gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new approach to strip-based tooth whitening: 14% hydrogen peroxide delivered via controlled low dose. (2004)

Professionally dispensed, take-home whitening products originally consisted of tray systems into which the patient dispensed a peroxide-containing gel. Because the process of inserting peroxide-containing gels into the trays is patient controlled, the resulting exposure of the gingiva to peroxide can be variable, and often high. In addition to concentration, soft tissue irritation is a function of the amount, or dose, of peroxide with which the tissue is challenged. All other things being equal, higher-concentration products will whiten faster because of the peroxide concentration gradient, but they also will lead to poorer soft tissue tolerability because of a higher peroxide challenge. Consequently, take-home trays are somewhat limited with respect to the concentration of hydrogen peroxide that they can safely use. In 2000, strip-based whitening technology was introduced that allowed a controlled, uniform, low dose of peroxide to be applied to the teeth. An execution of this strip-based technology that contained 6.5% hydrogen peroxide, Crest Professional Whitestrips, was launched in 2001. A new professionally dispensed strip product, Crest Whitestrips Supreme, recently has been introduced. A 14% hydrogen-peroxide gel is incorporated onto these strips, but the amount of gel is half of what is on the 6.5% strips. The net result is that the dose, or amount, of peroxide on each strip is essentially the same as for the Professional Whitestrips product. Therefore, the 14% hydrogen-peroxide strip product whitens faster and better than previous strip products, while still being well tolerated by the soft tissue.
Isomerization of Aldoximes to Amides under Substantially Neutral Conditions<sup>1</sup> (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsomerization of Aldoximes to Amides under Substantially Neutral Conditions1Lamar Field, Patricia Barnett Hughmark, Susan Holroyd Shumaker, and W. Stanley MarshallCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 8, 1983–1987Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01469a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01469a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views680Altmetric-Citations77LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Protein biochip array technology for cytokine profiling predicts etanercept responsiveness in rheumatoid arthritis (2008)

In rheumatoid arthritis (RA) there are currently no useful indicators to predict a clinical response to tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) blockade. The purpose of this study was to determine the role of peripheral blood cytokine profiling in differentiating between a good versus poor response to etanercept in RA. Peripheral blood samples were collected at baseline and at 3 months from 33 patients with active disease who were treated twice weekly by etanercept therapy. Responders are defined by the presence of three of four American College of Rheumatology criteria: > or =20% decrease in C-reactive protein (CRP), visual analogue score of disease activity, erythrocyte sedimentation rate and improvement of the disease activity score (28; four values) by > or =1.2 obtained at 3 months. Twelve cytokines were measured from serum collected on days 0 and 90 by proteomic array (protein biochip array, Investigator Evidence, Randox France), including interleukin (IL)-6, TNF-alpha, IL-1a, IL-1b, IL-2, IL-8, interferon-gamma, IL-4, IL-10, monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, epidermal growth factor (EGF) and vascular endothelium growth factor. Our results showed that high serum levels of MCP-1 and EGF were associated with a response to etanercept. In addition, the increase of two combined parameters CRP and EGF was predictive of a response to etanercept treatment at 3 months (sensitivity: 87.5% and specificity: 75%, accuracy: 84.4%). These findings suggest that cytokine profiling by proteomic analysis before treatment initiation may help to identify a responder patient to TNF-alpha blocking agents in RA.
Genetic analysis of the base-specific contacts of Bam HI restriction endonuclease 1 1Edited by J. A. Wells (1999)

Here, we investigate the highly specific interaction of the BamHI endonuclease with its cognate recognition sequence GGATCC by determining which amino acid residues can be substituted at the DNA interface while maintaining specificity. Mutational studies, together with the structural determination of the restriction endonuclease BamHI have revealed the amino acid residues which are involved in DNA catalysis and those which play a role in the specific binding of the enzyme to its cognate DNA recognition sequence. Amino acid residues N116, S118, R122, D154 and R155 are involved in DNA sequence recognition and are located in the major groove in close proximity to the nucleotide bases comprising the recognition sequence. Cassette mutagenesis of these amino acids, together with in vivo transcriptional interference selection, was used to identify an array of substitutions which maintain site-specific binding to the cognate GGATCC sequence. This approach has demonstrated the extent of acceptable variation among amino acid residues which are directly involved in site-specific binding. One variant, double mutant N116H, S118G was found to cleave DNA only when the adenine base in the recognition site is methylated.
Verification of Compiled Code (2001)

Compilers can introduce serious errors into programs whose source code appears to be correct. Modern compilers are reliable tools but we must resign ourselves to the fact that mistakes will be made by the compiler and we must therefore minimise the risk that those errors go unchecked. Previous attempts at showing the correctness of compilation have either sought to verify the compiler itself or to check the correctness of the compilation through the comparison of intermediate languages. This thesis adopts a novel approach to verifying the correctness of compiler generated code which, while less formal than a compiler correctness proof, does not require any potentially erroneous translations to intermediate languages. The approach taken uses inductive assertions placed in the source code program as the basis for both source and object code verification. The assertions are propagated into the object code program using a technique which integrates abstract control flow analysis with directed graph pattern matching. The propagation technique allows us to produce simple axiomatic specifications of the object language and re-use source code inference rules to verify the object code program. The thesis concludes that the cost of finding compiler errors is disproportionate to the likelihood of errors being introduced and not detected by more traditional software development processes. However, the increasingly stringent standards of certifying authorities and customers demand that compiler correctness is demonstrated. The techniques presented in this thesis show a cost effective way of meeting these demands.
Efficiency of electron-beam proximity effect correction (1993)

The trend of increasing pattern data volume, together with decreasing critical dimensions, causes correction of proximity effect to be continually more time consuming and expensive. A tradeoff exists between speed and accuracy. A given correction method may be judged efficient if the direct computational overhead needed to achieve a predetermined level of accuracy is small. Some basic principles relating to efficiency are derived. An optimal correction algorithm follows naturally from the analysis. Forward and backward scattering have greatly differing ranges, and correspondingly differing computational requirements. The two processes are easily separated analytically. Dose correction is used to offset backscattering, while edge displacement is used to offset forward scattering. The only direct computational overhead is the local pattern density. All other necessary parameters are precomputed, and accessed by memory lookup.
A transplantable human malignant Schwannoma (1981)

A human malignant Schwannoma was serially transplanted through three generations in nude mice. The tumours grew readily and the take-up rate was 100 per cent. No metastasis was observed in nude mice. Morphological features of the original tumour were strictly maintained through all the transplant generations. The tumour cells of the original and of the transplants showed features of primitive Schwann cells of embryonic nerve trunks.
DPKI: A Blockchain-Based Decentralized Public Key Infrastructure System (2020)

As the technology of Internet-of-Things advances, the potential benefit of compromising such a network increases as well. Conventional security stacks already deployed in proven scenarios, such as public key infrastructure on the world wide web, have been applied to the context of Internet-of-Things, however they fail to address certain issues that are prevalent in these networks, the foremost being a secure methodology of verifying the identities of devices without a central point of failure or lack of proper scalability. This paper describes a novel public key infrastructure system that discerns itself from conventional implementations by establishing a distributed network rather than a monolithic one. This enables one to horizontally scale the solution, as there is no reliance on a central authority. Instead, a blockchain is deployed and utilized as the record-keeping of device identities in tandem with smart contracts that interface with the underlying blockchain storage. This solution solves the issues of central point of failure, increases the overall resilience of the public key infrastructure security component and can be arbitrarily enhanced to support a wider array of functionality by introducing new smart contracts within the network itself.
Application of microsandblast machining to LiNbO 3 wafer surface for broadband modulators (2001)

Machining technology for LiNbO<SUB>3</SUB> (LN) wafer surface aiming a mass-production of broadband LN modulators is investigated. Although several manufacturers commercially supply 40G LN modulators, there are many difficulties in mass-production of such broadband LN modulators. For instance, in order to realize sufficiently broadened bandwidth performance, machining of LN wafer surfaces is necessary as demonstrated by ridge-waveguide modulators and devices using very-thin substrates. We focus the study on the machining technology of LN wafers applicable to mass- production based on micro-sandblast techniques. In order to demonstrate effectiveness of the micro-sandblast, 40G LN modulators designed to have a partially thinned substrate along RF-electrodes are experimentally fabricated.
Molecular Aspects of Structure, Gating, and Physiology of pH-Sensitive Background K<sub>2P</sub>and Kir K<sup>+</sup>-Transport Channels (2014)

K(+) channels fulfill roles spanning from the control of excitability to the regulation of transepithelial transport. Here we review two groups of K(+) channels, pH-regulated K2P channels and the transport group of Kir channels. After considering advances in the molecular aspects of their gating based on structural and functional studies, we examine their participation in certain chosen physiological and pathophysiological scenarios. Crystal structures of K2P and Kir channels reveal rather unique features with important consequences for the gating mechanisms. Important tasks of these channels are discussed in kidney physiology and disease, K(+) homeostasis in the brain by Kir channel-equipped glia, and central functions in the hearing mechanism in the inner ear and in acid secretion by parietal cells in the stomach. K2P channels fulfill a crucial part in central chemoreception probably by virtue of their pH sensitivity and are central to adrenal secretion of aldosterone. Finally, some unorthodox behaviors of the selectivity filters of K2P channels might explain their normal and pathological functions. Although a great deal has been learned about structure, molecular details of gating, and physiological functions of K2P and Kir K(+)-transport channels, this has been only scratching at the surface. More molecular and animal studies are clearly needed to deepen our knowledge.
Recombinant Vaccine-Induced Protection against the Highly Pathogenic Simian Immunodeficiency Virus SIV<sub>mac251</sub>: Dependence on Route of Challenge Exposure (1998)

Vaccine protection from infection and/or disease induced by highly pathogenic simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) strain SIV(mac251) in the rhesus macaque model is a challenging task. Thus far, the only approach that has been reported to protect a fraction of macaques from infection following intravenous challenge with SIV(mac251) was the use of a live attenuated SIV vaccine. In the present study, the gag, pol, and env genes of SIV(K6W) were expressed in the NYVAC vector, a genetically engineered derivative of the vaccinia virus Copenhagen strain that displays a highly attenuated phenotype in humans. In addition, the genes for the alpha and beta chains of interleukin-12 (IL-12), as well as the IL-2 gene, were expressed in separate NYVAC vectors and inoculated intramuscularly, in conjunction with or separate from the NYVAC-SIV vaccine, in 40 macaques. The overall cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) response was greater, at the expense of proliferative and humoral responses, in animals immunized with NYVAC-SIV and NYVAC-IL-12 than in animals immunized with the NYVAC-SIV vaccine alone. At the end of the immunization regimen, half of the animals were challenged with SIV(mac251) by the intravenous route and the other half were exposed to SIV(mac251) intrarectally. Significantly, five of the eleven vaccinees exposed mucosally to SIV(mac251) showed a transient peak of viremia 1 week after viral challenge and subsequently appeared to clear viral infection. In contrast, all 12 animals inoculated intravenously became infected, but 5 to 6 months after viral challenge, 4 animals were able to control viral expression and appeared to progress to disease more slowly than control animals. Protection did not appear to be associated with any of the measured immunological parameters. Further modulation of immune responses by coadministration of NYVAC-cytokine recombinants did not appear to influence the outcome of viral challenge. The fact that the NYVAC-SIV recombinant vaccine appears to be effective per se in the animal model that best mirrors human AIDS supports the idea that the development of a highly attenuated poxvirus-based vaccine candidate can be a valuable approach to significantly decrease the spread of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection by the mucosal route.
Pseudomonas flavescens sp. nov., Isolated from Walnut Blight Cankers (1994)

Two pseudomonad strains that produce a yellow cellular pigment, in addition to a diffusible fluorescent pigment on Kings medium B, were isolated from cankers on walnut trees. Biochemical properties, such as a positive oxidase reaction, a negative arginine dihydrolase reaction, and the production of a fluorescent pigment, in addition to the results of an extensive nutritional characterization study and DNA-DNA hybridization experiments, indicated that these strains belong to a new Pseudomonas rRNA group I species. This conclusion was supported by the results of a determination of the sequence of the PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene and a comparison with the 16S rRNA genes of other bacterial species. The genomic DNAs of the strains had a base composition of 63 mol% G+C. The name Pseudomonas flavescens sp. nov. is proposed. Strain B62 (= NCPPB 3063) is the type strain of the species.
Red blood cell adhesion: II. Interferometric examination of the interaction with hydrocarbon oil and glass (1980)

Using both living and glutaraldehyde-fixed red cells, we have examined adhesion to both oil/saline and glass/saline interfaces by interference reflection microscopy. At low ionic strength, 0.4 mM NaCl, fixed cells adherent to the oil/saline interface show first order whitish yellow zones of closest approach which indicate a separation of similar to or approximately 100 nm. Quantitative interferometry in monochromatic light supports this conclusion. As the salt concentration is increased the separation decreases and the final image shows zero-order black which probably indicates molecular contact with the interface. Similar but less reproducible results were obtained with fixed and unfixed cells on glass. Thes observations show that physical interactions alone can be responsible for adhesion in dilute and concentrated salt solutions. It is not, however, believed that the results necessarily imply the existence of adhesion with a gap in physiological concentrations of salt.
Drosophila melanogaster as a Model Organism of Brain Diseases (2009)

Drosophila melanogaster has been utilized to model human brain diseases. In most of these invertebrate transgenic models, some aspects of human disease are reproduced. Although investigation of rodent models has been of significant impact, invertebrate models offer a wide variety of experimental tools that can potentially address some of the outstanding questions underlying neurological disease. This review considers what has been gleaned from invertebrate models of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, metabolic diseases such as Leigh disease, Niemann-Pick disease and ceroid lipofuscinoses, tumor syndromes such as neurofibromatosis and tuberous sclerosis, epilepsy as well as CNS injury. It is to be expected that genetic tools in Drosophila will reveal new pathways and interactions, which hopefully will result in molecular based therapy approaches.
Measurement of Lipid Peroxidation (1998)

Lipid peroxidation results in the formation of conjugated dienes, lipid hydroperoxides and degradation products such as alkanes, aldehydes and isoprostanes. The approach to the quantitative assessment of lipid peroxidation depends on whether the samples involve complex biological material obtained in vivo, or whether the samples involve relatively simple mixtures obtained in vitro. Samples obtained in vivo contain a large number of products which themselves may undergo metabolism. The measurement of conjugated diene formation is generally applied as a dynamic quantitation e.g. during the oxidation of LDL, and is not generally applied to samples obtained in vivo. Lipid hydroperoxides readily decompose, but can be measured directly and indirectly by a variety of techniques. The measurement of MDA by the TBAR assay is non-specific, and is generally poor when applied to biological samples. More recent assays based on the measurement of MDA or HNE-lysine adducts are likely to be more applicable to biological samples, since adducts of these reactive aldehydes are relatively stable. The discovery of the isoprostanes as lipid peroxidation products which can be measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry or immunoassay has opened a new avenue by which to quantify lipid peroxidation in vivo, and will be discussed in detail.
Expression of Inducible Nitric Oxide Synthase (iNOS) mRNA in Inflamed Esophageal and Colonic Mucosa in a Pediatric Population (1998)

These data indicate that upregulation of iNOS mRNA expression in colonic mucosa is a feature of IBD in children. iNOS mRNA expression is not upregulated in esophageal mucosa or in the absence of colonic inflammation. Further studies designed to determine the site- and cell-specificity of iNOS mRNA upregulation in mucosal biopsies from children with IBD may further illuminate the pathophysiology of these disorders.
The design of efficient broadband wedge transducers (1978)

A simple coupled-mode theory has been developed for acoustic-surface-wave wedge transducers. Surface-wave transducers have been fabricated to operate on aluminum using water as the wedge material. The measured efficiency was 68% at 2.75 MHz, the theoretical value being 81%. Transducers have also been fabricated to operate on glass with a rubbery solid, RTV 615, as the wedge material. The experimental and theoretical efficiencies of this transducer at 3.2 MHz were 35 and 50%, respectively. The surface-wave leakage coefficient of RTV 615 on glass has been measured and found to be in excellent agreement with theory.
Comparison of dural closure alternatives: an experimental study (2019)

<b>Introduction:</b> Dural closure preference has been a topic of debate in contemporary neurosurgery. This study aims to compare different closure techniques using an in vitro model.<b>Methods:</b> Human cadaveric dura mater was attached to a cylindrical metal glass filled with blue dyed saline. A 1 cm dural incision was made. Dural closure was performed using three different techniques. Each group had six samples: Group I - interrupted simple 4-0 polyglactin suture (S) only, Group II - S plus on lay collagen graft, Group III - S plus fibrin sealant. In Group NS, a 1 cm × 1 cm dural window was made. An onlay collagen graft was used with no suturing for this group to serve as an overtly weak reconstruction reference. Primary and secondary leak pressures were recorded (PLP and SLP, respectively).<b>Results:</b> All groups (I-III) had significantly higher PLP and SLP than Group NS. PLP was significantly higher in Group III as compared to groups I and II. Groups I and II had similar PLP values. SLP was similar in all three groups.<b>Conclusion:</b> In this study, the use of fibrin sealant has proven to be the best option in preventing dural leak. However, no technique was superior in the case of SLP.
Signal analysis for laser velocimeter measurements (1971)

Both the 'frequency domain' and the 'time domain' methods for analysing the signal from a laser velocimeter are discussed and expressions are derived relating the velocity resolution and the response time of the instrument.
Occupant Detection through Near-Infrared Imaging (2011)

This paper investigates a method to detect and count occupants in vehicles, the purpose of which is to facilitate the task of monitoring and counting of vehicle occupants either by human screeners or by pattern recognition algorithms. The proposed near-infrared (NIR) imaging method can effectively deal with the challenge due to poor light conditions, windshield reflection, tinted windows and shadows on windshields to improve the clarity of the captured image of the vehicle interior. We also proposed an algorithm to process the NIR images. Firstly, the vehicle windshield region was extracted based on optimal edge detections and Hough transform, and 60 line detector masks and integral projection. Then, the occupants’ faces in the region were segmented through AdaBoost-based face detection. Experimental results show that the method has the potential possibility to automatically detect vehicle occupants.