gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Determination of Optimum Conditions for the Extraction of Squalene from Olive Pomace with Supercritical CO2 (2005)

Olive pomace is a standard by-product of olive oil production containing valuable compounds recoverable by supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). The solvent/solubility characteristics of a supercritical fluid may be fine tuned by changing the external pressure-temperature conditions of the extraction. This allows for the selective extraction of certain compounds. The present study describes a series of experiments, the methodology, instrumentation, and results of supercritical extraction of olive pomace with CO 2 . The effects that primarily affect supercritical extraction, temperature, pressure and flow rate, have been investigated and monitored on, both, the concentration of squalene at the extract and the overall recovery of squalene from pomace. The Box-Behnken approach was used for designing the experiments. The effects are easily visualized in the resulting 3D plots, which were used for identifying the optimum extraction conditions..
A MEMS Photosynthetic Electrochemical Cell Powered by Subcellular Plant Photosystems (2006)

A microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) photosynthetic electrochemical cell <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$(mu PEC)$</tex> was demonstrated that harnesses the subcellular thylakoid photosystems isolated from spinach cells to convert light energy into electricity. Subject to light intensity of 2000 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$mu mol$</tex> photons/ <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$ m ^2$</tex> /s, it generated an open circuit voltage (OCV) of 470 mV and a current density of 1.1 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$mu A/cm^2$</tex> at 5.2 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$mu V$</tex> . In the dark, the <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$mu PEC$</tex> continued to yield power for a few minutes using reduced equivalents generated during illumination, generating 330 mV OCV and 0.1 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$mu A/cm^2$</tex> with a 1 <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">$ kOmega$</tex> load. The output level is comparable to other MEMS biological fuel cells previously reported. The biosolar cell was bulk-micromachined from silicon and Pyrex substrates and assembled like a fuel cell in an anode-PEM-cathode configuration. This biosolar cell could have potential to serve as a power source for micro-scale devices like remote sensors.1359
GAS-SOLID CONTACTING (1963)

Some achievements of European workers in gas- solid contacting are discussed in the light of new techniques. Equipment used in gas-- solid contacting is reviewed and classified according to application. The various European processes for uranium fluoride production are reviewed. 70 references. (R.E.U.)
Stopping of energetic light ions in elemental matter (1999)

The formalism for calculating the stopping of energetic light ions (H, He, and Li) at energies above 1 MeV/u, has advanced to the point that stopping powers may now be calculated with an accuracy of a few percent for all elemental materials. Although the subject has been of interest for a century, only recently have the final required corrections been understood and evaluated. The theory of energetic ion stopping is reviewed with emphasis on those aspects that pertain to the calculation of accurate stopping powers.
MTNT: A Testbed for Machine Translation of Noisy Text (2018)

Noisy or non-standard input text can cause disastrous mistranslations in most modern Machine Translation (MT) systems, and there has been growing research interest in creating noise-robust MT systems. However, as of yet there are no publicly available parallel corpora of with naturally occurring noisy inputs and translations, and thus previous work has resorted to evaluating on synthetically created datasets. In this paper, we propose a benchmark dataset for Machine Translation of Noisy Text (MTNT), consisting of noisy comments on Reddit 1 and professionally sourced translations. We commissioned translations of English comments into French and Japanese, as well as French and Japanese comments into English, on the order of 7k-37k sentences per language pair. We qualitatively and quantitatively examine the types of noise included in this dataset, then demonstrate that existing MT models fail badly on a number of noise-related phenomena, even after performing adaptation on a small training set of in-domain data. This indicates that this dataset can provide an attractive testbed for methods tailored to handling noisy text in MT. 2
Maximizing Energy Efficiency in the Vector Precoded MU-MISO Downlink by Selective Perturbation (2014)

We propose an energy-efficient vector perturbation (VP) technique for the downlink of multiuser multiple-input-single-output (MU-MISO) systems. In contrast to conventional VP where the search for perturbation vectors involves all users' symbols, here, the perturbation is applied to a subset of the transmitted symbols. This, therefore, introduces a performance-complexity tradeoff, where the complexity is greatly reduced compared to VP by limiting the dimensions of the sphere search, at the expense of a performance penalty compared to VP. By changing the size of the subset of perturbed users, the aforementioned tradeoff can be controlled to maximize energy efficiency. We further propose three distinct criteria for selecting which users' symbols to perturb, each of which yields a different performance-complexity tradeoff. The presented analytical and simulation results show that partially perturbing the data provides a favorable tradeoff, particularly at low-power transmission where the power consumption associated with the signal processing becomes dominant. In fact, it is shown that diversity close to the one for conventional VP can be achieved at energy efficiency levels improved by up to 300% compared to VP.
Anti‐tumor mechanisms of valproate: A novel role for an old drug (2002)

Valproic acid (VPA, 2-propylpentanoic acid) is an established drug in the long-term therapy of epilepsy. During the past years, it has become evident that VPA is also associated with anti-cancer activity. VPA not only suppresses tumor growth and metastasis, but also induces tumor differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Several modes of action might be relevant for the biological activity of VPA: (1) VPA increases the DNA binding of activating protein-1 (AP-1) transcription factor, and the expression of genes regulated by the extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK)-AP-1 pathway; (2) VPA downregulates protein kinase C (PKC) activity; (3) VPA inhibits glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK-3beta), a negative regulator of the Wnt signaling pathway; (4) VPA activates the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors PPARgamma and delta; (5) VPA blocks HDAC (histone deacetylase), causing hyperacetylation. The findings elucidate an important role of VPA for cancer therapy. VPA might also be useful as low toxicity agent given over long time periods for chemoprevention and/or for control of residual minimal disease.
ChemInform Abstract: POLYFLUORINATED β‐DIKETONES WITH A TERMINAL HYDROGEN ATOM IN A FLUOROALKYL RADICAL (1977)

Abstract Durch Claisen‐Kondensationen der Ester (I) mit den Methylketonen (II) werden die Titelverbindungen (III) dargestellt (Isolierung in Form der Cu‐Chelate).
Preexisting Immunity to Pandemic (H1N1) 2009 (2009)

To the Editor: The infl uenza A pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus contains a combination of 8 gene segments (1-3) antigenically similar to North American infl uenza A virus (H1N1) but different from seasonal human infl uenza A viruses (H1N1) (3). Despite the initial high number of deaths among patients in Mexico and among patients with specifi c preexisting conditions, pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in general has caused mild symptoms, and the overall death rate remains around 0.45% (www.who.int/ csr/don/2009_07_06/en). Low virulence of the virus and preexisting immune status are among the main factors that account for lower death rates in infl uenza outbreaks. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Atlanta, GA, USA) reported that among persons >60 years old, 33% have preexisting, cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against the new virus, but seasonal infl uenza vaccines do not elicit cross-reactive neutralizing antibodies against pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus in either younger or older populations (1). However, current data cannot be used to evaluate the full immune capacities of human populations because cell-mediated immunity (CMI) has not been characterized in humans infected with pandemic (H1N1) 2009 virus.
Multilevel Modelling of the Geographical Distributions of Diseases (1999)

"Multilevel modelling is used on problems arising from the analysis of spatially distributed health data. We use three applications to demonstrate the use of multilevel modelling in this area. The first concerns small area all-cause mortality rates from Glasgow where spatial autocorrelation between residuals is examined. The second analysis is of prostate cancer cases in Scottish counties where we use a range of models to examine whether the incidence is higher in more rural areas. The third develops a multiple-cause model in which deaths from cancer and cardiovascular disease in Glasgow are examined simultaneously in a spatial model. We discuss some of the issues surrounding the use of complex spatial models and the potential for future developments."
A study of the mechanisms of particle buildup on single ferromagnetic wires and spheres (1982)

Particle buildup processes for paramagnetic, diamagnetic and ferromagnetic particles in HGMS are reviewed, and new data are presented. Previously published data are discussed using the local flow velocity in the vicinity of a collection wire instead of the average flow velocity.
Estimation of signal backgrounds on multivariate loadings improves model generation in face of complex variation in backgrounds and constituents (2012)

The present study is designed to understand further implications of using multivariate loadings for the correction of background signal, which has previously been shown to be highly reproducible even for very low quality signals. Singular value decomposition (SVD)‐based background correction was compared with the traditional per‐signal paradigm for a biomedical dataset to generate qualitative and quantitative models. The qualitative effect on a principal component analysis model and the quantitative effect on a partial least square regression model were assessed for these background correction methods. The chosen quantitative parameter was the concentration of a pathologically relevant protein modification, pentosidine. Of the approaches tested, the SVD‐based paradigm provided the regression model with the highest correlations, highest accuracy (lowest standard error of prediction) and repeatability (lowest sampling error). Contrasted against the traditional approaches, it was determined that the improved accuracy and repeatability of the SVD‐based approach arises from its ability to simultaneously handle very complex background shapes alongside the complex variation in biochemical species that resulted in Raman signals with incompatible baseline regions. A better understanding of the interaction of SVD‐based baseline correction, and data will give the reader more insight into the potential applicability of the procedure for other datasets. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Bit Too Much? High Speed Imaging from Sparse Photon Counts (2019)

Recent advances in photographic sensing technologies have made it possible to achieve light detection in terms of a single photon. Photon counting sensors are being increasingly used in many diverse applications. We address the problem of jointly recovering spatial and temporal scene radiance from very few photon counts. Our ConvNet-based scheme effectively combines spatial and temporal information present in measurements to reduce noise. We demonstrate that using our method one can acquire videos at a high frame rate and still achieve good quality signal-to-noise ratio. Experiments show that the proposed scheme performs quite well in different challenging scenarios while the existing approaches are unable to handle them.
Direct measurement of strain rates in biological tissues (2000)

A novel, imaged laser speckle strain gauge is described for directly measuring strain rates in biological tissues. Cortical bone samples were tested in tension in a custom- designed microtensile testing machine. Strain rates were evaluated simultaneously with both the laser speckle strain gauge and contact strain gauges and extensometers. Young's modulus values of the bone samples were estimated using the strain data acquired by all methods. The strain rates and modulus estimates determined through all the methods compared favorably with each other, with the modulus estimates calculated using the speckle data slightly higher than by the other methods (mean of 16.88 GPa for the speckle data vs. 13.4 GPa for the contacting methods). The speckle strain gauge has a strain resolution at least on the order of single microstrain and should prove to be useful in the mechanical evaluation of both native and engineered tissues.
Novel biodegradable poly(butylene succinate)/poly(ethylene oxide) blend film with compositional and spherulite‐size gradients (2005)

Abstract Biodegradable poly(butylene succinate) (PBS)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) polymer blend film with compositional gradient in the film thickness direction was prepared using a method of interdiffusion across the interface between the PBS and PEO layers at a temperature above the melting points of both the component polymers. The miscibility between PBS and PEO was confirmed by observation of the glass transition temperature by differential scanning calorimetry. The compositional gradient structure of PBS/PEO was characterized by microscopic mapping measurement of Fourier transform infrared spectra and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Furthermore, a new method for confirming the crystalline/crystalline compositional gradient structure through observing the crystallization behavior by POM (polarized optical microscopy) was put forward. A continuous gradient of the spherulite size along the film thickness direction was succeessfully generated in the PBS/PEO blend film. The compositional gradient blend was found to have significantly improved physical properties that cannot be realized for pure PBS, pure PEO, and even their homogeneous miscible blend system. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 43: 368–377, 2005
A convenient synthesis of toxoflavins, toxoflavin 4-oxides and 1-demethyltoxoflavins. (1975)

A convenient synthesis of toxoflavins and toxoflavin 4-oxides, which consists of the nitrosative cyclization of the aldehyde hydrazones of 3-methyl-6-(1-methylhydrazino) uracil, is described. Both toxoflavins and toxoflavin 4-oxides gave the corresponding 1-demethyltoxoflavins (8-demethylfervenulins) by treatment with nucleophiles such as dimethylformamide, dimethylacetamide and acetic acid. The preparation of some 4, 8-dihydrotoxoflavin derivatives is described.
Viscosity of normal human blood under normothermic and hypothermic conditions (1964)

Although blood viscosity varies in relation to shear rate, hematocrit, and temperature, equipment is now available with which it may be measured in respect to each of these variables. A simple, clinically practical technique for such measurement is presented. Blood from 60 normal subjects was adjusted to hematocrits 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80, and the viscosity-shear rate relationships measured at 37.0, 32.0, 27.0, and 22.0 C. The data obtained are presented as a reference for future studies using this method. Technical details are discussed and some deserving areas of application are considered. shear rate; cone-plate viscometer; hematocrit-viscosity relationships; blood, plasma; hematocrit; temperature; blood flow impedance; perfusion; shock; oliguria; dyspnea; coma; heart surgery; blood rheology; metabolism Submitted on May 31, 1963
Stereoelectronic Effect for the Selectivity in C−H Insertion of Alkylidene Carbenes and Its Application to the Synthesis of Platensimycin (2009)

A systematic study of C-H insertion reactions with variously substituted and conformationally constrained substrates was carried out. High selectivity in the insertion between two competing C-H bonds caused by a strong stereoelectronic effect of an oxygen substituent was achieved. This regioselective C-H insertion reaction was employed as a platform to develop a concise asymmetric synthesis of platensimycin.
Elastic Resource Allocation for Distributed Graph Processing Platforms (2015)

Distributed graph platforms like Pregel have used vertex- centric programming models to process the growing corpus of graph datasets using commodity clusters. The irregular structure of graphs cause load imbalances across machines operating on graph partitions, and this is exacerbated for non-stationary graph algorithms such as traversals, where not all parts of the graph are active at the same time. As a result, such graph platforms, even as they scale, do not make efficient use of distributed resources. Clouds offer elastic virtual machines that can be leveraged to improve the resource utilization for such platforms and hence reduce the monetary cost for their execution. In this paper, we propose strategies for elastic placement of graph partitions on Cloud VMs for subgraphcentric programming model to reduce the cost of execution compared to a static placement, even as we minimize the increase in makespan. These strategies are innovative in modeling the graph algorithms behavior. We validate our strategies for several graphs, using runtime tra- ces for their distributed execution of a Breadth First Search (BFS) algorithms on our subgraph-centric GoFFish graph platform. Our strategies are able to reduce the cost of exe- cution by up to 42%, compared to a static placement, while achieving a makespan that is within 29% of the optimal
Antarctic Whaling (1938)

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Advanced Techniques for High Temperature Electrochemical and Corrosion Studies (2004)

Abstract High temperature aqueous solutions represent new frontiers in electrochemical studies that are both technically challenging and technologically important 1. The interest in the high temperature aqueous electrochemistry has significantly increased in the last 30 years and this interest has risen mainly because of the many technological processes that take place in high temperature aqueous environment. However, it is still difficult to routinely carry out the high temperature electrochemical studies because few well-established electrochemical systems are available. The electrochemical techniques for high temperature aqueous systems recently developed by the author’s research group at Penn State University (PSU) are reviewed in this paper. Particularly, high temperature potentiometry and pH measurements of aqueous electrolytes, high temperature microelectrophoresis studies of the metal oxide/water interfaces, and high temperature electrochemical noise measurements are addressed in this paper.
Structural Basis for the Sugar Nucleotide and Acyl-Chain Selectivity of Leptospira interrogans LpxA (2009)

The first step of lipid A biosynthesis is catalyzed by LpxA in Escherichia coli (EcLpxA), an acyltransferase selective for UDP-GlcNAc and R-3-hydroxymyristoyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP). Leptospira interrogans LpxA (LiLpxA) is extremely selective for R-3-hydroxylauroyl-ACP and an analogue of UDP-GlcNAc, designated UDP-GlcNAc3N, in which NH(2) replaces the GlcNAc 3-OH group. EcLpxA does not discriminate between UDP-GlcNAc and UDP-GlcNAc3N; however, E. coli does not make UDP-GlcNAc3N. With LiLpxA, R-3-hydroxylauroyl-methylphosphopantetheine efficiently substitutes for R-3-hydroxylauroyl-ACP. We now present crystal structures of free LiLpxA and its complexes with its product UDP-3-N-(R-3-hydroxylauroyl)-GlcNAc3N and with its substrate R-3-hydroxylauroyl-methylphosphopantetheine. The positions of the acyl chains of the R-3-hydroxylauroyl-methylphosphopantetheine and the UDP-3-N-(R-3-hydroxylauroyl)-GlcNAc3N are almost identical and are similar to that of the acyl chain in the EcLpxA/UDP-3-O-(R-3-hydroxymyristoyl)-GlcNAc complex. The selectivity of LiLpxA for UDP-GlcNAc3N may be explained by the orientation of the backbone carbonyl group of Q68, which differs by approximately 82 degrees from the corresponding Q73 carbonyl group in EcLpxA. This arrangement provides an extra hydrogen-bond acceptor for the 3-NH(2) group of UDP-GlcNAc3N in LiLpxA. The R-3-hydroxylauroyl selectivity of LiLpxA is explained by the position of the K171 side chain, which limits the length of the acyl-chain-binding groove. Our results support the role of LiLpxA H120 (which corresponds to EcLpxA H125) as the catalytic base and provide the first structural information about the orientation of the phosphopantetheine moiety during LpxA catalysis.
Transport of CO2 in the Nordic region (2014)

NORDICCS is a virtual CCS networking platform aiming for increased CCS deployment in the five Nordic countries. This paper reports from work investigating options for CO2 transport infrastructure in the Nordic region. Five specific CCS cases have been selected from which capture is analyzed in detail and from which CO2 transport cost has been calculated assuming CO2 being captured only at the site itself or, assuming the selected capture site develops into a CO2-hub with CO2 from several adjacent sources. In the latter case cost has been calculated defining for what volumes pipeline transport becomes less costly than corresponding ship transport. Additionally, cost for both pipeline and ship transport has been calculated as a function of distance and volume in order to apply these calculations to derive the least costly transport mode for the fifty-five largest sources in the region with a coastal location. Also, the effect on cost for systems that will require ramp-up (i.e. transported volumes increase over time) has been calculated. Finally, an analysis of the potential for build-up of clusters in the region was performed. The work clearly shows that ship transport is the least costly transport option, not only for the five selected cases individually but also for most of the emission sources located along the coastline. The work also shows that ship transport is the least costly transport option for most of the potential clusters in the region during the ramp-up phase. An obvious but still important conclusion is that constrained storage capability and injectivity may have a profound impact on design and cost of a CO2 transport system.