gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Network Aggregation of CNTs at the Surface of Epoxy/MWCNT Composite Exposed to UV Radiation | NIST (2009)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are increasingly incorporated in polymers to enhance their mechanical and electrical properties. However, organic polymers are prone to degrade when exposed to UV radiation. Therefore, CNTs in a polymer nanocomposite could eventually be released into the environment during their life cycle, which might have a negative impact on the environment and thus presents a roadblock to their use. This study investigates the degradation of an amine-cured epoxy/multi-walled CNT (MWCNTs) composite and characterizes the CNT concentration at the nanocomposite surfaces during exposure to UV radiation. An amine-cured diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A epoxy and MWCNTs pre-dispersed in the epoxy resin were used as the polymer matrix and CNT, respectively. Epoxy/MWCNT composites having a thickness of approximately 125 μm were exposed to 75 % RH, 50 o C, and UV radiation between 290 nm and 400 nm in a NIST-developed UV chamber. Chemical degradation, mass loss, and surface morphology were measured at specified exposure time using FTIR, gravimetry, SEM, and AFM techniques. Results show that the epoxy matrix in the nanocomposite containing 0.72 % (by mass) MWCNTs undergoes rapid photodegradation, resulting in a large concentration increase and network aggregation of MWCNT at the nanocomposite surface with exposure time.
Stimulation of Endorphin Neurotransmission in the Nucleus Accumbens by Ethanol, Cocaine, and Amphetamine (2001)

Numerous studies have demonstrated that drugs of abuse activate the mesolimbic dopamine reward pathway, and it is widely held that this activation contributes to the motivational and positive reinforcing properties of these substances. However, there is evidence that endogenous opioid systems within this brain reward circuit also play a role in drug reinforcement and drug-seeking behavior. Using microdialysis in freely moving rats, we sought to determine whether various drugs of abuse (i.e., ethanol, cocaine, d-amphetamine, and nicotine) would increase neurotransmission of endogenous opioid peptides (i.e., endorphins) in the nucleus accumbens. Drugs were administered intraperitoneally twice at 3 h intervals, and the endorphin content of microdialysates was analyzed by a solid-phase radioimmunoassay. Acute administration of ethanol, cocaine, and d-amphetamine transiently elevated extracellular levels of endorphins in the nucleus accumbens, whereas nicotine and saline were without effect. We hypothesize that this drug-induced release of endorphins may contribute to the positive reinforcing and motivating properties of ethanol and psychostimulants.
Effect of HIF1α on Foxp3 expression in CD4<sup>+</sup>CD25<sup>−</sup> T lymphocytes (2014)

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of HIF1α on Foxp3 expression in CD4(+) CD25(-) T lymphocytes. CD4(+) CD25(-) T lymphocytes were sorted from PBMC using a CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T cell isolation kit. Lentivirus containing lentiviral vector that overexpressed HIF1α (HIF-lenti) and those containing empty expression vector (control-lenti) were produced. Meanwhile, lentivirus that contained lentiviral vector that suppressed HIF1α expression (siHIF-lenti) and those containing control vector (sicontrol-lenti) were also generated. The sorted CD4(+) CD25(-) T lymphocytes were infected with HIF-lenti, control-lenti, siHIF-lenti, and sicontrol-lenti, respectively. Approximately 72 hr after transduction, real-time PCR and Western blot were carried out to analyze the RNA and protein expression level of HIF1α and Foxp3. CD4(+) CD25(-) T lymphocytes cultured under 21% O2 , 5% CO2 (normoxia) and 1% O2 , 5% CO2 (hypoxia) were used as control. Our results showed that overexpression of HIF1α increased both mRNA and protein expression of Foxp3 and, meanwhile, suppression of HIF1α expression by RNAi could reverse high Foxp3 expression in CD4(+) CD25(-) T lymphocytes caused by hypoxic culture. These results suggested that hypoxia could stimulate Foxp3 expression by increasing HIF1α expression in CD4(+) T lymphocytes which may promote CD4(+) T lymphocytes to convert to Treg.
A Generalized Growing and Pruning RBF (GGAP-RBF) Neural Network for Function Approximation (2005)

This paper presents a new sequential learning algorithm for radial basis function (RBF) networks referred to as generalized growing and pruning algorithm for RBF (GGAP-RBF). The paper first introduces the concept of significance for the hidden neurons and then uses it in the learning algorithm to realize parsimonious networks. The growing and pruning strategy of GGAP-RBF is based on linking the required learning accuracy with the significance of the nearest or intentionally added new neuron. Significance of a neuron is a measure of the average information content of that neuron. The GGAP-RBF algorithm can be used for any arbitrary sampling density for training samples and is derived from a rigorous statistical point of view. Simulation results for bench mark problems in the function approximation area show that the GGAP-RBF outperforms several other sequential learning algorithms in terms of learning speed, network size and generalization performance regardless of the sampling density function of the training data.
Numerical Analysis on Thermal Tuning Efficiency and Thermal Stress of a Thermally Tunable SG-DBR Laser (2016)

Thermally tunable sampled grating distributed Bragg reflector (SG-DBR) lasers are very attractive for applications of optical coherent systems, where light sources with narrow linewidth are key requirements. In this paper, we focus on the thermal tuning efficiency and the thermal stress field of such lasers. The influence of a thermal isolation (air trench) design on the tuning efficiency of the laser is analyzed by using a thermal model based on the finite-element method (FEM) at first. The thermal tuning efficiency is found to be tenfold improved if the air trench is used. Influences of the air trench geometry configurations on temperature and thermal stress field are then examined in detail. Simulation results indicate that the most dangerous positions that can crack always appear at the output port and the corner of the air trench structure contact with the n-InP layer. The air trench geometry configuration of an SG-DBR laser is finally optimized (with a width of 70 μm and a thickness of 1 μm) to ensure the reliability and the quasi-continuous wavelength tuning range of the device at the same time. With the optimized design, by using a developed temperature-dependent transfer matrix method-based optical model, optical output characteristics of the thermally tunable SG-DBR laser are demonstrated, including the output wavelength for the tuning range (1525-1585 nm covering C band) and the linewidth for all the channels (several tens to several hundreds of kilohertz). The simulated results have been found to be in good agreement with the experimental measurements previously reported, which are helpful to the thermal management and the design optimization of such devices.
Trans replication and high copy numbers of wheat dwarf virus vectors in maize cells (1992)

The replication of shuttle vectors derived from Wheat Dwarf Virus, a monopartite geminivirus, was studied in cultured maize endosperm cells, and in the Black Mexican Sweet (BMS) maize cell line. Using in vivo labeling and DNA methylation analysis, we showed that replication was initiated within 24 hrs after transfection, and did not require cell division in both cell lines. Copy numbers of 30,000 ds DNA molecules per cell were observed in endosperm cells after three days. The replication protein was shown to act in trans, since the wild type gene of the shuttle vector enabled replication-deficient vectors carrying mutated genes to replicate. These properties suggest that WDV may have similar applications in plants as SV40 in mammalian cells.
The Rochester checkers player: multimodel parallel programming for animate vision (1992)

It is maintained that to exploit fully the parallelism inherent in animate vision systems, an integrated vision architecture must support multiple models of parallelism. To support this claim, the hardware base of a typical animate vision laboratory and the software requirements of applications are described. A brief overview is then given of the Psyche operating system, which was designed to support multimodel programming. A complex animate vision application, checkers, constructed as a multimodel program under Psyche, is also described. Checkers demonstrates the advantages of decomposing animate vision systems by function and independently selecting an appropriate parallel-programming model for each function.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MALARIA AND ITS CONTROL: Present Situation and Future Prospects (1987)

The global program of malaria eradication coordinated and supported by the World Health Organization (WHO) since 1957 has been successful in most of the countries in the temperate climate zones of the globe. However, by the end of the 1960s it became evident that technical problems, such as resistance of mosquito vectors to insecticides and resistance of malaria parasites to drugs, presented serious obstacles to the pursuit of eradication programs in many tropical countries. Moreover, the administrative and financial difficulties of the developing countries were such that a revised strategy of antimalaria campaigns became necessary. In 1969 the World Health Organization recommended that although eradication of malaria should remain an ultimate goal, in countries where eradication does not appear to be feasible, malaria control operations may form a transitional stage. All effective methods of attack on the parasite and on the Anopheles vector should be employed according to epidemiological conditions of the area involved and in relation to their technical and logistic feasibility. Nevertheless, during the past decade the malaria situation has deteriorated in several countries, especially in southern and southeast Asia and some parts of Latin America. There has been no improvement in the highly endemic countries of tropical Africa. Since 1978 the concept of primary health care has been widely adopted, and antimalaria activities have become essential components of national health systems in many developing tropical countries. Malaria control within the orbit of primary health care aims first at the reduction of morbidity and mortality from malaria, although the decrease of the prevalence of this infection should also be an objective, whenever possible. This selective approach, based largely on chemotherapy, has been successful in a few countries, but in other areas the degree of integration of antimalaria activities with the primary health care system is less effective. Patterns of such integration depend on different epidemiological, socioeconomic, cultural, and other factors. Malaria control within the framework of primary health care demands full commitment by the government concerned, constant support of the community, and a close cooperation with all other sectors of the health system. Training of national professional and auxiliary staff and health education of the community are equally important.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Preparation and properties of a drug‐carrier‐antibody conjugate showing selective antibody‐directed cytotoxicity <i>in vitro</i> (1983)

The preparation and properties of a drug-carrier-antibody preparation are reported. The antifolate chemotherapeutic agent methotrexate was covalently coupled to human serum albumin as a carrier. The carrier-drug preparation was then chemically linked to a monoclonal antibody, raised originally against a human osteogenic sarcoma cell line, 791T, in a manner permitting retention of antibody-binding activity. The cytotoxic properties of the conjugate were tested in vitro in comparison with carrier-methotrexate and free methotrexate against a panel of tumour cell lines containing both antigenically cross-reactive cell lines and cell lines having low antigenic cross-reactivity with the monoclonal antibody. The cytotoxicity tests demonstrated that coupling of methotrexate to carrier caused a loss of some drug activity but that coupling of the antibody to the carrier-drug preparation permitted full expression of drug cytotoxicity against antibody-reactive cell lines. It was further demonstrated that the conjugate was selective in its action and was preferentially cytotoxic towards antibody-reactive cell types. The cytotoxicity against antibody-reactive cell lines was shown by competitive inhibition by free antibody to be entirely dependent on antibody binding. A clonogenic assay showed that the conjugate was capable of killing greater than 99% of 791T target cells. These results indicate that a drug-carrier antibody conjugate can be synthesized which has all the in vitro properties theoretically necessary for a successful antibody-targeted cytotoxic agent.
Beta Camera Low Activity Tumor Imaging (1993)

A new technique, the beta camera, to complement film autoradiography, with fast quantitative imaging of beta particle-emitting radionuclides has been developed. It consists of a thin plastic scintillator and a light-sensitive microchannel plate detector. The thin tissue sample is mounted on the scintillator. Our first system had a high background and a moderate spatial resolution of 900 microns. We now report an improved system with a photomultiplier tube mounted on the scintillator of the microchannel plate detector. Only events registered by both detectors are accepted. A fast coincidence unit processes the signals, and if a time overlap exists, an event is generated in the beta camera. In the coincidence mode, images with low activity distribution of 201Tl (count rate 1 s-1) in 50 microns-thick slices of a human glioma tumor could be recorded with a spatial resolution of 500 microns.
Multiple query optimization with Depth-First Branch-and-Bound and dynamic query ordering (1993)

Ahmet Cosar, Ee-Peng Lim, Jaideep SrivastavaDepartmentof Computer ScienceUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolis, MN 55455AbstractIn certain database applications such as deductivedatabases, batch query processing, and recursive queryprocessing etc., a single query can be transformed into aset ofclosely related database queries. Great benefits canbe obtained by executing a group of related queries all to-gether in a single unijied multi-plan instead of executingeach query separately. In order to achieve this, MultipleQuery Optimization (MQO) identifies common task(s)(e.g. common subezpressions, joins, etc.) among a setof query plans and creates a single unified plan (multi-plan) which can be executed to obtain the required out-puts forall queries at once. In this paper, anew heuris-tic function (f=), dynamic query ordering heuristics,and Depth-First Branch-and-Bound (DFBB) are de-jined and experimentally evaluated, and compared withexisting methods which use A* and static query order-ing. Our experiments show that all three of f., DFBB,and dynamic query ordering help to improve the perfor-mance of our h4Q0 algorithm.1 IntroductionThe objective of multiple query optimization (MQO)is to exploit the benefits of sharing common tasks inthe access plans for a group of queries. In certaindatabase applications, e.g. deductive query processing,batch query processing and recursive query processing,often a group of queries are submitted together to theDBMS for execution. The traditional approach of pro-cessing queries one at a time will be inefficient espe-cially when there is a high number of queries sharingPermission to copy without fee all or part of this materisi isgmnted provided that the copies m. not mad. or distributed fordirect commercial advantage, tha ACM copyright notica and thatitla of tha publication and ita data appaar, and
Real-time Imaging of Leukotriene B<sub>4</sub> Mediated Cell Migration and BLT1 Interactions with &beta;-arrestin (2010)

G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) belong to the seven transmembrane protein family and mediate the transduction of extracellular signals to intracellular responses. GPCRs control diverse biological functions such as chemotaxis, intracellular calcium release, gene regulation in a ligand dependent manner via heterotrimeric G-proteins(1-2). Ligand binding induces a series of conformational changes leading to activation of heterotrimeric G-proteins that modulate levels of second messengers such as cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP), inositol triphosphate (IP3) and diacyl glycerol (DG). Concomitant with activation of the receptor ligand binding also initiates a series of events to attenuate the receptor signaling via desensitization, sequestration and/or internalization. The desensitization process of GPCRs occurs via receptor phosphorylation by G-protein receptor kinases (GRKs) and subsequent binding of β-arrestins(3). β-arrestins are cytosolic proteins and translocate to membrane upon GPCR activation, binding to phosphorylated receptors (most cases) there by facilitating receptor internalization (4-6). Leukotriene B(4;) (LTB(4;)) is a pro-inflammatory lipid molecule derived from arachidonic acid pathway and mediates its actions via GPCRs, LTB(4;) receptor 1 (BLT1; a high affinity receptor) and LTB(4;) receptor 2 (BLT2; a low affinity receptor)(7-9). The LTB(4;)-BLT1 pathway has been shown to be critical in several inflammatory diseases including, asthma, arthritis and atherosclerosis(10-17). The current paper describes the methodologies developed to monitor LTB(4;)-induced leukocyte migration and the interactions of BLT1 with β-arrestin and , receptor translocation in live cells using microscopy imaging techniques(18-19). Bone marrow derived dendritic cells from C57BL/6 mice were isolated and cultured as previously described (20-21). These cells were tested in live cell imaging methods to demonstrate LTB(4;) induced cell migration. The human BLT1 was tagged with red fluorescent protein (BLT1-RFP) at C-terminus and β-arrestin1 tagged with green fluorescent protein (β-arr-GFP) and transfected the both plasmids into Rat Basophilic Leukomia (RBL-2H3) cell lines(18-19). The kinetics of interaction between these proteins and localization were monitored using live cell video microscopy. The methodologies in the current paper describe the use of microscopic techniques to investigate the functional responses of G-protein coupled receptors in live cells. The current paper also describes the use of Metamorph software to quantify the fluorescence intensities to determine the kinetics of receptor and cytosolic protein interactions.
Deep Supervised t-Distributed Embedding (2010)

Deep learning has been successfully applied to perform non-linear embedding. In this paper, we present supervised embedding techniques that use a deep network to collapse classes. The network is pre-trained using a stack of RBMs, and finetuned using approaches that try to collapse classes. The finetuning is inspired by ideas from NCA, but it uses a Student t-distribution to model the similarities of data points belonging to the same class in the embedding. We investigate two types of objective functions: deep t-distributed MCML (dt-MCML) and deep t-distributed NCA (dt-NCA). Our experiments on two handwritten digit data sets reveal the strong performance of dt-MCML in supervised parametric data visualization, whereas dt-NCA outperforms alternative techniques when embeddings with more than two or three dimensions are constructed, e.g., to obtain good classification performances. Overall, our results demonstrate the advantage of using a deep architecture and a heavy-tailed t-distribution for measuring pairwise similarities in supervised embedding.
The Nonkinase Phorbol Ester Receptor α1-Chimerin Binds the NMDA Receptor NR2A Subunit and Regulates Dendritic Spine Density (2005)

Abnormalities in dendritic spines have long been associated with cognitive dysfunction and neurodevelopmental delay, whereas rapid changes in spine shape underlie synaptic plasticity. The key regulators of cytoskeletal reorganization in dendrites and spines are the Rho GTPases, which modify actin polymerization in response to synaptic signaling. Rho GTPase activity is modulated by multiple regulatory proteins, some of which have been found to associate with proteins localized to spines. Here, we show that the nonkinase phorbol ester receptor alpha1-chimerin is present in dendrites and spines, where it binds to the NMDA receptor NR2A subunit in a phorbol ester-dependent manner. Alpha1-chimerin contains a GTPase activating (GAP) domain, with activity toward the Rho family member Rac1. Overexpression of alpha1-chimerin in cultured hippocampal neurons inhibits formation of new spines and removes existing spines. This reduction in spine density is mediated by Rac1 inhibition, because it depends critically on the presence of a functional GAP domain. Conversely, depletion of alpha1-chimerin leads to an increase in spine density, indicating that a basal inhibition of Rac1 maintains the number of spines at a submaximal level. The ability of alpha1-chimerin to modulate spine number requires an interaction with the NMDA receptor, because an alpha1-chimerin mutant that binds weakly to NR2A fails to decrease spine density. Together, these results suggest that alpha1-chimerin is able to modulate dendritic spine morphology by binding to synaptic NMDA receptors and locally inactivating Rac1.
Selective recognition of adhesive sites in surface-bound fibrinogen by glycoprotein IIb-IIIa on nonactivated platelets (1991)

We demonstrate that unstimulated platelets attach to immobilized fibrinogen in a selective process mediated by the membrane glycoprotein (GP) complex IIb-IIIa (alpha IIb beta 3). The initial attachment, independent of platelet activation, is followed by spreading and irreversible adhesion even in the presence of activation inhibitors. Using fibrinogen fragments derived from plasmin digestion, we found that unstimulated platelets do not attach to immobilized fragment E, which contains an Arg-Gly-Asp sequence at A alpha 95-97, and adhere to fragments X and D, both containing the gamma 400-411 dodecapeptide adhesion sequence, less efficiently than to intact fibrinogen. Thus, the carboxyl terminus of the A alpha chain, missing in the "early" fragment X used in these studies, appears to be involved in the interaction of fibrinogen with unstimulated platelets. In contrast, activated platelets adhere to immobilized fibrinogen and fragments X, D, and E in a time-dependent and equivalent manner. Although activated platelets adhere to immobilized vitronectin, fibronectin, and von Willebrand factor through GP IIb-IIIa, unstimulated platelets fail to adhere to vitronectin and have only a limited capacity to adhere to fibronectin and von Willebrand factor. These results demonstrate that GP IIb-IIIa on unstimulated platelets displays a recognition specificity for attachment to immobilized adhesive proteins that is distinct from that seen following platelet activation. Thus, unstimulated platelets selectively interact with fibrinogen, and the initial attachment is followed by spreading and irreversible adhesion in the absence of exogenous agonists. This process may be regulated by plasmin cleavage of the fibrinogen A alpha chain and may play an important role during normal hemostasis and during the pathological development of thrombotic vascular occlusions.