gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Magnetorheology of Polydimethylsiloxane Elastomer/FeCo<sub>3</sub> Nanocomposite (2014)

We investigate for the first time the magnetorheological (MR) properties of bimetallic alloy nanocomposites based on cross-linked polydimethylsiloxane elastomer and ferromagnetic FeCo3 nanoparticles. The nanoparticles (∼30 nm), with a saturation magnetization value of 166 emu/g, are synthesized by hydrazine reduction of Fe2+ and Co2+ metal ions. Isotropic and anisotropic nanocomposite films are prepared by a solution casting technique with 5, 10, and 20 wt % FeCo3 in the absence and presence of 0.2 T magnetic field, respectively. The structural, morphological, and magnetic properties of nanoparticles and their composites are characterized by X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, confocal and optical microscopy, and vibrating sample magnetometer analysis. Steady-state and dynamic mechanical properties of the nanocomposite under a magnetic field are evaluated by rotary shear, strain amplitude sweep, angular frequency sweep, and magnetic flux density sweep tests using a parallel plate rheometer. The effects of particle concentration, particle alignment on the magnetic properties and anisotropic coefficient of the nanocomposites are determined by measuring the hysteresis property parallel and perpendicular to the particle chain alignment. The anisotropic nanocomposites show saturation magnetization higher than that of the isotropic nanocomposites, except for the particle concentration at 20 wt %. Magnetorheological study reveals that the isotropic nanocomposites have higher absolute and relative MR effect than that of their anisotropic counterpart. Under 1.098 T magnetic field, the highest absolute MR effect of ∼21 600 Pa is found for 5 wt %, whereas the highest relative MR effect of ∼8.4% is obtained with 20 wt % isotropic composites.
Daptomycin Activity against <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> following Vancomycin Exposure in an In Vitro Pharmacodynamic Model with Simulated Endocardial Vegetations (2007)

Recently, the emergence of reduced susceptibility to daptomycin has been linked to the reduced vancomycin susceptibility that occurs after vancomycin exposure in Staphylococcus aureus in vivo and in vitro. This study evaluated this propensity in clinical isolates of S. aureus using an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic model with simulated endocardial vegetations over 8 days. Five clinical isolates (four methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates and one methicillin-susceptible S. aureus [MSSA] isolate), all of which were reported to have become nonsusceptible to daptomycin, were evaluated. The following regimens were evaluated: vancomycin 1 g every 12 h for 4 days followed by daptomycin 6 mg/kg of body weight daily for 4 days and daptomycin 6 mg/kg daily for 8 days. If nonsusceptibility was detected, the following regimens were evaluated: no treatment for 4 days followed by daptomycin 6 mg/kg daily for 4 days, vancomycin 1 g every 12 h for 4 days followed by daptomycin 10 mg/kg daily for 4 days, and daptomycin 10 mg/kg daily for 8 days. The emergence of daptomycin nonsusceptibility (12- to 16-fold MIC increase) was detected only with the MSSA isolate with daptomycin 6 mg/kg daily for 4 days after vancomycin exposure. However, the bactericidal activity of daptomycin was maintained and the MIC increases of these isolates, which had no mprF or yycG mutations, were unstable to serial passage on antibiotic-free agar. Subsequent regimens did not demonstrate nonsusceptibility to daptomycin. These findings suggest that reduced daptomycin susceptibility can be a strain-specific and unstable event. Further evaluation of the susceptibility relationship between daptomycin and vancomycin is necessary to understand the factors involved and their clinical significance.
Iterative Combinatorial Auctions: Theory and Practice (2000)

Combinatorial auctions, which allow agents to bid directly for bundles of resources, are necessary for optimal auction-based solutions to resource allocation problems with agents that have non-additive values for resources, such as distributed scheduling and task assignment problems. We introduce iBundle, the first iterative combinatorial auction that is optimal for a reasonable agent bidding strategy, in this case myopic best-response bidding. Its optimality is proved with a novel connection to primal-dual optimization theory. We demonstrate orders of magnitude performance improvements over the only other known optimal combinatorial auction, the Generalized Vickrey Auction.
Dynamic 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylate-Synthase and -Oxidase Transcript Accumulation Patterns during Pollen Tube Growth in Tobacco Styles (2002)

In flowering plants, pollination of the stigma sets off a cascade of responses in the distal flower organs. Ethylene and its biosynthetic precursor 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) play an important role in regulating these responses. Because exogenous application of ethylene or ACC does not invoke the full postpollination syndrome, the pollination signal probably consists of a more complex set of stimuli. We set out to study how and when the pollination signal moves through the style of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by analyzing the expression patterns of pistil-expressed ACC-synthase and -oxidase genes. Results from this analysis showed that pollination induces high ACC-oxidase transcript levels in all cells of the transmitting tissue. ACC-synthase mRNA accumulated only in a subset of transmitting tract cells and to lower levels as compared with ACC-oxidase. More significantly, we found that although ACC-oxidase transcripts accumulate to uniform high levels, the ACC-synthase transcripts accumulate in a wave-like pattern in which the peak coincides with the front of the ingrowing pollen tube tips. This wave of ACC-synthase expression can also be induced by incongruous pollination and (partially) by wounding. This indicates that wounding-like features of pollen tube invasion might be part of the stimuli evoking the postpollination response and that these stimuli are interpreted differently by the regulatory mechanisms of the ACC-synthase and -oxidase genes.
Frontiers, Opportunities, and Challenges in Biochemical and Chemical Catalysis of CO<sub>2</sub> Fixation (2013)

Two major energy-related problems confront the world in the\nnext 50 years. First, increased worldwide competition for\ngradually depleting fossil fuel reserves (derived from past\nphotosynthesis) will lead to higher costs, both monetarily and politically. Second, atmospheric CO_2 levels are at their highest recorded level since records began. Further increases are predicted to produce large and uncontrollable impacts on the world climate. These projected impacts extend beyond climate to ocean acidification, because the ocean is a major sink for atmospheric CO2.1 Providing a future energy supply that is secure and CO_2-neutral will require switching to nonfossil energy sources such as wind, solar, nuclear, and geothermal energy and developing methods for transforming the energy produced by these new sources into forms that can be stored, transported, and used upon demand.
A Two-Step Shearing Strategy To Disperse Long Carbon Nanotubes from Vertically Aligned Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Arrays for Transparent Conductive Films (2009)

A surfactant-free two-step shearing strategy was applied to disperse vertically aligned carbon nanotube (VACNT) arrays into individually dispersed CNTs. First, big blocks of VACNT arrays were sheared into fluffy CNTs. The fluffy CNTs were composed of CNT bundles with a diameter of 1-10 microm and a length of several millimeters. After that, the fluffy CNTs were further sheared in liquid phase to obtain individually dispersed CNTs. As comparison, sonication and grinding were also employed for further dispersion of the fluffy CNTs. The length of CNTs dispersed by shearing method was the longest and up to several hundred micrometers. The CNT dispersions from the three methods can be used to fabricate transparent conductive films (TCFs). The TCFs from CNTs dispersed by shearing method showed the highest conductivity at the same transparency. VACNT arrays with a small diameter (approximately 10 nm) were dispersed by the shearing method as well, from which the TCF with a surface resistance of 2.5 kohm/square and a transparency of 78.6% (at 500 nm) was obtained. The ratio of dc to optical conductivity (sigma(dc)/sigma(op)) of the as-dispersed CNT array was 0.711, which can compare beauty with that of single-walled CNTs and double-walled CNTs grown by the CVD process.
Effects of Oxygen on the Surface Tension of Liquid Iron and the Wettability of Alumina by Liquid Iron (1991)

The surface tension and the contact angle of liquid iron on the alumina substrate were measured at 1823 K over a wide range of oxygen concentration in the iron by the sessile drop method under the condition of oxygen transfer from the gas phase to liquid iron (3.8×10−6 mol/m2s).It was presumed from the considerations of time-dependence of surface tension and the increasing rate of oxygen in liquid iron that the adsorption reaction at the liquid iron surface should be nearly in equilibrium with oxygen in liquid iron under the rate of oxygen transfer in the present study.From the Gibbs adsorption isotherm, the excess quantities for oxygen at the liquid iron surface and the interface between liquid iron and alumina substrate were calculated as 2.1×10−5 mol/m2 and 2.4×10−5 mol/m2, respectively. The excess quantity for oxygen at the liquid iron surface is in good agreement with those obtained by previous investigators under the assumption of adsorption equilibrium of oxygen at the surface.The relation between the surface tension, γlg (N/m), and the oxygen activity in the liquid iron is given by the following equation:(This article is not displayable. Please see full text pdf.) \ oindentThe contact angle of liquid iron on the alumina substrates decreases with increasing oxygen content in the iron. The work of adhesion increases with increasing oxygen content up to 0.03 mass%, while above 0.03 mass%, it increases very gradually with increasing oxygen content. FeO·Al2O3 was detected at the interface for the high oxygen level.
Biodegradable Plate Fixation of Rabbit Femoral Shaft Osteotomies (1995)

Femoral shaft transverse osteotomies in 58 rabbits were fixed with ultrahigh strength poly-L-lactic acid plates made by a drawing technique. Similar osteotomies in another 35 rabbits were fixed using stainless steel plates. The union rate, the mechanical strength of the united bones, bone mineral content and density in the area beneath the plate using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry, and the cortical thickness beneath and opposite the plate using a digitizer was compared between the poly-L-lactic acid and stainless steel groups after postoperative periods of 8, 25, and 40 weeks. The poly-L-lactic acid and stainless steel groups showed union rates of 67% (39 of 58) and 80% (28 of 35) without displacement, respectively. In the poly-L-lactic acid group, plate failure occurred in 14% (8 of 58). The mechanical strength of the specimen was restored to a level equal to that on the untreated side by 25 weeks, and cortical thickness and bone mineral content and density were maintained almost normal for 40 weeks in the poly-L-lactic acid group. The stainless steel group showed significantly lower mechanical strength and led to osteopenia because of stress shielding after 25 weeks.
Granulocyte Colony-Stimulating Factor and Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor Promote Malignant Growth of Cells from Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinomas <i>In vivo</i> (2006)

Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) are used to ameliorate cancer therapy-induced neutropenia and mucositis. Yet, first data in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) indicate an impaired long-term prognosis on G-CSF treatment, and previous studies showed a contribution of both factors to the progression of human epithelial tumors. Therefore, we investigate the role of G-CSF and GM-CSF in progression of tumor cells from human HNSCC. Both factors stimulated proliferation and migration of tumor cell lines established from patient tumors expressing G-CSF and GM-CSF and/or their receptors. Blockade of G-CSF and GM-CSF inhibited tumor cell invasion in a three-dimensional organotypic culture model. The contribution of both factors to tumor malignancy was further confirmed in nude mouse transplants in vivo. Invasive and malignant growth yielding a similar tumor phenotype as the original patient tumor was exclusively observed in G-CSF- and GM-CSF-expressing tumors and was associated with enhanced and persistent angiogenesis and enhanced inflammatory cell recruitment. Although factor-negative tumors grew somewhat faster, they were characterized by lack of invasion, reduced and transient angiogenesis, and large necrotic areas. These data provide evidence for a progression-promoting effect of G-CSF and GM-CSF in human HNSCC and suggest further detailed evaluation of their use in the therapy of these tumors.
Reducing cache traffic and energy with macro data load (2006)

This paper presents a study on macro data load, an efficient mechanism to enhance loaded value reuse. A macro data load brings into the processor a maximum-width data value the cache port allows, saves it in an internal structure, and facilitates reuse by later loads. A comprehensive limit study using a generalized memory value reuse table (MVRT) shows the significantly increased reuse opportunities provided by macro data load. We also describe a modified load store queue design as an implementation of the proposed concept. Our quantitative study shows that over 35% of L1 cache accesses in the SPEC2k integer and MiBench programs can be eliminated, resulting in a related energy reduction of 24% and 35% on average, respectively.
A Flexible Multi-Layer Map Model Designed for Lane-Level Route Planning in Autonomous Vehicles (2019)

An increasing number of drivers are relying on digital map navigation systems in vehicles or mobile phones to select optimal driving routes in order to save time and improve safety. In the near future, digital map navigation systems are expected to play more important roles in transportation systems. In order to extend current navigation systems to more applications, two fundamental problems must be resolved: the lane-level map model and lane-level route planning. This study proposes solutions to both problems. The current limitation of the lane-level map model is not its accuracy but its flexibility; this study proposes a novel seven-layer map structure, called as Tsinghua map model, which is able to support autonomous driving in a flexible and efficient way. For lane-level route planning, we propose a hierarchical route-searching algorithm to accelerate the planning process, even in the presence of complicated lane networks. In addition, we model the travel costs allocated for lane-level road networks by analyzing vehicle maneuvers in traversing lanes, changing lanes, and turning at intersections. Tests were performed on both a grid network and a real lane-level road network to demonstrate the validity and efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
A Novel 1.BETA.-Methylcarbapenem Antibiotic, S-4661.Synthesis and Structure-activity Relationships of 2-(5-Substituted Pyrrolidin-3-ylthio)-1.BETA.-methylcarbapenems. (1996)

The synthesis and biological activity of (1R,5S,6S)-2-[(3S,5S)-5-substituted pyrrolidin-3-ylthio]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1- methylcarbapen-2-em-3-carboxylic acids are described. These compounds exhibit potent antibacterial activity against a wide range of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Of these new carbapenems, (1R,5S,6S)-2-[(3S,5S)-5-sulfamoylaminomethyl pyrrolidin-3-ylthio]-6-[(1R)-1-hydroxyethyl]-1-methylcarb apen- 2-em-3-carboxyli c acid (S-4661) showed the most potent and well balanced activity and was selected as a candidate for further evaluation.
Identification of Open Reading Frames Unique to a Select Agent:<i>Ralstonia solanacearum</i>Race 3 Biovar 2 (2006)

An 8x draft genome was obtained and annotated for Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 (R3B2) strain UW551, a United States Department of Agriculture Select Agent isolated from geranium. The draft UW551 genome consisted of 80,169 reads resulting in 582 contigs containing 5,925,491 base pairs, with an average 64.5% GC content. Annotation revealed a predicted 4,454 protein coding open reading frames (ORFs), 43 tRNAs, and 5 rRNAs; 2,793 (or 62%) of the ORFs had a functional assignment. The UW551 genome was compared with the published genome of R. solanacearum race 1 biovar 3 tropical tomato strain GMI1000. The two phylogenetically distinct strains were at least 71% syntenic in gene organization. Most genes encoding known pathogenicity determinants, including predicted type III secreted effectors, appeared to be common to both strains. A total of 402 unique UW551 ORFs were identified, none of which had a best hit or >45% amino acid sequence identity with any R. solanacearum predicted protein; 16 had strong (E < 10(-13)) best hits to ORFs found in other bacterial plant pathogens. Many of the 402 unique genes were clustered, including 5 found in the hrp region and 38 contiguous, potential prophage genes. Conservation of some UW551 unique genes among R3B2 strains was examined by polymerase chain reaction among a group of 58 strains from different races and biovars, resulting in the identification of genes that may be potentially useful for diagnostic detection and identification of R3B2 strains. One 22-kb region that appears to be present in GMI1000 as a result of horizontal gene transfer is absent from UW551 and encodes enzymes that likely are essential for utilization of the three sugar alcohols that distinguish biovars 3 and 4 from biovars 1 and 2.
A study for polarized illumination effects in photo resist (2005)

Using a polarized illumination source is a promising RET technique for improvement of wafer printability for features of 65 nm and below. Polarization effects could be considered in several different stages of lithography modeling and simulation. For example, light propagation in thin films, wave superstition and interference in the thin film stack, and mask-induced polarization all deserve special attention and delicate treatment because TE and TM waves have different behaviors through these stages. In this paper we consider effects of polarized illumination in photo resist, using the Kirchhoff approximation for masks. We discuss some theoretical aspects of our vector modeling methods and show an example of simulation for polarized illumination effects.
Field Correctors for Large Telescopes (1965)

The aberrations of large telescope mirrors can be corrected by lens systems located near to the focal plane. The three-element systems, designed by Ross for the 200-in. (5-m) Mount Palomar telescope, are shown to be amenable to a higher degree of aberration correction, and designs of this form are given, adapted for use at the focus of the primary mirror of a Ritchey–Chrétien telescope. A different form of three-component system gives still better aberration correction, and examples of this are given, suitable for use on the Kitt Peak projected 150-in. (3.8-m) f/2.8 telescope. Simple two-element systems to correct the field aberrations at the focus of the two-mirror Ritchey–Chrétien telescope are also described.
The Applications of ‘active packaging and chlorine dioxide’ for extended shelf life of fresh strawberries (2010)

Abstract Fresh strawberries are highly perishable because of their high respiration rates. Three alternative packaging approaches were investigated to maintain the high quality and to extend the shelf life of strawberries. These were active packaging using chlorine dioxide (ClO 2 ) and ethylene‐moisture sachets. The quality properties of four groups of samples were measured over 3 weeks at 4°C. The groups were: control, active packaging without ClO 2 treatment, active packaging with low‐dose (5 ppm) ClO 2 treatment and active packaging with high‐dose (10 ppm) ClO 2 treatment. Measured properties were weight loss, gas concentration, pH, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids content, texture profile and colour. Active packaging with low‐dose (5 ppm) ClO 2 treatment was found to be the most effective for TA retention and for maintaining ( L ) brightness values. The control group showed the largest total soluble solids reduction from 7.60 to 6.57. Active packaging without ClO 2 treatment showed the lowest weight loss (0.33%), while the control group showed the highest (1.86%) at the end of the storage. Active packaging with high‐dose ClO 2 treatment showed the highest preference value in global appearance, colour and firmness properties. The low‐ and high‐dose active packaging groups had greater firmness, gumminess and chewiness than that of all other treatments. The results from this study showed that active packaging treatment with ClO 2 and the ethylene‐moisture sachets had a beneficial effect on the quality of strawberries and could be used commercially. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Star polymer synthesis using trithiocarbonate functional β‐cyclodextrin cores (reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer polymerization) (2002)

Abstract Polystyrene stars were synthesized with reversible addition–fragmentation chain‐transfer (RAFT) polymerization. The core of the stars comprised a trithiocarbonate heptafunctional β‐cyclodextrin ring. Polymerizations were performed at 100 and 120 °C in the absence of an extraneous initiator and at 60 °C in the presence of a radical initiator. Monofunctional trithiocarbonate was also synthesized and used to make linear polystyrene to allow direct a comparison with the star synthesis. In all cases, the polymerization kinetics conformed to pseudo‐first‐order behavior. The measured molecular weights of the stars were found to deviate from those predicted on the basis of the monomer/trithiocarbonate group ratio. The extent of this deviation was dependent on the polymerization temperature, RAFT agent concentration, and conversion. Despite the low radical concentrations, termination reactions are suggested to play a significant role in the seven‐arm polystyrene star syntheses. The synthetic method was found to be suitable for generating star block structures. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 40: 4498–4512, 2002
Design Centering Using an Approximation to the Constraint Region (2004)

The paper discusses the applicability of the piecewise-ellipsoidal approximation (PEA) to the acceptability region for solution of various design problems. The PEA technique, originally developed and tested for linear discrete circuits described in the frequency domain, is briefly reviewed. It is shown that PEA is a generic mathematical method and its applicability is extended to linear and nonlinear systems (not necessary electrical) described in time or frequency domains. The architecture of a software implementing the technique is introduced and approximations to the acceptability regions for the given design specifications for integrated circuits (CMOS amplifier, clock driver) and multidomain systems (servomechanism) are constructed and their accuracy checked. Then, some standard optimal-design algorithms (i.e., worst case parametric yield maximization, yield versus cost optimization) are redesigned to exploit the PEA properties (e.g., local convexity/concavity) and make them more effective. The algorithms are confronted with design problems, and quality of the resulting designs is assessed.
EFFECTS OF PRICING DECISIONS OF A STATUTORY MARKETING BOARD: A CASE STUDY (1966)

Applying econometric analysis to a model recently used by Parish, this article examines the short‐run implications for consumers and producers of the pricing decisions of the Western Australian Egg Board over the period 1953‐54 to 1962‐63.