gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electrochromic Nickel – Tungsten Oxides : Optical, Electrochemical and Structural Characterization of Sputter-deposited Thin Films in the Whole Composition Range (2012)

This thesis investigates the electrochromic NixW1-x oxide thin film system, where 0 &lt; x &lt; 1. The thin films were deposited by reactive DC magnetron co-sputtering from one Ni and one W metal target. In addition, Ni oxide was deposited with water vapor added to the sputtering gas. The different compositions were structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron-, Rutherford backscattering- and Raman spectroscopy. Possible nanostructures were studied by ellipsometry together with effective medium theory. Optical and electrochemical properties were investigated by spectrophotometry and cyclic voltammetry in 1 M lithium perchlorate in propylene carbonate (Li-PC). Li-PC electrolyte was used as it is being compatible with both W and Ni oxides. Few studies have previously been made on Ni oxides in Li-PC. Films with high Ni content, 0.85 &lt; x &lt; 1, were polycrystalline and all other films were amorphous. W-rich films, x &lt; 0.5, consisted of a mixture of W oxide and NiWO4 -phases, and the Ni-rich samples, x &gt; 0.5, probably consisted of hydrated Ni oxide and NiWO4 -phases. Films with 0 &lt; x &lt; 0.3 showed electrochromic properties similar to W oxide, and films with 0.7 &lt; x &lt; 1 behaved as Ni oxide. For 0.4 &lt; x &lt; 0.7 no optical change was seen. At the border of cathodic electrochromic and non-electrochromic behavior, i.e. x ~ 0.4, the sample behaved as an optically passive intercalation material. The transmittance change was 0.45 and 0.15 for the W-rich and Ni-rich films, respectively. Ni addition to W oxide improved the coloration efficiency. For the Ni-rich films the charge insertion/extraction and optical modulation was low and an aging effect resulted in strong bleaching of the samples. The advantage of W addition to Ni oxide was that the transparency at the bleached state was enhanced. Moreover, it was found that the hydrous character of the Ni oxide had a large impact on the electrochromic performance, both when electrochemically cycled in KOH and in the non-aqueous Li-PC.
STATE OF THE ART POWER COUPLERS FOR SUPERCONDUCTING RF CAVITIES (2002)

Simulations are now routinely performed that allow the prediction of electromagnetic, multipacting, thermal, and mechanical properties of couplers. From these studies, better designs have been conceived which can minimize potential problems ahead of construction. Judicious use of materials and the implementation of clean practices and of careful conditioning have gradually increased the power levels at which couplers can safely operate. Machine operation at hundreds of kilowatts has been achieved in CW at KEK and Cornell, and in a pulsed mode at the TESLA Test Facility (TTF). Test stand operations in CW at the megawatt level (Accelerator for the Production of Tritium) and in pulse mode at a peak power of 2 MW (Spallation Neutron Source, TTF version II) have been achieved. The recent progress indicates that the understanding of the behavior of fundamental power couplers is rapidly increasing and that optimal designs are being developed which will allow in the future to attain routine attainment of the megawatt power levels necessary for high-beam-power machines under construction and under study.
New method for a scaling theory of localization (1980)

We base a scaling theory of localization on an expression for conductivity of a system of random elastic scatterers in terms of its scattering properties at a fixed energy. This expression, proposed by Landauer, is first derived and generalized to a system of indefinite size and number of scattering channels (a "wire"), and then an exact scaling theory for the one-dimensional chain is given. It is shown that the appropriate scaling variable is $f(\ensuremath{\rho})=\mathrm{ln}(1+\ensuremath{\rho})$ where $\ensuremath{\rho}$ is the dimensionless resistance, which has the property of "additive mean," and that scaling leads to a well-behaved probability distribution of this variable and to a very simple scaling law not previously given in the literature.
Control of Particle Size in Flame Spray Pyrolysis of Tb–doped Y2O3 for Bio-Imaging (2020)

Recently, the use of oxide-based nanomaterials for bio-imaging has received great attention owing to their remarkable stabilities as compared to those of conventional organic dyes. Therefore, the development of scalable methods for highly luminescent oxide materials with fine control of size has become crucial. In this study, we suggested modified flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) as a scalable method to produce a green-light emitting phosphor-Tb-doped Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-in the nanometer size range. In our FSP method, an alkali salt (NaNO<sub>3</sub>) was found to be highly effective as a size-controlling agent when it is simply mixed with other metal nitrate precursors. The FSP of the mixture solution resulted in oxide composites of Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup> and Na<sub>x</sub>O. However, the sodium by-product was easily removed by washing with water. This salt-assisted FSP produced nano-sized and well-dispersed Y<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:Tb<sup>3+</sup> nanoparticles; their crystallinity and luminescence were higher than those of the bulk product made without the addition of the alkali salt. The nanoparticle surface was further coated with silica for biocompatibility and functionalized with amino groups for the attachment of biological molecules.
The Direct Historical Approach to Archaeology (1942)

In recent years considerable attention has been given to theoretical statements and to concrete applications of what is called the “taxonomic method“ in archaeology. Although this method is not necessarily in conflict with the direct historical approach to archaeology, a growing preoccupation with the former has definitely been at the expense of the latter. The direct historical approach, although employed more or less for many years, has not received formulation comparable to that of the taxonomic method, nor have its potentialities for planned research programs and its possible integration with recent types of historical ethnographic research received full recognition. Even, therefore, if it is unnecessary to argue its value, it seems timely to attempt a statement that may help clarify its procedures and research possibilities.
Personality, Gender, and Age in the Language of Social Media: The Open-Vocabulary Approach (2013)

We analyzed 700 million words, phrases, and topic instances collected from the Facebook messages of 75,000 volunteers, who also took standard personality tests, and found striking variations in language with personality, gender, and age. In our open-vocabulary technique, the data itself drives a comprehensive exploration of language that distinguishes people, finding connections that are not captured with traditional closed-vocabulary word-category analyses. Our analyses shed new light on psychosocial processes yielding results that are face valid (e.g., subjects living in high elevations talk about the mountains), tie in with other research (e.g., neurotic people disproportionately use the phrase 'sick of' and the word 'depressed'), suggest new hypotheses (e.g., an active life implies emotional stability), and give detailed insights (males use the possessive 'my' when mentioning their 'wife' or 'girlfriend' more often than females use 'my' with 'husband' or 'boyfriend'). To date, this represents the largest study, by an order of magnitude, of language and personality.
Structure, Adsorption to Host, and Infection Mechanism of Virulent Lactococcal Phage p2 (2013)

Lactococcal siphophages from the 936 and P335 groups infect the Gram-positive bacterium Lactococcus lactis using receptor binding proteins (RBPs) attached to their baseplate, a large multiprotein complex at the distal part of the tail. We have previously reported the crystal and electron microscopy (EM) structures of the baseplates of phages p2 (936 group) and TP901-1 (P335 group) as well as the full EM structure of the TP901-1 virion. Here, we report the complete EM structure of siphophage p2, including its capsid, connector complex, tail, and baseplate. Furthermore, we show that the p2 tail is characterized by the presence of protruding decorations, which are related to adhesins and are likely contributed by the major tail protein C-terminal domains. This feature is reminiscent of the tail of Escherichia coli phage λ and Bacillus subtilis phage SPP1 and might point to a common mechanism for establishing initial interactions with their bacterial hosts. Comparative analyses showed that the architecture of the phage p2 baseplate differs largely from that of lactococcal phage TP901-1. We quantified the interaction of its RBP with the saccharidic receptor and determined that specificity is due to lower k(off) values of the RBP/saccharidic dissociation. Taken together, these results suggest that the infection of L. lactis strains by phage p2 is a multistep process that involves reversible attachment, followed by baseplate activation, specific attachment of the RBPs to the saccharidic receptor, and DNA ejection.
A chemiluminescence method for determining ozone (1966)

A method for determining ozone is described which is characterised by the direct recording and automatic determination of ozone within a wide range of concentrations. The development of this method is based on the use of a chemiluminescent solution that is stable, and shows a linear relationship between the light emitted and the ozone concentration. A combination of rhodamine B with gallic acid in ethanol is satisfactory in operation and does not itself emit light. The electronic instrumentation used is relatively simple. Other methods of ozone analysis based on this principle meet with much difficulty, owing to the direct oxidation of the chemiluminescent compound. The present method, by contrast, involves the use of gallic acid as an ozone acceptor, and rhodamine B, which remains unchanged during the measurement, as a photon emitter. Observations made with an oscillograph of the light emitted by single bubbles of ozonised air passing through the chemiluminescent solution give valuable information about the responsetime of the system.
Feasibility Study on Ultrafast Nonlinear Optical Properties of 1.55-µm Intersubband Transition in AlGaN/GaN Quantum Wells (1997)

The feasibility of the intersubband transition (ISBT) in Al(Ga)N/GaN quantum wells (QWs) as a device mechanism for ultrafast optical switches is theoretically investigated. The 1.55-µ m ISBT is shown to be feasible because of its large conduction band discontinuity. The intersubband relaxation time at 1.55-µ m is estimated to be 80 fs, which is about 30 times shorter than that in InGaAs QWs. The third order nonlinear susceptibility is estimated to be 1.6×10 -15 m 2 · V -2 for N =1×10 18 cm -3 . These characteristics suggest that the ISBT in nitride QWs is a promising mechanism for multi-terabit/s optical switches.
Extension of the multiple spaces concept of ASHRAE Standard 62 to include infiltration, exhaust/exfiltration, interzonal transfer, and additional short-circuit paths (1998)

ASHRAE Standard 62-1989 provides the multiple spaces method to accommodate the ventilation needs of buildings without excessive energy utilization. This is accomplished by utilizing unvitiated outdoor air in the return air from overventilated spaces. Some spaces are overventilated because the outdoor air fraction in the primary air, dictated by the critical space, is higher than that required for other noncritical spaces. In the derivation presented in the standard, the unvitiated outdoor air centrally mixes with the new outdoor air at the air-handling unit. Consequently, the derivations in the present standard will not accommodate fan-powered variable-air-volume systems where unvitiated plenum air is mixed locally at the terminal with the primary air. This restriction has been addressed in the literature. However, infiltration, exhaust, and interzonal transfer have been assumed not to exist in both the standard and all of the work presented in the literature to date. This deficiency is addressed in this paper. Unfortunately, a single equation could not be found to accommodate the added complexity introduced by the additional airflow paths and associated potential short-circuit paths. This paper demonstrates that the problem can be solved using spreadsheet templates. The spreadsheet reduces a complicated problem to one that is easily solved.
NKT cells direct monocytes into a DC differentiation pathway (2007)

Monocytes can differentiate into macrophages or dendritic cells (DCs). The processes that promote their differentiation along one pathway rather than the other remain unknown. NKT cells are regulatory T cells that respond functionally to self and foreign antigens presented by CD1d molecules. Hence, in addition to contributing to antimicrobial responses, they may carry out autoreactively activated functions when there is no infectious challenge. However, the immunological consequences of NKT cell autoreactivity remain poorly understood. We show here that human NKT cells direct monocytes to differentiate into immature DCs. The ability to induce monocyte differentiation was CD1d-dependent and appeared specific to NKT cells. Addition of exogenous antigens or costimulation from IL-2 was not required but could enhance the effect. DC differentiation was a result of NKT cell secretion of GM-CSF and IL-13, cytokines that were produced by the NKT cells upon autoreactive activation by monocytes. NKT cells within PBMC samples produced GM-CSF and IL-13 upon exposure to autologous monocytes directly ex vivo, providing evidence that such NKT cell-autoreactive responses can occur in vivo. These results show that when NKT cells are activated by autologous monocytes, they are capable of providing factors that specifically direct monocyte differentiation into immature DCs. Thus, autoreactively activated NKT cells may contribute to the maintenance of the immature DC population, and microbial infection or inflammatory conditions that activate NKT cells further could stimulate them to promote an increased rate of DC differentiation.
Altered levels of soluble adhesion molecules in patients with rheumatoid arthritis complicated by peripheral neuropathy. (2002)

Peripheral neuropathy in patients with RA is associated with increased endothelial cell activation evidenced by elevated serum levels of sVCAM-1 and sE-selectin in this group of patients.
Simultaneous critical dimension and overlay measurements on a SEM through target design for inline manufacturing lithography control (2004)

This paper introduces the capability of measuring overlay (OL) errors (current level to prior level errors and neighboring field errors) and critical dimension (CD) errors simultaneously on a Critical Dimension Scanning Electron Microscope (CD SEM). In the past OL errors and CD errors have been measured on different tools sets. CD errors have always been measured on SEMs and OL errors have always been measured on optical tools. In both cases, measurements were obtained on separate target designs. The key to this paper is in the design of the targets. We combine, in one target design, the ability to extract OL and CD errors simultaneously. Current OL targets designs are limited by the resolution of that type of tool which is on the order of 1um, this means that current OL target designs are created at ground rules larger than this (typically 2-3um in size) and at ground rules much larger than the circuit design. A target design that allows the OL and CD to be measured at the ground rules of the circuit would be a much more desirable measurement and takes advantage of the SEM's strengths which include resolution. Additionally, a target design that allows current level to prior level OL, neighboring field OL and CD errors to be measured simultaneously would be extremely desirable. The key is designing the targets for cases where prior level information can be seen on the SEM, this can be performed on many levels throughout chip construction, probably more than half of all levels. This methodology will significantly reduce the time it takes to build parts, improve technical performance and save tool cost.
ChemInform Abstract: EASY TRANSFORMATION OF BENZYLIC ALCOHOLS TO ARYLACETIC ALDEHYDES (1977)

Abstract Benzylalkohol (I) reagiert in DMSO mit 4‐Chlorpyridin (II) zu einem Gemisch aus dem Pyridylbenzyläther (III) und dem Styryl‐benzyläther (IV), der zum Phenylacetaldehyd (V) verseift werden kann.
ZnO Pyramidal Arrays: Novel Functionality in Antireflection (2010)

We introduce a new type of ZnO array structure that can effectively suppress the reflection of light at a range of wavelength from ultraviolet through visible part to the near-infrared region, with reflectivity <2.5%, resulting in its black color. This black ZnO is composed of a random pyramidal array growing directly on Zn foil through a simple hydrothermal method. We have investigated the causes of antireflection by removing the pyramid tips via scratching and ion etching on the ZnO surface. All results demonstrate that the antireflection nature of the black ZnO originates from the pyramidal array structure, which causes a gradient change of refractive index between air and substrate.
[Cytokines and severe infections]. (1993)

In severe infections two factors play a part: the infectious agent and the response of the host. The response of the host involves production of a large number of endogenous mediators including a number of cytokines that are currently the focus of many studies: tumor necrosis factor (TNF alpha), interleukins (IL-1 and IL-6), and interferon gamma (IGN gamma). These cytokines are part of the body's normal defense mechanisms but can have toxic effects when produced in excessive amounts. Although levels of these cytokines are often high in the blood of patients with sepsis, persistence of these elevations is the main indicator of severe infection. Experimentally, injections of TNF alpha and IL-1 reproduce the manifestations of severe sepsis. Mice that are genetically unable to produce TNF alpha are resistant to the injection of endotoxin. Severe sepsis can be prevented by pretreatment of animals with anticytokine agents (polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies and anti-receptor agents ...). Many issues remain unresolved: for instance, the experimental results obtained with an intravenous bolus of endotoxin or bacteria have not been confirmed in some animal models of subacute infection. These models may more closely resemble human infections. The interrelations between these cytokines are extremely complex. Synergistic effects do occur, but the effects of combinations of cytokines can be different from those of each cytokine given alone... It follows that therapeutic use in humans of anti-cytokine molecules is still an approach of uncertain outcome that will perhaps be clarified by ongoing multicenter clinical trials.
Predicting rare events in temporal domains (2003)

Temporal data mining aims at finding patterns in historical data. Our work proposes an approach to extract temporal patterns from data to predict the occurrence of target events, such as computer attacks on host networks, or fraudulent transactions in financial institutions. Our problem formulation exhibits two major challenges: 1) we assume events being characterized by categorical features and displaying uneven inter-arrival times; such an assumption falls outside the scope of classical time-series analysis, 2) we assume target events are highly infrequent; predictive techniques must deal with the class-imbalance problem. We propose an efficient algorithm that tackles the challenges above by transforming the event prediction problem into a search for all frequent eventsets preceding target events. The class imbalance problem is overcome by a search for patterns on the minority class exclusively; the discrimination power of patterns is then validated against other classes. Patterns are then combined into a rule-based model for prediction. Our experimental analysis indicates the types of event sequences where target events can be accurately predicted.
Performance analysis of stripline surface roughness models (2008)

The present paper investigates the sensitivity of the transmission properties of a simple stripline model to the copper surface roughness. Different profiles are modeled and analyzed by means of three dimensional full wave numerical simulations. Hammerstad and Jensen analytical formulation is demonstrated to be valid only for a specific profile of surface roughness. A visual basic macro is implemented in order to model random distribution of surface roughness profiles. Numerical results show in this case similar performance of the stripline model.
Prototype ADS-B system in the Midwest: Description and lessons learned (2008)

The Federal Aviation Administrations (FAA), in coordination with United Parcel Service (UPS), is developing an air traffic management application called Airline-Based En-Route Sequencing and Spacing (ABESS). The mission of ABESS is to enable airlines to adjust the spacing of aircraft arriving at an en-route merge fix by up-linking speed advisories during the en-route flight phase.
Interventional oncology: new options for interstitial treatments and intravascular approaches (2009)

Recent research in tumor metabolism has uncovered cancer-cell-specific pathways that cancer cells depend on for energy production. 3-Bromopyruvate (3-BrPA), a specific alkylating agent and potent ATP inhibitor, has been shown both in vitro and in vivo to disrupt some of these cancer-specific metabolic pathways, thereby leading to the demise of the cancer cells through apoptosis. 3-BrPA has been successfully tested in animal models of liver cancer. For optimal results, 3-BrPA can be delivered intra-arterially, with minimal toxicity to the surrounding hepatic parenchyma. In the era of development of drugs with lower toxicity for the treatment of liver cancer, inhibition of cancer metabolism with 3-BrPA appears to be a very attractive potent novel therapeutic option.
Resistance of short pulses to self-focusing (1994)

We study the spatial and spectral modulation of the radiation produced by ultrashort pulse continuum generation. We show that the assumptions (1) that continuum radiation is generated at the location of the moving focus of a self-focusing pulse and (2) that the continuum radiation has the phase of the incident radiation allow us to predict the single-shot spectral and spatial modulation rather well. These assumptions could be valid only if self-focusing is halted by a simple process. On the basis of this evidence, we propose that spectral dispersion and other non-slowly-varying effects (which are absent from the usual self-focusing theory) are responsible for halting the self-focusing process.
Enhanced Hematopoietic Recovery in Irradiated Mice Pretreated with Interleukin-1 (IL-1) (1987)

Data in this report compare the number of colony-forming cells (CFC) in bone marrow from irradiated and pre-irradiated C57Bl/6J mice injected with saline or recombinant interleukin-1-alpha (rIL-1). Eight to 12 days after sublethal or lethal irradiation, there were more CFU-E (colony-forming units-erythroid), BFU-E (burst-forming units erythroid), GM-CFC (granulocyte-macrophage colony-forming cells), and day 8 CFU-S (colony-forming units-spleen) in bone marrow from rIL-1 injected mice than from saline injected mice. Prior to irradiation, there was no increase in number of CFC in bone marrow from rIL-1 injected mice. However, as determined by sensitivity to hydroxyurea, rIL-1 injection stimulated GM-CFC into cell cycle. These results demonstrate that rIL-1 injection increases the number of CFC that survive in irradiated mice and may be a consequence of the stimulation of CFC into cell cycle prior to irradiation.