gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Approach to Unsupervised Grapheme-to-Phoneme Conversion (2002)

Automatic, data-driven grapheme-to-phoneme conversion is a challenging but often necessary task. The top-down strategy implicitly adopted by traditional inductive learning techniques tends to dismiss relevant contexts when they have been seen too infrequently in the training data. This paper proposes instead a bottom-up approach which, by design, exhibits better generalization properties. For each out-of-vocabulary word, a neighborhood of locally relevant pronunciations is constructed through latent semantic analysis of the appropriate graphemic form. Phoneme transcription then proceeds via locally optimal sequence alignment and maximum likelihood position scoring. This method was successfully applied to the speech synthesis of proper names with a large diversity of origin.
Pseudolikelihood EM for Within-network Relational Learning (2008)

In this work, we study the problem of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">within-network</i> relational learning and inference, where models are learned on a partially labeled relational dataset and then are applied to predict the classes of unlabeled instances in the same graph. We categorize recent work in statistical relational learning into three alternative approaches for this setting: disjoint learning with disjoint inference, disjoint learning with collective inference, and collective learning with collective inference. Models from each of these categories has been employed previously in different settings, but to our knowledge there has been no systematic comparison of models from all three categories. In this paper, we develop a novel pseudolikelihood EM method that facilitates more general <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">collective</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">learning</i> and <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">collective</i> <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">inference</i> on partially labeled relational networks. We then compare this method to competing methods from the other categories on both synthetic and real-world data. We show that collective learning and inference with the pseudolikelihood EM approach achieves significantly higher accuracy than the other types of models when there are a moderate number of labeled examples in the data graph.
Rare Earth Activated Phosphors Based on Yttrium Orthovanadate and Related Compounds (1965)

The adoption of as a new red ‐emitting primary in color television has stimulated investigation of a new class of phosphors obtained by appropriate substitutions in . Substitution of Y3+ by Gd3+ and Lu3+ provides equally efficient hosts for Eu3 + with no significant spectral differences. Substitution of Y3+ by La3+ leads to a less efficient host with important differences in the emission characteristics of Eu3+. Use of rare earth activators ether than Eu3+ provides a series of phosphors which emit over most of the visible range. Spectral data and preferred concentration ranges are presented as well as the effect of temperature on the fluorescent emission intensities.
Growth of monodisperse mesoscopic metal-oxide colloids under constant monomer supply (2005)

In closed systems, control over the size of monodisperse metal-oxide colloids is generally limited to submicrometric dimensions. To overcome this difficulty, we explore the formation and growth of silica particles under constant monomer supply. The monomer source is externally driven by the progressive addition into the system of one of the precursors. Monodisperse spherical particles are produced up to a mesoscopic size. We analyze their growth versus the monomer addition rate at different temperatures. Our results show that in the presence of a continuous monomer addition, growth is limited by diffusion over the investigated temporal window. Using the temperature variation of the growth rate, we prove that rescaling leads to a data reduction onto a single master curve. Contrary to the growth process, the final particle's size reached after the end of the reagent supply strongly depends on the addition rate. The variation of the final particle size versus addition rate can be deduced from an analogy with crystal formation in jet precipitation. Within this framework, and using the temperature dependences of both the particle growth law and the final size, we determine the value of the molecular heat of dissolution associated to the silica solubility. These observations support the fact that classical theories of phase-ordering dynamics can be extended to the synthesis of inorganic particles. The emergence of a master behavior in the presence of continuous monomer addition also suggests the extension of these theories to open systems.
Does endothelin-1 play a role in the pathogenesis of cerebral vasospasm? (1994)

This brief review is focused on the controversial results reported by different groups concerning the possible role of endothelin-1 in narrowing of cerebral arteries exposed to autologous blood.
Chemistry of Sodium Borohydride and Diborane. IV. Reduction of Carboxylic Acids to Alcohols with Sodium Borohydride through Mixed Carbonic-Carboxylic Acid Anhydrides (1968)

Mixed carbonic-carboxylic acid anhydrides, prepared in situ from carboxylic acids and ethyl chloroformate, were reduced with sodium borohydride in aqueous tetrahydrofuran to the corresponding alcohols in fair yields. Under the reaction condition examined, it was possible to reduce carboxyl group selectively to hydroxymethyl group in carboxylic acids having functional groups such as nitro-, cyano-, amido-, ester-group, and conjugated double bond. The general procedure for this reaction is given.
FareWell and the How of Lifestyle Medicine (2017)

The what of Lifestyle Medicine, including a whole foods dietary pattern, has been well established, but the how has remained elusive. How do we apply what we know in a cost-effective and widely accessible manner to prevent, treat, and even reverse chronic disease? Over the decade ahead, we believe the field of Lifestyle Medicine and the people who need it most will benefit from addressing the how. This article summarizes the founding and operational principles of FareWell Inc. - a digital therapeutics company targeting lifestyle-related cardiometabolic diseases. We outline our current use of mobile health technology and artificial intelligence and describe our early clinical experience, business model, and key anticipated challenges.
Model-based blind estimation of reverberation time: application to robust ASR in reverberant environments (2001)

This paper presents a method for blind estimation of reverberation times in reverberant enclosures. The proposed algorithm is based on a statistical model of short-term log-energy sequences for echo-free speech. Given a speech utterance recorded in a reverberant room, it computes a Maximum Likelihood estimate of the room full-band reverberation time. The estimation method is shown to require little data and to perform satisfactorily. The method has been successfully applied to robust automatic speech recognition in reverberant environments by model selection. For this application, the reverberation time is first estimated from the reverberated speech utterance to be recognized. The estimation is then used to select the best acoustic model out of a library of models trained in various artificial reverberant conditions. Speech recognition experiments in simulated and real reverberant environments show the efficiency of our approach which outperforms standard channel normalization techniques.
Synthesis of Monodisperse Glycerol Dimethacrylate-Based Microgel Particles by Precipitation Polymerization (2009)

A new, single-stage precipitation polymerization was proposed for the synthesis of monodisperse cross-linked glycerol dimethacrylate (GDMA)-based microgel particles carrying hydroxyl and carboxyl functionalities, from nanometer to micrometer size range. The synthesis of monodisperse microgel spheres in the size range of 30−1500 nm was possible by the proposed method. In the polymerizations, glycerol dimethacrylate was copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MAA) in the medium containing toluene and acetonitrile without using a stabilizing agent. The effects of polymerization conditions on the final monomer conversion, polymerization kinetics, and MAA distribution in the microgel particles were investigated. The hydrodynamic size, the size distribution characteristics, and the mass charge density of microgel particles were also determined. Highly monodisperse and spherical microgel particles were obtained particularly with low GDMA feed concentrations. A marked increase in the hydrodynamic size was observed with the decreasing polarity (i.e., increasing toluene concentration) in the continuous medium. The distribution of MAA in the particles and the effect of pH on the swelling behavior in the aqueous medium indicated that the microgel particles contained a swellable shell and a nonswellable core. Most of the MAA charged was buried within the core part of the microgel particles. The swelling of microgel was controlled by the ionization of the carboxyl groups located on the shell layer. The swellable character, the presence of functional groups for surface derivatization, and the similarity of microgel to a biocompatible structure, poly(hydroxyethyl methacrylate), make the new microgel a promising material for biomedical applications.
Changes in cerebral membrane lipid composition and fluidity during thioacetamide‐induced hepatic encephalopathy (2006)

Lipids are an essential structural and functional component of cellular membranes. Changes in membrane lipid composition are known to affect the activities of many membrane-associated enzymes, endocytosis, exocytosis, membrane fusion and neurotransmitter uptake, and have been implicated in the pathophysiology of many neurodegenerative disorders. In the present study, we investigated changes in the lipid composition of membranes isolated from the cerebral cortex of rats treated with thioacetamide (TAA), a hepatotoxin that induces fulminant hepatic failure (FHF) and thereon hepatic encephalopathy (HE). HE refers to acute neuropsychiatric changes accompanying FHF. The estimation of membrane phospholipids, cholesterol and fatty acid content in cerebral cortex membranes from TAA-treated rats revealed a decrease in cholesterol, phosphatidylserine, sphingomyelin, a monounsaturated fatty acid, namely oleic acid, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids gamma-linolenic acid, decosa hexanoic acid and arachidonic acid compared with controls. Assessment of membrane fluidity with pyrene, 1,6-diphenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene and 1-[4-(trimethylammonio)phenyl]-6-phenyl-1,3,5-hexatriene revealed a decrease in the annular membrane fluidity, whereas the global fluidity was unaffected. The level of the thiobarbituric acid reactive species marker for lipid peroxidation also increased in membranes from TAA-treated rats, thereby indicating the prevalence of oxidative stress. Results from the present study demonstrate gross alterations in cerebral cortical membrane lipid composition and fluidity during TAA-induced HE, and their possible implications in the pathogenesis of this condition are also discussed.
Sustained solar hydrogen generation using a dye-sensitised NiO photocathode/BiVO4 tandem photo-electrochemical device (2012)

Solar hydrogen generation sustained for at least several hours is demonstrated using a dye-sensitised nickel(II) oxide photocathode and BiVO4 photoanode connected in a tandem configuration. H2 evolution rate is 120 nmol h−1 (>80% faradaic efficiency) without electrical bias or sacrificial oxidant/reductant, at pH = 7 using visible light (>420 nm).
Multimodal system for non-contact photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography, and mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (2016)

We present a multimodal optical setup, allowing non-contact photoacoustic imaging, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and non-contact mid-infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy. Photoacoustic signals are generated using a Nd:YAG laser and a tunable quantum cascade laser for photoacoustic imaging and spectroscopy, respectively. Photoacoustic signals are acquired by measuring the surface displacement of a specimen using a fiber-optic Mach-Zehnder interferometer. In the same fiber-optic network a spectral-domain OCT system is realized. Light from the photoacoustic detection laser and the OCT source are multiplexed into one fiber and the same objective is used for both imaging modalities. Light reflected from specimens is demultiplexed and guided to the respective imaging systems. To allow fast non-contact PAI and OCT imaging the detection spot is scanned across the specimens’ surface using a galvanometer scanner. As the same fiber-network and optical components are used for photoacoustic and OCT imaging the obtained images are co-registered intrinsically. Imaging is demonstrated on tissue mimicking and biological samples; spectral information is obtained for polystyrene and hemoglobin.
Mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 activation prevents β amyloids induced endothelial cell dysfunction and restores angiogenesis (2013)

Amyloid β peptides (Aβ1-40 and Aβ1-42) cause cerebral degeneration also by exerting antiangiogenic properties, as impairment of angiogenic factors activity and induction of apoptosis and senescence in the endothelium. Amyloid peptides are known to induce oxidative stress. Impairment of mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) following oxidative stress, results in accumulation of toxic aldehydes, particularly 4-hydroxynoneal (4-HNE). We sought to determine the role of mithocondrial ALDH2 in Aβ-related impairment of angiogenesis. We hypothesized that by increasing the detoxification activity of ALDH2, we would reduce Aβ-driven endothelial injuries and restore angiogenesis. We used a selective ALDH2 activator, Alda-1, assessing its ability to repair mithocondrial dysfunction in the endothelium. Treatment of human endothelial cells with Aβ1-40 (5–50 µM), induced loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytochrome c release and ROS accumulation. These events were associated with 4-HNE accumulation and decrease in ALDH2 activity (40%), and resulted in disassembly of endothelial junctions, as evidenced by β-catenin phosphorylation, disorganization of adherens and tight junctions, and by disruption of pseudocapillary formation. Alda-1 (10–40 µM) abolished Aβ-induced 4-HNE accumulation, apoptosis, and vascular leakiness, fully restoring the pro-angiogenic endothelial phenotype and responses to FGF-2. Our data document that mitochondrial ALDH2 in endothelium is a target for the vascular effect of Aβ including loss of barrier function and angiogenesis. ALDH2 activation, by restoring mitochondrial functions in endothelium, prevents Aβ-induced dysfunction and antiangiogenic effects. Thus, agents activating ALDH2 may reduce endothelial injuries including those occurring in cerebral amyloid angiopathy, preserving the angiogenic potential of the endothelium.
Expression in Escherichia coli of N- and C-terminally Deleted Human Holocarboxylase Synthetase (2001)

Biotin functions as a covalently bound cofactor of biotindependent carboxylases. Biotin attachment is catalyzed by biotin protein ligases, called holocarboxylase synthetase in mammals and BirA in prokaryotes. These enzymes show a high degree of sequence similarity in their biotinylation domains but differ markedly in the length and sequence of their N terminus. BirA is also the repressor of the biotin operon, and its DNA attachment site is located in its N terminus. The function of the eukaryotic N terminus is unknown. Holocarboxylase synthetase with N- and C-terminal deletions were evaluated for the ability to catalyze biotinylation after expression in Escherichia coli using bacterial and human acceptor substrates. We showed that the minimum functional protein is comprised of the last 349 of the 726-residue protein, which includes the biotinylation domain. Significantly, enzyme containing intermediate length, N-terminal deletions interfered with biotin transfer and interaction with different peptide acceptor substrates. We propose that the N terminus of holocarboxylase synthetase contributes to biotinylation through N- and C-terminal interactions and may affect acceptor substrate recognition. Our findings provide a rationale for the biotin responsiveness of patients with point mutations in the N-terminal sequence of holocarboxylase synthetase. Such mutant enzyme may respond to biotin-mediated stabilization of the substrate-bound complex.
The angiotensin AT<sub>2</sub> receptor modulates T‐type calcium current in non‐differentiated NG108‐15 cells (1992)

We report here that angiotensin II (AII) and the AT2 receptor-selective ligand, CGP 42112, modulate the T-type calcium current in non-differentiated NG108-15 cells, which express only AT2 receptors. Both peptides decrease the T-type calcium current at membrane potentials above -40 mV and shift the current-voltage curve at lower potentials with maximal effect between 5 and 10 min after application. These data describe a new cellular response to AII and suggest that the AT2 receptor mediates certain neurophysiological actions of this hormone.
Antioxidant flavonols from fruits, vegetables and beverages: measurements and bioavailability (2000)

Flavonols are polyphenolic secondary plant metabolites that are present in varying levels in commonly consumed fruits, vegetables and beverages. Flavonols have long held an interest for nutritionists, which has increased following a Dutch study in the early 1990's showing that dietary intake of flavonols was inversely correlated with the incidence of coronary heart disease. The main factors that have hindered workers in the field of flavonol research are (i) the accurate measurement of these compounds in foods and biological samples, and (ii) a dearth of information on their absorption and metabolism. This review aims to highlight the work of the authors in attempting to clarify the situation. The sensitive and selective HPLC procedure to identify and quantify common flavonols and their sugar conjugates is described. In addition, the results of an on-going screening program into the flavonol content of common produce and beverages are presented. The bioavailability of dietary flavonols is discussed with reference to an intervention study with onions, as well as pilot studies with tea, red wine and cherry tomatoes. It is concluded that flavonols are absorbable and accumulate in plasma and that consuming high flavonol-containing varieties of fruits and vegetables and particular types of beverages could increase their circulatory levels.
Sequential administration of epirubicin and paclitaxel for advanced breast cancer. A phase I randomised trial. (2005)

Forty-six previously untreated patients with advanced breast cancer were eligible for the present randomised phase I study. It aimed to evaluate the toxicity and activity of a therapeutic sequence with epirubicin on day 1 followed by paclitaxel on day 2 (sequence A) or the reverse sequence, ie., paclitaxel on day 1 followed by epirubicin on day 2 (sequence B). The starting doses of epirubicin and paclitaxel, administered either according to sequence A or B, (level 1 cohort) were 90 mg/m2 and 175 mg/m2, respectively. Per cohort of 3 patients, the dose of paclitaxel was increased by 25 mg/m2 (levels 2 and 4) and of epirubicin by 10 mg/m2 (levels 3 and 5). Treatment was repeated with 3-week intervals. The maximal tolerated dose (MTD) was achieved at level 1 in sequence B (paclitaxel first) and level 3 (epirubicin 100 mg/m2 followed by paclitaxel 200 mg m2) in sequence A. Dose limiting toxicity (DLT) was neutropenia (+/- febrile) in both sequences. Cardiac events occurred in 28% of the patients; significant decrease in left ventricular ejection function (LVEF) was observed in 8/33 and in 2/13 patients in sequence A and B, respectively. This was associated with 5 and 1 cardiac heart failure (CHF), respectively. In 43 evaluable patients, 10 CR and 25 PR were observed (overall response rate 81%). In the 20 patients with locally advanced disease (LABC), the respective numbers were 7 CR and 11 PR; in the 23 metastatic (MBC) patients, 3 CR and 14 PR were recorded. The median survival of the both groups was not reached at 33 + months. In conclusion , the combination of epirubicin and paclitaxel has significant activity in breast cancer. The recommended sequence of both drugs in combination therapy, mainly to avoid neutropenia, is epirubicin day 1 followed by paclitaxel on day 2. Cardiac toxicity remains problematic in either sequence of administration.
Anatomy & Physiology: OpenStax (2013)

Anatomy and Physiology is a dynamic textbook for the yearlong Human Anatomy and Physiology course taught at most two- and four-year colleges and universities to students majoring in nursing and allied health. A&P is 29 chapters of pedagogically effective learning content, organized by body system, and written at an audience-appropriate level. The lucid text, strategically constructed art, inspiring career features, and links to external learning tools address the critical teaching and learning challenges in the course.
Mechanical and electrical properties evaluation of carbon nanowire using electrostatic actuated nano tensile testing devices (EANAT) (2005)

This research develops electrostatic actuated nano tensile testing devices named EANAT to evaluate mechanical and electrical properties of carbon nanowire fabricated by focus ion beam assisted chemical vapor deposition (FIB-CVD). Carbon nano structures are one of promising nanomaterials used for NEMS. This research carried out nanoscale uniaxial tensile test and I-V characteristics measurement of 85 nm-diametric carbon nanowire using EANAT. Young's modulus of carbon nanowires averaged 80 GPa, which is close to reported values of ultra-thin diamond-like carbon films. The tensile strength of nanowires was also 6 GPa in average. The electrical resistivity is about 0.015 /spl Omega/m.