gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK) activity alters carbon metabolism in C<sub>3</sub> transgenic potatoes with a C<sub>4</sub> maize PPDK gene (1998)

Changes in carbon metabolism and δ 13 C value of transgenic potato plants with a maize pyruvate,orthophosphate dikinase (PPDK; EC 2.7.9.1) gene are reported. PPDK catalyzes the formation of phospho enol pyruvate (PEP), the initial acceptor of CO 2 in the C 4 photosynthetic pathway. PPDK activities in the leases of transgenic potatoes were up to 5.4‐fold higher than those of control potato plants (wild‐type and treated control plants). In the transgenic potato plants, PPDK activity in leaves was negatively correlated with pyruvate content (r 2 = 0.81), and was positively correlated with malate content (r 2 = 0.88). A significant increase in the δ 13 C value was observed in the transgenic potato plants, suggesting a certain contribution of PEP carboxylase as the initial acceptor of atmospheric CO 2 . These data suggest that elevated PPDK activity may alter carbon metabolism and lead to a partial operation of C 4 ‐type carbon metabolism. However, since parameters associated with CO 2 gas exchange were not affected, the altered carbon metabolism had only a small effect on the total photosynthetic characteristics of the transgenic plants.
Ion-beam-induced topography and surface diffusion (1982)

The development of surface microtexture along with ion-impact-enhanced surface and bulk diffusion processes is important for users of ion beams and plasmas for thin film or material processing. Even in those applications where texturing is not desired, an understanding of the process of texturing will permit proper corrective action when texturing is found to occur. Surface microtexturing produced using ion-beam sputtering and simultaneous deposition of impurities is described both in terms of a simple diffusion model and with regard to detailed studies of the initiation, development, and failure of individual sputter cones. Digital computer calculations are presented which follow surface feature development under sputtering. These calculations appear to confirm the role of ion reflection in the development of cones. A coating associated with the impurity deposition is often observed on individual cones. This coating appears to play a role both in the initial development of cones and in the subsequent evolution of second generation cones in a steady-state process. Surface diffusion, in excess of that expected from thermally activated diffusion alone, has been observed as the ion-beam current density is increased. This impact-enhanced diffusion appears to depend on cooperative effects between multiple ion impacts.
Intelligent airbag deployment algorithm design and implemented by DSP chip (2005)

An improved algorithm design methodology of vehicle airbag deployment decision is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the vehicle impact severity is analyzed to get four characteristic factors utilized as fuzzy inputs. From these four characteristics factors, the 'two stages fuzzy algorithm' is developed and used as the airbag deployment algorithm to identify the vehicle impact severity. Secondly, the algorithm is translated as machine codes download to DSP 6X chip by MATLAB/spl trade/ software. Finally, the Lab View/spl trade/ software is used to generate crash data to test the developed algorithm. Simulation results for different vehicle crash data demonstrate the validity and effectiveness of the proposed design methodology.
Immunology in clinic review series; focus on autoinflammatory diseases: update on monogenic autoinflammatory diseases: the role of interleukin (IL)-1 and an emerging role for cytokines beyond IL-1 (2011)

The disease-based discovery of the molecular basis for autoinflammatory diseases has led not only to a rapidly growing number of clinically and genetically identifiable disorders, but has unmantled key inflammatory pathways such as the potent role of the alarm cytokine interleukin (IL)-1 in human disease. Following its initial failures in the treatment of sepsis and the moderate success in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, IL-1 blocking therapies had a renaissance in the treatment of a number of autoinflammatory conditions, and IL-1 blocking therapies have been Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved for the treatment of the autoinflammatory conditions: cryopyrin-associated periodic syndromes (CAPS). CAPS and deficiency of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (DIRA), both genetic conditions with molecular defects in the IL-1 pathway, have provided a pathogenic rationale to IL-1 blocking therapies, and the impressive clinical results confirmed the pivotal role of IL-1 in human disease. Furthermore, IL-1 blocking strategies have shown clinical benefit in a number of other genetically defined autoinflammatory conditions, and diseases with clinical similarities to the monogenic disorders and not yet identified genetic causes. The discovery that IL-1 is not only triggered by infectious danger signals but also by danger signals released from metabolically 'stressed' or even dying cells has extended the concept of autoinflammation to disorders such as gout, and those that were previously not considered inflammatory, such as type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, obesity and some degenerative diseases, and provided the conceptual framework to target IL-1 in these diseases. Despite the tremendous success of IL-1 blocking therapy, the use of these agents in a wider spectrum of autoinflammatory conditions has uncovered disease subsets that are not responsive to IL-1 blockade, including the recently discovered proteasome-associated autoinflammatory syndromes such as chronic atypical neutrophilic dermatitis with lipodystrophy and elevated temperatures (CANDLE), Japanese autoinflammatory syndrome with lipodystrophy (JASL), Nakajo-Nishimura syndrome (NNS) and joint contractures, muscle atrophy, panniculitis induced lipodystrophy (JMP), and urge the continued quest to characterize additional dysregulated innate immune pathways that cause autoinflammatory conditions.
<b>Specific accumulation of GFP in a non‐acidic vacuolar compartment via a C‐terminal propeptide‐mediated sorting pathway</b> (1998)

The green fluorescent protein (GFP) from Aequorea victoria can be detected in living plant cells after transient transformation of protoplasts. Expression of the GFP can be used to monitor protein trafficking in a mixed cell population and also to study the different function and importance of organelles in different cell types. We developed a vacuolar form of GFP that was obtained by replacing the C-terminal endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-retention motif of mGFP5-ER by the vacuolar targeting peptide of tobacco chitinase A. The vacuolar GFP was transported and accumulated in the vacuole as expected. However, we found two patterns of GFP accumulation after prolonged incubation (18-24 h) depending on the cell type. Most chloroplast-rich protoplasts had a fluorescent large central vacuole. In contrast, most chloroplast-poor protoplasts accumulated the GFP in one smaller vacuole but not in the large central vacuole, which was visible under a light microscope in the same cell. This differential accumulation reflected the existence of two different vacuolar compartments as described recently by immunolocalization of several vacuolar markers. We were able to characterize the vacuolar compartment to which GFP is specifically targeted as non-acidic, since it did not accumulate neutral red while acidic vacuoles did not accumulate GFP.
Efficient kernel density estimation using the fast gauss transform with applications to color modeling and tracking (2003)

Many vision algorithms depend on the estimation of a probability density function from observations. Kernel density estimation techniques are quite general and powerful methods for this problem, but have a significant disadvantage in that they are computationally intensive. In this paper, we explore the use of kernel density estimation with the fast Gauss transform (FGT) for problems in vision. The FGT allows the summation of a mixture of ill Gaussians at N evaluation points in O(M+N) time, as opposed to O(MN) time for a naive evaluation and can be used to considerably speed up kernel density estimation. We present applications of the technique to problems from image segmentation and tracking and show that the algorithm allows application of advanced statistical techniques to solve practical vision problems in real-time with today's computers.
Stability and robustness analysis of d/dt-closed-loop IGBT gate drive (2013)

Closed-loop IGBT switching trajectory control by means of an active IGBT gate drive (AGD) ensures an operation of the IGBT in the SOA and enables the minimization of switching delays, switching losses and EMI. In this paper the closed-loop control of d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">iC</sub> /dt and d <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">vCE</sub> /dt by the use of an AGD is investigated on the basis of control-oriented small signal IGBT modeling and the analysis of IGBT module parasitics. Therewith, analytical stability considerations are carried out employing root-locus plots. Furthermore, the transfer functions for different closed-loop controlled IGBT modules are analyzed in dependency of their parameter variations and parasitic inductances. A closed-loop AGD prototype is used to experimentally test, verify and comparatively evaluate the switching behavior of the different considered IGBT modules.
ChemInform Abstract: Clinically Useful Chelators of Tripositive Elements (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Personal wireless communication with DECT and PWT (1998)

An Introduction to DECT and PWT. The Technical Principles. Basic Protocols and Their Layering. The Physical Layer: Radio Frequency Access. Multi-Carrier Time Division Multiple Access. The Medium Access Control Layer. The Data Link Control Layer. The Network Layer. Advanced Applications: Cordless PABX. Wireless ISDN. Radio Local Loop Applications. Wireless Relay Stations. DECT/GSM Internetworking. Regulation and Type Approval.
Modifying factors in prenatal carcinogenesis (review). (1992)

A description of the experimental approaches devised to control the growth of tumors induced by transplacental exposure to carcinogens is given. Due to the massive cell proliferation and differentiation taking place during embryogenesis, fetal tissues are believed to be privileged targets of neoplastic changes. As a consequence, trace amounts of environmental carcinogens capable of accumulating into the conceptuses may determine the appearance of tumors in the offspring, a possibility documented in several animal species including humans. Endogenous and exogenous factors counteracting this process have potential application as regulators of developmental carcinogenesis. Their identification is regarded as a means to chemoprevent pediatric tumors and can be instrumental in the analysis of the aetiopathogenesis of neoplastic phenotypes.
A Session Based Approach for Aggregating Network Traffic Data -- The SANTA Dataset (2014)

This paper compares and contrasts the most widely used network security datasets, evaluating their efficacy in providing a benchmark for intrusion and anomaly detection systems. The antiquated nature of some of the most widely used datasets along with their inadequacies is examined and used as a basis for discussion of a new approach to analyzing network traffic data. Live network traffic is collected that consists of real normal traffic and both real and penetration testing attack data. Attack data is then inspected and labeled by means of manual analysis. While network attacks and anomaly features vary widely, they share some commonalities that are examined here. Among these are: self-similarity convergence, periodicity, and repetition. Further, the knowledge inherent in the definition of network boundaries and advertised services can provide crucial context that allows the network analyst to consider self-aware attributes when examining network traffic sessions. To these ends the Session Aggregation for Network Traffic Analysis (SANTA) dataset is proposed. The motivation and the methodology of collection, aggregation and evaluation of the raw data are presented, as well as the conceptualization of the SANTA attributes and advantages provided by this approach.
Star-shaped Roadmaps - A Deterministic Sampling Approach for Complete Motion Planning (2005)

We present a simple algorithm for complete motion planning using deterministic sampling. Our approach relies on computing a star-shaped roadmap of the free space. We partition the free space into star-shaped regions such that a single point called the guard can see every point in the starshaped region. The resulting set of guards capture the intraregion connectivity. We capture the inter-region connectivity by computing connectors that link guards of adjacent regions. We use the guards and connectors to construct a star-shaped roadmap of the free space. We present an efficient algorithm to compute the roadmap in a deterministic manner without computing an explicit representation of the free space. We show that the star-shaped roadmap captures the connectivity of the free space while providing sufficient information to perform complete motion planning. Our approach is relatively simple to implement for robots with translational and rotational degrees of freedom (dof). We highlight the performance of our algorithm on challenging scenarios with narrow passages or when there is no collision-free path for low-dof robots.
EFFECT OF DEOXYARBUTIN AND ITS SECOND-GENERATION DERIVATIVES ON MELANOCYTE VIABILITY AND FUNCTION (2006)

Therapeutic treatment of skin pigmentary disorders such as melasma, solar lentigines, and post inflammatory hyperpigmentation has been challenging and seldom completely successful.The majority of these therapies target tyrosinase, a key enzyme required for pigment synthesis.The lack of success is due to the less than desired efficacy and safety of tyrosinase inhibitors marketed as skin lightening agents (i.e.hydroquinone, kojic acid and arbutin).We propose that the tyrosinase inhibitor deoxyArbutin (dA) and second-generation derivatives of dA, deoxyFuran, thio-dA, and fluoro-dA, have the potential to be effective inhibitors of skin melanization.In this study, we have analyzed the modulating effects of dA and its derivatives on melanocyte function and viability.At safe concentrations, these compounds reversibly down-regulated melanogenesis by competitively inhibiting the key enzyme, tyrosinase.Lineweaver-Burk plot analysis revealed that these compounds had higher competitive inhibitor potencies against tyrosinase as compared to hydroquinone (HQ).Concentrations of these compounds that did compromise viability of melanocytes resulted in an inhibition of cell proliferation (i.e., cytostatic) as opposed to the induction of apoptosis (i.e., cytotoxic) that was induced by HQ.Melanogenic enzymes; tyrosinase and TRP-1 mediated this cytostatic effect of dA and its derivatives.A comparative evaluation of oxidative stress demonstrated that a minimal amount of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) was generated upon treatment with dA and derivatives, in contrast to the dramatic amount induced by HQ.This increase in ROS triggered an increase in activity of the endogenous antioxidant catalase in treated melanocytes.Endogenous catalase was sufficient to protect cells against ROS generated by dA and its derivatives, but not HQ, since treatment with exogenous antioxidants conferred protection against HQ, but not dA and derivatives.Thus, dA and second-generation derivatives demonstrate great potential for therapeutic use in hyperpigmentation because they are effective tyrosinase inhibitors and less toxic relative to the current gold standard, HQ..
NOD/LtSz- <i>Rag1</i> <i>null</i> Mice: An Immunodeficient and Radioresistant Model for Engraftment of Human Hematolymphoid Cells, HIV Infection, and Adoptive Transfer of NOD Mouse Diabetogenic T Cells (2000)

Development of a small animal model for the in vivo study of human immunity and infectious disease remains an important goal, particularly for investigations of HIV vaccine development. NOD/Lt mice homozygous for the severe combined immunodeficiency (Prkdcscid) mutation readily support engraftment with high levels of human hematolymphoid cells. However, NOD/LtSz-scid mice are highly radiosensitive, have short life spans, and a small number develop functional lymphocytes with age. To overcome these limitations, we have backcrossed the null allele of the recombination-activating gene (Rag1) for 10 generations onto the NOD/LtSz strain background. Mice deficient in RAG1 activity are unable to initiate V(D)J recombination in Ig and TCR genes and lack functional T and B lymphocytes. NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice have an increased mean life span compared with NOD/LtSz-scid mice due to a later onset of lymphoma development, are radioresistant, and lack serum Ig throughout life. NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice were devoid of mature T or B cells. Cytotoxic assays demonstrated low NK cell activity. NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice supported high levels of engraftment with human lymphoid cells and human hemopoietic stem cells. The engrafted human T cells were readily infected with HIV. Finally, NOD/LtSz-Rag1null recipients of adoptively transferred spleen cells from diabetic NOD/Lt+/+ mice rapidly developed diabetes. These data demonstrate the advantages of NOD/LtSz-Rag1null mice as a radiation and lymphoma-resistant model for long-term analyses of engrafted human hematolymphoid cells or diabetogenic NOD lymphoid cells.
Distinct Roles of Different NF-κB Subunits in Regulating Inflammatory and T Cell Stimulatory Gene Expression in Dendritic Cells (2007)

TLRs play a critical role in inducing inflammatory and immune responses against microbial agents. In this study, we have investigated the role of NF-kappaB transcription factors in regulating TLR-induced gene expression in dendritic cells, a key APC type. The p50 and cRel NF-kappaB subunits were found to be crucial for regulating genes important for dendritic cell-induced T cell responses (e.g., CD40, IL-12, and IL-18) but not for genes encoding inflammatory cytokines (e.g., TNF-alpha, IL-1alpha, and IL-6). In striking contrast, the RelA subunit was crucial for expression of inflammatory cytokine genes but not T cell stimulatory genes. These novel findings reveal a fundamentally important difference in biological function of genes regulated by different NF-kappaB subunits. Focusing on RelA target gene specificity mechanisms, we investigated whether the kappaB site and/or the unique composition of RelA played the most crucial role. Surprisingly, studies of IL-6 expression showed that the kappaB site is not a primary determinant of RelA target gene specificity. Instead, a major specificity mechanism is the unique ability of RelA to interact with the transcriptional coactivator CREB-binding protein, a function not shared with the closely related cRel subunit. Together, our findings indicate novel and critically important overall roles of NF-kappaB in TLR-induced gene expression that are mediated by unique functions of distinct subunits.
Optimization (2014)

An important aspect of any engineering design problem is to achieve efficiency. This can be in terms of energy consumption, performance, time complexity, etc. In many cases, we have multiple solutions to a problem and we have to select the most efficient solution. Finding the optimal solution from all the available options is known as optimization. Optimization plays an important role in various engineering applications such as design optimization, transportation, computation, manufacturing, economics and game theory. There is a broad body of work involving the mathematical theories behind optimization, aimed at designing efficient algorithms. In this chapter, we will concentrate on the implementation of numerical methods for optimization.
Coagulation, fibrinolysis, and fibrin deposition in acute lung injury (2003)

Disordered coagulation and fibrinolysis promote extravascular fibrin deposition in acute lung injury. It is this deposition that characterizes acute lung injury and repair. Expression of uPA, uPAR, and PAI-1 by the lung epithelium, as well as the ability of uPA to induce other components of the fibrinolytic system, involves posttranscriptional regulation. These pathways may contribute to disordered fibrin turnover in the injured lung. The success of anticoagulant or fibrinolytic strategies designed to reverse the abnormalities of local fibrin turnover in acute lung injury supports the inference that abnormalities of coagulation, fibrinolysis, and fibrin deposition have a critical role in the pathogenesis of acute lung injury.
Volatile Constituents from the Flowers of Japanese Honeysuckle (<i>Lonicera japonica</i>) (1996)

The flowers of Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica) have been shown by field observation to be attractive to a variety of economically important adult lepidoptera. The present study was performed to identify and quantify the volatile chemical constituents of L. japonica flowers, at different stages of development, to provide a basis for systematic evaluation of insect attraction. Methylene chloride extracts of flowers obtained at three stages of development (freshly opened, overnight, and 24 h) were subjected to vacuum-steam distillation/hexane extraction using a modified Likens−Nickerson apparatus. Volatile constituents were identified and quantitated using gas capillary chromatography/mass spectrometry. Twenty-seven compounds, 13 of which have not been reported in Lonicera spp. flowers, were identified among the three developmental stages. Germacrene D was a major component at all stages; linalool and α-farnesene appeared in high concentrations in fresh and 24 h flowers but were greatly reduced in overnight flowers. The latter, however, contained elevated levels of phenylpropanoid biosynthesized compounds, suggesting a marked diurnal influence on the biosynthesis of volatile flower constituents involving two modes of action: phenylpropanoid and lipoxygenase derivation. Keywords: Lonicera japonica; volatile flower constituents; cis-jasmone; diurnal variations
Phase-contrast X-ray imaging of breast (2010)

When an X-ray wave traverses an object, its amplitude and phase change, resulting in attenuation, interference, and refraction, and in phase-contrast X-ray imaging (PCI) these are converted to intensity changes. The relative change of the X-ray phase per unit path length is even orders of magnitude larger than that of the X-ray amplitude, so that the image contrast based on variation of the X-ray phase is potentially much stronger than the contrast based on X-ray amplitude (absorption contrast). An important medical application of PCI methods is soft-tissue imaging, where the absorption contrast is inherently weak. It is shown by in vitro examples that signs of malignant human breast tumor are enhanced in PCI images. Owing to the strong contrast, the radiation dose can be greatly reduced, so that a high-resolution phase-contrast X-ray tomography of the breast is possible with about 1 mGy mean glandular dose. Scattered radiation carries essential information on the atomic and molecular structure of the object, and particularly small-angle X-ray scattering can be used to trace cancer. The imaging methods developed at the synchrotron radiation facilities will become available in the clinical environment with the ongoing development of compact radiation sources, which produce intense X-ray beams of sufficient coherence. Several developments that are under way are described here.