gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optimization of a high-efficiency jet ejector by computational fluid dynamic software (2005)

Research was performed to optimize high-efficiency jet ejector geometry\n(Holtzapple, 2001) by varying nozzle diameter ratios from 0.03 to 0.21, and motive\nvelocities from Mach 0.39 to 1.97. The high-efficiency jet ejector was simulated by\nFluent Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) software. A conventional finite-volume\nscheme was utilized to solve two-dimensional transport equations with the standard k-??\nturbulence model (Kim et. al., 1999). In this study of a constant-area jet ejector, all\nparameters were expressed in dimensionless terms. The objective of this study was to\ninvestigate the optimum length, throat diameter, nozzle position, and inlet curvature of\nthe convergence section. Also, the optimum compression ratio and efficiency were\ndetermined.\nBy comparing simulation results to an experiment, CFD modeling has shown\nhigh-quality results. The overall deviation was 8.19%, thus confirming the model\naccuracy. Dimensionless analysis was performed to make the research results applicable\nto any fluid, operating pressure, and geometric scale. A multi-stage jet ejector system\nwith a total 1.2 compression ratio was analyzed to present how the research results may\nbe used to solve an actual design problem.\nThe results from the optimization study indicate that the jet ejector efficiency\nimproves significantly compared to a conventional jet-ejector design. In cases with a\nsubsonic motive velocity, the efficiency of the jet ejector is greater than 90%. A high\ncompression ratio can be achieved with a large nozzle diameter ratio. Dimensionless\ngroup analysis reveals that the research results are valid for any fluid, operating pressure,\nand geometric scale for a given motive-stream Mach number and Reynolds ratio\nbetween the motive and propelled streams. For a given Reynolds ratio and motivestream\nMach number, the dimensionless outlet pressure and throat pressure are\nexpressed as Cp and Cpm, respectively.\nA multi-stage jet ejector system with a total 1.2 compression ratio was analyzed\nbased on the optimization results. The result indicates that the system requires a lot of\nhigh-pressure motive steam, which is uneconomic. A high-efficiency jet ejector with\nmixing vanes is proposed to reduce the motive-steam consumption and is recommended\nfor further study.
Evaluation of the thermal performance of an innovative prefabricated natural plant fibre building system (2012)

Energy efficient new and retrofit building construction relies heavily on the use of thermal insulation. A focus on the environmental performance of current construction materials with regards to both embodied energy and energy in-use has resulted in a growing interest in the use of natural fibre insulation materials. The results of heat flow meter thermal conductivity tests on a range of straw samples of different densities are presented. The innovative use of straw in the development of a prefabricated straw-bale panel and the results of guarded hot-box testing are presented. In common with most building materials, there is a degree of uncertainty in the thermal conductivity due to the influences of temperature, moisture content and density; however, from evaluation of a range of the literature and experimental data, a value of 0.064 W/m·K is proposed as a representative design value for straw bales at the densities used in building construction. Computer simulation and experimental testing suggest that the overall heat transfer coefficient ( U -value) for the complete prefabricated panel is approximately 0.178 W/m 2 ·K. This article also briefly discusses the use of this innovative unit in a highly instrumented test building constructed at the University of Bath. Practical application : Knowledge of the thermal properties of building materials is necessary for evaluation of energy performance of the building envelope and appraisal of retrofit fabric improvements. The presentation of robust data for the thermal properties of straw will be of interest to designers developing projects employing this natural fibre insulation material.
Culture Enriched Molecular Profiling of the Cystic Fibrosis Airway Microbiome (2011)

The microbiome of the respiratory tract, including the nasopharyngeal and oropharyngeal microbiota, is a dynamic community of microorganisms that is highly diverse. The cystic fibrosis (CF) airway microbiome refers to the polymicrobial communities present in the lower airways of CF patients. It is comprised of chronic opportunistic pathogens (such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and a variety of organisms derived mostly from the normal microbiota of the upper respiratory tract. The complexity of these communities has been inferred primarily from culture independent molecular profiling. As with most microbial communities it is generally assumed that most of the organisms present are not readily cultured. Our culture collection generated using more extensive cultivation approaches, reveals a more complex microbial community than that obtained by conventional CF culture methods. To directly evaluate the cultivability of the airway microbiome, we examined six samples in depth using culture-enriched molecular profiling which combines culture-based methods with the molecular profiling methods of terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms and 16S rRNA gene sequencing. We demonstrate that combining culture-dependent and culture-independent approaches enhances the sensitivity of either approach alone. Our techniques were able to cultivate 43 of the 48 families detected by deep sequencing; the five families recovered solely by culture-independent approaches were all present at very low abundance (<0.002% total reads). 46% of the molecular signatures detected by culture from the six patients were only identified in an anaerobic environment, suggesting that a large proportion of the cultured airway community is composed of obligate anaerobes. Most significantly, using 20 growth conditions per specimen, half of which included anaerobic cultivation and extended incubation times we demonstrate that the majority of bacteria present can be cultured.
Luminescence immunoassay (1991)

Luminescence is a generic term that covers a range of processes which produce light. Two reactions, chemiluminescence and bioluminescence, are increasingly being used to monitor immunoassays (1). Chemiluminescence is light emission that arises during the course of a chemical reaction, bioluminescence is a special type of chemiluminescence found in biological systems in which a catalytic protein increases the efficiency of the chemiluminescent reaction. Light is produced when molecules, formed in an electronically excited state, decay to the ground state.
An inherited defect of neutrophil motility and microfilamentous cytoskeleton associated with abnormalities in 47-Kd and 89-Kd proteins (1991)

A 2-month-old male Tongan infant presented with fever, severe skin and mucosal infections, hepatosplenomegaly, thrombocytopenia, and normal neutrophil counts. While polymorphonuclear neutrophil (PMN) morphology was normal, several neutrophil motile functions were found to be altered in the patient. Furthermore, two siblings had died in infancy with a similar clinical picture, raising the possibility of an inherited neutrophil defect. Random migration and chemotaxis, assessed by the under agarose method, were profoundly impaired. Actin polymerization, as measured by flow cytometry of N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)phallacidin (NBD-phallacidin)-stained PMNs, showed lower basal F-actin and a 1.75-fold increase in response to 10(-7) mol/L formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP) compared with a 4.51-fold increase in control. Microscopic examination of NBD-phallacidin-stained PMN spread on glass showed decreased area of spreading and F-actin-rich filamentous projections distinct from control. The early phase of FMLP-induced right angle light scattering was absent, similar to the effect caused by cytochalasin-B (CB), an inhibitor of actin polymerization. Accordingly, FMLP induced secretion of elastase without the addition of CB. Staphylococcus aureus killing was 50% of control whereas superoxide production response to FMLP and surface expression of CD11b were greater than twice normal. Partial defects in actin polymerization and scatter were seen in the parents and release of elastase, in the absence of CB, was also increased in both parents. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis of whole cell proteins from the patient showed a marked decrease in an 89-Kd protein (8% of control) and a marked increase in a 47-Kd protein (4.2-fold). Both mother and father had decreased 89-Kd (77% and 42% of control) and increased 47-Kd proteins (2- and 3.4-fold), although neither had recurrent infections or chemotactic defects. These studies describe a new inherited actin dysfunction syndrome associated with severe propensity to fungal infection and draw attention to the proteins of apparent molecular weights of 89 Kd and 47 Kd, which may be of great importance in the regulation of actin polymerization in human PMNs.
Tl <sup>2+</sup> and Ag <sup>2+</sup> Metal-ion-induced Oxidation of Methionine in Aqueous Solution. A Pulse Radiolysis Study (1981)

Oxidation of methionine by Tl2+ and Ag2+ occurs with bimolecular rate constants of 2.5 x 10(9) and 3.3 x 10(8) mol-1 ls-1, respectively, and lead to sulphur-centred radical cations as primary intermediates. The overall mechanism is in principle the same as for OH. and X2.- (X = halide) induced oxidations with however one significant difference. Thus no oxidation of the amino group by S+. including subsequent decarboxylation is observed for methionine in its zwitterionic form while this readily occurs in the OH. and X2.- initiated mechanism. The reason is suggested to be complexing of the amino function by the metal ions which effectively lowers the reduction potential of the amino group. The sulphur-centred radical cation rather decays by a mostly first-order deprotonation process to yield CH2-S-CH2 approximately and CH3-S-CH approximately radicals of methionine. They absorb with lambda max = 290 mm and epsilon = 3000 +/- 600 mol-1 l cm-1, and exhibit reducing properties.
Measurement of Membrane Protein Lateral Diffusion in Single Cells (1976)

Fluorescence rapidly returns to spots bleached by a laser beam in the continuous fluorescence of cultured cells labeled on the surface with fluorescein isothiocyanate. The rate of recovery of fluorescence after bleaching can be interpreted as a measure of the lateral diffusion of integral membrane proteins labeled with fluorescein.
Spectrophotometric determination of diosgenin in Dioscorea composita following thin-layer chromatography (1972)

A rapid and accurate method is described for the determination of diosgenin in Dioscorea composita roots. After acid hydrolysis and solvent extraction of the root, pure diosgenin is isolated by thin-layer chromatography, treated with sulphuric acid-methanol, and the resultant chromophore is measured by spectrophotometry.Similarly, gas-liquid chromatography is used to evaluate statistically the accuracy of the method.
A function of the hepatitis B virus precore protein is to regulate the immune response to the core antigen (2004)

A unique characteristic of the hepatitis B virus is the production of a secreted form (precore or HBeAg) of the structural nucleocapsid (core or HBcAg). By using T cell receptor (TCR) transgenic (Tg) and TCR x HBc/HBeAg double- and triple-Tg pairs, we demonstrate that HBeAg elicits T cell tolerance, whereas HBcAg is nontolerogenic in this system. In fact, TCR x HBc double-Tg mice spontaneously seroconvert to IgG anti-HBc positivity at an early age. However, the presence of HBeAg in the serum of TCR x HBc x HBe triple-Tg mice prevents anti-HBc seroconversion. HBeAg mediates its immunoregulatory effect by eliciting tolerance in HBc/HBeAg-specific T cells. The results suggest that hepadnaviruses have retained a secretory form of the nucleoprotein because it functions as a T cell tolerogen and regulates the immune response to the intracellular nucleocapsid. This HBeAg-mediated immune regulation may predispose to chronicity during perinatal infections and prevent severe liver injury during adult infections.
Prevention of adhesions in gynaecological endoscopy (2007)

Adhesions resulting from gynaecological endoscopic procedures are a major clinical, social and economic concern, as they may result in pelvic pain, infertility, bowel obstruction and additional surgery to resolve such adhesion-related complications. Although the minimally invasive endoscopic approach has been shown to be less adhesiogenic than traditional surgery, at least with regard to selected procedures, it does not totally eliminate the problem. Consequently, many attempts have been made to further reduce adhesion formation and reformation following endoscopic procedures, and a wide variety of strategies, including surgical techniques, pharmacological agents and mechanical barriers have been advocated to address this issue. The present review clearly indicates that there is no single modality proven to be unequivocally effective in preventing post-operative adhesion formation either for laparoscopic or for hysteroscopic surgery. Furthermore, the available adhesion-reducing substances are rather expensive. Since excellent surgical technique alone seems insufficient, further research is needed on an adjunctive therapy for the prevention and/or reduction of adhesion formation following gynaecological endoscopic procedures.
Laser induced chemical vapor deposition of carbon (1981)

Initial results on laser-induced chemical vapor deposition using the visible radiation of an Ar+ laser are presented. Due to the smaller wavelength of Ar+ laser radiation in comparison to the infrared radiation of a CO2 laser used in earlier experiments, much finer patterns could be produced. The influence of laser irradiance on the deposition rate and widths of patterns was investigated.
TGF-β/SMAD/GLI2 Signaling Axis in Cancer Progression and Metastasis (2011)

The Hedgehog (HH) and TGF-β signaling pathways represent essential regulators of cell proliferation and differentiation during embryogenesis. Pathway deregulation is a characteristic of various cancers. Recently, evidence for a convergence of these pathways at the level of the GLI2 transcription factor in the context of tumor initiation and progression to metastasis has emerged. This short review summarizes recent knowledge about GLI2 function and mechanisms of action downstream of TGF-β in cancer.
Calcium Signals in Nerve Cells (1991)

Increases in intracellular Ca ions follow each cycle of nerve cell activity. Sources of Ca are voltage- and receptor-operated membrane ion channels and endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Ca release from ER can be triggered by different second messengers, and uptake into the ER can terminate the Ca signal.
<i>Bartonella</i> Adhesin A Mediates a Proangiogenic Host Cell Response (2004)

Bartonella henselae causes vasculoproliferative disorders in humans. We identified a nonfimbrial adhesin of B. henselae designated as Bartonella adhesin A (BadA). BadA is a 340-kD outer membrane protein encoded by the 9.3-kb badA gene. It has a modular structure and contains domains homologous to the Yersinia enterocolitica nonfimbrial adhesin (Yersinia adhesin A). Expression of BadA was restored in a BadA-deficient transposon mutant by complementation in trans. BadA mediates the binding of B. henselae to extracellular matrix proteins and to endothelial cells, possibly via beta1 integrins, but prevents phagocytosis. Expression of BadA is crucial for activation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in host cells by B. henselae and secretion of proangiogenic cytokines (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor). BadA is immunodominant in B. henselae-infected patients and rodents, indicating that it is expressed during Bartonella infections. Our results suggest that BadA, the largest characterized bacterial protein thus far, is a major pathogenicity factor of B. henselae with a potential role in the induction of vasculoproliferative disorders.
The ten-page introduction to Trusted Computing (2008)

Networked computer systems underlie a great deal of business, social, and government activity today. Everyone is expected to place a great deal of trust in their correct operation, but experience shows that this trust is often misplaced. Such systems have always been subject to failures due to oversights and mistakes by those who designed them; increasingly such failures are exploited by those with malicious intent.\n\nThe concept of Trusted Computing has been present in the computer security literature for quite some time, and has influenced the design of some high-assurance solutions. These ideas are now becoming incorporated in mainstream products — PCs, mobile phones, disc drives, servers — and are the subject of much discussion and sometimes misinformation.\n\nTrusted computing implies a re-design of systems architecture in such a way as to support its factorization into relatively discrete components with well-defined\ncharacteristics. This permits, in particular, rational decisions based upon reasonable expectations of behaviour. Any such systems thinking must be motivated by an analysis of risks — so that effort is expended where it may give the best return — and an awareness of the limitations of such risk assessment (because frequently the raw data and parameters are simply not available, and because security properties are typically not compositional).\n\nThe approach described here is largely the result of the work of an industry consortium (the Trusted Computing Group, TCG), itself informed by a history of research, largely in the area of high-assurance systems, from government and academe. TCG’s approach is distinctive in that previous trusted systems were usually bespoke and highly expensive: the current work aims to touch every computing device.\n\nThis tutorial surveys the relevant notions of ‘trust’, exploring what this means for ‘trusted computing’. We describe briefly the interventions needed in hardware and software required to give a stable platform upon which such systems can be constructed. In essence, this gives us two new systems characteristics: (a) a high\ndegree of confidence in the state (configuration, running software, etc.) of a local computing system—and hence a measure of its relative freedom from unwanted intervention; (b) a relatively high degree of confidence in the state of a remote system (a property called ‘remote attestation’).\n\nThe first of those characteristics has perhaps always informed the way that users interact with desktop personal computers: many malware attacks exploit misplaced\ntrust in the local system. The second characteristic is genuinely novel, and may be seen as an enabler of many new kinds of pattern of interaction in distributed systems. Knowing that a platform is in a particular state is neither a necessary nor sufficient condition for trustworthiness (or, indeed, security) — but helps to inform decisions about that. We explore how these capabilities are constructed, and some uses to which they might be put. We also briefly describe the state of deployment of these technologies, and some current areas of research.
Hard magnetic properties of melt-spun Nd(Fe,M)12 nitrides and carbides (1993)

The hard magnetic properties of melt-spun Nd(Fe,M)12 nitrides and carbides were studied. The highest coercivity was obtained in NdFe10Mo2Nx with values of 8.8 kOe at room temperature and 33.7 kOe at 10 K. Other Nd(Fe,M)12N(C)x compounds had similar intrinsic magnetic properties but a lower coercivity than NdFe10Mo2Nx. The low coercivities were attributed to the three soft sources; α-Fe, non-ThMn12 structure, and insufficient nitrogenation or carbonation.
Idade dos ratos versus idade humana: qual é a relação? (2012)

RACIONAL: Milhões de ratos são empregados anualmente em pesquisas e no ensino. A exata relação entre a idade dos ratos, comparada com a idade dos humanos ainda é assunto de discussão e controvérsias. OBJETIVO: É revisar a literatura, analisando a idade dos ratos em comparação com a idade dos homens. MÉTODOS: Foram revisadas as publicações existentes sobre o assunto contidas nas bases Medline/Pubmed, Scielo, Biblioteca Cochrane e Lilacs cruzando os descritores ratos, cirurgia experimental e fisiologia. RESULTADOS: Ratos desenvolvem rapidamente durante a infância e se tornam sexualmente maduros com cerca de seis semanas de idade, mas atingem a maturidade social cinco a seis meses mais tarde. Na idade adulta, a cada mês do animal é aproximadamente equivalente a 2,5 anos humanos. Vários autores realizaram trabalhos experimentais em ratos e afirmaram existir correspondência de 30 dias de vida do homem para cada dia de vida do rato. CONCLUSÃO: As diferenças na anatomia, fisiologia, desenvolvimento e fenômenos biológicos devem ser levados em consideração quando são analisados os resultados de qualquer pesquisa em ratos em que a idade é um fator crucial. Cuidado especial é necessário ser tomado quando os estudos efetuados pretendem produzir correlação com a vida humana. Para isso, atenção especial é necessária para verificar a fase em dias do animal e sua correlação com os anos em humanos.
Design of an electrically pumped SiGeSn/GeSn/SiGeSn double-heterostructure midinfrared laser (2010)

This paper presents the conception, modeling, and simulation of a silicon-based group-IV semiconductor injection laser diode in which the GeSn-alloy active region has a direct band gap wavelength in the 1.8 to 3.0 μm midwave infrared for 6%–12% α-Sn. The strain-free monolithic P-type semiconductor/Intrinsic semiconductor/N-type semiconductor (PIN) bulk heterostructure, grown lattice matched upon a relaxed GeSn-buffer on silicon-on-insulator, is believed to be manufacturable in a complementary metal-oxide semiconductor fab. Detailed modeling is given for the type-I band offsets, carrier lifetimes, infrared gain profile and laser threshold current density Jth in a Fabry–Perot cavity having 20–100 cm−1 loss. The laser’s temperature of operation is determined by a combination of the radiative lifetime and the nonradiative lifetime due to unwanted Auger electron-hole recombination. If we keep Jth below 10 kA/cm2, then we find that this laser requires cooling in the 100–200 K range, whereas Jth at 300 K appears to be too high for a practical device. However, the GeSn quantum-well laser diode does offer a pathway to room-temperature operation.
Peculiarities of nonsustained disruptive discharges at interruption of cable/line charging current (2003)

It has been found out that NSDD probability increases at cable/line charging current interruption compared with no-load test. This fact has been explained by formation of contact welds at closing of the preliminary charged cable/line. These welds being torn apart at the following contact partition may serve as a source of macroparticles or surface irregularities resulting in increased probability of NSDD.
On motifs and functional modules in complex networks (2009)

Although the emergence of motifs certainly reflects functional constraints and design principles underlying complex networks, our studies on digital circuits and a transcriptional regulatory network indicate that motifs are not ¿basic¿ functional building blocks as many claimed before, since most motif instances do not represent independent units that are functionally separable from the rest of the network. We also argue that the over-representation of motifs arises not because motifs are fundamental network fragments, but as a result of (1) predesigned basic functional modules consisting of motif-clusters, and (2) cross-module connections involving buses in the circuits and global regulators in the transcriptional regulatory network.