gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Service load balancing in fog-based 5G radio access networks (2017)

Fog-based radio access networks (F-RAN) are poised to play a significant role in future 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> generation (5G) cellular networks by harnessing the distributed resources of collaborative edge devices to deliver localized RAN services to the end-users. Through ingestion and processing of end-user tasks close to their sources, F-RAN has potential to meet the stringent latency and bandwidth requirements of 5G services and applications. Due to the multitude of edge devices with different resource capacities that can be selected by the fog access point (FAP) as service nodes to process an end-user task, an important issue is deciding which service node(s) should be assigned to process what tasks from endusers in the F-RAN. The tasks here refer to user processing tasks that would have normally performed by the FAP or remotely by the cloud. In this paper, we introduce the concept of virtual FAPs (v-FAPs) formed by a number of local devices such as WiFi access points, femtocell basestations and the more resource-rich end-user devices under the coverage and management of the FAP. This paper focuses on addressing the task assignment problem by proposing a service load balancing algorithm for the v-FAPs. We model the user tasks as a task graph and the service nodes as an edgeless service graph. We then formulate an optimization problem to find the optimal assignment of tasks with the objective of balancing loads at the service nodes.
Propagation of granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. from human and equine sources in HL-60 cells induced to differentiate into functional granulocytes (1997)

Ehrlichia spp. from human and equine sources in the northeastern Unites States were detected by PCR, isolated, and propagated in the HL-60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Growth of Ehrlichia from both equine and human sources was enhanced by addition of retinoic acid, which causes granulocytic differentiation of the HL-60 cells. DNA sequencing of a portion of the 16S rDNA gene supported the hypothesis that the same pathogen was responsible for both equine and human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.
Common lipopolysaccharide specificity: new type of antigen residing in the inner core region of S- and R-form lipopolysaccharides from different families of gram-negative bacteria (1983)

A new antigenic specificity, referred to here as common lipopolysaccharide (LPS) specificity, is described in the LPSs of gram-negative bacteria belonging to various families. The specificity is present in S- and R-form LPS but absent in Re mutants of different enterobacterial genera. By the use of purified LPS and monospecific antibodies obtained by immunoabsorption, the specificity is differentiated from the known core specificities of the genus Salmonella and the lipid A specificity by aid of the passive hemolysis and passive hemolysis inhibition test. In Salmonella minnesota R-form LPS, the specificity may be cryptic (R345, Rb2 mutant) or partly exposed in the intact molecule (R7, Rd1 mutant). The specificity is either demasked or completely exposed after mild acid hydrolysis for a short time, whereas it is destroyed after prolonged hydrolysis. Periodate oxidation, reduction, and hydrolysis under conditions that do not affect the ketosidic linkages of 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid destroy the specificity in R4 (Rd2 mutant) LPS, but do not do so in R7 LPS. It is suggested that 2-keto-3-deoxyoctulosonic acid and a following neutral sugar are the compositional requirements for expressing the specificity.
Estimating equivalent dipole polarizabilities for the inductive response of isolated conductive bodies (2004)

Away from a conductive body, secondary magnetic fields due to currents induced in the body by a time-varying external magnetic field are approximated by (equivalent) magnetic dipole fields. Approximating the external magnetic field by its value at the location of the equivalent magnetic dipoles, the equivalent magnetic dipoles' strengths are linearly proportional to the external magnetic field, for a given time dependence of external magnetic field, and are given by the equivalent dipole polarizability matrix. The polarizability matrix and its associated equivalent dipole location are estimated from magnetic field measurements made with at least three linearly independent polarizations of external magnetic fields at the body. Uncertainties in the polarizability matrix elements and its equivalent dipole location are obtained from analysis of a linearized inversion for polarizability and dipole location. Polarizability matrix uncertainties are independent of the scale of the polarizability matrix. Dipole location uncertainties scale inversely with the scale of the polarizability matrix. Uncertainties in principal polarizabilities and directions are obtained from the sensitivities of eigenvectors and eigenvalues to perturbations of a symmetric matrix. In application to synthetic data from a magnetic conducting sphere and to synthetic data from an axially symmetric elliptic conducting body, the estimated polarizability matrices, equivalent dipole locations, and principal polarizabilities and directions are consistent with their estimated uncertainties.
Return of the Trojan horse: intracellular phenotype switching and immune evasion by <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (2011)

Abstract Staphylococcus aureus small colony variants (SCVs), which are characterized by slow growth and a range of morphological and metabolic changes including altered antibiotic resistance profiles, have been studied for several decades. This Closeup highlights findings described in this issue of EMBO Molecular Medicine by Tuchscherr et al ( 2011 ), who present strong evidence that SCVs can arise in chronic infection models when S. aureus is internalized in non‐professional phagocytes and survives intracellularly. As the intracellular residency time increases, the proportion of SCVs grows and the host cell inflammatory response diminishes. The study suggests that this mode of phenotype switching is an essential feature of the S. aureus infection process and can explain an underlying cause of chronic and relapsing infections. See related article in EMBO Mol Med (Tuchscherr et al (2011) EMBO Mol Med 3: 129‐141 )
Peak Endocardial Acceleration‐Based Clinical Testing of the “BEST” DDDR Pacemaker (1998)

The peak endocardial acceleration (PEA, unit g) shows a near correlation with myocardial contractility during the isometric systolic contraction of the heart (dP/dtmax), with sympathetic activity and, thus, with physiological heart rate modulation. The (Biomechanical Endocardial Sorin Transducer (BEST) sensor is incorporated in the tip of a pacing lead and measures PEA directly near the myocardium. In an international study, the lead was implanted with the dual chamber pacemaker Living-1 (Sorin) in 105 patients. The behavior of the PEA signal was tested under conditions of physical and mental stress and during daily life activities by 24-hour recordings of PEA (PEA Holter) at 1 to 2 months and approximately 1 year after implantation. Implantation of the BEST lead was performed without complications in all patients. The sensor functioned properly in the short- and long-term in 98% of patients. Although PEA values differed from patient to patient, the values closely reflected the variations in sympathetic activity due to physical and mental stress in each patient. During exercise and during daily life activities a close correlation between PEA and heart rate was observed among patients with normal sinus rhythm. Peak endocardial acceleration allows a nearly physiological control of the pacing rate.
Passive magnetic shielding in MRI-Linac systems (2018)

Passive magnetic shielding refers to the use of ferromagnetic materials to redirect magnetic field lines away from vulnerable regions. An application of particular interest to the medical physics community is shielding in MRI systems, especially integrated MRI-linear accelerator (MRI-Linac) systems. In these systems, the goal is not only to minimize the magnetic field in some volume, but also to minimize the impact of the shield on the magnetic fields within the imaging volume of the MRI scanner. In this work, finite element modelling was used to assess the shielding of a side coupled 6 MV linac and resultant heterogeneity induced within the 30 cm diameter of spherical volume (DSV) of a novel 1 Tesla split bore MRI magnet. A number of different shield parameters were investigated; distance between shield and magnet, shield shape, shield thickness, shield length, openings in the shield, number of concentric layers, spacing between each layer, and shield material. Both the in-line and perpendicular MRI-Linac configurations were studied. By modifying the shield shape around the linac from the starting design of an open ended cylinder, the shielding effect was boosted by approximately 70% whilst the impact on the magnet was simultaneously reduced by approximately 10%. Openings in the shield for the RF port and beam exit were substantial sources of field leakage; however it was demonstrated that shielding could be added around these openings to compensate for this leakage. Layering multiple concentric shield shells was highly effective in the perpendicular configuration, but less so for the in-line configuration. Cautious use of high permeability materials such as Mu-metal can greatly increase the shielding performance in some scenarios. In the perpendicular configuration, magnetic shielding was more effective and the impact on the magnet lower compared with the in-line configuration.
Subgroup discovery in data sets with multi-dimensional responses (2011)

Most of the present subgroup discovery approaches aim at finding subsets of attribute-value data with unusual distribution of a single output variable. In general, real-life problems may be described with richer, multi-dimensional descriptions of the
A Simple, Positive Semi-Definite, Heteroskedasticity and AutocorrelationConsistent Covariance Matrix (1986)

This paper describes a simple method of calculating a heteroskedasticity and autocorrelation consistent covariance matrix that is positive semi-definite by construction. It also establishes consistency of the estimated covariance matrix under fairly general conditions.
An EM algorithm for wavelet-based image restoration (2003)

This paper introduces an expectation-maximization (EM) algorithm for image restoration (deconvolution) based on a penalized likelihood formulated in the wavelet domain. Regularization is achieved by promoting a reconstruction with low-complexity, expressed in the wavelet coefficients, taking advantage of the well known sparsity of wavelet representations. Previous works have investigated wavelet-based restoration but, except for certain special cases, the resulting criteria are solved approximately or require demanding optimization methods. The EM algorithm herein proposed combines the efficient image representation offered by the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) with the diagonalization of the convolution operator obtained in the Fourier domain. Thus, it is a general-purpose approach to wavelet-based image restoration with computational complexity comparable to that of standard wavelet denoising schemes or of frequency domain deconvolution methods. The algorithm alternates between an E-step based on the fast Fourier transform (FFT) and a DWT-based M-step, resulting in an efficient iterative process requiring O(N log N) operations per iteration. The convergence behavior of the algorithm is investigated, and it is shown that under mild conditions the algorithm converges to a globally optimal restoration. Moreover, our new approach performs competitively with, in some cases better than, the best existing methods in benchmark tests.
A systematic exfoliation technique for isolating large and pristine samples of 2D materials (2015)

The device conceptualization and proof-of-concept testing of two-dimensional (2D) materials are performed with their pristine forms that are obtained through the micromechanical cleaving of bulk natural crystals, i.e., the so-called Scotch tape method. However, obtaining large 2D sheets is very difficult and time consuming. We developed a systematic exfoliation technique for producing sub-millimeter-sized (the largest lateral dimension ever reported) pristine 2D sheets with high throughput. It requires the treatment of both the bulk crystal and receiving substrate. Contrary to the conventional Scotch tape technique that involves the repeated folding and unfolding of an adhesive tape, the flake is stamped onto an adhesive tape to preserve the lateral size of the bulk crystal, to improve the surface flatness, and to reduce the amount of residue on the surface of the samples. When applied to graphene, the method produced monolayer and few layer graphene samples that were several hundreds of microns in length. Surprisingly, the biggest monolayer graphene sample of 367 μm in length was easily produced. The technique was also applied to produce pristine MoS2 and phosphorene sheets of about 45 μm and 95 μm in length, respectively.
Self-recognition in helicate self-assembly: spontaneous formation of helical metal complexes from mixtures of ligands and metal ions. (1993)

On treatment with copper(I) ions, mixtures of the [oligo(2,2')-bipyridine] strands 2-5 yield spontaneously the double helicates 2H(2)-2H(5) without significant crossover. Similarly, when a mixture of the two tris-bypyridine ligands 1 and 3a (containing different substitutions) is allowed to react with copper(I) and nickel(II) ions, only the double helicate 2H(3a) and the triple helicate 3H(1) are formed. Thus, these systems undergo self-assembly of helicates with self-recognition. The process represents a self/nonself-discrimination involving the preferential binding of like metal ions by like ligand strands in a mixture to selectively assemble into the corresponding helicates. In a broader perspective, these results point to a change in paradigm from pure compounds to instructed mixtures--that is from seeking chemical purity to designing programmed systems composed of mixtures of instructed components capable of spontaneously forming well--defined superstructures through self-processes.
Characterization of Bioactive Recombinant Human Lysozyme Expressed in Milk of Cloned Transgenic Cattle (2011)

Thus, our study not only describes transgenic cattle whose milk offers the similar nutritional benefits as human milk but also reports techniques that could be further refined for production of active human lysozyme on a large scale.
Space-time processing and equalization for wireless communications (1999)

In this thesis several aspects of space-time processing and equalization for wire-less communications are treated. We discuss several different methods of improving estimates of space-time channels ...
Analysis on Low Temperature Cold Starting Performance of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Ultra-Capacitor (2010)

Assessment test on low temperature cold starting performance of Parallel Hybrid Electric Vehicle (PHEV) with ultra-capacitor was carried out in the testing environmental warehouse which can provide constant temperature from -20°C to 0°C. The study focused on: hardware performance of multi-energy management system (MEMS), output torque of Integrated Starter and Generator (ISG) when it was in electric or power generation state, the voltage and current characteristic of its bus bar and the voltage dropping characteristics of ultra-capacitor during charging and discharging process. The experimental results showed that impact starting mode can improve the starting performance of PHEV at low temperature.
COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE CARPEL IN THE ROSACEAE VII. POMOIDEAE: CHAENOMELES, CYDONIA, DOCYNIA (1966)

The multi‐ovulate pomoids, Chaenomeles, Cydonia , and Docynia , all have closed sutures and extensive fusion between carpel and floral cup and between ovular and wing bundles. Although the ovules in Docynia are generally apotropic and few in number (4–7), the ovules in the other two genera are pleurotropic and numerous (15–48). A statistical treatment of the whole tribe of Pomoideae shows that in carpels with open sutures ovular and wing bundles definitely tend to be separate while in those with closed sutures these bundles tend to be fused. To a lesser degree carpels with open sutures also tend to have bitegmic ovules, separate carpels, and a lesser extent of fusion between carpel and floral cup, while carpels with closed sutures tend to have monotegmic ovules, united carpels, and a greater extent of fusion between carpel and floral cup.
Adaptive<i>B</i>-spline scheme for solving an inverse scattering problem (2004)

Abstract. In this paper, we present an approach to the 2D inverse scattering problem in which the unknown object is well approximated using a small number of adaptively chosen B-spline basis functions. Rather than determining a large collection of pixel values as is commonly done, we estimate directly a much smaller knot sequence associated with a B-spline representation of the object. An iterative scheme is proposed in which, at each stage, we seek to improve our estimate of the object through the insertion and deletion of knots. A specic knot insertion process, based on curvature information, and a specic knot deletion method, based on data tting, are proposed. Given a collection of knots, a non-linear, conjugate-gradient method is employed to determine an estimate of the object. By controlling the degrees of freedom in this manner we are able to forgo an explicit regularization scheme. Finally, using both computer simulated as well as experimental microwave laboratory-controlled data, we demonstrate the ability of our approach to improve upon that obtained from a more standard, pixel-based inverse scheme.
Stable monolithic GaAs FET oscillator (1982)

A monolithic X-band GaAs FET oscillator has been developed. Passive circuit components are lumped capacitors and inductors on semi-insulating GaAs; the chip size is 1.2 × 1.4 mm2. Stabilised with a Ba2Ti9O20 dielectric resonator, the oscillator delivers more than 30 mW output power at 10.8 GHz with a maximum chip efficiency of 20%. The frequency drift is better than 1 × 10−6/K from −20°C to 80°C.
Bayesian Optimization of 3D Feature Parameters for 6D Pose Estimation (2019)

6D pose estimation using local features has shown state-of-the-art performance for object recognition and pose estimation from 3D data in a number of benchmarks. However, this method requires extensive knowledge and elaborate parameter tuning to obtain optimal performances. In this paper, we propose an optimization method able to determine feature parameters automatically, providing improved point matches to a robust pose estimation algorithm. Using labeled data, our method measures the performance of the current parameter setting using a scoring function based on both true and false positive detections. Combined with a Bayesian optimization strategy, we achieve automatic tuning using few labeled examples. Experiments were performed on two recent RGB-D benchmark datasets. The results show significant improvements by tuning an existing algorithm, with state-of-art performance.
<title>Bufferlayer and caplayer engineering of Mo/Si EUVL multilayer mirrors</title> (2001)

Bufferlayer and caplayer engineering strategies are getting progressively important for improving crucial properties of EUVL multilayer optics and EUV reflection masks. While bufferlayers modifying the contact between the reflecting interference multilayer and the superpolished substrate aim for a partial smoothing of the residual substrate roughness or for a mitigation of local substrate defects as well as for multilayer film stress relaxation, surface caplayers are capable to enhance the multilayer reflectivity of EUV mirrors and masks. We present experimental results on various bufferlayer systems (singlelayer and multilayer) applied to different substrate materials (ULE, Zerodur, silicon). The bufferlayers have been deposited by e-beam evaporation and ion-polishing techniques at UHV conditions and substrates with and without bufferlayer have been coated with standard Mo/Si multilayers (50 doublelayers, d-spacing 6.8 nm) in the same deposition run. The samples have been analyzed exsitu by means of AFM, TEM, X-ray scattering and reflection and normal-incidence EUV reflectance measurements. We have found significant improvement (+ 0.7 %) of the Mo/Si multilayer EUV reflectivity for some bufferlayer systems applied to substrates with 0.2 - 0.3 nm r.m.s. high spatial frequency roughness (HSFR), while no effect was found on superpolished substrates exhibiting 0.1 nm r.m.s HSFR. The effect of caplayer modification applied to Mo/Si multilayers has been examined regarding EUV reflectivity. The native siliconoxide layer on top of the Mo/Si multilayer coatings has been replaced by an ultrathin (2 nm) chemically inert caplayer. We have found a 1 % - 1.5 % improvement in EUV peak reflectance for one cap material applied to several Mo/Si multilayer in comparison to a native siliconoxide cap.
Enantioselektive Synthese von Altohyrtin C (Spongistatin 2): Synthese der AB‐ und CD‐Spiroketale (1997)

Die erste Totalsynthese eines Spongipyran‐Makrolids , des Altohyrtins C (Spongistatin 2; siehe unten), wurde erfolgreich abgeschlossen. Die aus Meeresschwämmen isolierten Spongipyrane gehören zu den stärksten cytotoxischen Verbindungen und wirken gegen mehrere menschliche Krebszellinien. Während die vorgeschlagenen Strukturen für die unabhängig isolierten Altohyrtine und Spongistatine im wesentlichen gleich sind, unterscheiden sie sich in der relativen Konfiguration der Untereinheiten. Durch die Totalsynthese wurde nun die vorgeschlagene Struktur der Altohyrtine bestätigt und nachgewiesen, daß Altohyrtin C und Spongistatin 2 identisch sind. magnified image
Radial basis function video rate estimator for constantbit rate MPEG coders (1996)

The authors apply a radial basis function (RBF) network to constant bit rate control for an MPEG2 video encoder. The non-stationary property of the video data has been exploited effectively by using the RBF network as a rate estimator in a feedforward rate control algorithm. The performance of this scheme is evaluated in comparison with Test Model 5 (TM5), by measuring video rate and picture quality.
B regulatory cells and the tumor-promoting actions of TNF-α during squamous carcinogenesis (2011)

The inflammatory cytokine TNF-α has been recognized as a critical tumor promoter, but the effector cells that mediate its action have not been fully characterized. Because B cells regulate squamous and prostate carcinogenesis, and Tnf(-/-) mice harbor B-cell defects, we investigated the hypothesis that B cells are important effector cells for TNF-α-mediated promotion of cancer development. Using an adoptive transfer strategy and the 7,12-dimethylbenz[α]anthracene/terephthalic acid (DMBA/TPA) two-stage model of skin carcinogenesis, we found that both B cells and TNF-α are critical for the development of DMBA/TPA-induced papilloma. Transfer of B cells from DMBA/TPA-treated wild-type mice to Tnf(-/-) mice rescued papilloma development to a wild-type level, a result not observed when B cells from Tnf(-/-) mice were transferred to Rag2(-/-) mice or when TNF-α was eliminated selectively in B cells. Resistance to papilloma development in Tnf(-/-) mice was associated with increased IFN-γ and CD8(+) T cells in skin and a significant reduction in IL-10-producing B regulatory cells alongside an increase in IFN-γ-producing CD8(+) T cells in the spleen. These data indicate that during DMBA/TPA-induced squamous carcinogenesis TNF-α mediates tumor-promoting activity via regulatory B cells that repress antitumor immunity.