gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sodium Cyanate as a Potential Treatment for Sickle-Cell Disease (1974)

Thirty-one patients with sickle-cell disease, seven to 49 years of age, were given the antisickling drug sodium cyanate (10 to 35 mg per kilogram of body weight per day by mouth) for six to 18 months. Carbamylation of the amino-terminal valine of hemoglobin was dose-related and ranged from 0.03 to 0.67 moles of carbamyl group per mole of hemoglobin tetramer. No toxic effects were observed at a dosage of 35 mg per kilogram per day or less. Occasional gastrointestinal distress and drowsiness occurred. The previously demonstrated ability of sodium cyanate to diminish the hemolytic rate was confirmed. The cyanate-induced increase in hemoglobin concentration (3 to 38 per cent) was dose related and resulted from decreased red-cell destruction. A retrospective analysis of the patients' records revealed a statistically significant decrease in the mean frequency of crises (from 3.6 to 2.1 crises per year) between two groups of patients with low (<0.3 mole of carbamyl group per mole of hemoglobin tetramer) and high (≥0.3 mole) carbamylatlon. Although these studies do not establish the long-term safety and clinical usefulness of sodium cyanate they indicate its potential value and justify large-scale trials. (N Engl J Med 290:654–660, 1974)
Quantitative corrosion evaluation in wells using a multi-function ultrasonic imager (2002)

A multi-function ultrasonic imaging tool has been developed for well inspection. The tool is suspended at the end of a long armoured cable and operates by rotating a pulse-echo transducer in the well fluid. It was initially applied to cement evaluation with simultaneous casing inspection, using a resonance method (200-700 kHz). Subsequently, a focused 250/500 kHz transducer was provided for openhole imaging and detailed internal casing inspection. The latest functional addition to the instrument is a focused 2 MHz transducer with a spot size of 0.11", developed for high resolution internal and external corrosion imaging. The aim is to quantify small-scale defects such as pitting. The casing radius and thickness are measured from the arrival times of the internal and external casing echoes, using downhole digital processing. The casing is examined every 2/spl deg/ in azimuth and every 0.2" vertically in a helical scan as the armoured cable is reeled in. Laboratory experiments verified quantification of 0.16" diameter flat-bottom holes. Field test results demonstrated the detection of small-scale internal and external corrosion and damage.
Effect of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid and Related Chelating Agents on Whole Cells of Gram-Negative Bacteria (1974)

The effects of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and of four other chelating agents on seven strains of gram-negative bacteria are described. Changes in viability, cell lysis, and release of intracellular materials from suspensions in various buffers, pH 7.8 or 9.2, were observed. Cyclohexane-1,2-diaminotetraacetic acid was the most toxic compound, whereas iminodiacetic acid and nitrilotriacetic acid had little bactericidal activity. The activity of the five drugs appeared to be related to their chelating ability. Of the bacterial strains used, Pseudomonas aeruginosa NCTC 1999 and NCTC 6750 were the most susceptible, and Klebsiella aerogenes K1 was the most resistant. In contrast, the two strains of P. aeruginosa were the most resistant to the nonchelating antibacterial agents cetrimide, chlorhexidine, and benzalkonium chloride.
The effect of stocking density, group size and boar presence on the behaviour, aggression and skin damage of sows mixed in a specialised mixing pen at weaning (2001)

The mixing of unfamiliar sows at weaning leads to aggression whilst dominance hierarchies within the group are established (Kay et al , 1999). The objective of this study was to determine whether the presence of a boar would reduce the incidence of aggression and level of skin damage of newly mixed sows. The overall aim of the project was to improve welfare by designing a suitable strategy for mixing groups of newly-weaned sows
The Immunochemistry of Peptidoglycan (1974)

A pentapeptide, Gly‐ l ‐Ala‐ l ‐Ala‐ d ‐Ala‐ d ‐Ala, was synthesized and covalently linked with its free amino group to human serum albumin. Immunization of rabbits with this albumin‐peptide conjugate yielded antisera containing predominantly antibodies directed against the peptide. By means of inhibition studies with various amino‐aicd derivatives and related peptides, it was demonstrated that the antibodies are directed against the C‐terminal portion of the pentapeptide and that d ‐alanyl‐ d ‐alanine is the immunodominant site of the antigen. These antibodies showed also a specific cross‐reaction with solubilized peptidoglycan containing peptide subunits with C‐terminal d ‐alanyl‐ d ‐alanine and with another albumin‐peptide conjugate carrying Gly‐γ‐ d ‐Glu‐ l ‐Ala‐ d ‐Ala‐ d ‐Ala pentapeptide residues. These albumin‐peptide conjugates also reacted with rabbit antisera of Streptococcus group‐A‐variant which contain antibodies directed against the peptide moiety of the peptidoglycan. Double‐gel diffusion studies with antiserum to Streptococcus group‐A‐variant or to albumin‐peptide conjugate as antibody source and albumin‐peptide‐conjugate and a soluble high molecular fraction of peptidoglycan as antigens yielded precipitin lines which completely fused. This indicates that these antigens have identical determinant groups with respect to the antisera employed.
Lead‐induced experimental lesions of the testis and their treatment (1981)

Thirty-six healthy albino rats were divided into three groups and the histologic structure of the testes was examined after treatment: group 'C'--10 healthy control rats were untreated; group 'Pb'--eight rats received intraperitoneal injections of 8.5 mg per kg body weight lead acetate for 154 days (15 doses in all); group 'PbA'--eight rats intoxicated with lead, like group 'Pb' but which, during the last 21 days before killing, were treated with 5 ml per kg body weight per day of a 2% injectable solution of sodium aspartate. As compared with the controls, group 'Pb' showed alteration of the histopathologic pattern and reduction in the size of seminiferous tubules, basal membrane separation and a decrease in the cell content of the germinal layer, lesions of the spermatocytes and spermatids, and slight oedematous dissociation in the interstice. In 75% of the group 'PbA' animals, normal aspects similar to those of group 'C' were found.
A mimo turbo equalizer for frequency-selective channels with unknown interference (2003)

A new space-time turbo equalization algorithm is derived for frequency-selective multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) channels with unknown interference. The algorithm is an extension of our proposed MIMO equalization algorithm , which performs joint channel estimation, multiple users' signal detection, and decoding, all in an iterative manner. This paper's proposed algorithm uses estimates of the correlation matrix of composite unknown interference-plus-noise components to suppress the unknown interference while effectively separating multiple users' signals to be detected (referred to as "known user" later). The correlation matrix of the composite unknown interference-plus-noise components can be estimated by time averaging the instantaneous empirical correlation matrix over the training period. Since the iterative channel estimation yields better channel estimates as more iterations are performed, thereby the estimate of the correlation matrix of the unknown interference-plus-noise components also becomes more accurate. This results in better signal detection performances, even in the presence of unknown interferers. A series of computer simulations show that this paper's proposed algorithm can properly separate known users' signals while suppressing unknown interference.
Analysis of indium-111 platelet kinetics and imaging in patients with aortic grafts and abdominal aortic aneurysms. (1990)

To quantitatively characterize processes of platelet thrombus formation in vivo, the kinetics and incorporation into thrombus of autologous In-111-labeled platelets were compared in six patients with aortic aneurysms and in seven patients with prosthetic aortic grafts. Although platelet survival was comparably shortened in both patient groups (mean, 5.8 days), the maximum radioactivity (percentage of whole body radioactivity) as determined by gamma camera imaging was higher in the aneurysms than in the grafts (3.3% +/- 1.6% vs. 1.6% +/- 1.1%, p = 0.05). Maximum In-111 uptake was also attained more quickly in the aneurysm patients (2.3 +/- 0.8 days vs. 3.5 +/- 1.3 days; p = 0.07). The experimental platelet kinetic and imaging data were subsequently evaluated by compartmental analysis to estimate both normal and disease-related components of platelet destruction. This analysis indicated that deposited platelet radioactivity had a longer residence time on grafts (2.9 +/- 1.7 days vs. 1.4 +/- 0.9 days, p = 0.07) but accumulated at a faster rate in aneurysms (5.0% +/- 3.4% per day vs. 1.4% +/- 0.9% per day, p = 0.02). As determined by imaging, only a proportion of increased platelet destruction was specifically due to the aneurysms (55% +/- 38%) or grafts (17% +/- 11%, p = 0.03). This result indicates additional components of platelet destruction unrelated to graft and aneurysm thrombus formation which, in some graft patients, may reflect a greater severity of vascular disease or other mechanisms causing a preferential shortening of platelet survival. Thus, the analytical approach described may be a useful one for discriminating components of in vivo platelet utilization including platelet removal due to normal hemostatic and senescent mechanisms, localized thrombus formation, and more generalized vascular disease.
FLC wobbling for high‐resolution projectors (1997)

Abstract— There is a tradeoff between brightness and resolution in high‐resolution displays. A new wobbling technique apparently doubles the number of pixels in AMLCDs without reducing the brightness. A wobbling device is composed of a ferroelectric‐liquid‐crystal (FLC) device and a quartz‐crystal plate. The FLC device rotates the polarized plane of light irradiated from TFT‐LCDs. The FLC wobbling device is combined with a projector which uses three TFT‐LCD panels with 480 horizontal lines to apparently double the vertical resolution to 800–1000 lines. A depixelization effect, which eliminates the pixel images on the screen resulting in a smooth CRT‐like picture, was observed. The device survived mechanical shocks at the 100‐m/s 2 level and continuous driving at 75°C for more than 1000 hours, thus confirming its high reliability. We have also developed a new FLC mixture for the device with a smectic‐C* temperature range from −33 to 86°C.
Chemical Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase Cereblon by Pomalidomide-based Homo-PROTACs (2019)

The immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) thalidomide and its analogs, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, all FDA approved drugs for the treatment of multiple myeloma, induce ubiquitination and degradation of the lymphoid transcription factors Ikaros (IKZF1) and Aiolos (IKZF3) via the cereblon (CRBN) E3 ubiquitin ligase for proteasomal degradation. IMiDs have recently been utilized for the generation of bifunctional proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs) to target other proteins for ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation by the CRBN E3 ligase. We designed and synthesized pomalidomide-based homobifunctional PROTACs and analyzed their ability to induce self-directed ubiquitination and degradation of CRBN. Here, CRBN serves as both, the E3 ubiquitin ligase and the target at the same time. The homo-PROTAC compound 8 degrades CRBN with a high potency with only minimal remaining effects on IKZF1 and IKZF3. CRBN inactivation by compound 8 had no effect on cell viability and proliferation of different multiple myeloma cell lines. This homo-PROTAC abrogates the effects of IMiDs in multiple myeloma cells. Therefore, our homodimeric pomalidomide-based compounds may help to identify CRBN's endogenous substrates and physiological functions and investigate the molecular mechanism of IMiDs.
The Preparation and High Photon-Sensing Properties of Fluorinated Tin Dioxide Nanowires (2009)

The photon-sensing abilities of nanowires have been investigated before and after surface fluorination by microwave plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The electrical conductance and photon-sensing abilities of nanowires were remarkably improved by an effective doping of fluorine into the surface of the nanowires. These results demonstrated that the fluorinated nanowires have potential applications as UV photodetectors with high photon-sensing properties.
The ALD‐MLD Growth of a ZnO‐Zincone Heterostructure (2014)

A mixed inorganic/organic zinc oxide/zincone multilayer film, using a combination of atomic layer deposition (ALD) and molecular layer deposition (MLD), is grown. A molecular fragment is deposited in each half reaction in the MLD technique, thus making it similar to, and compatible with, the ALD method of deposition. Zinc oxide inorganic layers are grown at a substrate temperature of 150°C with alternate surface‐saturating reactions of diethylzinc and water. Under similar growth condition, diethylzinc and hydroquinone are used to deposit an organic zincone layer that follows the MLD reaction mechanism. Deposition rates are obtained from an in‐situ quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and verified using X‐ray reflectivity (XRR) measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chemical constituents of the hybrid layers are confirmed from secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Selective etching of the organic layers results in the formation of zinc oxide nanosheets stacked together by van der Waals attraction balanced by Coulombic repulsion.
A Call for Uniformity in Appellate Courts' Rules Regarding Citation of Unpublished Opinions (2005)

This Comment is divided into seven parts. Part I provides an overview of the current practice concerning citation of unpublished opinions, including a look at how unpublished opinions came into existence, the types of opinions currently published, and the courts' reasoning for limiting citation of unpublished opinions. Part II describes the variations on precedential value an opinion could receive and describes the no-citation rules by circuit. Part III discusses the debate between the Eighth and the Ninth Circuits - the two most vocal circuits on the issue of citability. Part IV deconstructs the reasoning behind no-citation rules. Part V examines the possibility that no-citation rules violate due process rights. Part VI explores proposed Appellate Rule 32.1, which would prohibit appellate courts from restricting citation of judicial opinions, and argues that the proposed rule change is a step in the right direction but is not enough. Finally, Part VII concludes by stating that if we hope to establish a more uniform appellate system, not only must we consistently allow citation to unpublished opinions, but we must also dictate a precedential value to be applied to unpublished opinions when cited.
Emacspeak---direct speech access (1996)

Emacspeak is a full-fledged speech output inter- face to Emacs, and is being used to provide direct speech access to a UNIX workstation. The kind of speech access provided by Emacspeak is qual- itatively different from what conventional screen- readers provide -emacspeak makes applications speak- as opposed to speaking the screen.
Crystallographically selective nanopatterning of graphene on SiO2 (2010)

Graphene has many advantageous properties, but its lack of an electronic band gap makes this two-dimensional material impractical for many nanoelectronic applications, for example, field-effect transistors. This problem can be circumvented by opening up a confinement-induced gap, through the patterning of graphene into ribbons having widths of a few nanometres. The electronic properties of such ribbons depend on both their size and the crystallographic orientation of the ribbon edges. Therefore, etching processes that are able to differentiate between the zigzag and armchair type edge terminations of graphene are highly sought after. In this contribution we show that such an anisotropic, dry etching reaction is possible and we use it to obtain graphene ribbons with zigzag edges. We demonstrate that the starting positions for the carbon removal reaction can be tailored at will with precision.
The role of internal sphincter in chronic anal fissures (1982)

Changes in anal sphincteric manometric pressures in response to rectal distention were measured in eight patients with chronic anal fissures and were compared with those of ten controls. No statistically different resting pressures were noted between the two groups. Overshoot phenomenon was more commonly seen in patients with fissure. There were no differences in the anal sphincteric pressures after lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) or fissurectomy midline sphincterotomy (FMS). All fissures healed postoperatively, irrespective of the surgical technique (LIS or FMS) or the pressure readings. It can be concluded that the therapeutic effect of sphincterotomies might at least in part be due to anatomic widening of the anal canal rather than to decreased resting pressures of the internal sphincter.
Design Methodology for High Efficient Inductive Power Transfer Systems With High Coil Positioning Flexibility (2011)

With contactless inductive power transfer (IPT), it is possible to transfer electrical energy to stationary or movable consumers without contacts, cables, or slip rings. To reduce the very high development effort of new contactless inductive energy supplies, a new systematic and modular design methodology is presented in the paper. This methodology includes new methods to increase the transfer efficiency and the positioning flexibility of the consumer device and is particularly implemented into a simulation software tool. The positioning tolerance is improved by the optimization of the coil and ferrite geometry. Thereby, the influence of physical and geometrical parameters on the magnetic coupling and on the electrical transfer characteristics is investigated. As a result of the design methodology, a new IPT system for household appliances in the output power range of 1 kW at an overall efficiency of more than 90% and with a high positioning tolerance is presented.
Procedural specificity in laparoscopic simulator training: protocol for a randomised educational superiority trial (2014)

ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02069951.
Principle of calibration of the simple calorimeter for nuclear heating measurements in MARIA reactor and transposition to the case of JHR reactor (2013)

The main objective of this project is to develop calculation scheme for the evaluation of gamma heating at any chosen location for both JHR (Jules-Horowitz Reactor) and MARIA reactor. JHR is the future material testing reactor under construction on the Cadarache CEA site (the reactor is going to operate after 2016) and MARIA is an existing Polish reactor having characteristics close to those of JHR. For that purpose both, simulations tools and experimental program, are being developed. Calculations will be carried out with both JHR model and MARIA layout. TRIPOLI4 and APOLLO2 codes will be used for calculations of the gamma heating in reactor cores. Representative calculation scheme for MARIA is needed in view to identify optimal locations for measurements according to JHR needs. The correctness of calculations will be qualified by a comparison with the experimental measurements performed in MARIA reactor. Instrumentation which will be used for these measurements have to be properly calibrated. The main aim of the present paper is to propose a calibration procedure for gamma heating measurements.
Online Learning with an Unknown Fairness Metric (2018)

We consider the problem of online learning in the linear contextual bandits setting, but in which there are also strong individual fairness constraints governed by an unknown similarity metric. These constraints demand that we select similar actions or individuals with approximately equal probability (arXiv:1104.3913), which may be at odds with optimizing reward, thus modeling settings where profit and social policy are in tension. We assume we learn about an unknown Mahalanobis similarity metric from only weak feedback that identifies fairness violations, but does not quantify their extent. This is intended to represent the interventions of a regulator who "knows unfairness when he sees it" but nevertheless cannot enunciate a quantitative fairness metric over individuals. Our main result is an algorithm in the adversarial context setting that has a number of fairness violations that depends only logarithmically on $T$, while obtaining an optimal $O(\sqrt{T})$ regret bound to the best fair policy.
Algorithms for the detection of chewing behavior in dietary monitoring applications (2009)

The detection of food consumption is key to the implementation of successful behavior modification in support of dietary monitoring and therapy, for example, during the course of controlling obesity, diabetes, or cardiovascular disease. Since the vast majority of humans consume food via mastication (chewing), we have designed an algorithm that automatically detects chewing behaviors in surveillance video of a person eating. Our algorithm first detects the mouth region, then computes the spatiotemporal frequency spectrum of a small perioral region (including the mouth). Spectral data are analyzed to determine the presence of periodic motion that characterizes chewing. A classifier is then applied to discriminate different types of chewing behaviors. Our algorithm was tested on seven volunteers, whose behaviors included chewing with mouth open, chewing with mouth closed, talking, static face presentation (control case), and moving face presentation. Early test results show that the chewing behaviors induce a temporal frequency peak at 0.5Hz to 2.5Hz, which is readily detected using a distance-based classifier. Computational cost is analyzed for implementation on embedded processing nodes, for example, in a healthcare sensor network. Complexity analysis emphasizes the relationship between the work and space estimates of the algorithm, and its estimated error. It is shown that chewing detection is possible within a computationally efficient, accurate, and subject-independent framework.
PS-4 GHZ Contour Extensional Mode Aluminum Nitride MEMS Resonators (2006)

This work presents higher-order contour mode piezoelectric AlN MEMS resonators with lithographically defined GHz operating frequencies. By selectively patterning the transduction electrodes and routing the electrical excitation waveform, the resonant frequency of the device is uncoupled from the overall dimensions of the AlN plate and spurious electrical responses are suppressed over a wide frequency range. Resonators employing either parallel or coplanar ground and signal electrode pairs have been developed. The design has been validated by demonstrating a 1.28 GHz resonator with a 231 Omega motional resistance and a Q factor over 1,400 when tested in air
Using multiple pivots to align Korean and Japanese lexical resources (2001)

We propose a simple method to make a dictionary using intermediate means, taking advantage of accessible resources such as Englishto -X dictionaries and X-to-English dictionaries. Also, we focus on how we can improve the existing method to generate Korean-to-Japanese dictionary automatically. Since Korean and Japanese share Chinese characters for the majority of words, we use them as well. We argue that this &quot;multi-pivot criterion&quot; is useful to build dictionaries especially for the languages using Chinese characters such as Vietnamese and so on.