gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Split field coding: low complexity error-resilient entropy coding for image compression (2008)

In this paper, we describe split field coding, an approach for low complexity, error-resilient entropy coding which splits code words into two fields: a variable length prefix and a fixed length suffix. Once a prefix has been decoded correctly, then the associated fixed length suffix is error-resilient, with bit errors causing no loss of code word synchronization and only a limited amount of distortion on the decoded value. When the fixed length suffixes are segregated to a separate block, this approach becomes suitable for use with a variety of methods which provide varying protection to different portions of the bitstream, such as unequal error protection or progressive ordering schemes. Split field coding is demonstrated in the context of a wavelet-based image codec, with examples of various error resilience properties, and comparisons to the rate-distortion and computational performance of JPEG 2000.
Electromechanical model of a resonating nano-cantilever-based sensor for high-resolution and high-sensitivity mass detection (2001)

A simple linear electromechanical model for an electrostatically driven resonating cantilever is derived. The model has been developed in order to determine dynamic quantities such as the capacitive current flowing through the cantilever-driver system at the resonance frequency, and it allows us to calculate static magnitudes such as position and voltage of collapse or the voltage versus deflection characteristic. The model is used to demonstrate the theoretical sensitivity on the attogram scale of a mass sensor based on a nanometre-scale cantilever, and to analyse the effect of an extra feedback loop in the control circuit to increase the Q factor.
Touch Sensor Array With Integrated Drivers and Comparator Using a-IGZO TFTs (2017)

Integration of an amorphous indium-gallium-zinc-oxide thin-film transistor (TFT)-based self-capacitive touch sensor array with its peripheral drivers and readout circuits is reported. Each pixel consists of one touch electrode and five TFTs that enable a pixel-by-pixel driving scheme via integrated row and column drivers made of shift registers. Outputs from all sensor pixels are fed into an integrated comparator and compared with a reference voltage to generate a more readable low or high output level. A ~7 V difference between the touch and untouched states could be detected, making the proposed touch sensor a promising candidate for flexible electronics.
Microwave Surface Level Monitor (1971)

Nonconventional applications of a microwave multifrequency CW radar for contactless and continuous monitoring of liquid surface levels are discussed. Analytical and experimental analysis utilizing the multiple-frequency technique to eliminate ambiguous distance measurements are presented. The method makes use of a waveguide partially immersed in the liquid and allows the measurement of phase differences between the outgoing and reflected waves, which is then utilized to determine the liquid level. Potential applications of the proposed method are the monitoring of water levels in piezometers and other liquids in large storage tanks.
Advanced circuit techniques for high-performance microprocessor and low-power DSPs (2004)

This article presents the challenges and solutions for a high-performance microprocessors and low-power digital signal processing chips. It discusses the high-performance power-efficient execution core such as the 6.5 GHz single-rail domino 32-bit Han-Car ALU; the 4 GHz semi-dynamic 32-bit sparse-tree AGU. It also deals with leakage-tolerant register files; conditional/burn-in keeper; pseudo-static bitlines; low-power datapaths for DSP applications; and the 1 GHz 16-bit static multiplier.
Analysis of a Challenging Subset of World Anti-Doping Agency-Banned Steroids and Antiestrogens by LC-MS-MS (2007)

A qualitative liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the analysis of 22 sporting federation-banned anabolic agents (or their metabolite markers) and anti-estrogens in urine that are refractory to analysis by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry is presented. In addition, a quantitative method built around World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) guidelines for the confirmatory analysis of 19-norandrosterone, the primary metabolite of nandrolone with a WADA-specified minimum required performance limit of 1 ng/mL, is included. Hydrolysis of glucuronide conjugates, liquid-liquid extraction, no clean-up derivatization with Girard's Reagent P, and analysis by quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry provide sensitivity and selectivity well beyond that required by the WADA.
Sodium lauryl sulfate enhances nickel penetration through guinea-pig skin. Studies with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis. (1989)

The effect of sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS), a common ingredient of detergents, on the penetration of nickel through the stratum corneum in the guinea-pig skin model was studied with energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis (EDX) to evaluate the barrier-damaging properties of this common detergent. The EDX technique allows a simultaneous determination of physiologically important elements, e.g., Na, Mg, P, Cl, K, Ca and S in addition to Ni at each point of measurement in epidermal cell strata. Our results show that SLS reduces the barrier function to Ni-ion penetration of the stratum corneum. In addition we have shown that EDX allows analysis of the influence of different factors involved in nickel penetration through the skin by giving data on the physiological effects on the epidermal cells caused by the applied substances.
Detection and Characterization of SUMO Protease Activity Using a Sensitive Enzyme-Based Reporter Assay (2008)

In this chapter we describe a novel, sensitive, homogenous high throughput reporter-based in vitro assay for SUMO protease activity developed by Progenra, Inc. A reporter construct was created by fusing His(6)-tagged small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO) to the amino terminus of the reporter enzyme phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)). Following cleavage by a member of the sentrin specific proteases (SENPs), free PLA(2) is able to turn over its substrate, resulting in the release of a fluorescent product which is readily quantifiable using a fluorimeter or a fluorescence plate reader. The utility of this SUMO-CHOP-Reporter assay platform is demonstrated by its ability to determine K(m) values and to characterize inhibitors of SUMO proteases.
BOL-303242-X, a novel selective glucocorticoid receptor agonist, with full anti-inflammatory properties in human ocular cells. (2009)

BOL-303242-X acts as a potent anti-inflammatory agent in various primary human ocular cells with similar activity and potency compared to classical steroids. Results also suggest that MAPK (p38 and JNK) and NFkappaB signaling pathways are involved in the anti-inflammatory properties of BOL-303242-X in HCEpiCs. An improved side effect profile of this novel SEGRA compound has been reported recently. Thus, BOL-303242-X may provide a new option for the treatment of ophthalmic conditions with an inflammatory component.
Production of methane from carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide in a plasma-catalytic combined reactor system (2013)

Plasma-catalytic hydrogenation of CO and CO 2 for producing methane was investigated with a catalyst-packed dielectric barrier discharge reactor. The characteristics of methane production from CO/H 2 or CO 2 /H 2 gas mixture were examined with bare alumina, TiO 2 /alumina, Ni/alumina, and Ni-TiO 2 /alumina under plasma and non-plasma conditions. The results obtained with bare alumina and TiO 2 /alumina suggest that either plasmainduced gas-phase reactions or photocatalytic reactions hardly contribute to the conversion of CO and CO 2 . The nonthermal plasma was found to have a promotive effect on the conversion of CO and CO 2 only when nickel-loaded catalysts such as Ni/alumina and Ni-TiO 2 /alumina were used, implying that the nonthermal plasma serves to promote the dissociation of carbon-oxygen bonds of CO and CO 2 adsorbed on the active sites of the catalysts, known as the slowest step of the reaction.
Archaeological Testing of 41BZ87, Brazos County, Texas (1992)

Site 41BZ87 is a prehistoric site situated on a low knoll above Thompson Creek in western Brazos County. It is within the approximately 6 ft. wide right-of-way of the future alignment of S.H. 47. Phase II arch~ logical testing was begun by the author in August, 1992, to determine the site's eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Hist4 · c Places (in accordance with 36 CFR, Part 800) and assess its potential for State Landmark status. The site contains an unknown prehistoric cultural zone of undetermined age or affiliation. The occupation is exposed on the surface and extends to some 40 cm deep in the sandy soil and gravel. No diagnostic material were recovered, no featu1 es were noted, and only 2 flakes and 6 chips was found during testing . Further testing will not add to the overall regional database for prehistoric sites. Site 41BZ87 is extremely minimal as a site and it does not meet the criteria for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places nor should it be designated as a State Archaeological Landmark.
Image Processing and Data Analysis (1998)

Powerful techniques have been developed in recent years for the analysis of digital data, especially the manipulation of images. This book provides an in-depth introduction to a range of these innovative, avante-garde data-processing techniques. It develops the reader's understanding of each technique and then shows with practical examples how they can be applied to improve the skills of graduate students and researchers in astronomy, electrical engineering, physics, geophysics and medical imaging. What sets this book apart from others on the subject is the complementary blend of theory and practical application. Throughout, it is copiously illustrated with real-world examples from astronomy, electrical engineering, remote sensing and medicine. It also shows how many, more traditional, methods can be enhanced by incorporating the new wavelet and multiscale methods into the processing. For graduate students and researchers already experienced in image processing and data analysis, this book provides an indispensable guide to a wide range of exciting and original data-analysis techniques.
Phenotypic and Genotypic Characterization of <i>Pediococcus</i> Strains Isolated from Human Clinical Sources (2001)

Seventy-two strains of pediococci isolated from human clinical sources were characterized by conventional physiological tests, chromogenic enzymatic tests, analysis of whole-cell protein profiles (WCPP) by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and analysis of chromosomal DNA restriction profiles by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Conventional tests allowed identification of 67 isolates: 52 strains were identified as Pediococcus acidilactici, 15 strains were identified as Pediococcus pentosaceus, and 5 strains were not identified because of atypical reactions. Analysis of WCPP identified all isolates since each species had a unique WCPP. By the WCPP method, the atypical strains were identified as P. acidilactici (two strains) and P. pentosaceus (three strains). The chromogenic substrate test with o-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside differentiated all 54 strains of P. acidilactici (negative reactions) and 13 (72%) of 18 strains of P. pentosaceus (positive reactions). Isolates of both species were shown to be nonclonal as revealed by the genetic diversity when chromosomal DNA was analyzed by PFGE. Using WCPP as the definitive identification procedure, P. acidilactici (28 of 54 strains; 51.8%) was more likely than P. pentosaceus (4 of 18 strains; 22.3%) to be isolated from blood cultures.
A cytoplasmic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase SOD1 contributes to hyphal growth and virulence of Fusarium graminearum (2016)

Superoxide dismutases (SODs) are scavengers of superoxide radicals, one of the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. SOD-based ROS scavenging system constitutes the frontline defense against intra- and extracellular ROS, but the roles of SODs in the important cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum are not very clear. There are five SOD genes in F. graminearum genome, encoding cytoplasmic Cu-Zn SOD1 and MnSOD3, mitochondrial MnSOD2 and FeSOD4, and extracellular CuSOD5. Previous studies reported that the expression of SOD1 increased during infection of wheat coleoptiles and florets. In this work we showed that the recombinant SOD1 protein had the superoxide dismutase activity in vitro, and that the SOD1-mRFP fusion protein localized in the cytoplasm of F. graminearum. The Δsod1 mutants had slightly reduced hyphal growth and markedly increased sensitivity to the intracellular ROS generator menadione. The conidial germination under extracellular oxidative stress was significantly delayed in the mutants. Wheat floret infection assay showed that the Δsod1 mutants had a reduced pathogenicity. Furthermore, the Δsod1 mutants had a significant reduction in production of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin. Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic Cu-Zn SOD1 affects fungal growth probably depending on detoxification of intracellular superoxide radicals, and that SOD1-mediated deoxynivalenol production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum in wheat head infection.
Ontology-Based Task Simulation (2004)

Information services assist people in their decision-making during the performance of certain tasks. In order to determine if a data source, which commits to a given ontology, can be employed for a service, the service provider needs to evaluate its usability and utility for the decision-making process. We propose to do this by simulating with the ontologies the tasks to be supported by the service. Such a simulation needs to access data about entities based on the actions they afford and the events they participate in. This requires that ontologies include information about these affordances and events. The paper demonstrates a formalized framework, which satisfies this requirement by including functions in the ontologies and making the specifications executable. A real-world scenario for a navigation service—instructions for crossing a river by car—demonstrates the applicability and benefits of the approach in a dynamic scenario.
Biophysical constraints on the evolution of tissue structure and function (2014)

Phylogenetic analyses based on models of molecular sequence evolution have driven to industrial scale the generation, cataloguing and modelling of nucleic acid and polypeptide structure. The recent application of these techniques to study the evolution of protein interaction networks extends this analytical rigour to the study of nucleic acid and protein function. Can we further extend phylogenetic analysis of protein networks to the study of tissue structure and function? If the study of tissue phylogeny is to join up with mainstream efforts in the molecular evolution domain, the continuum field description of tissue biophysics must be linked to discrete descriptions of molecular biochemistry. In support of this goal we discuss tissue units, and biophysical constraints to molecular function associated with these units, to present a rationale with which to model tissue evolution. Our rationale combines a multiscale hierarchy of functional tissue units (FTUs) with the corresponding application of physical laws to describe molecular interaction networks and flow processes over continuum fields within these units. Non-dimensional numbers, derived from the equations governing biophysical processes in FTUs, are proposed as metrics for comparative studies across individuals, species or evolutionary time. We also outline the challenges inherent to the systematic cataloguing and phylogenetic analysis of tissue features relevant to the maintenance and regulation of molecular interaction networks. These features are key to understanding the core biophysical constraints on tissue evolution.
Early quality prediction: a case study in telecommunications (1996)

Predicting the quality of modules lets developers focus on potential problems and make improvements earlier in development, when it is more cost-effective. The authors applied discriminant analysis to identify fault-prone modules in a large telecommunications system prior to testing.
Manganese superoxide dismutase in disease (2001)

Manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) is essential for life as dramatically illustrated by the neonatal lethality of mice that are deficient in MnSOD. In addition, mice expressing only 50% of the normal compliment of MnSOD demonstrate increased susceptibility to oxidative stress and severe mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from elevation of reactive oxygen species. Thus, it is important to know the status of both MnSOD protein levels and activity in order to assess its role as an important regulator of cell biology. Numerous studies have shown that MnSOD can be induced to protect against pro-oxidant insults resulting from cytokine treatment, ultraviolet light, irradiation, certain tumors, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and ischemia/reperfusion. In addition, overexpression of MnSOD has been shown to protect against pro-apoptotic stimuli as well as ischemic damage. Conversely, several studies have reported declines in MnSOD activity during diseases including cancer, aging, progeria, asthma, and transplant rejection. The precise biochemical/molecular mechanisms involved with this loss in activity are not well understood. Certainly, MnSOD gene expression or other defects could play a role in such inactivation. However, based on recent findings regarding the susceptibility of MnSOD to oxidative inactivation, it is equally likely that post-translational modification of MnSOD may account for the loss of activity. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated that MnSOD is tyrosine nitrated and inactivated during human kidney allograft rejection and human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. We have determined that peroxynitrite (ONOO- ) is the only known biological oxidant competent to inactivate enzymatic activity, to nitrate critical tyrosine residues, and to induce dityrosine formation in MnSOD. Tyrosine nitration and inactivation of MnSOD would lead to increased levels of superoxide and concomitant increases in ONOO- within the mitochondria which, could lead to tyrosine nitration/oxidation of key mitochondrial proteins and ultimately mitochondrial dysfunction and cell death. This article assesses the important role of MnSOD activity in various pathological states in light of this potentially lethal positive feedback cycle involving oxidative inactivation.
Mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy and differential damage in vitro between lipids and proteins by an all-fiber-integrated supercontinuum laser (2009)

We identify and differentially damage lipids and proteins using wavelengths between 2.6 and 3.8 mum from a fiber-based supercontinuum (SC) laser. Absorption spectroscopy of the constituents of normal artery and atherosclerotic plaque, including adipose tissue, macrophages and foam cells, are measured by a SC laser in the mid-infrared. By using the laser light within the C-H fatty acid and cholesterol esters absorption band, we also demonstrate differential damage of lipid-rich adipose tissue without damaging the protein-rich blood vessel wall. The experiments use a novel SC laser that is all-fiber-integrated with no moving parts, covers a continuous spectrum ranging from approximately 0.8 to beyond 4.2 microm, and outputs a time-averaged power scalable up to 10.5 W.
A lifelong learning perspective for mobile robot control (2002)

Designing robots that learn by themselves to perform complex real-world tasks is a still-open challenge for the field of robotics and artificial intelligence. In this paper the author presents the robot learning problem as a lifelong problem, in which a robot faces a collection of tasks over its entire lifetime. Such a scenario provides the opportunity to gather general-purpose knowledge that transfers across tasks. The author illustrates a particular leaning mechanism, explanation-based neural network learning, that transfers knowledge between related tasks via neural network action models. The learning approach is illustrated using a mobile robot, equipped with visual, ultrasonic and laser sensors. In less than 10 minutes operation time, the robot is able to learn to navigate to a marked target object in a natural office environment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The oxidation of dimethylthetin and related compounds to sulphate in the rat (1953)

Sulphonium salts, such as the trimethylsulphonium and triethylsulphonium halides, possess certain of the pharmacological properties of quater- nary ammonium compounds (Crum Brown & Fraser, 1872) and have been given some attention on this account in the past More recently, interest in sulphonium compounds has centred on the thetins and their role in transmethylation. Du Vigneaud (1942-3) first reported that dimethylthetin chloride (carboxymethyldimethylsulphonium chloride) {(CH3)2S'CH2CO2H}Cl, could sup- port the growth of rats fed on a methyl-deficient diet supplemented with homocystine, and that it could act, like choline and glycine betaine, as a methyl donor in the rat (Du Vigneaud, Moyer & Chandler, 1948). A related thetin, dimethyl-f,propiothetin, was also found to be an active methyl donor (Maw & Du Vigneaud, 1948a); this is of significance in view of its natural occurrence in a marine alga (Challenger & Simpson, 1947, 1948). Ethylmethylthetin is partly active in this respect, whereas diethylthetin, lacking the necessary methyl groups, is inactive (Maw & Du Vigneaud, 1948c). Dubnoff & Borsook (1948a), using rat, pig and guinea-pig liver suspensions, demonstrated the
Studies in mice treated with ICRF-159 combined with daunorubicin or doxorubicin. (1981)

We have investigated the effect of ICRF-159 on the toxicity of daunorubicin (DR) and doxorubicin (DX) given iv, and the effectiveness of ICRF-159 combined with DR or DX on the growth of transplantable MLV-M (murine leukemia virus-Moloney) leukemia, MS-2 solid sarcoma, and pulmonary MS-2 metastases in mice. The injection of ICRF-159 concurrently with the administration of DR resulted in a marked decrease in the toxicity of the antibiotic. However, when DX was injected concurrently with ICRF-159 an increase in antibiotic toxicity was observed, except when ICRF-159 was employed at a very low dosage. ICRF-159 administered alone did not influence the tumor growth in the systems tested and did not result in antimetastatic activity. In mice bearing transplanted MLV-M leukemia, the effects of the combination of ICRF-159 with DR or DX were not superior to those of DR or DX treatment on either tumor growth or lifespan. The treatment of MS-2 tumor with the ICRF-159 and DX combination neither produced a therapeutic synergism (therapeutic response superior to the maximum response obtainable by either agent independently) nor antagonized the antineoplastic action of DX. A marked inhibition of tumor growth and increase in lifespan were observed in the mice treated with a high dose of DR (10 mg/kg/injection) plus ICRF-159 (50 mg/kg/injection). We have also examined, on MS-2 lung metastases, the effectiveness of surgical-adjuvant combination chemotherapy with DR or DX plus ICRF-159 injected at different times with respect to surgery. A synergistic effect of DX or DR with ICRF-159 was observed when the drug treatment was performed before the surgery, or both before and after the surgery. No synergistic effect of DX or DR with ICRF-159 on MS-2 lung metastases was found when the MS-2 lung metastases were treated after the surgery. A higher antimetastatic activity was observed in the groups treated with a combination of toxic doses of DR and ICRF-150 than in the groups treated with a combination of toxic doses of DR and ICRF-159 than in the groups treated with tolerated doses of the antibiotic.