gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
World Glaucoma Day, 6 March 2008: Tackling Glaucoma Internationally (2007)

© 2007 Scientific Communications International Limited Correspondence: Dr George Lambrou, Athens Institute of Ophthalmology, Agias Barbaras 61, Halandri 15231, Athens, Greece. Tel: (30 210) 722 2722; Fax: (30 210) 722 2747; E-mail: gnlambrou@hotmail.com, george@lambrou.eu We have all heard many times that “Glaucoma is the second most common treatable cause of blindness worldwide”. Glaucoma is a significant public health concern, being the leading cause of irreversible blindness and consistently ranking among the leading causes of blindness in virtually every nation. In developing countries, cataract is the leading cause of blindness. In developed countries, the leading cause of blindness is age-related macular degeneration (AMD). However, there is a fundamental difference between these 2 diseases and glaucoma; their high rank as causes of blindness is due to structural reasons that are hard to address (limited access to surgical infrastructure for cataract and lack of an effective preventive treatment for AMD), whereas in the case of glaucoma, the main reason is low awareness of the disease and its implications. Indeed, it is estimated that only 50% of those affected with glaucoma in developed nations are aware that they have the disease, while as many as 90% or more of people with glaucoma in underdeveloped countries are unaware of having the disease or have even heard of glaucoma. Despite our better understanding of risk factors for glaucoma, we have yet to see an improvement in these numbers. Worse, although glaucoma occurs in all age groups, it is more common in older adults, and with an ageing population, estimates of glaucoma prevalence are increasing. It has been predicted that by 2020, 79.6 million people worldwide will have glaucoma, 11.2 million of whom will be bilaterally blind, up from the current 4.5 million. Recent years have seen considerable progress in the diagnosis and treatment of glaucoma. Technological advances in optic nerve and retinal nerve fibre layer imaging and visual field testing make it possible to diagnose glaucoma at earlier stages, when treatment has a better prognosis. Medical treatment is available and effective for controlling glaucoma for most patients, while for those who have uncontrolled disease, laser and surgical interventions are often successful. Optic nerve and visual field damage are irreversible. As damage progresses gradually, often unnoticed by the patient, early detection and treatment are of paramount importance to prevent blindness. For individuals with known risk factors for glaucoma, particularly elevated intraocular pressure, increasing age, African descent, family history of glaucoma, vasospasm, low blood pressure, and high myopia, the importance of routine examinations cannot be understated. Also, despite strong evidence that lowering intraocular pressure can delay the onset and progression of glaucoma, reported rates of non-compliance with glaucoma therapy range from 5% to as high as 80%. This high variability results from different definitions for non-compliance and the way it is measured.
Accumulation of Cytosolic Calcium Induces Necroptotic Cell Death in Human Neuroblastoma (2013)

Necrosis has been studied extensively since the early days of medicine, with some patterns of necrosis found to be programmed like apoptotic cell death. However, mechanisms of programmed necrosis (necroptosis) are yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, we investigated how the hemagglutinating virus of Japan-envelope (HVJ-E) induces necrosis in mouse xenografts of human neuroblastoma cells. HVJ-E-induced necrosis in this system was found to depend on phosphorylation of the death receptor kinase receptor interacting protein kinase 1 (RIP1) and on the production of reactive oxygen species. This process was interpreted as necroptosis, based on its suppression by the small molecule necrostatin-1, and it did not involve the TNF-α receptor pathway. We also demonstrated that increased concentrations of cytoplasmic calcium triggered necroptosis by activating calcium-calmodulin kinase (CaMK) II. Finally, we determined that RIP1 phosphorylation was mediated by CaMK II activation. Together, our results define an upstream pathway for the activation of necroptosis in neuroblastoma cells, with potential therapeutic implications.
Cancer-associated p53 Tetramerization Domain Mutants (2010)

The tumor suppressor p53, a 393-amino acid transcription factor, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in response to genotoxic stress. Its inactivation via the mutation of its gene is a key step in tumor progression, and tetramer formation is critical for p53 post-translational modification and its ability to activate or repress the transcription of target genes vital in inhibiting tumor growth. About 50% of human tumors have TP53 gene mutations; most are missense ones that presumably lower the tumor suppressor activity of p53. In this study, we explored the effects of known tumor-derived missense mutations on the stability and oligomeric structure of p53; our comprehensive, quantitative analyses encompassed the tetramerization domain peptides representing 49 such substitutions in humans. Their effects on tetrameric structure were broad, and the stability of the mutant peptides varied widely (ΔT(m) = 4.8 ∼ -46.8 °C). Because formation of a tetrameric structure is critical for protein-protein interactions, DNA binding, and the post-translational modification of p53, a small destabilization of the tetrameric structure could result in dysfunction of tumor suppressor activity. We suggest that the threshold for loss of tumor suppressor activity in terms of the disruption of the tetrameric structure of p53 could be extremely low. However, other properties of the tetramerization domain, such as electrostatic surface potential and its ability to bind partner proteins, also may be important.
Beta<sub>2</sub>‐glycoprotein I in thrombosis: evidence for a role as a natural anticoagulant (1996)

Although the physiological role of beta 2 ‐glycoprotein I (B 2 GPI) is unknown, in vitro evidence indicates that B 2 GPI may be a natural anticoagulant. In this study we have examined whether fluctuations of plasma B 2 GPI occur in in vivo coagulation. Serial measurements of B 2 GPI and other anticoagulant proteins were performed in 51 patients with thrombotic (group 1: six patients with disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), group 2: venous ( n =4) or arterial ( n =17) thrombosis) and non‐thrombotic disease (group 3: 24 patients undergoing elective surgery). Reductions in plasma B 2 GPI levels were seen in most patients which were roughly proportional to the severity of their illness. Particularly striking reductions of B 2 GPI, protein C (PC) and antithrombin III (AT‐III) (mean ± 95% CI: 42.7 ± 8.6%, 42.1 ± 14.8%, 39.1 ± 28.4% respectively) were seen in group 1. The reductions in plasma B 2 GPI were significantly greater in group 1 than in the other groups. Dilutional factors explain most of the reductions in B 2 GPI, PC and AT‐III in groups 2 and 3, but contribute little to group 1. In conclusion, although B 2 GPI behaves as a ‘negative acute phase reactant’, the magnitude of reduction of plasma B 2 GPI levels, accompanied by reductions in other anticoagulant proteins in patients with DIC, suggests specific consumption of B 2 GPI in in vivo coagulation. This study provides further evidence that B 2 GPI is an anticoagulant of physiological importance.
False alarm effects on estimation in multitarget trackers (1991)

An analysis of false alarm effects on tracking filter performance in multitarget track-while-scan radars, using variable correlation gates, is presented. The false alarms considered originate from noise, clutter, and crossing targets. The dimensions of the correlation gates are determined by filter prediction and measurement error variances. Track association is implanted either by means of a distance weighted average of the observations or by the nearest neighbor rule. State estimation is performed by means of a second-order discrete Kalman filter, taking into consideration random target maneuvers. Measurements are made in polar coordinates, while target dynamics are estimated in Cartesian coordinates, resulting in coupled linear filter equations. the effect of false alarms on the observation noise covariance matrix, and hence on state estimation errors, is analyzed. A computer simulation example, implementing radar target tracking with a variable correlation gate in the presence of false alarms, is discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Circulating and Functional Antigens Derived from Piperacillin in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis (2011)

A mechanistic understanding of the relationship between the chemistry of drug Ag formation and immune function is lacking. Thus, mass spectrometric methods were employed to detect and fully characterize circulating Ags derived from piperacillin in patients undergoing therapy and the nature of the drug-derived epitopes on protein that can function as an Ag to stimulate T cells. Albumin modification with piperacillin in vitro resulted in the formation of two distinct haptens, one formed directly from piperacillin and a second in which the dioxopiperazine ring had undergone hydrolysis. Modification was time and concentration dependent, with selective modification of Lys(541) observed at low concentrations, whereas at higher concentrations, up to 13 out of 59 lysine residues were modified, four of which (Lys(190), Lys(195), Lys(432), and Lys(541)) were detected in patients' plasma. Piperacillin-specific T lymphocyte responses (proliferation, cytokines, and granzyme B release) were detected ex vivo with cells from hypersensitive patients, and analysis of incubation medium showed that modification of the same lysine residues in albumin occurred in situ. The antigenicity of piperacillin-modified albumin was confirmed by stimulation of T cells with characterized synthetic conjugates. Analysis of minimally modified T cell-stimulatory albumin conjugates revealed peptide sequences incorporating Lys(190), Lys(432), and Lys(541) as principal functional epitopes for T cells. This study has characterized the multiple haptenic structures on albumin in patients and showed that they constitute functional antigenic determinants for T cells.
Investigations at Sites Contaminated with Dense, Non‐Aqueous Phase Liquids (NAPLs) (1985)

Abstract Increasingly, ground water supplies are being found to be contaminated with organic substances. Depending on the nature of these substances and the method by which they were introduced into the environment, they may form a second, dense liquid phase. Several such cases have been reported in the recent literature. In other cases, such a second phase might have actually been present but was not found because the principles governing its distribution were not understood and no effort was made to look for it. In this case, the undetected material could continue to migrate and act as a source of dissolved organics. This article reviews the general principles governing the behavior of dense, immiscible second‐phase organic liquids in both the unsaturated and saturated zones, based primarily on the petroleum industry literature for primary hydrocarbon migration and on the oil spill literature. This specialized knowledge can be used to conduct a meaningful and efficient investigation of such contamination sites and can also be used to select and implement successful remedial measures. Several actual case studies applying the principles of multi‐phase flow are also presented.
Philosophy as Action (1939)

In studying the problems of philosophy, it is commonly considered an advantage to approach them through the history of philosophy, But to be compelled to spread one's sails, and take one's solitary course, “as if no Plato or Kant had ever existed,” has perhaps its advantages too.
Magnetic properties of polymer bonded soft magnetic particles for various filler fractions (2007)

Samples of polypropylene filled with iron powder from 20to85vol% filler content were produced and examined. The permeabilities of the materials versus the magnetic field strength (up to 50kA∕m) were recorded as well as the low field and maximum permeability and the coercivity versus filler fractions were measured and compared with existing mathematical models. Investigations of the permeability as well as of the coercivity of two materials containing 85vol% filler material varying in mean particle size versus frequency (1Hz⩽f⩽2000Hz) and magnetic field strength have been carried out. Results show permeabilities μlow&gt;100 for highest filled materials with low coercivities. Measurement data were compared with theoretical models.
Novel Colorimetric Aptasensor for Zearalenone Detection Based on Nontarget-Induced Aptamer Walker, Gold Nanoparticles, and Exonuclease-Assisted Recycling Amplification (2018)

Zearalenone (ZEN) toxicity is a significant risk for human beings. Thus, it is of high importance to develop sensitive, precise, and inexpensive analytical methods for ZEN detection, especially in human serum. Here, a colorimetric aptasensor is presented for the determination of ZEN based on the nontarget-induced aptamer walker, catalytic reaction of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), exonuclease III (Exo III) as a signal amplifier, and 4-nitrophenol as a colorimetric agent. Low amount of ZEN requirement and signal amplification are some of the distinct advantages of the proposed aptasensor. In the absence of ZEN, the aptamer (Apt) starts walking on the AuNP surface with the help of Exo III and binds to multiple complementary strands of aptamer, leading to the change of sample color from yellow to colorless. Upon the addition of ZEN, both the Apt and complementary strand exist as single-stranded DNAs on the surface of AuNPs, resulting in less access of 4-nitrophenol to the surface of AuNPs and less catalytic performance of AuNPs. In this situation, the color of the sample remains yellow (the color of 4-nitrophenol). The presented aptasensor was capable to detect ZEN in a wide linear dynamic range, 20-80 000 ng/L, with a detection limit of 10 ng/L. The prepared sensing strategy was successfully used for ZEN determination in the human serum sample.
Expression of Estrogen Receptor-β Messenger Ribonucleic Acid in Oxytocin and Vasopressin Neurons of the Rat Supraoptic and Paraventricular Nuclei<sup>1</sup> (1998)

The regulatory actions of estrogen on magnocellular oxytocin (OT) and vasopressin (VP) neurons of the paraventricular (PVN) and supraoptic (SON) nuclei are well documented. To date it is still debated whether the effect of estrogens is exerted directly or mediated by estrogen-sensitive interneurons. Previous immunocytochemical (ICC) and in situ hybridization (ISH) studies detected either low levels or absence of the classical estrogen receptor (ER-alpha) in the PVN and the SON of the rat. The present experiments using a combined ICC and ISH method were undertaken to examine the expression of the recently cloned beta form of ER (ER-beta) in OT- and VP-immunoreactive (IR) neuronal systems of the rat hypothalamus. The results demonstrate that the highest cellular levels of ER-beta messenger RNA (mRNA) in OT-IR neurons can be visualized in the caudal portion of the PVN and in an area ventro-medial to the central core of VP-IR cells. These neurons were previously shown to project caudally to the brain stem and the spinal cord to regulate autonomic functions. In addition, the whole rostro-caudal extent of the PVN and the SON contained OT-IR neurons that coexpressed variable levels of ER-beta mRNA. Similarly, the presence of ER-beta mRNA was seen in a large population of VP-IR paraventricular and supraoptic neurons. In the SON, somewhat stronger hybridization signal was detected in VP-IR neurons as compared with OT-IR neurons. Together, these findings provide strong support for the concept that the functions of OT- and VP-IR neurons in the PVN and the SON are regulated directly by estrogen and that the genomic effects of estrogens are mediated by ER-beta.
Sparsifying transform learning for Compressed Sensing MRI (2013)

Compressed Sensing (CS) enables magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at high undersampling by exploiting the sparsity of MR images in a certain transform domain or dictionary. Recent approaches adapt such dictionaries to data. While adaptive synthesis dictionaries have shown promise in CS based MRI, the idea of learning sparsifying transforms has not received much attention. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for MR image reconstruction that simultaneously adapts the transform and reconstructs the image from highly undersampled k-space measurements. The proposed approach is significantly faster (>10x) than previous approaches involving synthesis dictionaries, while also providing comparable or better reconstruction quality. This makes it more amenable for adoption for clinical use.
The Institution of Property: A Study of the Development, Substance and Arrangement of the System of Property in Modern Anglo-American Law. By C. Reinold Noyes. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co. 1936. Pp. xiv, 645. ($7.50) (1937)

The Institution of Property: A Study of the Development, Substance and Arrangement of the System of Property in Modern Anglo-American Law. By C. Reinold Noyes. New York and Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co. 1936. Pp. xiv, 645. ($7.50) - Volume 3 Issue 2
Multicenter Evaluation of a <i>Candida albicans</i> Peptide Nucleic Acid Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization Probe for Characterization of Yeast Isolates from Blood Cultures (2005)

We evaluated aliquots from 244 clinical blood culture bottles that demonstrated yeasts on Gram stain using a Candida albicans peptide nucleic acid (PNA) fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) probe. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of the C. albicans PNA FISH test in this study were 99%, 100%, 100%, and 99.3%, respectively.
Dynamics, control and impedance matching for robotic capture of a non-cooperative satellite (2004)

In this paper, the contact motion between rigid bodies floating in space is formulated and dynamic conditions are investigated in order to capture a non-cooperative target. As for the theoretical investigation, the definition of the virtual mass is recalled to model the inertial property of a space robot for the case of no joint control. By selecting the posture, the virtual mass can be altered, but its variation may be minor. Then the impedance control is introduced to realize a wide range of impedance characteristics. Impedance matching is discussed for the case in which the hand of an impedance-controlled robot approached and collided with a passive target. The specific inertia property, referred to as Virtual-mass for Impedance Matching, is defined as an equivalent virtual mass of the hand that yields impedance matching with a target floating in space. Experiments are carried out using two robot manipulators as a motion simulator of chaser and target. Through the experiments, the concept of the impedance matching is verified and satellite capture is demonstrated using the strategy that an impedance controlled probe is inserted into the thruster nozzle cone of the target. Whether the impedance matching gives a criteria if the target is pushed away by the probe is investigated.
The entomopathogenic fungus Metarhizium anisopliae alters ambient pH, allowing extracellular protease production and activity (1999)

Ambient pH regulates the expression of virulence genes of Metarhizium anisopliae, but it was unknown if M. anisopliae can regulate ambient pH. Mutants of M. anisopliae altered in production of oxalic acid were evaluated for the interrelationship of ambient pH, buffering capacity added to media, growth, and generation of extracellular proteases and ammonia. Wild-type and acid-overproducing mutants [Acid(+)] grew almost as well at pH 8 as at pH 6, but acid-non-producing [Acid(-)] mutants showed limited growth at pH 8, indicating that acid production is linked to the ability to grow at higher pH. Production of ammonia by M. anisopliae was strongly stimulated by low levels of amino acids in the medium when cells were derepressed for nitrogen and carbon. Likewise, although Aspergillus fumigatus and Neurospora crassa produced some ammonia in minimal media, addition of low levels of amino acids enhanced production. Ammonia production by A. fumigatus, N. crassa and M. anisopliae increased the pH of the medium and allowed production of subtilisin proteases, whose activities are observed only at basic pH. In contrast, protease production by the Acid(+) mutants of M. anisopliae was greatly reduced because of the acidification of the medium. This suggests that alkalinization by ammonia production is adaptive by facilitating the utilization of proteinaceous nutrients. Collectively, the data imply that ammonia may have functions related to regulation of the microenvironment and that it represents a previously unconsidered virulence factor in diverse fungi with the potential to harm tissues and disturb the host's immune system.
Spatial Transformation and Registration of Brain Images Using Elastically Deformable Models (1997)

The development of algorithms for the spatial transformation and registration of tomographic brain images is a key issue in several clinical and basic science medical applications, including computer-aided neurosurgery, functional image analysis, and morphometrics. This paper describes a technique for the spatial transformation of brain images, which is based on elastically deformable models. A deformable surface algorithm is used to find a parametric representation of the outer cortical surface and then to define a map between corresponding cortical regions in two brain images. Based on the resulting map, a three-dimensional elastic warping transformation is then determined, which brings two images into register. This transformation models images as inhomogeneous elastic objects which are deformed into registration with each other by external force fields. The elastic properties of the images can vary from one region to the other, allowing more variable brain regions, such as the ventricles, to deform more freely than less variable ones. Finally, the framework of prestrained elasticity is used to model structural irregularities, and in particular the ventricular expansion occurring with aging or diseases, and the growth of tumors. Performance measurements are obtained using magnetic resonance images.
Low involvement processing - a new model of brand communication (2001)

This paper contradicts the traditional rational view of brand choice and offers a radical new model of how consumers are influenced by advertising. The model holds that the way in which advertising and other forms of brand communication are mentally processed means consumers build up powerful but simple brand associations and these in turn are able to influence their brand decisions intuitively.