gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Literature Review on Automatic Speech Recognition (2012)

Automatic speech recognition, which was considered to be a concept of science fiction and which has been hit by number of performance degrading factors, is now an important part of information and communication technology. Improvements in the fundamental approaches and development of new approaches by researchers have lead to the advancement of ASRs which were just responding to a set of sounds to sophisticated ASRs which responds to fluently spoken natural language. Using artificial neural networks (ANNs), mathematical models of the low-level circuits in the human brain, to improve speech-recognition performance, through a model known as the ANN-Hidden Markov Model (ANN-HMM) have shown promise for large-vocabulary speech recognition systems. Achieving higher Recognition accuracy, low Word error rate, developing speech corpus depending upon the nature of language and addressing the issues of sources of variability through approaches like Missing Data Techniques & Convolutive Non-Negative Matrix Factorization, are the major considerations for developing an efficient ASR. In this paper, an effort has been made to highlight the progress made so far for ASRs of different languages and the technological perspective of automatic speech recognition in countries like China, Russian, Portuguese, Spain, Saudi Arab
ICMP Extensions for Routing Instances (2006)

This document specifies the extensions to ICMP that allows routing
instance information to be included inside the ICMP packet. These
extensions can be used to facilitate the troubleshooting network
problems within a routing domain or across multiple routing domains.
The Interleukin-6 (IL-6) Partial Antagonist (Q159E,T162P)IL-6 Interacts with the IL-6 Receptor and gp130 but Fails to Induce a Stable Hexameric Receptor Complex (1996)

The extracellular "soluble" domains of the IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R) and gp130 (sgp130) form a hexameric ternary receptor complex together with IL-6, consisting of two molecules of each component. In this report we have investigated the interactions of the partial IL-6 antagonist (Q159E,T162P)IL-6 ((QT)IL-6), with the sIL-6R and sgp130. The kinetic rate constants of the binding of sIL-6R to immobilized monomeric (QT)IL-6 or IL-6 were obtained using an optical biosensor with analysis of the primary data by linear and nonlinear regression. Both methods of analysis showed that, due to a higher off-rate, sIL-6R has lower apparent affinity for (QT)IL-6 than IL-6. The lower affinity of (QT)IL-6 was further confirmed by equilibrium binding measurements at the sensor surface and in solution. Using the biosensor it was also shown that the (QT)IL-6 complex interacts with sgp130, supporting the notion that the biological activity of (QT)IL-6 is mediated via gp130. However, the IL-6 mutant, when incubated with sIL-6R and sgp130, failed to induce a stable hexameric receptor complex, as shown by narrowbore size exclusion chromatography.
Characterization of Dispersed Heteropoly Acid on Mesoporous Zeolite Using Solid-State <sup>31</sup>P NMR Spin−Lattice Relaxation (2009)

Dispersion and quantitative characterization of supported catalysts is a grand challenge in catalytic science. In this paper, heteropoly acid H(3)PW(12)O(40) (HPA) is dispersed on mesoporous zeolite silicalite-1 derived from hydrothermal synthesis using carbon black nanoparticle templates, and the catalytic activity is studied for 1-butene isomerization. The HPAs supported on conventional zeolite and on mesoporous zeolite exhibit very different activities and thus provide good model systems to investigate the structure dependence of the catalytic properties. The HPA on mesoporous silicalite-1 shows enhanced catalytic activity for 1-butene isomerization, while HPA on conventional silicalite-1 exhibits low activity. To elucidate the structural difference, supported HPA catalysts are characterized using a variety of techniques, including (31)P magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance, and are shown to contain a range of species on both mesoporous and conventional zeolites. However, contrary to studies reported in the literature, conventional NMR techniques and chemical shifts alone do not provide sufficient information to distinguish the dispersed and aggregated surface species. The dispersed phase and the nondispersed phase can only be unambiguously and quantitatively characterized using spin-lattice relaxation NMR techniques. The HPA supported on mesoporous zeolite contains a fast relaxation component related to the dispersed catalyst, giving a much higher activity, while the HPA supported on conventional zeolite has essentially only the slow relaxation component with very low activity. The results obtained from this work demonstrate that the combination of spinning sideband fitting and spin-lattice relaxation techniques can provide detailed structural information on not only the Keggin structure for HPA but also the degree of dispersion on the support.
Transparent access to persistent objects in object-oriented databases (2002)

A technique for transparent access to persistent objects is presented. This is a key technique for achieving the seamless integration of object oriented databases and programming languages, with the condition of keeping the object level concurrency control, version management and constraint checking.
The level of cathepsin B in gingival crevicular fluid during human orthodontic tooth movement (2003)

This investigation examined gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of lysosomal cystein protease, cathepsin B (CAB), during human orthodontic tooth movement. The study included 10 patients (five males, mean age 22.5 +/- 2.8 years and five females, mean age 23.4 +/- 3.9 years), each having one tooth undergoing orthodontic movement, while the contralateral and antagonist teeth were used as the controls. The GCF was sampled at the control and treatment (compression) sites before activation and at 1, 24, and 168 hours. Prevention of plaque-induced inflammation allowed this study to focus on the dynamics of mechanically stimulated CAB levels in GCF. The CAB levels in GCF were determined by fluorospectrometry, using Z-Arg-Arg-MCA as the substrate and by Western blotting analysis. The GCF levels of CAB for the treated teeth were significantly (P< 0.001) higher than those of the control teeth at 24 hours. At the control sites, CAB levels at 24 hours did not change significantly with time. At the experimental site where orthodontic forces were applied, Western blot analysis demonstrated that the molecular forms were 29 kDa mature enzymes. These results indicate that the amount of CAB in GCF is increased by orthodontic tooth movement. This increased CAB may be involved in extracellular matrix degradation in response to mechanical stress.
Contributors, Jan. 1972 (1972)

Presents a biographical entry for each author and co-author included in this issue of the publication.
Inhibition of Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Helicase-Primase by (Dichloroanilino)purines and -pyrimidines (1995)

Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) encodes a heterotrimeric helicase-primase comprised of the products of three of the seven DNA replication-specific genes. Several dihalo-substituted derivatives of N2-phenylguanines and 2-anilinoadenines weakly inhibited the intrinsic DNA-dependent NTPase activity of the HSV1 helicase-primase, and these compounds inhibited the DNA-unwinding activity of the enzyme. The primase activity of the enzyme was strongly inhibited by 3,4- and 3,5-dichloroanilino derivatives of adenine and 2-aminopyrimidines. These compounds and nucleoside analogs of 2-(3,5-dichloroanilino)purines inhibited viral DNA synthesis in HSV1-infected HeLa cells in culture but also inhibited cellular DNA synthesis, likely as a result of inhibition of cellular primase and/or DNA polymerases.
Electrofulguration for Low-Grade Squamous Intraepithelial Lesions of the Cervix (CIN 1) (2003)

Electrofulguration under local anesthesia is an attractive ablative treatment method for exocervical CIN 1 and compares favorably with cryocoagulation as per review of the literature.
Amenities and the Labor Earnings Function (2015)

Desirable locations are, other things equal, expected to be characterized by a mix of higher rents or lower wages. That is, if one area is more attractive than others, in-migration would occur, driving up the demand for land (hence raising rents) and increasing the supply of labor (hence lowering wages). The in-movement will continue until utility is the same across locations in equilibrium. Failing to hold constant ameni-ties in the traditional earnings functions employed by labor economists will result, then, in omitted-variable bias if worker characteristics (years of schooling, union member-ship, and so on) are correlated with amenities. By way of illustration, our empirical analysis suggests that as much as 50 percent of the apparent return to unionization may be due to the impact of undesirable amenities, resulting in compensating higher wages, in areas of union strength-- unionization is being credited with wage gains that properly should be attributed to climate and other (dis)amenities. Similar, though smaller, effects on other coefficients of the earnings function variables are presented. I.
The teratogenic activity of α thalidomide analogue, EM<sub>12</sub>, in rabbits, rats, and monkeys (1972)

Abstract ABSTRACT The teratogenic activity of a stable analogue of thalidomide, 2(2,6‐dioxopiperiden‐2‐yl)‐phthalimidine (EM 12 ), has been compared in monkeys, rabbits, and rats. After oral administration of 25‐250 mg/kg, EM 12 was teratogenic in monkeys and rabbits but only slightly so in rats. After iv injection of the compound dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide and water, teratogenic effects were observed both in offspring of rabbits and rats receiving doses of 10 mg/kg. The malformations observed in monkeys and rabbits were identical with those observed after thalidomide treatment, but those in rats were not the typical thalidomide‐type deformities.
An 802.11i Robust Security Network Authentication Protocol of Roaming (2005)

With the development of 802.11 wireless local area network(WLAN), roaming has become an important scenario. Based on DH exchange, an authentication protocol is proposed. This protocol not only guarantees the confidentiality of user’s identity and decreases the roundtrips of the authentication message but also provides provably security and necessary security attributes. As a result the protocol conforms to the requirements for performance and security in roaming scenario of WLAN.
Routes to Dicoordinated Phosphorus Compounds (1981)

Derivatives of trivalent phosphorus of coordination number two are available from stable or also unisolated intermediates by elimination of small stable molecules XY according to the general scheme where XY may be hydrogen halide, water, alcohol, alkoxysilane, chlorosilane, ether and elemental hydrogen. Examples of the application of this concept are the various possibilities of formation of 1,3-benzazaphospholes, 1,3-benzthiaphospholes, carbosilylated phosphaalkenes, dialkylaminoalkylidene-phosphines and other compounds of that type. 1,3-Benzazaphospholes These compounds (1) are synthesized from primary o-aminophenylphosphine and various cyclization reagents, from secondary o-aminophenylphosphines under elimination of an ether and by oxidation or thermal treatment of 1,3-benzazaphospholenes (Scheme 1). In these cyclizations the NH-benzazaphospholes are formed exclusively. This underlines the C=P double bond system in these special cases to be favored over the C=N bond. A PH isomer was never observed. Scheme 1 1,3-Benzthiaphosphates o-Mercaptophenylphosphine is indifferent towards imidoester-hydrochlorides or orthoesters. By use of N, N-dimethyl carboxylic acid amide acetals , however, 1,3-benzthiaphospholes (2)
The antinociceptive activity of flupirtine: a structurally new analgesic. (1987)

The antinociceptive activity of flupirtine was measured in various test procedures predictive of analgesic activity. In the electrostimulated pain test in mice the oral ED50 for flupirtine was 25.7 mg/kg p.o. Thus, flupirtine was approximately 31.7 times more potent than paracetamol (ED50: 814 mg/kg p.o.) and as potent as pentazocine (ED50: 38.5 mg/kg p.o.). Morphine (ED50: 16.8 mg/kg p.o.) was 1.5 times and buprenorphine (ED50: 2.6 mg/kg p.o.) 9.9 times more potent than flupirtine. In the hot plate test (mice) flupirtine (ED50: 32 mg/kg p.o.) was approximately half as potent as morphine (ED50: 15.5 mg/kg p.o.). The oral and intravenous antinociceptive activity (ED50) of flupirtine in the electrical tooth pulp stimulation test in conscious dogs was 3.5 mg/kg p.o. and 0.7 mg/kg i.v. which was similar to that of pentazocine (ED50: 4.2 mg/kg p.o. and 0.5 mg/kg i.v.). Buprenorphine had, as expected, stronger antinociceptive activity (ED50: 1.0 mg/kg p.o. and 0.04 mg/kg i.v.). Fifteen minutes after oral administration of 40 mg/kg flupirtine, the pain threshold in the electrostimulated pain test was increased by 54%. The maximal antinociceptive effect was observed 30 minutes after dosing. The analgesia lasted at least 75 minutes. Codeine significantly elevated the pain threshold 15 minutes after dosing. Its maximal effect was also reached 30 min after application but the antinociceptive activity wore off earlier than after flupirtine. The intracerebroventricular and intrathecal administration of flupirtine also caused dose dependent antinociceptive activity in dose ranges which, when applied systematically, did not produce analgesia in rats. The antinociceptive activity of flupirtine was not abolished by naloxone whether given orally or by the intraventricular or intrathecal routes. In opiate receptor binding studies flupirtine had no affinity for mu, delta or kappa opiate receptors at the highest concentration used (10(-5) M). Whereas buprenorphine and tramadol showed a striking similarity in the pharmaco-electroencephalogram recorded from different parts of the brain (frontal cortex, thalamus, striatum and the mesencephalic reticular formation) of the freely moving rat, flupirtine was clearly different in action. It produced dose dependent increases in nearly all frequency bands but its effects were different from those of the minor tranquillizer diazepam and the anticonvulsant phenobarbitone. These findings show that the central antinociceptive activity of flupirtine is not based on an opiate mechanism and is not comparable with that of diazepam and phenobarbitone.
A processing requirement and resolution capability comparison of side-scan and synthetic-aperture sonars (1992)

The processing requirements and resolution capabilities of both side-look sonar (SLS) and synthetic-aperture sonar (SAS) systems are outlined. Side-look sonar is presented as a real-beam imaging technique along with expressions for relevant system- and image-related parameters. Synthetic-aperture sonar is discussed, and the limitations imposed by the speed of sound in the ocean environment are identified. A specific side-look system (SeaMARC I) is presented under two configurations and comparable SAS designs are proposed. Based on the examples provided by the SeaMARC I system and the hypothetical SAS designs, it is shown that single-beam SAS systems can be designed to achieve area coverage rates comparable to single-beam side-scan systems, yet with improved azimuth resolution.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Theoretical Analyses and Design of Circular Array to Generate Orbital Angular Momentum (2017)

Uniform circular array (UCA) is a pioneering approach to generate radio twisted beams carrying orbital angular momentum (OAM). However, faulty antenna elements in a UCA could render the array into an imperfect UCA (IUCA), consequently creating distortion for OAM-based communication or radar systems. To analyze the effects of an IUCA on generating OAM, elementary wave function and wave transformation are derived to obtain field equations of a general circular array. Further derivation of IUCA shows that the field of an IUCA is a superposition of OAM modes, which is caused by polluted orthogonalities of OAM modes. To achieve pure OAM modes, the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm, the convex optimization tool, and the analytical solution are employed to design a feeding network to retrieve the orthogonal property at the cost of strong gain loss. Then, the reduced constraints method is proposed for the IUCA to achieve high-purity and low-loss OAM mode. Finally, four circular arrays with different shapes are explored for limited installation space to generate twisted beams.
Field metabolic rate and body size (2005)

The field metabolic rates (FMRs) of 229 species of terrestrial vertebrates, all measured using the doubly labeled water method in free-living individuals, were evaluated. Daily rates of energy expenditure were as low as 0.23 kJ per day in a small reptile (gecko), to as high as 52 500 kJ per day in a marine mammal (seal). This is a range of nearly six orders of magnitude. More than 70% of the variation in log-transformed data is due to variation in body size (expressed as body mass). Much of the remaining variation is accounted for by thermal physiology, with the endothermic mammals and birds having FMRs that are about 12 and 20 times higher, respectively, than FMRs of equivalent-sized, but ectothermic, reptiles. Variation in log(body mass) within each of these three taxonomic classes accounts for over 94% of the variation in log(FMR), and results from nonlinear regression analyses using untransformed data support this conclusion. However, the range of residual variation in mass-adjusted FMR within classes is still more than sixfold (ratio of highest over lowest). Some of this variation is associated with affiliations with lower taxonomic levels (Infraclass: eutherian vs metatherian mammals; Family: passerine, procellariform and galliform birds vs other birds), some is associated with habitat (especially desert vs nondesert), and some with differences in basic diet preference and foraging mode and season. The scaling slopes for FMR often differ from BMR slopes for the same Class of animals, and most differ from the theoretical slope of 0.75. Differences among slopes and intercepts that were detected using conventional regression analyses were largely confirmed upon reanalysis using Independent Contrasts Analysis to adjust for phylogenetic biases.
Development of the Projection Kinescope (1937)

This paper discusses the general requirements and design of Kinescope tubes for projecting television images. A picture 18×24 inches in size having a brightness in the high lights of 0.9 candle per square foot appears to be an acceptable minimum for home television reception. Several years of developmental work were required before the problems of designing a suitable projection system were clarified. This clarification led to a developmental Kinescope which closely approaches the minimum brightness requirements. The possibilities of further improvements in electron guns, fluorescent screen materials, and optical systems are discussed.
Plasminogen Activation In Vivo upon Intravenous Infusion of DDAVP (1992)

Infusion of desamino-d-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) results in an increase in plasma plasminogen activator activity. Whether this increase results in the generation of plasmin in vivo has never been established. A novel sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for the measurement of the complex between plasmin and its main inhibitor alpha 2-antiplasmin (PAP complex) was developed using monoclonal antibodies preferentially reacting with complexed and inactivated alpha 2-antiplasmin and monoclonal antibodies against plasmin. The assay was validated in healthy volunteers and in patients with an activated fibrinolytic system. Infusion of DDAVP in a randomized placebo controlled crossover study resulted in all volunteers in a 6.6-fold increase in PAP complex, which was maximal between 15 and 30 min after the start of the infusion. Hereafter, plasma levels of PAP complex decreased with an apparent half-life of disappearance of about 120 min. Infusion of DDAVP did not induce generation of thrombin, as measured by plasma levels of prothrombin fragment F1+2 and thrombin-antithrombin III (TAT) complex. We conclude that the increase in plasminogen activator activity upon the infusion of DDAVP results in the in vivo generation of plasmin, in the absence of coagulation activation. Studying the DDAVP induced increase in PAP complex of patients with thromboembolic disease and a defective plasminogen activator response upon DDAVP may provide more insight into the role of the fibrinolytic system in the pathogenesis of thrombosis.
Role of singlet oxygen in photo‐oxidative degradation and photostabilization of polymers (1975)

Abstract Evidence is presented that singlet oxygen may have an important role in the photo‐oxidation of polymers. Increased attention is being paid to singlet oxygen as a possible reactive intermediate in the initiation step of the photodegradation of polymers. Singlet oxygen may be produced by energy transfer either from impurities or internal groups after excitation, e.g. carbonyl groups, which are present in commercial polymers. As a consequence, reactions of singlet oxygen may also be important in the stabilization of polymers, e.g. leading to search for new and more effective antioxidants.
Removal of SO<sub>2</sub> and NO<sub>x</sub> from Simulated Flue Gases by Alkalized Alumina in a Radial Flow Fixed Bed (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTRemoval of SO2 and NOx from Simulated Flue Gases by Alkalized Alumina in a Radial Flow Fixed BedPedro M. Medellin, Eric Weger, and Milorad P. DudukovićCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1978, 17, 4, 528–536Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260068a024https://doi.org/10.1021/i260068a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views109Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Optical and electronic mixing in an avalanche photodiode (1970)

Application of a local oscillator to an avalanche photodiode enables it to be used as an electronic mixer when demodulating optical signals varying in amplitude. In an optical heterodyne receiver the diode performs both optical and electronic mixing. Experiments are described which show that very low conversion losses are possible. The method has significant advantages over more conventional techniques.
Distinct Olfactory Cross-Modal Effects on the Human Motor System (2008)

Complex olfactory cross-modal effects on the human corticospinal system are physiologically demonstrable. They are odorant-specific and, depending on the experimental context, muscle- and action-specific as well. This finding implies potential new diagnostic and rehabilitative applications.