gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Computational Intelligence Based Approach for the Analysis and Optimization of a Crude Oil Desalting and Dehydration Process (2005)

Water and salt associated with oil production can cause considerable operational problems. Therefore, desalting/dehydration plants are often installed in crude oil production units to remove water-soluble salts from an oil stream. The performance of the desalting/dehydration process depends on various process parameters interacting with each other. These parameters include concentration of demulsifying agents, heating, wash water, salt concentration, and rate of mixing with wash water. In this study, the performance of the desalting/dehydration process was evaluated by calculating the salinity and water cut efficiencies that are expected to depend on the values of these five process parameters. The work concentrated on modeling and optimizing the performance of the desalting/dehydration process system. It was an attempt to develop and apply an artificial neural network (ANN) as a modeling technique for simulating and optimizing the desalting/dehydration process system. ANNs were selected due to their potential for modeling highly nonlinear relationships of the parameters involved in the desalting/dehydration process system. The neural network model predictions were compared with the actual observations, and the results were shown to be consistent. The prepared neural network model was then used to optimize the performance of the process. A composite objective function for measuring the performance of the desalting process was used in conjunction with the prepared ANN within an optimization model. The outcome of this research will help in improving oil production operations and therefore in lowering the cost per barrel produced.
PEARSON'S VERSUS SPEARMAN'S AND KENDALL'S CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS FOR CONTINUOUS DATA (2010)

The association between two variables is often of interest in data analysis and methodological research. Pearson's, Spearman's and Kendall's correlation coefficients are the most commonly used measures of monotone association, with the latter two usually suggested for non-normally distributed data. These three correlation coefficients can be represented as the differently weighted averages of the same concordance indicators. The weighting used in the Pearson's correlation coefficient could be preferable for reflecting monotone association in some types of continuous and not necessarily bivariate normal data.In this work, I investigate the intrinsic ability of Pearson's, Spearman's and Kendall's correlation coefficients to affect the statistical power of tests for monotone association in continuous data. This investigation is important in many fields including Public Health, since it can lead to guidelines that help save health research resources by reducing the number of inconclusive studies and enabling design of powerful studies with smaller sample sizes.The statistical power can be affected by both the structure of the employed correlation coefficient and type of a test statistic. Hence, I standardize the comparison of the intrinsic properties of the correlation coefficients by using a permutation test that is applicable to all of them. In the simulation study, I consider four types of continuous bivariate distributions composed of pairs of normal, log-normal, double exponential and t distributions. These distributions enable modeling the scenarios with different degrees of violation of normality with respect to skewness and kurtosis.As a result of the simulation study, I demonstrate that the Pearson's correlation coefficient could offer a substantial improvement in statistical power even for distributions with moderate skewness or excess kurtosis. Nonetheless, because of its known sensitivity to outliers, Pearson's correlation leads to a less powerful statistical test for distributions with extreme skewness or excess of kurtosis (where the datasets with outliers are more likely). In conclusion, the results of my investigation indicate that the Pearson's correlation coefficient could have significant advantages for continuous non-normal data which does not have obvious outliers. Thus, the shape of the distribution should not be a sole reason for not using the Pearson product moment correlation coefficient.
Detecting selection signatures on the X chromosome of the Chinese Debao pony (2018)

The X chromosome shows a special interaction between demographic factors and genetic variation, and the analysis of X-linked genomic variation can therefore provide insights into the unique effects of demography and selection on the horse genome that cannot be readily detected by autosomal markers. Debao (DB) ponies have experienced intense selective pressure for the development of their small stature (<106 cm at adult height). To identify selective sweeps on the X chromosome of the DB pony, we performed a genome-wide scan of three Chinese horse breeds using an Equine SNP70 BeadChip. Using Yili and Mongolian horses (>134 cm at adult height) as reference groups, both F<sub>ST</sub> and XP-EHH revealed that five regions on the X chromosome were under strong selection, resulting in 95 overlapping genes. Seven of these genes, SMS, PHEX, ACSL4, CHRDL1, CACNA1F, DKC1 and CDKL5, are involved in bone development, growth hormone secretion and fat deposition. The region showing the strongest selection pressure was located at the position of 86.6-87.5 Mb. The subsequent genome-wide association analysis of the adult height of three Chinese horse breeds detected the two most significant SNPs in the same region, and these two SNPs overlapped with the gene CHRDL1. As a member of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) superfamily, CHRDL1 antagonizes the function of BMP4 and plays an important role in embryonic bone formation and cartilage generation. Our results provide new insights into the X-linked selection in Chinese Debao pony.
RNA-Based Immunity Terminates Viral Infection in Adult Drosophila in the Absence of Viral Suppression of RNA Interference: Characterization of Viral Small Interfering RNA Populations in Wild-Type and Mutant Flies (2011)

Replication of viral RNA genomes in fruit flies and mosquitoes induces the production of virus-derived small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) to specifically reduce virus accumulation by RNA interference (RNAi). However, it is unknown whether the RNA-based antiviral immunity (RVI) is sufficiently potent to terminate infection in adult insects as occurs in cell culture. We show here that, in contrast to robust infection by Flock house virus (FHV), infection with an FHV mutant (FHVΔB2) unable to express its RNAi suppressor protein B2 was rapidly terminated in adult flies. FHVΔB2 replicated to high levels and induced high mortality rates in dicer-2 and argonaute-2 mutant flies that are RNAi defective, demonstrating that successful infection of adult Drosophila requires a virus-encoded activity to suppress RVI. Drosophila RVI may depend on the RNAi activity of viral siRNAs since efficient FHVΔB2 infection occurred in argonaute-2 and r2d2 mutant flies despite massive production of viral siRNAs. However, RVI appears to be insensitive to the relative abundance of viral siRNAs since FHVΔB2 infection was terminated in flies carrying a partial loss-of-function mutation in loquacious required for viral siRNA biogenesis. Deep sequencing revealed a low-abundance population of Dicer-2-dependent viral siRNAs accompanying FHVΔB2 infection arrest in RVI-competent flies that included an approximately equal ratio of positive and negative strands. Surprisingly, viral small RNAs became strongly biased for positive strands at later stages of infection in RVI-compromised flies due to genetic or viral suppression of RNAi. We propose that degradation of the asymmetrically produced viral positive-strand RNAs associated with abundant virus accumulation contributes to the positive-strand bias of viral small RNAs.
Aggregated, Conformationally Changed Fibrinogen Exposes the Stimulating Sites for t-PA-Catalysed Plasminogen Activation (1996)

The present paper shows that conformationally changed fibrinogen can expose the sites A alpha-(148-160) and gamma-(312-324) involved in stimulation of the tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA)-catalysed plasminogen activation. The exposure of the stimulating sites was determined by ELISA using mABs directed to these sites, and was shown to coincide with stimulation of t-PA-catalysed plasminogen activation as assessed in an assay using a chromogenic substrate for plasmin. Gel permeation chromatography of fibrinogen conformationally changed by heat (46.5 degrees C for 25 min) demonstrated the presence of both aggregated and monomeric fibrinogen. The aggregated fibrinogen, but not the monomeric fibrinogen, has exposed the epitopes A alpha-(148-160) and gamma-(312-324) involved in t-PA-stimulation. Fibrinogen subjected to heat in the presence of 3 mM of the tetrapeptide GPRP neither aggregates nor exposes the rate-enhancing sites. Thus, aggregation and exposure of t-PA-stimulating sites in fibrinogen seem to be related phenomena, and it is tempting to believe that the exposure of stimulating sites is a consequence of the conformational changes that occur during aggregation, or self-association. Fibrin monomers kept in a monomeric state by a final GPRP concentration of 3 mM do not expose the epitopes A alpha-(148-160) and gamma-(312-324) involved in t-PA-stimulation, whereas dilution of GPRP to a concentration that is not longer anti-polymerizing, results in exposure of these sites. Consequently, the exposure of t-PA-stimulating sites in fibrin as well is due to the conformational changes that occur during self-association.
Dominant-negative p53 mutations in rheumatoid arthritis (1999)

These data indicate that at least 2 of the p53 mutants identified in RA joint samples are dominant negative and suppress endogenous wild-type p53 function.
A study of calcium carbonate deposition in the genus<i>Padina</i>(Phaeophyceae, Dictyotales) (1986)

Abstract Three species of the phaeophycean genus Padina were investigated with the electron microscope. Calcification is initiated in P. japonica and P. pavonica at the inrolled thallus margin which contains chloroplasts and acts as a semi-enclosed space. In these species, the apical cells are covered with a pilose layer with which small aragonite crystals are associated. The non-calcareous P. arborescens has a similar anatomy but here the apical and young cells possess a smooth cuticular layer instead of a pilose layer and it is suggested that nucleation of aragonite is inhibited by this layer. In P. pavonica, carbonate deposition continues at the thallus surface and reaches a maximum, on a percentage dry weight basis, approximately mid-way along the lamina (mean CaCO3 content 9·3% dry wt). The deposits show concentric banding, but this could not be correlated with differences in photosynthetic activity associated with tetrasporangium production. Additional informationNotes on contributorsAllan Pentecost Dedicated to Professor G. E. Fogg on his retirement by A. Pentecost, research student 1972–1975.
New concepts for high-productivity RH plants (2006)

The quality and quantity of steel treated in an RH vessel can be enhanced through the optimization of the metallurgical reactions occurring during vacuum treatment and with an improvement in the equipment design and plant layout to reduce production-time losses. The enlargement of the diameter of the snorkel and vessel contribute to an accelerated reaction rate inside the vessel and to an increase in the overall productivity of an RH plant. With the introduction of twin-station RH plants in connection with a quick vesselexchange design, the loss of production time due to ladle transfer, vessel exchange and snorkel maintenance can be significantly reduced.
Fine-tuning of Bioactive Glass for Root Canal Disinfection (2009)

An ideal preparation of 45S5 bioactive glass suspensions/slurries for root canal disinfection should combine high pH induction with capacity for continuing release of alkaline species. The hypothesis of this study was that more material per volume of bioactive glass slurry is obtained with a micrometric material (< 5 microm particle size) or a micrometric/ nanometric hybrid, rather than a solely nanometric counterpart. This should correlate with alkaline capacity and antimicrobial effectiveness. Slurries at the plastic limit were prepared with test and reference materials in physiological saline. Total mass and specific surface area of glass material per volume were determined. Continuous titration with hydrochloric acid was performed, and antimicrobial effectiveness was tested in extracted human premolars mono-infected with E. faecalis ATTC 29212 (N = 12 per material). While the nanometric slurry had a 12-fold higher specific surface area than the micrometric counterpart, the latter had a considerably higher alkaline capacity and disinfected significantly better (Fisher's exact test, P < 0.05). The hybrid slurry behaved similarly to the micrometric preparation.
Evaluation of downhole electric impedance heating systems for paraffin control in oil wells (1992)

Paraffin deposition in oil wells is a problem frequently encountered in the oil industry. Conventional methods, such as hot oiling, chemical injection, or using scrapers, have not always been successful and cost effective. New approaches based on electrical impedance heating offer a practical alternative to conventional methods. Three approaches using such technology are examined. An evaluation of a pilot oil well installation using the latest impedance heating technology is presented. A method of calculating skin effect and hysteresis is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Kurzbeitrag (2006)

»Vielmehr bietet [der Kommentar] auf höchstem Niveau eine substantielle Auseinandersetzung mit den Hintergründen, den Zusammenhängen, der Theorie und der Praxis des Grundgesetzes. Besseres lässt sich von einem Verfassungskommentar nicht sagen.“ Herbert Günther Staaatsanzeiger für das Land Hessen 2018 (50), 1494–1495
THE PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION IN PHOTOSYNTHESIS (1932)

Measurements of photosynthesis were made in continuous and flashing light of high intensity, using cells varying in chlorophyll content. The amount of chlorophyll present per molecule of carbon dioxide reduced per single flash of light was found to be about 2480 molecules. The length of time required for one unit in the photosynthetic mechanism to complete the cycle of photochemical and Blackman reactions was found to be about 0.02 sec. at 25 degrees C. The equation R = AIN was shown to give a good description of the rate of the photochemical reaction, when A is a velocity constant, I the intensity of light, and N the number of units in the photosynthetic mechanism.
The Specific Interaction Between Fibrin(Ogen) and Hyaluronan: Possible Consequences in Haemostasis, Inflammation and Wound Healing (2007)

We have proposed that fibrin and hyaluronan (HA) are macromolecular regulators during inflammation and wound healing. Here we extend our studies to characterize the specific interaction between fibrin(ogen) and HA. 125I-labelled HA (Mr approximately 32,000) was bound by plastic surfaces coated with human fibrinogen but not bovine serum albumin, ovalbumin, beta-lactoglobin or rabbit immunoglobulin G. 125I-labelled fibrinogen bound to a unique hexylamine derivative of HA coupled to Sepharose and was eluted specifically by HA oligosaccharides in a size-dependent manner. A dot blot assay, in which proteins are adsorbed to nitrocellulose and probed with 125I-HA, also showed specific binding to human fibrinogen. This assay was used to examine fibrinogens from other mammalian species. No specific 125I-HA binding was observed with the protein from horse, rat or cow. Significant binding was detected with human, sheep, rabbit, dog, baboon, goat and pig fibrinogens. Thrombin-induced formation of fibrin clots is also affected by HA, which decreases the lag time before clotting and increases the rate of clot formation. The rate of fibrin polymerization increased over 500% in the presence of 60 microM HA. Furthermore, the structure of the fibrin gel, as assessed by light scattering, was altered by HA or chondroitin sulphate in a concentration-dependent manner. The results support the proposed wound-healing model and indicate that an increase in circulating HA levels could adversely affect haemostasis and increase the risk of thrombosis or bleeding. The interaction between HA and fibrinogen emphasizes the importance of the liver endothelial cell HA receptor in the removal of glycosaminoglycans from the blood. Cultured cells continuously endocytosing 125I-HA for 4 h reutilized their total cellular HA receptors at least once every 50 min even in the presence of cycloheximide. This endocytotic receptor was therefore shown to be part of a recycling system.
<title>Digital imaging-based retinal photocoagulation system</title> (1997)

Researchers at the USAF Academy and the University of Texas are developing a computer-assisted retinal photocoagulation system for the treatment of retinal disorders (i.e. diabetic retinopathy, retinal tears). Currently, ophthalmologists manually place therapeutic retinal lesions, an acquired technique that is tiring for both the patient and physician. The computer-assisted system under development can rapidly and safely place multiple therapeutic lesions at desired locations on the retina in a matter of seconds. Separate prototype subsystems have been developed to control lesion depth during irradiation and lesion placement to compensate for retinal movement. Both subsystems have been successfully demonstrated in vivo on pigmented rabbits using an argon continuous wave laser. Two different design approaches are being pursued to combine the capabilities of both subsystems: a digital imaging-based system and a hybrid analog-digital system. This paper will focus on progress with the digital imaging-based prototype system. A separate paper on the hybrid analog-digital system, `Hybrid Retinal Photocoagulation System', is also presented in this session.
Drill seeding of forage ranges: Heavy duty drill permits good placement of desirable grass and legume seeds for establishment of pasture on range land (1958)

Tremendous increases in quantity and quality of forage production on many acres of California's rangeland could be achieved by establishing and growing selected varieties of grasses and legumes.
GATA2 functions at multiple steps in hemangioblast development and differentiation (2006)

Molecular mechanisms that regulate the generation of hematopoietic and endothelial cells from mesoderm are poorly understood. To define the underlying mechanisms, we compared gene expression profiles between embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived hemangioblasts (Blast-Colony-Forming Cells, BL-CFCs) and their differentiated progeny, Blast cells. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that BL-CFCs resembled other stem cell populations. A role for Gata2, one of the BL-CFC-enriched transcripts, was further characterized by utilizing the in vitro model of ES cell differentiation. Our studies revealed that Gata2 was a direct target of BMP4 and that enforced GATA2 expression upregulated Bmp4, Flk1 and Scl. Conditional GATA2 induction resulted in a temporal-sensitive increase in hemangioblast generation, precocious commitment to erythroid fate, and increased endothelial cell generation. GATA2 additionally conferred a proliferative signal to primitive erythroid progenitors. Collectively, we provide compelling evidence that GATA2 plays specific, contextual roles in the generation of Flk-1+ mesoderm, the Flk-1+Scl+ hemangioblast, primitive erythroid and endothelial cells.
Growth by molecular beam epitaxy and characterization of high purity GaAs and AlGaAs (1983)

We report on the growth by molecular beam epitaxy of high-quality GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs (x≲0.43), and discuss the effect of system parameters on material quality. The highest Hall mobility in GaAs at 77 °K was 144 000 cm2/V sec, and the photoluminescence spectra of undoped layers exhibited a strong free exciton line and a much reduced carbon peak with no carbon-related defects. A slow growth process at a substrate temperature of 600 °C produced excellent AlxGa1−xAs whose luminescence spectrum showed a distinct excition peak 4 meV wide. This AlxGa1−xAs is compared to layers grown at a faster rate at substrate temperatures of 700 °C.
Analytical Behavior Law for a Constant Pitch Conical Compression Spring (2005)

Cylindrical compression spring behavior has been described in the literature using an efficient analytical model. Conical compression spring behavior has a linear phase but can also have a nonlinear phase. The rate of the linear phase can easily be calculated but no analytical model exists to describe the nonlinear phase precisely. This nonlinear phase can only be determined by a discretizing algorithm. The present paper presents analytical continuous expressions of length as a function of load and load as a function of length for a constant pitch conical compression spring in the nonlinear phase. Whal’s basic cylindrical compression assumptions are adopted for these new models (Wahl, A. M., 1963, Mechanical Springs, Mc Graw-Hill, New York). The method leading to the analytical expression involves separating free and solid/ground coils, and integrating elementary deflections along the whole spring. The inverse process to obtain the spring load from its length is assimilated to solve a fourth order polynomial. Two analytical models are obtained. One to determine the length versus load curve and the other for the load versus length curve. Validation of the new conical spring models in comparison with experimental data is performed. The behavior law of a conical compression spring can now be analytically determined. This kind of formula is useful for designers who seek to avoid using tedious algorithms. Analytical models can mainly be useful in developing interactive assistance tools for conical spring design, especially where optimization methods are used.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF 1,3,5‐TRISTYRYLBENZENE (1984)

Abstract In stereo‐ und regiospezifischer Reak‐ A tion bildet die Titelverbindung (II) durch sukzessive [Zn + 21:] Cyclodimerisierung das Cyclophan (I) (RG: Pccn, Z ‐ 4).
Spatial Stationarity of Ultrawideband and Millimeter Wave Radio Channels (2016)

For radio channels with broad bandwidth resource, such as those often used for ultrawideband (UWB) and millimeter wave (mmwave) systems, the Wide-Sense Stationary Uncorrelated Scattering (WSSUS) and spatial stationary assumptions are more critical than typical cellular channels with very limited bandwidth resource. This paper studies spatial stationarity and bandwidth dependency of the Multipath Component (MPC) parameters, and the concept of local region of stationarity (LRS) is used as the measure of the physical stationarity region. LRS calculation results based on channel measurements show that the size of LRS is bandwidth dependent in all measured bands, 2–4 GHz, 14–16 GHz, and 28–30 GHz. The results in this paper point out that an inappropriate choice of bandwidth in channel parameter estimation could violate spatial stationary assumptions. The paper indicates LRS sizes for different bandwidths in the three bands.