gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Realization of Vertical and Zigzag Single Crystalline Silicon Nanowire Architectures (2010)

Silicon nanowire (SiNW) ensembles with vertical and zigzag architectures have been realized using wet chemical etching of bulk silicon wafers (p-Si(111) and p-Si(100)) with a mask of silver nanoparticles that are deposited by wet electroless deposition. The etching of SiNWs is based on subsequent treatments in chemical solutions such as 0.02 M aqueous solutions of silver nitrate (AgNO3) followed by 5 M hydrofluoric acid and 30% hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). The etching of the Si wafers is mediated by the reduction of silver on the silicon surface and in parallel by the oxidation of Si thereby forming SiO2 which is dissolved in the HF surroundings. The morphology of the starting silver (Ag) layer/Ag nanoparticles that form during processing on the Si wafer surfaces strongly influences the morphology of the SiNW ensembles and homogeneity of the etch profile. Our observations suggest that the Ag layer/Ag nanoparticles not only catalyze the wet chemical etching of silicon but also strongly catalyze the decomposition of H2O2 so that the temperature of the etching solution substantially increases (strong exothermic reaction) and thus the etching velocity of bulk material. The morphology and microstructure of single crystalline SiNWs with respect to their crystallographic orientation was investigated by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron (TEM) microscopies and by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) in an SEM. Straight SiNWs as well as zigzag SiNWs can be realized depending on processing peculiarities. The optical characteristics such as absorption, transmission, and reflectance of the different silicon 1D architectures were investigated in an integrating sphere. Strong absorption and less reflection of visible and near-infrared light by the SiNW ensembles suggest that such material can be applied in the fields of opto-electronics, photonics and photovoltaics.
Shear Behavior of Self Compacting R.C. I-Beams (2012)

Twelve SCC I-Beams were designed to investigate the shear behavior under twoconcentrated loads. All beams have the same longitudinal steel ratio of (0.0145) and grosssection area of (29000 mm2). The tested beams were divided into two groups with andwithout stirrups. The first group consist of three beams without stirrup having differentvalues of compressive strength (fc`) but same value of clear span to effective depth ratio(ln/d), while the second group consist of nine beams with stirrups. It shall divided into threeseries according to the compressive strength (fc`) each series continued three beams atdifferent value of clear span to effective depth ratio (ln/d). It was found that The ultimateshear strength predicted from A CI 318-08 is lesser than the experimental values, theultimate shear strength of SCC I-beams increased about 46.728%,46.55%and 41.462%when the clear span to the effective depth (ln/d) decreased from (5.84 to 5.05) atcompressive strength (fc) 29.36, 41.42 and 49.2 MPa respectively, the ultimate shearstrength for SCC I- beams with stirrups increase about 22.536%,15.27% and 10.828% when the compressive strength (fc) increased from (29.36 to 49.2 MPa) at clear span to effective ratio (ln/d) 5.84, 5.5 and 5.05, respectively.
A study on the rotating stall in vaneless diffusers of centrifugal fans. 1st Repor. Rotational speeds of stall cells, critical inlet flow angle. (1987)

The rotational speeds of stall cells in vaneleess diffusers and critical inlet flow angles for rotating stalls under the condition of no scroll were studied experimentally. Two experimental equations for rotational speeds are derived and a prediction method is presented. The predicted rotational speeds agree well with measured values in the literature. A simple equation for the critical inlet flow angle is derived from the experimental data. This equation is useful for predicting the onset of a rotating stall. In the experiment, a weak velocity fluctuation was found at the position of reverse flow on the diffuser wall just before the rotating stall. It is concluded that reverse flow in the cause of rotating stall in a vaneless diffuser. The conditions of reverse flow layers on the diffuser wall just before a rotating stall are made clear by a numerical analysis. The properties of a fully developed rotating stall are also presented.
Regulation of the vasomotor activity of lymph microvessels by nitric oxide and prostaglandins (1998)

It was shown previously that the presence of endothelium modulates spontaneous vasomotion of small lymphatic vessels. In the present study, we aimed to elucidate the nature of endothelium-derived factors, produced in basal conditions and in response to agonists, that affect the smooth muscle tone of lymph microvessels in vitro. Afferent lymph microvessels were isolated from rat iliac lymph nodes, cannulated with glass micropipettes, and pressurized (6 cmH2O), and changes in their diameter were investigated with video microscopy. In resting conditions, isolated lymph vessels exhibited spontaneous constrictions and dilations. The maximum and minimum diameters (Dmax and Dmin) were 149.8 +/- 2.9 and 85.8 +/- 3.6 microns, respectively. Acetylcholine (ACh, 10(-7) to 10(-5) M) and sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10(-8) to 10(-6) M) temporarily abolished diameter oscillations, increasing the diameter of lymphatics dose dependently. For example, 10(-5) M ACh and 10(-6) M SNP increased the diameter (Dmax) by 15.2 +/- 2.2 and 25.0 +/- 2.7 microns, respectively. Treatment of vessels with NG-nitro-L-arginine (10(-4) M) significantly reduced the amplitude of diameter oscillations and nearly completely eliminated ACh-induced dilation of lymph microvessels, whereas SNP (10(-6) M) elicited a significantly greater dilation (55.6 +/- 7.5 microns). Arachidonic acid (AA, 10(-8) to 10(-6) M) constricted (up to 50 microns), whereas prostaglandin E2 (PGE2, 10(-9) to 10(-7) M) dilated (up to 40 microns), lymphatic vessels. Indomethacin (10(-5) M) increased both Dmax and Dmin and completely inhibited AA-induced constrictions, but did not affect PGE2-induced dilations of lymph microvessels. AA-induced constrictions of lymphatics were converted into dilations after treatment with SQ-29,548, a selective PGH2-thromboxane A2 (PGH2-TxA2, 10(-6) M) receptor antagonist, whereas PGE2-induced dilations were not affected. We conclude that endothelial nitric oxide and prostaglandins are important modulators of lymphatic vasomotion, hence pumping activity of lymph microvessels in vivo.
Dopamine, Learning, and Production Rules: The Basal Ganglia and the Flexible Control of Information Transfer in the Brain (2018)

One of the open issues in developing large-scale computational models of the brain is how the transfer of information between communicating cortical regions is controlled. Here, we present a model where the basal ganglia implement such a conditional information routing system. The basal ganglia are a set of subcortical nuclei that play a central role in cognition. Like a switchboard, the model basal ganglia direct the communication between cortical regions by alerting the destination regions to the presence of important signals coming from the source regions. This way, they can impose serial control on the massive parallel communication between cortical areas. The model also incorporates a possible mechanism by which subsequent transfers of information control the release of dopamine. This signal is used to produce novel stimulus-response associations by internalizing the representation being transferred in the striatum. We discuss how this neural circuit can be seen as a biological implementation of a production system. This comparison highlights the basal ganglia as bridge between computational models of small-size brain circuits and high-level characterizations of complex cognition, such as cognitive architectures.
Uncatalyzed Reaction of Phenols and Naphthols with Methyl Cinnamates. A Simple Synthesis of 4-Arylchroman-2-ones and 1-Arylbenzo[f]chroman-3-ones (1997)

4-Arylchroman-2-ones and 1-arylbenzo[f]chroman-3-ones can be prepared in moderate to good yields by reaction of phenols or β-naphthols with p-substituted methyl cinnamates in o-xylene under reflux.
Emodin Inhibits Breast Cancer Growth by Blocking the Tumor-Promoting Feedforward Loop between Cancer Cells and Macrophages (2016)

Macrophage infiltration correlates with severity in many types of cancer. Tumor cells recruit macrophages and educate them to adopt an M2-like phenotype through the secretion of chemokines and growth factors, such as MCP1 and CSF1. Macrophages in turn promote tumor growth through supporting angiogenesis, suppressing antitumor immunity, modulating extracellular matrix remodeling, and promoting tumor cell migration. Thus, tumor cells and macrophages interact to create a feedforward loop supporting tumor growth and metastasis. In this study, we tested the ability of emodin, a Chinese herb-derived compound, to inhibit breast cancer growth in mice and examined the underlying mechanisms. Emodin was used to treat mice bearing EO771 or 4T1 breast tumors. It was shown that emodin attenuated tumor growth by inhibiting macrophage infiltration and M2-like polarization, accompanied by increased T-cell activation and reduced angiogenesis in tumors. The tumor inhibitory effects of emodin were lost in tumor-bearing mice with macrophage depletion. Emodin inhibited IRF4, STAT6, and C/EBPβ signaling and increased inhibitory histone H3 lysine 27 tri-methylation (H3K27m3) on the promoters of M2-related genes in tumor-associated macrophages. In addition, emodin inhibited tumor cell secretion of MCP1 and CSF1, as well as expression of surface anchoring molecule Thy-1, thus suppressing macrophage migration toward and adhesion to tumor cells. These results suggest that emodin acts on both breast cancer cells and macrophages and effectively blocks the tumor-promoting feedforward loop between the two cell types, thereby inhibiting breast cancer growth and metastasis. Mol Cancer Ther; 15(8); 1931-42. ©2016 AACR.
Synthesis and structural characterisation of [Pd<sub>2</sub>(µ-Br)<sub>2</sub>(PBu<sup>t</sup><sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>], an example of a palladium(<scp>I</scp>)–palladium(<scp>I</scp>) dimer (1996)

The syntheses, spectroscopic characterisation and in one case (X = Br) the single-crystal structure of the novel PdI–PdI dimers [Pd2(µ-X)2(PBut3)2](X = Br or I) have been determined; preliminary results on their reactions with CO, H2, CNC6H3Me2 and C2H2 have also been obtained.
Introduction to rock physics (2005)

The sensitivity of seismic velocities to critical reservoir parameters, such as porosity, lithofacies, pore fluid type, saturation, and pore pressure, has been recognized for many years. However, the practical need to quantify seismic-to-rock-property transforms and their uncertainties has become most critical over the past decade, with the enormous improvement in seismic acquisition and processing and the need to interpret amplitudes for hydrocarbon detection, reservoir characterization, and reservoir monitoring. Discovering and understanding the seismic-to-reservoir relations has been the focus of rock physics research.
Identifying Image Spam based on Header and File Properties using C4.5 Decision Trees and Support Vector Machine Learning (2007)

Image spam poses a great threat to email communications due to high volumes, bigger bandwidth requirements, and higher processing requirements for filtering. We present a feature extraction and classification framework that operates on features that can be extracted from image files in a very fast fashion. The features considered are thoroughly analyzed regarding their information gain. We present classification performance results for C4.5 decision tree and support vector machine classifiers. Lastly, we compare the performance that can be achieved using these fast features to a more complex image classifier operating on morphological features extracted from fully decoded images. The proposed classifier is able to detect a large amount of malicious images while being computationally inexpensive.
Combinatorial Chemistry in Heterogeneous Catalysis: A New Scientific Approach or “the King's New Clothes”? (1998)

The spectacular success in materials science of the application of combinatorial chemistry has raised the hope that it may eventually lead to a new scientific approach to catalyst development. This method is, within the constraints of heterogeneous catalysis, merely a potentially efficient tool to be used in rational catalyst development and should not be considered an independent novel strategy towards rational catalyst design.
NN414, a SUR1/Kir6.2-Selective Potassium Channel Opener, Reduces Blood Glucose and Improves Glucose Tolerance in the VDF Zucker Rat (2003)

A novel potassium channel opener compound, NN414, selective for the SUR1/Kir6.2 subtype of the ATP-sensitive potassium channel, was used to examine the effect of reducing beta-cell workload in the male Vancouver diabetic fatty (VDF) Zucker rat model of mild type 2 diabetes. Two chronic dosing protocols of NN414 of 3 weeks' duration were compared with appropriate vehicle-treated controls. In the first group, rats received NN414 (continued group; 1.5 mg/kg p.o. twice daily), during which an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) (on day 19 of dosing) was performed and insulin secretion from an in situ perfused pancreas preparation (on day 21) was measured. The second group received NN414 (discontinued group; same dose), but active treatment was replaced by vehicle treatment 2 days before the OGTT and for a further 2 days before the perfused pancreas study. Basal glucose was significantly reduced by NN414, with the fall averaging 0.64 mmol/l after 3 weeks of treatment (P < 0.0001). The glucose excursion and hyperinsulinemia during the OGTT were significantly different between the continued, discontinued, and vehicle groups (glucose area under the curve [AUC]: 640 +/- 29, 740 +/- 27, and 954 +/- 82 mmol. l(-1). min(-1), respectively, P < 0.0001; insulin AUC: 38.9 +/- 4.2, 44.2 +/- 4.2, and 55.1 +/- 2.6 nmol.l(-1).min(-1), respectively, P < 0.0001). Hyperinsulinemia during the pancreas perfusion with 4.4 mmol/l glucose was significantly reduced in both treatment groups versus vehicle (P < 0.0005). Insulin secretory responsiveness to a step increase in glucose from 4.4 to 16.6 mmol/l, calculated relative to basal, was significantly improved in the continued group versus vehicle (P < 0.01). In conclusion, administration of NN414 for 3 weeks in VDF rats reduces basal hyperglycemia, improves glucose tolerance, and reduces hyperinsulinemia during an OGTT and improves insulin secretory responsiveness ex vivo. NN414 may therefore represent a novel approach to the prevention and treatment of impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes.
Efficient data breakpoints (1992)

article Free Access Share on Efficient data breakpoints Author: Robert Wahbe View Profile Authors Info & Claims ACM SIGPLAN NoticesVolume 27Issue 9Sept. 1992 pp 200–212https://doi.org/10.1145/143371.143518Online:01 September 1992Publication History 43citation514DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations43Total Downloads514Last 12 Months10Last 6 weeks3 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Serum keratan sulfate is a promising marker of early articular cartilage breakdown (2007)

The serum concentration of KS correlated with the damage of the articular cartilage and it was significantly increased even at an early stage after the injury.
Factors associated with posttraumatic growth in patients with severe burns by treatment phase (2020)

Compared with those in the acute phase (mild depression), those in the rehabilitation phase showed moderate depression and lower positive self-perception, resulting in a significant difference in the means. Social support was significantly correlated with posttraumatic growth and explained 14.9% of its variance in the acute phase. Depressive symptoms and social support were significantly associated with posttraumatic growth and explained 28.2% of its variance in the rehabilitation phase. Therefore, the need for counselling support and intervention for patients with severe burns is evident.
A “Grow-in-Place” Architecture and Methodology for Electrochemical Synthesis of Conducting Polymer Nanoribbon Device Arrays (2005)

Fully enclosed horizontal nanochannels, in a prearranged array on a substrate and with built-in electrical contacts and chemical access regions, were used as growth templates for electrochemical synthesis of conducting polymer nanoribbons. In this "grow-in-place" approach, the nanochannel templates are part of the final array structure and remain after fabrication of the nanoribbons. The built-in electrical contacts, which provide the electrical potential for electrochemical polymerization, also remain and become contacts/interconnects to the array components. The grow-in-place architecture and methodology remove the need for template dissolution, any post-synthesis nanoribbon "grow-and-then-place" manipulation, and any post-synthesis electrical contacting. The fact that the templates are fully enclosed prohibits dendrite formation during growth, ensures precise dimensionality, and gives the encapsulation needed in any real device application. In this report the grow-in-place approach to electrochemical polymerization is used to produce polyaniline nanoribbons. These were found to be fibrils and not tubes and to grow from the central region of the growth-template cross-section and not from the template walls. Two-point and four-point electrical characterization of these polyaniline nanoribbons, obtained using the built-in electrodes, was employed to yield the true polyaniline conductivity and to assess the ohmicity of the contacting approach. Conductivity studies, done as a function of nanoribbon width, show conductivity increases as the width decreases. We also show that our grow-in-place approach may be used for chemical polymerization. However, at least for polyaniline, electrochemical polymerization is superior since it does not suffer from diffusion-limited growth and allows precise placement of the nanoribbons in the growth channel.
The Role of Solvent Evaporation in the Microstructure of Electroactive β-Poly(Vinylidene Fluoride) Membranes Obtained by Isothermal Crystallization (2010)

Electroactiveβ-poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were obtained by isothermal crystallization from the solution. Different morphologies and microstructures were obtained by crystallizing at different temperatures. The mechanism and kinetics of solvent evaporation from the polymeric solution were investigated using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis. The kinetic parameters and the activation energy were also calculated. The solvent evaporation is ruled by two steps, related with a metastable– unstable–metastable transition in the solution phase diagram. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous structure and the variations of the morphology with the variation of the isothermal evaporation temperature. Finally, the infrared spectroscopy measurements confirm that the polymer crystallizes in the electroactiveβ-phase of PVDF.
Grafting mechanisms in hybrid miniemulsion polymerization (2003)

Abstract The ultimate objective of hybrid miniemulsion polymerization is to produce a water‐based crosslinkable coating through in situ grafting of a free radical growing acrylic polymer with an unsaturated resin. Certain authors have reported low grafting while others have reported higher. This article explores the factors that influence the grafting tendencies of these systems. Methacrylates such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) have a sterically hindered radical center that lowers its reactivity toward unsaturated resin. This steric hindrance from the methyl group forces grafting of this type of monomer to occur by abstraction of a hydrogen allylic to a resinous double bond. This chain transfer produces a relatively inactive radical on the resin that reduces the grafting efficiency. The transfer process also inherently produces some degree of terminated PMMA polymer within the particle. Grafting occurs in this type of system through termination of living PMMA chains with that radical produced on the resin. For relatively water‐soluble monomers such as MMA, grafting efficiency is further lessened by homogeneous nucleation resulting from the monomer hydrophilicity. These newly created particles cannot contain alkyd due to its hydrophobicity and thus inability to transport across the aqueous phase, and hence cannot produce grafted polymer. Nonetheless, degree of grafting of nearly 50% was observed in these systems. For hybrid systems involving an acrylate monomer such as butyl acrylate (BA), virtually complete grafting with alkyd was observed. This is due to the uninhibited BA radical center allowing the molecule to add directly through a resin double bond. This process offers the possibility for complete grafting. Homogeneous nucleation is not involved in this system due to the insolubility of BA in the aqueous phase. Resin double bond content and degree of conjugation also play an integral role in the grafting process. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 87: 1825–1836, 2003
Annealing Effects on the Properties of Copper Oxide Thin Films Prepared by Chemical Deposition (2011)

Copper oxide thin films with thickness of 0.45 μm were chemically deposited on glass substrates by dipping the microscope glass slide for 20 s each in 1 M NaOH and copper complex solutions. Temperature of NaOH solution was increased to 70 °C, while the copper solution was maintained at room temperature. Copper oxide thin films were annealed in air at different temperature of 200 - 400 °C and as-prepared sample was used as reference. The films structures were studied by XRD. The patterns showed that the films as prepared and annealed at 200 °C were cuprite structure with Cu2O composition. Films annealed at 300 °C consist of mixed tenorite (CuO) and cuprite (Cu2O) phases. Annealing the films in air at 400 °C completely converts these films to tenorite structure with composition of CuO. The proportion of the two forms of copper oxide varies with oxidation temperature. The surface properties were characterized using scanning electron microscopy. UV-Vis transmittance spectra confirmed the results from the XRD by a shift in the optical band gap from 2.40 to 1.73 eV. The conversion was also confirmed by the FTIR spectroscopy measurement. Photoluminescence intensity is greatly improved with the increase in annealing temperatures.
Unexplained infertility: overall ongoing pregnancy rate and mode of conception (2010)

Overall success rate in couples with unexplained infertility is high. Most pregnancies are conceived spontaneously. We recommend that if the pregnancy prognosis is good, expectant management should be suggested. The prognosis criteria for treatment with IUI or IVF needs to be investigated in randomized controlled trials.