gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A mapping schema and interface for XML stores (2002)

Most XML storage efforts have focused on mapping documents to relational databases. Mapping choices range from storing documents verbatim to shredding documents into relations in various ways. These choices are usually hard-coded into each storage system which makes sharing loading and querying utilities and exchanging information between different XML storage systems hard. To address these issues, we designed MXM and IMXM, a mapping schema and an interface API to define and query XML-to-relational mappings.A mapping is expressed as an instance of MXM. MXM is declarative, concise and captures most existing XML-to-relational mappings. Mappings can be expressed for documents for which no schema information is provided or documents that conform to either a DTD or an XML Schema. IMXM is an interface that allows querying of information contained in a MXM mapping. IMXM is designed as a library of functions which makes it easy to use inside any utility or application that needs to gain access to the XML-to-relational mapping. MXM is extensible and can incorporate new XML-to-relational mappings. We implemented a prototype to define mappings as instances of MXM and generate a repository of meta information on the XML and the relational data and the mapping choices. We implemented IMXM on top of this repository and used it for generating a relational schema and loading XML documents.
Quantification of Human Spermatogenesis: Germ Cell Degeneration during Spermatocytogenesis and Meiosis in Testes from Younger and Older Adult Men1 (1987)

Germ cell degeneration during spermatocytogenesis and meiosis was investigated to explain the age-related decline in daily sperm production (DSP). Numbers of Types A-dark, A-pale, and B-spermatogonia, potential daily sperm production per g parenchyma (PDSP) based on type B-spermatogonia, early primary spermatocytes, and late primary spermatocytes, and DSP per g based on early spermatids were determined in 15 men aged 20 to 48 yr (mean +/- SEM, 33 +/- 2 yr) and 15 men aged 52 to 90 yr (65 +/- 3 yr). Testes obtained within 15 h of death (largely due to trauma or heart failure) were perfused vascularly with glutaraldehyde. The number of each cell type per g parenchyma was calculated as the product of the percentage of nuclei in the parenchyma times a correction factor for section thickness and nuclear diameter divided by the volume of a single nucleus of that cell type. Paired testicular weight was lower (p less than 0.01) in older men (33 +/- 3 g) than in the younger men (49 +/- 3 g). Younger and older men had similar numbers of A-dark, A-pale, and B-spermatogonia per g parenchyma. PDSP based on late primary spermatocytes and DSP based on early spermatids were lower (p less than 0.01) in older men than in younger men. In younger men, PDSP was similar (p greater than 0.05) between B-spermatogonia and late primary spermatocytes, whereas DSP measured at the spermatid level was abruptly lower than that estimated from younger cell types. Older men showed reduction in PDSP between early and late primary spermatocytes, with further reduction occurring in DSP at the spermatid level.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Jamming for good (2009)

While properties of wireless communications are often considered as a disadvantage from a security perspective, this work demonstrates how multipath propagation, a broadcast medium, and frequency jamming can be used as valuable security primitives. Instead of conventional message authentication by receiving, verifying, and then discarding fake data, sensor nodes are prevented from receiving fake data at all. The erratic nature of signal propagation distributes the jamming activity over the network which hinders an adversary in predicting jamming nodes and avoids selective battery-depletion attacks. By conducting real-world measurements, we justify the feasibility of such a security design and provide details on implementing it within a realistic wireless sensor network.
Complex dynamics assessment in 24-hour heart rate variability signals in normal and pathological subjects (2002)

Long term regulation of beat-to-beat variability involves a different kind of control. Parametric models provide quantitative indices which measure short time regulating action of the autonomic nervous system. In the long period instead, nonlinear contributions can be put into evidence by a chaotic deterministic approach. For heart rate variability (HRV) series collected in the 24 hours in 14 normal subjects and 28 subjects with cardiovascular pathologies (11 severe heart failure, 11 essential hypertensive and 6 heart transplant), we extract some parameters which are reputed to be invariant characteristic of system attractor: fractal dimension, Kolmogorov entropy and Lyapunov exponents. Geometric representations in the state space, such as delay maps and phase space plots, describe system trajectories through the singular value decomposition method. All these parameters confirm the existence of nonlinear dynamics in HRV signals and show different values for normal and pathological subjects: in particular we notice a reduction of the complexity of the discrete series when passing from normal to pathological subjects.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Risk assessment of NSAID-induced gastrointestinal toxicity in ambulatory care patients (2004)

Among patients in a managed care organization who were taking NSAIDs, most were at low risk for an NSAID-related GI adverse effect. The risk of GI adverse effects did not differ significantly between patients treated with a traditional NSAID and those treated with a COX-2 inhibitor.
Orientational Optical Nonlinearity of Liquid Crystals (1986)

Abstract As a result of development of optics during many centuries the concept was formed that a medium can strongly influence on the light propagation, but the light itself cannot have backward influence on the medium. That concept was refuted only with appearing of coherent and high power radiation of lasers, see, e.g., Nobel Lecture by N. Bloembergen in 1981. A new field in physics–nonlinear optics—formed as a result. The main part of laser investigations concerns with nonlinear optical phenomena, nowadays. First of all these phenomena are of extraordinary interest and beauty and provide for new methods of physical investigations. Secondly, the knowledge of laws governing the interaction of a powerful light with a medium is necessary for the correct utilization of laser beams. Finally, a great number of devices of up-to-date laser optics is totally based on utilization of nonlinear optical effects; generation of higher harmonics of light, stimulated scattering of light, optical phase conjugation, self-focusing and optical bistability are amongst. To realize the nonlinear optical effects, however, it was nearly always necessary to use powerful lasers pulses.
Nonlinear Wave Mechanisms in Interactions between Excitable Tissue and Electromagnetic Fields (1982)

It is now well established that intrinsic electromagnetic fields play a key role in a broad range of tissue functions, including embryonic morphogenesis, wound healing, and information transmission in the nervous system. These same processes may be profoundly influenced by eletromagnetic fields induced by an external force. Tissue exposure to extremely low frequency (ELF) and ELF-modulated microwave fields at levels below those inducing significant thermal effects has revealed highly nonlinear mechanisms as a basis for observed effects. Interactions of phonons and excitons along linear molecules may produce nonlinear molecular vibrations in the form of soliton waves. Solitons exist in a minimal energy state and are extremely long-lived in comparison to linear oscillations. Solitons may convey energy released by chemical reactions from one site to another in enzymes of other long-chain proteins. These nonlinear waves may also couple reaction-diffusion processes in the intracellular and extracellular domains. A model is proposed for interaction between excitable tissue and electromagnetic fields, based on nonlinear waves in the cell membrane, with ionic interactions as an essential step. Calcium fluxes in the extracellular space of the central system are modeled by a nonlinear reaction-diffusion system. Membrane molecular solitons may exist in long-chain molecules (Davydov type) and play a significant role in charge transfer; or they may exist as nonlinear waves conveying energy along gel-lipid domains from one protein site to another (Sine-Gordon soliton). Soliton movements occur at subsonic velocities.
Binding of pp60<sup>v-src</sup> to membranes: evidence for multiple membrane interactions (1992)

Membrane association of pp60v-src, the myristylated transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, has been shown to be a receptor-mediated process, which is inhibited by myristylated src peptides containing the N-terminal 11 amino acids of the v-src sequence (MGYsrc). By cross-linking radiolabelled MGYsrc peptide to fibroblast membranes, a 32-kilodalton membrane protein was identified as a candidate src receptor. To elucidate the potential role of p32 in binding pp60v-src, we studied the relationship between binding of MGYsrc peptide and pp60v-src polypeptide to cellular membranes. The subcellular membrane distribution of p32 was distinct from that of pp60v-src in transformed cells. Moreover, under certain defined in vitro conditions, it was possible to inhibit peptide cross-linking to p32 without significantly affecting pp60v-src membrane binding. However, when internal sequences were removed from pp60v-src, the binding characteristics of the src deletion polypeptide and MGYsrc peptide became identical. These data indicate that the presence of internal membrane binding domains influences the interaction of myristylated N-terminal src sequences with p32, and suggest that accessory binding factors might be involved in establishing stable contact between pp60v-src and the membrane phospholipid bilayer.
Sifting through the airwaves: Efficient and scalable multiband RF harvesting (2014)

Harvesting ambient RF power is attractive as a means to operate microelectronics without wires, batteries, or even a dedicated RFID reader. However, most previous ambient RF harvesters have been narrowband, making mobile sensing scenarios infeasible: an RF harvester tuned to work in one city will not generally work in another, as the spectral environments tend to differ. This paper presents a novel approach to multiband harvesting. A single wideband antenna is followed by several narrowband rectifier chains. Each rectifier chain consists of a bandpass filter, a tuned impedance matching network, and a rectifier. The outputs of the rectifiers are combined via a novel diode summation network that enables good performance even when only a subset of the narrowband harvesters is excited. These techniques make ambient RF harvesting feasible for mobile applications. The techniques can potentially enable applications such as ambient RF-powered data logging sensors that upload data to RFID readers when in range.
Biosynthesis of vitamin B12: evidence from double-labelling studies (13CD3) for intact incorporation of seven methyl groups (1976)

The deuterium noise-decoupled 13C n.m.r. spectrum of dicyanocobalamin (5) biosynthesised from [methyl-13CD3]methionine shows intact incorporation of seven methyl groups into the macrocycle of vitamin B12 without exchange of D with H of the medium.
Membrane durability in PEM fuel cells (2001)

Results of an extensive research project aimed at meeting the demand for a long lifetime of the membrane electrode assembly (MEA) in the PRIMEA(R) MEA Series 5600 are described. Accelerated fuel cell life tests were performed to understand the factors that may influence the durability of the membranes. Results showed that the most significant effect was mechanical strength of the membrane, i.e. whether the membrane was of the reinforced or non-reinforced type. GORE-SELECT(R) membranes were shown to have exhibited lifetimes of one to three orders of magnitude longer than non-reinforced membranes of comparable thickness. Membrane failure characteristics, as shown by an increase in hydrogen crossover, were also shown to be significantly different: non-reinforced membranes exhibited immediate sudden failure, whereas GORE-SELECT(R) membranes showed gradual increases in gas crossover until pinhole failures. Membrane failure was also found to be highly localized in the testing hardware, as measured by fluoride release analysis of the product water. Based on these results, a GORE-SELECT(R) membrane technology was selected as the new membrane in the PRIMEA(R) MEA Series 5600 product which has been targeted for the commercial residential and stationary PEM fuel cell markets. Combined with Gore's electrode technology, PRIMEA(R) MEAs are able to provide a unique combination of power density and lifetime. 1 ref., 1 tab., 7 figs.
A functionality fault model: feasibility and applications (2002)

This paper introduces a functionality fault model and demonstrates its feasibility and advantages. In current designs, the fanin of logic modules implemented in CMOS standard cell, mask-programmable, or field-programmable gate array technology, rarely exceeds 4 on the average. A functionality fault model, based on complete enumeration of the truth table of each logic module, is thus entirely feasible and enhances the quality of the test significantly. Tests based on this model provide complete coverage of module's behavior, interior faults as well as input stuck-at and bridging faults of any multiplicity/spl minus/reducing the need for technology and implementation-specific fault models, The paper also introducer, techniques that lead to efficient implementation of a prototype test generation system and demonstrates its application not only to generate high quality test patterns but also to generate functionality don't cares that can optimize logic and wiring even after mapping a design into a given technology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The expansion of &#x201C;non conventional&#x201D; production of natural gas (tight gas, gas shale and coal bed methane). A silent revolution (2010)

New and advanced exploration, well drilling and completion technologies, like hydraulic fracturing and horizontal drilling, are allowing increasingly better access to non - conventional gas resources at competitive prices, and may have a big impact in global gas markets. This paper presents a review of the state of art and recent developments of unconventional gas production (tight gas, shale gas and coal bed methane): technology, pioneers projects and bigger unconventional fields (like Barnett Shale), actual production, costs trends and potential reserves. At present, most unconventional gas production is located in the U.S. and Canada, while these resources remain underexploited outside North America. The rapid development of unconventional gas resources, particularly in the last three years, has transformed the gas market in North America. In total, unconventional gas resources could add a 60-250% to world gas reserves. The extent to which the boom in U.S. unconventional gas production can spread to other countries remains highly uncertain.
An Efficient Schema for Cloud Systems Based on SSD Cache Technology (2013)

Traditional caching strategy is mainly based on the memory cache, taking read-write speed as its ultimate goal. However, with the emergence of SSD, the design ideas of traditional cache are no longer applicable. Considering the read-write characteristics and times limit of erasing, the characteristics of SSD are taken into account as far as possible at the same time of designing caching strategy. In this paper, the flexible and adaptive cache strategy based on SSD is proposed, called FAC, which gives full consideration to the characteristics of SSD itself, combines traditional caching strategy design ideas, and then maximizes the role SSD has played. The core mechanism is based on the dynamic adjustment capabilities of access patterns and the efficient selection algorithm of hot data. We have developed dynamical adjust section hot data algorithm, DASH in short, to adjust the read-write area capacity to suit the current usage scenario dynamically. The experimental results show that both read and write performance of caching strategy based on SSD have improved a lot, especially for read performance. Compared with traditional caching strategy, the technique can be used in engineering to reduce write times to SSD and prolong its service life without lowering read-write performance.
MYTHOLOGY (2010)

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Enumeration and Characterization of Human Memory T Cells by Enzyme-Linked Immunospot Assays (2013)

The enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) assay has advanced into a useful and widely applicable tool for the evaluation of T-cell responses in both humans and animal models of diseases and/or vaccine candidates. Using synthetic peptides (either individually or as overlapping peptide mixtures) or whole antigens, total lymphocyte or isolated T-cell subset responses can be assessed either after short-term stimulation (standard ELISPOT) or after their expansion during a 10-day culture (cultured ELISPOT). Both assays detect different antigen-specific immune responses allowing the analysis of effector memory T cells and central memory T cells. This paper describes the principle of ELISPOT assays and discusses their application in the evaluation of immune correlates of clinical interest with a focus on the vaccine field.
The Effect of Microstructural Change on Fracture Behavior in Heat-Affected Zone of API 5L X65 Pipeline Steel (2000)

Reliability evaluation of welded structures by mechanical testing of weld heat-affected zones (HAZs) has become general practice throughout the world. HAZs of steel welded joints show a gradient of microstructure from the fusion line to the unaffected base metal. This study is concerned with a correlation between the microstructural change and the fracture characteristics in HAZs of both seam and girth welds of API 5L X65 pipeline steel, which is generally used for natural gas transmission pipelines in Korea. The focus in present study was the investigation of macroscopic fracture behavior of the various regions within HAZ. Changes in microstructure and impact toughness were observed using synthetic HAZ specimens as well as actual HAZ specimens. To evaluate the macroscopic toughness of actual HAZ, Charpy V-notch impact test was performed.
A stochastic convolution/superposition method with isocenter sampling to evaluate intrafraction motion effects in IMRT (2005)

Current methods to calculate dose distributions with organ motion can be broadly classified as “dose convolution” and “fluence convolution” methods. In the former, a static dose distribution is convolved with the probability distribution function (PDF) that characterizes the motion. However, artifacts are produced near the surface and around inhomogeneities because the method assumes shift invariance. Fluence convolution avoids these artifacts by convolving the PDF with the incident fluence instead of the patient dose. In this paper we present an alternative method that improves the accuracy, generality as well as the speed of dose calculation with organ motion. The algorithm starts by sampling an isocenter point from a parametrically defined space curve corresponding to the patient‐specific motion trajectory. Then a photon is sampled in the linac head and propagated through the three‐dimensional (3‐D) collimator structure corresponding to a particular MLC segment chosen randomly from the planned IMRT leaf sequence. The photon is then made to interact at a point in the CT‐based simulation phantom. Randomly sampled monoenergetic kernel rays issued from this point are then made to deposit energy in the voxels. Our method explicitly accounts for MLC‐specific effects (spectral hardening, tongue‐and‐groove, head scatter) as well as changes in SSD with isocentric displacement, assuming that the body moves rigidly with the isocenter. Since the positions are randomly sampled from a continuum, there is no motion discretization, and the computation takes no more time than a static calculation. To validate our method, we obtained ten separate film measurements of an IMRT plan delivered on a phantom moving sinusoidally, with each fraction starting with a random phase. For 2 cm motion amplitude, we found that a ten‐fraction average of the film measurements gave an agreement with the calculated infinite fraction average to within 2 mm in the isodose curves. The results also corroborate the existing notion that the interfraction dose variability due to the interplay between the MLC motion and breathing motion averages out over typical multifraction treatments. Simulation with motion waveforms more representative of real breathing indicate that the motion can produce penumbral spreading asymmetric about the static dose distributions. Such calculations can help a clinician decide to use, for example, a larger margin in the superior direction than in the inferior direction. In the paper we demonstrate that a 15 min run on a single CPU can readily illustrate the effect of a patient‐specific breathing waveform, and can guide the physician in making informed decisions about margin expansion and dose escalation.
High Mortality and Growth Depression Experimentally Produced in Young Turkeys by Dual Infection with Enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and Turkey Coronavirus (2000)

Six-day-old turkeys were inoculated with turkey coronavirus (TCV) and an enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) (isolate R98/5) that were isolated from poult enteritis and mortality syndrome (PEMS)-affected turkeys. Turkeys inoculated with only R98/5 did not develop clinically apparent disease, and only mild disease and moderate growth depression were observed in turkeys inoculated with only TCV. Turkeys dually inoculated with TCV and R98/5 developed severe enteritis with high mortality (38/48, 79%) and marked growth depression. R98/5 infection resulted in attaching/effacing (AE) intestinal lesions characteristic of EPEC: adherence of bacterial microcolonies to intestinal epithelium with degeneration and necrosis of epithelium at sites of bacterial attachment. AE lesions were more extensive and were detected for a prolonged duration in dually inoculated turkeys compared with turkeys inoculated with only R98/5. An apparent synergistic effect in dually inoculated turkeys was indicated by increased mortality, enhanced growth depression, and enhanced AE lesion development. The results suggest that TCV promoted intestinal colonization by R98/5; however, R98/5 did not appear to alter TCV infection. The present study provides a possible etiologic explanation for PEMS.
Marte, regreso al planeta rojo (2009)

Mucho antes de que los vehiculos exploradores Spirit y Opportunity tocaran suelo marciano, el planeta rojo ya despertaba el interes de los terricolas. En la Antiguedad, Marte fue temido y venerado. Mas tarde alimento la imaginacion de poetas y narradores e inspiro obras maestras de ciencia ficcion. El novelista John Updike reflexiona acerca de la inagotable fascinacion del planeta rojo.