gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enrichment and identification of human 'fetal' epidermal stem cells (2004)

BACKGROUND: Human epidermis, a continuously renewing tissue, is maintained throughout life by stem cells that proliferate and replenish worn‐out or damaged cells in the tissue. Cultured human epidermal stem cells have great potential in clinical application. However, isolating and culturing a pure population of epidermal stem cells has proven to be challenging. METHODS AND RESULTS: We show that p63, a new marker for epidermal stem cells, is expressed in the basal layer of human fetal epidermis using immunohistochemistry, and that keratinocytes with the characteristics of stem cells can be isolated from the epidermis of aborted human fetuses aged ≥20 weeks based on high expression of β1 integrins by fluorescence‐activated cell sorting. Furthermore, the enriched population showed the expression of molecular markers of putative human epidermal stem cells under a confocal microscope and a high colony formation efficiency when it was cultured at a clonal density. Under an electron microscope the sorted stem cells exhibited a high nuclear:cytoplasmic ratio and fewer organelles than the transit amplifying cells. The cultured epidermal stem cells can also be amplified and induced to terminal differentiation by suspension in vitro. CONCLUSIONS: Human 'fetal' epidermal stem cells have been successfully isolated and cultured in vitro. The cultured human epidermal stem cells could be used as a tool for studying stem cell biology and testing stem cell therapy.
Stable argon laser with phase mode locking (1985)

An investigation was made of the mode composition and time characteristics of an argon laser with an intracavity electrooptic modulator tuned to the intermode beat frequency. The parameters of the intracavity interaction needed to ensure stable phase mode locking were determined. Several carriers appeared in the frequency-modulated spectrum in the case of multifrequency free running. These carriers were attributed to the presence of supermodes in the gain profile of the active medium. Amplitude modulation of the radiation at the frequency of 0.5 MHz was observed and it was explained by coherent addition of carriers in the frequency-modulated spectrum.
Large-scale synthesis and structural analysis of a synthetic glycopeptide dendrimer as an anti-cancer vaccine candidate (2016)

Herein, we report a new process that enables the gram-scale production of a fully synthetic anti-cancer vaccine for human use. This therapeutic vaccine candidate, named MAG-Tn3, is a high-molecular-weight tetrameric glycopeptide encompassing carbohydrate tumor-associated Tn antigen clusters and peptidic CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell epitopes. The synthetic process involves (i) the stepwise solid-phase assembly of protected amino acids, including the high value-added Tn building blocks with only 1.5 equivalents, (ii) a single isolated intermediate, and (iii) the simultaneous deprotection of 36 hindered protective groups. The resulting MAG-Tn3 was unambiguously characterized using a combination of techniques, including a structural analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The four peptidic chains are flexible in solution, with a more constrained but extended conformation at the Tn3 antigen motif. Finally, we demonstrate that, when injected into HLA-DR1-expressing transgenic mice, this vaccine induces Tn-specific antibodies that mediate the killing of human Tn-positive tumor cells. These studies led to a clinical batch of the MAG-Tn3, currently investigated in breast cancer patients (phase I clinical trial). The current study demonstrates the feasibility of the multigram-scale synthesis of a highly pure complex glycopeptide, and it opens new avenues for the use of synthetic glycopeptides as drugs in humans.
Phase-Resolved Surface Pressure and Heat-Transfer Measurements on the Blade of a Two-Stage Turbine (1995)

Phase-resolved surface pressure, and unsteady pressure measurements are reported for the first-stage blade row of the Space Shuttle Main Engine two-stage fuel-side turbine. Measurements were made at 10, 50, and 90 percent span on both the pressure and suction surfaces of the blade. Phase-resolved and unsteady heat-flux measurements are also reported.
Resist and Sidewall Film Removal after Al Reactive Ion Etching (RIE) Employing F+H<sub>2</sub>O Downstream Ashing (1993)

The sidewall residue seen after Al etching and via-hole etching on an Al pattern was investigated. X-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS) after O 2 plasma ashing revealed that this sidewall residue contained a large number of Al atoms sputtered from the Al film surface. A downstream ashing technique employing F atoms and water vapor has already been developed to remove the persistent resist after plasma processing or ion implantation, but even this downstream ashing could not remove the sidewall residue containing Al. It has been found that the downstream process changed Al and Al oxide in the residue to Al fluoride, a water-soluble compound. Thus, rinsing with DI water successfully removed the sidewall residue after downstream ashing.
Serosubtypes and PorA Types of <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> Serogroup B Isolated in Brazil during 1997-1998: Overview and Implications for Vaccine Development (2001)

Meningococcal disease caused by N. meningitidis serogroup B (MenB) has been endemic in Brazil since 1997. In this study, we determined the prevalence of serosubtypes of MenB isolated in 10 Brazilian states and the Federal District during 1997 and 1998 and investigated the extent of PorA VR sequence variation among the most prevalent serosubtypes to evaluate the possible use of an outer membrane vesicle (OMV)-, PorA-based vaccine to prevent meningococcal disease in Brazil. During this period, a total of 8,932 cases of meningococcal disease were reported. Only 42% (n = 3,751) of the reported cases were laboratory confirmed, and about 60% (n = 2,255) of those were identified as MenB. Among 1,297 MenB strains selected for this study, the most prevalent serosubtypes were P1.19,15 (66%), P1.7,1 (11%), and P1.7,16 (4%). PorA VR typing showed that 91% of the P1.19,15 strains analyzed had VR1 and VR2 sequences identical to those of the prototype strain. No sequence variation was detected among the 40 strains representing all isolated MenB P1.7,16 strains in the three southern states, where this serosubtype accounts for 75% of the serosubtypes identified. Similarly, all P1.7,1 strains were identified by PorA typing as P1.7-1,1. Although further improvements in the reporting of cases and collection of strains in Brazil are needed, our data suggest that a trivalent OMV-based vaccine prepared with PorA types P1.19,15, P1.7-1,1, and P1.7,16 may be appropriate to control serogroup B meningococcal disease in most of the Brazilian states.
Properties of Bread Dough with Added Fiber Polysaccharides and Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review (2010)

During breadmaking, different ingredients are used to ensure the development of a continuous protein network that is essential for bread quality. Interests in incorporating bioactive ingredients such as dietary fiber (DF) and phenolic antioxidants into popular foods such as bread have grown rapidly, due to the increased consumer health awareness. The added bioactive ingredients may or may not promote the protein cross-links. Appropriate cross-links among wheat proteins, fiber polysaccharides, and phenolic antioxidants could be the most critical factor for bread dough enhanced with DF and phenolic antioxidants. Such cross-links may influence the structure and properties of a bread system during baking. This article presents a brief overview of our current knowledge of the fate of the key components (wheat proteins, fibers, and phenolic antioxidants) and how they might interact during bread dough development and baking.
Active immunization of hamsters against<i>Clostridium difficile</i>infection using surface-layer protein (2008)

Clostridium difficile is the leading cause of infectious antibiotic-associated diarrhoea, particularly among the elderly. Its surface-layer protein (SLP) was tested as a vaccine component in a series of immunization and challenge experiments with Golden Syrian hamsters, combined with different systemic and mucosal adjuvants. Some regimens were also tested in a nonchallenge BALB/c mouse model, enabling closer monitoring of the immune response. None of the regimens conferred complete protection in the hamster model, and antibody stimulation was variable within regimens, and generally modest or poor. Mice displayed stronger antibody responses to SLP compared with hamsters. Two hamsters of five given SLP with Ribi (monophosphoryl lipid A and synthetic trehalose dicorynomycolate) survived the challenge, as did two of three given SLP with Ribi and cholera toxin. This modest trend to protection is interpreted with caution, because the survivors had low anti-SLP serum antibody titres. The hamsters were an outbred line, and subject to more genetic variability than inbred animals; however, BALB/c mice also showed strongly variable antibody responses. There is a clear need for better adjuvants for single-component vaccines, particularly for mucosal delivery. The hamster challenge model may need to be modified to be useful in active immunization experiments with SLP.
Purine base uptake in Trypanosoma cruzi: adaptations and effects of inhibitors. (1987)

1. The pattern of purine base uptake in culture epimastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi can be predicted from cell growth rate and cell concentration, with the late log phase showing the greatest variability. 2. Uptake rates are unexpectedly low in the reproductive tissue amastigotes and high in the non-reproductive blood trypomastigotes. It is suggested that blood trypomastigotes metabolize and accumulate reserves of purine metabolites, whereas amastigotes depend on degradation of host cell RNA and nucleotides as purine sources. 3. All parasite forms salvage hypoxanthine and guanine in preference to adenine. Nifurtimox, dipyridamole and cytochalasin have no effect on uptake, whereas amphotericin B, allopurinol, xanthine and urate inhibit it. The alterations caused by urate are complex, apparently involving inhibition of the monooxypurine phosphoribosyltransferase and induction of permeation of purines into the cells.
Continuous Protein Production and Release via Oscillatory Suicidal Lysis Circuits (2012)

<p>Advancements in the biotechnology and pharmaceutical fields have led to the development of an expanding number of applications for certain recombinant proteins of interest. As such, the demand for efficient and cost effective protein production systems is growing. A great deal of research, cost and time goes into improving and optimizing the production of commercially valuable proteins of interest. Many current methods involve growing a culture of cells to its maximum capacity, all of which are producing a certain protein of interest, and then killing off the entire culture to extract the protein. By doing so, regrowth of the entire cell population is required, taking additional time and resources. Controlled lysis could allow for a more continuous protein release through the killing of only a portion of the population and allowing recovery in the exponential growth phase. This study acts as a proof of concept for the implementation of programmable suicidal lysis circuits into bacteria, Escherichia coli, being cultured for protein production for the sustained production and release of said proteins. </p><p>To test the viability of suicidal lysis as a mechanism for sustained protein release a robust oscillator circuit, ePop, was used. The ePop circuit controls the synthesis of E gene, producing a protein that incites cellular lysis by attacking the cell wall. By culturing cells for long term growth and extracting small volumes of the culture at various time points for protein quantification, the protein release capabilities of ePop were observed. Protein quantities in the lysates and supernatants of the extractions were determined using SDS-PAGE Coomassi Staining and a Pierce BCA Protein Assay. Also, western blotting was performed on supernatant samples to show the effective release of a specific protein of interest, GFP. The focus was on the presence of protein in the supernatant which is correlated to the release during the lysis cycle of the bacterial population oscillations. </p><p>Protein release via the ePop circuit was shown to be effective and robust. The oscillator circuit released measurable quantities of protein in the supernatant of the culture extractions as predicted. The green fluorescent protein of interest used as a pilot protein was effectively released into the supernatant and shown through a western blot with a GFP specific antibody. Population oscillator circuits through cellular lysis were shown to be a viable method for protein release and could be applied to protein production processes as well as other technologies.</p>
ChemInform Abstract: 4‐SUBSTITUTED 2,6‐DI‐TERT‐BUTYLPHENOLS AND THEIR CORRESPONDING AROXYLS POSSESSING 4‐(1‐METHYLENEIMIDAZOLYL), 4‐(1‐METHYLENEBENZIMIDAZOLYL), OR 4‐(1‐SULFONYLBENZIMIDAZOLYL) GROUPS (1983)

Abstract Aus den Imidazolen (I) erhält man mit dem Benzylchlorid (II) die Benzylimidazole (III).
Cognitive Dysfunction in Parkinson’s Disease: The Role of Frontostriatal Circuitry (2004)

It has been known for many years that the classic motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease are accompanied by deficits of executive function that resemble those seen after frontal lobe damage in humans. What is less clear is how different components of frontostriatal circuitry contribute to these impairments. Recently, improved methods of clinical assessment and classification, combined with novel technical approaches, such as functional neuroimaging, have led to great advances in our understanding of the fundamental mechanisms that drive frontostriatal circuitry. As a direct result, it has been possible to redefine impairments of executive function in Parkinson's disease more precisely in terms of the specific neuropsychological, neuroanatomical, and psychopharmacological mechanisms involved.
Fully Dynamic Algorithm for Top- <i>k</i> Densest Subgraphs (2017)

Given a large graph,the densest-subgraph problem asks to find a subgraph with maximum average degree. When considering the top-k version of this problem, a naïve solution is to iteratively find the densest subgraph and remove it in each iteration. However, such a solution is impractical due to high processing cost. The problem is further complicated when dealing with dynamic graphs, since adding or removing an edge requires re-running the algorithm. In this paper, we study the top-k densest-subgraph problem in the sliding-window model and propose an efficient fully-dynamic algorithm. The input of our algorithm consists of an edge stream, and the goal is to find the node-disjoint subgraphs that maximize the sum of their densities. In contrast to existing state-of-the-art solutions that require iterating over the entire graph upon any update, our algorithm profits from the observation that updates only affect a limited region of the graph. Therefore, the top-k densest subgraphs are maintained by only applying local updates. We provide a theoretical analysis of the proposed algorithm and show empirically that the algorithm often generates denser subgraphs than state-of-the-art competitors. Experiments show an improvement in efficiency of up to five orders of magnitude compared to state-of-the-art solutions.
3D Holoscopic video coding using MVC (2011)

Integral imaging, also known as holoscopic imaging, appears to be a promising approach for glassless 3D. This paper presents the general concepts of integral imaging and lenticular lenses, which are used in the image acquisition and displaying step. Special attention is devoted to the analysis of 3D holoscopic video compression considering its intrinsic nature of having a high cross-correlation between the different micro-images, building the full integral image. Experimental results using multiview video coding (MVC) for 3D holoscopic video will show the superior performance of this approach in comparison to traditional 2D compression approaches.
Amino derivatives of phenyl alkyl thiophene as inhibitors of bone resorption. Structure-activity relationship. (1998)

Metabolism of arachidonic acid through the 5-lipoxygenase (LO) pathway generates compounds that stimulate osteoclastic bone resorption; since LO metabolites might play a role in bone loss due to excessive resorption it was tried to develop a series of antiresorptive agents starting from an already known LO inhibitor. Of the 35 compounds synthesized, 11 strongly inhibited (10 mumol/l) retinoic acid-induced bone resorption in cultured mouse calvariae; they were also tested for their effect on LO activity using rat peritoneal neutrophils, but no correlation could be drawn between inhibition of LO and bone resorption. Other pathways, still to be identified, must therefore be targeted by these compounds even though LO inhibition might contribute to their effects on bone. Two compounds selected for further studies were found active on parathyroid hormone-induced osteolysis, while they had no effect on basal resorption; they must, therefore, act at some key point in the process of activation of osteoclastic resorption. This series of compounds may represent a new way for the treatment of bone loss due to excessive resorption.
Performance on a Virtual Reality Spatial Memory Navigation Task in Depressed Patients (2007)

Depressed patients performed worse than healthy subjects on a novel spatial memory task. Virtual reality navigation may provide a consistent, sensitive measure of cognitive deficits in patients with affective disorders, representing a mechanism to study a putative endophenotype for hippocampal function.
Perpendicular coupling to in-plane photonics using arc waveguides fabricated via two-photon polymerization (2012)

We demonstrate the concept of vertically standing arc waveguides to couple normally incident light into the plane of a photonic circuit or sensor array. The simple one-step direct write fabrication uses a low power picosecond microchip laser for two-photon polymerization with high-speed and low-cost. Arc waveguides with different arc radii and waveguide port diameters are obtained, with insertion loss down to 1.5 dB. This demonstration of a distinctly different architecture employing unsupported arc waveguides adds another dimension to photonic integration and opens up applications for environmental sensors, integrated microfluidics, bio-assay chips, as well as offering an alternate way of input/output-coupling to planar waveguides.
Integrated Magnetic Recording Heads : Review and Outlook (1974)

There is now an extensive worldwide effort concerned with theoritical studies, design and application of film recording heads. They are fabricated by techniques similar to those used in integrated circuit and vacuum technology ; this film recording head concept is about twelve years old. However, only limited information has been made available. This paper reviews the early work and includes the latest developments. Then, we present disk and tape recording results using integrated heads. We discuss the performance and advantages for these two directions compared to conventional heads. Finally, we will attempt to produce a prognosis for the future, introducing new film recording head structures.
The use of autologous fat grafts in breast surgery: A literature review (2019)

Autologous fat injection was first described roughly a century ago and has been used in surgery ever since. In addition to its use in many surgical fields, it is also frequently used for both aesthetic and reconstructive purposes in breast surgery. Since the application of fat grafting in breast surgery has steadily increased, studies investigating its reliability have simultaneously become increasingly common. Previous studies have reported that the use of fat grafting in breast surgery is reliable, but some pending questions remain about its routine use. In order to use fat grafts successfully in breast surgery, it is necessary to be familiar with the structure and content of adipose tissue, the efficacy of adipose stem cell-enriched fat grafts, the oncological safety of fat grafts, and the problems that may occur in the radiological follow-up of patients who undergo fat grafting procedures. In this literature review, we aim to discuss the use of fat grafts in breast surgery by investigating these common problems.
Crystal Structures of Branched-Chain Amino Acid Aminotransferase Complexed with Glutamate and Glutarate:  True Reaction Intermediate and Double Substrate Recognition of the Enzyme<sup>,</sup> (2003)

Branched-chain amino acid aminotransferase (BCAT), which has pyridoxal 5'-phosphate as a cofactor, is a key enzyme in the biosynthetic pathway of hydrophobic amino acids (leucine, isoleucine, and valine). The enzyme reversibly catalyzes the transfer of the amino group of a hydrophobic amino acid to 2-oxoglutarate to form a 2-oxo acid and glutamate. Therefore, the active site of BCAT should have a mechanism to enable recognition of an acidic amino acid as well as a hydrophobic amino acid (double substrate recognition). The three-dimensional structures of Escherichia coli BCAT (eBCAT) in complex with the acidic substrate (glutamate) and the acidic substrate analogue (glutarate) have been determined by X-ray diffraction at 1.82 and 2.15 A resolution, respectively. The enzyme is a homo hexamer, with the polypeptide chain of the subunit folded into small and large domains, and an interdomain loop. The eBCAT in complex with the natural substrate, glutamate, was assigned as a ketimine as the most probable form based upon absorption spectra of the crystal complex and the shape of the residual electron density corresponding to the cofactor-glutamate bond structure. Upon binding of an acidic substrate, the interdomain loop approaches the substrate to shield it from the solvent region, as observed in the complex with a hydrophobic substrate. Both the acidic and the hydrophobic side chains of the substrates are bound to almost the same position in the pocket of the enzyme and are identical in structure. The inner side of the pocket is mostly hydrophobic to accommodate the hydrophobic side chain but has four sites to coordinate with the gamma-carboxylate of glutamate. The mechanism for the double substrate recognition observed in eBCAT is in contrast to those in aromatic amino acid and histidinol-phosphate aminotransferases. In an aromatic amino acid aminotransferase, the acidic side chain is located at the same position as that for the aromatic side chain because of large-scale rearrangements of the hydrogen bond network. In the histidinol-phosphate aminotransferase, the acidic and basic side chains are located at different sites and interact with different residues of the disordered loop.