gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extraplacental human fetal tissues express mRNA transcripts encoding the human chrorionic gonadotropin‐β subunit protein (1992)

The glycoprotein hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is synthesized in large quantities by the developing placenta, reaching peak concentrations in maternal blood during the late first trimester and early midtrimester of pregnancy. In general it is believed that the alpha-subunit of this dimeric hormone is expressed in pituitary gonadotropes, thyrotropes, and trophoblasts, while the beta-subunit is expressed exclusively by trophoblasts. Studies from our laboratory and other laboratories have shown that some midtrimester human fetal tissues, in addition to the placenta, can synthesize proteins that appear to be very similar to the beta-subunit of hCG. To define precisely the nature of this putative hCG-beta-subunit in extraplacental fetal tissues, we have examined the mRNA from a variety of human fetal and adult tissues using nucleic acid hybridization and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods. Our results demonstrate that midtrimester fetal kidney and adrenal tissues contain hCG-beta mRNA transcripts at concentrations comparable to that of placenta, while fetal lung, brain, muscle, and adult adrenal contain only trace to undetectable levels of hCG-beta mRNA. By restriction endonuclease mapping of PCR fragments from fetal tissue cDNAs, we show that the hCG-beta transcript expressed in midtrimester human fetal organs is a bone fide copy of hCG-beta gene No. 5 of the beta-subunit gene family located on chromosome 19.
Progress in lactic acid bacterial phage research (2014)

Research on lactic acid bacteria (LAB) has advanced significantly over the past number of decades and these developments have been driven by the parallel advances in technologies such as genomics, bioinformatics, protein expression systems and structural biology, combined with the ever increasing commercial relevance of this group of microorganisms. Some of the more significant and impressive outputs have been in the domain of bacteriophage-host interactions which provides a prime example of the cutting-edge model systems represented by LAB research. Here, we present a retrospective overview of the key advances in LAB phage research including phage-host interactions and co-evolution. We describe how in many instances this knowledge can be pivotal in creating real improvements in the application of LAB cultures in commercial practice.
Mutation of isoleucine 747 by a threonine alters the ligand responsiveness of the human glucocorticoid receptor. (1996)

Mutation of isoleucine 747 to threonine in the C-terminal part of the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of the human glucocorticoid receptor (GR) alters the ligand specificity for transactivation. Natural glucocorticoids such as cortisol or corticosterone were completely inactive with the mutant 1747T, whereas synthetic steroids like dexamethasone efficiently stimulated GR 1747T-mediated transactivation. However, the corresponding ligand dose-response curve for dexamethasone-induced transactivation was shifted to higher concentrations when compared with that obtained with the wild type GR. Neither this shift nor the inability of cortisol to activate the 1747T mutant was due to an altered in vitro ligand-binding affinity. In the canonical three-dimensional structure of nuclear receptor LBDs, isoleucine 747 is in the direct vicinity of residues that contribute to the ligand-binding pocket. Moreover, it is located in the C-terminal LBD region, which harbors the conserved core of the activation function AF-2 and undergoes a ligand-induce transconformation, required to generate the surface interacting with putative transcriptional intermediary factors/coactivators of AF-2. The phenotype of 1747T mutant is discussed in view of the possible consequences of the mutation on the various events which, according to the model, lead to a transcriptionally competent AF-2.
The clinical impact of ICOS signal in colorectal cancer patients (2016)

The inducible T-cell co-stimulator (ICOS) belongs to the B7-CD28 immunoglobulin superfamily, which is currently the subject of intense study due to great successes gained in treatment of different malignancies by disrupting their family members. However, the role of ICOS played in colorectal cancer (CRC) remains poorly understood. A tissue microarray (n = 310) was stained with the ICOS specific antibody and ICOS expression is decreased in patients with either lymphatic or distant metastasis and inversely associated with CEA level and TNM stage of CRC patients. Importantly, high ICOS expression is significantly correlated with overall survival (OS) of CRC patients (n = 230, p < 0.001), and ICOS expression is also proved to be an independent prognostic factor by multivariate analysis. Surgical excised CRC specimens (n = 26) were enzymatically digested to get the tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and ICOS is mainly expressed on CD4(+) T cells and its ligand ICOSL is detected on macrophages and tumor cells. ICOS expression level is associated with increased cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 (p < 0.001) and programmed death (PD-1) (p = 0.005) expression on T cells and more infiltrated CD8(+) T cells (p < 0.001). Interestingly, ICOS(+)CD4(+) cells isolated from tumor tissues have high T-bet and interferon (IFN)γ expression, the characteristics of Th1 cells, compared to ICOS(-)CD4(+) cells. In addition, the correlation between the percentage of ICOS(+)CD4(+) T cells in tumor tissue and peripheral blood was detected. Conclusively, expression of ICOS is associated with improved survival in CRC and percentage of ICOS(+)CD4(+) cells acting as Th1 cells in either primary tumor tissue or peripheral blood may be a clinical biomarker for good prognosis of CRC patients.
Device-Specific Risk of Needlestick Injury in Italian Health Care Workers (1994)

The device-specific needlestick injury rates in Italy are similar to those reported in the United States, suggesting similar exposure experience in two countries. However, in contrast to the United States, needleless intravenous access is standard practice in Italy and thus eliminates one potential risk to Italian health workers. Implementation of safer equipment, such as shielded or retracting needles, and continuing training programs are needed to further reduce the hazards that health care workers face.
Parenteral nutrition techniques in cancer patients. (1977)

If a patient is expected to respond optimally to one or more forms of oncologic therapy, he should simultaneously be in the best possible nutritional and metabolic condition. When the alimentary tract cannot be used effectively for feeding cancer patients, parenteral nutrition can be lifesaving. Moreover, patients who are poor candidates or noncandidates for any antineoplastic therapy because of their debility or cachexia can be converted to reasonable candidates following a course of i.v. hyperalimentation. This i.v. hyperalimentation can significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality of cancer patients without stimulating tumor growth when applied conscientiously according to the established principles and techniques and when integrated with specific tumor therapy. With the use of ambulatory or home hyperalimentation techniques, normal nutritional status can be restored or maintained during prolonged periods of antineoplastic therapy on a practical and relatively economical outpatient basis. It is anticipated that specific nutrient substrate formulas and parenteral therapy techniques will be developed to maintain optimal host nutrition while adversely affecting the neoplasm.
The Likelihood of Knowledge. (1991)

1: Knowledge and Certainty.- 1. Three Conditions of Certainty.- 2. Modal Accounts of Certainty.- 3. The Infallibilist's View of Certainty.- 4. Direct Knowledge and Infallibility.- 2: Certainty and Fallibilism.- 1. Possible Mistakes About Necessity.- 2. Incorrigibility of the Cogito.- 3. Certainty and the Cogito.- 3: Certainty and Sensations.- 1. The Fallibilist Argument.- 2. Standard Objections.- 3. Are Basic Propositions Incorrigible?.- 4: The Nature of Justification.- 1. Theories of Justification.- 2. Abilities and Reasons.- 3. Proof and Justification.- 4. The Nature of Justification.- 5. Alternative Explanations.- 6. Social-Aspect Cases.- 5: Justification and the Gettier Problem.- 1. The Gettier Problem.- 2. Causal and Defeasibility Theories.- 3. Evidence and Truth.- 4. Some Counterexamples.- 6: Perceptual Knowledge and Physical Objects.- 1. Perception and the Given.- 2. Recognition and Perceptual Knowledge.- 3. Further Restrictions.- 4. Inferential and Non-Inferential.- 5. Abilities and Justified Belief.- 6. Direct Perception of Physical Objects.- 7: Foundations and Coherence.- 1. Experience and the Coherence Theory.- 2. The Nature of Coherence.- 3. Circularity and Coherence.- 4. Reliability and Coherence.- 8: Skepticism and Rationality.- 1. Knowledge and Certainty.- 2. Dire-Possibility Arguments.- 3. The Problem of the Criterion.- 4. Internalism vs. Externalism.- 5. Rationality and Justification.- Select Bibliography.- Index of Names.- Index of Subjects.
Synthesis of N2,3-ethenodeoxyguanosine, N2,3-ethenodeoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate, and N2,3-ethenodeoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate. Stability of the glycosyl bond in the monomer and in poly(dG,.epsilon.dG-dC) (1989)

The synthesis of a new modified etheno-2'-deoxyguanosine is reported. N2,3-Ethenodeoxy-guanosine (epsilon dGuo) is a product in double-stranded DNA treated with the carcinogen vinyl chloride in vivo or its metabolite chloroacetaldehyde in vitro. The lability of its glycosyl bond has, however, interfered with its isolation from DNA. The synthesis, starting with O6-benzyl-2'-deoxyguanosine 5'-phosphate, reacted with bromoacetaldehyde, could only be accomplished in slightly alkaline media, which prevented significant loss of the sugar. The 5'-phosphate also decreased the lability of the glycosyl bond. The resulting compound, when deprotected, was converted to N2,3-ethenodeoxyguanosine 5'-triphosphate, as well as the corresponding nucleoside. Fluorescence, UV, and 1H NMR data were consistent with the assigned structures and almost identical with those of the previously synthesized much more stable ribo analogues [Kuśmierek et al. (1987) J. Org. Chem. 52, 2374-2378]. A systematic study of the pH-dependent glycosyl bond cleavage gave a t1/2, 37 degrees C, pH 6, of approximately 3.5 h for the nucleoside and 7-10 h for the nucleotides. Comparison, under the same conditions, of stability of the glycosyl bond in poly(dG,epsilon dG-dC) showed an increased stability of 2 orders of magnitude, t1/2 = approximately 600 h. The rate of sugar loss was, in all cases, greatly decreased at higher pH's, over the range of pH 5-9. These stability data indicate that when slightly alkaline conditions can be used, studies on incorporation of epsilon dGuo into polymers for in vitro mutagenesis studies are possible.
<i>In Vivo</i> Corneal Epithelial Permeability following Treatment with Prostaglandin Analoges with or without Benzalkonium Chloride (2007)

The effects of two intraocular pressure (IOP)-lowering agents, latanoprost with 0.02% benzylalkonium chloride (BAK) and travoprost Z without BAK, on corneal epithelial permeability, assessed by carboxyfluorescein uptake, were compared in a rabbit cornea model (n = 12). Loss of epithelial tight junctions was measured by ruthenium red uptake with transmission electron microscopy. There was a significant difference between corneal epithelium permeability of rabbits exposed to either travoprost Z or latanoprost preserved with 0.02% BAK (P < 0.0001). There was no difference between untreated controls and those receiving travoprost Z (P = 0.224). Epithelial permeability was significantly increased in the corneas of rabbits exposed to latanoprost in the 3-min drop test (2.16 +/- 1.094 nm/sec) and the 3-min exposure (16.69 +/- 3.15 nm/sec), compared with control or travoprost (P = 0.002), likely due to the presence of a 0.02% concentration of BAK in the latanoprost solutions. There was no detectable loss of epithelial tight junctions in corneas from the control or travoprost Z groups, compared with significant loss in the latanoprost group. Agents such as travoprost Z with an alternative preservative decreased the epithelial toxicity associated with the long-term use of IOP-lowering agents preserved with BAK.
Battle Engagement Area Simulator/Tracker (1990)

Abstract : The Battle Engagement Area Simulator/Tracker (BEAST) Project was first proposed by Boris, et al, to demonstrate algorithms and a problem solving framework suited to processing the sensor contact reports and tracks from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of Satellites and missiles on ballistic trajectories and in low earth orbit. The goal was to rethink such a system from the ground up with mathematically optimal or near optimal parallel algorithms scaling at least as lnN on an N processor system. The Surveillance, Correlation, and Tracking problem is the computation-limited kernel of future battle management systems being developed for the military. In this report, we show how high-performance tracking can be performed on the Connection Machine (CM) using a Monotonic Lagrangian Grid (MLG). This high-performance algorithm scales better than traditional algorithms which scale as N2 or N3, where N is the number of objects. The CM, a fine grain Single Instruction Instruction Multiple Data (SIMD) computer, is described; and its affects on algorithm design are discussed. Fully parallel algorithms developed at the NRL Laboratory for Computational Physics and Fluid Dynamics for the CM are described for scenario generation, near-neighbor search within the MLG, sensor report generation, fusion of sensor reports and a tracking. Finally, a description of a Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) operational system using a heterogeneous assembly of computers is given.
Cloning and functional characterisation of the mouse P2X<sub>7</sub> receptor (1998)

We have isolated a 1785-bp complementary DNA (cDNA) encoding the murine P2X7 receptor subunit from NTW8 mouse microglial cells. The encoded protein has 80%, and 85% homology to the human and rat P2X7 subunits, respectively. Functional properties of the heterologously expressed murine P2X7 homomeric receptor broadly resembled those of the P2X7 receptor in the native cell line. However, marked phenotypic differences were observed between the mouse receptor, and the other P2X7 receptor orthologues isolated with respect to agonist and antagonist potencies, and the kinetics of formation of the large aqueous pore.
Antiserum to pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A (PAPP‐A) recognizes human haptoglobin (1989)

The presence of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) in non-pregnancy serum has been questioned with reference to insufficient specificity of the antibodies raised against this glycoprotein in some departments and used in immunoassay. For convenience, but also because of this unclear situation, many laboratories now use the only commercially available anti-PAPP-A preparations in their assays. By analysing pregnancy and non-pregnancy serum with two-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and Western blotting, we could demonstrate that this antiserum marketed by Dakopatts (Denmark) was capable of binding haptoglobin whereas our own (Dr P. Bischof) antibody preparation did not recognize haptoglobin.
Some effects of potassium chlorate administration on<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>rumen fermentation (1978)

Summary Hay was fed to an in vitro continuous culture of the rumen microbial population and to sheep kept in metabolism cages, and the effects of potassium chlorate addition on the rumen fermentation were studied. The compound was given for 8 days in vitro and for either 3 or 8 days in vivo . Potassium chlorate addition in vitro (13·7 mg/g hay D.M.) depressed the production of CH 4 and acetate, had little effect on propionate production and caused a small increase in the production of n -butyrate and n -valerate. The treatment also depressed cellulose digestion and the concentration of DNA in fermentor liquor, but increased the CO 2 :CH 4 ratio in fermentor gas. When given in vivo for 8 days at 6·7 mg/g hay D.M., potassium chlorate progressively depressed total VFA concentration in rumen fluid, had no effect on VFA molar proportions but caused a small increase in the CO 2 :CH 4 ratio in rumen gas. When administered in vivo for 3 days at 14·4–15·3 mg/g hay D.M. the treatment increased the molar proportions of propionate and depressed those of acetate in rumen fluid without affecting total VFA concentration. There were considerable differences between animals in propionate response, and the maximum responses were generally obtained 2–5 days after dosing had ceased. Potassium chlorate addition also caused a temporary reduction in appetite with some sheep. It was concluded that potassium chlorate was toxic to the rumen microbial population when given for 8 days, but that large doses given over 3 days could be used to increase the ratio of propionic acid relative to acetic and butyric acids produced from the rumen fermentation.
Clinicopathological significance of microRNA-31, -143 and -145 expression in colorectal cancer. (2009)

We are just beginning to understand how microRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in tumor-related processes in humans. Applying real-time RT-PCR, we investigated the miR-31, miR-143 and miR-145 expression in 98 primary CRC specimens, along with the corresponding normal mucosa specimens, and analyze the relationship of their expression with clinicopathological features. Our results showed the miR-31 expression was up-regulated in CRC compared to normal mucosa (p = 0.001). Furthermore, miR-31 expression was positively related to advanced TNM stage (p = 0.026) and deeper invasion of tumors (p = 0.024). MiR-145 was down-regulated in both colon (p = 0.001) and rectal (p = 0.012) cancer. MiR-143 was only down-regulated in colon cancer (p = 0.023) but not in rectal cancer (p = 0.351). There was no relationship of miR-143 and miR-145 expression with other clinicopathological features (p > 0.05), except that the miR-145 expression was related to cancer site (p = 0.03). In conclusion, the miR-31 overexpression may be involved in the development and progression of CRC. The miR-143 and miR-145 may play a certain role in the development of colon and/or rectal cancers but not in progression of the disease.
Stimulation of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi by Mycotrophic and Nonmycotrophic Plant Root Systems (1993)

Transformed root cultures of three nonmycotrophic and one mycotrophic plant species stimulated germination and hyphal growth of the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus etunicatum (Becker & Gerd.) in a gel medium. However, only roots of the mycotrophic species (carrot) supported continued hyphal exploration after 3 to 4 weeks and promoted appressoria formation by G. etunicatum.
Efficacy and tolerance of flurbiprofen in the elderly using liquid and tablet formulations (1977)

An open study was carried out in 40 elderly patients suffering from osteoarthrosis of the hip to assess the effectiveness of 200 mg flurbiprofen daily, fiven either in tablet or liquid suspension form, over a period of 4 weeks. Statistical evaluation of the results in the 19 patients admitted to analysis showed that flurbiprofen produced significant improvement in daytime and overnight pain, and did not impair their mental status, as assessed on a modified Goldfarb scale. No significant differences were found between the response of the two groups, except for severity of night pain. Fourteen of the 19 patients included in the analysis reported side-effects, as did 18 of the 21 patients who were excluded. Only 7 patients (4 on tablets, 3 on liquid), however, were withdrawn from the trial for this reason.
Structure of the gene encoding the human plasma membrane calcium pump isoform 1. (1993)

The complete structure of the gene for the human plasma membrane calcium ATPase isoform 1 (hPMCA1) has been elucidated. The protein is encoded by 21 exons present on overlapping clones covering more than 100 kilobases (kb) of DNA. An intron of over 35 kb separates the 5'-untranslated exon 1 from the exon containing the translational start codon. The entire putative promoter and 5'-flanking region is embedded in a CpG island and is characterized by the presence of numerous Sp1 factor-binding sequences and by the absence of a TATA box. In accordance with the ubiquitous tissue distribution of its mRNA these results suggest that the hPMCA1 gene is of the housekeeping type. No alternative splicing comparable to that identified in PMCA2 RNAs at site "A" and in PMCA3 RNAs close to site "C" seems to occur in hPMCA1 transcripts; however, a region in intron 6 shows significant resemblance to the site "A" alternatively spliced exons in PMCA2 and may represent a pseudoexon or a functional exon not yet detected in any PMCA1 mRNA. At six positions, intron interruptions in the hPMCA1 gene correlate with the boundaries of putative transmembrane domains in the protein, whereas most of the remaining intron positions do not show an obvious correlation with the proposed pump domain structure. The limited conservation of intron positions in different P-type pump genes indicates their early separation from a common ancestor.
Volumetric Quantitative CT of the Spine and Hip Derived from Contrast-Enhanced MDCT: Conversion Factors (2007)

With the conversion factors, reliable volumetric BMD measurements can be calculated for the hip and the spine from routine abdominal and pelvic MDCT data sets.
Display advertising impact (2011)

We study the impact of display advertising on user search behavior using a field experiment. In such an experiment, the treatment group users are exposed to some display advertising campaign, while the control group users are not. During the campaign and the post-campaign period we monitor the user search queries and we label them as relevant or irrelevant to the campaign using techniques that leverage the bipartite query-URL click graph. Our results indicate that users who are exposed to the advertising campaign submit 5% to 25% more queries that are relevant to it compared to the unexposed users.
Hemodynamic and Gas Transfer Properties of a Compliant Thoracic Artificial Lung (2005)

A compliant thoracic artificial lung (TAL) has been developed for acute respiratory failure or as a bridge to transplantation. The development goal was to increase TAL compliance, lower TAL impedance, and improve right ventricular function during use. Prototypes were tested in vitro and in vivo in eight pigs between 67 and 79 kg to determine hemodynamic and gas transfer properties. The in vitro compliance was 16.2 +/- 4.4 ml/mm Hg at pressures < 7.8 mm Hg and 4.3 +/- 1.1 ml/mm Hg above 7.8 mm Hg. In vivo, this compliance significantly reduced blood flow pulsatility from 1.7 at the inlet to 0.36 at the outlet. Device resistance was 1.9 and 1.8 mm Hg/(L/min) at a flow rate of 4 L/min in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Approximately 75% of the resistance was at the inlet and outlet. In vivo TAL O2 and CO2 transfer rates were 188 and 186 ml/min, respectively, at 4 L/min of blood and gas flow, and average outlet O2 saturations exceeded 98% for average flow rates up to and including the maximum tested, 5.3 L/min. The new design has a markedly improved compliance and excellent gas transfer but also possesses inlet and outlet resistances that must be reduced in future designs.
Use of <sup>3</sup>H‐glucosamine and <sup>35</sup>S‐sulfate with cultured human chondrocytes to determine the effect of glucosamine concentration on formation of chondroitin sulfate (2004)

The results indicate that exogenous glucosamine does not stimulate chondroitin sulfate synthesis by human chondrocytes. Furthermore, the cells have the capacity to form amounts of glucosamine from glucose far in excess of that provided from exogenous sources, except at concentrations greater than could possibly be achieved with oral administration of glucosamine.