gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rigorous coupled-wave analysis of antireflective surface-relief gratings (1997)

Rigorous coupled-wave analysis (RCWA) with a simplified eigenvalue problem is used to investigate the an-tireflective property of one-dimensional surface-relief gratings such as binary gratings, triangular gratings and gratings with triangle-like surface profiles. The convergence of RCWA is investigated by varying the number of layers and the number of space-harmonics used in the computation. For unpolarized light normally incident on a medium of refractive index 1.64 from vaccum, a triangle-like grating shows the reflectivity of <TEX>$1.6 {\times} 10^{-4}$</TEX> in contrast to a minimum reflectivity of <TEX>$3.8 {\times} 10^{-3}$</TEX> for a binary grating. We also study the dependence of reflectivity on the wavelength, and on the angle of incidence for a groove shape and depth which result in minimum reflectivity.
On the Equilibrium Thickness of Intergranular Glass Phases in Ceramic Materials (1987)

The fundamental question as to whether thin intergranular films can adopt an equilibrium thickness in polycrystalline ceramics is addressed. Two continuum approaches are presented, one based on interfacial energies and the other on the force balance normal to the boundary. These indicate that there will exist a stable thickness for the intergranular film and that it will be of the order of 1 nm. The origin of an equilibrium thickness is shown to be the result of two competing interactions, an attractive van der Waals‐disperson interaction between the grains on either side of the boundary acting to thin the film and a repulsive term, due to the structure of the intergranular liquid, opposing this attraction. As both of these interactions are of short range (<10 nm), it is a natural consequence that the equilibrium thickness is of the order of 1 nm, a value commensurate with that observed experimentally in a wide range of ceramics. Two further consequences of importance arc indicated. The first is that thin intergranular liquid phases can support a normal stress. The second is that the dielectric constants of the adjacent grains play an important role in determining the thicknesses of the intergranular phase. This leads to the conclusion, consistent with observations, that the thickness of the intergranular phase in polyphase ceramics is expected to be different at boundaries between dissimilar phases than that between like phases.
Video segmentation by tracing discontinuities in a trajectory embedding (2012)

Our goal is to segment a video sequence into moving objects and the world scene. In recent work, spectral embedding of point trajectories based on 2D motion cues accumulated from their lifespans, has shown to outperform factorization and per frame segmentation methods for video segmentation. The scale and kinematic nature of the moving objects and the background scene determine how close or far apart trajectories are placed in the spectral embedding. Such density variations may confuse clustering algorithms, causing over-fragmentation of object interiors. Therefore, instead of clustering in the spectral embedding, we propose detecting discontinuities of embedding density between spatially neighboring trajectories. Detected discontinuities are strong indicators of object boundaries and thus valuable for video segmentation. We propose a novel embedding discretization process that recovers from over-fragmentations by merging clusters according to discontinuity evidence along inter-cluster boundaries. For segmenting articulated objects, we combine motion grouping cues with a center-surround saliency operation, resulting in “context-aware”, spatially coherent, saliency maps. Figure-ground segmentation obtained from saliency thresholding, provides object connectedness constraints that alter motion based trajectory affinities, by keeping articulated parts together and separating disconnected in time objects. Finally, we introduce Gabriel graphs as effective per frame superpixel maps for converting trajectory clustering to dense image segmentation. Gabriel edges bridge large contour gaps via geometric reasoning without over-segmenting coherent image regions. We present experimental results of our method that outperform the state-of-the-art in challenging motion segmentation datasets.
Fast Probabilistic Labeling of City Maps (2008)

This paper introduces a probabilistic, two-stage classification framework for the semantic annotation of urban maps as provided by a mobile robot. During the first stage, local scene properties are considered using a probabilistic bagof-words classifier. The second stage incorporates contextual information across a given scene via a Markov Random Field (MRF). Our approach is driven by data from an onboard camera and 3D laser scanner and uses a combination of appearancebased and geometric features. By framing the classification exercise probabilistically we are able to execute an informationtheoretic bail-out policy when evaluating appearance-based classconditional likelihoods. This efficiency, combined with low order MRFs resulting from our two-stage approach, allows us to generate scene labels at speeds suitable for online deployment and use. We demonstrate and analyze the performance of our technique on data gathered over almost 17 km of track through a city.
Use of CA-125 to Assess Response to New Agents in Ovarian Cancer Trials (2003)

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how CA-125 could be used in clinical trials to ascertain the efficacy of new drugs for ovarian cancer. Studies that have investigated the use of CA-125 in assessing response and progression of ovarian cancer are reviewed. A precise CA-125 response definition that requires either a 50% or 75% decrease in CA-125 levels has been shown in trials of both initial chemotherapy and in phase II trials to predict accurately the response in comparison with standard response criteria. A simpler response definition that is based on just a 50% decrease in CA-125 levels has been proposed by the Gynaecological Cancer Intergroup (GCIG) but requires further validation. Definitions for progression have also been proposed by the GCIG on the basis of a confirmed doubling of CA-125 levels from either the upper limit of normal or the nadir CA-125 level. These CA-125 definitions for progression falsely predict progression in fewer than 2% of patients and can be used to define the date of progression. Precise definitions for response and progression according to CA-125 should be incorporated into ovarian cancer clinical trial protocols. These definitions already have been shown to be valuable in assessing efficacy of new agents but require further prospective evaluation.
Improving gear shift quality in a PHEV DCT with integrated PMSM (2017)

In this paper a hybridized Dual Clutch Transmission (DCT) is presented in which a traction Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is mounted on the input side of the even gears. As the motor has high power, it has a high inertia. This leads to increased shift time in Electric Vehicle mode (EV mode). In EV mode, ICE is shut down and both clutches are open and vehicle is driven by PMSM on even gears. Since both off going and oncoming gears are on the same shaft, there will be a torque interrupt during shifts in EV mode. The main focus of this paper is the speed synchronization phase during torque interrupt shifts. Currently the speed synchronization is done by using PMSM only. This sometimes leads to slower shift times and a degraded drivability due to battery power limitations. The speed synchronization can also not be achieved by synchronizers alone as is done in traditional DCTs due to added inertia of PMSM. This paper explains the detailed modeling of synchronizers for simulating speed synchronization times during torque interrupt shifts. The PMSM model is based on a loss map and inertia. The effects of the available power from the battery on speed synchronization are also modelled. A high level modeling is done for rest of the powertrain. Based on simulations, first the increased synchronization time and its main limiting factors are discussed. A prediction model is also created which, before a shift is ordered by high level strategy, creates the speed synchronization trajectories for PMSM and synchronizer. Based on prediction model, a high level supervisory control strategy is developed that will communicate between synchronizer and motor controller to ensure minimum synchronization time based on the limitations in synchronizer and battery.The study can be extended to general treatment of clutchless multi-speed transmissions in electric vehicles and their effects on shift quality in general.
Effect of nitrate concentration in nutrient solution on hemagglutinin content of Nicotiana benthamiana leaves in a viral vector-mediated transient gene expression system (2014)

Viral vector-mediated transient expression enables rapid biopharmaceutical protein production using whole plants. In recent years, plant growth conditions have received close attention as factors influencing the content of recombinant protein. In particular, because nitrogen is an important resource used in protein synthesis, nitrogen supplied to the root zone may influence accumulation of recombinant proteins. We tested whether fertilization of Nicotiana benthamiana with high-nitrate nutrient solution during plant growth prior to Agrobacterium-mediated delivery (agroinfiltration) of a tobamoviral vector resulted in high recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (HA) content per unit of leaf fresh weight and/or per plant. Nutrient solution containing 60 mM nitrate yielded 40% higher HA content per unit of leaf fresh weight, and comparable HA content per plant, relative to nutrient solution containing 12 or 36 mM nitrate. There were positive correlations among HA, total soluble protein (TSP), and soluble reduced-nitrogen content, suggesting that fertilization with the high-nitrate nutrient solution increased soluble reduced nitrogen and subsequently provided high TSP and HA. Although the increased HA content per unit of leaf fresh weight was offset by reduced leaf fresh weight on a per plant basis, nitrate-enriched fertilization represents an easily applicable technique to obtain a given amount of HA from smaller leaf biomass, thereby potentially reducing downstream processing costs for HA vaccine production using viral vector-mediated transient expression systems.
Reorganization of verbal memory and language: A case of dissociation (1999)

Left-to-right reorganization of verbal memory following early left hemisphere damage has been reported in patients whose expressive language is governed by the right hemisphere. We present a case in which verbal memory performance was intact, despite severe left mesial temporal damage, and despite aphasia on left internal carotid sodium amytal ablation. The distribution and degree of left mesial temporal damage was assessed visually and quantitatively on MRI. These findings raise the possibility that verbal memory may shift to the language-nondominant hemisphere as a result of early left mesial temporal damage.
Study of the Relationship between Changes in Lactic Acid Bacterial Cell Components and Stimulation of IL-12 Production under Salt-Stressed Conditions (2010)

One hundred and seventeen strains of plant origin lactic acid bacteria were observed to have interleukin (IL)-12 production-inducing activities using mouse peritoneal macrophages. Pediococcus pentosaceus (KKM122) was chosen for its stable and strong IL-12 production-inducing activity. There was no significant difference in IL-12 activity induced by the KKM122 strain grown in culture conditions of 0% and 6% NaCl. The cell wall components of cells grown in 6% salt condition, however, significantly induced lower IL-12 production as compared with those of cells grown in 0% salt condition. Cell wall components enhanced IL-12 activity by removing cytoplasmic components when KKM122 strain was cultured in 0% salt condition. The immunoenhancing factor was mainly present in the cell wall components. IL-12 production-inducing activities were dependent on both the amount of bacterial cytoplasmic components and the structure of the cell wall components under the NaCl concentration in the culture medium.
Wildlife-Vehicle Collision Reduction Study: Report to Congress (2007)

Americ’s highways allow people and products to travel to every corner of our nation. Along the way, these roads cross through the habitat of many native wildlife species. When these paths intersect, collisions can occur, and in greater numbers than most people realize. Based on the results of this study, there are an estimated one to two million collisions between cars and large animals every year in the U.S. This presents a real danger to human safety as well as wildlife survival. State and local transportation agencies are looking for ways to meet the needs of the traveling public, maintain human safety and conserve wildlife. Under Section 1119 (n) of the Safe Accountable Flexible Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), the US Congress directed the Secretary of Transportation to conduct a national Wildlife Vehicle Collision (WVC) study. This study details the causes and impacts of wildlife vehicle collisions and identifies potential solutions to this growing safety problem. The report focuses on mitigation methods that reduce the number of collisions between vehicles and large wildlife, such as deer, because these accidents present the greatest safety danger to travelers, and cause the most damage.
A super-regenerative optical receiver based on an optomechanical oscillator (2015)

A super-regenerative optical receiver detecting on-off key (OOK) modulated light inputs has been demonstrated that harnesses the radiation-pressure gain of a self-sustained electro-opto-mechanical oscillator (EOMO) to render its oscillation amplitude a function of the intensity of light coupled into the oscillator. Unlike previous electronic super-regenerative receivers, this rendition removes the need to periodically quench the oscillation signal, which then simplifies the receiver architecture and increases the attainable receive bit rate. A fully functional receiver with a compact ~90 μm EOMO comprised only of silicon-compatible materials demonstrates successful recovery of a 2 kbps bit stream from an OOK modulated 1550 nm laser input. By removing the need for the expensive III-V compound semiconductor materials often used in conventional optical receivers, this EOMO-based receiver offers a lower cost alternative for sensor network applications.
DESIGN OF PIC-CONTROLLED PULSED ULTRASONIC TRANSMITTER FOR MEASURING GINGIVA THICKNESS (2010)

The aim of this study is to design and implement a noninvasive ultrasonic thickness measurement device that determines the gingiva thickness, which is quite an important criterion in dentistry, by using A-mode ultrasonic method. Operating frequency of the device is selected as 8 MHz, since gingival thickness is quite slight. The measurements are performed as 192.5 μm precision by the implemented system. Surface-mounted devices integrated circuits (SMD ICs) and electronic parts are used in the implementation of the device. Thus, a small-dimension, handheld device has been design and constructed. The transmitter of the device is tested under simulated object, and encouraging results were obtained.
Developmental Changes Due to Long-Distance Movement of a Homeobox Fusion Transcript in Tomato (2001)

Long-distance movement of RNA through the phloem is known to occur, but the functional importance of these transported RNAs has remained unclear. Grafting experiments with a naturally occurring dominant gain-of-function leaf mutation in tomato were used to demonstrate long-distance movement of mutant messenger RNA (mRNA) into wild-type scions. The stock-specific pattern of mRNA expression was graft transmissible, indicating that the mRNA accumulation pattern is inherent to the transcript and not attributable to the promoter. The translocated mRNA caused changes in leaf morphology of the wild-type scions, suggesting that the translocated RNA is functional.
Ultrastructure of the human cornea (1996)

The transparent nature of the cornea and its importance in the visual pathway as the major refracting lens of the eye have intrigued workers in many different disciplines and their studies have added immeasurably to the understanding of the cornea in health and disease. Reviews of the structure of the cornea date back to the earliest days of electron microscopy (Hogan et al., 1971; Klyce and Beuerman, 1988; Kuwabara, 1978; Rouiller et al., 1954), yet, due to changing insights into corneal structure provided by cell biology, as well as new clinical developments, current ultrastructural reviews of the cornea have new relevance in both basic science and clinical ophthalmic research. Evolving as an avascular tissue with the need for increasingly better optical properties, the cornea has acquired many unique structural adaptations. In addition to its optical properties, the cornea also serves a major protective function for the visual organ. The position at the front of the globe subjects the cornea to the greatest number of interactions with the environment of any ocular structure. It is subject to insult from both airborne and solid objects, as well as disease organisms, and has developed an elaborate array of sensory nerves to signal impending danger. At birth, the cornea is relatively large compared with the rest of the globe. The growth of the cornea occurs mainly between the ages of six months and one year, although the adult size of approximately 1.3 cm2 is not attained until some time between the first and second years. The optical properties of the anterior surface, or tear surface, of the cornea have become increasingly refined in mammals to allow more precise image projection at the retina (Walls, 1942). Specialized skin covering the eye in lower vertebrates, for example in the lamprey, has given way to a refracting surface in amphibians and, ultimately, to the cornea and lids in mammals. However, the more primitive structures are not as clear as the mammalian and human cornea, and a layer similar to Bowman's in human corneas begins to be seen in reptiles and birds (Thomas, 1955). © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Functional studies on B cell hybridomas with B cell surface antigens. I. Effects of anti-immunoglobulin antibodies on proliferation and differentiation. (1983)

B cell hybridomas with Ia and IgM molecules on the cell membrane were treated with either purified goat anti-mouse mu antibody (anti-mu) or monoclonal rat anti-mouse IgM antibody (anti-IgM). The spontaneous uptake of [3H] thymidine by these cells was markedly inhibited by both reagents. These hybrid cells could be induced to differentiate into IgM-secreting cells in the presence of these reagents at high frequency. Furthermore, the induction of IgM secretion by B cell hybridomas treated with these antibodies was completely T cell independent, and cell division was not required for the differentiative response to anti-mu. In addition, F(ab')2 fragments of anti-mu showed more effects on proliferation and differentiation of these cells than intact anti-mu. Interestingly, TH2.54, a subline of B cell hybridomas, could generate IgG2a production as well as IgM when incubated with anti-mu. These findings suggest very strongly that the interaction of either goat anti-mu or monoclonal rat anti-IgM with surface IgM molecules on the cell membrane of the B cell hybridomas inhibits in vitro spontaneous proliferation, and results in providing signals for differentiation into Ig-secreting cells without T cell factors.
PolarGlobe: A web-wide virtual globe system for visualizing multidimensional, time-varying, big climate data (2017)

The increasing research interest in global climate change and the rise of the public awareness have generated a significant demand for new tools to support effective visualization of big climate data in a cyber environment such that anyone from any location with an Internet connection and a web browser can easily view and comprehend the data. In response to the demand, this paper introduces a new web-based platform for visualizing multidimensional, time-varying climate data on a virtual globe. The web-based platform is built upon a virtual globe system Cesium, which is open-source, highly extendable and capable of being easily integrated into a web environment. The emerging WebGL technique is adapted to support interactive rendering of 3D graphics with hardware graphics acceleration. To address the challenges of transmitting and visualizing voluminous, complex climate data over the Internet to support real-time visualization, we develop a stream encoding and transmission strategy based on video-compression techniques. This strategy allows dynamic provision of scientific data in different precisions to balance the needs for scientific analysis and visualization cost. Approaches to represent, encode and decode processed data are also introduced in detail to show the operational workflow. Finally, we conduct several experiments to demonstrate the performance of the proposed strategy under different network conditions. A prototype, PolarGlobe, has been developed to visualize climate data in the Arctic regions from multiple angles.
A Fast X-Ray Absorption Spectrometer for Use with Synchrotron Radiation (1981)

A quasi-parallel and polychromatic beam of synchrotron radiation is focused and dispersed by a curved crystal, so that the energy of each ray of the focused beam varies as a function of convergence angle through the focus. The specimen is placed at the focus. By measuring the X-ray intensity distribution across the beam behind the focus, in the presence and absence of the specimen, the absorption spectra of Cu and Ni metal foils were obtained. Using an X-ray film as the detector, a spectrum from a Cu foil was obtained in 0.1 seconds when the SPEAR storage ring at Stanford was operated at 3.1 GeV and 80 mA. The energy resolution is approximately 2.0 eV and the energy range of the spectrum is approximately 1 keV.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Macrocyclic (<i>E</i>)-Allylic Alcohols from ω-Alkynals via Intramolecular 1-Alkenylzinc/Aldehyde Additions (2001)

The omega-alkynals yielded macrocyclic (S)-allylic alcohols in a one-pot reaction sequence involving alkyne monohydroboration, boron to zinc transmetalation, and ((+)-DAIB)-catalyzed enantioselective intramolecular ring closure to the aldehyde function. A general study of this macrocyclization methodology is presented with respect to ligand type, size, and nature of the formed rings.
Motion estimation using MSD-first processing (2003)

A new most-significant-digit-first (MSD-first) motion estimation (ME) algorithm based on online arithmetic is proposed in the paper, together with its associated architecture. High-performance ME architectures are crucial for high-quality video applications with high resolution and frame rate, such as HDTV, DVD-video recorders and digital camcorders. The proposed algorithm decomposes the summation of absolute difference (SAD) and the comparison operations of full search block matching (FSBM) into digit level. The digit-level comparisons are interleaved into the separated SAD operations to distinguish the motion vector (MV) as early as possible. It operates in the MSD-first manner and eliminates redundant operations for less significant digits, while still extracting the exact MV of the selected search algorithm. The authors also demonstrate the online arithmetic designs for SAD and comparison, which are two primitive operations in the proposed algorithm. The proposed method saves 47.4% to 64.3% SAD computations of FSBM. In the implementation, a 4×4 array processor of the proposed ME using online arithmetic has a 2.84 ns critical path and 1510 gates with 0.35 μm 1P4 M CMOS cell library. It supports 83 mega 4×4 block matching per second and also reduces the ME operations of other fast search algorithms.