gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunoglobulins in Human Serum Reactive with Murine Friend Leukaemia Virus (1980)

Fresh human sera neutralize Friend leukaemia virus (FLV). The activity is abolished by heating (56 degrees C for 30 min), hydrazine and EDTA treatment, suggesting the involvement of complement. Human sera also contain antibody which specifically reacts with FLV. Following incubation with human whole serum, IgG and F(ab')2 fragments, FLV acquire the ability to bind anti-human Ig sera, as shown in neutralization and radioimmunoprecipitation assay. The same is true for FLV-infected cells but not for uninfected control cells, as assessed by immunofluorescence. The binding of antibody to FLV-infected cells is prevented by pre-treating the cells with antisera to FLV and FLV-gp71, and is completed by FLV, FLV-gp71 and, to a lesser extent, by FLV-p12 and p30.
Cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria have a monocarboxylate transporter MCT1 (1999)

To evaluate the potential role of monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1) in tissue lactate oxidation, isolated rat subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar cardiac and skeletal muscle mitochondria were probed with an antibody to MCT1. Western blots indicated presence of MCT1 in sarcolemmal membranes and in subsarcolemmal and interfibrillar mitochondria. Minimal cross-contamination of mitochondria by cell membrane fragments was verified by probing for the sarcolemmal protein GLUT-1. In agreement, immunolabeling and electron microscopy showed mitochondrial MCT1 in situ. Along with lactic dehydrogenase, the presence of MCT1 in striated muscle mitochondria permits mitochondrial lactate oxidation and facilitates function of the "intracellular lactate shuttle."
A novel structure for carbon nanotube reinforced alumina composites with improved mechanical properties (2008)

Engineering ceramics have high stiffness, excellent thermostability, and relatively low density, but their brittleness impedes their use as structural materials. Incorporating carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into a brittle ceramic might be expected to provide CNT/ceramic composites with both high toughness and high temperature stability. Until now, however, materials fabrication difficulties have limited research on CNT/ceramic composites. The mechanical failure of CNT/ceramic composites reported previously is primarily attributed to poor CNT-matrix connectivity and severe phase segregation. Here we show that a novel processing approach based on the precursor method can diminish the phase segregation of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and render MWCNT/alumina composites highly homogeneous. The MWCNTs used in this study are modified with an acid treatment. Combined with a mechanical interlock induced by the chemically modified MWCNTs, this approach leads to improved mechanical properties. Mechanical measurements reveal that only 0.9 vol% acid-treated MWCNT addition results in 27% and 25% simultaneous increases in bending strength (689.6 ± 29.1 MPa) and fracture toughness (5.90 ± 0.27 MPa m(1/2)), respectively.
Fat emulsion vehicle for intravenous administration of an aqueous insoluble drug (1975)

Formulation of a sterile preparation for the parenteral administration of a water insoluble drug is described. Methyl CCNU was first dissolved in absolute alcohol and slowly added to a fat emulsion, Intralipid. The preparation was found to be stable for eight hours at room temperature and seven days under refrigeration. After administration of the preparation to approximately 100 patients, no significant side effects were attributed to the fat emulsion.
Cellular and molecular actions of Methylene Blue in the nervous system (2009)

Methylene Blue (MB), following its introduction to biology in the 19th century by Ehrlich, has found uses in various areas of medicine and biology. At present, MB is the first line of treatment in methemoglobinemias, is used frequently in the treatment of ifosfamide-induced encephalopathy, and is routinely employed as a diagnostic tool in surgical procedures. Furthermore, recent studies suggest that MB has beneficial effects in Alzheimer's disease and memory improvement. Although the modulation of the cGMP pathway is considered the most significant effect of MB, mediating its pharmacological actions, recent studies indicate that it has multiple cellular and molecular targets. In the majority of cases, biological effects and clinical applications of MB are dictated by its unique physicochemical properties including its planar structure, redox chemistry, ionic charges, and light spectrum characteristics. In this review article, these physicochemical features and the actions of MB on multiple cellular and molecular targets are discussed with regard to their relevance to the nervous system.
Surfactant-Free Synthesis of Colloidal Poly(methyl methacrylate)/Silica Nanocomposites in the Absence of Auxiliary Comonomers (2002)

The surfactant-free synthesis of poly(methyl methacrylate)−silica nanocomposite particles has been achieved in aqueous alcoholic media at ambient temperature without the use of auxiliary comonomers. Stable colloidal dispersions with reasonably narrow size distributions can be obtained with silica contents of up to 58% by mass. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and aqueous electrophoresis studies indicate that these nanocomposite particles have silica-rich surface compositions.
Advanced Fermentation Technologies (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Batch Processes Fed-Batch Processes Continuous Processes Immobilized Cell Systems Growth-Arrested Process Integrated Bioprocesses Consolidated Bioprocessing (CBP) Perspective References
Detection of activated platelet-derived growth factor receptors in human meningioma. (1997)

The beta receptor subunit of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and its corresponding ligand (PDGF-BB) are coordinately expressed in fresh surgical isolates of human meningioma. These observations imply that PDGF autocrine loops are engaged in human meningioma and suggest that activated PDGF-beta receptors might contribute to the pathology of this common brain neoplasm. The study of PDGF autocrine loops and human meningioma has been slowed by the scarcity of meningioma cell culture model systems. Furthermore, in meningioma tumor tissue, the activation state of PDGF receptors is difficult to assess with conventional reagents, because the tumor is intermixed with normal stroma. In fact, there is no evidence that PDGF receptors within the tumor are activated by ligand. We used a synthetic tyrosine phosphopeptide to raise an antibody that reports the phosphorylation state of tyrosine 751 in the human PDGF-beta receptor. Phosphorylated tyrosine 751 is a recognition site for phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase, a cytoplasmic effector of PDGF-induced mitogenesis, chemotaxis, and membrane ruffling. Immunoblotting and immunostaining analyses with this antibody show that the PDGF-beta receptor is constitutively phosphorylated at tyrosine 751 within multiple fresh surgical isolates of human meningioma. These findings are consistent with a role for activated PDGF receptors in the proliferation of human meningiomas.
Microfluidic device with integrated microfilter of conical-shaped holes for high efficiency and high purity capture of circulating tumor cells (2014)

Capture of circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from peripheral blood of cancer patients has major implications for metastatic detection and therapy analyses. Here we demonstrated a microfluidic device for high efficiency and high purity capture of CTCs. The key novelty of this approach lies on the integration of a microfilter with conical-shaped holes and a micro-injector with cross-flow components for size dependent capture of tumor cells without significant retention of non-tumor cells. Under conditions of constant flow rate, tumor cells spiked into phosphate buffered saline could be recovered and then cultured for further analyses. When tumor cells were spiked in blood of healthy donors, they could also be recovered at high efficiency and high clearance efficiency of white blood cells. When the same device was used for clinical validation, CTCs could be detected in blood samples of cancer patients but not in that of healthy donors. Finally, the capture efficiency of tumor cells is cell-type dependent but the hole size of the filter should be more closely correlated to the nuclei size of the tumor cells. Together with the advantage of easy operation, low-cost and high potential of integration, this approach offers unprecedented opportunities for metastatic detection and cancer treatment monitoring.
Antioxidant and Physiological Activities of Capsicum annuum Ethanol Extracts (2012)

고추(Capsicum annuum)의 항산화 효과 및 생리활성 측정을 통하여 기능성식품의 소재로 활용하기 위한 기초 연구를 진행하였다. 폴리페놀 함량은 과육보다는 씨에서 높게 나타났다. 그러나 플라보노이드 함량은 풋고추 과육에서 높은 함량을 보였다. DPPH radical 소거활성에서 SC50값은 홍고추 씨 1,935±162 ㎍ DM/mL, ABTS radical 소거활성에서는 SC50값이 풋고추 씨 3,354±76 ㎍ DM/mL로 과육에 비해 높았다. 최종당화산물(AGEs) 생성 억제활성은 풋고추와 홍고추 씨, 풋고추와 홍고추 과육 순으로, α-glucosidase 저해활성은 풋고추 과육, 홍고추 씨, 홍고추 과육, 풋고추씨 순이었다. Tyrosinase 억제활성은 홍고추와 풋고추 씨, 홍고추와 풋고추 과육 순이었다. 종합해보면 기능성식품 소재로서 홍고추 씨 및 풋고추 씨가 과육보다 활용도가 높은 것으로 결론지을 수 있다.
Using Ti-doped GaZnO/InGaZnO/Ti-doped GaZnO sandwich composite Structure to enhance the device performances of transparent thin-film transistors (2017)

In this study, two transparent thin-film transistors (TFTs) with distinct channel designs were fabricated. The first was a single channel TFT (SC-TFT) with a typical 50-nm-thick amorphous indium-gallium-zinc oxide (a-IGZO) layer, and the second was a sandwich composite-channel TFT (CC-TFT) comprising three layers of 10-/30-/10-nm-thick Ti-doped GaZnO (GTZO)/a-IGZO/GTZO. In the CC-TFT, the bottom GTZO thin film in the composite channel exhibited a highly smooth surface, serving as a buffer template for superior IGZO channel layer thin-film growth. The studies of material quality indicated that the CC-TFT exhibited improved a-IGZO thin-film quality; relative to the SC-TFT, the oxygen vacancy concentration of the IGZO layer in the composite structure was reduced from 25.1% to 18.2% because of the adoption of a GTZO buffer layer. The CC-TFT demonstrated a high level of device performance, exhibiting an excellent field-effect mobility of 14.1 cm2/V-s, subthreshold swing of 0.33 V/decade, off current of 2.92 × 10−12 A, threshold voltage of 1.7 V, and on-off current ratio of 3.95 × 107.
<title>Characterization of laser-annealed polysilicon by spectroscopic ellipsometry and comparison to other techniques</title> (1996)

Structural and electrical quality of polysilicon layers obtained by laser annealing of amorphous silicon, is a key point for the electric properties of TFT devices. For precise optimization of the laser annealing process and on line quality control a non destructive toll capable to provide precisely at the same time the crystallinity, the thickness and the roughness of the polysilicon layers is of great interest. The paper will compare the possibilities of UV spectrometry and spectroscopic ellipsometry in the case of practical examples obtained in different conditions. The UV penetration depth of less than 20 nm investigates the channel depth of the TFT. Structural results obtained using this spectral range are then directly correlated with the mobility of the transistors. Results will be also related to Raman spectroscopy and imaging morphologies obtained by scanning microscopy. A practical procedure for using spectroscopic ellipsometry will be discussed in relation to electrical results obtained on TFT devices.
Preparation of 10-hydroxycamptothecin-loaded glycyrrhizic acid-conjugated bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for hepatocellular carcinoma-targeted drug delivery (2013)

The results of this study show GL-BSA-HCPT to be a promising new vehicle for hepatocellular carcinoma-targeting therapy.
Regulation of Serum Glycosaminoglycan Sulfotransferase Activities: Inhibition by Sulfated Glycosaminoglycans and Activation by Polyamines and Basic Peptides Including a Polylysine-Containing Segment of the c-Ki-ras 2 Protein1 (1989)

The regulatory mechanisms for the glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases in fetal calf serum were investigated. The enzymes examined were those which transfer sulfate from 3'-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate to 1) position 6 of the internal N-acetylgalactosamine units of chondroitin, 2) position 6 of galactose units of keratan sulfate, and 3) position 2 (an amino group) of glucosamine units of heparan sulfate. The former two enzymes were activated by spermidine, spermine, protamine, and poly L-lysine. All the enzymes were strongly inhibited by heparin and dextran sulfate, whereas only the chondroitin 6-O-sulfotransferase was inhibited by sulfated galactosaminoglycans. The inhibition of this enzyme by the sulfated glycosaminoglycans was abolished by polylysine, indicating that the activation by polylysine is partly due to the neutralization of endogenous acidic inhibitors, including sulfated glycosaminoglycans. Affinity chromatographic studies demonstrated that heparin specifically binds to the three enzymes, which have anionic isoelectric points, and that chondroitin 6-sulfate, spermine, and polylysine bind to the former two enzymes under physiological conditions. Thus, the activation by spermine and polylysine as well as the inhibition by sulfated glycosaminoglycans also appears to occur through their binding to the enzymes. Studies with synthetic lysine oligomers and an affinity-purified (approximately 700-fold) fraction containing the former two enzymes indicated that the pentamer is the minimum unit required for the activation. A synthetic peptide, containing six consecutive lysines at the carboxy terminus of the human c-Ki-ras 2 protein, also regulated the two enzyme activities at micromolar concentrations. The possible physiological implications of the observed effects of these regulatory substances on the glycosaminoglycan sulfotransferases are discussed in relation to glycosaminoglycan synthesis during the proliferation, differentiation, and transformation of cells. The possibility of sulfated glycosaminoglycans being enzyme regulators is also discussed.
Enhancement of Solubility, Dissolution Rate, and Oral Bioavailability of Rs-82856 by Complex Formation with Cyclodextrins (1989)

RS-82856 is a new inotropic agent for treatment of congestive heart failure. Oral bioavailability was found to be very poor likely due to insufficient aqueous solubility (∼ 4.4 mcg/ml) and slow dissolution rate. Inclusion complexes with cyclodextrins were shown to enhance the solubility, dissolution rate and thereby oral bioavailability of the drug. Maximum solubilities of the drug complexes with alpha-, beta-, and gamma-cyclodextrin were 14, 30 and 55 times, respectively, more soluble than the uncomplexed drug. Phase solubility studies revealed a 1:l complexation constant of 136.5, 370.4, and 64.7 for alpha -, beta - and gamma-cyclodextrin complexes, respectively. The complexation between beta-cyclodextrin and the drug is apparently the strongest among the three cyclodextrins. Dissolution profiles of the beta-cyclodextrin complex indicated a dramatic increase in dissolution rate compared to that of the drug. However,a physical mixture of the beta-cyclodextrin and the drug gave an identical dissolution profile to that of the drug.The beta-cyclodextrin complex of the drug dissolves 90% with in 20 minutes while the free based is solves 25% with in the same time interval in water. In an acidic medium (ph 1.5) the beta-cyclodextrin complex and the free based is solve 90% and 30% respectively within 10 minutes.In asingle dose cross-over study in three dogs,the bioavailability of the beta-cyclodextrin complex was found to improve greatly over that of the drug. An increased Cmax (2.5 times),and an increased AUC (2.5 times) were observed with the beta-cyclodextrin complex compared to the drug.
The Independence of the Bank Of England: an Update (2000)

In this article, Stephen Hall and Brian Henry reconsider the arguments for further coordination of fiscal and monetary policy in the UK. The recent inflation‐unemployment performance in the UK has been good, but it appears mainly the result of beneficial developments in the world economy. Further improvement in the policy‐making framework in the UK is called for. Many of the present drawbacks could be dealt with by treating fiscal policy on a par with monetary policy. There are arguments that further cooperation is not needed but these are unpersuasive. They recommend the setting up of an independent committee charged with reviewing fiscal decisions, and coordinating these with monetary decisions by the MPC.
Quantum Key Distribution Approach for Cloud Authentication: Enhance Tight Finite Key (2014)

 Abstract— The definite length of the key size has been a hot debate since 1940. How we are going to measure it? Most cryptographic mechanisms, such as symmetric and asymmetric cryptography, often involve the use of cryptographic keys. However, all cryptographic techniques will be ineffective if the key distribution mechanism is weak. The security of most modern cryptographic systems of key distribution mechanism is based on computational complexity and the extraordinary time needed to break the code. Quantum Key Distribution (QKD) or Quantum Cryptography is attracting much attention as a solution of the problem of key distribution; QKD offers unconditionally secure communication based on quantum mechanics. In this article we proposed the enhance method to secure the distribution key which we call enhance tight finite key scheme. We will identify either this approach it suitable with the cloud authentication mechanism.
6-[18F]fluorometaraminol. A radiotracer for in vivo mapping of adrenergic nerves of the heart (1988)

The false neurotransmitter metaraminol has been 18F labeled and evaluated as a possible heart imaging agent on the basis of its selective accumulation in adrenergic nerves. Reaction of 6-(acetoxymercurio)-N-t-BOC-metaraminol with acetyl hypofluorite followed by removal of the BOC group provides a regiospecific synthesis of 6-fluorometaraminol (4). Use of acetyl hypo[18F]fluorite gives [18F]-4 in 60 min in 20-42% radiochemical yield. Systemic blockade of the neuronal uptake-1 carrier with desmethylimipramine or systemic destruction of the adrenergic nerves with 6-hydroxydopamine lowers [18F]-4 accumulation greater than or equal to 85% in all four regions of the rat heart. These preliminary findings suggest that [18F]-4 could be used to assess neuronal damage in various heart diseases by positron emission tomography.
Application of Hexamethylenetetramine in a Pictet-Spengler Type Reaction for Synthesis of Isoquinoline Derivatives (2001)

Hexamethylenetetramine was used successfully as amino-and amidoalkylation cyclization reagent for the synthesis of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolines, tetrahydroisoquinolines and 1,4-dihydro-3(2H)-isoquinolinones.The reagent provides a simple and convenient pathway for the preparation of a range of these compounds.Hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) as a reagent has been used as a source of -CH=N-and -CH= functions.It has been employed for introduction of formyl group usually in activated aromatic compounds (Sommelet and Duff reactions), for the synthesis of N-heterocyclic compounds 1,2 and as a Mannich
Enhanced detection of reactive oxygen species produced by human spermatozoa with 7‐dimethyl amino‐naphthalin–1, 2‐dicarbonic acid hydrazide (1992)

A new chemiluminescence technique has been assessed for the detection of reactive oxygen species generated by purified populations of human sperm. This revised protocol involves the use of horse-radish peroxidase (HRP) in combination with a luminol analogue, 7-dimethyl amino-naphthalin-1,2-dicarbonic acid hydrazide (DNDH), that exhibits two-three times the quantal efficiency of luminol itself. The chemiluminescent signal generated with these reagents was significantly (P less than 0.001) greater than that obtained with the conventional luminol-based methodology for both the steady-state situation and following stimulation of the sperm with PMA and A23187. Dose-response analyses indicated that the DNDH/HRP chemiluminescence system could give linear standard curves with hydrogen peroxide concentrations into the nmol l-1 range. In contrast, the exponential rise in chemiluminescence recorded with luminol was not observed until hydrogen peroxide concentrations exceeded 10 mumol l-1. It is concluded that the enhanced sensitivity of the DNDH/HRP system to low levels of hydrogen peroxide should facilitate the application of chemiluminescent techniques to the diagnosis of oxidative stress in cases of male infertility.
Receptor and Membrane Interaction Sites on Gβ (1996)

The functional organization of Gbetagamma is poorly understood. Regions of bovine brain Gbetagamma that interact with a photoaffinity derivative of an alpha2-adrenergic receptor-derived peptide from the third intracellular loop (diazopyruvoyl-modified peptide Q (DAP-Q)) and a hydrophobic membrane probe (3-trifluoromethyl-3-(m-iodophenyl)diazirine (TID)) were examined. We previously showed that DAP-Q cross-links to specific, competable sites on both the alpha and beta subunits of Go/Gi but not on the gamma subunit and that betagamma subunit was required for stimulation of Go/Gi GTPase activity (Taylor, J. M., Jacob Mosier, G. G., Lawton, R. G., Remmers, A. E., and Neubig, R. R. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 27618-27624). Similarly, we show here that the membrane-associated photoprobe [125I]TID labels alpha and beta but not gamma. We have now mapped the sites of incorporation of DAP-Q and TID into the beta subunit. TID labels both the 14-kDa amino-terminal and the 23-kDa carboxyl-terminal fragments from a partial tryptic digest of beta while DAP-Q labels only the carboxyl-terminal fragment. Further mapping with endopeptidase Lys C reveals substantial labeling of multiple fragments by TID while DAP-Q labels predominantly a approximately 6-kDa fragment within the carboxyl-terminal 60 amino acids of beta1. Thus, regions within the 7th (or possibly 6th) WD-40 repeat of the beta subunit of G protein interact with the receptor-derived peptide while membrane interaction involves multiple sites throughout the beta subunit.
DABCO-<i>Bis</i>(sulfur dioxide), DABSO, as a Convenient Source of Sulfur Dioxide for Organic Synthesis: Utility in Sulfonamide and Sulfamide Preparation (2011)

The charge-transfer complex generated from the combination of DABCO and sulfur dioxide, DABSO, is a bench-stable colorless solid suitable for use in organic synthesis as a replacement for gaseous sulfur dioxide. The complex can be combined with Grignard reagents to form sulfinates, which can then be converted in situ to a series of sulfonamides. Alternatively, reaction with anilines and iodine leads to the formation of a series of sulfamides. Cheletropic addition between DABSO and 2,3-dimethylbutadiene provides the corresponding sulfolene.
Reduction in Glucose Levels in STZ Diabetic Rats by 4-(2,2-Dimethyl-1-oxopropyl)benzoic Acid:  A Prodrug Approach for Targeting the Liver (2000)

The overproduction of glucose by the liver in NIDDM patients markedly contributes to their fasting hyperglycemia and is a direct consequence of the increased oxidation of excess free fatty acids (FFA) being released from the adipocyte. 2-(1,1-Dimethylethyl)-2-(4-methylphenyl)[1,3]dioxolane (SAH51-641, 1) has previously been demonstrated to reduce glucose levels in animal models of diabetes by reducing fatty acid oxidation and hence depriving the system of the energy and cofactors necessary for gluconeogenesis. However, attempts at lowering glucose levels in vivo with 1 have been associated with toxicity in other organs such as the testes. An approach was developed utilizing the natural processing of triglyceride-like intermediates as a basis for selectively targeting the absorption, processing, and delivery of a prodrug to the liver. Compounds were identified by this method which lowered glucose levels in vivo without releasing toxic amounts of the active metabolites of 1 into circulation.