gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semi-Empirical Modelling of Si02 Chemical-Mechanical Polishing: Planarization (1991)

This paper describes process characterization techniques and key structural dependencies of chemical-mechanical polishing (CMP) planarization. Also presented are a closed-solution model for simple analysis and a differential model for more complex analysis of CMP planarization and its pattern and polishing pad dependencies. The modelling and characterization give insights into and quantify the effects of down area dimensions, up area patterning, and feature step heights. Differentially modelled results predict corner-rounding and, in doing so, suggest a mechanism.
A 312-MHz CT &#x0394;&#x2211; modulator using a SC feedback DAC with reduced peak current (2007)

This paper presents a second order continuous-time delta-sigma ADC based on a new feedback DAC technique with the low clock jitter sensitivity of the SC (switched-capacitor) technique and the low peak currents of the SI (switched current) technique. The delta-sigma ADC has been implemented in a 90 nm (1.2 V) RF-CMOS process. It measures 66.4 dB maximum SNR over 1.92 MHz bandwidth with a 312 MHz clock while consuming 5mW. Simulations show a high level of clock pulse width suppression and the measured circuit performance is in good agreement with simulations.
Attenuation correction in MR-PET scanners with segmented T1-weighted MR images (2009)

Attenuation correction of PET data acquired in new hybrid MR-PET scanners which do not offer the possibility of a measured attenuation correction can be done in different ways. A previous report of our group described a method which used attenuation templates. The present study utilizes a new knowledge-based segmentation approach applied on T1-weighted MR images. It examines the position and the tissue membership of each voxel and segments the head volume into attenuation-differing regions: brain tissue, extracerebral soft tissue, skull, air-filled nasal and paranasal cavities as well as the mastoid process. To examine this new approach three groups of subjects having MRI and PET were chosen, the selection criterion being the different MR scanners, while the PET scanner was the ECAT HR+ in all cases: 1) four subjects with 1.5T MR images and CPFPX PET scans, 2) four subjects with 3T MR images and Altanserin PET scans, and 3) three brain tumor patients with 3T MR images from the hybrid MR-BrainPET scanner and FET PET scans. Furthermore, a single subject had 3T MR images, a FDG PET scan, and an additional CT scan. All segmented T1-weighted MR images were converted into attenuation maps for 511 KeV photons with coefficients of 0.096 1/cm for brain tissue, 0.146 1/cm for skull, 0.095 1/cm for soft tissue, 0.054 1/cm for the mastoid process, and 0.0 1/cm for nasal and paranasal cavities. The CT volume was also converted from the Hounsfield units into attenuation coefficients valid for 511 keV photons. The 12 segmented-based attenuation (SBA) maps as well as the CT-based attenuation (CBA) map were first filtered by a 3D Gaussian kernel of 10 mm filter width and then used to reconstruct the corresponding PET emission data. These were compared to the PET images attenuation corrected using the conventional PET-based transmission data (PBA). Relative differences (RD) were calculated from ROIs. For the single subject the RD of CBA data exhibit a mean of 1.66%?0.84% with a range from -0.88% to 3.42%, while the RD's mean of SBA data is 1.42%?2.61% (range from -4.12% to 4.66%). Comparing the results obtained with the SBA correction only, the RD for 1) range from -6.10% to 2.56% for cortical regions and from -6.99% to 5.64% for subcortical regions; for 2) they range from -7.33% to 2.33% for the cortical regions, subcortical ones being not drawn due to the not significant tracer uptake; for 3) the mean over the three subjects resulted in 0.89%?1.10% for ROIs at 48% threshold of the image's maximum and in 2.25%?1.50% for ROIs at 72% threshold. ROIs on the healthy contra-lateral grey matter show a mean of -3.24%?0.87%. In conclusion, the first attenuation correction results obtained with the new segmented-based method on a strongly heterogeneous collective are very promising. Further improvements of the method will be focused on the delineation of the skull.
P-glycoprotein and surfactants: Effect on intestinal talinolol absorption (2005)

This in vivo intraduodenal perfusion study showed that low concentrations of TPGS, close to the concentrations that showed P-gp inhibition in vitro, significantly increased the bioavailability of talinolol. The study design excluded modulation of solubility by TPGS and unspecific surfactant-related effects. The latter was supported by the absence of modulation of the talinolol pharmacokinetics by Poloxamer 188, which does not modulate P-gp. Therefore we consider intestinal P-gp inhibition by TPGS as the major underlying mechanism for the increase in talinolol bioavailability.
L'enseignement vétérinaire en Europe (2003)

Veterinary training in Europe is organised according to directives 78/ 1026 and 78/ 1027. Since more than10 years, several experiences have tried to adapt curriculum to the needs of both society and veterinary profession. In the last years, several faculties have modified their curriculum so that program include in the last year the tracking system according to the system recently adopted at the faculty of veterinary medicine of Utrecht.
Quantitative assessment of sustained-release 4-aminopyridine for symptomatic treatment of multiple sclerosis (1996)

Objective To evaluate the efficacy of 4-aminopyridine sustained release (4AP SR) (fampridine, EL-970) using quantitative measures of motor function in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients. Background In vitro, 4AP improves conduction through demyelinated axons. A previous multicenter trial of 4AP SR using the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) as the primary outcome was unable to establish clinical efficacy. Design/Methods Ten MS patients with stable motor deficits (EDSS 6.0–7.5) were given 4AP SR 17.5 mg bid and placebo for 1 week each in a double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Time to walk 8 meters, time to climb four stairs, maximum voluntary isometric contraction measured quantitatively (MVICT), manual muscle testing (MMT), grip strength, EDSS, and the patient9s global impression were measured. Results Timed gait was improved on 4AP SR compared with placebo in 9 of 10 subjects ( p = 0.02). Timed stair climbing, MVICT, MMT, grip strength, and EDSS showed nonsignificant improvements on 4AP SR. Based on their global impressions, seven subjects preferred 4AP SR over placebo; only one preferred placebo. There were no serious side effects. Conclusion 4AP SR improved motor function in MS patients. The quantitative outcomes used in this study permit more sensitive evaluation of the therapeutic effect and promise to be useful in future trials of symptomatic treatments for MS.
High Resolution Spatial and Temporal Mapping of Traffic-Related Air Pollutants (2015)

Vehicle traffic is one of the most significant emission sources of air pollutants in urban areas. While the influence of mobile source emissions is felt throughout an urban area, concentrations from mobile emissions can be highest near major roadways. At present, information regarding the spatial and temporal patterns and the share of pollution attributable to traffic-related air pollutants is limited, in part due to concentrations that fall sharply with distance from roadways, as well as the few monitoring sites available in cities. This study uses a newly developed dispersion model (RLINE) and a spatially and temporally resolved emissions inventory to predict hourly PM2.5 and NOx concentrations across Detroit (MI, USA) at very high spatial resolution. Results for annual averages and high pollution days show contrasting patterns, the need for spatially resolved analyses, and the limitations of surrogate metrics like proximity or distance to roads. Data requirements, computational and modeling issues are discussed. High resolution pollutant data enable the identification of pollutant "hotspots", "project-level" analyses of transportation options, development of exposure measures for epidemiology studies, delineation of vulnerable and susceptible populations, policy analyses examining risks and benefits of mitigation options, and the development of sustainability indicators integrating environmental, social, economic and health information.
The Upregulation of LAG-3 on T Cells Defines a Subpopulation with Functional Exhaustion and Correlates with Disease Progression in HIV-Infected Subjects (2015)

T cells develop functional defects during HIV-1 infection, partially due to the upregulation of inhibitory receptors such as programmed death-1 (PD-1) and CTLA-4. However, the role of lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3; CD223), also known as an inhibitory receptor, in HIV infection remains to be determined. In this study, we revealed that LAG-3 on T cells delivers an inhibitory signal to downregulate T cell functionality, thereby playing an immunoregulatory role during persistent HIV-1 infection. We observed that HIV-1 infection results in a significant increase in LAG-3 expression in both the peripheral blood and the lymph nodes. The upregulation of LAG-3 is dramatically manifested on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells and is correlated with disease progression. As expected, prolonged antiretroviral therapy reduces the expression of LAG-3 on both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. The ex vivo blockade of LAG-3 significantly augments HIV-specific CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cell responses, whereas the overexpression of LAG-3 in T cells or the stimulation of LAG-3 on T cells leads to the reduction of T cell responses. Furthermore, most LAG-3 and PD-1 are expressed in different T cell subsets. Taken together, these data demonstrate that the LAG-3/MHC class II pathway plays an immunoregulatory role, thereby providing an important target for enhancing immune reconstitution in HIV-infected patients. Additionally, the LAG-3/MHC class II pathway may synergize with PD-1/PD ligand to enhance T cell-mediated immune responses.
DNA topoisomerases: from a laboratory curiosity to a subject in cancer chemotherapy. (1987)

Recent studies indicate that the type II DNA topoisomerases of eubacteria and eukaryotes are structurally and evolutionarily related: the amino and carboxyl half of the single polypeptide eukaryotic enzyme are homologous to the B and A subunit of bacterial gyrase, respectively. The active site tyrosine of Escherichia coli DNA gyrase that becomes covalently linked to DNA during catalysis has been identified to be Tyr 122 of the A subunit. From a comparison of nucleotide sequences of the structural genes encoding several other type II topoisomerases, the active site tyrosine in these enzymes can be deduced. For the type I DNA topoisomerases, although the bacterial enzyme and the eukaryotic enzyme are very different in terms of their primary structures, substrate preferences, and mechanisms, it has been shown that the yeast DNA topoisomerase I can substitute for E. coli DNA topoisomerase I in vivo. The unique features of DNA topoisomerases as targets of antibiotics and anti-tumor drugs are discussed.
HER2 (neu) Signaling Increases the Rate of Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1α (HIF-1α) Synthesis: Novel Mechanism for HIF-1-Mediated Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Expression (2001)

Hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) is a transcriptional activator composed of HIF-1alpha and HIF-1beta subunits. Several dozen HIF-1 targets are known, including the gene encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). Under hypoxic conditions, HIF-1alpha expression increases as a result of decreased ubiquitination and degradation. The tumor suppressors VHL (von Hippel-Lindau protein) and p53 target HIF-1alpha for ubiquitination such that their inactivation in tumor cells increases the half-life of HIF-1alpha. Increased phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and AKT or decreased PTEN activity in prostate cancer cells also increases HIF-1alpha expression by an undefined mechanism. In breast cancer, increased activity of the HER2 (also known as neu) receptor tyrosine kinase is associated with increased tumor grade, chemotherapy resistance, and decreased patient survival. HER2 has also been implicated as an inducer of VEGF expression. Here we demonstrate that HER2 signaling induced by overexpression in mouse 3T3 cells or heregulin stimulation of human MCF-7 breast cancer cells results in increased HIF-1alpha protein and VEGF mRNA expression that is dependent upon activity of PI3K, AKT (also known as protein kinase B), and the downstream kinase FRAP (FKBP-rapamycin-associated protein). In contrast to other inducers of HIF-1 expression, heregulin stimulation does not affect the half-life of HIF-1alpha but instead stimulates HIF-1alpha synthesis in a rapamycin-dependent manner. The 5'-untranslated region of HIF-1alpha mRNA directs heregulin-inducible expression of a heterologous protein. These data provide a molecular basis for VEGF induction and tumor angiogenesis by heregulin-HER2 signaling and establish a novel mechanism for the regulation of HIF-1alpha expression.
Classification tools in chemistry. Part 1: linear models. PLS-DA (2013)

The common steps to calibrate and validate classification models based on partial least squares discriminant analysis are discussed in the present tutorial. All issues to be evaluated during model training and validation are introduced and explained using a chemical dataset, composed of toxic and non-toxic sediment samples. The analysis was carried out with MATLAB routines, which are available in the ESI of this tutorial, together with the dataset and a detailed list of all MATLAB instructions used for the analysis.
A new generation of tools for SGML (1999)

Exceptions are used in many standard DTDs, including HTML, because they add expressive power for DTD authors. However, there is a tradeoff: although they are useful, exceptions add significantly to the complexity of DTDs. Authoring DTDs is a difficult task, and existing tools are of limited use because of the lack of a suitable formal model for exceptions. This paper describes methods for constructing a static model that completely and precisely describes DTDs with exceptions. A software tool has been written to implement the methods and to demonstrate some practical applications. Examples are shown of how the tool is used for DTD authoring, and some useful extensions of the tool are described. For one example DTD, the output of the tool is converted into a regular expression grammar. Preliminary studies indicate that general case algorithms can be developed for this conversion. This would allow existing theory for the context free languages to be used in developing SGML applications. Statistical results are shown from running the software tool on a number of industry and government DTDs and for three successive versions of HTML. The results illustrate that the complexity of DTDs in practice is approaching, or has exceeded, manageable limits with existing tools. The formal model and its applications are needed for SGML and continued development of these methods may impact the evolution of HTML, XML, and related web publishing standards. Some specific projects are proposed, where continued development of the model can result in more powerful tools and new kinds of applications for SGML.
Dual-band wide-angle metamaterial perfect absorber based on the combination of localized surface plasmon resonance and Helmholtz resonance (2017)

In this article, a dual-band wide-angle metamaterial perfect absorber is proposed to achieve absorption at the wavelength where laser radar operates. It is composed of gold ring array and a Helmholtz resonance cavity spaced by a Si dielectric layer. Numerical simulation results reveal that the designed absorber displays two absorption peaks at the target wavelength of 10.6 μm and 1.064 μm with the large frequency ratio and near-unity absorptivity under the normal incidence. The wide-angle absorbing property and the polarization-insensitive feature are also demonstrated. Localized surface plasmons resonance and Helmholtz resonance are introduced to analyze and interpret the absorbing mechanism. The designed perfect absorber can be developed for potential applications in infrared stealth field.
Concomitant lung metastasis in patients with advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (2012)

To investigate the clinical features and prognostic factors of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients presenting with lung metastasis at initial diagnosis.
Strong typing and physical units (1986)

This paper proposes a syntactic extension of high level languages like PASCAL or ADA to allow the usage of physical quantities, i.e. numbers with units, instead of just numbers. It offers enhanced type checking for expressions and assignments during compilation time. Additionally, it allows problem oriented simple scaling of variables and local scale selection. Furthermore, it reduces the number of coding errors due to wrongly chosen scales. After a discussion of mutual relations between strong typing in programming languages and physical units, examples are shown to demonstrate the usefulness of the proposed extension. Finally a graph representation of the new syntactic elements is given.
The Effect of Adding Roughness and Thickness to a Transonic Axial Compressor Rotor (1994)

The performance deterioration of a high speed axial compressor rotor due to surface roughness and airfoil thickness variations is reported. A 0.025 mm (0.001 in.) thick rough coating with a surface finish of 2.54–3.18 RMS μm (100–125 RMS microinches) is applied to the pressure and suction surface of the rotor blades. Coating both surfaces increases the leading edge thickness by 10% at the hub and 20% at the tip. Application of this coating results in a loss in efficiency of 6 points and a 9% reduction in the pressure ratio across the rotor at an operating condition near the design point. To separate the effects of thickness and roughness, a smooth coating of equal thickness is also applied to the blade. The smooth coating surface finish is 0.254–0.508 RMS μm (10–20 RMS microinches), compared to the bare metal blade surface finish of 0.508 RMS μm (20 RMS microinches). The smooth coating results in approximately half of the performance deterioration found from the rough coating. Both coatings are then applied to different portions of the blade surface to determine which portions of the airfoil are most sensitive to thickness/roughness variations. Aerodynamic performance measurements are presented for a number of coating configurations at 60%, 80%, and 100% of design speed. The results indicate that thickness/roughness over the first 10% of blade chord accounts for virtually all of the observed performance degradation for the smooth coating, compared to about 70% of the observed performance degradation for the rough coating. The performance deterioration is investigated in more detail at design speed using laser anemometer measurements as well as predictions generated by a quasi-3D Navier-Stokes flow solver which includes a surface roughness model. Measurements and analysis are performed on the baseline blade and the full-coverage smooth and rough coatings. The results indicate that coating the blade causes a thickening of the blade boundary layers. The interaction between the rotor passage shock and the thickened suction surface boundary layer then results in an increase in blockage which reduces the diffusion level in the rear half of the blade passage, thus reducing the aerodynamic performance of the rotor.
Chemical effects of ultrasound on aqueous solutions. Evidence for hydroxyl and hydrogen free radicals (.cntdot.OH and .cntdot.H) by spin trapping (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemical effects of ultrasound on aqueous solutions. Evidence for hydroxyl and hydrogen free radicals (.cntdot.OH and .cntdot.H) by spin trappingKeisuke Makino, Magdi M. Mossoba, and Peter RieszCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 12, 3537–3539Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00376a064https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00376a064research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1291Altmetric-Citations334LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The effect of molybdenum oxide interlayer on organic photovoltaic cells (2009)

Both small molecule and polymer photovoltaic cells were fabricated with molybdenum oxide interlayer at the indium tin oxide electrode. Enhancement in power efficiencies was observed in both small molecule and polymer cells. Specifically, the power conversion efficiencies of small molecule cells with the molybdenum oxide interlayer were enhanced by a maximum of 38% due to a significant enhancement in the fill factor. The improved fill factor is attributed to the reduction in series resistance. Our ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy data indicate that the formation of band bending and the built-in field at the interface due to the interlayer leads to enhancement in hole extraction from the photoactive layer toward the anode.
A Tricyclic Template Derived from (2<i>S</i>,4<i>R</i>)‐4‐Hydroxyproline for the Synthesis of Protein Loop Mimetics (1996)

Abstract A tricyclic diketopiperazine, formally derived by coupling (2 S ,4 S )‐4‐aminoproline (Pro(NH 2 )) and (2 S ,4 R )‐4‐(carboxymethyl)proline (Pro(CH 2 COOH)), is synthesized starting from readily available (2 S ,4 R )‐4‐hydroxyproline. The resulting tricyclic template has carboxy and amino groups to which a peptide chain may be attached. The Fmoc‐protected template 5 is incorporated into the cyclic molecule cyclo(‐Ala 1 ‐Asn 2 ‐Pro 3 ‐Asn 4 ‐Ala 5 ‐ ) ( 6 ) where Pro(NH 2 ) 7 = Pro(CH 2 COOH) 8 represents the template, using solid‐phase peptide synthesis with cyclization in solution. The molecule is shown by NMR and dynamic simulated annealing methods to adopt a preferred conformation in aqueous solution, which includes an extended backbone at the residues Asn 2 ‐Pro 3 ‐Asn 4 , and a type‐Iβ‐turn at . These studies show that this novel template may be used in the synthesis of cyclic peptide and protein mimetics having defined secondary structure in aqueous environments.