gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Notes - The Addition of Hydrogen Bromide to Alkyl Chloride (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes - The Addition of Hydrogen Bromide to Alkyl ChlorideJames Traynham and John ConteCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1957, 22, 6, 702–703Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1957Publication History Published online22 April 2003Published inissue 1 June 1957https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01357a613https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01357a613research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views155Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Fixation Point Measurement by the Oculometer Technique (1974)

In this paper, we describe an Oculometer which is an electro-optical device that measures eye direction (and fixation point coordinates) without attachment to, or clamping of, the subject. By virtue of its special optical characteristics, the same basic system can be configured for operation very close to the subject, as in a head mounted system, and also at a distance of several feet or more from the subject. The basic signal processing operation is the same for all configurations, and is performed by a standard minicomputer. It is also shown that additional signal processing, as required in certain configurations and applications, can be added as a separate software module to the general Oculometer software.
Intrusion detection system alert correlation with operating system level logs (2009)

Internet is a global public network. More and more people are getting connected to the Internet every day to take advantage of the Internetwork connectivity. It also brings in a lot of risk on the Internet because there are both harmless and harmful users on the Internet. While an organization makes its information system available to harmless Internet users, at the same time the information is available to the malicious users as well. Most organizations deploy firewalls to protect their private network from the public network. But, no network can be hundred percent secured. This is because; the connectivity requires some kind of access to be granted on the internal systems to Internet users. The firewall provides security by allowing only specific services through it. The firewall implements defined rules to each packet reaching to its network interface. The IDS complements the firewall security by detected if someone tries to break in through the firewall or manages to break in the firewall security and tried to have access on any system in the trusted site and alerted the system administrator in case there is a breach in security. However, at present, IDSs suffer from several limitations. To address these limitations and learn network security threats, it is necessary to perform alert correlation. Alert correlation focuses on discovering various relationships between individual alerts. Intrusion alert correlation techniques correlate alerts into meaningful groups or attack scenarios for ease to understand by human analysts. In order to be sure about the alert correlation working properly, this thesis proposed to use attack scenarios by correlating alerts on the basis of prerequisites and consequences of intrusions. The architecture of the experimental environment based on the prerequisites and consequences of different types of attacks, the proposed approach correlates alerts by matching the consequence of some previous alerts and the prerequisite of some later ones with OS-level logs. As a result, the accuracy of the proposed method and its advantage demonstrated to focus on building IDS alert correlation with OS-level logs in information security systems.
High performance 0.15 μm single gate Co salicide CMOS (2002)

A high performance 0.15 /spl mu/m single gate Co salicide CMOS technology have been developed by optimizing the fabrication conditions of pMOSFETs extension region. The gate delay of 19.8 psec was obtained with good suppression of short channel effect. At 0.12 /spl mu/m gate length, 11.4 psec, the fastest tpd ever reported, was observed although the short channel effects were significant at this moment. These results suggests that high performance single gate CMOS in sub-0.15 /spl mu/m region can be realized by further improving the extension conditions such as by using new doping techniques.
Kinetic Model for the Dilute Sulfuric Acid Saccharification of Lignocellulose (1985)

Abstract Despite continuing interest in various processes for producing ethanol or other chemicals from agricultural and wood residues, little attention has been given to improving the kinetic modeling of dilute acid saccharification of cellulosics, a key step in many of these processes. A new model for cellulose saccharification is proposed. It incorporates the effect of the neutralizing capacity of the substrate, the presence of readily hydrolyzable cellulose, and the reversion reactions of glucose. Although general in nature, the model was developed specifically for application to the dilute sulfuric acid saccharification of prehydrolyzed wood lignocellulose. A computer program to simulate the new model under various reaction conditions was prepared. This program reasonably predicts yields of fermentable (monomeric) sugar, reducing sugar, reversion material, remaining cellulose, as well as glucose lost by dehydration, all as a function of acid concentration, temperature, and reaction time.
The use of memory in text processing (1988)

The performance of a natural language processing system should improve as it reads more and more texts. This is true both for systems intended as cognitive models and for practical text processing systems. Permanent long-term memory should be useful during all stages of text understanding. For example, if, while reading a patent abstract about a new disk drive, a system can retrieve information about similar objects from memory, processing should be simplified. However, most natural language programs do not exhibit such learning behavior. We describe in this article how RESEARCHER, a program that reads, remembers and generalizes from patent abstracts, makes use of its automatically generated memory to assist in low-level text processing, primarily involving disambiguation that could be accomplished no other way. We describe both RESEARCHER's basic understanding methods and the integration of memory access. Included is an extended example of RESEARCHER processing a patent abstract by using information about several other abstracts already in memory.
Synergetic Sustainability Enhancement via Utilization of Carbon Dioxide as Carbon Neutral Chemical Feedstock in the Thermo-Chemical Processing of Biomass (2015)

This study investigated the utilization of CO2 as carbon neutral chemical feedstock in the thermo-chemical processing (i.e., pyrolysis and gasification) of biomass to enhance sustainability via modification of the composition of end products. To justify the universal function of CO2 in the thermo-chemical process, the biomass experimented on in this work was not limited to ligno-cellulosic biomass; seaweed (i.e., red macroalgae) was used to expand biofuel feedstock beyond terrestrial biomass. Our experimental results validated the achieved enhanced generation of ∼200% for H2 and ∼1000% for CO by means of adopting CO2 in the thermo-chemical process, as compared to the case in N2. This can be explained by the enhanced thermal cracking of volatile organic carbons (VOCs) evolved from the thermal degradation of biomass and the reaction between CO2 and VOCs. Considering mass balance under our experimental conditions, we confirmed reaction between CO2 and VOCs, which was universally observed in pyrolysis of all biomass samples used in this work. Thus, the identified influence of CO2 in the thermo-chemical process can be directly applied in a variety of research and industrial fields, which would be environmentally desirable.
Chemopreventive doses of amifostine confer no cytoprotection to tumor nodules growing in the lungs of mice treated with cyclophosphamide. (1999)

In addition to the cytoprotective benefits of amifostine (Ethyol; Alza Pharmaceuticals, Palo Alto, CA/US Bioscience, West Conshohocken, PA) to normal cells, it also prevents the induction of somatic mutations that can lead to therapy-induced second cancers. The mutagenic effects of cyclophosphamide, an agent that is known to be mutagenic to normal cells, were determined in mouse splenocytes using a mutational assay system. Cyclophosphamide 100 mg/kg increased mutant frequencies 10-fold. In contrast, amifostine 100 mg/kg, whether administered 30 minutes before or 2 hours after cyclophosphamide administration, resulted in eightfold lowered mutant frequencies. To address potential cytoprotective effects on tumors exposed to this dose, amifostine was administered to tumor-bearing mice either 30 minutes before or 2 hours after the administration of cyclophosphamide. Cyclophosphamide (range, 10 to 100 mg/kg) was administered intraperitoneally into mice 4 days following the injection of 3.5 x 10(5) viable fibrosarcoma (FSa) cells. At this time, microcolonies of FSa tumors containing 50 to 200 cells were present in the lung. The number of FSa lung nodules formed at the end of 14 days in control animals was compared with that of animals treated with cyclophosphamide +/- amifostine. No cytoprotection of murine FSa tumors by amifostine was observed across the entire cyclophosphamide dose range tested, regardless of time of administration, demonstrating the utility of amifostine as a chemopreventive drug under conditions that do not allow cytoprotection for tumor cells.
A Monitor for the Separate Determination of HT and HTO (1982)

We have constructed a prototype monitor that discriminates between tritiated water (HTO) and tritiated hydrogen (HT) in air. The separate determination of these two species is based upon their different permeation rates through the polymer Nafion (DuPont). A single diffusion stage using this material is sufficient to reduce the concentration of HT relative to HTO by a factor of 103 while still maintaining an acceptable time response. The HTO contribution to the measured HT concentration is also small. The electronic and mechanical design of this monitor is outlined and some preliminary test results presented.
A Safety Message Broadcast Strategy in Hybrid Vehicular Network Environment (2017)

As the Vehicle to Vehicle or Vehicle to Infrastructure communication in Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) is usually based on opportunity network, the transmission delay will be high with the low vehicle density or far transmission distance. As the result, the Quality of Service requirements of safety message dissemination cannot be satisfied. The paper proposed a safety message broadcast strategy based on VANET-cellular architecture, and it does not rely too much on traffic density or additional deployment of Road Side Unit. Meanwhile, the only relay node is selected from the candidate relay node subset via the acknowledgement mechanism of short control packet. The strategy can solve the problem of competitive channel and redundant data in VANET.
Analysis of imperfections in the coherent optical excitation of single atoms to Rydberg states (2018)

Arrays of single atoms promoted to Rydberg states offer a versatile platform for quantum simulation and implementation of two-qubit gates. A comprehensive account of the limiting factors and sources of errors in their experimental preparation is presented.
Crowd-Robot Interaction: Crowd-aware Robot Navigation with Attention-based Deep Reinforcement Learning (2018)

Mobility in an effective and socially-compliant manner is an essential yet challenging task for robots operating in crowded spaces. Recent works have shown the power of deep reinforcement learning techniques to learn socially cooperative policies. However, their cooperation ability deteriorates as the crowd grows since they typically relax the problem as a one-way Human-Robot interaction problem. In this work, we want to go beyond first-order Human-Robot interaction and more explicitly model Crowd-Robot Interaction (CRI). We propose to (i) rethink pairwise interactions with a self-attention mechanism, and (ii) jointly model Human-Robot as well as Human-Human interactions in the deep reinforcement learning framework. Our model captures the Human-Human interactions occurring in dense crowds that indirectly affects the robot's anticipation capability. Our proposed attentive pooling mechanism learns the collective importance of neighboring humans with respect to their future states. Various experiments demonstrate that our model can anticipate human dynamics and navigate in crowds with time efficiency, outperforming state-of-the-art methods.
Flexible perovskite based X-ray detectors for dose monitoring in medical imaging applications (2018)

Organometallic halide perovskite materials are attracting considerable interest for high performance photovoltaic and photodetector applications due to their exceptional opto-electronic properties and easy processing capability. The high atomic numbers (Z) of their constituents also make these materials suitable for X-ray detection. Here we report on the direct detection of X-ray induced photocurrents in flexible organolead halide perovskite based detectors. The electrical response of the detectors was found to be linear with the radiation dosage. These perovskite based radiation detectors were about 550% more sensitive than commonly used amorphous silicon solar devices. The high sensitivity to the X-rays could be attributed to the high Z constituents and large charge carrier mobility. Our results indicate that the perovskite materials are promising candidates for direct X-ray detectors.
Early students and the University of the Busy: the Quay Street years of Owens College 1851-1870 (1997)

Judging from repetitious appearances of her marital arms in the painted line-endings, the Psalter-Hours John Rylands Library Latin MS 117 probably belonged to Jeanne of Flanders (c.1272–1333), daughter of Count Robert III of Flanders and in 1288 second wife to Enguerrand IV of Coucy. Yet the line-endings also contain some 1,800 diminutive painted escutcheons, many of which refer to other members of the local nobility active during the 1280s. This study, based on an exhaustive survey of the total heraldic and codicological evidence, suggests that the majority of the extant Psalter predated the Hours and that the two parts were combined after the 1288 marriage. The ‘completed’ manuscript bears witness to major events that unfolded in and around the Coucy barony over the course of the decade. It suggests a complex relationship between Jeanne of Flanders and a lesser member of the local nobility, a certain Marien of Moÿ, who may have served as her attendant.
Use of clay mineral to reduce ammonium from wastewater. Effect of various parameters (2012)

This article investigates the potential of clay material (bentonite), having the following structure formula Ca0.014Na0.404K0.16(Si7.65Al0.35)(Al2.910Fe0.762Mg0.376)O22, as an ion exchange medium for ammonium removal from effluent and watercourse. Batch experiments were carried out indicating that bentonite is highly selective for the ammonium ion. Experimental data show that 94% of ammonium was removed from aqueous solution in comparison with its initial concentration, with an overall ion exchange capacity of ≈50 meq/100 g medium: on average. Batch tests were performed under a range of conditions to assess the effect of contact time, solution pH, solution concentration and temperature on the performance and capacity of the media for this application. A detailed examination of the data shows that increasing solution concentration and increased contact time provide the best performance at an optimum pH between 6 and 8. Adsorption capacity varied from 34 to 48 meq/100 g with temperature increasing from 20 to 40°C, therefore ammonium removal was controlled essentially by an endothermic process based on chemisorption phenomena. The Langmuir and Freundlich models (isotherms) were applied to the data obtained from the batch studies. It seems that the second model fits well with the experimental data, since it exhibits more satisfactory correlation coefficient value (0.97 and 0.45, respectively).
MLST of housekeeping genes captures geographic population structure and suggests a European origin of<i>Borrelia burgdorferi</i> (2008)

Lyme borreliosis, caused by the tick-borne bacterium Borrelia burgdorferi, has become the most common vector-borne disease in North America over the last three decades. To understand the dynamics of the epizootic spread and to predict the evolutionary trajectories of B. burgdorferi, accurate information on the population structure and the evolutionary relationships of the pathogen is crucial. We, therefore, developed a multilocus sequence typing (MLST) scheme for B. burgdorferi based on eight chromosomal housekeeping genes. We validated the MLST scheme on B. burgdorferi specimens from North America and Europe, comprising both cultured isolates and infected ticks. These data were compared with sequences for the commonly used genetic markers rrs-rrlA intergenic spacer (IGS) and the gene encoding the outer surface protein C (ospC). The study demonstrates that the concatenated sequences of the housekeeping genes of B. burgdorferi provide highly resolved phylogenetic signals and that the housekeeping genes evolve differently compared with the IGS locus and ospC. Using sequence data, the study reveals that North American and European populations of B. burgdorferi correspond to genetically distinct populations. Importantly, the MLST data suggest that B. burgdorferi originated in Europe rather than in North America as proposed previously.
Endotoxin (Salmonella abortus equi) in cancer patients. Clinical and immunological findings. (1995)

1. LPS phase I trial revealed MTD I of 1.0 ng/kg body weight and MTD II of 5.0 ng/kg body weight, the latter given together with ibuprofen (1,600 mg). 2. LPS phase II trial, using 4,0 ng/kg body weight plus ibuprofen in a biweekly schedule didn't show any response in patients with non-small cell lung cancer but 1 CR and 2 PR (13% response rate) in colorectal cancer patients. 3. The LPS tolerance is specific for each cytokine and mediator in regard to the kinetic and degree of its development. INF-gamma prevents the tolerance development to several cytokines with the exception of IL-8. 4. No tolerance was found in cell adhesion, phospholipase A2, and soluble TNF receptor I and II. Priming of ex vivo cytokine production of cytokines was found in mononuclear cells. 5. Synthetic LPS partial structure SDZ-MRL 953 (I) induces a cytokine pattern, which is profoundedly different from that of LPS, (II) with an inverse TNF to G-CSF relation, (III) is (without any ibuprofen treatment) remarkably low toxic, (IV) and downregulates the TNF-response to LPS markedly.
Environmental tobacco smoke exposure and ischaemic heart disease: an evaluation of the evidence (1997)

Breathing other people's smoke is an important and avoidable cause of ischaemic heart disease, increasing a person's risk by a quarter.
Burkholderia cenocepacia and Burkholderia multivorans: influence on survival in cystic fibrosis (2004)

In CF, the genomovar status of BCC may influence both the likelihood of progression from initial to chronic infection and the overall survival of the patients.
Effects of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on the proliferation of human breast cancer cell lines and proteins important in the RAS signaling pathway (1996)

Breast cancers frequently over-express a number of growth factor receptors. In addition, elevated src family kinase activity is present in a percentage of these neoplasms and has been implicated in signal transduction in these cells. Therefore, inhibiting tyrosine kinase activity is a potential approach for treating these tumors. Utilizing the SKBR3 and MCF-7 breast cancer cell lines, we evaluated the effects of broadly targeting growth factor receptor and cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (herbimycin A and genistein) to inhibit proliferation. We also evaluated these inhibitors' effects on proteins that regulate ras function, which is a convergence point for signaling through both src family kinases and a number of growth factor receptors with tyrosine kinase activity (e.g., epidermal growth factor and erbB-2 receptors). We specifically evaluated whether these compounds affected 2 recently discovered proteins involved in controlling ras function: Shc, which is tyrosine-phosphorylated by src and activated growth factor receptors, and Grb-2, which mediates signal transduction from activated growth factor receptors through ras. We evaluated their effects on tyrosine phosphorylation of Shc, binding of Grb-2 to Shc and MAP kinase activity. Both cell lines were inhibited in a dose-dependent manner by each compound. This was accompanied by decreased Shc tyrosine phosphorylation, Shc's association with Grb-2 and MAP kinase activity. Thus, tyrosine kinase inhibitors can inhibit proliferation of breast cancer cells, accompanied by inhibition of signal transduction steps potentially mediated through ras. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors might, therefore, be useful for the treatment of breast cancer. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Polymers of some basic and acidic α-amino-acids (1955)

B. G. Overell and V. Petrow, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 232 DOI: 10.1039/JR9550000232
Low spatial coherence electrically pumped semiconductor laser for speckle-free full-field imaging (2015)

The spatial coherence of laser sources has limited their application to parallel imaging and projection due to coherent artifacts, such as speckle. In contrast, traditional incoherent light sources, such as thermal sources or light emitting diodes (LEDs), provide relatively low power per independent spatial mode. Here, we present a chip-scale, electrically pumped semiconductor laser based on a novel design, demonstrating high power per mode with much lower spatial coherence than conventional laser sources. The laser resonator was fabricated with a chaotic, D-shaped cavity optimized to achieve highly multimode lasing. Lasing occurs simultaneously and independently in ∼1,000 modes, and hence the total emission exhibits very low spatial coherence. Speckle-free full-field imaging is demonstrated using the chaotic cavity laser as the illumination source. The power per mode of the sample illumination is several orders of magnitude higher than that of a LED or thermal light source. Such a compact, low-cost source, which combines the low spatial coherence of a LED with the high spectral radiance of a laser, could enable a wide range of high-speed, full-field imaging and projection applications.