gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modification of Ni(111) reactivity toward CH4, CO, and D2 by two-dimensional alloying (1996)

Alloying Au into the outermost atomic layer of Ni(111) significantly alters the physical and chemical properties of the surface. The reactivity is investigated by the use of seeded supersonic molecular beams of CH4 and it is found that the nobleness of Au reduces the overall reactivity toward CH4. This is accounted for in an ensemble model resolving the sticking probability on Ni atoms having different nearest neighbor surroundings. Although a mean field description of site distributions is found to be a very good approximation it is improved by using experimentally determined ensemble statistics from STM images. The strong influence of the vibrational temperature on the sticking coefficients of CH4 vs translational energy on the pure Ni(111) is also demonstrated. Desorption energies of CO and D2 is observed to decrease approximately 25–30 kJ/mole as the coverage of Au is increased from 0.0 to 0.7 ML. In TPD spectra of deuterium saturated surface alloys a new clearly resolved desorption state is observed at 180–220 K with maximum intensity around θAu=0.3–0.4 ML. This state is clearly related to chemisorption sites involving both Au and Ni. A site model based on mean field statistics adequately accounts for the appearance of this state. The effect of Au is also evident in the TPD spectra of CO saturated Au/Ni(111) surface alloys where the saturation coverage decreases and new structure develops.
High-speed optical coherence tomography: basics and applications (2010)

In the past decade we have observed a rapid development of ultrahigh-speed optical coherence tomography (OCT) instruments, which currently enable performing cross-sectional in vivo imaging of biological samples with speeds of more than 100,000 A-scans/s. This progress in OCT technology has been achieved by the development of Fourier-domain detection techniques. Introduction of high-speed imaging capabilities lifts the primary limitation of early OCT technology by giving access to in vivo three-dimensional volumetric reconstructions on large scales within reasonable time constraints. As result, novel tools can be created that add new perspective for existing OCT applications and open new fields of research in biomedical imaging. Especially promising is the capability of performing functional imaging, which shows a potential to enable the differentiation of tissue pathologies via metabolic properties or functional responses. In this contribution the fundamental limitations and advantages of time-domain and Fourier-domain interferometric detection methods are discussed. Additionally the progress of high-speed OCT instruments and their impact on imaging applications is reviewed. Finally new perspectives on functional imaging with the use of state-of-the-art high-speed OCT technology are demonstrated.
The human stem cell hierarchy is defined by a functional dependence on Mcl-1 for self-renewal capacity (2010)

The molecular basis for the unique proliferative and self-renewal properties that hierarchically distinguish human stem cells from progenitors and terminally differentiated cells remains largely unknown. We report a role for the Bcl-2 family member myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) as an indispensable regulator of self-renewal in human stem cells and show that a functional dependence on Mcl-1 defines the human stem cell hierarchy. In vivo pharmacologic targeting of the Bcl-2 family members in human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and human leukemic stem cells reduced stem cell regenerative and self-renewal function. Subsequent protein expression studies showed that, among the Bcl-2 family members, only Mcl-1 was up-regulated exclusively in the human HSC fraction on in vivo regeneration of hematopoiesis. Short hairpin RNA-knockdown of Mcl-1 in human cord blood cells did not affect survival in the HSC or hematopoietic progenitor cell fractions in vitro but specifically reduced the in vivo self-renewal function of human HSCs. Moreover, knockdown of Mcl-1 in ontogenetically primitive human pluripotent stem cells resulted in almost complete ablation of stem cell self-renewal function. Our findings show that Mcl-1 is an essential regulator of stem cell self-renewal in humans and therefore represents an axis for therapeutic interventions.
Aromatic Hydroxylation: Salicylic Acid as a Probe for Measuring Hydroxyl Radical Production (2003)

With the recognition that the imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant compounds is an important causative agent of aging and of various chronic diseases (), there has been growing interest in elucidating the pathways involved in oxidative-stress initiation. As oxidative stress is an inescapable repercussion of aerobic life, all organisms that use oxygen protect themselves against free radicals (). Although cells are endowed with impressive equipment of antioxidant defenses (), they are not completely efficient to resist an increased free-radical formation.
Mutations affecting the structure and function of immunoglobulin M. (1982)

Using a hybridoma cell line which secretes hapten-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM), we have isolated a variety of mutants which produce abnormal immunoglobulin. Immunoglobulin was tested for the size and composition of the component heavy and light chains and for variable and constant region related functional and serological activities. Some mutants secrete IgM which seems to be defective in hapten binding; others make IgM which appears not to activate complement. Many of the mutants secrete monomeric as opposed to pentameric IgM. In some cases, the defect apparently correlates with structural alterations in the mu heavy chain: partial deletion, polypeptide addition, and abnormal glycosylation have been observed. These mutant cell lines provide a means of identifying the structural basis of IgM function and of studying the biochemistry of IgM synthesis and processing.
Chiral Discrimination in Low-Density Hydrogen-Bonded Frameworks (2005)

The chiral organization in the host frameworks of 16 crystalline inclusion compounds, assembled from guanidinium ions and racemic mixtures of various substituted 4,4‘-biphenyldisulfonates or 4,4‘-binaphthyldisulfonate, was examined with single-crystal X-ray diffraction. These inclusion compounds adopt lamellar architectures as a consequence of hydrogen-bonded sheets consisting of complementary sulfonate moieties (S) and guanidinium (G) ions arranged in a quasihexagonal motif, which has proven pervasive in numerous other guanidinium organodisulfonates. The GS sheets were connected by the chiral organosulfonate “pillars,” which support inclusion cavities occupied by the guests. Only one of the 16 compounds crystallized as a conglomerate of enantiomorphs. Of the remaining 15 compounds, 5 crystallized as racemates, and 10 crystallized as pseudoracemates in which each crystal contained equal amounts of crystallographically disordered left- and right-handed pillars. This preference for pseudoracemates, which is unusually high for molecular crystals, can be attributed to the unique structure of the guanidinium-sulfonate network, which enforces large separations between the chiral pillars so that short-range chiral discrimination energies that would favor homo- or heterochirality are absent along certain crystal directions. The ability to examine chiral organization in well-defined subunits with hierarchical dimensionalityone-dimensional (1D) ribbons, two-dimensional (2D) layers, three-dimensional (3D) latticepermits examination of both short- and long-range exchange of chiral information in the crystal lattices. The structural trends suggest that close-packing interactions within 1D guanidinium-sulfonate ribbons promote either homochiral or heterochiral organization whereas permanent electric dipoles associated with biphenyl pillars having large dipole moments are important for the long-range transmission of chirality, consistent with previous theories.
Diversity of proteasomal missions: fine tuning of the immune response (2007)

The majority of cellular proteins are degraded by proteasomes within the ubiquitin-proteasome ATP-dependent degradation pathway. Products of proteasomal activity are short peptides that are further hydrolysed by proteases to single amino acids. However, some peptides can escape this degradation, being selected and taken up by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules for presentation to the immune system on the cell surface. MHC class I molecules are highly selective and specific in terms of ligand binding. Variability of peptides produced in living cells arises in a variety of ways, ensuring fast and efficient immune responses. Substitution of constitutive proteasomal subunits with immunosubunits leads to conformational changes in the substrate binding channels, resulting in a modified protein cleavage pattern and consequently in the generation of new antigenic peptides. The recently discovered event of proteasomal peptide splicing opens new horizons in the understanding of additional functions that proteasomes apparently possess. Whether peptide splicing is an occasional side product of proteasomal activity still needs to be clarified. Both gamma-interferon-induced immunoproteasomes and peptide splicing represent two significant events providing increased diversity of antigenic peptides for flexible and fine-tuned immune response.
ARL 17477, a Potent and Selective Neuronal NOS Inhibitor Decreases Infarct Volume after Transient Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Rats (1996)

We tested the effects of administration of a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) inhibitor, ARL 17477, on ischemic cell damage and regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), in rats subjected to transient (2 h) middle cerebral artery (MCA) occlusion and 166 h of reperfusion (n = 48) and in rats without MCA occlusion (n = 25), respectively. Animals were administered ARL 17477 (i.v.): 10 mg/kg; 1 mg/kg; 3mg/kg; N-nitro-L-arginine (L-NA) 10 mg/kg L-NA 1 mg/kg; and Vehicle. Administration of ARL 17477 1 mg/kg, 3 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg reduced ischemic infarct volume by 53 (p < 0.05), 23, and 6.5%, respectively. L-NA 1 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg increased infarct volume by 2 and 15%, respectively (p > 0.05). Administration of ARL 17477 (10 mg/kg) significantly (p < 0.05) decreased rCBF by 27 +/- 5.3 and 24 +/- 14.08% and cortical NOS activity by 86 +/- 14.9 and 91 +/- 8.9% at 10 min or 3 h, respectively, and did not alter mean arterial blood pressure (MABP). L-NA (10 mg/kg) significantly reduced rCBF by 23 +/- 9.8% and NOS activity by 81 +/- 7% and significantly (p < 0.05) increased MABP. Treatment with 3 mg/kg and 1 mg/kg ARL 17477 reduced rCBF by only 2.4 +/- 4.5 and 0%, respectively, even when NOS activity was reduced by 63 +/- 13.4 and 45 +/- 15.7% at 3 h, respectively, (p < 0.05). The data demonstrate that ARL 17477 inhibits nNOS in the rat brain and causes a dose-dependent reduction in infarct volume after transient MCA occlusion.
Using Bluetooth and sensor networks for intelligent transportation systems (2005)

Safety of road travel can be increased if vehicles can be made to form groups for communicating data among themselves. The Bluetooth protocol can be used for inter-vehicle communication among vehicles equipped with Bluetooth devices. This work presents a novel approach to increase the safety of road travel using the concepts of wireless sensor networks and the Bluetooth protocol. We discuss how vehicles can form mobile ad-hoc networks and exchange data sensed by the on-board sensors. The fusion of these data could give a better understanding of the surrounding traffic conditions. The feasibility of using Bluetooth for data exchange among vehicles is evaluated. Coverage area and probability of detection plots for isotropic and non-isotropic sensors are analyzed to study their use to avoid potential dangerous situations in traffic. As the simulation results show, Bluetooth and sensor networks can be used collaboratively to increase the safety of road travel.
The effect of compressive plastic deformation on the magnetic properties of AISI 4130 steels with various microstructures (1988)

The magnetic properties of AISI 4130 steel after eight heat treatments have been investigated. Properties such as hysteresis loss, coercivity, and initial permeability were found to be closely interrelated. Furthermore, they were each dependent on the hardness of the material. A relationship between the hardness and permeability was found which was microstructure independent. These parameters were also found to change in a systematic way with plastic deformation and this result can be used for non-destructive evaluation. Correlations between the magnetic parameters were also found to change in a systematic way with plastic deformation and this result can be used for non-destructive evaluation. Correlations between the magnetic parameters revealed relationships which depended on the microstructure of the material. The residual stress in steels can be determined from the changes in maximum differential permeability.
SentPWNet: A Unified Sentence Pair Weighting Network for Task-specific Sentence Embedding (2020)

Pair-based metric learning has been widely adopted to learn sentence embedding in many NLP tasks such as semantic text similarity due to its efficiency in computation. Most existing works employed a sequence encoder model and utilized limited sentence pairs with a pair-based loss to learn discriminating sentence representation. However, it is known that the sentence representation can be biased when the sampled sentence pairs deviate from the true distribution of all sentence pairs. In this paper, our theoretical analysis shows that existing works severely suffered from a good pair sampling and instance weighting strategy. Instead of one time pair selection and learning on equal weighted pairs, we propose a unified locality weighting and learning framework to learn task-specific sentence embedding. Our model, SentPWNet, exploits the neighboring spatial distribution of each sentence as locality weight to indicate the informative level of sentence pair. Such weight is updated along with pair-loss optimization in each round, ensuring the model keep learning the most informative sentence pairs. Extensive experiments on four public available datasets and a self-collected place search benchmark with 1.4 million places clearly demonstrate that our model consistently outperforms existing sentence embedding methods with comparable efficiency.
Revisiting Cardiac Cellular Composition (2016)

This new perspective on the abundance of different cell types in the heart demonstrates that fibroblasts comprise a relatively minor population. By contrast, endothelial cells constitute the majority of noncardiomyocytes and are likely to play a greater role in physiological function and response to injury than previously appreciated.
New Components of a System for Phosphate Accumulation and Polyphosphate Metabolism in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>Revealed by Genomic Expression Analysis (2000)

The PHO regulatory pathway is involved in the acquisition of phosphate (P(i)) in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. When extracellular P(i) concentrations are low, several genes are transcriptionally induced by this pathway, which includes the Pho4 transcriptional activator, the Pho80-Pho85 cyclin-CDK pair, and the Pho81 CDK inhibitor. In an attempt to identify all the components regulated by this system, a whole-genome DNA microarray analysis was employed, and 22 PHO-regulated genes were identified. The promoter regions of 21 of these genes contained at least one copy of a sequence that matched the Pho4 recognition site. Eight of these genes, PHM1-PHM8, had no previously defined function in phosphate metabolism. The amino acid sequences of PHM1 (YFL004w), PHM2 (YPL019c), PHM3 (YJL012c), and PHM4 (YER072w) are 32-56% identical. The phm3 and phm4 single mutants and the phm1 phm2 double mutant were each severely deficient in accumulation of inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) and P(i). The phenotype of the phm5 mutant suggests that PHM5 (YDR452w) is essential for normal catabolism of polyP in the yeast vacuole. Taken together, the results reveal important new features of a genetic system that plays a critical role in P(i) acquisition and polyP metabolism in yeast.
Menisci at a free liquid surface: surface tension from the maximum pull on a rod (1975)

The maximum force on a vertical rod supporting a stable meniscus, at equilibrium, formed at the free surface of a liquid, is shown to be a characteristic property of the system. This maximum force depends only on the rod radius, the density of the liquid, the gravitational acceleration and the surface tension.The maximum force represents the product of the maximum volume of liquid held above the general level, the gravitational acceleration and the density. The maximum volume of the meniscus has been derived theoretically as a function of rod radius in the form of a parametric equation with a table of coefficients. Thus from the measured rod radius and maximum force, the surface tension is derived.The surface tensions of water and of other liquids have been measured using this method and are found to agree very well with other methods given in the literature. However, this method is believed to be accurate to ±0.1 mN m–1, and it is an absolute method in that it requires no arbitrary end corrections involving a prior knowledge of the surface tension.It is important that the rod should be level and have a radius not so large that the angle of contact became a limitation on the maximum force measurable.The method does not involve detachment of the rod from the surface. It is an equilibrium method the position of which may be approached from both directions.
Limited energy consumption in positioning control of an electropneumatic actuator (1999)

International audience
Inactivation of Vegetative Cells, but Not Spores, of <i>Bacillus anthracis</i> , <i>B. cereus</i> , and <i>B. subtilis</i> on Stainless Steel Surfaces Coated with an Antimicrobial Silver- and Zinc-Containing Zeolite Formulation (2003)

Stainless steel surfaces coated with paints containing a silver- and zinc-containing zeolite (AgION antimicrobial) were assayed in comparison to uncoated stainless steel for antimicrobial activity against vegetative cells and spores of three Bacillus species, namely, B. anthracis Sterne, B. cereus T, and B. subtilis 168. Under the test conditions (25 degrees C and 80% relative humidity), the zeolite coating produced approximately 3 log(10) inactivation of vegetative cells within a 5- to 24-h period, but viability of spores of the three species was not significantly affected.
Thermal analysis of injectable, cellular-scale optoelectronics with pulsed power (2013)

An ability to insert electronic/optoelectronic systems into precise locations of biological tissues provides powerful capabilities, especially in neuroscience such as optogenetics where light can activate/deactivate critical cellular signalling and neural systems. In such cases, engineered thermal management is essential, to avoid adverse effects of heating on normal biological processes. Here, an analytic model of heat conduction is developed for microscale, inorganic light-emitting diodes (μ-ILEDs) in a pulsed operation in biological tissues. The analytic solutions agree well with both three-dimensional finite-element analysis and experiments. A simple scaling law for the maximum temperature increase is presented in terms of material (e.g. thermal diffusivity), geometric (e.g. μ-ILED size) and loading parameters (e.g. pulsed peak power, duty cycle and frequency). These results provide useful design guidelines not only for injectable μ-ILED systems, but also for other similar classes of electronic and optoelectronic components.
Genetic algorithms for multi-constraint scheduling: an application for the construction industry (2003)

SUMMARY Reliable construction schedule is vital for effective co-ordination across supply chains and various trades at construction work face. According to the lean construction concept, reliability of the schedule can be enhanced through detection and satisfaction of all potential constraints prior to releasing operation assignments. However, it is difficult to implement this concept since current scheduling tools and techniques are fragmented and designed to deal with a limited set of construction constraints. This paper introduces a methodology termed ‘multi-constraint scheduling’ in which four major groups of construction constraints including physical, contract, resource, and information constraints are considered. A Genetic Algorithm (GA) has been developed and used for multi-constraint optimisation problem. Given multiple constraints such as activity dependency, limited working area, and resource and information readiness, the GA alters tasks’ priorities and construction methods so as to arrive at optimum or near optimum set of project duration, cost, and smooth resource profiles. This feature has been practically developed as an embedded macro in MS Project. Several experiments confirmed that GA can provide near optimum solutions within acceptable searching time (i.e. 5 minutes for 1.92E11 alternatives). Possible improvements to this research are further suggested in the paper.
Overview of Advanced LIGO adaptive optics (2016)

This is an overview of the adaptive optics used in Advanced LIGO (aLIGO), known as the thermal compensation system (TCS). The TCS was designed to minimize thermally induced spatial distortions in the interferometer optical modes and to provide some correction for static curvature errors in the core optics of aLIGO. The TCS is comprised of ring heater actuators, spatially tunable CO<sub>2</sub> laser projectors, and Hartmann wavefront sensors. The system meets the requirements of correcting for nominal distortion in aLIGO to a maximum residual error of 5.4 nm rms, weighted across the laser beam, for up to 125 W of laser input power into the interferometer.
The biological function of insulin-like growth factor-I in myogenesis and its therapeutic effect on muscular dystrophy. (2005)

In progressive muscular dystrophy, such as Duchenne muscular dystrophy, muscles show the pathological changes characterized by hypertrophy at the early phase, while atrophic changes are seen with aging. As an experimental model for muscle hypertrophy and atrophy, insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) signaling via the activation of PI3K/Akt pathway has been well characterized. IGF-1 is also highlighted as a therapeutic agent as it has been shown to improve phenotype of dystrophic animals. In this review, the functions of IGF-1 on mitogenic proliferation and myogenic differentiation in vitro, muscle hypertrophy in vivo are discussed, as well as its possible utility for molecular therapy on muscular dystrophies.