gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A novel mechanism of nuclear factor kappaB activation through the binding between inhibitor of nuclear factor-kappaBalpha and the processed NH(2)-terminal region of Mig-6. (2002)

Mitogene-inducible gene-6 (Mig-6), an adaptor molecule containing the Cdc42/Rac interaction and binding (CRIB) domain, is rapidly induced by mitogenic and stressful stimuli, and sustained mig-6 expression is observed in chronic pathological conditions. The function of this molecule has remained elusive. We find that mig-6 is constitutively expressed in many human cancer cell lines, and Mig-6 is cleaved into the NH(2)-terminal region containing the CRIB domain and the remainder of the COOH-terminal region by limited proteolytic processing. We report here that full-length Mig-6, but not CRIB domain-deleted Mig-6 (DeltaMig-6) or uncleavable mutant of Mig-6 (Mig-6-S38A), induces transcriptional activation of nuclear factor of kappaB (NFkappaB), which is inhibited by inhibitor of kappaBalpha (IkappaBalpha), and that the processed NH(2)-terminal region of Mig-6 but not the full length is bound with IkappaBalpha through its NFkappaB binding region. These findings suggest that the processed CRIB domain of Mig-6 will compete with NFkappaB for IkappaBalpha and result in NFkappaB activation. This novel NFkappaB activation pathway provides new insights regarding tumorigenesis, and the specific inhibition of the cleavage of Mig-6 may be a target for clinical treatment.
A median filter for 3D FAST spin echo black blood images of cerebral vessels (2000)

High-resolution black-blood MRA images of intracranial vascular anatomy can be obtained using 3D fast spin-echo techniques. Although these images demonstrate excellent contrast between vessels and surrounding soft tissues, the dark signal from air and bone can obscure the desired vascular information when a minimum intensity projection image is created. In this paper, we describe an image processing technique based upon a median filter that is effective for detecting narrow vessel-like structures. Minimum intensity projection images of the filtered MRA volume can be obtained in any orientation without prior segmentation of the skull or surrounding air spaces. The filter is very effective for detecting and visualizing small vessels, but is much less effective for detecting vessels and vascular pathology larger than the filter detection width. The filtering technique is demonstrated on black-blood MRA images from a volunteer study.
Transition Metal-Catalyzed Direct Arylation of Substrates with Activated sp<sup>3</sup>-Hybridized C−H Bonds and Some of Their Synthetic Equivalents with Aryl Halides and Pseudohalides (2009)

A study was conducted to demonstrate transition metal-catalyzed direct arylation of substrates with activated sp3-hybridized C-H bonds and some of their synthetic equivalents with aryl halides and pseudohalides. The study also focused on the catalyst system and experimental conditions used for the regioselective synthesis of α-arylated compounds through transition metal-catalyzed arylation of synthetic equivalents of carbonyl compounds. The synthetic equivalents of carbonyl compounds included silyl enol ethers and enol ethers of ketones and silyl ketone acetals using aryl halides or pseudohalides as electrophiles. The investigations also highlighted the utility of these experimentally simple reactions that proceeded without requiring preparation of stoichiometric amounts of organometallics.
Forward error correction decoding for WiMAX and 3GPP LTE modems (2008)

In this paper, we review the requirements for forward error correction (FEC) decoding for next generation wireless modems-mobile Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) and third generation partnership project long term evolution (3GPP LTE). FEC decoder consists of mainly three components: control channel decoder, data channel decoder, and hybrid automatic repeat query (HARQ) combining. Control channel decoder is constrained by latency budget which impacts buffering as well as power management of modem signal processing chains. For WiMAX, both Viterbi and Turbo decoders are required to receive control channel while for LTE, only Viterbi decoder is required. For data-channel, a high-throughput Turbo decoder is required to support high data rate. HARQ combining is mainly dominated by memory size and bandwidth requirements given the maximum data rate, maximum number of HARQ processes and re-transmission formats. We analyze the requirements and discuss possible candidate architectures for three components.
Introduction to Virtual Environments and Advanced Interface Design (1995)

We understand from the anthropologists that almost from the beginning of our species we have been tool builders. Most of these tools have been associated with the manipulation of matter. With these tools we have learned to organize or reorganize and arrange the elements for our comfort, safety, and entertainment. More recently, the advent of the computer has given us a new kind of tool. Instead of manipulating matter, the computer allows us to manipulate symbols. Typically, these symbols represent language or other abstractions such as mathematics, physics, or graphical images. These symbols allow us to operate at a different conscious level, providing a mechanism to communicate ideas as well as to organize and plan the manipulation of matter that will be accomplished by other tools. However, a problem with the current technology that we use to manipulate symbols is the interface between the human and computer. That is, the means by which we interact with the computer and receive feedback that our actions, thoughts, and desires are recognized and acted upon. Another problem with current computing systems is the format with which they display information. Typically, the computer, via a display monitor, only allows a limited two-dimensional view of the three-dimensional world we live in. For example, when using a computer to design a three dimensional building, what we see and interact with is often only a two-dimensional representation of the building, or at most a so-called 2½D perspective view. Furthermore, unlike the sounds in the real world which stimulate us from all directions and distances, the sounds emanating from a computer originate from a stationary speaker, and when it comes to touch, with the exception of a touch screen or the tactile feedback provided by pressing a key or mouse button (limited haptic feedback to be sure), the tools we use to manipulate symbols are primitive at best. This book is about a new and better way to interact with and manipulate symbols. These are the technologies associated with virtual environments and what we term advanced interfaces. In fact, the development of virtual environment technologies for interacting with and manipulating symbols may represent the next step in the evolution of tools.
Liquid−Liquid Equilibria of the Ternary System Water + Acetic Acid + Methyl <i>tert</i>-Butyl Ether (2007)

Liquid−liquid equilibria of the ternary system water + acetic acid + methyl tert-butyl ether were studied from 293.15 K to 318.15 K at atmospheric pressure. Distribution coefficients and separation factors were evaluated for the immiscibility region. The reliability of the experimental tie-line data was ascertained by applying the Othmer−Tobias correlation. The experimental results were also correlated with the NRTL and UNIQUAC models successfully.
Comprehensive and definitive molecular cytogenetic characterization of HeLa cells by spectral karyotyping. (1999)

We revisited the cytogenetic alterations of the cervical adenocarcinoma cell line HeLa through the use of spectral karyotyping (SKY), comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). SKY analysis unequivocally characterized all abnormal chromosomes. Chromosomal breakpoints were primarily assigned by simultaneous assessment of SKY painted chromosomes and inverted 4,6-diamidino2-phenylindole banding from the same cell. Twenty clonally abnormal chromosomes were found. Comparison with previously reported HeLa G-banding karyotypes revealed a remarkably stable cytogenetic constitution because 18 of 20 markers that were found were present before. The classification of 12 markers was refined in this study. Our assignment of the remaining six markers was consistent with those described in the literature. The CGH map of chromosomal copy number gains and losses strikingly matched the SKY results and was, in a few instances, decisive for assigning breakpoints. The combined use of molecular cytogenetic methods SKY, CGH, and FISH with site-specific probes, in addition to inverted 4,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole or conventional G-banding analysis, provides the means to fully assess the genomic abnormalities in cancer cells. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are frequently integrated into the cellular DNA in cervical cancers. We mapped by FISH five HPV18 integration sites: three on normal chromosomes 8 at 8q24 and two on derivative chromosomes, der(5)t(5;22;8)(qll;q11q13;q24) and der(22)t(8; 22)(q24;q13), which have chromosome 8q24 material. An 8q24 copy number increase was detected by CGH. Dual-color FISH with a c-MYC probe mapping to 8q24 revealed colocalization with HPV18 at all integration sites, indicating that dispersion and amplification of the c-MYC gene sequences occurred after and was most likely triggered by the viral insertion at a single integration site. Numerical and structural chromosomal aberrations identified by SKY, genomic imbalances detected by CGH, as well as FISH localization of HPV18 integration at the c-MYC locus in HeLa cells are common and representative for advanced stage cervical cell carcinomas. The HeLa genome has been remarkably stable after years of continuous cultivation; therefore, the genetic alterations detected may have been present in the primary tumor and reflect events that are relevant to the development of cervical cancer.
Some Issues in the Automatic Classification of US Patents (1997)

The classification of U.S. patents poses some special problems due to the enormous size of the corpus, the size and complex hierarchical structure of the classification system, and the size and structure of patent documents. The representation of the complex structure of documents has not received a great deal of previous attention, but we have found it to be an important factor in our work. We are exploring ways to use this structure and the hierarchical relations among patent subclasses to facilitate the classification of patents. Our approach is to derive a vector of terms and phrases from the most important parts of the patent to represent each document. We use both k-nearest-neighbor classifiers and Bayesian classifiers. The k-nearest-neighbor classifier allows us to represent the document structure using the query operators in the Inquery information retrieval system. The Bayesian classifiers can use the hierarchical relations among patent subclasses to select closely related neg...
A 900 mV 40 μW switched opamp ΔΣ modulator with 77 dB dynamic range (2002)

Portable electronic systems require low-voltage low-power building blocks. An important building block is an A/D converter. /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ ADCs provide an efficient way of trading off speed for resolution. The switched op amp (SO) technique allows design of switched-capacitor (SC) circuits at very low supply voltage without the use of multithreshold technologies or voltage multipliers to drive the switches. The basic idea of it is to leave out the switches connected to the output of the amplifier in a SC integrator, because those are the ones that fail to conduct when the supply voltage is low. Switches can only be connected to well-chosen reference voltages. In this implementation the differential modified SO integrator cell is used, so the reference voltages are V/sub SS/ and V/sub DD/. This allows maximum overdrive of V/sub DD/-V/sub SS/ for the switches.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons of Asphaltenes Analyzed by Molecular Orbital Calculations with Optical Spectroscopy (2006)

The number and geometry of the rings in polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in petroleum asphaltene has remained unresolved for many years. Many sophisticated imaging and spectroscopic methods have been utilized to narrow the list of candidate structures for asphaltene PAHs. Here, we exploit a canonical property of petroleum asphaltenes, their color, along with their fluorescence emission properties. These universal spectral properties are analyzed through the lens of molecular orbital (MO) calculations, thereby providing quantitative bounds on asphaltene PAH systems. Energetic considerations mandate that these fused aromatic ring systems are predominantly aromatic sextet carbon (within the Clar representation) but not entirely sextet carbon. Matching the ubiquitous asphaltene spectral data with MO calculations shows that asphaltene ring systems predominantly consist of 4−10 rings. PAHs with 6−8 rings are most predominant in petroleum asphaltenes. Not surprisingly, polydispersity is implied in this analysis. These results are very consistent with all direct imaging of asphaltene PAHs. When these results are coupled with known molecular weights of asphaltenes, we find that asphaltene molecules possess primarily one fused ring system per molecule. This finding is independently obtained when combining MO results with spectral dispersion measured for asphaltene diffusion constants. The monomeric molecular structure of asphaltenes is supported, and the archipelago model is refuted.
Heterojunction Diodes Comprised of n-Type Silicon and p-Type Ultrananocrystalline Diamond/Hydrogenated Amorphous Carbon Composite (2011)

Heterojunction diodes comprised of p-type ultrananocrystalline diamond/hydrogenated amorphous carbon composite (UNCD/a-C:H) and n-type Si, wherein 3 at. % boron-doped UNCD/a-C:H films were deposited on Si substrates by pulsed laser deposition, were electrically studied. The current–voltage ( I – V ) characteristics showed the typical rectification action with a leakage current density of 4.7 ×10 -5 A/cm 2 at a reverse voltage of -1 V. The carrier transport is expected to be in generation–recombination process accompanied by tunneling at low forward voltages of 0.1–0.5 V, and to be predominantly in tunneling at 0.5–1.0 V, from ideality factors estimated from the forward I – V curve. Grain boundaries in the UNCD/a-C:H film might act as centers for tunneling. From the capacitance–voltage measurement, the build-in potential of the heterojunction and an active carrier concentration in the p-type UNCD/a-C:H film were estimated to be 0.6 eV and 1.4 ×10 17 cm -3 , respectively.
Eigenvalue-based spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio (2009)

Spectrum sensing is a fundamental component in a cognitive radio. In this paper, we propose new sensing methods based on the eigenvalues of the covariance matrix of signals received at the secondary users. In particular, two sensing algorithms are suggested, one is based on the ratio of the maximum eigenvalue to minimum eigenvalue; the other is based on the ratio of the average eigenvalue to minimum eigenvalue. Using some latest random matrix theories (RMT), we quantify the distributions of these ratios and derive the probabilities of false alarm and probabilities of detection for the proposed algorithms. We also find the thresholds of the methods for a given probability of false alarm. The proposed methods overcome the noise uncertainty problem, and can even perform better than the ideal energy detection when the signals to be detected are highly correlated. The methods can be used for various signal detection applications without requiring the knowledge of signal, channel and noise power. Simulations based on randomly generated signals, wireless microphone signals and captured ATSC DTV signals are presented to verify the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Combining 2D user interface components and interactive 3D graphics in ET (1993)

The primary goal of most object-oriented application frameworks is to make it easier to create interactive graphical applications that use direct manipulation techniques. We extended the object-oriented application framework ET++ to support 3D graphics in a general way. ET++ provides predefined visual classes for text, 2D graphics display, and standard user interface components. In addition it is now possible to integrate 3D graphics objects which may be placed wherever other visual objects can go, i.e. in scrollable views, as building blocks in dialogs or graphics editors, as characters in text editors, as items in lists or pop-up menus, etc. All 3D graphics objects support the full visual class protocol for positioning, stretching, client-transparent double buffering, cut/copy/paste, multi-undoable commands, and output to or input from files. As a consequence 2D and 3D graphics are dealt in a uniform way. Keywords: interactive 3D graphics, user interfaces, C++, object-oriented applic...
A Potent Analog of Recombinant Bovine Somatotropin Accelerates Growth in Juvenile Coho Salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus kisutch</i>) (1989)

Recombinant bovine somatotropin and a recently engineered analog of bovine somatotropin were compared for their growth-promoting ability in underyearling coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Treated fish were given five biweekly intraperitoneal injections of one of the hormone preparations at either 0.2 or 2.0 μg/g body weight. Both substances significantly enhanced growth, and by the end of the treatment period the fish injected with the high dose of the analog were significantly larger than all other groups, being 43.5% heavier than the sham-treated (saline injected) fish. Fish treated with the high dose of the native form of somatotropin were 25.3% heavier than the sham-treated group, but were not significantly different in size from fish treated with the low dose of analog. A four-point bioassay indicated that the analog had approximately nine times the growth-promoting potency of the native form of bovine somatotropin in coho salmon. Food conversion efficiency was improved by somatotropin therapy, but all groups exhibited a similar osmoregulatory capacity when subjected to a 24-h seawater challenge during the posttreatment period. Given the economic feasibility of producing recombinant proteins in large quantities, this analog has the potential to improve the production characteristics of cultured salmon.
PLK-1 Targeted Inhibitors and Their Potential against Tumorigenesis (2015)

Mitotic kinases are the key components of the cell cycle machinery and play vital roles in cell cycle progression. PLK-1 (Polo-like kinase-1) is a crucial mitotic protein kinase that plays an essential role in both the onset of G2/M transition and cytokinesis. The overexpression of PLK-1 is strongly correlated with a wide spectrum of human cancers and poor prognosis. The (si)RNA-mediated depletion of PLK-1 arrests tumor growth and triggers apoptosis in cancer cells without affecting normal cells. Therefore, PLK-1 has been selected as an attractive anticancer therapeutic drug target. Some small molecules have been discovered to target the catalytic and noncatalytic domains of PLK-1. These domains regulate the catalytic activation and subcellular localization of PLK-1. However, while PLK-1 inhibitors block tumor growth, they have been shown to cause severe adverse complications, such as toxicity, neutropenia, and bone marrow suppression during clinical trials, due to a lack of selectivity and specificity within the human kinome. To minimize these toxicities, inhibitors should be tested against all protein kinases in vivo and in vitro to enhance selectivity and specificity against targets. Here, we discuss the potency and selectivity of PLK-1-targeted inhibitors and their molecular interactions with PLK-1 domains.
Successful High-Angle Gravel Packing Techniques (1983)

ABSTRACT Gravel packing can be successfully performed on high-angle wells (70°-80°) when special consideration is given to the completion design and details of field procedures and practices. Through analysis and modification of current techniques and research done on full scale models, Chevron experimented with and developed several techniques to successfully gravel pack high-angle wells . The high-angle gravel packs were performed utilizing the following criteria: solids free completion fluids, low-side perforating, modified screens, combination tools (circulating pack), maximum tailpipe (washpipe)-liner ratios, medium viscosity carrier fluids, maximum pumping rates, and special attention to quality control. Sand-out pressures, subsequent pack tests, quantity of gravel placed (percent packed volume) and extended flow tests of up to 20 MMCFD have proven the success of the design and procedures implemented.
Good News, Everyone! Context Driven Entity-Aware Captioning for News Images (2019)

Current image captioning systems perform at a merely descriptive level, essentially enumerating the objects in the scene and their relations. Humans, on the contrary, interpret images by integrating several sources of prior knowledge of the world. In this work, we aim to take a step closer to producing captions that offer a plausible interpretation of the scene, by integrating such contextual information into the captioning pipeline. For this we focus on the captioning of images used to illustrate news articles. We propose a novel captioning method that is able to leverage contextual information provided by the text of news articles associated with an image. Our model is able to selectively draw information from the article guided by visual cues, and to dynamically extend the output dictionary to out-of-vocabulary named entities that appear in the context source. Furthermore we introduce ``GoodNews'', the largest news image captioning dataset in the literature and demonstrate state-of-the-art results.
Hydrogen peroxide scavenger, catalase, alleviates ion transport dysfunction in murine colitis (2016)

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> ) contribute to epithelial damage and ion transport dysfunction (key events in inflammatory diarrhoea) in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to identify if H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> mediates suppression of colonic ion transport function in the murine dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) colitis model by using the H<sub>2</sub> O<sub>2</sub> degrading enzyme, catalase. Colitis was induced by administering DSS (4%) in drinking water for 5 days followed by 3 days on normal H<sub>2</sub> O. Mice were administered either pegylated catalase or saline at day -1, 0 and +1 of DSS treatment. Ion transport responses to the Ca<sup>2+</sup> -dependent agonist, carbachol (CCh), or the cAMP-dependent agonist, forskolin, were measured across distal colonic mucosa mounted in Ussing chambers. Parameters of DSS-induced inflammation (loss in body weight, decreased colon length, altered stool consistency), were only partially alleviated by catalase while histology was only minimally improved. However, catalase significantly reversed the DSS-induced reduction in baseline ion transport as well as colonic I<sub>sc</sub> responses to CCh. However, ion transport responses to forskolin were not significantly restored. Catalase also reduced activation of ERK MAP kinase in the setting of colitis, and increased expression of the Na<sup>+</sup> -K<sup>+</sup> -2Cl<sup>-</sup> cotransporter, NKCC1, consistent with restoration of ion transport function. Ex vivo treatment of inflamed colonic mucosae with catalase also partially restored ion transport function. Therefore, catalase partially prevents, and rescues, the loss of ion transport properties in DSS colitis even in the setting of unresolved tissue inflammation. These findings indicate a prominent role for ROS in ion transport dysfunction in colitis and may suggest novel strategies for the treatment of inflammatory diarrhoea.