gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tailoring Terahertz Near-Field Enhancement via Two-Dimensional Plasmons (2012)

We suggest a novel possibility for electrically tunable terahertz near-field enhancement in flatland electronic materials supporting two-dimensional plasmons, including recently discovered graphene. We employ electric-field effect modulation of electron density in such materials and induce a periodic plasmonic lattice with a defect cavity. We demonstrate that the plasmons resonantly excited in such a periodic plasmonic lattice by an incident terahertz radiation can strongly pump the cavity plasmon modes leading to a deep subwavelength concentration of terahertz energy, beyond λ/1000, with giant electric-field enhancement factors up to 10(4), which is 2 orders of magnitude higher than achieved previously in metal-based terahertz field concentrators.
Comparative Genomic Analysis of Archaeal Genotypic Variants in a Single Population and in Two Different Oceanic Provinces (2002)

Planktonic crenarchaeotes are present in high abundance in Antarctic winter surface waters, and they also make up a large proportion of total cell numbers throughout deep ocean waters. To better characterize these uncultivated marine crenarchaeotes, we analyzed large genome fragments from individuals recovered from a single Antarctic picoplankton population and compared them to those from a representative obtained from deeper waters of the temperate North Pacific. Sequencing and analysis of the entire DNA insert from one Antarctic marine archaeon (fosmid 74A4) revealed differences in genome structure and content between Antarctic surface water and temperate deepwater archaea. Analysis of the predicted gene products encoded by the 74A4 sequence and those derived from a temperate, deepwater planktonic crenarchaeote (fosmid 4B7) revealed many typical archaeal proteins but also several proteins that so far have not been detected in archaea. The unique fraction of marine archaeal genes included, among others, those for a predicted RNA-binding protein of the bacterial cold shock family and a eukaryote-type Zn finger protein. Comparison of closely related archaea originating from a single population revealed significant genomic divergence that was not evident from 16S rRNA sequence variation. The data suggest that considerable functional diversity may exist within single populations of coexisting microbial strains, even those with identical 16S rRNA sequences. Our results also demonstrate that genomic approaches can provide high-resolution information relevant to microbial population genetics, ecology, and evolution, even for microbes that have not yet been cultivated.
Engineered Polymeric Nanoparticles for Soil Remediation (2004)

Hydrophobic organic groundwater contaminants, such as polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), sorb strongly to soils and are difficult to remove. We report here on the synthesis of amphiphilic polyurethane (APU) nanoparticles for use in remediation of soil contaminated with PAHs. The particles are made of polyurethane acrylate anionomer (UAA) or poly(ethylene glycol)-modified urethane acrylate (PMUA) precursor chains that can be emulsified and cross-linked in water. The resulting particles are of colloidal size (17-97 nm as measured by dynamic light scattering). APU particles have the ability to enhance PAH desorption and transport in a manner comparable to that of surfactant micelles, but unlike the surface-active components of micelles, the individual cross-linked precursor chains in APU particles are not free to sorb to the soil surface. Thus, the APU particles are stable independent of their concentration in the aqueous phase. In this paper we show that APU particles can be engineered to achieve desired properties. Our experimental results show that the APU particles can be designed to have hydrophobic interior regions that confer a high affinity for phenanthrene (PHEN) and hydrophilic surfaces that promote particle mobility in soil. The affinity of APU particles for contaminants such as PHEN can be controlled by changing the size of the hydrophobic segment used in the chain synthesis. The mobility of colloidal APU suspensions in soil is controlled by the charge density or the size of the pendent water-soluble chains that reside on the particle surface. Exemplary results are provided illustrating the influence of alternative APU particle formulations with respect to their efficacy for contaminant removal. The ability to control particle properties offers the potential to produce different nanoparticles optimized for varying contaminant types and soil conditions.
Relationship of Periodontal Disease to Carotid Artery Intima-Media Wall Thickness (2001)

Periodontitis has been linked to clinical cardiovascular disease but not to subclinical atherosclerosis. The purpose of this study was to determine whether periodontitis is associated with carotid artery intima-media wall thickness (IMT). Cross-sectional data on 6017 persons aged 52 to 75 years were obtained from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study 1996 to 1998 examination. The dependent variable was carotid IMT >/=1 mm. Periodontitis was defined by extent of attachment loss >/=3 mm: none/mild (<10%), moderate (10% to <30%), or severe (>/=30%). Covariates included age, sex, diabetes, LDL cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, hypertension, smoking, waist-hip ratio, education, and race/study center. Odds of IMT >/=1 mm were higher for severe periodontitis (OR 2.09, 95% CI 1.73 to 2.53) and moderate periodontitis (OR 1.40, CI 1.17 to 1.67) compared with no periodontitis. In a multivariable logistic regression model, severe periodontitis (OR 1.31, CI 1.03 to 1.66) was associated with IMT >/=1 mm, while adjusting for the other factors in the model. These results provide the first indication that periodontitis may play a role in the pathogenesis of atheroma formation, as well as in cardiovascular events.
Chemistry of Hofmeister Anions and Osmolytes (2010)

The study of the interactions of salts and osmolytes with macromolecules in aqueous solution originated with experiments concerning protein precipitation more than 100 years ago. Today, these solutes are known to display recurring behavior for myriad biological and chemical processes. Such behavior depends both on the nature and concentration of the species in solution. Despite the generality of these effects, our understanding of the molecular-level details of ion and osmolyte specificity is still quite limited. Here, we review recent studies of the interactions between anions and urea with model macromolecular systems. A mechanism for specific ion effects is elucidated for aqueous systems containing charged and uncharged polymers, polypeptides, and proteins. The results clearly show that the effects of the anions are local and involve direct interactions with macromolecules and their first hydration shell. Also, a hydrogen-bonding mechanism is tested for the urea denaturation of proteins with some of these same systems. In that case, direct hydrogen bonding can be largely discounted as the key mechanism for urea stabilization of uncollapsed and/or unfolded structures.
Memory, Nation, and National Commemoration of War Dead: A Study of<scp>J</scp>apanese Public Opinion on the<scp>Y</scp>asukuni Controversy (2013)

The Y asukuni S hrine in T okyo is arguably one of the most controversial lieux de mémoire (sites of memory) in Asia. While the literature on the Y asukuni controversy has been growing, not much has been explored on the nature of J apanese public reactions to it. This study delves into J apanese public opinion during the K oizumi premiership (2001–2006) and reveals relatively coherent and structural, yet changing, public opinion on (1) the official Y asukuni visits by Prime Minister K oizumi, (2) the idea of building an alternative nonreligious national memorial, and (3) the anti‐ J apanese riots in C hina (and their ramifications on the understanding about the Y asukuni issue). Overall, the study highlights the observable gaps between Prime Minister K oizumi's Y asukuni policies and the underlying public perceptions of them, which also calls into question the conventional elite‐led model of public opinion formation.
Phenylalanyl transfer ribonucleic acid synthetase from Escherichia coli B. Potent inhibition by analogs of N-benzyl-2-phenylethylamine (1976)

A potent new class of inhibitors of phenylalanyl-tRNA synthetase from Escherichia coli B is described. N-Benzyl-2-phenylethylamine is a competitive inhibitor with respect to L-phenylalanine and appears to possess the structural features required for near-optimal binding. Hydrophobic substituents at the ortho position of either ring appear to be well tolerated, but substituents on both rings lead to large losses in binding. Poor noncompetitive inhibitors resllt from alkylation of the secondary nitrogen, further separation of the N-benzyl group from the nitrogen, or alkylation at the alpha position of the N-benzyl moiety. In contrast, placement of a methyl group at the 1 position of the 2-phenylethylamine moiety to give N-benzyl-D-amphetamine results in the most potent inhibitor yet described for this enzyme.
Study on Synthesis of Di(p-tolyl) carbonate (2009)

A new synthesis technology of di(p-tolyl)carbonate strating from bis(trichlormethyl)carbonate(BTC)and para-cresol was investigated.The effective factors include temperature,concentration of para-cresol sodium and amount of BTC.The optimum reaction conditions were: temperature 26℃,para-cresol sodium salt concentration 2.90 mol / L and n[bis(trichlormethyl)carbonate] ∶ n(p-cresol)=1 ∶ 0.51.Under these conditions the product was obtained in 96.4% yield and 98% purity.
Density, Viscosity, Speed of Sound, Bulk Modulus, Surface Tension, and Flash Point of Direct Sugar to Hydrocarbon Diesel (DSH-76) and Binary Mixtures of <i>N</i>-Hexadecane and 2,2,4,6,6-Pentamethylheptane (2013)

The physical properties of direct sugar to hydrocarbon diesel (DSH-76) and several binary mixtures of n-hexadecane and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane were measured in this work. The density and viscosity were measured at temperatures ranging from (293.15 to 393.15) K, and the pure component values fell within the range of previously reported values. Speed of sound data at temperatures ranging from (293.15 to 323.15) K increased from (1089 to 1357) m·s–1. The bulk modulus was calculated from the density and speed of sound data, and its values ranged from (858 to 1425) MPa. Flash point values ranged from (318 to 408) K, and the surface tension values ranged from (21.8 to 27.3) mN·m–1. The values of density, viscosity, speed of sound, bulk modulus, flash point (378 K), and surface tension (25.0 mN·m–1) for the DSH-76 fell within the range of values measured for the binary mixtures of n-hexadecane and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane. These data suggest that a binary mixture of n-hexadecane and 2,2,4,6,6-pentamethylheptane may be a suitable surrogate for renewable fuels such as DSH-76.
Properties of sodium titanium silicate glasses (1958)

The glass-formin g area of the K a20-Ti02-Si02 system was surveyed. Glasse~ were ma d e "'ith refra ct ive indices from 1.5184 to 1.8005, nu values from 51.5 to 23 .2, and densities from 2.42 to 3.00. The glasses have higher di spersions and have considerably lower densities than the PbO glasses with comparable refractive indices.
간접광고 브랜드 제시형태에 따른 광고효과 연구: 제품 관여도와 프로그램 관여도를 중심으로 (2013)

지상파 방송프로그램에 간접광고가 본격적으로 실시된 지 얼마 되지 않은 현재, 방송 프로그램내에 등장하여 간접광고되는 브랜드의 제시형태에 따른 광고효과의 차이를 실증적으로 검증한 본 연구는 대학생 피험자 159명을 대상으로 하고 있다. 본 연구를 통해 간접광고와는 달리 브랜드명을 직접적으로 제시할 수 없도록 제한하고 있는 협찬의 형태가 오히려 시청자의 인지를 자극할 가능성이 높을 가능성이 있다는 것을 보여주고 있다. 브랜드명이 완전한 형태가 아닌 일부 가려진 상태로 제시될 경우 그 모호성으로 인해 시청자의 자발적 생성 욕구를 자극하여 제한적으로 노출된 브랜드가 완전하게 노출된 브랜드보다 오히려 더 잘 상기되고 기억되는 것으로 나타났다. 하지만 이러한 효과는 브랜드에 대한 태도나 행위변화의 수준으로 까지는 이어지지는 않고 인지적인 수준에서만 차이를 보이고 있었다. 그리고 이러한 현상은 단순하게 작용하는 것이 아니라 시청자와 간접광고되는 브랜드의 관여수준 및 프로그램 시청 상황에 따라 달리 작용하는 것으로 나타났다. 시청자의 인지적 욕구를 충분히 자극할만한 상황, 즉 프로그램을 집중해서 보고 있는 상태에서 관여 수준이 높은 제품의 브랜드명이 일부 가려진 형태로 제시될 때 그 효과는 극대화되고 있었다. 역으로 프로그램 몰입도가 떨어진 상태에서 저관여 제품명이 등장할 때 시청자들의 기억은 쉽게 활성화되지 않았다. 이 연구의 결과는 간접광고 제도의 활성화를 위하여 간접광고와 협찬의 위상을 새롭게 정의할 필요성을 제시하고 있으며, 동시에 간접광고 집행에 있어서도 무조건적인 브랜드의 반복 노출이 아닌 프로그램과 시청자와의 관계를 고려하여 프로그램을 제작 할 필요성이 있음을 시사한다.
Probabilistic internal clock synchronization (2002)

We propose an improved probabilistic method for reading remote clocks in systems subject to unbounded communication delays and use this method to design a fault-tolerant probabilistic internal clock synchronization protocol. This protocol masks clock reading failures and arbitrary failures of processes. Because of probabilistic reading, our protocol achieves better synchronization precisions than those achievable by previously known deterministic algorithms. Another advantage of the proposed protocol is that it uses a linear, instead of quadratic, number of messages, and that message exchanges are staggered in time instead of all happening in narrow synchronization intervals. The drift rate of the synchronized clocks is optimal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Oude technologie voor nieuwe gebouwen (2010)

De CO2-productie neemt wereldwijd nog steeds toe. Om deze stijging een halt toe te roepen zijn in Kyoto en Bali klimaatverdragen afgesloten. Bewoners daarentegen verwachten steeds meer comfort in de zomer, waardoor zelfs in gematigde klimaten vaker airconditioning in woningen zal worden toegepast. Hierdoor zal het energiegebruik van woningen stijgen. Een van de mogelijkheden om verdere groei in energiegebruik te verminderen of te voorkomen is het toepassen van grondwarmtewisselaars voor het voorverwarmen of koelen van ventilatielucht. Dit is een modificatie van een concept dat al werd toegepast in de Oudheid [6].
Identification of xenin, a xenopsin-related peptide, in the human gastric mucosa and its effect on exocrine pancreatic secretion. (1992)

One of the peptides previously discovered in amphibians is the octapeptide xenopsin. As immunohistochemistry has also indicated the presence of xenopsin immunoreactivity in man, we extracted in the present investigation xenopsin-immunoreactive material from human gastric mucosa and purified it to homogeneity with several high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) reverse phase and ion exchange chromatographic steps. The eluates were monitored with a radioimmunoassay for amphibian xenopsin. Determination of the amino acid sequence revealed a 25-amino acid peptide having 6 C-terminal amino acids in common with amphibian xenopsin. The sequence of this peptide, termed xenin 25, is M-L-T-K-F-E-T-K-S-A-R-V-K-G-L-S-F-H-P-K-R-P-W-I-L. The peptide was custom-synthesized. Mass spectrometry of the synthetic and the extracted peptide revealed identical molecular mass. Purification of 250 ml of human postprandial plasma with Sep-Pak C18 cartridges, reverse phase HPLC, and ion exchange chromatography demonstrated circulating xenin immunoreactivity at a retention time identical to xenin 25. The amount of xenin immunoreactivity at the position of xenin 25 on C18-HPLC increased significantly after a meal. A radioimmunoassay utilizing antibodies to xenin 25 and a 125I-labeled analogue of xenin 25 was used to measure immunoreactive xenin in the plasma of 10 volunteers. There was a significant rise of xenin immunoreactivity in the plasma after a meal. Intravenous infusion of the synthetic peptide in dogs stimulated exocrine pancreatic secretion beginning at a dose of 4 pmol/kg/min. The maximal effect was seen with 64 pmol/kg/min. We have detected, therefore, a new peptide, xenin 25, in human gastric mucosa; we have provided evidence for the presence of this peptide in the human circulation, and have shown a rise of plasma xenin concentrations after a meal. This peptide stimulates exocrine pancreatic secretion. Its physiologic role deserves further investigation.
Audio codec for mobile multimedia applications (2005)

This contribution reports on the work in 3GPP release 6 on the standardization of a new audio codec for mobile multimedia applications including packet-switched streaming (PSS) and multimedia messaging (MMS). First, the design constraints, performance requirements, test plans, selection rules were finalized for both PSS/MMS audio codecs and for the extended AMR-WB codec (AMR-WB+). The candidate codecs were as follows: MPEG4 HE-AAC codec ("AAC+1') for low and high bit-rate range, coding technologies codec ("Enhanced AAC+") for low and high bit-rate range, and Ericsson, Nokia and VoiceAge AMR-WB+ candidate codec for low bit-rate range. Next, extensive subjective listening testing was conducted. The test results showed good performance for the enhanced AAC+ and for the AMR-WB+ candidates.
Mechanism of activation for Zap-70 catalytic activity. (1996)

There is a growing body of evidence, including data from human genetic and T-cell receptor function studies, which implicate a zeta-associated protein of M(r) 70,000 (Zap-70) as a critical protein tyrosine kinase in T-cell activation and development. During T-cell activation, Zap-70 becomes associated via its src homology type 2 (SH2) domains with tyrosine-phosphorylated immune-receptor tyrosine activating motif (ITAM) sequences in the cytoplasmic zeta chain of the T-cell receptor. An intriguing conundrum is how Zap-70 is catalytically activated for downstream phosphorylation events. To address this question, we have used purified Zap-70, tyrosine phosphorylated glutathione S-transferase (GST)-Zeta, and GST-Zeta-1 cytoplasmic domains, and various forms of ITAM-containing peptides to see what effect binding of zeta had upon Zap-70 tyrosine kinase activity. The catalytic activity of Zap-70 with respect to autophosphorylation increased approximately 5-fold in the presence of 125 nM phosphorylated GST-Zeta or GST-Zeta-1 cytoplasmic domain. A 20-fold activity increase was observed for phosphorylation of an exogenous substrate. Both activity increases showed a GST-Zeta concentration dependence. The increase in activity was not produced with nonphosphorylated GST-Zeta, phosphorylated zeta, or phosphorylated ITAM-containing peptides. The increase in Zap-70 activity was SH2 mediated and was inhibited by phenylphosphate, Zap-70 SH2, and an antibody specific for Zap-70 SH2 domains. Since GST-Zeta and GST-Zeta-1 exist as dimers, the data suggest Zap-70 is activated upon binding a dimeric form of phosphorylated zeta and not by peptide fragments containing a single phosphorylated ITAM. Taken together, these data indicate that the catalytic activity of Zap-70 is most likely activated by a trans-phosphorylation mechanism.
In vitro Wear of Microfilled and Visible Light-cured Composites (1979)

Wear of microfilled composites, a visible light-cured composite, and a conventional composite were characterized by two-body abrasion and single-pass sliding. There were differences in abrasion rates among the materials. Tangential forces, wear track widths, and surface failure modes were different among materials. Wear characteristics are combinations of these properties.
Association of busulfan area under the curve with veno-occlusive disease following BMT. (1996)

Busulfan pharmacokinetics, specifically area under the concentration curve (AUC), have been correlated with the occurrence of veno-occlusive disease (VOD) following BMT. To evaluate the risk of VOD, we studied 66 patients who received pharmacotherapeutically monitored busulfan regimens in combination with CY, etoposide (VP16) and/or Ara-C in preparation for BMT. These patients received a total of 16 doses of busulfan dosed as 1 mg/kg/dose q 6 h beginning at 09.00 (n = 39), 18.00 (n = 2), 21.00 (n = 1) or 24.00 (n = 24) h. With the first dose, blood samples were obtained at baseline, every 15-30 min for 2 h, then every 1-2 h for 4 h. Blood was analyzed for busulfan concentration by high performance liquid chromatography and AUC calculated by the trapezoidal rule. Seventeen patients (25.8%) were not evaluable for AUC calculation due to slow absorption and/or elimination: 13 of 27 (48.1%) received the first dose between 18.00-24.00 vs four of 39 (10.2%) patients who received the first dose at 09.00 (P < 0.001). Eighteen of 51 (35.3%) evaluable patients had an AUC > 1500 mumol x min/l; 10 of whom received doses reduced proportionally to achieve an AUC = 1200 mumol x min/l starting with the 10th to 15th dose. Six of 18 (33.3%) patients with an initial AUC > 1500 mumol x min/l developed VOD vs one of 33 (3.0%) patients with an initial AUC < 1500 mumol x min/l (relative risk = 11.1; P = 0.0056). Other pharmacokinetic parameters, age, gender, type of BMT, previous therapy or pre-transplant liver function tests were not predictive of VOD. A higher incidence of VOD occurred in patients receiving BUCY (4 of 10) compared to those receiving BUCYAra-C (1 of 18) or BUCYVP16 (7 of 38), which could not be attributed to increased busulfan exposure in the BUCY patients. Routine pharmacotherapeutic monitoring of busulfan is recommended with further study to evaluate the impact of earlier and greater overall dose reduction in patients with high initial busulfan exposures.
Mps1 as a link between centrosomes and genomic instability (2009)

Centrosomes are microtubule-organizing centers that must be precisely duplicated before mitosis. Centrosomes regulate mitotic spindle assembly, and the presence of excess centrosomes leads to the production of aberrant mitotic spindles which generate chromosome segregation errors. Many human tumors possess excess centrosomes that lead to the production of abnormal spindles in situ. In some tumors, these extra centrosomes appear before aneuploidy, suggesting that defects in centrosome duplication might promote genomic instability and tumorigenesis. The Mps1 protein kinase is required for centrosome duplication, and preventing the proteasome-dependent degradation of Mps1 at centrosomes increases its local concentration and causes the production of excess centrosomes during a prolonged S-phase. Here, we show that Mps1 degradation is misregulated in two tumor-derived cell lines, and that the failure to appropriately degrade Mps1 correlates with the ability of these cells to produce extra centrosomes during a prolonged S-phase. In the 21NT breast-tumor derived cell line, a mutant Mps1 protein that is normally constitutively degraded can accumulate at centrosomes and perturb centrosome duplication, suggesting that these cells have a defect in the mechanisms that target Mps1 to the proteasome. In contrast, the U2OS osteosarcoma cell line expresses a nondegradable form of Mps1, which we show causes the dose-dependent over duplication of centrioles even at very low levels of expression. Our data demonstrate that defects in Mps1 degradation can occur through multiple mechanisms, and suggest that Mps1 may provide a link between the control of centrosome duplication and genomic instability.
Current concepts and progress in RSV vaccine development (2014)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) disease is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in children and debilitated adults and remains one of the major global unmet challenges for vaccine development. Several immunological issues have delayed the development of vaccines, especially the poorly protective response to natural infection and the enhancement of disease following administration of formalin inactivated vaccines during trials conducted in the 1960s. Advances in knowledge of the immune system, of the virus and its antigenic properties combined with new vaccine technologies are now injecting new hope into the field and have given rise to many promising vaccine approaches. Some of these may be optimal for use in children, while others may be more appropriate for pregnant women or vulnerable older adults. With a multi-pronged approach to prevention, we propose that it may be possible to destabilise community circulation of RSV and thus to significantly lessen the impact of RSV disease.