gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Methyltrimethoxysilane Sol-Gel Polymerization and the Resulting Aerogels. (2003)

Methyl-functionalized porous silica is of considerable interest as a low dielectric constant film for semiconductor devices. The structural development of these materials appears to affect their gelation behaviors and impact their mechanical properties and shrinkage during processing. 29Si solution NMR was used to follow the structural evolution of MTMS (methyltrimethoxysilane) polymerization to gelation or precipitation, and thus to better understand the species that affect these properties and gelation behaviors. The effects of pH, water concentration, type of solvents, and synthesis procedures (single step acid catalysis and two-step acid/base catalysis) on MTMS polymerization were discussed. The reactivity of silicon species with different connectivity and the extent of cyclization were found to depend appreciably on the pH value of the sol. A kinetic model is presented to treat the reactivity of both silicon species involved in condensations separately based on the inductive and steric effects of these silicon species. Extensive cyclization in the presence of acid, which was attributed to the steric effects among numerous reaction pathways for the first time, prevents MTMS gelation, whereas gels were obtained from the two-step method with nearly random condensations. The experimental degree of condensation (DC) at the gel point using the two-step procedure was determined to be 0.86, which is considerably higher than that predicted by the current accepted theories. Both chemical and physical origins of this high value were suggested. Aerogels dried by supercritical CO2 extraction were characterized by FTIR, 13C and 29Si solid-state NMR and nitrogen sorption. The existence of three residual groups (Si-OH, Si-OCH3, and Si-OC2H5) was confirmed, but their concentrations are very low compared to silica aerogels. The low concentrations of the residual groups, along with the presence of Si-CH3, make MTMS aerogels permanently hydrophobic. To enhance applicability, MTMS aerogels were successfully prepared that demonstrated shrinkage less than 10% after supercritical drying; proving that the rigidity of the gel network is not the sole factor, suggesting in the literature, to cause the huge shrinkage in many hybrid aerogels reported. An important finding of this work is that MTMS aerogels can be prepared without tedious solvent exchange and surface modification if the molar ratio of water/MTMS increases to 8, substantially reducing the cost of aerogel production. This result was attributed to MTMS's fully condensation and low concentrations of ring species.
Boundary-Layer Transition on Hollow Cylinders in Supersonic Free Flight as Affected by Mach Number and a Screwthread Type of Surface Roughness (1959)

The effects of Mach number and surface-roughness variation on boundary-layer transition were studied using fin-stabilized hollow-tube models in free flight. The tests were conducted over the Mach number range from 2.8 to 7 at a nominally constant unit Reynolds number of 3 million per inch, and with heat transfer to the model surface. A screwthread type of distributed two-dimensional roughness was used. Nominal thread heights varied from 100 microinches to 2100 microinches. Transition Reynolds number was found to increase with increasing Mach number at a rate depending simultaneously on Mach number and roughness height. The laminar boundary layer was found to tolerate increasing amounts of roughness as Mach number increased. For a given Mach number an optimum roughness height was found which gave a maximum laminar run greater than was obtained with a smooth surface.
Effects of sowing date and volunteers on the infectivity of soil infested with <i>Gaeumannomyces graminis</i> var. <i>tritici</i> and on take‐all disease in successive crops of winter wheat (2003)

Summary In a field experiment on winter wheat, take‐all on plants and the infectivity of the soil were studied in crop sequences with different combinations of sowing dates. Take‐all was negligible in the first wheat crop, but thereafter the mean disease intensity (measured using a take‐all rating, TAR, with a maximum of 300) was 108, 190, 118 and 251 in the second to fifth successive crops. In each growing season, the disease differed amongst sequences and built up more rapidly and was more intense on plants sown in mid‐September than on plants sown in mid‐October. In late‐sown plots, where volunteers had been present during the mid‐September to mid‐October period, take‐all reached an intensity intermediate between that in early‐sown plots and that in late‐sown plots that had been kept free of volunteers. Volunteers, therefore, partially offset the expected beneficial effect of decreased disease with later sowing. Differences in take‐all amongst sequences were most pronounced in the second wheat crop and early sowing of the previous wheat increased intensity of disease. In the following (third) crop, differences in disease intensity amongst sequences were smaller. Soil infectivity (measured by seedling bioassay after harvest) built up progressively from a low level after the first crop to peak after the third crop. In this build‐up phase, soil infectivity estimates were always numerically greater after harvest of early‐sown treatments than after later‐sown treatments, although never significant at P = 0.05. The greatest difference ( P = 0.06) was recorded in October before sowing of the third crop, where the comparison was between soil after two previous early sowings and soil after two previous later sowings and control of volunteers. In the same autumn, presence of green cover (i.e. volunteers) was associated with a smaller loss of soil infectivity between harvest and later sowing than occurred in an absence of green cover. In 2 nd –4 th crops, where comparisons were available and mean TARs indicated moderate levels of take‐all, sowing later had no yield benefit, despite more take‐all and greater soil infectivity associated with early sowing. Important considerations for the management of crops at risk of take‐all are 1) choosing appropriate sowing dates to minimize take‐all or to encourage take‐all decline and 2) controlling volunteers and weed hosts where crops are sown late to minimise take‐all.
Biomechanics in Applications (2011)

During last couple of years there has been an increasing recognition that problems arising in biology or related to medicine really need a multidisciplinary approach. For this reason some special branches of both applied theoretical physics and mathematics have recently emerged such as biomechanics, mechanobiology, mathematical biology, biothermodynamics. The Biomechanics in Application is focusing on experimental praxis and clinical findings. The first section is devoted to Injury and clinical biomechanics including overview of the biomechanics of musculoskeletal injury, distraction osteogenesis in mandible, or consequences of drilling. The next section is on Spine biomechanics with biomechanical models for upper limb after spinal cord injury and an animal model looking at changes occurring as a consequence of spinal cord injury. Section Musculoskeletal Biomechanics includes the chapter which is devoted to dynamical stability of lumbo-pelvi-femoral complex which involves analysis of relationship among appropriate anatomical structures in this region. The fourth section is on Human and Animal Biomechanics with contributions from foot biomechanics and chewing rhythms in mammals, or adaptations of bats. The last section, Sport Biomechanics, is discussing various measurement techniques for assessment and analysis of movement and two applications in swimming.
Drug Delivery by Contact Lens in Spontaneously Glaucomatous Dogs (2012)

Ophthalmic drug delivery through contact lenses increases bioavailability and reduces systemic drug uptake.
Phase II trial of BB-10901 (huN901-DM1) given weekly for four consecutive weeks every 6 weeks in patients with relapsed SCLC and CD56-positive small cell carcinoma (2005)

7159 Background: BB-10901 is an immunoconjugate created by conjugation of the cytotoxic maytansinoid drug DM1 to a humanized version of the murine monoclonal antibody N901. BB-10901 binds with high affinity to CD56. The latter is expressed on a variety of solid tumors including small cell lung carcinoma. Methods: A phase I dose escalating study was conducted in patients with small cell lung carcinoma and other CD56-positive solid tumors. The maximum tolerated dose was defined as 60 mg/m2/week given as an IV infusion for four consecutive weeks every six weeks. A phase II extension of this trial is underway in which patients with relapsed small cell lung carcinoma or with relapsed CD56+ non-pulmonary small cell carcinoma are treated on this regimen. The Phase II extension consists of two stages. 14 patients are initially enrolled. The study is expanded to 35 patients if an objective response is observed among the initial 14 patients. Results: 10 patients have been treated on the Phase II extension of the study. One patient had a serious adverse event consisting of aseptic meningitis. Symptoms resolved within one week. No other drug related SAEs have occurred among the ten patients. Preliminary evaluation reveals no evidence of cardiac, thyroid, or adrenal dysfunction secondary to BB-10901. Initial pharmacokinetic findings demonstrate an increase in both t½ (terminal half life) and AUC (Area Under Curve) in Week 2 compared to Week 1 in two patients whose data are available. The t½ increased from 8.4 to 11.2 hours (h) and from 9.2 to 14.3 h from Week 1 to Week 2, respectively in the two patients. Evidence of clinical activity was noted in three patients. A patient with relapsed small cell lung carcinoma has preliminary evidence of a partial response. A patient with relapsed small cell carcinoma had a non-sustained partial response. A third patient with relapsed SCLC had a minor response. Conclusions: The study provides evidence of safety and clinical activity of BB-10901. The prolongation in t½ that occurred after initial dosing is consistent with saturation of CD56 positive sites such as NK cells. The study will be expanded to 35 patients upon confirmation of the partial response. Author Disclosure Employment or Leadership Consultant or Advisory Role Stock Ownership Honoraria Research Funding Expert Testimony Other Remuneration ImmunoGen ImmunoGen
Investigating the reaction of a number of gel electrophoresis cross-linkers with β-lactoglobulin by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization- mass spectrometry (2000)

A number of cross-linkers that are commonly used in polyacrylamide gels have been incubated with bovine beta-lactoglobulin B and the resulting reaction mixtures were examined by matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-mass spectrometry. At concentrations of 0.1, 1, and 20 mM of each cross-linker incubated for 1 h with 50 pmol/microL of the protein, a reactivity scale can be expressed as polyethylene glycol diacrylate > N,N'-bisacrylylcystamine > bisacrylyl piperazine > N,N'-methylenebisacrylamide >> N,N'-diallyltartardiamide (PEGDA>BAC>BAP>Bis>>DATD). Relatively short incubation times indicated one of the five Cys residues as the target of reaction, which was confirmed by post-source decay measurements. Longer incubation times (24 h) with bisacrylamide extended the reaction to all five Cys residues and a number of Lys residues. A second consequence of longer reaction time is the involvement of both terminals of the cross-linker in the observed reaction. This experimental evidence is the first to demonstrate a different reactivity of both ends of one of the most commonly used cross-linkers. Investigation of solutions containing a cross-linker and acrylamide monomers provided useful information on the competition between the two identities for reaction with the protein. Possible implications of these experimental observations for isoelectric focusing separations in polyacrylamide gels are discussed.
Continuous Propagation of <i>Trichosporon cutaneum</i> in Cheese Whey (1967)

Trichosporon cutaneum, a nonfermenting yeast, was used to convert cheese whey lactose into microbial cell material. The doubling time for this organism in a laboratory-scale continuous propagator was 2 hr in a whey medium fortified with ammonium sulfate and corn steep liquor. Cellular growth and efficiency of conversion of lactose to cell material was higher than with Saccharomyces fragilis. When grown in whey, the nitrogen content of T. cutaneum was 3.5% and the distribution of amino acids per gram of cell protein was similar to that of commercial food yeasts.
A PHEV Power Management Cyber-Physical System for On-Road Applications (2016)

Power management of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) helps achieve high energy efficiency and low energy consumption cost. Existing power management methods are classified into online and offline ones. Online methods are usually designed with preset power-balancing strategies to adapt to runtime conditions but without utilizing route information or historical driving cycle information. In offline methods, power management strategies are derived from historical driving cycles and not optimal for actual driving routes. Facilitated by vehicular network technologies, on-road PHEVs can easily upload their driving data through on-board communication devices, e.g., smartphones, to remote servers. With information sharing, individual vehicle speed prediction can be realized and used in the on-board power management system. This paper proposes an on-road PHEV power management cyber-physical system with two-level hierarchical strategies to minimize the fuel consumption in a trip. The high-level management strategies allocate battery energy budgets to all remaining roads, which are generated online by solving stochastic optimization problems. The low-level powertrain policies are solved offline from historical driving cycles. While a PHEV is driving, optimal real-time power decisions are made based on battery budgets, low-level power policies, and the PHEV's driving states. Simulation results show that the proposed method outperforms other methods significantly in terms of fuel savings.
Preparation of amidoxime fibers for recovery of uranium from seawater. (1990)

Commercial acrylonitrile fibers of 1.2, 1.5, 3, 8 and 15 denier were separately treated in a 0.38 mol/l NH2OH methanolic solution at 80°C and then in a 0.1 mol/l NaOH aqueous solution at 30°C. The treatments were carried out by changing reaction periods to find the optimum conditions. The intrinsic adsorption rate of uranium from seawater with the amidoxime fibers was inversely proportional to fiber diameter, and the capacity was in the range of 120–350 mg per kg of dry fiber per day. The effective diffusivity of uranium in 1.5-denier amidoxime fiber immersed in seawater was 5 × 10–8 cm2/s. The strength of the fibers was not reduced by the NH2OH and NaOH treatment.
Glc‐PC, a New Type of Glucosidic Phospholipid (1996)

An efficient inhibitor of cell proliferation, the novel phospholipid 1 is not cytotoxic and in contrast to other PC derivatives does not act by inhibition of the enzyme protein kinase C. The title compound was synthesized in eight steps starting from (R)-isopropylideneglyceraldehyde in 22% overall yield.
HLA Has Strongest Association with IgA Nephropathy in Genome-Wide Analysis (2010)

Demographic and family studies support the existence of a genetic contribution to the pathogenesis of IgA nephropathy, but results from genetic association studies of candidate genes are inconsistent. To systematically survey common genetic variation in this disease, we performed a genome-wide analysis in a cohort of patients with IgA nephropathy selected from the UK Glomerulonephritis DNA Bank. We used two groups of controls: parents of affected individuals and previously genotyped, unaffected, ancestry-matched individuals from the 1958 British Birth Cohort and the UK Blood Service. We genotyped 914 affected or family controls for 318,127 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Filtering for low genotype call rates and inferred non-European ancestry left 533 genotyped individuals (187 affected children) for the family-based association analysis and 244 cases and 4980 controls for the case-control analysis. A total of 286,200 SNPs with call rates >95% were available for analysis. Genome-wide analysis showed a strong signal of association on chromosome 6p in the region of the MHC (P = 1 × 10(-9)). The two most strongly associated SNPs showed consistent association in both family-based and case-control analyses. HLA imputation analysis showed that the strongest association signal arose from a combination of DQ loci with some support for an independent HLA-B signal. These results suggest that the HLA region contains the strongest common susceptibility alleles that predispose to IgA nephropathy in the European population.
Expression of interleukin-2 receptor on T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells and their response to interleukin-2 (1986)

We analyzed peripheral blood leukemic cells from six patients with T cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (T-CLL) with monoclonal antibodies including the anti-Tac antibody, which recognizes the receptor for interleukin 2 (IL 2). The patients were divided into two groups according to the reactivity of the monoclonal antibodies. Leukemic cells from three patients with T-CLL reacted with OKT3 and T4 but not T8, whereas those from the remaining three patients reacted with OKT3 and T8 but not T4. IL 2 receptor, which is expressed on activated T cells but not on resting T cells, was preferentially expressed on T4+ T- CLL cells. The IL 2 receptor on T4+ T-CLL cells was indistinguishable from that on normal activated T cells with respect to molecular weight and downregulation by the anti-Tac antibody. Moreover, fresh T4+ T-CLL cells, but not T8+ T-CLL cells, proliferated in response to exogenous IL 2 without prior activation, and this proliferation was inhibited by the anti-Tac antibody. These results suggest that malignant growth of T4+ T-CLL cells can be regulated by IL 2 not only in vitro but also in vivo.
HOLSR: a hierarchical proactive routing mechanism for mobile ad hoc networks (2005)

This article reviews the hierarchical optimized link state routing (HOLSR) mechanism for heterogeneous mobile ad hoc networks. In this work a heterogeneous mobile ad hoc network is defined as a network of mobile nodes that are characterized by different communications capabilities, such as multiple radio interfaces. The article focuses on proposing the HOLSR protocol. The HOLSR mechanism is derived from the OLSR protocol; however, unlike OLSR, the HOLSR protocol takes advantage of different mobile node capabilities to reduce the routing control overhead in large heterogeneous ad hoc networks, thus improving the performance of the routing mechanism.
Ethylenediamine by low-pressure ammonolysis of monoethanolamine (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleEthylenediamine by low-pressure ammonolysis of monoethanolamineCharles M. Barnes and Howard F. RaseCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Prod. Res. Dev. 1981, 20, 2, 399–407Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i300002a033https://doi.org/10.1021/i300002a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views336Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Thinned Arrays using Amplitude Sharing (1979)

The work described in this article falls into two parts both related to the practical application of phased arrays. Firstly an exploratory examination of the radiation patterns obtained from thinned planar arrays of circular outline. If the thinning is done by statistically random choice [l] at each grid point it appears that a region of lower side lobes near the main beam can be obtained by the further process of amplitude sharing [3] in which unit amplitudes are replaced by amplitudes that give a smoother representation of the required taper. Regular thinning [2] can also give a similar result without this refinement. The second part is concerned with the effect of mutual coupling on sidelobes in a strongly thinned array which in the absence of coupling would be in the -40 dB region. An example is also given of the effect of infilling by the alternatives of dummy elements or a continuous ground plane.
The antiviral enzymes PKR and RNase L suppress gene expression from viral and non-viral based vectors (1999)

Expression of transfected genes is shown to be suppressed by two intracellular enzymes, RNase L and protein kinase PKR, which function in interferon-treated cells to restrict viral replication. RNase L(-/-) or PKR(-/-) murine embryonic fibroblasts produced enhanced levels of protein from transfected genes compared with wild-type cells. Increased expression of exogenous genes in RNase L(-/-) cells correlated with elevated levels of mRNA and thus appeared to be due to enhanced mRNA stability. Plasmid encoding adenovirus VA RNAs was able to further enhance accumulation of the exogenous gene transcript and protein, even in cells lacking PKR. In contrast to the increased expression of transfected genes in cells lacking RNase L or PKR, expression of endogenous host genes was unaffected by the absence of these enzymes. In addition, a dominant-negative PKR mutant improved expression from a conventional plasmid vector and from a Semliki Forest virus derived, self-replicating vector. These results indicate that viral infections and transfections produce similar stress responses in mammalian cells and suggest strategies for selectively increasing expression of exogenous genes.