gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Capacity of antigen uptake by B cells, fibroblasts or macrophages determines efficiency of presentation of a soluble self antigen (C5) to T lymphocytes (1992)

Self antigens in the body fluids must be taken up, processed and presented by antigen-presenting cells (APC) in order to induce T cell tolerance. For self antigens like the fifth component of complement (C5) which is not picked up by APC via antigen-specific receptors, presentation has to rely on uptake by nonspecific means. C5 was used as a model soluble self antigen to study the capacity of different APC (B lymphoma cells, fibroblasts and macrophages) of taking up, processing and presenting low concentrations of soluble C5 to C5 specific T cell hybrids. Under conditions of limiting antigen amounts macrophages and fibroblasts exhibited similar presentation capacity for soluble C5 while B cells did not. C5 presentation by macrophages was enhanced in the presence of C5-specific antibody and augmented further if antigen was added in the form of particulate latex-antigen-antibody complexes indicating enhanced uptake via Fc receptor-mediated endocytosis or phagocytosis. B cells presented soluble C5 only in the presence of C5-specific antibody. Uptake of C5 under these conditions occurred via Fc receptors type II. This pathway of antigen uptake did not operate with other antigens which were presented efficiently after nonspecific endocytosis. In light of these findings it seems reasonable to propose that nonspecific endocytosis of serum proteins like C5 by B cells is normally limited in order to avoid interference with their critical role in antigen receptor-mediated uptake and presentation for the initiation of an antibody response. It seems likely that presentation of soluble self antigens present in the circulation may normally be the task of dendritic cells and macrophages depending on the physical shape of the antigen.
Network Fault Tolerance System (2000)

The world of computers experienced an explosive period of growth toward the end of the 20th century with the widespread availability of the Internet and the development of the World Wide Web. As people began using computer networks for everything from research and communication to banking and commerce, network failures became a greater concern because of the potential to interrupt critical applications. Fault tolerance systems were developed to detect and correct network failures within minutes and eventually within seconds of the failure, but time-critical applications such as military communications, video conferencing, and Web-based sales require better response time than any previous systems could provide. The goal of this thesis was the development and implementation of a Network Fault Tolerance (NFT) system that can detect and recover from failures of network interface cards, network cables, switches, and routers in much less than one second from the time of failure. The problem was divided into two parts: fault tolerance within a single local area network (LAN), and fault tolerance across many local area networks. The first part involves the network interface cards, network cables, and switches within a LAN, which the second part involves the routers that connect LANs into larger internetworks. Both parts of the NFT solution were implemented on Windows NT 4.0 PC's connected by a switched Fast Ethernet network. The NFT system was found to correct system failures within 300 milliseconds of the failure.
Dendritic MRI Contrast Agents: An Efficient Prelabeling Approach Based on CuAAC (2011)

The Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) allows the efficient and complete functionalization of dendrimers with preformed Gd chelates (prelabeling) to give monodisperse macromolecular contrast agents (CAs) for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This monodispersity contrasts with the typical distribution of materials obtained by classical routes and facilitates the characterization and quality control demanded for clinical applications. The potential of a new family of PEG-dendritic CA based on a gallic acid-triethylene glycol (GATG) core functionalized with up to 27 Gd complexes has been explored in vitro and in vivo, showing contrast enhancements similar to those of Gadomer-17, which reveals them to be a promising platform for the development of CA for MRI.
Green fluorescent protein as a new expression marker in mycobacteria (1995)

This study describes the use and the advantages of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a reporter molecule for mycobacteria. The gfp gene from Aequorea victoria was placed under the control of the hsp60 promoter in the shuttle vector pGFM-11. The gfp expression in the recombinant Mycobacterium smegmatis and BCG was readily detected on agar plates by the development of an intense green fluorescence upon irradiation with long-wave u.v. light. In mycobacteria containing a pGFM-11 derivative that lacks the hsp60 promoter, no fluorescence was observed. However, this plasmid was successfully used as a promoter-probe vector to identify BCG promoters. The fluorescence emission of GFP in mycobacteria harbouring pGFM-11 and grown in liquid media could be quantified by spectrofluorimetry. This allowed for easy assessment of drug susceptibility. As GFP does not require the addition of substrates or co-factors, the green fluorescent bacilli could be directly observed within infected macrophages using fluorescence and laser confocal microscopy, or in tissue sections of infected mice. Finally, infected cells or free-living recombinant mycobacteria could also be analysed by flow cytometry. The GFP thus appears to be a convenient reporter for mycobacteria, allowing tracing of recombinant mycobacteria, isolation of promoters with interesting properties, in vivo drug testing and the development of new diagnostic tools.
Influence of Axial Stress and Dilatancy on Rock Tunnel Stability (1996)

In many existing elastoplastic plane-strain solutions for a circular tunnel excavated in a homogeneous, isotropic rock mass under a hydrostatic stress field, the longitudinal axial stress (or the out-of-plane stress) σz is not correctly evaluated. This paper describes the concepts and a numerical method to calculate this stress component and proposes analytical solutions for practical applications. The computed numerical solutions are compared with theoretical solutions where possible. The relations between rock-mass dilatancy, tunnel displacements, and the in-situ stress field are investigated. Mohr-Coulomb and Hoek-Brown yield criteria with appropriate plastic potential functions and nonassociated flow rules are used in the brittle plastic calculations. The effects of various boundary conditions on the numerical analyses are discussed and several important practical conclusions are drawn from the investigations.
Proteome Analysis by Mass Spectrometry (2003)

The coupling of high-performance mass spectrometry instrumentation with highly efficient chromatographic and electrophoretic separations has enabled rapid qualitative and quantitative analysis of thousands of proteins from minute samples of biological materials. Here, we review recent progress in the development and application of mass spectrometry-based techniques for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of global proteome samples derived from whole cells, tissues, or organisms. Techniques such as multidimensional peptide and protein separations coupled with mass spectrometry, accurate mass measurement of peptides from global proteome digests, and mass spectrometric characterization of intact proteins hold great promise for characterization of highly complex protein mixtures. Advances in chemical tagging and isotope labeling techniques have enabled quantitative analysis of proteomes, and highly specific isolation strategies have been developed aimed at selective analysis of posttranslationally modified proteins.
Enterprise Application Integration: A Wiley Tech Brief (2000)

From the Publisher:
A much-needed guide to dealing with one of today's most important enterprise computing issues
Enterprise Application Integration (EAI) refers to one of today's most crucial IT challenges--getting the vast array of disparate business applications found in most large companies to work together. Written by the experts at the leading international EAI consulting firm of Concept5, this is a concise introduction to EAI concepts and strategies for IT managers, systems architects, software developers, and all those charged with heading up their companies' EAI initiatives. The authors explore the various advantages and disadvantages of EAI and acquaint readers with the key terms and technologies involved, including distributed objects, object transaction monitors, CORBA and COM/DCOM, and the Web.
Electric Transmission Fault Location Techniques Using Traveling Wave Method and Discrete Wavelet Transform (2020)

Accurate fault location within electric power systems is important in reducing outage duration and increasing the system reliability. This paper explores the topic of fault location using traveling waves generated by fault conditions and the discrete wavelet transform used for identifying wavefront arrival time. There is a great deal of literature on travelling wave based fault location methods. The contributions of the paper include thorough examination of the impacts of wavelet families used for analysis and sampling rate on fault location accuracy. The single-ended and double-ended methods are presented and evaluated on a single circuit and double circuit 500kV system modeled using Matlab simpowersystems.
Internet Printing Protocol/1.0: Model and Semantics (1999)

This document is one of a set of documents, which together describe all aspects of a new Internet Printing Protocol (IPP). IPP is an application level protocol that can be used for distributed printing using Internet tools and technologies. This document describes a simplified model consisting of abstract objects, their attributes, and their operations that is independent of encoding and transport. The model consists of a Printer and a Job object. A Job optionally supports multiple documents. IPP 1.0 semantics allow end-users and operators to query printer capabilities, submit print jobs, inquire about the status of print jobs and printers, and cancel print jobs. This document also addresses security, internationalization, and directory issues.
Metabolic engineering for the production of shikimic acid in an evolved Escherichia coli strain lacking the phosphoenolpyruvate: carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (2010)

The effect of increased availability of carbon metabolites, their channeling into the synthesis of aromatic intermediates, and disruption of the SA pathway on SA production was studied. Inactivation of both aroK and aroL, and transformation with plasmid-coded genes resulted in the accumulation of SA up to 7 g/L with a yield on glucose of 0.29 mol/mol PB12.SA22, which represents the highest reported yield. The pykF and pykA genes were inactivated in strain PB12.SA22 to increase the production of aromatic compounds in the PTS- background. Results indicate differential roles of Pyk isoenzymes on growth and aromatic compound production. This study demonstrated for the first time the simultaneous inactivation of PTS and pykF as part of a strategy to improve SA production and its aromatic precursors in E. coli, with a resulting high yield of aromatic compounds on glucose of 0.5 mol/mol.
Hepatitis B assays in serum, plasma and whole blood on filter paper (2012)

Filter paper is an acceptable storage and transport medium for serum to be used in the detection of hepatitis B markers if atmospheric variability can be controlled. HBsAg, HBsAb and HBcAb are all stable for at least five months under storage conditions below room temperature. Drying specimens, particularly serum, on filter paper at remote locations, offers a reasonable solution to the problem of hepatitis surveillance in underdeveloped regions, although some attempt at temperature control might be desirable.
Nicardipine Intravenous Bolus Dosing for Acutely Decreasing Arterial Blood Pressure During General Anesthesia for Cardiac Operations: Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Associated Effects on Left Ventricular Function (1999)

Nicardipine was effective for selectively decreasing arterial blood pressure acutely, but had no effects on ventricular preload or cardiac output. The absence of dose-dependent changes in cardiac output, left ventricular systolic performance, and left ventricular afterload despite significant decreases in arterial pressure suggested that nicardipine had a small negative inotropic action.
The Process of Knowledge Discovery from Large Pharmacokinetic Data Sets (2001)

The advent of statistical software with powerful graphical and modeling capabilities has revolutionized the manner in which pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analyses are performed. Knowledge discovery from a large (population) pharmacokinetic data set incorporates all steps taken from data assembly to the development of a population pharmacokinetic model and the communication of the results thereof. The process can be formalized into a number of steps: (1) creation of a data set for pharmacokinetic knowledge discovery, (2) data quality analysis, (3) data structure analysis (exploratory examination of raw data), (4) determination of the basic pharmacokinetic model that best describes the data and generating post hoc empiric individual Bayesian parameter estimates, (5) the search for patterns and relationships between parameters and parameters and covariates by visualization, (6) the use of modern statistical modeling techniques for data structure revelation and covariate selection, (7) consolidation of the discovered knowledge into irreducible form (i.e., developing a population pharmacokinetic model), (8) the determination of model robustness (determination of the reliability of model parameter estimates), and (9) the communication and integration of the discovered pharmacokinetic knowledge. This process is discussed, and a motivating example is presented. The use of modern graphical, modeling, and statistical techniques for knowledge discovery from large pharmacokinetic data sets has given the data analyst the freedom to choose statistical methodology appropriate to the problem at hand with the maximization of information extraction, rather than on the basis of mathematical/statistical tractability.
Shock Initiation and Detonability of Liquid Nitroethane (2004)

Shock initiation of detonation in liquid nitroethane (NE) was investigated using a cylindrical donor‐attenuator‐receptor configuration. While NE is less sensitive than nitromethane (NM) and isopropyl nitrate (IPN), similar behaviour of direct initiation of detonation and SDT were observed at higher shock pressures. The critical shock initiation peak pressure was found to be above 9.2 GPa at 17±6 °C initial temperature. Critical diameter experiments were performed using steel and tungsten tubes of various wall thicknesses. The critical diameter was found to lie between 89 mm with 6.6 mm wall (no detonation) and 97 mm with 8.9 mm wall (detonation) in steel tubes, and between 51 mm and 63 mm in 6.35 mm wall tungsten tubes at 21±5 °C. The steady detonation velocity measured was 5.39 mm/μsec.
Resistance mechanisms to cancer chemotherapy (2008)

Resistance to chemotherapy ('drug resistance') is a fundamental problem that limits the effectiveness of many chemotherapies currently used to treat cancer. Drug resistance can occur due to a variety of mechanisms, such as increased drug inactivation, drug efflux from cancer cells, enhanced repair of chemotherapy-induced damage, activation of pro-survival pathways and inactivation of cell death pathways. In this article, we review some of the major mechanisms of drug resistance and discuss how new molecularly-targeted therapies are being increasingly used to overcome these resistance mechanisms.
An Integrated Model for Ball Grid Array Solder Joint Reliability (1995)

Abstract An integrated model has been established to study the thermal fatigue behavior of solder joints in plastic ball grid array (PBGA) assemblies. The solder joint’s profile was calculated first. Then, an “equivalent beam” macro model combined with a 3-D micro model were used to calculate the viscoplastic strain energy density of the most susceptible solder joint under temperature cycles. With this energy density, the solder joint fatigue life could be estimated by correlations published in literature. This method can predict the location of the first joint broken, which is found to be always under the corner of the silicon chip. A 72-I/O and a 225-I/O package were studied using this model. I/O number, chip size, substrate thickness and solder volume were varied to see how each affects the reliability of the solder joint under temperature cycles. The results show that change in I/O number outside the silicon chip area has negligible effect, but changes in the other three parameters have substantial effect on the reliability of the solder joint connection.
A direct injection high‐throughput liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry method for the determination of a new orally active <i>α</i> <sub>v</sub> <i>β</i> <sub>3</sub> antagonist in human urine and dialysate (2003)

A generic high-throughput liquid chromatography (HTLC) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) assay for the determination of compound I in human urine and dialysate (hemodialysis) was developed and validated. By using the HTLC on-line extraction technique, sample pretreatment was not necessary. The sample was directly injected onto a narrow bore large particle size extraction column (50 x 1.0 mm, 60 microm) where the sample matrix was rapidly washed away using a high flow rate (5 mL/min) aqueous mobile phase while analytes were retained. The analytes were subsequently eluted from the extraction column onto an analytical column using an organic-enriched mobile phase prior to mass spectrometric detection. The analytes were then eluted from the analytical column to the mass spectrometer for the determination. The linear dynamic range was 2.0-6000 ng/mL for the urine assay and 0.1-300 ng/mL for the dialysate assay. Intraday accuracy and precision were evaluated by analyzing five replicates of calibration standards at all concentrations used to construct the standard curve. For the urine assay, the precision (RSD%, n=5) ranged from 1.9 to 8.0% and the accuracy ranged from 87.8 to 105.2% of nominal value. For the dialysate assay, the precision (RSD%, n=5) ranged from 1.1 to 10.0% and the accuracy from 94.5 to 105.2% of nominal value. In-source fragmentation of the acyl glucuronide metabolite (compound III) did not interfere with the determination of parent compound I. The developed HTLC/MS/MS methodology was specific for compound I in the presence of compound III. Column life-time is increased and sample analysis time is decreased over traditional reversed-phase methods when direct injection assays for urine and dialysate are coupled with the technology of HTLC.
Prevalence and Genotypes of Human Noroviruses in Tropical Urban Surface Waters and Clinical Samples in Singapore (2009)

The prevalence and genotypes of norovirus genogroup I (GI) and GII in tropical urban catchment waters and an estuarine bay were studied. A comparative analysis was performed with environmental isolates of noroviruses and concurrently identified clinical isolates in Singapore during gastroenteritis outbreaks between August 2006 to January 2007. Noroviruses in environmental water samples were concentrated by using ultrafiltration techniques and then analyzed by reverse transcription-seminested PCR assay targeting the partial capsid region of noroviruses and DNA sequencing. Among the 60 water samples collected, noroviruses were detected in 43 (71.7%) of these samples. Of these 43 norovirus-positive samples, the coexistence of both GI and GII strains was identified in 23 (53.5%) water samples. The phylogenetic analysis revealed multiple genotypes of noroviruses GI and GII in environmental water samples. GI and GII strains were clustered into seven and nine (including two unclassified) genotypes, respectively. The major norovirus genotypes in environmental water samples were GI/2 and GI/4 and GII/4. Genotyping of the 21 norovirus-positive clinical samples showed that all of the strains belonged to the GII/4 cluster. The environmental and clinical norovirus GII/4 isolates showed high levels of nucleotide sequence identity to each other and to the novel GII/4 variant associated with global epidemics of gastroenteritis during 2006. This study suggests the emergence and circulation of multiple novel norovirus GI and GII genotypes in water environments. Further comprehensive surveillance of water environments for noroviruses and routine clinical reporting is warranted.
Human Horizontal Vestibulo-Ocular Reflex Initiation: Effects of Acceleration, Target Distance, and Unilateral Deafferentation (1998)

The vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR) generates compensatory eye movements in response to angular and linear acceleration sensed by semicircular canals and otoliths respectively. Gaze stabilization demands that responses to linear acceleration be adjusted for viewing distance. This study in humans determined the transient dynamics of VOR initiation during angular and linear acceleration, modification of the VOR by viewing distance, and the effect of unilateral deafferentation. Combinations of unpredictable transient angular and linear head rotation were created by whole body yaw rotation about eccentric axes: 10 cm anterior to eyes, centered between eyes, centered between otoliths, and 20 cm posterior to eyes. Subjects viewed a target 500, 30, or 15 cm away that was extinguished immediately before rotation. There were four stimulus intensities up to a maximum peak acceleration of 2,800 degrees/s2. The normal initial VOR response began 7-10 ms after onset of head rotation. Response gain (eye velocity/head velocity) for near as compared with distant targets was increased as early as 1-11 ms after onset of eye movement; this initial effect was independent of linear acceleration. An otolith mediated effect modified VOR gain depending on both linear acceleration and target distance beginning 25-90 ms after onset of head rotation. For rotational axes anterior to the otoliths, VOR gain for the nearest target was initially higher but later became less than that for the far target. There was no gain correction for the physical separation between the eyes and otoliths. With lower acceleration, there was a nonlinear reduction in the early gain increase with close targets although later otolith-mediated effects were not affected. In subjects with unilateral vestibular deafferentation, the initial VOR was quantitatively normal for rotation toward the intact side. When rotating toward the deafferented side, VOR gain remained less than half of normal for at least the initial 55 ms when head acceleration was highest and was not modulated by target distance. After this initial high acceleration period, gain increased to a degree depending on target distance and axis eccentricity. This behavior suggests that the commissural VOR pathways are not modulated by target distance. These results suggest that the VOR is initially driven by short latency ipsilateral target distance dependent and bilateral target-distance independent canal pathways. After 25 ms, otolith inputs contribute to the target distance dependent pathway. The otolith input later grows to eventually dominate the target distance mediated effect. When otolith input is unavailable the target distance mediated canal component persists. Modulation of canal mediated responses by target distance is a nonlinear effect, most evident for high head accelerations.
Zinc Iodide‐Mediated Direct Synthesis of 2,3‐Dihydroisoxazoles from Alkynes and Nitrones (2016)

Abstract A zinc diiodide (ZnI 2 )‐mediated direct synthesis of 2,3‐dihydroisoxazoles via a [3+2] cycloaddition reaction of the nitrones and non‐electron‐deficient terminal alkynes has been developed. This method was applied in the formal synthesis of HPA‐12 and aminoglucose. magnified image