gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Precipitation Squeeze Alternative for Treating Harsh Barium Sulphate Scaling in a Highly Naturally Fractured North Sea Carbonate Reservoir (2010)

Abstract Harsh barium sulphate scaling downhole presents a significant squeeze treatment challenge, particularly with providing and then maintaining scale inhibitor residual concentration for extended period at and above the high MIC demand. The control situation worsens considerably when faced with such a scenario in a high temperature, naturally fractured carbonate well. Conventional dispersive type squeezes have found favour here, however their placement and subsequent rapid return at high concentration can result in low squeeze lifetime, mainly due to poor retention of the inhibitor type. The paper details a solution to the inhibitor retention and high MIC demand challenges via development of a novel precipitation squeeze formulation which utilises the dispersive type scale inhibitor as its primary active. The phase-separating ‘precipitation squeeze’ inhibitor formulation is designed to be deployed via conventional bullheaded squeeze into a high temperature, naturally fractured carbonate well environment. The material will thermally activate causing phase separation and enhanced retention of the inhibitor as its calcium salt. Since the active inhibitor is highly tolerant to calcium, it will return into solution with greater facility than conventional precipitation squeeze analogues, leading to elevated levels of scale inhibitor in solution for extended periods compared to standard chemistries in the same carbonate environment. Simulated carbonate field coreflood tests indicated a 3-4 time squeeze lifetime extension was achievable using this technology, and formation damage assessments indicate no identifiable damage to the core material or fluid throughput. The material is now developed for bulk manufacture and is now in the field awaiting first pilot squeeze deployment at the time of writing this abstract. This novel alternative squeeze treatment shows significant increase in achievable squeeze lifetime compared to existing scale inhibitor chemistries for squeeze deployment in harsh barium sulphate scaling carbonate field deployments. Benefits are logistical, environmental and economic when deploying this technology.
Low density traffic streams (1972)

Low density traffic refers to the study of macroscopic properties of a traffic stream when vehicles travel independently of one another. It is usually assumed that each vehicle travels at a constant velocity, the velocity varying from vehicle to vehicle. We allow very general vehicular motions and study various aspects of the traffic streams. For example, it is shown that if π [ a,b ] is the expected time for a vehicle to travel from a to b under the stochastic process governing the motion of vehicles, then a non-homogeneous Poisson spatial process with mean measure π is invariant.
Ultrasensitive Sensor Using Quantum Dots-Doped Polystyrene Nanospheres for Clinical Diagnostics of Low-Volume Serum Samples (2019)

Development of sensitive homogeneous assays is a high-priority research target for clinical diagnostics. Quantum dots (QDs) present favorable photophysical properties, which implies their potential as an exceptional dye in fluorescence detection. QDs-based biosensors have been described in the literature; however, few of them have truly progressed to widespread clinical usage. In this work, a chemiluminescent homogeneous detecting biosensor is fabricated using QDs-doped polystyrene nanospheres to sensitively detect biomarkers in low-volume serum samples. Phthalocyanine-dyed and QDs-encapsulated carboxylate-functionalized polystyrene nanospheres with surface carboxyl groups (PPs and QPs, respectively) were fabricated and served as triggers and fluorescent probes, respectively, in this biosensing system. In this sandwich-format immunoassay, the PPs produced singlet oxygen once sensitized by 680 nm diode lasers, and the QPs, conjugated with antibodies, and then reacted with the singlet oxygen in the presence of specific antigens and emitted anti-Stokes fluorescence with wavelengths around 605 nm, as a result of fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) within the QPs. We demonstrated the determination of carcinoembryonic antigen as a model protein target in 25 μL of serum samples with an unprecedented detection limit of 2.56 × 10<sup>-13</sup> M (46 pg/mL) using this biosensor. Furthermore, excellent correlations ( R<sup>2</sup> = 0.99718, n = 107) were obtained between utilizing this biosensor and commercialized chemiluminescence immunoassay kits in clinical serum detection. These results demonstrate that our flexible and reliable biosensor is suitable for direct integration into clinical diagnostics, and it is expected to be a promising diagnostic tool for early detection and screening tests as well as prognosis evaluation for patients.
[Prevention and treatment of chemotherapy-induced digestive toxicities]. (2001)

Digestive complications are frequent dose-limiting side-effects of chemotherapy. The incidence and the severity of these toxicities have to be systematically evaluated in order to provide specific curative and preventive treatments. Quick resolution of these complications is important to improve quality of life, and also to prevent hospitalization. Nausea, vomiting, mucositis, and diarrhea are the main digestive toxicities of chemotherapy. This review emphasizes the recent therapeutic approaches which could lead to a decrease of the incidence or the severity of these toxicities. Although marked progress has been accomplished these last years, a substantial degree of further improvement is needed to improve the effectiveness of specific treatments. Furthermore, research might focus on new strategies which may prevent the development of overall toxicity, by increasing the selectivity of chemotherapy on tumor cells.
Effects of caroverine and diltiazem on synaptic responses, L‐glutamate‐induced depolarization and potassium efflux in the frog spinal cord (1984)

The frog spinal cord was used to determine the characteristics of the actions of caroverine and diltiazem, two organic Ca2+-antagonists, on synaptic responses and L-glutamate-induced depolarization. Caroverine and diltiazem (10(-4)M) depressed the dorsal root potential (DR-DRP) induced by electrical stimulation of an adjacent dorsal root. Diltiazem also depressed the ventral root potential (DR-VRP), whereas caroverine augmented both the polysynaptic component in the ventral root reflex and the size of the DR-VRP. The root potentials induced by high frequency stimulation (20 Hz, for 1 s) were markedly depressed by these Ca2+-antagonists at a concentration of 10(-4)M. When the preparation was perfused with normal medium, the compounds depressed L-glutamate-induced depolarizations in ventral and dorsal roots. In preparations treated with tetrodotoxin (TTX) (2 X 10(-7)M), the antagonizing actions of the drugs against L-glutamate-induced depolarizations in the ventral root were markedly reduced or abolished, while significant antagonizing actions on the depolarization in the dorsal root were still observed. The increase in extracellular K+ activity induced by L-glutamate in the TTX-treated preparation was significantly reduced by the compounds. Caroverine and diltiazem had no effect on the presynaptic nerve spike and on the focal synaptic potential induced by a single stimulation of a dorsal root; however, the focal synaptic potential induced by high frequency stimulation (20 Hz, 1 s) was attenuated. Motoneuronal action potentials were abolished by the drugs, while the excitatory postsynaptic potential remained unaffected. 9 The present results suggest that caroverine and diltiazem are not specific L-glutamate antagonists in the frog spinal cord, but that they block the initiation of an action potential without affecting presynaptic nerve conduction, transmitter release or transmitter-receptor interactions. The inhibitory effects of these compounds on L-glutamate-induced K+-efflux are discussed with reference to their Ca2+-antagonizing actions.
Creativity in the Evolution of Humanistic Psychology (2012)

SYNOPSISHumanistic Psychology in recent years too often has focused on the same themes without bringing forth enough new perspectives, applications and voices. Creativity has two important roles in addressing this issue and advancing Humanistic Psychology. First, creativity is an important emergent theme in humanistic writing with relevancy for theory, research and practice. Secondly, it is important to creatively engage Humanistic Psychology to move beyond a re-telling of the same stories and themes. This article offers several practical suggestions for increasing creativity's presence and influence in Humanistic Psychology.
The longitudinal relation between brain lesion load and atrophy in multiple sclerosis: a 14 year follow up study (2003)

From this, it appears that early rather than later focal lesion accumulation relates to subsequent brain atrophy, but factors unconnected directly with lesion formation probably also play a significant role in determining such atrophy.
An attempt at improving the accuracy of calculated relative intensities from theory in x-ray fluorescence spectrometry (1998)

The effects of different spectrometer geometries, x-ray tube spectral distributions and mass absorption coefficients (MACs) on relative intensities calculated from the theory have been investigated. In the comparison of calculated relative intensities with experimental data for eight analyte components and nine characteristic x-ray lines in a fusion sample system, four different published mass absorption coefficient compilations were employed and three different intensity calculation modes were used. It was observed that the most significant MAC differences (up to 46% relative) appeared between these MAC compilations, or between calculated and experimental MAC values when the lines under examination were located between the energy ranges of LII and LIII, or MIV and MV absorption edges of an absorber. This leads to large differences (up to 23%) between calculated relative intensities when using the four different MAC compilations. A mixed MAC compilation and a (μ+τ) calculation mode were proposed which led to better agreements between calculated and measured relative intensities on a series of synthetic standards. More accurate theoretical α-coefficients calculated from the theory and analytical results of the direct fundamental parameter method for the correction of inter-element effects would be expected when the accuracy of calculated relative intensities was improved. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of 8‐Amino‐6‐N‐methyl‐1,2,3,5,6,7‐hexaazaacenaphthylene. (1990)

Abstract The cyanobis(methylthio)pyrazolopyrimidine (I) is protected with the dihydropyran (II) and then substituted with methylhydrazine (IV) to yield the hydrazino derivative (V).
Investigation on the origin of the magnetic moment of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>BiFeO</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>thin films by advanced x-ray characterizations (2006)

Single phase (001)-oriented ${\mathrm{BiFeO}}_{3}$ (BFO) thin films grown by pulsed laser deposition can only be obtained in a narrow window of deposition pressure and temperature and have a low magnetic moment. Out of the stability window Fe- or Bi-rich impurity phases form, which has a strong impact on the physical and structural properties of the films, even for impurity concentrations hardly detectable by standard x-ray diffraction measurements. By using more sensitive tools such as x-ray absorption spectroscopy and x-ray magnetic circular dichroism and performing advanced x-ray diffraction characterization, we show that in nonoptimal conditions Fe forms ferrimagnetic $\ensuremath{\gamma}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\mathrm{Fe}}_{2}{\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ precipitates that are responsible for virtually all the ferromagnetic signal measured on such BFO films by standard magnetometry. This confirms that the BFO phase has a very low intrinsic moment that does not depend on strain. We also study the influence of film thickness on the nucleation of parasitic phases and find that epitaxial strain can stabilize the pure BFO phase in slightly overoxidizing growth conditions.
The Progression of Hypertensive Heart Disease (2011)

ypertension remains a major public health problem associated with considerable morbidity and mortality.Hypertensive heart disease is a constellation of abnormalities that includes left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), systolic and diastolic dysfunction, and their clinical manifestations including arrhythmias and symptomatic heart failure.The classic paradigm of hypertensive heart disease is that the left ventricular (LV) wall thickens in response to elevated blood pressure as a compensatory mechanism to minimize wall stress.Subsequently, after a series of poorly characterized events ("transition to failure"), the left ventricle dilates, and the LV ejection fraction (EF) declines (defined herein as "dilated cardiac failure"). 1The purpose of this review is to focus on the key steps in the progression of hypertensive heart disease (Figure 1), highlighting recent advances as well as some unresolved controversies.
SclA, a Novel Collagen-Like Surface Protein of<i>Streptococcus pyogenes</i> (2000)

Surface proteins of Streptococcus pyogenes are important virulence factors. Here we describe a novel collagen-like surface protein, designated SclA (streptococcal collagen-like surface protein). The sclA gene was identified in silico using the Streptococcal Genome Sequencing Project with the recently identified protein GRAB as the probe. SclA has a signal sequence and a cell wall attachment region containing the prototypic LPXTGX motif. The surface-exposed part of SclA contains a unique NH(2)-terminal domain of 73 amino acids, followed by a collagen-like region. The sclA gene was found to be positively regulated by Mga, a transcriptional activator of several S. pyogenes virulence determinants. A mutant lacking cell wall-associated SclA was constructed and was found to be as effective as wild-type bacteria in platelet aggregation, survival in fresh human blood, and adherence to pharyngeal cells. The sclA gene was found in all 12 S. pyogenes strains that were investigated using PCR. Sequence analysis revealed that the signal sequence and the cell wall attachment region are highly conserved. The collagen-like domain is variable in its NH(2)-terminal region and has conserved repeated domains in its COOH-terminal part. SclA proteins from most strains have additional proline-rich repeats spacing the collagen-like domain and the cell wall attachment sequence. The unique NH(2)-terminal region is hypervariable, but computer predictions indicate a common secondary structure, with two alpha helices connected by a loop region. Immune selection may explain the hypervariability in the NH(2)-terminal region, whereas the preserved secondary structure implies that this region has a common function. These features and the Mga regulation are shared with the M protein of S. pyogenes. Moreover, as with the gene encoding the M protein, phylogenetic analysis indicates that horizontal gene transfer has contributed to the evolution of sclA.
Structural Tunability of the Plasmon Resonances in Metallic Nanoshells (2003)

Using the time-dependent LDA method, we investigate the tunability of the optical polarizability of small metallic nanoshells. We show that the energies of the two dipolar plasmon resonances vary with the ratio of shell thickness to particle radius in a manner similar to what has been predicted using classical Mie scattering and semiclassical models for uniform metallic shell structures.
Pathological Studies on the Intracerebral and Retinal Arteries in Cerebrovascular and Noncerebrovascular Diseases (1975)

Histological examinations of the intracerebral and retinal arteries were preformed in patients who had cerebrovascular disease and in those cases who did nott. Fibrinoid degeneration, fibrous nodule, and splitting, which are most frequently found in putamen, thalamus and pons, are thought to be the main changes in cerebral hemorrhage and infarction. Fibrous and fibro-hyalinoid thickenings of the retinal arteries were found mainly in the neighboring region of the optic disk, which reflects the changes of the intracerebral arteries. Hyalinoid thickening was found in the ora serrata, which does not reflect the changes of the intracerebral arteries. Our results suggest that patients with these retinal artery changes in the region near the optic disk if moderate to severe have an increased risk of having or incurring cerebral hemorrhage and infarction, but the arterial changes in the ora serrata do not always indicate risk of cerebral hemorrhage and infarction.
Chemotherapy as an adjunct to radiation in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck: results of the Yale Mitomycin Randomized Trials. (1997)

The bioreductive alkylating agent mitomycin is a safe and effective adjunct to radiation therapy in the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck. The statistically and clinically significant improvement in local regional relapse and cause-specific survival obtained support the use of mitomycin as an adjunct to radiation therapy in the management of squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck.
Abnormal TNF production in prediabetic BB rats is linked to defective CD45R expression. (1992)

The genetic basis and diabetes association of aberrant tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) production by activated peritoneal macrophages in diabetes-prone (dp) biobreeding (BB) rats was analysed. Southern blot analysis could not detect a restriction fragment length polymorphism for the TNF gene distinguishing dp BB rats from Wistar (Wi) rats and diabetes resistant (dr) BB rats. The contiguous genetic arrangement of lymphotoxin (LT) and TNF genes described in mouse and man was also found in the rat by cloning a chromosomal region covering both genes. In search of a polymorphic marker we amplified a (CA)n:(GT)n microsatellite in the TNF promoter region by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). We detected two alleles, (CA)26 and (CA)33, but no correlation with diabetes risk was seen. Crosses between dp BB rats and Wi or Lewis. 1A (Lew. 1A) rats, respectively, indicated that aberrant TNF-alpha production of activated macrophages is inherited dominantly with only weak penetrance. Analysis of the F2 generation and backcrosses with the two parental strains showed that aberrant TNF production co-segregates with lymphopaenia and defective CD45R expression, markers known to reflect a diabetes predisposing gene(s) outside the RT1 complex. We conclude that a single linkage group is responsible for both aberrant TNF production and defective T-cell maturation in dp BB rats.
Selective growth of gallium nitride layers with a rectangular cross-sectional shape and stimulated emission from the optical waveguides observed by photopumping (1996)

Selective growth of GaN layers on sapphire substrates is investigated for low-loss optical waveguide structures of active and passive photonic devices. When growth conditions, such as nitridation of the substrate surface and growth temperature, are adjusted to achieve high-density uniform nucleation on the substrate, we found that the cross-sectional shape of GaN waveguides has a rectangular structure with smooth top and side surfaces. At 77 K, we observed stimulated emission from the cleaved facet of an optically pumped selectively grown GaN waveguide with a width of 6 μm and a cavity length of 800 μm. Line narrowing was also achieved: with the full width at half-maximum of the emission spectra decreasing from 11 to 2 nm by increasing a pump power density from 0.013 to 0.05 MW/cm2.
Suppression of epicutaneous reactivity by terfenadine and loratadine. (1992)

We compared the relative antihistaminic effects of loratadine (10 mg), terfenadine (120 mg), and placebo in patients with tree pollen-induced allergic rhinitis. Wheals were produced by epicutaneous tests with serial dilutions of histamine phosphate, tree and grass pollen extracts before ingestion of medication. Repeat tests were performed after seven days of treatment. Terfenadine was more effective than both loratadine (P less than .01) and placebo (P less than .001) at suppressing histamine induced wheals. Terfenadine was more effective than placebo (P less than .01), but not loratadine at inhibiting both tree-induced and grass-induced epicutaneous reactions. In this study, terfenadine was more potent than loratadine in inhibiting both histamine-induced and allergen-induced epicutaneous wheals.
Proximodistal axis formation in the <i>Drosophila</i> leg: subdivision into proximal and distal domains by Homothorax and Distal-less (1999)

The developing legs of Drosophila are subdivided into proximal and distal domains by the activity of the homeodomain proteins Homothorax (Hth) and Distal-less (Dll). The expression domains of Dll and Hth are initially reciprocal. Wingless and Dpp define both domains by activating Dll and by repressing Hth in the distal region of the disc. Wg and Dpp do not act through Dll to repress Hth. Hth functions to reduce the sensitivity of proximal cells to Wg and Dpp. This serves to limit the effective range of these signals in regulating later-acting genes such as Dac. We present evidence that proximal and distal cells tend to sort-out from one another. Cells forced to express Hth are unable to mix with distal cells. Likewise, cells forced to express Dll are unable to mix with proximal cells. Clones of cells unable to express Dll in the distal region sort-out from the disc. Clones of cells unable to express Hth lose the specialized population of cells at the interface between proximal and distal territories and cause fusion between body wall and leg segments. These observations suggest that sorting-out behavior of Hth- and Dll-expressing cells contributes to subdivision of the leg into proximal and distal domains.
Novel lighting properties of white LEDs with two-layered remote phosphor package using red-emitting α-SrO·3B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>:Sm<sup>2+</sup> phosphor (2017)

Abstract This paper investigates a method for improving the lighting performance of white light-emitting diodes (WLEDs), packaged using two separating remote phosphor layers, yellow-emitting YAG:Ce phosphor layer and red-emitting α-SrO·3B 2 O 3 :Sm 2+ phosphor layer. The thicknesses of these two layers are 800 μm and 200 μm, respectively. Both of them have been examined at average correlated color temperatures (CCT) of 7700 K and 8500 K. For this two-layer model, the concentration of red phosphor has been varied from 2 % to 30 % in the upper layer, while in the lower layer the yellow phosphor concentration was kept at 15 %. It was found interesting that the lighting properties, such as color rendering index (CRI) and luminous flux, are enhanced significantly, while the color uniformity is maintained at a level relatively close to the level in one-layer configuration (measured at the same correlated color temperature). Besides, the transmitted and reflected light of each phosphor layer have been revised by combining Kubelka-Munk and Mie-Lorenz theories. Through the analysis, it is demonstrated that the packaging configuration of two-layered remote phosphor that contains red-emitting α-SrO·3B 2 O 3 :Sm 2+ phosphor particles provides a practical solution to general WLEDs lighting.
Finite state transducers approximating Hidden Markov Models (1997)

This paper describes the conversion of a Hidden Markov Model into a sequential transducer that closely approximates the behavior of the stochastic model. This transformation is especially advantageous for part-of-speech tagging because the resulting transducer can be composed with other transducers that encode correction rules for the most frequent tagging errors. The speed of tagging is also improved. The described methods have been implemented and successfully tested on six languages.