gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contraceptive vaccines targeting sperm (2005)

Overpopulation is a global problem of significant magnitude, with grave implications for the future. Development of new contraceptives is necessary, as existing forms of birth control are unavailable, impractical and/or too expensive for many individuals due to sociological, financial or educational limitations. Immunocontraception and, in particular, the targeting of antibodies to sperm-specific antigens implicated in sperm-egg binding and fertilisation offers an attractive approach to control fertility. Sperm-specific antibodies may impair fertility by inhibiting sperm motility, by reducing penetration of the cervical mucus by sperm, or by interfering in sperm capacitation or the acrosome reaction; alternatively, antisperm antibodies may invoke the complement cascade, resulting in sperm lysis. The antibodies raised against sperm-specific antigens have proved to be extremely effective at reducing sperm-egg interactions in vitro; fertility trials in subhuman primates will eventually be needed to prove the effectiveness of the sperm antigens in terms of contraceptive efficacy before trials in humans can be justified. In addition, existing and emerging strategies (such as sperm proteomics, the determination of molecular and structural details of sperm proteins, and the modelling of protein-ligand interactions using X-ray and/or NMR structures to name a few) are expected to provide the experimental foundation for the design of small molecule inhibitors with antifertility effects. The technology underpinning vaccine development is constantly being developed and the introduction of DNA/RNA vaccines is certain to impact upon the field of immunocontraception.
A Gd–Ag Coordination Polymer with Porous Structure via Hydrothermal Synthesis: [Gd2Ag2(pydc)4(H2O)4]n (2000)

Abstract A Gd-Ag coordination polymer [Gd2Ag2(pydc)4(H2O)4]n (pydc = pyridine-2,5-dicarboxylate) with lamellar structure was prepared by the hydrothermal reaction of Gd2O3, AgNO3, H2pydc and H2O in a molar ratio of 1 : 4 : 5 : 3100 at 170 °C and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.
Gait alignment in mobile phone conversations (2007)

Conversation partners on mobile phones can align their walking gait without physical proximity or visual feedback. We investigate gait synchronization, measured by accelerometers while users converse via mobile phones. Hilbert transforms are used to infer gait phase angle, and techniques from synchronization theory are used to infer level of alignment. Experimental conditions include the use of vibrotactile feedback to make one conversation partner aware of the other's footsteps. Three modes of interaction are tested: reading a script, discussing a shared image and spontaneous conversation. The vibrotactile feedback loop on its own is sufficient to create synchronization, but there are complex interference effects when users converse spontaneously. Even without vibration crosstalk, synchronisation appeared for long periods in the spontaneous speech condition, indicating that users were aligning their walking behaviour from audible cues alone.
Seamless handover in SDN-Based Future Avionics Networks with Network Coding and LISP Mobility Protocol (2019)

There have been increasing interests in applying Software Defined Networking (SDN) to aeronautical communications primarily for air traffic management purposes. Due to the high speed of aircraft and the use of multiple radio technologies during different flight phases and across different areas, packet losses on air-ground links and vertical handover (HO) between these different radio technologies are envisaged. This paper proposes the incorporation of Network Coding (NC) and Locator ID Separation Protocol (LISP) in an SDN-based aeronautical communications architecture consisting of both satellite and terrestrial-based radio access network technologies. Moreover, this research jointly exploits the use of Random Linear Network Coding (RLNC) and LISP to both increase reliability and reduce the in-order delivery delay during the HO. An analysis is provided to determine the number of generation size to minimise the delay. Also, an experimental implementation of the LISP protocol and RLNC over the SDN-based architecture was proposed to show the benefit of combining LISP, RLNC with SDN for better performance during the HO in the multi-link heterogeneous environment.
Appendix H: Calculation of Conductivity Tensor in a Magnetic Field (2001)

Appendix H Calculation of Conductivity Tensor in a Magnetic FieldIn this Appendix a conductivity tensor in two dimensions, i.e., in the plane perpendicular to a magnetic field, is calculated.Take a magnetic field in the z-direction, and allow electrons to flow in the perpendicular zy-plane.First we rely on the Boltzmann equation to derive conductivity tensor, where it is fairly easy to understand the underlying physics intuitively (cf.Uemura et al., 1966, ref. in Chapter 10).Afterwards we.give more general formulas based on the Kubo formalism.Let us write down the Boltzmann equation to start with, as in Appendix El although the Lorentz force should be included in this case.where f( k ) and fo ( k ) are, respectively, the non-equilibrium and equilibrium distribu-Mesoscopic
Tall Buildings and Elevators: A Review of Recent Technological Advances (2015)

Efficient vertical mobility is a critical component of tall building development and construction. This paper investigates recent advances in elevator technology and examines their impact on tall building development. It maps out, organizes, and collates complex and scattered information on multiple aspects of elevator design, and presents them in an accessible and non-technical discourse. Importantly, the paper contextualizes recent technological innovations by examining their implementations in recent major projects including One World Trade Center in New York; Shanghai Tower in Shanghai; Burj Khalifa in Dubai; Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; and the green retrofit project of the Empire State Building in New York. Further, the paper discusses future vertical transportation models including a vertical subway concept, a space lift, and electromagnetic levitation technology. As these new technological advancements in elevator design empower architects to create new forms and shapes of large-scale, mixed-use developments, this paper concludes by highlighting the need for interdisciplinary research in incorporating elevators in skyscrapers.
Perfluorocarbon nanoparticles enhance reactive oxygen levels and tumour growth inhibition in photodynamic therapy (2015)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) kills cancer cells by converting tumour oxygen into reactive singlet oxygen ((1)O2) using a photosensitizer. However, pre-existing hypoxia in tumours and oxygen consumption during PDT can result in an inadequate oxygen supply, which in turn hampers photodynamic efficacy. Here to overcome this problem, we create oxygen self-enriching photodynamic therapy (Oxy-PDT) by loading a photosensitizer into perfluorocarbon nanodroplets. Because of the higher oxygen capacity and longer (1)O2 lifetime of perfluorocarbon, the photodynamic effect of the loaded photosensitizer is significantly enhanced, as demonstrated by the accelerated generation of (1)O2 and elevated cytotoxicity. Following direct injection into tumours, in vivo studies reveal tumour growth inhibition in the Oxy-PDT-treated mice. In addition, a single-dose intravenous injection of Oxy-PDT into tumour-bearing mice significantly inhibits tumour growth, whereas traditional PDT has no effect. Oxy-PDT may enable the enhancement of existing clinical PDT and future PDT design.
Characterization of Early Steps in the Poliovirus Infection Process: Receptor-Decorated Liposomes Induce Conversion of the Virus to Membrane-Anchored Entry-Intermediate Particles (2005)

The mechanism by which poliovirus infects the cell has been characterized by a combination of biochemical and structural studies, leading to a working model for cell entry. Upon receptor binding at physiological temperature, native virus (160S) undergoes a conformational change to a 135S particle from which VP4 and the N terminus of VP1 are externalized. These components interact with the membrane and are proposed to form a membrane pore. An additional conformational change in the particle is accompanied by release of the infectious viral RNA genome from the particle and its delivery, presumably through the membrane pore into the cytoplasm, leaving behind an empty 80S particle. In this report, we describe the generation of a receptor-decorated liposome system, comprising nickel-chelating nitrilotriacetic acid (NTA) liposomes and His-tagged poliovirus receptor, and its use in characterizing the early events in poliovirus infection. Receptor-decorated liposomes were able to capture virus and induce a temperature-dependent virus conversion to the 135S particle. Upon conversion, 135S particles became tethered to the liposome independently of receptor by a membrane interaction with the N terminus of VP1. Converted particles had lost VP4, which partitioned with the membrane. The development of a simple model membrane system provides a novel tool for studying poliovirus entry. The liposome system bridges the gap between previous studies using either soluble receptor or whole cells and offers a flexible template which can be extrapolated to electron microscopy experiments that analyze the structural biology of nonenveloped virus entry.
Clinical profiles of four patients with Rett syndrome carrying a novel exon 1 mutation or genomic rearrangement in the <i>MECP2</i> gene (2006)

Rett syndrome (RTT) is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by mutations in the X-linked MECP2 gene encoding methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2). Recently, a new isoform of MeCP2 including exon 1 was identified. This new isoform is more abundantly expressed in brain than the isoform including exons 2-4. Very little is known about the phenotypes associated with mutations in exon 1 of MECP2 since only a limited number of RTT patients carrying such mutations have been identified so far. In this study, we screened a cohort of 20 girls with RTT for exon 1 mutations by sequencing and multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA). We identified one girl with a novel exon 1 mutation (c.30delCinsGA) by sequencing and three with genomic rearrangements by MLPA. Comparison of the phenotypes showed that the girls carrying a mutation or rearrangement encompassing exon 1 were more severely affected than the girls with rearrangements not affecting exon 1.
Highly scalable graph search for the Graph500 benchmark (2012)

Graph500 is a new benchmark to rank supercomputers with a large-scale graph search problem. We found that the provided reference implementations are not scalable in a large distributed environment. We devised an optimized method based on 2D partitioning and other methods such as communication compression and vertex sorting. Our optimized implementation can handle BFS (Breadth First Search) of a large graph with 236 (68.7 billion vertices) and 240 (1.1 trillion) edges in 10.58 seconds while using 1366 nodes and 16,392 CPU cores. This performance corresponds to 103.9 GE/s. We also studied the performance characteristics of our optimized implementation and reference implementations on a large distributed memory supercomputer with a Fat-Tree-based Infiniband network.
The Cranial Rectus Abdominus Muscle Pedicle Flap in the Dog (1994)

Summary The cranial rectus abdominus muscle pedicle flap (CRAMP) group did not demonstrate any significant difference in perfusion compared to the control rectus abdominus muscle flap group with the caudal epigastric artery intact. Angiography of the cranial epigastric artery demonstrated anastomoses with the caudal epigastric artery. This study evaluated the angio-gram of the cranial epigastric artery and perfusion of the cranial rectus abdominus muscle pedicle (CRAMP) flap using scintigraphy. The results indicated the CRAMP flap may remain viable in a chronic model.
Sleep condition inferencing using simple multimodality sensors (2006)

In this paper, we investigate the possibility of using simple multimodality sensors to automatically detect a person's sleep condition. Sleep latency and sleep efficiency are critical to both sleep-related diseases and sleep quality measurements. We propose a system which consists of heart-rate, video, and audio sensors, and apply machine learning methods to infer the sleep-awake condition during the time a user spends on the bed. The sleep-awake conditions will be useful information for inferring the sleep quality. Our experimental results are promising and show the potential use of the proposed novel economical alternative to the traditional medical measurement equipment, with competitive performance on the sleep-related activity monitoring and the sleep quality measurements
Sequencing and functional annotation of the Bacillus subtilis genes in the 200 kb rrnB-dnaB region (1997)

The 200 kb region of the Bacillus subtilis chromosome spanning from 255 to 275 degrees on the genetic map was sequenced. The strategy applied, based on use of yeast artificial chromosomes and multiplex Long Accurate PCR, proved to be very efficient for sequencing a large bacterial chromosome area. A total of 193 genes of this part of the chromosome was classified by level of knowledge and biological category of their functions. Five levels of gene function understanding are defined. These are: (i) experimental evidence is available of gene product or biological function; (ii) strong homology exists for the putative gene product with proteins from other organisms; (iii) some indication of the function can be derived from homologies with known proteins; (iv) the gene product can be clustered with hypothetical proteins; (v) no indication on the gene function exists. The percentage of detected genes in each category was: 20, 28, 20, 15 and 17, respectively. In the sequenced region, a high percentage of genes are implicated in transport and metabolic linking of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle. A functional connection of several genes from this region and the genes close to 140 degrees in the chromosome was also observed.
Sugar Amino Acid Based Scaffolds - Novel Peptidomimetics and Their Potential in Combinatorial Synthesis (2002)

To meet the growing demands for the development of new molecular entities for discovering new drugs and materials, organic chemists have started looking for new concepts to supplement traditional approaches. In one such approach, the expertise gained over the years in the area of organic synthesis and the rational drug-design concepts are combined together to create "nature-like" and yet unnatural organic molecules that are expected to provide leads in discovering new molecules. Emulating the basic principles followed by nature to build its vast repertoire of biomolecules, organic chemists are developing many novel multifunctional building blocks. Sugar amino acids constitute an important class of such polyfunctional scaffolds where the carboxyl, amino and hydroxyl groups provide an excellent opportunity for organic chemists to create structural diversities akin to nature's molecular arsenal. Recent advances in the area of combinatorial chemistry give unprecedented technological support for rapid compilations of sugar amino acid-based libraries exploiting the diversities of carbohydrate molecules and well-developed solid-phase peptide synthesis methods. This review chronicles the development of sugar amino acids as a novel class of peptidomimetic building blocks and their applications in generating desired secondary structures in peptides as well as in creating mimics of natural biopolymers.
High-temperature modulation dynamics of 1.3 μm Al/sub x/Ga/sub y/In/sub 1-x-y/As/InP compressive-strained multiple-quantum-well lasers (2002)

Intrinsic small-signal modulation responses of 1.3 /spl mu/m Al/sub x/Ga/sub y/In/sub 1-x-y/As/InP compressive-strained multiple-quantum-well lasers with three different barrier layers are investigated. For the lasers with a barrier bandgap wavelength of 1.01 /spl mu/m, k factors are determined to be 0.24-0.25 ns, and thermal-limited 3-dB bandwidths of 19.5, 15, and 13.9 GHz are measured at 25, 65 and 85/spl deg/C, respectively.
Synthesis and characterization of ternary AL-C-N compound (2002)

Efficient hydrogenated diamond-like carbon (DLC) film deposition in a plasma reactor that features both the capacitive and inductively coupled operation regimes is reported. The hydrogenated DLC films have been prepared on silicon wafers using a low-frequency (500 kHz) inductively coupled plasma (LF ICP) chemical vapor deposition (CVD) system. At low RF powers, the system operates as an asymmetric capacitively coupled plasma source, and the film deposition process is undertaken in the electrostatic (E) discharge regime. The films deposited in the electrostatic mode feature graphite-like structure. Above the mode transition threshold, the high-density inductively coupled plasma is produced in the electromagnetic (H) discharge regime. Raman spectrometry suggests the possibility to control relative proportions of sp2 and sp3 hybridized carbon. Variation of the DC substrate bias results in dramatic modification of the film structure from the polymeric (unbiased substrates) to the diamond-like (optimized bias). It has been shown that the deposition rate and hardness of the DLC film are much higher in the H-mode deposition regime. For a 20 m Torr H-mode CH4+Ar gas mixture discharge, the DLC film exhibits mechanical hardness of 18 GPa, Young's modulus of 170 GPa, and compressive stress of 1.3 GPa.
Pr3+ luminescence in GaAs and Al<i>x</i>Ga1−<i>x</i>As implanted with Pr (1995)

Praseodymium (Pr) emissions were investigated for Pr-implanted GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs as a function of Al mole fraction, sample temperature, and anneal temperature using photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Two groups of major PL peaks have been observed near 1.6 and 1.3 μm, which can be attributed to the crystal-field-split spin-orbit level transitions of 3F3→3H4 and 1G4→3H5 of Pr3+ (4f2), respectively. The PL intensity of Pr3+ varies dramatically with the Al mole fraction in Pr-implanted AlxGa1−xAs. For GaAs, the PL peak intensity near 1.3 μm is strong and the peak intensity near 1.6 μm is weak, whereas the PL peak intensity near 1.6 μm is much stronger than that of 1.3 μm for AlxGa1−xAs. Furthermore, Al0.15Ga0.85As shows particularly strong luminescence peaks near 1.6 μm. PL emissions of Pr were detected for sample temperatures as high as 100 K, and several hot lines were identified. The optimal anneal temperatures for the Pr-implanted GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs are between 725 and 775 °C. Dual implantations of Pr and Er into Al0.15Ga0.85As have also been made, but the PL results showed that the emission intensities of both ions did not increase compared to those of identically prepared singly implanted samples. Possible excitation processes are explored in light of these results.
Imaging of a silicon pn junction under applied bias with scanning capacitance microscopy and Kelvin probe force microscopy (2000)

Scanning capacitance microscopy (SCM) and Kelvin probe force microscopy (KPFM) are used to image the electrical structure of a silicon pn junction under applied bias. With SCM, the carrier density inside a diode is imaged directly. With KPFM, the surface potential distribution of an operating diode is measured, revealing different behavior from that in bulk. The surface potential drop is extended deep into the lightly p-doped region at reverse bias, reflecting the existence of the surface space-charge region as confirmed by the numerical simulation.
Serum Angiopoietin-2 and CRP Levels During COPD Exacerbations (2013)

Serum Ang-2 levels are elevated at the onset of COPD exacerbations and are positively associated with CRP levels. Ang-2 levels decrease during the course of COPD exacerbations in patients with favorable outcome. Serum Ang-2 may serve as a biomarker that could predict the outcome of a COPD exacerbation.
The expanding universe (1932)

I THINK everyone will agree with Miss Clark that if the distribution of nebular velocities is considered to be mainly a distance effect, it indicates an expanding system, whereas if it is mainly a time effect it indicates a system which is about to enter on a stage of contraction; and her letter is of service in pointing out the two alternatives. Adopting the hypothesis that it is a time effect, we see from her figures that 100 million years ago the spiral nebulae (near and far) were moving away from our galaxy at 17,000 km. per sec, and that in the next 50 million years some kind of central attraction acting equally on near and distant nebulae reduced the recession to 8,500 km. per sec. Formally there is nothing against this; but there is not much temptation to pursue the speculation unless some kind of cosmogonic explanation of the rather odd distribution of velocities and rather unusual law of attraction is offered. The most direct criticism is that the attractive force seems to be very much too large to be due to the ordinary gravitation of the system and has to be invented ad hoc.
Large Bandwidth Polarisation Independent and Compact 8 Channel PHASAR Demultiplexer/Filter (1994)

The first broadband polarisation independent Phasar based demultiplexer/filter is demonstrated employing non-birefringent InGaAsP(λg = 0.97 μm)-on-InP raised strip waveguides. The device exhibits a channel spacing of 2 nm, on-chip loss of 4-5 dB, a cross talk better than -25 dB and a 3 dB channel bandwidth of 0.9 nm. The Phasar size is 2.6×2.3 mm2. The fibre-chip-coupling loss is less than 1 dB.
Notices of the Royal Aëronautical Society (1922)

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Translational Enhancement by an Element Downstream of the Initiation Codon in Escherichia coli (1999)

The translation initiation of Escherichia coli mRNAs is known to be facilitated by a cis element upstream of the initiation codon, called the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence. This sequence complementary to the 3' end of 16 S rRNA enhances the formation of the translation initiation complex of the 30 S ribosomal subunit with mRNAs. It has been debated that a cis element called the downstream box downstream of the initiation codon, in addition to the SD sequence, facilitates formation of the translation initiation complex; however, conclusive evidence remains elusive. Here, we show evidence that the downstream box plays a major role in the enhancement of translation initiation in concert with SD.