gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Test data compression using dictionaries with selective entries and fixed-length indices (2003)

We present a dictionary-based test data compression approach for reducing test data volume in SOCs. The proposed method is based on the use of a small number of ATE channels to deliver compressed test patterns from the tester to the chip and to drive a large number of internal scan chains in the circuit under test. Therefore, it is especially suitable for a reduced pin-count and low-cost DFT test environment, where a narrow interface between the tester and the SOC is desirable. The dictionary-based approach not only reduces test data volume but it also eliminates the need for additional synchronization and handshaking between the SOC and the ATE. The dictionary entries are determined during the compression procedure by solving a variant of the well-known clique partitioning problem from graph theory. Experimental results for the ISCAS-89 benchmarks and representative test data from IBM show that the proposed method outperforms a number of recently-proposed test data compression techniques. Compared to the previously proposed test data compression approach based on selective Huffman coding with variable-length indices, the proposed approach generally provides higher compression for the same amount of hardware overhead.
Time-frame Analysis of System Calls Behavior in Machine Learning-Based Mobile Malware Detection (2019)

Dynamic features are frequently used in the machine learning based approaches to detect malicious applications on Android devices. These features are constructed by collecting the system calls observed during a certain period of time. In spite of the popularity of this approach, very little attention has been paid to the analysis of the length of the collection time-frame and its impact on the detection performance of induced learning models, which constitutes the scope of this research. Such analysis helps to understand the accuracy and performance trade-off in data collection efforts taking place at the various stages of the machine learning workflow. Our time-frame analysis also addresses different data collection environments, emulator and real device, and the variations in detection capabilities in the case of detecting recent or older malware. System calls of 330 benign and malicious applications, collected on different time periods, are monitored and logged for each minute-long interval for a total of fifteen minutes. First, distribution of the system calls is analysed. After, the discriminatory power of each system call is evaluated cumulatively for each minute-long interval. Fisher’s score is used to assess the discriminatory power of each feature. It is revealed that the system calls observed during the first minute possess the highest discriminatory power, whereas the discriminatory power of the system calls observed on greater time-frames is lower. Finally, this finding is tested by training and evaluating traditional machine learning classifiers.
Industrial and lab-scale power module technologies : A review (2006)

In industrial power modules, the most common die-level interconnect technology is wire bonding. In niche markets, where performances such as high power density, high compactness, high switching frequency and good thermal management are required, wire bonds must be removed due to electrical, thermal and mechanical (reliability) limits. 3D packaging technologies are a solution. In this paper, wire bonding technology and 3D packaging technologies are described. A comparison of these technologies is then established from literature data
Nonlinear analysis of the flexural rigidity for RC beams at elevated temperatur (2007)

Based on numerical analysis of reinforced concrete structure and the plane sections remain plain assumption at elevated temperature,nonlinear analysis and calculation of the flexural rigidity of reinforced concrete beam at elevated temperature are presented.With the finite element method the component section is divided into the m×n grid,each grid central point namely is pitch point while anglicizing the temperature field,a new numerical calculation model is deduced and the calculation code is programmed.The results calculated by the program are in good agreement with the ones measured from tests.
Preliminary effects of <i>in vitro</i> lipid exposure on absorbable poly(ortho ester) films (1995)

Bioabsorbable films show promise in preventing postoperative interfacial tissue adhesion. Absorbable polymers in film form are generally more sensitive to chemical environments, due to their large surface area to volume ratio. The in vivo environment contains lipids such as cholesterol, triglycerides, and phospholipids, which are known to affect the degradation of permanent and absorbable polymeric biomaterials. Preliminary investigations of in vitro lipid exposure of bioabsorbable poly(ortho ester) (POE) films for implant use are described. POE has been studied previously for use in controlled drug delivery and fracture fixation. Six-week in vitro exposure of 65:35 POE films to a cholesterol emulsion (1 g/L) showed no apparent difference in hydrolytic degradation rates of mechanical properties or mass loss compared to deionized water exposed films. Decreases of 28 and 6% in inherent viscosity were observed after 5 weeks for cholesterol and deionized water exposed films, respectively, suggesting cholesterol may have some effect. Further examination of the data, due to sample variation, revealed that clear, uniform films showed only minor changes in mass loss and mechanical properties after 6 weeks in either of the in vitro media. But slightly cloudy films possessing microscopic bubbles showed accelerated degradation in both media, indicating the effect of cholesterol was inconclusive due to sample variation. Control of the microbubble formation process could have utility in controlling hydrolytic degradation of POE films.
Three-dimensional reconstruction and validation of volumetric tomographic image data: a study in pig hearts (2002)

This study evaluates the accuracy of volume measurements on explanted pig hearts in combination with 3D visualization for the assessment of volumetric data. Explanted pig hearts (n=6), fixed during perfusion were used. MRI and CT data were acquired and transferred using teleradiology. Segmentation used modified region growing algorithms. 3D visualization was achieved by color ray tracing. Validation was performed using fluid injection. Volume data showed significant correlations with true left (r=0.96/0.90; MRI/CT) and right ventricular (r=0.98/0.78) cavity volumes. Calculation of myocardial volumes (r=0.59/0.95) and mass was possible. Colored 3D reconstructions allowed high quality assessment of cardiac morphology. Digital volumetry allowed accurate quantification of cardiac volumes and mass. Together with 3D visualization, a useful tool for computer aided operation planning was developed.
A fiber-optic probe for particle sizing in concentrated suspensions (1991)

A fiber-optic probe employing two monomode optical fibers, one for transmitting a Gaussian laser beam to the scattering volume and the second, positioned at some backscatter angle, for receiving the scattered light is described. Performance and suitability of the system for a process control environment is assessed by studying a suspension of polystyrene latex particles over a wide range of sizes and concentrations. The results show that the probe is ideal for a process control environment in industrial and laboratory applications. Particle size is recovered, without any additional corrections for multiple light scattering, in concentrations containing up to 10% solids of 39-nm polystyrene latex spheres.
Analysis of Korean Physical Educators' Attitudes Toward Teaching Students with Disabilities in Regular Classes (1998)

The purpose of this study was to analyze Korean physical educators` attitudes toward teaching students with disabilities in their regular physical education classes. Education for the students with disabilities has been focused on the concept of a continuum of educational services. The philosophy and practices of mainstreaming has been realized in Korea and the integrational procedure has been occurred in the regular class room. However, mainstreaming can only work when a wide variety of settings and support services are available. `Integrated education` was stated first time in Korea by Korean law for the development of special education. However, the systematic appoach are not shown well in constitutional procedure and the differences between in and out field of special education. Unfortunately, few Korean studies have attempted to assess physical educators` attitudes toward teaching students with disabilities. The PERTH Korean version with 5-point Likert scale was used in this study. The questionnair was needed to answer by grade level and disability conditions. While fording from this study provide physical educators` preference in teaching students with disabilities, many physical educators are not ready to host students with disabilities in their regular classes. Korean physical education teachers had more favorable attitudes toward teaching students with learning disabilities rather than teaching students with physical disabilities which contrast with the results from previous studies. The main contrast was due to the physical education curriculum which was dominated by movement and motor skill acquisition. This contrast showed the lack of readiness to teach students with physical disabilities in physical education classes that physical educators preferred to teach students with mental disabilities who, in terms of physical functioning, resemble their students without disabilities. Physical educators may have perceived the regular class as placing too many demands on students with physical disabilities, resulting in the unfavorable attitudes toward teaching them in regular classes. This information may also serve Lo provide guidance for teacher training related to the needs of mainstreaming within the regular classes. In the findings from the results of comparison between attitudes and subjects` attributes such as gender, degree, experience of teaching the students with disabilities, and credit of adpated physical education class, the teachers who had master`s degree showed more positive attitudes toward teaching students with disabilities than the teachers who had bachelor`s degree, and the teachers who had experiences of teaching students with disabilities showed more positive attitudes than the teachers who had no experiences of teaching students with disabilities. These findings indicate that physical educators need to be oriented for understanding about students` disabilities and need to be educated in the graduate program for positive attitudes toward teaching students with disabilities in their regular classes.
Synthesis of Artificial HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors Based on the Olefination Strategy (1995)

Abstract Synthetic methods were studied for optically active 6-oxo-3,5-isopropylidenedioxyhexanoate esters (4), which could be used as a key precursor of various kinds of artificial analogs of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors. An enantiomer (+)-4 was prepared by asymmetric reduction of β,δ-diketo esters derived from the Taber’s alcohol or l-tartrate followed by a series of chemical transformations, and the desired enantiomer (−)-4 was prepared by the same asymmetric reduction starting from d-tartrate. The key intermediate (−)-4 was finally converted into a highly potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, NK-104.
Design and Synthesis of Effective Antagonists of Substance P. (1982)

The agonist/antagonist activities of four background analogs of substance P (SP) facilitated design and synthesis of 12 new analogs to achieve effective antagonists. (D-Pro2, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP, (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP and (D-Arg1, D-Phe7, D-Trp9)-SP showed no agonist activity; 9 analogs showed weak agonist activity of SP. (D-Pro2, D-Trp7,9)-SP was the most potent antagonist which at a concentration of 10(-5) required a 3-fold increase in SP to allow a 50% response by SP. (D-Pro2, Lys6, D-Phe7)-SP and (D-Pro2, D-pClPhe7, D-Trp9)-SP were also potent, and the antagonism was competitive. For specific pairs of peptides, Lys6 is a promising substituent. D-Trp7,9 was as effective as Lys6, D-Phe7. D-pClPhe7 was three times as effective as D-Phe7. D-Dln6 was 1.33-fold better than D-Gln5. D-Pro2 and D-Pro4 were equally effective. D-Pro2 was 1.5 times as effective as D-Lys3. D-Pro2 may not be important. D-pClPhe9 and D-Trp9 were equally effective.
A MoTe<sub>2</sub>-based light-emitting diode and photodetector for silicon photonic integrated circuits. (2017)

One of the current challenges in photonics is developing high-speed, power-efficient, chip-integrated optical communications devices to address the interconnects bottleneck in high-speed computing systems. Silicon photonics has emerged as a leading architecture, in part because of the promise that many components, such as waveguides, couplers, interferometers and modulators, could be directly integrated on silicon-based processors. However, light sources and photodetectors present ongoing challenges. Common approaches for light sources include one or few off-chip or wafer-bonded lasers based on III-V materials, but recent system architecture studies show advantages for the use of many directly modulated light sources positioned at the transmitter location. The most advanced photodetectors in the silicon photonic process are based on germanium, but this requires additional germanium growth, which increases the system cost. The emerging two-dimensional transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) offer a path for optical interconnect components that can be integrated with silicon photonics and complementary metal-oxide-semiconductors (CMOS) processing by back-end-of-the-line steps. Here, we demonstrate a silicon waveguide-integrated light source and photodetector based on a p-n junction of bilayer MoTe<sub>2</sub>, a TMD semiconductor with an infrared bandgap. This state-of-the-art fabrication technology provides new opportunities for integrated optoelectronic systems.
Expression and functional validation of heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) and cholera toxin B (CTB) subunits in transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) (2015)

We expressed the heat-labile enterotoxin B (LTB) subunit from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli and the cholera toxin B (CTB) subunit from Vibrio cholerae under the control of the rice (Oryza sativa) globulin (Glb) promoter. Binding of recombinant LTB and CTB proteins was confirmed based on GM1-ganglioside binding enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (GM1-ELISA). Real-time PCR of three generations (T3, T4, and T5) in homozygous lines (LCI-11) showed single copies of LTB, CTB, bar and Tnos. LTB and CTB proteins in rice transgenic lines were detected by Western blot analysis. Immunogenicity trials of rice-derived CTB and LTB antigens were evaluated through oral and intraperitoneal administration in mice, respectively. The results revealed that LTB- and CTB-specific IgG levels were enhanced in the sera of intraperitoneally immunized mice. Similarly, the toxin-neutralizing activity of CTB and LTB in serum of orally immunized mice was associated with elevated levels of both IgG and IgA. The results of the present study suggest that the combined expression of CTB and LTB proteins can be utilized to produce vaccines against enterotoxigenic strains of Escherichia coli and Vibrio cholera, for the prevention of diarrhea.
Chemokine Receptor CCR8 Is Required for Lipopolysaccharide-Triggered Cytokine Production in Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages (2014)

Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 8 (CCR8), the chemokine receptor for chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 1 (CCL1), is expressed in T-helper type-2 lymphocytes and peritoneal macrophages (PMφ) and is involved in various pathological conditions, including peritoneal adhesions. However, the role of CCR8 in inflammatory responses is not fully elucidated. To investigate the function of CCR8 in macrophages, we compared cytokine secretion from mouse PMφ or bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMMφ) stimulated with various Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands in CCR8 deficient (CCR8-/-) and wild-type (WT) mice. We found that CCR8-/- PMφ demonstrated attenuated secretion of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-6, and IL-10 when stimulated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In particular, LPS-induced IL-10 production absolutely required CCR8. CCR8-dependent cytokine secretion was characteristic of PMφ but not BMMφ. To further investigate this result, we selected the small molecule compound R243 from a library of compounds with CCR8-antagonistic effects on CCL1-induced Ca2+ flux and CCL1-driven PMφ aggregation. Similar to CCR8-/- PMφ, R243 attenuated secretion of TNF-α, IL-6, and most strikingly IL-10 from WT PMφ, but not BMMφ. CCR8-/- PMφ and R243-treated WT PMφ both showed suppressed c-jun N-terminal kinase activity and nuclear factor-κB signaling after LPS treatment when compared with WT PMφ. A c-Jun signaling pathway inhibitor also produced an inhibitory effect on LPS-induced cytokine secretion that was similar to that of CCR8 deficiency or R243 treatment. As seen in CCR8-/- mice, administration of R243 attenuated peritoneal adhesions in vivo. R243 also prevented hapten-induced colitis. These results are indicative of cross talk between signaling pathways downstream of CCR8 and TLR-4 that induces cytokine production by PMφ. Through use of CCR8-/- mice and the new CCR8 inhibitor, R243, we identified a novel macrophage innate immune response pathway that involves a chemokine receptor.
Expression of recombinant multi-coloured fluorescent antibodies in gor -/trxB- E. colicytoplasm (2011)

This modular monomeric recombinant fluorescent antibody platform may be used to create a range of recombinant coloured antibody molecules for quantitative in situ, in vivo and ex vivo imaging, cell sorting and cell trafficking studies. Assembling the single chain antibody with monomeric fluorescent protein linker facilitates optimal variable domain pairing and alters the isoelectric point of the recombinant 4D5-8 protein conferring solubility at physiological pH 7.4. The efficient intracellular expression of these functional molecules opens up the possibility of developing an alternative approach for tagging intracellular targets with fluorescent proteins for a range of molecular cell biology imaging studies.
Properties of Kaurene Synthetase from <i>Marah macrocarpus</i> Endosperm: Evidence for the Participation of Separate but Interacting Enzymes (1981)

Ent-kaurene is synthesized from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate in a two step sequence catalyzed by kaurene synthetase; the first step (A activity) involves the conversion of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate into the intermediate ent-trans labda-8(17), 13-dien-15-yl pyrophosphate (copalyl pyrophosphate) which is further cyclized to ent-kaurene in the second step (B activity). The resolution of enzyme fractions which catalyze each step independent of the other has been accomplished for the first time by means of QAE Sephadex A-50 chromatography and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of kaurene synthetase preparations from endosperm tissue of immature seed of Marah macrocarpus. Molecular weights for the A and B enzymes were each estimated as approximately 82,000 by means of gel filtration chromatography and sedimentation velocity determinations.Experiments in which [(14)C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate and [(3)H]copalyl pyrophosphate were incubated simultaneously with kaurene synthetase preparations demonstrated that copalyl pyrophosphate derived from [(14)C]geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate is more readily converted to kaurene than is exogenously added [(3)H]copalyl pyrophosphate. This implies that copalyl pyrophosphate derived from the catalytic site of the A enzyme is preferentially channelled to the B enzyme catalytic site for conversion to ent-kaurene, rather than freely equilibrating with a pool of copalyl pyrophosphate in the medium. Experiments in which the rates of the overall AB and independent B activities of kaurene synthetase preparations were measured as a function of total protein concentration further suggest that overall AB activity is catalyzed by an AB enzyme complex which is in equilibrium with free A and B enzymes. A model is proposed for M. macrocarpus kaurene synthetase in which separate but interacting A and B enzymes must associate for the efficient production of ent-kaurene from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate.
A Two-Stage Charge Transfer Active Pixel CMOS Image Sensor With Low-Noise Global Shuttering and a Dual-Shuttering Mode (2011)

A complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) image sensor with low-noise global shuttering and a dual-shuttering mode is presented. The developed two-stage charge transfer pixel enables noise canceling by means of true correlated double sampling. The implemented prototype demonstrates for the first time that a noise level of less than three electrons can be achieved in a global-shutter CMOS image sensor while attaining high shutter efficiency of 99.7%. In the dual-shuttering mode, both a pinned storage diode signal and a floating diffusion signal are used for desirable functions such as wide-dynamic-range imaging, motion detection, and dual consecutive snapshot imaging.
Microphysical investigations on mechanical structures realized in p/sup +/ silicon (1995)

Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy (SIMS) and Microprobe Raman Spectroscopy (MRS) together with optical evaluation of cantilever bending were used for the characterization of micromechanical structures realized in p/sup +/ silicon. Boron profiles in different steps of the fabrication process were accurately traced by SIMS. SIMS is, however, a destructive method. MRS is a noncontact, nondestructive method with high spatial resolution. It was used to evaluate boron concentration in the near surface region, together with lattice disorder and stresses. Mechanical behavior of p/sup +/ microstructures was found to be strongly related to the history of boron concentration profile. Parameters of Raman spectra are in direct relation with the level of boron in the near surface region. Such measurements can be used for p/sup +/ layer monitoring during the fabrication process and for the prediction of mechanical behavior in the final structure. A new explanation is suggested for the observed compressive behavior of oxidized/annealed p/sup +/ microstructures. It is based on the hysteresis introduced by the plastic deformations in the strain-concentration characteristic of the diffused layer. Detailed investigations in better technological environment could bring an accurate quantitative description of the phenomena with useful connections between Raman frequencies and elastic constants of the p/sup +/ layer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Real-Time Flight Testing Using Integrity Beacons for GPS Category III Precision Landing (1994)

A new system based on GPS Integrity Beacons (low-power pseudolite marker beacon transmitters situated underneath the approach path) has been developed to provide the highest possible performance (including accuracy, integrity, and availability) for Category III precision landing using the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS). The landing system based on Integrity Beacons defines the Kinematic GNSS Landing System (KGLS). Two new developments are reported: first, real-time, centimeter-level kinematic satellite positioning using the integrity beacon is evaluated in flight testing, and second, a new paradigm for real-time differential satellite positioning is introduced that eliminates the traditional data link. A special type of Integrity Beacon is the Omni Marker, which rebroadcasts each received satellite signal coherently using a new PRN code. An aircraft receiving both the direct signal and the rebroadcast is capable of differential ranging without a digital data link. The latency associated with traditional differential positioning is completely eliminated.