gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Protection against<i>Plasmodium chabaudi</i>Malaria Induced by Immunization with Apical Membrane Antigen 1 and Merozoite Surface Protein 1 in the Absence of Gamma Interferon or Interleukin-4 (2004)

Strategies to optimize formulations of multisubunit malaria vaccines require a basic knowledge of underlying protective immune mechanisms induced by each vaccine component. In the present study, we evaluated the contribution of antibody-mediated and cell-mediated immune mechanisms to the protection induced by immunization with two blood-stage malaria vaccine candidate antigens, apical membrane antigen 1 (AMA-1) and merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP-1). Immunologically intact or selected immunologic knockout mice were immunized with purified recombinant Plasmodium chabaudi AMA-1 (PcAMA-1) and/or the 42-kDa C-terminal processing fragment of P. chabaudi MSP-1 (MSP-1(42)). The efficacy of immunization in each animal model was measured as protection against blood-stage P. chabaudi malaria. Immunization of B-cell-deficient JH(-/-) mice indicated that PcAMA-1 vaccine-induced immunity is largely antibody dependent. In contrast, JH(-/-) mice immunized with PcMSP-1(42) were partially protected against P. chabaudi malaria, indicating a role for protective antibody-dependent and antibody-independent mechanisms of immunity. The involvement of gammadelta T cells in vaccine-induced PcAMA-1 and/or PcMSP-1(42) protection was minor. Analysis of the isotypic profile of antigen-specific antibodies induced by immunization of immunologically intact mice revealed a dominant IgG1 response. However, neither interleukin-4 and the production of IgG1 antibodies nor gamma interferon and the production of IgG2a/c antibodies were essential for PcAMA-1 and/or PcMSP-1(42) vaccine-induced protection. Therefore, for protective antibody-mediated immunity, vaccine adjuvants and delivery systems for AMA-1- and MSP-1-based vaccines can be selected for their ability to maximize responses irrespective of IgG isotype or any Th1 versus Th2 bias in the CD4(+)-T-cell response.
Photolabile Protection of Alcohols, Phenols, and Carboxylic Acids with 3-Hydroxy-2-Naphthalenemethanol (2008)

Irradiation of alcohols, phenols, and carboxylic acids "caged" with the (3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenyl)methyl group results in fast (k(release) approximately = 10(5) s(-1)) release of the substrates with good quantum (Phi = 0.17-0.26) and chemical (>90%) yields. The initial byproduct of the photoreaction, 2-naphthoquinone-3-methide, reacts rapidly with water (k(H2O) = 144 +/- 11 s(-1)) to produce parent 3-hydroxy-2-naphthalenemethanol. The o-quinone methide intermediate can be also trapped by other nucleophiles or converted into a photostable Diels-Alder adduct with ethyl vinyl ether.
Altered intracellular targeting properties associated with mutations in the <i>Legionella pneumophila dotA</i> gene (1994)

Legionella pneumophila dot mutations cause defects in intracellular targeting of the microorganism within cultured macrophages. Each of the previously characterized dot mutations was shown to be complemented by a single open reading frame designated dotA. The defects caused by the mutations appear to be due to disrupted function of the predicted 1048-amino-acid residue DotA protein, and not by polarity effects on a downstream gene. Complementation studies indicated that the product of the dotA53 mutation results in a partially functional DotA protein, consistent with a stable N-terminal fragment having biological activity.
Diffusion marker experiments with rare-earth silicides and germanides: Relative mobilities of the two atom species (1981)

A marker study of the silicides (and germanides) of rare-earth elements obtained from metallic thin films on Si (and Ge) substrates indicates that Si(and Ge) atoms constitute the dominant diffusing species during the formation of these two types of compounds. Rutherford backscattering is used to distinguish between pairs of elements having different atomic weights but very similar with respect to their chemical and metallurgical behavior. An experiment conducted with the diffusion bilayer sample Ge-Tb on Si confirms the results obtained with bilayers of the type Y-Tb on Si (or Ge). Examination of the structure of the silicides which are formed provides clues about the difference in mobility between the Si and the metal atoms.
A method to determine nuclear magnetic resonance <i>T<sub>2</sub></i> cutoff value of tight sandstone reservoir based on multifractal analysis (2019)

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) T 2 cutoff value is an important parameter for pore structure evaluation. It is complicated and uneconomical to obtain T 2 cutoff value by an experimental method; therefore, it is necessary to explore a prediction method of T 2 cutoff value. In this paper, 10 samples of tight gas reservoirs in the eastern Ordos Basin were selected, and then saturation and centrifugal experiments of nuclear magnetic resonance were carried out. On this basis, multifractal theory was introduced to calculate the multifractal characteristics of the NMR T 2 spectrum of each sample, and the relationship between multifractal parameters and T 2 value was analyzed. The influencing factors of the T 2 cutoff value were clarified, and the prediction model of the T 2 cutoff value was constructed accordingly. The results show that the T 2 spectra of sandstones in the study area can be divided into three types: single steeple peak, double steeple peak, and irregular double peak. The pore diameter of the three types is 1 nm ~ 3×10 4 nm, 1 nm ~ 10 4 nm and 1 nm ~ 4×10 3 nm, respectively. The T 2 cutoff value ranges from 9.72 to 35.16 ms. The correlation analysis suggests that the symmetrical fractal dimension difference and symmetrical multifractal dimension ratio ( D min− D max , D min /D max ) shows a positive linear correlation with the T 2 cutoff value. The value of T 2 cutoff gradually decreases with the increase of the flow zone indicator ( FZI ). Therefore, three parameters, including symmetrical fractal dimension difference, symmetrical multifractal number ratio, and FZI are optimized, and the prediction model for the NMR T 2 cutoff value of sandstone samples in the study area is proposed. The introduction of porosity‐related parameters compensates for the shortcomings of previous T 2 cutoff value prediction models. At the same time, the prediction model is proven to be accurate and reliable by testing the measured data of the samples near the study area. The results of this paper can be used for further study of the NMR T 2 cutoff value prediction of tight sandstone reservoirs in different areas.
The effect of respiratory chain impairment of β-oxidation in rat heart mitochondria (1996)

Cardiac ischaemia leads to an inhibition of beta-oxidation flux and an accumulation of acyl-CoA and acyl-carnitine esters in the myocardium. However, there remains some uncertainty as to which esters accumulate during cardiac ischaemia and therefore the site of inhibition of beta-oxidation [Moore, Radloff, Hull and Sweely (1980) Am. J. Physiol. 239, H257-H265; Latipää (1989) J. Mol. Cell. Cardiol. 21, 765-771]. When beta-oxidation of hexadecanoyl-CoA in state III rat heart mitochondria was inhibited by titration of complex III activity, flux measured as 14CO2 release, acid-soluble radioactivity or as acetyl-carnitine was progressively decreased. Low concentrations of myxothiazol caused reduction of the ubiquinone pool whereas the NAD+/NADH redox state was less responsive. Measurement of the CoA and carnitine esters generated under these conditions showed that there was a progressive decrease in the amounts of chain-shortened saturated acyl esters with increasing amounts of myxothiazol. The concentrations of 3-hydroxyacyl and 2-enoyl esters, however, were increased between 0 and 0.2 microM myxothiazol but were lowered at higher myxothiazol concentrations. More hexadecanoyl-CoA and hexadecanoyl-carnitine were present with increasing concentrations of myxothiazol. We conclude that 3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase and acyl-CoA dehydrogenase activities are inhibited by reduction of the ubiquinone pool, and that this explains the confusion over which esters of CoA and carnitine accumulate during cardiac ischaemia. Furthermore these studies demonstrate that the site of the control exerted by the respiratory chain over beta-oxidation is shifted depending on the extent of the inhibition of the respiratory chain.
Synthesis and Characterization of Dendrimers from Ethylene Diamine and Trimethylolpropane Triacrylate (2005)

Dendrimers were prepared from ethylene diamine (EDA) and trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMPTA) by Michael addition reaction under mild conditions. EDA with four functional groups and TMPTA with three functional groups reacted directly without protection‐deprotection steps. The terminated functional groups of the whole dendrimer generation grew at the rate of 8×6n−1, and some objective products could be isolated and purified by washing with selective solvents. The dendrimer structure was characterized by IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, elemental analysis and ESI‐MS. The influence of reaction conditions on yields and purities of dendrimers was discussed.
Analysis of error concentrations in SNOMED. (2007)

Two high-level abstraction networks for the knowledge content of a terminology, known respectively as the "area taxonomy" and "p-area taxonomy," have previously been defined. Both are derived automatically from partitions of the terminology's concepts. An important application of these networks is in auditing, where a number of systematic regimens have been formulated utilizing them. In particular, the taxonomies tend to highlight certain kinds of concept groups where errors are more likely to be found. Using results garnered from applications of our auditing regimens to SNOMED CT, an investigation into the concentration of errors among such groups is carried out. Three hypotheses pertaining to the error distributions are put forth. The results support the fact that certain groups presented by the taxonomies show higher error percentages as compared to other groups. The bootstrap is used to assess their statistical significance. This knowledge will help direct auditing efforts to increase their impact.
DL-Lite: tractable description logics for ontologies (2005)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are growth and differentiation factors involved during development in morphogenesis, organogenesis and later mainly in regeneration processes, in particular in bone where they are responsible for osteoinduction. For more than a decade, recombinant human (rh)BMP-2 has been used in the clinic for lumbar spinal fusion at non-physiological high dosages that appear to be causative for side effects, like male sterility. A possible strategy to reduce the effective amount of rhBMP-2 in the clinic is the co-delivery with an enhancer of BMPs' activity. In an earlier study, we showed that N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP) enhances BMP activity in vitro and in vivo. Here we report on the development of a slow and sustained double delivery of rhBMP-2 and NMP via an in situ forming implant based on poly(lactide-co-glycolide). The results showed that the release of NMP can be adjusted by varying the lactide/glycolide ratio and the polymer's molecular weight. The same applied to rhBMP-2, with release rates that could be sustained from two to three weeks. In the in vivo model of a critical size defect in the calvarial bone of rabbits, the implant containing 50mol% lactide performed better than the one having 75mol% lactide in terms of defect bridging and extent of bony regenerated area. In situ forming implants for the double delivery of the BMP enhancer NMP and rhBMP-2 appear to be promising delivery systems in bone regeneration.
<i>In Vitro</i> Models for Studying Renal Stone Formation: A Clear Alternative (1998)

This paper discusses the limitations of using laboratory animals for direct in vivo observation of the development of renal stones. In fact, the majority of hypotheses related to mechanisms of stone formation have been based on the results of in vitro experiments. The relevance of in vitro experiments that allow the study of urolithiasis depends upon the degree of correspondence between the experimental conditions and those prevailing in the stone-forming kidney in vivo. For this reason, several in vitro experimental systems that attempt to reproduce the conditions found in vivo have been developed in order to study renal stone formation, which have been classified into two main groups: a) models to study papillary stone formation; and b) models to study "sedimentary" stone formation. These models are briefly described in this paper, and the information obtained was compared with that resulting from a study of the fine structure of real human renal calculi, in order to prove the validity of the models. It was concluded that the experimental in vitro models can closely reproduce the renal conditions under which human calculi are developed. This allows important data to be obtained about the aetiology of renal lithiasis, which is of great relevance to the development of effective treatments for this disease. Therefore, experimental in vitro models constitute a clear alternative to the use of laboratory animals.
Ambulatory ECG and analysis of heart rate variability in Parkinson's disease (2001)

Parkinson's disease causes dysfunction of the diurnal autonomic cardiovascular regulation as demonstrated by the spectral measures of heart rate variability and the slope of the power law relation. This dysfunction seems to be more profound in patients with more severe Parkinson's disease.
Nickel Removal from a Synthetic Nickel-Plating Wastewater Using Sulfide and Carbonate for Precipitation and Coprecipitation (1984)

Abstract The uses of soluble sulfide and carbonate were evaluated to determine their effectiveness in reducing nickel in a synthetic nickel plating wastewater. Nickel is a toxic substance and is detrimental to aquatic and human health as well as the operation of biological processes in wastewater treatment. Using a series of jar tests, an optimum pH range for nickel removal from a synthetic wastewater was found to be 10.0–11.0. The optimum removal occurred at pH 11 where a residual total nickel concentration of 0.1 mg/L was obtained with a sulfide: nickel weight ratio of 2.0 and a carbonate: nickel weight ratio of 20.0. A similar degree of removal was achieved at pH 10 where a residual total nickel concentration of 0.2 mg/L was obtained with a carbonate: nickel ratio of 10.0 and a sulfide: nickel ratio of 0.5. A mathematical model of the synthetic system was produced by multiple regression analysis. The model predicted the sample data trends quite effectively.
Optical imaging techniques for ballistics specimens to identify firearms (2002)

Characteristic markings on the cartridge and projectile of a bullet are produced when a gun is fired. Over thirty different features within these markings can be distinguished, which in combination produce a "fingerprint" for identification of a firearm. This paper describes an investigation into the development of an imaging system which can store, analyse, retrieve, and match high resolution digital images of cartridge cases. A computerised imaging system for ballistics identification will produce efficiencies in time and personnel, and permit a more precise audit of firearms within a country. The project has produced good quality high resolution digitised images of cartridge cases. The development of the optical system to optimise image quality has been crucial for the image identification phase. By classifying cartridge image attributes, it is possible to store the unique "signatures" of cartridge cases for identification. Appropriate image processing provides the signatures for the image library. The FIREBALL forensic ballistics interactive database incorporates a graphics user interface (GUI) to obtain precise ballistics metrics of cartridge case class characteristics. This project will significantly improve the effectiveness and efficiency of ballistics records and assist the tracing of firearms used in criminal activities by law enforcement agencies.
Neue Anforderungen an die Wettbewerbs- und Marktpolitik der Erdgaswirtschaft (1992)

Erdgas ist — wie der elektrische Strom und die Fernwärme — ein leitungsgebundener Energieträger (LGE) für den Markt stationärer Energieverwendung. Eine Analyse des Strukturwandels des Energiesektors weist auf, daß der Anteil der LGE an der gesamten Endenergie über die letzten 35 Jahre stark gewachsen ist; es spricht vieles dafür, daß dieser Prozeß sich weiter fortsetzt (Fischer 1986). Die LGE nehmen innerhalb der marktwirtschaftlichen Ordnung durch ihr “natürliches Monopol” eine Sonderstellung ein. Die spezifische Ökonomie der Erzeugung, des Transports bzw. der Verteilung der dargebotenen Energie, die hohen Kapitalerfordernisse für die Leitungssysteme, für die Infrastruktur der Energieverteilung und der besondere Charakter der dargebotenen Energie hat historisch zu einer spezifischen Wettbewerbslage geführt. Konzessions- und Demarkationsverträge (aber auch Anschluß- und Versorgungszwänge) sichern innerhalb der Branchen Marktanteile und schließen einen vollkommenen Wettbewerb nahezu aus. Der Wettbewerb herrscht vielmehr eingeschränkt zwischen den Branchen um Marktanteile in den jeweiligen Anwendungsbereichen und -arten. Aber auch dies wird von einigen Vertretern der Energiewirtschaft wie von Energiewissenschaftlern für bestimmte Märkte abgestritten. Der Grund liegt in der Tatsache, daß große Querverbundunternehmen Anbieter mehrerer LGE sind. So werden im Wärmemarkt unter den LGE wie zwischen den LGE und Nicht-LGE Wettbewerbsverzerrungen konstatiert, die tendenziell zu höheren Preisen führen. Gerade die Wettbewerbsfähigkeit des Erdgases gilt hier als “politisch soweit abgesichert, daß es einen echten marktmäßigen Wettbewerb nicht zu führen braucht” (Bennigsen-Foerder 1985). Bennigsen-Foerder begründet seine Feststellung in bezug auf die Bundesrepublik Deutschland mit zwei Argumenten: der Preisbindung des Erdgases am Erdöl und der Ausstattung der Gasgesellschaften mit dem Privileg des Gebietsmonopols, das er zwar für den elektrischen Strom als gerechtfertigt ansieht, nicht aber für die Gaswirtschaft.
Neurodegenerative aspects of protein aggregation (2004)

Protein aggregation and amyloid fibril deposits are characteristic features of more than twenty pathologic conditions characterized by plaque deposition in the central nervous system. Recent studies point out relationships between protein misfolding and numerous serious diseases. Despite different origins (sporadic, familial or transmissible), they are sometimes called conformational diseases to emphasize aberrant conformations as the putative cause of deposits that precede or accompany the clinical manifestation of the disease. Neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Prion disorders (PrD), Parkinson's disease (PD), and Huntington's disease (HD) are the most typical examples of protein-based dementias, characterized by protein conformational transitions (alpha-helix/random coil to beta-sheet) that cause aggregation followed by fibrillization. Although it is very tempting to postulate a common mechanism of toxicity based on conformational and structural analogies, it should be noted that the factors responsible for conformational transition, oligomerization, aggregation, and plaque formation, are still subject of speculation and additional data is required to test the amyloid fibril hypothesis.
5′-Triphosphate-Short Interfering RNA: Potent Inhibition of Influenza A Virus Infection by Gene Silencing and RIG-I Activation (2012)

Limited protection of current vaccines and antiviral drugs against influenza A virus infection underscores the urgent need for development of novel anti-influenza virus interventions. While short interfering RNA (siRNA) has been shown to be able to inhibit influenza virus infection in a gene-specific manner, activation of the retinoic acid-inducible gene I protein (RIG-I) pathway has an antiviral effect in a non-gene-specific mode. In this study, we designed and tested the anti-influenza virus effect of a short double-stranded RNA, designated 3p-mNP1496-siRNA, that possesses dual functions: an siRNA-targeting influenza NP gene and an agonist for RIG-I activation. This double-stranded siRNA possesses a triphosphate group at the 5' end of the sense strand and is blunt ended. Our study showed that 3p-mNP1496-siRNA could potently inhibit influenza A virus infection both in cell culture and in mice. The strong inhibition effect was attributed to its siRNA function as well as its ability to activate the RIG-I pathway. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report that the combination of siRNA and RIG-I pathway activation can synergistically inhibit influenza A virus infection. The development of such dual functional RNA molecules will greatly contribute to the arsenal of tools to combat not only influenza viruses but also other important viral pathogens.
[Recent multi-center clinical studies about calcium blockade and cardiovascular diseases]. (2006)

Recently, a lot of multi-center clinical studies about calcium (Ca) blockade and cardiovascular diseases have been investigated. Though the ability to reduce blood pressure is the most important thing, much attention is also paid to the effect of organ protection effect beyond blood pressure lowering. Compared to angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) or angiotensin converting enzyme-inhibitor (ACE-I), amlodipine among Ca channel blockers shows excellent protective effect of cardiovascular disease. As specified to the kidney disease, renin-angiotensin (RA) inhibition by ARB or ACE-I is much effective than Ca blockade, however, Ca channel blocker is thought to be the first choice as for the blood pressure lowering of ischemic heart disease patients. From now on, further studies will be expected to prove not only the effect of RA system drugs, but also Ca channel blockers, moreover, to know the differences of benefit among many Ca channel blockers.
Multikomponentenreaktionen (MCR). I. Perspektiven von Multikomponentenreaktionen und deren Bibliotheken (1997)

Multi-Component Reactions (MCR). I. Perspectives of Multi-Component Reactions and their Libraries The classical Multi-Component Reactions (MCR's) are equilibrating 3CR's of α-aminoalkylations of type I and some related secondary formations of heterocycles. In 1958 the isocyanides became well available. Already one year later the Ugi-4CR of the isocyanides was introduced. This is a one-pot reaction of type II, whose educts and intermediates equilibrate, whereas its final two steps proceed irreversibly towards its products. Also, collections of stereoisomers can be formed, if some of the components are chiral. The educts and products of the U-4CR are more variable than of any other previously known chemical reaction. Varieties of MCR's of the isocyanides involve five to eight different components. Already in 1961 it was realized that molecular libraries consisting of n4 constitutionally different products are formed, if n different educts of each type undergo the U-4CR, and more than n4 stereoisomeric products will result. Since 1994 such libraries of the MCR products are prepared and investigated intensely, particularly by the pharmaceutically and agrochemically oriented chemical industry. The computer-supported planning of libraries proceeds efficiently. Such syntheses need the application of automated and computer-driven equipment and methods.