gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Embryo Vaccination of Chickens with Infectious Bronchitis Virus: Histologic and Ultrastructural Lesion Response and Immunologic Response to Vaccination (1995)

Chicken embryos 18 days of age and newly hatched chicks were vaccinated with an infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) vaccine (V-IBV) or with an IBV vaccine that had been serially passaged 40 times in chick kidney tissue culture (P-IBV). Immunologic and pathologic changes in the chicks were compared at selected intervals until the 35th day. Pathologic changes were evaluated by light, transmission, and scanning electron microscopy. Immunologic changes were assayed by a constant virus-diluting serum plaque-reduction test in chicken cell cultures, by 51Cr-release cytotoxicity assays, and by phytohemagglutination (PHA) responses. Embryos vaccinated with P-IBV and 1-day-old chicks vaccinated with V-IBV had similar transient lesions that were confined primarily to the trachea. Embryo vaccination and posthatch vaccination induced similar primary and secondary antibody responses in chicks. It was concluded that neither vaccination technique consistently influenced PHA response of whole blood cells or natural killer cell reactivity of spleen effector cells. Additionally, effector cells cytotoxic to IBV-infected target cells were not detected in chicks vaccinated as embryos or at hatch. The pathologic and immunologic effects of vaccination with P-IBV were comparable to those induced by conventional vaccination of chicks.
Production of Renewable Hexanols from Mechanocatalytically Depolymerized Cellulose by Using Ir‐ReO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/SiO<sub>2</sub> catalyst (2014)

Hexanols were produced in high yield by conversion of cellulose over Ir-ReOx /SiO2 (molar ratio Re/Ir=2) catalyst in biphasic reaction system (n-decane+H2 O). The cellulose was depolymerized by mechanocatalysis with the aid of H2 SO4 . The influence of solvent amount, reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure was systematically investigated and the highest yield of hexanols reached 60 % under the conditions of n-decane/water ∼2 (v/v), 413 K, 10 MPa H2 for 24 h. Mechanocatalytic depolymerization of cellulose with the aid of H2 SO4 or HCl and the use of sufficient n-decane were very crucial for the production of hexanols. H2 SO4 not only catalyzed cellulose to water-soluble oligosaccharides but also promoted the hydrogenolysis activity of Ir-ReOx /SiO2 catalyst. The role of n-decane was to extract hexanols and to suppress over-hydrogenolysis of hexanols to n-hexane.
Reversible and irreversible intracellular Ca<sup>2+</sup> spiking in single isolated human platelets (1999)

1. We have developed conditions that permit long duration recordings of [Ca2+]i in single, isolated human platelets and studied the reversibility of Ca2+i spiking following activation by physiological and artificial stimuli. 2. Fura-2-loaded platelets were immobilized at the tip of a saline-filled glass pipette using gentle suction. 'Contact' activation of Ca2+i spiking was observed in a proportion (11 %) of platelets, which continued for the duration of each recording (range 8-45 min). 3. Platelets that displayed constant, resting Ca2+i levels were used to test the effects of agonists. ADP (10 microM) increased [Ca2+]i in the form of either one to two spikes followed by an elevated plateau level (60 % of cells) or multiple Ca2+ spikes of irregular amplitude (40 % of cells). ADP-induced Ca2+i mobilization was completely reversible and repeatable. 4. Thrombin (1 u ml-1) evoked Ca2+i spiking in the majority (88 %) of platelets tested, which was not inhibited by perfusion of agonist-free saline throughout the recording period (range 8-67 min). 5. The clear difference in the reversibility of activation by different stimuli may reflect the distinct roles of individual agonists in haemostasis and have important consequences in the design of treatments for thrombosis.
1016. Reactions of pyrimidin-5-yl-lithium compounds (1965)

M. P. L. Caton, M. S. Grant, D. L. Pain and R. Slack, J. Chem. Soc., 1965, 5467 DOI: 10.1039/JR9650005467
Transition Metal Complexes with Sterically Demanding Ligands, 3.<sup>1</sup>Synthetic Access to Square-Planar Terdentate Pyridine−Diimine Rhodium(I) and Iridium(I) Methyl Complexes:  Successful Detour via Reactive Triflate and Methoxide Complexes (2001)

The synthesis of novel square-planar, terdentate, aryl-substituted pyridine−diimine Rh(I) and Ir(I) chloro complexes from the free ligands and the bis(μ-chloro) ethylene-bridged dimers [(C2H4)RhIrCl]2 is reported. Since attempts to achieve direct conversion to the corresponding hydride and methyl complexes through metathesis of the chloro ligand in these compounds were unsuccessful, synthetic access to more reactive methoxy- and triflate-substituted starting materials was developed. The methoxy and triflate complexes could be successfully converted to the Rh(I) η2-BH4 and Rh,Ir(I) methyl complexes. The structure and bonding and thermodynamics of the methoxy and η2-BH4 species were analyzed by DFT methods. X-ray crystal structures of selected Rh,Ir(I,III) representatives are reported.
Molecular organization of the Ndc80 complex, an essential kinetochore component (2005)

The four-protein Ndc80 complex, an essential kinetochore component conserved from yeast to humans, plays an indispensable role in proper chromosome alignment and segregation during mitosis. In higher eukaryotes, the homologous complex probably resides in the middle domain of the trilaminar kinetochore, linking centromeric heterochromatin with microtubule-associated structures. We have prepared recombinant Ndc80 complex by pairwise coexpression of its components (Ndc80p and Nuf2p; Spc24p and Spc25p) and shown that they form independently stable subcomplexes. Rotary shadowing electron microscopy, combined with limited proteolysis and antibody labeling, demonstrates that the heterotetrameric Ndc80 complex is an approximately 570-A-long rod, with globular regions at either end. The shaft contains alpha-helical coiled-coil segments from each of the two subcomplexes, linked end-to-end. When integrated with published observations derived from inactivating the components of Ndc80, the molecular organization we deduce suggests that the Spc24p/Spc25p end of the rod faces the centromere and the Ndc80p/Nuf2p end faces a spindle microtubule.
Electrocatalysis of oxygen reduction and small alcohol oxidation in alkaline media (2007)

We present here a critical review of several technologically important electrocatalytic systems operating in alkaline electrolytes. These include the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) occurring on catalysts containing Pt, Pd, Ir, Ru, or Ag, the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) occurring on Pt-containing catalysts, and the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) occurring on Ni-Co-Fe alloy catalysts. Each of these catalytic systems is relevant to alkaline fuel cell (AFC) technology, while the ORR systems are also relevant to chlor-alkali electrolysis and metal-air batteries. The use of alkaline media presents advantages both in electrocatalytic activity and in materials stability and corrosion. Therefore, prospects for the continued development of alkaline electrocatalytic systems, including alkaline fuel cells, seem very promising.
Transistor action of metal (CoSi <sub>2</sub> )/insulator (CaF <sub>2</sub> ) hot electron transistor structure (1992)

The first transistor action of tunnelling hot electron transistors with single-crystalline metal (CoSi2)/insulator (CaF2) has been achieved. This device consists of CoSi2/CaF2 heterojunctions grown on n-Si(111) substrate by ionised beam epitaxy for CaF2 and a two step growth technique for CoSi2. Transfer efficiency was more than 0.9 for hot electrons through 1.9nm-thick CoSi2 metal base layer at 77 K.
Ca<sup>2+</sup> binding of latent transforming growth factor‐β1 binding protein (1993)

Latent transforming growth factor-beta 1 binding protein (LTBP) is a constituent of the latent high molecular weight complex of TGF-beta 1 in human platelets. In the present communication, we show that LTBP binds Ca2+ in its free form as well as in the latent TGF-beta 1 complex. The binding of Ca2+ induces a structural change which protects the molecule against proteolysis and changes its elution position when analyzed by anion exchange chromatography. The in vitro activation of TGF-beta 1 is not influenced by the presence of Ca2+. The possible significance of Ca2+ binding of LTBP is discussed.
A true polysilicon emitter transistor (1985)

A polysilicon emitter transistor has been fabricated in which the metallurgical base/emitter junction coincides with the interface between polycrystalline and monocrystalline material. The emitter region was formed by deposition of heavily phosphorus-doped polysilicon in an LPCVD reactor at 627°C, a temperature low enough to prevent diffusion of phosphorus into the substrate. Emitter Gummel numbers of over 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">14</sup> scm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> have been obtained with this structure, allowing common emitter current gains in excess of 10000 to be reached for base implant doses of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> .
A Robust Surveillance Scheme for Stochastically Ordered Alternatives (1995)

We sequentially observe independent observations $X_1, X_2,\ldots$ such that initially they have distribution $G_0$; at some unknown time $\nu$ they become stochastically larger, having distribution $G_1$. Neither $G_0$ nor $G_1$ is fully specified. We wish to detect that a change has taken place as soon as possible after its occurrence, subject to a constraint on the rate of false alarms. We derive a family of nonparametric sequential procedures based on ranks, with noncontiguous alternatives in mind. Large-sample approximations to the operating characteristics are obtained analytically. The proposed procedures all possess robustness of validity, because they are based on ranks. Near-optimal sensitivity can be obtained for specific alternatives by choosing an appropriate procedure. For example, when observations are normally distributed with one standard deviation shift in mean postchange, an appropriate nonparametric surveillance scheme yields 97% asymptotic relative efficiency, as compared to the optimal procedure when all distributional parameters are known. Our procedures are computationally feasible. Monte Carlo experiments confirm the applicability of the asymptotic calculations, including high levels of efficiency, for sample sizes met in practice.
Design and implementation of an agent-based smart home system (2012)

Different kinds of system components including hardware elements, software components, network connections, and sensors are required to cooperate with each other to provide various services in smart home. In recent years, we must consider how to reduce the environmental burden by energy management and to support human's life allow for a comfortable lifestyle in an aging society. This paper proposes a concept of an agent-based middleware for smart home that consists of various home electric appliances and various sensors. The agents acquire variety of information, data, etc. from the smart home environment and store/manage them in a methodical manner. In this paper, we describe the concept, design, and initial implementation based on our agent-based middleware. We implemented initial applications related to multimedia and energy management to apply for smart home.
"Spiderlon": new device for simple, fast arterial and venous occlusion (1981)

"Spiderlon": new device for simple, fast arterial and venous occlusionWR Castaneda-Zuniga, CA Galliani, J Rysavy, F Kotula and K AmplatzAudio Available | Share
Effects of <i>N</i>‐ and <i>C</i>‐terminal addition of oligolysines or native loop residues on the biophysical properties of transmembrane domain peptides from a G‐protein coupled receptor (2006)

Transmembrane domains (TMDs) of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) have very low water solubility and often aggregate during purification and biophysical investigations. To circumvent this problem many laboratories add oligolysines to the N- and C-termini of peptides that correspond to a TMD. To systematically evaluate the effect of the oligolysines on the biophysical properties of a TMD we synthesized 21 peptides corresponding to either the second (TPIFIINQVSLFLIILHSALYFKY) or sixth (SFHILLIMSSQSLLVPSIIFILAYSLK) TMD of Ste2p, a GPCR from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Added to the termini of these peptides were either Lys(n) (n = 1,2,3) or the corresponding native loop residues. The biophysical properties of the peptides were investigated by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy in trifluoroethanol-water mixtures, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles and dimyristoylphosphocholine (DMPC)-dimyristoylphosphoglycerol (DMPG) vesicles, and by attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) in DMPC/DMPG multilayers. The results show that the conformation assumed depends on the number of lysine residues and the sequence of the TMD. Identical peptides with native or an equal number of lysine residues exhibited different biophysical properties and structural tendencies.
Reduction of cumulative body weight gain and adipose tissue mass in obese mice: response to chronic treatment with synthetic hGH 177-191 peptide. (1994)

The effects of long-term treatment of C57BL/6J (ob/ob) mice with a synthetic carboxylterminal sequence of human growth hormone, hGH 177-191, were investigated. Results indicate that the hGH 177-191 reduced the cumulative body weight gain, and decreased the adipose tissue mass. The lipogenesis in adipose tissues was significantly inhibited by the treatment with hGH 177-191. These findings support the suggestion that hGH 177-191 is the functional domain of hGH for the antilipogenic actions of the intact hormone both in vivo and in vitro. The hGH 177-191 peptide has the potential to be an effective compound for the treatment of human obesity and for the improvement of meat qualities in farm animals.
Regioselective formation of the three disulfide bonds of a 35-residue insect peptide. (1997)

PMP-D2, a 35-residue peptide containing three disulfide bonds, was synthesized on solid-phase using 9-fluorenylmethoxy-carbonyl (Fmoc) as alpha-NH2 protection and simultaneous air oxidation of the six cysteines for formation of its disulfide bonds. The overall yield was 13%. As very little research has been done on the regioselective formation of three disulfide bonds, we decided to investigate different strategies using either trityl (Trt), acetamidomethyl (Acm) and methoxybenzyl (Mob), or methoxytrityl (Mmt), trityl and acetamidomethyl, as cysteine-protecting groups and Fmoc as alpha-NH2 protection. In the first strategy, the first disulfide bond was formed by air oxidation and the second was formed by iodine oxidation of the Cys(Acm). Then, the Cys (Mob) was deprotected using TFMSA/TFA treatment for formation of the third disulfide bond. This last step was poorly reproducible on a large scale. The overall yield was 2.5%. In the second strategy, the first disulfide was formed on the resin after removal of the methoxytrityl group, and the two remaining disulfide bonds were formed classically in solution. The overall yield was 2%. From the overall yields using these strategies, it appears clear that simultaneous oxidation of the six cysteines is particularly appropriate for the synthesis of PMP-D2.
The Synthesis of Some New Derivatives Derived from 1,2,3,4-Tetrahydrocyclohepteno[4,5]thieno-[2,3-<b> <i>d</i> </b>]pyrimidine (2006)

Polynuclear thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidone derivatives had been synthesized by an intermolecular reaction of 2-hydrazino-thieno[2,3-d]pyrimidin-4-one (1) with each of the aliphatic acids, and carbon disulfide afforded thienotriazolepyrimidin-5-one derivatives. On the other hand, compound 1 that condensed with α-haloketone yielded thienopyrimidotriazine, and with β-diketones and β-ketoesters formed 2-(1-pyrazolyl) derivatives. Also, the condensation of compound 1 with aromatic aldehydes gave arylhydrazones. The purpose of synthesis the thienopyrimidine derivatives is due to high biological activities. 4-chloro derivatives exhibited spasmodic and antiviral activity, and also 4-amino derivatives showed antimicrobial, insecticidal, pesticidal, and acaricidal activity.
9-(2-Phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine in the treatment of murine acquired immunodeficiency disease and opportunistic herpes simplex virus infections (1989)

The murine model of acquired immunodeficiency disease was used to evaluate both the antiretroviral and antiherpetic activities of the acyclic nucleotide analog 9-(2-phosphonylmethoxyethyl)adenine (PMEA). The antiretroviral activity of PMEA was compared with that of azidothymidine (AZT) in mice receiving the drug either immediately after infection or at late times in disease progression. Both AZT (oral, 30 mg/kg) and PMEA (parenteral, 25 and 5 mg/kg) were effective in slowing the development of disease when administered daily beginning on the day of infection. In contrast, neither drug alone was effective in modifying disease outcome when administered several weeks after viral infection. Human recombinant alpha interferon (rhuIFN alpha-B/D at 5 x 10(7) U/kg) was also ineffective when administered late in the course of disease. However, when administered in combination, both alpha interferon and PMEA (25 mg/kg) were able to suppress disease progression even when treatment was initiated as late as 3 weeks postinfection. Mice that were immunocompromised due to LP-BM5 virus infection were highly susceptible to acute (lethal) infection with herpes simplex virus type 1, whereas their immunocompetent littermates were not. PMEA was as effective as acyclovir in the treatment of opportunistic herpes simplex virus type 1 infections in LP-BM5 virus-infected mice. Thus, like AZT, PMEA was effective against retrovirus infection, and, like acyclovir, PMEA was effective against herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. This gives PMEA the unique potential of being useful in the treatment of opportunistic herpes simplex virus infections as well as the underlying retroviral disease.
Alamethicin-induced pore formation in biological membranes. (1992)

The effects of alamethicin on the membrane barrier function of rabbit erythrocytes, human platelets and sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, as well as on that of brain microsomes and liver mitochondria of the rat were compared. An upset of the barrier function was observed for plasma membranes of brain microsomes as well as for erythrocyte and platelet membranes at alamethicin concentrations ranging between 25-80 micrograms/ml. The membrane barrier functions of sarcoplasmic reticulum vesicles, of endoplasmic reticulum vesicles of rat brain microsomes, and of liver mitochondria were disturbed at 3-7 micrograms/ml alamethicin. The different sensitivities of plasma and intracellular membranes to alamethicin were supposed to be due to the presence of considerable quantities of cholesterol in plasma membranes as well as to peculiarities of their protein compositions.
Genetic diversity of the genus Curcuma in Bangladesh and further biotechnological approaches for in vitro regeneration and long-term conservation of C. longa germplasm (2004)

[no abstract]
The Hippo Pathway and YAP/TAZ–TEAD Protein–Protein Interaction as Targets for Regenerative Medicine and Cancer Treatment (2015)

The Hippo pathway is an important organ size control signaling network and the major regulatory mechanism of cell-contact inhibition. Yes associated protein (YAP) and transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif (TAZ) are its targets and terminal effectors: inhibition of the pathway promotes YAP/TAZ translocation to the nucleus, where they interact with transcriptional enhancer associate domain (TEAD) transcription factors and coactivate the expression of target genes, promoting cell proliferation. Defects in the pathway can result in overgrowth phenotypes due to deregulation of stem-cell proliferation and apoptosis; members of the pathway are directly involved in cancer development. The pharmacological regulation of the pathway might be useful in cancer prevention, treatment, and regenerative medicine applications; currently, a few compounds can selectively modulate the pathway. In this review, we present an overview of the Hippo pathway, the sequence and structural analysis of YAP/TAZ, the known pharmacological modulators of the pathway, especially those targeting YAP/TAZ-TEAD interaction.
Similarities and differences between the fibronectins of normal and transformed hamster cells. (1981)

Fibronectins from normal and virally transformed hamster cells were compared by several criteria. The fibronectin from transformed cells was similar to that from normal cells in being an intact dimeric glycoprotein with the ability to bind to gelatin, activated thiol-Sepharose, and cells. No evidence was found for proteolytic cleavages or abnormalities in disulfide bonding of transformed cell fibronectin. This fibronectin was also shown to be active in promoting cell attachment, elongation, and alignment. Therefore, the fibronectin produced by transformed cells is not defective. However, it was shown that the transformed cells were partially deficient in their capacity to bind fibronectins from either normal or transformed cells. This deficiency has implications for the significance of the loss of fibronectin on oncogenic transformation. Partial proteolysis of the fibronectins from normal and transformed cells gave rise to the same fragments. However, the glycosylated fragments from transformed cell fibronectin appeared somewhat larger than those from normal cell fibronectin. Analysis of fibronectin glycopeptides showed that transformation leads both to more branches per core and to a higher sialylation of the asparagine-linked complex carbohydrate side chains.
Comparison of microscopic imaging strategies for evaluating immunocytochemical (PAP) steroid receptor heterogeneity (1991)

Receptogram analysis was compared with three other imaging strategies for immunocytochemical assay of estrogen receptors. These included nuclear-specific methods for analysis of nuclear integrated optical density (IOD) or mean optical density (MOD) histograms, and field-specific methods, where the pixel optical density (POD) histogram was evaluated for the composite nuclear phase. Measurements in culture and in breast cancer cryosections were treated separately to isolate geometric considerations. In culture receptograms the modality of IOD and MOD histograms and their bivariate contour maps revealed one, two, or more subpopulations with discrete receptor content and concentration. However, when the field of nuclei was imaged as a whole, regardless of the number of subpopulations, POD histograms showed two minima, defining three intranuclear phases. This was due to mottling and variegation of intranuclear chromatin and nucleolar immunostaining and not to differences between nuclei. These limitations were also revealed in breast cancer sections. In POD histograms, % unstained pixels did not provide a reliable estimate of % receptor negative nuclei, as determined by their enumeration. In sections, correction of IOD for nuclear volume variability was essential to suppress artifactual peaks not representing differences in receptor content. This was achieved by multiplying nuclear IOD by the spherical nuclear radius (S) of individual slab sections. Peaks of IOD(S) then reflected receptor content on a true ratio scale. Only receptogram analysis, which incorporates these strategies, permitted objective evaluation of receptor heterogeneity at the level of tumor subpopulations.