gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fluorescence-Guided Resection of Malignant Glioma with 5-ALA (2016)

Malignant gliomas are extremely difficult to treat with no specific curative treatment. On the other hand, photodynamic medicine represents a promising technique for neurosurgeons in the treatment of malignant glioma. The resection rate of malignant glioma has increased from 40% to 80% owing to 5-aminolevulinic acid-photodynamic diagnosis (ALA-PDD). Furthermore, ALA is very useful because it has no serious complications. Based on previous research, it is apparent that protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulates abundantly in malignant glioma tissues after ALA administration. Moreover, it is evident that the mechanism underlying PpIX accumulation in malignant glioma tissues involves an abnormality in porphyrin-heme metabolism, specifically decreased ferrochelatase enzyme activity. During resection surgery, the macroscopic fluorescence of PpIX to the naked eye is more sensitive than magnetic resonance imaging, and the alert real time spectrum of PpIX is the most sensitive method. In the future, chemotherapy with new anticancer agents, immunotherapy, and new methods of radiotherapy and gene therapy will be developed; however, ALA will play a key role in malignant glioma treatment before the development of these new treatments. In this paper, we provide an overview and present the results of our clinical research on ALA-PDD.
The early stages of ruthenium oxidation (1995)

The interaction of atomic oxygen with a Ru(001) surface was studied using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermal desorption, and electron diffraction. The onset of the reaction of dissolved oxygen with the Ru host starts only for equivalent oxygen coverages higher than 50 monolayers (ML). A new Ru 3d core level shifted by 0.7 eV toward higher binding energy grows with increasing atomic oxygen exposure. Further weak features 1.5 and 2.6 eV above the metallic Ru 3d binding energy appear for higher oxygen coverages. The O 1s peak shows additional components at higher binding energy than that of chemisorbed oxygen. At the highest coverage studied (880 ML), almost all the Ru metal within the probing depth is oxidized.
Complex beam sculpting with tunable acoustic gradient index lenses (2007)

Spatial Light Modulators (SLMs) have been successfully used for beam sculpting in the area of optical manipulation, however in some applications their associated pixelation, slow switching speeds, and incident power limitations can be undesirable. An alternative device that overcomes these problems is the Tunable Acoustic Gradient index (TAG) lens. This device uses acoustically induced density and refractive index variations within a fluid to spatially phase modulate a transmitted laser beam. The acoustic waves within the fluid are generated via a piezoelectric transducer. When driven with a frequency-modulated signal, arbitrary optical phase modulation patterns can be generated at regular time intervals. The resulting sculpted beam is best observed using a pulsed laser synchronized to the frequency-modulated signal of the TAG lens. As this device is purely analog, there is no pixelation in the phase modulation pattern. Also, because the only major requirement on the fluid is that it be transparent, it is possible to select fluids with high damage thresholds and high viscosities. High damage thresholds allow the TAG lens to be used in high power applications that would be unsuitable for an SLM. High viscosities provide fast damping of transient density variations and increase switching speeds between patterns. Discussion here will be limited to axially symmetric beam sculpting, however the results can be generalized to asymmetric cases.
<title>Experience with a proposed teleradiology system for digital mammography</title> (1995)

Teleradiology offers significant improvement in efficiency and effectiveness over current practices in traditional film/screen-based diagnosis. In the context of digital mammography, the increasing number of women who need to be screened for breast cancer, including those in remote rural regions, make the advantages of teleradiology especially attractive for digital mammography. At the same time, the size and resolution of digital mammograms are among the most challenging to support in a cost effective teleradiology system. This paper describes a teleradiology architecture developed for use with digital mammography by GE Corporate Research and Development in collaboration with Massachusetts General Hospital under National Cancer Institute (NCI/NIH) grant number R01 CA60246-01. Experience with a testbed prototype is described. The telemammography architecture is intended to consist of a main mammography diagnostic site serving several remote screening sites. As patient exams become available, they are forwarded by an image server to the diagnostic site over a WAN communications link. A radiologist at the diagnostic site views a patient exam as it arrives, interprets it, and then relays a report back to the technician at the remote site. A secondary future scenario consists of mobile units which forward images to a remote site, which then forwards them to the main diagnostic site. The testbed architecture is based on the Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM) standard, created by the American College of Radiology (ACR) and National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA). A specification of vendor-independent data formats and data transfer services for digital medical images, DICOM specifies a protocol suite starting at the application layer downward, including the TCP/IP layers. The current DICOM definition does not provide an information element that is specifically tailored to mammography, so we have used the DICOM secondary capture data format for the mammography images. In conclusion, experience with the testbed is described, as is performance analysis related to selection of network components needed to extend this architecture to clinical evaluation. Recommendations are made as to the critical areas for future work.
A General Multi‐step Algorithm for Voxel Traversing Along a Line (2007)

ABSTRACT Traversing voxels along a three dimensional (3D) line is one of the most fundamental algorithms for voxel‐based applications. This paper presents a new 6‐connectivity integer algorithm for this task. The proposed algorithm accepts voxels having different sizes in x, y and z directions. To explain the idea of the proposed approach, a 2D algorithm is firstly considered and then extended in 3D. This algorithm is a multi‐step as up to three voxels may be added in one iteration. It accepts both integer and floating‐point input. The new algorithm was compared to other popular voxel traversing algorithms. Counting the number of arithmetic operations showed that the proposed algorithm requires the least amount of operations per traversed voxel. A comparison of spent CPU time using either integer or floating‐point arithmetic confirms that the proposed algorithm is the most efficient. This algorithm is simple, and in compact form which also makes it attractive for hardware implementation.
Introducing TCP Long Options by Invalid Checksum (2011)

This document discusses a possible approach to TCP option space
expansion, which allows placing the long TCP options into the TCP SYN
segments.
Spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC): new technology for evaluation of the fetal heart (2003)

Spatio-temporal image correlation (STIC) is a new approach for clinical assessment of the fetal heart. It offers an easy to use technique to acquire data from the fetal heart and to aid in visualization with both two-dimensional and three-dimensional (3D) cine sequences. The acquisition is performed in two steps: first, images are acquired by a single, automatic volume sweep. Second, the system analyzes the image data according to their spatial and temporal domain and processes an online dynamic 3D image sequence that is displayed in a multiplanar reformatted cross-sectional display and/or a surface rendered display. The examiner can navigate within the heart, re-slice, and produce all of the standard image planes necessary for a comprehensive diagnosis. The advantages of STIC for use in evaluation of the fetal heart are as follows: the technique delivers a temporal resolution which corresponds to a B-mode frame rate of approximately 80 frames/s; it provides the examiner with an unlimited number of images for review; it allows for correlation between image planes that are perpendicular to the main image acquisition plane; it may shorten the evaluation time when complex heart defects are suspected; it enables the reconstruction of a 3D rendered image that contains depth and volume which may provide additional information that is not available from the thin multiplanar image slices (e.g. for pulmonary veins, septal thickness); it lends itself to storage and review of volume data by the examiner or by experts at a remote site; it provides the examiner with the ability to review all images in a looped cine sequence.
Optical polarization characteristics of ultraviolet (In)(Al)GaN multiple quantum well light emitting diodes (2010)

The polarization of the in-plane electroluminescence of (0001) orientated (In)(Al)GaN multiple quantum well light emitting diodes in the ultraviolet-A and ultraviolet-B spectral range has been investigated. The intensity for transverse-electric polarized light relative to the transverse-magnetic polarized light decreases with decreasing emission wavelength. This effect is attributed to rearrangement of the valence bands at the Γ-point of the Brillouin zone with changing aluminum and indium mole fractions in the (In)(Al)GaN quantum wells. For shorter wavelength the crystal-field split-off hole band moves closer to the conduction band relative to the heavy and light hole bands and as a consequence the transverse-magnetic polarized emission becomes more dominant for deep ultraviolet light emitting diodes.
An inspection robot for feeder cables-snake like motion control (2003)

The authors discuss the basic control structure for an inspection robot for feeder cables. Since the feeder cables stretch over an extremely long distance, automatic inspection is necessary. Feeder cables have many irregular points, i.e feeder branches, insulators, and so on, and thus development of such robots is difficult. As a first stage of the development, an attempt has been made to build a prototype which can pass through vertical-type irregular points. The prototype has a multicar structure with joint connections and a snakelike motion control architecture. The mechanical structure and control architecture are described, and it is shown that such a robot can run on the cable smoothly with enough speed, and can avoid vertical irregular points.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
N.m.r. studies of red cells (1980)

Recent n.m.r. studies of intact red cells are described. With 1H n.m.r. the normal high resolution spectra of red cells, even at high fields, are relatively uninformative because the very large number of resonances from the cells merge into a broad envelope. If a simple 90-tau-180 degree spin echo pulse sequence is used, however, many resonances can all be resolved. These include signals from haemoglobin histidines, glutathione, lactate and pyruvate. 13C and 31P signals have also been seen with a spectrometer converted to observe these nuclei essentially simultaneously. N.m.r. is well suited to monitor the time course of events after a perturbation of the cell system. Lactate increase, glutathione recovery after oxidation and alkylation of glutathione by iodoacetate can all be observed directly in red cell suspensions by means of 1H spin echo n.m.r. This method has also been used to measure isotope exchange (1H-2H) of lactate and of pyruvate at both the C-3 and the C-2 positions, and some of these exchange rates can be interpreted in terms of the activity of specific enzymes in the cells. 1H spin echo n.m.r. has also been used to obtain information about the transport rates of small molecules into cells. By means of the 13C/31P spectrometer and [13C-1] glucose, the 13C enrichment of 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) can be monitored at the same time as the levels of 2,3-DPG, ATP and inorganic phosphate are observed by 31P n.m.r.
Fundamental Analysis of Full-Duplex Gains in Wireless Networks (2016)

Full-duplex radio technology is becoming mature and holds potential to boost the spectrum efficiency of a point-to-point wireless link. However, a fundamental understanding is still lacking, with respect to its advantages over half-duplex in multi-cell wireless networks with contending links. In this paper, we establish a spatial stochastic framework to analyze the mean network throughput gain from full duplex, and pinpoint the key factors that determine the gain. Our framework extends classical stochastic geometry analysis with a new tool set, which allows us to model a tradeoff between the benefit from concurrent full-duplex transmissions and the loss of spatial reuse, particularly for CSMA-based transmitters with random backoff. We analytically derive closed-form expressions for the full-duplex gain as a function of link distance, interference range, network density, and carrier sensing schemes. It can be easily applied to guide the deployment choices in the early stage of network planning.
Query, analysis, and visualization of multidimensional databases (2003)

In recent years, large multidimensional databases, or data warehouses, have become common in a variety of commercial and scientific applications. It is not unusual for these data warehouses to contain billions of tuples, each categorized by tens or hundreds of dimensions. A major challenge with these databases is to extract meaning from the important data they contain: to discover structure, find patterns, and derive causal relationships. A promising technique for the analysis of these multidimensional databases is visualization. To make visualization effective in this context, we need to develop tools that tightly integrate visual presentation and database queries, support interactive refinement of the display, and can visually present a large number of tuples and dimensions. 
This dissertation introduces a formal approach to building visualization systems that addresses these demands. The foundation of the dissertation is the Polaris formalism, a language for precisely describing a wide range of table-based graphical presentations of relational information. A key aspect of this formal language is the ability to compile visual specifications automatically into the precise queries and drawing commands necessary to generate the display. This ability enables us to design systems that closely integrate analysis and visualization. Using the Polaris formalism, we have built two interactive systems: the Polaris interface and a framework for multiscale visualization. 
The Polaris interface for the exploration of multidimensional databases extends the popular Pivot Table interface to generate a rich, expressive set of graphic displays. The Polaris interface is simple and expressive because it is built upon the Polaxis formalism. Analysts can incrementally construct complex queries, receiving visual feedback as they assemble and alter the query. The Polaris interface is a generally applicable tool that tightly integrates analysis with visualization. This dissertation also demonstrates how to use the Polaris formalism and data cubes to specify and implement domain specific multiscale (pan-and-zoom) visualizations efficiently. The presented approach to multiscale visualization addresses several limitations in the current approaches by introducing multiple zoom paths into the data and providing general mechanisms
Predicting Disk Replacement towards Reliable Data Centers (2016)

Disks are among the most frequently failing components in today's IT environments. Despite a set of defense mechanisms such as RAID, the availability and reliability of the system are still often impacted severely. In this paper, we present a highly accurate SMART-based analysis pipeline that can correctly predict the necessity of a disk replacement even 10-15 days in advance. Our method has been built and evaluated on more than 30000 disks from two major manufacturers, monitored over 17 months. Our approach employs statistical techniques to automatically detect which SMART parameters correlate with disk replacement and uses them to predict the replacement of a disk with even 98% accuracy.
Cognitive follow up of a small cohort of Huntington’s disease patients over a 5 year period. (2010)

A small group of patients with manifest Huntington's disease (HD) were followed longitudinally to assess cognitive decline in relation to time from disease diagnosis. This article looks at performance on a range of computerised and pencil and paper cognitive tasks in patients 5 years post diagnosis, who were assessed annually for a 5 year follow up period. The almost universal cognitive decline reported in other longitudinal studies of HD was not replicated in this study. It was proposed that longitudinal follow up in HD is complicated by the varying degree to which different tasks are able to withstand repeated administration; a finding which would have significant implications on study design in future trials of cognitive enhansing interventions.
Wearable Sensor Array Design for Spine Posture Monitoring During Exercise Incorporating Biofeedback (2020)

Physical therapy (PT) exercise is an evidence-based intervention for non-specific chronic low back pain, spinal deformities and poor posture. Home based PT programs are aimed at strengthening core muscle groups, improving mobility and flexibility, and promoting proper posture. However, assessing unsupervised home-based PT outcomes is a generally difficult problem due to lack of reliable methods to monitor execution correctness and compliance. We propose a monitoring method consisting of a wearable sensor array to monitor three geodesic distances between two points on the surface of the shoulders and one point on the lower back. The sensor array may be built into a custom garment or a light weight harness wirelessly linked to a pattern recognition algorithm implemented in a mobile app. We use a new type of triangular stretch sensor array design which can generate a unique signature for a correct spine therapy exercise when performed by a specific subject. We conducted a pilot test consisting of three experiments: (i) two exercise patterns simulated by a mechanical device, (ii) one PT case of a scoliosis therapy exercise including spinal flexion, extension, and rotation performed by one volunteer patient, and (iii) a set of three lower back flexibility exercises performed by six subjects. Overall, the results of correctness recognition show 70-100% sensitivity and 100% specificity. The pilot test provides key data for further development including clinical trials. The significance of the method includes simplicity of design and training method, ability to test with simulated signals, and potential to provide real time biofeedback.
Negative Electrodes for Lithium- and Sodium-Ion Batteries Obtained by Heat-Treatment of Petroleum Cokes below 1000°C (2002)

Two petroleum cokes heat-treated at different temperatures are used to prepare suitable electrode materials for both lithium- and sodium-ion batteries. A combined mass spectrometry-Fourier transform infrared study allows us to detect a significant content in linear-chain hydrocarbons, which gives an extra contribution to the irreversible reaction with the alkali metals. Thus, low-temperature treated samples have low efficiencies, although their working voltages are sufficiently high that lithium metal deposition is not a problem under normal operating conditions. For sodium cells, low-temperature cokes decrease their capacity in increasing temperature, resulting from the lack of true intercalation in the graphitic materials. Capacities higher than 100 mAh/g reported in sodium cells using these soft carbon electrodes. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Circuit based data transport for a wireless access communications system (2002)

The interest in wireless data communications has been increasing, in part due to new wireless communications services and the availability of the portable data terminals such as notebook computers. This paper describes a Go-Back-N automatic repeat request (ARQ) radio link protocol for data transport over a TDMA/TDM Wireless Access Communications System (WACS). The paper investigates the throughput performance as a function of message length, signal-to-noise ratio and fading rate. Results show that 88% efficiency is achieved for signal-to-noise ratio exceeding 18 dB. This work is targeted towards understanding the implications to local exchange networks of wireless technology alternatives that could provide access to those networks.
Effects of communication latency, overhead, and bandwidth in a cluster architecture (1997)

This work provides a systematic study of the impact of communication performance on parallel applications in a high performance network of workstations. We develop an experimental system in which the communication latency, overhead, and bandwidth can be independently varied to observe the effects on a wide range of applications. Our results indicate that current efforts to improve cluster communication performance to that of tightly integrated parallel machines results in significantly improved application performance. We show that applications demonstrate strong sensitivity to overhead, slowing down by a factor of 60 on 32 processors when overhead is increased from 3 to 103 µs. Applications in this study are also sensitive to per-message bandwidth, but are surprisingly tolerant of increased latency and lower per-byte bandwidth. Finally, most applications demonstrate a highly linear dependence to both overhead and per-message bandwidth, indicating that further improvements in communication performance will continue to improve application performance.
Toward Model-Based Trade-off Analysis of Non-functional Requirements (2012)

In this paper we introduce a generic approach to analyze system design models with regard to the satisfaction of their Non-Functional Requirements (NFRs) to enable the evaluation of their NFRs' trade-offs. NFRs and their satisfaction become especially critical and deserve more attention in certain application domains such as real-time and embedded systems. This is mainly due to the constraints and resource limitations in these systems. A design that cannot achieve the functionality of the system under these limitations can mean a failure. However, one big issue is that NFRs are interconnected and cannot be considered in isolation as they can have direct impacts on each other like security and performance. This means that a careful balance and trade-off analysis among NFRs is necessary. In doing so, the role of functional parts that contribute and are implemented to satisfy an NFR should also be taken into account. We focus on these needs and identify what information about NFRs is required in order to perform trade-off analysis and comparison of design models. We propose and explain our approach to incorporate this information into system models using UML profiling method to annotate model elements with necessary information and then calculate satisfaction values of NFRs using model transformation technique.