gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High‐dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell transplantation in systemic lupus erythematosus (2003)

High-dose cyclophosphamide without stem cell transplantation leads to rapid hematopoietic reconstitution and has significant clinical benefit in patients with refractory SLE. Therefore, this approach deserves further study.
Lymphocytic Choriomeningitis Virus Infection Yields Overlapping CD4 <sup>+</sup> and CD8 <sup>+</sup> T-Cell Responses (2008)

Activation of CD4(+) T cells helps establish and sustain other immune responses. We have previously shown that responses against a broad set of nine CD4(+) T-cell epitopes were present in the setting of lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) Armstrong infection in the context of H-2(d). This is quite disparate to the H-2(b) setting, where only two epitopes have been identified. We were interested in determining whether a broad set of responses was unique to H-2(d) or whether additional CD4(+) T-cell epitopes could be identified in the setting of the H-2(b) background. To pursue this question, we infected C57BL/6 mice with LCMV Armstrong and determined the repertoire of CD4(+) T-cell responses using overlapping 15-mer peptides corresponding to the LCMV Armstrong sequence. We confirmed positive responses by intracellular cytokine staining and major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-peptide binding assays. A broad repertoire of responses was identified, consisting of six epitopes. These epitopes originate from the nucleoprotein (NP) and glycoprotein (GP). Out of the six newly identified CD4(+) epitopes, four of them also stimulate CD8(+) T cells in a statistically significant manner. Furthermore, we assessed these CD4(+) T-cell responses during the memory phase of LCMV Armstrong infection and after infection with a chronic strain of LCMV and determined that a subset of the responses could be detected under these different conditions. This is the first example of a broad repertoire of shared epitopes between CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells in the context of viral infection. These findings demonstrate that immunodominance is a complex phenomenon in the context of helper responses.
Rapid Estimation of Free and Total Cholesterol (1954)

Journal Article Rapid Estimation of Free and Total Cholesterol Get access B. Zak, Ph.D., B. Zak, Ph.D. Departments of Pathology, Wayne University College of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital and Detroit Memorial Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Dr. Zak is Medical Laboratory Analyst and Junior Associate in Pathology, Wayne University College of Medicine and Detroit Receiving Hospital; Drs. Dickenman and Cherney are Residents in Pathology at Detroit Receiving Hospital; Mrs. White is Research Technician, Department of Pathology, Wayne University Medical School and Mr. Burnett was Bacteriologist at Detroit Memorial Hospital. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar R. C. Dickenman, M.D., R. C. Dickenman, M.D. Departments of Pathology, Wayne University College of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital and Detroit Memorial Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar E. G. White, M.S., M.T. (ASCP), E. G. White, M.S., M.T. (ASCP) Departments of Pathology, Wayne University College of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital and Detroit Memorial Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar H. Burnett, M.S., H. Burnett, M.S. Departments of Pathology, Wayne University College of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital and Detroit Memorial Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar P. J. Cherney, M.D. P. J. Cherney, M.D. Departments of Pathology, Wayne University College of Medicine, Detroit Receiving Hospital and Detroit Memorial Hospital, Detroit, Michigan Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 24, Issue 11_ts, November 1954, Pages 1307–1315, https://doi.org/10.1093/ajcp/24.11_ts.1307 Published: 01 November 1954 Article history Published: 01 November 1954 Received: 12 December 1954
Unsupervised Data-Driven Feature Vector Normalization With Acoustic Model Adaptation for Robust Speech Recognition (2009)

In this paper, an unsupervised data-driven robust speech recognition approach is proposed based on a joint feature vector normalization and acoustic model adaptation. Feature vector normalization reduces the acoustic mismatch between training and testing conditions by mapping the feature vectors towards the training space. Model adaptation modifies the parameters of the acoustic models to match the test space. However, since neither is optimal, both approaches use an intermediate space between training and testing spaces to map either the feature vectors or acoustic models. The joint optimization of both approaches provides a common intermediate space with a better match between normalized feature vectors and adapted acoustic models. In this paper, feature vector normalization is based on a minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion. A class dependent multi-environment model linear normalization (CD-MEMLIN) based on two classes (silence/speech) with a cross probability model (CD-MEMLIN-CPM) is used. CD-MEMLIN-CPM assumes that each class of clean and noisy spaces can be modeled with a Gaussian mixture model (GMM), training a linear transformation for each pair of Gaussians in an unsupervised data-driven training process. This feature vector normalization maps the recognition space feature vector to a normalized space. The acoustic model adaptation maps the training space to the normalized space by defining a set of linear transformations over an expanded HMM-state space, compensating for those degradations that the feature vector normalization is not able to model, like rotations. Experiments have been carried out with the Spanish SpeechDat Car database and Aurora 2 databases using both the standard Mel-frequency cepstral coefficient (MFCC) and advanced ETSI front-ends. Consistent improvements were reached for both corpora and front-ends. Using the standard MFCC front-end, a 92.08% average improvement on WER for Spanish SpeechDat Car and a 69.75% average improvement for clean condition evaluation of Aurora 2 was obtained, improving those results reached with ETSI advanced front-end (83.28% and 67.41%, respectively). Using the ETSI advanced front-end with the proposed solution, a 75.47% average improvement was obtained for the clean condition evaluation of Aurora 2 database.
Distinct homotypic B-cell receptor interactions shape the outcome of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (2017)

Cell-autonomous B-cell receptor (BcR)-mediated signalling is a hallmark feature of the neoplastic B lymphocytes in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL). Here we elucidate the structural basis of autonomous activation of CLL B cells, showing that BcR immunoglobulins initiate intracellular signalling through homotypic interactions between epitopes that are specific for each subgroup of patients with homogeneous clinicobiological profiles. The molecular details of the BcR-BcR interactions apparently dictate the clinical course of disease, with stronger affinities and longer half-lives in indolent cases, and weaker, short-lived contacts mediating the aggressive ones. The diversity of homotypic BcR contacts leading to cell-autonomous signalling reconciles the existence of a shared pathogenic mechanism with the biological and clinical heterogeneity of CLL and offers opportunities for innovative treatment strategies.
A Room Temperature Direct Metal Insertion into a Nonstrained Carbon−Carbon Bond in Solution. C−C vs C−H Bond Activation (1996)

The diphosphine 1,3-bis[(di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl]-2,4,6-trimethylbenzene (1a) upon reacting with the rhodium and iridium olefin complexes M2(olefin)4Cl2 (M = Rh, Ir) undergoes rapid, selective metal insertion into the strong unstrained aryl−methyl bond under very mild conditions (room temperature), yielding ClM(CH3)[C6H(CH3)2(CH2P(t-Bu)2)2] (M = Rh (4a), Ir (7a)). The carbon−carbon bond activation is competitive with a parallel C−H activation process, which results in formation of complexes ClMH(L)[CH2C6H(CH3)2(CH2P(t-Bu)2)2] (M = Rh (3a), Ir (6a); L = cyclooctene in the case of 6a and is absent in 3a). Complexes 3a and 6a undergo facile C−H reductive elimination (at room temperature (3a) or upon moderate heating (6a)), followed by C−C oxidative addition, resulting in clean formation of 4a and 7a, respectively. The C−C bond activation products are stable under the reaction conditions, demonstrating that this process is the thermodynamically favorable one. X-ray single-crystal analysis of 4a demonstrates that the rhodium atom is located in the center of a square pyramid, with the methyl group occupying the position trans to the vacant coordination site. Direct kinetic comparison of the C−C and C−H activation processes shows thatin contrast to theoretical calculationsmetal insertion into the carbon−carbon bond in this system is not only thermodynamically but also kinetically preferred over the competing insertion into the carbon−hydrogen bond. When the ligand 1,3-bis[(di-tert-butylphosphino)methyl]-2,4,6-trimethyl-5-methoxybenzene (1b), bearing the strong electron-donating methoxy group in the position trans to the Ar−CH3 bond to be cleaved, was used instead of 1a, no effect on the reaction rate or on the ratio between the C−H and C−C activation products was observed. Our observations indicate that the C−C oxidative addition proceeds via a three-centered mechanism involving a nonpolar transition state, similar to the one proposed for C−H activation of hydrocarbons. An η2-arene complex is not involved in the C−C activation process.
Effect of mixing method on selected properties of acrylic bone cement (1997)

The present study was an investigation of the effect of the method of mixing the constituents of CMW3 bone cement on selected physical and mechanical properties of the fully polymerized cement. Five such methods were used: hand mixing; "active" vacuum mixing; mixing in a machine that allowed simultaneous mechanical mixing and centrifugation; mixing using this machine followed by application of a "passive" vacuum; and application of a passive vacuum followed by mixing in the machine. It was found that the best overall results were obtained from cement that had been mixed using the second and fifth methods and the values of the properties were: density, 1220 to 1246 kg/m3; areal porosity, 0.02 to 7.04%; ultimate compressive strength, 84 to 112 MPa; ultimate compressive strain, 5.1 to 6.4%; and compressive modulus of elasticity, 2249 to 2877 MPa.
Essential fatty acids in the plasma phospholipids of patients with atopic eczema (1984)

We have measured all the essential fatty acids (EFA) in plasma phospholipids in forty-one adults with atopic eczema and fifty normal controls. The major dietary n-6 EFA, linoleic acid, was significantly elevated, but all its metabolites, 18:3n-6, 20:3n-6, 20:4n-6, 22:4n-6, and 22:5n-6 were significantly reduced. The major dietary n-3 EFA, alpha-linolenic acid, was also elevated, though not significantly, while all its metabolites were also significantly reduced. These observations suggest that atopic eczema is associated not with any defect of EFA intake, but with abnormal metabolism, possibly involving the enzyme delta-6-desaturase. Treatment with oral evening primrose oil produced partial correction of the n-6 EFA abnormality, but had no effect on the n-3 EFAs.
Article Commentary: Mortality Due to Viral Hepatitis in the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010: New Evidence of An Urgent Global Public Health Priority Demanding Action (2013)

The recently published Global Burden of Disease Study 2010 (GBD 2010) contains accurate, contemporary estimates of human morbidity and mortality, with substantial changes in the patterns of illness observed over the last two decades. One of the most significant alterations to these estimates has been the recognition that viral hepatitis is a leading cause of human mortality, with an estimated 1.29 million deaths worldwide in 2010. The global community must act to address emerging health priorities identified by GBD 2010, including the need to provide treatment and care to people living with viral hepatitis, especially in resource-poor settings.
KNOX homeodomain protein directly suppresses the expression of a gibberellin biosynthetic gene in the tobacco shoot apical meristem (2001)

To identify genes targeted by the tobacco KNOX homeodomain protein, Nicotiana tabacum homeobox 15 (NTH15), we have generated an inducible system using the human glucocorticoid receptor. In this system, steroid treatment strictly induced NTH15 function and immediately suppressed the expression of a gibberellin (GA) biosynthetic gene encoding GA 20-oxidase (Ntc12) and also resulted in a decrease in bioactive GA levels. The repression of Ntc12 was observed even when indirect effects were blocked by cycloheximide. NTH15 mRNA was present in corpus cells of the shoot apical meristem (SAM), whereas Ntc12 mRNA was observed in leaf primordia and rib meristem but not in the corpus. Recombinant NTH15 protein strongly bound to a 5-bp dyadsymmetric sequence, GTGAC, in the first intron of Ntc12 in vitro. Mutation of this sequence in the Ntc12 gene abolished the NTH15-dependent suppression of Ntc12 in the corpus of the SAM. Our results indicate that NTH15 directly represses Ntc12 expression in the corpus of the wild-type SAM to maintain the indeterminate state of corpus cells. The suppression of NTH15 within cells at the flanks of the SAM permits GA biosynthesis, which promotes organized cell proliferation and consequently induces the determination of cell fate.
Direct Conversion of Radioisotope Energy to Electricity (2003)

A new chemical reactor has been tested for Field Enhanced Diffusion by Optical Activation doping and purification of SiC, GaN and AlN films. Different conditions have been used on SiC, GaN and AlN samples including temperature variation, electrical field variation, variations in electrical current and optical activation. A 5mW (630-680) nm laser was used for optical activation. It was observed that optical activation has a major effect on ion drift rates. It was also observed that the magnitude of the electrical current also enhanced ion drift rates by a postulated current drag mechanism. I-V characteristic curves were measured to verify changes in the electrical properties of the samples SIMS was used to analyze the concentrations of impurities in the film samples before and after treatment. It has been demonstrated that the field-enhanced diffusion by optical activation method can dope and purify the films. As a result, the electrical properties of the wafers have been significantly improved during treatment especially in cases where a laser is used.
Calf Tendon Procollagen Peptidase: Its Purification and Endopeptidase Mode of Action (1974)

The procollagen peptidase activity of calf tendon has been purified. The enzyme has a high degree of specificity for native procollagen and converts both pro alpha1 and alpha2, to alpha1 and alpha2, respectively. The purified enzyme is an endopeptidase which excises the amino terminal peptide extensions of the precursor chains in block; the molecular size and amino-acid composition of the excised peptides compare favorably with those predicted in previous reports. Antisera to the enzyme and to procollagen have been prepared and have been used to characterize the enzyme, the enzymatically excised peptides, and the enzyme-peptide complex in reaction mixtures.
Hot spots and dark current in advanced plasma wakefield accelerators (2016)

Dark current can spoil witness bunch beam quality and acceleration efficiency in particle beam-driven plasma wakefield accelerators. In advanced schemes, hot spots generated by the drive beam or the wakefield can release electrons from higher ionization threshold levels in the plasma media. These electrons may be trapped inside the plasma wake and will then accumulate dark current, which is generally detrimental for a clear and unspoiled plasma acceleration process. Strategies for generating clean and robust, dark current free plasma wake cavities are devised and analyzed, and crucial aspects for experimental realization of such optimized scenarios are discussed.
Rapid thermal annealing characteristics of As+- and BF+2 -implanted Si (1984)

The electrical properties and distribution of impurities in As+- and BF+2 -implanted Si activated using rapid thermal annealing (RTA) are discussed. Sheet mobility and activation of the implanted Si 〈100〉 samples (As+: 60 keV, 1×1015 cm−2 and BF+2 : 45 keV, 1×1015 cm−2) as functions of annealing temperature are reported for RTA. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy atomic profiles of samples preannealed at 600 °C in furnace, followed by RTA are presented. Full electrical activation of As occurs at 1100 °C and that for B (BF2) occurs at 950 °C. A 600 °C, 1-h furnace preanneal does not have any noticeable effect on reducing the dopant redistribution during 2-s, 1170 °C RTA for 1×1015 cm−2 As+ implants and during 2-s, 1100 °C RTA for 1×1015 cm−2 BF+2 implants. This lack of ‘‘diffusion difference’’ is attributed to the high RTA temperatures at which mechanisms other than the point defects caused early time enhanced diffusion play a dominant role in impurity redistribution.
Update on Geographic Atrophy in Age-Related Macular Degeneration (2011)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the main cause of legal blindness in older patients in developed countries, and geographic atrophy (GA) represents the advanced form of dry AMD. Although it accounts for one third of the cases of late AMD and is responsible for 20% of the cases of severe visual loss due to the disorder. GA currently lacks effective treatment, whereas antiangiogenic therapies have been shown to be successful in managing choroidal neovascularization, the other form of late AMD. Recent advances in GA epidemiology, etiology, genetics, and imaging techniques have renewed the interest in this entity, which is a cause of progressive visual loss even in treated patients with neovascular AMD. This knowledge has triggered many clinical trials targeting different molecules shown to be associated with the disease, and it is hoped that this research will translate into effective drugs for GA in the near future.
Signaling via Amyloid Precursor-Like Proteins APLP1 and APLP2 (2011)

The amyloid-β protein precursor (AβPP) has been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) not only as a precursor of the amyloid-β peptide but also as a mediator of signal transduction. We recently identified novel mediators of AβPP signaling via interactions with Mint/X11 family proteins Mint1 and Mint3. These mediators include transcriptional co-activators Taz and Yap. Here we show that Taz and Yap also mediate signaling via the AβPP paralogues APLP1 and APLP2 through interactions with Mint1 and Mint3. APLP1 and APLP2 formed transcriptionally active triple protein complexes with the adaptor protein Mint3 and each of the transcriptional regulators Taz and Yap, and complex formation was regulated by the γ-secretase cleavage of APLP1 and APLP2. The presence of Mint1 instead of Mint3 in the complex prevented its translocation to the nucleus. APLP1 displayed much lower transactivation levels compared to AβPP and APLP2. These results indicate that all three AβPP family members are capable of activating gene transcription via Mint3-Taz and Mint3-Yap.
A model of <i>Agrobacterium tumefaciens</i> vacuum infiltration into harvested leaf tissue and subsequent in planta transgene transient expression (2008)

Agrobacterium-mediated gene transfer, or agroinfiltration, can be a highly efficient method for transforming and inducing transient transgene expression in plant tissue. The technique uses the innate DNA secretion pathway of Agrobacterium tumefaciens to vector a particular plasmid-encoded segment of DNA from the bacteria to plant cells. Vacuum is often applied to plant tissue submerged in a suspension of A. tumefaciens to improve agroinfiltration. However, the effects of vacuum application on agroinfiltration and in planta transient transgene expression have not been well quantified. Here we show that vacuum application and release act to drive A. tumefaciens suspension into the interior of leaf tissue. Moreover, the amount of suspension that enters leaves can be predicted based on the vacuum intensity and duration. Furthermore, we show that transient expression levels of an agroinfiltrated reporter gene vary in response to the amount of A. tumefaciens vacuum infiltrated into leaf tissue, suggesting that vacuum infiltration conditions can be tailored to achieve optimal transient transgene expression levels after agroinfiltration.
A physiologically-based time domain model of the mammalian ear (2015)

In this paper, we present a physiologically-based time-domain model of the mammalian ear that couples a nonlinear model of the cochlea with a lumped parameter model of the middle ear. The cochlear model is an extension of a previous nonlinear frequency-domain model [9]. This model is based on the finite element method and includes mechanical degrees of freedom for the organ of Corti micromechanics, acoustical degrees of freedom for the intracochlear fluid mechanics and electrical degrees of freedom that represent the intracellular outer hair cell (OHC) potential and the electrical potentials in the cochlear ducts. Nonlinear OHC hair bundle mechanoelectrical transduction and linear somatic electromotility couple the mechanical and electrical domains of the cochlea. A two-dimensional representation of the fluid domain is used. The governing equations are formulated using a state-space approach that is used to determine the linear stability and the time-domain response of the model. Electrical longitudinal cables were previously included in the frequency-domain model in order to represent the propagation of current in the cochlear ducts. The effect of these cables on the state-space formulation is discussed. Numerical results for the transient and steady-state response to a pure tone are presented.
Very high temperature (800&#x00B0;C) ohmic contact of Au/Ni<inf>2</inf>Si on n-type polycrystalline silicon carbide aged in air (2011)

Ohmic and low-resistance electrical contacts on silicon carbide have been demonstrated for the first time up to very high temperature (800°C) in an oxidizing environment. A specific contact resistance of about 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-4</sup> Ω.cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> was achieved after silicidation at 900°C. Long term aging tests in an oxygen atmosphere were performed, demonstrating ohmic behavior up to 1000 h at 550°C and over 4 h at 800°C. The aging mechanism has been explained, suggesting that polycrystalline 3C-SiC is not as stable as expected at very high temperatures, acting as a source for Si out-diffusion. Also, in-situ electrical measurements at very high temperatures in air using the transmission line method (L-TLM) have been achieved demonstrating good performance of the proposed metallization at representative operating conditions for harsh environments.