gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Macro-to-micro cortical vascular imaging underlies regional differences in ischemic brain (2015)

Abstract The ability to non-invasively monitor and quantify hemodynamic responses down to the capillary level is important for improved diagnosis, treatment and management of neurovascular disorders, including stroke. We developed an integrated multi-functional imaging system, in which synchronized dual wavelength laser speckle contrast imaging (DWLS) was used as a guiding tool for optical microangiography (OMAG) to test whether detailed vascular responses to experimental stroke in male mice can be evaluated with wide range sensitivity from arteries and veins down to the capillary level. DWLS enabled rapid identification of cerebral blood flow (CBF), prediction of infarct area and hemoglobin oxygenation over the whole mouse brain and was used to guide the OMAG system to hone in on depth information regarding blood volume, blood flow velocity and direction, vascular architecture, vessel diameter and capillary density pertaining to defined regions of CBF in response to ischemia. OMAG-DWLS is a novel imaging platform technology to simultaneously evaluate multiple vascular responses to ischemic injury, which can be useful in improving our understanding of vascular responses under pathologic and physiological conditions and ultimately facilitating clinical diagnosis, monitoring and therapeutic interventions of neurovascular diseases.
Directors' remuneration and the DTI review of company law (2001)

This article considers how directors' remuneration should be set. It does so in both general terms and in the light of the DTI (1999) paper entitled Directors' Remuneration. A Consultative Document . The DTI document forms part of a general review of company law that is being undertaken by the Department of Trade and Industry. This article explores the extent to which these government‐directed developments can be seen as an extension of the Cadbury, Greenbury and Hampel Reports and the extent to which self‐regulation as opposed to government regulation looks set to dominate this area.
In vitro generation of tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Secondary allogeneic mixed tumor lymphocyte culture of normal murine spleen cells (1977)

In vivo or in vitro immunity to murine leukemia virus (MuLV)-induced leukemia cells which do not effectively produce virus, has been difficult to demonstrate. Because immunizations with allogeneic murine leukemia cells have been used to confer syngeneic tumor immunity to virus- producing cells, we attempted to generate lymphocytes, cytotoxic to syngeneic nonproducer leukemia cells, by stimulating normal murine spleen cells with allogeneic nonproducer leukemia cells in mixed tumor lymphocyte culture (MTLC) reactions in vitro. Secondary allogeneic MTLC of normal C57BL/6 or DBA/2 spleen cells effectively produced syngeneic tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Target cells lysed in lymphocyte- mediated cytolysis (LMC) assays, included both Friend and Rauscher virus- induced syngeneic murine leukemia cells and chemically-induced hematopoietic tumor cells. Syngeneic tumor cells were lysed regardless of whether they produced infectious MuLV or expressed viral antigens gp-71, p-30, or p-12 at the cell surface. Syngeneic normal cells (thymus, lymph node, or Concanavalin A-stimulated spleen cells) used as targets in LMC assays were uneffected by lymphocytes harvested from secondary allogeneic MTLC. Several other in vitro culture treatments including secondary syngeneic MTLC and repetitive mixed lymphocyte culture stimulations were incapable of generating tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. Based upon these results, we propose that secondary MTLC stimulation of normal spleen cells with allogeneic nonproducer leukemia cells selects for the proliferation of two subpopulations of antigen-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes. The population capable of effecting syngeneic tumor cell lysis is directed against tumor-associated cell surface antigens which may be distinct from viral structural proteins or glycoproteins. The growth of these tumor-specific cytotoxic lymphocytes may be enhanced by a soluble allogeneic effect factor produced by the proliferation of the second subpopulation of lymphocytes generated in repetitive allogeneic MTLC, namely those lymphocytes with specificities directed against differing histocompatibility antigens.
Random Mutagenesis of the Sheep Na,K-ATPase α1 Subunit Generating the Ouabain-resistant Mutant L793P (1996)

The polymerase chain reaction was used to randomly mutagenize a cDNA cassette encoding amino acids 691-946 of the sheep Na,K-ATPase alpha subunit. The mutagenized cassettes were used to replace the wild-type region in the full-length cDNA, and pools of mutants were transfected into HeLa cells. After the generation of resistant cells via selection in 0.5 microM ouabain, polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the mutagenized cassette from the genomic DNA of the stable transfectants. Sequence analysis of the polymerase chain reaction product revealed three amino acid substitutions: I729V, L793P, and K836R. Subsequent site-directed mutagenesis experiments showed that only L793P was important for resistance. To elucidate the role of L793 in ouabain inhibition, additional mutations at this position were prepared. L793A and L793I mutants were constructed and expressed in HeLa cells. Only L793A survived selection using ouabain, which suggested that resistance is not due to the specific substitution of leucine with proline. To explore the mechanism of resistance, apparent affinities of the L793P mutant for sodium and potassium were compared to the wild-type HeLa pump. Although the apparent affinities were comparable for sodium, the mutant had a 2-fold higher apparent affinity for potassium. This suggests that the mechanism of ouabain insensitivity of L793P is due to a perturbation in the region of the enzyme that may include the K+ binding site.
A mutant of the green alga <i>Dunaliella salina</i> constitutively accumulates zeaxanthin under all growth conditions (2002)

A novel mutant (zea1) of the halotolerant unicellular green alga Dunaliella salina is impaired in the zeaxanthin epoxidation reaction, thereby lacking a number of the beta-branch xanthophylls. HPLC analysis revealed that the zea1 mutant lacks neoxanthin (N), violaxanthin (V) and antheraxanthin (A) but constitutively accumulates zeaxanthin (Z). Under low-light physiological growth conditions, the zea1 (6 mg Z per g dry weight or 8 x 10(-16) mol Z/cell) had a substantially higher Z content than the wild type (0.2 mg Z per g dry weight or 0.5 x 10(-16) mol Z/cell). Lack of N, V, and A did not affect photosynthesis or growth of the zea1 strain. Biochemical analyses suggested that Z constitutively and quantitatively substitutes for N, V, and A in the zea1 strain. This mutant is discussed in terms of its commercial value and potential utilization by the algal biotechnology industry for the production of zeaxanthin, a high-value bioproduct.
Detection of sequences that hybridize to human cytomegalovirus DNA in cervical neoplastic tissue. (1986)

Punch biopsies were taken from patients with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and the DNA was extracted and examined for sequences which hybridized to human cytomegalovirus DNA by Southern blotting analysis. Two biopsies out of 43 were found to contain DNA which hybridized to human cytomegalovirus DNA. In one biopsy DNA sequences were detected which contained four restriction sites colinear with those of the prototype strain AD169. Evidence of rearranged viral DNA sequences was also found.
Theory of Radiative Heat Transfer between Closely Spaced Bodies (1971)

A general formalism is developed by means of which the radiative heat transfer between macroscopic bodies of arbitrary dispersive and absorptive dielectric properties can be evaluated. The general formalism is applied to the heat transfer across a vacuum gap between two identical semi-infinite bodies at different temperatures. The peculiarities arising when the gap width is of the order of, or smaller than, the dominant thermal radiation wavelengths are studied and quantitatively evaluated for the case of two metal bodies. The predicted strong increase with diminishing gap width is in qualitative agreement with experimental results.
High Performance Polarizers and Sensing Coils with Elliptical Jacket Type Single Polarization Fibers (1988)

Single polarization fibers which guide only one polarization mode would be useful in fiber optic sensors /1/. It was shown by Varnham et al /21 that the polarizing effect can be enhanced when the birefringent fiber is bent.
Efficiency of the normal human diaphragm with hyperinflation (2005)

We evaluated an index of diaphragm efficiency (Eff(di)), diaphragm power output (Wdi) relative to electrical activation, in five healthy adults during tidal breathing at usual end-expiratory lung volume (EELV) and diaphragm length (L(di ee)) and at shorter L(di ee) during hyperinflation with expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP). Measurements were repeated with an inspiratory threshold (7.5 cmH(2)O) plus resistive (6.5 cmH(2)O.l(-1).s) load. Wdi was the product of mean inspiratory transdiaphragmatic pressure (DeltaPdi(mean)), diaphragm volume displacement measured fluoroscopically, and 1/inspiratory duration (Ti(-1)). Diaphragm activation, measured with esophageal electrodes, was quantified by computing root-mean-square values (RMS(di)). With EPAP, 1) EELV increased [mean r(2) = 0.91 (SD 0.01)]; 2) in four subjects, L(di ee) decreased [mean r(2) = 0.85 (SD 0.07)] and mean Eff(di) decreased 34% per 10% decrease in L(di ee) (P < 0.001); and 3) in one subject, gastric pressure at EELV increased two- to threefold, L(di ee) was unchanged or increased, and Eff(di) increased at two of four levels of EPAP (P < or = 0.006, ANOVA). Inspiratory loading increased Wdi (P = 0.003) and RMS(di) (P = 0.004) with no change in Eff(di) (P = 0.63) or its relationship with L(di ee). Eff(di) was more accurate in defining changes in L(di ee) [(true positives + true negatives)/total = 0.78 (SD 0.13)] than DeltaPdi(mean).RMS(di)(-1), RMS(di), or DeltaPdi(mean).Ti (all <0.7, P < or = 0.05, without load). Thus Eff(di) was principally a function of L(di ee) independent of inspiratory loading, behavior consistent with muscle force-length-velocity properties. We conclude that Eff(di), measured during tidal breathing and in the absence of expiratory muscle activity at EELV, is a valid and accurate measure of diaphragm contractile function.
Simplified northern blot hybridization using 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate. (1990)

We describe a simplified Northern blot hybridization procedure. This procedure eliminates the need for many reagents commonly used in RNA hybridization and replaces them with two buffers containing 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate for pre-hybridization, hybridization and all post-hybridization washes.
A robotically-augmented walker for older adults (2018)

Abstract: "Many older adults use walkers to improve their stability and safety while walking. We have developed a robotically augmented walker to reduce fall risk and confusion, and to increase walker convenience and enjoyment. Using a modified version of the CARMEN navigation software suite [11], the walker is capable of parking itself and returning to the user when signaled by remote control. The system also supports navigation in large indoor environments by providing simple directions to target locations such as a cafeteria. The walker received positive reviews during informal testing with residents of a Pennsylvania residence facility for older adults."
CRYSTALLINE PNEUMOCOCCUS ANTIBODY (1949)

1. The immune precipitate formed by antipneumococcus horse serum and the specific polysaccharide is not hydrolyzed by trypsin as is the diphtheria toxin-antitoxin complex, and purified pneumococcus antibody cannot be isolated by the method used for the isolation and crystallization of diphtheria antitoxin. 2. Type I pneumococcus antibody, completely precipitable by Type I polysaccharide, may be obtained from immune horse serum globulin by precipitation of the inert proteins with acid potassium phthalate. 3. The antibody obtained in this way may be fractionated by precipitation with ammonium sulfate into three main parts. One is insoluble in neutral salts but soluble from pH 4.5 to 3.0 and from pH 9.5 to 10.5. This is the largest fraction. A second fraction is soluble in 0.05 to 0.2 saturated ammonium sulfate and the third fraction is soluble in 0.2 saturated ammonium sulfate and precipitated by 0.35 saturated ammonium sulfate. The second fraction can be further separated by precipitation with 0.17 saturated ammonium sulfate to yield a small amount of protein which is soluble in 0.17 saturated ammonium sulfate but insoluble in 0.25 saturated ammonium sulfate. This fraction crystallizes in poorly formed, rounded rosettes. 4. The crystallization does not improve the purity of the antibody and is accompanied by the formation of an insoluble protein as in the case of diphtheria antitoxin. 5. None of the fractions obtained is even approximately homogeneous as determined by solubility measurements. 6. Purified antibody has also been obtained by dissociating the antigen-antibody complex. 7. The protective value of the fractions is quite different; that of the dissociated antibody being the highest and that of the insoluble fraction, the lowest. 8. All the fractions are immunologically specific since they do not precipitate with Type II polysaccharide nor protect against Type II pneumococci. 9. All the fractions give a positive precipitin reaction with antihorse rabbit serum. The dissociated antibody gives the least reaction. 10. Comparison of the various fractions, either by their solubility in salt solution or through immunological reactions, indicates that there are a large number of proteins present in immune horse serum, all of which precipitate with the specific polysaccharide but which have very different protective values, different reactions with antihorse rabbit serum, and different solubility in salt solutions.
Non-specific beneficial effect of measles immunisation: analysis of mortality studies from developing countries (1995)

These observations suggest that standard titre measles vaccine may confer a beneficial effect which is unrelated to the specific protection against measles disease.
Genetic analysis of porcine H3N2 viruses originating in southern China (1995)

From immunological and phylogenetic analyses of H3 influenza viruses isolated from pigs and ducks in the People's Republic of China (China), Hong Kong, Taiwan and Japan, between 1968 and 1982, we arrived at the following conclusions. The H3 haemagglutinin and N2 neuraminidase genes from swine isolates can be segregated into four mammalian lineages, including: (i) the earliest human strains; (ii) early swine strains including Hong Kong isolates from 1976-1977; (iii) an intermediate strain between the early swine and recent human strains; and (iv) recent human strains. In this study we found an unusual swine strain (sw/Hong Kong/127/82) belonging to the third lineage which behaved like those of the early swine-like lineage in the haemagglutination inhibition test; but neuraminidase inhibition profiles with monoclonal antibodies indicated that this virus is related to late human strains. On the basis of pairwise comparisons of complete or partial nucleotide sequences the genes encoding the three polymerase proteins (PB2, PB1, PA), the nucleoprotein, the membrane protein and possibly the nonstructural proteins of sw/Hong Kong/127/82 are of the swine H1N1 lineage, whereas genes encoding the two surface glycoproteins belong to the human H3N2 lineage. In contrast, all RNA segments of one swine isolate (sw/Hong Kong/81/78) are similar to those of recent human H3N2 viruses. This study indicated that frequent interspecies infections between human and swine hosts appeared to occur during 1976-82. Although the evolutionary rates of human (0.0122/site/year), swine (0.0127/site/year) and avian (0.0193/site/year) virus genes are similar when based upon synonymous substitutions, nonsynonymous substitutions indicated that viral genes derived from human and swine viruses evolved about three times faster (0.0026-0.0027/site/year) than those of avian viruses (0.0008/site/year). Furthermore, the evolutionary mechanism by which human and swine H3 haemagglutinin genes evolve at a similar rate, based on nonsynonymous substitutions, appeared to be quite different from previous evidence which showed that human H1 haemagglutinin genes evolved three times faster than those of swine viruses. However, comparison of the number of nonsynonymous substitutions in the antigenic sites (A-E) of haemagglutinin molecules demonstrated that swine viruses evolve at a rate that is about one fifth to one tenth that of human viruses, reflecting the conservative nature of the antigenic structure in the former.
Purification and properties of the ribonucleic acid-dependent ribonucleic acid polymerase from <i>Halobacterium cutirubrum</i> (1972)

1. The RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Halobacterium cutirubrum was purified to electrophoretic homogeneity. 2. It requires a single-stranded molecule of RNA or polyribonucleotide as template. 3. Nearest-neighbour analyses of the products formed on random poly(A,U) or alternating poly(A-U) templates and base analysis of the product of synthesis directed by wheat-germ RNA prove that the template is copied accurately. 4. The enzyme initiates new chains with purine ribonucleoside triphosphates. 5. Sucrose-density-gradient analysis of the product indicates that it has a size distribution similar to that of the template. 6. Preliminary amino acid analysis of the RNA-dependent polymerase shows that it contains much less serine than either of the subunits of H. cutirubrum DNA-dependent RNA polymerase. 7. The RNA-dependent enzyme is unable to substitute for either subunit of the DNA-dependent polymerase, and both the latter are devoid of RNA-dependent activity.
Realization of a highly accurate mobile robot system for multi purpose precision forestry applications (2009)

Localization, navigation and identification of characteristics of the environment are of high importance in mobile robotics. In this paper we used methods of mobile robotics to derive highly accurate position information of a wood harvester's cabin as well as of its harvesting head. In addition to enhance the harvesting process, the fusion of data provided by the sensors leads to a number of new applications in forestry ranging from high precision localization and logging operations up to single tree navigation. The first part of this paper introduces the components of this special form of a mobile robot. In the second part the underlying robotic principles are clarified and examples are given of how these principles enabled new applications in forestry. The results are evaluated and compared to conventional measurement techniques.
New Insights into How Blood Clots: Implications for the Use of APTT and PT as Coagulation Screening Tests and in Monitoring of Anticoagulant Therapy (1999)

Blood coagulation occurs efficiently on cell surfaces such as activated platelets and monocytes, and fibroblasts. It is initiated by limited amounts of tissue factor (TF) exposed at the sites of vascular injury that complexes with trace amounts of circulating factor VIIa (FVIIa). Additional FVIIa-TF complexes are formed from FVII-TF involving positive feedback loops, including FVIIa-TF as well as factors Xa and IXa as they are formed in subsequent steps. For sustained normal coagulation to proceed, effective in vivo activation of factor X requires the participation of factor IXa generated via the FVIIa-TF complex. This may, in part, be due to effective inhibition of factor Xa and FVIIa-TF complex by tissue factor pathway inhibitor that results in blockage of direct activation of factor X by the FVIIa-TF complex. Additional generation of factor Xa at injury sites may then proceed via the FIXa-VIIIa pathway. Thrombin generated from prothrombin via complex formation of prothrombin with FXa and FVa on phospholipid surfaces (prothrombinase complex) powerfully accelerates coagulation by activation of FVIII and FV, and sustains coagulation through activation of FXI. Thus, in light of our current understanding of how blood clots in vivo, it is clear that both prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) are highly artificial in vitro systems with major limitations. Nevertheless, these tests are quite useful as global screening tests for abnormalities in the intrinsic or extrinsic, as well as common, pathways of coagulation and for monitoring of anticoagulant therapy.
The tomato <i>Blind</i> gene encodes a MYB transcription factor that controls the formation of lateral meristems (2002)

The multitude of forms observed in flowering plants is largely because of their ability to establish new axes of growth during postembryonic development. This process is initiated by the formation of secondary meristems that develop into vegetative or reproductive branches. In the blind and torosa mutants of tomato, initiation of lateral meristems is blocked during shoot and inflorescence development, leading to a strong reduction in the number of lateral axes. In this study, it is shown that blind and torosa are allelic. The Blind gene has been isolated by positional cloning, and it was found that the mutant phenotype is caused by a loss of function of an R2R3 class Myb gene. RNA interference-induced blind phenocopies confirmed the identity of the isolated gene. Double mutant analysis shows that Blind acts in a novel pathway different from the one to which the previously identified Lateral suppressor gene belongs. The findings reported add a new class of transcription factors to the group of genes controlling lateral meristem initiation and reveal a previously uncharacterized function of R2R3 Myb genes.