gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Identification of Trap States in Perovskite Solar Cells (2015)

Thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurements are used to characterize electronic trap states in methylammonium lead iodide perovsite solar cells. Several TSC peaks were observed over the temperature range from 20 K to room temperature. To elucidate the origins of these peaks, devices with various organic charge transport layers and devices without transport layers were tested. Two peaks appear at very low temperatures, indicating shallow trap states that are mainly attributed to the PCBM/C60 electron transport bilayer. However, two additional peaks appear at higher temperatures, that is, they are deeper in energy, and are assigned to the perovskite layer. At around T = 163 K, a sharp peak, also present in the dark TSC measurements, is assigned to the orthorhombic-tetragonal phase transition in the perovskite. However, a peak at around T = 191 K is assigned to trap states with activation energies of around 500 meV but with a rather low concentration of 1 × 10(21) m(-3).
Enzymatic Synthesis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid (1962)

The enzymatic synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid proceeds by replication of a deoxyribonucleic acid primer which is absolutely required for the reaction to occur (l-4).DNA polymerase preparations can also catalyze the synthesis of dAT copolymer' and dGdC polymer apparently without the directing influence of a primer (5, 6).Nevertheless, replication appears to play a major role in the synthesis of dAT and dGdC: the polymers are themselves excellent primers (5, 6) ; and, in an unprimed reaction, the rapid synthesis which follows the lag period has the characteristics of autocatalytic replication of the polymers.We have previously proposed that polymer is synthesized de novo during the lag period and that the first few molecules of polymer serve as primer for replication (5).The present studies further support and amplify this view: evidence has been found that polymer is synthesized within the first 20 To of the lag period and that autocatalytic kinetics is consistent with the further course of the reaction.Although many of the following studies have been carried out with dAT synthesis, whose lag period is more reproducible, the synthesis of dGdC appears to show the same characteristics.EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE Materials and MethodsThe sources of polymerase preparations and the deoxynucleoside triphosphates were cited in the previous paper (6).dAT and dGdC were synthesized as previously described (5, 6).Concentrations of the deoxyribonucleotide polymers are expressed as equivalents of nucleotide phosphorus unless otherwise stated.In calculations of the amount of dAT copolymer synthesized, molar extinction coefficients, ep, at 260 rnp and at pH 7.5, of 15.7, 9.3 (7), and 6.7 were taken for dATP, dTTP, and dAT, respectively.The change in optical density during synthesis is related to the amount of dAT made by the relationship : AOD = [dATj+ -[dATP]+' -[dTTP]%"
The Kynurenine Pathway (2012)

The kynurenine pathway represents a major route for the catabolism of tryptophan (TRP). In the body, TRP is transported around the periphery either bound to albumin (90%) or in free form (10%), the two states existing in equilibrium (McMenamy 1965). However, only free form TRP can be transported across the blood-brain barrier (BBB) by the competitive and nonspecific L-type amino acid transporter (Hargreaves and Pardridge 1988). Once in the central nervous system (CNS), TRP acts as a precursor to several metabolic pathways, such as for the synthesis of kynurenine (KYN), serotonin, melatonin and protein (Fig. 1) (Ruddick et al. 2006).
Novel wideband microwave polarization network using a fully-reconfigurable photonic waveguide interleaver with a two-ring resonator-assisted asymmetric Mach-Zehnder structure (2013)

We propose and demonstrate a novel wideband microwave photonic polarization network for dual linear-polarized antennas. The polarization network is based on a waveguide-implemented fully-reconfigurable optical interleaver using a two-ring resonator-assisted asymmetric Mach-Zehnder structure. For microwave photonic signal processing, this structure is able to serve as a wideband 2 × 2 RF coupler with reconfigurable complex coefficients, and therefore can be used as a polarization network for wideband antennas. Such a device can equip the antennas with not only the polarization rotation capability for linear-polarization signals but also the capability to operate with and tune between two opposite circular polarizations. Operating together with a particular modulation scheme, the device is also able to serve for simultaneous feeding of dual-polarization signals. These photonic-implemented RF functionalities can be applied to wideband antenna systems to perform agile polarization manipulations and tracking operations. An example of such a interleaver has been realized in TriPleX waveguide technology, which was designed with a free spectral range of 20 GHz and a mask footprint of smaller than 1 × 1 cm. Using the realized device, the reconfigurable complex coefficients of the polarization network were demonstrated with a continuous bandwidth from 2 to 8 GHz and an in-band phase ripple of smaller than 5 degree. The waveguide structure of the device allows it to be further integrated with other functional building blocks of a photonic integrated circuit to realize on-chip, complex microwave photonic processors. Of particular interest, it can be included in an optical beamformer for phased array antennas, so that simultaneous wideband beam and polarization trackings can be achieved photonically. To our knowledge, this is the first-time on-chip demonstration of an integrated microwave photonic polarization network for dual linear-polarized antennas.
A Dynamic Classifier Selection Method to Build Ensembles using Accuracy and Diversity (2006)

Ensemble of classifiers is an effective way of improving performance of individual classifiers. However, the choice of the ensemble members can become a very difficult task, in which, in some cases, it can lead to ensembles with no performance improvement. In order to avoid this situation, there is a need to find effective classifier member selection methods. In this paper, a DCS (Dynamic Classifier Selection)-based method is presented, which takes into account performance and diversity of the classifiers in order to choose the ensemble members.
2-Benzylphenol Derivatives. III.<sup>1</sup> Basic Ethers (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT2-Benzylphenol Derivatives. III.1 Basic EthersWilliam B. Wheatley, Lee C. Cheney, and S. B. BinkleyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1949, 71, 11, 3795–3797Publication Date (Print):November 19, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 19 November 1949https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01179a061https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01179a061research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views101Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Surface relaxation and the long-time diffusion coefficient in porous media: Periodic geometries (1994)

The macroscopic diffusion coefficient, obtained in an ideal pulsed-field-gradient spin-echo (PFGSE) experiment in the long-time limit, should exactly equal that derived from the electrical conductivity only when the surface relaxivity \ensuremath{\rho} and surface electrical conductivity vanish. In general, the coefficient derived by PFGSE techniques can be either greater or less than its electrical counterpart, depending on the pore geometry and other factors. Formally, the effect of \ensuremath{\rho} can be seen from the structure of a perturbation expansion based on the \ensuremath{\rho}=0 time-dependent solutions of the pore-space diffusion problem. In addition, analytic results for periodic structures with partially absorbing boundary conditions and numerical simulations are used to illustrate the differences between the diffusion coefficients for \ensuremath{\rho}=0 and \ensuremath{\rho}\ensuremath{\ne}0. In treating disordered media, our simulations are limited to systems that are not heterogeneous beyond the PFGSE diffusion length scale.
Bacterial oxidative-stress substance is 2-<i>C</i>-methyl-<scp>d</scp>-erythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate (1993)

Correspondence| November 01 1993 Bacterial oxidative-stress substance is 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate D Ostrovsky; D Ostrovsky Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar A Shashkov; A Shashkov Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar A Sviridov A Sviridov Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Biochem J (1993) 295 (3): 901–902. https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2950901 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation D Ostrovsky, A Shashkov, A Sviridov; Bacterial oxidative-stress substance is 2-C-methyl-d-erythritol 2,4-cyclopyrophosphate. Biochem J 1 November 1993; 295 (3): 901–902. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bj2950901 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Journal Search Advanced Search This content is only available as a PDF. © 1993 The Biochemical Society, London1993 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Filtration Peritoneal Dialysis (1983)

By connecting an Amicon Hemofilter 20 to a Tenckhoff catheter protein loss during peritoneal dialysis was eliminated. All proteins leaving the abdomen in the dialysate fluid were trapped in the filter and returned to the patients abdomen with the next infusion of dialysate. 4 patients were studied during standard and filtration peritoneal dialysis. In standard peritoneal dialysis the total protein loss was approximately 17.0 g. Filtration peritoneal dialysis appeared to alter the transfer of protein from the peritoneal membrane and/or capillary wall to the dialysate fluid.
Facilitating the Flexible Modeling of Human-Driven Workflow in BPEL (2008)

BPEL can automate orchestrations for cross-organizational Web services; however, it meets a serious challenge from modeling human-intensive business activities. This paper distinguishes human-driven workflow from automated process, and uses state machine to model human-driven workflow, then transforms state machine-style workflow to BPEL process, finally integrates BPEL-style human-driven process with automated process. The goal of our work is to utilize the flexibility and efficiency of state machine to model complex and dynamic business process, and provides a novel procedure to model human-intensive business activities to complement the limitation of BPEL. This procedure has been implemented in DartFlow - a service composition platform for the sharing of the knowledge and services.
Harvesting Energy by Improving the Economy of Human Walking (2005)

An electromagnetic energy harvester with a half-wave rectification mechanism for military personnel,
A simple characterization of the infinitesimal motions separating general polyhedra in contact (2003)

We present a simple local geometric characterization of the configuration space of two polyhedra in contact that provides a representation of all infinitesimal motions that separate them. The polyhedra considered are general in the sense that they possibly have non-convex faces and arbitrary number of holes. The approach presented has two main advantages over former ones: 1) it only relies on the classical basic contacts between polyhedra, i.e. the vertex-face and edge-edge contacts; and 2) it does not require the focal decomposition of non-convexities into convex parts.
Quality-Aware Mashup Composition: Issues, Techniques and Tools (2012)

Web mashups are a new generation of applications based on the composition of ready-to-use, heterogeneous components. In different contexts, ranging from the consumer Web to Enterprise systems, the potential of this new technology is to make users evolve from passive receivers of applications to actors actively involved in the creation of their artifacts, thus accommodating the inherent variability of the users' needs. Current advances in mashup technologies are good candidates to satisfy this requirement. However, some issues are still largely unexplored. In particular, quality issues specific for this class of applications, and the way they can guide the users in the identification of adequate components and composition patterns, are neglected. This paper discusses quality dimensions that can capture the intrinsic quality of mashup components, as well as the components' capacity to maximize the quality and the user-perceived value of the overall composition. It also proposes an assisted composition process in which quality becomes the driver for recommending to the users how to complete mashups, based on the integration of quality assessment and recommendation techniques within a tool for mashup development.
Development and characterisation of a 3D multi-cellular<i>in vitro</i>model of normal human breast: a tool for cancer initiation studies (2015)

Multicellular 3-dimensional (3D) in vitro models of normal human breast tissue to study cancer initiation are required. We present a model incorporating three of the major functional cell types of breast, detail the phenotype and document our breast cancer initiation studies. Myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts were isolated and immortalised from breast reduction mammoplasty samples. Tri-cultures containing non-tumorigenic luminal epithelial cells HB2, or HB2 overexpressing different HER proteins, together with myoepithelial cells and fibroblasts were established in collagen I. Phenotype was assessed morphologically and immunohistochemically and compared to normal breast tissue. When all three cell types were present, polarised epithelial structures with lumens and basement membrane production were observed, akin to normal human breast tissue. Overexpression of HER2 or HER2/3 caused a significant increase in size, while HER2 overexpression resulted in development of a DCIS-like phenotype. In summary, we have developed a 3D tri-cellular model of normal human breast, amenable to comparative analysis after genetic manipulation and with potential to dissect the mechanisms behind the early stages of breast cancer initiation.
Deep Anomaly Detection with Deviation Networks (2019)

Although deep learning has been applied to successfully address many data mining problems, relatively limited work has been done on deep learning for anomaly detection. Existing deep anomaly detection methods, which focus on learning new feature representations to enable downstream anomaly detection methods, perform indirect optimization of anomaly scores, leading to data-inefficient learning and suboptimal anomaly scoring. Also, they are typically designed as unsupervised learning due to the lack of large-scale labeled anomaly data. As a result, they are difficult to leverage prior knowledge (e.g., a few labeled anomalies) when such information is available as in many real-world anomaly detection applications. This paper introduces a novel anomaly detection framework and its instantiation to address these problems. Instead of representation learning, our method fulfills an end-to-end learning of anomaly scores by a neural deviation learning, in which we leverage a few (e.g., multiple to dozens) labeled anomalies and a prior probability to enforce statistically significant deviations of the anomaly scores of anomalies from that of normal data objects in the upper tail. Extensive results show that our method can be trained substantially more data-efficiently and achieves significantly better anomaly scoring than state-of-the-art competing methods.
Differential roles of STAT1  and STAT1  in fludarabine-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in human B cells (2004)

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1), a transcription factor known to participate in antiviral responses, acts as a tumor suppressor inhibiting cell growth and promoting apoptosis. To study the role of STAT1 in DNA damage-induced apoptosis in B lymphocytes, its active form, STAT1alpha, was specifically inhibited by the overexpression of STAT1beta, the STAT1alpha truncated inhibitory isoform. An episomal vector with a tetracycline-inducible bidirectional promoter was created to induce the expression of 2 proteins, STAT1beta and enhanced green fluorescence protein (EGFP). The same vector was used to overexpress STAT1alpha as a control. Expression of STAT1beta inhibited the phosphorylation, the DNA-binding activity, and the transcriptional activity of STAT1alpha, as well as the expression of STAT1alpha target genes such as p21WAF1/CIP1, TAP1, IRF1, and PKR. Inhibiting STAT1alpha by STAT1beta increased the growth rate of transfected cells and their resistance to fludarabine-induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest. Overexpressing STAT1beta reversed the negative regulation of Mdm2 expression observed after treatment with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), which activates STAT1, or with fludarabine. Nuclear translocation of p53 after fludarabine treatment was decreased when STAT1beta was overexpressed, and it was increased when STAT1alpha was induced. Oligonucleotide pull-down experiments showed a physical STAT1/p53 interaction. Our results show that imbalance between the antiproliferative/proapoptotic isoform STAT1alpha and the proliferative isoform STAT1beta is likely to play a crucial role in the regulation of proliferation and apoptosis and that STAT1alpha may regulate p53 activity and sensitize B cells to fludarabine-induced apoptosis.
3-Aminopyrrolidines via Ring Rearrangement of 2-Aminomethylazetidines. Synthesis of (−)-Absouline (2005)

[reaction: see text] A new entry to enantiopure 3-aminopyrrolidines was developed using a boron trifluoride-mediated rearrangement of 2-aminomethylazetidines. The method is quite general and produces rearranged products in good yield regardless of both substitution pattern and relative stereochemistry of the starting material. A concise stereocontrolled synthesis of (-)-absouline was achieved on the basis of this new method.
Small Sample Correction for the Variance of GEE Estimators (2003)

Abstract When clustered multinomial responses are fit using the generalized logistic link, Morel (1989) introduced a small sample correction in the Taylor series based estimator of the covariance matrix of the parameter estimates. The correction reduces the bias of the Type I error rates in small samples and guarantees positive definiteness of the estimated variance‐covariance matrix. It is well known that small sample bias in the use of the Delta method persists in any application of the Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) methodology. In this article, we extend the correction originally suggested for the generalized logistic link, to other link functions and distributions, when parameters are estimated by GEE. In a Monte Carlo study with correlated data generated under different sampling schemes, the small sample correction has been shown to be effective in reducing the Type I error rates when the number of clusters is relatively small.
CURRENT DISTRIBUTION IN SUPERCONDUCTING FILMS CARRYING QUANTIZED FLUXOIDS (1964)

First Page
Toy‐Mediated Distraction: Clarifying the Role of Distraction Agent and Preneedle Distress in Toddlers (2013)

These results suggest that, when being held by a parent, distraction using a toy does not result in lower pain scores in the context of immunization, regardless of who offers the distraction. Furthermore, these findings raise the notion that if clinicians ensured toddlers were regulated before attempting an immunization, postneedle pain may be significantly reduced.
Gene deletions in an infertile man with sperm fibrous sheath dysplasia (2005)

In this infertile patient, our results suggest a possible relationship between dysplasia of the fibrous sheath, partial deletions in the Akap3 and Akap4 genes and absence of AKAP4 protein in the fibrous sheath. These findings, however, were not detected in another four patients with dysplasia of the fibrous sheath. Our results require future confirmatory molecular analyses.
Antifungal properties of pristimerin and celastrol isolated from <i>Celastrus hypoleucus</i> (2004)

Pristimerin and celastrol isolated from the roots of Celastrus hypoleucus (Oliv) Warb f argutior Loes exhibited inhibitory effects against diverse phytopathogenic fungi. Pristimerin and celastrol were found to inhibit the mycelial growth of Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn and Glomerella cingulata (Stonem) Spauld & Schrenk in vitro by 83.6 and 62.6%, respectively, at 10 microg ml(-1). Pristimerin showed good preventive effect (96.7% at 100 microg ml(-1)) and curative effect (66.5% at 100 microg ml(-1)) against wheat powdery mildew in vivo. For celastrol, the preventive and curative effects against wheat powdery mildew were 80.5 and 45.4%, respectively, at 100 microg ml(-1).
Edge detection for optical image metrology using unsupervised neural network learning (2002)

Several unsupervised neural network learning methods are explored and applied to edge detection of microlithography optical images. Lack of a priori knowledge about correct state assignments for learning procedure in optical microlithography environment makes the metrology problem a suitable area for applying unsupervised learning strategies. The methods studied include a self-organizing competitive learner, a bootstrapped linear threshold classifier, and a constrained maximization algorithm. The results of the neural network classifiers were compared to the results obtained by a standard straight edge detector based on the Radon transform and good consistency was observed in the results together with superiority in speed for the neural network classifiers. Experimental results are presented and compared with measurements obtained via scanning electron microscopy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Rail-to-rail tunable CMOS V-I converter (2006)

A novel technique is proposed to achieve highly linear programmable voltage-to-current (V-I) converters over a rail-to-rail input range. It employs two passive resistors with one of their terminals tied to a very low impedance node to achieve an almost distortionless V-I conversion for rail-to-rail input signals. The resistor currents are conveyed to the output via programmable floating-gate MOS current mirrors that work in moderate inversion, thus achieving transconductance tuning in a wide range while preserving linearity in the rail-to-rail input range. Initial charge of the floating gates is removed during fabrication. An implementation fabricated in a 0.5-/spl mu/m CMOS technology using a dual supply of /spl plusmn/1.5 V achieves a THD of -60 dB over a wide transconductance tuning range with differential input swings equal to the total supply voltage. The area and power consumption are 0.1 mm/sup 2/ and 2.6 mW.