gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Analysis of a drift tube at ambient pressure: Models and precise measurements in ion mobility spectrometry (2001)

Mobility spectra for positive ions, created from a Ni63 foil in purified air at ambient pressure (660 Torr) with 0.15 ppm moisture, were obtained with a drift tube with a discrete drift ring design at 250 °C as electric fields for components were individually and independently varied. Peak area, peak width, baseline intensity, drift times, and reduced mobilities (Ko) were used to measure the function and performance of each component and findings were interpreted using a model for the transport of thermalized ions in weak electric fields at ambient pressure. Transit times and intensities for ions in drift tubes at ambient pressure can be understood through a detailed knowledge of the fields local to a component and derivations from theory of ion transport. Prolonged ion residence in the drift region resulted in ion transformations even for highly purified gases of low moisture at high temperature. These findings suggest that mobility spectra may be obtained with uniformly high quality and reproducibility only under conditions when ion residence time is the primary point of reference in obtaining spectra. Other regions of the drift tube were optimized and newly observed chemistry occurred in the aperture to detector region. The sampling of ions by such an ion shutter was found to inherently bias the ion distributions and alter actual lengths of drift regions. Consequently, drift lengths measured from physical configurations of drift tubes will be inadequate for precise measurements of drift times. These studies establish baseline measurements for evaluating drift tubes that should be generally applicable for optimizing performance in other drift tubes with discrete drift ring designs. Also, these results demonstrate that precise measurements in ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) will require attention to detail not heretofore carefully regarded in modern analytical IMS.
Two-Dimensional LiDAR Sensor-Based Three-Dimensional Point Cloud Modeling Method for Identification of Anomalies inside Tube Structures for Future Hypersonic Transportation (2020)

The hyperloop transportation system has emerged as an innovative next-generation transportation system. In this system, a capsule-type vehicle inside a sealed near-vacuum tube moves at 1000 km/h or more. Not only must this transport tube span over long distances, but it must be clear of potential hazards to vehicles traveling at high speeds inside the tube. Therefore, an automated infrastructure anomaly detection system is essential. This study sought to confirm the applicability of advanced sensing technology such as Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) in the automatic anomaly detection of next-generation transportation infrastructure such as hyperloops. To this end, a prototype two-dimensional LiDAR sensor was constructed and used to generate three-dimensional (3D) point cloud models of a tube facility. A technique for detecting abnormal conditions or obstacles in the facility was used, which involved comparing the models and determining the changes. The design and development process of the 3D safety monitoring system using 3D point cloud models and the analytical results of experimental data using this system are presented. The tests on the developed system demonstrated that anomalies such as a 25 mm change in position were accurately detected. Thus, we confirm the applicability of the developed system in next-generation transportation infrastructure.
Synthesis of Nitrogen-Rich Carbon Nitride Networks from an Energetic Molecular Azide Precursor (2000)

Nitrogen-rich carbon nitrides are produced as amorphous, bulk solids from the slow thermal decomposition of 2,4,6-triazido-1,3,5-triazine [(C3N3)(N3)3]. This energetic molecular azide is thermally unstable and readily decomposes at 185 °C in a high-pressure reactor to produce carbon nitride materials, e.g., C3N4. Under applied nitrogen gas pressure, (C3N3)(N3)3 decomposes to yield a solid with one of the highest reported nitrogen-to-carbon ratios corresponding to C3N5. This azide precursor also decomposes upon rapid heating to 200 °C to form graphite nanoparticles without any retained nitrogen. Spectroscopic evidence (infrared, nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultraviolet−visible) demonstrates that the carbon−nitrogen solids have significant sp2 carbon bonding in a conjugated doubly bonded network. Electron microscopy reveals that these powders have a glassy microstructure with large irregular pores and voids. C3N4 and C3N5 are thermally stable up to 600 °C and sublime to produce carbon nitride thin films on SiO2 and Si substrates. A discussion on possible azide decomposition pathways and carbon nitride structures is presented.
Porous Boron-Doped Diamond/Carbon Nanotube Electrodes (2013)

Nanostructuring boron-doped diamond (BDD) films increases their sensitivity and performance when used as electrodes in electrochemical environments. We have developed a method to produce such nanostructured, porous electrodes by depositing BDD thin film onto a densely packed "forest" of vertically aligned multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The CNTs had previously been exposed to a suspension of nanodiamond in methanol causing them to clump together into "teepee" or "honeycomb" structures. These nanostructured CNT/BDD composite electrodes have been extensively characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Not only do these electrodes possess the excellent, well-known characteristics associated with BDD (large potential window, chemical inertness, low background levels), but also they have electroactive areas and double-layer capacitance values ∼450 times greater than those for the equivalent flat BDD electrodes.
Blockade of neuropsin, a serine protease, ameliorates kindling epilepsy (1998)

The behavioural and electrographical abnormalities associated with seizures in epileptic (kindled) mice correspond with those of human epilepsy. In kindled mice, neuropsin was markedly increased in the hippocampus and cerebral cortices. A single intraventricular injection of monoclonal antibodies specific to neuropsin reduced or eliminated the epileptic pattern noted on electroencephalograms and, as a result markedly inhibited the progression of kindling. Therefore, neuropsin appears to be a key protein controlling pathogenic events in the hippocampus, and thus neuropsin inhibitors might be useful for treatment of epilepsy.
Cloning of 3-Isopropylmalate Dehydrogenase Gene of an Extreme Thermophile and Partial Purification of the Gene Product (1981)

The gene of an extreme thermophile, Thermus thermophilus HB8, which codes for a leucine biosynthetic enzyme, 3-isopropylmalate (3-IPM) dehydrogenase [EC 1.1.1.85], was cloned in Escherichia coli using pBR322 as a vector. E. coli cells carrying this recombinant plasmid, pHB2, produced the thermophilic enzyme 7-fold more than did T. thermophilus HB8 cells. When the crude extract of the pHB2-carrying cells was treated at 70 degrees C for 10 min, approximately 75% of the protein in the extract was precipitated with full activity of the thermophilic 3-IPM dehydrogenase being left in the supernatant, indicating that 4-fold purification was achieved during this process. This shows that the thermophilic 3-IPM dehydrogenase was purified 28-fold by these two procedures, cloning and heat treatment, and demonstrates that the extract from the plasmid-harboring cells is a good starting material for purification of the enzyme. Following the heat treatment, 3-IPM dehydrogenase was further purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation and DEAE-cellulose column chromatography. The enzyme preparation thus obtained contained 3-IPM dehydrogenase as a major component with a few minor impurities as shown by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas the enzyme preparation from T. thermophilus HB8 cells obtained by the same procedures showed multiple bands on a polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Modular verification of assembly code with stack-based control abstractions (2006)

Runtime stacks are critical components of any modern software--they are used to implement powerful control structures such as function call/return, stack cutting and unwinding, coroutines, and thread context switch. Stack operations, however, are very hard to reason about: there are no known formal specifications for certifying C-style setjmp/longjmp, stack cutting and unwinding, or weak continuations (in C--). In many proof-carrying code (PCC) systems, return code pointers and exception handlers are treated as general first-class functions (as in continuation-passing style) even though both should have more limited scopes.In this paper we show that stack-based control abstractions follow a much simpler pattern than general first-class code pointers. We present a simple but flexible Hoare-style framework for modular verification of assembly code with all kinds of stackbased control abstractions, including function call/return, tail call, setjmp/longjmp, weak continuation, stack cutting, stack unwinding, multi-return function call, coroutines, and thread context switch. Instead of presenting a specific logic for each control structure, we develop all reasoning systems as instances of a generic framework. This allows program modules and their proofs developed in different PCC systems to be linked together. Our system is fully mechanized. We give the complete soundness proof and a full verification of several examples in the Coq proof assistant.
Quantum state reconstruction of classical and nonclassical light and a cryogenic opto-mechanical sensor for high-precision interferometry (1998)

Central topic of this thesis is the investigation of the quantum nature of light. This investigation is carried out in two separate experiments which are described in part I and part II respectively.<br />In part I, classical and non-classical laser radiation is characterized at the quantum mechanical level with respect to its amplitude and phase uctuations, its photon number distribution and other observable quantities. This is done by employing recently developed methods of quantum state reconstruction. Such a complete characterization is of fundamental interest, since it can provide a much more detailed experimental description of light than previously known. Furthermore, since many experimental systems are analyzed by optical means, these methods may in future and important applications in the characterization of such systems in full quantum mechanical detail, by determining the state of the light held used as a probe before and after the interaction with the system.<br />In part II, high precision position measurements via laser interferometry are investigated. Such measurements play an important role in the microscopic domain (optomechanical sensors, modern microscopy techniques) as well as in the macroscopic domain (development of large scale interferometers for the detection of gravitational waves). The goal of the second experiment is to explore the quantum mechanical limits in the precision with which the position of a macroscopic body can be determined.<br />One common conceptual aspect of both experiments, besides the similar optical techniques employed, is that both attempt a high precision characterization of a harmonic oscillator system disturbed by stochastic noise. In part I, this oscillator is the light held, subject to quantum noise, in part II, it is a mechanical harmonic oscillator excited by thermal noise.
Identity Recognition Based on Bioacoustics of Human Body (2019)

Current biometrics rely on images obtained from the structural information of physiological characteristics, which is inherently a fatal problem of being vulnerable to spoofing. Here, we studied personal identification using the frequency-domain information based on human body vibration. We developed a bioacoustic frequency spectroscopy system and applied it to the fingers to obtain information on the anatomy, biomechanics, and biomaterial properties of the tissues. As a result, modulated microvibrations propagated through our body could capture a unique spectral trait of a person and the biomechanical transfer characteristics persisted for two months and resulted in 97.16% accuracy of identity authentication in 41 subjects. Ultimately, our method not only eliminates the practical means of creating fake copies of the relevant characteristics but also provides reliable features.
Partial purification and characterization of two .BETA.-glucuronidases from Alcaligenes NG-11. (1986)

A strain of Alcaligenes isolated from soil was a good producer of β-glucuronidase, and the enzyme was purified from the cell-free extract by sequential column chromatography on DEAE-Toyopearl, Toyopearl HW-55F, and Phenyl-Sepharose CL-4B. By these procedures, two β /3-glucuronidases designated as β-glucuronidases I and II were purified 240- and 508-fold, respectively. δ-Glucuronidase I, with a molecular weight of 75, 000, had an optimum pH at 7.5 and the enzyme II, with a molecular weight of 300, 000, had maximum activity at pH 6.0. Both enzymes were strongly inhibited by saccharo-1, 4-lactone, glucaro-δ-lactam, p-chloromercuribenzoate, Hg2+, and N-bromosuccinimide. β-Glucuronidase I was active toward estrogen-3-β-glucuronides and inert toward β-glucuronide conjugates of menthol, estrogen-17β-, estrogen-16α-, androsterone-3α-, testosterone-17β-, cortisol-17α-. β-Glucuronidase II hydrolyzed all of these substrates. β-Glucuronidase I was inhibited by phenolphthalein and its glucuronide.
Disruption of plastid acyl:acyl carrier protein synthetases increases medium chain fatty acid accumulation in seeds of transgenic Arabidopsis (2013)

Engineering transgenic plants that accumulate high levels of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA) has been least successful for shorter chain lengths (e.g., C8). We demonstrate that one limitation is the activity of acyl-ACP synthetase (AAE) that re-activates fatty acids released by acyl-ACP thioesterases. Seed expression of Cuphea pulcherrima FATB acyl-ACP thioesterase in a double mutant lacking AAE15/16 increased 8:0 accumulation almost 2-fold compared to expression in wild type. These results also provide an in planta demonstration that AAE enzymes participate not only in activation of exogenously added MCFA but also in activation of MCFA synthesized in plastids.
Skin-Sparing Mastectomy and Immediate Reconstruction: Oncologic Risks and Aesthetic Results in Patients with Early-Stage Breast Cancer (1998)

Skin-sparing mastectomy has been advocated as an oncologically safe approach for the management of patients with early-stage breast cancer that minimizes deformity and improves cosmesis through preservation of the skin envelope of the breast. Because chest wall skin is the most frequent site of local failure after mastectomy, concerns have been raised that inadequate skin excision could result in an increased risk of local recurrence. Precise borders of the skin resection have not been well established, and long-term local recurrence rates after skin-sparing mastectomy are not known. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the oncologic safety and aesthetic results for skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction with a latissimus dorsi myocutaneous flap and saline breast prosthesis. Fifty-one patients with early-stage breast cancer (26 with ductal carcinoma in situ and 25 with invasive carcinoma) undergoing primary mastectomy and immediate reconstruction with a latissimus flap were studied from 1991 through 1994. For 32 consecutive patients, skin-sparing mastectomy was defined as a 5-mm margin of skin designed around the border of the nipple-areolar complex. After the mastectomy, biopsies were obtained from the remaining native skin flap edges. Patients were followed for 44.8 months. Histologic examination of 114 native skin flap biopsy specimens failed to demonstrate breast ducts in the dermis of any of the 32 consecutive patients studied. One of 26 patients with ductal carcinoma in situ had metastases to the skin of the lateral chest wall and back. Four other patients, one with stage I disease and three with stage II-B disease, had recurrent breast carcinoma. The stage I patient had a local recurrence in the subcutaneous tissues near the mastectomy specimen. Two patients suffered axillary relapse, and one had distant metastases to the spine. The findings of this study support the technique of skin-sparing mastectomy as an oncologically safe one, based on an absence of breast ductal epithelium at the margins of the native skin flaps and a local recurrence rate of 2 percent after 45 months of follow-up. Although these results need to be confirmed with greater numbers of patients and longer follow-up, skin-sparing mastectomy and immediate breast reconstruction may be considered an excellent alternative treatment to breast conservation for patients with ductal carcinoma in situ and early-stage invasive breast cancer.
Epidemiology of Affective Disorders (1981)

Epidemiologic studies of depression have been difficult to interpret because of differing case definitions and variation in diagnostic procedures between studies. We review data from recent epidemiologic studies in which the new research diagnostic techniques were used. We have divided the data into studies of depressive symptoms, bipolar disorder, and nonbipolar depression. An effort is made to integrate the findings of older studies in light of this new classification. Using this classification, there is less variation in epidemiologic rates (point prevalence, incidence, and lifetime risk) than has been noted in previous reviews. Future directions of research are also discussed.
Theory and Practise of Monotone Minimal Perfect Hashing (2009)

Minimal perfect hash functions have been shown to be useful to compress data in several data management tasks. In particular, order-preserving minimal perfect hash functions [12] have been used to retrieve the position of a key in a given list of keys: however, the ability to preserve any given order leads to an unavoidable Ω(n log n) lower bound on the number of bits required to store the function. Recently, it was observed [1] that very frequently the keys to be hashed are sorted in their intrinsic (i.e., lexicographical) order. This is typically the case of dictionaries of search engines, list of URLs of web graphs, etc. We refer to this restricted version of the problem as monotone minimal perfect hashing. We analyse experimentally the data structures proposed in [1], and along our way we propose some new methods that, albeit asymptotically equivalent or worse, perform very well in practise, and provide a balance between access speed, ease of construction, and space usage.
[Establishment of human glioma cell line--nude mice solid tumor model NHG-1 and its characteristics]. (1987)

Establishment and its characteristics of a nude mice solid tumor model NHG-1 from human glioma cell line are reported. 5-8 week old NC nude mice of both sexes and SHG-44 cell line used in this experiment were from our laboratory. The initial successful transplantation rate was 7/11 (64%) and that of 30 passages in the subsequent 4 years was 100%. After subcutaneous inoculation, growth curve showed a latent period in week 1-2, slow growing period in week 3-4, rapid growing period in week 5-6 and a final plateau period in week 7. The doubling time was 7 days and cell cycle time was 2.5 days. The cells in G1, S and G2M phases comprised 56%, 27% and 17%, respectively. The survival time of the host was 54 +/- 15 days. The tumor tissues showed a tendency towards invading the surrounding soft tissues. By morphological observation with light and electron microscopes, LDH isozyme assay, PAP immuno-histochemistry labelling GFAP and chromosome analysis, it is confirmed that the transplantable tumor possesses the characteristics of human malignant glioma. The estrogen receptor in the transplantable tumors demonstrated by cytochemical assay indicates that the glioma carcinogenesis is related to endocrine factor of the host. The therapeutic effects of anticancer drugs, such as ACNU, BCNU and 10-hydroxy-2-decenoic acid from the royal jelly on NHG-1 model are evaluated.
All-optical logic XOR using differential scheme and Mach-Zehnder interferometer (2002)

All-optical Boolean XOR logic using a differential phase modulation scheme of the semiconductor optical amplifier-based Mach-Zehnder interferometer (SOA-MZI) proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The scheme is tested at 10 Gbit/s with full duty cycle operation. The proposed method is attractive because the speed of operation is not limited by the carrier recovery time of the SOA.
Neural-network-based spatial light-scattering instrument for hazardous airborne fiber detection (1997)

A laser light-scattering instrument has been designed to facilitate the real-time detection of potentially hazardous respirable fibers, such as asbestos, within an ambient environment. The instrument captures data relating to the spatial distribution of light scattered by individual particles in flow by use of a dedicated multielement photodiode detector array. These data are subsequently processed with an artificial neural network that has previously been trained to recognize those features or patterns within the light-scattering distribution that may be characteristic of the specific particle types being sought, such as, for example, crocidolite or chrysotile asbestos fibers. Each particle is thus classified into one of a limited set of classes based on its light-scattering properties, and from the accumulated data a particle concentration figure for each class may be produced and updated at regular intervals. Particle analysis rates in excess of 103 /s within a sample volume flow rate of 1 l /min are achievable, offering the possibility of detecting fiber concentrations at the recommended maximum exposure limit of 0.1 fibers /ml within a sampling period of a few seconds.
[The bioelectrical activity of the brain in an organic lesion of the central nervous system presenting in those who worked in the cleanup of the aftermath of the accident at Chernobyl Atomic Electric Power Station]. (1998)

A study was made of brain bioelectric activity in 122 patients who developed organic lesions of the brain following their taking part in the elimination of the effects of Chernobyl disaster. A visual analysis was performed as was an assessment of the electroencephalogrammes (EEG) obtained, as recommended by E. A. Zhirmunskaia. Disorganization of bioelectrical activity occurred in organic lesions of the brain in 26.5% of cases, which fact suggested disturbances in the activity of control systems of the brain. Disorganized EEG with marked disturbances in both cortical and regulatory electrogenesis were common in patients presenting with psycho-organic syndrome. The results obtained will, we believe, help in elucidating one of the links in the pathogenesis of the above conditions and selecting a complex of adequate therapeutic measures to be instituted in his pathology treatment setting.