gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A performance study of robust load sharing strategies for distributed heterogeneous Web server systems (2002)

Replication of information across multiple servers is becoming a common approach to support popular Web sites. A distributed architecture with some mechanisms to assign client requests to Web servers is more scalable than any centralized or mirrored architecture. In this paper, we consider distributed systems in which the Authoritative Domain Name Server (ADNS) of the Web site takes the request dispatcher role by mapping the URL hostname into the IP address of a visible node, that is, a Web server or a Web cluster interface. This architecture can support local and geographical distribution of the Web servers. However, the ADNS controls only a very small fraction of the requests reaching the Web site because the address mapping is not requested for each client access. Indeed, to reduce Internet traffic, address resolution is cached at various name servers for a time-to-live (TTL) period. This opens an entirely new set of problems that traditional centralized schedulers of parallel/distributed systems do not have to face. The heterogeneity assumption on Web node capacity, which is much more likely in practice, increases the order of complexity of the request assignment problem and severely affects the applicability and performance of the existing load sharing algorithms. We propose new assignment strategies, namely adaptive TTL schemes, which tailor the TTL value for each address mapping instead of using a fixed value for all mapping requests. The adaptive TTL schemes are able to address both the nonuniformity of client requests and the heterogeneous capacity of Web server nodes. Extensive simulations show that the proposed algorithms are very effective in avoiding node overload, even for high levels of heterogeneity and limited ADNS control.
A review of liquid metal anode solid oxide fuel cells (2013)

This review discusses recent advances in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) variant that uses liquid metal electrodes (anodes) with the advantage of greater fuel tolerance and the ability to operate on solid fuel. Key features of the approach are discussed along with the technological and research challenges that need to be overcome for scale-up and commercialisation.
Isosorbide-methacrylate as a bio-based low viscosity resin for high performance thermosetting applications (2013)

In recent years, the bio-refining industry has developed a number of cyclic molecules with unique attributes derived from renewable carbohydrate feedstocks. Isosorbide is one such compound that has a distinctive fused bicyclic ring system that provides a scaffold for the development of novel bio-based resin systems. We synthesized isosorbide-methacrylate (IM) by the direct esterification of isosorbide using highly reactive species such as methacryloyl chloride or methacrylic anhydride and a base catalyst. IM is a low viscosity (157 cP) cross-linking resin that free radically reacts to form a thermoset polymer with extent of cure at 85%. The resulting polymer has a Tg greater than 240 °C and main degradation temperature of ∼400 °C. Mechanical test results showed that IM had a modulus of ∼4 GPa and strength of 85 MPa. These thermal and mechanical properties show that IM has a significantly higher temperature operating window than any known vinyl ester resin and has similar performance to expensive high temperature epoxy resins. As such, this material has good potential for use in composite applications where a moderate to high temperature free radical cured polymer matrix is needed.
<i>Xanthomonas oryzae</i> pv. <i>Oryzae</i> Avirulence Genes Contribute Differently and Specifically to Pathogen Aggressiveness (2000)

Genomic copies of three Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae avirulence (avr) genes, avrXa7, avrXal0, and avrxa5, and four homologous genes, aB3.5, aB3.6, aB4.3, and aB4.5, were mutagenized individually or in combination to study the roles of avr genes in one component of pathogen fitness, i.e., aggressiveness or the amount of disease X. oryzae pv. oryzae causes in susceptible rice lines. These X. oryzae pv. oryzae genes are members of the highly related Xanthomonas avrBs3 gene family. Compared to the wild-type strain, X. oryzae pv. oryzae strains with mutations in avrXa7, avrxa5, and the four homologous genes caused shorter lesions on rice line IR24, which contains no resistance genes relevant to the wild-type strain. The contribution of each gene to lesion length varied, with avrXa7 contributing the most and avrXal0 showing no measurable effect on aggressiveness. The functional, plasmidborne copies of avrXa7, aB4.5, and avrxa5 restored aggressiveness only to strains with mutations in avrXa7, aB4.5, and avrxa5, respectively. Mutations in avrXa7 were not complemented by plasmids carrying any other avr gene family members. These data indicate that some, but not all, avr family members contribute to pathogen aggressiveness and that the contributions are quantitatively different. Furthermore, despite their sequence similarity, the aggressiveness functions of these gene family members are not interchangeable. The results suggest that selection and pyramiding resistance genes can be guided by the degree of fitness penalty that is empirically determined in avr gene mutations.
Effects of dietary fibre on subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials (2011)

Dietary fibres are believed to reduce subjective appetite, energy intake and body weight. However, different types of dietary fibre may affect these outcomes differently. The aim of this review was to systematically investigate the available literature on the relationship between dietary fibre types, appetite, acute and long-term energy intake, and body weight. Fibres were grouped according to chemical structure and physicochemical properties (viscosity, solubility and fermentability). Effect rates were calculated as the proportion of all fibre-control comparisons that reduced appetite (n = 58 comparisons), acute energy intake (n = 26), long-term energy intake (n = 38) or body weight (n = 66). For appetite, acute energy intake, long-term energy intake and body weight, there were clear differences in effect rates depending on chemical structure. Interestingly, fibres characterized as being more viscous (e.g. pectins, β-glucans and guar gum) reduced appetite more often than those less viscous fibres (59% vs. 14%), which also applied to acute energy intake (69% vs. 30%). Overall, effects on energy intake and body weight were relatively small, and distinct dose-response relationships were not observed. Short- and long-term effects of dietary fibres appear to differ and multiple mechanisms relating to their different physicochemical properties seem to interplay. This warrants further exploration.
The boost transistor: A field plate controlled LDMOST (2015)

In this work we present a new device: the boost transistor. The boost transistor is an LDMOS transistor that is controlled by a separate field plate boost electrode that reduces the specific on-resistance R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> A. By applying a positive voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">boost</sub> , this electrode creates an accumulation layer in the drain extension of the device. Compared to the single gate device, the boost transistor results in a specific on-resistance R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> A reduction of 15% without requiring any process modification, as is demonstrated by measurements and TCAD simulations. The on-state efficiency with respect to standard LDMOS designs is enhanced and a driving circuit is proposed maintaining the breakdown voltage at 70V.
Photonic time-stretch: a potential solution for ultrafast A/D conversion (2002)

While the performance of conventional analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) continues to improve, the rate of improvement is too slow to satisfy the requirements of advanced communication and radar systems in the foreseeable future. Hence it is widely recognized that new concepts leading to major advances in the A/D technology are needed.
Myristoylated Alanine-rich C Kinase Substrate (MARCKS) Sequesters Spin-labeled Phosphatidylinositol 4,5-Bisphosphate in Lipid Bilayers (2002)

The myristoylated alanine-rich protein kinase C substrate (MARCKS) may function to sequester phosphoinositides within the plane of the bilayer. To characterize this interaction with phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PI(4,5)P(2)), a novel spin-labeled derivative, proxyl-PIP(2), was synthesized and characterized. In the presence of molecules known to bind PI(4,5)P(2) the EPR spectrum of this label exhibits an increase in line width because of a decrease in label dynamics, and titration of this probe with neomycin yields the expected 1:1 stoichiometry. Thus, this probe can be used to quantitate the interactions made by the PI(4,5)P(2) head group within the bilayer. In the presence of a peptide comprising the effector domain of MARCKS the EPR spectrum broadens, but the changes in line shape are modulated by both changes in label correlation time and spin-spin interactions. This result indicates that at least some proxyl-PIP(2) are in close proximity when bound to MARCKS and that MARCKS associates with multiple PI(4,5)P(2) molecules. Titration of the proxyl-PIP(2) EPR signal by the MARCKS-derived peptide also suggests that multiple PI(4,5)P(2) molecules interact with MARCKS. Site-directed spin labeling of this peptide shows that the position and conformation of this protein segment at the membrane interface are not altered significantly by binding to PI(4,5)P(2). These data are consistent with the hypothesis that MARCKS functions to sequester multiple PI(4,5)P(2) molecules within the plane of the membrane as a result of interactions that are driven by electrostatic forces.
1-nm-thick EOT high mobility Ge n- and p-MOSFETs with ultrathin GeO<inf>x</inf>/Ge MOS interfaces fabricated by plasma post oxidation (2011)

An ultrathin EOT Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> /GeO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> /Ge gate stack with a superior GeO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> /Ge MOS interface has been fabricated with a plasma post oxidation method. The properties of the ultra thin GeO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> /Ge MOS interfaces are examined systemically, and it is revealed that there is a universal relationship between the D <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</inf> at GeO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> /Ge interface and the GeO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> thickness, and a 0.5-nm-thick GeO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> (0.35 nm EOT) is sufficient to suppress the D <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</inf> . The Ge n- and p-MOSFETs using the Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> /GeO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> /Ge gate stacks are fabricated on (100), (110) and (111) Ge. High mobility Ge n-MOSFETs with sub-nm EOT have been realized for the first time with record high mobilities of 937 and 691 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /Vs at EOT of 1.14 and 0.98 nm. It is found that the sufficient suppression of D <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</inf> allows us to obtain high peak mobilities even in sub-nm EOT range, while further improvements in surface roughness and suppression of the density of remaining Coulomb scattering centers such as fixed charges and slow traps are still needed to further enhance the performances of Ge n- and p-MOSFETs.
Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist delivered directly and by gene therapy inhibits matrix degradation in the intact degenerate human intervertebral disc: an in situ zymographic and gene therapy study (2007)

Data implicate IL-1 in the altered matrix biology that characterizes human intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. In the current study we investigated the enzymic mechanism by which IL-1 induces matrix degradation in degeneration of the human IVD, and whether the IL-1 inhibitor IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) will inhibit degradation. A combination of in situ zymography (ISZ) and immunohistochemistry was used to examine the effects of IL-1 and IL-1Ra on matrix degradation and metal-dependent protease (MDP) expression in explants of non-degenerate and degenerate human IVDs. ISZ employed three substrates (gelatin, collagen, casein) and different challenges (IL-1beta, IL-1Ra and enzyme inhibitors). Immunohistochemistry was undertaken for MDPs. In addition, IL-1Ra was introduced into degenerate IVD explants using genetically engineered constructs. The novel findings from this study are: IL-1Ra delivered directly onto explants of degenerate IVDs eliminates matrix degradation as assessed by multi-substrate ISZ; there is a direct relationship between matrix degradation assessed by ISZ and MDP expression defined by immunohistochemistry; single injections of IVD cells engineered to over-express IL-1Ra significantly inhibit MDP expression for two weeks. Our findings show that IL-1 is a key cytokine driving matrix degradation in the degenerate IVD. Furthermore, IL-1Ra delivered directly or by gene therapy inhibits IVD matrix degradation. IL-1Ra could be used therapeutically to inhibit degeneration of the IVD.
Los círculos de calidad en una estrategia corporativa antisindical: Un estudio de caso (1996)

Este estudio de caso explora la manera como la técnica organizacional de los círculos de calidad (CC) fue utilizada por una compañía del suroeste de los Estados Unidos como parte de su estrategia antisindical global durante una campaña de organización de un sindicato. El autor explora cómo la organización del proceso social de producción dentro de esta técnica de relaciones humanas de grupos pequeños, un componente común de muchos programas de calidad de vida en el trabajo en centenares de industrias norteamericanas, aumentó el control que los supervisores y gerentes tenían sobre la actitud y el comportamiento de los empleados durante la campaña de organización de un importante sindicato. Este tipo de técnica de "gerencia participativa" sirvió al propósito corporativo de permanecer sin sindicato al afectar elementos vitales de la cultura de la planta. Específicamente, el programa de CC permitió a la gerencia ejercer un control creciente sobre la selección y la socialización de la fuerza de trabajo así como sobre las relaciones de trabajo y los modelos de liderazgo que surgieron en la planta durante la campaña. El autor sostiene que en vez de ser una técnica escogida para la planta básicamente en razón de su potencial de democratización y beneficios de productividad, el programa de círculo de calidad fue escogido específicamente como una alternativa a la sindicalización de la planta y, como tal, se desarrolló como una efectiva y sofisticada herramienta para "reventar al sindicato" durante la campaña.
Scan loss mitigation via subarrays a full-scale concept demonstrator (2017)

A full-scale concept demonstrator for the scan loss mitigation via integrating subarrays in sparse, linear arrays is presented for the first time. The array uses technologically attractive cavity-backed, U-slot, patch antennas. An effective computational philosophy is proposed, validated and applied for a full electromagnetic characterisation of the resulting very large, non-uniform array. The computational results highlight impressive improvements when compared to the performance of sparse arrays comprising elementary radiators, exclusively. These results provide compelling arguments for the superiority of a physical concept demonstrator designed along these lines.
2-Fluoropyridine (2007)

[372-48-5] C5H4FN (MW 97.09) InChI = 1S/C5H4FN/c6-5-3-1-2-4-7-5/h1-4H InChIKey = MTAODLNXWYIKSO-UHFFFAOYSA-N (reagent for the synthesis of pyridones,1 aminopyridines,2-4 alkoxy pyridines,5, 6 arylpyridines, and bipyridines via metal-catalyzed couplings,9, 10 polyfunctional pyridines via reaction with organolithiums11-15) Physical Data: bp 124–126 °C, d 1.12 g·cm−3. Solubility: soluble in most organic solvents. Form Supplied in: colorless to pale yellow liquid, 98%, widely available. Analysis of Reagent Purity: IR, NMR. Handling, Storage, and Precautions: flammable, stable under ordinary conditions.
Cell Cycle-dependent and DNA Damage-inducible Nuclear Localization of FEN-1 Nuclease Is Consistent with Its Dual Functions in DNA Replication and Repair (2001)

Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN-1), a 43-kDa protein, is a structure-specific and multifunctional nuclease. It plays important roles in RNA primer removal of Okazaki fragments during DNA replication, DNA base excision repair, and maintenance of genome stability. Three functional motifs of the enzyme were proposed to be responsible for its nuclease activities, interaction with proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and nuclear localization. In this study, we demonstrate in HeLa cells that a signal located at the C terminus (the nuclear localization signal (NLS) motif) facilitates nuclear localization of the enzyme during S phase of the cell cycle and in response to DNA damage. Truncation of the NLS motif prevents migration of the protein from the cytoplasm to the nucleus, while having no effect on the nuclease activities and its proliferating cell nuclear antigen interaction capability. Site-directed mutagenesis further revealed that a mutation of the KRK cluster to three alanine residues completely blocked the localization of FEN-1 into the nucleus, whereas mutagenesis of the KKK cluster led to a partial defect of nuclear localization in HeLa cells without observable phenotype in yeast. Therefore, the KRKXXXXXXXXKKK motif may be a bipartite NLS driving the protein into nuclei. Yeast RAD27Delta cells transformed with human mutant M(krk) survived poorly upon methyl methanesulfonate treatment or when they were incubated at an elevated temperature.
3-Hydroxy-2-phenyl-4(1H)-quinolinones as Promising Biologically Active Compounds (2009)

2-Phenyl-3-hydroxy-4(1H)-quinolinones can be considered as aza-analogues of flavones, compounds which are known for the wide-range of their biological activity. These quinolinones were studied as inhibitors of topoisomerase, gyrase and IMPDH. They were tested for anticancer activity in-vitro and were also shown to possess immunosuppressive properties. This review is the first summarizing the synthesis and activity of the mentioned quinolinones.
Characteristic odor components in the essential oil from yacón tubers (<i>Polymnia sonchifolia</i>Poepp. et Endl.) (2008)

Abstract The composition of the essential oil from yacón tubers (Polymnia sonchifolia) was analyzed by capillary GC and GC/MS. Sixty-one components, representing 97.7% of the total oil were identified. The main constituents of the oil were α-pinene (33.5%), neo-abienol (15.7%), cis-abienol (15.4%), trans-abienol (7.0%) and 8,12-epoxy-14-labden-13-ol (2.8%). The oil from yacón tubers was also subjected to out odor evaluation by GC-MS-O and AEDA. Nine aroma-active compounds were detected and 2-acetyl-1,4,5,6-tetrahydropyridine was the odor characteristic compound, creating the yacón odor.
Abstract: Gravity and Magnetic Studies of the Southern Rocky Mountain Crust: Basins to Basement (2005)

The Rocky Mountains have intrigued researchers and explorationists ever since the gold rush days. These mountains are a tectonic puzzle because of their complex history and their distance from plate margins that usually make driving mechanisms evident. From a petroleum exploration point of view, the formation of the ancestral Rocky Mountains, the Laramide orogeny, and late Cenozoic extension and uplift are of primary interest. There has been an increasing emphasis on gravity and magnetic data in studies of this region, and these data have been particularly effective when used in an integrated fashion with seismic and drilling data. Rifting during the late Precambrian and Cambrian affected large areas of the southwest and created sedimentary basins that have in many cases survived to the present. In at least some cases, these strata contain both source and reservoir rocks. Thus, there is frontier defined by stratigraphic depth. In addition, younger structures such as those associated with the ancestral Rocky Mountains have often been affected by older rift structures preserving Cambrian and older strata. Gravity and magnetic data have played a major role in studies that reveal the deep manifestation of ancestral Rocky Mountain structures, including the deep basin structure and anomalies structure of the uplifts, and these data show that the scale of these structures is impressive in a global context. The structures extending across Oklahoma and the Texas panhandle into New Mexico have been referred to as the Southern Oklahoma or Wichita aulacogen, which can be interpreted to extend along this trend as far northwest as the Uncompahgre uplift in Utah. The deformation that formed the Ancestral Rocky Mountains is a massive inversion of these rift structures and is due to a plate collision in the late Paleozoic. These structures form one of North America’s major petroleum provinces. The Laramide orogeny also produced considerable crustal scale deformation in the form of large basement uplifts and deep productive basins. Finally, late Cenozoic uplift and extension formed a series of basins that gravity and magnetic data show are deep and complex. ■