gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Superantigen Gene<i>ypm</i>Is Located in an Unstable Chromosomal Locus of<i>Yersinia pseudotuberculosis</i> (2002)

Yersinia pseudotuberculosis produces YPM (Y. pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen), a superantigenic toxin that exacerbates the virulence of the bacterium in vivo. To date, three alleles of the superantigen gene (ypmA, ypmB, and ypmC) have been described. These genes are not found in all Y. pseudotuberculosis strains and have a low GC content, suggesting their location on mobile genetic elements. To elucidate this question, the genetic environment of the superantigen-encoding genes was characterized and 11 open reading frames (ORFs) were defined. Sequence analysis revealed that the ypm genes were not associated with plasmids, phages, transposons, or pathogenicity islands and that the superantigen genes were always located in the chromosome between ORF3 and ORF4. Nonsuperantigenic strains exhibited the same genetic organization of the locus but lacked the ypm gene between ORF3 and ORF4. A new insertion sequence, designated IS1398, which displays features of the Tn3 family, was characterized downstream of the ypmA and ypmC genes. A 13.3-kb region containing the ypm genes was not found in the genome of Y. pestis (CO92 and KIM 5 strains). We experimentally induced deletion of the ypm gene from a superantigen-expressing Y. pseudotuberculosis: using the association of aph(3')-IIIa and sacB genes, we demonstrated that when these reporter genes were present in the ypm locus, deletion of these genes was about 250 times more frequent than when they were located in another region of the Y. pseudotuberculosis chromosome. These results indicate that unlike other superantigenic toxin genes, the Yersinia ypm genes are not associated with mobile genetic elements but are inserted in an unstable locus of the genome.
Elastic and piezoelectric properties of lead potassium niobate (1975)

All the elastic and piezoelectric constants of ferroelectric lead potassium niobate were measured by the use of the thickness vibrations of plates. Calculating the electromechanical coupling factors of rotated cuts, it was shown that the y-cut plate has the largest coupling factor of 0.73 for the shear mode and the z-cut plate has the largest coupling factor of 0.59 for the extensional mode. If the piezoelectricity arises from the effect of each oxygen octahedron, the metal ions seem to displace parallel to one of the 4mm axes of the oxygen octahedron within the tetragonal c plane.
Laboratory Wet Milling of Ensiled Corn Kernels (1984)

Dried and ensiled corn were each steeped with aqueous SO2 or water at initial pHs of 4-5; both were also steeped with aqueous SO2 at pH7. Initial steepwater composition or pH had less effect on yields of individual fractions and recoveries of various components than did differences between dried or ensiled corn. Recovery of starch after milling was appreciably higher with ensiled corn. Protein recovery in gluten decreased, but this was partially counterbalanced by increased protein content of the steepwater from ensiled corn. Results using batchwise steeping or a simulated countercurrent procedure were similar, though the latter gave higher starch recoveries.
4th World Surfactants Congress (1996)

Posters surface activity of lysophosphatidylcholine from soybean synthesis of Si-containing amphoteric surfactants analysis of detergents and cleaning agents with thin-layer chromatography automatic dishwasher detergents without chlorine.
Aetiology of premature ovarian failure (2009)

Premature ovarian failure (POF) is the occurrence of hypergonadotropic hypoestrogenic amenorrhoea in women under the age of 40 years. POF is idiopathic in 74-90% of cases but can be familial (4-33%) or sporadic. The known causes are: genetic aberrations; autoimmune ovarian damage; iatrogenic following surgery, radiotherapy or chemotherapy; environmental factors (viruses, toxins, etc.); and metabolic (galactosaemia, 17 OH deficiency, etc.) Genetic aberrations could involve the X chromosome (monosomy, trisomy or translocations) or be autosomal. Genetic mechanisms include reduced gene dosage and non-specific chromosome effect impairing meiosis, decreasing the pool of primordial follicles and increasing atresia due to apoptosis or failure of follicle maturation. The genes for POF-1 are localized to Xq 21.3-Xq27 and for POF-2 to Xq13.3-21.1. The FMR1 gene is responsible for the fragile X syndrome. It occurs due to CGG expansion of more than 55 repeats at the 5'UTR (Xq 27.3), which is associated with gene silence resulting in mental retardation in males, and POF in female carriers. Autoimmune ovarian damage is caused by the alteration of T-cell subsets and T-cell-mediated injury, increase of autoantibody producing B-cells and a low number of effector suppressor/cytotoxic lymphocyte and a decrease of number and activity of natural killer cells. POF can be associated with other non-endocrine and endocrine diseases. The mutations of AIRE gene are responsible for polyendocrinopathies (APS I-III). As the cause of POF is unknown in the majority of cases and the number of women with POF is increasing, the primary goal of scientific groups worldwide should be focused on the study of the aetiology of POF.
Gas source molecular beam epitaxy of FeSi2/Si(111) heterostructures (1993)

Epitaxial iron disilicide thin layers have been grown on silicon by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (GSMBE) in the temperature range 450–550 °C. Fe(CO)5 and SiH4 are used as sources for the silicide growth on a heated Si(111) surface. The growth phases are characterized in situ by means of high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy, ultraviolet and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopies. The formation of an epitaxial metallic γ-FeSi2 layer at the interface with the silicon substrate is revealed and no complete relaxation of this strained metastable interface layer is observed, as the growth proceeds with the semiconducting equilibrium β-FeSi2 phase. The coexistence in the GSMBE grown heterostructures of the metallic (CaF2) and semiconducting (orthorhombic) FeSi2 structures is confirmed by cross-section transmission electron microscopy.
Tandem Action of Glycosyltransferases in the Maturation of Vancomycin and Teicoplanin Aglycones:  Novel Glycopeptides<sup>,</sup> (2001)

The glycopeptides vancomycin and teicoplanin are clinically important antibiotics. The carbohydrate portions of these molecules affect biological activity, and there is great interest in developing efficient strategies to make carbohydrate derivatives. To this end, genes encoding four glycosyltransferases, GtfB, C, D, E, were subcloned from Amycolatopsis orientalis strains that produce chloroeremomycin (GtfB, C) or vancomycin (GtfD, E) into Escherichia coli. After expression and purification, each glycosyltransferase (Gtf) was characterized for activity either with the aglycones (GtfB, E) or the glucosylated derivatives (GtfC, D) of vancomycin and teicoplanin. GtfB efficiently glucosylates vancomycin aglycone using UDP-glucose as the glycosyl donor to form desvancosaminyl-vancomycin (vancomycin pseudoaglycone), with k(cat) of 17 min(-1), but has very low glucosylation activity, < or = 0.3 min(-1), for an alternate substrate, teicoplanin aglycone. In contrast, GtfE is much more efficient at glucosylating both its natural substrate, vancomycin aglycone (k(cat) = 60 min(-1)), and an unnatural substrate, teicoplanin aglycone (k(cat) = 20 min(-1)). To test the addition of the 4-epi-vancosamine moiety by GtfC and GtfD, synthesis of UDP-beta-L-4-epi-vancosamine was undertaken. This NDP-sugar served as a substrate for both GtfC and GtfD in the presence of vancomycin pseudoaglycone (GtfC and GtfD) or the glucosylated teicoplanin scaffold, 7 (GtfD). The GtfC product was the 4-epi-vancosaminyl form of vancomycin. Remarkably, GtfD was able to utilize both an unnatural acceptor, 7, and an unnatural nucleotide sugar donor, UDP-4-epi-vancosamine, to synthesize a novel hybrid teicoplanin/vancomycin glycopeptide. These results establish the enzymatic activity of these four Gtfs, begin to probe substrate specificity, and illustrate how they can be utilized to make variant sugar forms of both the vancomycin and the teicoplanin class of glycopeptide antibiotics.
Long-term stress induced by nitrate deficiency, sodium chloride, and high light on photosystem II activity and carotenogenesis of green alga <i>Scenedesmus</i> sp. (2012)

The green alga Scenedesmus sp. was exposed to a long-term physiological stress of 40 days induced by the combination of nitrate deficiency, different concentrations of sodium chloride, and high light irradiance. Under these conditions, the change of photosystem II (PSII) photochemical reactions of photosynthesis and cellular growth were investigated along with the synthesis of secondary carotenoids, including astaxanthin and canthaxanthin. From 10 to 40 days, the biosynthesis of these secondary carotenoids was highly induced after the deterioration of PSII complexes when chlorophyll synthesis and cell division were inhibited. In this long term study, the highest induction of carotenoid synthesis happened after the deterioration of PSII reaction centers. There was no direct relationship between the induction of secondary carotenoids and the decline of PSII photochemical efficiency, although it may contribute to carotenogenesis. Under this stressful condition, viability of cells was noted by the small change of unbleached cell density compared with control after 40 days. Therefore, Scenedesmus sp. was tolerant to the long-term chronic stress condition caused by the production of secondary carotenoids, such as astaxanthin and cantaxanthin, participating in antioxidative mechanisms to protect algal cellular system.
Characterization of Dental Epithelial Stem Cells from the Mouse Incisor with Two-Dimensional and Three-Dimensional Platforms (2012)

Dental epithelial stem cells (DESCs) drive continuous growth in the adult mouse incisors. To date, a robust system for the primary culture of these cells has not been reported, and little is known about the basic molecular architecture of these cells or the minimal extracellular scaffolding that is necessary to maintain the epithelial stem cell population in an undifferentiated state. We report a method of isolating DESCs from the cervical loop of the mouse mandibular incisor. Cells were viable in a two-dimensional culture system and did not demonstrate preferential proliferation when grown on top of various substrates. Characterization of these cells indicated that E-cadherin, integrin alpha-6, and integrin beta-4 mark the DESCs both in vivo and in vitro. We also grew these cells in a three-dimensional microenvironment and obtained spheres with an epithelial morphology and expression patterns. Insights into the mechanisms of stem cell maintenance in vitro will help lay the groundwork for the successful generation of bioengineered teeth from adult DESCs.
Liquid Chromatography Coupled On-Line with Gas Chromatography: State of the Art (1994)

Journal Article Liquid Chromatography Coupled On-Line with Gas Chromatography: State of the Art Get access Jolan J Vreuls, Jolan J Vreuls Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Gerhardus J de Jong, Gerhardus J de Jong Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Present address: Solvay Duphar, Analytical Development Department, PO Box 2, 1380 AA Weesp, The Netherlands. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Rudi T Ghusen, Rudi T Ghusen Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Udo A Th Brimkman Udo A Th Brimkman Free University, Department of Analytical Chemistry, De Boelelaan 1083, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL, Volume 77, Issue 2, 1 March 1994, Pages 306–327, https://doi.org/10.1093/jaoac/77.2.306 Published: 14 January 2020 Article history Received: 29 June 1993 Accepted: 16 August 1993 Published: 14 January 2020
A fusion DNA vaccine that targets antigen-presenting cells increases protection from viral challenge (2000)

Improving the immunological potency, particularly the Ab response, is a serious hurdle for the protective efficacy and hence broad application of DNA vaccines. We examined the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a hemagglutinin-based influenza DNA vaccine that was targeted to antigen-presenting cells (APCs) by fusion to CTLA4. The targeted vaccine was shown to induce an accelerated and increased Ab response (as compared with those receiving the nontargeted control) that was predominated by IgG1 and recognized conformationally dependent viral epitopes. Moreover, mice receiving the APC-targeted DNA vaccine had significantly reduced viral titers (100-fold) after a nonlethal virus challenge. The increased protective efficacy was most likely because of increased Ab responses, as cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses were not enhanced. Targeting was demonstrated by direct binding studies of CTLA4 fusion proteins to the cognate ligand (B7; expressed on APCs in vivo). In addition, a targeted protein was detected at 4-fold higher levels in draining lymph nodes within 2-24 h of administration. Therefore, this study demonstrates that targeting DNA-encoded antigen to APCs results in enhanced immunity and strongly suggests that this approach may be useful in improving the protective efficacy of DNA vaccines.
Magnetic Levitation To Characterize the Kinetics of Free-Radical Polymerization (2017)

This work describes the development of magnetic levitation (MagLev) to characterize the kinetics of free-radical polymerization of water-insoluble, low-molecular-weight monomers that show a large change in density upon polymerization. Maglev measures density, and certain classes of monomers show a large change in density when monomers covalently join in polymer chains. MagLev characterized both the thermal polymerization of methacrylate-based monomers and the photopolymerization of methyl methacrylate and made it possible to determine the orders of reaction and the Arrhenius activation energy of polymerization. MagLev also made it possible to monitor polymerization in the presence of solids (aramid fibers, and carbon fibers, and glass fibers). MagLev offers a new analytical technique to materials and polymer scientists that complements other methods (even those based on density, such as dilatometry), and will be useful in investigating polymerizations, evaluating inhibition of polymerizations, and studying polymerization in the presence of included solid materials (e.g., for composite materials).
Evaluation of Homogeneous Electrocatalysts by Cyclic Voltammetry (2014)

The pursuit of solar fuels has motivated extensive research on molecular electrocatalysts capable of evolving hydrogen from protic solutions, reducing CO2, and oxidizing water. Determining accurate figures of merit for these catalysts requires the careful and appropriate application of electroanalytical techniques. This Viewpoint first briefly presents the fundamentals of cyclic voltammetry and highlights practical experimental considerations before focusing on the application of cyclic voltammetry for the characterization of electrocatalysts. Key metrics for comparing catalysts, including the overpotential (η), potential for catalysis (E(cat)), observed rate constant (k(obs)), and potential-dependent turnover frequency, are discussed. The cyclic voltammetric responses for a general electrocatalytic one-electron reduction of a substrate are presented along with methods to extract figures of merit from these data. The extension of this analysis to more complex electrocatalytic schemes, such as those responsible for H2 evolution and CO2 reduction, is then discussed.
Characterization of Proteolytic and Collagenolytic Enzymes from the Larvae of Lucilia cuprina, the Sheep Blowfly (1988)

Isoelectric focusing was used to characterize proteolytic enzymes in homogenate and excretory-secretory preparations of the larvae of L. cuprina, the sheep blowfly. Zymogram overlays showed that the larvae produce a number of highly active proteases which have a wide range of isoelectric points and molecular weights. The alkaline and neutral pI proteases were inhibited by phenylmethyl-sulfonylfluoride, leupeptin and aprotinin; this indicated the presence of serine in the active site. Pepstatin and the metal chelating agent ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid had no effect on the activity of any of the proteases. Optimal pH for activity of the proteases was between 7 and 8. In addition, the proteases were found to be heat labile. Digestion of collagen fibrils confirmed the existence of collagenolytic activity in the excretory-secretory enzyme preparations. It is suggested that these enzymes may be involved in the nutrition of the larvae and in the pathogenesis of the lesion on the skin.
Practical results of three dimensional evaluation model based on preparation-process-outcome in transitional care in patients with breast cancer (2018)

Objective
To investigate the practical results of three dimensional evaluation model based on preparation-process-outcome in transitional care in patients with breast cancer.


Methods
A total of 142 cases of patients with breast cancer received postoperative endocrine drugs adjuvant therapy for the first time were randomly divided into transitional care group (n=78) and control group (n=64). Patients in the control group were received routine follow-up care outside the hospital. Patients in transitional care group were accepted transitional care based on three dimensional evaluation model based on preparation-process-outcome, and structure, process and results of the transitional care were evaluated and monitored. After intervention 3, 6 and 12 months, the medication compliances of patients were evaluated. Before the patients discharged and after intervention 3, 6 and 12 months, the qualities of life were assessed.


Results
After intervention 6 and 12 months, the scores of Chinese Perceived Stress Scale (CPSS) in the transitional care group were (30.4±3.2), (27.9±2.5) points, respectively, and in the control group were (33.7±3.6), (31.5±3.4) points, respectively, the differences were statistically significant (t=5.746, 12.834, P<0.01). After intervention 3, 6 and 12 months, the scores of Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) in the transitional care group were (49.3±3.9), (44.7±3.5), (37.6±2.9) points, respectively, and in the control group were (52.2±4.1), (47.8±3.9), (42.9±4.4) points, respectively, the differences were statistically significant (t=3.696, 5.304, 9.682, P<0.01). After intervention 3, 6 and 12 months, the values of the medicine possession ratio (MPR) in the transitional care group were (99.1±0.8)%, (98.7±1.1)%, (96.7±1.3)%, respectively, and in the control group were (93.5±3.6)%, (92.3±4.1)%, (87.2±3.8)%, the differences were statistically significant (t=14.524, 13.568, 16.834, P<0.01). After intervention 3, 6 and 12 months, the quality of life score in the transitional care group were (107.6±4.2), (107.1±4.3), (109.7±4.4) points, respectively, and in the control group were (103.6±4.8), (101.4±4.2), (97.5±3.9) points, the differences were statistically significant (t=5.524, 7.967, 18.623, P<0.01).


Conclusions
From the preparation, process and outcomes of the three dimensions to control the development and implementation of transitional care could improve the recent stress, anxiety and other negative emotions of the patients, improve the medication compliance of patients, and thus contribute to improving the overall quality of life of patients.


Key words: 
Breast neoplasm; Quality of life; Compliance; Transitional care
Base-Induced Dimerization of Urethane-Protected Amino Acid <i>N</i>-Carboxanhydrides (1996)

tert-Butyloxycarbonyl-protected N-carboxanhydrides of amino acids dimerize in the presence of base in aprotic media to form 3,5-dialkyl-2,4-dioxo-1-pyrrolidine analogs. Depending on the nature of the base, different ratios of isomers were obtained. The reaction with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide lead to one isomer only. After deprotection of the tert-butyloxycarbonyl groups and coupling of (benzyloxycarbonyl)valine, a homogeneous product was obtained. Reduction with sodium borohydride again gave a homogeneous product. Nuclear Overhauser enhancement spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography identified the stereochemistry in positions 3 and 5 of the pyrolidine as Z. When 1, 8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec-7-ene was used as the base, the condensation led to a 1:3 ratio of isomers. The major isomer was different from the one obtained with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide. The (benzyloxycarbonyl)valine derivative from this compound was obtained as a 1:1 mixture of isomers, leading to the conclusion that this condensation product was an enantiomeric mixture of the E isomers. The pure Z isomer from the lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide reaction was converted to a mixture of Z and E isomers in a ratio of 1:3 when treated with 1,8-diazabizycol[5.4.0]undec-7-ene. The (benzyloxycarbonyl)valine derivative of the E isomer from this conversion was again a 1:1 mixture; therefore, the Z isomer obtained with lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide was believed to have been an enantiomeric mixture. Several other examples indicated that this reaction occurred also with other tert-butyloxycarbonyl-protected N-carboxyanhydrides.
Antitumor agents. 144. New .gamma.-lactone ring-modified arylamino etoposide analogs as inhibitors of human DNA topoisomerase II (1994)

The trans-fused gamma-lactone ring of etoposide is readily epimerized to its cis epimer, which is biologically inactive, or is metabolized to the inactive ring-opened hydroxy acids. Modification of this gamma-lactone ring of 4 beta-(arylamino)-4'-O-demethyl-4-desoxypodophyllotoxin resulted in several compounds (15-16, 21-22, and 24) that should block this epimerization and the resulting biological deactivation. In a topoisomerase II inhibition assay, compounds 21, 22, and 24 showed comparable activity to etoposide. In a protein-linked DNA complex formation assay, compounds 21 and 22 were more active than etoposide.
Shock-Tube Study of Carbon Dioxide Dissociation Rate (1963)

The homogeneous dissociation rate of carbon dioxide, diluted with large amounts of argon, was measured in a shock tube by two independent methods: (a) by the single-pulse technique, in which the gas reacts behind a reflected shock, is quenched by a rarefaction wave, and is later analyzed chemically; and (b) by measurements of light intensity in the blue continuum due to CO2(3Π)→CO2(1Σ)+hν. The results of the two experiments agree. The rate is given by d[CO]/dt=k[CO2][M], with k=3×1011T½ exp (—86 000/RT) cm3 moles—1 sec—1. Dissociation evidently does not proceed directly from ground-state CO2 to ground-state CO and O. The mechanism probably involves the intermediate electronically excited state CO2(3Π), the rate-controlling process being associated with its formation.
Non-interferometric, non-iterative phase retrieval by Green’s functions (2010)

In this paper a non-interferometric, non-iterative method for phase retrieval by Green's functions is presented. The theory is based on the parabolic wave equation that describes propagation of light in the Fresnel approximation in homogeneous media. Green's first identity will be used to derive an algorithm for phase retrieval considering different boundary conditions. Finally it will be shown that a commonly used solution of the transport-of-intensity equation can be obtained as a special case of the more general Green's function formulation derived here.