gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extracting something from nothing: In vivo imaging of human cutaneous lymphatic vessels using optical coherence tomography (2016)

We propose a method to image cutaneous lymphatic vessels in vivo with optical coherence tomography (OCT). Our method segments the transparent lymphatic vessels by thresholding the OCT signal after calibration for systematic variations due to the confocal effect and the sensitivity drop-off, and subsequent compensation for light attenuation with depth. We describe the method and present a pilot demonstration on two human burn scar patients undergoing ablative laser fractionation treatment. The results show visualization of the lymphatic vessels (diameter: ~30-150 μm) separate from the blood microvasculature network.
PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN, NITROGEN AND ARGON PELLETS WITH THE MOSCOW-JÜLICH PELLET TARGET (2009)

Targets of frozen droplets ("pellets") from various liquefiable gases like H 2 , D 2 , N 2 , Ne , Ar , Kr and Xe are very promising for high luminosity experiments with a 4π detector geometry at storage-rings. High effective target densities (> 10 15 atoms / cm 2 ), a small target size (⊘ ≈ 20–30 μ m ), a low gas load and a narrow pellet beam are the main advantages of such targets. Pioneering work on pellet targets has been made at Uppsala, Sweden. 1 A next generation target has been built at the IKP of FZJ in collaboration with two institutes (ITEP and MPEI) from Moscow, Russia. It is a prototype for the future pellet target at the PANDA experiment at FAIR/HESR (supported by INTAS 06-1000012-8787, 2007/08) and makes use of a new cooling and liquefaction method, based on cryogenic liquids instead of cooling machines. 2 The main advantages of this method are the vibration-free cooling and the possibility for cryogenic jet production from various gases in a wide range of temperatures. Different regimes of pellet production from H 2 , N 2 and Ar have been observed and their parameters have been measured. 3 For the first time, mono-disperse and satellite-free droplet production was achieved for cryogenic liquids from H 2 , N 2 and Ar .
KAYENTA : theory and user's guide. (2009)

The physical foundations and domain of applicability of the Kayenta constitutive model are presented along with descriptions of the source code and user instructions. Kayenta, which is an outgrowth of the Sandia GeoModel, includes features and fitting functions appropriate to a broad class of materials including rocks, rock-like engineered materials (such as concretes and ceramics), and metals. Fundamentally, Kayenta is a computational framework for generalized plasticity models. As such, it includes a yield surface, but the term 'yield' is generalized to include any form of inelastic material response including microcrack growth and pore collapse. Kayenta supports optional anisotropic elasticity associated with ubiquitous joint sets. Kayenta supports optional deformation-induced anisotropy through kinematic hardening (in which the initially isotropic yield surface is permitted to translate in deviatoric stress space to model Bauschinger effects). The governing equations are otherwise isotropic. Because Kayenta is a unification and generalization of simpler models, it can be run using as few as 2 parameters (for linear elasticity) to as many as 40 material and control parameters in the exceptionally rare case when all features are used. For high-strain-rate applications, Kayenta supports rate dependence through an overstress model. Isotropic damage is modeled through loss of stiffness and strength.
Ultrasound Assessment of Intravesical Prostatic Protrusion and Detrusor Wall Thickness—New Standards for Noninvasive Bladder Outlet Obstruction Diagnosis? (2010)

Suprapubic ultrasound of detrusor wall thickness and intravesical prostatic protrusion is a simple, noninvasive, accurate system to assess bladder prostatic obstruction in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia.
A broadband access network based on optical signal processing: the photonic highway (2002)

A broadband access network, the photonic highway, which is based on optical signal processing (OSP) and consists of photonic access nodes (PANs), which process optical signals directly, is discussed. Each PAN has an optical drop/insert function. The authors focus on the configuration of the fiber network and access nodes and describe its application to a metropolitan area network (MAN) and a CATV distribution network. They also describe the basic experiments conducted to verify the proposed architecture using newly developed bistable laser diodes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Reversible Photoregulation of the Electrical Conductivity of Spiropyran‐Doped Polyaniline for Information Recording and Nondestructive Processing (2004)

Reversibly photoswitchable proton transfer processes can occur between a three‐state molecular switch based on spiropyran (SP) and the “salt form” of polyaniline (see Figure), both in solution and in the solid state. As a result, the electrical conductivity of the thin‐film of SP‐doped polyaniline can be photoregulated.
Programmed Cell Death Ligand 1 (PD-L1) Signaling Regulates Macrophage Proliferation and Activation (2018)

Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) express programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and contribute to the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. Although the role of the PD-L1 and PD-1 interaction to regulate T-cell suppression is established, less is known about PD-L1 signaling in macrophages and how these signals may affect the function of TAMs. We used <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> models to investigate PD-L1 signaling in macrophages and the effects of PD-L1 antibody treatment on TAM responses. Treatment of mouse and human macrophages with PD-L1 antibodies increased spontaneous macrophage proliferation, survival, and activation (costimulatory molecule expression, cytokine production). Similar changes were observed in macrophages incubated with soluble CD80 and soluble PD-1, and in PD-L1<sup>-/-</sup> macrophages. Macrophage treatment with PD-L1 antibodies upregulated mTOR pathway activity, and RNAseq analysis revealed upregulation of multiple macrophage inflammatory pathways. <i>In vivo,</i> treatment with PD-L1 antibody resulted in increased tumor infiltration with activated macrophages. In tumor-bearing RAG<sup>-/-</sup> mice, upregulated costimulatory molecule expression by TAMs and reduced tumor growth were observed. Combined PD-1/ PD-L1 antibody treatment of animals with established B16 melanomas cured half of the treated mice, whereas treatment with single antibodies had little therapeutic effect. These findings indicate that PD-L1 delivers a constitutive negative signal to macrophages, resulting in an immune-suppressive cell phenotype. Treatment with PD-L1 antibodies reverses this phenotype and triggers macrophage-mediated antitumor activity, suggesting a distinct effect of PD-L1, but not PD-1, antibody treatment. <i>Cancer Immunol Res; 6(10); 1260-73. ©2018 AACR</i>.
The Catalytic Reduction of Bromobenzene to Biphenyl (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Catalytic Reduction of Bromobenzene to BiphenylFrank R. Mayo and Melvin D. HurwitzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 3, 776–779Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01171a005https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01171a005research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views518Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Introduction — Psychosocial Studies and Critical Narrative Analysis (2004)

There once was little doubt that psychology should be thought of as the ‘science of behaviour’ and hence that it would aspire to the seeming rigour of the natural sciences and, especially, be able to distance itself from the arts. This lofty ambition has turned to air, despite repeated attempts by psychologists to establish fully fledged scientific credentials — notably, these days, through neuroscience (which might indeed be scientific) and evolutionary psychology (which assuredly is not, if a respect for evidence and scholarly argument is a hallmark of the scientific worldview — Rose and Rose, 2001). What has become increasingly apparent is that psychology is a broad discipline, largely but not solely empirical, very fuzzy at the edges where it merges with sociology, biology, brain science and the humanities, and just as much a discursive construction as any other area of knowledge.
Beiträge zur Chemie des Phosphors, 91 [1]. Li<sub>3</sub>P<sub>7</sub>, ein Polyphosphid mit fluktuierenden Bindungen: Synthese aus P<sub>2</sub>H, und Überführung in P<sub>7</sub>H<sub>3</sub> / Contributions to the Chemistry of Phosphorus, 91 [1] Li<sub>3</sub>P<sub>7</sub>, a Polyphosphide with Fluctuating Bonds: Synthesis from P<sub>2</sub>H<sub>4</sub> and Conversion to P<sub>7</sub>H<sub>3</sub> (1979)

Trilithiumheptaphosphide, Li 3 P 7 · 3 solvents (monoglyme, THF) (1), was obtained as the final product in the reaction of diphosphane-4 with n-C 4 H 9 Li or LiPH 2 . 1 was charac­terized by elemental analysis, IR, Raman and NMR spectroscopy as well as by the formation of the derivatives (Me3Si) 3 P 7 and P 7 MO 3 (3). Studying the temperature depend­ence of the 31 P NMR spectrum, all P atoms in the cage structure of 1 were found to become equivalent at + 80 °C. Thus trilithiumheptaphosphide is the first known poly­phosphide with fluctuating bonds. Silylation of 1 with Me 3 SiCl and subsequent solvolysis with MeOH leads to the corresponding hydride, P 7 H 3 (2), which can be remetalated to the lithium salt 1. 2 was also characterized by its IR, Raman and mass spectra.
Conclusions (1977)

The theme throughout this book is that it is possible for an executive to understand a good deal of what market research techniques are all about without having an in-depth training in statistical techniques or behavioural methods. It is even possible to carry out a measure of formal market research, admittedly of a rough and ready nature, if the problems and the condition of the company are such that these rough and ready methods will suffice.
Electrodeposition of Nanostructured Films Using Self-Organizing Templates (2004)

Over the last eight years, together with colleagues in Southampton, we have been interested in the templated electrodeposition of regularly structured nanoporous materials and their properties and applications. Over this time we have worked extensively with two different types of self-organizing template: lyotropic liquid crystalline phases and close-packed arrays of spherical colloidal polystyrene particles.
Age-Dependent Changes in the Effect of Zinc and Cadmium on Bone Nodule Formation in Rat Calvarial Osteoblasts. (2000)

Mechanism of Zn2+-induced stimulation and Cd2+-induced inhibition of bone nodule (BN) formation was studied in calvarial osteoblastic cells isolated from rats of various ages. Zn2+ dose-dependently increased BN formation at 10-8м or higher concentrations in the cells from 10-week-old (young) and 90-week-old (aged) rats and the degree of stimulation was much smaller in the aged rat cells. Conversely, Cd2+ dose-depedently inhibited BN formation in the young and aged rat cells, with the effect being more prominent in the aged rat cells. The lowest concentrations required to reduce the area of BN in the young and aged rat cells were 10-8 and 10-9м, respectively. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I (10-6м) increased the area of BN by 350% and 50% in the young and aged rat cells, respectively. Zn2+ (3×10-6м) stimulated IGF-I production by 580% and 100% in the young and aged rat cells, respectively. Anti-IGF-I antibody almost completely inhibited the stimulatory effect of Zn2+ on BN formation in the young and aged rat cells. These results indicate that the effect of Zn2+ is mediated through the production of IGF-I. The stimulation of IGF-I production by Zn2+ (3×10-6м) was blocked by Cd2+ (10-7м) in the young and aged rat cells. Cd2+ (10-7м) also inhibited the increase in BN formation by IGF-I in the aged, but not in the young rat cells. These results indicate that Cd2+ inhibits the induction of IGF-I production by Zn2+ and the subsequent action of IGF-I on osteoblasts in the aged rat cells, while only the IGF-I production is affected in the young rat cells.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESES OF ANALGESICS PART 36, SYNTHESIS OF 1,2,3,4,5,6‐HEXAHYDRO‐2,6‐METHANO‐6‐PHENYL‐2‐BENZAZOCINE (STUDIES ON THE SYNTHESES OF HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS) PART 511 (1973)

Abstract R 0460 1‐(3‐Methoxyphenyl)‐phenylacetonitril (III) wurde durch Dehydrobenzolreak= O5 3()‐ tion aus o‐Chloranisol (I) und Phenylacetonitril (II) hergestellt und zu (IVa) 0690 verseift bzw. zu (IVb) verestert.
Physiology of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders: model for dyskinesia. (2000)

Although the basal ganglia have been implicated in the development of movement disorders since the 1940s, the exact role played by these structures has remained elusive. The development of the 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-monkey model of parkinsonism, and the recent resurgence of surgical therapy for the treatment of hypokinetic and hyperkinetic movement disorders has, however, led to an improved understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie their development. In this article, we review the functional organization and examine the changes in neuronal activity that occur in the basal ganglia thalamocortical 'motor' circuit in these disorders. An alternative to the classic 'rate' model for Parkinson's disease is presented that incorporates the observed changes in neuronal activity, as well as additional neuronal pathways that contribute to these changes. Based on studies in animal models and humans with hyperkinetic movement disorders, it is postulated that dyskinesias develop as the result of a combination of excessive reductions in the mean discharge rate, altered patterns and increased synchronization of neurons in the internal segment of the globus pallidus. It is further postulated that the particular type of involuntary movement which develops also depends on the relative change in neuronal activity in the direct, indirect and alternative pathways. Support for these postulates is examined, and models for drug-induced dyskinesia, hemiballismus and dystonia are proposed.
Monoclonal versus Polyclonal ELISA for Assessment of Fecal Elastase Concentration: Pitfalls of a New Assay (2005)

Exocrine pancreatic insufficiency is a frequent consequence of chronic or severe acute pancreatitis. Assessment of exocrine pancreatic function is commonly performed with stool tests, which have largely replaced the need for invasive function tests. Elastase is excreted by the pancreas and passes through the intestine without significant degradation or inactivation. Consequently, measurement of fecal elastase fulfills the requirements of an almost ideal surrogate marker for pancreatic exocrine function (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). The enzyme remains relatively stable in vitro, allowing stool samples to be mailed to a laboratory for analysis.

To date, the assay most widely used for measurement of pancreatic elastase has been a commercially available ELISA with a monoclonal antibody. The assay has been reported to be pathologic in 93% of patients with severe exocrine pancreatic insufficiency and in 63% of those with mild chronic pancreatitis, and normal in 93%–96% of those without pancreatic insufficiency. In contrast to many other pancreatic function tests, the analysis does not require interruption of oral porcine pancreatic replacement therapy because only the human form of elastase 1 is detected by the assay (1)(2)(3)(4)(5).

A new polyclonal antibody test using 2 different polyclonal antisera to human elastase has been reported to be positive in 78% of patients compared with 69% positivity for the monoclonal test in the same patients at a cutoff of 200 μg/g elastase (6). A cutoff of 100 μg/g gave similar sensitivities and specificities for the 2 tests. Binding studies showed that the polyclonal test seems to detect antigens that partly differ from “classic” elastase 1 (7). Simultaneous evaluation of stool specimens showed a tendency for higher values in the polyclonal test, which might cause a higher proportion of false-negative results.

We addressed 2 major questions: …
Learning, detecting, understanding, and predicting concept changes (2009)

The demand for learning machines that can adapt to concept change, the change over time of the statistical properties of a target variable, has become more urgent. We, therefore, propose a system in which multiple online and offline classifiers are used for learning changing concepts. Our system is able to: respond to both sudden and gradual changes, handle recurring concepts, detect the occurrence of change, understand the hidden contexts of past concepts, and predict the next concept. We evaluate the effectiveness of our system's elements and demonstrate that our system performed well with synthetic concept-drifting and concept-shifting datasets.
Electrochemical Intercalation of Mg<sup>2+</sup> into Anhydrous and Hydrated Crystalline Tungsten Oxides (2017)

The reversible intercalation of multivalent cations, especially Mg<sup>2+</sup>, into a solid-state electrode is an attractive mechanism for next-generation energy storage devices. These reactions typically exhibit poor kinetics due to a high activation energy for interfacial charge-transfer and slow solid-state diffusion. Interlayer water in V<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> and MnO<sub>2</sub> has been shown to improve Mg<sup>2+</sup> intercalation kinetics in nonaqueous electrolytes. Here, the effect of structural water on Mg<sup>2+</sup> intercalation in nonaqueous electrolytes is examined in crystalline WO<sub>3</sub> and the related hydrated and layered WO<sub>3</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O (n = 1, 2). Using thin film electrodes, cyclic voltammetry, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy, the energy storage in these materials is determined to involve reversible Mg<sup>2+</sup> intercalation. It is found that the anhydrous WO<sub>3</sub> can intercalate up to ∼0.3 Mg<sup>2+</sup> (75 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>) and can maintain the monoclinic structure for at least 50 cycles at a cyclic voltammetry sweep rate of 0.1 mV s<sup>-1</sup>. The kinetics of Mg<sup>2+</sup> storage in WO<sub>3</sub> are limited by solid-state diffusion, which is similar to its behavior in a Li<sup>+</sup> electrolyte. On the other hand, the maximum capacity for Mg<sup>2+</sup> storage in WO<sub>3</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O is approximately half that of WO<sub>3</sub> (35 mAh g<sup>-1</sup>). However, the kinetics of both Mg<sup>2+</sup> and Li<sup>+</sup> storage in WO<sub>3</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O are primarily limited by the interface and are thus pseudocapacitive. The stability of the structural water in WO<sub>3</sub>·nH<sub>2</sub>O varies: the interlayer water of WO<sub>3</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O is removed upon exposure to a nonaqueous electrolyte, while the water directly coordinated to W is stable during electrochemical cycling. These results demonstrate that tungsten oxides are potential candidates for Mg<sup>2+</sup> cathodes, that in these materials structural water can lead to improved Mg<sup>2+</sup> kinetics at the expense of capacity, and that the type of structural water affects stability.
Identifying Core Functional Networks and Functional Modules within Artificial Neural Networks via Subsets Regression (2016)

As the power and capabilities of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) grow, so do their size and complexity. To both decipher and improve ANNs, we need to build better tools that help us understand their inner workings. To that end, we introduce an algorithm called Subsets Regression on network Connectivity (SRC). SRC allows us to prune away unimportant nodes and connections in ANNs, revealing a core functional network (CFN) that is simpler and thus easier to analyze. SRC can also identify functional modules within an ANN. We demonstrate SRC's capabilities on both directly and indirectly encoded ANNs evolved to solve a modular problem. In many of the cases when evolution produces a highly entangled, non-modular ANN, SRC reveals that a CFN is hidden within these networks that is actually sparse and modular. That finding will substantially impact the sizable and ongoing research into the evolution of modularity and will encourage researchers to revisit previous results on that topic. We also show that the SRC algorithm can more accurately estimate the modularity Q-Score of a network than state-of-the-art approaches. Overall, SRC enables us to greatly simplify ANNs in order to better understand and improve them, and reveals that they often contain hidden modular structures within.
[Gly<sup>14</sup>]‐Humanin improved the learning and memory impairment induced by scopolamine <i>in vivo</i> (2001)

Humanin is a very recently discovered 24 amino acid linear polypeptide, which protects against cell death induced by either familial Alzheimer's disease mutant of amyloid precursor protein, presenilin-1 or presenilin-2 in vitro. However, it has remained uncertain whether humanin is a useful drug for the animal model of learning and memory deficit. In this study, we evaluated the effects of [Gly(14)]-humanin, a more potent humanin analogue, on the scopolamine HBr (1 mg kg(-1) s.c.)-induced impairment of spontaneous alternation behaviour in the Y-maze, an index of short-term memory in mice. [Gly(14)]-Humanin (1000 pmol 5 microl(-1) i.c.v.) reversed the impairment without affecting the number of arm entries. These results suggest that (I) [Gly(14)]-humanin is a beneficial drug for the impairment of learning and memory and (II) it modulates the learning and memory function mediated via cholinergic systems in mice.