gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Peripheral Administration of Nesfatin-1 Reduces Food Intake in Mice: The Leptin-Independent Mechanism (2009)

Nesfatin-1 is a novel satiety molecule in the hypothalamus and is also present in peripheral tissues. Here we sought to identify the active segment of nesfatin-1 and to determine the mechanisms of its action after peripheral administration in mice. Intraperitoneal injection of nesfatin-1 suppressed food intake in a dose-dependent manner. Nesfatin-1 has three distinct segments; we tested the effect of each segment on food intake. Injection of the midsegment decreased food intake under leptin-resistant conditions such as db/db mice and mice fed a high-fat diet. After injection of the midsegment, expression of c-Fos was significantly activated in the brainstem nucleus tractus solitarius (NTS) but not in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus; the nicotinic cholinergic pathway to the NTS contributed to midsegment-induced anorexia. Midsegment injection significantly increased expression of proopiomelanocortin and cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript genes in the NTS but not in the arcuate nucleus. Investigation of mutant midsegments demonstrated that a region with amino acid sequence similarity to the active site of agouti-related peptide was indispensable for anorexigenic induction. Our findings indicate that the midsegment of nesfatin-1 causes anorexia, possibly by activating POMC and CART neurons in the NTS via a leptin-independent mechanism after peripheral stimulation.
HMDB 3.0—The Human Metabolome Database in 2013 (2012)

The Human Metabolome Database (HMDB) (www.hmdb.ca) is a resource dedicated to providing scientists with the most current and comprehensive coverage of the human metabolome. Since its first release in 2007, the HMDB has been used to facilitate research for nearly 1000 published studies in metabolomics, clinical biochemistry and systems biology. The most recent release of HMDB (version 3.0) has been significantly expanded and enhanced over the 2009 release (version 2.0). In particular, the number of annotated metabolite entries has grown from 6500 to more than 40,000 (a 600% increase). This enormous expansion is a result of the inclusion of both 'detected' metabolites (those with measured concentrations or experimental confirmation of their existence) and 'expected' metabolites (those for which biochemical pathways are known or human intake/exposure is frequent but the compound has yet to be detected in the body). The latest release also has greatly increased the number of metabolites with biofluid or tissue concentration data, the number of compounds with reference spectra and the number of data fields per entry. In addition to this expansion in data quantity, new database visualization tools and new data content have been added or enhanced. These include better spectral viewing tools, more powerful chemical substructure searches, an improved chemical taxonomy and better, more interactive pathway maps. This article describes these enhancements to the HMDB, which was previously featured in the 2009 NAR Database Issue. (Note to referees, HMDB 3.0 will go live on 18 September 2012.).
Sea trial results of a robust and spectral-efficient OFDM underwater communication system (2001)

In single-carrier, high data-rate systems symbol durations are much smaller than channel delay spreads. Reliable equalization in such systems is extremely difficult to attain because the channel is time varying and highly frequency selective. One way to circumvent the need of using costly equalization schemes, while maintaining high data rates, is to use multicarrier modulation in which broadband data is transmitted in parallel on multiple narrowband subcarriers. Symbol duration T in such systems is usually larger than delay spreads such that each narrowband subcarrier experiences only nonfrequency-selective flat fading. To improve spectral efficiency and eliminate the use of guard bands between subcarriers, each subcarrier can be chosen to be orthogonal to the others. Such a multicarrier system is referred to as orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM). Unfortunately, the orthogonality is destroyed in typical underwater channels due to large Doppler shifts and spreads (compared to the inverse of symbol durations). Therefore, previous work in UWA required the spacing of adjacent subcarriers to be 2/T, which is twice the minimum spacing 1/T. In this paper, time-rescaling and pilot-symbol aided channel estimation techniques are employed to combat Doppler shift and spreads. Reliable results are obtained with 1/T subcarrier spacing in sea trials.
The roles of monoaminergic neurotransmitters in thermoregulation (1987)

Recent studies of the organization of the thermoregulatory system and evaluation of experimental evidence from electrophysiological, neuropharmacological, and neuroanatomical studies suggest that the monoamines noradrenaline and 5-hydroxytryptamine are involved in modulations of thermoregulation rather than in thermoregulation per se: they do not seem to transfer specific thermal information but rather modulate the signals passing from thermosensors to thermoregulatory effectors. Theoretically, the central monoamines could be modulating the input from thermosensors, or the central integration of thermal signals, or the outflow of signals to thermoregulatory effectors. The modulatory action of the monoamines on thermosensitive and thermointegrative hypothalamic neurons is best documented. There, the monoamines 5-hydroxytryptamine and noradrenaline seem to act as antagonists, which enhance or diminish the effects of thermal afferents mediated by other transmitters. Moreover, the antagonistic monoaminergic systems are apparently interconnected and can influence each other at a lower brain stem level. The activity in central monoaminergic systems can also be modified by neurohumoral feedback mechanisms from the periphery. By means of these interrelations the vegetative responses of the organism can be corrected and optimized.
A taxonomy of finite automata construction algorithms (1993)

This paper presents a taxonomy of finite automata construction algorithms. Each algorithm is classified into one of two families: those based upon the structure of regular expressions, and those based upon the automata-theoretic work of Myhill and Nerode. Many of the algorithms appearing in the literature are based upon the structure of regular expressions. In this paper, we make this term precise by defining regular expressions as a \\Sigma-term algebra, and automata constructions as various \\Sigma-algebras of automata. Each construction algorithm is then presented as the unique natural homomorphism from the \\Sigmaterm algebra of regular expressions to the appropriate \\Sigma-algebra of automata. The concept of duality is introduced and used to derive more practical construction algorithms. In this way, we successfully present (and relate) algorithms given by Thompson, Berry and Sethi, McNaughton and Yamada, Glushkov, and Aho, Sethi, and Ullman. Efficient implementations (including thos...
Synthesis and structure-property relationships of novel poly(p-xylylene)s with aromatic substituents (2001)

Abstract Two step synthesis of educts for the synthesis of poly( p -xylylene)s was accomplished by Grignard-type coupling reaction of 4-bromotoluene and different aldehydes or p -tolylaldehyde and different aryl bromides followed by conversion of alcohols into corresponding chlorides. Derivatives of poly( p -xylylene) (PPX) were obtained by vapor phase pyrolysis/chemical vapor deposition (CVD) or Gilch-type polymerization of these chlorides. Functional groups along the PPX main chain were introduced by substituted phenyl rings in a-position. The resulting PPXs are soluble under ambient conditions and are amorphous in the solid state. The glass transition temperatures varied only slightly with substituents on the phenyl ring in a-position. Significant enhancement by substituents was found for the thermal stability under nitrogen and a considerable decrease of the surface energies by fluorinated substituents.
VI. On the development of the great anterior veins in man and mammalia; including an account of certain remnants of fœtal structure found in the adult, a comparative view of these great veins the different mammalia, and an analysis of their occasional peculiarities in the human subject (1850)

Abstract The principal object of the present paper is to state the result of observations on the metamorphosis of certain of the great veins in Man and Mammalia, and on the relation between the primitive and final condition of these vessels, both when they pass through their changes in the usual order, and in cases of deviation from it. It is well known that in the mammalian embryo the great veins entering the heart from the upper or anterior part of the body are originally symmetrical on the two sides; and that in Man, the Quadrurnana and most of the higher orders of quadrupeds, the venous trunk of the left side undergoes occlusion; whilst in other Mammalia that vessel continues, and constitutes, in the adult state, a left vena cava anterior, which passes down in front of the left lung, and then along the back of the heart in the auriculo-ventricular groove to terminate in the right auricle. Certain points of analogy between these different conditions are suggested by a careful examination of the great veins in adult hearts, more especially of what is usually regarded in the human subject as the dilated termination of the great coronary vein in the right auricle. This portion of the vessel (Plate I. fig. 1, s), which has muscular parietes, is, on account of its width, usually named the coronary sinus. Its length may be considered as defined by a valve (x) placed about an inch or more from its opening into the right auricle. This valve, which was known to Vieussens*, has been again recently pointed out by Dr. John Reid┼, and is described by him as generally existing and formed of one or two segments. In all the examinations which I have made I have found it present, and always consisting of two segments; a larger one placed on the side of the auriculo-ventricular furrow, and a smaller one situated on the free side of the vein, and therefore liable to be divided in slitting up that vessel (see Plate I.). Into the extremity of the coronary sinus, as thus defined, the great coronary vein (g) may be said to open, its entrance being guarded by the valve alluded to ; and along the lower border of the sinus there enter three or four venous branches (p, p , p), which ascend from the back of the ventricles, one of them generally forming the middle cardiac vein (m); the mouths of these branches are also almost invariably provided with fine valves consisting of one or two segments, but beyond the coronary sinus and the larger valve first noticed, no more valves are met with either in the trunk of the principal cardiac or coronary vein, or in any of its tributary branches.
Discovering statistically significant biclusters in gene expression data (2002)

In gene expression data, a bicluster is a subset of the genes exhibiting consistent patterns over a subset of the conditions. We propose a new method to detect significant biclusters in large expression datasets. Our approach is graph theoretic coupled with statistical modelling of the data. Under plausible assumptions, our algorithm is polynomial and is guaranteed to find the most significant biclusters. We tested our method on a collection of yeast expression profiles and on a human cancer dataset. Cross validation results show high specificity in assigning function to genes based on their biclusters, and we are able to annotate in this way 196 uncharacterized yeast genes. We also demonstrate how the biclusters lead to detecting new concrete biological associations. In cancer data we are able to detect and relate finer tissue types than was previously possible. We also show that the method outperforms the biclustering algorithm of Cheng and Church (2000).
Oligomeric Bax Is a Component of the Putative Cytochrome <i>c</i> Release Channel MAC, Mitochondrial Apoptosis-induced Channel (2005)

Bcl-2 family proteins regulate apoptosis, in part, by controlling formation of the mitochondrial apoptosis-induced channel (MAC), which is a putative cytochrome c release channel induced early in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. This channel activity was never observed in Bcl-2-overexpressing cells. Furthermore, MAC appears when Bax translocates to mitochondria and cytochrome c is released in cells dying by intrinsic apoptosis. Bax is a component of MAC of staurosporine-treated HeLa cells because MAC activity is immunodepleted by Bax antibodies. MAC is preferentially associated with oligomeric, not monomeric, Bax. The single channel behavior of recombinant oligomeric Bax and MAC is similar. Both channel activities are modified by cytochrome c, consistent with entrance of this protein into the pore. The mean conductance of patches of mitochondria isolated after green fluorescent protein-Bax translocation is significantly higher than those from untreated cells, consistent with onset of MAC activity. In contrast, the mean conductance of patches of mitochondria indicates MAC activity is present in apoptotic cells deficient in Bax but absent in apoptotic cells deficient in both Bax and Bak. These findings indicate Bax is a component of MAC in staurosporine-treated HeLa cells and suggest Bax and Bak are functionally redundant as components of MAC.
Carbohydrate-protein complex increases the rate of muscle glycogen storage after exercise (1992)

Carbohydrate, protein, and carbohydrate-protein supplements were compared to determine their effects on muscle glycogen storage during recovery from prolonged exhaustive exercise. Nine male subjects cycled for 2 h on three separate occasions to deplete their muscle glycogen stores. Immediately and 2 h after each exercise bout, they ingested 112.0 g carbohydrate (CHO), 40.7 g protein (PRO), or 112.0 g carbohydrate and 40.7 g protein (CHO-PRO). Blood samples were drawn before exercise, immediately after exercise, and throughout recovery. Muscle biopsies were taken from the vastus lateralis immediately and 4 h after exercise. During recovery the plasma glucose response of the CHO treatment was significantly greater than that of the CHO-PRO treatment, but the plasma insulin response of the CHO-PRO treatment was significantly greater than that of the CHO treatment. Both the CHO and CHO-PRO treatments produced plasma glucose and insulin responses that were greater than those produced by the PRO treatment (P less than 0.05). The rate of muscle glycogen storage during the CHO-PRO treatment [35.5 +/- 3.3 (SE) mumol.g protein-1.h-1] was significantly faster than during the CHO treatment (25.6 +/- 2.3 mumol.g protein-1.h-1), which was significantly faster than during the PRO treatment (7.6 +/- 1.4 mumol.g protein-1.h-1). The results suggest that postexercise muscle glycogen storage can be enhanced with a carbohydrate-protein supplement as a result of the interaction of carbohydrate and protein on insulin secretion.
Thermal Modeling, Characterization and Management of On-Chip Networks (2005)

Due to the wire delay constraints in deep submicron technology and increasing demand for on-chip bandwidth, networks are becoming the pervasive interconnect fabric to connect processing elements on chip. With ever-increasing power density and cooling costs, the thermal impact of on-chip networks needs to be urgently addressed. In this work, we first characterize the thermal profile of the MIT Raw chip. Our study shows networks having comparable thermal impact as the processing elements and contributing significantly to overall chip temperature, thus motivating the need for network thermal management. The characterization is based on an architectural thermal model we developed for on-chip networks that takes into account the thermal correlation between routers across the chip and factors in the thermal contribution of on-chip interconnects. Our thermal model is validated against finite-element based simulators for an actual chip with associated power measurements, with an average error of 5.3%. We next propose ThermalHerd, a distributed, collaborative run-time thermal management scheme for on-chip networks that uses distributed throttling and thermal-correlation based routing to tackle thermal emergencies. Our simulations show ThermalHerd effectively ensuring thermal safety with little performance impact. With Raw as our platform, we further show how our work can be extended to the analysis and management of entire on-chip systems, jointly considering both processors and networks.
A Statistical Model for Word Discovery in Transcribed Speech (2001)

A statistical model for segmentation and word discovery in continuous speech is presented. An incremental unsupervised learning algorithm to infer word boundaries based on this model is described. Results are also presented of empirical tests showing that the algorithm is competitive with other models that have been used for similar tasks.
Design and Implementation of Smart Home Based on Android (2015)

Modern smart home has secure, convenient, comfortable characteristics, and broad prospects. This article is designed and implemented based on Android smart home control system. The ARM9 of embedded operating system is used as a server, and Android smartphones as a client. The Key Technologies like components resources provided by Android, Socket Communications, SQLite database, and so on, which are used to design intelligent home control terminal software, 2.4G wireless technology used to set home interior local area network, achieve the intelligent home control systems. As it tested, the smart home system is stable, safe, reliable, easy to expand.
Characterization of signal polarization near 900 MHz in and on vehicles and within buildings (2002)

Dominantly horizontally polarized antennas are being used in hand-held devices operating near 900 MHz, and their performance when used to communicate with vertically polarized base station antennas is of great interest. An automated system was constructed to measure the received signal strength from 4 antennas: three orthogonally oriented dipole antennas, and a circularly polarized omni-directional antenna. Three sets of measurements were taken: one in a vehicular environment and two in building environments. Measurements were taken inside the front of a van and on the roof of the van. The indoor measurements were performed in a two story office building at varying heights while stationary and at a constant height while moving.
Discovery Signal Design and its Application to Peer-to-Peer Communications in OFDMA Cellular Networks (2013)

This paper proposes a unique discovery signal as an enabler of peer-to-peer (P2P) communication which overlays a cellular network and shares its resources. Applying P2P communication to cellular network has two key issues: 1. Conventional ad hoc P2P connections may be unstable since stringent resource and interference coordination is usually difficult to achieve for ad hoc P2P communications; 2. The large overhead required by P2P communication may offset its gain. We solve these two issues by using a special discovery signal to aid cellular network-supervised resource sharing and interference management between cellular and P2P connections. The discovery signal, which facilitates efficient neighbor discovery in a cellular system, consists of un-modulated tones transmitted on a sequence of OFDM symbols. This discovery signal not only possesses the properties of high power efficiency, high interference tolerance, and freedom from near-far effects, but also has minimal overhead. A practical discovery-signal-based P2P in an OFDMA cellular system is also proposed. Numerical results are presented which show the potential of improving local service and edge device performance in a cellular network.
Porotic Hyperostosis in the Eastern Mediterranean (1978)

Porotic hyperostosis is bone expansion caused by hypertrophy of blood-forming marrow. It usually affects the skull diploë in adults and the long bones, face, skull vault, and sometimes the trunk in children, often with some thinning and porosity in the cortex and even the formation of a double cortex (bone-in-bone) in severe infections. Excess formation of red cells in hematogenous marrow can come from sicklemia or thalassemia (especially in the homozygous form), from other hemolytic anemias including unusual blood defects like spherocytosis, and from iron deficiency anemia. Presumably hookworm, amebiasis and other dysenteries, endemic malaria, and even high-altitude anoxia can produce enough anemia to expand the bone marrow space in some people, though there is no detailed evidence for this.
Building and Testing Optimized Keyboards for Specific Text Entry (2006)

This research shows how to design optimized keyboards for many different situations. The approach should be useful for aviation, medical, industrial, and other specialized situations in which normal keyboard designs cannot be used.
On-chip high speed localized cooling using superlattice microrefrigerators (2006)

In this paper, we addressed heating problems in integrated circuits (ICs) and proposed a thin-film thermionic cooling solution using Si/SiGe superlattice microrefrigerators. We compared our technology with the current most common solution, thermoelectric coolers, by strengthening the advantages of its compatible fabrication process as ICs for easy integration, small footprint in the order of /spl sim/ 100/spl times/100 /spl mu/m/sup 2/, high cooling power density, 600W/cm/sup 2/ and fast transient response less than 40 /spl mu/s. The thermoreflectance imaging also demonstrated its localized cooling. All these features combined together to make these microrefrigerators a very promising application for on-chip temperature control, removing hot spots inside IC.
Modifications to the VAX-11/780 microarchitecture to support IEEE floating point arithmetic (1983)

The VAX-11/780 was designed specifically to implement the VAX architecture. As such, it does not support the IEEE standard for floating point arithmetic. A project was undertaken to provide this support by modifying the 11/780 microarchitecture. Our objective was to produce a microengine that would efficiently execute a modified VAX instruction set, in particular, one that executes VAX floating point instructions consistent with the IEEE standard. We made minimal changes to the 11/780 hardware, relying primarily on changes to the microcode. This paper describes the work of this project.
Real-time recording and classification of eye movements in an immersive virtual environment (2013)

Despite the growing popularity of virtual reality environments, few laboratories are equipped to investigate eye movements within these environments. This primer is intended to reduce the time and effort required to incorporate eye-tracking equipment into a virtual reality environment. We discuss issues related to the initial startup and provide algorithms necessary for basic analysis. Algorithms are provided for the calculation of gaze angle within a virtual world using a monocular eye-tracker in a three-dimensional environment. In addition, we provide algorithms for the calculation of the angular distance between the gaze and a relevant virtual object and for the identification of fixations, saccades, and pursuit eye movements. Finally, we provide tools that temporally synchronize gaze data and the visual stimulus and enable real-time assembly of a video-based record of the experiment using the Quicktime MOV format, available at http://sourceforge.net/p/utdvrlibraries/. This record contains the visual stimulus, the gaze cursor, and associated numerical data and can be used for data exportation, visual inspection, and validation of calculated gaze movements.