gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
100% Gelled LPG Fracturing Process: An Alternative to Conventional Water-Based Fracturing Techniques (2009)

Abstract A novel hydraulic fracturing process using 100% liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) has demonstrated quick and complete fracture fluid recovery, significant production improvements and dramatically longer effective fracture lengths. The process gels the LPG for efficient fracture creation and proppant transport. With that there is no compromise in the fracture treatment placed when compared to conventional treatments. However, once the fracture treatment is complete and the viscosity of the gelled LPG is broken, the unique properties of LPG create an ideal fluid for complete cleanup. Removal of this fluid from the invaded zone is easily achieved; relative permeability effects, irreducible saturation behaviour and capillary pressure demands are eliminated. Complete recovery of the LPG is consistently demonstrated. Following conventional hydraulic fracture treatments, effective fracture lengths are frequently observed to be much less than antcipated fracture lengths. This is seen in lower than expected production or evidenced in pressure transient analysis results. A precursor to the poor fracture performance is poor recovery of the fracturing fluid; often less than 50% is recovered during clean-up. In many reservoirs this unrecovered fracturing fluid remains immobile within the formation creating an obstruction to flow. This significantly compromises effective frac length and results in decreased production. During the fracturing process and subsequent closure of the fracture, the bulk of the fracturing fluid invades the reservoir matrix along the fracture face, referred to as the "invaded zone". This fluid is forced into the reservoir by the significant pressure differential between fracturing pressure and reservoir pressure. Once in the matrix, removal of fluid from the invaded zone can be very difficult as it is held by relative permeability, irreducible saturation, and/or capillary pressure effects. Fracturing with 100% gelled LPG was first completed in January 2008. By June 2009 over 210 fracture treatments had been completed. This new process has been applied to a wide range of formations from depths of 750 ft through to 11,500 ft. In this paper, short term technical evaluations, such as post fracture pressure transient analysis, are used to demonstrate the rapid cleanup and effective fracture lengths that approach anticipated fracture lengths. Long term actual production comparisons will be a focus on future papers as results become available.
Rearrangement of chorismate to prephenate. Use of chorismate mutase inhibitors to define the transition state structure (1977)

The enzymically catalyzed conversion of chorismate to prephenate may proceed through either a chair-like or a boat-like transition state. To distinguish between these alternatives, we have prepared a series of structural analogues of the two possible transition state structures and tested them as inhibitors of chorismate mutase-prephenate dehydrogenase from Escherichia coli K12. The results indicate that the enzymically catalyzed reaction passes through a chair-like intermediate. None of the compounds studied is an ideal transition state analogue; it seems likely that the partial bond structure of the transition state precludes the corresponding orientation of the side chain in stable molecules. Nevertheless, the new inhibitors are stronger than any previously available, and the degree of inhibition is consistent with bacteriostatic activity recently observed in some of the compounds.
Few-Cycle Laser-Driven Electron Acceleration (2009)

We report on an electron accelerator based on few-cycle (8 fs full width at half maximum) laser pulses, with only 40 mJ energy per pulse, which constitutes a previously unexplored parameter range in laser-driven electron acceleration. The produced electron spectra are monoenergetic in the tens-of-MeV range and virtually free of low-energy electrons with thermal spectrum. The electron beam has a typical divergence of 5-10 mrad. The accelerator is routinely operated at 10 Hz and constitutes a promising source for several applications. Scalability of the few-cycle driver in repetition rate and energy implies that the present work also represents a step towards user friendly laser-based accelerators.
Exchange of IOGEL hydrogel one-piece foldable intraocular lens for bag-fixated J-loop poly(methyl methacrylate) intraocular lens (1993)

In 1990, IOGEL lenses placed in the capsular bag were reported to displace into the vitreous after neodymium:YAG (Nd:YAG) laser capsulotomy. We exchanged a bag-placed IOGEL lens in one patient after erroneous biometry and capsular opacification. The technique and results of lens explantation, aspiration of Elschnig pearls, and in-the-bag implantation of a modified J-loop poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) lens are demonstrated. Removal of the soft and nonadhesive IOGEL lens was easy. The capsule pockets held patent by the flanges of the taco-style IOGEL lens allowed for easy insertion and bag fixation of the J-style loops. Visual acuity improved from 20/60 to 20/20. Centration of the exchange IOL was satisfactory. In a series of 61 Nd:YAG laser posterior capsulotomies, we did not observe the reported tendency of IOGEL lenses to luxate posteriorly. Therefore, we recommend Nd:YAG discission of the posterior capsule as the preferred approach to posterior capsule opacification with IOGEL lenses. However, the technical ease of the technique makes the explantation and replacement of IOGEL lenses by a bag-fixated PMMA IOL a valid option to correct an erroneous biometry.
Diastereoselective Sulfimidation of Sulfides Having a Chiral Auxiliary (1999)

A highly diastereoselective imidation (up to 91% de) of diaryl sulfides having a chiral oxazolinyl group at the ortho-position to the corresponding sulfimides has been achieved using TsN=IPh as a nitrene transfer reagent in the presence of Cu(OTf)2 (10 mol%).
The Limulus Test and Gram-Negative Bacillary Sepsis (1974)

The diagnostic value of the generally accepted Limulus lysate endotoxin test was examined in a series of pediatric cancer patients having or suspected of having Gram-negative bacterial sepsis. One hundred fifty-four tests were performed, with simultaneous blood cultures available for 143 of these. Of the 28 patients with one or more separate episodes of Gram-negative bacillary bacteremia, only two had positive endotoxin tests. Eight children who died with Gram-negative septicemia within 24 hours after being tested for endotoxin had negative tests. These results, supported by others, indicate that the Limulus amebocyte lysate test is not clinically useful for detecting Gram-negative infections or predicting their outcome. Lack of standardized procedures for lysate preparation and endotoxin extraction from plasma could explain the current disagreement of published test results.
Novel Inhibitors of Rad6 Ubiquitin Conjugating Enzyme: Design, Synthesis, Identification, and Functional Characterization (2013)

Protein ubiquitination is important for cell signaling, DNA repair, and proteasomal degradation, and it is not surprising that alterations in ubiquitination occur frequently in cancer. Ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2) mediate ubiquitination by selective interactions with ubiquitin-activating (E1) and ubiquitin ligase (E3) enzymes, and thus selective E2 small molecule inhibitor (SMI) will provide specificity unattainable with proteasome inhibitors. Here we describe synthesis and functional characterization of the first SMIs of human E2 Rad6B, a fundamental component of translesion synthesis DNA repair. A pharmacophore model for consensus E2 ubiquitin-binding sites was generated for virtual screening to identify E2 inhibitor candidates. Twelve triazine (TZ) analogs screened in silico by molecular docking to the Rad6B X-ray structure were verified by their effect on Rad6B ubiquitination of histone H2A. TZs #8 and 9 docked to the Rad6B catalytic site with highest complementarity. TZs #1, 2, 8, and 9 inhibited Rad6B-ubiquitin thioester formation and subsequent ubiquitin transfer to histone H2A. SMI #9 inhibition of Rad6 was selective as BCA2 ubiquitination by E2 UbcH5 was unaffected by SMI #9. SMI #9 more potently inhibited proliferation, colony formation, and migration than SMI #8, and induced MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell G2-M arrest and apoptosis. Ubiquitination assays using Rad6 immunoprecipitated from SMI #8- or 9-treated cells confirmed inhibition of endogenous Rad6 activity. Consistent with our previous data showing Rad6B-mediated polyubiquitination stabilizes β-catenin, MDA-MB-231 treatment with SMIs #8 or 9 decreased β-catenin protein levels. Together these results describe identification of the first Rad6 SMIs.
Quantitative Analysis of Myocardial Perfusion SPECT Anatomically Guided by Coregistered 64-Slice Coronary CT Angiography (2009)

Software image coregistration of stand-alone coronary CTA and MPS obtained on separate scanners can be performed rapidly and automatically, allowing CTA-guided contour and vascular territory adjustment on MPS for improved quantitative MPS analysis.
Java's alternatives and the limitations of Java when writing cross-platform applications for mobile devices in the medical domain (2009)

In this paper we discuss alternatives to Java ME when writing medical applications for mobile devices across multiple platforms. The Java Virtual Machine, which runs Java programs, is not available for the majority of handheld devices, such as Palm PDAs, Windows Mobile based devices, or the Apple iPhone. As well as this, we conclude that full GUI interaction, such as the interaction provided by Java programs, is not an absolute requirement to make a program useful, and we developed an HTML-based medical information application to illustrate this. This program displays various sample patient parameters to the user in graph form, and was tested on multiple platforms and operating systems to demonstrate its platform/OS independence and usefulness.
Defective Sweating Responses in Atopic Dermatitis (2011)

While sweat is thought to be one of the important factors provoking exacerbations of clinical symptoms in atopic dermatitis (AD), little attention has been drawn to a beneficial role of sweat in the development of AD lesions. However, if the permeability barrier and antimicrobial barrier dysfunction represents the primary event in the development of AD, an evaluation of sweating responses in AD is a logical place to look for changes that predispose to the disease. In this regard, there have been conflicting data regarding whether sweating responses are impaired, normal or enhanced in AD patients. Consistent with the results of most recent studies, our recent study showed that most AD patients exhibit a defective ability to deliver sweat to the skin surface in response to thermal stress. Despite such defective sweating responses observed in the most part, a marked augmentation in the sweating response with delayed kinetics can be paradoxically detected in some sweating glands of these AD patients, indicating compensatory hyperhidrosis. Dermcidin, a new antimicrobial peptide exclusively produced by sweat glands, was abundantly detected not only in the sweat glands and ducts, and the lumen, but also in the dermal tissues adjacent to the sweat glands. These results indicate that the sweat may be retained in the lumen or pour into the dermal tissues, thereby causing inflammation. Thus, chronic inflammation in AD may be caused in part by a dysfunction of the sweat delivery system.
In vivo functional protein-protein interaction: nuclear targeted hsp90 shifts cytoplasmic steroid receptor mutants into the nucleus. (1994)

In target tissue extracts, heat shock protein hsp90 has been found associated to all unliganded steroid receptors. Modulation of important functions of these receptors, including prevention of DNA binding and optimization of transcriptional activity, has been attributed to hsp90. However no unequivocal in vivo demonstration of interaction between receptors and hsp90 has been presented. We targeted chicken hsp90, a mainly cytoplasmic protein, with the nucleoplasmin nuclear localization signal (90NLS). After transfection into COS-7 cells, 90NLS was found in the nucleus with specific immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy techniques. A human glucocorticosteroid receptor mutant devoid of NLS sequence was also expressed in COS-7 cells and found exclusively cytoplasmic. Coexpression of 90NLS and of the cytoplasmic human glucocorticosteroid receptor mutant led to complete nuclear localization of the receptor, indicating its piggyback transport by 90NLS and thus physical and functional interaction between the two proteins in the absence of hormone. The same nuclear localization was obtained after cotransfection of 90NLS and a cytoplasmic rabbit progesterone receptor mutant. Finally, coexpression of wild-type rabbit progesterone receptor (nuclear) and wildtype hsp90 (cytoplasmic) into COS-7 cells provoked partial relocalization of hsp90 into the nucleus. These experiments lay the groundwork on which to study hsp90 as a chaperone, regulating activities of steroid receptors and possibly participating in their nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling.
Fetal weight estimation from lengths and volumes found by three-dimensional ultrasonic measurements. (1984)

A custom-built computer system combined with a commercial real-time ultrasonic scanner was used to predict fetal weight. A special three-dimensional (3D) locating system provided 3D coordinates of fetal surface points imaged on multiple ultrasound scans. The 3D coordinates were used to develop length and volume variables that are not available with commercial instruments. Multiple regressions were used to compare these lengths and volumes with more conventional diameters and circumferences for their ability to predict fetal weight. Measurements were made on 41 live fetuses within 48 hours prior to delivery (weight range 1,985-4,734 g, mean weight 3,421 g). Combinations of 19 measured variables were analyzed against birth weight and the natural log of birth weight. The correlation between log birth weight and combinations including lengths from 3D measurements was R = .93, SE = 73 g/kg. When volumes from 3D measurements (which are much more difficult to obtain) were added, the correlation was R = .94, SE = 69 g/kg. These results suggest that lengths from 3D measurements have the potential to improve fetal weight prediction by 25-30 per cent over current methods, which have an approximate error of 100 g/kg. The relative lack of improvement with volumes from 3D measurements is probably the result of technical problems which may be overcome with further research.
Corn Rootworm Oviposition in Soybeans12 (1978)

Twenty-seven fields in Illinois in a soybean-corn rotation were monitored to measure density of rootworm adults in soybeans, oviposition in soybeans, and damage to corn roots the following year. There appears to have been some oviposition by both the northern corn rootworm, Diabrotica longicornis (Say), and the western corn rootworm, D. virgifera LeConte, in nearly all fields, but oviposition and subsequent damage to corn the following year were negligible where soybean fields were virtually free of weeds and volunteer corn. Noneconomic damage occurred when corn followed weedy soybean fields as well as when corn followed nonweedy soybean fields. Highest density of rootworm eggs was found at the base of volunteer corn plants in soybean fields that contained volunteer corn. The greatest root damage occurred in those fields that contained large amounts volunteer corn the previous year.
Reinforced Tension Line Versus Simple Suture: a Biomechanical Study on Cadavers (2011)

The reinforced tension line suture is significantly stronger than simple suture when closing the midline laparotomy. This suture can be used in patients with higher fascia dehiscence or incisional hernia risk.
Image Fusion in the JPEG 2000 Domain (2006)

This paper presents a novel approach to image fusion in the JPEG 2000 domain. In this scheme, compressed images are fused without the need for full decompression. The proposed method can be integrated with the existing JPEG 2000 tools. It offers several benefits: it avoids error propagation, allows for the development of error correction and protection mechanisms and reduces computational effort. This paper also presents a comparison with commonly used algorithms for image fusion and studies their performance in the presence of compression and transmission losses. The results show that the performance of the proposed method is superior to currently available techniques under noisy conditions
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Causes Multiple Organ Damage and Lethal Disease in Mice Transgenic for Human Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (2015)

Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) causes life-threatening disease. Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP4) is the receptor for cell binding and entry. There is a need for small-animal models of MERS, but mice are not susceptible to MERS because murine dpp4 does not serve as a receptor. We developed transgenic mice expressing human DPP4 (hDPP4) under the control of the surfactant protein C promoter or cytokeratin 18 promoter that are susceptible to infection with MERS-CoV. Notably, mice expressing hDPP4 with the cytokeratin 18 promoter developed progressive, uniformly fatal disease following intranasal inoculation. High virus titers were present in lung and brain tissues 2 and 6 days after infection, respectively. MERS-CoV-infected lungs revealed mononuclear cell infiltration, alveolar edema, and microvascular thrombosis, with airways generally unaffected. Brain disease was observed, with the greatest involvement noted in the thalamus and brain stem. Animals immunized with a vaccine candidate were uniformly protected from lethal infection. These new mouse models of MERS-CoV should be useful for investigation of early disease mechanisms and therapeutic interventions.
Can Haemodialysis-Induced Hypotension Be Predicted? (2002)

The results suggest that in HD patients hypotension is elicited by a reduction in the central blood volume that affects heart rate and the distribution of red cells within the body. To prevent HD-induced hypotention, the ultrafiltration rate could be reduced when an increase in thoracic impedance approaches 5 Omega, or when an index of intracellular water decreases by 6 10(-4).
Approaches to integrated monitoring for environmental health impact assessment (2012)

Although Integrated Environmental Health Monitoring (IEHM) is considered an essential tool to better understand complex environmental health issues, there is no consensus on how to develop such a programme. We reviewed four existing frameworks and eight monitoring programmes in the area of environmental health. We identified the DPSEEA (Driving Force-Pressure-State-Exposure-Effect-Action) framework as most suitable for developing an IEHM programme for environmental health impact assessment. Our review showed that most of the existing monitoring programmes have been designed for specific purposes, resulting in narrow scope and limited number of parameters. This therefore limits their relevance for studying complex environmental health topics. Other challenges include limited spatial and temporal data availability, limited development of data sharing mechanisms, heterogeneous data quality, a lack of adequate methodologies to link disparate data sources, and low level of interdisciplinary cooperation. To overcome some of these challenges, we propose a DPSEEA-based conceptual framework for an IEHM programme that would enable monitoring and measuring the impact of environmental changes on human health. We define IEHM as 'a systemic process to measure, analyse and interpret the state and changes of natural-eco-anthropogenic systems and its related health impact over time at the same location with causative explanations across the various compartments of the cause-effect chain'. We develop a structural work process to integrate information that is based on existing environmental health monitoring programmes. Such a framework allows the development of combined monitoring systems that exhibit a large degree of compatibility between countries and regions.
Genotypic characterization of five subspecies of Mycobacterium kansasii (1997)

Different molecular typing methods including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis with the major polymorphic tandem repeat (MPTR) probe and the IS1652 probe, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis, and PCR restriction analysis of the hsp-65 gene (PRA) were applied to clinical and water isolates of Mycobacterium kansasii. RFLP with the MPTR probe, PRA, PFGE, and AFLP analysis revealed five homogeneous clusters which appeared to be subspecies. RFLP with the MPTR probe and PRA gave patterns specific for each cluster, whereas PFGE and AFLP analysis gave polymorphic patterns. IS1652 was present in two of the five clusters and provided polymorphic patterns for one cluster only. The two IS1652-positive clusters were Accuprobe negative (Accuprobe test; Gen-Probe Inc.), and only two other clusters were Accuprobe positive. A PCR test based on the detection of a species-specific fragment (M. Yang, B.C. Ross, and B. Dwyer, J. Clin. Microbiol. 31:2769-2772, 1993) was positive for all M. kansasii strains. This PCR test is an accurate, rapid, and specific M. kansasii identification test. No subspecies was particularly more virulent, because all clusters contained clinical strains, from AIDS patients and non-AIDS patients, and environmental strains.
A node‐positioning algorithm for general trees (1990)

Abstract Drawing a tree consists of two stages: determining the position of each node, and actually rendering the individuals nodes and interconnecting branches. The algorithm described in this paper is concerned with the first stage: given a list of nodes, an indication of the hierarchical relationship among them, and their shape and size, where should each node be positioned for optimal aesthetic effect? This algorithm determines the positions of the nodes for any arbitrary general tree. It is the most desirable positioning with respect to certain widely‐accepted heuristics. The positioning, specified in x, y co‐ordinates, minimizes the width of the tree. In a general tree, there is no limit on the number of offspring per node; this contrasts with binary and ternary trees, for example, which are trees with a limit of two and three offspring per node. This algorithm operates in time O(N), where N is the number of nodes in the tree. Previously, most tree drawings have been positioned by the sure hand of a human graphic designer. Many computer‐generated positionings have been either trivial or contained irregularities. Earlier work by Wetherell and Shannon 1 and Tilford, 2 upon which this algorithm builds, failed to position the interior nodes of some trees correctly. The algorithm presented here correctly positions a tree's node using only two passes. It also handles several practical considerations: alternative orientations of the tree, variable node sizes and out‐of‐bounds conditions. Radack, 3 also building on Tilford's work, has solved this same problem with a different algorithm which makes four passes.