gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Confirmation, disconfirmation, and information in hypothesis testing. (1987)

Strategies for hypothesis testing in scientific investigation and everyday reasoning have interested both psychologists and philosophers.A number of these scholars stress the importance of disconnrmation in reasoning and suggest that people are instead prone to a general deleterious "confirmation bias."In particular, it is suggested that people tend to test those cases that have the best chance of verifying current beliefs rather than those that have the best chance of falsifying them.We show, howevei; that many phenomena labeled "confirmation bias" are better understood in terms of a general positive test strategy.With this strategy, there is a tendency to test cases that are expected (or known) to have the property of interest rather than those expected (or known) to lack that property.This strategy is not equivalent to confirmation bias in the first sense; we show that the positive test strategy can be a very good heuristic for determining the truth or falsity of a hypothesis under realistic conditions.It can, however, lead to systematic errors or inefficiencies.The appropriateness of human hypothesis-testing strategies and prescriptions about optimal strategies must be understood in terms of the interaction between the strategy and the task at hand.A substantial proportion of the psychological literature on hypothesis testing has dealt with issues of confirmation and disconfirmation.Interest in this topic was spurred by the research findings of Wason (e.g., 1960Wason (e.g., ,1968) ) and by writings in the philosophy of science (e.g., Lakatos, 1970; Platt, 1964;Popper, 1959Popper, , 1972)), which related hypothesis testing to the pursuit of scientific inquiry.Much of the work in this area, both empirical and theoretical, stresses the importance of disconfirmation in learning and reasoning.In contrast, human reasoning is often said to be prone to a "confirmation bias" that hinders effective learning.However, confirmation bias has meant different things to different investigators, as Fischhoff and Beyth-Marom point out in a recent review (1983).For example, researchers studying the perception of correlations have proposed that people are overly influenced by the co-occurrence of two events and insufficiently influenced by instances in which one event occurs without the other (e.g.,
MR imaging of the breast in patients with occult primary breast carcinoma. (1997)

Breast MR imaging enables identification of the site of primary tumor in most patients suspected of having occult primary breast cancer, and MR findings can influence surgical treatment.
The Fibroblast — A Ubiquitous Ally for the Surgeon (1963)

HAVING grown up, medically speaking, and lived for thirty years in the sunlight and shadows of Shattuck Street before moving westward, I am especially pleased and deeply honored to deliver the seventy-third annual Shattuck Lecture. George Cheyne Shattuck, the elder, for whom this lecture is named, was president of the Massachusetts Medical Society from 1836 to 1840, the very years during which Theodor Schwann, peering through an early light microscope, was identifying and describing "the fibre-cells of areolar tissue" that are the subject of my lecture. Today, a hundred and twenty-odd years later, the study of connective tissue embraces all . . .
Strong Baselines for Neural Semi-Supervised Learning under Domain Shift (2018)

Novel neural models have been proposed in recent years for learning under domain shift. Most models, however, only evaluate on a single task, on proprietary datasets, or compare to weak baselines, which makes comparison of models difficult. In this paper, we re-evaluate classic general-purpose bootstrapping approaches in the context of neural networks under domain shifts vs. recent neural approaches and propose a novel multi-task tri-training method that reduces the time and space complexity of classic tri-training. Extensive experiments on two benchmarks are negative: while our novel method establishes a new state-of-the-art for sentiment analysis, it does not fare consistently the best. More importantly, we arrive at the somewhat surprising conclusion that classic tri-training, with some additions, outperforms the state of the art. We conclude that classic approaches constitute an important and strong baseline.
One Class Splitting Criteria for Random Forests (2016)

Random Forests (RFs) are strong machine learning tools for classification and regression. However, they remain supervised algorithms, and no extension of RFs to the one-class setting has been proposed, except for techniques based on second-class sampling. This work fills this gap by proposing a natural methodology to extend standard splitting criteria to the one-class setting, structurally generalizing RFs to one-class classification. An extensive benchmark of seven state-of-the-art anomaly detection algorithms is also presented. This empirically demonstrates the relevance of our approach.
Multifractals and wavelets: A potential tool in geophysics (1998)

PreviousNext No AccessSEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1998Multifractals and wavelets: A potential tool in geophysicsAuthors: Rudolf H. RiediRudolf H. RiediRice University, Houston, Texashttps://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820328 SectionsAboutPDF/ePub ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissions ShareFacebookTwitterLinked InRedditEmail Permalink: https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820328FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited byLocal regularity investigation of well logs from an Algerian tight reservoirWavelet-based fractal and multifractal analysis for detecting mineral deposits using multispectral images taken by dronesWAVELET‐BASED MULTIFRACTAL ANALYSIS OF LANDSAT 8 IMAGES18 February 2017Fractional domain singularity power spectrum6 May 2016 | Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol. 85, No. 3Time-singularity multifractal spectrum distribution based on detrended fluctuation analysisPhysica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, Vol. 437Multifractal spectrum distribution based on detrending moving averageChaos, Solitons & Fractals, Vol. 65Wavelet leaders-based multifractal spectrum distribution10 January 2014 | Nonlinear Dynamics, Vol. 76, No. 2Information passage from acoustic impedance to seismogram: Perspectives from wavelet-based multiscale analysis2 July 2004 | Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, Vol. 109, No. B7Lithologic characterization of a reservoir using continuous-wavelet transformsIEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, Vol. 41, No. 1 SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1998ISSN (print):1052-3812 ISSN (online):1949-4645Copyright: 1998 Pages: 2092 publication data© 1998 Copyright © 1998 Society of Exploration GeophysicistsPublisher:Society of Exploration Geophysicists HistoryPublished Online: 06 Jan 2005 CITATION INFORMATION Rudolf H. Riedi, (1998), "Multifractals and wavelets: A potential tool in geophysics," SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts : 1975-1978. https://doi.org/10.1190/1.1820328 Plain-Language Summary PDF DownloadLoading ...
Cdc34-mediated Degradation of ATF5 Is Blocked by Cisplatin (2008)

ATF5, a member of activating transcription factor (ATF)/cAMP-response element-binding protein (CREB) family of b-ZIP transcription factors, contributes to neural cell differentiation and is involved in cell apoptosis in response to cisplatin and a number of environment factors. However, the mechanisms governing the regulation of ATF5 protein during apoptosis are largely unknown. In this study we reported that ATF5 protein was a substrate of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway. Interestingly, the ubiquitin-dependent degradation of exogenous ATF5 protein was independent of lysine residues. Instead, the addition of a large N-terminal enhanced green fluorescence protein tag increased the stability of ATF5 protein, and the free amino acid group of the N-terminal methionine of ATF5 protein was a site for ubiquitinylation, indicating that exogenous ATF5 was degraded via the ubiquitin-proteasome system through N-terminal ubiquitinylation. Furthermore, cisplatin increased ATF5 protein expression via preventing its ubiquitin-dependent degradation, which might be associated with its promoting the nucleus-to-cytoplasm translocation of E2 ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme Cdc34 and reducing the interaction between ATF5 and Cdc34. In summary, a down-regulation of proteasome-mediated degradation of ATF5 might contribute to cisplatin-induced apoptosis, providing a new mechanism of cisplatin-induced apoptosis.
Roles for TAB1 in regulating the IL-1-dependent phosphorylation of the TAB3 regulatory subunit and activity of the TAK1 complex (2008)

The protein kinase TAK1 (transforming growth factor-beta-activated kinase 1), which has been implicated in the activation of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) cascades and the production of inflammatory mediators by LPS (lipopolysaccharide), IL-1 (interleukin 1) and TNF (tumour necrosis factor), comprises the catalytic subunit complexed to the regulatory subunits, termed TAB (TAK1-binding subunit) 1 and either TAB2 or TAB3. We have previously identified a feedback-control mechanism by which p38alpha MAPK down-regulates TAK1 and showed that p38alpha MAPK phosphorylates TAB1 at Ser(423) and Thr(431). In the present study, we identified two IL-1-stimulated phosphorylation sites on TAB2 (Ser(372) and Ser(524)) and three on TAB3 (Ser(60), Thr(404) and Ser(506)) in human IL-1R cells [HEK-293 (human embryonic kidney) cells that stably express the IL-1 receptor] and MEFs (mouse embryonic fibroblasts). Ser(372) and Ser(524) of TAB2 are not phosphorylated by pathways dependent on p38alpha/beta MAPKs, ERK1/2 (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and JNK1/2 (c-Jun N-terminal kinase 1/2). In contrast, Ser(60) and Thr(404) of TAB3 appear to be phosphorylated directly by p38alpha MAPK, whereas Ser(506) is phosphorylated by MAPKAP-K2/MAPKAP-K3 (MAPK-activated protein kinase 2 and 3), which are protein kinases activated by p38alpha MAPK. Studies using TAB1(-/-) MEFs indicate important roles for TAB1 in recruiting p38alpha MAPK to the TAK1 complex for the phosphorylation of TAB3 at Ser(60) and Thr(404) and in inhibiting the dephosphorylation of TAB3 at Ser(506). TAB1 is also required to induce TAK1 catalytic activity, since neither IL-1 nor TNFalpha was able to stimulate detectable TAK1 activity in TAB1(-/-) MEFs. Surprisingly, the IL-1 and TNFalpha-stimulated activation of MAPK cascades and IkappaB (inhibitor of nuclear factor kappaB) kinases were similar in TAB1(-/-), MEKK3(-/-) [MAPK/ERK (extracellular-signal-regulated kinase) kinase kinase 3] and wild-type MEFs, suggesting that another MAP3K (MAPK kinase kinase) may mediate the IL-1/TNFalpha-induced activation of these signalling pathways in TAB1(-/-) and MEKK3(-/-) MEFs.
Microencapsulation of Moisture-Sensitive CaS:Eu[sup 2+] Particles with Aluminum Oxide (2009)

Single-crystal, submicrometer-sized CaS:Eu luminescent particles were synthesized via a solvothermal route, and these moisture-sensitive particles were coated with aluminum oxide using atomic layer deposition (ALD). Photoluminescence (PL) spectra of coated and uncoated particles were compared. They both showed a broad-band PL emission with a maximum of 650 nm. Microencapsulation by aluminum oxide layers did not have a pronounced effect on the intensity of the emission. In situ luminescence measurements during the accelerated aging (80 degrees C, 80% relative humidity) of coated and uncoated CaS: Eu particles were performed. While the uncoated phosphor was largely degraded within 30 h of aging, it was observed that a 20 nm thick aluminum oxide coating dramatically increased the resistance of the luminescent material against moisture, showing the conformity of the Al2O3 coating by the ALD process. Upon degradation, CaCO3 was formed, leading to Eu3+ emission as observed in cathodoluminescence. Finally, the use of these coated particles as a wavelength conversion material in light-emitting diodes was evaluated.
Segmental colonic transit time (1981)

Mean segmental transit time of radiopaque markers through the right colon, left colon and rectosigmoid areas of adults and children has been calculated form their distribution on consecutive plain films of the abdomen. Overall mean transit does not differ significantly in the large bowel between adults and children. However, there are regional differences within the colon in relation to age. Mean transit time in the right colon is 13.8 hours in adults and 7.7 in children (p less than 0.01). Corresponding values in the left colon are 14.1 and 8.7 hours (p less than 0.02) and, in the rectum, 11 and 12.4 hours (p = NS). The percentage of the mean total large bowel transit time spent in the right colon, left colon and rectosigmoid area are respectively for adults and children 33 +/- 4 and 28 +/- 3 per cent (p = NS); 39 +/- 4 and 32 +/- 4 per cent (p = NS); and 28 +/- 4 and 41 +/- 4 per cent (p less than 0.05), indicating a relative stagnation in the rectosigmoid area of children. These physiologic differences may have implications in diseased states.
Iron Catalysis in Organic Chemistry (2008)

Iron catalysis in organic chemistry , Iron catalysis in organic chemistry , کتابخانه دیجیتال جندی شاپور اهواز
Optimization of Fermentation Conditions for the Production of the M23 Protease Pseudoalterin by Deep-Sea Pseudoalteromonas sp. CF6-2 with Artery Powder as an Inducer (2014)

Proteases in the M23 family have speciﬁc activities toward elastin and bacterial peptidoglycan. The peptidoglycan-degrading property makes these proteases have potential as novel antimicrobials. Because M23 proteases cannot be maturely expressed in Escherichia coli, it is significant to improve the production of these enzymes in their wild strains. Pseudoalterin is a new M23 protease secreted by the deep-sea bacterium Pseudoalteromonas sp. CF6-2. In this study, the fermentation conditions of strain CF6-2 for pseudoalterin production were optimized using single factor experiments and response surface methodology to improve the enzyme yield. To reduce the fermentation cost, bovine artery powder instead of elastin was determined as a cheap and efficient inducer. Based on single factor experiments, artery powder content, culture temperature and culture time were determined as the main factors influencing pseudoalterin production and were further optimized by the central composite design. The optimal values of these factors were determined as: artery powder of 1.2%, culture temperature of 20.17 °C and culture time of 28.04 h. Under the optimized conditions, pseudoalterin production reached 100.02±9.0 U/mL, more than twice of that before optimization. These results lay a good foundation for developing the biotechnological potential of pseudoalterin.
In vitro Activity of Hederacolchisid A1 Compared with Other Saponins from Hedera colchica Against Proliferation of Human Carcinoma and Melanoma Cells (2002)

Hederacolchisid A1, a new oleanolic acid monodesmoside, isolated from Hedera colchica K. Koch, an ivy species endemic in Georgia, was evaluated in vitro for antiproliferative activity on cancer cells versus normal cells in comparison to cisplatin. Investigations were made on six human cell lines (colon adenocarcinoma DLD-1, ovarian teratocarcinoma PA 1, lung carcinoma A 549, breast adenocarcinoma MCF7, prostatic adenocarcinoma PC 3 and malignant melanoma M4 Beu) versus normal human fibroblasts, by assaying both cellular metabolic activity (RTT test) and DNA content in living cells (test with Hoechst 33,342) after 48 h continuous contact. Results demonstrated the strong cytotoxicity of hederacolchisid A 1 on all cancer cells (IC50 from 4.5 to 12 microM). The antiproliferative effects on malignant melanoma M4 Beu (IC50 ca 4.5 microM) versus normal cells (IC50 ca 7.5 microM) suggests that, despite a lack of specificity for cancer cells, hederacolchisid A1 has potential anti-tumor applications. Comparison of the cytotoxicity of hederacolchisid A 1 with that of five other saponins from H. colchica, offers some new information about structure-activity relationships. It was observed that i) for a same sugar sequence, monodesmosides with oleanolic acid as aglycone exhibit higher cytotoxicity than those containing hederagenin, ii) the sugar sequence O-alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl (1 --> 2)-alpha-L-arabinopyranoside at C3 induces strong cytotoxicity and might be identified as a basic sequence for anti-tumor activity of oleanolic acid monodesmosides. iii) a complementary glucopyranosyl moiety branched at C1 of arabinose increases the cytotoxicity against malignant melanoma M4 Beu, prostatic adenocarcinoma PC 3 and normal fibroblasts in a different manner for each type of monodesmoside. A slight increase whose amplitude was quite similar on cancers and normal cells, was observed with oleanolic acid monodesmoside. This increase was much higher with hederagenin monodesmoside and markedly elevated in normal cells than in cancer cells.
A measurement framework for evaluating model-based test generation tools (2006)

This paper presents a measurement framework for evaluating model-based test generation (MBTG) tools. The proposed framework is derived by using the Goal Question Metric methodology, which helps formulate the metrics of interest: complexity, ease of learning, effectiveness, efficiency, and scalability. We demonstrate the steps involved in evaluating MBTG tools by describing a case study designed for this purpose. This case study involves the use of four MBTG tools that differ in their modeling techniques, test specification techniques, and test generation algorithms.
Run-time Reconfigurable Acceleration for Genetic Programming Fitness Evaluation in Trading Strategies (2017)

Genetic programming can be used to identify complex patterns in financial markets which may lead to more advanced trading strategies. However, the computationally intensive nature of genetic programming makes it difficult to apply to real world problems, particularly in real-time constrained scenarios. In this work we propose the use of Field Programmable Gate Array technology to accelerate the fitness evaluation step, one of the most computationally demanding operations in genetic programming. We propose to develop a fully-pipelined, mixed precision design using run-time reconfiguration to accelerate fitness evaluation. We show that run-time reconfiguration can reduce resource consumption by a factor of 2 compared to previous solutions on certain configurations. The proposed design is up to 22 times faster than an optimised, multithreaded software implementation while achieving comparable financial returns.
A remotely interrogatable magnetochemical sensor for environmental monitoring (2002)

A new type of in-situ, continuously operating, remotely monitored chemical sensor based on magneto-static interaction of magnetic thin films is presented. In its initial design the sensor is comprised of a thin polymer layer made so that it swells in the presence of certain stimuli, bounded on each side by a magnetically soft thin film. For fixed magnetic layer design, the magnetic switching characteristics of the sensor "sandwich" are a function of the thickness of the intervening polymeric spacer layer. Placed within a sinusoidal magnetic field, the magnetization vector of the sensor periodically reverses directions, generating magnetic flux that can be detected as a series of voltage spikes in suitably located detecting coils. The general shape and magnitude of the voltage spikes are dependent upon how much the spacer layer has swollen or contracted in response to the given stimuli. The chemical transduction element of the sensor is a lightly crosslinked polymer designed to swell or shrink with changes in the concentration of the species to be sensed. Swelling can involve an interaction between the external medium and the polymer backbone. However, greater selectivity is achieved if the species to be determined reversibly interacts with a selective functional group on the polymer backbone. The sensing principle is general and can be adapted to sense a great variety of analytes by appropriate polymer design. We have been able to monitor our sensors over a range of meters. One detecting unit can serve an unlimited number of sensors, therefore the sensor technology would be ideally suited for monitoring such elements as contamination of foodstuffs through sensing for CO/sub 2/ levels, glucose levels in people, moisture levels in sealed containers, and pollutants in enclosed pipes.
Molecular beam epitaxy (1989)

A tutorial review of molecular beam epitaxial (MBE) growth of elemental, compound and alloy semiconductor films is presented. MBE is carried out on a heated substrate under ultra-high-vacuum (UHV) conditions (total pressure <10/sup -10/ torr) by directing one or more thermal energy beams of atoms or molecules onto the crystalline surface of a substrate where they can react. The advantages of MBE are discussed. A description is given of the UHV techniques used, preparation of the substrate, the substrate holder, beam sources, furnace shutters, and analytical devices for monitoring the process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Investigation of the properties of concrete modified with various fibres (2011)

The use of concrete modified with fibres requires understanding of its mechanical properties and behaviour, in particular in long terms. Research on the degradation of the mechanical properties under long-term aggressive environment is limited. An experimental program is carried out to study key factors, such as dosage, fibre type, and water to cement ratio that affect the mechanical properties of concrete modified with fibres. Compressive strength, flexural strength, tensile strength and flexural toughness are determined for concrete modified with fibres. Tests, including direct uniaxial tension, three point bending, toughness and compressive strength, are carried out to produce results on important properties of concrete modified by steel and synthetic fibres. Test results presented in the paper are from short term tests which are part of a comprehensive long-term experimental program on steel fibre reinforced concrete exposed to marine environment. Empirical relationships between strengths and test variables are identified from short-term tests. Based on the test results models are developed for mechanical properties of concrete modified with fibres, which are expressed as a function of basic design variables. The developed models are verified with existing data. Modification and potential application of the developed models to prediction of deterioration of fibre concrete strength in long-term marine environment exposure is explored.
A Lotus‐Leaf‐like Superhydrophobic Surface: A Porous Microsphere/Nanofiber Composite Film Prepared by Electrohydrodynamics (2004)

A hierarchical micro/nanostructure and low surface energy result in superhydrophobicity in a polystyrene film prepared by the electrohydrodynamics method. The composite film consists of porous microspheres, which contribute to superhydrophobicity by increasing the surface roughness, and interwoven nanofibers, which reinforce the film (see the SEM image). A water droplet resides on the film with a contact angle of about 160° (see inset).
Voltage divider operation using high-Tc superconducting interface-engineered Josephson junctions (2000)

A rapid-single-flux-quantum toggle-flip-flop logic gate was fabricated using high-temperature superconducting interface-engineered Josephson junctions. It was shown that the gate can operate as a voltage divider up to 155 GHz at 15 K and 19 GHz at 27 K. At the same time, the temperature dependence of the IcRn product and the maximum divided voltage was compared. As a result, it was found that the ratio of these values is 0.4–0.1 for 15 K&gt;T&gt;27 K. Circuit simulation with noise sources reveals this peculiar temperature dependence of the maximum divided voltage.