gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Destabilization of ATP-sensitive Potassium Channel Activity by Novel KCNJ11 Mutations Identified in Congenital Hyperinsulinism (2008)

The inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir6.2 is the pore-forming subunit of the ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel, which controls insulin secretion by coupling glucose metabolism to membrane potential in beta-cells. Loss of channel function because of mutations in Kir6.2 or its associated regulatory subunit, sulfonylurea receptor 1, causes congenital hyperinsulinism (CHI), a neonatal disease characterized by persistent insulin secretion despite severe hypoglycemia. Here, we report a novel K(ATP) channel gating defect caused by CHI-associated Kir6.2 mutations at arginine 301 (to cysteine, glycine, histidine, or proline). These mutations in addition to reducing channel expression at the cell surface also cause rapid, spontaneous current decay, a gating defect we refer to as inactivation. Based on the crystal structures of Kir3.1 and KirBac1.1, Arg-301 interacts with several residues in the neighboring Kir6.2 subunit. Mutation of a subset of these residues also induces channel inactivation, suggesting that the disease mutations may cause inactivation by disrupting subunit-subunit interactions. To evaluate the effect of channel inactivation on beta-cell function, we expressed an alternative inactivation mutant R301A, which has equivalent surface expression efficiency as wild type channels, in the insulin-secreting cell line INS-1. Mutant expression resulted in more depolarized membrane potential and elevated insulin secretion at basal glucose concentration (3 mm) compared with cells expressing wild type channels, demonstrating that the inactivation gating defect itself is sufficient to cause loss of channel function and hyperinsulinism. Our studies suggest the importance of Kir6.2 subunit-subunit interactions in K(ATP) channel gating and function and reveal a novel gating defect underlying CHI.
Cloning and analysis of the gene encoding the human neonatal Fc receptor (2000)

The neonatal Fc receptor, FcRn, is expressed in human placental syncytiotrophoblast, capillary endothelium, intestinal epithelium, and other tissues. By analogy with its role in the mouse, human FcRn is expected to transport maternal IgG to the foetus, and protect circulating IgG from catabolism. The larger subunit of FcRn is homologous to the alpha chains of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I proteins, but is encoded outside the MHC on chromosome 19. We report the isolation of clones encoding the alpha chain of human FcRn from chromosome 19-specific libraries. The sequence revealed a similar organization to classical and non-classical MHC, and MHC-related genes. Compared with classical MHC class I genes, the human FcRn alpha chain gene has expanded by acquiring many repetitive sequences in its introns, including multiple Alu elements in the fourth intron. Primer extension analysis showed that there are two transcription initiation sites in the upstream flanking sequence.
Learning functions across many orders of magnitudes. (2016)

Learning non-linear functions can be hard when the magnitude of the target function is unknown beforehand, as most learning algorithms are not scale invariant. We propose an algorithm to adaptively normalize these targets. This is complementary to recent advances in input normalization. Importantly, the proposed method preserves the unnormalized outputs whenever the normalization is updated to avoid instability caused by non-stationarity. It can be combined with any learning algorithm and any non-linear function approximation, including the important special case of deep learning. We empirically validate the method in supervised learning and reinforcement learning and apply it to learning how to play Atari 2600 games. Previous work on applying deep learning to this domain relied on clipping the rewards to make learning in different games more homogeneous, but this uses the domain-specific knowledge that in these games counting rewards is often almost as informative as summing these. Using our adaptive normalization we can remove this heuristic without diminishing overall performance, and even improve performance on some games, such as Ms. Pac-Man and Centipede, on which previous methods did not perform well.
Virulence of Salmonella typhimurium Mutants for White Leghorn Chicks (1993)

A strain of Salmonella typhimurium that is highly virulent for 1-day-old white leghorn chicks was genetically modified by deletion (delta) of the adenylate cyclase (cya) and cyclic AMP receptor protein (crp) genes or by removal (curing) of the 91-kilobase virulence plasmid. These mutants were then compared with the wild-type S. typhimurium strain for virulence in 1-day-old chicks and for their ability to colonize chicks of various ages. The plasmid-cured mutant showed a slight reduction in virulence, whereas the delta cya delta crp mutant was completely avirulent. The wild-type strain and both mutant strains were capable of colonizing various organs within the chicks. At all time points, the delta cya delta crp strain colonized chicks at lower levels than the wild-type strain. Titers of the plasmid-cured strain increased more slowly in visceral organs than did those of the wild type.
Morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of potato and corn starch (2002)

Abstract A comparison between the morphological, thermal, rheological and noodle‐making properties of corn starch and potato starches separated from five different potato cultivars was made. The granule size and shape of all starches differed significantly. Potato starch granules were comparatively larger than corn starch granules, while the transition temperatures were found to be higher for corn starch. Consistency coefficients and flow behaviour indices measured by back extrusion were higher for potato starches than for corn starch. Stickiness of cooked starch pastes was observed to depend upon their consistency coefficient. The gels made from all potato starches showed higher gel strength than those from corn starch. The gel strength of starches from both corn and potato increased during refrigerated storage. The amylose content, swelling power, solubility and light transmittance values of potato starches were significantly higher than those of corn starch. Noodles made from potato starches had higher cooked weight and cooking loss than corn starch noodles. Texture profile analysis revealed that potato starch noodles also had higher hardness and cohesiveness than corn starch noodles. Hardness of cooked noodles from all starches increased and cohesiveness decreased during storage. Noodles made from starches of higher viscosity exhibited higher hardness and cohesiveness. Textural differences among cooked starch noodles appeared to be associated with morphological, thermal and rheological properties of corn starch and potato starches. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
Correlation between structure, fat-clearing and anticoagulant properties of heparins and heparan sulphates. (1983)

Heparins and heparan sulphates from different organs, of high purity by accepted criteria, were characterized by chemical and physical (including electrophoretic and 13C-NMR spectroscopic) methods. The fat-clearing activity of these preparations was shown to be correlated with their content of the trisulphated disaccharide units I2S-ANS,6S (L-iduronic acid 2-O-sulphate-N-sulphated D-glucosamino 6-O sulphate). Species with low anti-lipemic activity contained significant proportions (greater than or equal to 30%) of nonsulphated uronic acids (especially D-glucuronic acid), and of D-glucosamino residues undersulphated at C-6, these latter residues being partially N-acetylated. Heparins from beef lung and sheep mucosa, predominantly consisting of trisulphated disaccharide units, displayed consistently higher antilipemic activity than the more heterogeneous pig mucosal heparins. The anticoagulant activity (as determined by the U.S.P., APTT and anti-Xa tests) was not a simple function of the measured physicochemical parameters. Trends were confirmed for pig mucosal heparins being more anticoagulant than beef lung preparations, and low molecular weight (usually undersulphated) species being more active in the anti-Xa test than in the U.S.P. and APTT tests.
Health Services Research and Data Linkages: Issues, Methods, and Directions for the Future (2010)

The current environment is characterized by budget and technical challenges, but investments in data infrastructure are arguably cost-effective given the need to reform our health care system and to monitor the impact of health reform initiatives.
Quality Classified Image Analysis with Application to Face Detection and Recognition (2018)

Motion blur, out of focus, insufficient spatial resolution, lossy compression and many other factors can all cause an image to have poor quality. However, image quality is a largely ignored issue in traditional pattern recognition literature. In this paper, we use face detection and recognition as case studies to show that image quality is an essential factor which will affect the performances of traditional algorithms. We demonstrated that it is not the image quality itself that is the most important, but rather the quality of the images in the training set should have similar quality as those in the testing set. To handle real-world application scenarios where images with different kinds and severities of degradation can be presented to the system, we have developed a quality classified image analysis framework to deal with images of mixed qualities adaptively. We use deep neural networks first to classify images based on their quality classes and then design a separate face detector and recognizer for images in each quality class. We will present experimental results to show that our quality classified framework can accurately classify images based on the type and severity of image degradations and can significantly boost the performances of state-of-the-art face detector and recognizer in dealing with image datasets containing mixed quality images.
Solar energy: setting the economic bar from the top-down (2014)

Sunlight is thermal radiation from sustained nuclear reactions within our sun. Our challenge is to harness this solar energy at a cost less than 10% of our GDP.
Esprit d'entreprise et performance des entreprises en Afrique subsaharienne (2000)

The development of the private sector in Sub-Saharan Africa is of crucial importance to the overall rate of economic growth of the region. Entrepreneurial firms have a prominent role in the private sector in many countries in the region. This analysis measures the impact of various entrepreneurial characteristics on the rate of firm growth. The analysis uses data from the Regional Program on Enterprise Development (RPED) at the World Bank. Approximately 200 firms in Kenya, Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania were surveyed in each country in the food processing, textile, furniture, and metalworking sectors; only the subset of firms owned by entrepreneurs is used in this study.
The Crown of the King of the Ammonites (1973)

Only once in connection with the conquest of a city or country does the Bible mention the capture of a crown.This occasion was David's conquest of Rabbath-Ammon, the capital city of the Ammonites.The biblical record mentions that at that time much spoil was carried away, among it a golden crown containing a precious stone.This crown must have been considered an extraordinarily important object since it merited special mention by the biblical writers in two passages, 2 Sa 12:30 and 1 Chr 20:2.Let us examine these two passages.They are almost identical, and it seems certain that the Chronicler took the story over from 2 Sa 12:30, eliminating in the process a few ambiguities of expression:2 Sa 12:30: "-4nd he took the crown of mlkm from his head and its 1 Chr20: 2: "And David took the crown of mlkm from his head and its 2Sa 12:30: weight was a talent of gold and a 1 Chr 20: 2: weight was found to be a talent of gold and in it was a 2 Sa 12:30: precious stone; and it was (put) on the head of David . .." 1 Chr20: 2: precious stone; and it was (put) on the head of David . .."The two passages pose problems which need to be briefly discussed.The first problem concerns the question of the nature of the crown.The Hebrew knows three terms for crowns: ( I ) 7cete-r (only in Est), a headdress worn by queens and even horses;' ( 2 ) ngzer, a diadem, the usual headgear of kings and high priest^;^ (3) cat&ih, a wreath, or crown, worn by kings and For a queen, Est 1 :
The effects of the fibre content and physical structure of carrots on satiety and subsequent intakes when eaten as part of a mixed meal (2006)

Previous research indicates that vegetables yield relatively high satiety scores, and that fibre content and structure may both contribute to these effects. This study evaluated the effects of the fibre content and physical structure (gross anatomy and cell structure) of carrots on postprandial satiety and subsequent food intakes when consumed as part of a mixed meal. Using a randomised, repeated-measures, within-subject cross-over design, young women consumed a standardised breakfast and test lunches on three occasions, 4 weeks apart. The test lunches (3329 kJ) comprised boiled rice (200 g) with sweet and sour sauce (200 g) that included chicken (200 g) and carrots (200 g) in three conditions: whole carrots (fibre and structure; n 34), blended carrots (fibre but no structure; n 34) or carrot nutrients (no fibre or structure; n 32). The carrot nutrients had the same energy, major nutrients and portion weight as the other two conditions. Post-lunch satiety was assessed by visual analogue scales. Intakes were covertly weighed at a meal eaten ad libitum (3 h later), and for the remainder of the day using food diaries. Compared with the meal with carrot nutrients, meals with whole carrots and blended carrots resulted in significantly (P<0.05) higher satiety. There were significant (P<0.05) differences between conditions in intakes at the meal eaten ad libitum and for the remainder of the day, and intakes consistently decreased in the order: carrot nutrients, blended carrots, whole carrots, indicating that both fibre content and structure played a role in these effects.
A unique lantibiotic, thermophilin 1277, containing a disulfide bridge and two thioether bridges (2009)

This is the first report of a lantibiotic produced by a GRAS species of Strep. thermophilus; thermophilin 1277 has a unique structure containing both a disulfide bridge and two thioether bridges that are crucial for its activity.
Structure of anhydrous titanyl sulfate, titanyl sulfate monohydrate and prediction of a new structure (1993)

(1) Titanyl sulfate, TiOS 4 , M r =159.96, orthorhombic, P2 1 ma, a=10.942 (1), b=5.158 (1), c=25.726 (2) A, U=1452.0 (3) A 3 , D m (flotation)=2.96 (2), D x =2.93 (1) g cm -3 , Z=16, λ(Mo Kα)=0.7107 A, μ=23.46 cm -1 , F(000)=1248, T=293 K, final R=0.168 for 2333 counter reflections. A combined X-ray and transmission electron microscopy study allowed the determination and refinement of this structure on a supercell of WPO 5 (a and b equal those above but c is 4×c)
Schistosomiasis and the Nervous System (2003)

<b>INTRODUCTION</b> Schistosomiasis is one of the most widespread parasitic infections in man, second only to malaria in terms of socioeconomic and public health importance in many tropical and subtropical areas. It is particularly common in the rural areas of developing countries, with an estimated 200 million people infected globally, and 600 million exposed to infection The prevalence of infection varies from under 10% in some areas to over 80% in others (Mahmoud 1977; Pitchford 1986). It is caused by blood flukes (schistosoma), which invade the vascular system. The infection is transmitted by specific snails whose distribution determines the prevalence of the three different species of schistosome responsible for most disease in man: <i>Schistosoma haematobium</i>, <i>S. mansoni</i>, and <i>S. japonicum</i> (Table 1). <i>S. haematobium</i> is found mainly in Africa. <i>S. mansoni</i> has a similar distribution but in addition is endemic to South America, Japan and South-east Asia (Bird 1964; Warren 1986;
Third-Generation β-Blockers Stimulate Nitric Oxide Release From Endothelial Cells Through ATP Efflux (2003)

These results demonstrate for the first time that nebivolol and carvedilol induce relaxation of renal glomerular microvasculature through ATP efflux with consequent stimulation of P2Y-purinoceptor-mediated NO release from GECs.
Bifurcation and Chaos in a Model of Cardiac Early Afterdepolarizations (2009)

Excitable cells can exhibit complex patterns of oscillations, such as spiking and bursting. In cardiac cells, pathological voltage oscillations, called early afterdepolarizations (EADs), have been widely observed under disease conditions, yet their dynamical mechanisms remain unknown. Here, we show that EADs are caused by Hopf and homoclinic bifurcations. During period pacing, chaos always occurs at the transition from no EAD to EADs as the stimulation frequency decreases, providing a distinct explanation for the irregular EAD behavior frequently observed in experiments.
Evaluating Multi-threading in the Prototype XMT Environment (2000)

XMT is a multi-threaded programming model designed to exploit explicit specification of parallel threads. Its main features are a simple thread execution model and an efficient prefix-sum instruction for synchronizing shared data accesses. This paper presents and evaluates the performance of multithreading in the XMT programming environment. A prototype XMT compiler converts parallel regions into procedure calls, which are then executed efficiently in XMT hardware. An architecture simulator similar to SimpleScalar is used to evaluate the performance of the XMT system for twelve benchmark codes. Results show the XMT architecture generally succeeds in providing low-overhead parallel threads and uniform access times on-chip. However, compiler optimizations to cluster (coarsen) threads are still needed for very fine-grained threads. Keywords Parallel programming, compilers, processor architectures. 1. Introduction Conditional branches, variable memory access latencies, and other barrie...
Distributed computing with hierarchical master-worker paradigm for parallel branch and bound algorithm (2003)

This paper discusses the impact of the hierarchical master-worker paradigm on performance of an application program, which solves an optimization problem by a parallel branch and bound algorithm on a distributed computing system. The application program, which this paper addresses, solves the BMI Eigenvalue Problem, which is an optimization problem to minimize the greatest eigenvalue of a bilinear matrix function. This paper proposes a parallel branch and bound algorithm to solve the BMI Eigenvalue Problem with the hierarchical master-worker paradigm. The experimental results showed that the conventional algorithm with the master-worker paradigm significantly degraded performance on a Grid test bed, where computing resources were distributed on WAN via a firewall; however, the hierarchical master-worker paradigm sustained good performance.
Fracture behavior of high‐impact polystyrene under an aggressive environment (1996)

Abstract The fracture behavior of three high‐impact polystyrene (HIPS) materials has been investigated using constant load at 1/2 h interval tests of margarine‐exposed compact tension fracture mechanics specimens. Scanning electron microscopy has also been done on the fracture surfaces to correlate the micromechanics of fracture to the fracture test results. The results indicate that the proposed tests provide a useful approach to study the environmental fracture resistance (EFR) of HIPS under the influence of an aggressive environment. It was found that the EFR of HIPS under margarine, with comparable rubber content, improves with decreasing rubber particle size and increasing molecular weight.
Carbohydrate-Functionalized Chitosan Fiber for Influenza Virus Capture (2011)

The high transmissibility and genetic variability of the influenza virus have made the design of effective approaches to control the infection particularly challenging. The virus surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein is responsible for the viral attachment to the host cell surface via the binding with its glycoligands, such as sialyllactose (SL), and thereby is an attractive target for antiviral designs. Herein we present the facile construction and development of two SL-incorporated chitosan-based materials, either as a water-soluble polymer or as a functional fiber, to demonstrate their abilities for viral adhesion inhibition and decontamination. The syntheses were accomplished by grafting a lactoside bearing an aldehyde-functionalized aglycone to the amino groups of chitosan or chitosan fiber followed by the enzymatic sialylation with sialyltransferase. The obtained water-soluble SL-chitosan conjugate bound HA with high affinity and inhibited effectively the viral attachment to host erythrocytes. Moreover, the SL-functionalized chitosan fiber efficiently removed the virus from an aqueous medium. The results collectively demonstrate that these potential new materials may function as the virus adsorbents for prevention and control of influenza. Importantly, these materials represent an appealing approach for presenting a protein ligand on a chitosan backbone, which is a versatile molecular platform for biofunctionalization and, thereby, can be used for not only antiviral designs, but also extensive medical development such as diagnosis and drug delivery.
Prosser's wooden guide wheel railway (1941)

Journal Article Prosser's wooden guide wheel railway Get access Symon Symon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 181, Issue 1, 5 July 1941, Page 9, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/181.1.9f Published: 05 July 1941
Libertà Carità Fraternità. Confraternite laiche a Bergamo nell’età del Comune (1991)

lish (Smith College Studies in History, vol. 51) and Italian (the version under review).It is the fruit of more than ten years of research on the confraternities of 12th-and 13th-century Ber- gamo (N-E Italy).The volume is divided into two parts: a gen- eral introduction to lay religious life in late-medieval
Inflación y Tipo de Cambio: Chile 1810-2005 (2008)

During the last two centuries Chile had three official monetary units of account, where changes from one to the other can be seen as related to price level variations stretching over many years . For description and analysis this prolonged but also highly variable inflation environment will require previous adjustment of time series expressed in current monetary terms. The present document discusses sources and explains the construction of price level indicators stretching over this long time period, both for wholesale and consumer prices. It also refers to exchange rate series and explains how a unique price is obtained in periods of multiple rate policy. Finally, various indicators for the real exchange rate are brought together.
Improving the quality of systems and domain analysis through object class congruency (2002)

A new concept for assessing the quality of object classes in analysis models, called object-class congruency, is formally defined and discussed. Object-class congruency is based on the idea that immediate and inherited properties defined for an object class should match the common properties of the class's members. A semantic model with a formal definition is used to formalize these concepts. In addition to defining object-class congruency, two semantic-preserving transformations that convert incongruent classes into congruent classes are given. It is also explained why object-class congruency leads to better abstraction of real-world concepts and to better implementation, extension, and reuse.