gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Epidural Stimulation Induced Modulation of Spinal Locomotor Networks in Adult Spinal Rats (2008)

The importance of the in vivo dynamic nature of the circuitries within the spinal cord that generate locomotion is becoming increasingly evident. We examined the characteristics of hindlimb EMG activity evoked in response to epidural stimulation at the S1 spinal cord segment in complete midthoracic spinal cord-transected rats at different stages of postlesion recovery. A progressive and phase-dependent modulation of monosynaptic (middle) and long-latency (late) stimulation-evoked EMG responses was observed throughout the step cycle. During the first 3 weeks after injury, the amplitude of the middle response was potentiated during the EMG bursts, whereas after 4 weeks, both the middle and late responses were phase-dependently modulated. The middle- and late-response magnitudes were closely linked to the amplitude and duration of the EMG bursts during locomotion facilitated by epidural stimulation. The optimum stimulation frequency that maintained consistent activity of the long-latency responses ranged from 40 to 60 Hz, whereas the short-latency responses were consistent from 5 to 130 Hz. These data demonstrate that both middle and late evoked potentials within a motor pool are strictly gated during in vivo bipedal stepping as a function of the general excitability of the motor pool and, thus, as a function of the phase of the step cycle. These data demonstrate that spinal cord epidural stimulation can facilitate locomotion in a time-dependent manner after lesion. The long-latency responses to epidural stimulation are correlated with the recovery of weight-bearing bipedal locomotion and may reflect activation of interneuronal central pattern-generating circuits.
Cellular mechanisms of bone resorption in breast carcinoma (2001)

The cellular mechanisms that account for the increase in osteoclast numbers and bone resorption in skeletal breast cancer metastasis are unclear. Osteoclasts are marrow-derived cells which form by fusion of mononuclear phagocyte precursors that circulate in the monocyte fraction. In this study we have determined whether circulating osteoclast precursors are increased in number or have an increased sensitivity to humoral factors for osteoclastogenesis in breast cancer patients with skeletal metastases (+/- hypercalcaemia) compared to patients with primary breast cancer and age-matched normal controls. Monocytes were isolated and cocultured with UMR 106 osteoblastic cells in the presence of 1,25 dihydroxyvitamin D3[1,25(OH)2D3] and human macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) on coverslips and dentine slices. Limiting dilution experiments showed that there was no increase in the number of circulating osteoclast precursors in breast cancer patients with skeletal metastases (+/- hypercalcaemia) compared to controls. Osteoclast precursors in these patients also did not exhibit increased sensitivity to 1,25(OH)2D3or M-CSF in terms of osteoclast formation. The addition of parathyroid hormone-related protein and interleukin-6 did not increase osteoclast formation. The addition of the supernatant of cultured breast cancer cell lines (MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435), however, significantly increased monocyte-osteoclast formation in a dose-dependent fashion. These results indicate that the increase in osteoclast formation in breast cancer is not due to an increase in the number/nature of circulating osteoclast precursors. They also suggest that tumour cells promote osteoclast formation in the bone microenvironment by secreting soluble osteoclastogenic factor(s).
Human gait recognition by pyramid of HOG feature on silhouette images (2013)

As a uncommon biometric modality, human gait recognition has a great advantage of identify people at a distance without high resolution images. It has attracted much attention in recent years, especially in the fields of computer vision and remote sensing. In this paper, we propose a human gait recognition framework that consists of a reliable background subtraction method followed by the pyramid of Histogram of Gradient (pHOG) feature extraction on the silhouette image, and a Hidden Markov Model (HMM) based classifier. Through background subtraction, the silhouette of human gait in each frame is extracted and normalized from the raw video sequence. After removing the shadow and noise in each region of interest (ROI), pHOG feature is computed on the silhouettes images. Then the pHOG features of each gait class will be used to train a corresponding HMM. In the test stage, pHOG feature will be extracted from each test sequence and used to calculate the posterior probability toward each trained HMM model. Experimental results on the CASIA Gait Dataset B1 demonstrate that with our proposed method can achieve very competitive recognition rate.
ENGAGEMENT OR FRIENDSHIP? THE PERSPECTIVE OF CUSTOMERS AND SUPPLIERS ABOUT BUSINESS RELATIONSHIPS IN THE SOFTWARE SECTOR (2010)

The customer is always in focus in the software sector, but scant research exists on procuring or developing software from a market perspective, in particular with the lens of relationship marketing. Besides concentrating on customer needs, customers and suppliers should foster relationships that promote the creation of value and competitive advantages for both parties. This paper discusses findings from in-depth interviews with 14 customer-supplier dyads in the Brazilian software sector (28 companies) that provided insights into specific attributes of relationships (commitment, trust, adaptation, cooperation, and communication) and contextual factors that may amplify or moderate those attributes (uncertainty, interdependence, and the existence of alternative suppliers). Results include the technical nature of trust, the operational focus of communications, the relevance of personal bonds, and the creation of interdependencies between partners on the basis of intangible assets.
Reparative Dentinogenesis Induced by Mineral Trioxide Aggregate: A Review from the Biological and Physicochemical Points of View (2009)

This paper aims to review the biological and physicochemical properties of mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) with respect to its ability to induce reparative dentinogenesis, which involves complex cellular and molecular events leading to hard-tissue repair by newly differentiated odontoblast-like cells. Compared with that of calcium hydroxide-based materials, MTA is more efficient at inducing reparative dentinogenesis in vivo. The available literature suggests that the action of MTA is attributable to the natural wound healing process of exposed pulps, although MTA can stimulate hard-tissue-forming cells to induce matrix formation and mineralization in vitro. Physicochemical analyses have revealed that MTA not only acts as a "calcium hydroxide-releasing" material, but also interacts with phosphate-containing fluids to form apatite precipitates. MTA also shows better sealing ability and structural stability, but less potent antimicrobial activity compared with that of calcium hydroxide. The clinical outcome of direct pulp capping and pulpotomy with MTA appears quite favorable, although the number of controled prospective studies is still limited. Attempts are being conducted to improve the properties of MTA by the addition of setting accelerators and the development of new calcium silicate-based materials.
A resource block based filtered OFDM scheme and performance comparison (2013)

Dynamic spectrum sharing is a key technique to meet the high data rate demands of future wireless systems evolving towards heterogeneous networks. To make the best use of available frequency resources without creating interference to neighbor nodes, spectrally contained and scalable waveforms are needed. While OFDM has become the most popular multicarrier modulation (MCM) scheme, it suffers from high side lobes. Filtering is a popular technique used to reduce the out-of-band emission of OFDM. However, to utilize non-contiguous spectrum fragments, filters need to be dynamically designed for each fragment, making the use of filtered OFDM challenging. On the other hand, OFDM-OQAM, a filter bank based multicarrier (FBMC) modulation, has emerged as an alternative to OFDM to offer better spectral containment and more flexibility for dynamic spectrum allocations. In this paper, we first present a novel technique, called resource block (RB) filtered OFDM (RB-F-OFDM), which divides the available spectrum fragments into chunks of contiguous subcarriers, referred to RBs, and generates and filters the signal transmitted on each RB individually. This approach has the advantage of being modular and scalable since the same transmit and receive modules are used for all RBs. Then, we compare the performance of OFDM, filtered OFDM, RB F-OFDM, and OFDM-OQAM. The simulations are performed under various adjacent channel interference (ACI) conditions. Simulation results show that OFDM-OQAM offers the best performance under channels with moderate delay spread and ACI; however, it has the undesired high latency and its signal is not backwards compatible to legacy OFDM receivers. The performance of RB F-OFDM is similar to filtered OFDM while adding support for non-contiguous spectrum, making it a viable solution for dynamic spectrum sharing systems.
The Study of Characteristics of Electrolytic Water (2006)

Electrolytic water(EW), studied in recent decades in the Japan, Russia and United State of America, have shown promise as a method of disinfection whereby low levels of free chlorine, sodium hypochlorite, or hypochlorous acid may be produced in situ in Nacl-containing solution. These methods have shown promise in destruction of microorganisms in medical, dental environment, and in the agriculture and food industry. A recently EW treatment system was evaluated for reducing scouring agent and other surfactants in the washing and scouring process of textile industry Unfortunately, there is, to my knowledge, no serious studies of the properties of EW for textile industry In order to study the characteristics of EW and confirm the possibility of applications in textile industry processes, the pH, surface activity, penetration force, surface tension, and contact angle of EW was measured under various conditions. In general terms, What all this shows is that there is fundamental difference between the properties of EW and that of distilled water.
Flexible and Highly Temperature Resistant Polynanocrystalline Zirconia Nanofibrous Membranes Designed for Air Filtration (2016)

Polynanocrystalline yttria‐stabilized zirconia ( YSZ ) nanofibrous membranes with robust flexibility and heat resistant were fabricated by a combination of electrospinning and heat‐treatment process. The morphology and crystallographic structure of YSZ nanofibrous membranes were revealed and regulated by varying polymer composition in precursor solutions, which resulting in an effective control of mechanical properties from brittleness to robust tensile strength of 5.04 MP a. In addition, the relationship between the precursor composition and grain size is deeply discussed during the calcination process. Meanwhile, an inverse Hall–Petch effect of nanocrystalline materials was displayed on the YSZ nanofibrous membranes, due to the abundantly existence of ribbons. Furthermore, the flexible YSZ nanofibrous membranes with excellent bending resistance of 400 times and heat resistance of 1473 K exhibit high filtration efficiency of 99.996% for NaCl particles in the size range 300–500 nm, which suggested them to be promising candidate for high‐temperature filtration fields including metallurgy, steel, electric power, incineration, cement industries, etc.
A Study on Utilization of Video Theodolite for Dynamic Analysis of Human Motion with Sequential Images. (1995)

The video imagery gives important information to the dynamic analysis of human motion in the field of sports training or rehabilitation. For understanding the dynamics of human motion from TV or video image sequences, however, there are two complicated subjects. One is an image processing, for example, automated recognition of human's feature points such as head, elbow, knee etc.. The second is, how to estimate camera orientation parameters in the photogrammetry.The authors analyzed the sports dynamics, e. g. Carl Lewis and Boat Rowing using TV images. In these cases, the camera orientation were achieved by utilizing special information such as goal line, course lines and buoys which marks course line. However, the camera orientation for images without any information became important subjects. If CCD camera is mounted on the theodolite, ω andκcan be acquird as a vertical and horizontal angle, and φis regarded as 0 degree because the theodolite is leveled. Furthermore, these rotation parameters can be recorded as a image data by means of superimpose. With this in mind, the authors developed the video theodolite system which consist of CCD camera, theodolite and video recorder to estimate camera rotation parameters with real time and to record image data. This paper presents the application of video theodolite system for the dynamic analysis of human motion with sequential images.
Relative contributions of chemical exchange and other relaxation mechanisms in protein solutions and tissues (1989)

Transverse relaxation times T2 of water protons were measured in 5% protein solutions and soaked rat liver in different static magnetic fields (0.15 to 11 T). Protein molecular weight varied between 1.4 and 480 kDa in solutions of varying degrees of deuteration. The data obtained are analyzed in terms of a model system consisting of three phases of different relaxation characteristics: protein protons, hydration layer water protons, and bulk water protons. The contributions to relaxation due to hydrodynamic effects on water protons, cross relaxation between the hydration layer water protons and the protein protons, and chemical exchange between the hydration layer water protons and the bulk water protons are separately estimated. The experimental results indicate that the "hydrodynamic interactions" are about the same magnitude in rat liver and all the proteins studied, but the contribution of the cross relaxation differs by several orders in different protein systems. Fast chemical exchange between the hydration layer water and the bulk water causes considerable shortening of T2 at high magnetic fields for all the protein solutions and rat tissue studied. Selected samples were studied at different temperatures (213-318 K) and with different intervals in the CPMG sequence. The rates of chemical exchange and fractional populations of different phases are determined, and the results obtained provide support for the model in which fast exchange among the different water phases is an important feature of the overall relaxation behavior.
DAS NEUE FAHRSICHERHEITSSYSTEM ELEKTRONIC STABILITY PROGRAM VON MERCEDES-BENZ (1994)

Der Beitrag behandelt das neue Fahrsicherheitssystem Electronic Stability Program ESP von Mercedes-Benz, das ab 1995 zum Einsatz kommt. Das System ist eine Weiterentwicklung von ABS, ETS und ASR. Dafuer wurden die bekannten Komponenten Hydraulik, Raddrehzahlsensoren und Steuergeraete weiterentwickelt und um den Drehgeschwindigkeits- und den Drucksensor ergaenzt. Nach Bestaetigung des Stabilisierungspotentials durch den Fahrversuch wurde gemeinsam mit der Firma Bosch der Beschluss gefasst, ESP zu entwickeln und 1995 am Markt einzufuehren. Ziele dabei sind die weitere Steigerung der Fahrstabilitaet bei allen Fahrzustaenden bis in den Grenzbereich, eine hohe Integrationsdichte der Hard- und Software mit entsprechender Einsparung an Gewicht, Kosten und Entwicklungskosten. Titel in Englisch: Electronic Stability Program - the new active safety system of Mercedes-Benz.
Ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase activity associated with the 26 S protease complex. (1993)

In the ubiquitin (Ub) system for protein degradation, proteins ligated to Ub are degraded by an ATP-dependent 26 S protease complex. During or after proteolysis, free Ub is regenerated, but the mechanisms of Ub release remained unknown. It was previously observed that free Ub is released from a Ub-histone conjugate by an ATP-dependent activity present in partially purified preparations of 26 S complex, but the relationship of this activity to protein breakdown was not established. We now show that purified preparations of 26 S complex release free Ub from conjugates that are good substrates for proteolysis, such as conjugates of lysozyme with reductively methylated Ub. The activity that releases free Ub co-migrates with the 26 S protease complex in glycerol density gradient centrifugation, indicating that the responsible Ub C-terminal hydrolase is an integral part of the 26 S complex. Complex-associated hydrolase can also act on adducts in which a single Ub unit is attached to protein, such as a bacterially expressed construct in which the C terminus of Ub is fused to the alpha-NH2 group of a fragment of Ub that contains 60% of its N-terminal region. In all cases, Ub release is insensitive to Ub-aldehyde (an inhibitor of some Ub C-terminal hydrolases) and is stimulated by MgATP. ATP cannot be replaced by beta, gamma-nonhydrolyzable analogs, but it can be substituted by CTP and GTP. The nucleotide specificity of Ub release by the 26 S complex is similar to that observed previously for conjugate proteolysis and nucleotide hydrolysis. It thus seems that the activity of the Ub C-terminal hydrolase associated with the 26 S complex is tightly coupled to the proteolytic action of the complex, and it may have a role in the release of Ub from linkage to amino groups of the protein substrate at the final stages of the Ub proteolytic pathway.
N-linked glycosylation of native and recombinant cauliflower xyloglucan endotransglycosylase 16A (2003)

The gene encoding a XET (xyloglucan endotransglycosylase) from cauliflower ( Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ) florets has been cloned and sequenced. Sequence analysis indicated a high degree of similarity to other XET enzymes belonging to glycosyl hydrolase family 16 (GH16). In addition to the conserved GH16 catalytic sequence motif EIDFE, there exists one potential N-linked glycosylation site, which is also highly conserved in XET enzymes from this family. Purification of the corresponding protein from extracts of cauliflower florets allowed the fractionation of a single, pure glycoform, which was analysed by MS techniques. Accurate protein mass determination following the enzymic deglycosylation of this glycoform indicated the presence of a high-mannose-type glycan of the general structure GlcNAc2Man6. LC/MS and MS/MS (tandem MS) analysis provided supporting evidence for this structure and confirmed that the glycosylation site (underlined) was situated close to the predicted catalytic residues in the conserved sequence YLSSTNNEHDEIDFEFLGNRTGQPVILQTNVFTGGK. Heterologous expression in Pichia pastoris produced a range of protein glycoforms, which were, on average, more highly mannosylated than the purified native enzyme. This difference in glycosylation did not influence the apparent enzymic activity of the enzyme significantly. However, the removal of high-mannose glycosylation in recombinant cauliflower XET by endoglycosidase H, quantified by electrospray-ionization MS, caused a 40% decrease in the transglycosylation activity of the enzyme. No hydrolytic activity was detected in native or heterologously expressed BobXET16A, even when almost completely deglycosylated.
Radiation Dose Associated With Common Computed Tomography Examinations and the Associated Lifetime Attributable Risk of Cancer (2009)

Radiation doses from commonly performed diagnostic CT examinations are higher and more variable than generally quoted, highlighting the need for greater standardization across institutions.
Size-Sensitive Perceptual Representations Underlie Visual and Haptic Object Recognition (2009)

A variety of similarities between visual and haptic object recognition suggests that the two modalities may share common representations. However, it is unclear whether such common representations preserve low-level perceptual features or whether transfer between vision and haptics is mediated by high-level, abstract representations. Two experiments used a sequential shape-matching task to examine the effects of size changes on unimodal and crossmodal visual and haptic object recognition. Participants felt or saw 3D plastic models of familiar objects. The two objects presented on a trial were either the same size or different sizes and were the same shape or different but similar shapes. Participants were told to ignore size changes and to match on shape alone. In Experiment 1, size changes on same-shape trials impaired performance similarly for both visual-to-visual and haptic-to-haptic shape matching. In Experiment 2, size changes impaired performance on both visual-to-haptic and haptic-to-visual shape matching and there was no interaction between the cost of size changes and direction of transfer. Together the unimodal and crossmodal matching results suggest that the same, size-specific perceptual representations underlie both visual and haptic object recognition, and indicate that crossmodal memory for objects must be at least partly based on common perceptual representations.
Synthesis of Highly Cross-Linked Polymers in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide by Heterogeneous Polymerization (1999)

This paper reports the synthesis of highly cross-linked polymers in supercritical CO2 (scCO2), both with and without the addition of a CO2-soluble diblock copolymer stabilizer. It was demonstrated that, under certain specific conditions, relatively uniform, nonporous poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) microspheres (1−5 μm diameter) can be generated in the absence of added stabilizers. The effects of cross-linker ratio, monomer concentration, cross-linker structure, and mechanical agitation were investigated. A CO2-soluble diblock copolymer stabilizer was synthesized using a modified screened anionic polymerization (SAP) method. In the presence of this stabilizer (3% w/w), much smaller PDVB microspheres (<0.5 μm diameter) were formed, and it was shown that the particle size and particle size distribution were strongly dependent on the stabilizer concentration. A range of cross-linked terpolymers containing reactive or surface-active functional groups was generated by heterogeneous copolymerization in scCO2. Finally, these methods were extended to the synthesis of functional cross-linked microspheres containing an organic dye as a host molecule.