gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Overview of DWDM Technology & Network (2012)

This article covers functions and applications of DWDM system components. The operation of each component is discussed individually. DWDM terminology like Attenuation, dispersion, and optical signal to noise ratio (OSNR) are measures of optical signal quality and are the key factors involved in DWDM system design and operation. From transmitter to receiver, the quality of the optical signal and the path across which it travels determines if it is successfully detected and recovered at the receiving end. A description of each type of signal measure and its relationship to a DWDM system is given. Index Terms— Dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM),Optical transmitters/receivers, DWDM mux/demux filters.Optical add/drop multiplexers (OADMs), Optical amplifiers, Transponders (wavelength converters), Attenuation, dispersion, and optical signal to noise ratio. —————————— a —————————— 1 I ense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) is an extension of optical networking. DWDM devices com- bine the output from several optical transmitters for transmission across a single optical fiber. At the receiving end, another DWDM device separates the combined optical signals and passes each channel to an optical receiver. Only one opti- cal fiber is used between DWDM devices (per transmission direction). Instead of requiring one optical fiber per transmitter and re- ceiver pair, DWDM allows several optical channels to occupy a single fiber optic cable.A key advantage to DWDM is that it's protocol and bit-rate independent. DWDM-based networks can transmit data in IP,ATM,SONET, SDH and Ethernet .Therefore, DWDM-based networks can carry different types of traffic at different speeds over an optical channel.Voice transmission, e-mail, video and multimedia data are just some examples of services which can be simultaneously transmitted in DWDM systems.DWDM systems have channels at wave- lengths spaced with 0.4 nm spacing.DWDM is a type of fre- quency division multiplexing (FDM). A fundamental property of light states that individual light waves of different wave- lengths may co-exist independently within a medium. Lasers are capable of creating pulses of light with a very precise wa- velength. Each individual wavelength of light can represent a different channel of information. By combining light pulses of different wavelengths, many channels can be transmitted across a single fiber simultaneously. Fiber optic systems use light signals within the infrared band (1mm to 400 nm wave- length) of the electromagnetic spectrum. Frequencies of light in the optical range of the electromagnetic spectrum are usual- ly identified by their wavelength, although frequency (dis- tance between lambdas) provides a more specific identifica- tion.
A Si−O−C Composite Anode: High Capability and Proposed Mechanism of Lithium Storage Associated with Microstructural Characteristics (2010)

A blend of phenyl-substituted, branched polysilane, (Ph(2)Si)(0.85)(PhSi)(0.15), and polystyrene (1:1 in weight) has been transformed into a composite material consisting of graphene layers, Si-O-C glasses, and micropores through a pyrolytic polymer-to-ceramic conversion. Several analytical techniques have been employed to characterize the Si-O-C composite material, demonstrating the presence of the three components in its host framework. The Si-O-C composite material performs well in electrochemical operations with a characteristic voltage plateau, offering a capacity of more than 600 mA h g(-1). When polystyrene is not blended, the resulting comparative material is even less porous and shows a shorter voltage plateau in electrochemical operations. A broad resonance in the (7)Li NMR spectrum recorded at low temperature can be deconvoluted into three components in the fully lithiated state of the Si-O-C composite material derived from the polymer blend. This result indicates that the Si-O-C composite material electrochemically stores lithium species in interstitial spaces or edges of the graphene layers, directly or indirectly the Si-O-C glass phase, and the micropores. However, both the Si-O-C glass phase and micropores are minor as electrochemically active sites for lithium storage, and interstitial spaces or edges of the graphene layers act as major electrochemically active sites in this composite material. Despite the excellent cyclability of the Si-O-C composite material, the voltage plateau disappeared over cycling. This phenomenon suggests that the microstructure is delicate for repetitive lithium insertion and extraction and that newly formed sites must generate the nearly equal capacity.
Temperature dependent optical properties of PbS nanocrystals (2012)

A comprehensive study of the optical properties of PbS nanocrystals (NCs) is reported that includes the temperature dependent absorption, photoluminescence (PL) and PL lifetime in the range of 3-300 K. The absorption and PL are found to display different temperature dependent behaviour though both redshift as temperature is reduced. This results in a temperature dependent Stokes shift which increases from ∼75 meV at 300 K with reducing temperature until saturating at ∼130 meV below ∼150 K prior to a small reduction to 125 meV upon cooling from 25 to 3 K. The PL lifetime is found to be single exponential at 3 K with a lifetime of τ(1) = 6.5 μs. Above 3 K biexponential behaviour is observed with the lifetime for each process displaying a different temperature dependence. The Stokes shift is modelled using a three-level rate equation model incorporating temperature dependent parameter values obtained via fitting phenomenological relationships to the observed absorption and PL behaviour. This results in a predicted energy difference between the two emitting states of ∼6 meV which is close to the excitonic exchange energy splitting predicted theoretically for these systems.
Concept-based feature generation and selection for information retrieval (2008)

Traditional information retrieval systems use query words to identify relevant documents. In difficult retrieval tasks, however, one needs access to a wealth of background knowledge. We present a method that uses Wikipedia-based feature generation to improve retrieval performance. Intuitively, we expect that using extensive world knowledge is likely to improve recall but may adversely affect precision. High quality feature selection is necessary to maintain high precision, but here we do not have the labeled training data for evaluating features, that we have in supervised learning. We present a new feature selection method that is inspired by pseudorelevance feedback. We use the top-ranked and bottomranked documents retrieved by the bag-of-words method as representative sets of relevant and non-relevant documents. The generated features are then evaluated and filtered on the basis of these sets. Experiments on TREC data confirm the superior performance of our method compared to the previous state of the art.
A Stochastic Control Model for Deployment of Dynamic Grid Services (2005)

We introduce a formal model for deployment and hosting of a dynamic grid service wherein the service provider must pay a resource provider for the use of computational resources. Our model produces policies that balance the number of required resources with the desire to keep the cost of hosting the service to a minimum. The two components of cost that we consider are the deployment cost and the cost to keep the service active, which we view as a lease. We cast the problem in a dynamic programming framework and we are able to show that the model makes good leasing decisions in the face of such uncertainties as random demand for the service and random execution times of service requests. The results show that the policies obtained from the model reduce the cost of hosting a service and significantly reduce the variance of that cost.
Bandwidth Compressive 16-State SQAM Modems Through Saturated Amplifiers (1987)

The performance of new bandwidth compressive 16 SQAM (Superposed-QAM) modems, operating in a highly power-efficient saturation mode, is analyzed. Nonlinearly amplified 16 SQAM retains the out-of-band energy much lower than 4-level rectangular (i.e., 16 QAM) or sinusoidal shaped (i.e., MAMSK) QAM, and operates within 0.7 dB of theoretical (i.e., 16 QAM in Nyquist linear channel) performance at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">P(e) = 10^{-6}</tex> using simple 4th-order Butterworth LPF's. Effects of baseband pulse shaping, receive filter BT <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</inf> , power level variations and propagation time difference (or static phase shift) of transmit HPA's are analyzed in terms of BER.
Deterioration in Renal Function after Beta-blockade in Patients with Chronic Renal Failure and Hypertension (1974)

Treatment of hypertension with beta-blocking agents in three patients with moderately severe chronic renal failure was followed by rapid deterioration of renal function. In two of the patients the need for maintenance haemodialysis was accelerated but renal function in the third reverted to pretreatment levels after the drug was stopped. These findings suggest that until more is known about the effects of beta-blocking drugs they should not be given to patients with moderately severe renal failure.
Influence of 2,4-D and MCPA Formulations and Oil on Diclofop Phytotoxicity (1989)

Field experiments were conducted during 1984 and 1985 to determine the influence of 2,4-D and MCPA amine and ester formulations on control of foxtail millet with diclofop. Foxtail millet control increased as the diclofop rate increased from 0.6 to 1.7 kg ai/ha whether diclofop was applied alone or with 2,4-D or MCPA amine and ester formulations; however, foxtail millet control was lower when diclofop was applied with 2,4-D or MCPA amine and ester formulations compared to diclofop applied alone. MCPA ester, MCPA amine, 2,4-D ester, or 2,4-D amine at 0.14 kg ai/ha added to a diclofop spray mixture reduced foxtail millet control 8, 15, 20, and 30% compared to diclofop applied alone, averaged over diclofop rates of 0.6, 0.8, 1.1, 1.4, and 1.7 kg/ha. Adding a petroleum oil to diclofop increased foxtail millet control with diclofop at 0.6 kg/ha but not at 0.8 kg/ha. The petroleum oil additive did not overcome the antagonism of foxtail millet control when diclofop at 0.6 kg/ha was applied with 2,4-D or MCPA amine and ester formulations. The amount of 14 C-diclofop absorbed by oats was greater when diclofop was applied with the ester formulations of 2,4-D or MCPA compared to the amine formulations. Either once-refined sunflower oil or sunflower oil methyl ester applied with 14 C-diclofop increased the amount of 14 C absorbed and translocated in oat plants compared to 14 C-diclofop applied alone.
Abnormalities in the glycosphingolipid content of human Pk and p erythrocytes. (1976)

Erythrocytes of the rare Pk phenotype lack the blood group P antigen, and p erythrocytes lack both P and Pk antigens. On the basis of immunological data we suggested previously that the P and Pk antigens are the glycosphingolipids globoside and trihexosyl ceramide, respectively, and we have now confirmed these designations by chemical analysis of erythrocytes lacking these antigens. The Pk erythrocytes contain only traces of globoside and have a marked excess of trihexosyl ceramide in comparison with normal erythrocytes. The p erythrocytes lack globoside and trihexosyl ceramide and contain an excess of lactosyl ceramide and other complex glycolipids. Our analyses of normal erythrocytes also revealed complex gangliosides with the approximate chromatographic mobilities of GD1b and GT1, and several gangliosides containing N-acetylglucosamine.
Performance of an FFT-based voice coding system in quiet and noisy environments (1983)

This paper describes a 2400 bit/s vocoder based on spectral envelope estimation, spectral coding to 48 bits, pitch extraction, and decreasing-chirp excitation for voiced synthesis. Several spectral smoothing and coding schemes are described and intelligibility test results compared. This vocoder was implemented on the CSP-30 high speed digital processor at the RADC/EEV Speech Processing Research and Development Facility at Hanscom AFB, MA. This system yields high performance in a quiet environment and is robust in acoustic noise environments at a data rate of 2400 bits/s.
From Birmingham to Billingham: High-Pressure Coal Hydrogenation in Great Britain (1985)

Friedrich Bergius's successful conversion of coal to petroleum sent waves of enthusiasm through the industrial world of the 1920s. In his small factory at Rheinau on the Rhine near Mannheim, Germany, Bergius (1884-1949) had changed soft coal into petroleum by reacting the coal with hydrogen gas at high pressure and temperature. The announcement of his success captured the attention of scientists and engineers in Britain, Italy, Switzerland, Hungary, South Africa, Australia, and Japan, countries rich in coal but lacking petroleum.1 Even
Wearable Inertial Measurement Units for Assessing Gait in Real-World Environments (2020)

Elderly test subjects walked differently in controlled lab settings compared to their real-world environments, which indicates the need to better understand natural walking patterns under ecologically valid conditions before clinically relevant conclusions can be drawn on a subject's functional status. Moreover, the greater inter-group differences in real-world environments seem promising regarding the sensitive identification of subjects with indications of a walking disorder.
CORRELATION OF 2 ANTI-PARALLEL SPIN ELECTRONS IN THE SAME ORBITAL STATE (1995)

High-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and quadrupole mass spectrometer have been employed to study the effect of atomic hydrogen on the acetylene saturated preadsorbed Si(100)(2X1) surface at room temperature. It is evident that the atomic hydrogen has a strong effect on the adsorbed C2H2 and the change of the underlying surface structure of Si. The experimental results show that CH and CH2 radicals coexist on the Si surface after the dosing of atomic hydrogen; meanwhile, the surface structure changes from Si(2X1) to a dominant of(1x1). These results indicate that the atomic hydrogen can open C=C double bends and change them into C-C single bonds, transfer the adsorbed C2H2 to C2Hx(x = 3,4) and break the underlying Si-Si dimer, but it cannot break the C-C bond intensively. Some C-4 species have been formed during the dosing with atomic hydrogen. It may be the result of atomic hydrogen abstraction from C2Hx which leads to carbon catenation between two adjacent CC dimers. The formed C-4 is stable on Si(100) surfaces up to 1100 K and can be expected to host diamond nucleation. (C) 1995 American Institute of Physics.
Structure and reactivity of polymer-supported carbonylation catalysts (2002)

The structure and reactivity of anionic complexes [M(CO)2I2]−, supported on ion exchange resins based on quaternised poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene-co-divinylbenzene) have been investigated using a variety of techniques. Infrared spectroscopy and EXAFS measurements show that the supported complexes adopt square planar structures very similar to those found in solution. The geometrical data obtained by EXFAS are also compared with new X-ray structures of the model compounds, [4-RC5H4NMe][Rh(CO)2I2] (R = H (1) or Et (2)). The reactivity towards MeI of [M(CO)2I2]− supported on thin polymer films was probed directly in situ by IR spectroscopy. For M = Rh, oxidative addition of MeI was followed by rapid migratory CO insertion to give [Rh(CO)(COMe)I3]−, whereas for M = Ir oxidative addition gave a stable methyl complex, [Ir(CO)2I3Me]−, mirroring the established solution chemistry. The reactions were first order in both [complex] and [MeI] and the observed pseudo-first order rate constants were comparable with those in homogeneous solution, although some subtle cation effects were observed. The kinetic measurements appear to be the first examples of quantitative rate data for fundamental reaction steps of a heterogenised transition metal catalyst.
>1 MW peak power single-mode high-brightness passively Q-switched Nd^3+:YAG microchip laser (2008)

A high-brightness diode end-pumped Nd:YAG microchip laser, passively Q-switched by a Cr(4+):YAG saturable absorber (SA), has been developed. The dependences of pulse energy and width were investigated based on theoretical verification to enhance the peak power. As a result, the peak power exceeded 1.2 MW with M(2) = 1.04 and spectrum width Delta lambda < 5.1 pm at a repetition rate of 100 Hz. Brightness of 98 TW/sr x cm(2) was obtained with a supplied average electrical power of 2.3 W. The peak power increased up to 2.1 MW with M(2) = 1.36. Peak power of 1.7 MW was obtained from a 2-cm-diameter x 5-cm-long monolithic laser head.
Modeling the Sylleptic Branching on One-year-old Trunks of Apple Cultivars (1997)

The structure of 1-year-old trunks resulting from sylleptic branching are compared among apple ( Malus domestica Borkh) cultivars with diverse branching and fruiting habits. The 1-year-old trunks developing from a graft are described as a succession of metamers whose structure refers to location, distribution, and length of sylleptic axillary shoots. We used a stochastic process called hidden semi-Markov chain to capture the embedded structure resulting from mixing of different types of axillary shoots developing along the trunks. The models, corresponding to the different cultivars, are composed of a first transient nonbranched state, a succession of transient states that cover the median sylleptic branching zone, and a final absorbing nonbranched state. They are interpreted with regard to complexity, extent, and branching distribution of the median sylleptic zone. Main results deal with the balance between long and short sylleptic shoots and the distribution of long sylleptic shoots along the trunks. Results suggest that sylleptic branching could be used as an early characteristic to evaluate the later branching behavior of cultivars.
Prevalence of familial pancreatic cancer in Germany (2004)

Based on several case-control studies, it has been estimated that familial aggregation and genetic susceptibility play a role in up to 10% of patients with pancreatic cancer, although conclusive epidemiologic data are still lacking. Therefore, we evaluated the prevalence of familial pancreatic cancer and differences to its sporadic form in a prospective multicenter trial. A total of 479 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed, histologically confirmed adenocarcinoma of the pancreas were prospectively evaluated regarding medical and family history, treatment and pathology of the tumour. A family history for pancreatic cancer was confirmed whenever possible by reviewing the tumour specimens and medical reports. Statistical analysis was performed by calculating odds ratios, regression analysis with a logit-model and the Kaplan-Meier method. Twenty-three of 479 (prevalence 4.8%, 95% CI 3.1-7.1) patients reported at least 1 first-degree relative with pancreatic cancer. The familial aggregation could be confirmed by histology in 5 of 23 patients (1.1%, 95% CI 0.3-2.4), by medical records in 9 of 23 patients (1.9%, 95% CI 0.9-3.5) and by standardized interviews of first-degree relatives in 17 of 23 patients (3.5%, 95% CI 2.1-5.6), respectively. There were no statistical significant differences between familial and sporadic pancreatic cancer cases regarding sex ratio, age of onset, presence of diabetes mellitus and pancreatitis, tumour histology and stage, prognosis after palliative or curative treatment as well as associated tumours in index patients and families, respectively. The prevalence of familial pancreatic cancer in Germany is at most 3.5% (range 1.1-3.5%) depending on the mode of confirmation of the pancreatic carcinoma in relatives. This prevalence is lower than so far postulated in the literature. There were no significant clinical differences between the familial and sporadic form of pancreatic cancer.
Inhibition of Drp1 Ameliorates Synaptic Depression, Aβ Deposition, and Cognitive Impairment in an Alzheimer's Disease Model (2017)

Excessive mitochondrial fission is a prominent early event and contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction, synaptic failure, and neuronal cell death in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains to be determined whether inhibition of excessive mitochondrial fission is beneficial in mammal models of AD. To determine whether dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1), a key regulator of mitochondrial fragmentation, can be a disease-modifying therapeutic target for AD, we examined the effects of Drp1 inhibitor on mitochondrial and synaptic dysfunctions induced by oligomeric amyloid-β (Aβ) in neurons and neuropathology and cognitive functions in Aβ precursor protein/presenilin 1 double-transgenic AD mice. Inhibition of Drp1 alleviates mitochondrial fragmentation, loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, reactive oxygen species production, ATP reduction, and synaptic depression in Aβ-treated neurons. Furthermore, Drp1 inhibition significantly improves learning and memory and prevents mitochondrial fragmentation, lipid peroxidation, BACE1 expression, and Aβ deposition in the brain in the AD model. These results provide evidence that Drp1 plays an important role in Aβ-mediated and AD-related neuropathology and in cognitive decline in an AD animal model. Therefore, inhibiting excessive Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission may be an efficient therapeutic avenue for AD.<b>SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT</b> Mitochondrial fission relies on the evolutionary conserved dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1). Drp1 activity and mitochondria fragmentation are significantly elevated in the brains of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) cases. In the present study, we first demonstrated that the inhibition of Drp1 restored amyloid-β (Aβ)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunctions and synaptic depression in neurons and significantly reduced lipid peroxidation, BACE1 expression, and Aβ deposition in the brain of AD mice. As a result, memory deficits in AD mice were rescued by Drp1 inhibition. These results suggest that neuropathology and combined cognitive decline can be attributed to hyperactivation of Drp1 in the pathogenesis of AD. Therefore, inhibitors of excessive mitochondrial fission, such as Drp1 inhibitors, may be a new strategy for AD.
Karl Pearson and the Chi-Squared Test (1983)

Summary Pearson's paper of 1900 introduced what subsequently became known as the chi-squared test of goodness of fit. The terminology and allusions of 80 years ago create a barrier for the modern reader, who finds that the interpretation of Pearson's test procedure and the assessment of what he achieved are less than straightforward, notwithstanding the technical advances made since then. An attempt is made here to surmount these difficulties by exploring Pearson's relevant activities during the first decade of his statistical career, and by describing the work by his contemporaries and predecessors which seem to have influenced his approach to the problem. Not all the questions are answered, and others remain for further study.
Synthesis of 5-Alkenyl-2′-Deoxyuridines Via Organostannanes (1989)

Abstract The palladium-catalysed coupling of 3,5 Di-O-p-toluoyl-5-iodo-2′ -deoxyuridine with functionalized and non-functionalized alkenylstannanes gave moderate to good yields of the corresponding 5-alkenyl-2 -deoxyuridines.