gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Degree of Immunity Induced by Killed Vaccines to Experimental Salmonellosis in Mice (1972)

Killed vaccines, deoxycholate-extracted or heated, were shown to induce an effective degree of immunity which protected against death (100%), prevented extensive multiplication, and left the mice with low residual salmonella populations in spleen and liver after intravenous (iv) or intraperitoneal (ip) challenge with virulent Salmonella typhimurium. Protection was most effective against the ip challenge route and less effective against the iv route. A study of the kinetics of the population of bacteria in the spleens and livers of immunized animals showed that after ip challenge there was an initial reduction of 99% at 6 hr after challenge, maintenance of levels of less than 10(3) bacteria per organ, and a final population of 10(2) to 10(3) per organ at 21 days. With iv challenge, after an initial reduction of 90% at 6 hr, growth ensued to levels above 10(6) bacteria per organ until 8 days, followed by a steady decline yielding residual populations of 10(3) to 10(4) in some cases. Organ hypertrophy correlated with bacterial population. Morbidity was prevented (as measured by gain in body weight) by immunization against ip challenge but not against iv challenge. Killed vaccines protected by their ability to induce an immune state which reduced the initial challenge population, prevented extensive multiplication, yet allowed "cellular immunity" to develop due to response to the living challenge infection itself. The consequence was a low-level carrier state similar to that induced by recovery from sublethal virulent infection.
Vascular Functions of the Plasminogen Activation System (2007)

The plasminogen activator (PA) system, which controls the formation and activity of plasmin, plays a key role in modulating hemostasis, thrombosis, and several other biological processes. While a great deal is known about the function of the PA system, it remains a focus of intensive investigation, and the list of biological pathways and human diseases that are modulated by normal and pathologic function of its components continues to lengthen. Because of remarkable advances in molecular genetics, the laboratory mouse has become the most useful animal system to study the normal and pathologic functions of the PA system. The purpose of this review is to summarize studies that have used genetically modified mice to examine the functions of the PA system in hemostasis and thrombosis, intimal hyperplasia after vascular injury, and atherosclerosis. Particular emphasis is placed on the vascular functions of PA inhibitor-1, a key regulator of the PA system, and the multiple variables that appear to account for the complex role of PA inhibitor-1 in regulating vascular remodeling. Lastly, the strengths and limitations of using mice to model human vascular disease processes are discussed.
Mechanics of Thin Carbon Fiber Composites with a Silicone Matrix (2011)

This thesis presents an experimental, numerical and analytical study of the behavior of thin fiber composites with a silicone matrix. The main difference with respect to traditional composites with epoxy matrix is the fact that the soft matrix allows the fibers to microbuckle without breaking. This process acts as a stress relief mechanism during folding, and allows the material to reach very high curvatures, which makes them particularly interesting as components of space deployable structures. The goal of this study is to characterize the behavior and understand the mechanics of this type of composite. Experimental testing of the bending behavior of unidirectional composites with a silicone matrix shows a highly non-linear moment vs. curvature relationship, as well as strain softening under cyclic loading. These effects are not usually observed in composites with an epoxy matrix. In the case of tension in the direction transverse to the fibers, the behavior shows again non-linearity and strain softening, as well as an initial stiffness much higher than what would be expected based on the traditional estimates for fiber composites. The micro mechanics of the material have been studied with a finite element model. It uses solid elements and a random fiber arrangement produced with a reconstruction process based on micrographs of the material cross section. The simulations capture the macroscopic non-linear response, as well as the fiber microbuckling, and show how microbuckling reduces the strain in the fibers. The model shows good agreement for the bending stiffness of specimens with low fiber volume fraction, but it overestimates the effect of the matrix for more densely packed fibers. This is due to the high matrix strain that derives from the assumption of perfect bonding between fiber and matrix. In the case of tension transverse to the fibers, the model shows a much better agreement with experiments than traditional composite theory, and shows that the reason for the observed high stiffness is the incompressibility of the matrix. In order to capture the strain softening due to fiber debonding, cohesive elements have been introduced between the fibers and the matrix. This allows the model to capture quantitatively the non-linear behavior in the case of loading transverse to the fibers, and the damage due to cyclic loading. A single set of parameters for the cohesive elements produce good agreement with the experimental results for very different values of the fiber volume fraction, and could also be used in the analysis of more complicated loading cases, such as bending or biaxial tension. In addition to the simulations, a homogenized analytical model has also been created. It extends previous analysis of composites with a soft matrix to the case of very thin composites. It provides a good qualitative description of the material behavior, and it helps understand the mechanics that take place within the material, such as the equilibrium of energy terms leading to a finite wave length, as opposed to microbuckling under compression.
Localization of Artemisinin and Artemisitene in Foliar Tissues of Glanded and Glandless Biotypes of Artemisia annua L. (1994)

The tissue localization of the antimalarial sesquiterpenoid compound artemisinin in annual wormwood (Artemisia annua L.) was determined by differential extraction of a glanded biotype and through the use of a glandless biotype. A 5-s dip in chloroform extracted 97% of the artemisinin from glanded A. annua leaf tissue. In addition, all of the detectable artemisitene, an artemisinin analog, was extracted. This extraction method caused collapse of the subcuticular space of the capitate glands on the leaf surface, whereas no other damage to the leaf surface was observed with SEM. Light microscopy and TEM revealed that this extraction method, despite causing some organelle structural changes, did not disrupt cell membranes. An A. annua biotype without glands contained neither artemisinin nor artemisitene. These results indicate that artemisinin and artemisitene present in foliar tissue are localized entirely in the subcuticular space of capitate glands of A. annua.
Multi-Histogram Equalization Methods for Contrast Enhancement and Brightness Preserving (2007)

Histogram equalization (HE) has proved to be a simple and effective image contrast enhancement technique. However, it tends to change the mean brightness of the image to the middle level of the gray-level range, which is not desirable in the case of images from consumer electronics products. In the latter case, preserving the input brightness of the image is required to avoid the generation of non-existing artifacts in the output image. To surmount this drawback, Bi- HE methods for brightness preserving and contrast enhancement have been proposed. Although these methods preserve the input brightness on the output image with a significant contrast enhancement, they may produce images with do not look as natural as the input ones. In order to overcome this drawback, this work proposes a novel technique called Multi-HE, which consists of decomposing the input image into several sub-images, and then applying the classical HE process to each one. This methodology performs a less intensive image contrast enhancement, in a way that the output image presents a more natural look. We propose two discrepancy functions for image decomposing, conceiving two new Multi-HE methods. A cost function is also used for automatically deciding in how many sub-images the input image will be decomposed on. Experiments show that our methods preserve more the brightness and produce more natural looking images than the other HE methods.
Specificity and pH dependence for acylproline cleavage by prolidase. (1990)

Catalytic pH dependence for the hydrolytic activity of the enzyme prolidase with a series of dipeptide substrates is found to be generally bell-shaped (kcat/Km) or simple sigmoidal (kcat). An enzymic residue with a pKa value of 6.6 is found to be critically involved in the catalytic mechanism, as is the substrate amino group. Significant catalysis at a pH of 6.6 is also observed for prolidase with (alkylthio)acetylprolines and with haloacetylprolines. A reverse-protonation state mechanism for substrate binding and activation is postulated, involving a chelative interaction of the aminoacylamide portion of substrate with a strongly Lewis-acidic active site metal ion.
Digital optical computing with symbolic substitution (1986)

Symbolic substitution logic is based on optical pattern transformations. This space-invariant mechanism is shown to be capable of supporting space-variant operations. An optical implementation is proposed. It is based on splitting an image, shifting the split images, superimposing the results, regenerating the superimposed image with an optical logic array, splitting the regenerated image, shifting the resulting images, and superimposing the shifted images. Experimental results are presented. Examples demonstrate how symbolic substitution logic can be used to implement Boolean logic, binary arithmetic, cellular logic, and Turing machines.
Examining a possibility to use and the benefits of post-quantum algorithms dependent on the conditions of their application (2017)

We established the need for comparative analysis and evaluation of the possibility to use asymmetric post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms. In order to compare, a procedure for evaluation was selected based on integral assessments of unconditional and conditional criteria. An analysis was conducted among the algorithms that fulfilled general unconditional criteria. As conditional criteria, we chose numerical characteristics of algorithms. In addition, additional unconditional criteria were put forward that differed depending on the conditions of use. The relevance of present research is associated with the emergence of a quantum computer. Previous studies have already proved that the existing cryptographic algorithms are vulnerable to the methods of quantum cryptanalysis. That is why, at present, leading organizations in the standardization of crypto algorithms conduct research and comparisons for selecting the post-quantum standard of cryptography.As a result of present research, we found a lack of a universal post-quantum cryptographic algorithm. In addition, not all algorithms can be employed under different conditions. It is proposed to separate three variants in the application of post-quantum algorithms: for lightweight cryptography, for the use by standard automated systems and use in a cloud-based environment. For all conditions of use, a separate evaluation of benefits in the cryptographic algorithms was carried out. We detected shortcomings in the leading candidate in that it may possible have a reduced resistance for the specialized quantum attack. That is why the recommendations were given to employ these algorithms as the basic ones in the transition period. And, if the suspicion is confirmed, then we proposed alternatives for each variant of application. Results of present research allow us to understand current state in the development of post-quantum crypto algorithms and to predict their possible further development.This forecast is important in that the post-quantum cryptographic mechanisms represent a new stage in the development and use of cryptography. In addition, the practical value of the research consists in obtaining the evaluation for post-quantum algorithms, depending on the conditions of their application.
Round-window delivery of neurotrophin 3 regenerates cochlear synapses after acoustic overexposure (2016)

In acquired sensorineural hearing loss, such as that produced by noise or aging, there can be massive loss of the synaptic connections between cochlear sensory cells and primary sensory neurons, without loss of the sensory cells themselves. Because the cell bodies and central projections of these cochlear neurons survive for months to years, there is a long therapeutic window in which to re-establish functional connections and improve hearing ability. Here we show in noise-exposed mice that local delivery of neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) to the round window niche, 24 hours after an exposure that causes an immediate loss of up to 50% loss of synapses in the cochlear basal region, can regenerate pre- and post-synaptic elements at the hair cell / cochlear nerve interface. This synaptic regeneration, as documented by confocal microscopy of immunostained cochlear sensory epithelia, was coupled with a corresponding functional recovery, as seen in the suprathreshold amplitude of auditory brainstem response Wave 1. Cochlear delivery of neurotrophins in humans is likely achievable as an office procedure via transtympanic injection, making our results highly significant in a translational context.
Prioritization of key performance indicators (2007)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an integrated approach that prioritizes organizational key performance indicators (KPIs) in terms of the criteria of SMART (Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Time‐sensitive) goal setting. Design/methodology/approach The research was carried out using the analytical hierarchy process (AHP) technique as the basis for pairwise comparisons of SMART criteria, considering each KPI. Findings A new approach is outlined, encompassing step‐by‐step guidelines for decision makers to conduct the prioritization process of SMART KPIs. The results of the case study highlight the applicability of the proposed approach and the calculation process for prioritizing KPIs. Research limitations/implications The rating scales used in the AHP analysis are conceptual; although it identifies which dimensions require improvement, the proposed approach does not provide guidance on an appropriate action plan to address deficiencies; another limitation is that the framework adopted only the SERVQUAL service dimensions. Originality/value This paper gives a novel approach for prioritization of KPIs. The proposed approach has a holistic mechanism; it could empower decision‐making teams; it is capable of enhancing advanced quality engineering approaches; and provides great opportunities for future research.
Introduction (2011)

This study's objective is to investigate women in leadership in Africa in general, and explore the factors that give rise to successful female leadership, with in-depth field study in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone, three countries of the Mano River Union (MRU). Another objective is to unearth alternatives to socially constructed, male-dominated, authoritarian, and war-prone leadership. This, in addition to global economic pressures, such as corporate globalization, is resulting in political and economic crises in many countries in Africa. This study uses an indigenous investigative framework of female leadership that offers an alternative and provides a narrative for humanizing the state.KeywordsGender EqualityTransformational LeaderServant LeadershipSouth Asian WomanTransactional LeadershipThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
OXIDATIVE METABOLISM OF PHENANTHRENE AND ANTHRACENE BY SOIL PSEUDOMONADS. THE RING-FISSION MECHANISM (1965)

1. Phenanthrene is oxidatively metabolized by soil pseudomonads through trans-3,4-dihydro-3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene to 3,4-dihydroxyphenanthrene, which then undergoes cleavage. 2. Some properties of the ring-fission product, cis-4-(1-hydroxynaphth-2-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoic acid, are described. The Fe(2+)-dependent oxygenase therefore disrupts the bond between C-4 and the angular C of the phenanthrene nucleus. 3. An enzyme of the aldolase type converts the fission product into 1-hydroxy-2-naphthaldehyde (2-formyl-1-hydroxynaphthalene). An NAD-specific dehydrogenase is also present in the cell-free extract, which oxidizes the aldehyde to 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid. This is then oxidatively decarboxylated to 1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene, thus allowing continuation of metabolism via the naphthalene pathway. 4. Anthracene is similarly metabolized, through 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxyanthracene to 1,2-dihydroxyanthracene, in which ring-fission occurs to give cis-4-(2-hydroxynaphth-3-yl)-2-oxobut-3-enoic acid. The position of cleavage is again at the bond between the angular C and C-1 of the anthracene nucleus. 5. Enzymes that convert the fission product through 2-hydroxy-3-naphthaldehyde into 2-hydroxy-3-naphthoic acid were demonstrated. The further metabolism of this acid is discussed. 6. The Fe(2+)-dependent oxygenase responsible for cleavage of all the o-dihydroxyphenol derivatives appears to be catechol 2,3-oxygenase, and is a constitutive enzyme in the Pseudomonas strains used.
A Comprehensive Review of Glucose Biosensors Based on Nanostructured Metal-Oxides (2010)

Nanotechnology has opened new and exhilarating opportunities for exploring glucose biosensing applications of the newly prepared nanostructured materials. Nanostructured metal-oxides have been extensively explored to develop biosensors with high sensitivity, fast response times, and stability for the determination of glucose by electrochemical oxidation. This article concentrates mainly on the development of different nanostructured metal-oxide [such as ZnO, Cu(I)/(II) oxides, MnO(2), TiO(2), CeO(2), SiO(2), ZrO(2,) and other metal-oxides] based glucose biosensors. Additionally, we devote our attention to the operating principles (i.e., potentiometric, amperometric, impedimetric and conductometric) of these nanostructured metal-oxide based glucose sensors. Finally, this review concludes with a personal prospective and some challenges of these nanoscaled sensors.
Multiple-input multiple-output circular SAR (2014)

Interest on circular and multicircular SAR acquisitions has been increased in the past few years due to the inherent potentials they provide, e.g., full 3-D reconstruction and subwavelength resolution. However, one main limitation is the size of the spotlighted region, which is basically defined by the range ambiguities, the pulse repetition frequency (PRF), and the minimum half-power beamwidth (HPBW) in the range and azimuth directions. This paper introduces multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques in order to tackle this limitation, thereby being able to extend the applications of CSAR to much wider areas. The basic principle of the proposed solution is based on three methods, namely scan-on-receive (SCORE), multi-channel reconstruction in azimuth (MCRA) and the use of orthogonal waveforms for quad-polarized systems. The impact and dependency of the PRF, HPBW and the range ambiguities is also investigated.
Photo-reversible dimerisation reactions and their applications in polymeric systems (2013)

Photo-dimerisation reactions that can be reversed upon application of an appropriate wavelength of light have generated a considerable interest in the development of new photo-responsive polymeric systems for diverse applications. The incorporation of photo-dimerisable moieties into polymers allows the fabrication of various polymer architectures with an added advantage of reversibility. This review focuses on polymeric systems that exploit photo-reversible dimerisation reactions and their applications.
Algorithms to Calibrate and Compensate for GLONASS Biases in GNSS RTK Receivers Working with 3rd Party Networks (2008)

GLONASS hardware biases is well known problem in GNSS receivers because of FDMA technique used in this Satellite system. Signals from different GLONASS Satellites pass through different parts of Front-End RF which has Group Delay (GD) variations. As a result each GLONASS Satellite gets frequency dependent delay which finally appears as a bias in pseudo-range and carrier phase measurements. When developing positioning algorithms in GNSS receivers, one has to take this fact into consideration.
Bias problem exists for standalone positioning as well as for differential positioning including RTK and Network RTK solutions. In latter cases final GLONASS biases appear as differential biases caused by difference in GD between rover and Base/Network receivers. In the most of the cases when base and rover receivers are of the same hardware design (manufacture), these differential biases can be negligible. However, when Base/Network and rover belong to different manufactures, the differential biases (if not treated properly) can prevent from getting reliable centimeter level position solution.
This paper relates to effective support of differential GLONASS pseudo-range and carrier phase biases with focusing on RTK application. This support includes effective On The Fly (OTF) pseudo-range and especially carrier phase bias calibration/compensation. These algorithms allow finally GPS+GLONASS rover to get advantage over GPS-only rover for all RTK applications against 3rd party Base/Network.
Pseudocyesis: An Overview (1986)

The author reviews the medical literature on pseudocyesis, the condition where a nonpregnant woman believes she is pregnant and has objective signs of pregnancy. The disorder involves both psychological and neuroendocrine mechanisms and is related to other conditions varying in severity from fleeting fears and wishes in healthy women to pathological changes in neuroendocrine functions in others. The notion that the condition is a heterogeneous one, closely related to other more common disorders, is emphasized.
The Neutralizing Face of Hepatitis C Virus E2 Envelope Glycoprotein (2018)

The high genetic variability of hepatitis C virus, together with the high level of glycosylation on the viral envelope proteins shielding potential neutralizing epitopes, pose a difficult challenge for vaccine development. An effective hepatitis C virus (HCV) vaccine must target conserved epitopes and the HCV E2 glycoprotein is the main target for such neutralizing antibodies (NAbs). Recent structural investigations highlight the presence of a highly conserved and accessible surface on E2 that is devoid of N-linked glycans and known as the E2 neutralizing face. This face is defined as a hydrophobic surface comprising the front layer (FL) and the CD81 binding loop (CD81bl) that overlap with the CD81 receptor binding site on E2. The neutralizing face consists of highly conserved residues for recognition by cross-NAbs, yet it appears to be high conformationally flexible, thereby presenting a moving target for NAbs. Three main overlapping neutralizing sites have been identified in the neutralizing face: antigenic site 412 (AS412), antigenic site 434 (AS434), and antigenic region 3 (AR3). Here, we review the structural analyses of these neutralizing sites, either as recombinant E2 or epitope-derived linear peptides in complex with bNAbs, to understand the functional and preferred conformations for neutralization, and for viral escape. Collectively, these studies provide a foundation and molecular templates to facilitate structure-based approaches for HCV vaccine development.
嬉皮玩家：达里尔·凡·沃恩 (2009)

若说设计师本人即能从侧面反映他的创作喜好，达里尔·凡·沃恩（Daryl van Wouw）绝对是一个极好的范例。这位荷兰设计师常年以Hiphop形象示人，一副巨大的绿色耳机突兀地挂在耳朵以上靠近太阳穴的地方，与光秃秃的脑袋搭配出戏谑的喜感。这副造型起码反映了他设计风格中的几个关键词：街头、运动风、都市、音乐灵感。