gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Epithelial Cells, Fibroblasts, and Osteoblasts in Dental Implant Titanium Topographies (2012)

The major challenge for dental implants is achieving optimal esthetic appearance and a concept to fulfill this criterion is evaluated. The key to an esthetically pleasing appearance lies in the properly manage the soft tissue profile around dental implants. A novel implant restoration technique on the surface was proposed as a way to augment both soft- and hard-tissue profiles at potential implant sites. Different levels of roughness can be attained by sandblasting and acid etching, and a tetracalcium phosphate was used to supply the ions. In particular, the early stage attaching and repopulating abilities of bone cell osteoblasts (MC3T3-E1), fibroblasts (NIH 3T3), and epithelial cells (XB-2) were evaluated. The results showed that XB-2 cell adhesive qualities of a smooth surface were better than those of the roughened surfaces, the proliferative properties were reversed. The effects of roughness on the characteristics of 3T3 cells were opposite to the result for XB-2 cells. E1 proliferative ability did not differ with any statistical significance. These results suggest that a rougher surface which provided calcium and phosphate ions have the ability to enhance the proliferation of osteoblast and the inhibition of fibroblast growth that enhance implant success ratios.
Who Blocks Who: Simultaneous clothing segmentation for grouping images (2011)

Clothing is one of the most informative cues of human appearance. In this paper, we propose a novel multi-person clothing segmentation algorithm for highly occluded images. The key idea is combining blocking models to address the person-wise occlusions. In contrary to the traditional layered model that tries to solve the full layer ranking problem, the proposed blocking model partitions the problem into a series of pair-wise ones and then determines the local blocking relationship based on individual and contextual information. Thus, it is capable of dealing with cases with a large number of people. Additionally, we propose a layout model formulated as Markov Network which incorporates the blocking relationship to pursue an approximately optimal clothing layout for group people. Experiments demonstrated on a group images dataset show the effectiveness of our algorithm.
Comparative Pharmacokinetic Study of Continuous Venous Infusion Fluorouracil and Oral Fluorouracil With Eniluracil in Patients With Advanced Solid Tumors (2002)

PURPOSE: To compare the pharmacokinetics of continuous venous infusion (CVI) fluorouracil (5-FU) with that of oral eniluracil/5-FU and to describe toxicities and clinical activity of prolonged oral administration of eniluracil/5-FU. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A randomized, open-label, cross-over study compared CVI 5-FU to an oral 5-FU/eniluracil combination. Seventeen patients (arm A) were randomly assigned to receive eniluracil/5-FU combination tablets (10:1 mg/m 2 BID for 7 days) during the first study period, followed by 5-FU (300 mg/m 2 CVI for 7 days) during period 2, with a 14-day washout between periods. Sixteen patients (arm B) received treatment in the opposite sequence. In period 3, all patients received eniluracil/5-FU tablets BID for 28 days. Plasma levels of 5-FU during CVI and oral administration were analyzed in periods 1 and 2. Dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity was determined by measuring plasma uracil, urinary α–fluoro-β-alanine, and peripheral-blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) DPD activity. RESULTS: There were no grade 3 or 4 toxicities in either arm. Partial responses were observed in three patients. Another three patients had stable disease for ≥ 3 months. Eniluracil and 5-FU pharmacokinetics were similar to those observed in previous studies and were unaffected by administration sequence. The mean ± SD steady-state plasma concentration (C P ) and area under the curve (AUC) 144-168h for CVI 5-FU (104 ± 45 ng/mL and 2,350 ± 826 ng·h/mL, respectively) were three-fold greater than those for oral 5-FU (38.1 ± 7.7 ng/mL and 722 ± 182 ng·h/mL, respectively [P < .00001]). Individual 5-FU concentrations during CVI were highly variable, whereas those after eniluracil/5-FU were very reproducible. DPD activity in PBMCs before each study period was normal. CONCLUSION: Both CVI 5-FU and oral eniluracil/5-FU were well tolerated, with moderate activity in these heavily pretreated patients. However, 5-FU steady-state C P and AUCs achieved with oral eniluracil/5-FU were significantly less than with CVI 5-FU.
Synthesis and characterisation of porous particulate polyimides (1994)

Porous particulate polyimides have been prepared by four suspension polycondensation procedures. The first group were linear polyimides prepared in suspension in liquid paraffin from a poly(amido acid) pre-polymer solution. Groups two to four were crosslinked using a tetraamine component. The first of these employed a linear poly(amido acid) pre-polymer solution and crosslinking was achieved in the suspension second step. The second employed a branched poly(amido acid) pre-polymer solution and crosslinking was completed in suspension. The third was a one-pot procedure which did not utilise a pre-polymer. Instead, all monomer components and solvent were dispersed in paraffin oil and condensation and crosslinking were achieved in suspension. Imidisation was induced using acetic anhydride and pyridine, and suspensions were stabilised using a paraffin oil soluble surface active polymer. Dipolar aprotic solvents functioned as porogens, and particulates with N2 BET surface areas up to ca., 90 m2 g–1 were prepared.
Macrophage-specific metalloelastase (MMP-12) truncates and inactivates ELR+ CXC chemokines and generates CCL2, -7, -8, and -13 antagonists: potential role of the macrophage in terminating polymorphonuclear leukocyte influx (2008)

Through the activity of macrophage-specific matrix metalloproteinase-12 (MMP-12), we found that macrophages dampen the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced influx of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs)-thus providing a new mechanism for the termination of PMN recruitment in acute inflammation. MMP-12 specifically cleaves human ELR(+) CXC chemokines (CXCL1, -2, -3, -5, and -8) at E-LR, the critical receptor-binding motif or, for CXCL6, carboxyl-terminal to it. Murine (m) MMP-12 also cleaves mCXCL1, -2, and -3 at E-LR. MMP-12-cleaved mCXCL2 (macrophage-inflammatory protein-2 [MIP-2]) and mCXCL3 (dendritic cell inflammatory protein-1 [DCIP-1]) lost chemotactic activity. Furthermore, MMP-12 processed and inactivated monocyte chemotactic proteins CCL2, -7, -8, and -13 at position 4-5 generating CCR antagonists. Indeed, PMNs and macrophages in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were significantly increased 72 hours after intranasal instillation of LPS in Mmp12(-/-) mice compared with wild type. Specificity occurred at 2 levels. Macrophage MMP-1 and MMP-9 did not cleave in the ELR motif. Second, unlike human ELR(+)CXC chemokines, mCXCL5 (LPS-induced CXC chemokine [LIX]) was not inactivated. Rather, mMMP-12 cleavage at Ser4-Val5 activated the chemokine, promoting enhanced PMN early infiltration in wild-type mice compared with Mmp12(-/-) mice 8 hours after LPS challenge in air pouches. We propose that the macrophage, specifically through MMP-12, assists in orchestrating the regulation of acute inflammatory responses by precise proteolysis of ELR(+)CXC and CC chemokines.
Gold Nanobipyramid-Directed Growth of Length-Variable Silver Nanorods with Multipolar Plasmon Resonances (2015)

We report on a method for the preparation of uniform and length-variable Ag nanorods through anisotropic Ag overgrowth on high-purity Au nanobipyramids. The rod diameters can be roughly tailored from ∼20 nm to ∼50 nm by judicious selection of differently sized Au nanobipyramids. The rod lengths can be tuned from ∼150 nm to ∼550 nm by varying the Ag precursor amount during the overgrowth process and/or by anisotropic shortening through mild oxidation. The controllable aspect ratios, high purity, and high dimensional uniformity of these Ag nanorods enable the observation of Fabry-Pérot-like multipolar plasmon resonance modes in the colloidal suspensions at the ensemble level, which has so far been demonstrated only on Au nanorods prepared electrochemically with anodic aluminum oxide templates. Depending on the mode order and geometry of the Ag nanorods, the multipolar plasmon wavelengths can be readily tailored over a wide spectral range from the visible to near-infrared region. We have further elucidated the relationships between the multipolar plasmon wavelengths and the geometric dimensions of the Ag nanorods at both the ensemble and single-particle levels. Our results indicate that the Au nanobipyramid-directed, dimensionally controllable Ag nanorods will be an attractive and promising candidate for developing multipolar plasmon-based devices and applications.
Mechanisms of Hydrolysis of O-Phosphorothioates and Inorganic Thiophosphate by Escherichia coli Alkaline Phosphatase (1974)

Abstract Hydrolyses of phosphate and O-phosphorothioate monoesters by Zn(II) and Co(II) alkaline phosphatases (Escherichia coli) are compared. Although the rate of hydrolysis of the O-phosphorothioate by the Zn(II) enzyme is ∼100-fold slower than the hydrolysis of phosphate esters, the kinetic data of the transient and steady state phases of the reaction show that the stepwise mechanisms are apparently identical. Reaction of the Zn(II) enzyme with O-phosphoro[35S]thioate at acid pH results in the incorporation of covalently linked 35S into the enzyme during the transient phase of the reaction, and H2S is not released. Thus a thiophosphoryl enzyme forms analogous to the phosphoryl enzyme formed by phosphate esters. In contrast, H2S and Pi are the products of hydrolysis of inorganic thiophosphate by the enzyme. The variation in the absolute and relative magnitudes of the rate constants describing (thio)phosphorylation and de-(thio)phosphorylation of the enzyme can be explained on the basis of the steric and electronic effects of sulfur substitution in retarding nucleophilic displacement processes involved in the generation and decomposition of reaction intermediates. Sulfur substitution reduces the negative homotropic interactions between the two active sites such that at concentrations of O-phosphorothioate g10-4 m a 2-mole burst of phenol is observed in the pre-steady state phase of the reaction. Enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of thiophosphate and solvent-phosphate -OH exchange appear to proceed via a rate-limiting, pH-independent phosphorylation. The catalytic rate of H2S release from thiophosphate is ∼10-fold greater than the rate of hydrolysis of O-phosphorothioate, but ∼50-fold less than the rate of hydrolysis of phosphate esters. Substitution of Co(II) for the Zn(II) of alkaline phosphatase increases the rate of O-phosphorothioate hydrolysis by 4-fold, but results in a 5-fold reduction in the rate of phosphate ester hydrolysis and a 10-fold drop in the rate of thiophosphate hydrolysis. While these variations are not fully explicable at present, they reflect differences in the rates of the same mechanistic steps, emphasizing the involvement of the metal ion in all processes required for catalytic hydrolysis.
An effective defense against email spam laundering (2006)

Laundering email spam through open-proxies or compromised PCs is a widely-used trick to conceal real spam sources and reduce spamming cost in underground email spam industry. Spammers have been plaguing the Internet by exploiting a large number of spam proxies. The facility of breaking spam laundering and deterring spamming activities close to their sources, which would greatly benefit not only email users but also victim ISPs, is in great demand but still missing. In this paper, we reveal one salient characteristic of proxy-based spamming activities, namely packet symmetry, by analyzing protocol semantics and timing causality. Based on the packet symmetry exhibited in spam laundering, we propose a simple and effective technique, DBSpam, to on-line detect and break spam laundering activities inside a customer network. Monitoring the bi-directional traffic passing through a network gateway, DBSpam utilizes a simple statistical method, Sequential Probability Ratio Test, to detect the occurrence of spam laundering in a timely manner. To balance the goals of promptness and accuracy, we introduce a noise-reduction technique in DBSpam, after which the laundering path can be identified more accurately. Then, DBSpam activates its spam suppressing mechanism to break the spam laundering. We implement a prototype of DBSpam based on libpcap, and validate its efficacy through both theoretical analyses and trace-based experiments.
Differential Immune Responses to Staphylococcal Enterotoxin B Mutations in a Hydrophobic Loop Dominating the Interface with Major Histocompatibility Complex Class II Receptors (1998)

Bacterial superantigens, such as staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), can trigger acute pathologic effects in humans. A hydrophobic loop on the surface of SEB and other bacterial superantigens, centered around a conserved leucine (L45) residue, is essential for binding to class II major histocompatibility complex molecules. Single residue changes of wild type SEB, designated Q43P, F44P, or L45R, resulted in nonlethal proteins at a dose equivalent to 30 murine LD50 of SEB. Relative to SEB, the mutant proteins did not elevate serum concentrations of proinflammatory cytokines in mice and caused minimal proliferation of human lymphocytes. Anti-SEB titers of mice immunized with Q43P, F44P, L45R, or SEB were similar and protected 77%-100% of animals against a lethal SEB challenge. Levels of toxin-specific IgG1, IgG2a, IgG2b, and IgG3 in mice immunized with SEB, Q43P, or F44P were equivalent, but animals immunized with L45R had significantly elevated levels of IgG2a and IgG2b. Vaccines against staphylococcal superantigens should focus on this critical leucine residue.
Asynchronous and Timing Jitter Insensitive Data Echo Cancellation (1986)

An approach to the implementation of asynchronous and timing jitter insensitive data echo cancellation is described. This approach introduces a small amount of jitter in the transmitted data signal, or alternatively in the received signal sampling, and uses a simple digital phase-locked loop together with the storage of two sets of echo canceler coefficients. The effect of derived timing jitter on the echo cancellation accuracy is completely eliminated for a loop timed transceiver (as in a digital subscriber loop network termination transceiver), and is easily reduced to negligible levels for a nonloop timed transceiver (as in a digital subscriber loop line card transceiver or a voiceband data modem). In the case of a voiceband data modem, this approach is one method to achieve asynchronous echo cancellation without the need to recover and resample a continuous-time far-end data signal.
NOVEL GAS CLEANING/CONDITIONING FOR INTEGRATED GASIFICATION COMBINED CYCLE (2001)

No abstract prepared.
Bilinear deep learning for image classification (2011)

Image classification is a well-known classical problem in multimedia content analysis. This paper proposes a novel deep learning model called bilinear deep belief network (BDBN) for image classification. Unlike previous image classification models, BDBN aims to provide human-like judgment by referencing the architecture of the human visual system and the procedure of intelligent perception. Therefore, the multi-layer structure of the cortex and the propagation of information in the visual areas of the brain are realized faithfully. Unlike most existing deep models, BDBN utilizes a bilinear discriminant strategy to simulate the "initial guess" in human object recognition, and at the same time to avoid falling into a bad local optimum. To preserve the natural tensor structure of the image data, a novel deep architecture with greedy layer-wise reconstruction and global fine-tuning is proposed. To adapt real-world image classification tasks, we develop BDBN under a semi-supervised learning framework, which makes the deep model work well when labeled images are insufficient. Comparative experiments on three standard datasets show that the proposed algorithm outperforms both representative classification models and existing deep learning techniques. More interestingly, our demonstrations show that the proposed BDBN works consistently with the visual perception of humans.
Air Suspension Coating for Multiparticulates (1994)

AbstractFluidized bed systems are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for production of core material and for film coating. Top spray coaters, evolving from the fluid bed dryers of nearly 40 years ago, produce batches of fine, coated particles in excess of 500 kg. Wurster bottom spray equipment is used to manufacture pellets as well as to coat products ranging from powders to tablets. Rotary tangential spray systems generate micro pellets (approximately 100–600 microns) from powders, macro pellets (about 700–2000 microns) by layering, and apply coatings for all types of release. For all processes, films may be applied using water, organic solvents, or via hot melt to provide sustained or controlled release, taste masking, enteric release, improved stability, or aesthetics. However, depending on the type of substrate and coating material, the air suspension method selected may be a significant process variable. In addition to formulation considerations in product development, an understanding of these types of processing techniques is essential.
Nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic characterization of carboxymethylcellulose (1994)

Abstract Previous assignment of the signals in the spectra of carboxymethylcellulose, based on an incremental calculation and hence on low‐molar‐mass model substances, made determination of the partial degree of substitution fundamentally impossible because overlapping of the relevant signals was predicted. However, the methods of acid and enzymatic hydrolysis employed generate the monomer or a mixture of polymers, oligomers and monomers and hence a large number of end groups, which also influence the nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. By using ultrasound, it was possible to degrade the molar mass (lower limit of molar mass approx. 100000 g/mol), without oligomers being generated and cleavage of side groups occuring. The viscosity of 10 wt.‐% polymer solutions was so low that the partial degree of substitution could be determined quantitatively for the first time. An additional 13 C NMR spectroscopic examination of the acid hydrolysate enabled the composition of the eight monomers of sodium carboxymethylcellulose (NaCMC) to be determined in a degree of substitution (DS) range of 0,8–3,0. Knowledge of the monomer compositions is then used to reassign the signals of the polymer spectra, which are then evaluated. Comparison with titrimetric methods (polyelectrolyte titration and ASTM method) showed some wide discrepancies with the absolute method (NMR) in the case of samples with a DS greater than 1. The results of the 13 C NMR spectroscopic examination of the acid hydrolysate were also used to determine the relative rate constants of the etherification reaction ( k 2 : k 3 : k 6 = 3,0:1,0:2,1), and these were then compared with published data.
Therapeutic use of T regulatory cells (2007)

T regulatory cells hold considerable promise in the treatment of autoimmunity. There are many important questions, however, regarding the biology of these cells that need to be addressed before their broad implementation in human disease.
Patterns of free and esterified sterol fractions of the cerebral white matter in severe and moderate experimental hypoxia. (2001)

Cerebral sterols were examined in Wistar strain rats, subjected 4 h, 24 h, 14 days or 2 months earlier to severe (2% oxygen) and moderate (7% oxygen) experimental hypoxia. From brains of the experimental animals myelin was isolated and examined by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to separate and to identify free and esterified (following hydrolysis) cerebral sterols. In both types of hypoxia, the same compounds were identified in fractions of free and esterified sterols. Slight differences in sterol content were noted between the two experimental models, involving cholesterol, the main sterol of the myelin sheath, its smaller sterol precursors (desmosterol, lanosterol) and the less abundant sterols (beta-sitosterol, 24-ethyl-4-cholesten-3-on, cholesta-3,5-dien, cholest-4-en-3-on, 22-propyl-3 beta-hydroxy-5,24-cholestadien). Both types (severe and moderate) of hypoxia were found to induce similar alterations in patterns of cerebral sterols 24 h, 14 days and 2 months following the exposure. Quantitative differences in the sterol pattern were detected only at the very early stage (4 h) of the experiment.
BETA-PHENYLISOBUTYLMETHYL KETONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES. THE SYNTHESIS OF ALPHA- AND OF BETA-PHENYLISOVALERIANIC ACIDS (1929)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBETA-PHENYLISOBUTYLMETHYL KETONE AND ITS DERIVATIVES. THE SYNTHESIS OF ALPHA- AND OF BETA-PHENYLISOVALERIANIC ACIDSAlfred HoffmanCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1929, 51, 8, 2542–2547Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1929Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1929https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01383a040https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01383a040research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views226Altmetric-Citations22LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The Language of Tragicomedy: Measure for Measure as Test Case (1988)

Most readers these days don&apos;t find Measure for Measure a very funny comedy. In fact, classifying it as a comedy--as the First Folio does--can be a stumblingblock to interpretation even though historians of the genre can justify doing so on the basis of precendents classical or medieval. F. S. Boas solved the difficulty by reclassifying Measure for Measure as a problem play in 1896, grouping it with other troublesome works such as Troilus and Cressida. The term problem plays has, since then, served as a tacit condemnation of the plays. Presumably a problem play is one that docs not meet our expectations; we have trouble placing it--its plot, characters, and style fail to stir our souls as does tragedy and fail to delight us as does comedy. They leave us with mixed feelings. It seems that critics have never been truly satisfied with leaving their problem unsolved. l W. W. Lawrence mentioned tragicomedy in connection with these plays as early as 1930, and contemporary critics are attempting to solve their problematical status by examining them as tragicomedies. In general, characters in tragicomedies are challenged, death threatens some of them (that&apos;s the tragic), but the resolution of the play is &quot;happy and