gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Liquid Nitrogen Freeze Drying and Ethanol Dehydration as Methods to Preserve Partially Cooked Starch and Masa Systems (2005)

ABSTRACT Preservation of starch structure/properties, including structures formed during partial or complete cooking, are important when the impact of processing conditions is being studied. Two preservation techniques used to study changes in starch during thermal‐mechanical processing are commonly cited in the literature: 1) rapid freezing followed by lyophilization, and 2) a dehydration procedure using alcohols. A comparative determination on how these methods affect various starch structures has not been widely reported. Corn starch samples were collected from the Rapid Visco‐Analyser (RVA) at 3 min (swollen granules, 30°C), at the top of the pasting peak (gelatinized granules, 95°C), at the bottom of the trough (dispersed polymers, 95°C), and a completed RVA sample stored for 120 hr at 4°C (retrograded starch). Samples of masa were obtained by nixtamalizing corn. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) endotherms of starch and masa, and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of masa were evaluated after being preserved by alcohol‐ or freeze‐drying. No significant differences ( P > 0.05) between methods were found for onset, end, and peak temperatures (°C), enthalpy (J/g) and % relative crystallinity in any of the samples analyzed. Liquid nitrogen freeze‐drying and ethanol dehydration are both effective methods of preserving various starch systems for structural changes detectible by DSC and XRD; freeze‐drying is generally less expensive and time‐consuming.
<i>A Brain System for Procedural Memory</i> (2002)

Abstract Researchers have divided procedural memory into two general types. One type involves the acquisition of habits and skills, the capacity for a very broad variety of stereotyped and unconscious behavioral repertoires. The other type of procedural memory involves specific sensory-to-motor adaptations, that is, adjustments of reflexes, such as changing the force exerted to compensate for a new load, or acquisition of conditioned reflexes that involve novel motor responses to a new sensory contingency. This chapter analyzes the brain systems that support these two types of unconscious learning. It shows that procedural learning is mediated by a complex circuitry involving the motor cortical areas and two main subcortical loops, one through the striatum and another through the cerebellum.
Synthesis and biological activity of 5'-substituted 5-fluoropyrimidine nucleosides (1982)

5'-Deoxy-5-fluorouridine (5'-dFUrd, 1) possesses a significantly higher chemotherapeutic index than other fluoropyrimidines as a result of its being selectivity cleaved in tumors to 5-fluorouracil (FUra) by uridine phosphorylase. Because 1 is a relatively poor substrate for this enzyme, we synthesized a series of 5'-deoxy-5'-substituted-5-fluorouridine (FUrd) derivatives in an effort to obtain compounds that might have improved substrate interactions compared to 1 and thus possibly be better prodrugs of FUra. Three derivatives, 5'-O-tosyl-FUrd (13), 5'-O-mesyl-FUrd (14), and 5'-deoxy-5'-bromo-FUrd (15), had cytostatic activity against L1210 and CCRF-CEM leukemic cells in culture superior to that of 1. In preliminary in vivo antitumor studies against L1210 leukemic cells in mice, 5'-deoxy-5'-chloro-FUrd (4), 5'-O-mesyl-FUrd (14), an 5'-deoxy-5'-fluoro-FUrd (18) gave percent increases in life span of 64, 58, and 58, respectively, compared to a value of 20 for compound 1.
The Religions Proper and Quasi-Religions (1994)

No serious discussion of religion, East or West, in relation to society and the contemporary world is possible without taking into account a distinction between religion understood as a pervasive dimension in human life and the world historical religions — such as Judaism, Islam, Christianity, Buddhism and Hinduism. These religions have defined themselves through their respective objects of worship, their religious communities, their sacred literatures, sacred persons, and their systems of morality. These particular religions represent historical traditions that, under individual cultural, political, geographical and other conditions, came into being as expressions of the human response to the sacred, the transcendent or whatever reality was regarded as Ultimate and worthy of an unconditional devotion. With respect to religion itself as a pervasive fact in human history, we must resist the nominalist tendency to say that 'religion' is merely a collective noun or name for these historical religions because that obscures the fact that religion is a distinctive dimension of human life and experience and that, as such, it is not exhausted in the particular religions that have appeared nor is it confined to the lives of those who adhere to these religions. Just as 'morality' is not identical with, nor merely a name for, the many ethical systems that have developed throughout the world, but the dimension of evaluation and appraisal of human conduct and the good life, religion likewise is not merely a name but an enduring facet of experience that concerns what is believed to be the reality on which human life and destiny ultimately depend.
Targeting Drugs to APJ Receptor: The Prospect of Treatment of Hypertension and Other Cardiovascular Diseases (2014)

The APJ is a class A, rhodopsin-like G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) with high sequence similarity to the angiotensin receptor AT1. APJ has been shown to be widely expressed in humans tissues, including the central nervous system, cardiovascular system, adipocytes and others. APJ plays an important role in the occurrence and development of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases including atherosclerosis (AS), coronary heart disease (CAD), heart failure(HF), pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), myocardial hypertrophy and atrial fibrillation, especially hypertension. Previous researchers found that apelin/APJ could induce vasodilation and then reduce blood pressure. Despite APJ is closely associated with many diseases, there are no drugs that can activate or inhibit APJ directly. In the current review, we have summarized recently reported peptides, small molecule agonists and antagonists targeting APJ. Given the role of apelin/APJ in hypertension and other cardiovascular diseases, we believe that the peptides and compounds based on APJ will be developed for treatment of these diseases.
A stress relief method for copper filled through silicon via with parylene on sidewall (2010)

Though silicon via (TSV) with parylene layer has many advantages, such as low temperature, CMOS matched low-temperature process and so on. In this paper, we use parylene layer as the sidewall to relieve the thermal stress in TSVs. Thermo-mechanical simulation of TSVs is performed to disscuss the effect of the parylene layer. It is found that the introduction of parylene layer can reduce the thermal stress in TSV, and this improvement tends to be larger when it is closer to the practical situation. We also discuss the effects of the temperature, the parylene thickness and the diameter of via on thermal stress distribution in TSVs. And it is indicated that as the parylene thickness increased, the thermal stress in TSVs decreased.
Bacterial addiction module toxin Doc inhibits translation elongation through its association with the 30S ribosomal subunit (2008)

Bacterial toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems (or "addiction modules") typically facilitate cell survival during intervals of stress by inducing a state of reversible growth arrest. However, upon prolonged stress, TA toxin action leads to cell death. TA systems have also been implicated in several clinically important phenomena: biofilm formation, bacterial persistence during antibiotic treatment, and bacterial pathogenesis. TA systems harbored by pathogens also serve as attractive antibiotic targets. To date, the mechanism of action of the majority of known TA toxins has not yet been elucidated. We determined the mode of action of the Doc toxin of the Phd-Doc TA system. Doc expression resulted in rapid cell growth arrest and marked inhibition of translation without significant perturbation of transcription or replication. However, Doc did not cleave mRNA as do other addiction-module toxins whose activities result in translation inhibition. Instead, Doc induction mimicked the effects of treatment with the aminoglycoside antibiotic hygromycin B (HygB): Both Doc and HygB interacted with 30S ribosomal subunits, stabilized polysomes, and resulted in a significant increase in mRNA half-life. HygB also competed with ribosome-bound Doc, whereas HygB-resistant mutants suppressed Doc toxicity, suggesting that the Doc-binding site includes that of HygB (i.e., helix 44 region of 16S rRNA containing the A, P, and E sites). Overall, our results illuminate an intracellular target and mechanism of TA toxin action drawn from aminoglycoside antibiotics: Doc toxicity is the result of inhibition of translation elongation, possibly at the translocation step, through its interaction with the 30S ribosomal subunit.
Reducing grain-boundary effects in polycrystalline silicon solar cells (1976)

Solar-cell structures were prepared by depositing successively p- and n+-type silicon layers on low-resistivity p-type polycrystalline silicon substrates. The characteristics of the solar cells are limited predominately by the grain boundaries in the deposited p layer. The effects of grain boundaries can be reduced by increasing the dopant concentration in the p layer, and solar cells of lower series resistance and higher conversion efficiency have been obtained.
Structure and Stability of a Homologous Series of Tin Oxides (2008)

The structures and stabilities of a series of nonstoichiometric SnO2-x compounds, which are yet unknown experimentally, are predicted using the cluster expansion technique combined with first-principles calculations. A homologous series of Sn(n+1)O(2n) in which oxygen vacancies are layered on (101) planes of the rutile lattice is discovered. The homologous crystals are composed of divalent and quadrivalent Sn atoms. No trivalent Sn atoms are formed.
A gel retardation assay system for studying protein binding to simple repetitive DNA sequences (1992)

Simple repetitive DNA sequences have been regarded as mere "junk" present in all eukaryotic genomes. In fact, mixed simple repeat (gt)n(ga)m sequences are present in major histocompatibility complex MHC-DRB genes for long evolutionary times, including such distant animals as artiodactyla and man. We describe herein an unsophisticated method which reveals that at least certain simple repetitive (gt)n(ga)m sequences bind nuclear proteins and show characteristics of a specific DNA-protein interaction via gel retardation.
Nanocarriers for skin delivery of cosmetic antioxidants (2011)

The demand of natural skin care products is steadily growing since consumers perceive them as safe. Currently, cosmetic manufacturers are focusing their efforts on developing innovative natural products to address skin-aging signs, thus meeting consumers’ needs of healthy appearance and well-being. To prevent or treat skin aging, topical supplementation with antioxidant is regarded as one of the most promising strategies. However, most antioxidants presently used in skin care formulations show unfavorable physicochemical properties such as excessive lipophilicity or hydrophilicity, chemical instability and poor skin penetration that actively limit their effectiveness after topical application. Therefore, nanocarriers such as liposomes, niosomes, microemulsions and nanoparticles have been widely investigated as delivery systems for antioxidants to improve their beneficial effects in the treatment of skin aging. In this article, the antioxidants most commonly used in anti-aging cosmetic products will be reviewed along with the nanocarriers designed to improve their safety and effectiveness.
The Silencing Mediator of Retinoic Acid and Thyroid Hormone Receptor (SMRT) Corepressor Is Required for Full Estrogen Receptor <i>α</i> Transcriptional Activity (2007)

Multiple factors influence estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) transcriptional activity. Current models suggest that the silencing mediator of retinoic acid and thyroid hormone receptor (SMRT) corepressor functions within a histone deactylase-containing protein complex that binds to antiestrogen-bound ERalpha and contributes to negative regulation of gene expression. In this report, we demonstrate that SMRT is required for full agonist-dependent ERalpha activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrate that SMRT, like ERalpha and the SRC-3 coactivator, is recruited to an estrogen-responsive promoter in estrogen-treated MCF-7 cells. Depletion of SMRT, but not histone deacetylases 1 or 3, negatively impacts estradiol-stimulated ERalpha transcriptional activity, while exogenous expression of SMRT's receptor interaction domains blocks ERalpha activity, indicating a functional interaction between this corepressor and agonist-bound ERalpha. Stimulation of estradiol-induced ERalpha activity by SMRT overexpression occurred in HeLa and MCF-7 cells, but not HepG2 cells, indicating that these positive effects are cell type specific. Similarly, the ability of SMRT depletion to promote the agonist activity of tamoxifen was observed for HeLa but not MCF-7 cells. Furthermore, impairment of agonist-stimulated activity by SMRT depletion is specific to ERalpha and not observed for receptors for vitamin D, androgen, or thyroid hormone. Nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR) depletion increased the transcriptional activity of all four tested receptors. SMRT is required for full expression of the ERalpha target genes cyclin D1, BCL-2, and progesterone receptor but not pS2, and its depletion significantly attenuated estrogen-dependent proliferation of MCF-7 cells. Taken together, these data indicate that SMRT, in conjunction with gene-specific and cell-dependent factors, is required for positively regulating agonist-dependent ERalpha transcriptional activity.
An engineered <i>E. coli</i> Nissle improves hyperammonemia and survival in mice and shows dose-dependent exposure in healthy humans (2019)

The intestine is a major source of systemic ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>); thus, capturing part of gut NH<sub>3</sub> may mitigate disease symptoms in conditions of hyperammonemia such as urea cycle disorders and hepatic encephalopathy. As an approach to the lowering of blood ammonia arising from the intestine, we engineered the orally delivered probiotic <i>Escherichia coli</i> Nissle 1917 to create strain SYNB1020 that converts NH<sub>3</sub> to l-arginine (l-arg). We up-regulated arginine biosynthesis in SYNB1020 by deleting a negative regulator of l-arg biosynthesis and inserting a feedback-resistant l-arg biosynthetic enzyme. SYNB1020 produced l-arg and consumed NH<sub>3</sub> in an in vitro system. SYNB1020 reduced systemic hyperammonemia, improved survival in ornithine transcarbamylase-deficient <i>spf<sup>ash</sup></i> mice, and decreased hyperammonemia in the thioacetamide-induced liver injury mouse model. A phase 1 clinical study was conducted including 52 male and female healthy adult volunteers. SYNB1020 was well tolerated at daily doses of up to 1.5 × 10<sup>12</sup> colony-forming units administered for up to 14 days. A statistically significant dose-dependent increase in urinary nitrate, plasma <sup>15</sup>N-nitrate (highest dose versus placebo, <i>P</i> = 0.0015), and urinary <sup>15</sup>N-nitrate was demonstrated, indicating in vivo SYNB1020 activity. SYNB1020 concentrations reached steady state by the second day of dosing, and excreted cells were alive and metabolically active as evidenced by fecal arginine production in response to added ammonium chloride. SYNB1020 was no longer detectable in feces 2 weeks after the last dose. These results support further clinical development of SYNB1020 for hyperammonemia disorders including urea cycle disorders and hepatic encephalopathy.
Asymmetric Conjugate Addition of Nitromethane to Enones Catalyzed by Chiral <i>N</i>,<i>N′</i>‐Dioxide–Scandium(III) Complexes (2010)

Chalk it up as a “Sc”andal: The asymmetric conjugate addition of chalcone and “cinnamone” derivatives to nitromethane has been realized by using a simple and efficient scandium(III)–N,N′-dioxide complex as the catalyst (see scheme). In the presence of 2–5 mol % catalyst loading, the corresponding products were formed in excellent yields (up to 99 %) and enantioselectivities (up to>99 % ee). Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Magnetic properties of grain-oriented silicon steel with high permeability Orientcore HI-B (1972)

Grain-oriented silicon steel with a high degree of
High‐throughput screening as a tool for agrochemical discovery: automated synthesis, compound input, assay design and process management (1998)

High-throughput screening (HTS) is becoming increasingly important within the agrochemical industry as a means of sustaining and improving the flow of novel products to the marketplace. Technology changes within agrochemical research have to some extent followed progress in the pharmaceutical industry in adopting in-vitro-based HTS strategies for lead discovery. However, agrochemical invention faces the unique challenge of combining the opportunities made available by HTS technology with the key advantage of being able to work in the laboratory with real, commercial, whole-organism targets. This paper describes approaches taken within Zeneca to harness these opportunities effectively through development of novel assay procedures for agrochemical discovery. Quality and quantity of chemical input to the HTS process is of paramount importance for the successful discovery of leads. Approaches employing the application of automated chemical synthesis to achieve this aim are reviewed. Adoption of a high-throughput screening strategy requires a fundamental change in areas such as process management, data manipulation and data analysis. Some of our experiences to date in managing these issues are described. © 1998 Society of Chemical Industry
A new model of program dependences for reverse engineering (1994)

A dependence model for reverse engineering should treat procedures in a modular fashion and should be fine-grained, distinguishing dependences that are due to different variables. The program dependence graph (PDG) satisfies neither of these criteria. We present a new form of dependence graph that satisfies both, while retaining the advantages of the PDG: it is easy to construct and allows program slicing to be implemented as a simple graph traversal. We define 'chopping', a generalization of slicing that can express most of its variants, and show that, using our dependence graph, it produces more accurate results than algorithms based directly on the PDG.
Vital role of the itch-scratch response in development of spontaneous dermatitis in NC/Nga mice (2004)

These observations suggest that scratching behaviour contributes to the development of dermatitis by enhancing various immunological responses in the murine AD model, implying that prevention of the itch sensation and/or itch-associated scratching behaviour is an effective treatment for AD.
Fault location on optical amplifier submarine systems (2002)

This paper identifies the problems that arise when optical time domain reflectometry (OTDR) is applied to optical amplifiers systems. It formulates the performance impairment induced by these problems in terms of single way dynamic range (SWDR). A new modulation format is proposed to improve SWDR. Experiments successfully demonstrate that the proposed format achieves a 6 dB improvement and confirm that this format is effective in OTDR applications into amplifier systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Control of influenza virus infection by immunity to conserved viral features (2003)

Influenza has circulated among humans for centuries and kills more people than many newly emerging diseases. The present methods for control of influenza are not adequate, especially for dealing with a pandemic. In the face of a rapidly spreading outbreak, a race to isolate the virus and prepare a vaccine would probably not succeed in time to avoid great losses. Thus, additional anti-infection strategies are needed. Broad cross-protection against widely divergent influenza A subtypes is readily achieved in animals by several means of immunization. How does cross-protection work in animals, and can we apply what we have learned about it to induce broad cross-protection in humans?
DORSAL-VENTRAL PATTERNING AND NEURAL INDUCTION IN <i>XENOPUS</i> EMBRYOS (2004)

We review the current status of research in dorsal-ventral (D-V) patterning in vertebrates. Emphasis is placed on recent work on Xenopus, which provides a paradigm for vertebrate development based on a rich heritage of experimental embryology. D-V patterning starts much earlier than previously thought, under the influence of a dorsal nuclear -Catenin signal. At mid-blastula two signaling centers are present on the dorsal side: The prospective neuroectoderm expresses bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonists, and the future dorsal endoderm secretes Nodal-related mesoderm-inducing factors. When dorsal mesoderm is formed at gastrula, a cocktail of growth factor antagonists is secreted by the Spemann organizer and further patterns the embryo. A ventral gastrula signaling center opposes the actions of the dorsal organizer, and another set of secreted antagonists is produced ventrally under the control of BMP4. The early dorsal -Catenin signal inhibits BMP expression at the transcriptional level and promotes expression of secreted BMP antagonists in the prospective central nervous system (CNS). In the absence of mesoderm, expression of Chordin and Noggin in ectoderm is required for anterior CNS formation. FGF (fibroblast growth factor) and IGF (insulin-like growth factor) signals are also potent neural inducers. Neural induction by anti-BMPs such as Chordin requires mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activation mediated by FGF and IGF. These multiple signals can be integrated at the level of Smad1. Phosphorylation by BMP receptor stimulates Smad1 transcriptional activity, whereas phosphorylation by MAPK has the opposite effect. Neural tissue is formed only at very low levels of activity of BMP-transducing Smads, which require the combination of both low BMP levels and high MAPK signals. Many of the molecular players that regulate D-V patterning via regulation of BMP signaling have been conserved between Drosophila and the vertebrates.