gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Survey of Murine Leukemia among Experimental Mice (1981)

For the purpose of surveying the contamination and the gene-expression of murine leukemia viruses among experimental mice, the COMUL (complement fixation for murine leukemia) test was employed to detect specific antigen by the method reported by Huebner et al., USA. Antiserum was obtained from an immunized rabbit with the virus inner structural polypeptides antigens which had been produced from the virus treated with ether. The virus was produced from the persistent infected cell culture with murine leukemia virus, Friend strain.A purified and concentrated virus material was obtained by differential high-speed centrifugation in the centrifugal tube containing with gradient sucrose. Immune rabbit serum was employed to detect the main antigen of the viral polypeptides by the complement fixation reaction. The reaction was suggested a specific reaction mainly with p30 antigen by the immuno-gel-diffusion test, since one continuous precipitate line was observed among the serum prepared by the author and anti-p30 immune serum employed as reference, against ether extracted virus antigens.Rabbit immune serum was applied to the COMUL test for antigen detection with materials from the liver and the spleen prepared by ether extraction from mice collected in some laboratory. The result showed that the incidence of positive reaction was found low in the liver and high in the spleen. Contrary to the detection of antigen, the antibody detection was attempted by the immuno-gel-diffusion reaction with serums obtained from mice aged more than 6 months and was found negative in all the cases.Considering the results obtained together with the fact that mice diseased with leukemia a generally accompanied with splenomegaly, the test with rabbit immune serum will be useful for a preliminary survey of murine leukemia to detect specific antigen in spleen and tissue culture cells inoculated with test materials.
Fluorescent Multivalent Opsonophagocytic Assay for Measurement of Functional Antibodies to <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (2005)

We developed fluorescent mono- and multivalent opsonophagocytic assays (fOPA and fmOPA, respectively) specific for seven Streptococcus pneumoniae serotypes (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F, and 23F). Bacterial survival was quantitated with alamar blue, a fluorescent metabolic indicator. Both fOPA and fmOPA allow for determination of viability endpoints for up to seven serotypes with high levels of agreement to the reference method. The fmOPA eliminates colony counting, reduces serum volume, and produces results in 1 day.
A Quantitative Assessment of Photophobia in Migraine and Tension Headache (1986)

SYNOPSIS Intensity of photophobia in dull and bright light was assessed in 39 migrainous patients and 15tension headache sufferers during headache, and in 20 nonheadache control subjects. In 24 patients,measurements were repeated during the headache‐free interval. Subjective estimates of glare andlight‐induced pain were greatest in patients with migraine at the time of examination, but ratings bytension headache sufferers also exceeded control ratings at most levels of illumination. In 19 of 25patients with unilateral headache, light‐induced pain was greater on the symptomatic side. During theheadache‐free interval, glare ratings in dull and bright light, and pain ratings in bright light, weregreater in headache‐prone patients than in nonheadache controls. Sensitivity to glare could thusform part of a general hyperexcitability of the special senses, while bright light appears to exacerbatepain resulting from activation of trigeminal pain pathways during headache.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Prostate Cancer (1995)

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in the world, the most frequently diagnosed in the United States, and the second most lethal cancer in U.S. men. Earlier diagnosis implies better prognosis. However, prognosis may be dependent upon the stage of the malignancy at the time of diagnosis and implementation of appropriate therapy. Clinical staging, even with the development of serum prostate-specific antigen and other studies, has not proven to be highly accurate, particularly to identify and quantitate local disease and extension. Imaging has, in the past, also had limited success. With the development of computed tomography (CT), endorectal ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), there was great expectations for improvement. However, CT and ultrasound have not been as accurate as hoped. MRI, because of its multiorientation and multiparameter abilities, has been the most definitive imaging tool for staging of local extension, yet still has limitations. The prostate capsule, the neurovascular bundles, the seminal vesicle, and other regions prone to initial attack by cancer extension can be seen exquisitely clearly by the newer approaches to MRI. Cancer extension, however, cannot be consistently identified when it is microscopic. MRI is an accurate identifier of macroscopic, even subtle macroscopic disease, but there are still limitations in its ability to diagnose all pathology.
Conditional inactivation of VEGF-A in areas of collagen2a1 expression results in embryonic lethality in the heterozygous state (2000)

VEGF-A has been implicated in regulating the initial angiogenic invasion events that are essential for endochondral bone formation. VEGF-A mRNA expression was indeed found in the sclerotome of the developing somite and in the limb-bud mesenchyme at E10.5 in mouse development but declined during chondrogenesis and became upregulated in hypertrophic chondrocytes prior to angiogenic invasion. To determine the functional importance of VEGF-A expression in the developing chondrogenic tissues, VEGF-A was conditionally inactivated during early embryonic development using Collagen2a1-Cre transgenic lines. Deletion of a single VEGF-A allele in Collagen2a1-Cre-expressing cells results in embryonic lethality around E10.5. This lethality is characterized by aberrant development of the dorsal aorta and intersomitic blood vessels, along with defects in the developing endocardial and myocardial layers of the heart. A small percentage of VEGF(Flox)/+, Collagen2a1-Cre fetuses survive until E17.5, show aberrant endochondral bone formation and develop a heart phenotype resembling a dilated form of ischemic cardiomyopathy. These results provide insights into the function of VEGF-A in heart and endochondral bone formation and underscore the importance of tightly controlled levels of VEGF-A during development.
The application of synthetic focusing for imaging crack-like defects in pipelines using guided waves (2009)

This paper deals with quantifying the performance of a technique for detection, location, and sizing of circumferential crack-like defects in pipelines using synthetically focused guided waves. The system employs a circumferential array of piezoelectric transducer elements. A torsional probing guided wave is excited using the array, which subsequently interacts with the reflecting features of the pipe, such as defects or weld caps. The recorded backscattered signals are synthetically focused to every point of interest in the pipe wall, to form an image of the reflecting features of the pipe. The defect image amplitude is used to estimate the defect depth, and the full width at half maximum of the defect image circumferential profile is used to estimate the circumferential extent of the defect. The imaging system is tested with data from finite element simulations and from laboratory experiments. It is found that reliable sizing of circumferential cracks in finite element simulations and experiments can be achieved if the circumferential extent of the defect is greater than 1.5 lambda(S), where lambda(S) is the shear wavelength at the frequency of inspection. This result is theoretically valid for any pipe size, any axial defect location, and any inspection frequency. Amplitude gains of around 18 dB over an unfocused system have been observed experimentally in an 8-inch pipe with a 9 dB SNR improvement.
PH and Electrochemical Responsive Materials for Corrosion Smart Coating Applications (2008)

Corrosion is a costly issue for military operations and civil industries. While most corrosion initiates from localized corrosion form, such as pitting, failure directly caused by localized corrosion is the most dangerous kind, because it is difficult to anticipate and prevent, occurs very suddenly and can be catastrophic. One way of preventing these failures is with a coating that can detect and heal localized corrosion. pH and other electrochemical changes are often associated with localized corrosion, so it is expected that materials that are pH or otherwise electrochemical responsive can be used to detect and control corrosion. This paper will review various pH and electrochemical responsive materials and their potential applications in corrosion smart coatings. Current research results in this field will also be reported.
Structure under Mount Rainier, Washington, inferred from teleseismic body waves (1979)

Teleseismic long‐period P waves recorded at the World‐Wide Standard Seismograph Network station LON (Longmire, Washington) are shown to exhibit strong anomalous particle motion not attributable to instrument miscalibration or malfunction. In particular, a large and azimuthally smoothly varying tangential component is observed after vector rotation of horizontal P waves into the ray direction and after application of a deconvolution technique which equalizes effective source time functions and removes the instrument response. These tangential waves attain amplitudes comparable to the radial component and demonstrate wave form antisymmetry about a NNE azimuth. A model which contains a single high‐contrast interface dipping toward the NNE at a depth of 15–20 km can explain most of the characteristics of the long‐period P wave data, provided dips are greater than about 10° and only the interference of P and Ps generated at the interface is considered. The model breaks down for later arrivals which are presumably multiples or scattered waves. Examination of long‐period S waves from several deep teleseisms shows a prominent Sp arrival 18 s before S . The timing of this phase conversion suggests an interface at about 145‐km depth, and its sense of polarity suggests that the velocity contrast is from higher to lower velocities as depth decreases. This interface may correspond to the bottom of the upper mantle low‐velocity zone in the area.
Removal of Methylene Blue from Aqueous Solution by Activated Carbon Prepared from Pea Shells (<i>Pisum sativum</i>) (2012)

An activated carbon was prepared from pea shells and used for the removal of methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions. The influence of various factors such as adsorbent concentration, initial dye concentration, temperature, contact time, pH, and surfactant was studied. The experimental data were analyzed by the Langmuir and Freundlich models of adsorption. The adsorption isotherm was found to follow the Langmuir model. The monolayer sorption capacity of activated carbon prepared from pea shell for MB was found to be 246.91 mg g −1 at 25 ∘ C. Two simplified kinetic models including pseudo‐first‐order and pseudo‐second‐order equation were selected to follow the adsorption processes. Kinetic studies showed that the adsorption followed pseudo‐second‐order kinetic model. Various thermodynamic parameters such as Δ H ∘ , Δ S ∘ , and Δ G ∘ were evaluated. The results in this study indicated that activated carbon prepared from pea shell could be employed as an adsorbent for the removal of MB from aqueous solutions.
The Treatment of Wilson's Disease, a Rare Genetic Disorder of Copper Metabolism (2013)

Wilson's disease is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterised by the deposition of copper in the brain, liver; cornea, and other organs. The overload of copper inevitably leads to progressive liver and neurological dysfunction. Copper overload in patients with Wilson's disease is caused by impairment to the biliary route for excretion of dietary copper A combination of neurological, psychiatric and hepatic symptoms can make the diagnosis of Wilson's disease challenging. Most symptoms appear in the second and third decades of life. The disease affects between one in 30,000 and one in 100,000 individuals, and is fatal if left untreated. Five drugs are currently available to treat Wilson's disease: British Anti-Lewisite; D-penicillamine; trientine; zinc sulfate or acetate; and ammonium tetrathiomolybdate. Each drug can reduce copper levels and/or transform copper into a metabolically inert and unavailable form in the patient. The discovery and introduction of these five drugs owes more to the inspiration of a few dedicated physicians and agricultural scientists than to the resources of the pharmaceutical industry.
Effect of a Human Immunodeficiency Virus Protease Inhibitor on Human Monocyte Function (1992)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is the cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Encoded by the HIV genome are several precursor proteins that undergo proteolytic cleavage to yield functional proteins. The env precursor protein is cleaved by a cellular protease. The gag precursor protein of HIV (p55), however, is cleaved by a virally encoded aspartate protease (HIV Protease). Cleavage of p55 is required for viral maturation and infectivity. There are also several host cell aspartate proteases that serve important homeostatic functions. Cathepsins D and E are lysosomal aspartate proteases which are believed to play an important role in macrophage function, and it has been suggested that inhibition of these enzymes by an HIV protease inhibitor may exacerbate immunosuppression in AIDS patients. We have studied the effect of SK&F 107461 (a hydroxyethylene dipeptide isostere inhibitor of HIV protease), on various host defense functions of human monocytes. Pepstatin A (an inhibitor of most aspartate proteases) and leupeptin (an inhibitor of serine and cysteine proteases) were included as controls. Although less potent than the prototypic aspartate protease inhibitor pepstatin, SK&F 107461 inhibited partially purified cathepsin D in vitro. However, in cell-based assays, SK&F 107461 had no effect on the degradation of hemoglobin, antigen processing of the protein antigen streptokinase, or secretion of 17-kD IL-1 beta by monocytes at concentrations which inhibit maturation of intracellular virus in HIV infected monocytes. Furthermore, SK&F 107461 had no effect on constitutive candidacidal activity. In contrast, leupeptin and pepstatin A partially inhibited accessory cell function of monocytes in the proliferative response to the recall antigen streptokinase. In addition, leupeptin partially inhibited degradation of hemoglobin.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Fas Ligand Gene Therapy for Vascular Intimal Hyperplasia (2004)

Fas, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor super-family, is expressed in all cell types examined, while physiologic expression of Fas ligand (FasL) is found predominantly in activated T-lymphocytes, vascular endothelial cells, and "immune-privileged" tissues. Activation of Fas following FasL binding activates caspases, which results in apoptosis. In the vasculature, there may be a delicate balance between cell proliferation and apoptosis in vascular smooth muscle cells. Shifts in this balance could account for the accumulation of vascular smooth muscle cells in response to arterial injury, a major feature of vascular intimal hyperplasia. Intimal hyperplasia occurs in more than a third of patients receiving percutaneous transluminal balloon angioplasty. Stenting with or without coating significantly reduces the incidence rate of angiographic restenosis and that of target vessel revascularization. However, "in-stent" intimal hyperplasia/restenosis remains a challenge for clinical cardiologists. Although both the cell types and mechanisms that contribute to intimal hyperplasia in response to vascular injury remain controversial, vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation appear to play an important role in the process. In animal models, cytotoxic and cytostatic gene therapy strategies targeted at the vascular smooth muscle cells have shown therapeutic potential for the treatment of vascular intimal hyperplasia. However, Fas ligand-based gene therapy appears to offer several advantages. In this review article, we will discuss the mode of FasL/Fas signaling in vascular smooth muscle cells and its therapeutic implications. We will also compare the relative merits of FasL with other cytotoxic and cytostatic gene therapy approaches for the treatment of intimal hyperplasia.
Bias in computer systems (1996)

From an analysis of actual cases, three categories of bias in computer systems have been developed: preexisting, technical, and emergent. Preexisting bias has its roots in social institutions, practices, and attitudes. Technical bias arises from technical constraints of considerations. Emergent bias arises in a context of use. Although others have pointed to bias inparticular computer systems and have noted the general problem, we know of no comparable work that examines this phenomenon comprehensively and which offers a framework for understanding and remedying it. We conclude by suggesting that freedom from bias should by counted amoung the select set of criteria—including reliability, accuracy, and efficiency—according to which the quality of systems in use in society should be judged.
Carbonyl Compounds Produced by the Growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus (1987)

The carbonyl compounds produced by the growth of Lactobacillus bulgaricus on whey permeate supplemented with amino acids and on a defined medium were identified by reacting the media with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine and separating the 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazones by thin-layer chromatography. The 2,4dinitrophenylhydrazones of ketoacids were reduced to the corresponding amino acids and identified by thin-layer chromatography. Compounds identified were ketoacids corresponding to alanine, valine, isoleucine, threonine, and histidine; acetaldehyde, propionaldehyde, butyraldehyde, valeraldehyde, benzaldehyde, phenyIacetaldehyde, glyoxal, methylglyoxal, dihydroxyacetone, diacetyl, levulinic acid, and acetonylacetone.
New isolations of the rabies-related Mokola virus from South Africa (2016)

These cases emphasize the generally poor surveillance for rabies-related lyssaviruses and our inadequate comprehension of the epidemiology and ecology of Mokola lyssavirus per se.
2D/3D freeview video generation for 3DTV system (2008)

In this paper, we propose a new approach of synthesizing novel views in multiview camera configurations. We introduce the semi iV-view & iV-depth framework in order to estimate disparity maps efficiently and correctly. This framework reduces redundancy on disparity estimation by using information from neighboring views. The occlusion problem is handled by using cost functions computed with multiview images. The proposed method provides a 2D/3D freeview video. User can select 2D/3D modes of freeview video and control 3D depth perception by adjusting several parameters in 3D freeview video. Experimental results show that the proposed method yields the accurate disparity maps and provides seamless freeview videos.
<i>Dpysl4</i> Is Involved in Tooth Germ Morphogenesis through Growth Regulation, Polarization and Differentiation of Dental Epithelial Cells (2013)

Dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 4 (Dpysl4) is a known regulator of hippocampal neuron development. Here, we report that Dpysl4 is involved in growth regulation, polarization and differentiation of dental epithelial cells during tooth germ morphogenesis. A reduction in Dpysl4 gene expression in the tooth germ produced a loss of ameloblasts, resulting in the decrease of synthesis and secretion of enamel. The inhibition of Dpysl4 gene expression led to promotion of cell proliferation of inner enamel epithelial cells and inhibition of the differentiation of these cells into pre-ameloblasts, which was confirmed by analyzing cell polarization, columnar cell structure formation and the expression of ameloblast marker genes. By contrast, overexpression of Dpysl4 in dental epithelial cells induces inhibition of growth and increases the expression of the inner enamel epithelial cell marker gene, Msx2. These findings suggest that Dpysl4 plays essential roles in tooth germ morphogenesis through the regulation of dental epithelial cell proliferation, cell polarization and differentiation.
Utility of prognostic markers in management of breast cancer (2008)

Breast cancer is a disease which is surrounded by mystery. The last century has seen the “invasions” of various biomarkers and their roles have been searched in various trials. The roles of these biomarkers were reviewed by extensive literature search (journals, text books and internet). This article deals with the classification of the available markers, the role of these markers as prognostic and predictive factors and tries to put forward the presently available evidences in order to validate or repute their roles in clinical practice. It could be observed that in spite of tremendous advances in technology, axillary nodal status still remains the single most important factor determining the treatment and outcome.
ON MAKING MULTIPLE COMPARISONS IN CLINICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL PHARMACOLOGY AND PHYSIOLOGY (1991)

1. It is a central thesis of this review that in clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology the goal of statistical analysis should be to minimize the risk of making any false-positive inferences from the results of an experiment (experimentwise Type I error). 2. It is common in clinical and experimental pharmacology and physiology for the effects of several treatments to be tested within a single experiment. Specific intercomparisons of these several effects, made in a pairwise or more complex fashion, inflates the risk of making false-positive inferences unless special statistical procedures are used. 3. A number of multiple comparison procedures is described and their ability to control experimentwise Type I error is evaluated critically. 4. When only a few (less than 5) of all possible pairwise or more complex comparisons are made between treatment groups, the Dunn-Sidák procedure provides maximum protection against excessive experimentwise Type I error and is very convenient to use. 5. When a control group is compared with all other treatment groups in a pairwise fashion, especially when the number of groups is large, the Dunnett procedure is more powerful than the Dunn-Sidák. 6. If investigators insist on making all possible pairwise comparisons among treatment groups, the Tukey-Kramer procedure provides maximum protection against false-positive inferences but inflates the Type II error rate. If it is especially important to avoid Type II error then the more complicated, stepwise procedures of the Ryan-Peritz-Welsch variety should be considered.
Nanoscale Pumping of Water by AC Electric Fields (2012)

Using molecular dynamics simulations we demonstrate pumping of water through a carbon nanotube by time-dependent electric fields. The fields are generated by electrodes with oscillating charges in a broad gigahertz frequency range that are attached laterally to the tube. The key ingredient is a phase shift between the electrodes to break the spatiotemporal symmetry. A microscopic theory based on a polarization-dragging mechanism accounts quantitatively for our numerical findings.