gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Potential Treatment of Alzheimer Disease Using Cholinergic Channel Activators (ChCAs) with Cognitive Enhancement, Anxiolytic-like, and Cytoprotective Properties (1995)

Compounds that activate neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) may have potential benefit in the treatment of dementia, especially Alzheimer disease (AD). This article summarizes the preclinical pharmacology of ABT-418 [(S)-3-methyl-5-(1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinyl) isoxazole], a novel analog of (-)-nicotine that is being clinically evaluated for the treatment of AD. ABT-418 is a cholinergic channel activator (ChCA) with cognitive enhancement and anxiolytic-like activity possessing a substantially reduced side-effect profile compared to (-)-nicotine [Arneric SP, Sullivan JP, Briggs CA, et al. (S)-3-Methyl-5-(1-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidinyl)Isoxazole (ABT-418): A novel cholinergic ligand with cognition enhancing and anxiolytic activity. I. In vitro activity. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994 ;270:310-318; Decker MW, Brioni JD, Sullivan JP, et al. (S)-3-Methyl-5-( 1-Methyl-2-Pyrrolidinyl)Isoxazole (ABT-418): A novel cholinergic ligand with cognition-enhancing and anxiolytic activities: II. In vivo characterization. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994a;270:319-328; Decker MW, Curzon P, B rioni JD, Arne ric SP. Effects of ABT-418, a novel cholinergic channel ligand, on place learning in septal-lesioned rats. Eur J Pharmacol 1994;261:217-222; Garvey DS, Wasicak JT, Decker MW, et al. Novel isoxazoles which interact with brain cholinergic channel receptors have intrinsic cognitive enhancing and anxiolytic activities. J Med Chem 1994;37:1055-1059]. ABT-418 may be the first agonist of nAChRs to be developed and evaluated specifically for the treatment of AD. Some brief speculation will be given on the potential benefits that this or other ChCAs may have in treating neurodegenerative disorders as compared with (-)-nicotine, and how this differs from other potential treatment approaches.
The trappin gene family: proteins defined by an N-terminal transglutaminase substrate domain and a C-terminal four-disulphide core (1999)

Recently, several new genes have been discovered in various species which are homologous to the well-characterized human epithelial proteinase inhibitor elafin/SKALP (skin-derived anti-leukoproteinase). Because of the high degree of conservation and the similarities in genomic organization, we propose that these genes belong to a novel gene family. At the protein level, the family members are defined by: (1) an N-terminal domain consisting of a variable number of repeats with the consensus sequence Gly-Gln-Asp-Pro-Val-Lys that can act as an anchoring motif by transglutaminase cross-linking, and (2) a C-terminal four-disulphide core or whey acidic protein (WAP) domain, which harbours a functional motif involved in binding of proteinases and possibly other proteins. We have proposed the name trappin gene family as a unifying nomenclature for this group of proteins (trappin is an acronym for TRansglutaminase substrate and wAP domain containing ProteIN, and refers to its functional property of 'getting trapped' in tissues by covalent cross-linking). Analysis of the trappin family members shows extensive diversification in bovidae and suidae, whereas the number of primate trappins is probably limited. Recent biochemical and cell biological data on the human trappin family member elafin/SKALP suggest that this molecule is induced in epidermis by cellular stress. We hypothesize that trappins play an important role in the regulation of inflammation and in protection against tissue damage in stratified epithelia.
Advances in Oncolytic Virus Therapy for Glioma (2008)

The World Health Organization grossly classifies the various types of astrocytomas using a grade system with grade IV gliomas having the worst prognosis. Oncolytic virus therapy is a novel treatment option for GBM patients. Several patents describe various oncolytic viruses used in preclinical and clinical trials to evaluate safety and efficacy. These viruses are natural or genetically engineered from different viruses such as HSV-1, Adenovirus, Reovirus, and New Castle Disease Virus. While several anecdotal studies have indicated therapeutic advantage, recent clinical trials have revealed the safety of their usage, but demonstration of significant efficacy remains to be established. Oncolytic viruses are being redesigned with an interest in combating the tumor microenvironment in addition to defeating the cancerous cells. Several patents describe the inclusion of tumor microenvironment modulating genes within the viral backbone and in particular those which attack the tumor angiotome. The very innovative approaches being used to improve therapeutic efficacy include: design of viruses which can express cytokines to activate a systemic antitumor immune response, inclusion of angiostatic genes to combat tumor vasculature, and also enzymes capable of digesting tumor extra cellular matrix (ECM) to enhance viral spread through solid tumors. As increasingly more novel viruses are being tested and patented, the future battle against glioma looks promising.
High-sensitivity microwave power sensor for GaAs-MMICimplementation (1996)

GaAs bulk micromachining combined with MESFET technology has been applied to fabricate a thermoelectric microwave power sensor in a terminating load configuration. Its advantages are technological compatibility with MMIC processes combined with excellent performance: the sensitivity under normal ambient pressure is 2.02 V/W, inherent linearity over a dynamic range of 48 dB and a thermal time constant of 500 µs; maximum VSWR of 1.07 up to 26.5 GHz. Such integrated sensors can also be used in the millimetre-wave regime.
The influence of multidirectional vibrations on wound healing and on regeneration of blood- and lymph vessels. (1981)

Experiments show that the multidirectional vibration therapy is not an aggressive technique: when applied to the newly-formed lymph-vessels in the scar, we observed that they were not damaged by this technique whereas we had found in earlier studies that a gentle effleurage destructed the newly formed lymph network in the scar. When using this treatment, little or no adhesion of the scar to the underlying tissues is observed. There is a significant decrease of the local edema when compared to a standard group of wound-healing without multidirectional vibrations. There is also a significant decrease of general and local congestion and no increase in the permeability of veins and lymph vessels is present. The application of the local multidirectional vibration therapy accelerates the regeneration of the severed vein and lymph vessel.
Permeation of High-Barrier Films by Ethyl Esters (1988)

This paper reports the effects of changes in permeant molecular weight, relative humidity (RH) and permeant concentration on the permeability of alkyl esters through polyvinyl alcohol (PVOH) films, as measured by a differential permeation method. As the permeant molecular weight increased, the solubility coefficient (S) increased at a higher rate than the diffusion coefficient (D) decreased, resulting in an increased permeability coefficient (P). As the RH increased, S decreased, while D remained constant at moderate RH's and decreased at high RH's, resulting in a lower P. As the permeant concentration increased, D decreased while S appeared linear at low concentrations and increased non-linearly at higher concentrations, resulting in a non-linear increase of P.
Towards crowd-aware sensing platform for metropolitan environments (2012)

In this paper, we propose an in-situ Crowd-aware Sensing Platform, called "CrowdMon", which envisions the cooperation among mobile users in highly crowded urban areas such as metro and square. CrowdMon establishes a spontaneous connection from co-located users in a semantic proximity and enables them to share contextual information such as location, ambient music, and mood of places. To the best of our knowledge, CrowdMon is the first attempt to support crowd-aware services at a platform level. We show interesting use cases of CrowdMon and an initial system design to realize the crowd-based context sharing.
HEAT TRANSFER, BURNOUT, AND PRESSURE DROP FOR WATER IN SWIRL FLOW THROUGH TUBES WITH INTERNAL TWISTED TAPES (1960)

BS>Experimental determinations of heat-transfer coefficients, burnout heat fluxes, and friction factors were made for swirl flow of low- and moderate- pressure water through electrically heated aluminum, nickel, and copper tubes containing full-length Inconel twisted tapes. (auth)
Influence of pH on the response of cells to single and split doses of hyperthermia. (1980)

The time course of development and loss of thermotolerance in Chinese hamster ovary cells exposed to 42 degrees was determined. The influence of pH on the heat sensitivity of normal and thermotolerant cells was examined. Exposure of cells to single graded heat treatments at pH 7.4 resulted in a decrease in survival to 5 to 10% after 3 to 4 hr treatment. Continued heating for an additional 4 to 5 hr resulted in an additional decrease in survival by a factor of only 1 to 2. At pH 6.7, exposure of cells to single heat treatments caused a marked reduction in survival to congruent to 0.02% after 3 hr treatment, and resistance to further killing was not evident until survival decreased to congruent to 0.001%. Cells initially heated at pH 7.4 for 3 hr and then stored at 37 degrees remained resistant to additional treatment for up to 48 hr later. Thermotolerance began to decay 72 hr after the initial treatment and was lost when 144 hr separated the treatments. The marked resistance to second treatments was observed irrespective of the pH at the time of the second treatment. Parallel studies also established that the viable progeny of heated cells remained resistant to hyperthermia for more than one postheat generation. These studies suggest that low pH conditions occurring in tumors may be expected to maximally influence response when fractionation intervals are sufficiently long that thermotolerance decays between treatments.
Cu<sup>I</sup> versus Ru<sup>II</sup>: Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells and Beyond (2008)

Copper for the scientist cunning at his trade: RuII complexes have long played the central role in the photochemical conversion of sunlight and dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). Recently, however, the first examples of DSSCs sensitized by CuI polypyridyl complexes were reported. CuI complexes have comparable photophysical and electrochemical properties to RuII complexes and offer similar function with a cheaper and more abundant metal.
Nanosized Zeolites Templated by Metal−Amine Complexes (2007)

The syntheses of nanosized zeolites using both square planar metal−amine complexes [M(NH3)4]2+ (M2+ = Cu2+, Pd2+, and Pt2+) and tetramethylammonium hydroxide are reported. Metal−amine complexes with diverse shapes and high positive charge densities are readily interacting with the anionic silicate species in the precursor solutions, thus resulting in the formation of stable nanosized zeolites.
Anaerobic Digestion of Algae (1957)

ALGAEfor development of the interface controller from which this foam control device was adapted.
Toward reliable density functional methods without adjustable parameters: The PBE0 model (1999)

We present an analysis of the performances of a parameter free density functional model (PBE0) obtained combining the so called PBE generalized gradient functional with a predefined amount of exact exchange. The results obtained for structural, thermodynamic, kinetic and spectroscopic (magnetic, infrared and electronic) properties are satisfactory and not far from those delivered by the most reliable functionals including heavy parameterization. The way in which the functional is derived and the lack of empirical parameters fitted to specific properties make the PBE0 model a widely applicable method for both quantum chemistry and condensed matter physics.
Dexron-II Automatic Transmission Fluid Performance (1974)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The General Motors Dexron-II automatic transmission fluid specification, issued in August 1973, defines physical, chemical, and performance requirements of a new class of fluids developed to meet increasingly severe service in passenger car and commercial automatic transmissions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Four new tests for determining fluid performance and durability have been developed for the specification. Results from these tests with Dexron-II prototype fluids are compared to those with Dexron fluids. It was found that the prototype fluids are much more oxidation-resistant than typical fluids in the Turbo Hydra-matic oxidation test; a 60% improvement in fluid durability has been realized in the Turbo Hydra-matic transmission cycling test; and Dexron-II prototype fluid friction and wear characteristics are about equivalent to those for Dexron fluids in the high energy, friction characteristics and durability test, and the wear test. Fluid deterioration in the transmission tests was determined from shift times, transmission cleanliness, increases in fluid total acid number and infrared carbonyl absorbance, and the oxygen concentration decrease in the transmission gas. Tests were repeatable, and results correlated with those obtained in service.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The application of Dexron-II-quality fluids in hydraulic equipment and the General Motors gas turbine and rotary engines is reviewed.</div>
Post-oral appetite stimulation by sugars and nonmetabolizable sugar analogs (2013)

Post-oral sugar actions enhance the intake of and preference for sugar-rich foods, a process referred to as appetition. Here, we investigated the role of intestinal sodium glucose cotransporters (SGLTs) in sugar appetition in C57BL/6J mice using sugars and nonmetabolizable sugar analogs that differ in their affinity for SGLT1 and SGLT3. In experiments 1 and 2, food-restricted mice were trained (1 h/day) to consume a flavored saccharin solution [conditioned stimulus (CS-)] paired with intragastric (IG) self-infusions of water and a different flavored solution (CS+) paired with infusions of 8 or 12% sugars (glucose, fructose, and galactose) or sugar analogs (α-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, MDG; 3-O-methyl-D-glucopyranoside, OMG). Subsequent two-bottle CS+ vs. CS- choice tests were conducted without coinfusions. Infusions of the SGLT1 ligands glucose, galactose, MDG, and OMG stimulated CS+ licking above CS- levels. However, only glucose, MDG, and galactose conditioned significant CS+ preferences, with the SGLT3 ligands (glucose, MDG) producing the strongest preferences. Fructose, which is not a ligand for SGLTs, failed to stimulate CS+ intake or preference. Experiment 3 revealed that IG infusion of MDG+phloridzin (an SGLT1/3 antagonist) blocked MDG appetition, whereas phloridzin had minimal effects on glucose-induced appetition. However, adding phloretin (a GLUT2 antagonist) to the glucose+phloridzin infusion blocked glucose appetition. Taken together, these findings suggest that humoral signals generated by intestinal SGLT1 and SGLT3, and to a lesser degree, GLUT2, mediate post-oral sugar appetition in mice. The MDG results indicate that sugar metabolism is not essential for the post-oral intake-stimulating and preference-conditioning actions of sugars in mice.
Disruption of Fibroblast Growth Factor Receptor Signaling in Nonmyelinating Schwann Cells Causes Sensory Axonal Neuropathy and Impairment of Thermal Pain Sensitivity (2009)

Axon-glial interactions are critical for normal functioning of peripheral nerves, and their disruption leads to peripheral neuropathies. Fibroblast growth factors (FGFs) are key players in peripheral nerve regeneration after injury. We investigated the role of FGF receptor (Fgfr) signaling in Schwann cells and the consequent regulation of normal Schwann cell-axon interactions. Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 were conditionally inactivated, either singly or in combination, in myelinating and nonmyelinating Schwann cells (NMSCs) of transgenic mice. The double mutant mice displayed significant loss of thermal sensitivity accompanied by marked neuropathy of unmyelinated nociceptive sensory axons terminating in the dorsal horn of spinal cords, the primary site for integrating pain and temperature inputs. Neuropathy, although to a lesser extent, was also observed in the nociceptive C-fibers in the Remak bundles of sciatic nerves; however, there was no loss of NMSCs that ensheathe these axons. Furthermore, axons wrapped by myelinating Schwann cells and associated myelin sheaths appeared to be unaffected. Relative to the double mutants, axonal neuropathy developed much later in the Fgfr1 but not Fgfr2 single mutant, indicating a difference in signaling potential of the two receptors, with Fgfr1 being more robust than Fgfr2. These findings emphasize the importance of Fgfr1 and Fgfr2 signaling as potential mediators of axon-glial interaction in the peripheral sensory pain pathway primarily via influencing NMSC function, which in turn modulates the structure and function of unmyelinated sensory axons. This study provides a novel molecular mechanism for nociception with possible implications for pain sensitivity in peripheral sensory neuropathies.
ADVANCES IN THE CHEMISTRY OF POLYETHYLENEIMINE (POLYAZIRIDINE) (1965)

CONTENTS I. Methods of synthesising polyethyleneimine 516 II. Polymerisation of aziridine 516 III. Thermal decomposition of 2-oxooxazolidine 520 IV. Properties of polyethyleneimine 522 V. Reactions of polyethyleneimine 523 VI. Copolymers of aziridine 525
Applications of 40-Gb/s Chirp-Managed Laser in Access and Metro Networks (2009)

We investigate 40-Gb/s cost-efficient transmitter for access and metro networks. This 40-Gb/s transmitter comprises a standard directly modulated distributed-feedback (DFB) laser and a subsequent optical filter. Large dispersion tolerance of this transmitter is realized by chirp control through the phase correlation between adjacent bits for the destructive interference in order to erase the power of ldquo0rdquo bits while enhancing the extinction ratio. The chirp model of the DFB laser and the optimum parameters of the optical filter have been numerically analyzed. The chirp-managed 42.8-Gb/s transmission over 20-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF or SMF-28) without dispersion compensation and a centralized lightwave WDM-PON system are experimentally demonstrated. We have also realized the transmission over 100-m graded index plastic optical fiber (GI-POF). Moreover, the application in the metro network over 240-km SSMF or SMF-28 has also been investigated in this paper.
Essential requirements for the detection and degradation of invaders by the<i>Haloferax volcanii</i>CRISPR/Cas system I-B (2013)

To fend off foreign genetic elements, prokaryotes have developed several defense systems. The most recently discovered defense system, CRISPR/Cas, is sequence-specific, adaptive and heritable. The two central components of this system are the Cas proteins and the CRISPR RNA. The latter consists of repeat sequences that are interspersed with spacer sequences. The CRISPR locus is transcribed into a precursor RNA that is subsequently processed into short crRNAs. CRISPR/Cas systems have been identified in bacteria and archaea, and data show that many variations of this system exist. We analyzed the requirements for a successful defense reaction in the halophilic archaeon Haloferax volcanii. Haloferax encodes a CRISPR/Cas system of the I-B subtype, about which very little is known. Analysis of the mature crRNAs revealed that they contain a spacer as their central element, which is preceded by an eight-nucleotide-long 5' handle that originates from the upstream repeat. The repeat sequences have the potential to fold into a minimal stem loop. Sequencing of the crRNA population indicated that not all of the spacers that are encoded by the three CRISPR loci are present in the same abundance. By challenging Haloferax with an invader plasmid, we demonstrated that the interaction of the crRNA with the invader DNA requires a 10-nucleotide-long seed sequence. In addition, we found that not all of the crRNAs from the three CRISPR loci are effective at triggering the degradation of invader plasmids. The interference does not seem to be influenced by the copy number of the invader plasmid.
In-Well, Optical, Strain-Based Flow Measurement Technology and Its Applications (2012)

Abstract In-well flow measurement remains as one of the most difficult tasks in the oil and gas industry, mainly due to the challenging conditions of the downhole environment. When made successfully, however, it plays a major role in monitoring and optimizing well performance, especially for the wells equipped with advanced completion devices. The increasing demand for in-well flow measurement is also driven by other factors including zonal production allocation in multizone completions as well as reliable commingled production, reduction of surface well tests and facilities, and detection of production anomalies. This paper provides a closer look at one of the state-of-art in-well flow measurement technologies: optical, strain-based, phase flow rate measurements via turbulent structure velocity and sound speed of the turbulent flow. It is an introduction to how this flow measurement technology works and how it is applied to different flow applications from single-phase injectors to multiphase producers. Specific field examples representing different flow applications are also referenced to published material. The strong and weak points of the technology are explored, and in the process, an operation envelope is produced for the use of this technology. The system response to the presence of advanced completion devices are also discussed, guidelines are given, and recommendations are made based on field and lab tests. Understanding a technology’s strong and weak points before implementation is essential to ensuring that informed and successful decisions can be made concerning its use for a given application. This process is often mutually beneficial to both operators and equipment manufacturers since collaborations can lead to advancement of technology and, as a result, provide even more reliable solutions.
Strategies for optimizing treatment with efalizumab in moderate to severe psoriasis (2005)

With the advent of biological therapies for the treatment of plaque psoriasis, guidance on the usage of these new agents has become necessary. One such agent, efalizumab, a humanized recombinant monoclonal IgG(1) antibody developed to target T-cell-mediated inflammation, provides rapid and sustained efficacy for many psoriasis patients. This article explores the pretreatment, initiation, and treatment phases with efalizumab therapy. In the pretreatment phase, physicians need to assess patients' disease state and educate them about the course of efalizumab treatment. Prior to initiation, physicians need to establish stable disease, ensure an adequate transition or washout of any prior psoriasis therapeutics, and obtain baseline platelet counts. After initiating treatment, both physician and patient must participate in disease monitoring. Patients responding favourably may receive continuous treatment. Those who do not respond to the drug or who experience adverse events should be managed appropriately in order to continue therapy or be transitioned onto another agent. A growing body of clinical evidence, as well as experience from clinical investigators, has provided much insight into the management strategies for patients undergoing treatment with efalizumab.