gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changes in resist glass transition temperatures due to exposure (2007)

We have developed an AFM-based technique to measure intrinsic material roughness (IMR) after base development. Employing this technique we have deconstructed the resist into component parts and have shown that PAG is a major contributor to intrinsic material roughness. When PAG is exposed and thermal polymer deprotection is allowed to occur increased levels of IMR are present. The IMR of the resist is strongly dependent on the bake conditions, with increasing IMR at higher bake temperatures. This leads to the suspicion that the resist glass transition temperature (T<sub>g</sub>) may be responsible for the changes in the level of IMR observed with both different PAGs, polymers and bake temperatures. We have measured the T<sub>g</sub> in a series of model resists, both exposed and unexposed, and show the effect of changes in resist glass transition as a function of exposure dose and not the level of polymer deprotection. The T<sub>g</sub> of the resists does not decrease with exposure or bake as may be expected, but instead is either unchanged or slightly increases. The change in T<sub>g</sub> occurs due to exposure only with subsequent bake steps not affecting the resist T<sub>g</sub>.
Visualization of White Matter Tracts with Wrapped Streamlines (2006)

Figure 1: Samples generated with our diffusion tensor visualization application.(a) shows automatically clustered whole brain tracking with assigned colors.(b) displays the optic tract (orange) and the pyramidal tract (blue) in combination with direct volume rendering of high resolution magnetic resonance data.(c) is an example for safety estimation with the use of staggered hulls.(d) shows color encoded cluster segments of the corpus callosum combined with MRI T 1 data.
The influence on oral contraceptive formulation on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism. (1980)

Clinical comparative research was carried out in order to determine the effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism of synthetic gonadal steroids administered alone and in various combinations. 496 premenopausal Caucasian women were studied before and during the use of OCs (oral contraceptives), so that each woman was her own control. They were divided into groups according to the OC preparation being taken. None of the observed changes in the metabolic parameters correlated with the duration of OC usage. Estrogen usage exerted significant metabolic effects, but only in the fasting state. The effects of pregnane and nortestosterone derived (estrane and gonane) progestagens given alone were also limited to the fasting state. Estrogens lowered the fasting plasma glucose and elevated the fasting pyruvate and triglyceride levels; pregnane progestagen raised the fasting pyruvate levels; estrane-gonane progestagens lowered fasting pyruvate, triglyceride and cholesterol levels. None of the preparations altered oral glucose tolerance or insulin responses. In combination preparations, estrogenic effects were antagonized by estrane and gonane progestagens, but not by a pregnane progestagen. The ideal OC should contain 30-35 mug estrogen combined with less than 1 mg of an estrane progestagen in order to reduce possible metabolic side effects.
Immunotherapeutic elimination of syngeneic tumors <i>in vivo</i> by cytotoxic T lymphocytes generated <i>in vitro</i> from lymphocytes from the draining lymph nodes of tumor‐bearing mice (1991)

The draining lymph nodes (LN) of mice injected with viable syngeneic tumor cells contain populations of lymphoid cells which are capable of generating functional cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) during an in vitro culture period without the need of secondary stimulation with irradiated tumor cells or addition of exogenous cytokines. Intravenous injection of as few as 2.5 x 10(6) tumor-reactive effector cells generated using this protocol effectively eliminated challenges of tumor cells at distal skin sites, whereas injection of cultured control lymphoid cells was ineffective at rejecting tumor challenges. The anti-tumor CTL generated from the draining LN of C57BL10 mice immunized with viable syngeneic tumor cells were found to be specific for the tumor used for immunization both in vitro and in vivo. Phenotypic analysis of the cells responsible for tumor elimination (both in vitro. and in vivo) demonstrated the anti-tumor effector cells to be CD4-CD8+ asialo GM1+NK1.1-. Finally, anti-tumor CTL generated during the short in vitro culture period were able to effectively reject pre-existing tumors in vivo in a systemic fashion. These data indicate that the generation of tumor-reactive CTL from the lymphoid cells contained in the LN draining the site of a tumor may provide a valuable source of effector cells which can be used in the immunotherapeutic treatment of cancer.
Teleoperator servoloop tuning using an expert system (2002)

The development of an expert system for optimizing the controls tuning of a gear and shaft force-reflecting servomanipulator is discussed. Remote maintenance techniques have produced hot-cell manipulators that do not require hands-on-repair. However, these manipulators are difficult to tune owing to the conflicting priorities of maximizing operator sensation of force reflection and minimizing operator fatigue in combination with the complex nonlinear control algorithms and cross-coupled motions. Owing to the heuristic nature of this tuning problem and the emphasis on human perception of performance, an expert system has been developed as an alternative to algorithmic optimization of gains.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High resolution pH<sub>e</sub> imaging of rat glioma using pH‐dependent relaxivity (2006)

Previous studies using MR spectroscopy have shown that the extracellular pH (pH(e)) of tumors is acidic compared to normal tissues. This has a number of important sequelae that favor the emergence of more aggressive and therapy-resistant tumors. New MRI methods based on pH-sensitive T1 relaxivity are an attractive alternative to previous spectroscopic methods, as they allow improvements in spatial and temporal resolution. Recently, pH-dependent GdDOTA-4AmP5- and a pH-independent analog, GdDOTP5-, were used to image renal pH in mice. The current study has used a similar approach to image pH(e) in rat gliomas. Significant differences were observed compared to the renal study. First, the relaxivity of GdDOTP5- was found to be affected by the higher extracellular protein content of tumors. Second, the pixel-by-pixel analysis of the GdDOTP5- and GdDOTA-4AmP5- pharmacokinetics showed significant dispersion, likely due to the temporal fluctuations in tumor perfusion. However, there was a robust correlation between the maximal enhancements produced by the two boluses. Therefore, to account for the local time-courses differences, pH(e) maps were calculated at the time of maximal enhancement in each pixel. Finally, the comparison of the pH(e) and the time to maximal intensity maps revealed an inverse relationship between pH(e) and tumor perfusion.
Binding of low molecular mass compounds to proteins studied by liquid chromatographic techniques (2003)

The newest achievements in the application of miscellaneous liquid chromatographic techniques such as size-exclusion, ion-exchange and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, and thin-layer chromatography for the elucidation of the various aspects of the binding of ligands to proteins are compiled and briefly discussed. Examples of employment in pharmaceutical and clinical chemistry, drug design, enzyme kinetic studies and environmental protection are presented.
Confinement-Induced Novel Morphologies of Block Copolymers (2006)

Self-assembly of block copolymers confined in cylindrical nanopores is studied systematically using a simulated annealing technique. For diblock copolymers which form two-dimensional hexagonally packed cylinders with period L0 in the bulk, novel structures such as helices and stacked toroids spontaneously form inside the cylindrical pores. These confinement-induced morphologies have no counterpart in the bulk system and they depend on the pore diameter (D) and the surface-polymer interactions, reflecting the importance of structural frustration and interfacial interactions. On tightening the degree of confinement, transitions from helices to toroids to spheres are observed. Mechanisms of the morphological transitions can be understood based on the degree of structural frustration parametrized by the ratio D/L0.
A Population-Based Study of the Effectiveness of Inferior Vena Cava Filter Use Among Patients With Venous Thromboembolism (2000)

Insertion of a vena cava filter was not associated with a significant reduction in the 1-year incidence of rehospitalization for pulmonary embolism. Use of a filter was associated with a higher incidence of rehospitalization for venous thrombosis, but only among patients who initially manifested pulmonary embolism. A prospective clinical study is needed to determine the efficacy of filter use among patients with pulmonary embolism who do not meet strict guidelines for insertion of a vena cava filter.
Challenges, solutions, and recommendations for Alzheimer's disease combination therapy (2016)

Given the complex neuropathology Alzheimer's disease (AD), combination therapy may be necessary for effective treatment. However, scientific, pragmatic, regulatory, and business challenges need to be addressed before combination therapy for AD can become a reality. Leaders from academia and industry, along with a former member of the Food and Drug Administration and the Alzheimer's Association, have explored these challenges and here propose a strategy to facilitate proof-of-concept combination therapy trials in the near future. First, a more integrated understanding of the complex pathophysiology and progression of AD is needed to identify the appropriate pathways and the disease stage to target. Once drug candidates are identified, novel clinical trial designs and selection of appropriate outcome assessments will be needed to enable definition and evaluation of the appropriate dose and dosing regimen and determination of efficacy. Success in addressing this urgent problem will only be achieved through collaboration among multiple stakeholders.
Genetics of COPD: present and future (2001)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a devastating clinical problem. In the USA, it affects >16 million people, accounts for 13% of hospitalizations, and is the fourth leading cause of death 1. Similarly, COPD is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Over the next half-century, one and a half million deaths·yr−1 due to COPD are predicted in China alone 2. Although cigarette smoking is the major risk factor, only 10–20% of smokers develop symptomatic COPD. The extent of cigarette smoking (pack-yrs and duration of smoking) only account for ∼15% of the variation in lung function 3, indicating that differences in susceptibility to COPD must exist. Numerous epidemiological studies provide compelling evidence that genetic factors influence the development of COPD. Case-control studies have demonstrated an increased prevalence of COPD in relatives of patients with COPD that cannot be accounted for by known risk factors such as smoking 4–6. Twin studies also suggest a genetic basis to the development of COPD 7.

To date, α1-;antitrypsin (α1-;AT) deficiency remains the only proven genetic risk factor for COPD. The homozygous-deficient phenotype is rare (<0.1%), however, so only a small percentage (1–2%) of the genetic susceptibility to cigarette smoke is due to this phenotype. The best models of genetic components of COPD indicate that with the exception of α1-;AT it is a genetically complex disease 8. This is as expected given that the pathogenesis of COPD probably involves several cell types, enzymes and inflammatory mediators interacting in an intricate manner to influence the development of airways inflammation and parenchymal destruction.

For genetically complex diseases, recent emphasis has been placed on the common disease-common variant hypothesis, which states that common disease susceptibility or resistance variants are expected to be …
[P4–589]: CNS DRUG‐LIKE INHIBITORS OF TAU OLIGOMERIZATION (2017)

Tau oligomers form in neurons as tau redistributes from the axon to the cell body when tau protein loses its affinity to microtubules due to hyperphosphorylation during Alzheimer's disease and related tauopathies. Tau oligomers can accumulate in both the intracellular and extracellular spaces and have been shown to be toxic to neurons, reduce long-term potentiation (LTP) in mouse hippocampal slices, impair memory formation in wild type (w.t.) mice, and transmit tau pathology to neighboring neurons. Hence, tau oligomers have become a target for drug discovery using small molecule and antibody based approaches. Assays have been developed and used to select and optimize small molecules that inhibit tau monomer self-association. Here, we compare the chemical properties of our lead series to approved CNS drugs and other published molecules targeting tau. We also highlight in vivo studies testing the pharmacokinetics (PK) and safety of our lead compounds. The chemical properties of the molecules were compared based on their molecular weight, log of the partition coefficient (logP), polar surface area (PSA), and number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors using graphical statistical software. PK analysis of plasma/brain compound levels was performed in mice. Compound safety was evaluated in a 5-day study in w.t. mice at 100 mg/kg using oral administration. The chemical profile of our lead series was more similar to that of FDA approved CNS drugs compared to tau aggregation inhibitors selected using tau fibril formation assays. Further, pharmacokinetic analyses showed that one of our lead series compounds readily penetrates the blood-brain-barrier. Our screening approach has enabled the selection of CNS drug-like molecules based on their chemical properties, and our lead compound showed CNS drug-like properties in mouse PK and safety studies. Targeting tau monomer self-association yields molecules with better CNS drug-like properties than published molecules selected using tau fibril formation assays.
MALDI Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Nonderivatized Steroids Using Cyclodextrin-supported 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic Acid as Matrix (2014)

Sex hormones are important metabolites in vertebrates' development and reproduction. For rapid screening sex hormones, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry (MS) is one of the promising analytical platforms, but MALDI MS faces many challenges in detecting steroids such as low ionization efficiency and matrix background interference. One potential strategy to overcome matrix interference in the low m/z region is using a cyclodextrin (CD)-supported matrix for steroid analysis since CD-supported matrixes are known to effectively suppress matrix-related ion signals. In this study, we aimed to find the optimal CD-supported matrix for the analysis of the nonderivatized sex steroids. Our results showed that the <TEX>${\alpha}CD$</TEX>-supported 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) matrix efficiently ionized all three major classes of sex hormones, estrogens, androgens, and progestagens, with low or no matrix background and also with high sensitivity. In addition, the <TEX>${\alpha}CD$</TEX>-supported DHB matrix mainly generated molecular ions or protonated ions of sex hormones, and this enabled us to obtain information-rich tandem mass spectra which potentially lead to unambiguous identification of steroid species from complex metabolite mixtures.
The accuracy and consistency of mastery for each content domain using the Rasch and deterministic inputs, noisy “and” gate diagnostic classification models: a simulation study and a real-world analysis using data from the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (2021)

Although all 3 models provide a mastery decision for each examinee, the individual mastery profile using the DINA model provides more accurate decisions for attributes with high correlations than the CTT and Rasch models. The DINA model can also be directly applied to tests with complex structures, unlike the CTT and Rasch models, and it provides different diagnostic information from the CTT and Rasch models.
The risks and benefits of antithrombotic therapy in chronic atrial fibrillation (1996)

As the risks of adverse effects of warfarin and aspirin in certain patients with chronic atrial fibrillation are high, intervention with these agents should be targeted towards those who will derive most benefit. Clearer guidelines are emerging to identify those patients and to standardise current prescribing practices.
<title>Streak cameras applied to spatial chronometry</title> (1992)

The use of streak cameras for high-precision (picosecond) temporal measurements is planned for the Geodynamic Laser Ranging System. This paper analyzes the streak camera parameters which affect chronometry resolution, and three feasible versions of a picosecond chronometry system for space mission applications. Out of the three, the electronosensitive camera is considered to offer the best trade-off with respect to performance, size, and weight.
Role of Kupffer cells in arresting circulating tumor cells and controlling metastatic growth in the liver (1996)

Metastasis to the liver is a common event in clinical oncology. Blood-borne tumor cells (TCs) arriving to the liver sinusoids run into a special vascular bed. The lining of liver sinusoids is shared by Kupffer cells (KCs) and endothelial cells. KCs, liver-fixed macrophages, are responsible for detection and removal of "non-self" particles. To investigate their role in arresting blood-borne TCs and controlling tumor growth, we injected a syngeneic colon carcinoma cell line into a mesenteric vein of two groups of rats; one group was without Kupffer cells and the other normal controls. We removed the liver of these animals at different time intervals and performed immunohistochemical analysis with monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against our tumor cell line, three macrophage subpopulations, natural killer cells, and B and T lymphocytes. Additionally, we showed in vitro spontaneous cytotoxicity of KCs against our tumor cell line. Results suggest that KCs play a relevant role in arresting circulating TCs at the liver sinusoid, although it is limited to a small number of malignant cells. They also seem to play a major role in clearing neoplastic cells from the liver parenchyma, in controlling tumor growth in the very early stages of metastatic development, and in modulating the host immune response to cancer cells.
Nicotine nasal spray with nicotine patch for smoking cessation: randomised trial with six year follow up   Commentary: Progress on nicotine replacement therapy for smokers (1999)

Short and long term abstinence rates show that the combination of using a nicotine patch for 5 months with a nicotine nasal spray for 1 year is a more effective method of stopping smoking than using a patch only. The low percentage of participants using the nasal spray at 1 year, and the few relapses during the second year, suggest that it is not cost effective to use a nasal spray for longer than 7 months after stopping a patch.
Case-control study of the risk factors for age related macular degeneration (1998)

This large case-control study confirms some of the risk factors previously identified and may contribute to the determination of methods for prevention of AMD.
Doxazosin Inhibits Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1–Directed Migration of Human Monocytes (2001)

Monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1)-directed transendothelial migration of monocytes plays a key role in the early development of atherosclerosis. Migration of monocytes requires degradation of extracellular matrices, a process that involves matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP). Recent studies suggest that the alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist doxazosin (Dox) might have antiatherosclerotic effects, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects of Dox on MCP-1-directed monocyte migration, MMP-9 activity, and TIMP-1 expression. MCP-1 (50 ng/ml) stimulated migration of human peripheral blood monocytes (HPBM) 2.7+/-0.42-fold and THP-1 human monocytes 5.9+/-0.83-fold compared with unstimulated control. Dox inhibited MCP-1-induced migration in a dose-dependent manner, with a maximal reduction at 10 microM of 69.5+/-5.9% in HPBM and 72.2+/-3.2% in THP-1 cells. Dox blocked migration even after pretreatment with phenoxybenzamine, an irreversible alpha1-adrenergic receptor antagonist (HPBM: phenoxybenzamine 1 microM + Dox 10 microM, 71.9+/-2.2% inhibition; THP-1 cells: phenoxybenzamine 1 microM + Dox 10 microM: 78+/-7.7% inhibition), suggesting that the antimigratory activity of Dox is mediated through a novel mechanism unrelated to its blocking of the alpha1-adrenergic receptor. Dox (10 microM) inhibited MMP-9 activity by 67.6+/-10.5%, whereas MMP-9 protein levels were not affected. Also, Dox increased PMA-induced-tissue inhibitor of MMPs-1 (TIMP-1) expression by 134.4+/-6.6%. Dox 10 microM. The present study demonstrates a potential novel antiatherosclerotic action of Dox by blocking MCP-1-directed monocyte migration, which might be partly mediated by inhibition of MMP-9 activity.
Das kolorektale Karzinom (2014)

Kernaussagen Risiko und Prävention Das kolorektale Karzinom ist eine häufige Erkrankung (Lebenszeitrisiko 6 %), die in der Regel erst in einem fortgeschrittenen Stadium mit Symptomen – am häufigsten Blut im Stuhl – einhergeht. Beeinflussbare Risikofaktoren sind Rauchen, Übergewicht, Bewegungsarmut sowie Konsum von Alkohol und rotem Fleisch (Rind, Schwein und Lamm). Es stehen effektive Methoden der Früherkennung und im Falle der Koloskopie der Prävention von Karzinomen durch Entfernung von Adenomen zur Verfügung. Therapie und Nachsorge Die Therapie ist abhängig von Stadium und Lokalisation und sollte für jeden Patienten individuell in einem interdisziplinären Tumorboard festgelegt werden. Nach kurativer Therapie sollte eine strukturierte Nachsorge der Patienten durchgeführt werden, um auftretende Rezidive zu einem möglichst frühen Zeitpunkt zu diagnostizieren und durch eine erneute Therapie wiederum eine Heilung zu ermöglichen.
Separation of live cells in different phases of the cell cycle for gene expression analysis (2002)

This new approach has many potential applications, such as expression profiling of specific cell populations after eliminating the irrelevant data produced by cells in other stages of the cycle.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 2‐PHENYL‐3,4‐DIHYDRO‐2H‐ AND ‐3,4,5,6‐TETRAHYDRO‐2H‐1,6‐BENZOTHIAZOCINE DERIVATIVES (1984)

Abstract Aus der Aminosäure (I) erhält man mit Carbodiimid das Cyclisierungsprodukt (IIa), das zum Thiolactam (III?geschwefelt werden kann.