gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Proteolytic and chemical modification of colicin E3 activity (1976)

Proteolyses of colicin E3 by both trypsin and subtilisin yield fragments of various molecular weights. On the basis of sodium dodecyl sulfate gel electrophoresis, tryptic cleavage yields peptides of molecular weight about 42 000 and 18 000, while the comparable pieces in a subtilisin digest have apparent weights of about 36 000 and 24 000. The digests lose almost all of their in vivo cell killing activity but the in vitro activity leading to ribosomal inactivation is augmented. Trypsin-treated colicin E3 shows a 20-30-fold increase in its ability to release the 52 nucleotide fragment from the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA) and this activity is associated with the smaller fragment. Subtilisin-treated colicin E3 is only about two to three fold more active than the native protein in vitro, and the peptides obtained upon cleavage cannot be separated by gel filtration or polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis without sodium dodecyl sulfate. However, in the presence of 0.1% sodium dodecyl sulfate, subtilisin-treated E3 shows a 20-30-fold augmentation in in vitro activity which is again associated with the smaller fragment extracted from the sodium dodecyl sulfate gel. Amino terminal end-group studies showed that the two larger fragments and intact E3 have the same N-terminal residue, valine. These fragments presumably originate from the amino end of the native protein. The smaller tryptic fragment has an N-terminal alanine, while the smaller subtilisin piece has an N-terminal leucine. In addition, modification of a single carbosyl group in intact colicin E3 abolishes more than 90% of the in vivo activity with a simultaneous increase in in vitro activity. This carboxyl group is located in the larger fragments obtained in both trypsin and subtilisin cleavage. Binding of E3 to sensitive cells is drastically reduced or eliniated by this chemical modification and by both of the limited proteolytic cleavages.
The Benefits of a Secondary Market for Life Insurance Policies (2003)

In this article, we examine the benefits that accrue to policyholders and incumbent insurers from an active secondary market for life insurance policies. We begin by examining the benefits of secondary markets in the home mortgage and catastrophic risk insurance industries as points of comparison for the benefits of the secondary market for life insurance policies. Next, we outline the economic theory of a life insurance market both before and after the introduction of a secondary market. Although competition among insurance companies in the primary market leads to reasonably competitive surrender values given normal health, surrender values based on normal health do not appropriately compensate individuals with impaired life expectancies for the resulting appreciation of their policies. Without an active secondary market, the equilibrium quantity of impaired policies that is surrendered is inefficiently low. Incumbent insurance carriers have no incentive to eliminate this inefficiency because they hold monopsony power over the repurchase of impaired policies. Viatical and life settlement firms erode this monopsony power. Finally, we examine the benefits of an active secondary market for life insurance policies to policyholders and incumbent insurers in the primary market. The magnitude of the benefits is positively correlated to the quantity of coverage sold to life settlement firms and to the improvement in the terms of accelerated death benefits offered by incumbent carriers. The emergence of the secondary market for life insurance policies has been pro-competitive and pro-consumer. Lawmakers should therefore design regulations that encourage, rather than dissuade, participation and investment in this secondary market.
Large-sized fabric tactile sensors for detecting contacted objects (2010)

The authors previously proposed a type of fabric tactile sensor produced by weaving artificial hollow fibres such as clothes. In this study, the authors enlarged its size by using a handloom and investigated the characteristic of the contacted object detection. The authors produced two kinds of fabric tactile sensors having different sizes 87.5×52.0 mm and 180.0×56.0 mm. The pitch values of the detection point at the horizontal and the vertical directions were 7.0 and 7.0 mm, respectively, in the former sensor, and they were 18.0 and 14.0 mm, in the latter one. The authors evaluated the detection performance of the developed fabric tactile sensors, and obtained that the variation of the sensor outputs among the detecting points was less than 1.5% when the concentrated force was applied to the each sensing point. The sensor output increased with increasing applied load, and it depended on the size of the contacted objects. From this result, the authors conducted that the sensor output was the same when the applied pressure on the fabric was the same, even if the contacted areas were different. The developed fabric sensor also successfully detected the two-dimensional shape of the contacted objects.
A modified pork plasma agar for the enumeration of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> in foods (1979)

The coagulase reaction of Staphylococcus aureus on the PPSA (pork plasma for S. aureus) agar of Devoyod et al. was found to be fibrinogen-deficient. By including bovine fibrinogen (BFG) in the medium, the fibrin halos around S. aureus colonies became more distinct, preparations of pork plasma previously unacceptable for inclusion in the original PPSA agar were performing well, and the amount of pork plasma required in PPSA agar could be reduced by nearly 90%. In the modified medium, designated PPF (pork plasma fibrinogen) agar, the agar base (Baird-Parker agar without egg yolk) was unchanged. After surface plating, the base was covered with 8 mL of a modified overpour agar: 2.5% pork plasma, 0.38% BFG, and 0.0015% soy trypsin inhibitor in 0.7% Bacto agar. Most S. aureus strains could be enumerated after 24 h of incubation at 35 degrees C; the others required 44 h. Without soy trypsin inhibitor, a number of strains showed considerable fibrinolysis between 24 and 44 h of growth; this activity was neutralized by the inhibitor. The S. aureus counts of 27 food samples on PPF agar were essentially the same as the confirmed S. aureus counts obtained by the Baird-Parker method.
Neural network applications in physics (2002)

Our study describes many new opportunities for using neural networks in physics. We have mapped types of physics problems to analogous applications in other areas of science and engineering. While many applications are possible, little work can be found in the literature. Our specific example shows an interesting and useful application for predicting concentrations of radioactivity in the environment. Known levels of radioactivity, along with the values of other environmental variables, can be used to train a network for estimating subsequent levels. The accuracy of the neural network approach is better than other methods for specific monitoring locations. The possibility of finding generic patterns that can be used across different locations will be discussed.
Estimation of sleep stages in a healthy adult population from optical plethysmography and accelerometer signals (2017)

The results indicate that a reasonable degree of sleep staging accuracy can be achieved using a wrist-worn device, which may be of utility in longitudinal studies of sleep habits.
Alteration of the iron-sulfur cluster composition of Escherichia coli dimethyl sulfoxide reductase by site-directed mutagenesis (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAlteration of the iron-sulfur cluster composition of Escherichia coli dimethyl sulfoxide reductase by site-directed mutagenesisRichard A. Rothery and Joel H. WeinerCite this: Biochemistry 1991, 30, 34, 8296–8305Publication Date (Print):August 27, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 27 August 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00098a003https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00098a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views205Altmetric-Citations68LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Overhead Reduction of Internet Indirection Infrastructure (i3) for Future Mobile and Wireless Communications (2007)

This paper proposes a new identifier scheme for Internet Indirection Infrastructure (i3). i3 is an overlay network on top of IP, and realizes rendezvous-based communications. It provides a general solution to deal with communication primitives such as host mobility, multicast and anycast. Although i3 provides flexible communication mechanisms, it is not optimized for mobile and wireless communications. Thus, three key problems still remain to be addressed: header overhead, multiple trigger updates and detection of a close i3 server after handover. The proposed identifier scheme, called local ID, significantly reduces the overhead without sacrificing the flexibility of i3. In a typical case, the local ID makes the total header size nearly half that of the original protocol. This paper also discusses how to adapt the local ID to various types of i3 primitives, so that a mobile host can receive all the benefits of i3 communications.
An expert system for automated highway driving (1991)

The applicability of expert systems to the task of guiding an automobile on a limited-access highway is studied. The vehicle is assumed to be equipped with sensors detecting the surrounding traffic, road signs, and road geometry as well as control logic and actuators governing the throttle, steering angle, and brakes. The goal of the expert system is to issue commands to the controllers, given the traffic situation, traffic signals, road signs, and the strategy chosen by the driver. The system presented consists of a rule base providing the required driving knowledge, a backward chaining inference engine that performs the reasoning, a knowledge-base compiler that optimizes the reasoning process, and a highway-traffic simulator that simulates vehicles on a highway, either controlled by a preset strategy or by instance of the expert system. The implementation and the testing environment, including the highway traffic simulator and simulation results, is described. The benefits associated with the use of the system are summarized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Arbitrary ratio power splitters using angled silicaon silicon multimode interference couplers (1996)

The authors report novel power splitters using angled multimode interference couplers, that allow free selection of the power splitting ratios. Realised in silica on silicon throughout the 1.55 µm wavelength range, the splitters permit polarisation independent control of the power splitting ratios to within ±2%.
Medical Management of Aldosterone-Producing Adenomas (1999)

Medical management of aldosterone-producing adenomas is a viable option for controlling blood pressure and serum potassium concentration.
Performance evaluation of TDOA system based on maximum likelihood location estimation in cellular systems (2005)

With the spreading use of cellular phones in recent years, there has been an increasing demand for various services based on location information. The location-dependent information to be used in location estimation can be the TOA (time of arrival), TDOA (time difference of arrival), signal strength, and AOA (angle of arrival). In third-generation cellular phones, whose widespread use is expected, the communications data rate will be increased. The chip resolution will also be improved, making it possible to measure the signal arrival time with higher accuracy. Consequently, this paper presents an evaluation and discussion of the location estimation performance of a TDOA system. An exponential distribution is assumed for the signal delay profile, and the location estimation algorithm is formulated on the basis of maximum likelihood estimation. Then the accuracy of location estimation is compared by simulation for maximum likelihood estimation in the TDOA system and the existing method. The accuracy of location estimation by maximum likelihood is also evaluated for various environments. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 1, 88(6): 47–54, 2005; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecja.20155
Drop‐size distributions from pneumatic atomizers (1971)

Abstract A study was made of the atomizing characteristics of convergent‐type pneumatic nozzles. Drop‐size correlations were obtained for the following ranges: drop size, 6 to 350 μ, mass median diameter; mass flow ratio, 0.06 to 40; relative velocity, 250 ft./sec. to sonic velocity; and viscosity. 1 to 50 cp. The technique employed was to spray cool a molten wax, and melts of wax‐polyethylene mixtures. The most important operating variables in pneumatic atomization are the dynamic force of the atomizing gas, and the mass flow ratio of air to liquid. The cumulative volume drop‐size distribution of spray from a pneumatic nozzle was fitted by a modified logistic equation. Empirical correlations developed in the study can be used to design nozzles or to predict drop size for sprays produced by the types of nozzles studied. In particular, this study provides new experimental data on the performance of pneumatic atomizers in producing relatively large drops.
Cutting Edge: TLR2 Directly Triggers Th1 Effector Functions (2007)

Abstract Toll-like receptors recognize pathogen-associated molecular patterns, activate innate immunity, and consequently modulate adaptive immunity in response to infections. TLRs are also expressed on T cells, and it has been shown that T cell activation is modulated by TLR ligands. However, the functions of TLRs on Th1 and Th2 effector cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying TLR-mediated activation are not fully understood. We analyzed TLR functions and downstream signaling events in both effector T cells. In mouse Th1 cells the stimulation by TLR2 but not by other TLRs directly induced IFN-γ production, cell proliferation, and cell survival without TCR stimulation, and these effects were greatly enhanced by IL-2 or IL-12 through the enhanced activation of MAPKs. In contrast, no TLR affected the function of effector Th2 cells. These results identify TLR2 as a new specific activator of Th1 cell function and imply the involvement in Th1-mediated responses.
The Regenerable Trap Oxidizer-An Emission Control Technique for Diesel Engines (1985)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Daimler-Benz made an early start with the development of systems for the aftertreatment of the exhaust gas emitted by diesel engines. The more important limiting conditions could best be met by the provision of a ceramic, selfcleaning trap oxidizer (TO).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In such filters, self-regeneration is effected continuously while driving without any external control. Either partial or complete regeneration is effected, depending on the temperature, oxygen content and rate of flow of the exhaust gas, the amount of soot in the filter and the period for which a given operating condition is maintained.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Such a trap oxidizer was developed for a 3.0 liter turbocharged diesel engine to the extent necessary for series production and has been fitted to type 300 SD and 300 D turbocharged diesel of model year 1985 in California.</div>
Synthesis of heterocyclic compounds in acid-catalysed reactions of citral epoxides (2003)

The interaction of citral 6,7-epoxides with acetonitrile catalysed by sulfuric acid results in the formation of substituted 2-oxazolines without affecting the aldehyde group of citral, whereas the interaction of citral 2,3-epoxides with acetone and acetonitrile results in the formation of bicyclic and tricyclic compounds.
Splenic baroreceptors control splenic afferent nerve activity (2005)

Stenosis of either the portal or splenic vein increases splenic afferent nerve activity (SANA), which, through the splenorenal reflex, reduces renal blood flow. Because these maneuvers not only raise splenic venous pressure but also reduce splenic venous outflow, the question remained as to whether it is increased intrasplenic postcapillary pressure and/or reduced intrasplenic blood flow, which stimulates SANA. In anesthetized rats, we measured the changes in SANA in response to partial occlusion of either the splenic artery or vein. Splenic venous and arterial pressures and flows were simultaneously monitored. Splenic vein occlusion increased splenic venous pressure (9.5 +/- 0.5 to 22.9 +/- 0.8 mmHg, n = 6), reduced splenic arterial blood flow (1.7 +/- 0.1 to 0.9 +/- 0.1 ml/min, n = 6) and splenic venous blood flow (1.3 +/- 0.1 to 0.6 +/- 0.1 ml/min, n = 6), and increased SANA (1.7 +/- 0.4 to 2.2 +/- 0.5 spikes/s, n = 6). During splenic artery occlusion, we matched the reduction in either splenic arterial blood flow (1.7 +/- 0.1 to 0.7 +/- 0.05, n = 6) or splenic venous blood flow (1.2 +/- 0.1 to 0.5 +/- 0.04, n = 5) with that seen during splenic vein occlusion. In neither case was there any change in either splenic venous pressure (-0.4 +/- 0.9 mmHg, n = 6 and +0.1 +/- 0.3 mmHg, n = 5) or SANA (-0.11 +/- 0.15 spikes/s, n = 6 and -0.05 +/- 0.08 spikes/s, n = 5), respectively. Furthermore, there was a linear relationship between SANA and splenic venous pressure (r = 0.619, P = 0.008, n = 17). There was no such relationship with splenic venous (r = 0.371, P = 0.236, n = 12) or arterial (r = 0.275, P = 0.413, n = 11) blood flow. We conclude that it is splenic venous pressure, not flow, which stimulates splenic afferent nerve activity and activates the splenorenal reflex in portal and splenic venous hypertension.
1-Aza Sugars, Apparent Transition State Analogues of Equatorial Glycoside Formation/Cleavage (1998)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXT1-Aza Sugars,† Apparent Transition State Analogues of Equatorial Glycoside Formation/CleavageMikael BolsView Author Information Department of Chemistry, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark Cite this: Acc. Chem. Res. 1998, 31, 1, 1–8Publication Date (Web):January 20, 1998Publication History Received1 April 1997Published online20 January 1998Published inissue 20 January 1998https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ar970058rhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ar970058rresearch-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 1998 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views968Altmetric-Citations242LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Carbohydrates,Inhibition,Inhibitors,Peptides and proteins,Transition states Get e-Alerts
Spectrum allocation in tiered cellular networks (2009)

Two-tier networks, comprising a conventional cellular network overlaid with shorter range hotspots (e.g. femtocells, distributed antennas, or wired relays), offer an economically viable way to improve cellular system capacity. The capacity-limiting factor in such networks is interference. The cross-tier interference between macrocells and femtocells can suffocate the capacity due to the near-far problem, so in practice hotspots should use a different frequency channel than the potentially nearby high-power macrocell users. Centralized or coordinated frequency planning, which is difficult and inefficient even in conventional cellular networks, is all but impossible in a two-tier network. This paper proposes and analyzes an optimum decentralized spectrum allocation policy for two-tier networks that employ frequency division multiple access (including OFDMA). The proposed allocation is optimal in terms of area spectral efficiency (ASE), and is subjected to a sensible quality of service (QoS) requirement, which guarantees that both macrocell and femtocell users attain at least a prescribed data rate. Results show the dependence of this allocation on the QoS requirement, hotspot density and the co-channel interference from the macrocell and femtocells. Design interpretations are provided.
Statistical Analysis of Optimal Ultrasound Emulsification Parameters in Thistle‐Oil Nanoemulsions (2016)

Thistle oil (INCI: <i>Silybum marianum</i> seed oil) is known as an anti-oxidant, moisturizing and skin regenerating cosmetic raw material. Nanoemulsions are a new form of cosmetic product showing very good user properties (ease of spreading over the skin with no greasy feeling). Moreover, due to their structure, they can also transport both hydrophilic and hydrophobic active substances to the skin. The aim of this work was the preparation and characterization of nanoemulsions, based on thistle oil. The non-ionic surfactants polysorbate 80 (PEG-20 sorbitan monooleate), decyl glucoside, and a polyglyceryl-4 ester blend were applied to stabilize the nanosystems. All formulations were obtained by a high energy method, using an ultrasonic device (Labsonic U, an ultrasound homogenizer). Variations in the emulsification parameters were tested, including surfactants concentration, pre-emulsification time, ultrasound power and sonication time. On the basis of statistical analysis (experimental design, cluster analysis, classification and regression trees) the best emulsification process parameters were determined. In order to verify the results of statistical analysis, once more an experimental study was conducted. The results obtained confirmed that statistical analysis can be a useful method in determining the conditions for obtaining stable nanoemulsions with desired properties. Formulations obtained with the use of Silybum marianum seed oil were characterized by long-term stability, a low polydispersity index, low viscosity and an average droplet size less than 200 nm.