gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pharmacological effects of the new gastroprokinetic agent mosapride citrate and its metabolites in experimental animals. (1993)

The pharmacological effects of the metabolites M1 and M2 of mosapride citrate ((+/-)-4-amino-5-chloro-2-ethoxy-N-[[4-(4-fluorobenzyl)-2-morpholi nyl] methyl]benzamide citrate, AS-4370, CAS 112885-42-4), a gastroprokinetic agent with serotonin 5-HT4 receptor agonist property, were compared with those of mosapride. In isolated guinea-pig ileum treated with phenoxybenzamine, the metabolites M1 and M2 enhanced electrically-evoked contractions with EC50 values of 1.2 x 10(-7) mol/l and 1.0 x 10(-6) mol/l, respectively. The metabolite M1 was twice less potent than that of mosapride. When administered intravenously, the metabolite M1 enhanced gastric emptying of a semisolid meal in mice and rats; the potency was 3 times less than that of mosapride in mice and almost equal to that of mosapride in rats. When administered orally, the metabolite M1 enhanced gastric emptying of a semisolid meal in mice and rats, and also enhanced gastric emptying of a resin pellet meal in rats. The potency of metabolite M1 was 10 times less than that of mosapride in rats, although it was equal to that of mosapride in mice. In these experiments, the metabolite M2 was far less active. In addition to these gastroprokinetic properties, the metabolite M1 possessed a potent 5-HT3 receptor antagonist property. The metabolite M1 antagonized the 2-methyl-5-HT-induced bradycardia in anesthetized rats with an ED50 value of 10.5 micrograms/kg, i.v., and inhibited the cisplatin-induced emesis in ferrets with a potency approximately 25 times that of mosapride. These results suggest that the metabolites M1 and M2 of mosapride do not play a crucial role in the gastroprokinetic effect of mosapride.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Synthesis of Barium Titanate by Hydrothermal Method and Its Formation Mechanisms (2008)

The formation of nano-sized barium titanate powders by hydrothermal reaction between barium hydroxide octahydrate and hydrous titania was studied at various temperatures, times and reactant concentrations without mineralizer. FTIR, TGA, SEM, XRF, BET and XRD were used to investigate the effects of temperature, time and concentration on reactivity, particle size, morphology and secondary phase of BaTiO3 powder prepared hydrothermally. The main impurities were BaCO3, TiO2, surface H2O and lattice OH– radical at low conversion while secondary phase such as the lattice hydroxyl radical and trace BaCO3 remained at high conversion. As the temperature and time increased in low concentration reaction below 0.5 M, the maximum conversion could not exceed 98% but the conversion increased with increasing concentration, reaching over 99% above 1.5 M. In addition, concentration of more than 1.5 M was favorable to smaller particle size, better sphericity and Ba/Ti ratio ≒ 1. Kinetic analysis by the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami plot shows hydrothermal reaction progresses through solidification path. Initially, dissolution-precipitation mechanism takes place to form the nuclei of BaTiO3 through fast dissolution of TiO2·xH2O and reaction with Ba2+ ions and then the BaTiO3 crystal begins to grow.
Single-hit mechanism of tumour cell killing by radiation (2003)

Analyses of tumour cell survival curves demonstrate that it is the single-hit mechanism (alpha) that determines the majority of cell killing after doses of 2Gy and that this mechanism is highly variable between tumour cell lines. The characteristics of single-hit inactivation are qualitatively and quantitatively distinct from those of beta-inactivation. Compacted chromatin in tumour cells should be further investigated as a radiation-hypersensitive target that could be modulated for therapeutic advantage.
Toward understanding long-distance extracellular electron transport in an electroautotrophic microbial community (2016)

Here we show that long-distance extracellular electron transport occurs in a cathodic biofilm capable of CO<sub>2</sub>fixation and O<sub>2</sub>respiration.
Coherent control of bimolecular collisions: Collinear reactive scattering (1996)

A recently proposed approach to the coherent control of bimolecular reactions is applied to collinear models of H+H2, D+H2, and F+H2 scattering. Reactive scattering probabilities above the reaction threshold are shown to be controllable in these systems over a wide range, often nearing total yield control.
Aharonov-Bohm effect and coherence length of charge e/4 quasiparticles at 5/2 filling factor measured in multiple small Fabry-Perot interferometers (2013)

Design of a Fabry-Perot (double point contact) interferometer to measure fractional quantum Hall effect quasiparticle charge properties, and in particular the 5/2 excitations, poses an important trade-off: the device size should be minimized to allow two path interference, since the coherence length of the quasiparticles in the correlated states are expected be limited, yet a small device promotes the dominance of Coulomb charging effects which would overwhelm the Aharonov-Bohm interference effect. In this study a series of small but different size interferometers from the same high density heterostructure wafer are examined for the presence of Coulomb effects versus Aharonov-Bohm (A-B) interference effect when operated in gate configurations that support the 5/2, 7/3, and 8/3 fractional quantum Hall effects. The device sizes vary by more than a factor of three, and over this range explicitly show specific properties of A-B interference, but not Coulomb dominated effects. Given these A-B interference results, the coherence length of the charge e/4 interference is extracted. The coherence length of non-Abelian e/4 quasiparticles is an important parameter for design and development of complex interference devices used to study and apply this exotic excitation. As in prior observations of e/4 excitations, A-B e/4 and e/2 oscillations in alternation are observed in these multiple devices. The amplitudes of the e/4 oscillations are observed to be dramatically reduced for larger area interferometers. Path-length limits are derived from interferometer areas determined directly by A-B measurements, and the attenuation lengths of the e/4 oscillations are shown to be micron to sub-micron scale. This coherence length is consistent with that of the 7/3 excitations measured here, and consistent with theoretical models.
Coupling of Ionic Events to Protein Kinase Signaling Cascades upon Activation of α7 Nicotinic Receptor (2009)

Defining the signaling mechanisms and effector proteins mediating phenotypic and mechanical plasticity of keratinocytes (KCs) during wound epithelialization is one of the major goals in epithelial cell biology. The acetylcholine (ACh)-gated ion channels, or nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs), mediate the nicotinergic signaling that controls crawling locomotion of KCs. To elucidate relative contributions of the ionic and protein kinase-mediated events elicited due to activation of alpha7 nAChRs, we quantitated expression of alpha2-integrin gene at the mRNA and protein levels and also measured Rho kinase activity in KCs stimulated with the alpha7 agonist AR-R17779 while blocking the Na+ or Ca2+ entry and/or inhibiting signaling kinases. The results demonstrated the existence of the two-component signaling systems coupling the ionic events and protein kinase signaling cascades downstream of alpha7 nAChR to simultaneous up-regulation of alpha2-integrin expression and activation of Rho kinase. The Raf/MEK1/ERK1/2 cascade up-regulating alpha2-integrin was activated due to both Ca2+-dependent recruitment of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and protein kinase C and Ca2+-independent activation of Ras. Likewise the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-mediated activation of Rho kinase was elicited due to both Ca2+ entry-dependent involvement of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and Ca2+-independent activation of Jak2. Thus, although the initial signals emanating from activated alpha7 nAChR are different in nature the pathways intersect at common effector molecules providing for a common end point effect. This novel paradigm of nAChR-mediated coordination of the ionic and metabolic signaling events can allow an auto/paracrine ACh to simultaneously alter gene expression and induce reciprocal changes in the cytoskeleton and contractile system of KCs required to compete a particular step of wound epithelialization.
Analysis of higher order regular polygonal loop antennas (1990)

Higher order regular polygonal loop antennas are analyzed. The input impedance of higher order antennas varies gradually when the operating frequency or the order of polygon changes. This behavior of input impedance provides a wide range of input impedance and many resonant points to antenna designers. The higher order regular polygonal loop antenna generally possesses higher directivity but poorer broadband impedance property. As the operating frequency becomes higher its directivity increases remarkably and the broadband property becomes more prominent. To achieve the desired properties one may select one of the many design data sets with a trade-off between broadband property and directivity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Delivering Semantic Web Services (2003)

The growing infrastructure for Web Services assumes a &quot;programmer in the loop&quot; that hardcodes the connections between Web Services and directly programs Web Service composition. Emerging technology based on DAML-S and the Semantic Web allows Web Services to connect and transact automatically with minimal or no intervention from programmers. In this paper we discuss the problems related with autonomous Web Services, and how DAMLS provides the information to solve them. Furthermore, we describe the implementation of two demonstration systems that use such technology: the first system is a B2B application in which a business that assembles computers automatically finds partners providing parts and automatically transacts with them; the second describes an e-commerce application that helps a user to organize a trip to a meeting automatically interacting with different Web Services and the calendar of the user stored in MS Outlook. The results of these experiments show how Web Services can be deployed on the Web to interact and provide information dynamically; second, how the transaction can be carried on automatically with no programmer intervention.
Archaeosomes as novel antigen delivery systems1 (2006)

The humoral immune response mounted in BALB/c mice against bovine serum albumin or cholera toxin B subunit was compared when the antigens were associated with liposomes composed of either archaeal ether lipids or conventional lipids. Antibody titres in sera from mice immunised intraperitoneally were elevated to an extent comparable to those achieved with Freund's adjuvant by encapsulating bovine serum albumin in archaeal lipid vesicles (archaeosomes) of about 200 nm diameter. Comparison among six archaeosome and three conventional liposome compositions established that archaeosomes were generally much superior in potentiating an immune response. Further, only two immunisations, at the most, were needed to achieve close to the maximum antibody titre, as shown with archaeosomes composed of the polar lipids from Methanobrevibacter smithii, an inhabitant of the human colon. A similar positive response to presenting the more immunogenic cholera B subunit protein to the immune system of mice was shown for M. smithii archaeosomes. Encapsulation of the antigen in the archaeosome was necessary to achieve the full humoral response. This represents the first study to our knowledge where archaeosomes have been evaluated in vivo as possible antigen carriers.
Relationship between foot function and medial knee joint loading in people with medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (2013)

Increased rearfoot eversion, rearfoot internal rotation and forefoot inversion are associated with reduced knee adduction moments during the stance phase of gait, suggesting that medial knee joint loading is reduced in people with OA who walk with greater foot pronation. These findings have implications for the design of load-modifying interventions in people with knee OA.
Characterization of Corrosion under Marine Coatings by Electrochemical Noise Methods. (1994)

Abstract : This research grant focused on electrochemical techniques for the investigation of corrosion protection afforded by organic coatings. The main aim of the work was the study of marine coatings using the electrochemical noise methods (ENM). Skerry et al had ENM to examine organic coatings (mainly primer) on metal.
Recombinant murine growth hormone from <i>E. coli</i> inclusion bodies: Expression, high‐pressure solubilization and refolding, and characterization of activity and structure (2010)

We expressed recombinant murine growth hormone (rmGH) in E. coli as a cost-effective way to produce large quantities (gram scale) of the protein for use in murine studies of immunogenicity to therapeutic proteins. High hydrostatic pressure was used to achieve high solubility and high refolding yields of rmGH protein produced in E. coli inclusion bodies. A two-step column purification protocol was used to produce 99% pure monomeric rmGH. Secondary and tertiary structures of purified rmGH were investigated using circular dichroism and 2D-UV spectroscopy. The purified rmGH produced was found to be biologically active in hypophysectomized rats.
Use of periodic pilot tones for identifying base stations of FH-OFDMA systems (2006)

A base station (BS) identification scheme for frequency-hopping (FH) orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) is proposed. This scheme is based on the use of periodically inserted pilot tones carrying binary information. The identification process consists of two steps. First, locations of pilot tones are detected and second, the binary sequences associated with the pilots are identified. Modified maximum likelihood (ML) rules for the two steps are derived. Computer simulation results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can outperform the existing method that utilizes the slope of a pilot tone hopping sequences, yet it is considerably simpler to implement.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Porous Magnetic Diamond Framework, Co<sub>3</sub>(HCOO)<sub>6</sub>, and Its N<sub>2</sub> Sorption Characteristic (2005)

[Co3(HCOO)6](CH3OH)(H2O) (1), the isostructural analogue of the porous magnet of coordination framework [Mn3(HCOO)6](CH3OH)(H2O), and its desolvated form [Co3(HCOO)6] (2) were prepared and characterized by X-ray and neutron diffraction methods, IR, thermal analyses, and BET, and their magnetic properties were measured. The parent compound, 1, crystallizes in the monoclinic system, space group P21/c, a = 11.254(2) A, b = 9.832(1) A, c = 18.108(3) A, beta = 127.222(2) degrees , V = 1595.5(4) A3, Z = 4, R1 = 0.0329 at 180 K. It possesses a unit cell volume that is 9% smaller than [Mn3(HCOO)6](CH3OH)(H2O) due to the smaller radius of Co2+ ion. Compared with the parent compound 1, the desolvated compound 2 has slightly larger lattice with cell parameters of a = 11.2858(4) A, b = 9.8690(4) A, c = 18.1797(6) A, beta = 127.193(2) degrees , V = 1613.0(1) A3, R1 = 0.0356 at 180 K. The cell parameters of 2, obtained from neutron powder data at 2 K, are a = 11.309(2) A, b = 9.869(1) A, c = 18.201(3) A, beta = 127.244(8) degrees , V = 1617.3(5) A3. The pore volume reduces from 33% to 30% by replacing Mn by Co. The material exhibits a diamond framework based on Co-centered CoCo4 tetrahedral nodes, in which all metal ions have octahedral coordination geometry and all HCOO groups link the metal ions in syn-syn/anti modes. It displays thermal stability up to 270 degrees C. The compound easily loses guest molecules without loss of crystallinity, and it partly reabsorbs water from the atmosphere. Significant N2 sorption was observed for the desolvated framework suggesting that the material possesses permanent porosity. The magnetic properties show a tendency to a 3D long-range magnetic ordering, probably antiferromagnetic with a spin canting arrangement below 2 K.
Durvalumab after Chemoradiotherapy in Stage III Non–Small-Cell Lung Cancer (2017)

Progression-free survival was significantly longer with durvalumab than with placebo. The secondary end points also favored durvalumab, and safety was similar between the groups. (Funded by AstraZeneca; PACIFIC ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT02125461 .).
Synthetic oxytocics. I: 3‐(piperidyl‐(N)‐methyl‐)indoles and related compounds (1951)

Abstract 3‐(piperydyl‐(N)‐methyl‐)indole and a number of derivatives with substituents in the piperidine‐nucleus, together with some related compounds, were synthesized as simplified analogues of the ergot alkaloïds. Some of them proved to be highly active on the rabbit uterus in situ (sensitized with estrone), the highest active 3‐(2′,6′‐dimethyl‐piperidyl‐(N)‐methyl)‐indole being half as effective as ergometrine. On the isolated uterus of the guinea pig in some cases the activity of the natural drug is surpassed. Structure/activity relationships are indicated, to be followed by a more extensive discussion after 3‐(piperidyl (2) methyl‐) indoles have been evaluated pharmacologically.
Is the Pineal Gland Involved in the Pathogenesis of Endometrial Carcinoma (1991)

The pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma, which is the most common malignant neoplasm of the female genital tract, is unknown. It is believed that a prolonged period of increased estrogenic exposure unopposed by progesterone may underlie the malignant transformation of the endometrial cells. In the following communication, we propose that deficient melatonin functions may be an additional endocrine factor implicated in the pathogenesis of endometrial carcinoma. This hypothesis is based on the observations that: (a) melatonin has antiestrogenic properties; (b) melatonin stimulates progesterone production which opposes the action of estrogens; (c) an increased rate of endometrial hyperplasia, a premalignant condition, has been noted during the winter, a time of year associated with diminished melatonin secretion; (d) an increased incidence of anovulatory cycles, which is a risk factor for endometrial carcinoma, occurs in the winter; (e) melatonin secretion decreases sharply during the menopause, a period associated with an increased risk of endometrial carcinoma; (f) obesity, which is a major risk factor for endometrial carcinoma, is associated with impaired circadian melatonin secretion; (g) diabetes mellitus, which is an additional risk factor for endometrial carcinoma, is associated with decreased melatonin secretion and an increased rate of pineal calcification; and (h) the prevalence of endometrial carcinoma is lower in the black population compared to the white population. Similarly, the incidence of pineal calcification, which reflects the secretory activity of the gland, is significantly lower in the African and American black populations as compared to the white population.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Spread Spectrum Codes for Continuous-Phase Modulated Systems (2014)

We study the theoretical performance of a combined approach to demodulation and decoding of binary continuous-phase modulated signals under repetition-like codes. This technique is motivated by a need to transmit packetized or framed data bursts in high noise regimes where many powerful, short-length codes are ineffective. In channels with strong noise, we mathematically study the asymptotic bit error rates of this combined approach and quantify the performance improvement over performing demodulation and decoding separately as the code rate increases. In this context, we also discuss a simple variant of repetition coding involving pseudorandom code words, based on direct-sequence spread spectrum methods, that preserves the spectral density of the encoded signal in order to maintain resistance to narrowband interference. We describe numerical simulations that demonstrate the advantages of this approach as an inner code which can be used underneath modern coding schemes in high noise environments.
A Survey on Bitrate Adaptation Schemes for Streaming Media Over HTTP (2018)

In this survey, we present state-of-the-art bitrate adaptation algorithms for HTTP adaptive streaming (HAS). As a key distinction from other streaming approaches, the bitrate adaptation algorithms in HAS are chiefly executed at each client, i.e., in a distributed manner. The objective of these algorithms is to ensure a high quality of experience (QoE) for viewers in the presence of bandwidth fluctuations due to factors like signal strength, network congestion, network reconvergence events, etc. While such fluctuations are common in public Internet, they can also occur in home networksor even managed networks where there is often admission control and QoS tools. Bitrate adaptation algorithms may take factors like bandwidth estimations, playback buffer fullness, device features, viewer preferences, and content features into account, albeit with different weights. Since the viewer's QoE needs to be determined in real-time during playback, objective metrics are generally used including number of buffer stalls, duration of startup delay, frequency and amount of quality oscillations, and video instability. By design, the standards for HAS do not mandate any particular adaptation algorithm, leaving it to system builders to innovate and implement their own method. This survey provides an overview of the different methods proposed over the last several years.
A framework for alternate queueing: towards traffic management by PC-UNIX based routers (1998)

Queueing is an essential element of traffic manage-ment, but the only queueing discipline used in traditional UNIX systems is simple FIFO queueing. This paper de-scribes ALTQ, a queueing framework that allows the use of a set of queueing disciplines. We investigate the is-sues involved in designing a generic queueing framework as well as the issues involved in implementing various queueing disciplines. ALTQ is implemented as simple extension to the FreeBSD kernel including minor fixes to the device drivers. Several queueing disciplines in-cluding CBQ, RED, and WFQ are implemented onto the framework to demonstrate the design of ALTQ. The traffic management performance of a PC is presented to show the feasibility of traffic management by PC-UNIX based routers. 1
Sparsity induced similarity measure for label propagation (2009)

Graph-based semi-supervised learning has gained considerable interests in the past several years thanks to its effectiveness in combining labeled and unlabeled data through label propagation for better object modeling and classification. A critical issue in constructing a graph is the weight assignment where the weight of an edge specifies the similarity between two data points. In this paper, we present a novel technique to measure the similarities among data points by decomposing each data point as an L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sub> sparse linear combination of the rest of the data points. The main idea is that the coefficients in such a sparse decomposition reflect the point's neighborhood structure thus providing better similarity measures among the decomposed data point and the rest of the data points. The proposed approach is evaluated on four commonly-used data sets and the experimental results show that the proposed Sparsity Induced Similarity (SIS) measure significantly improves label propagation performance. As an application of the SIS-based label propagation, we show that the SIS measure can be used to improve the Bag-of-Words approach for scene classification.