gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Somatostatin receptors in the gastrointestinal tract in health and disease. (1993)

The multiple actions of somatostatin are mediated by specific membrane-bound receptors present in all somatostatin target tissues, such as brain, pituitary, pancreas, and gastrointestinal tract. Three different types of tissues in the human gastrointestinal tract express somatostatin receptors: (1) the gastrointestinal mucosa, (2) the peripheral nervous system, and (3) the gut-associated lymphoid tissue, where the receptors are preferentially located in germinal centers. In all these cases, somatostatin binding is of high affinity and specific for bioactive somatostatin analogs. Somatostatin receptors are also expressed in pathological states, particularly in neuroendocrine tumors of the gastrointestinal tract. Ninety percent of the carcinoids and a majority of islet-cell carcinomas, including their metastases, usually have a high density of somatostatin receptors. Only 10 percent of the colorectal carcinomas and none of the exocrine pancreatic carcinomas, however, contain somatostatin receptors. The somatostatin receptors in tumors are identified with in vitro binding methods or with in vivo imaging techniques; the latter allow the precise localization of the tumors and their metastases in the patients. Since somatostatin receptors in gastroenteropancreatic tumors are functional, their identification can be used to assess the therapeutic efficacy of octreotide to inhibit excessive hormone release in the patients.
A Proposed Model for the Cost of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (1994)

In-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is associated with substantial costs beyond those of the resuscitation itself. These costs are important to understand because health care resources are limited. To that end, a model of CPR is proposed, including an examination of the effect of several variables on the cost per patient surviving to discharge. The cost of CPR was estimated using a model that describes the CPR process as a series of decision points, each with an associated survival rate and cost. Sensitivity analyses were performed for critical variables to examine their effect on cost. The cost per patient surviving to discharge increases exponentially as the rate of survival to discharge decreases. This cost was $117,000 for a rate of survival to discharge of 10%, $248,271 for a rate of 1%, and $544,521 for a rate of 0.2%. Analysis of the model shows that health care costs related to CPR could be reduced most by decreasing the hospital length of stay and charges for patients who survive the initial resuscitation event, by increases in the overall survival rate, and by the prospective stratification of hospitalized patients according to their anticipated response to resuscitation efforts. The model allows the marginal cost-effectiveness of CPR to be quantitatively evaluated relative to survival rate.
Ohmic contact formation mechanism of the Au/Ge/Pd/<i>n</i>-GaAs system formed below 200 °C (1996)

We report the ohmic contact formation mechanism of the low resistance (∼1×10−6 Ω cm2) Au/Ge/Pd contact to n-GaAs annealed at 175 °C. Cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy and Rutherford backscattering spectrometry were utilized in this study. It is found that the solid phase regrowth process, interdiffusion between Au and Ge, and the enhancement of the conductivity of the excess Ge layer are responsible for the observed low contact resistivity.
Focused Ion Beam Sectioning and Lift-out Method for Copper and Resist Vias in Organic Low-k Dielectrics (2002)

The focused ion beam lift-out technique for scanning electron microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) sample preparation was shown to be applicable to copper/low-k dielectric semiconductor technology. High resolution SEM, TEM, and scanning transmission electron microscope analyses were performed on metal contacts and resist vias with no evidence of the interface damage or metal smearing commonly observed with mechanical polishing. Ion milling of the sample ex situ to the substrate provided decoration and adjustment of the exposed plane of the section when necessary for SEM analysis.
Evaluation of two commercial jet nebulisers and three compressors for the nebulisation of antibiotics. (1994)

Nebulised antibiotics have been shown to be beneficial in the treatment of lung infections in cystic fibrosis. Studies on the efficiency of nebuliser systems are constantly required in view of the large number of compressor/drug/nebuliser combinations which are possible and the development of new systems and drugs. Six combinations of three commercially available compressors were compared (PortaNeb 50 (Medic-Aid; 5.4-6.1 l/min), Turboneb (Medix; 8.3-9.1 l/min), and CR 60 (Medic-Aid; 7.3-7.8 l/min)) and two jet nebulisers (Microneb III (Lifecare) and System 22 Acorn (Medic-Aid)) for the nebulisation of colomycin, gentamicin, and ciprofloxacin. Aerosol droplet size, nebulisation time, and aerosol output were determined. Turboneb and CR 60 reduced the nebulisation time and produced higher proportions of 'respirable' (< 5 microns diameter) antibiotic aerosols. The residual volume of the Microneb III was lower than that of the System 22 Acorn. It was found that the Turboneb and CR 60, when coupled with either Microneb III or System 22 Acorn, were suitable for the nebulisation of all three antibiotics. Of the equipment tested, Turboneb coupled with Microneb III was the most efficient combination. Even with this combination, only around 50% of the nominal dose was released as respirable aerosol.
Microwave properties of YBa2Cu3O7−<i>x</i> thin films studied with coplanar transmission line resonators (1993)

The microwave properties of epitaxial YBa2Cu3O7−x thin films with critical temperatures Tc up to 91.5 K and critical current densities Jc up to 6×106 A/cm2 at 77 K have been investigated between 5 and 20 GHz using coplanar transmission line resonators. Information about the surface resistance Rs and the magnetic penetration depth λL has been obtained from temperature- and power-dependent measurements of the quality factors and resonance frequencies of the resonators. The lowest surface resistance was 105 μΩ at 77 K and 38 μΩ at 9 K measured at 6.2 GHz, respectively. The dependence of Rs on the surface magnetic field Brf showed that with decreasing film quality the films exhibit a granular behavior. At high critical current densities Jc≳4×106 A/cm2, the intrinsic properties of the material show up. The magnetic penetration depth was in the range between 160 and 270 nm. Both Rs and λL turned out to be sensitive to the film quality represented by the transition width ΔTc and the critical current density Jc at 77 K.
[SERM and quality of bone]. (2004)

Now, we can prevent osteoporotic fractures by improvement of bone strength. It became clear that not only the increase of bone mineral density but also the improvement of bone quality are important factors for the mechanisms of preventing fractures. Measuring bone metabolism markers is contributing to evaluate bone quality. We presume SERM demonstrates a sustained fracture preventive effect through 4 yrs by normalizing the bone metabolism of postmenopausal women with osteoporosis.
Studies of arthritis and other lesions induced in rats by injection of mycobacterial adjuvant. II. Evidence that the disease is a disseminated immunologic response to exogenous antigen. (1960)

Summary A disseminated inflammatory disease affecting the joints, skin, eye and mucous membranes was produced in rats following injection with killed tubercle bacilli in oil. Intradermal inoculation and footpad inoculation in particular were more effective than other routes in producing this process. Litters of rats differed markedly in susceptibility. Animals less than 5 weeks of age appeared completely insusceptible. Rats with disease showed strong skin reactivity of the delayed type to tuberculin. Injection of tuberculin parenterally produced a transient flare-up of the disease process in the joints. Injection of tubercle bacilli in oil into diseased animals produced a very intense local reaction and, if given during the subsiding phase of the disease process, an accelerated reappearance of disease (anamnestic response). Disease production was largely suppressed by whole body irradiation (600 r). Single or repeated subcutaneous injections of tubercle bacilli or tubercle bacillus fractions, begun early in life, or a single footpad injection of bacilli in oil in the first 3 weeks of life, markedly inhibited later ability to develop the disease but did not prevent later susceptibility to allergic encephalomyelitis. Passive transfer of sensitized lymph node cells to normal, irradiated, or tolerant recipients permitted the induction of inflammatory responses to tuberculin in the ankle joints and ears. Local trauma or other nonspecific inflammation (turpentine injection) induced localization of the disease process in the affected areas. The conclusion is drawn that the disease process is a delayed hypersensitive response to a disseminated antigen probably derived from the injected tubercle bacilli.
Identidad social y personal: fantasías animadas de ayer y hoy (2006)

The aim of the experiment in vivo was to examine the effect of a 3-day peroral administration of indomethacin (IND: 4.0-4.7 mg/kg b.wt./24 h) on the adrenocortical cell proliferation in rats in basal conditions and after a single i.p. injection of angiotensin II (ANG: 100 micrograms per rat). The in vitro study was to test the effect of IND on the mitotic incidence in adrenocortical cells or organ-cultured rat adrenal explants during a 24-h incubation with or without ANG. It was shown that IND significantly decreased the mean mitotic activity rate (MMAR) of adrenocortical cells in vivo as well as in organ culture. That decrease concerned all the three cortical zones vs respective controls. In turn, both in vivo and in vitro ANG markedly increased the MMAR of the zona glomerulosa cells as compared to the values recorded in controls, while there were no changes of the MMAR of the zona glomerulosa after ANG in the groups receiving IND. The results obtained indicate that IND exhibits an inhibitory effect on the adrenocortical cell proliferation which may suggest that prostaglandins (PGs) play an important role in the process of adrenocortical hyperplasia, their participation in the ANG-induced zona glomerulosa cell proliferation being strongly assumed.
Microwave Oscillator Would Have Reduced Phase Noise (1991)

Microwave oscillators of proposed new type incorporate suppressed-carrier/negative-feedback feature to reduce phase noise near their carrier frequencies. Concept results in phase noise less than achievable by cryogenically stabilized microwave components or by room-temperature oscillators stabilized by quartz crystals. Implemented in three different versions.
NF-κB Activation by Interleukin-1 (IL-1) Requires an IL-1 Receptor-associated Protein Kinase Activity (1995)

An important function of interleukin-1 (IL-1) is activation of the transcription factor NF-kappa B, which is signaled via the type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1RI). By receptor mutagenesis studies, we have identified a region of the cytoplasmic domain of IL-1RI that is required for both IL-1-mediated NF-kappa B activation and IL-1-dependent activation of a receptor-associated protein kinase activity we term IRAK. No IL-1RI mutants were found that can activate NF-kappa B in the absence of IRAK activity. Therefore, we propose that IRAK activation is a necessary step in the activation of NF-kappa B by IL-1.
Trial watch (2012)

Prophylactic vaccination constitutes one of the most prominent medical achievements of history. This concept was first demonstrated by the pioneer work of Edward Jenner, dating back to the late 1790s, after which an array of preparations that confer life-long protective immunity against several infectious agents has been developed. The ensuing implementation of nation-wide vaccination programs has de facto abated the incidence of dreadful diseases including rabies, typhoid, cholera and many others. Among all, the most impressive result of vaccination campaigns is surely represented by the eradication of natural smallpox infection, which was definitively certified by the WHO in 1980. The idea of employing vaccines as anticancer interventions was first theorized in the 1890s by Paul Ehrlich and William Coley. However, it soon became clear that while vaccination could be efficiently employed as a preventive measure against infectious agents, anticancer vaccines would have to (1) operate as therapeutic, rather than preventive, interventions (at least in the vast majority of settings), and (2) circumvent the fact that tumor cells often fail to elicit immune responses. During the past 30 y, along with the recognition that the immune system is not irresponsive to tumors (as it was initially thought) and that malignant cells express tumor-associated antigens whereby they can be discriminated from normal cells, considerable efforts have been dedicated to the development of anticancer vaccines. Some of these approaches, encompassing cell-based, DNA-based and purified component-based preparations, have already been shown to exert conspicuous anticancer effects in cohorts of patients affected by both hematological and solid malignancies. In this Trial Watch, we will summarize the results of recent clinical trials that have evaluated/are evaluating purified peptides or full-length proteins as therapeutic interventions against cancer.
Special ground improvement methods: Ground improvements associated with the Trans‐Tokyo Bay Highway (1996)

The Trans‐Tokyo Bay Highway comprises the Ukishima access, two artificial islands, at Kisarazu and Kawasaki, a shield tunnel, and a bridge. The ground along the route is soft clay or loose seabed mud, so various ground improvement works had to be carried out before the construction of large‐scale structures could be commenced. In this report is described how the sand compaction pile method (SCP), the slurry mixture cement treatment method, the dry mixture cement treatment method, and the deep mixing method (DMM) were used for ground stability and improvement.
Analysis of Soluble Sugar Content in Minute Quantities of Rice Tissues by GC-MS (2021)

Soluble sugars play key roles in plant growth, development, and adaption to the environment. Characterizing sugar content profiling of plant tissues promotes our understanding of the mechanisms underlying these plant processes. Several technologies have been developed to quantitate soluble sugar content in plant tissues; however, it is difficult with only minute quantities of plant tissues available. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based soluble sugar profiling of rice tissues that offers a good balance of sensitivity and reliability, and is considerably more sensitive and accurate than other reported methods. We summarize all the steps from sample collection and soluble sugar extraction to derivatization procedures of the soluble extracted sugars, instrumentation settings, and data analysis.
megaTALs: a novel rare-cleaving nuclease platform for therapeutic genome engineering (2014)

Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Washington, 2013
Efficient surface reconstruction from range curves (2004)

We propose an approach for surface reconstruction of free-form rigid objects from an arbitrary set of intersecting range curves. A strategy for updating the reconstructed surface during data acquisition is described as well. Geometric and color information is accumulated in a volumetric structure in which a vector field is built and updated. Moreover, the information that is needed for efficient curve registration is directly available in this vector field. This leads to a unified modeling approach combining surface reconstruction and curve registration. The algorithm implementing the approach is of linear complexity with respect to the number of input curves and makes it suitable for interactive modeling. A compression scheme based on a multiresolution decomposition of vector fields is introduced as well. Simulated data from a set of curvilinear patterns as well as data acquired with a hand-held range sensor are used to validate the approach.
<i>TCEB1</i> promotes invasion of prostate cancer cells (2008)

Amplification of the long arm of chromosome 8 is one of the most recurrent findings in prostate cancer and it is associated with poor prognosis. Several minimal regions of amplification suggest multiple target genes which are yet to be identified. We have previously shown that TCEB1, EIF3S3, KIAA0196 and RAD21 are amplified and overexpressed in prostate cancer and they are located in the 8q area. In this study, we examined the functional effects of these genes to prostate cancer cell phenotype. We overexpressed and inhibited the genes by lentivirus mediated overexpression and RNA interference, respectively. shRNA mediated TCEB1 silencing decreased significantly cellular invasion of PC-3 and DU145 cells through Matrigel. TCEB1 silencing reduced the anchorage-independent growth of PC-3 cells. Similar effects were not seen with any other genes. When overexpressed in NIH 3T3 cells, TCEB1 and EIF3S3 increased the growth rate of the cells. Transcriptional profiling of TCEB1 silenced PC-3 cells revealed decrease of genes involved in invasion and metastasis. Finally, we also confirmed here the overexpression of TCEB1 in hormone-refractory prostate tumors. This study indicates that TCEB1 promotes invasion of prostate cancer cells, is involved in development of hormone-refractory prostate cancer and is thereby a strong candidate to be one of the target genes for the 8q gain.
Implanted coil MR microscopy of renal pathology (1989)

Inductively coupled implanted coils have been shown to provide up to a 10-fold increase in signal-to-noise ratio when compared to whole-body imaging of small animals. The current study was designed to extend the implanted coil imaging technique to a rodent model of renal pathology. Resonant radiofrequency (RF) coils were implanted around the left kidney of four rats and inductively coupled from within a birdcage body coil. All images were acquired at 2 T using a T1-weighted spin-echo sequence with TR = 500 ms and TE = 20 ms. In vivo MR microscopy with voxels of 117 x 117 x 2000 microns demonstrated cortex, inner and outer medulla, and major vascular structures on baseline images. Mercuric chloride-induced nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis (ATN) diminished cortico-medullary contrast at 24 h after dosing with pathologic evaluation demonstrating nephrotoxic changes in the inner cortex. The kidney regained a baseline MR appearance 360 h after dosing and resolution of the damage was confirmed with histology. T1 data were gathered on excised kidneys as an adjunct to the images to help correlate the loss and return of cortico-medullary contrast with the pathology and pathophysiology of nephrotoxic ATN. With implanted RF coils we were able to demonstrate renal pathology and follow its subsequent resolution. Specifically, loss and return of cortico-medullary contrast as a result of nephrotoxic ATN were serially documented in four rats. Such serial in vivo studies performed on single animals should further the use of MR microscopy by minimizing the number of animals required for adequate biostatistics.
EMERGENCE OF PAYMENT SYSTEMS IN THE AGE OF ELECTRONIC COMMERCE: THE STATE OF ART (2009)

The emergence of e-commerce has created new financial needs that in many cases cannot be effectively fulfilled by the traditional payment systems. Recognizing this, virtually all interested parties are exploring various types of electronic payment system and issues surrounding electronic payment system and digital currency. Broadly electronic payment systems can be classified into four categories: Online Credit Card Payment System, Online Electronic Cash System, Electronic Cheque System and Smart Cards based Electronic Payment System. Each payment system has its advantages and disadvantages for the customers and merchants. These payment systems have numbers of requirements: e.g. security, acceptability, convenience, cost, anonymity, control, and traceability. Therefore, instead of focusing on the technological specifications of various electronic payment systems, the researcher have distinguished electronic payment systems based on what is being transmitted over the network; and analyze the difference of each electronic payment system by evaluating their requirements, characteristics and assess the applicability of each system.
Flavanone 3-Hydroxylase 유전자의 담배와 페츄니아로의 형질전환 (2000)

The extensive genetic and molecular study was done in many aspects for genes involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway. In order to study the anthocyanin biosynthesis pathway, we constructed a fusion gene between Crysanthemum flavanone 3-hydroxylase an
An extensible constructor tool for the rapid, interactive design of query synthesizers (1998)

We describe an extensible constructor tool that helps information experts (e.g., librarians) create specialized query synthesizers for heterogeneous digital-library environments. A query synthesizer provides a graphical user interface in which a digital-library patron can specify a high-level, fielded, multi-source query. Furthermore, a query synthesizer interacts with a query translator and an attribute translator to transform high-level queries into sets of source-specific queries. We discuss how the constructor can facilitate discovery of available attributes (e.g., title), collation of schemas from different sources, selection of input widgets for a synthesizer (e.g., a text box or a drop-down list widget to support input of controlled vocabulary),, and other design aspects. We also describe a prototype constructor we implemented, based on the Stanford InfoBus and metadata architecture.
Osmotic Stress Signaling and Osmoadaptation in Yeasts (2002)

The ability to adapt to altered availability of free water is a fundamental property of living cells. The principles underlying osmoadaptation are well conserved. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an excellent model system with which to study the molecular biology and physiology of osmoadaptation. Upon a shift to high osmolarity, yeast cells rapidly stimulate a mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase cascade, the high-osmolarity glycerol (HOG) pathway, which orchestrates part of the transcriptional response. The dynamic operation of the HOG pathway has been well studied, and similar osmosensing pathways exist in other eukaryotes. Protein kinase A, which seems to mediate a response to diverse stress conditions, is also involved in the transcriptional response program. Expression changes after a shift to high osmolarity aim at adjusting metabolism and the production of cellular protectants. Accumulation of the osmolyte glycerol, which is also controlled by altering transmembrane glycerol transport, is of central importance. Upon a shift from high to low osmolarity, yeast cells stimulate a different MAP kinase cascade, the cell integrity pathway. The transcriptional program upon hypo-osmotic shock seems to aim at adjusting cell surface properties. Rapid export of glycerol is an important event in adaptation to low osmolarity. Osmoadaptation, adjustment of cell surface properties, and the control of cell morphogenesis, growth, and proliferation are highly coordinated processes. The Skn7p response regulator may be involved in coordinating these events. An integrated understanding of osmoadaptation requires not only knowledge of the function of many uncharacterized genes but also further insight into the time line of events, their interdependence, their dynamics, and their spatial organization as well as the importance of subtle effects.