gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: BETA‐ADRENERGISCHE BLOCKIERUNGSMITTEL, 3‐(3‐SUBSTITUIERTE‐AMINO‐2‐HYDROXYPROPOXY)‐4‐SUBSTITUIERTE‐1,2,5‐THIADIAZOLE (1972)

Abstract Durch Umsetzung der Thiadiazole (I) mit Epichlorhydrin (II) in Gegenwart einer katalytischen Menge Piperidin wird ein Gemisch der Verbindungen (III) und (IV) erhalten.
Noncoding but nonexpendable: transcriptional regulation by large noncoding RNA in eukaryotesThis paper is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue, entitled 28th International West Coast Chromatin and Chromosome Conference, and has undergone the Journal's usual peer review process. (2007)

Genome sequencing and annotation has advanced our understanding of genome organization and gene structure but initially only allowed predictions of how many genes might be present. Mechanisms such as alternative splicing reveal that these predictions only scratch the surface of the true nature of the transcriptome. Several thousand expressed partial gene fragments have been cloned but were considered transcriptional noise or cloning artifacts. We now know that genomes are indeed expressed at much higher levels than was previously predicted, and much of the additional transcription maps to intergenic regions, intron sequences, and untranslated regions of mRNAs. These transcripts are expressed from either the sense or the antisense strand and can be confirmed by conventional techniques. In addition to the already established roles for small RNAs in gene regulation, large noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are also emerging as potent regulators of gene expression. In this review, we summarize several illustrative examples of gene regulatory mechanisms that involve large ncRNAs. We describe several distinct regulatory mechanisms that involve large ncRNAs, such as transcriptional interference and promoter inactivation, as well as indirect effects on transcription regulatory proteins and in genomic imprinting. These diverse functions for large ncRNAs are likely to be only the first of many novel regulatory mechanisms emerging from this growing field.
The SUM Data Base: A New Measure of Spectrum Use (1988)

This report describes a new technique for calculating the spectrum space used by existing frequency assignments. The Spectrum Use Measure (SUM) model determines the amount of spectrum used at a given location or the probability that a given location is unavailable for a new assignment. These quantities, stored in a SUM data base, can be used to produce maps, histograms and indices of spectrum use. The SUM technique has been effectively applied to the 1710–1850 MHz and the 7750–7900 MHz bands. The report concludes that the SUM technique is an effective indicator of spectrum use and recommends that it should be used when evaluating service bands.
A Novel Phase-Shedding Control Scheme for Improved Light Load Efficiency of Multiphase Interleaved DC–DC Converters (2012)

In this paper, a novel phase-shedding control scheme for multiphase interleaved dc-dc converters is proposed to improve the light load efficiency. The proposed phase-shedding scheme is based upon power efficiency estimation with a numerically constructed lookup table and a phase configuration selector to automatically determine the load current point of phase shedding for the minimization of the power loss during the light load condition. The proposed scheme is verified on a three-phase-interleaved dc-dc synchronous buck converter with a 12 V input and 1.2 V, 60 A output. Experimental results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed scheme.
Functional gains in energy and cell metabolism after<i>TSPO</i>gene insertion (2017)

Recent loss-of-function studies in tissue-specific as well as global Tspo (Translocator Protein 18 kDa) knockout mice have not confirmed its long assumed indispensability for the translocation of cholesterol across the mitochondrial inter-membrane space, a rate-limiting step in steroid biosynthesis. Instead, recent studies in global Tspo knockout mice indicate that TSPO may play a more fundamental role in cellular bioenergetics, which may include the indirect down-stream regulation of transport or metabolic functions. To examine whether overexpression of the TSPO protein alters the cellular bioenergetic profile, Jurkat cells with low to absent endogenous expression were transfected with a TSPO construct to create a stable cell line with de novo expression of exogenous TSPO protein. Expression of TSPO was confirmed by RT-qPCR, radioligand binding with [3H]PK11195 and immunocytochemistry with a TSPO antibody. We demonstrate that TSPO gene insertion causes increased transcription of genes involved in the mitochondrial electron transport chain. Furthermore, TSPO insertion increased mitochondrial ATP production as well as cell excitability, reflected in a decrease in patch clamp recorded rectified K channel currents. These functional changes were accompanied by an increase in cell proliferation and motility, which were inhibited by PK11195, a selective ligand for TSPO. We suggest that TSPO may serve a range of functions that can be viewed as downstream regulatory effects of its primary, evolutionary conserved role in cell metabolism and energy production.
Initial cytoplasmic and phagosomal consequences of human neutrophil exposure to <i>Staphylococcus epidermidis</i> (2009)

Microorganisms are recognized by specific phagocyte surface receptors. Liganded receptors then signal a series of events leading to phagocytosis and destruction of the organism by oxidative, lytic, and associated processes. Some organisms, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb), Cryptococcus neoformans (Cf), and others, evade such destruction, surviving and sometimes multiplying within the phagosome to later cause disease. To study such evasion, we developed protocols which permit simultaneous kinetic measurement of early cytoplasmic signaling and of phagosomal pH (pH(p)) and oxidative burst, on a cell-by-cell basis, of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes exposed to fluorescently labeled, nonpathogenic Staphylococcus epidermidis (Se). The availability of a new, highly sensitive pH probe, pHrodo, permits observation of increasing pH(p). Simultaneous labeling of the organism, applicable to any phagocyte target, with a probe insensitive to pH and oxidative species, such as AlexaFluor350, permits distinction between binding and functional responses to it by ratioing fluorescences. Addition of an extracellular-specific quencher (Trypan blue) permits distinction between bound and phagosome-enclosed targets, so that conditions within the closed phagosome can be studied. We found that opsonization is required for functional activation of PMN by Se, that the organism causes early alkalinization of the phagosome (in contrast to Cf which hyperacidifies it), and that extracellular Ca(2+) is not required for cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signaling but contributes markedly to binding of Se to PMN and to ensuant bactericidal functions. These findings lead to a new approach to the study of select organisms, like Cf and Mtb, which evade killing by manipulating the phagosomal environment.
Visual field contraction during G stress at 13 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees seatback angles. (1977)

In support of the High Acceleration Cockpit program, two groups of six experienced subjects, operating a high-resolution visual field limit tracker, were exposed to gradual-onset (0.067 G/s) G stress to a 7-G maximum on the USAFSAM human centrifuge. Data obtained from one group described the G-induced vertical visual field contraction, and that from the other described horizontal visual field contraction--as they occurred in relaxed subjects in seats with 13 degrees, 45 degrees, and 65 degrees seatback angles. Curves of peripheral vision remaining vs. G level indicated a statistically significant difference in tolerance provided by the 65 degrees seat over that provided by the 13 degrees and 45 degrees seats in the 5- to 7-G range, and a significant difference in tolerance provided by the 45 degrees and 65 degrees seats over that provided by the 13 degrees seat in the 4- to 5-G range. Two-dimensional reconstructions of the superior half of mean binocular vision remaining at the various levels of G stress showed complete visual loss near 5 G in the 13 degrees seat, complete loss near 6 G in the 45 degrees seat, and substantial peripheral vision remaining at 7 G in the 65 degrees seat.
Rapid communication: MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the swine myogenin locus (1993)

Journal Article Rapid communication: MspI restriction fragment length polymorphism at the swine myogenin locus Get access C. W. Ernst, C. W. Ernst 5Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3135 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar D. A. Vaske, D. A. Vaske 5Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3135 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. G. Larson, R. G. Larson 5Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3135 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar M. F. Rothschild M. F. Rothschild 5Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames 50011-3135 4To whom correspondence should be addressed. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Animal Science, Volume 71, Issue 12, December 1993, Page 3479, https://doi.org/10.2527/1993.71123479x Published: 01 December 1993 Article history Received: 29 July 1993 Accepted: 24 September 1993 Published: 01 December 1993
Expedited Construction Using Precast Prestressed Concrete Pavement in California (2005)

Faced with shorter and shorter windows for reconstructing deteriorating pavements in urban areas, transportation agencies are continually searching for new and innovative techniques for rapid pavement construction. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) is one such agency, often limited to 7-hour nighttime construction windows in the Los Angeles and other metropolitan areas. One innovation recently examined by Caltrans is precast concrete pavement. A 76 m (248 ft) section of precast, prestressed concrete pavement was constructed on Interstate 10 in El Monte, California, adding 8 m (27 ft) of traffic lanes and 3 m (10 ft) of shoulder to the existing pavement. The majority of the work was completed at night when lane closures were permitted on Interstate 10. The precast panels were pretensioned during fabrication and then post-tensioned in place to enhance the performance of the pavement. The successful completion of this project provided Caltrans yet another tool for rapid pavement construction in one of the busiest urban areas in the world.
Incremental dynamic programming for on-line adaptive optimal control (1995)

Use of o-phthaldialdehyde to chemically reduce the newly generated amino termini responsible for the progressively increasing background during an extended amino acid sequence analysis in a liquid phase sequencer has been described. The results have been compared with Fluram blocking using apomyoglobin and rabbit C-reactive protein as standard and unknown samples, respectively.
Igniting the Fire: Staphylococcus aureus Virulence Factors in the Pathogenesis of Sepsis (2014)

Sepsis is a devastating disease process characterized by a systemic inflammatory response in the host, evoked by a known or suspected pathogen. Staphylococcus aureus has emerged as a leading etiologic agent of sepsis, owing to its propensity to cause deep-seated tissue infection and bacteremia S. aureus harbors an arsenal of virulence factors to facilitate tissue adhesion, immune evasion, and host cell injury. In the bloodstream, these factors cause inflammation, impair immune cell function, alter coagulation, and compromise vascular integrity. This review will discuss key secreted and surface-anchored proteins required for S. aureus infection in the hostile host environment of the bloodstream, emphasizing mechanistic insights on virulence factor function that illustrate the complex nature of the host-pathogen interaction. While we currently lack a clear understanding of the temporal and spatial integration of these virulence factors in the bloodstream, it is apparent that S. aureus triggers pathophysiologic disturbances that are further amplified by the host inflammatory response, culminating in the severe clinical manifestations of sepsis and septic shock.
Ni-based cathode materials for Na-ion batteries (2019)

Na-ion batteries (NIBs) have attracted significant attention owing to Na being an abundant resource that is uniformly distributed in the Earth’s crust. Several 3d transition metal (TM) ions have been thoroughly investigated as charge compensators in single or multiple composition systems to enhance the electrochemical performance of cathodes for the practical applications. In this review, the composition-structure-property relationship of Ni-based cathodes has been reviewed as a design perspective for NIB’s cathodes. The typical Ni-based cathode materials have been systematically summarized and comparatively analyzed, and it is demonstrated that Ni ions can be used to provide charge compensation. Moreover, Ni-based cathodes present high reversible capacity owing to the multi-electron redox reactions and suitable redox potential of Ni-ions redox. However, considering the abundance, cost, and hygroscopic properties of Ni element, the content of 0.15–0.35 per formula can be optimal for enhancing the performance of cathodes. Lastly, further perspectives on designing Ni-containing cathodes, including Ni-rich layered cathodes, have been discussed, which could promote the practical applications of NIBs for grid-scale energy storage in future.
The role of buffer layers in polymer solar cells (2010)

The present review rationalizes the information spread in the literature concerning the use and role of buffer layers in polymer solar cells. Usual device structures include buffer layers, both at the anode and at the cathode interface, mainly to favour charge collection and extraction, but also to improve the device’s overall performance. Buffer layers are actually essential for achieving highly efficient polymer solar cells and can no more be considered as “optional”, thus the need and importance of understanding their properties and role. The aim of this review is to give the reader an overview of this topic and to provide a practical and useful tool for the daily activities of researchers in the field of polymer photovoltaics.
TonB induces conformational changes in surface‐exposed loops of FhuA, outer membrane receptor of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2008)

FhuA, outer membrane receptor of Escherichia coli, transports hydroxamate-type siderophores into the periplasm. Cytoplasmic membrane-anchored TonB transduces energy to FhuA to facilitate siderophore transport. Because the N-terminal cork domain of FhuA occludes the C-terminal beta-barrel lumen, conformational changes must occur to enable siderophore passage. To localize conformational changes at an early stage of the siderophore transport cycle, four anti-FhuA monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) were purified to homogeneity, and the epitopes that they recognize were determined by phage display. We mapped continuous and discontinuous epitopes to outer surface-exposed loops 3, 4, and 5 and to beta-barrel strand 14. To probe for conformational changes of FhuA, surface plasmon resonance measured mAb binding to FhuA in its apo- and siderophore-bound states. Changes in binding kinetics were observed for mAbs whose epitopes were mapped to outer surface-exposed loops. Further, we measured mAb binding in the absence and presence of TonB. After forming immobilized FhuA-TonB complexes, changes in kinetics of mAb binding to FhuA were even more pronounced compared with kinetics of binding in the absence of TonB. Measurement of extrinsic fluorescence of the dye MDCC conjugated to residue 336 in outer surface-exposed loop 4 revealed 33% fluorescence quenching upon ferricrocin binding and up to 56% quenching upon TonB binding. Binding of mAbs to apo- and ferricrocin-bound FhuA complemented by fluorescence spectroscopy studies showed that their cognate epitopes on loops 3, 4, and 5 undergo conformational changes upon siderophore binding. Further, our data demonstrate that TonB binding promotes conformational changes in outer surface-exposed loops of FhuA.
Uplink spatio-temporal interference rejection combining for WCDMA (2002)

Uplink RAKE combining with receiver diversity for a WCDMA FDD radio link in the presence of interference is considered. Expressions for the correlation between interference of different fingers after despreading are presented. By taking the correlation into account when combining the fingers, interference can be rejected. Spatial interference rejection combining (IRC), which accounts only for spatial correlation of the interference, and spatio-temporal IRC, which accounts also for correlation between fingers with different delays, are compared for rejection of both narrowband and wideband external interference. External interference may stem from narrowband communication systems operating in the same or distant frequency bands and by spectral regrowth from wideband systems operating in adjacent bands.
Cerenkov Radiation Energy Transfer (CRET) Imaging: A Novel Method for Optical Imaging of PET Isotopes in Biological Systems (2010)

Quantitative CRET imaging may afford a variety of novel optical imaging applications and activation strategies for PET radiopharmaceuticals and other isotopes in biomaterials, tissues and live animals.
Circadian alertness simulator for fatigue risk assessment in transportation: application to reduce frequency and severity of truck accidents. (2004)

The Circadian Alertness Simulator (CAS) was developed as a practical tool for assessing the risk of diminished alertness at work. Applications of CAS include assessment of operational fatigue risk, work schedule optimization, and fatigue-related accident investigation. Based on the documented work schedules of employees, sleep and alertness patterns are estimated and a cumulative fatigue score is calculated. The risk assessment algorithms are based on physiological sleep/wake principles including homeostatic and circadian processes. The free parameters of the algorithms were optimized using over 10,000 d of sleep and alertness data sets collected from transportation workers performing their regular jobs. The validity and applicability of the CAS fatigue score was then tested using work/rest and accident data from three trucking operations. Heavy truck drivers involved in DOT-recordable or high-cost accidents were found to have significantly higher CAS fatigue risk scores than accident-free drivers. Implementing a risk-informed, performance-based safety program in a 500 power-unit trucking fleet, where dispatchers and managers were held accountable for minimizing driver CAS fatigue risk scores, significantly reduced the frequency and severity of truck accidents. Further examination of CAS risk assessment validity using scenarios provided in a fatigue modeling workshop indicated that the CAS Model also performed well in estimating alertness with a real-world transportation scenario of railroad locomotive engineer work/rest patterns.
High-Density and Robust STT-MRAM Array Through Device/Circuit/Architecture Interactions (2015)

In spin-transfer torque magnetic random access memory (STT-MRAM), retention-, write-, and read-failures negatively impact the memory yield and density. In this paper, we jointly consider device-circuit-architecture layers to implement high-density STT-MRAM array while meeting the target yield requirement. Different types of magnetic tunnel junctions are considered at the device level, and error correcting codes (ECCs) in conjunction with invert-coding are employed as an architectural solution. Through cross-layer interactions, we present a design methodology to optimize bit-cell area while satisfying the target yield and energy consumption under process variation. Furthermore, we explore the use of invert-coding along with ECC in order to achieve higher memory density than that obtained using ECC alone. Our proposed technique can improve memory density further by proper selection of thermal stability factor based upon two observations: 1) invert-coding can fix multiple write/read failures with small storage overhead and 2) as thermal stability factor increases, retention-failure probability exponentially decreases, and thus, simple ECC is good enough for retention failure correction.
Mesogenic and Non Mesogenic Central Rigid Cores (1980)

Abstract The mesogenic power of several central rigid cores is measured by means of depolarized Rayleigh scattering. It is shown that there is a close relation between the angular correlation parameter J and the mesogenic power that lead us to define mesogenic and non mesogenic rigid cores. An attempt is made to explain these facts by consideration of certain different structural aspects.
Lipopolysaccharide/adenosine triphosphate induces IL-1β and IL-18 secretion through the NLRP3 inflammasome in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells (2014)

The NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome plays pivotal roles in inflammation and autoimmunity. The NLRP3 inflammasome is activated in response to various signals, including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). However, its role in inflammation remains unclear. In this study, we used lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) to simulate an inflammatory environment as the testing model. We found that the exposure of RAW264.7 cells to LPS/ATP triggered the activation of caspase-1 (P<0.01) and the cleavage of interleukin (IL)-1β (P<0.01), as well as the release of other cytokines, such as IL-18 (P<0.01) and IL-33 (P<0.01). Extracellular potassium chloride at a high concentration (150 mM) abrogated the secretion of IL-1β and IL-18 (P<0.01), but did not reduce the processing of IL-33 (P>0.05). In addition, the silencing of NLRP3 with small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppressed the generation of proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β (P<0.01), IL-18 (P<0.01), but not IL-33 (P>0.05), along with the decreased mRNA and protein expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1 (P<0.05). However, extracellular potassium at a high concentration and NLRP3 siRNA did not affect the level of apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing a caspase recruitment domain (CARD) (ASC; P>0.05). Our results suggest that the NLRP3/ASC/caspase-1 axis participates in the regulation of pro-imflammatory cytokine secretion in RAW264.7 cells, particularly the generation of IL-1β and IL-18.
Immobilizing Enzymes: How to Create More Suitable Biocatalysts (2003)

More immobile and more stable: The advantages of the immobilization of biocatalysts, for example, through the formation of aggregates or linking to iron oxide nanoparticles and organic supports (see scheme), include an enhanced stability, simple separation from the reaction mixture, and often an increased activity of the immobilizate.