gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vaccination with<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>fibrinogen binding proteins (FgBPs) reduces colonisation of<i>S. aureus</i>in a mouse mastitis model (1994)

A mouse mastitis model was used to study the effect of vaccination with fibrinogen binding proteins and collagen binding protein from Staphylococcus aureus against challenge infection with S. aureus. The mice vaccinated with fibrinogen binding proteins showed reduced rates of mastitis compared with controls. Gross examination of challenged mammary glands of mice showed that the glands of mice immunized with fibrinogen binding proteins developed mild intramammary infection or had no pathological changes compared with glands from control mice. Histopathological examination of tissue sections from challenged glands showed that most glands from mice vaccinated with fibrinogen binding protein developed disseminated necrosis or had no pathological changes. A significantly reduced number of bacteria could be recovered in the glands from mice immunized with fibrinogen binding proteins as compared with controls. In a similar study, immunization of mice with collagen binding protein did not induce protection against challenge infection with S. aureus.
Anionic polymerization. Mechanism of methyl methacrylate polymerizations initiated by metal amides in liquid ammonia (1960)

Abstract Polymerizations of methyl methacrylate initiated by potassium and sodium amides in liquid ammonia solution proceed extremely rapidly even at low temperatures. The resulting polymers have relatively narrow molecular weight distributions M̄ v /M̄ n ∼ 1.5 and, unlike polymers of styrene prepared similarly, do not contain terminal amine groups. The molecular weight of poly(methyl methacrylate) prepared with potassium amide is independent of the monomer concentration and of the concentrations of potassium amide, potassium ion, and amide ion. The absence of terminal amine groups suggests that methoxide ion, produced by 1,2‐addition of amide ion to the monomer, is the actual initiating species. The substantial absence of a termination step is indicated by the narrow distribution of molecular weights. Several minor variations of this general reaction sequence may give the experimentally observed independence of molecular weight on reactant concentrations. One such modification is considered by way of illustration, although final selection of a detailed mechanism is not possible on the basis of the present results.
A Power-Efficient Clock and Data Recovery Circuit in 0.18 $\mu{\hbox {m}}$ CMOS Technology for Multi-Channel Short-Haul Optical Data Communication (2007)

This paper studies the specifications of gated-oscillator-based clock and data recovery circuits (GO CDRs) designed for short haul optical data communication systems. Jitter tolerance (JTOL) and frequency tolerance (FTOL) are analyzed and modeled as two main design parameters for the proposed topology to explore the main tradeoffs in design of low-power GO CDRs. Based on this approach, a top-down design methodology is presented to implement a low-power CDR unit while the JTOL and FTOL requirements of the system are simultaneously satisfied. Using standard digital 0.18 mum CMOS technology, an 8-channel CDR system has been realized consuming 4.2 mW/Gb/s/channel and occupying a silicon area of 0.045 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /channel, with the total aggregate data bit rate of 20 Gb/s. The measured FTOL is plusmn3.5% and no error was detected for a 2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">31</sup> -1 pseudo-random bit stream (PRBS) input data for 30 minutes, meaning that the bit error rate (BER) is smaller than 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-12</sup> . Meanwhile, a shared-PLL (phase-locked loop) with a wide tuning range and compensated loop gain has been introduced to tune the center frequency of all CDR channels to the desired value.
Antimicrobial activity of bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides on Mycoplasma bovis (2018)

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are a diverse group of molecules which play an important role in the innate immune response. Bovine NK-lysins, a type of AMP, have been predominantly found in the granules of cytotoxic T-lymphocytes and NK-cells. Bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides demonstrate antimicrobial activity against various bacterial pathogens, including several involved in bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) in cattle; however, such studies are yet to be performed with one important contributor to the BRDC, Mycoplasma bovis. Therefore, the goal of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of bovine NK-lysin-derived peptides on M. bovis. Thirty-mer synthetic peptides corresponding to the functional region helices 2 and 3 of bovine NK-lysins NK1, NK2A, NK2B, and NK2C were evaluated for killing activity on M. bovis isolates. Among four peptides, NK2A and NK2C showed the highest antimicrobial activity against the M. bovis isolates tested. All four NK-lysin peptides induced rapid plasma membrane depolarization in M. bovis at two concentrations tested. However, based on propidium iodide uptake, only NK2A and NK2C appeared capable of causing structural damage to M. bovis plasma membrane. Confocal microscopy, flow cytometry, and transmission electron microscopy further suggested NK-lysin-induced damage to the plasma membrane. Taken together, the findings in this study suggest that plasma membrane depolarization alone was insufficient to induce lethality, but disruption/permeabilization of the M. bovis plasma membrane was the cause of lethality.
Aperture-coupled quarter-wave microstrip antenna (2002)

The design of a quarter-wave aperture-coupled microstrip antenna, which has the advantages of compactness and simplicity in the feeding structure, is presented. The aperture-coupled feed with a shorting pin reduces the size of the antenna to less than half the size of conventional microstrip antennas. Thus, it is suitable for applications where only a limited area is available for the installation of the antenna.
Reactions of Neopentyl 2,2,2,‐Trifluoroethanesulfonate (Tresylate) with Nucleophiles: A Model Study for the Coupling of Nucleophiles with Tresyl Agarose (1995)

Is it prudent to compare homogeneous and heterogeneous phase reactions? One side of this discussion on the reactivity of certain tresylates to nucleophiles such as butylamine and butanethiol says “Yes”, but the other says “Not always”.
Vertical-vibration control of elevator using estimated car acceleration feedback compensation (2000)

In this paper, a vibration suppression strategy is proposed for improving the riding comfort of an elevator, using car acceleration feedback compensation. The vertical vibration of a lift car is mainly caused by the resonance of elastic ropes between the car and the sheave, and the resonant frequency of the system is dependent upon both passenger load and lift position. To suppress the vibration of a lift car, the car velocity or acceleration is needed, but only a sheave velocity is measurable in a practical situation. The proposed method applies an extended full-order observer for the simultaneous estimation of car acceleration and the identification of mechanical parameters. Acceleration feedback compensation is used for the vibration suppression control. Experimental evaluation has been performed with a 30 kVA insulated gate bipolar transistor inverter and a medium-speed elevator system in an elevator test tower. Computer simulated and experimental results prove the feasibility of the proposed vertical-vibration controller.
Chemically Induced Destabilization of Water-in-Crude Oil Emulsions (2004)

The effect of systematic changes in the structure of chemicals commonly used in demulsification operations (alkylphenol polyalkoxylated resins and polyurethanes) on the stability and properties of brine-in-crude oil emulsions was assessed experimentally. The relative rates of water separation were characterized via bottle tests and rheometry. Equilibrium interfacial tensions were also measured. Transient changes in drop size distributions were quantified using nuclear magnetic resonance. The phenolic resins promoted coalescence of droplets. Optimum performance was obtained with resins exhibiting intermediate hydrophilicity in a manner consistent with the condition of least emulsion stability for conventional oil−water−surfactant systems. In contrast, polyurethanes promoted flocculation but only slow coalescence. The performance of polyurethanes improved with increase of molecular weight. Phenolic resins and polyurethanes acted synergistically when added simultaneously, rendering water separation rates significantly higher than those observed when they were used individually. Polyurethanes aided sedimentation of water at moderate concentrations (ca. 200 ppm) by “bridging” nearby droplets, but they retarded coalescence when added at significantly higher concentrations, even when phenolic resins were present. Plausible mechanisms for demulsification that are consistent with these findings are proposed and discussed.
Considerations on the structure and biochemistry of bacterial polyhydroxyalkanoic acid inclusions (1995)

Some mathematical calculations were done that provided information about the structure and biochemistry of polyhydroxyalkanoic acid (PHA) granules and about the amounts of the different constituents that contribute to the PHA granules. The data obtained from these calculations are compared with data from the literature, which show that PHA granules consist not only of the polyester but also of phospholipids and proteins. The latter are referred to as granule-associated proteins, and they are always located at the surface of the PHA granules. A concept is proposed that distinguishes four classes of structurally and functionally different granule-associated proteins: (i) class I comprises the PHA synthases, which catalyze the formation of ester linkages between the constituents; (ii) class II comprises the PHA depolymerases, which are responsible for the intracellular degradation of PHA, (iii) class III comprises a new type of protein, which is referred to as phasins and which has most probably a function analogous to that of oleosins in oilseed plants, and (iv) class IV comprises all other proteins, which have been found to be associated with the granules but do not belong to classes I-III. Particular emphasis is placed on the phasins, which constitute a significant fraction of the total cellular protein. Phasins are assumed to form a close protein layer at the surface of the granules, providing the interface between the hydrophilic cytoplasm and the much more hydrophobic core of the PHA inclusion.
Multi-User Preemptive Scheduling For Critical Low Latency Communications in 5G Networks (2018)

5G new radio is envisioned to support three major service classes: enhanced mobile broadband (eMBB), ultra-reliable low-latency communications (URLLC), and massive machine type communications. Emerging URLLC services require up to one millisecond of communication latency with 99.999% success probability. Though, there is a fundamental trade-off between system spectral efficiency (SE) and achievable latency. This calls for novel scheduling protocols which cross-optimize system performance on user-centric; instead of network-centric basis. In this paper, we develop a joint multi-user preemptive scheduling strategy to simultaneously cross-optimize system SE and URLLC latency. At each scheduling opportunity, available URLLC traffic is always given higher priority. When sporadic URLLC traffic appears during a transmission time interval (TTI), proposed scheduler seeks for fitting the URLLC-eMBB traffic in a multi-user transmission. If the available spatial degrees of freedom are limited within a TTI, the URLLC traffic instantly overwrites part of the ongoing eMBB transmissions to satisfy the URLLC latency requirements, at the expense of minimal eMBB throughput loss. Extensive dynamic system level simulations show that proposed scheduler provides significant performance gain in terms of eMBB SE and URLLC latency.
Development of a Real-Time Fast Neutron Imaging Telescope (FNIT) for the Detection of SNM (2008)

We describe the development, testing and performance of a Fast Neutron Imaging Telescope (FNIT) with the capability of detecting and composing real-time images of a neutron source. A key signature unique to Special Nuclear Material (SNM) is the emission of fission neutrons. An efficient neutron detector that is sensitive to neutrons in the energy range of 1-10 MeV and with imaging capability represents a key tool for the interdiction of smuggling of clandestine amounts of SNM into the country. A small, modular, organic liquid scintillator detector - initially developed at the University of New Hampshire to study solar neutrons - has been tailored to locate fission neutron sources in homeland security applications. The principle of detection is based on multiple elastic neutron-proton scattering. By measuring the interaction locations and the recoil proton energies, we can determine the direction and energy spectrum of the primary neutron flux along with the location of the neutron source. Key parameters determined in the laboratory thus far have been an energy (trigger) threshold of 200 keV (proton equivalent) and a 5° (σ) angular resolution across a broad energy range. This paper outlines the most recent results on instrument development, the FNIT detector's response to SNM and real-time neutron imaging development.
Feature extraction algorithm for beef marbling (2003)

Proposes a feature extraction algorithm for automatically grading beef marbling. Considering the practical usage of a beef marbling grading support system, the feature extraction algorithm for beef marbling that can precisely identify the distribution of fat particles and the fat contents must be designed to be simple and robust for actual use. From the results of our experiments, the usefulness and appropriateness of using run length histogram quantized data as the feature quantities for the grading of beef marbling has been confirmed.
Controlling surface plasmons on metallodielectric photonic crystals (1998)

Summary form only given. Any metal surface will support surface plasmons, or surface waves. These are waves that are evanescent in both the metal and the air, and are confined to the interface between the two media. They cannot propagate into the conductive metal, yet they cannot escape into the air due to total internal reflection. Surface modes occur over a broad range of frequencies spanning from DC up to a cutoff frequency, usually in the ultraviolet. They play an unfortunate role at microwave frequencies, where they can cause unwanted losses in antennas, due to radiation along the surface of the metal ground plane. However, it is possible to create bandgaps in the surface modes using the principles of photonic crystals. This has already been demonstrated at optical frequencies using corrugated silver films. With the advent of wide bandgap, metallodielectric photonic crystals, it is possible to engineer the surface, and eliminate the surface modes over a range of microwave frequencies. In effect, the photonic crystal serves as an artificial metal, capable of filling the role of an antenna ground plane, without the unwanted surface modes.
Isoenzymes of <i>p</i>‐Coumarate: CoA Ligase from Cell Suspension Cultures of <i>Glycine max</i> (1975)

Two isoenzymes of p-coumarate: CoA ligase were isolated from cell suspension cultures of soybean (Glycine max L., var. Mandarin). Separation and partial purification of the enzymes were achieved by precipitation with MnCl2 and (NH4)2SO4, and column chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, Sephadex G-100 and hydroxyapatite. The isoenzymes had approximately the same molecular weight, but differed significantly with respect to their substrate specificity, their inhibition constants for AMP, their dependence on pH and ionic strength for optimum activity, and their fractionation pattern during the purification procedure or upon analytical disc-gel electrophoresis. Both coumarate: CoA ligases were specific for the activation of various substituted cinnamic acids. Of the cinnamic acids tested, ferulic, sinapic, 5-hydroxyferulic, p-coumaric, and caffeic acids were the substrates with the lowest apparent Km values (on all the order of 1 to 4 x 10(-5) M) for isoenzyme 1. The lowest apparent Km values (from about 1 to 9 x 10(-5) M) for isoenzyme 2 were obtained for caffeic, p-coumaric, m-coumaric, and o-coumaric acids. Sinapic acid and several methoxycinnamic acids were efficient substrates of isoenzyme 1 but were not activated at all by isoenzyme 2. The possible roles of the two p-coumarate: CoA ligase isoenzymes in the phenylpropanoid metabolism of the cell cultures are discussed.
Density Estimation, from Nonparametric Econometrics: Theory and Practice (2006)

Until recently, students and researchers in nonparametric and semiparametric statistics and econometrics have had to turn to the latest journal articles to keep pace with these emerging methods of economic analysis. Nonparametric Econometrics fills a major gap by gathering together the most up-to-date theory and techniques and presenting them in a remarkably straightforward and accessible format. The empirical tests, data, and exercises included in this textbook help make it the ideal introduction for graduate students and an indispensable resource for researchers. Nonparametric and semiparametric methods have attracted a great deal of attention from statisticians in recent decades. While the majority of existing books on the subject operate from the presumption that the underlying data is strictly continuous in nature, more often than not social scientists deal with categorical data--nominal and ordinal--in applied settings. The conventional nonparametric approach to dealing with the presence of discrete variables is acknowledged to be unsatisfactory. This book is tailored to the needs of applied econometricians and social scientists. Qi Li and Jeffrey Racine emphasize nonparametric techniques suited to the rich array of data types--continuous, nominal, and ordinal--within one coherent framework. They also emphasize the properties of nonparametric estimators in the presence of potentially irrelevant variables.
Creators, Destroyers, and a Judge: Infanticide and Puerperal Insanity in Victorian English Courts (2012)

notes in her article. 2 The disease was greatly feared among patients and their doctors, as treatment was often ambiguous. 3 It was this anxiety toward the medical condition that created the anxious nature from which puerperal mania was conceptualized. 4 In the current body of work, the connection between puerperal insanity, infanticide and medico-legal verdicts is weak.At times, there are strong links between two out of the three, but the clear cause-andeffect connection is not established.This paper will examine the perception of mother's mental health through infanticide verdicts.As cases from 1829 -1913 show, the link between madness and culpability troubled the courts as they struggled to balance punishment with mercy.As a whole, the English judicial system was much more lenient towards women at this time compared to other country's judicial systems.However, this was not due to a general compassion or understanding of women's situations.Instead, these verdicts were determined by a social medico-legal understanding.The verdicts that make up this eighty-four year period case survey represent the influence of a social conception of female 2 Christine Hallett, "The Attempt to Understand Puerperal Fever in
Thermal stability of graft modifications of PVC and related materials (1975)

Abstract The grafting of polyisobutylene and polybutadiene onto PVC by use of alkylaluminum compounds gives graft copolymers which are superior in thermal stability to unmodified PVC as determined by dehydrochlorination measurements at a low degree of decomposition. The alkylation of toluene with PVC also exhibits high heat stability. The improved thermal stability observed for the modified samples is ascribed to the existence of an induction period and/or lower dehydrochlorination rates. PVC grafted with polybutadiene in the absence of cobalt cocatalyst exhibits autocatalytic behavior and is less stable than the unmodified PVC.
Electrically conductive adhesives: a prospective alternative for SMD soldering? (1995)

Conductive adhesives offer a new prospective way for electrical connection of SMD components to printed circuit boards, because of their lower possible curing temperature, fine pitch capability, higher flexibility than solder, and process simplicity. However, the long-term behavior of conductive adhesive joints under various climatic conditions shows large variations with the type of adhesive and metallization used and needs further clarification. In this paper electrical and mechanical behavior of conductive adhesives are discussed for bonding R 1206 jumpers with SnPb or AgPd terminations on bare copper, SnPb or Au plated boards, both directly after bonding and after climate testing (damp heat, hot storage, and rapid change of temperature). The influence of the component terminations is found to be dominant. AgPd terminations show only small increase in contact resistance. Processing characteristics, shrinkage and moisture uptake for some of the adhesives also were determined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Glycolaldehyde Monomer and Oligomer Equilibria in Aqueous Solution: Comparing Computational Chemistry and NMR Data (2013)

A computational protocol utilizing density functional theory calculations, including Poisson-Boltzmann implicit solvent and free energy corrections, is applied to study the thermodynamic and kinetic energy landscape of glycolaldehyde in solution. Comparison is made to NMR measurements of dissolved glycolaldehyde, where the initial dimeric ring structure interconverts among several species before reaching equilibrium where the hydrated monomer is dominant. There is good agreement between computation and experiment for the concentrations of all species in solution at equilibrium, that is, the calculated relative free energies represent the system well. There is also relatively good agreement between the calculated activation barriers and the estimated rate constants for the hydration reaction. The computational approach also predicted that two of the trimers would have a small but appreciable equilibrium concentration (>0.005 M), and this was confirmed by NMR measurements. Our results suggest that while our computational protocol is reasonable and may be applied to quickly map the energy landscape of more complex reactions, knowledge of the caveats and potential errors in this approach need to be taken into account.
Physisorption of Hydrogen on Microporous Carbon and Carbon Nanotubes (1998)

We have investigated the storage capability of microporous carbon materials for gaseous hydrogen both theoretically and experimentally. In the grand canonical Monte Carlo calculation the hydrogen molecules are physisorbed by van der Waals interactions with the surface atoms of carbon slitpores and carbon nanotubes. At room temperature the optimum pore geometry is a slitpore consisting of two graphite platelets separated by a distance that corresponds approximately to two times the diameter of a hydrogen molecule. In this case for a storage pressure of 10 MPa a maximum adsorbed hydrogen density of 14 kg/m3 can be reached, which corresponds to a gravimetric storage capacity of 1.3 wt %. Only for low gas pressure a cylindrical geometry like that in carbon nanotubes can exceed the storage density of carbon slitpores owing to capillary forces.