gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Nfatc1 regulation identifies an enhancer required for gene expression that is specific to pro-valve endocardial cells in the developing heart (2005)

Nfatc1 is an endocardial transcription factor required for development of cardiac valves. Herein, we describe identification and characterization of a tissue-specific enhancer in the first intron of murine Nfatc1 that activates a heterogenic promoter and directs gene expression in a subpopulation of endocardial cells of the developing heart: the pro-valve endocardial cells. This enhancer activity begins on embryonic day (E) 8.5 in endocardial cells at the ventricular end of the atrioventricular canal, intensifies and extends from E9.5 to E11.5 in endocardium along the atrioventricular canal and outflow tract. By E12.5, the enhancer activity is accentuated in endocardial cells of forming valves. Sequential deletion analysis identified that a 250 bp DNA fragment at the 3' end of the intron 1 is required for endocardial-specific activity. This region contains two short conserved sequences hosting a cluster of binding sites for transcription factors, including Nfat and Hox proteins. Electrophoresis mobility shift and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated binding of Nfatc1 to the Nfat sites, and inactivation of Nfatc1 downregulated the enhancer activity in pro-valve endocardial cells. By contrast, mutation of the Hox site abolished its specificity, allowing gene expression in non pro-valve endocardium and extracardiac vasculature. Thus, autoregulation of Nfatc1 is required for maintaining high Nfatc1 expression in pro-valve endocardial cells, while suppression through the Hox site prevents its expression outside pro-valve endocardial cells during valve development. Our data demonstrate the first autonomous cell-specific enhancer for pro-valve endocardial cells and delineate a unique transcriptional mechanism that regulates endocardial Nfatc1 expression within developing cardiac valves.
Prophage Induction of Noninducible Coliphage 186 (1974)

Coliphage 186 has been regarded as a member of the noninducible group of coliphages. Evidence that prophage 186 is induced by ultraviolet irradiation or by treatment with nalidixic acid or mitomycin C is now presented. The phage yields were similar to those from lysogens of the inducible phage lambda, and the induction required a recA(+) host. A noninducible mutant of 186 was isolated from its heat-inducible derivative, 186cIts, that was no longer inducible by ultraviolet irradiation but remained heat inducible. That zygotic induction of 186 after transfer from a lysogenic male to a non-lysogenic recipient did not occur is indicated by the following findings: (i) there was only a slight increase in phage titer; (ii) similar levels of recombinants were obtained for markers adjacent or distal to the phage integration site, whether the recipient was lysogenic or not, and there was no effect on the gradient of marker transfer; (iii) lysogenic recombinants were readily found and the co-transfer of 186 with adjacent markers was the same to lysogenic or non-lysogenic recipients. Thus, 186 formed an inducible prophage that did not display zygotic induction. Nevertheless, it shared many properties with the noninducible phage P2 as outlined in the discussion.
Electric-field tuning of the Bragg peak in large-pore<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ti</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>inverse shell opals (2005)

Inverse opals with large connection pores were fabricated by infiltrating sintered polystyrene opal templates using low-temperature atomic layer deposition of $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and subsequently dissolving the polystyrene in toluene. The dielectric lattice, consisting of overlapping air spheres in a $\mathrm{Ti}{\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ matrix, was then infiltrated with nematic liquid crystal, with some samples having received a prior hydrophobic surface treatment. The specular reflectance is shown to depend not only on electric-field amplitude, but also on film structure. In the hydrophobic-treated sample, a $20\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{nm}$ shift of the Bragg peak was observed for an applied electric field of $50\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{kV}∕\mathrm{cm}$.
Dorsal Root Rhizotomy and Avulsion in the Cat: A Comparison of Long Term Effects on Dorsal Horn Neuronal Activity (1984)

We performed an extracellular microelectrode analysis of the neuronal activity of cells located in deeper laminae of dorsal horns that had been deafferented by ipsilateral lumbar dorsal root rhizotomy or avulsion. Special attention was given to those cells that were recorded in preparations that were more than 6 weeks chronic. We compared the results to those obtained in nondenervated controls and in experiments in which the spinal cord was acutely transected at a midthoracic level, but had intact dorsal roots. There was an increase in ipsilateral flank and contralateral input in the chronically deafferented as compared to nondenervated controls. Differences were observed between long term rhizotomized and avulsed dorsal horns. Receptive fields extended on to flank and thoracic dermatomes after rhizotomy, often requiring only light cutaneous stimuli. Receptive fields were more restricted with avulsion injury, generally requiring moderate to strong, superficial or deep pinch. Histological analysis revealed consistent differential damage to the medial portion of Lissauer's tract with avulsion injury and subsequently more gliosis in the substantia gelatinosa. The loss of this propriospinal pathway may explain the lack of receptive field expansion on to the thoracic dermatomes and the stronger natural stimuli that were required. A higher percentage of cells with bilateral and inhibitory receptive fields was found in experiments in which the spinal cord was transected at a midthoracic level than in the controls. Ipsilateral excitatory receptive fields were also expanded as compared with control observations, but were not found on the flank.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Programmable Networks—From Software-Defined Radio to Software-Defined Networking (2015)

Current implementations of Internet systems are very hard to be upgraded. The ossification of existing standards restricts the development of more advanced communication systems. New research initiatives, such as virtualization, software-defined radios, and software-defined networks, allow more flexibility for networks. However, until now, those initiatives have been developed individually. We advocate that the convergence of these overlying and complementary technologies can expand the amount of programmability on the network and support different innovative applications. Hence, this paper surveys the most recent research initiatives on programmable networks. We characterize programmable networks, where programmable devices execute specific code, and the network is separated into three planes: data, control, and management planes. We discuss the modern programmable network architectures, emphasizing their research issues, and, when possible, highlight their practical implementations. We survey the wireless and wired elements on the programmable data plane. Next, on the programmable control plane, we survey the divisor and controller elements. We conclude with final considerations, open issues and future challenges.
The effects of sweep rate, voltage bias and light soaking on the measurement of CIS-based solar cell characteristics (2002)

Recent work by several groups has shown that the efficiency of CuInSe/sub 2/ (CIS) solar cells often increases after light soaking. The authors have found that the voltage sweep rate may also have a large effect on the measured fill factor. This complicates the accurate measurement of the performance of CuInSe/sub 2/ and other I-III-VI/sub 2/ solar cells. Devices would have to be pre-light soaked and tested only under constant illumination with a slow voltage ramp rate to most closely simulate a module in operation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Texture on r-value of Ferritic Stainless Steel Sheets (2011)

The effects of cold rolling texture on the formation of recrystallization texture and the relationship between recrystallization texture and r-value were investigated for sheets of titanium-stabilized extra-high purity Type 436L and Type 409L ferritic stainless steels. The recrystallization texture and average r-value were affected by the cold rolling texture. Annealed sheets with a sharp γ-fiber texture and very high average r-values were obtained from cold-rolled sheets with a strong γ-fiber texture (Type A). On the other hand, the {h,1,1}<1/h,1,2> fiber texture developed from cold-rolled sheets with a strong α-fiber texture (Type C). In terms of the relationship between {111} intensity and the average r-value, chromium content had less effect than the cold rolling texture. The planar anisotropies of r-values and the average r-values of Type 436L and 409L sheets with Type A cold rolling textures agreed well with those calculated from the textures in the center layers by using the relaxed-constraints model and the CRSS ratio τc{211}/τc{110} of 1.1. On the other hand, for the sheets with Type C cold rolling textures and a marked texture gradient, it was necessary to consider the texture gradient in the thickness direction. The texture inhomogeneity by the orientations other than {111} texture affected the relationship between {111} intensity and average r-value.
Goat Cheese Flavor: Sensory Evaluation of Branched‐Chain Fatty Acids and Small Peptides (2002)

ABSTRACT: Small peptides (MW < 1000 g/mol) and volatile fatty acids of goat cheese were studied for their favorite properties. The threshold values of 4‐methyl‐ and 4‐ethyl‐octanoic acids‐responsible for the typical goat note were evaluated at pH 5 for orthonasal aroma in a citrate buffer and for retronasal aroma after incorporation in a cheese model. Though the concentration of the 4‐ethyl‐ was lower than the concentration of the 4‐methyl‐octanoic acid in goat cheese, its relative impact on the typical goat flavor appeared more important because of its much lower threshold value. The small peptides, isolated by nano filtration of the ultrafiltered water‐soluble extract at pH 5, were incorporated in the cheese model. Sensory evaluations with omission tests did not allow us to find any taste activity for this peptidic fraction.
Advances of AKT Pathway in Human Oncogenesis and as a Target for Anti-Cancer Drug Discovery (2008)

AKT (also known as PKB) plays a central role in a variety of cellular processes including cell growth, motility and survival in both normal and tumor cells. The AKT pathway is also instrumental in epithelial mesenchymal transitions (EMT) and angiogenesis during tumorigenesis. AKT functions as a cardinal nodal point for transducing extracellular (growth factors including insulin, IGF-1 and EGF ) and intracellular (such as mutated/activated receptor tyrosine kinases, PTEN, Ras and Src) signals. It is positively regulated by phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and inhibited by phosphatase PTEN. Deregulation of the PI3K/PTEN/AKT pathway is one of the most common altered pathways in human malignancy. In the past few years, significant advances have been made in the understanding of AKT signaling in human oncogenesis and the development of small molecule inhibitor of AKT pathway. Here, we will discuss the regulation and function of AKT as well as targeting AKT for anti-cancer drug discovery.
THE INFLUENCE OF WEATHER ON THE RISK OF PRETERM BIRTH IN A UK POPULATION (2004)

ISEE-472 Introduction: Preterm birth is the leading cause of infant mortality in developed countries and efforts to prevent or reduce its occurrence have been largely ineffective. An association between high temperatures and preterm labour has been reported in the literature. An exploration of the relationship between environmental factors and preterm birth should contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of why preterm births occur. This study investigates any associations between preterm birth and environmental factors, such as air pollution and various meteorological factors. Methods: We conducted a time-series analysis on all singleton births in a northwest London region from 1988 to 2000 (n=494,526). Preterm birth was defined as birth occurring before 37 completed weeks of gestation (i.e., before 259 days). For each year, the daily pattern of preterm birth proportions was examined. The unadjusted relationship between daily proportions of preterm birth and meteorological conditions (rainfall levels, changes in barometric pressure, mean temperature, hours of sunshine, and mean relative humidity) was analysed using broad natural cubic splines. Time-series models incorporating lags and with adjustment for season will be used to identify the possible timing of the effect of meteorological factors on any excesses in daily preterm birth proportions. Results: Overall, there were 30,146/494,562 (6.1%) preterm births in this dataset. A higher proportion of preterm births occurred during the winter months (Dec. to Jan.). This pattern was consistent for all 13 years. Results suggest that the risk of preterm birth decreases with increasing temperature and also with higher amounts of daily sunshine. The risk of preterm birth increased with increasing amounts of daily rainfall and higher humidity. However, these results are likely to reflect the seasonal pattern of preterm birth and further investigation with adjustment for season will be undertaken. Discussion: Initial analysis demonstrates a potential relationship between preterm birth and various climate variables but further analysis will confirm whether or not these associations exist after adjustment for season.
SYNTHESIS OF DIVERSE TRACERS ON EWOD MICRODEVICE FOR POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) (2012)

We demonstrate the synthesis of diverse tracers (sugar, DNA nucleoside, protein labeling compound, and neurotransmitter) using a single electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) chip design with multifunctional electrodes for heating, temperature sensing, and EWOD driving. Furthermore, we present a key advantage of microfluidic chemical synthesis in increasing specific activity (radioactivity per mass of tracer) compared to macroscale synthesis. These are important steps toward more affordable, specific, and universal tracer production for use in positron emission tomography (PET).
The effect of operative ischemia in murine cardiac transplantation: isograft control studies. (1987)

Isograft studies were performed in the murine model of cardiac transplantation to investigate the morphologic effects of operative ischemia. Primarily vascularized CBA mouse hearts were grafted heterotopically into the recipient CBA mouse's abdomen with standard microsurgical techniques. After ischemia times of 30 and 60 minutes, histologic examination showed minimal myocardial damage, with necrosis or scarring occupying less than 5% of the cross-sectional area of hearts bisected from apex to base after grafts had been removed on the seventh day after transplantation. Maximal ischemic damage was seen at 7 days after transplantation after 120 minutes of ischemia, with more than 30% myocardial necrosis or scarring of myocardial tissue. Isografts performed with ischemia times of less than 60 minutes were followed for more than 100 days. All hearts showed a fine, generalized, perimyocytic fibrosis, which was maximal at 28 days after transplantation and did not progress thereafter. These results will serve as important control measures for future studies in this model because ischemic damage must be considered in examining histologic samples from long-surviving cardiac allografts maintained in immunosuppressed recipients.
Characterization of electron beams for modulated electron beam radiotherapy (2002)

A set of clinical electron beams have been characterized in anticipation of their use in modulated electron radiotherapy (MERT). Using the EGS4/BEAM and DOSXYZ simulation codes, a Monte Carlo model of a Varian Clinac 2100C was generated for electron beams of nominal energies of 6, 9, 12, 16, and 20 MeV. Dose calculations using the Monte Carlo generated phase space data demonstrate profile and depth-dose agreement with measured data to within 2% of the maximum dose values. Simulations were then performed using a proposed electron multileaf collimator to examine beam characteristics relevant to MERT. In particular, abutting fields have been constructed and the presence of hot and cold spots due to penumbral mismatches is shown to be significant. The effect of field setup errors is also considered and it is shown that small setup uncertainties of 3 mm may lead to significant hot and cold spots of up to 25%. Furthermore, electron beamlets were shown to differ in penumbras and symmetry based on where they were located in the field. Intensity modulated electron fields were then constructed, demonstrating the ability to create fields with tilted dose profiles using a sequential abutting field method and a dynamic delivery method.
Relative Contribution of Framework and CDR Regions in Antibody Variable Domains to Multimerisation of Fv- and scFv-Containing Bispecific Antibodies (2018)

Bispecific antibodies represent an emerging class of antibody drugs that are commonly generated by fusion of Fv or scFv antigen binding domains to IgG or Fab scaffolds. Fv- or scFv-mediated multimerisation of bispecific antibodies via promiscuous vH-vL pairing can result in sub-optimal monomer levels during expression, and hence, undesirable therapeutic protein yields. We investigate the contribution of disulphide stabilised Fv and scFv to Fab-Fv and Fab-scFv multimerisation. We show that monomer levels of isolated Fv/scFv cannot always be used to predict monomer levels of Fab-linked Fv/scFv, and that Fab-scFv monomer levels are greater than the equivalent Fab-Fv. Through grafting bispecifics with framework/CDR-'swapped' Fv and scFv, we show that monomer levels of disulphide stabilised Fab-Fv and Fab-scFv can be improved by Fv framework 'swapping'. The Fab-Fv and Fab-scFv can be considered representative of the significant number of bispecific antibody formats containing appended Fv/scFv, as we also used Fv framework 'swapping' to increase the monomer level of an IgG-scFv bispecific antibody. This research may, therefore, be useful for maximising the monomeric yield of numerous pharmaceutically-relevant bispecific formats in pre-clinical development.
The <i>S. mansoni</i> glycoprotein ω‐1 induces Foxp3 expression in NOD mouse CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells (2011)

Immunization with Schistosoma mansoni soluble antigen preparations protects non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice against the development of type 1 diabetes. These preparations have long been known to induce Th2 responses in vitro and in vivo. Recently, two separate groups have reported that ω-1, a well-characterized glycoprotein in S. mansoni soluble egg antigens (SEA), which with IL-4 inducing principle of S. mansoni eggs (IPSE/α-1) is one of the two major glycoproteins secreted by live eggs, is a major SEA component responsible for this effect. We found that ω-1 induces Foxp3 as well as IL-4 expression when injected in vivo. We confirmed that ω-1 conditions DCs to drive Th2 responses and further demonstrated that ω-1 induces Foxp3(+) T cells from NOD mouse naïve T cells. In contrast, IPSE/α-1 did not drive Foxp3 responses. The in vitro development of Foxp3-expressing T cells by ω-1 was TGF-β- and retinoic acid-dependent. Our work, therefore, identifies ω-1 as an important factor for the induction of Foxp3(+) T cells by SEA in NOD mice.
Interaction of diphtheria toxin fragment A and of elongation factor 2 with Cibacron blue (1987)

Diphtheria toxin fragment A interacts with Cibacron blue in solution, although it is not retained by blue Sepharose columns. Difference spectral titration of fragment A with the dye gives a dissociation constant of the order of 10(-5) M and a 1:1 stoichiometry for the complex. In equilibrium dialysis experiments Cibacron blue behaves as a competitive inhibitor of the binding of NAD to diphtheria toxin fragment A. The dye inhibits in a non-competitive way the fragment A-catalysed transfer of ADP-ribose from NAD to elongation factor 2 (EF2). By affinity chromatography on blue Sepharose a binding of EF2 and of ADP-ribosyl-EF2 with the dye is also demonstrated. GDP, GTP and GDP(CH2)P are able to displace EF2 from blue Sepharose.
Surface Modifications of Nanoparticles for Stability in Biological Fluids (2018)

Due to the high surface: volume ratio and the extraordinary properties arising from the nanoscale (optical, electric, magnetic, etc.), nanoparticles (NPs) are excellent candidates for multiple applications. In this context, nanoscience is opening a wide range of modern technologies in biological and biomedical fields, among others. However, one of the main drawbacks that still delays its fast evolution and effectiveness is related to the behavior of nanomaterials in the presence of biological fluids. Unfortunately, biological fluids are characterized by high ionic strengths which usually induce NP aggregation. Besides this problem, the high content in biomacromolecules—such as lipids, sugars, nucleic acids and, especially, proteins—also affects NP stability and its viability for some applications due to, for example, the formation of the protein corona around the NPs. Here, we will review the most common strategies to achieve stable NPs dispersions in high ionic strength fluids and, also, antifouling strategies to avoid the protein adsorption.
EFFICIENT SYNTHESIS OF SOME 2-OXASPIRO[3.5]NONA-1-ONES AS ANISATIN MODELS (1985)

Abstract As a model study for the synthesis of anisatin, 2-oxaspiro[3.5]nonane and 5-hydroxy-5-methyl-2-oxaspiro[3.5]nonane were synthesized from methyl cyclohexanecarboxylate and 2-ethoxycarbonylcyclohexanone, respectively, and these oxetanes were submitted to ruthenium tetroxide oxidation to afford the corresponding β-lactones.
Spontaneous Emission and the Concept of Effective Area in a Very Short Optical Cavity with Plane-Parallel Dielectric Mirrors (1991)

Spontaneous emission in a model cavity with very short length and with plane-parallel dielectric mirrors is calculated quantum-mechanically under perturbation approximation. Outgoing modes as well as guided modes are considered. Results on the directivity and the rate of emission into outer space are compared with the estimate by Purcell's method. This leads to the concept of “effective area” of the “cavity mode”, which has a simpie physical interpretation.
Suramin: Here to Stay!? (1993)

Suramin was one of the first chemotherapeutic agents developed with efficacy against a parasitic disease. Originally synthesized in the early 1900s, the drug was extensively used in the 1920s and 1930s. Clinical use waned until in vitro studies showed that suramin could inhibit reverse transcriptase and antagonize the binding of a number of polypeptide growth factor ligands (platelet-derived growth factor, basic fibroblast growth factor, transforming growth factor-p, and epidermal growth factor) with their receptors. Demonstration of antitumor activity in hormone-refractory prostatic cancer, a disease for which there is no effective therapy, generated even more interest in the compound.
Albumin as a sealant for a polyester vascular prosthesis: its impact on the healing sequence in humans. (1996)

The healing of the albumin impregnated prosthesis was poor and the degradation rate of the albumin sealant was significantly delayed, when compared to animal models. This difference in degradation rate could be related to interspecies differences of phagocytic cells enzymatic machinery. Finally, implantation of glutaraldehyde cross-linked albumin in humans is safe, since we observed an aspecific chronic foreign body inflammatory reaction.