gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tailoring nanostructures with a scanning tunneling microscope (1991)

The use of a scanning tunneling microscope (STM) has become a powerful technique for getting information on the topography of a conducting or semiconducting surface as well as for performing local tunneling spectroscopy. But there is also an increasing interest to use this particular technique for the fabrication of nanostructures in a desired and well-controlled way. Such structures are valuable for the investigation of the physics in small dimensions as well as for the development of new devices that take advantage of quantum size effects. The analysis of the processes creating nanostructures can provide important information about different interactions between the tip, the sample and their surrounding. In this letter we present one of the mechanisms involved in the fabrication of such nanostructures on glassy metals. We investigated the response of different glassy metals to our fabrication process and compared it to the theoretical predictions derived from the solution of the thermal diffusion equation. Furthermore, we will show a method to analyze the fabrication process by measuring the current during the creation of the structures.
6-Phosphofructo-2-kinase (pfkfb3) Gene Promoter Contains Hypoxia-inducible Factor-1 Binding Sites Necessary for Transactivation in Response to Hypoxia (2004)

The up-regulation of glycolysis to enhance the production of energy under reduced pO(2) is a hallmark of the hypoxic response. A key regulator of glycolytic flux is fructose-2,6-bisphosphate, and its steady state concentration is regulated by the action of different isozymes product of four genes (pfkfb1-4). pfkfb3 has been found in proliferating cells and tumors, being induced by hypoxia. To understand the organization of cis-acting sequences that are responsible for the oxygen-regulated pfkfb3 gene, we have studied its 5'-flanking region. Extensive analysis of the 5' pfkfb3 promoter sequence revealed the presence of putative consensus binding sites for various transcription factors that could play an important role in pfkfb3 gene regulation. These DNA consensus sequences included estrogen receptor, hypoxia response element (HRE), early growth response, and specific protein 1 putative binding sites. Promoter deletion analysis as well as putative HREs sequences (wild type and mutated) fused to a c-fos minimal promoter unit constructs demonstrate that the sequence located from -1269 to -1297 relative to the start site is required for hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) induction. The effective binding of HIF-1 transcription factor to the HREs at -1279 and -1288 was corroborated by electrophoretic mobility shift assay and biotinylated oligonucleotide pull-down. In addition, HIF-1alpha null mouse embryo fibroblasts transfected with a full-length pfkfb3 promoter-luciferase reporter construct further demonstrated that HIF-1 protein was critically involved for hypoxia transactivation of this gene. Altogether, these results demonstrate that pfkfb3 is a hypoxia-inducible gene that is stimulated through HIF interaction with the consensus HRE site in its promoter region.
AlInAs/GaInAs mHEMTs on silicon substrates grown By MOCVD (2008)

Metamorphic Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.50</sub> In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.50</sub> As/Ga <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.47</sub> In <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.53</sub> As high electron mobility transistors (mHEMT) grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) on silicon substrates have been successfully demonstrated for the first time. The grown structures exhibited 2-DEG mobilities over 4500 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /V-s, with sheet carrier densities larger than 8 times 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> at room temperature. A 1.0-mum transistor exhibits a maximum transconductance of 587 mS/mm. The cut off and maximum oscillation frequencies were 32.3 and 44 GHz, respectively.
Dose Proportionality of Treprostinil Sodium Administered by Continuous Subcutaneous and Intravenous Infusion (2007)

This study assessed the relationship between dose and plasma concentration following administration of treprostinil sodium infusion therapy in pulmonary arterial hypertension patients. This was a multicenter, open-label, multiple-cohort, steady-state, pharmacokinetic study in subjects with pulmonary arterial hypertension receiving treprostinil by continuous intravenous or subcutaneous infusion at doses between 10 and 125 ng/kg/min. A blood sample was obtained from each patient at steady state and analyzed via a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry method. Forty-nine subjects receiving treprostinil were enrolled. Treprostinil doses ranged from 12.1 to 125 ng/kg/min; treprostinil plasma concentrations ranged from 14.9 to 18 248 pg/mL. Linear regression analysis revealed a correlation between treprostinil dose and treprostinil plasma concentration with an R2 value of 0.561. Using a power model to assess dose proportionality, the estimated nonproportionality parameter was 0.641 (95% confidence interval: 0.083-1.199), reflecting consistency with dose proportionality. Subset linear regression analysis, which excluded 2 subjects with anomalous treprostinil plasma concentrations, increased the R2 value to 0.796. Using a power model to assess dose proportionality of this subset, the estimated nonproportionality parameter was 0.941 (95% confidence interval: 0.809-1.073). This study supports previous findings of linearity at lower doses up to 15 ng/kg/min and demonstrates linearity at treprostinil doses up to 125 ng/kg/min.
Reduction of floating substrate effect in thin-film SOI MOSFETs (1986)

The presence of a floating substrate in SOI transistors gives rise to a decrease of threshold voltage when drain voltage is increased. When the devices are made in a very thin silicon film, the latter is completely depleted when the device is in the 'on' state, and no part of the film can act as a floating substrate. This brings about a dramatic decrease of the so-called 'kink effect'.
Control of Biomolecular Motors for Nano Transfer System (2003)

我々は, 生体分子モータを駆動源として用いたハイブリッドナノ搬送システムの構築を目指している。その重要な要素であるモータのon/off制御をATP及びヘキソキナーゼの注入により, 微小流体デバイス中で実現した。
Bretton Woods System (2008)

Under the Bretton Woods System, created after the Second World War, each country had to peg its currency to gold or to the US dollar, but it could obtain temporary financing from the International Monetary Fund. In practice, countries pegged their currencies to the dollar and accumulated dollar reserves, which they could use to buy gold from the US Treasury. This regime served to finance US payments deficits but prevented the United States from changing its exchange rate. The system was undermined when other countries’ dollar holdings came to exceed US gold holdings. It was abandoned in 1973, when the major industrial countries let their currencies float.
MicroPET Imaging of a Gastrin-Releasing Peptide Receptor-Positive Tumor in a Mouse Model of Human Prostate Cancer Using a <sup>64</sup>Cu-Labeled Bombesin Analogue (2003)

The gastrin-releasing peptide receptor (GRPR) is overexpressed on a variety of carcinomas and has been the target for detection and treatment of these neoplasms in animals. In particular, analogues of the tetradecapeptide bombesin (BN) have been radiolabeled with (99m)Tc and (111)In for detection of GRPR-positive tumors by gamma ray scintigraphy. The goal of this study was to evaluate the potential of the bombesin analogue, DOTA-Aoc-BN(7-14), for positron-emission tomographic (PET) imaging after radiolabeling with the positron-emitter (64)Cu. A saturation binding assay on PC-3 human prostate cancer cells showed that (64)Cu-DOTA-Aoc-BN(7-14) had an equilibrium binding constant (K(d)) of 6.1 +/- 2.5 nM and a receptor concentration (B(max)) of 2.7 +/- 0.6 x 10(5) receptors/cell. The radiolabeled analogue also showed rapid internalization with 18.2% internalized into 10(5) PC-3 cells by 2 h. The tumor localization of (64)Cu-DOTA-Aoc-BN(7-14) was 5.5% injected dose per gram in athymic nude mice bearing PC-3 xenografts at 2 h postinjection. The tumor retention with respect to the 2 h value was 76% and 45% at 4 and 24 h, respectively, and was GRPR-mediated as shown by inhibition with a coinjection of excess peptide. MicroPET imaging of (64)Cu-DOTA-Aoc-BN(7-14) in athymic nude mice bearing subcutaneous PC-3 tumors showed good tumor localization. Further studies with (64)Cu-pyruvaldehyde-bis(N(4)-methylthiosemicarbazone) ((64)Cu-PTSM) suggested that low blood flow to the PC-3 tumors may have limited the localization of (64)Cu-DOTA-Aoc-BN(7-14). This study demonstrates that (64)Cu-DOTA-Aoc-BN(7-14) can be used to detect GRPR-positive tumors by PET imaging.
Evidence for using cannabis and cannabinoids to manage pain. (2005)

In the past 30 years there has been a rise in anecdotal evidence from patients on the effectiveness of cannabis in pain relief. This has led to an interest in the potential medical use of cannabis and its derivatives (Ware et al, 2003). In the UK this debate has led to expert bodies reviewing the evidence for and against its use in pain management. This article explores this evidence.
A Compact High Temperature Dilatometer (1970)

A program controlled, inductively heated, compact high temperature dilatometer was designed and built. The dilatometer is capable of measuring the thermal expansion of arc-melted hemispherical metal samples as small as 1.5 mm high by 3.2 mm diam up to 1600°C. The design of the instrument incorporates a linear variable differential transformer (LVDT) transducer with a sensitivity of 1.02×10−3 mm/mV.
Cement kiln mercury reduction strategies a case study in materials management (2010)

With the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) drafting guidelines to control mercury emissions many in the Cement Industry are looking at opportunities to manage these emissions in a cost effective way. This paper summarizes three years of mercury management practice at Titan America's kiln line in Florida. Topics include the operational practices that support a materials balance management protocol and the testing done to better identify the mercury cycle specific to the main dust collector. Finally a successful theoretical application of mercury management through dust disposal is summarized with estimates of the cost of application of such a system.
Photolysis of aromatic aldehydes (1969)

The photolysis of benzaldehyde and pentafluorobenzaldehyde have been carried out in the gas phase using the light from a medium-pressure mercury-vapour lamp. The major reaction proceeded to the formation of a yellowish polymer. The only identifiable products were pentafluorobenzene and carbon monoxide with pentafluorobenzaldehyde and benzene and carbon monoxide with benzaldehyde. A mechanism is postulated to explain the formation of these products and the variation in their rate of formation with experimental parameters.
Validation and integration of a rubber engine model into an MDO environment (2010)

Multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) is a technique that has found use in the field of aerospace engineering for aircraft design. It uses optimization to simultaneously solve design problems with several disciplines involved. In order to predict aircraft performance an engine performance simulation model, also called “rubber engine”, is vital. The goal of this project is to validate and integrate a rubber engine model into an MDO environment. A method for computer simulation of gas turbine aero engine performance was created. GasTurb v11, a commercial gas turbine performance simulation software, was selected for doing the simulation models. The method was validated by applying it to five different jet engines of different size, different type and different age. It was shown that the simulation engine model results are close to the engine manufacturer data in terms of SFC and net thrust during cruise, maximum climb (MCL) and take off (MTO) thrust ratings. The cruise, take off and climb SFC was in general predicted within 2% error when compared to engine manufacturer performance data. The take off and climb net thrust was in general predicted with less than 5% error. The integration of the rubber engine model with the MDO framework was started and it was demonstrated that the model can run within the MDO software. Four different jet engine models have been prepared for use within the optimization software. The main conclusion is that GasTurb v11 can be used to make accurate jet engine performance simulation models and that it is possible to incorporate these models into an MDO environment.
Sixty Consecutive Breast Reconstructions with the Inflatable Expander (1990)

Breast reconstruction using inflatable expanders has become an established and preferred technique. Although our knowledge of the biomechanical changes occurring in expanded skin has increased greatly, little information is available regarding average aesthetic results achieved with this technique. In order to eliminate the bias of best case selection reports, this study of 60 consecutive patients undergoing skin-expansion breast reconstruction was undertaken. Results of the study demonstrated a significant frequency and diversity of complications. In particular, immediate breast reconstruction with skin expanders was identified as a high-risk procedure because of its association with skin necrosis and delayed wound healing. Although two procedures--insertion and replacement--had been anticipated, patients from both the Boston and New York groups required approximately three operations to complete the expansion process. Average aesthetic results, often characterized by problems of symmetry, ptosis, and contour, need to be recognized and improved.
Mass spectrometric characterization of activatedN-(2-chloroethyl)amido oxazaphosphorine derivatives (1977)

The hydroperoxy and several alkylthio derivatives of the antitumor agents cyclophosphamide (2-bis(2-chloroethyl)amino tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide), ifosfamide (3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-(2-chloroethylamino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,1-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide) and trofosfamide (3-(2-chloroethyl)-2-(bis(2-chloroethyl)amino)tetrahydro-2H-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorine 2-oxide) were characterized by electron impact and field desorption mass spectrometry. The compounds, which are stabilized derivatives of the activated hydroxylated intermediates of cyclophosphamide (ifosfamide, trofosfamide), could be identified as 4-hydroperoxy and 4-alkylthio oxazaphosphorines. The existence of diastereomers of these products was demonstrated by thin-layer chromatography and f.d. mass spectra. Derivatization with benzylmercaptan was found to be an appropriate method for the quantitative isolation and mass spectral identification of the activated metabolic intermediates of cyclophosphamide from biological material. Using this reaction, 4-hydroxycyclophosphamide and its acyclic tautomer, aldophosphamide, which are too unstable for direct identification, were detected in urine and serum of patients treated with 3H-cyclophosphamide.
Network Virtualization Based on Effective Packet Transformations (2015)

Promocijas darbā ir piedāvātas divas oriģinālas tehnoloģijas, kas\npaaugstina datortīklu virtualizēšanas efektivitāti: ZERO tunelēšanas protokols,\nun Pakešu Transformāciju Valoda (Packet Transformation Language, PTL), kas\nļauj kompaktā pierakstā formāli aprakstīt ZERO un citus tunelēšanas\nprotokolus.\nDarbā ir piedāvāts Ethernet-pāri-IP tunelēšanas protokols, kas nodala visus\nEthernet kadrus tunelēšanai NICE un UGLY kadros. UGLY kadri tiek tunelēti\nar tradicionālām metodēm, kā UDP vai GRE enkapsulācija, kas būtiski\npalielina kopējo paketes garumu dēļ papildus galvenēm un fragmentēšanas, kas\nparasti nepieciešama, lai transportētu garus Ethernet kadrus pāri IP datortīklam,\nkam parasti maksimālais pārsūtāmās vienības lielums MTU=1500 baiti. Toties\nNICE Ethernet kadri tiek tunelēti, nepalielinot kopējo pakešu garumu, kā\nparastas IPv4 paketes, pateicoties netradicionālai “fragment offset” IP galvenes\nlauka lietošanai. Ir parādīts, ka tipiskai Internet plūsmai, ko transportē pāri\nEthernet, piedāvātais ZERO tunelēšanas protokols 99.94% no Ethernet kadriem\nklasificē kā NICE un tādēļ tunelē Ethernet pāri IP praktiski bez pakešu\npalielinājuma un bez fragmentēšanas. Piedāvātā tunelēšanas metode aptver arī\nEthernet kadrus, kas satur VLAN un MPLS birkas, kā arī IPv6 paketes – tās\nvisas arī var tikt klasificētas kā NICE un transportētas praktiski bez pakešu\npalielinājuma pāri Internetam vai privātam IPv4 transporta tīklam.\nNepieredzēta efektivitāte piedāvātajam tunelēšanas protokolam paver iespējas\nplašai 2. OSI līmeņa izplatībai pāri esošām 3. OSI līmeņa infrastruktūrām,\ntādējādi paverot lauku jaunām tīklu arhitektūrām, kas nepieciešamas\nmūsdienīgiem pielietojumiem, piemēram, “lietu Internets” (Internet of things)\nvai mākoņu (clouds) infrastruktūras.\nReālās dzīves testi ar ZERO protokola realizāciju Linux kodola veidā\nparādīja jaunā protokola praktiskumu un arī atklāja jaunu novērojumu – arī reti\nsūtītās kanālu sinhronizācijas paketes tiek fragmentētas tikai 2-6% apmērā\nnepastāvīgu tīkla plūsmu, piemēram, Tīmekļa pārlūkošanas, gadījumos.\nBalstoties uz piedāvāto efektīvas tunelēšanas tehnoloģiju, šinī darbā ir\npiedāvātas arhitektūras divām sistēmām: nākamās paaudzes Zinātniskais\nmākonis, un reālā laika astronomisko datu straumju apstrādes sistēma. ZERO\nprotokols ir piedāvāts kā efektīvs tunelēšanas risinājums federatīvu\ninfrastruktūras mākoņu (IaaS) savienošanai.\nAtslēgas vārdi: datoru tīkli, Internets, tunelēšana, Ethernet, straumes\napstrāde, mākoņdatošana.
Surface Forces and Drainage Kinetics of Protein-Stabilized Aqueous Films (2003)

Surface or disjoining forces between protein layers adsorbed at the air/water interface were measured in single, isolated films. Two proteins, β-casein and bovine serum albumin (BSA), were investigated under varying conditions of pH, ionic strength, and degree of aging at the interface. Force−distance curves were determined with a modified thin-film balance and interferometer, using both equilibrium and dynamic methods. Dynamic surface tension and ellipsometry data for β-casein and BSA adsorption at the air/water interface are also reported. Charged β-casein and BSA molecules do not strongly adsorb at the air/water interface. Accordingly, stable films were observed when electrostatic interactions were screened or the proteins were near their isoelectric points. For β-casein, the force−distance curves indicated a transition from an outer to an inner branch at a distance equivalent to the diameter of β-casein. This depended on the interfacial structuring of adsorbed β-casein multilayers at the air/water interface. Upon thinning of the film, BSA retained its native dimensions, whereas β-casein did not. As a consequence, fresh β-casein films are more stable against rupturing than are BSA films. Aging imparted mechanical rigidity to the interfaces, causing nonuniform film drainage and nonequilibrium, trapped dimples. For films of intermediate degree of aging, black-film formation was observed through the formation of noncircular thin spots. Prolonged aging resulted in the development of interfacial aggregated networks and in films of variable thickness that did not respond to changes in capillary pressure.
Disciple-COA: From Agent Programming to Agent Teaching (2000)

This paper presents Disciple-COA, the most recent learning agent shell developed in the Disciple framework that aims at changing the way an intelligent agent is built: from “being programmed ” by a knowledge engineer, to “being taught ” by a domain expert. Disciple-COA can collaborate with the expert to develop its knowledge base consisting of a frame-based ontology that defines the terms from the application domain, and a set of plausible version space rules expressed with these terms. Its central component is a plausible reasoner that can distinguish between four types of problem solving situations: routine, innovative, inventive and creative. This ability guides the interactions with the expert during which the agent learns general rules from specific examples, by integrating a wide range of knowledge acquisition and machine learning strategies, including apprenticeship learning, empirical inductive learning from examples and explanations, and analogical learning. Disciple-COA was developed in the DARPA&apos;s High Performance Knowledge Bases program to solve the challenge problem of critiquing military courses of action that were developed as hasty candidate plans for ground combat operations. We present the course of action challenge problem, the process of teaching Disciple-COA to solve it, and the results of DARPA’s evaluation in which Disciple-COA demonstrated the best knowledge acquisition rate and problem solving performance. We also present a separate knowledge acquisition experiment conducted at the Battle Command Battle Lab where experts with no prior knowledge engineering experience succeeded to rapidly teach Disciple-COA to correctly critique courses of action.
Synthesis of a Novel Antiretroviral Thymidine Analog: 1-(2-Deoxy-β-D-ribofuranosyl)-4-acetylimidazolin-2-one (Imidine) (1994)

Abstract The total synthesis of imidine (8), a novel isomer of thymidine is described. Depending on the coupling method used, either the anomeric mixture of the protected desired nucleoside, or the positional isomer 14 is obtained.
QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF CUBIC AND MONOCLINIC ZIRCONIA BY X‐RAY DIFFRACTION* (1949)

A bstract The X‐ray diffraction technique presents a simple method for the quantitative analysis of mixtures of polymorphic forms of the same substance. The X‐ray spectrometer provides a rapid means for such work. In the case of zirconia, the relative intensities of the cubic (111) reflection and the monoclinic (111) and (111) reflections are related to the proportions of each form present. Details of the specimen preparation technique, instrument operation, and specific calibration curves are included.
Comparison of sole to palm reconstruction using the combined medial plantar and medial pedis free flaps and abdominal pedicle flap for extensive palm injuries. (2011)

The coverage of soft- tissue defects of the hand specially volar side needs special consideration. Although certain local flaps have been described and used for resurfacing the palm, Extensive injury requires distant or free flaps for coverage. Abdominal pedicle flap has been traditionally used for extensive hand injuries, however there is no doubt that one of the ideal tissues for resurfacing the volar of hand is plantar tissue. We reconstructed the hand with a new procedure of combined medial plantar and medial pedis free flap , and compared it with 15 cases, whom their extensive palm injuries reconstructed with abdominal pedicle flap. The result was significantly better in respect to sensation, Texture of the Hand and patient satisfaction in compare of abdominal flap.