gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Classification System for Radiation Detectors* (1949)

In Part I, a classification system for radiation detectors is proposed. The system is based upon the manner in which the noise equivalent power depends upon the time constant and the sensitive area, when the sensitivity is limited either by radiation fluctuations or by internally generated noise.The major part of Part I is devoted to establishing the reference condition for the measuring of the noise equivalent power. In establishing the reference condition of measurement (Section 6), the output of the detector in the absence of a signal is first equalized so that the noise power per unit frequency band width is constant. The reference time constant is then defined in terms of the relative response as a function of signal modulation frequency (Section 7). The equalization is then modified by the addition of an RC low pass filter with a time constant equal to the reference time constant, and the noise equivalent power is measured. The power so obtained is termed the noise equivalent power in reference condition A, denoted by Pm. This procedure has the property that the noise equivalent power of the detector is measured in the presence of noise whose band width is equal to the band width of the detector.In order to establish the reference condition of measurement it is necessary to consider the various sources of noise which are involved in detectors (Section 2), and the various types of time constants (Section 3). The important concept of responsivity-to-noise ratio is defined in Section 4. A general theorem involving the sensitive area and the responsivity-to-noise ratio is established in Section 5.After the question of detectors with non-uniform spectral sensitivity is discussed in Section 8, the classification system is defined in Section 9: A detector is a Type I detector if its noise equivalent power depends upon its sensitive area A and its reference time constant τ in accordance with Pm=A12/k1τ12,where k1 is independent of A and τ. A Type II detector is defined by Pm=A12/k2τ,and more generally, a Type n detector is defined by Pm=A12/knτ12n.The usefulness of the proposed classification is illustrated in Section 10 by its application to sequential scanning systems.In Part II the classification system proposed in Part I is used to determine the type number of each of eight different kinds of detectors. By a detailed analysis of each kind of detector, it is found that all of the detectors studied are either Type I or Type II detectors. The results of the analysis are summarized in Table I.The detectors studied include bolometers (Section 2), thermocouples and thermopiles (Section 3), the Golay detector (Section 4), photographic plates and films (Section 5), vacuum and gas photo-tubes and photo-multiplier tubes (Section 6), and dipole antennas (Section 7). In the case of the dipole antenna it is shown that Johnson noise becomes equivalent to the noise produced by radiation fluctuations.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Diabetes (2004)

Diabetic patients are at increased risk for stroke, but little is known about the presence of other brain lesions. We studied the association of magnetic resonance imaging-detected brain lesions to diabetes in 1,252 individuals aged 65-75 years who were randomly selected from eight European population registries or defined working populations. All scans were centrally read for brain abnormalities, including infarcts, white matter lesions, and atrophy. We used a three-point scale to rate periventricular white matter lesions, and the volume of subcortical lesions was calculated according to their number and size. Subjective grading of cortical atrophy by lobe and summation of the lobar grades resulted in a total cortical atrophy score. The mean of three linear measurements of the ventricular diameter relative to the intracranial cavity defined the severity of subcortical atrophy. After adjustment for possible confounders, diabetes was associated with cortical brain atrophy but not with any focal brain lesions or subcortical atrophy. There was a strong interaction of diabetes and hypertension, such that the association between diabetes and cortical atrophy existed only in hypertensive but not in normotensive participants. Cognitive and pathological data are needed to determine the clinical significance of these findings as well as to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations.
Identification of Independent <i>Streptococcus gordonii</i> SspA and SspB Functions in Coaggregation with <i>Actinomyces naeslundii</i> (2001)

The initial stages of dental plaque formation involve the adherence of early colonizing organisms such as Streptococcus gordonii and Actinomyces naeslundii to the saliva-coated tooth surface and to each other. The S. gordonii surface proteins SspA and SspB are known to play a role in adherence to salivary proteins and mediate coaggregation with other bacteria. Coaggregation is the adhesin receptor-mediated interaction between genetically distinct cell types and appears to be ubiquitous among oral isolates. To define the function of SspA and SspB separately on the surface of their natural host, we constructed and analyzed the coaggregation properties of an isogenic sspB mutant of S. gordonii DL1, an sspAB double mutant, and a previously described sspA mutant. A. naeslundii strains have been previously classified into six coaggregation groups based on the nature of their coaggregations with S. gordonii DL1 and other oral streptococci. Coaggregation assays with the sspA and sspB mutants showed that SspA and SspB are the streptococcal proteins primarily responsible for defining these coaggregation groups and, thus, are highly significant in the establishment of early dental plaque. SspA exhibited two coaggregation-specific functions. It participated in lactose-inhibitable and -noninhibitable interactions, while SspB mediated only lactose-noninhibitable coaggregations. Accordingly, the sspAB double mutant lacked these functions and allowed us to detect a third coaggregation interaction with one of these organisms. These proteins may play an important role in development of S. gordonii-A. naeslundii communities in early dental plaque. Understanding these adhesin proteins will aid investigations of complex microbial communities that characterize periodontal diseases.
Patterning polythiophene films using electrochemical over-oxidation (2005)

Over-oxidative degradation of polythiophenes, which breaks the conjugation and destroys the electronic conductivity of the polymer, is well documented as a liability in these materials. We use this 'weakness', via controlled electrochemical over-oxidation, in a novel subtractive patterning technique compatible with high-speed reel-to-reel printing technology. We demonstrate the use of electrochemical over-oxidation to pattern PEDOT:PSS films via an x–y plotter, silk-screen and high-resolution photolithographic techniques, resulting in patterning down to a resolution of 2 µm and a conduction contrast between unpatterned and patterned areas of up to 108.
MPLS with a Simple OPEN Control Plane (2011)

We propose a new approach to MPLS that uses the standard MPLS data plane and an OpenFlow based simpler and extensible control plane. We demonstrate this approach using a prototype system for MPLS Traffic Engineering.
Laser ablation of AlOx and AlOx/SiNx backside passivation layers for advanced cell architectures (2011)

In this paper, we investigate laser ablation of aluminum oxide (AlOx) layers and AlOx/SiNx stacks. This laser ablation process is studied in order to be implemented in back side passivation ablation in PERC-type cell process flow. The objective of this work is to define laser conditions for selectively and locally ablating the layers and reducing the laser-induced damages in the Si and in the passivation layer. In addition, different laser ablation patterns have been tested in order to determine the best ablation conditions to reach high efficiency PERC-type cells. Different laser sources and parameters (pulse duration, wavelength, power...) were tested in order to ablate these layers. The quality of the openings was characterized by optical and electronic microscopies and the laser-induced damages were evaluated by QSSPC-calibrated lifetime mapping. Based on this characterization method, we have processed PERC-type cells with AlOx/SiNx back side passivation with different laser ablation patterns. This work allowed us to determine suitable laser conditions and ablation patterns for reaching higher efficiency for AlOx-backside passivated PERC-type cells.
3DPeople: Modeling the Geometry of Dressed Humans (2019)

Recent advances in 3D human shape estimation build upon parametric representations that model very well the shape of the naked body, but are not appropriate to represent the clothing geometry. In this paper, we present an approach to model dressed humans and predict their geometry from single images. We contribute in three fundamental aspects of the problem, namely, a new dataset, a novel shape parameterization algorithm and an end-to-end deep generative network for predicting shape. First, we present 3D-People, a large-scale synthetic dataset with 2 Million photo-realistic images of 80 subjects performing 70 activities and wearing diverse outfits. Besides providing textured 3D meshes for clothes and body we annotated the dataset with segmentation masks, skeletons, depth, normal maps and optical flow. All this together makes 3D-People suitable for a plethora of tasks. We then represent the 3D shapes using 2D geometry images. To build these images we propose a novel spherical area-preserving parameterization algorithm based on the optimal mass transportation method. We show this approach to improve existing spherical maps which tend to shrink the elongated parts of the full body models such as the arms and legs, making the geometry images incomplete. Finally, we design a multi-resolution deep generative network that, given an input image of a dressed human, predicts his/her geometry image (and thus the clothed body shape) in an end-to-end manner. We obtain very promising results in jointly capturing body pose and clothing shape, both for synthetic validation and on the wild images.
Variation in Myoglobin Denaturation and Color of Cooked Beef, Pork, and Turkey Meat as Influenced by pH, Sodium Chloride, Sodium Tripolyphosphate, and Cooking Temperature (1989)

ABSTRACT This study investigated the effects of pH (5.50–7.00), sodium chloride concentration (0.0–3.0%), and sodium tripolyphosphate concentration (0.0 and 0.5%) on the percent myoglobin denatured (PMD) in beef, pork and turkey muscle when heated to temperatures between 55 and 83°C. At most temperatures studied, the presence of sodium chloride and sodium tripolyphosphate increased the PMD. In contrast, high pH markedly decreased the PMD ( P <0.05). The effect of pH on PMD was similar for all three species studied and, in all cases, was sufficient to produce obvious color differences in the cooked muscles.
Measurement of Neutrophil Elastase, Proteinase 3, and Cathepsin G Activities using Intramolecularly Quenched Fluorogenic Substrates (2011)

Neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G are three hematopoietic serine proteases, large quantities of which are stored in neutrophil cytoplasmic azurophilic granules. They act in combination with reactive oxygen species to degrade engulfed microorganisms inside phagolysosomes. Active forms of these proteases are also externalized during neutrophil activation at inflammatory sites, thus helping to regulate inflammatory and immune responses. A fraction of secreted neutrophil serine proteases (NSPs) remains bound to the external plasma membrane, where they remain enzymatically active. This protocol describes the spectrofluorometric measurement of NSP activities using sensitive ortho-aminobenzoyl-peptidyl-N-(2,4-dinitrophenyl) ethylenediamine fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) substrates that fully discriminate between the three human NSPs. These are used to measure subnanomolar concentrations of free or membrane-bound NSPs in low-binding microplates and to quantify the activities of individual proteases in biological fluids. We describe the synthesis of FRET substrate, neutrophil purification, and kinetic experiments on activated neutrophils. The protocol for measuring NSP activity on the surface of activated neutrophils can be adapted to measure NSP activities in whole biological fluids. Such data clarify the contributions of individual NSPs to the development of inflammatory diseases. Ultimately, these proteases may be shown to be targets for therapeutic inhibitors.
Cutting Edge: Bradykinin Induces IL-12 Production by Dendritic Cells: A Danger Signal That Drives Th1 Polarization (2003)

Dendritic cells play a major role in the induction of both innate and acquired immune responses against pathogenic invaders. These cells are also able to sense endogenous activation signals liberated by injured tissues even in the absence of infection. In the present work, we demonstrate that kinins mobilize dendritic cells to produce IL-12 through activation of the B(2) bradykinin receptor subtype and that bradykinin-induced IL-12 responses are tightly regulated both by angiotensin-converting enzyme, a kinin-degrading peptidase, and by endogenous IL-10. Using a mouse model of allergic inflammation, we further show that addition of bradykinin to OVA during immunization results in decreased eosinophil infiltration on Ag challenge. The latter effect was demonstrated to be due to IL-12-driven skewing of Ag-specific T cell responses to a type 1 cytokine profile. Our data thus indicate that kinin peptides can serve as danger signals that trigger dendritic cells to produce IL-12 through activation of B(2) bradykinin receptors.
Single-Shot and Segmented EPI Ghost Artifacts Removal with Two-Dimensional Phase Correction (2000)

EPI phase errors originating from asymmetry between odd and even echoes are first measured with the pulse sequence previously reported by Hu (3), as shown in Fig. la. By extracting only even-echo Icy lines, two new sets of k-space data and their corresponding Fourier-transformed phase images (Fig. lb) can be generated. The complex ratio of the two phase images (Fig. lc) accounts for the phase errors due to odd-evenecho asymmetry, and will be used to correct subsequent dynamic EPI scans. The EPI k-space data to be corrected is decomposed and reconstructed as odd-eCho only and even-echo only complex images (Fig. 2a). The EPI image with the lowest Nyquist ghost artifact can be obtained from summation of the odd-echo image and the even-echo image corrected with the derived twodimensional phase map, as indicated by Fig. 2b. r4g.f R~WW SCAMS p~~twe a 2n ~~XS+C m2tf7
A Wideband Reconfigurable Transmitarray Element (2011)

Transmitarrays have been shown to be viable architectures for achieving high-directivity reconfigurable apertures. Two reconfigurable transmitarray elements, using single and stacked patches, based on proximity-coupled feeding and two balanced reconfigurable bridged-T phase shifters are presented. Both designs achieve over 400 of phase range and achieve average insertion losses of 3.6 dB. Compared to existing proposed transmitarray elements, the stacked-patch element has a much smaller physical profile, with a lens thickness of only 0.17 λ in free-space, while achieving a large bandwidth of 500 MHz at 5 GHz (10%). Other considerations such as the mutual coupling and beam squint of an array using the stacked-patch element are also discussed.
The Social Costs of Incompetence" An Educator's View (1982)

After I had cut off my hands and grown new ones, something my former hands had longed for came and asked to be rocked. After my plucked out eyes had withered and new ones grown, something my former eyes had wept for came asking to be pitied. 2 The above quotation has been applied to lawyers and in particular the process of legal education. It is a distressing thought for anyone who cares about the law and considers it a worthy profession. Must people sever hands that can rock and pluck out eyes that can pity in order to become a lawyer? Surely not, but there is more severing and plucking that takes place in our law schools and law offices than lawyers would care to admit. Although most students enter law schools with a liberal-arts education, legal educators do not properly build upon this foundation. Indeed, we often feel it necessary to uproot the foundation and replace it with one designed to promote legal reasoning. After-dinner homilies about the well-rounded Renaissance lawyer aside, lawyers and law students are not encouraged to read broadly in the arts and the humanities. In fact, law students and young lawyers are inundated with legal reading which consumes not only their time, but also their desire and energy to read anything else.
The receptor site of the spider toxin PcTx1 on the proton‐gated cation channel ASIC1a (2005)

Acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs) are excitatory neuronal cation channels, involved in physiopathological processes related to extracellular pH fluctuation such as nociception, ischaemia, perception of sour taste and synaptic transmission. The spider peptide toxin psalmotoxin 1 (PcTx1) has previously been shown to inhibit specifically the proton-gated cation channel ASIC1a. To identify the binding site of PcTx1, we produced an iodinated form of the toxin ((125)I-PcTx1Y(N)) and developed a set of binding and electrophysiological experiments on several chimeras of ASIC1a and the PcTx1-insensitive channels ASIC1b and ASIC2a. We show that (125)I-PcTx1Y(N) binds specifically to ASIC1a at a single site, with an IC(50) of 128 pM, distinct from the amiloride blocking site. Results obtained from chimeras indicate that PcTx1 does not bind to ASIC1a transmembrane domains (M1 and M2), involved in formation of the ion pore, but binds principally on both cysteine-rich domains I and II (CRDI and CRDII) of the extracellular loop. The post-M1 and pre-M2 regions, although not involved in the binding site, are crucial for the ability of PcTx1 to inhibit ASIC1a current. The linker domain between CRDI and CRDII is important for their correct spatial positioning to form the PcTx1 binding site. These results will be useful for the future identification or design of new molecules acting on ASICs.
An Inoculation Method for Evaluating Resistance of Cacao to<i>Crinipellis perniciosa</i> (1995)

Methods are described to collect and store basidiospores of Crinipellis perniciosa and to inoculate seedlings of cacao (Theobroma cacao) for evaluation of resistance to witches'-broom disease. Basidiospores of C. perniciosa collected overnight in a 16% glycerol solution (containing buffer and Tween 20) remained viable but did not germinate until the collecting solution was diluted to 3% glycerol. Basidiospores freshly collected or stored in the collecting solution for 1 week at 4 degrees C, or stored in liquid nitrogen for up to 18 months remained viable and, after application to cacao seedlings, caused witches'-broom. Witches'-broom developed on inoculated susceptible seedlings placed in a dew chamber for 4 to 6 h at 25 degrees C, but did not develop on seedlings after 2 to 4 h of wetness. Maximal percentages of seedlings became diseased with 15 h of wetness. Differences in percentage of witches'-broom were evident among susceptible and putatively resistant cacao families inoculated with basidiospore concentrations of 10,000 and 12,500 spores per ml; however, higher concentrations (25,000 to 100,000 per ml) resulted in nearly 100% disease. Likewise, inoculation of flushes with large succulent leaves resulted in high percentages of disease in all families. Discrimination among families by percentages of diseased seedlings was achieved when small (0.3 to 1.5 cm) leaves were inoculated. Procedures for basidiospore collection and storage, inoculation of cacao seedlings, and control of pre- and postinoculation conditions support the effective and efficient screening of cacao for resistance to witches'-broom disease.
Identification and development of pyrazolo[4,3-c]pyridine carboxamides as Mycobacterium tuberculosis pantothenate synthetase inhibitors (2016)

A novel series of pyrazolo[4,3-<italic>c</italic>]pyridine carboxamides were synthesized and characterized. The compounds were evaluated for their antitubercular activity and pantothenate synthetase enzyme inhibition study.
Consensus-Phenotype Integration of Transcriptomic and Metabolomic Data Implies a Role for Metabolism in the Chemosensitivity of Tumour Cells (2011)

Using transcriptomic and metabolomic measurements from the NCI60 cell line panel, together with a novel approach to integration of molecular profile data, we show that the biochemical pathways associated with tumour cell chemosensitivity to platinum-based drugs are highly coincident, i.e. they describe a consensus phenotype. Direct integration of metabolome and transcriptome data at the point of pathway analysis improved the detection of consensus pathways by 76%, and revealed associations between platinum sensitivity and several metabolic pathways that were not visible from transcriptome analysis alone. These pathways included the TCA cycle and pyruvate metabolism, lipoprotein uptake and nucleotide synthesis by both salvage and de novo pathways. Extending the approach across a wide panel of chemotherapeutics, we confirmed the specificity of the metabolic pathway associations to platinum sensitivity. We conclude that metabolic phenotyping could play a role in predicting response to platinum chemotherapy and that consensus-phenotype integration of molecular profiling data is a powerful and versatile tool for both biomarker discovery and for exploring the complex relationships between biological pathways and drug response.
Automatic Technical Term Extraction Based on Term Association (2008)

This paper proposes a new automatic Chinese term extracting algorithm combining both statistics-based and rule-based methods. This algorithm firstly uses a statistical method to extract two-word candidates from raw corpus, and then extends these candidates forward to obtain multi-word candidate terms. We propose a new metric named term association (TA) that can measure the combining degree between words in a string very well. In the second subsystem it filters these candidates to get domain-specific technical terms based on defined rules. Our purpose is to achieve a higher precision of the domain-specific Chinese term extraction task by the hybrid method than the previous approaches. This algorithm implements an extractor with an unprocessed corpus as input for technical papers of ethanol fuels. The results of experiments are analyzed and evaluated, and the precision and recall are 84.26% and 63.86% respectively.