gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fractional Fourier transform: simulations and experimental results (1995)

Recently two optical interpretations of the fractional Fourier transform operator were introduced. We address implementation issues of the fractional-Fourier-transform operation. We show that the original bulk-optics configuration for performing the fractional-Fourier-transform operation [J. Opt. Soc. Am. A 10, 2181 (1993)] provides a scaled output using a fixed lens. For obtaining a non-scaled output, an asymmetrical setup is suggested and tested. For comparison, computer simulations were performed. A good agreement between computer simulations and experimental results was obtained.
A 113mm2 32Gb 3b/cell NAND flash memory (2009)

NAND flash memories are used in digital still cameras, cellular phones, MP3 players and various memory cards. As seen in the growing needs for applications such as solid-state drives and video camcoders, the market demands for larger-capacity storage has continuously increased and NAND flash memories are enabling a wide range of new applications. In such situations, to achieve larger capacity at low cost per bit, technical improvement in feature-size scaling, multi-bit per cell and area reduction are essential. To respond to such continuous requirements of cost reduction and density increase, 32 Gb 3 b/cell (D3) NAND flash memory with sub-35 nm CMOS process is developed. Introduction of sub-35 nm CMOS process and D3 technology doubles the capacity at almost the same chip area compared to previously published 43 nm 16 Gb 2 b/cell (D2) chip and about 80% chip area compared to previously published 56 nm 16 Gb D3 chip. The chip of size 9.215 x 12.247 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> = 112.86 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> enables the 32 Gb chip to fit in a microSD memory card. The chip architecture has 2 planes with 1.4 K blocks/plane, 1.5 MB block size and 8 KB page size. The block consists of 66 wordlines (WLs) containing 2 dummy WLs between select gates (SGs). All memory cells on the same WL have 3 pages and can be programmed and read simultaneously.
Active K<sup>+</sup>secretion through multiple K<sub>Ca</sub>-type channels and regulation by IK<sub>Ca</sub>channels in rat proximal colon (2003)

Colonic K+ secretion stimulated by cholinergic agents requires activation of muscarinic receptors and the release of intracellular Ca2+. However, the precise mechanisms by which this rise in Ca2+ leads to K+ efflux across the apical membrane are poorly understood. In the present study, Northern blot analysis of rat proximal colon revealed the presence of transcripts encoding rSK2 [small conductance (SK)], rSK4 [intermediate conductance (IK)], and rSlo [large conductance (BK)] Ca2+-activated K+ channels. In dietary K+-depleted animals, only rSK4 mRNA was reduced in the colon. On the basis of this observation, a cDNA encoding the K+ channel rSK4 was cloned from a rat colonic cDNA library. Transfection of this cDNA into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells led to the expression of Ca2+-activated K+ channels that were blocked by the IK channel inhibitor clotrimazole (CLT). Confocal immunofluorescence confirmed the presence of IK channels in proximal colonic crypts, and Western blotting demonstrated that IK protein sorted to both the apical and basolateral surfaces of colonic epithelia. In addition, transcellular active K+ secretion was studied on epithelial strips of rat proximal colon using unidirectional 86Rb+ fluxes. The addition of thapsigargin or carbachol to the serosal surface enhanced net 86Rb+ secretion. The mucosal addition of CLT completely inhibited carbachol-induced net 86Rb+ secretion. In contrast, only partial inhibition was observed with the BK and SK channel inhibitors, iberiotoxin and apamin, respectively. Finally, in parallel with the reduction in SK4 message observed in animals deprived of dietary K+, carbachol-induced 86Rb+ secretion was abolished in dietary K+-depleted animals. These results suggest that the rSK4 channel mediates K+ secretion induced by muscarinic agonists in the rat proximal colon and that transcription of the rSK4 channel is downregulated to prevent K+ loss during dietary K+ depletion.
TSH and Thyrotropic Agonists: Key Actors in Thyroid Homeostasis (2012)

This paper provides the reader with an overview of our current knowledge of hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid feedback from a cybernetic standpoint. Over the past decades we have gained a plethora of information from biochemical, clinical, and epidemiological investigation, especially on the role of TSH and other thyrotropic agonists as critical components of this complex relationship. Integrating these data into a systems perspective delivers new insights into static and dynamic behaviour of thyroid homeostasis. Explicit usage of this information with mathematical methods promises to deliver a better understanding of thyrotropic feedback control and new options for personalised diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction and targeted therapy, also by permitting a new perspective on the conundrum of the TSH reference range.
Die Fries‐Umlagerung als Gleichgewichtsreaktion (1982)

Abstract Die Fries‐Umlagerung von Arylbenzoaten 1 – in 1,2‐Dichlorethan mittels Trifluormethansulfonsäure als Katalysator – zu ( ortho ‐ und para ‐Hydroxyaryl)phenylketonen 2 bzw. 3 ist bei 170°C reversibel und führt zu Gleichgewichtsgemischen aus 1 , 2 und 3 . Das Gleichgewicht wird, von den Arylestern 1 und den Hydroxyaryl‐ketonen 2 bzw. 3 ausgehend, gleichermaßen eingestellt. Die größere Stabilität der ortho ‐ gegenüber den para ‐Hydroxyaryl‐ketonen kann aus den über 13 C‐NMR‐Spektren zugänglichen Verdrillungswinkeln θ zwischen der Carbonylgruppe und dem aromatischen π‐System zufriedenstellend erklärt werden. Für die Acylgruppenwanderung wird ein dissoziativer Mechanismus vorgeschlagen.
Reaktionen an Aluminiumoxiden. 2. Mitt.: Umsetzungen von Butan‐2‐on an Aluminiumoxid (1972)

Abstract Die Umsetzungen von Butan‐2‐on ( 1 ) an verschiedenen Aluminiumoxiden wurden bei unterschiedlichen Bedingungen untersucht. Die dabei entstehenden Stoffe wurden durch Vergleichssubstanzen identifiziert und durch DC und GC nachgewiesen.
A “tool box” for rational design of degradable controlled release formulations (2010)

Controlled release technology could provide a universal solution to the problems of patient compliance and sub-optimal dosing that often plague modern pharmaceuticals. Yet, harnessing this potential requires the ability to design drug delivery formulations which satisfy specific dosing schedules. This review intends to portray how material properties, processing methods and mathematical models can serve as effective tools for rationally tuning the duration and rate of drug release from biodegradable polymer matrices.
A consensus guide to capturing the ability to inhibit actions and impulsive behaviors in the stop-signal task (2019)

Response inhibition is essential for navigating everyday life. Its derailment is considered integral to numerous neurological and psychiatric disorders, and more generally, to a wide range of behavioral and health problems. Response-inhibition efficiency furthermore correlates with treatment outcome in some of these conditions. The stop-signal task is an essential tool to determine how quickly response inhibition is implemented. Despite its apparent simplicity, there are many features (ranging from task design to data analysis) that vary across studies in ways that can easily compromise the validity of the obtained results. Our goal is to facilitate a more accurate use of the stop-signal task. To this end, we provide 12 easy-to-implement consensus recommendations and point out the problems that can arise when they are not followed. Furthermore, we provide user-friendly open-source resources intended to inform statistical-power considerations, facilitate the correct implementation of the task, and assist in proper data analysis.
The distance decay of similarity in biogeography and ecology (1999)

Summary Aim Our aim was to understand how similarity changes with distance in biological communities, to use the distance decay perspective as quantitative technique to describe biogeographic pattern, and to explore whether growth form, dispersal type, rarity, or support affected the rate of distance decay in similarity. Location North American spruce‐fir forests, Appalachian montane spruce‐fir forests. Methods We estimated rates of distance decay through regression of log‐transformed compositional similarity against distance for pairwise comparisons of thirty‐four white spruce plots and twenty‐six black spruce plots distributed from eastern Canada to Alaska, six regional floras along the crest of the Appalachians, and six regional floras along the east–west extent of the boreal forest. Results Similarity decreased significantly with distance, with the most linear models relating the log of similarity to untransformed distance. The rate of similarity decay was 1.5–1.9 times higher for vascular plants than for bryophytes. The rate of distance decay was highest for berry‐fruited and nut‐bearing species (1.7 times higher than plumose‐seeded species and 1.9 times higher than microseeded/spore species) and 2.1 times higher for herbs than woody plants. There was no distance decay for rare species, while species of intermediate frequency had 2.0 times higher distance decay rates than common species. The rate of distance decay was 2.7 times higher for floras from the fragmented Appalachians than for floras from the contiguous boreal forest. Main conclusions The distance decay of similarity can be caused by either a decrease in environmental similarity with distance (e.g. climatic gradients) or by limits to dispersal and niche width differences among taxa. Regardless of cause, the distance decay of similarity provides a simple descriptor of how biological diversity is distributed and therefore has consequences for conservation strategy.
Genetically Encoded Multispectral Labeling of Proteins with Polyfluorophores on a DNA Backbone (2013)

Genetically encoded methods for protein conjugation are of high importance as biological tools. Here we describe the development of a new class of dyes for genetically encoded tagging that add new capabilities for protein reporting and detection via HaloTag methodology. Oligodeoxyfluorosides (ODFs) are short DNA-like oligomers in which the natural nucleic acid bases are replaced by interacting fluorescent chromophores, yielding a broad range of emission colors using a single excitation wavelength. We describe the development of an alkyl halide dehalogenase-compatible chloroalkane linker phosphoramidite derivative that enables the rapid automated synthesis of many possible dyes for protein conjugation. Experiments to test the enzymatic self-conjugation of nine different DNA-like dyes to proteins with HaloTag domains in vitro were performed, and the data confirmed the rapid and efficient covalent labeling of the proteins. Notably, a number of the ODF dyes were found to increase in brightness or change color upon protein conjugation. Tests in mammalian cellular settings revealed that the dyes are functional in multiple cellular contexts, both on the cell surface and within the cytoplasm, allowing protein localization to be imaged in live cells by epifluorescence and laser confocal microscopy.
Human Fetal Hemoglobin F1 (1971)

Abstract The γ chains of human fetal hemoglobin occur in both acetylated and nonacetylated state in vivo. The acetylated fetal hemoglobin F1 has been suggested to be α2γγacetyl (Biochim. Biophys. Acta, 63, 532 (1962)). The development of an electrophoretic assay capable of separating the α, β, γ, and γacetyl polypeptide chains in hemoglobins allowed us to show that highly purified hemoglobin F1 contained nearly equal quantities of α chains and a polypeptide chain migrating more slowly than the γ chain, and only trace quantities of γ chain. NH2-terminal and acetyl group analyses of globin prepared from hemoglobin F1 indicated the presence of 2 NH2-terminal valine residues, 0.4 NH2-terminal glycine residue, and 1.6 N-acetyl groups per mole of hemoglobin (molecular weight of 66,000). The acetylated polypeptide chain was isolated from carboxymethyl cellulose columns in the presence of 8 m urea and shown to have a blocked NH2 terminus, to contain 0.76 mole of N-acetyl residue per polypeptide chain (molecular weight of 16,500), and to migrate identically with the slow moving polypeptide chain of hemoglobin F1 in the electrophoretic assay. The acetylated NH2-terminal peptide was isolated from both F1 globin and the isolated γacetyl chain, and shown to be N-acetylglycylhistidine. This structure is consistent with the NH2-terminal sequence of the γ chain. These data indicate human fetal hemoglobin F1 should be designated α2γ2acetyl.
Generation of MOS Model Parameters Covering Statistical Process Variations (1993)

This paper describes a methodology by which accurate MOSFET model parameter sets, covering statistical IC manufacturing fluctuations, can be generated. This procedure employs multivariate statistics to convert correlated device model parameters into a much smaller set of independent manufacturing process-related factors. Worst-case model parameter sets are constructed from the derived factors. Comparisons between measured device characteristic distributions and predicted worst-case device performance limits are utilized to evaluate the proposed technique.
[The mechanism of the glial cells involved in neuropathic pain]. (2012)

Neuropathic pain is caused by lesion or disease of somatosensory system. The glial cell includes astrocyte and microglia in central nervous system (CNS), as well as satellite cell and Schwann cell in peripheral nervous system (PNS). Neural lesion activates the glial cell, inducing its morphology changes and certain protein expression. By interacting with neurons, the glial cell plays important roles in both the initiation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. In this review, we present recent progress in the study of glial mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain.
Platinum Monolayer Electrocatalysts for Anodic Oxidation of Alcohols (2012)

The slow, incomplete oxidation of methanol and ethanol on platinum-based anodes as well as the high price and limited reserves of Pt has hampered the practical application of direct alcohol fuel cells. We describe the electrocatalysts consisting of one Pt monolayer (one atom thick layer) placed on extended or nanoparticle surfaces having the activity and selectivity for the oxidation of alcohol molecules that can be controlled with platinum-support interaction. The suitably expanded Pt monolayer (i.e., Pt/Au(111)) exhibits a factor of 7 activity increase in catalyzing methanol electrooxidation relative to Pt(111). Sizable enhancement is also observed for ethanol electrooxidation. Furthermore, a correlation between substrate-induced lateral strain in a Pt monolayer and its activity/selectivity is established and rationalized by experimental and theoretical studies. The knowledge we gained with single-crystal model catalysts was successfully applied in designing real nanocatalysts. These findings for alcohols are likely to be applicable for the oxidation of other classes of organic molecules.
Nortel's Virtual Network Switching (VNS) Overview (1998)

This document provides an overview of Virtual Network Switching (VNS).
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does not
specify an Internet standard of any kind.
The Evolution of Avionics Networks From ARINC 429 to AFDX (2012)

Signaling and inter-system communication in avionics have been crucial topics ever since electronic devices were first used in aerospace systems. To deal with the challenges intro-duced by the widespread use of general purpose computing in commercial avionics, standards like ARINC 419 and later on 429 were published and adopted by the industry. While in industrial use, 429 has been adapted and extended very little since the standard was formulated in the late 1970s. 429 to-day cannot meet challenges and new requirements generated by the use of Integrated Modular Avionics and flexible sys-tem design. AFDX combines proven safety and availability functionality with modern Ethernet technology to be able to handle today’s requirements. This paper outlines two of the most important avionics network architectures and aims at depicting the evolution of networking concepts and require-ments over the course of the past 30 years. It mainly focuses on ARINC 429 and AFDX, the most prominent current and past standards, but also covers two other interesting past protocols.
SEROLOGIC EVIDENCE FOR HEPATITIS E VIRUS INFECTION IN MONGOOSE (2006)

Although pig and wild boar are considered to be the reservoirs of hepatitis E virus (HEV) in Japan, the spread of HEV to other animals is unknown. Serum samples from 84 mongooses (Small Asian mongoose; Herpestes javanicus ) collected in Okinawa, Japan were examined for antibodies to HEV by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and RNA was analyzed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Seven (8.3%) of 84 mongooses were positive for IgG antibodies to HEV, and the antibody-positive rate increased with body weight and size, whereas HEV RNA was not detected in these samples. These results are consistent with the possibility that mongooses in Okinawa are occasionally infected with HEV; however, they are not considered the major zoonotic reservoir of HEV.
SG-TFS: A versatile embedded flash with silicon nanocrystals as the storage medium (2008)

Since Tiwari introduced the nanocrystal memory concept in 1996, much progress has been made in the areas of nanocrystal deposition, storage stack engineering, process integration, cell design, and array architecture. This paper describes the highly versatile flash technology, SG-TFS, in terms of its applicability from low-end to high-end, from code storage to data storage, and from consumer to automotive market segments. SG-TFS stands for split-gate thin film storage and is built with silicon nanocrystals as its storage medium. Superior performance and reliability are demonstrated with a 90 nm 16 Mbit memory array.
Circulating tumor markers and nuclear medicine imaging modalities: breast, prostate and ovarian cancer. (2002)

Clinical oncologists have always shown great interest in circulating tumor markers. There are several markers that in the clinical routine are a signal of particular tumor types; some of them are strictly tissue-specific such as prostatic specific antigen (PSA) for prostatic cancer, AFP and HCG for germ cell tumors of the testis and ovary, others such as CA 15.3, CA125, CEA or cytokeratins are less specific since their elevations can be found in different varieties of cancers even if they are preferentially associated to a certain tumor type, thus are considered markers for breast, ovarian cancer and colon adenocarcinoma. The most useful clinical applications of these parameters is their determination during the follow-up of the treated patients, in order to detect the tumor recurrence early, and also to evaluate the evolution of the disease by monitoring the treatment responses. During follow-up, increasing levels of tumor markers can be observed even several months before the clinical demonstration of cancer recurrence. The association of tumor marker tests with imaging modalities can lead to several advantages: the first is to confirm the diagnosis of relapses, possibly before the appearence of the related clinical symptoms due to tumor growth; the second is to localize the sites of lesions, while tumor markers provide only a general indication of the existence of metastases; the third is to make possible a correct whole body restaging. In the assessment of cancer response tumor markers are often very reliable and their changes are faster than the morphological ones. Among all the imaging modalities, nuclear medicine plays an important role in detecting recurrences and metastatic localizations as it is able to investigate functional rather than morphological aspects of tumors, and provide different information in comparison to morphologic imaging. In addition, the scintigraphic techniques offer the possibility to evaluate treatment responses, confirming or not the information from biochemical changes. This review aims to show some examples (breast, prostate and ovarian cancer) in which the combination of nuclear medicine imaging modalities and tumor marker tests is proposed for clinical practice. The advantages and some critical aspects are discussed on the basis of the clinical findings and the most important clinical indications are described.
Framework encapsulations: a new approach to CAD tool interoperability (2002)

Today's complex leading-edge design processes require the use of multiple CAD tools that operate in multiple frameworks making management of the complete design process difficult. This paper introduces the concept of framework encapsulations: software wrappers around complete CAD frameworks that allow the design data and flow management services of a framework to be utilized by a common design process management tool. This concept has been applied to the Minerva II Design Process Manager, enabling Minerva II to manage the design process across multiple CAD frameworks, and potentially multiple design disciplines.
The mind within the net: models of learning, thinking, and acting (1999)

How does the brain work? How do billions of neurons bring about ideas, sensations, emotions, and actions? Why do children learn faster than elderly people? What can go wrong in perception, thinking, learning, and acting? Scientists now use computer models to help us to understand the most private and human experiences. In The Mind Within the Net, Manfred Spitzer shows how these models can fundamentally change how we think about learning, creativity, thinking, and acting, as well as such matters as schools, retirement homes, politics, and mental disorders. Neurophysiology has told us a lot about how neurons work; neural network theory is about how neurons work together to process information. In this highly readable book, Spitzer provides a basic, nonmathematical introduction to neural networks and their clinical applications. Part I explains the fundamental theory of neural networks and how neural network models work. Part II covers the principles of network functioning and how computer simulations of neural networks have profound consequences for our understanding of how the brain works. Part III covers applications of network models (e.g., to knowledge representation, language, and mental disorders such as schizophrenia and Alzheimer's disease) that shed new light on normal and abnormal states of mind. Finally, Spitzer concludes with his thoughts on the ramifications of neural networks for the understanding of neuropsychology and human nature.