gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty Management in the Construction of Knowledge Graphs: A Survey (2025)

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) are a major asset for companies thanks to their great flexibility in data representation and their numerous applications, e.g., vocabulary sharing, Q&A or recommendation systems. To build a KG, it is a common practice to rely on automatic methods for extracting knowledge from various heterogeneous sources. However, in a noisy and uncertain world, knowledge may not be reliable and conflicts between data sources may occur. Integrating unreliable data would directly impact the use of the KG, therefore such conflicts must be resolved. This could be done manually by selecting the best data to integrate. This first approach is highly accurate, but costly and time-consuming. That is why recent efforts focus on automatic approaches, which represent a challenging task since it requires handling the uncertainty of extracted knowledge throughout its integration into the KG. We survey state-of-the-art approaches in this direction and present constructions of both open and enterprise KGs. We then describe different knowledge extraction methods and discuss downstream tasks after knowledge acquisition, including KG completion using embedding models, knowledge alignment, and knowledge fusion in order to address the problem of knowledge uncertainty in KG construction. We conclude with a discussion on the remaining challenges and perspectives when constructing a KG taking into account uncertainty.
Discerning Biomolecular Interactions Using Kelvin Probe Technology (2003)

Biomolecular conformational differences of oligomeric nucleic acids were discerned using scanning Kelvin probe (SKP) analysis in an array format on gold-coated silicon substrates. Variations in work function, measured as contact potential difference, of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), double-stranded DNA (dsDNA), and dsDNA with internal mismatches were clearly distinguished under ambient conditions without the use of an external label. We propose that the effectiveness of SKP analysis is based upon subtle changes in biomolecular conformation resulting from variations in molecule polarizability and induced dipole properties. This sensing technique can be readily incorporated into microarray format for discrimination of specific biological and chemical molecular interactions.
Intramyocellular lipid kinetics and insulin resistance (2007)

More than fifteen years ago it was discovered that intramyocellular triglyceride (imcTG) content in skeletal muscle is abnormally high in conditions of lipid oversupply (e.g. high fat feeding) and, later, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D) and other metabolic conditions. This imcTG excess is robustly associated with muscle insulin resistance (MIR). However, to date the pathways responsible for the imcTG excess and the mechanisms underlying the imcTG-MIR correlation remain unclear. A current hypothesis is based on a backward mechanism that impaired fatty acid oxidation by skeletal muscle causes imcTG to accumulate. As such, imcTG excess is considered a marker but not a player in MIR. However, recent results from kinetic studies indicated that imcTG pool in high fat-induced obesity (HFO) model is kinetically dynamic. On one hand, imcTG synthesis is accelerated and contributes to imcTG accumulation. On the other, the turnover of imcTG is also accelerated. A hyperdynamic imcTG pool can impose dual adverse effects on glucose metabolism in skeletal muscle. It increases the release and thus the availability of fatty acids in myocytes that may promote fatty acid oxidation and suppress glucose utilization. Meanwhile, it releases abundant fatty acid products (e.g. diacylglycerol, ceramides) that impair insulin actions via signal transduction, thereby causing MIR. Thus, intramyocellular fatty acids and their products released from imcTG appear to function as a link to MIR. Accordingly, a forward mechanism is proposed that explains the imcTG-MIR correlation.
Superoxide generation and reversal of acetylcholine-induced cerebral arteriolar dilation after acute hypertension. (1985)

The appearance of superoxide anion radical in cerebral extracellular space during and after acute hypertension induced by intravenous norepinephrine was investigated in anesthetized cats equipped with cranial windows. Superoxide was detected by demonstrating the presence of superoxide dismutase-inhibitable reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium. The superoxide dismutase-inhibitable rate of reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was 4.1 +/- 1.61 nM/min per cm2 during hypertension and 4.55 +/- 0.62 nM/min per cm2 one hour after hypertension had subsided. During norepinephrine administration in the absence of hypertension, the superoxide dismutase-inhibitable rate of reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium was 0.44 +/- 0.17 nM/min per cm2. The reduction of nitroblue tetrazolium during hypertension was also inhibited by prior treatment of the brain surface with phenylglyoxal at pH 10, to induce irreversible inhibition of the anion channel. The results show that acute hypertension is associated with the generation of superoxide which enters the extracellular space of the brain via the anion channel. Following hypertension, the sustained vasodilation caused by acute hypertension was inhibited significantly by topical application of superoxide dismutase and catalase, showing that it was due in part to superoxide and other radicals derived from it. The vasodilator response of cerebral arterioles to topical acetylcholine was converted to vasoconstriction following acute hypertension, and restored to vasodilation following topical application of superoxide dismutase and catalase. The results show that superoxide and other radicals generated after acute hypertension interfere with acetylcholine-induced endothelium-dependent vasodilation, probably because they destroy the endothelium-derived relaxant factor.
Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)- and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-induced nitric oxide as toxic effector molecule in chronic dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice (1999)

Excess nitric oxide formation caused by the activity of the inducible nitric oxide synthase has been implicated as a toxic effector molecule in the pathogenesis of experimental colitis and inflammatory bowel disease. It was therefore investigated whether inhibition of this synthase or the cytokines TNF and IFN-gamma, inducers of nitric oxide synthase, had effects on chronic colitis in mice. Chronic colitis was induced in mice by repeated feeding of DSS. Cytokines were neutralized by treatment with MoAbs and nitric oxide synthase was inhibited by aminoguanidine. The degree of colonic inflammation was assessed by a histological score and colon length. Aminoguanidine treatment reduced nitric oxide activity by 60% (P = 0. 0004), the histological score by 31% (P = 0.005) and increased colon length by 1.4 cm (P = 0.002). Neutralization of TNF and IFN-gamma resulted in increased colon length (0.7 cm, P = 0.07 and 0.8 cm, P = 0.03), improved histological score (19%, P = 0.045 and 25%, P = 0. 013), and reduced nitric oxide activity (31%, P = 0.07 and 54%, P = 0.004) compared with controls. The combination of anti-cytokine treatments had additive effects. TNF and IFN-gamma are involved in perpetuation of chronic DSS-induced colitis, and induction of excessive nitric oxide activity could be their common effector mechanism.
Exploring the Molecular Etiology of Dominant-Negative Mutations (2007)

[Herskowitz (1987)][1] provided the classical definition of dominant-negative (DN) mutations as those leading to mutant polypeptides that disrupt the activity of the wild-type gene when overexpressed. Although Herskowitz' definition referred basically to intralocus interactions, it is now recognized
Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane (POSS) Based Resists:  Material Design Challenges and Lithographic Evaluation at 157 nm (2004)

In this paper we describe the lithographic behavior and related material properties of a new class of chemically amplified, positive tone, silicon-containing methacrylate photoresists incorporating the polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) group as the etch-resistant component. POSS-bearing monomers were copolymerized with methacrylic acid (MA), tert-butyl methacrylate (TBMA), tert-butyl trifluoro methacrylate (TBTFMA), itaconic anhydride (IA), and 2-(trifluoromethyl) acrylic acid (TFMA), in various compositions. A perfluorooctylsulfonate-based photoacid generator (PAG) was used to deprotect TBMA (or TBTFMA) to base soluble carboxylic acid by heating after exposure. XPS and angular XPS analysis were used to examine possible surface segregation phenomena. It was proven that POSS surface enrichment occurs for the POSS−TBMA copolymers while surface segregation may be reduced if suitable additional resist components are selected. The POSS-based resists were studied for 157-nm lithographic applications and found to have high sensitivity (<10 mJ/cm2 under open field exposure), no silicon outgassing, and sub-100-nm resolution capabilities. Ninety nanometer patterns in 100-nm thick films were resolved. At present, their absorbance is high (∼4 μm-1) for single-layer lithographic applications at 157 nm; however, high etch resistance in oxygen plasma makes them suitable for bilayer schemes.
Streptolysin O and adherence synergistically modulate proinflammatory responses of keratinocytes to group A streptococci (1998)

In contrast to a mutant adhesin-deficient Streptococcus pyogenes (group A streptococcus), its isogenic parental strain binds to human keratinocytes and promotes a vigorous proinflammatory response, characterized by enhanced expression of several cytokines, a more rapid release of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and damage to keratinocyte membranes. However, adherence alone is not sufficient to induce these responses. In this study, we have begun to examine the contribution of other streptococcal products in interactions with keratinocytes by the construction and evaluation of mutants deficient in expression of the secreted pore-forming haemolysin, streptolysin O (SLO). Inactivation of SLO did not prevent the streptococci from adhering to cultured HaCaT keratinocytes or from expressing an unrelated second streptococcal haemolysin, streptolysin S, during infection of keratinocytes. As measured by a quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay, inactivation of SLO also did not have a marked effect on the expression of interleukin 1alpha (IL-1alpha) during infection. However, the lack of the ability to produce SLO was associated with a considerable reduction in expression of IL-1beta, IL-6 and IL-8 by infected keratinocytes. Measurement of the release of PGE2 by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay demonstrated that the SLO-deficient mutants were also not capable of promoting the rapid high level of PGE2 release characteristic of the adherent SLO-producing parental strain. Finally, analyses using the fluorescent probe ethidium homodimer-1 and measurements of release of keratinocyte lactate dehydrogenase indicated that the failure of the SLO-deficient mutants to induce responses was associated with the failure of these mutants to damage the integrity of the keratinocyte membrane. These data implicate SLO as a factor that acts synergistically with an adhesin to modulate the signalling responses of keratinocytes during infection.
Thermal aberration control for low-k1 lithography (2007)

For many years, we have used a lens aberration controller that works via positioning elements of the projection lens assembly. While this has worked well, its disadvantage is that controllable aberrations are only relatively low order components and not enough for the degree of compensation of thermal aberrations required by leading-edge lithography. We have developed two methods to overcome thermal aberrations specific to dipole illumination exposure. One scheme is process-dedicated aberration control by the conventional aberration controller. The other is aberration control system using infra-red irradiation. This system can compensate uniform astigmatism which is generated by asymmetric setting of illumination light sources, such as dipole illumination schemes. Theses two techniques allow us to increase productivity by reducing pattern imaging performance degradation due to thermal aberrations. These schemes are applicable not only to current systems but also to next generation very low k1 lithography systems with very high throughput.
The Significance of Chymase in the Progression of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms in Dogs (2007)

In this study, we investigated the effect of a specific chymase inhibitor, NK3201, in the progression of abdominal aortic aneurysm in a dog experimental model. Abdominal aortic aneurysms were induced in dogs by injecting elastase into the abdominal aorta. NK3201 (1 mg/kg per day, p.o.) or a placebo was started 3 days before elastase injection and continued for 8 weeks after the injection. On abdominal ultrasound, the aortic diameter was seen to gradually expand in the placebo-treated group, but not in the NK3201-treated group. Eight weeks after elastase injection, the ratio of the medial area to the total area in the placebo-treated group was significantly smaller than that in the normal group, but it was significantly larger than that in the NK3201-treated group. In addition to chymase activity, angiotensin II-forming and matrix metalloproteinase-9 activities were significantly higher in the placebo-treated group than in the normal group; in the NK3201-treated group, all of these activities were significantly decreased. On immunohistochemical analyses, there was a significantly greater number of chymase-positive cells in the placebo-treated group than in the normal group, but the number was significantly smaller in the NK3201-treated group than in the placebo-treated group. Thus, chymase inhibition may become a useful strategy for preventing abdominal aortic aneurysms.
Nitrite Confers Preconditioning and Cytoprotection After Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury Through the Modulation of Mitochondrial Function (2015)

These studies set the stage for current clinical trials testing the efficacy of nitrite to prevent warm and cold I/R injury.
A novel high-speed sense amplifier for Bi-NOR flash memories (2005)

A novel high-speed current-mode sense amplifier is proposed for Bi-NOR flash memory designs. Program and erasure of the Bi-NOR technologies employ bi-directional channel FN tunneling with localized shallow P-well structures to realize the high-reliability, high-speed, and low-power operation. The proposed sensing circuit with advanced cross-coupled structure by connecting the gates of clamping transistors to the cross-coupled nodes provides excellent immunity against mismatch compared with the other sense amplifiers. Furthermore, the sensing times for various current differences and bitline capacitances and resistances are all superior to the others. The agreement between simulation and measurement indicates the sensing speed reaches 2ns for the threshold voltage difference of lower than 1 V at 1.8-V supply voltage even with the high threshold voltage of the peripheral CMOS transistors up to 0.8 V.
Polylactones, 39. Zn lactate-catalyzed copolymerization of L-lactide with glycolide orε-caprolactone (1998)

Copolymerization of glycolide (Glyc) and L-lactide (L-Lac) were conducted at 150°C in bulk to prepare random copolyesters. Four resorbable catalysts were used and compared: ZnCl2, ZnI2, Zn stearate (ZnSte2) and Zn lactate (ZnLac2). Separate time-conversion curves were recorded for glycolide and lactide by means of 1H NMR spectroscopy. Glycolide polymerized faster than L-lactide under all circumstances, but the difference was smallest when ZnLac2 was used as catalyst. Sequence analyses were performed using 13C NMR spectroscopy. Completely random sequences were never obtained, but the sequences resulting from a catalysis with ZnLac2 came closest to the desired randomness. Preparative 1 : 1 (mole ratio) polymerizations were conducted with ZnSte2 and ZnLac2. High yields were obtained with both catalysts, but ZnLac2 yielded far higher molecular weights. Furthermore, ZnLac2-catalyzed copolymerizations were conducted with variation of the Glyc/Lac ratio. It was found that small scale and large scale copolymerizations yield copolyesters having different properties, because the superheating in the early stage of the polymerizations (resulting from glycolide) favors the transesterification. Finally, 1 : 1 copolymerization of ε-caprolactone and L-lactide were studied in bulk at 150°C. Again high yields, high molecular weights and nearly random sequences were obtained.
Overlay improvement by ASML HOWA 5th alignment strategy (2009)

Overlay control is more challenging when DRAM volume production continues to shrink its critical dimention (CD) to 70nm and beyond. Effected by process, the overlay behavior at wafer edge is quite different from wafer center. The big contribution to worse overlay at wafer edge which causes yield loss is misalignment. The analysis in wafer edge suggests that high order uncorrectable overlay residuals are often observed by certain process impact. Therefore, the basic linear model used for alignment correction is not sufficient and it is necessary to introduce an advanced alignment correction model for wafer edge overlay improvement. In this study, we demonstrated the achievement of moderating the poor overlay at wafer edge area by using a high order wafer alignment strategy. The mechanism is to use non-linear correction methods of high order models ( up to 5th order), with support by the function High Order Wafer Alignment (known as HOWA) in scanner. Instead of linear model for the 6 overlay parameters which come from average result, HOWA alignment strategy can do high order fitting through the wafer to get more accurate overlay parameters which represent the local wafer grid distortion better. As a result, the overlay improvement for wafer edge is achieved. Since alignment is a wafer dependent correction, with HOWA the wafer to wafer overlay variation can be improved dynamically as well. In addition, the effects of different mark quantity and sampling distribution from HOWA are also introduced in this paper. The results of this study indicate that HOWA can reduce uncorrectable overlay residual by 30~40% and improve wafer-to-wafer overlay variation significantly. We conclude that HOWA is a noteworthy strategy for overlay improvement. Moreover, optimized alignment mark numbers and distribution layout are also key factors to make HOWA successful.
Direct formation of functionalized alkylcopper reagents from alkyl halides using activated copper. Conjugate addition reactions with 2-cyclohexen-1-one (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDirect formation of functionalized alkylcopper reagents from alkyl halides using activated copper. Conjugate addition reactions with 2-cyclohexen-1-oneRichard M. Wehmeyer and Reuben D. RiekeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1987, 52, 22, 5056–5057Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00231a049https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00231a049research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views342Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Mechanisms of removal of micron-sized particles by high-frequency ultrasonic waves (1995)

In this paper, theories of particle removal by high-frequency ultrasonic waves are discussed and tested against recent experimental data. First, the principal adhesion forces such as van der Waals forces are briefly reviewed and the typical uncertainties in their size in particle-surface systems are assessed. The different ultrasound-induced forces-linear forces such as added mass, drag, lift, and Basset forces and nonlinear ones due to radiation pressure, and drag exerted by acoustic streaming-are discussed and their magnitudes are evaluated for typical cleaning operations. It is shown that high-frequency ultrasound can clean particles most effectively in media with properties like water because: (1) the wavelength can be made comparable to the particle radius to promote effective sound-particle interaction; (2) the viscous boundary layer is thin, minimizing particle "hide-out;" and (3) both the added mass and radiation pressure forces exceed typical adhesion forces at high frequencies. Based on these analyses, possible mechanisms of particle removal are discussed and interpreted in terms of experimental observations of particle cleaning.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
End Note (1994)

End Note BN, BN Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar PK PK Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Sociology of Religion, Volume 55, Issue 1, Spring 1994, Pages 103–104, https://doi.org/10.1093/socrel/55.1.103 Published: 01 March 1994
Non-Newtonian Viscosity of Polymers (1961)

The rheology of concentrated and bulk polymer systems has been investigated. Studies have been made on a low molecular weight series of several polymers using capillaries and a high shear concentric cylinder viscometer. The compositional and shear conditions for non-Newtonian flow have been closely defined. Limiting high and low shear viscosities and the path of non-Newtonian flow may be consistently correlated for concentrated systems of linear, flexible polymers. The minimum molecular weight for non-Newtonian flow is related to the transition at low shear in log viscosity vs log molecular weight correlations. For non-Newtonian systems, changes in apparent activation heat for viscous flow are reported as a function of shear. The conditions for laminar flow shear degradation of polymers are also given.
Molecular epidemiology of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 (1984)

The DNA of patient and environmental isolates of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 was analyzed by restriction endonuclease cleavage. The electrophoretic patterns of the DNA digests of isolates from a group of patients with Legionnaires disease acquired in a hospital were indistinguishable from one another and were identical to the DNA pattern of a strain isolated from the hot water supply of the hospital. On the other hand, they were easily differentiated from strains isolated from patients and hot water supplies in other hospitals in the same city. The homogeneity of populations of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 colonizing plumbing systems was also investigated by DNA restriction endonuclease analysis in three hospitals. We distinguished two subtypes in one hospital; the two other hospitals had homogeneous populations. Restriction endonuclease digest analysis of L. pneumophila serogroup 1 DNA enables subtyping and appears to be a useful method for examining the epidemiology of outbreaks of Legionnaires disease.