gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wafer Backside Coating of Die Attach Adhesives (2006)

In wafer backside coating, the adhesive is wupplied as a paste, which is applied to the back of a wafer and dried. Advantages include a 20%～30% cost reduction compared with film,control of bond-line thickness and higher throughput?
[Role of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARS) in the regulation of lipids and inflammation control]. (2002)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the nuclear receptor family. The hypolipidemic fibrates and the antidiabetic glitazones are synthetic ligands for PPAR alpha and PPAR gamma, respectively. Furthermore, fatty acids and eicosanoids are natural PPAR ligands. PPARs function as regulators of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism and glucose homeostasis and influence cellular proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. PPAR alpha is highly expressed in tissues such as liver, muscle, kidney and heart, where it stimulates the beta-oxidative degradation of fatty acids. PPAR alpha furthermore mediates the action of the hypolipidemic drugs of the fibrate class on plasma lipoprotein metabolism. PPAR gamma is predominantly expressed in intestine and adipose tissue. PPAR gamma triggers adipocyte differentiation and promotes lipid storage. In addition, PPARs play a role in inflammation control. PPAR activators inhibit the activation of inflammatory response genes by negatively interfering with the NF-kappa B and AP-1 signalling pathways. PPAR activators exert these anti-inflammatory activities in different immunological and vascular wall cell types such as monocyte-macrophages, endothelial, epithelial and smooth muscle cells in which PPARs are expressed. These findings indicate a modulatory role for PPARs in the control of the inflammatory response with potential therapeutic applications in inflammation-related diseases, such as atherosclerosis.
Wavelength dependence of the Faraday effect and magnetobirefringence in ferrofluid thin films (1993)

An enhancement of negative Faraday rotation in a dilute ferrofluid was reported near the wavelength of 0.5 μm by Yusuf. The observed phenomenon was explained in terms of a ‘‘small particle resonance.’’ The premise of the above explanation is debatable. In order to give a more detailed explanation, measurements of Faraday rotation and magnetobirefringence spectra in dense ferrofluid thin films are reported from 0.5 to 2.7 μm, and a mathematical model is derived taking into account a skew-symmetric dielectric tensor for ferrite particles. The experiments confirm that the negative Faraday rotation is predominantly caused by the wavelength dependence of the off-diagonal elements εfxy(λ) of the dielectric tensor of the magnetic particles themselves.
Role of the Kupffer Cell in Mediating Hepatic Toxicity and Carcinogenesis (2006)

Kupffer cells are resident macrophages of the liver and play an important role in its normal physiology and homeostasis as well as participating in the acute and chronic responses of the liver to toxic compounds. Activation of Kupffer cells directly or indirectly by toxic agents results in the release of an array of inflammatory mediators, growth factors, and reactive oxygen species. This activation appears to modulate acute hepatocyte injury as well as chronic liver responses including hepatic cancer. Understanding the role Kupffer cells play in these diverse responses is key to understanding mechanisms of liver injury. Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver disease results in morbidity and mortality, impacting severely on the development of new pharmacological agents. Modulation of the response of Kupffer cells by drugs has been suggested as a cause for the idiosyncratic response. Similarly, liver damage seen in chronic ethanol consumption appears to be modulated by Kupffer cell activation. More recent evidence has noted a contributory role of Kupffer cell activation in the process of hepatic carcinogenesis. Several nongenotoxic carcinogens, for example, activate Kupffer cells resulting in the release of cytokines and/or reactive oxygen species that induce hepatocyte cell proliferation and may enhance clonal expansion of preneoplastic cells leading to neoplasia. Kupffer cells therefore appear to play a central role in the hepatic response to toxic and carcinogenic agents. Taken together, the data presented in this symposium illustrate to the toxicologist the central role played by Kupffer cells in mediating hepatotoxicity.
The effects on plasma L-arginine levels of combined oral L-citrulline and L-arginine supplementation in healthy males (2016)

We investigated the effects of combining 1 g of l-citrulline and 1 g of l-arginine as oral supplementation on plasma l-arginine levels in healthy males. Oral l-citrulline plus l-arginine supplementation more efficiently increased plasma l-arginine levels than 2 g of l-citrulline or l-arginine, suggesting that oral l-citrulline and l-arginine increase plasma l-arginine levels more effectively in humans when combined.
Initial Studies of a New Type of Ignitor: The Railplug (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Initial investigations of a new type of high energy ignitor for I.C. engines are described. The ignitor is a miniaturized railgun, or “railplug.” The railplug produces a relatively large mass of high velocity plasma. These characteristics may be advantageous for initiating combustion in a number of different applications. Unlike a plasma jet ignitor, the railplug plasma is driven not only by thermodynamic expansion, but by electromagnetic forces as well. Four experimental railplug designs were evaluated using schlieren and shadowgraphy visualization to examine plasma movement and shape. Railplug current and voltage were also measured. One railplug consisting of two unenclosed parallel rails was used to demonstrate the electromagnetically induced motion of the plasma at ambient conditions. Schlieren photos showed that the plasma plume moves strongly in the direction of the electromagnetic Lorentz forces. Two transparent railplugs, one with short rails (24 mm) and the other with long rails (35 mm), were tested to show plasma motion and structure inside the plug cavity. Plasma exit velocities in excess of 300 m/s were observed for the transparent railplug with short rails in air at ambient conditions. Schlieren imaging of the transparent railplugs proved that proper matching of the railplug with the electronics is essential. In the long transparent railplug, a collapse of the current while the plasma was still in the plug cavity resulted in generation of eddy currents which rapidly decelerated the plasma preventing it from reaching the plug exit. A fourth railplug was used to ignite lean (ϕ=0.85) quiescent methane-air mixtures at 3.3 atm total pressure in a constant volume bomb. For the bomb experiments, schlieren imaging and pressure histories were obtained and compared with ignition using a conventional spark plug and surface gap ignitor with the same energy as the railplug. Rates of pressure rise in the combustion bomb were much greater for the railplug compared with the conventional spark plug or the surface gap ignitor; the time to peak pressure was approximately cut in half by the railplug.</div>
Joint Object Segmentation and Depth Upsampling (2014)

With the advent of powerful ranging and visual sensors, nowadays, it is convenient to collect sparse 3-D point clouds and aligned high-resolution images. Benefitted from such convenience, this letter proposes a joint method to perform both depth assisted object-level image segmentation and image guided depth upsampling. To this end, we formulate these two tasks together as a bi-task labeling problem, defined in a Markov random field. An alternating direction method (ADM) is adopted for the joint inference, solving each sub-problem alternatively. More specifically, the sub-problem of image segmentation is solved by Graph Cuts, which attains discrete object labels efficiently. Depth upsampling is addressed via solving a linear system that recovers continuous depth values. By this joint scheme, robust object segmentation results and high-quality dense depth maps are achieved. The proposed method is applied to the challenging KITTI vision benchmark suite, as well as the Leuven dataset for validation. Comparative experiments show that our method outperforms stand-alone approaches.
Synthesis of 2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dithiins and 2-Alkylidene-1,4-dithianes by 1,2-Sulfur Migration in 2-(1-Hydroxyalkyl)-1,3-dithiolanes (1991)

2,3-Dihydro-1,4-dithiins and the isomeric 2-alkylidene-1,4-dithianes were synthesized from 1,2-diketones and alkyl pyruvates by kinetically controlled ring expansion of 2-(1-hydroxyalkyl)-1,3-dithiolanes with p-toluenesulfonyl chloride in pyridine. In addition, 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dithiins, the thermodynamic products, were formed exclusively by using p-toluenesulfonic acid in refluxing benzene. The 2-alkylidene-1,4-dithianes were readily isomerised to the corresponding 2,3-dihydro-1,4-dithiins. Similarly, 2,3-dimethyl-6, 7-dihydro-5H-1,4-dithiepine and (+)-2-methylene-3-methyl-1,4-dithiepane were obtained from 2-[(S)-1-hydroxyethyl]-2-methyl-1,3-dithiane.
Understanding anisotropy in marine CSEM data (2007)

We have studied the EM field distribution in anisotropic media and the impact of resistivity anisotropy on marine CSEM data. The effects of anisotropy may be significant for typical acquisition geometries and depend upon the transmitter‐receiver geometry. We also show that different data components are affected differently. In general, the anisotropy of the overburden must be determined in order to make a reliable CSEM data interpretation.
Detection of epithelial ovarian cancer using <sup>1</sup>H‐NMR‐based metabonomics (2004)

Currently available serum biomarkers are insufficiently reliable to distinguish patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) from healthy individuals. Metabonomics, the study of metabolic processes in biologic systems, is based on the use of (1)H-NMR spectroscopy and multivariate statistics for biochemical data generation and interpretation and may provide a characteristic fingerprint in disease. In an effort to examine the utility of the metabonomic approach for discriminating sera from women with EOC from healthy controls, we performed (1)H-NMR spectroscopic analysis on preoperative serum specimens obtained from 38 patients with EOC, 12 patients with benign ovarian cysts and 53 healthy women. After data reduction, we applied both unsupervised Principal Component Analysis (PCA) and supervised Soft Independent Modeling of Class Analogy (SIMCA) for pattern recognition. The sensitivity and specificity tradeoffs were summarized for each variable using the area under the receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve. In addition, we analyzed the regions of NMR spectra that most strongly influence separation of sera of EOC patients from healthy controls. PCA analysis allowed correct separation of all serum specimens from 38 patients with EOC (100%) from all of the 21 premenopausal normal samples (100%) and from all the sera from patients with benign ovarian disease (100%). In addition, it was possible to correctly separate 37 of 38 (97.4%) cancer specimens from 31 of 32 (97%) postmenopausal control sera. SIMCA analysis using the Cooman's plot demonstrated that sera classes from patients with EOC, benign ovarian cysts and the postmenopausal healthy controls did not share multivariate space, providing validation for the class separation. ROC analysis indicated that the sera from patients with and without disease could be identified with 100% sensitivity and specificity at the (1)H-NMR regions 2.77 parts per million (ppm) and 2.04 ppm from the origin (AUC of ROC curve = 1.0). In addition, the regression coefficients most influential for the EOC samples compared to postmenopausal controls lie around delta3.7 ppm (due mainly to sugar hydrogens). Other loadings most influential for the EOC samples lie around delta2.25 ppm and delta1.18 ppm. These findings indicate that (1)H-NMR metabonomic analysis of serum achieves complete separation of EOC patients from healthy controls. The metabonomic approach deserves further evaluation as a potential novel strategy for the early detection of epithelial ovarian cancer.
A General Example for Benford Data (2010)

Abstract Benford’s Law deals, among other things, with the proportion of numbers whose first significant digit is a 1 (e.g., 0.00131 and 19668 both have first significant digit 1) in a variety of datasets. In these datasets, which arise in various compendiums or as mixtures of various sets of numbers, the proportion of numbers with first significant digit one is 0.3010 which is much higher than the commonsense value of 1 / 9. The reasons for this occurrence have been elusive. Mathematical attempts to explain this phenomenon have been relatively fruitless. Methods involving probability have been somewhat more successful. In this article we give some simple reasons for this occurrence and also give an example of a general mixture of distributions which exactly satisfies this Law. Various other examples and counterexamples are also given. Keywords: : Benford’s LawLaw of the Stripey HatSignificant digits
Super-Resolution with Deep Adaptive Image Resampling (2017)

Deep learning based methods have recently pushed the state-of-the-art on the problem of Single Image Super-Resolution (SISR). In this work, we revisit the more traditional interpolation-based methods, that were popular before, now with the help of deep learning. In particular, we propose to use a Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to estimate spatially variant interpolation kernels and apply the estimated kernels adaptively to each position in the image. The whole model is trained in an end-to-end manner. We explore two ways to improve the results for the case of large upscaling factors, and propose a recursive extension of our basic model. This achieves results that are on par with state-of-the-art methods. We visualize the estimated adaptive interpolation kernels to gain more insight on the effectiveness of the proposed method. We also extend the method to the task of joint image filtering and again achieve state-of-the-art performance.
Metabolic Diversification—Independent Assembly of Operon-Like Gene Clusters in Different Plants (2008)

Operons are clusters of unrelated genes with related functions that are a feature of prokaryotic genomes. Here, we report on an operon-like gene cluster in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana that is required for triterpene synthesis (the thalianol pathway). The clustered genes are coexpressed, as in bacterial operons. However, despite the resemblance to a bacterial operon, this gene cluster has been assembled from plant genes by gene duplication, neofunctionalization, and genome reorganization, rather than by horizontal gene transfer from bacteria. Furthermore, recent assembly of operon-like gene clusters for triterpene synthesis has occurred independently in divergent plant lineages (Arabidopsis and oat). Thus, selection pressure may act during the formation of certain plant metabolic pathways to drive gene clustering.
Disruption of crosstalk between the fatty acid synthesis and proteasome pathways enhances unfolded protein response signaling and cell death (2008)

Fatty acid synthase (FASN) is the terminal enzyme responsible for fatty acid synthesis and is up-regulated in tumors of various origins to facilitate their growth and progression. Because of several reports linking the FASN and proteasome pathways, we asked whether FASN inhibitors could combine with bortezomib, the Food and Drug Administration-approved proteasome inhibitor, to amplify cell death. Indeed, bortezomib treatment augmented suboptimal FASN inhibitor concentrations to reduce clonogenic survival, which was paralleled by an increase in apoptotic markers. Interestingly, FASN inhibitors induced accumulation of ubiquinated proteins and enhanced the effects of bortezomib treatment. In turn, bortezomib increased fatty acid synthesis, suggesting crosstalk between the pathways. We hypothesized that cell death resulting from crosstalk perturbation was mediated by increased unfolded protein response (UPR) signaling. Indeed, disruption of crosstalk activated and saturated the adaptation arm of UPR signaling, including eIF2alpha phosphorylation, activating transcription factor 4 expression, and X-box-binding protein 1 splicing. Furthermore, although single agents did not activate the alarm phase of the UPR, crosstalk interruption resulted in activated c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and C/EBP homologous protein-dependent cell death. Combined, the data support the concept that the UPR balance between adaptive to stress signaling can be exploited to mediate increased cell death and suggests novel applications of FASN inhibitors for clinical use.
[Three-dimensional structure of collagen fibril of pigskin]. (2003)

The data obtained in this study on the three-dimensional structure of pigskin collagen fibril are of significance to researches in tissue engineering materials.
Contribution of zinc and other metals to the biological activity of the serum thymic factor. (1982)

The serum thymic factor (FTS) utilized in its synthetic or natural form loses its biological activity in a rosette assay after treatment with a metal ion-chelating agent, Chelex 100. This activity is restored by the addition of Zn salts and, to a lesser extent, certain other metal salts. FTS activation is secondary to the binding of the metal to the peptide. The metal-to-peptide molar ratio of 1:1 provides the best activation. These data indicate the existence of two forms of FTS. The first one lacks Zn and is biologically inactive; the second one contains Zn and is biologically active, for which we propose the name of "thymulin" (FTS-Zn). The presence of Zn in synthetic FTS was confirmed by atomic absorption spectrometry. The interaction between Zn and FTS was further suggested by microanalysis demonstrating the presence of this metal in thymic reticuloepithelial cells.
Manual versus Automated Rodent Behavioral Assessment: Comparing Efficacy and Ease of Bederson and Garcia Neurological Deficit Scores to an Open Field Video-Tracking System (2014)

Animal models of stroke have been crucial in advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of cerebral ischemia. Currently, the standards for determining neurological deficit in rodents are the Bederson and Garcia scales, manual assessments scoring animals based on parameters ranked on a narrow scale of severity. Automated open field analysis of a live-video tracking system that analyzes animal behavior may provide a more sensitive test. Results obtained from the manual Bederson and Garcia scales did not show significant differences between pre- and post-stroke animals in a small cohort. When using the same cohort, however, post-stroke data obtained from automated open field analysis showed significant differences in several parameters. Furthermore, large cohort analysis also demonstrated increased sensitivity with automated open field analysis versus the Bederson and Garcia scales. These early data indicate use of automated open field analysis software may provide a more sensitive assessment when compared to traditional Bederson and Garcia scales.
Biomimetically Controlled Formation of Nanotextured Silica/Titania Films on Arbitrary Substrates and Their Tunable Surface Function (2009)

Substrates with arbitrary shapes covered by a linear polyethyleneimine layer can effectively afford complexly nanotextured silica/titania thin films on their surfaces when the substrates are dipped into the source solutions at room temperature. The nanotextured thin films can be turned into superhydrophobic surfaces after they are treated with alkylsilane.
Brd4 engagement from chromatin targeting to transcriptional regulation: selective contact with acetylated histone H3 and H4 (2009)

Bromodomain-containing protein 4 (Brd4) contains two tandem bromodomains (BD1 and BD2) that bind preferentially to acetylated lysine residues found in histones and nonhistone proteins. This molecular recognition allows Brd4 to associate with acetylated chromatin throughout the cell cycle and regulates transcription at targeted loci. Recruitment of positive transcription elongation factor b, and possibly the general initiation cofactor Mediator as well, plays an important role in Brd4-regulated transcription. Selective contacts with acetyl-lysines in nucleosomal histones and chromatin-binding factors likely provide a molecular switch modulating the steps from chromatin targeting to transcriptional regulation, thus further expanding the 'acetylation code' for combinatorial regulation in eukaryotes.
Frequency modulation response measurements to 15 GHz using a novel birefringent fiber interferometer (1989)

As the bit rate of optical FSK modulation increases,1 it is important to develop techniques for measuring the FM response of semiconductor lasers at modulation frequencies up to tens of gigahertz. Both the magnitude and phase of the FM response can be measured using an interferometer as an optical frequency discriminator.2 A highly birefringent fiber, such as a polarization-maintaining (PM) fiber, followed by a polarizer acts as an interferometer when equal optical power is launched along the fiber’s optical axes. Since both optical paths of the interferometer exist in the same fiber, spatial alignment is automatically achieved, the path length difference is insensitive to vibrations, and the free spectral range can be easily set by selecting the fiber length.
Technetium-99 Removal from Process Solutions and Contaminated Groundwater (1993)

Abstract The predominant form of technetium under oxic conditions is the pertechnetate anion (TcO4 −), which is highly soluble in water and readily mobile in the environment. Technetium-99 is of particular concern because of its persistence and mobility. Various equipment decontamination and uranium recovery operations at the Portsmouth Gaseous Diffusion Plant generate a “raffinate” waste stream characterized by toxic heavy metals, high concentration of nitric acid, and low levels of radionuclides (235u and 99Tc). Dilution and adjustment of solution pH to a value of 8.2 to 8.5 precipitates a heavy-metals-sludge and a filtrate. The removal of 99Tc from these waste streams and from contaminated groundwater can be accomplished using anionic ion-exchange resins. Batch equilibrium and packed column breakthrough and regeneration studies were performed using inorganic sorbenta and organic ion-exchange resins (Dowex SRB-OH and Reillex resins). These studies were performed on actual and surrogate raw raffinates, filtrates, and surrogate groundwater samples. The experimental conditions were chosen to closely represent the actual process.
A CMOS analog continuous-time delay line with adaptive delay-time control (1988)

A CMOS analog continuous-time delay line composed of cascaded first-order current-domain all-pass sections is discussed. Each all-pass section consists of CMOS transistors and a single capacitor. The operation is based on the square-law characteristic of an MOS transistor in saturation. The delay time per section can either be controlled by an external voltage or locked to an external reference frequency by means of a control system which features a large capture range. Experimental verification has been performed on two setups: an integrated cascade of 26 identical all-pass sections and a frequency-locking system breadboard built around two identical on-chip all-pass sections.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of beta-alanine supplementation on the onset of blood lactate accumulation (OBLA) during treadmill running: Pre/post 2 treatment experimental design (2010)

betaA supplementation for 28 days enhanced sub-maximal endurance performance by delaying OBLA. However, betaA supplemented individuals had a reduced aerobic capacity as evidenced by the decrease in VO2max values post supplementation.