gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Non-linear mixture model and application for enhanced resolution multispectral classification (2002)

A new mixture model based on a probabilistic formulation is described. The model is non-linear, and unlike previous mixture models, does not need to be inverted to compute mixtures from spectra. Instead, mixtures are estimated using an interpolation approach. There are no constraints between the number of bands and endmembers. The mixture model is used to enhance the spatial resolution of classification images-increasing the classification accuracy by about 20% in the example presented. The enhanced resolution classifier is better able to detect features near the resolution of the sensor, to identify subtle patterns not fully resolved in the original data, and to more precisely delineate the boundaries of areal features.
2D line-scan photoacoustic imaging of absorbers in a scattering tissue phantom (2001)

A photoacoustic imaging system has been evaluated by mapping the temporal distribution of photoacoustic signals generated in a tissue phantom. The phantom comprised an Intralipid scattering solution (μ<SUB>s</SUB>'=1mm<SUP>-1</SUP> and μ<SUB>a</SUB>=0.01mm<SUP>-1</SUP>) containing two regions of enhanced absorption; a 1.5mm thick layer (μ<SUB>a</SUB>=1mm<SUP>-1</SUP>) and a 75μm layer (μ<SUB>a</SUB>=40mm<SUP>-1</SUP>). These were located 1cm beneath the surface of the Intralipid which was irradiated with 7ns Q switched laser pulses of fluence 0.05 J/cm<SUP>2</SUP>. A Fabry Perot polymer film ultrasound sensing interferometer was used for the detection of the photoacoustic signals. A 1D ultrasound array was simulated by illuminating the sensing interferometer with a large diameter laser beam and line scanning a photodiode across the reflected output beam. The detection sensitivity of the system was 3kPA over a 25MHz measurement bandwidth, the 3dB acoustic bandwidth was 17.5MHz, the sensitive azimuthal 'array' aperture and element size were 12mm and 0.8mm respectively. Greyscale images of the time-resolved photoacoustic signals enabled both absorbers to be clearly identified with an axial spatial resolution of less than 100micrometers . It is envisaged that this approach could form the basis of a practical photoacoustic tissue imaging system.
Error Detection and Recovery Techniques for Variation-Aware CMOS Computing: A Comprehensive Review (2011)

While Moore’s law scaling continues to double transistor density every technology generation, new design challenges are introduced. One of these challenges is variation, resulting in deviations in the behavior of transistors, most importantly in switching delays. These exaggerated delays widen the gap between the average and the worst case behavior of a circuit. Conventionally, circuits are designed to accommodate the worst case delay and are therefore becoming very limited in their performance advantages. Thus, allowing for an average case oriented design is a promising solution, maintaining the pace of performance improvement over future generations. However, to maintain correctness, such an approach will require on the fly mechanisms to prevent, detect, and resolve violations. This paper explores such mechanisms, allowing the improvement of circuit performance under intensifying variations. We present speculative error detection techniques along with recovery mechanisms. We continue by discussing their ability to operate under extreme variations including sub-threshold operation. While the main focus of this survey is on circuit approaches, for its completeness, we discuss higher-level, architectural and algorithmic techniques as well.
Coordination Chemistry and Catalytic Activity of Ruthenium Complexes of Terdentate Phosphorus−Nitrogen−Phosphorus (PNP) and Bidentate Phosphorus−Nitrogen (PNH) Ligands (2002)

Structures of trans-dichlororuthenium(II) complexes of aminodiphosphines RN(CH2CH2PPh2)2 (1a−d, PNP) and aminophosphines RN(H)CH2CH2PPh2 (2a−d, PNH) ligands are examined. The comparative reactivity of these metal complexes in ruthenium-catalyzed transfer hydrogenation reactions is subsequently evaluated.
Effects of 3-Amino-1,2,4-Triazole (AT) on Catalase and Other Compounds (1956)

Rat liver and kidney, but not blood, catalase activity decreases profoundly within the first 3 hours after the intraperitoneal or intravenous injection of AT. AT administered orally to mice causes a reduction of liver catalase activity. The liver and kidney catalase activity of rats returns to normal about 7 days after a single intraperitoneal injection. Liver cytochrome c content, hemoglobin level and urinary urobilinogen excretion are not affected by AT administration. Liver peroxidase activity is decreased slightly 3 hours after injection of AT but returns to normal within 24 hours. Prolonged AT administration has no effect on the growth rate of young rats. AT reduces the catalase activity of plant tissue homogenates, liver homogenates and crystalline catalase in vitro but only at high concentrations. AT causes a reduction of chlorophyll content and catalase activity of plants when administered in vivo but the relative effect against these two constituents varies with species, physiological state and concentration.
Genetic alterations of the p53 gene are a feature of malignant mesotheliomas. (1991)

A putative tumor suppressor gene, p53, has been shown to be altered in a variety of human tumor types. The primary mechanism of p53 inactivation is believed to be mutation of one allele followed by loss of the second allele. Malignant mesothelioma is a tumor that has been highly associated with exposure to asbestos fibers, which are known to cause chromosomal abnormalities in mesothelial cells. We have examined four mesothelioma cell lines for genetic abnormalities in p53. Cytogenetic analysis revealed that two of the four tumors had abnormalities (numerical and/or structural) of chromosome 17 (the locus of the p53 gene). Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis using a chromosome 17p-specific probe (pYNZ22) revealed that two tumors had loss of heterozygosity in the region of 17p13. The relative level of p53 mRNA expression was examined by Northern analysis, with one tumor showing negligible expression of p53 mRNA. The complementary DNA of p53 was generated from the three tumors showing detectable mRNA expression, and the region between codons 70 and 319 was amplified by the polymerase chain reaction and sequenced. DNA single-base substitutions were detected in two of the tumor cell lines, each resulting in amino acid substitutions. One tumor had an arginine to histidine substitution at position 175, and one tumor had a glycine to aspartic acid substitution at position 245. The observed mutations took place in regions of high cross-species sequence homology, indicating that these regions may be functionally important. The correlation of chromosomal loss in 17p on the cytogenetic and molecular level along with p53 mRNA expression and DNA sequence data indicate that genetic alterations in p53 could be a feature of malignant mesotheliomas and may reveal an important role of asbestos fibers in tumor suppressor gene inactivation.
Dry Low NOx Combustion System for Utility Gas Turbine (1983)

A Dry Low NOx combustion system has been developed for a 80 MW gas turbine operating on natural gas and on distillate oil. The system, employing two-stage combustion and multimode operation, meets the New Source Performance Standards (NSPS) for NOx emissions across much of the load range for both fuels. Mid-load smoke, NOx, and carbon monoxide emissions on distillate oil require further development. This paper outlines the emissions performance of the system for Dry Low NOx applications, specifically in terms of NSPS NOx requirements. Machine data, in addition to test stand data, support the conclusions.
Statistical image reconstruction methods for simultaneous emission/transmission PET scans (2002)

Transmission scans are necessary for estimating the attenuation correction factors (ACFs) to yield quantitatively accurate PET emission images. To reduce the total scan time, post-injection transmission scans have been proposed in which one can simultaneously acquire emission and transmission data using rod sources and sinogram windowing. However, since the post-injection transmission scans are corrupted by emission coincidences, accurate correction for attenuation becomes more challenging. Conventional methods (emission subtraction) for ACF computation from post-injection scans are suboptimal and require relatively long scan times. The authors introduce statistical methods based on penalized-likelihood objectives to compute ACFs and then use them to reconstruct lower noise PET emission images from simultaneous transmission/emission scans. Simulations show the efficacy of the proposed methods. These methods improve image quality and SNR of the estimates as compared to conventional methods.
Magnetic-Responsive Hybrids of Fe<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanoparticles with β-Lactoglobulin Amyloid Fibrils and Nanoclusters (2013)

We report on the synthesis and magnetic-responsive behavior of hybrids formed by dispersing negatively charged iron oxide (Fe3O4) magnetic nanoparticles in positively charged β-lactoglobulin protein solutions at acidic pH, followed by heating at high temperatures. Depending on the pH used, different hybrid aggregates can be obtained, such as nanoparticle-modified amyloid fibrils (pH 3) and spherical nanoclusters (pH 4.5). We investigate the effect of magnetic fields of varying strengths (0-5 T) on the alignment of these Fe3O4-modified amyloid fibrils and spherical nanoclusters using a combination of scattering, birefringence and microscopic techniques and we find a strong alignment of the hybrids upon increasing the intensity of the magnetic field, which we quantify via 2D and 3D order parameters. We also demonstrate the possibility of controlling magnetically the sol-gel behavior of these hybrids: addition of salt (NaCl, 150 mM) to a solution containing nanoparticles modified with β-lactoglobulin amyloid fibrils (2 wt % fibrils modified with 0.6 wt % Fe3O4 nanoparticles) induces first the formation of a reversible gel, which can then be converted back to solution upon application of a moderate magnetic field of 1.1 T. These hybrids offer a new appealing functional colloidal system in which the aggregation, orientational order and rheological behavior can be efficiently controlled in a purely noninvasive way by external magnetic fields of weak intensity.
Tri-histogram Equalization based on first order statistics (2009)

This paper proposes a novel method, called Statistic-separate Tri-histogram Equalization (SSTHE), to enhance contrasts of images along with excellent brightness preservation. This method segments the original histogram into three regions according to the mean and standard deviation of the image brightness, re-ranges spans of each sub-histogram and executes histogram equalization within each scope respectively. Experiments show that our method provides better brightness preservation than most bi-HE techniques, and reduces artifacts that a large number of sub-histograms produces. In addition, it is efficient with computation, suitable for consumer electronics.
Evaluation of the Altitude Variation of the Cosmic-ray Induced Environmental Neutrons in the Mt. Fuji Area (2005)

To assess the natural background neutron dose rate in Japan, a series of measurements of the cosmic-ray induced neutron energy spectra and the neutron dose rates were carried out in the Mt. Fuji area (altitude: 40-3,700m) by means of a Bonner multi-sphere neutron spectrometer (Bonner Spectrometer: BS) and a commercially available neutron rem-counter. The following results were obtained: 1. The neutron energy spectra at each altitude were almost the same in their shapes.2. The total neutron fluence rate and the ambient dose equivalent H*(10) obtained by BS at sea level were estimated to be about 0.0075±0.00029cm−2.s−1 and 6.4+0.25nSv.h−1, respectively.3. It was confirmed that the neutron fluence rate and the dose rate varied with the altitude according to an exponential law, ~ exp(αZ), where α=0.00071±0.00002m−1 for the fluence rate and α=0.00070±0.00001 m−1 for the dose rate, respectively. These α-values were smaller than those obtained at high geomagnetic latitudes in other studies.
Cold Plasma Generation (2009)

<P>This chapter contains sections titled: <UL> <LI> <P>DC Glow Discharges</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Radio Frequency Discharges</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Microwave Plasmas</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Electron Cyclotron Resonance Plasmas</P> </LI> <LI> <P>Questions</P> </LI> <LI> <P>References</P> </LI> </UL> </P> ]]>
Optimization of a Solid-Acid Precursor for Self-Destructing Filter Cake (2010)

Abstract This paper presents a technology for water-based drilling fluid that is weighted with calcium carbonate. This technology has both functions of drilling and completion fluids and can reach to the total depth of MRC wells. It creates a filter cake that prevents fluid leak off and formation damage during the drilling process, but readily cleans up the filter cake over time. This technology is based on the use of an ester, in a solid form, which hydrolyzes and produces an organic acid. The latter will dissolve calcium carbonate particles that are used as a weighting material in water-based drilling fluids. Polylactic acid (PLA) particles were used in the present study to generate lactic acid. Experiments were conducted to find an optimum particle size of the solid ester and calcium carbonate particles that should be selected as a compromise between those that are optimal for fluid loss control or filter cake formation and those that are optimal for self-destruction at the desired time and rate. Other set of experiments were conducted to determine the temperature and soaking time required for the solid ester to hydrolyze and for the resulting acid to dissolve calcium carbonate particles. All experiments showed that in a controllable-condition of temperature, acid concentration, and particle size the clean up efficiency exceeded 70%. The optimum particle size was found to be 50 µm calcium carbonate and 150 µm PLA. The optimum temperature was 230°F for running experiments due to high filter cake removal efficiency, low filtrate volume and not having returned mud high viscosity problems. Enough soaking time is needed for PLA to be hydrolyzed and for the acid to remove the filter cake (20 hours).
Dental injury after conventional direct laryngoscopy: a prospective observational study (2013)

This observational study assessed the frequency and risk factors of dental damage after classic direct laryngoscopy for tracheal intubation in 536 adult patients. The patients' sex, age, height, weight, dental condition, dental mobility, Mallampati class, interincisor gap, thyromental distance, neck circumference, and head and neck extension were recorded. From anaesthesia records, the difficulty of intubation, the number of attempts, type of neuromuscular blocking agent used and duration of anaesthesia were recorded. After anaesthesia, examination revealed that 134 patients (25.0%) had dental damage affecting 162 teeth (147 maxillary; 15 mandibular). Enamel fracture was the commonest injury. In tooth number 21, the interincisor gap (OR 2.5 (95% CI 1.0-5.9)) and in tooth number 22, the number of intubation attempts (OR 5.3 (95% CI 1.3-22.0)) were considered a risk factor for dental injury. Conventional direct laryngoscopy is associated with a strikingly high incidence of dental damage, although specific risk factors remain unclear.
Randomized Phase II Trial of Everolimus in Combination With Tamoxifen in Patients With Hormone Receptor–Positive, Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2–Negative Metastatic Breast Cancer With Prior Exposure to Aromatase Inhibitors: A GINECO Study (2012)

This study suggests that tamoxifen plus everolimus increased CBR, TTP, and overall survival compared with tamoxifen alone in postmenopausal women with AI-resistant mBC.
A CMOS/SOS Synchronous Static RAM Fabricated with an Advanced SOS Technology (1979)

A new SOS technology utilizing the non-doped silicon film without any process steps to dope impurities deep into the film under the gate is presented. The minimal junction capacitance is realized even with the shallow junction depth. The small source-drain leakage current is obtained. The threshold voltage is controlled by the film thickness. The simplified process is realized. A 1 K-bit RAM is fabricated with this technology. The access time of the SOS-RAM is faster than that on bulk-silicon by a factor of 1.5 at the same power supply voltage VCC. The shortest access times of 20 ns and 40 ns are measured at VCC=10 and 5 V, respectively. The active power dissipation is 65% of that on bulk-silicon. The quiescent power dissipation of the SOS-RAM is obtained as 30 µW at VCC=5 V.
A Digitally Controlled DC-DC Converter Module with a Segmented Output Stage for Optimized Efficiency (2007)

This paper presents a 4 MHz, 0.9 W digitally controlled DC-DC converter with a miniature inductor for 1.8 V portable devices. In applications such as cellular phones, it is crucial to achieve high conversion efficiency over the entire load range. A binary-weighted segmented power stage is used to dynamically optimize the converter efficiency by reducing the gate-drive losses at mid-to-light loads. An all-digital segment controller based on a load current estimator is demonstrated. This approach is most effective in the mid-load range, where the losses are reduced by 33%, corresponding to an efficiency improvement of 7.5 % at Vin= 4.2 V. A peak efficiency of 89 % is achieved at fs = 4 MHz and Vin = 2.7 V.
Wind turbine spindle condition monitoring based on operational data (2017)

Wind turbine spindle is the connecting part of impeller and gearbox. It has the function of transmitting torque and energy in the transmission chain of the unit. It needs to bear the bending moment and thrust of the wind wheel, so the failure rate of spindle is high. Therefore, the condition monitoring of the spindle is directly related to the stability of wind turbine and power generation. The spindle temperature model is established and used to predict by the nonlinear state estimate technology under the normal operating condition of the spindle. When the spindle fails, the observation vector of the model input changes obviously, resulting in a significant change of the prediction residual. In order to improve the sensitivity and reliability of the spindle anomaly early warning, using the double moving window calculate the statistic properties of the residual sequence based on the Lewitt criteria. If the residual mean or standard deviation exceeds the set fault alarm threshold, an alarm message will be issued. Using the actual operating data of wind turbine spindles verify the validity of this method.
Actuator with Built-In Viscous Damping for Isolation and Structural Control (1996)

The development and experimental application of an actuator with built-in viscous damping are described. A passive damper was modified to create a novel actuation device for two applications : isolation and structural control. The device uses the same fluid for damping and as a hydraulic lever for a voice coil actuator. For vibration suppression, active enhancement of the inherent passive damping can optimize broadband damping or target certain frequencies. For vibration isolation applications, the passive stiffness can be chosen for small gravity sag and the active control designed to provide reduced mount transmissibility over a broad- or narrow-frequency range. Lumped parameter models capturing structural and fluid effects are presented. Component tests of free stroke, blocked force, and passive complex stiffness are used to update assumed model parameters. The structural damping effectiveness of the new actuator is shown to be that of a typical passive viscous damper and that of an actively damped piezoelectric strut with load cell feedback in a complex truss structure. Open- and closed-loop results are presented for a force isolation application showing an 8-dB passive and a 20-dB active improvement over an undamped mount.
New Herbicide Models from Benzoxazinones:  Aromatic Ring Functionalization Effects (2006)

The utility of benzoxazinones and some of their synthetic derivatives in the search for new leads for herbicide model development has been widely discussed. As the benzoxazinone skeleton contains three different potential areas for functionalization (C-2, N-4, and aromatic protons H-5, H-6, H-7, and H-8), and the first two have already been optimized, the main objective of this work was the substitution of aromatic protons for different substituent types and the study of the effects of the prepared chemicals on selected standard target species (STS) and weeds. Thus, different combinations of aromatic substituents, including methoxy, methoxycarbonyl, fluorine, chlorine, and trifluoromethyl, were introduced at different positions. Phytotoxicity results were successfully correlated with steric and electronic molecular parameters, the resulting molecular volume (V) and dipole moment (mu) being the most influential ones. Halogenations at C-6 and fluorination at C-7 were the most successful modifications. Compounds 6-fluoro-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (6F-D-DIBOA), 7-fluoro-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (7F-D-DIBOA), and 6-chloro-(2H)-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4H)-one (6Cl-D-DIBOA) had the highest phytotoxic activities. The dose-response profiles on wheat and two of its most common weeds (Lolium rigidum Gaud. and Avena fatua L.) were compared by means of a proposed selectivity index, which displayed 7F-D-DIBOA as the most selective of the tested benzoxazinones.
Charge Attraction and β Propensity Are Necessary for Amyloid Fibril Formation from Tetrapeptides (2002)

Amyloid fibrils in which specific proteins have polymerized into a cross-beta-sheet structure are found in about 20 diseases. In contrast to the close structural similarity of fibrils formed in different amyloid diseases, the structures of the corresponding native proteins differ widely. We show here that peptides as short as 4 residues with the sequences KFFE or KVVE can form amyloid fibrils that are practically identical to fibrils formed in association with disease, as judged by electron microscopy and Congo red staining. In contrast, KLLE or KAAE do not form fibrils. The fibril-forming KFFE and KVVE show partial beta-strand conformation in solution, whereas the non-fibril-forming KLLE and KAAE show random structure only, suggesting that inherent propensity for beta-strand conformation promotes fibril formation. The peptides KFFK or EFFE do not form fibrils on their own but do so in an equimolar mixture. Thus, intermolecular electrostatic interactions, either between charged dipolar peptides or between complementary charges of co-fibrillating peptides favor fibril formation.
A study of contention resolution algorithm for ATM-PON system-double queue tree based algorithm (2002)

FSAN GX has discussed a cost-effective way to deploy the ATM-PON (passive optical network) system that is suitable for providing broadband services. A common broadband PON applicable to many operators increases the world-wide market for the product. The MAC (medium access control) protocol controls ONUs (optical network unit) access to the shared capacity on the PON, this protocol is very important if TDMA (time division multiple access) multiplexing is used on the upstream. In fact there is a relatively large number of MAC proposals mentioning IEEE 802.14. The tree algorithm presents the main advantages of being stable, predictable and with high performant. We proposed a new contention resolution algorithm called DQT (double queue tree based) which can support a multi-level service under practical environments. Simulation results show that the channel utility and delay time are improved compared to other algorithms under practical environments. The proposed DQT algorithm that using the double queue priority consisting of the optical line termination (OLT) control part and the station part gave good simulation results compared to the existing MAC algorithm.