gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Lactate dehydrogenase kinetics and inhibition using a microplate reader (2007)

A lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) enzyme kinetics laboratory experiment has been developed in which students obtain kinetic data using a microplate spectrophotometer (reader). These instruments have the capability of reading absorbances of many samples in a very short time frame. In this experiment 12 samples are prepared at a time and the absorbances read in less than 1 min. In a 3-hr laboratory period, students collect data at five different substrate concentrations without inhibitor and also in the presence of two different concentrations of inhibitor. Students have enough time to repeat each part if they obtain too much scatter in their data. The enzyme examined, LDH, correlates with the study of metabolism and has particular relevance for students who are interested in medical careers. The LDH assay itself is not new, but the microplate format and the use of urea as a quench reagent are novel features. Students plot Michaelis-Menten and Lineweaver-Burk plots and calculate values for V(max) , apparent V(max) (V(max) (app) ), K(m) , apparent K(m) (K(m) (app) ), k(cat) , and K(I) . Students typically obtain results correctly showing that oxalic acid is a competitive inhibitor and oxamic acid is a noncompetitive inhibitor when lactate is the substrate of the reaction.
TERT-CLPTM1L Polymorphism rs401681 Contributes to Cancers Risk: Evidence from a Meta-Analysis Based on 29 Publications (2012)

These findings suggested that rs401681 C allele was a low-penetrance risk allele for the development of cancers of lung, bladder, prostate and basal cell carcinoma, but a potential protective allele for melanoma and pancreatic cancer.
Theory of the Beam-Type Traveling-Wave Tube (1947)

The small-signal theory of the beam traveling-wave tube has been worked out. The equations predict three forward waves, one increasing and two attenuated, and one backward wave which is little affected by the electron stream. The waves are partly electromagnetic and partly disturbance in the electron stream. The dependence of the wave propagation coefficients on voltage, current, circuit loss, and the other properties of the transmission mode which propagates energy and the cut-off transmission modes is given. Expressions for gain and noise figure and an estimate of power output are given. Appendix A gives an expression for the field in a uniform transmission system due to impressed current (as, of an electron stream) in terms of the parameters of the transmission modes. Appendix B calculates the propagation constant and the field for unit power flow for the gravest mode of a helical transmission system.
An allelotype of squamous carcinoma of the head and neck using microsatellite markers. (1994)

The detection in tumors of genomic regions with a high frequency of loss of heterozygosity has led to the localization and subsequent cloning of a number of tumour suppressor genes. To identify such regions involved in the development of squamous carcinoma of the head and neck we have analyzed 28 paired normal and tumor DNA samples. Using the polymerase chain reaction to amplify 50 simple sequence repeats or microsatellite markers we have studied all 22 q limbs and 17 of the p limbs in 21 patients. In informative cases we observed a high incidence of loss of heterozygosity at five specific chromosomal regions: 3p (44%); 5q (43%); 9q (35%); 11q (45%); and 17p (31%). In addition, further analysis of tumors showing loss of heterozygosity at 5q suggests that a gene at or near the APC locus is involved in squamous carcinoma of the head and neck.
Object‐location memory in adults with autism spectrum disorder (2015)

This study tested implicit and explicit spatial relational memory in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Participants were asked to study pictures of rooms and pictures of daily objects for which locations were highlighted in the rooms. Participants were later tested for their memory of the object locations either by being asked to place objects back into their original locations or into new locations. Proportions of times when participants choose the previously studied locations for the objects irrespective of the instruction were used to derive indices of explicit and implicit memory [process-dissociation procedure, Jacoby, 1991, 1998]. In addition, participants performed object and location recognition and source memory tasks where they were asked about which locations belonged to the objects and which objects to the locations. The data revealed difficulty for ASD individuals in actively retrieving object locations (explicit memory) but not in subconsciously remembering them (implicit memory). These difficulties cannot be explained by difficulties in memory for objects or locations per se (i.e., the difficulty pertains to object-location relations). Together these observations lend further support to the idea that ASD is characterised by relatively circumscribed difficulties in relational rather than item-specific memory processes and show that these difficulties extend to the domain of spatial information. They also lend further support to the idea that memory difficulties in ASD can be reduced when support is provided at test.
<title>Sub-wavelength structures for broadband diffractive optics</title> (2006)

Diffractive optical elements in the form of surface-relief 'blaze' (echelette-type) structures diamond-turned onto the surface of conventional refractive lens elements are well-established and widely used. However, they suffer from limited broadband diffraction efficiency, which prevents the full benefits of hybrid optics from being realised. A family of diffractive optics, the blazed-binary optical element, is investigated to improve the broadband efficiency. Blazed-binary optical elements are diffractive components, composed of subwavelength (ie. with size smaller than the wavelength) ridges, pillars or other simple geometries carefully etched in a dielectric film, that mimic standard blazed-echelette diffractive elements. Their operation exploits effective-medium theory. We show that by exploiting the high dispersion of artificial material, diffractive optical elements which are blazed over a broad spectral range can be synthesized. A blazed-binary grating is designed to validate the broadband behaviour and practical aspects are investigated through the manufacture of sub-wavelength structures in a Gallium Arsenide substrate.
Accuracy of an ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence for the laboratory diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (2009)

We compared the accuracy of ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) using Leishmania braziliensis and L. major-like antigens and antigens from the Bio-Manguinhos kit for serological diagnosis of American tegumentary leishmaniasis (ATL). Cut-off values were defined by the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve. For ELISA, statistical analyses revealed better accuracy [95.7% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV), 97.5% negative predictive value (NPV)] and reliability [intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC): 0.940] for L. braziliensis antigen compared with L. major-like antigen (78.7% sensitivity, 82.8% specificity, 73.3% PPV, 86.6% NPV, ICC: 0.833). ELISA optical density values obtained for both antigens were higher in mucosal forms of ATL. For IIF, sensitivity and specificity were 81.5 and 86.2%, respectively, for the L. braziliensis antigen, compared with 95.4 and 77.7% for the L. major-like antigen and 75.4 and 89.2% for the Bio-Manguinhos kit. No difference in the specificity of the IIF test was observed between antigens, whereas sensitivity differed between the L. braziliensis and L. major-like antigens and the Bio-Manguinhos kit. Parallel ELISA and IIF testing increased sensitivity, irrespective of the antigen employed, and serial testing increased overall specificity. These results support the recommendation that ELISA employing L. braziliensis antigen be used as a diagnostic tool for suspected cases of ATL in L. braziliensis-endemic areas.
Phase Transformation of Nb in Carburized Zone of 25Cr35NiNb+MA Alloy After Service (2015)

25Cr35NiNb+MA alloy is widely used in ethylene pyrolysis furnace tube, the highest service temperature can be 1100°C, and has high resistance to creep and carburization. Ethylene pyrolysis furnace tube will suffer carburizing during service, which lead to phase transformation. Phase transformation of 25Cr35NiNb+MA heat-resistant ethylene pyrolysis furnace tube was investigated after service and the Nb transition during service was discussed. The phase transformation of ethylene pyrolysis furnace tube was characterized with field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) equipped with energy dispersive spectrum (EDS). Results reveal that the microstructure of as-cast 25Cr35NiNb+MA alloy contains NbC carbides on the dendrite boundaries. During service at high temperature, the NbC carbides transform to blocky G-phase (Ni16Nb6Si7) between M23C6 and matrix. As the carburizing process occurs, the blocky G-phase (Ni16Nb6Si7) gradually transforms to granular NbC, and distribute at the center of chromium carbide. The granular NbC will improve resistance of creep.
Ammonium perchlorate–binding poly(allylamine hydrochloride) hydrogels for wastewater remediation (2001)

Abstract Systems that are capable of removing highly toxic anions from wastewater effluents, even at extremely low concentrations, are a major need in the defense industry. This study reports on the features of two new batch and continuous‐flow sorption processes with regard to ultimate removal and recovery of the perchlorate (ClO ) anion from ammonium perchlorate (NH 4 ClO 4 ) wastewater. The sorbent developed is a crosslinked poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAA·HCl) polymeric hydrogel. The pH‐sensitive PAA·HCl hydrogels were synthesized by chemically crosslinking a solution of linear PAA·HCl chains with epichlorohydrin (EPI). The perchlorate‐binding capacity of the polymer gels was measured in standard solutions and studied as a function of gel synthesis parameters. Equilibrium perchlorate loadings of 5770 ± 870 mg ClO /g gel were calculated from measurement of the decrease in perchlorate concentration in aqueous standard solutions using UV‐Vis spectrophotometry. Batch experiments in wastewater originating from the Naval Surface Warfare Center (NSWC) Indian Head Division showed that perchlorate concentrations decreased by 85%. Preliminary lab‐scale packed‐column experiments in wastewater achieved up to 40% reduction in total perchlorate content. The regeneration ability of the gels was demonstrated by release of the bound perchlorate anions, upon washing with a 1 N NaOH solution, providing opportunities to recover and reuse the hydrogel over multiple regeneration cycles. The PAA·HCl hydrogels are demonstrated to be appropriate materials for treating wastewaters that contain ammonium perchlorate. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 80: 2073–2083, 2001
Particle trapping phenomena in radio frequency plasmas (1990)

Particles generated in an argon plasma and suspended at the plasma/sheath boundary are localized by lateral trapping fields. In the commercial rf etching reactor used in this work, the particles and their motion in real time are observed by laser light scattering with the laser beam rapidly rastered in a plane parallel to the rf electrode. Repulsion between individual, relatively large particles is observed, verifying that there is significant negative charge on the particles. Two types of trapping regions are commonly seen: rings of particles around the outside edge of silicon wafers, and domes of particles over the centers of the wafers. It is shown that these effects are influenced by the topography of the electrode. In addition, particle densities &gt;107 cm−3 for particles of diameter 0.2 μm are inferred from transmission studies for certain plasma conditions.
Performance analysis and application of the bidirectional associative memory to industrial spectral signatures (1989)

A detailed study of the performance of the bidirectional associative memory (BAM) for the classification of power spectral density (PSD) functions is presented. The BAM has error-correcting properties and is capable of generating a successful recall, even with noisy and incomplete patterns. Suitable pattern coding schemes are utilized to enhance the discriminating features in the patterns. A bit-mapping scheme is used to construct binary pattern vectors from the PSD. The numerical aspects of signature encoding and fault tolerance property of the BAM are evaluated using spectral density functions of signals from a fiber-manufacturing rotating machinery system. The results of the application of the BAM are superior to those obtained with classical pattern recognition methods.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Safe Reinforcement Learning via Shielding (2018)

Reinforcement learning algorithms discover policies that maximize reward, but do not necessarily guarantee safety during learning or execution phases. We introduce a new approach to learn optimal policies while enforcing properties expressed in temporal logic. To this end, given the temporal logic specification that is to be obeyed by the learning system, we propose to synthesize a reactive system called a shield. The shield monitors the actions from the learner and corrects them only if the chosen action causes a violation of the specification. We discuss which requirements a shield must meet to preserve the convergence guarantees of the learner. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of our approach on several challenging reinforcement learning scenarios.
Erythropoiesis and artificial blood substitution with a perfluorocarbon-polyol. (1979)

Rats were perfused with Fluosol-43, a perfluorotributylamine-pluronic F-68 emulsion, to produce hematocrits of about 6% and the mechanisms of blood cell replacement were studied. The packed RBC volume and number of RBCs per cubic millimeter increased gradually as the time after perfusion was completed until reaching the preperfusion level at about 1 week. The WBCs per cubic millimeter, which were not as severely depleted because of their vast storage compartment, increased to preperfusion levels by 24 hr and continued to increase through 7 days. Plasma did not show significant Ep activity until 48 to 72 hr after perfusion was concluded. Thus, although 90% of the RBCs were removed, elevated erythropoietin activity was not detected immediately because the perfluorocarbon compound replaced the capacity of the RBCs as an oxygen and carbon dioxide carrier.
Transmission scheme using fading-resistant constellations (2002)

In this paper we propose new schemes combining space diversity and multidimensional constellations, in order to achieve efficient transmission over slow fading channels. The key idea is mapping information bits to points of an N-dimensional signal constellation and project these points on certain sub-spaces. Coordinates from each sub-space are transmitted by independent flat slow fading sub-channels to get both spectral efficiency and diversity. The new transmission schemes are compared by means simulation with well-known systems.
Lixiviação de pendimetalina e trifluralina em solo submetidos à simulações de precipitações pluviométricas (2019)

A crescente demanda por herbicidas e seu uso indiscriminado tem gerado grande preocupacao sobre a quantidade aplicada desses produtos no ambiente. Neste trabalho, investigou-se a lixiviacao dos herbicidas pendimetalina e trifluralina, utilizados frequentemente no controle em pre-emergencia das plantas daninhas. O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a lixiviacao do herbicida pendimetalina e sua eficiencia de controle em razao da aplicacao de diferentes quantidades de agua. A pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade de Santiago de Compostela no periodo de abril a setembro de 2017. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetacao, sendo empregado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado na forma de parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram compostas por seis niveis de percolacao de agua nas colunas (0, 20, 40, 60, 80 e 100 mm) e as subparcelas por seis faixas de profundidade (0-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20- 25 e 25-30 cm), mais a testemunha sem herbicida, com seis repeticoes. A lixiviacao do herbicida pendimetalina foi avaliada pelo metodo do bioensaio, utilizando como especie bioindicadora Cucumis sativus, semeada apos a aplicacao dos tratamentos. Conclui-se que o herbicida pendimetalina quando aplicado em solo de textura franco-arenosa, lixivia em seu perfil em razao da presenca de agua no solo e/ou ocorrencia de chuva logo apos sua aplicacao. O segundo estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a lixiviacao do herbicida trifluralina e sua eficiencia de controle em razao da aplicacao de diferentes quantidades de precipitacao pluviometrica. A pesquisa foi realizada na Universidade Estadual de Mato Grosso do Sul no periodo de abril a junho de 2018. O experimento foi conduzido em estufa agricola, sendo empregado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com parcelas subdivididas. As parcelas foram compostas por quatro niveis de precipitacao (0, 20, 40 e 80 mm) e as subparcelas por quatro profundidades ao longo das colunas (1, 3, 6 e 9 cm), mais a testemunha sem herbicida e sem simulacao de chuva, com seis repeticoes. A lixiviacao do herbicida pendimetalina foi avaliada pelo metodo do bioensaio, utilizando como especie bioindicadora Sorghum bicolor, semeada apos a aplicacao dos tratamentos. Conclui-se que o herbicida trifluralina quando aplicado em solo de textura franco-arenosa sofre baixa lixiviacao apos a aplicacao de diferentes niveis de chuva simulada.
Account-Sharing Detection Through Keystroke Dynamics Analysis (2009)

Account sharing refers to a situation where multiple individuals share a Web site account to avoid paying a fee or providing personal information. As a result of account sharing, service providers lose revenue, underestimate membership, and have impaired understanding of their customers. A generic framework for detecting account sharing is proposed, using keystroke dynamics. Starting with the observation that a user&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;s keystroke patterns are consistent and distinct from those of other individuals, it is assumed that each user&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;&amp;apos;s keystroke patterns form a &amp;quot;cluster&amp;quot; in Euclidean space. The number of sharers can be estimated by the number of clusters. In this paper, the &amp;quot;optimal&amp;quot; number of clusters is estimated based on the Bayesian model-selection framework with Gaussian mixture models obtained using the variational Bayesian approach. In a case study involving 25 passwords and 16 users, the proposed approach performed well in &amp;quot;sharing detection,&amp;quot; with a 2 percent false alarm rate, a 2 percent miss rate, and a &amp;quot;total user estimation&amp;quot; error of 7 percent. The proposed approach is viable and merits further investigation.
Age and cohort differences in flashbulb memory (2005)

Current research in autobiographical memory gives evidence of both a retention effect and a "reminiscence bump," as well as evidence of an agerelated decline in older adults' ability to vividly recall certain memories. The present study investigated the existence of an age-related decline and the reminiscence bump in flashbulb memories, which Brown and Kutik (1977) describe as detailed, vivid, and persistent memories for unexpected, emotional events. Participants from three age groups (n=220) were questioned about three potential flashbulb memory events (9 / 11, JFK's assassination, and Pearl Harbor). Younger adults had lengthier free recall accounts for 9/11 than middle-aged and older adults, although those groups rated their memories for 9/11 as more vivid, accurate, and clear than did the younger adults. Comparing across events for the older adults, memories of 9/11 and Pearl Harbor were equally elaborate, but JFK memories were less elaborate; furthermore, older adults rated their memories of Pearl Harbor and JFK as less vivid and clear than their 9/11 memories. These findings only partially support the reminiscence bump, retention effect, and aging decline hypotheses.
Synthesis, Radiolabeling, and Bio-imaging of High-Generation Polyester Dendrimers (2009)

A series of aliphatic polyester dendrons, generations 1 through 8, were prepared with a core p-toluenesulfonyl ethyl (TSe) ester as an easily removable protecting group that can be efficiently replaced with a variety of nucleophiles. Using amidation chemistry, a tridentate bis(pyridyl)amine ligand which is known to form stable complexes with both Tc(I) and Re(I) was introduced at the dendrimer core. Metalation of the core ligand with (99m)Tc was accomplished for generations 5 through 7, and resulted in regioselective radiolabeling of the dendrimers. The distribution of the radiolabeled dendrimers was evaluated in healthy adult Copenhagen rats using dynamic small-animal single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). The labeled dendrimers were cleanly and rapidly eliminated from the bloodstream via the kidneys with negligible nonspecific binding to organs or tissues being observed. These data were corroborated by a quantitative biodistribution study on the generation 7 dendrimer following necropsy. The quantitative biodistribution results were in excellent agreement with the data obtained from the dynamic SPECT images.
Addition of omega-3 carboxylic acids to statin therapy in patients with persistent hypertriglyceridemia (2014)

The incidence of hypertriglyceridemia has grown alongside that of obesity. Statin therapy has been widely recommended for the treatment of dyslipidemias. Omega-3 (OM3) fatty acid concentrates are commonly prescribed concurrently with statins in patients with persistent hypertriglyceridemia for additional lowering of triglyceride and non-HDL cholesterol. The bioavailability of currently available OM3 ethyl ester drugs is limited by their need for hydrolysis by pancreatic lipases, largely stimulated by dietary fat, prior to intestinal absorption. This review will discuss the chemistry, pharmacokinetics and clinical efficacy of a novel OM3 carboxylic acid drug that provides polyunsaturated docosahexaenoic and eicosapentaenoic acids in the free fatty acid form, which is readily absorbed by the intestine. This drug was approved in May 2014 as an adjunct to diet to reduce triglyceride levels in adults with severe (≥500 mg/dl) hypertriglyceridemia.
MUC1 peptide vaccination in patients with advanced pancreas or biliary tract cancer. (2005)

This phase I clinical trial revealed the safety of a vaccine containing 100-mer MUC1 peptides and incomplete Freund's adjuvant.
2-BENZHYDRYLIMINO-4-THIAZOLIDONES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS (1958)

not available
[Various aspects of immunohistochemical and molecular-biological characteristics of papillary cancer of the thyroid in children]. (1998)

The dependence of the tumor cells differentiation upon the tumor histoarchitectonics, tumor type and patients' sex is studied immunohistochemically and by the in situ hybridization in 57 cases of thyroid carcinoma in children from the Belarus republic. A significant decrease of thyroglobulin synthesis and accumulation in the solid structures of papillary carcinoma is found. A decrease of the degree of the tumor biological differentiation in males is observed regardless of tumor histoarchitectonics. Increased accumulation of thyroglobulin (without change in its synthesis) in normal follicular epithelium found in parallel with increased intrathyroidal carcinoma dissemination and the size of the dominant tumor needs further investigation.