gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Two's company, three's a crowd: can H <sub>2</sub> S be the third endogenous gaseous transmitter? (2002)

Bearing the public image of a deadly "gas of rotten eggs," hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can be generated in many types of mammalian cells. Functionally, H2S has been implicated in the induction of hippocampal long-term potentiation, brain development, and blood pressure regulation. By acting specifically on KATP channels, H2S can hyperpolarize cell membranes, relax smooth muscle cells, or decrease neuronal excitability. The endogenous metabolism and physiological functions of H2S position this gas well in the novel family of endogenous gaseous transmitters, termed "gasotransmitters." It is hypothesized that H2S is the third endogenous signaling gasotransmitter, besides nitric oxide and carbon monoxide. This positioning of H2S will open an exciting field-H2S physiology-encompassing realization of the interaction of H2S and other gasotransmitters, sulfurating modification of proteins, and the functional role of H2S in multiple systems. It may shed light on the pathogenesis of many diseases related to the abnormal metabolism of H2S.
2A self-cleaving peptide-based multi-gene expression system in the silkworm Bombyx mori (2015)

Fundamental and applied studies of silkworms have entered the functional genomics era. Here, we report a multi-gene expression system (MGES) based on 2A self-cleaving peptide (2A), which regulates the simultaneous expression and cleavage of multiple gene targets in the silk gland of transgenic silkworms. First, a glycine-serine-glycine spacer (GSG) was found to significantly improve the cleavage efficiency of 2A. Then, the cleavage efficiency of six types of 2As with GSG was analyzed. The shortest porcine teschovirus-1 2A (P2A-GSG) exhibited the highest cleavage efficiency in all insect cell lines that we tested. Next, P2A-GSG successfully cleaved the artificial human serum albumin (66 kDa) linked with human acidic fibroblast growth factor (20.2 kDa) fusion genes and vitellogenin receptor fragment (196 kD) of silkworm linked with EGFP fusion genes, importantly, vitellogenin receptor protein was secreted to the outside of cells. Furthermore, P2A-GSG successfully mediated the simultaneous expression and cleavage of a DsRed and EGFP fusion gene in silk glands and caused secretion into the cocoon of transgenic silkworms using our sericin1 expression system. We predicted that the MGES would be an efficient tool for gene function research and innovative research on various functional silk materials in medicine, cosmetics, and other biomedical areas.
Pathophysiological Consequences of Changes in the Coupling Ratio of Na,K-ATPase for Renal Sodium Reabsorption and Its Implications for Hypertension (1996)

Recent reports indicate that alpha 1-Na,K-ATPase from Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) rats contains a glutamine for leucine substitution associated with increased Na-K coupling at unchanged maximal velocity. Genetic analyses suggest that alpha 1-Na,K-ATPase is a potential hypertension gene. Therefore, we investigated whether renal Na+ metabolism could constitute a pathophysiological link between the molecular/functional change in Na,K-ATPase and hypertension. We simulated the consequences of increased Na-K coupling on overall Na-bicarbonate reabsorption in a proximal tubular transport model that incorporates apical Na-H exchanger and basolateral Na-bicarbonate cotransporter, K+ channel, and Na,K-ATPase. As expected, increases in the levels of the former three transport pathways yielded higher Na+ reabsorption. In contrast, increases in the maximal velocity of the Na,K-ATPase with a normal 3:2 (Na-K) coupling ratio did not increase Na+ reabsorption when apical Na-H exchange activity was limiting overall absorption. However, an increase in the Na-K coupling from 3:2 to 3:1, reported for the mutant alpha 1-Na,K-ATPase in DS rats, was associated with greater Na+ reabsorption. This increase is a consequence of lower cytosolic pH and secondary stimulation of the Na-H exchanger at its allosteric H+ site. Decreased pH results from activation of Na-bicarbonate cotransport by Na,K-ATPase-dependent membrane hyperpolarization due to greater charge movement in 3:1 Na-K coupling. Thus, an increase in the Na-K coupling ratio results in an altered set point for cellular Na+ metabolism, with higher sodium reabsorption at unchanged Na,K-ATPase levels. The simulations thereby lend support for a unifying explanation for the salt sensitivity of DS rats, which has been proposed to stem from a mutation in the alpha 1-Na,K-ATPase.
Involvement of human plasma angiotensin I-converting enzyme in the degradation of the haemoregulatory peptide <i>N</i>-acetyl-seryl-aspartyl-lysyl-proline (1993)

The degradation of N-Ac-Ser-Asp-Lys-Pro (AcSDKP), a negative regulator controlling the proliferation of the haematopoietic stem cell, by enzymes present in human plasma, has been investigated. Radiolabelled AcSD[4-3H]KP ([3H]AcSDKP, 1 mM) was completely metabolized in human plasma with a half-life of 80 min, leading exclusively to the formation of radiolabelled lysine. The cleavage of AcSDKP was insensitive to classical proteinase inhibitors including leupeptin, but sensitive to metalloprotease inhibitors. The degradation was completely blocked by specific inhibitors of angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE; kininase II; peptidyldipeptide hydrolase, EC 3.4.15.1), showing that the first step of the hydrolysis was indeed due to ACE. In dialysed plasma, the hydrolysis proceeded at only 17% of the maximal rate, whereas addition of 20 mM NaCl led to the recovery of the initial rate observed with normal plasma. Hydrolysis of AcSDKP by commercial rabbit lung ACE generated the C-terminal dipeptide Lys-Pro. Thus, ACE cleaves AcSDKP by a dipeptidyl carboxypeptidase activity. In fact the formation of Lys-Pro was observed when AcSDKP was incubated in human plasma in the presence of HgCl2. These results suggest that ACE is involved in the first limiting step of AcSDKP degradation in human plasma. The second step seems to be under the control of a leupeptin- and E-64-insensitive, HgCl2-sensitive plasmatic enzyme.
Safety aspects and pharmacokinetics of inhaled aerosolized gadolinium (1993)

This study evaluated the pharmacokinetics and potential toxicity of inhaled aerosolized gadopentetate dimeglumine. The pharmacokinetics were evaluated with in vitro relaxometry of the lungs, blood, urine, and liver before and for up to 36 hours after a 5-minute inhalation of aerosolized gadopentetate dimeglumine (0.25 mol/L). For assessment of potential toxicity, hemodynamic variables were monitored during and for 10 minutes after inhalation. Extravascular lung water was measured before and after exposure. Finally, the potential for tissue damage was evaluated histologically. Pulmonary clearance of aerosolized gadopentetate dimeglumine was monoexponential with a half-time of 2.16 hours. Aerosolized gadopentetate dimeglumine was excreted through the kidneys, as shown by the decrease in urinary T1. Renal elimination was completed by 30 hours. No acute hemodynamic effect, histologic change, or induction of edema was demonstrated. This study shows that inhalation of aerosolized gadopentetate dimeglumine is well tolerated in rats and favors the further evaluation of this administration route, including clinical trials.
The janthitrems: fluorescent tremorgenic toxins produced by Penicillium janthinellum isolates from ryegrass pastures (1980)

New tremorgenic mycotoxins named janthitrem A, B, and C (molecular weights 601, 585, and 569, respectively) were produced by more than half of 21 Penicillium janthinellum isolates obtained from ryegrass pastures involved in ryegrass staggers outbreaks in sheep.
Myocardial Stimulation with Ultrashort Duration Current Pulses (1982)

In order to identify a practical short-duration limit for stimulating myocardium, theoretical and experimental studies were carried out using dog and turtle hearts. The strength-duration curves for current, charge and energy were derived from the standard excitable membrane model which employs a parallel resistance and capacitance. From these derivations, the predicted duration for minimum energy was identified. The experimentally measured strength-duration curves for two types of myocardium followed the predicted values closely. The duration for minimum energy was calculated to be 1.25 times the membrane time constant. The practical short-duration limit for a pacemaking stimulus is about 10% of the membrane time constant. For dog myocardium the average time constant was 2.4 ms. Therefore, a practical stimulus duration for minimum charge in the dog should be no longer than about two-tenths of a millisecond, although shorter duration stimuli are equally effective. This minimum charge criterion provides the minimum drain on the stimulator power supply.
Potential protective effect of resveratrol on acoustic trauma: electron microscopy study. (2016)

Resveratrol may have a protective effect against AT damage in the cochlea, most likely through its antioxidant activity. Our results may be useful for studies in humans exposed to AT and noise-induced hearing loss related to chronic exposure to occupational noise.
Dynamic properties of sandwich structures with integrated shear-thickening fluids (2006)

The integration of shear-thickening fluids (STFs) into composite structures has been investigated with the aim of tuning part stiffness and damping capacity under dynamic deformation. Results from oscillatory rheological measurements for a STF based on concentrated fused silica in polypropylene glycol were correlated with results from vibrating beam tests on model sandwich structures containing layers of the same STF sandwiched between polyvinyl chloride (PVC) beams. Above a critical amplitude, the relative motion of the PVC beams provoked shear thickening of the silica suspensions, and the vibration and damping properties were significantly modified. These changes were related to the rheological response of the STF through analytical calculations of strains in the STF layers, an approach that was verified experimentally by replacing the STF with a slow-curing epoxy resin. The potential for integrating STFs into structures exposed to dynamic flexural deformation, with the aim of controlling their vibrational response, has thus been demonstrated.
Catalogue of the Victorian Cicadidae in the National Museum (1912)

During my investigations into this group I have been afforded frequent opportunities for examining the collection contained in the National Museum, Melbourne, and, acting on the suggestion of the Curator, I have drawn up the following catalogue embracing all the Victorian species in the Museum. In the collection are a number of specimens determined by Walker ; also a number deter- mined by Coding and Froggatt, together with some of their types. Where there is any doubt of a species, I have followed the deter- minations of Distant, since he has all the material at his disposal, and has recently systematized the family in a thorough and admirable manner. Several of the species in my own collection have been determined by him, and, having these, I havefound occasion to differ a little from other workers in the family. I have to thank the Curator of the Zoological Department, Mr. J. A. Kershaw, for facilities afforded me during the examination of the collections, and for t e loan of several specimens. In addition to the references given here, may be understood in each case those of Distant s Catalogue of 190 .
Under‐Water Superaerophobic Pine‐Shaped Pt Nanoarray Electrode for Ultrahigh‐Performance Hydrogen Evolution (2015)

A pine‐shaped Pt nanostructured electrode with under‐water superaerophobicity for ultrahigh and steady hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) performance is successfully fabricated by a facile and easily scalable electrodeposition technique. Due to the lower bubble adhesive force (11.5 ± 1.2 μN), the higher bubble contact angle (161.3° ± 3.4°) in aqueous solution, and the smaller size of bubbles release for pine‐shaped Pt nanostructured electrode, the incomparable under‐water superaerophobicity for final repellence of bubbles from submerged surface with ease, is successfully achieved, compared to that for nanosphere electrode and for Pt flat electrode. With the merits of superior under‐water superaerophobicity and excellent nanoarray morphology, pine‐shaped Pt nanostructured electrode with the ultrahigh electrocatalytic HER performance, excellent durability, no obvious current fluctuation, and dramatically fast current density increase at overpotential range (3.85 mA mV −1 , 2.55 and 13.75 times higher than that for nanosphere electrode and for Pt flat electrode, respectively), is obtained, much superior to Pt nanosphere and flat electrodes. The successful introduction of under‐water superaerophobicity to in‐time repel as‐formed H 2 bubbles may open up a new pathway for designing more efficient electrocatalysts with potentially practical utilization in the near future.
Efficient encoding and decoding with permutation arrays (2008)

An (n, d) permutation array (PA) is a subset of S <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">n</inf> with the property that the distance (under any distance metric, such as Hamming) between any two permutations in the array is at least d, which becomes popular recently for communication over power line. We use l <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</inf> -norm to measure the distance between permutations, and give a construction of permutation arrays under l <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">∞</inf> -norm together with efficient encoding and decoding algorithms. This construction is the first of its kind.
Identification of insertion mutations in HIV-1 reverse transcriptase causing multiple drug resistance to nucleoside analogue reverse transcriptase inhibitors. (1999)

A 2-amino acid insertion between codons 69 and 70 of RT was detected in 4 of 348 (1.1%) Japanese hemophiliacs and was found to be associated with multiple drug resistance to nucleoside analogue RT inhibitors.
Nanophase Separated Amphiphilic Conetwork Coatings and Membranes (2005)

Covalently surface-attached coatings and free-standing membranes of some 20 μm in thickness were prepared by photocopolymerization of a bitelechelic methacrylate-terminated poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) and silyl-protected 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate. After cleaving the silyl groups, the resulting amphiphilic conetworks exhibit two nanoseparated phases in bulk as well as on their surface as shown by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Thereby, the surface structure is controlled by the chemical nature of the surface covering material. Comparing the swelling behavior of 1D swelling of the coatings with the 3D swelling of the membranes revealed perfect interconnectivity of the hydrophilic phase in all compositions prior to and after water treatment. The hydrophobic PDMS phase, on the other hand, is not interconnected in dry state at compositions with less than 80 wt % PDMS. Diffusion experiments indicate that the PDMS phase reorganizes upon swelling and becomes continuous at PDMS contents of about 50 wt % and more.
2017 publication guidelines for structural modelling of small-angle scattering data from biomolecules in solution: an update (2017)

In 2012, preliminary guidelines were published addressing sample quality, data acquisition and reduction, presentation of scattering data and validation, and modelling for biomolecular small-angle scattering (SAS) experiments. Biomolecular SAS has since continued to grow and authors have increasingly adopted the preliminary guidelines. In parallel, integrative/hybrid determination of biomolecular structures is a rapidly growing field that is expanding the scope of structural biology. For SAS to contribute maximally to this field, it is essential to ensure open access to the information required for evaluation of the quality of SAS samples and data, as well as the validity of SAS-based structural models. To this end, the preliminary guidelines for data presentation in a publication are reviewed and updated, and the deposition of data and associated models in a public archive is recommended. These guidelines and recommendations have been prepared in consultation with the members of the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) Small-Angle Scattering and Journals Commissions, the Worldwide Protein Data Bank (wwPDB) Small-Angle Scattering Validation Task Force and additional experts in the field.
Molybdenum Oxide Thin Films Obtained by the Hot-Filament Metal Oxide Deposition Technique (2003)

Molybdenum oxide thin films find diverse applications as catalysts, gas sensors, and electrochromic devices. Such films are produced mainly by reactive sputtering and thermal evaporation but other techniques such as chemical vapor deposition and electrochemical deposition have been used. In the present work, the feasibility of an alternative method for the production of molybdenum oxide films using a molybdenum filament heated in a rarefied oxygen atmosphere is demonstrated. The filament heating current, IF, and the oxygen flow rate, FO2, are the key deposition parameters and their effect on the deposition rate, R, was investigated. For IF = 12.5 A, an increase in the R-value from 7.5 to 31 nm/min was observed as FO2 was increased from 6.0 to 21 sccm. To characterize the chemical bonds, infrared spectroscopy, using both unpolarized and p-polarized infrared beams, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were employed. Line shape analysis of the Mo(3d) XPS peak revealed that the Mo atoms were in mixed valence states, Mo6+ and Mo5+, with a high predominance of the former over the latter, thus indicating an oxygen-deficient MoO3 film. From Rutherford backscattering spectroscopic analysis of the films, an average O/Mo atomic ratio of 2.9 was calculated, consistent with the XPS results. A combination of the XPS and RBS results and the data of other investigators on the oxidation of molybdenum suggests that the film is formed from MoO2 and MoO3 species desorbed from the Mo filament. The optical gap, Eg, was determined from transmission UV−visible spectra of the films. An average Eg value of 3.03 eV was found. The electrochromic properties of the films were investigated for Li+ intercalation using an electrochemical cell. A coloration efficiency of 19.5 cm2/C at a wavelength of 700 nm was observed.
The analysis of coded Overlapped Time Division Multiplexing system (2010)

This paper mainly focuses on evaluating performance of two coding schemes of Overlapped Time Division Multiplexing (OVTDM) system. One is using Turbo Product Code (TPC) as Forward Error Correcting (FEC) code, the other uses conventional Turbo code provided by Long Term Evolution (LTE) as a standard of comparison. Through analyzing uncoded OVTDM signal structure and its Bit Error Rate (BER) in low-to-moderate Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR), utilizing an FEC with fast iterative convergence behavior is a good choice. TPC satisfies the property of fast iterative convergence and is easy to be realized in hardware implementation, while turbo code is a relatively mature channel coding scheme in LTE. Simulation results show that TPC plus OVTDM (TPC-OVTDM) scheme outperforms LTE Turbo plus OVTDM (LTE-Turbo-OVTDM), TPC plus Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (TPC-QAM) and LTE Turbo plus QAM (LTE-Turbo-QAM) under the condition of short interleaver depth and same spectral efficiency. Moreover, with the increase of spectral efficiency, the TPC-OVTDM scheme can achieve greater coding gain. Furthermore, through comparing the performance of TPC-QAM with LTE-Turbo-QAM, the error correcting capability of TPC is better than that of LTE Turbo code. In addition, the TPC-OVTDM scheme makes system's cardinality of signal constellation increase polynomially with spectral efficiency, rather than that of QAM signal which grows exponentially.
Surface impedance of an infinite parallel-wire grid at oblique angles of incidence (1946)

A study is made of the scattering of a plane wave incident obliquely upon an infinite plane grid of parallel equidistant circular wires. A simple means is described of picturing the mechanism by which side waves are produced as the angle of incidence is varied. Exact formulae and curves for the shunt reactance of the grid are given for the most useful case in which the spacing is less than a wavelength. Thus the reactance of the grid referred to the component of the wave impedance of the incident plane wave which is normal to the grid, viz. 376.5 sec θ ohms, isXg = 376.5d/λ[logε (d/2πa)+F(d/λ,θ)] ≃ 376.5d/λ[logε (d/2πa) for a ≪ b ≪ λ,where d = spacing of wires, a = radius of each wire, θ = angle of incidence. The correction term is plotted in Fig. 6. The reflection coefficient is r = − 1/(1 + 2Xg/Zsec θ), Z0 = 376.5 ohms
R. H. Dana, Jr. (1934)

Journal Article R. H. Dana, Jr. Get access James D. Hart James D. Hart 1Cambridge, Mass, U.S.A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume CLXVI, Issue jun02, 2 June 1934, Page 387, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/CLXVI.jun02.387d Published: 02 June 1934
Address Space Layout Permutation: Increasing Resistance to Memory Corruption Attacks (2005)

A key problem with current address obfuscation techniques is their use of randomly sized pads to shift the location of critical memory regions. Padding limits the potential of existing techniques because pads are unused space. To increase protection, the pad size need be increased, thereby wasting additional address space. The relationship between protection and pad size forces system designers to choose between security and conservation of address space. \n\nThis thesis improves upon existing address randomization techniques by proposing and implementing a novel approach to increase the probabilistic protection provided by address obfuscation with performance overhead comparable to contemporary techniques and without the use of large pads. Our approach is to randomly permute the user stack, heap, and mmap allocations throughout the entire 3 gigabyte user address space. The approach improves upon the protection of the best existing technique by an order of magnitude and with no more than 8 kilobytes lost to padding. Further, the technique incurs a performance overhead of 7-13% during process startup and less than 1% overhead thereafter. \n\nWe also present a validation of address space randomization by showing that randomization limits the propagation speed of worms reliant on memory corruption attack vectors. Our analysis shows that an average time of more than 57 minutes is needed to complete a brute-force attack on the protection provided by our technique. The increased time needed for worms to exploit individual targets using the absolute location of either the user stack, heap, or an mmap allocation means that the fastest time needed to infect nearly 100% of a vulnerable population is on the order of hours, not minutes. \n\nOur analysis provides an in depth discussion of the probabilistic protection provided by our technique. The results offer detailed information regarding the expected performance impact in three critical computing environments: scientific, desktop, and network server. We conclude that our address obfuscation technique is capable of providing greater probabilistic protection than existing techniques at a comparable performance cost.