gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of histidine on mental fatigue and cognitive performance in subjects with high fatigue and sleep disruption scores (2015)

Our previous study reported that a dried bonito broth known in Japan as 'dashi' improved or ameliorated mood states, including fatigue, during the daily lives of human subjects. Histidine is an amino acid that is present in dried bonito broth, and we sought to evaluate whether histidine would affect feelings of fatigue in humans. We investigated the effects of histidine intake on the feeling of fatigue, mood states and mental task performance by performing a placebo-controlled, double-blind crossover trial. Twenty subjects with high fatigue and sleep disruption scores were asked to ingest histidine or a placebo every day for two weeks. The subjects' mood states were evaluated using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) scale and a visual analog scale (VAS) for eight feelings (fatigue, depression, carelessness, drowsiness, clear thinking, motivation, attentiveness and concentration). We also measured subjects' cognitive performance using the CogHealth test battery. The fatigue T-scores on the POMS test decreased significantly following histidine ingestion compared to placebo ingestion (p<0.05). After two weeks of histidine ingestion, the reaction time for the working memory task in the CogHealth test battery was significantly shorten compared to placebo ingestion. The VAS scores for clear thinking and for attentiveness were increased significantly following histidine ingestion compared to placebo ingestion (p<0.05). These results suggest that daily ingestion of histidine may ameliorate feelings of fatigue, increase performance during working memory tasks, and improve the clear thinking and attentiveness.
A Putative Mediator of Insulin Action Which Inhibits Adenylate Cyclase and Adenosine 3′,5′-Monophosphate- Dependent Protein Kinase: Partial Purificaton from Rat Liver: Site and Kinetic Mechanism of Action* (1987)

A novel putative mediator of insulin action which acts to inhibit adenylate cyclase and cAMP-dependent protein kinase has been purified from livers of insulin-treated streptozotocin-diabetic rats. It was increased by short term (5-min) insulin injections in vivo and purified several thousand-fold by Sephadex and HPLC. Its mol wt was somewhat larger (2500) than previous mediators identified, and it was more hydrophobic in character. Its mechanism of action or adenylate cyclase was determined and found to be chiefly directed against the catalytic subunit. Its action on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase was found to be competitive with regard to protein substrate, but noncompetitive with regard to ATP and cAMP. Its relationship to other putative insulin mediators and the mechanism of insulin action is discussed.
An Adaptive Pressbrake Control Using an Elastic-Plastic Material Model (1982)

An adaptive controller for a pressbrake has been designed, built, and tested. The controller measures force and displacement during the early part of the bend cycle to estimate workpiece parameters. These parameters are used in an elastic-plastic material model to predict the correct final punch position to yield the desired unloaded angle. A microcomputer is used to control a Cincinnati CB90 hydraulic pressbrake. Data acquisition and computation times are short enough to bend a minimum flank angle of 15 deg using the standard forming rate of 6.7 mm/s (16 in./min) and a 25 mm (1 in.) V-die. Errors in flank angle were less than 1.5 deg in all cases.
DocuDesk: An interactive surface for creating and rehydrating many-to-many linkages among paper and digital documents (2008)

Knowledge workers often undertake tasks that involve a variety of information artifacts, including both paper and digital documents. In this paper, we first summarize findings from a study that illustrate some of the challenges of managing tasks that include both paper and digital content. We then introduce DocuDesk, a prototype interactive desk that demonstrates interaction techniques for establishing many-to-many linkages among paper and digital documents which can be used to quickly ldquorehydraterdquo task state.
Loss of Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression by DNA Methylation Prevents Glucocorticoid Induced Apoptosis in Human Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells (2011)

Human small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is highly aggressive, and quickly develops resistance to therapy. SCLC cells are typically insensitive to glucocorticoids due to impaired glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expression. This is important as we have previously shown that expression of a GR transgene induces cell death in-vitro, and inhibits tumor growth in-vivo. However, the underlying mechanism for loss of GR expression is unknown. The SCLC cell line, DMS79, has low GR expression, compared to non-SCLC cell lines and normal bronchial epithelial cells. Retroviral GR expression in DMS79 cells caused activation of the apoptotic pathway as evidenced by marked induction of caspase-3 activity. Methylation analysis of the GR promoter revealed some methylation in the 1D, and 1E promoters of the GR gene, however the ubiquitous constitutively active 1C promoter was heavily methylated. In the 1C promoter there was a highly significant increase in DNA methylation in a panel of 14 human SCLC cell lines compared to a mixed panel of GR expressing, and non-expressing cell lines, and to peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Furthermore, within the panel of SCLC cell lines there was a significant negative correlation seen between methylation of the 1C promoter, and GR protein expression. Reversal of GR gene methylation with DNA methyltransferase inhibition caused increased GR mRNA and protein expression in SCLC but not non-SCLC cells. This resulted in increased Gc sensitivity, decreased Bcl-2 expression and increased caspase-3 activity in SCLC cells. These data suggest that DNA methylation decreases GR gene expression in human SCLC cells, in a similar manner to that for conventional tumor suppressor genes.
Gradient-based depth estimation from 4D light fields (2004)

It is shown that an infinitesimally small surface element of a Lambertian scene exists as a plane of constant value in a 4D light field, where the orientation of the plane is determined by the depth of the element in the scene. By applying 2D gradient operators to appropriate subsets of the light field, the orientations of these constant-valued planes, and thus the depths of the corresponding elements of the scene, may be estimated. The redundancy associated with using three color channels, and having two depth estimates based on orthogonal 2D gradient estimates, is resolved using a weighted sum based on the confidence of each estimate.
Simultaneous high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation of the motor cortex and motor imagery (2014)

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used to affect the excitability of neurons within the cerebral cortex. Improvements in motor learning have been found in multiple studies when tDCS was applied to the motor cortex during or before task learning is performed. The application of tDCS to motor imagery, a cognitive task showing activation in similar areas to motor execution, has resulted in differing effects based on the amplitude and duration of stimulation. We utilize high definition tDCS, a more spatially localized version of tDCS, to investigate the effect of anodal stimulation on human motor imagery performance. In parallel, we model this stimulation using a finite element model to calculate stimulation area and electrical field amplitude within the brain in the motor cortex and non-stimulated frontal and parietal regions. Overall, we found a delayed increase in resting baseline power 30 minutes post stimulation in both the right and left sensorimotor cortices which resulted in an increase in event-related desynchronization.
The Decision-making Study of 3G Standard in China (2005)

1. Introduction Within the past decade, especially after 2G standards appeared, the mobile telephone industry in China has experienced a dramatic growth with the number of mobile subscribers increasing considerably each year. By the summer of 2001, the number of mobile subscribers in China exceeded that in the US for the first time, with around 200 million subscribers (or about 20% of the world total), making China the largest market for mobile telephones in the world.
Conditional Expressions with Equality Tests (1978)

Condmonal expressions of the form "if E=F then G else H," where E,F,G,H may themselves be such expressions, have long been used to describe the semantics of assignments. We consider the problem of deciding if two nested condmonals of the above form compute the same values Three transformahons are used to solve the problem A dtstrtbutwe transformation converts any conditional to the sampler form if A =B then G else H, where A and B are variables rather than expressions. An trnphed test transformation finds all tests in subexpresslons whose outcome as Jmphed by prevtous tests. Finally, the useless test transformation is used to reduce expressions of the form if A =B then C else C to C When all tests are between variables and the expressions are represented by trees, then equivalence of expressions can be tested in polynomial time The remaining cases have been shown elsewhere to be NP-hard KEY WORDS AND PHRASES semantics of assignment, program verification, expression simplification, equality predicate, conditional expressions CRCATEGORIES 5 21, 5 24 1. Introducnon 1.1 EOUAHTV CONDmONALS JN SEMANTICS. The effect of an assignment is conveniently described using a function defined by (a,b,y,z) ~ if a=b then y else z. We call the equahty condmonal function or o.~erator. This paper considers the problem of determining equivalence of expresstons over the equality conditional operator The above problem arose during an investigation of programs that manipulate data structures [3]. For example, after the following three assignments, k has the value tf t=j then 2 else 3: A It]:=3; A [jl:=2; k:=A Ill;
Modeling of a Neural Pattern Generator with Coupled nonlinear Oscillators (1987)

A set of van der Pol oscillators is arranged in a network in which each oscillator is coupled to each other oscillator. Through the selection of coupling coefficients, the network is made to appear as a ring and as a chain of coupled oscillators. Each oscillator is provided with amplitude, frequency, and offset parameters which have analytically indeterminable effects on the output waves. These systems are simulated on the digital computer in order to study the amplitude, frequency, offset, and phase relationships of the waves versus parameter changes. Based on the simulations, systems of coupled oscillators are configured so that they exhibit stable patterns of signals which can be used to model the central pattern generator (CPG) of living organisms. Using a simple biped as an example locomotory system, the CPG model generates control signals for simulated walking and jumping maneuvers. It is shown that with parameter adjustments, as guided by the simulations, the model can be made to generate kinematic trajectories which closely resemble those for the human walking gait. Further-more, minor tuning of these parameters along with some algebraic sign changes of coupling coefficients can effect a transition in the trajectories to those of a two-legged hopping gait. The generalized CPG model is shown to be versatile enough that it can also generate various n-legged gaits and spinal undulatory motions, as in the swimming motions of a fish.
LXXVI.—Some organic vanadates (1887)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
The influence of basal metabolic rate on blood pressure among indigenous Siberians (2008)

Hypertension is an important global health issue and is currently increasing at a rapid pace in most industrializing nations. Although a number of risk factors have been linked with the development of hypertension, including obesity, high dietary sodium, and chronic psychosocial stress, these factors cannot fully explain the variation in blood pressure and hypertension rates that occurs within and between populations. The present study uses data collected on adults from three indigenous Siberian populations (Evenki, Buryat, and Yakut [Sakha]) to test the hypothesis of Luke et al. (Hypertension 43 (2004) 555-560) that basal metabolic rate (BMR) and blood pressure are positively associated independent of body size. When adjusted for body size and composition, as well as potentially confounding variables such as age, smoking status, ethnicity, and degree of urbanization, BMR was positively correlated with systolic blood pressure (SBP; P < 0.01) and pulse pressure (PP; P < 0.01); BMR showed a trend with diastolic blood pressure (DBP; P = 0.08). Thus, higher BMR is associated with higher SBP and PP; this is opposite the well-documented inverse relationship between physical activity and blood pressure. If the influence of BMR on blood pressure is confirmed, the systematically elevated BMRs of indigenous Siberians may help explain the relatively high blood pressures and hypertension rates documented among native Siberians in the post-Soviet period. These findings underscore the importance of considering the influence of biological adaptation to regional environmental conditions in structuring health changes associated with economic development and lifestyle change.
The C.A.T. Pixel Proportional Gas Counter Detector (1996)

A simple geometry of real pixel gas detectors has been evaluated that circumvents the limitations of a microstrips, namely aging, gain drift and flux limitation due to the dielectric charging. A good resolution has been obtained while preserving a large active size and a high gain and counting rate capabilities.
Current crowding and optical saturation effects in GaInN/GaN light-emitting diodes grown on insulating substrates (2001)

Current crowding in mesa-structure GaInN/GaN light emitting diodes (LEDs) grown on insulating substrates is analyzed. A model developed reveals an exponential decrease of the current density with distance from the mesa edge. Devices with stripe-shaped mesa geometry display current crowding and a saturation of the optical output power at high injection currents. It is shown that the optical power saturation depends on the device geometry. It is also shown that saturation is less pronounced in LEDs employing a ring-shaped mesa geometry, which reduces current crowding, as compared to the conventional square-shaped mesa geometry.
Model-based full-chip verification for 65nm lithography process development (2005)

Model based full-chip lithography verification has been proven as a mask sign off solution to prevent patterning failures caused by design/OPC (Optical Proximity Correction) before mask data tape out. Furthermore, as the fast turn around time is achieved through scalable distributed processing for very large data after mask synthesis conversion such as assist feature and OPC, model-based full-chip verification can take advantages of RET (Resolution Enhancement Technique)/OPC recipe development. In previous studies, we introduced the full-chip verification methodologies for mask sign off flow in production and for RET/OPC optimization flow in process development stage for sub-wavelength lithography processes in general. In this paper, we demonstrated the layer-specific verifications for critical layers for 65nm lithography process development. For poly layer, we performed various types of checks such as fatal pinch/bridge hotspots, CD variations, line-end/space-end errors, assist feature printability, MMEF (Mask Error Enhancement Factor) and geometrical (Mask Rule/structural) checks considering the mask manufacturing constraints. We compared hyper NA (Numerical Aperture)illumination using immersion lithography with the double expose alternating PSM (Phase Shift Mask) lithography. For metal layer, various full-process window coverage verification methodologies were discussed.
Adjuvanticity of Dimethyl Dioctadecyl Ammonium Bromide, Complete Freund's Adjuvant and Corynebacterium parvum with Respect to Host Immune Response to Coccidial Antigens (1993)

Immune response of chickens to Eimeria was investigated following immunization with coccidial antigens in combination with various immunological adjuvants. The adjuvanticity of dimethyl dioctadecyl ammonium bromide (DDA) was comparable to that of two other adjuvants known to stimulate cell-mediated immunity: complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) and Corynebacterium parvum. However, DDA is considered less toxic than CFA and appeared to evoke longer-lasting immunity than C. parvum. In general, intramuscular immunization of chickens with merozoite antigens in DDA engendered higher protective immunity than did oral immunization. Immunization of chickens with merozoite antigens in CFA, DDA, or C. parvum engendered serum IgG and biliary secretory IgA (sIgA) antibody responses, as well as coccidial antigen-specific T-cell lymphoproliferation responses. This study presents evidence that DDA acts as an adjuvant for both coccidia antigen-specific antibody and T-cell immunity in the avian system.
Single-Electron-Tunneling Effect in Nanoscale Granular Microbridges (1997)

The single-electron-tunneling (SET) effect in a nanoscale granular microbridge, which consists of a two-dimensional array of small intergrain tunnel junctions, was investigated. We observed the Coulomb blockade effect and the periodic electrical field effect in the microbridges. These results coincide well with results of numerical calculations based on a model of a two-dimensional SET junction array. We showed that electron conduction properties of the microbridges are quasi-zero-dimensional, because the size of the charge soliton is larger than the dimensions of the microbridges. The details of the current-voltage characteristics were considered as an aspect of the Kosterlitz-Thouless (KT) transition, which is a peculiar phase transition in a two dimensional system. The electron conduction properties are extremely affected by the existence of a fixed background charge.
Maize Microsomal Benzoxazinone <i>N</i>-Monooxygenase (1991)

The benzoxazinones occur in hydroxamic acid and lactam forms in maize (Zea mays L.) tissue. The hydroxamic acid forms which possess a N-hydroxyl group are found in the highest concentration while the lactam members which lack the N-hydroxyl group occur in lower concentrations. The hydroxamic acid 2,4-dihydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIBOA) has as its lactam counterpart 2-hydroxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (HBOA). An enzyme has been identified in maize microsomal preparations which catalyzes the N-hydroxylation of HBOA to form DIBOA. The enzyme is initially observed in seedlings 2 days after imbibition which coincides with the onset of hydroxamic acid accumulation. The enzyme requires NADPH and is inhibited by sulfhydryl reagents, NADP, cytochrome c, cations, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen gas. The effect of nitrogen can be reversed by exposing the enzyme to air, while the effect of carbon monoxide can be reversed by exposing the enzyme to 450 nanometer light during the incubation period. The apparent K(m) values for HBOA and NADPH are 13 and 5 micromolar, respectively. The pH optimum is 7.5 and the temperature optimum for the enzyme is 35 degrees C. A 450 nanometer absorbance peak is observed when reduced microsomal preparations are exposed to carbon monoxide which in combination with other data presented supports the hypothesis that the enzyme is a cytochrome P-450 dependent N-monooxygenase.
Traffic engineering for information-centric networks (2012)

Information-centric networking (ICN) proposes a networking architecture that uses methodologies such as publish-subscribe to achieve a data-oriented approach as opposed to a destination based approach found in the current Internet. This new architecture brings both new problems to be solved and also natural solutions to existing problems. This paper investigates an intra-domain traffic engineering (TE) problem for an information-centric networking (ICN) architecture where a form of source routing is used as the forwarding mechanism. The TE goal is to maximise the residual capacity in the network so that the load is spread evenly. A network flow approach is used and it is shown that the source routing mechanism allows the traffic to be split across multiple paths in a manner that is difficult to achieve using existing IP or IP/MPLS networks. Allowing splittable flows means that a fully polynomial-time approximation scheme can be used that has superior results when compared to existing constraint based routing schemes for flows that cannot be split. Consequently, this work demonstrates that the ICN architecture can simplify the given TE problem in a natural manner.
The patient is in: patient involvement strategies for diagnostic error mitigation (2013)

Although healthcare quality and patient safety have longstanding international attention, the target of reducing diagnostic errors has only recently gained prominence, even though numerous patients, families and professional caregivers have suffered from diagnostic mishaps for a long time. Similarly, patients have always been involved in their own care to some extent, but only recently have patients sought more opportunities for engagement and participation in healthcare improvements. This paper brings these two promising trends together, analysing strategies for patient involvement in reducing diagnostic errors in an individual's own care, in improving the healthcare delivery system's diagnostic safety, and in contributing to research and policy development on diagnosis-related issues.
Tracking on Intensity-Modulated Data Streams (2000)

Abstract : The theoretical framework of probabilistic multi-hypothesis tracking is used to derive an algorithm for tracking one or more targets moving against a noisy background in an intensity-modulated, nonstationary data stream. The resulting multi-target tracking algorithm utilizes all the data available to a sensor display, and it completely avoids the current widespread practice of thresholding sensor data to generate point measurements that are subsequently fed to a tracker. The fundamental premise of the report is that tracking losses due to sensor data thresholding can be eliminated if the entire sensor output data set is utilized by the tracking algorithm.
Holographic storage of multicolor information. (1972)

Discussion of the merits of the use of holography for storing multicolor information. Holography is shown capable to provide in a compact, easily duplicated, inexpensive, and readily retrievable manner the storage capacity required for the ever growing amounts of alphanumeric, graphic, continuous tone, color, and black-and-white data generated. Following a definition of the holographic concept, the advantages of holography for multicolor information recording, indexing, registration, and reconstruction are reviewed. Special attention is given to display applications including a multicolor moving-map display, a NASA multifunction display, and an automatic-test-equipment information storage system.
Viral determinants of influenza A virus host range (2014)

Typical avian influenza A viruses are restricted from replicating efficiently and causing disease in humans. However, an avian virus can become adapted to humans by mutating or recombining with currently circulating human viruses. These viruses have the potential to cause pandemics in an immunologically naïve human population. It is critical that we understand the molecular basis of host-range restriction and how this can be overcome. Here, we review our current understanding of the mechanisms by which influenza viruses adapt to replicate efficiently in a new host. We predominantly focus on the influenza polymerase, which remains one of the least understood host-range barriers.