gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Imidazolyl-phenyl (IMP) anions: a modular structure for tuning solubility and coordinating ability (2019)

The effect of counteranion upon a cation's solution-phase reactivity depends on a subtle interplay of weak interactions. Although these effects are widely appreciated in synthesis and catalysis, probing and controlling anion-cation interactions remains a significant challenge. Here we report the synthesis, characterisation and reactivity of the IMP anions, a family of anions with a coordinating ability that can be tuned for a given application. The anions are robust, compatible with both strongly basic and acidic media, suitable for isolation of unstable organometallic species, and effective as counteranions for homogeneous catalysis. IMP anions are prepared in two steps: deprotonation of substituted 2-phenylimidazoles with NaH, followed by addition of 2 equiv. B(C<sub>6</sub>F<sub>5</sub>)<sub>3</sub>. The anions prepared feature a range of functionality, including nitro, ester, amide, amine and alcohol groups. Based on the spectroscopic properties of [Pd(IPr)(C(O)C<sub>9</sub>H<sub>6</sub>N)] [IMP-R], the coordinating ability of [IMP-R]<sup>-</sup> ranges between BF<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup> and BAr<sup>F</sup><sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>, depending on the polarity of the R group. Gold complexes of type [L-Au-L'][IMP-R] have been isolated and characterised, resulting in the first X-ray structure of a (η<sup>2</sup>-diphenylacetylene)Au complex. [(tBuXPhos)Au(MeCN)][IMP-R] catalyses [2 + 2] cyclisation of alkenes and alkynes, as well as the hydroalkoxylation of alkynes. Unlike SbF<sub>6</sub><sup>-</sup> and BArF<sub>4</sub><sup>-</sup>, the [IMP-H]<sup>-</sup> and [IMP-CF<sub>3</sub>]<sup>-</sup> salts are sufficiently soluble to efficiently promote cyclisations in toluene with [(tBuXPhos)Au(MeCN)]<sup>+</sup>.
Channelized Hotelling observers for the assessment of volumetric imaging data sets (2011)

Current clinical practice is rapidly moving in the direction of volumetric imaging. For two-dimensional (2D) images, task-based medical image quality is often assessed using numerical model observers. For three-dimensional (3D) images, however, these models have been little explored so far. In this work, first, two novel designs of a multislice channelized Hotelling observer (CHO) are proposed for the task of detecting 3D signals in 3D images. The novel designs are then compared and evaluated in a simulation study with five different CHO designs: a single-slice model, three multislice models, and a volumetric model. Four different random background statistics are considered, both gaussian (noncorrelated and correlated gaussian noise) and non-gaussian (lumpy and clustered lumpy backgrounds). Overall, the results show that the volumetric model outperforms the others, while the disparity between the models decreases for greater complexity of the detection task. Among the multislice models, the second proposed CHO could most closely approach the volumetric model, whereas the first new CHO seems to be least affected by the number of training samples.
Synthesis of (3<i>R</i>,4<i>R</i>)‐3‐Amino‐4‐hydroxyhexahydroazepine, the Chiral Constituent of the Antibiotic Ophiocordin (1993)

Abstract (3 R ,4 R )‐3‐Amino‐4‐hydroxyhexahydroazepine ( 2 ), the optically active constituent of the antifungal antibiotic ophiocordin ( 1 ), was prepared in a multistep synthesis starting from D ‐serine. The absolute configuration was unambigously assigned by a comparison of the synthesized stereoisomer 2 with its racemate and the chiral moiety of the antibiotic ophiocordin by enantioselective gas chromatography.
Probabilistic Disease Classification of Expression-Dependent Proteomic Data from Mass Spectrometry of Human Serum (2003)

We have developed an algorithm called Q5 for probabilistic classification of healthy versus disease whole serum samples using mass spectrometry. The algorithm employs principal components analysis (PCA) followed by linear discriminant analysis (LDA) on whole spectrum surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time of flight (SELDI-TOF) mass spectrometry (MS) data and is demonstrated on four real datasets from complete, complex SELDI spectra of human blood serum. Q5 is a closed-form, exact solution to the problem of classification of complete mass spectra of a complex protein mixture. Q5 employs a probabilistic classification algorithm built upon a dimension-reduced linear discriminant analysis. Our solution is computationally efficient; it is noniterative and computes the optimal linear discriminant using closed-form equations. The optimal discriminant is computed and verified for datasets of complete, complex SELDI spectra of human blood serum. Replicate experiments of different training/testing splits of each dataset are employed to verify robustness of the algorithm. The probabilistic classification method achieves excellent performance. We achieve sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values above 97% on three ovarian cancer datasets and one prostate cancer dataset. The Q5 method outperforms previous full-spectrum complex sample spectral classification techniques and can provide clues as to the molecular identities of differentially expressed proteins and peptides.
Transformation From Availability Expression to Failure Frequency Expression (2006)

The problem of computing the system's Failure Frequency is reduced to the problem of computing its Availability. This is performed by a transformation operator. However, the existing transformation operator is not practical because its transformation time increases exponentially with system size. To overcome this difficulty, this paper proposes a new method of transforming the Availability expression of a system into the corresponding Failure Frequency expression of the system. This method is based on a matrix approach using a 2 /spl times/ 2 matrix consisting of 0, Availability, and Failure Frequency in an appropriate manner. This transformation also enables algorithms for computing the Availability of a system to be transformed into algorithms for computing its Failure Frequency by replacing parameters and operations with matrix parameters and operations. The computation time after transformation is linear with respect to the original Availability algorithm. This implies that the problems of computing other well-known reliability measures including, Availability, Unavailability, MTBF, MTTR, MCT, Failure Rate, Failure Rate, and Failure Frequency, are reduced to only the Availability computation problem.
El cine foro como herramienta pedagógica para analizar la representación social del maestro en el discurso cinematográfico (2009)

El artículo presentado es producto de la investigación e implementación del grupo de egresados de la Facultad de Educación de Uniminuto con título: “El cine foro como herramienta pedagógica para analizar la representación social del maestro”.En este sentido, el artículo exhibe brevemente la presentación del proyecto y las diferentes bases teóricas y legales en torno al cine foro como herramienta pedagógica que permite analizar las diferentes representaciones del maestro que evidenciaron los estudiantes del colegio Ciudad de Cali en Bogotá. En consecuencia, dichos referentes teóricos, la proyección de las películas y los foros a partir de un análisis semiótico de cada una de ellas al igual que el estudio del contexto social y representación social del maestro, dieron como resultado la integración de los medios masivos en el que hacer pedagógico y al mismo tiempo se logró posicionar el cine foro como herramienta pedagógica en la institución educativa, reflexionando respecto a la representación social que tienen los educandos hoy en día del maestro.
A placement algorithm for the optimal synthesized design of complex MOS gates (2003)

A method is presented for transistor placement which achieves efficient optimization of the complex MOS gate layout. The method involves physical modeling of the problem followed by a simulation algorithm, avoiding the need to solve a set of nonlinear equations. Analysis and logical synthesis of the basic switching cell are also summarized.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Barrier Engineered Infrared Photodetectors Based on Type-II InAs/GaSb Strained Layer Superlattices (2012)

We present the design, growth, fabrication, and characterization of unipolar barrier photodiodes, pBiBn, based on type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice for midwave and longwave infrared detection. Design optimization of barriers using bandgap and band-offset tailorability of InAs/GaSb/AlSb superlattice system, their advantages and evolution of heterostructure designs are discussed for both the regimes. Dark current densities of 1.6 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-7</sup> and 1.42 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-5</sup> A/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> are measured at 77 K for midwave and longwave detectors with cutoff wavelengths of 5 and 10 μm, respectively. Responsivities of 1.3 (QE = 38%) and 1.66 A/W (QE = 23.5%) are measured at 4.2 and 8.7 μm for the midwave and longwave, respectively, at 77 K. Shot noise limited peak detectivity of 8.9 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> and 7.7×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">11</sup> cm-Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> -W <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> are observed at -10 and -40 mV for midwave infrared and longwave infrared detectors, respectively, at 77 K.
Design and analysis of a battery for a formula electric car (2013)

Thesis (S.B.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 2013.
Assessing exposure to disinfection by-products in women of reproductive age living in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb county, Georgia: descriptive results and methods. (2001)

We conducted a field study in Corpus Christi, Texas, and Cobb County, Georgia, to evaluate exposure measures for disinfection by-products, with special emphasis on trihalomethanes (THMs). Participants were mothers living in either geographic area who had given birth to healthy infants from June 1998 through May 1999. We assessed exposure by sampling blood and water and obtaining information about water use habits and tap water characteristics. Two 10-mL whole blood samples were collected from each participant before and immediately after her shower. Levels of individual THM species (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane, and bromoform) were measured in whole blood [parts per trillion (pptr)] and in water samples (parts per billion). In the Corpus Christi water samples, brominated compounds accounted for 71% of the total THM concentration by weight; in Cobb County, chloroform accounted for 88%. Significant differences in blood THM levels were observed between study locations. For example, the median baseline blood level of bromoform was 0.3 pptr and 3.5 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). Differences were most striking in blood obtained after showering. For bromoform, the median blood levels were 0.5 pptr and 17 pptr for participants in Cobb County and Corpus Christi, respectively (p = 0.0001). These results suggest that blood levels of THM species vary substantially across populations, depending on both water quality characteristics and water use activities. Such variation has important implications for epidemiologic studies of the potential health effects of disinfection by-products.
68.2: 3.5 Inch QCIF+ AM‐OLED Panel Based on Oxide TFT Backplane (2007)

Abstract IGZO TFTs were fabricated on a glass substrate by conventional photo‐lithography and wet‐etching processes. The real mobility of our device was about 95 cm 2 /Vs and had very low dependence on the variation of W/L, channel length and channel width. An IGZO TFT array was also fabricated and a top emission OLED device was successfully driven by it. Therefore, the oxide TFT could be one of the promising candidates as a backplane for the OLED device.
Hybrid invariance and stability of a feedback linearizing controller for powered prostheses (2015)

The development of powered lower-limb prostheses has the potential to significantly improve amputees' quality of life. By applying advanced control schemes, such as hybrid zero dynamics (HZD), to prostheses, more intelligent prostheses could be designed. Originally developed to control bipedal robots, HZD-based control specifies the motion of the actuated degrees of freedom using output functions to be zeroed, and the required torques are calculated using feedback linearization. Previous work showed that an HZD-like prosthesis controller can successfully control the stance period of gait. This paper shows that an HZD-based prosthesis controller can be used for the entire gait cycle and that feedback linearization can be performed using only information measured with on-board sensors. An analytic metric for orbital stability of a two-step periodic gait is developed. The results are illustrated in simulation.
The Mechanism of Flocculation Processes in the Presence of Humic Substances (1975)

The mechanism of flocculation of clay suspensions in various conditions of interaction with humic and fulvic acids has been investigated using a radioactively labelled cationic polyelectrolyte. It was found that the presence of organic matter in solution or as a complex on the mineral clay particle surface inhibits the process of flocculation. Therefore large doses of flocculant are necessary to produce conditions favorable for complete reaction.
Phage display particles expressing tumor‐specific antigens induce preventive and therapeutic anti‐tumor immunity in murine p815 model (2002)

The efficacy of phage display particles expressing tumor antigen P1A35-43 in inducing protective and therapeutic anti-tumor immune responses were studied. A protective immune response against a lethal progressive P815 mastocytoma tumor cell challenge was established after subcutaneous injection of phage display particles. Furthermore, the vaccine suppressed growth of pre-existing tumors. Immunization with the hybrid phage particles elicited P1A(35-43) specific CTL responses and a Th1-dominated immune response with phage particle-specific secretion of IFN-gamma but not IL-4. Our results indicate that phage display particles might be a useful vaccine form for tumor-associated antigen epitopes in tumor immunotherapy.
Synchrotron structure determination of an α-Keggin doubly Pt<sup>IV</sup>-substituted silicotungstate, (CH<sub>6</sub>N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>8</sub>[α-SiPt<sub>2</sub>W<sub>10</sub>O<sub>40</sub>]·6H<sub>2</sub>O (2003)

The crystal structure of octaguanidinium alpha-silicodiplatinodecatungstate hexahydrate, (CH(6)N(3))(8)[alpha-SiPt(2)W(10)O(40)].6H(2)O, has been analyzed via a high-energy X-ray diffraction experiment at the SPring-8 BL04B2 beamline. The title compound contains a novel alpha-Keggin heteropolyanion in which two of the addenda atoms are replaced by Pt atoms. W and Pt atoms occupy the same coordinates; the occupancy fractions are 5/6 (W) and 1/6 (Pt), and the alpha-Keggin anion has -4 symmetry. The two types of W(Pt)-W(Pt) distance are in the ranges 3.3565 (4)-3.3704 (4) and 3.7033 (4)-3.7100 (4) A, the four types of W(Pt)-O bond length are in the ranges 1.721 (5)-1.725 (5), 1.910 (5)-1.932 (5), 1.934 (5)-1.956 (5) and 2.339 (4)-2.348 (4) A, and the Si-O bond length is 1.646 (4) A.
Lipid-cell interactions in human monocytes investigated by doubly-resonant coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering microscopy (2011)

We demonstrate that doubly-resonant coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering can provide enhanced and highly specific contrast for molecules containing unique Raman-active small molecular groups. This combination provides contrast for molecules that can otherwise be difficult to discriminate by Raman spectroscopy. Here, human monocytes were incubated with either deuterated oleic acid or 17-octadecynoic acid (a fatty acid with an end terminal acetylene group). The carbon-deuterium stretching vibration of the deuterated fatty acid, as well as the unique alkyne stretching vibration of the alkyne-containing fatty acid, were used to provide contrast for these exogenous free fatty acids. The combination of these unique modes with the common aliphatic carbon-hydrogen stretching vibration inherent to all fatty acid allowed for doubly-resonant detection of these unique molecules and enabled us to detect the presence of these lipids in areas within a cell where each molecular resonance by itself did not generate sufficient signal.
III-Nitride, SiC, and Diamond Materials for Electronic Devices : symposium held April, 1996, San Francisco, California, U.S.A. (1996)

This book differs from previous volumes on wide bandgap semiconductors in that the emphasis is specifically on materials aspects related to electronic properties and devices. Solid advances are reported in the growth techniques of all three materials groups. In particular, the critical importance of surfaces, interfaces, doping, defects and impurities is demonstrated. Potential device applications ranging from new high-frequency, high-power all-solid-state devices to unique cold-cathode electronic devices are presented. Whilst the results demonstrate real promise for a wide range of new solid-state devices that are not feasible with current production materials, it is also evident that substantial progress in materials research is needed to fulfill the real potential of these applications. Critical issues related to the electronic potential of all three materials are addressed. Topics include: device technologies - devices, metallizations, etching, and implantation; bulk and bulk-like crystal growth; film growth; defects and structural properties; doping and electrical properties and optical and field-emission properties.
Design and testing of a prototype transmission-based robot servoactuator (2004)

A novel actuator concept has been developed and prototyped. By integrating a multi-speed transmission with a high performance permanent magnet DC servomotor, it has been shown that an electrical drive can provide power/torque density and physical size that approaches the capabilities of electrohydraulics. Preliminary experimental tests of the prototype are encouraging and the first steps toward verifying the concept.
Efficient clustering and quantisation of SIFT features (2011)

The SIFT keypoint descriptor is a powerful approach to encoding local image description using edge orientation histograms. Through codebook construction via k-means clustering and quantisation of SIFT features we can achieve image retrieval treating images as bags-of-words. Intensity inversion of images results in distinct SIFT features for a single local image patch across the two images. Intensity inversions notwithstanding these two patches are structurally identical. Through careful reordering of the SIFT feature vectors, we can construct the SIFT feature that would have been generated from a non-inverted image patch starting with those extracted from an inverted image patch. Furthermore, through examination of the local feature detection stage, we can estimate whether a given SIFT feature belongs in the space of inverted features, or non-inverted features. Therefore we can consistently separate the space of SIFT features into two distinct subspaces. With this knowledge, we can demonstrate reduced time complexity of codebook construction via clustering by up to a factor of four and also reduce the memory consumption of the clustering algorithms while producing equivalent retrieval results.
Phase Transfer Surfactant-Aided Trypsin Digestion for Membrane Proteome Analysis (2008)

We have developed a new protocol for digesting hydrophobic proteins using trypsin with the aid of phase-transfer surfactants (PTS), such as sodium deoxycholate (SDC). SDC increases the solubility of hydrophobic proteins, enhances the activity of trypsin, and improves the accessibility to trypsin of proteins denatured during the extraction process. After digestion, SDC was successfully removed from the acidified solution containing tryptic peptides by adding a water-immiscible organic solvent, into which SDC was predominantly transferred, while the digested peptides remained in the aqueous phase. Compared with a protocol using an acid-labile surfactant, this PTS protocol increased the number of identified proteins and the recovery of hydrophobic peptides in the analysis of 400 ng of a membrane-enriched fraction of Escherichia coli. Application of the PTS protocol to 9.0 microg of a membrane-enriched pellet from human cervical cancer HeLa cells resulted in identification of a total of 1450 proteins, of which 764 (53%) were membrane proteins, by two-dimensional strong cation exchange (SCX)-C18 LC-MSMS with 5 SCX fractions. The distribution of the number of transmembrane domains in proteins identified in this study was in agreement with that in the IPI human database, suggesting that the PTS protocol can provide unbiased digestion of the membrane proteome.
Quantitative Analysis of ERK2 Interactions with Substrate Proteins (2010)

Extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) proteins regulate a variety of cellular functions, including cell proliferation and differentiation, by interacting with and phosphorylating substrate proteins. Two docking sites, common docking (CD/ED) domain and F-site recruitment site (FRS), on ERK proteins have been identified. Specific interactions with the CD/ED domain and the FRS occur with substrates containing a docking site for ERK and JNK, LXL (DEJL) motif (D-domain) and a docking site for ERK, FXF (DEF) motif (F-site), respectively. However, the relative contributions of the ERK docking sites in mediating substrate interactions that allow efficient phosphate transfer are largely unknown. In these studies, we provide a quantitative analysis of ERK2 interactions with substrates using surface plasmon resonance to measure real time protein-protein interactions. ERK2 interacted with ELK-1 (DEF and DEJL motifs), RSK-1 (DEJL motif), and c-Fos (DEF motif) with K(D) values of 0.25, 0.15, and 0.97 μM, respectively. CD/ED domain mutations inhibited interactions with ELK-1 and RSK-1 by 6-fold but had no effect on interactions with c-Fos. Select mutations in FRS residues differentially inhibited ELK-1 or c-Fos interactions with ERK2 but had little effect on RSK-1 interactions. Mutations in both the ED and FRS docking sites completely inhibited ELK-1 interactions but had no effect on interactions with stathmin, an ERK substrate whose docking site is unknown. The phosphorylation status of ERK2 did not affect interactions with RSK-1 or c-Fos but did inhibit interactions with ELK-1 and stathmin. These studies provide a quantitative evaluation of specific docking domains involved in mediating interactions between ERK2 and protein substrates and define the contributions of these interactions to phosphate transfer.
Chloroplast localization of Cry1Ac and Cry2A protein- an alternative way of insect control in cotton (2015)

Locating the target protein at the point of insect attack increases insect mortality when compared with that of other transgenic plants. The results of this study will also be of great value from a biosafety point of view.