gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Advances in the biology and treatment of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (1995)

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is the most common type of leukemia in the western hemisphere. Diagnosis and staging of CLL are usually straightforward, but predicting an individual patient's prognosis is still a challenge. Cytogenetic abnormalities provide important prognostic information in CLL and may show its molecular heterogeneity. A search for oncogene abnormalities continues, although no consistent defects have been identified. New agents such as fludarabine produce high complete remission rates and have generated interest in earlier treatment as a first step in a potential cure. Fludarabine also makes autologous bone marrow transplant feasible as a consolidation therapy. Immunologic abnormalities and minimal residual disease persist in most patients in remission. Combining fludarabine with other active agents and devising effective postremission strategies may change the natural history of CLL.
Cyclisation homologer Sesquiterpensäuren. II. Konfiguration der totalsynthetischen stereoisomeren dl‐Laktone C<sub>16</sub>H<sub>26</sub>O<sub>2</sub> (1958)

Abstract Die säurekatalysierte Cyclisation von Monocyclohomofarnesylsäure‐äthylester liefert drei carbobicyclische stereoisomere racemische Laktone, deren konfigurative Beziehungen zu den drei bekannten optisch aktiven raumisomeren Laktonen untersucht werden. Die Laktone mit Schmp. 79° und Schmp. 97° erweisen sich als Racemate der aktiven Isomeren mit Schmp. 93° bzw. 133°. Für das dritte inaktive Lakton wird eine Raumformel vorgeschlagen.
Strained Silicon Technology: Mobility Enhancement and Improved Short Channel Effect Performance by Stress Memorization Technique on nFET Devices (2010)

This paper presents a fundamental study of a stress memorization technique (SMT), which utilizes a capping nitride dielectric film to enhance negative channel field-effect transistor (nFET) device performance. SMT strain engineering is highly compatible with current standard complementary metal oxide semiconductor processes without introducing substantial additional complexity. In this work, we report that SMT-strained nFET exhibits a higher transconductance , which indicates strain-induced electron mobility enhancement. The nFET short channel effect is also improved by the SMT process. Improved roll-off characteristics manifest itself and are shown to result from retarded junction diffusion as indicated by secondary-ion mass microscopy analysis. Finally, this work demonstrates that when combined with a strained contact etch stop layer (CESL) technique, SMT provides additional strain beyond that provided by the CESL, which results in further improved nFET performance.
Use of the Discrete Cosine Transform For The Restoration Of An Image Sequence. (1986)

The Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT) is recognized as an important tool for image compression techniques. Its use in image restoration is, however, not well known. It is the aim of this paper to provide a restoration method for a sequence of images using the DCT as well for the deblurring as for the noise reduction. It is shown that the DCT can play an interesting role in the deconvolution problem for linear imaging systems with finite, invariant and symmetric impulse response. It is further shown that the noise reduction can be performed onto an image sequence using a time adaptive Kalman filter in the domain of the Karhunen-Loeve transform which is approximated by the DCT.
New approximate multiplier for low power digital signal processing (2013)

In this paper a low power multiplier is proposed. The proposed multiplier utilizes Broken-Array Multiplier approximation method on the conventional modified Booth multiplier. This method reduces the total power consumption of multiplier up to 58% at the cost of a small decrease in output accuracy. The proposed multiplier is compared with other approximate multipliers in terms of power consumption and accuracy. Furthermore, to have a better evaluation of the proposed multiplier efficiency, it has been used in designing a 30-tap low-pass FIR filter and the power consumption and accuracy are compared with that of a filter with conventional booth multipliers. The simulation results show a 17.1% power reduction at the cost of only 0.4 dB decrease in the output SNR.
Extraction of rounded and line objects for the improvement of medical image pattern recognition (2002)

In the field of computer-aided diagnosis (CADx), the investigators have encountered various diseases and normal anatomical structure patterns. Two major image patterns that are often targeted for extraction prior to further analyses are rounded and line objects. Here, the authors employed an enhanced Hough transform to extract both objects from the pre-defined image areas. This method can also be applied to the high frequency associated subbands of the wavelet domain where line objects are more distinct. Typically, rounded objects are associated with disease and need to be further analyzed. High intensity line objects are related to normal anatomical structures. Once the line objects are extracted and eliminated, a compensation process must be taken so that the modified pixels are filled by the gray value of the surrounding area. The authors used the ellipse extraction method to search for suspected lung nodules on chest radiographs. The line extraction method was used to detect the edge of ribs which can interfere with the final determination process analyzed by a convolution neural network (CNN). In this experiment, the authors found that the ellipse extraction method performed slightly better than the previous proposed profile matching method. The line removal technique, however, improved the performance of the convolution neural network by 4%. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) studies indicated that the convolution neural network can achieve a performance of Az=0.90 based on the authors' database when each suspected area was processed by the line removal technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Establishment and analysis of the spectral relationship between range-rate and gravity potential based on energy conservation (2009)

The spectral relationship between range-rate measurements and the gravity potential for low-low satellite-to-satellite tracking mission was established based on the energy conservation theory. Then the performances of satellite separation, the orbital altitude, and the accuracy of range-rate measurements in recovering the earth’s gravity field were simulated and analyzed by this method. Finally, the cumulative geoid errors of the reference mode were obtained by using the configuration parameters of the GRACE mission. By comparing the cumulative geoid errors of the reference mode and GGM02S and EIGEN-GRACE02S models, it basically reflected the performance of GRACE and proved the feasibility of this method.
Selective Vulnerability of Subplate Neurons after Early Neonatal Hypoxia-Ischemia (2003)

Neonatal hypoxia-ischemia in the preterm human leads to selective injury to the subcortical developing white matter, which results in periventricular leukomalacia (PVL), a condition associated with abnormal neurodevelopment. Maturation-dependent vulnerability of late oligodendrocyte progenitors is thought to account for the cellular basis of this condition. A high frequency of cognitive and sensory deficits with decreasing gestational age suggests pervasive abnormalities of cortical development. In a neonatal rat model of hypoxic-ischemic injury that produces the characteristic pattern of subcortical injury associated with human PVL, selective subplate neuron death is seen. The premature subplate neuron death occurs after thalamic axons have reached their targets in cortex. Thus, as expected, thalamocortical connections form normally, including patterned connections to somatosensory cortex. However, deficits in motor function still occur, as in babies with PVL. Subplate neuron cell death in PVL provides another mechanism for abnormal neurodevelopment after neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.
Phase-unwrapping algorithm based on an adaptive criterion (1995)

A new algorithm for phase unwrapping of phase maps with noise or logical inconsistencies is proposed. It is based on the use of an adaptive threshold and the second difference of the locally unwrapped phase as a selection criterion for the pixels to be processed.
ChemInform Abstract: GHOST VESICLES (1985)

Abstract Das Ammoniumphosphat (I) bildet im Gemisch mit dem entsprechenden Na‐Salz nach Beschallung in H 2 O Vesikel, die sich photopolymerisieren lassen, wobei die Trübung sich nicht verändert.
Mechanism of Dithiocarbamate Inhibition of Apoptosis:  Thiol Oxidation by Dithiocarbamate Disulfides Directly Inhibits Processing of the Caspase-3 Proenzyme (1997)

Dithiocarbamates (DCs) have been reported to be potent inhibitors of apoptosis in several different model systems, which suggests a target common to the apoptotic machinery. Without further investigation, this has been assumed to reflect an antioxidant activity of the DCs. However, we have recently shown that DCs exert prooxidant effects on T cells [Nobel et al. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 26202-26208], which are dependent on their transfer of external copper into the cells and can be inhibited by the inclusion of high-affinity external copper chelators in the medium. Investigating antiapoptotic actions of DCs, we found that inclusion of a membrane-impermeable copper chelator severely compromised the inhibitory activity of reduced DCs. Since copper can promote DC oxidation to the respective DC disulfides, the inhibitory effect on lymphocyte apoptosis might be mediated by the DC disulfides. In agreement with this we observed that DC disulfides were more potent inhibitors of T cell apoptosis than their reduced counterparts. Inhibition of apoptosis by DC disulfides correlated with the inhibition of caspase-3 proenzyme processing and activation. Similar results were obtained in a cell-free model system of caspase-3 activation. Significantly, dithiothreitol reduction of the DC disulfide abolished its inhibition of in vitro proenzyme processing, thereby demonstrating thiol-disulfide exchange between the DC disulfide and a free thiol group on an activator(s) of caspase-3. Since T cell apoptosis involves the generation of mature caspase-3 and requires caspase-3-like activity, we propose that (1) DC disulfides are the active agents behind DC inhibition of apoptosis and (2) their site of action is the proteolytic activation of this enzyme. These findings also reveal the potential for other thiol-oxidizing toxicants to inhibit apoptosis by preventing the proteolytic activation of caspases.
Improved definition image expansion (1992)

A method for nonlinear image expansion is introduced. The method preserves the discontinuities of the original image, therefore producing an expanded image with improved definition. The maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation technique that is proposed results in the constrained optimization of a convex functional. The expanded image produced from this method will be shown to be aesthetically and quantitatively superior to images expanded by the standard methods of replication, linear interpolation, and cubic B-spline expansion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A genomic scan for habitual smoking in families of alcoholics: Common and specific genetic factors in substance dependence (2003)

Smoking is a highly heritable, addictive disorder that commonly co-occurs with alcohol dependence. The purpose of this study is to perform a genomic screen for habitual smoking and comorbid habitual smoking and alcohol dependence in families from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism (COGA). Subjects were assessed using the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA) to evaluate alcohol dependence and habitual smoking (smoking one pack per day or more for at least 6 months). Sixty seven multi-generational families with 154 independent sibling pairs affected with habitual smoking were genotyped in a screening sample. Analyses on 79 multi-generational families with 173 independent sibling pairs were repeated in a replication sample. Sibpair analyses were performed using ASPEX. Four chromosomal regions in the screening sample had increased allele sharing among sibling pairs for habitual smoking with a LOD score greater than 1 (chromosomes 5, 9, 11, and 21). The highest LOD score was on chromosome 9 (LOD = 2.02; allele sharing 58.9%). Four chromosomal regions also had modest evidence for linkage to the comorbid phenotype habitual smoking and alcohol dependence (chromosomes 1, 2, 11, 15); and the strongest finding was on chromosome 2 (LOD = 3.30; allele sharing 69.1%). Previously identified areas (chromosomes 1 and 7) implicated in the development of alcohol dependence in this same data set did not provide evidence for linkage to habitual smoking in the screening sample. In the replication data set, there continued to be increased allele sharing near peaks identified in the screening sample on chromosomes 2 and 9, but the results were modest. An area on chromosome 7, approximately 60 cM from a location previously identified in linkage analysis with alcohol dependence, had increased allele sharing for the comorbid habitual smoking and alcohol dependence. These data provide evidence of specific genetic regions involved in the development of habitual smoking and not alcohol dependence. Conversely, genetic regions that influence the development of alcohol dependence do not appear to contribute to the development of habitual smoking. Finally, there is also evidence of an area on chromosome 2 that may reflect a common genetic vulnerability locus to both habitual smoking and alcohol dependence.
A use case centric survey of Blockchain: status quo and future directions (2019)

This paper presents an assessment of blockchain technology based on the Emerging Technology Analysis Canvas (ETAC) to evaluate the drivers and potential outcomes. The ETAC is a framework to critically analyze emerging technologies. The assessment finds that blockchain can fundamentally transform the world. It is ready for specific applications in use cases such as digital currency, lightweight financial systems, ledgers, provenance, and disintermediation. However, Blockchain faces significant technical gaps in other use cases and needs at least 5-10 years to come to full fruition in those spaces. Sustaining the current level of effort (e.g. startups, research) for this period of time may be challenging. We also find that the need and merits of decentralized infrastructures compared to centralized and semi-centralized alternatives is not always clear. Given the risk involved and significant potential returns, we recommend a cautiously optimistic approach to blockchain with the focus on concrete use cases. The primary contributions of this paper are a use case centric categorization of the blockchain, a detailed discussion on challenges faced by those categories, and an assessment of their future.
The Five‐Factor Model, Conscientiousness, and Driving Accident Involvement (1996)

Personality researchers and theorists are approaching consensus on the basic structure and constructs of personality. Despite the apparent consensus on the emergent five-factor model (Goldberg, 1992, 1993), less is known about external correlates of separate factors. This research examined the relations between Conscientiousness, one dimension of the model, and driving accident involvement. Using multiple measures in independent samples drawn from college students (N = 227) and a temporary employment agency (N = 250), the results generally demonstrate a significant inverse relation between Conscientiousness and driving accident involvement; individuals who rate themselves as more self-disciplined, responsible, reliable, and dependable are less likely to be involved in driving accidents than those who rate themselves lower on these attributes. The findings are consistent with other research demonstrating the relations among Conscientiousness and other tasks and job performance. Suggestions for future research are discussed.
Gait Recognition Using Wavelet Transform (2008)

We describe a new method for Automatic Gait Recognition based around the use of wavelet descriptors that model the periodic deformation of human gait. Wavelet descriptors have been used successfully to model the boundary of static or moving, rigid-bodied objects, but many objects actually deform in some way as they move. Here, we use wavelet descriptors to model not only the object's boundary, but also the spatio-temporal deformations under which the object's boundary is subjected. We applied this new method to the Large Gait Database, compiled at the University of South Florida (NIST/USF) and found that the wavelet descriptors obtained for each person appear to be unique and can be used for recognition. Successful recognition rates of over 94% were obtained from the Large Gait Database.
Brain lesions in patients with AIDS: H-1 MR spectroscopy. (1995)

H-1 MR spectroscopy is a sensitive and potentially specific noninvasive adjunctive method for differential diagnosis of focal brain lesions in AIDS.
Quantitative Phase Imaging Flow Cytometry for Ultra‐Large‐Scale Single‐Cell Biophysical Phenotyping (2019)

Cellular biophysical properties are the effective label-free phenotypes indicative of differences in cell types, states, and functions. However, current biophysical phenotyping methods largely lack the throughput and specificity required in the majority of cell-based assays that involve large-scale single-cell characterization for inquiring the inherently complex heterogeneity in many biological systems. Further confounded by the lack of reported robust reproducibility and quality control, widespread adoption of single-cell biophysical phenotyping in mainstream cytometry remains elusive. To address this challenge, here we present a label-free imaging flow cytometer built upon a recently developed ultrafast quantitative phase imaging (QPI) technique, coined multi-ATOM, that enables label-free single-cell QPI, from which a multitude of subcellularly resolvable biophysical phenotypes can be parametrized, at an experimentally recorded throughput of >10,000 cells/s-a capability that is otherwise inaccessible in current QPI. With the aim to translate multi-ATOM into mainstream cytometry, we report robust system calibration and validation (from image acquisition to phenotyping reproducibility) and thus demonstrate its ability to establish high-dimensional single-cell biophysical phenotypic profiles at ultra-large-scale (>1,000,000 cells). Such a combination of throughput and content offers sufficiently high label-free statistical power to classify multiple human leukemic cell types at high accuracy (~92-97%). This system could substantiate the significance of high-throughput QPI flow cytometry in enabling next frontier in large-scale image-derived single-cell analysis applied in biological discovery and cost-effective clinical diagnostics. © 2019 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Experiments on Radiation by Fast Electron Beams (1953)

The results of some experiments on millimeter wave and light generation by means of an undulator are described. After a brief survey of the theoretical background the design of a magnet system is discussed. An experiment is described in which a 100-Mev electron beam from the Stanford linear accelerator passed through the undulator. Light radiated by the beam was observed and the plane of polarization determined. A small linear accelerator with good bunching action was used for an experiment on millimeter wave generation. At a beam energy of 3 Mev, radiation in a wavelength band below 1.9 millimeters was observed. A peak power output of the order of one watt was obtained. Millimeter waves generated in the accelerator tube were also observed.
Diffractive optical elements made from photonic metamaterials (2015)

The excitation of surface plasmon polaritons in metallic nanostructures significantly enhances light-matter interactions at sub-wavelength scales. This enables novel optical effects that rely on artificial materials, so-called metamaterials. Metamaterials are made from densely packed and sufficiently small nanostructured unit cells. The purpose of metamaterials is to act comparable to bulk materials but with effective properties that can be tailored by the geometry of the unit cells. However, recently it became obvious that many appealing applications are already in reach by employing an ultrathin layer of metamaterial. Exploiting the metamaterials' primary optical properties in the form of their dispersive complex reflection and transmission coefficients, single functional layers instead of bulk metamaterials are already sufficient for achieving sophisticated device properties. In particular, if the unit cells change across the functional layer, a new class of devices can be perceived that shape the light in the far-field according to predefined patterns. These metamaterial layers, usually referred to as metasurfaces, possess major advantages when compared to traditional optical elements. Here, we provide an overview of the burgeoning field of research that explores metasurfaces to affect an incident field spatially and spectrally in a deterministic way to enable functional diffractive optical elements.
Type-Curve Analysis Using the Pressure Integral Method (1989)

ABSTRACT This paper presents new type curves and type curve plotting functions which use integration rather than differentiation of well test data. These functions provide more unique type curve matches for noisy data because the integral of these data yields a much smoother function. The type curves presented in this work were generated from analytical solutions and are applied in exactly the same manner as in conventional type curve analysis.
CD44 Is Involved in Tumor Angiogenesis; an Activation Antigen on Human Endothelial Cells (1997)

CD44 is described to be an activation molecule in a number of different cell types. We investigated the role of CD44 on human endothelial cells (EC) and in tumor angiogenesis. Using flow cytometry we showed that EC from the vasculature of human solid tumors display an enhanced expression of CD44 as compared to EC from normal tissue. This finding was confirmed by immunohistochemical studies on frozen tissue sections. Because tumors are dependent on angiogenesis, the role of angiogenic stimuli in the enhanced CD44 expression was investigated. We found that basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF ) and vascular endothelial growth factor were able to efficiently upregulate CD44 expression on cultured human EC. The upregulation reached maximal levels after treatment for 3 days with 10 ng/mL bFGF. The physiological impact of this upregulation was shown by the enhanced binding of EC to hyaluronate after pretreatment with bFGF. In a next set of studies that were designed to unravel the regulation of CD44 expression on EC we concluded that CD44 is an activation antigen on human EC since (1) human umbilical vein derived endothelial cells, which in vivo do not express CD44, begin to express CD44 when plated and cultured, (2) CD44 expression is enhanced after subculture of confluent cultures, (3) CD44 is predominantly expressed on the BrdU incorporating subset of cultured EC. The specific expression of CD44 on activated and tumor EC prompted us to study the usefulness of CD44 as an endothelial target for therapy with immunotoxins. In vitro experiments showed that EC are efficiently killed after targeting immunotoxin to CD44.