gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring memory hierarchy performance of cache-coherent multiprocessors using micro benchmarks (1997)

Even with today's large caches, the increasing performance gap between processors and memory systems imposes a memory bottleneck for many important scientific and commercial applications. This bottleneck is intensified in shared-memory multiprocessors by contention and the effects of cache coherency. Under heavy memory contention, the memory latency may increase 2 or 3 times. Nonethless, as more sophisticated techniques are used to hide latency and increase bandwidth, measuring memory performance has become increasingly difficult. Previous simple methods to measure memory performance can overestimate uniprocessor memory latency and underestimate bandwidth by tens of percent. This paper introduces a micro benchmark suite that measures memory hierarchy performance in light of both uniprocessor optimizations and the contention and coherence effects of multiprocessors. The benchmark suite has been used to improve the memory system performance of the SGI Origin multiprocessor.
Controlled RAFT Polymerization in a Continuous Flow Microreactor (2011)

Controlled radical polymerization using the reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer approach (RAFT) was successfully conducted under continuous flow processing conditions, provided that steel tubing was used to prevent quenching of the radical process by oxygen. A series of different monomers, including acrylamides, acrylates, and vinyl acetate, were polymerized to high conversions (between 80 and 100%) at temperatures between 70 and 100 °C using various initiators, solvents, and RAFT agents. Low dispersities, typically between 1.15−1.20, and average molecular weights similar to those of batch RAFT polymerizations were obtained. The methodology provides a facile, alternative scale-up route to conventional batch polymerization, which can be challenging because of the oxygen-sensitive nature of the RAFT process.
Design and evaluation of a distributed asynchronous VLSI crossbar switch controller for a packet switched supercomputer network (1991)

A key component in a new high-speed prototype network, called the Multiple Crossbar Network (MCN) being developed at Los Alamos National Laboratory, is a crossbar switching core and its controller. This switching core allows for up to 32 (800 Mbit/second) connections to pass through it simultaneously. The motivation for this network is to allow visualization data to be sent at movie rate speeds to a users workstation from a supercomputer. This paper reviews the key concepts and components of the MCN, and then focuses on the behavioral level design of a distributed asynchronous VLSI controller chip set for the switching core. A unique design methodology is presented and then applied to the controller which uses an externally distributed chip set, and distributed asynchronous finite state machines internally.
Net Juggler and SoftGenLock: Running VR Juggler with Active Stereo and Multiple Displays on a Commodity Component Cluster (2002)

High performance commodity components are available today to build clusters powerful enough to run high performance virtual reality applications. But cluster programming is time consumming and error prone. Virtual reality platforms that hide the complexity of the cluster architecture and provide automatic parallelization schemes are required. We present in this paper two open source softwares, Net Juggler and SoftGenLock. The association of these libraries makes possible to run a VR Juggler application with active stereo and multi displays on a commodity component PC cluster. Net Juggler turns a cluster running the VR Juggler platform on each node into a single VR Juggler image cluster. Application parallelization is transparent to the user. SoftGenLock provides software genlock and quad buffer page flipped stereo, without requiring specific hardware or graphics card driver source code. The performed tests show these softwares do no introduce a significant overhead. 1
Influenza in the older adult. Indications for the use of vaccine and antiviral therapy. (2001)

Each year, the influenza virus is responsible for 20,000 to 40,000 deaths and up to 300,000 hospitalizations in the United States. Although children and younger adults experience more cases of influenza, older individuals who are infected with the virus experience greater morbidity and mortality. The most effective means of influenza prevention for older adults is the influenza vaccine. Antivirals are used as adjuvant therapy, but they are not intended as primary prevention except for at-risk patients who are allergic to the vaccine. The neuroaminidase inhibitors may cause fewer side effects than the older antivirals and therefore may be a useful alternative in the treatment of influenza symptoms in older adults.
Purification and characterization of a two-chain form of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) type 2 and a low molecular weight TIMP-like protein (1993)

Multiple forms of metalloproteinase inhibitors were found in the serum-free conditioned medium of the EJ-1 human bladder carcinoma cell line by reverse zymography assay with gelatinase A as the indicator enzyme. Two novel forms of inhibitor with apparent molecular masses of 18 and 22 kDa on nonreducing SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE), together with tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (TIMP) and TIMP-2, were purified from the conditioned medium by a series of chromatographic steps. Structural analysis showed that the 18-kDa inhibitor is a two-chain form of TIMP-2 (tc-TIMP-2) produced by proteolytic processing, and the 22-kDa inhibitor may be a partially glycosylated form of TIMP. The purified tc-TIMP-2 was separated into a 17-kDa peptide and a small peptide of about 2.5 kDa by reducing SDS-PAGE and into four isoforms with pI 7.6, 7.3, 7.2, and 6.8 by isoelectric focusing. tc-TIMP-2 has essentially the same inhibitory activity as TIMP-2 toward gelatinase A, collagenase, stromelysin, and matrilysin. Unlike TIMP-2, however, tc-TIMP-2 does not bind to the latent precursor fo gelatinase A. Similar two-chain forms of TIMP-2 were produced by its partial digestion with trypsin or less effectively with plasmin. These results suggest that proteolytic processing of TIMP-2 plays a role in the regulation of gelatinase A activity in the extracellular matrix.
Detecting single-electron events in TEM using low-cost electronics and a silicon strip sensor (2014)

There is great interest in developing novel position-sensitive direct detectors for transmission electron microscopy (TEM) that do not rely in the conversion of electrons into photons. Direct imaging improves contrast and efficiency and allows the operation of the microscope at lower energies and at lower doses without loss in resolution, which is especially important for studying soft materials and biological samples. We investigate the feasibility of employing a silicon strip detector as an imaging detector for TEM. This device, routinely used in high-energy particle physics, can detect small variations in electric current associated with the impact of a single charged particle. The main advantages of using this type of sensor for direct imaging in TEM are its intrinsic radiation hardness and large detection area. Here, we detail design, simulation, fabrication and tests in a TEM of the front-end electronics developed using low-cost discrete components and discuss the limitations and applications of this technology for TEM.
Artifact-resistant, power-efficient design of finger-ring plethysmographic sensors. I. Design and analysis (2002)

A miniaturized, telemetric, photoplethysmograph sensor for long-term, continuous monitoring is presented in this paper. The sensor, called a "ring sensor", is attached to a finger base for monitoring beat-to-beat pulsation, and the data is sent to a host computer via a RF transmitter. Two major design issues are addressed: one is to minimize motion artifact and the other is to minimize the consumption of battery power. An efficient double ring design is developed to lower the influence of external force, acceleration, and ambient light, and to hold the sensor gently and securely on the skin, so that the circulation at the finger may not be obstructed. In this paper, the basic concept of mechanical and electrical design is provided. Total power consumption is analyzed in relation to characteristics of individual components, sampling rate, and CPU clock speed. Optimal operating conditions are obtained for minimizing the power budget.
Real-Time Bus Arrival Time Prediction: Case Study for Jinan, China (2013)

Providing real-time bus arrival information can help to improve the service quality of a transit system and enhance its competitiveness among other transportation modes. Taking the city of Jinan, China, as an example, this study proposes two artificial neural network (ANN) models to predict the real-time bus arrivals, based on historical global positioning system (GPS) data and automatic fare collection (AFC) system data. Also, to contend with the difficulty in capturing the traffic fluctuations over different time periods and account for the impact of signalized intersections, this study also subdivides the collected dataset into a bunch of clusters. Sub-ANN models are then developed for each cluster and further integrated into a hierarchical ANN model. To validate the proposed models, six scenarios with respect to different time periods and route lengths are tested. The results reveal that both proposed ANN models can outperform the Kalman filter model. Particularly, with several selected performance indices, it has been found that the hierarchical ANN model clearly outperforms the other two models in most scenarios.
Multitarget association and tracking in 3-D space based on particle filter with joint multitarget probability density (2007)

This paper addresses the problem of 3-dimensional (3D) multitarget tracking using particle filter with the joint multitarget probability density (JMPD) technique. The estimation allows the nonlinear target motion with unlabeled measurement association as well as non-Gaussian target state densities. In addition, we decompose the 3D formulation into multiple 2D particle filters that operate on the 2D planes. Both selection and combining of the 2D particle filters for 3D tracking are presented and discussed. Finally, we analyze the tracking and association performance of the proposed approach especially in the cases of multitarget crossing and overlapping.
Efficacy of atenolol and captopril in reducing risk of macrovascular and microvascular complications in type 2 diabetes: UKPDS 39 (1998)

Abstract Objective: To determine whether tight control of blood pressure with either a β blocker or an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor has a specific advantage or disadvantage in preventing the macrovascular and microvascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Design: Randomised controlled trial comparing an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (captopril) with a β blocker (atenolol) in patients with type 2 diabetes aiming at a blood pressure of <150/<85 mm Hg. Setting: 20 hospital based clinics in England, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. Subjects: 1148 hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes (mean age 56 years, mean blood pressure 160/94 mm Hg). Of the 758 patients allocated to tight control of blood pressure, 400 were allocated to captopril and 358 to atenolol. 390 patients were allocated to less tight control of blood pressure. Main outcome measures: Predefined clinical end points, fatal and non-fatal, related to diabetes, death related to diabetes, and all cause mortality. Surrogate measures of microvascular and macrovascular disease included urinary albumin excretion and retinopathy assessed by retinal photography. Results: Captopril and atenolol were equally effective in reducing blood pressure to a mean of 144/83 mm Hg and 143/81 mm Hg respectively, with a similar proportion of patients (27% and 31%) requiring three or more antihypertensive treatments. More patients in the captopril group than the atenolol group took the allocated treatment: at their last clinic visit, 78% of those allocated captopril and 65% of those allocated atenolol were taking the drug (P<0.0001). Captopril and atenolol were equally effective in reducing the risk of macrovascular end points. Similar proportions of patients in the two groups showed deterioration in retinopathy by two grades after nine years (31% in the captopril group and 37% in the atenolol group) and developed clinical grade albuminuria ≥300 mg/l (5% and 9%). The proportion of patients with hypoglycaemic attacks was not different between groups, but mean weight gain in the atenolol group was greater (3.4 kg v 1.6 kg). Conclusion: Blood pressure lowering with captopril or atenolol was similarly effective in reducing the incidence of diabetic complications. This study provided no evidence that either drug has any specific beneficial or deleterious effect, suggesting that blood pressure reduction in itself may be more important than the treatment used.
Atomic layer deposition of nanostructured materials (2012)

Atomic layer deposition, formerly called atomic layer epitaxy, was developed in the 1970s to meet the needs of producing high-quality, large-area fl at displays with perfect structure and process controllability. Nowadays, creating nanomaterials and producing nanostructures with structural perfection is an important goal for many applications in nanotechnology. As ALD is one of the important techniques which offers good control over the surface structures created, it is more and more in the focus of scientists. The book is structured in such a way to fi t both the need of the expert reader (du
se-2020-83 (2020)

With this paper, authors want to propose a workflow to analyze organization of fracture network using scanlines. This paper is an interesting contribution to weight the different parameters usable to describe a fracture network. This can give in term, an interesting tool to analysis SL on outcrop. Authors highlight their workflow are not applicable for fractal network, Classique observed for fracture network, this assumption must be discussion. To reinforce the demonstration, geological data must be given;
Origin and progeny of reactive gliosis: A source of multipotent cells in the injured brain (2008)

Reactive gliosis is the universal reaction to brain injury, but the precise origin and subsequent fate of the glial cells reacting to injury are unknown. Astrocytes react to injury by hypertrophy and up-regulation of the glial-fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP). Whereas mature astrocytes do not normally divide, a subpopulation of the reactive GFAP(+) cells does so, prompting the question of whether the proliferating GFAP(+) cells arise from endogenous glial progenitors or from mature astrocytes that start to proliferate in response to brain injury. Here we show by genetic fate mapping and cell type-specific viral targeting that quiescent astrocytes start to proliferate after stab wound injury and contribute to the reactive gliosis and proliferating GFAP(+) cells. These proliferating astrocytes remain within their lineage in vivo, while a more favorable environment in vitro revealed their multipotency and capacity for self-renewal. Conversely, progenitors present in the adult mouse cerebral cortex labeled by NG2 or the receptor for the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGFRalpha) did not form neurospheres after (or before) brain injury. Taken together, the first fate-mapping analysis of astrocytes in the adult mouse cerebral cortex shows that some astrocytes acquire stem cell properties after injury and hence may provide a promising cell type to initiate repair after brain injury.
A self-encryption based private storage system over P2P distributed file sharing infrastructure (2008)

We have proposed a distributed storage system based on self-encryption scheme for the purpose of protecting private information stored in mobile handsets. We define self-encryption scheme as an encryption scheme whose encryption key is generated from the information contained in the target file itself. In our proposed system, the information is split into two pieces and one of them is stored in a local storage of a mobile handset and the other is uploaded to a network storage, and they are encrypted respectively. In this paper, we construct a user-based private storage system with the authentication and the secure path that IMS provides. To relax the load of mobile handsets, not the mobile handset but the network server encrypts an uploaded plaintext file into s distributed data using self-encryption scheme. Sharing a storage infrastructure based on P2P overlay network with other users, the intruder cannot get all the distributed data only by hacking a single server. Moreover, if the data for uploading is already stored by other user, physical upload procedure is omitted, thus reducing the uploading time. IMS providing index application server, a supernode P2P network storage provides efficient look-up with fault-resilience and high scalability.
Multiband cyclic wavelet transforms (2002)

Multiresolution analysis via decomposition into wavelets has been established as an important transform technique in signal processing. A wealth of results is available on this subject, the framework has been extended to treat finite length sequences of size 2/sup n/ (for positive integers n) over finite fields. The paper extends this idea further to provide a framework for dealing with data lengths p/sup n/ for any prime p. This generalization is motivated in part by the need for such transforms for building error correcting codes in the wavelet transform domain. Potential applications and computational complexity issues are discussed as well. We focus on the description of wavelet transforms in terms of perfect reconstruction filter banks.
An 800-MHz low-power direct digital frequency synthesizer with an on-chip D/a converter (2004)

An 800-MHz low-power direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) with an on-chip digital-to-analog (D/A) converter is presented. The DDFS consists of a phase accumulator, two phase-to-sine converters, and a D/A converter. The high-speed operation of the DDFS is enabled by applying parallelism to the phase-to-sine converter and by including a D/A converter in a single chip. The on-chip D/A converter saves delay and power consumption due to interchip interconnections. The DDFS considerably reduces power consumption by using several low-power techniques. The pipelined parallel accumulator consumes only 22% power of a conventional pipelined accumulator with the same throughput. The quad line approximation (QLA) and the quantization and error ROM (QE-ROM) minimize the ROM to generate a sine wave. The QLA saves 4 bits of the sine amplitude by approximating the sine function with four lines. The QE-ROM quantizes the ROM data by magnitude and address and then it stores the quantized values and the quantization errors separately. The ROM size for a 9-bit sine output is only 368 bits. A DDFS chip is fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS process. It consumes only 174 mW at 800 MHz with 3.3 V. The chip core area is 1.47 mm/sup 2/. The spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is 55 dBc.
Thermostability of ancestral mutants of<i>Caldococcus noboribetus</i>isocitrate dehydrogenase (2005)

We constructed mutant genes of Caldococcus noboribetus isocitrate dehydrogenase containing ancestral amino acid residues that were inferred using the maximal likelihood method and a composite phylogenetic tree of isocitrate dehydrogenase and 3-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase. The mutant genes were expressed in Escherichia coli and the protein products purified. Thermostabilities, reported as the half-inactivation temperatures, for the purified enzymes were determined and compared with that of the wild-type enzyme. Four of the five mutant enzymes have greater thermal stabilities than wild-type isocitrate dehydrogenase. The results are compatible with the hyperthermophilic universal ancestor (commonote) hypothesis. Incorporation of ancestral residues into a modern-day protein sequence can be used to improve protein thermostability.
Robust RTL power macromodels (1998)

In this paper, we propose a robust register-transfer level (RTL) power modeling methodology for functional units. Our models are consistently accurate over a wide range of input statistics, they are automatically constructed and can provide pattern-by-pattern power estimates. An additional desirable feature of our modeling methodology is the capability of accounting for the impact of technology variations, library changes and synthesis tools. Our methodology is based on the concept of node sampling, as opposed to more traditional approaches based on input sampling.
Robust Bonding Through Process Control (2018)

Process control has been proven to be the most reliable means of safeguarding the quality of adhesive bonds according to Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). A method for implementing process control for reduction in risk in a bonded joint fabrication process is demonstrated in this study using a selected bonding system. The stepwise method included risk analysis to identify defects with the highest impact and likelihood to occur, evaluation of various pre-bond surface analysis tools to monitor for the selected defects, and demonstration of the benefits of in-process monitoring utilizing threshold limits determined from bond performance tests. The bonded system selected for investigation was an aerospace carbon fiber epoxy composite substrate surface prepared with random orbital sanding using 180 grit aluminum oxide sand paper. A series of portable, pre-bond surface analysis tools were investigated for their ability to be used for in-line bond process control. Results and threshold limits are presented from roughness, ballistic water contact angle (WCA), color, gloss, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) surface analysis tools. Results demonstrated how in-process inspection methods can be used to ensure quality of a surface preparation for a selected bonding system. A framework is provided for implementation of bond process control for robust bonding.
Self-monitoring of On-task Behaviors Using the MotivAider<sup>®</sup> by a Middle School Student with a Moderate Intellectual Disability (2013)

This investigation used an ABAB withdrawal design to determine the effect of self-monitoring using the MotivAider® (MotivAider, 2000) on percentage of intervals of on-task behavior by an 11-year old male with a moderate intellectual disability who attended a rural middle school. The MotivAider ® is a small device, the size of a pager, which can be programmed to vibrate on a variable or fixed interval schedule. The student used the MotivAider ® as a tactile prompt to self-record the presence or absence of on-task behavior at 3-min time intervals while completing math assignments independently in a resource setting. During 15-min sessions, the student completed a math assignment requiring computation skills for one- and two-digit addition and subtraction facts. The investigators used a pretest-posttest measure to examine the effects of the self-monitoring intervention on the student's math fluency before and after intervention. To enhance social validity, the instructional assistant implemented the intervention and the design of the investigation supported and monitored the student's Individualized Education Program goals for math computation and self-sufficiency. Results of this investigation demonstrated (a) an increased percentage of time on-task during self-monitoring intervention, (b) the ability of the student to accurately self-monitor his on-task behavior, and (c) a 100% increase in math fluency from the pretest to posttest. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.