gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reconstitution of lipid vesicles associated with HVJ (Sendai virus) sikes. Purification and some properties of vesicles containing nontoxic fragment A of diphtheria toxin. (1979)

A mixture of HVJ (Sendai virus) spike proteins, the nontoxic fragment A of diphtheria toxin, lecithin, and cholesterol was solubilized in sucrose solution containing a nonionic neutral detergent. The liposomal vesicles which formed on removal of the detergent by dialysis were purified by gel filtration and centrifugation on a sucrose gradient. The resulting purified vesicles had hemagglutinating activity, hemolytic activity and, after solubilization, the enzymic activity of fragment A. The vesicles had no cell fusion activity. Electron microscopy showed that both the outside and inside of membranes of the vesicles were associated with the spikes. When the vesicles were freeze-fractured, no large aggregates of particles were seen on either face. Such fragment A-containing lipid vesicles (liposomes) with HVJ spikes bound to mamalian cell membrane and released their fragment A into the cytoplasm causing cell death. Neither fragment A-containing liposomes without spikes nor empty liposomes with spikes were toxic.
Heat integration of an Olefins Plant: Pinch Analysis and mathematical optimization working together (2011)

This work explores a two-step, complexity reducing methodology, to analyze heat integration opportunities of an existing Olefins Plant, identify and quantify reduction of energy consumption, and propose changes of the existing heat exchanger network to achieve these goals. Besides the analysis of plant design conditions, multiple operational scenarios were considered to propose modifications for handling real plant operation (flexibility). On the strength of plant complexity and large dimension, work methodology was split into two parts: initially, the whole plant was evaluated with traditional Pinch Analysis tools. Several opportunities were identified and modifications proposed. Modifications were segregated to represent small and independent portions of the original process. One of them was selected to be re-analyzed, considering two scenarios. Reduction of problem dimension allowed mathematical methodologies (formulation with decomposition, applying LP, MILP and NLP optimization methods) to synthesize flexible networks to be applied, generating a feasible modification capable of fulfilling the proposed operational scenarios.
Effects of tool eccentricity on wave dispersion properties in borehole acoustic logging while drilling (2004)

In this paper, a finite element approach is applied to study the dispersion properties of non-leaky acoustic waves inside boreholes with off-centered LWD (logging while drilling) tools. Both soft and hard formation cases are studied with focus on phase velocity dispersions of Stoneley, dipole and quadrupole modes. When an LWD tool is off-centered, the dispersion curve of the Stoneley mode shifts to the lower phase velocity compared with that of a centered-tool condition. Meanwhile, the dipole dispersion curve splits into two curves with different phase velocities. This splitting phenomenon is also observed with the quadrupole mode. The splitting and shifting of the dipole mode are greater than those of the quadrupole mode. These new observations are important for interpreting acoustic LWD data accurately.
Laser microwelding of thin Al layers for interconnection of crystalline Si solar cells: analysis of process limits for ns and μs lasers (2014)

We investigated a laser welding process for contacting aluminum-metallized crystalline silicon solar cells to a 10-μm-thick aluminum layer on a glass substrate. We analyzed the threshold for laser-induced damage in dependence on the solar cell metallization thickness by applying the process on SiNx passivated lifetime samples. In addition, we measured the mechanical failure stress of the laser welds by perpendicular tear-off. We applied two types of laser processes; one used single or multiple 20-ns-laser pulses at 355 nm with fluences between 12 and 40 J∕cm2, and the other used single 1.2-μs-laser pulses at 1064 nm with 33 to 73 J∕cm2. The ns-laser pulses were able to contact down to 1-μm-thick aluminum layers on silicon without inducing laser damage to the silicon and led to a sufficiently strong mechanical contact. In the case of μs-laser pulses, the limiting thickness was 2 μm. Both laser systems were compared and discussed with respect to the theory of laser-induced forward transfer. The application was shown by contacting solar cells with 2-μm Al metallization on the rear side using μs-laser pulses proving a damage-free contacting.
Adjuvant Activity of Mycobacterial Fractions (1975)

A quantitative assay and characterization of oil-attached cell wall of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (BCG-CWS) which stimulates cell-mediated immunity of spleen cells to alloantigens in mice were carried out by an in vitro cell-mediated cytotoxicity test using 51Cr-labeled target cells. C57BL/6J mice (H-2b) were immunized intraperitoneally with mastocytoma cells (H-2d) with or without oil-attached BCG-CWS. The cytotoxicity, comparable to that of spleen cells from mice immunized with mastocytoma cells (3 X 10(7)), could be induuced in spleens of mice immunized with a mixture of mastocytoma cells (10(4)) and oil-attached BCG-CWS. The enhancing effect persisted from 55 days or more after the alloantigenic immunization. Oil-attached BCG-CWS enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity of T cells in the spleen and the mesenteric lymph node, but not in the thymus. The cytotoxicity showed specificity toward the alloantigen used for immunization. In addition to BCG-CWS, the cell walls of Nocardia rubra and Corynebacterium diphtheriae PW8 and the peptidoglycolipids of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Aoyama B were found to be potent stimulants of cell-mediated cytotoxicity in mice. Oil-attached BCG-CWS did not enhance humoral response to mastocytoma cells but enhanced cell-mediated cytotoxicity when viable mastocytoma cells were used as antigen. The above result was supported by the fact that anti-hapten antibody response induced by viable trinitrophenyl (TNP)-mastocytoma cells (10(4)) plus oil-attached BCG-CWS did not increase to the maximum levels as was observed in mice immunized with a larger number of mastocytoma cells (3 X 10(7)) alone, while cell-mediated cytotoxicity induced by the same treatment increased to the maximum level obtained by immunization with mastocytoma cells (3 X 10(7)) alone.
Identification of the cpsA gene as a specific marker for the discrimination of Streptococcus pneumoniae from viridans group streptococci (2010)

Streptococcus pneumoniae, the aetiological agent of pneumonia and non-gonococcal urethritis, shares a high degree of DNA sequence identity with the viridans group of streptococci, particularly Streptococcus mitis and Streptococcus oralis. Although their clinical and pathological manifestations are different, discrimination between S. pneumoniae and its close viridans cocci relatives is still quite difficult. Suppression subtractive hybridization was performed to identify the genomic differences between S. pneumoniae and S. mitis. Thirty-four resulting S. pneumoniae-specific clones were examined by sequence determination and comparative DNA sequence analysis using blast. S. pneumoniae-specific primers were subsequently designed from one of the clonal DNA sequences containing the cps gene (coding for capsular polysaccharide biosynthesis). The primer specificities were evaluated using 49 viridans streptococci including 26 S. pneumoniae, 54 other streptococci, 14 Lactococcus species, 14 Enterococcus species and three Vagococcus species, and compared with the specificities of previously described autolysin (lytA), pneumolysin (ply), Spn9802 and Spn9828 primers. The newly designed cpsA-specific primer set was highly specific to S. pneumoniae and was even better than the existing primers. These findings may help improve the rapid identification and differentiation of S. pneumoniae from closely related members of the viridans group streptococci.
Modern Management of Endometriosis (2005)

Most primary care physicians consider pelvic pain as a common clinical problem which accounts for as much as 25% of routine gynecologic office visits.1 About 15% of cases of pelvic pain are due to endometriosis.2 Endometriosis is frequently associated with several types of pelvic pain such as dysmenorrhea, chronic pelvic pain, deep dyspareunia, and, occasionally, painful defecation. Specifically, endometriosis was found in 37-74% of women undergoing laparoscopy for chronic pelvic pain.3-5\nThe endometriosis-related pelvic pain has no relation with the localization of the lesions3-5 and with the stage of the disease, as categorized according to the revised American Fertility Society (r-AFS) classification.6 In fact, the r-AFS classification system is inadequate to express the severity of the symptomatology because it does not reflect the disease in terms of cellular mass or activity.5,7-9\nSeveral medical treatments have been proposed to treat secondary chronic pelvic pain due to endometriosis,2 but little data are available regarding the effectiveness of these treatments on quality of life of women with endometriosis,2 which seems to be deeply impaired.9,10\nAbout 20% of women with chronic pelvic pain due to endometriosis are unresponsive to medical treatment.2 In these selected cases, surgery represents the final diagnostic and therapeutic option.2,11,12 Several procedures have been described to treat medically untreatable pelvic\n\npain.13 Furthermore, nonconservative procedures such as hysterectomy14,15 are questionably effective in terms of pain relief, can even be associated with a decrease in quality of life,16 and are unacceptable to many woman who wish to preserve intact their reproductive organs.
Confidentiality and privacy information security risk assessment for Android-based mobile devices (2015)

Increasing use of smartphones for work and private purposes have mingled both the valuable personal data to work data unintentionally. Android permission-based security model are used to restrict the ability of applications to access device resources, but it failed to provide an adequate control for users and a visibility of how third party applications using personal data of users. The permission warnings when installing applications do not help most users in taking right security decisions. This research aims at developing a risk assessment method to determine security posture, at Android smartphone The method can help users to increase the security level of a device, especially against sensitive data leakage. The design of risk assessment uses two approaches, security configuration level assessment and sensitive data risk assessment. Security configuration level assessment is based on built-in Android smartphone configurations, while sensitive data risk assessment is based on combination of permissions from all applications installed on the device. Design of risk assessment implemented on Android smartphone called Smartphone Risk Assessment (SRA). The evaluation has been done by a usability testing using the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire. The result shows that the SRA is rated as "Good" by respondents based on SUS score. The SRA is considered to be helpful by users to determine potential threats of their smartphones and any applications that has potential to leak sensitive data.
Raman spectrum of modified PAN-based carbon fibers during graphitization (1996)

Graphite fibers were developed from polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers which were modified with potassium permanganate. After the transitional temperature, the formation of graphite structures commenced, the crystals increased in thickness, and the preferred orientation of the fiber crystals increased. The Raman specific absorption peak of noncrystalline carbon layers (1360 cm−1) weakened with the increase in the graphitization temperature, whereas the degree of graphitization rose. The results of this analysis indicate that manganese has the effect of catalyzing graphitization, thus increasing the mechanical properties of the graphite fibers. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
GaAs metal semiconductor metal photodetectors with low dark current and high responsivity at 850 nm (2002)

In this paper, we report on the fabrication a GaAs metal–semiconductor–metal photodetector with both low dark current and high responsivity at 850 nm. By using the Schottky contacts modified by a thin, n+-doped layer on the surface of the devices, the lowest dark current density of about 4.5 × 10−7 cm−2 was achieved. Besides, in the same devices, the responsivity resulting from a newly designed resonant-cavity-enhanced structure with a superlattice distributed Bragg reflector was about 0.34 A W−1 at 850 nm. The equivalent external quantum efficiency of the devices with equal finger spacing and finger width was about 48%. Our design is relatively easy and reproducible for both the sample growth and the device process.
LFA-1 Contributes an Early Signal for NK Cell Cytotoxicity (2004)

Cytotoxicity of human NK cells is activated by receptors that bind ligands on target cells, but the relative contribution of the many different activating and inhibitory NK cell receptors is difficult to assess. In this study, we describe an experimental system that circumvents some of the difficulties. Adhesion through beta2 integrin LFA-1 is a common requirement of CTLs and NK cells for efficient lysis of target cells. However, the contribution of LFA-1 to activation signals for NK cell cytotoxicity, besides its role in adhesion, is unclear. The role of LFA-1 was evaluated by exposing NK cells to human ICAM-1 that was either expressed on a Drosophila insect cell line, or directly coupled to beads. Expression of ICAM-1 on insect cells was sufficient to induce lysis by NK cells through LFA-1. Coexpression of peptide-loaded HLA-C with ICAM-1 on insect cells blocked the LFA-1-dependent cytotoxicity of NK cells that expressed HLA-C-specific inhibitory receptors. Polarization of cytotoxic granules in NK cells toward ICAM-1- and ICAM-2-coated beads showed that engagement of LFA-1 alone is sufficient to initiate activation signals in NK cells. Thus, in contrast to T cells, in which even adhesion through LFA-1 is dependent on signals from other receptors, NK cells receive early activation signals directly through LFA-1.
A directional current switch using silicon single electron transistors controlled by charge injection into silicon nano-crystal floating dots (2003)

A directional current switch is fabricated using two single electron transistors (SETs) with a common gate electrode. In order to adjust the peak positions of Coulomb blockade oscillations, SETs with Si nanocrystal floating dots are utilized. The phases of two SETs are separately controlled using only one gate electrode and the operation of current switch is successfully demonstrated. This method for the phase control in SETs is very important for practical integration of SETs.
Antithrombin III Supplementation on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (2013)

Antithrombin III (ATIII) is used during extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) based on physiologic rationale and studies during cardiopulmonary bypass. In February 2008, our institution began using ATIII as replacement for low ATIII activity (<70%) in patients supported with ECMO. We hypothesized that ATIII supplementation would reduce heparin infusion rates, increase unfractionated heparin anti-Xa levels, and prolong ECMO circuit life. Data from 40 consecutive patients (45 deployments) requiring ECMO support for >72 hours with venoarterial ECMO from January 1, 2007, through December 31, 2008, were collected. Antithrombin III concentrate was administered for ATIII activity <70% at the discretion of the attending physician. The primary outcome was whether the heparin infusion rate was reduced by 10% or more as a result of ATIII administration. No difference in heparin infusion rate (p = 0.245) as a result of ATIII administration was observed. Anti-Xa levels were lower before ATIII administration (p< 0.001) and were increased after ATIII administration (p < 0.001). There was an increased frequency of circuit failure in ATIII treatment group compared with nontreatment group (p = 0.018). Neither heparin responsiveness nor circuit life was enhanced by daily ATIII supplementation for activity <70%. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of antithrombin replacement.
Current- and magnetic-field-controlled superconducting multi-terminal microstructures (1994)

We study theoretically superconducting microstructures of a special configuration, viz., Josephson multi-terminals (JMT), which are systems of interconnected microbridges. The nonlinear interaction of individual bridge junctions in JMT is due to fact that they have a common center and, hence, that the superconducting order parameter in each weak link is a function of the currents through all other microbridges. JMT is a nonlinear parametric element controlled by the current and the magnetic field. Dynamic equations have been derived, which govern the behavior of JMT versus the control parameters, viz., transport control currents or fluxes of an external magnetic field. We consider various JMT working regimes: synchronization of Josephson oscillations, degeneration of metastable states, and broken symmetry of the ground state in magnetic field.
The importance of preheating contrast media (1984)

00 30 1 00 1 30 2 00 2 30 3 00 3 30 4 00 4 30 5 00 , TIMEINHOURS Fig. 1 -Time/temperature curve averaged from five inlectors demonstrates considerable time to heat contrast medium in plastic inlector syringe by heating envelope.Temperature measured at center of syringe.
Origins and diversity of eukaryotic CO2-concentrating mechanisms: lessons for the future (2013)

The importance of the eukaryotic algal CO(2)-concentrating mechanism (CCM) is considered in terms of global productivity as well as molecular phylogeny and diversity. The three major constituents comprising the CCM in the majority of eukaryotes are described. These include: (i) likely plasma- and chloroplast-membrane inorganic carbon transporters; (ii) a suite of carbonic anhydrase enzymes in strategic locations; and usually (iii) a microcompartment in which most Rubisco aggregates (the chloroplast pyrenoid). The molecular diversity of known CCM components are set against the current green algal model for their probable operation. The review then focuses on the kinetic and cystallographic interactions of Rubisco, which permit pyrenoid formation and CCM function. Firstly, we consider observations that surface residues of the Rubisco small subunit directly condition Rubisco aggregation and pyrenoid formation. Secondly, we reanalyse the phylogenetic progression in green Rubisco kinetic properties, and suggest that Rubisco substrate selectivity (the specificity factor, S(rel), and affinity for CO(2), K(c)) demonstrate a systematic relaxation, which directly relates to the origins and effectiveness of a CCM. Finally, we consider the implications of eukaryotic CCM regulation and minimum components needed for introduction into higher plants as a possible means to enhance crop productivity in the future.
Design of kinematic DGNSS filters with consistent error covariance information (2004)

Consistent and realistic error covariance information is important for position estimation, error analysis, fault detection, and integer ambiguity resolution for the applications of global navigation satellite systems. In designing a position domain carrier-smoothed-code filter where incremental carrier-phases are used for time-propagation, formulation of consistent error covariance information is not easy due to correlation of successive propagation noises. To provide consistent and correct error covariance information, two recursive filter algorithms are proposed based on carrier-smoothed-code techniques: the stepwise optimal position projection filter, and the stepwise unbiased position projection filter. A Monte Carlo simulation result shows that the proposed filter algorithms actually generate consistent error covariance information and the neglecting of carrier-phase noise induces optimistic error covariance information. It is also shown that the stepwise unbiased position projection filter is attractive since its performance is good and its computational burden is moderate.
Surgical intervention in acute myocardial infarction. (1984)

The goal of surgical reperfusion during the first hours of acute evolving myocardial infarction is to limit the extent of the infarction. This should be reflected by improved ventricular function and low mortality. Over the past 10 years, 440 patients with transmural myocardial infarction and 261 patients with nontransmural myocardial infarction underwent coronary artery bypass graft surgery within 24 hours of peak symptoms. The in-hospital mortality was 5.2% in the transmural group and 3% in the non-transmural group. In a 10-year study period, the mortality in the transmural group rose to 12.5%, while the mortality in the nontransmural group, followed for an 8-year period, rose to a total of 6.5%. The transmural myocardial infarctions in patients revascularized within 6 hours, showed a significantly improved in-hospital mortality of 3.8% compared to an in-hospital mortality of 12% for reperfusion after 6 hours. Anterior transmural areas of myocardial infarctions were reperfused within 6 hours of symptom onset, and demonstrated improved global ejection fraction and regional wall motion. Little improvement was seen if revascularization was instituted later than 6 hours from symptoms except in patients with adequate collateral perfusion of non-total left anterior descending coronary occlusion. Long-term follow-up of patients revascularized for acute myocardial infarction shows a low rate of subsequent reinfarction, incapacitating angina and sudden death. Left ventricular function at the time of cardiac catheterization correlates well with subsequent long-term mortality.
The Influence of Boron Atoms Introduced on the Silica Gel Surface upon the Properties of n-Octadecanol Films (1986)

Article The Influence of Boron Atoms Introduced on the Silica Gel Surface upon the Properties of n-Octadecanol Films was published on January 1, 1986 in the journal Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie (volume 267O, issue 1).
Integrated Linewidth Reduction of a Tunable SG-DBR Laser (2013)

We demonstrate frequency noise suppression of a widely tunable sampled-grating DBR laser using negative feedback from a Mach-Zehnder frequency discriminator integrated on the same InGaAsP/InP chip. The 3-dB laser linewidth is narrowed from 19 MHz to 570 kHz.