gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Study of the Thermal Epimerization of r -2-Ethoxy- cis -4- cis -5-Dimethyl-1,3,2-λ 3 -Dioxaphospholane Using 31 P NMR (2002)

The exclusive synthesis of r -2-ethoxy- cis -4- cis -5-dimethyl-1,3,2- u 3 -dioxaphospholane ( cis - 1 ) is reported. The kinetic measurements of the epimerization of cis - 1 to trans - 1 were performed by 31 P NMR from 50 to 80;C in toluene. The energy of activation (E a ) of the epimerization process was calculated from Arrhenius plot. The thermodynamic parameters of the transition state led us to conclude that the activation barrier of the inversion at phosphorus is driven by the enthalpy and by a large and negative entropy of activation.
Freedom of Expression in Post-Soviet Russia (2013)

This Article assesses the freedom of expression in Russia and prospects for its future: what has the Russian state promised its citizens, in what legal forms have those promises been made, and how well are those paper promises being kept in practice? The Article considers recent state actions and statutes enacted to regulate speech, association, and other forms of expression, and determines that these are possible because of the very weak separation of powers in the Russian Federation. The Article concludes by looking at the European Convention on Human Rights as one hope for a power capable of exerting influence on Russian practices, although it exists outside of Russia. Judgments of the European Court of Human Rights established under the Convention present a roadmap for future reform according to standards that Russia has already agreed to accept.
The effect of the NMDA noncompetitive antagonist ketamine on serial learning in rats (1995)

Past research has demonstrated that Nmethyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonists disrupt the acquisition of a variety of spatial and non-spatial tasks. In the present investigation, the effects of the NMDA antagonist, ketamine, were examined in a task with minimal spatial demands. Twenty-six male Long-Evans rats, approximately 5 months of age at the beginning of training, served as the subjects. Before training began, all rats were reduced to 85% of their free feeding weight and maintained with this 15% reduction throughout training. After injections of ketamine or saline, rats were trained to respond in a runway to a nonmonotonic serial pattern consisting of 14-, 0-, 3-, or 7-pellets, respectively. Saline rats were capable of tracking the rewarded and non-rewarded elements of the series while the ketamine rats were markedly impaired. Specifically, analysis of the running times revealed a significant drug group x elements interaction, F(3, 36) = 3.01, p < .05. Examination of the interaction with Tukey a revealed that the saline rats ran significantly faster to the three rewarded elements of the series than the 0-pellet element (p s < .05). Conversely, ketamine-treated rats had similar running times to all elements of the series (ps > .05). The results are discussed in terms of NMDA-receptor involvement in the task acquisition.
Mutations affect storage and use of memory differentially in <i>Drosophila</i> (1983)

The behavior of normal Drosophila and of X-linked olfactory conditioning mutants was analyzed by using an olfactory memory choice task. Memory in normal flies was optimal at 5-12 min after training and then decayed slowly. Memory in the mutants was 40-80% of normal when tested 30 sec after training but it decayed rapidly and was very low after 7 min. Successive conditioning experiments indicated that some types of mutants can behave as though they store information for a longer period than that revealed by straightforward memory tests, but this information reveals itself only by interaction with newly acquired information in a conflict situation. It thus seems that the mutations can either prevent the formation of normal memory or prevent memory from evoking a normal behavioral response.
An a-Si TFT with a new light-shield structure and its application to active-matrix liquid crystal displays (2003)

The authors have observed an increase in off-current in a gate-bottomed inverted-staggered a-Si TFT (thin film transistor) under gate side illumination, despite the prevention of light transmission into the channel region of the a-Si layer by the gate electrode. It was found that the leakage current is generated by irradiating the intrinsic a-Si layer, which protrudes from the gate electrode edge near the drain junction. A novel light-shield structure in which the intrinsic island is placed inside the gate electrode has been developed to reduce the light-induced leakage current. Using this structure and decreasing i-layer thickness to less than 200 nm, and the off-current is maintained at less than 10/sup -10/ A in the negative-gate-voltage region. It has been confirmed that an active-matrix liquid-crystal display using these TFTs has sufficient display performance stability up to 10/sup 5/-lx gateside illumination.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Distributed Geospatial Information Services-Architectures, Standards, and Research Issues. The (2004)

It is estimated that more than 80 % of data that human beings have collected so far are geospatial data. In order for the geospatial data to be useful, information has to be extracted from the data and converted to knowledge. However, currently it is very difficult for general users to obtain geospatial data and turn them into useful information and knowledge. In order for geospatial information to become the mainstream information, the geospatial information systems have to be able to provide the ready-to-use information that fits the individual users ’ needs. This paper presents the distributed geospatial services which can fully automate data discovery, access, and integration steps of the geospatial knowledge discovery process under the interoperable service framework, fully automate a rang of geo-computational services at a limited geospatial domain, and greatly facilitate the construction of complex geocomputation services and modeling. The paper discusses the service-oriented architecture, web services, Grid services, geospatial services, geo-object and geo-tree concepts and their implementation in the service environment, and the interoperable geospatial service standards. It also discusses some advanced research issues related to automatic geospatial information extraction and knowledge discovery in the web service environment, including automated geospatial data and services discovery, domain knowledge-driven intelligent geo-object decomposition, automated geospatial web service chaining, binding, and execution, and management of workflows and geospatial models. 1.
Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy intervention in childhood sexual abuse: identifying new directions from the literature (2004)

Abstract The short‐ and long‐term consequences of childhood sexual abuse have been extensively reported. However, for many years there has been an absence of psychological conceptual frameworks for understanding and treating abuse trauma symptoms. This paper reviews a number of outcome studies for the treatment of child sexual abuse where a post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) conceptualization was used to plan treatment interventions. The paper concludes that, contrary to some concerns expressed by clinicians, sexually abused children and their non‐abusing carers can signiﬁcantly beneﬁt from cognitive behavioural interventions which use reliving and confrontation of the abusive experience. Notwithstanding this, there is a need for further controlled outcome research of cognitive behavioural interventions using reliving techniques to explore how and why these interventions help in reducing abuse‐related PTSD symptoms. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Population, birth control and West Viriginia. (1970)

Defining population growth and the need for birth control for the medically indigent of West Virginia, using epidemiologic principles, is discussed. In comparing the birthrates for West Virginia and the U.S., it was determined that although initially higher than the birthrate for the U.S. as a whole in 1943, the West Virginia birthrate fell below the national average in 1953 and preceded the U.S. rate in its sharp decline. In the 10-year period from 1950 to 1960, the absolute number of births in West Virginia fell from 51,000 to 40,000, a drop of 22%. In the same decade, the absolute number of births in the U.S. rose 20%, from 3.5 million to 4.3 million. During that time, the total population for the state of West Virginia fell by 7% from 2,005,000 to 1,860,000. The steady decline in the absolute number of births and the birthrate in West Virginia since 1947 is due to a very high rate of out-migration of the 20-34 year old population. The fertility of those potential parents remaining in the state has stayed high, however, in some areas approximating the fertility pattern of developing countries of the world. In McDowell County, almost 1 out of every 3 potential mothers in the 20-24-year age range delivered a baby in 1960.
Parallel intra prediction for video coding (2010)

In this paper, we propose an intra-prediction system that is both parallel friendly and with high coding efficiency. This is achieved by combining a novel prediction strategy that reduces serial dependencies and a novel, multi-directional and adaptive prediction system. The resulting technique is compared with state-of-the-art ITU-T H.264/MPEG-4 AVC. We observe a 2× and 8× increase in parallelism for 8×8 and 4×4 partitions, respectively, and an average rate increase of less than 0.08% for predictive coding scenarios.
Reinforcement learning of single legged locomotion (2013)

This paper presents the application of reinforcement learning to improve the performance of highly dynamic single legged locomotion with compliant series elastic actuators. The goal is to optimally exploit the capabilities of the hardware in terms of maximum jump height, jump distance, and energy efficiency of periodic hopping. These challenges are tackled with the reinforcement learning method Policy Improvement with Path Integrals (PI2) in a model-free approach to learn parameterized motor velocity trajectories as well as highlevel control parameters. The combination of simulation and hardware-based optimization allows to efficiently obtain optimal control policies in an up to 10-dimensional parameter space. The robotic leg learns to temporarily store energy in the elastic elements of the joints in order to improve the jump height and distance. In addition, we present a method to learn time-independent control policies and apply it to improve the energetic efficiency of periodic hopping.
CsI(Na) Scintillation Plate with High Spatial Resolution (1987)

A two dimensional CsI(Na) scintillation plate with high spatial resolution has been developed by growing CsI(Na) crystal on a special fiber plate with fiber size of 20 μm. The number of photons at the output were 34 photons for 55Fe and 260 photons for 129I respectively. The spatial resolution measured by electron beam excitation showed approximately 30 μm of FWHM. Detection efficiency of the plate with 120 μm crystal thickness was measured to be about 23 % for 129I referring to a standard NaI(Tl) scintillator.
Design and Synthesis of A Diverse Morpholine Template Library (2003)

Efficient and general procedures have been developed for the solution-phase preparation of substituted morpholine derivatives, and a library has been produced around generic structure 1. This library was designed with proprietary modeling software for use as a general screening library. The 30 R1 reagents were phenols, and the 275 R2 reagents were taken from five different reagent classes, giving a variety of product classes in the final library of 8250 potential products. All of the library members were generated from a common intermediate, mesylate (5), which was synthesized efficiently, in bulk, in three steps from N-benzylethanolamine (2). High-throughput chemistry using robotics was carried out to produce the 7907 library members, which were individually characterized by reversed-phase LC/MS analysis.
C−C Bond-Forming Lyases in Organic Synthesis (2011)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVReviewC−C Bond-Forming Lyases in Organic SynthesisMargarita Brovetto†, Daniela Gamenara†, Patricia Saenz Méndez†‡, and Gustavo A. Seoane*†View Author Information† †Grupo de Fisicoquímica Orgánica y Bioprocesos, Departamento de Química Orgánica and ‡Grupo de Química y Biología Computacional, DETEMA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República (UdelaR), Gral. Flores 2124, 11800 Montevideo, UruguayTel.: 00 598 29247881, Fax: 00 598 29241906. E-mail: [email protected]Cite this: Chem. Rev. 2011, 111, 7, 4346–4403Publication Date (Web):March 21, 2011Publication History Received6 September 2010Published online21 March 2011Published inissue 13 July 2011https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cr100299phttps://doi.org/10.1021/cr100299preview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2011 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views8370Altmetric-Citations197LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Aldehydes,Aldol reactions,Aromatic compounds,Peptides and proteins,Stereoselectivity Get e-Alerts
Ionomers with Highly Fluorinated Side Chains for Use in Battery and Fuel Cell Applications (2010)

Polymers with pendant double bonds were synthesized by functionalization of a ready backbone with polysulfone or through polymerization of monomers that contain a relatively unreactive double bond under the polymerization reaction conditions. Styrene-based monomer and epoxides were polymerized through an anionic mechanism leading to polymers with polydispersity indexes of 1.23 and 1.21 respectively. Fluorinated lithium salts were linked to the polymers through platinum-catalyzed hydrosilylation of the pendant double bonds prior to an ion-exchange with an acid. The conductivities of the resulting ionomers were measured giving a maximum conductivity of 3 mS/cm for a polysulfone functionalized with a fluorinated sulfonimide
SyncCS: A Cloud Storage Based File Synchronization Approach (2014)

More and more people begin to own multiple computing devices. File synchronization technologies are needed to effectively manage data which spans multiple devices. However there is not a general standard for file synchronization system. In this paper we propose a file synchronization model based on cloud storage - SyncCS. We describe the SyncCS architecture and present a novel two- stage file synchronization protocol along with a conflict resolution mechanism. We evaluate the performance of our proposed file synchronization protocol. Our experimental results indicate that the number of operations to be synchronized when using our protocol is relatively smaller than that using a widely used method.
Solubility of Genistein in Water, Methanol, Ethanol, Propan-2-ol, 1-Butanol, and Ethyl Acetate from (280 to 333) K (2010)

The solubility of genistein in water, methanol, ethanol, propan-2-ol, 1-butanol, and ethyl acetate was measured at temperatures ranging from (280 to 333) K under atmospheric pressure using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Ethanol could be the most suitable solvent for purification and crystallization of geinstein. The experimental data were well-correlated with the Apelblat equation, which could be used as a useful model in the purification process of genistein.
Entropy estimation of symbol sequences (1996)

We discuss algorithms for estimating the Shannon entropy h of finite symbol sequences with long range correlations. In particular, we consider algorithms which estimate h from the code lengths produced by some compression algorithm. Our interest is in describing their convergence with sequence length, assuming no limits for the space and time complexities of the compression algorithms. A scaling law is proposed for extrapolation from finite sample lengths. This is applied to sequences of dynamical systems in non-trivial chaotic regimes, a 1-D cellular automaton, and to written English texts. (c)1996 American Institute of Physics.
Large area patterning of single magnetic domains with assistance of ion irradiation in ion milling (2012)

This study demonstrates a pronounced ion irradiation effect in ion milling of magnetic thin films. In fabrication of bit-patterned media, the ion irradiation could facilitate bit island isolation before complete removal of magnetic materials by ion milling. Combined with block copolymer lithography, sub-20 nm CoPt dots with uniaxial perpendicular anisotropy, resembling Stoner–Wohlfarth-like single domains, were achieved. X-ray diffraction demonstrates that the degradation of the magnetic film by ion irradiation is related to crystal structure damage.
Image Reconstruction is a New Frontier of Machine Learning (2018)

Over past several years, machine learning, or more generally artificial intelligence, has generated overwhelming research interest and attracted unprecedented public attention. As tomographic imaging researchers, we share the excitement from our imaging perspective [item 1) in the Appendix], and organized this special issue dedicated to the theme of "Machine learning for image reconstruction." This special issue is a sister issue of the special issue published in May 2016 of this journal with the theme "Deep learning in medical imaging" [item 2) in the Appendix]. While the previous special issue targeted medical image processing/analysis, this special issue focuses on data-driven tomographic reconstruction. These two special issues are highly complementary, since image reconstruction and image analysis are two of the main pillars for medical imaging. Together we cover the whole workflow of medical imaging: from tomographic raw data/features to reconstructed images and then extracted diagnostic features/readings.
Antenna technology for frequency reuse satellite communications (1977)

In the past few years, the capacity of communications satellite systems has become limited by the available bandwidth. One method of overcoming this limitation is to reuse the bandwidth by employing spatially isolated antenna beams and/or orthogonal polarizations. This paper surveys the required antenna technology. The multiple-beam spacecraft antenna problem is addressed, and the curreent design status is summarized. The earth terminal antenna for a dual-polarized system is discussed along with polarization measurement techniques. Finally, circuits for compensating the depolarization resulting from precipitation on the propagation path are presented.
Beneficial effects of a standardized Hypericum perforatum extract in rats with experimentally induced hyperglycemia. (2009)

The main aim of this study was to test the therapeutic potential of a standardized Hypericum perforatum extract in treating metabolic disturbances commonly associated with type-2 diabetes mellitus. Daily oral administration of the Hypericum perforatum extract (100, 200, and 300 mg/kg/day) for 14 consecutive days counteracted in a dose-dependent manner the alterations in blood glucose levels and lipid profile as well as liver glycogen content and body weight changes observed in a rat mode of nicotinamide-streptozotocininduced diabetes. In general, effects of the highest dose of the extract in this model were quite similar, but not identical, to those of a 10 mg/kg/day dose of glibenclamide. The effects of single oral doses of the extract in a rat oral glucose tolerance test conducted in fasted animals were also analogous to those of an antidiabetic drug therapeutic use. These observations not only further expand the therapeutic potentials of Hypericum extracts but also indicate that stimulation of insulin release could be involved in their modes of actions. The importance of an extract with diverse, therapeutically interesting pharmacological properties is also briefly discussed.
Aggregation Properties of Hyperporphyrins with Hydroxyphenyl Substituents (2006)

Acidification of tetrakis(4-hydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (THPP) and tetrakis(3,5-dihydroxyphenyl)porphyrin (OHPP) in dichloromethane solutions has been investigated as a function of the nature of the counteranion. These porphyrins exhibit different patterns of behavior, and extended aggregates are formed displaying broad extinction features together with intense components due to resonant light scattering. Especially in the case of haloacids, J-aggregated species are obtained exhibiting large bathochromic shifts both for B- and Q-bands, which extend in the far red region. The optical characteristics of the aggregated and monomeric protonated species are strongly influenced by the nature of the counteranions. A comparison with tetrakis(4-methoxyphenyl)porphyrin (TMPP), which remains always in a monomeric form, demonstrates the key role played by the peripheral hydroxyl groups in stabilizing various porphyrin aggregates.
The Effects of Changes in Pa <scp>CO</scp> <sub>2</sub> Cerebral Blood Volume, Blood Flow, and Vascular Mean Transit Time (1974)

The relationships between cerebral blood volume (CBV), cerebral blood flow (CBF), and the cerebral vascular mean transit time (t v ) during acute changes in the Pa CO 2 over a range of 15 to 76 torr were investigated in vivo in rhesus monkeys by serially determining the mean transit time of a vascular tracer, 15 O-labeled carboxyhemoglobin, and the mean transit time of a diffusible tracer, 15 O-labeled water. Over this range of Pa CO 2 , a significant linear relationship of CBV = 0.041 Pa CO 2 + 2.0 was found. For each one torr change in Pa CO 2 , there is a change in CBV of 0.041 ml/100 gm of perfused tissue. At a normocarbic value of Pa CO 2 (37 torr), an average value of 3.5 ml/100 gm was found. A nonlinear relationship of CBV and CBF was found. This relationship is expressed in the equation, CBV = 0.80 CBF 0.38 . A significant linear relationship was found between CBF and Pa CO 2 . This was described by the equation, CBF = 1.8 Pa CO 2 - 16.75. For each one torr change in the PaCO 2 , there is a 1.8 ml/100 gm per minute change in the CBF. At a normocarbic value of Pa CO 2 (37 torr), an average value of CBF of 50 ml/100 gm per minute was found. The relationship of CBV and t v was nonlinear and was expressed in the equation, t C15O = 41 CBF -0.62 .
Formation mechanism of single-wall carbon nanotubes on liquid-metal particles (1999)

In this paper, we propose a mechanism for the formation of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT's) focusing on the possible transition state when tube formation is initiated. The model explains the generation of SWCNT's from carbon-metal plasmas as well as by the chemical vapor deposition technique. The model qualitatively predicts the experimentally observed dependences of the diameters of SWCNT's on the experimental parameters. It also explains why very high yields of SWCNT's can be achieved with mixed metal catalysts.