gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Approach to Interconversion of Thermal and Electrical Energy (2006)

New approaches to thermal management of electronic components are of general interest. Our work demonstrates a novel solution for this applications area. Highly effective thermal management solutions can potentially help the semiconductor manufacturers to reduce costs and meet some milestones of the silicon roadmap. For example, enormous amount of Joule heating and inability of the state-of-the art coolers to cope with it forces manufacturers to switch to dual-core architectures of processors. Also, our work might inspire a number of blue skies research projects in this particular field because it points to a relatively new approach broadens the scope of applications for ferroelectrics. We have observed large cooling (electrocaloric) effects in thin films under the application of a small electrical voltage. This effect could also be used in reverse to turn low grade waste heat into electricity (pyroelectric energy conversion). In other words, we suggest a way to interconvert thermal end electrical energy
Continuous Synthesis of Organozinc Halides Coupled to Negishi Reactions (2014)

Abstract The Negishi cross‐coupling is a powerful CC bond forming reaction. The method is less commonly used relative to other cross‐coupling methods in part due to lack of availability of organozinc species. While organozinc species can be prepared, problems with reproducibility and handling of these sensitive species can complicate these reactions. Herein, we describe the continuous formation, using an activated packed‐bed of metallic zinc, and subsequent use of organozinc halides. We demonstrate that a single column of zinc can provide excellent yields of organozinc halides and that they can be used downstream in subsequent Negishi cross‐couplings. The preparation of the zinc column and the scope of the reaction are discussed. magnified image
Experimental investigation of the performance limits for first telecommunications-window quantum cryptography systems (1998)

Quantum cryptography offers the unique possibility of certifiably secure key distribution between remote locations, practical systems require efficient, low noise, single photon avalanche photodiodes (SPADs) to achieve this goal. This letter reports experimental results from a polarization-encoded system utilizing a state-of-the-art silicon SPAD. The system is used to investigate the performance limits of quantum cryptography systems operating in the first optical fiber communication window at wavelengths around 0.8 μm. The results demonstrate the potential for secure quantum key distribution at Mb/spl middot/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> rates over fiber LANs also carrying conventional high-speed (Gb/spl middot/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> ) data channels at a wavelength of 1.3 μm.
Dynamic absorption coefficients of CAR and non-CAR resists at EUV (2016)

The dynamic absorption coefficients of several CAR and non-CAR EUV photoresists are measured experimentally using a specifically developed setup in transmission mode at the XIL beamline of the Swiss Light Source. The absorption coefficient α and the Dill parameters ABC were measured with unprecedented accuracy. In general the α of resists match very closely with the theoretical value calculated from elemental densities and absorption coefficients, whereas exceptions are observed. In addition, through the direct measurements of the absorption coefficients and dose-to-clear values, we introduce a new figure of merit called Chemical Sensitivity to account for all the post-absorption chemical reaction ongoing in the resist, which is also predicts a quantitative clearing volume, and respectively clearing radius, due to the photon absorption in the resist. These parameters may help in deeper insight into the underlying mechanisms of EUV concept of clearing volume and clearing radius are then defined and quantitatively calculated.
An in vitro chemoresponse assay defines a subset of colorectal and lung carcinomas responsive to cetuximab (2011)

Cetuximab is a chimeric monoclonal antibody for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) that may provide benefit to select cancer patients; however, identification of the characteristics of those patients who may benefit from its use is not complete. The ChemoFx® drug response marker (DRM) is an in vitro assay that can provide drug response data on tumor specimens before any patient treatment is initiated. We determined the feasibility of using the ChemoFx DRM to test tumor samples for sensitivity to cetuximab. We exposed four non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) cell lines (H358, H520, HCC827, and H1666) to cetuximab and determined their sensitivity using the ChemoFx DRM and, in parallel, EGFR status using immunocytochemistry, Western blotting, and In-Cell Western (TM) analysis. We used the ChemoFx DRM to determine cetuximab sensitivity of primary NSCLC and colorectal tumor samples. The ChemoFx DRM distinguished between cetuximab-sensitive and -resistant cell lines. Cetuximab sensitivity was not dependent on EGFR mutational status; H358 cells were non-responsive to cetuximab yet contain wild-type EGFR, whereas H1666 cells were intermediately responsive to cetuximab and contain wild-type EGFR. HCC827 (EGFR-mutant) cells were intermediately responsive and, as expected, H520 cells (EGFR-null) were non-responsive to cetuximab. ChemoFx-determined cetuximab sensitivity of primary NSCLC and colorectal tumor samples was 9.0% and 7.5%, respectively. Use of the ChemoFx DRM is feasible for determining cetuximab sensitivity. The ChemoFx-determined cetuximab responses of primary NSCLC and colorectal tumor specimens were similar to published response rates of patients to treatment with cetuximab monotherapy.
Fluorescence energy transfer analysis of calmodulin.cntdot.peptide complexes (1992)

The interactions between calmodulin and the tryptophan residues of synthetic peptides corresponding to the calmodulin binding domains of skeletal muscle myosin light-chain kinase and the plasma membrane calcium pump were examined. The single tryptophan residue contained in each peptide became relatively immobilized and inaccessible to iodide ion upon binding to calmodulin, indicating that the indole side chain was inserted into a hydrophobic cleft in the surface of calmodulin. Fluorescence energy transfer from peptidyl tryptophan residues to an AEDANS moiety attached to cysteine-26 of spinach calmodulin was measured. Included in these analyses was a tryptophan-containing peptide analog of the calmodulin binding domain of neuromodulin. These data indicated that the indole ring of each peptide inserted 32-35 A away from cysteine-26 and may therefore interact with the carboxyl-terminal lobe of CaM in its "bent" conformation [Persechini & Kretsinger (1988a) J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol. 12 (Suppl 5), S1-S12; Ikura et al. (1992) Science 256, 632-638; Vorherr et al. (1992) Eur. J. Biochem. 204, 931-937]. The interchange of tryptophan-3 and phenylalanine-21 of the calcium pump peptide increased the efficiency of energy transfer to the AEDANS-moiety approximately 12-fold, reducing the calculated distance to 20 A. These data suggest that phenylalanine-21 of the calcium pump peptide interacts with the hydrophobic cleft in the amino-terminal lobe of CaM.
Network Polymer Electrolytes For Use In Multifunctional Structures (2006)

Abstract not Available.
The effect of chemical and physical processes on the acoustic properties of carbonate rocks (2008)

Carbonate rocks have major economic significance; 60% of the world's oil reserves lie in carbonate reservoirs and the potential for additional gas reserves is huge. However, the relationship in carbonates between measured geophysical data and rock properties is complex, due to the large variety of textures that arise during postdepositional diagenesis and to the chemical processes (i.e., dissolution and replacement by newly formed phases) that characterize carbonate-forming minerals. Most experimental and theoretical rock physics research has focused on siliciclastic and shaly rocks. However, applying insights gained from clastics to carbonates is rarely straightforward, and thus is questioned in the literature.
Comparison of Two Antimicrobial—Impregnated Central Venous Catheters (1999)

DAROUICHE, RABIH O.; RAAD, ISSAM I.; HEARD, STEPHEN O.; THORNBY, JOHN I.; WENKER, OLIVIER C.; GABRIELLI, ANDREA; BERG, JOHANNES; KHARDORI, NANCY; HANNA, HEND; HACHEM, RAY; HARRIS, RICHARD L.; MAYHALL, GLEN FOR THE CATHETER STUDY GROUP Author Information
How we do it: ionomeric cement to attach the stapes prosthesis to the long process of the incus (2005)

Keypoints * The successful use of glass-ionomeric cement in primary stapes surgery for attachment of the wire loop of the stapes prosthesis to the long process of the incus is reported. * Early hearing outcomes were similar in patients where cement was used for stapes prosthesis attachment compared with those with standard wire crimping technique. * Use of glass-ionomeric cement to attach the stapes prosthesis to the incus may prevent stapes prosthesis displacement and loosening. * This technique may decrease rates of revision stapes surgery and allow the safe use of magnetic resonance image scanning.
Kinetic Mechanism of the β-Lactam Synthetase of <i>Streptomyces clavuligerus</i> (2000)

Streptomyces clavuligerus beta-lactam synthetase (beta-LS) was recently demonstrated to catalyze an early step in clavulanic acid biosynthesis, the ATP/Mg(2+)-dependent intramolecular closure of the beta-amino acid N(2)-(carboxyethyl)-L-arginine (CEA) to the monocyclic beta-lactam deoxyguanidinoproclavaminic acid (DGPC). Here we investigate the steady-state kinetic mechanism of the beta-LS-catalyzed reaction to better understand this unprecedented secondary metabolic enzyme. Initial velocity patterns were consistent with a sequential ordered bi-ter kinetic mechanism. Product inhibition studies with PP(i) and DGPC demonstrated competitive inhibition versus their cognate substrates ATP and CEA, respectively, and noncompetitive inhibition against their noncognate substrates. To clarify the order of substrate binding, the truncated substrate analogue N(2)-(carboxymethyl)-L-arginine was synthesized and demonstrated uncompetitive inhibition versus ATP and competitive patterns versus CEA. These data are consistent with ordered substrate binding, with ATP binding first, an abortive enzyme-DGPC complex, and PP(i) released as the last product. The pH dependence of V and V/K was determined and suggests that residues with a pK of 6.5 and 9.3 must be ionized for optimal activity. These observations were considered in the context of investigations of the homologous primary metabolic enzyme asparagine synthetase B, and a chemical mechanism is proposed that is consistent with the kinetic mechanism.
An overview of composite actuators with piezoceramic fibers (2014)

The use of piezoelectric ceramic materials for structural actuation is a fairly well developed practice that has found use in a wide variety of applications. However, just as advanced composites offer many benefits over traditional engineering materials for structural design, actuators that utilize the active properties of piezoelectric fibers can improve upon many of the limitations encountered with monolithic piezoceramic devices used to control structural dynamics. There are several types of active composites available commercially or under development at research institutes. This paper will discuss the manufacturing processes, intended applications and relative benefits of four different types of active fiber composite actuators. 1
Centralized scheduling for joint transmission coordinated multi-point in LTE-Advanced (2010)

Coordinated multi-point transmission/reception is considered for LTE-Advanced as a tool to improve the coverage of high data rates, the cell-edge throughput and/or to increase the system throughput. Joint transmission schemes are mentioned in as an example of coordinated transmission between cells for the downlink. Here, data are transmitted simultaneously either coherently or non-coherently from multiple cells to a single mobile station. In this paper, a centralized MAC scheduling approach for joint transmission coordinated multi-point (JT CoMP) is proposed. Since several base stations transmit jointly to a single mobile station, the base stations are grouped together in so-called clusters. Several cluster strategies are investigated as well. The focus is on schemes that add only low complexity to the existing 3GPP LTE Release 8 system. Simulation results are provided for non-coherent transmission for full buffer and bursty traffic models with various system loads for different static cell clustering approaches.
Polyferrocenylsilane‐Based Polymer Systems (2007)

The study of metallopolymers has blossomed into a mature field over the last few decades. Especially, polyferrocenylsilane (PFS) chemistry has taken a tremendous leap and continues to raise intense interest. Since the discovery of thermal ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of sila[1]ferrocenophanes, PFSs have been also accessed by anionic, cationic, transition-metal-catalyzed, and photolytic anionic ROP methodologies. A plethora of synthetic strategies have been devised, enabling access to a wide variety of copolymers, polyelectrolytes, and nanostructured materials. The distinctive physical properties and functions of many PFS-based polymers have been explored, leading to their apt exploitation in technical applications. Therefore, it is conceivable that PFS-related platforms might be indispensable nano-objects in the near future, as they stand on the verge of a new generation of sophisticated materials.
Sensorineural Tinnitus: Its Pathology and Probable Therapies (2016)

Tinnitus is not a single disease but a group of different diseases with different pathologies and therefore different treatments. Regarding tinnitus as a single disease is hampering progress in understanding of the pathophysiology of tinnitus and perhaps, more importantly, it is a serious obstacle in development of effective treatments for tinnitus. Subjective tinnitus is a phantom sound that takes many different forms and has similarities with chronic neuropathic pain. The pathology may be in the cochlea, in the auditory nerve, or, most commonly, in the brain. Like chronic neuropathic pain tinnitus is not life threatening but influences many normal functions such as sleep and the ability to concentrate on work. Some forms of chronic tinnitus have two components, a (phantom) sound and a component that may best be described as suffering or distress. The pathology of these two components may be different and the treatment that is most effective may be different for these two components. The most common form of treatment of tinnitus is pharmacological agents and behavioral treatment combined with sound therapy. Less common treatments are hypnosis and acupuncture. Various forms of neuromodulation are becoming in use in an attempt to reverse maladaptive plastic changes in the brain.
Discovery and Preclinical Profiling of 3-[4-(Morpholin-4-yl)-7 <i>H</i> -pyrrolo[2,3- <i>d</i> ]pyrimidin-5-yl]benzonitrile (PF-06447475), a Highly Potent, Selective, Brain Penetrant, and in Vivo Active LRRK2 Kinase Inhibitor (2014)

Leucine rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) has been genetically linked to Parkinson's disease (PD) by genome-wide association studies (GWAS). The most common LRRK2 mutation, G2019S, which is relatively rare in the total population, gives rise to increased kinase activity. As such, LRRK2 kinase inhibitors are potentially useful in the treatment of PD. We herein disclose the discovery and optimization of a novel series of potent LRRK2 inhibitors, focusing on improving kinome selectivity using a surrogate crystallography approach. This resulted in the identification of 14 (PF-06447475), a highly potent, brain penetrant and selective LRRK2 inhibitor which has been further profiled in in vivo safety and pharmacodynamic studies.
An ultra low-power low-voltage class AB CMOS fully differential OpAmp (2012)

This paper presents an ultra low-power class AB operational amplifier (OpAmp) designed in a low-cost 0.18 μm CMOS technology. Rail-to-rail input operation is achieved by using complementary input pairs with adaptive bias to enhance slew-rate. A class AB output stage is employed. For low-voltage low-power operation, the transistors both in the input and the output stage are biased in the sub-threshold region. The simulated DC open loop gain is 51 dB, the unity gain frequency is 40 kHz with a 65° phase margin and the slew-rate is 0.12 V/μs with 10 pF capacitive loads. A common-mode feed-forward circuit (CMFF) increases CMRR, keeping the DC gain almost constant: its relative error remains below 1 % for a (-40°C, +120°C) temperature range. The proposed OpAmp consumes only 1 μW at 0.8 V supply.
Wet etch process for patterning insulators suitable for epitaxial high <i>T</i> <i>c</i> superconducting thin film multilevel electronic circuits (1991)

We describe a wet etch process for patterning insulators suitable for multilayer epitaxial highTc superconductor-insulator-superconductor structures down to micronmeter-scale dimensions. A solution of 7% HF in water gives convenient etch rates for SrTiO3 and MgO insulators (about 1500 Å/min for single crystals), and easily stops on thin high Tc superconducting layers, due to the high selectivity of this etchant between these insulators and the cuprate superconductors. Using entirely wet etching patterning processes, we have fabricated 5-turn (20-turn) coils with zero resistance at 89 K (79 K) and critical currents at 77 K of 2.5 mA (6 μA).
A polynomial time approximation scheme for the SONET ring loading problem (2002)

A rapidly emerging design paradigm for large-scale optical fiber networks involves connecting clusters of nodes through a synchronous optical network (SONET) ring and building a network over these rings. Although the fiber itself offers virtually unlimited bandwidth, the add/drop multiplexers (ADMs) determine the actual bandwidth available along any edge of the SONET ring. Consequently, there is a cost involved in supporting a high bandwidth along the ring. An important optimization problem arises in this context: Given a set of nodes connected along a bidirectional SONET ring, we must determine a routing scheme that minimizes the bandwidth required to satisfy all the pairwise traffic demands. This problem, known as the ring loading problem, has been studied extensively in recent years. S. Cosares and I. Saniee reported in Telecommunications Systems (Volume 3, 1994) that this problem is NP-hard, which makes it unlikely that a polynomial time algorithm exists to compute an optimal solution. We therefore shift our attention to polynomial time approximation algorithms. Towards this end, Cosares and Saniee presented a polynomial time algorithm that approximates the optimal solution value to within a multiplicative factor of two. More recently, A. Schrijver, P. Seymour, and P. Winkler developed an efficient algorithm (documented in the SIAM Journal of Discrete Mathematics, 1997) that can compute a solution that exceeds the optimum by at most an additive term of 1.5d <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</inf> , where d <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">max</inf> is the largest traffic demand between any pair of nodes. While this additive term is relatively small, in many input instances it would represent a significant fraction of the optimal solution value and possibly a significant deviation from it. Is there a polynomial time approximation algorithm that allows us to achieve an error that is an arbitrarily small fraction of the optimal solution value? In this paper, we answer this question in the affirmative. More precisely, building on the work of Schrijver, Seymour, and Winkler, we show that for any fixed ɛ > 0, there exists a polynomial time algorithm that computes a solution that requires bandwidth at most (1 + ɛ) times the optimal bandwidth.
A Delayed Complication of Cancer Therapy—Cancer (1979)

Illustration shows a group of men, some identified by name "Blackburn, D. B. Hill, McLaughlin, Thurman, Jones, Hedden, [and] Hendricks" and some by association with quills behind their ears "Sun" Charles A. Dana, "Cincinnati Enquirer" John R. McLean, "World" Joseph Pulitzer, and "Star", with the newspaper editors pushing a wrapped figure labeled "This is the Mugwump! And don't you forget it!" into a crematorium labeled "Bourbon Crematory for Disbelievers in the Spoils System." Hendricks stands on the right, next to an urn labeled "For Mugwump Ashes" and the others observe from the left. Puck and the figure representing "The Independent Party" are watching from a window in the background. Caption: Uncremated Mugwump (from outside) - "If those old Bourbons take that dummy for me, they'll be a little startled when they find out that I'm alive - and kicking!"
Reference maps of mouse serum acute‐phase proteins: Changes with LPS‐induced inflammation and apolipoprotein A‐I and A‐II transgenes (2005)

We present reference maps of the mouse serum proteome (run under reducing and non-reducing conditions), from control animals, from mice injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce systemic inflammation, and from mice transgenic for human apolipoproteins A-I and A-II. Seventy-seven spots/spot chains from the reducing gels were identified by HPLC MS/MS, representing 28 distinct proteins, including a species-specific protease inhibitor, contrapsin, and high levels of carboxylesterase. The concentrations of acute-phase reactants were monitored for 96 h after LPS challenge. The greatest changes (four-fold 48 h after LPS administration) were observed for haptoglobin and hemopexin. Orosomucoid/alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein and apolipoprotein A-I increased steadily, to 50-60% above baseline at 96 h from stimulation. In mice transgenic for human apolipoprotein A-I the levels of expression of orosomucoid/alpha(1)-acid glycoprotein, alpha(1)-macroglobulin, esterase, kininogen and contrapsin were altered compared to knockout mice lacking apolipoprotein A-I. In contrast, except for the presence of apolipoprotein A-II, no statistically significant difference was observed in mice transgenic for human apolipoprotein A-II.
Pathology of chronic hepatitis b virus infection in children: With special reference to the intrahepatic expression of hepatitis B virus antigens (1988)

The clinical, virologic and pathologic features of chronic hepatitis B virus infection were studied in 66 children, of whom 29 were symptomatic and 37 asymptomatic. The majority (79%) of symptomatic children had histologically aggressive diseases: 11 had chronic active hepatitis and 10 had cirrhosis. In contrast, most asymptomatic children had nonaggressive diseases (35 cases); only 2 had chronic active hepatitis. Nine of the 10 children with cirrhosis were under 6 years of age, and the cirrhosis was often advanced, indicating that hepatitis B virus infection can cause the rapid development of cirrhosis in early life. HBcAg was present in 71% of 62 cases examined and correlated well with the status of HBeAg in serum. Cytoplasmic HBcAg was more frequently associated with aggressive disease than was nuclear HBcAg expression alone or no detectable HBcAg in the liver. A male predominance (75%) was found, particularly in children with aggressive diseases (91%) compared to those with nonaggressive forms of disease (67%). Sera from mothers of 43 of these children were tested for HBsAg, and 51% were positive. HBsAg was particularly common among mothers of children with symptomatic disease (69%) or cirrhosis (100%). These findings suggest that male sex and perinatal infection are important factors in the development of overt chronic hepatitis B and cirrhosis in children.