gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: isozymes and mutations (1995)

Introduction Steroid hormones bound to their specific nuclear receptors exert diverse physiological effects on gene expression in target tissues. One important mechanism by which cells modify hormone action is by modulating the structure of the steroid hormone ligand. 17β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17β-HSD) is an enzyme involved in the activation, reducing 17-keto steroids to 17β-hydroxy steroids, and inactivation, oxidizing 17β-hydroxy steroids to 17-keto steroids, of androgens and estrogens (Fig. 1). Its reductase activity increases the affinity of the cognate receptors for their ligands, whereas 17β-hydroxy steroids are inactivated by the dehydrogenase activity. A general observation is that gonadal tissues convert 17-keto steroids to 17β-hydroxy steroids, where the opposite is observed for extragonadal tissues. It is unlikely that the redox potential of a given cell determines the direction of the reaction. More likely is that differential expression of 17β-HSD isozymes determines the net activity in a given tissue. The recent cloning of multiple
The Prospect for Accelerator Superconducting Magnets: HL-LHC and Beyond (2019)

Superconducting Magnets for High Energy Physics Accelerators are entering a new era. The successful operation of the LHC in the last decade has marked the summit of the Nb-Ti technology exploitation initiated by the Tevatron. Now, after two decades of development, Nb 3 Sn technology for accelerators is becoming mature and the construction of the high luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) magnets will be the most tangible sign of the new phase, with magnets that will operate well beyond the symbolic threshold of 10 T. In addition, 30 years after its discovery, the high temperature superconductors (HTSs) for accelerator magnets are under development and test, to understand if these materials can enable the 20 T range for next accelerator/colliders foreseen after 2030. The paper reviews the main issues and the criticalities of the magnets’ development for the next future project, HL-LHC, and gives the prospect for the design and technological effort that is underway in magnet technology for the energy Frontier (FCC/HE-LHC).
Electron Transfer Dissociation Mass Spectrometry of Hemoglobin on Clinical Samples (2012)

A mass spectrometry-based assay combining the specificity of selected reaction monitoring and the protein ion activation capabilities of electron transfer dissociation was developed and employed for the rapid identification of hemoglobin variants from whole blood without previous proteolytic cleavage. The analysis was performed in a robust ion trap mass spectrometer operating at nominal mass accuracy and resolution. Subtle differences in globin sequences, resulting with mass shifts of about one Da, can be unambiguously identified. These results suggest that mass spectrometry analysis of entire proteins using electron transfer dissociation can be employed on clinical samples in a workflow compatible with diagnostic applications.
Ray tracing Jell-O <sup>®</sup> Brand Gelatin (1987)

Ray tracing has established itself in recent years as the most general image synthesis algorithm. Researchers have investigated ray-surface intersection calculations for a number of surface primitives, including checkerboards, glass balls, green fractal hills, mandrills, abstract blue surfaces , more glass balls, robot arms, pool balls, low-resolution clouds, morphine molecules, aquatic blobby things making strange noises, fantastic cities, and running skeletons. Unfortunately, nobody has ray traced any food . The Dessert Realism Project here at Pixar is addressing this problem. This paper presents new technology for ray tracing Jell-O&reg; brand gelatin. We believe the method may have application to other brands of gelatin and perhaps pudding as well.
Cavity-backed slot antennas for wireless portable devices (2016)

Conventional cavity-backed slot antenna (CBSA) consists of a resonant metal cavity, having a slot, fed by a probe. The cavity for such an antenna requires large space. This paper presents an alternative to such antennas by using a compact non-resonant cavity where the slots are excited. The CBSA is presented for dual-band (2.4 GHz and 5 GHz) Wi-Fi applications for portable wireless devices with the thickness in the range of 6-7 mm. Two types of CBSA are presented. The first one can be placed at the edge of a laptop/tablet. The second type is a further compact version that can be placed at the corner of the devices. The antennas meet the efficiency requirements that is greater than -7 dB in the 2.4 GHz band and greater than -6 dB in the 5 GHz band. Hence, presented antennas are suitable candidate of Wi-Fi antennas for laptops or tablets.
The case of the missing pitch templates: How harmonic templates emerge in the early auditory system (2000)

Periodicity pitch is the most salient and important of all pitch percepts. Psychoacoustical models of this percept have long postulated the existence of internalized harmonic templates against which incoming resolved spectra can be compared, and pitch determined according to the best matching templates [J. Goldstein, J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 54, 1496-1516 (1973)]. However, it has been a mystery where and how such harmonic templates can come about. We present here a biologically plausible model for how such templates can form in the early stages of the auditory system. The model demonstrates that any broadband stimulus, including noise and random click trains, suffices for generating the templates, and that there is no need for any delay lines, oscillators, or other neural temporal structures. The model consists of two key stages: cochlear filtering followed by coincidence detection. The cochlear stage provides responses analogous to those recorded in the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus. Specifically, it performs moderately sharp frequency analysis via a filterbank with tonotopically ordered center frequencies (CFs); the rectified and phase-locked filter responses are further enhanced temporally to resemble the synchronized responses of cells in the cochlear nucleus. The second stage is a matrix of coincidence detectors that compute the average pairwise instantaneous correlation (or product) between responses from all CFs across the channels. Model simulations show that for any broadband stimulus, a degree of high coincidence occurs among cochlear channels that are spaced precisely at harmonic intervals. Accumulating coincidences over time results in the formation of harmonic templates for all fundamental frequencies in the phase-locking frequency range. The model accounts for the critical role played by three subtle but important factors in cochlear function: the nonlinear transformations following the filtering stage, the rapid phase shifts of the traveling wave near its resonance, and the spectral resolution of the cochlear filters. Finally, we discuss the physiological correlates and location of such a process and its resulting templates.
Relationships in a bismaleimide resin system. Part I: Cure mechanisms (1992)

Abstract A series of bismaleimide resin systems has been examined in order to identify the molecular features responsible for the mechanical response of these materials. A range of network structures was produced both by formulation of resins with different ratios of N,N′‐bismaleimido‐4,4′‐diphenylmethane (BMI) and methylene dianiline (MDA), and by the use of different thermal processing cycles. Spectrographic and chromatographic techniques were used to study the reactions that occurred during the cure. Two principal reactions were confirmed: a Michael addition reaction which provides linear chain growth, and an addition reaction which produces crosslinking through the double bonds of the maleimide group. In general, curing at a lower temperature or increasing the MDA content served to favor chain extension over crosslinking, which might be expected to increase molecular mobility in the resin.
Functional IL6R 358Ala Allele Impairs Classical IL-6 Receptor Signaling and Influences Risk of Diverse Inflammatory Diseases (2013)

Inflammation, which is directly regulated by interleukin-6 (IL-6) signaling, is implicated in the etiology of several chronic diseases. Although a common, non-synonymous variant in the IL-6 receptor gene (IL6R Asp358Ala; rs2228145 A>C) is associated with the risk of several common diseases, with the 358Ala allele conferring protection from coronary heart disease (CHD), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), atrial fibrillation (AF), abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), and increased susceptibility to asthma, the variant's effect on IL-6 signaling is not known. Here we provide evidence for the association of this non-synonymous variant with the risk of type 1 diabetes (T1D) in two independent populations and confirm that rs2228145 is the major determinant of the concentration of circulating soluble IL-6R (sIL-6R) levels (34.6% increase in sIL-6R per copy of the minor allele 358Ala; rs2228145 [C]). To further investigate the molecular mechanism of this variant, we analyzed expression of IL-6R in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in 128 volunteers from the Cambridge BioResource. We demonstrate that, although 358Ala increases transcription of the soluble IL6R isoform (P = 8.3×10⁻²²) and not the membrane-bound isoform, 358Ala reduces surface expression of IL-6R on CD4+ T cells and monocytes (up to 28% reduction per allele; P≤5.6×10⁻²²). Importantly, reduced expression of membrane-bound IL-6R resulted in impaired IL-6 responsiveness, as measured by decreased phosphorylation of the transcription factors STAT3 and STAT1 following stimulation with IL-6 (P≤5.2×10⁻⁷). Our findings elucidate the regulation of IL-6 signaling by IL-6R, which is causally relevant to several complex diseases, identify mechanisms for new approaches to target the IL-6/IL-6R axis, and anticipate differences in treatment response to IL-6 therapies based on this common IL6R variant.
Electrocatalytic Carbon Dioxide Activation: The Rate‐Determining Step of Pyridinium‐Catalyzed CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction (2011)

The reactivity of reduced pyridinium with CO(2) was investigated as a function of catalyst concentration, temperature, and pressure at platinum electrodes. Concentration experiments show that the catalytic current measured by cyclic voltammetry increases linearly with pyridinium and CO(2) concentrations; this indicates that the rate-determining step is first order in both. The formation of a carbamate intermediate is supported by the data presented. Increased electron density at the pyridyl nitrogen upon reduction, as calculated by DFT, favors a Lewis acid/base interaction between the nitrogen and the CO(2). The rate of the known side reaction, pyridinium coupling to form hydrogen, does not vary over the temperature range investigated and had a rate constant of 2.5 M(-1) s(-1). CO(2) reduction followed Arrhenius behavior and the activation energy determined by electrochemical simulation was (69±10) kJ mol(-1).
Contribution of resonance to ground bounce in lossy thin film planes (2002)

This paper discusses the pulse propagation effects on lossy thin film package planes. The ground bounce phenomena produced by the resonance on planes has been captured using a combination of modeling techniques and measurements. A macromodeling method has been used to explain the transient phenomena by using the dominant poles and residues of the system.
Outlooks for GaAs terrestrial photovoltaics (1975)

GaAs photovoltaic device structure are examined as an attractive alternate to Si devices for large scale terrestrial power generation. The role of other III-V and II-VI compounds, particularly CdS, is also discussed. (AIP)
HOT MWIR detectors on silicon substrates (2018)

The main driving force for High Operating Temperature (HOT) detectors is the strong need for low cost, compact IR imaging solution capable of supporting a wide range of military and civilian applications. In the HOT regime where imagers can be cooled with multi-stage thermoelectric coolers, the major portion of the cost is due to the die-level back-end process, from the chip hybridization to final packaging. We present here an approach to achieve significant cost reduction of MWIR imagers by monolithically integrating III-V devices directly on Silicon substrates for wafer-scale fabrication and packaging of focal plane arrays (FPAs). High quality InAs films can be grown on a blanket Silicon wafer by metal-organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) in a low growth temperature regime that complies with the thermal budget of the Si-electronics. High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy reveals predominantly oriented, single-crystal-like InAs films, with Σ3(111) twin boundaries, which our band structure calculations predict to be electrically benign. More intriguingly, selective-area growth on SiO<sub>2</sub>-masked ROIC-like templates is demonstrated with single-crystal-like InAs film nucleation at small Si(001) openings, together with the suppression of unwanted deposition on the dielectric mask. High crystallinity lateral epitaxial overgrowth of the InAs islands and film coalescence is achieved, enabling the potential to fully cover the entire patterned substrate. MBE-grown MWIR devices (λcut-off = 4.1 μm) on blanket InAs/Si templates exhibit a dark current of 2x10<sup>-5</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup> , a specific detectivity of 6x1011 Jones and a quantum efficiency (QE) above 60% at 100K. The QE remains constant at high temperatures (<200K) where the dark current approaches that of baseline single-crystal HOT devices grown on native substrates At 230K, it is 6x10<sup>-2</sup> A/cm<sup>2</sup>, yielding a specific detectivity of 10<sup>10</sup> Jones.
Recent Advances in Neurokinin Receptor Antagonists (1999)

The structurally related neuropeptides, substance P (SP), neurokinin A (NKA), and neurokinin B (NKB), which belong to a family of molecules termed tachykinins and are widely distributed in the central and peripheral nervous systems, influence the function of many tissues. SP and NKA have links to the following chronic diseases: asthma, inflammatory bowel disorders, rheumatoid arthritis, pain and psychiatric disorders. These peptides exert their effects through three G-protein coupled receptor subtypes, namely, the NK1, NK2, and NK3 receptors. Non-peptide antagonists of these receptors may provide opportunities for disease treatments. In this review, the very recent advances in nonpeptide neurokinin receptor antagonists will be described with an emphasis on structure-activity relationships which have been developed.
Evidence for tissue-specific activation of renal angiotensinogen mRNA expression in chronic stable experimental heart failure. (1992)

The intrarenal renin-angiotensin system (RAS) may contribute to the pathophysiology of heart failure by the generation of angiotensin II at local sites within the kidneys. Angiotensin II may directly influence renal hemodynamics, glomerular contractility, and tubular sodium reabsorption, thereby promoting sodium and fluid retention in this syndrome. In the present study, we examined components of the circulating RAS as well as the intrarenal expressions of renin and angiotensinogen mRNA in rats with stable compensated heart failure (HF) 12 wk after experimental myocardial infarction. Renal angiotensinogen mRNA level in vehicle-treated HF rats increased 47%, as compared with sham control rats (P = 0.001). The increase in angiotensinogen mRNA levels was more pronounced in animals with medium (46%, P < 0.05) and large (66%, P < 0.05) infarcts than in those with small infarcts (31%, P = NS). There were no differences in liver angiotensinogen mRNA, circulating angiotensinogen, angiotensin II, plasma renin concentration (PRC), kidney renin content (KRC), and renal renin mRNA level between sham and HFv. In addition, in a separate group of rats with heart failure, we demonstrated that renal angiotensin II concentration increased twofold (P < 0.05) as compared with that of age-matched sham operated controls. A parallel group of heart failure rats (HFe, n = 11) was treated with enalapril (25 mg/kg per d) in drinking water for 6 wk before these measurements. Blood pressure decreased significantly during treatment (91 vs. 103 mm Hg, P < 0.05). Enalapril treatment in HF rats increased renin mRNA level (2.5-fold, P < 0.005), KRC (5.6-fold, P = 0.005), and PRC (15.5-fold, P < 0.005). The increase in renal angiotensinogen mRNA level observed in HFv rats was markedly attenuated in enalapril treated HF rats (P < 0.001), suggesting a positive feedback of angiotensin II on renal angiotensinogen synthesis. These findings demonstrate an activation of intrarenal RAS, but no changes in the circulating counterpart in this model of experimental heart failure, and they support the concept that the intrinsic renal RAS may contribute to the pathophysiology in this syndrome.
Discovering workflow patterns from timed logs (2004)

Abstract: Traditionally, workflow modeling is typically done by interviews or questionnaires which stay quite limited for the acquisition of workflow models and their adaptation to changing requirements. In order to build such model, this paper proposes to “reverse the process”. The approach, we propose, is able to acquire workflow model from workflow log, which contains information about execution events. This paper presents a mining technique to discover workflows patterns (e.g. Sequence, Parallel split, Exclusive choice, etc.) from workflow event log in the objective to build a global workflow model. An event log is a view of a workflow execution at a given instant. The mining of workflow patterns is done by the combination of two complementary techniques: an algorithmic technique and a statistical analysis. The building of the global workflow model is done with bottom-up approach. The discovering technique proposed can deal with some ambiguities where the single use of an algorithmic technique method cannot resolve. 1
Algorithms and data structures in computational topology (2014)

La théorie de l'homologie généralise en dimensions supérieures la notion de connectivité dans les graphes. Étant donné un domaine, décrit par un complexe simplicial, elle définit une famille de groupes qui capturent le nombre de composantes connexes, le nombre de trous, le nombre de cavités et le nombre de motifs équivalents en dimensions supérieures. En pratique, l'homologie permet d'analyser des systèmes de données complexes, interprétés comme des nuages de points dans des espaces métriques. La théorie de l'homologie persistante introduit une notion robuste d'homologie pour l'inférence topologique. Son champ d'application est vaste, et comprend notamment la description d'espaces des configurations de systèmes dynamiques complexes, la classification de formes soumises à des déformations et l'apprentissage en imagerie médicale. Dans cette thèse, nous étudions les ramifications algorithmiques de l'homologie persistante. En premier lieu, nous introduisons l'arbre des simplexes, une structure de données efficace pour construire et manipuler des complexes simpliciaux de grandes dimensions. Nous présentons ensuite une implémentation rapide de l'algorithme de cohomologie persistante à l'aide d'une matrice d'annotations compressée. Nous raffinons également l'inférence de topologie en décrivant une notion de torsion en homologie persistante, et nous introduisons la méthode de reconstruction modulaire pour son calcul. Enfin, nous présentons un algorithme de calcul de l'homologie persistante zigzag, qui est une généralisation algébrique de la persistance. Pour cet algorithme, nous introduisons de nouveaux théorèmes de transformations locales en théorie des représentations de carquois, appelés principes du diamant. Ces algorithmes sont tous implémentés dans la librairie de calcul Gudhi.
Biomimetic nanostructured antireflection coating and its application on crystalline silicon solar cells (2011)

In this report, we demonstrate the implementation of biomimetic nanostructured antireflection coatings with polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) layer on the micro-textured surface of silicon crystalline solar cells. To reduce cost, the process combines colloidal lithography, cast molding method, and reversal nanoimprint lithography. The technique is simple, low cost, and does not cause damage to the thin and brittle conventional crystalline solar cells. The antireflection properties of this biomimetic nanostructure coating are considered as effective as those of a conventional single-layer SiNx thin film. The resultant structures alone could reduce the average reflectance of solar cell from 13.2% to 7.8% and enhance power conversion efficiency from 12.85% to 14.2%.
Monoclonal antibodies raised against 167–180 aa sequence of human carbonic anhydrase XII inhibit its enzymatic activity (2014)

Abstract Human carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) is a single-pass transmembrane protein with an extracellular catalytic domain. This enzyme is being recognized as a potential biomarker for different tumours. The current study was aimed to generate monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) neutralizing the enzymatic activity of CA XII. Bioinformatics analysis of CA XII structure revealed surface-exposed sequences located in a proximity of its catalytic centre. Two MAbs against the selected antigenic peptide spanning 167-180 aa sequence of CA XII were generated. The MAbs were reactive with recombinant catalytic domain of CA XII expressed either in E. coli or mammalian cells. Inhibitory activity of the MAbs was demonstrated by a stopped flow CO2 hydration assay. The study provides new data on the surface-exposed linear CA XII epitope that may serve as a target for inhibitory antibodies with a potential immunotherapeutic application.
Nicotine intake and Alzheimer's disease. (1991)

Bleeding peptic ulcers SIR,-Professor Stephen Bown is correct to remark on the recent advances in endoscopic treatment of bleeding peptic ulcers. With the emerging evidence of the efficacy of endoscopic techniques, and with an aging population, who tolerate laparotomv badly, these techniques should be more widely available. Professor Bown discusses the evidence of their efficacy in a traditional narrative manner, and I am confident that his conclusions are correct. He has not, however, explored the results of three relevant meta-analyses.24 Two of these studies were reviewed at a workshop on meta-analysis in gastrointestinal haemorrhage held in Newcastle, New South Wales, in September last year.' This was a satellite meeting of the World Congress of Gastroenterology.
The Clustering Based on the Equivalent Dissimilarity Degree Matrix (2004)

In this paper, the property of the dissimilarity degree matrix is discussed. It is proved that the n-l-th power of the n-th-order dissimilarity degree matrix is an equivalent dissimilarity degree matrix. It gives out the serial quadratic fast solution method of the equivalent dissimilarity matrix, and the clustering method based on the equivalent dissimilarity degree matrix. At last, by experiment, the clustering method is proved to be feasible and effective.
Low impact motor control with star-delta starting (2002)

Starting motors using 'across-the-line' techniques has a heavy impact on the power delivery system. For rural, power capacity limited and emergency delivery systems or storefront manufacturing operations, this is unacceptable. With the interest in world trading, exporters must be aware that most foreign (to the USA) countries are less tolerant of high motor starting currents than US domestic users. The technical expertise of the foreign plant maintenance staff may not support electronic starters which reduce starting currents. Three phase star-delta starting arrangements, a well known but often bypassed technique, can meet the requirements if the associated reduced starting torque is acceptable. This paper reviews the calculation methods for determining starting currents and torques. Procedures for selecting the correct motor overload devices, motor branch circuit wire sizes and starting device configurations are presented. Motor starting and protection diagrams are presented and discussed. The benefits and limitations of this starting technique are discussed.