gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF): name changes in fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance. Part 3. (1988)

This is the second in a series of reports bringing changes in the names of fungi of microbiological, industrial and medical importance to the attention of workers in these fields. The series is sponsored by the Division of Mycology of the International Union of Microbiological Societies (IUMS) and prepared under the auspices of the International Commission on the Taxonomy of Fungi (ICTF). The first of this series of reports (which included an introduction to the series explaining the need for name changes) was published in Microbiological Sciences 3: 168-171 (1986).
AN ULTRAVIOLET PHOTODETECTOR BASED ON GaN/Si (2002)

Single crystalline GaN is grown on Si(111) by a vacuum reactive evaporation method. X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), photoluminescence measurement (PL), and Hall measurement results indicate that single crystalline wurtzite GaN film is grown on the microcrystalline GaN buffer layer on Si(111) substrate. The photoconductive ultraviolet photodetector with a metal-semiconductor-metal(MSM) structure is prepared on the unintentionally doped n-type GaN film and the properties of the detector are investigated. The detector has a peak photocurrent responsivity at 365nm and a abrupt cut-off curve. The responsivity increased with the increasing of bias voltage. The responsivity saturated when the bias voltage reached 7V. The response time was ms level under normal conditions and dropped with the increase of bias voltage before the bias voltage reached its saturation.
Contrast enhanced dual energy spectral mammogram, an emerging addendum in breast imaging (2016)

CEDM has a useful role in identifying occult lesions in dense breasts and in triaging lesions. In a mammographically visible lesion, CEDM characterizes the lesion, affirms the finding and better demonstrates response to treatment. Hence, we conclude that CEDM is a useful complementary tool to standard mammogram. Advances in knowledge: CEDM can detect and demonstrate lesions even in dense breasts with the advantage of feasibility of stereotactic biopsy in the same setting. Hence, it has the potential to be a screening modality with need for further studies and validation.
The determination of boric acid in dried fruit (1936)

W. B. Brown, Analyst, 1936, 61, 671 DOI: 10.1039/AN9366100671
Satellite cell proliferation and the expression of myogenin and desmin in regenerating skeletal muscle: evidence for two different populations of satellite cells. (1995)

The schedule of the events in our study contradicts the general concept that differentiation should follow proliferation. To explain this discrepancy, we propose that there are two populations of precursor cells: committed satellite cells, which are ready for immediate differentiation without preceding cell division, and stem satellite cells, which undergo mitosis before providing one daughter cell for differentiation and another for future proliferation.
A Framework for Learning Predictive Structures from Multiple Tasks and Unlabeled Data (2005)

One of the most important issues in machine learning is whether one can improve the performance of a supervised learning algorithm by including unlabeled data. Methods that use both labeled and unlabeled data are generally referred to as semi-supervised learning. Although a number of such methods are proposed, at the current stage, we still don't have a complete understanding of their effectiveness. This paper investigates a closely related problem, which leads to a novel approach to semi-supervised learning. Specifically we consider learning predictive structures on hypothesis spaces (that is, what kind of classifiers have good predictive power) from multiple learning tasks. We present a general framework in which the structural learning problem can be formulated and analyzed theoretically, and relate it to learning with unlabeled data. Under this framework, algorithms for structural learning will be proposed, and computational issues will be investigated. Experiments will be given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithms in the semi-supervised learning setting.
Phonons and related crystal properties from density-functional perturbation theory (2001)

This article reviews the current status of lattice-dynamical calculations in crystals, using density-functional perturbation theory, with emphasis on the plane-wave pseudopotential method. Several specialized topics are treated, including the implementation for metals, the calculation of the response to macroscopic electric fields and their relevance to long-wavelength vibrations in polar materials, the response to strain deformations, and higher-order responses. The success of this methodology is demonstrated with a number of applications existing in the literature.
Automatic Detection of Excessive Glycemic Variability for Diabetes Management (2011)

Glycemic variability, or fluctuation in blood glucose levels, is a significant factor in diabetes management. Excessive glycemic variability contributes to oxidative stress, which has been linked to the development of long-term diabetic complications. An automated screen for excessive glycemic variability, based on the readings from continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) systems, would enable early identification of at risk patients. In this paper, we present an automatic approach for learning variability models that can routinely detect excessive glycemic variability when applied to CGM data. Naive Bayes (NB), Multilayer Perceptron (MP), and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models are trained and evaluated on a dataset of CGM plots that have been manually annotated with respect to glycemic variability by two diabetes experts. In order to alleviate the impact of noise, the CGM plots are smoothed using cubic splines. Automatic feature selection is then performed on a rich set of pattern recognition features. Empirical evaluation shows that the top performing model obtains a state of the art accuracy of 93.8%, substantially outperforming a previous NB model.
Effects of Working Memory Load on Oscillatory Power in Human Intracranial EEG (2007)

Studies of working memory load effects on human EEG power have indicated divergent effects in different frequency bands. Although gamma power typically increases with load, the load dependency of the lower frequency theta and alpha bands is uncertain. We obtained intracranial electroencephalography measurements from 1453 electrode sites in 14 epilepsy patients performing a Sternberg task, in order to characterize the anatomical distribution of load-related changes across the frequency spectrum. Gamma power increases occurred throughout the brain, but were most common in the occipital lobe. In the theta and alpha bands, both increases and decreases were observed, but with different anatomical distributions. Increases in theta and alpha power were most prevalent in frontal midline cortex. Decreases were most commonly observed in occipital cortex, colocalized with increases in the gamma range, but were also detected in lateral frontal and parietal regions. Spatial overlap with group functional magnetic resonance imaging results was minimal except in the precentral gyrus. These findings suggest that power in any given frequency band is not a unitary phenomenon; rather, reactivity in the same frequency band varies in different brain regions, and may relate to the engagement or inhibition of a given area in a cognitive task.
On Consistency and Network Latency in Distributed Interactive Applications: A Survey—Part II (2006)

This paper is the second part of a two part paper that documents a detailed survey of the research carried out on consistency and latency in distributed interactive applications (DIAs) in recent decades. Part I reviewed the terminology associated with DIAs and offered definitions for consistency and latency. A classification for consistency maintenance mechanisms was given and various mechanisms belonging to the first of three categories, time management, were described. Here, in the second part of the paper, the remaining two categories of mechanisms are examined—information management (such as predictive contract techniques, relevance filtering, packet bundling) and system architecture (such as QoS and protocols).
3D image location surveillance system for the automotive rear-view (2002)

We have developed a new type of rear-view observation system. This system can rapidly detect the 3D position and size of obstacles or gutters behind the car and can warn of the danger of collision by anticipating the path the car will take. The system includes a laser projector, a CCD camera, a frame memory, a data processing unit, a steering angle sensor, and a warning display unit. In this paper, some design techniques required for use in an automotive environment are described. We also report the test results obtained under various cruising conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Enzyme-Catalyzed Ring-Opening Copolymerization of 5-Methyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MBC) with Trimethylene Carbonate (TMC):  Synthesis and Characterization (2000)

Enzymatic ring-opening copolymerization of 5-methyl-5-benzyloxycarbonyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one (MBC) with trimethylene carbonate (TMC) was investigated. A route to aliphatic polycarbonates decorated with pendent carboxylic acid groups is demonstrated. Lipase from Pseudomonas fluorescens (AK) was selected to perform the copolymerization at various monomers feed ratios. Copolymers with different composition were prepared by varying the monomer feed ratio from 10% to 80% MBC. 1H, 13C, and 1H-13C HETCOR NMR spectra were used to analyze the microstructure of the copolymers. The 1H NMR spectra indicated lower incorporation of TMC in the copolymer than was expected from the monomer feed ratio. Analysis of the 13C spectra did not indicate an ordered structure but instead suggested the formation of random polymers. This was further confirmed by the thermal data obtained for representative samples. The thermal properties at different feed ratios of poly[MBC-co-TMC] copolymers were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). No melting temperature (Tm) for either homopolymers or copolymers was observed. A plot of 1/Tg(K) vs the weight composition of MBC in the copolymers was constructed and was consistent with copolymers that tend toward random distribution; this was confirmed from the NMR data.
The molecular and cellular biology of the chemokines (1998)

Chemokines are the largest mammalian cytokine family so far identified. They have distinct molecular structures and are unique among the cytokines in their chemotactic properties and ability to inhibit bone marrow progenitor-cell growth. A wealth of in vitro and in vivo data show that chemokines act as directional forces in immune and inflammatory responses, working with integrins to target subsets of effector cells to specific tissue sites. The selective action of individual chemokines on leucocyte subsets makes them ideal molecules to sort, as well as direct, leucocyte traffic. In addition to their in vitro and in vivo actions on haemopoietic precursors, chemokines can also modulate angiogenesis and some may activate leucocytes. There is still much to learn about the chemokines and their intracellular pathways, and more ligands and receptors will undoubtedly be discovered. However, chemokines are already known to be central to the co-ordination of leucocyte responses and represent important therapeutic targets in a number of diseases.
Lignin Epoxide (1989)

An epoxide resin was synthesized on the basis of lignin by reaction of epichlorohydrin (ECH) with hydroxypropyl lignin. A mixture of a quarternary ammonium salt (QAS) and potassium hydroxide (KOH) was used as catalyst. Additional KOH was added stepwise at a rate which compensated for KOH consumption during dechlorohydrogenation. The epoxidation reaction was first studied using hydroxypropyl guaiacol (HPG) as a lignin-like model compound. At room temperature, and when ECH was in excess, the reaction was completed in five days. The reaction was found to be highly dependent on the stepwise addition of KOH, and it was independent of ECH concentration. The maximum conversion of hydroxy to epoxy functionality was found to be 100 and 50% for model compound and lignin derivative, respectively. The lignin epoxide resin was crosslinked with diethylenetriamine (DETA), amine terminated poly (butadiene-co-arylonitrile) (ATBN) and phthalic anhydride (PA). Sol fraction and swelling behavior, and dynamic mechanical characteristics of the cured lignin epoxides were studied in relation to cure conditions.
Oncogenic <i>PIK3CA</i> mutations occur in epidermal nevi and seborrheic keratoses with a characteristic mutation pattern (2007)

Activating mutations of the p110 α subunit of PI3K ( PIK3CA ) oncogene have been identified in a broad spectrum of malignant tumors. However, their role in benign or preneoplastic conditions is unknown. Activating FGF receptor 3 ( FGFR3 ) mutations are common in benign skin lesions, either as embryonic mutations in epidermal nevi (EN) or as somatic mutations in seborrheic keratoses (SK). FGFR3 mutations are also common in low-grade malignant bladder tumors, where they often occur in association with PIK3CA mutations. Therefore, we examined exons 9 and 20 of PIK3CA and FGFR3 hotspot mutations in EN ( n = 33) and SK ( n = 62), two proliferative skin lesions lacking malignant potential. Nine of 33 (27%) EN harbored PIK3CA mutations; all cases showed the E545G substitution, which is uncommon in cancers. In EN, R248C was the only FGFR3 mutation identified. By contrast, 10 of 62 (16%) SK revealed the typical cancer-associated PIK3CA mutations E542K, E545K, and H1047R. The same lesions displayed a wide range of FGFR3 mutations. Corresponding unaffected tissue was available for four EN and two mutant SK: all control samples displayed a WT sequence, confirming the somatic nature of the mutations found in lesional tissue. Forty of 95 (42%) lesions showed at least one mutation in either gene. PIK3CA and FGFR3 mutations displayed an independent distribution; 5/95 lesions harbored mutations in both genes. Our findings suggest that, in addition to their role in cancer, oncogenic PIK3CA mutations contribute to the pathogenesis of skin tumors lacking malignant potential. The remarkable genotype–phenotype correlation as observed in this study points to a distinct etiopathogenesis of the mutations in keratinocytes occuring either during fetal development or in adult life.
Solution and Solid-State Structure of 2- and 4-Bis(trimethylsilyl)methylpyridinium Cations (2007)

N-Methylation of the 2- and 4-bis(trimethylsilyl)methyl pyridines 7 and 9 gives the ions 5 and 6 and results in a significant decrease in the 13CH−29SiMe3 coupling constant, consistent with increased C−Si−π hyperconjugation between the trimethylsilyl substituents and the electron-deficient aromatic system of the pyridinium cations. The rotation barrier about the Cipso−CH bond, which was measured for both 5 and 7 using variable-temperature 13C NMR and calculated at the B3LYP/6-311G** level, reveals that steric effects make a larger contribution than hyperconjugative effects to this barrier. The crystal structure of the protonated salt 11 shows that the conformation of the CH(SiMe3)2 substituent is similar to that predicted by calculations and allows for both C−SiMe3 bonds to interact with the aromatic π-system.
The Dependence of Spectral Impedance on Disc Microelectrode Radius (2008)

As microelectrodes gain widespread use for electrochemical sensing, biopotential recording, and neural stimulation, it becomes important to understand the dependence of electrochemical impedance on microelectrode size. It has been shown mathematically that a disc electrode, coplanar in an insulating substrate and exposed to a conducting media, exhibits an inhomogeneous current distribution when a potential step is applied. This distribution is known as the primary distribution, and its derivation also yielded an analytic solution for electrical resistance of the conducting media (R(s)), between the disc surface and a distant ground, which is inversely proportional to disk radius [R(s) = 1/(4kappar), where kappa is media conductivity and r is disk radius]. The dependence of spectral impedance on microelectrode radius, however, has not been explored. We verify the analytical solution for resistance using high-frequency (100 kHz) electrochemical impedance data from microelectrodes of varying radius (11-325 microm). For all disc radii, as we approach a lower frequency (--> 10 Hz), we observe a transition from radial to area dependence (e.g., 1/r --> 1/r2). We hypothesize that this transition is driven by the fact that the derivation of the primary distribution ignores concentration gradients, but that these gradients cannot be ignored at lower frequencies.
The Adeno-Associated Virus Type 2 Regulatory Proteins Rep78 and Rep68 Interact with the Transcriptional Coactivator PC4 (1999)

ABSTRACT The adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV-2) Rep78/Rep68 regulatory proteins are pleiotropic effectors of viral and cellular DNA replication, of cellular transformation by viral and cellular oncogenes, and of homologous and heterologous gene expression. To search for cellular proteins involved in mediating these functions, we used Rep68 as bait in the yeast two-hybrid system and identified the transcriptional coactivator PC4 as a Rep interaction partner. PC4 has been shown to mediate transcriptional activation by a variety of sequence-specific transcription factors in vitro. Rep amino acids 172 to 530 were sufficient and amino acids 172 to 224 were absolutely necessary for the interaction with PC4. The PC4 domains required for interaction were mapped to the C-terminal single-stranded DNA-binding domain of PC4. In glutathione S -transferase (GST) pull-down assays, in vitro-transcribed and -translated Rep78 or Rep68 proteins were bound specifically by GST-PC4 fusion proteins. Similarly, PC4 expressed in Escherichia coli was bound by GST-Rep fusion proteins, confirming the direct interaction between Rep and PC4 in vitro. Rep was found to have a higher affinity for the nonphosphorylated, transcriptionally active form of PC4 than for the phosphorylated, transcriptionally inactive form. The latter is predominant in nuclear extracts of HeLa or 293 cells. In the yeast system, but not in vitro, Rep-PC4 interaction was disrupted by a point mutation in the putative nucleotide-binding site of Rep68, suggesting that a stable interaction between Rep and PC4 in vivo is ATP dependent. This mutation has also been shown to impair Rep function in AAV-2 DNA replication and in inhibition of gene expression and inducible DNA amplification. Cytomegalovirus promoter-driven overexpression of PC4 led to transient accumulation of nonphosphorylated PC4 with concomitant downregulation of all three AAV-2 promoters in the absence of helper virus. In the presence of adenovirus, this effect was relieved. These results imply an involvement of the transcriptional coactivator PC4 in the regulation of AAV-2 gene expression in the absence of helper virus.
Evidence for regulation of NF-κB by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (2000)

The DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB in nuclear extracts of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-defective mutant L1210 cell clones was markedly increased and was inversely correlated with the PARP content in these cells. The DNA-binding activity of NF-kappaB in a clone with the lowest PARP content (Cl-3527, contained 6% of PARP of wild type cells) was about 35-fold of that of the wild-type cells, whereas the change in the DNA-binding activity of AP-1 and SP-1 in the mutant was relatively small or not so significant. Transfection of a PARP-expressing plasmid to the mutant cells decreased the abnormally high levels of NF-kappaB complexes, especially p50/p65(Rel A) complex, to near the normal level. Moreover, poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation of nuclear extracts in vitro suppressed the ability of NF-kappaB to form a complex with its specific DNA probe by approx. 80%. Further analysis with purified recombinant NF-kappaB proteins revealed that both rp50 and rMBP-p65 (Rel A) proteins, but not rGST-IkappaB, could be poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated in vitro and that the modification resulted in a marked decrease in the DNA-binding activity of rMBP-p65, whereas a slight activation was observed in rp50. Poly(ADP-ribosyl)ated p65/NF-kappaB was detected in the cytosol of wild type L1210 cells by immunoblotting with anti-poly(ADP-ribose) and anti-p65 antibodies. Taken together, these results strongly suggest that PARP is involved in the regulation of NF-kappaB through the protein modification.
MSP: Multiple Sub-graph Query Processing using Structure-based Graph Partitioning Strategy and Map-Reduce (2016)

In a distributed environment, the volume of graph database increases quickly because graphs emerge from several autonomous sources. Sub-graph query processing is a challenging problem in distributed environment. Centralized approaches proposed many algorithms, they mine frequent subgraphs from the graph database and construct an index which is very expensive. These algorithms require more number of database scans to mine frequent subgraphs and they use filter and verify approach, which requires many subgraph isomorphism tests. In this paper, we design a novel Map-Reduce based multiple subgraph query processing framework, namely MSP. MSP processes multiple graph queries using distributed index. The framework completely relies on the graph partition and indexing. Moreover, in order to improve its performance, we propose several solutions to balance the workload and reduce the size of Integrated Graph Index. We propose a structure-based partitioning technique and distributed way of building Integrated Graph Index. This work uses two Map-Reduce rounds, the first Map-Reduce round partitions the graphs and creating index for each partition, second Map-Reduce round processes sub-graph queries and index maintenance. A good partitioning will reduce the index size by distributing the load equally to the machines in the cluster and improves the performance of query evaluation. This graph partition and Integrated Graph Index reduces the search space of query graphs. Our approach allows to add data graphs incrementally to Integrated Graph Index while doing query processing. We experimentally show that our approach decreases remarkably the execution time and scales the subgraph query processing to large graph databases.
Data Envelopment Analysis Applied to Electricity Distribution Districts (1992)

In this paper Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) is used to evaluate efficiency measures for the 45 distribution districts of the Greek Public Power Corporation (PPC). Results are derived under different sets of assumptions and are compared with simple productivity indices used by PPC and with efficiency measures produced by econometric methods. DEA scores appear to be more reliable than simple productivity indices. Comparison of the different cases explains the reason for the low efficiencies, which can be due to the management of controllable inputs, the design of the supply system or other environmental factors.