gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene expression studies in cultured dendritic cells: new indicators for the discrimination of skin sensitizers and irritants <i>in vitro</i> (2009)

Here we show that our test system based on an immune-specific microarray is suitable for the discrimination of strong allergens and irritants. Genes detected as differentially expressed with the whole-genome array and previously not connected to the maturation process of DCs might be suitable candidate genes for the identification of weaker sensitizers.
The total synthesis of vitamin B12 (1973)

The final stages in the total synthesis of vitamin B12 are reported. It was particularly appropriate, I think, and most pleasant for us this morning to see the splendid film provided by our Russian friends, in which the very successful Symposium at Riga was enshrined for posterity. Appropriate in the sense, from my own point of view, that I did report there at Riga, on the progress we had made up until that time, namely, the summer of 1970, in the joint programme, which had as one of its objectives the synthesis of vitamin —a programme carried out collaboratively by myself and Professor Eschenmoser at the Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule in Zurich, with of course our colleagues in Cambridge and Zurich. We have worked very closely and intimately together in this project, and it is an achievement—such as it may be—of the two groups together. So, anything I say this afternoon—or what is left of the morning and this afternoon—I am saying for Professor Eschenmoser and his colleagues as well as for myself and my colleagues in Cambridge.
Aldose reductase and its inhibition in the control of diabetic complications. (1993)

Aldose reductase is a rate limiting enzyme in the polyol pathway associated with the conversion of glucose to sorbitol. The enzyme is located in the eye (cornea, retina, lens), kidney, myelin sheath, and also in other tissues less involved in diabetic complications. Experiments in diabetic animals have implicated sorbitol accumulation in the lens to the development of cataracts. The use of inhibitors of aldose reductase in animal studies has demonstrated that diabetic complications such as cataracts, nephropathy, and slowing of nerve conduction can be ameliorated. While an osmotic effect can explain the physical changes in the lens leading to cataract formation, the effect of sorbitol accumulation in other tissues and the resulting diabetic complications has been linked to the depletion of myoinositol content resulting in a derangement of sodium-potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity. Since glucose and other hexoses are poor substrates for aldose reductase, it is only in hyperglycemia when the enzyme hexokinase is saturated that aldose reductase is activated, leading to accumulation of sorbitol. The kinetics of inhibition of aldose reductase by a variety of inhibitors has been delineated. The dose required varies from inhibitor to inhibitor and is consistent with their inhibition constants. Toxicity is a consideration in the use of some of the inhibitors, as was demonstrated with sorbinil which caused hypersensitivity reactions in 10 percent of patients. Other inhibitors such as tolerant have shown efficacy and are under clinical investigation. Interpretation of results obtained with aldose reductase inhibitor therapy in human subjects suggest that these inhibitors are effective at early stages of diabetic complications.
Role of the C terminus of the glucocorticoid receptor in hormone binding and agonist/antagonist discrimination. (1996)

The glucocorticoid receptor (GR) is a hormone-inducible intracellular modulator of specific gene transcription. Both glucocorticoids and progestins bind to the GR, and some progestins are able to activate the receptor. We have characterized a mutation of the mouse GR that restricts transcriptional activation, but not hormone binding, to glucocorticoids. This mutation, Y77ON, is located 13 amino acids from the C terminus of the mouse GR and helps define a region of the receptor that is important for transcriptional specificity. To further characterize this region of the GR, we have constructed a series of chimeric receptors between the glucocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors. We find that the C-terminal 14 amino acids of the GR can be replaced by the equivalent region of the progesterone or androgen receptors with little alteration in either hormone-binding specificity or transcriptional response to agonists and antagonists. The region is required for hormone binding, however, since C-terminal deletions yield inactive receptors. We conclude that even though mutation of the C-terminal 14 amino acids of the GR can lead to alterations in hormone binding specificity and agonist potential, the differential hormone-binding capacities of the glucocorticoid, progesterone, and androgen receptors are not encoded in this region.
Hybrid control system for microvibration isolation (2002)

This paper proposes a hybrid-type system for microvibration isolation. The hybrid system is composed of a passive spring-damper system which reduces vibrations of high-frequency area and an active one which reduces those of low-frequency area.
An adaptive finite-element method for image representation (2003)

A multiresolution image representation is proposed as a basis for constructing an approximation to an original image. The method is based on adaptive finite elements, a technique used in applied mathematics to solve numerically partial differential equations while preserving important features of the solution at different scales. Theory and experiments suggest that adaptive finite elements is a natural and computationally-powerful approach to image approximation problems. The particular representation is based on hierarchical finite elements. A multiresolution algorithm computes the solution to the approximation problem in O(N) time on a sequential machine and in O(logN) time on a single-instruction, multiple-data, fine-grain parallel architecture, where N is the number of pixels in the image. Applications to the problems of image compression and restoration are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of tolazoline hydrochloride on sputum viscosity in cystic fibrosis (1970)

Comparisons have been made between the effects of autonomic dysfunction and the pathophysiological changes in the exocrine secretions from patients with cystic fibrosis (Roberts, 1959). Cotton (1966) found that administration of tolazoline hydrochloride (an alpha-adrenergic blocker) to patients with cor pulmonale in the terminal stages of cystic fibrosis was associated with an improvement in the results of their lung function tests. This effect might have been due to an alteration of the abnormal viscosity of the bronchial mucus mediated via the autonomic nervous system, thus permitting easier expectoration. Measurement, by means of a Ferranti-Shirely cone and plate viscometer, of several different aspects of sputum viscosity is described. Tolazoline hydrochloride, administered to five patients with cystic fibrosis, was shown not to differ significantly from a placebo in its effect on sputum viscosity and dynamic lung volumes. We could not relate the improved lung function seen in Cotton9s series to an autonomic effect of the drug on the physical properties of bronchial mucus in this condition.
Forces, Moments, and Displacements During Thermal Chamber Cycling of Leadless Ceramic Chip Carriers Soldered to Printed Boards (1984)

Solder joints between ceramic chip carriers (CCC's) and printed wiring boards (PWB's) are likely to experience large thermal strains during operation in the field. Strains applied during accelerated temperature cycling have been shown to cause cracks in the solder and electrical failures (opens). The forces and moments exerted on the solder (and the resulting displacements) arc inferred from strain gage measurements of the in-plane deformation and bending of the PWB and the CCC. It is found that below room temperature, most of the expansion mismatch is accommodated by "bi-metallic strip" type bending of the PWB and the CCC. The change in bending during a temperature change from - 25°C to +35°C is consistent with the classical bi-metallic strip equation, given material properties from the literature. Above room temperature most of the mismatch is accommodated by shear in the solder. Upon repeated temperature cycling, there is a repeatable stress-strain hysteresis, which is attributed to plastic deformation in the solder. This deformation is lower for staggered tin pillar joints than for in-line 60/40 solder post joints. It is lower still when the PWB in-plane expansivity is constrained by copperclad invar (CCI) layers included in the stack-up. Using mechanical equilibrium conditions, we can calculate the force per joint and solder shear displacement. The force represents up to 35 percent of the ultimate force calculated from the ultimate shear strength.
Vanadium Dioxide: Metal-Insulator Transition, Electrical Switching and Oscillations. A Review of State of the Art and Recent Progress (2016)

Vanadium dioxide is currently considered as one of the most promising metarials for oxide elcteronics. Both planar and sandwich thin-film MOM devices based on VO2 exhibit electrical switching with an S-shaped I-V characteristic, and this switching effect is associated with the metal-insulator transition (MIT). In an electrical circuit containing such a switching device, relaxation oscillations are observed if the load line intersects the I-V curve at a unique point in NDR region. All these effects are potentially prospective for designing various devices of oxide electronics, particularly, elements of dynamical neural networks based on coupled oscillators.
Efficient transmission mechanisms for waveguides with 90° bends in pillar photonic crystals (2005)

Transmission mechanisms for simple 90° bends in waveguides in photonic crystals consisting of a square lattice of pillars (pillar PCs) were investigated. We utilized the fact that the electromagnetic field of a guided wave is characterized by two predominant plane-wave components. It was revealed by theoretical analyses that, if kd is the wave vector of those plane-wave components, a guided wave with a Bloch wave vector k can efficiently propagate through a 90° waveguide bend when ∣k∕kd∣=1/√¯2. Under this wave-vector condition, a single plane-wave component of a guided wave carries nearly all the electromagnetic power through the waveguide bend. Impedance matching at the waveguide bend is also established by that power-carrying plane-wave component. It was demonstrated, using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulation, that a simple 90° bend of a waveguide in a pillar-PC slab efficiently transmitted a guided wave under that wave-vector condition.
Dynamic evolution of translation initiation mechanisms in prokaryotes (2010)

It is generally believed that prokaryotic translation is initiated by the interaction between the Shine-Dalgarno (SD) sequence in the 5' UTR of an mRNA and the anti-SD sequence in the 3' end of a 16S ribosomal RNA. However, there are two exceptional mechanisms, which do not require the SD sequence for translation initiation: one is mediated by a ribosomal protein S1 (RPS1) and the other used leaderless mRNA that lacks its 5' UTR. To understand the evolutionary changes of the mechanisms of translation initiation, we examined how universal the SD sequence is as an effective initiator for translation among prokaryotes. We identified the SD sequence from 277 species (249 eubacteria and 28 archaebacteria). We also devised an SD index that is a proportion of SD-containing genes in which the differences of GC contents are taken into account. We found that the SD indices varied among prokaryotic species, but were similar within each phylum. Although the anti-SD sequence is conserved among species, loss of the SD sequence seems to have occurred multiple times, independently, in different phyla. For those phyla, RPS1-mediated or leaderless mRNA-used mechanisms of translation initiation are considered to be working to a greater extent. Moreover, we also found that some species, such as Cyanobacteria, may acquire new mechanisms of translation initiation. Our findings indicate that, although translation initiation is indispensable for all protein-coding genes in the genome of every species, its mechanisms have dynamically changed during evolution.
Shadow Detection and Reconstruction in High-Resolution Satellite Images via Morphological Filtering and Example-Based Learning (2013)

The shadows in high-resolution satellite images are usually caused by the constraints of imaging conditions and the existence of high-rise objects, and this is particularly so in urban areas. To alleviate the shadow effects in high-resolution images for their further applications, this paper proposes a novel shadow detection algorithm based on the morphological filtering and a novel shadow reconstruction algorithm based on the example learning method. In the shadow detection stage, an initial shadow mask is generated by the thresholding method, and then, the noise and wrong shadow regions are removed by the morphological filtering method. The shadow reconstruction stage consists of two phases: the example-based learning phase and the inference phase. During the example-based learning phase, the shadow and the corresponding nonshadow pixels are first manually sampled from the study scene, and then, these samples form a shadow library and a nonshadow library, which are correlated by a Markov random field (MRF). During the inference phase, the underlying land-cover pixels are reconstructed from the corresponding shadow pixels by adopting the Bayesian belief propagation algorithm to solve the MRF. Experimental results on QuickBird and WorldView-2 satellite images have demonstrated that the proposed shadow detection algorithm can generate accurate and continuous shadow masks and also that the estimated nonshadow regions from the proposed shadow reconstruction algorithm are highly compatible with their surrounding nonshadow regions. Finally, we examine the effects of the reconstructed image on the application of classification by comparing the classification maps of images before and after shadow reconstruction.
Calibration of a wide‐field frequency‐domain fluorescence lifetime microscopy system using light emitting diodes as light sources (2006)

High brightness light emitting diodes are an inexpensive and versatile light source for wide-field frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy. In this paper a full calibration of an LED based fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system is presented for the first time. A radio-frequency generator was used for simultaneous modulation of light emitting diode (LED) intensity and the gain of an intensified charge coupled device (CCD) camera. A homodyne detection scheme was employed to measure the demodulation and phase shift of the emitted fluorescence, from which phase and modulation lifetimes were determined at each image pixel. The system was characterized both in terms of its sensitivity to measure short lifetimes (500 ps to 4 ns), and its capability to distinguish image features with small lifetime differences. Calibration measurements were performed in quenched solutions containing Rhodamine 6G dye and the results compared to several independent measurements performed with other measurement methodologies, including time correlated single photon counting, time gated detection, and acousto optical modulator (AOM) based modulation of excitation sources. Results are presented from measurements and simulations. The effects of limited signal-to-noise ratios, baseline drifts and calibration errors are discussed in detail. The implications of limited modulation bandwidth of high brightness, large area LED devices ( approximately 40 MHz for devices used here) are presented. The results show that phase lifetime measurements are robust down to sub ns levels, whereas modulation lifetimes are prone to errors even at large signal-to-noise ratios. Strategies for optimizing measurement fidelity are discussed. Application of the fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy system is illustrated with examples from studies of molecular mixing in microfluidic devices and targeted drug delivery research.
A new VOX technique for reducing noise in voice communication systems (1974)

A VOX technique for reducing noise in voice communication systems is described which is based on the separation of voice signals into contiguous frequency-band components with the aid of an adaptive VOX in each band. It is shown that this processing scheme can effectively reduce both wideband and narrowband quasi-periodic noise since the threshold levels readjust themselves to suppress noise that exceeds speech components in each band. Results are reported for tests of the adaptive VOX, and it is noted that improvements can still be made in such areas as the elimination of noise pulses, phoneme reproduction at high-noise levels, and the elimination of distortion introduced by phase delay.
Low conversion ratio VRM design (2003)

This paper discusses the design considerations for low conversion ratio voltage regulation modules (VRMs) for the next generation of microprocessors, focusing on the handling of large, high-slew-rate current transients. A DC-DC power converter topology which deploys an inductive clamp to handle the unloading transients, while operating at a modest switching frequency, low current ripple and low power dissipation, is discussed. The clamp response is analyzed, and simulation results for a 1 MHz, 100 A, 12-to-1 V VRM are presented.
Hysteretic Magnetic Bistability Based on a Molecular Azide Switch (2005)

Like a molecular toggle switch, the bridging azide ion in a highly preorganized dinickel(II) complex turns strong antiferromagnetic coupling on or off (see picture). Single crystals of the compound stay intact over the entire temperature range studied and feature hysteretic bistability not far from ambient temperature.
Simultaneous targeting of the androgen receptor and PI3K/mTOR pathway in androgen-dependent and androgen-independent prostate cancer cells. (2010)

e15049 Background: The progression of prostate cancer (PC) has been correlated to the gain of function of the androgen receptor (AR) and constitutive activation of Akt as a result of deregulation of the PTEN/PI3K/mTOR pathway. We postulate that simultaneous targeting of these pathways might be more effective than single inhibitors in decreasing AR activity and tumor growth in non-castrate and castration-resistant PC (CRPC). Methods: Androgen-dependent and -independent LNCaP cells (AD, AI) and Rv1 cells were treated with the dual PI3K/mTor inhibitor BEZ235 (Novartis), the PI3K inhibitor BKM120 (Novartis), rapamycin alone and each in combination with bicalutamide. Growth was measured by MTT assay, p-Akt, p-S6K and AR levels by Western, and AR transcriptional activity by PSA and CDC20 mRNA quantification by QT- PCR. Results: The IC50 for AD, AI and Rv1 after 72h treatment with BEZ235 were 2.16, 5.7 and 1.6 nM respectively; with BKM120 0.52, 0.48 and 0.8 μM respectively and with rapamycin 0.6, 1.8 and 1.6nM. The IC50 of BEZ235-bicalutamide were 1.04, 4.4 and 1.1nM; for BKM120-bicalutamide 0.33, 0.3 and 0.26 μM and for rapamycin-bicalutamide were 0.7, 0.25 and 85nM. Isobolograms confirmed the three combinations excepting rapamycin-bicalutamide in Rv1cells were synergistic in all cell lines and the IC50 for bicalutamide in AI and Rv1 cells reached the IC50 of AD cells (12.5 μM). At 24 hours BEZ235 inhibited Akt and S6K phosphorylation in all the cell lines more effectively than the BKM120 while rapamycin and bicalutamide increased p-Akt. However, while AR protein levels were only decreased after bicalutamide treatment of AD cells, the transcription of PSA and CDC20 were more significantly reduced by BEZ235 than BKM120. Conclusions: Combinations of bicalutamide with dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitors is synergistic and more effective in suppressing Akt activation than combinations with single PI3K or mTOR inhibitors. This suggests that blocking Akt activation by dual inhibitors and the ligand binding to AR might be more effective to reduce its gain of function, and may restore hormonal response in CRPC or circumvent the need for castration in recurrent PC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
High-performance polymer optical fiber lasers and amplifiers (2000)

We report on the lasing action of the graded-index polymer optical fibers containing dyes, such as Rhodamine B, Rhodamine 6G, Perylene Orange, and Pyrromethene 567. These dyes have been incorporated into poly(methyl methacrylate- co-2-hydroxythyl methacrylate). These fibers were transversely pumped at 532 nm with a frequency-doubled Q- switched Nd:YAG laser. Slope efficiency of 24 percent and output of 1.2 mJ were obtained with a Rhodamine 6G-doped fiber. A lifetime of 200,000 pulses at 10 Hz was achieved with a Rhodamine B-doped fiber. GI POF containing a Nd- chelate have also been fabricated. The absorption spectrum of the fiber exhbit3ed several strong bands in the visible and IR regions. We have observed IR fluorescence of the Nd<SUP>3+</SUP> ion of the fiber at room temperature when it was pumped with an Ar<SUP>+</SUP>-pumped dye laser at 580 nm. The Judd-Ofelt theory was applied to the absorption spectrum of Nd<SUP>3+</SUP> in polymer to determine the Judd-Ofelt parameters. From the theory, various radiative properties, such as transition probability, branching ratio, and emission cross section for various emission levels, have been determined and reported.
A reliable &#x2014; double edged strategy for HLR mobility database failure detection and recovery in PCS networks (2009)

Since the main objective of PCS networks is to provide “anytime-anywhere” cellular service, the existence of lost calls has become the major problem that hardly degrades the performance of such networks. A lost call arises when the location information of mobile users stored in Home Location Register (HLR) mobility database is corrupted or outdated. In order to tackle this situation, it is becoming necessary to tolerate HLR failure by implementing efficient recovery schemes. Traditionally, HLR mobility database is periodically checkpointed. After failure, HLR database is restored by reloading the backup. However, checkpointing suffers from major two hurdles, which are; (i) choosing the optimal checkpointing interval is still a challenge, and (ii) backup information may be obsolete. This paper proposes a reliable HLR failure detection and recovery strategy built upon a double edged architecture of HLR mobility database. The main contribution is to introduce novel registration and call delivery schemes for PCS networks. The proposed strategy is fault tolerant as it examines the availability of both the main HLR of the system as well the backup (BC) continuously, then take the suitable actions to keep the system working with relatively no lost calls. On the other hand, our architecture is double edged as both HLR and BC are employed in the system operation all the time. Experimental results have shown that the proposed failure detection and recovery strategy outperforms traditional checkpointing techniques as it introduces better performance with relatively no lost calls.