gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE EVOLUTION OF FITNESS (1995)

In every generation, the mean fitness of populations increases because of natural selection and decreases because of mutations and changes in the environment. The magnitudes of these effects can be measured in two ways: either directly, by comparing the fitnesses of selected and unselected populations, or indirectly, by measuring the additive variance of fitness and making use of the fundamental theorem of natural selection. The available data suggest that the amount by which natural selection increases mean fitness each generation (or degradation decreases mean fitness) will usually be between 0.1% and 30%; more tentatively, it is suggested that values will typically fall between 1% and 10%. These values can be used to set an upper limit of 5%-10% on the genetic advantage of mate choice.
The Electron Charging Effects of Plasma on Notch Profile Defects (1995)

The notch occurrence factor in polysilicon etching was investigated using a newly designed test mask pattern. This pattern varied the space width, the line width of the line-and-space structure, and the pad perimeter which connected the line-and-space structure. By using this test pattern, it was found that the notch depth increases as the “perimeter ratio”, (i.e. the ratio of the pad perimeter to the notch line perimeter), increases. Moreover, when the perimeter ratio was very small, the notch depth was quite small. Therefore, it is considered that the notch is caused by electron supply from the periphery of the pad which collects the electrons from plasma. As a result of this electron conduction, in the case of the non-connected lines, the notch occurs only outside the line of the line-and-space structure, and in the case of the connected lines, the notch occurs at all of the connected lines. The notch depth difference between the non-connected lines and connected lines is explained by the difference in perimeter ratio.
Automatic Distortion Correction for Efficient Pulse Transmission (1965)

Automatic correction of pulse distortion provides the prospect for materially extending the efficiency of data communications over telephone networks. Systems that will compensate automatically for deficiencies in the phase and amplitude characteristics of a transmission channel are shown to be technically feasible. Two specific systems are demonstrated: The first, a “time-reversal” system, compensates for distortion in the phase characteristic only, and the second, a “time-domain” system, compensates for distortion in amplitude as well as phase. The theoretical basis of this work is presented and verified by experimental results obtained on simulated lines and on common-carrier channels.
Alternating Current Driven Electroluminescence from ZnSe/ZnS:Mn/ZnS Nanocrystals (2009)

We present a novel technique for room temperature, solution-based fabrication of alternating current thin-film electroluminescent (AC-TFEL) devices using phosphor-doped nanocrystals. Synthesis for stable ZnSe/ZnS:Mn/ZnS nanocrystals that exhibit a quantum yield of 65 +/- 5% is outlined, and their electroluminescence is demonstrated in structures consisting of only wide band gap ceramic layers. Both the nanocrystal and the ceramic films have minimal absorption across the visible light spectrum, enabling us to demonstrate transparent AC-TFEL devices.
Superior accuracy of mid-regional proadrenomedullin for mortality prediction in sepsis with varying levels of illness severity (2017)

The performance of prognostic biomarkers in sepsis is highly influenced by disease severity. MR-proADM accuracy to predict mortality is not affected by the degree of organ failure. Thus, it is a good candidate in the early identification of sepsis patients with moderate disease severity but at risk of mortality.
Glucose, lactate, and shuttling of metabolites in vertebrate retinas (2015)

The vertebrate retina has specific functions and structures that give it a unique set of constraints on the way in which it can produce and use metabolic energy. The retina's response to illumination influences its energy requirements, and the retina's laminated structure influences the extent to which neurons and glia can access metabolic fuels. There are fundamental differences between energy metabolism in retina and that in brain. The retina relies on aerobic glycolysis much more than the brain does, and morphological differences between retina and brain limit the types of metabolic relationships that are possible between neurons and glia. This Mini-Review summarizes the unique metabolic features of the retina with a focus on the role of lactate shuttling.
Effective global approaches for mutual information based feature selection (2014)

Most current mutual information (MI) based feature selection techniques are greedy in nature thus are prone to sub-optimal decisions. Potential performance improvements could be gained by systematically posing MI-based feature selection as a global optimization problem. A rare attempt at providing a global solution for the MI-based feature selection is the recently proposed Quadratic Programming Feature Selection (QPFS) approach. We point out that the QPFS formulation faces several non-trivial issues, in particular, how to properly treat feature `self-redundancy' while ensuring the convexity of the objective function. In this paper, we take a systematic approach to the problem of global MI-based feature selection. We show how the resulting NP-hard global optimization problem could be efficiently approximately solved via spectral relaxation and semi-definite programming techniques. We experimentally demonstrate the efficiency and effectiveness of these novel feature selection frameworks.
An Alternate Core 2 β1,6- <i>N</i> -Acetylglucosaminyltransferase Selectively Contributes to P-Selectin Ligand Formation in Activated CD8 T Cells (2005)

Core 2 beta1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (C2GlcNAcT) synthesizes essential core 2 O-glycans on selectin ligands, which mediate cell-cell adhesion required for lymphocyte trafficking. Although gene-deletion studies have implicated C2GlcNAcT-I in controlling selectin ligand-mediated cell trafficking, little is known about the role of the two other core 2 isoenzymes, C2GlcNAcT-II and C2GlcNAcT-III. We show that C2GlcNAcT-I-independent P-selectin ligand formation occurs in activated C2GlcNAcT-I(null) CD8 T cells. These CD8 T cells were capable of rolling under shear flow on immobilized P-selectin in a P-selectin glycoprotein ligand 1-dependent manner. RT-PCR analysis identified significant levels of C2GlcNAcT-III RNA, identifying this enzyme as a possible source of core 2 enzyme activity. Up-regulation of P-selectin ligand correlated with altered cell surface binding of the core 2-sensitive mAb 1B11, indicating that CD43 and CD45 are also physiological targets for this alternate C2GlcNAcT enzyme. Furthermore, C2GlcNAcT-I-independent P-selectin ligand induction was observed in an in vivo model. HY(tg) CD8 T cells from C2GlcNAcT-I(null) donors transferred into male recipients expressed P-selectin ligand in response to male Ag, although at reduced levels compared with wild-type HY(tg) CD8 T cells. Our data demonstrate that multiple C2GlcNAcT enzymes can contribute to P-selectin ligand formation and may cooperate with C2GlcNAcT-I in the control of CD8 T cell trafficking.
Front end and signal processing electronics for large detectors (1989)

The design of front-end electronic systems for experiments at very-high-interaction-rate colliding beams and fixed-target accelerators is discussed. Consideration is given to the preamplifier and shaping amplifier design, and to the optimal choice of technology, with particular emphasis on detectors with source capacitance in the range of 1-30 pF and for shaping times of 3-20 ns. Possible architectures of a two-level, on-chip buffering system which enable simultaneous, asynchronous data acquisition and readout with nearly no deadtime are discussed. Emphasis is placed on minimal power dissipation. A system of drift chamber electronics, with the goals of time resolution <0.5 ns and double pulse resolution of 20-30 ns, is considered as an example. Design options which minimize the necessity of calibration are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using Artificial Intelligence to Reduce the Risk of Nonadherence in Patients on Anticoagulation Therapy (2017)

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT02599259.
Deep Neural Network for Learning to Rank Query-Text Pairs (2018)

This paper considers the problem of document ranking in information retrieval systems by Learning to Rank. We propose ConvRankNet combining a Siamese Convolutional Neural Network encoder and the RankNet ranking model which could be trained in an end-to-end fashion. We prove a general result justifying the linear test-time complexity of pairwise Learning to Rank approach. Experiments on the OHSUMED dataset show that ConvRankNet outperforms systematically existing feature-based models.
Hydration of Gaseous <i>m</i>-Aminobenzoic Acid: Ionic vs Neutral Hydrogen Bonding and Water Bridges (2014)

Hydration of a protonated amine and a neutral carboxylic acid were investigated for protonated m-aminobenzoic acid (MABAH(+)) with up to 15 water molecules attached using infrared photodissociation spectroscopy, laser-induced dissociation kinetics, and computational chemistry. A free COO-H stretch in the spectra of MABAH(+)·(H2O)1-5 indicates that water does not bind to the carboxylic acid H atom. This band is absent in the spectrum of MABAH(+) with six or more water molecules attached, and there is a hydrogen-bonded (HB) COO-H stretch indicating that water hydrogen bonds to the carboxylic acid H atom for these larger clusters. Photodissociation kinetic data for MABAH(+)·(H2O)6 indicate that greater than 74 ± 13% of the ion population consists of the HB COO-H isomer, consistent with this isomer being ≥0.5 kJ mol(-1) lower in energy than isomers where the carboxylic acid H atom does not donate a hydrogen bond. Calculations at the B3LYP/6-31+G** and MP2/6-31+G**//B3LYP/6-31+G** levels of theory indicate that this energy difference is 3-5 kJ mol(-1), in agreement with the experimental results. Lower effective ion heating rates, either by attenuation of the laser power or irradiation of the ions at a lower frequency, result in more time for interconversion between the free and HB COO-H isomers. These data suggest that the barrier to dissociation for the free COO-H isomer is less than that for the HB COO-H isomer but greater than the barrier for interconversion between the two isomers. These results show the competition between hydration of a primary protonated amine vs that of a neutral carboxylic acid and the effect of water bridging between the two functional groups, which provide valuable insight into the hydration of protonated amino acids and establish rigorous benchmarks for theoretical modeling of water-biomolecule interactions.
Assignment of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>isolates to clonal complexes based on microarray analysis and pattern recognition (2008)

A DNA microarray was designed for the rapid genotyping of Staphylococcus aureus. It covers 185 distinct genes and about 300 alleles thereof, including species-specific controls, accessory gene regulator (agr) alleles, genes encoding virulence factors, and microbial surface components recognizing adhesive matrix molecules, capsule type-specific genes, as well as resistance determinants. It was used to examine 100 clinical isolates and reference strains. Relationships of leukocidin and ssl/set (staphylococcal superantigen-like or exotoxin-like) genes were reviewed considering these experimental results as well as published sequences. A good correlation of overall hybridization pattern and multilocus sequence typing was found. Analysis of hybridization profiles thus allowed not only to assess virulence and drug resistance, but also to assign isolates to strains and to clonal complexes. Hybridization data were used to construct a split network tree and to analyse relationships between strains. Allelic variations of a number of genes indicate a division of S. aureus into three major branches that are not in accordance to agr group or capsule-type affiliations. Additionally, there are some isolated lineages, such as ST75, ST93, or ST152. These strains produce aberrant hybridization profiles, indicating that only a part of the gene pool of S. aureus has been investigated yet.
Self-Healable Gels for Use in Wearable Devices (2017)

Self-healing gels, which are able to restore their original shape/condition after damage, have recently attracted considerable interest. The present review provides an update on the current status of self-healing gels for use in soft self-healing devices, with the main focus on wearable devices. Following a brief introduction of conventional self-healing gels, this review summarizes the current strategies for synthesizing self-healing gels, comparing the properties of polymeric and small molecular self-healing gels. Some of the strengths and weaknesses of these two types of self-healing gels are clearly highlighted. Several typical instances to outline the emerging applications of self-healing gels with partially or fully self-healing devices/materials, including wearable sensors, supercapacitors, lithium batteries, and coatings, are provided. Finally, the current challenges and future perspectives regarding the further development of self-healing gels are also discussed.
Recombinant channel catfish virus (<i>Ictalurid herpesvirus</i> 1) can express foreign genes and induce antibody production against the gene product (1996)

Abstract The potential use of channel catfish virus (CCV) ( Ictalurid herpesvirus 1) as a vaccine vector for the channel catfish industry was investigated by inserting the Escherichia coli lacZ gene into the CCV genome and evaluating the immune response to the foreign gene product in catfish exposed to the recombinant. The recombinant virus was produced by inserting the lacZ in reading frame with the ATG start codon of the CCV thymidine kinase (TK) gene in the recombinant transfer plasmid pBSCV457 described previously. The plasmid was then cotransfected with CCV DNA in a TK gene‐mediated selectable homologous recombination. The recombinant progeny were selected by resistance to 0.1 mM acycloguanosine (acyclovir) and the production of blue plaques in the presence of 5‐bromo‐4‐chloro‐3‐indolyl‐ β ‐D‐galactopyranoside (X‐gal). The resultant construct (CCVlacZ) was TK − , and contained the lacZ gene at both TK loci in the genome. β ‐Galactosidase expression in infected CCO ceils reached 0.53 μg per 10 6 CCO cells at 12 h post‐infection. When channel catfish fingerlings were immersion exposed to CCVlacZ, these developed an antibody response to the inserted foreign gene product which peaked at approximately 15–20 days post‐infection. Additionally, the anti‐β‐galactosidase response was significantly enhanced when the fingerlings were re‐exposed to the virus 20 days after the initial exposure. These results demonstrate that foreign genes can be inserted into and expressed by CCV and that such constructs could be used as vaccine vectors.
Modelling and Mapping Electrical Resistance Changes Due to Hearth Erosion in a ‘Cold ’ Model of a Blast Furnace (2015)

Abstract- A study of the use of electrical resistance tomography for imaging hearth wall thickness is reported. A significant challenge is to acquire accurate measurements of the very low resistivity in the hearth which is constructed with graphite bricks (conductivity = 2.5´104 S/m). A noise model of the blast furnace for electrical measurements, an experimental ‘cold ’ furnace model (0.5 m in diameter) and a 3-D simulation model are established. Results from these models are described.
Importance of Raised Growth Hormone Levels in Mediating the Metabolic Derangements of Diabetes (1984)

To evaluate the importance of the raised levels of growth hormone that characterize poor diabetic control, we gave growth hormone for 21 to 45 hours in the form of hourly 100-micrograms pulses to 14 diabetics being treated by insulin pump. Insulin-pump settings and meals were kept constant. Mean 24-hour levels of growth hormone (+/- S.E.M.) rose from 8 +/- 1 to 16 +/- 2 ng per milliliter--values identical to those observed in 12 other patients with poorly controlled diabetes (17 +/- 3 ng per milliliter). Plasma glucose concentrations doubled within 8 to 10 hours and remained elevated until growth hormone was discontinued (fasting glucose level rose from 86 +/- 11 to 204 +/- 17 mg per deciliter at 18 hours and to 240 +/- 20 mg per deciliter at 42 hours). The hyperglycemia was due mainly to a marked stimulation of hepatic glucose production that occurred without changes in levels of free insulin or glucagon. Levels of circulating free fatty acids, ketones, and branched-chain amino acids were also increased. The moderate elevations in growth hormone levels that occur in poorly controlled diabetes can themselves reproduce the whole spectrum of abnormal metabolic fuel concentrations that are associated with poor diabetic control, despite optimized insulin treatment. Thus, hypersecretion of growth hormone may be the cause as much as the consequence of poor diabetic control.
Optical losses of Al-free lasers for λ=0.808 and 0.98 μm (1996)

In this work, we study the origin of the optical losses in Al-free InGaAsP/GaAs (λ=0.808 μm) and InGaAs/GaAs/InGaP (λ=0.980 μm) lasers. Theoretical modeling and the experimental results indicate that the scattering of the laser beam by refractive index fluctuation in the alloys is the dominant loss in our lasers, and the loss due to the free-carrier absorption and scattering by interface roughness are negligible.
Effects of oral antihyperglycemic agents in modifying macrovascular risk factors in type 2 diabetes. (1999)

Management of patients with type 2 diabetes should focus on decreasing the excess macrovascular disease with which it is associated as well as preventing or minimizing microvascular disease. Near-normoglycemic control can reduce microvascular disease. Reducing macrovascular disease requires concomitant management of the cardiovascular risk factors (components of the insulin resistance syndrome) associated with type 2 diabetes. The first phase of such treatment is to identify the effects that the various drugs to treat the hyperglycemia are likely to have on these associated cardiovascular risk factors. Appropriate combinations of antihyperglycemic agents should be selected for specific patients to help achieve good glycemic control and produce beneficial, or at least nondetrimental, effects on cardiovascular risk.
Rate-distortion optimised quantisation for HEVC using spatial just noticeable distortion (2015)

Due to the higher requirements associated with Ultra High Definition (UHD) resolutions in terms of memory and transmission bandwidth, the feasibility of UHD video communication applications is strongly dependent on the performance of video compression solutions. Even though the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard allows significantly superior rate-distortion performances compared to previous video coding standards, further performance improvements are possible when exploiting the perceptual properties of the Human Visual System (HVS). This paper proposes a novel perceptual-based solution fully compliant with the HEVC standard, where a low complexity Just Noticeable Distortion model is used to drive the encoder's rate-distortion optimised quantisation process. This technique allows a simple and effective way to influence the decisions made at the encoder, based on the limitations of the HVS. The experiments conducted for UHD resolutions show average bitrate savings of 21% with no visual quality degradations when compared to the HEVC reference software.
Insulin Induces Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-3 Tyrosine Phosphorylation through Janus-activated Kinase (2001)

Suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) proteins were originally described as cytokine-induced molecules involved in negative feedback loops. We have shown that SOCS-3 is also a component of the insulin signaling network (). Indeed, insulin leads to SOCS-3 expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Once produced, SOCS-3 binds to phosphorylated tyrosine 960 of the insulin receptor and inhibits insulin signaling. Now we show that in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and in transfected COS-7 cells insulin leads to SOCS-3 tyrosine phosphorylation. This phosphorylation takes place on Tyr(204) and is dependent upon a functional SOCS-3 SH2 domain. Purified insulin receptor directly phosphorylates SOCS-3. However, in intact cells, a mutant of the insulin receptor, IRY960F, unable to bind SOCS-3, was as efficient as the wild type insulin receptor to phosphorylate SOCS-3. Importantly, IRY960F is as potent as the wild type insulin receptor to activate janus-activated kinase (Jak) 1 and Jak2. Furthermore, expression of a dominant negative form of Jak2 inhibits insulin-induced SOCS-3 tyrosine phosphorylation. As transfected Jaks have been shown to cause SOCS-3 phosphorylation, we propose that insulin induces SOCS-3 phosphorylation through Jak activation. Our data indicate that SOCS-3 belongs to a class of tyrosine-phosphorylated insulin signaling molecules, the phosphorylation of which is not dependent upon a direct coupling with the insulin receptor but relies on the Jaks.
Organization of rat vibrissa motor cortex and adjacent areas according to cytoarchitectonics, microstimulation, and intracellular stimulation of identified cells (2004)

The relationship between motor maps and cytoarchitectonic subdivisions in rat frontal cortex is not well understood. We use cytoarchitectonic analysis of microstimulation sites and intracellular stimulation of identified cells to develop a cell-based partitioning scheme of rat vibrissa motor cortex and adjacent areas. The results suggest that rat primary motor cortex (M1) is composed of three cytoarchitectonic areas, the agranular medial field (AGm), the agranular lateral field (AG1), and the cingulate area 1 (Cg1), each of which represents movements of different body parts. Vibrissa motor cortex corresponds entirely and for the most part exclusively to AGm. In area AG1 body/head movements can be evoked. In posterior area Cg1 periocular/eye movements and in anterior area Cg1 nose movements can be evoked. In all of these areas stimulation thresholds are very low, and together they form a complete representation of the rat's body surface. A strong myelinization and an expanded layer 5 characterize area AGm. We suggest that both the strong myelinization and the expanded layer 5 of area AGm may represent cytoarchitectonic specializations related to control of high-speed whisking behavior.
Optimization-Based Position Sensorless Control for Induction Machines (2018)

A novel optimization-based sensorless technique for Induction Machines is presented in this work. The algorithm is able to estimate speed and position instantaneously (limited only by the Nyquist frequency and the PLL bandwidth) at standstill low and high-speed. A cost function is introduced based on the dynamic machine model. The stability analysis of speed and position estimation shows whether the system is convex by solving the Hessian matrix of the cost function. The method is unique for the entire speed range, in which high-frequency signal is injected to the machine terminals at low speeds, to increase the convex region of the cost function.