gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis and its potential for the development of new applications (2004)

Glatiramer acetate (GA, Copaxone, Copolymer 1) is an approved drug for the treatment of multiple sclerosis and is highly effective in the suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in various species. The mode of action of GA is by initial strong promiscuous binding to MHC molecules and consequent competition with various myelin antigens for their presentation to T cells. A further aspect of its action is potent induction of specific suppressor cells of the T helper 2 (Th2) type that migrate to the brain and lead to in situ bystander suppression. Furthermore, the GA-specific cells in the brain express the antiinflammatory cytokines IL-10 and transforming growth factor beta, in addition to brain-derived neurotrophic factor, whereas they do not express IFN-gamma. Based on this immunomodulatory mode of action, we explored the potential of GA for two other applications: prevention of graft rejection and amelioration of inflammatory bowel diseases. GA was effective in amelioration of graft rejection in two systems by prolongation of skin graft survival and inhibition of functional deterioration of thyroid grafts, across minor and major histocompatibility barriers. In all transplantation systems GA treatment inhibited the detrimental secretion of Th1 inflammatory cytokines and induced beneficial Th2/3 antiinflammatory response. GA was effective also in combination with low-dose immunosuppressive drugs. Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by detrimental imbalanced proinflammatory immune reactivity in the gut. GA significantly suppressed the various manifestations of trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced colitis, including mortality, weight loss, and macroscopic and microscopic colonic damage. GA suppressed local lymphocyte proliferations and tumor necrosis factor alpha detrimental secretion but induced transforming growth factor beta, thus confirming the involvement of Th1 to Th2 shift in GA mode of action.
Synthesis of Ring-Fused Oxazolo- and Pyrazoloisoquinolinones by a One-Pot Pd-Catalyzed Carboxamidation and Aldol-Type Condensation Cascade Process (2009)

A three-component cascade process is described for the synthesis of ring-fused oxazolo- and pyrazoloisoquinolinones by a one-pot carboxamidation/aldol-type condensation reaction. The cascade process involves Pd-catalyzed carboxamidation of an aryl halide/active methylene compound with oxazolidinone or pyrazolidinone, and subsequent intramolecular base-catalyzed cyclization/dehydration through an aldol-type condensation process, to give ring-fused oxazolo- and pyrazoloisoquinolinones. This methodology provides an easy one-step approach to these important classes of nitrogen-containing heterocycles and can tolerate a wide array of functional groups, including ester, nitrile, methoxy, and halide.
Efficient compilation of concurrent call/return communication in actor-based programming languages (2002)

Concurrent call/return communication (CCRC) allows programmers to conveniently express a communication pattern where a sender invokes a remote operation and uses the result to continue its computation. The blocking semantics requires context switching for efficient utilization of computation resource. We present a compilation technique which allows programmers to use CCRC with the cost of non-blocking asynchronous communication plus minimum context switch cost. The technique transforms CCRCs into non-blocking asynchronous sends and encapsulates continuations into separate objects. A data flow analysis is used to guarantee that only necessary context is cached in continuation objects.
SHAD: A Human-Centered Security Architecture for the Plan B Operating System (2007)

This paper describes SHAD, a novel architecture for security in pervasive computing environments, and a prototype implementation. SHAD is a peer-to-peer and human-centered security architecture. It is based in a general purpose personal device that manages the user's security: the UbiTerm. There are several other systems that, at first sight, seem to provide single sign-on in ubiquitous environments. We argue that they fail to do so in practice, and that SHAD offers for the first time a real SSO that works well in ubiquitous environments that require using multiple machines and services simultaneously. SHAD permits users to share their resources in an easy, natural, and intuitive way, even while being disconnected from the rest of the world. The architecture we propose is able to exploit context information, when it is available. It does not require hard administration tasks, and permits users to manage their own resources. We have been using SHAD for one year. This paper describes our prototype implementation, the experience using it, and some measures that confirm that our approach is reasonable in practice
Reaction Paths in the Kolbe Synthesis (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReaction Paths in the Kolbe SynthesisLeon Rand and Arnulf F. MoharCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1965, 30, 11, 3885–3888Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01022a069https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01022a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views294Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Viscometric analysis of the gelation of Acanthamoeba extracts and purification of two gelation factors. (1980)

We have studied the kinetics of the gelation process that occurs upon warming cold extracts of Acanthamoeba using a low-shear falling ball assay. We find that the reaction has at least two steps, requires 0.5 mM ATP and 1.5 mM MgCl2, and is inhibited by micromolar Ca++. The optimum pH is 7.0 and temperature, 25 degrees-30 degrees C. The rate of the reaction is increased by cold preincubation with both MgCl2 and ATP. Nonhydrolyzable analogues of ATP will not substitute for ATP either in this "potentiation reaction" or in the gelation process. Either of two purified or any one of four partially purified Acanthamoeba proteins will cross-link purified actin to form a gel, but none can account for the dependence of the reaction in the crude extract on Mg-ATP or its regulation by Ca++. This suggests that the extract contains, in addition to actin-cross-linking proteins, factors dependent on Mg-ATP and Ca++ that regulate the gelation process.
Ferroelectric behavior in thin films of antiferroelectric materials (1998)

We show that when a typically antiferroelectric material such as ${\mathrm{PbZrO}}_{3}$ or ${\mathrm{BiNbO}}_{4}$ is deposited as a thin film on a semiconducting substrate (Si), it displays ferroelectric behavior below a critical film thickness characteristic of the system. In an attempt to understand this ``size effect,'' we consider the contributions of residual strain and the self-biasing effect produced by the intrinsic electric field at the semiconductor-insulator interface.
Fabrication of holographic gratings in As<sub>2</sub>S<sub>3</sub> glass by photoexpansion and photodarkening (1996)

The spatial dynamics of the photo-induced surface relief and phase gratings in As/sub 2/S/sub 3/ glass are described. Excursion amplitudes up to 150 nm and grating efficiencies up to 27% are observed. Depth and resolution limits for the effect are measured and a model for the resolution limit is proposed.
A Crosslinked Nucleic Acid Nanogel for Effective siRNA Delivery and Antitumor Therapy (2018)

Functional siRNAs are employed as cross-linkers to direct the self-assembly of DNA-grafted polycaprolactone (DNA-g-PCL) brushes to form spherical and nanosized hydrogels via nucleic acid hybridization in which small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are fully embedded and protected for systemic delivery. Owing to the existence of multivalent mutual crosslinking events inside, the crosslinked nanogels with tunable size exhibit not only good thermostability, but also remarkable physiological stability that can resist the enzymatic degradation. As a novel siRNA delivery system with spherical nucleic acid (SNA) architecture, the crosslinked nanogels can assist the delivery of siRNAs into different cells without any transfection agents and achieve the gene silencing effectively both in vitro and in vivo, through which a significant inhibition of tumor growth is realized in the anticancer treatment.
Photodegradable Hydrogels for Capture, Detection, and Release of Live Cells (2014)

Cells may be captured and released using a photodegradable hydrogel (photogel) functionalized with antibodies. Photogel substrates were used to first isolate human CD4 or CD8 T-cells from a heterogeneous cell suspension and then to release desired cells or groups of cells by UV-induced photodegradation. Flow cytometry analysis of the retrieved cells revealed approximately 95% purity of CD4 and CD8 T-cells, suggesting that this substrate had excellent specificity. To demonstrate the possibility of sorting cells according to their function, photogel substrates that were functionalized with anti-CD4 and anti-TNF-α antibodies were prepared. Single cells captured and stimulated on such substrates were identified by the fluorescence "halo" after immunofluorescent staining and could be retrieved by site-specific exposure to UV light through a microscope objective. Overall, it was demonstrated that functional photodegradable hydrogels enable the capture, analysis, and sorting of live cells.
Balancing reducer skew in MapReduce workloads using progressive sampling (2012)

The elapsed time of a parallel job depends on the completion time of its longest running constituent. We present a static load balancing algorithm that distributes work evenly across the reducers in a MapReduce job resulting in significant elapsed time reductions.
The bank risk forewarning model of BP neural network based on the clound computing (2012)

Constructing a scientific and effective bank risk forewarning model is an important measure to effectively guard against and defuse risks in commercial banks. This article constructs a bank risk forewarning model using BP neural network and principal component analysis method. Meanwhile, being aimed at that it takes a long time while processing the mass data to train the network, it also decomposes the algorithm for MapReduce, running in parallel to reduce the running time. The experiment result shows that the neural network model achieved higher accuracy of rate 88percents.
The Hydrolysis of Nicotinonitrile by Ammonia (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Hydrolysis of Nicotinonitrile by AmmoniaCharles F. Krewson and James F. CouchCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 11, 2256–2257Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01251a505https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01251a505research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views132Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Liquid crystals for microwave applications (2013)

Liquid crystal mixtures dedicated to microwave application have been developed. They have high tuning ranges, low dielectric losses and high reliability against the heat stress. These mixtures help to realize agile LC-based microwave components and devices, such as phase shifter, tunable filter, phased array- or reflect array antennas.
A generalized solidification model and microstructural verification for the Nd–Fe–B–Ti–C system processed by rapid solidification (1997)

For the Nd2Fe14B (2-14-1) compound, the optimal grain size should be smaller than the size of the single domain size of 150 nm. Transition metal carbides (TMC) also reduce the quench rate necessary to achieve the optimal or overquenched condition. This allows inert gas atomization (IGA) to produce viable magnetic materials. In this article we will demonstrate that optimal microstructure for the 2-14-1 can be produced by IGA with the addition of TiC. Moreover, a solidification model will be presented to show (1) how recalescence is a critical feature to the evolution of the microstructure in rapidly solidified materials and (2) the role TMC and other solute phases have on inhibiting grain growth so that lower quench rates can be employed.
Antispasmodics. VI.<sup>1</sup> Additional Substituted Beta Amino Ketones (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAntispasmodics. VI.1 Additional Substituted Beta Amino KetonesJ. J. Denton, H. P. Schedl, W. B. Neier, and Mary BrookfieldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 8, 3792–3794Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01164a126https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01164a126research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views67Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Strong Narrow-Band Luminescence from Silicon-Vacancy Color Centers in Spatially Localized Sub-10 nm Nanodiamond (2011)

Discrete nanodiamond particles of 500 nm and 6 nm average size were seeded onto silicon substrates and plasma treated using chemical vapor deposition to create silicon-vacancy color centers. The resulting narrow-band room temperature photoluminescence is intense, and readily observed even for weakly agglomerated sub-10 nm size diamond. This is in contrast to the well-studied nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond which has luminescence properties that are strongly dependant on particle size, with low probability for incorporation of centers in sub-10 nm crystals. We suggest the silicon-vacancy center to be a viable alternative to nitrogen-vacancy defects for use as a biomarker in the clinically-relevant sub-10 nm size regime, for which nitrogen defect-related luminescent activity and stability is reportedly poor.
Proteomic and Metabolomic Analyses of Atherosclerotic Vessels From Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice Reveal Alterations in Inflammation, Oxidative Stress, and Energy Metabolism (2005)

Our study provides the most comprehensive dataset of protein and metabolite changes during atherogenesis published so far and highlights potential associations of immune-inflammatory responses, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism.
Color considerations in fluorescent solar concentrator stacks (2003)

We present modeled results of the luminous and color outputs of a three-layer stack of fluorescent planar concentrators (FPCs). FPCs have the potential to provide sufficient luminous output to illuminate moderate-sized rooms for reasonably-sized collecting areas. It is of course necessary not only that the lumens be sufficient, but also that the light be sufficiently white as to be comfortable. Modeling shows that by use of a stack of three FPCs, one each of violet, green, and red, it is possible to achieve good color rendering and sufficient lighting levels for room illumination.
Detecting adversarial advertisements in the wild (2011)

In a large online advertising system, adversaries may attempt to profit from the creation of low quality or harmful advertisements. In this paper, we present a large scale data mining effort that detects and blocks such adversarial advertisements for the benefit and safety of our users. Because both false positives and false negatives have high cost, our deployed system uses a tiered strategy combining automated and semi-automated methods to ensure reliable classification. We also employ strategies to address the challenges of learning from highly skewed data at scale, allocating the effort of human experts, leveraging domain expert knowledge, and independently assessing the effectiveness of our system.
Characterizing astrophysical sources of gravitational waves (2013)

The Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) and the Laser Interferometer Gravitational-wave Observatory (LIGO) are designed to detect gravitational waves from a wide range of astrophysical sources. The parameter estimation ability of these detectors can be determined by simulating the response to predicted gravitational wave sources with instrument noise and searching for the signals with sophisticated data analysis methods. A possible source of gravitational waves will be beams of radiation from discontinuities on cosmic length strings. Cosmic strings are predicted to form kinks and cusps that travel along the string at close to the speed of light. These disturbances are radiated away as highly beamed gravitational waves that produce a burst-like pulse as the cone of emission sweeps past an observer. The detection of a gravitational wave signal from a cosmic string cusp would illuminate the fields of string theory, cosmology, and relativity. Gravitational wave sources also include coalescing binary systems of compact objects. Colliding galaxies have central black holes that sink to the center of the merged galaxy and begin to orbit one another and emit gravitational waves. Previous LISA data analysis studies have assumed that binary black hole systems have a circular orbit or an extreme mass ratio. It is ultimately necessary to understand the general case of spinning black hole binary systems in eccentric orbits and how LISA observations can be used to measure the eccentricity of the orbits as well as the masses, spins, and luminosity distances of the black holes. Once LISA is operational, the comparison of observations of eccentric and circular black hole binary sources will constrain theories on galaxy mergers in the early universe.
Gadolinium and dysprosium chelates of DTPA‐amide‐dextran: synthesis, <sup>1</sup>H NMR relaxivity, and induced <sup>23</sup>Na NMR shift (1995)

In this study the conjugated macromolecular ligand, diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)-amide-dextran, was synthesized by attaching DTPA to the dextran macromolecule (M(r) approximately 6000) by a covalent amide bond. Subsequently, DTPA-amide-dextran was complexed with either of the two lanthanide metal ions dysprosium (Dy) or gadolinium (Gd). The paramagnetic 23Na NMR shift induced by Dy(DTPA-amide-dextran) and the relaxivity (rho 1) induced by Gd(DTPA-amide-dextran) were characterized. Dy(DTPA-amide-dextran) induced a 25% larger 23Na NMR shift than that induced by Dy(DTPA). Neither the shift induced by Dy(DTPA-amide-dextran) nor the shift induced by Dy(DTPA) was affected by increasing levels of calcium ions in the solution. offDTPA-amide-dextran) exhibited an in vitro rho 1 of 8.4 (mM s)-1 at a 0.23 T magnetic field and 9.3 (mM s)-1 at a 0.47 T magnetic field, thus indicating a positive magnetic field dependence.
The search for BRCA1. (1994)

BRCA1, a gene predisposing to breast and ovarian cancer, was mapped to chromosome 17q21 by linkage analysis. Loss of heterozygosity in breast and ovarian tumors from BRCA1-linked patients always involved loss of wild-type alleles from chromosome 17q21, suggesting that BRCA1 acts as a tumor suppressor gene. Meiotic recombination in linked families constrained the BRCA1 region to an estimated physical size of 650 kilobases. Twenty-two candidate genes were isolated by screening complementary DNA libraries with yeast artificial chromosomes and cosmids from the critical region. Of these, 8 were known human genes, 7 were homologues of genes identified in other species, and 7 encoded novel transcripts. Each gene were sequenced and analyzed for variation, revealing 44 variants, including two missense mutations in two genes which segregated with breast cancer and were not found in controls. However, no frame-shift, nonsense, or regulatory mutations were found.