gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunomodulatory Effects of Polysaccharides Produced by Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 (2006)

The extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are associated with the rheology, texture, and mouthfeel of fermented milk products, including yogurt. This study investigated the immunomodulatory effects of EPS purified from the culture supernatant of Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus (L. bulgaricus) OLL1073R-1. The crude EPS were prepared from the culture supernatant of L. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 by standard chromatographic methods, and were fractionated into neutral EPS and acidic EPS (APS). Acidic EPS were further fractionated into high molecular weight APS (H-APS) and low molecular weight APS (L-APS). High molecular weight APS were shown to be phosphopolysaccharides containing D-glucose, D-galactose, and phosphorus. Stimulation of mouse splenocytes by H-APS significantly increased interferon-gamma production, and, moreover, orally administered H-APS augmented natural killer cell activity. Oral administration of yogurt fermented with L. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 and Streptococcus thermophilus OLS3059 to mice showed a similar level of immunomodulation as H-APS. However, these effects were not detected following administration of yogurt fermented with the starter combination of L. bulgaricus OLL1256 and S. thermophilus OLS3295. We conclude from these findings that yogurt fermented with L. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1, containing immunostimulative EPS, would have an immunomodulatory effect on the human body.
Hierarchical Skills and Cognitive Architectures (2004)

In this paper, we examine approaches to representing and utilizing hierarchical skills within the context of a cognitive architecture.We review responses to this issue by three established frameworks -ACT-R, Soar, and Prodigy -then present an alternative we have developed within Icarus, another candidate architecture.Unlike most earlier systems, Icarus lets skills refer directly to their subskills and communicate within a single recognize-act cycle.This assumption has implications for the number of cycles required to complete complex tasks.We illustrate our approach with the domain of multi-column subtraction, then discuss related methods and directions for future work in this area.
Biosynthesis of poly(3-hydroxypropionate) and its copolymers (2014)

3-Hydroxypropionate is an important platform chemical, and its polymer is a biodegradable plastic with high rigidity and ductility, and exceptional tensile strength. The incorporation of 3-hydroxypropionate in copolyesters can increase in the ductility and biodegradability of the resulting polymers. The biosynthesis of polyesters containing 3-hydroxypropionate requires the addition of precursor molecules that are structurally related to 3-hydroxypropionate, such as acrylate and 1,3-propanediol, because most organisms do not contain this material. The addition of expensive precursors, however, can increase production costs. Two artificial synthetic pathways, including the malonyl-coenzyme A and glycerol pathways, were recently constructed to produce poly(3-hydroxypropionate) from inexpensive carbon sources such as glucose and glycerol. Furthermore, a series of 3-hydroxypropionate-containing copolymers with controllable structures and monomer compositions were recently biosynthesized. Compared with using structurally related precursors, the costs associated with the production of 3-hydroxypropionate-containing polymers have decreased significantly, although these costs are still much higher than those associated with the petrochemical synthesis of plastics. Further research in this area should therefore focus on enhancing the synthetic efficiency of poly(3-hydroxypropionate) and its copolymers, while simultaneously reducing production costs.
Elevated proinflammatory cytokine expression in affected skin in small fiber neuropathy (2010)

Elevated local proinflammatory cytokines may be involved in the pathophysiology of pain in length-dependent small fiber neuropathy. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic role of locally applied cytokine inhibitors.
On the design of flight-deck procedures (2010)

In complex human-machine systems, operations, training, and standardization depend on an elaborate set of procedures which are specified and mandated by the operational management of the organization. These procedures indicate to the human operator (in this case the pilot) the manner in which operational management intends to have various tasks performed. The intent is to provide guidance to the pilots, to ensure a logical, efficient, safe, and predictable (standardized) means of carrying out the mission objectives. However, in some operations these procedures can become a hodge-podge, with little coherency in terms of consistency and operational logic. Inconsistent or illogical procedures may lead to deviations from procedures by flight crews, as well as difficulty in transition training for pilots moving from one aircraft to another. In this report the authors examine the issue of procedure use and design from a broad viewpoint. The authors recommend a process which they call "The Four P's:" philosophy, policies, procedures, and practices. They believe that if an organization commits to this process, it can create a set of procedures that are more internally consistent, less confusing, better respected by the flight crews, and that will lead to greater conformity. Although this report is based on airline operations, principles may be applicable to other complex, high-risk systems, such as nuclear power production, manufacturing process control, space flight, law enforcement, military operations, and high-technology medical practice.
Introduction (2004)

Assumptions about human nature are inseparably bound up with the representation of the child, whether in narratives addressed to an adult or to a child audience. The shifting perceptions of the child, whether as good or evil, innocent or corrupt, can be traced back to the influences of the Calvinist/Puritan and Romantic/Rousseauian traditions in Western culture. When Calvinism was assimilated into Puritanism in the late sixteenth and seventeenth centuries, there was an emphasis on the inherited wickedness of the child, the child as damned, born in sin. This stems from the Christian doctrine of original sin: the belief that through the fall from God’s grace we are born into this world in a state of sinfulness, which is the underlying cause of all our actual sins. For the Puritans, discipline and education were a process of beating out the moral blackness in the child, breaking its will as it were, until it actively resisted its evil nature. To punish the child’s body was to save its immortal soul. The Wesleyan and later evangelical movements enthusiastically adopted these strict and repressive child-rearing beliefs and practices. However, it was not until the latter half of the eighteenth century that we find a sufficient retort to these views of the child. Far from being born evil, the child, according to Rousseau and the Romantics, was born good. (As in Calvinist ideology, support for this belief could also be found in the Bible, in Christ’s exhortation that we should become as little children in order to gain entry into the kingdom of heaven.) For Rousseau, the child was truly innocent until corrupted by civilisation and culture. In Emile (1762), he laid down the incontrovertible rule of child care: ‘that the first impulses of nature are always right; there is no original sin in the human heart, the how of the entrance of every vice can be traced’ (56). He argued that education should be geared to nurturing a child’s unspoiled nature, its innate interests and capacities, instead of moulding (meaning: de-forming) that nature to suit society’s ends. Rousseau idealised this natural state of existence in the figure of the noble savage.
An Efficient Synthesis of N-Methylamino Acids and Some of Their Derivatives (1998)

N-Methylamino acid derivatives are obtained in high yield by a stereoselective one-pot procedure from hexafluoroacetone protected amino acids via N-chloromethylation and treatment with triethylsilane/trifluoroacetic acid.
Use of the C4.5 machine learning algorithm to test a clinical guideline-based decision support system (2013)

Well-designed medical decision support system (DSS) have been shown to improve health care quality. However, before they can be used in real clinical situations, these systems must be extensively tested, to ensure that they conform to the clinical guidelines (CG) on which they are based. Existing methods cannot be used for the systematic testing of all possible test cases. We describe here a new exhaustive dynamic verification method. In this method, the DSS is considered to be a black box, and the Quinlan C4.5 algorithm is used to build a decision tree from an exhaustive set of DSS input vectors and outputs. This method was successfully used for the testing of a medical DSS relating to chronic diseases: the ASTI critiquing module for type 2 diabetes.
MCCA: A high-throughput MAC strategy for next-generation WLANs (2008)

Wireless LAN technology has been shown to he a revolutionary development during the last decade. Recently popularized IEEE 802.11a/g-based products can support up to 54 Mb/s physical layer rate and provide wireless access to the Internet. However, in order to deal robustly with the unreliable wireless nature, the 802.11 medium access control protocol has a relatively large overhead and hence, the throughput performance is much worse than the underlying physical layer rate. Moreover, along with many emerging applications and services over WLANs, such as voice over WLAN and audio/video streaming, the demand lor faster and higher- capacity WLANs has been growing recently. In this article, we propose a new medium access control protocol for the next-generation high-speed WLANs. The proposed medium access control, called multi-user polling controlled channel access, is composed of two components: multi-layer frame aggregation, which performs aggregation at both the medium access control and the physical layers; and multi-user polling, used to reduce the contention overhead and in turn, achieve higher network utilization. Multi-user polling controlled channel access is compared with the 802.11e-enhanced distributed channel access medium access control. Highly enhanced medium access control efficiency can be achieved by applying multi-user polling controlled channel access. We show the improved medium access control performance in terms of the aggregate throughput of non-QoS Hows with relevant QoS requirements.
Biased TextRank: Unsupervised Graph-Based Content Extraction (2020)

We introduce Biased TextRank, a graph-based content extraction method inspired by the popular TextRank algorithm that ranks text spans according to their importance for language processing tasks and according to their relevance to an input "focus." Biased TextRank enables focused content extraction for text by modifying the random restarts in the execution of TextRank. The random restart probabilities are assigned based on the relevance of the graph nodes to the focus of the task. We present two applications of Biased TextRank: focused summarization and explanation extraction, and show that our algorithm leads to improved performance on two different datasets by significant ROUGE-N score margins. Much like its predecessor, Biased TextRank is unsupervised, easy to implement and orders of magnitude faster and lighter than current state-ofthe-art Natural Language Processing methods for similar tasks.
Changing incidence of central nervous system diseases in the EuroSIDA cohort (2004)

A drastic decrease in incidence has been observed for most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-related opportunistic manifestations after use of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). We assessed the trend of incidence of central nervous system (CNS) diseases in a prospective multicenter observational study involving 9,803 patients across Europe in the period 1994 to 2002 and analyzed patient and treatment variables associated with these conditions. Overall, 568 patients (5.8%) received a diagnosis of a new CNS disease. Incidence decreased significantly from 5.9 per 100 person-year in 1994 to 0.5 in 2002. Overall, the decrease was 40% per calendar year, and it was similar to that of non-CNS diseases and less evident after year 1998. In multivariable models, low CD4 cell count and high plasma viral load, but not HAART or calendar year, were significantly associated with risk to develop CNS disease, indicating that the effect of HAART was likely mediated by both improved immunological conditions and inhibition of viral replication. In contrast, use of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, irrespective of use of protease inhibitors or non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, appeared to protect specifically against acquired immunodeficiency disease syndrome dementia complex, suggesting that, in this condition, therapy might have a direct, additive effect in the CNS.
Rendering objects with small elements based on their micro and macro structures (2002)

The paper presents a method to render objects which consist of numerous small elements such as fur and leaves. The method visualizes both an effect under the pixel size such as the dark shade of fur toward viewers and an effect over the pixel size such as the shape of fur at contours. As for the effect under the pixel size, the intensity is computed based on the microstructure such as shadows by adjacent fur. After the intensity is computed, the shape of each element is generated by sweeping a two dimensional color element and applying transparency filters. Since shape generation is a post process, parameters such as length, width, curvature and color of small elements can be modified without repeating the intensity computation. It is useful for interactive design. The method is especially suitable to create still images because it is intrinsically two dimensional and screen resolution dependent. However techniques to keep three dimensional consistency and avoid problems of discreteness are taken into account for animation.
An Endocannabinoid Hypothesis of Drug Reward and Drug Addiction (2008)

Pharmacologic treatment of drug and alcohol dependency has largely been disappointing, and new therapeutic targets and hypotheses are needed. There is accumulating evidence indicating a central role for the previously unknown but ubiquitous endocannabinoid physiological control system (EPCS) in the regulation of the rewarding effects of abused substances. Thus an endocannabinoid hypothesis of drug reward is postulated. Endocannabinoids mediate retrograde signaling in neuronal tissues and are involved in the regulation of synaptic transmission to suppress neurotransmitter release by the presynaptic cannabinoid receptors (CB-Rs). This powerful modulatory action on synaptic transmission has significant functional implications and interactions with the effects of abused substances. Our data, along with those from other investigators, provide strong new evidence for a role for EPCS modulation in the effects of drugs of abuse, and specifically for involvement of cannabinoid receptors in the neural basis of addiction. Cannabinoids and endocannabinoids appear to be involved in adding to the rewarding effects of addictive substances, including, nicotine, opiates, alcohol, cocaine, and BDZs. The results suggest that the EPCS may be an important natural regulatory mechanism for drug reward and a target for the treatment of addictive disorders.
High-performance SI-thyristor and its application to PWM inverter (2003)

A high-performance static induction thyristor (SIT) has been fabricated using a proton irradiation technique. The SIT had extremely high switching speed(t/sub r/=200 ns, t/sub stg/=200 ns, and t/sub f/=60 ns at 400 V, 100 A) and high current control capability (>or=1600 A/cm/sup 2/). The application of the SIT to a pulsewidth-modulated (PWM) inverter with a carrier frequency of 15 kHz is reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thermoplastic polyester resins for containers (1985)

Abstract An overview of the use of polyesters for containers is presented. The market for polyethylene terephthalate container resin should reach 760 million pounds by 1989. Diethylene glycol, a polymerization by‐product, and other comonomers reduce the polymer melting point and crystallization tendency, yielding wider container processing latitude. The effect of these modifications on creep and tensile strength is discussed. Improved gaseous barrier approaches and hot‐fillable container opportunities are presented, Newer applications for thermoplastic polyester containers are summarized.
Miniaturized fiber taper reflective interferometer for high temperature measurement (2010)

We present an ultra-small all-silica high temperature sensor based on a reflective Fabry-Perot modal interferometer (FPMI). Our FPMI is made of a micro-cavity (approximately 4.4 microm) directly fabricated into a fiber taper probe less than 10 mum in diameter. Its sensing head is a miniaturized single mode-multimode fiber configuration without splicing. The sensing mechanism of FPMI is the interference among reflected fundamental mode and excited high-order modes at the end-faces. Its temperature sensitivity is approximately 20 pm/degrees C near the wavelength of 1550 nm. This kind of sensor can work in harsh environments with ultra-large temperature gradient, but takes up little space because of its unique geometry and small size.
Transformation and Transfection in Lysogenic Strains of <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> 168 (1973)

Strains of Bacillus subtilis lysogenic for either temperate bacteriophage phi105 or SPO2 were reduced to less than 1.0% of the level of transformation of the nonlysogenic strains. Strains lysogenic for both phi105 and SPO2 are virtually nontransformable, indicating that the effect of lysogeny is additive. Lysogenic cultures transfected at essentially wild-type levels with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from bacteriophages phi29 and SPO1. The residual transformation and transfection achieved by the lysogenic cultures changed dramatically during growth in SPII medium, whereas nonlysogenic strains remained competent for 5 hr in SPII medium. Despite a marked reduction in transformation, lysogenic cultures initially irreversibly bound as much DNA as nonlysogenic cultures. After 60 min in SPII medium, there was a rapid decrease in the capacity of lysogenic cells to bind DNA irreversibly. These results, as discussed, indicate that the inhibition of transformation is probably due to an alteration of the cell surface or a differential inactivation of bacterial genes after lysogenic conversion.
Design, near-field characterization, and modeling of 45° surface-plasmon Bragg mirrors (2006)

The development of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) optical elements is mandatory in order to achieve surface plasmon based photonics. A current approach to reach this goal is to take advantage of the interaction of SPP with defects and design elements obtained by the micro- or nano-structuration of the metal film. In this work, we have performed a detailed study of the performance and behavior of SPP-Bragg mirrors, designed for 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} incidence, based on this approach. Mirrors consisting of gratings of both metal ridges on the metal surface and grooves engraved in the metal, fabricated by means of electron beam lithography and focused ion beam, have been considered. The performance of the mirrors has been characterized via near-field optical microscopy. An original procedure to obtain quantitative values of the mirrors' reflectivity and transmission coefficient from the near-field images is exposed. The mirrors composed of metal ridges are shown to act very efficiently, and a rather low number of elements (15 for the specific geometry studied) is able to deflect almost 100% of the incoming power. Conversely, the arrays of grooves produce a much lower reflectivity, which we attribute mostly to radiative scattering in the forward direction induced by the grooves. Besides, the considered systems have also been simulated by using the differential method. The results obtained from the numerical calculations present an excellent agreement with the experimental data, proving the reliability of this method to predict the behavior of this kind of systems while interacting with SPP. Based on the numerical modeling of the SPP-Bragg mirrors, the evolution of the mirrors' behavior with the ridges height is analyzed.
Classification of high spatial resolution images using semantic allocation level-probabilistic topic model (2016)

Scene classification is treated to be a philosophical and the powerful method for HSR (High spatial resolution) images. Many academicians and researchers paid their attention towards the agglomeration of numerous features. Initially, a survey on PTM (Probabilistic Topic Model) was done in a finest manner and they have concluded that, a single feature (i.e., a spectral feature) was not best suited for HSR images. The next investigation was performed on CAT-PTM and their basic theory behind this method was that, the words of visual dictionary are highly correlated. Due to these inadequacies, the above methods are not valid for HSR images. Thus, the paper proposes SAL-PTM (Semantic Allocation Level - Probabilistic Topic Model) method through which three features (i.e., Texture, Scale Invariant Feature Transform and Spectral) are extracted for better performance. The semantic description of low level descriptors is generated by means of K-means clustering. Finally, the features obtained from the latent semantic allocations are isolated by means of PTM and their performance was evaluated and compared by using LDA (Latent Dirichlet Allocation) and PLSA (Probabilistic Topic Model). A U.S geological survey dataset and UC Merced Dataset was tested on SAL-PTM (Semantic Allocation Level-Probabilistic Topic Model). In response to that, a precise outcome was obtained suggesting that our proposed SAL-PTM method was confined to prove its effectiveness.
Optical effects of ion implantation (1987)

Ion implantation is a powerful technique for surface analysis and material modification and this review discusses the effects that specifically relate to optical properties of insulators. By selection of ion energy and ion dose one can inject trace impurities that control luminescence, generate optical absorption bands or complex defect aggregates, stimulate production of new crystalline phases or destroy crystallinity. Implantation invariably stimulates luminescence which provides a sensitive means of analysis to measure purity and near-surface defect concentrations. Post-implantation measurements reveal changes in many physical and chemical properties of the materials. Some, such as chemical reactivity, can increase a thousandfold, others such as birefringence, electro-optic and acoustic wave parameters are reduced. One major property which can be controlled is the refractive index; thus optical waveguides, and ultimately, complex integrated optical devices can be precisely defined by ion implantation.