gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Macromolecular stereochemistry: a cooperative deuterium isotope effect leading to a large optical rotation (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMacromolecular stereochemistry: a cooperative deuterium isotope effect leading to a large optical rotationMark M. Green, Christopher. Andreola, Beth. Munoz, Michael P. Reidy, and Karl. ZeroCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1988, 110, 12, 4063–4065Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00220a070https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00220a070research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1166Altmetric-Citations212LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Developing Functionalized Dendrimer‐Like Silica Nanoparticles with Hierarchical Pores as Advanced Delivery Nanocarriers (2013)

Functionalized dendrimer-like hybrid silica nanoparticles with hierarchical pores are designed and synthesized. The unique structure, large surface area, and excellent biocompability render such materials attractive nanocarriers for the advanced delivery of various sized drugs and genes simultaneously.
Learning Imbalanced Datasets with Label-Distribution-Aware Margin Loss (2019)

Deep learning algorithms can fare poorly when the training dataset suffers from heavy class-imbalance but the testing criterion requires good generalization on less frequent classes. We design two novel methods to improve performance in such scenarios. First, we propose a theoretically-principled label-distribution-aware margin (LDAM) loss motivated by minimizing a margin-based generalization bound. This loss replaces the standard cross-entropy objective during training and can be applied with prior strategies for training with class-imbalance such as re-weighting or re-sampling. Second, we propose a simple, yet effective, training schedule that defers re-weighting until after the initial stage, allowing the model to learn an initial representation while avoiding some of the complications associated with re-weighting or re-sampling. We test our methods on several benchmark vision tasks including the real-world imbalanced dataset iNaturalist 2018. Our experiments show that either of these methods alone can already improve over existing techniques and their combination achieves even better performance gains.
Selection of Multipotent Stem Cells during Morphogenesis of Small Intestinal Crypts of Lieberkühn Is Perturbed by Stimulation of Lef-1/β-Catenin Signaling (2002)

Studies of chimeric mice have disclosed that the stem cell hierarchy in the small intestinal epithelium is established during formation of its proliferative units (crypts of Lieberkühn). This process involves a selection among several multipotential progenitors so that ultimately only one survives to supply descendants to the fully formed crypt. In this report, we examine the hypothesis that the level of beta-catenin (beta-cat)-mediated signaling is an important factor regulating this stem cell selection. In the canonical Wnt signaling pathway, beta-catenin can partner with Lef-1/Tcf high mobility group (HMG) box transcription factors to control gene expression. Both Lef-1 and Tcf-4 mRNAs are produced in the fetal mouse small intestine. Tcf-4 expression is sustained, whereas Lef-1 levels fall as crypt formation is completed during the first two postnatal weeks. A Tcf-4 gene knockout is known to block intestinal epithelial proliferation in late fetal life. Therefore, to test the hypothesis, we enhanced beta-catenin signaling in a chimeric mouse model in which the stem cell selection could be monitored. A fusion protein containing the HMG box domain of Lef-1 linked to the trans-activation domain of beta-catenin (Lef-1/beta-cat) was constructed to promote direct stimulation of signaling without being retained in the cytoplasm through interactions with E-cadherin and Apc/Axin. Lef-1/beta-cat was expressed in 129/Sv embryonic stem cell-derived small intestinal epithelial progenitors present in developing B6-ROSA26<-->129/Sv chimeras. Lef-1/beta-cat stimulated expression of a known beta-catenin target (E-cadherin), suppressed expression of Apc and Axin, and induced apoptosis in 129/Sv but not in neighboring B6-ROSA26 epithelial cells. This apoptotic response was not associated with any detectable changes in cell division within the Lef-1/beta-cat-expressing epithelium. By the time crypt development was completed, all 129/Sv epithelial cells were lost. These results indicate that developmental changes in beta-catenin-mediated signaling can play an important role in establishing a stem cell hierarchy during crypt morphogenesis.
Measurement of emissions and immunity on telecommunication lines-a universal ISN concept for unshielded cables (2003)

The new editions of CISPR 22/EN 55022 as well as CISPR 24/EN 55024 require testing of emission and immunity on telecommunication ports of information technology equipment (ITE) and telecommunication equipment. Different versions of impedance stabilization networks (ISNs) are required for the different conformance alternatives and cable categories. Since there is a great variety of systems with different pin connections of the Western RJ45 connector, a solution with a basic universal network using a universal interface and a series of adapters has been chosen. A high-performance balun has been developed for verification and calibration. Imperfections of the CISPR 22 standard are discussed together with characteristics and proposed amendments of CISPR 16-1 for ISN characterization and calibration.
Learning relevance from heterogeneous social network and its application in online targeting (2011)

The rise of social networking services in recent years presents new research challenges for matching users with interesting content. While the content-rich nature of these social networks offers many cues on "interests" of a user such as text in user-generated content, the links in the network, and user demographic information, there is a lack of successful methods for combining such heterogeneous data to model interest and relevance. This paper proposes a new method for modeling user interest from heterogeneous data sources with distinct but unknown importance. The model leverages links in the social graph by integrating the conceptual representation of a user's linked objects. The proposed method seeks a scalable relevance model of user interest, that can be discriminatively optimized for various relevance-centric problems, such as Internet advertisement selection, recommendation, and web search personalization. We apply our algorithm to the task of selecting relevant ads for users on Facebook's social network. We demonstrate that our algorithm can be scaled to work with historical data for all users, and learns interesting associations between concept classes automatically. We also show that using the learnt user model to predict the relevance of an ad is the single most important signal in our ranking system for new ads (with no historical clickthrough data), and overall leads to an improvement in the accuracy of the clickthrough rate prediction, a key problem in online advertising.
Carbon Quantum Dots for Zebrafish Fluorescence Imaging (2015)

Carbon quantum dots (C-QDs) are becoming a desirable alternative to metal-based QDs and dye probes owing to their high biocompatibility, low toxicity, ease of preparation, and unique photophysical properties. Herein, we describe fluorescence bioimaging of zebrafish using C-QDs as probe in terms of the preparation of C-QDs, zebrafish husbandry, embryo harvesting, and introduction of C-QDs into embryos and larvae by soaking and microinjection. The multicolor of C-QDs was validated with their imaging for zebrafish embryo. The distribution of C-QDs in zebrafish embryos and larvae were successfully observed from their fluorescence emission. the bio-toxicity of C-QDs was tested with zebrafish as model and C-QDs do not interfere to the development of zebrafish embryo. All of the results confirmed the high biocompatibility and low toxicity of C-QDs as imaging probe. The absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion route (ADME) of C-QDs in zebrafish was revealed by their distribution. Our work provides the useful information for the researchers interested in studying with zebrafish as a model and the applications of C-QDs. The operations related zebrafish are suitable for the study of the toxicity, adverse effects, transport, and biocompatibility of nanomaterials as well as for drug screening with zebrafish as model.
ChemInform Abstract: MALARIAMITTEL 6. MITT. EINIGE NEUE ALPHA‐ALKYLAMINOMETHYL‐4‐CHINOLINMETHANOLE (1971)

Abstract 4‐Chinolin‐carbonsäuren (Ia) werden über die Säurechloride (Ib) mit Diazomethan/HBr in die Brommethylketone (II) übergeführt, die auch aus (Ia) über die Methylketone (III) mit Natriumbromat entstehen.
Vesicular and Fibrillar Gels by Self‐Assembly of Nanosized Oleanolic Acid (2012)

Gelling and encapsulation: Oleanolic acid (1) is a nanosized triterpenoid that self-assembles in different solvents to form nanosized vesicles. The vesicles formed can encapsulate fluorophores, including the well-known anitcancer drug doxorubicin, and 1 can also gelate many of the solvents tested. This strategy of gelation and encapsulation may be relevant to many other large triterpenoids. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A generalized framework for analyzing time-space switched optical networks (2002)

The advances in photonic switching have paved the way for realizing all-optical time switched networks. The current technology of wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) offers bandwidth granularity that matches peak electronic transmission speed by dividing the fiber bandwidth into multiple wavelengths. However, the bandwidth of a single wavelength is too large for certain traffic. Time division multiplexing (TDM) allows multiple traffic streams to share the bandwidth of a wavelength efficiently. While introducing wavelength converters and time slot interchangers to improve network blocking performance, it is often of interest to know the incremental benefits offered by every additional stage of switching. As all-optical networks in the future are expected to employ heterogeneous switching architectures, it is necessary to have a generalized network model that allows the study of such networks under a unified framework. A network model, called the trunk switched network (TSN), is proposed to facilitate the modeling and analysis of such networks. An analytical model for evaluating the blocking performance of a class of TSNs is also developed. With the proposed framework, it is shown that a significant performance improvement can be obtained with a time-space switch with no wavelength conversion in multiwavelength TDM switched networks. The framework is also extended to analyze the blocking performance of multicast tree establishment in optical networks. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work that provides an analytical model for evaluating the blocking performance for tree establishment in an optical network. The analytical model allows a comparison between the performance of various multicast tree construction algorithms and the effects of different switch architectures.
Characterisation of Human Tear Proteins Using High-resolution Mass Spectrometry (2006)

The results showed that the proteomic strategy used in this study was successfully applied to analyse tear proteome.
Investigation of tyrosine nitration in proteins by mass spectrometry (2001)

In vivo nitration of tyrosine residues is a post-translational modification mediated by peroxynitrite that may be involved in a number of diseases. The aim of this study was to evaluate possibilities for site-specific detection of tyrosine nitration by mass spectrometry. Angiotensin II and bovine serum albumin (BSA) nitrated with tetranitromethane (TNM) were used as model compounds. Three strategies were investigated: (i) analysis of single peptides and protein digests by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) peptide mass mapping, (ii) peptide mass mapping by electrospray ionization (ESI) mass spectrometry and (iii) screening for nitration by selective detection of the immonium ion of nitrotyrosine by precursor ion scanning with subsequent sequencing of the modified peptides. The MALDI time-of-flight mass spectrum of nitrated angiotensin II showed an unexpected prompt fragmentation involving the nitro group, in contrast to ESI-MS, where no fragmentation of nitrated angiotensin II was observed. The ESI mass spectra showed that mono- and dinitrated angiotensin II were obtained after treatment with TNM. ESI-MS/MS revealed that the mononitrated angiotensin II was nitrated on the side-chain of tyrosine. The dinitrated angiotensin II contained two nitro groups on the tyrosine residue. Nitration of BSA was confirmed by Western blotting with an antibody against nitrotyrosine and the sites for nitration were investigated by peptide mass mapping after in-gel digestion. Direct mass mapping by ESI revealed that two peptides were nitrated. Precursor ion scanning for the immonium ion for nitrotyrosine revealed two additional partially nitrated peptides. Based on the studies with the two model compounds, we suggest that the investigation of in vivo nitration of tyrosine and identification of nitrated peptides might be performed by precursor ion scanning for the specific immonium ion at m/z 181.06 combined with ESI-MS/MS for identification of the specific nitration sites.
All optical discrete Fourier transform processor for 100 Gbps OFDM transmission (2008)

Optical orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) symbol generation by all-optical discrete Fourier transform (DFT) is proposed and investigated for 100-Gbps transmission performance. We discuss a design example for a 4x25Gbps OFDM transmission system and its performance comparison with that for a 100-Gbps single-channel return-to-zero data transmission in an optically amplified system.
Catalytic Effect of Pd-Ni Bimetallic Catalysts on High-Temperature Co-Electrolysis of Steam/CO<sub>2</sub>Mixtures (2016)

The performance of solid oxide electrolysis cells for high-temperature co-electrolysis of steam/CO2 mixtures was enhanced by raising the amount of Pd-Ni bimetallic catalysts fabricated inside their fuel-electrode substrate. High-temperature co-electrolysis has been proposed as a promising technology to store renewable electrical energy in the form of chemical energy and convert CO2 to valuable syngas. To deploy it into energy markets, it is essential to improve its energy storage efficiency and syngas productivity. In this study, the catalytic effect of Pd-Ni bimetallic catalysts on electrochemical performance and CO2 conversion was examined to meet these needs. Their homogeneous morphology and distribution were obtained by using an advanced infiltration technique. Increasing the amount of Pd-Ni bimetallic catalysts promotes a reverse water gas shift (RWGS) reaction enhancing steam transport toward the functional layer and hence decreasing a concentration overpotential. This raises a limiting current density and reduces an overvoltage imposed on the cells, in particular, at high current density. In addition, the enhanced RWGS reaction kinetics driven by a higher amount of Pd-Ni bimetallic catalysts loadings enables increasing the CO2 conversion rate and CO concentration in the product stream. These may enhance the energy storage capacity and lowers the energy requirements for high-temperature co-electrolysis.
Nanoarchitectonics for Dynamic Functional Materials from Atomic‐/Molecular‐Level Manipulation to Macroscopic Action (2015)

Objects in all dimensions are subject to translational dynamism and dynamic mutual interactions, and the ability to exert control over these events is one of the keys to the synthesis of functional materials. For the development of materials with truly dynamic functionalities, a paradigm shift from "nanotechnology" to "nanoarchitectonics" is proposed, with the aim of design and preparation of functional materials through dynamic harmonization of atomic-/molecular-level manipulation and control, chemical nanofabrication, self-organization, and field-controlled organization. Here, various examples of dynamic functional materials are presented from the atom/molecular-level to macroscopic dimensions. These systems, including atomic switches, molecular machines, molecular shuttles, motional crystals, metal-organic frameworks, layered assemblies, gels, supramolecular assemblies of biomaterials, DNA origami, hollow silica capsules, and mesoporous materials, are described according to their various dynamic functions, which include short-term plasticity, long-term potentiation, molecular manipulation, switchable catalysis, self-healing properties, supramolecular chirality, morphological control, drug storage and release, light-harvesting, mechanochemical transduction, molecular tuning molecular recognition, hand-operated nanotechnology.
Stacking Fault Energy Analyses of Additively Manufactured Stainless Steel 316L and CrCoNi Medium Entropy Alloy Using In Situ Neutron Diffraction (2020)

Stacking fault energies (SFE) were determined in additively manufactured (AM) stainless steel (SS 316 L) and equiatomic CrCoNi medium-entropy alloys. AM specimens were fabricated via directed energy deposition and tensile loaded at room temperature. In situ neutron diffraction was performed to obtain a number of faulting-embedded diffraction peaks simultaneously from a set of (hkl) grains during deformation. The peak profiles diffracted from imperfect crystal structures were analyzed to correlate stacking fault probabilities and mean-square lattice strains to the SFE. The result shows that averaged SFEs are 32.8 mJ/m<sup>2</sup> for the AM SS 316 L and 15.1 mJ/m<sup>2</sup> for the AM CrCoNi alloys. Meanwhile, during deformation, the SFE varies from 46 to 21 mJ/m<sup>2</sup> (AM SS 316 L) and 24 to 11 mJ/m<sup>2</sup> (AM CrCoNi) from initial to stabilized stages, respectively. The transient SFEs are attributed to the deformation activity changes from dislocation slip to twinning as straining. The twinning deformation substructure and atomic stacking faults were confirmed by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The significant variance of the SFE suggests the critical twinning stress as 830 ± 25 MPa for the AM SS 316 L and 790 ± 40 MPa for AM CrCoNi, respectively.
Using Multiple-Valued Logic Decision Diagrams to Model System Threat Probabilities (2011)

System security continues to be of increasing importance. To effectively address both natural and intentional threats to large systems, the threats must be cataloged and analyzed. Extremely large and complex systems can have an accordingly large number of threat scenarios. Simply listing the threats and devising countermeasures for each is ineffective and not efficient. We describe a threat cataloging methodology whereby a large number of threats can be efficiently cataloged and analyzed for common features. This allows countermeasures to be formulated that address a large number of threats that share common features. The methodology utilizes Multiple-Valued Logic for describing the state of a large system and a multiple-valued decision diagram (MDD) for the threat catalog and analysis.
Synergistic Activation of Macrophages via CD40 and TLR9 Results in T Cell Independent Antitumor Effects (2006)

We have previously shown that macrophages (Mphi) can be activated by CD40 ligation to become cytotoxic against tumor cells in vitro. Here we show that treatment of mice with agonistic anti-CD40 mAb (anti-CD40) induced up-regulation of intracellular TLR9 in Mphi and primed them to respond to CpG-containing oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG), resulting in synergistic activation. The synergy between anti-CD40 and CpG was evidenced by increased production of IFN-gamma, IL-12, TNF-alpha, and NO by Mphi, as well as by augmented apoptogenic effects of Mphi against tumor cells in vitro. The activation of cytotoxic Mphi after anti-CD40 plus CpG treatment was dependent on IFN-gamma but not TNF-alpha or NO, and did not require T cells and NK cells. Anti-CD40 and CpG also synergized in vivo in retardation of tumor growth in both immunocompetent and immunodeficient mice. Inactivation of Mphi in SCID/beige mice by silica treatment abrogated the antitumor effect. Taken together, our results show that Mphi can be activated via CD40/TLR9 ligation to kill tumor cells in vitro and inhibit tumor growth in vivo even in immunocompromised tumor-bearing hosts, indicating that this Mphi-based immunotherapeutic strategy may be appropriate for clinical testing.
Correlation between epithelial thickness in normal corneas, untreated ectatic corneas, and ectatic corneas previously treated with CXL; is overall epithelial thickness a very early ectasia prognostic factor? (2012)

A highly irregular epithelium may be suggestive of an ectatic cornea. Our results indicate that the epithelium is thinner over the keratoconic protrusion, but to a much lesser extent than anticipated, and on average epithelium is thicker in this group of patients. This difference appears to be clinically significant and may become a screening tool for eyes suspected for ectasia.
Computed response of acoustic logging tool (1968)

Abstract Transient waveforms have been computed for a family of source and receiver types and for geometry corresponding to plausible acoustic logging tools in oil wells. The acoustic tool now in commercial use is one member of the family. The computations also treat flexural waves and torsional waves. All quantities are expressed in terms of appropriate vector and scalar potentials, and output waveforms are obtained by numerical evaluation of triple Fourier transforms. When loss parameters are included in the stress-strain relations, the Fourier inversion formulas are free of singularities and numerical integration is straightforward. For the purely elastic case, it is necessary to cope with the singularities of the integrands in performing the numerical integrations. Dispersion curves and other features agree with earlier publications on wave propagation along concentric cylinders.