gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The mechanics of cemented carbonate sands (1993)

The behaviour of artificially cemented carbonate sand was investigated in triaxial tests at confining pressures of up to 9 MPa. The results show that an important effect of cementing is a reduction in specific volume resulting from the increase in fines content This influences both the stress-strain behaviour and the peak strength at strains beyond those required to fracture the cement bonding. Comparisons between the behaviour of cemented and uncemented soils should, therefore, be carried out on samples with the same gradings. For cemented samples it is possible to identify a yield curve outside the state boundary surface of the uncemented soil. A framework for the behaviour has been defined which depends on the relative magnitudes of the confining pressure and cement bond strength. The behaviour of a natural cal-carenite agreed well with this framework which is also likely to be applicable to other cemented soils. Le comportement d'un sable carbonate artificiellement cimenté a été étudié à l'aide d'essais tri-axiaux à pression de confinement pouvant atteindre 9 MPa. Les résultats obtenus montrent que la cimentation se traduit par une diminution du volume spécifique due à une augmentation du nombre de particules fines. Ceci modifie le comportement contrainte-déformation ainsi que la résistance ultime pour des déformations supérieures à celles provoquant la rupture des liaisons du ciment. L'étude comparative du comportement de sols cimentés et de sols non-cimentés a donc dû être réalisée sur des échantillons de mâme granulo-métrie. Pour des échantillons cimentés, une courbe de rupture située en dehors de l'enveloppe limite d'un sol non-cimenté a été mise en évidence. Une classification de comportement a été élaborée en fonction des amplitudes relatives de la pression de confinement et de la résistance des liaisons du ciment. Le comportement d'une calcarénite naturelle est tout à fait en accord avec cette classification qui apparaît applicable à d'autres sols cimentés.
Synthesis of 2-acyl-3-hydroxyquinolines embodying a novel variant of the Smiles rearrangement (1975)

2-(2′-Nitrobenzoyl) derivatives of certain 1,3-diketones undergo base-catalysed cyclisation to hitherto inaccessible 2-acyl-3-hydroxyquinolines by a process explicable in terms of a new version of the Smiles rearrangement.
A Matched Filter Doppler Processor for Airborne Radar. (1983)

Abstract : The airborne radar presents noteworthy problems of clutter cancellation because of platform motion. The returns from fixed objects must be filtered out as clutter. A matched filter signal processor design is presented that produces the necessary level of clutter rejection. The results are compared to various processor configurations, e.g., moving target indicators (MTIs) cascaded with a matched filter processor, displaced phase center antenna (DPCA) cascaded with a matched filter processor, the fast Fourier transform (FFT), and MTIs cascaded with the FFT. The processors are compared on the basis of their clutter rejection, signal processing losses, and minimum detectable velocity (MDV) capabilities. (Author)
Interworking of IP multimedia core networks between 3GPP and WLAN (2005)

The 3GPP has specified the IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) for the provisioning of multimedia services in UMTS Release 5 and later. Interconnection at the service layer between 3GPP and LAN networks requires interworking between IMS and WLAN functionalities. Studying several interconnection scenarios and the main functionalities of IMS, this article analyzes how the interconnection of 3GPP and WLAN networks may be performed in order to support different levels of service interconnection. Special attention is paid to interconnection at the session negotiation level, using SIP (the base protocol of the IMS) to provide session negotiation with QoS and AAAC support.
Potential of a defatted green microalgal biomass as an iron source for hemoglobin repletion (828.8) (2014)

Iron deficiency anemia is a widespread nutritional disorder around the world, and pigs are an excellent model to study human iron nutrition. Previous research in our laboratory demonstrated a tendency of feeding iron‐rich microalgae to elevate blood hemoglobin concentrations in pigs fed iron‐adequate diets. Two experiments were conducted in weanling pigs to determine such effectiveness of a defatted green microalgal biomass ( Desmodesmus sp., Cellana, Kailua‐Kona, HI) generated from the biofuel research. In Experiment 1, pigs (11.3 ± 0.6 kg of body weight) with low hemoglobin concentrations (8.2 ± 2.9 g/dL) were fed a corn‐soy basal diet (BD) without supplemental iron (n = 5) or the diet plus 7.5% microalgae (n = 6) for 5 wk. The algae diet elevated (P < 0.05) packed cell volume by 23‐26% and blood hemoglobin concentrations by 22‐32% at or after wk 3. In Experiment 2, pigs (12.9 ± 0.6 kg) with normal blood hemoglobin concentrations (12.1 ± 0.38 g/dL) were fed the BD supplemented with ferrous sulfate (n = 10) or 15% algae (n = 10) for 5 wk. There was no dietary treatment effect on either packed cell volume or hemoglobin concentrations. The diets did not alter body weight gain or daily feed intake of pigs in either experiment. In conclusion, the defatted green microalgal biomass was effective in helping hemoglobin repletion of marginally anemic pigs. Our ongoing research is exploring novel promoting mechanisms of the biomass in addition to its high iron concentration. Grant Funding Source : Supported in part by a USDA/DOE Biomass R&D Initiative grant (2010‐0106)
Charge-Quantization Studies Using a Tunnel Capacitor (1969)

A tunnel capacitor is an array of microscopic resistance-capacitance circuits with the resistive element provided by a tunnel junction. Because of their small size, such microcircuits display special properties due to charge quantization. An array of such circuits shows an oscillatory behavior in its capacitance-versus-voltage measurements. A new type of memory effect is found.
Apoptosis: A Gene-Directed Programme of Cell Death (1992)

Apoptosis is a particular type of programmed cell death which commonly occurs in the developing embryo, in normal healthy adult tissues and in many pathological settings. In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is not a passive phenomenon but is gene-directed, usually requiring ongoing protein synthesis. The dying cell is characterised by having a raised level of cytosolic Ca2+; this activates a non-lysosomal Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-dependent endonuclease which digests the chromatin into oligonucleosome length fragments. The dying cell may or may not fragment into a number of apoptotic bodies, but in all cases the cell contents are bounded by a membrane which prevents the spillage of harmful substances such as DNA. Apoptotic cells are eliminated through phagocytosis by neighbouring cells and macrophages, and cell surface changes on apoptotic cells aid their recognition and engulfment by the phagocytosing cells. Extrinsic signals can both stimulate and inhibit apoptosis, and even direct damage to the cell can activate the process. Apoptosis is widely involved in organ formation in the embryo, and its occurrence in response to noxious stimuli such as cytotoxic drugs, irradiation and hyperthermia may be viewed as an altruistic suicide. Apoptosis provides a safe disposal mechanism for neutrophils at inflamed sites, and within the immune system it is considered responsible for eliminating self-reactive T-cell clones and for the affinity maturation of antibody producing cells. A failure to undergo apoptosis has been invoked in the pathogenesis of low-grade follicular lymphoma, and the triggering of apoptosis with monoclonal antibodies specifically in tumour cells has been achieved in one or two cases.
Findings from Asia, Australia, Europe, and North America on secular change in mean height of children, youths, and young adults (1976)

Studies conducted during the past century in Australia, Canada, Japan, Norway and the United States indicate that the magnitude of secular increase in mean height rose with advancing age from childhood to mid-adolescence. Comparisons for a period approximating two-thirds of a century yield average increases in mean height of 12.2 cm for female youths age 12 years, and 12.5 cm for male youths age 14 years; for the same calendar span, the amount of secular increase in mean height declines from mid-adolescence to early adulthood. Comparisons of Belgian females, spanning a period approximating 130 years, yield increases in mean height of 18.1 cm at age 12 years, 11.9 cm at age 16 years, and 3.7 cm in early adulthood. For a period of 90 years, increases obtained on United States White males are 14.8 cm at age 14 years, 8.8 cm at age 17 years, and 5.3 cm in early adulthood. These and other displayed findings show clearly that the search for causes of secular change should take particular account of a phenomenon widespread among human populations, i.e., the phenomenon of childhood and early adolescent growth in body height proceeding at a faster pace in recent decades than about a century ago.
Monomeric Metal Aqua Complexes in the Interlayer Space of Montmorillonites as Strong Lewis Acid Catalysts for Heterogeneous Carbon–Carbon Bond‐Forming Reactions (2004)

Montmorillonite-enwrapped copper and scandium catalysts (Cu(2+)- and Sc(3+)-monts) were easily prepared by treating Na(+)-mont with the aqueous solution of the copper nitrate and scandium triflate, respectively. The resulting Cu(2+)- and Sc(3+)-monts showed outstanding catalytic activities for a variety of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions, such as the Michael reaction, the Sakurai-Hosomi allylation, and the Diels-Alder reaction, under solvent-free or aqueous conditions. The remarkable activity of the mont catalysts is attributable to the negatively charged silicate layers that are capable of stabilizing metal cations. Furthermore, these catalysts were reusable without any appreciable loss in activity and selectivity. The Cu(2+)-mont-catalyzed Michael reaction proceeds via a ternary complex in which both the 1,3-dicarbonyl compound and the enone are coordinated to a Lewis acid Cu(2+) center.
Control of the morphology and the size of complex coacervate microcapsules during scale‐up (2009)

Abstract Scale‐up of complex coacervation, a fat encapsulation technology, is not trivial since the microcapsules morphology and size are highly affected by the processing conditions. So far it has been achieved empirically (trial and error approach). The goal of this study was to produce at various scale capsules with a single‐oil droplet as the core material and small enough to be below sensory threshold. The turbulence level was identified as the main scale‐up criterium and a master‐curve could be drafted showing the capsule mean diameter as function of the Reynolds number, independent of the level of production scale. From a parent emulsion with specific oil droplets size (12–15 μm), the Reynolds number had to be maintained above a critical value (15,000) to avoid capsules agglomeration with multiple oil cores and large particle sizes. To avoid aggregation, this turbulence level had to be kept until the temperature dropped below a critical value (14°C for a cooling rate of 35°C/2 h). Applying these learning led to a successful scale‐up from bench (2 L) to a pilot plant scale of 50 L. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2009
Study on the Heteroatom Influence in Pyridine-Based Nitronyl Nitroxide Biradicals with Phenylethynyl Spacers on the Molecular Ground State (2003)

Novel pyridine-based nitronyl nitroxide (NIT) biradicals, 3,5-bis[4-(1-oxyl-3-oxo-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)phenylethynyl)]pyridine (1) and 2,6-bis[4-(1-oxyl-3-oxo-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)phenylethynyl)]pyridine (2), and monoradicals, 4-(5-bromopyridine-3-ylethynyl)-1-(1-oxyl-3-oxo-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)benzene (3), 4-trimethylsilylethynyl-1-(1-oxyl-3-oxo-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)benzene (4), and 4-trimethylsilylethynyl-1-(1-oxyl-3-oxo-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)pyridine (5), were synthesized and investigated by ESR and UV−vis spectroscopy. The solution EPR measurements of the biradicals gave well-resolved, nine-line spectra with exact half line spacing as compared to monoradicals (giso = 2.0067) with isotropic line spacing |aN|= 7.36 G. This indicates strong, intramolecular exchange coupling (J ≫ 7 × 10-4 cm-1; J/aN ≫ 1) of the biradicals with in the limit of EPR. The temperature dependence on the Δms = ±2 signal intensity of biradicals follow Curie behavior down to 4 K ascertaining the triplet ground state or its near-degeneracy with the singlet state. UV−vis studies of 1−5 show characteristic differences in the extinctions of n−π* transitions around 600 nm. Both biradicals 1 and 2 were crystallized in monoclinic space groups C2/c and P21/a with the intraradical distances 1.54 and 1.47 nm, respectively. Computational studies of the biradicals 1, 2, and 1,3-bis[4-(1-oxyl-3-oxo-4,4,5,5-tetramethylimidazolin-2-yl)phenylethynyl)]benzene (T) were performed by the AM1/CAS(8,8) method to calculate the singlet−triplet (ΔEST) energy difference and the spin density distribution. Results show that the position of the pyridyl nitrogen in 1 and 2 in comparison with T does not alter the triplet ground-state spin multiplicities supporting the obtained experimental results.
Self-phase-modulation induced spectral broadening in silicon waveguides (2004)

The prospect for generating supercontinuum pulses on a silicon chip is studied. Using ~4ps optical pulses with 2.2GW/cm(2) peak power, a 2 fold spectral broadening is obtained. Theoretical calculations, that include the effect of two-photon-absorption, indicate up to 5 times spectral broadening is achievable at 10x higher peak powers. Representing a nonlinear loss mechanism at high intensities, TPA limits the maximum optical bandwidth that can be generated.
The organocell process―pulping with the environment in mind (1990)

Etat actuel de developpement des essais pilotes de mise en pâte au methanol en Allemagne federale.
A sieve electrode as a potential autonomic neural interface for bionic medicine (2005)

We examined the applicability of a sieve electrode to the autonomic nervous system as a potential neural interface for bionic medicine. We developed, using a Si-semiconductor process, a sieve electrode having a square diaphragm (1 mm in one side, 12 microm in thickness) with 30-81 penetrating square holes (50-100 microm in one side). In the first protocol, we implanted the sieve electrode to the vagal nerve in rats. One hundred and twenty days after the implantation, cuff electrodes were attached to the vagal nerve proximal and distal to the sieve electrode under halothane anesthesia. The evoked action potential was recorded from the sieve electrode by nerve stimulation via the cuff electrodes. The evoked action potential was also recorded from the cuff electrodes by nerve stimulation via the sieve electrode. In the second protocol, we implanted the sieve electrode to the renal sympathetic nerve in rabbits. Forty days after the implantation, the spontaneous action potential or sympathetic nerve activity was recorded under pentobarbital anesthesia. In conclusion, we were able to record the evoked and spontaneous action potentials using the sieve electrode. The sieve electrode will provide a useful neural interface for recording and stimulating the autonomic nervous system.
Multiple Channel Scheduling Algorithms for WDM PONs and OFDMA PONs (2009)

This paper designs multiple channel scheduling algorithms for WDM PONs and OFDMA PONs to allocate upstream bandwidth resource to competing users. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed algorithms obtain higher channel utilization.
Selective Extraction of Phospholipid Mixtures by Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Cosolvents (1996)

ABSTRACT To optimize and enhance the value of a previously developed supercritical fluids (SF) process for removing oil from soybean flakes, we devised a two‐step, sequential scheme for extraction of oil and phospholipid‐containing fractions using SC‐CO 2 alone or with ethanol. PLs were selectively removed from the flakes using the SC‐CO 2 /ethanol mixture. Phosphatidylcholine (PC) and phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) were more readily solubilized in the SC‐CO 2 /cosolvent mixtures than were phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidic acid. The extent of recovery of PC and PE was a function of the molar fraction of cosolvent. Some fractionation of constituent phospholipids could be achieved by varying the molar fraction of ethanol. The extracts from the SF process were characterized by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP) and HPLC with evaporative light scattering detection.
Polymerization of <scp>l</scp>,<scp>l</scp>-Lactide Initiated by Aluminum Isopropoxide Trimer or Tetramer (1998)

Kinetics of polymerization of l,l-lactide (LA) initiated with aluminum isopropoxide (Al(OiPr)3) trimer (A3) or tetramer (A4) was followed by polarimetry and by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Results of the kinetic measurements show that A3 and A4 react with LA with different rates; namely, the ki(A3)/ki(A4) ratios (where ki(A3) and ki(A4) denote the rate constants of initiation with A3 and A4, respectively) determined at 20, 50, 80 (THF solvent), and 120 °C (dioxane-1,4 solvent), are equal to 2.8 × 103, 8.0 × 102, 2.9 × 102, and 1.1 × 102, respectively. Direct observations of the A3/LA and A4/LA reacting mixtures by means of 13C NMR spectroscopy confirm this large difference of A3 and A4 reactivities in their reactions with LA. Initiation with A4 is slow enough to give polymerization that is less under control, in comparison with that initiated by A3 alone. However, due to the relatively low rate of propagation, in comparison with that of the A4 → A3 transformation, the apparent rates of LA polymerization initiated with A3 or A4 tend to converge, particularly at higher monomer conversion degrees (>90 mol %) and at higher temperatures, suggesting that also the less reactive A4 is eventually transformed into the tris(macroalkoxide) ((...−C(O)CH(CH3)O)3Al) growing species almost completely. Molecular weight (M̄n), polydispersity index (M̄w/M̄n), and kinetic measurements of the A3-initiated LA polymerization reveal a living character of this process: initiation is fast and quantitative, each −OiPr group of A3 starts growth of one macromolecule, and the concentration of the resulting active centers remains constant. On the other hand, propagation exhibits fractional order (e.g., equal to 0.7 at 80 °C in THF solvent) in active centers. Therefore, kinetic data were analyzed by assuming that the actually propagating active species (Pn*) aggregate reversibly into the unreactive dimers.
Chemiluminescence Resulting from Electrochemically Generated Species (1964)

Chemiluminescence is reported from chemical species produced during electrolysis of aromatic hydrocarbons in deoxygenated nonaqueous solvents. Emission occurs in the solution near the cathode, and the emitting species is the excited singlet state of the hydrocarbon. Oxygen exerts a severe quenching effect on the chemiluminescence. Possible mechanisms are discussed.
Anesthetic efficacy of intrauterine lidocaine for endometrial biopsy: a randomized double-masked trial (2000)

Intrauterine lidocaine is simple and effective for decreasing pain associated with the Pipelle endometrial biopsy.
Health and Economic Impacts of Antimicrobial Resistance (1987)

For comparison of the impacts of infections due to antimicrobial-resistant bacteria with those of infections due to antimicrobial-susceptible strains of the same bacteria, data were evaluated from 175 published and unpublished reports of investigations of nosocomial and community-acquired infections with selected bacteria. The evaluation of outcomes of hospital-acquired infections with resistant organisms was often confounded by risk factors also associated with poor outcomes. Nevertheless, for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections, the mortality, the likelihood of hospitalization, and the length of hospital stay were usually at least twice as great for patients infected with drug-resistant strains as for those infected with drug-susceptible strains of the same bacteria. Poor outcomes could be attributed both to the expected effects of ineffective antimicrobial therapy and to the unexpected occurrence of drug-resistant infections complicated by prior antimicrobial therapy for other medical problems. Although the adverse economic and health effects of drug-resistant bacterial infections can only be roughly quantified, it is concluded that antimicrobial resistance is an important health problem and an economic burden to society.
Lossless audio coding based on high order context modeling (2002)

Lossless audio coding has become a significant research topic. Most of coding methods are based on linear prediction and Huffman coding or Rice coding is used for entropy coding. We present a new lossless audio coding where the high order context modeling is used for the entropy coding. The linear prediction is first applied to the original audio signal with prediction error feedback. The prediction errors are entropy coded using conditional probabilities so that the coding performance can be improved.
Between Peptides and Bile Acids: Self-Assembly of Phenylalanine Substituted Cholic Acids (2013)

Biocompatible molecules that undergo self-assembly are of high importance in biological and medical applications of nanoscience. Peptides and bile acids are among the most investigated due to their ability to self-organize into many different, often stimuli-sensitive, supramolecular structures. With the aim of preparing molecules mixing the aggregation properties of bile acid and amino acid-based molecules, we report on the synthesis and self-association behavior of two diastereomers obtained by substituting a hydroxyl group of cholic acid with a l-phenylalanine residue. The obtained molecules are amphoteric, and we demonstrate that they show a pH-dependent self-assembly. Both molecules aggregate in globular micelles at high pH, whereas they form tubular superstructures under acid conditions. Unusual narrow nanotubes with outer and inner cross-section diameters of about 6 and 3 nm are formed by the derivatives. The diasteroisomer with α orientation of the substituent forms in addition a wider tubule (17 nm cross-section diameter). The ability to pack in supramolecular tubules is explained in terms of a wedge-shaped bola-form structure of the derivatives. Parallel or antiparallel face-to-face dimers are hypothesized as fundamental building blocks for the formation of the narrow and wide nanotubes, respectively.
Calling Somatic SNVs and Indels with Mutect2 (2019)

Abstract Mutect2 is a somatic variant caller that uses local assembly and realignment to detect SNVs and indels. Assembly implies whole haplotypes and read pairs, rather than single bases, as the atomic units of biological variation and sequencing evidence, improving variant calling. Beyond local assembly and alignment, Mutect2 is based on several probabilistic models for genotyping and filtering that work well with and without a matched normal sample and for all sequencing depths.
Cell death during corneal storage at 4 degrees C. (1999)

Both apoptosis and necrosis occur in cells during corneal storage at 4 degrees C, with apoptosis appearing to predominate. The TUNEL assay identifies cells undergoing apoptosis, but not necrosis, in corneal tissue. Inhibition of apoptosis in corneas stored at 4 degrees C may prolong acceptable storage times.