gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CO<sub>2</sub> and Sn<sup>II</sup> Adducts of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes as Delayed‐Action Catalysts for Polyurethane Synthesis (2009)

Catalytic rivals: Both CO(2)-protected tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene-based N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) and Sn(II)-1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene, as well as Sn(II)-1,3-dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene complexes (example displayed), have been identified as truly latent catalysts for polyurethane (PUR) synthesis rivaling all existing systems both in activity and latency.A series of CO(2)-protected pyrimidin-2-ylidenes as well as 1,3-dimesitylimidazol-2-ylidene and dimesitylimidazolin-2-ylidene complexes of Sn(II) have been prepared. Selected single-crystal X-ray structures are reported. The new compounds were investigated for their catalytic behavior in polyurethane (PUR) synthesis. All compounds investigated showed excellent catalytic activity, rivaling the industrially most relevant catalyst dibutyltin dilaurate. Even more important, all compounds displayed pronounced latent behavior, in selected cases rivaling and exceeding the industrially relevant latent catalyst phenylmercury neodecanoate both in terms of latency and catalytic activity. This allows for creating one-component PUR systems with improved pot lifetimes. Pseudo-second-order kinetics were found for both CO(2)-protected tetrahyropyrimidin-2-ylidenes and for [SnCl(2)(1,3-dimesityldihydroimidazol-2-ylidene)], indicating a fast pre-catalyst decomposition prior to polyurethane formation. 1,3-Di(2-propyl)tetrahydropyrimidin-2-ylidene was additionally found to be active in the cyclotrimerization of various isocyanates, offering access to a broad variability in polymer structure, that is, creating both urethane and isocyanurate moieties within the same polymer.
Double heterojunction PbS-PbS1−<i>x</i>Se<i>x</i>-PbS laser diodes with cw operation up to 96 K (1976)

Double heterojunction PbS-PbS1−xSex-PbS laser diodes have been fabricated by hot-wall molecular beam epitaxy. The lasers had stripe geometry of 100-μm width formed by MgF2 passivation. Structures for electron and hole injection, respectively, are compared. Devices with 1-μm-thick active layers showed threshold current densities of about 400 A/cm2 at 77 K and 1.4×104 A/cm2 at 190 K. cw operation could be realized up to 96 K.
Current hysteresis due to changes in magnetization of magnetic tunnel junctions by spin-polarized current (2001)

We measured the current-voltage characteristics of magnetic tunnel junctions using novel dielectric materials -diamond-like carbon and polyimide barriers-which have a well-controlled chemical composition. For most of our as grown samples we observed hysteresis loops which were independent of the barrier material chosen. Their non-reproducible shape was dependent on bias and external field. We ascribe the hysteresis to the existence of a dynamic change in the domain magnetization of the electrodes due to a feed-back mechanism between the tunnel current and the magnetic structure. In an external magnetic field the hysteresis loops vanish, and the current-voltage characteristics are reproducible.
Parallel algorithms for on-line dynamic data compression (2003)

The authors consider parallel algorithms for online (real-time) data compression that use dynamic (adaptive) learning by textual substitution. The author's model of computation is a systolic pipe, in which processors are arranged in a linear array (each processor connected only to its left and right neighbors). He first considers an array of processors that is large enough to accommodate one dictionary entry per processor. He then discusses using an existing parallel machine where the number of available processors might be limited.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Paclitaxel/Tetrandrine Coloaded Nanoparticles Effectively Promote the Apoptosis of Gastric Cancer Cells Based on “Oxidation Therapy” (2011)

Paclitaxel (Ptx) has demonstrated encouraging activity in the treatment of gastric cancer. Development of drug-containing biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles (np) becomes one of the solutions to relieve side effects of Ptx. However, Ptx-loaded nanoparticles prepared by the nanoprecipitation method are unstable in the aqueous phase. Here we report that tetrandrine (Tet) effectively increases the stability of Ptx-loaded nanoparticles when Tet is coencapsulated with Ptx into mPEG-PCL nanoparticles. The current study demonstrates the synergistic antitumor effect of Tet and Ptx against gastric cancer cells, which provides the basis of coadministration of Tet and Ptx by nanoparticles. It is reported that the cellular chemoresistance to Ptx correlates with intracellular antioxidant capacity and the depletion of cellular antioxidant capacity could enhance the cytotoxicity of Ptx. Tet effectively induces intracellular ROS production. Therefore, the present study provides a promising novel therapeutic strategy basing on "oxidation therapy" that it could amplify the antitumor effect of paclitaxel by employing Tet as a pro-oxidant. More intracellular Tet accumulation by endocytosis of Ptx/Tet-np than equivalent doses of free drug leads to more intracellular ROS induction, which could efficiently enhance the cytotoxicity of Ptx by sequential inhibition of ROS-dependent Akt pathway and activation of apoptotic pathways, all of which would mediate the superior cytotoxicity of Ptx/Tet-np over free drug. The present results suggest that the codelivery of Ptx and Tet by nanoparticles provides a novel therapeutic strategy basing on "oxidation therapy" against gastric cancer.
ASSESSING THE FEASIBILITY OF UAV-BASED LIDAR FOR HIGH RESOLUTION FOREST CHANGE DETECTION (2012)

Abstract. Airborne LiDAR data has become an important tool for both the scientific and industry based investigation of forest structure. The uses of discrete return observations have now reached a maturity level such that the operational use of this data is becoming increasingly common. However, due to the cost of data collection, temporal studies into forest change are often not feasible or completed at infrequent and at uneven intervals. To achieve high resolution temporal LiDAR surveys, this study has developed a micro-Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) equipped with a discrete return 4-layer LiDAR device and miniaturised positioning sensors. This UAV has been designed to be low-cost and to achieve maximum flying time. In order to achieve these objectives and overcome the accuracy restrictions presented by miniaturised sensors a novel processing strategy based on a Kalman smoother algorithm has been developed. This strategy includes the use of the structure from motion algorithm in estimating camera orientation, which is then used to restrain IMU drift. The feasibility of such a platform for monitoring forest change is shown by demonstrating that the pointing accuracy of this UAV LiDAR device is within the accuracy requirements set out by the Australian Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) standards.
A file is not a file (2011)

We analyze the I/O behavior of iBench, a new collection of productivity and multimedia application workloads. Our analysis reveals a number of differences between iBench and typical file-system workload studies, including the complex organization of modern files, the lack of pure sequential access, the influence of underlying frameworks on I/O patterns, the widespread use of file synchronization and atomic operations, and the prevalence of threads. Our results have strong ramifications for the design of next generation local and cloud-based storage systems.
Prostate innervation. (1998)

The growth of the prostate gland has been considered to be controlled exclusively by endocrine means. The abundance of alpha adrenergic and muscarinic receptors and nerve fibers suggests that the autonomic nervous system may in fact play a role in the growth maturation and secretory functions of the prostate. The predominant adrenergic input to the prostate is from short adrenergic neurons, while cholinergic nerves are closely related to the glandular epithelium, presumably affecting a secretory function. The prostate has a high density of alpha-1 and beta-2 adrenergic receptors, and the presence of these receptors, as well as their regulation by androgens, suggests and supports the direct mitogenic effect of catecholamines on prostate growth. The activated signal transduction pathways in these neural systems also appear to modulate prostatic function and growth. Denervation of the prostate results in a loss of functional and structural integrity of the gland. The effects of sympathectomy and parasympathectomy support the conclusion that the dichotomy of function in prostatic autonomic innervation has a fundamental regulatory purpose. The majority of the afferent innervation to the ventral prostate is localized to sensory nerves from the L5 and L6 segments. There is some smaller degree of innervation from T13-L2. There is evidence of extensive bilateral innervation of pelvic viscera. Despite the importance of afferent sensory feedback in regulating the control of prostate growth, its effect is of a smaller magnitude than that observed with androgens. Regardless of the specific control mechanisms suggested by neural involvement in the growth differentiation and secretory function of the prostate, the presence of innervation appears to be consistent and reproducible, and holds great potential for increasing our understanding of pathologic influences in prostate disease.
Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence of CdSe Nanocrystals (2002)

Electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) was observed from TOPO-capped CdSe nanocrystals dissolved in CH2Cl2 containing 0.1 M TBAP. The solution of monodisperse nanocrystals with an absorption maximum at 537 nm was synthesized at 330 °C using TOPO (trioctylphosphineoxide) and TOP (trioctylphosphine) as capping agents and Cd-acetate and Se powder as precursors. The photoluminescence (PL) spectrum showed an emission maximum at 545 nm. Cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry of this solution displayed no distinctive features, but light emission was observed through the annihilation of oxidized and reduced forms electrogenerated during cyclic potential scans or steps. The oxidized species was somewhat more stable than the reduced form. The ECL spectrum was substantially red shifted by ∼200 nm from the PL spectrum, suggesting that surface states play an important role in the emission process.
Optimization of dual BARC structures for hyper-NA immersion lithography (2006)

For the purpose of finding feasible dual-BARC (Bottom Anti-Reflective Coating) parameters for immersion lithography that do not depend on the polarization of light, illumination conditions and pattern sizes and pitches, comprehensive optimizations of the dual-BARC parameters were performed. A computational code was developed that performs automatic and comprehensive optimizations of dual-BARC parameters under any kind of conditions. Margins of dual-BARC parameters, which assure the substrate reflectance to be lower than a desired value, were also estimated by using the code. Dual-BARC parameters to minimize the substrate reflectance were successfully obtained for the BARC formed on a silicon oxide and nitride layer for cases of NA being 1.0, 1.1, 1.2 and 1.3 to 1.4. The thickness of the silicon oxide and nitride layer was varied from 10 to 200 nm. It was found that the dual-BARC concept works up to NA = 1.1 and 1.4 for the BARC on a silicon oxide and a silicon nitride layer, respectively, although for the case of the dual BARC on a silicon oxide layer, the range of the thickness of the oxide layer where the dual-BARC concept works is limited. In addition, for both of the cases of the dual BARC on silicon oxide and nitride, it was calculated that the top-layer of the dual BARC has to be extremely thin. Feasibility of using a layer structure consisting of a planarization and hardmask layer as a reflection-control structure was also examined. This showed that this concept can work up to NA = 1.2 and 1.4 for the case on silicon oxide and nitride, respectively. Finally, a routine to optimize graded-BARC structure was successfully implemented into our computational code. By using the routine, advantages of the graded-BARC concept over the dual-BARC concept in terms of suppressing substrate reflectance were demonstrated.
CO2 Laser Drilling of Microvias Using Diffractive Optics Techniques: I — Mathematical Modeling (2005)

This paper is the first of three parts summarizing the research to use diffractive optics at the CO2 laser wavelength to drill microvias in the 40–50 μm range for organic packaging applications. This first part mainly focuses on mathematical modeling of the drilling process, which is used to define the characteristics of the laser beam necessary to achieve the required geometry of the microvias. These laser characteristics and the properties of the incoming laser beam of the CO2 laser system are then used to provide a deterministic approach for obtaining performance data for the diffractive optics design. The targeted optics are designed based on the modeling result and are then integrated into a prototype system to execute the drilling operation. The model is based on the conversion of optical energy into thermal energy due to laser-substrate interaction, propagation of thermal energy in the substrate, thermal as well as radiation damage threshold of the substrate and other important laser drilling parameters (e.g., fluence, temporal and spatial characteristics of the beam, residue at the via bottom).
The development of a monoclonal antibody to a human gamma crystallin (1984)

A monoclonal antibody to human lens 24,000 molecular weight gamma crystallin has been produced in rat x mouse hybridoma cell lines. The antibody reacts specifically with the 24,000 molecular weight gamma crystallin and does not cross react with the 21,000 or the 19,000 gamma crystallins. The antibody reacts with protein from dog, mouse, monkey and bovine lenses but does not react with proteins from chick lens. The 24,000 molecular weight gamma protein increases from 2% of the soluble protein in the fetal lens to 14% in the 2 month old lens to 25% in the adult lens. No difference was observed in the amount of this crystallin between the nuclear and cortical regions of the adult lens. In one hypermature cataractous lens, the amount of this crystallin decreased to a value of about 5% of the total soluble protein.
REVIEWS (1986)

Journal Article REVIEWS Get access B. D. COOPERMAN (ed.), Jewish Thought in the Sixteenth Century (Harvard Judaic Texts and Studies 2), Harvard University Center for Jewish Studies, distributed by Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass. and London 1983. Pp. xix + 492. Price (hardback): $30. ISBN 0-674-47461-9; (paperback): $14. 95. ISBN 0-674-47462-7. STEFAN C. REIF STEFAN C. REIF UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Semitic Studies, Volume XXXI, Issue 1, SPRING 1986, Pages 111–112, https://doi.org/10.1093/jss/XXXI.1.111 Published: 01 March 1986
Modelling And Analysis of Linear Compressor (2013)

The present paper discusses the mathematical model for linear compressor [1]. The mathematical model deals with the dynamic equation of linear compressor consisting of inertia, motor force, damping. It also solves the electrical circuit equation to estimate the current flowing through the motor circuit. The modeling considers dynamic operation of suction and discharge valves. The refrigerant properties are estimated by interfacing the program with standard refrigerant property software to predict the cylinder instantaneous pressure and temperature. Finally the code predicts the net cooling capacity, compressor input power and COP for the given compressor geometry. Results generated by the mathematical model are presented. A linear compressor consists of an oscillating motor and a piston rigidly coupled to it. Oscillations of the linear motor are directly transferred to the piston. Piston performs compression and suction alternately similar to the reciprocating compressor. Since the crank and the connecting rod mechanism are absent in the linear compressor the friction losses are minimum and mechanical efficiency of linear compressor is maximum. Linear compressor is one of the highest available efficiency compression technologies.
Arbitrage Theory in Continuous Time (1998)

Abstract This book gives a comprehensive introduction to arbitrage theory for the pricing of contingent claims, such as options, futures, and other financial derivatives. The arbitrage theory for the term structure of interest rates is given particular consideration. Also included is a self‐contained exposition of stochastic optimal control, with applications to portfolio optimisation. The mathematical development is precise but avoids the explicit use of measure theory.
General Considerations on Structure and Reactivity of Cellulose: Section 2.1–2.1.4 (1998)

This chapter contains sections titled: 2.1 Structure and Properties of Cellulose 2.1.1 The molecular structure 2.1.2 The supramolecular structure 2.1.3 The morphological structure 2.1.4 Pore structure and inner surface
NMR-Based Structural Modeling of Graphite Oxide Using Multidimensional <sup>13</sup>C Solid-State NMR and ab Initio Chemical Shift Calculations (2010)

Chemically modified graphenes and other graphite-based materials have attracted growing interest for their unique potential as lightweight electronic and structural nanomaterials. It is an important challenge to construct structural models of noncrystalline graphite-based materials on the basis of NMR or other spectroscopic data. To address this challenge, a solid-state NMR (SSNMR)-based structural modeling approach is presented on graphite oxide (GO), which is a prominent precursor and interesting benchmark system of modified graphene. An experimental 2D (13)C double-quantum/single-quantum correlation SSNMR spectrum of (13)C-labeled GO was compared with spectra simulated for different structural models using ab initio geometry optimization and chemical shift calculations. The results show that the spectral features of the GO sample are best reproduced by a geometry-optimized structural model that is based on the Lerf-Klinowski model (Lerf, A. et al. Phys. Chem. B 1998, 102, 4477); this model is composed of interconnected sp(2), 1,2-epoxide, and COH carbons. This study also convincingly excludes the possibility of other previously proposed models, including the highly oxidized structures involving 1,3-epoxide carbons (Szabo, I. et al. Chem. Mater. 2006, 18, 2740). (13)C chemical shift anisotropy (CSA) patterns measured by a 2D (13)C CSA/isotropic shift correlation SSNMR were well reproduced by the chemical shift tensor obtained by the ab initio calculation for the former model. The approach presented here is likely to be applicable to other chemically modified graphenes and graphite-based systems.
Volume, Shape, and Roundness of Quartz Particles (1935)

The article deals with methods of measuring the volume, shape, and roundness of sedimentary quartz particles.
Geometrical Calibration System for Rotating Bi-Planar Radiography Instrument (2018)

There are many image-guiding systems which provide a surgeon with surgical information including location or orientation of tools and bodies such that they helps the surgeon monitor the surgery during the operation. But these image-guiding systems may suffer from imaging distortion due to their mechanical deformations. Therefore, it is needed for the systems to preserve their good localization ability with the calibration process in which the precise radio-projection geometry is determined for X-ray image. But, it is very difficult to reduce deformation error with calibration of the imaging system because of its high complexity of mechanical model. So, in this paper, we suggested a simple calibration method based on a series of laser images, which can be applicable to on-line calibration procedure.
Detoxified glutaraldehyde cross-linked pericardium: tissue preservation and mineralization mitigation in a subcutaneous rat model. (1998)

Post-fixation treatment with HA preserves BP structural properties and significantly mitigates mineralization of long-term subcutaneous implants.
Protection against γ-Irradiation with 5-Androstenediol (2002)

We showed previously that treatment of gamma-irradiated female B6D2F1 mice with 5-androstenediol (AED) enhanced survival, stimulated myelopoiesis, and ameliorated radiation-induced decreases in circulating neutrophils and platelets. We have now tested survival in male CD2F1 mice, and we have investigated molecular and functional effects on neutrophils and bone marrow stromal cells and screened for toxicity in female B6D2F1 mice. AED (160 mg/kg, subcutaneously, 24 hours before irradiation) enhanced survival in male CD2F1 mice with a dose-reduction factor of 1.23, similar to the dose-reduction factor of 1.26 found previously for female B6D2F1 mice. Expression of CD11b, a developmental marker, was reduced on circulating neutrophils after either in vivo AED administration or whole-body γ-irradiation (3 Gy), but neutrophil peroxidase activity was unchanged. Stromal cell progenitors (fibroblastoid colony-forming units) were reduced in marrow 5 days after AED injection in nonirradiated mice. Clinical chemistry, histopathology, and behavioral assays showed no evidence of toxicity. We conclude that AED and related steroids are attractive candidates to explore as countermeasures to high- and low-level ionizing radiation.
Synthetic ion channels in bilayer membranes (2006)

Natural ion channels are large protein complexes that regulate key functions of cells. Supramolecular chemists have been able to take hints from Nature to design and prepare completely synthetic ion channel systems that reproduce many of the fundamental functions of natural channels. This tutorial review introduces the field to non-specialists. It examines the design, synthesis, incorporation, and characterization of synthetic ion channels in bilayer membranes, and points to potential applications of synthetic ion channels.
Ketopantoic acid reductase of Pseudomonas maltophilia 845. Purification, characterization, and role in pantothenate biosynthesis. (1988)

Ketopantoic acid reductase (EC 1.1.1.169), an enzyme that catalyzes the formation of D-(-)-pantoic acid from ketopantoic acid, was purified 6,000-fold to apparent homogeneity with a 35% overall recovery from Pseudomonas maltophilia 845 and then crystallized. The relative molecular mass of the native enzyme, as estimated by the sedimentation equilibrium method, is 87,000 +/- 5,000, and the subunit molecular mass is 30,500. The enzyme shows high specificity for ketopantoic acid as a substrate (Km = 400 microM, Vm = 1,310 units/mg of protein) and NADPH as a coenzyme (Km = 31.8 microM). Only 2-keto-3-hydroxyisovalerate (Km = 8.55 mM, Vm = 35.8 units/mg) was reduced among a variety of other carbonyl compounds tested. The reaction is reversible (Km for D-(-)-pantoic acid = 52.1 mM), although the reaction equilibrium greatly favors the direction of D-(-)-pantoic acid formation. That the enzyme is responsible for the synthesis of D-(-)-pantoic acid necessary for the biosynthesis of pantothenic acid in P. maltophilia 845 is indicated by the observations that only this enzyme is missing in D-(-)-pantoate (or pantothenate)-requiring mutants derived from P. maltophilia 845 among several enzymes (i.e. ketopantoyl lactone reductase (EC 1.1.1.168) and acetohydroxy acid isomeroreductase (EC 1.1.1.86], which may be concerned in the formation of D-(-)-pantoic acid, assayed, whereas it is present in substantial amounts in the parent strain and in spontaneous revertants of the mutants.