gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Malaria Blood-Stage Infection and Its Control by the Immune System (2000)

Malaria is caused by the protozoon Plasmodium, transmitted to humans by Anopheles mosquitoes. The most dangerous of the plasmodia infecting humans is Plasmodium falciparum. The disease is caused by those parasite stages which multiply asexually in red blood cells. In non-immune individuals, P. falciparum may cause severe and life-threatening disease. Another risk group is constituted by pregnant women, particularly during their first pregnancies. Immunity to malaria usually requires repeated exposure to the parasite to become long lasting. One reason for this is the capacity of the parasite to vary the antigens which are major targets for protective antibodies. Antibody-dependent protection is primarily mediated by cytophilic IgG antibodies activating cytotoxic and phagocytic effector functions of neutrophils and monocytes. Malaria infection also involves elevated production of IgE antibodies. However, IgE-containing immune complexes are pathogenic rather than protective by crosslinking IgE receptors (CD23) on monocytes, leading to local overproduction of TNF, a major pathogenic factor in this disease. T cells are essential for both acquisition and regulation of malaria immunity. The major T cells controlling blood stage infections are CD4+ of both the Thl and Th2 subsets. However, T cells carrying the gamma6 receptor also contribute to this control. The balance between the cytokines produced by different cell types is critical for the course of infection, with IFN-gamma having a key role in anti-malaria defence. Blood-stage infections are also under complex genetic control. Among the regulatory genes, those involved in elevated production of TNF are associated with increased risk of severe disease and death due to P. falciparum infection.
Possible Association between Passive Smoking and Lower Exhaled Nitric Oxide in Asthmatic Children (2003)

In adults, both active and passive smoking reduce levels of exhaled nitric oxide (eNO); however, to date, passive exposure to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) has not been shown to affect eNO in children. The authors recruited 174 asthmatic children (96 male, 78 female) and 79 nonasthmatic controls (46 male, 33 female) from a group of children aged 5 to 14 yr who attended a children's hospital for an outpatient visit or elective surgery. Each subject's exposure to ETS was ascertained by questionnaire, and their eNO levels were measured. Asthmatic children had higher eNO levels (ppb) than nonasthmatic children (p = 0.04), and asthmatic children exposed to ETS had significantly lower eNO levels than unexposed children (p = 0.005). Exposure to ETS did not alter eNO levels in nonasthmatic children (p = 0.4). Results of the study suggest that ETS exposure is associated with lower eNO levels among childhood asthmatics. Consequently, ETS exposure may need to be considered when physicians interpret eNO levels in asthmatic children. Further study of the effects of ETS on eNO levels is recommended.
Effect of inhaled corticosteroids on systemic inflammation in asthma (2014)

This study confirms the existence of low grade systemic inflammation in asthma which is effectively controlled by inhaled steroids. Such an effect of inhaled steroids appears to be more pronounced in recent users than that of long-term users, possibly due to lower adherence rate among the latter.
Single‐cell protein: Current status and future prospects (1983)

The consumption of microorganisms by man and animals is not a revolutionary new idea. For thousands of years man has consumed, either intentionally or unintentionally, such products as alcoholic beverages, cheeses, yogurt, and soya sauce and, along with these products, the microbial biomass responsible for their production. The rapid growth rate and high protein content of microbes and their ability to utilize inexpensive feedstocks as sources of carbon and energy for growth have made microorganisms prime candidates for use as human food and animal feed protein supplements. Yet, in spite of their promise, only a limited number of commercial-scale, single-cell protein (SCP) processes have been seen. Recently, with the advent of recombinant DNA technology a rebirth of interest in SCP has resulted. This review analyzes the answers to two questions: (1) how far have we come?; and (2) what impact, if any, will the new biotechnologies have in this field?
Immobilization of glucose oxidase And ferrocene redox polymer in cross-linked poly (vinyl alcohol) with bovine serum albumin as protein stabilizer (2006)

A method of tethering a mediator to an enzymatic membrane was studied. Glucose oxidase (GOD) and ferrocene redox polymer were immobilized in cross-linked poly (vinyl alcohol) (CLPVA) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) added as a protein stabilizer. Redox hydrogel polyallylamine ferrocene was prepared by cross-linking polyallylamine hydrochloride with glutaraldehyde and attaching the ferrocene covalently. The biosensor response to glucose was evaluated amperometrically at 0.363V. High BSA concentration resulted in improved current response but lower Kmapp. CLPVA, which had been proven to be an excellent retainer of GOD could not retain both GOD and ferrocene redox polymer effectively, thus affecting the stability of the enzymatic membrane.
Gene Expression Levels as Predictive Markers of Outcome in Pancreatic Cancer after Gemcitabine-Based Adjuvant Chemotherapy (2010)

Quantitative analyses of hENT1, dCK, RRM1, and RRM2 mRNA levels using FFPE tissue samples and microdissected neoplastic cells from EUS-FNA cytologic specimens may be useful in predicting the gemcitabine sensitivity of patients with PDAC.
Global Model for Hierarchical Multi-Label Text Classification (2013)

The main challenge in hierarchical multilabel text classification is how to leverage hierarchically organized labels. In this paper, we propose to exploit dependencies among multiple labels to be output, which has been left unused in previous studies. To do this, we first formalize this task as a structured prediction problem and propose (1) a global model that jointly outputs multiple labels and (2) a decoding algorithm for it that finds an exact solution with dynamic programming. We then introduce features that capture inter-label dependencies. Experiments show that these features improve performance while reducing the model size.
Twenty-four-hour profiles and pulsatile patterns of insulin secretion in normal and obese subjects. (1988)

The pattern of endogenous insulin secretion over a 24-h period, which included three mixed meals, was evaluated in 14 normal volunteers and 15 obese subjects. Insulin secretory rates were calculated from plasma C-peptide levels using individually derived C-peptide kinetic parameters and a validated open two-compartment model of peripheral C-peptide kinetics. Insulin secretion rates were consistently elevated in the obese subjects under basal conditions (11.6 +/- 1.2 vs. 5.4 +/- 0.5 nmol/h) and in the 4 h after breakfast (139 +/- 15 vs. 63 +/- 5 nmol/4 h, P less than 0.001), lunch (152 +/- 16 vs. 67 +/- 5 nmol/4 h, P less than 0.001), and dinner (145 +/- 18 vs. 65 +/- 6 nmol/4 h, P less than 0.001). In the normal subjects, basal insulin secretion represented 50 +/- 2.1% of total 24-h insulin production, insulin secretion returned to baseline between meals, and equal quantities of insulin were secreted in the 4 h after breakfast, lunch, and dinner, despite the fact that subjects consumed half the number of calories at breakfast compared to lunch and dinner. Overall glucose responses were also similar after the three meals. In contrast, the pattern of insulin secretion in obese subjects was largely normal, albeit set at a higher level. However, the insulin secretion rate after meals did not return to baseline, and the secretion rate immediately before lunch (350.5 +/- 81.9 pmol/min) and dinner (373.6 +/- 64.8 pmol/min) was considerably higher than the secretion rate immediately before breakfast (175.5 +/- 18.5 pmol/min). In these overweight subjects, the glucose response after lunch was lower than after dinner. Analysis of individual 24-h insulin secretory profiles in the normal subjects revealed that insulin secretion was pulsatile. On average 11.1 +/- 0.5 pulses were produced in each 24-h period. The most prevalent temporal distribution of postmeal secretory pulses was two pulses after breakfast and three pulses after both lunch and dinner. Insulin secretion was also pulsatile during the period without meal stimuli: 3.9 +/- 0.3 pulses occurred during the period of overnight sampling and in the 3-h period before ingestion of the breakfast meal. In the obese subjects, the number and timing of secretory pulses was similar to those of normal volunteers, although the amplitude of the pulses was significantly greater. In both groups of subjects, greater than 80% of insulin pulses were concomitant with a pulse in glucose concentration in the postmeal period. The concomitancy rate was significantly lower in the interval without the meal stimuli, averaging 47% in both groups. Thus in obesity, although hypersecretion of insulin can be documented, the temporal pattern of secretion i s largely unaltered, which suggests that the functioning beta cell mass is enhance, but normal regulatory mechanisms influencing secretion are still operative.
Web-based Sales: Defining the Cognitive Buyer (2000)

Marketing on the Web represents a radical departure from the traditional thinking. Traditional mass marketing channels broadcast information from as single source to mass audience. The relationship represents a one-to-many communications model where the entire audience is treated the same way. This article explores the forces contributing to the transformation of buyer behavior when buyers use the Web for making purchase decisions. These forces include trends in the marketplace, where products are becoming more complex and plentiful.KeywordsCommunication ModelBuyer BehaviorSales ChannelProduct CatalogTraditional MarketingThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
THE STRUCTURE OF DISALICYL ALDEHYDE (1922)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE STRUCTURE OF DISALICYL ALDEHYDERoger Adams, M. F. Fogler, and C. W. KregerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1922, 44, 5, 1126–1133Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1922Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1922https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01426a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01426a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views232Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Guidelines for Optional Services for Internet Fax Gateways (2005)

To allow connectivity between the general switched telephone network
facsimile service (GSTN fax) and the e-mail-based Fax service
(i-fax), an Internet Fax Gateway is required. This document provides
guidelines for the optional functionality of Fax Gateways. In
this context, an offramp gateway provides facsimile data
transmission from i-fax to GSTN fax; vice versa, an gateway
provides data transmission from GSTN fax to i-fax. The recommendations
in this document apply to the integrated service including Internet
Fax terminals, computers with i-fax software on the Internet, and GSTN
fax terminals on the GSTN. This document supplements the
recommendation for minimal features of an Fax Gateway. In
particular, it covers techniques for dropping duplicated fax messages,
automatic fax re-transmission, error, return notice, and log handling,
and possible authorization methods by DTMF (Dual Tone Multi-Frequency)
for onramp gateways. This memo provides information for the Internet
community.
A Simple Platform for the Rapid Development of Antimicrobials (2017)

Recent infectious outbreaks highlight the need for platform technologies that can be quickly deployed to develop therapeutics needed to contain the outbreak. We present a simple concept for rapid development of new antimicrobials. The goal was to produce in as little as one week thousands of doses of an intervention for a new pathogen. We tested the feasibility of a system based on antimicrobial synbodies. The system involves creating an array of 100 peptides that have been selected for broad capability to bind and/or kill viruses and bacteria. The peptides are pre-screened for low cell toxicity prior to large scale synthesis. Any pathogen is then assayed on the chip to find peptides that bind or kill it. Peptides are combined in pairs as synbodies and further screened for activity and toxicity. The lead synbody can be quickly produced in large scale, with completion of the entire process in one week.
Formation of islet amyloid from islet amyloid polypeptide (1993)

Conference Article| February 01 1993 Formation of islet amyloid from islet amyloid polypeptide Anne Clark; Anne Clark *Diabetes Research Laboratories, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford†Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Eelco J. P. de Koning; Eelco J. P. de Koning *Diabetes Research Laboratories, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, Radcliffe Infirmary, Oxford†Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar John F. Morris John F. Morris †Department of Human Anatomy, University of Oxford, U.K. Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Author and article information Publisher: Portland Press Ltd Received: September 24 1992 Online ISSN: 1470-8752 Print ISSN: 0300-5127 © 1993 Biochemical Society1993 Biochem Soc Trans (1993) 21 (1): 169–173. https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0210169 Article history Received: September 24 1992 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Cite Icon Cite Get Permissions Citation Anne Clark, Eelco J. P. de Koning, John F. Morris; Formation of islet amyloid from islet amyloid polypeptide. Biochem Soc Trans 1 February 1993; 21 (1): 169–173. doi: https://doi.org/10.1042/bst0210169 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentAll JournalsBiochemical Society Transactions Search Advanced Search Keywords: IAPP, islet amyloid polypeptide This content is only available as a PDF. © 1993 Biochemical Society1993 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
A Novel Animal Model of Partial Optic Nerve Transection Established Using an Optic Nerve Quantitative Amputator (2012)

The present quantitative transection optic nerve injury model has increased reproducibility, effectiveness and uniformity. This model is an ideal animal model to provide a foundation for researching new treatments for nerve repair after optic nerve and/or central nerve injury.
Tensioactive-mediated Transepithelial Corneal Cross-linking – First Laboratory Report (2009)

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of delivering riboflavin into the corneal stroma for cross-linking with the aid of a tensioactive substance (benzalkonium chloride), without removing the epithelium, in order to make corneal cross-linking (CXL) a less invasive technique. Methods: Rabbit corneas were cross-linked in vivo without removal of the epithelium, using riboflavin solution 0.1% to which benzalkonium chloride solution was added. The corneas were then examined by light and electron microscopy for evidence of collagen cross-linking. Control non-treated eyes were compared with treated ones. Results: The treated corneas were stiff and yellow in colour, and on light microscope examination they showed straight compact collagen fibres in comparison with control corneas in approximately 50% of the corneal thickness. Electron microscopy revealed regular arrangement of fibres in the outer 200μm with reduced inter-fibre distances in the treated corneas, but with no noticeable differences between control and treated corneas in the inner 100μm. Conclusion: The addition of benzalkonium chloride to the riboflavin solution facilitated its entry to the corneal stroma through the epithelium, and CXL occurred without epithelium removal.
Small Is Different:  Shape-, Size-, and Composition-Dependent Properties of Some Colloidal Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2004)

As the size of material becomes equal to or falls below the nanometer length scale that characterizes the motion of its electrons and thus its properties, the latter become sensitive not only to the size but also to the shape and composition of the particles. In this Account, we describe the changes of some interesting properties in different colloidal semiconductor nanoparticles, such as the electronic relaxation rates as spherical nanoparticles change to nanorods, and the changes in the structure or size of very small nanoparticles upon adsorbing strongly bound molecules. We have also determined and explained the difference in the interfacial crossing rates of electrons and holes in a composite nanostructure.
Comparative Efficacy of Four Antibiotics in Anaerobic Pulmonary Infection (1984)

The efficacy of cefoxitin, mezlocillin, latamoxef and metronidazole in anaerobic lung infection was studied using a rabbit model. A mixture of Bacteroides fragilis, Peptococcus morbillorum, Eubacterium lentum and Fusobacterium nucleatum was inoculated transtracheally to produce infection within the lung. Mezlocillin was most effective, achieving bacteriologic cure in 5 out of 8 animals. With cefoxitin therapy, 4 out of 8 became bacteriologically sterile. Severe diarrhea with elevated titers of Clostridium difficile toxin was noted in most cefoxitin-treated animals. Latamoxef- and metronidazole-treated animals had apparently healed lesions, but cultures were positive in 6 and 7 out of 8 in each group, respectively. The commonest pathogen isolated in the last two groups was P. morbillorum. The therapeutic superiority of mezlocillin over metronidazole and latamoxef was statistically significant (p less than or equal to 0.05).
Explanation-based indexing of cases (1988)

High levels of NO/cGMP strongly protect against ischemia/reperfusion injury, the protection is largely independent of changes in Ca(2+)(i) modulation, but relates to reduced preischemic performance. Myocyte-specific NO augmentation may aid in studies of the (patho)physiological roles of cardiac-derived NO.
Resistotyping of <i>Proteus mirabilis</i> and a comparison with other methods of typing (1974)

Resistotyping of P. mirabilis using 10 compounds is reported. The method was tested for reproducibility and specificity and results were compared with those obtained by serological, bacteriophage, and proticine typing methods and the Dienes test. The possible relationship between resistance to the chemicals used in the test and antibiotics was also studied.The method was found to be simple, reproducible, show good specificity, and compare favourably with other typing methods. No linkage between resistance to the chemicals and antibiotic resistance was detected.
Safety and Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Curcumin: A Component of Tumeric ( <i>Curcuma longa</i> ) (2003)

Curcumin has been demonstrated to be safe in six human trials and has demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity. It may exert its anti-inflammatory activity by inhibition of a number of different molecules that play a role in inflammation.
Characterization of the hemolysin produced by Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae (1983)

Production and characterization of Haemophilus pleuropneumoniae hemolysin were investigated by using 5 serotype 2 strains. The hemolysin was produced in chicken meat-infusion broth medium both in stationary and in shaking cultures. In stationary culture, hemolytic activity against horse RBC reached maximum at postincubation day 5 (at the late stage of stationary phase), and the activity was maintained at the same level for 2 days thereafter. The hemolytic activity of shaking culture reached a maximum at postincubation hour 9 (at the early stage of logarithmic-growth phase), gradually decreased, and disappeared at postincubation day 2. The hemolysin was shown to be an extracellular product of the bacterial cells. The RBC of horses, rabbits, and sheep were highly susceptible to the hemolysin, and those of pigs and guinea pigs were less susceptible, whereas RBC of 60-day-old chicks were not susceptible. The hemolysin was not inactivated by autoclaving at 121 C for 2 hours, and by treatments with formalin, trypsin, or pronase. The presence of calcium or magnesium ions did not change the activity, whereas iodoacetic acid significantly reduced the activity.
Nickel‐Rich and Lithium‐Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes: Progress and Perspectives (2015)

Ni‐rich layered oxides and Li‐rich layered oxides are topics of much research interest as cathodes for Li‐ion batteries due to their low cost and higher discharge capacities compared to those of LiCoO 2 and LiMn 2 O 4 . However, Ni‐rich layered oxides have several pitfalls, including difficulty in synthesizing a well‐ordered material with all Ni 3+ ions, poor cyclability, moisture sensitivity, a thermal runaway reaction, and formation of a harmful surface layer caused by side reactions with the electrolyte. Recent efforts towards Ni‐rich layered oxides have centered on optimizing the composition and processing conditions to obtain controlled bulk and surface compositions to overcome the capacity fade. Li‐rich layered oxides also have negative aspects, including oxygen loss from the lattice during first charge, a large first cycle irreversible capacity loss, poor rate capability, side reactions with the electrolyte, low tap density, and voltage decay during extended cycling. Recent work on Li‐rich layered oxides has focused on understanding the surface and bulk structures and eliminating the undesirable properties. Followed by a brief introduction, an account of recent developments on the understanding and performance gains of Ni‐rich and Li‐rich layered oxide cathodes is provided, along with future research directions.