gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Thermoelectric Metal Oxide Elements Prepared by the Pulse Electric‐Current Sintering Method (2004)

Thermoelectric elements consisting of the layered polycrystalline materials of Al‐doped ZnO and NaCo 2 O 4 were prepared using the pulse electric‐current sintering (PECS) method at 900°C for 3 min. Direct contact between the polycrystalline Al‐doped ZnO and the NaCo 2 O 4 was obtained in a single‐step process for the stacked powders. The electrical conductivities of the polycrystalline materials prepared by PECS were higher than those of materials prepared by conventional sintering, despite their porous structure. The thermoelectric voltage of the 1‐mol%‐Al‐doped ZnO and NaCo 2 O 4 polycrystalline element (measuring ∼6 mm × 3 mm × 15 mm) was 83 mV at d T = 500 K, when the junction of the elements was at 800°C.
All-nanoparticle concave diffraction grating fabricated by self-assembly onto magnetically-recorded templates (2013)

Using the enormous magnetic field gradients present near the surface of magnetic recording media, we assemble diffraction gratings with lines consisting entirely of self-assembled magnetic nanoparticles that are transferred to flexible polymer thin films. These nanomanufactured gratings have line spacings programmed with commercial magnetic recording and are inherently concave with radii of curvature controlled by varying the polymer film thickness. This manufacturing approach offers a low-cost alternative for realizing concave gratings and more complex optical materials assembled with single-nanometer precision.
Sequence divergence analysis for the prediction of seven-helix membrane protein structures: I. Comparison with bacteriorhodopsin (1994)

A method using protein sequence divergence to predict the three-dimensional structure of the transmembrane domain of seven-helix membrane proteins is described. The key component in the multistep procedure is the calculation of a hydrophilic and lipophilic variability index for each amino acid in an alignment of a family of homologous proteins. The variability profile, a plot of the calculated variability index versus alignment position, can be used to predict a tertiary model of the backbone conformation of the transmembrane domain. This method was applied to bacteriorhodopsin (BR) and the model obtained was compared with the known structure of this protein. Using an alignment of the amino acid sequences of BR and closely related (> or = 20% identity) proteins, the boundaries of the transmembrane regions, their secondary structures and orientations inside the membrane bilayer were predicted based on the variability profile. Additional information about the shape of the helix bundle was also obtained from the average variability of each transmembrane helix with the assumption that the helices are packed sequentially and form a closed helix bundle. Correct features of the known structure of BR were found in the model structure, suggesting that a similar strategy can be used to predict transmembrane helices and the packing shape of other membrane proteins with seven transmembrane helices, such as the opsins and other G-protein coupled receptors.
Exact inference in multi-label CRFs with higher order cliques (2008)

This paper addresses the problem of exactly inferring the maximum a posteriori solutions of discrete multi-label MRFs or CRFs with higher order cliques. We present a framework to transform special classes of multi-label higher order functions to submodular second order Boolean functions (referred to as F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ), which can be minimized exactly using graph cuts and we characterize those classes. The basic idea is to use two or more Boolean variables to encode the states of a single multi-label variable. There are many ways in which this can be done and much interesting research lies in finding ways which are optimal or minimal in some sense. We study the space of possible encodings and find the ones that can transform the most general class of functions to F <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">s</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Our main contributions are two-fold. First, we extend the subclass of submodular energy functions that can be minimized exactly using graph cuts. Second, we show how higher order potentials can be used to improve single view 3D reconstruction results. We believe that our work on exact minimization of higher order energy functions will lead to similar improvements in solutions of other labelling problems.
The distribution of porcine pancreatic beta‐cells at ages 5, 12 and 24 weeks (1999)

Islet transplantation is a potential treatment for diabetes mellitus and porcine pancreata may provide a readily available source of islets. The size, number and distribution of islets within the pancreas may influence the choice of age of donor for xenotransplantation. Samples (n = 3 per age group) from the dorsal and ventral pancreas of 5-, 12- and 24-week-old hybrid pigs were fixed in formal saline, processed in paraffin wax and stained with an avidin/biotin immunohistochemical kit for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide. The arrangement of endocrine cells within the pancreata were studied and mean diameter of beta-cell groups were measured (from insulin stained sections) in 1 mm2 grid areas (n = 10 per section) and collated into groups according to size. Percentage volume density of beta-cells in relation to the whole pancreas was calculated and also the distribution of beta-cell groups, according to their size, within the total beta-cell mass. There were differences in the frequency and arrangement of endocrine cells within islets at the different ages studied. beta-Cell groups < 50 microm in diameter occupied 70 to 80% of the total beta-cell mass at 5 weeks but, as the age of the pig increased, larger cell groups were more abundant. However, the percentage volume density of beta-cells within the total pancreas did not change as the pancreas matured. This study shows that the endocrine porcine pancreas was maturing and its structure changed between the ages of 5 and 24 weeks. The relevance of these findings may have implications on the isolation and function of islets if young pigs are to be used as donors for transplantation as a treatment for diabetes mellitus.
Low-power high-performance arithmetic circuits and architectures (2002)

A new class of dynamic differential logic families, swing limited logic (SLL), is proposed for low-power high-performance applications. Two implementations of SLL, short-circuit current logic (SC/sup 2/L) and clock-pulse controlled logic (CPCL), are designed. Low power is achieved by aggressively reducing logic swing. Using a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology and a nominal supply voltage of 3.3 V, an SC/sup 2/L 8-bit carry ripple adder (CRA) is implemented. It offers an order of magnitude less energy-delay product than several other logic families. Furthermore, two multipliers are constructed to demonstrate how SLL can be used in large circuit applications.
Orientation of pentacene films using surface alignment layers and its influence on thin-film transistor characteristics (2001)

We have investigated the effect of surface order on the orientation and mobility of pentacene. The surface order was created using monolayers and polymers that are normally used to align liquid crystals. Rubbed polyvinylalcohol layers were found to align approximately 27% of the pentacene grains within a 30° range. When introduced in a thin-film transistor, they were found to enhance the saturation current by a factor of 2.5. A mechanism for this enhancement is proposed.
Synthesis and characterisation of pure isomers of iodoacetamidotetramethylrhodamine (1994)

The isomeric benzoylnitrobenzoate esters 5 and 6, prepared by condensation of 4-nitrophthalic anhydride and 3-(dimethylamino)phenol followed by esterification, were separated by fractional crystallisation and their structures assigned by NOE difference spectroscopy. Reduction of the nitro group in each compound followed by acetylation and ester hydrolysis gave the isomeric acetamido acids 7 and 8, which were efficiently condensed with 3-(dimethylamino)phenol in the presence of trimethylsilyl polyphosphate to give the acetamidorhodamines 9 and 10, respectively. These compounds were converted by standard means into the pure 6- and 5-(iodoacetamido)tetramethylrhodamines 1 and 2. The visible spectroscopic properties of the compounds were examined and accurate extinction coefficients determined.
A cost-effective approach to evaluating security vulnerability scanner (2013)

Web applications are exposed to various threats and attacks, and therefore numerous tools are developed for detecting web application vulnerabilities. Many studies have focused on evaluating vulnerability scanners. An efficient evaluation approach for detection tools is essential and can be extremely helpful to the users. In this paper, we propose a cost-effective approach to evaluating vulnerability scanners by considering redundant vulnerability alert problem. We define the redundant alert problem in scanner evaluation with our motivational example and propose the advanced confusion matrix by extending two defined attributes, true duplication (TD) and false duplication (FD). Then we apply our proposed cost-effective evaluation approach and build up the web Vulnerability Scanner Testbed.
Tryptophan Catabolism in IDO+ Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells (2007)

Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs) represent a specialized cell population that produces large amounts of type I interferons, the so-called natural interferon-producing cells. Recently, murine and human pDCs have been credited with a unique ability to express indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and to mediate immunosuppression in specific settings. This suggests an important role for IDO-expressing pDCs in controlling the balance of inflammation and tolerance. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of how these cells may be critical at the interface of inflammation and tolerance and discuss the potential for therapeutic IDO modulation as an immunoregulatory maneuver targeting pDC function.
Ionic species responsible for the plasma anodization of silicon (1988)

Identification of the species that promotes the growth of silicon dioxide on silicon in a microwave oxygen plasma has been investigated. Comparison of ion analysis experiments using quadropole mass spectrometry and oxide growth experiments performed in the same system indicates a strong correlation between the oxide growth and the presence of O− ions in the plasma.
Dry-Reagent Storage for Disposable Lab-On-Card Diagnosis of Enteric Pathogens (2006)

This paper presents a process for dry-reagent storage and handling for a microfluidic lab-on-a-card platform for point-of-care applications to identify enteric bacterial pathogens in patients presenting with acute diarrhea, with special reference to infections that might be encountered in developing countries. Three different reagents are studied: i) antibody-coated magnetic beads for pathogen capture, ii) lysis buffer for extraction of nucleic acids from the pathogens, and iii) DNA amplification of the nucleic acids by polymerase chain reaction. This presentation will report on the process of dry reagent storage, resuspension and its functionality
Cooperation of autonomous vehicles using a hierarchy of auction-based and model-predictive control (2016)

This paper proposes an approach to establish cooperative behavior within traffic scenarios involving only autonomously driving vehicles. The main idea is to employ principles of auction-based control to determine driving strategies by which the vehicles reach their driving goals, while adjusting their paths to each other and adhering to imposed constraints like traffic rules. Driving plans (bids) are repetitively negotiated among the control units of the vehicles (the auction) to obtain a compromise between separate (local) vehicle goals and the global objective to resolve the considered traffic scenario. The agreed driving plans serve as reference trajectories for local model-predictive controllers of the vehicles to realize the driving behavior. The approach is illustrated for a cooperative overtaking scenario comprising three vehicles.
Suramin. A potent inhibitor of melanoma heparanase and invasion (1991)

Suramin, a polysulfonated naphthylurea, has anti-reverse transcriptase and anti-proliferative activities and inhibits the binding of various growth factors to their cell surface receptors. This drug is used in the treatment of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and several types of cancers. Increased levels of circulating glycosaminoglycans have been observed in suramin-treated cancer patients, suggesting that it may inhibit glycosaminoglycan catabolism. Melanoma-derived heparanase, a heparan sulfate-specific endo-beta-D-glucuronidase that plays an important role in metastatic melanoma cell invasion through basement membranes, is inhibited by suramin in a dose-dependent manner: 100% inhibition was observed at a concentration of approximately 100 microM. Structurally related polysulfonated compounds, such as trypan blue and Evans blue, had lower heparanase inhibitory activities: the concentrations required for 50% heparanase inhibition (ID50) were 310-320 microM and six times higher than for suramin (ID50 = 46 microM). Oversulfated heparin tetrasaccharide, whose average molecular size is similar to suramin, had also much lower heparanase inhibitory activity than suramin. The inhibition constants (Ki) for suramin and oversulfated heparin tetrasaccharide were 48 and 290 microM, respectively. Suramin had a remarkable inhibitory activity against B16 melanoma cell invasion through reconstituted basement membranes (ID50 less than 10 microM). The inhibitory effects of suramin on melanoma heparanase and cell invasion appeared to be completely independent of its antiproliferative activity, because significant effects on melanoma cell growth were not observed at the concentrations of suramin used in this study. The results suggest that the antimetastatic effects of suramin may be due to its antiinvasive rather than antiproliferative activities.
Cementogenesis reviewed: A comparison between human premolars and rodent molars (1996)

Taking into account these species differences, the current description on the origin and differentiation of cementoblasts is inconsistent and the description of cementogenesis is still incomplete. This review calls into question the currently held concept of cementogenesis and offers a possible alternative.
SNPbox: a modular software package for large-scale primer design (2004)

SNPbox_supplement.
A High-Swing 45 Gb/s Hybrid Voltage and Current-Mode PAM-4 Transmitter in 28 nm CMOS FDSOI (2016)

Pushed by the ever-increasing demand of high-speed connectivity, next generation 400 Gb/s electrical links are targeting PAM-4 modulation to limit channel loss and preserve link budget. Compared to NRZ, a higher amplitude is desirable to counteract the 1/3 reduction of PAM-4 vertical eye opening. However, linearity is also key, and PAM-4 levels must be precisely spaced to preserve the horizontal eye opening advantage it has over NRZ. This paper presents a 45 Gb/s PAM-4 transmitter able to deliver a very large output swing with enhanced linearity and state-of-the-art efficiency. Built around a hybrid combination of current-mode and voltage-mode topologies, the driver is embedded into a 4-taps 5-bits feed-forward equalizer (FFE), and allows tuning the output impedance to ensure good source termination. Implemented in 28 nm CMOS FDSOI process, the full transmitter includes a half-rate serializer, duty-cycle correction circuit, >> 2 kV HBM ESD diodes, and delivers a full swing of 1.3 Vppd at 45 Gb/s, while drawing only 120 mA from 1 V supply. The power efficiency is ~ 2 times better than previously reported PAM-4 transmitters.
HERP1 Inhibits Myocardin-Induced Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Differentiation by Interfering With SRF Binding to CArG Box (2005)

HERP1 expression was associated with the SMC proliferation and dedifferentiation in vitro and in vivo. HERP1 may play a role in promoting the phenotypic modulation of VSMCs during vascular injury and atherosclerotic process by interfering with SRF binding to CArG-box through physical association between HERP1 and SRF.
An Overview of the Assisted Cognition Project (2002)

The rise of Alzheimer’s disease is one of the greatest health crises facing the industrialized world. Today, approximately four million Americans suffer from Alzheimer’s disease; by 2050, the number is expected to rise to 15 million people. As a result of the increasing longevity of the elderly, many sufferers are now aware that their capacities to remember, to learn, and to carry out the tasks of everyday life are slowly being lost. The Assisted Cognition Project is a new joint effort between the University of Washington’s Department of Computer Science, Medical Center, and Alzheimer’s Disease Research Center that is exploring the use of AI systems to support and enhance the independence and quality of life of Alzheimer’s patients. The goal of the Assisted Cognition project is to develop novel computer systems that will enhance the quality of life of people suffering from Alzheimer’s Disease and similar cognitive disorders. Assisted Cognition systems use ubiquitous computing and artificial intelligence technology to replace some of the memory and problem-solving abilities that have been lost by an Alzheimer’s patient. Two concrete examples of the Assisted Cognition systems we are developing are an ACTIVITY COMPASS that helps reduce spatial disorientation both inside and outside the home, and an ADAPTIVE PROMPTER that helps patients carry out multi-step everyday tasks.
Performance of recommender algorithms on top-n recommendation tasks (2010)

In many commercial systems, the 'best bet' recommendations are shown, but the predicted rating values are not. This is usually referred to as a top-N recommendation task, where the goal of the recommender system is to find a few specific items which are supposed to be most appealing to the user. Common methodologies based on error metrics (such as RMSE) are not a natural fit for evaluating the top-N recommendation task. Rather, top-N performance can be directly measured by alternative methodologies based on accuracy metrics (such as precision/recall).
The Evolution of Neuromodulation in the Treatment of Chronic Pain: Forward-Looking Perspectives (2019)

The field of neuromodulation is undergoing a renaissance of technology development with potential for profoundly improving the care of chronic pain patients. New and emerging targets like the dorsal root ganglion, as well as high-frequency and patterned stimulation methodologies such as burst stimulation, are paving the way for better clinical outcomes. As we look forward to the future, neural sensing, novel target-specific stimulation patterns, and approaches combining neuromodulation therapies are likely to significantly impact how neuromodulation is used. Moreover, select biomarkers may influence and guide the use of neuromodulation and help objectively demonstrate efficacy and outcomes.
Stretchable Superhydrophobicity from Monolithic, Three-Dimensional Hierarchical Wrinkles (2016)

We report the design of three-dimensional (3D) hierarchical wrinkle substrates that can maintain their superhydrophobicity even after being repeatedly stretched. Monolithic poly(dimethysiloxane) with multiscale features showed wetting properties characteristic of static superhydrophobicity with water contact angles (>160°) and very low contact angle hysteresis (<5°). To examine how superhydrophobicity was maintained as the substrate was stretched, we investigated the dynamic wetting behavior of bouncing and splashing upon droplet impact with the surface. On hierarchical wrinkles consisting of three different length scales, superhydrophobic bouncing was observed. The substrate remained superhydrophobic up to 100% stretching with no structural defects after 1000 cycles of stretching and releasing. Stretchable superhydrophobicity was possible because of the monolithic nature of the hierarchical wrinkles as well as partial preservation of nanoscale structures under stretching.
Development of Bactericidal Capacity and Phagocytosis-Associated Metabolism of Fetal Pig Leukocytes (1972)

Evidence that the bactericidal ability and the stimulated oxidative metabolism of leukocytes appear in parallel during fetal development of the Minnesota Miniature pig has been obtained by application of the techniques applied to studies of human cells. It was demonstrated that leukocytes from 87- to 90-day fetuses were fully capable of ingesting Staphylococcus aureus but greatly diminished in bactericidal capacity as compared to leukocytes of older fetuses and adults. Although resting levels of oxygen consumption and hexose monophosphate pathway activity of leukocytes from the younger fetuses compared well with those of leukocytes from older animals, the phagocytosis-stimulated increments of metabolism were much less at 87 to 90 days of gestation than at later developmental stages. Both bactericidal capacity and increased metabolism of leukocytes reach adult levels by 100 days of gestation (normal gestation period of 115 to 120 days). Acrylamide gels stained for reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and NADH phosphate (NADPH) diaphorase activity after disc electrophoresis of leukocyte extracts revealed normal mobility and intensity of NADH diaphorase bands. Three NADPH diaphorase bands were present in adult leukocyte extracts. Only the fast-migrating NADPH diaphorase band of 87- to 90-day cells stained with decreased intensity. This "deficiency" was no longer present at the later fetal period. The fast-migrating NADPH diaphorase band may represent an electron transfer protein which functions in cyanide-insensitive respiration of the leukocytes of the pig.
Calcium-Activated K + Channels and Calcium-Induced Calcium Release by Slow Vacuolar Ion Channels in Guard Cell Vacuoles Implicated in the Control of Stomatal Closure (1994)

John M. Ward, Julian I. Schroeder, Calcium-Activated K+ Channels and Calcium-Induced Calcium Release by Slow Vacuolar Ion Channels in Guard Cell Vacuoles Implicated in the Control of Stomatal Closure, The Plant Cell, Vol. 6, No. 5 (May, 1994), pp. 669-683
Bacteriophage-Modified Microarrays for the Direct Impedimetric Detection of Bacteria (2008)

A novel method is presented for the specific and direct detection of bacteria using bacteriophages as recognition receptors immobilized covalently onto functionalized screen-printed carbon electrode (SPE) microarrays. The SPE networks were functionalized through electrochemical oxidation in acidic media of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide (EDC) by applying a potential of +2.2 V to the working electrode. Immobilization of T4 bacteriophage onto the SPEs was achieved via EDC by formation of amide bonds between the protein coating of the phage and the electrochemically generated carboxylic groups at the carbon surface. The surface functionalization with EDC, and the binding of phages, was verified by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The immobilized T4 phages were then used to specifically detect E. coli bacteria. The presence of surface-bound bacteria was verified by scanning electron and fluorescence microscopies. Impedance measurements (Nyquist plots) show shifts of the order of 10(4) Omega due to the binding of E. coli bacteria to the T4 phages. No significant change in impedance was observed for control experiments using immobilized T4 phage in the presence of Salmonella. Impedance variations as a function of incubation time show a maximum shift after 20 min, indicating onset of lysis, as also confirmed by fluorescence microscopy. Concentration-response curves yield a detection limit of 10(4) cfu/mL for 50-microL samples.