gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cover Picture: Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 12/2002 (2002)

The cover picture shows the thermally induced shape-memory effect for a covalently cross-linked polymer network. The polymer in its temporary shape (cube, picture on top) is heated from room temperature up to 70°C. Within 60 seconds the sample recovers its memorized, permanent shape of a nearly planar foil (picture on top left). The visual change of the material from opaque to transparent is caused by the melting of crystallites of the switching segments. The scheme in the center of the picture illustrates the molecular mechanism of the shape-memory effect. The shown polymer network, which is synthesized from poly(ε-caprolactone)dimethacrylate as macromonomer, is one of the first polymer systems that have specifically been developed for applications in the biomedical field. The net points (black) determine the permanent shape while the crystallites (blue) stabilize the temporary shape. More on the current state and the potential of this technology can be found in the review by A. Lendlein and S. Kelch on p. 2034 ff.
Inspection of panel paintings beneath gilded finishes using terahertz time-domain imaging (2015)

Scientific analysis of panel paintings could provide key information to art historians and conservators about the composition and condition of the constituent layers. Knowledge of the structure, stratigraphy, and condition of the subsurface layers of these objects is highly relevant to conservation measures, when stability problems such as delamination or internal cracking are considered. Terahertz time-domain imaging (THz-TDI) in reflection geometry is capable of highlighting interfaces between layers in a stratigraphic buildup, and thus makes structural information available in the form of subsurface 3D images and stratigraphic images (B-scans). The technique is contactless and non-invasive, and has been successfully applied to investigation of panel paintings. Regarding gilded panel paintings, the extremely high reflectivity of metals at submillimeter wavelengths generally precludes the transmission of electromagnetic waves through metallic films. Therefore, imaging of subsurface features below gilded finishes may be regarded as Very challenging. A small but non-negligible direct transmission through metal films occurs if the film thickness is of the order of the skin depth of the metal in the terahertz range, due to the skin effect. The thickness of gold leaf, a fraction of a micrometer, matches the skin depth of gold in the terahertz frequency range covered by THz-TDI devices. We therefore investigated and imaged subsurface features of panel paintings through gilded finishes with THz-TDI. Subsurface layers of three gilded panel paintings (two contemporary tempera panel replicas and one fourteenth-century icon) have been successfully imaged behind gold finishes with THz-TDI.
High efficiency midrange wireless power transfer system (2011)

Wireless power transfer systems using near-field magnetic coupling are attractive as they allow power transfer with high efficiency and do not require an unobstructed path between transmitter and receiver. In this work a two coil wireless power transmission system is analyzed, including the driving amplifier, and a demonstration system is built and characterized. The system achieves 76% efficiency for a distance of 1 meter for 40 W transferred power. The effects of changes to the geometry of the system (pitch angle of coils, separation distance) are also examined, and the effect on amplifier topologies analyzed.
Quantitative Trait Locus Analysis, Pathway Analysis, and Consomic Mapping Show Genetic Variants of <i>Tnni3k</i>, <i>Fpgt</i>, or <i>H28</i> Control Susceptibility to Viral Myocarditis (2011)

Coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3) infection is the most common cause of viral myocarditis. The pathogenesis of viral myocarditis is strongly controlled by host genetic factors. Although certain indispensable components of immunity have been identified, the genes and pathways underlying natural variation between individuals remain unclear. Previously, we isolated the viral myocarditis susceptibility 1 (Vms1) locus on chromosome 3, which influences pathogenesis. We hypothesized that confirmation and further study of Vms1 controlling CVB3-mediated pathology, combined with pathway analysis and consomic mapping approaches, would elucidate both pathological and protective mechanisms accounting for natural variation in response to CVB3 infection. Vms1 was originally mapped to chromosome 3 using a segregating cross between susceptible A/J and resistant B10.A mice. To validate Vms1, C57BL/6J-Chr 3(A)/NaJ (a chromosome substitution strain that carries a diploid A/J chromosome 3) were used to replicate susceptibility compared with resistant C57BL/6J (B6). A second segregating F2 cross was generated between these, confirming both the localization and effects of Vms1. Microarray analysis of the four strains (A/J, B10.A, C57BL/6J, and C57BL/6J-Chr 3(A)/NaJ) illuminated a core program of response to CVB3 in all strains that is comprised mainly of IFN-stimulated genes. Microarray analysis also revealed strain-specific differential expression programs and genes that may be prognostic or diagnostic of susceptibility to CVB3 infection. A combination of analyses revealed very strong evidence for the existence and location of Vms1. Differentially expressed pathways were identified by microarray, and candidate gene analysis revealed Fpgt, H28, and Tnni3k as likely candidates for Vms1.
Water Distribution Network Pressure-Driven Analysis Using the Enhanced Global Gradient Algorithm (EGGA) (2010)

Pressure-driven analysis of water distribution networks (WDNs) can realistically reproduce the actual behavior of the hydraulic system, especially with reference to leakages, which are not under human control, and, sometimes to demands in pressure-deficient conditions. Classical WDN models represent the demand and leakage outflows in terms of either prior fixed nodal discharges, in classical demand-driven analysis, or dependent on actual nodal pressures, in pressure-driven analysis. This work presents a WDN pressure-driven algorithm that allows accounting for actual leakage and demand patterns along pipes or, as a complementary feature, for network topological simplification. It is on the basis of the enhanced global gradient algorithm (EGGA) and has been introduced and discussed in comparison to classical pressure-driven GGA. Three test networks have been used to study the convergence issue of the newly proposed algorithm, and the largest network has been used to discuss its computational efficiency.
New conjugated copolymers based on benzo[1,2‐b; 3,4‐b′]dithiophene and derivatives of benzo[g]quinoxaline for bulk heterojunction solar cells (2010)

Abstract A series of new low‐band gap copolymers based on dioctyloxybenzo[1,2‐b;3,4‐b′] dithiophene and bis(2‐thienyl)‐2,3‐diphenylbenzo[g]quinoxaline monomers have been synthesized via a Stille reaction. The effect of different functional groups attached to bis(2‐thienyl)‐2,3‐diphenylbenzo[g]quinoxaline was investigated and compared with their optical, electrochemical, hole mobility, and photovoltaic properties. Polymer solar cell (PSC) devices of the copolymers were fabricated with a configuration of ITO/ PEDOT: PSS/copolymers: PCBM (1:4 wt ratio)/Ca/Al. The best performance of the PSC device was obtained by using PbttpmobQ as the active layer. A power conversion efficiency of 1.42% with an open‐circuit voltage of 0.8 V, a short‐circuit current (JSC) of 5.73 mA cm −2 , and a fill factor of 30.9% was achieved under the illumination of AM 1.5, 100 mW cm −2 . © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2011
A 3 V, 0.35 μm CMOS Bluetooth receiver IC (2003)

This paper presents a monolithic low-IF Bluetooth receiver. The highlights of the receiver include a low-power active complex filter with a non-conventional tuning scheme and a high performance mixed-mode GFSK demodulator. The chip was fabricated on a 6.25 mm/sup 2/ die using TSMC 0.35 /spl mu/m standard CMOS process. -82 dBm sensitivity at 1e-3 BER, -10 dBm IIP3 and 15 dB noise figure were achieved In the measurements.
Electrical characterization of micro-organisms using microfabricated devices (2002)

This article describes the electrical characterization of live and heat-inactivated micro-organisms within microstructures. Electrophoretic movement of live and heat-inactivated Listeria innocua on interdigitated fingered electrodes confirmed the presence of negative charges on the live micro-organisms and demonstrated positive or neutral charges on the heat-inactivated micro-organisms. A micropore was fabricated in an oxide coated silicon diaphragm, which was placed between two chambers containing ionic buffer solutions. When the micro-organism electrophoretically traversed the pore, the background ionic current was blocked and a decrease in the current was observed. As an initial test case, negatively charged polystyrene beads, which were 2.38 μm in diameter, were electrophoretically driven across the pore. Then, Listeria innocua, suspended in tris-glycine buffer, were also moved through the pore and their electrophoretic mobility was determined. In addition, the values of mobility of the micro-organisms through the micropore were found to be about 3 orders of magnitude smaller than their mobility without the pore, which can be explained by the higher hydrostatic pressures experienced by the micro-organisms when traversing through the pore.
Dynamic state-retention flipflop for fine-grained sleep-transistor scheme (2005)

Fine-grained sleep transistor scheme is the rigorous application of power gating to reduce standby power consumption in idle circuit blocks. Small circuit blocks are suspended for a short time while they are temporarily not needed. A sense amplifier based state retention flip-flop preserving the logical state of the circuit during this short idle times is proposed, that requires neither additional control signals nor an additional power supply for its state retention functionality and can be integrated into a standard design flow without any modifications. The trade-off between propagation delay and retention time is derived analytically. Retention times in the range of milliseconds can be achieved with D-to-Q delays of 100ps to 200ps.
Effect of Time to Reperfusion on Clinical Outcome of Anterior Circulation Strokes Treated With Thrombectomy (2011)

Background and Purpose— Previous studies have demonstrated a strong correlation between treatment time and outcomes after intravenous recombinant tissue-type plasminogen activator. However, the temporal profile of ischemia may vary according to the level of occlusion, and it is likely that more proximal occlusions have a more variable temporal course than their distal counterparts. We sought to establish how time influences outcomes in anterior circulation proximal arterial occlusions. Methods— All patients from the MERCI/Multi MERCI trials with intracranial internal carotid artery and/or middle cerebral artery (M1-M2 segments) occlusions who were successfully revascularized were included in univariate/multivariate analyses to define the predictors of independent functional outcomes (modified Rankin Scale score ≤2) and mortality at 90 days. The effect of time to reperfusion on outcomes was calculated after adjustment for age, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale, and glucose levels. Results— A total of 175 patients presenting with internal carotid artery/M1/M2 occlusions were revascularized. There was no definite association between time (to treatment or reperfusion) and outcomes in the unadjusted analysis. Baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score and age were independent predictors of independent outcome and mortality. High glucose demonstrated a strong trend toward worse outcomes. After adjustment for age, baseline National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score, and glucose, there was a strong trend toward fewer independent outcomes with later reperfusion times. Notably, 40% of the patients reperfused at ≥6.9 hours achieved independent functional outcomes. Conclusions— Time (to treatment or reperfusion) is only one of the many variables that may impact outcome in proximal arterial occlusions strokes. Reperfusion therapies should be started promptly, but our findings also suggest that stroke patients presenting at later time points may still benefit.
Production of proinflammatory mediators by indoor air bacteria and fungal spores in mouse and human cell lines. (2002)

We compared the inflammatory and cytotoxic responses caused by household mold and bacteria in human and mouse cell lines. We studied the fungi Aspergillus versicolor, Penicillium spinulosum, and Stachybotrys chartarum and the bacteria Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas fluorescens, and Streptomyces californicus for their cytotoxicity and ability to stimulate the production of inflammatory mediators in mouse RAW264.7 and human 28SC macrophage cell lines and in the human A549 lung epithelial cell line in 24-hr exposure to 10(5), 10(6), and 10(7) microbes/mL. We studied time dependency by terminating the exposure to 10(6) microbes/mL after 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 hr. We analyzed production of the cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interleukins 6 and 1ss (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-1ss, respectively) and measured nitric oxide production using the Griess method, expression of inducible NO-synthase with Western Blot analysis, and cytotoxicity with the MTT-test. All bacteria strongly induced the production of TNF-alpha, IL-6 and, to a lesser extent, the formation of IL-1ss in mouse macrophages. Only the spores of Str. californicus induced the production of NO and IL-6 in both human and mouse cells. In contrast, exposure to fungal strains did not markedly increase the production of NO or any cytokine in the studied cell lines except for Sta. chartarum, which increased IL-6 production somewhat in human lung epithelial cells. These microbes were less cytotoxic to human cells than to mouse cells. On the basis of equivalent numbers of bacteria and spores of fungi added to cell cultures, the overall potency to stimulate the production of proinflammatory mediators decreased in the order Ps. fluorescens > Str. californicus > B. cereus > Sta. chartarum > A. versicolor > P. spinulosum. These data suggest that bacteria in water-damaged buildings should also be considered as causative agents of adverse inflammatory effects.
Plasma Organosilicon Polymers: Deposition, Characterization, and Application in Multilayer Resist (1985)

Divinyl tetramethyl disiloxane (DVS), hexamethyl disilazane (HMDS), and methyl trimethoxysilane (MTS) polymer films were deposited on p‐type silicon substrates using plasma‐enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) processing. The deposition process was implemented in a parallel‐plate, capacitively coupled plasma deposition system. Excellent film thickness and refractive index uniformity were obtained. The deposition kinetics were studied as a function of process parameters such as pressure, power, density, and substrate temperature. The polymer film's physical properties were characterized by Fourier transformed infrared (FTIR), electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA), Auger spectroscopy, electron spin resonance (ESR), and plasma etching. These polymer films were used as an intermediate oxygen etch resistance layer in trilevel resist lithography to produce submicron image patterns (≃ 0.7 μm lines and spaces) using step and repeat photolithography.
Poly(Aryl ethers) by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. II. Thermal stability (1967)

Abstract The thermal stability and degradation process for a specific poly(aryl ether) system have been studied. In particular, the polymer which is available from Union Carbide Corporation as Bakelite polysulfone has been examined in detail. Polysulfone can be prepared from 2,2‐bis(4‐hydroxyphenyl)propane and 4,4′‐dichlorodiphenyl sulfone by nucleophilic aromatic substitution. Because of a low‐temperature transition at − 100°C. and a glass transition at 195°C., polysulfone retains useful mechanical properties from −100°C. to 175°C. A number of experimental methods were utilized to study the thermal decomposition process for this polymer system. Polysulfone gradually degraded in vacuum above 400°C. as demonstrated by mass spectrometry. Thermogravimetric analysis in argon, air, or high vacuum indicated that rapid decomposition began above 460°C. From gas chromatography, mass spectrometry and repeated laboratory pyrolyses, a number of products from polymer decompositions were identified. The most important degradation process in vacuum or inert atmosphere was loss of sulfur dioxide. Several model compounds representative of portions of poly(aryl ether) molecules were synthesized and the relative thermal stabilities determined. Possible mechanisms for pure thermal decomposition of polysulfone were derived from the product analyses, model studies, and consideration of bond dissociation energies.
Efficacy, safety and cost-effectiveness of insulin sensitizers as add-on therapy in metabolic syndrome in patients with secondary sulfonylurea failure: A comparative study (2010)

Among insulin sensitizers, metformin has more favorable, persistent and multifacet effects in MS with SSUF. Studies of longer duration are required for calculating reduction in the mortality and morbidity.
Catalyst activity maintenance study for the liquid phase dimethyl ether process (2018)

The co-production of dimethyl ether (DME) and methanol from syngas is a process of considerable commercial attractiveness. DME coproduction can double the productivity of a LPMEOH process when using coal-derived syngas. This in itself may offer chemical producers and power companies increased flexibility and more profitable operation. DME is also known as a clean burning liquid fuel; Amoco and Haldor-Topsoe have recently announced the use of DME as an alternative diesel fuel. Moreover, DME can be an interesting intermediate in the production of chemicals such as olefins and vinyl acetate. The current APCl liquid phase dimethyl ether (LPDME) process utilizes a physical mixture of a commercial methanol synthesis catalyst and a dehydration catalyst (e.g., {gamma}-alumina). While this arrangement provides a synergy that results in much higher syngas conversion per pass compared to the methanol-only process, the stability of the catalyst system suffers. The present project is aimed at reducing catalyst deactivation both by understanding the cause(s) of catalyst deactivation and by developing modified catalyst systems. This paper describes the current understanding of the deactivation mechanism.
An application of multiple-valued logic to a design of programmable logic arrays (1978)

A three-level programmable logic array (three-level PLA) consists of three main parts, the D array, the AND array, and the OR array, and each of these arrays can be programmed. In this paper, a design method for three-level PLA's is described. Main results obtained are 1) The minimization of the AND array corresponds to the minimization of a multiple-valued input two-valued output logic function; 2) By using the theory of multiple-valued decomposition of two-valued function, the computation time and the memory requirement for the minimization of the AND array can be reduced; and 3) The design of multiple-output function can be done in a similar way by introducing a variable which denotes the outputs.
An oxygen‐, acid‐ and anaesthetic‐sensitive TASK‐like background potassium channel in rat arterial chemoreceptor cells (2000)

The biophysical and pharmacological properties of an oxygen-sensitive background K+ current in rat carotid body type-I cells were investigated and compared with those of recently cloned two pore domain K+ channels. Under symmetrical K+ conditions the oxygen-sensitive whole cell K+ current had a linear dependence on voltage indicating a lack of intrinsic voltage sensitivity. Single channel recordings identified a K+ channel, open at resting membrane potentials, that was inhibited by hypoxia. This channel had a single channel conductance of 14 pS, flickery kinetics and showed little voltage sensitivity except at extreme positive potentials. Oxygen-sensitive current was inhibited by 10 mM barium (57% inhibition), 200 microM zinc (53% inhibition), 200 microM bupivacaine (55% inhibition) and 1 mM quinidine (105 % inhibition). The general anaesthetic halothane (1.5%) increased the oxygen-sensitive K+ current (by 176%). Halothane (3 mM) also stimulated single channel activity in inside-out patches (by 240%). Chloroform had no effect on background K+ channel activity. Acidosis (pH 6.4) inhibited the oxygen-sensitive background K+ current (by 56%) and depolarised type-I cells. The pharmacological and biophysical properties of the background K+ channel are, therefore, analogous to those of the cloned channel TASK-1. Using in situ hybridisation TASK-1 mRNA was found to be expressed in type-I cells. We conclude that the oxygen- and acid-sensitive background K+ channel of carotid body type-I cells is likely to be an endogenous TASK-1-like channel.
A Multifunctional Metal–Organic Open Framework with a bcu Topology Constructed from Undecanuclear Clusters (2006)

Große Poren dank flexibler Liganden: Ein neuartiges metall-organisches Gerüst aus Cadmiumcarboxylat-Clustern als sekundären Baueinheiten und HCOOH als Brückengruppen wurde hergestellt (siehe Bild). Das poröse Material hat eine seltene innenzentrierte kubische Topologie und weist gute Sorptions- sowie optoelektronische Eigenschaften auf.
Vaginal Gel Formulation Based on Theaflavin Derivatives As a Microbicide to Prevent HIV Sexual Transmission (2012)

We previously demonstrated that a commercially available natural product preparation with high content (>90%) of theaflavin derivatives (TFmix) exhibited potent anti-HIV activities. Here we developed a TFmix gel formulation as a topical microbicide candidate. The effect of TFmix on the amyloid fibril formation of semen-derived enhancer of virus infection (SEVI) peptide was detected by transmission electron microscopy. The toxicity of the TFmix gel was evaluated using human vaginal and cervical epithelial cell lines and rabbit vaginal irritation models, respectively. Levels of proinflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, and TNF-α) and immunoregulatory cytokines (IL-10 and GM-CSF) in cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs) were measured by ELISA kits. Proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) immunostaining was performed to evaluate inflammation in the vaginal tissues. TFmix gel could degrade SEVI-specific amyloid fibrils and showed low cytotoxicity to epithelial cells of the female reproductive tract. No apparent cervicovaginal toxicity was observed at any time point evaluated following the intravaginal administration of TFmix gel to rabbits, whereas application of N-9 gel resulted in damage to the vaginal epithelium. Neither proinflammatory nor immunoregulatory cytokine production was triggered by TFmix gel. Only low expression of PCNA was observed in vaginal tissues of TFmix gel-treated rabbits. The concentration of TFmix in plasma was very low (below the lower limit of quantitation) 1 h after a single vaginal administration of TFmix gel. However, TFmix was still detected in the cervicovaginal lavages (CVLs) 6 h after treatment, indicating that it could be retained in the vaginal cavity for a long period of time. With its potent anti-HIV-1 activity, marked stability at acidic condition, low mucosal toxicity, and lack of systemic absorption, TFmix gel can be considered as an inexpensive and safe microbicide candidate for the prevention of HIV sexual transmission.