gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Variably shaped electron beam lithography system, EB55: I. System design (1981)

The precision electron beam exposure system EB55 has been developed for direct wafer writing of submicron patterns. This paper describes the system architecture, design approach, and system specifications. The system utilizes a variably shaped beam column with a spot size ranging from 0.5 to 5.1 μm square, which is adjustable in 0.02 μm increments. Pattern data, compressed by a pattern data preparation software, is supplied to the high-speed digital control unit, where it is expanded to provide control data at a 320 ns shot rate to an analog unit. The analog unit provides deflection current and voltage to the electrostatic deflection plates and magnetic deflection coils with 0.02 μm resolution. Pattern accuracy is maintained by deflection distortion correction and overlay techniques. The deflection error is measured within 0.02 μm accuracy over a 2.6 mm square field with a mark detector and laser position sensor and corrected by a digital correction unit. Overlay accuracy is assured by registering to fiducial marks on the wafer and measuring wafer deformation to determine field adjustments. The exposure time per wafer is about 41 min with 0.5 μm minimum linewidth and ±0.1 μm overlay accuracy (3σ) using 20 μC/cm2 resist sensitivity and 8×108 shots per wafer. In this case, the writing time, the registration time, and the stage move time are 32, 3, and 6 min, respectively.
The extraction of thallium-201 by the myocardium. (1977)

The concentration of thallium-201 in the myocardium immediately following injection of tracer is the result of both blood flow delivering tracer to the heart and extraction by the myocardium. In these studies, the extraction of thallium-201 by the canine myocardium was determined as a function of heart rate, coronary blood flow, hypoxia, changes in pH, and following administration of propranolol, insulin, and strophanthin. Under basal conditions, extraction fraction measured 88 +/- 2.1%, following pacing to a rate of 195 beats/min extraction fraction remained unchanged at 88.5%. Similar results were found with changes in pH, propranolol, insulin, and strophanthin. Hypoxia caused a significant decrease in extraction fraction to 77.9%. When coronary blood flow was increased in excess of demands by drugs, extraction fraction fell logarithmically.
Surface properties of graft copolymers surfactants: Behavior at the water/toluene interface (1992)

Abstract Poly(propylene oxide‐ b ‐ethylene oxide) (PPOPEO) surfactant has been used as a surface tension modifier. In this study, the graft copolymer made of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) main chain and PPOPEO graft chain behavior at water/toluene interface was observed. Interfacial tension measurements were conducted by dissolving the graft copolymer in toluene at a concentration range 1 wt % −0.0003. The results confirmed the surfactant behavior of graft copolymers, which presented a PMMA/PPOPEO ratio dependence. The critical micellar concentration (CMC) was observed. Above the CMC, the graft copolymers tend to form a monomolecular association that depends upon copolymer molecular weight. © 1992 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Peripheral-Type Benzodiazepine Receptor Function in Cholesterol Transport. Identification of a Putative Cholesterol Recognition/Interaction Amino Acid Sequence and Consensus Pattern<sup>1</sup> (1998)

In steroid-synthesizing cells, like the MA-10 mouse tumor Leydig cells, the peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor (PBR) is an outer mitochondrial membrane protein involved in the regulation of cholesterol transport from the outer to the inner mitochondrial membrane, the rate-determining step in steroid biosynthesis. Expression of PBR in Escherichia coli DE3 cells, which have no PBR, no cholesterol, and do not make steroids, induced the ability to take up cholesterol in a time-dependent, temperature-sensitive, and energy-independent manner. These cells took up no other steroids tested. Addition of the high affinity PBR ligand PK 11195 to cholesterol-loaded membranes, obtained from cells transfected with PBR, resulted in the release of the uptaken cholesterol. Expression in DE3 cells of mutant PBRs demonstrated that deletions in the cytoplasmic carboxy-terminus dramatically reduced the cholesterol uptake function of PBR, although it retained full capacity to bind PK 11195. Site-directed mutagenesis in the carboxy-terminal region of PBR demonstrated that bacteria expressing the mutant PBR proteins PBR(Y153S) and PBR(R156L) do not accumulate cholesterol, suggesting that amino acids Y153 and R156 are involved in the interaction of the receptor with cholesterol. Considering these results, we postulate the existence of a common cholesterol recognition/interaction amino acid consensus pattern (-L/V-(X)(1-5)-Y-(X)(1-5)-R/K-). Indeed, we found this amino acid consensus pattern in all proteins shown to interact with cholesterol. In conclusion, these data suggest that the expression of PBR confers the ability to take up and release, upon ligand activation, cholesterol. Considering the widespread occurrence of this protein and its tissue and cell specific subcellular localization, these results suggest a more general role of PBR in intracellular cholesterol transport and compartmentalization.
396. Preparation of germane. Part I. Reaction between lithium aluminium hydride and germanium tetrachloride (1959)

E. D. Macklen, J. Chem. Soc., 1959, 1984 DOI: 10.1039/JR9590001984
A Discriminative Framework for Modelling Object Classes (2005)

Here we explore a discriminative learning method on underlying generative models for the purpose of discriminating between object categories. Visual recognition algorithms learn models from a set of training examples. Generative models learn their representations by considering data from a single class. Generative models are popular in computer vision for many reasons, including their ability to elegantly incorporate prior knowledge and to handle correspondences between object parts and detected features. However, generative models are often inferior to discriminative models during classification tasks. We study a discriminative approach to learning object categories which maintains the representational power of generative learning, but trains the generative models in a discriminative manner. The discriminatively trained models perform better during classification tasks as a result of selecting discriminative sets of features. We conclude by proposing a multi-class object recognition system which initially trains object classes in a generative manner, identifies subsets of similar classes with high confusion, and finally trains models for these subsets in a discriminative manner to realize gains in classification performance.
Repurposing with a Difference (2009)

Consumer activism, genetic information, and social networking technologies are creating many opportunities for drug repurposing.
RD Collaboration Proposal: Development of pixel readout integrated circuits for extreme rate and radiation (2013)

This proposal describes a new RD collaboration to develop the next genrration of hybrid pixel readout chips for use in ATLAS and CMS PHase 2 upgrades. extrapolation of hybrid pixel technology to the HL-LHC presents major challenges on several fronts. Challenges include: smaller pixels to resolve tracks in boosted jets, much higher hit rates (1-2 GHz/cm2 ), unprecedented radiation tolerance (10 MGy), much higher output bandwidth, and large IC format with low power consumption in order to instrument large areas while keeping the material budget low. This collaboration is specifically focused on design of hybrid pixel readout chips, and not on more general chip design or on other aspects of hybrid pixel technology. Participants include 7 institutes on ATLAS and 7 on CMS, plus 2 on both experiments.
Flat surface-plasmon-polariton bands and resonant optical absorption on short-pitch metal gratings (1999)

The dispersion curves of surface plasmon polaritons (SPP's) on short-pitch metal gratings consisting of an array of narrow Gaussian grooves are calculated. Very flat SPP bands (large band gaps) are observed in the frequency region where the electromagnetic wavelength is much larger than the grating pitch and grating depth. These flat SPP bands originate from the coupled SPP modes localized in the narrow grating grooves. The interaction between SPP modes and free radiation broadens the SPP modes inside the light line and also leads to strong anticrossings wherever the flat SPP bands cross the light line. Excitation of the SPP modes on these zero-order gratings by incident electromagnetic radiation may result in strong resonant absorption. The line shape of the resonant absorption is explained in terms of the radiative broadening and thermal broadening of the SPP modes.
Chronobiology: biological timekeeping (2004)

1. Overview of Biological Timing from Unicells to Humans 2. The Behavioral Ecology and Evolution of Biological Timing Systems 3. Fundamental Properties of Circadian Rhythms 4. Circannual Rhythms and Photoperiodism 5. Functional Organization of Circadian Systems in Multicellular Animals 6. Cell Physiology of Circadian Timing Systems In Metazoan Animals 7. Molecular Biology of Circadian Pacemaker Systems 8. Adapting to Life on a Rotating World at the Gene Expression Level 9. Human Circadian Organization 10. The Relevance of Circadian Rhythms for Human Welfare 11. Looking Forward Glossary Species List
Synthetic human parathyroid hormone 1-34 vs calcitriol and calcium in the treatment of hypoparathyroidism. (1996)

To test the hypothesis that treatment with human parathyroid hormone 1-34 (PTH 1-34) can maintain normal serum calcium without hypercalciuria in patients with hypoparathyroidism.Randomized crossover trial lasting 20 weeks. Each 10-week arm consisted of a 2-week inpatient dose-adjustment phase followed by an 8-week outpatient phase.Tertiary care center.A total of 10 patients with hypoparathyroidism were enrolled consecutively over a 15-month period. Half of the patients were prior National Institutes of Health patients, and the other 5 patients were referred from outside physicians.A dose of PTH 1-34 was administered each morning by subcutaneous injection. Calcitriol was given orally twice daily with supplemental calcium carbonate.Serum and urine calcium and phosphorus levels.Once-daily treatment with PTH 1-34 maintained serum calcium in the normal range with decreased urine calcium excretion (P<.05 at 2 weeks and P<.Ol at 10 weeks) compared with calcitriol treatment. Biochemical markers of bone turnover increased significantly (P<.Ol at 10 weeks) during PTH 1-34 treatment.Treatment of hypoparathyroidism with PTH 1-34 reduces urine calcium excretion compared with treatment with calcitriol and calcium.
Measurements of the giant dipole resonance with monoenergetic photons (1975)

Photoneutron cross-section data obtained with monoenergetic photon beams are presented, many of them in graphical form in a uniform format. Tables of values for quantities derived directly from the data, such as integrated cross sections, and for quantities derived indirectly from the data, such as parameters of Lorentz curves fitted to the data, are presented as well. Average properties of the giant dipole resonance obtained from the data are compared with theory, as are more general nuclear quantities, such as symmetry energies, deformations, and level-density parameters. Structure in the cross sections and various other special topics are discussed, and a survey and a critique of the experimental techniques used to obtain the data are included.
A New IRIS Normalization Process For Recognition System With Cryptographic Techniques (2011)

Biometric technologies are the foundation of personal identification systems. It provides an identification based on a unique feature possessed by the individual. This paper provides a walkthrough for image acquisition, segmentation, normalization, feature extraction and matching based on the Human Iris imaging. A Canny Edge Detection scheme and a Circular Hough Transform, is used to detect the iris boundaries in the eye's digital image. The extracted IRIS region was normalized by using Image Registration technique. A phase correlation base method is used for this iris image registration purpose. The features of the iris region is encoded by convolving the normalized iris region with 2D Gabor filter. Hamming distance measurement is used to compare the quantized vectors and authenticate the users. To improve the security, Reed-Solomon technique is employed directly to encrypt and decrypt the data. Experimental results show that our system is quite effective and provides encouraging performance. Keywords: Biometric, Iris Recognition, Phase correlation, cryptography, Reed-Solomon
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Lack Tumor Tropism but Enhance the Antitumor Activity of Oncolytic Adenoviruses in Orthotopic Lung and Breast Tumors (2007)

Systemic adenoviral delivery into tumors is inefficient because of liver sequestration of intravenously administered virus. One potential solution for improving bioavailability is the use of carrier cells such as human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which have been suggested to have inherent tumor tropism. Here we investigated the capacity of capsid-modified adenoviruses to infect and replicate in MSCs. Further, biodistribution and tumor-killing efficacy of MSCs loaded with oncolytic adenoviruses were evaluated in orthotopic murine models of lung and breast cancer. In vitro, heparan sulfate proteoglycan- and alpha(v)beta integrin-targeted viruses enhanced gene delivery to bone marrow- and adipose tissue-derived MSCs up to 11,000-fold over adenovirus serotype 5 (Ad5). Infectivity-enhanced oncolytic adenoviruses showed notably higher rates of cytolysis of in vitro-passaged MSCs in comparison with wild-type virus. In vivo, intravenously injected MSCs homed primarily to the lungs, and virus was released into advanced orthotopic breast and lung tumors for therapeutic efficacy and increased survival. When the same dose of virus was injected intravenously without MSCs, only transduction of the liver was seen. These results suggest that MSCs loaded with oncolytic adenoviruses might be a useful approach for improving the bioavailability of systemically administered oncolytic adenoviruses.
Isolation of Mycoplasmas from Clinically Healthy Adult Breeding Geese in Germany (1994)

Cloacal swabs from adult breeding geese of both sexes from six separate farms were culturally examined for mycoplasmas. Geese from these flocks did not show any clinical signs of illness, increased mortality or drop in egg production during the reproductive season. The results revealed the presence of mycoplasmas in all the flocks tested. Mycoplasma (M.) cloacale was found in 6 flocks, M. anseris in 4 flocks, Mycoplasma species 1220 in 3 flocks and non-identifiable Mycoplasmas in 2 flocks. More than one Mycoplasma species was simultaneously isolated from 14 out of 37 geese.
Poly(lactide-co-glycolide)/Hydroxyapatite Porous Scaffold with Microchannels for Bone Regeneration (2016)

Mass transfer restrictions of scaffolds are currently hindering the development of three-dimensional (3D), clinically viable, and tissue-engineered constructs. For this situation, a 3D poly(lactide-<i>co</i>-glycolide)/hydroxyapatite porous scaffold, which was very favorable for the transfer of nutrients to and waste products from the cells in the pores, was developed in this study. The 3D scaffold had an innovative structure, including macropores with diameters of 300⁻450 μm for cell ingrowth and microchannels with diameters of 2⁻4 μm for nutrition and waste exchange. The mechanical strength in wet state was strong enough to offer structural support. The typical structure was more beneficial for the attachment, proliferation, and differentiation of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMSCs). The alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and calcium (Ca) deposition were evaluated on the differentiation of rBMSCs, and the results indicated that the microchannel structure was very favorable for differentiating rBMSCs into maturing osteoblasts. For repairing rabbit radius defects <i>in vivo</i>, there was rapid healing in the defects treated with the 3D porous scaffold with microchannels, where the bridging by a large bony callus was observed at 12 weeks post-surgery. Based on the results, the 3D porous scaffold with microchannels was a promising candidate for bone defect repair.
Synthesis of novel BINOL-derived chiral bisphosphorus ligands and their application in catalytic asymmetric hydrogenation (2002)

Some novel ortho-substituted BINOL-derived bisphosphorous ligands (o-BINAPO and o-NAPHOS) were synthesis from readily available (S)-BINOL; these ligands showed excellent enantioselectivities (up to 99% ee) in Rh(I)-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of functionalized olefins.
Resistance to leptin-replacement therapy in Berardinelli–Seip congenital lipodystrophy: an immunological origin (2010)

Under leptin therapy, patients with BSCL may develop a resistance to leptin, which could be partly of immunological origin, blunting the previously reported beneficial effects.
Spinal Bone Mineral Determination Using Automated Contour Detection: Application To Single And Dual Energy CT (1985)

The measurement of spinal bone mineral content has been achieved by using automated contour detection on CT images. The method reproducibly provides a definition of the cortical area and calibrates a region of interest over essentially the whole spongeous bone. The algorithm can be used in single and dual energy CT studies. In single energy examinations the analyses employ a correction procedure based upon the method introduced by Cann and Genant. The procedures were tested on 40 randomly selected vertebral images.
Catalytic Amplification of Patterning via Surface-Confined Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization on Mixed Primer Layers Formed by Contact Printing (2003)

Thin films of polymers synthesized from strained olefins were formed on Si(100) via ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) initiated by a Ru−alkylidene catalyst bound to the surface by means of the alkylidene ligands. Specifically, a mixture of 7-octenyltrichlorosilane (3) and octyltrichlorosilane (4) was deposited onto Si/SiO2 surfaces via contact printing, and this assembly was subsequently treated with RuCl2(PCy3)2(CHPh) (1). The resulting surface-tethered Ru alkylidene complex reacts with norbornene derivatives to give thin polymer films. The growth of the polymer film, as monitored by ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and atomic force microscopy (AFM), is strongly influenced by the initial concentration of the catalyst at the surface and by the monomer reactivity. The catalyst concentration at the Si/SiO2 surface was controlled by adjusting the relative ratio of 3 and 4 in the “primer” used in the contact-printing step. These studies revealed that the success of the catalytic amplification step required that the linker be present on the surface in very low coverage. The optimal concentration of 3 in the mixed primer was 20−40% with a total mass coverage of the mixed self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of approximately one-third that of a full monolayer coverage. Possible causes of the inefficient polymerization at high coverages of 3 are discussed; a leading candidate is that the catalytic Ru centers are deactivated by reactions with neighboring olefinic linker sites or with other Ru centers. In a representative class of polymerization, reticulated films of poly(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene-5-carboxylate) (5) with an average thickness of ∼100 Å were obtained after ∼3 h of reaction at room temperature. The polymerization can be completely described by a rate law involving coupled step-growth and competing unimolecular termination reactions. The polymerization process can be used to amplify catalytically (that is, to increase the mass coverages of) latent images present in SAMs that have been patterned via microcontact printing (μCP). To do so, a patterned resist SAM of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) was deposited first via μCP. A second SAM based on the mixed phase of 3 and 4 was then orthogonally assembled in a self-registering printing step carried out using an unpatterned poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) stamp. Activation of this composite SAM via a treatment first with 1 and then with 5 resulted in an additive deposition of the polymer pattern.
Leukemic HRX Fusion Proteins Inhibit GADD34-Induced Apoptosis and Associate with the GADD34 and hSNF5/INI1 Proteins (1999)

One of the most common chromosomal abnormalities in acute leukemia is a reciprocal translocation involving the HRX gene (also called MLL, ALL-1, or HTRX) at chromosomal locus 11q23, resulting in the formation of HRX fusion proteins. Using the yeast two-hybrid system and human cell culture coimmunoprecipitation experiments, we show here that HRX proteins interact directly with the GADD34 protein. We have found that transfected cells overexpressing GADD34 display a significant increase in apoptosis after treatment with ionizing radiation, indicating that GADD34 expression not only correlates with apoptosis but also can enhance apoptosis. The amino-terminal third of the GADD34 protein was necessary for this observed increase in apoptosis. Furthermore, coexpression of three different HRX fusion proteins (HRX-ENL, HRX-AF9, and HRX-ELL) had an anti-apoptotic effect, abrogating GADD34-induced apoptosis. In contrast, expression of wild-type HRX gave rise to an increase in apoptosis. The difference observed here between wild-type HRX and the leukemic HRX fusion proteins suggests that inhibition of GADD34-mediated apoptosis may be important to leukemogenesis. We also show here that GADD34 binds the human SNF5/INI1 protein, a member of the SNF/SWI complex that can remodel chromatin and activate transcription. These studies demonstrate, for the first time, a gain of function for leukemic HRX fusion proteins compared to wild-type protein. We propose that the role of HRX fusion proteins as negative regulators of post-DNA-damage-induced apoptosis is important to leukemia progression.
Effects of human γ interferon on cell growth, replication of virus and induction of 2′‐5′oligoadenylate synthetase in three human lymphoblastoid cell lines and K562 cells (1982)

Human alpha interferon (IFN-alpha) and beta interferon (IFN-beta) showed antiviral and anticellular effects on human lymphoblastoid Daudi and P3HR-1 cells, but up to 1,000 units/ ml of gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) showed no such effect. Though a fairly high level of dsRNA-dependent 2'-5'-oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5A synthetase) was found in Daudi cells, treatment of these cells with IFN-alpha and beta enhanced the enzyme level in cells at least four-fold, but IFN-gamma did not show any such effect. Lymphoblastoid Raji cells were insensitive to the antiviral and anticellular activities of IFN-alpha, beta and gamma, but 2-5A synthetase was induced in cells by the treatment with IFN-alpha and beta, though the enzyme level was lower than that found in interferon-treated Daudi cells. Human leukemic K562 cells were completely insensitive to IFN-alpha, beta and at the same time to IFN-gamma with regard to the antiviral, anticellular activities and to the induction of 2-5A synthetase.
3-phase voltage sourced reversible rectifier (1988)

A voltage sourced reversible rectifier (VSRR) which achieves bidirectional power flow between a 3-phase AC supply and a DC bus voltage is described. The device features a pulse width modulated voltage control strategy that confines unwanted harmonics to known frequency bands where they can be easily filtered out while operating at near unity power factor, with sinusoidal currents, and maintaining a constant DC bus voltage. The paper considers both the steady state and transient response of such a device, and develops mathematical models to describe its performance under both analogue and digital control. Experimental results obtained with a micro processor controlled prototype VSRR are present ed and compared with theoretical predictions.