gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zur Kenntnis des trimeren Sulfimids, (O<sub>2</sub>SNH)<sub>3</sub> (1954)

Abstract Erhitzt man Sulfamid vorsichtig auf 180–200°, so lagert es sich in das Ammoniumsulfimid um, aus dessen wäßriger Lösung mit AgNO 3 lange Nadeln von Ag 3 (NSO 2 ) 3 , 3 H 2 O gefällt werden, die bei 110° ihr Kristallwasser abgeben. Das in kaltem Wasser schwer lösliche Hydrat besitzt dieselbe Zusammensetzung wie das leicht lösliche und zudem kein Wasser abspaltende Silber‐sulfaminat, H 2 N · SO 3 Ag. Es wurden weiter das noch unbekannte Tl(I)‐, Hg(I)‐ und Hg(II)‐, ferner Pb(II)‐sulfimid als in Wasser ziemlich schwer lösliche, farblose Kristalle gewonnen, von denen nur die T1‐Verbindung wasserfrei anfällt und auch nicht hygroskopisch ist. Mit Hilfe des gelben, schwer löslichen Luteosulfimids, [Co(NH 3 ) 6 ](NSO 2 ) 3 , aq läßt sich Sulfimid gut nachweisen. Auffallend ist die komplizierte Zusammensetzung des Benzidin‐sulfimids, in welchem fünf Benzidinmolekeln auf zwei des trimeren Sulfimids treffen. — Das trimere, recht beständige Äthylsulfimid, (Smp. 65–66°) wurde aus C 2 H 5 J und AgNSO 2 gewonnen.— Durch Umsatz von Ag‐sulfimid‐hydrat mit 0,1 n HCl hergestellte, bei Raumtemperatur etwa zwei Stunden beständige m/30 Sulfimidlösungen wurden potentiometrisch und konduktometrisch titriert. Der Verlauf der Neutralisationskurve zeigt eine dreibasische Säure an; die wäßrigen Lösungen enthalten somit trimeres Sulfimid. Bei der langsam einsetzenden Hydrolyse wird primär Schwefelsäure gebildet; ihre Wasserstoffionen begünstigen autokatalytisch die Hydrolyse. Setzt man unter peinlichem Feuchtigkeitsausschluß wasserfreies Ag‐sulfimid mit absolut ätherischem HCl um, so hinterbleibt nach Beseitigung des AgCl und Abdunsten des Äthers ein farbloses, sehr hygroskopisches, auch in Alkohol leicht lösliches Harz. Seine frisch bereitete wäßrige Lösung war völlig sulfatfrei, die sonstigen Reaktionen deuten auf ein Polymerengemisch des freien — vermutlich neben einem Äthylderivat vorliegenden — Sulfimids hin.
Review of shell models for contrast agent microbubbles (2011)

Micrometer-scale encapsulated gas bubbles, known as ultrasound contrast agents, are used in ultrasound medical diagnostics for enhancing blood-tissue contrast during an ultrasonic examination. They are also employed in therapy as an activator of drug incorporation or extravasation. Adequate modeling of the effect of encapsulation is of primary importance because it is the encapsulating shell that determines many of the functional properties of contrast agents. In this review, existing approaches to the modeling of the radial motion of an encapsulated bubble are discussed and comparative analysis of available shell models is conducted. The capabilities of the shell models are evaluated in the context of recent experimental observations, such as compression-only behavior and the dependence of shell material properties on initial bubble radius. It is shown that for early shell models, the main problem is that the behavior of encapsulation is described by linear elastic and viscous laws, whereas recent experimental data attest to complicated rheological properties inherent in shell materials. Currently, a trend toward models involving nonlinear laws for shell elasticity and viscosity is observed. In particular, nonlinear models have been proposed that allow one to reproduce compression-only behavior. However, the problem of the radius dependence of shell material parameters remains unsolved.
Traumatic Cancer in Workmen's Compensation (1962)

Patellar tendon straps (easily fit and cheap unlike knee braces) had more improvements in inter-limb weight-bearing symmetry during squatting in people with knee osteoarthritis compared to healthy subjects. This study is a new insight for future studies to investigate clinical benefits of wearing patellar tendon straps in this population.
Spinal CSF absorption in healthy individuals (2004)

The present study examines the extent of spinal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) absorption in healthy individuals in relation to physical activity, CSF production, intracranial pressure (ICP), and spinal CSF movement. Thirty-four healthy individuals aged 21-35 yr were examined by lumbar puncture and radionuclide cisternography with repeated imaging. ICP was registered before and after CSF drainage, and CSF production was calculated. Spinal CSF absorption was calculated as reduction in spinal radionuclide activity. The radionuclide activity in the spinal subarachnoidal space was gradually decreased by 20 +/- 13% (mean +/- SD) during 1 h. The reduction was higher in active than in resting individuals (27 +/- 12% vs. 13 +/- 9%). The mean ICP in 19 of the individuals was 13.6 +/- 3.1 cm H(2)O. B-waves were found in 79% of the individuals, with a mean frequency of 0.6 +/- 0.3 min(-1). The mean CSF production rate was 0.34 +/- 0.13 ml/min. There were no correlations between radionuclide reduction, spinal movement of the radionuclide, and CSF production rate. The spinal radionuclide reduction found in this study indicates a spinal CSF absorption of 0.11-0.23 ml/min, more pronounced in active than in resting individuals.
Diode-HBT-logic circuits monolithically integrable with ECL/CML circuits (2002)

A description is provided of a novel logic approach, diode-HBT-logic (DHL), that is implemented with GaAlAs-GaAs HBTs and Schottky diodes to provide high density and low power digital circuit operation. This logic family has been realized with the same technology used to produce ECL/CML circuits. The logic operation is demonstrated with a ring oscillator, consisting of 19 stages of bilevel DHL gates. A gate delay of 160 ps was measured with 1.1 mW of power per gate. Layouts of a DHL flip-flop and divider have shown that circuit area and transistor count can be reduced by about a factor of 3, relative to ECL/CML circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Phase-Locked Loops for Electronically Scanned Antenna Arrays (1961)

This paper describes the ATHESA (Automatic THree-dimensional Electronic Scanned Array) technique for achieving very high antenna gain for deep-space communication systems. Phase coherence over a band of frequencies is established on reception automatically and continuously for either stationary or moving targets by phase-locking the signals from antenna elements separated by many wavelengths to a reference antenna element.
Novobiocin Enhances Polymyxin Activity by Stimulating Lipopolysaccharide Transport (2018)

Gram-negative bacteria are challenging to kill with antibiotics due to their impenetrable outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The polymyxins, including colistin, are the drugs of last resort for treating Gram-negative infections. These drugs bind LPS and disrupt the outer membrane; however, their toxicity limits their usefulness. Polymyxin has been shown to synergize with many antibiotics including novobiocin, which inhibits DNA gyrase, by facilitating transport of these antibiotics across the outer membrane. Recently, we have shown that novobiocin not only inhibits DNA gyrase but also binds and stimulates LptB, the ATPase that powers LPS transport. Here, we report the synthesis of novobiocin derivatives that separate these two activities. One analog retains LptB-stimulatory activity but is unable to inhibit DNA gyrase. This analog, which is not toxic on its own, nevertheless enhances the lethality of polymyxin by binding LptB and stimulating LPS transport. Therefore, LPS transport agonism contributes substantially to novobiocin–polymyxin synergy. We also report other novobiocin analogs that inhibit DNA gyrase better than or equal to novobiocin, but bind better to LptB and therefore have even greater LptB stimulatory activity. These compounds are more potent than novobiocin when used in combination with polymyxin. Novobiocin analogs optimized for both gyrase inhibition and LPS transport agonism may allow the use of lower doses of polymyxin, increasing its efficacy and safety.
Cholesterol and its oxidized derivatives modulate the calcium channel in human red blood cells. (1984)

peer reviewed
Antiproliferative effect of <i>Scutellaria barbata</i> D. Don. on cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells by down‐regulation of the expression of Bcl‐2 protein (2008)

Scutellaria barbata D. Don (Lamiaceae; SB) inhibited the growth of leiomyomal cells (LM). A time-dependent antiproliferative effect was noted when 10(-5) m buserelin, gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist or 20-40 microg/mL SB was added. The inhibition of cell growth decreased with the addition of the PKC activator (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbor-13-acetate; TPA) much as it did with the addition of SB, and the decreases in the viable cells caused by the addition of SB were reversed completely by pretreatment with a protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitor (calphostin C). The findings suggest that SB inhibits cell proliferation in cultured human uterine leiomyoma cells accompanied by PKC activation. Next, the study investigated the effect of SB on fetal development for toxicity. Pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats, from gestation day 6-15, were administered 20 g/L or 50 g/L SB in the drinking water and then killed on day 20. No maternal toxicity was observed, however, embryonic loss in the treatment groups was double that of the controls (p < 0.05). No gross morphologic malformations were seen in the treated fetuses. Fetuses exposed to SB were found to be significantly heavier than the controls, an effect that was greater in female fetuses and was not correlated with increased placental size. The results suggest that the SB had no toxicity and that in utero exposure to SB resulted in increased early embryo loss with increased growth in surviving fetuses. On the other hand, Western blot analyses revealed that Bcl-2 protein of a 26 kDa was abundant in leiomyomal cells, but not in normal myometrial cells. The addition of progesterone (100 ng/mL) resulted in a striking increase in Bcl-2 protein expression in the cultured leiomyoma cells. However, the addition of SB (20 microg/mL) resulted in a significant reduction in Bcl-2 protein expression in the cells. The results indicated that human uterine leiomyomal cells express Bcl-2 protein and progesterone enhances its expression, however, SB reduces the expression of Bcl-2 protein in human uterine leiomyoma cells.
SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>/SnO<sub>2</sub>: Efficient, Chemoselective, and Reusable Catalyst for Acylation of Alcohols, Phenols, and Amines at Room Temperature (2007)

Abstract SO4 2−/SnO2 was employed for the acylation of a variety of alcohols, phenols, and amines under solvent‐free conditions at room temperature. This method showed preferential selectivity for acetylation of the amino group in the presence of a hydroxyl group. The reported method is simple, mild, and environmentally viable, using several other acid anhydrides at room temperature.
Boron-Proton Nuclear-Fusion Enhancement Induced in Boron-Doped Silicon Targets by Low-Contrast Pulsed Laser (2014)

We show that a spatially well-defined layer of boron dopants in a hydrogen-enriched silicon target allows the production of a high yield of alpha particles of around 10 9 per steradian using a nanosecond, low-contrast laser pulse with a nominal intensity of approximately 3 10 16 W cm -2 . This result can be ascribed to the nature of the long laser-pulse interaction with the target and with the expanding plasma, as well as to the optimal target geometry and composition. The possibility of an impact on future applications such as nuclear fusion without production of neutron-induced radioactivity and compact ion accelerators is anticipated.
Hot desert environments. (2012)

This chapter introduces the major abiotic constraints that species face in hot deserts and disucss how organisms, primarily from the plant kingdom, have adapted to circumvent these constraints. The chapter also sheds light on some of the biotic interactions that take place in desert environments.
OPTIMAL ONE-SECTION AND TWO-SECTION CIRCULAR SOUND-ABSORBING DUCT LINERS FOR PLANE -WAVE AND MONOPOLE SOURCES WITHOUT FLOW (1976)

A discrete frequency study is made of the influence of source characteristics on the optimal properties of acoustically lined uniform and two section ducts. Two simplified sources, a plane wave and a monopole, are considered in some detail and over a greater frequency range than has been previously studied. Source and termination impedance effects are given limited examination. An example of a turbomachinery source and three associated source variants is also presented. Optimal liner designs based on modal theory approach the Cremer criterion at low frequencies and the geometric acoustics limit at high frequencies. Over an intermediate frequency range, optimal two section liners produced higher transmission losses than did the uniform configurations. Source distribution effects were found to have a significant effect on optimal liner design, but source and termination impedance effects appear to be relatively unimportant.
Electrochemical Antitumor Drug Sensitivity Test for Leukemia K562 Cells at a Carbon‐Nanotube‐Modified Electrode (2005)

Abstract The change in electrochemical behavior of tumor cells induced by antitumor drugs was detected by using a multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs)‐modified glass carbon electrode (GCE). Based on the changes observed, a simple, in vitro, electrochemical antitumor drug sensitivity test was developed. MWNTs promoted electron transfer between the electroactive centers of cells and the electrode. Leukemia K562 cells exhibited a well‐defined anodic peak of guanine at +0.823 V at 50 mV s −1 . HPLC assay with ultraviolet detection was used to elucidate the reactant responsible for the electrochemical response of the tumor cells. The guanine content within the cytoplasm of each K562 cell was detected to be 920 amol. For the drug sensitivity tests, 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) and several clinical antitumor drugs, such as vincristine, adriamycin, and mitomycin C, were added to cell culture medium. As a result, the electrochemical responses of the K562 cells decreased significantly. The cytotoxicity curves and results obtained corresponded well with the results of MTT assays. In comparison to conventional methods, this electrochemical test is highly sensitive, accurate, inexpensive, and simple. The method proposed could be developed as a convenient means to study the sensitivity of tumor cells to antitumor drugs.
Initial Hormonal Management of Androgen-Sensitive Metastatic, Recurrent, or Progressive Prostate Cancer: 2007 Update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology Practice Guideline (2007)

Bilateral orchiectomy or luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone agonists are recommended initial androgen-deprivation treatments (ADTs). Nonsteroidal antiandrogen monotherapy merits discussion as an alternative; steroidal antiandrogen monotherapy should not be offered. Combined androgen blockade should be considered. In metastatic or progressive PCa, immediate versus symptom-onset institution of ADT results in a moderate decrease (17%) in relative risk (RR) for PCa-specific mortality, a moderate increase (15%) in RR for non-PCa-specific mortality, and no overall survival advantage. Therefore, the Panel cannot make a strong recommendation for early ADT initiation. Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) kinetics and other metrics allow identification of populations at high risk for PCa-specific and overall mortality. Further studies must be completed to assess whether patients with adverse prognostic factors gain a survival advantage from immediate ADT. For patients electing to wait until symptoms for ADT, regular monitoring visits are indicated. For patients with recurrence, clinical trials should be considered if available. Currently, data are insufficient to support use of intermittent androgen blockade outside clinical trials
Bacterial oxidation of chemical carcinogens: formation of polycyclic aromatic acids from benz[a]anthracene (1988)

A Beijerinckia strain designated strain B1 was shown to oxidize benz[a]anthracene after induction with biphenyl, m-xylene, and salicylate. Biotransformation experiments showed that after 14 h a maximum of 56% of the benz[a]anthracene was converted to an isomeric mixture of three o-hydroxypolyaromatic acids. Nuclear magnetic resonance and mass spectral analyses led to the identification of the major metabolite as 1-hydroxy-2-anthranoic acid. Two minor metabolites were also isolated and identified as 2-hydroxy-3-phenanthroic acid and 3-hydroxy-2-phenanthroic acid. Mineralization experiments with [12-14C]benz[a]anthracene led to the formation of 14CO2. These results show that the hydroxy acids can be further oxidized and that at least two rings of the benz[a]anthracene molecule can be degraded.
Decreased Tumor Necrosis Factor‐α and Interleukin‐1α Production from Intrahepatic Mononuclear Cells in Chronic Ethanol Consumption and Upregulation by Endotoxin (1998)

The relationship between the changes in liver pathology and the production of interleukin (IL)-1alpha, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) by intrahepatic mononuclear cells was studied in rats fed alcohol and subsequently exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Rats were fed 40% ethanol in drinking water, whereas control rats were provided with a chow diet with isocaloric or 2% sucrose drinking solutions for up to 20 weeks. Decreased IL-1alpha and TNF-alpha production in 24-hr culture supernatants of mononuclear cells isolated from liver perfusate was detected while IL-6 remained unchanged over 20 weeks. When animals were injected with LPS (1.0 microg/kg body weight), there was a 5-fold rise in ALT levels in the ethanol-fed group, but not in control groups. Increased IL-6 and TNF-alpha levels in the serum and supernatant of cultured intrahepatic mononuclear cells stimulated with or without LPS or concanavalin A was observed. There was a correlation between levels of ALT and TNF-alpha, but not IL-6. T cells and Kupffer cells were the major source of TNF-alpha in culture supernatants of hepatic perfusate mononuclear cells from ethanol-consuming rats injected LPS. In addition, pathological liver injury was evident, which suggests a pathogenic role for TNF-alpha in alcohol-induced liver disease.
Attention, Learn to Solve Routing Problems! (2018)

The recently presented idea to learn heuristics for combinatorial optimization problems is promising as it can save costly development. However, to push this idea towards practical implementation, we need better models and better ways of training. We contribute in both directions: we propose a model based on attention layers with benefits over the Pointer Network and we show how to train this model using REINFORCE with a simple baseline based on a deterministic greedy rollout, which we find is more efficient than using a value function. We significantly improve over recent learned heuristics for the Travelling Salesman Problem (TSP), getting close to optimal results for problems up to 100 nodes. With the same hyperparameters, we learn strong heuristics for two variants of the Vehicle Routing Problem (VRP), the Orienteering Problem (OP) and (a stochastic variant of) the Prize Collecting TSP (PCTSP), outperforming a wide range of baselines and getting results close to highly optimized and specialized algorithms.
Functional Status and Quality of Life Measurement Among Ophthalmic Patients (1994)

Ophthalmic patients are at high risk for decreased functional status/quality of life. Subscales of existing questionnaires potentially may be substituted for the full-length questionnaires, thereby increasing the efficiency of functional status/quality of life measurement in such patients.
Sequence Determinants in Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1α for Hydroxylation by the Prolyl Hydroxylases PHD1, PHD2, and PHD3 (2002)

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) is a heterodimeric transcription factor induced by hypoxia. Under normoxic conditions, site-specific proline hydroxylation of the alpha subunits of HIF allows recognition by the von Hippel-Lindau tumor suppressor protein (VHL), a component of an E3 ubiquitin ligase complex that targets these subunits for degradation by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Under hypoxic conditions, this hydroxylation is inhibited, allowing the alpha subunits of HIF to escape VHL-mediated degradation. Three enzymes, prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins 1, 2, and 3 (PHD1, -2, and -3; also known as HIF prolyl hydroxylase 3, 2, and 1, respectively), have recently been identified that catalyze proline hydroxylation of HIF alpha subunits. These enzymes hydroxylate specific prolines in HIF alpha subunits in the context of a strongly conserved LXXLAP sequence motif (where X indicates any amino acid and P indicates the hydroxylacceptor proline). We report here that PHD2 has the highest specific activity toward the primary hydroxylation site of HIF-1alpha. Furthermore, and unexpectedly, mutations can be tolerated at the -5, -2, and -1 positions (relative to proline) of the LXXLAP motif. Thus, these results provide evidence that the only obligatory residue for proline hydroxylation in HIF-1alpha is the hydroxylacceptor proline itself.
Manpower allocation with time windows (2004)

In this paper, we propose a manpower allocation model with time windows which is of practical interest. This model originates from a real-life port manpower allocation problem where demand is generated from locations in the yard for servicemen who are dispatched from a central point and where the objectives are to minimize the number of servicemen used, travel distances, travel times and waiting times. We develop a tabu-embedded simulated annealing algorithm and a squeaky wheel optimization with local search algorithm for the problem. Experimental results are reported which show the effectiveness of our approaches.
Octadecylated Silica Monolith Capillary Column with Integrated Nanoelectrospray Ionization Emitter for Highly Efficient Proteome Analysis (2005)

An improved strategy for the preparation of octadecylated silica monolith capillary column with high homogeneity was proposed. Column performance was evaluated by nanoscale HPLC. The design for constructing an integrated nanoelectrospray emitter on the octadecylated silica monolith capillary column was first introduced. In comparison with the separated configuration where the emitter is connected to monolithic capillary column by the aid of a zero dead volume union, the integrated capillary column has the inherent advantage of the minimized extracolumn volume thus providing improved separation quality. The performance of the integrated monolithic capillary column was evaluated by separation of BSA tryptic digest, and peak capacity of 313 with a 30-cm column was obtained. The high separation performance allowed highly confident identification of 662 distinct proteins through assignment of 1933 unique peptides by analysis of tryptic digest of 0.5 mug of Saccharomyces cerevisiae proteins. The higher separation efficiency by a 60-cm monolithic capillary column increased the proteome coverage with identification of 1323 proteins through assignment of 5501 unique peptides over 400-min gradient elution.