gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactive Proof-of-stake (2016)

The paper examines decentralized cryptocurrency protocols that are based on the use of internal tokens as identity tools. An analysis of security problems with popular Proof-of-stake consensus protocols is provided. A new protocol, Interactive Proof-of-stake, is proposed. The main ideas of the protocol are to reduce a number of variables a miner can iterate over to a minimum and also to bring a communication into block generation. The protocol is checked against known attacks. It is shown that Interactive Proof-of-stake is more secure than current pure Proof-of-stake protocols.
[Action of sorbitol on the hydrolytic polymerization of ferric ions and its effect on the masking action of citric acid]. (1983)

By means of potentiometric, spectrophotometric and magnetochemical methods, the sorbitol-citric acid-Fe (Ⅲ) system was studied to clarify the mechanism of action of sorbitol on the inhibition of hydrolytic precipitation of ferric ion. The experimental results show that sorbitol did not coordinate with ferric ion but stopped the hydrolytic process at the oligomerie stage, in which, mono—or bi-nuclear species were present. This effect is in' favour of the formation of stable binuclear complexes of citric acid and makes the preparations more stable.
Proceso de lesividad. Legitimación de los vecinos por sustitución. Desviación procesal (2002)

• Enunciado: 
Con fecha 15 de febrero 2002, don Pedro F. formulo requerimiento a la Corporacion Municipal de PPP al amparo del art. 68 de la Ley 7/1985, de 2 de abril, reguladora de las Bases de Regimen Local y del art. 220 del RD 2568/1986, de 28 de noviembre, por el que se aprueba el Rgto. de Organizacion, Funcionamiento y Regimen Juridico de las Entidades Locales, para que se procediera a realizar la declaracion de lesividad y subsiguiente impugnacion ante la jurisdiccion contencioso-administrativa y asi se invalidara el contrato celebrado el 26 de noviembre entre el alcalde del Ayuntamiento de PPP y el director general de inversiones de la empresa XXX para instalar un equipamiento civico comercial en unos terrenos situados en el poligono de las Hoces, invocando que dicho contrato es nulo de pleno derecho por formalizarse por el alcalde sin hallarse facultado por organo competente y por prescindirse total y absolutamente del procedimiento legalmente previsto. La declaracion de lesividad se insta de la Corporacion Local al entender don Pedro F. que se ha generado al Ayuntamiento de PPP un dano que se aprecia en 381.000 euros y que resulta del coste de construccion senalado en el contrato. 
Ante la inactividad del Ayuntamiento y frente a lo que don Pedro F. considero una denegacion presunta, interpuso un recurso contencioso-administrativo, en cuyo escrito de interposicion se aludia a dicha denegacion presunta del Ayuntamiento de PPP frente a su peticion de declaracion de lesividad si bien no se hacia peticion alguna para que se anulara el contrato de 26 de noviembre de 1999. No obstante, en la demanda interpuesta posteriormente, si consta como pretension procesal el que se dicte sentencia anulando dicho contrato. 
• Cuestiones planteadas: 
1. ?Que tipo de actuacion pretendia iniciar don Pedro F. al interponer el recurso contencioso-administrativo? 
2. El procedimiento iniciado por don Pedro F., y cuyo objeto final es anular el contrato celebrado entre la Corporacion y la entidad mercantil, ?era la via adecuada de actuacion? 
3. En el supuesto de que el procedimiento de lesividad hubiere sido el adecuado por encontrarnos ante un acto de los exigidos en el articulo 103 de la Ley de Regimen Juridico de las Administraciones Publicas y del Procedimiento Administrativo Comun (LRJAP y PAC) ?se podria considerar legitimado a don Pedro F. para iniciar el recurso de lesividad en sustitucion de la Entidad Local? 
4. ?Se puede afirmar que se ha producido una «desviacion procesal» al formularse unicamente en el escrito de demanda del recurso contencioso-administrativo la anulacion del contrato, no habiendose realizado dicha formulacion ni en el escrito dirigido al Ayuntamiento ni en el escrito de interposicion del recurso contencioso-administrativo?
Mutations in MYOC gene of Indian primary open angle glaucoma patients. (2002)

The presence of a novel non-conservative change in codon 48 of MYOC in 3 POAG patients, but none in the healthy controls, suggests a causal association of the mutation with the disease, either singly or in combination with other genetic loci. The other point mutation (Pro370Leu) detected in the members of an affected POAG family represents a hotspot of mutation in the gene. Two identified SNPs (-83 G->A and 227 G->A) are not associated with the disease phenotype but could be used as highly informative markers in POAG affected families to determine any causal association of MYOC with the disease, and for identification of presymptomatic carriers in the family, where applicable. A comparison of our data with other studies revealed that these two polymorphisms are in complete linkage disequilibrium among Asians, but not among other ethnic groups studied so far.
Causal inference (2008)

This paper reviews a theory of causal inference based on the Structural Causal Model (SCM) described in (Pearl, 2000a). The theory unifies the graphical, potential-outcome (Neyman-Rubin), decision analytical, and structural equation approaches to causation, and provides both a mathematical foundation and a friendly calculus for the analysis of causes and counterfactuals. In particular, the paper establishes a methodology for inferring (from a combination of data and assumptions) the answers to three types of causal queries: (1) queries about the effect of potential interventions, (2) queries about counterfactuals, and (3) queries about the direct (or indirect) effect of one event on another.
The Chemistry of Flour and Bread (1994)

Concentrates on the type and importance of flour proteins by discussing their structure and evaluating their function in bread making. Intends to introduce the reader to some of the complex interactions which take place during the preparation of bread by discussing some of the chemical and physical changes which are involved in bread making. Examines the composition of wheat flour and discusses an explanation of its suitability as a bread‐making flour. Emphasizes the importance of protein type in flour and how these proteins can be identified in flour. Explains the development of the gluten network, essential for the production of bread.
The Effects of Plasma Jet Ignition on a Methane Fueled Internal Combustion Engine (1983)

Abstract A comparison between a conventional capacitive discharge ignition system and a plasma jet ignition system has been performed using a single cylinder test engine fueled with methane. It was found that for optimal engine efficiency considerably less timing advance was required when plasma jet ignition was employed. It was shown that plasma jet ignition significantly reduced the ignition delay time, while the actual burn time remained approximately the same when optimal timing was used for both systems. As would be expected from previous work on gasoline fueled engines the lean misfire limit for the methane fueled engine was extended by plasma jet ignition (beyond λ = 1.2). The implications of these and previous findings is that an engine using plasma jet ignition and running on either gasoline or methane with mixtures near stoichiometric would not have to alter the timing, when changing from one fuel to another, in order to maintain maximum efficiency.
Deep learning enables robust assessment and selection of human blastocysts after in vitro fertilization (2019)

Visual morphology assessment is routinely used for evaluating of embryo quality and selecting human blastocysts for transfer after in vitro fertilization (IVF). However, the assessment produces different results between embryologists and as a result, the success rate of IVF remains low. To overcome uncertainties in embryo quality, multiple embryos are often implanted resulting in undesired multiple pregnancies and complications. Unlike in other imaging fields, human embryology and IVF have not yet leveraged artificial intelligence (AI) for unbiased, automated embryo assessment. We postulated that an AI approach trained on thousands of embryos can reliably predict embryo quality without human intervention. We implemented an AI approach based on deep neural networks (DNNs) to select highest quality embryos using a large collection of human embryo time-lapse images (about 50,000 images) from a high-volume fertility center in the United States. We developed a framework (STORK) based on Google's Inception model. STORK predicts blastocyst quality with an AUC of >0.98 and generalizes well to images from other clinics outside the US and outperforms individual embryologists. Using clinical data for 2182 embryos, we created a decision tree to integrate embryo quality and patient age to identify scenarios associated with pregnancy likelihood. Our analysis shows that the chance of pregnancy based on individual embryos varies from 13.8% (age ≥41 and poor-quality) to 66.3% (age <37 and good-quality) depending on automated blastocyst quality assessment and patient age. In conclusion, our AI-driven approach provides a reproducible way to assess embryo quality and uncovers new, potentially personalized strategies to select embryos.
Aerodynamic investigations of noise-reducing high-lift systems for passenger transport aircraft (2011)

This diploma thesis captures the three-dimensional implementation of noise-reducing high-liftsystems. A parametric CAD model is developed for the FNG aircraft and different high-lift configurationsare built up. In the course of research, these configurations are designed based onformerly obtained two-dimensional results of DLR’s LEISA project featuring the design of a verylong chord slat (VLCS), whose slat shape resulted in a favourable aeroacoustic behaviour at noiserelevantapproach conditions. The high-lift systems derived in this thesis differ in the spanwisevariation of the slat geometry planform as well as in the applied high-lift settings described bygap, overlap and deflection angle.The aerodynamic performance is computed via CFD RANS simulations and the results arecompared to a reference high-lift system of the FNG aircraft, which has been designed in previousstudies. The observed CFD results are further evaluated in the reference wing section of the FNGaircraft in order to display the agreement between the implemented 3D high-lift configurationsand the 2D LEISA reference data. Besides the aerodynamic performance, aeroacoustic aspects arealso considered in this diploma thesis. By means of the obtained CFD results, indirect statementsabout the success of the 3D low-noise implementation approach are made.The geometrical concordance of the derived reference wing section of the 3D CAD model isfound in general to be very high in comparison to the 2D-optimized LEISA design wing section.With regard to the observed pressure distributions of the initial four designed high-lift systemshowever, small geometry deviations are noticed to affect the obtained pressure distributions in asignificantly unintended way. The requirements of a low-noise high-lift system are thus not metfor these high-lift configurations. In the 3D implementation, the 2D-optimized slat settings haveto be modified in order to maintain the favourable aeroacoustic behaviour of the 2D considerations.Based on a reduced slat deflection angle, a further derived 3D VLCS high-lift system isobtained to match the 2D-optimized pressure distributions in the reference wing section more accurately.A significant pressure increase at the VLCS trailing edge is noticed for this configuration,which shows the noise-reducing potential of the derived VLCS device. However, the aerodynamicdegradations obtained for the designed low-noise high-lift system are found to be too high in orderto still provide improved aeroacoustic behaviour during conditions of increased approachspeed. A 3D noise-reducing high-lift system is therefore not achieved, although the 2D-optimizedLEISA pressure distributions are well captured in the reference wing section of the implemented3D high-lift system featuring modified high-lift setting parameters.
Isolation and Analysis of the Nucleic Acids and Polysaccharides from <i>Clostridium welchii</i> (1970)

A method previously described for the use of bentonite in the isolation of the nucleic acids from two gram-positive organisms was applied to the isolation of the nucleic acids from two strains of Clostridium welchii. The nucleic acids were separated from polysaccharides by the fractional precipitation of their cetyltrimethyl-ammonium salts from sodium chloride solution, and the base composition of the nucleic acids was determined. One strain of C. welchii investigated (NCTC 10578) was shown to produce considerable quantities of an acidic and also a weakly acidic or neutral polysaccharide; the other strain (ATCC 10543) gave very small quantities of the latter but none of the former polysaccharide. The monosaccharide composition of these polysaccharides was determined and the acidic polysaccharide was shown to resemble dermatan sulfate.
CPW to waveguide transition with tapered slotline probe (2001)

A new CPW to waveguide transition is developed based on the concept of tapered slot antenna and E-plane probe coupling. The transition consists of a tapered slotline probe and a slotline to CPW matching section. The current design has the advantages of broad bandwidth, compact size, low fabrication cost, and high reliability. The characteristics of a prototype transition are investigated by numerical simulation on Duroid substrate and WR-90 waveguide. The back-to-back combination is measured to verify the agreement with the simulated results and realization of this design.
Role of calcium-sensing receptor in bone biology. (2008)

Bone turnover helps accomplish long-term correction of the extracellular calcium (Ca2+ o) homeostasis by the actions of osteoblasts and osteoclasts. These processes are highly regulated by the actions of hormones, most prominently parathyroid hormone (PTH), the release of which is a function of the Ca2+ o, and is regulated by the action of the Ca2+ -sensing receptor (CaR) in the parathyroid gland. Various mutations of the CaR gene give rise to gain or loss of functions leading respectively to hypo- or hypercalcaemic conditions. CaR could conceivably be a target for local changes in the Ca2+ o in the bone microenvironment thereby acting as a 'growth factor' in various cells residing in the bone marrow. This review discusses about the roles of the CaR in bone. In osteoblasts, CaR promotes its proliferation, differentiation and mineralization. In osteoclasts, CaR mediates high Ca2+ o-stimulated osteoclast differentiation as well as osteoclast apoptosis. CaR regulates localization of haematopoietic stem cells from the foetal liver to endosteal niche, the socalled homing. Although the CaR plays a key role in the defense against hypercalcaemia, its function can be aberrant in humoral hypercalcaemia of malignancy in which CaR activation stimulates secretion of parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) secretion. Increased levels of PTHrP cause a vicious hypercalcaemic state resulting from its increased bone-resorptive and positive renal calcium reabsorbing effects give rise to hypercalcaemia. CaR mediates a variety of functions of Ca2+ o in the bone microenvironment under both normal and pathological conditions.
Learning to Control a Smart Home Environment (2003)

The goal of the MavHome (Managing An Intelligent Versatile Home) project is to create a home that acts as an intelligent agent. In this paper, we introduce the MavHome architecture and two learning algorithms that play central roles in the smart home. The first algorithm predicts actions the inhabitant will take in the home. The second algorithm learns a policy to control the home. Effectiveness of the algorithms on smart home data is presented and we document the application of the technology in a working smart home environment.
Environment and sustainable energy development in the Asia-Pacific region (2005)

The majority of the countries of the Asia-Pacific region are mainly developing countries. To them, the sustainable development of energy resources appears to be a constant challenge at a time when there seems to be the tendency to opt for economic development at the expense of environment. However, it has to be appreciated that in reality the right to sustainable development belongs to people and not to government. The purpose of this article is to focus on certain important current legal issues of sustainable energy development in many of the developing countries of Asia Pacific. Section I will highlight the dilemma of development v environment—a characteristic feature in environmental regulation in the Third World—in the region. Section II will trace the inadequacy of provision for environmental protection in international energy development agreements and in the legislative regime there. Section III will be concerned with the present state and policy trends relating to sustainable energy development issues in the Asia-Pacific region horizontally. Section IV will evaluate certain recently emerging approaches to deal with the matter of sustainable development when government proves to be part of the problem and when there is little or no effective environmental regulation for the protection of the environment. In Section V, some concluding remarks will be made.
Octahedral void defects observed in the bulk of Czochralski silicon (1997)

We found octahedral void defects in the bulk of silicon wafers by using infrared tomography. These voids are often twin type and their sizes are about 100 nm. A 2-nm-thick layer exists on the side walls of the void defects. Our analysis suggests that the 2-nm-thick layer is SiOx. It is believed that the void structure is formed as a result of agglomeration of vacancies during Si–ingot growth.
Exchange radio technology (2003)

Some of the methods used to implement a point-to-multipoint digital radio system, designed to provide basic exchange telecommunications radio (BETR) service, are described. The system operates in the 450-MHz band. It consists of a base station and distributed subscriber terminals, which provide telephone service for up to 24 subscribers. The author focuses on some of the key technical areas in the electrical and mechanical design of the base station and subscriber units which impact equipment cost. The analog and digital signal processing used in the design for low-cost system terminals is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stereotactic Vacuum-Assisted Breast Biopsy Is Not a Therapeutic Procedure Even When All Mammographically Found Calcifications Are Removed: Analysis of 4,086 Procedures (2010)

VABB may not be considered a therapeutic procedure, even in the case of complete removal of microcalcifications. However, a complete removal of microcalcifications may result in low rates of underestimation of malignancy and may consequently increase the diagnostic accuracy of the diagnostic procedure.
Hollow fiber membrane process for <scp>SO<sub>2</sub></scp> removal from flue gas (2014)

Abstract BACKGROUND In this study, a polymeric membrane process was investigated to avoid the poisoning of CO 2 sorbents with SO 2 during the carbon capture and separation ( CCS ) process. Two types of hollow fiber composite membranes were prepared using poly(ether‐ b ‐amide) ( PEBAX ) and cellulose acetate ( CA ) as composite materials. RESULTS Both of the composite membranes exhibit a trade‐off between the pure gas permeance and the ideal selectivity. The PEBAX1657 / PEI exhibited higher permeance than CA / PES due to the morphology of the substrate and the effects of the coating material. A mixed‐gas separation experiment investigated the SO 2 removal efficiency and the CO 2 loss ratio. The SO 2 removal efficiency and CO 2 loss ratio were found to be positively correlated with the permeance of the gas components. A multi‐stage membrane process was designed to reduce the CO 2 loss ratio with a 90% removal efficiency of SO 2 . Compared with a single‐stage process, the CO 2 loss ratio was decreased by up to 16.1%, and the membrane area was estimated at 18.1 m 2 for the multi‐stage process. CONCLUSION A multi‐stage membrane process was designed using different types of membrane modules to decrease CO 2 loss ratio without sacrificing SO 2 removal efficiency. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Experimental Verification of Electron Optic Dichroism (1995)

Electron optic dichroism, i.e., the spin-dependent attenuation of electron beams transmitted through the vapor of chiral molecules, was investigated. No transmission asymmetry was found for longitudinally polarized electron beams of opposite helicity passing through enantiomeric camphor vapor. The experiment was carried out at electron energies of 0.9, 4.0, and 5.0 eV with an accuracy much better than ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$. Asymmetries up to $1.5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}{10}^{\ensuremath{-}4}$, which was clearly above the detection limit, were, however, observed for Yb(hfc${)}_{3}$, a camphorlike molecule containing an ytterbium atom.
Type II collagen mRNA containing an alternatively spliced exon predominates in the chick limb prior to chondrogenesis. (1991)

A series of cDNA clones corresponding to the 5' end of the chicken type II collagen mRNA were generated using a single-sided polymerase chain reaction technique. Analysis of these cDNAs showed that the second exon of the gene is alternatively spliced such that it is either present or absent in the mRNA. This exon encodes a 70-amino acid cysteine-rich globular domain which is present in the amino-terminal propeptides of alpha 1(I), alpha 1(III), and alpha 2(V) procollagen chains but which was previously thought to be absent from type II procollagen. Analysis of the expression of the two alternatively spliced forms of the chicken type II collagen mRNA showed that the mRNA without the second exon was the predominant form (approximately 90%) in sternal cartilage from 14-day embryos, but in precartilage limb mesenchyme only the form including the second exon was detected. This later form was also present in a number of non-cartilage tissues including embryonic calvaria, skin, heart, skeletal muscle, and brain; no type II collagen mRNA was detected in liver. Studies of developing limbs from progressive embryonic stages suggest that the appearance of the mRNA lacking the second exon is a relatively late event during chondrogenesis.
p53 Mediates the Accelerated Onset of Senescence of Endothelial Progenitor Cells in Diabetes (2005)

Adverse metabolic factors, including oxidized small and dense low density lipoprotein (ox-dmLDL) can contribute to the reduced number and the impaired functions of circulating endothelial progenitors (EPC) in diabetic patients. To elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved, EPC from normal donors were cultured in the presence of ox-dmLDL. Under these experimental conditions EPC undergo to senescent-like growth arrest. This effect is associated with Akt activation, p21 expression, p53 accumulation, and retinoblastoma protein dephosphorylation and with a reduced protective effect against oxidative damage. Moreover, depletion of endogenous p53 expression by small interfering RNA demonstrates that the integrity of this pathway is essential for senescence to occur. Activation of the Akt/p53/p21 signaling pathway and accelerated onset of senescence are also detectable in EPC from diabetic patients. Finally, diabetic EPC depleted of endogenous p53 do not undergo to senescence-growth arrest and acquire the ability to form tube-like structures in vitro. These observations identify the activation of the p53 signaling pathway as a crucial event that can contribute to the impaired neovascularization in diabetes.