gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mapping of interface traps in high-performance Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/AlGaN/GaN MIS-heterostructures using frequency- and temperature-dependent C-V techniques (2013)

With an in situ low-damage NH <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> -Ar-N <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> plasma pre-gate treatment, a high-quality Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> /GaN-cap interface has been obtained in the Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> /GaN/AlGaN/GaN MIS-structures. Frequency- and temperature-dependent C-V characterization techniques were developed to map the interface trap density (D <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</inf> ) at the dielectric/III-nitride interface, whereby a low D <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</inf> of ∼10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> –10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−2</sup> eV <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−1</sup> in the Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> O <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> /GaN/AlGaN/GaN MIS-structures was extracted. The mechanism for the high-quality interface was validated to be effective removal of native oxide and the subsequent formation of a monocrystal-like nitridation inter-layer on the GaN surface. Both D <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">it</inf> mapping and the pre-gate treatment techniques are of significance for the improvement of III-nitride MIS-HEMTs.
A High Thrust Density, C60 Cluster, Ion Thruster. (1996)

Abstract : A C60 fullerene ion thruster represents a major advance in the evolution of electrostatic propulsion. It could provide up to a factor of 30 increase in thrust density over Xe thruster as well as simultaneous reduction of relative losses by a factor of 5.5. Its basic feasibility has been experimentally verified during the Phase I program. Vaporization and discharge chambers as well as simple acceleration grid were designed and constructed. A set of unique experiments were performed which demonstrated: (1) controllable fullerene vapor generation, (2) stable discharge at approximately 190 volts using 2% thoriated tungsten cathode filament, (3) fullerene acceleration with beam ion energy cost of about 900 to 1000 eV/beam ion at a mass utilization of 70%, (4) no detectable fullerene fragmentation due to vaporization, ionization and acceleration, (5) fullerenes in a highly diffused molecular beam were not detected by FTIR spectroscopy, (6) SST, Mo, BN, AlN, Al203 and quartz do not react with fullerene vapor during limited exposure, and (7) spacecraft contamination by fullerene thruster effluent is comparable to that predicted for lithium. Methods to reduce it were identified. Fullerene, Ion thruster, Ion fuel, C60, Electric propulsion.
Molecular beam epitaxy of In0.53Ga0.47As and InP on InP by using cracker cells and gas cells (1985)

In0.53Ga0.47As and InP were grown on InP substrate by using dimeric molecules of arsenic and phosphorus. A Riber cracker cell and a laboratory designed gas cell were used. Cracking rate inside the two kinds of cells was studied by a modulation beam mass spectrometry technique (MBMS). Cracking rate up to 95% was obtained for the gas cell. The ratio M2/M4 in the flux reaches 103. The use of As2 species for In0.53Ga0.47As growth allows a saving of arsenic compared with As4 species. A reduction of the incorporation rate of carbon is observed. Photoluminescence efficiency is increased by a factor of 5. PIN photodiodes exibit low dark current down to 25 nA at−10 V in As2 grown InGaAs, 103 less than in As4 grown ternary material, on mesa diameter of 170 μm. We describe growth conditions of InP by using cracker cell and gas cell as phosphorus sources. Gas source seems to be a promising phosphorus source due to its large autonomy and hydrogen pressure which favors PH3 recombination and impurities reduction.
The mechanical and microstructural stability of austenitic stainless steels strengthened by MC-forming elements (1992)

Creep-resistant austenitic stainless steels have been developed that owe their strengths to the addition of MC-forming techniques. Examples are Esshete 1250, 17-14CuMo, Sumitomo ST3Cu{reg sign}, Nippon Kokan Tempaloy Al{reg sign}, and the HT-UPS steels designed by Maziasz. The HT-UPS steels, basically 14%Cr-16%Ni-2%Mo-Fe with V, Ti, and Nb additions, were found to have higher creep strengths than the other steels due to the formation of an ultrafine precipitate distribution on dislocations produced by warm or cold work prior to service. Under constant-load creep conditions, the microstructure of the HT-UPS steel was found to be stable for long periods of time, and creep rates changed very little over thousands of hours. Studies were made to determine if the strength of the HT-UPS alloys would be degraded by variable temperatures and stresses that could disturb the precipitate-stabilized dislocation microstructure. Experiments included variable stress creep testing, repetitious and combined creep-relaxation testing, and creep-fatigue testing. Temperatures were in the range 600 to 800{degrees}C. Times extended to beyond 20,000 h in some cases. Recovery creep strains were measured and used as an indicator of microstructural changes during creep. 8 figs.
HIV-1 Neutralization Profile and Plant-Based Recombinant Expression of Actinohivin, an Env Glycan-Specific Lectin Devoid of T-Cell Mitogenic Activity (2010)

The development of a topical microbicide blocking the sexual transmission of HIV-1 is urgently needed to control the global HIV/AIDS pandemic. The actinomycete-derived lectin actinohivin (AH) is highly specific to a cluster of high-mannose-type glycans uniquely found on the viral envelope (Env). Here, we evaluated AH's candidacy toward a microbicide in terms of in vitro anti-HIV-1 activity, potential side effects, and recombinant producibility. Two validated assay systems based on human peripheral blood mononuclear cell (hPBMC) infection with primary isolates and TZM-bl cell infection with Env-pseudotyped viruses were employed to characterize AH's anti-HIV-1 activity. In hPMBCs, AH exhibited nanomolar neutralizing activity against primary viruses with diverse cellular tropisms, but did not cause mitogenicity or cytotoxicity that are often associated with other anti-HIV lectins. In the TZM-bl-based assay, AH showed broad anti-HIV-1 activity against clinically-relevant, mucosally transmitting strains of clades B and C. By contrast, clade A viruses showed strong resistance to AH. Correlation analysis suggested that HIV-1's AH susceptibility is significantly linked to the N-glycans at the Env C2 and V4 regions. For recombinant (r)AH expression, we evaluated a tobacco mosaic virus-based system in Nicotiana benthamiana plants as a means to facilitate molecular engineering and cost-effective mass production. Biochemical analysis and an Env-mediated syncytium formation assay demonstrated high-level expression of functional rAH within six days. Taken together, our study revealed AH's cross-clade anti-HIV-1 activity, apparent lack of side effects common to lectins, and robust producibility using plant biotechnology. These findings justify further efforts to develop rAH toward a candidate HIV-1 microbicide.
Iterative decoding and soft interference cancellation for the Gaussian multiple access channel (2002)

We study for the Gaussian multiple access channel a joint channel decoder and multiple access interference canceller. For each user, the decoder output is used to generate a soft estimate of the user signal. The estimate is improved by iterating decoding and cancellation until reliable estimation of all users is reached. A reliable decoding is then performed. Simulation results are presented.
Imaging multiple phases of neurodegeneration: a novel approach to assessing cell death in vivo (2010)

Nerve cell death is the key event in all neurodegenerative disorders, with apoptosis and necrosis being central to both acute and chronic degenerative processes. However, until now, it has not been possible to study these dynamically and in real time. In this study, we use spectrally distinct, well-recognised fluorescent cell death markers to enable the temporal resolution and quantification of the early and late phases of apoptosis and necrosis of single nerve cells in different disease models. The tracking of single-cell death profiles in the same living eye over hours, days, weeks and months is a significant advancement on currently available techniques. We identified a numerical preponderance of late-phase versus early-phase apoptotic cells in chronic models, reinforcing the commonalities between cellular mechanisms in different disease models. We showed that MK801 effectively inhibited both apoptosis and necrosis, but our findings support the use of our technique to investigate more specific anti-apoptotic and anti-necrotic strategies with well-defined targets, with potentially greater clinical application. The optical properties of the eye provide compelling opportunities for the quantitative monitoring of disease mechanisms and dynamics in experimental neurodegeneration. Our findings also help to directly observe retinal nerve cell death in patients as an adjunct to refining diagnosis, tracking disease status and assessing therapeutic intervention.
A Model Simulating the Genesis of Banded Vegetation Patterns in Niger (1995)

1 Two-phase mosaics, or striped vegetation patterns (densely vegetated bands alternating regularly with bare areas), have been reported in arid and semiarid zones. They can occur provided (a) total rainfall is not sufficient t o maintain a dense cover; and (b) sufficient and uniform sheet flow can compensate, at least partly, for the lack of water. 2 Recent studies demonstrate that vegetation bands follow a successional model, in which bare areas are colonized by a pioneer front. Local studies in South West Niger suggest that transitions could occur between the various patterns observed within the same ecological region, but with varying average rainfall and surface features. 3 Because these transitions could not be followed in the-field without long term studies, a simple model has been elaborated to simulate the different structures observed. This model, based on cellular automata, is derived from the 'ganze of life' and depends only on two hypotheses which reflect conzpetition and synergy: the establishment, growth and survival of a given plant will be affected negatively by the influence of plants situated up-slope and positively by lateral and down-slope plants. 4 A matrix with 9 x 3 elements is applied to the same initial tree distribution grid, with three values of the a coefficient reflecting up-slope resource competition and two values of b reflecting lateral synergies. 5 The results demonstrate that almost all the structures observed in the field can be generated by this simple model, by varying only the two parameters a and 2, and the number of iterations. This result is independent of the initial tree density, showing that observed structures could equally well be derived from more or less dense vegetation patterns.
A Survey of Laser Beam Deflection Techniques (1966)

Methods of high-resolution, high-speed, optical beam deflection and scanning are reviewed with respect to resolution and scanning frequency capabilities. A general description is given of external deflector devices in the categories of variable reflectors, variable refractors, birefringent deflectors, and interference deflectors. The different techniques are then evaluated on the basis of their application to high-speed, high-resolution, precision scanning applications.
Fuzzy-Logic-Control Approach of a Modified Hill-Climbing Method for Maximum Power Point in Microgrid Standalone Photovoltaic System (2010)

A new fuzzy-logic controller for maximum power point tracking of photovoltaic (PV) systems is proposed. PV modeling is discussed. Conventional hill-climbing maximum power-point tracker structures and features are investigated. The new controller improves the hill-climbing search method by fuzzifying the rules of such techniques and eliminates their drawbacks. Fuzzy-logic-based hill climbing offers fast and accurate converging to the maximum operating point during steady-state and varying weather conditions compared to conventional hill climbing. Simulation and experimentation results are provided to demonstrate the validity of the proposed fuzzy-logic-based controller.
The Mechanisms of Inhibition of Advanced Glycation End Products Formation through Polyphenols in Hyperglycemic Condition (2015)

Glycation, the non-enzymatic binding of glucose to free amino groups of an amino acid, yields irreversible heterogeneous compounds known as advanced glycation end products. Those products play a significant role in diabetic complications. In the present article we briefly discuss the contribution of advanced glycation end products to the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, such as atherosclerosis, diabetic retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, and wound healing. Then we mention the various mechanisms by which polyphenols inhibit the formation of advanced glycation end products. Finally, recent supporting documents are presented to clarify the inhibitory effects of polyphenols on the formation of advanced glycation end products. Phytochemicals apply several antiglycation mechanisms, including glucose metabolism, amelioration of oxidative stress, scavenging of dicarbonyl species, and up/down-regulation of gene expression. To utilize polyphenols in order to remedy diabetic complications, we must explore, examine and clarify the action mechanisms of the components of polyphenols.
Role of waveguide light emission in planar microcavities (1994)

The role of light emission into waveguide modes of planar microcavities is elucidated through the calculation of the emission characteristics in various structures. Discrepancies which exist in the literature are discussed in some detail for the most popular forms of half-wavelength and full-wavelength planar microcavities which make use of dielectric Bragg reflectors. Particular emphasis is paid to the semiconductor AlGaAs/GaAs microcavities. Recent experiments on spontaneous lifetime changes in thin film semiconductor structures are also discussed. In addition, a SiO/sub 2//Si structure containing active atomic emitters is considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Thermal stability and conformation of antiparallel duplexes formed by P-stereodefined phosphorothioate DNA/LNA chimeric oligomers with DNA and RNA matrices (2015)

3'-O-(2-Thio-4,4-pentamethylene-1,3,2-oxathiaphospholane) derivatives of LNA-type nucleosides (LNA-OTPs, 2a-d; B' = Thy, Ade(Bz), Cyt(Bz), Gua(dmf), respectively) were synthesized and separated into pure P-diastereomers. X-ray analysis allowed for assignment of the absolute configuration of the phosphorus atom in the detritylated, fast-eluting diastereomer 2a. The diastereomerically pure LNA-OTP monomers were used in solid phase synthesis of P-stereodefined chimeric PS-(DNA/LNA) 11-mers containing 2-3 LNA units. Formally, among the phosphorothioate oligomers the biggest enhancement in thermal stability of Watson-Crick paired duplexes was found for [SP-PS]-(DNA/LNA)/RNA duplexes (on average 8.2 °C per LNA nucleotide), followed by [RP-PS]-(DNA/LNA)/RNA (6.3 °C), [RP-PS]-(DNA/LNA)/DNA (3.8 °C) and [SP-PS]-(DNA/LNA)/DNA (2.4 °C per LNA nucleotide). However, detailed analysis of the thermal dissociation data showed that the thermal stability of (PS-LNA)-containing duplexes does not depend on the spatial orientation of the sulfur atoms. This conclusion received support from CD measurements.
Expression of excess receptors and negative feedback control of signal pathways are required for rapid activation and prompt cessation of signal transduction (2009)

The present kinetic analysis revealed that excess receptors and negative feedback regulation promote activation and cessation of signal transduction with a low amount of extracellular ligand.
A Novel Lumazine Synthase Inhibitor Derived from Oxidation of 1,3,6,8-Tetrahydroxy-2,7-naphthyridine to a Tetraazaperylenehexaone Derivative (2007)

Air oxidation of 1,3,6,8-tetrahydroxy-2,7-naphthyridine afforded 2,5,8,11-tetraaza-5,11-dihydro-4,10-dihydroxyperylene-1,3,6,7,9,12-hexaone. X-ray crystallography of the product revealed that it exists in the meso form in the solid state. The mechanism of product formation most likely involves oxidative phenolic coupling and oxidation. The product proved to be a competitive inhibitor of Schizosaccharomyces pombe lumazine synthase with a Ki of 66+/-13 microM in Tris buffer and 22+/-4 microM in phosphate buffer. This is significantly more potent than the reactant (Ki 350+/-76 microM, competitive inhibition), which had previously been identified as a lumazine synthase inhibitor by high-throughput screening. Ab initio calculations indicate that the meso form is slightly less stable than the enantiomeric form, and that the two forms interconvert rapidly at room temperature.
High resolution imaging of thin-film recording heads by superparamagnetic magnetic force microscopy tips (1997)

We have used superparamagnetic magnetic force microscopy (MFM) tips to obtain high spatial resolution MFM images of recording heads. Profiles of the magnetic field gradient above a thin-film recording head under 3 mA bias current to the head and various tip-head distance conditions are presented. At a low tip-head distance, the gap width, gap location, and gap-field structure can be well resolved in these MFM images. Superparamagnetic tips show promise for the magnetic imaging of recording heads with gap widths below 200 nm.
A Bioartificial Liver--State of the Art (2002)

End-stage liver disease is treated by liver transplantation, but donor organ shortages remain a serious problem. This has prompted the design of bioartificial liver devices to "bridge" patients until they either recover or receive a liver transplant. In these devices, patient plasma is circulated extracorporeally through a bioreactor that houses liver cells (hepatocytes) sandwiched between artificial plates or capillaries.
Antioxidant and structure–activity relationships (SARs) of some phenolic and anilines compounds (2013)

The scavenging behavior of a series of phenolic and anilines compounds toward H2O2 and DPPH was examined. The efficient concentration (EC50) was calculated for all compounds under investigation by using H2O2-scavenging activity assay. The antiradical efficiency (AE) and EC50 were calculated for all investigated compounds by applying DPPH scavenging activity assay. Wide differences among compounds in each series and between the two series were observed. In H2O2-scavenging activity assay, the anilines series were more active than the phenolic series due to the reduction properties of the anilines compounds. While in the DPPH scavenging activity, the phenolic compounds were more active than the anilines compounds due to the lower bond dissociation energies (BDE) of O–H than that of N–H. So, the phenolic compounds were comparatively easier to lose H atom than anilines. The antioxidant activity related to the compound structure was found to be dependable on the number of the included active group (OH or NH2). The more active compound is the more included active groups. The position of the active groups also plays an important role of structure–antioxidant relationship activity. The ortho position was found to be the more active one, due to its ability to form intramolecular hydrogen bonding (iHB), followed by para position and then meta position of compounds.
A high gain aluminium electron multiplier (1975)

A twenty stage electron multiplier using aluminium as dynode material is described. When operated in DC mode, very stable gains approaching 106 were obtained with input currents of the order of 10-12 A, even after repeated exposures to the atmospheres.
Electrophilic reactions at single bonds. III. H-D exchange and protolysis (deuterolysis) of alkanes with superacids. The mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydrocarbon transformation reactions involving the .sigma. electron pair donor ability of single bonds via three-center bond formation (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTElectrophilic reactions at single bonds. III. H-D exchange and protolysis (deuterolysis) of alkanes with superacids. The mechanism of acid-catalyzed hydrocarbon transformation reactions involving the .sigma. electron pair donor ability of single bonds via three-center bond formationGeorge A. Olah, Yuval Halpern, Jacob Shen, and Yoke Kong MoCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1971, 93, 5, 1251–1256Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00734a037https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00734a037research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views433Altmetric-Citations119LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Low-noise operation of fluoride-based erbium-doped fiber amplifiers with ^4I_11/2-level pumping (1997)

The low-noise operation of fluoride-based erbium-doped fiber amplifiers (EDFA's) is demonstrated with (4)I(11/2)-level pumping for what we believe to be the first time. A noise figure as low as 3.5 +/- 0.5 dB at 1550 nm is achieved by means of 970-nm pumping. It is shown that it is possible to construct fluoride-based EDFA's with a noise figure as low as that of silica-based EDFA's.