gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Papain in organic solvents: Determination of conditions suitable for biocatalysis and the effect on substrate specificity and inhibition (1991)

Synthesis of N-CBZ-(N-Carbobenzoxy)-1-amino-acid methyl esters from N-CBZ-amino acids and methanol has been used as an assay to examine the properties of papain in organic solvents containing small amounts of water. Papain is active in solvents ranging in polarity from acetonitrile to tetrachloromethane. The optimal activity in each solvent varied only about three to four fold, but the amount of added water required to achieve it varied from 4% (v/v) in acetonitrile to 0.05% (v/v) in tetrachloromethane. The enzyme was generally more stable in hydrophobic solvents and at lower water contents. The apparent K(m) value of CBZ-glycine was 26 times higher in acetonitrile than in toluene due to differential partitioning of the substrate between aqueous and organic phases. The substrate specificity of the enzyme was qualitatively little different from that in aqueous solution, with amino acid derivatives still the best substrates. Nitrile analogs of substrates inhibited the enzyme, as they do in aqueous solution, and inhibition by a variety of substituted aromatic hydrocarbons showed that the main specificity of papain for hydrophobic side chains at its S(2) subsite, was little affected. The results show that papain can catalyze reactions under a variety of conditions in organic solvents but its substrate specificity is little changed from that in aqueous media.
Effect of Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection of HeLa-Cell Macromolecular Synthesis (1977)

Summary Cells infected with respiratory syncytial (RS) virus eventually die but there appears to be no specific mechanism for shutting off cellular synthesis of macromolecules. DNA and RNA synthesis, as measured by the incorporation of labelled thymidine or uridine, do not begin to shut down until some time between 11 and 18 h after infection. By 18 h their rates of synthesis are reduced to approx. 50% for DNA and 35% for RNA. Protein synthesis continues throughout the course of infection at approximately the same rate. Synthesis of most of the cellular polypeptides also continues, but the distribution of polypeptides of high and low mol. wt. shifts. The increase in the proportion of those of high mol. wt. includes a peak that represents one of the seven previously identified virion polypeptides. Another consequence of RS virus infection is an increase in glucosamine incorporation, beginning near the end of the virus eclipse period (12 h after infection), which may be associated with virion glycoprotein synthesis. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of glucosamine-labelled cells reveals that at 18 h after infection two of the three previously identified virion glycoproteins are present.
Monopulse Networks for Series Feeding an Array Antenna (1968)

Series networks for feeding an array antenna are attractive because they can be designed compactly. A series "ladder" network is available which is particularly applicable for feeding a monopulse array antenna since it has complete independent control of the sum and difference excitations, minimum dissipative loss, and physical symmetry. This network consists of primary and secondary transmission lines feeding two sets of directional couplers that are interconnected to resemble a ladder. To obtain physical symmetry, the ladder is fed at the center by two hybrid junctions and an additional directional coupler. An experimental array fed by a ladder network was fabricated and tested. The design objectives of 25 dB sidelobe suppression for the sum and difference mode patterns were achieved.
Pre-concentration and separation of metal ions on an N-phenylhydroxamic acid resin (1990)

A procedure for attaching the N-phenylhydroxamic acid group to poly(styrene-co-maleic acid) cross-linked with divinylbenzene is described. The extraction of ten metal ions as a function of pH and the kinetics of their sorption were studied. The application of this resin to the enrichment and chromatographic separation of metal ions from their mixtures is also described.
Robust image registration using log-polar transform (2002)

This paper describes a hierarchical image registration algorithm for affine motion recovery. The algorithm estimates the affine transformation parameters necessary to register any two digital images misaligned due to rotation, scale, shear, and translation. The parameters are computed iteratively in a coarse-to-fine hierarchical framework using a variation of the Levenberg-Marquadt nonlinear least squares optimization method. This approach yields a robust solution that precisely registers images with subpixel accuracy. A log-polar registration module is introduced to accommodate arbitrary rotation angles and a wide range of scale changes. This serves to furnish a good initial estimate for the optimization-based affine registration stage. We demonstrate the hybrid algorithm on pairs of digital images subjected to large affine motion.
Multiplexed Detection of Small Analytes by Structure-Switching Aptamer-Based Capillary Electrophoresis (2010)

Affinity probe capillary electrophoresis (APCE) assays, combining the separation power of CE with the specificity of interactions occurring between a target and a molecular recognition element (MRE), have become important analytical tools in many application fields. In this report, a rationalized strategy, derived from the structure-switching aptamer concept, is described for the design of a novel APCE mode dedicated to small molecule detection. Two assay configurations were reported. The first one, developed for the single-analyte determination, was based on the use of a cholesteryl-tagged aptamer (Chol-Apt) as the MRE and its fluorescein-labeled complementary strand (CS*) as the tracer (laser-induced fluorescence detection). Under micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) conditions, free CS* and the hybrid formed with Chol-Apt (duplex*) were efficiently separated (and then quantified) through the specific shift of the electrophoretic mobility of the cholesteryl-tagged species in the presence of a neutral micellar phase. When the target was introduced into the preincubated sample, the hybridized form was destabilized, resulting in a decrease in the duplex* peak area and a concomitant increase in the free CS* peak area. The second format, especially designed for multianalyte sensing, employed dually cholesteryl- and fluorescein-labeled complementary strands (Chol-CS*) of different lengths and unmodified aptamers (Apt). The size-dependent electrophoretic separation of different Chol-CS* forms from each other and from their corresponding duplexes* was also accomplished under MEKC conditions. The simultaneous detection of multiple analytes in a single capillary was performed by monitoring accurately each target-induced duplex-to-complex change. This method could expand significantly the potential of small solute APCE analysis in terms of simplicity, adaptability, generalizability, and high-throughput analysis capability.
The store-load address table and speculative register promotion (2000)

Article The store-load address table and speculative register promotion Share on Authors: Matthew Postiff Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MIView Profile , David Greene Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MIView Profile , Trevor Mudge Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MI Advanced Computer Architecture Laboratory, University of Michigan, 1301 Beal Ave., Ann Arbor, MIView Profile Authors Info & Claims MICRO 33: Proceedings of the 33rd annual ACM/IEEE international symposium on MicroarchitectureDecember 2000 Pages 235–244https://doi.org/10.1145/360128.360152Online:01 December 2000Publication History 20citation358DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations20Total Downloads358Last 12 Months3Last 6 weeks0 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteGet Access
Pael‐R is accumulated in Lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease (2004)

We examined the distribution of Pael-R, a newly identified substrate for Parkin, in Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA). Pael-R, Parkin, alpha-synuclein, and ubiquitin accumulated in Lewy bodies (LBs) and neurites. Pael-R was localized in the core of LBs. Parkin and alpha-synuclein accumulated in the halo, neuronal cell bodies, and processes. These findings potentially suggest the involvement of Pael-R in LB formation, and protection role of Parkin in Pael-R-mediated neurotoxicity in PD. The absence of Pael-R and Parkin in glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs) in MSA implies a distinct pathway involved in the formation of LBs and GCIs.
Zinc Catalyzed and Mediated Asymmetric Propargylation of Trifluoromethyl Ketones with a Propargyl Boronate (2013)

The development of zinc-mediated and -catalyzed asymmetric propargylations of trifluoromethyl ketones with a propargyl borolane and the N-isopropyl-l-proline ligand is presented. The methodology provided moderate to high stereoselectivity and was successfully applied on a multikilogram scale for the synthesis of the Glucocorticoid agonist BI 653048. A mechanism for the boron-zinc exchange with a propargyl borolane is proposed and supported by modeling at the density functional level of theory. A water acceleration effect on the zinc-catalyzed propargylation was discovered, which enabled a catalytic process to be achieved. Reaction progress analysis supports a predominately rate limiting exchange for the zinc-catalyzed propargylation. A catalytic amount of water is proposed to generate an intermediate that catalyzes the exchange, thereby facilitating the reaction with trifluoromethyl ketones.
Application of electrical effective channel length and external resistance measurement techniques to a submicrometer CMOS process (1989)

The practical applications and limitations of four methods for extracting the effective channel length (L/sub eff/) and series resistance (R/sub ext/) parameters for MOS devices are studied. The methods are: GD (gate drive) using fixed-current V/sub t/ or GD(I/sub ds/); SBGD (substrate-bias GD) using fixed-current V/sub t/ or SBGD (I/sub ds/); GD using maximum slope V/sub t/ or GD (G/sub m/); and SBGD using maximum slope V/sub t/ or SBGD (G/sub m/). Conventional and two LDD (lightly doped drain) structures fabricated in a submicrometer CMOS process are used. The results indicate that all the extraction methods are applicable to both n-channel and p-channel devices, although some are only valid over a small range of gate biases. Inconsistencies in applying V/sub t/ calculations to the extraction equations set a lower limit for V/sub gst/ of approximately 0.5 V, while the upper limit of 2.0-4.0 V arises due to imprecision in R/sub ds/ measurements influencing the double regression steps involved in the techniques. The SBGD (I/sub ds/) method was applicable over a wider range of bias conditions than the other techniques analyzed and is easier to implement.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular imaging of glucose uptake in oral neoplasia following topical application of fluorescently labeled deoxy‐glucose (2008)

The clinical value of assessing tumor glucose metabolism via F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET imaging in oncology is well established; however, the poor spatial resolution of PET is a significant limitation especially for early stage lesions. An alternative technology is optical molecular imaging, which allows for subcellular spatial resolution and can be effectively used with topical contrast agents for imaging epithelial derived cancers. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of optical molecular imaging of glucose metabolism to aid in early detection of oral neoplasia. Fluorescently labeled deoxyglucose (2-NBDG (2-[N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino]-2-deoxy-D-glucose)) was applied topically to tissue phantoms, fresh oral biopsies (n = 32) and resected tumors specimens (n = 2). High-resolution imaging results show that 2-NBDG can be rapidly delivered to oral epithelium using topical application. In normal epithelium, the uptake of 2-NBDG is limited to basal epithelial cells. In contrast, high-grade dysplasia and cancers show uptake of 2-NBDG in neoplastic cells throughout the lesion. Following 2-NBDG labeling, the mean fluorescence intensity of neoplastic tissue averages 3.7 times higher than that of matched nonneoplastic oral biopsies in samples from 20 patients. Widefield fluorescence images of 8-paired oral specimens were obtained pre and postlabeling with 2-NBDG. Prior to labeling, neoplastic samples showed significantly lower autofluorescence than nonneoplastic samples. The fluorescence of neoplastic samples increased dramatically after labeling; the differential increase in fluorescence was on average 30 times higher in neoplastic samples than in normal samples. Topical application of 2-NBDG can therefore provide image contrast in both widefield and high-resolution fluorescence imaging modalities, highlighting its potential in early detection of oral neoplasia.
Radiative thermal rectification using superconducting materials (2014)

Thermal rectification can be defined as an asymmetry in the heat flux when the temperature difference between two interacting thermal reservoirs is reversed. In this Letter, we present a far-field radiative thermal rectifier based on high-temperature superconducting materials with a rectification ratio up to 80%. This value is among the highest reported in literature. Two configurations are examined: a superconductor (Tl2Ba2CaCu2O8) exchanging heat with (1) a black body and (2) another superconductor, YBa2Cu3O7 in this case. The first configuration shows a higher maximal rectification ratio. Besides, we show that the two-superconductor rectifier exhibits different rectification regimes depending on the choice of the reference temperature, i.e., the temperature of the thermostat. Presented results might be useful for energy conversion devices, efficient cryogenic radiative insulators engineering, and thermal logical circuits’ development.
Cytotoxic Activity of Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)-Pokeweed Antiviral Protein Conjugates in Cell Lines Expressing GnRH Receptors (2003)

Pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a 29-kDa ribosome-inactivating protein isolated from the leaves of Phytolacca americana, has potent cytotoxic activity once it enters the cytoplasm of a cell. It is incapable of entering cells by itself. Therefore, our objective was to determine whether a GnRH analog could be used to deliver PAP specifically to cells expressing GnRH receptors. D-Lys(6)-GnRH-Pro(9)-ethylamide was conjugated to PAP (GnRH-PAP). Chinese hamster ovary cells stably transfected with cDNA for the murine GnRH receptor and a mouse gonadotroph tumor cell line that expresses endogenous GnRH receptors (alphaT3-1 cells) were used to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of GnRH-PAP. We also examined cytotoxicity of GnRH-PAP using human endometrial, breast, and prostate cancer cell lines. Treatment of GnRH receptor-positive cells with GnRH-PAP resulted in dose-dependent cytotoxicity. Cytotoxicity of GnRH-PAP was dependent on number of GnRH receptors (r(2) = 0.871, P < 0.05) and duration of exposure of GnRH-PAP to the cells. In contrast, GnRH-PAP was not cytotoxic to Chinese hamster ovary cells not harboring GnRH receptors. Moreover, the cytotoxic activity of GnRH-PAP could be inhibited by addition of excess GnRH analog. Neither PAP nor GnRH analog alone was cytotoxic. These results suggest that GnRH analogs can be used to specifically deliver toxin molecules to cells that express GnRH receptors. Thus, a new class of biomedicines that act as hormonotoxins against cells expressing GnRH receptors provides a novel approach for inhibiting reproduction and treating cancers that are dependent on reproductive hormones.
The Basic Relationship Between Machining Induced Residual Stress Profiles and Fatigue Life (2008)

The characteristics of residual stress (RS) profiles and their effects on rolling contact fatigue life for precision turned and ground surfaces with a white layer (WL) are very controversial. The key findings of this study are: (a) The basic RS profiles by a sharp tool can be fundamentally changed by a turned WL but not a ground WL; (b) The hook shaped RS profile of a turned surface may have about 40% more fatigue life than a ground one; (c) The white layer may reduce fatigue life as much as 7–8 times despite the deep compressive RS in the subsurface.
Modeling and design considerations for a micro-hydraulic piezoelectric power generator (2002)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 2002.
A COMPARISON OF THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME POWDER-FORGED AND WROUGHT STEELS (1974)

The tensile, impact, and fatigue properties of a range of powder-forged steels have been examined. A relationship has been found between the content of non-metallic inclusions and the fatigue performance. The properties of powder-forged steels at 900 N/mm2 strength were compared with those of En16 wrought steel at the same level. The properties of wrought steel are demonstrably extremely variable, depending on the degree of hot work imparted during processing and on the relationship of the test-piece axis to the principal direction of working. The properties of powder-forged steel lie between the highest and lowest that can be expected in wrought steel; comparisons between the two types of material can be made only after careful consideration of their specific characteristics. Powder-forged steels were shown to be capable of developing useful properties over wide ranges of composition.
Dimensions and dynamics in integrin function (2003)

Integrins play crucial roles in cell adhesion, migration, and signaling by providing transmembrane links between the extracellular matrix and the cytoskeleton. Integrins cluster in macromolecular complexes to generate cell-matrix adhesions such as focal adhesions. In this mini-review, we compare certain integrin-based biological responses and signaling during cell interactions with standard 2D cell culture versus 3D matrices. Besides responding to the composition of the matrix, cells sense and react to physical properties that include three-dimensionality and rigidity. In routine cell culture, fibroblasts and mesenchymal cells appear to use focal adhesions as anchors. They then use intracellular actomyosin contractility and dynamic, directional integrin movements to stretch cell-surface fibronectin and to generate characteristic long fibrils of fibronectin in "fibrillar adhesions". Some cells in culture proceed to produce dense, three-dimensional matrices similar to in vivo matrix, as opposed to the flat, rigid, two-dimensional surfaces habitually used for cell culture. Cells within such more natural 3D matrices form a distinctive class of adhesion termed "3D-matrix adhesions". These 3D adhesions show distinctive morphology and molecular composition. Their formation is heavily dependent on interactions between integrin alpha 5 beta 1 and fibronectin. Cells adhere much more rapidly to 3D matrices. They also show more rapid morphological changes, migration, and proliferation compared to most 2D matrices or 3D collagen gels. Particularly notable are low levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and moderate increases in activated mitogen-activated protein kinase. These findings underscore the importance of the dimensionality and dynamics of matrix substrates in cellular responses to the extracellular matrix.
Variable Adhesion Abilities and Overlapping Antigenic Properties in Placental<i>Plasmodium falciparum</i>Isolates (2004)

The level of adhesion of placental parasites to chondroitin sulfate receptors is an important risk factor for LBW. Parasite heterogeneity suggests that they are composed of mixed adhesion phenotypes capable of inducing immune responses to a range of different and overlapping targets.
Time division multiplexing antenna array using sum-difference analysis with single transmit/receive channel for automotive application (2002)

A novel antenna array scheme is proposed where two sub-arrays, which partially share array elements, use one transmit/receive channel in different time slots. Virtual sum and difference beams are formed through digital signal processing, then multi-target range, bearing and velocity are obtained simultaneously. Compared with multi-channel antenna array (MAA) antenna, this array has smaller size and lower cost and smaller computation. Together with smart structure and simple signal processing, time division multiplexing antenna array using sum-difference analysis linear frequency modulated continuous wave (TDMSD LFMCW) systems will allow roadside detection, lane prediction, and the classification of objects, thus making possible the intelligent interpretation of traffic scenes.
Cognitive functions correlate with white matter architecture in a normal pediatric population: A diffusion tensor MRI study (2005)

A possible relationship between cognitive abilities and white matter structure as assessed by magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was investigated in the pediatric population. DTI was performed on 47 normal children ages 5-18. Using a voxelwise analysis technique, the fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) were tested for significant correlations with Wechsler full-scale IQ scores, with subject age and gender used as covariates. Regions displaying significant positive correlations of IQ scores with FA were found bilaterally in white matter association areas, including frontal and occipito-parietal areas. No regions were found exhibiting correlations of IQ with MD except for one frontal area significantly overlapping a region containing a significant correlation with FA. The positive direction of the correlation with FA is the same as that found previously with age, and indicates a positive relationship between fiber organization and/or density with cognitive function. The results are consistent with the hypothesis that regionally specific increased fiber organization is a mechanism responsible for the normal development of white matter tracts.
Structural study of a single‐point mutant of <i>Sulfolobus solfataricus</i> alcohol dehydrogenase with enhanced activity (2003)

Alcohol dehydrogenase from Sulfolobus solfataricus (SsADH) is the only enzyme from Archaea among the structurally studied members of the medium-chain ADH family described so far. Here, we present the three-dimensional structure of the apo form of the mutant N249Y which exhibits increased catalytic activity when compared to the wild-type enzyme. The substitution, located in the coenzyme binding domain, decreases the affinity for NAD(H) cofactor. The rearrangement of segments 248-250 and 270-275, induced by the mutation, suggests an explanation for the lower coenzyme affinity. This study also highlights the role in SsADH catalysis of the flexible loops located at the interface between the catalytic and the coenzyme domains.