gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quinoxaline Studies. II. The Preparation of 2-Hydroxy-3,6-dimethylquinoxaline and 2-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethylquinoxaline (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuinoxaline Studies. II. The Preparation of 2-Hydroxy-3,6-dimethylquinoxaline and 2-Hydroxy-3,7-dimethylquinoxalineBurton Marks and Harry P. SchultzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1951, 73, 3, 1368–1370Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01147a524https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01147a524research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Efficient word segmentation driven by unconstrained handwritten phrase recognition (1999)

An efficient system which finds the best match between an input image and a lexicon is presented. To capture writing style of spacing between words and characters prime stroke analysis based on statistical methods is introduced. A method for estimating bound on number of characters without actual recognition is also presented. For system efficiency, before actual recognition, classified groups of word segments and eligible subset of lexicons are generated as hypotheses. The hypotheses are verified and ordered by a lexicon driven word recognizor. We have tested our approach in the street name recognition/interpretation for US mail stream. Experimental results and encouraging.
A Synthetic Zipper Peptide Motif Orchestrated via Co-operative Interplay of Hydrogen Bonding, Aromatic Stacking, and Backbone Chirality (2013)

Here, we report on a new class of synthetic zipper peptide which assumes its three-dimensional zipper-like structure via a co-operative interplay of hydrogen bonding, aromatic stacking, and backbone chirality. Structural studies carried out in both solid- and solution-state confirmed the zipper-like structural architecture assumed by the synthetic peptide which makes use of unusually remote inter-residual hydrogen-bonding and aromatic stacking interactions to attain its shape. The effect of chirality modulation and the extent of noncovalent forces in the structure stabilization have also been comprehensively explored via single-crystal X-ray diffraction and solution-state NMR studies. The results highlight the utility of noncovalent forces in engineering complex synthetic molecules with intriguing structural architectures.
The N-terminal to C-terminal motif in protein folding and function (2005)

Essentially all proteins known to fold kinetically in a two-state manner have their N- and C-terminal secondary structural elements in contact, and the terminal elements often dock as part of the experimentally measurable initial folding step. Conversely, all N-C no-contact proteins studied so far fold by non-two-state kinetics. By comparison, about half of the single domain proteins in the Protein Data Bank have their N- and C-terminal elements in contact, more than expected on a random probability basis but not nearly enough to account for the bias in protein folding. Possible reasons for this bias relate to the mechanisms for initial protein folding, native state stability, and final turnover.
ENERGY-GAP VARIATION IN MIXED III–V ALLOYS (1967)

Values of E 0 , the lowest direct optical transition, are available for several III-V alloy systems, from measurements of optical absorption, electroreflectance, electroluminescence, etc. It is shown that in all available cases the variation of E 0 with composition can be fitted very well to an equation of the form E 0 = A + Bx + Cx 2 , where x is the mole fraction of one component compound. Such a relation is expected from a virtual-crystal type of analysis.If E 0m is the mean of the energy gaps of the component compounds of the system, it is found that an empirical relation of the form [Formula: see text] appears to hold where α is approximately 0.3 eV 3/2 .
CO<sub>2</sub>/N<sub>2</sub> Separation by Poly(Ether Block Amide) Thin Film Hollow Fiber Composite Membranes (2005)

Thin film poly(ether block amide) (PEBA) hollow fiber composite membranes were developed for CO2/N2 separation, which is relevant to CO2 capture from flue gas for greenhouse gas emission control. The membrane was prepared by coating a thin layer of PEBA onto microporous polyetherimide (PEI) hollow fiber substrate membranes. Lab-scale hollow fiber membrane modules were assembled and tested for CO2/N2 separation with various flow configurations using a simulated flue gas (15.3% carbon dioxide, balance N2) as the feed. The shell side feed with counter-current flow was shown to perform better than other configurations over a wide range of stage cuts in terms of product purity, recovery, and productivity. At 23 °C and 790 kPa, a permeate stream containing 62 mol % CO2 was obtained at a CO2 recovery of 20% in a single-stage operation, whereas 99.4 mol % nitrogen could be produced in the residue with a nitrogen recovery of 36%. It was found that the permeance of CO2 in the gas mixture was lower than the permeance of pure CO2 at the same pressure, while there was little difference in nitrogen permeance between pure gas permeation and gas mixture permeation. The PEBA/PEI thin film hollow fiber composite membrane was not suitable for bore side feed operation because of the potential problems associated with concentration polarization in the microporous substrate and the structural integrity of the membrane when a high pressure was applied in the fiber lumen.
Section Meetings, Saturday Morning, October 13: African Arts and Humanities (1962)

Willard Rhodes, Section Meetings, Saturday Morning, October 13: African Arts and Humanities, African Studies Bulletin, Vol. 5, No. 4, Report of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the African Studies Association (Dec., 1962), pp. 56-71
Using Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes to Quantify Gas Maturity, Formation Temperature, and Formation Age — Specific Applications for Gas Fields from the Tarim Basin, China (2012)

The kinetic fractionation model for hydrogen isotope fractionation for methane, ethane and propane formation is tested in this study. The model agrees very well with the current existing model of carbon isotope fractionation for coal-derived gas from the Kuqa depression, Tarim basin, China. The strong correlation of carbon and hydrogen isotopes between theory and field data proves that it is unlikely that hydrogen isotopes will exchange with water under the gas formation condition. Using both gas carbon and hydrogen isotopes can further constrain our prediction of gas maturity, formation age and accumulation patterns for a natural gas system. Based on the carbon and hydrogen isotope fractionation model and field data, our results show the gas in the Kuqa depression was overmature in the central depression with R o values up to 1.9–2.0% in the Kela 2 gas field and the gas maturity was much lower in the southern Front Uplift with R o values ranging from 1.3% to 1.7%, which agree well with the distribution characteristics of the maturity of the local source rocks. However, the predicted gas maturity in the Front Uplift was relatively higher than that of the local source rocks, which probably indicates natural gases in the Front Uplift were migrated from the central depression. Our prediction demonstrates that natural gases in the Kuqa depression were formed during the last 3–5 million years and the gas formation temperature was 170–200°C, which is consistent with the burial history of the depression. According to our results, the potential accumulation pattern for the gas in the Kuqa depression is that gases were formed at depth and expelled from the Kuqa depression and migrated vertically along faults to some traps and formed giant gas fields, or migrated from north to south and accumulated in the Front Uplift or mixed with previous oil fields and formed condensate oil gas fields.
Flexible and Weaveable Capacitor Wire Based on a Carbon Nanocomposite Fiber (2013)

A flexible and weaveable electric double-layer capacitor wire is developed by twisting two aligned carbon nanotube/ordered mesoporous carbon composite fibers with remarkable mechanical and electronic properties as electrodes. This capacitor wire exhibits high specific capacitance and long life stability. Compared with the conventional planar structure, the capacitor wire is also lightweight and can be integrated into various textile structures that are particularly promising for portable and wearable electronic devices.
A monoclonal antibody to a subset of human monocytes found only in the peripheral blood and inflammatory tissues. (1986)

A monoclonal antibody is described that was generated by immunizing mice with cultured human blood monocytes. The antibody (27E10) belongs to the IgG1 subclass and detects a surface antigen at Mr 17,000 that is found on 20% of peripheral blood monocytes. The antigen is increasingly expressed upon culture of monocytes, reaching a maximum between days 2 and 3. Stimulation of monocytes with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), 12-O-tetradecanoyl-phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but not with N-formyl-L-methionyl-L-leucyl-L-phenylalanine (fMLP) increased the 27E10 antigen density. The amount of 27E10-positive cells is not or is only weakly affected. The antigen is absent from platelets, lymphocytes, and all tested human cell lines, yet it cross-reacts with 15% of freshly isolated granulocytes. By using the indirect immunoperoxidase technique, the antibody is found to be negative on cryostat sections of normal human tissue (skin, lung, and colon) and positive on only a few monocyte-like cells in liver and on part of the cells of the splenic red pulp. In inflammatory tissue, however, the antibody is positive on monocytes/macrophages and sometimes on endothelial cells and epidermal cells, depending on the stage and type of inflammation, e.g., BCG granulomas are negative, whereas psoriasis vulgaris, atopic dermatitis, erythrodermia, pressure urticaria, and periodontitis contain positively staining cells. In contact eczemas at different times after elicitation (6 hr, 24 hr, and 72 hr), the 27E10 antigen is seen first after 24 hr on a few infiltrating monocytes/macrophages, which increase in numbers after 72 hr. From this it is concluded that the antibody 27E10 detects an antigen expressed by a subset of peripheral blood monocytes. In situ the antigen is found only in inflammatory tissues and is absent from normal resident mononuclear phagocytes.
An<i>in vitro</i>model of human neocortical development using pluripotent stem cells: cocaine-induced cytoarchitectural alterations (2014)

Neocortical development involves ordered specification of forebrain cortical progenitors to various neuronal subtypes, ultimately forming the layered cortical structure. Modeling of this process using human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) would enable mechanistic studies of human neocortical development, while providing new avenues for exploration of developmental neocortical abnormalities. Here, we show that preserving hPSCs aggregates - allowing embryoid body formation - while adding basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) during neuroepithelial development generates neural rosettes showing dorsal forebrain identity, including Mash1(+) dorsal telencephalic GABAergic progenitors. Structures that mirrored the organization of the cerebral cortex formed after rosettes were seeded and cultured for 3 weeks in the presence of FGF18, BDNF and NT3. Neurons migrated along radial glia scaffolding, with deep-layer CTIP2(+) cortical neurons appearing after 1 week and upper-layer SATB2(+) cortical neurons forming during the second and third weeks. At the end of differentiation, these structures contained both glutamatergic and GABAergic neurons, with glutamatergic neurons being most abundant. Thus, this differentiation protocol generated an hPSC-based model that exhibits temporal patterning and a neuronal subtype ratio similar to that of the developing human neocortex. This model was used to examine the effects of cocaine during neocorticogenesis. Cocaine caused premature neuronal differentiation and enhanced neurogenesis of various cortical neuronal subtypes. These cocaine-induced changes were inhibited by the cytochrome P450 inhibitor cimetidine. This in vitro model enables mechanistic studies of neocorticogenesis, and can be used to examine the mechanisms through which cocaine alters the development of the human neocortex.
Standardization on multimedia communications: computer-telephony-integration-related issues (1998)

Computer-telephony integration (CTI) has been developed since the 1960s. It is one of the major emerging multimedia communications applications. It provides enhanced telecommunications services controlled by a computer, that is by integrating the call handling capabilities of PBXs and the data processing capabilities of computers. CTI applications have become more popular and widespread with the rapid and deep penetration of personal computers and the dramatic growth of the Internet since the mid-1990s. CTI applications are being enhanced by means of more integration with Internet capabilities. Several standardization organizations and fora/consortia are developing standards/specifications for CTI in order to cope with the growing demand for multimedia communications. This article describes a brief historical sketch and the state of the art of CTI-related standards and specifications, which are still being developed.
Privacy-Preserving Public Verification of Ethical Cobalt Sourcing (2020)

Cobalt is a key ingredient of lithium-ion batteries and therefore is crucial for many modern devices. To ensure ethical sourcing, consumers need a way to verify provenance of their cobalt-based products, including the percentage of artisanally mined (ASM) cobalt. Existing frameworks for provenance and supply chain traceability rely on distributed ledgers. Providing public verifiability via permissionless distributed ledgers is trivial. However, offering public verifiability based on confidential production details seems contradictory. Hence, existing frameworks lack public verifiability of ratios between commodities while ensuring confidentiality of supply chain details. We propose a protocol that allows end consumers to verify the percentage of ASM cobalt in their products. Unlike previous solutions, production details are published and processed entirely in encrypted form by employing homomorphic encryption and proxy re-encryption. Thus, it ensures a high level of confidentiality of supply chain data. It has constant consumer-side complexity, making it suitable for mobile devices.
Coronavirus Diversity, Phylogeny and Interspecies Jumping (2009)

The SARS epidemic has boosted interest in research on coronavirus biodiversity and genomics. Before 2003, there were only 10 coronaviruses with complete genomes available. After the SARS epidemic, up to December 2008, there was an addition of 16 coronaviruses with complete genomes sequenced. These include two human coronaviruses (human coronavirus NL63 and human coronavirus HKU1), 10 other mammalian coronaviruses [bat SARS coronavirus, bat coronavirus (bat-CoV) HKU2, bat-CoV HKU4, bat-CoV HKU5, bat-CoV HKU8, bat-CoV HKU9, bat-CoV 512/2005, bat-CoV 1A, equine coronavirus, and beluga whale coronavirus] and four avian coronaviruses (turkey coronavirus, bulbul coronavirus HKU11, thrush coronavirus HKU12, and munia coronavirus HKU13). Two novel subgroups in group 2 coronavirus (groups 2c and 2d) and two novel subgroups in group 3 coronavirus (groups 3b and 3c) have been proposed. The diversity of coronaviruses is a result of the infidelity of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, high frequency of homologous RNA recombination, and the large genomes of coronaviruses. Among all hosts, the diversity of coronaviruses is most evidenced in bats and birds, which may be a result of their species diversity, ability to fly, environmental pressures, and habits of roosting and flocking. The present evidence supports that bat coronaviruses are the gene pools of group 1 and 2 coronaviruses, whereas bird coronaviruses are the gene pools of group 3 coronaviruses. With the increasing number of coronaviruses, more and more closely related coronaviruses from distantly related animals have been observed, which were results of recent interspecies jumping and may be the cause of disastrous outbreaks of zoonotic diseases.
Phenylene-functionalized polythiophene derivatives for light-emitting diodes: their synthesis, characterization and propertiesElectronic supplementary information (ESI) available: experimental details for the preparation of compounds 2, 3a–c and 4a–c. See http://www.rsc.org/suppdata/jm/b1/b103717j/ (2001)

The design, synthesis and characterization of a new series of conjugated polymers, poly[(3-(4′-n-butylphenyl)thiophene-2,5-diyl)(2,5-dialkoxy-1,4-phenylene)(4-(4′-n-butylphenyl)thiophene-2,5-diyl)] are described in this contribution. Three polymers modified by phenyl groups have been successfully synthesized via FeCl3-oxiditive polymerization. The well-defined structure of the polymers is fully verified by elemental analysis, FT-IR, and 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy. All polymers show good thermal stability and solubility in common organic solvents. The absolute photoluminescence (PL) efficiencies of the polymers in the neat film can be up to 11%. The electrochemical properties of the polymers indicate that their HOMO and LUMO energy levels can be adjusted by means of the aromatic groups both in the side chain and the backbone structure. Yellowish green electroluminescence is achieved from single-layered polymer light-emitting diodes (PLEDs) with the configuration ITO/polymer/Ca or Al.
A model for oxidative modification of glutamine synthetase, based on crystal structures of mutant H269N and the oxidized enzyme (1993)

Proteolytic degradation of glutamine synthetase (GS) in Escherichia coli is known to follow "marking" by oxidative modification. At an early stage of the degradative pathway, oxidation of His 269 and Arg 344 abolishes GS enzymatic activity. We propose a mechanism for the early stage of oxidative inactivation of GS on the basis of the crystal structure of H269N and tryptophan fluorescence spectra of H269N and H269NR344Q: (1) Oxidation of Arg 344, adjacent to the n2 metal ion site, decreases ATP binding. (2) Oxidation of His 269 to Asn destroys the n2 site, consistent with the function of His 269 as a ligand for the n2 metal. (3) Loss of Mn2+ at the n2 site destroys the integrity of the ATP binding site. (4) Destruction of the ATP site results in the observed low enzymatic activity of H269N and H269NR344Q. During later stages of oxidative modification, the n1 metal ion site is destroyed and the active site of the enzyme becomes flexible as suggested by X-ray data collected from an oxidized crystal of GS. Thus, studies of mutant and oxidized enzymes confirm that there are at least two stages of oxidative modification of GS. These studies suggest that the early modification occurs at the n2 metal ion site, eliminating enzyme activity, and the later modification occurs at the n1 metal ion site, relaxing the GS structure, perhaps enabling proteolytic degradation. These studies also illuminate the differing roles of the two bound metal ions: the tightly bound n1 ion enhances the stability of the catalytically active conformation, and the less tightly bound n2 ion participates in ATP binding.
<i>In vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>pharmacokinetic characterizations of AMG 900, an orally bioavailable small molecule inhibitor of aurora kinases (2011)

AMG 900 is a small molecule being developed as an orally administered, highly potent, and selective pan-aurora kinase inhibitor. The aim of the investigations was to characterize in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic (PK) properties of AMG 900 in preclinical species. AMG 900 was rapidly metabolized in liver microsomes and highly bound to plasma proteins in the species tested. It was a weak Pgp substrate with good passive permeability. AMG 900 exhibited a low-to-moderate clearance and a small volume of distribution. Its terminal elimination half-life ranged from 0.6 to 2.4 h. AMG 900 was well-absorbed in fasted animals with an oral bioavailability of 31% to 107%. Food intake had an effect on rate (rats) or extent (dogs) of AMG 900 oral absorption. The clearance and volume of distribution at steady state in humans were predicted to be 27.3 mL/h/kg and 93.9 mL/kg, respectively. AMG 900 exhibited acceptable PK properties in preclinical species and was predicted to have low clearance in humans. AMG 900 is currently in Phase I clinical testing as a treatment for solid tumours. Preliminary human PK results appear to be consistent with the predictions.
STRATUS: A Phase II Study of Abituzumab in Patients With Systemic Sclerosis–associated Interstitial Lung Disease (2020)

Further investigation of abituzumab for treatment of SSc-ILD is required.
The Cylindrical Inclusion Gene of <i>Turnip mosaic virus</i> Encodes a Pathogenic Determinant to the Brassica Resistance Gene <i>TuRB01</i> (2000)

The viral component of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) determining virulence to the Brassica napus TuRB01 dominant resistance allele has been identified. Sequence comparisons of an infectious cDNA clone of the UK 1 isolate of TuMV (avirulent on TuRB01) and a spontaneous mutant capable of infecting plants possessing TuRB01 suggested that a single nucleotide change in the cylindrical inclusion (CI) protein coding region (gene) of the virus was responsible for the altered phenotype. A second spontaneous mutation involved a different change in the CI gene. The construction of chimeric genomes and subsequent inoculations to plant lines segregating for TuRB01 confirmed the involvement of the CI gene in this interaction. Site-directed mutagenesis of the viral coat protein (CP) gene at the ninth nucleotide was carried out to investigate its interaction with TuRB01. The identity of this nucleotide in the CP gene did not affect the outcome of the viral infection. Both mutations identified in the CI gene caused amino acid changes in the C terminal third of the protein, outside any of the conserved sequences reported to be associated with helicase or cell-to-cell transport activities. This is the first example of a potyvirus CI gene acting as a determinant for a genotype-specific resistance interaction.