gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of a Controlled Vocabulary and Software Application to Analyze Fruit Shape Variation in Tomato and Other Plant Species (2006)

The domestication and improvement of fruit-bearing crops resulted in a large diversity of fruit form. To facilitate consistent terminology pertaining to shape, a controlled vocabulary focusing specifically on fruit shape traits was developed. Mathematical equations were established for the attributes so that objective, quantitative measurements of fruit shape could be conducted. The controlled vocabulary and equations were integrated into a newly developed software application, Tomato Analyzer, which conducts semiautomatic phenotypic measurements. To demonstrate the utility of Tomato Analyzer in the detection of shape variation, fruit from two F2 populations of tomato (Solanum spp.) were analyzed. Principal components analysis was used to identify the traits that best described shape variation within as well as between the two populations. The three principal components were analyzed as traits, and several significant quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified in both populations. The usefulness and flexibility of the software was further demonstrated by analyzing the distal fruit end angle of fruit at various user-defined settings. Results of the QTL analyses indicated that significance levels of detected QTL were greatly improved by selecting the setting that maximized phenotypic variation in a given population. Tomato Analyzer was also applied to conduct phenotypic analyses of fruit from several other species, demonstrating that many of the algorithms developed for tomato could be readily applied to other plants. The controlled vocabulary, algorithms, and software application presented herein will provide plant scientists with novel tools to consistently, accurately, and efficiently describe two-dimensional fruit shapes.
Automated synthesis of large phase shifters for built-in self-test (2002)

The paper introduces a new algorithm for the automated synthesis of phase shifters-circuits used to remove effects of structural dependencies featured by two-dimensional test generators. The algorithms presented in the paper synthesize in a time-efficient manner very large and fast phase shifters for built in self-test environment, with guaranteed minimal phase shifts between scan chains, and very low delay and area of virtually one 2-way XOR gate per channel.
Measurement of the depth of interaction of an LSO scintillator using a planar process APD (2003)

The authors have evaluated the performance of an avalanche photodiodes (APD)/lutetium oxyorthosilicate (LSO) module for use in positron emission tomography systems. They have used a recently developed APD detector in combination with a 3 /spl times/ 3 /spl times/ 30 mm/sup 3/ LSO scintillator to measure the depth of interaction of 511 keV photons from a /sup 22/Na source. The detectors were built using standard planar technology for silicon devices. Photodiodes with 3 mm diameter active area have been produced by deep boron diffusion, followed by shallow boron and phosphor diffusion. Because the structure has not been optimized yet, the authors only obtained a gain of 6 at 1300 V. A simple noise analysis of the detector characteristics indicate that they are still capable of measuring 511 keV photons with sufficient energy resolution for depth of interaction position measurement from a long LSO scintillator.
An Evidence-Based Review of Quantitative SPECT Imaging and Potential Clinical Applications (2013)

SPECT has traditionally been regarded as nonquantitative. Advances in multimodality γ-cameras (SPECT/CT), algorithms for image reconstruction, and sophisticated compensation techniques to correct for photon attenuation and scattering have, however, now made quantitative SPECT viable in a manner similar to quantitative PET (i.e., kBq cm(-3), standardized uptake value). This review examines the evidence for quantitative SPECT and demonstrates clinical studies in which the accuracy of the reconstructed SPECT data has been assessed in vivo. SPECT reconstructions using CT-based compensation corrections readily achieve accuracy for (99m)Tc to within ± 10% of the known concentration of the radiotracer in vivo. Quantification with other radionuclides is also being introduced. SPECT continues to suffer from poorer photon detection efficiency (sensitivity) and spatial resolution than PET; however, it has the benefit in some situations of longer radionuclide half-lives, which may better suit the biologic process under examination, as well as the ability to perform multitracer studies using pulse height spectroscopy to separate different radiolabels.
New Cytotoxic and Water-Soluble Bis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II) Complexes (2003)

New water-soluble bis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes, all derivatives of the highly cytotoxic alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)] (alpha denoting the coordinating pairs Cl, N(py), and N(azo) as cis, trans, cis, respectively) have been developed. The compounds 1,1-cyclobutanedicarboxylatobis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II), alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)(cbdca-O,O')] (1), oxalatobis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II), alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)(ox)] (2), and malonatobis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II), alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)(mal)] (3), have been synthesized and fully characterized. X-ray analyses of 1 and 2 are reported, and compound 1 is the first example in which the cbdca ligand is coordinated to a ruthenium center. The cytotoxicity of this series of water-soluble bis(2-phenylazopyridine) complexes has been determined in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma and A2780cisR, the corresponding cisplatin-resistant cell line. For comparison reasons, the cytotoxicity of the complexes alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)], alpha-[Ru(azpy)(2)(NO(3))(2)], beta-[Ru(azpy)(2)Cl(2)] (beta indicating the coordinating pairs Cl, N(py), and N(azo) as cis, cis, cis, respectively), and beta-[Ru(azpy)(2)(NO(3))(2)] have been determined in this cell line. All the bis(2-phenylazopyridine)ruthenium(II) compounds display a promising cytotoxicity in the A2780 cell line (IC(50) = 0.9-10 microM), with an activity comparable to that of cisplatin and even higher than the activity of carboplatin. Interestingly, the IC(50) values of this series of ruthenium compounds (except the beta isomeric compounds) are similar in the cisplatin-resistant A2780cisR cell line compared to the normal cell line A2780, suggesting that the activity of these compounds might not be influenced by the multifactorial resistance mechanism that affect platinum anticancer agents.
Untangling the Condensation Network of Organosiloxanes on Nanoparticles using 2D <sup>29</sup>Si–<sup>29</sup>Si Solid-State NMR Enhanced by Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (2014)

Silica (SiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) were functionalized by silanization to produce a surface covered with organosiloxanes. Information about the surface coverage and the nature, if any, of organosiloxane polymerization, whether parallel or perpendicular to the surface, is highly desired. To this extent, two-dimensional homonuclear (29)Si solid-state NMR could be employed. However, owing to the sensitivity limitations associated with the low natural abundance (4.7%) of (29)Si and the difficulty and expense of isotopic labeling here, this technique would usually be deemed impracticable. Nevertheless, we show that recent developments in the field of dynamic nuclear polarization under magic angle spinning (MAS-DNP) could be used to dramatically increase the sensitivity of the NMR experiments, resulting in a timesaving factor of ∼625 compared to conventional solid-state NMR. This allowed the acquisition of previously infeasible data. Using both through-space and through-bond 2D (29)Si-(29)Si correlation experiments, it is shown that the required reaction conditions favor lateral polymerization and domain growth. Moreover, the natural abundance correlation experiments permitted the estimation of (2)J(Si-O-Si)-couplings (13.8 ± 1.4 Hz for surface silica) and interatomic distances (3.04 ± 0.08 Å for surface silica) since complications associated with many-spin systems and also sensitivity were avoided. The work detailed herein not only demonstrates the possibility of using MAS-DNP to greatly facilitate the acquisition of 2D (29)Si-(29)Si correlation spectra but also shows that this technique can be used in a routine fashion to characterize surface grafting networks and gain structural constraints, which can be related to a system's chemical and physical properties.
Photophysical Investigation of the Thermally Activated Delayed Emission from Films of m‐MTDATA:PBD Exciplex (2013)

Understanding the delayed fluorescence mechanism behind the creation of emissive singlets from the non‐emissive triplets in exciplexes is vital for the fabrication of highly efficient blue fluorescent emitters, and subsequent white light applications. In this article we report the spectroscopic investigation of the exciplex formed between 4,4′,4′′‐tris[3‐methylphenyl(phenyl)amino]triphenylamine (m‐MTDATA) and 2‐(biphenyl‐4‐yl)‐5‐(4‐tert‐butylphenyl)‐1,3,4‐oxadiazole (PBD) in a 50:50 blended film. The mechanism behind extra singlet production in the blend is of E‐type nature, that is, "thermally activated" delayed fluorescence. The exciplex singlet‐triplet energy splitting is estimated to be around 5 meV, smaller than previously estimated at ≈ 50 meV. The absence of a well defined separation between prompt emission and emission components with very long lifetimes, >100 ns, is indicative of such a small exchange energy, and arises through multiple cycling between the resonant singlet and triplet manifolds before eventually being emitted from a singlet state. An observed redshift of the exciplex emission with time and increasing temperature is attributed to different exciplex species being formed between the m‐MTDATA and PBD molecules.
Unlocked Nucleic Acids with a Pyrene‐Modified Uracil: Synthesis, Hybridization Studies, Fluorescent Properties and i‐Motif Stability (2013)

Abstract The synthesis of two new phosphoramidite building blocks for the incorporation of 5‐(pyren‐1‐yl)uracilyl unlocked nucleic acid (UNA) monomers into oligonucleotides has been developed. Monomers containing a pyrene‐modified nucleobase component were found to destabilize an i‐motif structure at pH 5.2, both under molecular crowding and noncrowding conditions. The presence of the pyrene‐modified UNA monomers in DNA strands led to decreases in the thermal stabilities of DNA*/DNA and DNA*/RNA duplexes, but these duplexes' thermal stabilities were better than those of duplexes containing unmodified UNA monomers. Pyrene‐modified UNA monomers incorporated in bulges were able to stabilize DNA*/DNA duplexes due to intercalation of the pyrene moiety into the duplexes. Steady‐state fluorescence emission studies of oligonucleotides containing pyrene‐modified UNA monomers revealed decreases in fluorescence intensities upon hybridization to DNA or RNA. Efficient quenching of fluorescence of pyrene‐modified UNA monomers was observed after formation of i‐motif structures at pH 5.2. The stabilizing/destabilizing effect of pyrene‐modified nucleic acids might be useful for designing antisense oligonucleotides and hybridization probes.
From Machine-to-Machine to the Internet of Things: Introduction to a New Age of Intelligence (2014)

This book outlines the background and overall vision for the Internet of Things (IoT) and Machine-to-Machine (M2M) communications and services, including major standards. Key technologies are described, and include everything from physical instrumentation of devices to the cloud infrastructures used to collect data. Also included is how to derive information and knowledge, and how to integrate it into enterprise processes, as well as system architectures and regulatory requirements. Real-world service use case studies provide the hands-on knowledge needed to successfully develop and implement M2M and IoT technologies sustainably and profitably. Finally, the future vision for M2M technologies is described, including prospective changes in relevant standards. This book is written by experts in the technology and business aspects of Machine-to-Machine and Internet of Things, and who have experience in implementing solutions. Standards included: ETSI M2M, IEEE 802.15.4, 3GPP (GPRS, 3G, 4G), Bluetooth Low Energy/Smart, IETF 6LoWPAN, IETF CoAP, IETF RPL, Power Line Communication, Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Sensor Web Enablement (SWE), ZigBee, 802.11, Broadband Forum TR-069, Open Mobile Alliance (OMA) Device Management (DM), ISA100.11a, WirelessHART, M-BUS, Wireless M-BUS, KNX, RFID, Object Management Group (OMG) Business Process Modelling Notation (BPMN)Key technologies for M2M and IoT covered: Embedded systems hardware and software, devices and gateways, capillary and M2M area networks, local and wide area networking, M2M Service Enablement, IoT data management and data warehousing, data analytics and big data, complex event processing and stream analytics, knowledge discovery and management, business process and enterprise integration, Software as a Service and cloud computing Combines both technical explanations together with design features of M2M/IoT and use cases. Together, these descriptions will assist you to develop solutions that will work in the real world Detailed description of the network architectures and technologies that form the basis of M2M and IoT Clear guidelines and examples of M2M and IoT use cases from real-world implementations such as Smart Grid, Smart Buildings, Smart Cities, Participatory Sensing, and Industrial Automation A description of the vision for M2M and its evolution towards IoT
The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and other Sketches (1867)

The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and other Sketches Get access Notes and Queries, Volume s3-XII, Issue 299, 21 September 1867, Page 240, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s3-XII.299.240f Published: 21 September 1867
Design of a High-Pressure Research Flow Loop for the Experimental Investigation of Liquid Loading in Gas Wells (2009)

Abstract Existing models to predict and analyze liquid loading in gas wells are based on steady-state flow. Even when transient multiphase wellbore models are employed, steady-state or pseudo steady-state inflow performance relationships are used to characterize the reservoir. A more reliable approach consists of modeling the dynamics in the near-wellbore region with its transient boundary conditions for the wellbore. The development of new models to mimic the dynamic interaction between reservoir and wellbore requires a purpose-built flow loop. We have developed a design to construct such a facility. This new facility will be the first to integrate pipe representing the wellbore with a porous medium that will fully mimic the formation surrounding the wellbore. This design will account not only for flow into the wellbore, but any reverse flow from the pipe into the medium. We used integrated wellbore/reservoir system analysis to screen the parameters required to recreate liquid loading under laboratory conditions. Our results suggested using a compressed air system with a discharge pressure between 470 to 650 psi with gas rates of 400 to 650 scf/m along with water injected at a rate of 100 gpm. Once the range in operating conditions was defined, the equipment and mechanical components for the facility were selected and designed. Our results showed that three reciprocating compressors working in parallel provide the smallest, most economic, and most flexible configuration for the TowerLab facility at Texas A&M University. The design of the pressure vessel hosting the porous medium will require a cylindrical body with top- and bottom-welded flathead covers with multiple openings to minimize weight. The required superficial velocities for air and water indicate that the system will need independent injection into the porous medium through two manifolds. Optimally, the system will use digital pressure gauges, coriolis or vortex technology to measure air flow and turbine meters for water flow. The new facility will significantly improve our ability to mimic the physics of multiple phase flow for the development of liquid loading models and lead to better optimization of gas fields.
Recognize strategies for killing change, use them to your advantage to create change (2016)

HOLLYWOOD, FLA. — If you've ever tried to lead change on campus, you probably encountered resistance. Faculty members are the experts in their fields, and many think their expertise carries over to other areas, said Loralyn Taylor, Ph.D., director of analytics for student success initiatives at Ohio University. Faculty members function as individuals rather than members of a team. And to the extent they see themselves as part of a team, they identify more with their discipline than with their department and more with their department than with the university.
MIDAS: Myocardial Infarct Diagnosis by Assessment of Slope (1993)

We describe a simple nomogram for the interpretation of plasma creatine kinase activity (CK) changes in patients with acute chest pain and the demonstration of excessive rate of increase (slope of the CK versus time graph). Taken together with other patient data, it serves as a useful decision aid for the very early diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction. We have previously shown that measurement of the rate of increase ('slope') of creatine kinase (CK) and creatine kinase MB isoenzyme (CK-MB) in plasma on serial samples obtained on admission and 4 h, 8 h or 12h thereafter allows rapid and efficient diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in patients presenting with acute chest pain (less than 12 h duration).? A change in log CK activity per hour exceeding 0'015 over the first 12h (equivalent to a 51070 increment) differentiated between AMI and non-infarction with a diagnostic sensitivity of 97070 and specificity of 91% (efficiency 94%). This slope discriminant (equivalent to a 4 h increment of 15% or an 8 h increment of 32%) similarly had high diagnostic efficiency (88% at 4 h, 93% at 8 h) when applied to CK change from admission to 4 h or to 8 h post-admission. Calculation of the rate of change of the logarithm of the percentage increment of CK activity is inconvenient for emergency situations. In order to circumvent this problem we have devised a simple nomogram ('MIDAS'; Myocardial Infarct Diagnosis by Assessment of Slope) to indicate whether the slope discriminant has been exceeded. We recommend that the nomogram be used by clinicians for all cases where confirmation of the diagnosis or exclusion of acute myocardial infarction is required.
Inhibition of Human Tumor Cell-Associated Fibrinolysis by Vascular Bovine Smooth Muscle Cells<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1985)

Fibrinolysis induced by human tumor cells producing either urokinase (u-PA) or tissue-type plasminogen activators (t-PA) was inhibited by growth in vitro of the tumor cells together with aortic bovine smooth muscle cells (SMC). Both types of plasminogen activators secreted by the tumor cells were partially or completely neutralized in such cocultivation experiments. The fibrinolysis inhibitory activities were found in living SMC, homogenates of the cells, and medium conditioned by the SMC. Incubation of medium conditioned by the SMC with media conditioned by the tumor cells followed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and regular fibrin zymography resulted in sodium dodecyl sulfate-resistant inhibition of fibrinolysis. Gel electrophoretic analysis of medium conditioned by SMC followed by reverse fibrin autography revealed the presence of a single zone of lysis inhibition that corresponded to a relative molecular weight of 51,500 +/- 1,700. These results demonstrate that SMC produce and secrete a powerful inhibitor of u-PA- and t-PA-induced fibrinolysis, which may alter the invasive and degradative potential of tumor cells.
Measurement of marine picoplankton cell size by using a cooled, charge-coupled device camera with image-analyzed fluorescence microscopy (1992)

Accurate measurement of the biomass and size distribution of picoplankton cells (0.2 to 2.0 microns) is paramount in characterizing their contribution to the oceanic food web and global biogeochemical cycling. Image-analyzed fluorescence microscopy, usually based on video camera technology, allows detailed measurements of individual cells to be taken. The application of an imaging system employing a cooled, slow-scan charge-coupled device (CCD) camera to automated counting and sizing of individual picoplankton cells from natural marine samples is described. A slow-scan CCD-based camera was compared to a video camera and was superior for detecting and sizing very small, dim particles such as fluorochrome-stained bacteria. Several edge detection methods for accurately measuring picoplankton cells were evaluated. Standard fluorescent microspheres and a Sargasso Sea surface water picoplankton population were used in the evaluation. Global thresholding was inappropriate for these samples. Methods used previously in image analysis of nanoplankton cells (2 to 20 microns) also did not work well with the smaller picoplankton cells. A method combining an edge detector and an adaptive edge strength operator worked best for rapidly generating accurate cell sizes. A complete sample analysis of more than 1,000 cells averages about 50 min and yields size, shape, and fluorescence data for each cell. With this system, the entire size range of picoplankton can be counted and measured.
Neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine is an endogenous positive modulator of AMPA receptors (2016)

We have previously shown that neuropeptide cycloprolylglycine (CPG) increases the content of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the culture of neuronal cells under normal conditions and in pathology. This is the first study to show that CPG at a physiological concentration of 10<sup>-6</sup> M significantly enhances the transmembrane AMPA currents in rat cerebellar Purkinje cells. Thus, CPG is a positive endogenous modulator of AMPA receptors. It was assumed that the neuropsychotropic effects of CPG are implemented as a result of BDNF accumulation after the activation of AMPA receptors by this neuropeptide.
On cellular packet switch and handoffs in wireless systems (1999)

In this paper there are presented the control functions allocated to the elements of the packet switch for cellular systems. Mobility management and radio resources management are performed by interface units of the metropolitan area network. Message flows defined for key procedures, form the foundation of the network layer protocol. The handoff scheme proposed is based on a single ALOHA-type universal signalling channel that is used to establish, update and terminate associations between mobiles and base stations. Because of the specific database structure maintained in the base stations, the handoff mechanism is immediate and does not require any real-time processing to determine the association of a mobile with a base station.
Recovering platinum-group metals from auto catalysts (1988)

A variety of technical challenges confront the prospective processor of spent automotive catalysts, including a frequently high (1-10%) lead content; the presence of alumina in both soluble, ..gamma.., and insoluble, ..cap alpha.., forms; the need for recovery of greater than 90% to assure an economical process; the disposition and control of process effluents, refractory residues, and lead metal salts from catalyst processing; and the highly aggressive and corrosive reagents required. Six different processes for recovery of platinum, palladium and rhodium are described and compared on the basis of their utility and how well they meet these technical challenges.