gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional subclasses of T-lymphocytes bearing different Ly antigens. I. The generation of functionally distinct T-cell subclasses is a differentiative process independent of antigen. (1975)

Ly alloantigens coded by two unlinked genetic loci (Ly-1 and Ly-2/Ly-3) are expressed on lymphoid cells undergoing thymus-dependent differentiation. Peripheral Thy-1+ cells from C57BL/6 mice can be divided into three subclasses on the basis of differential expression of Ly-1, Ly-2, and Ly-3; about 50% express all three Ly antigens (Ly -123+), about 33% only Ly-1 (Ly-1+), and about 6-8% Ly-2 and Ly-3 (Ly-23+). Cells of the Ly-123+ subclasses are the first peripheral Thy-1+ cells to appear in ontogeny, and are reduced in the periphery shortly after adult thymectomy. In contrast, Ly-1+ and Ly-23+ subclasses appear later in the peripheral tissues than do Ly-123+ cells, and are resistant to the early effects of adult thymectomymperiheral lymphoid populations depleted of Ly-1+ cells and Ly-123+ cells (and thereby enriched for Ly-23+ cells) were incapable of developing significant helper activity to SRBC but generated substantial levels of cytotoxic activity to allogeneic target cells. The same lymphoid populations, depleted of Ly-23+ cells and Ly-123+ cells (and thereby enriched for Ly-1+ cells), produced substantial helper responses but were unable to generate appreciable levels of killer activity. These experiments imply that commitment of T cells to participate exclusively in either helper or cytotoxic function is a differentiative process that takes place before they encounter antigen, and is accompanied by exclusion of different Ly groups, Lu-23 or Ly-1 respectively, from TL+Ly-123+ T-cell precursors. It is yet to be decided whether the TL-phase by Ly-123+ subclass is a transitional form or a separately differentiated subclass with a discrete immunologic function.
Protease degradomics: mass spectrometry discovery of protease substrates and the CLIP-CHIP, a dedicated DNA microarray of all human proteases and inhibitors (2004)

The biological role of most proteases in vivo is largely unknown. Therefore, to develop robust techniques to analyze the protease degradome in cells and tissues and to elucidate their substrate degradomes we have developed a dedicated and complete human protease and inhibitor microarray that we have called the CLIP-CHIP Oligonucleotides (70-mers) for identifying all 715 human proteases, inactive homologs and inhibitors were spotted in triplicate onto glass slides with a dedicated subarray containing oligonucleotides for specific human breast carcinoma genes. Initial analyses revealed the elevated expression of a number of proteases in invasive ductal cell carcinoma including ADAMTS17, carboxypeptidases A5 and M, tryptase-gamma and matriptase-2. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) showed a restricted expression pattern in both normal and cancerous breast tissues with most expressed at low levels. However, of the several MMPs expressed in significant quantities, the carcinoma samples showed only slightly elevated amounts other than for MMP-28 which was strongly elevated. To discover new protease substrates we developed a novel yeast two-hybrid approach we term 'inactive catalytic domain capture' (ICDC). Here, an inactive mutant protease catalytic domain lacking the propeptide was used as a yeast two hybrid bait to screen a human fibroblast cDNA library for interactor proteins as a substrate trap. Wnt-induced signaling protein-2 (WISP-2) was identified by ICDC and was biochemically confirmed as a new MMP substrate. In another approach we used isotope-coded affinity tag (ICAT) labeling with tandem mass spectrometry to quantitate the levels of secreted or shed extracellular proteins in MDA-MB-231 breast carcinoma cell cultures in the presence or absence of membrane type 1-MMP (MT1-MMP) overexpression. By this proteomic approach we identified and biochemically confirmed that IL-8, the serine protease inhibitor SLPI, the death receptor-6, pro-TNF-alpha and CTGF are novel substrates of MT1-MMP. The utility and quantitative nature of ICAT with MS/MS analysis as a new screen for protease substrate discovery based on detection of cleaved or shed substrate products should be readily adaptable to other classes of protease for assessing proteolytic function in a cellular context.
The hematopoietic stromal microenvironment promotes retro‐virus‐mediated gene transfer into hematopoietic stem cells (1993)

In this study we report on the establishment of novel conditions which permit efficient retrovirus-mediated gene transfer of human adenosine deaminase (ADA) into murine hematopoietic progenitors. Using Southern blot analysis and an ADA probe, we demonstrated that prestimulation of bone marrow cells over an in vitro culture of adherent stromal cell layers (ACLs) for two days provides favorable conditions for gene transfer in the absence of exogenous growth factors. In bone marrow transplant recipients reconstituted with retrovirally-marked cells, ADA was detected in spleen, thymus and bone marrow cells of the recipients eight months after transplantation. These observations were also seen in transplants of embryonal hematopoietic stem cells. By using different incubation protocols, it was found that the developmental fate of hematopoietic stem cells varied with the presence of exogenous growth factors or an ACL in the prestimulation phase. Polyclonal hematopoiesis with multiple clones appearing simultaneously was revealed in mice reconstituted with growth factor-stimulated cells four months after transplantation. This was detected by multiple integration patterns of ADA integration into the genomes of individual colony forming units-spleen (CFU-S) in transplantation recipient mice. In contrast, two to five months after transplantation, polyclonal hematopoiesis was not observed in mice reconstituted with cells infected in the absence of growth factors. It appears that utilization of the bone marrow microenvironment through the use of an ACL results in a narrower spectrum of integration patterns, suggesting that a type of oligoclonal or monoclonal hematopoiesis is occurring. These studies demonstrate that an ACL provides novel conditions for successful gene transfer and stable integration of the vector into the genome. Use of an ACL may be advantageous for successful hematopoietic stem cell gene therapy.
A single phase PFC 3 kW converter using a three-state switching cell (2004)

This paper presents a novel high efficiency single phase PFC 3 kW converter using a three-state switching cell operating in continuous conduction mode. The main advantages of this converter are low conduction and commutation losses and that the frequency of the reactive elements is twice of the switching frequency. Due to these features, the proposed converter presents reduced input and DC-link current ripple, smaller inductor and output filter capacitor, low weight and reduced volume. The converter is suitable for high power applications (>1.5 kW) as preregulator stage due to the presence of one autotransformer inside of the switching cell. Theoretical analysis and experimental results demonstrate the feasibility of the proposed rectifier.
Thrombin‐induced reversal of astrocyte stellation is mediated by activation of protein kinase C β‐1 (1998)

Exogenous or endogenous injuries of the central nervous system trigger astrogliosis characterized by proliferation of astrocytes and changes in their morphology from stellate to flat polygonal. Astrocytes in culture are very sensitive to thrombin, a serine protease, which through its proteolytically activated receptor (PAR-1) induces proliferation and morphological changes comparable to astrogliosis. Evaluation of the thrombin signal-transduction pathway in the reversal of astrocyte stellation might help to understand astrogliosis. For this purpose, primary cultured murine cortical astrocytes were treated with H7, a protein-kinase inhibitor, and thrombin, which resulted in an inhibition of stellation reversal. Treatments with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), a protein kinase C (PKC) activator, mimicked the action of thrombin. Subsequently, direct assay of astrocyte PKC activity after thrombin or PMA treatment demonstrated involvement of PKC in thrombin signaling associated with shape change. Western blotting showed that PKC isoform beta-1 was involved in this pathway, while PKC alpha was only weakly activated and PKC beta-2 was not activated by thrombin. PKC beta-1 translocation was also elicited by a thrombin-receptor active peptide (SFLLRN), demonstrating the involvement of PAR-1 in this process. PKC delta and epsilon were located constitutively in the membrane fraction in stellate astrocytes. Isoforms gamma, eta, theta, and zeta were absent from astrocytes. These results suggest that astrogliosis in vitro might be regulated by modulating the activity of thrombin, PAR-1, or specific PKC isoforms.
Influence of visual technology on the evolution of language environments (1989)

The increasing influence of visual technology on language environments that has resulted from the increasing availability of workstations is discussed. An evolution that began with the relatively straightforward translation of textual techniques into corresponding visual techniques and has progressed to uses of visual techniques that have no natural parallel using purely textural techniques is traced. Visual user interfaces, visual editing, and visual languages are surveyed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonlinear control of a continuously variable transmission (CVT) for hybrid vehicle powertrains (2001)

Automotive engineers are continuously exploring various engine, transmission, and chassis technologies to increase overall vehicle performance, fuel economy, and safety. One promising powertrain concept is the continuously variable transmission (CVT) which offers a continuum of infinitely variable gear ratios between established minimum and maximum limits. This continuous gear ratio spectrum can increase the overall powertrain efficiency and eliminate the unwanted jerks associated with manual and automatic transmissions. Although basic CVT designs may have difficulty with high torque/low speed requirements, a hybrid power split continuously variable transmission configuration offers both fixed gearing and adjustable pulleys to satisfy driving demands. The effective control of the variable radius pulleys allows the designation of engine torque/speed to improve overall system performance for a given operating condition. In the paper, the fundamental components, configuration, and kinematics of a power split CVT are discussed. A suite of mathematical models is presented which includes the internal combustion spark ignition engine, clutch, transmission differential, and chassis dynamics. The problem of wheel speed control of a CVT equipped vehicle is considered. An adaptive nonlinear controller is designed to ensure asymptotic tracking of the desired wheel speed.
Ultrafast, sensitive and large-volume on-chip real-time PCR for the molecular diagnosis of bacterial and viral infections (2016)

To control future infectious disease outbreaks, like the 2014 Ebola epidemic, it is necessary to develop ultrafast molecular assays enabling rapid and sensitive diagnoses. To that end, several ultrafast real-time PCR systems have been previously developed, but they present issues that hinder their wide adoption, notably regarding their sensitivity and detection volume. An ultrafast, sensitive and large-volume real-time PCR system based on microfluidic thermalization is presented herein. The method is based on the circulation of pre-heated liquids in a microfluidic chip that thermalize the PCR chamber by diffusion and ultrafast flow switches. The system can achieve up to 30 real-time PCR cycles in around 2 minutes, which makes it the fastest PCR thermalization system for regular sample volume to the best of our knowledge. After biochemical optimization, anthrax and Ebola simulating agents could be respectively detected by a real-time PCR in 7 minutes and a reverse transcription real-time PCR in 7.5 minutes. These detections are respectively 6.4 and 7.2 times faster than with an off-the-shelf apparatus, while conserving real-time PCR sample volume, efficiency, selectivity and sensitivity. The high-speed thermalization also enabled us to perform sharp melting curve analyses in only 20 s and to discriminate amplicons of different lengths by rapid real-time PCR. This real-time PCR microfluidic thermalization system is cost-effective, versatile and can be then further developed for point-of-care, multiplexed, ultrafast and highly sensitive molecular diagnoses of bacterial and viral diseases.
Development of Fuel Injection Equipment and Combustion System for DI Diesels Operated on Dimethyl Ether (1995)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The paper describes basic investigations towards identifying optimum specifications of fuel injection and combustion system parameters for a new alternative fuel, Dimethylether (DME), allowing liquid direct injection, compression ignition and smokeless combustion.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Special emphasis is drawn on fuel injection equipment (FIE) parameter optimization using new development tools such as simulation techniques of the fuel system hydraulics and numerical identification methods to determine sofar unknown fuel data and flow phenomena of the new alternative fuel.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Combustion system parameters are analyzed on a single cylinder test engine with respect to efficiency, gaseous emissions, and noise. Due to the particular properties of the fuel the engine parameter optimization was concentrated on new directions of system development thus allowing new solutions for FIE and combustion system, as described in this paper.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The new alternative fuel DME shows very promising results with respect to emissions (ULEV level is achievable without catalyst), efficiency (energy equivalent BSFC is comparable to DI diesel engines), durability (no ignition aid is needed and low fuel injection pressures are possible) and comfortable combustion noise.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph"> <figure id="F1" class="figure"> <div class="graphic-wrapper"><img class="article-figure figure" src="950062_fig0001.jpg" alt="No Caption Available"/></div> </figure> </div>
Digital measurement of phase angles for fault tolerant systems (1993)

A practical method for measuring phase angles digitally is presented. The appropriate software methodology for extending the concept to similar applications is shown. It is shown that approximating Y = sin(X) near the zero-crossing as a straight line introduces little error, which will not significantly affect any further calculations. If there is a large number of samples per period of the sinusoidal, there will be even less error introduced by this approximation, since the samples around the zero-crossing will be even closer together. The phase angle measurement can be carried out in the field and the information can be used for system control and fault tolerance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
STM: Cloning the spatial and temporal memory access behavior (2014)

Computer architects need a deep understanding of clients' workload in order to design and tune the architecture. Unfortunately, many important clients will not share their software to computer architects due to the proprietary or confidential nature of their software. One technique to mitigate this problem is producing synthetic traces (clone) that replicate the behavior of the original workloads. Unfortunately, today there is no universal cloning technique that can capture arbitrary memory access behavior of applications. Existing technique captures only temporal, but not spatial, locality. In order to study memory hierarchy organization beyond caches, such as including prefetchers and translation lookaside buffer (TLB), capturing only temporal locality is insufficient. In this paper, we propose a new memory access behavior cloning technique that captures both temporal and spatial locality. We abbreviate our scheme as Spatio-Temporal Memory (STM) cloning. We propose a new profiling method and statistics that capture stride patterns and transition probabilities. We show how the new statistics enable accurate clone generation that allow clones to be used in place of the original benchmarks for studying the L1/L2/TLB miss rates as we vary the L1 cache, L1 prefetcher, L2 cache, TLB, and page size configurations.
The Texture of Ice Cream (1965)

SUMMARY Ice cream mix and frozen ice cream were studied. The aspects examined include the importance of the electrical charge on fat globules to the stability of mix against flocculation, the flow properties of mix at low rates of shear, the coagulation of mix at low temperature, the churning and coagulation of fat when mix is frozen, and the rheology of frozen ice cream. From the accumulated data a theory is proposed which indicates factors likely to influence the texture of frozen ice cream. A small initial fat globule size is desirable. This should be accompanied by rapid denaturation of milk protein during emulsification and homogenization. When mix is frozen, the solid fat particles produced by churning and coagulation should remain relatively small and be distributed throughout the lamellae between the air cells as small aggregates. The strength of the lamellae, on which texture largely depends, is also influenced by ice‐crystal size and distribution, and the resistance of air cells to deformation. The fat particles in the aggregates are held together by van der Waals attraction forces.
Software Requirements: Objects, Functions and States (1993)

1. Introduction. 2. Problem Analysis. 3. The Software Requirements Specification. 4. Specifying Behavioral Requirements. 5. Specifying Nonbehavioral Requirements. 6. Requirements Prototyping. 7. Some Final Thoughts. Glossary. Annotated Bibliography.
Design and Implementation of Numerical Linear Algebra Algorithms on Fixed Point DSPs (2007)

Numerical linear algebra algorithms use the inherent elegance of matrix formulations and are usually implemented using C/C++ floating point representation. The system implementation is faced with practical constraints because these algorithms usually need to run in real time on fixed point digital signal processors (DSPs) to reduce total hardware costs. Converting the simulation model to fixed point arithmetic and then porting it to a target DSP device is a difficult and time-consuming process. In this paper, we analyze the conversion process. We transformed selected linear algebra algorithms from floating point to fixed point arithmetic, and compared real-time requirements and performance between the fixed point DSP and floating point DSP algorithm implementations. We also introduce an advanced code optimization and an implementation by DSP-specific, fixed point C code generation. By using the techniques described in the paper, speed can be increased by a factor of up to 10 compared to floating point emulation on fixed point hardware.
Active MR guidance of interventional devices with target‐navigation (2000)

This project incorporated a novel inductive coupling structure of three micro coils into an invasive device tip to determine both its tip position and orientation. Moreover, with the introduction of a new target-navigation technique the MR scan plane was defined automatically by the invasive device orientation and target tissue location. A time domain multiplexing technique was applied for simultaneous MR imaging and device tracking. Using these techniques, the acquired MR images always showed both the invasive device and its target tissue. Thus, roadmap images and their potential misregistration errors were avoided. A graphical user interface (GUI) was also designed to assist interventional physicians in monitoring and guiding the insertion of the interventional device. Ex vivo phantom and in vivo animal experiments were performed to test this new technique. The methods developed in this project provide a new active technique for interventional device guidance using MRI. Magn Reson Med 44:56–65, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Case 26-2011 (2011)

A 7-year-old boy with tuberous sclerosis complex was seen because of an increasingly complex cyst in the left kidney, seen on serial imaging studies. A diagnostic procedure was performed.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐ARYLGLYCYLHYDRAZONO‐2‐INDOLINONES AS AMEBICIDAL AND ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS (1982)

Abstract Durch Kondensation der N‐Arylglycinhydrazide (I) mit den Isatinen (II) werden die Hydrazonoindolinone (III) hergestellt.
Multiple Enzymatic Activities Associated with Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Helicase (2004)

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), a newly identified group 2 coronavirus, is the causative agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome, a life-threatening form of pneumonia in humans. Coronavirus replication and transcription are highly specialized processes of cytoplasmic RNA synthesis that localize to virus-induced membrane structures and were recently proposed to involve a complex enzymatic machinery that, besides RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, helicase, and protease activities, also involves a series of RNA-processing enzymes that are not found in most other RNA virus families. Here, we characterized the enzymatic activities of a recombinant form of the SARS-CoV helicase (nonstructural protein [nsp] 13), a superfamily 1 helicase with an N-terminal zinc-binding domain. We report that nsp13 has both RNA and DNA duplex-unwinding activities. SARS-CoV nsp13 unwinds its substrates in a 5'-to-3' direction and features a remarkable processivity, allowing efficient strand separation of extended regions of double-stranded RNA and DNA. Characterization of the nsp13-associated (deoxy)nucleoside triphosphatase ([dNTPase) activities revealed that all natural nucleotides and deoxynucleotides are substrates of nsp13, with ATP, dATP, and GTP being hydrolyzed slightly more efficiently than other nucleotides. Furthermore, we established an RNA 5'-triphosphatase activity for the SARS-CoV nsp13 helicase which may be involved in the formation of the 5' cap structure of viral RNAs. The data suggest that the (d)NTPase and RNA 5'-triphosphatase activities of nsp13 have a common active site. Finally, we established that, in SARS-CoV-infected Vero E6 cells, nsp13 localizes to membranes that appear to be derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and are the likely site of SARS-CoV RNA synthesis.