gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationships between spectral reflectance and biophysical characteristics of degraded shrublands (2004)

We aim to monitor vegetation succession in an area of ecological disturbance using multispectral satellite imagery. To this end, we have investigated the effect of vegetation type and density on spectral reflectance and vegetation indices. Mixtures of gravel, soil, cryptograms and dead vegetation constitute the non green component in our study site, making fractional vegetation cover difficult to assess. The green vegetation varies in canopy and community structure from grasslands, through shrublands to forest, which also creates challenges in the use of vegetation indices. We found that major structural vegetation types can be separated using measures of greenness - related to total leaf area index - and brightness - related to canopy shading and soil characteristics.
Characteristics of Gliding Arc Discharge Plasma (2006)

A gliding arc discharge plasma and its characteristics are described. Analysis of the production principle of the plasma is presented. Some experimental results about two novel types of the gliding arc plasma generator have been obtained. These types of gliding arc plasma are potentially usable in the chemical industry and environmental engineering.
Pulsed digital holography system recording ultrafast process of the femtosecond order (2006)

We report, for the first time to our knowledge, a pulsed digital microholographic system with spatial angular multiplexing for recording the ultrafast process of the femtosecond order. The optimized design of the two sets of subpulse-train generators in this system makes it possible to implement a digital holographic recording with spatial angular multiplexing of a frame interval of the femtosecond order, while keeping the incident angle of the object beams unchanged. Three pairs of amplitude and phase images from the same view angle digitally reconstructed by the system demonstrated the ultrafast dynamic process of laser-induced ionization of ambient air at a wavelength of 800 nm, with a time resolution of 50 fs and a frame interval of 300 fs.
High-Yield Biocatalytic Amination Reactions in Organic Synthesis (2010)

The amino functionality gives important biological activity in pharmaceutical compounds. The formation of chiral amines and amino acids can be accomplished by several chemical routes but enzymatic formation of amines offers many advantages in preparing chiral amino compounds or amination of fragile compounds compared to stoichiometric or catalytic chemical transformations. Biocatalytic routes to amines primarily use enzymes of the transaminase class (also known as aminotransferases) which transfer the amino function from a donor organic compound to a ketone or aldehyde acceptor. Although known since 1937, the transamination reaction experiences renewed interest due to the advances in biochemistry and molecular biology and the excellent selectivity of biocatalysts. Other enzymes that have been used to synthesize chiral amines are from the phenylalanine ammonia lyase class that use ammonia as the amino source. The use of recombinant enzymes for the biocatalytic preparation of amines is expanding at a great rate and the range of enzymes revealed in DNA sequence databases is of the order of tens of thousands. Since a large number of substrates like ketones, hydroxyketones and ketoacids can be made by chemical synthesis, the growing toolbox of α- , β-, γ-, δ-, ε- and ω-transaminases enable the synthesis of various new chemical entities by biocatalytic amination reactions. In order to simplify the isolation and purification of the product, it is useful to drive the amination reaction to completion. The biocatalytic processes that have been developed show different strategies of overcoming the kinetic limitations of the transaminase reactions and show how some enzymes have been used in processes to make large quantities of chiral compounds with amino functionalities. Keywords: Biocatalytic Transamination, transaminase, aminotransferase, enzyme, biocatalysis, biocatalytic process, phenylalanine ammonia lyase, amino acid, screening, bioprocess, aldehyde, ketone, biotransformation, Transamination, process, phenylalanine, amino acids, screenin, reductive amination, dialkylaluminium amides, C-N bonds, NaCNBH3, GABA, NADPH, L-glutamic acid, aminotransferases, chiral amines, CLUSTAL, (SAT), L-glutamate, PLP, D-Alanine TAm, Serine TAm, Phosphoserine TAm, TDP-4-amino-4,6-dideoxy- D-glucose TAm, transaminases, PAL, (TAL), HAL, Rhodococcus species, Mesorhizobium sp, L-erythrulose, Cambrex, total gene synthesis, NMR binding screening, (BiCE)
Flocking with obstacle avoidance: cooperation with limited communication in mobile networks (2004)

In this paper, we provide a dynamic graph theoretic framework for flocking in presence of multiple obstacles. In particular, we give formal definitions of nets and flocks as spatially induced graphs and define flocking. We introduce the notion of framenets and describe a procedure for automatic construction of an energy function for groups of agents. The task of flocking is achieved via dissipation of this energy according to a protocol that only requires the use of local information. We show that all three rules of Reynolds are hidden in this single protocol. Three types of agents called /spl alpha/, /spl beta/, and /spl gamma/ agents are used to create flocking. Simulation results are provided that demonstrate flocking by 100 dynamic agents.
Multiple Membrane-associated Tryptophan Residues Contribute to the Transport Activity and Substrate Specificity of the Human Multidrug Resistance Protein, MRP1 (2002)

The multidrug resistance protein, MRP1, is a clinically important ATP-binding cassette transporter in which the three membrane-spanning domains (MSDs), which contain up to 17 transmembrane (TM) helices, and two nucleotide binding domains (NBDs) are configured MSD1-MSD2-NBD1-MSD3-NBD2. In tumor cells, MRP1 confers resistance to a broad spectrum of drugs, but in normal cells, it functions as a primary active transporter of organic anions such as leukotriene C(4) and 17beta-estradiol 17beta-(D-glucuronide). We have previously shown that mutation of TM17-Trp(1246) eliminates 17beta-estradiol 17beta-(D-glucuronide) transport and drug resistance conferred by MRP1 while leaving leukotriene C(4) transport intact. By mutating the 11 remaining Trp residues that are in predicted TM segments of MRP1, we have now determined that five of them are also major determinants of MRP1 function. Ala substitution of three of these residues, Trp(445) (TM8), Trp(553) (TM10), and Trp(1198) (TM16), eliminated or substantially reduced transport levels of five organic anion substrates of MRP1. In contrast, Ala substitutions of Trp(361) (TM7) and Trp(459) (TM9) caused a more moderate and substrate-selective reduction in MRP1 function. More conservative substitutions (Tyr and Phe) of the Trp(445), Trp(553), and Trp(1198) mutants resulted in substrate selective retention of transport in some cases (Trp(445) and Trp(1198)) but not others (Trp(553)). Our findings suggest that the bulky polar aromatic indole side chain of each of these five Trp residues contributes significantly to the transport activity and substrate specificity of MRP1.
Machine Learning for Predictive On-Demand Deployment of UAVs for Wireless Communications (2018)

In this paper, a novel machine learning (ML) framework is proposed for enabling a predictive, efficient deployment of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), acting as aerial base stations (BSs), to provide on-demand wireless service to cellular users. In order to have a comprehensive analysis of cellular traffic, an ML framework based on a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) and a weighted expectation maximization (WEM) algorithm is introduced to predict the potential network congestion. Then, the optimal deployment of UAVs is studied to minimize the transmit power needed to satisfy the communication demand of users in the downlink, while also minimizing the power needed for UAV mobility, based on the predicted cellular traffic. To this end, first, the optimal partition of service areas of each UAV is derived, based on a fairness principle. Next, the optimal location of each UAV that minimizes the total power consumption is derived. Simulation results show that the proposed ML approach can reduce the required downlink transmit power and improve the power efficiency by over 20%, compared with an optimal deployment of UAVs with no ML prediction.
Novel Design of La(Fe,Si)<sub>13</sub> Alloys Towards High Magnetic Refrigeration Performance (2010)

LaFe13−xSix alloys with porous architecture do not degrade mechanically during cycling and maintain their excellent cooling performance, which was not accessible before. The ability to control the magnetocaloric effect and hysteresis by tuning of crystallite size promises applicability of these materials in magnetic refrigeration and porous materials exhibiting a first-order transition in general in diverse energy-related applications. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Carbon Nanotube Based Gas Sensors toward Breath Analysis (2016)

Abstract Breath analysis is a promising method for rapid, inexpensive, noninvasive disease diagnosis and health monitoring owing to the correlative relationship between breath biomarker concentrations and abnormal health conditions. However, current methods to identify and quantify breath components rely on large, bench‐top analytical instruments. Carbon nanotube (CNT)‐based gas sensors are desirable candidates to replace benchtop instruments because of their sensitive chemical‐to‐electrical transducer capability, high degree of chemical functionality options, and potential for miniaturization. This review seeks to give an overview of the synthetic methods used to functionalize CNT‐based gas sensors, specifically those sensors that target biologically relevant breath markers. Specific examples are provided to highlight the sensing mechanisms behind different classes of CNT hybrid composites. Finally, the current challenges and prospective solutions of applying CNT‐based sensors to breath analysis are discussed.
Subtle Disruption of the Middle Cerebellar Peduncles in Patients with Schizophrenia (2004)

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) was used to investigate subtle disruption in the middle cerebellar peduncles in patients with schizophrenia. Fractional anisotropy (FA) was measured in 25 patients with schizophrenia and 21 healthy subjects using DTI. The FA of the right and left middle cerebellar peduncles was significantly lower in the schizophrenic patients compared to healthy subjects. FA in the left middle cerebellar peduncles was significantly correlated with the dosage of neuroleptics in patients with schizophrenia. There were no significant differences of mean diffusivity in the right and left middle cerebellar peduncles between patients with schizophrenia and healthy subjects. The findings of the study suggest that antipsychotics may improve the subtle disruption in the middle cerebellar peduncles in patients with schizophrenia.
A perfect 10: What rates in the booming Indian legal market (2012)

Indian law firms are gearing up for increased competition, a growing economy and sky‐rocketing ambitions of the nation's young lawyers.
Brillouin gain curve dependence on frequency spectrum of PSK-modulated signals (1989)

The Brillouin gain curve in an optical fibre has been measured for various phase modulation formats as a function of the bit rate. Experimental results show that the gain can be obtained as the convolution of the intrinsic gain curve and the frequency spectrum of the modulated signal.
Etch-mask of pyrolytic-photoresist thin-film for self-aligned fabrication of smooth and deep faceted three-dimensional microstructures (1996)

Etch-mask thin-film material that is particulate-free and topographically smooth has been created from a standard photoresist spun onto standard semiconductor substrates such as gallium arsenide, indium phosphide, and silicon, and then pyrolyzed by exposing to a temperature of 300 °C in air atmosphere for 1 min on a standard laboratory hot-plate. The resulting pyrolytic-photoresist thin-film is chemically inert to many standard organic solvents including the solvent of photoresist itself and to many inorganic reagents used in semiconductor processing. Therefore the pyrolytic-photoresist can be patterned by sulfur hexafluoride reactive ion etching via a standard photoresist mask. Upon stripping the standard photoresist in a mixture of 1:1/acetone:developer agitated ultrasonically, the remaining patterned pyrolytic-photoresist performs as an excellent etch-mask in chemically assisted ion beam etching and reactive ion etching systems. Thus it can be a key material in the multilayer masking technique used to sculpt self-aligned three-dimensional microstructures with deep and smooth facets which are needed for example for photonic integrated circuits and micro-electro-mechanical systems.
Synthesis and pharmacological screening of new angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. (1990)

We report the preparation of a series of eight L-alanyl-L-proline derivatives and four L-proline derivatives. Their pharmacological activity as antihypertensive agents was examined with reference to changes in the contractile response to angiotensin I (AI), bradykinine (BK) and angiotensin II (AII). Compounds 1g, 1h and 2c were the most powerful when compared with known angiotensin-converting inhibitors such as captopril and enalapril, and were selected for further pharmacological study.
Analyze jitter to improve high-speed design (2000)

The authors describe how, in order to overcome timing jitter-the nemesis of high-speed design engineers-its source must be known. They detail how, to divine its source, thousands of signal observations must be collected and scrutinized to uncover flaws.
PROGRESS REPORT NO. 2 FOR SEPTEMBER 1, 1957 TO NOVEMBER 30, 1957 (1957)

Preliminary studies of sounds occurring during carbon stressing, apparatus and techniques for determining elastic constants and thermal conductivity in graphite, and methods for the direct determination of the Poisson ratio are reported. ( For preceding period see NP-6444.) (D. E. B.)
Factors affecting premature browning in cooked ground beef (1995)

Some ground beef patties developed an internal, brown cooked color and looked well-done at temperatures as low as 13 1EF, whereas normal patties were re d to pink. The premature brown color was not relate d to percent fat; patty compaction; animal source and maturity; pH (5.5 to 5.8); or concentrations of raw patty heme and nonhemeiron, myoglobin, and total pigment. Because oxidation-reduction potential and total reducing activities were higher (P<.05) and TBA numbers were lower (P<.05) in normal than prematurely brown patties, the brown color is apparently related to greater patty oxidation.
Syntheses and high temperature phase transformations of alunite-Natroalunite solid solution series. (1991)

The alunite-natroalunite solid solution series were synthesized by precipitation from mixed solutions of K2 SO4i Na2SO4, and Ale (SO4) 3 for 2 days' reaction at boiling temperature. The K ions in the initial solution were
Electrophysiologic and anatomic basis for fractionated electrograms recorded from healed myocardial infarcts. (1985)

The electrophysiologic and anatomic basis for fractionated electrograms were investigated in superfused epicardial preparations from infarcted canine hearts. Fractionated bipolar electrograms were frequently recorded in preparations from infarcts 2 weeks to 18 months old but only rarely in preparations from 5-day-old infarcts. The fractionated electrograms were not caused by movement artifacts. They were not associated with depressed transmembrane resting or action potentials (which were found in the 5-day-old infarcts), but rather transmembrane potentials recorded in the vicinity of the bipolar electrodes were normal. Despite the normal transmembrane potentials, activation time in regions where fractionated electrograms occurred was prolonged. However, prolonged activation time by itself did not cause fractionation, since fractionated electrograms were not recorded from normal preparations in which conduction was markedly slowed by a superfusate containing 16 mM potassium and epinephrine. Unipolar electrograms recorded with glass microelectrodes (tip size 1 to 5 microns) showed that activation in regions where fractionated electrograms were recorded was inhomogeneous. Prepotentials were found preceding the upstrokes of some action potentials in regions where double potentials were recorded, suggesting the possibility of electrotonic transmission across high resistance or inexcitable gaps, but no electrotonic potentials were seen in regions with multicomponent fractionated electrograms. Fractionated electrograms were recorded in regions where infarct healing caused wide separation of individual myocardial fibers while distorting their orientation. The anatomic changes probably caused slow and inhomogeneous activation.
Correction of Temperature-Induced Spectral Variations by Loading Space Standardization (2005)

With a view to maintaining the validity of multivariate calibration models for chemical processes affected by temperature fluctuations, loading space standardization (LSS) is proposed. Through the application of LSS, multivariate calibration models built at temperatures other than those of the test samples can provide predictions with an accuracy comparable to the results obtained at a constant temperature. Compared with other methods, designed for the same purpose, such as continuous piecewise direct standardization, LSS has the advantages of straightforward implementation and good performance. The methodology was applied to shortwave NIR spectral data sets measured at different temperatures. The results showed that LSS can effectively remove the influence of temperature variations on the spectra and maintain the predictive abilities of the multivariate calibration models.
Is p21 an oncogene? (2006)

p21WAF1/CIP1 is a cyclin-dependent kinase (cdk) inhibitor, and is a key mediator of p53-dependent cell cycle arrest after DNA damage ([1][1], [2][2]). p21 belongs to the Cip/Kip family of cdk inhibitors and it inhibits proliferation mainly by interfering with cyclin E/cdk2 activity ([3][3]). The
Recognition of arm gestures using multiple orientation sensors: gesture classification (2005)

We present a gesture recognition algorithm from Euler angles acquired using multiple orientation sensors. This algorithm is a part of a system for controlling unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the presence of manned aircrafts on an aircraft deck. After exploring multiple approaches to arm gesture recognition, we investigate a real-time arm gesture recognition system using the IS-300 Pro Precision Motion Tracker by InterSense. Our work consists of (1) analyzing several gesture recognition approaches leading to a selection of an active sensor, (2) gesture modeling using Euler angles, (3) low-level gesture characterization, and (4) model-based gesture classification algorithms. We have implemented and tested the proposed real-time arm gesture recognition system in a laboratory environment with a robot that represents an UAV surrogate.
ChemInform Abstract: Cement‐Based 0‐3 Piezoelectric Composites. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Unveiling the Activity Origin of a Copper‐based Electrocatalyst for Selective Nitrate Reduction to Ammonia (2020)

Unveiling the active phase of catalytic materials under reaction conditions is important for the construction of efficient electrocatalysts for selective nitrate reduction to ammonia. The origin of the prominent activity enhancement for CuO (Faradaic efficiency: 95.8 %, Selectivity: 81.2 %) toward selective nitrate electroreduction to ammonia was probed. <sup>15</sup> N isotope labeling experiments showed that ammonia originated from nitrate reduction. <sup>1</sup> H NMR spectroscopy and colorimetric methods were performed to quantify ammonia. In situ Raman and ex situ experiments revealed that CuO was electrochemically converted into Cu/Cu<sub>2</sub> O, which serves as an active phase. The combined results of online differential electrochemical mass spectrometry (DEMS) and DFT calculations demonstrated that the electron transfer from Cu<sub>2</sub> O to Cu at the interface could facilitate the formation of *NOH intermediate and suppress the hydrogen evolution reaction, leading to high selectivity and Faradaic efficiency.
Apertureless near-field optical microscope (1994)

We demonstrate a new method whereby near-field optical microscope resolution can be extended to the nanometer regime. The technique is based on measuring the modulation of the scattered electric field from the end of a sharp silicon tip as it is stabilized and scanned in close proximity to a sample surface. Our initial results demonstrate resolution in the 3 nm range—comparable to what can be achieved with typical attractive mode atomic force microscopes. Theoretical considerations predict that the ultimate resolution achievable with this approach could be close to the atomic level.
: Silius Italicus and the Roman Hannibal (2014)

Abstract This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book's focus: namely the character of Hannibal in SiliusItalicus’ Latin epic, the Punica. Firstly it draws attention to the potency of the name ‘Hannibal’ and the ability that this namestill has to enthral audiences thousands of years after the Carthaginian's death. From here the chapter shifts focus to SiliusItalicus, providing a brief overview of the ‘bad press’ that this author has received in the past and discussing the importance of this text for our understanding of what ‘Hannibal’ meant to Rome. The chapter concludes with a summary of the subsequent chapters and the various methodological approaches that are employed in them.