gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymorphism in intercalated poly(vinylidene fluoride)/clay nanocomposites (2003)

Abstract Polymorphism in poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)/clay nanocomposites was studied. Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/clay nanocomposites were prepared with melt intercalation. The samples were characterized with X‐ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The nanocomposite exhibited the β form. Thermal annealing performed at 125 and 185°C showed that the β form of PVDF was stable. The stability of the β form of PVDF was ascertained from these studies. The β form of PVDF in the nanocomposites could be due to crystallization in the constrained phase. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 89: 2036–2040, 2003
Dual-mode satellite-cellular phones (1997)

Several mobile-satellite systems will be in commercial operation in the next 5 years. These systems will co-exist with terrestrial cellular systems augmenting their coverage and providing wide area roaming via the use of dual-mode (satellite-cellular) phones. The realization of dual-mode satellite-cellular handheld phones that are competitive in size and features with cellular phones is very dependent on the system design. This paper provides a perspective on the requirements and challenges in the design of such phones.
Novel GALNT3 Mutations Causing Hyperostosis-Hyperphosphatemia Syndrome Result in Low Intact Fibroblast Growth Factor 23 Concentrations (2007)

The presence of GALNT3 mutations and elevated C-terminal, but low intact serum FGF23, levels in HHS resemble those seen in TC, suggesting that HHS and TC are different manifestations of the same disorder. The absence of biochemical abnormalities in the heterozygous individuals suggests that one normal allele is sufficient for secretion of intact FGF23.
Induction of transforming growth factor beta 1 and its receptor expression during myeloid leukemia cell differentiation. (1994)

The human myeloid leukemia cell lines HL-60, U-937, and THP-1 were used to analyze the alterations of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) during hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation. Differentiation of these cell lines was induced by the phorbol ester phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, tumor necrosis factor alpha or by retinoic acid. Northern hybridization analyses indicated that the basal levels of TGF-beta 1, latent TGF-beta binding protein, and type II TGF-beta receptor (T beta IIR) mRNAs were low in untreated cells. Major increases of these mRNAs were observed in cells treated with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, with maximal induction after 12-72 h of stimulation. Retinoic acid and tumor necrosis factor alpha elevated significantly only the expression of T beta IIR mRNA. TGF-beta 1 induced its receptor mRNA in HL-60 and U937-1SF cells but not in THP-1 cells. These changes in gene expression were related to the differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells. Affinity labeling with 125I-TGF-beta 1 indicated that type I TGF-beta receptor was coregulated with T beta IIR. Types I and II receptors were coprecipitated by T beta IIR-specific antibodies. Differentiation of myeloid cells induced secretion of latent TGF-beta 1 protein, as shown by immunoblotting, but significant changes in the levels of active TGF-beta were not observed. These results indicate that the genes involved in TGF-beta signal transduction are coordinately up-regulated during myeloid differentiation.
The increase of cell-membranous phosphatidylcholines containing polyunsaturated fatty acid residues induces phosphorylation of p53 through activation of ATR (2007)

The G1 phase of the cell cycle is marked by the rapid turnover of phospholipids. This turnover is regulated by CTP:phosphocholine-cytidylyltransferase (CCT) and group VIA Ca(2+)-independent-phospholipase A(2) (iPLA(2)). We previously reported that inhibition of iPLA(2) arrests cells in G1 phase of the cell cycle by activating the p53-p21 checkpoint. Here we further characterize the mechanism of p53 activation. We show that specific inhibition of iPLA(2) induces a time dependent phosphorylation of Ser15 in p53 in the absence of DNA damage. This phosphorylation requires the kinase ataxia-telangiectasia and Rad-3-related (ATR) but not the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated (ATM) kinase. Moreover, we identify in cell membranes a significant increase of phosphatidylcholines (PCs) containing chains of polyunsaturated fatty acids and a decrease of PCs containing saturated fatty acids in response to inhibition of iPLA(2). The time course of phosphorylation of Ser15 in p53 correlates with increasing levels of PCs containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. We further demonstrate that the PCs with linoleic acid in their sn-2 position (18:2n6) induce phosphorylation of Ser15 in p53 in an ATR-dependent manner. Our findings establish that cells can regulate the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in phospholipids through iPLA(2)-mediated deacylation of PCs. Disruption of this regulation increases the proportions of PCs containing polyunsaturated fatty acids and activates the ATR-p53 signalling pathway.
A fast division technique for constant divisors (1976)

A fast algorithm for division by constant divisors is presented. The method has proved very useful implemented as microcode on a binary machine, and can be adapted directly into hardware. The mathematical foundations of the algorithm are presented as well as some performance measures.
Lactobacillus nagelii sp. nov., an organism isolated from a partially fermented wine. (2000)

A Gram-positive rod was isolated from a commercial grape wine undergoing a sluggish/stuck alcoholic fermentation. The organism produced DL-lactic acid from glucose without gas formation, produced dextran from sucrose, hydrolysed aesculin and fermented galactose, D-glucose, D-fructose, D-mannose, L-sorbose, rhamnose, mannitol, sorbitol, methyl alpha-D-glucoside, N-acetylglucosamine, amygdalin, salicin, cellobiose, maltose, sucrose, trehalose and beta-gentiobiose. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that the isolate was phylogenetically a member of the genus Lactobacillus and formed a distinct subline within the Lactobacillus casei cluster of species. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic evidence, Lactobacillus nagelii sp. nov. ATCC 700692T is proposed as a new species.
Alpha-Toxin and Gamma-Toxin Jointly Promote<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Virulence in Murine Septic Arthritis (1999)

Septic arthritis is a common and feared complication of staphylococcal infections. Staphylococcus aureus produces a number of potential virulence factors including certain adhesins and enterotoxins. In this study we have assessed the roles of cytolytic toxins in the development of septic arthritis by inoculating mice with S. aureus wild-type strain 8325-4 or isogenic mutants differing in the expression of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-toxin production patterns. Mice inoculated with either an alpha- or beta-toxin mutant showed degrees of inflammation, joint damage, and weight decrease similar to wild-type-inoculated mice. In contrast, mice inoculated with either double (alpha- and gamma-toxin-deficient)- or triple (alpha-, beta-, and gamma-toxin-deficient)-mutant S. aureus strains showed lower frequency and severity of arthritis, measured both clinically and histologically, than mice inoculated with the wild-type strain. We conclude that simultaneous production of alpha- and gamma-toxin is a virulence factor in S. aureus arthritis.
Sensor Fusion for Precision Agriculture (2011)

With the rapid rise in demand for both agricultural crop quantity and quality and with the growing concern of non-point pollution caused by modern farming practices, the efficiency and environmental safety of agricultural production systems have been questioned (Gebbers and Adamchuk, 2010). While implementing best management practices around the world, it was observed that the most efficient quantities of agricultural inputs vary across the landscape due to various naturally occurring, as well as man-induced, differences in key productivity factors such as water and nutrient supply. Identifying and understanding these differences allow for varying crop management practices according to locally defined needs (Pierce and Nowak, 1999). Such spatially-variable management practices have become the central part of precision agriculture (PA) management strategies being adapted by many practitioners around the world (Sonka et al., 1997). PA is an excellent example of a system approach where the use of the sensor fusion concept is essential. Among the different parameters that describe landscape variability, topography and soils are key factors that control variability in crop growing environments (Robert, 1993). Variations in crop vegetation growth typically respond to differences in these microenvironments together with the effects of management practice. Our ability to accurately recognize and account for any such differences can make production systems more efficient. Traditionally differences in physical, chemical and biological soil attributes have been detected through soil sampling and laboratory analysis (Wollenhaupt et al., 1997; de Gruijter et al., 2006). The cost of sampling and analysis are such that it is difficult to obtain enough samples to accurately characterize the landscape variability. This economic consideration resulting in low sampling density has been recognized as a major limiting factor. Both proximal and remote sensing technologies have been implemented to provide highresolution data relevant to the soil attributes of interest. Remote sensing involves the deployment of sensor systems using airborne or satellite platforms. Proximal sensing requires the operation of the sensor at close range, or even in contact, with the soil being
Exception handling in C++ without language extension (2002)

A short description of the concept of an exception is given. A method is proposed for exception handling in C++ without language extension. The method proposed is possible due to the clean-up action (so-called destructors) in the process of stack unwinding at the time when an exception is raised. The method has been implemented and tested on several compilers and on various platforms, including Zortech C++ (MS-DOS), Borland C++ (MS-DOS) and AT&T C++ (SunOS). Finally, the limitations of the proposed method are addressed. A comparison of this method with the exception handling mechanism used in AT&T C++ version 2.1 is given to show why language extension is the preferable approach to handle exceptions. The program given is a good example for learning C++, since nearly all important C++ features (such as inheritance, operator overloading, virtual functions, etc.) are utilized in the program in an innovative manner.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Distinct roles of immunoreceptor tyrosine‐based motifs in immunosuppressive indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase 1 (2016)

The enzyme indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) catalyses the initial, rate-limiting step in tryptophan (Trp) degradation, resulting in tryptophan starvation and the production of immunoregulatory kynurenines. IDO1's catalytic function has long been considered as the one mechanism responsible for IDO1-dependent immune suppression by dendritic cells (DCs), which are master regulators of the balance between immunity and tolerance. However, IDO1 also harbours immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs, (ITIM1 and ITIM2), that, once phosphorylated, bind protein tyrosine phosphatases, (SHP-1 and SHP-2), and thus trigger an immunoregulatory signalling in DCs. This mechanism leads to sustained IDO1 expression, in a feedforward loop, which is particularly important in restraining autoimmunity and chronic inflammation. Yet, under specific conditions requiring that early and protective inflammation be unrelieved, tyrosine-phosphorylated ITIMs will instead bind the suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 (SOCS3), which drives IDO1 proteasomal degradation and shortens the enzyme half-life. To dissect any differential roles of the two IDO1's ITIMs, we generated protein mutants by replacing one or both ITIM-associated tyrosines with phospho-mimicking glutamic acid residues. Although all mutants lost their enzymic activity, the ITIM1 - but not ITIM2 mutant - did bind SHPs and conferred immunosuppressive effects on DCs, making cells capable of restraining an antigen-specific response in vivo. Conversely, the ITIM2 mutant would preferentially bind SOCS3, and IDO1's degradation was accelerated. Thus, it is the selective phosphorylation of either ITIM that controls the duration of IDO1 expression and function, in that it dictates whether enhanced tolerogenic signalling or shutdown of IDO1-dependent events will occur in a local microenvironment.
Mannose‐Binding Lectin Regulates the Inflammatory Response of Human Professional Phagocytes to<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>Serogroup B (2001)

The influence of the innate immune protein mannose-binding lectin (MBL) on the response of human phagocytes to Neisseria meningitidis was investigated. MBL increased the association of killed meningococci with neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages by increasing the proportion of cells that recognized bacteria. MBL down-regulated the normal change in expression of the leukocyte adhesion molecules CD11b and CD62L. In an ex vivo model, the addition of MBL to the blood of MBL-deficient donors influenced the production of monocyte-derived inflammatory cytokines. The addition of high concentrations of MBL (>6 microg/mL) profoundly decreased the production of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1beta, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha by monocytes in response to meningococci, whereas lower concentrations enhanced the production of IL-6 and IL-1beta. These results suggest that MBL not only is involved in complement activation but also is a potent regulator of inflammatory pathways and, as such, may affect the severity of meningococcal disease.
IL-4 abrogates osteoclastogenesis through STAT6-dependent inhibition of NF-κB (2001)

IL-4, an anti-inflammatory cytokine, inhibits osteoclast differentiation, but the basis of this effect has been unclear. Osteoclastogenesis requires activation of RANK, which exerts its biologic effect via activation of NF-kappaB. NF-kappaB activation is manifested by nuclear translocation and binding to DNA, events secondary to phosphorylation and dissociation of IkappaBalpha. It is shown here that IL-4 reduces NF-kappaB nuclear translocation by inhibiting IkappaB phosphorylation, thus markedly inhibiting NF-kappaB DNA binding activity and blocking osteoclastogenesis entirely. Residual translocation of NF-kappaB in the presence of IL-4, however, suggests that nuclear mechanisms must primarily account for inhibition of NF-kappaB DNA binding and blockade of osteoclastogenesis. To address this issue, this study examined whether IL-4-induced STAT6 transcription factor blocks NF-kappaB transactivation. The results show that excess unlabeled consensus sequence STAT6, but not its mutated form, inhibits NF-kappaB binding. Furthermore, exogenously added STAT6 protein inhibits NF-kappaB/DNA interaction. Further supporting a role for STAT6 in this process are the findings that IL-4 fails to block osteoclastogenesis in STAT6(-/-) mice but that this blockade can be restored with addition of exogenous STAT6. Thus, IL-4 obliterates osteoclast differentiation by antagonizing NF-kappaB activation in a STAT6-dependent manner.
Network intrusion prevention by configuring ACLs on the routers, based on snort IDS alerts (2010)

Intrusion prevention is one of the fundamental requirements for a network to be secure. Investing on intrusion prevention forbade its use for securing many networks. This study proposes a very basic way to prevent intrusions without any additional cost. Snort is a free open source IDS, which we have integrated with a Cisco router to prevent intrusions. Cisco routers are very common in today's networks. Other routers like Juniper, or even simple ADSL or SOHO routers can be used but with minor changes for the router specific configuration. As ADSL is very common nowadays, ADSL routers are present everywhere and they can easily replace the Cisco router used in this study and provide intrusion prevention capabilities for homes and businesses which otherwise are not able to afford it. Router and computer (to be used as a sensor) are fundamental components of every major network, so, the proposed system does not need any additional hardware. Snort is used as an IDS and alerts are logged to a database from where they are read and router Access Control List (ACL) rules are generated based on Snort intrusion alerts and then these ACL rules are configured on the router to block the potential intrusions. Method for removing ACL rules is also proposed, which may be required under some circumstances. In a fine tuned Snort IDS, false alarms will be minimum and most of the alerts will indicate intrusions. Hence, proposed system can work best to prevent intrusions with a fine tuned Snort IDS.
Hardware and software considerations for active noise control (2003)

Active noise control is a real-time application of adaptive digital filtering which requires the full capabilities of a modern digital signal processing module. Even though frequencies are low, so that sample rates of a few kilohertz can be used, the extensive computations involved require efficient, high-speed processing. System hardware was designed to allow software-controlled versatility as well as fully automatic operation of a complete active noise control system. The ability to self-calibrate and self-model are important system features. Adaptive filter lengths determine the algorithm speed and necessary memory requirements. System limitations were primarily caused by on-chip memory size. The use of the Texas Instruments TMS32010 for this application and the improvements possible with the TMS32020 are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nucleic‐Acid Analogues with Restricted Conformational Flexibility in the Sugar‐Phosphate Backbone (‘bicyclo‐DNA’). Part 3. Synthesis, pairing properties, and calorimetric determination of duplex and triplex stability of decanucleotides from [(3′<i>S</i>,5′<i>R</i>)‐2′‐deoxy‐3′,5′‐ ethano‐β ‐<scp>D</scp>‐ribofuranosyl]adenine and ‐thymine (1994)

Abstract The synthesis of a new type of oligonucleotide (‘bicyclooligodeoxynucleotide’ = bcd(X n )) displaying less conformational flexibility in its sugar‐phosphate backbone is described, and a characterization of the pairing properties and energetics of the decamers bcd(T 10 ) and bcd (A 10 ) with each other and with complementary RNA and DNA sequences by UV‐spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques is given. The results can be summarized as follows: ( i ) bcd(T 10 ) pairs less strongly to complementary RNA and DNA, whereas bcd(A 10 ) forms stronger duplexes relative to the natural system. ( ii ) bcd(A 10 ) discriminates between a complementary oligodeoxynucleotide with a mismatch in the center in the same way as d(A 10 ), indicating equal base‐pairing selectivity. ( iii ) bcd(A 10 ) forms more stable triplexes with d(T 10 ) of the pyrimidine‐purine‐pyrimidine (py · pu · py) motif than d(A 10 ). ( iv ) The stability of duplexes containing a bicyclic strand is more sensitive towards salt concentration. The higher sensitivity in bcd(A 10 ) containing duplexes is due to a higher differential cation uptake. ( v ) Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis of duplex‐formation enthalpies shows Δ H vH in all duplexes containing bicyclooligonucleotides to be more negative than Δ H cal , which is compatible with the formation of catenated structures. ( vi ) Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) provides a complete set of thermodynamic data including duplex and triplex association constants for the systems d(A 10 )/d(T 10 ), bcd(A 10 )/d(T 10 ), d(A 10 )/bcd(T 10 ), bcd(A 10 )/bcd(T 10 ). ( vii ) All duplexes containing bicyclic strands show a (numerically) reduced pairing entropy term with respect to that of the natural system. ( viii ) Enthalpies from DSC and ITC are similar, suggesting that the enthalpic contribution from ordered single strands to the overall duplex‐formation enthalpy plays a minor role in the duplexes investigated.
Formation, structure, and crystallization of metastable quasi-crystalline Al–transition metal alloys prepared by rapid solidification (1985)

Metastable Al 86 Cr 14 , Al 86 Mn 14 , and Al 86 Fe 14 were prepared by rapid quenching from the melt at a rate of approximately 2 × 10 6 K/s. The X-ray measurements of all three alloys show similar non-Bravais structures. Broadened diffraction peaks for the Al–Fe alloy suggest a crystallite size of about 60 Å. Thermal-analysis measurements show that all of the alloys transform into conventional crystal structures at approximately 670. The crystalline phases for the three alloys are Al 11 Cr 2 + Al, Al 6 Mn + Al, and Al 6 Fe + Al. At approximately 800 K, Al–Fe undergoes the further transition Al 6 Fe → Al 3 Fe + Al.
Optimal two-stage decoupled partial PIC receivers for multiuser detection (2005)

Parallel interference cancellation (PIC) is considered a simple yet effective multiuser detector for direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (DS-CDMA) systems. However, system performance may deteriorate due to unreliable interference cancellation in the early stages. Thus, a partial PIC detector in which partial cancellation factors (PCFs) are introduced to control the interference cancellation level has been developed as a remedy. Although PCFs are crucial, complete solutions for their optimal values are not available. We consider a two-stage decoupled partial PIC receiver. Using the minimum bit error rate (BER) criterion, we derive a complete set of optimal PCFs. This includes optimal PCFs for periodic and aperiodic spreading codes in additive white Gaussian channels and multipath channels. Simulation results show that our theoretical optimal PCFs agree closely with empirical ones. Our two-stage partial PIC using derived optimal PCFs outperforms not only a two-stage, but also a three-stage full PIC.
Zinc: an essential micronutrient. (2009)

Zinc is an essential micronutrient for human metabolism that catalyzes more than 100 enzymes, facilitates protein folding, and helps regulate gene expression. Patients with malnutrition, alcoholism, inflammatory bowel disease, and malabsorption syndromes are at an increased risk of zinc deficiency. Symptoms of zinc deficiency are nonspecific, including growth retardation, diarrhea, alopecia, glossitis, nail dystrophy, decreased immunity, and hypogonadism in males. In developing countries, zinc supplementation may be effective for the prevention of upper respiratory infection and diarrhea, and as an adjunct treatment for diarrhea in malnourished children. Zinc in combination with antioxidants may be modestly effective in slowing the progression of intermediate and advanced age-related macular degeneration. Zinc is an effective treatment for Wilson disease. Current data do not support zinc supplementation as effective for upper respiratory infection, wound healing, or human immunodeficiency virus. Zinc is well tolerated at recommended dosages. Adverse effects of long-term high-dose zinc use include suppressed immunity, decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, anemia, copper deficiency, and possible genitourinary complications.
Development of Concentric Linear Induction Motor (1972)

A short stator (stationary stator) linear induction motor is developed which possesses an extra long rotor stroke with only a minimum requirement of rotor core.