gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring Motor Coordination in Mice (2013)

Mice are increasingly being used in behavioral neuroscience, largely replacing rats as the behaviorist's animal of choice. Before aspects of behavior such as emotionality or cognition can be assessed, however, it is vital to determine whether the motor capabilities of e.g. a mutant or lesioned mouse allow such an assessment. Performance on a maze task requiring strength and coordination, such as the Morris water maze, might well be impaired in a mouse by motor, rather than cognitive, impairments, so it is essential to selectively dissect the latter from the former. For example, sensorimotor impairments caused by NMDA antagonists have been shown to impair water maze performance(2). Motor coordination has traditionally been assessed in mice and rats by the rotarod test, in which the animal is placed on a horizontal rod that rotates about its long axis; the animal must walk forwards to remain upright and not fall off. Both set speed and accelerating versions of the rotarod are available. The other three tests described in this article (horizontal bar, static rods and parallel bars) all measure coordination on static apparatus. The horizontal bar also requires strength for adequate performance, particularly of the forelimbs as the mouse initially grips the bar just with the front paws. Adult rats do not perform well on tests such as the static rods and parallel bars (personal observations); they appear less well coordinated than mice. I have only tested male rats, however, and male mice seem generally less well coordinated than females. Mice appear to have a higher strength:weight ratio than rats; the Latin name, Mus musculus, seems entirely appropriate. The rotarod, the variations of the foot fault test(12) or the Catwalk (Noldus)(15) apparatus are generally used to assess motor coordination in rats.
Non-homologous end joining in class switch recombination: the beginning of the end (2008)

Immunoglobulin class switch recombination (CSR) is initiated by a B-cell-specific factor, activation-induced deaminase, probably through deamination of deoxycytidine residues within the switch (S) regions. The initial lesions in the S regions are subsequently processed, resulting in the production of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). These breaks will then be recognized, edited and repaired, finally leading to the recombination of the two S regions. Two major repair pathways have been implicated in CSR, the predominant non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) and the alternative end-joining (A-EJ) pathways. The former requires not only components of the 'classical' NHEJ machinery, i.e. Ku70/Ku80, DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit, DNA ligase IV and XRCC4, but also a number of DNA-damage sensors or adaptors, such as ataxia-telangiectasia mutated, gammaH2AX, 53BP1, MDC1, the Mre11-Rad50-NBS1 complex and the ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related protein (ATR). The latter pathway is not well characterized yet and probably requires microhomologies. In this review, we will focus on the current knowledge of the predominant NHEJ pathway in CSR and will also give a perspective on the A-EJ pathway.
Addition of Small Amounts of Helium and Hydrogen to the Working Gases in Slurry Nebulization Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectrometry for the Analysis of Ceramic Powders (1997)

Small amounts of hydrogen and helium were added to the internal gas flow of a 1.5 kW inductively coupled argon plasma to investigate the capabilities of the resulting mixed gas plasmas with respect to the particle evaporation in slurry nebulization inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry for the analysis of refractory ceramic powders. The addition of up to 15% v/v of hydrogen to the internal gas results in an increase in the Al and Si line intensities for slurries of Al 2 O 3 and SiC powders of up to 20–100%, after optimization of all parameters. The corresponding increases in the recoveries were found to be of the order of 9–14% for Al 2 O 3 and SiC powders with sizes of 0.3–18 and 0.3–12 µm, i.e. , from 48 to 62% and from 43 to 52%, respectively. Additions of helium, however, were only 50% as efficient. These effects refer to a more efficient evaporation of the powders in the plasma. Axially resolved measurements of analyte line intensities for both slurries and solutions also reflect the influence of the amounts of added hydrogen or helium on the plasma geometry.
Toward vocabulary independent telephone speech recognition (2002)

Vocabulary-independence of speech recognition systems has become an important issue because of the need for flexible vocabulary and the high cost of speech corpus collection. We outline the necessary steps to achieve the goal of vocabulary-independent speech recognition, and relate our experimental experience with telephone speech recognition. Two sets of experiments were conducted: (1) 34-command recognition, in which we compared vocabulary-independent (VI) and vocabulary-dependent (VD) systems as well as phonetic and word based systems, and (2) 42-city name recognition, in which our vocabulary independent recognition performance (8.5% W. Err.) was much better than the VI performance (18%) reported by the Oregon Graduate Institute (OGI) and very close to OGI's VD performance (8%). We conclude that we have made some strides toward vocabulary independence, but much remains to be done; we identify the areas of improvement that are likely to lead to the goal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fixed point theorems of GPS carrier phase ambiguity resolution and their application to massive network processing: Ambizap (2008)

Precise point positioning (PPP) has become popular for Global Positioning System (GPS) geodetic network analysis because for n stations, PPP has O ( n ) processing time, yet solutions closely approximate those of O ( n 3 ) full network analysis. Subsequent carrier phase ambiguity resolution (AR) further improves PPP precision and accuracy; however, full‐network bootstrapping AR algorithms are O ( n 4 ), limiting single network solutions to n < 100. In this contribution, fixed point theorems of AR are derived and then used to develop “Ambizap,” an O ( n ) algorithm designed to give results that closely approximate full network AR. Ambizap has been tested to n ≈ 2800 and proves to be O ( n ) in this range, adding only ∼50% to PPP processing time. Tests show that a 98‐station network is resolved on a 3‐GHz CPU in 7 min, versus 22 h using O ( n 4 ) AR methods. Ambizap features a novel network adjustment filter, producing solutions that precisely match O ( n 4 ) full network analysis. The resulting coordinates agree to ≪1 mm with current AR methods, much smaller than the ∼3‐mm RMS precision of PPP alone. A 2000‐station global network can be ambiguity resolved in ∼2.5 h. Together with PPP, Ambizap enables rapid, multiple reanalysis of large networks (e.g., ∼1000‐station EarthScope Plate Boundary Observatory) and facilitates the addition of extra stations to an existing network solution without need to reprocess all data. To meet future needs, PPP plus Ambizap is designed to handle ∼10,000 stations per day on a 3‐GHz dual‐CPU desktop PC.
Vitamins and Hormones. Advances in Research and Applications. Vol. XV (1958)

Vitamins and Hormones. Advances in Research and Applications Get access Vitamins and Hormones. Advances in Research and Applications. Vol. XV. Edited by Harris R. S. Marrian G. F. Thimann K. V.. 355 pgs. Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Avenue, New York 3, N. Y. ( 1957) $9.50 Leonard Nelson Leonard Nelson University of Chicago. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar AIBS Bulletin, Volume 8, Issue 3, June 1958, Pages 32–33, https://doi.org/10.2307/1292401 Published: 01 June 1958
Preparation of inert glass capillary columns coated with UCON 50 HB‐5100. An attempt to rediscover industrially produced α, ω‐polyethylene/polypropyleneglycol ethers as stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography (1987)

Abstract Using UCON 50 HB‐5100, one of the most successful stationary phases in capillary gas chromatography during the past decade, as an example, we wish to redirect attention to the excellent properties of the polyethylene/polypropyleneglycol ether copolymer coatings. Based on experience gained in work with OH‐terminated polysiloxanes, a method is described for preparing inert and relatively temperature stable chemically bonded and crosslinked coatings in a single working step. Methyltrimethoxysilane was used as coupling agent, and trifluoroacetic acid was introduced as an acidic catalyst. The reaction mechanisms involved as well as the influence of additional crosslinking on the column behavior are discussed, particularly with respect of the inertness of the coatings.
Decentralized Attribute-Based Signatures. (2011)

Abstract. In this paper, we present the first decentralized multi-authority attribute-based signature (DMA-ABS) scheme, in which no central authority and no trusted setup are required. The proposed DMA-ABS scheme for general (non-monotone) predicates is fully secure (adaptive-predicate unforgeable and perfect private) under a standard assumption, the decisional linear (DLIN) assumption, in the random oracle model. Our DMA-ABS scheme is comparably as efficient as the most efficient ABS scheme. As a by-product, this paper also presents an adaptively secure DMA functional encryption (DMA-FE) scheme under the DLIN assumption.
<i>DWARF10</i>, an <i>RMS1/MAX4/DAD1</i> ortholog, controls lateral bud outgrowth in rice (2007)

Plant architecture is mostly determined by shoot branching patterns. Apical dominance is a well-known control mechanism in the development of branching patterns, but little is known regarding its role in monocots such as rice. Here, we show that the concept of apical dominance can be applied to tiller bud outgrowth of rice. In dwarf10 (d10), an enhanced branching mutant of rice, apical dominance can be observed, but the inhibitory effects of the apical meristem was reduced. D10 is a rice ortholog of MAX4/RMS1/DAD1 that encodes a carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase 8 and is supposed to be involved in the synthesis of an unidentified inhibitor of shoot branching. D10 expression predominantly occurs in vascular cells in most organs. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis revealed that accumulation of D10 mRNA is induced by exogenous auxin. Moreover, D10 expression is upregulated in six branching mutants, d3, d10, d14, d17, d27 and high tillering dwarf (htd1). No such effects were found for D3 or HTD1, the MAX2 and MAX3 orthologs, respectively, of rice. These findings imply that D10 transcription might be a critical step in the regulation of the branching inhibitor pathway. In addition, we present observations that suggest that FINE CULM1 (FC1), a rice ortholog of teosinte branched 1 (tb1), possibly works independently of the branching inhibitor pathway.
Genetic footprint of the ToxR‐binding site in the promoter for cholera toxin (1996)

The transmembrane DNA-binding protein, ToxR, of Vibrio cholerae is a global transcriptional regulator of virulence gene expression. ToxR has been shown to interact with promoter regions upstream of both the ctxAB operon encoding cholera toxin, and the regulatory gene toxT. Deletion analysis has shown that a repeated sequence, TTTTGAT, is required for ToxR binding and activation of the ctxAB promoter. However, this sequence is not found upstream of the toxT promoter. Genetic selections using P22 challenge phages were used to define sites within the promoter for ctxAB which are critical for ToxR-DNA interactions. Single-base-pair changes and deletion mutations that impair ToxR binding cluster within two regions: -57 to -69 within two of three tandem TTTTGAT sequences; and from -39 to -47, between the repeat sequences; and the -35 region of the promoter. ToxR does not bind to a synthetic target that has three tandem repeats which lack a flanking upstream and downstream sequence. These results suggest that the ToxR-binding site lies immediately upstream of the - 35 position of the ctx promoter, and that the affinity of ToxR binding to this site is influenced by the repeat sequences.
Diagnosis of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancer/Keratinocyte Carcinoma (2007)

BACKGROUND Nonmelanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most prevalent cancer in the light-skinned population. Noninvasive treatment is increasingly used for NMSC patients with superficial lesions, making the development of noninvasive diagnostic technologies highly relevant. OBJECTIVE The scope of this review is to present data on the current state-of-the-art diagnostic methods for keratinocyte carcinoma: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, and actinic keratosis. METHODS AND MATERIALS MEDLINE, BIOSIS, and EMBASE searches on NMSC and physical and clinical examination, biopsy, molecular marker, ultrasonography, Doppler, optical coherence tomography, dermoscopy, spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging, confocal microscopy, positron emission tomography, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, terahertz imaging, electrical impedance and sensitivity, specificity, and diagnostic accuracy. RESULTS State-of-the-art diagnostic research has been limited in this field, but encouraging results from the reviewed diagnostic trials have suggested a high diagnostic accuracy for many of the technologies. Most of the studies, however, were pilot or small studies and the results would need to be validated in larger trials. CONCLUSIONS Some of these new imaging technologies have the capability of providing new, three-dimensional in vivo, in situ understanding of NMSC development over time. Some of the new technologies described here have the potential to make it from the bench to the clinic.
Novel process and device technologies for submicron 4Mb CMOS EPROMs (1987)

High performance and reliable submicron EPROM technologies to realize 4Mb density and fast operation speed have been developed. The main key process technologies are (a) thin reliable inter-poly dielectrics, (b) SAC (Self Aligned Contact) using RTA (Rapid Thermal Annealing), and (c) low resistance polycide gate. The device uses 0.8µm N-well CMOS technology. Masked MLDD(Moderately Lightly Doped Drain) NMOS transistors are used in peripheral circuits. Submicron EPROM cell offers sufficiently fast write speed and soft-write endurance.
A Neural Transition-Based Approach for Semantic Dependency Graph Parsing (2018)

Semantic dependency graph has been recently proposed as an extension of tree-structured syntactic or semantic representation for natural language sentences. It particularly features the structural property of multi-head, which allows nodes to have multiple heads, resulting in a directed acyclic graph(DAG) parsing problem. Yet most statistical parsers focused exclusively on shallow bi-lexical tree structures, DAG parsing remains under-explored. In this paper, we propose a neural transition-based parser, using a variant of list-based arc-eager transition algorithm for dependency graph parsing. Particularly, two non-trivial improvements are proposed for representing the key components of the transition system, to better capture the semantics of segments and internal sub-graph structures. We test our parser on the SemEval-2016 Task 9 dataset (Chinese) and the SemEval-2015 Task 18 dataset (English). On both benchmark datasets, we obtain superior or comparable results to the best performing systems. Our parser can be further improved with a simple ensemble mechanism, resulting in the state-of-the-art performance.
Receptor-mediated nuclear translocation of growth hormone. (1994)

We have previously shown that the growth hormone (GH) receptor-binding protein is associated with the nucleus. We show here both by electron microscopy and nuclear isolation that GH is subject to rapid nuclear translocation. The intracellular fate of intravenously injected 125I-bovine growth hormone (bGH) was examined in the rat hepatocyte by electron microscopic autoradiography. The hormone appeared rapidly at the plasma membrane, then sequentially in lysosomal and multivesicular bodies and/or the nuclear membrane before final translocation to the nuclear matrix. Maximal translocation to the nuclear matrix occurred within 30 min of injection. Nuclear translocation of 125I-hGH was also studied by isolation of nuclei from cells stably transfected with cDNAs encoding the GH receptor, GH-binding protein, and a membrane bound but cytoplasmic domain-deficient receptor. Specific internalization and nuclear translocation of hormone only occurred in cells transfected with the full-length receptor. The translocation was rapid and became saturated within 1 h after addition of hormone to the culture media. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of isolated nuclei showed that GH is transported to the nucleus as the intact molecule. Pretreatment of cells with lysosomotropic agents (chloroquine, ammonium chloride, and bacitracin) decreased hormone degradation and increased nuclear translocation of GH. The nuclear translocation of GH was achieved independent of the cytoskeletal system (microtubular, microfilament, and intermediate filament networks). Thus, GH is subject to rapid receptor-dependent nuclear translocation via the endosomal pathway.
Biliary excretion mechanism of CPT-11 and its metabolites in humans: involvement of primary active transporters. (1998)

After administration of CTP-11, a camptothecin derivative exhibiting a wide spectrum of antitumor activity, dose-limiting gastrointestinal toxicity with great interpatient variability is observed. Because the biliary excretion is a major elimination pathway for CPT-11 and its metabolites [an active metabolite, 7-ethyl-10-hydroxy-camptothecin (SN-38), and its glucuronide, SN38-Glu], several hypotheses for the toxicity involve biliary excretion. Here, we investigated whether primary active transport is involved in the biliary excretion of anionic forms of CPT-11 and its metabolites in humans using bile canalicular membrane vesicles (cMVs). Uptake of the carboxylate form of CPT-11 and the carboxylate and lactone forms of SN38-Glu by cMVs prepared from five human liver samples was ATP dependent. The concentration dependence of the ATP-dependent uptake of the carboxylate form of CPT-11 and SN38-Glu suggests the involvement of at least two saturable transport components, both with lower affinity and higher capacity than in rats. The ATP-dependent uptake of the carboxylate form of SN-38 showed a single saturable component but was detectable only in one human cMV sample. Both carboxylate and lactone forms of SN38-Glu uptake also showed a large intersample variability, although the variability was less than that observed for the carboxylate form of SN-38. On the other hand, the carboxylate form of CPT-11 exhibited much less variability. The carboxylate forms of SN38-Glu and SN-38 almost completely inhibited the ATP-dependent uptake of leukotriene C4, a well-known substrate of canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter, whereas the inhibition by the carboxylate form of CPT-11 was not as marked. Thus, multiple primary active transport systems are responsible for the biliary excretion of CPT-11 and its metabolites, and the major transport system for CPT-11 differs from that for the other two compounds. A greater degree of inter-cMV variability in the uptake of SN-38 and SN38-Glu may imply that interindividual variability in biliary excretion of these metabolites might contribute to interpatient variability in the toxicity caused by CPT-11.
Effects of sulfate concentrations on the expression of a soybean seed storage protein gene and its reversibility in transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana. (1995)

Transgenic expression of genes encoding the alpha' and beta subunits of beta-conglycinin, one of the major seed storage proteins of soybean (Glycine max [L.] Merr.), was analyzed in Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. under conditions of sulfate deficiency. Temporal patterns of expression of both the intact beta subunit gene and the beta subunit gene promoter fused to the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene are similar in soil-less cultures using rockwool, suggesting that the response to sulfate deficiency is regulated mainly at the level of transcription. In hydroponic cultures with various concentrations of sulfate, expression of both the intact beta subunit gene and the beta subunit gene promoter-GUS fusion gene were negatively correlated to increased sulfate concentrations in the culture medium. Transfer of transgenic A. thaliana plants carrying the beta subunit gene promoter-GUS fusion from sulfate-deficient to sulfate-sufficient control medium caused GUS activity in developing siliques to be repressed within two days. A reverse shift, where the plants were transferred from the control to sulfate-deficient medium, caused GUS activity to become higher than that in seeds of the control plants within two days. These results indicate that the expression of the beta subunit gene promoter responds rapidly to changes of sulfate availability.
6. Partitioning and Load Balancing for Emerging Parallel Applications and Architectures (2006)

An important component of parallel scientific computing is partitioning—the assignment of work to processors. This assignment occurs at the start of a computation (static partitioning). Often, reassignment also is done during a computation (dynamic partitioning) to redistribute work as the computation changes. The goal of partitioning is to assign work to processors in a way that minimizes total solution time. In general, this goal is pursued by equally distributing work to processors (i.e., load balancing) while attempting to minimize interprocessor communication within the simulation. While distinctions can be made between partitioning and load balancing, in this chapter, we use the terms interchangeably. A wealth of partitioning research exists for mesh-based PDE solvers (e.g., finite volume and FEMs) and their sparse linear solvers. Here, graph-based partitioners have become the tools of choice, due to their excellent results for these applications, and also due to the availability of graph-partitioning software [42, 51, 53, 75, 82, 102]. Conceptually simpler geometric methods have proved to be highly effective for particle simulations while providing reasonably good decompositions for mesh-based solvers. Software toolkits containing several different algorithms enable developers to easily compare methods to determine their effectiveness in applications [25, 27, 60]. Prior efforts have focused primarily on partitioning for homogeneous computing systems, where computing power and communication costs are roughly uniform. Wider acceptance of parallel computing has lead to an explosion of new parallel applications. Electronic circuit simulations, linear programming, materials modeling, crash simulations, and data mining are all adopting parallel computing to solve larger problems in less time. Also, the parallel architectures they use have evolved far from uniform arrays of multiprocessors. While homogeneous, dedicated parallel computers can offer the highest performance, their cost often is prohibitive. Instead, parallel computing is done on everything from networks of workstations to clusters of shared-memory processors to grid computers.