gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Leptin receptor mRNA identifies a subpopulation of neuropeptide Y neurons activated by fasting in rat hypothalamus. (1999)

The decline of leptin (Ob protein) concentrations during fasting is implicated as a signal for increasing the expression of the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY) in the hypothalamus. To test the hypothesis that the effects of food intake on arcuate nucleus NPY activation are mediated by leptin, we performed simultaneous triple in situ hybridization colocalization studies to determine whether the subset of NPY neurons that are activated by fasting preferentially expresses the long form of the leptin receptor (Ob-Rb). Thus, mRNAs encoding NPY and pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) were colocalized in the arcuate nucleus of fed and fasted rats by fluorescence in situ hybridization in combination with isotopic in situ hybridization for Ob-Rb mRNA. In fed animals, 47% of arcuate nucleus neurons containing NPY mRNA also contained Ob-Rb mRNA, compared with 79% of POMC neurons (P < 0.01). After a 2-day fast, the number of arcuate nucleus neurons with NPY mRNA increased 50% (P < 0.05); the number of these that coexpressed Ob-Rb increased twofold (P = 0.013). Furthermore, Ob-Rb mRNA hybridization in individual NPY neurons increased by 64% (P < 0.02). In contrast, the number of POMC neurons that coexpressed Ob-Rb was unchanged. A significant interpretation of these findings is that the NPY neurons that do not express detectable levels of Ob-Rb mRNA are not activated by fasting, whereas the NPY neurons that are activated by fasting are the ones that express Ob-Rb. These data demonstrate a significant physiological difference between NPY neurons that express Ob-Rb and those that do not. The results support the conclusion that the effect of food intake on NPY neurons is mediated by the direct action of leptin via Ob-Rb receptors expressed by these NPY cells. The results also indicate that expression of Ob-Rb is a defining phenotypic characteristic of the subset of arcuate nucleus NPY neurons that are activated by fasting and play a central role in the adaptive response to negative energy balance.
PREDICTED AND OBSERVED BEHAVIOR OF A DEEP-SOIL-MIXING BRACED WALL (1993)

Soil-mixing technique has many applications and is gaining popularity in the construction industry. An experience wherein a braced deep-soil-mixing (DSM) wall 18.3 m (60 ft) deep was used for an 11.3-m excavation 11.3 m (37 ft) deep under difficult subsurface conditions is presented. Reinforcing beams were installed inside the overlapping DSM columns, which made up a continuous retaining wall. Two levels of bracing struts at depths of 3 and 7.6 m (10 and 25 ft) were used for the complete excavation. Preconstruction prediction of the wall deflection was obtained using a beam-column computer solution, BMCOL76. Soil-structure interaction was modeled by specific nonlinear soil resistance curves. The stiffness of the composite wall was appropriately modeled on the basis of the properties of the soil-grout mixture. The measured behavior of the wall was compared with the preconstruction prediction.
2,5-Di(2-pyridyl)phospholes: model compounds for the engineering of π-conjugated donor–acceptor co-oligomers with a chemically tunable HOMO–LUMO gap (1999)

2,5-Di(2-pyridyl)phospholes possess an extended π-conjugated system with a charge transfer structure; high yielding chemical modifications involving the phosphorus atom allow fine tuning of the HOMO–LUMO gap.
Basalt, glass and carbon fibers and their fiber reinforced polymer composites under thermal and mechanical load (2016)

In order to enhance customer acceptance cost optimization is essential regarding future drive trains, like the fuel cell drive. Regarding the pressure vessels, which are needed to store the hydrogen, carbon fibers are the main cost driver. Therefore basalt fibers were identified as a cost effective alternative in previous studies. As fire load is one of the crucial tests in pressure vessel examination, the authors focused on the effect of thermal load on the mechanical properties of basalt fibers and their composites in this work. Therefor tensile tests were performed on impregnated basalt rovings and competing E-glass and carbon rovings after exposition to high temperatures between 100 and 600 °C. Furthermore residual tensile strength of unidirectional basalt-, E-glass-, and carbon reinforced polymers was tested after one-sided thermal load. Both experiments showed that basalt had higher tensile strength at low temperatures or shorter exposition times compared to glass. Yet degradation was more severe and strength was lower at higher temperatures or longer exposition times.
Bacterial classifications derived from recA protein sequence comparisons (1995)

RecA protein sequences from 62 eubacterial sources were compared with one another and relative to one archaebacterial RecA-like and a number of eukaryotic RecA-like sequences. Pairwise similarity scores were determined by a novel method based on significant segment pair alignment. The sequences of different species were grouped on the basis of mutually high similarity scores within groups and consistency of score ranges in comparison to other groups. Following this protocol, the gamma-proteobacteria can be subclassified into two major groups, those of mostly vertebrate hosts and those of mostly soil habitat. The alpha-proteobacterial sequences also divide into two distinct groups, whereas classification of the beta-proteobacteria is more complex. The gram-positive bacterial sequences split into three groups of low and three groups of high G+C genome content. However, neither the combined low-G+C-content nor the combined high-G+C-content group nor the aggregate of all gram-positive bacteria form homogeneous groups. The mycoplasma sequences score best with the Bacillus subtilis sequence, consistent with their presumed origin from a gram-positive ancestor. The eukaryotic RAD proteins generally show a single high-scoring segment pair with the proteobacterial RecA sequences around the ATP-binding domain. The bacteriophage T4 UvsX protein aligns best with RecA sequences on two segments disjoint from the ATP-binding domain. The distribution of the most highly conserved regions shared between RecA and noneubacterial RecA-like sequences suggests a mosaic character and evolution of RecA. The discussion considers some questions on the validity and consistency of bacterial classifications derived from RecA sequence comparisons.
Integration of Sub-melt Laser Annealing on Metal Gate CMOS Devices for Sub 50 nm Node DRAM (2006)

We report on the integration of sub-melt laser spike annealing (LSA) on W-gate stacked DRAM. We applied the LSA as a reactivation in back-end processes to comply with the considerable metal-pattern effects and strong DRAM thermal-budget. Improvements in drive currents of peripheral transistors (4 %/14 % for n/p-FETs) are achieved by using the LSA without incurring short channel effect (SCE) while minimizing pattern effects of metal gate. DRAM cell transistors also show improvements in drive current, junction leakage, and GIDL (gate-induced drain leakage) without laser-induced local defects and reliability degradation
Synthesis and Mitogenic Activity of Chiral Lipopeptide WS1279 and Its Derivatives. (1993)

Optically active lipopeptide derivatives have been synthesized by the use of chiral glycerol derivatives. Lipopeptide WS1279 derivatives with (R)-glycerol moieties showed a higher mitogenic activity than those with the (S)-configuration. Various N-protected lipopeptide and N-deprotected derivatives showed increased mitogenic activity.
Extracting reusable document components for variable data printing (2007)

Variable Data Printing (VDP) has brought new flexibility and dynamism to the printed page. Every printed instance of a specific class of document can now have different degrees of customized content within the document template.
Orthokeratology: changes to the corneal curvature and the effect on refractive power due to the sagittal length change. (1975)

Little has been published to date on orthokeratology which can explain what changes the eye actually goes through. Many professionals are waiting for this evidence before judging this controversial technique. With orthokeratology the corneal curves are changed and present a definite pattern. There are a number of changes which must occur when the cornea is flattened which reduce the power of the eye beyond that amount of flattening. This paper examines one of these unknowns.
Osteopontin predicts survival in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury (2010)

Osteopontin may serve as a novel biomarker for both, overall survival and renal outcome in critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, that require renal replacement therapy.
Pharmaceutically active ionic liquids with solids handling, enhanced thermal stability, and fast release (2012)

Pharmaceutically active compounds in ionic liquid form immobilized onto mesoporous silica are stable, easily handled solids, with fast and complete release from the carrier material when placed into an aqueous environment. Depending on specific ion-surface interactions, they may also exhibit improved thermal stability when compared to the non-adsorbed compounds.
A study of design influence on anode-shorted GTO thyristor turn-on and turn-off (1994)

Anode-shorted GTO thyristor samples were investigated by means of the free-carrier absorption (FCA) technique. Both the turn-on and turn-off processes were investigated as regards the two-dimensional carrier distribution for different stages of the transient cycles. The results are presented as carrier-map sequences, i.e., 3-D pictures of measured 2-D carrier distributions. Samples were formed as unit segments cut out from large-area devices, and associated with different degrees of anode shorting, silicon thickness, and lifetime treatment. During investigation, the samples were inductively anode loaded, and as regards the turn-off process they were operated near the safe-operation limit. The measurements clearly illustrate the way carriers are transported in the sample when firing the device, and the turn-on process is visualized in steps by means of carrier-map sequences. These measurements are supported by computer simulations. The turn-off process is also visualized in carrier-map sequences measured from two perpendicular directions, and the maps show the critical electric-field expansion which always precedes a turn-off failure due to dynamic breakdown mechanisms. Further on, the effect of design-parameter variations, e.g., anode shorting pattern and carrier lifetime reductions, on destructive GTO turn-off phenomena are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Obtaining cryptographic keys using feature level fusion of iris and face biometrics for secure user authentication (2010)

Biometric traits are permanently associated with a user. Though this is an advantage from identity verification point of view, if such biometric data is compromised, it cannot be replaced by a new one and becomes unusable in the system. This limitation can be overcome by combining biometrics with cryptographic techniques to induce revocability in biometric systems. In this paper, a multi-biometrics based cryptographic key regeneration scheme is proposed which combines information from iris and face to obtain a long cryptographic key having high entropy. The biometric information fusion is carried in feature domain using weighted feature level fusion technique. With the proposed system, we obtain 210-bit keys with 183-bit entropy (which is significantly higher than the 83-bit entropy obtained for iris), at a False Acceptance Rate of 0% and a False Rejection Rate of 0.91%.
PREVALENCE AND EFFECTS OF Parelaphostrongylus tenuis IN A CAPTIVE WAPITI POPULATION (1977)

Prevalence of neurologic disease attributed to Parelaphostrongylus tenuis was investigated in a population of wapii (Cervus elaphus canadensis) enclosed in a 2080 ha. preserve. Brains of 44 animals harvested in 1973, 1974 and 1975 were examined grossly and microscopically. Prevalence of infection increased each year from 26.6% of the sample in 1973 to 64.3% in 1975. These data suggest that wapiti living close to white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) may have a high prevalence of infection, but many individuals may not show signs. Accordingly, routine histologic examination of natural mortality cases without supporting observations of clinical signs would be inadequate to define cause of death. While the effects of the parasite in the population studied did not produce a high herd mortality or a sudden die-off situation, the apparent greater susceptibility of the younger age-classes to the parasite would have a detrimental effect on population recruitment and might limit the growth of wapiti herds living in proximity to white-tailed deer that harbor P. tenuis.
Alcoholic ketoacidosis (2006)

Alcoholic ketoacidosis (AKA) is a common reason for investigation and admission of alcohol dependent patients in UK emergency departments. Although well described in international emergency medicine literature, UK emergency physicians rarely make the diagnosis of AKA. There is increasing evidence that rather than being benign and self limiting, AKA may be a significant cause of mortality in patients with alcohol dependence. This literature review discusses the history, characterisation, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of AKA.
Extracting meaningful entities from police narrative reports (2002)

Valuable criminal-justice data in free texts such as police narrative reports are currently difficult to be accessed and used by intelligence investigators in crime analyses. It would be desirable to automatically identify from text reports meaningful entities, such as person names, addresses, narcotic drugs, or vehicle names to facilitate crime investigation. In this paper, we report our work on a neural network-based entity extractor, which applies named-entity extraction techniques to identify useful entities from police narrative reports. Preliminary evaluation results demonstrated that our approach is feasible and has some potential values for real-life applications. Our system achieved encouraging precision and recall rates for person names and narcotic drugs, but did not perform well for addresses and personal properties. Our future work includes conducting larger-scale evaluation studies and enhancing the system to capture human knowledge interactively.
DISEC: a distributed framework for scalable secure many-to-many communication (2002)

Secure one-to-many multicasting has been a popular research area in the past. Secure many-to-many multicasting is becoming popular with applications such as private conferencing and distributed interactive simulation. Most of the existing secure multicasting protocols use a centralized group manager to enforce access control and for key distribution. In the presence of multiple senders it is desirable to delegate group management responsibility to all the senders. We propose a distributed group key management scheme to support secure many-to-many communication. We divide key distribution overhead evenly among the senders. Our protocol is scalable and places equal trust in all the senders.
o-Nitroaniline derivatives. Part 14.1,2 Cyclisations leading to benzimidazole N-oxides, N-hydroxybenzimidazolones and N-hydroxyquinoxaline-2,3-diones: a mechanistic borderline (1997)

The base-induced cyclisations of N-(o-nitrophenyl)glycine derivatives (nitriles 9 or esters 13) bearing additional substituents at the other ortho-position are anomalous, resembling those involving N-(o-nitrophenyl)sarcosine analogues. The nitriles are converted into N-hydroxybenzimidazolones 10 and the esters into 1-hydroxyquinoxaline-2,3(1H,4H )diones 14 and 2,2′-diaminoazoxybenzene derivatives 15, instead of, or in addition to, the expected 2-substituted 1H-benzimidazole 3-oxides 11 and 16 or the 2-unsubstituted analogues, 17. The possibility that all these reactions proceed through a common 2,1,4-benzoxadiazine intermediate, 18, is explored.
RSL-PL: A linguistic pattern language for documenting software requirements (2013)

Software requirements are traditionally documented in natural language (NL). However, despite being easy to understand and having high expressivity, this approach often leads to well-known requirements quality problems. In turn, dealing with these problems warrants a significant amount of human effort, causing requirements development activities to be error-prone and time-consuming. This paper introduces RSL-PL, a language that enables the definition of linguistic patterns typically found in well-formed individual NL requirements, according to the field's best practices. The linguistic features encoded within RSL-PL patterns enable the usage of information extraction techniques to automatically perform the linguistic analysis of NL requirements. Thus, in this paper we argue that RSL-PL can improve the quality of requirements specifications, as well as the productivity of requirements engineers, by mitigating the continuous effort that is often required to ensure requirements quality criteria, such as clearness, consistency, and completeness.
Reduced M2M signaling communications in 3GPP LTE and future 5G cellular networks (2016)

The increase of machine-to-machine (M2M) communications over cellular networks imposes new requirements and challenges that current networks have to handle with. Many M2M UEs (User Equipment) may send small infrequent data, which suppose a challenge for cellular networks not optimized for such traffic, where signaling load could increase significantly and cause congestion over the network. This paper evaluates current proposals to manage small transmissions over the Long Term Evolution (LTE) cellular network. We also propose a new Random Access-based Small IP packet Transmission (RASIPT) procedure for M2M UEs small data transmissions. Its main feature is data transfer without establishment of Radio Resource Control (RRC) connection to reduce signaling overhead. In our design, we assume a Software Defined Networking-based architecture for 5G system. When compared with current LTE scheme, our procedure reduces significantly the signaling load generated by M2M UEs small transmissions.
Postsynaptic membrane shifts during frequency potentiation of the hippocampal EPSP (1987)

1. In some classes of central neurons, repetitive synaptic stimulation induces substantial changes in the postsynaptic membrane, in conjunction with robust frequency potentiation of the excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP). However, the nature and time course of these postsynaptic membrane shifts, or their possible contributions to EPSP frequency potentiation (e.g., by altering driving force or current pathways), have not been examined extensively. We therefore studied the simultaneous patterns of change in composite EPSP amplitude, postsynaptic input resistance (Rin), and postsynaptic membrane potential during a 4-min train of 10-Hz monosynaptic stimulation in CA1 neurons of hippocampal slices. Slices were maintained in media containing either control (4 mM) or high (6.5 mM) concentrations of K+. 2. Potentiation of the EPSP, hyperpolarization of the membrane, and a decline of Rin, all developed rapidly during 10-Hz synaptic stimulation; these responses reached maximal levels by 5-15 s of the stimulation train. In most cells, a membrane depolarization phase occurred between 15 and 45 s of stimulation, followed by rehyperpolarization by 1 min of stimulation. During the depolarization phase, both EPSP potentiation and the decline in Rin remained near maximal. No significant differences were seen as a function of K+ concentrations. 3. These results show that hyperpolarization is not invariably associated temporally with EPSP frequency potentiation. Moreover, if driving force and membrane conductance changes are assumed to be approximately similar in large dendrites and soma, then the increase in driving force due to membrane hyperpolarization was not sufficient to account for the three- and fourfold increases in EPSP amplitude seen during frequency potentiation. Further, based on similar assumptions and on dendritic models of EPSP attenuation, the decline in Rin should reduce EPSP amplitude at the dendritic synaptic site and, to a proportionately greater extent, at the soma. 4. Studies in which the membrane was hyperpolarized with injected current to approximately the IPSP reversal potential, or in which bicuculline methiodide was applied to the slices, indicated that depression of the IPSP by repetitive stimulation did not account for frequency potentiation of EPSP amplitude. 5. These data are therefore consistent with the conclusion that the frequency potentiation of composite EPSPs in central neurons depends on presynaptic mechanisms, rather than on generalized postsynaptic changes. However, our findings do not rule out localized postsynaptic changes in receptors or spines as possible contributing factors.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
On a Wide-Band Fast Wave Gyrotron Travelling Wave Amplifier. (1980)

A simple scheme is proposed for the construction of a wide-band fast wave gyrotron travelling wave amplifier. The key features of this scheme include a contoured waveguide, a tapered magnetic field, and injection of input signals in opposite direction of the streaming electrons. Bandwidths at tens of percents, and gain at tens of decibels, are projected. (Author)
<title>Automatic change detection in spaceborne SAR imagery</title> (1996)

This paper describes a new technique of the automatic detection of change within synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images produced from satellite data. The interpretation of this type of imagery is difficult due to the combined effect of speckle, low resolution and the complexity of the radar signatures. The change detection technique that has been developed overcomes these problems by automatically measuring the degree of change between two images. The principle behind the technique used is that when satellite repeat orbits are at almost the same position in space then unless the scene has changed, the speckle pattern in the image will be unchanged. Comparison of images therefore reveals real change, not change due to fluctuating speckle patterns. The degree of change between two SAR images was measured by using the coherence function. Coherence has been studied for a variety of scene types: agricultural, forestry, domestic housing, small and large scale industrial complexes. Fuzzy set techniques, as well as direct threshold methods, have bee applied to the coherence data to determine places where change has occurred. The method has been validated using local information on building changes due to construction or demolition.
A Frequency-Domain Adaptive Line Enhancer With Step-Size Control Based on Mutual Information for Harmonic Noise Reduction (2016)

We propose an adaptive line enhancer with a frequency-dependent step-size. The proposed frequency-domain adaptive line enhancer is used as a single-channel noise reduction system for removing harmonic noise from noisy speech. Our main contribution is to exploit the temporal dependence in the log-magnitude and phase spectra of the noisy speech using mutual information, and to derive a frequency-dependent step-size which detects the presence of harmonic noise in different frequency bins. Our proposed step-size control allows the suppression of harmonic noise and the preservation of speech components. The experiments are performed with different real-life acoustic noises which contain harmonic components. Using instrumental speech intelligibility and quality measures, we demonstrate that the proposed approach can outperform the conventional frequency-domain adaptive line enhancer with a fixed step-size for harmonic noise reduction.