gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improving cell libraries for synthesis (2002)

This paper examines the issues associated with building a cell library that will serve as the target for an automated synthesis tool and particularly focuses on cell library modifications that will improve the speed of a circuit. A number of library modifications are suggested here, and an experimental method for evaluating their effectiveness is described. This method is then used to quantify the importance of each modification as clearly as possible. The conclusion of this work is that relatively simple modifications in a cell library can lead to 20-30% improvements in final circuit speed, and that the principles motivating these modifications are not embodied in the cell sets of most commercial ASIC libraries.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Combined distributed temperature and strain sensor based on Brillouin loss in an optical fiber (1994)

We present a novel distributed sensor that utilizes the temperature and strain dependence of the frequency at which the Brillouin loss is maximized in the interaction between a cw laser and a pulsed laser. With a 22-km sensing length, a strain resolution of 20 μ∊ and a temperature resolution of 2 °C have been achieved with a spatial resolution of 5 m.
3D Echo Planar Imaging: Application to the Human Head (1995)

In this work, the authors present 3D images acquired from the human head using echo planar encoding for two of the three dimensions of k-space. The third dimension of k-space is filled by selecting and phase encoding a slab of spins as in conventional 3D steady state (GRASS based) acquisition regimens. Using this approach, a 128 x 64 x 64 3D data matrix could be obtained in 3.4-4.7 sec using effective TE values of 24 and 34 ms, respectively. High quality 3D images could be acquired once phase ghosts present on 2D images were minimized through proper adjustments of scanner hardware.
Structural Properties of the Caenorhabditis elegans Neuronal Network (2011)

Despite recent interest in reconstructing neuronal networks, complete wiring diagrams on the level of individual synapses remain scarce and the insights into function they can provide remain unclear. Even for Caenorhabditis elegans, whose neuronal network is relatively small and stereotypical from animal to animal, published wiring diagrams are neither accurate nor complete and self-consistent. Using materials from White et al. and new electron micrographs we assemble whole, self-consistent gap junction and chemical synapse networks of hermaphrodite C. elegans. We propose a method to visualize the wiring diagram, which reflects network signal flow. We calculate statistical and topological properties of the network, such as degree distributions, synaptic multiplicities, and small-world properties, that help in understanding network signal propagation. We identify neurons that may play central roles in information processing, and network motifs that could serve as functional modules of the network. We explore propagation of neuronal activity in response to sensory or artificial stimulation using linear systems theory and find several activity patterns that could serve as substrates of previously described behaviors. Finally, we analyze the interaction between the gap junction and the chemical synapse networks. Since several statistical properties of the C. elegans network, such as multiplicity and motif distributions are similar to those found in mammalian neocortex, they likely point to general principles of neuronal networks. The wiring diagram reported here can help in understanding the mechanistic basis of behavior by generating predictions about future experiments involving genetic perturbations, laser ablations, or monitoring propagation of neuronal activity in response to stimulation.
A 52-kD protein is a novel component of the SS-A/Ro antigenic particle. (1988)

Anti-SS-A/Ro autoantibodies are found in the sera of patients with Sjogren's syndrome (SS) and SLE. In the course of analyzing 61 SS patients for their autoantibody profiles, we found that 42 were positive for anti-SS-A by double diffusion in agarose and demonstrated precipitin lines identical to that produced by a prototype anti-SS-A serum. Further analysis of these SS-A antibody-positive sera by Western blotting of cell extracts revealed that 21 sera reacted with two proteins of 60 and 52 kD, 13 sera reacted with 52-kD protein, two detected only 60 kD, while six were nonreactive. Affinity-purified anti-60-kD and anti-52-kD antibodies reacted exclusively with their corresponding antigens. Partial proteolysis of these proteins did not reveal common degradation fragments. Thus the 52- and 60-kD proteins were found to be antigenically and apparently structurally distinct from each other. They were also distinct from 48-kD SS-B/La protein. In immunoprecipitation using labeled cell extracts, affinity-purified anti-52-kD antibodies brought down the 52-kD protein as well as the 60-kD band. In [32P]orthophosphate-labeled HeLa cell extract both antibodies precipitated the same spectrum of small RNAs (hYl-5). In indirect immunofluorescence, anti-52-kD and anti-60-kD antibodies immunolocalized in similar subcellular structures and showed similar punctate nuclear staining patterns. Western blot analysis revealed that both proteins were present in lymphocytic as well as epithelial human cell lines tested. The data above define a new antigen of 52 kD which is another component of the SS-A particle and is associated in complex formation with the previously reported 60-kD protein.
Linear electro-optic effect in a cholesteric liquid crystal (1994)

J. Patel and R. B. Meyer [Phys. Rev. Lett. 58, 1538 (1987)] found an electro-optic effect in a cholesteric layer with a unidirectionally aligned helix axis, when an electric field was applied normal to it. The effect is flexoelectric in origin and exhibits a linear behavior in the electric field, at least for low fields, where the dielectric coupling between the liquid crystal molecules and the applied field can be neglected. At high fields, however, the electro-optic response might considerably deviate from the linear character due to the field-induced helix unwinding. We have extended the study, both experimentally and theoretically, to take the dielectric phenomena into account. We do this by investigating the electro-optic response in the case of a field-dependent helix profile, making not only the optic axis direction but also the basic optical parameters strongly field dependent. Computer simulations of the electro-optic response, performed on the basis of this model, show an excellent agreement with the experimental results. This means that the combination of flexoelectric and dielectric coupling is sufficient to describe satisfactorily the physics of this electro-optic effect up to reasonably high fields. We finally address the question: How may the region of linear response be extended further by the design of new materials?
Effective Wellbore Stimulation Methods Utilizing Advanced Thermal Technologies (2020)

Abstract The objective of this study is to optimize heat generation for effective wellbore stimulation and clean up utilizing advanced thermal techniques. In this study, resistivity heat (electric), Microwave, Radio frequencies, and steam have been evaluated utilizing large patented apparatus. Different heating technologies can be configured in the apparatus using vertical, horizontal, or a combination of vertical and horizontal wells. Baselines are measured and methods of enhancing heat propagation are discussed. Thermal stimulation techniques are the efficient for wellbore stimulation and clean up, however, these technologies have major limitations in penetrating the formation and lower efficiency in deep formations. To solve these drawbacks, alternative methods using microwave have been identified and investigated. Another alternative is to combine microwave with steam and electric heaters, among others. A state-of-the-art Universal Apparatus has been designed and built to investigate multiple thermal stimulation techniques; namely microwave with microwave enabler materials (they can heat up to 800°F), steam injection, and electric (resistivity) heaters. The apparatus was designed to simulate a real oil formation, it can be filled with 1-m3 of sand or rock blocks. Each of the heating mechanism can be inserted into the sand/rock bed either vertically or horizontally at multiple positions. It is also equipped with 60 temperature measurement points and 5 acoustic sensors for real-time monitoring. Heating methods were tested individually to evaluate their heat propagation and efficiencies and to set their baselines. Then they were tested in-combination to optimize the controlling parameters for effective heat generation and propagation, and to develop new methods for formation stimulation. The results demonstrated that the heating dynamics can be optimized by controlling the configuration of the heating tools, their operating parameters, and the microwave enablers distribution, type, and volume. This work also showed that the microwave enablers can be used to improve the heat transfer into oil formations. This paper will present the different evaluated scenarios and the optimized combinations for effective heat generation and propagation.
A Review on the Promising Plasma-Assisted Preparation of Electrocatalysts (2019)

Electrocatalysts are becoming increasingly important for both energy conversion and environmental catalysis. Plasma technology can realize surface etching and heteroatom doping, and generate highly dispersed components and redox species to increase the exposure of the active edge sites so as to improve the surface utilization and catalytic activity. This review summarizes the recent plasma-assisted preparation methods of noble metal catalysts, non-noble metal catalysts, non-metal catalysts, and other electrochemical catalysts, with emphasis on the characteristics of plasma-assisted methods. The influence of the morphology, structure, defect, dopant, and other factors on the catalytic performance of electrocatalysts is discussed.
BlackBerry For Dummies (2006)

Get the most juice out of your BlackBerry handheld!. Feature-rich and complex, the BlackBerry is the number one smartphone in the corporate world is among the most popular handhelds for business users. This new and updated edition includes all the latest and greatest information on new and current BlackBerry mobile devices. Covering a range of valuable how-to topics, this helpful guide explores the BlackBerry's most useful features, techniques for getting the most out of your BlackBerry, and practical information about power usage.: Covers all aspects of the number one smartphone in the corpor
Application of Diffusive Samplers (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Principles of Diffusive Sampling Selection of Appropriate Methods Performance of Diffusive Samplers for the Measurement of VOCs in Indoor Air Studies of VOCs in Indoor Air Using Diffusive Samplers Other Applications of Diffusive Samplers Conclusion References
Reexamining Alzheimer's Disease: Evidence for a Protective Role for Amyloid-β Protein Precursor and Amyloid-β (2009)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease characterized clinically by cognitive decline and pathologically by the accumulation of amyloid-beta-containing senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. A great deal of attention has focused, focused on amyloid-beta as the major pathogenic mechanism with the ultimate goal of using amyloid-beta lowering therapies as an avenue of treatment. Unfortunately, nearly a quarter century later, no tangible progress has been offered, whereas spectacular failure tends to be the most compelling. We have long contended, as has substantial literature, that proteinaceous accumulations are simply downstream and, often, endstage manifestations of disease. Their overall poor correlation with the level of dementia, and their presence in the cognitively intact is evidence that is often ignored as an inconvenient truth. Current research examining amyloid oligomers, therefore, will add copious details to what is, in essence, a reductionist distraction from upstream pleiotrophic processes such as oxidative stress, cell cycle dysfunction, and inflammation. It is now long overdue that the neuroscientists avoid the pitfall of perseverating on "proteinopathies'' and recognize that the continued targeting of end stage lesions in the face of repeated failure, or worse, is a losing proposition.
Atezolizumab (atezo) in first-line cisplatin-ineligible or platinum-treated locally advanced or metastatic urothelial cancer (mUC): Long-term efficacy from phase 2 study IMvigor210. (2018)

4523 Background: Platinum-based chemotherapy is a standard first-line approach for mUC, but many pts are ineligible for cisplatin, and progression is common. Atezo (anti–PD-L1) was approved for first-line cisplatin–ineligible and platinum-treated mUC pts following IMvigor210 results. Here we present more mature DOR and OS data in both populations. Methods: Cohort 1 (NCT02951767) pts were treatment naive for mUC, had ECOG PS ≤ 2 and were ineligible for cisplatin by at least one of the following: GFR > 30 and < 60 mL/min, ≥ G2 hearing loss or peripheral neuropathy or ECOG PS 2. Cohort 2 (NCT02108652) pts progressed after platinum and had ECOG PS ≤ 1 and GFR ≥ 30 mL/min. Atezo 1200 mg IV q3w was given until PD (Cohort 1) or loss of clinical benefit (Cohort 2). We evaluated the following efficacy endpoints: RECIST v1.1 ORR by central review (primary), DOR, OS. Results: 119 Cohort 1 pts (median follow-up, 29 mo) and 310 Cohort 2 pts (median follow-up, 33 mo) were evaluable as of July 12, 2017. In Cohort 1, ORR was 24% (95% CI: 16, 32), CR rate was 8%, and median DOR was not reached (95% CI: 30.4 mo to not estimable; 19 of 28 responses ongoing); in elderly pts (≥ 80 y; Cohort 1, n = 25), ORR was 28% (95% CI: 12, 49), and CR rate was 12%. Further characterization of outcomes in pts ≥ 80 y and subgroups with poor prognostic factors will be presented. In Cohort 2, ORR was 16% (95% CI: 13, 21), CR rate was 7%, and median DOR was 24.8 mo (95% CI: 13.8, 30.4). In both cohorts, sustained responses occurred among pts who discontinued atezo for reasons besides PD. In Cohort 1, median OS was 16.3 mo (95% CI: 10.4, 24.5), with 1-y OS of 58% (95% CI: 49, 67) and 2-y OS of 41% (95% CI: 32, 50); in Cohort 2, median OS was 7.9 mo (95% CI: 6.7, 9.3), with 1-y OS of 37% (95% CI: 31, 42) and 2-y OS of 23% (95% CI: 19, 28). Conclusions: With > 2 y median follow-up, responses to first-line atezo in cisplatin-ineligible mUC pts, including pts ≥ 80 y, appeared durable, resulting in continued improvement in OS since the primary analysis. For pre-treated pts, ORR and OS were in line with prior data, and taken together with DOR, data were consistent with Ph 3 results (IMvigor211, NCT02302807). Clinical trial information: NCT02951767 and NCT02108652.
Design of micro/mesoporous zeolite-based catalysts for petrochemical and organic syntheses (2015)

This review systematizes and analyzes the physicochemical and catalytic properties of micro/mesoporous materials prepared by two-step recrystallization. The materials are divided into three groups according to the degree of recrystallization: (1) mesostructured zeolites (RZEO-1), (2) micro/mesoporous nanocomposites (RZEO-2), and (3) mesoporous materials with zeolite fragments (RZEO-3). Particular attention is focused on the catalytic properties of the recrystallized materials in petrochemical and organic syntheses. Main advantages of the micro/mesoporous molecular sieves over zeolites and mesoporous materials are demonstrated, and ways of obtaining new catalytic systems based on these molecular sieves are suggested.
A novel ring-opening reaction. An improved method for reductive succinoylation (1977)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA novel ring-opening reaction. An improved method for reductive succinoylationEiichi Nakamura, Koichi Hashimoto, and Isao KuwajimaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1977, 42, 25, 4166–4167Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1977Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1977https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00445a047https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00445a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views153Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Nanostructure of the Interpenetrating Networks in Poly(3‐hexylthiophene)/fullerene Bulk Heterojunction Materials: Implications for Charge Transport (2007)

The fractal dimension, chemical distance, and finally the effect of an applied electric field on the transport within the interpenetrating network of poly(3-hexylthiophene)/fullerene bulk heterojunction materials are calculated. According to simulations, charge carriers travel along a pathway ~4 times longer than the regular Euclidean distance. In an applied electric field, the drift speed of charged carriers is reduced because of field-induced trapping on the tortuous network.
LC3A-Positive “Stone-Like” Structures in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinomas (2011)

This study was set to investigate the relation between autophagic activity and the aggressiveness of cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (SCC), as indicated by tumor thickness and proliferative activity. The anti-LC3A antibody, recognizing both the soluble and the autophagosome-bound forms of the protein, and a standard immunohistochemical technique were applied to 75 cutaneous SCC of variable tumor thickness. The study was complemented by staining for MIB1. Three patterns of LC3A reactivity were recognized: diffuse cytoplasmic, cytoplasmic/perinuclear, and "stone-like" structures (SLS), that is, large, rounded, densely stained amorphous material, 5 μm on average, enclosed within cytoplasmic vacuoles. Higher numbers of SLS were counted in >6-mm-thick SCC compared with the intermediate-thickness tumors (2.1-6 mm) and the <2-mm-thick tumors; the mean recorded values, being 8.8, 4.55, and 1.55, respectively, were statistically significant. The diffuse cytoplasmic staining showed a nearly inverse trend, whereas the perinuclear pattern, expressed in <10% of the total, was not evaluated. With regard to MIB1 proliferation index, this increased with tumor thickness and, in linear regression analysis, was directly linked with SLS counts and inversely with the cytoplasmic pattern. These data suggest that autophagic activity in SCC, when expressed as high LC3A/SLS counts, can be regarded as an indicator of tumor aggressiveness.
High‐throughput screening of <b><i>Erwinia chrysanthemi</i></b> pectin methylesterase variants using carbohydrate microarrays (2009)

Abstract Pectin methylesterases (PMEs) catalyse the removal of methyl esters from the homogalacturonan (HG) backbone domain of pectin, a ubiquitous polysaccharide in plant cell walls. The degree of methyl esterification (DE) impacts upon the functional properties of HG within cell walls and plants produce numerous PMEs that act upon HG in muro . Many microbial plant pathogens also produce PMEs, the activity of which renders HG more susceptible to cleavage by pectin lyase and polygalacturonase enzymes and hence aids cell wall degradation. We have developed a novel microarray‐based approach to investigate the activity of a series of variant enzymes based on the PME from the important pathogen Erwinia chrysanthemi . A library of 99 E. chrysanthemi PME mutants was created in which seven amino acids were altered by various different substitutions. Each mutant PME was incubated with a highly methyl esterified lime pectin substrate and, after digestion the enzyme/substrate mixtures were printed as microarrays. The loss of activity that resulted from certain mutations was detected by probing arrays with a mAb (JIM7) that preferentially binds to HG with a relatively high DE. Active PMEs therefore resulted in diminished JIM7 binding to the lime pectin substrate, whereas inactive PMEs did not. Our findings demonstrate the feasibility of our approach for rapidly testing the effects on PME activity of substituting a wide variety of amino acids at different positions.
Glutamate, GABA and Precursor Amino Acids in Adult Mouse Neocortex: Cellular Diversity Revealed by Quantitative Immunocytochemistry (2000)

Glutamate is an important amino acid in the neocortex for metabolic and neurotransmitter functions. The objective of this study was to detect variations in cellular glutamate content using quantitative immunocytochemistry. We show that glutamate is present in almost all cortical cells and coexists with other amino acids such as aspartate, glutamine or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). The patterns of aspartate and glutamine content suggests that there are no purely aspartatergic or glutaminergic neurons. GABAergic neurons showed variable levels of the precursors such as glutamate, glutamine and aspartate. Comparison of immunoreactive patterns between two cortical areas did not detect any statistically significant differences. The mean cellular intensity for GABA and glutamate was constant across different layers. Surprisingly, we found that GABAergic neurons could coexist with either low or high levels of glutamate, suggesting that metabolic levels of glutamate in these neurons could be variable. Alternatively, some GABA neurons may utilize both GABA and glutamate for neurotransmission. We show that when variations in amino acid content are separately mapped onto individual cells, co-registration is a useful technique for reporting heterogeneity among cortical cells.
Effect of Electroplating Parameters on Magnetic Properties of Ni-Co Alloys (1966)

Relations between crystal structure, composition, and coercive force of Ni-Co, Ni-Co-P, and Co-P alloys have been reported. These relations are very useful for the understanding of the magnetic properties of Ni-Co alloys. However, their practical application is limited because the dependence between plating parameters and magnetic properties of the deposit were not established. In this paper, relations between magnetic properties and plating parameters of Ni-Co films varying in composition and thickness are reported. A relation between coercivity and stress of deposit is shown. The coercivity for a particular thickness of deposit and particular composition and concentration of solution increases from 130 to 250 Oe as the plating temperature increases from 25°C to 40°C, then the coercivity decreases as temperature increases from 40°C to 85°C. Similar relations have been found between magnetic properties and plating current density, Ni/Co ratio of solution (for various concentrations), and thickness. These results are reproducible and have been plotted. The effect of pH is also reported. With these experimental results, the optimum plating conditions for Ni-Co materials with coercivity ranging from 100–550 Oe can be found. Ni-Co alloy with 500 Oe coercivity was deposited on drums and bit density of 5000-flux reversals was obtained.