gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolved glyphosate‐resistant weeds around the world: lessons to be learnt (2008)

Glyphosate is the world's most important herbicide, with many uses that deliver effective and sustained control of a wide spectrum of unwanted (weedy) plant species. Until recently there were relatively few reports of weedy plant species evolving resistance to glyphosate. Since 1996, the advent and subsequent high adoption of transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops in the Americas has meant unprecedented and often exclusive use of glyphosate for weed control over very large areas. Consequently, in regions of the USA where transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops dominate, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of the economically damaging weed species Ambrosia artemissifolia L., Ambrosia trifida L., Amaranthus palmeri S Watson, Amaranthus rudis JD Sauer, Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) JD Sauer and various Conyza and Lolium spp. Likewise, in areas of transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops in Argentina and Brazil, there are now evolved glyphosate-resistant populations of Sorghum halepense (L.) Pers and Euphorbia heterophylla L. respectively. As transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops will remain very popular with producers, it is anticipated that glyphosate-resistant biotypes of other prominent weed species will evolve over the next few years. Therefore, evolved glyphosate-resistant weeds are a major risk for the continued success of glyphosate and transgenic glyphosate-resistant crops. However, glyphosate-resistant weeds are not yet a problem in many parts of the world, and lessons can be learnt and actions taken to achieve glyphosate sustainability. A major lesson is that maintenance of diversity in weed management systems is crucial for glyphosate to be sustainable. Glyphosate is essential for present and future world food production, and action to secure its sustainability for future generations is a global imperative.
Effects of Opening Roller Speed on the Fiber and Yarn Properties in Open-End Friction Spinning (1995)

The opening roller system for fiber separation in an open end spinning process is known to cause considerable fiber breakage. We have investigated fiber breakage at different opening roller speeds and the relationship between breakage and the properties of friction spun yams made from cotton, polyester, viscose, and acrylic fibers. A high level of fiber damage caused by the opening rollers occurs at high speeds. The level of damage differs from one sort of material to another. There is a great deterioration in properties when yams are processed at high opening roller speeds.
Closed Loop Automation of Downhole Weight on Bit Improves Sliding Performance and Reduces Conservatism in Unconventional Horizontal Well Development (2013)

Abstract Today, during the development of unconventionals, the lack of knowledge of the downhole dynamics environment creates a culture of conservatism where excessive safety margins need to be applied to prevent damage to the rig equipment, drill bits, drill string and sensitive drilling tools. By using downhole data in real time, this risk can be reduced and drilling performance can be significantly improved. This paper discusses the results of the latest field test program of an automated drilling system where direct closed loop control of machines performs drilling optimization tasks using high speed downhole data. The downhole data is measured by a downhole drilling dynamics sub and is then transmitted to the surface via wired drill pipe. The downhole data is visualized and analyzed by a surface application. The surface application then sends set points through a control interface to the rig's pre-existing control system. The paper focuses on two main areas. The first is the rate of penetration improvements that occurred, while rotating, sliding, and sliding using an automated rocking application (Maidla and Haci 2004) and secondly, the positive behavioral change that occurs when the downhole environment is fully understood. These technologies bring significant benefit to our industry especially in the development of unconventional assets where sliding becomes slow and more challenging the longer the horizontal. The results demonstrated that these technologies significantly improve sliding performance up to 100%, especially when combined with a surface top drive rocking technology. The high speed downhole drilling dynamics data allowed the driller and the customer representatives to maximize the performance of the rig without compromising safety or the reliability of the equipment.
Interleukin‐2 gene therapy of surgical minimal residual tumour disease (1998)

Our study was designed to examine the effects of IL-2 gene therapy in a surgical minimal residual tumour disease (SMRTD). Mice were inoculated s.c. with methylcholanthrene (MC)-induced MC12 sarcoma cells. When the tumours reached 8 to 12 mm in diameter, they were excised, either completely (“microscopic SMRTD”) or incompletely (“macroscopic SMRTD”). On day 90 after surgery, the tumour recurrence rate in untreated mice with microscopic SMRTD was approximately 30%, whereas in those with macroscopic SMRTD it was 75%. After surgery, experimental mice were treated with 2 types of irradiated, IL-2 gene-modified, IL-2-producing tumour cell vaccine. One type of vaccine was derived from the MC12 sarcoma cells (MC12-IL2/IV-3); the other type was derived from an unrelated X63-Ag8.653 plasmacytoma (X63-m-IL-2). Both types of vaccine failed to cure the macroscopic SMRTD. Whereas the X63-m-IL-2 vaccine was also ineffective in the microscopic SMRTD, the MC12-IL2/IV-3 vaccine was capable of preventing growth in all but one mouse (1/64) with microscopic SMRTD when administered 2 to 5 days after surgery. If the vaccination took place 2 days before surgery or later than 5 days after surgery, the therapeutic activity was lost. Vaccination with irradiated parental MC12 cells did not produce any significant benefit compared to the operated-only mice. The protective effect of the MC12-IL2/IV-3 vaccine was specific and comparatively long-lasting. Vaccinated mice, which had rejected the MC12 tumour residuum, were capable of rejecting a second inoculum of the MC12 sarcoma cells injected on days 35 to 110 after surgery but succumbed to the growth of 2 other unrelated murine sarcomas carrying different tumour-rejection antigens. Int. J. Cancer 76:115–119, 1998.© 1998 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Highly Ordered Dielectric Mirrors via the Self-Assembly of Dendronized Block Copolymers (2013)

Dendronized block copolymers were synthesized by ruthenium-mediated ring-opening methathesis polymerization of exo-norbornene functionalized dendrimer monomers, and their self-assembly to dielectric mirrors was investigated. The rigid-rod main-chain conformation of these polymers drastically lowers the energetic barrier for reorganization, enabling their rapid self-assembly to long-range, highly ordered nanostructures. The high fidelity of these dielectric mirrors is attributed to the uniform polymer architecture achieved from the construction of discrete dendritic repeat units. These materials exhibit light-reflecting properties due to the multilayer architecture, presenting an attractive bottom-up approach to efficient dielectric mirrors with narrow band gaps. The wavelength of reflectance scales linearly with block-copolymer molecular weight, ranging from the ultraviolet, through the visible, to the near-infrared. This allows for the modulation of photonic properties through synthetic control of the polymer molecular weight. This work represents a significant advancement in closing the gap between the precision obtained from top-down and bottom-up approaches.
Liposomal siRNA for Ovarian Cancer (2009)

Discovery of RNA interference (RNAi) has been one of the most important findings in the last ten years. In recent years, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing is beginning to show substantial promise as a new treatment modality in preclinical studies because of its robust gene selective silencing. However, until recently, delivery of siRNA in vivo was a major impediment to its use as a therapeutic modality. We have used a neutral liposome, 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine (DOPC), for highly efficient in vivo siRNA delivery. Using siRNA tagged with Alexa-555, incorporated in DOPC liposomes, we have demonstrated efficient intra-tumoral delivery following either intraperitoneal or intravenous injection. Furthermore, EphA2-targeted siRNA in DOPC liposomes showed significant target modulation and anti-tumor efficacy.
Molecular Aspects of the High Oxygen Afinity of Non-Hypertensive Hexa Pegylated Hemoglobin, [(SP-PEG5K)<sub>6</sub>-Hb] (2007)

The development of hexaPEGylated Hb, (SP-PEG5K)(6)-Hb, using the newly designed thiolation-mediated maleimide chemistry based PEGylation, has validated the concept that engineering 'plasma volume expander' -like properties to Hb neutralizes its vasoactivity. The high O(2) affinity of hexaPEGylated Hb has been attributed to the two PEG-5K chains on its two Cys-93(beta) residues. In an attempt to map the influence of the additional four PEG-5K chains of HexaPEGylated Hb on the O(2) affinity, we have now investigated the influence of PEGylation of the surface amino groups alone on the subunit interface interactions and O(2) affinity of Hb using rHb(betaC93A). The molecular radius of PEGylated rHb(betaC93A) was slightly smaller than that of (SP-PEG5K)(6)-Hb, and the overall site-selectivity of PEGylation in the PEGylated rHb(betaC93A) at Lys-residues was comparable to that of (SP-PEG5K)(6)-Hb. Proton NMR studies have shown that the conjugation of the protein with PEG-5K does not have any significant influence on its subunit interface interactions. Surprisingly, the influence of PEGylation on the O(2) affinity and Bohr effect of HbA and rHb(betaC93A) is also nearly the same. Apparently, conjugation of PEG-chains to Lys residues of Hb by the thiolation mediated PEGylation induces unique changes in the structure of the hydration shell of Hb (layer of tightly bound water molecules), which, in turn, induces constraints in its R to T conformational transition to favor the more hydrated R-state.
Cloning and biochemical characterization of the cyclophilin homologues from the free-living nematode Caenorhabditis elegans (1996)

Cyclosporin A (CsA) is the most widely used immunosuppressive agent, whose properties are exerted via an interaction with cyclophilin, resulting in down-regulation of signal-transduction events in the T-cell. Cyclophilin is identical with peptidylprolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPI; EC 5.2.1.8), an enzyme which catalyses the isomerization between the two proline conformations in proteins, thereby acting as a catalyst in protein-folding events. Several reports indicate that CsA has potent anti-parasitic activity, effective against both protozoan and helminth species. In order to understand the various biological roles that cyclophilins play we have initiated a study of these proteins in the genetically tractable nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Here we describe the cloning and characterization of 11 cyclophilin genes (cyp-1 to -11) derived from this nematode; this is currently the greatest number of isoforms described in a single species. Southern blotting and physical mapping indicated that these genes are dispersed throughout the nematode genome. A high degree of conservation exists between several isoforms, which also share characteristics with the ubiquitous isoforms previously described. The remaining isoforms are divergent, having altered CsA-binding domains and additional non-cyclophilin domains, which may impart compartmental specificity. Ten of these isoforms have been expressed in Escherichia coli, and the resultant fusion proteins have been examined biochemically for PPI activity, which they all possess. Isomerase activity is highest in the conserved and lowest in divergent isoforms, perhaps indicating a more specific substrate for the latter. Analysis of the C. elegans cyp genes will provide answers as to the roles played by cyclophilins in protein folding and signal transduction.
On airborne wave tilt measurements (1977)

The relationship between the wave tilt and the local surface impedance for ground waves propagating over a nonhomogeneous surface has been studied. It is shown that a sufficient condition for their equivalence is that the normal (vertical) electric field and the tangential (horizontal) magnetic field be simply related by the intrinsic impedance of free space. The “phase quadrature” airborne method of measuring the imaginary part of the wave tilt is modified to allow measurement of the imaginary part of the surface impedance. A second method for airborne measurement of the wave tilt is also proposed. It uses two orthogonal electric dipoles lying in the plane of incidence, oriented so that errors resulting from small mechanical misalignment are second order. Both the magnitude and imaginary part of the wave tilt can be measured. The system is best suited for airborne reconnaissance mapping of poorly conducting areas, giving basic information concerning the electrical properties and structure of the uppermost few meters of ground. The basic instrumentation is described but the tasks of development and testing remain.
De novo design of a transmembrane Zn <sup>2+</sup> -transporting four-helix bundle (2014)

The design of functional membrane proteins from first principles represents a grand challenge in chemistry and structural biology. Here, we report the design of a membrane-spanning, four-helical bundle that transports first-row transition metal ions Zn(2+) and Co(2+), but not Ca(2+), across membranes. The conduction path was designed to contain two di-metal binding sites that bind with negative cooperativity. X-ray crystallography and solid-state and solution nuclear magnetic resonance indicate that the overall helical bundle is formed from two tightly interacting pairs of helices, which form individual domains that interact weakly along a more dynamic interface. Vesicle flux experiments show that as Zn(2+) ions diffuse down their concentration gradients, protons are antiported. These experiments illustrate the feasibility of designing membrane proteins with predefined structural and dynamic properties.
A comparison of autografts and frozen, irradiated homografts in canine femoral venous reconstruction. (1977)

Autogenous veins are the ideal substitute for bridging venous defects. Experimentally, fresh homografts have patency rates comparable to autografts. However, a method of preservation must be employed if homografts become practical for clinical use. In this study, homografts were frozen, irradiated, and stored for a total of 6 weeks. Following femoral venous reconstruction, patency rates between frozen, irradiated homografts and fresh autografts were compared and found to be similar over a 6 month period. Recanalization of the frozen, irradiated homografts occurred at the same rate as did that of the autografts. This study concludes that cryopreservation and irradiation are suitable methods of preservation that do not adversely affect patency. In addition irradiation will sterilize tissue and may decrease the potential of the graft to stimulate the recipient's immunologic system.
[Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors in Alzheimer's disease: further comments on their mechanisms of action and therapeutic consequences]. (2010)

Cholinergic treatments in Alzheimer's disease are related to the decline of cholinergic central transmission evidenced many years ago in patients. Donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine have been shown to improve the biodisponibility of acetylcholine at synaptic level by decreasing its enzymatic degradation through acetylcholinesterases. Indeed these cholinesterase inhibitors have shown clinical beneficial effects especially at the early stages of the disease and when the cognitive deterioration is still limited. However, depending on patients, their efficacy can be discussed since the amplitude of the improvement has been recognized as limited. Nevertheless, cholinesterase inhibitors can improve the cognitive capacities or attentional processes in patients and their capability to be autonomous in daily life activities. Differences reported between the three different major cholinesterase inhibitors could be due to different pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties, especially with regard to the duration and reversibility of acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Since the resulting effect of the different compounds is to increase the synaptic acetylcholine disponibility in all cases, it is generally accepted that therapeutic effects are related to cholinergic stimulation in the brain structures involved in the regulation of cognitive and behavioral processes, with special reference to alpha7 nicotinic receptor subtype, which are concentrated in the cerebral cortex and hippocampal formation. Because of the involvement of such nicotinic receptor subtype in presynaptic activation of numerous neurotransmitters synaptic functions, one can propose that such general stimulation of brain structures contributes to behavioral improvement. Interestingly, data from experimental literature also showed that acetylcholinesterase inhibitors may have neuroprotective effects and could thus act as disease modifiers in patients, slowing the progression of behavioral deterioration since acetylcholinesterases themselves could contribute to the degenerative process. However such a speculative proposal has to be demonstrated in patients.
Direct address translation for virtual memory in energy-efficient embedded systems (2008)

This article presents a methodology for virtual memory support in energy-efficient embedded systems. A holistic approach is proposed, where the combined efforts of compiler, operating system, and hardware architecture achieve a significant system power reductions. The application information extracted and analyzed by the compiler is utilized dynamically by the microarchitecture and the operating system to perform energy-efficient and, for many memory references, time-deterministic address translations. We demonstrate that by using application information regarding virtual memory layout, an efficient and conflict-free translation process can be implemented through the utilization of a small hardware direct translation table (DTT) accessed in an application-specific manner. The set of virtual pages is partitioned into groups, such that for each group only a few of the least significant bits are used as an index to obtain the physical page number. We outline an efficient compile-time algorithm for identifying these groups and allocate their translation entries optimally into the DTT. The introduced hardware is minimal in terms of area, performance, and power overhead, while offering the flexibility of software programmability. This is achieved through a small set of registers and tables, which are made software accessible. We have quantitatively evaluated the proposed methodology on a number of embedded applications, including voice, image, and video processing.
A gas chromatography/mass spectrometry study of the conversion of alicyclic alcohols on membrane-type catalysts using a pulse microreactor implanted into a gas chromatograph injector (2016)

A pulse microreactor implanted directly into a gas chromatograph injector combined with a mass spectrometer has been proposed for monitoring the activity of heterogeneous catalysts. The microreactor was made of a standard commercial liner for a particular gas chromatograph and contained a catalytic bed. A heated injector oven was used simultaneously for heating the catalytic region, rapid evaporation of the substrate, and pulsed introduction of reaction products into a chromatographic column. The temperature of the oven could be varied in the range 200–300°C. The method ensures the detailed description of the qualitative composition of the reaction products. The potential of the proposed microreaction system was demonstrated in the study of membrane-type catalysts (nanodiamonds modified by Pt–Ru and Pt–Ni and also catalytic phosphate systems with NASICON structure) in reactions of cyclohexanol, cyclopentanol, and cyclobutanol. The studied heterogeneous catalysts can be divided in two groups. One group (based on nanodiamonds) promotes dehydrogenation reactions. The NASICON catalytic group catalyzes dehydration reactions with the formation of cycloalkenes and dicycloalkyl ethers.
A programmable nonlinear ADC using optimal-sized ROM (1991)

A programmable successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (ADC) useful for realizing nonlinear transfer characteristics often required in instrumentation and communications is presented. This nonlinear ADC (NADC) requires a much smaller sized ROM than an NADC reported by C.K. Yuen (1983).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Differentiation-independent retinoid induction of folate receptor type β, a potential tumor target in myeloid leukemia (2000)

Folate receptor (FR) type beta is expressed in the myelomonocytic lineage, predominantly during neutrophil maturation and in myeloid leukemias. FR-beta expression was elevated up to 20-fold by all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in KG-1 myeloid leukemia cells in a dose-dependent and reversible manner in the absence of terminal differentiation or cell growth inhibition. ATRA also increased FR-beta expression in vitro in myeloid leukemia cells from patient marrow. FR-beta was not up-regulated in KG-1 cells treated with phorbol ester, dexamethasone, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D(3), or transforming growth factor beta. ATRA did not induce FR-beta expression in receptor negative cells of diverse origin. The ATRA-induced increase in FR-beta expression in KG-1 cells occurred at the level of messenger RNA synthesis, and in 293 cells containing a stably integrated FR-beta promoter-luciferase reporter construct, ATRA induced expression of the reporter. From experiments using retinoid agonists and antagonists and from cotransfection studies using the FR-beta promoter and expression plasmids for the nuclear receptors retinoic acid receptor (RAR)alpha, RARbeta, or RARgamma, it appears that the retinoid effect on FR-beta expression could be mediated by ligand binding to RARs alpha, beta, or gamma, but not to retinoid X receptors. Furthermore, there was apparent cross-talk between RARalpha and RARgamma selective agonists or antagonists, suggesting a common downstream target for RAR isoforms in inducing FR-beta expression. Thus, blocks in the RARalpha-specific pathway of retinoid-induced differentiation may be bypassed during retinoid induction of FR-beta expression. The results suggest that to facilitate FR-targeted therapies, retinoids may be used to modulate FR-beta expression in myeloid leukemia cells refractory to retinoid differentiation therapy.
Utility of a Ruthenium Metathesis Catalyst for the Preparation of End-Functionalized Polybutadiene (1997)

The polymerization of cyclooctadiene (COD) in the presence of an allylic difunctionalized chain transfer agent (1) by a ruthenium metathesis catalyst (Ru) was accomplished. Deprotection of the resulting acetate end-functionalized polybutadiene was performed, leading to commercially important 1,4-hydroxytelechelic polybutadiene (HTPBD) with number average functionalities close to 2.0. The polymerizations were performed at high monomer concentrations or in the absence of solvent, and the robust nature of Ru allowed the use of high monomer to catalyst ratios (∼0.01 mol % Ru relative to total olefin). Investigation of the metathesis of olefin alcohols with Ru showed that side reactions may complicate the use of these compounds as chain transfer agents in metathesis polymerizations. The kinetics of this Ru-catalyzed ring-opening metathesis polymerization with added chain transfer agent was also investigated.
Does Subchondral Bone Affect the Fate of Osteochondral Allografts during Storage? (2005)

As the practice of osteochondral allograft resurfacing becomes more commonplace, it is important that surgeons understand the factors that affect graft quality.