complication rate in the tunneled epidural catheters was as high as in the nontunneled. We conclude that injection ports reduce the complication rate of epidural catheters, particularly catheter dislodgement and early infections.
Tenacibaculum sp. associated with winter ulcers in sea-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar (2010)

Coldwater-associated ulcers, i.e. winter ulcers, in seawater-reared Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. have been reported in Norway since the late 1980s, and Moritella viscosa has been established as an important factor in the pathogenesis of this condition. As routine histopathological examination of winter ulcer cases in our laboratory revealed frequent presence in ulcers of long, slender rods clearly different from M. viscosa, a closer study focusing on these bacteria was conducted. Field cases of winter ulcers during 2 sampling periods, 1996 and 2004-2005, were investigated and long, slender rods were observed by histopathological examination in 70 and 62.5% of the ulcers examined, respectively, whereas cultivation on marine agar resulted in the isolation of yellow-pigmented colonies with long rods from 3 and 13% of the ulcers only. The isolates could be separated into 2 groups, both identified as belonging to the genus Tenacibaculum based on phenotypic characterization and 16S rRNA sequencing. Bath challenge for 7 h confirmed the ability of Group 1 bacterium to produce skin and cornea ulcers. In fish already suffering from M. viscosa-induced ulcers, co-infection with the Group 1 bacterium was established within 1 h. Ulcers from field cases of winter ulcers and from the transmission experiments tested positive by immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antiserum against the Group 1 bacterium but not the Group 2 bacterium. Our results strongly indicate the importance of the Group 1 bacterium in the pathogenesis of winter ulcers in Norway. The bacterium is difficult to isolate and is therefore likely to be underdiagnosed based on cultivation only.
Research on the Capacity of Error-Correcting Codes-Based Information Hiding (2008)

In this paper, a new model on the capacity of error-correcting codes (EEC)-based information hiding is proposed. The theoretical derivation and solution of the model in ideal state (complete error correction circumstances) and non-ideal state (incomplete error-correcting circumstances) is given based on analyzing rationale of EEC-based information hiding algorithms, and studying on the main EEC-based information hiding algorithms.
The pH‐Sensitive Dye Acridine Orange as a Tool to MonitorExocytosis/Endocytosis in Synaptosomes (1999)

We introduce the use of the pH-sensitive dye acridine orange (AO) to monitor exo/endocytosis of acidic neurotransmitter-containing vesicles in synaptosomes. AO is accumulated exclusively in acidic v-ATPase-dependent bafilomycin (Baf)-sensitive compartments. A fraction of the accumulated AO is rapidly released (fluorescence increase) upon depolarization with KCl in the presence of Ca2+. The release (completed in 5-6 s) is followed by reuptake to values below the predepolarization baseline. The reuptake, but not the release, is inhibited by Baf added 5 s prior to KCl. In a similar protocol, Baf does not affect the initial fast phase of glutamate release measured enzymatically, but it abolishes the subsequent slow phase. Thus, the fast AO release corresponds to the rapid phase of glutamate release and the slow phase depends on vesicle cycling. AO reuptake depends in part on the progressive accumulation of acid-loaded vesicles during cycling. Stopping exocytosis at selected times after KCl by Ca2+ removal with EGTA evidences endocytosis: Its T(1/2) was 12 +/- 0.6 s. The K(A)+, channel inhibitors 4-aminopyridine (100 microM) and alpha-dendrotoxin (10-100 nM) are known to induce glutamate release by inducing the firing of Na+ channels; their action is potentiated by the activation of protein kinase C. Also these agents promote a Ca2+-dependent AO release, which is prevented by the Na+ channel inhibitor tetrodotoxin and potentiated by 4beta-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). With alpha-dendrotoxin, endocytosis was monitored by stopping exocytosis at selected times with EGTA or alternatively with Cd2+ or tetrodotoxin. The T(1/2) of endocytosis, which was unaffected by PMA, was 12 +/- 0.4 s with EGTA and Cd2+ and 9.5 +/- 0.5 s with tetrodotoxin. Protein kinase C activation appeared to facilitate vesicle turnover.
Progress in Red Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Lasers (1999)

The development of red vertical cavity surface emitting lasers with peak emission wavelengths from 620 tn 690 nm is reviewed. The performance characteristics of state-of-the-art gain guided and selectively oxidized device structures are presented.
The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure: A Research and Clinical Literature Review (2004)

The COPM is used with a wide variety of clients, enables client-centred practice, facilitates evidence-based practice and supports outcomes research.
Conjugate Meningococcal Serogroup A and C Vaccine: Reactogenicity and Immunogenicity in United Kingdom Infants (1996)

The reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a serogroup A and C meningococcal polysaccharide-CRM197 conjugate vaccine was evaluated in 58 infants who received three doses at 2, 3, and 4 months of age. The conjugate vaccine produced few systemic side effects, and local reactions were significantly less common than those produced by the routine vaccinations. The prevaccination geometric mean titers (GMTs) of A and C polysaccharide antibodies were, respectively, 2.8 and 0.6 microg/mL, rising to 21.5 and 38.5 microg/mL by 1 month after the third dose (age 5 months) and falling to 3.1 and 2.2 mircog/mL by 14 months of age. Prevaccination serum bactericidal titers against 2 serogroup C meningococci strains were <1/4 in 49 of 52 infants, rising to a GMT of 1/3082 at 1 month after the third dose and falling by age 14 months to a GMT of 1/10. Thus, this meningococcal conjugate vaccine proved to be safe and immunogenic, inducing high levels of anti-C polysaccharide antibodies that were bactericidal in young infants.
Integrated Downlink Resource Management for Multiservice WiMAX Networks (2007)

In this paper, we propose a novel downlink resource management framework for multiservice WiMAX (worldwide interoperability for microwave access) networks. Our framework consists of two major components: adaptive power allocation (APA) and call admission control (CAC). We formulate each of them as an optimization problem, where the demands of both WiMAX service providers and subscribers are taken into account. To solve the optimization problems, we develop a fairness-constrained greedy revenue algorithm for downlink APA optimization and a utility-constrained greedy approximation algorithm for downlink CAC optimization. Our simulation results show that, when combining the APA and CAC optimization methods together, the proposed resource management framework can meet the expectations of both service providers and subscribers
A review of phase-conjugate solid-state lasers (1988)

Phase conjugation by stimulated Brillouin scattering represents a fundamentally promising approach for achieving power scaling of solid-state lasers. Following a summary of the power scaling problem and an overview of phase conjugation concepts, a review is presented of the application of phase conjugation to solid-state lasers. The author describes power scaling using demonstrated techniques for compensating static and thermally induced aberrations and depolarizations, as well as energy scaling by coherent coupling of multiple-gain media. Applications to diode-pumped lasers are discussed, as is a novel approach for power scaling of diode lasers themselves. Future research directions are indicated regarding conjugation fidelity at increasingly higher energies or with short-pulse and/or broadband lasers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The heparin-binding site of antithrombin III. Identification of a critical tryptophan in the amino acid sequence. (1984)

Chemical modification of a single tryptophan residue in antithrombin III with dimethyl(2-hydroxy-5-nitrobenzyl)sulfonium bromide blocks heparin binding and the heparin-enhanced inhibition of thrombin without altering the heparin-independent rate of thrombin inhibition (Blackburn, M. N., and Sibley, C. C. (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 824-826). The labeled protein was reduced and carboxymethylated and then cleaved with cyanogen bromide. The peptide containing the hydroxynitrobenzyl-labeled tryptophan was isolated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography. Amino acid analysis of the labeled peptide indicates that it corresponds to residues 21 through 89 of human antithrombin III. The site of labeling corresponds to Trp 49, which is located within the disulfide-stabilized loops near the NH2-terminal end of the antithrombin III molecule.
Geometric integrators for multiple time-scale simulation (2006)

In this paper, we review and extend recent research on averaging integrators for multiple time-scale simulation such as are needed for physical N-body problems including molecular dynamics, materials modelling and celestial mechanics. A number of methods have been proposed for direct numerical integration of multiscale problems with special structure, such as the mollified impulse method (Garcia-Archilla, Sanz-Serna and Skeel 1999 SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 20 930?63) and the reversible averaging method (Leimkuhler and Reich 2001 J. Comput. Phys. 171 95?114). Features of problems of interest, such as thermostatted coarse-grained molecular dynamics, require extension of the standard framework. At the same time, in some applications the computation of averages plays a crucial role, but the available methods have deficiencies in this regard. We demonstrate that a new approach based on the introduction of shadow variables, which mirror physical variables, has promised for broadening the usefulness of multiscale methods and enhancing accuracy of or simplifying computation of averages. The shadow variables must be computed from an auxiliary equation. While a geometric integrator in the extended space is possible, in practice we observe enhanced long-term energy behaviour only through use of a variant of the method which controls drift of the shadow variables using dissipation and sacrifices the formal geometric properties such as time-reversibility and volume preservation in the enlarged phase space, stabilizing the corresponding properties in the physical variables. The method is applied to a gravitational three-body problem as well as a partially thermostatted model problem for a dilute gas of diatomic molecules.
Phase II studies of polymer-doxorubicin (PK1, FCE28068) in the treatment of breast, lung and colorectal cancer (2009)

Phase I studies of [N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide] (HPMA) copolymer-doxorubicin previously showed signs of activity coupled with 5-fold decreased anthracycline toxicity in chemotherapy-refractory patients. Here we report phase II studies using a similar material (FCE28068) in patients with breast (n=17), non-small cell lung (NSCLC, n=29) and colorectal (n=16) cancer. Up to 8 courses of PK1 (280 mg/m(2) doxorubicin-equivalent) were given i.v., together with 123I-labelled imaging analogue. Toxicities were tolerable, with grade 3 neutropenia more prominent in patients with breast cancer (4/17, 23.5% compared with 5/62, 8.1% overall). Of 14 evaluable patients with breast cancer 3 had partial responses (PR), all anthracycline-naïve patients. In 26 evaluable patients with NSCLC, 3 chemotherapy-naïve patients had PR. In contrast, none of the 16 evaluable patients with colorectal cancer responded. Imaging of 16 patients (5 with breast cancer, 6 NSCLC, 5 colorectal cancer) showed obvious tumour accumulation in 2 metastatic breast cancers, although unfortunately no images were obtained from patients who responded. These results show 6/62 PR with limited side effects, supporting the concept that polymer-bound therapeutics can have modified and improved anticancer activities and suggesting the approach should be explored further for breast cancer and NSCLC.
Use of staphylococcal nuclease gene as DNA probe for<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1987)

A 518-base pair fragment of the cloned gene coding for the thermostable nuclease of Staphylococcus aureus strain Foggi was used as a DNA probe for hybridization to DNA of various staphylococci. The strains were tested for their ability to produce DNase. All strains of S. aureus produced heat-stable DNase and their DNA reacted with the nuclease gene. Other staphylococci producing heat-stable DNase did not react in a dot hybridization with the nuclease gene probe.
Performance Characteristics of Controllable Pitch Side Thrusters with Different Skew Distributions (2000)

Impellers of controllable pitch side thrusters are operated under the condition of the pitch angle twisted largely from the design geometory (0° (zero) pitch angle). Therefore, it is very important to consider changes of the geometrical shapes with the twist of impeller blades and their performance characteristics in the design of controllable pitch side thrusters.In the present paper, two impellers of the forward skew type (A) and the backward skew type (B) are designed and the above-mentioned changes of the geometrical shapes with the twist of impeller blades are calculated and their open water characteristics are investigated theoretically and experimentally. The open water characteristics of these two impellers were calculated by using the propeller lifting surface theory. Then, open water tests were performed by using the impeller models with and without the duct in the towing tank.These results show that the camber of the blade section becomes minus largely with the twist of impeller blades and the open water characteristics with and without the duct deteriorate in case of the backward skew type (B) comparing with the forward skew type (A).
Negative Domain Wall Contribution to the Resistivity of Microfabricated Fe Wires (1998)

The effect of domain walls on electron transport has been investigated in microfabricated Fe wires (0.65 to $20\ensuremath{\mu}\mathrm{m}$ linewidths) with controlled stripe domains. Magnetoresistance (MR) measurements as a function of domain wall density, temperature, and the angle of the applied field are used to determine the low field MR contributions due to conventional sources in ferromagnetic materials and that due to the erasure of domain walls. A negative domain wall contribution to the resistivity is found. This result is discussed in light of a recent theoretical study of the effect of domain walls on quantum transport.
A CMOS implementation of current-mode min-max circuits and a sample fuzzy application (2005)

A new design of CMOS min-max circuits in current-mode is presented. These kinds of circuits have a growing number of fuzzy applications in fuzzy logic controllers. As a sample fuzzy application, membership function generator (MFG) based on min circuit, is presented. The proposed circuits have wide input and output dynamic range. A 3.3 V power supply has been applied and simulation results are presented in 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS process.
Viscoelastic Properties of Magneto- and Electro-Rheological Fluids (1994)

This paper examines the transition area between elastic and viscous behavior for a conventional electro-rheological (ER) fluid and a state-of-the-art magneto-rheological (MR) fluid through the use of oscillatory rheometry techniques. A comparison between the yield behavior (strain and stress) measured for these two different types of controllable fluids is presented. The data obtained for MR fluids represents the initial characterization of the pre-yield properties exhibited by this type of material. Finally, a recommendation as to a key area for future R&D is highlighted.
Transabdominal three-dimensional volume imaging of the fetal brain at 18-24 weeks’ gestation (2001)

Three-dimensional trans abdominal volume studies of the fetal brain show promise for the diagnosis of structural anomalies of the developing brain. However, technological improvements in the quality of resolution will be required for this technique to be incorporated into routine clinical practice.