gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Topological Phonon Modes and Their Role in Dynamic Instability of Microtubules (2009)

Microtubules (MTs) are self-assembled hollow protein tubes playing important functions in live cells. Their building block is a protein called tubulin, which self-assembles in a particulate 2 dimensional lattice. We study the vibrational modes of this lattice and find Dirac points in the phonon spectrum. We discuss a splitting of the Dirac points that leads to phonon bands with nonzero Chern numbers, signaling the existence of topological vibrational modes localized at MTs edges, which we indeed observe after explicit calculations. Since these modes are robust against the large changes occurring at the edges during the dynamic cycle of the MTs, we can build a simple mechanical model to illustrate how they would participate in this phenomenon.
Influence of Underpotential Deposited Lead upon the Oxidation of  HCOOH  in HClO4 at Platinum Electrodes (1993)

The influence of stabilized, underpotential deposited (upd) lead on the oxidation of formic acid and its strongly adsorbed species on a platinum electrode in has been investigated by measuring simultaneously the rate of production from both bulk and adsorbed formic acid. The use of on‐line mass spectrometry (MS) technique (DEMS) allows a discrimination of the products between adsorbed and bulk species with the help of isotope‐labeled 13C formic acid as a probe. The pronounced catalytic effect of upd lead adatoms on the bulk formic acid oxidation strongly depends on the coverage degree of adatoms. In addition, upd Pb facilitates the oxidation of formic acid adsorbates. However, the oxidation of formic acid cannot take place on a Pt surface covered up to 100% with upd lead adatoms and adsorbates. The results prove once more that a third‐body effect cannot account for the observed catalytic effects. An electronic interaction between the upd Pb and the Pt substrate is more likely. This results in an increase in rate of electrosorption on the modified free‐platinum surface.
MOTIVATION OF YOUNG CHILDREN FURTHER STUDIES IN SUCCESS AND FAILURE, PRAISE AND BLAME (1936)

child was given three series of strength tests at intervals of one week on a hand dynamometer devised especially for the Chase study. Each series consisted of seven trials on the strength test; only the scores of the last six were used in the computations. In the first test, Series I, the children in all groups received the same instructions with no knowledge of results, the recording apparatus being concealed behind a screen.
Synthesis and Evaluation of <i>N</i>-(Phenylacetyl)trifluoromethanesulfonamides as Anticonvulsant Agents (1996)

A series of N-(phenylacetyl)trifluoromethanesulfonamides (3a-g) was prepared according to the Topliss scheme in order to determine if aryl substituents would influence anticonvulsant activity. In initial (phase I) screening and quantitative (phase II) evaluation, all seven compounds exhibited significant activity against MES- and scMet-induced seizures. N-(Phenylacetyl)trifluoromethanesulfonamide (3a) was then advanced through five additional testing phases (phases III-VII). Compound 3a displayed good oral bioavailability, low toxicity, and a larger protective index in mice than the prototype drugs, phenytoin, phenobarbital, valproate, and ethosuximide. Additionally, 3a exhibited a longer time to peak effect in all tests and a greater 24-h margin of safety (HD(50)/ED(50)) than the prototypes. Compound 3a blocked picrotoxin-induced seizures but was ineffective against seizures induced by bicuculline or strychnine. In vitro receptor binding studies revealed that 3a did not displace [(3)H]-labeled gamma-aminobutyric acid or [(3)H]-labeled flunitrazepam, and tolerance did not develop during a 5-day chronic administration.
Combinational test generation using satisfiability (1996)

We present a robust, efficient algorithm for combinational test generation using a reduction to satisfiability (SAT). The algorithm, Test Generation Using Satisfiability (TEGUS), solves a simplified test set characteristic equation using straightforward but powerful greedy heuristics, ordering the variables using depth-first search and selecting a variable from the next unsatisfied clause at each branching point. For difficult faults, the computation of global implications is iterated, which finds more implications than previous approaches and subsumes structural heuristics such as unique sensitization. Without random tests or fault simulation, TEGUS completes on every fault in the ISCAS networks, demonstrating its robustness, and is ten times faster for those networks which have been completed by previous algorithms. Our implementation of TEGUS can be used as a base line for comparing test generation algorithms; we present comparisons with 45 recently published algorithms. TEGUS combines the advantages of the elegant organization of SAT-based algorithms with the efficiency of structural algorithms.
[Clinical significance and relationship between traditional classification and Lavin-Osband criteria in Langerhans cell histiocytosis]. (2004)

The Lavin-Osband criteria seemed to be simple, clear and easy to be handled and related to the severity of the disease, which will simplify the diagnoses, help the early-treatment and judge the prognosis.
Using TiO<sub>2</sub> as a Conductive Protective Layer for Photocathodic H<sub>2</sub> Evolution (2013)

Surface passivation is a general issue for Si-based photoelectrodes because it progressively hinders electron conduction at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. In this work, we show that a sputtered 100 nm TiO(2) layer on top of a thin Ti metal layer may be used to protect an n(+)p Si photocathode during photocatalytic H(2) evolution. Although TiO(2) is a semiconductor, we show that it behaves like a metallic conductor would under photocathodic H(2) evolution conditions. This behavior is due to the fortunate alignment of the TiO(2) conduction band with respect to the hydrogen evolution potential, which allows it to conduct electrons from the Si while simultaneously protecting the Si from surface passivation. By using a Pt catalyst the electrode achieves an H(2) evolution onset of 520 mV vs NHE and a Tafel slope of 30 mV when illuminated by the red part (λ > 635 nm) of the AM 1.5 spectrum. The saturation photocurrent (H(2) evolution) was also significantly enhanced by the antireflective properties of the TiO(2) layer. It was shown that with proper annealing conditions these electrodes could run 72 h without significant degradation. An Fe(2+)/Fe(3+) redox couple was used to help elucidate details of the band diagram.
CdSe down-converter tuned from 9.5 to 24 μm (1974)

The signal and idler outputs from a proustite parametric oscillator have been difference mixed in a CdSe crystal to produce infrared radiation tuned continuously from 9.4 to 24.3 μm. Difference-frequency powers, monitored by a pyroelectric detector, range from 10 W at 10 μm to 100 mW at 22 μm.
Calculation of melting curves for DNA (1968)

Abstract A method is reported for calculating the melting curve of a DNA molecule of random base sequence, including in the formalism the dependence of the free energy of base pair formation on the size of a denatured section. Some explicit results are shown for a “typical” base sequence, in particular the probability of helix formation at individual base pairs in several different regions of the molecule and the amount of melting from the end of the chain. Particular attention is drawn to the variation of local melting behavior from one region of the molecule to another. It is found that sections rich in AT melt at relatively low temperatures with a fairly broad transition curve, whereas regions rich in GC pairs melt at higher temperatures (as expected) with a very abrupt, local transition curve. To account qualitatively for the results one may divide melting into two kinds of processes: ( a ) the nucleation and growth of denatured regions, and ( b ) the merging together of two denatured sections at the expense of the intervening helix. The first of these processes dominates in the first stages of melting, and leads to rather broad local melting curves, whereas the second process predominates in the later stages, and occurs, in a particular part of the molecule, over a very narrow temperature range. It is estimated that the average length of a helix plus adjacent coil section at the midpoint of the transition is approximately 600 base pairs. Since transition curves which measure the local melting behavior reflect local compositions fluctuations, these curves contain information about the broad outlines of base sequence in the molecule. Some suggestions are made concerning experiments by which this potential information source could be exploited. In particular, it is pointed out that one might hope to map AT or GC rich regions at particular genetic loci in a biologically active DNA molecule. Values of the relevant parameters found earlier for the transition of homopolymers produce melting curves for a DNA of random base sequence which are in good agreement with the experimental transition curve for T2 phage DNA. Hence the present theoretical picture of the melting of polynucleotides is at least internally self‐consistent.
Study on the chemical stability of benzoxazine‐based phenolic resins in carboxylic acids (2001)

The chemical stability of typical polybenzoxazines based on bisphenol-A and primary amines was studied. Using proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic analysis of polybenzoxazine model dimers, it was found that the Mannich base is stable in a carboxylic acid solution. It is proposed that the nature of the primary amines is responsible for the interactions which take place between the carboxylic acid and the Mannich-base model dimers. As a result, the chemical stability of polybenzoxazines may also be related to the nature of the amines, which, in turn, influence the strength of the hydrogen-bonded network structure which develops upon cure. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 79: 1207–1219, 2001
2‐Oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexan und 2‐Oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hex‐5‐yl‐Derivate (1988)

2‐Oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane and 2‐Oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hex‐5‐yl Derivatives 2‐Oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane ( 1 ) has been obtained by cyclization of 3‐hydroxycyclobutanemethanol ( 9 ) while ethyl 2‐oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane‐ endo ‐5‐carboxylate ( 19 ) is accessible from ethyl 3‐(2‐propenyloxy)propenoate ( 18 ) by intramolecular photocycloaddition. Comparison of the 1 H‐NMR spectra of 1 and 19 confirms the endo configuration of the ethoxycarbonyl group. Thermolysis of 19 leads to ethyl 2‐ethenyl‐4‐oxobutyrate ( 25 ). PCC oxidation of 2‐oxabicyclo[2.1.1]hexane‐ endo ‐5‐methanol ( 23 ) affords 2,7‐dioxabicyclo[3.2.1]oct‐3‐ene ( 29 ) by rearrangement of the expected aldehyde 26 . Solvolyses of the brosylate 24 , derived from 23 , and nitrous acid deamination of the analogous amine 27 proceed with competitive displacement (→ 23 ) and fragmentation (→ 32 → 33 ). Fragmentation is enhanced by better leaving groups, elevated temperatures, and less nucleophilic solvents. Ring expansion, with formation of 2‐oxanorbornyl cations, occurs to less than 1%, if at all.
Calculation of the Color of Pigmented Plastics* (1942)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text J. L. Saunderson, "Calculation of the Color of Pigmented Plastics*," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 32, 727-736 (1942) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Electronic neural network for dynamic resource allocation (1991)

A VLSI implementable neural network architecture for dynamic assignment is presented. The resource allocation problems involve assigning members of one set (e.g. resources) to those of another (e.g. consumers) such that the global 'cost' of the associations is minimized. The network consists of a matrix of sigmoidal processing elements (neurons), where the rows of the matrix represent resources and columns represent consumers. Unlike previous neural implementations, however, association costs are applied directly to the neurons, reducing connectivity of the network to VLSI-compatible 0 (number of neurons). Each row (and column) has an additional neuron associated with it to independently oversee activations of all the neurons in each row (and each column), providing a programmable 'k-winner-take-all' function. This function simultaneously enforces blocking (excitatory/inhibitory) constraints during convergence to control the number of active elements in each row and column within desired boundary conditions. Simulations show that the network, when implemented in fully parallel VLSI hardware, offers optimal (or near-optimal) solutions within only a fraction of a millisecond, for problems up to 128 resources and 128 consumers, orders of magnitude faster than conventional computing or heuristic search methods.
Data-Defect Inspection With Kernel-Neighbor-Density-Change Outlier Factor (2016)

Data-defect would affect the data quality and the analysis results of data mining. This paper presents a data-defect inspection method with kernel-neighbor-density-change outlier factor (KNDCOF). The definition of kernel neighbor density is proposed to represent the density of each object in database, and the ascending distance series (ADS) of each object is calculated based on the kernel distance between the object and its neighbors. Then, the average density fluctuation (ADF) of the object is established according to the weighted sum of the square of density difference between the object and others in ADS. Finally, the KNDCOF of the object is equal to the ratios of the ADF of the object and the average ADF of neighbors of the object. The degree of the object being an outlier is indicated by the KNDCOF value. The experiments are performed on three real data sets to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed method. The experimental results verify that the proposed method has higher quality of data-defect inspection and does not increase the time complexity.
Efficient performance analysis of asynchronous systems based on periodicity (2005)

This paper presents an efficient method for the performance analysis and optimization of asynchronous systems. An asynchronous system is modeled as a marked graph with probabilistic delay distributions. We show that these systems exhibit inherent periodic behaviors. Based on this property, we derive an algorithm to construct the state space of the system through composition and capture the time evolution of the states into a periodic Markov chain. The system is solved for important performance metrics such as the distribution of input arrival time at a component, which is useful for subsequent system optimization, as well as relative component utilization, system latency and throughput. We also present a tool to demonstrate the feasibility of this method. Initial experimental results are promising, showing over three orders of magnitude improvement in runtime and nearly two orders of magnitude decrease in the size of the state space over previously published results. While the focus of this paper is on asynchronous digital systems, our technique can be applied to other concurrent systems that exhibit global asynchronous behavior, such as GALS and embedded systems.
Estimating Polygenic Effects Using Markers of the Entire Genome (2003)

Molecular markers have been used to map quantitative trait loci. However, they are rarely used to evaluate effects of chromosome segments of the entire genome. The original interval-mapping approach and various modified versions of it may have limited use in evaluating the genetic effects of the entire genome because they require evaluation of multiple models and model selection. Here we present a Bayesian regression method to simultaneously estimate genetic effects associated with markers of the entire genome. With the Bayesian method, we were able to handle situations in which the number of effects is even larger than the number of observations. The key to the success is that we allow each marker effect to have its own variance parameter, which in turn has its own prior distribution so that the variance can be estimated from the data. Under this hierarchical model, we were able to handle a large number of markers and most of the markers may have negligible effects. As a result, it is possible to evaluate the distribution of the marker effects. Using data from the North American Barley Genome Mapping Project in double-haploid barley, we found that the distribution of gene effects follows closely an L-shaped Gamma distribution, which is in contrast to the bell-shaped Gamma distribution when the gene effects were estimated from interval mapping. In addition, we show that the Bayesian method serves as an alternative or even better QTL mapping method because it produces clearer signals for QTL. Similar results were found from simulated data sets of F(2) and backcross (BC) families.
An ordered Si nanowire with NiSi<sub>2</sub>tip arrays as excellent field emitters (2010)

A method was developed to grow ordered silicon nanowire with NiSi(2) tip arrays by reacting nickel thin films on silica-coated ordered Si nanowire (NW) arrays. The coating of thin silica shell on Si NW arrays has the effect of limiting the diffusion of nickel during the silicidation process to achieve the single crystalline NiSi(2) NWs. In the meantime, it relieves the distortion of the NWs caused by the strain associated with formation of NiSi(2) to maintain the straightness of the nanowire and the ordering of the arrays. Other nickel silicide phases such as Ni(2)Si and NiSi were obtained if the silicidation processes were conducted on the ordered Si NWs without a thin silica shell. Excellent field emission properties were found for NiSi(2)/Si NW arrays with a turn on field of 0.82 V µm(-1) and a threshold field of 1.39 V µm(-1). The field enhancement factor was calculated to be about 2440. The stability test showed a fluctuation of about 7% with an applied field of 2.6 V µm(-1) for a period of 24 h. The excellent field emission characteristics are attributed to the well-aligned and highly ordered arrangement of the single crystalline NiSi(2)/Si heterostructure field emitters. In contrast to other growth methods, the present growth of ordered nickel silicide/Si NWs on silicon is compatible with silicon nanoelectronics device processes, and also provides a facile route to grow other well-aligned metal silicide NW arrays. The advantages will facilitate its applications as field emission devices.
Dosing Celecoxib in Pediatric Patients With Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (2011)

The objective was to derive dosing recommendations for the use of celecoxib in patients with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) using pharmacokinetic (PK) and exposure-response data. PK and efficacy data from a randomized, double-blind, 12-week study of celecoxib dosed at 3 and 6 mg/kg twice a day (bid) as an investigational suspension formulation in 152 JRA patients aged 2 to 17 years, PK data from 36 adult RA patients, and relative bioavailability data in healthy adults comparing suspension or capsule sprinkles with the commercial capsule were analyzed. Typical oral clearance (L/h) values were 40% and 24% lower in patients weighing 10 and 25 kg, respectively, compared with a 70-kg patient. Longitudinal, logistic pharmacodynamic models incorporating linear effects of dose/area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) over 0 to 12 hours (AUC(0-12)) suggested that the percentage of responders increased with celecoxib exposure. Systemic exposures (AUC) were similar for the suspension, capsule sprinkles, and intact capsule. Administration of a 50-mg bid capsule (or sprinkles) for patients weighing 10 to 25 kg and 100 mg bid for patients >25 kg was predicted to yield similar exposures and response rates as those observed in the JRA trial. Doses and dosage forms not studied in the JRA trial were approved based on the results of this analysis.
Urease active bioslurry: a novel soil improvement approach based on microbially induced carbonate precipitation (2016)

This paper presents a novel approach for soil stabilization by microbially induced carbonate precipitation (MICP) using a new urease active catalyzer, named herein as “bioslurry”. The bioslurry, which was produced from the reaction between bacterial culture and 400 mmol/L of CaCl 2 and urea, is pre-formed urease active crystals consisting of CaCO 3 plus imbedded urease active bacterial cells. By mixing the bioslurry with sand, more than 95% of the bioslurry was retained in the soil matrix as a result of the mechanical trapping mechanism, leading to high resistance to flushing with a low-salinity solution. The retained urease activity of bioslurry was uniformly distributed along the sand matrix, resulting in a rather uniform CaCO 3 precipitation. Through repeated treatments with a cementation solution, the unconfined compressive strength of bioslurry treated sand was significantly improved due to the effective CaCO 3 precipitation at the contact points of soil grains. Scanning electron microscopy analysis carried out on the bioslurry treated sand revealed that the induced large rhombohedral CaCO 3 crystals were localized around the bioslurry spherical fine crystals. The overall outcome of this work is that soil biocementation using the new bioslurry approach is controllable, reproducible, and homogeneous.
Behaviors of an enhanced transport protocol for multipeer multimedia communications (2002)

This paper proposes an enhanced transport protocol for multipeer communications. It is assumed that there exists a transport connection owner that takes charge of the establishment, management and termination of a multipeer transport connection. The proposed protocol classifies the type of multicast data transfer into simplex, duplex and N-plex and provides several transport services to support membership and reliability requirements in multiparty group communications. A shared control tree that is originated to avoid the ACK implosion problem carries out its general operations and reliability controls. The QoS negotiation is performed during the creation phase. The notification of negotiated values is followed by an acknowledgment for confirmation. The four-way handshake is introduced. This paper suggests a conceptual model of the transport layer and protocol behaviors. It is assumed that this transport protocol is operated over IPv6 multicasting or IP Multicast service with RSVP.
An adaptive ferroelectric transformer: A solid-state analog memory device (1970)

An electronic transformer (audio frequency) with a voltage gain capable of being reversibly set within a broad dynamic range (40 dB) by a voltage pulse (10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> s) will be covered. Settings can be stored for months even with power disconnected.