gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of the type II cell in the fetal rat lung. (1977)

We carried out density functional theory calculations to investigate the ripening of Pd clusters on CeO2(111). Starting from stable Pdn clusters (n=1-21), we compared how these clusters can grow through Ostwald ripening and coalescence. As Pd atoms have a high mobility than Pd¬n clusters on the CeO2(111) surface, Ostwald-ripening is predicted to be the dominant sintering mechanism. Particle coalescence is only possible when very small clusters with less than 5 Pd at-oms are involved. These ripening mechanisms are facilitated by adsorbed CO through lowering barriers for the cluster diffusion, detachment of a Pd atom from clusters, and transformation of initial planar clusters.
The Solid-Rod Torsion Test for the Determination of Unidirectional Composite Shear Properties (1969)

The primary requirements of a desirable shear test method include the ability to introduce a well-defined state of stress in the specimen, capability of determining both shear modulus and shear strength with one test of a single specimen, use of a minimum amount of material per specimen, ease of specimen fabrication and preparation, and simplicity of testing. The solid-rod torsion test is shown to fulfill these requirements. Methods and equipment developed for both the fabrication and testing of specimens are discussed in detail. Experimental data obtained by utilizing the solid-rod torsion test on several different, composite-material systems are presented. These results are then compared with data obtained by utilizing other shear-property test methods.
IgG4 responses to antigens of adult Necator americanus: potential for use in large-scale epidemiological studies. (1996)

Described is an epidemiological investigation of hookworm infections in a rural community in Zimbabwe, where Necator americanus is the only human helminth species present. Among a cohort of 120 individuals the overall prevalence of infection was 78%. Intensity of infection was quantified both as egg counts (range: 0-2563 eggs per g of stool) and worm burden (range: 0-100 worms). Although both these measures provide useful quantitative data, they are tedious to determine in large-scale epidemiological studies and may present social and logistic difficulties. As an alternative screening method, we therefore investigated isotype-specific responses to adult worm antigens of N. americanus. The results show that specific IgG4 responses correlate positively and significantly with both measures of intensity and may be a useful marker of hookworm infection.
VEGF-D Is the Strongest Angiogenic and Lymphangiogenic Effector Among VEGFs Delivered Into Skeletal Muscle via Adenoviruses (2003)

Optimal angiogenic and lymphangiogenic gene therapy requires knowledge of the best growth factors for each purpose. We studied the therapeutic potential of human vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) family members VEGF-A, VEGF-B, VEGF-C, and VEGF-D as well as a VEGFR-3-specific mutant (VEGF-C156S) using adenoviral gene transfer in rabbit hindlimb skeletal muscle. The significance of proteolytic processing of VEGF-D was explored using adenoviruses encoding either full-length or mature (DeltaNDeltaC) VEGF-D. Adenoviruses expressing potent VEGFR-2 ligands, VEGF-A and VEGF-DDeltaNDeltaC, induced the strongest angiogenesis and vascular permeability effects as assessed by capillary vessel and perfusion measurements, modified Miles assay, and MRI. The most significant feature of angiogenesis induced by both VEGF-A and VEGF-DDeltaNDeltaC was a remarkable enlargement of microvessels with efficient recruitment of pericytes suggesting formation of arterioles or venules. VEGF-A also moderately increased capillary density and created glomeruloid bodies, clusters of tortuous vessels, whereas VEGF-DDeltaNDeltaC-induced angiogenesis was more diffuse. Vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation occurred in regions with increased plasma protein extravasation, indicating that arteriogenesis may be promoted by VEGF-A and VEGF-DDeltaNDeltaC. Full-length VEGF-C and VEGF-D induced predominantly and the selective VEGFR-3 ligand VEGF-C156S exclusively lymphangiogenesis. Unlike angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis was not dependent on nitric oxide. The VEGFR-1 ligand VEGF-B did not promote either angiogenesis or lymphangiogenesis. Finally, we found a positive correlation between capillary size and vascular permeability. This study compares, for the first time, angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis induced by gene transfer of different human VEGFs, and shows that VEGF-D is the most potent member when delivered via an adenoviral vector into skeletal muscle.
Degenerate Sharing (1994)

False sharing reduces system performance in shared memory systems. A major impediment to solving the problem of false sharing has been that no satisfactory definition for this problem exists. In this paper we provide precise and intuitive definitions for several types of degenerate sharing, including false sharing.
Elastic fields of inclusions in anisotropic media (II) (1973)

The integral expression for the elastic fields of ellipsoidal inclusions in anisotropic media solved by Kinoshita and Mura is further developed. The surface integrals in the expression are reduced to line integrals by the use of the theory of residues. The residues are given explicitly for the special cases of oblate (or prolate) spheroid inclusions in cubic crystals and in transversely isotropic materials. For the case of spherical inclusions, the results coincide with Kneer's paper. Der Integralausdruck für die elastischen Felder ellipsoidaler Einschlüsse in anisotropen Mediem von Kinoshita und Mura wird weiterentwickelt. Die Oberflächenintegrale in den Ausdrücken werden mit der Residuentheorie auf Linienintegrale reduziert. Die Residuen werden explizit angegeben für die speziellen Fälle von abgeplatteten (oder gestreckten) sphärischen Einschlüssen in kubischen Kristallen und in transversalen isotropen Materialien. Für den Fall sphärischer Einschlüsse stimmen die Ergebnisse mit der Kneerschen Arbeit überein.
Role for calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the p75-mediated regulation of sympathetic cholinergic transmission (2006)

Neurotrophins regulate sympathetic neuron cotransmission by modulating the activity-dependent release of norepinephrine and acetylcholine. Nerve growth factor promotes excitatory noradrenergic transmission, whereas brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), acting through the p75 receptor, increases inhibitory cholinergic transmission. This regulation of corelease by target-derived factors leads to the functional modulation of myocyte beat rate in neuron-myocyte cocultures. Calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) has been implicated in the control of both pre- and postsynaptic mechanisms of synaptic plasticity. We demonstrate that CaMKII acts in conjunction with p75 signaling to regulate cholinergic transmission between sympathetic neurons and heart cells. Inhibition of presynaptic CaMKII prevents the BDNF-dependent shift to inhibitory neurotransmission, whereas presynaptic expression of a constitutively active CaMKII results in inhibitory neurotransmission in the absence of added BDNF, suggesting that activation of presynaptic CaMKII is both necessary and sufficient for a shift from excitatory to inhibitory transmission. Several isozymes of CaMKII are expressed in sympathetic neurons, with the delta-CaMKII being activated by BDNF and nerve growth factor. Activated CaMKII is less effective at promoting cholinergic transmission in the absence of p75 signaling, demonstrating that p75 and CaMKII act to coordinate neurotransmitter selection in sympathetic neurons.
Effect of laser-irradiation on structural and electrical properties of CdS thin films (1990)

CdS films were deposited by a resistive heating technique onto glass substrates kept at 150 °C. The films were irradiated with laser pulses of various energy densities. A pulsed laser (Nd-doped yttrium aluminum garnet) capable of producing a 20-ns pulse of 0.53 μm wavelength (frequency doubled) with varying energy densities (2–50 mJ/cm2 ) was employed. X-ray diffraction studies showed that the crystallinity of the films improved with laser irradiation. dc conductivity and Hall coefficient measurements were made on the films in the temperature range 77–300 K for both as-grown and laser-irradiated films. It was observed that both the Hall coefficient and mobility increased with an increase of energy density as well as the number of pulses. Typically, the mobility increased from 71 to 121 cm2 V−1 s−1 after irradiation with 50 laser pulses of energy density 28 mJ/cm2 .
Peptide nucleic acids harness dual information codes in a single molecule (2020)

Nature encodes the information required for life in two fundamental biopolymers: nucleic acids and proteins. Peptide nucleic acid (PNA), a synthetic analog comprised of nucleobases arrayed along a pseudopeptide backbone, has the ability to combine the power of nucleic acids to encode information with the versatility of amino acids to encode structure and function. Historically, PNA has been perceived as a simple nucleic acid mimic having desirable properties such as high biostability and strong affinity for complementary nucleic acids. In this feature article, we aim to adjust this perception by highlighting the ability of PNA to act as a peptide mimic and showing the largely untapped potential to encode information in the amino acid sequence. First, we provide an introduction to PNA and discuss the use of conjugation to impart tunable properties to the biopolymer. Next, we describe the integration of functional groups directly into the PNA backbone to impart specific physical properties. Lastly, we highlight the use of these integrated amino acid side chains to encode peptide-like sequences in the PNA backbone, imparting novel activity and function and demonstrating the ability of PNA to simultaneously mimic both a peptide and a nucleic acid.
7B3 - Characteristics of a traveling-wave ruby single-mode laser as a laser radar transmitter (1966)

As part of a laser radar program, a single-mode ruby laser transmitter has been developed having the following properties: Master Oscillator: power output ≈ 20 kW; pulse width =1μs; repetition rate = 1 pps. Power Amplifier: (measured gain 24 dB). This paper describes results obtained with this laser transmitter. The techniques to determine the key properties of this laser transmitter are described along with the actual results that have been obtained. The particular characteristics of interest are 1) coherence of the laser, 2) frequency shift of "chirp" during the pulse, and 3) method of achieving the single mode.
Correlation between Some Physical Properties of Titanium Dioxide Particles and Their Photocatalytic Activity for Some Probe Reactions in Aqueous Systems (2002)

Nanocrystalline anatase titanium(IV) oxide (TiO2) particles were synthesized by hydrothermal crystallization in organic media (HyCOM) followed by calcination at various temperatures up to 1273 K, and they were characterized by analysis of surface adsorption of the substrates, as well as by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Brunauer−Emmet−Teller (BET) surface area measurements. These HyCOM TiO2 samples were used for three kinds of photocatalytic reactions: mineralization of acetic acid (AcOH) in aerated aqueous suspensions, dehydrogenation of 2-propanol (2-PrOH) by in situ platinized powders, and silver-metal deposition from silver ions (Ag+) in deaerated aqueous suspensions of bare TiO2 samples. Dependence of the photocatalytic activities on calcination temperature (Tc) and on the amount of adsorbed substrates in each reaction and correlations with the physical properties of HyCOM TiO2 were examined. In the case of mineralization of AcOH, the activitiy of each sample was almost proportional to the amount of surface-adsorbed AcOH in the dark, and the uncalcined (as-prepared) HyCOM TiO2 showed the highest activity, which was monotonically reduced with Tc, that is, with decrease in the amount of surface-adsorbed AcOH. On the other hand, in the case of silver-metal deposition, the photocatalytic activity was enhanced by calcination at higher temperature, despite the simultaneous decrease in the amount of surface-adsorbed Ag+ in the dark. Overall, the effects of calcination on the photocatalytic activities for several reaction systems strongly suggested that photocatalytic activity depends on two significant factors, adsorbability and recombination probability, corresponding to the specific surface area and crystallinity, respectively, and that the balance of these two factors determines the Tc dependence.
Alkaline Ionic Liquids as Catalysts: A Novel and Green Process for the Dehydration of Carbohydrates To Give 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (2012)

An efficient process for the conversion of carbohydrates into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) catalyzed by the room temperature ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hydroxide ([BMIM]OH), using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as solvent, has been developed. The yield of 5-HMF obtained by hydrolysis of fructose at 160 °C with a mass ratio IL:fructose of 0.5 was 91.6%. The effects of varying the solvent, IL concentration, temperature, and reaction time on the reaction were studied in detail. The activation energy of fructose conversion was determined to be 99.2 kJ·mol–1, with a pre-exponential factor of 2.1 × 108. Furthermore, the catalyst also exhibited good activity for the dehydration of sucrose to 5-HMF under the same conditions.
Reduction in Diarrhea Incidence by Soluble Fiber in Patients Receiving Total or Supplemental Enteral Nutrition (1994)

Enteral feeding with a formula supplemented with partially hydrolyzed guar gum reduces the incidence of diarrhea in patients receiving total enteral nutrition as well as in those receiving enteral supplementation, regardless of the cause of diarrhea. The increased hydrogen production and the significantly higher rate of flatulence are likely to result from fermentation of the soluble fiber in the colon, with concomitant production of short-chain fatty acids, which leads to increased absorption of short-chain fatty acids, sodium, and water by the colonocytes. This effect, together with the observed cholecystokinin-mediated decrease in colonic transit time with partially hydrolyzed guar gum, may explain the reduction in the incidence of diarrhea in this study.
Fibrous support for immobilization of enzymes. II (1983)

Abstract A series of adsorption experiments was conducted with varying initial enzyme concentrations. The observed values are compared with the results calculated from the adsorption equations based on Langmuir adsorption mechanism. The values of three parameters, adsorption equilibrium constant K a , maximum value of adsorbed enzyme per unit mass of SFF, N , and forward adsorption rate constant k a , were determined from Langmuir adsorption equations and experimental data. In the initial enzyme concentration range below 100 (mg enz./dL), the simulated enzyme concentration vs. time curve agreed well with observed values. However, it was found that the adsorption in the higher concentration range was slow, and the corrected forward adsorption rate constant should be employed.
The 4G to 5G Network Architecture Evolution in Australia (2018)

This paper provides a review of selected design and security aspects of 5G systems and addresses key questions about the deployment scenarios of Next Generation Radio Access Networks in Australia. The paper first presents the most relevant 5G use cases for the Australian market in 2018-19, and beyond; 5G concept and definitions; 3GPP updates, in terms of system architecture and enabling technologies and corresponding timelines; and spectrum availability, linked to possible 5G deployments in Australia. Then, the paper discusses the 5G functional architecture, possible configuration options, enabling technologies and network migration strategies and related 5G security, in Australia and globally. This is followed by a description of the possible 5G deployment scenarios in a multivendor environment and includes, as a case study, the Huawei product portfolio and site solution in Australia. The paper concludes with a discussion on the potential benefits of a telecommunications security assurance centre to improve the whole-of-life security assurance of critical telecommunications infrastructure and why it is important for the Australia telecommunications sector.
Nascent blood vessels in the skin arise from nestin-expressing hair-follicle cells (2004)

Besides forming hair shafts, the highly organized, metabolically vigorous hair follicle plays several crucial roles in skin architecture. The follicle contains a distinct population of presumptive follicular stem cells that express nestin, also a marker for neural stem cells. These nestin-expressing follicle cells are located principally in the follicular bulge region. Nestin-driven GFP (ND-GFP), transfected into mice, principally labels cells in the bulge region, which is consistent with the cells' being the stem cells of the hair follicle. We report here that ND-GFP also labels developing skin blood vessels that appear to originate from hair follicles and form a follicle-linking network. This is seen most clearly by transplanting ND-GFP-labeled vibrissa (whisker) hair follicles to unlabeled nude mice. New vessels grow from the transplanted follicle, and these vessels increase when the local recipient skin is wounded. The ND-GFP-expressing structures are blood vessels, because they display the characteristic endothelial-cell-specific markers CD31 and von Willebrand factor. This model displays very early events in skin angiogenesis and can serve for rapid antiangiogenesis drug screening.
Functionalization of Halloysite Clay Nanotubes by Grafting with γ-Aminopropyltriethoxysilane (2008)

Surface modification of natural halloysite clay nanotubes with γ-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) was investigated. Untreated and modified samples were characterized by nitrogen adsorption, X-ray diffraction, elemental analysis, thermogravimetry, transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, MAS nuclear magnetic resonance (29Si, 13C, 29Al), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The modification mechanism was found to include not only the direct grafting of APTES onto the hydroxyl groups of the internal walls, edges and external surfaces of the nanotubes but other processes in which oligomerized APTES condensed with the directly grafted APTES to form a cross-linked structure. The thermal and evacuation pretreatment conditions were found to play an important role in controlling the extent and mechanism of the modification. The extent of modification is also strongly affected by the morphological parameters of the original clay samples. This study demonstrates that the surface chemistry of halloysite nanotubes is readily modified, enabling applications in nanocomposites, enzyme immobilization and controlled release.
InAlAs/InGaAs HBTs using magnesium p-type dopant (2002)

The characteristics of Mg as a dopant in GaAs, AlGaAs, and InGaAs were studied to investigate its use as an alternative to the extremely hazardous Be widely used as a compound semiconductor p-type dopant in MBE (molecular beam epitaxy) growth. It is shown that doping with Mg is possible in all of these semiconductors at 1*10/sup 19//cm/sup 3/ and above. InAlAs/InGaAs HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors) using Mg for the p-type base dopant were fabricated experimentally, yielding good results with f/sub t/=32 GHz despite a large 3000-AA base thickness, a dual emitter of 2 mu m*5 mu m and a 220 mu m/sup 2/ base-collector junction area. This demonstrates that Mg is thoroughly usable as a p-type dopant for compound semiconductor devices.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
HFEL: Joint Edge Association and Resource Allocation for Cost-Efficient Hierarchical Federated Edge Learning (2020)

Federated Learning (FL) has been proposed as an appealing approach to handle data privacy issue of mobile devices compared to conventional machine learning at the remote cloud with raw user data uploading. By leveraging edge servers as intermediaries to perform partial model aggregation in proximity and relieve core network transmission overhead, it enables great potentials in low-latency and energy-efficient FL. Hence we introduce a novel Hierarchical Federated Edge Learning (HFEL) framework in which model aggregation is partially migrated to edge servers from the cloud. We further formulate a joint computation and communication resource allocation and edge association problem for device users under HFEL framework to achieve global cost minimization. To solve the problem, we propose an efficient resource scheduling algorithm in the HFEL framework. It can be decomposed into two subproblems: resource allocation given a scheduled set of devices for each edge server and edge association of device users across all the edge servers. With the optimal policy of the convex resource allocation subproblem for a set of devices under a single edge server, an efficient edge association strategy can be achieved through iterative global cost reduction adjustment process, which is shown to converge to a stable system point. Extensive performance evaluations demonstrate that our HFEL framework outperforms the proposed benchmarks in global cost saving and achieves better training performance compared to conventional federated learning.
Eliminating Buoyant Migration of Sequestered CO2 Through Surface Dissolution: Implementation Costs and Technical Challenges (2009)

Summary Sequestration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in geologic formations will be part of any substantive campaign to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions. The risk of leakage from the target formation must be weighed against economic feasibilities for this technology to gain stakeholder acceptance. The standard approach to large-scale geologic sequestration into saline aquifers assumes that CO2 will be injected as a bulk phase. In this case, the primary driver for leakage is the buoyancy of CO2 under typical deep-reservoir conditions (depths &gt; 2,600 ft or 800 m). Investigating alternative approaches that use inherently safe trapping mechanisms can help to characterize the price of reducing the risk of leakage. In this paper, we examine a process in which CO2 is dissolved in brine before injection into deep subsurface formations. The CO2-laden brine is slightly denser than brine containing no CO2, so the complete dissolution of all CO2 into brine at the surface before injection will eliminate the risk of buoyancy-driven leakage. The process considered here involves dissolving CO2 at surface facilities. We determine the capital costs for the additional facilities and compare them the capital costs for injecting bulk-phase CO2. We also estimate the power requirements to determine the additional operating costs. The additional capital and operating costs can be regarded as the price of this form of risk reduction. Comparing this alternative to the standard, we find that an additional power consumption of 3 to 9% of the power plant capacity will be required, and the capital costs will increase by approximately 60%. Brine is required at rates of millions of barrels per day and would be lifted from the target aquifer. The bulk volume of the aquifer is on the order of a hundred million acre-ft for reasonable power plant sizes (250 to 1,000 MW) and for reasonable injection periods (30 to 50 years). Although this alternative results in higher costs, surface dissolution may be attractive when the costs of monitoring or ensuring against buoyancy-driven CO2 leakage exceed these additional costs.