gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Silver Nanorods by Low Energy Excitation of Spherical Plasmonic Seeds (2011)

Plasmon excitation of Ag seed particles with 600-750 nm light in the presence of Ag(+) and trisodium citrate was used to synthesize penta-twinned nanorods. Importantly, the excitation wavelength can be used to control the reaction rate and, consequently, the aspect ratio of the nanorods. When the excitation wavelength is red-shifted from the surface plasmon resonance of the spherical seed particles, the rate of Ag(+) reduction becomes slower and more kinetically controlled. Such conditions favor the deposition of silver onto the tips of the growing nanorods as compared to their sides, resulting in the generation of higher aspect ratio rods. However, control experiments reveal that there is only a range of low energy excitation wavelengths (between 600 and 750 nm) that yields monodisperse nanorods. This study further highlights the utility of using wavelength to control the size and shape of growing nanoparticles using plasmon-mediated methods.
Efficient syntheses of 25,26-dihydrodictyostatin and 25,26-dihydro-6-<i>epi</i>-dictyostatin, two potent new microtubule-stabilizing agents (2011)

The dictyostatins are powerful microtubule-stabilizing agents that have shown antiproliferative activity against a variety of human cancer cell lines. Two highly active analogs of dictyostatin, 25,26-dihydrodictyostatin and 25,26-dihydro-6-epi-dictyostatin, were prepared by a new streamlined total synthesis route. Three complete carbon fragments were prepared to achieve maximum convergency. These were coupled by a Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction sequence and an esterification. A late stage Nozaki-Hiyama-Kishi reaction was then used to form the 22-membered macrolide. The stereoselectivity of this reaction depended on the configurations of the nearby stereocenter at C6.
Extracellular acid protease of Aspergillus oryzae grown on liquid media: multiple forms due to association with heterogeneous polysaccharides (1977)

The acid protease (EC 2.4.23.6) that is produced extracellularly when Aspergillus oryzae is grown on liquid media has been isolated and characterized. The enzyme was purified by precipitation with tannic acid, chromatography on Duolite A-2, and gel filtration on Sephadex G-100. The last step yielded four active components, with varying molecular weights ranging from 42,000 to 60,000. Two of them, designated E1 and E1a, with molecular weights of 60,000 and 55,000, respectively, were heterogeneous on isoelectric focusing, both giving at least three enzyme species with different isoelectric points, whereas the other two, E1b and E2, with molecular weights of 49,000 and 42,000, respectively, were essentially homogeneous. These four enzymes activated bovine pancreatic trypsinogen and had the same pH optima in the acid pH range. They had essentially the same amino acid composition and immunologically cross-reacted with each other. These catalytic, chemical, and immunological properties are similar to those of acid protease A1 and A2 from A. oryzae grown on solid bran media. Unlike acid protease from solid bran culture, which contains both carbohydrate-containing and the carbohydrate-free species, all of the four enzymes, E1, E1a, E1b, and E2, contained carbohydrate, ranging from 18.9 to 43% and comprising three hexoses, glucose, galactose, and mannose. The carbohydrate portions were polysaccharide in nature and heterogeneous with respect to both molecular weight and sugar composition, and at least a part of the carbohydrate was present in the form of homopolysaccharides such as galactan and mannan. These findings indicate that polysaccharide chains with different molecular weights and with different chemical compositions are apparently responsible for the microheterogeneity of acid protease.
Polymer Formation on Sliding Metals in Air Saturated with Organic Vapors (1962)

An exploratory study is made of the lubricating properties of polymer formed in the wear track by mechanical activation during continuous slide between palladium and palladium, chromium and chromium, and steel and steel, in air saturated with the vapor of various volatile organic compounds. Contrary to expectations from pioneer studies, polymer which forms on palladium in air saturated with limonene and disobutylene does not appear to reduce wear appreciably, and no polymer forms in air saturated with benzene. When a rubbed monolayer of stearic acid is present on the palladium surface, copious polymer formation takes place and wear and friction are reduced. No polymer forms on chromium or steel in any environment. Operation in o-chlorbenzotrifluoride results in wear reduction with all three metals, that with palladium and iron being very great, but no observable polymer is formed in any case. It is concluded that the nature of the adsorbed film which precedes the formation of polymer is the main determining factor in wear and friction reduction. The results are explained by assuming that free radicals, produced by shearing an adsorbed film in the presence of a catalyst, initiate polymer formation.
Simultaneous measurement of emission color and 3D position of single molecules (2016)

We show that the position of single molecules in all three spatial dimensions can be estimated alongside its emission color by diffractive optics based design of the Point Spread Function (PSF). The phase in a plane conjugate to the aperture stop of the objective lens is modified by a diffractive structure that splits the spot on the camera into closely spaced diffraction orders. The distance between and the size of these sub-spots are a measure of the emission color. Estimation of the axial position is enabled by imprinting aberrations such as astigmatism and defocus onto the orders. The overall spot shape is fitted with a fully vectorial PSF model. Proof-of-principle experiments on quantum dots indicate that a spectral precision of 10 to 20 nm, an axial localization precision of 25 to 50 nm, and a lateral localization precision of 10 to 30 nm can be achieved over a 1 μm range of axial positions for on average 800 signal photons and 17 background photons/pixel. The method appears to be rather sensitive to PSF model errors such as aberrations, giving in particular rise to biases in the fitted wavelength of up to 15 nm.
The role of <i>galE</i> in the biosynthesis and function of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide (1993)

Lipopolysaccharide is an essential component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria and an important virulence factor of many pathogens, such as Neisseria gonorrhoeae. We have cloned the gonococcal galE gene which was found to be located in the gonococcal homologue of the meningococcal capsule gene complex region D. Sequence alignment indicated extensive homology with the Escherichia coli and Salmonella GalE proteins. Mutants with insertions in the galE gene were used as a tool to characterize the structure and function of gonococcal lipopolysaccharide. They displayed deep rough phenotypes, and chemical analysis confirmed the loss of galactose from the mutant lipopolysaccharide. Functional analysis indicated that the terminal oligosaccharides contain galactose and that these are lost in galE mutants. The importance of these oligosaccharides in gonococcal biology is clear from the fact that they contain the epitopes that are the targets for killing by normal human serum, and the acceptor site for sialic acid, which acts to protect the gonococcus from this killing. Furthermore, infection experiments in vitro indicate that the galE mutants exhibit unaltered intergonococcal adhesion as well as adhesion to, and invasion of, epithelial cells.
The Diffusion of Ions in Supporting Electrolytes<sup>1</sup> (1945)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Diffusion of Ions in Supporting Electrolytes1R. B. DeanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1945, 67, 1, 31–35Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1945Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1945https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01217a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01217a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views288Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Photolysis of Flutolanil Fungicide and the Effect of Some Photosensitizers (1991)

Photolysis of the fungicide flutolanil, 3′-isopropoxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzanilide, was investigated both in an aqueous solution and on solid surfaces (silica gel and glass) by irradiating with UV light under laboratory conditions. In an ethanolic aqueous solution, irradiation resulted in the formation of a major product [2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide] and some other products [2-(trifluoromethyl)benzoic acid, N-ethoxycarbonyl-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide, etc.]. The latter is considered to have been formed by the reaction with an organic solvent. On the solid surfaces, the main photoproduct was 2′-amino-4′-isopropoxyphenyl 2-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl ketone, a product from the photo-Fries rearrangement reaction. Another photoproduct, 3′-hydroxy-2-(trifluoromethyl)benzani-lide was obtained only on the glass surface, this desisopropylated compound not being detected under any other conditions. The photolysis of this fungicide, was accelerated more by carbonyl compounds such as benzophenone, acetophenone, flavone and xanthone than by dye photosensitizers like rose bengal, chlorophyllin and riboflavin.
Fast Similarity Sketching (2017)

We consider the Similarity Sketching problem: Given a universe [u] = {0,..., u-1} we want a random function S mapping subsets A of [u] into vectors S(A) of size t, such that similarity is preserved. More precisely: Given subsets A,B of [u], define X_i = [S(A)[i] = S(B)[i]] and X = sum_{i in [t]} X_i. We want to have E[X] = t*J(A,B), where J(A,B) = |A intersect B|/|A union B| and furthermore to have strong concentration guarantees (i.e. Chernoff-style bounds) for X. This is a fundamental problem which has found numerous applications in data mining, large-scale classification, computer vision, similarity search, etc. via the classic MinHash algorithm. The vectors S(A) are also called sketches. The seminal t x MinHash algorithm uses t random hash functions h_1,..., h_t, and stores (min_{a in A} h_1(A),..., min_{a in A} h_t(A)) as the sketch of A. The main drawback of MinHash is, however, its O(t*|A|) running time, and finding a sketch with similar properties and faster running time has been the subject of several papers. Addressing this, Li et al. [NIPS12] introduced one permutation hashing (OPH), which creates a sketch of size t in O(t + |A|) time, but with the drawback that possibly some of the t entries are empty when |A| = O(t). One could argue that sketching is not necessary in this case, however the desire in most applications is to have one sketching procedure that works for sets of all sizes. Therefore, filling out these empty entries is the subject of several follow-up papers initiated by Shrivastava and Li [ICML14]. However, these densification schemes fail to provide good concentration bounds exactly in the case |A| = O(t), where they are needed. In this paper we present a new sketch which obtains essentially the best of both worlds. That is, a fast O(t log t + |A|) expected running time while getting the same strong concentration bounds as MinHash. Our new sketch can be seen as a mix between sampling with replacement and sampling without replacement. We demonstrate the power of our new sketch by considering popular applications in large-scale classification with linear SVM as introduced by Li et al. [NIPS11] as well as approximate similarity search using the LSH framework of Indyk and Motwani [STOC98]. In particular, for the j_1, j_2-approximate similarity search problem on a collection of n sets we obtain a data-structure with space usage O(n^{1+rho} + sum_{A in C} |A|) and O(n^rho * log n + |Q|) expected time for querying a set Q compared to a O(n^rho * log n * |Q|) expected query time of the classic result of Indyk and Motwani.
Confectionery consumption in childhood and adult violence (2009)

Diet has been associated with behavioural problems, including aggression, but the long-term effects of childhood diet on adult violence have not been studied. We tested the hypothesis that excessive consumption of confectionery at age 10 years predicts convictions for violence in adulthood (age 34 years). Data from age 5, 10 and 34 years were used. Children who ate confectionery daily at age 10 years were significantly more likely to have been convicted for violence at age 34 years, a relationship that was robust when controlling for ecological and individual factors.
Bromination of Trifluoromethylbenzenes (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBromination of TrifluoromethylbenzenesE. T. McBee, R. A. Sanford, and P. J. GrahamCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1950, 72, 4, 1651–1653Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01160a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01160a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views451Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Interference in mobile cellular CDMA forward traffic channels (2002)

Mobile cellular CDMA networks for tactical applications require mobile base stations in order to provide communications on the move. Because of the mobility of the base stations, power balancing among the transmitters at different base stations is more difficult than in commercial cellular CDMA systems. Handoff of mobiles among base stations is also more difficult, primarily due to the mobility and the resulting lack of a high-speed wire-line network to interconnect the base stations. One important consequence is a higher likelihood of strong interference in the mobile receivers due to transmissions from neighboring base stations. In this paper the sensitivity to interference from neighboring base stations is investigated for the forward channels of a mobile cellular CDMA network.
Effects of coronary occlusion on cardiac and body surface PQRST isoarea maps of dogs with abnormal activation simulating left bundle branch block. (1988)

The possibility of detecting myocardial infarction in the presence of left bundle branch block by analysis of cardiac and body surface PQRST isoarea maps was studied in nine open-chest and six closed-chest dogs. Recordings were taken during supraventricular drive or right atrial plus right ventricular pacing in control periods and at intervals for up to 10 hr after left anterior descending coronary artery occlusion. Right ventricular pacing was used to simulate left bundle branch block. Myocardial infarction was documented with triphenyl tetrazolium staining. The PQRST areas during supraventricular drive and right atrial plus right ventricular pacing were highly correlated to each other both before and after coronary occlusion. The PQRST isoarea maps after coronary occlusion showed a strong pole overlying the ischemic area on the cardiac surface in open-chest animals and over the left anterior thorax in closed-chest animals. The PQRST pole was positive during the first 1 to 2 hr of occlusion and became negative after several hours. The findings demonstrate that localized abnormalities due to ischemia and infarction are manifest in body and cardiac surface PQRST isoarea maps of both supraventricular complexes and right ventricular paced complexes. The findings suggest that PQRST isoarea maps may aid in identification and localization of ischemic or infarcted myocardium in the setting of abnormal activation such as left bundle branch block.
The portable common runtime approach to interoperability (1989)

Operating system abstractions do not always reach high enough for direct use by a language or applications designer. The gap is filled by language-specific runtime environments, which become more complex for richer languages (CommonLisp needs more than C+ +, which needs more than C). But language-specific environments inhibit integrated multi-lingual programming, and also make porting hard (for instance, because of operating system dependencies). To help solve these problems, we have built the Portable Common Runtime (PCR), a language-independent and operating-system-independent base for modern languages. PCR offers four interrelated facilities: storage management (including universal garbage collection), symbol binding (including static and dynamic linking and loading), threads (lightweight processes), and low-level I/O (including network sockets). PCR is “common” because these facilities simultaneously support programs in several languages. PCR supports C. Cedar, Scheme, and CommonLisp intercalling and runs pre-existing C and CommonLisp (Kyoto) binaries. PCR is “portable” because it uses only a small set of operating system features. The PCR source code is available for use by other researchers and developers.
Comparing and combining test-suite reduction and regression test selection (2015)

Regression testing is widely used to check that changes made to software do not break existing functionality, but regression test suites grow, and running them fully can become costly. Researchers have proposed test-suite reduction and regression test selection as two approaches to reduce this cost by not running some of the tests from the test suite. However, previous research has not empirically evaluated how the two approaches compare to each other, and how well a combination of these approaches performs. We present the first extensive study that compares test-suite reduction and regression test selection approaches individually, and also evaluates a combination of the two approaches. We also propose a new criterion to measure the quality of tests with respect to software changes. Our experiments on 4,793 commits from 17 open-source projects show that regression test selection runs on average fewer tests (by 40.15pp) than test-suite reduction. However, test-suite reduction can have a high loss in fault-detection capability with respect to the changes, whereas a (safe) regression test selection has no loss. The experiments also show that a combination of the two approaches runs even fewer tests (on average 5.34pp) than regression test selection, but these tests still have a loss in fault-detection capability with respect to the changes.
A Low Voltage and Low Power Bottom-Series Coupled Quadrature VCO (2009)

This letter presents a new low power quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO), which consists of two complementary cross-coupled voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) with split-source tail inductors. The bottom-series coupling transistors are in parallel with the tail inductors and require no DC voltage headroom. The proposed CMOS QVCO has been implemented with the TSMC 0.18 mum CMOS technology and the die area is 0.512 times 1.065 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . At the supply voltage of 1.1 V, the total power consumption is 2.545 mW. The free-running frequency of the QVCO is tunable from 4.38 to 4.71 GHz as the tuning voltage is varied from 0.0 V to 0.6 V. The measured phase noise at 1 MHz frequency offset is -120.8 dBc/Hz at the oscillation frequency of 4.4 GHz and the figure of merit (FOM) of the proposed QVCO is -189.61 dBc/Hz.
Selection of lactic acid bacteria as probiotic strains by in vitro tests (2002)

Lactobacillus strains isolated from the colonic mucosa of healthy individuals (355) and Lactic Acid Bacteria isolated from fermentation of ecologically cultured rye (180) were screened from binding of porcine mucin, expression of cell surface hydrophobicity and binding of collagen, fibronectin, fibrinogen, vitronectin and heparin. Seven strains (L. plantarum, L. paracasei ssp. paracasei, Leuconostoc mesenteroides and pediococcus pentosaceus) were then selected for further studies. These strains all tolerated exposure to 20 % bile for 1 hr and pH 2,5 for 2 hrs, i.e. they have properties enabling them to survive transport through the gastrointestinal (GI) tact to the colon. All strains could utilise inulin or amylopectin as a sole carbon source during in vitro culture. Three strains produced beta-galactosidase, which has been proposed to alleviate symptoms of lactose intolerance. They produced antimicrobial substance(s) with activity against the homologous strain and other gram-positive bacteria. Exposure of Lactoacillus strains to pH 5 for 1 hr induced de novo production of several proteins, five of which cross-reacted with strass proteins. This may protect other surface proteins and adhesins during transport through the GI-tract. Four LAB strains studied transcribed NF-kB to the nucleus of microphage U 937. This induced induction of pro-inflammatory cytokine (IL-8) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) by L. paracasei ssp.paracasei F19, L. plantarum 2592 and Pediococcus pentosaceus 16:1(10 up to 7 cell, 24 hrs) produced antioxidants, equivalent to 100 ug vitamin C. Since the availability of antioxidants decreases rostrally in the GI-tract production of antioxidants by colonic bacteria provides a beneficial effect in scavenging free radicals. The selected seven strains have been shown to survive transport to the colonic mucosa, and to have properties which makes them attractive candidates for use as probiotics.