gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ramifications and Insights on the Role of Water in Chiral Sub/Supercritical Fluid Chromatography (2019)

More than 40 cosolvents have been used with carbon dioxide to alter its solvation strength. Among the most interesting systems is the subcritical/supercritical CO<sub>2</sub>/alkanol eluents. Using small amounts of water in CO<sub>2</sub>/MeOH is known to be beneficial in chiral subcritical/supercritical chromatography. However, the ramifications of introducing water as a cosolvent component is not entirely understood. In this work, we demonstrate important aspects of the CO<sub>2</sub>/MeOH/H<sub>2</sub>O system on nine chiral stationary phases with very different surface chemistries, encompassing derivatized polysaccharides, macrocyclic glycopeptides, <i>iso</i>-butylmercaptoquinine, isopropyl macrocyclic oligosaccharides, and π-electron acceptor/π-electron donor phases. A hydrophilicity scale has been shown to be useful in predicting if a given chiral column chemistry would show a significant enhancement in separation efficiency in the presence of water in the CO<sub>2</sub>/MeOH system. We demonstrate up to 8-fold enhancements in plate counts of chiral separations with a concomitant decrease in retention times, as predicted by the qualitative test. The same chiral analysis can now be completed in almost a third of the time with the addition of small amounts of water, thereby decreasing organic solvent consumption by a considerable amount. Hydrophobic stationary phases show a minimal increase in efficiency and decrease in analysis times and optimized separations show much larger reduced plate heights, compared to more hydrophilic stationary phases. Furthermore, the presence of water can alter the nature of the adsorption isotherm under nonlinear conditions. Small amounts of water can be used to tune nonlinear tailing peaks into fronting ones, significantly improving preparative enantiomeric separations.
Anomaly-free policy composition in software-defined networks (2016)

Software Defined Networking (SDN) provides considerable simplification of design and deployment of various network applications for large networks. Each application has its own view of network policy and sends its policy to a network hypervisor in which a composed policy is generated from the application policies and deployed into the data plane. A significant challenge for the hypervisor is to detect and resolve both intra and inter policy anomalies during the policy composition. However, current SDN compilers do not consider the policy anomalies well and generate large number of unnecessary rules for the data plane. This leads to a considerable inefficiency in both policy composition and policy deployment. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for policy composition in a SDN hypervisor which takes into account both inter and intra policy anomalies. Moreover, we augment the framework with an efficient insertion transformation mechanism which allows the applications to issue rule insertion and priority change updates. Our evaluation shows that our method is several orders of magnitude more efficient than the state of the art in both policy composition and compiling the rule insertion updates.
Computational Detection and Location of Transcription Start Sites in Mammalian Genomic DNA (2002)

Transcription, the process whereby RNA copies are made from sections of the DNA genome, is directed by promoter regions. These define the transcription start site, and also the set of cellular conditions under which the promoter is active. At least in more complex species, it appears to be common for genes to have several different transcription start sites, which may be active under different conditions. Eukaryotic promoters are complex and fairly diffuse structures, which have proven hard to detect in silico. We show that a novel hybrid machine-learning method is able to build useful models of promoters for >50% of human transcription start sites. We estimate specificity to be >70%, and demonstrate good positional accuracy. Based on the structure of our learned models, we conclude that a signal resembling the well known TATA box, together with flanking regions of C-G enrichment, are the most important sequence-based signals marking sites of transcriptional initiation at a large class of typical promoters.
Respiratory-related recruitment of the masseter: response to hypercapnia and loading (1991)

To test the hypothesis that a muscle that closes the jaw, the masseter, can be recruited by ventilatory stimuli, we studied the electromyographic activation of the masseter and genioglossus in seven normal awake males who were exposed in random order to progressive hyperoxic hypercapnia, inspiratory threshold loading (-40 cmH2O), and combined hypercapnia and loading. With hypercapnia, the masseter was generally recruited after the genioglossus had been activated. Once recruited, activation of both muscles increased linearly with increasing CO2. Combined hypercapnia and loading produced more activation than either stimulus alone. These data indicate that the masseter is activated by ventilatory stimuli that activate the genioglossus. Earlier recruitment of the genioglossus suggests that activation of the masseter serves to stabilize the mandible and allow the genioglossus to function as a more efficient dilator of the upper airway.
Full-Scale Viscoelastically Damped Steel Frame (1995)

A full-scale five-story steel-frame structure with added viscoelastic (VE) dampers is studied experimentally and analytically. The experimental program includes free-vibration and harmonic forced-vibration tests. Dynamic scaling relations between the full-scale and 2/5-scale models with VE dampers are presented. Test results confirm that damping in the full-scale structure can be significantly increased by incorporating relatively small VE dampers. The modal strain energy method used to estimate the structural damping for the 2/5-scale model structure is also applicable to the full-scale structure. The damper design procedure developed from the 2/5-scale model can also be used for the full-scale structure. This study provides an important base for utilizing the extensive data generated from the reduced scale-model tests for incorporating VE dampers into full-scale structures.
Hierarchical nitrogen-doped porous carbon derived from lecithin for high-performance supercapacitors (2017)

The development of renewable carbon sources for sustainable energy storage applications is of significance importance.
A 60-GHz CMOS VCO Using Capacitance-Splitting and Gate–Drain Impedance-Balancing Techniques (2011)

The design and measurement of a 60-GHz 90-nm CMOS voltage-controlled oscillator is presented. To reduce the power consumption and to improve the phase-noise performance, a capacitance-splitting and a gate-drain impedance-balancing techniques, which are realized with an inductive divider, are proposed. With these techniques, the size of the cross-coupled pair is reduced. Analysis of the proposed techniques shows that the transistor <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g m</i> generation efficiency is improved and the oscillator noise factor is reduced. Moreover, the tank loaded quality factor is increased by balancing impedance levels across the transistor terminals. The 60-GHz oscillator was fabricated in a 90-nm CMOS technology. Under 0.6-V supply, the oscillator achieved a tuning range from 61.1 to 66.7 GHz, consuming only 3.16 mW. At 64 GHz, the phase noise is -95 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset.
Possible Association Between Zika Virus Infection and Microcephaly — Brazil, 2015 (2016)

In early 2015, an outbreak of Zika virus, a flavivirus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, was identified in northeast Brazil, an area where dengue virus was also circulating. By September, reports of an increase in the number of infants born with microcephaly in Zika virus-affected areas began to emerge, and Zika virus RNA was identified in the amniotic fluid of two women whose fetuses had been found to have microcephaly by prenatal ultrasound. The Brazil Ministry of Health (MoH) established a task force to investigate the possible association of microcephaly with Zika virus infection during pregnancy and a registry for incident microcephaly cases (head circumference ≥2 standard deviations [SD] below the mean for sex and gestational age at birth) and pregnancy outcomes among women suspected to have had Zika virus infection during pregnancy. Among a cohort of 35 infants with microcephaly born during August-October 2015 in eight of Brazil's 26 states and reported to the registry, the mothers of all 35 had lived in or visited Zika virus-affected areas during pregnancy, 25 (71%) infants had severe microcephaly (head circumference >3 SD below the mean for sex and gestational age), 17 (49%) had at least one neurologic abnormality, and among 27 infants who had neuroimaging studies, all had abnormalities. Tests for other congenital infections were negative. All infants had a lumbar puncture as part of the evaluation and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were sent to a reference laboratory in Brazil for Zika virus testing; results are not yet available. Further studies are needed to confirm the association of microcephaly with Zika virus infection during pregnancy and to understand any other adverse pregnancy outcomes associated with Zika virus infection. Pregnant women in Zika virus-affected areas should protect themselves from mosquito bites by using air conditioning, screens, or nets when indoors, wearing long sleeves and pants, using permethrin-treated clothing and gear, and using insect repellents when outdoors. Pregnant and lactating women can use all U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)-registered insect repellents according to the product label.
Rads and Ruds the Toxic Induction of Asthma and Rhinitis (1994)

Inhalation exposures can produce asthma and rhinitis by several mechanisms. Sensitization with the production of IgE specific for a substance can lead to symptoms on reexposure via mast cell degranulation and the release of inflammatory mediators. Some substances, known as environmental adjuvants, enhance the immune response to concomitant exposures with the environmental adjuvant. Respiratory irritants can lead to asthma and rhinitis through interaction with chemical irritant receptors in the airway, leading to release of substance P from sensory nerves and neurogenic inflammation. The reactive airways dysfunction syndrome is a chronic asthma-like syndrome resulting from a single acute exposure to a respiratory irritant, while the reactive upper-airways dysfunction syndrome is chronic rhinitis stemming from an irritant exposure. The dysregulation of neurogenic inflammation by chemical exposures may be an important mechanism in the toxic induction of reactive airways dysfunction syndrome and reactive upper-airways dysfunction syndrome and may play a role in understanding the sick building syndrome and the multiple chemical sensitivity syndrome.
Recent results in optical diffraction microtomography (1996)

In this paper, we review recent results obtained using optical diffraction tomography (ODT) to generate the cross sectional, complex refractive index distribution of weakly scattering cylindrical objects (fibres). Two different ODT algorithms, based on inverse diffraction in combination with either filtered backpropagation or filtered backprojection, have been applied for reconstruction. Using both procedures, images showing noticeable image contrast for refractive index variations of about 0.001, and having a spatial resolution of about , have been obtained for objects with cross sectional diameters ranging from about to about . The good agreement between the two reconstruction algorithms suggests that both procedures can be used for quantitative imaging of semi-transparent fibres, and that three-dimensional imaging can be obtained in a relatively simple manner.
Unraveling pathology in juvenile Alexander disease: serial quantitative MR imaging and spectroscopy of white matter (2009)

The sequential MR imaging findings in Alexander disease provide strong evidence against active demyelination as sole explanation for the underlying pathology. An alternative explanation for our spectroscopic, DTI, and MTI findings-which would suggest demyelination-could be hyperplasia and hypertrophy of astrocytes, as seen in low grade gliomas.
Profiling the Humoral Immune Response of Acute and Chronic Q Fever by Protein Microarray (2011)

Antigen profiling using comprehensive protein microarrays is a powerful tool for characterizing the humoral immune response to infectious pathogens. Coxiella burnetii is a CDC category B bioterrorist infectious agent with worldwide distribution. In order to assess the antibody repertoire of acute and chronic Q fever patients we have constructed a protein microarray containing 93% of the proteome of Coxiella burnetii, the causative agent of Q fever. Here we report the profile of the IgG and IgM seroreactivity in 25 acute Q fever patients in longitudinal samples. We found that both early and late time points of infection have a very consistent repertoire of IgM and IgG response, with a limited number of proteins undergoing increasing or decreasing seroreactivity. We also probed a large collection of acute and chronic Q fever patient samples and identified serological markers that can differentiate between the two disease states. In this comparative analysis we confirmed the identity of numerous IgG biomarkers of acute infection, identified novel IgG biomarkers for acute and chronic infections, and profiled for the first time the IgM antibody repertoire for both acute and chronic Q fever. Using these results we were able to devise a test that can distinguish acute from chronic Q fever. These results also provide a unique perspective on isotype switch and demonstrate the utility of protein microarrays for simultaneously examining the dynamic humoral immune response against thousands of proteins from a large number of patients. The results presented here identify novel seroreactive antigens for the development of recombinant protein-based diagnostics and subunit vaccines, and provide insight into the development of the antibody response.
The Penguin dictionary of botany (1984)

This dictionary covers both the pure and the applied aspects of the subject and such related fields as agriculture and horticulture. Encyclopaedic in form and with an extensive cross-referencing system, it contains substantial articles on major terms and concepts as well as shorter articles, ranging from physiology to cell biology, microbiology to horticulture and genetics to plant pathology.
Classification and Analysis of Frequent Subgraphs Mining Algorithms (2012)

In recent years, data mining in graphs or graph mining have attracted much attention due to explosive growth in generating graph databases. The graph database is one type of database that consists of either a single large graph or a number of relatively small graphs. Some applications that produce graph database are as follows: Biological networks, semantic web and behavioral modeling. Among all patterns occurring in graph database, mining frequent subgraphs is of great importance. The frequent subgraph is the one that occurs frequently in the graph database. Frequent subgraphs not only are important themselves but also are applicable in other aspects of data analysis and data mining tasks, such as similarity search in graph database, graph clustering, classification, indexing, etc. So far, numerous algorithms have been proposed for mining frequent subgraphs. This study aims to create overall view of the algorithms through the analysis and comparison of their characterizations. To achieve the aim, the existing algorithms are classified based on their graph database and their subgraph generation way. The proposed classification can be effective in choosing applications appropriate algorithms and determination of graph mining new methods in this regard.
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) versus Minimum Biofilm Eliminating Concentration (MBEC) in Evaluation of Antibiotic Sensitivity of Gram-negative Bacilli Causing Peritonitis (2004)

In their biofilm state, gram-negative bacteria are much less susceptible to antibiotics compared to their antibiotic susceptibility in the planktonic state.
Optimal flow control of end-to-end packet-switched network with random routing (1989)

The problem of optimal flow control of a general queuing network with random routing as a model of virtual circuit or datagram computer communication networks is presented by approximating the general channel transmission-time distributions by a maximum entropy model with known first-two moments. A Norton-maximum entropy algorithm is used to facilitate the optimisation process. It is shown that the flow control mechanism maximising the throughput, under a bounded time delay criterion, is of the window type (bang-bang control). The maximum number of packets in transit within the system (i.e. sliding window size) is derived in terms of the maximum allowed average time delay, flow equivalent parameters and maximum input rate. Consequently, the relationship between the maximum throughput and maximum time delay is determined. Numerical examples provide useful information on how critically the optimal throughput is affected by the random routing and the distributional form of the traffic patterns.
The nonobese diabetic mouse model. Independent expression of humoral and cell-mediated autoimmune features. (1990)

Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice present concomitant signs of cell-mediated and humoral autoimmunity. Whereas the involvement of the cell-mediated manifestations in the pathogenesis of diabetes has been clearly demonstrated, the origin and the relevance of the humoral manifestations is still unclear. In the present study, we have tried to determine whether the humoral manifestations observed in NOD mice were secondary to the cell-mediated antiislet reaction, or whether they resulted from an autonomous polyclonal activation of B cells, a possibility suggested by the notorious presence of antilymphocyte antibodies with thymocytotoxic properties, in the serum of old NOD females. To discriminate between the two alternatives, we have followed the titers of thymocytotoxic autoantibodies in aging males and females, as well as in F1 hybrids where the organ-specific disease is recessive, and in back-crossed mice where the susceptibility genes responsible for insulitis and diabetes have segregated. In addition to thymocytotoxic antibodies, we have also screened the sera of these animals for hyperglobulinemia, antiinsulin, and anti-DNA autoantibodies that are classically associated with polyclonal B cell activation in autoimmune strains of mice. The results indicate that these humoral anomalies are clearly disconnected from the occurrence of diabetes and even of insulitis. Lymphocytotoxic antibodies appear several weeks after the onset of insulitis in NOD mice, are not correlated with disease occurrence and have no predictive value for its onset. The humoral manifestations that include, beside thymocytotoxic antibodies, antiinsulin antibodies, hyperglobulinemia, but no anti-DNA antibodies, are found at the same frequency in F1 mice as in parental mice in spite of the fact that the former are practically free of insulitis lesions. These anomalies are also randomly distributed among back-crossed mice independently of the presence and the severity of the organ-specific lesions. Altogether, these results suggest that NOD mice, like other autoimmune strains, suffer from a genetically inherited defect of B cell regulation resulting in the hyperproduction of natural autoantibodies.
Transparent Java standard extensions with native libraries on multiple platforms (2003)

Java programs that utilize standard extensions with native libraries are problematic since the extensions are platform dependent. We present general methods that make such programs runnable on multiple platforms in a way that is transparent to the user. We show a detailed example for standalone applications, Web Start programs, and applets with a specific such standard extension.
Dengue virus antibodies enhance Zika virus infection (2016)

For decades, human infections with Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito-transmitted flavivirus, were sporadic, associated with mild disease, and went underreported since symptoms were similar to other acute febrile diseases. Recent reports of severe disease associated with ZIKV have greatly heightened awareness. It is anticipated that ZIKV will continue to spread in the Americas and globally where competent <i>Aedes</i> mosquito vectors are found. Dengue virus (DENV), the most common mosquito-transmitted human flavivirus, is both well-established and the source of outbreaks in areas of recent ZIKV introduction. DENV and ZIKV are closely related, resulting in substantial antigenic overlap. Through antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE), anti-DENV antibodies can enhance the infectivity of DENV for certain classes of immune cells, causing increased viral production that correlates with severe disease outcomes. Similarly, ZIKV has been shown to undergo ADE in response to antibodies generated by other flaviviruses. We tested the neutralizing and enhancing potential of well-characterized broadly neutralizing human anti-DENV monoclonal antibodies (HMAbs) and human DENV immune sera against ZIKV using neutralization and ADE assays. We show that anti-DENV HMAbs, cross-react, do not neutralize, and greatly enhance ZIKV infection <i>in vitro</i>. DENV immune sera had varying degrees of neutralization against ZIKV and similarly enhanced ZIKV infection. Our results suggest that pre-existing DENV immunity may enhance ZIKV infection <i>in vivo</i> and may lead to increased disease severity. Understanding the interplay between ZIKV and DENV will be critical in informing public health responses and will be particularly valuable for ZIKV and DENV vaccine design and implementation strategies.
THROMBOSIS OF THE PENIS AND URETHRAL HAEMORRHAGE (1934)

The average time taken to control these patients was seventeen days, and the limits seven to forty-six days respectively; figures which compare very favourably indeed with the average expectation of thirty-five days for mild chorea cases and the sixty-seven days for severe ones referred to in the earlier part of this paper. The drug diminished the discomforts of the patients at all stages of the treatment, and did not produce any of that mental depression which accompanies the use of chloretone and certain other hvpnotics. There was no undue drowsi- ness or digestive derangeinent. There was no relapse or secondary exhaustion when the drug was finally withdrawin.
Smartphone use does not have to be rude (2013)

Our personal smartphones are our daily companions, coming with us everywhere, including into enterprise meetings. This paper looks at smartphone use in meetings. Via a survey of 398 enterprise workers, we find that people believe phone use interferes with meeting productivity and collaboration. While individuals tend to think that they make productive use of their own phones in meetings, they perceive others as using their phones for unrelated tasks. To help smartphones create a more collaborative meeting environment, we present an application that identifies and describes meeting attendees. We deploy the application to 114 people at real meetings, and find that users value being able to access information about the other people in the room, particularly when those people are unfamiliar. To prevent users from disengaging from the meeting while using their phones, we employ a gaming approach that asks trivia questions about the other attendees. We observe that gameplay focuses attention within the meeting context and sparks conversations. These findings suggest ways smartphone applications might help users engage with the people around them in enterprise environments, rather than removing them from their immediate social context.