gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wall material effects in stationary plasma thrusters. II. Near-wall and in-wall conductivity (2003)

Simulations and experimental characterizations of a stationary plasma thruster are compared for four different wall materials to investigate near-wall conductivity (dielectric materials) and in-wall conductivity (conducting materials) in such a discharge. Using a one-dimensional transient fluid model that takes into account a possible electron temperature anisotropy, it is shown that electron-wall backscattering plays a crucial role by maintaining a relatively high electron temperature along the magnetic field lines which in turn drives large electron currents toward the walls. The large differences in discharge current observed experimentally for the dielectric materials are qualitatively recovered, confirming that near-wall conductivity results from the combined effects of secondary electron emission and electron backscattering. A clear correlation is found between the appearance of space charge saturation at the walls and a jump of the discharge current observed in experiments when varying the discharge voltage or the magnetic field. The anomalously high values of discharge current observed experimentally with graphite are also correctly recovered in simulations, which highlight a plasma short-circuiting effect resulting from in-wall currents.
A Systematic Review of Cognitive Function in First-Episode Psychosis, Including a Discussion on Childhood Trauma, Stress, and Inflammation (2014)

Cognitive impairment across domains, up to severe level based on Cohen's effect size, is present already in FEP studies. However, differences in levels of impairment are observed between studies, as well as within domains, indicating that further consolidation of cognitive impairment over the course of illness may be present. Cognitive abnormalities may be linked to a neurodevelopmental model including increased sensitivity to the negative effect of stress, as well as genetic vulnerability. More research on this field is needed.
Electrochemical and ab initio investigations to design a new phenothiazine based organic redox polymeric material for metal-ion battery cathodes (2015)

Different N-substituted phenothiazines have been synthesized and their electrochemical behavior has been investigated in CH3CN in order to design the best polyphenothiazine based cathodic material candidate for lithium batteries. These compounds exhibit two successive reversible one-electron oxidation processes. Ab initio calculations demonstrate that the potential of the first process is a result of both the hybridization effects between the substituent and the phenothiazine unit as well as the change of conformation of the phenothiazine heterocycle during the oxidation process. More specifically, we show that an asymmetric molecular orbital spreading throughout an external cycle of the phenothiazine unit and the alkyl fragment is formed only if the alkyl fragment is long enough (from the methyl moiety onwards) and is at the origin of the bent conformation for N-substituted phenothiazines during oxidation. Electrochemical investigations supported by ab initio calculations allow the selection of a phenothiazinyl unit which is then polymerized by a Suzuki coupling strategy to avoid the common solubilization issue in carbonate-based liquid electrolytes of lithium cells. The first electrochemical measurements performed show that phenothiazine derivatives pave the way for a promising family of redox polymers intended to be used as organic positives for lithium batteries.
Integer programming for array subscript analysis (1995)

We present a new method to determine whether a convex region contains any integer points. The method is designed for array subscript analysis in parallel programs. The general problem is whether a system of linear equalities and inequalities has an integer solution. A set of known techniques is used to transform the problem to that of finding whether a convex region contains any integer points. The main result of the paper is a set of new search procedures that identify an integer solution in a convex region, or prove that no integer solutions exist. They are based on the geometrical properties of convex regions that are not empty, but also do not contain any integer points. The results contribute to exact and efficient dependence and synchronization analysis of parallel programs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Synthesis and properties of calixcrown telomers (1995)

Z. Zhong, C. Tang, C. Wu and Y. Chen, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 1737 DOI: 10.1039/C39950001737
Human leukocyte interferon: structural and biological relatedness to adrenocorticotropic hormone and endorphins. (1980)

Anti-alpha-corticotropin [anti-ACTH alpha (1-13)](also alpha-melanotropin) and anti-gamma-endorphin antisera neutralized human leukocyte interferon activity but not fibroblast interferon activity. Human leukocyte interferon was not neutralized by anti-human lutenizing hormone (lutropin) or follicle-stimulating hormone (follitropin) antisra. Conversely, antisera to human leukocyte interferon neutralized ACTH activity. The neturalization of human leukocyte interferon by anti-human leukocyte interferon serum was partially blocked by ACTH. These studies show strong antigenic relatedness among human leukocyte interferon, ACTH, and endorphins, implying that there are underlying structural similarities. Structural relatedness is shown by pepsin cleavage of ACTH activity from human leukocyte interferon. The implication for the natural functions of human leukocyte interferon are discussed.
<i>In situ</i> diode laser absorption measurements of plasma species in a gaseous electronics conference reference cell reactor (1995)

A major objective of the microelectronics industry is to perfect methods for controlling dimensional accuracy during plasma etching of submicron features in wafer substrates. Optical sensors as monitors of gas phase etch chemistry are attractive because they offer the potential of nonintrusive in situ measurements for use as real time inputs to process control. In this study, infrared lead-salt diode lasers are used to probe fluorocarbon-based plasmas used for etching of silicon and silicon dioxide in a gaseous electronics conference reference cell reactor. The diode laser sensor is used for in situ measurements of neutral CF2 reactive intermediates and CF2O etch product. Possible correlations between etch process outcomes and parameters measured by diode laser absorption are identified. The diode laser measurement of CF2 concentration is found to be possibly useful as an indicator of etch rates or selectivity. In addition, diode laser monitoring of CF2O during etching of SiO2 is potentially useful as an end point monitor. Further research and development based on these results are expected to lead to new process control strategies for improved reliability and product yield in plasma etching.
Neuronal Firing Rates and Patterns in the Globus Pallidus Internus of Patients With Cervical Dystonia Differ From Those With Parkinson's Disease (2007)

Cervical dystonia (CD) is a movement disorder that involves involuntary turning and twisting of the neck caused by abnormal muscle contraction. Deep brain stimulation (DBS) in the globus pallidus internus (GPi) is used to treat both CD and the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD). It has been suggested that the differing motor symptoms in CD and PD may arise from a decreased GPi output in CD and elevation of output in PD. To test this hypothesis, extracellular recordings of GPi neuronal activity were obtained during stereotactic surgery for the implantation of DBS electrodes in seven idiopathic CD and 14 PD patients. The mean GPi neuronal firing rate recorded from CD patients was lower than that in PD patients ( P < 0.001; means ± SE: 71.4 ± 2.2 and 91.7 ± 3.0 Hz, respectively). Furthermore, GPi neurons fired in a more irregular pattern consisting of more frequent and longer pauses in CD compared with PD patients. When comparisons were done based on locations of recordings, these differences in firing rates and patterns were limited to the ventral portion of the GPi. In contrast, no difference in firing rate or pattern was observed in the globus pallidus externus between the two groups. These findings suggest that alterations in both firing rate and firing pattern may underlie the differing motor symptoms associated with these two movement disorders.
Quantum dot gate nonvolatile memory: Modeling and fabrication (2007)

The botulinum neurotoxins (BTX) are an exciting group of therapeutic agents with dramatically expanding clinical indications. The US FDA has approved BOTOX (BTX-A, Allergan) and Myobloc (BTX-B, Elan Pharmaceuticals) for the treatment of cervical dystonia. TPP Canada has also approved BOTOX for the treatment of glabellar frown lines. The US FDA is expected to approve this new indication before the end of 2002. These changes will dramatically expand the marketing of BTXs. Concerns about risks and side-effects diminish as clinical experience increases with this "most poisonous of poisons". In particular, the incidence of secondary resistance to the toxin's effect has been dramatically diminished with the reduction of the non-toxic protein in current batches of BOTOX.
Single-crystal SrTiO3 fiber grown by laser heated pedestal growth method: influence of ceramic feed rod preparation in fiber quality (1998)

The rapidly spreading use of optical fiber as a transmission medium has created an interest in fiber-compatible optical devices and methods for growing them, such as the Laser Heated Pedestal Growth (LHPG). This paper reports on the influence of the ceramic feed rod treatment on fiber quality and optimization of ceramic pedestal processing that allows improvements to be made on the final quality in a simple manner. Using the LHPG technique, transparent crack-free colorless single crystal fibers of SrTiO3 (0.50 mm in diameter and 30-40 mm in length) were grown directly from green-body feed rods, without using external oxygen atmosphere.
Interface Debonding and Fiber Cracking in Brittle Matrix Composites (1989)

Analyses of debonding along interfaces and of the kinking of interface cracks into a fiber have been used to define the role of debonding in fiber‐reinforced, brittle matrix composites. The results reveal that, for fibers aligned with the tensile stress axis, debonding requires an interface fracture energy, Γ i , less than about one‐fourth that for the fiber, Γ f . Further‐more, once this condition is satisfied, it is shown that fiber failure does not normally occur by deflection of the debond through the fiber. Instead, fiber failure is governed by weakest‐link statistics. The debonding of fibers inclined to the stress axis occurs more readily, such that debonds at acutely inclined fibers can deflect into the fiber, whereupon the failure of fibers is dominated by their toughness.
Controlled Deposition of Tin Oxide and Silver Nanoparticles Using Microcontact Printing (2015)

This report describes extensive studies of deposition processes involving tin oxide (SnOx) nanoparticles on smooth glass surfaces. We demonstrate the use of smooth films of these nanoparticles as a platform for spatially-selective electroless deposition of silver by soft lithographic stamping. The edge and height roughness of the depositing metallic films are 100 nm and 20 nm, respectively, controlled by the intrinsic size of the nanoparticles. Mixtures of alcohols as capping agents provide further control over the size and shape of nanoparticles clusters. The distribution of cluster heights obtained by atomic force microscopy (AFM) is modeled through a modified heterogeneous nucleation theory as well as Oswald ripening. The thermodynamic modeling of the wetting properties of nanoparticles aggregates provides insight into their mechanism of formation and how their properties might be further exploited in wide-ranging applications.
Level-compressed Huffman decoding (1999)

Based on the breadth-first search manner and the level-compression technique, this article first presents a new array data structure to represent the classical Huffman (1952) tree. Then, the decoding algorithm is given. Both the memory and the decoding time required in the proposed method are less than those of previous methods. Some experimentations are carried out to demonstrate the advantages of the proposed method. In fact, the proposed algorithm can be applied to the canonical Huffman tree.
Switching of Molecular Spin States in Inorganic Complexes by Temperature, Pressure, Magnetic Field and Light: Towards Molecular Devices (2004)

Abstract The spin crossover phenomenon in molecular inorganic compounds is one of the most spectacular examples of bistability phenomena leading to a switching between the high‐spin and the low‐spin states of the molecule by several means such as temperature, pressure, light and magnetic field (multi‐property molecular switching). In the present microreview we report our most important findings, both experimental results and theoretical approaches, and discuss possible technological applications for each switching method as well as the recent synthesis of new spin crossover molecular materials. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2004)
Selection of Hygromycin-Resistant <i>Arabidopsis</i> Seedlings (2003)

tube RT-PCR and Pyrosequencing reactions to monitor the relative amounts of two alleles in a single sample helps to minimize variations due to RNA extraction and target amplification. There are several issues that may affect future applications of this technique to clinical samples. The study of a specific SNP may require additional characterization of the target by sequencing because of the inherent heterogeneity of RNA viruses. O'Meara et al. ( In addition, unexpected differences in the target can also affect results because the specific dispensation of nucleotides in the assay determines the identity of the SNP and the internal peak height controls (i.e., adjacent bases). Confirmation of the target sequence may be needed to ensure that both the SNP and the neighboring sequences are within the parameters of the analysis software. This approach should enhance both basic research on virus-host interactions and clinical analysis of viral dynamics in response to administration and/or cessation of therapies.
Transcriptomic dissection of the horizontally acquired response regulator EsrB reveals its global regulatory roles in the physiological adaptation and activation of T3SS and the cognate effector repertoire in<i>Edwardsiella piscicida</i>during infection toward turbot (2017)

Edwardsiella piscicida is the leading pathogen threatening worldwide aquaculture industries. The 2-component system (TCS) EsrA-EsrB is essential for the pathogenesis of this bacterium. However, little is known about the regulon and regulatory mechanism of EsrA-EsrB or about the factors that mediate the interaction of TCS with bacterial hosts. Here, our RNA-seq analysis indicated that EsrB strongly induces type III and type VI secretion systems (T3/T6SS) expression and that it modulates the expression of both physiology- and virulence-associated genes in E. piscicida grown in DMEM. EsrB binds directly to a highly conserved 18-bp DNA motif to regulate the expression of T3SS and other genes. EsrB/DMEM-activated genes include 3 known and 6 novel T3SS-dependent effectors. All these effector genes are highly induced by EsrB during the late stage of in vivo infection in fish. Furthermore, although in vivo colonization by the bacterium relies on EsrB and T3/T6SS expression, it does not require the expression of individual effectors other than EseJ. The mutant lacking these 9 effectors showed significant defects in in vivo colonization and virulence toward turbot, and, more importantly, a high level of protection against challenges by wild-type E. piscicida, suggesting that it may represent a promising live attenuated vaccine. Taken together, our data demonstrate that EsrB plays a global regulatory role in controlling physiologic responses and the expression of T3SS and its cognate effector genes. Our findings will facilitate further work on the mechanism of molecular pathogenesis of this bacterium during infection.
Cloning and Functional Expression of a cDNA Encoding a Mammalian Sodium-dependent Vitamin Transporter Mediating the Uptake of Pantothenate, Biotin, and Lipoate (1998)

Previous studies have shown that a Na+-dependent transport system is responsible for the transplacental transfer of the vitamins pantothenate and biotin and the essential metabolite lipoate. We now report the isolation of a rat placental cDNA encoding a transport protein responsible for this function. The cloned cDNA, when expressed in HeLa cells, induces Na+-dependent pantothenate and biotin transport activities. The transporter is specific for pantothenate, biotin, and lipoate. The Michaelis-Menten constant (Kt) for the transport of pantothenate and biotin in cDNA-transfected cells is 4.9 +/- 1.1 and 15.1 +/- 1.2 microM, respectively. The transport of both vitamins in cDNA-transfected cells is inhibited by lipoate with an inhibition constant (Ki) of approximately 5 microM. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA (sodium-dependent multivitamin transporter (SMVT)) predicts a protein of 68.6 kDa with 634 amino acids and 12 potential transmembrane domains. Protein data base search indicates significant sequence similarity between SMVT and known members of the Na+-dependent glucose transporter family. Northern blot analysis shows that SMVT transcripts are present in all of the tissues that were tested. The size of the principal transcript is 3.2 kilobases. SMVT represents the first Na+-dependent vitamin transporter to be cloned from a mammalian tissue.
Highly stable ultra-short pulse generation by filtering out flat optical frequency components (2004)

We propose a novel method for generating optical pulses featuring a compact and straightforward configuration. By filtering out flat optical frequency components generated using LiNbO/sub 3/ phase and intensity modulators, 1.8-ps, 10-GHz pulses are successfully obtained.
Two independent apolipoprotein A5 haplotypes influence human plasma triglyceride levels (2002)

The recently identified apolipoprotein A5 gene (APOA5) has been shown to play an important role in determining plasma triglyceride concentrations in humans and mice. We previously identified an APOA5 haplotype (designated APOA5*2) that is present in approximately 16% of Caucasians and is associated with increased plasma triglyceride concentrations. In this report we describe another APOA5 haplotype (APOA5*3) containing the rare allele of the single nucleotide polymorphism c.56C>G that changes serine to tryptophan at codon 19 and is independently associated with high plasma triglyceride levels in three different populations. In a sample of 264 Caucasian men and women with plasma triglyceride concentrations above the 90th percentile or below the 10th percentile, the APOA5*3 haplotype was more than three-fold more common in the group with high plasma triglyceride levels. In a second independently ascertained sample of Caucasian men and women (n=419) who were studied while consuming their self-selected diets as well as after high-carbohydrate diets and high-fat diets, the APOA5*3 haplotype was associated with increased plasma triglyceride levels on all three dietary regimens. In a third population comprising 2660 randomly selected individuals, the APOA5*3 haplotype was found in 12% of Caucasians, 14% of African-Americans and 28% of Hispanics and was associated with increased plasma triglyceride levels in both men and women in each ethnic group. These findings establish that the APOA5 locus contributes significantly to inter-individual variation in plasma triglyceride levels in humans. Together, the APOA5*2 and APOA5*3 haplotypes are found in 25-50% of African-Americans, Hispanics and Caucasians and support the contribution of common human variation to quantitative phenotypes in the general population.
Air-gun source instabilities (1987)

Abstract The signature of an air-gun array can change over a period of time or even from one shot to the next. If the signature variations are large, then deterministic deconvolution, with an operator designed from a single signature or from an average signature, could produce errors significant enough to affect data interpretation. Possible sources of air-gun instability include changes in gun positions, firing times, and pressures, gun failures, and scattering from the fluctuating rough ocean surface.If an air-gun array were perfectly stable, after application of signature deconvolution the residual signatures for a sequence of shots would be identically shaped, broadband, zero-phase wavelets. In practice, air-gun instabilities lead to two major defects in band-limited residual signatures: the central portion of the wavelet can become asymmetrical, and unsuppressed energy can occur in the residual bubble region.Processing experiments done with synthesized air-gun array signatures show that of all types of air-gun instabilities likely to occur, only gun dropouts cause signature variations severe enough to affect data interpretation. Gun dropouts produce unsuppressed residual bubble energy that can show up as phantom events on a stacked section or that can obscure small-amplitude events following large-amplitude events. Neither gun dropouts nor any other kind of air-gun instability has a significant effect on resolution within the seismic band. Since gun dropouts do not happen on a shot-to-shot basis and other instabilities are unimportant, there is no practical benefit to be gained by deriving and applying individual signature deconvolution operators for each shot. The influence of gun dropouts can be minimized through other actions taken in acquisition and processing.
Analysis of Clothing and Urine from Moscow Theatre Siege Casualties Reveals Carfentanil and Remifentanil Use (2012)

On October 26, 2002, Russian Special Forces deployed a chemical aerosol against Chechen terrorists to rescue hostages in the Dubrovka theatre. Its use confirmed Russian military interest in chemicals with effects on personnel and caused 125 deaths through a combination of the aerosol and inadequate medical care. This study provides evidence from liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis of extracts of clothing from two British survivors, and urine from a third survivor, that the aerosol comprised a mixture of two anaesthetics--carfentanil and remifentanil--whose relative proportions this study was unable to identify. Carfentanil and remifentanil were found on a shirt sample and a metabolite called norcarfentanil was found in a urine sample. This metabolite probably originated from carfentanil.
An informal survey of multi‐echelon inventory theory (1972)

Abstract Contained herein is an informal nonmathematical survey of research in multi‐echelon inventory theory covering published results through 1971. An introductory section defines the term, “multi‐echelon,” and establishes the kinds of problems involving multi‐echelon considerations. Subsequent sections provide surveys of research on deterministic and stochastic multi‐echelon inventory control problems, allocation models, and multi‐echelon planning and evaluation models. A final section discusses the present state of the art and suggests directions for future research. A bibliography of papers concerning multi‐echelon inventory theory and applications is included.