gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Safety, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of Single Doses of LXR‐623, a Novel Liver X‐Receptor Agonist, in Healthy Participants (2009)

Liver X-receptor (LXR) agonists have been postulated to enhance reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), a process believed to shuttle cholesterol from the periphery back to the liver. Enhancing RCT via the upregulation of cholesterol transporters such as the adenosine triphosphate-binding cassettes ABCA1 and ABCG1 could therefore inhibit the progression of atherosclerosis. LXR-623 is a synthetic ligand for LXRs alpha and beta that has shown promise in animal models of atherosclerosis. The authors present results from a single ascending-dose study of the safety, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics of LXR-623 in healthy participants. LXR-623 was absorbed rapidly with peak concentrations (C(max)) achieved at approximately 2 hours. The C(max) and area under the concentration-time curve increased in a dose-proportional manner. The mean terminal disposition half-life was between 41 and 43 hours independently of dose. LXR activation resulted in a dose-dependent increase in ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression. The effect of LXR-623 concentration on ABCA1 and ABCG1 expression was further characterized via a population pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic analysis, yielding EC(50) estimates of 526 ng/mL and 729 ng/mL, respectively. Central nervous system-related adverse events were observed at the 2 top doses tested. The pharmacodynamic effects described here are the first demonstration of "target engagement" by an LXR agonist in humans.
The ant’s celestial compass system: spectral and polarization channels (1997)

SummaryAnts as well as bees derive compass information not only from the direct light of the sun, but also from the scattered light in the sky. In the present account, the latter phenomenon is described for desert ants, genus Cataglyphis. Due to the scattering of sunlight by the air molecules of the earth’s atmosphere, spatial gradients of polarization, spectral composition and radiant intensity extend across the celestial hemisphere. All of these optical phenomena are exploited by the Cataglyphis navigator. Here I concentrate on the use Cataglyphis makes of the polarization and spectral skylight gradients. Either type of information is neurally processed by a separate sensory channel receiving its input from a separate part of the retina. These channels are characterized and their possible interactions are analyzed in a variety of behavioural experiments, in which ants, whose compound eyes are partially occluded by light-tight caps, are presented with spatially restricted and spectrally altered parts of the celestial hemisphere. It is discussed whether skylight patterns are used by the insect navigator simply to read a reference direction (e.g., the azimuthal position of the solar meridian) from the sky, or whether they are used to determine any particular point of the compass. Different approaches to examine these questions - behavioural and neuro-physiological analyses, computer simulations and robotics - are described, and results obtained by these approaches are reported. New ways of portraying the pattern of polarized light in the real sky are presented in Figures 2 (lower part) and 3, and Figure 22 introduces an autonomous agent navigating by polarized skylight. Conceptually, the last paragraph of this chapter provides my most general conclusions drawn from the analyses of the insect’s skylight compass.
X-band voltage variable attenuators using PIN diodes (2014)

We present the design of PIN diode based medium-power Voltage Variable Attenuators realized on microstrip in the frequency range of 9.1-9.6 GHz. These reflective variable attenuators have a topology based on 90° hybrid couplers. Single hybrid coupled attenuators can be used for broadband operation. A double hybrid coupler design eliminates the ripple response in the high attenuation state, thereby increasing the dynamic range. Both the approaches have been presented in this paper. They not only exhibit good linearity, but also have a good VSWR match over the full frequency range and over all the attenuation levels.
Seismic low-frequency effects in monitoring fluid-saturated reservoirs (2004)

Abstract There is a complex relationship between seismic attributes, including the frequency dependence of reflections and fluid saturation in a reservoir. Observations in both laboratory and field data indicate that reflections from a fluid-saturated layer have an increased amplitude and delayed traveltime at low frequencies, when compared with reflections from a gas-saturated layer. Comparison of laboratory-modeling results with a diffusive-viscous-theory model show that low (&lt; 5) values of the quality factor Q can explain the observations of frequency dependence. At the field scale, conventional processing of time-lapse VSP data found minimal changes in seismic response of a gas-storage reservoir when the reservoir fluid changed from gas to water. Low-frequency analysis found significant seismic-reflection-attribute variation in the range of 15–50 Hz. The field observations agree with effects seen in laboratory data and predicted by the diffusive-viscous theory. One explanation is that very low values of Q are the result of internal diffusive losses caused by fluid flow. This explanation needs further theoretical investigation. The frequency-dependent amplitude and phase-reflection properties presented in this paper can be used for detecting and monitoring fluid-saturated layers.
Electromagnetic levitation of a conducting cylinder (1966)

A long conducting nonmagnetic circular cylinder may be supported on the magnetic field produced by an alternating current carried in two horizontal wires parallel to the axis of the cylinder. The cylinder will float stably provided it is not too high and not displaced too far from the centre of symmetry. The boundaries of the region of stable floating have been determined for a 2cm-diameter aluminium bar when the wires are 2, 4 and 6cm apart, and when the frequency of the supply is 50, 400 and 2000c/s. The power loss in the bar has also been calculated. Both the width of the region of stable floating and the loss in the bar increase as the distance between the wires increases and as the frequency is raised. The current required to lift the bar decreases as the frequency is raised and as the wires are brought closer together.The theoretical results have been checked by experiment for one configuration.
A Glycol—Sodium Vermiculite Complex (1961)

Abstract A complex of vermiculite with ethylene glycol was prepared by repeated boiling of a sodium-saturated cleavage flake in dry ethylene glycol. A stable product with a c period of 12.9 Å afforded 15 terms for a one-dimensional Fourier synthesis. A model composed of glycol molecules with the plane of the zigzag normal to the silicate face is found to be consistent with the observed diffraction data. The complex apparently conforms to a stoichiometric ratio of two molecules per unit cell per layer of vermiculite.
Robust Speaker Diarization for Single Channel Recorded Meetings (2009)

This thesis describes research into speaker diarization for recorded meetings.\nIt explores the algorithms and the implementation of an off-line speaker segmentation and clustering system for meetings that have been recorded using one microphone. \n\nSpeaker diarization is defined as a process of partitioning a spoken record into speaker-homogeneous regions. The meeting record contains different kinds of noise and the length of the noise varies significantly. The average speech-turn is short and the number of speakers is unknown.\n\nTo reduce the influence of these aural characteristics on the performance of the speaker diarization system, this thesis proposed four new algorithms. First, a new speech activity detection method, which adjusts the non-speech model complexity according to the noise length ratio. Second, a new speaker change point detection measure was derived based on the Fisher Linear Discriminate Analysis to help detect short speaker turns. Third, the Equal Weight Penalty Criterion was formulated as a new model complexity selection criterion to train both the speakers' models and the Universal Background Model (UBM). It contains two penalty terms, one penalizes the model dimensions and removes mixtures with small mixing probability, the other penalizes the Kullback Leibler divergence between the prior and posterior distribution of the mixing parameters, removing those components that share the same location. This criterion can be adjusted by the prior distribution parameter delta, which controls how many components are used in the model. Fourth, a weight and mean adaptation method was developed to adapt potential speaker models from the UBM. In addition, a potential speaker merging termination scheme, based on the Normalized Cuts, was introduced into the system. \n\nCombining all the new techniques derived in this thesis together, the error rate of the baseline system was reduced from 18.61% to 9.24% on the development set, 18.89% to 10.50% on the evaluation set from AMI corpus, and 21.35% to 15.48% on the evaluation set from ISL corpus. When using the Normalized Cuts based potential speaker merging termination scheme, the error rate of the baseline system was reduced 18.61% to 10.33% on the development set, 18.89% to 9.99% on the evaluation set from AMI corpus, and 21.35% to 13.70% percentage points on the evaluation set from ISL corpus.
Theoretical characterization and high-speed performance evaluation of GaAs IGFET's (1981)

Fundamental characterization of GaAs IGFET's is carried out utilizing two-dimensional numerical analysis, and high-speed operation performances are evaluated. Two-dimensional analysis shows that the operational mechanism of GaAs IGFET's is very similar to that of MESFET's, i.e., channel depletion-type operation due to control of the gate depletion layer. But normally-off-type current-voltage characteristics can be easily realized because of positive V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">FB</inf> for GaAs dioxide films. Electrical characteristics are strongly dependent on the oxide film. Although the transconductance g <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> deteriorates compared to MESFET's due to the potential drop through the oxide layer, the deterioration in g <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> is found to be small for oxide films with large dielectric constant ε <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">OX</inf> . Furthermore, it is clarified that cutoff frequency f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">T</inf> for IGFET's is greater than for MESFET's because the input capacitance C <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">gs</inf> in depletion-type device operation is found to be much smaller than for MESFET's. In additional, a high-voltage swing is applicable in device operation because of the IG structure, and higher g <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</inf> , is achieved by supplying high gate biases. These features give GaAs IGFET's wide application fields as high-performance devices and make them superior to MESFET's, especially in digital circuits.
Linear combination methods for prediction and interpretation of drug skin permeation (2015)

Many in-vitro methods for prediction of skin permeability have been reported in literature. Cerasome electrokinetic chromatography is one of the most sophisticated approaches representing a maximum level of similarity to the lipid phase of the stratum corneum. One goal of this study was to investigate the affinity pattern of Cerasome and to compare it with the permeability profile of human skin. Another purpose was to study the applicability of Hansen solubility parameters for modelling skin permeation and to investigate the predictive and explanatory potential of this method. Visualisation in Hansen diagrams revealed very similar profiles of Cerasome electrokinetic chromatography retention factors and skin permeability coefficients. In both cases, the characteristic pattern with two clusters of highly retained or highly permeable substances could be shown to be mainly caused by two groups of compounds, one of them with high affinity to ceramides, fatty acids and lecithin and the other being more affine to cholesterol. If based on a sufficiently comprehensive experimental dataset, model-independent predictions of skin permeability data using three-component Hansen solubility parameters are able to achieve similar accuracy as calculations made with an Abraham linear free energy relationship model in which the compounds are characterized by seven physicochemical descriptors.
Hypergastrinemia Expands Gastric ECL Cells Through CCK2R+ Progenitor Cells via ERK Activation (2020)

We show here that hypergastrinemia induces ECL cell hyperplasia that is derived primarily from CCK2R<sup>+</sup> progenitors in the corpus. Gastrin-dependent function of CCK2R<sup>+</sup> progenitors is regulated by the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway.
Interpreting and Improving Adversarial Robustness of Deep Neural Networks With Neuron Sensitivity (2020)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples where inputs with imperceptible perturbations mislead DNNs to incorrect results. Despite the potential risk they bring, adversarial examples are also valuable for providing insights into the weakness and blind-spots of DNNs. Thus, the interpretability of a DNN in the adversarial setting aims to explain the rationale behind its decision-making process and makes deeper understanding which results in better practical applications. To address this issue, we try to explain adversarial robustness for deep models from a new perspective of neuron sensitivity which is measured by neuron behavior variation intensity against benign and adversarial examples. In this paper, we first draw the close connection between adversarial robustness and neuron sensitivities, as sensitive neurons make the most non-trivial contributions to model predictions in the adversarial setting. Based on that, we further propose to improve adversarial robustness by stabilizing the behaviors of sensitive neurons. Moreover, we demonstrate that state-of-the-art adversarial training methods improve model robustness by reducing neuron sensitivities, which in turn confirms the strong connections between adversarial robustness and neuron sensitivity. Extensive experiments on various datasets demonstrate that our algorithm effectively achieves excellent results. To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to study adversarial robustness using neuron sensitivities.
Effect of electron beam irradiation on characteristics of paper. (1995)

Low energy electron beam irradiating instruments are applied for surface treatment and paint cure because of their compactness compared with corresponding high energy instruments. As electron beam has higher transmittance than UV light, it is supposed to be suitable for high-speed curing of relatively thick ink film such as intaglio ink film.However, electron beam irradiation causes degradation of organic high-polymer induced by radical reaction, involving the main chain scission and crosslinking reaction of the polymer. In the case of paper, electron beam irradiation decreases degree of polymerization of cellulose and sheet strength.In this paper the effects of electron beam irradiation on the physical and chemical properties of handsheets were studied.Following results were obtained.(1) The fiber strength of the handsheets, given by the wet zero-span breaking length, decreased with electron beam irradiation, while the fiber bonding strengths, as given by Pulmac B factor, wet breaking length and Young's modulus, increased. Besides, the microphotographs of the fractured areas of the handsheets showed that the sheet fracture pattern shifted from the inter-fiber bond breakage mode to the fiber breakage mode.(2) The contributions of the fiber strength and fiber bonding strength to the double folds and tensile strength were determined by multiple regression analysis using the equation T=kFaBbLc (T : Physical property of handsheet, F : Fiber strength, B : Fiber bonding strength, L : Fiber length, k, a, b, c : Parameter). It was found that the decreases of double folds and tensile strength caused by electron beam irradiation are mainly attributed to the decrease of fiber strength.(3) The GPC analysis of the irradiated handsheets showed that the decrease of fiber strength is caused by the decrease of degree of polymerization of cellulose.(4) With high dose of irradiation different kinds of pulp sheets showed similar values of probability of main chain scission, while with low dose of irradiation each pulp sheet showed different value of that.(5) Amount of chemical groups such as aldehyde and carboxyl groups and copper number of the handsheets increased with irradiation.
Purification of flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) fibronectin and its localization during re-epithelialization at a fin wound (1993)

Plasma fibronectin (FN) of flounder Paralichthys olivacem was purified and characterized. Flounder FN was purified by a combination of affinity chromatography using Sepharose coupled with flounder gelatin and gel filtration on Superose 6. Flounder FN was found to be a disulphide-linked heterodimer of 220 and 230 kDa polypeptides. It had cell-spreading activity for baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells, which was inhibited by the synthetic peptide, Gly-Arg-Gly-Asp-Ser-Pro. In flounder explants, anti-flounder FN antiserum distinguished fibroblast-like cells from epithelial cells; indirect immunofluorescence showed that the fibroblast-like cells exhibited a fibrous staining to the antiserum, but that epithelial cells did not. These results suggest that flounder FN is a homologue of mammalian FN. The localization of FN during re-epithelialization at the site of a severed fin was investigated. When the top of the fin was cut, epidermal cells covered the surface of the wound within 1 h. FN is detected at the wound site during epidermal cell migration, suggesting that it serves as a cell-adhesion factor for prompt re-epithelialization at wound sites.
Electron Microscopy Studies of Potential 1-eV Bandgap Semiconductor Compounds ZnGeAs2 and Zn3As2 Grown by MOVPE: Preprint (2017)

Presented at the 2001 NCPV Program Review Meeting: Electron microscopy studies of MOVPE layers of materials that are potential 1-eV bandgap semiconductors for solar cells.
Optical Coherence Tomography and Autofluorescence Imaging of Human Tonsil (2014)

For the first time, we present co-registered autofluorescence imaging and optical coherence tomography (AF/OCT) of excised human palatine tonsils to evaluate the capabilities of OCT to visualize tonsil tissue components. Despite limited penetration depth, OCT can provide detailed structural information about tonsil tissue with much higher resolution than that of computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and Ultrasound. Different tonsil tissue components such as epithelium, dense connective tissue, lymphoid nodules, and crypts can be visualized by OCT. The co-registered AF imaging can provide matching biochemical information. AF/OCT scans may provide a non-invasive tool for detecting tonsillar cancers and for studying the natural history of their development.
Plasmid Stability in Long-Term hG-CSF Production Using $_{L}-Arbinose$ Promoter System of Escherichia coli (2000)

To examine the feasibility of the long-term production of the human granulocyte colony stimulating factor (hG-CSF) using the L-arabinose promoter system of Escherichia coli, flask relay culture and cyclic fed-batch culture were performed. In the flask relay culture, it was found that the plasmid was maintained stably up to about 170 generations in an uninduced condition, whereby the cells could also maintain the capability of expressing hG-CSF upon induction. However, in an induced condition, the structural damage of the plasmid occurred after about 100 generations, and thereafter the hG-CSF expression decreased gradually. In both cases, it was observed that the plasmid and the hG-CSF expression were maintained stably up to at least 100 generations. In contrast, in the cyclic fed-batch culture, segregational plasmid instability was observed within about 4 generations after induction, even though the cell growth and hG-CSF production reached their maximum values, 78.0 g/l of dry cell weight and 7.0 g/l of hG-CSF, respectively. It would appear that, when compared to the flask relay culture, the high-cell density and high-level expression of hG-CSF in the cyclic fed-batch culture led to the segregational plasmid instability; in other words, a severe metabolic burden existed on the cells due to the high-level expression of hG-CSF. Accordingly, based on these long-term cultures, the segregational and structural plasmid instability was observed and a strategy to overcome such problems could be designed.
Tales of Gaijin: Health Privacy Perspectives of Foreign English Teachers in Japan (2012)

In order to understand the health experiences of Assistant Language Teachers (ALTs) of English in Japan, I conducted ten in-depth interviews with native English-speaking ALTs in Japan. Throughout the interviews, ALTs expressed strong privacy concerns, perceived violations, and ways in which they managed privacy boundaries. Through reflexive thematic analysis (Lindlof &amp; Taylor, 2002), I utilized Petronio’s (1991, 2000, 2002) Communication Privacy Management theory as a lens to make sense of ALTs ’ privacy management. ALTs not only identified private information they concealed from their supervisor and coworkers, potential resources of assistance, but they also revealed factors that influence their privacy boundary management choices as well as actions they take in order to ensure privacy.
A 0.5-mW passive telemetry IC for biomedical applications (1998)

A low-power, single-chip, one-channel, fully implantable microtransponder system for low-frequency biomedical sensor applications is described. The circuit is powered by an external RF source at 27/40 MHz. No battery is required. Wireless communication with external monitoring units is realized by absorption modulation. As the radiated power received by a small coil can be as low as a few milliwatts, the data acquisition/transmission system has been optimized for low power consumption. The system has been integrated in a 2-/spl mu/m 40-V BiCMOS technology. It includes a low-offset amplifier, a low-pass notch filter, an A/D converter, a voltage doubler/rectifier, as well as a low-power voltage regulator. The implemented switched-capacitor amplifier features 45-/spl mu/V offset and an integrated noise of 21 /spl mu/V for a bandwidth of 30 Hz while consuming less than 30 /spl mu/W power. The digitized sensor data are transmitted as low duty-cycle PPM-AM signals with a rate of 1 kBd. The entire system, including the 1.6-k/spl Omega/ bridge sensor, consumes only 520 /spl mu/W, which makes it well suited for long-term monitoring of biomedical signals.