gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
HIV Dynamics and Integrase Inhibitors (2009)

The integrase inhibitor (INI) raltegravir has shown promising results in clinical trials to date, reducing second phase HIV RNA levels by 70% in comparison with standard regimens. These trial results have been limited by the 50 copies/ml detection limit of the HIV RNA assay and have not investigated the effect of an INI regimen on levels of latently infected cells. Mathematical models that duplicated previous raltegravir results were extended to estimate effects of an INI regimen on HIV RNA beyond second phase and on HIV DNA levels. Depending on assumptions underlying later phase HIV RNA generation and its interaction with latently infected cells, HIV RNA in later phases can be lower or show no difference with an INI, and similarly for HIV DNA. If latent infection is maintained by differentiation of stem cells with integrated HIV DNA, then an INI regimen will eventually have no added benefit. Other hypotheses that allow ongoing replication predict continually lower HIV RNA levels with an INI regimen, but this differential effect need not translate to a reduction in latent infection. Investigation of HIV RNA and HIV DNA levels with an INI will provide better understanding of how these components are generated and maintained under antiretroviral therapy.
Purification and Characterization of <i>Bacillus acidopullulyticus</i> Pullulanase for Enzymatic Starch Modification (1991)

Abstract The pullulanase (EC 3.2.1.41) of Bacillus acidopullulyticus was purified using anion exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. The purified preparation migrated as a single protein band upon SDS gel electrophoresis and its molecular weight was estimated to be 102,000. Two main activity bands having pl‐values 5.0 and 5.2 were detected by analytical isoelectric focusing. The enzyme was purified 4‐fold with the yield 38% by this two‐step purification procedure. The purified pullulanase showed maximal activity at 50°C and pH 5 and was slightly activated by Ca 2+ . It was stable at 50°C but totally lost its activity at 60ºC in one hour. This purified pullulanase efficiently hydrolyzed the α‐1,6‐glucosidic bonds of pullulan and gelatinized starch.
Pipeline rendering: interaction and realism through hardware-based multi-pass rendering (1996)

While large investments are made in sophisticated graphics hardware, most realistic rendering is still performed off-line using ray trace or radiosity systems. A coordinated use of hardware-provided bitplanes and rendering pipelines can, however, approximate ray trace quality illumination effects in a user-interactive environment, as well as provide the tools necessary for a user to declutter such a complex scene. A variety of common ray trace and radiosity illumination effects are presented using multi-pass rendering in a pipeline architecture. We provide recursive reflections through the use of secondary viewpoints, and present a method for using a homogeneous 2-D projective image mapping to extend this method for refractive transparent surfaces. This paper then introduces the Dual Z-buffer, or DZ-buffer, an evolutionary hardware extension which, along with current frame-buffer functions such as stencil planes and accumulation buffers, provides the hardware platform to render non-refractive transparent surfaces in a back-to-front or front-to-back order. We extend the traditional use of shadow volumes to provide reflected and refracted shadows as well as specular light reclassification. The shadow and lighting effects are then incorporated into our recursive viewpoint paradigm. Global direct illumination is provided through a shadow blending technique. Hardware surface illumination is fit to a physically-based BRDF to provide a better local direct model, and the framework permits incorporation of a radiosity solution for indirect illumination as well. Additionally, we incorporate material properties including translucency, light scattering, and non-uniform transmittance to provide a general framework for creating realistic renderings. The DZ-buffer also provides decluttering facilities such as transparency and clipping. This permits selective scene viewing through arbitrary view-dependent and non-planar clipping and transparency surfaces in real-time. The combination of these techniques provide for understandable, realistic scene rendering at typical rates 5-50 times that of a comparable ray trace images. In addition, the pixel-parallel nature of these methods leads to exploration of further hardware rendering engine extensions which can exploit this coherence.
TMACS: A Robust and Verifiable Threshold Multi-Authority Access Control System in Public Cloud Storage (2015)

Attribute-based Encryption (ABE) is regarded as a promising cryptographic conducting tool to guarantee data owners’ direct control over their data in public cloud storage. The earlier ABE schemes involve only one authority to maintain the whole attribute set, which can bring a single-point bottleneck on both security and performance. Subsequently, some multi-authority schemes are proposed, in which multiple authorities separately maintain disjoint attribute subsets. However, the single-point bottleneck problem remains unsolved. In this paper, from another perspective, we conduct a threshold multi-authority CP-ABE access control scheme for public cloud storage, named TMACS, in which multiple authorities jointly manage a uniform attribute set. In TMACS, taking advantage of ( <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t,n$</tex-math></inline-formula> ) threshold secret sharing, the master key can be shared among multiple authorities, and a legal user can generate his/her secret key by interacting with any <inline-formula><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t$</tex-math></inline-formula> authorities. Security and performance analysis results show that TMACS is not only verifiable secure when less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t$</tex-math></inline-formula> authorities are compromised, but also robust when no less than <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$t$</tex-math></inline-formula> authorities are alive in the system. Furthermore, by efficiently combining the traditional multi-authority scheme with TMACS, we construct a hybrid one, which satisfies the scenario of attributes coming from different authorities as well as achieving security and system-level robustness.
Pilot Position Selection and Detection for Channel Estimation of SC-FDE (2008)

In this letter, we propose a simple pilot position selection/detection technique for channel estimation of single- carrier frequency domain equalization (SC-FDE). Unlike the conventional channel estimation techniques such as frequency domain superimposed pilot technique (FDSPT), the proposed scheme selects the pilot positions to minimize the distortion of original signals caused by the loss of useful data tones in frequency domain. The corresponding receiver structure is also presented, where the pilot positions are blindly detected and the distorted data symbols are iteratively reconstructed. Simulation results show that the proposed system gives better BER performance than the FDSPT and approaches the lower bound of SC-FDE.
Varicose veins of lower extremities: Insights from the first large-scale genetic study (2019)

Varicose veins of lower extremities (VVs) are a common multifactorial vascular disease. Genetic factors underlying VVs development remain largely unknown. Here we report the first large-scale study of VVs performed on a freely available genetic data of 408,455 European-ancestry individuals. We identified the 12 reliably associated loci that explain 13% of the SNP-based heritability, and prioritized the most likely causal genes CASZ1, PIEZO1, PPP3R1, EBF1, STIM2, HFE, GATA2, NFATC2, and SOX9. VVs-associated variants within these loci exhibited pleiotropic effects on several phenotypes including blood pressure/hypertension and blood cell traits. Gene set enrichment analysis revealed gene categories related to abnormal vasculogenesis. Genetic correlation analysis confirmed known epidemiological associations between VVs and deep venous thrombosis, weight, rough labor, and standing job, and found a genetic overlap with multiple traits that have not been previously suspected to share common genetic background with VVs. These traits included educational attainment, fluid intelligence and prospective memory scores, walking pace (negative correlation with VVs), smoking, height, number of operations, pain, and gonarthrosis (positive correlation with VVs). Finally, Mendelian randomization analysis provided evidence for causal effects of plasma levels of MICB and CD209 proteins, and anthropometric traits such as waist and hip circumference, height, weight, and both fat and fat-free mass. Our results provide novel insight into both VVs genetics and etiology. The revealed genes and proteins can be considered as good candidates for follow-up functional studies and might be of interest as potential drug targets.
The First Synthesis and Characterization of Bisbenzotrithiole Containing Two Benzotrithioles Linked by an Alkanedioxy Spacer (2001)

The first synthesis and electrochemical characterization of 7,7 '-diethyl-4,4'-ethylenedioxybis(benzo[1,2-d][1,2,3]trithiole) (A) containing two benzotrithiole rings linked by an ethylenedioxy group are described.Cyclic benzopolychalcogenides such as benzopentathiepins, 1 benzotetrathiins, 2 and benzotrithioles 3 have been studied by many heteroatom chemists in fields of synthetic, structural, and biological chemistry. 4 also established a synthetic methodology for obtaining benzopenthiepins 5 and benzotrithioles 6 by the sulfurization-cyclization of the corresponding benzenedithiols or their synthetic equivalents.These successes in the synthesis of cyclic benzopolychalcogenides and related compounds have allowed us to study the interaction between the polysulfide ring and a functional group, such as amino and sulfide groups.We found out that the benzopentathiepin was stable toward cyclic amines such as pyridine and pyrimidine and sulfide moiety contained in the thiophene ring. 7Now our interests focused on the intramolecular interaction of two polysulfide rings linked with a spacer such as alkanediyl and alkanedioxy groups.Here, we wish to report our preliminary findings on the first synthesis and electrochemical characterization of 7,7 '-diethyl-4,4'-ethylenedioxybis(benzo[1,2-d][1,2,3]trithiole) (A), containing two benzotrithiole rings linked by an ethylenedioxy group.A route for the synthesis of bisbenzotrithiole (A) was examined as follows (Scheme 1).Thus, tetrabromination of bis [1,2-(4-ethylphenoxy)]ethane (1) with bromine in CCl 4 and then debromination of resulting 2 using n-BuLi afforded bis [1,2-(3-bromo-4-ethylphenoxy)]ethane (3) in high yield.A Grignard reagent obtained from 3 by reaction with magnesium in THF was treated with elemental sulfur and then reduced with NaBH 4 under reflux of THF to give 1,2-bis(4-ethyl-3-mercaptophenoxy)-ethane
Structure Determination and Sensory Analysis of Bitter-Tasting 4-Vinylcatechol Oligomers and Their Identification in Roasted Coffee by Means of LC-MS/MS (2007)

Aimed at elucidating intense bitter-tasting molecules in coffee, various bean ingredients were thermally treated in model experiments and evaluated for their potential to produce bitter compounds. As caffeic acid was found to generate intense bitterness reminiscent of the bitter taste of a strongly roasted espresso-type coffee, the reaction products formed were screened for bitter compounds by means of taste dilution analysis, and the most bitter tastants were isolated and purified. LC-MS/MS as well as 1-D/2-D NMR experiments enabled the identification of 10 bitter compounds with rather low recognition threshold concentrations ranging between 23 and 178 micromol/L. These bitter compounds are the previously unreported 1,3-bis(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl) butane, trans-1,3-bis(3',4'-dihydroxyphenyl)-1-butene, and eight multiply hydroxylated phenylindanes, among which five derivatives are reported for the first time. In addition, the occurrence of each of these bitter compounds in a coffee brew was verified by means of LC-MS/MS (ESI-) operating in the multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. The structures of these bitter compounds show strong evidence that they are generated by oligomerization of 4-vinylcatechol released from caffeic acid moieties upon roasting.
Evolutionary relationships among protozoa. (1998)

Evolutionary relationships among protozoa: an introduction. The molecular phylogeny of protozoa: solid facts and uncertainties. Evolutionary relationships between protist phyla constructed from large subunit ribosomal RNAs accounting for unequal rates of substitution among sites. Evolutionary relationships in microsporidia. Phylogenetics of protozoan tubulin. Enzymes and compartmentation of core energy metabolism of anaerobic protists: a special case in eukaryotic evolution? Molecular phylogeny of Trichomonas and Naegleria: implications for the relative timing of the mitochondrion emdosymbiosis. Hydrogenosomes and plastid-like organelles in amoeboflagellates, chytrids, and apicoplexan parasites. Molecular systematics of the intestinal amoebae. Relationships between amoeboflagellates. Molecular phylogeny of kinetoplastids. Evolutionary relationships among the African trypanosomes: implications for the epidemiology and generation of human sleeping sickness epidemics. Organelle and enzyme evolution in trypanosomatids. The phylum Apicomplexa: an update on the molecular phylogeny. Origin of plastids. Plastid-like DNA in apicomplexans. The karyorelictids, a unique and enigmatic assemblage of marine, interstitial ciliates: a review emphasizing ciliary patterns and evolution. Molecular and cellular evolution of ciliates: a phylogenetic perspective. Phylogenetic relationships of myxozoans. Relationships between lower fungi and protozoa. Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi. Classification of protozoa and protists: the current status.
Partial discharge and free volume breakdown (1992)

In these breakdown mechanisms charge carriers are accelerated by the electric field through spaces in the dielectric. In partial discharge breakdown sparks occur within voids in the insulation causing degradation of the void walls and progressive deterioration of the dielectric. In free volume break down carriers are accelerated through spaces within low-density amorphous regions; the energy thereby gained is lost through collisions and various mechanisms have been proposed as to how this may lead to breakdown. The voids necessary for partial discharges may be thought of as extrinsic since they are artifacts of the process used for manufacturing the insulating system. On the other hand free volume is an intrinsic feature of polymeric insulation in which there are always variations of density between crystalline and uncrystallised regions. Free path lengths of up to a few tens of nanometers may be possible through free volume at room temperature. Voids may range almost up to a millimeter in poorly made material and are generally not recognised below a few tens of nanometers. The latter dimension may therefore be used as a 'rule of thumb' dividing line between voids and free volume. In this chapter we will describe these two breakdown mechanisms.
Deadbeat controlled PWM inverter with parameter estimation using only voltage sensor (1986)

A new control technique based on deadbeat control theory is proposed to obtain a nearly sinusoidal PWM inverter output voltage using only a voltage sensor. The closed loop sampled-data feedback scheme inherently results in very fast response to load disturbance and nonlinear load, producing low total harmonic distortion. Parameter estimation of the plant provides a type of self-tuning of the proposed controller. This paper presents a theoretical analysis, simulation and experimental results for a single phase PWM inverter controlled by an Intel 8086 microprocessor.
Robust Entity Resolution using Random Graphs (2018)

Entity resolution (ER) seeks to identify which records in a data set refer to the same real-world entity. Given the diversity of ways in which entities can be represented, matched and distinguished, ER is known to be a challenging task for automated strategies, but relatively easier for expert humans. In our work, we abstract the knowledge of experts with the notion of a binary oracle. Our oracle can answer questions of the form "do records u and v refer to the same entity?" under a flexible error model, allowing for some questions to be more difficult to answer correctly than others.
Reduced Cardiovascular Capacity and Resting Metabolic Rate in Men with Prostate Cancer Undergoing Androgen Deprivation: A Comprehensive Cross-Sectional Investigation (2015)

Objectives. To investigate if androgen deprivation therapy exposure is associated with additional risk factors for cardiovascular disease and metabolic treatment-related toxicities. Methods. One hundred and seven men (42-89 years) with prostate cancer undergoing androgen deprivation therapy completed a maximal graded objective exercise test to determine maximal oxygen uptake, assessments for resting metabolic rate, body composition, blood pressure and arterial stiffness, and blood biomarker analysis. A cross-sectional analysis was undertaken to investigate the potential impact of therapy exposure with participants stratified into two groups according to duration of androgen deprivation therapy (<3 months and ≥3 months). Results. Maximal oxygen uptake (26.1 ± 6.0 mL/kg/min versus 23.2 ± 5.8 mL/kg/min, p = 0.020) and resting metabolic rate (1795 ± 256 kcal/d versus 1647 ± 236 kcal/d, p = 0.005) were significantly higher in those with shorter exposure to androgen deprivation. There were no differences between groups for peripheral and central blood pressure, arterial stiffness, or metabolic profile. Conclusion. Three months or longer exposure to androgen deprivation therapy was associated with reduced cardiorespiratory capacity and resting metabolic rate, but not in a range of blood biomarkers. These findings suggest that prolonged exposure to androgen deprivation therapy is associated with negative alterations in cardiovascular outcomes. Trial registry is: ACTRN12609000200280.
Hepatocyte nuclear factor 3/fork head or "winged helix" proteins: a family of transcription factors of diverse biologic function. (1993)

A family of transcription factors, first identified as hepatocyte nuclear factors (HNF-3 alpha, -3 beta, and -3 gamma) and as a homeotic Drosophila mutant, fork head, has been intensively studied for the past 4 years. Important findings have emerged about the structure of the DNA-binding portion of the proteins as well as biologic discoveries about the diversity of the family and its implied role in early development.
Study of ferro-antiferromagnetic transition in [001]-oriented L1 FePt1−xRhx film (2009)

Magnetic properties of [001]-oriented L10 FePt1−xRhx films (tFePtRh=6.12 nm) with Rh composition (x) of 0≤x≤0.40 were studied, and the magnetic phase in a composition-temperature plane was investigated. At room temperature, the films with 0≤x≤0.32 were in a ferromagnetic (FM) phase with a coercivity of several kilo-oersteds, and the films with 0.34≤x≤0.40 were in an antiferromagnetic (AF) phase. At x=0.32, which is close to the critical composition of the FM-AF transition at room temperature, the uniaxial magnetocrystalline anisotropy (Ku) was about 1.7×107 erg/cm3. A bit patterning process using the discontinuous FM-AF transition was studied. First, microfabricated FePt square films (1.7 nm thick) were prepared on the AF FePt0.64Rh0.36 film (6.7 nm thick). Second, those square films and the FePt0.64Rh0.36 film were mixed by annealing. The Fe and Pt atoms were thermally diffused into the FePt0.64Rh0.36 film locally, and the composition of the diffused areas changed to FM FePt0.72Rh0.28. A magnetic force microscopy study suggested that only the diffused areas changed from AF to FM phase. A minimum FM dot size of 300×300 nm2 was realized, and the FM dots were multidomain structures.
The Value of the Scientific Instrument Industry to the Life of the Country* (1929)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text Harrison E. Howe, "The Value of the Scientific Instrument Industry to the Life of the Country*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 19, 187-189 (1929) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Differential expression of lectin receptors during hemopoietic differntiation: Enrichment for granulocyte‐macrophage progenitor cells (1980)

Molecular changes occur at the surface of hemopoietic cells during differentiation from progenitor cells to mature granulocytes and macrophages. The differential expression of surface carbohydrate residues has been probed using lectins and the results used to purify normal mouse granulocyte-macrophage progenitor cells. Ten different lectins were screened for selective interaction with mouse hemopoietic colony-forming cells (CFCs), using agglutination or a quantitative analysis of the number of fluoresceinated lectin molecules bound per cell using a fluorescence activated cell sorter (FACS). Pokeweed mitogen (PWM), Helix pomatia agglutinin (HPA), soybean agglutinin (SBA), and peanut agglutinin (PNA) preferentially bound to CFCs so that it was possible to enrich 4 to 10-fold for these progenitor cells by sorting for the highly fluorescent cells. Further analysis of the low and high angle light scattering characteristics of the CFCs indicated that these cells were polydisperse, but could be enriched ten-fold by selecting for cells with high intensity low angle (0 degrees) scatter and low intensity high angle (90 degrees) scatter. PWM gave the best enrichment (10 to 15-fold) for adult bone marrow CFCs, for CFCs from fetal sources (fetal liver, fetal blood), and for CFCs from the spleens of mice injected previously with outer membrane lipoprotein from E. coli. Three parameter sorting for CFC using the FACS (low angle scatter, high angle scatter, and PWM-fluorescence) resulted in large enrichment factors (16 to 50-fold) for CFCs from all the above sources. Over 7% of the cells sorted from bone marrow, 10% of the cells sorted from post-lipoprotein spleen, and 28% of the cells sorted from fetal peripheral blood were hemopoietic CFCs. Ninety percent of the cells in these fractions had the morphology of blast cells or myelocytes. Thus, it was possible to identify the morphological characteristics of the hemopoietic progenitor cells. Screening of other developmental systems using quantitation of fluorescence with lectins should prove of general value for the purification of selected differentiation states.
Collective systems:physical and information exergies. (2007)

Collective systems are typically defined as a group of agents (physical and/or cyber) that work together to produce a collective behavior with a value greater than the sum of the individual parts. This amplification or synergy can be harnessed by solving an inverse problem via an information-flow/communications grid: given a desired macroscopic/collective behavior find the required microscopic/individual behavior of each agent and the required communications grid. The goal of this report is to describe the fundamental nature of the Hamiltonian function in the design of collective systems (solve the inverse problem) and the connections between and values of physical and information exergies intrinsic to collective systems. In particular, physical and information exergies are shown to be equivalent based on thermodynamics and Hamiltonian mechanics.