gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Optimal thermographic procedures for moisture analysis in building materials</title> (1999)

The presence of moisture in building materials causes damage second only to structural one. NDT are successfully applied to map moisture distribution, to localize the source of water and to determine microclimatic conditions. IR Thermography has the advantage of non-destructive testing while it allows to investigate large surfaces. The measures can be repeated in time to monitor the phenomenon of raising water. Nevertheless the investigation of moisture in walls is one of the less reliable application of Thermography IR applied to cultural heritage preservation. The temperature of the damp areas can be colder than dry ones, because of surface evaporation, or can be warmer, because of the higher thermal inertia of water content versus building materials. The apparent discrepancies between the two results are due to the different microclimatic conditions of the scanning. Aim of the paper is to describe optimal procedures to obtain reliable maps of moisture in building materials, at different environmental and microclimatic conditions. Another goal is the description of the related energetic phenomena, which cause temperature discontinuities, and that are detected by thermography. Active and passive procedures are presented and compared. Case studies show some examples of procedures application.
Multilingual Metaphor Processing: Experiments with Semi-Supervised and Unsupervised Learning (2016)

Highly frequent in language and communication, metaphor represents a significant challenge for Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. Computational work on metaphor has traditionally evolved around the use of hand-coded knowledge, making the systems hard to scale. Recent years have witnessed a rise in statistical approaches to metaphor processing. However, these approaches often require extensive human annotation effort and are predominantly evaluated within a limited domain. In contrast, we experiment with weakly supervised and unsupervised techniques—with little or no annotation—to generalize higher-level mechanisms of metaphor from distributional properties of concepts. We investigate different levels and types of supervision (learning from linguistic examples vs. learning from a given set of metaphorical mappings vs. learning without annotation) in flat and hierarchical, unconstrained and constrained clustering settings. Our aim is to identify the optimal type of supervision for a learning algorithm that discovers patterns of metaphorical association from text. In order to investigate the scalability and adaptability of our models, we applied them to data in three languages from different language groups—English, Spanish, and Russian—achieving state-of-the-art results with little supervision. Finally, we demonstrate that statistical methods can facilitate and scale up cross-linguistic research on metaphor.
Analogues of diaminopimelic acid as inhibitors of bacterial growth (1954)

bis(dimethylamino)sebacic acid, NN'-diglycyldi- aminosuberic acid and NN'-diglycyldiaminosebacic acid were all readily soluble in water, but were less active than diaminosuberic acid. It is also possible that permeability considerations play an important part in the assimilation of these compounds. SUMMARY 1. Methods are described for the synthesis of six aoc'-diaminodicarboxylic acids, homologues of aoc'- diaaminopimelic acid.
Complex interactions between the chaperonin 60 molecular chaperone and dihydrofolate reductase (1991)

The spontaneous refolding of chemically denatured dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) is completely arrested by chaperonin 60 (GroEL). This inhibition presumably results from the formation of a stable complex between chaperonin 60 and one or more intermediates in the folding pathway. While sequestered on chaperonin 60, DHFR is considerably more sensitive to proteolysis, suggesting a nonnative structure. Bound DHFR can be released from chaperonin 60 with ATP, and although chaperonin 10 (GroES) is not obligatory, it does potentiate the maximum effect of ATP. Hydrolysis of ATP is also not required for DHFR release since certain nonhydrolyzable analogues are capable of partial discharge. "Native" DHFR can also form a stable complex with chaperonin 60. However, in this case, complex formation is not instantaneous and can be prevented by the presence of DHFR substrates. This suggests that native DHFR exists in equilibrium with at least one conformer which is recognizable by chaperonin 60. Binding studies with 35S-labeled DHFR support these conclusions and further demonstrate that DHFR competes for a common saturable site with another protein (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase) known to interact with chaperonin 60.
Hexagonal Silicon Realized (2015)

Silicon, arguably the most important technological semiconductor, is predicted to exhibit a range of new and interesting properties when grown in the hexagonal crystal structure. To obtain pure hexagonal silicon is a great challenge because it naturally crystallizes in the cubic structure. Here, we demonstrate the fabrication of pure and stable hexagonal silicon evidenced by structural characterization. In our approach, we transfer the hexagonal crystal structure from a template hexagonal gallium phosphide nanowire to an epitaxially grown silicon shell, such that hexagonal silicon is formed. The typical ABABAB... stacking of the hexagonal structure is shown by aberration-corrected imaging in transmission electron microscopy. In addition, X-ray diffraction measurements show the high crystalline purity of the material. We show that this material is stable up to 9 GPa pressure. With this development, we open the way for exploring its optical, electrical, superconducting, and mechanical properties.
Hypothermia Should Also Have Been Considered to Be a Predictor of Adverse Perioperative Cardiac Events (2009)

In Reply:— We thank Dr. Roth for his interest in our article and insightful commentary. Previous literature has demonstrated an association between intraoperative hypothermia and cardiac adverse events. However, we did not evaluate this clinical element in our analysis for several reasons. First, previous data regarding hypothermia and cardiac adverse events is limited to high-risk patients who had a preexisting diagnosis of coronary artery disease or several known risk factors for coronary artery disease undergoing high-risk thoracic, intraperitoneal, or vascular procedures.1Although our dataset included some high-risk patients, only 9.6% had a previous cardiac intervention and only 22% were undergoing high-risk surgery.2As a result, the studied population was dissimilar to previous work, and we were skeptical of being able to identify an association between hypothermia and cardiac adverse events in this more representative population. Second, although our studied dataset was large, we were only able to observe 83 events. As a result, we had to limit the number of independent variables evaluated in the logistic regression full-model fit to reduce the impact of model overfitting.3Hypothermia was one of several independent variables that we were unable to assess because of this statistical analysis constraint.Finally, the absence of a consistent way to separate “hypothermic”versus “normothermic” groups in an observational dataset presented the final challenge. There are several ways to define hypothermia. First, we could evaluate median temperatures within 10-min epochs, similar to the presented hypotension analysis. Second, some may advocate that a single temperature measurement below 36°C would qualify as “hypothermic.” Third, others may suggest that we employ the absence of active warming to be consistent with prospective, controlled studies.We agree that intraoperative hypothermia should be evaluated in future studies. We look forward to conducting large, multicenter observational dataset analyses that may offer us the statistical power necessary to do so.*University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan. sachinkh@med.umich.edu
Comparison of Isoflavones Among Dietary Intake, Plasma Concentration and Urinary Excretion for Accurate Estimation of Phytoestrogen Intake (2000)

Biological effects of dietary isoflavones, such as daidzein and genistein are of interest in preventive medicine. We estimated the dietary intake of isoflavones from dietary records and compared the values with the plasma concentrations and urinary excretions in Japanese middle-aged women. The dietary intake of daidzein and genistein was 64.6 and 111.6 mumol /day/capita (16.4 and 30.1 mg/day/capita), respectively. The isoflavones intake was mostly attributable to tofu, natto and miso. The median of plasma daidzein and genistein concentration was 72.46 and 206.09 nmol/L, respectively. The median of urinary excretion was 20.54 mumol /day for daidzein, 10.79 for genistein, 15.74 for equol and 1.64 for O-desmethylangolensin (O-DMA). Equol and O-DMA were excreted by 50% and 84% of all participants, respectively. Equol metabolizers were significantly lower the plasma and urinary daidzein and urinary O-DMA. The dietary intake of daidzein and genistein after the adjustment for total energy intake was significantly correlated with the urinary excretion (r = 0.365 for daidzein and r = 0.346 for genistein) and plasma concentration (r = 0.335 for daidzein and r = 0.429 for genistein). The plasma concentration of isoflavones was also significantly correlated with the urinary excretion. We conclude that in epidemiological studies measurements of plasma concentration or urinary excretion of these isoflavones are useful biomarkers of dietary intake and important for studies on their relation to human health.
Verifiability and Traceability in a Linked Data Based Messaging System (2016)

When linked data applications communicate, they commonly use messaging technologies in which the message exchange itself is not represented as linked data, since it takes place on a different architectural level. When a message cannot be verified and traced on the linked data level, trust in data is moved from message originators to service providers. However, there are use cases in which the actual message exchange and its verifiability are of importance. In such situations, the separation between application data and communication data is not desirable. To address this, we propose messaging based on linked data, where communicating entities and their messages are represented as interconnected Web resources, and we show how conversations can be made verifiable using digital signatures.
Solubility Enhancement of Salicylic Acid by Complexation with Succinoglycan Monomers Isolated from Sinorhizobium meliloti (2012)

E-mail: shjung@konkuk.ac.krReceived March 8, 2012, Accepted March 22, 2012Key Words : Succinoglycan monomer, Sinorhizobium meliloti, Salicylic acid, Phase solubility, Differentialscanning calorimetryThe nitrogen fixation soil bacteria Sinorhizobium meliloti(Rm 1021, S. meliloti) produce acidic exopolysaccharide(EPS), which may play a crucial role in the development ofthe root nodule symbiosis between bacterium and legumesof Alfalfa.
Site-Differentiated Solid Solution in (Na<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Cu<sub><i>x</i></sub>)<sub>2</sub>Ta<sub>4</sub>O<sub>11</sub> and Its Electronic Structure and Optical Properties (2010)

The (Na(1-x)Cu(x))(2)Ta(4)O(11) (0 ≤ x ≤ 0.78) solid-solution was synthesized within evacuated fused-silica vessels and characterized by powder X-ray diffraction techniques (space group: R3c (#167), Z = 6, a = 6.2061(2)-6.2131(2) Å, c = 36.712(1)-36.861(1) Å, for x = 0.37, 0.57, and 0.78). The structure consists of single layers of TaO(7) pentagonal bipyramids as well as layers of isolated TaO(6) octahedra surrounded by Na(+) and Cu(+) cations. Full-profile Rietveld refinements revealed a site-differentiated substitution of Na(+) cations located in the 12c (Wyckoff) crystallographic site for Cu(+) cations in the 18d crystallographic site. This site differentiation is driven by the linear coordination geometry afforded at the Cu(+) site compared to the distorted seven-coordinate geometry of the Na(+) site. Compositions more Cu-rich than x ~ 0.78, that is, closer to "Cu(2)Ta(4)O(11)", could not be synthesized owing to the destabilizing Na(+)/Cu(+) vacancies that increase with x up to the highest attainable value of ~26%. The UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectra show a significant red-shift of the bandgap size from ~4.0 eV to ~2.65 eV with increasing Cu(+) content across the series. Electronic structure calculations using the TB-LMTO-ASA approach show that the reduction in bandgap size arises from the introduction of Cu 3d(10) orbitals and the formation of a new higher-energy valence band. A direct bandgap transition emerges at k = Γ that is derived from the filled Cu 3d(10) and the empty Ta 5d(0) orbitals, including a small amount of mixing with the O 2p orbitals. The resulting conduction and valence band energies are determined to favorably bracket the redox potentials for water reduction and oxidation, meeting the thermodynamic requirement for photocatalytic water-splitting reactions.
Solubilization, Activation, and Insecticidal Activity of<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>Serovar thompsoni HD542 Crystal Proteins (2008)

Cry15Aa protein, produced by Bacillus thuringiensis serovar thompsoni HD542 in a crystal together with a 40-kDa accompanying protein, is one of a small group of nontypical, less well-studied members of the Cry family of insecticidal proteins and may provide an alternative for the more commonly used Cry proteins in insect pest management. In this paper, we describe the characterization of the Cry15Aa and 40-kDa protein's biochemical and insecticidal properties and the mode of action. Both proteins were solubilized above pH 10 in vitro. Incubation of solubilized crystal proteins with trypsin or insect midgut extracts rapidly processed the 40-kDa protein to fragments too small to be detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas the Cry15 protein yielded a stable product of approximately 30 kDa. Protein N-terminal sequencing showed that Cry15 processing occurs exclusively at the C-terminal end. Cry15 protein showed in vitro hemolytic activity, which was greatly enhanced by preincubation with trypsin or insect gut extract. Larvae of the lepidopteran insects Manduca sexta, Cydia pomonella, and Pieris rapae were susceptible to crystals, and presolubilization of the crystals enhanced activity to P. rapae. Activity for all three species was enhanced by preincubation with trypsin. Larvae of Helicoverpa armigera and Spodoptera exigua were relatively insensitive to crystals, and activity against these insects was not enhanced by prior solubilization or trypsin treatment. The 40-kDa crystal protein showed no activity in the insects tested, nor did its addition or coexpression in Escherichia coli increase the activity of Cry15 in insecticidal and hemolytic assays.
The Overall Partitioning of Anthracyclines into Phosphatidyl‐Containing Model Membranes Depends Neither on the Drug Charge Nor the Presence of Anionic Phospholipids (1996)

Anthracyclines are potent anticancer agents. Their use is limited by the problem of multidrug resistance (MDR) associated with a decreased intracellular accumulation of drug correlated with the presence, in the membrane of resistant cells, of the P-glycoprotein responsible for an active efflux of the drug. The activity of a drug depends upon its intracellular concentration which itself depends on the kinetics (a) of passive influx (b) of passive efflux and (c) of the P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux of drug across the cell membrane. The ability of an anthracycline to overcome MDR depends largely on the first point. The passive drug uptake is governed by their incorporation into the lipid matrix and both electrostatic and hydrophobic forces seem necessary for the stabilization of anthracyclines into lipid bilayers. The aim of the present study was to determine the relative importance of these two interactions. Using microspectrofluorometry and the observation that the fluorescence of anthracycline is enhanced when the dihydroanthraquinone part is embedded within the lipid bilayer, we have determined the partition coefficient (alternatively, the binding constant) of 12 anthracycline derivatives in large unilamellar vesicles. The anthracyclines were (a) doxorubicin, daunorubicin and idarubicin which, at pH 7.2, bear a single positive charge at the level of the amino group on the sugar, (b) their corresponding neutral 3'-hydroxy derivatives where the amino group in the sugar has been replaced by a hydroxyl, (c) the three 13-hydroxy derivatives, doxorubicinol, daunorubicinol and idarubicinol, (d) pirarubicin and (e) two permanently positively charged derivatives. The large unilamellar vesicles contained phosphatidylcholine with various amounts of phosphatidic acid which is negatively charged and of cholesterol. We came to the conclusion that the efficiency of drug incorporation in the bilayers depends neither on the presence of a positive charge on the drug nor on the presence of anionic phospholipid but on the hydrophobicity of the molecule: the neutral and the positively charged form have the same ability to partition into the bilayer. However, the percentage of each form present should depend on the electrostatic parameters.
The Validity of Ex Vivo Laser Skin Treatment for Histological Analysis (1999)

Significant differences were found between the in vivo and ex vivo models. Irregularity of ablation in the ex vivo specimens was 10 times that in the living specimens, limiting histological accuracy in the ex vivo model. The ex vivo skin model underestimated the amount of tissue ablation. This suggests that an in vivo model should be adopted as the standard for laser research.
Influence of the number of sliding motions on adhesive force between gold electrical contacts (1997)

In order to obtain a low, unvarying contact resistance with low contact force, gold is commonly used as the surface of electrical contacts mounted on small electromagnetic relays. However, gold contacts tend to cause sticking failure due to adhesion. Each electrical contact on the tip of a cantilever spring performs straight back-and-forth sliding motion during contact following and in the vibration of closed contacts. There are very few published data about the adhesive force on electrical contacts in reciprocating sliding motion. The change in both adhesive force and contact resistance as a function of the number of sliding cycles were therefore measured in reciprocating sliding cycles of 50 and 100 μm in closed gold contacts at contact forces of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.5 N. The adhesive force was found to increase in proportion to the number of sliding cycles up to a certain limit, beyond which no further increase occurred. This paper will use the von Mises yield criterion to analyze the relationship between the adhesive force, the number of sliding cycles, and the increase of the real contact area by plastic flow in the effective load-bearing area. © 1997 Scripta Technica, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 2, 80(2): 24–32, 1997
Molecular properties that influence oral drug-like behavior. (2004)

Pharmaceutical companies are constantly racing to discover the next therapeutic blockbuster. The consensus in the industry is to focus on compounds that are by some measure drug-like, but in order to do this effectively a number of questions must be answered. For example, how should drug-like be defined and how might this definition be used to enhance drug discovery? Has the field moved beyond Lipinski's seminal 'rule-of-five' observations? This review offers a working definition of oral drug-likeness, describes various approaches used in its characterization and discusses its appropriate use. We will focus primarily on the use of computed molecular properties that attempt to predict the oral drug-like behavior of compounds and propose guidelines for the use of observations and trends established in existing datasets to support drug discovery efforts. In particular, this review will demonstrate how trends in simple properties of the data can be used prospectively to compare and prioritize groups of compounds, chemical libraries and different chemical series with greater reliability than for predicting drug-likeness of single compounds. It is the authors' belief, however, that properties or descriptors that will completely separate drug-like space from non-drug-like space are unlikely to be found; the focus should instead lie on overall distributions of drug-like and non-drug-like compounds in the property space that tend to overlap significantly.
Studies on Organic Sulfur Compounds. XIII. The Oxidation Reaction of Alkoxycarbonylthioureas with Bromine (1973)

N-Alkoxycarbonylthioureas (A) were reacted with bromine in CHCl3 to afford sulfur, alkoxycarbonylureas (B), 3, 5-bis (alkoxycarbonylimino)-1, 2, 4-dithiazolidines (C), 3, 5-bis-(alkoxycarbonylamino)-1, 2, 4-thiadiazoles (D), 2-alkoxycarbonyl-5-alkoxycarbonylamino-3-imino-1, 2, 4-thiadiazolines (E) and 3-amino-5-alkoxycarbonylamino-1, 2, 4-thiadiazoles (F). This paper describes in detail on the confirmation of the structures of these reaction products.
A quantitative approach in environmentally conscious product design support (2003)

This paper presents a quantitative methodology for multi-objective environmentally conscious design. Environmental objectives include disassemblability, recyclability, material selection and serviceability. Some of them are qualitative in nature, leading to large uncertainties of measurement and comparison. Thus it is necessary to develop a generic methodology for quantitative measurement on specific environmental aspects as well as on overall environmental performance. The proposed methodology is based on fuzzy theory, graph theory, and analytic hierarchy process (AHP) theory.
A recombinant antibody against Plasmodium vivax UIS4 for distinguishing replicating from dormant liver stages (2018)

The α-rUIS4 mAb is a versatile tool for distinguishing replicating P. vivax liver stages from dormant hypnozoites, making it a valuable resource that can be deployed throughout laboratories worldwide.
Ballistic electron emission microscopy study of Schottky contacts on 6H- and 4H-SiC (1998)

We have performed ballistic-electron emission microscopy (BEEM) on (Pd,Pt)/(6H,4H)-SiC(0001) Schottky contacts. Schottky barrier heights (SBHs) determined from the BEEM data using the Bell–Kaiser model are 1.27 eV/1.34 eV (Pd/Pt) for 6H- and 1.54 eV/1.58 eV for 4H-SiC. Our measurements also give the first direct evidence of a second conduction band minimum (CBM) on 4H-SiC about 0.14 eV above the overall CBM. Spatial inhomogeneity of SBHs were examined and shown to be no larger than the fitting error due to the system noise. Additionally, enhanced ballistic transmittance was observed over a region intentionally stressed by injecting high kinetic energy (10 eV above EF) hot electrons using BEEM in the Pt/4H-SiC sample.
Molecular beam epitaxy growth and characterization of Cd<i>x</i>Hg1−<i>x</i>Te (0.4&lt;<i>x</i>&lt;1) based quantum wells (1992)

CdxHg1−xTe epilayers and CdxHg1−xTe/CdyHg1−yTe quantum well heterostructures have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy. The various parameters of the growth technique have been carefully optimized: control of the thickness by the observation of the oscillations of the reflection-high-energy electron diffraction, the alloy composition by measuring the Cd sticking coefficient in our growth procedure, and the quality of the interfaces by performing transmission electron microscopy. The photoluminescence spectra at 5 K of thick CdxHg1−xTe epilayers are dominated by bound exciton recombination below the fundamental band gap Eg. By contrast, the main emission in the quantum wells photoluminescence spectra is due to an intrinsic recombination of the confined carriers in their respective ground state. The influence of CdxHg1−xTe well thickness and the CdyHg1−yTe barrier composition of this quantum well transition energy are presented.