gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Application of <scp>iPS</scp> cell technology to cancer epigenome study: Uncovering the mechanism of cell status conversion for drug resistance in tumor (2014)

Recent studies imply that cancer cells possess the ability to reversibly change their properties between a drug sensitive state and a drug resistant state accompanied by epigenetic changes. This evidence indicates that better understanding of cancer epigenetics is important for efficient cancer therapies. Nevertheless, it had been difficult to deeply examine the epigenetic mechanisms because of lack of the tools to actively modify coordinated epigenetic events. In this stagnant situation, the reprogramming technology established by Yamanaka and coworkers have shed a new light. The novel reprogramming technology has made it possible for researchers to artificially introduce epigenetic remodeling into somatic cells. Accordingly, we might be able to use this technology as a tool to introduce the coordinated epigenetic reorganization. In this review, we introduce the idea of cell state interconversion in cancer cells that is attributable to altered epigenetic regulations. We then depict the epigenetic modifications observed during the process of somatic cell reprogramming and give some examples of the difficulty in cancer cell reprogramming. Finally, we discuss how we can translate this reprogramming refractoriness of cancer cells into uncovering unique epigenetic regulations in cancer cells, which might be applicable eventually to the development of novel cancer therapeutics against drug resistant cancer cells.
Developmental changes in the expression of enterocytic and hepatic cytochromes P4501A in rat (2002)

1. The development of CYP1A enzymes was studied in enterocytic and hepatic microsomes from 1-day-old to adult male and female rats. Microsomes were prepared by calcium precipitation. Enzyme expression was determined by Western blotting using a polyclonal CYP1A1 antibody. 2. The developmental expression of CYP1A in enterocytic and hepatic microsomes was similar for males and females. 3. Enterocytic CYP1A (CYP1A1) showed a sharp increase at weaning, plateauing at adult levels by 60 days. 4. Hepatic CYP1A (mostly CYP1A2) increased sharply just before weaning. However, in contrast to the enterocytic enzyme, there was a 4-fold decrease in enzyme expression down to adult levels by day 60.
Effects of backbone modification on helical peptides: The reduced carbonyl modification (1998)

Reducing a CO to a CH2 moiety in a peptide bond destroys the ability of the peptide link to act as a proton acceptor in a hydrogen-bonded structure. Here, this modification is introduced into different positions of the helical peptide, acetyl-WGG(RAAAA)4R-amide, and the melting of these peptides is followed using CD. Effects of this modification on helical peptides are compared to our previous N-methylation studies [C. F. Chang and M.H. Zehfus (1996) Biopolymers, Vol. 40, pp. 609–616]. While the experiments were designed to remove the same hydrogen bond from the peptide, no consistent results are obtained between these two modifications. This result suggests that these modifications not only break the backbone hydrogen bonds, but also involve other destabilizing effects. When our data is analyzed using different helix-coil transition models, the results show that as the models increase in complexity the energy associated with a single residue modification increases. Unfortunately, the most detailed dichroic model, which should best describe this system, works for only one peptide. Apparently, the models need to be further improved to better mimic our system. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Biopoly 46: 181–193, 1998
Some properties of beta-toxin produced by Clostridium perfringens type C (1978)

Purified beta-toxin from Clostridium perfringens type C was found to be a single polypeptide chain protein with a molecular weight of approximately 30,000. The toxin was heat labile, with 75% of its activity being inactivated by incubation at 50 degrees C for 5 min. Biological activity of the purified toxin was completely destroyed on exposure to trypsin for 30 min at 37 degrees C. The 50% lethal dose for mice was 1.87 microgram of purified toxin.
The Effect of Ring Size on Diacyl Peroxide Decompositions<sup>1,2</sup> (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Effect of Ring Size on Diacyl Peroxide Decompositions1,2Harold Hart and Donald P. WymanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1959, 81, 18, 4891–4896Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01527a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01527a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views310Altmetric-Citations44LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Intellectual Decline in Schizophrenia: Evidence from a Prospective Birth Cohort 28 Year Follow-up Study (2006)

It is well established that IQ is lower among persons with schizophrenia than in the general population. However, it remains unclear if there is deterioration beyond a premorbid deficit. In order to assess the question of IQ deterioration, we assessed persons pre- and-post psychosis, comparing those who developed schizophrenia with those who did not. Twenty six patients with schizophrenia and 59 normal controls, evaluated at age 7 in the prospective, longitudinal, National Collaborative Perinatal Project (NCPP), were re-tested approximately 28 years later. We assessed change in an estimate of IQ based on the Vocabulary and Block Design tests from the Wechsler intelligence scales. Persons who later developed schizophrenia were significantly impaired on IQ compared to controls at age 7, especially on measures of attention. At age 35, persons with schizophrenia demonstrated significant impairment and deterioration on both IQ sub-tests compared to controls. Because impairment occurs by early childhood and subsequent deterioration occurs at an unknown period, designs with more frequent assessment of IQ through the premorbid, prodromal and early phases of illness are required to identify the key period of decline. Future research on this sample will evaluate the prospective roles of family history and perinatal complications on cognition, and assess the specificity of these findings.
Fatigue Resistance of Steels (1990)

Abstract The process of fatigue failure consists of three stages: initial fatigue damage leading to crack initiation; crack propagation to some critical size; and final, sudden fracture of the remaining cross section. Variations in mechanical properties, composition, microstructure, and macrostructure, along with their subsequent effects on fatigue life, have been studied extensively to aid in the appropriate selection of steel to meet specific end-use requirements. The metallurgical variables having the most pronounced effects on the fatigue behavior of carbon and low-alloy steels are strength, ductility, cleanliness, residual stresses, surface conditions, and aggressive environments. The article discusses the stress-based and strain-based approach to fatigue. The application of fatigue data in engineering design is complicated by the characteristic scatter of fatigue data; variations in surface conditions of actual parts; variations in manufacturing processes such as bending, forming, and welding; and the uncertainty of environmental and loading conditions in service.
Studies on nucleic acid interactions I. Stabilities of mini-duplexes (dG<sub>2</sub>A<sub>4</sub>XA<sub>4</sub>G<sub>2</sub>.dC<sub>2</sub>T<sub>4</sub>YT<sub>4</sub>C<sub>2</sub>) and self-complementary d(GGGAAXYTTCCC) containing deoxyinosine and other mismatched bases (1986)

The thermal stability of DNA duplexes containing deoxyinosine in a pairing position in turn with each of the four major deoxynucleotides has been investigated by measuring ultraviolet-absorbance at different temperatures. d(G2A4 X A4G2) and d(C2T4YT4C2) were prepared by the solid-phase phosphotriester method. When X is deoxyinosine, the Tm values of the duplexes are in the order Y = dC greater than dA greater than dG greater than dT greater than dU. The Tm of other duplexes containing dG, dA and dT at X were also measured. Self-complementary duplexes d(GGGAAINTTCCC) showed the same order of stability with N being dC, dA, dG and dT. Thermal stabilities of duplexes containing dG instead of dI were compared with other matched and mismatched duplexes. The Tm values of sequence isomers containing purine-pyrimidine combinations were compared. Self-complementary duplexes containing G-C and A-T in the central positions showed Tm values ca. 10 degrees higher than those containing C-G and T-A in the same positions. Thermodynamic parameters and circular dichroism spectra of these oligonucleotides were compared.
Gender and pain (1993)

Neurobiology and Anesthesiology Branch, National Institute of Dental Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MDUSA
An analysis of shipboard waste heat availability for ballast water treatment (2014)

Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, MalaysiaHeat treatment of ballast water is one of the many treatment options being explored. This analysis has tried to assess the heat availability from the cooling water, exhaust gases of the engines and steam condensers based on design and operational data obtained from an existing crude oil carrier. Time requirements for ballasting and treatment using the seawater and condenser circulating pumps are projected. Heat balance exercises were also carried out on a testbed engine to verify attainable heat recoveries. It is seen that, although considerable heat is available, a longer time than that available during ballasting and normal ballast passages will be required for the treatment process.
On the Origin of Solar Flares (1960)

Two major problems in the interpretation of solar flares are discussed: firstly, by what means high concentrations of energy can be stored in the chromosphere; and secondly, what process can account for the suddenness with which this energy is released during a flare? It is shown that the energy storage can be accounted for only by a particular class of magnetic fields whose lines of force have the general shape of twisted loops protruding above the photosphere. In active regions with strong magnetic fields it is likely that chromospheric motions are entirely dictated by the flow of the much more massive photospheric material. Forces arising from pressure, weight or acceleration of chromospheric gas are most of the time small, so that the motions there are closely those that retain at each moment a force-free field compatible with the magnetic boundary conditions at the photosphere and, as the chromosphere is a good conductor, with the past history of the motion. A sudden release of energy in such a system can result only in a case where the magnetic forces act so as to drive the system away from the force-free configuration, and the energy associated with chromospheric currents can then be dissipated into motion or heat. This will occur when twisted magnetic loops of opposite sense and opposite twist meet. Such loops attract each other, and the annihilation of the longitudinal component of the field where they meet leads to a sudden constriction of the current and through this to a dissipation of the energy associated with that current.
Reaction Kinetics in Ionic Liquids as Studied by Pulse Radiolysis:  Redox Reactions in the Solvents Methyltributylammonium Bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide and <i>N</i>-Butylpyridinium Tetrafluoroborate (2002)

Rate constants for several reduction and oxidation reactions were determined by pulse radiolysis in three ionic liquids and compared with rate constants in other solvents. Radiolysis of the ionic liquids methyltributylammonium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide (R4NNTf2), N-butylpyridinium tetrafluoroborate (BuPyBF4), and N-butyl-4-methylpyridinium hexafluorophosphate (BuPicPF6) leads to formation of solvated electrons and organic radicals. In R4NNTf2 the solvated electrons do not react rapidly with the solvent and were reacted with several solutes, including CCl4, benzophenone, and quinones. In the pyridinium ionic liquids the solvated electrons react with the pyridinium moiety to produce a pyridinyl radical, which, in turn, can transfer an electron to various acceptors. The rate constant for reduction of duroquinone by the benzophenone ketyl radical in R4NNTf2 (k = 2 × 107 L mol-1 s-1) is much lower than that measured in water (k = 2 × 109 L mol-1 s-1) due to the high viscosity of the ionic liquid. Rate constants for electron transfer from the solvent-derived butylpyridinyl radicals in BuPyBF4 and BuPicPF6 to several compounds (k of the order of 108 L mol-1 s-1) also are lower than those measured in water and in 2-PrOH but are significantly higher than the diffusion-controlled rate constants estimated from the viscosity, suggesting an electron hopping mechanism through solvent cations. Electron transfer between methyl viologen and quinones takes place 3 or 4 orders of magnitude more slowly in BuPyBF4 than in water or 2-PrOH and the direction of the electron transfer is solvent dependent. The driving force reverses direction on going from water to 2-PrOH and is intermediate in the ionic liquid. Radiolysis of ionic liquid solutions containing CCl4 and O2 leads to formation of CCl3O2• radicals, which oxidize chlorpromazine (ClPz) with rate constants near 1 × 107 L mol-1 s-1, i.e., much lower than in aqueous solutions and close to rate constants in alcohols. On the other hand, the experimental rate constants in the ionic liquids and in water are close to the respective diffusion-controlled limits while the values in alcohols are much slower than diffusion-controlled.
Funktionelle flüssigkristalline Aggregate: selbstorganisierte weiche Materialien (2005)

Abstract Dynamische weiche Materialien werden im 21. Jahrhundert an Bedeutung gewinnen. Zwar sind diese Funktionsmaterialien nicht so beständig wie Metalle, Keramiken oder Plastik, dafür reagieren sie aber gut auf externe Reize. Geordnete weiche Materialien können dynamische Funktionen erfüllen. Flüssigkristalle aus selbstorganisierten Molekülen sind ein Beispiel hierfür: Sie eignen sich möglicherweise zum Elektronen‐, Ionen‐ oder Stofftransport sowie als sensorisch, katalytisch, optisch oder biologisch aktive Materialien. Um diese Funktionen auszuschöpfen, benötigt man unkonventionelle Materialentwürfe. Hier beschreiben wir aktuelle Ansätze zur Funktionalisierung von Flüssigkristallen und zeigen, wie das Design von Flüssigkristallen durch supramolekulare Aggregation und Nanophasentrennung zu einer Vielfalt selbstorganisierter Funktionsmaterialien führt.
Interferon-Stimulated Genes and Their Protein Products: What and How? (2011)

Studies of the action of interferon-stimulated genes (ISGs) and their protein products have resulted in fundamental discoveries relevant to translational control, regulation of RNA stability and editing, and protein transport and turnover. Actions of ISGs will remain critical to improved clinical application of agonists and antagonists of the toll-like receptor and the interferon signaling cascades--now 25 years after the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and worldwide regulatory approval of the pharmaceutical product produced by recombinant DNA technology. Because the antiviral and cellular actions of these several hundred genes (what?) and their protein products are now being functionally (how?) further elucidated but have been comprehensively summarized to only limited extents, we have selected some of the most potently induced ISGs for review in this special issue of the Journal of Interferon & Cytokine Research.
Force-Dependent Multicolor Mechanochromism from a Single Mechanophore (2019)

We report a bis-naphthopyran mechanophore that exhibits force-dependent changes in visible absorption. A series of polymers incorporating a chain-centered bis-naphthopyran mechanophore was synthesized and mechanically activated using ultrasonication. By varying the length of the polymer chains, the force delivered to the mechanophore is modulated systematically. We demonstrate that the relative distribution of two distinctly colored merocyanine products is altered predictably with different magnitudes of applied force, resulting in gradient multicolor mechanochromism. The mechanochemical reactivity of bis-naphthopyran is supported by density functional theory calculations and described by a theoretical model that provides insight into the force-color relationship.
Effect of alkyl substituents on excited state intramolecular proton transfer dynamics of jet-cooled bis(benzoxazolyl)phenoles (2007)

Structural factors affecting the dynamics of the excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) are studied for alkyl derivatives of 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)phenol. Two fluorescence bands with equal decay times are observed in solution, while only one--emitted by the phototautomer--in supersonic jet. All evidence indicates the existence of a potential barrier in the S(1) state. Upon deuteration of the OH group the laser induced fluorescence (LIF) excitation spectra become much sharper as a result of slowing down the proton transfer reaction. Two conformers (rotamers) of each compound in the ground state were detected using hole burning technique. With a help of theoretical calculations three vibrations were identified as the most active ones in reducing the distance between two heavy atoms, N and O, involved in H-bond formation. The widths of (0,0) transitions in LIF excitation spectra decrease with increasing size or number of alkyl substituents at terminal aromatic rings. The corresponding calculated rate constants of ESIPT reaction ( approximately 10(12) s(-1)) decrease approximately three times upon the substituent effect. In contrast, model compound 2,5-bis(2-benzoxazolyl)-4-methoxyphenol (BBMP) with OCH(3) parasubstituent in central ring slows down the ESIPT reaction to such an extent that double, primary and phototautomeric, fluorescences coexist.
AMP: An Affinity-Based Metadata Prefetching Scheme in Large-Scale Distributed Storage Systems (2008)

Prefetching is an effective technique for improving file access performance, which can significantly reduce access latency for I/O systems. In distributed storage systems, prefetching for metadata files is critical for the overall system performance. In this paper, an affinity-based metadata prefetching (AMP) scheme is proposed for metadata servers in large-scale distributed storage systems to provide aggressive metadata prefetching. Through mining useful information about metadata accesses from past history, AMP can discover metadata file affinities accurately and intelligently for prefetching. Compared with LRU and some of the latest file prefetching algorithms such as Nexus and C-Miner, our trace-driven simulations show that AMP can improve buffer cache hit rates by up to 12%, 4.5% and 4% respectively, while reduce the average response time by up to 60%, 12% and 8%, respectively.
Patterned self‐assembled alkanethiolate monolayers on gold. Patterning and imaging by means of scanning electrochemical microscopy (1997)

Abstract Electrochemically induced localized desorption of self‐assembled dodecylthiolate monolayers from a macroscopic Au electrode was performed using a scanning electrochemical microscope (SECM). The microelectrode of the SECM is operated as auxiliary electrode and moved in close proximity to the monolayer‐covered gold surface, thereby restricting electrochemical reactions occurring at the macroscopic gold surface to a region perpendicular beneath the auxiliary microelectrode. Subsequently, the obtained laterally‐structured monolayers have been imaged using the feedback mode of the SECM. High feedback currents occur over regions from which the alkanethiolate monolayer was locally desorbed while low currents are measured over the intact layer. The electrochemically induced desorption of alkanethiolate monolayers was laterally restricted to regions which are approximately 2–3 times larger in diameter than the diameter of the microelectrode used in the desorption step. The desorption protocol has been optimized to obtain renewed gold surfaces of defined geometry. First evidence was obtained that re‐adsorption of functionalized thiols onto these renewed and laterally structured gold surfaces, which are surrounded by the densely packed nonfunctionalized monolayer, may open routes for the fabrication of miniaturized integrated sensors and sensor arrays.
Thermal decomposition of ammonia borane at 357 K (2015)

The heat effect of ammonia borane decomposition at 357 K under atmospheric pressure in glass and copper cells has been determined by calorimetry. The enthalpy of BH3NH3 heat-induced decomposition in glass ampoules is of–24.8±2.3 kJ/mol; this value includes the structural reorganization into diammoniate of diborane of–4.0±2.8 kJ/mol and the thermal effect of decomposition into polyamidoborane of–20.8±1.6 kJ/mol. In the case of experiments in copper cells a much higher (–47.6±8.3 kJ/mol) heat evolution is observed. The solidstate 15N and 11B NMR analysis of samples after the calorimetric experiment has shown that partial oxidation of the sample into boric acid occurs in copper cells.
Quantum mechanics : for engineering, materials science, and applied physics (1994)

1. Wave-Particle Duality and Schroedinger Equation. 2. Introduction to Bound States. 3. Rotationally Invariant Potentials: Hydrogen Atom and Beyond. 4. Wave Packets and Uncertainty Relations. 5. Scattering by Simple Barriers. 6. WKB Approximations. 7. Expectation Values and Operators. 8. Electrons in a Magnetic Field. 9. Beyond Hermitian Operators. 10. Harmonic Oscillator: Full Operator Treatment. 11. Composite Systems. 12. Variational Principle. 13. Expansion Principle and Matrix Formulation. 14. Perturbation Theory, I: Degenerate Perturbation Theory. 15. Perturbation Theory, II: Non-Degenerate Perturbation Theory. 16. Symmetry. 17. Electrons in Periodic Crystal Potentials. 18. Rotational Invariance and Angular Momentum. 19. Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory. 20. Elements of Field Quantization. 21. Electron Spin. 22. Indistinguishable Particles: Fermions and Bosons. Appendices: Dirac ...d-Function. Poisson-Distributed Events. Spherical Harmonics. Hydrogen Radial Eigenfunctions. Fourier Integral. Construction of Two Group Character Tables. Selected General References. Fundamental Constants. Index.
Extending the ODMG object model with composite objects (1998)

In this paper we extend the ODMG object data model with composite objects. A composite object is an object built by aggregating other component objects. Exclusiveness and dependency constraints, as well as referential integrity, can be associated with composition relationships among objects. Our composite object model is developed in the framework of the ODMG object database standard data model, but can be used in both object-oriented and object-relational database systems. In the paper, we propose a language for defining composite objects and we define the semantics of update operations on composite objects.