gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Methylpyridine Derivatives. XXVII. Synthesis of 1, 3-Disubstituted-4-oxo-quinolizine and 2, 4-Disubstituted-1-oxo-benzo [c] quinolizine Derivatives (1974)

Reaction of ethyl α-(dimethylaminomethylene)-2-pyridineacetate (I) with acetic anhydride gives ethyl 4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-1-carboxylate (Va). Similar reaction with acid anhydrides, such as propionic anhydride and n-butyric anhydride, affords the corresponding 3-substituted-quinolizine derivatives (Vc and Ve). Similarly, α-(dimethylaminomethylene)-2-pyridineacetonitrile (II) and quinolyl homologous (III and IV) react with acid anhydrides to give the corresponding 3-substituted-4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-1-carbonitrile (Vb, Vd and Vf), ethyl 2-substituted-1-oxo-1H-benzo [c] quinolizine-4-carboxylate (VIa, VIc and VIe) and 4-carbonitrile derivatives (VIb, VId, and VIf), respectively. I reacts with diethyl malonate to give diethyl 4-oxo-4H-quinolizine-1, 3-dicarboxylate (Vg). Similar reaction with esters, such as ethyl cyanoacetate, ethyl acetoacetate and ethyl 2-pyridineacetate, affords the corresponding 3-substituted-quinolizine derivatives (Vi, Vk, and Vm). II, III and IV react with esters to form quinolizine and benzoquinolizine derivatives (Vh, Vj, Vn, VIg, VIh, VIi, VIj, VIk, and VIl). Reaction of III with esters affords ethyl 2-(2'-quinolyl)-1-oxo-1H-benzo [c] quinolizine-4-carboxylate (VII), besides the expected product (VIg, VIi, VIk). Reaction of IV with ethyl acetoacetate gives ethyl 3-(2'-quinolyl)-6-methyl-2-pyridone-5-carboxylate (IX) as a main product (33%).
Enrichment of Endoplasmic Reticulum with Cholesterol Inhibits Sarcoplasmic-Endoplasmic Reticulum Calcium ATPase-2b Activity in Parallel with Increased Order of Membrane Lipids (2004)

Macrophages in advanced atherosclerotic lesions accumulate large amounts of unesterified, or "free," cholesterol (FC). FC accumulation induces macrophage apoptosis, which likely contributes to plaque destabilization. Apoptosis is triggered by the enrichment of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) with FC, resulting in depletion of ER calcium stores, and induction of the unfolded protein response. To explain the mechanism of ER calcium depletion, we hypothesized that FC enrichment of the normally cholesterol-poor ER membrane inhibits the macrophage ER calcium pump, sarcoplasmic-endoplasmic reticulum calcium ATPase-2b (SERCA2b). FC enrichment of ER membranes to a level similar to that occurring in vivo inhibited both the ATPase activity and calcium sequestration function of SERCA2b. Enrichment of ER with ent-cholesterol or 14:0-18:0 phosphatidylcholine, which possess the membrane-ordering properties of cholesterol, also inhibited SERCA2b. Moreover, at various levels of FC enrichment of ER membranes, there was a very close correlation between increasing membrane lipid order, as monitored by 16-doxyl-phosphatidycholine electron spin resonance, and SERCA2b inhibition. In view of these data, we speculate that SERCA2b, a conformationally active protein with 11 membrane-spanning regions, loses function due to decreased conformational freedom in FC-ordered membranes. This biophysical model may underlie the critical connection between excess cholesterol, unfolded protein response induction, macrophage death, and plaque destabilization in advanced atherosclerosis.
Low-voltage ULSI design (1993)

An overall view on low-voltage device and circuit design is presented, beginning with a discussion of the low-voltage limit. Low-voltage device design is then described. Low-voltage CMOS and BiCMOS logic circuits are discussed. Circuit techniques for the low-voltage DRAMs and SRAMs are presented. The low-voltage analog devices and circuits are considered. The future direction of the low-voltage and low-power ULSIs is discussed by comparing the switching energy of electronic devices and brain cells.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A new interpolation theorem with application to pulse transmission (1991)

An interpolation theorem is determined for the case when there are a finite number of arbitrarily placed sampling instants and the interpolation function is the output of a known filter. They are also the interpolation functions with the specified properties that have minimum energy. The theorem is used to determine the input to a communications channel given a finite number of samples of its output. This provides a generalization of matched filters and a perspective on the benefits of fractionally spaced equalization. The theorem is also used to construct masks of a family of pulses that are specified by the range of pulse voltages at a finite number of sampling instants. The theory determines how the pulse masks thus constructed is transformed when the pulse family is transmitted through a filter such as a length of transmission line.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Charging algorithms of lithium-ion batteries: An overview (2012)

This paper presents the overview of charging algorithms for lithium-ion batteries, which include constant current-constant voltage (CC/CV), variants of the CC/CV, multistage constant current, pulse current and pulse voltage. The CC/CV charging algorithm is well developed and widely adopted in charging lithium-ion batteries. It is used as a benchmark to compare with other charging algorithms in terms of the charging time, the charging efficiency, the influences on battery life and other aspects, which can serve as a convenient reference for future work in developing a charger for lithium-ion battery.
Transition Prediction for Three-Dimensional Boundary Layers in Computational Fluid Dynamics Applications (2002)

A method is presented for estimating the laminar/turbulent transition location in three-dimensional boundary layers for computational fluid dynamics (CFD) applications requiring numerous transition estimates with no user intervention. Given the Reynolds number and the Cp distribution, the location of transition is estimated based on the attachment-line state, the potential for relaminarization, the occurrence of laminar separation, and the growth of instabilities. Transition caused by instability is estimated based on N factors calculated for Tollmien-Schlichting waves and for stationary crossflow instabilities. A neural network is used (in place of solving the Orr-Sommerfeld stability equation) for determining the instability growth rates. The current version of the method assumes incompressible flow. The boundary-layer flow and instabilities are calculated based on an infinite-sweep (strip boundary layer) approximation; the instability calculations also employ the parallel-flow approximation
Replay Debugging for Multi-threaded Embedded Software (2010)

The non-deterministic behavior of multi-threaded embedded software makes cyclic debugging difficult. Even with the same input data, consecutive runs may result in different executions and reproducing the same bug is itself a challenge. Despite the fact that several approaches have been proposed for deterministic replay, none of them attends to the capabilities and functionalities that replay can comprise for better debugging. This paper introduces a practical replay mechanism for multi-threaded embedded software. The Replay Debugger, based on Lamport clock, offers a user controlled debugging environment in which the program execution follows the identical partially ordered happened-before dependency among threads and IO events as that of the recorded run. With the order of thread synchronizations assured, users can focus their debugging effort in the program behavior of any threads while having a comprehension of thread-level concurrency. Using a set of benchmark programs, experiment results of a prototyped implementation show that, in average, the software based approach incurs a small probe effect of 3.3% in its record stage.
Reconstitution of human TFIIA activity from recombinant polypeptides: a role in TFIID-mediated transcription. (1994)

Human TFIIA activity is composed of three subunits (alpha, beta, gamma). Here we report the isolation of a human cDNA clone encoding the gamma-subunit and the reconstitution of TFIIA activity from recombinant polypeptides (holo-TFIIA). Protein-protein interaction analysis established that the beta and gamma subunits of TFIIA interact with the TBP component of TFIID. The alpha-subunit is recruited into the complex by association with the gamma-subunit. Functional studies indicate that recombinant TFIIA stimulates basal TFIID-dependent transcription but is without effect on TBP-dependent transcription. Our studies indicate that TFIIA not only functions by physically removing negative components present in TFIID (antirepression), as demonstrated previously, but that it can stimulate basal transcription through components of the TFIID complex. Holo-TFIIA also stimulated activation of transcription in vitro as well as in vivo in transfected HeLa cells.
Inferring Cerebrovascular Changes from Latencies of Systemic and Intracranial Pulses: A Model-Based Latency Subtraction Algorithm (2009)

Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) pulse latency reflect pathophysiological changes of the cerebral vasculature based on the theory of pulse wave propagation. Timing CBFV pulse onset relative to electrocardiogram QRS is practical. However, it introduces confounding factors of extracranial origins for characterizing the cerebral vasculature. This study introduces an approach to reducing confounding influences on CBFV latency. This correction approach is based on modeling the relationship between CBFV latency and systemic arterial blood pressure (ABP) pulse latency. It is tested using an existing data set of CBFV and ABP from 14 normal subjects undergoing pressure cuff tests under both normoxic and acute hypoxic states. The results show that the proposed CBFV latency correction approach produces a more accurate measure of cerebral vascular changes, with an improved positive correlation between beat-to-beat CBFV and the CBFV latency time series, for example, correlation coefficient increased from 0.643 to 0.836 for group-averaged cuff deflation traces at normoxia. In conclusion, this study suggests that subtraction of systemic ABP latency improves CBFV latency measurements, which in turn improve the characterization of cerebral vascular changes.
Introduction to Molecular Combing: Genomics, DNA Replication, and Cancer (2009)

The sequencing of the human genome inaugurated a new era in both fundamental and applied genetics. At the same time, the emergence of new technologies for probing the genome has transformed the field of pharmaco-genetics and made personalized genomic profiling and high-throughput screening of new therapeutic agents all but a matter of routine. One of these technologies, molecular combing, has served to bridge the technical gap between the examination of gross chromosomal abnormalities and sequence-specific alterations. Molecular combing provides a new perspective on the structure and dynamics of the human genome at the whole genome and sub-chromosomal levels with a resolution ranging from a few kilobases up to a megabase and more. Originally developed to study genetic rearrangements and to map genes for positional cloning, recent advances have extended the spectrum of its applications to studying the real-time dynamics of the replication of the genome. Understanding how the genome is replicated is essential for elucidating the mechanisms that both maintain genome integrity and result in the instabilities leading to human genetic disease and cancer. In the following, we will examine recent discoveries and advances due to the application of molecular combing to new areas of research in the fields of molecular cytogenetics and cancer genomics.
ChemInform Abstract: 1‐IMINO‐2R‐ AND 1‐IMINO‐2R‐3‐PHENYLISOINDOLINES (1985)

Abstract Die aus o‐Bromalkylbenzonitrilen mit primären Arylaminen erhaltenen Salze (I) werden in die freien Basen (II) übergeführt, die mit Acetanhydrid, Benzoylchlorid oder Phenylisocyanat zu den acylierten Derivaten (III) umgesetzt werden.
The Design And Manufacture Of A High-Resolution Laser Radar Scanner (1989)

The design and manufacture of the opto-mechanical sub-system for a laser radar scanner is presented, with a discussion of the initial system design considerations leading to a description of the detailed optical design. The scanner offers high spatial resolution in three dimensions, a characteristic that imposed severe limitations on the optical configuration. In addition, the requirement that it should be capable of operation in a factory environment, and hence safe to the eyes of operators, demands an extremely high signal-to-noise level to permit the use of a relatively low power laser. This requirement also dictates the need for accurate alignment, details of which are presented along with results of the optical testing.
Preparation of niosomes as an ocular delivery system for naltrexone hydrochloride: physicochemical characterization. (2010)

Recent reports have demonstrated that topical and systemic application of naltrexone markedly improves the characteristic signs of diabetic keratopathy; most notably, impaired corneal sensation and delayed wound repair. The aim of this study was to prepare and characterise non-ionic surfactant vesicles (niosomes) for the ocular drug delivery of naltrexone hydrochloride. The niosomes were prepared using the thin film hydration method and characterised using polarized light microscopy, cryo-scanning electron microscopy (Cryo-SEM), percent drug entrapment efficiency (EE %), laser light diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two classes of non-ionic surfactants (sorbitan esters and polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers) were investigated. The results revealed that tuning of cholesterol concentrations can significantly alter the niosome's physical properties including sizes, EE% and membrane fluidity (thermo-responsiveness). The prepared vesicles were in the range of 7.0 +/- 1.0 to 14.6 +/- 0.8 microm in size. The prepared niosomes showed different abilities to accommodate cholesterol. This was highly dependent on the structure and continuity of the hydrophobic chains of the used surfactants. Span 60-based vesicles containing 30% mol/mol of cholesterol showed the highest EE%. The microstructure and lamellarity of the niosomes were studied using Cryo-SEM. Typical concentric multilayered structures (onion or rose-like) were seen suggesting the formation of multilamellar vesicles. DSC-studies conducted on Span 60-based niosomes containing 30% mol/mol cholesterol revealed liquid-gel transition (T(m) and entropy of 43.5 degrees C and 0.82 kcal/mol, respectively). Such transition reflects potential thermo-responsive properties, which is desirable for ocular delivery.
Einleitung (1986)

Der Begriff «organische Chemie» wurde erstmals von Berzelius zu Beginn des 19. Jahrhunderts verwendet. Damit bezeichnete er aus lebenden Organismen isolierte Verbindungen. Als besondere Eigenschaften dieser Substanzen erkannte man schon bald die Zusammensetzung aus nur wenigen Elementen (vor allem Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff, Sauerstoff und Stickstoff), Brennbarkeit sowie Empfindlichkeit gegen Wärme, Säuren und Basen. Die Theorie, daß nur die lebende Zelle organische Verbindungen aufbauen könne, wurde von Wöhler 1828 durch ein einfaches Experiment
Segmentation Of Ventricles In Short Axis NMR Black Blood Images (2005)

Cardiac NMR imaging experiments yield massive amounts of data, thus eliminating manual processing as a practical analysis approach. We describe a novel, fast, and reliable statistical segmentation algorithm for automatically determining left and right ventricular volume. The algorithm first locates that portion of the image containing the ventricles, analyzes the histogram via unsupervised parametric clustering to determine suitable intensity ranges for blood and tissue, and then applies a region growing to determine ventricular area. A similar procedure is followed for each of the numerous anatomic and temporal slices obtained in the experiment, with past results used to guide segmentation of the remaining slices.
Transplantable IgD Immunoglobulin-Secreting Tumors in Rat (1978)

Abstract The LOU/C/Wsl rat inbred strain presents a high incidence of spontaneous malignant ileocecal immunocytomas or monoclonal immunoglobulin-secreting tumors. Some tumors have been transplanted in histocompatible animals over years without any change in their secretion products. Among approximately 600 different monoclonal proteins we have studied so far, we recognized six showing properties different from those of rat IgM, IgA, IgE, or IgG classes, and characteristic of the IgD class.
Deep Learning for Lung Cancer Nodules Detection and Classification in CT Scans (2020)

Detecting malignant lung nodules from computed tomography (CT) scans is a hard and time-consuming task for radiologists. To alleviate this burden, computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) systems have been proposed. In recent years, deep learning approaches have shown impressive results outperforming classical methods in various fields. Nowadays, researchers are trying different deep learning techniques to increase the performance of CAD systems in lung cancer screening with computed tomography. In this work, we review recent state-of-the-art deep learning algorithms and architectures proposed as CAD systems for lung cancer detection. They are divided into two categories—(1) Nodule detection systems, which from the original CT scan detect candidate nodules; and (2) False positive reduction systems, which from a set of given candidate nodules classify them into benign or malignant tumors. The main characteristics of the different techniques are presented, and their performance is analyzed. The CT lung datasets available for research are also introduced. Comparison between the different techniques is presented and discussed.
Malignant Neoplasms of Genetic Origin in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (1978)

Malignant neoplasms that develop in 12 recessive-lethal, larval mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are discussed. These mutations affect the adult optic neuroblasts and ganglion-mother cells in the larval brain, the imaginal discs, and the hematopoietic organs. The malignant neoplasms exhibit fast, autonomous growth, loss of the capacity for differentiation, increased mobility and invasiveness, lethality in situ and after transplantation, and histological, fine structural, and karyotypic abnormalities. Intermediate neoplasms are also found. These combine both benign and malignant qualities. They grow in a noninvasive, compact fashion, typical of benign tumors, yet they also exhibit malignant qualities such as fast, autonomous, and lethal growth, loss of differentiation capacity, changes in cellular morphology, and lethal growth after transplantation into wild-type hosts. Thus Drosophila and vertebrate neoplasms show striking similarities.
Enhanced magnetic anisotropy at the percolation threshold of Fe-SiO2 composite thin films (1990)

Ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) measurements at 9.6 GHz and room temperature are reported for very thin (50 Å) sputtered films of Fe-SiO2 with volume fractions of Fe, f, spanning the percolation threshold at fc=0.57. It is inferred from the FMR linewidths that the magnetic anisotropy of the percolating composite of Fe particles peaks at fc. Possible mechanisms for this anisotropy enhancement are examined and it is argued that the shape anisotropy of the percolation clusters may be the principal contribution. These results and our interpretations provide a possible explanation for the peak in the coercivity near the percolation threshold of Fe-SiO2 composite films recently reported by S. H. Liou and C. L. Chien [Appl. Phys. Lett. 52, 512 (1988)].
Cytomegalovirus following stem cell transplantation: from pharmacologic to immunologic therapy (2004)

Human cytomegalovirus is a large DNA virus that is well-equipped to evade both innate and adaptive host immune responses and to establish lifelong latency. It is a major opportunistic pathogen in immunocompromised hosts. Following allogeneic transplantation, immune responses are often inadequate to inhibit viral reactivation, resulting in progressive tissue damage, manifesting as overt human cytomegalovirus disease that usually presents as pneumonitis, colitis or hepatitis. Currently available antiviral pharmacotherapies are limited by toxicities if used prophylactically, and by a lack of efficacy in established human cytomegalovirus disease. Efforts have therefore focused on molecular diagnostic surveillance protocols that allow earlier intervention and the development of adoptive immunotherapeutic strategies to hasten host immune reconstitution.
Origin of fieldlike spin-orbit torques in heavy metal/ferromagnet/oxide thin film heterostructures (2016)

We report measurements of the thickness and temperature $(T)$ dependencies of current-induced spin-orbit torques, especially the fieldlike (FL) component, in various heavy metal (HM)/normal metal (NM) spacer/ferromagnet (FM)/oxide (MgO and $\mathrm{Hf}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}/\mathrm{MgO})$ heterostructures. The FL torque in these samples originates from spin current generated by the spin Hall effect in the HM. For a FM layer sufficiently thin that a substantial portion of this spin current can reach the FM/oxide interface, T-dependent spin scattering there can yield a strong FL torque that is, in some cases, opposite in sign to that exerted at the NM/FM interface.
Facile Fabrication of Hierarchically Porous CuFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> Nanospheres with Enhanced Capacitance Property (2013)

In this work, CuFe2O4 nanospheres with hierarchically porous structure have been synthesized via a facile solvothermal procedure. The superstructures consist of the textured aggregations of nanocrystals with high specific surface area, pore volume, and uniform pore size distribution.To figure out the formation mechanism, we discussed in detail the effects of a series of experimental parameters, including the concentrations of the precipitation agent, stabilizer agent, and reaction temperature and time on the size and morphology of the resulting products. Furthermore, the electrochemical properties of CuFe2O4 nanospheres were evaluated by cyclic voltammetry and galvanostatic charge-dischrge studies. The results demonstrate that the as-prepared CuFe2O4 nanospheres are excellent electrode material in supercapacitor with high specific capacitance and good retention. The hierarchically CuFe2O4 nanospheres show the highest capacitance of 334F/g, and 88% of which can still be maintained after 600 charge-discharge cycles.
Identification of the novel role of butyrate as AhR ligand in human intestinal epithelial cells (2019)

The ligand activated transcription factor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) emerged as a critical regulator of immune and metabolic processes in the gastrointestinal tract. In the gut, a main source of AhR ligands derives from commensal bacteria. However, many of the reported microbiota-derived ligands have been restricted to indolyl metabolites. Here, by screening commensal bacteria supernatants on an AhR reporter system expressed in human intestinal epithelial cell line (IEC), we found that the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) butyrate induced AhR activity and the transcription of AhR-dependent genes in IECs. We showed that AhR ligand antagonists reduced the effects of butyrate on IEC suggesting that butyrate could act as a ligand of AhR, which was supported by the nuclear translocation of AhR induced by butyrate and in silico structural modelling. In conclusion, our findings suggest that (i) butyrate activates AhR pathway and AhR-dependent genes in human intestinal epithelial cell-lines (ii) butyrate is a potential ligand for AhR which is an original mechanism of gene regulation by SCFA.