gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vision and Feature Norms: Improving automatic feature norm learning through cross-modal maps (2016)

Property norms have the potential to aid a wide range of semantic tasks, provided that they can be obtained for large numbers of concepts. Recent work has focused on text as the main source of information for automatic property extraction. In this paper we examine property norm prediction from visual, rather than textual, data, using cross-modal maps learnt between property norm and visual spaces. We also investigate the importance of having a complete feature norm dataset, for both training and testing. Finally, we evaluate how these datasets and cross-modal maps can be used in an image retrieval task.
Relaxations of confined chains in polymer nanocomposites: Glass transition properties of poly(ethylene oxide) intercalated in montmorillonite (1997)

The relaxation behavior of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), intercalated in montmorillonite, a naturally occurring mica-type silicate, was studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermally stimulated dielectric depolarization (or thermally stimulated current, TSC). The materials were synthesized by melt or solution-mediated intercalation. In both intercalates, the PEO chains were confined to ca. 0.8-nm galleries between the silicate layers. The solution intercalate contained a fraction of unintercalated PEO chains which exhibited a weak and depressed PEO melting endotherm in DSC. In contrast, the melt intercalate was “starved” such that almost all the PEO chains were effectively intercalated. For these melt intercalates, no thermal events were detected by DSC. TSC thermal sampling technique was used to examine the glass transition regions and to estimate the extent of cooperativity of chain motions. The motions of the intercalated PEO chains are inherently noncooperative relative to the cooperative Tg motions in the amorphous portion of the bulk polymer. This is presumably due to the strong confining effect of the silicate layers on the relaxations of the intercalated polymer. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Adaptive performance compensation with on-chip variation monitoring (2011)

This paper discusses adaptive performance control with two types of on-chip variation sensors. The first sensor aims to extract several device-parameters for performance adaptation from a set of on-chip ring-oscillators with different sensitivities to device-parameters, and the device-parameter decomposition is discussed. The second sensors, which are embedded into functional circuits, predict timing errors due to PVT variations and aging. By controlling circuit performance according to the sensor outputs, PVT worst-case design can be overcome and power dissipation can be reduced while satisfying performance requirements. Measurement results of a subthreshold adder on 65-nm test chips show that the adaptive speed control can compensate PVT variations and improve energy efficiency by up to 46% compared to the worst-case design and operation with guardbanding.
Identification of pl85 <sup>neu</sup> Sequences Required for Monoclonal Antibody- or Ligand-Mediated Receptor Signal Attenuation (1997)

Anti-p185neu antibodies downmodulate constitutively active p185neu receptors from the cell surface, which is associated with a reduction in the transformed phenotype. We have analyzed a group of mutant p185neu forms with carboxyl (C)-terminal truncations and/or an internal deletion of amino acids 1008-1057. Receptor endocytosis and degradation were examined by flow cytometric analysis and pulse-chase assays following anti-p185neu monoclonal antibody (MAb) treatment. Deletion of a sequence within the distal carboxyl terminus, including three known autophosphorylation sites, did not affect MAb-mediated receptor surface downmodulation and degradation of surface receptor. However, kinase-active deletion mutants with elimination of the putative internalization sequence (Tint delta), or Tint delta mutants also containing a large C-terminal truncation, displayed markedly impaired receptor endocytosis in response to MAb treatment. Cells expressing endocytosis-defective mutant proteins became insensitive to anti-p185neu MAb-mediated inhibition of anchorage-independent growth and were more oncogenic in vivo. Cells expressing endocytosis-defective mutant EGFR/neu chimeric proteins were more transforming upon EGF addition when compared to cells expressing wild-type EGFR/neu receptors. Taken together, these data suggest that, in addition to kinase activity, p185neu receptor endocytosis requires a functional modular structure, i.e., an internalization sequence, possibly to serve as target for endocytotic adapter proteins. Unattenuated signaling from oncogenic p185neu forms resulting from prolonged surface localization may result in enhanced cellular transformation and desensitization to MAb-mediated downregulation and phenotypic reversion.
The Influence of Polyploidy on the Evolution of Yeast Grown in a Sub-Optimal Carbon Source (2017)

Polyploidization events have occurred during the evolution of many fungi, plant, and animal species and are thought to contribute to speciation and tumorigenesis, however little is known about how ploidy level contributes to adaptation at the molecular level. Here we integrate whole genome sequencing, RNA expression analysis, and relative fitness of ∼100 evolved clones at three ploidy levels. Independent haploid, diploid, and tetraploid populations were grown in a low carbon environment for 250 generations. We demonstrate that the key adaptive mutation in the evolved clones is predicted by a gene expression signature of just five genes. All of the adaptive mutations identified encompass a narrow set of genes, however the tetraploid clones gain a broader spectrum of adaptive mutations than haploid or diploid clones. While many of the adaptive mutations occur in genes that encode proteins with known roles in glucose sensing and transport, we discover mutations in genes with no canonical role in carbon utilization (IPT1 and MOT3), as well as identify novel dominant mutations in glucose signal transducers thought to only accumulate recessive mutations in carbon limited environments (MTH1 and RGT1). We conclude that polyploid cells explore more genotypic and phenotypic space than lower ploidy cells. Our study provides strong evidence for the beneficial role of polyploidization events that occur during the evolution of many species and during tumorigenesis.
Low-loss rectangular-passband multiplexer consisting of a waveguide grating router synchronized to a three-arm interferometer (2005)

We propose and demonstrate a design for a lossless rectangular-passband multiplexer with improved passband characteristics. It consists of a waveguide grating router (WGR) synchronized to a three-arm interferometer. It is similar to our previous design of synchronizing a WGR to a two-arm interferometer, except now the passband has even sharper corners. We also show that three is the maximum number of arms for the input interferometer if one wishes to have a compact layout.
A Theory of Contact Noise in Semiconductors (1950)

A theory of contact noise is described in which the low-frequency noise is attributed to the random movement of adsorbed ions on the surface of a semiconductor from which an electron current is being drawn. Emission of electrons is assumed to take place only at localized patches on the surface and the adsorbed ions are assumed to give rise to a Schottky barrier layer, in which the potential maximum is linearly related to the concentration of ions. Diffusion of the ions over the surface gives rise to random fluctuations in the concentration of ions in a patch which results in random fluctuations in the height of the potential barrier and the emission current. It is shown that for a circular patch the spectral power density of the noise current varies with mean current J0 and frequency f as j02fx over a small range of frequency and that x varies monotonically from -0.75 at the lowest frequencies to -1.125 at the highest frequencies. It is also shown that for a long thin rectangular patch in index x varies monotonically from -0.5 to -1.5 as the frequency is increased from zero. The dependence of the noise power density on temperature is also discussed.
Die Farbreaktion des Morphins nach E. MARQUIS (1973)

Abstract Es wurde der Reaktionsansatz aus Morphin und Formaldehyd in 60proz. Schwefelsäure aufgearbeitet und eine Substanz (I) isoliert, die mit Schwefelsäure die charakteristische Violettfärbung gibt. Die Struktur von I wurde geklärt. I besteht aus 2 Morphinmolekülen, die über 2 Formaldehydmoleküle miteinander verknüpft sind. Die Färbung mit Schwefelsäure beruht auf der Bildung mesomeriestabilisierter Oxonium‐Carbonium‐Ionen. Die Marquis‐Reaktion verläuft nicht über Apomorphin.
[Outlooks regarding the study of hepatitis B virus]. (2007)

1979年完成HBV DNA的基因克隆化以后,对于HBV的病毒学研究取得了很大的成就.根据HBsAg编码基因序列构建的各种表达系统获得的重组HBsAg蛋白作为疫苗,在HBV感染的免疫预防中发挥着十分重要的作用.由2拷贝HBV DNA头尾相接转染肝母细胞瘤细胞系HepG2细胞建立的转染细胞模型,在研究HBV生物学特性和体外药物筛选中发挥了重要作用.关于HBV DNA聚合酶/逆转录酶的研究,成功地研发了拉米夫定、阿德福韦酯、恩替卡韦,以及即将上市的替比夫定、替诺福韦等核苷(酸)类似物,在慢性乙型肝炎的抗病毒治疗中发挥着十分重要的作用[1].但是,作为一种结构高度致密、复杂的DNA病毒,HBV的病毒学研究还有许多领域没有取得实质性进展,还要进行长期的探索。
BGJ398, A Pan-FGFR Inhibitor, Overcomes Paclitaxel Resistance in Urothelial Carcinoma with FGFR1 Overexpression (2018)

Paclitaxel (PTX) is commonly used to treat urothelial carcinoma (UC) after platinum-based chemotherapy has failed. However, single-agent taxane therapy is not sufficient to inhibit tumor progression and drug resistance in advanced UC. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) induced by fibroblast growth factor receptor (<i>FGFR</i>)1 signaling has been proposed as a mechanism of PTX resistance, but it is unclear whether this can be overcome by <i>FGFR1</i> inhibition. The present study investigated whether <i>FGFR1</i> overexpression contributes to PTX resistance and whether <i>FGFR</i> inhibition can enhance PTX efficacy in UC. The effects of PTX combined with the <i>FGFR</i> inhibitor BGJ398 were evaluated in UC cell lines by flow cytometry; Western blot analysis; cell viability, migration, and colony forming assays; and RNA interference. PTX+BGJ398 induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in UC cells with mesenchymal characteristics was accompanied by downregulation of <i>cyclin D1</i> protein and upregulation of gamma-histone 2A family member X and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase. Additionally, PTX+BGJ398 synergistically suppressed UC cell migration and colony formation via regulation of EMT-associated factors, while <i>FGFR1</i> knockdown enhanced the antitumor effect of PTX. These findings provide a basis for development of effective strategies for overcoming PTX resistance in UC through inhibition of <i>FGFR1</i> signaling.
Tamsulosin, a selective α <sub>1c</sub> ‐adrenoceptor* antagonist: a randomized, controlled trial in patients with benign prostatic ‘obstruction’ (symptomatic BPH) (1995)

Tamsulosin 0.4 mg once daily is safe, well tolerated and clinically effective in improving symptoms and urinary flow rate in patients with symptomatic BPH.
Data Acquisition and Analysis of the UNCOSS Underwater Explosive Neutron Sensor (2011)

The purpose of the FP7 UNCOSS project (Underwater Coastal Sea Surveyor, http://www.uncoss-project.org) is to develop a neutron-based underwater explosive sensor to detect unexploded ordnance lying on the sea bottom. The Associated Particle Technique is used to focus the inspection on a suspicious object located by optical and electromagnetic sensors and to determine if there is an explosive charge inside. This paper presents the data acquisition electronics and data analysis software which have been developed for this project. A field programmable gate array that digitizes and processes the signal allows to perform precise time-of-flight and gamma-ray energy measurements. The gamma-ray spectra are unfolded into pure elemental count proportions, mainly C, N, O, Fe, Al, Si, and Ca. The C, N, and O count fractions are converted into chemical proportions, taking into account the gamma-ray production cross sections, as well as neutron and photon attenuation in the different shields between the ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) and the explosive, such as the explosive iron shell, seawater, and ROV envelop. A two-dimensional (2D) barycentic representation of the C, N, and O proportions is built from their chemical ratios, and a 2D likelihood map is built from the associated statistical and systematic uncertainties. The threat level is evaluated from the best matching materials of a database including explosives.
Fractionation of Hydrocarbons Between Oil and Gas Phases (1998)

The investigation of hydrocarbon fractionation between oil and gas phases is of interest for several purposes in reservoir exploitation. In reservoir geochemistry, the evolution of light hydrocarbon fractions of oils may explain some migration phenomena. In gas injection projects, the preferred dissolution of some components in gas may alter the composition as well as the properties of the oil. Underground gas storage in depleted oil reservoirs may also be concerned by these problems. Results of several IFP studies are described here to illustrate and to quantify the phenomenon. Two of them, using real reservoir fluids, concern reservoir geochemistry, while the third, which is a swelling test, aimed to study gas injection, investigated a synthetic reservoir fluid with hydrocarbon components up to C30. Two pieces of equipment were used: a sapphire cell with a maximum pressure rating of 400 bar and a high pressure apparatus called Hercule with a maximum pressure of 1500 bar. For each fluid, the saturation pressure was measured. For various pressure levels below saturation, the coexisting liquid and gas phases were sampled at constant pressure, and subsequently analyzed by gas chromatography. In the gas injection study, sampling was repeated with different quantities of injection gas. Compared to a n-paraffin with the same number of carbon atoms, aromatic hydrocarbons appear to stay preferentially in the liquid phase, as do cycloalkanes to a lesser extent. The gaseous phase is slightly enriched in isoalkanes. These fractionation effects are less pronounced near the critical region. These phenomena have been modeled with a cubic equation of state combined with a group contribution mixing rule.
Hypoascorbemia induces atherosclerosis and vascular deposition of lipoprotein(a) in transgenic mice. (2015)

Lipoprotein(a), a variant of LDL carrying the adhesive glycoprotein apo(a), is a leading risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Lipoprotein(a) (Lp(a)) is found in humans and subhuman primates but rarely in lower mammals. Better understanding of the evolutionary advantage of this molecule should elucidate its physiological role. We developed a new mouse model with two characteristics of human metabolism: the expression of Lp(a) and the lack of endogenous ascorbate (vitamin C) production. We show that dietary deficiency of ascorbate increases serum levels of Lp(a). Moreover, chronic hypoascorbemia and complete depletion of ascorbate (scurvy) leads to Lp(a) accumulation in the vascular wall and parallels atherosclerotic lesion development. The results suggest that dietary ascorbate deficiency is a risk factor for atherosclerosis independent of dietary lipids. We provide support for the concept that Lp(a) functions as a mobile repair molecule compensating for the structural impairment of the vascular wall, a morphological hallmark of hypoascorbemia and scurvy.
The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of the Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha (2003)

The complete sequence of the mitochondrial genome of Chinook salmon, Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, has been determined. The circular genome consisting of 16,644 base pairs encodes thirteen proteins, the 12S and 16S ribosomal RNAs, and 22 transfer RNAs. These genes are ordered in the same way as most other vertebrates. The nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the ribosomal RNAs and the thirteen protein-coding genes were compared with those of other salmonids such as Oncorhynchus mykiss, Salmo salar, Salvelinus fontinalis, Salvelinus alpinus and Coregonus lavaretus. The sequence features of the control region (D-loop), the origin of L-strand replication and a putative peptide codified by the 16S mitochondrial RNA are described and discussed.
Calculation Method of New Traffic System with Inductive Electrical Supply (2000)

A new traffic system, in which travel energy is supplied to electric vehicles without electrical contacts during trans-city travel, is described. On-board batteries are charged while the vehicle is traveling. A design method of this contactless power supply system is proposed. The inductive power transfer method is employed to achieve this contactless power supply system. A simulation code to optimize the magnetic circuit and the system is developed and evaluated by a miniature prototype. The estimated energy transfer rate in real scale vehicles exceeds 90%.
Furancarbonsäuren aus Rinderharn (1985)

Furancarboxylic Acids in Cattle Urine The urine of cattle contains large amounts of furancarboxylic acids. The same acids were isolated from rats after feeding with methyl esters of the so‐called F‐acids. Since the F‐acids were not detected in cattle‐food, they must be produced somewhere in the body of cattle.
Preferential Mode of gas invasion in sediments: Grain‐scale mechanistic model of coupled multiphase fluid flow and sediment mechanics (2009)

We present a discrete element model for simulating, at the grain scale, gas migration in brine‐saturated deformable media. We rigorously account for the presence of two fluids in the pore space by incorporating forces on grains due to pore fluid pressures and surface tension between fluids. This model, which couples multiphase fluid flow with sediment mechanics, permits investigation of the upward migration of gas through a brine‐filled sediment column. We elucidate the ways in which gas migration may take place: (1) by capillary invasion in a rigid‐like medium and (2) by initiation and propagation of a fracture. We find that grain size is the main factor controlling the mode of gas transport in the sediment, and we show that coarse‐grain sediments favor capillary invasion, whereas fracturing dominates in fine‐grain media. The results have important implications for understanding vent sites and pockmarks in the ocean floor, deep subseabed storage of carbon dioxide, and gas hydrate accumulations in ocean sediments and permafrost regions. Our results predict that in fine sediments, hydrate will likely form in veins following a fracture network pattern, and the hydrate concentration will likely be quite low. In coarse sediments, the buoyant methane gas is likely to invade the pore space more uniformly, in a process akin to invasion percolation, and the overall pore occupancy is likely to be much higher than for a fracture‐dominated regime. These implications are consistent with laboratory experiments and field observations of methane hydrates in natural systems.
Structure-activity studies on synthetic analogues (indolactams) of the tumor promoter teleocidin. (1984)

Synthetic analogues (indolactams) related to the tumor promoter teleocidin were synthesized chemically. Of four indolactam-Vs lacking the monoterpenoid moiety of native teleocidin, (-)-indolactam-V bound to the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate receptor in cell membranes and induced both adhesion of HL-60 cells and ornithine decarboxylase activity in mouse skin, although its effects were weaker than those of teleocidin. (+)-Indolactam-V and two isomers of epi-indolactam-V showed no induction of ornithine decarboxylase. These results indicate that the S,S configuration of native teleocidin at the isopropyl residue and the hydroxymethyl group is necessary for activity.
Optical scatterometry with neural network model for nondestructive measurement of submicron features (1999)

Characterization of the geometrical parameters of microstructures in electronics and photonics is an important problem from the point of view of fabrication methods. With UV and especially electron-beam lithography feature sizes of the order of hundreds of nanometers are attainable. However, there is a lack of methods for a fast, reliable, and quantitative inspection of these structures. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy have a good resolution but they require expensive equipment and are not suitable as on-line methods. Optical scatterometry is a nondestructive technique which predicts the structure geometry from a scattered intensity distribution. We utilize optical scatterometry with a hierarchical system of neural networks for the characterization of diffractive gratings with submicrometer features. It is shown that five geometrical parameters may be predicted simultaneously from the grating with an accuracy of less than 5 nm for the depths of the grooves and the line widths. Furthermore, the hierarchical system reduces the requirements for a prior information of the grating structure.
Low-pass distributed RC filter using an MOS transistor with near zero phase shift at high frequencies (1989)

The signal transfer properties of an MOS transistor biased with zero drain-to-source voltage, under a four-terminal excitation, are examined. Analytical expressions for the admittance matrix are developed. These results are applied to the study of a distributed RC low-pass filter with phase shift recovery at high frequencies. Calculations for the filter gain and phase characteristics, including the transistor parasitics, are presented. This filter has been used successfully in the design of self-biasing high-gain gigahertz-band amplifiers. The analytical expressions can be easily incorporated in a circuit simulation program to accurately model distributed RC effects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Theory of the retarding potential method of cathode temperature measurement (1984)

Retarding potential measurements can be used to determine the temperature of the cathode in a traveling wave tube. General expressions are derived for the current in a thermionic diode as a function of cathode temperature and applied voltage. An enumeration is made of the conditions under which such expressions can be reduced to a form that enables application of the retarding potential method of temperature measurement. An integral form is given for the factor needed to generalize the Richardson equation to more general geometry, and it is evaluated for a special case. Finally, there is a discussion of the case when, because of surface or other effects, the distribution function of emitted electrons is not given by the Fermi–Dirac distribution.