gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance in Epileptic Girls Who Gain Weight After Therapy With Valproic Acid (2002)

Valproic acid is effective for treatment of many types of epilepsy, but its use in epileptic patients can be associated with an increase in body weight that could interfere with treatment compliance. The weight gain may result from different mechanisms, but the exact pathogenesis is still unknown. To evaluate insulin sensitivity in adolescents who gained weight during treatment with valproic acid, we studied 20 girls with different types of epilepsy: 15 patients had primary generalized seizures, including absence seizures (3 cases), and 5 patients had partial seizures. After 1 year of valproic acid treatment, the obese patients had serum insulin levels significantly higher than patients who did not gain weight (51.4 +/- 25.3 versus 28.2 +/- 12.9). Moreover, we observed that epileptic patients who gained weight were also insulin resistant in comparison with nonobese epileptic subjects. At the end of treatment, all patients showed normal levels of serum testosterone, androstenedione, dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), and luteinizing hormone. We found no significant correlation between insulinemia and serum valproic acid concentrations in obese and nonobese patients treated with valproic acid. Our study demonstrates that basal hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance can be present in patients who develop obesity during valproic acid treatment. Therefore, these obese patients could be exposed to the risks related to these metabolic abnormalities; if these data are confirmed in longer studies, these side effects may raise some concerns about the safety of valproic acid.
Handbook of Natural Language Processing (2010)

The Handbook of Natural Language Processing, Second Edition presents practical tools and techniques for implementing natural language processing in computer systems. Along with removing outdated material, this edition updates every chapter and expands the content to include emerging areas, such as sentiment analysis.New to the Second EditionGreater
Dendrite-Free Lithium Deposition for Lithium Metal Anodes with Interconnected Microsphere Protection (2017)

A lithium (Li) metal anode is required to achieve a high-energy-density battery, but because of an undesirable growth of Li dendrites, it still has safety and cyclability issues. In this study, we have developed a microsphere-protected (MSP) Li metal anode to suppress the growth of Li dendrites. Microspheres could guide Li ions to selective areas and pressurize dendrites during their growth. Interconnections between microspheres improved the pressurization. By using an MSP Li metal anode in a 200 mAh pouch-type Li/NCA full cell at 4.2 V, dendrite-free Li deposits with a density of 0.4 g/cm3, which is 3 times greater than that in the case of bare Li metal, were obtained after charging at 2.9 mAh/cm2. The MSP Li metal enhanced the cyclability to 190 cycles with a criterion of 90% capacity retention of the initial discharge capacity at a current density of 1.45 mA/cm2.
An Inexact Variable Metric Proximal Point Algorithm for Generic Quasi-Newton Acceleration (2019)

We propose an inexact variable-metric proximal point algorithm to accelerate gradient-based optimization algorithms. The proposed scheme, called QNing, can notably be applied to incremental first-order methods such as the stochastic variance-reduced gradient descent algorithm and other randomized incremental optimization algorithms. QNing is also compatible with composite objectives, meaning that it has the ability to provide exactly sparse solutions when the objective involves a sparsity-inducing regularization. When combined with limited-memory BFGS rules, QNing is particularly effective at solving high-dimensional optimization problems while enjoying a worst-case linear convergence rate for strongly convex problems. We present experimental results where QNing gives significant improvements over competing methods for training machine learning methods on large samples and in high dimensions.
In Vitro and in Vivo Calcitonin I Gene Expression in Parenchymal Cells: A Novel Product of Human Adipose Tissue (2003)

Circulating levels of calcitonin precursors (CTpr), including procalcitonin (ProCT), increase up to several thousand-fold in human sepsis, and immunoneutralization improves survival in two animal models of this disease. Herein, we analyzed inflammation-mediated calcitonin I gene (CALC I) expression in human adipocyte primary cultures and in adipose tissue samples from infected and noninfected patients with different levels of serum ProCT. In ex vivo differentiated adipocytes, the expression of CT mRNA increased 24-fold (P < 0.05) after the administration of Escherichia coli endotoxin (lipopolysaccharide) and 37-fold (P < 0.05) after IL-1beta administration by 6 h. ProCT protein secretion into culture supernatant increased 13.5-fold (P < 0.01) with lipopolysaccharide treatment and 15.2-fold (P < 0.01) with IL-1beta after 48 h. In coculture experiments, adipocyte CT mRNA expression was evoked by E. coli-activated macrophages in which CT mRNA was undetectable. The marked IL-1beta-mediated ProCT release was inhibited by 89% during coadministration with interferon-gamma (IFNgamma). In patients with infection and markedly increased serum ProCT, CT mRNA was detected in adipose tissue biopsies. Hence, we demonstrate that ProCT, which is suspected to mediate deleterious effects in sepsis and inflammation, is a novel product of adipose tissue secretion. The inhibiting effect of IFNgamma on IL-1beta-induced CT mRNA expression and on ProCT secretion might explain previous observations that serum ProCT concentrations increase less in systemic viral compared with bacterial infections.
Collective versus individual induction: Recognition of truth, rejection of error, and collective information processing. (1991)

Four-person groups and 4 independent individuals solved rule induction problems under 4 levels of potential information. Groups performed at the level of the 2nd-best individuals for correct hypotheses (recognition of truth) and at the level of the best individuals for nonplausible hypotheses (rejection of error)
Expression of Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 inwardly rectifying potassium channels in oligodendrocytes, the myelinating cells of the CNS (2016)

The inwardly rectifying K<sup>+</sup> channel subtype Kir5.1 is only functional as a heteromeric channel with Kir4.1. In the CNS, Kir4.1 is localised to astrocytes and is the molecular basis of their strongly negative membrane potential. Oligodendrocytes are the specialised myelinating glia of the CNS and their resting membrane potential provides the driving force for ion and water transport that is essential for myelination. However, little is known about the ion channel profile of mature myelinating oligodendrocytes. Here, we identify for the first time colocalization of Kir5.1 with Kir4.1 in oligodendrocytes in white matter. Immunolocalization with membrane-bound Na<sup>+</sup>/K<sup>+</sup>-ATPase and western blot of the plasma membrane fraction of the optic nerve, a typical CNS white matter tract containing axons and the oligodendrocytes that myelinate them, demonstrates that Kir4.1 and Kir5.1 are colocalized on oligodendrocyte cell membranes. Co-immunoprecipitation provides evidence that oligodendrocytes and astrocytes express a combination of homomeric Kir4.1 and heteromeric Kir4.1/Kir5.1 channels. Genetic knock-out and shRNA to ablate Kir4.1 indicates plasmalemmal expression of Kir5.1 in glia is largely dependent on Kir4.1 and the plasmalemmal anchoring protein PSD-95. The results demonstrate that, in addition to astrocytes, oligodendrocytes express both homomeric Kir4.1 and heteromeric Kir4.1/Kir5.1 channels. In astrocytes, these channels are essential to their key functions of K<sup>+</sup> uptake and CO<sub>2</sub>/H<sup>+</sup> chemosensation. We propose Kir4.1/Kir5.1 channels have equivalent functions in oligodendrocytes, maintaining myelin integrity in the face of large ionic shifts associated with action potential propagation along myelinated axons.
Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of <i>Loligo</i> (1952)

Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Hydrodynamic stress and lethal events in sparged microalgae cultures (2003)

The effect of high superficial gas velocities in continuous and batch cultures of the strains Dunaliella tertiolecta, Chlamydomonas reinhardtii wild-type and cell wall-lacking mutant was studied in bubble columns. No cell damage was found for D. tertiolecta and C. reinhardtii (wild-type) up to superficial gas velocities of 0.076 and 0.085 m s(-1), respectively, suggesting that high superficial gas velocities alone cannot be responsible for cell death and, consequently, bubble bursting cannot be the sole cause for cell injury. A death rate of 0.46 +/- 0.08 h(-1) was found for C. reinhardtii (cell wall-lacking mutant) at a superficial gas velocity of 0.076 m s(-1), and increased to 1.01 +/- 0.29 h(-1) on increasing superficial gas velocity to 0.085 m s(-1). Shear sensitivity is thus strain-dependent and to some extent the cell wall plays a role in the protection against hydrodynamic shear. When studying the effect of bubble formation at the sparger in batch cultures of D. tertiolecta by varying the number of nozzles, a death rate of 0.047 +/- 0.016 h(-1) was obtained at high gas entrance velocities. D. tertiolecta was cultivated in a pilot-plant reactor under different superficial gas velocities of up to 0.026 m s(-1), with relatively low gas entrance velocities and no cell damage was observed. There is some indication that the main parameter causing cell death and damage was the gas entrance velocity at the sparger.
Impact of <i>N</i> -Chlorotaurine on Viability and Production of Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases of <i>Candida</i> spp (2002)

N-Chlorotaurine, an endogenous long-lived oxidant, demonstrated fungicidal activity against Candida spp. and a postantifungal effect. Secreted aspartyl proteinases, important fungal virulence factors, proved to be a first target of impact. These results provide support for the topical application of N-chlorotaurine as an antimicrobial agent in yeast infections.
Some hematopoietic stem cells are more equal than others (2010)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) save lives in routine clinical practice every day, as they are the key element in transplantation-based therapies for hematologic malignancies. The success of clinical stem cell transplantation critically relies on the ability of stem cells to reconstitute the hematopoietic system for many decades after the administration of the powerful chemotherapy and/or irradiation that is required to eradicate malignant cells, but also irreversibly ablates patients' own blood forming capacity. Surprisingly, despite enormous efforts and continuous progress in the field, our understanding of the basic biology of HSCs is still rather incomplete. Several recent studies substantially refine our understanding of the cells at the very top of the hematopoietic hierarchy, and suggest that we may need to revise the criteria we typically use to identify and define HSCs.
Neural, symbolic and neural-symbolic reasoning on knowledge graphs (2021)

Knowledge graph reasoning is the fundamental component to support machine learning applications such as information extraction, information retrieval, and recommendation. Since knowledge graphs can be viewed as the discrete symbolic representations of knowledge, reasoning on knowledge graphs can naturally leverage the symbolic techniques. However, symbolic reasoning is intolerant of the ambiguous and noisy data. On the contrary, the recent advances of deep learning have promoted neural reasoning on knowledge graphs, which is robust to the ambiguous and noisy data, but lacks interpretability compared to symbolic reasoning. Considering the advantages and disadvantages of both methodologies, recent efforts have been made on combining the two reasoning methods. In this survey, we take a thorough look at the development of the symbolic, neural and hybrid reasoning on knowledge graphs. We survey two specific reasoning tasks — knowledge graph completion and question answering on knowledge graphs, and explain them in a unified reasoning framework. We also briefly discuss the future directions for knowledge graph reasoning.
Low power polysilicon sources for IR applications (2002)

We have designed and fabricated polysilicon thin film infrared (IR) sources by micromachining technology. These sources are made with a lightly doped middle region for light emission and heavy doping of the supporting legs. The sources are fabricated on a 10 /spl mu/m thick, low temperature silicon dioxide layer. Different doping levels were used to achieve various source resistances. From the power requirement to reach the required light emission versus source resistance curve it is seen that there exists a resistance value which minimizes the necessary input power.
Hydrogen adsorption and phase transitions in fullerite (2000)

Hydrogen desorption and adsorption properties of the fullerene materials C60, C70, and fullerite (a mixture of C60 and C70) were measured volumetrically using a Sievert’s apparatus. Over several cycles of isotherm measurements at 77 K, the hydrogen storage capacities of one of the fullerite samples increased from an initial value of 0.4 wt % for the first cycle to a capacity of 4.4 wt % for the fourth cycle. Correspondingly, the surface area of this sample increased from 0.9 to 11 m2/g, and there were changes in its x-ray powder diffraction pattern. In comparison, two other fullerite samples, prepared by a different procedure showed no such behavior. Pure C60 and pure C70 were also cycled and exhibited small and constant capacities of 0.7 and 0.33 wt %, respectively, as a function of number of cycles. The enhanced storage capacity of fullerite material is tentatively attributed to the presence of C60 oxide.
Clustering moving objects (2004)

Due to the advances in positioning technologies, the real time information of moving objects becomes increasingly available, which has posed new challenges to the database research. As a long-standing technique to identify overall distribution patterns in data, clustering has achieved brilliant successes in analyzing static datasets. In this paper, we study the problem of clustering moving objects, which could catch interesting pattern changes during the motion process and provide better insight into the essence of the mobile data points. In order to catch the spatial-temporal regularities of moving objects and handle large amounts of data, micro-clustering [20] is employed. Efficient techniques are proposed to keep the moving micro-clusters geographically small. Important events such as the collisions among moving micro-clusters are also identified. In this way, high quality moving micro-clusters are dynamically maintained, which leads to fast and competitive clustering result at any given time instance. We validate our approaches with a through experimental evaluation, where orders of magnitude improvement on running time is observed over normal K-Means clustering method [14].
Hybrid metal wire–dielectric terahertz waveguides: challenges and opportunities [Invited] (2014)

In this review we evaluate recent experimental and theoretical progress in the development of wire-based waveguides used for practical low-loss and low-dispersion delivery of terahertz radiation. Waveguides considered in this review utilize plasmonic modes guided in the air gap between two parallel wires. The two parallel wires are, in turn, encapsulated inside of a low-loss, low-refractive-index micro- or nano-structured cladding that provides mechanical stability and isolation from the environment. We describe two alternative techniques that may be used to encapsulate the two-wire waveguides while minimizing the negative impact of dielectric cladding on the optical properties of the waveguide. The first technique uses low-density foam as a cladding material, while the other uses air-filled microstructured plastic claddings to support metallic wires. Additionally, we offer a detailed analysis of the modal properties of wire-based waveguides, compare them with the properties of a classic two-wire waveguide, and present several strategies for the improvement of hybrid waveguide performance. Using the resonant dependence of the confinement properties of some hybrid plasmonic modes also allows us to propose their use in terahertz refractometry. Finally, we demonstrate that wire-based porous waveguides can have a very large operational bandwidth while supporting tightly confined, air-bound modes at both high and low frequencies. This is possible as, at higher frequencies, hybrid fibers can support ARROW-like low-loss air-bound modes while changing their guidance mechanism to plasmonic confinement in the inter-wire air gap at lower frequencies.
Terminology and specimen adequacy in cervicovaginal cytology. The College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program experience. (1992)

The 600 participants in the College of American Pathologists 1991 Interlaboratory Comparison Program in Cervicovaginal Cytology were surveyed by mailed questionnaire in March 1991. The total annual gynecologic specimen volume of the 362 respondents was over 7 million. Nearly all participants (94%) used a descriptive diagnosis for cases not within normal limits. Most (87%) have implemented or plan to implement the Bethesda System. A Papanicolaou class system was not used by 66%. Terminology for reporting squamous lesions with premalignant potential was variable, with many laboratories using two or more sets of terms. Specimen adequacy was routinely reported by 66% of participants. Median rates of unsatisfactory and "less than optimal" specimens reported by participants in 1990 were 0.5% to 0.9% (range, 0% to greater than 20%) and 3.0% to 4.9% (range, 0% to greater than 40%), respectively. Leading reasons for both unsatisfactory and less than optimal smears included scant cellularity, obscuring inflammation, obscuring blood or menses, and poor preservation. Absent endocervical component was also a leading reason for less than optimal specimens. The largest number of respondents required endocervical columnar cells and/or metaplastic cells as the criteria for an endocervical component. In conclusion, nearly all laboratories use descriptive terminology for smears that are abnormal, and most laboratories routinely report specimen adequacy. Frequency and criteria for unsatisfactory and less than optimal smears vary significantly, supporting the need for consensus definitions of specimen adequacy.
SAR Studies on Trisubstituted Benzimidazoles as Inhibitors of <i>Mtb</i> FtsZ for the Development of Novel Antitubercular Agents (2013)

FtsZ, an essential protein for bacterial cell division, is a highly promising therapeutic target, especially for the discovery and development of new-generation anti-TB agents. Following up the identification of two lead 2,5,6-trisubstituted benzimidazoles, 1 and 2, targeting Mtb-FtsZ in our previous study, an extensive SAR study for optimization of these lead compounds was performed through systematic modification of the 5 and 6 positions. This study has successfully led to the discovery of a highly potent advanced lead 5f (MIC = 0.06 μg/mL) and several other compounds with comparable potencies. These advanced lead compounds possess a dimethylamino group at the 6 position. The functional groups at the 5 position exhibit substantial effects on the antibacterial activity as well. In vitro experiments such as the FtsZ polymerization inhibitory assay and TEM analysis of Mtb-FtsZ treated with 5f and others indicate that Mtb-FtsZ is the molecular target for their antibacterial activity.
Regulation of the host range of human papovavirus JCV. (1987)

Human papovavirus JCV is associated with the human demyelinating disorder progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. In tissue culture, the virus is largely restricted to growth in primary human fetal glial cell. In this study, we demonstrate two levels of regulation of the viral host range. Expression of the early JCV mRNA, which encodes the essential viral protein, large tumor antigen (T antigen), depends on recognition of the early enhancer/promoter elements by tissue-specific factors found in both human and rodent glial cells. In the presence of JCV T antigen, viral DNA replication requires a species-specific factor, presumably a component of DNA polymerase, which is found in a wide range of primate cells. We further demonstrate that simian virus 40 T antigen has sufficient homology to efficiently substitute for the analogous JCV protein in initiating viral DNA replication.
Comparative Study of the Use of a Suturing System and Titanium Clips. (2000)

There is a need for secure and easy methods for suturing in laparoscopic surgery, no matter whether vessels are to be ligated, two structures sutured together, or the cystic duct is to be occluded in cholecystectomy. Laparoscopic suturing can be done with a suture, using automatic sewing devices or clips. Improper ligation of a vessel for example can result in bleeding, which is more difficult to treat in a laparoscopic procedure than in an open procedure. By using a Roeder knot in laparoscopic suturing, tying of the knot requires some expertise and makes the procedure more complicated and time-consuming.
Air pollution control in kraft pulp mills (1978)

A patented gas scrubbing process, whereby the emissions of malodorous reduced sulphur compounds are effectively and economically reduced, is described. Stack gases are scrubbed with an alkaline suspension of activated carbon. Reduced sulphur compounds as well as sulphur oxides are converted to sodium salts which are subsequently recovered and utilized for pulping. The process also reduces particulate emissions. It does not produce subsequent waste disposal problems and has little or, in some cases, zero net cost, on account of the simultaneous recovery of heat and chemicals. Furthermore, the paper also reviews some innovations made in gas chromatography techniques, for the measurement of trace quantities of sulphur compounds present in kraft mill emissions.
458. The organic chemistry of phosphorus. Part I. Some new methods for the preparation of alkyl halides (1953)

S. R. Landauer and H. N. Rydon, J. Chem. Soc., 1953, 2224 DOI: 10.1039/JR9530002224
Complete Genome Sequence of <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> Strain ND03 (2010)

Streptococcus thermophilus strain ND03 is a Chinese commercial dairy starter used for the manufacture of yogurt. It was isolated from naturally fermented yak milk in Qinghai, China. We present here the complete genome sequence of ND03 and compare it to three other published genomes of Streptococcus thermophilus strains.