gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New strategies and implications for the photoalignment of liquid crystalline polymers (2014)

The photoalignment of liquid crystalline materials has been studied extensively over the past two and a half decades and has recently become of technological importance in the liquid crystal display panel industry. This review introduces recent attempts at the photoalignment of liquid crystalline polymers and focuses on two aspects. First, strategies to ensure effective in-plane alignment of photoresponsive mesogens are highlighted. Despite the numerous investigations reported to date, film systems have not been well optimized in terms of realizing efficient photoreactions that consider the mesogen orientations. Second, new photoalignable systems composed of block copolymers with surface-grafted polymers and block copolymer films are introduced. The photoalignment processes in these mesoscopic systems involve strong cooperative motion of the different hierarchical size features. In the course of these approaches, a new strategic platform, photoalignment of liquid crystalline polymers via commanding from the free surface, is proposed. These approaches are expected to offer new concepts and possibilities for smart light-responsive materials and systems. This review introduces recent attempts in the photoalignment processes of liquid crystalline polymers focusing on the two aspects. First, the strategies to ensure effective in-plane alignment of the photoresponsive mesogens are summarized. Despite many investigations reported so far, the film systems have not been optimized for efficient photoreaction. Second, new photoalignable systems involving block copolymer frameworks such as surface-grafted polymers and block copolymer thin films are introduced. The photoalignment processes in such mesoscopic systems involve strong cooperative motions among different hierarchical size features. Based on these approaches, a new strategic platform, photoalignment via a command surface at the free surface, is further proposed.
Obtaining attosecond x-ray pulses using a self-amplified spontaneous emission free electron laser (2005)

We describe a technique for the generation of a solitary attosecond x-ray pulse in a free-electron laser (FEL), via a process of self-amplified spontaneous emission. In this method, electrons experience an energy modulation upon interacting with laser pulses having a duration of a few cycles within single-period wiggler magnets. Two consecutive modulation sections, followed by compression in a dispersive section, are used to obtain a single, subfemtosecond spike in the electron peak current. This region of the electron beam experiences an enhanced growth rate for FEL amplification. After propagation through a long undulator, this current spike emits a $\ensuremath{\sim}250\text{ }\mathrm{\text{attosecond}}$ x-ray pulse whose intensity dominates the x-ray emission from the rest of the electron bunch.
Thermosensitive and redox-active polymers: Preparation and properties of poly(N-ethylacrylamide-co-vinylferrocene) and poly(N,N-diethylacrylamide-co-vinylferrocene) (1997)

Thermosensitive and redox-active polymers were prepared by copolymerization of N-ethyl- or N,N-diethylacrylamides with vinylferrocene (VFc). LCST (lower critical solution temperature) of the aqueous copolymer solution was decreased by increasing the ferrocene content in the copolymer. The oxidation of ferrocene led to a significant increase in LCST due to the transition from hydrophobic to hydrophilic character of the ferrocene moiety in the copolymer. The ferrocene content in the copolymer increases with increasing differences between the LCST's of the oxidation and reduction states. The transition could be made reversible by redox reaction using L -ascorbic acid as an oxidant and cerium sulfate as a reductant. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 35: 1967–1972, 1997
Sound, Structures, and Their Interaction (1972)

Sound, Structures, and Their Interaction covers theoretical acoustics, structural vibrations, and the interaction of elastic structures with an ambient acoustic medium. It is intended both as a text for graduate-level courses and as a reference book for researchers in various areas of underwater acoustics. It is self-contained and presents the theoretical foundations in sound radiation and scattering and in plate and shell vibrations required for the solution of coupled acoustics-structural vibrations problems.First published in 1972, Sound, Structures, and Their Interaction has been extensively revised to incorporate new results, with a particular emphasis on novel asymptotic solutions that provide physical insight as well as a check on numerical solutions. The book differs from other texts not only in its thorough treatment of the interaction of elastic structures with the ambient medium but also in its derivation of short-wavelength asymptotic solutions of sound diffraction (creeping waves) and of high-frequency vibrations of shells.This new edition also covers specialized problems, such as sound propagation in bubble swarms and in liquid-filled elastic waveguides and the effect of stiffeners on the response of submerged plates. The chapters dealing with acoustics proper provide powerful analytical techniques that the reader can apply to specific radiation and scattering situations.Miguel C. Junger is President and Principal Scientist, Cambridge Acoustical Associates, Inc. David Feit is a Research Scientist in the Ship Acoustics Department of the David W. Taylor Naval Ship Research and Development Center, Bethesda, Maryland.
ACTIVITY OF LM 2219 (DIFETHIALONE), A NEW ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDE, IN COMMENSAL RODENTS (1988)

Preliminary studies completed on commensal rodents with the new anticoagulant rodenticide difethialone showed very good efficacy, such that 25 ppm baits could be used effectively. New test results presented in this publication confirm the activity as shown under laboratory conditions in choice tests, which represent more severe conditions, as well as its effectiveness against rodents that are resistant and non-resistant to warfarin. In tests where the palatability was only fair the chemical activity resulted in excellent mortality. In a field test against a large population of Mus musculus the results proved very satisfactory. Difethialone is toxic to birds and fish. However, it seems to be better tolerated by dogs and pigs, animals that are frequently on the list of accidental poisonings. Difethialone is stored over a prolonged period in the liver but the risk to non-target species consuming rodents having ingested the compound does not seem to be high. For reasons attributed to the mode of action, difethialone must be handled with precautions as other anticoagulants for which Vitamin K1 is the antidote. In the event of an accidental poisoning, an antidotal therapy plan is proposed. The lower levels of active ingredient in finished baits (25 ppm) should pose a low risk to non-target species.
All-Fiber-Optic Gyroscopes (1987)

The development of all-fiber-optic gyroscopes at Stanford University is reviewed. Fiber-optic components for the gyroscopes are described. Techniques to suppress various error sources, and different approaches to a linear scale factor with wide dynamic range, are discussed. Fiber-optic single sideband frequency shifters for closed-loop operation of gyroscopes are described. A new approach to high birefringence fiber gyroscopes, with broadband optical source and birefringence modulation, is presented. Other approaches, including the pulsed reentrant fiber gyro, are shown.
Immobilization of human thrombomodulin on glass beads and its anticoagulant activity (1992)

Human thrombomodulin (TM) was for the first time immobilized on glass beads by the reaction between the carboxyl group of TM and the amino group of glass beads using water-soluble carbodiimide. Immobilized human TM exhibited both anticoagulant activity and inhibition of platelet aggregation of human blood.
The 4D-MP graphics superworkstation: computing+graphics=40 MIPS+MFLOPS and 100000 lighted polygons per second (1988)

The 4D-MP graphics superworkstation, which brings 40 MIPS (million instructions per second) of computing performance to a graphics superworkstation is described. It also delivers 40 MFLOPS (million floating-point operations per second) of geometry processing performance, enabling 100000 lighted, four-sided, concave-tested polygons to be processed per second. This level of computing and graphics processing in an office-environment workstation is made possible by using the fastest available RISC (reduced-instruction-set computer) microprocessors in a single shared-memory multiprocessor design driving a tightly coupled, highly parallel graphics system. Aggregate sustained data rates of >1 Gbyte/s are achieved by a hierarchy of buses in a balanced system designed to avoid bottlenecks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Genetic Determinants of Serum Testosterone Concentrations in Men (2011)

Testosterone concentrations in men are associated with cardiovascular morbidity, osteoporosis, and mortality and are affected by age, smoking, and obesity. Because of serum testosterone's high heritability, we performed a meta-analysis of genome-wide association data in 8,938 men from seven cohorts and followed up the genome-wide significant findings in one in silico (n = 871) and two de novo replication cohorts (n = 4,620) to identify genetic loci significantly associated with serum testosterone concentration in men. All these loci were also associated with low serum testosterone concentration defined as <300 ng/dl. Two single-nucleotide polymorphisms at the sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) locus (17p13-p12) were identified as independently associated with serum testosterone concentration (rs12150660, p = 1.2×10(-41) and rs6258, p = 2.3×10(-22)). Subjects with ≥ 3 risk alleles of these variants had 6.5-fold higher risk of having low serum testosterone than subjects with no risk allele. The rs5934505 polymorphism near FAM9B on the X chromosome was also associated with testosterone concentrations (p = 5.6×10(-16)). The rs6258 polymorphism in exon 4 of SHBG affected SHBG's affinity for binding testosterone and the measured free testosterone fraction (p<0.01). Genetic variants in the SHBG locus and on the X chromosome are associated with a substantial variation in testosterone concentrations and increased risk of low testosterone. rs6258 is the first reported SHBG polymorphism, which affects testosterone binding to SHBG and the free testosterone fraction and could therefore influence the calculation of free testosterone using law-of-mass-action equation.
An Integrated Analysis of Aberrantly Expressed miRNA and mRNA Profiles Unveils a Robust Regulatory Network in HepG2 Cell (2013)

As crucial negative regulatory small non-coding molecules, microRNAs (miRNAs), have multiple biological roles. The abnormal expression of specific miRNAs may contribute to the occurrence and development of tumor. Here, based on HepG2 and L02 cells, we attempted to demonstrate the potential regulatory network of aberrantly expressed miRNA profiles, interaction between miRNA and mRNA, and potential functional correlation between different miRNAs. De-regulated miRNA and mRNA expression profiles were completely surveyed and identified by applying deep sequenc-ing and microarray techniques, respectively. The genome-wide and integrative analysis of miRNA-mRNA was performed based on their functional relationship according to experimentally validated and predicted targets. Nearly 50% targets were negatively regulated by at least 2 aberrantly expressed miRNAs. Similar results were obtained based on experimentally validated and predicted targets. Compared with abnormal miRNAs, their targets showed various expression patterns: stably expressed, down-regulated or up-regulated. Although the theoretical potential miRNA-mRNA interaction could be predicted, they showed consistent or inconsistent expression patterns. Both functional enrichment analysis of target mRNAs of dysregulated miRNAs and abnormal mRNA profiles suggested that corresponding pathways were involved in tumorigenesis. Moreover, to obtain potential functional relationships between different miRNAs, we also performed expression analysis of homologous miRNAs in gene families. Generally, they could co-regulate biological processes with similar roles. The integrative analysis of miRNA-mRNA indicated a complex and flexible regulatory network. The robust network mainly derived from multiple targets for a specific miRNA (and vice versa), each mRNA and co-regulation roles of different miRNAs.
Two-Plasmid Packaging System for Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus (2020)

A number of packaging systems are available for production of recombinant adeno-associated virus vectors (rAAVs). Among these, the use of a two-plasmid cotransfection system, in which Rep and Cap genes and Ad helper genes are on the same plasmid, has not been frequently employed for good manufacturing practices (GMP) production, even though it presents some practical advantages over the common three-plasmid (triple) transfection method. To confirm and expand the utility of the two-plasmid system, we generated GMP-compatible versions of this system and used those package reporter genes in multiple capsid variants in direct comparison with triple transfection. Vector yields, purity, and empty-to-full ratios were comparable between double and triple transfection methods for all capsid variants tested. We performed an <i>in vivo</i> side-by-side comparison of double and triple transfection vectors following both intravenous injection and intramuscular injection in mice. Expression and transduction were evaluated in muscle and liver 4 weeks after injection. Additional studies of bioactivity were conducted <i>in vivo</i> using packaged vectors carrying a variety of cargos, including the therapeutic transgene, microRNA, and single- or double-stranded vector. Results showed that cargos packaged using double transfection were equivalently bioactive to those packaged using a triple transfection system. In conclusion, these data suggest the utility of midrange (1E12-1E16) GMP-compatible packaging of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors for several AAV capsids.
Stereospecific and Reversible CO Binding at Iron Pincer Complexes (2008)

An opening for CO: An iron PNP pincer complex self-assembles in the solid state through intermolecular FeCl⋅⋅⋅HN hydrogen bonds to form a 3D supramolecular network. This compound reacts readily with gaseous CO in the solid state and in solution to stereospecifically give the octahedral complexes cis- and trans-[Fe(PNP-iPr)(CO)(Cl)2], respectively. In the solid-state process the supramolecular connectivities between individual molecules are maintained without loss of crystallinity.
The relationship between glycogen synthesis, biofilm formation and virulence in<i>Salmonella enteritidis</i> (2000)

Salmonella enteritidis accumulated large quantities of intracellular polysaccharide when grown in unrestricted nutrient conditions. Dense, abundant cytoplasmic granules were observed by electron microscopy in sections stained by the periodic acid-chlorite technique, indicating that the polysaccharide was of the glycogen type. When biofilm-producing S. enteritidis was pre-incubated in media containing increasing levels of glucose concentration, the levels of both cytoplasmic glycogen and biofilm rose correlatively to a point where a ceiling effect was observed. Studies carried out with activators and inhibitors of glycogen biosynthesis confirmed that biofilm was formed from glycogen cell stores. On the other hand, the virulence of the biofilm-producing strain in infected chickens increased proportionally to the amount of stored glycogen, suggesting a possible role of the glycogen depot in the virulence of S. enteritidis.
Systematic review of overuse in oncology. (2016)

e18257 Background: Overuse is an increasingly important target for improving health outcomes and reducing cost in oncology. To inform policies for reducing overuse, we performed a systematic review of the evidence on the prevalence of overuse in cancer care. Methods: We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus and Web of Science (2011-5), augmented by reference tracking, for studies documenting the prevalence of overuse of any service in patients with cancer. Four authors reviewed titles/abstracts and 5 reviewed full text for inclusion. We included articles measuring overuse compared to a specific standard (practice guideline, panel consensus recommendation, or Choosing Wisely item). Results: Our search identified 11,091 papers; we included 55 articles. The majority were retrospective (87%), completed in the US (75%) and assessed use of imaging (65%). The most common cancers were prostate (44%), breast (36%), lung (9%) and colorectal (9%); phase of cancer care included diagnostic (55%), active treatment (31%), post-treatment (22%), and end of life (4%). SEER-Medicare was the most frequent data source (36%). Seventeen (31%) studies assessed the use of high-tech imaging (e.g., bone scan, CT, MR, or PET) in the diagnostic evaluation of men with low-risk prostate cancer; rates of overuse varied from 3% to 65% depending on service addressed and source of data. Nine (16%) studies evaluated diagnostic work-up in early stage breast cancer; rates of overuse ranged from 2% for brain imaging to 80% for any non-recommended imaging. The 17 (31%) studies of active treatment covered many cancers and therapeutic modalities; only 2 (1 US, 1 French) evaluated chemotherapy use in metastatic cancer. Only 2 studies evaluated an intervention to reduce overuse. Conclusions: Despite increased attention to value in cancer care, we found limited literature estimating rates of actual overuse compared to published standards. Almost half of the studies addressed diagnostic evaluation in early stage prostate or breast cancer. Recent estimates of overuse in oncology are narrow in scope (e.g, cancers and services addressed). Reducing overuse in cancer care requires a better evidence base to identify services to target and intervention strategies to improve the value proposition in oncology.
Development of a microbicide-releasing diaphragm as an HIV prevention strategy (2010)

Contraceptive diaphragms offer a discreet method of pregnancy protection that women can use when needed with no side effects. Incorporating antiretroviral HIV microbicides into such devices may also provide protection against HIV infection. The paper gives a brief outline of the work being conducted by PATH, CONRAD and QUB on the development of a microbicide-releasing SILCS diaphragm. The design, engineering and manufacturing challenges that have been encountered will be discussed, as well as the potential impact such a device could have in the developing world.
Regression Models Describing Rosa hybrida Response to Day/Night Temperature and Photosynthetic Photon Flux (1991)

A central composite rotatable design was used to estimate quadratic equations describing the relationship of irradiance, as measured by photosynthetic photon flux (PPF), and day (DT) and night (NT) temperatures to the growth and development of Rosa hybrida L. in controlled environments. Plants were subjected to 15 treatment combinations of the PPF, DT, and NT according to the coding of the design matrix. Day and night length were each 12 hours. Environmental factor ranges were chosen to include conditions representative of winter and spring commercial greenhouse production environments in the Midwestern United States. After an initial hard pinch, 11 plant growth characteristics were measured every 10 days and at flowering. Four plant characteristics were recorded to describe flower bud development. Response surface equations were displayed as three-dimensional plots, with DT and NT as the base axes and the plant character on the z-axis while PPF was held constant. Response surfaces illustrated the plant response to interactions of DT and NT, while comparisons between plots at different PPF showed the overall effect of PPF. Canonical analysis of all regression models revealed the stationary point and general shape of the response surface. All stationary points of the significant models were located outside the original design space, and all but one surface was a saddle shape. Both the plots and analysis showed greater stem diameter, as well as higher fresh and dry weights of stems, leaves, and flower buds to occur at flowering under combinations of low DT (≤ 17C) and low NT (≤ 14C). However, low DT and NT delayed both visible bud formation and development to flowering. Increased PPF increased overall flower stem quality by increasing stem diameter and the fresh and dry weights of all plant parts at flowering, as well as decreased time until visible bud formation and flowering. These results summarize measured development at flowering when the environment was kept constant throughout the entire plant growth cycle.
Maximal killing of lymphoma cells by DNA damage–inducing therapy requires not only the p53 targets Puma and Noxa, but also Bim (2010)

DNA-damaging chemotherapy is the backbone of cancer treatment, although it is not clear how such treatments kill tumor cells. In nontransformed lymphoid cells, the combined loss of 2 proapoptotic p53 target genes, Puma and Noxa, induces as much resistance to DNA damage as loss of p53 itself. In Eμ-Myc lymphomas, however, lack of both Puma and Noxa resulted in no greater drug resistance than lack of Puma alone. A third B-cell lymphoma-2 homology domain (BH)3-only gene, Bim, although not a direct p53 target, was up-regulated in Eμ-Myc lymphomas incurring DNA damage, and knockdown of Bim levels markedly increased the drug resistance of Eμ-Myc/Puma(-/-)Noxa(-/-) lymphomas both in vitro and in vivo. Remarkably, c-MYC-driven lymphoma cell lines from Noxa(-/-)Puma(-/-)Bim(-/-) mice were as resistant as those lacking p53. Thus, the combinatorial action of Puma, Noxa, and Bim is critical for optimal apoptotic responses of lymphoma cells to 2 commonly used DNA-damaging chemotherapeutic agents, identifying Bim as an additional biomarker for treatment outcome in the clinic.