gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Human T lymphocytes and hematopoietic cell lines express CD24- associated carbohydrate epitopes in the absence of CD24 mRNA or protein (1996)

The CD24 surface antigen is a small glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored glycoprotein found on human granulocytes and most B lymphocytes. Many CD24 monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) have been described that identify several epitopes, with the majority of them related to carbohydrate structures associated with the CD24 molecule. Considerable variation has been observed in the apparent tissue distribution of the CD24 antigen depending on the MoAb used, and hence the CD24 epitope studied. In this study, CD24 expression by human cell lines and normal hematopoietic call populations was assessed using a panel of carbohydrate and protein core-specific CD24 MoAbs and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis. A number of CD24 carbohydrate epitope-reactive MoAbs bound to both T lymphocytes and several hematopoietic cell lines, despite the absence of concomitant CD24 mRNA or detectable surface CD24 core protein in the same cells. This additional CD24 MoAb reactivity on T lymphocytes was, in common with that observed on granulocytes (CD24 protein+), specifically inhibited by the presence of both sialyllactose and mucin. Similarly, the binding of carbohydrate epitops-reactive CD24 MoAb was reduced on both T lymphocytes and granulocytes by pretreatment with phospholipase C, pronase, or neuraminidase. Together, the data indicate that a number of CD24-associated carbohydrate epitopes have a broader tissue distribution than the CD24 protein and are expressed on additional GPI-linked molecule(s). These findings have immediate implications for both leukemia phenotyping and attempts to examine CD24 function with CD24 MoAb.
Novel Electrodes for Underwater ECG Monitoring (2014)

We have developed hydrophobic electrodes that provide all morphological waveforms without distortion of an ECG signal for both dry and water-immersed conditions. Our electrode is comprised of a mixture of carbon black powder (CB) and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). For feasibility testing of the CB/PDMS electrodes, various tests were performed. One of the tests included evaluation of the electrode-to-skin contact impedance for different diameters, thicknesses, and different pressure levels. As expected, the larger the diameter of the electrodes, the lower the impedance and the difference between the large sized CB/PDMS and the similarly-sized Ag/AgCl hydrogel electrodes was at most 200 kΩ, in favor of the latter. Performance comparison of CB/PDMS electrodes to Ag/AgCl hydrogel electrodes was carried out in three different scenarios: a dry surface, water immersion, and postwater immersion conditions. In the dry condition, no statistical differences were found for both the temporal and spectral indices of the heart rate variability analysis between the CB/PDMS and Ag/AgCl hydrogel (p > 0.05) electrodes. During water immersion, there was significant ECG amplitude reduction with CB/PDMS electrodes when compared to wet Ag/AgCl electrodes kept dry by their waterproof adhesive tape, but the reduction was not severe enough to obscure the readability of the recordings, and all morphological waveforms of the ECG signal were discernible even when motion artifacts were introduced. When water did not penetrate tape-wrapped Ag/AgCl electrodes, high fidelity ECG signals were observed. However, when water penetrated the Ag/AgCl electrodes, the signal quality degraded to the point where ECG morphological waveforms were not discernible.
Deep-UV materials (2018)

Abstract Materials with high deep-ultraviolet (DUV; λ<300 nm) transmission are important for many industrial applications. Fluoride single crystals and various glasses, pure SiO 2 , fluoride, phosphate, multicomponent silicates, and organic materials (PMMA), were investigated. The role of intrinsic absorption (UV edge) due to electron transitions between the main components, and extrinsic absorption due to trace impurities, effect of polyvalent ions, redox behavior, and radiation-induced transmission loss were considered. The optical basicity and optical properties were used to order the materials.
Antigen Delivered by Anthrax Lethal Toxin Induces the Development of Memory CD8 <sup>+</sup> T Cells That Can Be Rapidly Boosted and Display Effector Functions (2007)

Memory CD8+ T cells are essential for protective immunity against many intracellular pathogens; therefore, stimulation of this population of cells is an important goal of vaccination. We have previously shown that a detoxified derivative of Bacillus anthracis anthrax lethal toxin (LT) can deliver heterologous CD8+ T-cell epitopes to the major histocompatibility complex class I processing and presentation pathway of murine host cells and that immunization of mice with these LT-antigen fusion proteins leads to the induction of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells. In this report we extend these findings to include a detailed characterization of the phenotypic and functional properties of the T cells stimulated by the LT-based system. We found that after an initial period of expansion and contraction, antigen-specific CD8+ T cells differentiated into a pool of memory cells that produced gamma interferon and displayed in vivo cytotoxic activity. The transition to memory cells appeared to be quite rapid based on an analysis of the phenotypic marker CD127 and the effectiveness of a booster immunization administered early after the initial immunization. We also investigated the composition of the memory T-cell pool induced by this system and found that while one immunization induced a mixture of effector memory T cells (CD62Llow) and central memory T cells (CD62Lhigh), a second immunization preferentially elevated the effector memory T-cell frequency. Finally, we demonstrated that mice that received prime-boost immunizations of LT-antigen proteins were more protected in a Listeria monocytogenes challenge model than mice that received only one immunization.
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetics and the Dermal Absorption of 2-Butoxyethanol Vapor by Humans (1997)

It has generally been assumed that the skin contributes only minor amounts to the total uptake of solvent vapors, relative to the respiratory tract. Contrary to this assumption, the widely used glycol ether solvent, 2-butoxyethanol (BE), has been reported to be more effectively absorbed through the skin (75% of the total uptake) than through the lungs of humans (Johanson and Boman, 1991, Br. J. lad. Med. 48, 788). The possibility that the finger prick blood sampling technique used in the Johanson and Boman study was confounded by locally high concentrations of BE at the site of absorption was suggested using a previously developed PBPK model (Corley et al., 1994, Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol. 129, 61). The current study was conducted to verify the PBPK analysis and to determine whether or not the skin was the major site for absorption of BE vapor by exposing one arm from each of six human volunteers to 50 ppm 13C2-BE vapor for 2 hr. To evaluate the potential consequences of blood sampling techniques, samples were taken from both the unexposed arm (catheter; during and after exposure) and the exposed arm (finger prick; end of the exposure only) for analysis of both BE and its major metabolite, butoxyacetic acid (BAA). Butoxyacetic acid is responsible for the hemolysis observed in toxicity studies with laboratory animals. Humans, however, are significantly less sensitive to this effect. The concentration of BE in the finger prick blood samples averaged 1500 times higher than the corresponding concentration in venous blood sampled from a catheter installed in the unexposed arm at the end of the exposure. Blood BAA levels were generally within a factor of 4 of each other for the two techniques and, therefore, was considered a better indicator of systemic absorption. Urine was collected for 24 hr and analyzed for the following metabolites found in rat metabolism studies: free and conjugated BE, BAA, ethylene glycol (EG), and glycolic acid (GA), with only BAA detected in the human urine. More importantly, urinary BAA was found to be extensively conjugated (∼67%) with glutamine, confirming recent reports. These results, coupled with PBPK modeling of worst-case exposure scenarios (no clothing, 100% of the body was exposed), demonstrated that no more than 15–27% (low-to-high relative temperatures and humidities), not 75%, of the total uptake of BE could be attributed to the skin of humans during simulated 8-hr exposures to the ACGIH TLV concentration of 25 ppm. Even less of the total uptake was attributed to the skin during simulations of exercise with whole-body exposures (5–9%) or by more realistic exposures of only the arms and head (1–8%). As a result, humans are unlikely to reach hemolytic concentrations of the metabolite BAA in blood following vapor exposures to BE.
High-temperature stability of phase gratings in GeO2-doped optical fibers (1993)

Refractive-index gratings can be written in GeO2-doped fibers and make it possible to fabricate many useful fiber devices, including laser sources, mode couplers, and sensors.1,3 Since any changes in grating properties can adversely affect device performance, it is important to assess grating reliability and ways to optimize grating stability.
A DSP Reed-Solomon coder (2003)

Reed-Solomon (RS) codes are used in many of today's communications systems. RS codes use finite field arithmetic which DSPs don't implement efficiently. In previous RS hardware designs, a unique hardware solution was designed for each system. In this paper we describe a single hardware design which is programmable. This device was designed to run in parallel with a DSP The DSP would download the RS function to the coder which would enable the DSP more MIPS for other functions.
Stadium Hashing: Scalable and Flexible Hashing on GPUs (2015)

Hashing is one of the most fundamental operations that provides a means for a program to obtain fast access to large amounts of data. Despite the emergence of GPUs as many-threaded general purpose processors, high performance parallel data hashing solutions for GPUs are yet to receive adequate attention. Existing hashing solutions for GPUs not only impose restrictions (e.g., inability to concurrently execute insertion and retrieval operations, limitation on the size of key-value data pairs) that limit their applicability, their performance does not scale to large hash tables that must be kept out-of-core in the host memory. In this paper we present Stadium Hashing (Stash) that is scalable to large hash tables and practical as it does not impose the aforementioned restrictions. To support large out-of-core hash tables, Stash uses a compact data structure named ticket-board that is separate from hash table buckets and is held inside GPU global memory. Ticket-board locally resolves significant portion of insertion and lookup operations and hence, by reducing accesses to the host memory, it accelerates the execution of these operations. Split design of the ticket-board also enables arbitrarily large keys and values. Unlike existing methods, Stash naturally supports concurrent insertions and retrievals due to its use of double hashing as the collision resolution strategy. Furthermore, we propose Stash with collaborative lanes (clStash) that enhances GPU's SIMD resource utilization for batched insertions during hash table creation. For concurrent insertion and retrieval streams, Stadium hashing can be up to 2 and 3 times faster than GPU Cuckoo hashing for in-core and out-of-core tables respectively.
Somatic mosaicism of the CAG repeat expansion in spinocerebellar ataxia type 3/Machado‐Joseph disease (1998)

An expanded and unstable CAG repeat in the coding region of the MJD1 gene is the mutation responsible for spinocerebellar ataxia 3/Machado-Joseph disease. In order to determine whether there was a higher degree of instability in affected regions, the size of the expanded CAG repeat was analyzed in different regions of the central nervous system, in two unrelated SCA3/MJD patients. The degree of somatic mosaicism was quantified and compared to that in a SCA1 patient. Instability of the expanded CAG repeat was observed in peripheral tissues as well as in CNS of the three patients, but there was no correlation between the degree of mosaicism and the selective vulnerability of CNS structures. As in the other diseases caused by expanded CAG repeats, a lower degree of mosaicism was found in the cerebellar cortex of both SCA1 and SCA3/MJD patients, probably reflecting specific properties of this structure. In SCA3/MJD, the degree of mosaicism seemed to correlate with age at death rather than with the size of the expanded CAG repeat. Finally, somatic instability was more pronounced in SCA1 than in SCA3/MJD patients. Hum Mutat 11:23–27, 1998. © 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Alveolar macrophage-derived cytokines induce monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression from human pulmonary type II-like epithelial cells (1991)

Many acute and chronic lung diseases are characterized by the presence of increased numbers of activated macrophages. These macrophages are derived predominantly from newly recruited peripheral blood monocytes and may play a role in the amplification and perpetuation of an initial lung insult. The process of inflammatory cell recruitment is poorly understood, although the expression of inflammatory cell-specific chemoattractants and subsequent generation of chemotactic gradients is likely involved. Although immune cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes are known to generate several inflammatory cell chemoattractants, parenchymal cells can also synthesize and secrete a number of bioactive factors. We now demonstrate the generation of significant monocyte chemotactic activity from tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and interleukin (IL)-1 beta-treated pulmonary type II-like epithelial cells (A549). The predominant inducible monocyte chemotaxin had an estimated molecular mass of approximately 14-15 kDa and was neutralized by specific antibody to human monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1). Induction of activity was accompanied by increases in steady-state mRNA level for MCP-1. These data are consistent with the induction of MCP-1 expression from A549 cells by TNF and IL-1. MCP-1 production from A549 cells could be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated alveolar macrophage (AM)-conditioned media, but not by LPS alone. The inducing activity in AM-conditioned media was neutralized with specific antibodies to IL-1 beta, but not TNF-alpha. Our findings suggest that the alveolar epithelium can participate in inflammatory cell recruitment via the production of MCP-1 and that cytokine networking between contiguous alveolar macrophages and the pulmonary epithelium may be essential for parenchymal cell MCP-1 expression.
The Structural Proteins of Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (1977)

SUMMARY Seven structural proteins referred to as proteins 1 to 7 in order of increasing mol. wt. were detected following electrophoresis of disrupted purified virus preparations. Proteins 1 to 4 occurred in largest amounts, whereas protein 5, 6 and 7 occurred in small amounts. The estimated mol. wt. of proteins 1 to 5 were 27000, 52000, 58000, 78000 and about 90000, respectively. Proteins 2, 3, 4 and 5 are glycoproteins that reacted well with Schiff’s reagent whereas protein 1 reacted only weakly. A Schiff-positive zone migrating in front of bromophenol blue and behaving like glycolipid was obtained by extracting purified virus with chloroform plus methanol. Iodination of intact and Nonidet P40-disrupted virus resulted in differential labelling of proteins 1 to 4. The results were interpreted as indicating that protein 1 is located inside the virus envelope and that proteins 2, 3, 4 and 5 are on the envelope surface. An infectious component containing only protein 1 and, presumably, RNA was obtained by disrupting the virus with Nonidet P40.
Surgery in the Rat during Electrical Analgesia Induced by Focal Brain Stimulation (1969)

Chronic monopolar electrodes were implanted in the region of the midbrain central gray in eight rats. In three rats, continuous 60 cycle-per-second sine-wave stimulation resulted in an electrical analgesia defined by the elimination of responses to aversive stimulation while general motor responsiveness was retained. Exploratory laparotomy was carried out in these animals during continuous brain stimulation without the use of chemical anesthetics. Following surgery, brain stimulation was terminated, and responses to aversive stimuli returned. Electrodes effective in inducing electrical analgesia at the lowest currents were located at the dorsolateral perimeter of the midbrain central gray. It was concluded that focal brain stimulation in this region can induce analgesia in the absence of diffusely applied "whole brain" stimulation.
UNETR: Transformers for 3D Medical Image Segmentation (2021)

Fully Convolutional Neural Networks (FCNNs) with contracting and expanding paths have shown prominence for the majority of medical image segmentation applications since the past decade. In FCNNs, the encoder plays an integral role by learning both global and local features and contextual representations which can be utilized for semantic output prediction by the decoder. Despite their success, the locality of convolutional layers in FCNNs, limits the capability of learning long-range spatial dependencies. Inspired by the recent success of transformers for Natural Language Processing (NLP) in long-range sequence learning, we reformulate the task of volumetric (3D) medical image segmentation as a sequence-to-sequence prediction problem. We introduce a novel architecture, dubbed as UNEt TRansformers (UNETR), that utilizes a transformer as the encoder to learn sequence representations of the input volume and effectively capture the global multi-scale information, while also following the successful "U-shaped" network design for the encoder and decoder. The transformer encoder is directly connected to a decoder via skip connections at different resolutions to compute the final semantic segmentation output. We have validated the performance of our method on the Multi Atlas Labeling Beyond The Cranial Vault (BTCV) dataset for multi-organ segmentation and the Medical Segmentation Decathlon (MSD) dataset for brain tumor and spleen segmentation tasks. Our benchmarks demonstrate new state-of-the-art performance on the BTCV leaderboard. Code: https://monai.io/research/unetr
Thermal and chemical degradation of inorganic membrane materials. Final report, August 1992--May 1995 (1995)

SRI International conducted a theoretical and experimental program to evaluate the long-term thermal and chemical degradation of inorganic membranes that are being developed to separate the gaseous products of coal gasification. A variety of developmental efforts are underway, including a number of projects sponsored by the US Department of Energy (DOE), to improve the selectivity and permeability of porous inorganic membranes. DOE is also sponsoring efforts to extend the use of metallic membranes to new applications. Most developmental efforts have focused on hydrogen separation by inorganic membranes, which may be used to maximize hydrogen production from coal gas or to remove H{sub 2}S and NH{sub 3} contaminants via thermal or catalytic decomposition in integrated-gasification combined-cycle (IGCC) systems. Inorganic membranes that have a high separation efficiency and exhibit both thermal and chemical stability would improve the economics of power generation from coal. Membrane materials that have been investigated include glass (silica), alumina, carbon, and metals (Pd and Pt). This report describes inorganic membrane materials, long term membrane exposure tests, membrane permeation tests, coal gasifier exposure tests, conclusions, and recommendations.
A networked FPGA-based hardware implementation of a neural network application (2002)

Describes a networked FPGA-based implementation of the FAST (Flexible Adaptable-Size Topology) architecture, an artificial neural network (ANN) that dynamically adapts its size. Most ANN models base their ability to adapt to problems on changing the strength of the interconnections between computational elements according to a given learning algorithm. However, constrained interconnection structures may limit such ability. Field programmable hardware devices are very well adapted for the implementation of ANNs with in-circuit structure adaptation. To realize this implementation, we used a network of Labomat-3 boards (a reconfigurable platform developed in our laboratory), which communicate with each other using TCP/IP or a faster direct hardware connection.
S100A1: A Multifaceted Therapeutic Target in Cardiovascular Disease (2010)

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, showing a dramatically growing prevalence. It is still associated with a poor clinical prognosis, indicating insufficient long-term treatment success of currently available therapeutic strategies. Investigations of the pathomechanisms underlying cardiovascular disorders uncovered the Ca(2+) binding protein S100A1 as a critical regulator of both cardiac performance and vascular biology. In cardiomyocytes, S100A1 was found to interact with both the sarcoplasmic reticulum ATPase (SERCA2a) and the ryanodine receptor 2 (RyR2), resulting in substantially improved Ca(2+) handling and contractile performance. Additionally, S100A1 has been described to target the cardiac sarcomere and mitochondria, leading to reduced pre-contractile passive tension as well as enhanced oxidative energy generation. In endothelial cells, molecular analyses revealed a stimulatory effect of S100A1 on endothelial NO production by increasing endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity. Emphasizing the pathophysiological relevance of S100A1, myocardial infarction in S100A1 knockout mice resulted in accelerated transition towards heart failure and excessive mortality in comparison with wild-type controls. Mice lacking S100A1 furthermore displayed significantly elevated blood pressure values with abrogated responsiveness to bradykinin. On the other hand, numerous studies in small and large animal heart failure models showed that S100A1 overexpression results in reversed maladaptive myocardial remodeling, long-term rescue of contractile performance, and superior survival in response to myocardial infarction, indicating the potential of S100A1-based therapeutic interventions. In summary, elaborate basic and translational research established S100A1 as a multifaceted therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease, providing a promising novel therapeutic strategy to future cardiologists.
Advanced nanocomposites for high temperature aero-engine/turbine components (2009)

This paper provides a report on the research and development work contributing to the co-deposition technique used in the production of nanocomposite coatings by embedding sub-micron (nano-sized) particles into a nanometal matrix by electrodeposition. Electrolytic co-deposition is a technique used to produce composites by embedding small and large particles into the metal matrix during plating; this allows co-deposition of particles with improved properties and is extremely cost-effective. The resistance of a coating to high temperature oxidation and corrosion depends on its structure and composition; also on its interaction with the metal matrix and the corrosion environment. The nanoparticles are expected to pin the grain boundaries and prevent grain growth at high temperatures, e.g., 1,400°C for Ni turbine blades. The electrolytic composites were characterised using SEM. Industrial gas turbine blade (aerospace) has been successfully coated with these nanocomposites as overlay coatings. The focus of this study is primarily in the application of nanocomposites in industrial turbines/aero-engine components and power generation industry. The current state of knowledge of nanocomposite production is presented.