gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multiscale segmentation of unstructured document pages using soft decision integration (1997)

We present an algorithm for layout-independent document page segmentation based on document texture using multiscale feature vectors and fuzzy local decision information. Multiscale feature vectors are classified locally using a neural network to allow soft/fuzzy multi-class membership assignments. Segmentation is performed by integrating soft local decision vectors to reduce their "ambiguities".
Cross-Priming of CD8+ T Cells by Immunostimulatory Sequence DNA (2002)

Microbial DNA containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (Irnmunostimulatory sequence [ISS] DNA, or CpG motifs) act upon cells of the innate immune system such as phagocytes (macrophages and dendritic cells [DC]) and NK cells and upon B cells, promoting the expression of proinflammatory cytokines and surface molecules (1–4). They have little direct effect upon CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, yet animal models have shown that ISS-based vaccines promote two antigen-specific T cell responses: cytotoxic lymphocyte (CTL) activity and a Th1-type helper phenotype (5–8) (Fig. 1). This phenomenon has been observed with plasmid DNA vaccines (9), protein and synthetic ISS oligodeoxynucleotide (ISS-ODN) co-administration (6,10–12), and protein-ISS-ODN conjugate vaccines (13,14). Similar T-cell responses have been shown with distinct experimental antigens, including bacterial β-galactosidase (6), chicken ovalbumin (13), hepatitis B virus surface antigen (15), and human immunodeficiency virus gp 120 (14). Effective CTL and Th 1 priming has been observed with both intradermal (13,16) and intranasal (12) routes of immunization. Of note, priming of CTL activity with ISS-ODN and protein antigen, either coadministration or as conjugates, is independent of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II-restricted T helper activity, whereas priming by plasmid DNA vaccines is not (13).
Poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s Functionalized with Carboxylic Acid Groups in the Side Chain (2003)

Biodegradable polyesters represent an important class of materials, and one subset of these polymers are the bacterially produced poly(3-hydroxyalkanoate)s (PHA), a bacterially produced material. These polymers are very hydrophobic, and chemical methods to increase their hydrophilicity will ultimately lead to new applications. Many copolymers of PHA are known that contain simple, nonpolar functionality in the side chain, and we explored the conversion of side-chain olefins to carboxylic acids under conditions that minimize molecular weight degradation. With the use of osmium tetraoxide and oxone, the conversion proceeded to completion with little backbone degradation, which was confirmed with NMR, IR, and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The solubility character of the polymer before and after reaction is very different, and several solvents were explored including acetone, tetrahydrofuran (THF), and water.
Robust Composite Nonlinear Feedback Control With Application to a Servo Positioning System (2007)

A new robust composite nonlinear feedback (CNF) control method is proposed to achieve fast and accurate set-point tracking for linear systems subject to input saturation and disturbances. The basic idea is to incorporate disturbance estimation and compensation into the framework of the original CNF control so as to eliminate the steady-state bias due to disturbances and retain the fast transient performance of the original CNF control. There is no additional integration action introduced in the new method, which is in contrast with the previous work, i.e., the enhanced CNF control. The new method is applied to design a control law for a dc servomotor positioning system. Simulation and experimental results show that the new method can achieve better transient performance and steady-state accuracy in set-point tracking and is more robust to amplitude variations of disturbance/set point compared to integration-based control
Enzyme Mediated Extracellular Synthesis of CdS Nanoparticles by the Fungus, <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> (2002)

The biosynthesis of Q-state CdS nanoparticles by reaction of aqueous CdSO4 solution with the fungus, Fusarium oxysporum, is demonstrated. Nanoparticle formation proceeds by release of sulfate reductase enzymes by the fungus, conversion of sulfate ions to sulfide ions that subsequently react with aqueous Cd2+ ions to yield highly stable CdS nanoparticles. Elucidation of an enzymatic pathway using fungi opens up the exciting possibility of developing a rational, biosynthesis strategy for nanomaterials over a range of chemical compositions which is currently not possible.
The Theory of Connections: Connecting Points (2017)

This study introduces a procedure to obtain all interpolating functions, y = f ( x ) , subject to linear constraints on the function and its derivatives defined at specified values. The paper first shows how to express these interpolating functions passing through a single point in three distinct ways: linear, additive, and rational. Then, using the additive formalism, interpolating functions with linear constraints on one, two, and n points are introduced as well as those satisfying relative constraints. In particular, for expressions passing through n points, a generalization of the Waring’s interpolation form is introduced. An alternative approach to derive additive constraint interpolating expressions is introduced requiring the inversion of a matrix with dimensions equally the number of constraints. Finally, continuous and discontinuous interpolating periodic functions passing through a set of points with specified periods are provided. This theory has already been applied to obtain least-squares solutions of initial and boundary value problems applied to nonhomogeneous linear differential equations with nonconstant coefficients.
A Zebrafish Model to Study and Therapeutically Manipulate Hypoxia Signaling in Tumorigenesis (2012)

Hypoxic signaling is a central modulator of cellular physiology in cancer. Core members of oxygen-sensing pathway including the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (pVHL) and the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) transcription factors have been intensively studied, but improved organismal models might speed advances for both pathobiologic understanding and therapeutic modulation. To study HIF signaling during tumorigenesis and development in zebrafish, we developed a unique in vivo reporter for hypoxia, expressing EGFP driven by prolyl hydroxylase 3 (phd3) promoter/regulatory elements. Modulation of HIF pathway in Tg(phd3::EGFP) embryos showed a specific role for hypoxic signaling in the transgene activation. Zebrafish vhl mutants display a systemic hypoxia response, reflected by strong and ubiquitous transgene expression. In contrast to human VHL patients, heterozygous Vhl mice and vhl zebrafish are not predisposed to cancer. However, upon exposure to dimethylbenzanthracene (DMBA), the vhl heterozygous fish showed an increase in the occurrence of hepatic and intestinal tumors, a subset of which exhibited strong transgene expression, suggesting loss of Vhl function in these tumor cells. Compared with control fish, DMBA-treated vhl heterozygous fish also showed an increase in proliferating cell nuclear antigen-positive renal tubules. Taken together, our findings establish Vhl as a genuine tumor suppressor in zebrafish and offer this model as a tool to noninvasively study VHL and HIF signaling during tumorigenesis and development.
Triangle-based obstacle-aware load balancing for massively multiplayer games (2011)

Massively multiplayer games run on large server farms in order to handle the huge load that is caused by the thousands of players that play these games concurrently. Current systems use very simple load-balancing mechanisms restricting the semantics of the game. In this paper, we present a dynamic load balancing mechanism that considers both the load associated with performing game actions as well as the load incurred through interest management. As clients join, they can take on load due to game actions and update notifications. When players flock to some part of the world, our system is able to dynamically redistribute the imbalanced interest management load among servers. This hybrid mechanism is integrated into the Mammoth multiplayer gaming environment and our real-world experiments show how equal load distribution is maintained under changing workloads.
Excessive Use of Normal Saline in Managing Traumatized Patients in Shock: A Preventable Contributor to Acidosis (2001)

Ho, Anthony M.-H. MS, MD, FRCPC; Karmakar, Manoj K. MB, MD, FRCA; Contardi, LeeAnn H. RN, BScN, NP; Ng, Stephenie S. W.; Hewson, John R. MD, FRCPC Author Information
Equation helps select refractory anchor system (1982)

An equation for calculating the breaking strength of anchorage systems, giving results of tests on a series of lining designs, cost factors and advantages of various independent anchors is investigated. Refractory concrete linings are used in most refining and chemical process vessels operating above 1,000F to protect the vessel shell and to conserve heat. Erosion resistance, as well as thermal protection, can be obtained by selecting the proper concrete and securing it to the shell with appropriate anchorage. Tables with test variables and model of lining design strength are presented.
Selective 5‐hydroxytryptamine antagonism: a role in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia? (1996)

The results of this study justify evaluation of the therapeutic potential of selective 5-HT antagonists in both functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome.
A Waste Heat Recovery System for Light Duty Diesel Engines (2010)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">In order to achieve proposed fuel economy requirements, engines must make better use of the available fuel energy. Regardless of how efficient the engine is, there will still be a significant fraction of the fuel energy that is rejected in the exhaust and coolant streams. One viable technology for recovering this waste heat is an Organic Rankine Cycle. This cycle heats a working fluid using these heat streams and expands the fluid through a turbine to produce shaft power. The present work was the development of such a system applied to a light duty diesel engine. This lab demonstration was designed to maximize the peak brake thermal efficiency of the engine, and the combined system achieved an efficiency of 45%. The design of the system is discussed, as are the experimental performance results. The system potential at typical operating conditions was evaluated to determine the practicality of installing such a system in a vehicle.</div></div>
Monodisperse Temperature-Sensitive Microcontainers (2002)

Thermoresponsive microcontainers (see Figure) based on crosslinked poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) shells undergo a reversible swelling transition upon changing the temperature of the system. This swelling has a considerable influence on the permeability of the shells of these microcontainers, which makes these systems highly attractive for encapsulation and release of biomolecules such as enzymes, proteins, or DNA.
Fast and robust signaling overload control (2005)

Telecommunication switches implement overload controls to maintain call throughput and delay at acceptable levels during periods of high load. Existing work has mostly focused on controls under sustained overload-they do not meet the demands of modern telecommunication systems where the increased number of services and mobile subscribers often creates fast changing hot spots. We introduce new algorithms that are designed to be highly reactive to sudden bursts of load. One algorithm is a modified version of RED for signaling traffic that measures the queue size. The second algorithm uses two measures: call acceptance rate and processor occupancy. Using simulations of realistic system models, we compare these new algorithms with each other and an existing algorithm that uses processor occupancy only. Our simulation results and qualitative arguments show that the combination of acceptance rate and processor occupancy results in a highly reactive and robust signaling overload control.
Direct‐Write Assembly of Three‐Dimensional Photonic Crystals: Conversion of Polymer Scaffolds to Silicon Hollow‐Woodpile Structures (2006)

3D Si hollow-woodpile photonic crystals are formed through the direct-write assembly of concentrated polyelectrolyte inks (rods ∼1 μm in diameter) followed by a sequential silica/silicon chemical vapor deposition process (see Figure). The direct conversion of 3D polymer microstructures to materials like silicon may enable such applications as photonic materials, low-cost microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), microfluidic networks for heat dissipation, and biological devices.
El espacio arquitectónico de negros en las estancias jesuíticas del Paraguay: viviendas y obrajes (2011)

En el número anterior abordamos el tema de las iglesias para negros como ámbitos de culto construidos por africanos y jesuitas cuyos usuarios fueron los primeros. Marcamos con ello una nueva jerarquización y valoración de los verdaderos protagonistas. Dentro de los numerosos establecimientos de este tipo que tuvieron los jesuitas en su provincia, aún quedan en pie testimonios arquitectónicos, no sólo en las iglesias, sino también en el obraje de la estancia de Alta Gracia o las viviendas comunitarias de Santa Catalina. Son indudablemente los ejemplos mejor conservados de esta arquitectura afro-jesuítica, pero no fueron los únicos de estas numerosas estancias donde al momento de la expulsión (1767) alcanzaban el medio centenar, encontrándose en ellas aproximadamente más de cinco mil personas esclavizadas.
Explicit imaging expressions for weak horizontal transverse isotropy (2002)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002Explicit imaging expressions for weak horizontal transverse isotropyAuthors: Vigen OhanianThomas M. SnyderJose M. CarcioneVigen OhanianPGS, Thomas M. SnyderLLCC, and Jose M. CarcioneOGShttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816961 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InReddit Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816961FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 2002 ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645 Copyright: 2002 Pages: 2478 publication data© 2002 Copyright © 2002 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 03 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Vigen Ohanian, Thomas M. Snyder, and Jose M. Carcione, (2002), "Explicit imaging expressions for weak horizontal transverse isotropy," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 153-156. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1816961 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Single Crystal Elastic Constants and Calculated Aggregate Properties. A Handbook (1971)

Data on the elastic properties of single crystals has increased dramatically since Professor Simmons completed his first book in 1965. While this book is a consolidation of his earlier work, it has been extensively updated and revised to include new material and references, is far more complete, and is presented in a more useful form.This is actually a handbook consisting of computer printout in tabular format. It presents data on the elastic properties of single crystals collected from the literature through mid-1970 and the elastic properties of isotropic aggregates which are calculated according to the schemes of Voigt and Reuss for all materials, and Hashin and Shtrikman for materials with cubic symmetry. The tables include about 3000 determinations.At present it is impossible to calculate the elastic properties of a random, macroscopically isotropic aggregate of crystals from the single crystal elastic constants, but bounds may be obtained for the aggregate properties from the single crystal constants. Accordingly the book tabulates the Voigt and Reuss averages for all materials for which single crystal data has been reported. Hashin and Shtrikman have shown that the Voigt and Reuss bounds could be improved, and they have developed expressions for the corresponding bounds of aggregates of cubic crystals.In this book all four bounds (Voigt, Hashin, Shtrikman, and Reuss) are tabulated for cubic materials while Voigt and Reuss bounds only are tabulated for non-cubic materials. The elastic properties of aggregates are those in common use and include Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ration, bulk modulus, compressibility, velocity of compressional waves, and the velocity of shear waves. Although any two of these properties suffice to uniquely characterize a given material, all are tabulated because different sets are best suited for different uses.
Long-Term Oxygen Therapy in COPD: Factors Affecting and Ways of Improving Patient Compliance (2011)

Long-term oxygen therapy (LTOT) is the cornerstone mode of treatment in patients with severe chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) associated with resting hypoxaemia. When appropriately prescribed and correctly used, LTOT has clearly been shown to improve survival in hypoxemic COPD patients. Adherence to LTOT ranges from 45% to 70% and utilization for more than 15 hours per day is widely accepted as efficacious. Although several studies have addressed the level of patients' adherence to LTOT, few have suggested or evaluated interventions that conduce to compliance enhancement. The lack of sufficient data regarding COPD patients following oxygen prescription is an enormous void that must be duly confronted to augment clinical effectiveness and cost containment for the long term use. The present review article highlights factors influencing the compliance of patients using LTOT and emphasizes novel strategies and interventions that may prove to be of significant benefit given the remarkably little current research appraising this issue. Therefore, additional research should be promptly performed to verify the efficacy of newly designed approaches in improving the outcomes of patients receiving LTOT.
Synthesis of Novel Cross-Linked Amino Acid Derivatives (1990)

Reactions of the derivatives of cysteine (6), serine (7) and lysine (8a), with the bromide (1), afforded the corresponding cross-linked amino acid derivatives (11), (12) and (13). Of the linked species (11)-(13), the cysteine derivative (11) was found to be the most stable under a variety of conditions. A mixture of the cross-linked serine derivative (12) and the cysteine derivative (6) in chloroform containing triethylamine reacted to give the cross-linked cysteine derivative (11) and the serine derivative (7). Similarly, a mixture of (13) and (6) in chloroform reacted to give (11).
Long-term care: a substantive factor in financial planning. (2000)

More than 50 percent of women will enter a nursing home at some point in their lives. About one-third of men living to age 65 will also need nursing home care. Planning for long-term care is even more important since Medicare covers very little of the cost of such care. The Indiana Partnership Plan is one program designed to help fund the long-term care costs while allowing individuals protect other financial assets.
Lymph Node Scanning with<sup>99m</sup>Tc-Sulfur Colloid (1969)

Technetium 99m was originally suggested as a possible medical tracer because of its ideal physical properties (1). Subsequently several technetium-99m-labeled radiopharmaceuticals were developed and are now widely used. One of them, 99mTc-sulfur colloid, has been employed for several years for scanning of the liver, spleen, and bone marrow (2). Studies in animals have shown that this radiocolloid preparation can also be used for lymph node scanning. In our experience with patients we have found that lymph node scanning with gelatin-stabilized 99mTc-sulfur colloid prepared by the H2S method is a simple, safe procedure and that scans of good quality can be obtained. Materials and Methods 99mTc-sulfur colloid was prepared by a procedure slightly modified from the one previously described (2). This method produces a colloid with particles substantially smaller than those produced by other commonly used methods. The particle size has not been determined precisely so far, but studies of the biological behavior suggest that most of the particles measure between 10 and 50 mμ in diameter. In animal studies the rate of disappearance from a subcutaneous injection site in the foot of rabbits was measured, and lymph node scans of rabbits were obtained. In an attempt to influence the disappearance rate, hyaluronidase, urea, and albumin were injected together with the colloid in several studies. Following these animal experiments several patients with malignant neoplasms were studied. For some patients the material was diluted with physiological saline. Subcutaneous injections were given, usually into two or three sites in one foot, without local anesthesia, with the volume of the injected material varying between 0.05 ml and 0.8 ml, and with the activity injected into one site varying between 120 μCi and 800 μCi. The total activity injected into one patient was between 240 μCi and 1800 μCi. Results Animals: One hour after injection, about 10 per cent and at three hours about 22 per cent of the activity had disappeared from the injection site. Hyaluronidase caused a marked increase in the rate of disappearance while urea and albumin had no influence. Scans showed most of the material retained in the popliteal node, but inguinal nodes were also demonstrated. Patients: Measurements of the migration of the colloid in one patient are shown in Figure 1. These are representative for injections in the dorsum of the foot and were not significantly influenced by a change in the volume of the injected material. At three hours 20-35 per cent of the activity had migrated from the injected site. About 50-60 per cent remained at twenty-four hours. Only about 10 per cent of the injected material migrated from the dorsum of the hand within twenty-four hours. The best time for scans was found to be about three hours after injection. At that time the rate of uptake of the colloid in the lymph nodes is about equal to the rate of decay of technetium 99m.
Conventional wisdom, course choice and student progress in science courses (1989)

Shelagh Ross, Staff Tutor in Science in the Open University's East Anglian Region, and Eileen Scanlon, Lecturer in the Open University's Institute of Educational Technology, have conducted a study of course choice for Science Faculty students. They asked the question as to whether Science Foundation course students select fairly traditional degree profiles of an ‘all Science’ tendency, or whether they range more freely across a range of subjects, and secondly, what role taking one or two Foundation courses played in contributing to success.
A caching scheme for routing in mobile ad hoc networks and its application to ZRP (2003)

A large class of routing protocols for MANETs, namely, reactive protocols employ some form of caching to reduce the number of route discoveries. The simplest form of caching is based on associating a timeout with each cache entry. Such timer-based cache schemes can increase the protocol efficiency. However, if the timeout is not well-tuned, a severe performance degradation arises as entries are removed either too early or too late from the cache. We address the problem of designing a proactive cache scheme that does not rely on any timer-based mechanism. This scheme guarantees that valid cached routes are never removed while stale routes are removed aggressively. This proactive cache scheme has been embedded in the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) framework and evaluated by an extensive simulation study.