gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Material development of SIMOX with a thin box (2002)

It is well established that CMOS SOI technology provides improved device and circuit performance compared to bulk silicon. Extremely fast ring oscillators with delay time as low as 20 ps at 1.5 V and operating at room temperature have been demonstrated on SIMOX material. The standard SIMOX contains a thin SOI layer of 1800 /spl Aring/ and a buried oxide (BOX) of 3800 /spl Aring/. It appears from the simulation data that an optimum fully depleted SOI device may require a BOX of /spl lsim/2000 /spl Aring/ for two reasons: (i) to allow field lines to penetrate through the BOX and (ii) to minimize superficial Si heating. The SIMOX material development for the present investigation is therefore aimed at optimizing implant/annealing conditions which provide a thin BOX (/spl lsim/2000 /spl Aring/) and lower defects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The 2020 National Snow Load Study (2021)

The United States has a rich history of snow load studies at the state and national level. The current ASCE 7 snow loads are based on studies performed at the Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) ca. 1980 and updated ca. 1993. The map includes large regions where a site-specific case study is required to establish the load. Many state reports attempt to address the "case-study regions" designated in the current ASCE 7 design snow load requirements. The independently developed state-specific requirements vary in approach, which can lead to discrepancies in requirements at state boundaries. In addition, there has been great interest to develop site-specific reliability-targeted loads that replace the current load and importance factors applied to 50-year snow load events as defined in ASCE 7-16. This interest stems from the fact that the relative variability in extreme snow load events is not constant across the country, leading to a non-constant probability of failure for a given design scenario. This report describes the creation of a modern, universal, and reproducible approach for estimating reliability-targeted design ground snow loads for the conterminous United States. This new approach significantly reduces the size of case-study regions as currently designated in ASCE 7-16 and resolves discrepancies in design snow load requirements that currently exist along western state boundaries.
Cytotoxicity and Mode of Action of Four Naturally Occuring Flavonoids from the Genus<i>Dorstenia</i>: Gancaonin Q, 4-Hydroxylonchocarpin, 6-Prenylapigenin, and 6,8-Diprenyleriodictyol (2011)

Several flavonoid-like compounds were found to possess good antiproliferative properties. Herein, we examined the ability of four naturally occuring and biologically active flavonoids from the genus Dorstenia, gancaonin Q (1), 6-prenylapigenin (2), 6,8-diprenyleriodictyol (3), and 4-hydroxylonchocarpin ( 4), to inhibit the proliferation of a panel of fourteen cancer cell lines including leukemia and solid cancer cells, as well as AML12 normal hepatocytes. The study was extended to the analysis of cell cycle distribution, apoptosis induction, and caspase 3/7 activity and the antiangiogenic properties of the four compounds. The results of the cytotoxicity assays showed that more than 50 % inhibition of proliferation was obtained with compound 1 on all the fourteen studied cancer cell lines, with IC (50) values below 20 µg/mL. Compounds 2, 4, and 3 showed selective activity, with IC (50) values below 20 µg/mL being noted on 57.15 %, 71.42 %, and 85.71 % of the fourteen cancer cell lines, respectively. None of the compounds exhibited more than 50 % inhibition against AML12 normal hepatocytes cells at 20 µg/mL. IC (50) values below or around 4 µg/mL were recorded on 28.57 % of the tested cell lines for both compound 1 and 4 and 21.43 % for compound 3, which appeared to be the best cytotoxic compounds. This study indicates that caspase 3/7 activation is one of the modes of induction of apoptosis for compounds 1, 3, and 4 in CCRF-CEM cells. The results of the antiangiogenic assay indicated that compounds 1, 3, and 4 were also able to inhibit the growth of blood capillaries on the chorioallantoic membrane of quail eggs, the best effect being noted for compound 4 (54.1 % inhibition). The results of the present work provide evidence of the cytotoxic potential of the four studied flavonoids and supportive data for further investigations.
Horizontal and vertical propagation and dissipation of gravity waves in the thermosphere from lower atmospheric and thermospheric sources (2007)

The dissipation of high‐frequency gravity waves (GWs) in the thermosphere is primarily due to kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity. Recently, an anelastic GW dispersion relation was derived which includes the damping effects of kinematic viscosity and thermal diffusivity in the thermosphere and which is valid before and during dissipation. Using a ray trace model which incorporates this new dispersion relation, we explore many GW properties that result from this dispersion relation for a wide range of thermospheric temperatures. We calculate the dissipation altitudes, horizontal distances traveled, times taken, and maximum vertical wavelengths prior to dissipation in the thermosphere for a wide range of upward‐propagating GWs that originate in the lower atmosphere and at several altitudes in the thermosphere. We show that the vertical wavelengths of dissipating GWs, λ z ( z diss ), increases exponentially with altitude, although with a smaller slope for z > 200 km. We also show how the horizontal wavelength, λ H , and wave period spectra change with altitude for dissipating GWs. We find that a new dissipation condition can predict our results for λ z ( z diss ) very well up to altitudes of ∼500 km. We also find that a GW spectrum excited from convection shifts to increasingly larger λ z and λ H with altitude in the thermosphere that are not characteristic of the initial convective scales. Additionally, a lower thermospheric shear shifts this spectrum to even larger λ z , consistent with observations. Finally, we show that our results agree well with observations.
Interaction of clathrin with liposomes: pH‐dependent fusion of phospholipid membranes induced by clathrin (1985)

Clathrin, dissociated from coated vesicles of bovine brain and purified by gel chromatography, was found to interact with the lipid bilayer as shown by the spontaneous release of encapsulated fluorescent dye in liposome. Clathrin-induced dye release was enhanced at acidic pH in phosphatidylserine-containing vesicles. A strong correlation between dye release and fusion of liposomes was observed. In general, when there was a fast release of encapsulated dye induced by clathrin, a pH-dependent, clathrin-induced fusion was observed. Clathrin did not induce either dye release or fusion of egg phosphatidylcholine liposomes. The self-association of clathrin at low pH diminished the fusogenic activity. Fusion induced by clathrin at low pH could be stopped at pH above 5.0 and resumed by lowering the pH below 5.0. This suggests that the interaction of clathrin with phospholipid membranes can be regulated by pH.
The Replacement of Phosphates in Detergents—Possibilities and Limits (1975)

Abstract Elimination of phosphates from detergents alone, is insufficient to solve the eutrophication problem. Nevertheless, the endeavors of the detergent industry are aimed at finding phosphate subsitutes. Novel approaches for at least a partial replacement of detergent phosphates have been found by using water‐soluble organic complexing agents as well as heterogeneous organic or inorganic ion exchangers. So far, a large‐scale replacement is not possible. It is not justifiable until all technical requirements are met with and safety with regard to man, animals, plants and drinking water has been established.
Predominant variable region gene usage by gamma/delta T cell receptor-bearing cells in the adult thymus. (1988)

Previous studies have indicated that the diversity of gamma genes expressed by gamma/delta-bearing murine T cells is limited, but comparable information concerning the expressed diversity of delta genes is lacking. In this study, we have investigated the rearrangement and expression of delta and gamma genes in T cell hybridomas that express gamma/delta T cell receptors. Three productive delta chain cDNA clones were isolated (delta 7.3, delta 7.1, and delta 2.3) that encode new variable region sequences. Two of the delta cDNAs differ significantly from those observed in the V alpha repertoire. In addition, one cDNA expressed a new J delta region (J delta 2), which was localized between J delta 1 and C delta genes. Using these and other delta gene probes and gamma gene probes, we found that five independent hybridomas expressed four different V delta s and three different V gamma s. However, analysis of an enriched population of gamma/delta-expressing cells from the adult thymus suggests that only a few V delta genes and one V gamma gene are used by the majority of the cells. These results suggest that important components of receptor chain that contribute to specificity (i.e., the germline V gene sequences) are relatively nondiverse in the thymic gamma/delta population.
Atlas of Fluorescein Angiography (1993)

Part 1 Basics and Techniques of Fluorescein Angiography: Basics of Fluorescein Angiography: Practical Aspects of Fundus Photography and Fluorescein Angiography. Part 2 Fluorescein Angiography. Normal Transit Interpretation. Clinical and Physiological Considerations in the Macula: Normal Fluorescein Transit: Interpretation of Fluorescein Angiography. Part 3 Diseases Affecting the RPE and Choroid: Central Serous Retinopathy and RPE Decompensation: Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Degenerative Myopia: Presumed Ocular Histoplasmosis: Angioid Streaks: Toxocara Canis: Syphilitic Chorioretinitis: Rubella Retinitis: Multi-Focal Inner Choroidopathy: Multiple Evanescent White Dot Syndrome: Birdshot Retinochoroidopathy: Acute Macular Neuroretinopathy: Diffuse Pigment Epithelitis: Stargardt's Disease and Fundus Flavimaculatus: Progressive Cone Dystrophy: Choroideremia: Vitelliform Dystrophy: Adult-Onset Vitelliform Dystrophy: Retinitis Pigmentosa: Paravenous Chorioretinal Atrophy: Chloroquine Retinopathy: Thioridazine Retinopathy: Solar Maculopathy: Choroidal Folds: Traumatic Choroidal Rupture. Part 4 Diseases of the Retina and Vitreoretinal Interface: Preretinal Macular Fibrosis: Macular Holes and Cysts: Cystoid Macular Edema: Branch Vein Occlusion: Central Vein Occlusion: Retinal Arterial Macroaneurysms: Arterial Occlusions: Diabetic Retinopathy: Idiopathic Parafoveal Telangiectasis: Chronic Retinal Vasculitis: Toxoplasmosis Retinochoroiditis: Peripheral Uveitis: Radiation Retinopathy: Congenital Retinoschisis. Part 5 Intraocular Tumours: Choroidal Nevus: Choroidal Melanoma: Choroidal Metastasis: Choroidal Hemangioma: Choroidal Osteoma: Retinal Angioma: Papillary Exophytic Capillary Heman.
Asymmetric calysis of carbonyl-ene reactions and related carbon-carbon bond forming reactions (1996)

Abstract
Ultrasonic Testing System Based on Virtual Instrument (2010)

A new multi-channel virtual ultrasonic testing system which consists of PC cards, focus probes and machine system is proposed. Using this system the A, B, C scan, data processing and quantitative analysis can be realized. In addition, computer technology, virtual instrument, signal and image process technology are introduced to ultrasonic nondestructive testing and the range of application of traditional ultrasonic testing is hence extended. The characters of our system are as follows: test efficiency, high precision, and easy parameters adjustment.
New method for sound field reproduction (1989)

A new audio system which reproduces reflections of actual concert halls is presented. The system is based on the symmetrical six-point sound-field analysis method and a sound-field simulation method through convolution. The system reproduces realistic sound fields which cannot be reproduced by conventional stereo systems. A method for measuring hall reflections and a calculation method that displays reflections by an audio system in a listening room are described. The sound-field reproduction system based on the measurement and simulation results is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Urinalysis: a comprehensive review. (2005)

A complete urinalysis includes physical, chemical, and microscopic examinations. Midstream clean collection is acceptable in most situations, but the specimen should be examined within two hours of collection. Cloudy urine often is a result of precipitated phosphate crystals in alkaline urine, but pyuria also can be the cause. A strong odor may be the result of a concentrated specimen rather than a urinary tract infection. Dipstick urinalysis is convenient, but false-positive and false-negative results can occur. Specific gravity provides a reliable assessment of the patient's hydration status. Microhematuria has a range of causes, from benign to life threatening. Glomerular, renal, and urologic causes of microhematuria often can be differentiated by other elements of the urinalysis. Although transient proteinuria typically is a benign condition, persistent proteinuria requires further work-up. Uncomplicated urinary tract infections diagnosed by positive leukocyte esterase and nitrite tests can be treated without culture.
From an old remedy to a magic bullet: molecular mechanisms underlying the therapeutic effects of arsenic in fighting leukemia (2011)

Abstract Arsenic had been used in treating malignancies from the 18th to mid-20th century. In the past 3 decades, arsenic was revived and shown to be able to induce complete remission and to achieve, when combined with all-trans retinoic acid and chemotherapy, a 5-year overall survival of 90% in patients with acute promyelocytic leukemia driven by the t(15;17) translocation-generated promyelocytic leukemia–retinoic acid receptor α (PML-RARα) fusion. Molecularly, arsenic binds thiol residues and induces the formation of reactive oxygen species, thus affecting numerous signaling pathways. Interestingly, arsenic directly binds the C3HC4 zinc finger motif in the RBCC domain of PML and PML-RARα, induces their homodimerization and multimerization, and enhances their interaction with the SUMO E2 conjugase Ubc9, facilitating subsequent sumoylation/ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Arsenic-caused intermolecular disulfide formation in PML also contributes to PML-multimerization. All-trans retinoic acid, which targets PML-RARα for degradation through its RARα moiety, synergizes with arsenic in eliminating leukemia-initiating cells. Arsenic perturbs a number of proteins involved in other hematologic malignancies, including chronic myeloid leukemia and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma, whereby it may bring new therapeutic benefits. The successful revival of arsenic in acute promyelocytic leukemia, together with modern mechanistic studies, has thus allowed a new paradigm to emerge in translational medicine.
A Lipopolysaccharide- and β-1,3-Glucan-binding Protein from Hemocytes of the Freshwater Crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus (2000)

A lipopolysaccharide- and beta-1,3-glucan-binding protein (LGBP) was isolated and characterized from blood cells (hemocytes) of the freshwater crayfish Pacifastacus leniusculus. The LGBP was purified by chromatography on Blue-Sepharose and phenyl-Sepharose, followed by Sephacryl S-200. The LGBP has a molecular mass of 36 kDa and 40 kDa on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing and nonreducing conditions, respectively. The calculated mass of LGBP is 39,492 Da, which corresponds to the native size of LGBP; the estimated pI of the mature LGBP is 5.80. LGBP has binding activity to lipopolysaccharides as well as to beta-1,3-glucans such as laminarin and curdlan, but peptidoglycan could not bind to LGBP. Cloning and sequencing of LGBP showed significant homology with several putative Gram-negative bacteria-binding proteins and beta-1, 3-glucanases. Interestingly, LGBP also has a structure and functions similar to those of the coelomic cytolytic factor-1, a lipopolysaccharide- and glucan-binding protein from the earthworm Eisenia foetida. To evaluate the involvement of LGBP in the prophenoloxidase (proPO) activating system, a polyclonal antibody against LGBP was made and used for the inhibition of phenoloxidase (PO) activity triggered by the beta-1,3-glucan laminarin in the hemocyte lysate of crayfish. The PO activity was blocked completely by the anti-LGBP antibody. Moreover, the PO activity could be recovered by the addition of purified LGBP. These results suggest that the 36-kDa LGBP plays a role in the activation of the proPO activating system in crayfish and thus seems to play an important role in the innate immune system of crayfish.
Processing Architecture for High Count Rate Spectrometry with NaI(Tl) Detector (2008)

In this paper, implementation of the high count rate gamma-ray spectrometric system with Nal(Tl) detector is presented. The system supports count rates up to 4.2-10 pulses/s. The main focus of the paper is on implementation of algorithms for detection and correction of a pileup effect that is common at high count rates. The system is implemented on an FPGA platform and it is tested and verified using <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">228</sup> Th in presence of <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">137</sup> Cs. Experimental results show that the system is capable of reducing pileup effects and improving resolution of the energy spectrum.
Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook (2000)

Microstrip Radiators: Various Microstrip Antenna Configurations. Feeding Techniques and Modeling. Applications. Radiation Field. Surface Waves and Photonic Band-Gap Structures. Analytical Models for Microstrip Antennas: Transmission Line Model. Cavity Model. Generalized Cavity Model. Multi-port Network Model (MNM). Radiation Fields. Aperture Admittance. Mutual Admittance. Model for Coaxial Probe in Microstrip Antennas. Comparison of Analytical Models. Full-Wave Analysis of Microstrip Antennas: Spectral Domain Full-Wave Analysis. Mixed-Potential Integral Equation Analysis. Finite-Difference Time Domain Analysis.Rectangular Microstrip Antenna: Models for Rectangular Patch Antenna. Design Considerations for Rectangular Patch Antennas. Tolerance Analysis of Rectangular Microstrip Antennas. Mechanical Tuning of Patch Antennas. Quarter-wave Rectangular Patch Antenna. Circular Disk and Ring Antennas: Analysis of a Circular Disk Microstrip Antenna. Design Considerations for Circular Disk Antennas. Semicircular Disk and Circular Sector Microstrip Antennas. Comparison Of Rectangular And Circular Disk Microstrip Antennas. Circular Ring or Annular Ring Microstrip Antenna. Circular Sector Microstrip Ring Antenna. Microstrip Ring Antennas of Non-Circular Shapes. Dipoles and Triangular Patch Antennas: Microstrip Dipole and Center-Fed Dipoles. Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna. Design of an Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna. Microstrip Slot Antennas: Microstrip-Fed Rectangular Slot Antennas. CPW-Fed Slot Antennas. Annular Slot Antennas. Tapered Slot Antennas (TSA). Comparison of Slot Antennas with Microstrip Antennas. Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas and Techniques: Various Types of Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas. Singly-Fed Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas. Dual-Orthagonal Feed Circularly Polarized Microstrip Antennas. Circularly Polarized Traveling-Wave Microstrip-Line Arrays. Bandwidth Enhancement Techniques. Sequentially Rotated Arrays. Broad-Banding of Microstrip Antennas: Effect of Substrate Parameters on Bandwidth. Selection of Suitable Patch Shape. Selection of Suitable Feeding Technique. Multi-Moding Techniques. Other Broadbanding Techniques. Multifrequency Operation. Loaded Microstrip Antennas and Applications: Polarization Diversity Using Microstrip Antennas. Frequency Agile Microstrip Antennas. Radiation Pattern Control of Microstrip Antennas. Loading Effect of a Short. Compact Patch Antennas. Planar Inverted F Antenna. Dual-Frequency Microstrip Antennas. Dual-Frequency Compact Microstrip Antennas. Active Integrated Microstrip Antennas: Classification of Active Integrated Microstrip Antennas. Theory and Design of Active Integrated Microstrip Antenna Oscillators. Theory and Design of Active Integrated Microstrip Antenna Amplifiers. Frequency Conversion Active Integrated Microstrip Antenna Theory and Design. Design and Analysis of Microstrip Antenna Arrays: Parallel and Series Feed Systems. Mutual Coupling. Design of Linear Arrays. Design of Planar Arrays. Monolithic Integrated Phased Arrays.
A topology survey of single-stage power factor corrector with a boost type input-current-shaper (2002)

A topological review of the single stage power factor corrected (PFC) rectifiers is presented in this paper. Most of reported single-stage PFC rectifiers cascade a boost type converter with a forward or a flyback DC-DC converter so that input current shaping, isolation, and fast output voltage regulation are performed in one single stage. The cost and performance of a single-stage PFC converters depend greatly on how its input current shaper (ICS) and the DC-DC converter are integrated together. For the cascade connected single-stage PFC rectifiers, the energy storage capacitor is found in either series or parallel path of energy flow. The second group appears to represent the main stream. Therefore, the focus of this paper is on this group. It is found that many of these topologies can be implemented by combining a 2-terminal or 3-terminal boost ICS cell with DC-DC converter along with an energy storage capacitor in between. A general rule is observed that translates a 3-terminal ICS cell to a 2-terminal ICS cell using an additional winding from the transformer and vice versa. According to the translation rule, many of reported single-stage PFC topologies can be viewed as electrically equivalent to one another. Several new PFC converters were derived from some existing topologies using the translation rule.
Cheating on Tests (1999)

This is the first book to offer a comprehensive look at the problem of cheating on assessments (tests) across all levels of the American educational system. It is organized around seven major objectives that identify this problem by: 1. introducing and defining the problem of cheating and documenting the extent of its occurrence; 2. cataloging and presenting information on the methods used to cheat on tests; 3. providing information on methods useful for preventing cheating; 4. describing methods used to detect cheating once it has occurred; 5. synthesizing what is known about predispositions, correlates, and cultural differences in cheating; 6. summarizing legal issues related to cheating; and 7. illustrating ways in which individuals and institutions respond to cheating. Cheating on Tests is informally written using a minimum of professional jargon and numerous anecdotes and cases. Technical information is largely confined to end-of-book appendices. It will appeal to all serious stakeholders in our educational system from parents and school board members to professionals directly connected to our schools and the testing industry.