gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliable fabrication process for long-length multi-filamentary coated conductors by a laser scribing method for reduction of AC loss (2013)

We have developed a reliable fabrication process based on a laser scribing method for multi-filamentary coated conductors with a low alternating current loss. This process consists of shallow laser irradiation and two-step chemical etching. The shallow laser irradiation, which penetrates into only a masking polymer tape and a silver stabilizing layer, suppresses generation of dross that is formed due to melting and hardening of a metal substrate. The two-step chemical etching individually for the stabilizing and the superconducting layers prevents over-etching of the superconducting layer and thus suppresses degradation of the critical current (Ic). By using the developed laser scribing process, we realized an improvement of processing speed and a reduction of Ic degradation at the same time. Subsequently, we developed reel-to-reel equipment to apply this process to coated conductors several hundred meters long. We succeeded in fabricating 280 m and 70 m long coated conductors with 5 mm width divided into three and five filaments, respectively. It was confirmed that they had one-third and one-fifth hysteresis loss, respectively, in comparison with that before processing, and high inter-filament resistance, over 0.1 MΩ cm. The typical degradation rates of Ic in the developed laser scribing process were less than 20%.
Megavoltage CT image reconstruction during tomotherapy treatments (2000)

An integrated tomotherapy system allows for improved radiotherapy verification by enabling the collection of megavoltage computed tomography (MVCT) images before or after treatment delivery. In this investigation, the possibility of collecting MV tomographic data and reconstructing images during a tomotherapy treatment is examined. By overcoming difficulties with the normalization of modulated treatment data and with the incompleteness of treatment data, it is possible to use data collected during tomotherapeutic treatments for MVCT reconstruction. The benefits of these techniques include potential increases in patient throughput, reductions in imaging dose, visualization of the patient in the treatment position and improvements in image contrast.
Piezoelectric Vibratory Gyro (1985)

The equivalent circuits for a piezoelectric vibratory gyro are introduced, and some conditions in designing are given. Moreover, some new constructions of the gyro are derived from the equivalent circuit.
Identification and Characterization of Novel Viruses (2008)

Although much has been learned about the agents and the clinical and epidemiological features of acute respiratory illness (ARI), much still remains unknown. Among children in the USA, the agent of 25–50% of cases of ARI remains unknown and among adults the agent remains unknown for about 50% of ARI cases. Roadblocks to detecting the etiological agent include quality of specimens, sensitivity and specificity of assays, and probably presence of as yet unknown pathogens. For example, since the year 2000, five new viral agents of ARI have been identified (human metapneunovirus [hMPV], SARS CoV, two human coronaviruses [NL63 and HKU1] and a new parvovirus [human bocavirus]). A variety of methods have been used to try to detect novel viral pathogens and include classic techniques such as tissue culture isolation, antigen detection assays and electron microscopy, and molecular methods designed specifically to detect novel pathogens. Examples of different successful methods to detect novel pathogens include those used to identify the hepatitis C virus, human herpes virus 8, Sin Nombre virus, and SARS coronavirus. At CDC, we have developed several molecular methods to identify new pathogens including pan viral family PCR assays that can detect any member of a given family of viruses. To date, we have developed pan viral family (or genera) PCR assays for 11 viral families. The improving methods to discover new viruses are likely to present investigators with the challenge to determine if and what disease an increasing number of novel viruses might cause. Koch's postulates provide guidelines for establishing a causal relationship between a pathogen and disease and include establishing an epidemiologic link between the pathogen and disease and then showing a causal relationship, most often through animal inoculation studies. The success of new molecular tools for pathogen discovery highlight the need for more efficient ways to determine what disease might be associated with the infection.
Cardiac Output Monitoring Using Indicator-Dilution Techniques: Basics, Limits, and Perspectives (2010)

The ability to monitor cardiac output is one of the important cornerstones of hemodynamic assessment for managing critically ill patients at increased risk for developing cardiac complications, and in particular in patients with preexisting cardiovascular comorbidities. For >30 years, single-bolus thermodilution measurement through a pulmonary artery catheter for assessment of cardiac output has been widely accepted as the "clinical standard" for advanced hemodynamic monitoring. In this article, we review this clinical standard, along with current alternatives also based on the indicator-dilution technique, such as the transcardiopulmonary thermodilution and lithium dilution techniques. In this review, not only the underlying technical principles and the unique features but also the limitations of each application of indicator dilution are outlined.
State-of-the-art Review of Liquid Loading in Gas Wells (2013)

Gas wells suffering from liquid loading are incapable of removing the liquid associated with \nproduced gas from the wellbore. This phenomenon is initiated when the upward gas velocity \nin the well falls below a critical value at which point the liquid, that was initially flowing \nupwards, begins to fall back. This liquid accumulates downhole, where it increases the \nhydrostatic back-pressure on the reservoir, destabilises the multiphase flow in the well \n(following flow regime changes), decreases production rate and, in severe cases, kills the \nwell. The typical liquid loading sequence begins with a gas flow rate that is high enough to \ntransport all liquids to surface and there is no liquid fall-back in the well. However, as the gas \nvelocity slows or the liquid content in the well rises, there is insufficient energy in the well to \ncarry all liquids to surface and some begins to flow backwards. As the hydrostatic head \ndownhole increases, the liquid column that has accumulated in the well can re-enter the \nnear-wellbore region of the reservoir. This results in the well becoming “unloaded” so that it \ncan flow once more, with the gas carrying all liquids to surface. However, the reinjection of \nliquids into the reservoir may cause formation damage, which will impair the well \nproductivity. This cycle continues, providing the \ntypical intermittent response of liquid-loaded \ngas wells, until the reservoir potential starts to fall or the liquid yield rises. \nDiagnosing liquid loading is often difficult as the affected well(s) may continue production \nwithout any substantial performance impairment \nfor a long period of time. Typical symptoms \nof liquid loading include sharp drops in the cumulative production decline curve, the onset of \nliquid slugs in the surface facilities, abrupt changes in the flowing pressure gradient, low \ntemperature spikes at the wellhead and declining water production or condensate-gas-ratio. \nMany remedial lifting options have been devel\noped for use in the field; some unloading \nsolutions (e.g. velocity strings) rely on the existing natural energy of the system, while others \n(e.g. downhole pumps) provide extra energy to bring the water to surface, so reducing the \nliquid loading problem. As each of the remedial options have their own technical \ncharacteristics, their applicability varies depend\ning on the characteristics and the status of \nthe well. \nAlthough a number of established techniques are used to alleviate the effects of liquid \nloading, the industry still lacks reliable predictive models to help select the best remedial \noption for a particular loading occurrence. In this paper, an up-to-date critical review of \ncurrent methods to forecast the onset of liquid loading and model the subsequent wellbore \nperformance is presented. The review also includes recent attempts to understand the \ndynamic interactions between reservoir and wellbore during liquid loading.
Targeting the Blind Spot of Polycationic Nanocarrier-Based siRNA Delivery (2012)

Polycationic nanocarriers attract increasing attention to the field of siRNA delivery. We investigated the self-assembly of siRNA vs pDNA with polycations, which are broadly used for nonviral gene and siRNA delivery. Although polyethyleneimine (PEI) was routinely adopted as siRNA carrier based on its efficacy in delivering pDNA, it has not been investigated yet why PEI efficiently delivers pDNA to cells but is controversially discussed in terms of efficacy for siRNA delivery. We are the first to investigate the self-assembly of PEI/siRNA vs PEI/pDNA and the steps of complexation and aggregation through different levels of hierarchy on the atomic and molecular scale with the novel synergistic use of molecular modeling, molecular dynamics simulation, isothermal titration calorimetry, and other characterization techniques. We are also the fist to elucidate atomic interactions, size, shape, stoichiometry, and association dynamics for polyplexes containing siRNA vs pDNA. Our investigation highlights differences in the hierarchical mechanism of formation of related polycation-siRNA and polycation-pDNA complexes. The results of fluorescence quenching assays indicated a biphasic behavior of siRNA binding with polycations where molecular reorganization of the siRNA within the polycations occurred at lower N/P ratios (nitrogen/phosphorus). Our results, for the first time, emphasize a biphasic behavior in siRNA complexation and the importance of low N/P ratios, which allow for excellent siRNA delivery efficiency. Our investigation highlights the formulation of siRNA complexes from a thermodynamic point of view and opens new perspectives to advance the rational design of new siRNA delivery systems.
Stridor in the Neonate (2011)

Stridor in the neonate is a sign that necessitates a basic physiological approach to establish a diagnosis. This includes a detailed assessment of the characteristics of the stridor; its associated features particularly voice quality, swallow, cough as well as general features and finally the levels of respiratory distress. The differential diagnosis is wide ranging, the associated features are common and the associated distress is highly variable. Common disorders causing stridor in the neonate include laryngomalacia, tracheobronchomalacia disorders, subglottic stenosis, and cysts; while vocal cord immobility, clefts, webs, hemangiomas and masses are rare. Diagnostic laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy are required in many cases. Management ranges from observation and parental education in mild cases to relief of hypoxia, relief or removal of obstruction and treatment of the specific causes through surgical means in the severe and potentially dangerous. A specialized chronic illness teamwork approach including medical, paramedical, psychological support for the child and family and otolaryngological and surgical teams is often required to ensure a satisfactory outcome. Keywords: Clefts, cyst, laryngomalacia, neonate, stridor, subglottic stenosis, vocal fold immobility, webs
Hepatitis C: epidemiology and review of complementary/alternative medicine treatments. (1999)

Hepatitis C is emerging as a serious worldwide problem. In the United States the current mortality figures may triple in the next ten years, rivaling HIV. The disease has a latency of 10-30 years and symptoms or signs may not appear until cirrhosis is evident. Adequate diagnosis, including liver biopsy, is essential in assessing the current stage of the viral infection and the need for treatment. Hepatitis C may manifest as hepatic fibrosis, cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma, lichen planus, glomerulonephritis, mixed cryoglobulinemia, or porphyria. The hepatic damage is due both to the cytopathic effect of the virus and the inflammatory changes secondary to immune activation. The use of the botanical components glycyrrhizin, catechin, silymarin and phytosterols, and the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine and vitamin E are reviewed for their efficacy in treating chronic hepatitis and affecting liver damage.
For a few dollars less (2009)

We address the problem of large-scale automatic detection of online reviews without using any human labels. We propose an efficient method that combines two basic ideas: Building a classifier from a large number of noisy examples and using the structure of the website to enhance the performance of this classifier. Experiments suggest that our method is competitive against supervised learning methods that mandate expensive human effort.
Compiling a rule database program into a C/SQL application (2002)

The design and the implementation of a rule database language (RDL) compiler is presented. In this design, the RDL/C language supports both declarative programming based on a production rule language and C-based procedural programming. The data model is relational. This implies that all rule programs can be solved without having to download data from the database management system (DBMS) into some working memory. The language supports domain variables which can appear in rules. These variables are monitored by the inference engine and included in the semantics of rule firing. A partial ordering among rules is available to the user. The RDL/C compiler translates RDL/C source code into C code with embedded structured query language (SQL) statements. Its implementation is compared to fully integrated deductive databases and to loosely coupled systems. It is shown how the rule-based paradigm for a database can be used as a framework for a general-purpose database application generator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Active learning of hyperspectral data with spatially dependent label acquisition costs (2009)

Supervised learners can be used to automatically classify many types of spatially distributed data. For example, land cover classification by hyperspectral image data analysis is an important remote sensing task where a supervised learner is trained on a large set of labeled data. However, while gathering unlabeled samples may be relatively easy, labeling large amounts of data can be very costly. Acting learning is one approach to reduce the amount of labeled data required to build a supervised learner that performs well. However, most active learning approaches assume that the cost of acquiring labels for all points is uniform. For spatially distributed data that requires physical access to spatial locations in order to assign labels, label acquisition costs become proportional to distance traveled in order to label a point. In this paper, we present results for applying a novel active learning method which takes variable label acquisition costs into account on two hyperspectral datasets.
Development of a new derivative-based algorithm to detect current transformer saturation (2012)

Derivative-based approaches have been used both in the literature and in the industry to identify fault current distortions caused by current transformer (CT) saturation. This study presents a new simple, but efficient, derivative-based technique to detect CT saturation. First a difference function for the samples on the two sides of the current local extremum is defined. Based on the values of this difference function for various current samples, a variance function is defined. By comparing this variance function with a pair of pre-set thresholds, CT saturation can be determined. This technique is not affected by CT parameters such as CT burden, core remanence or magnetisation curve. The independence of this method from the fault current characteristics, such as decaying DC time constant, noise and so on, is investigated. Numerous simulations were carried out using PSCAD/EMTDC program. The performance of this algorithm for simulated fault currents together with a set of experimental results verify the accurate operation of the proposed method for different conditions including mild and fast CT saturations.
Identification of a Broadly Cross-Reacting and Neutralizing Human Monoclonal Antibody Directed against the Hepatitis C Virus E2 Protein (2007)

Identification of anti-hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV) human antibody clones with broad neutralizing activity is important for a better understanding of the interplay between the virus and host and for the design of an effective passive immunotherapy and an effective vaccine. We report the identification of a human monoclonal Fab (e137) able to bind the HCV E2 glycoprotein of all HCV genotypes but genotype 5. The results of antibody competition assays and testing the reactivity to alanine mutant E2 proteins confirmed that the e137 epitope includes residues (T416, W420, W529, G530, and D535) highly conserved across all HCV genotypes. Fab e137 neutralized HCV pseudoparticles bearing genotype 1a, 1b, and 4 E1-E2 proteins and to a lesser extent, genotype 2b. Fab e137 was also able to inhibit cell culture-grown HCV (genotype 2a). These data indicate that broadly cross-reacting and cross-neutralizing antibodies are generated during HCV infection.
Variable speed wind turbine control system (1981)

Upper GI endoscopy can safely be performed under propofol sedation administered by registered trained nurse under the supervision of endoscopist.
An Easily Sintered, Chemically Stable, Barium Zirconate‐Based Proton Conductor for High‐Performance Proton‐Conducting Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2014)

Yttrium and indium co‐doped barium zirconate is investigated to develop a chemically stable and sintering active proton conductor for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). BaZr 0.8 Y 0.2‐x In x O 3‐ δ possesses a pure cubic perovskite structure. The sintering activity of BaZr 0.8 Y 0.2‐x In x O 3‐ δ increases significantly with In concentration. BaZr 0.8 Y 0.15 In 0.05 O 3‐ δ (BZYI5) exhibits the highest total electrical conductivity among the sintered oxides. BZYI5 also retains high chemical stability against CO 2 , vapor, and reduction of H 2 . The good sintering activity, high conductivity, and chemical stability of BZYI5 facilitate the fabrication of durable SOFCs based on a highly conductive BZYI5 electrolyte film by cost‐effective ceramic processes. Fully dense BZYI5 electrolyte film is successfully prepared on the anode substrate by a facile drop‐coating technique followed by co‐firing at 1400 °C for 5 h in air. The BZYI5 film exhibits one of the highest conductivity among the BaZrO 3 ‐based electrolyte films with various sintering aids. BZYI5‐based single cells output very encouraging and by far the highest peak power density for BaZrO 3 ‐based proton‐conducting SOFCs, reaching as high as 379 mW cm −2 at 700 °C. The results demonstrate that Y and In co‐doping is an effective strategy for exploring sintering active and chemically stable BaZrO 3 ‐based proton conductors for high performance proton‐conducting SOFCs.
Coste laboral, competitividad y empleo de la economía española (1994)

Para la mayor parte de las familias el salario es la fuente basica de ingresos que determina su nivel de vida. Pero al mismo tiempo que renta para el trabajador, el salario constituye, junto con los costes laborales no salariales, el principal capitulo de costes de produccion para las empresas condicionando su competitividad en mayor medida con la creciente integracion internacional de la economia espanola.
Bajo estas premisas, se analiza en este trabajo, en primer lugar, la relacion existente entre la evolucion de la remuneracion por asalariado, el empleo y la demanda de consumo. La experiencia demuestra que la mayor demanda y actividad para las empresas viene impulsada por el crecimiento del empleo, para lo que resulta imprescindible una evolucion salarial en consonancia con la de los paises competidores y que contribuye a la estabilidad de precios. A continuacion se hacen algunas reflexiones sobre la importancia y efectos de la fiscal que distancia el liquido percibido por el trabajador del coste laboral total de este para la empresa, brecha que en Espana es especialmente elevada debido a las cuotas empresariales a la Seguridad Social. Por ultimo, se analiza la relacion entre remuneracion y productividad, cuyo comportamiento es decisivo pera la competitividad de la empresa hallandose condicionada por la legislacion laboral y la estructura de la negociacion colectiva.
Growth of Staphylococcus aureus in Four Intravenous Anesthetics (1993)

Patient infections related to the use of propofol have been reported. To investigate the growth of Staphylococcus aureus in propofol, thiopental, methohexital, etomidate, and 0.9% saline containing no bacteriostatic drug, these preparations were inoculated and samples were plated onto blood agar at 0, 3, 6, 21, 24, and 27 h. The number of colony-forming units (CFU) on the plates was then determined after 24 h of incubation. Samples from the inoculated etomidate solution showed zero CFU at 3 h and thereafter, whereas 21 h were required by the methohexital and thiopental solutions to reduce the number of CFU to zero. For normal saline, no significant change in CFU was seen before the first 6 h, then the number of CFU gradually declined, although some S. aureus CFU were still present at 27 h. Inoculation of the propofol emulsion resulted in a substantial growth of S. aureus between 6 and 21 h after inoculation. We conclude that, of the preparations tested, only propofol was an excellent medium for the rapid growth of S. aureus. Meticulous sterile technique, therefore, is advised when handling it.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic correlations and biomarkers in the development of COX-2 inhibitors (2005)

The mechanism by which COX inhibitors exert their analgesic effect is well established. However, data show no direct correlation between drug concentrations in plasma and the analgesic or adverse effects in chronic inflammatory conditions. This represents a major problem in the development of COX inhibitors, since it is difficult to predict the appropriate dosing regimen for the treatment of chronic inflammatory pain, based upon information from pre-clinical studies and eventually early clinical studies. The factors that determine response in inflammatory pain must be understood in order to make predictions about the time course of the analgesic effect. In this review the determinants of drug response and their variability will be discussed: physicochemical properties, pharmacokinetics (PK), pathophysiology and disease progression. From a mechanistic point of view, endogenous mediators of inflammation might be used as a biomarker for the analgesic effect and safety assessment. Such a biomarker can be an intermediate step between drug exposure and response. In addition, its concentration-effect relationship could be characterized by pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling. Indeed, recent investigations have shown that COX-2 inhibition, as determined by modelling of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) levels in the whole blood assay in vitro can be used as a marker to predict drug effects (analgesia) in humans. A model-derived parameter, IC80, (total and unbound) was found to correlate directly with the analgesic plasma concentration of different COX inhibitors varying in enzyme selectivity. These findings indicate that PGE2 and thromboxane B2 inhibition can be used to predict and select efficacious doses in humans.