gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A wide-area file system for migrating virtual machines (2021)

Improvements in processing power and core bandwidth set against fundamental constraints on wide-area latency increasingly emphasise the position in the network at which services are deployed. The XenoServer project is building a platform for distributed computing that facilitates the migration of services between hosts to minimise client latency and balance load in response to changing patterns of demand. Applications run inside whole-system virtual machines, allowing the secure multiplexing of host resources. Since services are specified in terms of a complete root file system and kernel image, a key component of this architecture is a substrate that provides an abstraction akin to local disks for these virtual machines, whether they are running, migrating or suspended. However, the same combination of wide-area latency, constrained bandwidth and global scale that motivates the XenoServer platform itself impedes the location, management and rapid transfer of storage between deployment sites. This dissertation describes Xest, a novel wide-area file system that aims to address these challenges. I examine Xest’s design, centred on the abstraction of virtual disks, volumes that allow only a single writer yet are transparently available despite migration. Virtual disks support the creation of snapshots and may be rapidly forked into copies that can be modified independently. This encourages an architectural separation into node-local file system and global content distribution framework and reduces the dependence of local operations on wide-area interactions. I then describe how Xest addresses the dual problem of latency and scale by managing, caching, advertising and retrieving storage on the basis of groups, sets of files that correspond to portions of inferred working sets of client applications. Coarsening the granularity of these interfaces further decouples local and global activity: fewer units can lead to fewer interactions and the maintenance of less addressing state. The precision of these interfaces is retained by clustering according to observed access patterns and, in response to evidence of poor clusterings, selectively degrading groups into their constituent elements. I evaluate a real deployment of Xest over a wide-area testbed. Doing so entails developing new tools for capturing and replaying traces to simulate virtual machine workloads. My results demonstrate the practicality and high performance of my design and illustrate the trade-offs involved in modifying the granularity of established storage interfaces.
Face recognition CAPTCHA (2012)

CAPTCHA is one of the Turing tests used to classify human users and automated scripts. Existing CAPTCHAs, especially text-based CAPTCHAs, are used in many applications, however they pose challenges due to language dependency and high attack rates. In this paper, we propose a face recognition-based CAPTCHA as a potential solution. To solve the CAPTCHA, users must correctly find one pair of human face images, that belong to same subject, embedded in a complex background without selecting any nonface image or impostor pair. The proposed algorithm generates CAPTCHA that offer better human accuracy and lower attack rates compared to existing approaches.
Influenza virus-specific TCR-transduced T cells as a model for adoptive immunotherapy (2013)

Adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes equipped with tumor-antigen specific T-cell receptors (TCRs) represents a promising strategy in cancer immunotherapy, but the approach remains technically demanding. Using influenza virus (Flu)-specific T-cell responses as a model system we compared different methods for the generation of T-cell clones and isolation of antigen-specific TCRs. Altogether, we generated 12 CD8(+) T-cell clones reacting to the Flu matrix protein (Flu-M) and 6 CD4(+) T-cell clones reacting to the Flu nucleoprotein (Flu-NP) from 4 healthy donors. IFN-γ-secretion-based enrichment of antigen-specific cells, optionally combined with tetramer staining, was the most efficient way for generating T-cell clones. In contrast, the commonly used limiting dilution approach was least efficient. TCR genes were isolated from T-cell clones and cloned into both a previously used gammaretroviral LTR-vector, MP91 and the novel lentiviral self-inactivating vector LeGO-MP that contains MP91-derived promotor and regulatory elements. To directly compare their functional efficiencies, we in parallel transduced T-cell lines and primary T cells with the two vectors encoding identical TCRs. Transduction efficiencies were approximately twice higher with the gammaretroviral vector. Secretion of high amounts of IFN-γ, IL-2 and TNF-α by transduced cells after exposure to the respective influenza target epitope proved efficient specificity transfer of the isolated TCRs to primary T-cells for both vectors, at the same time indicating superior functionality of MP91-transduced cells. In conclusion, we have developed optimized strategies to obtain and transfer antigen-specific TCRs as well as designed a novel lentiviral vector for TCR-gene transfer. Our data may help to improve adoptive T-cell therapies.
Regensburger Kausimulator (1997)

Device for simulating intraoral loading parameters. Before we commence a clinical investigation to evaluate the properties of dental constructions or materials it is important to consider preliminary in vitro simulation of the physiological oral stress situation. On the basis of a statistically significant number of samples, the influence of a long wearing period on comparable and reproducible material characteristics is tested.
Hydrogen /Hydride/-air secondary battery (1979)

The use of metal hydrides as negative electrodes in a hydrogen-air secondary battery seems promising. However, in an unpressurized cell, more stable hydrides that LaNi5H6 must be selected. Partial substitutions of nickel by aluminium or manganese increase the stability of hydrides. Combined with an air reversible electrode, a specific energy close to 100 Wh/kg can be expected.
Genome wide screen of RNAi molecules against SARS-CoV-2 creates a broadly potent prophylaxis (2022)

Expanding the arsenal of prophylactic approaches against SARS-CoV-2 is of utmost importance, specifically those strategies that are resistant to antigenic drift in Spike. Here, we conducted a screen with over 16,000 RNAi triggers against the SARS-CoV-2 genome using a massively parallel assay to identify hyper-potent siRNAs. We selected 10 candidates for <i>in vitro</i> validation and found five siRNAs that exhibited hyper-potent activity with IC50<20pM and strong neutralisation in live virus experiments. We further enhanced the activity by combinatorial pairing of the siRNA candidates to develop siRNA cocktails and found that these cocktails are active against multiple types of variants of concern (VOC). We examined over 2,000 possible mutations to the siRNA target sites using saturation mutagenesis and identified broad protection against future variants. Finally, we demonstrated that intranasal administration of the siRNA cocktail effectively attenuates clinical signs and viral measures of disease in the Syrian hamster model. Our results pave the way to development of an additional layer of antiviral prophylaxis that is orthogonal to vaccines and monoclonal antibodies.
Principles of operating systems (1988)

Principles of Operating Systems is unique among current texts on operating systems in its balanced treatment of principles and their application. It is comprehensive and offers richly detailed algorithms at every stage using the familiar Pascal-like notation; it covers basic computer mechanisms, and provides a variety of thoughtful and challenging exercises.This introductory text by a leading French computer scientist unfolds the organization of operating systems in the field of shared memory systems (or centralized systems) for which design principles are now reasonably stable. Its analysis of these principles is the most rigorous and complete available: basic concepts such as programs execution mechanisms, modular and hierarchical decomposition, interfaces, parallel processes, synchronization principles, information management, resources and memory allocation, and multiprogramming are covered in detail, and recent developments in the field of distributed systems are considered as well.Krakowiak illustrates the application of these principles in simplified examples from real systems - including CP/M for an overview of a microcomputer system, the Multics system for its addressing and linking scheme, the Plessey 250 for capabilities, Unix for its file system and process management - that will make it easier for readers to study a full-blown system by providing guidelines for analyzing and identifying its essential features. Some of the chapter exercises cover direct applications of the concepts discussed, others require design work and can form the basis of a project, while still others are intended to encourage investigation into aspects not covered in the book and provide annotated references.Contents: Introduction. Execution and Communication Mechanisms. Organization of a Simple Operating System. Management of Parallel Activities. Implementation of Synchronization Mechanisms. Naming, Storing, and Linking Objects. File Systems. Resource Allocation. Memory Management. Structure of a Multiprogrammed System. Introduction to Distributed Systems.Sacha Krakowiak is a professor at Grenoble University.
Inhibition of breast cancer invasion by EpCAM gene silencing: inhibition is Wnt-signaling pathway-independent despite evidence of beta-catenin redistribution (2005)

Glenn, Joshua B. MD; Chen, Yian MD; Osta, Walid MD; Zeidan, Youssef BS; Cole, David MD; Gillanders, William MD Author Information
Oncogenic Activating Mutations in the <i>neu/erbB</i>‐2 Oncogene Are Involved in the Induction of Mammary Tumors (1999)

Amplification and overexpression of erbB-2/neu is an important determinant in the initiation and progression of human breast cancer. Indeed, transgenic mice that over-express the neu proto-oncogene heritably develop mammary adenocarcinomas. Tumorigenesis in these transgenic strains is associated with activation of the intrinsic catalytic activity of Neu. In many of these tumors, activation of Neu occurs as a result of somatic mutations located within the transgene itself. Examination of the altered neu transcripts revealed the presence of in-frame deletions that encode aberrant Neu receptors lacking 5 to 12 amino acids within the extracellular domain proximal to the transmembrane region of Neu. In addition to these deletion mutants we have also detected single point mutations within this juxta-transmembrane region. The majority of the mutations analyzed affect the one of several conserved cysteine residues present within this region. Introduction of these activating mutations into the wild-type neu cDNA results in its oncogenic conversion. Taken together, these observations suggest that this cysteine-rich region plays an important role in regulating the catalytic activity of Neu.
PyVista: 3D plotting and mesh analysis through a streamlined interface for the Visualization Toolkit (VTK) (2019)

Sullivan et al., (2019). PyVista: 3D plotting and mesh analysis through a streamlined interface for the Visualization Toolkit (VTK). Journal of Open Source Software, 4(37), 1450, https://doi.org/10.21105/joss.01450
PKN Associates and Phosphorylates the Head-Rod Domain of Neurofilament Protein (1996)

PKN is a fatty acid-activated serine/threonine kinase that has a catalytic domain highly homologous to that of protein kinase C in the carboxyl terminus and a unique regulatory region in the amino terminus. Recently, we reported that the small GTP-binding protein Rho binds to the amino-terminal region of PKN and activates PKN in a GTP-dependent manner, and we suggested that PKN is located on the downstream of Rho in the signal transduction pathway (Amano, M., Mukai, H., Ono, Y., Chihara, K., Matsui, T., Hamajima, Y., Okawa, K., Iwamatsu, A., and Kaibuchi, K. (1996) Science 271, 648-650; Watanabe, G., Saito, Y., Madaule, P., Ishizaki, T., Fujisawa, K., Morii, N., Mukai, H., Ono, Y. Kakizuka, A., and Narumiya, S. (1996) Science 271, 645-648). To identify other components of the PKN pathway such as substrates and regulatory proteins of PKN, the yeast two-hybrid strategy was employed. By this screening, a clone encoding the neurofilament L protein, a subunit of neuron-specific intermediate filament, was isolated. The amino-terminal regulatory region of PKN was shown to associate with the head-rod domains of other subunits of neurofilament (neurofilament proteins M and H) as well as neurofilament L protein in yeast cells. The direct binding between PKN and each subunit of neurofilament was confirmed by using the in vitro translated amino-terminal region of PKN and glutathione S-transferase fusion protein containing the head-rod domain of each subunit of neurofilament. PKN purified from rat testis phosphorylated each subunit of the native neurofilament purified from bovine spinal cord and the bacterially synthesized head-rod domain of each subunit of neurofilament. Polymerization of neurofilament L protein in vitro was inhibited by phosphorylation of neurofilament L protein by PKN. The identification and characterization of the novel interaction with PKN may contribute toward the elucidation of mechanisms regulating the function of neurofilament.
Pharmacology of acetaldehyde (1983)

The pharmacological effects of acetaldehyde on the cardiovascular system, the liver, monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism, brain function and behaviour, and voluntary ethanol drinking are reviewed. The pharmacological effects of acetaldehyde, produced during the interaction of ethanol with the aldehyde dehydrogenase inhibitors disulfiram, calcium carbimide (calcium cyanamide), and 1-aminocyclopropanol (the pharmacologically active hydrolytic product of coprine) are discussed. The proposed involvement of acetaldehyde in the pharmacological effects of ethanol is critically assessed. The literature up to the end of 1981 has been reviewed.
The Clinical Relevance of Molecular Genetics in Soft Tissue Sarcomas (2010)

Bone and soft tissue sarcomas are an infrequent and heterogeneous group of mesenchymal tumors including more than a hundred different entities attending to histologic patterns. Research into the molecular aspects of sarcomas has increased greatly in the last few years. This enormous amount of knowledge has allowed, for instance, to refine the classification of sarcomas, improve the diagnosis, and increase the number of therapeutical targets available, most of them under preclinical evaluation. However, other important key issues, such as sarcomagenesis and the cell of origin of sarcomas, remain unresolved. From a molecular point of view, these neoplasias are grouped into 2 main types: (a) sarcomas showing relatively simple karyotypes and translocations, which originate gene fusions (eg, EWS-FLI1 in Ewing sarcoma) or point mutations (eg, c-kit in the gastrointestinal tumors) and (b) sarcomas showing unspecific gene alterations, very complex karyotypes, and no translocations. The discovery of the early mechanisms involved in the genesis of sarcomas, the more relevant signaling pathways, and the development of genetically engineered mouse models could also provide a new individualized therapeutic strategy against these tumors. This review describes the clinical application of some of the molecular alterations found in sarcomas, some advances in the field of sarcomagenesis, and the development of animal models.
Mutagens and carcinogens produced by the reaction of environmental aromatic compounds with nitrite. (1989)

A variety of foodstuffs including soy sauce, vegetables and smoked foods showed direct-acting mutagenicity in bacteria upon nitrite treatment. From these foodstuffs, several nitrosatable mutagen precursors were isolated and their structures were found to be aromatic compounds such as phenol and indole derivatives, but not alkylamides. Many phenol and indole derivatives present in our environment were also demonstrated to form mutagenic nitrosated compounds. The direct-acting mutagenic products of phenolic compounds with nitrite were all diazo derivatives, and those from indole compounds with nitrite were N-1 and/or C-3 nitrosated products. Relatively high amounts of nitrite were necessary for the formation of diazo compounds from phenolic compounds. By contrast, indole reacted very rapidly with nitrite, even at low, physiologically feasible concentrations such as are found in the human stomach. Piperine, aminoimidazoquinoline and butylated hydroxyanisole also reacted with nitrite and produced compounds showing mutagenicity in bacteria without metabolic activation. Besides having activity in bacteria, two nitrosated products, diazo and nitrosoindole compounds, were demonstrated to be mutagenic in cultured mammalian cells. They also formed DNA adducts and induced ornithine decarboxylase and replicative DNA synthesis in rat stomach. Furthermore, the diazo compound formed from tyramine with nitrite was proved to be carcinogenic in rats.
New methods of minimally invasive brain modulation as therapies in psychiatry: TMS, MST, VNS and DBS. (2002)

Over the past 20 years, new methods have been developed that have allowed scientists to visualize the human brain in action. Initially positron emission tomography (PET) and now functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) are causing a paradigm shift in psychiatry and the neurosciences. Psychiatry is abandoning the pharmacological model of 'brain as soup', used for much of the past 20 years. Instead, there is new realization that both normal and abnormal behavior arise from chemical processes that occur within parallel distributed networks in specific brain regions. Many of these pathological circuits are becoming well characterized, in disorders ranging from Parkinson's disease, to obsessive-compulsive disorder, to depression. Most recently, there has been an explosion of new techniques that allow for direct stimulation of these brain circuits, without the need for open craniotomy and neurosurgical ablation. The techniques include transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), magnetic seizure therapy (MST), vagus nerve stimulation (VNS), and deep brain stimulation (DBS). This review will describe these new tools, and overview their current and future potential for research and clinical neuropsychiatric use. The psychiatry of the future will be better grounded in a firm understanding of neuroanatomy and neurophysiology (as well as pharmacology). These brain stimulation tools, or their next iterations, will play an ever-larger role in clinical neuropsychiatric practice.
[The protective effect of Hippophae rhamnoides L. on hyperlipidemic serum cultured smooth muscle cells in vitro]. (1992)

The effect of Hippophae rhamnoides on hyperlipidemic rabbit serum (HRS) cultured smooth muscle cells (SMC) was observed in comparison with vitamin E(VE). The results show that Hippophae rhamnoides, much like VE, is also a potent antioxidant. It strongly decreases the MDA content in HRS cultured SMC and protect the cells from the injury of lipid peroxidation, and thus keeps the SMC growing and proliferating health. The results implicate that Hippophae rhamnoides is an effective antioxidant, and one of the important mechanisms of Hippophae rhamnoides in anti-atherosclerosis reported recently may be closely related to the action of anti-lipid peroxidation.
Studies on Cure Synergism—Part I: Effect of Bis(Diisopropyl) Thiophosphoryl Disulfide and Thiazole-Based Accelerators in the Vulcanization of NR (1989)

Abstract The effect of the synergistic combinations containing diisopropyl thiophosphoryl disulfide (DIPDIS) and a thiazole type of accelerator on the vulcanization of NR has been investigated. MBT, N -oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (OBTS), and N -oxydiethylene-2-benzothiazole disulfide (OBDS) represent the thiazole-based accelerators. It has been established from the hplc study that diisopropylthiophosphoryl benzothiazole disulfide (DIBDS) is formed in the synergistic systems along with other rubber additives during the early part of cure. In this exploratory study, it has been observed that DIBDS enhances the torque, modulus, crosslink density, and the tensile strength of the vulcanizates. Chemical characterization of the fine network structure of the NR vulcanizates indicates that synergistic combinations produce about 80% of the monosulfidic linkages. The resultant vulcanizates thus become stable to oxidative aging at 100°C for a considerable length of time. The vulcanizates obtained with DIBDS also produce the same results.
The Masterless: Self & Society in Modern America. (1995)

The Masterless: Self & Society in Modern America. By Wilfred M. McClay. (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1994. xiv, 366 pp. Cloth, $45.00, ISBN 0-8078-2117-9. Paper, $16.95, ISBN 0-8078-4419-5.) Get access T. J. Jackson Lears T. J. Jackson Lears Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of American History, Volume 82, Issue 3, December 1995, Page 1226, https://doi.org/10.2307/2945191 Published: 01 December 1995
<title>DjVu document browsing with on-demand loading and rendering of image components</title> (2000)

Image-based digital documents are composed of multiple pages, each of which may be composed of multiple components such as the test, pictures background, and annotations. We describe the image structure and software architecture that allows the DjVu system to load and render the required components on demand while minimizing the bandwidth requirements, and the memory requirements in the client. DjVu document files are merely a list of enriched URLs that point to individual files (or file elements) that contain image components. Image components include :text images, background images, shape dictionaries shared by multiple pages, OCRed text, and several types of annotations. A multithreaded software architecture with smart caching allows individual components to be loaded and pre-decoded and rendered on-demand. Pages are pre-fetched or loaded on demand, allowing users to randomly access pages without downloading the entire document, and without the help of a byte server. Components that are shared across pages (e.g. shape dictionaries, or background layers) are loaded as required and cached. This greatly reduces the overall bandwidth requirements. Shared dictionaries allow 40% typical file size reduction for scanned bitonal documents at 300dpi. Compression ratios on scanned US patents at 300dpi are 5.2 to 10.2 times higher than GroupIV with shared dictionaries and 3.6 to 8.5 times higher than GroupIV without shared dictionaries.© (2000) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.
An Electronegativity-Induced Spin Repulsion Effect (2005)

We present a spin delocalization effect in radical Si-containing systems, featuring a heteroatom of high electronegativity (such as N, O, or Cl) bonded to the unsaturated Si atom. We find that the higher the electronegativity of the heteroatom, the more the localized spin shifts away from the unsaturated Si atom and the heteroatom toward saturated Si neighbors. We demonstrate that this spin repulsion toward saturated Si atoms is induced by the electronegativity difference between the Si atom and the heteroatoms. We present a simple molecular-orbital-based mechanism which fully explains the structural and electronic effects. We contrast the present spin delocalization mechanism with the classical hyperconjugation in organic chemistry. The most important consequences of this spin redistribution are the electron-spin-resonance activity of the saturated Si neighbors and the enhanced stability of the radical centers. We predict a similar effect for Ge radicals and discuss why organic systems based on carbon do not feature such spin repulsion.