gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A spinal GABAergic mechanism is necessary for bladder inhibition by pudendal afferent stimulation (2014)

Electrical stimulation of pudendal afferents can inhibit bladder contractions and increase bladder capacity. Recent results suggest that stimulation-evoked bladder inhibition is mediated by a mechanism other than activation of sympathetic bladder efferents in the hypogastric nerve, generating α-adrenergic receptor-mediated inhibition at the vesical ganglia and/or β-adrenergic receptor-mediated direct inhibition of the detrusor muscle. We investigated several inhibitory neurotransmitters that may instead be necessary for stimulation-evoked inhibition and found that intravenous picrotoxin, a noncompetitive GABAA antagonist, significantly and reversibly blocked pudendal afferent stimulation-evoked inhibition of bladder contractions in a dose-dependent manner. Similarly, intravenous picrotoxin also blocked pudendal afferent stimulation-evoked inhibition of nociceptive bladder contractions evoked by acetic acid infusion. Furthermore, intrathecal administration of picrotoxin at the lumbosacral spinal cord also blocked bladder inhibition by pudendal afferent stimulation. On the other hand, glycinergic, adrenergic, or opioidergic mechanisms were not necessary for bladder inhibition evoked by pudendal afferent stimulation. These results identify a lumbosacral spinal GABAergic mechanism of bladder inhibition evoked by pudendal afferent stimulation.
Using historical NDVI time series to classify crops at 30m spatial resolution: A case in Southeast Kansas (2016)

Most crop classification work use the ground reference data to training the classifier; but sometimes, the ground reference data cannot be obtained. In this paper, we tried to use the NDVI time series obtained during 2006 and 2013 to classify crop types in 2014 at 30 m spatial resolution. The experiment was conducted in Southeast Kansas, USA. Firstly, we extracted the NDVI time series using ground reference data between 2006 and 2013 from MODIS NDVI time series. Then, the composed Landsat NDVI data were transformed to MODIS NDVI using the linear correlation between the two data sets. Next, Random Forest (RF) was employed to classify crop types at 30 m resolution. The result showed that this procedure could accurately identify the major crops in the study area as the overall accuracy was 92.22% and the Kappa coefficient was 0.8758. In addition, two subsets of the study area showed that the result obtained in this study was similar to that of Crop Data Layer (CDL) provided by National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). Thus, the method proposed in this study could be an alternative way for crop classification when ground reference data cannot be acquired.
Functionalized mesoporous silica materials for controlled drug delivery (2012)

In the past decade, non-invasive and biocompatible mesoporous silica materials as efficient drug delivery systems have attracted special attention. Great progress in structure control and functionalization (magnetism and luminescence) design has been achieved for biotechnological and biomedical applications. This review highlights the most recent research progress on silica-based controlled drug delivery systems, including: (i) pure mesoporous silica sustained-release systems, (ii) magnetism and/or luminescence functionalized mesoporous silica systems which integrate targeting and tracking abilities of drug molecules, and (iii) stimuli-responsive controlled release systems which are able to respond to environmental changes, such as pH, redox potential, temperature, photoirradiation, and biomolecules. Although encouraging and potential developments have been achieved, design and mass production of novel multifunctional carriers, some practical biological application, such as biodistribution, the acute and chronic toxicities, long-term stability, circulation properties and targeting efficacy in vivo are still challenging.
Soya Saponins Induce Enteritis in Atlantic Salmon (<i>Salmo salar</i>L.) (2015)

Soybean meal-induced enteritis (SBMIE) is a well-described condition in the distal intestine of salmonids, and saponins have been implicated as the causal agent. However, the question remains whether saponins alone cause SBMIE. Moreover, the dose-response relationship has not been described. In a 10 week feeding trial with Atlantic salmon, a highly purified (95%) soya saponin preparation was supplemented (0, 2, 4, 6, or 10 g/kg) to two basal diets, one containing fishmeal as the major protein source (FM) and the other 25% lupin meal (LP). Saponins caused dose-dependent increases in the severity of inflammation independent of the basal diet, with concomitant alterations in digestive functions and immunological marker expression. Thus, saponins induced inflammation whether the diet contained other legume components or not. However, responses were often the same or stronger in fish fed the corresponding saponin-supplemented LP diets despite lower saponin exposure, suggesting potentiation by other legume component(s).
Synthesis, Structural Analysis, and Visualization of a Library of Dendronized Polyphenylacetylenes (2006)

A library of eleven high cis-content cis-transoidal polyphenylacetylenes (PPAs) dendronized with self-assembling dendrons was prepared from a library of fifteen convergently synthesized macromonomers. Using [Rh(C triple bond CPh)(nbd)(PPh(3))(2)] (nbd=2,5-norbornadiene) in the presence of 10 equiv of N,N-dimethylaminopyridine, predictive control over molecular weight and narrow molecular weight distribution are obtained. The PPA backbone serves as a helical scaffold for the self-assembling dendrons. The dendron primary structure dictates the diameter of the cylindrical PPAs in bulk, both in the self-organized hexagonal columnar (Phi(h)) lattice determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and in monolayers on highly ordered pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) and mica visualized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Thermal and bulk phase characteristics of the cylindrical PPAs reinforces the generality that flexible polymer backbones adopt a helical conformation within the cylindrical macromolecules generated by polymers jacketed with self-assembling dendrons.
3‐Deazaneplanocin A is a promising therapeutic agent for the eradication of tumor‐initiating hepatocellular carcinoma cells (2011)

Recent advances in stem cell biology have identified tumor-initiating cells (TICs) in a variety of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Polycomb group gene products such as BMI1 and EZH2 have been characterized as general self-renewal regulators in a wide range of normal stem cells and TICs. We previously reported that Ezh2 tightly regulates the self-renewal and differentiation of murine hepatic stem/progenitor cells. However, the role of EZH2 in tumor-initiating HCC cells remains unclear. In this study, we conducted loss-of-function assay of EZH2 using short-hairpin RNA and pharmacological inhibition of EZH2 by an S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase inhibitor, 3-deazaneplanocin A (DZNep). Both EZH2-knockdown and DZNep treatment impaired cell growth and anchorage-independent sphere formation of HCC cells in culture. Flow cytometric analyses revealed that the two approaches decreased the number of epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM)(+) tumor-initiating cells. Administration of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) or DZNep suppressed the tumors by implanted HCC cells in non-obese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficient mice. Of note, however, DZNep but not 5-FU predominantly reduced the number of EpCAM(+) cells and diminished the self-renewal capability of these cells as judged by sphere formation assays. Our findings reveal that tumor-initiating HCC cells are highly dependent on EZH2 for their tumorigenic activity. Although further analyses of TICs from primary HCC would be necessary, pharmacological interference with EZH2 might be a promising therapeutic approach to targeting tumor-initiating HCC cells.
Chimeric receptors used to probe the DNA-binding domain of the estrogen and glucocorticoid receptors. (1989)

Steroid hormone receptors activate specific gene transcription by binding as hormone-receptor complexes to short DNA enhancer-like elements termed hormone response elements. The DNA-binding domain (termed region C) is a highly conserved 66-amino acid region that contains two subregions (CI and CII) analogous to the "zinc fingers" of transcription factor IIIA. Using chimeric estrogen receptors, we show that this region, and in particular the NH2-terminal zinc finger, defines the target gene specificity of the receptor. We suggest that receptor recognition of the hormone response element is analogous to that of the helix-turn-helix DNA-binding motif in that the receptor binds to DNA as a dimer with the first zinc finger lying in the major groove recognizing one-half of the palindromic hormone response element and protein-DNA interaction is stabilized through nonspecific DNA binding and dimer interactions contributed by the second zinc finger.
Fiber Migration and Distribution of Twist at Different Radial Positions of Rotor Yarn-by Hi-Scope Video Microscope System (2002)

This paper describes systematic measurement of fiber migration and distribution pattern of twist at different radial positions of rotor spun yarn mixed tracer fiber by Hi- Scope Video Microscope System. The positions of tracer fibers were measured in three dimensions accurately, and the migration index and the twist distribution at different radial positions of rotor yarn were calculated and analyzed. This research result serves structural mechanics of rotor spun yarn.
Core–shell SiO<sub>2</sub>@LDHs with tuneable size, composition and morphology (2015)

We present here a simple method for the synthesis of core-shell SiO2@LDH (LDH: layered double hydroxide) particles using an in situ co-precipitation method without any pretreatment. The LDH composition, the overall particle size and morphology can be tuned giving new opportunities for the development of novel sorbents and catalyst systems.
Treatment of non-life threatening Wegener's granulomatosis with methotrexate and daily prednisone as the initial therapy of choice. (1999)

In selected patients with WG, the combination of MTX and daily PRED effectively controls the disease. However, chronic disease courses are the rule with this treatment regimen, and the likelihood of disease relapse is high. In our experience, the use of MTX and PRED in WG was safer than previously described, despite the use of daily corticosteroids.
Biomimicry of multifunctional nanostructures in the neck feathers of mallard (Anas platyrhynchos L.) drakes (2014)

Biological systems serve as fundamental sources of inspiration for the development of artificially colored devices, and their investigation provides a great number of photonic design opportunities. While several successful biomimetic designs have been detailed in the literature, conventional fabrication techniques nonetheless remain inferior to their natural counterparts in complexity, ease of production and material economy. Here, we investigate the iridescent neck feathers of Anas platyrhynchos drakes, show that they feature an unusual arrangement of two-dimensional (2D) photonic crystals and further exhibit a superhydrophobic surface, and mimic this multifunctional structure using a nanostructure composite fabricated by a recently developed top-down iterative size reduction method, which avoids the above-mentioned fabrication challenges, provides macroscale control and enhances hydrophobicity through the surface structure. Our 2D solid core photonic crystal fibres strongly resemble drake neck plumage in structure and fully polymeric material composition, and can be produced in wide array of colors by minor alterations during the size reduction process.
Factor graph based simultaneous localization and mapping using multipath channel information (2017)

Radio-based localization has the potential to provide centimeter-level position information. In this paper we apply joint probabilistic data association to multipath-assisted simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) for this purpose. In multipath-assisted localization, position-related information in multipath components (MPCs) is exploited to increase the accuracy and robustness of indoor tracking. Based on a recently introduced loopy belief propagation multipath-assisted localization scheme that performs probabilistic data association jointly with agent state estimation, we build a method for SLAM without using apriori known environment maps. The proposed method is highly accurate and robust in localizing a mobile agent while building up an environment feature map. It scales well in all relevant systems parameters and has a very low computational complexity.
Stem cell marker aldehyde dehydrogenase 1‐positive breast cancers are characterized by negative estrogen receptor, positive human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2, and high Ki67 expression (2009)

Recently, aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) 1 has been identified as a reliable marker for breast cancer stem cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancers with ALDH1+ cancer stem cells. In addition, the distribution of ALDH1+ tumor cells was compared on a cell-by-cell basis with that of estrogen receptor (ER)+, Ki67+, or human epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 (HER2)+ tumor cells by means of double immunohistochemical staining. Immunohistochemical staining of ALDH1 was applied to 203 primary breast cancers, and the results were compared with various clinicopathological characteristics of breast cancers including tumor size, histological grade, lymph node metastases, lymphovascular invasion, ER, progesterone receptor, HER2, Ki67, and topoisomerase 2A as well as prognosis. Immunohistochemical double staining of ALDH1 and ER, Ki67, or HER2 was also carried out to investigate their distribution. Of the 203 breast cancers, 21 (10%) were found to be ALDH1+, and these cancers were significantly more likely to be ER- (P = 0.004), progesterone receptor- (P = 0.025), HER2+ (P = 0.001), Ki67+ (P < 0.001), and topoisomerase 2A+ tumors (P = 0.012). Immunohistochemical double staining studies showed that ALDH1+ tumor cells were more likely to be ER-, Ki67-, and HER2+ tumor cells. Patients with ALDH1 (score 3+) tumors showed a tendency (P = 0.056) toward a worse prognosis than did those with ALDH1- tumors. Breast cancers with ALDH1+ cancer stem cells posses biologically aggressive phenotypes that tend to have a poor prognosis, and ALDH1+ cancer stem cells are characterized by ER-, Ki67-, and HER2+.
Endogenous Cardiac Stem Cell Therapy for Ischemic Heart Failure (2013)

Cardiovascular disease remains the number one cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. With great advances in medical and interventional therapies, patients who suffer from acute myocardial infarction have a longer life expectancy than before, but gradually develop chronic heart failure in their later life due to irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes. So far, heart transplantation is the only therapeutic option for advanced heart failure. However, the shortage of donor organs largely limits its role as the gold standard therapy. In the past decades, stem cell-based regenerative medicine has been proposed as a promising approach for the treatment of heart failure based on numerous animal studies. A variety of potential stem cell types, including skeletal myoblasts and bone marrowderived stem cells, have been investigated in clinical trials for cardiac repair and regeneration, but have shown mixed results in heart functional improvement or life-threatening disadvantages such as ventricular arrhythmia. On the other hand, due to the advantages of autologous origin and cardiac-committed lineage, cardiac stem cell therapy has emerged as a promising cell-based strategy for treatment of HF. Thus, this review discusses the current therapies for heart failure and further focuses on stem cell therapy using different endogenous cardiac stem cells, purified by stem cell surface markers (e.g., c-kit or Sca-1) or derived from explants via the formation of cardiospheres. In addition, the potential effect of patient age on cell-based therapy for heart disease is discussed.
Transformation of cultured Drosophila melanogaster cells with a dominant selectable marker. (1985)

We have developed a method for the stable and efficient introduction of foreign DNA into Drosophila melanogaster tissue culture cells. A plasmid vector was constructed that carries the bacterial neomycin resistance gene under the transcriptional control of the copia transposable element long terminal repeat promoter. After calcium phosphate-DNA transfection, this vector rendered D. melanogaster cells resistant to the aminoglycoside G-418, a derivative of gentamicin. The vector DNA appeared to be integrated in long tandem arrays of 10 to 20 copies per cell and was stable for many generations in the absence of selection. To test the usefulness of this system for introducing nonselected DNA into D. melanogaster cells, a gene fusion between the P transposable element and the hsp70 promoter was inserted into the copia-neomycin resistance plasmid. After transfection and establishment of a G-418-resistant cell line, the hsp-P fusion gene was found to be efficiently transcribed after heat shock.
Effect of roughness as determined by atomic force microscopy on the wetting properties of PTFE thin films (1996)

Abstract The influence of film roughness on the wetting properties of vacuum‐deposited polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE) thin films has been investigated using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle goniometry. Surface roughness has been characterized by atomic force microscopy in terms of RMS roughness ( R q ) and fractal dimensions. A contact angle correlation with surface roughness, as determined by AFM, is evident from these results, which are discussed on the basis of wetting theory. The results also confirm that the high water contact angles (as high as 150°) recently observed at the surface of a new water repulsive coating material (mixture of PTFE and binder) are because of surface roughness. Such measurements clarify the effect of nanometer‐size surface asperities on the wetting properties of hydrophobic coating.
Generating titles for paragraphs using statistically extracted keywords and phrases (2002)

Text analysis tasks such as automatic indexing, automatic abstracting and automatic title generation require determination of the main theme and text content. In this paper, the statistical methods used in automatic indexing for the extraction of keywords is adopted for title generation. Using two online dictionaries, a prototype statistical title generation system is developed and tested on social science abstracts and reading comprehension exercises.
Cation A Protects against LPSInduced Liver Injury by Reducing Endogenous CO Production in Rats (2018)

Carbon monoxide (CO) is a naturally occurring gaseous transmitter that plays important roles in normal physiology and liver disease. Cation A (CA) has a protective effect on liver injury caused by lipopolysaccharide (LPS). To investigate the protective effects of CA on the LPS-induced liver injury using an endotoxemic rat model, male and female SD rats with acute endotoxemia and pretreated with CA were sacrificed. Liver CO production, liver heme oxygenase-1(HO-1) mRNA, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels, and histopathological alterations in the liver at different time points after challenge were determined. After pretreatment with CA in the endotoxemic rats, the liver damage was alleviated, the generation of endogenous CO in plasma was reduced, and the activity of liver HO-1 and the expression of HO-1 mRNA decreased in liver tissue. This finding supports the notion that excessive CO production contributes to the liver injury in endotoxemia. Inhibition of the synthesis of CO using CA is useful as a therapeutic strategy against the liver injury caused by LPS.
The downregulation of CD4 and MHC‐I by primate lentiviruses: a paradigm for the modulation of cell surface receptors (1999)

The human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) downregulate the cell surface expression of CD4, their primary receptor, and of class I histocompatibility complex (MHC-I), a critical mediator of immune recognition. While the first of these effects seems important to preserve viral infectivity, the second likely promotes immune evasion. Three HIV-1 proteins, Nef, Env and Vpu, contribute to downregulate CD4, Env forms a complex with CD4 in the endoplasmic reticulum, thereby retaining the receptor in this compartment. Nef and Vpu, on the other hand, act as connectors between CD4 and specific intracellular trafficking pathways, targeting the receptor for degradation in the lysosome and the proteasome, respectively. Some of the downstream partners of the viral proteins in these events have been identified, and include the adaptor complex of clathrin-coated pits, the beta subunit of COP-I coatomer, and the ubiquitin pathway-related h-beta TrCP protein. HIV-induced MHC-I downregulation, mostly the effect of Nef, also reflects a redistribution of this receptor, with its accumulation in the Golgi. The modalities of this process, however, are as yet imperfectly understood. New evidence indicates that the mechanisms employed by primate lentiviruses to downmodulate CD4 and MHC-I are also exploited by a number of cellular regulatory processes.
Role of human skeletal muscle insulin receptor kinase in the in vivo insulin resistance of noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and obesity. (1994)

To assess the role of insulin receptor (IR) tyrosine kinase in human insulin resistance, we examined the kinase activity of IR of skeletal muscle biopsies from eight lean and five obese nondiabetics and six obese subjects with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM). Biopsies were taken during euglycemic clamps at insulin infusion rates of 0, 40, 120, and 1200 mU/m2.min. IRs were immobilized on insulin agarose beads, and autophosphorylation and histone 2B phosphorylation were measured. Phosphatase and protease inhibitors preserved the in vivo phosphorylation state of the IRs. Glucose disposal rates (GDR) were reduced according to insulin dose by 23-30% in the obese (P < 0.05) and 43-64% in the NIDDM subjects (P < 0.0005). IR autophosphorylation was increased up to 9-fold in controls and was reduced (P = 0.04) in NIDDM compared to obese subjects. Histone-2B kinase was increased up to 6-fold in controls and was reduced by 50% in NIDDM. Kinase values by both methods were similar in lean and obese controls. In vivo stimulation of kinase was well correlated to the increase in GDR, as was the decrement in kinase in NIDDM to the decrement in GDR. These results suggest that defects in muscle IR kinase are significant in the in vivo insulin resistance of NIDDM, but not that of obesity.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Geldanamycin and (−)-<i>o</i>-Quinogeldanamycin:  Asymmetric Glycolate Aldol Reactions and Biological Evaluation (2003)

The total synthesis of (+)-geldanamycin (GA), following a linear route, has been completed using a demethylative quinone-forming reaction as the last step. Key steps include the use of two new asymmetric boron glycolate aldol reactions. To set the anti-C11,12 hydroxymethoxy functionality, (S,S)-5,6-bis-4-methoxyphenyldioxanone 8 was used. Methylglycolate derived from norephedrine 5 set the C6,7 methoxyurethane stereochemistry. The quinone formation step using nitric acid gave the non-natural o-quino-GA product 55 10:1 over geldanamycin. Other known oxidants gave an unusual azaquinone product 49. o-Quino-GA 55 binds Hsp90 with good affinity but is less cytotoxic compared to GA.