gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>FRAT1</i> overexpression leads to aberrant activation of β‐catenin/TCF pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (2008)

Abstract Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is an aggressive tumor with a poor prognosis. Although aberrant activation of β‐catenin/T‐cell factor (TCF) pathway has been observed in ESCC, mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain unknown. Frequently rearranged in advanced T‐cell lymphomas‐1 (FRAT1), overexpressed in some ESCC lines, is a positive regulator of β‐catenin/TCF pathway. However, little is known about the molecular relationship between FRAT1 and β‐catenin/TCF in ESCC. In this study, we analyzed freshly resected ESCC specimens and demonstrated that FRAT1 was overexpressed in approximately 74% of tumor samples compared with matched normal tissue. Overexpression of FRAT1 significantly promoted esophageal cancer cells growth, whereas suppression of FRAT1 level by RNAi markedly inhibited their growth. In addition, FRAT1 overexpression induced the nuclear accumulation of β‐catenin and promoted the transcriptional activity of β‐catenin/TCF. These effects were reversed by coexpression of GSK 3β or ΔN TCF4. Furthermore, accumulation of β‐catenin was correlated with FRAT1 overexpression in ESCC and the basal layer of normal esophageal epithelium. Finally, continued expression of c‐Myc is necessary and sufficient for maintenance of the growth state in cells expressing FRAT1. Taken together, these results support the novel hypothesis that aberrant activation of β‐catenin/TCF pathway in esophageal cancer appears to be due to upstream events such as FRAT1 overexpression, and c‐Myc may be an important element in oncogenesis of human ESCC induced by FRAT1. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Noise reduction using adaptive spatial filtering in photorefractive two-beam coupling (1991)

We present an optical signal-processing technique for additive noise reduction that uses the noisy signal and a Gaussian reference beam to produce an adaptive Wiener filter. We experimentally demonstrate an improvement from 1 to 8 in the signal-to-noise ratio by using nonlinear gain in two-beam coupling in barium titanate to transmit 50% of the signal and 6% of the noise.
Determination of genetic variation in Rhodiola crenulata from the Hengduan Mountains Region, China using inter-simple sequence repeats (2006)

The plant Rhodiola crenulata is a perennial herbaceous species distributed in the plateau region of southwestern China, especially the Hengduan Mountains region. It has been one of the most important traditional herbal remedies in Tibet for more than one thousand years, but the accelerated and uncontrolled collection of this plant since the 1980s has lead to deforestation. We used inter-simple sequence repeats (ISSR) to assess levels of genetic variation in R. crenulata from nine diverse natural populations in eastern Tibet and northern Yunnan, the first time such a study has been carried out. The 12 primers we used were able to detect 184 polymorphic loc. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated that species level genetic diversity was relatively high (p = 97.83%, and Ho = 0.464) and analysis using Shannon’s index showed that the within and between genetic diversity of R. crenulata are approximately equal. Nei’s genetic distance and unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic averages (UPGMA) cluster analysis showed that the three populations from Tibet and the six populations from Yunnan form two major clusters. The Yunnan populations from three locations were further divided into three corresponding groups, indicating that genetic differentiation was correlated to geographic distribution. Understanding the genetic structure of R. crenulata provides insight for the conservation and management of this endangered species.
State estimation in power distribution networks with poorly synchronized measurements (2014)

We consider the problem of designing a state estimation architecture for the power distribution grid, capable of filtering raw measurements from low-end phasor measurement units (PMUs) and presenting the state estimate to the control and monitoring applications that need it. Specifically, two algorithms to solve the estimation problem, which perfectly fit with the designed architecture, are proposed. Then, the contribution of this paper is threefold: i) the proposed approach is leaderless, scalable, and consists in the distributed solution of a least square problem which takes into explicit consideration the inexact time synchronization of inexpensive PMUs. ii) The first algorithm is a provably convergent scalable specialization of the alternating directions method of multipliers (ADMM). iii) The second algorithm is an extremely lightweight Jacobi-like algorithm which can be powerfully exploited in setup where the computational burden represent a major issue. Both algorithms can be implemented locally, even in a peer-to-peer fashion. The proposed approach is validated via simulations on the IEEE 123 test feeder, considering the IEEE standard C37.118-2005 for PMUs.
‘Experimental’ secondary modern education in Britain, 1948–1958 (2016)

Studies of mid-twentieth century education in England and Wales have conventionally hinged on the 1944 Education Act, foregrounding policy over practice. This article considers the significance of the inter-war progressive educational movement for postwar educational developments. It presents a case study of one teacher who was active in the early ‘experimental’ years of secondary modern education, suggesting that this period was important in the making of ‘modern’ education. It seeks to complicate both negative and positive readings of ‘meritocracy’ in postwar educational history. This article also highlights the paucity of available source material for the study of the secondary modern school, arguing that attention should be paid to well-documented cases, placed in context.
Changes in passive tension of muscle in humans and animals after eccentric exercise (2001)

1. This is a report of experiments on ankle extensor muscles of human subjects and a parallel series on the medial gastrocnemius of the anaesthetised cat, investigating the origin of the rise in passive tension after a period of eccentric exercise. 2. Subjects exercised their triceps surae of one leg eccentrically by walking backwards on an inclined, forward-moving treadmill. Concentric exercise required walking forwards on a backwards-moving treadmill. For all subjects the other leg acted as a control. 3. Immediately after both eccentric and concentric exercise there was a significant drop in peak active torque, but only after eccentric exercise was this accompanied by a shift in optimum angle for torque generation and a rise in passive torque. In the eccentrically exercised group some swelling and soreness developed but not until 24 h post-exercise. 4. In the animal experiments the contracting muscle was stretched by 6 mm at 50 mm s(-1) over a length range symmetrical about the optimum length for tension generation. Measurements of passive tension were made before and after the eccentric contractions, using small stretches to a range of muscle lengths, or with large stretches covering the full physiological range. 5. After 150 eccentric contractions, passive tension was significantly elevated over most of the range of lengths. Measurements of work absorption during stretch-release cycles showed significant increases after the contractions. 6. It is suggested that the rise in passive tension in both human and animal muscles after eccentric contractions is the result of development of injury contractures in damaged muscle fibres.
Changes in gene expressions elicited by physiological concentrations of genistein on human endometrial cancer cells (2006)

The incidence of hormone-related diseases such as prostatic, breast, ovarian, and endometrial cancer is lower in Asian populations compared to Western countries. High consumption of soybean products that are rich in phytoestrogens, predominantly genistein, is postulated to be responsible for the lower incidence of hormone-related disease, although the mechanism through which this effect might be mediated is unclear. In this study, microarray analysis was used to identify the changes in gene expression elicited by treatment of the human endometrial cancer cell line, Ishikawa, with genistein at both physiologically achievable and supraphysiological concentrations. Genistein treatment at 5 microM concentration induced multiple changes in gene expression including some implicated in oncogenesis. In contrast, treatment with a supraphysiological concentration of genistein predominantly activated stress response genes and showed very limited overlap with the genes regulated at lower concentrations. Of the genes regulated by genistein, 9.3% were also regulated by 17beta-estradiol suggesting that genistein exerts its response via the estrogen pathway. These results indicate that at physiological concentrations, genistein is able to elicit pleiotropic effects on a variety of pathways believed to be involved in tumorigenesis. Supraphysiological concentrations of genistein, such as those used in many previous studies, elicit changes in gene expression that are unlikely to occur in vivo.
OpenRAVE: A Planning Architecture for Autonomous Robotics (2008)

One of the challenges in developing real-world autonomous robots is the need for integrating and rigorously testing high-level scripting, motion planning, perception, and control algorithms. For this purpose, we introduce an open-source cross-platform software architecture called OpenRAVE, the Open Robotics and Animation Virtual Environment. OpenRAVE is targeted for real-world autonomous robot applications, and includes a seamless integration of 3-D simulation, visualization, planning, scripting and control. A plugin architecture allows users to easily write custom controllers or extend functionality. With OpenRAVE plugins, any planning algorithm, robot controller, or sensing subsystem can be distributed and dynamically loaded at run-time, which frees developers from struggling with monolithic code-bases. Users of OpenRAVE can concentrate on the development of planning and scripting aspects of a problem without having to explicitly manage the details of robot kinematics and dynamics, collision detection, world updates, and robot control. The OpenRAVE architecture provides a flexible interface that can be used in conjunction with other popular robotics packages such as Player and ROS because it is focused on autonomous motion planning and high-level scripting rather than low-level control and message protocols. OpenRAVE also supports a powerful network scripting environment which makes it simple to control and monitor robots and change execution flow during run-time. One of the key advantages of open component architectures is that they enable the robotics research community to easily share and compare algorithms.
Estimating Collision Cross Sections of Negatively Charged <i>N-</i>Glycans using Traveling Wave Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry (2014)

Glycosylation is one of the most common post-translational modifications occurring in proteins. A detailed structural characterization of the involved carbohydrates, however, is still one of the greatest challenges in modern glycoproteomics, since multiple regio- and stereoisomers with an identical monosaccharide composition may exist. Recently, ion mobility-mass spectrometry (IM-MS), a technique in which ions are separated according to their mass, charge, and shape, has evolved as a promising technique for the separation and structural analysis of complex carbohydrates. This growing interest is based on the fact that the measured drift times can be converted into collision cross sections (CCSs), which can be compared, implemented into databases, and used as additional search criteria for structural identification. However, most of the currently used commercial IM-MS instruments utilize a nonuniform traveling wave field to propel the ions through the IM cell. As a result, CCS measurements cannot be performed directly and require calibration. Here, we present a calibration data set consisting of over 500 reference CCSs for negatively charged N-glycans and their fragments. Moreover, we show that dextran, already widely used as a calibrant in high performance liquid chromatography, is also a suitable calibrant for CCS estimations. Our data also indicate that a considerably increased error has to be taken into account when reference CCSs acquired in a different drift gas are used for calibration.
Multipath measurements over obstructed radio transmission paths (2002)

To provide PSTN to isolated subscribers BC TEL employs Exchange Area Radio telephone Service (EARS) in the 409 MHz/420 MHz UHF band. Usually LOS communication is not possible, and repeaters are used. To determine if diversity techniques could be used to improve performance and eliminate the use of repeaters, a measurement program was undertaken. The two-channel measurement system to detect and only record propagation fades in mountainous area over an obstructed LOS path is described. The fading results are presented, and the mechanisms for fading are explained. The PDF and CDF of the measured signals are compared with Rayleigh distributions, and the performance improvement that can be realized is given. Finally, a suitable diversity technique is identified.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The control of reasoning under uncertainty: A discussion of some programs (1987)

Abstract This paper proposes that managing uncertainty is a control problem, a task for the control component of AI systems that decides what to do next. This view emphasizes the process of planning and executing sequences of actions that simultaneously satisfy domain goals and minimize uncertainty. The paper reviews AI systems that manage uncertainty by control. It is not an exhaustive survey, but rather illustrates issues in managing uncertainty with selected AI programs.
Man and Environment in Israel: An Editorial Introduction (2016)

The present special issue of the Geography Research Forum focuses on diverse subjects dealing with the human-environment interface in Israel. This issue consists of 7 papers which reflect some of the environmental problems and challenges faced by Israel at present.
Design of a dual-band linear-circular-polarization microstrip antenna (2013)

A dual-band linear-circular-polarization microstrip antenna has been analysed. A method of making four slots in the square patch has been used. Linear polarization in 5.8 GHz and circular polarization in 2.5 GHz are realized when the antenna is fed at two different ports. The antenna structure is simple and easy to design. It is practical to be used as a miniature antenna model for the integration of soldier-to-soldier communication and satellite communication.
Striatal and nigral neuron subpopulations in rigid Huntington's disease: Implications for the functional anatomy of chorea and rigidity‐akinesia (1990)

Neuropeptide immunohistochemistry was used to test several hypotheses of the anatomical bases of chorea and rigidity-akinesia. To test the hypothesis that elevated concentration of striatal somatostatin causes chorea, we visually compared the density of striatal neurons containing somatostatin and neuropeptide Y in brains affected by choreic or rigid-akinetic Huntington's disease (HD). The density of these neurons was elevated in both rigid-akinetic and choreic HD specimens with an apparently normal total number of these neurons, indicating that elevated somatostatin concentration, by itself, does not lead to chorea. We tested the hypothesis that rigid-akinetic HD results from deficient dopaminergic nigrostriatal neurotransmission by examining tyrosine hydroxylase-immunoreactive (TH-IR) neurons in the substantia nigra. In rigid-akinetic HD brains, there was no obvious reduction of nigral TH-IR neurons, indicating that rigid-akinetic HD is probably not due to loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. Finally, we also examined the status of striatal projection neurons and found near total loss of all striatal neurons projecting to the lateral globus pallidus, medial globus pallidus, and substantia nigra in brains affected by rigid-akinetic HD in contrast to the preservation of neurons projecting to the medial globus pallidus in choreic HD. These results are consistent with the hypothesis that chorea results from preferential loss of striatal neurons projecting to the lateral globus pallidus and that rigid-akinetic HD is a consequence of the additional loss of striatal neurons projecting to the medial segment of the pallidum.
Multiple-level logic simulation algorithm (2001)

An algorithm for the simulation of gate-level logic is presented. Multiple logic levels are used to describe the state of each node. Each state corresponds to a different voltage level, and the number of levels to be used for a simulation is user-defined. This feature simplifies considerably the interface between a digital and an analogue simulator. A Boolean equation solver is incorporated to find the initial operating point of a circuit before a transient analysis begins. This solver has the capability of finding the operating point of gates located in feedback loops, and to determine whether the network has no, one or multiple solutions. In the latter case, the solver can identify the nodes whose values are undetermined, thus avoiding the need to initialize all nodes in the network to an unknown state ‘X’. For transient analysis, a gate delay model that takes into account the slope of the input waveforms is used. The performance of the algorithm is demonstrated by simulations of a number of benchmark circuits.
SHEAR RATES DURING ORAL AND NONORAL PERCEPTION OF VISCOSITY OF FLUID FOODS (1998)

ABSTRACT Relationships were established for five sensory methods of oral and nonoral viscosity evaluation between viscosity scores and instrumentally measured dynamic viscosity for model and real Newtonian fluid foods. These relationships were then used to predict the effective shear rates under which the sensory tests were performed. The highest shear rates were predicted for viscosity perception by compression of samples between tongue and palate, and the lowest for pouring the fluid foods from a teaspoon. Mixing with a teaspoon, slurping and swallowing exhibited nearly the same dependencies of apparent shear rates on equivalent instrumental viscosity. All relations were of the hyperbolic type. The resulting relationships between the apprent shear rates and equivalent instrumental viscosity are in good agreement with a similar relationship predicted by Shama and Sherman (1973a) (see Cutler et al. 1983) for oral perception.
Stereoselective synthesis of N-alkylaziridines from N-chloroamines (2006)

We report the first racemic and stereoselective synthesis of cis- and trans-N-alkylaziridines viaN-chloroamines; using this methodology an N-3,4,5-trimethoxybenzylaziridine was synthesised and efficiently cleaved, affording the corresponding NH aziridine in high yield.
Incidentally Found Medullary Thyroid Cancer: Treatment Rationale for Small Tumors (2004)

The object of this study was to assess the extent of surgery required for small sporadic medullary thyroid cancers (sMTCs). We retrospectively studied 261 patients with MTCs treated in our institution between 1986 and 2002 and identified 15 patients with small pT1 or pT2 sMTCs. The tumors were diagnosed incidentally, so surgical therapy was less than total thyroidectomy. Total thyroidectomy with or without neck dissection was applied to all other patients as standard surgical treatment of care. Patients were systematically followed up by postoperative ultrasonography, calcitonin, carcinoembryonic antigen levels, and pentagastrin stimulation tests. On long-term follow-up over a period of 4.6 years, the rate of biochemical cure in these patients who underwent less than total thyroidectomy for a sporadic incidentally diagnosed tumor was 100%. We concluded that completion thyroidectomy and neck dissection are not mandatory in patients in whom a solitary small sMTC is incidentally discovered by histologic diagnosis following operation so long as a genetic background is excluded. Nevertheless, such patients require systematic careful long-term follow-up.
Roofs (1974)

This chapter examines the general principles involved in the design of roofs; the various forms of construction and coverings; the techniques used in roof drainage and insulation; and the materials employed.
Curvature-based Comparison of Two Neural Networks (2018)

In this paper we show the similarities and differences of two deep neural networks by comparing the manifolds composed of activation vectors in each fully connected layer of them. The main contribution of this paper includes (1) a new data generating algorithm which is crucial for determining the dimension of manifolds; (2) a systematic strategy to compare manifolds. Especially, we take Riemann curvature and sectional curvature as part of criterion, which can reflect the intrinsic geometric properties of manifolds. Some interesting results and phenomenon are given, which help in specifying the similarities and differences between the features extracted by two networks and demystifying the intrinsic mechanism of deep neural networks.
Fate of neural stem cells grafted into injured inner ears of mice (2003)

Loss of sensory hair cells in the inner ear is a major cause of permanent hearing loss, since regeneration of hair cells rarely occurs in mammals. The aim of this study was to examine the potential of neural stem cell transplantation to restore inner ear hair cells in mice. Fetal neural stem cells were transplanted into the mouse inner ear after drug-induced injury. Histological analysis demonstrates that the majority of grafted cells differentiated into glial or neural cells in the inner ear. Strikingly, however, we show that grafted cells integrate in vestibular sensory epithelia and express specific markers for hair cells. This finding suggests that transplanted neural stem cells have the potential to differentiate and restore inner ear hair cells.
Properties of Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O Glass-Ceramic Fibers Formed by Glass-Drawing Method (1991)

Flexible Bi-Pb-Sr-Ca-Cu-O glass fibers were prepared by the glass-drawing method. They showed superconducting properties after crystallization by heat treatment. The T c and J c values of the fibers were very sensitive to starting compositions and heat treatment conditions. The fiber with the starting composition of Bi 2.1 Pb 0.9 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O y showed superconductivity with a J c =1480 A/cm 2 (77 K, zero magnetic field).
Cluster based load balancing in cloud computing (2015)

For a cloud datacenter the biggest issue is how to tackle billions of requests coming dynamically from the end users. To handle such requests efficiently and effectively, there is a need to distribute the load evenly among the cloud nodes. To achieve this goal, various load balancing approaches have been proposed in the past years. Load balancing strategies aim at achieving high user satisfaction by minimizing response time of the tasks and improving resource utilization through even and fair allocation of cloud resources. The traditional Throttled load balancing algorithm is a good approach for load balancing in cloud computing as it distributes the incoming jobs evenly among the VMs. But the major drawback is that this algorithm works well for environments with homogeneous VMS, does not considers the resource specific demands of the tasks and has additional overhead of scanning the entire list of VMs every time a task comes. In this paper, these issues have been addressed by proposing an algorithm Cluster based load balancing which works well in heterogeneous nodes environment, considers resource specific demands of the tasks and reduces scanning overhead by dividing the machines into clusters. Experimental results have shown that our algorithm gives better results in terms of waiting time, execution time, turnaround time and throughput as compared to existing throttled and modified throttled algorithms.