gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Economic Operation in 2010 ＆ Forecasts in 2011 of China Rubber Industry (2011)

Year 2010 is the ending year of the “11 th Five-Year Plan,and is also the year with the most uncertainties and the most complicated and changeable situation.But,adhering to the scientific outlook on development,adjusting the structure and transforming the pattcm,the entire industry made great efforts to defuse the impacts and influences brought about by various adverse factors.As a result,with the steady growth of the product outputs,the continuous increase of the product exports,continuously optimized product structures and steady increase of rubber consumptions,the targets and tasks of the “11th Five-Year Plan have been finished ahead of time,with the sustainable,steady and rapid development of the rubber industry development remained.
Effect of protein–protein interactions on protein aggregation kinetics (2003)

The mutual diffusion coefficient Dm of dilute lysozyme solutions is measured by the dynamic light scattering technique. The relation between the osmotic second virial coefficient B22 and the protein mutual diffusion coefficient Dm of dilute solutions is examined experimentally and theoretically. The role of B22 in relation with Dm in protein aggregation kinetics was analyzed based on the effect of the average protein pairwise interactions on the protein aggregation kinetics. The empirical “crystallization window” proposed by George and Wilson [Acta Crystallogr., Sect. D: Biol. Crystallogr. 50, 361 (1994)] can be interpreted from the point view of crystallization kink kinetics.
A self documenting technique for systems analysis (1978)

Probably the biggest, messiest, most onerous task in systems analysis is documentation. Typically, we produce enormous amounts of highly detailed narrative, together with some fairly general flowcharts. If anybody ever actually reads these documents, they often find redundant and contradictory information. Even though the documents are laden with all the detail we could think of to include, the reader typically walks away muttering, "But what's the system supposed to do? " The feeling is something like expecting floor plans and renderings of your new custom house from the architect, and instead receiving an accounting of the barrels of nails, board-feet of lumber, reels of copper wire, and a carpentry manual.
Efficient, Accurate and Privacy-Preserving Data Mining for Frequent Itemsets in Distributed Databases. (2003)

Mining distributed databases is emerging as a fundamental computational problem. A common approach for mining distributed databases is to move all of the data from each database to a central site and a single model is built. This approach is accurate, but too expensive in terms of time required. For this reason, several approaches were developed to efficiently mine distributed databases, but they still ignore a key issue privacy. Privacy is the right of individuals or organizations to keep their own information secret. Privacy concerns can prevent data movement data may be distributed among several custodians, none of which is allowed to transfer its data to another site.
Deep Semi-Supervised Anomaly Detection (2019)

Deep approaches to anomaly detection have recently shown promising results over shallow methods on large and complex datasets. Typically anomaly detection is treated as an unsupervised learning problem. In practice however, one may have---in addition to a large set of unlabeled samples---access to a small pool of labeled samples, e.g. a subset verified by some domain expert as being normal or anomalous. Semi-supervised approaches to anomaly detection aim to utilize such labeled samples, but most proposed methods are limited to merely including labeled normal samples. Only a few methods take advantage of labeled anomalies, with existing deep approaches being domain-specific. In this work we present Deep SAD, an end-to-end deep methodology for general semi-supervised anomaly detection. We further introduce an information-theoretic framework for deep anomaly detection based on the idea that the entropy of the latent distribution for normal data should be lower than the entropy of the anomalous distribution, which can serve as a theoretical interpretation for our method. In extensive experiments on MNIST, Fashion-MNIST, and CIFAR-10, along with other anomaly detection benchmark datasets, we demonstrate that our method is on par or outperforms shallow, hybrid, and deep competitors, yielding appreciable performance improvements even when provided with only little labeled data.
Functional and Structural Characteristics of NY-ESO-1-related HLA A2-restricted Epitopes and the Design of a Novel Immunogenic Analogue (2004)

NY-ESO-1, a commonly expressed tumor antigen of the cancer-testis family, is expressed by a wide range of tumors but not found in normal adult somatic tissue, making it an ideal cancer vaccine candidate. Peptides derived from NY-ESO-1 have shown preclinical and clinical trial promise; however, biochemical features of these peptides have complicated their formulation and led to heterogeneous immune responses. We have taken a rational approach to engineer an HLA A2-restricted NY-ESO-1-derived T cell epitope with improved formulation and immunogenicity to the wild type peptide. To accomplish this, we have solved the x-ray crystallographic structures of HLA A2 complexed to NY-ESO (157-165) and two analogues of this peptide in which the C-terminal cysteine residue has been substituted to alanine or serine. Substitution of cysteine by serine maintained peptide conformation yet reduced complex stability, resulting in poor cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition. Conversely, substitution with alanine maintained complex stability and cytotoxic T lymphocyte recognition. Based on the structures of the three HLA A2 complexes, we incorporated 2-aminoisobutyric acid, an isostereomer of cysteine, into the epitope. This analogue is impervious to oxidative damage, cysteinylation, and dimerization of the peptide epitope upon formulation that is characteristic of the wild type peptide. Therefore, this approach has yielded a potential therapeutic molecule that satiates the hydrophobic F pocket of HLA A2 and exhibited superior immunogenicity relative to the wild type peptide.
Ischemic Stroke Activates Hematopoietic Bone Marrow Stem Cells (2014)

Ischemic stroke activates hematopoietic stem cells via increased sympathetic tone, leading to a myeloid bias of hematopoiesis and higher bone marrow output of inflammatory Ly6C(high) monocytes and neutrophils.
Synthesis of ZnO Nanowire Heterostructures by Laser Ablation and Their Photoluminescence (2011)

ZnO nano-crystals have been paid a great attention as building blocks for the optoelectronic devices, such as an UV-LED. We have been succeeded in growing ZnO nanostructures, such as vertically-aligned ZnO nanowires and nanowalls, by a newly developed nanoparticle-assisted pulsedlaser deposition without using any catalyst. Depending on the growth condition a film-wire layerstructured ZnO and core/shell structured ZnO nanowires were synthesized on sapphire substrates. The room temperature photoluminescence spectrum of synthesized ZnO nanostructures exhibited an intrinsic UV emission and a defect-related visible emission.
A Stereo-Vision Based Object Tracking Approach at Roundabouts (2013)

This article presents a stereo-vision based system for the recognition of dangerous situations at roundabouts. To this end, we investigate the necessary field of view and viewing direction using videos taken by a panoramic camera. Using the insights of these tests, we build up a stereo-vision system. This system is based on the well established disparity estimation scheme semi-global matching and the recently introduced medium-level representation called Dynamic Stixel-World. This data is the input to compute a time-to-contact measure that makes explicit use of the roundabouts structural characteristics. This measure enables us to create a system for driver warning or possible automated intervention. Our empirical studies reveal that the warning decision correctly mimics human driver decisions in most roundabout scenarios.
A 37.5-mW 8-dBm-EIRP 15.5<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$^{\circ}$</tex></formula>-HPBW 338-GHz Terahertz Transmitter Using SoP Heterogeneous System Integration (2015)

A low-cost terahertz transmitter is proposed by using system-on-package (SoP) heterogeneous system integration. A signal source in 40-nm CMOS is integrated with an antenna array on a Benzocyclobutene carrier through a broadband low-loss terahertz interconnect. The signal source adopting triple-push oscillator topology is able to produce a differential output without any additional balun circuit. Hence, the power consumption and the chip area can be reduced. The antenna array containing 50 patch antennas is differentially excited to give simulated directivity, efficiency, and antenna gain as high as 22.6 dB, 88%, and 22 dBi, respectively, at 335 GHz. The terahertz interconnect employs a resonator coupling technique to provide low-loss and broadband performance while occupying a small area. Measured results show that the proposed terahertz transmitter can work at 338.4 GHz with equivalent isotropically radiated power (EIRP) of 8.0 dBm while consuming only 37.5 mW from a 1-V supply. The measured half-power beam-width can be as narrow as 15.5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> . The EIRP can be further raised to 9.5 dBm as the supply V DD is increased to 1.3 V. The CMOS chip only occupies an area as small as 0.028 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . All of the design efforts enable the proposed terahertz transmitter to feature in small form factor, low power dissipation, low cost, and high performance. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this is the most compact, lowest power, lowest cost, and high-performance SoP-based terahertz transmitter reported thus far.
Arabidopsis Mutants Lacking Blue Light-Dependent Inhibition of Hypocotyl Elongation. (1991)

We have isolated a new class of photomorphogenic mutants in Arabidopsis. Hypocotyl elongation is not inhibited in the mutant seedlings by continuous blue light but is inhibited by far red light, indicating that these mutations are phenotypically different from the previously isolated long hypocotyl (hy) mutants. Complementation analysis indicated that recessive nuclear mutations at three genetic loci, designated blu1, blu2, and blu3, can result in the blu mutant phenotype and that these mutants are genetically distinct from other long hypocotyl mutants. The BLU genes appear to be important only during seedling development because the blu mutations have little effect on mature plants, whereas hypocotyl elongation and cotyledon expansion are altered in seedlings. The genetic separation of the blue and far red sensitivities of light-induced hypocotyl inhibition in the blu and hy mutants demonstrates that two photosensory systems function in this response.
Molecular Basis of the Catalytic Differences among DT-diaphorase of Human, Rat, and Mouse (1997)

DT-diaphorase (EC 1.6.99.2), also referred to as NAD(P)H:(quinone-acceptor) oxidoreductase, is involved in the reductive activation process of several cytotoxic antitumor quinones and nitrobenzenes. It has been observed in our and other laboratories that the rat enzyme is significantly more effective in activating these drugs than the human and mouse enzymes. These results indicate that the available cytotoxic drugs are better substrates for the rat enzyme and are not the most ideal prodrugs for activation by DT-diaphorase in human tumors. In this study, using site-directed mutagenesis to replace residues in the rat enzyme with the human sequences and residues in the human enzyme with the rat sequences, we have found that residue 104 (Tyr in the rat enzyme and Gln in the human and mouse enzymes) is an important residue responsible for the catalytic differences between the rat and the human (and mouse) enzymes. With an exchange of a single amino acid, the rat mutant Y104Q behaved like the wild-type human enzyme, and the human mutant Q104Y behaved like the wild-type rat enzyme in their ability to reductively activate the cytotoxic drug CB 1954 (5-(aziridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide). The study also confirms the conclusion of the x-ray structural analysis of rat enzyme that residue 130 (Thr in the rat enzyme and Ala in the human and mouse enzymes) is positioned near the binding region of the nicotinamide portion of NAD(P)H. This structural information is very important for designing suitable drugs and approaches for human cancer chemotherapy mediated by DT-diaphorase.
Wavelength tuning of fiber lasers using multimode interference effects (2005)

We report on a novel scheme to fabricate a simple, cheap, and compact tunable fiber laser. The tuning is realized by splicing a piece of single-mode fiber to one end of an active double-clad fiber, while the other end of the single-mode fiber is spliced to a 15 mm long section of 105/125 multimode fiber. The fluorescence signal entering into the multimode fiber will be reproduced as single images at periodic intervals along the propagation direction of the fiber. The length of the multimode fiber is chosen to be slightly shorter than the first re-imaging point, such that the signal coming out from the single mode fiber is obtained in free space, where a broadband mirror retroreflects the fluorescence signal. Since the position of the re-imaging point is wavelength dependent, different wavelengths will be imaged at different positions. Therefore, wavelength tuning is easily obtained by adjusting the distance between the broadband mirror and the multimode fiber facet end. Using this principle, the tunable fiber laser revealed a tunability of 8 nm, ranging from 1088-1097 nm, and an output power of 500 mW. The simplicity of the setup makes this a very cost-effective tunable fiber laser.
Nitric Oxide Releasing Tygon Materials: Studies in Donor Leaching and Localized Nitric Oxide Release at a Polymer-Buffer Interface (2013)

Tygon is a proprietary plasticized poly(vinyl chloride) polymer that is used widely in bioapplications, specifically as extracorporeal circuits. To overcome issues with blood clot formation and infection associated with the failure of these medical devices upon blood contact, we consider a Tygon coating with the ability to release the natural anticlotting and antibiotic agent, nitric oxide (NO), under simulated physiological conditions. These coatings are prepared by incorporating 20 w/w% S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) donor into a Tygon matrix. These films release NO on the order of 0.64 ± 0.5 × 10(-10) mol NO cm(-2) min(-1), which mimics the lower end of natural endothelium NO flux. We use a combination of assays to quantify the amount of GSNO that is found intact at different time points throughout the film soak, as well as monitor the total thiol content in the soaking solution due to any analyte that has leached from the polymer film. We find that a burst of GSNO is released from the material surface within 5 min to 1 h of soaking, which only represents 0.25% of the total GSNO contained in the film. After 1 h of film soak, no additional GSNO is detected in the soaking solution. By further considering the total thiol content in solution relative to the intact GSNO, we demonstrate that the amount of GSNO leached from the material into the buffer soaking solution does not contribute significantly to the total NO released from the GSNO-incorporated Tygon film (<10% total NO). Further surface analysis using SEM-EDS traces the elemental S on the material surface, demonstrating that within 5 min -1 h soaking time, 90% of the surface S is removed from the material. Surface wettability and roughness measurements indicate no changes between the GSNO-incorporated films pre- to postsoak that will be significant toward the adsorption of biological components, such as proteins, relative to the presoaked donor-incorporated film. Overall, we demonstrate that, for a 20 w/w% GSNO-incorporated Tygon film, relatively minimal GSNO leaching is experienced, and the lost GSNO is from the material surface. Varying the donor concentration from 5 to 30 w/w% GSNO within the film does not result in significantly different NO release profiles. Additionally, the steady NO flux associated with the system is predominantly due to localized release from the material, and not donor lost to soaking solution. The surface properties of these materials generally imply that they are useful for blood-contacting applications.
Ultrastructure of the Nonciliated Bronchiolar Epithelial (Clara) Cell of Mammalian Lung: I. A Comparison of Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Rat, Hamster, and Mouse (1980)

The morphologic characteristics have been used to define the nonciliated bronchiolar epithelial: (1) abundance of agranular endoplasmic reticulum (AER) and (2) numerous membrane-bound ovoid granules. To quantitatively and qualitatively assess the ultrastructural homogeneity of this lung cell type among laboratory mammals used in lung research, we examined tissue from adult male rabbits, guinea pigs, rats, hamsters and mice. Following fixation by airway infusion at constant pressure (30 cm H2O), lungs were processed by a selective embedding technique and bronchioles of known anatomic location were examined by electron microscopy. Nonciliated bronchiolar epithelium of all five species contained avoid granules and abundant AER. Granules were most abundant in the rat (11.1 +/- 8.8 per cell) and least in the hamster (4.4 +/- 5.2 per cell). Granules were largest in hamster (0.72 +/- 0.25 micrometer) versus 0.44 micrometer or less in the other species. Granules were of uniform electron density except in the guinea pig. AER spherical mitochondria with few cristae were present only in mice, rabbit, and guinea pig. We concluded that there was considerable interspecies variation in abundance, size, and morphology of the granules, in abundance and distribution of AER; and in mitochondrial morphology.
Exposure to bacterial endotoxin generates a distinct strain of α-synuclein fibril (2016)

A single amyloidogenic protein is implicated in multiple neurological diseases and capable of generating a number of aggregate "strains" with distinct structures. Among the amyloidogenic proteins, α-synuclein generates multiple patterns of proteinopathies in a group of diseases, such as Parkinson disease (PD), dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB), and multiple system atrophy (MSA). However, the link between specific conformations and distinct pathologies, the key concept of the strain hypothesis, remains elusive. Here we show that in the presence of bacterial endotoxin, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), α-synuclein generated a self-renewable, structurally distinct fibril strain that consistently induced specific patterns of synucleinopathies in mice. These results suggest that amyloid fibrils with self-renewable structures cause distinct types of proteinopathies despite the identical primary structure and that exposure to exogenous pathogens may contribute to the diversity of synucleinopathies.
Torque Sensing for Controlled Alternative-Fuel Combustion in Diesel Engines (1984)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">An analytical and experimental research investigation was performed to evaluate the applicability of various sensor-based torque-measurement schemes to adaptive electronic control systems for diesel engines operating with alternative fuels. Based on analytical considerations, it was determined that the sub-cyclic flywheel speed perturbations which result from local angular accelerations and decelerations induced by the periodic impulsive sub-cycle torque contributions of the individual cylinders of an engine could provide a practical, cost-effective and sufficiently accurate means for torque sensing in both new and existing vehicle configurations. The efficacy of this scheme was experimentally demonstrated on a dynamometer-mounted four-cylinder direct-injection diesel engine through tests in which torque levels predicted on the basis of measured flywheel speed variations were found to be in good agreement with values measured on a reference torque meter under both steady-state and transient engine operating conditions.</div>
In vitro cell response to differences in poly-L-lactide crystallinity (1996)

Many different processing techniques are currently being used to produce tissue regeneration devices from polyesters in the polylactide/polyglycolide family. While it is generally well recognized that processing techniques influence bulk mechanical and degradation properties of these materials, the effects on surface properties are relatively less well studied. We thus investigated the effects of processing conditions that are known to change bulk properties, but not composition, on the surface properties of poly-L-lactide (PLLA). Specifically, we investigated the role of bulk crystallinity of PLLA substrates on several physiochemical aspects of the surface and on the attachment, morphology, and differentiated function of cultured primary hepatocytes and growth of 3T3 fibroblasts. We fabricated smooth, clear PLLA films of 13-37% crystallinity. Glancing angle X-ray diffraction indicated that low crystallinity films lacked order in the first 50 A of the surface while relatively high crystallinity films had detectable order in this range. In other aspects, the surfaces of all PLLA substrates appeared identical with XPS, SEM, and advancing contact angle analysis, but contact angle hysteresis was slightly greater for more crystalline films. Although the physicochemical properties of the surfaces appeared almost identical, we observed differences in cell behavior on less crystalline versus more crystalline films. Hepatocytes formed spheroids on all PLLA substrates, but spheroid formation was faster (24-48 H) on crystalline substrates. quantitative image analysis was used to assess the average cell area as a function of time in culture, and our data confirm previous reports that retention of differentiated function is inversely related to cell spreading where function was assessed by P-450 enzyme activity. In addition, the growth rate of 3T3 fibroblasts was lower on crystalline substrates than on amorphous substrates. An important conclusion from this work is that processing techniques that lead to seemingly inconsequential changes in bulk and surface properties of these polymers may influence biological response.