gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multilayer ionic polymer transducer (2003)

A transducer consisting of multiple layers of ionic polymer material is developed for applications in sensing, actuation, and control. The transducer consists of two to four individual layers each approximately 200 microns thick. The transducers are connected in parallel to minimize the electric field requirements for actuation. The tradeoff in deflection and force can be controlled by controlling the mechanical constraint at the interface. Packaging the transducer in an outer coating produces a hard constraint between layers and reduces the deflection with a force that increases linearly with the number of layers. This configuration also increases the bandwidth of the transducer. Removing the outer packaging produces an actuator that maintains the deflection of a single layer but has an increased force output. This is obtained by allowing the layers to slide relative to one another during bending. Experiments on transducers with one to three layers are performed and the results are compared to Newbury’s equivalent circuit model, which was modified to accommodate the multilayer polymers. The modification was performed on four different boundary conditions, two electrical the series and the parallel connection, and two mechanical the zero interfacial friction and the zero slip on the interface. Results demonstrate that the largest obstacle to obtaining good performance is water transport between the individual layers. Water crossover produces a near short circuit electrical condition and produces feedthrough between actuation layers and sensing layers. Electrical feedthrough due to water crossover eliminates the ability to produce a transducer that has combined sensing and actuation properties. Eliminating water crossover through good insulation enables the development of a small (5 mm x 30 mm) transducer that has sensing and actuation bandwidth on the order of 100 Hz.
A light torch for the transillumination of female breast tissues (1982)

The breast can be examined by transillumination with white light. The tissues transmit more light in te red and infrared part of the spectrum than in the blue. Images of the breast are normally recorded on colour infrared film. An alternative to photography is the use of a television camera sensitive to the near infrared, which can demonstrate lesions on a monitor in real time. This paper examines the limitations of the type of light torch used in recent investigations and describes a new version which should permit detection and imaging of smaller lesions.
Roles of Chemokines and Chemokine Receptors in Obesity-Associated Insulin Resistance and Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (2015)

Abundant evidence has demonstrated that obesity is a state of low-grade chronic inflammation that triggers the release of lipids, aberrant adipokines, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and several chemokines from adipose tissue. This low-grade inflammation underlies the development of insulin resistance and associated metabolic comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). During this development, adipose tissue macrophages accumulate through chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 and the ligand for this receptor, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), is considered to be pivotal for the development of insulin resistance. To date, the chemokine system is known to be comprised of approximately 40 chemokines and 20 chemokine receptors that belong to the seven-transmembrane G protein-coupled receptor family and, as a result, chemokines appear to exhibit a high degree of functional redundancy. Over the past two decades, the physiological and pathological properties of many of these chemokines and their receptors have been elucidated. The present review highlights chemokines and chemokine receptors as key contributing factors that link obesity to insulin resistance, T2DM, and NAFLD.
CMOS current-controlled oscillators using multiple-feedback-loop ring architectures (2002)

Three types of high-frequency current-controlled oscillators (ICO) having multiple-feedback loops are implemented in a 0.8 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. Three stage single-feedback-loop ICO (SICO) and double-feedback-loop ICO (DICO) and four-stage triple-feedback-loop ICO (TICO) are tested and compared. They all use the differential current steering logic (DCSL). Using the multiple-feedback-loop ring architectures, the operation frequencies of the ICO's are considerably improved and obtained 1.69 GHz.
Iso-sciatic point: novel approach to distinguish shadowing 3-D mask effects from scanner aberrations in extreme ultraviolet lithography (2006)

Extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUVL) uses a reflective mask with a multilayer coating. Therefore, the illumination is an off-axis ring field system that is non-telecentric on the mask side. This non-zero angle of incidence combined with the three-dimensional mask topography results in the so-called "shadowing effect". The shadowing causes the printed CD to depend on the orientation as well as on the position in the slit and it will significantly influence the image formation [1,2]. In addition, simulations show that the Bossung curves are asymmetrical due to 3-D mask effects and their best focus depends on the shadowing angle [3]. Such tilts in the Bossung curves are usually associated with aberrations in the optical system. In this paper, we describe an approach in which both properties can be disentangled. Bossung curve simulations with varying effective angles of incidence (between 0 and 6 degrees) show that at discrete defocus offsets, the printed linewidth is independent of the incident angle (and thus independent of the shadowing effect), the so-called iso-sciatic (constant shadowing) point. For an ideal optical system this means that the size of a printed feature with a given mask-CD and orientation does not change through slit. With a suitable test structure it is possible to use this effect to distinguish between mask topography and imaging effects from aberrations through slit. Simulations for the following aberrations tested the approach: spherical, coma and astigmatism.
Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (2011)

In patients with atrial fibrillation, apixaban was superior to warfarin in preventing stroke or systemic embolism, caused less bleeding, and resulted in lower mortality. (Funded by Bristol-Myers Squibb and Pfizer; ARISTOTLE ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00412984.).
A novel bio-electrochemical ascorbic acid sensor modified with Cu4(OH)6SO4nanorods (2010)

Cu(4)(OH)(6)SO(4) (brochantite) is an undesirable oxidation product of copper-bearing sulfides, and it is seldom considered to be biologically and electrochemically active. In this paper, we report that Cu(4)(OH)(6)SO(4) nanoparticles in fact possess an intrinsic electrocatalytic activity, which is explored as a biosensing material to oxidize L-ascorbic acid (AA). The Cu(4)(OH)(6)SO(4) nanorod modified biosensor exhibits excellent performance for the determination of l-ascorbic acid with a response time of less than 8 s, a linear range between 0.017 and 6 mM, and a sensitivity of 17.53 μA mM(-1). A high selectivity towards the oxidation of AA in the presence of dopamine (DA) and acetyl aminophenol (AP) is also observed at their maximum physiological concentrations. The good analytical performance and long-term stability, low cost and straightforward fabrication method made the Cu(4)(OH)(6)SO(4) nanomaterials promising for the development of effective electrochemical sensors for a wide range of potential applications in medicine, biotechnology and environmental chemistry.
Spatially and temporally resolved temperature measurements of plasma generated in percussion drilling with a diode-pumped Nd:YAG laser (1998)

Results of spectroscopic temperature measurements of the laser-induced plasma generated during percussion drilling with a high power diode-pumped, pulsed Nd:YAG laser are presented. SAE 52100 steel was drilled with varying average powers. Helium and oxygen were each used as the shield gas. Emission spectra were collected with a monochrometer and an intensified charge coupled detector connected to the optical multichannel analyzer. The plasma electron temperatures were calculated from the relative intensities of the spectral lines. The spatial and temporal temperature distributions are presented. Both drilling times and spatial distributions indicate energy absorption by the plasma.
Correlation between morphological properties and ionic conductivity in an electrolyte based on poly(vinylidene fluoride) and poly (2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (2013)

Materials based on a mixture of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate) (PHEMA) and LiClO4 were produced to evaluate their ionic behavior and morphological structure to determine if they can be used as an electrolyte in electrical devices. FTIR chemical analysis results indicated the presence of interactions between PVDF, PHEMA and LiClO4. MDSC results showed that the transition temperatures of the polymers shifted to higher temperatures for systems containing high concentrations of each polymer. SEM images indicated that there was some miscibility between the polymers especially for the 25 and 75 wt. % compositions. In terms of the electrical performance, the ionic conductivity level of the electrolyte could be controlled by changing the composition of the system.
Rate of Carbon Contamination on Al Targets in a High Vacuum Electron Excitation X-Ray Tube (1979)

The rates of carbon contamination on Al targets caused by electron bombardments in two vacuum systems, one evacuated by a diffusion pump (∼5×10-6 mmHg) and the other by an ion pump (∼5×10-7 mmHg), have been obtained by detecting C K-emission spectra with a grazing incidence concave grating spectrograph. Simultaneously Al L-emission spectra were photographed. Intensity estimates for C K-emission were photographically made in reference to the intensity of graphite C K-emission using a characteristic curve of photographic plates. The rates of carbon contamination are about 1.1×10-5% per sec in the vacuum system of the ion pump and about 6.0×10-4% per sec in the vacuum system of the diffusion pump (oil: Santo Vac 5), expressed as fractions of the intensity of graphite C K-emission. The decrease of Al L-emission intensity was not detected in the ion pump system, but was observed remarkably in the diffusion pump system.
Parental anxiety and medical comprehension within 24 hrs of a childʼs admission to the pediatric intensive care unit* (2009)

Parental anxiety is high following a child's admission to the PICU. Physicians failed to recognize high-parental anxiety in nearly one third of the parents. Despite the high anxiety associated with a child's admission to the PICU, parents seem to understand their children's medical issues within the first 24 hrs.
High density hydrogen storage in superactivated carbons from hydrothermally carbonized renewable organic materials (2011)

Hydrothermally carbonized organic materials (furfural, glucose, starch, cellulose and eucalyptus sawdust) have been used as precursors to produce high-surface area carbons. The synthesis methodology comprises two steps: (i) hydrothermal carbonization of organic materials and (ii) chemical activation with KOH as activating agent. In this way, activated carbon materials with a high surface area (up to 2700 m2 g−1) and narrow micropore size distribution in the supermicropore range (0.7–2 nm) are produced. The textural properties of the activated carbon products can be easily tuned by modifying the activating conditions (i.e., the activation temperature and the amount of KOH used). The activated carbon materials exhibit high hydrogen uptakes, up to 6.4 wt%, and large isosteric heats of adsorption, up to 8.5 kJ mol−1. In particular, the hydrogen storage density of the carbons is high and ranges between 12 and 16.4 µmol H2 m−2. The hydrogen storage density is closely related to the pore size of the carbons, with small micropores (ca. 1 nm) favouring a high density. Taking into account the high hydrogen storage capacities of these materials, as well as the simplicity of their synthesis procedure and the ready availability and low-cost of the raw precursors, it can be concluded that these activated carbons constitute a promising adsorbent for hydrogen storage.
Near-IR imaging of thermal changes in enamel during laser ablation (2010)

The objective of this work was to observe the various thermal-induced optical changes that occur in the near-infrared (NIR) during drilling in dentin and enamel with the laser and the high-speed dental handpiece. Tooth sections of ~ 3 mm-thickness were prepared from extracted human incisors (N=60). Samples were ablated with a mechanically scanned CO2 laser operating at a wavelength of 9.3-μm, a 300-Hz laser pulse repetition rate, and a laser pulse duration of 10-20 μs. An InGaAs imaging camera was used to acquire real-time NIR images at 1300-nm of thermal and mechanical changes (cracks). Enamel was rapidly removed by the CO2 laser without peripheral thermal damage by mechanically scanning the laser beam while a water spray was used to cool the sample. Comparison of the peripheral thermal and mechanical changes produced while cutting with the laser and the high-speed hand-piece suggest that enamel and dentin can be removed at high speed by the CO<sub>2</sub> laser without excessive peripheral thermal or mechanical damage. Only 2 of the 15 samples ablated with the laser showed the formation of small cracks while 9 out of 15 samples exhibited crack formation with the dental hand-piece. The first indication of thermal change is a decrease in transparency due to loss of the mobile water from pores in the enamel which increase lightscattering. To test the hypothesis that peripheral thermal changes were caused by loss of mobile water in the enamel, thermal changes were intentionally induced by heating the surface. The mean attenuation coefficient of enamel increased significantly from 2.12 ± 0.82 to 5.08 ± 0.98 with loss of mobile water due to heating.
Determination of methaemalbumin in plasma. (1967)

to a Leeds and Northrup Cleretrend 12 point recorder, provision being made for matching the photocell outputs. The recorder selects each channel in turn and prints a dot corresponding to the deflection from that channel. At the paper speed of 3 in. per hour the resultant trace is a continuous line. Channel identification is by colour and number. This type of recorder was chosen after careful consideration of those available and has proved satisfactory. Future systems would be improved by the addition of a multipoint selector, now available for this particular recorder, which allows those channels not in use to be kept clear of the chart. In the present machine, a built-in test circuit, when switched on, applies different millivolt potentials to each channel not in use, allowing those channels to trace out steady lines and thus avoid confusion with channels carrying clot lysis information. A photograph of the complete assembly is shown in Figure 3.
Analysis of the Fc Gamma Receptor-Dependent Component of Neutralization Measured by Anthrax Toxin Neutralization Assays (2009)

Anthrax toxin neutralization assays are used to measure functional antibody levels elicited by anthrax vaccines in both preclinical and clinical studies. In this study, we investigated the magnitude and molecular nature of Fc gamma (Fcgamma) receptor-dependent toxin neutralization observed in commonly used forms of the anthrax toxin neutralization assay. Significantly more Fcgamma receptor-dependent neutralization was observed in the J774A.1 cell-based assay than in the RAW 264.7 cell-based assay, a finding that could be due to the larger numbers of Fcgamma receptors that we found on J774A.1 cells by using flow cytometry. Thus, the extent to which Fcgamma receptor-dependent neutralization contributes to the total neutralization measured by the assay depends on the specific cell type utilized in the assay. Using Fcgamma receptor blocking monoclonal antibodies, we found that at least three murine Fcgamma receptor classes, IIB, III, and IV, can contribute to Fcgamma receptor-dependent neutralization. When antibodies elicited by immunization of rabbits with protective-antigen-based anthrax vaccines were analyzed, we found that the magnitude of Fcgamma receptor-dependent neutralization observed in the J774A.1 cell-based assay was dependent on the concentration of protective antigen utilized in the assay. Our results suggest that the characteristics of the antibodies analyzed in the assay (e.g., species of origin, isotype, and subclass), as well as the assay design (e.g., cell type and protective antigen concentration), could significantly influence the extent to which Fcgamma receptor-dependent neutralization contributes to the total neutralization measured by anthrax toxin neutralization assays. These findings should be considered when interpreting anthrax toxin neutralization assay output.
Control of transport PDE/nonlinear ODE cascades with state-dependent propagation speed (2016)

In this paper, we deal with the control of a transport PDE/nonlinear ODE cascade system in which the transport coefficient depends on the ODE state. We develop a PDE-based predictor-feedback boundary control law, which compensates the transport dynamics of the actuator and guarantees global asymptotic stability of the closed-loop system. The stability proof is based on an infinite-dimensional backstepping transformation that is introduced, with the aid of which, a Lyapunov functional is constructed. The relation of the PDE-ODE cascade to an ODE system with a state-dependent input delay, which is defined implicitly via an integral of the ODE state, is also highlighted and the corresponding equivalent predictor-feedback design is presented. The practical relevance of our control framework is illustrated in an example that is concerned with the control of a metal rolling process.
<i>In vivo</i>evaluation of the cornea and conjunctiva of the normal laboratory beagle using time‐ and Fourier‐domain optical coherence tomography and ultrasound pachymetry (2015)

High-resolution FD-OCT and TD-OCT provide detailed noninvasive evaluation of in vivo canine anterior segment structures. Normative values of the canine cornea and conjunctiva are reported.
Ecological characteristics of territories of male cheetahs (<i>Acinonyx jubatus</i>) (1987)

Ecological characteristics of nine male cheetahs territories in the Serengeti National Park are described. Territories were centred on areas that provided cover but did not have particularly high rainfall or prey abundance. Resident male cheetahs did not occupy their territories continuously. Some territories were vacated in the dry season, others in the wet season, but in both cases this occurred when numbers of Thomson's gazelles (females' main prey) and female cheetahs seen there were low. Although changes in territory ownership appeared to be related to demographic rather than ecological factors, territories that remained vacant seemed to contain rather little prey. Over two years, evidence suggested that territories occupied by males of larger group size contained greater numbers of Thomson's gazelles.
The NH<sub>2</sub>‐terminal region of the active domain of sonic hedgehog is necessary for its signal transduction (1999)

The NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog (residue 25-198) was expressed in both yeast and animal cells. The yeast-derived NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog was less active by far than the animal cell-derived counterpart. The yeast-derived NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog lacked 10 amino acids from the NH2-terminus. This cleavage of the yeast-derived NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog might due to Kex 2. In contrast, a mutant yeast-derived NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog (Lys-33 to Thr) retained its NH2-terminus and its activity was comparable to that of the animal cell-derived NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog. The NH2-terminal deleted NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog completely lost its activity, nevertheless it inhibited the alkaline phosphatase activity induced by the animal cell-derived NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog in a dose-dependent manner. These data suggest that the NH2-terminal deleted NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog retains a receptor-binding ability and that the NH2-terminal peptide of the NH2-terminal domain of sonic hedgehog is necessary for its signal transduction.
<title>Diffuse tomography</title> (1991)

We propose a new method for reconstructing parameters of physiological interest within tissue. The novel aspect of this work is that we set out to determine not only the attenuation distribution but also the scattering characteristics of the unknown object. The model we propose contains, as a limiting case, the standard problem of X-ray tomography. In that case scattering (or diffusion) is usually ignored, and one only deals with straight paths between sources and detectors. The considerable increase in mathematical difficulty brought about by considering an unknown scattering distribution as part of the inversion problem is amply justified by the fact that at low energies - like those of an infrared laser - diffusion cannot be ignored. Numerical simulations based on a discretization of the appropriate equation describing the transport of photons through the medium are very encouraging.
The regulation of enzymes of aromatic-ring fission in fungi: organisms using only the protocatechuate pathway (1969)

Research Article| October 01 1969 The regulation of enzymes of aromatic-ring fission in fungi: organisms using only the protocatechuate pathway R B Cain R B Cain 1Department of Botany, University of Newcastle upon Tyne Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1969) 114 (4): 76P. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1140076P Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation R B Cain; The regulation of enzymes of aromatic-ring fission in fungi: organisms using only the protocatechuate pathway. Biochem J 1 October 1969; 114 (4): 76P. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj1140076P Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1969 The Biochemical Society1969 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Compliant-backplate Helmholtz resonators for active noise control applications (2001)

The results of a theoretical and experimental investigation into compliant-backplate Helmholtz resonators are presented. The motivation for this study is to develop an actively tuned noise control system, based upon a Helmholtz resonator that uses a compliant piezoelectric composite backplate. To establish a baseline case, rigid backplate Helmholtz resonators were designed using a lumped element model and tested in a plane-wave tube. After this initial testing, the rigid backplate of the resonator was replaced by several compliant aluminum diaphragms and characterized. The experimental results are compared to lumped element models of the Helmholtz resonator with a compliant diaphragm.