gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Temporary negative ions and electron affinities of benzene and <i>N</i>-heterocyclic molecules: pyridine, pyridazine, pyrimidine, pyrazine, and <i>s</i>-triazine (1975)

Electron transmission spectroscopy is used to study shape resonances (temporary negative ions) in benzene and some isolectronic N−heterocyclic molecules (pyridine, diazines, and s−triazine), in the energy range 0−6 eV. The lowest shape resonance in each of these molecules exhibits vibrational structure which is interpreted in all cases as the totally symmetric C−C stretch mode. The ground vibrational level of this lowest shape resonance is accessible by electron impact only in benzene and pyridine. Thus, their electron affinities can be determined from the present experiment (−1.15 eV for C6D6 and −0.62 eV for C5H5N). Only excited vibrational levels are accessible in the diazines and s−triazine, indicating that the electron affinities for these molecules have positive values. For benzene, pyridine, and some other aromatic hydrocarbons, we compare the electron affinities established in the gas phase with the polarographic potentials established in the liquid phase and we find a linear relationship. Using this correlation in conjunction with the measured values of the polarographic potentials, we estimate the electron affinities for pyridazine (0.25 eV), pyrimidine (0 eV), pyrazine (0.40 eV) and s−triazine (0.45 eV).
Affinity Conversion of Receptors for Colony Stimulating Factors: Properties of Solubilized Receptors (1992)

Murine receptors for granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and Multi-CSF (interleukin-3) can exist in both high- and low-affinity forms and demonstrate trans-modulation by several different ligands. In contrast the recently cloned human GM-CSF receptor and murine interleukin-3 (IL-3) receptor display only low-affinity binding. To begin to understand the molecular basis of the formation of high- and low-affinity receptors and their trans-modulation we have developed methods for the solubilization and assay of GM-CSF and interleukin-3 receptors so that their binding characteristics can be studied in cell-free solution. Both receptors displayed a single class of high-affinity binding on intact FDC-P1 cells and IL-3 receptors had unaltered binding characteristics in cells, membranes and in detergent solution. However, GM-CSF receptors were converted to a single class of low-affinity binding in detergent solution while both high- and low-affinity forms were evident in membranes. The basis of affinity conversion of GM-CSF receptors was exclusively a change in the kinetic dissociation rate of ligand. Cross-linking experiments suggested that high-affinity receptors for GM-CSF and IL-3 might consist of two different protein species and, if this is so, the data suggest that this association is more stable for IL-3 than for GM-CSF receptors.
Self-Tuning Sub-Sample Delay Estimator (2009)

Publication in the conference proceedings of EUSIPCO, Glasgow, Scotland, 2009
Review: Escalating immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis (2008)

Basic disease-modifying treatment for relapsing forms of active multiple sclerosis (MS) is now available in many countries with high prevalence rates, for this chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Several lines of evidence support early immunomodulatory treatment with either recombinant interferon-beta or glatiramer acetate, and positive results from phase III trials encourage start of treatment even in patients with clinically isolated syndromes (CIS). However, currently available drugs for basic therapy are only partially effective and patients may still encounter relapses or disease progression. As treatment-refractory, clinically active MS can quickly lead to irreversible neurological disability there is an urgent need for effective escalating strategies. Patients with suboptimal treatment response to basic therapy have been treated with combination therapies, cytotoxic drugs (such as mitoxantrone and cyclophosphamide) or autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Recently, the monoclonal antibody, natalizumab, was added to this armamentarium. None of these strategies have been vigorously evaluated in large randomized, controlled phase III trials with patients who failed basic therapy. Therefore, the decision to escalate immunotherapy is still based on limited evidence. This article will review potential candidates for intensified immunosuppression and call for innovative study designs to better evaluate escalating immunotherapy in MS.
Assessment of Viral Loads in Patients with Chronic Hepatitis C with AMPLICOR HCV MONITOR Version 1.0, COBAS HCV MONITOR Version 2.0, and QUANTIPLEX HCV RNA Version 2.0 Assays (2000)

The correlation between response to antiviral therapy and pretreatment viral load in patients with chronic hepatitis C has prompted the development of quantitative assays to measure viral load. The aim of our study was to assess the clinical relevance of the newly developed semiautomated PCR system COBAS HCV MONITOR version 2.0 in comparison with (i) the AMPLICOR HCV MONITOR version 1.0 assay, which underestimates RNA concentration of hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotypes 2 to 6, and (ii) the QUANTIPLEX HCV RNA version 2.0 assay, which achieves equivalent quantification for each HCV genotype, with samples from 174 patients diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C before therapy. The level and range of quantification measured with AMPLICOR HCV MONITOR version 1.0 were 1 log lower than when measured with the COBAS HCV MONITOR version 2.0, at 0.261 x 10(6) RNA copies/ml (range, 0.001 x 10(6) to 2.50 x 10(6) RNA copies/ml) and 4.032 x 10(6) RNA copies/ml (range, 0.026 x 10(6) to 72.6 x 10(6) RNA copies/ml), respectively. The two assays showed a poor correlation (r(2) = 0.175). The level and range of quantification were similar when measured with the COBAS HCV MONITOR version 2.0 and QUANTIPLEX HCV RNA version 2.0 assays, at 3.03 x 10(6) RNA copies/ml (range, 0.023 x 10(6) to 72.6 x 10(6) RNA copies/ml) and 4.91 Meq/ml (range, 0.200 to 49.5 Meq/ml), respectively. The two assays showed a strong correlation (r(2) = 0. 686) for each HCV genotype. The duration of treatment (6 or 12 months) is modulated according to HCV genotype and viral load. Our results indicate that COBAS HCV MONITOR version 2.0 and QUANTIPLEX HCV RNA version 2.0 assays showing an equal dynamic range for each HCV genotype are suitable tools to assess patients before therapy.
Low-Profile Transmitarray Antenna With Single Slot Source and Metasurface in 80-GHz Band (2018)

A low-profile transmitarray antenna with height of 29 mm and aperture size of 90 mm×90 mm is presented. It experimentally achieves above 32.4 dBi gain over an operational bandwidth (81-86 GHz). The use of a slot antenna as radiation source reduces the required distance between source and trans-mitarray, and a flat lens made of 6 conducting patterned sheets ensures that the incoming waves are in phase without strong frequency dependence, broadening the bandwidth. The antenna is fabricated through normal fabrication processes, such as milling processes for the chassis and printed circuit board fabrication processes for the transmittarray.
Smile for the (wireless) camera (2004)

The advent of new digital technologies and the use of innovative electronic design is starting to provide the broadcast industry with reliable solutions, offering perfect pictures and unlimited flexibility. The development of digital wireless camera systems over the last two years is finally freeing the cameraman from the constraint of the umbilical cable.
Most of Top Jobs of 2015 Are in Health Care (2015)

A new report shows that 7 of the top 10 jobs for 2015 are in health care. And physician tops the list of best-paying jobs. Is your job in the top 10?
Interactions of Food Proteins (1991)

Proteins are responsible for many of the desirable attributes associated with food products. Performance results from the interactions of proteins with other proteins or food components. Food proteins are commonly composed of several fractions, often having different properties. Thus, a particular functional property may be a manifestation of a specific component of the food protein used. Functionality has been defined as "any property of a food or food ingredient, except its nutritional ones, that affects its utilization" (1). The domain of physical functions associated with the presence of proteins in a food system typically includes: (a) increased hydration and water binding which affect viscosity and gelation, (b) modification of surface tension and interfacial activity which control emulsification and foaming ability and (c) chemical reactivity leading to altered states of cohesion/adhesion and a potential for texturization. Functional properties are influenced by intrinsic factors, such as composition, conformation and homogeneity of the protein source, as well as by processing methods and environmental conditions (2). There are several specific papers that relate protein structure to function (1-5). Reports that relate composition to function are rare. This chapter will discuss the effects of compositional factors of proteins, with emphasis on whey proteins, on gelation, foaming and emulsification. Composition encompasses certain physicochemical properties such as, hydrophobicity and sulfhydryl content, as well as specific ratios of protein components, ratios of protein to other constituents, such as lipid, carbohydrate and mineral components and the presence of other components in the food product including added emulsifiers.
Structure–property relationships in acrylate/epoxy interpenetrating polymer networks: Effects of the reaction sequence and composition (2007)

Abstract Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) of poly(ethylene glycol) 200 diacrylate and diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A were formed over a range of compositions and with different reaction sequences. We controlled the reaction sequence by thermally initiating the cationic epoxy polymerization, photoinitiating the free‐radical acrylate polymerization, and changing the processing order. The reaction was monitored by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, photo differential scanning calorimetry. and modulated differential scanning calorimetry (mDSC). The glass‐transition temperature was estimated from mDSC. Mechanical and rheological tests provided the strength and hardness of the materials. Morphology and phase separation were explored with optical and scanning electron microscopy. All of the physical properties were dependent on IPN composition. Some properties and the morphology were dependent on the reaction sequence. Significant differences in glass‐transition temperature were observed at the same composition but with different reaction sequences. Even with minimal structure, correlations existed between the morphology and material properties with partially phase‐separated samples exhibiting maximum damping. The rapid reaction allowed minimal phase separation, yet different reaction sequences resulted in significantly different properties. This systematic study indicated that the relationships between phase morphology, processing, and the physical properties of IPNs are complex and not predictable a priori . © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 104: 891–901, 2007
Selection Theory for Marker-Assisted Backcrossing (2005)

Marker-assisted backcrossing is routinely applied in breeding programs for gene introgression. While selection theory is the most important tool for the design of breeding programs for improvement of quantitative characters, no general selection theory is available for marker-assisted backcrossing. In this treatise, we develop a theory for marker-assisted selection for the proportion of the genome originating from the recurrent parent in a backcross program, carried out after preselection for the target gene(s). Our objectives were to (i) predict response to selection and (ii) give criteria for selecting the most promising backcross individuals for further backcrossing or selfing. Prediction of response to selection is based on the marker linkage map and the marker genotype of the parent(s) of the backcross population. In comparison to standard normal distribution selection theory, the main advantage of our approach is that it considers the reduction of the variance in the donor genome proportion due to selection. The developed selection criteria take into account the marker genotype of the candidates and consider whether these will be used for selfing or backcrossing. Prediction of response to selection is illustrated for model genomes of maize and sugar beet. Selection of promising individuals is illustrated with experimental data from sugar beet. The presented approach can assist geneticists and breeders in the efficient design of gene introgression programs.
Molecular Mechanism of Multi–drug Efflux Transporter Revealed by the Crystal Structures (2010)

Membrane transport in cell is a fundamental biological process that is mediated by various channels, pumps and transporter proteins. AcrB is the major multidrug efflux transporter in gram-negative bacteria, which confer multidrug tolerance and resistance. AcrB transports a wide variety of drug or toxic compounds directly out of the cells driven by proton motive force. We solve the crystal structures of AcrB-substrate complex. The AcrB-drug complex consists of asymmetric three protomers, each of which has a different conformation corresponding to one of the three functional states of the transport cycle. Bound substrate was found in the periplasmic domain of one of the three protomers. The voluminous binding pocket is aromatic and allows multi-site binding. The structures show that drugs are presumably exported by a three-step functionally rotating mechanism in which drugs undergo ordered binding change.
Xanthophyll Esterification Accompanying Carotenoid Overaccumulation in Chromoplast of<i>Capsicum annuum</i>Ripening Fruits Is a Constitutive Process and Useful for Ripeness Index (2000)

Changes in xanthophyll esterification degree during pepper fruit ripening have been studied in five cultivars (Numex, Mana, Belrubi, Delfin, and Negral). Esterification of xanthophylls with fatty acids is seen to be a process that is contemporary with and directly linked to the transformation of chloroplast (present in the green fruit) into chromoplast (present in the red fruit). Changes in the fractions of free and partially and totally esterified carotenoids are similar between varieties, reflecting the constitutive nature of esterification as part of the ripening process and being controlled by it. From the first stages of ripening, the fraction of totally esterified pigments (zeaxanthin diester, beta-cryptoxanthin diester, capsanthin diester, and capsorubin diester) makes up almost 50% of the total carotenoid content. The proportion of the partially esterified pigment fraction (zeaxanthin monoester, capsanthin monoester, and capsorubin monoester) in the total carotenoid content increases, with a gradual decrease in the fraction of free pigments (beta-cryptoxanthin, beta-carotene, zeaxanthin, capsanthin, and capsorubin). In the fully ripe stage, a balance is reached between the three esterification fractions (free, partially esterified, and totally esterified), with mean values of 24.17 +/- 4.06, 31.48 +/- 4. 61, and 44.36 +/- 5.05, respectively, which seems to be largely independent of variety. This suggests a marked control of the carotenoid composition of the totally developed chromoplast, indicating its use as an index of ripeness. The inclusion in the present study of a variety (Negral) that retains chlorophylls when ripening, and which shows the same esterification behavior, supports the idea that carotenogenesis is normal and independent of chlorophyll catabolism.
Tracking local volume 3D‐echo‐planar coronary artery imaging (2001)

Aiming for robust high-resolution free respiration coronary artery imaging, localized tracking volume selective 3D-EPI at spatial resolution 1.25 × 1.25 × 3 mm and temporal resolution 65 ms was evaluated in 14 normal subjects. Subject-specific motion tracking factors were measured between diaphragm navigator and coronary artery in S-I and A-P directions. Imaging was repeated with and without tracking, accepting 128 cardiac cycles over a 20-mm range from free breathing. Reference images with minimal respiratory motion (5-mm range) used LED-guided multiple breathholds. Depending on accurate motion measurement, coronary arteries were imaged with tracking, in a 20-mm range of free breathing, with increased scan efficiency but without significant loss of image quality compared to multiple breathhold imaging. Magn Reson Med 46:1031–1036, 2001. © 2001 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Photoactive molecules for applications in molecular imaging and cell biology (2010)

Photoactive technology has proven successful for non-invasive regulation of biological activities and processes in living cells. With the light-directed generation of biomaterials or signals, mechanisms in cell biology can be investigated at the molecular level with spatial and temporal resolution. In this tutorial review, we aim to introduce the important applications of photoactive molecules for elucidating cell biology on aspects of protein engineering, fluorescence labelling, gene regulation and cell physiological functions.
Recent developments in the pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of celiac disease (2002)

Celiac disease (CD) is a syndrome characterised by damage of the small intestinal mucosa, caused by the gliadin fraction of wheat gluten and similar alcohol-soluble proteins (prolamines) of barley and rye in genetically susceptible subjects. The clinical manifestations of CD are protean in nature and vary markedly with the age of the patient, the duration and extent of disease and the presence of extra-intestinal pathology. This article reviews three patents from the last four years which claim methods and tools for the diagnosis and treatment of CD. They are related to the antigenic role of tissue transglutaminase, the immunodominant gliadin peptide recognised by the cells in the peripheral blood of individuals with CD and the pro-inflammatory role of IL-15; however, only the first invention found application worldwide. In spite of this, the current gold standard for the diagnosis of CD is still the histological confirmation of the intestinal damage and the keystone treatment of CD patients is a life-long elimination diet, in which food products containing gluten are avoided.
A core transcriptional network for early mesoderm development in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> (2007)

Embryogenesis is controlled by large gene-regulatory networks, which generate spatially and temporally refined patterns of gene expression. Here, we report the characteristics of the regulatory network orchestrating early mesodermal development in the fruitfly Drosophila, where the transcription factor Twist is both necessary and sufficient to drive development. Through the integration of chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by microarray analysis (ChIP-on-chip) experiments during discrete time periods with computational approaches, we identified >2000 Twist-bound cis-regulatory modules (CRMs) and almost 500 direct target genes. Unexpectedly, Twist regulates an almost complete cassette of genes required for cell proliferation in addition to genes essential for morophogenesis and cell migration. Twist targets almost 25% of all annotated Drosophila transcription factors, which may represent the entire set of regulators necessary for the early development of this system. By combining in vivo binding data from Twist, Mef2, Tinman, and Dorsal we have constructed an initial transcriptional network of early mesoderm development. The network topology reveals extensive combinatorial binding, feed-forward regulation, and complex logical outputs as prevalent features. In addition to binary activation and repression, we suggest that Twist binds to almost all mesodermal CRMs to provide the competence to integrate inputs from more specialized transcription factors.
Prestall Behavior of Several High-Speed Compressors (1995)

High-speed compressor data immediately prior to rotating stall inception are analyzed and compared to stability theory. New techniques for the detection of small-amplitude rotating waves in the presence of noise are detailed, and experimental and signal processing pitfalls discussed. In all nine compressors examined, rotating stall precedes surge. Prior to rotating stall inception, all the machines support small-amplitude (< 1 percent of fully developed stall) waves traveling about the circumference. Traveling wave strength and structure are shown to be a strong function of corrected speed. At low speeds, a ∼0.5 times shaft speed wave is present for hundreds of rotor revolutions prior to stall initiation. At 100 percent speed, a shaft speed rotating wave dominates, growing as stall initiation is approached (fully developed rotating stall occurs at about 1/2 of shaft speed). A new, two-dimensional, compressible hydrodynamic stability analysis is applied to the geometry of two of the compressors and gives results in agreement with data. The calculations show that, at low corrected speeds, these compressors behave predominantly as incompressible machines. The wave that first goes unstable is the 1/2 shaft frequency mode predicted by the incompressible Moore–Greitzer analysis and previously observed in low-speed compressors. Compressibility becomes important at high corrected speeds and adds axial structure to the rotating waves. At 100 percent corrected speed, one of these hitherto unrecognized compressible modes goes unstable first. The rotating frequency of this mode is constant and predicted to be approximately coincident with shaft speed at design. Thus, it is susceptible to excitation by geometric nonuniformities in the compressor. This new understanding of compressor dynamics is used to introduce the concept of traveling wave energy as a real time measure of compressor stability. Such a wave energy-based scheme is shown consistently to give an indication of low stability for significant periods (100–200 rotor revolutions) before stall initiation, even at 100 percent corrected speed.
High avidity state of leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 on rheumatoid synovial fluid T lymphocytes (1995)

The integrin LFA-1 (CD11a/CD18) is a cell surface adhesion molecule required for leukocyte extravasation and subsequent immune and inflammatory responses. Rapid transition between nonadherent and adherent states of LFA-1 is of key importance to Ag-specific recognition of T lymphocytes. In this paper, LFA-1-mediated adhesiveness of peripheral blood (PB) and synovial fluid (SF) T lymphocytes to affinity-purified ICAM-1-coated plates was studied in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and in patients with non-RA panels, including osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, erythema nodosum, pseudogout, and pustulosis. LFA-1-mediated adhesiveness of SF T lymphocytes was not observed in any of the 10 non-RA patients studied, although cross-linking of the TCR on lymphocytes from these patients rapidly converted LFA-1 to an adhesive state. In contrast, SF T lymphocytes from 10 of 12 RA patients exhibited LFA-1-mediated adhesiveness without a requirement for cross-linking of the TCR. No difference was seen in the cell surface density of LFA-1 between non-RA and RA T lymphocytes, suggesting that the difference in adhesiveness was due to a high avidity state of LFA-1 on SF T lymphocytes in RA. Furthermore, exposure of PB T lymphocytes, which showed a low avidity state of LFA-1, to whole SF from RA patients that was depleted of T lymphocytes could induce a high avidity state of LFA-1 in vitro. Cellfree SF from RA patients also could stimulate adhesiveness, although to a lesser extent. These data suggest the existence of a LFA-1-activating environment that is selectively found in SF from RA patients.