gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactive data services for television: display and user interface issues (2002)

The widespread commercial success of interactive services on next-generation digital satellite, cable, and terrestrial TV set-top boxes, hinges on many factors, including the need for a method that can display both text and graphics-rich content in a satisfactory manner on existing television sets. In order to spur consumer interest about data services on television, there must be superior on-screen graphics capabilities, graceful composition of graphics and video, and engaging user interfaces. There are numerous technical challenges to overcome for these features to become a reality. In addition, the TV viewing experience with which consumers have become familiar must be preserved. We discuss the digital signal processing required to overcome the mentioned technical challenges as realized in a well-designed graphics/display processor in a set-top-box system.
Comparison of Transmission Performance of 40-Gb/s Optical Duobinary and DCS-RZ Signals Using 10- and 40-Gb/s <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$</tex></formula> Mach&ndash;Zehnder Modulators (2007)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We investigated a cost-effective method using 10-Gb/s <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$ </tex></formula> Mach–Zehnder Modulators (MZMs) for transmitting 40-Gb/s duobinary nonreturn-to-zero (NRZ) and duobinary carrier-suppressed return-to-zero (DCS-RZ) signals. The transmission performance of the signals was investigated. The optimum bandwidths of low-pass filters in transmitters using 10- and 40-Gb/s <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$</tex></formula> MZMs were also investigated. The calculated transmission performance of the transmitter using 10-Gb/s <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$</tex> </formula> MZMs was compared to that using 40-Gb/s <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$</tex> </formula> MZMs. The effect of the bias offset in the transmitters was investigated. Compared to duobinary-NRZ and DCS-RZ signals generated by a transmitter using 40-Gb/s <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$</tex> </formula> MZMs, those generated by using 10-Gb/s <formula formulatype="inline"><tex>$\hbox{LiNbO}_{3}$</tex> </formula> MZMs can be transmitted with 1-dB power penalty over 480-km transmission. </para>
Analysis of user behavior under error conditions in spoken dialogs (2002)

We focus on developing an account of user behavior under error conditions, working with annotated data from real human-machine mixed initiative dialogs. In particular, we examine categories of error perception, user behavior under error, effect of user strategies on error recovery, and the role of user initiative in error situations. A conditional probability model smoothed by weighted ASR error rate is proposed. Results show that users discovering errors through implicit confirmations are less likely to get back on track (or succeed) and take a longer time in doing so than other forms of error discovery such as system reject and reprompts. Further successful user error-recovery strategies included more rephrasing, less contradicting, and a tendency to terminate error episodes (cancel and startover) than to attempt at repairing a chain of errors.
Opposite-sex attraction in male mice requires testosterone-dependent regulation of adult olfactory bulb neurogenesis (2016)

Opposite-sex attraction in most mammals depends on the fine-tuned integration of pheromonal stimuli with gonadal hormones in the brain circuits underlying sexual behaviour. Neural activity in these circuits is regulated by sensory processing in the accessory olfactory bulb (AOB), the first central station of the vomeronasal system. Recent evidence indicates adult neurogenesis in the AOB is involved in sex behaviour; however, the mechanisms underlying this function are unknown. By using Semaphorin 7A knockout (Sema7A ko) mice, which show a reduced number of gonadotropin-releasing-hormone neurons, small testicles and subfertility, and wild-type males castrated during adulthood, we demonstrate that the level of circulating testosterone regulates the sex-specific control of AOB neurogenesis and the vomeronasal system activation, which influences opposite-sex cue preference/attraction in mice. Overall, these data highlight adult neurogenesis as a hub for the integration of pheromonal and hormonal cues that control sex-specific responses in brain circuits.
SortMeRNA: fast and accurate filtering of ribosomal RNAs in metatranscriptomic data (2012)

We present SortMeRNA, a new software designed to rapidly filter rRNA fragments from metatranscriptomic data. It is capable of handling large sets of reads and sorting out all fragments matching to the rRNA database with high sensitivity and low running time.
Involvement of a proline-rich motif and RING-H2 finger of Deltex in the regulation of Notch signaling (2002)

The Notch pathway is an evolutionarily conserved signaling mechanism that is essential for cell-cell interactions. The Drosophila deltex gene regulates Notch signaling in a positive manner, and its gene product physically interacts with the intracellular domain of Notch through its N-terminal domain. Deltex has two other domains that are presumably involved in protein-protein interactions: a proline-rich motif that binds to SH3-domains, and a RING-H2 finger motif. Using an overexpression assay, we have analyzed the functional involvement of these Deltex domains in Notch signaling. The N-terminal domain of Deltex that binds to the CDC10/Ankyrin repeats of the Notch intracellular domain was indispensable for the function of Deltex. A mutant form of Deltex that lacked the proline-rich motif behaved as a dominant-negative form. This dominant-negative Deltex inhibited Notch signaling upstream of an activated, nuclear form of Notch and downstream of full-length Notch, suggesting the dominant-negative Deltex might prevent the activation of the Notch receptor. We found that Deltex formed a homo-multimer, and mutations in the RING-H2 finger domain abolished this oligomerization. The same mutations in the RING-H2 finger motif of Deltex disrupted the function of Deltex in vivo. However, when the same mutant was fused to a heterologous dimerization domain (Glutathione-S-Transferase), the chimeric protein had normal Deltex activity. Therefore, oligomerization mediated by the RING-H2 finger motif is an integral step in the signaling function of Deltex.
Quinupristin/Dalfopristin-Resistant Enterococci of the <i>satA</i> ( <i>vatD</i> ) and <i>satG</i> ( <i>vatE</i> ) Genotypes from Different Ecological Origins in Germany (2000)

The semisynthetic streptogramin combination quinupristin/dalfopristin (Synercid) is a promising alternative for treatment of infections due to multiply resistant gram-positive bacteria including vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Resistance is mediated by acetyltransferases SatA (VatD) or SatG (VatE). Recent papers have indicated a possible link between the use of the streptogramin virginiamycin S/M as a feed additive in commercial animal husbandry and a selection of quinupristin/dalfopristin-resistant E. faecium (QDRE). We screened manure samples from two different turkey farms and from six different pig farms (using virginiamycin), samples from a sewage water treatment plant, 24 broiler carcasses, 10 pork samples, and 200 stool samples of nonhospitalized humans for QDRE. Our strain culture collection of hospital E. faecium isolates from the last 2 years was also reviewed for QDRE. All manure and sewage samples were positive for QDRE, as well as 11 from broiler carcasses (46%), 1 from pork (10%), and 28 from human stool specimens (14%). Thirty-six hospital isolates of E. faecium exhibited resistance to quinupristin/dalfopristin. In 141 QDRE of different origin satA (vatD) and satG (vatE) genes were detected (seven isolates from humans with an unknown resistance mechanism). Streptogramin resistance determinants were tansferable in filtermating experiments for 5 of 10 satA (vatD) and 9 of 22 satG (vatE) isolates. Different EcoRI patterns of satG (vatE) plasmids and corresponding hybridizations of the satG (vatE) gene indicated nonhomologous resistance plasmids in isolates of different origin. The results of this study indicate a common gene pool for streptogramin resistance in E. faecium of different ecological origin. A selection of QDRE using the streptogramin virginiamycin S/M as a feed additive and a spread of the resistance via the food chain to humans is probable.
Storage and Transport Cask Data For Used Commercial Nuclear Fuel (2013)

This document is a compilation of publicly available information on spent/used nuclear fuel storage and transport casks in use in the United States as of the summer of 2013. As such, it is a functional update and extension of JAI-582, “Shipping and Storage Cask Data For Commercial Spent Nuclear Fuel,” originally published by JAI Corporation in March 2005. This report is intended to provide a convenient reference for those with interest in, or those engaged in the production, handling, storage, transport, and disposition of spent/used commercial nuclear fuel. Data for each cask is tabulated in a standardized table format to facilitate rapid access to key design and performance information, and to enable the document user to more rapidly conduct comparative analyses of cask design and performance parameters. Multiple-assembly “canisters,” and both canister-based and non-canistered packages are included in the main body of the report. Packages that have been used in the past, but which are no longer in active use in the U.S., are included in Appendix A.
THE USE OF FATTY ACID SUPPLEMENTATION FOR SEIZURE MANAGEMENT (2004)

importance of essential fatty acids (FA) for many physiological and behavioral mechanisms, in both humans and animals. In humans, essential fatty acids must be supplied via the diet. The genesis, maintenance, exacerbation, and treatment for many chronic health conditions are often related to deficiencies in omega-6 (linoleic acid) and omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid), and their derivatives. In animal studies, providing supplementation of these FA changes chemical, immune, and structural properties of the brain, including the fluidity of the neuronal membrane. Of particular interest to epilepsy, pretreatment of a ratio of the FA omega-3 / omega-6 resulted in altering the threshold for seizures following administration of convulsant agents that reliably induce epileptic activity. This report reviews the human and animal clinical and experimental data and theoretical considerations that support the promise for FA supplementation for use by seizure patients.
Leptin in human physiology and pathophysiology (2011)

Leptin, discovered through positional cloning 15 years ago, is an adipocyte-secreted hormone with pleiotropic effects in the physiology and pathophysiology of energy homeostasis, endocrinology, and metabolism. Studies in vitro and in animal models highlight the potential for leptin to regulate a number of physiological functions. Available evidence from human studies indicates that leptin has a mainly permissive role, with leptin administration being effective in states of leptin deficiency, less effective in states of leptin adequacy, and largely ineffective in states of leptin excess. Results from interventional studies in humans demonstrate that leptin administration in subjects with congenital complete leptin deficiency or subjects with partial leptin deficiency (subjects with lipoatrophy, congenital or related to HIV infection, and women with hypothalamic amenorrhea) reverses the energy homeostasis and neuroendocrine and metabolic abnormalities associated with these conditions. More specifically, in women with hypothalamic amenorrhea, leptin helps restore abnormalities in hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral axes including the gonadal, thyroid, growth hormone, and to a lesser extent adrenal axes. Furthermore, leptin results in resumption of menses in the majority of these subjects and, in the long term, may increase bone mineral content and density, especially at the lumbar spine. In patients with congenital or HIV-related lipoatrophy, leptin treatment is also associated with improvements in insulin sensitivity and lipid profile, concomitant with reduced visceral and ectopic fat deposition. In contrast, leptin's effects are largely absent in the obese hyperleptinemic state, probably due to leptin resistance or tolerance. Hence, another emerging area of research pertains to the discovery and/or usefulness of leptin sensitizers. Results from ongoing studies are expected to further increase our understanding of the role of leptin and the potential clinical applications of leptin or its analogs in human therapeutics.
Evaluation of intravenous administration of concentrated immunoglobulin G to colostrum-deprived foals (1991)

Ten foals of various breeds were deprived of colostrum from birth to 36 hours of age, then were allotted to 2 groups. Foals of group 1 (n = 6) were given 20 g (200 ml) of purified equine IgG IV in a 10% solution, and foals of group 2 (n = 4) were given 30 g (300 ml) of the same preparation. Total administration time for each 10 g of IgG in 100 ml was approximately 10 minutes. Serum IgG concentration in foals was assessed prior to, between 24 and 48 hours, and at 7 and 14 days after IgG administration. Between 24 and 48 hours after IgG administration, mean serum IgG concentration in group-1 foals was 425 mg/dl (range, 350 to 480 mg/dl). Mean body weight for this group of foals was 50.3 kg (range, 43.3 to 54.7 kg). For group-2 foals, mean serum IgG concentration was 768 mg/dl (range, 640 to 920 mg/dl) between 24 and 48 hours after administration of IgG. Foals of this group had mean body weight of 43.2 kg (range, 36.5 to 47.5 kg). Serum IgG concentration in group-2 foals at 24 to 48 hours was significantly (P = 0.005) greater than that in group-1 foals. Mean total IgG recovery at 24 to 48 hours, calculated on the basis of 94.5 ml of plasma volume/kg of body weight, was approximately 100%. Values of IgG measured in all foals 1 and 2 weeks after administration of the IgG concentrate were equivalent to values expected after normal decay of passively acquired IgG.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
AMUSE: Empowering Users for Cost-Aware Offloading with Throughput-Delay Tradeoffs (2015)

To cope with recent exponential increases in demand for mobile data, wireless Internet service providers (ISPs) are increasingly changing their pricing plans and deploying Wi-Fi hotspots to offload their mobile traffic. However, these ISP-centric approaches for traffic management do not always match the interests of mobile users. Users face a complex, multi-dimensional tradeoff between cost, throughput, and delay in making their offloading decisions: while they may save money and receive a higher throughput by waiting for Wi-Fi access, they may not wait for Wi-Fi if they are sensitive to delay. To navigate this tradeoff, we develop Adaptive bandwidth Management through USer-Empowerment (AMUSE), a functional prototype of a practical, cost-aware Wi-Fi offloading system that takes into account a user's throughput-delay tradeoffs and cellular budget constraint. Based on predicted future usage and Wi-Fi availability, AMUSE decides which applications to offload to what times of the day. Since nearly all traffic flows from mobile devices are TCP flows, we introduce a new receiver-side bandwidth allocation mechanism to practically enforce the assigned rate of each TCP application. Thus, AMUSE users can optimize their bandwidth rates according to their own cost-throughput-delay tradeoff without relying on support from different apps’ content servers. Through a measurement study of 20 smartphone users’ traffic usage traces, we observe that though users already offload a large amount of some application types, our framework can offload a significant additional portion of users’ cellular traffic. We implement AMUSE on Windows 7 tablets and evaluate its effectiveness with 3G and Wi-Fi usage data obtained from a trial with 37 mobile users. Our results show that AMUSE improves user utility; when compared with AMUSE, other offloading algorithms yield 14 and 27 percent lower user utilities for light and heavy users, respectively. Intelligently managing users’ competing interests for cost, throughput, and delay can therefore improve their offloading decisions.
Profile of Volatile Metabolites in Human Urine (1971)

Abstract Volatile constituents of 30 urines from 10 adults have been studied by gas chromatography, and two also by mass spectrometry. The sample was prepared by extracting urine with ethyl ether, distilling the extract at low temperature under reduced pressure, and concentrating the distillate to a few microliters. High-efficiency capillary columns, 150 m x 0.5 mm i.d., provide the resolution necessary to indicate the presence of some 300 compounds, 40 of which have been identified by mass spectrometry. These include ketones, alcohols, lactones, terpenes, furans, dimethyl sulfone, pyrrole, and allyl isothiocyanate. Dietary changes have a relatively small effect on the profile of the volatiles, and interindividual patterns are very similar. These facts make analyses of this kind of potential diagnostic use.
THREE-DIMENSIONAL SCAFFOLDS OF GRAPHENE, CARBON NANOTUBES AND TRANSITION-METAL OXIDES FOR APPLICATIONS IN ELECTRONICS, SENSORS AND ENERGY STORAGE (2015)

Electronics, sensors and energy storage devices are the new waves behind economic development, security and communication1. Engineering small sizes of electronic, sensors and energy storage devices is the hurdle limiting efficient, portable and vast applications of Nano-devices for economic, security and communication advancement2. Silicon the major material used in transistors has approached its limit to fabricated Nano-devices3. The discovery of free standing, one atomic layer thick and two-dimensional graphene sheets with high conductivity, inert, high specific surface area, stable and high tensile strength material in 2004 has shown capabilities to replaced silicon in electronics, sensors and energy storage devices4. Graphene and carbon nanotubes allotropes of carbon have gained momentum as the best materials for the advancement of electronics, sensors and energy storage sectors. Research has shown that 3D structuring of graphene and carbon nanotubes will expand their properties as well as applications. Unfortunately there is no technology to synthesize these materials in 3D and in bulk for applications in electronics, sensors and energy storage devices. Here, we present new technologies to synthesize new 3D materials of graphene, carbon nanotubes, manganese dioxide and tungsten trioxide. We also illustrate some of the possible applications of some of these materials in sensor and electrochromic devices. Adviser: Alexander Sinitskii
A Mode-Matching $\Sigma\Delta$ Closed-Loop Vibratory Gyroscope Readout Interface With a 0.004$^{\circ}$/s/$\surd{\hbox{Hz}}$ Noise Floor Over a 50 Hz Band (2008)

This vibratory gyroscope readout interface exploits mode matching and boxcar sampling to reduce power dissipation. The interface ensures mode matching over MEMS and IC fabrication tolerances and ambient variations using background calibration, and addresses the bandwidth and gain-stability challenges raised by the high-Q sense element using a force-feedback architecture that is robust against spurious mechanical resonances. The interface is fabricated in 0.35-mum CMOS and achieves a noise floor of 0.004 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">deg</sup> s/radicHz over 50 Hz while dissipating 1 mW.
An efficient magneto-optical trap of metastable krypton atoms (2010)

We report a magneto-optical trap of metastable krypton atoms with a trap loading rate of 3×10(11) atoms/s and a trap capture efficiency of 3×10(-5). The system starts with an atomic beam of metastable krypton produced in a liquid-nitrogen cooled, radio-frequency driven discharge. The metastable beam flux emerging from the discharge is 1.5×10(14) atoms/s/sr. The flux in the forward direction is enhanced by a factor of 156 with transverse laser cooling. The atoms are then slowed inside a Zeeman slower before captured by a magneto-optic trap. The trap efficiency can be further improved, possibly to the 10(-2) level, by gas recirculation. Such an atom trap is useful in trace analysis applications where available sample size is limited.
A review of physical aspects of X-ray transmission computed tomography (1987)

The physical aspects of X-ray transmission computed-tomography scanners are reviewed with particular emphasis on X-ray sources and detectors. Physical aspects have been interpreted widely to embrace the choice and specification of imaging geometry and corresponding reconstruction theory. The review pertains to both commercial production machines and special-purpose (generally one-off) developments.
The integrin  9 1 on hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells: involvement in cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation (2009)

The integrin alpha9beta1 has been identified as a new member of the integrin beta1-subfamily expressed on human hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells. The functional studies strongly suggest that integrin alpha9beta1 contributes to adhesion and differentiation of hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells in the endosteal stem cell niche.
Artifact reduction in industrial computed tomography via data fusion (2014)

As the most stressed part of a gas turbine the first row of turbine blades is not only a challenge for the materials used. Also the testing of these parts have to meet the highest standards. Computed tomography (CT) as the technique which could reveal the most details also provides the biggest challenges [1]: A full penetration of large sized turbine blades is often only possible at high X-ray voltages causing disproportional high costs. A reduction of the X-ray voltage is able to reduce these arising costs but yields non penetration artifacts in the reconstructed CT image. In most instances, these artifacts manifests itself as blurred and smeared regions at concave edges due to a reduced signal to noise ratio. In order to complement the missing information and to increase the overall image quality of our reconstruction, we use further imaging modalities such as a 3-D Scanner and ultrasonic imaging. A 3-D scanner is easy and cost effective to implement and is able to acquire all relevant data simultaneously with the CT projections. If, however, the interior structure is of supplemental interest, an ultrasonic imaging method is additionally used. We consider this data as a priori knowledge to employ them in an iterative reconstruction. To do so, standard iterative reconstruction methods are modified to incorporate the a priori data in a regularization approach in combination with minimizing the total variation of our image. Applying this procedure on turbine blades, we are able to reduce the apparent artifacts almost completely.