gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microchannel wall coatings for protein separations by capillary and chip electrophoresis (2003)

The necessity for microchannel wall coatings in capillary and chip-based electrophoretic analysis of biomolecules is well understood. The regulation or elimination of EOF and the prevention of analyte adsorption is essential for the rapid, efficient separation of proteins and DNA within microchannels. Microchannel wall coatings and other wall modifications are especially critical for protein separations, both in fused-silica capillaries, and in glass or polymeric microfluidic devices. In this review, we present a discussion of recent advances in microchannel wall coatings of three major classes--covalently linked polymeric coatings, physically adsorbed polymeric coatings, and small molecule additives. We also briefly review modifications useful for polymeric microfluidic devices. Within each category of wall coatings, we discuss those used to eliminate EOF, to tune EOF, to prevent analyte adsorption, or to perform multiple functions. The knowledgeable application of the most promising recent developments in this area will allow for the separation of complex protein mixtures and for the development of novel microchannel wall modifications.
농촌가뭄에 대한 지역별 취약성의 평가 (2004)

농업가뭄에 대한 지역 취약성 평가는 통합방재계획에 기본적으로 수행되어야 하는 과정으로서 지역별 취약성의 차이와 크기를 비교하고 적절한 대책의 수립과 우선순위를 결정하는 바탕이 된다. 그러나 아직 재해 취약성에 대한 개념적 정립이 부족하고 실용적인 취약성 평가 기준도 충분치 않기 때문에 체계적인 농업가뭄 대책의 추진이 어려운 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 농업가뭄 대책 사업이 실질적으로 추진되고 자원 통합적 접근이 가능하도록 행정단위를 중심으로 다양한 지역 자원을 정의하고, 이를 반영하여 지역별 농업가뭄에 대한 취약성을 객관화할 수 있는 기법 VAMAD를 개발하였다. VAMAD는 자료 수집 모듈(data gathering module), 자료 전처리 모듈 (data pre-processing module), 모델링 모듈(modeling processes module)의 3 개 모듈로 구성하였으며 최종적으로 농업가뭄 취약성 지수 ADVI 를 계산하여 취약성의 시공간적 비교가 가능하도록 하였다. 경기도 지역 121개 읍면단위에 개발된 취약성 평가 기법을 적용하였는바, 전체 분산량의 약 76.5%를 설명하는 5개의 주성분을 추출하였다. 각 주성분은 규모 요인, 지형 요인, 기상 요인, 농업생산기반 요인, 그리고 도시특성 요인으로 해석하였으며, 각각에 대하여 화성시 향남면, 가평군 하면, 남양주시 퇴계원면, 여주군 가남면, 용인시 기흥읍이 각각 가장 높은 취약성을 갖는 것으로 평가하였다. 본 연구에서 개발한 농업가뭄에 대한 지역 취약성 평가 기법 VAMAD를 통하여 각 지역이 가진 여러 자원정보를 바탕으로 각각이 농업가뭄에 미치는 영향을 통계적으로 처리하여 단순화함으로써 통합방재개념을 구현하고 지역간 객관적 비교를 가능하게 함으로써 중장기 가뭄대책 수립과 지원에 유용하게 쓰일 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.
Experimental and Therapeutic Opportunities for Stem Cells in Multiple Sclerosis (2012)

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating neurodegenerative disorder of the brain and spinal cord that causes significant disability in young adults. Although the precise aetiopathogenesis of MS remains unresolved, its pathological hallmarks include inflammation, demyelination, axonal injury (acute and chronic), astrogliosis and variable remyelination. Despite major recent advances in therapeutics for the early stage of the disease there are currently no disease modifying treatments for the progressive stage of disease, whose pathological substrate is axonal degeneration. This represents the great and unmet clinical need in MS. Against this background, human stem cells offer promise both to improve understanding of disease mechanism(s) through in-vitro modeling as well as potentially direct use to supplement and promote remyelination, an endogenous reparative process where entire myelin sheaths are restored to demyelinated axons. Conceptually, stem cells can act directly to myelinate axons or indirectly through different mechanisms to promote endogenous repair; importantly these two mechanisms of action are not mutually exclusive. We propose that discovery of novel methods to invoke or enhance remyelination in MS may be the most effective therapeutic strategy to limit axonal damage and instigate restoration of structure and function in this debilitating condition. Human stem cell derived neurons and glia, including patient specific cells derived through reprogramming, provide an unprecedented experimental system to model MS "in a dish" as well as enable high-throughput drug discovery. Finally, we speculate upon the potential role for stem cell based therapies in MS.
Pleiotrophin inhibits melanogenesis <i>via</i> Erk1/2‐<scp>MITF</scp> signaling in normal human melanocytes (2014)

Pleiotrophin (PTN) is a secreted heparin-binding protein that is involved in various biological functions of cell growth and differentiation. Little is known about the effects of PTN on the melanocyte function and skin pigmentation. In this study, we investigated whether PTN would affect melanogenesis. PTN was expressed in melanocytes and fibroblasts of human skin. Transfection studies revealed that PTN decreased melanogenesis, probably through MITF degradation via Erk1/2 activation in melanocytes. The inhibitory action of PTN in pigmentation was further confirmed in ex vivo cultured skin and in the melanocytes cocultured with fibroblasts. These findings suggest that PTN is a crucial factor for the regulation of melanogenesis in the skin.
Determination of Molecular Weight and Its Distribution of Phenolic Resins by Gel Permeation Chromatography (1972)

ゲルバーミエーションクロマトグラフィー(GPC)によりフェノール樹脂の数平均分子量(Mn),重量平均分子量(Mw)および分子量分布を測定する場合の二三の問題点を検討した。フェノール樹脂のようなオリゴマーの不連続なGPC曲線に適用できる計算法を得るために,ピーク幅を考慮した簡易補正法を試み,またその他の補正をもあわせて行ない,Mn,Mwおよび分子量分布曲線測定の正確度を向上させることができた。このうちMwは測定法上の問題で従来ほとんど測定されていなかったので,各種フェノール系樹脂のMwを測定し,Mnとの関係を求めた。MwはMnに比較して高分子量成分の寄与がとくに大きいので,フェノールノボラックおよびレゾール樹脂の縮合度指数として適切であることを認めた。また従来法である分別沈殿法の分別効果が小さいことを分別物の.Mw/MpをGPCにより測定して明らかにした。すなわち未分別試料(Mw/Mn=1.44)の分別物のMw/Mnは低分子量分別物を除けば約1.3～1.4であった。さらにノボラックおよびレゾール未硬化樹脂中の多大多量体を測定した結果,少なくとも50量体以上の多量体が少量ではあるが存在することを認めた。これは従来考えられていた値よりもかなり大きい多量体が未硬化樹脂申に存在していることを示している。
Transfer of conjugative plasmids and mobilization of a nonconjugative plasmid between Streptomyces strains on agar and in soil (1988)

The conjugative plasmid pIJ101 and its conjugative nondeletion derivatives pIJ303 and pIJ211 were tested for their transferability between strains of Streptomyces on laboratory media and in the soil environment. Their roles in the mobilization of the cloning vector plasmid pIJ702, a nonconjugative deletion derivative of pIJ101, were also examined. Biparental and triparental crosses were performed on agar slants and in sterile soil between the plasmid donor Streptomyces lividans and several recipient Streptomyces strains previously isolated from soil. Conjugative plasmids were transferred to seven recipients in slant crosses and to three recipients in soil. Plasmids isolated from recipients showed restriction fragment patterns identical to that of the original plasmid in S. lividans. Plasmid pIJ303 was transferred less frequently in soil than on slants, and the frequency of transfer was higher at 30 degrees C than at the other temperatures examined. Transconjugant Streptomyces strains differed in their ability to maintain pIJ303. The nonconjugative plasmid pIJ702 was mobilized on agar slants into S. coelicolor 2708, which already contains a self-transmissible plasmid. Plasmid pIJ702 was also mobilized into S. flavovirens, Streptomyces sp. strain 87A, and S. parvulus on slants and in sterile soil after triparental crosses with two donors, one containing pIJ702 and the other containing either pIJ101 or pIJ211. The presence of a conjugative plasmid donor was required for the transfer of pIJ702 to S. parvulus 1234, S. flavovirens 28, and Streptomyces sp. strain 87A. Plasmid pIJ702 was always transferred in its normal, autonomous form. Chromosomal recombination also occurred in transconjugants after the transfer of pIJ702. This is the first report of gene transfer between Streptomyces strains in soil.
Superconducting Nanowire Single-Photon Detectors (2006)

We present our ongoing work on superconducting NbN-nanowire photodetectors, which deliver both high speed (< 30 ps timing resolution) and high detection efficiency (> 50% at 1550 nm), promising access to new regimes in ultrafast photon counting applications
Induced differentiation of HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cells to monocyte/macrophages is inhibited by hydroquinone, a hematotoxic metabolite of benzene (1992)

Chronic exposure of humans to benzene has been shown to have a cytotoxic effect on hematopoietic progenitor cells in intermediate stages of differentiation, which can lead to aplastic anemia and acute myelogenous leukemia. We studied the effect of hydroquinone (HQ), a toxic metabolite of benzene found in the bone marrow, on the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL-60), which can be induced to differentiate to both monocyte and myeloid cells, and thus has been used as a surrogate for a granulocyte/macrophage progenitor cell. Exposure of HL-60 cells to noncytotoxic concentrations of HQ for 3 hours before induction with phorbol myristate acetate (TPA) caused a dose-dependent inhibition of the acquisition of characteristics of monocytic differentiation, such as adherence, nonspecific esterase (NSE) activity, and phagocytosis, but had no effect on cell proliferation. HQ appeared to be affecting maturation beyond the monoblast/promonocyte stages. HQ also prevented differentiation induced by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25-(OH)2D3]; however, the block occurred after the acquisition of adherence. HQ at concentrations that inhibited monocytic differentiation had no effect on differentiation to granulocytes, suggesting that the block in the differentiation of these bipotential cells is a step unique to the monocytic pathway. HQ was unable to prevent differentiation induced by the macrophage-derived cytokine, interleukin (IL)-1, a differentiation factor for cells of the monocytic lineage.
Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Cyclic Boronate Derivatives of Some Alkaloid and Terpenoid Diols (1989)

Cyclic ferroceneboronates of the alkaloidal diols retronecme, platynecine, rosmarinecine and swainsonine, and the %-methaneboronate of aphrdicolin are suitable derlvat~ves for gas chromatography-mass spectrometry he selective formation of cyclic derlvatlves is of great value in the analysis and characterlsation of suitably constituted bifunctmnal compounds.The particular advantages of cyclic boronate esters in the study oE dl011 by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MSI, as summarised in our orqinal reports.lz2have led to ~idespre~d applications of these derivatives.me rapid detection and characterisat~on of d m l s in extracts of plant materials.for example.1s aided by the ease of famatLon of cycllc boronates under very mild conditmns.Such procedures have been used, inter all?., for pyrroli~~dine alkaloid^,^.^brass~nosteroids.6 and ~esquiter~enoids.~Methaneboronafes 8 are especially convenient for studies of compounds of relatrvely high molecular mass.One drawback of alkanebor~nat~ der~vatlves is their susceptibility to solvolysis.we considered that ferroceneboronates mlght be mare stable in this respect.Diols reacted smoothly with ferroceneboranrc acid 11.1 molar proporfion~ in dry pyr~dine, 7v0c for 30 mml: the resulting cyclic esters were stlll liable to rolvolysls, but gave good gas chromatographic peaks, while the mass spectra were 9 generally dommated by abundant molecular ron clusters.The latter feature makes ferroceneboronic acid complementary to the more commonly used reagents, as outlined in the present note.he parent compounds studied are shown in F L ~. 1, and GC-MS data m Table 1.The configurations of the 1.4 -dl01 systems in retronecine (1) and platyneeme 121 are favourable for the formation of cyclic boronate esters.~n the crystalline state the left-hand rings m 1 ' ' and 2 ' '
Effect of Fructose, Dihydroxyacetone, Glycerol, and Glucose on Metabolites and Related Compounds in Liver and Kidney (1970)

The effects of large intraperitoneal doses of fructose and dihydroxyacetone on the levels of many metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism are reported for liver, kidney cortex, and medulla of the rat. Levels were also measured in liver after glycerol and glucose administration, and in kidney cortex and medulla, after glycerol. In both liver and kidney there were large accumulations of fructose-1-P from fructose and of glycero-P from glycerol. The accumulations were associated with marked depletion of ATP, UTP, and total adenylate, and, in liver at least, of Pi. The increases in glycero-P were not associated with comparable changes in dihydroxyacetone-P, and the ratio between the two rose from 18:1 to as high as 1000:1, with relatively minor changes in lactate to pyruvate ratios. Riboflavin deficiency, which drastically lowers glycero-P oxidase activity, caused an increased accumulation of glycero-P. These results suggest that the newly formed glycero-P is chiefly oxidized by glycero-P oxidase rather than by glycero-P dehydrogenase. The disproportionate increase in glycero-P seen after glycerol was also observed after fructose administration in kidney cortex but not in liver. In the case of each of the four nutrients, fructose, dihydroxyacetone, glycerol, and glucose, UDP-glucose decreased in liver. Concomitantly, metabolites of the Embden-Meyerhof pathway increased. The increases tended to be smaller for fructose 1,6-diphosphate and dihydroxyacetone-P than for members above and below them on the pathway. The increases were generally greatest after fructose and least after glucose. Fructose caused rapid large increases in glucose but there was little glycogen formation during the first hour.
Adaptive polynomial filtering algorithms (1992)

This dissertation presents several algorithms for adaptive nonlinear filters equipped with polynomial system models. In particular, truncated Volterra and bilinear system models are considered. These models are capable of representing a wide class of nonlinear systems. A fast, recursive least-squares (RLS) second-order Volterra filter and a fast extended RLS adaptive bilinear filter are introduced. These algorithms exploit the ideas employed for developing fast RLS adaptive multichannel filters and have computational complexity that is an order of magnitude lower than the most efficient previously available RLS algorithms. A theoretical performance analysis of the steady-state behavior of the second-order Volterra filter operating in both stationary and nonstationary environments is presented. The analysis shows that, when the input is zero-mean, Gaussian distributed and the adaptive filter is operating in a stationary environment, the steady-state excess mean-squared error is independent of the statistics of the input signal. The idea of developing fast RLS higher-order Volterra filters is also discussed.
Despite the recursive system model employed, the extended RLS adaptive bilinear filter is shown to be stable whenever the desired response signal is bounded. Simulation results that exhibit good parsimony in the use of coefficients of the bilinear filters over the Volterra filters are presented. Mainly motivated by the computational simplicity, gradient-type output-error adaptive bilinear filters are also developed. These algorithms are among a large class of adaptive bilinear filtering algorithms that exhibit stability problems.
Several input-dependent stability conditions for the output of a bilinear system to be bounded when the input is bounded are presented. A set of simple sufficient stability conditions of a very general bilinear system model is introduced. The derivation shows that the bilinear system model considered has a unique Volterra series expansion, and then utilizes the convergence concepts associated with the Volterra series expansion. An efficient implementation of the stability test is then introduced. A set of necessary stability conditions for a general bilinear system model and a set of sufficient and necessary stability conditions for a specific bilinear system model are also derived. These conditions are attractive because they are very easy to check. The stability conditions presented in this dissertation are essential for developing a large class of adaptive bilinear filters.
Crystal Structure of Monoclonal 6B5 Fab Complexed with Phencyclidine (1998)

The crystal structure of monoclonal antibody (mAb) 6B5 Fab fragment complexed with 1-(1-phenylcyclohexyl)piperidine (PCP or phencyclidine) was determined at 2.2-A resolution. 6B5 was originally produced from a mouse immunized with a phencyclidine analogue hapten 5-[N-(1'phenylcyclohexyl)amino]pentanoic acid conjugated to bovine serum albumin. This mAb was selected for further study because of its high affinity (Kd = 2 x 10(-9) M/liter) for PCP and usefulness in reversing PCP-induced central nervous system toxicity in laboratory animals. The dominant feature of the 6B5 Fab.PCP complex is the deep binding site and hydrophobic nature of the interaction. The ligand binding pocket of 6B5 Fab has numerous aromatic side chains, as compared with other known Fab structures. The most notable feature of the binding site is a Trp at position 97H (H-chain), and the side chain of this residue appears to act as a hydrophobic umbrella on the ligand in the antigen binding pocket. There are only two other known Fabs found with a Trp at the 97H position in complementarity determining region (CDR) H3, but they do not play a major role in the interaction with their respective antigens; in both Fab TE33 and R6.5 the Trp 97H side chain is positioned away from the bound antigen. Comparison of the CDR residues of 6B5 with other Fab structures with similar CDR sizes and amino acid compositions reveals a number of important patterns of residue substitutions that appear to be critical for specific PCP ligand interactions.
Economic geographies of the (il)legal and the (il)licit (2019)

There has been a neglect of the centrality of illegality in capitalist economies. This is a significant omission as illegality can be the route to greater profitability and can have a decisive influence on the sectoral and spatial constitution of those economies. What may be legal in some times and places may be illegal in others, leading to competitive pressures to transgress the boundaries of illegality there. Thus, illegality is not a marginal feature of capitalism but rather is integral to the performance of capitalist economies and their geographies. However, while endemic, illegality is more prevalent in some places than others and as such forms a constitutive moment in the processes of uneven and combined development of capitalism. While capitalist states construct regulatory frameworks that draw a distinction between the legal and illegal, for a variety of reasons they may choose to disregard the presence of illegality.
The EpsE Flagellar Clutch Is Bifunctional and Synergizes with EPS Biosynthesis to Promote Bacillus subtilis Biofilm Formation (2010)

Many bacteria inhibit motility concomitant with the synthesis of an extracellular polysaccharide matrix and the formation of biofilm aggregates. In Bacillus subtilis biofilms, motility is inhibited by EpsE, which acts as a clutch on the flagella rotor to inhibit motility, and which is encoded within the 15 gene eps operon required for EPS production. EpsE shows sequence similarity to the glycosyltransferase family of enzymes, and we demonstrate that the conserved active site motif is required for EPS biosynthesis. We also screen for residues specifically required for either clutch or enzymatic activity and demonstrate that the two functions are genetically separable. Finally, we show that, whereas EPS synthesis activity is dominant for biofilm formation, both functions of EpsE synergize to stabilize cell aggregates and relieve selective pressure to abolish motility by genetic mutation. Thus, the transition from motility to biofilm formation may be governed by a single bifunctional enzyme.
Encapsulating legacy software for use in client/server systems (2002)

An alternative to migrating legacy software from the mainframe to a client/server platform is to encapsulate it by wrapping it on the host and accessing it from the new client programs. Recent technological achievements such as the OMG's Common Object Request Broker Architecture (CORBA) and IBM's System Object Model (SOM) have made it possible for distributed objects to communicate with existing applications on the mainframe. However as described here, some alterations have to be made to the old programs to make them accessible. Achieving this promises a new form of coexistence between monolithic legacy systems on the mainframe and object-oriented, distributed systems in the network. It also introduces a new mode of software reuse.
Processing of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene by hot isostatic pressing, and the effect of processing parameters on its microstructure (2004)

Abstract The processing techniques available for ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) do not lead to a homogeneous material. The processed material exhibits particle boundaries (fusion defects) reflecting the powder flakes of the virgin resin. Hot isostatic pressing has been used in this study as a possible technique to produce a homogeneous, defect‐free material, and to study the effect of processing parameters on consolidation and other properties. The extent of consolidation was determined by optical microscopy using thin sections, and by scanning electron microscopy using cryofractured and solvent‐etched specimens. Processing temperature is the most important variable affecting consolidation; fusion defects can be eliminated by increasing the processing temperature. This is sometimes accompanied by the appearance of spherulties; however, the degree of crystallinity, melting point, and density remain constant. DMA results show that the molecular weight between entanglements increases and the entanglement structure changes with an increase in processing temperature. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1848–1857, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.
Current approaches to the pharmacological treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (2018)

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) or memantine may be trialled in people with Alzheimer's disease to delay symptoms of cognitive and functional decline. The choice of pharmacological agent is based on the stage of Alzheimer's disease, tolerability, adverse effect profile, ease of use and cost. People should be monitored for efficacy, side effects and possible treatment discontinuation. Strategies should be used to optimise medication management and adherence. Evidence for other pharmacological therapies is mixed or lacking. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) are common in people with Alzheimer's disease and may respond to symptomatic pharmacological and non-pharmacological treatment.