gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystal Structures of HbA<sub>2</sub> and HbE and Modeling of Hemoglobin δ<sub>4</sub>:  Interpretation of the Thermal Stability and the Antisickling Effect of HbA<sub>2</sub> and Identification of the Ferrocyanide Binding Site in Hb (2004)

Hemoglobin A(2) (alpha(2)delta(2)) is an important hemoglobin variant which is a minor component (2-3%) in the circulating red blood cells, and its elevated concentration in beta-thalassemia is a useful clinical diagnostic. In beta-thalassemia major, where there is beta-chain production failure, HbA(2) acts as the predominant oxygen deliverer. HbA(2) has two more important features. (1) It is more resistant to thermal denaturation than HbA, and (2) it inhibits the polymerization of deoxy sickle hemoglobin (HbS). Hemoglobin E (E26K(beta)), formed as a result of the splice site mutation on exon 1 of the beta-globin gene, is another important hemoglobin variant which is known to be unstable at high temperatures. Both heterozygous HbE (HbAE) and homozygous HbE (HbEE) are benign disorders, but when HbE combines with beta-thalassemia, it causes E/beta-thalassemia which has severe clinical consequences. In this paper, we present the crystal structures of HbA(2) and HbE at 2.20 and 1.74 A resolution, respectively, in their R2 states, which have been used here to provide the probable explanations of the thermal stability and instability of HbA(2) and HbE. Using the coordinates of R2 state HbA(2), we modeled the structure of T state HbA(2) which allowed us to address the structural basis of the antisickling property of HbA(2). Using the coordinates of the delta-chain of HbA(2) (R2 state), we also modeled the structure of hemoglobin homotetramer delta(4) that occurs in the case of rare HbH disease. From the differences in intersubunit contacts among beta(4), gamma(4), and delta(4), we formed a hypothesis regarding the possible tetramerization pathway of delta(4). The crystal structure of a ferrocyanide-bound HbA(2) at 1.88 A resolution is also presented here, which throws light on the location and the mode of binding of ferrocyanide anion with hemoglobin, predominantly using the residues involved in DPG binding. The pH dependence of ferrocyanide binding with hemoglobin has also been investigated.
Enriched environment promotes behavioral and morphological recovery in a mouse model for the fragile X syndrome (2005)

Fragile X syndrome, the most frequent form of hereditary mental retardation, is due to a mutation of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene on the X chromosome. Like fragile X patients, FMR1-knockout (FMR1-KO) mice lack the normal fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and show both cognitive alterations and an immature neuronal morphology. We reared FMR1-KO mice in a C57BL/6 background in enriched environmental conditions to examine the possibility that experience-dependent stimulation alleviates their behavioral and neuronal abnormalities. FMR1-KO mice kept in standard cages were hyperactive, displayed an altered pattern of open field exploration, and did not show habituation. Quantitative morphological analyses revealed a reduction in basal dendrite length and branching together with more immature-appearing spines along apical dendrites of layer five pyramidal neurons in the visual cortex. Enrichment largely rescued these behavioral and neuronal abnormalities while increasing alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) glutamate receptor subunit 1 (GluR1) levels in both genotypes. Enrichment did not, however, affect FMRP levels in the WT mice. These data suggest that FMRP-independent pathways activating glutamatergic signaling are preserved in FMR1-KO mice and that they can be elicited by environmental stimulation.
Control of Microbial Sulfide Production with Biocides and Nitrate in Oil Reservoir Simulating Bioreactors (2015)

Oil reservoir souring by the microbial reduction of sulfate to sulfide is unwanted, because it enhances corrosion of metal infrastructure used for oil production and processing. Reservoir souring can be prevented or remediated by the injection of nitrate or biocides, although injection of biocides into reservoirs is not commonly done. Whether combined application of these agents may give synergistic reservoir souring control is unknown. In order to address this we have used up-flow sand-packed bioreactors injected with 2 mM sulfate and volatile fatty acids (VFA, 3 mM each of acetate, propionate and butyrate) at a flow rate of 3 or 6 pore volumes (PV) per day. Pulsed injection of the biocides glutaraldehyde (Glut), benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and cocodiamine was used to control souring. Souring control was determined as the recovery time (RT) needed to re-establish an aqueous sulfide concentration of 0.8-1 mM (of the 1.7-2 mM before the pulse). Pulses were either for a long time (120 h) at low concentration (long-low) or for a short time (1 h) at high concentration (short-high). The short-high strategy gave better souring control with Glut, whereas the long-low strategy was better with cocodiamine. Continuous injection of 2 mM nitrate alone was not effective, because 3 mM VFA can fully reduce both 2 mM nitrate to nitrite and N2 and, subsequently, 2 mM sulfate to sulfide. No synergy was observed for short-high pulsed biocides and continuously injected nitrate. However, use of continuous nitrate and long-low pulsed biocide gave synergistic souring control with BAC and Glut, as indicated by increased RTs in the presence, as compared to the absence of nitrate. Increased production of nitrite, which increases the effectiveness of souring control by biocides, is the most likely cause for this synergy.
Tumor volume determines the feasibility of cell‐free <scp>DNA</scp> sequencing for mutation detection in non‐small cell lung cancer (2016)

Next-generation sequencing (NGS) and digital PCR technologies allow analysis of the mutational profile of circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) in individuals with advanced lung cancer. We have now evaluated the feasibility of cfDNA sequencing for mutation detection in patients with non-small cell lung cancer at earlier stages. A total of 150 matched tumor and serum samples were collected from non-small cell lung cancer patients at stages IA-IIIA. Amplicon sequencing with DNA extracted from tumor tissue detected frequent mutations in EGFR (37% of patients), TP53 (39%), and KRAS (10%), consistent with previous findings. In contrast, NGS of cfDNA identified only EGFR, TP53, and PIK3CA mutations in three, five, and one patient, respectively, even though adequate amounts of cfDNA were extracted (median of 4936 copies/mL serum). Next-generation sequencing showed a high accuracy (98.8%) compared with droplet digital PCR for cfDNA mutation detection, suggesting that the low frequency of mutations in cfDNA was not due to a low assay sensitivity. Whereas the yield of cfDNA did not differ among tumor stages, the cfDNA mutations were detected in seven patients at stages IIA-IIIA and at T2b or T3. Tumor volume was significantly higher in the cfDNA mutation-positive patients than in the negative patients at stages T2b-T4 (159.1 ± 58.0 vs. 52.5 ± 9.9 cm<sup>3</sup> , P = 0.014). Our results thus suggest that tumor volume is a determinant of the feasibility of mutation detection with cfDNA as the analyte.
Alkoxylated Glyceride Emulsifiers in Agricultural Applications (2001)

Ethoxylated glycerides have long been known as effective and safe nonionic emulsifiers. They have been used in applications as diverse as food processing, textile applications, fiber finishes, leather processing, metal working, cosmetics, Pharmaceuticals, and of course, as agricultural other ingredients. In addition to their excellent emulsifying properties for oils, fats and solvents, ethoxylated triglycerides are widely recognized for their favorable human and ecotoxicological profiles. They are a preferred choice whenever sensitive environments must be protected and in cosmetic applications where they are known to mitigate the irritation potential of more aggressive surfactants. Current United States Environmental Protection Agency regulations restrict the choices available to agricultural formulators to a single triglyceride, castor oil, with between 5 and 54 moles of ethoxylation on growing crops, raw agricultural commodities and animals. No other ethoxylated or alkoxylated glycerides are specifically approved or located on the “List of 2500”, although some companies may have letters in their files allowing specific usage. Unfortunately the agricultural formulator choosing a castor-based surfactant is exposed to cyclical price swings. This would be lessened greatly if alternatives based on soybean or canola oil were found to be satisfactory. The present work examines the emulsification properties of several alkoxylated glycerides derived from canola oil. Comparisons are drawn with examples of castor oil and castor wax ethoxylates. The systems studied included a selection of solvent-based Emulsifiable Concentrate (EC) formulations as well as a commonly used methyl ester.
Prediction of Foreign Exchange Rate Using Data MiningEnsemble Method (2016)

This project presents the implementation prediction that can accuracy predict the foreign exchange rate. how the prediction accuracy can be improved by developing an ensemble model of the deep learning algorithm, Distributed Random forest and generalised linear model using sparkling water (Spark +H20). According to the researchers of literature review from 2000-2016, there are several models that has been used for predicting the foreign exchange rate. Among which Artificial Neural Network, Linear regression, Support vector machine, Arima are best-suited models for predicting the time series data. By having the above models as a base for this project and also by considering this project with the time series data of exchange rate, an additional feature of an ensemble is done on the output of these three models. This model is also implemented on the big data for getting better accuracy and faster predictions. Each model by using sparkling water produces the accuracy\nof more the 90% and the ensemble models increase the accuracy of the model by 3% with the accuracy of 93%. The evaluation and the results of this model clearly delivers the ensemble method, on the sparkling water which can efficiently improve the accuracy and performance of the model.
果品蔬菜保鲜——气调(CA)技术的发展与推广应用 (1993)

为什么要用气调保鲜?众所周知,果蔬保鲜与呼吸引起的新陈代谢有直接的关系。呼吸强度越高,老化越快,进而导致果实的腐败。在过去很长一段时间内,冷藏一直是降低果实呼吸强度,延长贮期的唯一可能措施。气调贮藏试验是在本世纪初开始的。五十年代气调工艺在欧洲及英国首先在苹果及梨的贮藏上得到了经济有效的应用。与单纯的冷藏相比,气调贮藏具有以下优点:
Aqueous rechargeable zinc/sodium vanadate batteries with enhanced performance from simultaneous insertion of dual carriers (2018)

Rechargeable aqueous zinc-ion batteries are promising energy storage devices due to their high safety and low cost. However, they remain in their infancy because of the limited choice of positive electrodes with high capacity and satisfactory cycling performance. Furthermore, their energy storage mechanisms are not well established yet. Here we report a highly reversible zinc/sodium vanadate system, where sodium vanadate hydrate nanobelts serve as positive electrode and zinc sulfate aqueous solution with sodium sulfate additive is used as electrolyte. Different from conventional energy release/storage in zinc-ion batteries with only zinc-ion insertion/extraction, zinc/sodium vanadate hydrate batteries possess a simultaneous proton, and zinc-ion insertion/extraction process that is mainly responsible for their excellent performance, such as a high reversible capacity of 380 mAh g<sup>-1</sup> and capacity retention of 82% over 1000 cycles. Moreover, the quasi-solid-state zinc/sodium vanadate hydrate battery is also a good candidate for flexible energy storage device.
Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction: Applications in Diagnostic Microbiology (2013)

The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) has revolutionized the detection of DNA and RNA. Real-Time PCR (RT-PCR) is becoming the gold standard test for accurate, sensitive and fast diagnosis for a large range of infectious agents. Benefits of this procedure over conventional methods for measuring RNA include its sensitivity, high throughout and quantification. RT-PCR assays have advanced the diagnostic abilities of clinical laboratories particularly microbiology and infectious diseases. In this review we would like to briefly discuss RT-PCR in diagnostic microbiology laboratory, beginning with a general introduction to RT-PCR and its principles, setting up an RT-PCR, including multiplex systems and the avoidance and remediation of contamination issues. A segment of the review would be devoted to the application of RT-PCR in clinical practice concentrating on its role in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases.
Colour matching using LEDs as primaries (2004)

Abstract In our metameric experiment, the colour of a filtered incandescent lamp was matched with the additive mixture of three LEDs in a Lummer–Brodhun‐type visual photometer. Two sets of primaries were used, one had their dominant wavelengths at 467, 533, and 600 nm; the other set had dominant wavelengths at 478, 552, and 635 nm. These values correspond approximately to the characteristic wavelengths of the Prime and Non‐Prime Colour spectral regions defined by W. A. Thornton. 1 Both the light of the incandescent lamp and that of the LED clusters were seen monocularly in a centrally divided bipartite field at a visual angle of 2°. The luminance of the matching fields was in the order of 20 cd/m 2 to provide sufficient gamut for the LED mixture. Ten young observers with normal colour vision participated in the experiment. The emission spectra of the viewing fields were measured with an array‐type spectroradiometer, and two sets of colour‐matching functions were used to calculate the chromaticity of the matching stimuli: the CIE 1931 standard colorimetric observer and the Judd–Vos modification of the colour‐matching functions. We found that the Judd–Vos modification of the CIE 1931 standard observer represents more accurately the real observers in the evaluation of our results. No systematic differences between the use of the two sets of LEDs were detected in contradiction to Thornton's findings. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 29, 360–364, 2004; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20044
Tissue Injury Caused by Wound Disinfectants (1967)

Wound disinfectants of various kinds were tested on microwounds and on different tissues in animals and in man. The analysis was performed by vital microscopy, electron microscopy, and microangiography. It was found that disinfectants, regardless of type, damaged tissue and interfered with tissue function, thereby increasing the injury already existing in a damaged tissue and delaying wound healing. The significance of these findings for wound healing is discussed. The importance of using the lowest possible concentration of disinfectant, consistent with adequate antiseptic effects, and of a non-toxic vehicle, is emphasized. It should be possible to modify already existing disinfectants according to the requirements of the tissue and to take not only the bacteria but also the injured tissue into consideration when new disinfectants are designed, tested, and selected.
Cloud shadow detection under arbitrary viewing and illumination conditions (2000)

Relatively little work on cloud shadow detection has been published and many of these papers deal with restricted geometries. Here, arbitrary viewing and illumination conditions are considered. A means is provided to extend more restricted treatments of cloud shadow detection and removal to the general case.
Endogenous CD28 expressed on myeloma cells up-regulates interleukin-8 production: implications for multiple myeloma progression (2001)

CD28 is the major costimulatory molecule on T cells. CD28 activation, in conjunction with T-cell receptor engagement, up-regulates transcription of several cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), through transcriptional activation of the RE/AP composite element. Although CD28 is not normally expressed on B cells or plasma cells, more than 90% of extramedullary myelomas (a late stage B-cell neoplasm) express CD28. The functional significance of this is unknown. The results of this study demonstrate that CD28 stimulates transcriptional activation of RE/AP-based reporters in B cells and myeloma cells. However, CD28 stimulation does not up-regulate IL-2 production in myeloma cell lines, demonstrating that the IL-2 promoter may not be a relevant RE/AP-containing target of CD28 in myelomas. Instead, an RE/AP composite element has been identified within the promoter of the IL-8 gene, a chemokine that promotes angiogenesis. Furthermore, stimulation of endogenous CD28 expressed by 3 myeloma cell lines increased IL-8 production. Therefore, the study demonstrates that CD28 is functional in myelomas to up-regulate transcription of endogenous genes, including IL-8. The proposal is made that aberrant expression of CD28 may play a role in the progression of multiple myeloma.
Description and outcome of a cohort of 8 patients with WHIM syndrome from the French Severe Chronic Neutropenia Registry (2012)

Continuous prophylactic anti-infective measures, when started in early childhood, seem to effectively prevent further bacterial infections and the consequent development of COPD. Long-term follow up is needed to evaluate the effect of early anti-HPV targeted prophylaxis on the development of skin and genital warts.
Importance of Uterine Cell Death, Renewal, and Their Hormonal Regulation in Hamsters that Show Progesterone-Dependent Implantation (2006)

This study was initiated to investigate the significance of uterine cell death and proliferation during the estrous cycle and early pregnancy and their correlation with sex steroids in hamsters where blastocyst implantation occurs in only progesterone-primed uteri. The results obtained in hamsters were also compared with mice where blastocyst implantation occurs in progesterone-primed uteri if estrogen is provided. Apoptotic cells in the uterus were detected by using terminal deoxynucleotide transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling (TUNEL) technique. Uterine cell proliferation was determined by 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine labeling followed by immunohistochemistry and methyl-tritiated [(3)H]thymidine labeling. Active caspase-3, an executor protein of cell death, expression was assayed by immunohistochemistry/immunofluorescence. Our results demonstrate that epithelial proliferation on the second day after mating marks the initiation of pregnancy-related uterine changes in both species despite their differences in hormonal requirements. Hamsters and mice showed subtle differences in uterine proliferative and apoptotic patterns during early pregnancy and in response to steroids. There existed almost a direct correlation between apoptosis and caspase-3 expression, suggesting uterine cell death mostly involves the caspase pathway. Consistent with these findings, we showed, for the first time, that execution of uterine epithelial cell apoptosis by caspase-3 is important for blastocyst implantation because a caspsase-3 inhibitor N-acetyl-DEVD-CHO when instilled inside the uterine lumen on d 3 of pregnancy inhibits implantation in hamsters and mice. The overall results indicate that uterine cell apoptosis and proliferation patterns are highly ordered cell-specific phenomena that play an important role in maintaining the sexual cycle and pregnancy-associated uterine changes.
Analysis at Urbana (1989)

Throughout the academic year 1986-87, the University of Illinois was host to a symposium on mathematical analysis which was attended by some of the leading figures in the field. This book arises out of this special year and lays emphasis on the synthesis of modern and classical analysis at the current frontiers of knowledge. The contributed articles by the participants cover the gamut of mainstream topics. This book will be essential to researchers in mathematical analysis.
Therapeutic prospects for bradykinin receptor agonists in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. (2004)

Kinins are located in the vascular smooth muscle and the heart, and are the most potent biologically active polypeptides. Pharmacological studies of cardiovascular disorders, including hypertension, cardiac failure, ischemia, myocardial infarction and left ventricular hypertrophy, indicate that reduced activity of the local kallikrein-kinin system (KKS) may be instrumental in the induction of these disorders. The ability of kallikrein gene delivery and bradykinin (BK) B2 receptor agonists to produce a wide spectrum of beneficial effects make them excellent candidate therapies for the treatment of hypertension, and cardiovascular and renal diseases. In addition, strategies that activate kinin receptors may be applicable to the treatment of cardiovascular and renal disorders. However, one major challenge of this approach is the unanswered question of whether there is a sufficiently safe therapeutic index between the potential cardioprotective and pro-inflammatory effects following administration of BK B2 receptor agonists.
Analysis of on- and off-line optimized predictive current controllers for PWM converter systems (1991)

The problem of on-off current control for coupling of a DC voltage system with a three-phase (polyphase) AC voltage system via a pulsewidth modulated (PWM) converter is discussed. The AC voltage represents either the counter EMF (electromotive force) of an AC machine or the three-phase power supply system (mains). The following control concepts are investigated by digital computer simulation: a simple hysteresis controller; a predictive controller with online optimization (optimization with respect to minimum switching frequency); and a controller based on offline optimization (using a switching table). It is shown that the relatively involved predictive controller can be replaced by a switching table of very limited size. For rating of the treated controllers the switching frequency as a function of the RMS voltage of the AC system and the other system parameters is used.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dual-regulated gene expression in mammalian cells, a novel approach to gene therapy (2001)

Founded in 1683 in Leiden, the Netherlands, Brill is a leading international academic publisher in the Humanities, Social Sciences, International Law, and Biology. With offices in the Netherlands, Germany, Austria, the USA and Asia, Brill today publishes more than 360 journals and 2,000 new books and reference works each year as well as a large number of databases and primary source research collections.