gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exchange Coupling in Niobocene Trihydrides, Nb(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>3</sub>RR‘)<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>, and Their Adducts with Copper Triad Cations, [{Nb(C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>3</sub>RR‘)<sub>2</sub>H<sub>3</sub>}<sub>2</sub>M]<sup>+</sup>(R = R‘ = H; R = H, R‘= SiMe<sub>3</sub>; R = R‘ = SiMe<sub>3</sub>; M = Cu, Ag, Au) (1996)

The reactions of Nb(C5H3RR‘)2Cl2 with Red−Al followed by hydrolysis yield Nb(C5H3RR‘)2H3 (R = R‘ = H, 1; R = H, R‘ = SiMe3, 2; R = R‘ = SiMe3, 3). These compounds react with Lewis acidic coinage cationic species, namely, [Cu(MeCN)4]PF6, AgBF4, and “Au(THT)PF6”, prepared in situ from AuCl(THT) and TlPF6 in a 2 to 1 ratio to yield the adducts [{Nb(C5H3RR‘)2H3}2M]+ (M = Cu, R = R‘ = H, 7; R = H, R‘ = SiMe3, 8; R = R‘ = SiMe3, 9; M = Ag, R = H, R‘ = SiMe3, 10; R = R‘ = SiMe3, 11; M = Au, R = R‘ = H, 12; R = H, R‘ = SiMe3, 13; R = R‘ = SiMe3, 14). Like 1, but unlike the corresponding tantalum derivatives Ta(C5H3RR‘)2H3 (R = R‘ = H, 4; R = H, R‘ = SiMe3, 5; R = R‘ = SiMe3, 6), 2 and 3 show exchange couplings in their high-field 1H NMR spectra due to a hydride tunneling phenomenon. The magnitudes of exchange couplings are larger in the cases of 2 and 3 than in the case of 1 as a result of the decrease of electron density upon increasing the number of SiMe3 substituents on the Cp ring. The addition of a Lewis acidic cation results in the observation of an AB2 pattern for the hydrides at room temperature, which splits at low temperature into an ABC one in agreement with a fluxional behavior of the cation which binds to two hydrides of each niobium center. The activation energy of these fluxional processes are close to 42−45 kJ·mol-1 in the case of Cu adducts, 37 kJ·mol-1 in the case of Ag adducts, and 40 kJ·mol-1 in the case of Au adducts. The magnitude of exchange couplings is reduced upon addition of copper cation to 1−3, is of the same order of magnitude after addition of a silver cation, and is greatly increased by addition of a gold cation. A model is proposed to explain these variations which involves two isomeric states that are close in energy, one involving two bridging and one terminal hydrides on niobium and one involving one bridging hydride and a dihydrogen molecule. A line shape analysis experiment carried out on 14 allows determination of the parameters of the classical exchange, the coupling constants at various temperatures which reach 550 Hz at 347 K, and the parameters of the quantum mechanical exchange according to our proposed model. The structure of 14 has been studied by X-ray diffraction. The structure has been solved from diffractometer data by Patterson method and refined by blocked full-matrix least squares on the basis of 3082 observed reflections to R and Rw values of 0.0346 and 0.0381, respectively. The structure shows the presence of two bridging hydrides between the niobium and gold atoms; one of them is found close to the terminal hydride.
What is the optimum concentration of m-cresol in antivenoms? (2011)

Antivenoms against snake and scorpion envenomations are usually equine in nature and composed mostly of F(ab')2; additionally, phenol and m-cresol are mainly employed for their preservation. Although there is no study on this subject, m-cresol is utilized by most manufacturers in a concentration that ranges from 0.15 to 0.35 g%. Decreasing the concentration of m-cresol to its minimal effective level may protect victims from its toxic effects and keep the antivenom stable during its shelf life without forming any aggregates. In the present work, different concentrations of m-cresol, ranging from 0.1 to 0.35 g%, were used with some selected batches of snake and scorpion antivenoms. A low concentration of 0.15 g% showed an acceptable preserving result that complies perfectly with antimicrobial specifications stated by the British Pharmacopoeia. Tested antivenoms (in 12 batches), when kept in a cold room for 39 months (more than their shelf life), retained their physical, chemical and microbiological activities according to the specifications of pharmacopeias. The present data demonstrated that reduction of m-cresol concentration to 0.15 g% in case of equine F(ab')2 antivenoms will improve safety of such preparations and preserve their stability during their shelf life.
Esophageal acid clearance test in healthy dogs. (1989)

Esophageal acid clearance in healthy dogs was evaluated by placing a pH probe in the distal esophagus and determining the number of swallows and time required for esophageal pH to reach 4.0 after injection of a 10 mL bolus of 0.1 N hydrochloric acid. The increase in pH occurred in a stepwise fashion and was associated with esophageal peristalsis as determined by esophageal manometry. The number of swallows required for acid clearance varied from four to 12 with a mean of 8 +/- 1.8. The time required for acid clearance varied from 150 to 480 s with a mean of 285 +/- 75. No significant difference was noted after 0.16 mg/kg of lenperone hydrochloride was given intramuscularly. The esophageal acid clearance test in dogs appears similar to that reported in humans.
The role of an asphalt rejuvenator in pavement preservation use and need for asphalt rejuvenation (2010)

An asphalt rejuvenator was introduced in 1960 by the Golden Bear Oil Company. That product was Reclamite®. It has a history of use spanning 50 years. In an era of moderately low price asphalt products, the rejuvenator was ahead of its time. Thousands of laboratory tests and field trials have been performed to determine the best possible formula and procedures for applying an asphalt rejuvenator. There are many methods of surface treatments entailing use of asphalted emulsions with the predominant focus on gluing and binding the aggregate. Rejuvenators are derived from very specific crude stocks and are not as generic in their manufacture, thus on a national level, product availability as well as manufacturer/refiner marketing has impacted limited expansion and use of the products. But…asphalt rejuvenators have been one of the most field tested applications there are. This paper presents the technical components of an asphalt rejuvenator and how they differentiate from generic asphalt emulsions. Discussion is focused on fog seal use of rejuvenators. Long term test results are presented as well as a visual perspective showing the appearance of before and after treatments. Conclusive history shows that a properly formulated asphalt rejuvenator meets stipulated requirements and is a proven method to extend pavement life at a low cost.
Non-surgical interventions for convergence insufficiency (2011)

Current research suggests that outpatient vision therapy/orthoptics is more effective than home-based convergence exercises or home-based computer vision therapy/orthoptics for children. In adult population, evidence of the effectiveness of various non-surgical interventions is less consistent.
Enhanced Dechlorination of 1,2-Dichloroethane by Coupled Nano Iron-Dithionite Treatment (2016)

1,2-Dichloroethane (1,2-DCA) is a chlorinated solvent classified as a probable human carcinogen. Due to its extensive use in industrial applications, widespread contamination, and recalcitrance toward abiotic dechlorination, 1,2-DCA remains a challenging compound for the remediation community. Over the past decade, nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) has been efficiently used to treat many of the chlorinated compounds of concern. However, thus far, even nZVI (monometallic or bimetallic) has been unable to dechlorinate 1,2-DCA. Therefore, an alternative treatment coupling nZVI with dithionite to treat 1,2-DCA is proposed in this work. Coupled nZVI-dithionite was able to degrade >90% 1,2-DCA over the course of a year. The effects of dithionite and nZVI loadings, carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) coating, addition of palladium, and other iron species as metal surfaces on the degradation kinetics were also investigated. Observed pseudo-first-order rate constants (kobs) ranged from 3.8 × 10(-3) to 7.8 × 10(-3) d(-1). Both nucleophilic substitution and reductive dechlorination are the proposed mechanisms for 1,2-DCA degradation by coupled nZVI-dithionite treatment. Characterization analysis of the nZVI-dithionite nanoparticles shows that most of the iron was still preserved in the zerovalent state even after more than one year of reactivity with some iron sulfide (FeS) formation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis shows that the nanosized spherical particles were still present along with the FeS platelets. This novel treatment represents the first nZVI-based formulation to achieve nearly complete degradation of 1,2-DCA.
miR‐155 modulates microglia‐mediated immune response by down‐regulating SOCS‐1 and promoting cytokine and nitric oxide production (2011)

Innate immunity constitutes the first line of defence against both external and endogenous threats in the brain, and microglia cells are considered key mediators of this process. Recent studies have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) may play a determinant role in the regulation of gene expression during innate immune responses. The major goal of this work was to investigate the contribution of a specific miRNA - miR-155 - to the modulation of the microglia-mediated immune response. For this purpose, in vitro studies were performed in N9 microglia cells to evaluate changes in the levels of this miRNA following microglia activation. A strong up-regulation of miR-155 expression was observed following microglia exposure to lipopolysaccharide, which was consistent with a decrease in the levels of the suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS-1) protein, a key inhibitor of the inflammatory process and a predicted target of miR-155. The miR-155 knockdown by anti-miRNA oligonucleotides up-regulated SOCS-1 mRNA and protein levels and significantly decreased the production of nitric oxide and the expression of inflammatory cytokines and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Finally, treatment of neuronal primary cultures with conditioned medium obtained from microglia cells, in which miR-155 was inhibited before cell activation, decreased inflammatory-mediated neuronal cell death. Overall, our results show that miR-155 has a pro-inflammatory role in microglia and is necessary for the progression of the immune response through the modulation of SOCS-1, suggesting that, in a chronic inflammatory context, miR-155 inhibition can have a neuroprotective effect.
Statistical aspects of credit scoring (1995)

This thesis is concerned with statistical aspects of credit scoring, the process of determining how likely an applicant for credit is to default with repayments. In Chapters 1-4 a detailed introduction to credit scoring methodology is presented, including evaluation of previous published work on credit scoring and a review of discrimination and classification techniques. In Chapter 5 we describe different approaches to measuring the absolute and relative performance of credit scoring models. Two significance tests are proposed for comparing the bad rate amongst the accepts (or the error rate) from two classifiers. In Chapter 6 we consider different approaches to reject inference, the procedure of allocating class membership probabilities to the rejects. One reason for needing reject inference is to reduce the sample selection bias that results from using a sample consisting only of accepted applicants to build new scorecards. We show that the characteristic vectors for the rejects do not contain information about the parameters of the observed data likelihood, unless extra information or assumptions are included. Methods of reject inference which incorporate additional information are proposed. In Chapter 7 we make comparisons of a range of different parametric and nonparametric classification techniques for credit scoring: linear regression, logistic regression, projection pursuit regression, Poisson regression, decision trees and decision graphs. We conclude that classifier performance is fairly insensitive to the particular technique adopted. In Chapter 8 we describe the application of the k-NN method to credit scoring. We propose using an adjusted version of the Eucidean distance metric, which is designed to incorporate knowledge of class separation contained in the data. We evaluate properties of the k-NN classifier through empirical studies and make comparisons with existing techniques.
Recombinational and Mutagenic Repair of Psoralen Interstrand Cross-links in Saccharomyces cerevisiae (2001)

Psoralen photoreacts with DNA to form interstrand cross-links, which can be repaired by both nonmutagenic nucleotide excision repair and recombinational repair pathways and by mutagenic pathways. In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae, psoralen cross-links are processed by nucleotide excision repair to form double-strand breaks (DSBs). In yeast, DSBs are repaired primarily by homologous recombination, predicting that cross-link and DSB repair should induce similar recombination end points. We compared psoralen cross-link, psoralen monoadduct, and DSB repair using plasmid substrates with site-specific lesions and measured the patterns of gene conversion, crossing over, and targeted mutation. Psoralen cross-links induced both recombination and mutations, whereas DSBs induced only recombination, and monoadducts were neither recombinogenic nor mutagenic. Although the cross-link- and DSB-induced patterns of plasmid integration and gene conversion were similar in most respects, they showed opposite asymmetries in their unidirectional conversion tracts: primarily upstream from the damage site for cross-links but downstream for DSBs. Cross-links induced targeted mutations in 5% of the repaired plasmids; all were base substitutions, primarily T --> C transitions. The major pathway of psoralen cross-link repair in yeast is error-free and involves the formation of DSB intermediates followed by homologous recombination. A fraction of the cross-links enter an error-prone pathway, resulting in mutations at the damage site.
Studies on the Intoxication Pathway of Tetanus Toxin in the Rat Pheochromocytoma (PC12) Cell Line (1989)

Tetanus toxin was found to be a potent inhibitor of neurosecretion in the rat pheochromocytoma cell line PC12, a system in which biochemical and functional studies could be performed in parallel. Incubation of the cells with 10 nM tetanus toxin (3 h) led to an inhibition of acetylcholine release by 75-80% when evoked by 200 microM veratridine, 1 mM carbachol, or 2 mM Ba2+. The main characteristics of the inhibition process are: 1) the toxin is very potent, with threshold doses of 10 pM; 2) the action of toxin is blocked at low temperature (0 degrees C) and by antitoxin; 3) the effects are dose- and time-dependent; 4) a concentration-dependent lag phase precedes the onset of the inhibitory effects. Thus the PC12 cultures are a valid system for studies on the underlying molecular process in tetanus action. This system was exploited by the use of long term incubation studies to examine the processes responsible for the lag phase. When cells were incubated with 0.1 nM 125I-tetanus toxin, cell-associated toxin reached a plateau of 16 fmol of toxin/mg of protein, yet the toxic effects did not appear until 12 h. Further, PC12 cells were found to rapidly internalize tetanus toxin, with a half-life of 1-2 min, once it was bound to the surface of the cells. Thus, the lag phase results from steps that occur in the intracellular compartment after internalization. An important discovery was that the differentiation state of the PC12 cells was a critical factor in determining sensitivity to tetanus toxin. Cells that were cultured with nerve growth factor for 8-12 days were very sensitive to toxin. In contrast, acetylcholine release from nondifferentiated, autodifferentiated, or dexamethasone-treated cultures was insensitive to tetanus toxin. Since differential expression of high affinity tetanus toxin receptors cannot explain these results, it is concluded that PC12 cells are capable of expressing different forms of excitation-secretion coupling mechanisms. Tetanus toxin should prove a valuable probe to further distinguish these processes.
Use of Botulinum Toxins for Chronic Headaches: A Focused Review (2002)

Botulinum toxin has been shown to effectively treat several types of pain associated with neurologic disorders. It has recently been evaluated for the treatment of various types of headaches. In studies of migraine headache, chronic daily headache (more than 15 days of headache per month), tension-type headache, and post-whiplash headache, patients have reported decreased pain after treatment with botulinum toxin type A. A more recently available preparation, botulinum toxin type B, has also been shown to provide relief to patients with transformed migraine headache and post-whiplash headache. Additional study is under way to determine the effectiveness of botulinum toxin for the treatment of chronic cluster headaches. Although the pathophysiology of headache is incompletely understood, muscle tension may trigger or aggravate migraine headaches. Botulinum toxin, which reduces muscle hyperactivity, may reduce headache pain by decreasing muscle tension. It may also provide peripheral and central neurogenic effects and reduce inflammation. Large, rigorously controlled trials of botulinum toxin are needed to better characterize its effects on various types of headaches and its role as a therapeutic agent. Current data suggest that botulinum toxin is safe and does not produce systemic effects associated with other types of headache treatments.
Dysregulated choline metabolism in T-cell lymphoma: role of choline kinase-α and therapeutic targeting (2015)

Cancer cells have distinct metabolomic profile. Metabolic enzymes regulate key oncogenic signaling pathways and have an essential role on tumor progression. Here, serum metabolomic analysis was performed in 45 patients with T-cell lymphoma (TCL) and 50 healthy volunteers. The results showed that dysregulation of choline metabolism occurred in TCL and was related to tumor cell overexpression of choline kinase-α (Chokα). In T-lymphoma cells, pharmacological and molecular silencing of Chokα significantly decreased Ras-GTP activity, AKT and ERK phosphorylation and MYC oncoprotein expression, leading to restoration of choline metabolites and induction of tumor cell apoptosis/necropotosis. In a T-lymphoma xenograft murine model, Chokα inhibitor CK37 remarkably retarded tumor growth, suppressed Ras-AKT/ERK signaling, increased lysophosphatidylcholine levels and induced in situ cell apoptosis/necropotosis. Collectively, as a regulatory gene of aberrant choline metabolism, Chokα possessed oncogenic activity and could be a potential therapeutic target in TCL, as well as other hematological malignancies with interrupted Ras signaling pathways.
Screening for SARS-CoV-2 infections with colorimetric RT-LAMP and LAMP sequencing (2020)

Abstract The COVID-19 pandemic caused by the novel SARS-CoV-2 virus poses a significant public-health problem. In order to control the pandemic, rapid tests for detecting existing infections and assessing virus spread are critical. Approaches to detect viral RNA based on reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) hold outstanding promise towards greatly simplified and broadly applicable testing methods. RT-LAMP assays appear more robust than qPCR-based methods and only require incubation at a constant temperature, thus eliminating the need for sophisticated instrumentation. Here, we tested a two-color RT-LAMP protocol using clinical SARS-CoV-2 samples and also established a protocol that does not require prior RNA isolation (“swab-to-RT-LAMP”). Our study is based on several hundred clinical patient samples with a wide range of viral loads, thus allowing, for the first time, to accurately determine the sensitivity and specificity of the RT-LAMP assay for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in patients. We found that RT-LAMP can reliably detect SARS-CoV-2 samples with a qPCR threshold cycle number (CT value) of up to 30 in the standard RT-qPCR assay. We used both, either purified RNA or direct pharyngeal swab specimens and showed that RT-LAMP assays have, despite a decreased sensitivity compared to RT-qPCR, excellent specificity. We also developed a multiplexed LAMP-sequencing protocol as a diagnostic and validation procedure to detect and record the outcome of RT-LAMP assays. LAMP-sequencing is fully scalable and can assess the results of thousands of LAMP reactions in parallel. Finally, we propose applications of RT-LAMP based assays for SARS-CoV-2 detection.
Assembly of centrosomal proteins and microtubule organization depends on PCM-1 (2002)

The protein PCM-1 localizes to cytoplasmic granules known as "centriolar satellites" that are partly enriched around the centrosome. We inhibited PCM-1 function using a variety of approaches: microinjection of antibodies into cultured cells, overexpression of a PCM-1 deletion mutant, and specific depletion of PCM-1 by siRNA. All approaches led to reduced targeting of centrin, pericentrin, and ninein to the centrosome. Similar effects were seen upon inhibition of dynactin by dynamitin, and after prolonged treatment of cells with the microtubule inhibitor nocodazole. Inhibition or depletion of PCM-1 function further disrupted the radial organization of microtubules without affecting microtubule nucleation. Loss of microtubule organization was also observed after centrin or ninein depletion. Our data suggest that PCM-1-containing centriolar satellites are involved in the microtubule- and dynactin-dependent recruitment of proteins to the centrosome, of which centrin and ninein are required for interphase microtubule organization.
Neurologic Complications of Primary Sjögrenʼs Syndrome (1982)

Although peripheral nervous system disease has been well documented in Sjögren's syndrome (SS), central nervous system (CNS) involvement is considered distinctly uncommon. Sixteen patients with primary SS and CNS disorders not attributable to other causes were the subjects of this study. Cerebral manifestations, both focal and diffuse, as well as spinal cord disease, were observed. Peripheral vasculitis occurred in 12 patients (75%), 83% of whom had anti-Ro(SSA) antibodies. The high proportion of patients with concomitant peripheral vasculitis, and the observed association with antibodies to the Ro(SSA) antigen system which, in other studies, has been linked to vasculitis in SS, suggest that an immune vasculopathy may play a role in the pathogenesis of the CNS disease of SS.
The Prism: Efficient Signal Processing for the Internet of Things (2017)

A new, networked approach to signal processing, efficient for both design and real-time computation, is proposed to match the requirements of the Internet of Things (IoT). The Prism is a novel finite impulse response (FIR) filter, which is fully recursive: the computational cost per sample is low and independent of the filter window length. The design cost is also low; any device capable of running a Prism-based signal processing scheme may also adapt the design to match changing requirements. Various signal processing tasks can be implemented using networks of Prisms, thereby providing a useful tool set for a wide range of sensing and monitoring applications, including the IoT.