gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low-temperature gas from marine shales: wet gas to dry gas over experimental time (2009)

Marine shales exhibit unusual behavior at low temperatures under anoxic gas flow. They generate catalytic gas 300 degrees below thermal cracking temperatures, discontinuously in aperiodic episodes, and lose these properties on exposure to trace amounts of oxygen. Here we report a surprising reversal in hydrocarbon generation. Heavy hydrocarbons are formed before light hydrocarbons resulting in wet gas at the onset of generation grading to dryer gas over time. The effect is moderate under gas flow and substantial in closed reactions. In sequential closed reactions at 100 degrees C, gas from a Cretaceous Mowry shale progresses from predominately heavy hydrocarbons (66% C5, 2% C1) to predominantly light hydrocarbons (56% C1, 8% C5), the opposite of that expected from desorption of preexisting hydrocarbons. Differences in catalyst substrate composition explain these dynamics. Gas flow should carry heavier hydrocarbons to catalytic sites, in contrast to static conditions where catalytic sites are limited to in-place hydrocarbons. In-place hydrocarbons and their products should become lighter with conversion thus generating lighter hydrocarbon over time, consistent with our experimental results. We recognize the similarities between low-temperature gas generation reported here and the natural progression of wet gas to dry gas over geologic time. There is now substantial evidence for natural catalytic activity in source rocks. Natural gas at thermodynamic equilibrium and the results reported here add to that evidence. Natural catalysis provides a plausible and unique explanation for the origin and evolution of gas in sedimentary basins.
Synthesis and Formation Mechanism of Manganese Dioxide Nanowires/Nanorods (2002)

Alpha-, beta-, gamma-, and delta-MnO(2) single-crystal nanowires/nanorods with different aspect ratios have been successfully prepared by a common hydrothermal method based on the redox reactions of MnO(4)(-) and/or Mn(2+). The influences of oxidant, temperature, and inorganic cation (NH(4)(+) and K(+)) template concentrations on the morphology and crystallographic forms of the final products are discussed in this paper. It is interesting to find that all the MnO(2) one-dimensional nanostructures have a similar formation process: delta-MnO(2), which has a layer structure, serves as an important intermediate to other forms of MnO(2), and is believed to be responsible for the initial formation of MnO(2) one-dimensional nanostructures. A rolling mechanism has been proposed based on the results of the series of TEM images and XRD patterns of the intermediate.
SALTS OF PHENOLPHTHALEIN (1932)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSALTS OF PHENOLPHTHALEINWilliam M. DehnCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 7, 2947–2951Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1932Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1932https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01346a044https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01346a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views152Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Annual General Meeting (1920)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Coumarin and related compounds. Part VIII. Aluminium chloride-catalysed reactions of phenols with methyl methacrylate. A ready synthesis of 6-methylfuro[3,2-g]coumarin and 7-hydroxy-3-methyl-coumarin (1969)

The direct synthesis of 6-methyltetrahydrofuro[3,2-g]coumarin (II) and 7-hydroxy-3-methyldihydrocoumarin (V) by the condensation of methyl methacrylate with appropriate phenols in the presence of aluminium chloride is described. Dehydrogenation over palladium–charcoal in diphenyl ether gives the fully unsaturated derivatives (III) and (VI).
The Synthesis of a New Class of Highly Fluorescent Chromones via an Inverse-Demand Hetero-Diels–Alder Reaction (2015)

A new class of fluorophores has been developed utilizing an inverse-demand hetero-Diels-Alder reaction with silyl enol ethers and substituted 3-formylchromones. These compounds yield blue to green fluorescence with quantum yields up to 73%. They also exhibit good potential for use as fluorescent probes in biological systems, as they are cell membrane permeable with low cytotoxicity.
Insect antifeedants (2002)

M. Isman, Pestic. Outlook, 2002, 13, 152 DOI: 10.1039/B206507J
Cooperación y colaboración internacional en la lucha contra el terrorismo (2007)

En este ARI se repasan los mecanismos de cooperacion y colaboracion en la lucha contra el terrorismo dentro de la Union Europea y en otros ambitos de la sociedad internacional.

Reforzar la cooperacion internacional en el ambito antiterrorista es una prioridad de Espana para articular respuestas adecuadas y legitimas a la amenaza del terrorismo y para construir y consolidar el espacio de libertad, seguridad y justicia al que pertenecemos. La Union Europea (UE) debe enfrentarse a unos retos en el ambito de la seguridad diferentes a los de la ultima decada de los noventa; por ello, en el siglo XXI tiene que conocer en profundidad y asumir la naturaleza de los riesgos de la sociedad de la globalizacion. Partiendo de la necesidad de un enfoque europeo, la estrategia de la UE en la lucha contra el terrorismo –adoptada por el Consejo Europeo de 15 y 16 de diciembre de 2005– establece el compromiso de luchar globalmente contra el mismo. Los distintos mecanismos de cooperacion en el ambito comunitario se combinan con otros mas globales, cuyas posibilidades deberian ser optimizadas.
SparseDTW: A Novel Approach to Speed up Dynamic Time Warping (2012)

We present a new space-efficient approach, (SparseDTW), to compute the Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) distance between two time series that always yields the optimal result. This is in contrast to other known approaches which typically sacrifice optimality to attain space efficiency. The main idea behind our approach is to dynamically exploit the existence of similarity and/or correlation between the time series. The more the similarity between the time series the less space required to compute the DTW between them. To the best of our knowledge, all other techniques to speedup DTW, impose apriori constraints and do not exploit similarity characteristics that may be present in the data. We conduct experiments and demonstrate that SparseDTW outperforms previous approaches.
Near-infrared fluorescence catheter system for two-dimensional intravascular imaging in vivo (2010)

Detection of high-risk coronary arterial plaques prior to rupture remains an unmet clinical challenge, in part due to the stringent resolution and sensitivity requirements for in vivo human coronary arterial imaging. To address this need, we have developed a near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence imaging catheter system for intra-vascular molecular imaging of atherosclerosis in coronary artery-sized vessels, capable of resolving two-dimensional fluorescence activity in hollow organs, such as blood vessels. Based on a rotational fiber design, the catheter system illuminates and detects perpendicular to the rotational axis, while an automated pullback mechanism enables visualization along blood vessels with a scan speed of up to 1.5 mm/sec. We demonstrate the previously undocumented capacity to produce intravascular NIR fluorescence images of hollow organs in vivo and showcase the performance metrics of the system developed using blood vessel mimicking phantoms. This imaging approach is geared toward in vivo molecular imaging of atherosclerotic biomarkers and is engineered to allow seamless integration into the cardiac catheterization laboratory.
Identification of a Virulence-Associated Determinant, Dihydrolipoamide Dehydrogenase ( <i>lpd</i> ), in <i>Mycoplasma gallisepticum</i> through In Vivo Screening of Transposon Mutants (2006)

To effectively analyze Mycoplasma gallisepticum for virulence-associated determinants, the ability to create stable genetic mutations is essential. Global M. gallisepticum mutagenesis is currently limited to the use of transposons. Using the gram-positive transposon Tn4001mod, a mutant library of 110 transformants was constructed and all insertion sites were mapped. To identify transposon insertion points, a unique primer directed outward from the end of Tn4001mod was used to sequence flanking genomic regions. By comparing sequences obtained in this manner to the annotated M. gallisepticum genome, the precise locations of transposon insertions were discerned. After determining the transposon insertion site for each mutant, unique reverse primers were synthesized based on the specific sequences, and PCR was performed. The resultant amplicons were used as unique Tn4001mod mutant identifiers. This procedure is referred to as signature sequence mutagenesis (SSM). SSM permits the comprehensive screening of the M. gallisepticum genome for the identification of novel virulence-associated determinants from a mixed mutant population. To this end, chickens were challenged with a pool of 27 unique Tn4001mod mutants. Two weeks postinfection, the birds were sacrificed, and organisms were recovered from respiratory tract tissues and screened for the presence or absence of various mutants. SSM is a negative-selection screening technique whereby those mutants possessing transposon insertions in genes essential for in vivo survival are not recovered from the host. We have identified a virulence-associated gene encoding dihydrolipoamide dehydrogenase (lpd). A transposon insertion in the middle of the coding sequence resulted in diminished biologic function and reduced virulence of the mutant designated Mg 7.
Enabling Privacy-preserving Credential-based Access Control with XACML and SAML (2010)

In this paper we describe extensions to the access control industry standards XACML and SAML to enable privacy-preserving and credential-based access control. Rather than assuming that an enforcement point knows all the requester's attributes, our extensions allow the requester to learn which attributes have to be revealed and which conditions must be satisfied, thereby enabling to leverage the advantages of privacy-preserving technologies such as anonymous credentials. Moreover, our extensions follow a credential-based approach, i.e., attributes are regarded as being bundled together in credentials, and the policy can refer to attributes within specific credentials. In addition to defining language extensions, we also show how the XACML architecture and model of evaluating policies can be adapted to the credential-based setting, and we discuss the problems that such extensions entail.
Automated damage detection of buildings from aerial television images of the 2001 Gujarat, India earthquake (2002)

A severe earthquake, which heavily affected Gujarat Province in western India, occurred on 26 January 2001. Using aerial television images taken with a digital video camera from a light plane in the reconnaissance survey carried out by one of the authors, automated detection of areas with building damage, based on both the multi level slice method and the maximum likelihood classifier, was attempted. Areas of building damage were defined based on six image characteristics derived from color indices and edge elements. The resulting estimated distributions of areas of building damage were in good agreement with the actual situation, although we found that it was difficult to use the same threshold values and training data for all the images because of differences in some factors, such as the influence of sunshine and built environment in the two methods.
Sensitivity-dependent Hierarchical Receptor Codes for Odors (2003)

In order to comprehend the strategy of odor encoding by odorant receptors, we isolated 2740 mouse receptor neurons from four olfactory epithelial zones and classified them in terms of their sensitivities and tuning specificities to a chiral pair of odorants, S(+)-carvone (caraway-like odor) and R(-)-carvone (spearmint-like odor). Our approach revealed that the majority of receptors at the lowest effective stimulus concentration represented the principal odor qualities characteristic of each enantiomer by means of the principal odor qualities of the odorants for which the receptors were most sensitive. The chiral-non-discriminating receptors were newly recruited 3.7 times of R(-)-carvone-sensitive receptors and totally became 2.8 times (39/14) of R(-)carvone-sensitive receptors in the subpopulations when the stimulus concentration was increased 10-fold [corrected]. More than 80% of the responsive receptors (an estimated 70 +/- alpha types) exhibited overlapping sensitivities between the enantiomers. The signals from the non-discriminating receptors may be reduced to decode the characteristic odor identity for R(-)-carvone in the brain over an adequate range of stimulus strengths. The information processing of odors appears to involve the selective weighting of the signals from the most sensitive receptors. An analysis of the overall receptor codes to carvones indicated that the system employs hierarchical receptor codes: principal odor qualities are encoded by the most sensitive receptors and lower-ranked odor qualities by less sensitive receptors.
A fingerprinting‐based indoor localization system using intensity modulation of light emitting diodes (2012)

Abstract In this article, we propose a two‐dimensional indoor localization system using fingerprinting of received optical signals emitted from light emitting diodes (LEDs).The transmitters and receiver are designed and constructed to use visible light as the signal for localization. At the transmitter side, the input voltage/current is modulated with continuous waves before being sent to the LEDs, where each transmitter is assigned with a different frequency. At the receiver side, the power spectral density of the received signal is calculated and the location is estimated as one of the fingerprint locations using a novel but yet simple algorithm. Both the simulation and experiment have been conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the system in a controlled environment. We demonstrate that the system has the potential to estimate locations in the level of centimeters. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 54:1218–1227, 2012
Finding faults in multi-threaded programs (2001)

Multi-threaded programming creates the fundamental problem that the execution of a program is no longer deterministic, because the thread schedule is not controlled by the application. This causes traditional testing methods to be rather ineffective. Trilogy, producing many multi-threaded server programs, also has to deal with the limitations of regression testing. New approaches to this problem – static and extended dynamic checking – promise to ameliorate the situation. Many tools are in development that try to find faults in multi-threaded programs in new ways. The first part of this report describes a detailed evaluation of a wide variety of dynamic and static checkers. That comparison always had the applicability to industrial software in mind. While none of the checking tools was a clear winner, certain tools are more useful in practice than others. Because simple cases are the most common ones in practice, the decision was made to extend Jlint, a simple, fast static Java program checker. The new Jlint can now also check for deadlocks insynchronized blocks in Java, which results in improved faultfinding capabilities. The extensions and their usefulness in an industrial environment are described in the second part of the report. Jlint has been applied to many core packages of Trilogy, and also a few other software packages, and shown various degrees of success.
MPEG-7 Visual Descriptors—Contributions for Automated Feature Extraction in Capsule Endoscopy (2006)

Recent advances in miniaturization led to the development of what is now called the endoscopic capsule. This small device is swallowed by a patient and films the whole gastrointestinal tract, allowing the detection of abnormalities. Currently, a doctor typically needs up to two hours to analyze a full exam, so automation is desirable. This paper presents a methodology for measuring the potential of selected visual MPEG-7 descriptors for the task of specific medical event detection such as blood, ulcers. Experiments show that the best results are obtained by the Scalable Color and Homogenous Texture descriptors, especially if only relevant coefficients are used.
Straight and crosier‑shaped catheter techniques for phrenic nerve stimulation during cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation for the treatment of atrial fibrillation (2019)

Straight and crosier‑shaped catheter techniques are equally effective in monitoring for phrenic nerve palsy. The crosier‑shaped catheter maintains its position better, thus leading to fewer dislocations and requiring fewer correction maneuvers, which might correlate with shorter procedure time. Moreover, this technique provides lower pacing thresholds. Both techniques may be safely used in patients with AF, and if stable phrenic nerve capture cannot be achieved, switching to another technique seems reasonable.
Novel Options for the Pharmacological Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure – Role of Botulin Toxin (2009)

A chronic anal fissure (CAF) is commonly referred to as an ischemic ulcer. For many years it was thought that sphincteroctomy produces anal sphincter relaxation, enhances microcirculation and promotes CAF healing. The latest studies have shown that fissure healing does not appear to be dependent on reduction in mean resting anal pressure. Our description of the process of CAF healing is based on understanding the balance between nitric oxide (NO) concentration and a level of oxidative and nitroxidative stress in wounds, which is responsible for contraction of smooth muscles (also anal sphincters), endothelial/skeletal muscle cell remodelling and proliferation. Pharmacological sphincterotomy with botulinum toxin (BTX) has an effect on motor endplate but it also has an influence on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and other agents. Hypoxia in contracted anal sphincters induces vasoconstriction, in part, by decreasing endothelial NOS expression. Clostridium botulinum C3 exoenzyme - Rho-kinase inhibitor reverses this vasoconstriction. CAF is a site where the haemostatic mechanisms are activated. Rho inactivator C3-transferase from Clostridium botulinum abolished thrombin - stimulated endothelial cell contraction. Attenuated biotransformation of Glyceryl trinitrate (GTN) by mitochondrial aldehyde dehydrogenase and suppression of cGMP-dependent protein kinase expression may play a key role in understanding the problem of synergistic action of BTX and GTN. BTX and GTN are different forms of pharmacological sphincterectomies. This mechanism could explain the potentiate effect of BTX action after NO donors application for CAF. The application of BTX releases the blockage in GTN bioactivation in smooth muscle cells and suppresses basal continuous sympathetic activity, causing modulation of anal sphincters. It is responsible for CAF healing.
Vegetation‐soil‐thaw‐depth relationships along a low‐arctic bioclimate gradient, Alaska: synthesis of information from the ATLAS studies (2003)

Abstract Differences in the summer insulative value of the zonal vegetation mat affect the depth of thaw along the Arctic bioclimate gradient. Toward the south, taller, denser plant canopies and thicker organic horizons counter the effects of warmer temperatures, so that there is little correspondence between active layer depths and summer air temperature. We examined the interactions between summer warmth, vegetation (biomass, Leaf Area Index, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), soil (texture and pH), and thaw depths at 17 sites in three bioclimate subzones of the Arctic Slope and Seward Peninsula, Alaska. Total plant biomass in subzones C, D, and E averaged 421 g m −2 , 503 g m −2 , and 1178 g m −2 respectively. Soil organic horizons averaged 4 cm in subzone C, 8 cm in subzone D, and 14 cm in subzone E. The average late‐August thaw depths in subzones C, D, and E were 44 cm, 55 cm, and 47 cm respectively. Non‐acidic soils in equivalent climates generally have shorter‐stature sedge‐dominated canopies and many frost boils, and consequently have thicker active layers than acidic soils. The trends reported here are useful for palaeo‐ecological reconstructions and predictions of future ecosystem changes in the Low Arctic. Climate change will not lead to uniform thickening of the active layer, and could lead to shallower active layers in some presently dry areas due to paludification. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recurrent sustained ventricular tachycardia. 2. Endocardial mapping. (1978)

Endocardial ventricular mapping of 21 ventricular tachyardias (VT) in 17 patients was performed using electrode catheters. Activation at multiple left and right ventricular sites was utilized to determine the site of origin of the VT. Eleven VT had a left bundle branch block pattern (VT-LBBB) and 10 VT had right bundle branch block pattern (VT-RBBB). In all VT-RBBB the earliest site of activation was in the LV or septum. In VT-LBBB the earliest site was RV (4/11), LV (5/11) and septum (2/11). All ventricular tachycardias with QRS less than 140 msec arose in the septum. In patients with an aneurysm, the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia was always in the aneursm. All VT-LBBB arising from the left ventricle originated in an aneurysm involving the septum. QRS changes during ventricular tachycardia were associated with alterations in the patterm of ventricular activation without alteration of the site of origin. In three patients the site of origin predicted by endocardial ventricular mapping was confirmed intraoperatively by epi- and/or endocardial mapping. We conclude that endocardial ventricular mapping demonstrates the limitations of the surface electrocardiogram in localizing the site of origin of ventricular tachycardia. The method may provide important data upon which the surgical therapy of ventricular tachycardia is based.
FM-MAC: A Novel MAC Protocol for In-Band Full-Duplex Systems That Use Multipacket Reception (2015)

This paper proposes a new random access Medium Access Control (MAC) protocol, named as Full-duplex Multipacket reception Medium Access Control (FM-MAC), which jointly uses In-band Full-Duplex (FDX) and MultiPacket Reception (MPR) techniques. The protocol was designed to maximize the spectral efficiency by combining the FDX doubling potential and the MPR capability to handle interference due to concurrent transmissions. A cross-layer approach was followed: FM-MAC selects the transmission mode and defines the transmission power to maximize throughput, guaranteeing a minimal bandwidth for mobile terminals (MTs) that cannot use FDX. The performance was evaluated using simulations with 10 MTs, which studied the influence of the load in different combinations of FDX and half-duplex (HDX) MTs. The results show that replacing HDX MTs for FDX increases the throughput 33% and reduces the delay, as long as, the system does not enter into saturation.