gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Optical spectroscopy study of the three-dimensional Dirac semimetal<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:msub><mml:mi>ZrTe</mml:mi><mml:mn>5</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math> (2015)

Three-dimensional (3D) topological Dirac materials have been under intensive study recently. The layered compound ${\mathrm{ZrTe}}_{5}$ has been suggested to be one such material as a result of transport and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy experiments. Here, we perform infrared reflectivity measurements to investigate the underlying physics of this material. The derived optical conductivity increases linearly with frequency below normal interband transitions, which provides optical spectroscopic proof of a 3D Dirac semimetal. In addition, the plasma edge shifts dramatically to lower energy upon temperature cooling, which might be due to the shrinking of the lattice parameters. In addition, an extremely sharp peak shows up in the frequency-dependent optical conductivity, indicating the presence of a Van Hove singularity in the joint density of state.
Direct writing and characterization of poly(p-phenylene vinylene) nanostructures (2009)

We report the use of thermochemical nanolithography to convert a precursor polymer film to poly(p-phenylene vinylene) with sub-100 nm spatial resolution, in ambient conditions. The local thermochemical conversion is verified by Raman spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging, and atomic force microscopy. This convenient direct writing of conjugated polymer nanostructures could be desirable for the design and fabrication of future nanoelectronic, nanophotonic, and biosensing devices.
Characterization of Glutathione S-Transferase Isoforms in Three Maize Inbred Lines Exhibiting Differential Sensitivity to Alachlor (1996)

Glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) are a family of isozymes that catalyze the conjugation of glutathione to several xenobiotics, including a number of important herbicides. Several GST isoforms have been identified in maize (Zea mays L.). In this study we focused on three isoforms, GST I, II, and IV, derived from homo-or heterodimerization of two subunits GST-29 and GST-27, which have been shown to be responsible for reactivity to alachlor. The expression of these isoforms was examined in three inbred lines of maize that showed tolerance, susceptibility, and intermediate resistance to alachlor (2-Cl-N-[2,6-diethylphenyl]-N-[methoxymethyl]acetamide) treatment. The different isoforms were separated by anion-exchange chromatography and subunits were quantified by western blot analysis. GST assays were performed against both 1-Cl-2,4-dinitrobenzene and alachlor. This analysis showed that the susceptible and intermediate lines exhibit impaired function in the GST-27 and GST-29 subunits, respectively. In addition, this study suggests that GST IV is the principal, detoxifying enzyme for alachlor, although GST I and II are required to achieve tolerance to high rates of the herbicide.
Pure Silica Chabazite Molecular Spring: A Structural Study on Water Intrusion−Extrusion Processes (2008)

Water intrusion-extrusion isotherms performed at room temperature on hydrophobic pure silica chabazite show that the water-Si-CHA system displays real spring behavior. However, differences in pressure-volume diagrams are observed between the first and the other intrusion-extrusion cycles, indicating that some water molecules interact with the inorganic framework after the first intrusion. (29)Si and especially (1)H solid-state NMR showed the creation of new defect sites upon the intrusion-extrusion of water and the existence of two kinds of water molecules trapped in the supercage of Si-CHA: a first layer of water strongly hydrogen bonded with the silanols of the framework and a subsequent layer of liquidlike physisorbed water molecules undergoing interaction with the first layer. This hydrogen bonding scheme is also supported by X-ray powder diffraction.
Isolation and functional characterization of human intestinal mucosal lymphoid cells. (1977)

Viable suspensions of human colonic mucosal lymphoid cells have been prepared by sequential treatment of tissue with dithiothreitol, EDTA in calcium- and magnesium-free salt solutions, and purified collagenase. The intestinal lymphocyte population, in comparison with that of peripheral blood, had greater numbers of bone marrow-derived cells, particularly cells bearing membrane IgA; showed spontaneous association with macrophages; underwent rapid rosette formation with sheep erythrocytes; and demonstrated increased in vitro synthesis of immunoglobulin. Total thymus-derived cells were equal in the two populations. Decreases were found in "null" cell numbers, in cells bearing membrane IgD and IgM, and in responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin. Macrophage/monocytes in the intestinal population were increased in size, granularity, motility, sustained glass adherence, and phagocytic activity. Human intestinal lymphoid cells appear to constitute a cell population that is more "mature" and/or "activated", in comparison with the lymphoid cells of peripheral blood. The method of preparation should lend itself to the study of inflammatory bowel disease, gastrointestinal cancer, and the intestinal secretory immune system.
The Costs of Lyme Disease (1997)

The article "The Lyme Disease Controversy: Social and Financial Costs of Misdiagnosis and Mismanagement," by Sigal,<sup>1</sup>presents an interesting but incomplete discussion of the controversy and disagreements facing clinicians and patients in the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme disease. Many clinicians propose that there is a significant incidence of overdiagnosis and subsequent overtreatment of Lyme disease. This opinion was prominently set forth in a 1993 article, "The Overdiagnosis of Lyme Disease," by Steere et al.<sup>2</sup>In their article, Steere and colleagues note that a significant portion of the patients who were referred to a Lyme disease clinic for difficult-to-treat or poorly responsive disease did not actually have Lyme disease but, instead, had one of a handful of other conditions that seemed to occasionally follow or be confused with Lyme disease. Lack of antibody positivity to the Lyme organism was a common factor excluding the diagnosis of Lyme disease.
Iron‐Catalyzed Friedel–Crafts Benzylation with Benzyl TMS Ethers at Room Temperature (2013)

Friedel-Crafts benzylations between unactivated arenes and benzyl alcohol derivatives are clean and straightforward processes to construct biologically useful di- and tri-arylmethanes. We have established an efficient iron-catalyzed Friedel-Crafts benzylation method at room temperature that uses benzyl TMS ethers as substrates, which are poorly reactive under common nucleophilic substitution conditions. The reaction seems to progress through iron-catalyzed self-condensation of the benzyl TMS ether to the corresponding dibenzylic ether. The use of excess arene relative to benzyl TMS ether produced mono-benzylated arene (di- and tri-arylmethane products), whereas the use of excess benzyl TMS ether versus arene provided bis-benzylated arene (polyarylated products) in high yields and regioselectivities. In previous methods, the latter double Friedel-Crafts benzylations hardly proceed.
Development of a Portable Taste Sensor with a Lipid/Polymer Membrane (2013)

We have developed a new portable taste sensor with a lipid/polymer membrane and conducted experiments to evaluate the sensor's performance. The fabricated sensor consists of a taste sensor chip (40 mm × 26 mm × 2.2 mm) with working and reference electrodes and a portable sensor device (80 mm × 25 mm × 20 mm). The working electrode consists of a taste-sensing site comprising a poly(hydroxyethyl)methacrylate (pHEMA) hydrogel layer with KCl as the electrolyte layer and a lipid/polymer membrane as the taste sensing element. The reference electrode comprises a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) membrane layer with a small hole and a pHEMA layer with KCl. The whole device is the size of a USB memory stick, making it suitable for portable use. The sensor's response to tannic acid as the standard astringency substance showed good accuracy and reproducibility, and was comparable with the performance of a commercially available taste sensing system. Thus, it is possible for this sensor to be used for in-field evaluations and it can make a significant contribution to the food industry, as well as in various fields of research.
Self-assembly takes shape (2012)

Researchers exploit new ways to make IC s pull themselves together.
Estudio de la insulina basal y tras sobrecarga de glucosa en el niño normal (1977)

Se estudia la insulinemia y la glucemia basal y tras sobrecarga de glucosa oral en un grupo de 30 ninos obesos, entre dos y doce anos de edad. Como principales resultados figuran: Existencia de un aumento de la secrecion de insulina en correlacion con la edad unicamente en respuesta a la sobrecarga. Diferencia, estadisticamente significativa entre las areas de glucosa y de insulina del nino obeso con respecto al normal(grupo de escolares). Reafirmacion que el hilperinsulinismo en la obesidad infantil puede estar relacionado con una insulino-resistencia y con una cierta intolerancia a la glucosa.
Highly Diastereoselective 1,4-Addition of an Organocuprate to Methyl α-<scp>d</scp>-Gluco-, α-<scp>d</scp>-Manno-, or α-<scp>d</scp>-Galactopyranosides Tethering an α,β-Unsaturated Ester. Novel Asymmetric Access to β-C-Substituted Butanoic Acids (2001)

The 1,4-addition of magnesium divinylcuprate prepared from vinylmagnesium bromide and cuprous bromide to some 4-O-crotonyl derivatives of methyl alpha-D-glucopyranoside proceeds with a high level of diastereochemical induction, providing the adduct in good-to-excellent yields. Other organocuprates also serve as effective carbon nucleophiles for the 1,4-addition. Removal of the carbohydrate moiety from each adduct afforded a variety of beta-C-substituted butanoic esters in remarkable enantiomeric excess. The 1,4-addition of the same cuprate to some methyl alpha-D-manno- or alpha-D-galactopyranosidic substrates in which a crotonyl group was incorporated, each at 3-OH, was also investigated. The reverse pi-facial attack of the cuprate was observed when some D-manno-type substrates were subjected to 1,4-addition conditions similar to those used for the D-gluco-type substrates. Furthermore, some D-galacto-type substrates provided 1,4-adducts with higher diastereoselectivities.
An erythroid chaperone that facilitates folding of α-globin subunits for hemoglobin synthesis (2007)

Erythrocyte precursors produce abundant alpha- and beta-globin proteins, which assemble with each other to form hemoglobin A (HbA), the major blood oxygen carrier. alphaHb-stabilizing protein (AHSP) binds free alpha subunits reversibly to maintain their structure and limit their ability to generate reactive oxygen species. Accordingly, loss of AHSP aggravates the toxicity of excessive free alpha-globin caused by beta-globin gene disruption in mice. Surprisingly, we found that AHSP also has important functions when free alpha-globin is limited. Thus, compound mutants lacking both Ahsp and 1 of 4 alpha-globin genes (genotype Ahsp(-/-)alpha-globin*(alpha/alphaalpha)) exhibited more severe anemia and Hb instability than mice with either mutation alone. In vitro, recombinant AHSP promoted folding of newly translated alpha-globin, enhanced its refolding after denaturation, and facilitated its incorporation into HbA. Moreover, in erythroid precursors, newly formed free alpha-globin was destabilized by loss of AHSP. Therefore, in addition to its previously defined role in detoxification of excess alpha-globin, AHSP also acts as a molecular chaperone to stabilize nascent alpha-globin for HbA assembly. Our findings illustrate what we believe to be a novel adaptive mechanism by which a specialized cell coordinates high-level production of a multisubunit protein and protects against various synthetic imbalances.
An acoustic-phonetic feature-based system for automatic phoneme recognition in continuous speech (2003)

An acoustic-phonetic feature- and knowledge-based system for the automatic segmentation, broad categorization and fine phoneme recognition of continuous speech is described. The system uses an auditory-based front-end processing and incorporates new knowledge-based algorithms to automatically segment the speech into phoneme-like segments that are further categorized into 4 main categories: sonorants, stops, fricatives and silences. The final outputs from the system are 19 class phonemes which contain 7 stops, 6 fricatives, nasals and semivowels, 4 vowel classes and silences. The system was tested on continuous speech from 30 speakers having 7 different dialects from the TIMIT database which were not used in the design process. The results are 92% accuracy for the segmentation and categorization, 86% for the stop classification, 90% for the fricative classification, 75% for the nasal and semivowel extraction and 82% for the vowel recognition. These results compare favorably with previous phoneme classification results.
Problems and Future of Transplant Production in East Asia-Taiwan Case. (1998)

There are more than 75, 000 ha of cruciferous, solanaceous and curcurbitaceous crops that are using transplants in production and a total amount of over 1.2 billion transplants are needed each year in Taiwan. Providing good quality seedlings to farmers is important for successful crop production. After the introduction of using plug trays for growing seedling in early 1980, it has been widely adopted by growers. Due to its advantage, many farmers prefer to purchase plug transplants rather than grow their own. More than 30 nursery centers providing transplants to farmers have been established in Taiwan. In the past 15 years, public and private sectors have conducted much research work concerning plug culture practice, which is the leading factor for successful development of plug growing in Taiwan.
LLC series resonant converter with auxiliary hold-up time compensation circuit (2011)

LLC series resonant converter is the most attractive topology for medium power application due to its high efficiency and wide input range. Despite these advantages, it is difficult to optimally design to satisfy holdup time requirement, and it reduces efficiency of the converter and power density is degraded because of bulky magnetizing components. To solve these drawbacks, LLC series resonant converter with auxiliary hold-up time compensation circuit is proposed. By using auxiliary holdup time compensation circuit, the LLC converter gets higher gain when hold-up of output voltage is required, and the efficiency of the converter can be improved by the optimal design in normal operation mode. In this paper, operational principle of the proposed circuit is presented and experimental results with prototype are given to confirm the validity of the proposed circuit.
PI3K Inhibitors Synergize with FGFR Inhibitors to Enhance Antitumor Responses in FGFR2mutant Endometrial Cancers (2017)

Improved therapeutic approaches are needed for the treatment of recurrent and metastatic endometrial cancer. Endometrial cancers display hyperactivation of the MAPK and PI3K pathways, the result of somatic aberrations in genes such as <i>FGFR2, KRAS, PTEN, PIK3CA</i>, and <i>PIK3R1</i> The FGFR2 and PI3K pathways, have emerged as potential therapeutic targets in endometrial cancer. Activation of the PI3K pathway is seen in more than 90% of FGFR2<sup>mutant</sup> endometrial cancers. This study aimed to examine the efficacy of the pan-FGFR inhibitor BGJ398 with pan-PI3K inhibitors (GDC-0941, BKM120) and the p110α-selective inhibitor BYL719. We assessed synergy in three FGFR2<sup>mutant</sup> endometrial cancer cell lines (AN3CA, JHUEM2, and MFE296), and the combination of BGJ398 and GDC-0941 or BYL719 showed strong synergy. A significant increase in cell death and decrease in long-term survival was seen when PI3K inhibitors were combined with BGJ398. Importantly, these effects were seen at low concentrations correlating to only partial inhibition of AKT. The combination of BGJ398 and GDC-0941 showed tumor regressions <i>in vivo</i>, whereas each drug alone only showed moderate tumor growth inhibition. BYL719 alone resulted in increased tumor growth of AN3CA xenografts but in combination with BGJ398 resulted in tumor regression in both AN3CA- and JHUEM2-derived xenografts. These data provide evidence that subtherapeutic doses of PI3K inhibitors enhance the efficacy of anti-FGFR therapies, and a combination therapy may represent a superior therapeutic treatment in patients with FGFR2<sup>mutant</sup> endometrial cancer. <i>Mol Cancer Ther; 16(4); 637-48. ©2017 AACR</i>.
How do humans process and recognize speech? (1993)

Until the performance of automatic speech recognition hardware surpasses human performance in accuracy and robustness, one stands to gain by understanding the basic principles behind how humans recognize speech. This problem has been studied extensively at Bell Labs between the years of 1920 and 1950 by Harvey Fletcher and his colleagues. The motivation for these studies was to quantify speech sounds in the telephone plant and to improve speech articulation and quality. To do this they studied the effects of filtering and noise on the average speech articulation errors for nonsense CVC syllables, words, and sentences. During WWII these studies were continued at Harvard, but under much more adverse conditions of filtering, noise, and distortion. These studies have recently been extended to include the effects of reverberation degradation due to changes in the modulation transfer function. Fletcher and his colleagues derived a linear speech information density function D(ω) for the CVC’s and found a formula that accurately predicts the average CVC errors. The area under D is called the articulation index. Many people are not familiar with Fletcher’s derivation, which is very insightful. He then went on to find the relations between the errors for these nonsense speech sounds and words and sentences. This work has recently been reviewed and extended by Boothroyd. Taken as a whole, these studies can tell us a great deal about how humans process and recognize speech sounds.
Supporting flexible collaborative distance learning in the CURE platform (2004)

At the German Distance Learning University, five collaborative distance learning scenarios have been recently identified by students and teachers as an important future form of collaborative learning in the university's virtual learning space. An analysis of these scenarios showed a great variance between them and a need to support runtime tailoring of the respective learning environments. Since no existing learning platform addresses all the needs, the CURE collaborative learning platform was developed to support the implementation of such a variety of tailorable learning environments. CURE is based on a room concept and supports the implementation and runtime tailoring of collaborative distance learning environments for our scenarios. Initial experience indicates its applicability.
Preparation and properties of pure Iron alloys: II. Magnetic properties of iron-carbon alloys as affected by heat treatment and carbon content (1922)

This paper discusses the results of a study of the effect of heat treatment and chemical composition on the magnetic properties of a series of unusually pure iron-carbon alloys ranging from pure iron to 1.6 per cent carbon. They were given the following heat treatments: (1) Two sets of specimens were hardened by quenching from temperatures above the critical range. They were then drawn back to successively higher temperatures. (2) Another set was annealed in vacuo from suitable temperatures.
Pulse contour analysis versus thermodilution in cardiac surgery patients (2002)

The agreement between PCCO and ICO in contrast to CCO in the first 45 min after HCPB indicates that CCO underestimates CO during this period.
Partitioning and Localization of Fragrances in Surfactant Mixed Micelles (2008)

Abstract The localization and dynamics of fragrance compounds in surfactant micelles are studied systematically in dependence on the hydrophobicity and chemical structure of the molecules. A broad range of fragrance molecules varying in octanol/water partition coefficients P ow is employed as probe molecules in an aqueous micellar solution, containing anionic and nonionic surfactants. Diffusion coefficients of surfactants and fragrances obtained by Pulsed Field Gradient (PFG)‐NMR yield the micelle/water distribution equilibrium. Three distinct regions along the log( P ow ) axis are identified: hydrophilic fragrances (log( P ow ) < 2) distribute almost equally between micellar and aqueous phases whereas hydrophobic fragrances (log( P ow ) > 3.5) are fully solubilized in the micelles. A steep increase of the incorporated fraction occurs in the intermediate log( P ow ) region. Here, distinct micelle swelling is found, while the incorporation of very hydrophobic fragrances does not lead to swelling. The chemical structure of the probe molecules, in addition to hydrophobicity, influences fragrance partitioning and micelle swelling. Structural criteria causing a decrease of the aggregate curvature (flattening) are identified. 2 H‐NMR spin relaxation experiments of selectively deuterated fragrances are performed monitoring local mobility of fragrance and leading to conclusions about their incorporation into either micellar interface or micelle core. The tendencies of different fragrance molecules (i) to cause interfacial incorporation, (ii) to lead to a flattening of the micellar curvature and (iii) to incorporate into micelles are shown to be correlated.
Expression of complement components, receptors and regulators by human dendritic cells (2011)

Integration of innate and adaptive arms of the immune response at a cellular and molecular level appears to be fundamental to the development of powerful effector functions in host defence and aberrant immune responses. Here we provide evidence that the functions of human complement activation and antigen presentation converge on dendritic cells (DCs). We show that several subsets of human DCs [i.e., monocyte derived (CD1a(+)CD14(-)), dermal (CD1a(+)DC-SIGN(+)), Langerhans (CD1a(+)Langerin(+)), myeloid (CD1c(+)CD19(-)), plamacytoid (CD45RA(+)CD123(+))] express many of the components of the classical and alternative and terminal pathways of complement. Moreover human DCs have receptors known to detect the biologically active peptides C3a and C5a (C3aR, C5aR) and the covalently bound fragments C3b and metabolites iC3b and C3d which serve in immune adhesion (i.e., CR3, CR4, CRIg). We also show that the human DC surface is characterised by membrane bound regulators of complement activation, which are also known to participate in intracellular signalling (i.e., CD46, CD55, CD59). This work provides an extensive description of complement components relevant to the integrated actions of complement and DC, illuminated by animal studies. It acts as a resource that allows further understanding and exploitation of role of complement in human health and immune mediated diseases.