gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Productivity Losses Related to the Common Cold (2002)

Health-related productivity assessments typically focus on chronic conditions; however, acute conditions, particularly colds, have the potential to cause substantial health-related productivity losses because of their high prevalence in working-age groups. This article presents the findings of a study conducted to estimate productivity loss due to cold by using a telephone-administered survey that measured three sources of loss: absenteeism, on-the-job productivity, and caregiver absenteeism. Each cold experienced by a working adult caused an average of 8.7 lost work hours (2.8 absenteeism hours; 5.9 hours of on-the-job loss), and 1.2 work hours were lost because of attending to children under the age of 13 who were suffering from colds. We conclude that the economic cost of lost productivity due to the common cold approaches $25 billion, of which $16.6 billion is attributed to on-the-job productivity loss, $8 billion is attributed to absenteeism, and $230 million is attributed to caregiver absenteeism.
Handbook of Plastics, Elastomers, and Composites (1996)

Preface Contributors About the Editor Chapter 1: Thermoplastics Chapter 2: Thermosets, Reinforced Plastics, and Composites Chapter 3: Elastomeric Materials and Processes Chapter 4: Composite Materials and Processes Chapter 5: Metal Matrix Composites, Ceramic Matrix Composites, Carbon Matrix Composites, and Thermally Conductive Polymer Matrix Composites Chapter 6: Plastics in Coatings and Finishes Chapter 7: Plastics and Elastomers in Adhesives Chapter 8: Plastics Joining Chapter 9: Design and Processing of Plastic Parts Chapter 10: Automotive Plastics and Elastomer Applications Chapter 11: Plastics in Packaging Chapter 12: Plastics Recycling Appendix A: Glossary of Terms and Definitions Appendix B: Some Common Abbreviations Used in the Plastics Industry Appendix C: Important Properties for Designing With Plastics Appendix D: Electrical Properties of Resins and Compounds Appendix E: Sources of Specifications and Standards for Plastics and Composites Index
ELECTRIC STIMULATION OF BREATHING IN CHRONIC LUNG DISEASES (1958)

The efficacy of intentionally deep breathing in the treatment of chronic pulmonary disease has been questioned. The method here described employs a portable generator of electrical stimuli. A band-like electrode applied along the costal margin stimulates the peripheral portions of the diaphragm for inspiration; a pair of flat electrodes applied over the two parts of the m. rectus abdominis induces expiration. Intensity and timing can be adjusted. Treatments lasting 10 to 15 minutes were given two or three times a week to 34 patients with pulmonary conditions that were not responding to other therapeutic measures. A group of 13 patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary emphysema proved to be the most difficult to evaluate and had the least satisfactory clinical responses. In the remaining patients (five with empyema, seven with traumatic conditions, and nine recovering from lobectomy) evidence from ventilation measurements, chest roentgenograms, and other criteria showed significant improvement during the weeks of treatment. It is pointed out that a series of comparable untreated patients is difficult, if not impossible, to acquire. The treatment seemed to hasten the resolution of exudates and the mobilization of the diaphragm. The patients accepted it readily and showed no adverse effects.
Formability Predictions in Stamping and Process Parameter Optimization Based on the Inverse Approach Code Fast_Stamp (2005)

A simplified (one step) method called “inverse approach” (IA) for the numerical analysis of the stamping process has been continuously developed by the authors since the end of the eighties. In the present paper we recall the main finite element formulation aspects, for an efficient estimation of the large elastoplastic strains encountered in deep drawing operations. The capabilities of the code Fast_Stamp include: fixed (imposed) initial blank, bending effects due to tool curvatures, blankholder restraining forces (including drawbeads). Considerations of bending and unbending during forming stages can improve the IA regarding stresses distribution. In this case satisfactory estimation of springback can result. Since 1996 we also developed “math based” optimization algorithms and strategies. The cost functions and constraints are mainly expressed to reduce or control the thickness changes, the localized necking, the wrinkling tendency, the springback after forming. The design variables are describing the shape of the blank, the additional (addendum) surfaces, the restraining forces due to drawbeads and the material properties such as anisotropy coefficient and hardening exponent. Optimization algorithms are mainly based on surface response techniques with moving least square approximation and SQP to find the optimum solution at each iteration. Selected results will be presented related to the design of additional surfaces.
Development Status of CO2 Utilization Technology (2015)

온실가스 저감을 위한 다양한 기술적 방안 중 하나로 CO2 활용기술에 대한 연구가 최근 많은 주목을 받고 있다. 이 기술은 CO2의 직접 활용에 따라 종래 CO2 포집 및 저장기술에서 요구되는 대규모 저장소가 필요하지 않을 뿐만 아니라 활용을 통한 경제적 편익이 발생되므로 전 세계에서 다양한 규모의 사업화 노력이 진행 중에 있다. 본 논고에서는 관련하여 CO2 활용기술에 대한 개요 및 기술별 잠재 CO2 저감량을 분석하고, 잠재 CO2 저감량 및 경제성 측면에서 타 기술대비 우수한 것으로 평가받고 있는 CO2 활용 광물화 기술을 중심으로 기술개요 및 국내외 개발동향 을 소개하고자 한다.
Maintenance of intercellular coupling by the antiarrhythmic peptide rotigaptide suppresses arrhythmogenic discordant alternans (2007)

Discordant action potential alternans creates large gradients of refractoriness, which are thought to be the mechanisms linking T-wave alternans to cardiac arrhythmogenesis. Since intercellular coupling acts to maintain synchronization of repolarization between cells, we hypothesized that intercellular uncoupling, such as during ischemia, would initiate discordant alternans and that restoration of intercellular coupling by the gap junction opener rotigaptide may provide a novel approach for suppressing arrhythmogenic discordant alternans. Optical mapping was used to record action potentials from ventricular epicardium of Langendorff-perfused guinea pig hearts. Threshold for spatially synchronized (i.e., concordant) alternans and discordant alternans was determined by increasing heart rate step-wise during 1) baseline, 2) treatment with rotigaptide or vehicle, and 3) global low-flow ischemia + rotigaptide or vehicle. Ischemia reduced the threshold for concordant alternans in both groups from 362 +/- 8 to 305 +/- 9 beats/min (P < 0.01) and for discordant alternans from 423 +/- 6 to 381 +/- 7 beats/min (P < 0.01). Interestingly, rotigaptide also increased the threshold for discordant alternans relative to vehicle both before (438 +/- 7 vs. 407 +/- 8 beats/min, P < 0.05) and during (394 +/- 7 vs. 364 +/- 9 beats/min, P < 0.05) ischemia. Rotigaptide increased conduction velocity and prevented conduction slowing and dispersion of repolarization during ischemia. Confocal immunofluorescence revealed that total connexin43 quantity and cellular distribution were unchanged before or after low-flow ischemia, with and without rotigaptide. However, connexin43 dephosphorylation in response to low-flow ischemia was significantly prevented by rotigaptide (15.9 +/- 7.0 vs. 0.3 +/- 6.4%, P < 0.001). These data suggest that intercellular uncoupling plays an important role in the transition from concordant to discordant alternans. By suppressing discordant alternans, repolarization gradients, and connexinx43 dephosphorylation, rotigaptide may protect against ischemia-induced arrhythmias. Drugs that selectively open gap junctions offer a novel strategy for antiarrhythmic therapy.
Knowledge of Cancer—Equipment for Nursing (1954)

Miss Peterson (University of Minnesota School of Nursing;B.S.,University of Minnesota;M.S.,Catholic University)is nurse director and chief of the nursing section of the Field Investigations and Demonstrations Branch of the National Cancer Institute
Optical probing of flip-chip-packaged microprocessors (2002)

With the growing number of IC interconnect layers and flip chip packaging, node access for signal probing from the frontside of the chip becomes practically impossible. Optical probing make it possible to directly probe p-n junctions that form the drains of MOS transistors in a CMOS IC, from the silicon side of the chip. The probe consists of a focused infrared laser that reaches the diffusions by propagating through the silicon substrate. The reflected beam acts as an optical carrier whose amplitude and phase is modulated by the waveform on the node being probed. Although the optical modulation is small, it can be recovered with a combination of low noise signal recovery and stroboscopic techniques. From the chip backside, there is no metallization in the way to obscure the transistor drains. Hence, every signal in the chip can be probed.
The Crystal and Molecular Structure of (dl)-2-Benzyl-4-ethylester-5-(p-methylphenyl)-3H,5H,6H-1,2,6-thiadiazine-1,1-dioxide, $C_{20}H_{22}N_2O_4S$ (1995)

The crystal and molecular structure of the title compound has been determined from 2568 reflections collected on an automatic CAD4 diffractometer using graphite-monochromated radiation. The crystal is monoclinic system, space group with unit cell dimensions , , , , V= 1,921(2) , Z=4, , . The final R factor was 0.051 for 2049 reflections over The crystal has two asymmetric molecules in the unit cell. The arrangement of sulfon group was shown a distorted tetrahedron structure and N(6), N(6') atoms were deviated from the least-squares planes of the thiadiazine rings, respectively. The molecular packings in the unit cell are linked by the two intermolecular hydrogen bonds of N-H---O type and van der Waals forces.
Knowledge Discovery in Clinical Performance of Cancer Patients (2008)

Our goal in this research is to construct predictive models for clinical performance of pancreatic cancer patients. Current predictive model design in medical oncology literature is dominated by linear and logistic regression techniques. We seek to show that novel machine learning methods can perform as well or better than these traditional techniques.We construct these predictive models via a clinical database we have developed for the University of Massachusetts Memorial Hospitalin Worcester, Massachusetts, USA. The database contains retrospective records of 91 patient treatments for pancreatic tumors.Classification and regression prediction targets include patient survival time, ECOG quality of life scores, surgical outcomes,and tumor characteristics. The predictive accuracy of various data mining models is described, and specific models are presented.
Gene Transfer Techniques to Study Neuropeptide Processing (1988)

Macrophage polarization refers to how macrophages have been activated at a given point in space and time. Polarization is not fixed, as macrophages are sufficiently plastic to integrate multiple signals, such as those from microbes, damaged tissues, and ...Read More
Low-bending-loss single-mode fibers for fiber-to-the-home (2005)

Recent progress on low-bending-loss single-mode optical fibers for fiber-to-the-home (FTTH) is reviewed. Designing and manufacturing for three types of fibers-a step-index-profile fiber, a trench-index-profile fiber, and a holey fiber-are discussed. The trench-index-profile fibers and the holey fibers are confirmed to be candidates for indoor wiring because of their low bending losses, as well as splice losses.
Neutron activation analysis of aluminum in Mg2SiO4 (1994)

An investigation of the role of aluminum in the enhancement of the near infrared lasing properties of chromium doped forsterite (Cr:Mg2SiO4) has led to the development of a neutron activation analysis (NAA) procedure for the trace analysis of aluminum in a silicon-containing matrix. After the initial analysis of a set of standards, this method requires only one irradiation per sample and relies upon the inherent nuclear properties of the silicono isotopes 28Si and 29Si. The 28Al signal produced by the activation reaction 27Al(n, γ)28Al, is interfered by the competing fast neutron reaction 28Si(n, p)28Al. Activation of an aluminum-free silicate will produce a constant ratio of 28Al and 29Al signals due to the 28Si(n, p)28Al and 29Si(n, p)29Al fast neutron reactions. Activation of an aluminum-doped sasmple will result in an increase in the 28Al signal due to the 27Al(n, γ)28Al thermal neutron reaction but have no effect on the 29Al signal. Therefore, any increase of the 28Al/29Al ratio in the doped silicate is due to the presence of aluminum. The subtraction of the 28Al/29Al ratio of the undoped sample from the 28Al/29Al ratio of the doped sample gave the portion of the 28Al signal resulting from the 27Al(n, γ)28Al reaction. Three forsterite single crystals with varying ratios of chromium to aluminum were grown for this study by the floating zone method using sol-gel derived feedstocks. Their compositions were determined by NAA using the correction procedure described above.
Dephosphorylation and inactivation of NPR2 guanylyl cyclase in granulosa cells contributes to the LH-induced decrease in cGMP that causes resumption of meiosis in rat oocytes (2014)

In mammals, the meiotic cell cycle of oocytes starts during embryogenesis and then pauses. Much later, in preparation for fertilization, oocytes within preovulatory follicles resume meiosis in response to luteinizing hormone (LH). Before LH stimulation, the arrest is maintained by diffusion of cyclic (c)GMP into the oocyte from the surrounding granulosa cells, where it is produced by the guanylyl cyclase natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (NPR2). LH rapidly reduces the production of cGMP, but how this occurs is unknown. Here, using rat follicles, we show that within 10 min, LH signaling causes dephosphorylation and inactivation of NPR2 through a process that requires the activity of phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPP)-family members. The rapid dephosphorylation of NPR2 is accompanied by a rapid phosphorylation of the cGMP phosphodiesterase PDE5, an enzyme whose activity is increased upon phosphorylation. Later, levels of the NPR2 agonist C-type natriuretic peptide decrease in the follicle, and these sequential events contribute to the decrease in cGMP that causes meiosis to resume in the oocyte.
Conjugated organic framework with three-dimensionally ordered stable structure and delocalized π clouds (2013)

Covalent organic frameworks are a class of crystalline organic porous materials that can utilize π-π-stacking interactions as a driving force for the crystallization of polygonal sheets to form layered frameworks and ordered pores. However, typical examples are chemically unstable and lack intrasheet π-conjugation, thereby significantly limiting their applications. Here we report a chemically stable, electronically conjugated organic framework with topologically designed wire frameworks and open nanochannels, in which the π conjugation-spans the two-dimensional sheets. Our framework permits inborn periodic ordering of conjugated chains in all three dimensions and exhibits a striking combination of properties: chemical stability, extended π-delocalization, ability to host guest molecules and hole mobility. We show that the π-conjugated organic framework is useful for high on-off ratio photoswitches and photovoltaic cells. Therefore, this strategy may constitute a step towards realizing ordered semiconducting porous materials for innovations based on two-dimensionally extended π systems.
The Application of Moodle on an EFL Collegiate Writing Environment (2008)

Moodle is a free, open-source, e-learning, cross-platform course management system (CMS). This article is mainly focused on how Moodle can be effectively used in a college writing classroom. First of all, the basic installation and major functions of Moodle will be introduced. Then, social constructionist view of Moodle will also be specified. Next, the vital features related to writing instruction will be detailed. After that, the reasons to choose Moodle at Chung Hua University will be briefly talked about. Finally, the article will conclude with the possible technical difficulties and pedagogical challenges that teachers of English writing may face if they would like to use Moodle in the collegiate writing classes.
Coupling Mechanism and Significance of the BOLD Signal: A Status Report (2014)

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) provides a unique view of the working human mind. The blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal, detected in fMRI, reflects changes in deoxyhemoglobin driven by localized changes in brain blood flow and blood oxygenation, which are coupled to underlying neuronal activity by a process termed neurovascular coupling. Over the past 10 years, a range of cellular mechanisms, including astrocytes, pericytes, and interneurons, have been proposed to play a role in functional neurovascular coupling. However, the field remains conflicted over the relative importance of each process, while key spatiotemporal features of BOLD response remain unexplained. Here, we review current candidate neurovascular coupling mechanisms and propose that previously overlooked involvement of the vascular endothelium may provide a more complete picture of how blood flow is controlled in the brain. We also explore the possibility and consequences of conditions in which neurovascular coupling may be altered, including during postnatal development, pathological states, and aging, noting relevance to both stimulus-evoked and resting-state fMRI studies.
Low-jitter multi-phase digital DLL with closest edge selection scheme for DDR memory interface (2008)

A multi-phase digital delay-locked loop (DLL) capable of a low-jitter feature for DDR memory interface is reported. The DLL repeatedly selects the output clock edge which is closest to the reference clock edge to reduce the total jitter. A test chip was fabricated in a 0.18 µm CMOS process to verify its functionality. The measured RMS and peak-to-peak jitter of the DLL are 6.2 and 20.4 ps, respectively. The power consumption of the DLL is 12 mW from a 1.8 V supply voltage.
Elastic properties and scanning electron microscopic appearance of manual continuous curvilinear capsulorhexis and vitrectorhexis in an animal model of pediatric cataract (1999)

The manual CCC offered greater resistance to capsule tearing than the vitrectorhexis and also revealed a more smooth, regular edge. It therefore remains the gold standard. However, the vitrectorhexis displayed more than adequate resistance to unwanted anterior capsule tears when used for IOL insertion through capsulotomy sizes currently used in clinical practice.
15-Deoxy-Δ <sup>12,14</sup> -prostaglandin J <sub>2</sub> inhibits multiple steps in the NF-κB signaling pathway (2000)

Prostaglandin J(2) (PGJ(2)) and its metabolites Delta(12)-PGJ(2) and 15-deoxy-Delta(12,14)-PGJ(2) (15d-PGJ(2)) are naturally occurring derivatives of prostaglandin D(2) that have been suggested to exert antiinflammatory effects in vivo. 15d-PGJ(2) is a high-affinity ligand for the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARgamma) and has been demonstrated to inhibit the induction of inflammatory response genes, including inducible NO synthase and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in a PPARgamma-dependent manner. We report here that 15d-PGJ(2) potently inhibits NF-kappaB-dependent transcription by two additional PPARgamma-independent mechanisms. Several lines of evidence suggest that 15d-PGJ(2) directly inhibits NF-kappaB-dependent gene expression through covalent modifications of critical cysteine residues in IkappaB kinase and the DNA-binding domains of NF-kappaB subunits. These mechanisms act in combination to inhibit transactivation of the NF-kappaB target gene cyclooxygenase 2. Direct inhibition of NF-kappaB signaling by 15d-PGJ(2) may contribute to negative regulation of prostaglandin biosynthesis and inflammation, suggesting additional approaches to the development of antiinflammatory drugs.
Cache energy reduction by dual voltage supply (2002)

This paper presents a novel architectural technique to reduce energy dissipation in caches. Unlike existing approaches, which concentrate on lowering the cache capacitance and the number of accesses, the proposed technique exploits a new freedom in cache design, namely the voltage per access. In a block-buffered cache, the loading capacitance operated on the cache-hit is much less than the capacitance operated on the cache-miss, so the given clock cycle time is inefficiently exploited during the hit. We propose to trade-off the unused cycle time with the supply voltage. lowering the voltage level on the cache-hit and increasing it on the cache-miss. Experiments show that the approach can save up to 60% of cache energy without large performance and area overhead.
Noninteger flux quanta for a spherical superconductor (1998)

A thin-film superconductor shaped into a spherical shell at whose center lies the end of long thin solenoid in which there is an integer flux $N{\ensuremath{\Phi}}_{0}$ has been previously extensively studied numerically as a model of a two-dimensional superconductor. The emergent flux from the solenoid produces a radial $B$ field at the superconducting shell and $N$ vortices in the superconducting film. We study here the effects of including a second solenoid (carrying a flux $f)$ which is inserted inside the first solenoid but passing right across the sphere. This Aharonov-Bohm (AB) flux does not have to be quantized to make the order parameter single valued. The Ginzburg-Landau free energy is minimized at fixed $N$ as a function of $f$ and it is found that the minimum is usually achieved when the AB flux $f$ is half a flux quantum, but depending on $N$ the minimum may be at $f=0$ or values which are not obvious rational fractions.
Claudin extracellular domains determine paracellular charge selectivity and resistance but not tight junction fibril architecture (2003)

Tight junctions (TJs) regulate paracellular permeability across epithelia and vary widely in their transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and charge selectivity. The claudin family of transmembrane proteins influences these properties. We previously reported that claudin-4 increased TER approximately 300% when expressed in low-resistance Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) II cells and decreased the paracellular permeability for Na(+) more than Cl(-) (Van Itallie C, Rahner C, and Anderson JM. J Clin Invest 107: 1319-1327, 2001). In comparison, we report here that expression of claudin-2 increases TER by only approximately 20% and does not change the ionic selectivity of MDCK II cells from their cation-selective background. To test whether the extracellular domains of claudins-4 and -2 determine their unique paracellular properties, we determined the effects of interchanging these domains between claudins-4 and -2. Inducible expression of wild-type claudins and extracellular domain chimeras increased both the number and depth of fibrils, but the characteristic fibril morphologies of claudin-4 or -2 were not altered by switching extracellular domains. Like claudin-4, chimeras expressing the first or both extracellular domains of claudin-4 on claudin-2 increased TER severalfold and profoundly decreased the permeability of Na(+) relative to Cl(-). In contrast, chimeras expressing the first or both extracellular domains of claudin-2 on claudin-4 increased the TER by only approximately 60 and approximately 40%, respectively, and only modestly altered charge selectivity. These results support a model in which the claudins create paracellular channels and the first extracellular domain is sufficient to determine both paracellular charge selectivity and TER.