gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selection of an oral prodrug (BRL 42810; famciclovir) for the antiherpesvirus agent BRL 39123 [9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-l-yl)guanine; penciclovir] (1989)

The limited oral absorption in rodents of the antiherpesvirus agent 9-(4-hydroxy-3-hydroxymethylbut-l-yl)guanine (BRL 39123 [penciclovir; British approved name]) prompted a search for oral prodrugs. The 6-deoxy derivative of penciclovir (BRL 42359) and the corresponding diacetyl and dipropionyl 6-deoxy derivatives (BRL 42810 [famciclovir; British approved name] and BRL 43599) were tested as oral prodrugs. The in vivo absorption (dose, 0.2 mmol/kg) and the conversion to the active compound, penciclovir, were determined in rats. Compared with the sodium salt of penciclovir given intravenously, the bioavailabilities of penciclovir from orally administered penciclovir, BRL 42359, famciclovir, and BRL 43599 were 1.5, 9, 41, and 27%, respectively. These prodrugs and 6-deoxyacyclovir were tested for stability in rat duodenal contents and for metabolism in rat intestinal wall homogenate, liver homogenate, and blood and in the corresponding human fluids and tissues. Famciclovir was much more stable than BRL 43599 in human duodenal contents (half-lives, greater than 2 h and 7 min, respectively) yet was efficiently converted to penciclovir by the tissue homogenates. The major metabolic pathway was by deacetylation followed by oxidation at the 6 position. The rate of oxidation was comparable to that of 6-deoxyacyclovir, which is known to be converted efficiently to acyclovir in humans. Famciclovir was selected for further evaluation and progression to studies in humans. These subsequent studies confirmed that, after oral dosing with famciclovir, more than half the dose was absorbed and rapidly converted to penciclovir.
ASTRO-G Observing Systems (2009)

ASTRO-G for the VSOP-2 project is a radio telescope satellite for a next-generation space very-long-baseline interferometry (VLBI) following HALCA for the VSOP project. It will be launched in 2012. We present the overview of ASTRO-G observing systems and available observing modes.
On Certain Xenolithic Tertiary Minor Intrusions in the Island of Mull (Argyllshire) (1922)

I. Introduction. In the years 1910 & 1911, the officers of the Scottish branch of H.M. Geological Survey, while engaged on a survey of that portion of the Island of Mull which lies south of Loch Scridain, were impressed by the great number of minor intrusions of a tholeiitic and andesitic character which penetrate the western part of the Tertiary lava-field. These rocks were described as being, for the greater part, of one type: namely, olivine-free dolerites or tholeiites, of which many have pitchstone centres, and in which a sheath-and-core structure is frequently developed. 1 Mr. E. M. Anderson noted the occurrence within them of xenoliths of apparently fused or baked sandstone, and also recorded certain nodular masses of bytownite and some ferromagnesian mineral which he compared with similar masses, collected by the late C. T. Clough and described by Dr. J. S. Flett, from a tholeiitic intrusion at Traigh Bhan an Sgoir 2 (Traigh Bhan na Sgurra, Locality 11, fig. 1, p. 230). In 1912 Mr. Anderson discovered in the bed of a tributary of Abhuinn nan Torr (Locality 2) an exposure of a rock that contained abundant small plates of a deep-blue mineral. The rock was submitted to me for examination, and, after isolation, the blue mineral proved to be corundum of the sapphire-variety. Further work on this locality, and some excavation, yielded a series of most interesting specimens that proved clearly the abnormal and intensely xenolithic character of the rock in question; but the relation of the xenolithic mass
Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase and traces of E prostaglandins in purified human prostasomes (1993)

Human spermatozoa are associated with arachidonate 15-lipoxygenase activity. This activity could be due to 15-lipoxygenase in small organelles (prostasomes), which are known to bind hydrophobically to germ cells. This possibility was assessed by separating prostasomes from human spermatozoa by differential centrifugation and purifying them by gel filtration (Sephadex G-200). Purified prostasomes metabolized [1-14C]arachidonic acid to 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid as determined by reverse phase and by chiral phase HPLC and by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Biosynthesis of prostaglandins could not be detected, but the prostasomes contained trace amounts of the four major E prostaglandins of human seminal fluid (3.6 nmol mg-1 of prostasomal protein). Arachidonic acid 15-lipoxygenase has recently been implicated in the acrosome reaction of bull spermatozoa and it may have a similar function in the acrosome reaction of human spermatozoa.
MULTI-BIT STORAGE BASED ON CHALCOGENIDE THIN FILM TRANSISTOR FOR HIGH DENSITY NONVOLATILE MEMORY APPLICATION (2009)

ABSTRACT The multi-bit storage realization based on chalcogenide thin film transistor is put forward first here, in which the chalcogenide film acts as not only phase change material but also semiconductor layer. The channel length of thin film transistor was modified by reversible phase change between amorphous and crystalline of chalcogenide thin film adjacent to source and drain. Consequently different read-out current can be achieved to realize multi-bit storage in one single cell. PACS: 71.30.+h Metal-insulator transitions and other electronic transitions 72.80.Jc Other crystalline inorganic semiconductors ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The authors would like to thank all of their collaborators. This work is supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China with the contract number 60706033, 60676007, and National Basic Research Program of China (2007CB935403).
Implementation of Two Source Wi-Fi Display on a Single Sink Supporting Multiwindow: A New Mode of Infotainment (2018)

Smart Mobile Phones and Infotainment industry are slowly complementing each other. Screen Mirroring is a wireless technology widely used to cast one screen on to another. There are several solutions which perform Screen Mirroring but Miracast solution by Wi-Fi alliance outperforms other solutions because of the large market share of android devices. The solutions that exist, usually cast from only one source to one sink. We are proposing and implementing a solution wherein we are able to cast screens from two different sources on one sink. Both screens can be simultaneously seen and operated on a multi window android smartphone. With this proposition, we pave the way for new infotainment on android wireless devices and thus enabling the extension of same concept on other solutions.
Evidence indicating independent assortment of framework and complementarity-determining segments of the variable regions of rabbit light chains. Delineation of a possible J minigene. (1980)

Amino acid sequences of rabbit light chains show considerable evidence of independent assortment of framework (FR) and complementarity-determining (CDR) segments. This suggests that they are coded for by independent genetic units (minigaenes) and that individual light chains are assembled somatically by recombining these units. Identical FR sets with multiple members generally comprise chains with different specificities, whereas identical CDR sets tend to have chains of a single specificity. A J segment, which, by analogy with mouse light chains, is made up of the last two residues of CDR3 plus all of FR4, contained 18 different sets and could contribute to diversity generated by CDR3. The longest segment, FR3, had a very large number of sets. Evidence is presented showing that the number of sets could be substantially reduced by permitting FR3 to be formed by two independently assorting segments comprising residues 57-68 and 69-88.
An adaptive environment for the user interface of Excel (1993)

Software systems developed in recent years are becoming increasingly powerful, but in most cases they tend to abandon the user to deal with the complexity of the system alone. There is an immense need for systems with individual, context-sensitive support. In this paper, we discuss the development of such a support system with special focus on the user interface. We describe the extension of an existing and complex program, Excelm, to an adaptive and customizable system. This extension is called Flexcel and has been implemented and evaluated.
Increase in Drought Resistance of Cotton Seedlings Treated with Mepiquat Chloride (1992)

Abstract Under rainfed conditions, plant establishment is often low in cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum L.) because of water limitations. Increasing drought resistance of cotton seedlings by accelerating root growth thus has important, practical implications. Much research has been devoted to modifying plant root systems for more effective use of soil water, but successful results are few. We studied the effects of mepiquat chloride (MC; 1,1‐dimethylpiperidinium chloride) on drought resistance of cotton seedlings. Well‐watered seedlings were irrigated with mepiquat chloride (0‐40 mg kg −1 ), and then subjected to progressively greater water stress. Treatment with MC accelerated root growth and increased water absorption, especially at greater soil depths. The seedlings treated with MC were turgid longer and wilted less than the drought controls. In another series of experiments seeds were treated (0‐4000 mg kg −1 ) and arising plants were assessed for growth and survival in both well‐watered and water‐stress conditions. A seed treatment of 500 mg kg −1 gave shorter and more compact shoots, did not affect leaf area, but increased specific leaf weight and chlorophyll content. Seed treatment with 500 mg kg −1 MC also gave the greatest enhancement of root growth, water extraction from deep soil layers, and survival of stressed seedlings. These results suggested a potential for using MC to modify root patterns and increase drought resistance of cotton seedlings. Field tests of seed treatments with MC should be conducted to determine whether seedling survival is enhanced under natural drought‐stressed conditions. The responses of different cotton varieties to MC treatment also should be investigated.
Practical Aspects of Doubly Chained Trees for Retrieval (1972)

The updating of data files in the form of doubly chained trees, and the amount of effort required to maintain such trees, are discussed. The paper offers a strategy for overcoming the updating problem, as well as some general methods for quantifying the maintenance effort and for implementing the operations.
A Time Sharing Fluorometer for the Readout of Intracellular Oxidation-Reduction States of NADH and Flavoprotein (1971)

Cellular fluorochromes, pyridine nucleotides (PN), and flavoproteins (Fp) reflect the redox state of the cytoplasmic space and mitochondria of the intact cells and tissues and afford a direct readout of essential parameters of cell metabolism. A time sharing fluorometer which alternates every 8 msec the overlapping emission and excitation wavelengths of both fluorochromes enables nearly simultaneous recording of the two components. From a spot of several millimeters in diameter an adequate signal-to-noise ratio can be obtained at a response time of less than 0.1 sec. In conjunction with the regenerative flow apparatus, the fluorescence of the components can be recorded in times down to 20 msec. Applicability to reaction kinetics in perfused organs and in suspensions of mitochondria as well as to other systems with double fluorescence labels is indicated.
CO<sub>2</sub>Capture Process Principles and Costs (2005)

Carbon dioxide capture and storage (CCS) is an important concept to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, in particular from power plants. After CO2- capture the CO2 needs to be compressed to achieve the right transport and storage conditions. CO2 capture processes can be divided into three main categories: - postcombustion processes; - precombustion processes; - oxy-combustion/denitrogenation processes. These process categories are applicable to both fossil fuel and biomass. Several different physicalchemical gas separation methods used CO2-capture will be described. The capture of CO2 is the most expensive step in the CCS-chain. A systematic approach to costs and emission of the chain capture-transport-sequestration of CO2 is presented, for different power generation technologies, capture and transport technologies. This involves eight steps, incorporating the complete chain from fossil fuel extraction to the production of the energy carrier and the storage of CO2.
Continuous Production of Graft Copolymers of Starch with Acrylamide and Acrylic Acid by Electron Preirradiation (1969)

The development of practical processes, involving electron preirradiation, for large-scale production of graft copolymers of starch with acrylamide (AA) and acrylic acid (AAc) was studied. In the pilot plant built to explore the continuous production of AA- and AAc-starch grafts, starch was fed continuously to a vibrating trough which transported the starch as a thin layer under the beam of a 1-MeV resonant transformer. The irradiated starch then fell into a tank where it reacted with a solution of either AA or AAc fed simultaneously to the tank reactor. Large samples of AA- and AAc-starch grafts were prepared at various grafting levels, and their physical and chemical properties were determined. Process flow sheets were prepared, and preliminary investment and production cost estimates were made for plants capable of producing 5 000 000 lb annually.
Mining frequent serial episodes over uncertain sequence data (2013)

Data uncertainty has posed many unique challenges to nearly all types of data mining tasks, creating a need for uncertain data mining. In this paper, we focus on the particular task of mining probabilistic frequent serial episodes (P-FSEs) from uncertain sequence data, which applies to many real applications including sensor readings as well as customer purchase sequences. We first define the notion of P-FSEs, based on the frequentness probabilities of serial episodes under possible world semantics. To discover P-FSEs over an uncertain sequence, we propose: 1) an exact approach that computes the accurate frequentness probabilities of episodes; 2) an approximate approach that approximates the frequency of episodes using probability models; 3) an optimized approach that efficiently prunes a candidate episode by estimating an upper bound of its frequentness probability using approximation techniques.
Efficacy of verbenone in reducing lodgepole pine infestation by mountain pine beetles in Idaho (1989)

Verbenone, a bark beetle antiaggregative pheromone, was deployed in lodgepole pine (Pinuscontorta Dougl. var. latifolia Engelm.) stands in the Sawtooth National Forest, Idaho, U.S.A., to test its efficacy in reducing tree losses to mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonusponderosae Hopkins). Treatments tested were verbenone, mountain pine beetle tree bait, verbenone plus mountain pine beetle tree bait, and a control. Each treatment was applied individually to 1-ha blocks and replicated four times. Treatment effects were measured by percentage of infested (i.e., mass-attacked) lodgepole pine. ANOVA showed a significant treatment effect (P < 0.005). Blocks treated with mountain pine beetle tree baits had significantly (P < 0.002) higher average percentages of infested trees (24.4%), whereas no significant difference occurred in percentages of infested trees among the other three treatments. Average percentages of infested trees were 0.9% for verbenone, 7.4% for verbenone plus mountain pine beetle tree bait, and 3.3% for the control. A 2.3-fold reduction in infested trees occurred when verbenone was applied to blocks treated with mountain pine beetle tree baits.
PD-1 expression defines two distinct T-cell sub-populations in follicular lymphoma that differentially impact patient survival (2015)

To determine the biological and clinical relevance of programmed death 1 (PD-1) in follicular lymphoma (FL), we characterized PD-1(+) T-cell subsets and assessed their biological function as well as potential clinical impact. We found that PD-1 is expressed on intratumoral CD4(+) T cells with both bright and dim intensity, representing two different sub-populations of cells. By immunohistochemistry, we found that CD4(+)PD-1(high) T cells predominantly reside in the lymph node follicles, while PD-1(low) T cells are mainly located in an interfollicular pattern. Intratumoral CD4(+)PD-1(high) T cells have a TFH cell phenotype, express CXCR5, secrete IL-21 and are BCL-6 positive with no TIM-3 expression. In contrast, CD4(+)PD-1(low) T cells have an exhausted phenotype, express TIM-3 and do not express BCL-6 and CXCR5. Functionally, CD4(+)PD-1(high) T cells actively supported B-cell growth, while CD4(+)PD-1(low) T cells displayed a reduced cytokine production and cell-signal transduction. Clinically, we observed that the numbers of CD4(+) or CD8(+)PD-1(low) T cells significantly correlate with a reduced overall survival in FL patients (P=0.007 and 0.04 respectively; n=32). In contrast, the number of CD4(+)PD-1(high) T cells was not associated with patient outcome. Taken together, these results indicated that PD-1 expression defines two sub-populations with distinct functions that differentially impact patient outcome in FL.
Dynamics of microfluidic mixing using time pulsing (2005)

Many microfluidic applications require the
mixing of reagents, but efficient mixing in these laminar systems
remains a challenge. In this paper, we consider further the method
of pulsed flow mixing
 which takes advantage of
time dependency rather than spatial complexity. In particular,
using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) we analyze the dynamics
of the flow when the two inlets are pulsed at $90^\circ$ and
$180^\circ$ out of phase. Both cases achieve enhanced mixing
although better results occur in the first case. This is apparent
in the concentration level plots as well as in the shape of
material lines which show strong repeated stretching and folding
at the confluence region.
Current Efforts in the Development of Vaccines for the Prevention of Zika and Chikungunya Virus Infections (2020)

Arboviruses represent major challenges to public health, particularly in tropical, and subtropical regions, and a substantial risk to other parts of the world as respective vectors extend their habitats. In recent years, two viruses transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes, Chikungunya and Zika virus, have gathered increased interest. After decades of regionally constrained outbreaks, both viruses have recently caused explosive outbreaks on an unprecedented scale, causing immense suffering and massive economic burdens in affected regions. Chikungunya virus causes an acute febrile illness that often transitions into a chronic manifestation characterized by debilitating arthralgia and/or arthritis in a substantial subset of infected individuals. Zika infection frequently presents as a mild influenza-like illness, often subclinical, but can cause severe complications such as congenital malformations in pregnancy and neurological disorders, including Guillain-Barré syndrome. With no specific treatments or vaccines available, vector control remains the most effective measure to manage spread of these diseases. Given that both viruses cause antibody responses that confer long-term, possibly lifelong protection and that such responses are cross-protective against the various circulating genetic lineages, the development of Zika and Chikungunya vaccines represents a promising route for disease control. In this review we provide a brief overview on Zika and Chikungunya viruses, the etiology and epidemiology of the illnesses they cause and the host immune response against them, before summarizing past and current efforts to develop vaccines to alleviate the burden caused by these emerging diseases. The development of the urgently needed vaccines is hampered by several factors including the unpredictable epidemiology, feasibility of rapid clinical trial implementation during outbreaks and regulatory pathways. We will give an overview of the current developments.
Recovery of block-coded images from channel errors (2002)

A method to recover good-quality images from severe transmission errors in a block coding environment is proposed. In block-coded images, channel errors usually result in annoying blocky noise. The proposed scheme tries to remove or conceal this blockiness through error detection and block replacement. The single bit-error dominance in binary transmission and high pixel correlation of common images are utilized. Specifically, assuming that the boundaries of image blocks in the received bit stream are detectable, all the bit patterns at unit Hamming distance from the received one are first decoded into candidate image blocks. Then, the candidate image block with minimum gray-level transition across the block boundaries is selected for final recovery. This method works not only on fixed-length binary codes but also on variable-length binary codes as long as block boundaries are known to the receiver. The comparative performance and possible improvements of the scheme are studied.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interferometric techniques for fundamental static or dynamic pressure measurements and transducer calibration (1977)

New techniques for the interferometric measurement of quasi-static and dynamic pressure variations are discussed. The pressure variations are transmitted through oil contained in a closed cavity and the measurements depend on an experimental calibration constant derived solely from measurements of mass and length. The sensitivities of the interferometers (a Michelson and a Jamin) are adjusted so that pressure variations produce phase changes of less than +or- pi /2; this then allows the pressure variations to be directly displayed. In an application of the technique pressure transducers are calibrated by mounting the elements in the side of the cavity. Their outputs are then compared with pressure variations measured over the frequency range from 0 (quasi-static pressure changes) to 6 kHz.
An efficient partitioning algorithm for large-scale circuits (2002)

A parallel circuit-partitioning algorithm aimed at minimizing the number of tearing nodes between subcircuits, the size of each subcircuit, or both, is presented. The algorithm is most suitable for circuit-simulation problems. It is currently implemented in a symbolic circuit simulator (SCAPP). The algorithm depends on the exploration of the coupling between the modified fundamental loops of the circuit. It recursively performs a hierarchical binary partitioning on the circuit and its subcircuits based on the concepts of loop index, tearing index, and branch index. Experimental results show the algorithm reaching optimum or better near-optimal solutions to problems for which existing algorithms failed or produced worse solutions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>