gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationship of free intracellular calcium to the cytolytic activity of Entamoeba histolytica (1988)

Entamoeba histolytica adherence and destruction of host cells is required for in vivo pathogenicity; amebic in vitro adherence is mediated by a galactose- or N-acetyl-D-galactosamine-inhibitable surface lectin (Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin). Free intracellular Ca2+ concentration [( Ca2+]i) was measured in living amebae and target cells during amebic cytolysis of Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and human polymorphonuclear neutrophils by utilizing the Ca2+ probe Fura-2 and computer-enhanced digitized microscopy. Motile E. histolytica trophozoites had oscillatory increases in [Ca2+]i in head or tail regions; however, there was no increase in regional or total amebic [Ca2+]i upon contact with a target CHO cell. Target CHO cells and polymorphonuclear neutrophils demonstrated marked irreversible increases in [Ca2+]i within 30 to 300 s following contact by an ameba (P less than 0.01); increased [Ca2+]i preceded the occurrence of nonspecific surface membrane permeability and death of the target cell. Target CHO cells contiguous on a monolayer to a cell contacted by an ameba experienced a rapid but reversible rise in [Ca2+]i (P less than 0.01) and were not killed. Galactose (40 mg/ml) totally abrogated the rise in target CHO cell [Ca2+]i that followed contact by amebae (P less than 0.01); immunoaffinity-purified amebic Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin (0.25 micrograms/ml) induced a rapid and reversible rise in CHO cell [Ca2+]i (P less than 0.01) which was inhibited by galactose. Amebic [Ca2+]i was not elevated following parasite adherence to target cells; a rapid and substantial rise in target cell [Ca2+]i occurred which was mediated, at least in part, by the Gal/GalNAc adherence lectin of the parasite and led to the death of target cells.
Voltage-controlled photorefractive effect in paraelectric KTa_1−xNb_xO_3:Cu, V (1989)

Experimental results that demonstrate the formation of photorefractive gratings in KTN:Cu,V in theparaelectric phase are presented. These gratings are formed using the quadratic electro-optic effect, which allows amplitude modulation of the diffracted beam by an external electric field. High diffraction efficiencies of over 50% in a 3-mmthick sample and amplitude modulation of the diffracted beam by an external field at frequencies of up to 20 kHz were observed.
Government Risk‐Financing Pools: An Assessment of Current Practices (1995)

Since 1970, state and local governments have experienced two “insurance crises;” the first occurred in the mid‐ to late‐1970s and the second in the mid‐80s. The result has been a twenty‐year period of time in which state and local governments have been able to afford insurance only intermittently‐if insurance has been available at all. In response to this problem, local governments, government associations, and state governments created alternative risk‐finartcing mechanisms to provide coverage for themselves. These mechanisms, commonly referred to as self‐insurance pools, enable local governments within a state to pool together risks and resources to finance the costs of fortuitous losses. In 1988, the first comprehensive examination of pooling practices was undertaken through a nationwide survey. This article reports the findings from the first follow‐up study since the 1988 survey and further extends knowledge of pooling and pooling practices.
Reactions of "Cp2Ti:CH2" sources with acid anhydrides and imides (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of "Cp2Ti:CH2" sources with acid anhydrides and imidesLouis F. Cannizzo and Robert H. GrubbsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 13, 2316–2323Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00213a023https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00213a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views805Altmetric-Citations64LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Mutator phenotypes of yeast strains heterozygous for mutations in the <i>MSH</i> <i>2</i> gene (1999)

Heterozygosity for germ-line mutations in the DNA mismatch repair gene MSH2 predisposes humans to cancer. Here we use a highly sensitive reporter to describe a spontaneous mutator phenotype in diploid yeast cells containing a deletion of only one MSH2 allele. We also identify five MSH2 missense mutations that have dominant mutator effects in heterozygous cells when expressed at normal levels from the natural MSH2 promoter. For example, a 230-fold mutator effect is observed in an MSH2 / msh2 diploid strain in which Gly 693 , which is invariant in MutS homologs and involved in ATP hydrolysis, is changed to alanine. DNA binding data suggest that mismatch repair is suppressed by binding of a mutant Msh2–Msh6 heterodimer to a mismatch with subsequent inability to dissociate from the mismatch in the presence of ATP. A dominant mutator effect also is observed in yeast when Gly 693 is changed to serine. An early onset colorectal tumor is heterozygous for the analogous Gly → Ser mutation in hMSH2 , and a second hMSH2 mutation was not found, suggesting that this missense mutation may predispose to cancer via a dominant mutator effect. The mutator effects of the deletion mutant and the Gly → Ala missense mutant in yeast MSH2 are enhanced by heterozygosity for a missense mutation in DNA polymerase δ that reduces its proofreading activity but is not a mutator in the heterozygous state. The synergistic effects of heterozygosity for mutations in two different genes that act in series to correct replication errors may be relevant to cancer predisposition.
CRISPR-Cas9 targeted deletion of the <i>C9orf72</i> repeat expansion mutation corrects cellular phenotypes in patient-derived iPS cells (2016)

Abstract The large hexanucleotide (GGGGCC) repeat expansion in the non-coding promoter region of C9orf72 is the leading cause of Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). Mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration are not clear, and both a C9orf72 loss of function and a gain of toxicity, in the form of RNA foci or dipeptide repeat deposition, are implicated. CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)-Cas9-mediated genome editing is an attractive strategy for disease modeling and therapeutic intervention. Here we show that this system can be utilized to completely remove the large repeat expansion mutation within C9orf72 in patient-derived induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. Removal of the mutation prevented RNA foci formation and promoter hypermethylation, two phenotypes of the C9orf72 mutation. Interestingly, these changes did not significantly alter C9orf72 expression at the mRNA or protein level. This work provides a proof-of-principle for the use of CRISPR-Cas9-mediated excision of the pathogenic C9orf72 repeat expansion as a therapeutic strategy in FTD/ALS. One Sentence Summary CRISPR-Cas9-mediated excision of the large C9orf72 repeat expansion mutation rescues RNA foci formation and promoter hypermethylation without altering C9orf72 transcript and protein expression.
Sensing of multimode-fiber strain by a dynamic photorefractive hologram (2007)

We present a strain sensor in which a multimode fiber is used as a sensitive element. High sensitivity to dynamic strains is achieved by means of vectorial wave mixing in a photorefractive CdTe:V crystal. It was found that the largest source of noise in our sensor is related to the instability of the polarization state of speckles emerging from the fiber. This noise is significantly diminished in fiber with a core of large diameter (550 microm).
Contraction Regulation of Akt in Rat Skeletal Muscle (2002)

The protein serine/threonine kinase Akt/protein kinase B has been recognized as a critical signaling mediator for multiple cell systems. The function of Akt in skeletal muscle is not well understood, and whether contractile activity stimulates Akt activity has been controversial. In the current study, contraction in situ, induced via sciatic nerve stimulation, significantly increased Akt Ser(473) phosphorylation in multiple muscle types including the extensor digitorum longus (13-fold over basal), plantaris (5.8-fold), red gastrocnemius (4.7-fold), white gastrocnemius (3.3-fold), and soleus (1.6-fold). In addition to increasing phosphorylation, contraction in situ significantly increased the activity of all three Akt isoforms (Akt1 > Akt2 > Akt3) with maximal activation occurring at 2.5 min and returning to base line with 15 min of contraction. Akt phosphorylation and activity were also increased when isolated muscles were contracted in vitro in the absence of systemic factors, although to a much lesser extent. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase inhibitors wortmannin and LY294002 fully inhibited contraction-stimulated Akt phosphorylation and activity but did not diminish contraction-stimulated glycogen synthase kinase-3 phosphorylation and glycogen synthase activity. These results demonstrate that contraction increases Akt phosphorylation and activity in skeletal muscle and that this stimulation is rapid, transient, muscle fiber type-specific, and wortmannin- and LY294002-inhibitable. Akt signaling is not necessary for the regulation of glycogen synthase activity in contracting skeletal muscle.
Effects of maternal nicotine exposure on lung surfactant system in rats (2004)

Maternal smoking during pregnancy may impair pulmonary function in infants and children, but the exact mechanisms underlying these changes remain to be determined. Timed pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats were injected subcutaneously with nicotine at a dose of 2 mg/kg/day from days 3-21 of gestation. A control group was injected with saline. Nicotine-treated dams had lower body weights than control dams from gestational days 5-21, and the values reached statistical significance on gestational days 17, 20, and 21. Total lung saturated phosphatidylcholine contents tended to be lower in nicotine-exposed rats than in control rats from postnatal day 21, and the values reached statistical significance on postnatal days 35 and 42. Maternal nicotine exposure significantly increased surfactant protein (SP)-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D mRNA expression on postnatal day 7, and decreased SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D mRNA expression on postnatal day 14. In conclusion, maternal nicotine exposure during pregnancy reduces lung surfactant lipids and produces variable changes in surfactant protein gene expression during the late postnatal period. As good surface activity of pulmonary surfactant is essential for normal lung function, these results suggest that derangement of the pulmonary surfactant system may be important in the pathogenesis of impaired pulmonary function in children exposed in utero to nicotine.
The Synthesis of Some<u>t</u>- Alkylnaphthalenes (1974)

Abstract Alkylation of aromatics with olefins using boron trifluoride-phosphoric acid has been reported to give high yields of monoalkylates with a minimum of side reactions.1 However, much of this previous work was carried out without the use of modern techniques to separate and identify various fractions. Relatively little, in general, is known about the products resulting from the reaction of naphthalene with olefins using acidic catalysts.1,2,3 This is probably because of the difficulty involved in separating the various isomers. The relatively mild and non-destructive properties reported for boron trifluoride-phosphoric acid catalyst suggested that it might be suitable for the preparation of 2-t-alkyl naphthalene derivatives in high yield and with little isomerization. This proved to be true and below are reported t- alkylnaphthalenes prepared from olefins using this catalyst.
Precise control of ion and radical production using electron beam generated plasmas (2018)

Precise control over both the relative and absolute flux of plasma species as well as their energy deposition at surfaces is critical to enabling the plasma processing of materials with atomic layer precision. In addition to the need for low damage, the complex device structures proposed for next generation nanoelectronics will also require control over radical to ion ratio. Electron beam generated plasmas are capable of generating a wide range of charged particle densities (109–1012 cm−3), while maintaining low electron temperatures (0.1–1.0 eV) and in reactive gas backgrounds, a relatively low radical production rate compared to discharges. These characteristics provide the ability to precisely control both the ion energy at adjacent surfaces and the ion to radical flux ratio. The latter capability is realized by coupling an electron beam generated plasma with an auxiliary plasma source designed to promote radical production. In this work, optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe measurements are combined to measure the positive ion and fluorine atom densities in electron beam generated Ar/SF6 plasmas coupled to a remote, inductively coupled plasma source operating in the same environment. The results indicate that the approach can be used to independently control the positive ion and F radical densities such that the ion to radical density ratio can be varied over a range of 2–3 orders of magnitude.
Spin‐echo <sup>1</sup>H NMR detected response of ergothioneine to oxidative stress in the intact human erythrocyte (1988)

Human erythrocytes were subjected to oxidative stress using arsenicals. The study is a model for thiol-related redox processes observed in the etiology of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Spin-echo NMR spectroscopy of the living cell was used to monitor the cellular biochemistry. Oxidation of glutathione and the first demonstrated response of ergothioneine to a chemical stimulus in a cell were observed. The reversible nature of the ergothioneine response is interpreted as an environmental rather than a chemical change.
Physiologic response and toxicity in patients undergoing whole-body hyperthermia for the treatment of cancer. (1981)

Seven patients with advanced cancer underwent whole-body hyperthermia using a nylon and vinyl mesh, water-perfused suit. Treatments were given at 41.8 degrees C for 4 hours. Five patients received concomitant cyclophosphamide with hyperthermia. Compared to baseline (37 degrees C) conditions, there was a significant rise in pulse rate (P less than 0.001), a fall in diastolic pressure (P less than 0.02), and an increase in respiratory rate (P less than 0.001). Toxic effects included fatigue, extremity edema, diarrhea, nausea and vomiting, and respiratory depression in a patient with cerebral metastases. Compared to baseline values, there was a significant increase in serum glucose (P less than 0.02) and decreases in serum calcium (P less than 0.01) and phosphorus (P less than 0.01). Significant elevations in serum LDH and SGOT values occurred 24 hours following hyperthermia, suggesting hepatic sensitivity to heat. The methods used to induce whole-body hyperthermia, as described in this paper, are feasible, permit relatively easy access to the patient, and are potentially applicable in diverse hospital settings such as intensive care units, radiation therapy areas, and conventional rooms. The physiologic alterations that were observed and the toxic effects that were documented indicate that careful monitoring of patients is necessary.
Analysis of Host Range Restriction in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Treated with Toluene (1971)

Escherichia coli cells treated with toluene replicate DNA when they are provided with deoxyribonucleoside 5'-triphosphates, ATP, Mg(++), and K(+). However, when deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate is replaced by hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate, incorporation of nucleotides into acid-precipitable material by toluenetreated strains restrictive to nonglucosylated T-even phage is reduced to less than 5% of that normally observed. Even when dCTP is present in the reaction mixture, a similar effect of the hydroxymethyl analogue on DNA replication is observed. In contrast, toluene-treated E. coli K12r6(-)r2,4(-), a strain permissive to the nonglucosylated T-even phage, incorporates hydroxymethyl deoxycytosine into its DNA, and replication proceeds at only a slightly reduced rate in the presence of the hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate. The presence of the hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate in the reaction mixture does not lead to degradation of preexisting DNA of the restrictive host, but it does lead to an irreversible inhibition of further DNA replication; the inhibition is observed only when the hydroxymethyl deoxycytidine 5'-triphosphate is present during replication. Thus phage-specific enzymes are not necessary for the incorporation of hydroxymethylcytosine into phage DNA, and the restrictive mechanism, present in the host cell before infection, can recognize hydroxymethylcytosine residues in its own DNA, as well as the DNA of the T-even phage.
As removal using ion exchange with Spent Brine Recycling (2003)

A conventional sulfate‐selective Type‐2 polystyrene strong base anion resin was studied for arsenic (As) removal from Albuquerque, N.M., drinking water. Attention was focused on the regeneration aspects of ion exchange and the potential for reusing the spent brine directly without removing As. The major finding was that As‐laden spent brine with makeup salt addition to 1 M chloride could be reused up to 20 times with no effect on As leakage and minimal effect on run length. The authors also found that As could be removed from the spent recycle brine using ferric hydroxide coagulation in such a way that the resulting sludge passed the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure test as a nonhazardous waste.
A new bistable ferroelectric light gate or display element (1967)

The bistable light gate described utilizes ferroelectric domain switching in Bi <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</inf> Ti <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</inf> single crystals. Switching speeds in the order of 1 µs are readily obtainable.
Real-Time Object Detection With Reduced Region Proposal Network via Multi-Feature Concatenation (2019)

In recent years, object detection became more and more important following the successful results from studies in deep learning. Two types of neural network architectures are used for object detection: one-stage and two-stage. In this paper, we analyze a widely used two-stage architecture called Faster R-CNN to improve the inference time and achieve real-time object detection without compromising on accuracy. To increase the computation efficiency, pruning is first adopted to reduce the weights in convolutional and fully connected (FC) layers. However, this reduces the accuracy of detection. To address this loss in accuracy, we propose a reduced region proposal network (RRPN) with dilated convolution and concatenation of multi-scale features. In the assisted multi-feature concatenation, we propose the intra-layer concatenation and proposal refinement to efficiently integrate the feature maps from different convolutional layers; this is then provided as an input to the RRPN. Using the proposed method, the network can find object bounding boxes more accurately, thus compensating for the loss arising from compression. Finally, we test the proposed architecture using ZF-Net and VGG16 as a backbone network on the image sets in PASCAL VOC 2007 or VOC 2012. The results show that we can compress the parameters of the ZF-Net-based network by 81.2% and save 66% of computation. The parameters of VGG16-based network are compressed by 73% and save 77% of computation. Consequently, the inference speed is improved from 27 to 40 frames/s for ZF-Net and 9 to 27 frames/s for VGG16. Despite significant compression rates, the accuracy of ZF-Net is increased from 2.2% to 60.2% mean average precision (mAP) and that of VGG16 is increased from 2.6% to 69.1% mAP.
Synthesis and Biological Activities of 2-Arachidonoylglycerol, an Endogenous Cannabinoid Receptor Ligand, and Its Metabolically Stable Ether-linked Analogues. (2000)

We synthesized 2-arachidonoylglycerol (1), an endogenous cannabinoid receptor ligand, and its metabolically stable ether-linked analogues. Compound 1 was synthesized from 1,3-benzylideneglycerol (6) and arachidonic acid in the presence of N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide and 4-dimethylaminopyridine followed by treatment with boric acid and trimethyl borate. An ether-linked analogue of 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2) was synthesized from 6 and 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenyl iodide (9). The ether-linked analogues of 2-palmitoylglycerol (4) and 2-oleoyglycerol (5) were synthesized from 6 and hexadecyl iodide (12) and 9-octadecenyl iodide (14), respectively. We confirmed that 1 stimulates NG108-15 cells to induce rapid transient elevation of the intracellular free Ca2+ concentrations through a CB1 receptor-dependent mechanism. Noticeably, 2 exhibited appreciable agonistic activity, although its activity was significantly lower than that of 1. Compound 2 would be a useful tool in exploring the physiological significance of 1, because this compound is resistant to hydrolyzing enzymes in contrast to 1. On the other hand, the ether-linked analogues of either 4 or 5 failed to act as a CB1 receptor agonist. Compounds 4 and 5 would also be valuable as control molecules in experiments where 2 is employed.
A feasibility study of simultaneous administration of gemtuzumab ozogamicin with intensive chemotherapy in induction and consolidation in younger patients with acute myeloid leukemia (2003)

The feasibility of combining gemtuzumab ozogamicin (GO) with intensive chemotherapy as first-line treatment of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) was assessed in 72 patients, aged 17 to 59 years, as a prelude to the United Kingdom Medical Research Council (MRC) AML15 trial. Sixty-four patients received induction chemotherapy (DAT [daunorubicin, ara-C, thioguanine], DA [daunorubicin, ara-C], or FLAG-Ida [fludarabine, ara-C, G-CSF, idarubicin]) with GO on day 1. It was possible to give GO 3 mg/m2 with course 1, but 6 mg/m2 with course 1 or GO in a dose of 3 mg/m2 with consecutive courses was not feasible because of hepatotoxicity and delayed hematopoietic recovery. Thirty-one patients who were treated in consolidation with MACE (amsacrine, ara-C, etoposide) or HidAC (HidAC) and GO (3 mg/m2), and 23 in induction and consolidation, tolerated GO (3 mg/m2) well. Grade 4 liver toxicity and sinusoidal obstructive syndrome was more common in thioguanine-containing schedules (P =.007). Remission with course 1 was seen in 86% of patients. DA or FLAG-Ida with GO in induction achieved complete remission in 91% of patients and 78% of these patients are in continuous complete remission at 8 months. GO given with induction (DA or FLAG-Ida) and consolidation (MACE or HidAC) was well tolerated. These schedules are now being compared in the MRC AML15 trial in patients younger than 60 years.