gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ca2+-related regulatory function of fibrinogen. (1978)

Fibrinogen displays a regulation of considerable physiological significance by lowering the Ca2+ requirement for the conversion of the fibrin-stabilizing factor (Factor XIII) zymogen to the range of concentrations of this ion found in plasma. Fibrinogen modulates both Ca2+-dependent steps in the complex process of zymogen activation, involving the heterologous dissociation of subunits of the thrombin-modified zymogen (Factor XIII') species : formula: (see text) and the unmasking of iodoacetamide titratable sites during generation of transamidating activity : formula: (see text). It is interesting that a thrombin-independent pathway of zymogen activation : formula: (see text), which we found to operate at Ca2+ concentrations above 50 mM, is not affected by the presence of fibrinogen. Regulation by fibrinogen thus appears to be specific for controlling only the physiological pathway of zymogen conversion.
Corpus Expansion for Statistical Machine Translation with Semantic Role Label Substitution Rules (2011)

We present an approach of expanding parallel corpora for machine translation. By utilizing Semantic role labeling (SRL) on one side of the language pair, we extract SRL substitution rules from existing parallel corpus. The rules are then used for generating new sentence pairs. An SVM classifier is built to filter the generated sentence pairs. The filtered corpus is used for training phrase-based translation models, which can be used directly in translation tasks or combined with baseline models. Experimental results on Chinese-English machine translation tasks show an average improvement of 0.45 BLEU and 1.22 TER points across 5 different NIST test sets. 1
Understanding Chinese consumer engagement in social commerce (2017)

Purpose Building on the Chinese guanxi perspective, the purpose of this paper is to develop a theoretical model that explains the indirect effects of social support from friends on social commerce intentions, as mediated through the relational aspects that potential buyers develop with sellers. Design/methodology/approach Hypotheses are tested with partial least squares (PLS)-graph applied to data collected via a survey of social media users ( n =511). SPSS and PLS-graph are the statistical analysis tools used in this study. Findings Relationship exists in social commerce interactions and its quality can be captured by swift guanxi and trust. These swift relationships matter as they drive users’ behavioral intentions on social commerce sites. The informational and social support people receive from friends helps in improving the relationship quality and can indirectly influence user behaviors on these sites. Research limitations/implications This study has relied on a convenient sampling and this may limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research should employ broader and more random sampling techniques to re-validate and extend the findings. Originality/value The interpersonal aspect of relationship quality has received little attention in the social commerce literature. This study develops a theoretical model that explains consumers’ intention in social commerce. The findings reveal the mechanisms through which different types of social support indirectly influence social commerce intentions. They provide a unique glimpse into consumer behavior in Chinese settings, in which the guanxi aspect of relationship quality highly matters.
Synthesen von hydroxylierten Bipyridinen, III. Synthese von unsymmetrischen und symmetrischen Dihydroxybipyridinen (1992)

Syntheses of Hydroxylated Bipyridines, III. — Synthesis of Unsymmetrically and Symmetrically Structured Dihydroxybipyridines Fifteen symmetrical and asymmetrical dimethoxybipyridines and the pertinent diols are prepared and characterized. Reductive cross coupling of halopyridines with Ni(0) may result in complex mixtures. The same is true for an alternative reaction of (trimethylstannyl)pyridines with halopyridines in the presence of Pd(0). UV, 1 H‐, and 13 C‐NMR spectra of the bipyridine derivatives are tabulated.
Comparison of Computed Tomography and Complex Motion Tomography in the Evaluation of Cholesteatoma (1984)

High-resolution axial and coronal computed tomographic (CT) scans were compared with coronal and sagittal complex motion tomograms in patients with suspected middle ear cholesteatomas. Information on CT scans equaled or exceeded that on conventional complex motion tomograms in 16 of 17 patients, and in 11 it provided additional information. Soft-tissue resolution was superior with CT. In 14 patients who underwent surgery, CT provided information that was valuable to the surgeon. On the basis of this study, high-resolution CT is recommended as the preferred method for evaluating most patients with cholesteatomas of the temporal bone.
Effect of magnetic field on plasma characteristics of built-in high-frequency coil type sputtering apparatus (1989)

The effects of a perpendicular magnetic field on the plasma characteristics of a high-rate sputtering apparatus with a built-in high-frequency (HF) coil were investigated. When the proper perpendicular magnetic field, between 20 and 30 G, was applied to the plasma region, the plasma density markedly increased and the lowest limit of the operating gas pressure could be reduced from 1.3×10−3 to 2.45×10−4 Torr. The optimum perpendicular magnetic-field strength regularly increased with an increase in the operating HF at pressures of 5×10−4 Torr or less, but was little affected by the other discharge parameters, such as HF power and target voltage. The frequency of the largest harmonic component of the HF voltage, detected from the plasma region, agreed with the electron cyclotron frequency calculated from the optimum magnetic-field strength. Therefore, it is suggested that a resonancelike phenomenon occurred in the plasma region.
Photographic Subtraction (1975)

The purpose of subtraction of angiographic images is to demonstrate the vessels free of superimposed, disturbing image noise. With the aid of physical film parameters the theoretic basis for an optimum subtraction technique is presented.
The neutrophil‐activating proteins interleukin 8 and β‐thromboglobulin: <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> comparison of NH<sub>2</sub>‐terminally processed forms (1990)

Isolation of the human neutrophil activating protein (NAP) interleukin 8 (IL8) from leukocytes has revealed that it is structurally related to beta-thromboglobulin (beta TG) from platelets. Both these proteins occur as natural mixtures of multiple forms, differing from each other by unequal truncation at the NH2 terminus. In this study we have compared IL8 and beta TG forms for in vitro and in vivo neutrophil activation. In contrast to IL8, none of the beta TG forms were found to exert granulocyte chemotactic activity in vitro, as measured in the agarose assay. However, fractions rich in the most extensively processed forms of beta TG (e.g. NAP-2) as well as pure NAP-2 did induce lactoferrin release from granulocytes, whereas fractions containing only the longer forms (e.g. connective tissue-activating peptide III) were inactive. In order to observe this in vitro effect, about 10-fold less IL8 (10 nM) than NAP-2 was required. In the presence of a vasodilator substance low doses (2-20 pmol) of IL8 and the shorter forms of beta TG caused granulocyte accumulation and plasma leakage in rabbit skin whereas the longer forms of beta TG again failed to do so. Finally, granulocytosis induction following i.v. injection was found to occur with NAP-2. At the maximal dose tested (250 pmol), this in vivo effect of NAP-2 was less pronounced than that of IL8. In the case of IL8, NH2-terminal processing did not seem to affect granulocyte stimulatory activity. It should be noted, however, that the extent of processing of IL8 is less than that occurring with beta TG. It can be concluded that the platelet factor beta TG, structurally related to the monokine IL8, can also play a role in neutrophil activation during inflammatory reactions.
Hardware-in-the-Loop Technology Enabling Flexible Testing Processes (2013)

Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing is indispensable in the control unit software development process and has been an integral part of numerous companies’ development processes for years. HIL simulation is regarded as the tried-and-tested method for function, component, integration and network tests for the entire system. This holds especially for model-based design. Ever since HIL testing has started to be applied, users have continuously streamlined their development processes. This paper describes the changing requirements for HIL simulation, and how these changes need to be addressed by a new HIL technology.
Effects of Virion and Salt Concentrations on the Raman Signatures of Filamentous Phages fd, Pf1, Pf3, and PH75 (2004)

Filamentous phages consist of a single-stranded DNA genome encapsidated by several thousand copies of a small alpha-helical coat protein subunit plus several copies of four minor proteins at the filament ends. The filamentous phages are important as cloning vectors, vehicles for peptide display, and substrates for macromolecular alignment. Effective use of a filamentous phage in such applications requires an understanding of experimental factors that may influence the propensity of viral filaments to laterally aggregate in solution. Because the Raman spectrum of a filamentous phage is strongly dependent on the relative orientation of the virion with respect to the polarization direction of the electromagnetic radiation employed to excite the spectrum, we have applied Raman spectroscopy to investigate lateral aggregation of phages fd, Pf1, Pf3, and PH75 in solution. The results show that lateral aggregation of the virions and anisotropic orientation of the aggregates are both disfavored by high concentrations of salt (>200 mM NaCl) in solutions containing a relatively low virion concentration (<10 mg/mL). Conversely, the formation of lateral aggregates and their anisotropic orientation are strongly favored by a low salt concentration (<0.1 mM NaCl), irrespective of the virion concentration over a wide range. The use of Raman polarization effects to distinguish isotropic and anisotropic solutions of filamentous phages is consistent with previously reported Raman analyses of virion structures in both solutions and fibers. The Raman data are supported by electron micrographs of negatively stained specimens of phage fd, which permit an independent assessment of salt effects on lateral aggregation. The present results also identify new Raman bands that serve as potential markers of subunit side-chain orientations in filamentous virus assemblies.
<title>Detecting moving targets in SAR imagery by using a phase-error correction algorithm</title> (1995)

Motion of a target induces phase errors in a synthetic-aperture (SAR) signal (phase) history that cause the image of the moving target to be smeared in azimuth. We can detect the presence of a moving target by sensing the smearing, as follows. We divide the complex image of a scene that includes a moving target into a grid of patches, and apply a phase-error correction algorithm to each patch. We have used the shear averaging phase-error correction algorithm. Patches that have large phase errors are likely to contain the image of a moving target. We also compute the sharpness of the image in the patch before and after phase-error correction; an increase in sharpness indicates the presence of a moving target, and it is a better indicator than the magnitude of the phase error. This approach requires just a single-antenna conventional SAR system. It is highly sensitive to the azimuth component of target velocity and to radial acceleration.
Sensitization of transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 and increasing its endogenous ligand 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid in rats with monoiodoacetate-induced osteoarthritis (2018)

Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) receptor modulates pain, and this has been noted in several animal models. However, the involvement of TRPV4 in osteoarthritic (OA) pain remains poorly understood. This study assessed the functional changes in TRPV4 and the expression of its endogenous ligand 5,6-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (5,6-EET) in a rat monoiodoacetate (MIA)-induced OA pain model (MIA rats). Monoiodoacetate-treated rats showed reduced grip strength as compared to sham-treated rats, and this loss in function could be recovered by the intraarticular administration of a TRPV4 antagonist (HC067047 or GSK2193874). By contrast, the intraarticular administration of the TRPV4 agonist, GSK1016790A, increased the pain-related behaviors in MIA rats but not in sham rats. TRPV4 expression was not increased in knee joints of MIA rats; however, the levels of phosphorylated TRPV4 at Ser824 were increased in dorsal root ganglion neurons. In addition, 5,6-EET was increased in lavage fluids from the knee joints of MIA rats and in meniscectomy-induced OA pain model rats. 5,6-EET and its metabolite were also detected in synovial fluids from patients with OA. In conclusion, TRPV4 was sensitized in the knee joints of MIA rats through phosphorylation in dorsal root ganglion neurons, along with an increase in the levels of its endogenous ligand 5,6-EET. The analgesic effects of the TRPV4 antagonist in the OA pain model rats suggest that TRPV4 may be a potent target for OA pain relief.
A Dynamic Additive and Multiplicative Effects Model with Application to the United Nations Voting Behaviors (2018)

Motivated by a study of United Nations voting behaviors, we introduce a regression model for a series of networks that are correlated over time. Our model is a dynamic extension of the additive and multiplicative effects network model (AMEN) of Hoff (2019). In addition to incorporating a temporal structure, the model accommodates two types of missing data thus allows the size of the network to vary over time. We demonstrate via simulations the necessity of various components of the model. We apply the model to the United Nations General Assembly voting data from 1983 to 2014 (Voeten (2013)) to answer interesting research questions regarding international voting behaviors. In addition to finding important factors that could explain the voting behaviors, the model-estimated additive effects, multiplicative effects, and their movements reveal meaningful foreign policy positions and alliances of various countries.
Freedom from Transmission of Hepatitis-B ofGamma-Globulin and Heat-Inactivated Plasma Protein FractionPrepared from Contaminated Human Plasma by Fractionationwith Solid-Phase Polyelectrolytes (1979)

Plasma contaminated with hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and shown by others to be infectious when injected in a dilution of 1:1,000,000 in chimpanzees, was fractionated by a solid-phase polyelectrolyte (PE) procedure for its content of plasma protein fraction (PPF) and γ-globulin (immune serum globulin; ISG). Quantitative Ausria II radioimmunoassays showed that nearly half the HBsAg was bound by the PE and could be eluted at low pH, while the rest was found in the heat-inactivated PPF. When the ISG was concentrated to 16%, the 13 mg/kg (comparable to a human dose) was injected intramuscularly in 6 chimpanzees, or when the PPF was heated at 60°C for 10 h and injected intravenously in 2 chimpanzees, there was no clinical or laboratory evidence of hepatitis B infection after 12 months, although 1 chimp of 2 who received the same material showed a borderline positive anti-HBsAg antibody result on one of 52 weekly serum samples. Since the new PE fractionation method is essentially nondenaturing, and simpler than the classical ethanol procedures, it was important to establish the noninfectivity of the final products.
Tunable-diode-laser measurements of gain in optically pumped NH_3 (1983)

A tunable-diode laser is used for the first reported time to make gain measurements in a cw optically pumped 12-microm NH(3) amplifier. The tunability of the diode laser enables us to demonstrate that no inversion exists in the 12-microm laser and that Raman processes are responsible for the gain. High-sensitivity techniques allow gain coefficients as low as 0.001%/cm to be detected, and the experimental measurements are found to be in good agreement with theory.
Molecular basis of a null mutation in soybean lipoxygenase 2: substitution of glutamine for an iron-ligand histidine. (1994)

We have investigated the nucleotide sequence and expression of lox2, a mutant form of the gene encoding lipoxygenase 2, an enzyme responsible for unpleasant flavors in soybean [Glycine max (L) Merr.] seeds. Although lox2 transcripts accumulate normally, there are no detectable transcripts for lipoxygenase 1 or 3 in mutant lines that display similar phenotypes characterized by the lack of corresponding lipoxygenase activity and protein in mature seeds. The enzymatically inactive lox2 gene product is readily detectable in mid-maturation-stage seeds but is apparently unstable, since it is absent from mature seed. The protein sequence deduced from the cDNA and genomic DNA sequences of lox2 differs from that of the wild-type gene, Lox2, in the substitution of glutamine for His-532. It is known that His-504 in soybean lipoxygenase 1, which corresponds to His-532 in lipoxygenase 2, is one of the iron-binding ligands essential for lipoxygenase activity. Here we present evidence that the missense mutation substituting Gln for His-532 results in the loss of lipoxygenase 2 from mature soybean seeds.
Protein-Acetaldehyde Adducts as Biochemical Markers of Alcohol Consumption (1992)

There are two types of diagnostic markers for alcohol abuse and alcoholism: trait (or vulnerability) markers and state markers.1,2 Trait markers include indicators that will identify individuals who are more vulnerable than the general population to develop alcoholism; and as the term implies, they are tests that elicit certain genetic traits. By comparison, state markers are tests that will identify alcohol abuse by reflecting psychosocial, biochemical, or physiological changes brought about by chronic and excessive alcohol intake. Because of the enormous problem of alcohol abuse and alcoholism in the West, research to devise a test or a panel of tests to serve as trait or state markers is critically important.
The structure of an abietic acid dimer (1986)

B. Gigante, R. Jones, A. M. Lobo, M. J. Marcelo-Curto, S. Prabhakar, H. S. Rzepa, D. J. Williams and D. F. Zinkel, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1986, 1038 DOI: 10.1039/C39860001038
Overlooked interfacial silicide-polysilicon gate resistance in MOS transistors (2001)

We discuss a previously overlooked gate resistance (R/sub g/) component in silicided polysilicon-gate metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect-transistors (MOSFETs). Since the high-frequency properties depend critically on R/sub g/, this has motivated the recent addition of a resistive gate input in the BSIM3v3 MOSFET model. Our TLM results show that the contact resistance between silicide and polysilicon, built into the gate of a typical MOSFET, is of the same magnitude as the silicide sheet resistance. This contact resistance affects model scaling and will dominate R/sub g/ in narrow-width and short-channel MOS transistors.
Polarization-independent acoustically tunable optical filter (1990)

A polarization-independent acoustically tunable optical filter is described, with 1.3 nm bandwidth and 145 nm tuning range demonstrated about a center wavelength of 1525 nm. Filtered and unfiltered beams exit from different ports of this 2×2 integrated-optic structure fabricated on a LiNbO3 substrate. The filter conversion efficiency was 97% for unpolarized light, limited by imperfect splitting of the directional-coupler polarizing beamsplitters. Using an unpolarized, 105-nm-wide light-emitting diode as the optical source, 16 dB isolation of the filtered port was achieved, both with respect to the nearest nulls and the remote background spectrum.
The prevention of acute kidney injury: an in-depth narrative review Part 1: volume resuscitation and avoidance of drug- and nephrotoxin-induced AKI (2008)

This narrative clinical review in two parts discusses the prevention of clinical acute kidney injury (AKI). The first part focuses on general prevention measures, including identification of individuals at high risk for AKI, and on the role of volume expansion and fluid therapy. The latter discusses the timing, the goals, the selection of the fluids and the haemodynamic management of the patient receiving parenteral fluids for the prevention of AKI. In addition, this part summarizes the interaction of intensivist-nephrologist in the ICU with attention to tight glycaemia control and the use of low doses of corticoids in the septic shock patients. Finally, the avoidance of drug- and nephrotoxin-induced AKI is discussed. The second part of this review will summarize the possible pharmacological interventions in the patient at risk.
Query Splitting for Context-Driven Federated Recommendations (2016)

Context-driven query extraction for content-based recommender systems faces the challenge of dealing with queries of multiple topics. In contrast to manually entered queries, for automatically generated queries this is a more frequent problem. For instances if the information need is inferred indirectly viathe user's current context. Especially for federated search systems were connected knowledge sources might react vastly differently on such queries, an algorithmic way how to deal with such queries is of high importance. One such method is to split mixed queries into their individual subtopics. To gain insight how a multi topic query can be split into its subtopics we conducted an evaluation where we compared a naive approach against amore complex approaches based on word embedding techniques: One created using Word2Vec and one created using GloVe. To evaluate these two approaches we used the Webis-QSeC-10 query set, consisting of about 5,000 multi term queries. Queries of this set were concatenated and passed through the algorithms with the goal to split those queries again. Hence the naive approach is splitting the queries into several groups, according to the amount of joined queries, assuming the topics are of equal query term count. In the case of the Word2Vec and GloVe based approaches we relied on the already pre-trained datasets. The Google News model and a model trained with a Wikipedia dump and theEnglish Gigaword newswire text archive. The out of this datasets resulting query term vectors were grouped into subtopics usinga k-Means clustering. We show that a clustering approach based on word vectors achieves better results in particular when the query is not in topical order. Furthermore we could demonstrate the importance of the underlying dataset.
Aromatic annelation by reaction of arylimidoyl radicals with alkynes: evidence for the intervention of a spirocyclohexadienyl radical in the synthesis of substituted quinolines (1986)

Arylimidoyl radicals, generated by hydrogen abstraction from N-arylideneanilines with di-isopropyl peroxydicarbonate, react with alkynes to give quinolines in good yields. The reaction also involves an intermediate Spirocyclohexadienyl radical; the proposed mechanism is discussed.
Tyrosine kinase inhibitors as modulators of ATP binding cassette multidrug transporters: substrates, chemosensitizers or inducers of acquired multidrug resistance? (2011)

Based on the concept presented in this review, TKI anticancer drugs are considered as compounds recognized by the cellular mechanisms handling xenobiotics. Accordingly, novel anticancer therapies should equally focus on the effectiveness of target inhibition and exploration of potential interactions of the designed molecules by membrane transporters. Thus, targeted hydrophobic small molecule compounds should also be screened to evade xenobiotic-sensing cellular mechanisms.