gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Technical Challenges in Current Primo Vascular System Research and Potential Solutions (2016)

Since Bonghan Kim's discovery of the Bonghan system (BHS) in the 1960s, numerous reports have suggested that the system is fundamental for maintaining mammalian life. The BHS is a circulatory system independent of the blood or the lymphatic system, forms an extensive network throughout the entire mammalian body, has been reported to be the acupuncture meridian, stores distinct types of stem cells, and appears to have some roles in cancer metastasis. Despite Kim's first report having been published as early as 1962, research progress has been rather slow mainly because the system is very small and translucent, making it optically difficult to distinguish it from the hemoglobin-rich surrounding tissues. Unfortunately, Kim did not describe in detail the methods that he used for identifying and harvesting the system and the components of the system. In 2000, Kwang-Sup Soh reopened the BHS research, and since then, new and important scientific findings on the system have been reported, and many of Kim's results have been verified. In 2010, the BHS was renamed the primo vascular system. Nevertheless, good tools to properly deal with this system are still lacking. In this article, we address some of the technical difficulties involved in studying the primo vascular system and attempt to discuss potential ways to overcome those difficulties.
Optimization of winding conditions considering web thickness variation in width direction and experimental verification (2015)

The webs such as paper, plastic film and thin metal are produced by Roll-to Roll manufacturing system, and are wound into a roll in the final process of this system. However, if the winding conditions of the web are inappropriate, the defects such as gage band, wrinkle and slippage will occur in wound roll, and then quality of products is significantly reduced. In previous studies, some analysis models of in-roll stress considering various factors, have been established to predict the defects. However, as far as authors know, there is few research regarding the gage band. In particular, the plastic films used for high functional flexible devices are being thinner, the defects can occur easily. In this paper, the in-roll stress analysis considering the web thickness variation in width direction and compressive deformation of web in the radial direction using the Hertz contact theory is presented. Moreover, optimization of winding conditions is conducted to prevent simultaneously the gage band, wrinkle and slippage. As a result, it was confirmed that the presented analysis can estimate the radial stress distribution of wound roll in the width direction. And, the effectiveness of optimized wind-up tension is verified theoretically and experimentally.
Low Noise Microchannel Plates (1989)

A new type of microchannel plate (MCP) is described which possesses extremely low intrinsic background noise. This property was achieved by fabricating the MCP from a newly developed glass formulation which was designed to be essentially free of radioisotopes. New measurements are presented on recently fabricated low noise MCPs which show that these plates yield background count rates several times lower than the quietest MCPs available. The results of radioisotope assays performed on the first two groups of prototype low noise MCPs are reported; these assays suggest that even further reductions in noise can be achieved. Improvements made possible in the sensitivity of MCP detectors are discussed.
Vitamin K <sub>5</sub> as a Fungistatic Agent (1965)

The effectiveness of vitamin K(5) in controlling the growth of different molds at varying pH levels in a culture medium, in tomato juice, and in several berry purees was studied. The molds studied were Aspergillus, Botrytis, Hormodendrum, Mucor, and Penicillium. The results showed that vitamin K(5) was effective as a fungistatic agent at concentrations ranging from 0.006 to 0.02%.
The Torus Treadmill: realizing locomotion in VEs (1999)

Locomotion in virtual environments (VEs) remains one of the major problems in current virtual reality research. The most intuitive way to move about the real world is to travel on foot. People often feel a better sense of distance or direction while walking than while riding in a vehicle. This article discusses the development of a locomotion device that provides a sense of walking. In terms of natural interaction, the physical exertion of walking proves essential to locomotion. The research of my colleagues and I aims to give users a sense of walking while their position remains localized in the physical world. We've developed several prototypes of interface devices for walking. From the results of our research, we concluded that an infinite surface would offer an ideal means for giving people a sense of walking. Our device, called the Torus Treadmill, uses a torus-shaped surface to realize the locomotion interface. The surface employs 12 sets of treadmills connected side-by-side and driven in a perpendicular direction. These treadmills generate an infinite surface. We measured the motion of the users' feet with magnetic sensors. The floor moves in the opposite direction of the walker, canceling the motion of each step. The walker's position remains localized in the real world by this computer-controlled motion of the floor. The walker can freely change direction. An image of the virtual space appears in a head-mounted display corresponding to the walker's virtual position.
C-KIT mutation cooperates with full-length AML1-ETO to induce acute myeloid leukemia in mice (2011)

The full-length AML1-ETO (AE) fusion gene resulting from t(8;21)(q22;q22) in human acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is not sufficient to induce leukemia in animals, suggesting that additional mutations are required for leukemogenesis. We and others have identified activating mutations of C-KIT in nearly half of patients with t(8;21) AML. To test the hypothesis that activating C-KIT mutations cooperate with AE to cause overt AML, we generated a murine transduction and transplantation model with both mutated C-KIT and AE. To overcome the intracellular transport block of human C-KIT in murine cells, we engineered hybrid C-KIT (HyC-KIT) by fusing the extracellular and transmembrane domains of the murine c-Kit in-frame to the intracellular signaling domain of human C-KIT. We showed that tyrosine kinase domain mutants HyC-KIT N822K and D816V, as well as juxtamembrane mutants HyC-KIT 571+14 and 557-558Del, could transform murine 32D cells to cytokine-independent growth. The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor dasatinib inhibited the proliferation of 32D cells expressing these C-KIT mutants, with potency in the low nanomolar range. In mice, HyC-KIT N822K induced a myeloproliferative disease, whereas HyC-KIT 571+14 induces both myeloproliferative disease and lymphocytic leukemia. Interestingly, coexpression of AE and HyC-KIT N822K led to fatal AML. Our data have further enriched the two-hit model that abnormalities of both transcription factor and membrane/cytosolic signaling molecule are required in AML pathogenesis. Furthermore, dasatinib prolonged lifespan of mice bearing AE and HyC-KIT N822K-coexpressing leukemic cells and exerted synergic effects while combined with cytarabine, thus providing a potential therapeutic for t(8;21) leukemia.
A theoretical and experimental comparison of different techniques for <i>B</i><sub>1</sub> mapping at very high fields (2012)

With the increasing use of ultrahigh-field MR with multiple transmit channels, mapping of the B₁(+) field has become a critical factor in many studies, leading to the publication of a large number of sequences for the measurement of the flip angle in recent years. In this article, the accuracy, precision and practicability of some of the most prominent of these techniques are investigated both theoretically, using error propagation computations and Monte-Carlo simulations, and experimentally for different settings. For an exemplary experiment, which is typical for high-field applications, the flip angle uncertainty is calculated and measured for two- and three-dimensional acquisitions for techniques based on both magnitude and phase data. Simulated and measured results show good agreement. An experimental assessment of T₁ and B₀ dependence yields weak variations with these parameters for only a few of the sequences. Measurements on human scanners show crucial influences of specific absorption rate limitations, especially at ultrahigh field.
High-Power Infrared (8-Micrometer Wavelength) Superlattice Lasers (1997)

A quantum-cascade long-wavelength infrared laser based on superlattice active regions has been demonstrated. In this source, electrons injected by tunneling emit photons corresponding to the energy gap (minigap) between two superlattice conduction bands (minibands). A distinctive design feature is the high oscillator strength of the optical transition. Pulsed operation at a wavelength of about 8 micrometers with peak powers ranging from approximately 0.80 watt at 80 kelvin to 0.2 watt at 200 kelvin has been demonstrated in a superlattice with 1-nanometer-thick AlInAs barriers and 4.3-nanometer-thick GaInAs quantum wells grown by molecular beam epitaxy. These results demonstrate the potential of strongly coupled superlattices as infrared laser materials for high-power sources in which the wavelength can be tailored by design.
Ferroelectrets: ultrasonic transducer for a biomimetic sonar system (2005)

A two layer ultrasonic transmitter made of a ferroelectret material with a diameter of 1.5 cm was developed for emitting a chirp signal with a sound pressure level of more than 90 dB at a distance of 1 m for an artificial bat head. Compared to a single layer transmitter. the resonance frequency of a two layer stack actuator is shifted down to 100 kHz. This frequency shift enables the transmitter half-power bandwidth to be in the range of 30-200 kHz. With the same material, an ultrasonic receiver with a diameter of 1 cm was designed. The ferroelectric material in combination with a special pre-amplifier allows an equivalent acoustic noise level of 45 dB and a sensitivity of 500 /spl mu/V/Pa. This sensor matches the bandwidth of the transmitter. In addition, we investigate the nonlinear acoustic behaviour of the ferroelectric material by applying 2D finite element simulations of various transducer designs. Therewith, we fully solve the piezoelectric partial differential equation including the complex geometric structure of cellular ferroelectric films. In our paper, we discuss the measurement results for various designs of transmitters and receivers as well as corresponding simulation data.
Are Your Farmers Confused about Marketing (1986)

Here's why and what to do.
The Effect of Sericin from Various Extraction Methods on Cell Viability and Collagen Production (2010)

Silk sericin (SS) can accelerate cell proliferation and attachment; however, SS can be extracted by various methods, which result in SS exhibiting different physical and biological properties. We found that SS produced from various extraction methods has different molecular weights, zeta potential, particle size and amino acid content. The MTT assay indicated that SS from all extraction methods had no toxicity to mouse fibroblast cells at concentrations up to 40 mug/mL after 24 h incubation, but SS obtained from some extraction methods can be toxic at higher concentrations. Heat-degraded SS was the least toxic to cells and activated the highest collagen production, while urea-extracted SS showed the lowest cell viability and collagen production. SS from urea extraction was severely harmful to cells at concentrations higher than 100 mug/mL. SS from all extraction methods could still promote collagen production in a concentration-dependent manner, even at high concentrations that are toxic to cells.
Transvaginal needle bladder neck suspension procedures for stress urinary incontinence: a comprehensive review. (1989)

Transvaginal needle bladder neck suspension procedures for surgical correction of stress incontinence are increasing in popularity among genitourinary surgeons. Since 1959, three main modifications of the originally described procedure have emerged as representing various needle suspension procedures, ie, the modified Pereyra procedure among gynecologic surgeons and the Stamey and the Raz procedures among urologic surgeons. The overall success rate of 85% (range 40-100%) among a total of 1967 surgical procedures reported in the published literature may be misleading; the majority of reported studies relied upon subjective clinical cures rather than objectively demonstrable cures of urinary incontinence. The majority of studies lacked long-term follow-up of successfully treated patients. Few studies reported urodynamic changes after needle suspension procedures in terms of increased functional urethral length and improved pressure transmission to the proximal urethra. A 20-50% incidence of postoperative voiding difficulties has been reported in various studies. This publication reviews the controversies in the nomenclature of various needle suspension procedures, indication, suture materials, procedural details, and results of previously published needle suspension procedures and their modifications. Differences among commonly performed procedures are pointed out and analyzed for their role in the correction of stress urinary incontinence.
A Generative Model for Image Segmentation Based on Label Fusion (2010)

We propose a nonparametric, probabilistic model for the automatic segmentation of medical images, given a training set of images and corresponding label maps. The resulting inference algorithms rely on pairwise registrations between the test image and individual training images. The training labels are then transferred to the test image and fused to compute the final segmentation of the test subject. Such label fusion methods have been shown to yield accurate segmentation, since the use of multiple registrations captures greater inter-subject anatomical variability and improves robustness against occasional registration failures. To the best of our knowledge, this manuscript presents the first comprehensive probabilistic framework that rigorously motivates label fusion as a segmentation approach. The proposed framework allows us to compare different label fusion algorithms theoretically and practically. In particular, recent label fusion or multiatlas segmentation algorithms are interpreted as special cases of our framework. We conduct two sets of experiments to validate the proposed methods. In the first set of experiments, we use 39 brain MRI scans-with manually segmented white matter, cerebral cortex, ventricles and subcortical structures-to compare different label fusion algorithms and the widely-used FreeSurfer whole-brain segmentation tool. Our results indicate that the proposed framework yields more accurate segmentation than FreeSurfer and previous label fusion algorithms. In a second experiment, we use brain MRI scans of 282 subjects to demonstrate that the proposed segmentation tool is sufficiently sensitive to robustly detect hippocampal volume changes in a study of aging and Alzheimer's Disease.
Giant suppression of flux-flow resistivity in heavy-ion irradiated<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Tl</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ba</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ca</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>10</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>films: Influence of linear defects on vortex transport (1992)

A large shift of the onset of flux-flow resistivity and the irreversibility line ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{irr}}$(T) to higher temperatures is observed in ${\mathrm{Tl}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Ca}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{10}$ films containing linear defects created by ${\mathrm{Ag}}^{+21}$ ion irradiation. The ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{irr}}$(T), which has a characteristic ssL shape in highly anisotropic Tl and Bi based cuprates, becomes more like that of ${\mathrm{YBa}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$ in the presence of these defects. The ${\mathit{J}}_{\mathit{c}}$ at 77 K also shows a large increase as a result of flux localization at the defects. The transport data indicate that in the H-T plane above ${\mathit{H}}_{\mathrm{irr}}$(T) of the unirradiated material, an ensemble of unoccupied defects is required for effective pinning of each flux line in the system.
Polyporous Metal-Coordination Frameworks (2012)

Starting from a chiral building block--α-cyclodextrin--and rubidium salts, the crystallization of a complex of chiral helices, which constitute a "green" porous coordination polymer, has been realized. Cyclodextrin molecules coordinated by rubidium ions form porous, infinitely long left-handed helical channels, interdigitated with each other. A theoretical examination of the potential of this new material to act as a medium for chiral separation is presented.
A Rare-Earth Phosphor Containing One-Dimensional Chains Identified Through Combinatorial Methods (1998)

An unusual luminescent inorganic oxide, Sr2CeO4, was identified by parallel screening techniques from within a combinatorial library of more than 25,000 members prepared by automated thin-film synthesis. A bulk sample of single-phase Sr2CeO4 was prepared, and its structure, determined from powder x-ray diffraction data, reveals one-dimensional chains of edge-sharing CeO6 octahedra, with two terminal oxygen atoms per cerium center, that are isolated from one another by Sr2+ cations. The emission maximum at 485 nanometers appears blue-white and has a quantum yield of 0.48 +/- 0.02. The excited-state lifetime, electron spin resonance, magnetic susceptibility, and structural data all suggest that luminescence originates from a ligand-to-metal Ce4+ charge transfer.
Dislocation density reduction through annihilation in lattice-mismatched semiconductors grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (1988)

Epitaxial InAs/GaAs, GaAs/Ge/Si, GaAs/InP, and InAs/InP heterostructures are grown by molecular-beam epitaxy. Transmission electron microscopy studies reveal that, for these heteroepitaxial systems, the threading dislocation density is inversely proportional to the epilayer thickness. At a given thickness, the threading dislocation density is relatively insensitive to lattice mismatch (3.2%&lt;‖Δa‖/a&lt;7.2%), to differences in thermal expansion coefficients (6.9×10−7&lt;‖Δα‖&lt;3.4×10−6 K−1), to interfacial surface chemistry, and to epilayer morphology. Epitaxial layers incorporating growth interrupts produce lower overall defect densities, yet they maintain defect-reduction profiles similar to those observed in layers without the growth interrupt.
Influence of the Selection of the Suture Material on the Mechanical Behavior of a Biomaterial to be Employed in the Construction of Implants. Part 1: Calf Pericardium (2001)

A hydraulic stress simulator was employed to study the mechanical behavior of the calf pericardium used in the construction of cardiac valve leaflets. One hundred eighty pairs of tissue samples were subjected to tensile testing to rupture. One of the two samples from each of 144 pairs (four series of 36 pairs each) was sutured with commercially available threads made of nylon, silk, Prolene or Gore-Tex, while the other sample in each of these pairs was left unsewn. The remaining 36 pairs were employed as controls in which neither of the two samples was subjected to suturing. The sutured tissue samples showed a significant decrease in tensile strength at rupture (range: 11.81 to 26.04 MPa) when compared with unsutured samples (range: 39.38 to 87.96 MPa; p < 0.01). The application of morphological and mechanical selection criteria to maximize the homogeneity of the samples provided excellent fit with respect to the stress/strain curves. This method made it possible to carry out a predictive study of the mechanical behavior of a sutured sample, based on that observed in the corresponding unsutured fragment. The interaction of the different suture materials with the pericardial tissue was also assessed by comparing the mechanical behavior of the sutured samples with that of the control samples. At stresses of less than 0.8 MPa, samples sewn with Gore-Tex were found to show the least difference with respect to the controls, indicating that this material presented the lowest degree of interaction with the pericardium. In conclusion, the degree of the loss of resistance to tearing of the sutured samples is of no value in the selection of the optimal suture material. The selection process applied makes it possible to predict the mechanical behavior in response to suturing of a given unsewn tissue specimen by determining that of its sutured mate. The similarity between the findings in samples sewn with Gore-Tex and in the unsutured controls indicates a lesser degree of interaction between the suture material and the pericardium employed in the construction of cardiac valve leaflets.
Triadins Modulate Intracellular Ca2+ Homeostasis but Are Not Essential for Excitation-Contraction Coupling in Skeletal Muscle (2007)

To unmask the role of triadin in skeletal muscle we engineered pan-triadin-null mice by removing the first exon of the triadin gene. This resulted in a total lack of triadin expression in both skeletal and cardiac muscle. Triadin knockout was not embryonic or birth-lethal, and null mice presented no obvious functional phenotype. Western blot analysis of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) proteins in skeletal muscle showed that the absence of triadin expression was associated with down-regulation of Junctophilin-1, junctin, and calsequestrin but resulted in no obvious contractile dysfunction. Ca(2+) imaging studies in null lumbricalis muscles and myotubes showed that the lack of triadin did not prevent skeletal excitation-contraction coupling but reduced the amplitude of their Ca(2+) transients. Additionally, null myotubes and adult fibers had significantly increased myoplasmic resting free Ca(2+).[(3)H]Ryanodine binding studies of skeletal muscle SR vesicles detected no differences in Ca(2+) activation or Ca(2+) and Mg(2+) inhibition between wild-type and triadin-null animals. Subtle ultrastructural changes, evidenced by the appearance of longitudinally oriented triads and the presence of calsequestrin in the sacs of the longitudinal SR, were present in fast but not slow twitch-null muscles. Overall, our data support an indirect role for triadin in regulating myoplasmic Ca(2+) homeostasis and organizing the molecular complex of the triad but not in regulating skeletal-type excitation-contraction coupling.