gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
IN VITRO SYNTHESIS AND SECRETION OF LYSOZYME BY MONONUCLEAR PHAGOCYTES (1974)

Pure cultures of three types of mononuclear phagocytes-mouse peritoneal macrophages, unstimulated or after thioglycollate stimulation, and human monocytes-synthesize and secrete large amounts of lysozyme in vitro. The macrophage lysozyme is indistinguishable from authentic lysozyme in its ability to lyse M. lysodeikticus, inhibition by specific antisera, a similar size of 14,000 and cationic charge. Lysozyme secretion in culture is characterized by a large net increase in total lysozyme, 4-20-fold in 3 h, 75-95% of which is in the medium, and its continued extracellular accumulation over at least 2 wk in culture. Lysozyme is the major (14)C-labeled protein secreted into the medium by both unstimulated and thioglycollate-stimulated macrophages and the 0.75-1 microg produced per 1 x 10(6) cells/day represents 0.5-2.5% of the total cell protein. Lysozyme is a cell-specific marker for mononuclear phagocytes and the PMN, which contains preformed enzyme, since it is absent in lymphoid cells and a variety of fibroblast and epithelioid cell lines. Lysozyme production is also a useful measure of mononuclear phagocyte cell number. The rate of lysozyme production and secretion is remarkably constant for all cell types under a variety of culture conditions. Production by the mouse macrophage increases threefold on the 2nd day in culture and then remains linear with time. Production is optimal at a relatively low serum concentration, but can be maintained, in the absence of serum, in lactalbumin hydrolysate or, at a reduced level in basal media. The production and secretion of lysozyme are independent of the production of macrophage acid hydrolases. Net increase and secretion of lysozyme occur under conditions where acid hydrolases like N-acetyl beta-glucosaminidase, beta-glucuronidase, beta-galactosidase, and cathepsin D are neither accumulated nor secreted. Massive phagocytosis of latex particles has no effect on lysozyme production and secretion. Lysozyme production can be rapidly inhibited by treatment with cycloheximide (0.4 microg/ml) whereas inhibition of its production by colchicine (10(-6) M) occurs only after a lag period of more than 8 h, and is probably due to a secondary effect. These results show that mouse macrophages provide a simple in vitro system to measure lysozyme secretion and its control. These studies also indicate the possible importance of mononuclear phagocytes in the secretion of a variety of biologically active products and in the modification of their environment.
The Effects of Multiple CW Interferers (1980)

When two or more CW transmitters create an electromagnetic field to which a susceptible device is exposed, the possibility that damage or performance degradation will result may, under certain circumstances, be increased by the effects of occasional phase coincidence among the transmitters. If they move into and out of phase fairly slowly, then, over finite tihe intervals of significant duration, the effective value of the combined voltage at a given point in the device can considerably exceed the long-term effective (rms) value. In this paper, an upper bound is placed on this short-term effective voltage for situations where the transmitted waveforms are sinusoidal and the susceptible device can be modeled as part of a linear circuit. It is shown that, if the separate contributions of the N transmitters have similar amplitudes and their frequencies are close together, the short-term effective value can occasionally exceed the rms value by 10 log, N dB or more for a significant time interval. In some cases, this difference might be enough to cause the device's threshold of damage or performance degradation to be exceeded.
Purification and characterization of the intestinal promoter of iron(3+)-transferrin formation (1981)

The nonceruloplasmin enzyme located in the intestinal mucosa which promotes the incorporation of iron into transferrin has been resolved into a small, heat-stable component and a heat-labile protein component. The small, heat-stable component was purified from the high-speed supernatant of intestinal mucosal homogenates by ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration and identified as xanthine. The heat labile protein component was purified from the high-speed supernatant of intestinal mucosal homogenates by heat treatment, gel filtration, and ion-exchange chromatography. The physical, spectral, and kinetic properties of the heat-labile protein component strongly suggest that it is xanthine oxidase. By promotion of the oxidation and incorporation of iron into transferrin, intestinal xanthine oxidase could perform a similar function in iron absorption as ceruloplasmin serves in the mobilization of iron from liver stores.
Blueprint for a Textbook on Art (1945)

For the many years of my own art study and before I had become a university lecturer on art I was struck with the paucity of art knowledge of graduate art majors; I was even more impressed with their lack of feeling for art and I naturally blamed the teachers for their inability to sufficiently interest the student. Since I have become acquainted with more and more of these instructors and have heard them bemoaning the thin and even nocent texts on which many of their courses are planned I see clearly that much of the blame must be placed at the door of an intellectually thread-bare system whose foundations were laid by such writers as Aristotle, Vitruvius, Ruskin and Tolstoi, and by The equally guilty contemporary neologists like Ozenfant, Barnes, Ogden and Clive Bell. The instructor finds himself trying to harmonize these theoretical extremes with little success—and no wonder—both are fundamentally non-germane to the work of art. To read with attention a large number of art manuals is to be bombarded wi...
Molecular Biology of the Long QT Syndrome: Impact on Management (1997)

The long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a familial disease characterized by prolonged ventricular repolarization and high incidence of malignant ventricular tachyarrhythmias often occurring in conditions of adrenergic activation. Recently, the genes for the LQTS inked to chromosomes 3 (LQT3), 7 (LQT2), and 11 (LQT1) were identified as SCN5A, the cardiac sodium channel gene and as HERG and KvLQT1 potassium channel genes. These discoveries have paved the way for the development of gene-specific therapy for these three forms of LQTS. In order to test specific interventions potentially beneficial in the molecular variants of LQTS, we developed a cellular model to mimic the electrophysiological abnormalities of LQT3 and LQT2. Isolated guinea pig ventricular myocytes were exposed to anthopleurin and dofetilide in order to mimic LQT3 and LQT2, respectively. This model has been used to study the effect of sodium channel blockade and of rapid pacing showing a pronounced action potential shortening in response to Na+ channel blockade with mexiletine and during rapid pacing only in anthopleurin-treated cells but not in dofetilide-treated cells. Based on these results we tested the hypothesis that QT interval would shorten more in LQT3 patients in response to mexiletine and to increases in heart rate. Mexiletine shortened significantly the QT interval among LQT3 patients but not among LQT2 patients. LQT3 patients shortened their QT interval in response to increases in heart rate much more than LQT2 patients and healthy controls. These findings suggest that LQT3 patients are more likely to benefit from Na+ channel blockers and from cardiac pacing because they are at higher arrhythmic risk at slow heart rates. Conversely, LQT2 patients are at higher risk to develop syncope under stressful conditions, because of the combined arrhythmogenic effect of catecholamines with the insufficient adaptation of their QT interval. Along the same line of development of gene-specific therapy, recent data demonstrated that an increase in the extracellular concentration of potassium shortens the QT interval in LQT2 patients suggesting that intervention aimed at increasing potassium plasma levels may represent a specific treatment for LQT2. The molecular findings on LQTS suggest the possibility of developing therapeutic interventions targeted to specific genetic defects. Until definitive data become available, antiadrenergic therapy remains the mainstay in the management of LQTS patients, however it may be soon worth considering the addition of a Na+ channel blocker such as mexiletine for LQT3 patients and of interventions such as K+ channel openers or increases in the extracellular concentration of potassium for LQT1 and LQT2 patients.
Effects of An Intrinsic Metric of Molecular Internal Space on Chemical Reaction Dynamics (2005)

Kinematic effects arising from a metric and a gauge field in molecular internal space are studied in structural isomerization dynamics of three- and four-atom cluster with zero total angular momentum. The principal-axis hyperspherical coordinates (PAHC) are first employed to clarify both the mechanism of the isomerization reaction and associated kinematic effects. A force called “democratic centrifugal force” is obtained as a significant kinematic factor to dominate the isomerization dynamics. This force has an effect of inducing an asymmetry in mass balance of a system, and thereby brings about trapped motions in the vicinity of the transition states of the clusters coupling with the force arising from potential. We quantify the kinematic effects of a gauge field associated with the choice of Eckart frame, which is often disregarded in the conventional picture for molecular vibrations. Numerical study has revealed that the gauge field has an effect of suppressing the rate of isomerization reaction to a considerable amount. We also show mechanism of this suppressing effect in terms of the PAHC.
Reduction of Cob(III)alamin to Cob(II)alamin in <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhimurium LT2 (2000)

Reduction of the cobalt ion of cobalamin from the Co(III) to the Co(I) oxidation state is essential for the synthesis of adenosylcobalamin, the coenzymic form of this cofactor. A cob(II)alamin reductase activity in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 was isolated to homogeneity. N-terminal analysis of the homogeneous protein identified NAD(P)H:flavin oxidoreductase (Fre) (EC 1.6.8.1) as the enzyme responsible for this activity. The fre gene was cloned, and the overexpressed protein, with a histidine tag at its N terminus, was purified to homogeneity by nickel affinity chromatography. His-tagged Fre reduced flavins (flavin mononucleotide [FMN] and flavin adenine dinucleotide [FAD]) and cob(III)alamin to cob(II)alamin very efficiently. Photochemically reduced FMN substituted for Fre in the reduction of cob(III)alamin to cob(II)alamin, indicating that the observed cobalamin reduction activity was not Fre dependent but FMNH(2) dependent. Enzyme-independent reduction of cob(III)alamin to cob(II)alamin by FMNH(2) occurred at a rate too fast to be measured. The thermodynamically unfavorable reduction of cob(II)alamin to cob(I)alamin was detectable by alkylation of the cob(I)alamin nucleophile with iodoacetate. Detection of the product, caboxymethylcob(III)alamin, depended on the presence of FMNH(2) in the reaction mixture. FMNH(2) failed to substitute for potassium borohydride in in vitro assays for corrinoid adenosylation catalyzed by the ATP:co(I)rrinoid adenosyltransferase (CobA) enzyme, even under conditions where Fre and NADH were present in the reaction mixture to ensure that FMN was always reduced. These results were interpreted to mean that Fre was not responsible for the generation of cob(I)alamin in vivo. Consistent with this idea, a fre mutant displayed wild-type cobalamin biosynthetic phenotypes. It is proposed that S. enterica serovar Typhimurium LT2 may not have a cob(III)alamin reductase enzyme and that, in vivo, nonadenosylated cobalamin and other corrinoids are maintained as co(II)rrinoids by reduced flavin nucleotides generated by Fre and other flavin oxidoreductases.
Sensemaking of evolving Web sites using visualization spreadsheets (2003)

In the process of knowledge discovery, workers examine available information in order to make sense of it. By sensemaking, we mean interacting with and operating on the information with a variety of information processing mechanisms. Previously, we introduced a concept that uses the spreadsheet metaphor with cells containing visualizations of complex data. We extend and apply a cognitive model called "visual sensemaking" to the visualization spreadsheet. We use the task of making sense of a large Web site as a concrete example throughout the paper for demonstration. Using a variety of visualization techniques, such as the Disk Tree and Cone Tree, we show that the interactions of the visualization spreadsheet help users draw conclusions from the overall relationships of the entire information set.
Efficiency enhancement method for high-power amplifiers using a dynamic load adaptation technique (2005)

This paper proposes a dynamic load adaptation method as an efficiency enhancement technique for high-power amplifiers. This method modifies the output load impedance of a power amplifier using a tunable impedance transformer, so that the efficiency of the power amplifier is not degraded as the power level of the output signal is changed. The tunable impedance transformer presented here consists of a quarter-wavelength transmission line with adjustable characteristic impedance. In addition, an automatic control system is used to control the tunable impedance transformer. The experimental result shows that the efficiency is improved over the entire power range and the adjacent channel leakage power ratio (ACLR) is maintained at less than -30 dBc for a 4-carrier WCDMA signal.
The Regulation of Photosynthetic Electron Transport during Nutrient Deprivation in<i>Chlamydomonas reinhardtii</i>1 (1998)

The light-saturated rate of photosynthetic O2 evolution in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii declined by approximately 75% on a per-cell basis after 4 d of P starvation or 1 d of S starvation. Quantitation of the partial reactions of photosynthetic electron transport demonstrated that the light-saturated rate of photosystem (PS) I activity was unaffected by P or S limitation, whereas light-saturated PSII activity was reduced by more than 50%. This decline in PSII activity correlated with a decline in both the maximal quantum efficiency of PSII and the accumulation of the secondary quinone electron acceptor of PSII nonreducing centers (PSII centers capable of performing a charge separation but unable to reduce the plastoquinone pool). In addition to a decline in the light-saturated rate of O2 evolution, there was reduced efficiency of excitation energy transfer to the reaction centers of PSII (because of dissipation of absorbed light energy as heat and because of a transition to state 2). These findings establish a common suite of alterations in photosynthetic electron transport that results in decreased linear electron flow when C. reinhardtii is limited for either P or S. It was interesting that the decline in the maximum quantum efficiency of PSII and the accumulation of the secondary quinone electron acceptor of PSII nonreducing centers were regulated specifically during S-limited growth by the SacI gene product, which was previously shown to be critical for the acclimation of C. reinhardtii to S limitation (J.P. Davies, F.H. Yildiz, and A.R. Grossman [1996] EMBO J 15: 2150-2159).
Solid tumours--chemoprevention with retinoids. (1994)

There is a clear change in the treatment strategies for solid tumours towards the treatment of early rather than advanced disease. Retinoids represent a potentially useful class of drugs in chemoprevention. Preclinical data and clinical experience suggests that different retinoids may have different spectra of antitumour activity and synergistic interactions between retinoids and cytokines have also been reported. 13-cis retinoic acid has shown some promising activity in preventing the onset of second primary tumours in head and neck cancer and fenretinide is being tested in the prevention of second primary breast cancers. An understanding of the role of the different retinoid receptors could lead to the design of compounds with a better therapeutic index. Despite these early indications that retinoids could be useful in this area, the development of such drugs is far from easy. Appropriate study designs for screening differentiating agents in the clinic, and the relevance of preclinical models of chemoprevention are challenges to be addressed. Unresolved issues include optimal patient selection, long clinical trial times, optimal dose, schedule and treatment duration. The use of biological surrogate markers for longer time-dependent trial endpoints could significantly contribute to more rapid development. Ongoing clinical studies, particularly in tobacco-related diseases, will better define the role of retinoids in this clinical setting. Clinicians should be encouraged to enter patients into large well organized clinical studies.
Mechanism of action of angiotensin II in human isolated subcutaneous resistance arteries (2001)

1. Human isolated subcutaneous arteries were mounted in a myograph and isometric tension measured. In some experiments, intracellular calcium [Ca(2+)]i was also measured using fura-2. 2. Angiotensin II (100 pM - 1 microM) increased [Ca(2+)]i and tone in a concentration-dependent manner. The effects of angiotensin II (100 nM) were inhibited by an AT1-receptor antagonist, candesartan (100 pM). 3. Ryanodine (10 microM), had no effect on angiotensin II-induced responses, but removal of extracellular Ca(2+) abolished angiotensin II-induced rise in [Ca(2+)]i and tone. Inhibition of Ca(2+) entry by Ni(2+) (2 mM), also inhibited angiotensin II responses. The dihydropyridine, L-type calcium channel antagonist, amlodipine (10 microM), only partially attenuated angiotensin II responses. 4. Inhibition of protein kinase C (PKC) by chelerythrine (1 microM), or by overnight exposure to a phorbol ester (PDBu; 500 nM) had no effect on angiotensin II-induced contraction. 5. Genistein (10 microM), a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, inhibited angiotensin II-induced contraction, but did not inhibit the rise in [Ca(2+)]i, suggesting that at this concentration it affected the calcium sensitivity of the contractile apparatus. Genistein did not affect responses to norepinephrine (NE) or high potassium (KPSS). 6. A selective MEK inhibitor, PD98059 (30 microM), inhibited both the angiotensin II-induced contraction and rise in [Ca(2+)]i, but had no effect on responses to NE or KPSS. 7. AT1 activation causes Ca(2+) influx via L-type calcium channels and a dihydropyridine-insensitive route, but does not release Ca(2+) from intracellular sites. Activation of tyrosine kinase(s) and the ERK 1/2 pathway, but not classical or novel PKC, also play a role in angiotensin II-induced contraction in human subcutaneous resistance arteries.
What is Culture? (2017)

Culture can be defined as the norms, behaviors, attitudes, beliefs, values, customs, artifacts, symbols, codes, language, and institutions of a group of people. Some aspects of culture may be tacit to participants, who see the world, as we all do, through the lens of their native culture. Multicultural settings have different cultures living side by side, and qualitative research is ideally suited to promoting intercultural understanding between different groups. Both insider and outsider researchers can undertake this task, with challenges for each of seeing beyond their own experiences and expectations in order to arrive at understanding of participants' experience of their culture.
The <i>Drosophila</i> esc and E(z) Proteins Are Direct Partners in Polycomb Group-Mediated Repression (1998)

The extra sex combs (esc) and Enhancer of zeste [E(z)] proteins are members of the Drosophila Polycomb group (Pc-G) of transcriptional repressors. Here we present evidence for direct physical interaction between the esc and E(z) proteins using yeast two-hybrid and in vitro binding assays. In addition, coimmunoprecipitation from embryo extracts demonstrates association of esc and E(z) in vivo. We have delimited the esc-binding domain of E(z) to an N-terminal 33-amino-acid region. Furthermore, we demonstrate that site-directed mutations in the esc protein previously shown to impair esc function in vivo disrupt esc-E(z) interactions in vitro. We also show an in vitro interaction between the heed and EZH1 proteins, which are human homologs of esc and E(z), respectively. These results suggest that the esc-E(z) molecular partnership has been conserved in evolution. Previous studies suggested that esc is primarily involved in the early stages of Pc-G-mediated silencing during embryogenesis. However, E(z) is continuously required in order to maintain chromosome binding by other Pc-G proteins. In light of these earlier observations and the molecular data presented here, we discuss how esc-E(z) protein complexes may contribute to transcriptional silencing by the Pc-G.
Use of a temperature-sensitive mutant to define the biological effects of the p210BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase on proliferation of a factor-dependent murine myeloid cell line. (1994)

The Philadelphia chromosome, detected in virtually all cases of chronic myelogenous leukemia, is formed by a reciprocal translocation between chromosomes 9 and 22 that fuses BCR encoded sequences upstream of exon 2 of c-ABL. This oncogene produces a fusion protein, p210BCR-ABL, in which the ABL tyrosine kinase activity is elevated. This elevated kinase activity is essential for transformation, but the mechanisms involved are unknown. To investigate p210BCR-ABL function we constructed a model system in which the tyrosine kinase activity of p210BCR-ABL was inducible. Two amino acid substitutions, Arg to His at amino acid 457 and Tyr to His at amino acid 469 of c-abl, modeled on mutations known to render v-src temperature-sensitive for tyrosine kinase activity, were introduced into p210BCR-ABL. This mutant was characterized in an IL-3 growth factor dependent murine myeloid cell line, 32Dc13. Cell lines expressing the temperature-sensitive mutant remained factor dependent at the non-permissive temperature, but at the permissive temperature displayed a marked reduction in cell death in the absence of growth factor and an exaggerated proliferative response to low levels of IL-3. Both the kinase activity of the mutant and the levels of tyrosine phosphorylated proteins are increased in the temperature-sensitive mutant at the permissive temperature. Further, tyrosine phosphorylation of potential substrates of the p210BCR-ABL tyrosine kinase, p120 rasGAP and its associated proteins of p190 and p62, only occurs at the permissive temperature in cells expressing the temperature-sensitive mutant.
Thermal effects in laser-assisted pre-embryo zona drilling (2001)

Diode lasers 1480 nm are used with in vitro fertilization to dissect the zona pellucida (shell) of pre-embryos. A focused laser beam is applied in vitro to form a channel or trench in the zona pellucida. The procedure is used to facilitate biopsy or as a promoter of embryo hatching. We present examples and measurements of zona pellucida ablation using animal models. In using the laser it is vital not to damage pre-embryo cells, e.g., by overheating. In order to define safe regimes we have derived some thermal side effects of zona pellucida removal. The temperature profile in the beam and vicinity is predicted as function of laser pulse duration and power. In a crossedbeam experiment a HeNe laser probe is used to detect the temperature-induced change in the refractive index of an aqueous solution, and estimate local thermal gradient. We find that the diode laser beam produces superheated water approaching 200C on the beam axis. Thermal histories during and following the laser pulse are given for regions in the neighborhood of the beam. We conclude that an optimum regime exists with pulse duration 5 ms and laser power 100 mW.