gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of alternative electron acceptors on the anaerobic biodegradability of chlorinated phenols and benzoic acids (1993)

Nitrate, sulfate, and carbonate were used as electron acceptors to examine the anaerobic biodegradability of chlorinated aromatic compounds in estuarine and freshwater sediments. The respective denitrifying, sulfidogenic, and methanogenic enrichment cultures were established on each of the monochlorinated phenol and monochlorinated benzoic acid isomers, using sediment from the upper (freshwater) and lower (estuarine) Hudson River and the East River (estuarine) as source materials. Utilization of each chlorophenol and chlorobenzoate isomer was observed under at least one reducing condition; however, no single reducing condition permitted the metabolism of all six compounds tested. The anaerobic biodegradation of the chlorophenols and chlorobenzoates depended on the electron acceptor available and on the position of the chlorine substituent. In general, similar activities were observed under the different reducing conditions in both the freshwater and estuarine sediments. Under denitrifying conditions, degradation of 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate was accompanied by nitrate loss corresponding reasonably to the stoichiometric values expected for complete oxidation of the chlorobenzoate to CO2. Under sulfidogenic conditions, 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate, but not 2-chlorobenzoate, and all three monochlorophenol isomers were utilized, while under methanogenic conditions all compounds except 4-chlorobenzoate were metabolized. Given that the pattern of activity appears different for these chlorinated compounds under each reducing condition, their biodegradability appears to be more a function of the presence of competent microbial populations than one of inherent molecular structure.
Patents in Health Care - Subsidy and Victimisation? (1994)

In theory, a patent provides a monopoly over a product or a process in return for the disclosure of an inventive discovery. In practice, however, it is an indirect form of government intervention in healthcare which carries enormous calculable costs but whose benefits are entirely a matter of faith. It is ironic that in healthcare of all areas, where the guiding principle is the application of the scientific method, extraordinary investments are made in a system which so far has not been subjected to any scientific test.
Estimating the Hemodynamic Impact of Interventional Treatments of Aneurysms: Numerical Simulation with Experimental Validation: Technical Case Report (2006)

Computational fluid dynamics flow simulations in a complex patient-specific aneurysm geometry were validated by in vivo and in vitro phase-contrast magnetic resonance imaging, and were shown to be useful in modeling the likely hemodynamic impact of interventional treatment of the aneurysm.
Purification and Characterization of Xylanases from Alkalophilic Thermophilic<i>Bacillus</i>spp. (1985)

Xylanases from alkalophilic thermophilic Bacillus spp. Wl and W2 were purified and characterized. The xylanases from the two strains were fractionated into two active components (I and II) by DEAE-Toyopearl 650M chromatography. Components I from the two strains had similar properties: optimum pH, 6.0; optimum temperature, 65°C; isoelectric point, pH 8.5 and 8.3; molecular weight, 21,500 and 22,500; and Michaelis constant, 4.5 and 4.0mg-xylan/ml. Components II from the two strains also had similar properties: optimum pH, 7.0~9.0 and 7.0~9.5; optimum temperature, 70°C; isoelectric point, pH 3.6 and 3.7; molecular weight, 49,500 and 50,000; and Michaelis constant, 0.95 and 0.57mg-xylan/ml. The activities of components I and II were inhibited by Hg++ and Cu++. Components I hydrolyzed xylan to yield xylobiose and higher oligomers, but components II produced xylose other than xylobiose and xylooligomers.
Broadband on-chip optical non-reciprocity using phase modulators (2013)

Breaking the reciprocity of light propagation in a nanoscale photonic integrated circuit (PIC) is a topic of intense research, fostered by the promises of this technology in areas ranging from experimental research in classical and quantum optics to high-rate telecommunications and data interconnects. In particular, silicon PICs fabricated in processes compatible with the existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) infrastructure have attracted remarkable attention. However, a practical solution for integrating optical isolators and circulators within the current CMOS technology remains elusive. Here, we introduce a new non-reciprocal photonic circuit operating with standard single-mode waveguides or optical fibers. Our design exploits a time-dependent index modulation obtained with conventional phase modulators such as the one widely available in silicon photonics platforms. Because it is based on fully balanced interferometers and does not involve resonant structures, our scheme is also intrinsically broadband. Using realistic parameters we calculate an extinction ratio superior to 20dB and insertion loss below 3dB.
A centralized approach to computer network security (1976)

This paper presents an approach to network security at the system design level. Some basic network concepts and major network security threats are outlined. The design approach is described and a brief security analysis is presented. The proposed network structure incorporates data protection devices called network cryptographic devices and a special-purpose processor, the network security center, to control access in the network.
An Industry-Based Survey of Reliability in Power Electronic Converters (2011)

A questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the industrial requirements and expectations of reliability in power electronic converters. The survey was subjective and conducted with a number of high-profile semiconductor manufacturers, integrators, and users in the aerospace, automation, motor drive, utility power, and other industry sectors. According to the survey, power semiconductor devices ranked the most fragile components. It was concluded that main stresses were from the environment, transients, and heavy loads, which should be considered during power electronic system design and normal operation. This paper has also highlighted that there is a significant need identified by the responders for better reliability-monitoring methods and indicators.
Active Ligand for Low PPM Miniemulsion Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization (2012)

Modification of bis(2-pyridylmethyl)octadecylamine (BPMODA), a ligand commonly used in ATRP in aqueous dispersed media, was accomplished through the incorporation of electron-donating substituents, resulting in a new, more powerful ligand, bis[2-(4-methoxy-3,5-dimethyl)pyridylmethyl]octadecylamine (BPMODA*). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) indicated the newly synthesized ligand formed much more reducing, i.e., by an order of magnitude more active ATRP catalyst, as compared to BPMODA. Homogeneous polymerizations under normal ATRP conditions confirmed BPMODA* to accelerate polymerization vs BPMODA, with a retained control over the polymerization. Partition experiments of the ligands demonstrate the hydrophobicity of CuBr2/BPMODA has not been compromised by the EDGs as the majority of CuBr2/BPMODA* remains in the organic phase. Heterogeneous polymerizations conducted over a range of catalyst concentrations (2000–250 ppm) with BPMODA* consistently resulted in polymerizations with increased control throughout the polymerizations.
Nonenzymatic biomimetic remodeling of phospholipids in synthetic liposomes (2016)

Cell membranes have a vast repertoire of phospholipid species whose structures can be dynamically modified by enzymatic remodeling of acyl chains and polar head groups. Lipid remodeling plays important roles in membrane biology and dysregulation can lead to disease. Although there have been tremendous advances in creating artificial membranes to model the properties of native membranes, a major obstacle has been developing straightforward methods to mimic lipid membrane remodeling. Stable liposomes are typically kinetically trapped and are not prone to exchanging diacylphospholipids. Here, we show that reversible chemoselective reactions can be harnessed to achieve nonenzymatic spontaneous remodeling of phospholipids in synthetic membranes. Our approach relies on transthioesterification/acyl shift reactions that occur spontaneously and reversibly between tertiary amides and thioesters. We demonstrate exchange and remodeling of both lipid acyl chains and head groups. Using our synthetic model system we demonstrate the ability of spontaneous phospholipid remodeling to trigger changes in vesicle spatial organization, composition, and morphology as well as recruit proteins that can affect vesicle curvature. Membranes capable of chemically exchanging lipid fragments could be used to help further understand the specific roles of lipid structure remodeling in biological membranes.
Linkage between dentinogenesis imperfecta and <i>Gc</i> (1982)

SUMMARY A large family with dentinogenesis imperfecta shows that this locus is linked to the Gc locus on chromosome 4q. The maximum lod score is + 7.9 at a male recombination fraction of 0.05 and female recombination fraction of 0.24.
Reduced aortic lesions and elevated high density lipoprotein levels in transgenic mice overexpressing mouse apolipoprotein A-IV. (1997)

Transgenic mouse lines carrying several copies of the mouse apo A-IV gene were produced. Lipoprotein composition and function, and aortic lesion development were examined. Apo A-IV levels in the plasma of transgenic mice were elevated threefold compared with nontransgenic littermates on a chow diet, and sixfold in mice fed an atherogenic diet. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were similar in transgenic and control mice fed a chow diet. However, with the atherogenic diet, male transgenic mice exhibited significantly higher levels of plasma triglycerides (P < 0.05), total cholesterol (P < 0.01), HDL cholesterol (P < 0.0001), and free fatty acids (P < 0.05), and lower levels of unesterified cholesterol (P < 0.05), than nontransgenic littermates. Expression of the apo A-IV transgene had a protective effect against the formation of diet-induced aortic lesions, with transgenics exhibiting lesion scores of approximately 30% those seen in control mice. HDL-sized lipoproteins isolated from transgenic mice fed the atherogenic diet promoted cholesterol efflux from cholesterol-loaded human monocytes more efficiently than comparable lipoproteins from nontransgenic counterparts. Plasma from transgenics also exhibited higher endogenous cholesterol esterification rates. Taken together, these results suggest that apo A-IV levels influence the metabolism and antiatherogenic properties of HDL.
An Object-Oriented Approach to Astronomical Databases (1995)

. The rate at which we can acquire astronomical data outstrips our ability to manipulate and interpret it using standard techniques. Future digital astronomical surveys will enter the terabyte regime. In addition, the actual data themselves will be complex, comprising images and spectra, as well as the traditional measured attributes. We describe here an implementation of a prototype object oriented database, distributed in a client--server framework that is capable of both handling these volumes of data and facilitating geometric queries in an efficient manner. 1. Introduction With the size of astronomical databases increasing into the terabytes, new approaches must be taken to store, manage, and access these datasets. As an example, consider the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (Gunn et.al. 1992), a multicolor digital survey of the north Galactic cap which will produce images in 5 bands of more than one hundred million objects, as well as a spectroscopic survey that will obtain more than a...
Density (2008)

Constitutive modelling for high strength/high performance concrete (PDF) <i>fib</i> Bulletins N° 42. Constitutive modelling for high strength / high performance concrete. State-of-art report (130 pages, ISBN 978-2-88394-082-6, January 2008) - PDF format
Enzyme inhibitor screening by electrospray mass spectrometry with immobilized enzyme on magnetic silica microspheres (2008)

In this study, a novel technique for screening inhibitors by electrospray mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) with immobilized enzyme on magnetic microspheres has been demonstrated. First, the model enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is immobilized onto the 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO)-modified magnetic silica microspheres. AChE activity was monitored by biochemical assay that is based on mixing of AChE immobilized microspheres and model substrate acetylcholine, separating and detecting the product through ESI-MS. Stability of the enzyme-immobilized microspheres was investigated. No apparent loss of enzyme activity was observed after fivefold reuse of AChE-immobilized microspheres. The enzyme-immobilized bioassay was used to effectively identify AChE inhibitors among two standard samples, huperzine A and huperzine B, and their source herbal Huperzia serrata, all of which were spiked into the substrate. The inhibition was determined by measuring a decrease of product formation using ESI-MS.
Polymer-electrolyte gated graphene transistors for analog and digital phase detection (2011)

We present an alternating current (ac) circuit based on a misoriented bilayer graphene device for analog and digital phase detection. We exploit the ambipolar nature of the transfer characteristics of a misoriented bilayer graphene transistor. The transistor action here is realized using an electrochemical gate integrated into a solid polymer electrolyte layer. This unique combination provides a voltage gain close to unity under ambient conditions, which is one order of magnitude higher than that attainable in back-gated devices. The achieved gain provides sufficient sensitivity to detect phase differences between pairs of analog or digital signals.
Cortical Graph Smoothing: A Novel Method for Exploiting DWI-Derived Anatomical Brain Connectivity to Improve EEG Source Estimation (2013)

The electroencephalography source estimation problem consists of inferring cortical activation from measurements of electrical potential taken on the scalp surface. This inverse problem is intrinsically ill-posed. In particular the dimensionality of cortical sources greatly exceeds the number of electrode measurements, and source estimation requires regularization to obtain a unique solution. In this work, we introduce a novel regularization function called cortical graph smoothing, which exploits knowledge of anatomical connectivity available from diffusion-weighted imaging. Given a weighted graph description of the anatomical connectivity of the brain, cortical graph smoothing penalizes the weighted sum of squares of differences of cortical activity across the graph edges, thus encouraging solutions with consistent activation across anatomically connected regions. We explore the performance of the cortical graph smoothing source estimates for analysis of the event related potential for simple motor tasks, and compare against the commonly used minimum norm, weighted minimum norm, LORETA and sLORETA source estimation methods. Evaluated over a series of 18 subjects, the proposed cortical graph smoothing method shows superior localization accuracy compared to the minimum norm method, and greater relative peak intensity than the other comparison methods.
A review of metal mesh filters (2006)

The Astronomical Instrumentation Group at Cardiff University has been developing metal mesh optical filters for more than 30 years, which are currently in use in many ground-, balloon- and space-based instruments. Here we review the current state of the art with respect to these quasi-optical components (low-pass, high-pass and band-pass filters, dichroics and beam-dividers) as developed for the FIR and sub-millimetre wavelength region. We compare performance data with various modelling tools (HFSS, transmission line theory or Floquet mode analysis). These models assist with our understanding of the behaviour of these filters when used at non-normal incidence or in the diffraction region of the grid structures. Interesting artefacts, such as the Wood anomalies and behaviour with S and P polarisations, which dictate the usage of these components in polarisation sensitive instruments, will be discussed.
Structural basis for the membrane association of ankyrinG via palmitoylation (2016)

By clustering various ion channels and transporters, ankyrin-G (AnkG) configures the membrane-excitation platforms in neurons and cardiomyocytes. AnkG itself localizes to specific areas on the plasma membrane via s-palmitoylation of Cys. However, the structural mechanism by which AnkG anchors to the membrane is not understood. In this study, we solved the crystal structures of the reduced and oxidized forms of the AnkG s-palmitoylation domain and used multiple long-term coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations to analyze their membrane association. Here we report that the membrane anchoring of AnkG was facilitated by s-palmitoylation, defining a stable binding interface on the lipid membrane, and that AnkG without s-palmitoylation also preferred to stay near the membrane but did not have a unique binding interface. This suggests that AnkG in the juxtamembrane region is primed to accept lipid modification at Cys, and once that happens AnkG constitutes a rigid structural base upon which a membrane-excitation platform can be assembled.
Automatic generation of assembly instructions using STEP (2002)

An automatic method for generating assembly instructions using CAD files is presented. Algorithms for extracting geometrical information of objects stored in a non-proprietary format, ISO-10303, STEP-CAD data file are explained. The developed algorithms form an important link between design and manufacturing. In our previous work, (Mok et al., 2000, 1999, Wu and Kim, 1994, and Kim and Wu, 1990) we designed a hierarchical assembly model that allows designers to evaluate products for manufacturing cost using a structured assembly coding system (SACS). Each SACS code represents a sequence of assembling/disassembling operations for mating two parts. The developed algorithms in this paper generate the required SACS codes based on the geometrical and topological information extracted from the STEP files of a product in a CAD environment. Based on the generated SACS codes, the proper assembly operations can then be derived for assembling the designed product. An example of assembly with simple parts is presented to verify the method.
Evaluation of the calcium channel antagonist nimodipine in experimental spinal cord ischemia (1984)

The potent, centrally active, calcium channel antagonist, nimodipine, was utilized in a highly predictive "spinal stroke" model in order to investigate the potential pathophysiological effects of calcium flux in spinal injury, as well as to evaluate the potential therapeutic role of the newly developed dihydropyridine derivatives in ischemic central nervous system injury. Nimodipine, administered before or after ischemia, at doses shown to be effective in improving cerebral blood flow and in dilating central blood vessels, failed to improve either the histopathological changes or the functional deficit caused by temporary aortic occlusion in the unanesthetized rabbit.
Investigation of the O<sub>2</sub> Electrochemistry in a Polymer Electrolyte Solid‐State Cell (2011)

A polymer makes it possible: Use of an advanced polymer electrolyte allowed clarification of the oxygen reaction mechanism in lithium–air solid-state batteries. The related reversible processes are identified to occur at potential values that are the lowest ever reported in the absence of catalyst.
Conductivity for Soot Sensing: Possibilities and Limitations (2012)

In this study we summarize the possibilities and limitations of a conductometric measurement principle for soot sensing. The electrical conductivity of different carbon blacks (FW 200, lamp black 101, Printex 30, Printex U, Printex XE2, special black 4, and special black 6), spark discharge soot (GfG), and graphite powder was measured by a van der Pauw arrangement. Additionally the influence of inorganic admixtures on the conductivity of carbonaceous materials was proven to follow the percolation theory. Structural and oxidation characteristics obtained with Raman microspectroscopy and temperature programmed oxidation, respectively, were correlated with the electrical conductivity data. Moreover, a thermophoretic precipitator has been applied to deposit soot particles from the exhaust stream between interdigital electrodes. This combines a controlled and size independent particle collection method with the conductivity measurement principle. A test vehicle was equipped with the AVL Micro Soot Sensor (photoacoustic soot sensor) to prove the conductometric sensor principle with an independent and reliable technique. Our results demonstrate promising potential of the conductometric sensor for on-board particle diagnostic. Furthermore this sensor can be applied as a simple, rapid, and cheap analytical tool for characterization of soot structure.
Novel Selective Oxidation of Light Alkanes Using Carbon Dioxide. Oxidized Diamond as a Novel Catalytic Medium (2003)

Abstract Carbon dioxide is an effective oxidant for the conversion of alkanes to chemical feedstocks. Oxidized diamond is useful as a novel catalytic support material. Oxidized diamond provided catalytic sites for the activation of alkanes under CO2 atmosphere. The present findings also suggest that the surface-properties of oxidized diamond may facilitate unique catalytic reactions, such as alkanes conversion in the presence of CO2.
Properties of purified carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum, a nickel, iron-sulfur protein. (1983)

Carbon monoxide dehydrogenase from Clostridium thermoaceticum has been purified to homogeneity using a strict anaerobic procedure. The enzyme has a molecular weight of about 440,000 and it consists of three each of two different subunits giving the composition alpha 3 beta 3. The molecular weight of the alpha-subunit is 78,000 and that of the beta-subunit is 71,000. Pore limit gel electrophoresis gave a molecular weight of 161,000 indicating that the enzyme dissociates to form a dimer with an alpha beta structure. The dimer apparently contains per mol 2 nickel, 1 zinc, 11 iron, and 14 acid-labile sulfur. The anaerobic enzyme has an iron-sulfur type spectrum, which is changed in the presence of the substrate, CO. In the presence of oxygen, which destroys the activity or CO2, the spectrum is that of a typical iron-sulfur protein. Under acidic conditions a low molecular weight nickel factor separates from the enzyme. Viologens, methylene blue, ferredoxin, flavodoxin, and rubredoxin serve as electron acceptors. Of these rubredoxin is by far the most efficient. The enzyme has a pH optimum around 8.4. At this pH and 50 degrees C under 100% CO atmosphere, the apparent Km for methyl viologen is 3.03 mM and Vmax is 750 mumols of CO oxidized min-1 mg-1. Cyanide and methyl iodide inhibit the enzyme. CO reverses the cyanide inhibition but promotes the reaction with methyl iodide. The pure enzyme has no hydrogenase or formate dehydrogenase activity.
Hydroxycyclopentanone Derivativesfrom<scp>d</scp>-Mannose via Ring Closing Metathesis:An Improved Synthesis of a Key Intermediate of Tricyclo-DNA (2003)

A large scale, 10 step synthesis of cyclopentanone 1, starting from the chiral pool compound d-mannose, is described. The synthesis proceeds via a ring closing metathesis reaction as the key step in an overall yield of 23%. Cyclopentanone 1 is a central intermediate for the synthesis of tricyclo-DNA.