gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Different behaviour of molecules in dark SERS state on colloidal Ag nanoparticles estimated by truncated power law analysis of blinking SERS (2014)

For single colloidal Ag nanoaggregates, covered with either large or small amounts of citrate anions, blinking surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of anionic thiacyanine was measured and analyzed by a truncated power law. The power law without and with an exponential function reproduces a probability distribution for bright and dark SERS events versus their duration times, respectively. On the Ag surface, except for junctions of the nanoaggregate with a large or small amount of the citrate anions, two-dimensional fast or one-dimensional slow random walk of the anionic thiacyanine, respectively, was estimated by the exponents and the truncation times in the power law for the dark SERS events. In addition, the power law exponents for the bright SERS events were derived to be of similar values, indicating a similar molecular random walk near the junction, which may be dominated evenly by a surface-plasmon-enhanced electromagnetic field on the same-sized Ag nanoaggregate. Thus, not only the bright SERS, but also the dark SERS molecular behaviour on the Ag surface was investigated by the truncated power law analysis.
The anatomical basis of mouse development (1999)

Introduction. The Early Stages: From Fertilization to Implantation. The Postimplantation Embryo. Postimplantation Extra-Embryonic Development. Early Organogenesis. The Transitional Tissues: The Neural Crest. Somites And Their Derivatives (muscles, dermis, and vertebrae). The Branchial Arch System. The Major Organ Systems: The Heart and its Associated Vascular System. The Limbs. The Urogenital System. The Gut and its Associated Tissues. The Mouth and Nose Region. The Brain and Spinal Cord. The Eye and the Ear. The Skull. The Indexes: Introduction. Table of Mouse and Rat Developmental Stages. The Tissues Present in Each Stage of Mouse Development. Index of First Occurrences of Tissues. Glossary. References. Author Index. Tissue Index. Subject Index. The Wiring (Lineage) Diagrams
Biomimetically Modified Poly (2-Hydroxy Ethyl Methacrylate-Co-Methyl Methacrylate) Microspheres for Bone Augmentation* (2006)

Poly (methyl methacrylate), (PMMA) microspheres are widely used for many orthopaedic and dental infrabony defect filling applications with or without drug loading. However, PMMA microspheres are biologically inert and unable to take part actively in bone bonding or regeneration. In the present study a copolymer of methyl methacrylate, poly(2-hydroxy ethyl methacrylate-co-methyl methacrylate) microspheres of 50-250μm, was prepared by suspension polymerization and crosslinked with ethylene glycol di methacrylate (EGDMA). The microspheres were biomimetically modified by phosphorylation using a phosphorylating medium containing phosphoric acid and urea. The phosphorylated microspheres on immersion in simulated body fluid (SBF), with ionic concentration nearly equal to human blood plasma, induced nucleation of calcium phosphate over the microspheres. The SEM analysis shows that primary coating was complete within 3 days and the Ca/P ratio of the coating increased with increase in immersion time near to that of hydroxyapatite as observed by EDS analysis. The in vitro cell adhesion behaviour of HOS cells on the polymer substrate was performed by seeding the cells on the polymer substrate for one week. The cells adhered and covered the substrate by forming a network, keeping their typical morphology. The phosphorylated microspheres, due to their unique ability to induce in vitro mineralization of bone-like apatite and cell adhesion behaviour could be a potential candidate for bone augmentation.
Supporting differentiated services in MPLS networks (2003)

Multi-protocol label switching is a relatively new technology based on the association of labels with routes and the use of labels to forward packets. In other words MPLS integrates the label-swapping paradigm with network-layer routing. Differentiated Services define a model for implementing scalable differentiation of QoS in the Internet. Packets are classified and marked, policed and shaped at the edge of the network in order to receive a particular per-hop forwarding behaviour on nodes along their path. The per-flow state does not need to be maintained in the interior network nodes, thus leading to increased scalability. This obviates the use of complex signalling protocols like RSVP. The inherent characteristics of MPLS make it a very good candidate for providing differentiated services. In this paper we describe various approaches which can be used to support differentiated services in MPLS environments.
Pressure transient testing (2025)

The development of ideas on classic pressure transient analysis is reviewed to the present time. The simplest cases of pressure drawdown, buildup, and interference testing are considered. Significant findings in this field are indicated and some remaining problems are identified. The importance of this field of study, and the obvious promise of present and future conditions for pressure transient analysis are underlined. 42 refs.
Carbonyl homologation with .alpha. substitution. A new approach to spiroannelation (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbonyl homologation with .alpha. substitution. A new approach to spiroannelationStephen F. MartinCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1976, 41, 20, 3337–3338Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00882a035https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00882a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views298Altmetric-Citations32LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Using biodegradable polymers in advanced drug delivery systems. (1993)

Research currently is under way to design novel drug delivery systems that enhance the duration of activity and that provide site-specific release of the drug. Biodegradable polymers represent an important class of materials used in the manufacture of these systems. This article discusses some major types of biodegradable polymers and reviews their applications in advanced drug delivery.
COS-7 Cells Stably Transfected to Express the Human ETB Receptor Provide a Useful Screen for Endothelin Receptor Antagonists (1993)

Endothelin acts via specific membrane-bound receptors through signal transduction pathways that include increases in intracellular free calcium and inositol triphosphate generation. Two endothelin receptors have been cloned. The ETA receptor is ET-1 selective, and the ETB receptor is isopeptide nonselective. Both receptor subtypes are widely distributed throughout the body, although ETA receptors predominate in vascular smooth muscle, whereas ETB receptors predominate in the brain. The presence of mixed receptor subtypes makes functional screening of subtype-specific analogues difficult. A eukaryotic expression vector was constructed by inserting the cloned coding region of the human ETB receptor downstream from the Rous sarcoma promoter. COS-7 cells were transfected with this construct, and cell lines were isolated with stably integrated copies of the relevant gene. One line, 1C7, was shown to specifically bind 125I-ET-1. Scatchard analysis indicated a Kd value of 8.8 pM and a Bmax value of 1.02 pM/mg. ET-1 stimulated phosphoinositide hydrolysis in a dose-dependent manner, as did ET-3, sarafotoxin 6c, and [1,3,13,15Ala]ET-1, whereas BQ123, a selective ETA receptor antagonist, did not inhibit the action of ET-1. The transfected receptor stimulates phosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis via a pertussis-sensitive pathway. Pretreatment of the membrane from 1C7 cells with dithio-bis-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) a negatively charged, nonpenetrating agent capable of oxidizing sulfhydryl groups, and N-ethyl-maleimide (NEM), a penetrating agent that causes irreversible alkylation of sulfhydryl groups, significantly reduces Bmax but has no effect on Kd. In whole cells, DTNB pretreatment abolishes the ability of ET-1 to stimulate PI hydrolysis.
Activation protein 1-dependent transcriptional activation of interleukin 2 gene by Ca2+/calmodulin kinase type IV/Gr. (1996)

The Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) type IV/Gr is selectively expressed in T lymphocytes and is activated after signaling via the T cell antigen receptor (TCR), indicating that it mediates some of the Ca(2+)-dependent transcriptional events that follow TCR engagement. Here we show that CaMKIV/Gr induces the transcription factor activation protein 1 (AP-1) alone or in synergy with T cell mitogens and with the p21ras oncoprotein. CaMKIV/ Gr signaling is associated with transcriptional activation of c-fos but is independent of p21ras or calcineurin. AP-1 is an integral component of the nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) transcriptional complex, which is required for interleukin 2 gene expression in T cells. We demonstrate that CaMKIV/Gr reconstitutes the capacity of the cytosolic component of NFAT to direct transcription from NFAT sites in non-T cells. These results reveal a central role for CaMKIV/Gr as a Ca(2+)-regulated activator of gene transcription in T lymphocytes.
Orbital Debris from Upper-Stage Breakup (1989)

The present conference on the effects of launch vehicle upper-stage breakup on the orbital debris scenario discusses an analysis of the SPOT 1 Ariane third stage, the explosive fragmentation of orbiting propellant tanks, albedo estimates for debris, Ariane-related debris in deep-space orbit, and the relationship of hypervelocity impacts to upper-stage breakups. Also discussed are the prospects for and the economics of the future removal of orbital debris, collision probabilities in GEO, current operational practices for Delta second stage breakup prevention, breakup-precluding modifications to the Ariane third stage, and the safing of the H-1 second stage after spacecraft separation.
The Department of Energy's Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Unmanned Aerospace Vehicle (UAV) Program (2000)

The U.S. Department of Energy has established an unmanned aerospace vehicle (UAV) measurement program. The purpose of this paper is to describe the evolution of the program since its inception, review the progress of the program, summarize the measurement capabilities developed under the program, illustrate key results from the various UAV campaigns carried out to date, and provide a sense of the future direction of the program. The Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM)–UAV program has demonstrated how measurements from unmanned aircraft platforms operating under the various constraints imposed by different science experiments can contribute to our understanding of cloud and radiative processes. The program was first introduced in 1991 and has evolved in the form of four phases of activity each culminating in one or more flight campaigns. A total of 8 flight campaigns produced over 140 h of science flights using three different UAV platforms. The UAV platforms and their capabilities are described as are the various phases of the program development. Examples of data collected from various campaigns highlight the powerful nature of the observing system developed under the auspices of the ARM–UAV program and confirm the viability of the UAV platform for the kinds of research of interest to ARM and the clouds and radiation community as a whole. The specific examples include applications of the data in the study of radiative transfer through clouds, the evaluation of cloud parameterizations, and the development and evaluation of cloud remote sensing methods. A number of notable and novel achievements of the program are also highlighted.
Induction of eggshell apex abnormalities in broiler breeder hens (2010)

Recently, the causal relationship between eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA) and Mycoplasma synoviae was described. This eggshell pathology has only been documented in table egg layers both spontaneously and experimentally infected with M. synoviae, suggesting that meat-type layers are less prone to this condition. In this study the susceptibility of specified pathogen free (SPF) broiler breeder hens to produce eggs with EAA after M. synoviae infection was assessed. Five groups of 12 hens each were made: a negative control group, a group inoculated intratracheally (i.t.) with a M. synoviae EAA strain at 19 weeks of age, a group inoculated i.t. with this strain at 19 and 26 weeks of age, a group inoculated with M. synoviae i.t. at 19 weeks of age and infected 5 days earlier with infectious bronchitis virus D1466 (IBV), and a fifth group similar to the former but inoculated i.t. twice with an M. synoviae EAA strain at 19 and 26 weeks of age. Eggs with EAA were only produced after a single i.t. inoculation with the M. synoviae EAA strain if preceded by an infection with IBV. The production of eggs with EAA started 6 weeks after M. synoviae EAA inoculation and the proportion of eggs with EAA during the experiment was 9/449 (2%), which was much lower than that in SPF layer hens (14-22%). The present results suggest that broiler breeder hens are less susceptible to producing eggs with EAA after an infection with a M. synoviae EAA strain preceded by an IBV infection, compared with table egg layers. Similar to SPF egg layers, the mean daily egg production per hen was significantly reduced by the M. synoviae EAA strain and there was a general negative effect on eggshell strength by this strain, suggesting it could also have a detrimental effect on hatching egg quality.
Euro Fiscal Policy and Global Stability (2003)

Fiscal policy constraint facing the heavyweight euro economies is contributing to the current global slowdown, says Peter Brain. 'World economic stability may require a rapid transformation of EU governance practices', he argues.
An Instructional Method for Mobile Technology-Enhanced Collaborative Problem Solving in a Complex Engineering Course (2005)

The purpose of the article is to address a new instructional approach to a complex engineering course. We design a novel instructional method that combines mobile technology, simulation program, collaborative teamwork, problem-solving process, and a variety of evaluation techniques. We suggested five instructional principles that might be required to change the fundamental educational process by which learning is done. The proposed instructional method is expected to aspire for new perspectives on complex learning environment. Nevertheless we solely began by the research on the development of students’ complex problem-solving performance in a complex engineering course, the new instructional method in the article can promote the adoption of new instructional methods and strategies across different knowledge domains. In addition, the instructional method can provide a valuable bridge to acquisition and transfer of problem solving, motivation, and meaning learning.
Extracellular Electron Transfer Mechanism in Shewanella loihica PV- 4 Biofilms Formed at Indium Tin Oxide and Graphite Electrodes. (2013)

Electroactive biofilms are capable of extracellular electron transfer to insoluble metal oxides and electrodes; such biofilms are relevant to biogeochemistry, bioremediation, and bioelectricity production. We investigated the extracellular electron transfer mechanisms in Shewanella loihica PV-4 viable biofilms grown at indium tin oxide (ITO) and graphite electrodes in potentiostat-controlled electrochemical cells poised at 0.2 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Chronoamperometry and confocal microscopy showed higher biofilm growth at graphite compared to the ITO electrode. Cyclic voltammetry, differential pulse voltammetry, along with fluorescence spectroscopy showed that direct electron transfer through outer membrane c type cytochromes (Omcs) prevailed at the biofilm/ITO interface, while biofilms formed at graphite electrode reduced the electrode also via secreted redox mediators, such as flavins and quinones. The biofilm age does not affect the prevalent transfer mechanism at ITO electrodes. On the other hand, secreted redox mediators accumulated at biofilm/graphite interface, thus increasing mediated electron transfer as the biofilm grows over five days. Our results showed that the electrode material determined the prevalent electron transfer mechanism and the dynamic of secreted redox mediators in S. loihica PV-4 biofilms. These observations have implications for the optimization of biofilm-based electrochemical systems, such as biosensors and microbial fuel cells.
Development of Bioactive Functions in Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium. V. On the Antiallergic and Antimicrobial Principles of Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium. (2). Thunberginols C, D, and E, Thunberginol G 3'-O-Glucoside, (-)-Hydrangenol 4'-O-Glucoside, and (+)-Hydrangenol 4'-O-Glucoside. (1996)

Following the characterization of thunberginols A, B, and F, six bioactive principles, thunberginols C, D, and E, thunberginol G 3'-O-glucoside, (-)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside, and (+)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside, were isolated from Hydrangeae Dulcis Folium, the processed leaves of Hydrangea macrophylla SERINGE var. thunbergii MAKINO, together with four kaempferol and quercetin oligoglycosides. Their chemical structures have been determined on the basis of chemical and physicochemical evidence. Thunberginols C, D, E, and G and (-)-hydrangenol 4'-O-glucoside showed antiallergic activity in the in vitro bioassay using the Schultz-Dale reaction. These components also exhibited inhibitory activities on the histamine release from rat mast cells and on the histamine-induced contraction in isolated guinea pig tracheal chain. In addition, thunberginols C, D, E, and G showed antimicrobial activities against oral bacteria.
Doping dependence of minority carrier lifetime in Ga-doped silicon (1988)

The authors present a combination of detailed measurements and modeling to shed light on the lifetime-limiting centers and mechanisms in high-lifetime ( approximately 1 ms) Ga-doped float-zone silicon. A deep level at E/sub c/ -0.52 eV was found to limit the lifetime in high-quality silicon prior to intentional doping. Initial addition of a Ga dopant (5.5*10/sup 14/ cm/sup -3/) increased the trap density and trap-assisted Auger coefficient by a factor of four; they remained unchanged with further increase in Ga concentration in the range of 6*10/sup 14/ to 2.6*10/sup 16/ cm/sup -3/. A trap-assisted Auger process was clearly identified and quantified in these samples by deep-level transient spectroscopy and injection-level/doping-dependent lifetime measurements, coupled with lifetime modeling. The observed doping/injection-level dependence of lifetime is explained by a combination of Shockley-Read-Hall, trap-assisted Auger, and band-to-band Auger recombinations. The band-to-band Auger coefficient in highly injected (<10/sup 17/ cm/sup -3/) silicon was found to be 1.2*10/sup -30/ cm/sup 6/ s/sup -1/. The-trap assisted Auger coefficients in the undoped and Ga-doped samples were 2*10/sup -14/ and 8*10/sup -14/ cm/sup 3/ s/sup -1/, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation of antitumor effects of synthetic epothilone analogs in human myeloma models <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2005)

26-Trifluoro-(E)-9,10-dehydro-12,13-desoxyepothilone B [Fludelone (Flu)] has shown broad antitumor activity in solid tumor models. In the present study, we showed, in vitro, that Flu significantly inhibited multiple myeloma (MM) cell proliferation (with 1-15 nM IC50), whereas normal human bone marrow stromal cells (HS-27A and HS-5 lines) were relatively resistant (10- to 15-fold higher IC50). Cell-cycle analysis demonstrated that Flu caused G2/M phase arrest and induced cell apoptosis. After Flu treatment, caspase-3, -8, and -9 were activated, cytochrome c and second mitochondrial-derived activator of caspase were released to the cytosol, and c-Jun N-terminal kinase was activated, indicating that mitochondria were involved in the apoptosis. Flu toxicity to human hematopoietic stem cells was evaluated by CD34+ cell-apoptosis measurements and hematopoietic-progenitor assays. There was no significant toxicity to noncycling human CD34+ cells. We compared the efficacy of Flu with the epothilone analog 12,13-desoxyepothilone B (dEpoB) in xenograft nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mouse models with subcutaneous or disseminated MM. Flu caused tumor disappearance in RPMI 8226 subcutaneous xenografts after only five doses of the drug (20 mg/kg of body weight), with no sign of relapse after 100 d of observation. In a disseminated CAG MM model, mice treated with Flu had a significantly decreased tumor burden, as determined by bioluminescence imaging, and prolonged overall survival vs. mice treated with dEpoB or vehicle control, indicating that Flu may be a promising agent for MM therapy.
Acetaminophen‐Induced Hepatotoxicity: Role of Metabolic Activation, Reactive Oxygen/Nitrogen Species, and Mitochondrial Permeability Transition (2004)

Large doses of the analgesic acetaminophen cause centrilobular hepatic necrosis in man and in experimental animals. It has been previously shown that acetaminophen is metabolically activated by CYP enzymes to N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine. This species is normally detoxified by GSH, but following a toxic dose GSH is depleted and the metabolite covalently binds to a number of different proteins. Covalent binding occurs only to the cells developing necrosis. Recently we showed that these cells also contain nitrated tyrosine residues. Nitrotyrosine is mediated by peroxynitrite, a reactive nitrogen species formed by rapid reaction between nitric oxide and superoxide and is normally detoxified by GSH. Thus, acetaminophen toxicity occurs with increased oxygen/nitrogen stress. This manuscript will review current data on acetaminophen covalent binding, increased oxygen/nitrogen stress, and mitochondrial permeability transition, a toxic mechanism that is both mediated by and leads to increased oxygen/nitrogen stress.
G Protein Signaling from Activated Rat Frizzled-1 to the β-Catenin-Lef-Tcf Pathway (2001)

The frizzled receptors, which mediate development and display seven hydrophobic, membrane-spanning segments, are cell membrane-localized. We constructed a chimeric receptor with the ligand-binding and transmembrane segments from the beta2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) and the cytoplasmic domains from rat Frizzled-1 (Rfz1). Stimulation of mouse F9 clones expressing the chimera (beta2AR-Rfz1) with the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol stimulated stabilization of beta-catenin, activation of a beta-catenin-sensitive promoter, and formation of primitive endoderm. The response was blocked by inactivation of pertussis toxin-sensitive, heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide-binding proteins (G proteins) and by depletion of Galphaq and Galphao. Thus, G proteins are elements of Wnt/Frizzled-1 signaling to the beta-catenin-lymphoid-enhancer factor (LEF)-T cell factor (Tcf) pathway.