gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MOSFET-Embedded Microcantilevers for Measuring Deflection in Biomolecular Sensors (2006)

A promising approach for detecting biomolecules follows their binding to immobilized probe molecules on microfabricated cantilevers; binding causes surface stresses that bend the cantilever. We measured this deflection, which is on the order of tens of nanometers, by embedding a metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) into the base of the cantilever and recording decreases in drain current with deflections as small as 5 nanometers. The gate region of the MOSFET responds to surface stresses and thus is embedded in silicon nitride so as to avoid direct contact with the sample solution. This approach, which offers low noise, high sensitivity, and direct readout, was used to detect specific binding events with biotin and antibodies.
Chemical Vapor Deposition-Derived Graphene with Electrical Performance of Exfoliated Graphene (2012)

While chemical vapor deposition (CVD) promises a scalable method to produce large-area graphene, CVD-grown graphene has heretofore exhibited inferior electronic properties in comparison with exfoliated samples. Here we test the electrical transport properties of CVD-grown graphene in which two important sources of disorder, namely grain boundaries and processing-induced contamination, are substantially reduced. We grow CVD graphene with grain sizes up to 250 μm to abate grain boundaries, and we transfer graphene utilizing a novel, dry-transfer method to minimize chemical contamination. We fabricate devices on both silicon dioxide and hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) dielectrics to probe the effects of substrate-induced disorder. On both substrate types, the large-grain CVD graphene samples are comparable in quality to the best reported exfoliated samples, as determined by low-temperature electrical transport and magnetotransport measurements. Small-grain samples exhibit much greater variation in quality and inferior performance by multiple measures, even in samples exhibiting high field-effect mobility. These results confirm the possibility of achieving high-performance graphene devices based on a scalable synthesis process.
Enhanced Antimicrobial Activity of Amine-Phosphonium (N-P) Hybrid Polymers Against Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria (2014)

Abstract The authors report synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a series of linear polyethylenimine (lPEI)-grafted butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (LBTP) polymers (N-P hybrid polymers) for their antimicrobial activity on various Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Polymers with ∼5.8–13.8% substitution of butyltriphenylphosphonium bromide (BTP) on the backbone of lPEI showed enhanced charge density as compared to native lPEI confirming the conjugation of BTP onto lPEI. These modified polymers displayed low hemolytic activity and excellent antimicrobial activity against these two types of bacteria with one of the modified polymers, LBTP-40, was found to exhibit high antimicrobial activity in all the strains. Keywords: Antimicrobial activitycationic polymerslinear polyethyleniminephosphonium salts Acknowledgments Ms. Bansal and Mr. Pathak contributed equally to the article. Notes Color versions of one or more of the figures in the article can be found online at www.tandfonline.com/gpom.
A comparison of the freezing of human semen in the uncirculated vapour above liquid nitrogen and in a commercial semi-programmable freezer (1990)

The cooling rates inside 0.25-ml semen straws filled with glycerol, egg yolk, citrate buffer were compared between a standard vapour freezing procedure and freezing in a Nicool LM-10 semi-programmable freezer. During vapour freezing, the cooling rate at the bottom of the straw was much faster than at the top and there was considerable variation between replicates. By contrast, position within the straw did not affect the cooling rate in the Nicool LM-10 procedure and replicates were more consistent. More motile spermatozoa survived the Nicool freezing procedure and their lateral head displacement was greater than vapour frozen spermatozoa. However the percentage of intact spermatozoa and their velocity was very similar after the two procedures. We conclude that the freezing procedure using the Nicool LM-10 provides a comparatively economical way to achieve consistent semen freezing for research studies.
Partitioned residual echo power estimation for frequency‐domain acoustic echo cancellation and postfiltering (2002)

Abstract Residual echo arises in hands‐free telephony equipment due to insufficient echo canceler convergence, but can be suppressed using a postfilter. The residual echo power spectral density is the most crucial control parameter for both frequency‐domain acoustic echo cancellation and combined residual echo and noise postfiltering. In this contribution we present and compare residual echo power spectral estimation techniques. We introduce a new partitioned block‐adaptive estimation technique delivering considerably improved residual echo estimates in strongly reverberant and noisy acoustic environments. We show that the adaptation loop of the frequency‐domain adaptive filter (FDAF) can be used simultaneously for residual echo power estimation and tracking of the echo path impulse response. In this way, the FDAF and the postfilter concept supplement each other in a true synergy with low complexity. The resulting echo and noise control system proves to be robust in double talk situations as well.
Derivate des 1,4‐Diborabenzols: Über die erste ionische 1,4‐Diboratabenzol‐Verbindung und Über übergangsmetall‐Komplexe von 1,4‐Dibora‐2,5‐cyclohexadienen (1982)

Abstract Das 1,4‐Dibora‐2,5‐cyclohexadien FcB[CHCH] 2 BFc ( 1h ) (FcH = Fe(C 5 H 5 ) 2 ) wird durch Natriumamalgam zu diamagnetischem Na 2 [FcB[C 2 H 2 ] 2 BFc] reduziert, welches ein neuartiges 6π‐Elektronen‐Anion enthält. 17 übergangsmetall‐Komplexe ( 4 – 8 ) von Co, Rh, Ni und Pt mit 1,4‐Dibora‐2,5‐cyclohexadien‐Liganden L (L = RB[C 2 H 2 ] 2 BR) werden beschrieben. Komplexe mit R = Fc und CH 3 O werden durch Komplexierung von 1h , seinem Dianion oder von CH 3 OB[CHCH] 2 BOCH 3 ( 1c ) erhalten. Andere Substituenten am Bor wie R = H, CH 3 , C 6 H 5 , Cl und (CH 3 ) 2 N lassen sich durch nucleophile Substitution einführen. Die 1,4‐Dibora‐2,5‐cyclohexadien‐Liganden sind in allen Fällen η 6 ‐gebunden. Der Versuch der Friedel‐Crafts‐Acetylierung von (C 5 R 5 )M{CH 3 B[C 2 H 2 ] 2 BCH 3 } (M = Co, R = H und M = Rh, R = CH 3 ) ( 5f , 6f ) bewirkt Ringgliedsubstitution und ergibt die entsprechenden kationischen Borabenzol‐Derivate [(C 5 R 5 )M(4‐CH 3 C 5 H 4 BCH 3 )] + (z. B. 10 + ).
Influence of Excipients and Spray Drying on the Physical and Chemical Properties of Nutraceutical Capsules Containing Phytochemicals from Black Bean Extract (2015)

Black beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) are a rich source of flavonoids and saponins with proven health benefits. Spray dried black bean extract powders were used in different formulations for the production of nutraceutical capsules with reduced batch-to-batch weight variability. Factorial designs were used to find an adequate maltodextrin-extract ratio for the spray-drying process to produce black bean extract powders. Several flowability properties were used to determine composite flow index of produced powders. Powder containing 6% maltodextrin had the highest yield (78.6%) and the best recovery of flavonoids and saponins (>56% and >73%, respectively). The new complexes formed by the interaction of black bean powder with maltodextrin, microcrystalline cellulose 50 and starch exhibited not only bigger particles, but also a rougher structure than using only maltodextrin and starch as excipients. A drying process prior to capsule production improved powder flowability, increasing capsule weight and reducing variability. The formulation containing 25.0% of maltodextrin, 24.1% of microcrystalline cellulose 50, 50% of starch and 0.9% of magnesium stearate produced capsules with less than 2.5% weight variability. The spray drying technique is a feasible technique to produce good flow extract powders containing valuable phytochemicals and low cost excipients to reduce the end-product variability.
Responses of white spruce (<i>Picea glauca</i>) to experimental warming at a subarctic alpine treeline (2006)

Abstract From 2001 to 2004 we experimentally warmed 40 large, naturally established, white spruce [ Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] seedlings at alpine treeline in southwest Yukon, Canada, using passive open‐top chambers (OTCs) distributed equally between opposing north and south‐facing slopes. Our goal was to test the hypothesis that an increase in temperature consistent with global climate warming would elicit a positive growth response. OTCs increased growing season air temperatures by 1.8°C and annual growing degree‐days by one‐third. In response, warmed seedlings grew significantly taller and had higher photosynthetic rates compared with control seedlings. On the south aspect, soil temperatures averaged 1.0°C warmer and the snow‐free period was nearly 1 month longer. These seedlings grew longer branches and wider annual rings than seedlings on the north aspect, but had reduced Photosystem‐II efficiency and experienced higher winter needle mortality. The presence of OTCs tended to reduce winter dieback over the course of the experiment. These results indicate that climate warming will enhance vertical growth rates of young conifers, with implications for future changes to the structure and elevation of treeline contingent upon exposure‐related differences. Our results suggest that the growth of seedlings on north‐facing slopes is limited by low soil temperature in the presence of permafrost, while growth on south‐facing slopes appears limited by winter desiccation and cold‐induced photoinhibition.
The <i>in Vivo</i> Elastic Properties of the Plantar Fascia during the Contact Phase of Walking (2003)

The in vivo elastic properties of the plantar fascia during the contact phase of walking were determined experimentally by integrating a pressure-sensitive optical gait platform with a radiographic fluoroscopy system for recording skeletal motion. In order to calculate the fascia's tension-deformation relation, lateral images of the foot's skeleton that allowed evaluation of the fascia's transient length from the arch-contact to toe-off stages of walking were obtained simultaneously with the vertical foot-ground contact forces. The plantar fascia was shown to undergo continuous elongation from arch-contact to toe-off, reaching a deformation of 9 to 12% between these positions. Rapid elongation of the fascia, at a strain rate of about 0.9 +/- 0.1 Sec-1, was observed before and immediately after midstance, while a significantly slower elongation occurred at a strain rate of approximately 0.2 +/- 0.1 Sec-1 around push-off and toe-off. The average stiffness of the fascia at the slow-to-moderate walking velocities was 170 +/- 45 N/mm, which is similar to reported stiffness values for cadaver fascia specimens. The present technique may be useful for validation of computational models of the soft tissues of the foot as well as for testing the effectiveness of orthoses and shoe types for relieving excessive strain of the fascia in the treatment of plantar fasciitis.
Ozone Solubility in Water (2015)

Coefficients of ozone solubility R t at pH values ranging from 0.1 to 11 are defined. The value of R t in a pH range from 2 to 6 is 0.3 ± 0.1. A decrease in Rt below the specified range is associated with the decay of ozone. The mechanisms of ozone decomposition in alkaline and acidic media are analyzed. Ozone solutions in acidic media are the most resistant.
Towards compressing Web graphs (2002)

We consider the problem of compressing graphs of the link structure of the World Wide Web. We provide efficient algorithms for such compression that are motivated by random graph models for describing the Web. The algorithms are based on reducing the compression problem to the problem of finding a minimum spanning free in a directed graph related to the original link graph. The performance of the algorithms on graphs generated by the random graph models suggests that by taking advantage of the link structure of the Web, one may achieve significantly better compression than natural Huffman-based schemes. We also provide hardness results demonstrating limitations on natural extensions of our approach.
A programmable 3-V CMOS rail-to-rail opamp with gain boosting for driving heavy resistive loads (2002)

This paper describes a programmable 3-V CMOS rail-to-rail opamp with gain boosting. The unity-gain frequency can be programmed from 0.5 to 4 MHz, for a load of 50 pF, by changing the supply current from 55 to 390 /spl mu/A. The g/sub m/-control of the input stage functions regardless of its operating region, whether it is weak or strong inversion. This allows an optimal frequency compensation over the total programming range. The opamp features a low-voltage gain-boosting technique which provides a high gain of about 120 dB, even for loads of 50 /spl Omega/. The opamp has been designed in a 1 /spl mu/m BiCMOS process.
Simulation as a tool in process design and management for production of intracellular enzymes (1994)

Bioprocesses often operate in intrinsically dynamic batch or semi-continuous mode. This paper describes the simulation using gPROMS, of the primary separation stages of a biochemical process, the production of alcohol dehydrogenase within yeast and its subsequent purification. It is shown that gPROMS allows us to simulate the combination of discrete and continuous units that are involved in the production and purification of biochemical products such as ADH.
Continuous Dynamic Spinal Motion Analysis (2006)

The newly developed technique in assessing the dynamic lumbar motion is reliable and able to analyze the lumbar intervertebral movement from videofluoroscopic images automatically and accurately. The proposed system requires less human intervention than common approaches. It may have a potential value in the evaluation of spinal "instability" in clinical practice.
Structure of the human adult hemoglobin minor fraction A1b by electrospray and secondary ion mass spectrometry. Pyruvic acid as amino-terminal blocking group (1991)

Hemoglobin A1b is a minor hemoglobin component from human hemolysate (less than 0.5% of total hemoglobin) whose structure has never been established. It was purified and studied by mass spectrometry. Electrospray ionization of its abnormal beta-chain indicated a 70-Da mass increase. Separation of the trytic digest by reversed-phase liquid chromatography revealed an abnormal beta T1 peptide. Cesium ion bombardment ionization produced a protonated molecular ion at m/z 1022.516, showing an additional C3H2O2 residue to normal beta T1. The amino acid sequences of both abnormal and normal beta T1 peptides were found identical by comparison of their collision activation spectra. Time course hydrolysis of abnormal beta T1 indicated a rapid loss of the modifying group, leading to normal beta T1. At least, mild treatment with acidic methanol showed an additional methylated site, comparatively with normal beta T1. All these results are consistent with a ketimine-linked pyruvic acid at the amino end of the beta-chain of hemoglobin.
Turn-on colorimetric sensor for ultrasensitive detection of thrombin using fibrinogen–gold nanoparticle conjugate (2012)

A simple, colorimetric 'turn on' sensor for ultrasensitive detection of thrombin has been developed using fibrinogen-modified gold nanoparticles (Fib-Au NPs). The assay was based on the thrombin-fibrinogen interaction which is part of the physiological process of blood clotting. The fibrinogen was immobilized on the surface of 96-well plate offering reactive N-oxysuccinimide esters (referred to as NOS group) surface. Introducing thrombin and Fib-Au NPs into the fibrinogen-bound 96-well plate induced the immobilization of Fib-Au NPs on the surface of 96-well plate through the thrombin mediated conversion of soluble fibrinogen to insoluble cross-linked fibrin. Such process could be detected visually post HAuCl(4)-NH(2)OH redox reaction catalyzed by the Au NPs. The parameters governing the performance of the assay have been optimized. The detection limit was 3.2 fM, corresponding to 0.16 amol thrombin in 50 μL of sample. Other proteins, such as bovine serum albumin (BSA), pepsin, trypsin, hemoglobin, lysozyme, and cytochrome c did not show interference with the assay of thrombin. In addition, the work demonstrates the feasibility of thrombin detection in a complex matrix, showing potential for rapid medical diagnostics.
Over representation of Burmese cats with diabetes mellitus (1997)

Burmese cats were significantly over represented among cats with diabetes mellitus. Irrespective of breed, the risk of diabetes in the study population increased with age.
Proteolytic activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by calcium-dependent neutral protease. (1983)

A Ca2+-dependent protease I), which hydrolyzes casein at Ca2+ concentrations lower than the 10(-5) M range, is purified roughly 4000-fold from the soluble fraction of rat brain. This protease is able to activate Ca2+-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase C) by limited proteolysis analogously to the previously known Ca2+-dependent analogously to the previously known Ca2+-dependent protease (Ca2+ protease II) which is active at the millimolar range of Ca2+ (Inoue, M., Kishimoto, A., Takai, Y., and Nishizuka, Y. (1977) J. Biol. Chem. 252, 7610-7616). The protein kinase fragment thus produced shows a molecular weight of about 5.1 X 10(4), and is significantly smaller than native protein kinase C (Mr = 7.7 X 10(4). Although protein kinase C may be normally activated in a reversible manner by the simultaneous presence of phospholipid and diacylglycerol at Ca2+ concentrations less than 10(-6) M, this enzyme fragment is fully active without any lipid fractions and independent of Ca2+. The limited proteolysis of protein kinase C is markedly enhanced in the velocity by the addition of phospholipid and diacylglycerol, which are both required for the reversible activation of the enzyme. However, casein hydrolysis by this protease is not affected by phospholipid and diacylglycerol. Available evidence suggests that, at lower concentrations of this divalent cation, Ca2+ protease I reacts preferentially with the active form of protein kinase C which is associated with membrane, and converts it to the permanently active form. In contrast, the inactive form of protein kinase C, which is free of membrane phospholipid, does not appear to be very susceptible to the proteolytic attack. It remains unknown, however, whether this mechanism of irreversible activation of protein kinase C does operate in physiological processes. It is noted that Ca2+ protease II, which is active at higher concentrations of Ca2+, proteolytically activates protein kinase C irrespective of the presence and absence of phospholipid and diacylglycerol.
Lipid Mediators in Acne (2010)

Multiple factors are involved in acne pathogenesis, and sebum secretion is one of the main ones. The role sebum plays in acne development has not been completely elucidated yet; however, increasing amounts of data seem to confirm the presence of alterations in sebum from acne patients. Altered ratio between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids has been indicated as an important feature to be considered in addition to the altered amount of specific fatty acids such as linoleic acid. Furthermore, particular attention has been focused on squalene peroxide that seems to be able to induce an inflammatory response beyond cytotoxicity and comedones formation. Moreover, recent data suggest that lipid mediators are able to interfere with sebocytes differentiation and sebogenesis through the activation of pathways related to peroxisome proliferators-activated receptors. Understanding the factors and mechanisms that regulate sebum production is needed in order to identify novel therapeutic strategies for acne treatment.
Expression of the antimicrobial peptide α-defensin/cryptdins in intestinal crypts decreases at the initial phase of intestinal inflammation in a model of inflammatory bowel disease, IL-10-deficient mice (2010)

The altered expression of antimicrobial peptide alpha-defensin may cause the onset of intestinal inflammation due to a failure to regulate intestinal microflora.
Bandwidth allocation for ATM networks (1990)

The admission control and bandwidth allocation for ATM (asynchronous transfer mode) networks are studied. A dynamic bandwidth allocation algorithm is proposed and shown to improve the bandwidth equitable accessibility and the overall throughput. The algorithm is evaluated and compared with other allocation algorithms using blocking rate and cell throughput as evaluation criteria. An on-going study of the user-controlled bandwidth variation is also briefly described. It is shown that as more calls intend to crossover from a lower bandwidth destination to a higher one, the network suffers from a higher connection blocking.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Use of the Longley-Rice and Johnson-Gierhart Tropospheric Radio Propagation Programs:0.02-20 GHz (1986)

The Longley-Rice and Johnson-Gierhart tropospheric propagation programs are particularly useful in predicting propagation losses for paths over irregular terrain commonly encountered in ground-to-ground, air-to-ground, and air-to-air military tactical scenarios. These programs use an empirical database to statistically weigh knife-edge diffraction losses with losses from multipath interference, smooth-spherical Earth diffraction, and troposcatter modes of propagation. The purpose of this paper is to provide perspective concerning the use of the two programs. Emphasis is placed upon the regions of applicability for the programs and on factors that must be considered in selecting and specifying the input parameters. Numerical results are given for various scenarios and ranges of input parameters.
Experimental and theoretical study of dipole emission in the two-dimensional photonic band structure of the square lattice with dielectric cylinders (1996)

Dipole radiation in a two-dimensional periodic dielectric structure is studied both theoretically and experimentally in this article. For the two-dimensional square lattice structure with dielectric cylinders, the emission power of an electric dipole in the photonic band structure is computed numerically by a combination of the plane wave method, the dyadic Green’s function, the Poynting theorem, and the triangular integration method. The theoretical results are compared with experimental measurements in a microwave frequency region. The computed radiation spectra in the photonic band structure show good agreement with the experimentally measured results.
Optimal Fiber Spacing in Externally Pressurized Hollow Fiber Module for Solid Liquid Separation (1992)

Flux decline and clogging mechanism in hollow fiber bundle by activated sludge and kaolin clay suspensions were investigated experimentally. Filtration characteristics of hollow fiber bundles consisting of 10 fiber threads but different in packing density were observed. The main reason for severe flux decline was due to the accumulation of particles at the space in between fibers. The results showed that there was no particle accumulation when fiber packing density β was lower than a critical value βa. Maximum filtration flux and maximum membrane productivity Q/Vr,which is defined as the filtration rate per unit volume of bundle, were obtained below and at this point, respectively. When fiber packing density β was increased, accumulation of particles happened and flux declined rapidly to a minimum, then increased to a maximum and then decreased when surface clogging predominated in the case of activated sludge filtration, but remained almost constant for the case of kaolin clay suspensions. The critical point where accumulation of particles started was related to cross flow velocity. The higher the cross flow velocity, the higher the value of βa obtained.