gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Radiation at the Plasma Frequency and its Harmonic from a Turbulent Plasma (1965)

Any mechanism which couples electrostatic waves (plasma oscillations) and electromagnetic waves in a plasma will lead to radiation from plasma oscillations. The most important consequence of nonlinearity of the equations is that two electrostatic waves are coupled to one electromagnetic wave; this process is therefore responsible for radiation at the second harmonic (2ωp). Low-frequency or static inhomogeneities of the plasma couple one electrostatic wave to one electromagnetic wave, and therefore, produce radiation at (or near) the plasma frequency. Two types of inhomogeneity are considered: ``isotropic'' inhomogeneities, which are fluctuations in the plasma density, and ``anisotropic inhomogeneities,'' which comprise an inhomogeneous distribution of currents and magnetic fields. These radiation mechanisms are analyzed by means of a set of fluid equations for the electron component, which should provide an adequate description for plasma oscillations with wavenumbers small compared with the Debye wavenumber. The radiation field is evaluated by a Green function method, ignoring re-absorption, which one expects to be a very weak process. For each radiation mechanism, a formula is obtained for the volume emissivity of a turbulent plasma representing the plasma oscillations and the inhomogeneities each by a correlation function and an energy spectrum. Useful approximate forms of these formulas are given.
Stable Activation of Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase in the T Cell Immunological Synapse Stimulates Akt Signaling to FoxO1 Nuclear Exclusion and Cell Growth Control (2005)

We have previously reported at the single cell level that PI3K is activated after conjugate formation between T lymphocytes and APCs. However, in contrast to cells exposed to an asymmetrical signal that usually increase 3'-phosphoinositides (3'-PI) transiently in the region of the activated receptors, T cells contacting APC accumulate 3'-PI across their whole plasma membrane far beyond the region of the immunological synapse (IS). Importantly, this effect is maintained over time, for hours, and although PI3K-dependent pathways translate in various cell types extracellular stimuli into a wide range of biological events, in primary T cells this stability is mostly required for cell division induced by Ag. Using imaging methodologies, the present article elucidates the molecular mechanisms responsible for this particular functioning of the PI3K pathway in primary human T lymphocytes interacting with APCs, especially with dendritic cells. The results reveal that the IS unremittingly recruits PI3K to maintain high 3'-PI levels in T cells through phosphotyrosine-dependent mechanisms, suggesting a major participation of class Ia PI3K. This persistent activation of PI3K results in the Akt-dependent sequestration of the FoxO transcription factor, FoxO1, outside the nucleus of T cells interacting with APCs. Using an active form of FoxO1, we demonstrate that this compartmentalization process can affect T cell growth after Ag recognition. We conclude that the need for sustained PI3K signaling within the consolidated IS is probably an undemanding tactic used by primary T cells critical for initiating cell cycle progression through the prolonged inactivation of FoxO1, one important factor that can control cell quiescence.
Cell-Penetrating Recombinant Peptides for Potential Use in Agricultural Pest Control Applications (2012)

Several important areas of interest intersect in a class of peptides characterized by their highly cationic and partly hydrophobic structure. These molecules have been called cell-penetrating peptides (CPPs) because they possess the ability to translocate across cell membranes. This ability makes these peptides attractive candidates for delivery of therapeutic compounds, especially to the interior of cells. Compounds with characteristics similar to CPPs and that, in addition, have antimicrobial properties are being investigated as antibiotics with a reduced risk of causing resistance. These CPP-like membrane-acting antimicrobial peptides (MAMPs) are α-helical amphipathic peptides that interact with and perturb cell membranes to produce their antimicrobial effects. One source of MAMPs is spider venom. Because these compounds are toxic to insects, they also show promise for development as biological agents for control of insecticide-resistant agricultural pests. Spider venom is a potential source of novel insect-specific peptide toxins. One example is the small amphipathic α-helical peptide lycotoxin-1 (Lyt-1 or LCTX) from the wolf spider (Lycosa carolinensis). One side of the α-helix has mostly hydrophilic and the other mainly hydrophobic amino acid residues. The positive charge of the hydrophilic side interacts with negatively charged prokaryotic membranes and the hydrophobic side associates with the membrane lipid bilayer to permeabilize it. Because the surface of the exoskeleton, or cuticle, of an insect is highly hydrophobic, to repel water and dirt, it would be expected that amphipathic compounds could permeabilize it. Mutagenized lycotoxin 1 peptides were produced and expressed in yeast cultures that were fed to fall armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) larvae to identify the most lethal mutants. Transgenic expression of spider venom toxins such as lycotoxin-1 in plants could provide durable insect resistance.
P1‐290: High‐dose cholinesterase inhibitor treatment of Alzheimer's disease (2015)

Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) remain the therapeutic mainstay for patients with dementia of the Alzheimer's type (DAT) despite their small effect size, dose-limiting adverse events (AEs), and the need for prolonged dose titration. PET imaging studies indicate that ChEIs given at their maximum tolerable dose (MTD) inhibit the target enzyme in brain by only about 30%, while animal model and clinical trial results suggest that higher ChEI doses confer proportionately greater cognitive benefit. Four phase I single-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, dose-escalation studies of ChEIs to MTD or protocol limit have been conducted to begin evaluation of the hypothesis that co-administration of an anticholinergic or an antiemetic to attenuate dose-limiting AEs will enable the safe and tolerable use of higher ChEI doses and thus potentially improve their antidementia efficacy. Dose increments occurred on a daily or every other day basis. Additionally, a Phase II trial of similar design with ADAS-cog measures in 24 moderate DAT patients is nearing completion. Co-administration of single oral rivastigmine doses (to 24 mg/day) with an anticholinergic (trospium 40 mg/day) or of transdermal rivastigmine (to 27.6 mg/day release given as six 5 cm2 patches) with either a transdermal anticholinergic (oxybutynin at 3.9 mg/day release) or an oral antiemetic (ondansetron at 8 mg every 6 hours) reduced group AE frequency compared to the ChEI given with placebo by 79 to 94%, enabling mean MTDs to increase by 1.5 and 3.4 fold and mean peak plasma concentrations to increase by up to 4.4 fold (all p < .05). The oral admin of donepezil (to 40 mg/day) to 6 healthy volunteers and thus far to 8 DAT patients with an anticholinergic (solifenacin 10 or 15 mg/day, respectively) has resulted in group AE reductions ranging from 63 to over 90%, respectively, and mean ChEI MTDs to increase by 1.7 and 3.6 fold and mean peak plasma concentration increments of 2.6 and 3.4 fold, respectively (all p < .05). No new treatment emergent AEs or laboratory abnormalities occurred. Attenuating AEs by anticholinergic or antiemetic co-administration enables substantial ChEI dose increases in healthy volunteers and DAT patients and should thus improve their antidementia efficacy. Kalpan-Meier plot of the MTD of transdermal rivastigmine co-administered with either a transdermal placebo, oral ondansetron (8 mg every 8 hours), or transdermal oxybutynin (3.9 mg/day release) to 6 healthy male volunteers. Rivastigmine doses were raised every other day to MTD or the protocol limit of 27.6 mg/day release (six 5 cm2 patches). Light blue vertical baar represents the modal dose of trasdermally administered rivastigmine given DAT patients.
On the equivalence of topological relations (1995)

Abstract The 4-intersection, a model for binary topological relations, is based on the intersections of the boundaries and interiors of two point sets in a topological space, considering the content invariant (i.e., emptiness/non-emptiness) of the intersections. If the 4-intersections of two pairs of point sets have different contents, then their topological relations are different as well; however, the reverse cannot be stated as there may be different topological relations that map onto a 4-intersection with the same content. This paper refines the model of empty/non-empty 4-intersections with further topological invariants to account for more details about topological relations. The invariants used are the dimension of the components, their types (touching, crossing, and different refinements of crossings), their relationships with respect to the exterior neighbourhoods, and the sequence of the components. These invariants, applied to non-empty boundary-boundary intersections, comprise a classification invariant for binary topological relations between homogeneously 2-dimensional, connected point sets (disks) in the plane such that if two different 4-intersections with the necessary invariants are equal, then their topological relations are identical. The model presented applies to processing G1S queries about whether or not two pairs of spatial objects have the same topological relation and gives rise to the formal definition of topological similarity.
Factor VIII Epitopes Recognized with Inhibitory Monoclonal Antibodies (1990)

To test whether anti-idiotypic immunoregulation of factor VIII(FVIII)-inhibiting antibodies could be feasible in hemophiliacs, we assayed the minimal number and range of immunogenic, functional FVIII epitopes to which a series of murine anti-FVIII monoclonal antibodies (MAb) were directed. Rabbit anti-idiotypic sera to 7 MAb were prepared and used in competitive immunoradiometric assays to test Id similarities among 36 murine MAb. At least 12 immunogenic and functional epitopes were found on the FVIII molecule. The large range of target loci for FVIII inhibitors will make their immunoregulation by anti-idiotypic methods difficult.
Moschcowitz, Multimers, and Metalloprotease (1998)

In 1924, Dr. Eli Moschcowitz described the abrupt onset of petechiae and pallor, followed rapidly by paralysis, coma, and death, in a 16-year-old girl.1 Terminal arterioles and capillaries in the doomed teenager were occluded by hyaline thrombi, later determined to consist mostly of platelets without perivascular inflammation or endothelial desquamation. Moschcowitz suspected a “powerful poison which had both agglutinative and hemolytic properties”1 as the cause of this frightening new disease, now known as thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura.In 1982, unusually large multimers of von Willebrand factor found in the plasma of patients with chronic relapsing thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura were proposed as . . .
A linear voltage-tunable distributed null device (1972)

A linear voltage-tunable null device was predicted, fabricated, and tested. This filter is conceptually a distributed parameter RC representation of the channel of a MOSFET in a network configuration with a second MOSFET that is treated as a variable resistor. Classical transmission-line theory is used to predict a linear tuning curve with applied bias for the device. This concept was used to design a null device having a null that is linearly tunable in the range of 100 kHz. Such devices were fabricated and tested. Typical MOS processing steps were used and the resulting structures are compatible with the planar technology. The compatibility leads towards extension of this work to different frequency ranges for other specific applications.
Border sequences of Medicago truncatula CLE36 are specifically cleaved by endoproteases common to the extracellular fluids of Medicago and soybean (2011)

CLE (CLAVATA3/ESR-related) peptides are developmental regulators that are secreted into the apoplast. Little is known about the role of the sequences that flank CLE peptides in terms of their biological activity or how they are targeted by proteases that are known to liberate the final active CLE peptides from their precursor sequences. The biological activity of Medicago truncatula CLE36, which possesses broadly conserved border sequences flanking the putative final active CLE36 peptide product, was assessed. Using in vitro root growth assays and an in vitro root and callus formation assay it is shown that CLE36 peptides of different lengths possess differential biological activities. Using mass spectrometry, Glycine max and Medicago extracellular fluids were each shown to possess an endoproteolytic activity that recognizes and cleaves at border sequences in a synthetic 31 amino acid CLE36 'propeptide bait' to liberate biologically active peptide products. Inhibitor studies suggest that a subtilisin, in combination with a carboxypeptidase, liberated and trimmed CLE36, respectively, to form biologically relevant 11-15 amino acid cleavage products. The 15 amino acid cleavage product is more biologically potent on Arabidopsis than shorter or longer CLE peptides. In situ hybridization shows that the soybean orthologue of CLE36 (GmCLE34) is expressed in the provascular tissue. The results suggest that secreted subtilisins can specifically recognize the border sequences of CLE36 propeptides and liberate biologically active cleavage products. These secreted proteases may affect the stability and biological activity of CLE peptides in the apoplast or be involved in CLE36 processing.
Characterization of Biosynthetic Enzymes for Ectoine as a Compatible Solute in a Moderately Halophilic Eubacterium, <i>Halomonas elongata</i> (1999)

1,4,5,6-Tetrahydro-2-methyl-4-pyrimidinecarboxylic acid (ectoine) is an excellent osmoprotectant. The biosynthetic pathway of ectoine from aspartic beta-semialdehyde (ASA), in Halomonas elongata, was elucidated by purification and characterization of each enzyme involved. 2,4-Diaminobutyrate (DABA) aminotransferase catalyzed reversively the first step of the pathway, conversion of ASA to DABA by transamination with L-glutamate. This enzyme required pyridoxal 5'-phosphate and potassium ions for its activity and stability. The gel filtration estimated an apparent molecular mass of 260 kDa, whereas molecular mass measured by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) was 44 kDa. This enzyme exhibited an optimum pH of 8.6 and an optimum temperature of 25 degreesC and had Kms of 9.1 mM for L-glutamate and 4.5 mM for DL-ASA. DABA acetyltransferase catalyzed acetylation of DABA to gamma-N-acetyl-alpha,gamma-diaminobutyric acid (ADABA) with acetyl coenzyme A and exhibited an optimum pH of 8.2 and an optimum temperature of 20 degreesC in the presence of 0.4 M NaCl. The molecular mass was 45 kDa by gel filtration. Ectoine synthase catalyzed circularization of ADABA to ectoine and exhibited an optimum pH of 8.5 to 9.0 and an optimum temperature of 15 degreesC in the presence of 0.5 M NaCl. This enzyme had an apparent molecular mass of 19 kDa by SDS-PAGE and a Km of 8.4 mM in the presence of 0. 77 M NaCl. DABA acetyltransferase and ectoine synthase were stabilized in the presence of NaCl (>2 M) and DABA (100 mM) at temperatures below 30 degreesC.
Endothelial cell proliferation and monocyte adhesion to atherosclerotic lesions of white carneau pigeons. (1986)

Two of the early changes that occur at sites of developing atherosclerotic lesions in pigeon aortas are monocyte adhesion and endothelial proliferation. We characterized these events in the abdominal aortas of lesion-free young pigeons and in mature birds that developed either naturally occurring or cholesterol-induced atherosclerosis. Compared with mature animals, very young (7-day-old) pigeons had elevated endothelial cell labeling with 3H-thymidine in normal regions of aorta as quantitated by scanning electron microscopy. All regions of atherosclerosis exhibited at least a fivefold increase in both monocyte adhesion and endothelial proliferation. Adhesion and proliferation were highest at the developing edge of lesions. When naturally occurring lesions of 5-year-old birds were compared with lesions of younger birds fed a 0.5% cholesterol-supplemented diet for either 15 or 52 weeks, monocyte adhesion and endothelial cell proliferation were found to be similar. The same parameters were studied after regression of atherosclerosis in pigeons fed 0.5% cholesterol-supplemented diet for 1 year, followed by cholesterol-free diet for 2, 6, or 11 months. The regression regimen resulted in significant reduction in both monocyte adhesion and endothelial proliferation at lesion sites. It is concluded that progressing atherosclerotic lesions, whether occurring naturally or exacerbated by cholesterol feeding, have similar and significant increases in monocyte adhesion and endothelial cell proliferation. Regression of atherosclerotic lesions is accompanied by a decrease in these two cellular events.
Nutrient Analysis of Two Browse Species (1969)

In current twigs of American beautyberry and rusty blackhaw, fiber content increased during spring and remained high for the remainder of the year. Old twigs usually contained more fiber than current twigs. Levels of protein, nitrogen-free extract, and cell contents-the most digestible fractions-were highest in spring, and new twigs contained higher levels than old twigs. Leaves, particularly those of beautyberry, were more nutritious than twigs or fruit. Beautyberry fruit was most succulent and nutritious when it ripened in early autumn.
Modular Synthesis of Novel Macrocycles Bearing α,β‐Unsaturated Chemotypes through a Series of One‐Pot, Sequential Protocols (2016)

A series of one-pot, sequential protocols was developed for the synthesis of novel macrocycles bearing α,β-unsaturated chemotypes. The method highlights a phosphate tether-mediated approach to establish asymmetry, and consecutive one-pot, sequential processes to access the macrocycles with minimal purification procedures. This library amenable strategy provided diverse macrocycles containing α,β-unsaturated carbon-, sulfur-, or phosphorus-based warheads.
Disease Trajectories and End-of-Life Care for Dementias: Latent Topic Modeling and Trend Analysis Using Clinical Notes. (2018)

Despite the increasing prevalence, growing costs, and high mortality of dementia in older adults in the U.S., little is known about the course of these diseases and what care dementia patients receive in their final years of life. Using a large volume of clinical notes of dementia patients over the last two years of life, we conducted automatic topic modeling to capture the trends of various themes mentioned in care provider notes, including patients' physical function status, mental health, falls, nutrition and feeding, infections, hospital care, intensive care, end-of-life care, and family and social supports. Our research contributes to the adoption and evaluation of an unsupervised machine learning method using large amounts of retrospective free-text electronic health record data to discover and understand illness and health care trajectories.
Interface to Network Security Functions for Cloud-Based Security Services (2018)

Network functions virtualization and cloudbased security services will become increasingly common in enterprise network systems to reduce the system operation costs and take advantage of the diverse network security functions (NSFs) developed by multiple vendors. In such a network environment, standardizing the interfaces to the NSFs of different vendors is essential to simplify the management of these heterogeneous NSFs. In addition, software-defined networking can be imposed to optimize the security service process in such cloud-based service environments by enforcing some types of packet filtering rules at the SDN switches, instead of NSFs possibly placed in remote clouds. The Interface to Network Security Functions (I2NSF) Working Group, which is part of the Internet Engineering Task Force, is currently developing a set of standard interfaces to such heterogeneous NSFs. In this article, we present the design and development of an I2NSF architecture and propose improving its efficiency by integrating it with SDN. In our work, we implement the SDN-integrated I2NSF architecture and its security applications. This article also discusses several standardization and research challenges for I2NSF.
The nonpolymorphic MHC Qa-1b mediates CD8+ T cell surveillance of antigen-processing defects (2009)

The nonclassical major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Qa-1b accommodates monomorphic leader peptides and functions as a ligand for germ line receptors CD94/NKG2, which are expressed by natural killer cells and CD8+ T cells. We here describe that the conserved peptides are replaced by a novel peptide repertoire of surprising diversity as a result of impairments in the antigen-processing pathway. This novel peptide repertoire represents immunogenic neoantigens for CD8+ T cells, as we found that these Qa-1b–restricted T cells dominantly participated in the response to tumors with processing deficiencies. A surprisingly wide spectrum of target cells, irrespective of transformation status, MHC background, or type of processing deficiency, was recognized by this T cell subset, complying with the conserved nature of Qa-1b. Target cell recognition depended on T cell receptor and Qa-1b interaction, and immunization with identified peptide epitopes demonstrated in vivo priming of CD8+ T cells. Our data reveal that Qa-1b, and most likely its human homologue human leukocyte antigen-E, is important for the defense against processing-deficient cells by displacing the monomorphic leader peptides, which relieves the inhibition through CD94/NKG2A on lymphocytes, and by presenting a novel repertoire of immunogenic peptides, which recruits a subset of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells.
ChemInform Abstract: NOGALAMYCIN. STEREOCHEMISTRY AND CHEMICAL MODIFICATION (1980)

Abstract Das antibiotische Anthracyclin Nogalamycin sowie zahlreiche Umwandlungsprodukte werden in ihren Strukturen wie (I) und (II) bestimmt.
Between Cultures: Oral History of Hmong Teenagers in Minneapolis (1990)

An organizer of the Hmong Boy Scout Troop of Minneapolis shares a story of one family's experiences in America.