gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experience with logical code analysis in software maintenance (1995)

Abstract Formal program specification and logical analysis are often used for program derivation and proofs of correctness. The basic tools include the logic of predicate calculus and Dijkstra's weakest precondition calculations. Recent work has shown that these tools are also very useful in the maintenance phase of the software life‐cycle. This paper reports experience working with software maintenance teams to apply formal methods. Formal logical analysis is invaluable for isolating defects, determining code corrections, eliminating side‐effects, and code re‐engineering. Logical analysis works well in software maintenance because many defects can be isolated to small segments of code. These small segments can then be analyzed manually or with code analysis tools. The result is lowered software maintenance costs due to the benefits of defect prevention, reduction of code complexity metrics, productivity improvements, and better specifications and documentation. It would be beneficial to use logical code analysis in the earlier phases of the software life‐cycle, such as quality assurance and inspection.
EMAIL - a highly sensitive tool for specific mutation detection in plant improvement programs (2008)

TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) is a useful tool for discovery of specific point mutations in genes of interest to plant breeders. It employs mismatch cleavage detection using endonucleases, particularly CELI and CELII. During PCR annealing, dsDNA heteroduplexes arise in pooled genomic DNA samples containing one or more Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) resulting from, for instance, induced mutation. The cleaved fragments can be distinguished from the larger perfectly-matched homoduplex DNA of the unmutated wild types in the sample of pooled individuals. The ability to efficiently detect individuals with specific mutations within pooled samples provides plant breeders with a powerful screening tool to greatly reduce the numbers of plants requiring phenotypic assessment. Further, it enables geneticists to analyse gene function and associate genotype with phenotype. Such protocols suffer from limited ability to detect mismatch cleavage signal due to non-specific removal, by the nuclease, of 5’ end-labelled termini used in the conventional approach. Mutation detection is further limited by high background characteristic of PCR-based end-labelling mismatch scanning techniques. We showed that as nuclease activity increased, internal signal was maintained while 5’ signal decayed. Furthermore, internal labelling improved background. The loss of end-signal constitutes a fundamental problem with the conventional approach to mismatch scanning with CEL nucleases. A new mismatch scanning assay called ‘Endonucleolytic Mutation Analysis by Internal Labelling’ (EMAIL), was developed using capillary electrophoresis, involving internal amplicon labelling by PCR incorporation of fluorescently-labelled deoxynucleotides. Multiple mutations amongst allelic pools have been detected when EMAIL was applied with the mismatch nucleases CELI and CELII. This technique offers greatly increased sensitivity in specific-gene mutant detection in pooled samples, enabling enlarged pool sizes and improving throughput and efficiency. We are investigating the limits of pool sizes to deliver a highly efficient mutation detection and analysis strategy for plant breeders and geneticists.
Changes in Physical Properties of Meat Batters During Heating (1981)

ABSTRACT Techniques for measuring changes in physical properties of meat batters during heating that would be suitable for studying kinetics of gelation were studied. Change in absolute modulus as measured by a dynamic tester was too variable to be useful in studying gelation kinetics. However, differences in consistency show up as significant differences if the absolute moduli of the raw batters. Increase in volume during heating was strictly a temperature effect and the rate of expansion at the same heating medium temperature was the same for a bitter that was gelling compared to a gelled batter in the same mold. Pressure change on heating of a batter at constant volume showed a pattern consistent with expected behavior of proteins on heating. Plots of pressure against temperature were a series of linear sections with the transition points occurring at 33–36°C and at 57–67°C. These temperature ranges are known to start insolubilization of muscle proteins and start solubilizaation of collagen respectively. Plots of unaccomplished pressure change against time on semi logarithmic coordinates was used to calculate a time constant for each stage of the process thereby giving a measure of the rate of gelation.
Regional blood flow during closed-chest cardiac resuscitation in rats (1993)

Quantitative measurement of regional blood flow during cardiac arrest and resuscitation has been confined to large animals. We report on a rodent model utilizing radioactive microspheres during cardiac arrest and resuscitation for investigation of regional blood flow. Ventricular fibrillation was electrically induced in 10 pentobarbital-anesthetized Sprague-Dawley rats. Resuscitation was attempted by precordial compression followed by external direct current countershock. During precordial compression, cardiac output corresponded to 12% of prearrest flow. Similarly low flows were observed in the myocardium and brain. However, much lower flows were observed in the adrenal glands, kidneys, intra-abdominal viscera, skin, and skeletal muscle. Five of ten animals were successfully resuscitated. During precordial compression, resuscitated animals had significantly higher cardiac output (13.1 +/- 4.1 vs. 8.6 +/- 1.46 ml/min), myocardial blood flow (0.70 +/- 0.24 vs. 0.22 +/- 0.15 ml.min-1.g-1), cerebral blood flow (0.17 +/- 0.04 vs. 0.06 +/- 0.02 ml.min-1.g-1), and adrenal blood flow (1.09 +/- 0.60 vs. 0.27 +/- 0.16 ml.min-1.g-1). Thirty minutes after successful resuscitation, cardiac output and myocardial, cerebral, renal, and adrenal blood flows and blood flow to splanchnic viscera (with the exception of the spleen) had returned to > or = 70% of prearrest flows. These studies confirm the conclusion of earlier investigations in larger animals that visceral blood flow during cardiac arrest and precordial compression is preferentially distributed to the brain and myocardium. Successful cardiac resuscitation is contingent on threshold levels of myocardial blood flow that exceed 0.4 ml.min-1.g-1.
Similarity of A<sub>3</sub>-adenosine and swelling-activated Cl<sup>−</sup>channels in nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells (2000)

Chloride release from nonpigmented ciliary epithelial (NPE) cells is a final step in forming aqueous humor, and adenosine stimulates Cl(-) transport by these cells. Whole cell patch clamping of cultured human NPE cells indicated that the A(3)-selective agonist 1-deoxy-1-(6-[([3-iodophenyl]methyl)amino]-9H-purin-9-yl)-N-methyl-be ta-D-ribofuranuronamide (IB-MECA) stimulated currents (I(IB-MECA)) by approximately 90% at +80 mV. Partial replacement of external Cl(-) with aspartate reduced outward currents and shifted the reversal potential (V(rev)) from -23 +/- 2 mV to -0.0 +/- 0.7 mV. Nitrate substitution had little effect. Perfusion with the Cl(-) channel blockers 5-nitro-2-(3-phenylpropylamino)benzoic acid (NPPB) and niflumic acid inhibited the currents. Partial Cl(-) replacement with aspartate and NO(3)(-), and perfusion with NPPB, had similar effects on the swelling-activated whole cell currents (I(Swell)). Partial cyclamate substitution for external Cl(-) inhibited inward and outward currents of both I(IB-MECA) and I(Swell). Both sets of currents also showed outward rectification and inactivation at large depolarizing potentials. The results are consistent with the concept that A(3)-subtype adenosine agonists and swelling activate a common population of Cl(-) channels.
Molecular cloning of cDNA for lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from the hemolymph of the American cockroach, Periplaneta americana. Similarity of the protein with animal lectins and its acute phase expression (1991)

A previous paper described the purification of a calcium-dependent lipopolysaccharide-binding protein from the hemolymph of Periplaneta americana (Jomori, T., Kubo, T., and Natori, S. (1990) Eur. J. Biochem. 190, 201-206). This paper describes the molecular cloning and characterization of cDNA for the LPS-binding protein. This protein was found to have a carbohydrate-recognition domain at its carboxyl terminus containing amino acid sequences that are conserved in various mammalian C-type lectins. It was also shown to contain an N-linked carbohydrate chain, and the amino acid residue carrying this chain was assigned as Asn at position 56 (23rd amino acid residue from the amino terminus). Northern blot analysis revealed the presence of multiple mRNAs that hybridized with this cDNA and transient increases in their content after injection of Escherichia coli into adult Periplaneta, suggesting that the LPS-binding protein plays a role in the acute phase response of this insect.
Biomedical elemental analysis and imaging using synchrotron x-ray microscopy (1990)

The application of synchrotron x-ray microscopy to biomedical research is currently in progress at the Brookhaven National Synchrotron Light Source. The current status of the x-ray microscope (XRM) from a technical standpoint is reviewed. Some of the items considered are photon flux, spatial resolution, quantitation, minimum detection limits, and beam-induced specimen damage. Examples of measurements made with the XRM are then given. The XRM has generally used continuous energy bending magnet radiation as the x-ray source. A mechanical collimator placed close to the specimen is used to define x-ray beams of 3-5/μm size. The size of the beam can be adjusted to some extent by tilting the collimator with respect to the beam direction. The photon flux is maximized by locating the XRM as close to the x-ray source as possible (9 m). Flux values of about 3 × 10 8 photons/(s-μm 2 ) are obtained with a 100mA current of electrons in the storage ring.
A circular piezoelectric transformer with crescent shape input electrodes (2003)

For most PZT based piezoelectric materials, the shear mode electromechanical coupling constant is twice as large as the transverse mode coupling. In this study, a new disk type piezoelectric transformer was designed. Crescent shape electrodes at the input side and focused poling direction at the output side on a commercially available PZT disk were designed so that the planar and shear mode electromechanical coupling factors becomes effective rather than the transverse mode coupling. ATILA finite element code was used to analyze transformer behavior and to optimize electrode and poling configurations. The voltage step-up ratio of the proposed transformer has been dramatically improved in comparison with an equivalent rectangular type. A single layer prototype transformer 25.4 mm in diameter and 1.0 mm in thickness, operated at 93 kHz, was fabricated and its characteristics, such as step-up ratio, power transformation efficiency and temperature rise were measured.
Inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase by di- and triphenylethylene derivatives: a structure-activity study (1983)

The syntheses of new di- and triphenylethylene derivatives are described along with their X-ray analysis and NMR study, which have helped to establish their conformation. Screening of over 50 derivatives for inhibition of prostaglandin synthetase (PGS) activity in bovine seminal vesicle microsomes has revealed that many of the triphenylethylene derivatives are potent inhibitors of PGS. Several even show marked activity at the extremely low concentration (IC50) of about 4 X 10(-8) M, which is two orders of magnitude lower than the active concentration of the majority of known nonsteroidal antiinflammatory agents (IC50 approximately equal to 10(-6) M). Unlike the latter, these compounds are not carboxylic acids. Furthermore, in contrast to biphenyl, diphenylmethane, or unsymmetrical, alpha, alpha'-diphenylethylene PGS inhibitors, the presence of a beta-phenyl ring was an essential requirement for high potency. The best inhibitors possessed a cyanide group (acids, amides, and amines were poor inhibitors), methoxy in preference to hydroxy groups on the alpha-phenyl rings, and a halogen (F or Cl) in a para position on the beta-phenyl ring. These data provide additional insight into the nature of the PGS binding site.
New Components with Potential Antioxidant and Organoleptic Properties, Detected for the First Time in Liquid Smoke Flavoring Preparations (1998)

A commercial aqueous smoke preparation was exhaustively extracted, using dichloromethane as solvent, until the carrier had totally lost its smoky odor. Qualitative and quantitative characterizations of the extract were performed by means of gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and gas chromatography with flame ionization detector, respectively. Carbonyl derivatives including aldehydes and ketones as well as acids and esters are almost absent; however, the high proportion of phenol, guaiacol, and syringol derivatives is noticeable. The presence of di-tert-butylhydroxytoluene, several hopanes, and a number of lignin dimers must be pointed out; these latter components had apparently not been detected before either in smoke flavorings or in wood smoke. The mass spectral data of the compounds considered as lignin dimers and of the unidentified components are given. The presence of lignin dimers is very interesting from the point of view of health and food technology for their therapeutic, organoleptic, and antioxidant properties. Keywords: Liquid smoke preparations; extraction; gas chromatography; gas chromatography/mass spectrometry; phenol, guaiacol, and syringol derivatives; di-tert-butylhydroxytoluene; hopanes; lignin dimers
Cooperative Self‐Assembly‐Assisted Formation of Monodisperse Optically Active Spherical and Anisotropic Nanoparticles (2009)

We report a new method in which spontaneous self-assembly is employed to synthesize monodisperse polymer nanoparticles with controlled size (<50 nm), shape, tunable functionality, and enhanced solvent and thermal stability. Cooperative noncovalent interactions, such as hydrogen bonding and aromatic pi-pi stacking, assist self-assembly of amphiphilic macromolecules (polystyrene-block-polyvinylpyridine, PS--PVP) and structure directing agents (SDAs) to form both spherical and anisotropic solid polymer nanoparticles with SDAs residing in the particle core surrounded by the polymers. Through detailed investigations by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we have rationalized nanoparticle morphology evolution and dependence on factors such as SDA concentration and PVP size. By keeping the PS chain size constant, the particle morphology progresses from continuous films to spherical particles, and on to cylindrical nanowires or rods with increasing the PVP chain size. The final nanoparticles are very stable and can be redispersed in common solvents to form homogenous solutions and thin films of ordered nanoparticle arrays through solvent evaporation processes. These nanoparticles exhibit tunable fluorescent colors (or emissions) depending on the choices of the central SDAs. Our method is simple and general without requiring complicated synthetic chemistry, stabilizing surfactants, or annealing procedures (e.g., temperature or solvent annealing), making scalable synthesis feasible.
A prediction-transformation-combined intra picture coding method (2012)

In the state of the art hybrid video coding structure, intra prediction and transform coding are the most important two parts for intra picture coding. Generally, the prediction process and the transform process are separated. The current block is first predicted from the neighboring reconstructed pixels, the residue block is then transformed. In our approach, the prediction process and transform process are combined, therefore more information can be used for prediction and more accurate prediction can be achieved.
The molecular genetics of α<sub>1</sub> antitrypsin deficiency (1991)

The human serum protein alpha 1-antitrypsin is the major source of antiprotease activity found in the blood. The protein is synthesised primarily by liver cells but, to a lesser extent, by at least one other cell type. Expression of the gene has provided a paradigm for studies on transcriptional regulation in liver and of tissue-specific promoter activity. The pleiomorphic nature of the gene has given rise to a variety of alpha 1-antitrypsin variants some of which are clinically important. These abnormal variants may be poorly synthesised, rapidly degraded or inefficiently secreted; studies on the molecular mechanisms which underly these events are providing interesting insights into the general processes of protein transport and intracellular protein degradation.
Actinomycin Resistance and Actinomycin Excretion in a Mutant of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1970)

A mutant of Escherichia coli resembles its parent in taking up actinomycin after treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid but differs in that it survives this uptake and excretes actinomycin at an increased rate.
Biotechnology and the plasma fractionation industry--the impact of advances in the production of coagulation factor VIII. (1993)

Several excellent reviews have described the role of biotechnological procedures in the production of pharmaceuticals derived from human blood plasma (Meulien and Tuddenham 1990, Brodniewicz-Proba 1991). The system of blood collection and fractionation is driven by the need to manufacture concentrates of coagulation Factor VIII. This review will analyse the effect of biotechnology on the manufacture of this product. The recent advances in Factor VIII purification using novel immunoaffinity and ion-exchange procedures will be described, as will the technology of the production of recombinant Factor VIII. The impact of these technologies on the manufacture of other therapeutic blood fractions as well as on the whole blood industry will be discussed.
Adaptive Phase Control Method for Load Variation of Resonant Converter with Piezoelectric Transformer (2007)

this paper proposes a new method eliminating external effect from (load, temperature) variation on a Piezoelectric Transformer (PT) converter by utilizing the phase-locked loop (PLL) modulation technique. The PLL control scheme involves detecting phase difference between injected sinusoidal signal and demodulated terminal voltage of PT. Generally, frequency control method decreases the efficiency of PT in wide input range. And, duty cycle control method has a problem of insufficient operating range for the load variation. In other to overcome these problems, this paper introduces a two loop control (PWM and PLL) with PT which provides wide ZVS condition nearly independent of the load variation, and excellent line regulation for the universal input voltage and load range. The performance of the proposed control method is verified by experimental result with 40 [W] DC/DC converter hardware prototypes.
Benzoselenazolinone Derivatives Designed To Be Glutathione Peroxidase Mimetics Feature Inhibition of Cyclooxygenase/5-Lipoxygenase Pathways and Anti-inflammatory Activity (1994)

Two series of compounds, substituted benzoselenazolinones and their opened analogs, diselenides, were prepared. The diselenides were designed according to the available SAR about glutathione peroxidase mimics and were expected to have activity. An initial series of tests was performed in order to assess the glutathione peroxidase and antioxidant activity of the diselenides compared to their cyclized analogs. The diselenides were shown to be very potent (up to 3 times the activity of ebselen), whereas the benzoselenazolinones were inactive, thus confirming our hypothesis. A second series of tests was done to determine the anti-inflammatory potency of the two series. Both were found to be potent on cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways (up to 95% inhibition at 10(-5) M). Some compounds were selective, and the variations in the activity allowed us to draft some structure-activity relationships. The most interesting compound of each series, 6-benzoylbenzoselenazolinone and bis[(2-amino-5-benzoyl)phenyl] diselenide, was tested in vivo on the rat foot edema induced with different phlogistic agents and was shown to have some anti-inflammatory properties.
Direct non-cyclooxygenase-2 targets of celecoxib and their potential relevance for cancer therapy (2007)

Celecoxib (Celebrex) was developed as a selective cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor for the treatment of chronic pain. However, it now appears that this compound harbours additional pharmacologic activities that are entirely independent of its COX-2-inhibitory activity. This review presents the recently emerged direct non-COX-2 targets of celecoxib and their proposed role in mediating this drug's antitumour effects.
REMOVAL OF FISSION PRODUCT GASES FROM REACTOR OFF-GAS STREAMS BY ADSORPTION (PRESENTED AT AMERICAN NUCLEAR SOCIETY MEETING, DETROIT, MICHIGAN, DECEMBER 10, 1958) (1959)

A disposal process is described in which the noble gas fission products, krypton and xenon, are delayed relative to the sweep gas by physical adsorption as they pass through an adsorbent such as activated charcoal. A theoretical expression describing this process was developed, using a theoretical plate analysis, and was verified experimentally. The retention time for a gas present in trace concentration is proportional to the amount of charcoal in the adsorber bed and to the adsorption coefficicnt which is evaluated experimentally for a particular combination of materials and conditions. The retention time is inversely proportional to the volume flow rate of the sweep gas. The retention times of experimental adsorbers have been measured by a radioactive tracer technique using kryptpn-85 and Tenon-133 to typify fission gases. Retention times were measured for various adsorbents including different grades of activated charcoal, silica gel, activated alumina, and molecular sieve materials. Activated charcoal was the most effective adsorbent. Retention times were measured using helium, hydrogen, argon, nitrogen, oxygen, air, CO/sub 2/, Freon- 12, and krypton as sweep gases, individually. Water vapor reduces the retention time for krypton on charcoal as does CO/sub 2/. Krypton interferes negligibly up to 1000 microns partial pressure. Provision must be made for the dissipation of heat from radioactive decay. Retention time decreases logarithmically as temperature increases. Inition temperatures in oxygen were determined and methods for prevention and control of charcoal fires were investigated. Experimental results described were used to design off-gas adsorber systems for in-pile experiments and to analyze the performance of an adsorber for a homogeneous circulating fuel reactor. These adsorber systems performed satisfactorily for times in excess of one year. (auth)
A New Composite Sorbent for Methane-Nitrogen Separation by Adsorption (1990)

Abstract Composite sorbents were prepared by depositing molybdenum dioxide on Super A activated carbon. The adsorption isotherms of CH4 and N2 were measured. The adsorption capacities and BET surface areas of these adsorbents decreased with an increase in the amount of MoO2; however, the equilibrium selectivity ratio (CH4/N2) increased significantly. Therefore, an optimum quantity of MoO2 should be used to produce a sorbent with high adsorption capacity and selectivity ratio (CH4/N2). An adsorbent containing 18.2 wt% MoO2 was found to be optimum which showed a CH4/N2 selectivity ratio of 4.25. The selectivity ratio decreased with pressure, and leveled off to about 3 at 12 atm. The separation of a CH4/N2 (50/50) mixture by pressure swing adsorption (PSA) was studied by using an equilibrium model. A new PSA cycle is described by which pipeline quality methane (>90% CH4 purity) could be produced using the composite sorbent at a recovery of 73% and a throughput of 200 L STP/h/kg.