gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mobile Commerce (2003)

Advances in wireless technology increase the number of mobile device users and give pace to the rapid development of e-commerce using these devices. The new type of e-commerce, conducting transactions via mobile terminals, is called mobile commerce. Due to its inherent characteristics such as ubiquity, personalization, flexibility, and dissemination, mobile commerce promises business unprecedented market potential, great productivity, and high profitability. This paper presents an overview of mobile commerce development by examining the enabling technologies, the impact of mobile commerce on the business world, and the implications to mobile commerce providers. The paper also provides an agenda for future research in the area.
Physiological Implications of Hydrogen Sulfide: A Whiff Exploration That Blossomed (2012)

The important life-supporting role of hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) has evolved from bacteria to plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, and finally to mammals. Over the centuries, however, H(2)S had only been known for its toxicity and environmental hazard. Physiological importance of H(2)S has been appreciated for about a decade. It started by the discovery of endogenous H(2)S production in mammalian cells and gained momentum by typifying this gasotransmitter with a variety of physiological functions. The H(2)S-catalyzing enzymes are differentially expressed in cardiovascular, neuronal, immune, renal, respiratory, gastrointestinal, reproductive, liver, and endocrine systems and affect the functions of these systems through the production of H(2)S. The physiological functions of H(2)S are mediated by different molecular targets, such as different ion channels and signaling proteins. Alternations of H(2)S metabolism lead to an array of pathological disturbances in the form of hypertension, atherosclerosis, heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, inflammation, sepsis, neurodegenerative disease, erectile dysfunction, and asthma, to name a few. Many new technologies have been developed to detect endogenous H(2)S production, and novel H(2)S-delivery compounds have been invented to aid therapeutic intervention of diseases related to abnormal H(2)S metabolism. While acknowledging the challenges ahead, research on H(2)S physiology and medicine is entering an exponential exploration era.
The Imatest program: comparing cameras with different amounts of sharpening (2006)

The <b><i>Imatest</i></b> program was developed to enable photographers and imaging system developers to conveniently measure the key image quality factors in cameras, lenses, and printers. For cameras and lenses these factors include sharpness (measured by MTF), noise, dynamic range, tonal response (OECF curve), color and exposure accuracy, lens distortion, light falloff (vignetting), and lateral chromatic aberration. For printers they include tonal response, Dmax (the maximum reproducible black density), color response, and color gamut. Although some measurements follow ISO standards, emphasis is on simple, convenient, and affordable measurements. We begin with an overview of <b><i>Imatest</i></b>, briefly describing each module. Then we focus on the issue of comparing cameras with different degrees of sharpening. Oversharpening, which is common in compact digital cameras, results "halos" near edges that make small prints look good but can be objectionable at large magnifications. It also results in exaggerated MTF measurements. Most digital single-lens reflex cameras (DSLRs) have little sharpening, putting them at a disadvantage in MTF comparisons. <b><i>Imatest</i></b> uses an algorithm called <i>standardized sharpening</i> that facilitates comparisons between cameras by adding or removing sharpening to make edge overshoot relatively consistent. The present algorithm adjusts the sharpening amount so that MTF at 0.3 times the Nyquist frequency is equal to MTF at low spatial frequencies. Determining the optimum sharpening radius <i>R</i> can be challenging because of the large variety of camera edge responses. We discuss considerations in selecting <i>R</i> and constraints on the sharpening amount that make it difficult to find a unique solution that fits all cameras-noisy compacts as well as low-noise digital SLRs.
Reactivity of Copper(II) Hydroxides and Copper(II) Alkoxides for Cleaving an Activated Phosphate Diester (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactivity of Copper(II) Hydroxides and Copper(II) Alkoxides for Cleaving an Activated Phosphate DiesterMary Jane Young, Daphne Wahnon, Rosemary C. Hynes, and Jik ChinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1995, 117, 37, 9441–9447Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00142a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00142a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views888Altmetric-Citations143LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (23)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
From Weakly Coordinating to Non<i>‐</i>Coordinating Anions? A Simple Preparation of the Silver Salt of the Least Coordinating Anion and Its Application To Determine the Ground State Structure of the Ag(η<sup>2</sup>‐P<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub><sup>+</sup> Cation (2004)

The unexpected but facile preparation of the silver salt of the least coordinating [(RO)3Al-F-Al(OR)3]- anion (R=C(CF3)3) by reaction of Ag[Al(OR)4] with one equivalent of PCl3 is described. The mechanism of the formation of Ag[(RO)3Al-F-Al(OR)3] is explained based on the available experimental data as well as on quantum chemical calculations with the inclusion of entropy and COSMO solvation enthalpies. The crystal structures of (RO)3Al<--OC4H8, Cs+[(RO)2(Me)Al-F-Al(Me)(OR)2]-, Ag(CH2Cl2)3+[(RO)3Al-F-Al(OR)3]- and Ag(eta2-P4)2+[(RO)3Al-F-Al(OR)3]- are described. From the collected data it will be shown that the [(RO)3Al-F-Al(OR)3]- anion is the least coordinating anion currently known. With respect to the fluoride ion affinity of two parent Lewis acids Al(OR)3 of 685 kJ mol(-1), the ligand affinity (441 kJ mol(-1)), the proton and copper decomposition reactions (-983 and -297 kJ mol(-1)) as well as HOMO level and HOMO-LUMO gap and in comparison with [Sb4F21]-, [Sb(OTeF5)6]-, [Al(OR)4]- as well as [B(R(F))4]- (R(F)=CF3 or C6F5) the [(RO)3Al-F-Al(OR)3]- anion is among the best weakly coordinating anions (WCAs) according to each value. In contrast to most of the other cited anions, the [(RO)3Al-F-Al(OR)3] anion is available by a simple preparation in conventional inorganic laboratories. The least coordinating character of this anion was employed to clarify the question of the ground state geometry of the Ag(eta2-P4)2+ cation (D(2h), D(2) or D(2d)?). In agreement with computational data and NMR spectra it could be shown that the rotation along the Ag-(P-P-centroid) vector has no barrier and that the structure adopted in the solid state depends on packing effects which lead to an almost D(2h) symmetric Ag(eta2-P4)2+ cation (0 to 10.6 degrees torsion) for the more symmetrical [Al(OR)4]- anion, but to a D2 symmetric Ag(eta2-P4)2+ cation with a 44 degrees twist angle of the two AgP2 planes for the less symmetrical [(RO)3Al-F-Al(OR)3]- anion. This implies that silver back bonding, suggested by quantum chemical population analyses to be of importance, is only weak.
What do Investors Look for in a Business Plan? (2004)

Most potential funders wish to see a business plan as a first step in deciding whether or not to invest. However, much of the literature on how to write a business plan fails to emphasize that different types of funder look at business plans from different perspectives. Using a real time methodology this article highlights the different investment criteria of bankers, venture capital fund managers and business angels. Bankers stress the financial aspects of the proposal and give little emphasis to market, entrepreneur or other issues. As equity investors, venture capital fund managers and business angels have a very different approach, emphasizing both market and finance issues. Business angels give more emphasis than venture capital fund managers to the entrepreneur and ‘investor fit’ considerations. The implication for entrepreneurs is that they must customize their business plan according to whether they are seeking funding from a bank, venture capital fund or business angel.
Postscript (1995)

Late-life depression is an immense public health problem for which research on treatment interventions is very much needed. Between 1950 and 1990, average longevity worldwide increased from 46.6 years to 64.7 years (United Nations, 1993). With this surge in the elderly population has come an increased prevalence of late-life depression and its sometimes severe consequences. Older people with depressive symptoms have a threefold increase in mortality (Ashby et al., 1991). As many as 15% to 25% of nursing home residents in the United States have major depression (NIH Consensus Development Panel, 1992), and between 50% and 80% of elderly people who commit suicide have major depression (Clark, 1991; Conwell et al., 1991; Finkel & Rosman, 1995).
Principles of Gas-Solid Flows (1998)

Gas-solid flows are involved in numerous industrial processes and occur in various natural phenomena. This authoritative book addresses the fundamental principles that govern gas-solid flows and the application of these principles to various gas-solid flow systems. The book is arranged in two parts: Part I deals with basic relationships and phenomena, including particle size and properties, collision mechanics, momentum transfer, heat and mass transfer, basic equations, and intrinsic phenomena in gas-solid flows. Part II discusses gas-solid flow systems of industrial interest such as gas-solid separators, hoppers and standpipes, dense-phase fluidised beds, fluidised beds, pneumatic conveying systems, and heat and mass transfer in fluidisation systems. As a comprehensive text on gas-solid flows, including end-of-chapter problems, this book is aimed at graduate students, but will also be useful to a broad range of engineers and applied scientists.
MBE-Regrown Ohmics in InAlN HEMTs With a Regrowth Interface Resistance of 0.05 $\Omega\cdot\hbox{mm}$ (2012)

Nonalloyed ohmic contacts regrown by molecular beam epitaxy were made on InAlN/AlN/GaN/SiC high-electron-mobility transistors (HEMTs). Transmission-line-method measurements were carried out from 4 K to 350 K. Although the total contact resistance is dominated by the <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{metal}/ \hbox{n}^{+}\hbox{-}\hbox{GaN}$</tex></formula> resistance ( <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\sim$</tex></formula> 0.16 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Omega\cdot\hbox{mm}$</tex></formula> ), the resistance induced by the interface between the regrown <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\hbox{n}^{+}$</tex></formula> GaN and HEMT channel is found to be 0.05–0.075 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Omega\cdot\hbox{mm}$</tex></formula> over the entire temperature window, indicating a minimal barrier for electron flow at the as-regrown interface. The quantum contact resistance theory suggests that the interface resistance can be further reduced to be <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$<$</tex></formula> 0.02 <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\Omega\cdot \hbox{mm}$</tex></formula> in GaN HEMTs.
Assessment of Clinical Validity of a Breast Cancer Risk Model Combining Genetic and Clinical Information (2010)

Combining validated common genetic risk factors with clinical risk factors resulted in modest improvement in classification of breast cancer risks in white non-Hispanic postmenopausal women. Classification performance was further improved by focusing on women at intermediate risk.
poRe: an R package for the visualization and analysis of nanopore sequencing data (2014)

poRe is released as a package for R at http://sourceforge.net/projects/rpore/. A tutorial and further information are available at https://sourceforge.net/p/rpore/wiki/Home/.
High predictive accuracy of an unbiased proteomic profile for sustained virologic response in chronic hepatitis C patients (2011)

Our preliminary data indicate that a serum-based protein signature can accurately predict treatment response to current SOC in most CHC patients.
Fractionation Analysis of the Subcellular Distribution of GLUT-4 in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes (2003)

In 1980, two groups simultaneously provided evidence of the existence of an intracellular pool of glucose transporters in rat adipocytes (1,2). We now know that facilitative glucose uptake occurs through a family of highly related integral membrane proteins that share significant sequence similarity. Of the established glucose transporter isoforms, GLUT-4 is highly expressed in adipose tissue and striated muscle (3). In the basal state, GLUT-4 cycles slowly between the plasma membrane and one or more intracellular compartments, with the vast majority of the transporter residing in vesicular compartments within the cell interior (4–6). Activation of the insulin receptor triggers a large increase in the rate of GLUT-4 vesicle exocytosis and a smaller decrease in the rate of internalization by endocytosis (7–10). The stimulation of exocytosis by insulin is probably the major step for GLUT-4 translocation because complete inhibition of GLUT-4 endocytosis only modestly increases plasma membrane-associated GLUT-4 protein without affecting the extent of insulin-stimulated GLUT-4 translocation (11–13). In contrast to GLUT-4, GLUT-1 is an intracellular and plasma membrane localized in the basal state and displays a modest insulin-stimulated redistribution to the plasma membrane. Thus, the overall insulin-dependent shift in the cellular dynamics of GLUT-4 vesicle trafficking results in a net increase of GLUT-4 on the cell surface, thereby increasing the rate of glucose uptake.
A Hybrid MQAM-LFSK OFDM Transceiver with Low PAPR (2006)

OFDM supports high data rate and generally requires no equalization at the receiver, making it simple and efficient. Besides its several benefits, it suffers from large peak-to-average-power ratio (PAPR) of the transmit signal, due to which its straightforward implementation becomes quite costly. There are several techniques to attack this problem. But, most of them are suited for specific applications or works with small number of subcarriers. Also, some need side information to be transmitted along with the signal to recover the signal properly. In this paper, a hybrid modulator is proposed that reduces PAPR while keeping the OFDM transceiver design simple, as it does not require any side information or a little side information to be sent and is efficient for arbitrary number of subcarriers. The results of the implementations are compared with conventional OFDM system as well as with other techniques like PTS
Using Triangularly Weighted Interpolation to Get 13Bit PCM from a SigmaDelta (2009)

We present and analyze a method of interpolation that improves the amplitude resolution of an analog-to-digital converter. The technique requires feedback around a quantizer that operates at high speed and digital accumulation of its quantized values to provide a PCM output. We show that use of appropriate weights in the accumulation has important advantages for providing finer resoution, less spectral distortion, and white quantization noise. The theoretical discussion is supplemented by the report of a practical converter designed especially to show up the strengths and weaknesses of the technique. This converter comprises a sigma-delta modulator operating at 8 MIIz and an accumulation of the 1-bit code with triangularly distributed weights. 13-bit resolution at 8 kwords/s is realized by periodically dumping the accumulation to the output. We present a practical method for overcoming a thresholding action that distorts low-amplitude input signals.
Prediction of the native conformation of a polypeptide by a statistical‐mechanical procedure. II. average backbone structure of enkephalin (1986)

Abstract The average conformation of Met‐enkephalin was determined by using an adaptive, importance‐sampling Monte Carlo algorithm (SMAPPS—Statistical Mechanical Algorithm for Predicting Protein Structure). In the calculation, only the backbone dihedral angles (ϕ and ψ) were allowed to vary; i.e., all side‐chain (χ) and peptide‐bond (ω) dihedral angles were kept fixed at the values corresponding to a low‐energy structure of the pentapeptide. The total conformational energy for each randomly generated structure of the polypeptide was obtained by summing over the interaction energies of all pairs of nonbonded atoms of the whole molecule. The interaction energies were computed by the program ECEPP/2 (Empirical Conformational Energy Program for Peptides). Solvent effects were not included in the computation. The calculation was repeated until a total of 10 independent average conformations were established. The regions of conformational space occupied by the average structures were compared with the regions of low conditional free energy obtained by SMAPPS in the first paper of this series. Such a comparison provides an analysis of the capacity of SMAPPS to adjust the Monte Carlo search to regions of highest probability. The results demonstrate that the ability of SMAPPS to focus the Monte Carlo search is excellent. Finally, the 10 independent average conformations and the mean of the 10 average structures were utilized as the initial conformations for a direct energy minimization of the pentapeptide. Of the 11 final energy‐minimized structures, three of the conformations were found to be equivalent to the conformation of lowest energy determined previously. In addition, all but two of the remaining energy‐minimized structures were found to correspond to one of the two other conformations of high probability obtained in the first paper of this series. These results indicate that a set of independent average conformations can provide a rational, unbiased choice for the initial conformation, to be used in a direct energy minimization of a polypeptide. The final energy‐minimized structures consequently constitute a set of low‐energy conformations, which include the global energy minimum.
Determination of Candida tropicalis acyl coenzyme A oxidase isozyme function by sequential gene disruption. (1991)

A recently developed transformation system has been used to facilitate the sequential disruption of the Candida tropicalis chromosomal POX4 and POX5 genes, encoding distinct isozymes of the acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) oxidase which catalyzes the first reaction in the beta-oxidation pathway. The URA3-based transformation system was repeatedly regenerated by restoring the uracil requirement to transformed strains, either through selection for spontaneous mutations or by directed deletion within the URA 3 coding sequence, to permit sequential gene disruptions within a single strain of C. tropicalis. These gene disruptions revealed the diploid nature of this alkane- and fatty acid-utilizing yeast by showing that it contains two copies of each gene. A comparison of mutants in which both POX4 or both POX5 genes were disrupted revealed that the two isozymes were differentially regulated and displayed unique substrate profiles and kinetic properties. POX4 was constitutively expressed during growth on glucose and was strongly induced by either dodecane or methyl laurate and to a greater extent than POX5, which was induced primarily by dodecane. The POX4-encoded isozyme demonstrated a broad substrate spectrum in comparison with the narrow-spectrum, long-chain oxidase encoded by POX5. The absence of detectable acyl-CoA oxidase activity in the strain in which all POX4 and POX5 genes had been disrupted confirmed that all functional acyl-CoA oxidase genes had been inactivated. This strain cannot utilize alkanes or fatty acids for growth, indicating that the beta-oxidation pathway has been functionally blocked.
The UlaG protein family defines novel structural and functional motifs grafted on an ancient RNase fold (2011)

Our results suggest that the forerunner of UlaG was present as an RNA metabolizing enzyme in the last common ancestor, and that the modern descendants of that ancestral gene have a wide phylogenetic distribution and functional roles. We propose that the UlaGL family evolved new metabolic roles among bacterial and possibly archeal phyla in the setting of a close association with metazoans, such as in the mammalian gastrointestinal tract or in animal and plant pathogens, as well as in environmental settings. Accordingly, the major evolutionary forces shaping the UlaGL family include vertical inheritance and lineage-specific duplication and acquisition of novel metabolic functions, followed by HGT and numerous lineage-specific gene loss events.
Development of a remote minimally-invasive surgical system with operational environment transmission capability (2004)

This paper describes a tele-endoscopic surgical system with force feedback capability. The system consists of multi-media cockpit, surgical site and communication link. The multimedia cockpit is equipped with force feedback type master manipulators, visual and auditory information presentation apparatuses, and foot switches. A slave manipulator with 3 arms is located at the surgical site; the left and right arms hold forceps or a radio knife and the center arm holds an endoscope. The slave manipulator has a special safety mechanism. Vital signs can be also transmitted to the cockpit. In the experiment, a cholecystectomy was successfully performed on a pig at the distance of 150 km.