gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Understanding Comorbid Depression and Anxiety (2007)

Comorbidity of psychiatric syndromes is quite common—in a 12-month period, almost 50% of adults in the United States with any psychiatric disorder had 2 or more disorders.
The estimation of the safe resecting volume in case of hepatectomy using the Microwave Tissue Coagulator (Microtaze^|^reg;) (1992)

In order to avoid postoperative liver failure after hepatectomy, the evaluation with liver functiontests and the resecting volume should be done actually.By examining our clinical cases retrospectively and prospectively, we got the formula to calculatethe safe resecting volume of the liver tissue especially in the cases of hepatectomy using the Microwave Tissue Coagulator (Microtaze®). With the indicators of the serum disappearance rateof indocyanine green (ICGK), the percent activity of the hepaplastintest (HPT), the volume of the tumor (VT) calculated from the diameter of the main tumor as a sphere, and the long diameter (R) of the oval shaped resecting line which mapped out on the surface of the liver, the formula “460×ICGK+VT (cm3)” was clinically used in the cases of the typical hepatectomy, and the formula “500×ICGK+3.7×HPT+VT-7.5×R-100 (cm3)” was used in the cases of atypical hepatectomyas the safe resecting liver volume.They will be useful in the cases of hepatectomy using the Microwave Tissue Coagulator.
Using a test-to-speech synthesizer to generate a reverse Turing test (2004)

Recognition of synthesized speech by a diphone synthesizer is thought to be easy for a machine due to the small variation of the synthesized speech. In this paper, we report the recognition rate of synthesized utterances in a noisy environment. Our experiments show that the performance of a HMM recognizer is not too bad even in the presence of background noise. These recognition results nearly approach the performance of a human. Thus, although there seems to be a gap in the ability of understanding synthesized speech with background noise between humans and computers, our results discourage using this gap to build an audio-based CAPTCHA (completely automated public Turing test to tell computers and humans apart) (i.e., a reverse Turing test which can tell computers and humans apart). Moreover, we explored the possible use of a classification and regression tree to control the hardness of our CAPTCHA.
Purification and Characterization of Hydrolase with Chitinase and Chitosanase Activity from Commercial Stem Bromelain (2002)

A hydrolase with chitinase and chitosanase activity was purified from commercial stem bromelain through sequential steps of SP-Sepharose ion-exchange adsorption, HiLoad Superdex 75 gel filtration, HiLoad Q Sepharose ion-exchange chromatography, and Superdex 75 HR gel filtration. The purified hydrolase was homogeneous, as examined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The enzyme exhibited chitinase activity for hydrolysis of glycol chitin and 4-methylumbelliferyl beta-D-N,N',N' '-triacetylchitotrioside [4-MU-beta-(GlcNAc)(3)] and chitosanase activity for chitosan hydrolysis. For glycol chitin hydrolysis, the enzyme had an optimal pH of 4, an optimal temperature of 60 degrees C, and a K(m) of 0.2 mg/mL. For the 4-MU-beta-(GlcNAc)(3) hydrolysis, the enzyme had an optimal pH of 4 and an optimal temperature of 50 degrees C. For the chitosan hydrolysis, the enzyme had an optimal pH of 3, an optimal temperature of 50 degrees C, and a K(m) of 0.88 mg/mL. For hydrolysis of chitosans with various N-acetyl contents, the enzyme degraded 30-80% deacetylated chitosan most effectively. The enzyme split chitin or chitosan in an endo-manner. The molecular mass of the enzyme estimated by gel filtration was 31.4 kDa, and the isoelectric point estimated by isoelectric focusing electrophoresis was 5.9. Heavy metal ions of Hg(2+) and Ag(+), p-hydroxymercuribenzoic acid, and N-bromosuccinimide significantly inhibited the enzyme activity.
Advances in gene therapy technologies to treat retinitis pigmentosa (2013)

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a class of diseases that leads to progressive degeneration of the retina. Experimental approaches to gene therapy for the treatment of inherited retinal dystrophies have advanced in recent years, inclusive of the safe delivery of genes to the human retina. This review is focused on the development of gene therapy for RP using recombinant adenoassociated viral vectors, which show a positive safety record and have so far been successful in several clinical trials for congenital retinal disease. Gene therapy for RP is under development in a variety of animal models, and the results raise expectations of future clinical application. Nonetheless, the translation of such strategies to the bedside requires further understanding of the mutations and mechanisms that cause visual defects, as well as thorough examination of potential adverse effects.
Efficient scheduling for relay-aided broadcasting with random network codes (2011)

We investigate efficient scheduling algorithms for a relay-aided broadcasting system using random network codes, where our objective is to maximize the transmission efficiency. The broadcast from a base-station (BS) is divided into an information phase and a redundancy phase, where the half-duplex relay assists in the redundancy phase. Time-division transmission is used over packet-erasure channels, where the erasure probabilities of the BS-to-relay and relay-to-user links are lower than the BS-to-user links. Following the information phase, each user provides feedback on the status of received packets to the BS and the relay, which in turn both generate redundancy packets for the redundancy phase. To improve efficiency, we formulate a scheduling problem for the transmissions of redundancy packets from the BS and the relay. We consider two scenarios; namely instantaneous feedback after each redundancy packet, and feedback after multiple redundancy packets. In the first case the schedule is determined using a greedy algorithm, while in the second case the schedule is determined using dynamic programming. To determine the performance with instantaneous feedback, we develop an analytic approach based on a Markov chain. Numerical results show that the transmission efficiency of the dynamic programming algorithm is close to the performance of the greedy algorithm, but requires significantly less feedback.
Incrementality and intention-recognition in utterance processing (2011)

Ever since dialogue modelling first developed relative to broadly Gricean assumptions about utter-ance interpretation (Clark, 1996), it has remained an open question whether the full complexity of higher-order intention computation is made use of in everyday conversation. In this paper we examine the phenomenon of split utterances, from the perspective of Dynamic Syntax, to further probe the necessity of full intention recognition/formation in communication: we do so by exploring the extent to which the interactive coordination of dialogue exchange can be seen as emergent from low-level mechanisms of language processing, without needing representation by interlocutors of each other’s mental states, or fully developed intentions as regards messages to be conveyed. We thus illustrate how many dialogue phenomena can be seen as direct consequences of the grammar architecture, as long as this is presented within an incremental, goal-directed/predictive model.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 3‐ACETYL‐1,4,6,7,12,12B‐HEXAHYDROINDOLO(2,3‐A)QUINOLIZINE (1985)

Abstract Das im Titel genannte Indolo‐chinolizin (IV), ein Zwischenprodukt bei der Synthese einer Reihe von Indolalkaloiden, ist in vier Stufen aus dem Tetrahydro‐β‐carbolin‐carbonsäureester (I) zugänglich.
Delphi Component Design (1996)

In this work, users are shown how to pick the right roots for components, how to determine what components must do and how extensible they must be. The book explores the options for design-time property and component editors and experts. The companion CD-ROM contains all the code in the book.
Large-scale viscous simulation of laminar vortex flow over a delta wing (1989)

A numerical method is developed to solve the Navier-Stokes equations for laminar compressible flow around delta wings. A large-scale solution on a mesh of 129 x 49 x 65 points for transonic flow Moo = 0.85, a = 10 deg, and Re*>,cR = 2.38 X 10 around a 65 deg swept delta wing with round leading edge is presented and discussed. The results reveal the presence of primary, secondary, and even tertiary vortices. Comparison with experiment shows that the interaction between the primary and secondary vortices is obtained correctly and that these results are a more realistic simulation than the one given by the Euler equations.
Insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes (2015)

The progressive nature of type 2 diabetes necessitates that treatment is intensified as the disease advances. Several studies have shown that basal insulin and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RAs) can be used in combination to successfully improve glycemic control and this combination is increasingly being considered as an alternative to intensification with prandial insulin. Insulin degludec/liraglutide (IDegLira) is the first fixed-ratio combination of a basal insulin and a GLP-1RA in a single formulation. Here we consider the benefits and potential limitations of such a combination, focusing on the unique modes of action of insulin degludec and the once-daily GLP-1RA liraglutide. IDegLira offers an efficacious combination therapy (mean end-of-trial HbA<sub>1c</sub> was 6.4-6.9% across the five completed Phase 3 trials), which was well-tolerated in clinical trials. The complementary modes of action resulted in a low rate of hypoglycemia and no weight gain in insulin-treated patients. As a once-daily injection with effects on both fasting and post prandial hyperglycemia, IDegLira has the potential to help many patients reach glycemic target (60-81% of patients achieved HbA<sub>1c</sub> <7% in clinical trials).
Hydrogen Sulfide Formation Over Automotive Oxidation Catalysts (1975)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A number of laboratory and engine dynamometer studies were conducted to determine the effect of various catalyst and engine operating parameters on the formation of H<sub>2</sub>S over alumina-supported Pt and Pd catalysts.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">These experiments indicate that H<sub>2</sub>S formation occurs at high temperatures under O<sub>2</sub> deficient conditions. The fraction of exhaust gas SO<sub>2</sub> converted to H<sub>2</sub>S was relatively constant for various fuel sulfur levels, and thus H<sub>2</sub>S formation decreases as fuel sulfur content decreases. Calculation of thermodynamic equilibria, as well as various experimental results, indicate that H<sub>2</sub>S formation is kinetically limited under the experimental conditions investigated.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Since the operating conditions that favor H<sub>2</sub>S formation (high catalyst temperature and O<sub>2</sub> deficiency) do not normally occur in current oxidation catalytic emission control system operation, the formation of H<sub>2</sub>S over automotive oxidation catalysts is unlikely unless engine or system malfunctions occur.</div>
On the convergence of a solution of the discrete Lotka Volterra system (2002)

For arbitrary positive discrete step size ? a determinantal solution of the discrete-time Lotka?Volterra (dLV) system is shown to asymptotically converge to the square of some singular value of a given bidiagonal matrix, where the initial value of the dLV system is uniquely determined by the entries of the matrix. Some basic properties of the solution are proved which are important for designing a new numerical algorithm for computing all of the singular values. They are a positivity of solution, a dependence of the correct initial value on ?, a sorting property and an acceleration of convergence speed by enlarging ?.
Implementing multidestination worms in switch-based parallel systems (1997)

Multidestination message passing has been proposed as an attractive mechanism for efficiently implementing multicast and other collective operations on direct networks. However, applying this mechanism to switch-based parallel systems is non-trivial. In this paper we propose alternative switch architectures with differing buffer organizations to implement multidestination worms on switch-based parallel systems. First, we discuss issues related to such implementation (deadlock-freedom, replication mechanisms, header encoding, and routing). Next, we demonstrate how an existing central-buffer-based switch architecture supporting unicast message passing can be enhanced to accommodate multidestination message passing. Similarly, implementing multidestination worms on an input-buffer-based switch architecture is discussed. Both of these implementations are evaluated against each other as well as against a software-based scheme using the central buffer organization. Simulation experiments under a range of traffic (multiple multicast, bimodal, varying degree of multicast, and message length) and system size are used for evaluation. The study demonstrates the superiority of the central-buffer-based switch architecture. It also indicates that under bimodal traffic the central-buffer-based hardware multicast implementation affects background unicast traffic less adversely compared to a software-based multicast implementation. Thus, multidestination message passing can easily be applied to switch-based parallel systems to deliver good collective communication performance.
During U937 monocytic differentiation repression of the <i>CD43</i> gene promoter is mediated by the single‐stranded DNA binding protein Purα (2001)

Human CD43 is an abundant, heavily glycosylated molecule expressed exclusively on the surface of leucocytes. When leucocytes are at rest, CD43 acts to prevent intercellular interaction but during leucocyte differentiation such cell-cell interaction is facilitated by CD43. This change in the function of CD43 is mediated in part by a reduction in its level of expression. Previous studies have implicated proteolytic cleavage events at the cell surface in causing such reduction. Here, we report that, in an in vitro model of leucocyte differentiation, CD43 mRNA levels were also subject to reduction. Specifically, we demonstrated that within 48 h of the cell line U937 being induced to differentiate along the monocytic pathway, CD43 mRNA levels were reduced by 69%. This decline coincided with a decrease in the activity of the CD43 gene promoter mediated by the single-stranded DNA binding protein Pur alpha. Previously, we have demonstrated that Pur alpha mediates induction of the CD11c beta 2 integrin promoter during U937 differentiation. Consequently, Pur alpha represents a potential means by which the induction of pro-adhesive molecules and the repression of anti-adhesive molecules is co-ordinated during leucocyte differentiation.
The anatomy of the aeroplane (1966)

Part 1 - Environment. The atmosphere The operational environment Part 2 - Requirements. Requirements and the specification Interpretation of requirements Part 3 - Aerodynamic Shape. The 'Classical' generation of aerodynamic forces The control of lift and drag Engine-airframe matching Balancing the aerodynamic sum Part 4 - Ground and Water Operations. Landplanes Seaplanes The structure The final aeroplane Appendices References and further reading Index.
Osteoprotective Knowledge in a Multiethnic Epilepsy Population (2008)

Antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) are known to cause bone loss. People with epilepsy have twice the fracture rate of nonepilepsy populations. Osteoprotective knowledge related to calcium and exercise has not been assessed in people with epilepsy. The Osteoporosis Knowledge Test (OKT), a validated, 24-item test, was administered to 94 epilepsy patients (28 males and 66 females) to measure knowledge of risk factors for osteoporosis and strategies for prevention related to calcium and exercise. The mean age of participants was 45 years with an average AED exposure of 20 years. Fifty participants were Caucasian and 44 were non-Caucasian. No significant differences related to age or gender for the OKT were found. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) of ethnicity showed that non-Caucasians had much lower calcium (F = 8.15, p = .005) and exercise (F = 7.71, p = .007) knowledge. The total mean OKT score was 11.71 (4.92), reflecting a correct response rate of 49%. In previous studies of nonepilepsy populations, the mean OKT score ranged from 7.83 to 21.8, with a correct response ranging from 32.9% to 90.8%. Independent t tests of the individual OKT questions revealed specific knowledge deficiencies in the areas of risk factors, exercise, and reasons for calcium supplementation for non-Caucasians. Results of this study reveal that people with epilepsy, who are at greater risk for metabolic bone loss, have lower knowledge scores for calcium and exercise than nonepilepsy populations of various ages and genders. Culturally relevantepilepsy materials and programs may improve knowledge and adoption of preventative behavior.
Calcium Channel &#945;2&#948; Subunits: Structure, Functions and Target Site for Drugs (2003)

In this review we describe the genes encoding α2δ subunits, their topology and predicted structure. We then review the electrophysiological effects of α2δ subunits. It is clear from most studies that α2δ subunits increase channel density at the plasma membrane, but there is less agreement between studies and between channel subtypes concerning the effects of α2δ subunits on voltage-dependence of activation and inactivation. Most studies agree that α2δ subunits increase the kinetics of inactivation, for a number of different calcium channel subtypes. We also discuss the link between α2δ subunits and disease, particularly in terms of Ducky, the spontaneously occurring mutant mouse strain that has mutations in α2δ-2, and exhibits cerebellar ataxia and absence epilepsy. Finally, we will examine the evidence that α2δ subunits are the site of action of the anti-epileptic, anti-nociceptive drug gabapentin.
OPERATING EXPERIENCE WITH TWO DIRECT-MAINTENANCE RADIOCHEMICAL PILOT PLANTS (1958)

The Thorex plant has a capacity of 110 kg of thorium per day, yielding thorium and uranium-233 products suitable for reactor recyclc. The Metal Recovery Facility has a capacity of 450 kg of uranium per day and has heen used for the processing of a wide variety of irradiated and unirradiated plutonium and uranium. The Thorex Process is applicable to the recover of uranium and thorium from heterogeneous reactor fuels and from the blanket of the aqueous homogeneous reactor. Operation of the Thorex and Metal Recovery facilities has given information on process performance, cost of construction and operation, and control of radiation exposure to personnel. (J.R.D.)
Characterization of molybdenum cofactor from Escherichia coli (1979)

Molybdenum cofactor activity was found in the soluble fraction of cell-free extracts of Escherichia coli grown aerobically in media supplemented with molybdate. Cofactor was detected by its ability to complement the nitrate reductase-deficient mutant of Neurospora crossa, nit-1, resulting in the vitro formation of nitrate reductase activity. Acid treatment of E. coli extracts was not required for release of cofactor activity. Cofactor was able to diffuse through a membrane of nominal 2,000-molecular-weight cutoff and was insensitive to trypsin. The cofactor was associated with a carrier molecule (approximately 40,000 daltons) during gel filtration and sucrose gradient centrifugation, but was easily removed from the carrier by dialysis. The carrier molecule protected the cofactor from inactivation by heat or oxygen. E. coli grown in molybdenum-free media, without and with tungsten, synthesized a metal-free "empty" cofactor and its tungsten analog, respectively, both of which were subsequently activated by the addition of molybdate. Empty and tungsten-containing cofactor complemented the nitrate reductase subunits in the nit-1 extract, forming inactive, but intact, 7.9S nitrate reductase. Addition of molybdate to the enzyme complemented in this manner restored nitrate reductase activity.
Electronic transport (1991)

The previous chapters are concerned with the structure and the density of states distribution of a-Si: H, describing the effects of growth, doping and defect reactions. The remainder of the book addresses the various electronic phenomena which result from the electronic structure. Foremost amongst these properties is the electrical conductivity, σ. The distinction between localized and extended electronic states is one of the fundamental concepts in the study of amorphous semiconductors. At zero temperature, carriers in extended states are conducting, but in localized states are not. Most of the experimental measurements of the localized state distribution rely on this property. Although both the concept of electrical conduction and its measurement seem simple, it is a complex process. The conductivity is a macroscopic quantity which represents an average property of the carriers as they move from site to site. The calculation of the conductivity therefore involves the transfer rate, scattering and trapping processes, as well as the appropriate average over the distribution of states. The averaging due to the disorder is the most difficult and leads to many of the interesting effects. The theory of conductivity near a mobility edge in disordered systems has been debated for many years and is still not completely agreed. The theory has applications beyond the boundaries of amorphous semiconductors, for example, in doped crystals, amorphous metals and low-dimensional materials. The discussion of the theory in this book is necessarily abbreviated and describes only the main ideas and how they apply to a-Si:H.
Potentially useful materials for biodegradable ureteric stents (1997)

Plastics can be designed which may be useful in the further development of biodegradable ureteric stents. The rate of dissolution could be changed by influencing urinary pH.