gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The U.S. corn ethanol industry: An overview of current technology and future prospects (2002)

Last year, 1.77 billion gallons of fuel ethanol were produced in the U.S., over 90% of which was produced from corn. Ethanol demand is expected to more than double in the next several years as it is used to replace the fuel oxygenate, methyl tertiary-butyl ether (MTBE). Corn is prepared for ethanol fermentation by either wet milling or dry grinding. Most newly constructed ethanol plants use dry grinding because of its lower capital costs. However, corn wet millers have also expanded production by adding on to existing plants. Current technology allows for 2.5 (wet milled) to 2.7 (dry grind) gal of ethanol per bushel of corn. An opportunity exists for increasing this yield by also converting the fibrous components of the corn kernel (i.e., pericarp and germ) to ethanol. Fermenting these non-starch fractions could increase the yield from a bushel of corn by a maximum of 10%. In this brief review, the economic and technical aspects of ethanol production will be explored as well as future prospects for increasing ethanol yield from corn by fermenting the non-starch fractions.
Identification of novel autophagic Radix Polygalae fraction by cell membrane chromatography and UHPLC-(Q)TOF-MS for degradation of neurodegenerative disease proteins (2015)

With its traditional use in relieving insomnia and anxiety, our previous study has identified onjisaponin B from Radix Polygalae (RP), as a novel autophagic enhancer with potential neuroprotective effects. In current study, we have further identified a novel active fraction from RP, contains 17 major triterpenoid saponins including the onjisaponin B, by the combinational use of cell membrane chromatography (CMC) and ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to (quadrupole) time-of-flight mass spectrometry {UHPLC-(Q)TOF-MS}. By exhibiting more potent autophagic effect in cells, the active fraction enhances the clearance of mutant huntingtin, and reduces protein level and aggregation of α-synuclein in a higher extent when compared with onjisaponin B. Here, we have reported for the first time the new application of cell-based CMC and UHPLC-(Q)TOF-MS analysis in identifying new autophagy inducers with neuroprotective effects from Chinese medicinal herb. This result has provided novel insights into the possible pharmacological actions of the active components present in the newly identified active fraction of RP, which may help to improve the efficacy of the traditional way of prescribing RP, and also provide new standard for the quality control of decoction of RP or its medicinal products in the future.
Gene Ordering and Localization by Linkage Analysis (2003)

This chapter has covered the preparation of pedigree and datafiles suitable for linkage analysis, the calculation of gene frequencies and recombination fractions, the ordering of markers into a genetic map, and the placing of an unknown locus, such as a disease locus or phenotype, onto a fixed map of markers. The chapter has concentrated on the use of the GAS package, but some other programs for linkage analysis have also been mentioned.
Three-Dimensional Spheroid-Cultured Mesenchymal Stem Cells Devoid of Embolism Attenuate Brain Stroke Injury After Intra-Arterial Injection (2013)

The therapeutic effect of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in tissue repair/regeneration is substantially dampened by the loss of primitive properties and poor engraftment to target organs. In this study, the multipotency and cell sizes of human MSCs, which had been expanded in monolayer culture for several passages, were dramatically restored after an episode of three-dimensional (3D) spheroid culture. Unlike MSCs derived from monolayer, which caused embolism and blindness, MSCs derived from 3D spheroids did not cause vascular obstructions, after intra-carotid artery infusion in rats. Importantly, intra-carotid infusion of 1 million 3D spheroid MSCs in rats 24 h after middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion resulted in engraftment of the cells into the lesion and significant (over 70%) reduction of infarct size along with restoration of neurologic function. Moreover, the enhanced effect of spheroid MSCs was coincided with significantly increased differentiation of the MSCs into neurons and markedly increased number of endogenous glial fibrillary acidic protein–positive neural progenitors in the peri-infarct boundary zone. However, the similarly administered monolayer MSCs resulted in a modest functional improvement. Our results suggest that 3D MSCs, in combination with intra-carotid delivery, may represent a novel therapeutic approach of MSCs for stroke.
Sensor-Based Continuous Authentication of Smartphones’ Users Using Behavioral Biometrics: A Contemporary Survey (2020)

Mobile devices and technologies have become increasingly popular, offering comparable storage and computational capabilities to desktop computers allowing users to store and interact with sensitive and private information. The security and protection of such personal information are becoming more and more important since mobile devices are vulnerable to unauthorized access or theft. User authentication is a task of paramount importance that grants access to legitimate users at the point of entry and continuously through the usage session. This task is made possible with today's smartphones' embedded sensors that enable continuous and implicit user authentication by capturing behavioral biometrics and traits. In this article, we survey more than 140 recent behavioral biometric-based approaches for continuous user authentication, including motion-based methods (28 studies), gait-based methods (19 studies), keystroke dynamics-based methods (20 studies), touch gesture-based methods (29 studies), voice-based methods (16 studies), and multimodal-based methods (34 studies). The survey provides an overview of the current state-of-the-art approaches for continuous user authentication using behavioral biometrics captured by smartphones' embedded sensors, including insights and open challenges for adoption, usability, and performance.
Reactive oxygen species-dependent c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase/c-Jun signaling cascade mediates neuroblastoma cell death induced by diallyl disulfide. (2003)

The pharmacological properties of garlic and its derivatives are long known, and their underling mechanisms are being extensively investigated. In this study we have addressed the effects of diallyl disulfide (DADS), an oil-soluble garlic molecule, on cell growth of neuroblastoma cell SH-SY5Y, focusing on the redox events associated with this compound. Treatment of SH-SY5Y cells with DADS resulted in arrest of cell cycle in G(2)/M phase and commitment to apoptosis through the activation of the mitochondrial pathway (Bcl-2 down-regulation, cytochrome c release into the cytosol, and activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3). The earliest oxidative event observed after DADS treatment was the increase of production of reactive oxygen species, which reached the maximum yield on 30 min of DADS treatment. The oxidative burst resulted in protein and lipid damage as demonstrated by protein carbonyl accumulation and lipid peroxidation. We demonstrated that apoptosis induction was highly dependent on the activation of the redox-sensitive c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK)/c-Jun pathway. In particular, we established that DADS treatment induces JNK dissociation from glutathione S-transferase and its activation by phosphorylation. Moreover, treatment with JNK inhibitor I significantly reduced DADS-induced apoptosis and treatment with the spin trap 5,5'-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide or overexpression of the antioxidant enzyme copper, zinc superoxide dismutase, resulted in the inhibition of DADS-mediated toxicity through attenuation of JNK/c-Jun pathway activation. Overall, the results suggest a pivotal role for oxidative stress in DADS-induced apoptosis and, taking into account that tumor cells are deficient in antioxidants, suggest a plausible utilization of this compound as an antiproliferative agent in cancer therapy.
Propofol (2002)

Description of brain distribution of propofol will allow development of physiologic pharmacokinetic models for propofol and evaluation of dose regimens that target the brain.
Label-Free Non-linear Multimodal Optical Microscopy—Basics, Development, and Applications (2019)

Nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy has proven to be a powerful tool especially for tissue imaging with sub-cellular resolution, high penetration depth, endogenous contrast specificity, pinhole-less optical sectioning capability. In this review, we discuss label-free nonlinear optical microscopes including the two-photon fluorescence (TPF), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM), polarization-resolved second harmonic generation (SHG) and coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) techniques with various samples. The nonlinear signals are generated from collagen in tissue (SHG), amylopectin from starch granules (SHG), sarcomere structure of fresh muscle (SHG), elastin in skin (TPF), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) in cells (TPF) and lipid droplets in cells (CARS). Again, the nonlinear signals are very specific to the molecular structure of the sample and its relative orientation to the polarization of the incident light. Thus, polarization-resolved nonlinear optical microscopy provides high image contrast and quantitative estimate of sample orientation. An overview of the advancements on polarization-resolved SHG microscopy including Stokes vector based polarimetry, circular dichroism, and susceptibility are also presented in this review article. The working principles and corresponding implements of above-mentioned microscopy techniques are elucidated. The potential of time-resolved TPF lifetime imaging microscopy (TP-FLIM) is explored by imaging endogenous fluorescence of NAD(P)H, a key coenzyme in cellular metabolic processes. We also discuss single laser source time-resolved multimodal CARS-FLIM microscopy using time-correlated single-photon counting (TCSPC) in combination with continuum generation from photonic crystal fiber (PCF). Using examples, we demonstrate that the multimodal NLO microscopy is a powerful tool to assess the molecular specificity with high resolution.
Mosaicking UAV orthoimages using bounded Voronoi diagrams and watersheds (2017)

Panoramic mosaicking is a key step in the process of aerial photogrammetry, which combines multiple images to form a single image with a wide field of view. In this article, a refined global seam-line network generation method based on bounded Voronoi diagrams and watershed segmentation algorithm is proposed for mosaicking unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) orthoimages. First of all, valid range polygons and image centres are extracted from orthoimages. Second, an initial seam-line network is generated by a bounded Voronoi diagrams and polygon Boolean operations. Third, the seam-line network is refined by marker-controlled watershed segmentation algorithm. Finally, a photomosaic is produced by multiband blending mosaic. The panoramic mosaicking approach is comprehensively discussed in terms of data volume and degree of overlapping. Experimental studies performed on several groups of UAV orthoimages show that the proposed approach provides a feasible and promising solution to large-scale UAV photomosaic generation.
Pixel-Wise vs. Object-Based Impervious Surface Analysis from Remote Sensing: Correlations with Land Surface Temperature and Population Density (2018)

Impervious surface areas (ISA) are heavily influenced by urban structure and related structural features. We examined the effects of object-based impervious surface spatial pattern analysis on land surface temperature and population density in Guangzhou, China, in comparison to classic per-pixel analyses. An object-based support vector machine (SVM) and a linear spectral mixture analysis (LSMA) were integrated to estimate ISA fraction using images from the Chinese HJ-1B satellite for 2009 to 2011. The results revealed that the integrated object-based SVM-LSMA algorithm outperformed the traditional pixel-wise LSMA algorithm in classifying ISA fraction. More specifically, the object-based ISA spatial patterns extracted were more suitable than pixel-wise patterns for urban heat island (UHI) studies, in which the UHI areas (landscape surface temperature >37 °C) generally feature high ISA fraction values (ISA fraction >50%). In addition, the object-based spatial patterns enable us to quantify the relationship of ISA with population density (correlation coefficient >0.2 in general), with global human settlement density (correlation coefficient >0.2), and with night-time light map (correlation coefficient >0.4), and, whereas pixel-wise ISA did not yield significant correlations. These results indicate that object-based spatial patterns have a high potential for UHI detection and urbanization monitoring. Planning measures that aim to reduce the urbanization impacts and UHI intensities can be better supported.
Shape of object recognition based on RS-ANN for mobile robot (2011)

When studying mobile robot to recognize shape of object in dynamic surroundings, we proposed a hybrid recognition algorithm based on the combination of rough set theory and BP neural network. RS has the capability for intelligent data analysis, and BP network can approach most problems accurately and exactly, the algorithm put respective advantages of two theories to use. Firstly, information table which was formed by training sample set was reduced by RS in order to find minimal decision regulations, and then the regulations confirmed the structure of ANN and recognized the shape by BP neural network. At the same time, the reduction of RS enhanced the efficiency of training sample set, and simplified the scale of neural network. Experimental results showed that the algorithm here had the better performance in exactness and speediness when compared with the only BP network.
User Authentication Through Mouse Dynamics (2012)

Behavior-based user authentication with pointing devices, such as mice or touchpads, has been gaining attention. As an emerging behavioral biometric, mouse dynamics aims to address the authentication problem by verifying computer users on the basis of their mouse operating styles. This paper presents a simple and efficient user authentication approach based on a fixed mouse-operation task. For each sample of the mouse-operation task, both traditional holistic features and newly defined procedural features are extracted for accurate and fine-grained characterization of a user's unique mouse behavior. Distance-measurement and eigenspace-transformation techniques are applied to obtain feature components for efficiently representing the original mouse feature space. Then a one-class learning algorithm is employed in the distance-based feature eigenspace for the authentication task. The approach is evaluated on a dataset of 5550 mouse-operation samples from 37 subjects. Extensive experimental results are included to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed approach, which achieves a false-acceptance rate of 8.74%, and a false-rejection rate of 7.69% with a corresponding authentication time of 11.8 seconds. Two additional experiments are provided to compare the current approach with other approaches in the literature. Our dataset is publicly available to facilitate future research.
The Christological Function of the Hymns in the Apocalypse of John (1998)

Apocalypse.
Solvent Dependence of the Fluorescence Lifetimes of Xanthene Dyes (1999)

Abstract Fluorescence lifetimes of Ave representative xanthene dye species‐the rhodamine B zwitterion (RB = ), the rhoda‐mine B cation (RB + ), the rhodamine 6G cation (R6G + ), the rhodamine 101 zwitterion (R101) and the fluorescein dianion (F 2‐ )‐were measured in H 2 O, D 2 O and in a series of alcohol solvents ranging from methanol to octanol. The lifetimes of both RB = and RB + increased markedly as the solvent was varied from water to octanol. In contrast, the lifetimes of R6G + and R101± decreased slightly over the alcohol series and that of F 2‐ increased only slightly in the same series. For all the dyes studied the fluorescence lifetimes observed in D 2 O were slightly longer than those in H 2 O. Possible causes for the variations observed are discussed.
<i>syn</i>-1,2-Amino Alcohols via Diastereoselective Allylic C−H Amination (2007)

A novel Pd/sulfoxide catalyzed diastereoselective allylic C−H amination reaction of chiral homoallylic N-tosyl carbamates is reported. Densely oxygenated α-olefin substrates with multiple stereogenic centers undergo allylic C−H amination in excellent yields and with diastereoselectivities that are controlled by the stereocenter that bears the N-tosyl carbamate. Streamlined routes to stereochemically defined anti-oxazolidinones that can be further elaborated to medicinally and biologically relevant 1,2-amino alcohols are also demonstrated. Evidence is provided that this reaction proceeds via a Pd/sulfoxide-mediated allylic C−H cleavage to form a π-allylPd intermediate followed by Pd(II) counterion-assisted deprotonation of the nitrogen nucleophile to effect functionalization.
Autophagy suppresses progression of K-ras-induced lung tumors to oncocytomas and maintains lipid homeostasis (2013)

Macroautophagy (autophagy hereafter) degrades and recycles proteins and organelles to support metabolism and survival in starvation. Oncogenic Ras up-regulates autophagy, and Ras-transformed cell lines require autophagy for mitochondrial function, stress survival, and engrafted tumor growth. Here, the essential autophagy gene autophagy-related-7 (atg7) was deleted concurrently with K-ras(G12D) activation in mouse models for non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). atg7-deficient tumors accumulated dysfunctional mitochondria and prematurely induced p53 and proliferative arrest, which reduced tumor burden that was partly relieved by p53 deletion. atg7 loss altered tumor fate from adenomas and carcinomas to oncocytomas-rare, predominantly benign tumors characterized by the accumulation of defective mitochondria. Surprisingly, lipid accumulation occurred in atg7-deficient tumors only when p53 was deleted. atg7- and p53-deficient tumor-derived cell lines (TDCLs) had compromised starvation survival and formed lipidic cysts instead of tumors, suggesting defective utilization of lipid stores. atg7 deficiency reduced fatty acid oxidation (FAO) and increased sensitivity to FAO inhibition, indicating that with p53 loss, Ras-driven tumors require autophagy for mitochondrial function and lipid catabolism. Thus, autophagy is required for carcinoma fate, and autophagy defects may be a molecular basis for the occurrence of oncocytomas. Moreover, cancers require autophagy for distinct roles in metabolism that are oncogene- and tumor suppressor gene-specific.
Self-assembling MEMS variable and fixed RF inductors (2002)

Inductors play a key role in wireless front-end circuitry, yet are not generally well suited for conventional RF integrated circuit fabrication processes. We have developed inductors that can be fabricated on a conventional RFIC silicon substrate, which use warping members to assemble themselves away from the substrate to improve quality factor (Q) and self-resonance frequency (SRF), and to provide a degree of variation in inductance value. These self-assembling variable inductors are realized through foundry provided microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) processing, and have demonstrated temperature stable Q values greater than 13, SRF values well above 15 GHz, and inductance variations greater than 18%. Simulations suggest that optimized processing should yield Q values above 20 and inductance variations greater than 30%.
Stability of minerals in the system ZnO-SiO 2 -H 2 O (1956)

An experimental study of the phase equilibria in the system ZnO-SiO 2 -H 2 O has been made at elevated temperatures in the range 130 degrees C to 780 degrees C employing water vapor pressures from 500 to 40,000 pounds per square inch. Stability regions were established for several minerals in this system, which occur naturally in the oxidized zones of lead and zinc deposits. Hemimorphite was found to be stable up to about 250 degrees C at 20,000 psi., while above this temperature, willemite plus water are in equilibrium. With suitable qualifications this temperature may be taken as the maximum temperature of formation and stability of hemimorphite as well as the minimum for willemite. The pure zinc oxide-silica end member of the montmorillonoid-type mineral, sauconite, was found to be stable up to 210 degrees C, although natural sauconite, containing alumina is stable to approximately 125 degrees C higher. Uncertainties still remain in the determination of the Zn(OH) 2 ZnO + H 2 O equilibrium, and for that reason studies of the reaction ZnCO 3 ZnO + CO 2 may prove to be more significant in determining the minimum temperature of zincite formation.
Nerve–Cancer Cell Cross-talk: A Novel Promoter of Tumor Progression (2015)

Recent studies have revealed the essential role played by nerves in tumor progression. Nerves have been shown to infiltrate the tumor microenvironment and actively stimulate cancer cell growth and dissemination. This mechanism involves the release of neurotransmitters, such as catecholamines and acetylcholine, directly into the vicinity of cancer and stromal cells to activate corresponding membrane receptors. Conversely, the secretion of neurotrophic growth factors by cancer cells drives the outgrowth of nerves in solid tumors. This reciprocal interaction between nerves and cancer cells provides new insights into the cellular and molecular bases of tumorigenesis and points to the potential utility of antineurogenic therapies. This review will discuss our evolving understanding of the cross-talk between nerves and cancer cells.
A high-performance VFO-LSIusing 2-/spl mu/m CMOS analog and digital standard cell methodology (1988)

A high-performance and monolithic variable frequency oscillator (VFO) for hard disk system, which has been fabricated in 2-mum double-metal P-well CMOS technology and designed by aixed analog and digital standard cell methodology, is described herein. In particular, several new circuit techniques and design aspects of a high performance CMOS analog cell library are explained in detail.
Maria Isabel Andrade (2019)

Dr. Maria Isabel Andrade has not followed the more typical path of being a breeder in an academic institution or a private company. She developed a passion for a crop long neglected by the world, sweetpotato, in large part because it is a crop of the poor, predominantly cultivated by women in Sub-Saharan Africa. Hence, to be able to breed, she had to become on advocate for the crop, demonstrating its practical potential to not only address food insecurity but that the orange types, largely unknown in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), could also effectively tackle vitamin A deficiency. Most of her career has been spent in Mozambique, where her tireless efforts to develop and deliver improved drought-tolerant orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties have been a model for others to emulate. Her ability to recognize the importance of collaborating with nutritionists and agricultural economists to develop innovative mechanisms to ensure that the improved orange-fleshed varieties could make a difference to human health and wealth has resulted in growing awareness and recognition of the concept of biofortification, that is breeding for enhance micronutrient quality in staple crops. As a collaborative member of the breeding team at the International Potato Center, she has demonstrated that an innovative accelerated breeding scheme could effectively deliver quality varieties. Over the years, she has mentored hundreds of staff members and students, helping to build a community of practice that recognizes that for scientists to make a difference in SSA, they must stretch their mandate and engage in delivery and often advocacy. This chapter describes the evolution of this unique career of a most amazing woman driven by her faith in god and the power of agriculture to improve nutrition among those most in need.