gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Asymptomatic Shedding of Respiratory Virus among an Ambulatory Population across Seasons (2018)

Most observation of human respiratory virus carriage is derived from medical surveillance; however, the infections documented by this surveillance represent only a symptomatic fraction of the total infected population. As the role of asymptomatic infection in respiratory virus transmission is still largely unknown and rates of asymptomatic shedding are not well constrained, it is important to obtain more-precise estimates through alternative sampling methods. We actively recruited participants from among visitors to a New York City tourist attraction. Nasopharyngeal swabs, demographics, and survey information on symptoms, medical history, and recent travel were obtained from 2,685 adults over two seasonal arms. We used multiplex PCR to test swab specimens for a selection of common respiratory viruses. A total of 6.2% of samples (168 individuals) tested positive for at least one virus, with 5.6% testing positive in the summer arm and 7.0% testing positive in the winter arm. Of these, 85 (50.6%) were positive for human rhinovirus (HRV), 65 (38.7%) for coronavirus (CoV), and 18 (10.2%) for other viruses (including adenovirus, human metapneumovirus, influenza virus, and parainfluenza virus). Depending on the definition of symptomatic infection, 65% to 97% of infections were classified as asymptomatic. The best-fit model for prediction of positivity across all viruses included a symptom severity score, Hispanic ethnicity data, and age category, though there were slight differences across the seasonal arms. Though having symptoms is predictive of virus positivity, there are high levels of asymptomatic respiratory virus shedding among the members of an ambulatory population in New York City.<b>IMPORTANCE</b> Respiratory viruses are common in human populations, causing significant levels of morbidity. Understanding the distribution of these viruses is critical for designing control methods. However, most data available are from medical records and thus predominantly represent symptomatic infections. Estimates for asymptomatic prevalence are sparse and span a broad range. In this study, we aimed to measure more precisely the proportion of infections that are asymptomatic in a general, ambulatory adult population. We recruited participants from a New York City tourist attraction and administered nasal swabs, testing them for adenovirus, coronavirus, human metapneumovirus, rhinovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, and parainfluenza virus. At recruitment, participants completed surveys on demographics and symptomology. Analysis of these data indicated that over 6% of participants tested positive for shedding of respiratory virus. While participants who tested positive were more likely to report symptoms than those who did not, over half of participants who tested positive were asymptomatic.
Novel Ultra-Wide Band (10 MHz–26 GHz) Permeability Measurements for Magnetic Films (2018)

A new RF magnetic measurement system is proposed to detect complex permeability of magnetic films, of which the measurable frequency range has been demonstrated but not limited to 10 MHz-26 GHz. The system is based on a simple microwave generator and lock-in detection setup. The signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is enhanced by the lock-in detection technique. Measurements of ferromagnetic resonance and complex permeability on a thick FeGaB film (30 nm) and an ultra-thin NiFe (2 nm) were presented to demonstrate the wider frequency capability and higher SNR as compared with the best available permeameter.
Technique for measuring the distributed zero dispersionwavelengthof optical fibres using idler pulse generationcaused by modulation instability (1996)

A novel method of measuring the distributed zero dispersion wavelength (λ0) along the length of a fibre is proposed: it uses the dispersion dependent idler pulse generation induced by modulation instability. The λ0 distribution of a 10 km fibre is successfully measured without cutting the fibre into short pieces. The measured distribution is compared with the average values of each span as measured using the conventional cutback method.
Molecular design of multicomponent polymer systems. XV. Morphology and mechanical behavior of blends of low density polyethylene with acrylonitrile‐butadiene‐styrene (ABS), emulsified by a poly(hydrogenated butadiene‐b‐methyl methacrylate) copolymer (1989)

Abstract The emulsifying activity of a poly(hydrogenated butadiene‐b‐methyl methacrylate) (HPB‐b‐PMMA) copolymer is investigated in incompatible blends of a low density polyethylene and poly(styrene‐co‐acrylonitrile) resins (mainly ABS) prepared in the melt state on a two‐roll mill. Optical and scanning electron microscopy observations clearly demonstrate that a moderate amount of copolymer (5 wt %) very significantly decreases the particle size and enhances interfacial adhesion. The block copolymer is also responsible for a strong improvement in both the ductility and Charpy impact resistance of PE/ABS blends.
Model Checking Games for Branching Time Logics (2002)

Journal Article Model Checking Games for Branching Time Logics Get access Martin Lange, Martin Lange Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Colin Stirling Colin Stirling Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Journal of Logic and Computation, Volume 12, Issue 4, August 2002, Pages 623–639, https://doi.org/10.1093/logcom/12.4.623 Published: 01 August 2002
Cryptdins: antimicrobial defensins of the murine small intestine (1992)

Paneth cells are specialized small intestine epithelial cells that contain lysozyme, possess phagocytic properties, and secrete cytoplasmic granules into the intestinal crypt lumen after the entry of bacteria. Recent studies by Ouellette and associates (A. J. Ouellette, R. M. Greco, M. James, D. Frederick, J. Naftilan, and J. T. Fallon, J. Cell Biol. 108:1687-1695, 1989) indicated that murine Paneth cells produce prodefensin mRNA, but the properties of its peptide product were not reported. We purified two closely related defensins, cryptdin 1 and cryptdin 2, from a subcellular fraction of murine small intestine cells that was enriched in Paneth cells. Both peptides contained 35 amino acid residues, including the characteristic defensin "signature" of six invariantly conserved cysteines. Cryptdins 1 and 2 were approximately 90 to 95% homologous to each other and to the carboxy-terminal domain of the 93-amino-acid defensin precursor, cryptdin A, described by Ouellette and associates (Ouellette et al., J. Cell Biol. 108:1687-1695, 1989). Both cryptdins exerted bactericidal activity against Listeria monocytogenes EGD and Escherichia coli ML-35p in vitro. Their potency exceeded that of human neutrophil defensin HNP-1 but was considerably lower than that of NP-1, a defensin produced by rabbit neutrophils and alveolar macrophages. Both cryptdins killed mouse-avirulent Salmonella typhimurium 7953S (phoP) much more effectively than its phoP+, mouse-virulent, isogenic counterpart, S. typhimurium 14028S. Our data indicate that mouse intestinal prodefensins are processed into 35-amino-acid mature defensins (cryptdins) with broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties. The production of defensins and lysozyme by Paneth cells may enable them to protect the small intestine from bacterial overgrowth by autochthonous flora and from invasion by potential pathogens that cause infection via the peroral route, such as L. monocytogenes and Salmonella species.
Recollections of Sheridan (1989)

Sheridan was expected to have made a capital speech in the H. of Commons on the Union last week, but it was reckoned very inferior to his usual style of excellence. He offended the seceders by announcing that the standard of Opposition would soon be unfurled.1 He introduced it at the conclusion of an attack upon Ld L[ansdown], who had, he said, ‘cut a clumsy caper over the grave of party’. (In his speech at the beginning of the session, he said, ‘Thank God, party is dead and buried.’) He pursued a strain of irony, apparently levelled at Ld L., but, in fact, intended for [George] Tierney, who had, in a late speech, declared that he considered himself as an individual belonging to no set of men. Sheridan said, he did not wonder party was denied, for it required strong intellect to command, and great virtues to attach for a man to become the leader of party, and great humility and sense to fall as a subaltern into the ranks of party. Sheridan hates Tierney. That hatred was roused at T’s making a most excellent speech on ye Income Bill. It was so good that everybody praised it. S. was at Brooks’s, and was so incensed at the applause that he went to Tierney’s house, whom he found just getting into bed, insisted upon seeing him, and then said he was quite shocked to hear that a part of his speech had given great offence, that part where he hinted at the necessity of squeezing the corporations, who were ‘wallowing in wealth’. This was said to worry Tierney, who is weakly alive to all unpopularity. T. told me this himself.
Low-Temperature Fabrication and Characteristics of Lanthanum Indium Zinc Oxide Thin-Film Transistors (2012)

We fabricated lanthanum indium zinc oxide (IZO) (La-IZO) thin-film transistors (TFTs) using radio frequency cosputtering of IZO and lanthanum. The field-effect mobility and switching ratio of the La-IZO TFTs were 4.2 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ·V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ·s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> and on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> , respectively, before thermal annealing and 3.02 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ·V <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> ·s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-1</sup> and on the order of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> , respectively, after thermal annealing at 150 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C in air. Our La-IZO TFTs had better thermal stability than pure-IZO TFTs due to the stable ionic bond between La and O.
Prothrombin Time Standardization by Correction of the Pivka Inhibitor (1996)

The standardization of prothrombin time (PT) assays needs two steps: (1) calibration of PT assays towards a reference assay or reference thromboplastin, (2) correction of PT assays according to the calibration. The present recommended calibration by clotting times is favored for the linearity between assays; the clotting times of abnormal plasma are partly prolonged due to the protein induced by vitamin K absence (Pivka) inhibitor. Calibration by coagulation activities also demonstrated linearity between PT assays; the regression line for abnormal plasma deviated from the line of identity due to differences in sensitivity of assays for the Pivka inhibitor. The corrected PT assays demonstrated similar results using calibration by clotting time or coagulation activities, but the correction was simpler for coagulation activities. Patient plasma was the preferable material in calibration by clotting times as well as by coagulation activities. The corrections between the reference assay and other PT assays were equal to the differences in sensitivities for the Pivka inhibitor. The corrected PT assays did not differ from the reference assay by statistical analysis; any of the six PT assays tested might be used as reference assay.
High and Low Dielectric Constant Materials (1999)

Silicon-based dielectrics (SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , SiO x N y etc.) have been widely used as the key dielectrics in the manufacturing of silicon integrated circuits (ICs) and virtually all other semiconductor devices. Dielectrics having a value of dielectric constant k × 8.854 F/cm more than that of silicon nitride (k > 7) are classified as high dielectric constant materials, while those with a value of k less than the dielectric constant of silicon dioxide (k < 3.9) are classified as the low dielectric constant materials. The minimum value of (k) is one for air. The highest value of k has been reported for relaxor ferroelectric (k = 24,700 at 1 kHz).
The Stereoselectivity of Catalysts in Hydrogenation. I. The Catalytic Hydrogenation of 2-Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanol and 2-Benzylidene-1-tetralol (1966)

Abstract 2-Cyclopentylidenecyclopentanol (I) was hydrogenated over Raney Ni to produce a mixture of 95% of trans- and 5% of cis-2-cyclopentylcyclopentanol (III). However, over a Pd catalyst I gave a mixture of 2-cyclopentylcyclopentanone (IV), cyclopentylcyclopentane (V) and trans-and cis-III. In the hydrogenation of I over PtO2, trans-III was a predominant product (93%) in ethanol, whereas in acetic acid a mixture of 2 parts of trans- and 1 part of cis-III was obtained, and in acetic acid with one drop of hydrochloric acid, the ratio of trans and cis was one to two. A large amount of V was also obtained in cases of both acetic acid. The hydrogenation of 2-benzylidene-1-tetralol (II) resulted in 2-benzyl-1-tetralols (VI), the yields of trans- and cis-VI being as follows: over Raney Ni, 78% and 19%; over Pd, 33% and 63%; and over PtO2 in ethanol, 58% and 34%, respectively. From these results, it was found that, in the cases of Raney Ni and PtO2 in ethanol, the directive effect of the hydroxyl group is very efficient, but that it is small over Pd, while in acetic acid, especially with hydrochloric acid, such an effect decreases over PtO2.
Matrix–vector multiplication using digital partitioning for more accurate optical computing (1992)

Digital partitioning offers a flexible means of increasing the accuracy of an optical matrix-vector processor. This algorithm can be implemented with the same architecture required for a purely analog processor, which gives optical matrix-vector processors the ability to perform high-accuracy calculations at speeds comparable with or greater than electronic computers as well as the ability to perform analog operations at a much greater speed. Digital partitioning is compared with digital multiplication by analog convolution, residue number systems, and redundant number representation in terms of the size and the speed required for an equivalent throughput as well as in terms of the hardware requirements. Digital partitioning and digital multiplication by analog convolution are found to be the most efficient algorithms if coding time and hardware are considered, and the architecture for digital partitioning permits the use of analog computations to provide the greatest throughput for a single processor. To our knowledge this is the first study to propose the use of digital partitioning for optical matrix processing.
Cyclin D1 overexpression is a favorable prognostic variable for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma patients treated with high-dose chemotherapy and single or double autologous transplantation (2003)

We used a sensitive real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay to quantify cyclin D1 mRNA levels in bone marrow samples collected at diagnosis from 74 newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM) patients who were randomized to undergo either single or double autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation as part of first-line therapy for their malignancy. In 46 cases, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis and/or conventional cytogenetics were performed to detect chromosome 11 abnormalities. Patients with the t(11;14) or trisomy 11 significantly overexpressed cyclin D1 (P <.0001) in comparison with patients without 11q abnormalities, who had cyclin D1 mRNA levels similar to healthy donors. Overall, 32 (43%) of 74 patients showed cyclin D1 overexpression. No difference was found between cyclin D1-positive (group A) and cyclin D1-negative (group B) patients with respect to presenting clinical and laboratory characteristics, including chromosome 13 abnormalities, as well as to response to therapy and overall survival, both of which were calculated on an intent-to-treat basis. Patients who overexpressed cyclin D1 had significantly longer duration of remission in comparison with patients who did not (41 vs 26 months, respectively; P =.02). As a result, median event-free survival (EFS) was longer in group A than in group B (33 vs 24 months, respectively; P =.055). We concluded that cyclin D1 overexpression is closely associated with 11q abnormalities and identifies a subset of MM patients who are more likely to have prolonged duration of remission and EFS following autologous transplantation.
Tumor Suppressor in Lung Cancer (TSLC)1 Suppresses Epithelial Cell Scattering and Tubulogenesis (2005)

The tumor suppressor in lung cancer 1 (TSLC1/IGSF4) encodes an immunoglobulin-superfamily cell adhesion molecule whose cytoplasmic domain contains a protein 4.1-binding motif (protein 4.1-BM) and a PDZ-binding motif (PDZ-BM). Loss of TSLC1 expression is frequently observed in advanced cancers implying its involvement in tumor invasion and/or metastasis. Using Madin-Darby canine kidney cells expressing a full-length TSLC1 or various cytoplasmic deletion mutants of TSLC1, we examined the role of TSLC1 in epithelial mesenchymal transitions during the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-induced tubulogenesis and cell scattering. In a three-dimensional culture, the full-length TSLC1, which was localized to the lateral membrane of Madin-Darby canine kidney cysts, inhibited HGF-induced tubulogenesis. In contrast, the mutants lacking either the protein 4.1-BM or the PDZ-BM abolished the inhibitory effect on tubulogenesis. In addition, these mutants showed aberrant subcellular localization indicating that lateral localization is correlated with the effect of TSLC1. In a two-dimensional culture, the full-length TSLC1, but not the mutants lacking the protein 4.1-BM or the PDZ-BM, suppressed HGF-induced cell scattering. Furthermore, the cells expressing full-length TSLC1 retained E-cadherin-based cell-cell adhesion even after being treated with HGF. These cells showed prolonged activation of Rac and low activity of Rho, whereas the HGF-treated parental cells induced transient activation of Rac and sustained activation of Rho. Prolonged Rac activation caused by the expression of TSLC1 required its cytoplasmic tail. These findings, taken together, suggest that TSLC1 plays a role in suppressing induction of epithelial mesenchymal transitions by regulating the activation of small Rho GTPases.
Enhancement of Serum Lysozyme Activity by Injecting a Mixture of Chitosan Oligosaccharides Intravenously in Rabbits. (1991)

Chitin [(l -+4)-linked 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-/?-D-glucan] and chitosan (N-deacetylated chitin) are the main components of the cell walls of infectious pathogenes. These polysaccharides are hydrolyzed by lysozyme (EC 3.2.1.17), chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14), and chitosanase. Lysozyme is present in animal bloods1' and tears,2) and chitinase in plants, insects, and microorganisms.3'4'
A Novel Structural Framework for α1A/D-Adrenoceptor Selective Antagonists Identified Using Subtype Selective Pharmacophores (2011)

In this study four and five-feature pharmacophores for selective antagonists at each of the three a 1 -adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes were used to identify novel a 1 -AR subtype selective compounds in the National Cancer Institute and Tripos LeadQuest databases. 12 compounds were selected, based on diversity of structure, predicted high affinity and selectivity at the a 1D -subtype compared to a 1A -and a 1B -ARs. 9 out of 12 of the tested compounds displayed affinity at the a 1A and a 1D -AR subtypes and 6 displayed affinity at all three a 1 -AR subtypes, no a 1B -AR selective compounds were identified. 8 of the 9 compounds with a 1 -AR affinity were antagonists and one compound displayed partial agonist characteristics. This virtual screening has successfully identified an a 1A/D -AR selective antagonist, with low mM affinity with a novel structural scaffold of a an isoquinoline fused three-ring system and good lead-like qualities ideal for further drug development.
A Dual Full-Bridge Resonant Class-E Bidirectional DC–DC Converter (2011)

A new bidirectional dc-dc converter composed of two class-E resonant converters is presented in this paper. Bidirectional power flow is controlled by transistor control pulse frequency changes, with a constant break between the succeeding pulses as in quasi-resonant converters. The boost or buck mode converter operation depends on the mutual relation between the control pulses of the transistor pairs which are located diagonally in the converter bridge. The advantages of the system involve are high operation frequency (200 and 450 kHz) and zero value of the transistor switching losses. This paper includes an analytical description that is useful for the converter design. The investigations are confirmed by PSpice simulations and an experiment of a laboratory model (1.6 kW).
Detection of Etoposide Resistance by Measuring DNA Damage in Individual Chinese Hamster Cells (1990)

The comet assay, which measures DNA strand breakage in individual cells, was used to examine the relation between DNA damage, cell survival, and resistance to the topoisomerase II inhibitor etoposide (VP-16). Chinese hamster V79-171b cells and a VP-16-resistant subline (VPr) were exposed to VP-16 as monolayers or spheroids. The comet assay was comparable in sensitivity to the DNA precipitation and alkali unwinding assays for detecting DNA strand breaks induced by VP-16. However, unlike conventional DNA damage assays, the comet assay also indicated heterogeneity in cell response. For V79 multicell spheroids exposed to VP-16, the external cycling cells were 50 times more sensitive to killing and DNA damage than the internal noncycling cells; the comet assay indicated the fraction of cells resistant to the drug. VPr cells, which were 10 times more resistant to killing and DNA damage by VP-16 than the parent cell line, could also be identified in mixed populations with the use of this method. These results suggest that the comet assay could be useful in predicting tumor cell response to DNA-damaging agents.
The <i>inlA</i> Gene of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> LO28 Harbors a Nonsense Mutation Resulting in Release of Internalin (1998)

Internalin is a surface protein that mediates entry of Listeria monocytogenes EGD into epithelial cells expressing the cell adhesion molecule human E-cadherin or its chicken homolog, L-CAM, which act as receptors for internalin. After observing that entry of L. monocytogenes LO28 into S180 fibroblasts, in contrast to that of EGD, did not increase after transfection with L-CAM, we examined both the expression and the structure of internalin in strain LO28. We discovered a nonsense mutation in inlA which results in a truncated protein released in the culture medium. Mutations leading to release of internalin were also detected in clinical and food isolates. These results question the role of internalin as a virulence factor in murine listeriosis.
Discriminative training for speech recognition is compensating for statistical dependence in the HMM framework (2012)

The parameters of the standard Hidden Markov Model framework for speech recognition are typically trained via Maximum Likelihood. However, better recognition performance is achievable with discriminative training criteria like Maximum Mutual Information or Minimum Phone Error. While it is generally accepted that these discriminative criteria are better suited to minimizing Word Error Rate, there is very little qualitative intuition for how the improvements are achieved. Through a series of “resampling” experiments, we show that discriminative training (MPE in particular) appears to be compensating for a specific incorrect assumption of the HMM-that speech frames are conditionally independent.