gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Production of Pure Tantalum by Carbon-Reduction Smelting and Hydrogen Plasma-Arc Melting with Refining (1990)

The plasma-arc melting process has reacently been noted for the refining and degassing of several metals, by applying hydrogen to the plasma-generating gas.In this work, deoxidation and decarburization of crude tantalum, prepared by carbon-reduction smelting of Ta2O5 with Ar plasma-arc heating, has been investigated by using H2–Ar plasma-arc melting under 0.1 MPa. Also, the possibilities and conditions for winning high purity and ductile tantalum metal has been examined.The oxygen and carbon contents in tantalum by carbon-reduction smelting were dependent on the carbon mixing-mole ratio to Ta2O5, the product of (%O) and (%C) being nearly constant. Therefore, the ratio of carbon/oxygen in tantalum is able to be adjusted by the selection of a suitable C/Ta2O5 ratio, for the following refining process.At the subsequent stage of H2–Ar plasma-arc melting, oxygen in tantalum was quickly liberated but carbon was scarcely removed. As a result, ductile tantalum whose sum of oxygen and carbon was less than 100 mass ppm could be produced by the excellent deoxidation effect of H2–Ar plasma-arc melting for a high oxygen- and low carbon-bearing tantalum. Since the deoxidation rate increased in proportion to the about 1/2th power of hydrogen composition of the plasma gas, deoxidation may be caused by dissociated and activated hydrogen atoms. Consequently. the evaporation of tantalum suboxide and tantalum, known in high vacuum melting, was so small in this stage that it was made possible to considerably reduce the loss of tantalum.
Les récepteurs centraux de la séroronine (1993)

La serotonine (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) est un neurotransmetteur intervenant dans le controle de nombreuses fonctions cerebrales: cycles veille/sommeil, thermoregulation, comportement de faim/satiete, comportement sexuel, nociception, etc. De plus, des desordres neuropsychiatriques tels que les depressions, les demences et l'anxiete sont associes a des anomalies fonctionnelles des neurones serotoninergiques. Cette diversite de fonctions de la 5-HT est tres probablement en rapport avec la multiplicite de ses recepteurs (au moins dix), certains d'entre eux etant couples a plusieurs systemes effecteurs
Initialization of the Kalman filter without assumptions on the initial state (2011)

In absence of covariance data, Kalman filters are usually initialized by guessing the initial state. Making the variance of the initial state estimate large makes sure that the estimate converges quickly and that the influence of the initial guess soon will be negligible. If, however, only very few measurements are available during the estimation process and an estimate is wanted as soon as possible, this might not be enough. This paper presents a method to initialize the Kalman filter without any knowledge about the distribution of the initial state and without making any guesses.
A Framework for Name Placement Problem Solving in GIS (1999)

A map is a medium of communication that uses graphical symbols to represent geographical features and their relationships. One important part and a key factor in a map&apos;s ultimate effectiveness as a communication medium is the labeling of the feature, referred as name placement. This paper is concerned with the matter of name placement problem. Authors present general formulation and constraints and briefly overview the history of the problem. Complexity of the name placement is noted, which lead to a use the system approach to achieve map&apos;s effectiveness. This work is an attempt to summarize recent research and construct a framework for solve problem at different levels of system using classification, geodata modelling, generalization, computational geometry algorithms, range indexing and query optimization, rules methodology, evolutionary algorithms. 1. Introduction An efficient interactive work with electronic map depends on different parameters of GIS functionality...
Suppressing the P2–O2 Phase Transition of Na<sub>0.67</sub>Mn<sub>0.67</sub>Ni<sub>0.33</sub>O<sub>2</sub> by Magnesium Substitution for Improved Sodium‐Ion Batteries (2016)

Room-temperature sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) have shown great promise in grid-scale energy storage, portable electronics, and electric vehicles because of the abundance of low-cost sodium. Sodium-based layered oxides with a P2-type layered framework have been considered as one of the most promising cathode materials for SIBs. However, they suffer from the undesired P2-O2 phase transition, which leads to rapid capacity decay and limited reversible capacities. Herein, we show that this problem can be significantly mitigated by substituting some of the nickel ions with magnesium to obtain Na0.67 Mn0.67 Ni0.33-x Mgx O2 (0≤x≤0.33). Both the reversible capacity and the capacity retention of the P2-type cathode material were remarkably improved as the P2-O2 phase transition was thus suppressed during cycling. This strategy might also be applicable to the modulation of the physical and chemical properties of layered oxides and provides new insight into the rational design of high-capacity and highly stable cathode materials for SIBs.
Basket-Sensitive Personalized Item Recommendation (2017)

Personalized item recommendation is useful in narrowing down the list of options provided to a user. In this paper, we address the problem scenario where the user is currently holding a basket of items, and the task is to recommend an item to be added to the basket. Here, we assume that items currently in a basket share some association based on an underlying latent need, e.g., ingredients to prepare some dish, spare parts of some device. Thus, it is important that a recommended item is relevant not only to the user, but also to the existing items in the basket. Towards this goal, we propose two approaches. First, we explore a factorization-based model called BFM that incorporates various types of associations involving the user, the target item to be recommended, and the items currently in the basket. Second, based on our observation that various recommendations towards constructing the same basket should have similar likelihoods, we propose another model called CBFM that further incorporates basket-level constraints. Experiments on three real-life datasets from different domains empirically validate these models against baselines based on matrix factorization and association rules.
Versatile Solid Phase Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticle Dimers Using an Asymmetric Functionalization Approach (2007)

Metal nanoparticles have received great attention due to their unique optical properties and wide range of applicability. In this context, controlling the particle−particle interaction is a major challenge to generate programmable assembly of nanoparticles for application in device fabrication and detection systems. In this communication, we report a versatile solid phase synthesis of gold nanoparticle dimers using commercially available organic reagents in an asymmetric functionalization approach. The method provides the opportunity to synthesize gold nanoparticle dimers for a wide size range. In addition, dimers consisting of two particles of different sizes also were prepared. The yield of the dimers varies from ∼30 to ∼65%, depending on the particle sizes. The process could be generalized to fabricate metal−semiconductor conjugates and to control interparticle spacing by changing the chain lengths of the linker molecules.
Re: Pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases (2007)

Re: Pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases SIR, In their review of pulmonary arterial hypertension in connective tissue diseases, Kahler and Colleselli [1] discuss the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic tools and treatment options of this disease.However, in their first table, there seems to be confusion between the terms 'pulmonary arterial hypertension' and 'pulmonary hypertension'.The revised World Health Organization classification of pulmonary hypertension [2, 3], is based upon the underlying pathophysiological processes involving the pulmonary blood vessels.Five classes are distinguished (Table 1).In the first 'class, referred to as pulmonary arterial hypertension, the pulmonary arteries are the real site of pathology (hence the name of pulmonary arterial hypertension).The second class comprises those forms of pulmonary hypertension that afflict the veins and is hence called pulmonary venous hypertension.The third and fourth class consist of forms of pulmonary hypertension associated, respectively, with hypoxic lung disease and thromboembolic disease.The fifth class includes other rare causes of pulmonary hypertension and is referred to as the 'miscellaneous' class.So, in contrast to the terminology applied by Kahler and Colleselli in their first table (in which also class 2, 3 and 4 are referred to as pulmonary arterial hypertension), only the first class can truly be referred to as pulmonary arterial hypertension.For the clinician, it is important to realize that not all forms of pulmonary hypertension do represent pulmonary arterial hypertension.This distinction has also therapeutical consequences.Indeed, some drugs can be used to treat pulmonary arterial hypertension (e.g.vasodilators like calcium antagonists; prostaglandins; endothelin receptor antagonists), but not to treat the other forms of pulmonary hypertension.To illustrate this, vasodilator therapy, which may be helpful for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (class 1), could actually worsen the hypoxaemia in patients with class 3 pulmonary hypertension.Similarly, the non-appropriate use of vasodilators in patient with pulmonary venous hypertension (class 2) may actually increase signs of left heart failure.
Wrinkled, rippled and crumpled graphene: an overview of formation mechanism, electronic properties, and applications (2015)

Distinctive from their 1D and 0D counterparts, 2D nanomaterials (2DNs) exhibit surface corrugations\n(wrinkles and ripples) and crumples. Thermal vibrations, edge instabilities, thermodynamically\nunstable (interatomic) interactions, strain in 2D crystals, thermal contraction, dislocations, solvent\ntrapping, pre-strained substrate-relaxation, surface anchorage and high solvent surface tension during\ntransfer cause wrinkles or ripples to form on graphene. These corrugations on graphene can modify its\nelectronic structure, create polarized carrier puddles, induce pseudomagnetic field in bilayers and alter\nsurface properties. This review outlines the different mechanisms of wrinkle, ripple and crumple\nformation, and the interplay between wrinkles’ and ripples’ attributes (wavelength/width, amplitude/\nheight, length/size, and bending radius) and graphene’s electronic properties and other mechanical,\noptical, surface, and chemical properties. Also included are brief discussions on corrugation-induced\nreversible wettability and transmittance in graphene, modulation of its chemical potential, enhanced\nenergy storage and strain sensing via relaxation of corrugations. Finally, the review summarizes the\nfuture areas of research for 2D corrugations and crumples.
Degradation of the oxirane ring of epoxidized vegetable oils in liquid-liquid systems: II. Reactivity with solvated acetic and peracetic acids (2005)

The impact of the main process variables (agitation, pH, temperature, concentration levels) on the degradation of the oxirane ring of epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) by attack by solvated acetic and peracetic acids in two-phase (polar- organic) systems when a homogeneous acid catalyst is used, is analyzed in detail. The first degradation reaction is first order with respect to the epoxide concentration and second order with respect to the solvated acetic acid (kAA(70oC) = 4.27 r 0.12 u 10 -5 l 2 mol -2 min -1 ; EaAA = 12.9 r 0.64 kcal mol -1 ). The degradation increases notoriusly the lower the pH of the reacting media is; the increase is directly proportional to the concentration of protons, as is usually found in homogeneous catalysis (for very low pHs the reaction is almost instantaneous). Likewise, the degradation reaction with peracetic acid is first order with respect to the epoxide (kPAA(70oC) = 4.31 u 10 -4 l
Deep eutectic solvents as a new class of draw agent to enrich low abundance DNA and proteins using forward osmosis (2015)

The present study explores the osmotic energy potentials of deep eutectic solvents as an efficient and sustainable alternative energy source for protein and DNA enrichment using forward osmosis (FO).
Efficient VLSI implementation of soft-input soft-output fixed-complexity sphere decoder (2012)

Fixed-complexity sphere decoder (FSD) is one of the most promising techniques for the implementation of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) detection, with relevant advantages in terms of constant throughput and high flexibility of parallel architecture. The reported works on FSD are mainly based on software level simulations and a few details have been provided on hardware implementation. The authors present the study based on a four-nodes-per-cycle parallel FSD architecture with several examples of VLSI implementation in 4×4 systems with both 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and 64-QAM modulation and both real and complex signal models. The implementation aspects and details of the architecture are analysed in order to provide a variety of performance-complexity trade-offs. The authors also provide a parallel implementation of log-likelihood-ratio (LLR) generator with optimised algorithm to enhance the proposed FSD architecture to be a soft-input soft-output (SISO) MIMO detector. To the authors best knowledge, this is the first complete VLSI implementation of an FSD based SISO MIMO detector. The implementation results show that the proposed SISO FSD architecture is highly efficient and flexible, making it very suitable for real applications.
Use of an artificial neural network to determine prognostic factors in colorectal cancer patients. (2011)

This study showed that ANN model is a more powerful tool in survival prediction and influential factors of the CRC patients compared to the Cox regression model. Therefore, this model is recommended for predicting and determining of risk factors of these patients.
Stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques: an update (2013)

The majority of coronary thrombi ( 75%) is caused by plaque rupture. Prototype of the rupture-prone plaque contains a large, soft, lipid-rich necrotic core with a thin and inflamed fibrous cap, so-called thin-cap fibroatheroma (TCFA) (Figure Other common features include expansive remodelling, large plaque size, plaque haemorrhage, neovascularization, adventitial inflammation, and 'spotty' calcifications. Thin-cap fibroatheroma caps are usually ,65 mm thick. Figure No distinct morphological features have been identified for the erosion-prone plaques, but they are usually rarely associated with expansive remodelling, scarcely calcified, and contain only limited inflammation. 2,5
Permittivity measurements and associated uncertainties up to 110 GHz in circular-disk resonator method (2016)

We have measured the complex permittivity of plate samples and evaluated those uncertainties up to 110 GHz by using a balanced-type circular-disk resonator. By an electromagnetic excitation in the center from coaxial lines, only the TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0m0</sub> modes are selectively excited, so broadband measurements from 5 to 110 GHz can be performed by a single resonator by utilizing higher order modes. We have evaluated measurement uncertainties by rigorously considering the uncertainty propagations of measured S-parameters and dimensions. The obtained results are compared with those obtained by the split-cylinder resonator method, and they agree rather well with each other within the ranges of uncertainties.
Carbonate petrophysical rock typing: integrating geological attributes and petrophysical properties while linking with dynamic behaviour (2014)

Abstract Carbonate rock typing provides a vehicle to propagate petrophysical properties through association with geological attributes and, therefore, is critical for distributing reservoir properties, such as permeability and water saturation, in the reservoir model. The conventional approaches to rock typing have significant gaps in incorporating diagenetic processes, transferring rock types from core to log domain, accounting for fractures and using appropriate methodology to realistically distribute rock types in the static reservoir model. The workflow proposed in this paper addresses these issues in a comprehensive way by determination of petrophysical rock types (PRTs), which control static properties and dynamic behaviour of the reservoir, while optimally linking to geological attributes (depositional and diagenetic) and their spatial interrelationships and trends. This approach is novel for the fact that it: (1) integrates geological processes, petrophysics and Earth modelling aspects of rock typing; (2) integrates core and log scales; and (3) provides a flexible ‘road map’ from core to 3D model for variable data scenarios that can be updated with progressive changes in data quality and quantity during the life cycle of an asset. This paper introduces the rationale behind this workflow, and demonstrates its workings and agility through deployment in two large carbonate fields.
A design methodology for a low power bang-bang all digital PLL based on digital loop filter programmable coefficients (2011)

The implementation of bang-bang all digital phase locked loop (BBADPLL) in frequency synthesizer has proven a reduction in the power and, area. This reduction results from eliminating the need for complex, power, and area hungry blocks, such as an analog to digital converter (ADC) or a time to digital converter (TDC). These blocks are typically used to convert the average analog output to digital bits for the digital controlled oscillator (DCO). However, the non-linearity of the BBADPLL makes the traditional Laplace transform used in modeling the PLL invalid. Hence, there are serious design challenges in managing the tradeoffs between tracking bandwidth, jitter, and lock time. In this paper, a new design methodology that adjusts the digital loop filter (DLF) coefficients according to the digital controlled oscillator (DCO) frequency step is presented. The DLF coefficients are used to control the closed loop dynamics of the PLL. Useful expressions that model the DLF are presented for the design and optimization of the programmable DLF coefficients.
Cloud Thermodynamic-Phase Determination From Near-Infrared Spectra of Reflected Sunlight (2002)

A simple method for the determination of the thermodynamic phase of clouds over ocean from near-infrared spectra of reflected sunlight is presented. The method is based on thresholding the parameter S1.67 (in percent), which is defined as the ratio of the difference between the spectral reflectivities at 1.70 and 1.64 μm to the reflectivity at 1.64 μm. Radiative transfer calculations for different cloudy atmospheres over ocean are presented to show that S1.67 ≈ 0 for water clouds and S1.67 > 0 for ice clouds and mixed-phase clouds. It is shown that S1.67 is sensitive to the presence of ice particles in clouds, and depends primarily on ice-cloud optical thickness and crystal size. The method is relatively independent of viewing and solar geometry because it is based on spectral absorption properties rather than scattering properties of clouds. The method is thoroughly analyzed using near-infrared reflectivity spectra made by the Airborne Visible and Infrared Imaging Spectrometer (AVIRIS) over a well-defined cloud system of stratocumulus and cirrus situated over the Pacific Ocean. The location of water and ice clouds, derived from pilot information and from visual interpretation of the 0.87-μm (atmospheric window) and 1.38-μm (water vapor absorption band) images, is well reproduced by thresholding S1.67 according to the following scheme: S1.67 ≤ 2%, water cloud; 2% < S1.67 < 10%, optically thin ice cloud; and S1.67 ≥ 10%, optically thick ice cloud. On the basis of radiative transfer calculations it is shown that the method may lead to misclassifications in cases where optically thin clouds are present over snow. It is suggested that this also applies to minerals, rocks, and (dry) soils. On the other hand, it is shown that there is no fundamental difference between S1.67 cloud-phase determination over ocean and green vegetation. It is therefore expected that the method is suitable for application to measurements made over large parts of the globe by spaceborne spectrometers, which are able to identify the shape of the reflectivity spectrum around 1.67 μm, such as the Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), which is scheduled for launch on the European Space Agency's (ESA) Environmental Satellite (ENVISAT) in 2002.
Dynamically Adjusting the Mining Capacity in Cryptocurrency with Binary Blockchain (2018)

Many cryptocurrencies rely on Blockchain for its operation. Blockchain serves as a public ledger where all the completed transactions can be looked up. To place transactions in the Blockchain, a mining operation must be performed. However, due to a limited mining capacity, the transaction confirmation time is increasing. To mitigate this problem many ideas have been proposed, but they all come with own challenges. We propose a novel parallel mining method that can adjust the mining capacity dynamically depending on the congestion level. It does not require an increase in the block size or a reduction of the block confirmation time. The proposed scheme can increase the number of parallel blockchains when the mining congestion is experienced, which is especially effective under DDoS attack situation. We describe how and when the Blockchain is split or merged, how to solve the imbalanced mining problem, and how to adjust the difficulty levels and rewards. We then show the simulation results comparing the performance of binary blockchain and the traditional single blockchain.
Molecular cloning of the F8 fimbrial antigen from Escherichia coli (1986)

The genetic determinant coding for the Pspecific F8 fimbriae was cloned from the chromosome of the Escherichia coli wild-type strain 2980 (O18 : K5 : H5 : F1C, F8).The F8 determinant was further subcloned into the PstI site of pBR322 and a restriction map was established.In a Southern hybridization experiment identity between the chromosomally encoded F8 determinant of 2980 and its cloned counterpart was demonstrated.The cloned F8 fimbriae and those of the wild type strain consist of a protein subunit of nearly 20 kDa.F8 fimbriated strains were agglutinated by an F8 polyclonal antiserum, caused mannose-resistant hemagglutination and attached to human uroepithelial cells.The cloned F8 determinant was well expressed in a variety of host strains.
논문 : 불포화토에서 흙의 구조가 흙-함수특성에 미치는 영향 (2012)

본 연구에서는 토립자의 입경과 입도분포가 불포화토의 흙-수분특성에 미치는 영향을 검토하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 축이동기법이 적용된 시험장치를 이용하여 현장에서 채취한 새만금실트에 대해 함수특성시험을 실시하였다. 비교를 위해 주문진 표준사에 대해서도 시험을 실시하였다. 시험으로부터 측정된 모관흡수력과 체적함수비를 토대로 van Genuchten 모델에 대한 흙-함수특성곡선을 추정하였다. 추정된 함수특성곡선의 비교분석결과 포화체적함수비, 잔류체적함수비 그리고 공기함입치 모두 모래보다 실트에서 더 높게 나타났으며, van Genuchten 모델의 계수, 모두 실트보다 모래에서 더 크게 나타났다. 이는 불포화토의 흙-함수특성곡선은 흙의 구조적 특성(간극크기, 형태, 분포)과 밀접한 관계를 가지며 상대적으로 입경이 크고 입도분포가 불량한(다시 말해, 간극크기가 크고 간극분포가 균등한) 조립토일수록 포화체적함수비, 잔류체적함수비, 그리고 공기함입치가 작고, 모관흡수력 변화에 따른 체적함수비의 변화율이 크며, 따라서 전이 영역의 범위가 좁게 나타나는 경향이 있다는 것을 보여준다.