gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Pre- and Pro-haptens Using Nonanimal Test Methods for Skin Sensitization (2016)

Because of ethical and regulatory reasons, several nonanimal test methods to assess the skin sensitization potential of chemicals have been developed and validated. In contrast to in vivo methods, they lack or provide limited metabolic capacity. For this reason, identification of pro-haptens but also pre-haptens, which require molecular transformations to gain peptide reactivity, is a challenge for these methods. In this study, 27 pre- and pro-haptens were tested using nonanimal test methods. Of these, 18 provided true positive results in the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA; sensitivity of 67%), although lacking structural alerts for direct peptide reactivity. The reaction mechanisms leading to peptide depletion in the DPRA were therefore elucidated using mass spectrometry. Hapten-peptide adducts were identified for 13 of the 18 chemicals indicating that these pre-haptens were activated and that peptide binding occurred. Positive results for five of the 18 chemicals can be explained by dipeptide formations or the oxidation of the sulfhydryl group of the peptide. Nine of the 27 chemicals were tested negative in the DPRA. Of these, four yielded true positive results in the keratinocyte and dendritic cell based assays. Likewise, 16 of the 18 chemicals tested positive in the DPRA were also positive in either one or both of the cell-based assays. A combination of DPRA, KeratinoSens, and h-CLAT used in a 2 out of 3 weight of evidence (WoE) approach identified 22 of the 27 pre- and pro-haptens correctly (sensitivity of 81%), exhibiting a similar sensitivity as for directly acting haptens. This analysis shows that the combination of in chemico and in vitro test methods is suitable to identify pre-haptens and the majority of pro-haptens.
The Gray Code. (2007)

Here we summarise the properties and algorithms of the Gray code. De- scriptions are given of the Gray code definition, algorithms and circuits for gener- ating the code and for conversion between binary and Gray code, for incrementing, counting, and adding Gray code words. Some interesting applications of the code are also treated. Java implementations of the algorithms in this paper are available at: http://www.jucs.org/jucs 13 11/the gray code/data/DoranGrayPrograms.zip.
Energy detector using adaptive-fixed thresholds in Cognitive Radio systems (2008)

Cognitive radio systems offer the opportunity to improve spectrum utilization by detecting unused spectrum bands while avoiding the interference to primary users. In this paper, we propose a new algorithm for spectrum sensing, which is energy detector using both adaptive and fixed threshold, in order to compensate the weak points of the existing energy detector in the distorted communication channel environment. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed scheme is much better than the existing scheme. Additionally, the performance is described in terms of the complementary ROC curve. It is shown that the proposed algorithm makes the detector highly robust against fading, shadowing, and interference by simulation results.
Deep Cropping via Attention Box Prediction and Aesthetics Assessment (2017)

We model the photo cropping problem as a cascade of attention box regression and aesthetic quality classification, based on deep learning. A neural network is designed that has two branches for predicting attention bounding box and analyzing aesthetics, respectively. The predicted attention box is treated as an initial crop window where a set of cropping candidates are generated around it, without missing important information. Then, aesthetics assessment is employed to select the final crop as the one with the best aesthetic quality. With our network, cropping candidates share features within full-image convolutional feature maps, thus avoiding repeated feature computation and leading to higher computation efficiency. Via leveraging rich data for attention prediction and aesthetics assessment, the proposed method produces high-quality cropping results, even with the limited availability of training data for photo cropping. The experimental results demonstrate the competitive results and fast processing speed (5 fps with all steps).
Bioactive marine metabolites. 48. Cinachyrolide A: a potent cytotoxic macrolide possessing two spiro ketals from marine sponge Cinachyra sp (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBioactive marine metabolites. 48. Cinachyrolide A: a potent cytotoxic macrolide possessing two spiro ketals from marine sponge Cinachyra spNobuhiro Fusetani, Katsumi Shinoda, and Shigeki MatsunagaCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1993, 115, 10, 3977–3981Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00063a017RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views354Altmetric-Citations137LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (470 KB) Get e-AlertsSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Tuneable separation of gold by selective precipitation using a simple and recyclable diamide (2021)

The efficient separation of metals from ores and secondary sources such as electronic waste is necessary to realising circularity in metal supply. Precipitation processes are increasingly popular and are reliant on designing and understanding chemical recognition to achieve selectivity. Here we show that a simple tertiary diamide precipitates gold selectively from aqueous acidic solutions, including from aqua regia solutions of electronic waste. The X-ray crystal structure of the precipitate displays an infinite chain of diamide cations interleaved with tetrachloridoaurate. Gold is released from the precipitate on contact with water, enabling ligand recycling. The diamide is highly selective, with its addition to 29 metals in 2 M HCl resulting in 70% gold uptake and minimal removal of other metals. At 6 M HCl, complete collection of gold, iron, tin, and platinum occurs, demonstrating that adaptable selective metal precipitation is controlled by just one variable. This discovery could be exploited in metal refining and recycling processes due to its tuneable selectivity under different leaching conditions, the avoidance of organic solvents inherent to biphasic extraction, and the straightforward recycling of the precipitant.
Hong Kong Right of Abode: Ng Siu Tung & (and) Others v. Director of Immigration - Constitutional and Human Rights at the Mercy of China (2004)

This Comment argues that the Court's refusal to sidestep the Standing Committee's reinterpretation using either the Doctrine of Legitimate Expectation, or the judgments previously rendered clause in the Basic Law, signifies its capitulation to the Standing Committee, and its inability to protect constitutional rights and/or human rights in Hong Kong. This Comment will first give a brief background on the concept of one country, two systems and the drafting of the basic law. Second, it will introduce the Right of Abode cases, and explain the constitutional crisis of 1999. Third, it analyzes Ng Siu Tung & Others v. Director of Immigration, decided on January 10, 2002, and its failure to legitimately sidestep the Standing Committee's reinterpretation in the name of human rights. Finally, this Comment concludes that the independence of the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal has been irrevocably compromised, constitutional rights are mutable under the Basic Law (Hong Kong Constitution), and human rights will not be meaningfully protected by the courts of Hong Kong.
The Dynamic Retrieval Tree Menu Based on Dojo (2011)

In order to offer correct and perfect classification design for users to find what they need quickly and conveniently, a tree menu with classification and level division for some objects is used in this paper. By introducing Dojo widget, JSON format and Ajax technology can solve the classified and level divisive problem with different categories of objects. For illustration, a dynamic retrieval tree menu is utilized to show the classification and level division. The practice results show that the Dojo widget with modular JavaScript library will be used as the appropriate selection in solving the classified and level divisive problem. The dynamic retrieval tree menu based on Dojo can realize the directory structure which is similar to the using in files directory management, and with a retrieval function, this tree menu makes maintenance more convinient.
Self-Adaptive Cloud Capacity Planning (2012)

The popularity of cloud service spurs the increasing demands of cloud resources to the cloud service providers. Along with the new business opportunities, the pay-as-you-go model drastically changes the usage pattern and brings technology challenges to effective capacity planning. In this paper, we propose a new method for cloud capacity planning with the goal of fully utilizing the physical resources, as we believe this is one of the emerging problems for cloud providers. To solve this problem, we present an integrated system with intelligent cloud capacity prediction. Considering the unique characteristics of the cloud service that virtual machines are provisioned and de-provisioned frequently to meet the business needs, we propose an asymmetric and heterogeneous measure for modeling the over-estimation, and under-estimation of the capacity. To accurately forecast the capacity, we first divide the change of cloud capacity demand into provisioning and de-provisioning components, and then estimate the individual components respectively. The future provisioning demand is predicted by an ensemble time-series prediction method, while the future de-provisioning is inferred based on the life span distribution and the number of active virtual machines. Our proposed solution is simple and computational efficient, which make it practical for development and deployment. Our solution also has the advantages for generating interpretable predictions. The experimental results on the IBM Smart Cloud Enterprise trace data demonstrate the effectiveness, accuracy and efficiency of our solution.
A Large Scale Distributed Syntactic, Semantic and Lexical Language Model for Machine Translation (2011)

This paper presents an attempt at building a large scale distributed composite language model that simultaneously accounts for local word lexical information, mid-range sentence syntactic structure, and long-span document semantic content under a directed Markov random field paradigm. The composite language model has been trained by performing a convergent N-best list approximate EM algorithm that has linear time complexity and a followup EM algorithm to improve word prediction power on corpora with up to a billion tokens and stored on a supercomputer. The large scale distributed composite language model gives drastic perplexity reduction over n-grams and achieves significantly better translation quality measured by the BLEU score and “readability ” when applied to the task of re-ranking the N-best list from a state-of-theart parsing-based machine translation system. 1
Centrifugal Spinning: An Alternative Approach to Fabricate Nanofibers at High Speed and Low Cost (2014)

Nanofibers are an important class of material that is useful in a variety of applications, including filtration, tissue engineering, protective clothing, battery separators, energy storage, etc. So far, electrospinning is the most used method for producing nanofibers. However, the wide-spread commercial use of electrospinning is limited mainly due to its low production rate. Most other nanofiber production methods, such as melt-blowing, bicomponent fiber spinning, phase separation, template synthesis, and self-assembly, are complex and can only be used to make nanofibers from limited types of polymers. Centrifugal spinning is an alternative method for producing nanofibers from various materials at high speed and low cost. In centrifugal spinning, the spinning fluid is placed in a rotating spinning head. When the rotating speed reaches a critical value, the centrifugal force overcomes the surface tension of the spinning fluid to eject a liquid jet from the nozzle tip of the spinning head. The jet then undergoes a stretching process and is eventually deposited on the collector, forming solidified nanofibers. Centrifugal spinning is simple and enables the rapid fabrication of nanofibers for various applications. This article gives an overview on the centrifugal spinning process, and compares it with conventional nanofiber production methods.
Safeguarding Buyers with Attack-Resilient Reputation Parameters (2015)

Agent-mediated reputation systems provide the necessary decision making support to facilitate the automation of processes, and to improve the quality of services in an information asymmetric e-market. Reputation systems encourage honest behavior and discourage malicious behavior of buyer and seller agents by safeguarding honest participants and by laying a foundation for security through social control mechanisms. In this paper, we propose a reputation system that aims to safeguard honest buyers from rogue behavior by counterparties and deceptive buying peers. It employs reputation functions with attack-resilient parameters based on the e-market parameters like value of the transaction and varying experience of agents.These parameters help to reduce the incentive for dishonest behavior, and to minimize harm in case of attacks by rogue sellers in order to improve the trustworthiness among participants in the e-market.
Nonmagnetic Elinvar-Type Alloys in the Mn-Cu-Fe System (1972)

Measurements of Young’s modulus at −150°∼400°C and of thermal expansion, rigidity modulus and hardness at room temperature have been carried out with Mn-Cu-Fe alloys subjected to a variety of heat treatment and cold working. It is shown that when slowly cooled after heating at 900°C for 1 hr, Mn-Cu-Fe alloys containing 20.13∼55.00%Cu and 2.55∼30.25%Fe exhibit an abnormality on the Young’s modulus vs temperature curves which correspond to antiferromagnetic Néel points. The values of Young’s modulus at room temperature in the annealed state were higher than those in the cold worked or wate rquenched states, and the difference becomes greater with increasing manganese or iron content. The temperature coefficient of Young’s modulus is remarkably varied by composition as well as by annealing, water quenching, cold working, and reheating after water quenching or cold working. The temperature coefficients of Young’s modulus as a function of composition exhibit a large maximum and minimum in positive or negative sign, thus revealing the Elinvar property. The variations in rigidity modulus and its temperature coefficient with heat treatment, reduction rate and composition have a close resemblance to those in Young’s modulus and its temperature coefficient. The hardness undergoes a complicate relation with composition, heat treatment and reduction of the alloys, the Vickers hardness being about 130 to 800. The oxidation-and corrosion-resistivities of the Mn-Cu-Fe alloys are fairly high.
Symptom Database Builder for Autonomic Computing (2006)

Companies in the software development business accumulate an enormous amount of data, generated through their test and support teams. This data could be in the form of defect records and their resolutions, queries or responses to the customers. This data may be classified as problem data, and contains information that can be used for proactive problem diagnosis and resolution. However, in real situation it is rarely reused, as the data is populated in ‘human’ (communication language) and lacks structured information to be effectively used by IT management tools. IBM Log and Trace Analyzer for Autonomic Computing (LTA) [1, 7] is one tool that helps IT administrators and support personnel in easy problem diagnosis through its Symptom Database. A symptom database is a collection of XML files adhering to a schema and contains records of incident and problem indications that could arise in the operation of the software or hardware infrastructure. For every symptom, the Symptom Database also contains the cause of the problem and a recommended solution for the problem. Typically the Symptom Database is created by the development teams from the scratch; however we have found that the unstructured data collected by the support and the test teams can also be processed using various natural language processing and unstructured information processing algorithms to build symptom databases.
Design of half- and full-duplex relay systems based on the MMSE formulation (2009)

In this paper, half-and full-duplex relay processing matrices and source-destination beamforming vectors are jointly optimized based on a minimum mean-square-error (MMSE) formulation under inequality constraints on the transmit power of the source and the relays. Through BER simulations, we illustrate that the full-duplex method performs better than the half-duplex method in various signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) scenarios, and it can be a promising candidate for future relay networks.
Intracellular Information Processing through Encoding and Decoding of Dynamic Signaling Features (2015)

Cell signaling dynamics and transcriptional regulatory activities are variable within specific cell types responding to an identical stimulus. In addition to studying the network interactions, there is much interest in utilizing single cell scale data to elucidate the non-random aspects of the variability involved in cellular decision making. Previous studies have considered the information transfer between the signaling and transcriptional domains based on an instantaneous relationship between the molecular activities. These studies predict a limited binary on/off encoding mechanism which underestimates the complexity of biological information processing, and hence the utility of single cell resolution data. Here we pursue a novel strategy that reformulates the information transfer problem as involving dynamic features of signaling rather than molecular abundances. We pursue a computational approach to test if and how the transcriptional regulatory activity patterns can be informative of the temporal history of signaling. Our analysis reveals (1) the dynamic features of signaling that significantly alter transcriptional regulatory patterns (encoding), and (2) the temporal history of signaling that can be inferred from single cell scale snapshots of transcriptional activity (decoding). Immediate early gene expression patterns were informative of signaling peak retention kinetics, whereas transcription factor activity patterns were informative of activation and deactivation kinetics of signaling. Moreover, the information processing aspects varied across the network, with each component encoding a selective subset of the dynamic signaling features. We developed novel sensitivity and information transfer maps to unravel the dynamic multiplexing of signaling features at each of these network components. Unsupervised clustering of the maps revealed two groups that aligned with network motifs distinguished by transcriptional feedforward vs feedback interactions. Our new computational methodology impacts the single cell scale experiments by identifying downstream snapshot measures required for inferring specific dynamical features of upstream signals involved in the regulation of cellular responses.
Functional connectivity in the human language system: a cortico-cortical evoked potential study (2004)

A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in human higher cortical functions requires a detailed knowledge of neuronal connectivity between functional cortical regions. Currently no good method for tracking in vivo neuronal connectivity exists. We investigated the inter-areal connections in vivo in the human language system using a new method, which we termed 'corticocortical evoked potentials' (CCEPs). Eight patients with epilepsy (age 13-42 years) underwent invasive monitoring with subdural electrodes for epilepsy surgery. Six patients had language dominance on the side of grid implantation and two had bilateral language representation by the intracarotid amobarbital test. Conventional cortical electrical stimulation was performed to identify the anterior and posterior language areas. Single pulse electrical stimuli were delivered to the anterior language (eight patients), posterior language (four patients) or face motor (two patients) area, and CCEPs were obtained by averaging electrocorticograms (ECoGs) recorded from the perisylvian and extrasylvian basal temporal language areas time-locked to the stimulus. The subjects were not asked to perform any tasks during the study. Stimulation at the anterior language area elicited CCEPs in the lateral temporo-parietal area (seven of eight patients) in the middle and posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, the adjacent part of the middle temporal gyrus and the supramarginal gyrus. CCEPs were recorded in 3-21 electrodes per patient. CCEPs occurred at or around the particular electrodes in the posterior language area which, when stimulated, produced speech arrest. Similar early and late CCEPs were obtained from the basal temporal area by stimulating the anterior language area (three of three patients). In contrast, stimulation of the adjacent face motor area did not elicit CCEPs in language areas but rather in the postcentral gyrus. Stimulation of the posterior language area produced CCEPs in the anterior language (three of four patients) as well as in the basal temporal area (one of two patients). These CCEPs were less well defined. These findings suggest that perisylvian and extrasylvian language areas participate in the language system as components of a network by means of feed-forward and feed-back projections. Different from the classical Wernicke-Geschwind model, the present study revealed a bidirectional connection between Broca's and Wernicke's areas probably through the arcuate fasciculus and/or the cortico-subcortico-cortical pathway. CCEPs were recorded from a larger area than the posterior language area identified by electrical stimulation. This suggests the existence of a rather broad neuronal network surrounding the previously recognized core region of this area.