gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF KALMAN FILTERS (1988)

Methods for the analysis of the performance of Kalman filters are considered in the paper. The methods are all based on the innovation sequence which has well defined statistical properties if the filter is optimal. Local and global test statistics are presented and discussed. A global slippage test statistic is introduced. This test, which has batch type properties, is given in a recursive form.
A Performance Analysis of the 802.11 Wireless Lan Medium Access Control (2003)

We study the performance of the IEEE 802.11 protocol. We present an extension of a methodology for the collocated one-hop case which allows the incorporation of channel errors. The results closely agree with simulation results. A delay analysis is also presented. We also present an extension of this methodology to the multi-hop case with non-collocated nodes. The approach uses specific topology dependent relations. Specific results are presented for the ring and mesh topologies, and compared against simulation results. 1. Introduction. Wireless networking technologies are increasingly becoming widespread. Various wireless communication standards have evolved which try to provide protocols and standards for medium access control in the shared wireless medium. The IEEE 802.11 protocol[3], Bluetooth[7], HomeRF[9] (now disbanded) and the HiperLAN[8] are examples of such standards. The IEEE 802.11 protocol is the most widely used.
VEGF164-mediated Inflammation Is Required for Pathological, but Not Physiological, Ischemia-induced Retinal Neovascularization (2003)

Hypoxia-induced VEGF governs both physiological retinal vascular development and pathological retinal neovascularization. In the current paper, the mechanisms of physiological and pathological neovascularization are compared and contrasted. During pathological neovascularization, both the absolute and relative expression levels for VEGF164 increased to a greater degree than during physiological neovascularization. Furthermore, extensive leukocyte adhesion was observed at the leading edge of pathological, but not physiological, neovascularization. When a VEGF164-specific neutralizing aptamer was administered, it potently suppressed the leukocyte adhesion and pathological neovascularization, whereas it had little or no effect on physiological neovascularization. In parallel experiments, genetically altered VEGF164-deficient (VEGF120/188) mice exhibited no difference in physiological neovascularization when compared with wild-type (VEGF+/+) controls. In contrast, administration of a VEGFR-1/Fc fusion protein, which blocks all VEGF isoforms, led to significant suppression of both pathological and physiological neovascularization. In addition, the targeted inactivation of monocyte lineage cells with clodronate-liposomes led to the suppression of pathological neovascularization. Conversely, the blockade of T lymphocyte–mediated immune responses with an anti-CD2 antibody exacerbated pathological neovascularization. These data highlight important molecular and cellular differences between physiological and pathological retinal neovascularization. During pathological neovascularization, VEGF164 selectively induces inflammation and cellular immunity. These processes provide positive and negative angiogenic regulation, respectively. Together, new therapeutic approaches for selectively targeting pathological, but not physiological, retinal neovascularization are outlined.
REEVALUATION OF ETHYL ALCOHOL AS A GERMICIDE (1950)

ETHYL alcohol remains the most popular of skin disinfectants and rightly so, because by and large it is the best. Inexpensive, readily obtainable, harmless to the skin and bacteriologically potent, its chief deficiency lies in its inability to kill spores—a deficiency shared by all the commonly used skin disinfectants. That its bactericidal power varies with the concentration of the solution used is well known, but what constitutes the most effective alcohol-water ratio has long been a moot question. The correct answer to that query, though a detail of surgical technic, is a matter of considerable practical importance. According to traditional opinion (Epstein<sup>1</sup>) 50 per cent by volume is best. Harrington<sup>2</sup>found, however, that 60 to 70 per cent by volume is the optimum concentration against dry test bacteria and that stronger concentrations are equally efficacious when the bacteria are wet. Beyer,<sup>3</sup>who was first to point out
Polystyrene/clay nanocomposites (2007)

AbstractAbstractPolystyrene has been widely studied as a matrix in nanocomposites, because it is a model amorphous polymer. The present article provides an extensive review of studies on polystyrene/layered silicate nanocomposites. Emphasis is given on different preparation methods, clay surfactants and polymer modifications used to obtain the materials, and their engineering properties, such as mechanical, rheological and thermal properties.Keywords: POLYSTYRENELAYERED SILICATE NANOCOMPOSITESPREPARATION METHODSMECHANICAL PROPERTIESTHERMAL STABILITYRHEOLOGY
Specifically targeting ERK1 or ERK2 kills Melanoma cells (2012)

Selectively knocking down ERK1 and/or ERK2 killed A375 melanoma cells and also increased the ability of PLX4032 to kill A375 cells. Thus, a new therapeutic window is open for future clinical trials in which agents targeting ERK1 and ERK2 should be considered in patients with melanoma.
The Provision of Drinking Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (2004)

Abstract The U.S. National Academy of Engineering includes drinking water supply as one of the great engineering achievements of the twentieth century. For those fortunate to live in a developed country, it was. However, the failure to provide universal safe drinking water and adequate sanitation is amongst the gravest contradictions of our world at the beginning of the twenty‐first century. The necessary technology has existed for at least two millennia, but there remain serious obstacles to its application. The result is that at least 1 billion people remain without access to a reliable and safe source of water, and more than 2.5 billion lack safe sanitation. This population is concentrated in countries at the lowest levels of development.
Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Radiation (RF-EMR) from GSM (0.9/1.8GHZ) Mobile Phones Induces Oxidative Stress and Reduces Sperm Motility in Rats (2009)

Given the results of the present study, we speculate that RF-EMR from mobile phones negatively affects semen quality and may impair male fertility.
Transgene-coded chimeric proteins as reporters of intracellular proteolysis: Starvation-induced catabolism of alacZ fusion protein in muscle cells ofCaenorhabditis elegans (1997)

The product of an integrated transgene provides a convenient and cell-specific reporter of intracellular protein catabolism in 103 muscle cells of the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. The transgene is an in-frame fusion of a 5'-region of the C. elegans unc-54 (muscle myosin heavy-chain) gene to the lacZ gene of Escherichia coli [Fire and Waterston (1989): EMBO J 8:3419-3428], encoding a 146-kDa fusion polypeptide that forms active beta-galactosidase tetramers. The protein is stable in vivo in well-fed animals, but upon removal of the food source it is inactivated exponentially (t1/2 = 17 h) following an initial lag of 8 h. The same rate constant (but no lag) is observed in animals starved in the presence of cycloheximide, implying that inactivation is catalyzed by pre-existing proteases. Both the 146-kDa fusion polypeptide (t1/2 = 13 h) and a major 116-kDa intermediate (t1/2 = 7 h) undergo exponential physical degradation after a lag of 8 h. Degradation is thus paradoxically faster than inactivation, and a number of characteristic immunoreactive degradation intermediates, some less than one-third the size of the parent polypeptide, are found in affinity-purified (active) protein. Some of these intermediates are conjugated to ubiquitin. We infer that the initial proteolytic cleavages occur in the cytosol, possibly by a ubiquitin-mediated proteolytic pathway and do not necessarily inactivate the fusion protein tetramer.
Rehabilitation of Reaching After Stroke: Comparing 2 Training Protocols Utilizing Trunk Restraint (2008)

Training that restricted compensatory truncal motion during TRT improved the precision of reaching more than during RE. Truncal restraint during rehabilitation of reaching may be an effective therapeutic strategy in patients with moderately severe hemiparetic stroke, especially when combined with TRT.
CMOS: a paradigm for low power wireless? (2002)

An overview and comparison of different topologies for wireless architectures are discussed, where the main focus lies on the power consumption and possibilities towards integration and reduction of external components. Architectures with reduced number of building blocks (both internal and external) are presented where the main benefits are the low costs, both in the CMOS technology as well as the power.
Trazodone and its active metabolite m-chlorophenylpiperazine as partial agonists at 5-HT1A receptors assessed by [35S]GTPγS binding (2005)

Trazodone is an effective antidepressant drug with a broad therapeutic spectrum, including anxiolytic efficacy. Although trazodone is usually referred to as a serotonin (5-HT) reuptake inhibitor, this pharmacological effect appears to be too weak to fully account for its clinical effectiveness. The present study aimed to elucidate the agonist properties of trazodone and its active metabolite, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (m-CPP), at 5-HT(1A) receptors by means of the guanosine-5'-O-(3-[(35)S]thio)-triphosphate ([(35)S]GTPgammaS) binding assay. In membranes prepared from Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing human 5-HT(1A) receptors (CHO/h5-HT(1A)), trazodone behaved as an almost full agonist and m-CPP was also a highly efficacious partial agonist at 5-HT(1A) receptors. The intrinsic activities of both compounds were higher than those of tandospirone and buspirone, which are clinically effective anxiolytics with well-known 5-HT(1A) partial agonist properties. These effects were replicated in the 5-HT(1A) receptor-mediated [(35)S]GTPgamma(S) binding assay in native rat brain membranes (at least in hippocampal membranes), although the intrinsic activities of the compounds were low and differently ranked compared to those in CHO/h5-HT(1A) cell membranes. When considering the implications of 5-HT(1A) receptors in anxiety and/or depression, as well as the clinical effectiveness of azapirone anxiolytics with partial 5-HT(1A) receptor agonist properties such as buspirone, it is possible that the agonist effects on 5-HT(1A) receptors of trazodone and its active metabolite m-CPP presented in this study contribute, at least in part, to the clinical efficacy of the atypical antidepressant trazodone.
[The effects of L-Arg on distortion product otoacoustic emission in rats with renovascular hypertension]. (2006)

(1) L-Arg probably have effect on the DPOAE in rats with renovascular hypertension by changing cochlear microcirculation. (2) L-Arg can affect the metabolism of oxygen free radical in rats with renovascular hypertension and be beneficial to get rid of it, which doesn't change the effects of L-Arg on the DPOAE.
Two-dimensional nucleation and growth mechanism explaining graphene oxide structures (2012)

Using first-principles calculations accompanied by experimental data, we present a study on the structural evolution of graphene during oxidation to form partially oxidized graphene oxide. Our simulations show that local distortions in graphene induced by bond formation with adatoms indirectly lead to a ``symbiotic'' behavior of co-adsorbed oxygen atoms. Namely, the adatoms tend to mutually stabilize the adsorption and possibly migrate on graphene in groups of some small number of atoms. These theoretical results provide an explanation for the experimentally observed structures of graphene oxide.
Roles for Basal and Stimulated p21<sup>Cip-1/WAF1/MDA6</sup>Expression and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Signaling in Radiation-induced Cell Cycle Checkpoint Control in Carcinoma Cells (1999)

We investigated the role of the cdk inhibitor protein p21(Cip-1/WAF1/MDA6) (p21) in the ability of MAPK pathway inhibition to enhance radiation-induced apoptosis in A431 squamous carcinoma cells. In carcinoma cells, ionizing radiation (2 Gy) caused both primary (0-10 min) and secondary (90-240 min) activations of the MAPK pathway. Radiation induced p21 protein expression in A431 cells within 6 h via secondary activation of the MAPK pathway. Within 6 h, radiation weakly enhanced the proportion of cells in G(1) that were p21 and MAPK dependent, whereas the elevation of cells present in G(2)/M at this time was independent of either p21 expression or MAPK inhibition. Inhibition of the MAPK pathway increased the proportion of irradiated cells in G(2)/M phase 24-48 h after irradiation and enhanced radiation-induced apoptosis. This correlated with elevated Cdc2 tyrosine 15 phosphorylation, decreased Cdc2 activity, and decreased Cdc25C protein levels. Caffeine treatment or removal of MEK1/2 inhibitors from cells 6 h after irradiation reduced the proportion of cells present in G(2)/M phase at 24 h and abolished the ability of MAPK inhibition to potentiate radiation-induced apoptosis. These data argue that MAPK signaling plays an important role in the progression/release of cells through G(2)/M phase after radiation exposure and that an impairment of this progression/release enhances radiation-induced apoptosis. Surprisingly, the ability of irradiation/MAPK inhibition to increase the proportion of cells in G(2)/M at 24 h was found to be dependent on basal p21 expression. Transient inhibition of basal p21 expression increased the control level of apoptosis as well as the abilities of both radiation and MEK1/2 inhibitors to cause apoptosis. In addition, loss of basal p21 expression significantly reduced the capacity of MAPK inhibition to potentiate radiation-induced apoptosis. Collectively, our data argue that MAPK signaling and p21 can regulate cell cycle checkpoint control in carcinoma cells at the G(1)/S transition shortly after exposure to radiation. In contrast, inhibition of MAPK increases the proportion of irradiated cells in G(2)/M, and basal expression of p21 is required to maintain this effect. Our data suggest that basal and radiation-stimulated p21 may play different roles in regulating cell cycle progression that affect cell survival after radiation exposure.
Frequency domain full waveform elastic inversion of marine seismic data from the Alba field using a Bayesian trans-dimensional algorithm (2016)

We present an algorithm to recover the Bayesian posterior model probability density function of subsurface elastic parameters, as required by the full pressure field recorded at an ocean bottom cable due to an impulsive seismic source. Both the data noise and source wavelet are estimated by our algorithm, resulting in robust estimates of subsurface velocity and density. In contrast to purely gradient based approaches, our method avoids model regularization entirely and produces an ensemble of models that can be visualized and queried to provide meaningful information about the sensitivity of the data to the subsurface, and the level of resolution of model parameters. Our algorithm is trans-dimensional and performs model selection, sampling over a wide range of model parametrizations. We follow a frequency domain approach and derive the corresponding likelihood in the frequency domain. We present first a synthetic example of a reservoir at 2 km depth with minimal acoustic impedance contrast, which is difficult to study with conventional seismic amplitude versus offset changes. Finally, we apply our methodology to survey data collected over the Alba field in the North Sea, an area which is known to show very little lateral heterogeneity but nevertheless presents challenges for conventional post migration seismic amplitude versus offset analysis.
Variable Valve Timing-A Possibility to Control Engine load without Throttle (1988)

<span class="label">1</span> <div class="htmlview paragraph">A spark ignition engine's pumping loss increases over-proportionally when the engine load is reduced. Without throttling, control of the charge of the S. I. engine can be realized by variation of the intake valve opening period. Therefore, the variable valve timing has great potential for reducing pumping losses. A mechanically operating variable valve timing system has been implemented on a Porsche 924 TOP. Under both full load and part load, improvement is obtained with optimization of intake valve closing at any load and speed condition. Under low speed wide open throttle conditions, intake valve closing at the correct time causes an increase in volumetric efficiency and therefore a torque increase of up to 8%. Under lower part load conditions, fuel consumption can be improved by as much as 4%, and at idle by 10%. These improvements are the result of a 20%-50% reduction of pumping losses and of an improved combustion process due to less residual gas fraction.</div>
UNDERSTANDING FLUID AND CONTAMINANT MOVEMENT IN THE UNSATURATED ZONE USING THE INEEL VADOSE ZONE MONITORING SYSTEM (2015)

DOE has hundreds of contaminated facilities and waste sites requiring cleanup and/or long-term monitoring. These contaminated sites reside in unsaturated soils (i.e. the vadose zone) above the water table. Some of these sites will require active remediation activities or removal while other sites will be placed under institutional controls. In either case, evaluating the effectiveness of the remediation strategy or institutional controls will require monitoring. Classical monitoring strategies implemented at RCRA/CERCLA sites require ground water sampling for 30 years following closure. The overall effectiveness of ground water sampling is diminished due to the fact that by the time you detect chemical transport from a waste site, a major contamination plume likely exists in the vadose zone and the aquifer. This paper suggests a more effective monitoring strategy through monitoring near the contaminant sites within the vadose zone. Vadose zone monitoring allows for quicker detection of potential contaminant transport. The INEEL Vadose Zone Monitoring System (VZMS) is becoming an accepted, cost effective monitoring technology for assessing contaminant transport at DOE facilities. This paper describes the technologies employed in the VZMS and describes how it was used at several DOE facilities. The INEEL VZMS has provided the information in developing and validating both conceptual and risk assessment models of contaminant transport at the Idaho National
CD4+ CD56+ lineage negative malignancies: a new entity developed from malignant early plasmacytoid dendritic cells. (2003)

The concordant characteristics led us to confirm that this neoplasm actually represents a new entity, that we propose to rename early pDC leukemia/lymphoma. The diagnosis is primarily based on a characteristic immunophenotypic profile i.e. CD4+ CD56+ CD3- CD13- CD33- CD19-. Complementary analyses assessing the expression of more specific pDC-related markers showed the cells to be HLA-DR+, CD123high, CD116low, CD45RA+, BDCA-2+ or BDCA-4+. Such complementary investigations are necessary only in the case of an atypical phenotype, in order to confirm a pDC origin and exclude another hematologic disease. This presently regards the expression of CD33 or cytoplasmic CD3e (cyCD3e) and the negativity of CD56.
IMPROVING THE QUANTIZATION OF RANDOM SIGNALS BY DITHERING (1963)

A numerical solution to the practical problem of determining the effects of independent quantizer activators called dithers upon the statistical processing properties of the quantizer is presented. For the highly important sinusoidal and sawtooth dithers exact analysis yields for the first time answers, as functions of dither amplitude, to the question of what upper bounds does the dither impose on the following: (1) correlation between the quantizer input and quantization noise, (2) value of the noise mean square, and (3) fidelity in the transmission of the mean square, mean fourth and other even moments of the input. The above information, which also comprises a theorem for the quantization of sinusoids and sawtooths, indicates that the rarely used saw tooth is superior to the sinusoid.
Synthesis and cellular uptake of boron-rich pyrazolopyrimidines: exploitation of the translocator protein for the efficient delivery of boron into human glioma cells (2011)

New 1,2-closo- and 7,8-nido-carboranylpyrazolopyrimidines bind to the translocator protein (TSPO) with high affinity, providing the first evidence of a unique two-site binding profile for the closo-carborane derivative. The boron-rich compounds can also deliver boron to human glioma cells far more effectively than clinical agents used in boron neutron capture therapy (BNCT).
Raggedness of edges (1981)

A series of psychophysical experiments was conducted to investigate the perception of raggedness of edge images whose tangential edge or boundary profiles are not straight. The profiles used were either sinusoidal or determined by the sum of several sine waves. In the first experiments the just-detectable or threshold amplitude of the sine wave was determined as a function of the sine-wave frequency. The observers’ sensitivities were maximum in the region of 1–2 cycles/mm at a viewing distance of 400 mm, at which the peak-to-peak threshold amplitude was approximately 7 μm; the threshold values increased at higher and lower frequencies. Experiments using the sum of two sine waves with a frequency ratio of 3:1 indicated that the detection threshold was not affected by the relative phase of the two components even though the shape and peak-to-peak amplitudes of the profiles changed radically. In a second set of experiments observers were asked to rate the raggedness of suprathreshold profiles relative to two anchor images. For sine-wave profiles raggedness ratings increased linearly with peak-to-peak amplitude. For two-component sine-wave profiles with a frequency ratio of 3:1, the rated raggedness was not affected by the relative phase of the components. The implications for a general model of raggedness perception and for a further understanding of spatial frequency channels in the visual system are discussed.
Source Address Validation: Architecture and Protocol Design (2007)

The current Internet addressing architecture does not verify the source address of a packet received and forwarded. This causes serious security and accounting problems. Based on the drastically increased IPv6 address space, a "source address validation architecture" (SAVA) is proposed in this paper, which can guarantee that every packet received and forwarded holds an authenticated source IP address. The design goals of the architecture are lightweight, loose coupling, "multi-fence support" and incremental deployment. This paper discusses the details of design and implementation for the architecture, including inter-AS, intra-AS and local subnet. This architecture is deployed into the CNGI-CERNET2 infrastructure -a large-scale native IPv6 backbone network of the China Next Generation Internet project. We believe that the source address validation architecture will help the transition to a new, more secure and sustainable Internet.