gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Zoom Motion Estimation Using Block-Based Fast Local Area Scaling (2012)

Block-based motion estimation (ME) has been widely used in various video coding standards due to its effectiveness in removing temporal redundancy. However, this traditional ME technique suffers the limitation that it can only compensate for a pure parallel translation between frames. Various algorithms have been proposed for estimating other motion models, such as zooming, rotating, tilting, and warping. In spite of good performance for these algorithms, they are not used in the current industrial world because of their high computational complexity and incompatibility with current block-based video coding standards that limit their practical usage. In this paper, we present a novel zoom motion estimation (ZME) and motion compensation algorithm using the local area scaling technique. To represent and encode the zoom motion, we introduce a zoom vector (ZV) that either increases or decreases a reference block size. The resized reference block is then interpolated to the size of the current block in order to perform block matching. For fast ZME, we have also designed a 3-D diamond pattern search to reduce the number of unnecessary search points for the ZV. We have integrated the proposed algorithm into H.264/AVC JM reference software. Experimental results show that an average bit-rate savings of 11.01% (up to 16.87%) can be achieved for high-definition size sequences with an average 0.20 dB gain in peak signal-to-noise ratio and a less than 10% time increment in the hierarchical B structure.
Potassium Transport in the Freshwater Bivalve <i>Dreissena Polymorpha</i> (1995)

Potassium transport and blood ion composition were examined in the freshwater bivalve Dreissena polymorpha. Animals acclimated to artificial pondwater (APW, [K+]=0.05 mmol l-1) for 4 weeks gradually lost Na+ and Cl-, but the blood K+ concentration remained constant near 0.5 mmol l-1. Blood [K+] in D. polymorpha declined by 41 % after 1 week of exposure to K+-free APW. Conversely, blood [K+] rose to 1.52±0.05 mmol l-1 (mean ± s.e.m.) 24 h after exposure to 0.5 mmol l-1 K+ APW. Total tissue K+ content remained stable in animals maintained in APW, but fell significantly in animals exposed to K+-free APW for 2 weeks. The net K+ flux (Jnet) for animals incubated in APW, with an average K+ concentration of 0.07 mmol l-1, was -0.27±0.06 µequiv g-1 dry tissue h-1, significantly different from the value of 0.50±0.08 µequiv g-1 dry tissue h-1 for animals transferred to 0.30 mmol l-1 K+ APW. A transepithelial membrane potential of -3.6±0.7 mV (blood negative compared with the bathing medium) was measured in APW-acclimated mussels. Potassium influx was measured with 42K and displayed Michaelis­Menten saturation kinetics at dilute K+ concentrations. The Km was 0.084±0.054 mmol l-1 and the Jmax was 1.74±0.39 µequiv g-1 dry tissue h-1. Both the Km and Jmax for animals exposed to K+-free APW for 7 days were unchanged. Using 86Rb, qualitatively similar transport characteristics were observed for animals incubated in K+-free, Rb+ APW, but the 22 day K+ depletion time significantly increased Jmax. D. polymorpha compensated for changes in the ionic composition of the acclimation medium by tolerating alterations in blood solute composition and adjusting ion transport rates.
The Australian Orthopaedic Association National Joint Replacement Registry (2004)

In the financial year ending June 2002, 26 689 hip replacements and 26089 knee replacements (total, 52778) were performed in Australia. Hip and knee replacement procedures have increased between 5%-10% each year for the past 10 years, with a combined increase in hip and knee replacement of 13.4% in the past year. The revision rate for hip replacement surgery in Australia is unknown but is estimated to be 20%-24%; the revision rate for hip replacement surgery in Sweden is 7%. Although data collection for the Registry is voluntary, it has 100% compliance from hospitals undertaking joint-replacement surgery.
Regulation of apoptosis in mature alphabeta+CD4-CD8- antigen-specific suppressor T cell clones. (1999)

The regulation of apoptosis in mature CD4+ or CD8+ alphabeta+ T cells has been well studied. How the survival and death is regulated in peripheral CD4-CD8- (double negative, DN) alphabeta+ T cells remains unknown. Recent studies suggest that peripheral DN T cells may play an important role in the regulation of the immune responses mediated by CD4+ or CD8+ T cells. Here, we used immunosuppressive DN T cell clones to elucidate the mechanisms involved in the regulation of death and survival of alphabeta+ DN T cells. The DN T cell clones were generated from the spleen cells of 2C transgenic mice, which express the transgenic TCR specific for Ld and permanently accepted Ld+ skin allografts after pretransplant infusion of Ld+ lymphocytes. We report that 1) the mature DN T cells are highly resistant to TCR cross-linking-induced apoptosis in the presence of exogenous IL-4; 2) Fas/Fas-ligand and TNF-alpha/TNFR pathways do not play an apparent role in regulating apoptosis in DN T cells; 3) the DN T cells constitutively express a high level of Bcl-xL, but not Bcl-2; 4) both Bcl-xL and Bcl-2 are up-regulated following TCR-cross-linking; and 5) IL-4 stimulation significantly up-regulates Bcl-xL and c-Jun expression and leads to mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation in DN T cells, which may contribute to the resistance to apoptosis in these T cells. Taken together, these results provide us with an insight into how mature DN T cells resist activation-induced apoptosis to provide a long-term suppressor function in vivo.
GRÜNEISEN DATA FROM THE ONE-DIMENSIONAL THERMOELASTIC RESPONSE OF ELASTIC MATERIALS (1970)

A new technique for the direct measurement of the Grüneisen parameter of elastic materials is presented. The technique employs the measurement of the one-dimensional thermoelastic response of materials exposed to a pulsed electron beam. The measured values of the Grüneisen parameter for single crystals of both metals and semiconductors are in excellent agreement with thermal values.
Vascular System: Role of Nitric Oxide in Cardiovascular Diseases (2008)

In contrast with the short research history of the enzymatic synthesis of nitric oxide (NO), the introduction of nitrate-containing compounds for medicinal purposes marked its 150th anniversary in 1997. Glyceryl trinitrate (nitroglycerin) is the first compound of this category. On October 12, 1998, the Nobel Assembly awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine or Physiology to scientists Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, and Ferid Murad for their discoveries concerning NO as a signaling molecule in the cardiovascular system. NO-mediated signaling is a recognized component in various physiologic processes (eg, smooth muscle relaxation, inhibition of platelet and leukocyte aggregation, attenuation of vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation, neurotransmission, and immune defense), to name only a few. NO has also been implicated in the pathology of many inflammatory diseases, including arthritis, myocarditis, colitis, and nephritis and a large number of pathologic conditions such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, cancer, diabetes, and neurodegenerative diseases. Some of these processes (eg, smooth muscle relaxation, platelet aggregation, and neurotransmission) require only a brief production of NO at low nanomolar concentrations and are dependent on the recruitment of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)-dependent signaling. Other processes are associated with direct interaction of NO or reactive nitrogen species derived from it with target proteins and requires a more sustained production of NO at higher concentrations but do not involve the cGMP pathway.
Preclinical Safety and Efficacy of Human CD34+ Cells Transduced With Lentiviral Vector for the Treatment of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome (2012)

Gene therapy with ex vivo-transduced hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells may represent a valid therapeutic option for monogenic immunohematological disorders such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS), a primary immunodeficiency associated with thrombocytopenia. We evaluated the preclinical safety and efficacy of human CD34(+) cells transduced with lentiviral vectors (LV) encoding WAS protein (WASp). We first set up and validated a transduction protocol for CD34(+) cells derived from bone marrow (BM) or mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) using a clinical grade, highly purified LV. Robust transduction of progenitor cells was obtained in normal donors and WAS patients' cells, without evidence of toxicity. To study biodistribution of human cells and exclude vector release in vivo, LV-transduced CD34(+) cells were transplanted in immunodeficient mice, showing a normal engraftment and differentiation ability towards transduced lymphoid and myeloid cells in hematopoietic tissues. Vector mobilization to host cells and transmission to germline cells of the LV were excluded by different molecular assays. Analysis of vector integrations showed polyclonal integration patterns in vitro and in human engrafted cells in vivo. In summary, this work establishes the preclinical safety and efficacy of human CD34(+) cells gene therapy for the treatment of WAS.
Digital Compensation for Coupling Impairments of Coupled Traces in 100G PAM4 Data Center Connections (2016)

We propose a new compensation technique for coupling impairments of high-speed analog traces in chip-to-chip and chip-to-module connectivity in data centers. This technique significantly improves the performance and enables 100G PAM4 transmission.
Controlling Cell Adhesion on Human Tissue by Soft Lithography (2004)

Soft lithographic techniques are widely used for fundamental biological applications. This study investigates the extension of soft lithography for use on human tissue to create a biological implant by systematically studying the effect of pattern size on cellular morphology. We focus on mimicking a key layer of the physiological retina with an organized monolayer of epithelial cells to act as a new treatment for age-related macular degeneration. We show that epithelial cells can be confined to cytophilic islands defined on lens capsule by the inhibitory polymer poly(vinyl alcohol). In addition, as the size of the cytophilic islands grows, both the fraction of islands with cells attached and the number of cells adhered to each island increase. High densities of cell adhesion and single cell attachment per island were achieved with a 25 microm pattern size. Over time, the cells spread over the 5 microm wide barriers to form a confluent monolayer that may eventually serve as a functional retinal implant. With the ability to apply soft lithography to tissue samples, human tissue may become a universal membrane substrate for other ocular diseases or in tissue engineering applications elsewhere in the body.
Strategies for<i>in vitro</i>and<i>in vivo</i>translation with non-natural amino acids (1996)

The use of site-directed mutagenesis (Smith, 1985) to replace amino acids at any chosen position in a protein, coupled with advances in analytical procedures, has greatly advanced our understanding of biological structure-function relationships in recent years. The only limitation of conventional site-directed mutagenesis is that substitutions are restricted to the 20 naturally occurring amino acids. However, the discovery of a 21st amino acid, selenocysteine, and the development of novel in vitro translation techniques have demonstrated that considerably more site-specific replacements are possible during protein engineering. These techniques have already found a wide range of applications and have shown that the translational machinery is able to accommodate an enormously divergent range of aminoacylated tRNAs. Although these techniques are mainly restricted to in vitro systems, recent progress in our understanding of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase-catalyzed tRNA charging suggests that it may ultimately be possible to extend this technique to growing cells.
Unexpected Anisotropy in Substrate Cleavage Rates by Asymmetric Hammerhead Ribozymes (1996)

RNA substrates which form relatively short helices I and III with hammerhead ribozymes are generally cleaved more rapidly than substrates which create longer binding helices. We speculated that for optimum cleavage rates, one of the helices needed to be relatively weak. To identify this helix, a series of ribozymes and substrates of varying lengths were made such that in the complex, helices I and III consisted of 5 and 10 bp respectively or vice versa. In two independent systems, substrates in the complexes with the shorter helix I and longer helix III were cleaved one to two orders of magnitude more rapidly than those in the complexes with the longer helix I and shorter helix III. Similar results were obtained whether the numbers of base pairs in helices I and III were limited either by the length of the hybridizing arms of the ribozyme or the length of the substrate. The phenomenon was observed for both all-RNA and DNA armed ribozymes. Thus, a relatively short helix I is required for fast cleavage rates in pre-formed hammer-head ribozyme-substrate complexes. When helix III has 10 bp, the optimum length for helix I is approximately 5 bp.
Serum and Amniotic Fluid Melatonin during Human Labor (1989)

The serum and amniotic fluid concentrations of melatonin (MT) were measured by RIA during human labor in different conditions related to the type of delivery and the time of the day of delivery. Serum MT concentrations displayed a normal diurnal rhythm, resembling that of nongravid women; the mean concentration [163.8 +/- 149.6 (+/- SD) pmol/L] at night was significantly (P less than 0.001) higher than that during the day (31.4 +/- 16.3 pmol/L). The amniotic fluid MT concentration, which showed a significant positive correlation to the serum MT concentration (r = 0.625; P less than 0.01), also showed an obvious diurnal rhythm; the mean MT concentration was significantly (P less than 0.01) higher during the night [99.3 +/- 59.3 (+/- SD) pmol/L] than during the day (58.9 +/- 33.5 pmol/L). Reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography confirmed that the amniotic fluid MT immunoreactivity eluated as synthetic MT. During the night the mean amniotic fluid MT concentration [99.3 +/- 59.3 (+/- SD) pmol/L] was significantly (P less than 0.01) lower than that in serum (178.9 +/- 189.6 pmol/L). The progress of delivery, estimated by cervical dilatation, did not affect serum MT concentrations. Induction of delivery by amniotomy and/or oxytocin, and operative delivery by cesarean section had no effect on serum MT concentrations. Human MT secretion does not seem to be influenced by the physical stress of labor or endocrine changes associated with parturition. The single factor regulating MT secretion during human delivery appears to be the time of day.
Intramolecular cyclization of alkylhydroxylamines in acids. (1981)

Alkylhydroxylamines having a benzene ring in the molecule were subjected to intramolecular cyclization in trifluoroacetic acid or in the presence of Lewis acids, and benzenefused six-membered heterocycles were obtained in moderate yields from the cyclization reaction of O-acylhydroxylamines. The effect of a methoxyl group on the benzene ring was also investigated. The m-methoxy compound (1j) cyclized to give 6-methoxy-2-methyl-1, 2, 3, 4-tetrahydroquinoline (2e), while the p-methoxy compound (1k or 1l) cyclized to give the same product (2e). These unusual results could be explained in terms of a spiro-intermediate (3a).
On-Road Motor Vehicle Emissions and Fuel Consumption in Urban Driving Conditions (2000)

This paper reports on the analysis of on-road vehicle speed, emission, and fuel consumption data collected by four instrumented vehicles. Time-, distance-, and fuel-based average fuel consumption, as well as CO, HC, NOx, and soot emission factors, were derived. The influences of instantaneous vehicle speed on emissions and fuel consumption were studied. It was found that the fuel-based emission factors varied much less than the time- and distance-based emission factors as instantaneous speed changed. The trends are similar to the results obtained from laboratory tests. The low driving speed contributed to a significant portion of the total emissions over a trip. Furthermore, the on-road data were analyzed using the modal approach. The four standard driving modes are acceleration, cruising, deceleration, and idling. It was found that the transient driving modes (i.e., acceleration and deceleration) were more polluting than the steady-speed driving modes (i.e., cruising and idling) in terms of g/km and g/sec. These results indicated that the on-road emission measurement is feasible in deriving vehicle emissions and fuel consumption factors in urban driving conditions.
Recombinant Urate Oxidase for the Prophylaxis or Treatment of Hyperuricemia in Patients With Leukemia or Lymphoma (2001)

Rasburicase is safe and highly effective for the prophylaxis or treatment of hyperuricemia in patients with leukemia or lymphoma.
<title>VIRTIS: Visible Infrared Thermal Imaging Spectrometer for the Rosetta mission</title> (1996)

The visible infrared thermal imaging spectrometer (VIRTIS) is one of the principal payloads to be launched in 2003 on ESA's Rosetta spacecraft. Its primary scientific objective s are to map the surface of the comet Wirtanen, monitor its temperature, and identify the solids and gaseous species on the nucleus and in the coma. VIRTIS will also collet data on two asteroids, one of which has been identified as Mimistrobell. The data is collected remotely using a mapping spectrometer co-boresighted with a high spectral resolution spectrometer. The mapper consists of a Shafer telescope matched to an Offner grating spectrometer capable of gathering high spatial, medium spectral resolution image cubes in the 0.25 to 5 micrometers waveband. The high spectral resolution spectrometer uses an echelle grating and a cross dispersing prism to achieve resolving powers of 1200 to 300 in the 1.9 to 5 micrometers band. Both sub-systems are passively cooled to 130 K and use two Sterling cycle coolers to enable two HgCdTe detector arrays to operate at 70 K. The mapper also uses a silicon back-side illuminated detector array to cover the ultra-violet to near-infrared optical band.
Technique for Ultrathin Layer Chromatography Using an Electrospun, Nanofibrous Stationary Phase (2009)

A technique for creating devices for ultrathin layer chromatography (UTLC) using an electrospinning method is described. The devices use a nanofibrous stationary phase with fiber diameters that are 400 nm. Separations of mixtures of laser dyes and mixtures of steroidal compounds were performed to illustrate the capabilities of these new UTLC media. The complete analyses were found to require very little development time and require less solvent than typical TLC methods. The efficiency of the separations was substantially improved compared to that determined using commercial phases. The retention properties and efficiency of the technique are discussed as are the effects of mat thickness and mobile phase composition on the chromatographic properties of the devices.
Human IgG is produced in a pro-form that requires clipping of C-terminal lysines for maximal complement activation (2015)

Human IgG is produced with C-terminal lysines that are cleaved off in circulation. The function of this modification was unknown and generally thought not to affect antibody function. We recently reported that efficient C1q binding and complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) requires IgG hexamerization at the cell surface. Here we demonstrate that C-terminal lysines may interfere with this process, leading to suboptimal C1q binding and CDC of cells opsonized with C-terminal lysine-containing IgG. After we removed these lysines with a carboxypeptidase, maximal complement activation was observed. Interestingly, IgG1 mutants containing either a negative C-terminal charge or multiple positive charges lost CDC almost completely; however, CDC was fully restored by mixing C-terminal mutants of opposite charge. Our data indicate a novel post-translational control mechanism of human IgG: human IgG molecules are produced in a pro-form in which charged C-termini interfere with IgG hexamer formation, C1q binding and CDC. To allow maximal complement activation, C-terminal lysine processing is required to release the antibody's full cytotoxic potential.
Linguistic Measure of Taxonomic and Functional Relatedness of Nucleotide Sequences (1990)

The frequencies of "words", oligonucleotides within nucleotide sequences, reflect the genetic information contained in the sequence "texts". Nucleotide sequences are characteristically represented by their contrast word vocabularies. Comparison of the sequences by correlating their contrast vocabularies is shown to reflect well the relatedness (unrelatedness) between the sequences. A single value, the linguistic similarity between the sequences, is suggested as a measure of sequence relatedness. Sequences as short as 1000 bases can be characterized and quantitatively related to other sequences by this technique. The linguistic sequence similarity value is used for analysis of taxonomically and functionally diverse nucleotide sequences. The similarity value is shown to be very sensitive to the relatedness of the source species, thus providing a convenient tool for taxonomic classification of species by their sequence vocabularies. Functionally diverse sequences appear distinct by their linguistic similarity values. This can be a basis for a quick screening technique for functional characterization of the sequences and for mapping functionally distinct regions in long sequences.
Thermostability and molecular encapsulation within an engineered caged protein scaffold (2008)

Self-assembling biological complexes such as viral capsids have been manipulated to function in innovative nanotechnology applications. The E2 component of pyruvate dehydrogenase from Bacillus stearothermophilus forms a dodecahedral complex and potentially provides another platform for these purposes. In this investigation, we show that this protein assembly exhibits unusual stability and can be modified to encapsulate model drug molecules. To distill the E2 protein down to its structural scaffold core, we synthesized a truncated gene optimized for expression in Escherichia coli. The correct assembly and dodecahedral structure of the resulting scaffold was confirmed with dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy. Using circular dichroism and differential scanning calorimetry, we found the thermostability of the complex to be unusually high, with an onset temperature of unfolding at 81.1 +/- 0.9 degrees C and an apparent midpoint unfolding temperature of 91.4 +/- 1.4 degrees C. To evaluate the potential of this scaffold for encapsulation of guest molecules, we made variants at residues 381 and 239 which altered the physicochemical properties of the hollow internal cavity. These mutants, yielding 60 and 120 mutations within this cavity, assembled into the correct architecture and exhibited high thermostability that was comparable to the wild-type scaffold. To show the applicability of this scaffold, two different fluorescent dye molecules were covalently coupled to the cysteine mutant at site 381. We demonstrate that these mutations can introduce non-native functionality and enable molecular encapsulation within the cavity while still retaining the dodecahedral structure. The unusually robust nature of this scaffold and its amenability to internal changes reveal its potential for nanoscale applications.
Tissue engineering of small caliber vascular grafts (2001)

This study demonstrates the feasibility of tissue engineering of viable, surgically implantable small caliber vascular grafts and the important effect of a 'biomimetic' in vitro environment on tissue maturation and extracellular matrix formation.