gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Isolation and characterization of the cytosolic and chloroplast forms of spinach leaf fructose diphosphate aldolase. (1984)

Two different isoenzymes of fructose-P2 aldolase can be resolved by chromatography of crude spinach leaf extracts on DEAE-cellulose columns. The acidic isoenzyme comprises about 85% of the total leaf aldolase activity. The two forms differ in primary structure as judged by their distinctive amino acid compositions, tryptic peptide patterns, and immunological properties. Only the acidic isoenzyme was detected in extracts of isolated chloroplasts, suggesting that this molecule represents the chloroplast form of spinach leaf aldolase while the basic isoenzyme is of cytosolic origin. The cytosolic (basic) isoenzyme and chicken aldolase A4 are similar in the following respects. 1) They have similar specific catalytic activity (10-15 units/mg); 2) they are both highly sensitive to inactivation by very limited digestion with bovine pancreatic carboxypeptidase A; 3) they both have subunit molecular weights of 40,000; 4) they both have derivatized (blocked) NH2-terminal structures; 5) they are both resistant to thermal denaturation at 50 degrees C; and 6) they both regain catalytic activity following reversible denaturation at pH 2.3 or in 5.8 M urea. Also, the cytosolic aldolase cross-reacted immunologically with the single aldolases present in spinach seeds and in wheat germ. Further, this isoenzyme readily "hybridized" with chicken aldolase A4 in vitro. These observations demonstrate the close homology between the cytosolic aldolases derived from plant and animal origins. The chloroplast aldolase had a specific catalytic activity of about 8 units/mg and, like its cytosolic counterpart, was severely inactivated by limited digestion with carboxypeptidase A. However, this isoenzyme was distinct from the cytosolic aldolase in the following characteristics: 1) its "small" subunit size (Mr congruent to 38,000); 2) its underivatized NH2-terminal structure; 3) its high sensitivity to thermal denaturation at 50 degrees C; and 4) its inability to refold into an enzymatically active conformation following denaturation at pH 2.3 or in 5.8 M urea. The distinctive properties of the chloroplast aldolase may be expected for an enzyme which is synthesized as a higher molecular weight precursor on cytosolic polysomes and is then proteolytically processed to the "mature" form during its migration into the chloroplast organelle.
Emerging Technologies for Surgery in the 21st Century (1999)

Laparoscopic surgery is a transition technology that marked the beginning of the information age revolution for surgery. Telepresence surgery, robotics, tele-education, and telementoring are the next step in the revolution. Using computer-aided systems such as robotics and image-guided surgery, the next generation of surgical systems will be more sophisticated and will permit surgeons to perform surgical procedures beyond the current limitations of human performance, especially at the microscale or on moving organs. More fundamentally, there will be an increased reliance on 3-dimensional images of the patient, gathered by computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, or other scanning techniques, to integrate the entire spectrum of surgical care from diagnosis to preoperative planning to intraoperative navigation to education through simulation. By working through the computer-generated image, first with preoperative planning and then during telepresence or image-guided procedures, new approaches to surgery will be discovered. These technologies are complemented by new educational opportunities, such as tele-education, surgical simulation, and a Web-based curriculum. Telementoring will permit further extension of the educational process directly into the operating room.
Lead‐Oriented Synthesis: A New Opportunity for Synthetic Chemistry (2012)

The pharmaceutical industry remains solely reliant on synthetic chemistry methodology to prepare compounds for small-molecule drug discovery programmes. The importance of the physicochemical properties of these molecules in determining their success in drug development is now well understood but we present here data suggesting that much synthetic methodology is unintentionally predisposed to producing molecules with poorer drug-like properties. This bias may have ramifications to the early hit- and lead-finding phases of the drug discovery process when larger numbers of compounds from array techniques are prepared. To address this issue we describe for the first time the concept of lead-oriented synthesis and the opportunity for its adoption to increase the range and quality of molecules used to develop new medicines.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,8:4,5‐BIS(DISELENO)NAPHTHALENE (1984)

Abstract Na‐diselenid reagiert mit dem Tetrachlornaphthalin (I) zu dem Diselenodichlomaphthalin (II) und der Titelverbindung (III).
The mycobacterial glycopeptidolipids: structure, function, and their role in pathogenesis (2008)

Glycopeptidolipids (GPLs) are a class of glycolipids produced by several nontuberculosis-causing members of the Mycobacterium genus including pathogenic and nonpathogenic species. GPLs are expressed in different forms with production of highly antigenic, typeable serovar-specific GPLs in members of the Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC). M. avium and M. intracellulare, which comprise this complex, are slow-growing mycobacteria noted for producing disseminated infections in AIDS patients and pulmonary infections in non-AIDS patients. Previous studies have defined the gene cluster responsible for GPL biosynthesis and more recent work has characterized the function of the individual genes. Current research has also focused on the GPL's role in colony morphology, sliding motility, biofilm formation, immune modulation and virulence. These topics, along with new information on the enzymes involved in GPL biosynthesis, are the subject of this review.
Regulation of 15-lipoxygenase expression and mucus secretion by IL-4 in human bronchial epithelial cells (1999)

Our laboratory has recently shown that mucus differentiation of cultured normal human tracheobronchial epithelial (NHTBE) cells is accompanied by the increased expression of 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO). We used differentiated NHTBE cells to investigate the regulation of 15-LO expression and mucus secretion by inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-4 and IL-13 dramatically enhanced the expression of 15-LO, whereas tumor necrosis factor-alpha, IL-1beta, and interferon (IFN)-gamma had no effect. These cytokines did not increase the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, with the exception of a modest induction by IL-1beta. The IL-4-induced 15-LO expression was concentration dependent, and mRNA and protein expression increased within 3 and 6 h, respectively, after IL-4 treatment. In metabolism studies with intact cells, 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HETE) and 13-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid (13-HODE) were the major metabolites formed from exogenous arachidonic acid and linoleic acid. No prostaglandins were detected. IL-4 treatment dramatically increased the formation of 13-HODE and 15-HETE compared with that in untreated NHTBE cells, and several additional 15-LO metabolites were observed. Pretreatment of NHTBE cells with IFN-gamma or dexamethasone did not inhibit the IL-4-induced expression of 15-LO except at high concentrations (100 ng/ml of IFN-gamma and 10 microM dexamethasone). IL-4 treatment inhibited mucus secretion and attenuated the expression of the mucin genes MUC5AC and MUC5B at 12-24 h after treatment. Addition of 15-HETE precursor and 13-HODE precursor to the cultures did not alter mucin secretion or mucin gene expression. On the basis of the data presented, we conclude that the increase in 15-LO expression by IL-4 and attenuation of mucus secretion may be independent biological events.
Monitoring of Suspected Adverse Drug Reactions in Oncology Unit of an Urban Multispeciality Teaching Hospital (2010)

Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a global problem and substantially add to the cost of healthcare. They are likely to be encountered more frequently in hospital in-patient settings where patients receive multiple drugs. Anticancer drugs are prone to cause ADRs and there is dearth of pharmacovigilance data on such drugs in the Indian context. Therefore the present study was planned to monitor suspected ADRs in the oncology unit of a tertiary care teaching hospital, in a focused manner, and to understand the strengths and limitations of cross-sectional observational pharmacovigilance activity for anticancer drugs. A total of 509 drugs were incriminated, with 507 being administered by intravenous route. The most frequently incriminated drugs (those accounting for more than 5% of the total count of 509) were cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, cyclophosphamide, paclitaxel, carboplatin and doxorubicin, in that order. Of the 296 events, 9.83% were severe and 5.76% were serious. However, there were no fatal or life-threatening events. Causality assessment showed a certain association for 1.84% of the events, probable or likely association for 85.28% and possible association for 12.88%. There was no event less convincing than possible. The frequency of ADRs, easy identification of acute treatment-emergent events and the cooperation offered by patients in the clinical surroundings were the strengths of this method of monitoring for suspected ADRs. On the other hand, the limitations were the inability to identify ADRs that require serial clinical or laboratory monitoring and the lack of scope for picking up chronic or delayed ADRs.
The regulatory control of the bacterial luminescence system—A new view (1989)

We have recently shown that the transcription of the PR lux operon for Vibrio fischeri luminescence is positively controlled by the htpR (sigma 32) protein. It was suggested that the LexA protein might negatively control the lux genes. This paper extends these findings. It was found that Escherichia coli cells that contain the entire lux operon (pChv1) in RecA or LexA mutants which are unable to remove the LexA protein are considerably dimmer than the wild-type strain. Mutants that do not make LexA or form a weakly bound LexA are very bright. The role of sigma 32 protein was studied on luxR-luxI genes that are fused to beta-galactosidase. The addition of V. fischeri inducer brings about the formation of beta-galactosidase activity in htpR+ but not in htpR- strains of E. coli/pMJ3. Similar to the effect of starvation on the induction of luminescence in marine bacteria and in E. coli/pChv1 cells, beta-galactosidase activity in such constructs is preferentially induced by low nutrient concentrations. A new model for the regulatory control of the V. fischeri luminescence system is discussed.
Developmental stages in experimental liver metastases: Relation to invasiveness (1994)

We have previously reported that an invasive morphotype can be evoked in a rat colon carcinoma by transplanting it into pre-induced subcutaneous granulation tissue. We have now studied the interaction of the same tumor with liver tissue, which is extremely poor in connective tissue in comparison with the subcutaneous site. Tumor cells were injected into the portal system and the resulting experimental liver metastases were examined by electron microscopy and immunohistochemistry. Early metastases consisted of well-differentiated acini, fully surrounded by connective tissue that was derived from the periportal stroma. In a later stage, this connective tissue was overgrown by tumor cells and, almost immediately, acinar differentiation was lost. Most metastases eventually reached the liver capsule, which reacted by forming a layer of granulation tissue. Only in this layer, we observed invasion by thin tumor cell strands, which were often intimately associated with fibroblasts or with blood capillaries. The tumor cells remained smooth and rounded during this process. After fully penetrating the granulation tissue, the tumor cell strands reached the liver surface, where they formed poorly structured papillary masses that were nearly devoid of stroma. Our observations indicate that, even in a relatively homogeneous organ like the liver, the tumor-host interaction is highly complex and dynamic. They also confirm the notion that granulation tissue stimulates tumor invasiveness. Finally, they show that tumor cells can actively invade host tissues without exhibiting a "fibroblastic" morphology.
High‐speed data acquisition in a diffraction tomography system employing large‐scale toroidal arrays (1997)

This report describes the development of an experimental system for ultrasound computed tomography and its application to breast imaging. Details of the system design and methods of high-speed data acquisition are presented. The method uses low-power discrete frequency sound in the range of 0.3–1.2 MHz, two cylindrical arrays of 512 and 1024 PZT transducers, high spatial sampling of the wavefront, and unique diffraction tomographic reconstruction methods. One transducer at a time is activated and allowed to reach steady state at which point the remaining measure phase and amplitude of the ultrasound signal. A total of 64 MB of data are acquired in <1 s for the 512-element array and 128 MB in <3 s for the 1024 array. Several algorithms have been developed to produce the diffraction tomogram which is reconstructed as either a 512 × 512 or 1024 × 1024 matrix of the scattering potential of the object dependent on speed of sound and attenuation. The effects of aberration are greatly diminished by a hybrid iterative algorithm. To date, human images have been made of the female breast which show good depiction of glandular structures and differentiation of gland and fat, and the coronal format provides a novel of the entire breast in life-size display. The results demonstrate that the technique provides a unique quantitative ultrasound image with high resolution over a very large global field of view of the breast. The method shows promise for improved imaging of the breast. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 8: 137–147, 1997
Mutations in the trfA replication gene of the broad-host-range plasmid RK2 result in elevated plasmid copy numbers (1990)

Mutated forms of trfA, the replication protein gene of plasmid RK2, that support a minimal RK2 origin plasmid in Escherichia coli at copy numbers up to 23-fold higher than normal have been isolated. Six such high-copy-number (copy-up) mutations were mapped and sequenced. In each case, a single base transition led to an amino acid substitution in the TrfA protein primary sequence. The six mutations affected different residues of the protein and were located within a 69-base-pair region encoding 24 amino acids. Dominance tests showed that each of the mutants can be suppressed by wild-type trfA in trans, but suppression is highly dependent on the amount of wild-type protein produced. Excess mutant TrfA protein provided in trans significantly increased the copy number of RK2 and other self-replicating derivatives of RK2 that contain a wild-type trfA gene. These observations suggest that the mutations affect a regulatory activity of the TrfA replication protein that is a key factor in the control of initiation of RK2 replication.
[Effects of high power microwave on the expressions of Bcl-2 and C-myc proteins in the rat testis]. (2005)

Exposure to HPM for 24 h can up-regulate the expressions of C-myc protein and Bcl-2 protein in the spermatogenic cells of rats, which might be one of the mechanisms of the apoptosis induced by HPM.
Tumor necrosis factor as a therapeutic target of rheumatologic disease (2007)

TNF-alpha is a crucial pro-inflammatory and immunoregulatory cytokine that is central to the pathogenesis of various inflammatory and autoimmune conditions. A number of controlled trials have shown effectiveness for TNF-alpha inhibitors in several diseases, in particular rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis and Crohn's disease. These agents may also be useful in additional autoimmune conditions. The introduction of TNF-alpha inhibitors has revolutionized the therapeutic approach and treatment paradigms especially for patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Despite extensive investigation, the full profile of their mechanisms of action remain incompletely understood. Optimal use of these agents requires consideration of their possible adverse effects. In addition to the presently available TNF-alpha blockers, other agents targeting this key mediator are under study. Recent advances and future directions in anti-TNF-alpha therapy are discussed in this paper.
Optimization of a Flame Ionization Detector for Determination of Hydrocarbon in Diluted Automotive Exhausts (1977)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The effects of burner flow parameters, fuel type, and fuel composition on the uniformity of relative response of a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) hydrocarbon analyzer were experimentally investigated. Means have been found to improve correlation between analyzers and to optimize relative response characteristics. Although this investigation was directed at analyzers being used for analysis of dilute exhaust sample bags from the Federal Vehicle Emission Test, the results can be applied to a FID in other applications.</div>
Peritoneal Dialysis Solutions (2001)

After several decades of experience of peritoneal dialysis therapy, we now understand the peritoneal membrane and the causes of its changes during long-term dialysis much better. Several new, more biocompatible solutions are available in clinic today, and the outcome of peritoneal dialysis therapy is expected to be further improved. However, limitations with the currently available peritoneal dialysis solutions still exist, and continual efforts are needed to develop solutions that are more efficient and more membrane-friendly. With the better understanding of the role of fluid balance in peritoneal dialysis, we believe that development of peritoneal dialysis fluid that protects the peritoneal surface layer (and thus the integrity of the peritoneum, thereby improving peritoneal fluid removal) may be an area of research in the near future.
Self-indicating flow visible spectrophotometric titrations in a variable-volume tank reactor (1991)

Spectrophotometric titrations were carried out in an emptying tank stirred reactor, in which linear concentration gradients were produced. These gradients were utilized to titrate the analyte within the tank by means of a titrant delivered by pump flow: spectrophotometric detection was made in the exit stream. Self-indicating titrations, in which changes in the absorbance of the analyte, titrant or reaction product were monitored, were performed and found to conform to the theoretical prediction. Owing to the external detection system employed, dispersion and transportation lag effects were observed, and these were accounted for theoretically. The precision of the titrations was affected by the precision of the flow rates employed. The relative errors were between 1 and 2% using peristaltic pumps. The titrations studied were iron(III) salicylate with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, iron(II) with permanganate, iron(III) with thiocyanate, and 2,4-dinitrophenol with hydroxyl. These linear concentration gradient titrations, in which the absorbance of the product is monitored, fulfil the conditions of the continuous variations or Job's method for determining the stoichiometry of complexes, and are a means of automating the procedure.
Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems (1999)

"The Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) -- a new technology based on power electronics -- offers an opportunity to enhance controllability, stability, and power transfer capability of AC transmission systems. Pioneers in FACTS and leading world experts in power electronics applications Narain G. Hingorani and Laszlo Gyugyi have teamed together to bring you the definitive book on FACTS technology. Hingorani and Gyugyi present a practical approach to FACTS that will enable electrical engineers working in the power industry to understand the principles underlying this advanced system. UNDERSTANDING FACTS will also enhance expertise in equipment specifications and engineering design, offering an informed view of the future of power electronics in AC transmission systems. This comprehensive reference book provides an in-depth look at: * Power semiconductor devices * Voltage-sourced and current-sourced converters * Specific FACTS controllers including SVC, STATCOM, TCSC, SSSC, UPFC, IPFC plus voltage regulators, phase shifters, and special controllers with a detailed comparison of their performance attributes * Major FACTS applications used in the United States. UNDERSTANDING FACTS is an authoritative resource that is essential reading for electrical engineers who want to stay on the cusp of the power electronics revolution." Sponsored by: IEEE Power Engineering Society
On-chip interconnect-aware design and modeling methodology, based on high bandwidth transmission line devices (2003)

This paper expands the on-chip interconnect-aware methodology for high-speed analog and mixed signal design, presented in [4], into a wider class of designs, including dense layout CMOS design. The proposed solution employs a set of parameterized on-chip transmission line (T line) devices for the critical interconnects, which is expanded to include coplanar structures while considering the silicon substrate effect. The generalized methodology contains treatment of the crossing line effects at the various design stages, including two way interaction between the post layout extraction tool and the T-line devices. The T-line device models are passive by construction, easily migratable among design environments, and allow for both time and frequency domain simulations. These models are verified by S-parameter measurements up to 110GHz, as well as by EM solver results. It is experimentally shown that the effect of properly designed discontinuities is negligible in most practical cases. The basic on-chip T-line methodology is being used extensively for numerous high-speed designs.