gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A1N Substrates with High Thermal Conductivity (1985)

A new aluminum nitride (AIN) substrate, which has high thermal conductivity of 160 W/mK at room temperture, has been developed using the hot press sintering technique. The new AIN substrate has the following excellent characteristics. 1) The thermal conductivity is eight times as high as that of AI <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> at room temperature and is almost equal to that of 99.5 percent BeO at 150°C. 2) The thermal expansion coefficient is smaller than that of AI <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> and BeO, and is close to that of a silicon semiconductor chip. 3) The electrical properties are almost as good as those for AI <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> and BeO in the wide frequency range. 4) It not only has higher mechanical stength but also easier machinable property than AI <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> . It is characterized by its light transparency from visible light to the infrared wavelength region. It was proved that the new AIN substrate is able to be metallized with good adhesion strength by the conventional evaporating method and the conventional sputtering method. The new AIN was found to be applicable to three kinds of semiconductor devices: 1) silicon epitaxial transistor, 2) GaAIAs light emitting diode, and 3) InGaAsP laser diode. Also, another AIN substrate was developed using the normal sintering technique, which has high thermal conductivity of 140 W/mK at room temperature.
Evaluating the Bending Rigidity of Flat Textiles with the Use of an Instron Tensile Tester (2005)

The purpose of this work is to verify the possibility of using an Instron tensile tester for evaluating those mechanical properties of flat textile fabrics which are responsible for their handle properties. A method of evaluating the bending rigidity of woven fabrics was developed. The method consists in axially compressing samples fixed at both ends and placed in a vertical position, which leads to their buckling. The bending rigidity was determined on the basis of the critical maximum force occurring at buckling, and the curvature of the buckled sample which appears as result of the action of this force. The results obtained by this method were compared with those obtained with the use of the FAST system. The good compatibility of both these methods was proved by the correlation coefficients.
Thermodynamic Prospects of Alternative Refrigerants as Solvents for Supercritical Fluid Extraction (1996)

Wide-range thermodynamic formulations for four hydrofluorocarbons (R32, R125, R134a, and R152a) and two hydrochlorofluorocarbons (R22 and R123) are employed to derive the properties relevant to the use of these alternative refrigerants as solvents in supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The calculated solubility parameters indicate that, in the high-pressure, low-compressibility region, the solvating powers of all the six refrigerants are superior to that of carbon dioxide. Regions of near-critical enhancement in compressibility are identified in carbon dioxide and in the refrigerants. A simple thermodynamic analysis suggests the possibility to employ the compressibility enhancement in alternative refrigerants to boost the selectivity of extraction of thermally stable, nonvolatile, environmentally sensitive analytes. In SFE with carbon dioxide, this mode of operation is not practical because of insufficient volatility of such analytes at temperatures near the critical temperature of carbon dioxide.
Anticipation in familial lattice corneal dystrophy type I with R124C mutation in the TGFBI (BIGH3) gene. (2008)

The R124C mutation in TGFBI cosegregated with LCD type I in the investigated family. This is the first report of a molecular analysis of LCD type I in Chilean patients. The early onset affected persons in the fourth generation raises the possibility of anticipation.
Stability of T<sub>h</sub>1 and T<sub>h</sub>2 populations (1995)

Using an in vitro model for the development of IFN-gamma-producing (Th1) and IL-4-producing (Th2) cells from CD4+ T lymphocytes expressing a transgenic TCR, we show that IL-12 and IL-4 are the most potent stimuli for the differentiation of naive T cells to effector populations. When combinations of cytokines are present during T cell priming, the effect of IL-4 is dominant. Furthermore, differentiated Th1 cells can be converted into IL-4 producers by exposure to IL-4, but the Th2 phenotype is not reversible. The stability of Th2 populations may limit the ability to regulate Th2-dominant responses in pathologic situations.
Response of Apolipoprotein AIV and Lipoproteins to Glycaemic Control in Young People with Insulin-dependent Diabetes Mellitus (1997)

Young people with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) (n = 104, 7 to 19 years old) were classified into groups of good (I), fair (II), and poor (III) diabetic control and compared to 22 healthy controls of same origin and age range. Triglycerides (TG) were significantly elevated with respect to controls only in group III, and total cholesterol was increased by over 40% (p < 0.01) mainly due to low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C). Apolipoprotein B (apo B) was over 40% higher in groups II and III. TG, LDL-C, and apo B concentrations all positively correlated with HbA1c levels. Neither HDL-C nor apolipoprotein AI (apo AI) were affected by glycaemic control, but phospholipids were increased in all three subgroups of IDDM subjects (p < 0.001). Over the course of 6 months' treatment, TG, apo B, and LDL-C varied in parallel with HbA1c, confirming a tight association with the quality of glycaemic control. Apolipoprotein AIV (apo AIV) was higher in all groups and closely related to glycaemic control (r = +0.43, p < 0.001), independent of TG or HDL. The specific and sensitive response of apo AIV to insulin deficiency suggests a direct effect at the level of intestinal synthesis.
Automated enzymatic measurement of lecithin, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid. (1987)

We describe methods for automated enzymatic measurement of lecithin, sphingomyelin, and phosphatidylglycerol in amniotic fluid. Phospholipase C (EC 3.1.4.3) and sphingomyelin phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.12) are reacted with lecithin and sphingomyelin, respectively, to liberate phosphocholine. Phosphocholine is then reacted with alkaline phosphatase, choline oxidase, peroxidase, and 4-aminoantipyrine to form a colored complex, for which the absorbance at 500 nm is measured with a centrifugal analyzer. Phosphatidylglycerol is hydrolyzed by phospholipase D (EC 3.1.4.4) to form glycerol, which is subsequently reacted with ATP and NAD+ in the presence of glycerol kinase and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase to yield NADH. The absorbance of the NADH formed is measured at 340 nm. These methods provide a simple, rapid, and accurate alternative to thin-layer chromatography for determination of phospholipids in amniotic fluid for assessment of fetal lung maturity.
Polyquinoline/bismaleimide composites as high-temperature-resistant materials (1998)

Polyquinoline/bismaleimide composites containing bismaleimide contents between 5 and 50 wt % have been investigated as high-temperature-resistant materials. The effect of bismaleimide loading on thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of polyquinoline has been reported. The dielectric constant of composite thin films was found to vary between 2.90 and 3.10 with the loss tangent ranging between 0.004 and 0.007, depending upon the incorporated bismaleimide content. The thermal, mechanical, and dielectric properties of polyquinoline/bismaleimide composite thin films are discussed.
Paliperidone extended-release tablets in schizophrenia patients previously treated with risperidone (2008)

To assess the effect of paliperidone extended-release (ER) tablets in patients with acute symptoms who had previously received risperidone. Data for this post-hoc analysis were pooled from three 6-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials in patients treated with paliperidone ER 3-12 mg/day or placebo. Patients had to have received risperidone for > or =4 weeks within 2 weeks of study entry. Assessments were done using the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity scale, Personal and Social Performance scale, the Simpson-Angus Scale , and adverse event (AE) reports. Altogether, 198 patients (paliperidone ER, n=142; placebo, n=56) met the established criteria. Mean (SD) duration of prior risperidone treatment and dose were 418.8 (572.8) days and 4.4 (2.5) mg/day for paliperidone ER and 527.0 (805.3) days and 4.1 (2.5) mg/day for placebo. Study completion rates were 61.3% for paliperidone ER versus 42.9% for placebo. At endpoint, paliperidone ER showed significant improvement versus placebo (P<0.05) in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale, Clinical Global Impressions-Severity, and Personal and Social Performance scores. Mean baseline Simpson-Angus Scale scores were low, with no significant changes at endpoint in either group. AEs > or =10% with paliperidone ER versus placebo were headache (16.2 vs. 16.1%), insomnia (14.1 vs. 16.1%), and agitation (8.5 vs. 10.7%). AE-related discontinuations were 2.1% with paliperidone ER and 5.4% with placebo. In patients who had received risperidone previously but remained sufficiently symptomatic for enrollment, paliperidone ER was significantly more effective than placebo in reducing symptoms and producing functional gains.
In vitro activity of garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides against antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae (2001)

The in vitro antibacterial activities of garlic oil and four diallyl sulphides naturally occurring in this oil were studied against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae (total 237 clinical isolates). Garlic oil at 4 x MIC could reduce original inoculum to <or=2 log(10) in both P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae within 8 h. The MIC values of four diallyl sulphides against these two pathogens followed the order diallyl monosulphide > diallyl disulphide > diallyl trisulphide (DAT) > diallyl tetrasulphide (DATS) (P < 0.05). Most interactions of ceftazidime, gentamicin, imipenem and meropenem with DAT or DATS, determined according to the fractional inhibitory concentration index, showed synergic or additive effects. These results suggest that garlic oil, DAT and DATS may have potential for the prevention or treatment of nosocomial, antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections.
Protein-Protein Interactions Are Implied in Glucocorticoid Receptor Mutant 465*-mediated Cell Death (1997)

Previously we have shown that ICR-27, a clone of glucocorticoid-resistant human leukemic T cells, showed rapid cell loss upon transient transfection with plasmids expressing certain fragments of the human glucocorticoid receptor lacking the ligand binding domain. An extreme example was the frameshift GR mutant 465*, mutated after amino acid 465. This generated a novel 21-amino acid "tail," beginning within the second zinc finger of the human glucocorticoid receptor DNA binding domain, a region required for ICR-27 cell death caused by hologlucocorticoid receptor plus hormone. The cell loss mediated by 465* was faster but quantitatively equivalent to that caused by hologlucocorticoid receptor plus hormone. We are therefore investigating the mechanism of action of 465*. We overexpressed 465* with or without a glutathione S-transferase tag fused to its N terminus and tested its ability to affect glucocorticoid response element (GRE)-driven reactions in vitro. Partially purified 465* showed little binding to a consensus GRE, caused virtually no stimulation of transcription from a GRE, and failed to inhibit GR-driven transcription. However, GST-465* "trapped" several proteins from ICR-27 cell extracts, including c-Jun; recombinant c-Jun also was bound in vitro. In co-transfection assays of CV-1 cells, 465* expression reduced phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate) transcriptional activation from a promoter containing multiple AP-1 sites. Further studies proved the repressive activity of 465* was c-Jun-specific and not due to squelching artifacts. The data suggest that interaction of 465* with other proteins, such as c-Jun, might be responsible for its cell killing function.
More is more: The benefits of dense sensor deployment (2008)

An ad-hoc sensor network is composed of sensing devices which can measure or detect features of their environment, communicate with one other and possibly with other devices that perform data fusion. One of the problems motivated by ad-hoc sensor networks is to position sensors in order to maximize coverage, or equivalently to minimize the number of sensors required to cover a given area.
Rotary actuators (1994)

Rotary actuators are electromagnetic devices developing mechanical torque with limited rotary motion. Because of their simplicity and low cost they are finding more and more applications, especially in the automotive field. This paper describes a novel homopolar rotary actuator with a ring-type radially-magnetized multipolar permanent magnet featuring a high force density transverse flux configuration which performs a spring action by developing electromagnetic torques with limited angular movement. Because of the magnetically complicated and nonsymmetrical rotary actuator configuration, the analysis of this actuators is based on 3-D finite element software. The analysis, which is well supported by test results, shows that symmetrical magnetic forces in both directions of rotation were achieved with a stable equilibrium position, satisfying all design requirements to enhance the basic hydraulic power steering system of passenger vehicles. >
Characterization of PVdF(HFP) Gel Electrolytes Based on 1-(2-Hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl Imidazolium Ionic Liquids (2005)

Poly(vinylidenefluoride)-hexafluoropropylene (PVdF(HFP))-ionic liquid gel electrolytes were prepared using ionic liquids based on 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl imidazolium tetrafluoroborate and 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methyl imidazolium hexafluorophosphate. A conventional metathesis reaction was used to prepare these ionic liquids, which have high purity and exhibit a liquid state at room temperature. The prepared polymer-ionic liquid gel proved to be a free-standing and rubbery film in which the degree of transparency differed according to the ratio and type of ionic liquid used. TGA and FTIR analyses confirmed that the solvent, N,N-Dimethylacetamide (DMAC), used for mixing PVdF(HFP) polymer with ionic liquid was almost totally removed during the gelling and drying processes. SEM photographs were taken of the surface structure of the PVdF(HFP)-ionic liquid gel in order to evaluate the morphology of the film's surface according to the mixing ratio and the nature of the ionic liquid. The thermal behaviors of PVdF(HFP)-ionic liquid gels were observed to be similar to those of neat ionic liquids through DSC analysis, and the compatibility between the polymer and ionic liquid was investigated by XRD analysis. The ionic conductivities of all the gels were 10(-3)-10(-5) S cm(-1) in a temperature range of 20-70 degrees C.
Phosphorus Diffusion from Doped Polysilicon through Ultra-Thin SiO<sub>2</sub> Films into Si Substrates (2000)

The diffusion of phosphorus into ultra-thin oxides from phosphorus-doped polysilicon sources was studied. The two-boundary diffusion model can be applied to the diffusion of phosphorus in ultra-thin oxides, and the diffusivity and segregation coefficient were obtained based on the model. The dependence of the diffusivity on oxide thickness and drive-in ambients was investigated. The enhanced diffusion, which has been observed for boron diffusion in ultra-thin oxides, was not observed for phosphorus diffusion. For the diffusion in dry O 2 and wet O 2 ambients, the enhanced diffusion due to high phosphorus concentration in the polysilicon was observed.
A Role for Nuclear Factor I in the Intrinsic Control of Cerebellar Granule Neuron Gene Expression (2004)

Nervous system formation requires the elaboration of a complex series of differentiation events in both a spatially and maturation-regulated manner. A fundamental question is how neuronal subtype specification and developmental gene expression are controlled within maturing neurons. The alpha6 subunit of the gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptor (GABRA6) is preferentially expressed in cerebellar granule neurons and is part of an intrinsic program directing their differentiation. We have employed a lentiviral approach to examine the transcriptional mechanisms controlling neuronal subtype-selective expression of this gene. These studies demonstrated that nuclear factor I (NFI) proteins are required for both transgenic GABRA6 promoter activity as well as endogenous expression of this gene in cerebellar granule neurons. Chromatin immunoprecipitation also showed that NFI proteins are bound to the GABRA6 promoter in these cells in vivo. Furthermore, analyses of gene knockout mice revealed that Nfia is specifically required for normal expression of the GABRA6 gene in cerebellar granule neurons. NFI expression and DNA binding activity are highly enriched in granule neurons, implicating this transcription factor family in the neuronal subtype-selective expression of the GABRA6 gene. These studies define a new role for NFI proteins as neuronal subtype-enriched transcriptional regulators that participate in an intrinsic transcriptional program directing the differentiation of cerebellar granule neurons.
Small sample issues for microarray‐based classification (2001)

In order to study the molecular biological differences between normal and diseased tissues, it is desirable to perform classification among diseases and stages of disease using microarray-based gene-expression values. Owing to the limited number of microarrays typically used in these studies, serious issues arise with respect to the design, performance and analysis of classifiers based on microarray data. This paper reviews some fundamental issues facing small-sample classification: classification rules, constrained classifiers, error estimation and feature selection. It discusses both unconstrained and constrained classifier design from sample data, and the contributions to classifier error from constrained optimization and lack of optimality owing to design from sample data. The difficulty with estimating classifier error when confined to small samples is addressed, particularly estimating the error from training data. The impact of small samples on the ability to include more than a few variables as classifier features is explained.
Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Using Nanoparticle Dispersions: Underlying Mechanism and Imbibition Experiments (2014)

This paper presents the results of imbibition tests using a reservoir crude oil and a reservoir brine solution with a high salinity and a suitable nanofluid that displaces crude oil from Berea sandstone (water-wet) and single-glass capillaries. The Illinois Institute of Technology (IIT) nanofluid is specially formulated to survive in a high-salinity environment and is found to result in an efficiency of 50% for Berea sandstone, compared to 17% using the brine alone at a reservoir temperature of 55 °C. We also present a direct visual evidence of the underlying mechanism based on the structural disjoining pressure for the crude oil displacement using IIT nanofluid from the solid substrate in high-salinity brine. These results aid our understanding of the role of the nanofluid in displacing crude oil from the rock, especially in a high-salinity environment containing Ca2+ and Mg2+ ions. Results are also reported using Berea sandstone and a nanofluid containing silica nanoparticles.
Notes (1925)

R. W. West, E. S. Hedges, J. E. Myers, D. B. Briggs, J. R. Partington, S. K. Tweedy, H. H. Hodgson and H. G. Beard, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1925, 127, 494 DOI: 10.1039/CT9252700494
GARCH 101: The Use of ARCH/GARCH Models in Applied Econometrics (2001)

ARCH and GARCH models have become important tools in the analysis of time series data, particularly in financial applications. These models are especially useful when the goal of the study is to analyze and forecast volatility. This paper gives the motivation behind the simplest GARCH model and illustrates its usefulness in examining portfolio risk. Extensions are briefly discussed.
Emulsification in Viscoelastic Media (1996)

We have created stable monodisperse emulsions by shearing and rupturing crude polydisperse emulsions of larger droplets into smaller droplets having a unique size. To eliminate inhomogeneous fracture flow which can lead to nonuniform rupturing and broad polydispersity, we use a shearing geometry with a narrow gap. We can control the final droplet size by altering the shearing conditions and the emulsion's viscoelasticity which depends on its composition. We argue that the high degree of monodispersity, indicated by Bragg scattering from colloidal crystals of droplets, may result from a capillary instability that includes the role of the emulsion's viscoelasticity.
Technologies for gas turbine power generation with CO2 mitigation (2011)

A review of the state of the art gas turbine power plants designs with CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture was performed to set up a list of technologies to be considered in a conceptual process superstructure. It has been found that the efficiency and economics of carbon dioxide capture in gas turbine combined cycle power plants can be remarkably improved by introducing Flue Gas Recirculation (FGR) so as to increase the CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentration in the flue gas and to reduce the volume of the flue gas treated in a CO<SUB>2</SUB> capture plant. Thus, this process was chosen as the main focus of the thermo-economic modeling and the combustion system related experimental testing.<BR/>\nCombustion studies were performed to quantify the impact of reduced oxygen content (caused by flue gas recirculation) on combustion stability and emission characteristics (NO<SUB>x</SUB>, CO). Tests were performed with methane, methane/ethane (simulated natural gas), methane/hydrogen and natural gas (as distributed in Switzerland) at different FGR ratios. For all conditions the addition of ethane or hydrogen shows beneficial effects (restoration of flame reactivity) on flame stability and CO emission. Using PSI’s high pressure test rig, it has been shown, that by redirecting up to 30% of exhaust gas volume back to the combustor, the CO<SUB>2</SUB> concentration in the exhaust can be increased to 8% vol. while keeping the flame temperature constant (T<SUB>ad</SUB> = 1750 K) and meeting the emission requirements (CO, NO<SUB>x</SUB> < 25 ppm @ 15% O<SUB>2</SUB>).<BR/>\nBenchmark tests of catalytic partial oxidation reactors were performed to determine whether sufficient H<SUB>2</SUB> could be produced in situ by reaction of a slip stream of natural gas with extracted compressor oxidant.<BR/>\nThe work confirmed that FGR has the potential to significantly reduce the energy penalty connected with postcombustion carbon capture techniques and still meet the requirements on NO<SUB>x</SUB> and CO emissions.