gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new type of N-nitrosation inhibitor (1976)

Beside our work on nitrosamines in meat products (Groenen et aL, This symposium), we are also studying the occunence of nitrosamines in tobacco and tobacco smoke.Some of this work has been published in Beitrge zur Tabakforschung (Groenen & ten Noever de Brauw 1975).I now report in preliminary form that we have detected in tobacco smoke a compound which has the ability to trap NOx vapours and to inhibit the formation of AT-oitrosamines from secondary amines 1^ competing for nitrite.Though tobacco smoke and cmed meat products have little in common, we consider it appropriate to describe some of the observations and conclusions from this work at this symposium, as it is conceivable that this new AT-nitrosation inhibitor is active also in cured meat and 'other food products, and in vivo.We will describe elsewhere how we became aware of tiiis compound.We deter* mined its identity and it was found to be pyrrole.We then carried out a series of model experiments.The results were as follows: 1. Pyrrole in acidified aqueous solution (pH 1 or 3) is consumed extremely rapidly after addition of nitrite.A very fine black precipitate is formed.2. New volatile or semivolatile nitroso compounds or other compounds are not formed in this reaction.3. Experiments with an equimolar aqueous system of morpholine, pyrrole and nitrite at pH 3 showed that pyrrole can completely inhibit formation of JV-nitrosomorpholine, A black carbon-like precipitate is again formed.4. The extent of inhibition by pyrrole of the nitrosation of morpholine was compared with that of a series of acknowledged or potential nitrosation inhibitors under identical circumstances.The extent of inhibition was found to increase steadily in the order ammonium chloride < phenol < ifo-amylmercaptan < indole < ascorbic acid < guaiacol < 4-methyl catechol < pyrrole.According to Challis & Bartlett (1975), 4-methylcatechol must be one of the best knovwi scavengers of HNOj.We now can add that pyrrole is at least as effective, Unde/ the conditions of our experiment, 4-methylcatechol was also a highly effective nitrosation inhibitor.This is in contrast with the remarkable observations of Challis & Bartlett (1975), who report a 1 000-fold increase in the rate of nitrosamine formation, in spite of the rapid HNO2 consumption of 4-methylcatechol.There is suprisingly little literature on the nitrosation of pynole.JV-Nitrosopyr-
Evaluation of the accuracy and reproducibility of a replication technique for the manufacture of electroconductive replicas for use in quantitative clinical dental wear studies (2002)

This work sought to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of a replication process that formed electroconductive replicas from addition cured silicone impressions for the purposes of monitoring tooth surface loss. Replicas were constructed by painting the surface of impressions with one of three high silver content electroconductive paints [Electrocure (EC), RS Silver Paint (SP) and Electrolube (EB)] and, once dry, backing this up with a cyanoacrylate based gel material (Zapit) and die stone. For each paint an impression was recorded of a gauge block of known step height (1270 microm) and five impressions of the palatal surface of a laboratory standard maxillary central incisor were also recorded. All impressions were taken using an addition cured silicone impression material (President). The resultant electroconductive replicas were mapped using a computer controlled probe. This data was analysed to determine both the replica's step height and, using surface matching techniques, the reproducibility of the replication process. The mean step heights recorded were; EC=1268.43 (s.d.=12.09), SP=1267.09 (s.d. 1.77) and EB 1299.58 (s.d. 14.47). Both EC and SP recorded the step height to within 3 microm. In the repeat replication of the palatal surface of an upper central incisor SP maintained a greater constancy of surface topography (99.6%) that was statistically superior to both EC (P < 0.05) and EB (P < 0.01). The SP was therefore the preferred paint for this technique. Bearing this in mind the replication technique was both accurate and reproducible but vigilance, as to the selection of paint for the process, should be exercised so as not to affect the good accuracy and reproducibility of the technique.
Total-dose radiation-induced degradation of thin film ferroelectric capacitors (1990)

The radiation hardness of thin-film PbZr/sub y/Ti/sub 1-y/O/sub 3/ (PZT) ferroelectric capacitors is explored. Ferroelectric capacitors were irradiated using X-ray and Co-60 sources to dose levels up to 16 Mrad(Si). The capacitors were characterized for their memory properties both before and after irradiation. The radiation hardness was process dependent. Three out of four processes resulted in capacitors that showed less than 30% radiation-induced degradation in retained polarization charge and remnant polarization after irradiating to 16 Mrad(Si). On the other hand, one of the processes showed significant radiation-induced degradation in retained polarization charge and remanent polarization at dose levels above 1 Mrad(Si). A model for simulating the observed degradation is developed. The model indicates that the data are consistent with trapping of radiation-induced charge in the ferroelectric material. The radiation hardness levels indicate that ferroelectric devices can be fabricated that can survive radiation exposures well in excess of 10 Mrad(Si).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multiple-image encryption based on triple interferences for flexibly decrypting high-quality images (2015)

We propose a multiple-image encryption (MIE) scheme based on triple interferences for flexibly decrypting high-quality images. Each image is discretionarily deciphered without decrypting a series of other images earlier. Since it does not involve any cascaded encryption orders, the image can be decrypted flexibly by using the novel method. Computer simulation demonstrated that the proposed method's running time is less than approximately 1/4 that of the previous similar MIE method. Moreover, the decrypted image is perfectly correlated with the original image, and due to many phase functions serving as decryption keys, this method is more secure and robust.
On the isochronous and asynchronous traffic scheduling problem for single-star WDM networks (2002)

The problem of scheduling isochronous and asynchronous traffic for single-star WDM networks is investigated. Given a set of scheduled isochronous switching matrices of already established connections, an isochronous traffic demand matrix of new coming requests, and an asynchronous traffic demand matrix, the goal is to find an optimal schedule for the isochronous and asynchronous traffic such that the total duration and the number of switching modes of the schedule are minimized. The isochronous and asynchronous traffic scheduling problem has been proved to be NP-complete. In this paper, the lower bounds on the total switching duration and the number of switching modes for the isochronous and asynchronous traffic scheduling problem are derived. A heuristic algorithm for scheduling isochronous and asynchronous traffic on single-star WDM networks is proposed. Simulation results show that the average switching duration and the average number of switching modes obtained by the proposed algorithm are quite close to the lower bounds.
An integration-oriented approach for designing communication protocols from component-based service specifications (2002)

The trend toward the enrichment of communication services in ISDN and IN has greatly increased the size and complexity of communication protocols which realize the services. A large and complex protocol is constructed by integrating components, each of which corresponds to a subfunction specified in a service specification. The conventional approach to this construction is to integrate components on the protocol level using the existing protocol integration methods. In this approach, the reachability analysis of protocol components is required in the integration stage. So if the size of components becomes large, the integration stage would be a bottleneck because of the state explosion problem of the reachability analysis. Therefore, we propose a new approach to construct the target protocol which, at first integrates components on the service specification level and then transforms an integrated service specification into the target protocol by the protocol synthesis technique. As a result, the construction of the target protocol from the component service specifications can be efficiently effected in a small state space without paying special attention to the timing of protocol messages.
Caveolin-3 Associates with Developing T-tubules during Muscle Differentiation (1997)

Caveolae, flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane, are particularly abundant in muscle cells. We have recently cloned a muscle-specific caveolin, termed caveolin-3, which is expressed in differentiated muscle cells. Specific antibodies to caveolin-3 were generated and used to characterize the distribution of caveolin-3 in adult and differentiating muscle. In fully differentiated skeletal muscle, caveolin-3 was shown to be associated exclusively with sarcolemmal caveolae. Localization of caveolin-3 during differentiation of primary cultured muscle cells and development of mouse skeletal muscle in vivo suggested that caveolin-3 is transiently associated with an internal membrane system. These elements were identified as developing transverse-(T)-tubules by double-labeling with antibodies to the alpha 1 subunit of the dihydropyridine receptor in C2C12 cells. Ultrastructural analysis of the caveolin-3-labeled elements showed an association of caveolin-3 with elaborate networks of interconnected caveolae, which penetrated the depths of the muscle fibers. These elements, which formed regular reticular structures, were shown to be surface-connected by labeling with cholera toxin conjugates. The results suggest that caveolin-3 transiently associates with T-tubules during development and may be involved in the early development of the T-tubule system in muscle.
Parameters of Radiosensitivity (1986)

Dr. B. Fertil, Dr. E. P. Malaise, and co-workers have shown (1-5) that despite wide variability in the shapes of published in vitro survival curves for cells of human origin, there are, on average, systematic differences in the shapes of survival curves in the low-dose region among cells of distinct histological types. Moreover, tumor cells whose survival curves have steep initial regions tend to be more radiocurable than those whose average survival curves are more shallow at low doses (2, 4). These results are quite interesting since they support the hypothesis that human cell lines differ in intrinsic radiosensitivity and that such differences contribute to differences in clinical response. In the course of their studies, Dr. Fertil and Dr. Malaise have suggested a number of ways to characterize cell radiosensitivity in terms of a single parameter. Based on data in the literature, they have shown (4) that hulman cell lines can be distinguished by the average values of each of three different parameters: the initial slope of the survival curve (a), the surviving fraction at a small dose such as 2 Gy (SF2), and the mean inactivation dose (D), which is equal to the area under the survival curve in linear coordinates. Of these, they advocate D most strongly, since they find it to provide the best discrimination among cell types (4). Strictly speaking, the radiosensitivity of a cell population cannot be completely characterized by the value of a single parameter, since a minimum of two parameters (e.g., a and (3) is needed to describe the curved shape of a typical cell survival curve over a range of doses. This fact provided the motivation for a recent publication (6) in which I investigated the relationship between the value of D and the shape of the underlying survival curve. In that paper, I showed that it is theoretically possible for curves with different D values to have precisely the same surviving fraction at 2 Gy and, conversely, that there are survival curves with equal D values but which differ in radiosensitivity over the entire low-dose region (<4 Gy). In response, Fertil and Malaise argue (7) that pairs of survival curves with discrepant values of D and SF2, such as those that I presented, are merely theoretical and
Global Identification of Targets of the <i>Arabidopsis</i> MADS Domain Protein AGAMOUS-Like15   (2009)

AGAMOUS-Like15 (AGL15) is a MADS domain transcriptional regulator that promotes somatic embryogenesis by binding DNA and regulating gene expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis previously identified DNA fragments with which AGL15 associates in vivo, and a low-throughput approach revealed a role for AGL15 in gibberellic acid catabolism that is relevant to embryogenesis. However, higher throughput methods are needed to identify targets of AGL15. Here, we mapped AGL15 in vivo binding sites using a ChIP-chip approach and the Affymetrix tiling arrays for Arabidopsis thaliana and found that approximately 2000 sites represented in three biological replicates of the experiment are annotated to nearby genes. These results were combined with high-throughput measurement of gene expression in response to AGL15 accumulation to discriminate responsive direct targets from those further downstream in the network. LEAFY COTYLEDON2, FUSCA3, and ABA INSENSITIVE3, which encode B3 domain transcription factors that are key regulators of embryogenesis, were identified and verified as direct target genes of AGL15. Genes identified as targets of the B3 genes are also targets of AGL15, and we found that INDOLEACETIC ACID-INDUCED PROTEIN30 is involved in promotion of somatic embryo development. The data presented here and elsewhere suggest that much cross-regulation occurs in gene regulatory networks underpinning embryogenesis.
CURRENT TRENDS IN LIPID BASED DELIVERY SYSTEMS AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN DRUG DELIVERY (2012)

Lipid-based delivery systems are an accepted, proven, commercially viable strategy to formulate pharmaceuticals, for topical, oral, pulmonary or parenteral delivery. Lipid based formulations can be tailored to meet a wide range of product requirements dictated by disease indication, route of administration, cost consideration, product stability, toxicity, and efficacy. The proven safety and efficacy of lipid-based carriers make them attractive candidates for the formulation of pharmaceuticals, as well as vaccines, diagnostics and nutraceuticals. These systems allows oral delivery of poorly soluble API when solubilization through modification of molecular scaffold is not an option The efficacy of these biocompatible systems may be improved if their delivery rate, biodegradation, and site-specific targeting can be predicted, monitored, and controlled. However, the number of applications for lipid-based formulations has expanded as the nature & type of active drugs under investigation has become more varied. This article mainly focus on lipid formulations namely microemulsions, self emulsifying delivery systems, nanoemulsions, pickering emulsions, liposomes, phytosomes, transfersomes, ethosomes, archaesomes, vesosomes, lipid microparticles and lipid nanoparticles and their prominent applications in pharmaceutical drug delivery.
Law and Technological Change: The Case of Weather Modification (1973)

Although the "weather" which impinges on people in their daily lives is usually perceived as a local phenomenon it must be recognized that all the weather we experience is part of an intricately interconnected global system. The global weather system circulates vast amounts of air, moisture, particulate matter and energy over the whole surface of the earth; a given mass of air in the stratosphere will circle the globe in about fifteen days at the latitude of the United States. Almost incalculable amounts of energy are absorbed into the weather system from the sun and distributed by various mechanisms. For example, heat energy representing the energy required to vaporize sea water is released by the condensation which forms precipitation. It is estimated that through condensation a single thunderstorm can release as much energy as a megaton hydrogen bomb and that there are between 1,000 and 2,000 such thunderstorms on the earth every day. Thus the energy represented by daily thunderstorms alone is almost beyond comprehension.
Iterative projection strategies for the least‐squares fitting of tree structures to proximity data (1995)

A least squares optimization strategy is first reviewed and applied to the task of fitting a given collection of symmetric proximity values defined between the objects from one set by a collection of reconstructed proximity values, satisfying a fixed set of constraints, generated from some specified graph‐theoretic structure, such as an ultrametric or an additive tree, selected for representing the objects. Our method uses itcrative projection on to closed convex sets defined by the collection of given constraints characterizing the structural representation specified, and in contrast to least squares optimization methods that impose such constraints through the use of penalty functions, avoids the use of the latter, as well as the implementation of any gradient‐based optimization technique. Secondly, just as various penalty‐function/ gradient‐based optimization techniques have been turned into heuristic search strategies for such particular structures of interest as ultrametrics or additive trees, the use of iterative projection is suggested as a general heuristic search strategy for locating the best structural representations to impose in the first place, where the collection of constraints used may vary over the course of the optimization process. Our evaluation of the expected results uses several data sets previously analysed in the literature. Finally, several other applications of iterative projection as a heuristic optimization technique are discussed, including the consideration of data beyond that of a single symmetric proximity matrix (for example, extensions to two‐mode proximity matrices, i.e. between two distinct object sets, and to three‐way proximity matrices either symmetric or not), and to representations based on sums of matrices where each is constrained separately to conform to some desired representational structure.
YAC-1 MHC class I variants reveal an association between decreased NK sensitivity and increased H-2 expression after interferon treatment or in vivo passage. (1985)

Two H-2 negative variants of the YAC-1 lymphoma were selected by mutagenization and sequential in vitro selections and compared with wild-type cells for changes in NK sensitivity and H-2 expression after interferon treatment or in vivo passage. The H-2 negative variants and the low H-2 expressor YAC-1 wild-type cells had similar NK sensitivity. However, IFN-beta or recombinant IFN-gamma pretreatments increased the H-2 expression of YAC-1 and protected them from NK lysis, whereas the H-2 variants, which remained H-2 negative, were not protected and often more sensitive to NK lysis. The H-2 variants were similarly susceptible as wild-type cells to three other cellular effects of interferon: protection from virus infection, modulation of Con A capping, and inhibition of cell proliferation. Thus, the only interferon-mediated effect that distinguished the H-2 negative variants from wild-type cells was the inability of the former to increase their H-2 expression and decrease their NK sensitivity. The wild-type YAC-1 line showed increased H-2 expression and decreased NK sensitivity after in vivo passage. In contrast, in vivo passaged H-2 variants showed no reexpression of H-2, and remained NK sensitive. The altered responses to interferon and in vivo passage were specific for loss or down-regulation of H-2, because Thy-1 loss (H-2 positive) YAC-1 variants behaved as the wild-type cells in all respects. This study supports the hypothesis that NK cells may function in vivo to eliminate host cells that fail to express H-2 after interferon stimulation during an immune response; such cells are a potential threat because they may escape recognition by T lymphocytes despite the expression of viral or tumor-associated antigens.
Dimetallic complexes of acyclic pyridine-armed ligands derived from 3,6-diformylpyridazine (2004)

A bis(pyridine-armed) acyclic Schiff base ligand L1 has been synthesised from 3,6-diformylpyridazine and two equivalents of 2-(2-aminoethyl)pyridine. Reduction of this ligand using NaBH(4) resulted in the formation of the amine analogue L2. Complexes of the form [M(2)L1(mu-X)]Y(2)ClO(4)[where: M = Cu(II), X = OH(-) and Y = ClO(4)(-) 1, Cl(-) 2, Br(-) 3 or I(-) 4; M = Co(II), X = OH(-) and Y = ClO(4)(-) 5; M = Ni(II), X = SCN(-) 6 or X = N(3)(-) 7 and Y = ClO(4)(-)], and [Cu(2)L2(mu-OH)](ClO(4))(3) 8 were prepared and characterised. The complexes 1 and 5-7 have been characterised by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The acyclic L1 ligand provides three nitrogen donor atoms per metal centre, including a pyridazine bridge between the metal centres, and the anion X also bridges the two metal centres. As required, coordinating solvent molecules or additional anions make up the remainder of the coordination sphere. The two copper centres of 1 are very strongly antiferromagnetically coupled (2J=-1146 cm(-1))via the pyridazine and hydroxide ion bridges, whereas the competing antiferromagnetic pyridazine bridging pathway and ferromagnetic 1,1-bridging azide pathway resulted in the observation of weak antiferromagnetic exchange in the dinickel(II) complex 7 (2J=-14 cm(-1)). Electrochemical examination of L1, L2 and complexes 1 and 5-8 revealed multiple redox processes. These have been tentatively assigned to a mixture of metal centred and ligand centred redox processes on the basis of cyclic voltammetry and coulometry results and comparisons with literature examples.