gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of Ge<i>x</i>Si1−<i>x</i>/Si heteroepitaxial films by remote plasma chemical vapor deposition (1992)

GexSi1−x/Si heteroepitaxial thin films have been grown using the low-temperature remote plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RPCVD) approach, in which the substrate is kept remote from the glow discharge, and an Ar plasma is employed to indirectly activate the reactant gases (SiH4 and GeH4) and drive the chemical deposition reactions. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), plan-view and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and in situ reflection high-energy electron diffraction (RHEED) have been employed to analyze the films with different Ge mole fractions and thicknesses. Abrupt Si/GexSi1−x heterointerfaces with the Ge concentration changing by 10× in about 30 Å (SIMS resolution limit) have been achieved. Commensurate growth has been observed for layers whose thicknesses are below the critical layer thicknesses (CLTs). Crystalline GexSi1−x/Si films with high mole fractions of Ge (up to 60%), which are thicker than the CLTs, show relaxation of misfit strain. This results in more islandlike growth, accompanied by interfacial corrugation and inhomogeneous strain in the thin films, as observed by cross-sectional TEM analysis. Plan-view TEM also shows Moiré fringes formed by the overlap between the relaxed GexSi1−x films and the Si substrate. The spacing between the fringes has been used to estimate the relaxed lattice constant, which agrees very well with the value predicted by Vegard’s law. A detailed study of the GexSi1−x growth parameter space has also been conducted. Effects of various growth variables have been investigated. Stable control over growth rate and germanium incorporation rate in RPCVD has been demonstrated.
Protein Kinase C-δ Regulates Thrombin-Induced ICAM-1 Gene Expression in Endothelial Cells via Activation of p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (2001)

The procoagulant thrombin promotes the adhesion of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to endothelial cells by a mechanism involving expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1) via an NF-kappaB-dependent pathway. We now provide evidence that protein kinase C-delta (PKC-delta) and the p38 mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase pathway play a critical role in the mechanism of thrombin-induced ICAM-1 gene expression in endothelial cells. We observed the phosphorylation of PKC-delta and p38 MAP kinase within 1 min after thrombin challenge of human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Pretreatment of these cells with the PKC-delta inhibitor rottlerin prevented the thrombin-induced phosphorylation of p38 MAP kinase, suggesting that p38 MAP kinase signals downstream of PKC-delta. Inhibition of PKC-delta or p38 MAP kinase by pharmacological and genetic approaches markedly decreased the thrombin-induced NF-kappaB activity and resultant ICAM-1 expression. The effects of PKC-delta inhibition were secondary to inhibition of IKKbeta activation and of subsequent NF-kappaB binding to the ICAM-1 promoter. The effects of p38 MAP kinase inhibition occurred downstream of IkappaBalpha degradation without affecting the DNA binding function of nuclear NF-kappaB. Thus, PKC-delta signals thrombin-induced ICAM-1 gene transcription by a dual mechanism involving activation of IKKbeta, which mediates NF-kappaB binding to the ICAM-1 promoter, and p38 MAP kinase, which enhances transactivation potential of the bound NF-kappaB p65 (RelA).
Ray tracing polygons using spatial subdivision (1992)

Ray tracing consumes a lot of computational resources to render images. This expense usually lies in the ray-surface intersection tests. If the surfaces were polygonal, then we should be able to apply more polygon-specific optimizations to partially cull intersections. Our ray tracer uses a nonmemory intensive, voxel traversal intersection culler to assist in such optimizations.
Carrier lifetime in conductive and vanadium-doped 6H-SiC substrates (2004)

Conductive undoped and semi-insulating vanadium-doped 6H-SiC substrates were studied using the light-induced transient grating technique and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy. Carrier lifetime of 400±10 ps and diffusion coefficient of 2.7±0.2 cm2 s−1 were obtained for the nominally undoped wafer, while the corresponding parameters for the V-doped wafer were estimated to be 130±5 ps and 0.9±0.5 cm2 s−1, respectively. The peak PL intensity in the vanadium-doped wafers is more than three orders of magnitude lower than that in nominally undoped wafers. Low-temperature cw PL spectra revealed a band peaked at 507 nm, which is caused by V doping.
Therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese drug-wax therapy upper limb-spasm of cerebral palsy (2008)

Objective:To observe the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese drug-wax therapy combined with occupational therapy for upper limb spasm of cerebral palsy.Methods:60 Cases of cerebral palsy children were randomly divided into treatment group and control,30 each group.Occupational therapy was the basic treatment in each group.The cases of control group were treated 45 minutes by common-wax therapy before occupational therapy.The cases of treatment group were treated 45 minutes by traditional Chinese drug-wax therapy,1/d,after treatment for 3 months,evaluating the therapeutic effect.Result:After treatment for 3 months,every index got improved than prior treatment in two,and the treatment group was better than control group.Conclusion:Traditional Chinese drug-wax therapy combined with occupational therapy and common-wax therapy combined with occupational therapy were effective to upper limb spasm,motor function and activity of daily living,but the former was more better than the latter.
Utilizing intraluminal pressure differences to predict esophageal bolus flow dynamics (2007)

Successful esophageal emptying depends on the generation of a sustained intrabolus pressure (IBP) sufficient to overcome esophagogastric junction (EGJ) obstruction. Our aim was to develop a manometric analysis paradigm that describes the bolus driving pressure difference and the flow permissive time for esophageal bolus transit. Twenty normal subjects were studied with a 36-channel manometry assembly (1-cm spacing) during two 5- and one 10-ml barium swallows and concurrent fluoroscopy. Bolus domain pressure plots were generated by plotting bolus domain pressure (BDP) and EGJ relaxation pressure. BDP was defined as the pressure midway between the peristaltic ramp-up and the proximal margin of the EGJ. The flow permissive time was defined as the period where the BDP was > or = EGJ relaxation pressure. The mean BDP was 11.7 +/- 1.0 mmHg (SE), and the mean flow permissive time was 3.9 +/- 0.4 s for 5-ml swallows in normal controls. The mean BDP difference during flow was 4.0 +/- 1.0 mmHg. There was no significant difference in the fluoroscopic transit time and the flow permissive time calculated from the BDP plots (5 ml: fluoroscopy 3.4 +/- 0.2 s; BDP 3.9 +/- 0.4 s, P > 0.05). BDP plots provide a reliable measurement of IBP and its relationship with EGJ relaxation. The time available for flow can be readily delineated from this analysis, and the driving pressure responsible for flow can be accurately described and quantified. This may help predict abnormal bolus transit and the underlying mechanical properties of the EGJ.
Determining the Service Lives of Organic-Vapor Respirator Cartridges for Nitroglycerin under Workplace Conditions (1993)

Results of a field study that estimated the service lives of several different brands of organic-vapor respirator cartridges for nitroglycerin are presented. Respirator carbon tubes (RCTs) were used to sample in a workplace where gun powder was manufactured and where nitroglycerin levels varied from approximately 0.1–0.7 mg/m3. Tenax® adsorbent tubes were used to monitor for nitroglycerin upstream and downstream of RCTs and were subsequently analyzed by a gas-chromatography method. A series of 10 trials failed to find evidence of nitroglycerin breakthrough. Estimates of the minimum service lives of respirator cartridges varied from 7–81 hours for nitroglycerin levels of 1.0 mg/m3,10 times the current Occupational Safety and Health Administration Permissible Exposure Level. One trial specifically examined the potential of nitroglycerin to prematurely break through a cartridge due to bed migration, and results failed to indicate this as a potential problem. A field validation of the Tenax adsorbent tube method for nitroglycerin monitoring resulted in an accuracy of ±77–88% at the 95% confidence level. An unexpected finding was that up to 10% of the ambient nitroglycerin collected was adsorbed to an aerosol. This finding led to the recommendation that the addition of a prefilter to an organic vapor cartridge may be required when using air-purifying respirators to protect workers from some nitroglycerin exposures.
Mathematical Preliminaries for Computer Networking (1990)

PROBABILITY. Basics. Random Variables. Conditional Probability and Independence. Other Probability Distributions. Stochastic Processes. INFORMATION THEORY. Information Entropy. Discrete Channel with Noise. Coding. GRAPH THEORY AND NETWORK FLOWS. Fundamentals. Trees. Connectedness. Optimal Paths. Optimal Flows. QUEUEING THEORY. Single Queues. Queueing Networks. ADDITIONAL TOPICS. Finite State Machines. Advanced Coding Techniques. Bibliography. Index.
Observation of light localization in modulated Bessel optical lattices (2006)

We generate higher-order azimuthally modulated Bessel optical lattices in photorefractive crystals by employing a phase-imprinting technique. We report on the experimental observation of self-trapping and nonlinear localization of light in such segmented lattices in the form of ring-shaped and single-site states. The experimental results agree well with numerical simulations accounting for an anisotropic and spatially nonlocal nonlinear response of photorefractive crystals.
Structural and Optical Properties of NdAlO<sub>3</sub> Nanocrystals Embedded in an Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Matrix (2002)

Fabrication of an oxide−oxide nanocomposite, containing a homogeneous dispersion of NdAlO3 nanocrystals in an Al2O3 matrix, is achieved by employing a single molecular compound, [NdAl3(OPri)12(PriOH)], in the sol−gel process. X-ray diffraction patterns of the composite material show NdAlO3 to be the only crystalline phase, up to 1200 °C, with an equimolar part of amorphous Al2O3. The crystallization of alumina (δ-, γ- and κ-phases) occurs at higher temperatures (>1300 °C). TEM investigations reveal a bimodal distribution of particles where NdAlO3 crystallites are uniformly dispersed in an amorphous Al2O3 matrix. HR-TEM analysis shows a composite structure formed by NdAlO3 nanocrystals (50−60 nm) homogeneously incorporated in a matrix of smaller alumina particles (10−12 nm). The existence of two chemically different Al(III) species (Al2O3 and NdAlO3), in the composite, is proven by 27Al solid-state NMR and XPS studies. The line deconvolution of the Al 2p XPS spectrum reveals two components in a 1:2 ratio with binding energies corresponding to pure NdAlO3 and Al2O3. The diphasic nature of the oxide composite is also established by oxygen content analysis. The influence of the alumina matrix on the structural and optical properties of NdAlO3 dispersoids was evaluated by comparing the results of grain growth and photoluminescence of the NdAlO3/Al2O3 nanocomposite (NA3) with those for a nanocrystalline sample of monophasic neodymium aluminate (NA), obtained by the hydrolytic decomposition of the molecular precursor [NdAl(OPri)6(PriOH)]2. The absorption and photoluminescence (PL) spectra of NA and NA3 systems exhibit an enhanced performance in the composite material due to the effect of the NdAlO3−Al2O3 interface and the fact that the Al2O3 matrix functions as a spacer among the NdAlO3 nanocrystals. The PL efficiency was nearly 35 times higher in NA3 than in NA, which is attributed to the control of the minimum Nd−Nd separation within and on the surface of NdAlO3 nanocrystals coupled with the cooperative energy transfer of the absorbed pumping energy from Al3+ to Nd3+ ions via the F+ centers present in the alumina matrix. The results illustrate that the use of single-source precursors can impose a strict stoichiometry control at the nanometer scale in monophasic ceramics and a homogeneous dispersion of one phase into another in nanocomposites.
Embryology of the Sperm and Egg (1982)

Journal Article Embryology of the Sperm and Egg Get access RICHARD M. HOAR, Ph.D. RICHARD M. HOAR, Ph.D. Department of Toxicology and Pathology, Hoffmann-La Roche Inc.Nutley, New Jersey 07110 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Toxicological Sciences, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 1982, Pages 1–4, https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/2.1.1-b Published: 01 January 1982
Purification and some properties of protease produced by Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus strain No. 111. (1985)

The purification of protease, produced by Staphylococcus hyicus subsp. hyicus strain No.111, was performed by successive precipitations with ammonium sulfate and cold acetone, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and gel filtration on Sephadex G-75. By the procedure, the protease was purified 474.1-fold, and its recovery rate was 34.9%. The purity of the preparation was demonstrated by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the immunodiffusion test and immunoelectrophoresis. The protease was most active at a neutral value of pH. The protease activity was inhibited by the presence of Cu, Zn, Ag, Fe, or Hg ions, but was slightly stimulated by Ca ion. No protease was stimulated by the reducing agents such as cysteine, 2-mercaptoethanol and sodium thioglycolate, and it was strongly inhibited by the addition of EDTA. The molecular weight of the purified protease was estimated to be 32, 000 by SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Photodecarbonylation of α-Diketones:  A Mechanistic Study of Reactions Leading to Acenes (2007)

Poly(acene)s are significant compounds for various electronic applications. A clean, one-step synthesis involves alpha-diketones (2-4), which undergo facile Strating-Zwanenburg photodecarbonylation producing the corresponding poly(acene)s (i.e., anthracene, hexacene, and heptacene, respectively). Compounds 2-4 show weak fluorescence (lambdaF=approximately 525-530 nm and PhiF=approximately 0.1-0.4%) and phosphorescence (lambdaPh=approximately 565-570 nm) and have a small singlet-triplet energy gap (S1-T1 gap, approximately 4 kcal/mol) that facilitates rapid intersystem crossing from the singlet to the triplet state. Both the singlet states (tauS=approximately 20-218 ps) and the triplet states (tauT=approximately 370 ps to <7 ns) of 2-4 are short-lived, while the decarbonylation of 2-4 is a rapid process occurring within 7 ns from both the singlet and the triplet manifolds. The nanosecond laser flash photolysis of 4 also reveals the T-T absorption of heptacene (580 nm, tau=approximately 11 micros).
New Tl-Ba-Ca-Cu-O (1234 and 1245) superconductors with T/sub c/&lt;117 K (1989)

TlBa/sub 2/Ca/sub 3/Cu/sub 4/O/sub 11/ (1234) and TlBa/sub 2/Ca/sub 4/Cu/sub 5/O/sub 13/ (1245) superconductors have been synthesized for the first time. The compounds have T/sub c/ values of 116 approximately 122 K. The highest T/sub c/ value was obtained for the 1234 phase. These are single Tl-O layer compounds with less than half the Tl content of the previous 2223 phase. The structure of the compounds is a simple tetragonal phase with the lattice constants of a=b=3.85 AA and c=19.1 AA for the 1234 phase and a=b=3.85 AA and c=22.3 AA for the 1245 phase. The electron diffraction patterns and the lattice images from a high-resolution TEM have confirmed an oxygen-deficient layered-perovskite structure with the P4/mmm space group. The c-lattice constant follows the c-axis rule of a linear relation of c=6.3+3.2 n (n=the number of Cu-O layers), The T/sub c/ value is strongly related to the valence of Cu ion.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Macrophage-Parasite Interactions in <i>Leishmania</i> Infections (1990)

Macrophages have different roles in Leishmania infections. They function as host-cells to the parasite, they present parasite antigens to the immune system, and they also act as effector cells responsible for parasite killing in the healing stages of the infection. Protein and carbohydrate ligands on the parasite surface, which interact with receptors on the macrophage membrane during phagocytosis, have been identified. Survival of Leishmania in its host cell requires a metabolic adaptation to the intracellular environment. The nutritional requirements of the microorganism must be satisfied and the deleterious effect of oxygen metabolites and of lysosomal hydrolases must be adequately counteracted. When a successful immune response develops, macrophages become activated and acquire the capacity to destroy the microorganism. Possible reasons why these mechanisms fail in certain individuals or experimental host-parasite combinations are discussed.
Studies of Recycling of Poly(vinyl chloride) in Molten Na, Ca <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mo>‖</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math> NO<sub>3</sub>, OH Systems (2012)

The interaction of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) with components of molten inorganic systems at the temperature range 200–500 ° C was studied by a combination of thermogravimetric and differential-thermal methods. The results of this study show that the melts of alkali and alkaline-earth metal nitrates can be used for utilization of wastes of halogen-containing polymeric materials. It was established that unique solid products of interaction of PVC with components of the Ca(NO 3 ) 2 –Ca(OH) 2 mixes are ecologically safe calcium chloride and carbonate. Their formation proceeds in three stages including reactions of PVC dehydrochlorination, interactions of formed hydrocarbon residue and hydrogen chloride with calcium hydroxide and calcium nitrate, oxidation of the hydrocarbon residue, and carbonation of calcium hydroxide. A scheme for the oxidative degradation of PVC and for the binding of chlorine and carbon from the polymer in the reactions with components of Ca(NO 3 ) 2 –NaNO 3 and Ca(NO 3 ) 2 –Ca(OH) 2 mixtures was suggested, involving a series of consecutive and parallel reactions.
Handbook of Materials Selection for Engineering Applications (1997)

Reflecting the rapid advances in new materials development, this work offers up-to-date information on the properties and applications of various classes of metals, polymers, ceramics and composites. It aims to simplify the materials selection process and show how to lower materials and manufacturing costs, drawing on such sources as vendor supplie
On the optionality and fairness of Atomic Swaps (2019)

Atomic Swap enables two parties to atomically exchange their own cryptocurrencies without trusted third parties. This paper provides the first quantitative analysis on the fairness of the Atomic Swap protocol, and proposes the first fair Atomic Swap protocol with implementations.
Supercapacitor-based energy management for future aircraft systems (2010)

A power-based control method is proposed and analysed for a supercapacitor energy storage device. The performance of the energy storage device is examined by simulation and experimentally when operating on a high voltage DC bus with a multi-phase, fault-tolerant generator and a high power, pulsed load such as an actuation or avionic system. In the practical system the energy storage device is emulated using a bi-directional electronic load and a real-time simulation platform. The energy storage device is shown to minimise the DC bus transients and virtually eliminate the torque pulsation on the generator shaft. The system design and performance trade-offs are analysed. The experimental work uses a 70 kW generator and 30 kW programmable load emulation devices.
A prediction method on in‐plane permeability of mat/roving fibers laminates in vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (2006)

Abstract Vacuum assisted resin transfer molding (VARTM) is one of the promising manufacturing techniques for large‐scaled composite components with complex geometry, such as yachts or fishing vessels. To reduce the failure risk of production, numerical simulation of resin infusion process before manufacture is helpful. In general, basic characteristics of perform, such as permeability, need to be measured by experiments in practice. However, this experimental approach sometimes may be costly because specific types of fibers as well as preform with different layer numbers need individual experiments. This study first introduces the experimental procedure of measuring the permeability of reinforcements via Darcy's Law. On the basis of experimental observation of permeability of different layer order, we assumed that the change of the permeability in different experiments is mainly affected by the space provided by the fiber. Accordingly, an efficient prediction method based on the idea of “total porous space of the reinforcement” is proposed. It is shown that this method can give reference between prediction and experiments of the mat/roving fiber preform. Though the resin flowing is complex, this prediction gives a simple, macroscopic reference way for the injection characteristic of large‐sized ships, and consequently facilitates the numerical design work of composite structures manufactured by VARTM technique. POLYM. COMPOS., 27:665–670, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Design and analysis of a wake steering controller with wind direction variability (2020)

Abstract. Wind farm control strategies are being developed to mitigate wake losses in wind farms, increasing energy production. Wake steering is a type of wind farm control in which a wind turbine's yaw position is misaligned from the wind direction, causing its wake to deflect away from downstream turbines. Current modeling tools used to optimize and estimate energy gains from wake steering are designed to represent wakes for fixed wind directions. However, wake steering controllers must operate in dynamic wind conditions and a turbine's yaw position cannot perfectly track changing wind directions. Research has been conducted on robust wake steering control optimized for variable wind directions. In this paper, the design and analysis of a wake steering controller with wind direction variability is presented for a two-turbine array using the FLOw Redirection and Induction in Steady State (FLORIS) control-oriented wake model. First, the authors propose a method for modeling the turbulent and low-frequency components of the wind direction, where the slowly varying wind direction serves as the relevant input to the wake model. Next, we explain a procedure for finding optimal yaw offsets for dynamic wind conditions considering both wind direction and yaw position uncertainty. We then performed simulations with the optimal yaw offsets applied using a realistic yaw offset controller in conjunction with a baseline yaw controller, showing good agreement with the predicted energy gain using the probabilistic model. Using the Gaussian wake model in FLORIS as an example, we compared the performance of yaw offset controllers optimized for static and dynamic wind conditions for different turbine spacings and turbulence intensity values, assuming uniformly distributed wind directions. For a spacing of five rotor diameters and a turbulence intensity of 10 %, robust yaw offsets optimized for variable wind directions yielded an energy gain equivalent to 3.24 % of wake losses recovered, compared to 1.42 % of wake losses recovered with yaw offsets optimized for static wind directions. In general, accounting for wind direction variability in the yaw offset optimization process was found to improve energy production more as the separation distance increased, whereas the relative improvement remained roughly the same for the range of turbulence intensity values considered.