gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Delivery of Lyophilized Nell-1 in a Rat Spinal Fusion Model (2010)

Nell-1 (Nel-like molecule-1; Nel: protein strongly expressed in neural tissue containing epidermal growth factor-like domain) is a promising osteoblast-specific growth factor for osteoinductive therapies that may circumvent adverse effects, such as nonspecific function and ectopic bone formation, associated with more established osteogenic growth factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins. Beta-tricalcium phosphate (beta-TCP), an osteoconductive, biodegradable ceramic biomaterial, has been used successfully to deliver osteoinducers for bone regeneration. The aim of this study was to develop a carrier system for efficiently delivering biologically active Nell-1 protein. After a 40% initial burst release, beta-TCP particles retained the majority of adsorbed Nell-1 protein in vitro. To test this system in vivo, L4/L5 spinal fusion was performed in three groups of rats (n = 8 each): (1) 5 microg Nell-1 in beta-TCP/demineralized bone matrix putty (DBX); (2) 2.5 microg Nell-1 in beta-TCP/DBX; (3) beta-TCP/DBX only. Fusion was assessed by radiography, palpation, microcomputed tomography, and histological analysis. After 4 weeks, 75% of Nell-1-treated animals exhibited fusion, with a significant increase in new bone volume, whereas only 25% of Nell-free control animals exhibited fusion. Our findings suggest that beta-TCP/DBX can increase both the biochemical stability and biological efficiency of Nell-1 protein.
Comparison between intracytoplasmic sperm injection and in-vitro fertilization (IVF) with high insemination concentration after total fertilization failure in a previous IVF attempt (1999)

The aim of this prospective study was to evaluate whether couples with total fertilization failure in a previous in-vitro fertilization (IVF) attempt should be offered an additional IVF treatment with elevated insemination concentration or should be treated with intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). In 23 cycles 228 sibling metaphase II (MII) oocytes were randomly divided: 143 and 85 oocytes were utilized for ICSI and IVF respectively. Of the 143 injected (ICSI) oocytes, 90 (62.9%) were normally fertilized (two pronuclei), whereas 21 (14.7%) oocytes were damaged by the ICSI procedure. Of the fertilized oocytes 72 (80%) developed into transferable embryos. No fertilization at all was observed in the 85 sibling MII oocytes which were inseminated (P < 0.001). In all 23 cycles at least one embryo, obtained by ICSI, could be replaced. Eight pregnancies were achieved of which six resulted in the delivery of nine healthy children. In conclusion, for couples with no or almost no fertilization of oocytes in previous IVF attempts, ICSI appeared to be far superior to an additional IVF attempt with further elevated insemination concentrations.
Mouse steroid receptor coactivator-1 is not essential for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α-regulated gene expression (1999)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-dependent transcription factors, and it is assumed that the biological effects of these receptors depend on interactions with recently identified coactivators, including steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC-1). We assessed the in vivo function of SRC-1 on the PPARalpha-regulated gene expression in liver by generating mice in which the SRC-1 gene was inactivated by gene targeting. The homozygous (SRC-1(-/-)) mice were viable and fertile and exhibited no detectable gross phenotypic defects. When challenged with a PPARalpha ligand, such as ciprofibrate or Wy-14,643, the SRC-1(-/-) mice displayed typical pleiotropic responses, including hepatomegaly, peroxisome proliferation in hepatocytes, and increased mRNA and protein levels of genes that are regulated by PPARalpha. These alterations were indistinguishable from those exhibited by SRC-1(+/+) wild-type mice fed either ciprofibrate- or Wy-14, 643-containing diets. These results indicate that SRC-1 is not essential for PPARalpha-mediated transcriptional activation in vivo and suggest redundancy in nuclear receptor coactivators.
Generation of <i>ortho</i>-Quinone Methides by <i>p</i>-TsOH on Silica and Their Hetero-Diels−Alder Reactions with Styrenes (2009)

2-Arylchromans were readily prepared from the hetero-Diels-Alder reactions of styrenes with the ortho-quinone methides (o-QMs) which, in turn, were generated by treating the MOM-protected benzylacetate derivatives with p-TsOH immobilized on silica (PTS-Si) in toluene under mild conditions (0 degrees C to rt). The corresponding chromans were obtained in moderate to excellent yields (42-97%) and in moderate to excellent diastereoselectivity (up to >99:1).
Carbon-14 Dating in Pisa—II (1961)

Almost all radiocarbon measurements reported in the following list have been made with the same equipment and method used for the measurements reported in our previous work (Pisa-I). The sample used as contemporary standard for these samples is also charcoal obtained from Arbutus unedo wood grown near Pisa between 1948 and 1956. The value obtained from this standard has also been used for shell samples.
Asymmetric hydrogenation of ketones catalyzed by zeolite‐supported gelatin–Fe complex (2001)

Abstract Zeolite‐supported gelatin–iron complex (zeo–gelatin–Fe) was prepared from zeolite, gelatin and ferric chloride, and was found to be useful as a chiral catalyst for the asymmetric hydrogenation of some ketones to corresponding chiral alcohols, such as 2‐butanone to ( S )‐2‐butanol, acetophenone to ( R )‐1‐phenylethanol, diacetone alcohol to ( S )‐2‐methyl‐2,4‐pentane‐diol, 3‐methyl‐2‐butanone to ( R )‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanol and 4‐methyl‐2‐pentanone to ( R )‐4‐methyl‐2‐pentanol in 52–100% optical yields, respectively, at 20 ° C and under atmospheric hydrogen pressure. In the case of asymmetric hydrogenation of 3‐methyl‐2‐butanone to ( R )‐3‐methyl‐2‐butanol, when a proper content of iron in the zeo–gelatin–Fe complex and suitable reaction conditions were selected, the product and optical yields could be amounted to 80 and 100%, respectively, and the zeo–gelatin–Fe complex catalyst could be reused several times without remarkable change in the optical catalytic activity. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Advanced protein formulations (2015)

It is well recognized that protein product development is far more challenging than that for small-molecule drugs. The major challenges include inherent sensitivity to different types of stresses during the drug product manufacturing process, high rate of physical and chemical degradation during long-term storage, and enhanced aggregation and/or viscosity at high protein concentrations. In the past decade, many novel formulation concepts and technologies have been or are being developed to address these product development challenges for proteins. These concepts and technologies include use of uncommon/combination of formulation stabilizers, conjugation or fusion with potential stabilizers, site-specific mutagenesis, and preparation of nontraditional types of dosage forms-semiaqueous solutions, nonfreeze-dried solid formulations, suspensions, and other emerging concepts. No one technology appears to be mature, ideal, and/or adequate to address all the challenges. These gaps will likely remain in the foreseeable future and need significant efforts for ultimate resolution.
Compact Oxford English dictionary for university and college students (2006)

PREFACE GUIDE TO THE USE OF THE DICTIONARY COMPACT OXFORD ENGLISH DICTIONARY CENTRE SECTION: EFFECTIVE WRITING FOR COLLEGE AND CAREER
Acute Aquaresis by the Nonpeptide Arginine Vasopressin (AVP) Antagonist OPC-31260 Improves Hyponatremia in Patients with Syndrome of Inappropriate Secretion of Antidiuretic Hormone (SIADH) (1997)

The present study was undertaken to determine whether the non-peptide V2 arginine vasopressin (AVP) antagonist 5-dimethylamino- 1[4-(2-methylbenzoylamino)benzoyl]-2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1H-benzazepi ne hydrochloride (OPC-31260) produces water diuresis and improves hyponatremia in patients with the syndrome of inappropriate secretion of antidiuretic hormone (SIADH). Eleven patients (9 males and 2 females, 64 +/- 3.5 yr) with SIADH were included in the present protocol, which was comprised of 3 successive days. Day 1 was a control day, and on days 2 and 3 OPC-31260 was administered intravenously. Five blood and urine collections were made at 1-2 h intervals during the 6 h observation period each day. A single administration of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg OPC-31260 increased the 4 h cumulative urine volume and decreased urinary osmolality to below 225 mOsm/kg H2O. Such a diuretic effect was independent of an increase in urinary solute excretions. This aquaresis by 0.5 mg/kg OPC-31260 caused a significant increase in serum sodium level by approximately 3 mEq/L. The antagonistic effect of OPC-31260 lasted for 4 h when it was given intravenously. These results indicate that OPC-31260 is an effective therapeutic agent for hyponatremia in patients with SIADH.
Permutations by Interchanges (1963)

Methods for obtaining all possible permutations of a number of objects, in which each permutation differs from its predecessor only by the interchange of two of the objects, are discussed. Details of two programs which produce these permutations are given, one allowing a specified position to be filled by each of the objects in a predetermined order, the other needing the minimum of storage space in a computer.
Anti-GQ1b IgG antibody syndrome: clinical and immunological range (2001)

These findings together with the common autoantibody (anti-GQ1b IgG) suggest that a common autoimmune mechanism functions in the pathogenesis of these illnesses. In a larger study, it was confirmed clinically that MFS, GBS, BBE, and acute ophthalmoparesis are closely related, forming a continuous range. This is supported by the immunological findings. The term "anti-GQ1b IgG antibody syndrome" is not intended to be used as a clinical diagnosis, but recognition of this syndrome is useful for understanding the aetiological relation among the various illnesses and for introducing the established treatments of GBS for use with other conditions.
In Situ Observations of Carbon Nanotube Formation and Growth Process (2003)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) were dramatically novel nanoscale materials when they were first discovered in 1991 by Iijima using a carbon arc discharge process. 1 A number of CNTs, differing both in structure (arm-chair, zig-zag and chiral) and layer thickness (e.g. multiwall, double wall and single wall) have been identified. They, specially single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), have since become one of the most sought out materials for nanotechnology due to their remarkable magnetic, electronic and mechanical properties. Recently, catalytic chemical vapor deposition (CVD) 2,3 has been found to provide a more controlled, near-equilibrium route to both multi wall and single wall carbon nanotubes (MWCNT and SWCNT respectively) structures. Unfortunately, synthesis of a single phase of any one type of CNT is still difficult. For the first time, a modified Phillips 430 environmental transmission electron (ETEM) 4 , operated at 200 KV is employed for insitu observations of CVD reaction conditions and growth mechanisms of carbon nanotubes (CNT).
SMAFTI packaging technology for new interconnect hierarchy (2009)

We have developed a 3-D packaging technology called SMAFTI (SMArt chip connection with FeedThrough Interposer), which enables the implementation of a new memory/logic-interconnect hierarchy. Through experiments, we were able to confirm practical performance of this technology. We implemented a new die bonding process and the multilayer interconnect technology to form over a thousand parallel interconnects between memory and logic dies. Implementation of the new process was achieved with high productivity and low process costs. We characterized the interlaminar horizontal wiring by S-parameter measurement up to 40 GHz and confirmed its potential for high-speed signal transmission at over 10 Gb/s.
Production of a banana (Musa cavendishii) extract containing no polyphenol oxidase by ultrafiltration (1999)

The objective of this research was the production of a banana extract containing no polyphenol oxidase by ultrafiltration. Banana juice was extracted after inhibition of polyphenol oxidase using a solution containing 0.15 g per 100 ml of sodium metabisulphite and 1 g per 100 ml of ascorbic acid in distilled water to avoid initial browning. Polyphenol oxidase was then retained by ultrafiltration using polysulphone membranes with a cut-off of 20 kDaltons. Two transmembrane pressures, 600 and 800 kPa, were used but 600 kPa was preferred because of the more stable permeate flux which decreased less with time and concentration of extract. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
Binding of cyclic nucleotides to phosphodiesterase 10A and 11A GAF domains does not stimulate catalytic activity (2009)

To date eleven human PDE (3',5'-cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase) families have been identified. Of these, five families contain non-catalytic tandem GAF (cGMP-specific and -stimulated phosphodiesterases, Anabaena adenylate cyclases and Escherichia coli FhlA) domains, GAFa and GAFb, in the N-terminal part of the enzyme. For PDE2A, PDE5A and PDE6 the GAF domains have been shown to bind cGMP with high affinity. For PDE2A and PDE5A this ligand binding has been shown to stimulate the catalytic activity of the enzyme. PDE10A and PDE11A are the two most recently described PDEs and it has been suggested that their GAF domains bind to cAMP and cGMP respectively. We have developed a scintillation proximity-based assay to directly measure cyclic nucleotide binding to the PDE2A, PDE10A and PDE11A GAF domains, and in the present study we demonstrate binding of cyclic nucleotides to the PDE10A and PDE11A GAF domains. We show that these non-catalytic sites bind cAMP and cGMP respectively with much higher affinity than has previously been suggested using indirect assessment of the interaction. The GAFb domain of PDE10A binds cAMP with a Kd of 48 nM and the GAFa domain of PDE11A binds cGMP with a Kd of 110 nM. The effect of cyclic nucleotides binding to the GAF domains on the enzyme activity was investigated through the use of modified cyclic nucleotides. In contrast with other GAF domain-containing PDEs, and with what has previously been predicted, ligand binding to the GAF domains of PDE10A and PDE11A does not stimulate catalytic activity.
Interferon-γ induced type I nitric oxide synthase activity inhibits viral replication in neurons (1996)

Type I NOS expression increases in OB neurons during VSV infection. Immunocytochemical staining of NB41A3 cells indicates constitutive expression of interferon (IFN)-gamma receptor and type I NOS. IFN-gamma treatment of NB41A3 cells increased NO production and type I NOS protein. In vitro replication of VSV, polio virus type I, and Herpes Simplex virus type I (HSV-1) is significantly inhibited by IFN-gamma induced type I NOS and antagonized by NOS inhibitors. In contrast, while IFN-gamma treatment inhibited influenza and Sindbis virus replication, a different pathway(s) was involved. The isoform-selective NOS inhibitor. 7-nitroindazole (7NI) was used to treat mice, resulting in a 10-fold higher titer of virus in brain homogenates, and abrogated the recovery-promoting effect of interleukin-12 treatment. Thus, IFN-gamma induced type I NOS activity may play an important role in host immunity against neurotropic viral infections.
Runtime Support for Advanced Component Concepts (2007)

Component-based development has become a recognized technique for building large scale distributed applications. Although the maturity of this technique, there appears to be quite a significant gap between (a) component systems that are rich in advanced features (e.g., component nesting, software connectors, versioning, dynamic architectures), but which have typically only poor or even no runtime support, and (b) component systems with a solid runtime support, but which typically possess only a limited set of the advanced features. In our opinion, this is mainly due to the difficulties that arise when trying to give proper semantics to the features and reify them in development tools and an runtime platform. In this paper, we describe the implementation of the runtime environment for the SOFA 2.0 component model. In particular, we focus on the runtime support of the advanced features mentioned above. The described issues and the solution are not specific only to SOFA 2.0, but they are general and applicable to any other component system aiming at addressing such features.
Selective Photocatalytic Disinfection by Coupling StrepMiniSog to the Antibody Catalyzed Water Oxidation Pathway (2016)

For several decades reactive oxygen species have been applied to water quality engineering and efficient disinfection strategies; however, these methods are limited by disinfection byproduct and catalyst-derived toxicity concerns which could be improved by selectively targeting contaminants of interest. Here we present a targeted photocatalytic system based on the fusion protein StrepMiniSOG that uses light within the visible spectrum to produce reactive oxygen species at a greater efficiency than current photosensitizers, allowing for shorter irradiation times from a fully biodegradable photocatalyst. The StrepMiniSOG photodisinfection system is unable to cross cell membranes and like other consumed proteins, can be degraded by endogenous digestive enzymes in the human gut, thereby reducing the consumption risks typically associated with other disinfection agents. We demonstrate specific, multi-log removal of Listeria monocytogenes from a mixed population of bacteria, establishing the StrepMiniSOG disinfection system as a valuable tool for targeted pathogen removal, while maintaining existing microbial biodiversity.
Polymer Analysis by Micro-Scale Size-Exclusion Chromatography/MALDI Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry with a Robotic Interface (1998)

Polydisperse synthetic polymers cannot be characterized reliably by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI MS) alone. Coupling of size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) with MALDI MS provides both absolute mass calibration of the SEC column based on the polymer itself and determination of monomers and end groups from the mass spectra. Now a micro-scale SEC (μSEC) system has been developed in which the MALDI matrix solution is coaxially added to the column effluent and directly spotted onto the MALDI targets in a robotic interface. Each spot corresponds with a 10-s elution window from the μSEC column, thus yielding a narrow polymer distribution which is amenable to characterization by MALDI MS. This μSEC/MALDI MS system is less laborious and time-consuming and features very low solvent consumption and reduced solvent emission during the evaporation step as compared to the conventional-sized SEC/fraction collector systems applied in the past. The performance is demonstrated by the characterization of a polybisphenol A carbonate and a complex dipropoxylated bisphenol A/adipic acid/isophthalic acid copolyester resin.
Recovery Problems in Gold Ore Processing with Emphasis on Heap Leaching (1989)

The present paper briefly describes the methods of gold ore processing and the associated problems are grouped into mineralogical, chemical and physical. The processing of low grade gold ores by heap leaching is an important technological development. But a major drawback in heap leaching process is low recovery of the precious metals. The problems that generally lead to a low gold recovery and the possible solutions are discussed.
Indicator dilution measurements of extravascular lung water: basic assumptions and observations (2008)

Since they were introduced more than five decades ago, a variety of single-pass indicator, thermal, and osmotic dilution approaches have been developed for detecting and measuring excess fluid in the lungs. This brief review discusses why studies of the extravascular lung water (EVLW) continue to intrigue physiologists and clinicians and the likelihood that they will become sufficiently reliable for more widespread use. Emphasis is placed on the basic assumptions that underlie these measurements and limitations imposed by the nature of the data that are collected. A distinction is made between approaches that are based on compartmental models of solute and water exchange and those that represent extensions of more conventional washout procedures, which have been utilized extensively for measurements of gas volumes in the lungs. Although the compartmental approach has been used to simplify indicator dilution studies by eliminating the need for a vascular indicator, it is based on assumptions that may not be realistic. Early recirculation inevitably limits the period in which observations can be made and impairs detection of those portions of the lungs with decreased perfusion. These general principles are also used to develop a new method of analyzing osmotic transient studies. A short account is given of EVLW observations that have been made in animals and humans. Both the sensitivity and specificity of EVLW measurements in humans are uncertain, and the normal clinical range of EVLW remains in doubt.
Multi‐criteria evaluation and least‐cost path analysis for optimal haulage routing of dump trucks in large scale open‐pit mines (2008)

A new raster‐based GIS model that combines multi‐criteria evaluation and least‐cost path analysis was developed to determine the optimal haulage routes of dump trucks in large scale open‐pit mines. The model logic can consider multiple criteria simultaneously (i.e. speed, water body, ore body, curve, visibility, haul road maintenance) and can rate the adverse factor scores of truck movement using fuzzy membership functions. After establishing the weights of five factors by pairwise comparisons, the average adverse score grid can be generated by the weighted linear combination of factor and constraint scores. New software, called Dump Traveler, was implemented to improve the availability of the developed model. An application to the Roto South pit in the Pasir open‐pit coal mine, Indonesia, showed that the software can provide rational solutions to determine the optimal routes on truck haulage operations. Moreover, the layout of available haul roads can be evaluated to consider the trade‐off between road maintenance costs and the potential for traffic jams. Variations of weights for factors were found to be sensitive to the optimal haulage routes determined by least‐cost path analysis. The software provides both optimal routes on truck haulage operations and approximately estimated travel times along the routes, therefore it can support other truck dispatching software that mainly considers scheduling problems.