gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Strategies in the Design of Prodrugs of Anti-HIV Agents (2003)

Control of AIDS requires development of special therapeutic strategies in order to reduce the level of monocyte/macrophage HIV infection, to prevent spread of HIV within the monocyte/macrophage reservoir, to maintain a therapeutically effective drug concentration in sanctuaries such as the brain and to overcome the problem of cellular resistance mechanisms. A popular approach towards this end has been the development of prodrugs of anti-HIV drugs. This review covers the different strategies devised for the design of prodrugs of anti-HIV agents with emphasis on the recent findings in this field of research. Thus, prodrugs of nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs) including, 5'-O carboxylic ester derivatives, 5'-O- monophosphate analogues, macromolecular derivatives, prodrugs of purine nucleosides, prodrugs of acyclic nucleosides, homo and hetero dinucleotides, prodrugs of non-classical nucleoside analogues, boranophosphate triesters of NRTIs, and prodrugs of protease inhibitors including acyl-substituted prodrugs, prodrugs with increased water solubility, monophosphate prodrugs, and conjugates of HIV protease inhibitors with a reverse transcriptase inhibitor through spontaneously cleavable linkers, constitute the subject of this review.
Systemic RANK-Fc protein therapy is efficacious against primary osteosarcoma growth in a murine model via activity against osteoclasts (2010)

In an orthotopic model in Balb/c nu/nu mice, a twice weekly dosing regimen of 350 microg of RANK-Fc per mouse subcutaneously (n= 5) reduced lung metastasis (P > 0.05), preserved bone structure and reduced tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)(+) OCLs (P < 0.005) in OS-bearing bone. In vitro, RANK-Fc suppressed OCL formation (P < 0.005), bone resorption activity (P < 0.005) and RANKL-induced anti-apoptosis (P < 0.5) of OCLs.
Responses of olfactory receptor cells to step pulses of odour at different concentrations in the salamander. (1978)

1. The response properties of single olfactory receptor cells in the salamander have been analysed in unitary recordings obtained with platinum-black metal-filled micro-electrodes. 2. Stimulation has been carried out using an apparatus which delivers odour pulses of abrupt onset, steady plateau and abrupt termination. The pulses have been monitored near the site of stimulation on the olfactory epithelium during the experiments. 3. The main type of response was a discharge of impulses that was time locked to the stimulus pulse. The pattern of the responses consisted of a relatively brief latency of onset, a rapid rise in impulse frequency, a continuation of impulse firing during the plateau of the pulse, and an abrupt termination of the discharge correlated with the termination of the pulse. 4. There was a clear relationship between the receptor responses and odour concentration. In general, impulse firing frequency increased with increasing odour concentration. The firing frequency ranged from approximately 1--3 impulses/sec at threshold, up to 20 impulses/sec at the highest concentration. 5. Two types of reduced impulse activity were observed. One occurred after the termination of the pulse and lasted 1--3 sec; this was a common occurrence. The other type was seen during a pulse as a reduction of impulse activity compared to the background level; this type was rarely observed. 6. The receptor responses resembled those of mitral cells in the olfactory bulb to odour pulses in their sensitivity to odour concentration. They differed in that mitral cells show primary response categories consisting of brief excitation followed by suppression, and pure suppression, that are rarely seen at the receptor level. These differences may be ascribed to synaptic interactions in the olfactory bulb. 7. It is concluded that the majority of receptor cells have a stereotyped discharge response pattern and a systematic relation to odour concentration. These properties appear to reflect the simple time course of the odour pulses used in these experiments. This represents an initial step toward analysing olfactory coding at the receptor level using stimuli controlled in a manner similar to that used in other sensory systems.
Red Blood Cell Mechanical Stability (2012)

It has been well documented that shear forces effective above a certain magnitude under flow conditions causes damage in blood cells. This damage ranges from slight morphological alteration to the destruction of red blood cells (RBC). The hemolytic trauma to RBC can easily be detected by measuring free hemoglobin level in plasma, however there are no standardized protocols to quantitate subhemolytic trauma. Ektacytometry has been used to study the alterations in RBC mechanical properties induced by the application of shear stress at various levels. Additionally, a protocol for measuring the hemolytic threshold as an indicator of subhemolytic damage to RBC has been developed based on ektacytometry. These standardized protocols may find applications in the pre-clinical and clinical evaluation of artificial organs and biomedical devices contacting with blood.
The influence of composition and Cr particle size of Cu/Cr contacts on chopping current, contact resistance, and breakdown voltage in vacuum interrupters (1989)

A range of commercially produced Cu/Cr materials with different compositions (25% to 75% Cu) and Cr particle sizes (up to 160 mu m) has been investigated for their differences in chopping currents, contact resistance, breakdown voltage, contact erosion, and contact appearance. Test parameters have been chosen to reflect actual switching conditions. The properties of the Cu/Cr contact materials have been investigated after prestressing the electrodes with defined numbers of break arcs of 1 and 5 kA with alternating and unchanged polarity. It was found that the differences in properties of Cu75/Cr25 and Cu50/Cr50 contacts are minor as long as the same Cr particle size is used. Fine Cr particles increased the breakdown voltage and the rise in breakdown voltage after prestressing and the total erosion of contacts. While the mean chopping current values remained almost unaffected by fine Cr particles, the maximum values of chopping currents were deceased by using fine Cr particle sizes. Contact resistance and cathode surface structure after prestressing remained unaffected by a change in Cr particle size.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chinese strategy: is it crossverging, converging or transverging to Western systems? (2008)

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to assess the change in Chinese managerial network systems to identify adaptation to Western strategic systems.
Superabsorption of acoustic waves with bubble metascreens (2015)

International audience
Continuous Production of the Diazomethane Precursor <i>N</i>-Methyl-<i>N-</i>nitroso-<i>p-</i>toluenesulfonamide: Batch Optimization and Transfer into a Microreactor Setup (2009)

The goal of this study was to develop a continuous multistep synthesis for the preparation of N-methyl-N-nitroso-p-toluenesulfonamide (3, MNTS, Diazald) starting from p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (1), making use of microreaction technology (MRT). MNTS is an important precursor for diazomethane, a highly reactive and selective reagent for the production of pharmaceuticals and fine chemicals. Due to the properties of the successive reaction steps (exothermic reactions, use of toxic and highly reactive reagents), it was envisaged that MRT could provide advantages when compared to its batch-wise preparation. The research strategy included preliminary batch investigations, in which the effects of the solvent system, feed concentration, relative molar ratio, temperature, and residence time were established. Starting from these results, the reactions were translated into the MRT setup. As a result, the amidation of 1 to N-methyl-p-toluenesulfonamide (2) as the first reaction step is performed continuously in >90% yield and maximum space-time yields of up to 75 kg L−1 h−1. By making use of salting-out effects, the product separates nearly quantitatively in high concentrations in organic solution from the saline-waste stream. It is continuously converted to 3 by addition of NaNO2 with quantitative conversions: yields of >90% and maximum space-time yields of up to 9 kg L−1 h−1. The method presented allows for the connection of the diazomethane precursor preparation to its continuous liberation by addition of a base, and conversion with a substrate, as previously demonstrated using MRT (Struempel, M.; Ondruschka, B.; Daute, R.; Stark, A. Green Chem. 2008, 10, 41).
Review of Induction Sintering: Fundamentals and Applications (1980)

(1980). Review of Induction Sintering: Fundamentals and Applications. Powder Metallurgy: Vol. 23, No. 3, pp. 130-135.
Diabetes increases collagenase activity in extracts of rat gingiva and skin (1983)

The connective tissues of diabetic humans and experimental animals exhibit abnormalities in collagen metabolism including an increased production of collagenolytic enzymes by gingival explants in tissue culture. In the current study, gingival tissue and skin were obtained from control and diabetic rats, the latter on the 5th, 10th, 15th, and 22nd day after inducing the disease with streptozotocin. Extracts of the tissues were assessed for collagenase activity using either 14 C‐labeled collagen fibrils or Peptide‐P as substrate and by detecting collagenase digestion products by SDS‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Elastase was measured using the specific substrate, succinyl‐(L‐Alanyl) 3 ‐p‐nitroanilide. Diabetes increased the activity of collagenase in extracts of gingiva and skin; elastase, however, was increased dramatically only in the latter tissue. These findings (1) indicate that diabetes‐induced enhanced gingival collagenase activity occurs in vivo as well as in vitro and (2) explain, at least in part, the greater loss of collagen in skin than in gingiva of the diabetic rat and other complications such as unusually severe periodontal breakdown.
Reduced complexity CORDIC demodulator implementation for D-AMPS and digital IF-sampled receiver (2002)

Wireless mobile receivers and hand-held terminals have experienced tremendous growth. Especially, DAMPS (Digital American Mobile Phone System) has a tremendous market share in the cellular phone community. Mobile receiver designers feel the need to keep the cost of design low while maintaining a high performance, and to have a digital sub-system which uses DSP algorithms to provide immunity to multipath fading problem. A novel approach for VLSI realization of a reduced complexity of CORDIC (coordinate rotation digital computer) algorithm for DAMPS or a digital IF-sampled receiver is presented. It is intended to be suitable for the inexpensive realization of a demodulator, which is part of the D-AMPS modem within a VLSI chip. The reduced complexity CORDIC algorithm offers several advantages. First, it only uses one barrel shifter compared to the method of Chen, McDanell, Boytim and Pogue (see Proceedings IEEE Globecom, Singapore, 1995) with two barrel shifters. Also, the barrel shifter only needs to provide even shifts in the algorithm. Second, with a small input data, it can avoid the numerical problem. The scaling factors can be computed at the end of the CORDIC iterations instead of at every iteration. Overall, the algorithm is computationally efficient and conceptually simple with half complexity of previous schemes.
In-service fault locating and supervisory CATV optical distribution network using WDM-based OTDR and optical switches (1998)

We demonstrate an in-service fault-locating and supervisory technique for multi-staged CATV optical distribution networks. The requirements of ultra-high dynamic range of an optical time domain reflectometer (OTDR) to diagnose the network can be tremendously relaxed by the introduction of optical switch and wavelength-division-multiplexing (WDM) technique. Any faults of the fiber links whether before, after, or between optical splitters can be located. The system operation is experimentally demonstrated in a two- staged eight-optical-node CATV distribution network. The degradation of system performance of carrier-to-noise ratio, composite second order, and composite triple beat due to in- service OTDR operation can be neglected. This surveillance system can provide real-time testing, saving the cost of dispatching a technician to perform routine testing and reducing the time taken to identify faults after an outrage occurs.
Combined impact of Raman and EDFA transients on long haul transmission system performance (2007)

The combined impact of SRS and EDFA transients stemming from channel load changes is investigated. It is shown that the maximal power excursion deviates from the linear product of isolated SRS and amplifier gain transients. (2 pages)
Characterization of Models for Time-Dependent Behavior of Soils (2004)

Different classes of constitutive models have been developed to capture the time-dependent viscous phenomena (creep, stress relaxation, and rate effects) observed in soils. Models based on empirical, rheological, and general stress-strain-time concepts have been studied. The first part is a review of the empirical relations, which apply only to problems of specific boundary conditions and frequently involve natural time alone. The second part deals with different rheological models used for describing the viscous effects in the field of solid mechanics. The rheological models are typically developed for metals and steel but are, to some extent, used to characterize time effects in geomaterials. The third part is a review of constitutive laws that describe not only viscous effects but also the inviscid (rate-independent) behavior of soils, in principle, under any possible loading condition. Special attention is paid to elastoviscoplastic models that combine inviscid elastic and time-dependent plastic behavior. Various general elastoviscoplastic models can roughly be divided into two categories: Models based on the concept of overstress and models based on nonstationary flow surface theory. Although general in structure, both have shortcomings when used for modeling of soils.
Genotypic Response of Burley Tobacco (<i>Nicotiana tabacum</i> L.) to Air‐curing Detached Leaves<sup>1</sup> (1973)

Abstract Burley tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) production still requires about 340 hours of labor per acre. Harvesting, barning, and preparing the leaf for market have about as intense labor requirements as 30 years ago. These operations must be mechanized to some degree to maintain production. The major objective of this study was to determine if there is a differential response of diverse burley genotypes when the leaf is cured detached from the stalk, with a view to producing cultivars whose mechanically‐harvested leaf possesses the normal characteristics of burley tobacco. Ten burley tobacco cultivars and breeding lines that differed from each other in plant type were grown in a split‐plot design with genotypes as whole plots and methods of curing as subplots. The methods of curing consisted of conventional air‐curing on the stalk and aircuring leaves that had been detached from the stalk and strung on sticks. Yield and grade index were determined for the cured leaf of each treatment. The leaf web was sampled and analyses for percent total nitrogen, percent α‐amino nitrogen, water‐soluble acids, pH, percent ash, percent K 2 O, percent nicotine, percent nornicotine, and content of citric and malic acids were made. Yield, pH, water soluble acids, percent total nitrogen, and percent α‐amino nitrogen were higher for detached than for stalk‐cured leaves. No significant differences existed between curing methods for percent K 2 O, percent nicotine, or percent nornicotine. Leaves cured detached were lower in percent ash and in grade index than those cured conventionally. Certain genotypes, such as Va 509, produced much more acceptable tobacco from the standpoint of both visual and chemical characteristics than others when the leaves were cured detached. Progress may be expected in breeding for cultivars that produce burley tobacco that is acceptable when it is cured detached from the stalk.
pH-controlled TMAH Etchants For Silicon Micromachining (2005)

The etching characteristics of pH-controlled tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide (TMAH) by dissolving Si or acid have been studied. TMAH with 10 and 22 wt.% at 80/spl deg/C were used as etchants, (NH/sub 4/)/sub 2/,CO/sub 3/ and (NH/sub 4/)HPO/sub 4/ were used as acid. The etching rates of Si and aluminum, the etched surface roughness and the pH were measured. In order to obtain an aluminum etching rate of 0.01/spl mu//min, pH values below 12 for 22 wt. % TMAH and 11.5 for 10 wt.% TMAH were required. Etched surface roughness of less than 5 /spl mu/m and a Si
Recognition of foldback DNA by the human DNA (cytosine-5-) methyltransferase (1992)

In order to specify the recognition requirements of the human DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase, two isomeric 48mers were synthesized so as to link a long block of DNA with a shorter complementary block of DNA through a tether consisting of five thymidine residues. These isomeric foldback molecules, differing only in the location of the 5-methyldeoxycytosine, were shown to be unimolecular, to contain a region of duplex DNA, and to contain a region of single-stranded DNA. When used as substrates for the DNA methyltransferase, only one of the isomers was methylated. A comparison of the structures of the two isomers allows us to begin to define the potential sites of interaction between the enzyme and the three nucleotides forming a structural motif consisting of 5-methyldeoxycytosine, its base-paired deoxyguanosine, and a deoxycytosine 5' to the paired deoxyguanosine.
Investigation of geospatial effects on moisture dynamics in Tezpur (Assam) and Roorkee (Uttarakhand) through isotopes observations (2014)

In the present paper, stable isotope (δ18O) of air moisture is used to investigate geospatial correlation in moisture variability between two stations – Tezpur (Assam) and Roorkee (Uttarakhand). The isotopic composition of air moisture has shown a good correlation in time domain. It was found that the isotopic composition of air moisture in the monsoon period is depleted in comparison to non-monsoon period which opens up a possibility of using isotopes as a tool to track movement of monsoon vapours.
Improved packet loss recovery using late frames for prediction-based speech coders (2003)

The paper presents a method to improve the recovery of a speech decoder after the reception of one or several late frames. Rather than considering a late frame as "lost", we propose to use it in order to update the internal state of the decoder. This limits, and, in some cases, stops, the error propagation caused by the concealment. Evaluation results show that there is much to be gained in a voice over IP environment, where late frames can be used to improve the robustness against jitter without increasing the overall end-to-end delay.
SellTrend: Inter-Attribute Visual Analysis of Temporal Transaction Data (2009)

We present a case study of our experience designing SellTrend, a visualization system for analyzing airline travel purchase requests. The relevant transaction data can be characterized as multi-variate temporal and categorical event sequences, and the chief problem addressed is how to help company analysts identify complex combinations of transaction attributes that contribute to failed purchase requests. SellTrend combines a diverse set of techniques ranging from time series visualization to faceted browsing and historical trend analysis in order to help analysts make sense of the data. We believe that the combination of views and interaction capabilities in SellTrend provides an innovative approach to this problem and to other similar types of multivariate, temporally driven transaction data analysis. Initial feedback from company analysts confirms the utility and benefits of the system.
New Imaging Strategies Using a Motion-Resistant Liver Sequence in Uncooperative Patients (2014)

MR imaging has unique benefits for evaluating the liver because of its high-resolution capability and ability to permit detailed assessment of anatomic lesions. In uncooperative patients, motion artifacts can impair the image quality and lead to the loss of diagnostic information. In this setting, the recent advances in motion-resistant liver MR techniques, including faster imaging protocols (e.g., dual-echo magnetization-prepared rapid-acquisition gradient echo (MP-RAGE), view-sharing technique), the data under-sampling (e.g., gradient recalled echo (GRE) with controlled aliasing in parallel imaging results in higher acceleration (CAIPIRINHA), single-shot echo-train spin-echo (SS-ETSE)), and motion-artifact minimization method (e.g., radial GRE with/without k-space-weighted image contrast (KWIC)), can provide consistent, artifact-free images with adequate image quality and can lead to promising diagnostic performance. Understanding of the different motion-resistant options allows radiologists to adopt the most appropriate technique for their clinical practice and thereby significantly improve patient care.
Design and Prototyping of Autonomous Ball Wheel Mobile Robots (2011)

Mobile robots are platforms that are able to move autonomously. Now a day, their use is increased in different areas like, autonomous vehicles, flexible manufacturing and service environments and lunar explorations. A large number of wheeled or tracked platform mechanisms have been studied and developed to prove their mobility and capability as autonomous robot vehicles (Pin, and Killough, 1994), ( Kim, et al. , 2003), ( Wada, et al. , 2000), (Jung, et al., 2000), (Mori, et al., 1999). For large and heavy outdoor robots, four-wheel car-like driving mechanisms or skid–steer platforms have traditionally been used. These vehicles are quite restricted in their motion ( Jarvis, 1997), particularly when operating in tight environments. In recent years, study of nonholonomic systems has been an area of active research. Nonholonomic systems are characterized by nonintegrable rate constraints resulting from rolling contact or momentum conservation. Nonholonomic behaviors are sometimes introduced on purpose in the design of mechanism, in order to obtain certain characteristics and performances such as those in. One advantage offered by nonholonomic systems is the possibility of controlling a higher number of configurations than the number of actuators actually employed in the system, which is sometimes useful in terms of reducing the system’s weight and cost. The nonholonomic constraints cause complexities in trajectory planning and designing of control algorithms for feedback stability of the vehicle system. It is required that a suitable desired trajectory satisfying the above constraint be designed to control a nonholonomic mobile mechanism ( Fierro & Lewis, 1997). On the other hand, holonomic vehicles have been proposed with several advantages and disadvantages, so that there is introduced a control strategy to avoid a nonholonomic constraint of a wheel to implement a holonomic omnidirectional vehicle ( Asada & Wada, 1998). Holonomic vehicles, also, have some problems in practical applications such as low payload capability, complicated mechanism and limited accuracy of motion ( Ferriere & Raucent, 1998). Several omnidirectional platforms have been known to be realized by developing a specialized wheel or mobile mechanism. From this point of view, such specialized mechanisms suitable for constructing an omnidirectional mobile robot are summarized as following: 1. Steered wheel mechanism (Chung, et al., 2010), ( Wada, et al. , 2000)..