gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of calmodulin antagonist berbaminederivative-EBB on hepatoma in vitro and in vivo. (2002)

The CaM antagonist, EBB, has a strong anti-hepatoma effect and enhances the effect of 5-FU, induces hepatoma cell to apoptosis, promotes the P53 protein expression and decreases the amount of CaM in the cytoplasm. All these results demonstrate that EBB is a new and potentially useful drug against hepatoma and should be researched further.
Preeclampsia associated with chronic hypertension among African-American and White women. (2001)

The more than eleven-fold higher risk of preeclampsia among both African-American and White women with chronic hypertension compared to normotensive women underscores the potential risk of chronic hypertension for adverse pregnancy outcomes. Furthermore, the two-fold higher population attributable risk percent of preeclampsia among African-American compared to White women quantifies the burden of preeclampsia attributable to chronic hypertension, and indicates a greater opportunity for prevention.
Modulation of host microtubule dynamics by pathogenic bacteria (2012)

The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is a vulnerable target of many microbial pathogens during the course of infection. Rearrangements of host cytoskeleton benefit microbes in various stages of their infection cycle such as invasion, motility, and persistence. Bacterial pathogens deliver a number of effector proteins into host cells for modulating the dynamics of actin and microtubule cytoskeleton. Alteration of the actin cytoskeleton is generally achieved by bacterial effectors that target the small GTPases of the host. Modulation of microtubule dynamics involves direct interaction of effector proteins with the subunits of microtubules or recruiting cellular proteins that affect microtubule dynamics. This review will discuss effector proteins from animal and human bacterial pathogens that either destabilize or stabilize host micro-tubules to advance the infectious process. A compilation of these research findings will provide an overview of known and unknown strategies used by various bacterial effectors to modulate the host microtubule dynamics. The present review will undoubtedly help direct future research to determine the mechanisms of action of many bacterial effector proteins and contribute to understanding the survival strategies of diverse adherent and invasive bacterial pathogens.
<i>Drosophila</i>Painless Is a Ca<sup>2+</sup>-Requiring Channel Activated by Noxious Heat (2008)

Thermal changes activate some members of the transient receptor potential (TRP) ion channel super family. They are primary sensors for detecting environmental temperatures. The Drosophila TRP channel Painless is believed responsible for avoidance of noxious heat because painless mutant flies display defects in heat sensing. However, no studies have proven its heat responsiveness. We show that Painless expressed in human embryonic kidney-derived 293 (HEK293) cells is a noxious heat-activated, Ca(2+)-permeable channel, and the function is mostly dependent on Ca(2+). In Ca(2+)-imaging, Painless mediated a robust intracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(i)) increase during heating, and it showed heat-evoked inward currents in whole-cell patch-clamp mode. Ca(2+) permeability was much higher than that of other cations. Heat-evoked currents were negligible in the absence of extracellular Ca(2+) (Ca(2+)(o)) and Ca(2+)(i), whereas 200 nm Ca(2+)(i) enabled heat activation of Painless. Activation kinetics were significantly accelerated in the presence of Ca(2+)(i). The temperature threshold for Painless activation was 42.6 degrees C in the presence of Ca(2+)(i), whereas the threshold was significantly increased to 44.1 degrees C when only Ca(2+)(o) was present. Temperature thresholds were further reduced after repetitive heating in a Ca(2+)-dependent manner. Ca(2+)-dependent heat activation of Painless was observed at the single-channel level in excised membranes. We found that a Ca(2+)-regulatory site is located in the N-terminal region of Painless. Painless-expressing HEK293 cells were insensitive to various thermosensitive TRP channel activators including allyl isothiocyanate, whereas mammalian TRPA1 inhibitors, ruthenium red, and camphor, reversibly blocked heat activation of Painless. Our results demonstrate that Painless is a direct sensor for noxious heat in Drosophila.
Hybrid Binary-Unary Hardware Accelerator (2020)

Stream-based computing such as stochastic computing has been used in recent years to create designs with significantly smaller area by harnessing unary encoding of data. However, the area saving comes at an exponential price in latency, making the area x delay cost unattractive. In this article, we present a novel method which uses a hybrid binary / unary representation to perform computations. We first divide the input range into a few sub-regions, perform unary computations on each sub-region individually, and finally pack the outputs of all sub-regions back to compact binary. Moreover, we propose a synthesis methodology and a regression model to predict an optimal or close-to-optimal design in the design space. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to show a scalable method based on parallel bit-stream data representation that can beat conventional binary in terms of a real cost, i.e., area x delay and energy consumption in almost all functions that we tried at resolutions of 8-, 10-, and 12-bits. Our method outperforms the binary, stochastic, and fully unary methods on a number of functions, especially low-cost binary CORDIC-based functions, and on a common edge detection algorithm on FPGA and in ASIC implementation. In terms of area x delay cost, our {on FPGA, in ASIC} cost is on average only {4:72%, 24:36%} and {20:16%, 60:12%} of the parallel binary pipeline implementation at 8and 10-bit resolution, respectively. These numbers are 2-3 orders of magnitude better than the results of traditional stochastic methods. Our method is not competitive with the parallel CORDIC-based pipeline binary method for high-resolution (12-bit), highly oscillating functions such as sin (15x). However, for complex functions like gamma function, the proposed method can beat any other methods in terms of area x delay, throughput, latency, and energy per sample costs. To implement the Roberts cross edge detection algorithm, the proposed method takes 5.7 and 39.45 percent of the area x delay cost of FPGA and ASIC implementation of the binary method, respectively. In terms of energy efficiency for FPGA implementation, our method uses only 8.4, 12.7, and 27.7 percent of the energy per sample usage of serial binary implementations at 8-, 10-, and 12-bit resolutions, respectively. These numbers change to 23.9, 38.54, and 99.3 percent compared to parallel binary implementations.
Concentrations of methicillin in blood, normal milk and mastitic milk of cows after intramuscular injection of methicillin and tamethicillin (1983)

Tamethicillin (TAM) is a basic ester pro-drug of methicillin (MET) which is converted in the body by non-specific esterases to MET. Equal doses of MET and TAM were administered intramuscularly in a crossover trial involving four dairy cows. Acute mastitis was induced in each cow by infusing two quarters of the udder with Escherichia coli endotoxin 3 h before antibiotic administration. Peak serum MET concentrations after MET injection were significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than peak serum drug concentrations after TAM injection. The t1/2 of MET in serum after MET and TAM treatments were 18 min and 2 h, respectively. Normal milk MET concentrations during the first 8 h after TAM administration were significantly (P less than 0.05) higher than after MET treatment. Mastitic milk MET concentrations during the period 2-6 after MET injection were significantly (P less than 0.01) higher than after TAM administration. However, MET concentrations which were equal to or higher than the minimal inhibitory concentrations for penicillin G-resistant staphylococci were maintained in the mastitic milk for 8 h after treatment with MET and TAM.
Differential Mobility Spectrometry: A Valuable Technology for Analyzing Challenging Biological Samples (2015)

“Implementing differential mobility spectrometry in an LC–MS bioanalytical assay can simplify sample preparation methods and enhance selectivity at the same time.”
Periventricular leukomalacia, inflammation and white matter lesions within the developing nervous system (2002)

Periventricular leukomalacia (PVL) occurring in premature infants, represents a major precursor for neurological and intellectual impairment, and cerebral palsy in later life. The disorder is characterized by multifocal areas of necrosis found deep in the cortical white matter, which are often symmetrical and occur adjacent to the lateral ventricles. There is no known cure for PVL. Factors predisposing to PVL include birth trauma, asphyxia and respiratory failure, cardiopulmonary defects, premature birth/low birthweight, associated immature cerebrovascular development and lack of appropriate autoregulation of cerebral blood flow in response to hypoxic-ischemic insults. The intrinsic vulnerability of oligodendrocyte precursors is considered as central to the pathogenesis of PVL. These cells are susceptible to a variety of injurious stimuli including free radicals and excitotoxicity induced by hypoxic-ischemic injury (resulting from cerebral hypoperfusion), lack of trophic stimuli, as well as secondary associated events involving microglial and astrocytic activation and the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6. It is yet unclear whether activated astrocytes and microglia act as principal participants in the development of PVL lesions, or whether they are representatives of an incidental pathological response directed towards repair of tissue injury in PVL. Nevertheless, the accumulated evidence points to a pathological contribution of microglia towards damage. The topography of lesions in PVL most likely reflects a combination of the relatively immature cerebrovasculature together with a failure in perfusion and/or hypoxia during the greatest period of vulnerability occurring around mid-to-late gestation. Mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of PVL have so far been related to prenatal ischemic injury to the brain initiated within the third trimester, which result in global cognitive and developmental delay and motor disturbances. Over the past few years, several epidemiological and experimental studies have implicated intrauterine infection and chorioamnionitis as causative in the pathogenesis of PVL. In particular, recent investigations have shown that inflammatory responses in the fetus and neonate can contribute towards neonatal brain injury and development-related disabilities including cerebral palsy. This review presents current concepts on the pathogenesis of PVL and emphasizes the increasing evidence for an inflammatory pathogenic component to this disorder, either resulting from hypoxic-ischemic injury or from infection. These findings provide the basis for clinical approaches targeted at protecting the premature brain from inflammatory damage, which may prove beneficial for treating PVL, if identified early in pathogenesis.
Viral Vector Delivery in Solid-State Vehicles: Gene Expression in a Murine Prostate Cancer Model (2000)

Viral vector delivery in a solid-state vehicle resulted in improved recombinant gene expression in vivo and translated to greater inhibition of tumor growth in an immunotherapy protocol for heterotopic tumor nodules. The efficient delivery of reporter genes described herein may prove useful in many solid tumor gene therapy protocols.
Predicting young adult outcome among more and less cognitively able individuals with autism spectrum disorders (2013)

Those most at risk for intellectual disabilities and ASD can be reliably identified at an early age to receive comprehensive treatment. Findings also suggest that some cognitively able children with ASD who participate in early intervention have very positive outcomes, although replication with randomized, larger samples is needed. In order to improve understanding of very positive outcomes in ASD, future research will need to identify how variations in child characteristics and environmental factors contribute to the nature and timing of growth across individuals and areas of development.
TFTR Initial operations (1984)

TSTR (Tokamak Fusion Test Reactor) has operated since December 1982 with ohmically heated plasmas. Routine operation with feedback control of plasma current, position and density has been obtained for plasmas with Ip≃800 kA, a = 68 cm, R = 250 cm, and Bt=27 kG. A maximum plasma current of 1 MA was achieved with q≃2.5. Energy confinement times of ~150 msec were measured for hydrogen and deuterium plasmas with e = 2 x 1013 cm-3, Te(0) 2≃1.5 keV, Ti(0) = 1.5 keV and Zeff≃1 3. The preliminary results suqgest a size-cubed scaling from PLT, and are consistent with Alcator C scaling where T ∼ nR2a. Initial measurements of plasma disruption characteristics indicate current decay rates of ∼ 800 kA in 8 ms which is within the TFTR design requirement of 3 MA in 3 ms.
Letters to the Editor (1993)

Michael, John W. MEd, CPO; Perry, Carson D. CPed, CO; Whitfield, M Louis CPed, RT(OP); Ferment, Richard P. RT(O)
Early modification of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 expressions by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea. (2009)

Methylnitrosourea (MNU) is a well-known pluripotent direct-acting carcinogen. Formation of MNU following incubation of various meats with additional nitrite under in vitro acidic conditions is possible. It is possible that many species, including humans, are exposed to carcinogenic MNU, generated in their alimentary tract. Previously, an animal model was developed by our research group to investigate the expression of three genes c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 as early molecular epidemiological biomarkers of carcinogenic exposure or carcinogenesis caused by DMBA (dimethylbenz[alpha]anthracene). The aim of this study was to investigate the early effect of MNU on the gene expression levels. MNU is a direct-acting carcinogen which spontaneously and rapidly degrades, so any effect on the gene expression is observed in 24 hours. Our results show the maximum effect in vivo on the gene expression at 12 hours after the MNU treatment; on the other hand, 24 hours after the treatment, the elevated gene expressions decreased in target organs (bone marrow, lung, lymph nodes). Our results correspond to "long-term" experiments of the carcinogenic effect of MNU in different target organs. Our findings suggest that MNU has an impact on the expression of c-myc, Ha-ras and p53 genes in 12 hours, especially in bone marrow. Overexpression of these genes occurs as an early biological effect of exposure to chemical carcinogens. According to our results, the high expression of these genes could indicate MNU exposure and these genes could take part in MNU-induced tumorigenesis.
Structure and Stability of the N-Terminal Domain of the Ribosomal Protein L9:  Evidence for Rapid Two-State Folding (1998)

The N-terminal domain, residues 1-56, of the ribosomal protein L9 has been chemically synthesized. The isolated domain is monomeric as judged by analytical ultracentrifugation and concentration-dependent CD. Complete 1H chemical shift assignments were obtained using standard methods. 2D-NMR experiments show that the isolated domain adopts the same structure as seen in the full-length protein. It consists of a three-stranded antiparallel beta-sheet sandwiched between two helixes. Thermal and urea unfolding transitions are cooperative, and the unfolding curves generated from different experimental techniques, 1D-NMR, far-UV CD, near-UV CD, and fluorescence, are superimposable. These results suggest that the protein folds by a two-state mechanism. The thermal midpoint of folding is 77 +/- 2 degrees C at pD 8.0, and the domain has a delta G degree folding = 2.8 +/- 0.8 kcal/mol at 40 degrees C, pH 7.0. Near the thermal midpoint of the unfolding transition, the 1D-NMR peaks are significantly broadened, indicating that folding is occurring on the intermediate exchange time scale. The rate of folding was determined by fitting the NMR spectra to a two-state chemical exchange model. Similar folding rates were measured for Phe 5, located in the first beta-strand, and for Tyr 25, located in the short helix between strands two and three. The domain folds extremely rapidly with a folding rate constant of 2000 s-1 near the midpoint of the equilibrium thermal unfolding transition.
Reemergence of Chikungunya Virus (2014)

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a mosquito-transmitted alphavirus that causes acute fever and acute and chronic musculoskeletal pain in humans. Since 2004, CHIKV has caused millions of cases of disease in the Indian Ocean region and has emerged in new areas, including Europe, the Middle East, and the Pacific region. The mosquito vectors for this virus are globally distributed in tropical and temperate zones, providing the opportunity for CHIKV to continue to expand into new geographic regions. In October 2013, locally acquired cases of CHIKV infection were identified on the Caribbean island of Saint Martin, signaling the arrival of the virus in the Western Hemisphere. In just 9 months, CHIKV has spread to 22 countries in the Caribbean and Central and South America, resulting in hundreds of thousands of cases. CHIKV disease can be highly debilitating, and large epidemics have severe economic consequences. Thus, there is an urgent need for continued research into the epidemiology, pathogenesis, prevention, and treatment of these infections.
Therapeutic potential of chemically modified si<scp>RNA</scp>: Recent trends (2017)

Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) are one of the valuable tools to investigate the functions of genes and are also used for gene silencing. It has a wide scope in drug discovery through in vivo target validation. siRNA therapeutics are not optimal drug-like molecules due to poor bioavailability and immunogenic and off-target effects. To overcome the challenges associated with siRNA therapeutics, identification of appropriate chemical modifications that improves the stability, specificity and potency of siRNA is essential. This review focuses on the various chemical modifications and their implications in siRNA therapy.
The Effect of Blister Fluid from Thermally Injured Patients on Normal Lymphocyte Transformation (1983)

Patients, after major thermal injury, often develop multiple in vitro immunologic abnormalities. The etiology of these immune defects is unknown, although there is evidence suggesting that these defects may be the results of circulating suppressor substance(s). To evaluate the role of the local injury in the development of immune incompetence the biologic effect of blister fluid from control lymphocyte mitogenic response to PHA was studied. Blister fluid from 35 patients, mean burn size 29% (range, 1-85% TBSA) was added to a standard lymphocyte blastogenic assay, using various concentrations of PHA (from 0.5 micrograms to 40 micrograms per well). Eight of these 35 patients (23%) had blister fluid which suppressed the control lymphocyte blastogenic response greater than 50%. Two patients with suppressive blister fluids also had suppressive serum. In contrast, only two of the nine patients whose blister fluid was not suppressive had suppressive serum. This suppressive activity was not related to bacterial contamination nor to the presence of detectable levels of endotoxin.
Visualization support for data mining (1996)

WinViz uses parallel coordinates, a computational geometry method, to let users visually formulate queries and analyze results. When integrated with machine-learning algorithms, WinViz provides a powerful tool for data mining.
<i>HOXB9</i>, a gene overexpressed in breast cancer, promotes tumorigenicity and lung metastasis (2009)

The mechanisms underlying tumoral secretion of signaling molecules into the microenvironment, which modulates tumor cell fate, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis, are not well understood. Aberrant expression of transcription factors, which has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of several types of cancers, may provide a mechanism that induces the expression of growth and angiogenic factors in tumors, leading to their local increase in the tumor microenvironment, favoring tumor progression. In this report, we demonstrate that the transcription factor HOXB9 is overexpressed in breast carcinoma, where elevated expression correlates with high tumor grade. HOXB9 induces the expression of several angiogenic factors (VEGF, bFGF, IL-8, and ANGPTL-2), as well as ErbB (amphiregulin, epiregulin, and neuregulins) and TGF-ss, which activate their respective pathways, leading to increased cell motility and acquisition of mesenchymal phenotypes. In vivo, HOXB9 promotes the formation of large, well-vascularized tumors that metastasize to the lung. Thus, deregulated expression of HOXB9 contributes to breast cancer progression and lung metastasis by inducing several growth factors that alter tumor-specific cell fates and the tumor stromal microenvironment.
Thermal Non-Equilibrium Forced Convective Flow in an Annulus Filled with a Porous Medium (2011)

In light of a local thermal non-equilibrium model, fully developed forced convection in an annulus filled with a porous medium is treated to elucidate its exact temperature solutions for both fluid and solid phases. In this study, the plug-flow approximation is assumed since Darcian velocity over the cross-section is uniform except in a small region very close to the walls. The inner wall is heated under the constant heat flux condition while the outer wall is subject to the adiabatic boundary condition. The exact solutions based on the present local thermal non-equilibrium model clearly show that the local thermal equilibrium assumption may fail for the case of metal foam and air combination. The approximate solution for the Nusselt number, which is in accord with the corresponding exact solution, has also been presented for possible engineering applications.
Spatial properties of spontaneous parametric down-conversion and their effect on induced coherence without induced emission (1994)

The quantum state for spontaneous parametric down-conversion was evaluated to include information about the transverse spatial characteristic of the down-conversion fields. This state was used to calculate the angular spectrum of down-conversion in the case of both single-channel and coincidence measurements, while retaining the characteristic nonclassical correlations. Actual transverse profiles for typical experimental parameters were evaluated numerically and measurements were performed with results that compared well with the numerical calculation. This theoretical spatial model was then applied nonrigorously to the case of induced coherence without induced emission. The theoretical results implied that there was a reduction in the degree of induced coherence due strictly to the spatial distribution of the down-conversion beams. This was interpreted as a result of increased distinguishability of the overlapping idler photons. Measurements were conducted which support these results qualitatively. In addition, the present theory explained an unexpected quantitative discrepancy between second- and fourth-order visibilities in previous induced-coherence experiments. This discrepancy was interpreted phenomenologically as a difference between intrinsic and nonintrinsic indistinguishability, and some implications towards quantum measurement theory and the role of the observer were suggested.
Sulfur and Hydrogen Sulfide Recovery (2006)

Abstract This article addresses removal of H 2 S from industrially useful gas streams and its conversion to elemental sulfur. Emphasis is given to the description of recent advances in the understanding of sulfur recovery methods resulting from the drive to reduce and eliminate sulfur emissions from the utilization of natural gas and crude oil.