gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency (2015)

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a rare genetic disease that creates multiple unique phenotypes of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. While bronchospasm, cough, dyspnea, and sputum production all occur with AATD, the phenotypic differences require a computed tomographic (CT) scan to decipher. The availability of augmentation therapy in the United States since 1989 has generated both controversy and evidence that informs the science of usual chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Because of the predominance of emphysema in AATD, much of the best evidence concerning biomarkers of emphysema progression comes from this population. Imaging measurement of emphysema progression, impact of emphysema phenotypes on hyperinflation and dynamic hyperinflation, and correlation with traditional spirometric measures of COPD progression are required to understand the impact of AAT therapies. These studies are important for better understanding of usual COPD pathogenesis. Significantly, there are no adequately powered research studies to determine if augmentation therapy is helpful for the non-emphysema phenotypes of AATD. Specifically, phenotypes of chronic bronchitis, asthma predominant disease, and bronchiectasis will require targeted research studies to define optimal therapy.
The Case for a Universal X-Ray Diffraction Intensity Scale (1968)

A universal intensity scale, for X-ray diffraction, which will relate the intensity of the strongest line of any compound to the strongest line of a standard substance, is proposed for inclusion in the X-Ray Powder Data File. Corundum, alpha-aluminum oxide, is a suitable reference standard. Advantages of the scale, as well as some precautions in using it, are discussed.
Cellular mechanisms for modulation of posture by octopamine and serotonin in the lobster (1984)

Injection of the monoamines octopamine and serotonin into the hemolymph of lobsters causes them to assume opposing static postures: octopamine causes a tonic extension of all extremities, while serotonin induces a tonic flexion. These amines have been shown previously to act as circulating neurohormones and to cause contraction of isolated exoskeletal muscles. The opposing postures elicited by amine injection do not appear to arise from peripheral actions, however, since serotonin and octopamine have similar effects on both flexor and extensor muscles. Instead, the amines are present within the central nervous system where they are probably released synaptically to activate coordinated patterns of tonic motor activity generating the observed postures. These motor patterns have been recorded from abdominal ganglia and involve the synchronized activation and inhibition of multiple excitatory and inhibitory motoneurons innervating the postural flexor and extensor muscles. These effects can be observed in an isolated abdominal ganglion. To begin a search for the cellular targets of amine action within the central nervous system, we recorded from identified postural motoneurons in abdominal ganglia. In two motoneurons that act to produce postural extension, octopamine reduced and serotonin raised the apparent threshold for action potential generation recorded in the somata. The amines do not significantly affect the resting potential or input resistance of the motoneurons measured in the cell bodies. Although the amine effect on motoneuron excitability could be due to actions directly on the motoneurons, our evidence suggests that at least part of the effect results from activation or inhibition of premotor interneurons: (1) an increase in EPSP frequency is observed in the motoneurons during octopamine superfusion, while a small decrease is observed during serotonin superfusion; (2) the amine effects on action potential threshold are abolished by cobalt ion. These results suggest that octopamine and serotonin have dual effects on posture: within the central nervous system, they act specifically to generate coordinated motor patterns for flexion or extension; as circulating neurohormones, they act nonspecifically to enhance the responses of exoskeletal muscles to motoneuronal activation.
Interleukin-6 and its soluble receptor in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (2006)

IL-6 serum levels in HCC patients are higher than those in LC patients and controls, suggesting an increased production of this cytokine by neoplastic cells. sIL-6R values are similar in all groups, increasing only in stage III HCC patients. These data suggest that they have a closer relationship with the neoplastic mass rather than with the residual functioning hepatic mass.
The Development and Psychometric Validation of the Central Sensitization Inventory (2011)

Central sensitization (CS) has been proposed as a common pathophysiological mechanism to explain related syndromes for which no specific organic cause can be found. The term "central sensitivity syndrome (CSS)" has been proposed to describe these poorly understood disorders related to CS. The goal of this investigation was to develop the Central Sensitization Inventory (CSI), which identifies key symptoms associated with CSSs and quantifies the degree of these symptoms. The utility of the CSI, to differentiate among different types of chronic pain patients who presumably have different levels of CS impairment, was then evaluated. Study 1 demonstrated strong psychometric properties (test-retest reliability = 0.817; Cronbach's alpha = 0.879) of the CSI in a cohort of normative subjects. A factor analysis (including both normative and chronic pain subjects) yielded 4 major factors (all related to somatic and emotional symptoms), accounting for 53.4% of the variance in the dataset. In Study 2, the CSI was administered to 4 groups: fibromyalgia (FM); chronic widespread pain without FM; work-related regional chronic low back pain (CLBP); and normative control group. Analyses revealed that the patients with FM reported the highest CSI scores and the normative population the lowest (P < 0.05). Analyses also demonstrated that the prevalence of previously diagnosed CSSs and related disorders was highest in the FM group and lowest in the normative group (P < 0.001). Taken together, these 2 studies demonstrate the psychometric strength, clinical utility, and the initial construct validity of the CSI in evaluating CS-related clinical symptoms in chronic pain populations.
Structural correlation pattern mining for large graphs (2010)

In this paper we define the Structural Correlation Pattern (SCP) mining problem, which consists of determining correlations among vertex attributes and dense components in an undirected graph. Vertex attributes play an important role in several real-life graphs and SCPs help to understand how they relate to the associated graph topology. SCPs may describe, for example, interesting relationships between personal characteristics and the community structure in social networks. We also propose an efficient algorithm, called SCORP, to extract SCPs from large graphs, and compare it against a naive approach for SCP mining, demonstrating its scalability and efficiency. We also discuss the application of SCORP to two actual scenarios, co-authorship networks and social music discovery, showing relevant results that demonstrate the applicability of the proposed approach.
Example-guided optimization of recursive domain theories (2002)

The authors investigate the utility of explanation-based learning in recursive domain theories and examine the cost of using macro-rules in these theories. As a first step in producing effective explanation-based generalization (EBG) algorithms, the authors present a new algorithm for performing source optimization of recursive domain theories. The algorithm, RSG (recursive-structure generalizer), uses a training example as bias and generalizes the control knowledge encoded in the example's derivation tree to produce a more efficient formulation of the original domain theory. The control knowledge involves control of both clause and binding selection. The authors demonstrate the effectiveness of the method of planning problems in situation calculus. The authors show that in most cases one must know the future problem distribution a priori to produce an optimal reformulation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Constant intravenous ghrelin infusion in healthy young men: clinical pharmacokinetics and metabolic effects (2007)

Ghrelin levels fluctuate rapidly and dynamically with surges before meal times and postprandial troughs, and ghrelin increases appetite and food intake. Circulating ghrelin correlates negatively with body mass index (BMI), but obese individuals have a reduced postprandial decrease in ghrelin levels. Whether this reflects changes in secretion or clearance of ghrelin is uncertain. We therefore studied the pharmacokinetics of ghrelin in relation to anthropometric and biochemical measures. We also studied the effects of ghrelin on hormones and metabolites. In fasting humans, we used a constant infusion rate of ghrelin lasting 180 min at 5 pmol.kg body wt(-1).min(-1) in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study. Serum ghrelin (s-ghrelin; total levels) was distributed and eliminated according to a two-compartment model. s-Ghrelin initial half-life was 24 +/- 2 min and terminal half-life 146 +/- 36 min, respectively. Mean residence time (MRT) of ghrelin was 93 +/- 16 min. MRT correlated positively with both BMI (r = 0.51, P < 0.001) and high-density cholesterol (HDL) levels (r = 0.75, P < 0.001). Serum insulin levels remained constant during ghrelin infusion, whereas plasma glucose increased 0.3 +/- 0.1 mmol/l (P < 0.01) and free fatty acid levels more than doubled (to 1.03 +/- 0.08 mmol/l, P < 0.001), translating into a significant reduction of insulin sensitivity (P < 0.001). In conclusion, 1) we describe novel pharmacokinetics of ghrelin that are useful when tailoring ghrelin infusion rates in clinical experiments, 2) BMI and HDL correlate positively with MRT of infused ghrelin, and 3) supraphysiological ghrelin levels impair insulin sensitivity.
Exploiting Stylistic Idiosyncrasies for Authorship Attribution (2003)

Lupus mesenteric vasculitis is one of the most devastating complications of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and may lead to a spectrum of complications, including ulceration, haemorrhage, bowel necrosis, perforation, serositis and ascites. Among such complications, intestinal necrosis and intestinal perforation are the most serious. Rectal necrosis is a rare manifestation of SLE, with only two case reports in the English literature. Here, we report the case of a 59-year-old male patient with SLE complicated by rectal necrosis that was initially misdiagnosed as acne and rectal tumours. After two surgeries and the addition of immunosuppressive therapy, the patient was eventually cured and discharged.
Cutting Edge: Expression of XCR1 Defines Mouse Lymphoid-Tissue Resident and Migratory Dendritic Cells of the CD8α+ Type (2011)

Subsets of dendritic cells (DCs) have been described according to their functions and anatomical locations. Conventional DC subsets are defined by reciprocal expression of CD11b and CD8α in lymphoid tissues (LT), and of CD11b and CD103 in non-LT (NLT). Spleen CD8α(+) and dermal CD103(+) DCs share a high efficiency for Ag cross-presentation and a developmental dependency on specific transcription factors. However, it is not known whether all NLT-derived CD103(+) DCs and LT-resident CD8α(+) DCs are similar despite their different anatomical locations. XCR1 was previously described as exclusively expressed on mouse spleen CD8α(+) DCs and human blood BDCA3(+) DCs. In this article, we showed that LT-resident CD8α(+) DCs and NLT-derived CD103(+) DCs specifically express XCR1 and are characterized by a unique transcriptional fingerprint, irrespective of their tissue of origin. Therefore, CD8α(+) DCs and CD103(+) DCs belong to a common DC subset which is unequivocally identified by XCR1 expression throughout the body.
Von Willebrand factor (VWF) as a risk factor for bleeding and thrombosis (2012)

The von Willebrand factor (VWF) is analysed as a bleeding and thrombotic risk marker. When the VWF level is increased, it predicts a thrombotic phenotype and when VWF level is low in plasma, the phenotype varies to bleeding disorder. But it is quite challenging to define when the level is low, normal or high taking into account that these values are capricious and overlap. This matter should be solved by extensive epidemiologic studies. VWD is a hereditary disorder with several described mutations. VWF is a major acute-phase reactant, besides the physiological conditions such as blood group and pregnancy that affect plasmatic VWF levels. Subjects with O blood group have 25% less VWF than those of non O blood groups, and the latter show higher thrombus burden. VWF would be sensitive though not specific diagnostic marker of myocardial infarction. For the assessment of bleeding severity there are special surveys, scores and pictorial charts. The identification of VWF as a thrombotic risk marker has not been clearly established yet, but it has been involved in stroke and coronary disease. We only have the specific replacement therapy for the bleeding phenotype and we can speculate that enoxaparin and PEG-hirudin are able to blunt the VWF rise in patients with unstable angina pectoris and it is associated with a more favourable clinical outcome. Only two questions remain: does VWF as a bleeding risk marker have the same value as a thrombotic risk marker? Will successful treatments like those achieved for bleeding be also possible in the future for thrombosis?
The transmission characteristics of surface plasmon polaritons in ring resonator (2009)

A two-dimensional nanoscale structure which consists of two metal-insulator-metal (MIM) waveguides coupled to each other by a ring resonator is designed. The transmission characteristics of surface plasmon polaritons are studied in this structure. There are several types of modes in the transmission spectrum. These modes exhibit red shift when the radius of the ring increases. The transmission properties of such structure are simulated by the Finite-Difference Time-Domain (FDTD) method, and the eignwavelengths of the ring resonator are calculated theoretically. Results obtained by the theory of the ring resonator are consistent with those from the FDTD simulations.
Band Engineering of Thermoelectric Materials (2012)

Lead chalcogenides have long been used for space-based and thermoelectric remote power generation applications, but recent discoveries have revealed a much greater potential for these materials. This renaissance of interest combined with the need for increased energy efficiency has led to active consideration of thermoelectrics for practical waste heat recovery systems-such as the conversion of car exhaust heat into electricity. The simple high symmetry NaCl-type cubic structure, leads to several properties desirable for thermoelectricity, such as high valley degeneracy for high electrical conductivity and phonon anharmonicity for low thermal conductivity. The rich capabilities for both band structure and microstructure engineering enable a variety of approaches for achieving high thermoelectric performance in lead chalcogenides. This Review focuses on manipulation of the electronic and atomic structural features which makes up the thermoelectric quality factor. While these strategies are well demonstrated in lead chalcogenides, the principles used are equally applicable to most good thermoelectric materials that could enable improvement of thermoelectric devices from niche applications into the mainstream of energy technologies.
A Single-Stage PV Module Integrated Converter Based on a Low-Power Current-Source Inverter (2008)

This paper presents a transformerless three-phase inverter designed for the integration into a special type of a photovoltaic (PV) module, which is capable of providing an output voltage of several hundred volts. The chosen topology, a current-source inverter, features a single-stage power conversion system that directly feeds into the grid. The principle operation and control is described, and a modified modulation strategy is proposed to attenuate common-mode currents. A robust and highly efficient laboratory prototype of a 250-W module integrated converter has been implemented and tested. Its compact and flat design allows the direct attachment to the PV module.
Oat Oil: Refining and stability (1977)

Abstract and Summary Oil obtained by petroleum ether extraction of Dal oats was refined by conventional methods. Degumming loss was reduced to 15% by degumming in hexane solution and partially neutralizing the oil with sodium hydroxide. The free fatty acid was 6~8%, and alkali refining losses were 25~30%. Oat oil was bleached successfully with charcoal and deodorized. Stability of the refined oil was compared with soybean oil at 25 and 55 C by peroxide values and organoleptic tests. Stability of oat oil was increased by the addition of citric acid and was significantly greater than that of soybean oil, especially at 25 C. Oat oil contained significant amounts of α‐tocopherol, but ferulic and caffeic acids, antioxidants important in whole oats, were not extracted by hexane.
Optical approaches to determine near-surface compositions during epitaxy (1996)

Various algorithms have been proposed for determining the near-surface dielectric function εo of depositing materials from kinetic complex reflectometric or ellipsometric data, even under conditions where the underlying sample structure is unknown. These capabilities are essential for sample-driven closed-loop feedback control of epitaxy, since they allow compositional fluctuations to be detected over nominally vanishingly small thicknesses without the instability inherent in conventional Fresnel analysis. The accuracy of earlier derivative approaches was improved significantly with the development of virtual-interface (V-I) theory, which is based on exact equations instead of exponential-spiral approximations that are valid only for optically thick films. I summarize previous relevant work, assess the accuracy of these derivative methods analytically for the complex normal-incidence reflectance, develop new algorithms by combining earlier approaches, develop a geometric construction that allows relative sensitivities, accuracies, and applicabilities of these algorithms for determining the composition of ternary alloys to be conveniently assessed, and propose a new hybrid V-I–Fresnel method that retains the stability of the V-I approach yet is exact. For ellipsometry the virtual-substrate approximation still represents the best combination of simplicity, speed, and acceptable accuracy.
Monitoring reservoir compaction from subsidence and time‐lapse time shifts in the Dan field (2007)

Reservoir compaction from oil and gas production results in surface subsidence and time‐lapse timeshifts. The areal distribution of the subsidence and timeshift data yield information about the magnitude and distribution of compaction in the reservoir. Areal measurements of the subsidence bowl obtained using echo sounder and platform GPS data, and time‐lapse timeshifts between two 3D seismic data volumes are analyzed to determine the compaction of the chalk reservoir in the Dan field. It is found that the main compaction of the reservoir occurs in gas‐filled chalks of Danian age. The fact that gas filled reservoir has distinct different compaction characteristics compared to oil filled reservoir, may likely be because the reservoir depletion exerts different load paths dependent on the fluid phase.
Fault detecting experiments for sequential circuits (1964)

This paper describes the design of experimental procedures for determining whether or not a sequential switching circuit is operating in accordance with a given state-table description. These procedures are particularly easy to apply when the given state table is reduced, strongly-connected, and has a distinguishing sequence, and when the actual circuit has no more states than the given table. They can also be extended to cover more general cases, although the resulting experiments are more cumbersome.
A vocabulary of program slicing-based techniques (2012)

This article surveys previous work on program slicing-based techniques. For each technique, we describe its features, its main applications, and a common example of slicing using such a technique. After discussing each technique separately, all of them are compared in order to clarify and establish the relations between them. This comparison gives rise to a classification of techniques which can help to guide future research directions in this field.
Inadequacy of Standard Screen Resolution for Localization of Seizures Recorded from Intracranial Electrodes (2004)

Seizures recorded during long-term monitoring with implanted intracranial electrodes are typically interpreted by visual inspection alone by using digital display systems. When high-frequency activity is digitized and displayed on a typical monitor, it is altered in ways that are not always appreciated and that may have an impact on the intracranial EEG (ICEEG) interpretation. We describe a case of a neocortical-onset seizure in which false localization occurred with a 12-s per screen display. Because frequencies in excess of 100 Hz are not uncommon in neocortical seizures, at most 4 to 5 s of EEG, depending on the screen resolution, data-sampling rate, and other factors, should be displayed at one time during visual interpretation to localize the seizure onset. Alternatively, spectral analysis should be performed on recordings of neocortical seizures to detect high-frequency activity that may be missed on visual inspection.
Identification of New Races and Deviating Strains of the Spinach Downy Mildew Pathogen <i>Peronospora farinosa</i> f. sp. <i>spinaciae</i> (2013)

Spinach downy mildew disease, caused by the obligate pathogen Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, is the most economically important spinach (Spinacia oleracea) disease. New races of this pathogen have been emerging at a rapid rate over the last 15 years. This is likely due to production changes, particularly in California, such as high-density plantings and year-round spinach production. As of 2004, 10 races of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae had been identified, and the spinach resistance locus RPF2 provided resistance to races 1 to 10. Based on disease reactions on a set of spinach differentials containing six hypothesized resistance loci (RPF1-RPF6), races 11, 12, 13, and 14 of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae were characterized based on samples collected in the past 5 years as part of this study. Race 11, identified in 2008, could overcome the resistance of spinach cultivars resistant to races 1 to 10. Spinach resistance loci RPF1, RPF3, and RPF6 provided resistance to race 11. Race 12 was identified in 2009 and could overcome the resistances of the RPF1 and RPF2 loci. The RPF3 locus was effective against race 12. Race 13 was identified in 2010 and could overcome the resistance imparted by the RPF2 and RPF3 loci, whereas the RPF1 locus was effective against race 13. Race 14 was similar to race 12 and caused identical disease responses on the standard differentials but could be distinguished from race 12 by its ability to cause disease on a number of newly released cultivars, including 'Pigeon', 'Cello', and 'Celesta'. Five novel strains of P. farinosa f. sp. spinaciae were also identified. For example, isolate UA4711 of the pathogen, collected from Spain in 2011, was able to overcome the resistance imparted by the RPF1 and RPF3 loci, while RPF2 and RPF4 were effective against this strain. A total of 116 spinach cultivars, including 103 commercial lines and 13 differential cultivars, were evaluated for resistance to race 10 and the newly designated races 11, 12, 13, and 14.