gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A mixed helix—beta-sheet model of the transmembrane region of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (1996)

We have modelled the transmembrane region of the alpha 7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor as a mixed alpha-helical/beta-sheet structure. The model was mainly based on the crystal structure of a pore-forming toxin, heat-labile enterotoxin. This is a pentameric protein having a central pore or channel composed of five alpha-helices, one from each of the 5 B subunits that form this pentamer. The remainder of this structure is beta-sheet, loops and a short alpha-helix, not included in the model. The model uses this channel as a template to build the transmembrane region, from M1 to the middle of M3. The remainder of M3 and M4 were built de novo as alpha-helices. Great consideration was given to labelling data available for the transmembrane region. In general terms, the shape of the model agrees very well with that obtained independently by electron microscopic analysis and the secondary structure predicted by the model is in accord with that estimated independently by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The M2 helical region of the model is only slightly kinked, contrary to what is inferred from electron microscopic analysis, but has the same overall shape and form. On the membrane face of the model, the presence of deep pockets may provide the structural basis for the distinction between annular and non-annular lipid binding sites. Also, the transmembrane region is clearly asymmetric in the direction perpendicular to the membrane, and this may have strong influence on the surrounding lipid composition of each leaflet of the cytoplasmic membrane.
Task and Resting-State fMRI Reveal Altered Salience Responses to Positive Stimuli in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (2016)

Altered brain function in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) has been repeatedly demonstrated by task-based and resting-state studies, respectively. However, less is known concerning whether overlapped abnormalities in functional activities across modalities exist in MDD patients. To find out the answer, we implemented an fMRI experiment and collected both task and resting-state data from 19 MDD patients and 19 matched, healthy, controls. A distraction paradigm involving emotionally valenced pictures was applied to induce affective responses in subjects. As a result, concurrent deficits were found in arousing activation during a positive task in both the reward circuit and salience network (SN) that is composed of the dorsal part of anterior cingulate cortex (dACC) and bilateral anterior insulae (AI) in only the MDD group. Subsequent amplitude of low frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and functional connectivity analyses based on resting-state data exhibited consistent alterations in the bilateral AI of MDD patients, and indicated patients' difficulties in regulating the balance between central executive network (CEN) and default mode network (DMN) due to altered connectivity among the CEN, DMN, and SN. Our findings provide new evidence demonstrating impaired salience processing and resulting alterations in responses to positive stimuli in MDD patients. Furthermore, brain abnormalities synchronized across functional states in MDD patients can be evidenced by a combination of task and resting-state fMRI analyses.
Excitotoxic damage to white matter (2007)

Glutamate kills neurons by excitotoxicity, which is caused by sustained activation of glutamate receptors. In recent years, it has been shown that glutamate can also be toxic to white matter oligodendrocytes and to myelin by this mechanism. In particular, glutamate receptor-mediated injury to these cells can be triggered by activation of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid, kainate and N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor types. Thus, these receptor classes, and the intermediaries of the signal cascades they activate, are potential targets for drug development to treat white matter damage in acute and chronic diseases. In addition, alterations of glutamate homeostasis in white matter can determine glutamate injury to oligodendrocytes and myelin. Astrocytes are responsible for most glutamate uptake in synaptic and non-synaptic areas and consequently are the major regulators of glutamate homeostasis. Activated microglia in turn may secrete cytokines and generate radical oxygen species, which impair glutamate uptake and reduce the expression of glutamate transporters. Finally, oligodendrocytes also contribute to glutamate homeostasis. This review aims at summarizing the current knowledge about the mechanisms leading to oligodendrocyte cell death and demyelination as a consequence of alterations in glutamate signalling, and their clinical relevance to disease. In addition, we show evidence that oligodendrocytes can also be killed by ATP acting at P2X receptors. A thorough understanding of how oligodendrocytes and myelin are damaged by excitotoxicity will generate knowledge that can lead to improved therapeutic strategies to protect white matter.
Takin’ it to the Streets: Quantitative Literacy, Public Policy, and GIS in a Service Context (2007)

Improved information literacy and quantitative literacy can help individuals overcome the information costs that discourage political participation and policy debate. Using place and public data as a touchstone, the students of a college political science course partnered with a group of middle school students to apply technology to a shared project. Together they learned techniques for representing demographic and geographic data with a variety of media, including Web 2.0 tools and GIS software. They created an online site designed to address the information needs of the local community, with a focus on promoting users’ information and quantitative literacy and encouraging and facilitating the use of public information. Co-taught by a political science professor, a reference librarian and a middle school instructional designer, the course depended on placing students from both groups in control of digital media, and on making them information and numerically literate in order to be responsible producers of information in the online environment. Outcomes centered on achieving competency in applied information and quantitative literacies, and were measured by tests, project performance, peer-evaluation. This poster will use photos, charts, and examples of digital content created by the participants to present the design and results of the course.
Acoustics of wood (1995)

Environmental Acoustics.- Acoustics of Forests and Acoustic Quality Control of Some Forest Products.- Wood and Wood-Based Materials in Architectural Acoustics.- Material Characterization.- Theory of and Experimental Methods for the Acoustic Characterization of Wood.- Elastic Constants of Wood Material.- Wood Structural Anisotropy and Ultrasonic Parameters.- Quality Assessment.- Wood Species for Musical Instruments.- Acoustic Methods as a Nondestructive Tool for Wood Quality Assessment.- Environmental Modifiers of Wood Structural Parameters Detected with Ultrasonic Waves.- Acoustic Emission.- Acousto-Ultrasonics.- High-Power Ultrasonic Treatment for Wood Processing.
Zusammenfassung und Schlußfolgerungen (1995)

Das Postulat der Partizipation ist fester Bestandteil einer Idealkonstruktion von Technikfolgenabschätzung, wurde bislang jedoch nicht ausreichend realisiert. Technikfolgenabschätzung bedarf einer theoretischen und praktischen Weiterentwicklung, um veränderten Anforderungen nach demokratischer Legitimation, Öffentlichkeit und Beteiligung gerecht zu werden.
Mode-locked microchip lasers for millimeter-wave generation for optically fed wireless systems (2002)

Optically fed wireless systems have been investigated for applications like picocellular telephony, for broadband distribution of interactive multimedia services (video, voice, data, etc.), and for remoting and phased array antennas. The principal advantages of the transmission of high frequency signals over fiber is low attenuation and cost when compared to the conventional coaxial cable or radio transmission, and the large aggregated information capacity even when only part of the bandwidth is exploited. An additional advantage that makes millimeter-wave desirable for fiber radio systems is that these frequencies are highly attenuated by the water molecules and oxygen in the atmosphere. This property limits signal propagation within the picocell, allowing for frequency reuse and making the communication system secure. Various methods of optically generating millimeter wave subcarriers have been demonstrated, including direct modulation of semiconductor lasers, external electro-optic modulation, laser heterodyning, optical injection locking, and semiconductor laser mode-locking. The examination of these techniques suggests that conventional solid-state laser sources present lower noise levels, but are expensive and complex. Laser diode based transmitters, in general, have higher phase noise. Laser diode mode-locking offers high modulation efficiency but with higher noise levels. Mode-locked microchip laser combines the pure spectral quality of solid-state lasers with the efficient high frequency and low noise modulation provided by active mode-locking.
Piscicidal Constituents and Related Diterpene Esters from<i>Aleurites fordii</i> (1979)

Piscicidal constituents, A and B, related diterpene esters, C and D, were isolated from the leaves of Aleurites fordii (Euphorbiaceae). A was identified as 12-O-palmitoyl-16-hydroxyphorbol-13-acetate (1). B, C, and D, new diterpene esters, were shown to be 12-O-palmitoyl-4-deoxy-4β-16-hydroxyphorbol-13-acetate (2), 12-O-palmitoyl-4-deoxy-4α-16-hydroxyphorbol-13-acetate (3), and 12-O-palmitoyl-4-deoxy-16-hydroxylumiphorbol-13-acetate (4), respectively.
Is Oral Sotalol Effective in Converting Atrial Fibrillation to Sinus Rhythm? (1997)

d,l-Sotalol is a noncardioselective beta-blocker that has class III antiarrhythmic activity. It is often used to convert atrial fibrillation (AF) to normal sinus rhythm. Since class III agents increase action potential duration and refractoriness in atrial tissue without affecting conduction, they are theoretically considered ideal agents for the treatment of reentrant arrhythmias such as AF. We reviewed the literature evaluating the efficacy of sotalol for restoring sinus rhythm in patients with acute or chronic AF. Articles indexed on MEDLINE (1966-1996) and referenced articles not identified by MEDLINE that compared sotalol with placebo or another antiarrhythmic agent were included. Sotalol was significantly inferior to quinidine in converting AF of recent onset (< 48 hrs) to sinus rhythm. In patients with duration of AF of more than 48 hours, sotalol was significantly less effective than quinidine and comparable with placebo. Conversion rates for sotalol in all studies combined ranged from 8-49%. Published studies do not support the drug for conversion of AF to sinus rhythm. Larger well-designed studies are required to evaluate its efficacy and optimum dosage for this indication. Until further data are available, pharmacologic cardioversion with traditional class I antiarrhythmic agents may be preferable as they are effective particularly for recent-onset AF.
More Than Gentle Smiles and Warm Hugs: Applying the Ethic of Care to Early Childhood Education (1998)

Abstract Caring has become a buzzword in education. However, the commonly held understanding of caring—characterized by gentle smiles and warm hugs—obscures the complexity and the intellectual challenge of work with young children. Coupling early childhood education with this simplistic conception of caring will be detrimental to the field. As an alternative, the author draws on feminist moral theory, specifically the ethic of care, to develop an understanding of caring that emphasizes its deeply ethical, philosophical and experiential roots. Using narratives of life in a primary grade classroom, this article highlights the ways that the ethic of care can be used to enhance our understanding of what it means to be caring teachers.
Critical field limitation of the niobium superconducting RF cavity (2001)

The highest gradient with niobium sc rf cavities at beta = 1 was viewed historically. There is no progress from 40 MV/m since 1995. Is this due to no finding breakthrough technology, or does it mean a theoretical field limitation? In this paper, the best results are compared to the lower critical magnetic field (H c1) or superheating field of niobium material measured in KEK, The highest 40 MV/m might be the upper limitation from Hc1 of niobium material.
Characterization of Starch and Fiber of Banana Fruit (1981)

ABSTRACT Mature green and ripe bananas were analyzed for moisture, protein, starch, sugars, ash, and fiber. Ripe banana fruit contained 1.27% dietary fiber, as determined by the detergent method. Hemicellulose content was higher than that of most fruits and vegetables whereas cellulose and lignin contents were lower. The morphological and physicochemical properties of isolated starch were determined. Starch granules were irregularly shaped, with spheroid and elongated forms predominating. Both the Brabender amylograms and the two‐stage swelling patterns of the starch were similar to those reported for mung bean starch.
Unambiguous <sup>13</sup>C‐NMR assignments for isocyanate carbons of isophorone diisocyanate and reactivity of isocyanate groups in <i>Z</i> ‐ and <i>E</i>‐stereoisomers (1990)

Abstract Unambiguous 13 C‐NMR assignments for the primary ( prim ‐) and secondary ( sec ‐) isocyanate carbons of isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI) have been made by using two‐dimensional NMR measurements. On the basis of the assignments, relative reactivity of the prim ‐ and sec ‐isocyanate groups with n ‐butanol was studied by quantitative 13 C‐NMR analysis. The individual stereoisomers of IPDI ( Z ‐IPDI and E ‐IPDI) and their equimolar mixture were reacted with n ‐butanol (IPDI/ n ‐butanol = 2/1 molar ratio) at 50°C for 3 days. It was found that the sec ‐NCO is about 1.6 times more reactive than the prim ‐NCO in both Z ‐ and E ‐isomers. Reactivity of the E ‐isomer was found to be slightly higher than that of the Z ‐isomer. When di‐ n ‐butyltin dilaurate (DBTDL) was used as a catalyst, the reactivity of the sec ‐NCO became about 12 times higher than that of the prim ‐NCO with both isomers. In the case of 1,4‐diazabicyclo [2.2.2] octane (DABCO) catalyst, the prim ‐NCO was 1.2 times more reactive than the sec ‐NCO with both isomers.
Testing Citric Acid Use On Plants (2004)

Citric acid is being used as a management tool for controlling populations of two Caribbean tree frog species (Eleutherodactylus coqui and E. planirostris) that have recently become established in Hawaii. More than 300 frog populations have been identified on the four largest islands. Frog populations can reach densities greater than 20,000 individuals per hectare in heavily infested sites. The frogs have the potential to affect Hawaii’s floriculture industry, representing $88 million in annual sales, because of an interisland quarantine measure for plans infested with coqui frogs. Thus, there has been a rising concern for greenhouse owners to acquire tools to manage frog populations and to treat plants prior to shipping.
7α-Hydroxylation of cholestanol by rat liver microsomes (1968)

In a study of the mechanism whereby 5alpha-bile acids are formed from cholestanol, the 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholestanol was investigated in rat liver preparations in vitro. It was found that in the presence of NADPH and oxygen, rat liver microsomes catalyzed the 7alpha-hydroxylation of cholestanol to the same extent as that of cholesterol. The rate of the hydroxylation was enhanced by prior treatment of the experimental rats with cholestyramine (a bile acid sequestrant) or by establishment of bile fistulas-i.e., by partial or complete removal of bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation. The 7-hydroxylation reaction was further stimulated by pretreatment of the animals with phenobarbital, a drug known to produce increased biosynthesis of hepatic endoplasmic membranes. The 7alpha-hydroxylase was inhibited by the reaction product, by sterols with 7-keto or 7beta-hydroxyl groups, and also by mono- and dihydroxy bile acids of the 5beta-series, although cholic acid or taurocholate produced no inhibition unless added in high concentrations. The results of these studies are in accord with the concept that the presence of a Delta(5)-double bond is not required for the enzymatic formation of the 7alpha-hydroxy derivative. The rate of this hydroxylation reaction in vitro appears to depend on the concentration of bile salts in the enterohepatic circulation of the experimental animals from whom the microsomes were obtained.
Determination of the Crystallisation Kinetics of Fast-Growth Phase-Change Materials for Mark-Formation Prediction (2003)

A mark simulation tool for fast-growth phase-change materials was developed to predict the formation and erasure of amorphous marks in phase-change discs that are based on doped Sb2Te compositions. One of the main challenges of such a simulation tool is the accurate determination of the input parameters. The thermal conductivity of the thin films in the recording stack was determined from melt-threshold experiments in combination with numerical modelling. The crystallisation process, modelled as crystal growth from a crystalline-amorphous interface, is governed by the temperature-dependent velocity of crystal growth. In this paper, we discuss a procedure for measuring the low-temperature velocity of crystal growth from the size of an amorphous mark and the time required for complete erasure under isothermal conditions. Furthermore, to determine the velocity of crystal growth in the temperature range encountered during recording conditions, we performed time-resolved erasure experiments in combination with numerical modelling. The derived time-dependent growth velocity was used in a numerical model to simulate the formation of amorphous marks. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) measurements of recorded marks were compared to predicted mark shapes to validate the numerical model.
231. On Note 187 (Angles whose sum is ¼π) (1970)

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Autoantibodies to RNA polymerases recognize multiple subunits and demonstrate cross-reactivity with RNA polymerase complexes (1999)

Anti-RNAP antibodies recognize multiple subunits of RNAP I, II, and III. Moreover, the results of this study provide the first direct evidence that antibodies that recognize shared subunits of human RNAPs or epitopes present on different human RNAP subunits are responsible for the recognition of multiple RNAPs by SSc sera.
Molecular structure of double-minute chromosomes bearing amplified copies of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene in gliomas (2004)

Amplification of the epidermal growth factor receptor gene on double minutes is recurrently observed in cells of advanced gliomas, but the structure of these extrachromosomal circular DNA molecules and the mechanisms responsible for their formation are still poorly understood. By using quantitative PCR and chromosome walking, we investigated the genetic content and the organization of the repeats in the double minutes of seven gliomas. It was established that all of the amplicons of a given tumor derive from a single founding extrachromosomal DNA molecule. In each of these gliomas, the founding molecule was generated by a simple event that circularizes a chromosome fragment overlapping the epidermal growth factor receptor gene. In all cases, the fusion of the two ends of this initial amplicon resulted from microhomology-based nonhomologous end-joining. Furthermore, the corresponding chromosomal loci were not rearranged, which strongly suggests that a postreplicative event was responsible for the formation of each of these initial amplicons.
Lewis and Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Allylboration of Carbonyl Compounds: From Discovery to Mechanism and Applications (2007)

The recent development of Lewis and Brønsted acid ­catalyzed manifolds for the allylboration of carbonyl compounds has opened doors towards an ideal carbonyl allylation methodology using stable and nontoxic allylic boronates as reagents. This ­Account relates our laboratory's discovery of acid-catalyzed allyl­borations, mechanistic investigations of these new processes, and ongoing efforts by our group and others towards a general catalytic enantioselective allylboration methodology.
Multimodal integration of EEG and MEG data: A simulation study with variable signal‐to‐noise ratio and number of sensors (2004)

Previous simulation studies have stressed the importance of the multimodal integration of electroencephalography (EEG) and magnetoencephalography (MEG) data in the estimation of cortical current density. In such studies, no systematic variations of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and of the number of sensors were explicitly taken into account in the estimation process. We investigated effects of variable SNR and number of sensors on the accuracy of current density estimate by using multimodal EEG and MEG data. This was done by using as the dependent variable both the correlation coefficient (CC) and the relative error (RE) between imposed and estimated waveforms at the level of cortical region of interests (ROI). A realistic head and cortical surface model was used. Factors used in the simulations were: (1). the SNR of the simulated scalp data (with seven levels: infinite, 30, 20, 10, 5, 3, 1); (2). the particular inverse operator used to estimate the cortical source activity from the simulated scalp data (INVERSE, with two levels, including minimum norm and weighted minimum norm); and (3). the number of EEG or MEG sensors employed in the analysis (SENSORS, with three levels: 128, 61, 29 for EEG and 153, 61, or 38 in MEG). Analysis of variance demonstrated that all the considered factors significantly affect the CC and the RE indexes. Combined EEG-MEG data produced statistically significant lower RE and higher CC in source current density reconstructions compared to that estimated by the EEG and MEG data considered separately. These observations hold for the range of SNR values presented by the analyzed data. The superiority of current density estimation by multimodal integration of EEG and MEG was not due to differences in number of sensors between unimodal (EEG, MEG) and combined (EEG-MEG) inverse estimates. In fact, the current density estimate relative to the EEG-MEG multimodal integration involved 61 EEG plus 63 MEG sensors, whereas estimations carried out with the single modalities alone involved 128 sensors for EEG and 153 sensors for MEG. The results of the simulations also suggest that the use of simultaneous 29 EEG sensors during the MEG measurements carried out with full sensor arrangements (153 sensors) returned an accuracy of the cortical source estimate statistically similar to that obtained by combining 64 EEG and 153 MEG sensors.