gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Charge-Assisted Hydrogen Bonding and Other Noncovalent Interactions in the Self-Assembly of the Organometallic Building Block [(η<sup>6</sup>-hydroquinone)Rh(P(OPh)<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>]<sup>+</sup> with a Range of Counteranions (2006)

The synthesis and X-ray structures are reported for [(η6-hydroquinone)Rh(P(OPh)3)2]+X- (X = BF4, ClO4, SbF6, OTf, OTs, OPf), [(η6-resorcinol)Rh(P(OPh)3)2]+BF4-, and [(η6-4,4‘-biphenol)Rh(P(OPh)3)2]+BF4-. In these complexes, the −OH groups are activated by the electrophilic rhodium moiety to participate in charge-assisted hydrogen bonding to the anionic counterion. The crystal structures feature three kinds of noncovalent interactionshydrogen bonding, Coulombic attraction, and π−π stacking, which result in an intriguing array of architectures: dimeric, 1-D chain, C2 helical, and C3 helical. The nature of the charge-assisted hydrogen bonding and the resulting 3-D structure in these systems are remarkably dependent on the identity of the anion. Robust porous networks are formed rapidly (minutes or less) with [(η6-hydroquinone)Rh(P(OPh)3)2]+X- (X = BF4, ClO4) and [(η6-resorcinol)Rh(P(OPh)3)2]+BF4-. The hydrophobic pores in [(η6-hydroquinone)Rh(P(OPh)3)2]+ClO4- bind toluene reversibly. This work demonstrates that self-assembly of well-designed organometallic building blocks via charge-assisted hydrogen bonding is an effective strategy for the construction of robust porous networks. With counterions containing both oxygen and fluorine, it was found that the former is invariably the hydrogen bond acceptor, a result in agreement with atomic charge calculations. It is anticipated that self-assembly via charge-assisted hydrogen bonding is an approach applicable in many organometallic systems.
Evidence by Site-Directed Mutagenesis Supports Long-Range Electron Transfer in Mouse Ribonucleotide Reductase (1995)

Mammalian ribonucleotide reductase consists of two nonidentical subunits, proteins R1 and R2, each inactive alone. The R1 protein binds the ribonucleotide substrates while the R2 protein contains a binuclear iron center and a tyrosyl free radical, essential for activity. The crystal structures of the corresponding Escherichia coli proteins suggest that the distance from the active site in R1 to the tyrosyl radical buried in R2 is about 35 A. Therefore, an electron pathway was suggested between the active site and the tyrosyl radical. Such a pathway could include a conserved tryptophan on the suggested R1 interaction surface of R2 and a conserved aspartic acid hydrogen bonded both to the tryptophan and to a histidine iron ligand. To find experimental support for such an electron pathway, we have replaced the conserved tryptophan in mouse R2 with phenylalanine or tyrosine and the aspartic acid with alanine. All the mutated R2 proteins were shown to bind metal with the same affinity as native R2 and to form the binuclear iron center. In addition, the W103Y and D266A proteins formed a normal tyrosyl free radical while only low amounts of radical were observed in the W103F protein. Neither the kinetic rate constants nor the equilibrium dissociation constant of the R1/R2 complex was affected by the mutations as shown by BIAcore biosensor technique. However, all mutant R2 proteins were completely inactive in the enzymatic assay, supporting the hypothesis that the tryptophan and aspartic acid residues are important links in an amino acid residue specific long-range electron transfer.
Microsystem Technology and Microrobotics (1997)

Microsystem technology (MST) integrates very small (up to a few nanometers) mechanical, electronic, optical, and other components on a substrate to construct functional devices. These devices are used
Avian basal metabolic rates: their association with body composition and energy expenditure in nature (1990)

Measurements of basal metabolic rate (BMR), body water, fat, and lean dry mass of different organs were obtained in 22 bird species, ranging from 10.8 to 1,253 g body mass. Residuals of BMR (after subtracting BMR allometrically predicted from body mass) were positively correlated with residuals of lean dry heart and kidney mass. Measurements of both BMR and the daily energy expenditure of parent birds (DEEpar) during the period of nestling care as assessed by labeled-water turnover were collected from the literature for 26 altricial bird species. The allometric relationships with body mass in this data set were: log BMR (W) = -1.385 + 0.684 log mass (g) [fraction of variance (r2) = 0.973] and log DEEpar (W) = -0.797 + 0.659 log mass (g) (r2 = 0.967). Residuals of log BMR and log DEEpar were positively correlated with each other. The parallel regressions and correlation of residuals lead to reduced variance in the ratio of BMR/DEEpar (mean 0.301; SD 0.086). We suggest that natural selection has led to an adjustment of the size of organs (such as heart and kidney) involved in sustaining energy metabolism at the DEE maximized during parental care and that size-independent variation in BMR reflects the relative size of this highly metabolically active machinery. These relationships of BMR lead to new interpretations of the decline in mass-specific BMR with increasing body size and decreasing latitude and of the difference in mass-specific BMR between birds and mammals.
Characteristic patterns of free amino acid content in plasma, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, and granulocytes in man. (1983)

This work was supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (Project NO. 544050) from the Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture of Japan.
Consistent Database Replication at the Middleware Level (2005)

The widespread use of clusters and web farms has increased the importance of data replication. In this paper, we show how to implement consistent and scalable data replication at the middleware level. We do this by combining transactional concurrency control with group communication primitives. The paper presents different replication protocols, argues their correctness, describes their implementation as part of a generic middleware tool, and proves their feasibility with an extensive performance evaluation. The solution proposed is well suited for a variety of applications including web farms and distributed object platforms.
The story on partial-thickness skin grafts (2008)

Arizona Burn Center, Maricopa Integrated Health Systems, Phoenix, Ariz. EDITOR's NOTE: Last issue, we discussed full-thickness skin grafts, including care of sheet grafts and donor sites. Join us this issue as we explore partial-thickness skin grafts.
Functional fabrication of MEMS by ion implantation (2001)

An ion-implantation material-modification technique was applied to a micro-electro mechanical systems (MEMS) fabrication technique in order to enhance the functionality of MEMS. Ion implantation, which is well known as doping technology in semiconductor and surface modification technology, can alter the characteristics of a substrate by the addition of ions. However, when the object is a microscale device such as MEMS, such implantation involves metallurgy of the micro material, because size, depth, and area of the modified area are on the same order as the size of the microscale device. When the characteristics that can be controlled by ion implantation are combined with other properties, such mechanical, electrical, optical, and chemical, a wide range of characteristics can be easily controlled simply by changing the operating parameters, such as ion species, energy, dose, and substrate temperature. By effectively utilizing region selectivity, which is an advantage of ion implantation, the local physical properties of a micro device can be controlled. Consequently, in the design of MEMS devices, material properties can be controlled to enhance the functionality of the device. In this study, we used this ion implantation technique, which only involved injection of ions and etching that changed the chemical property of the substrate material, to fabricate a micro device, e.g., a microcantilever beam, that has low elasticity and electric conductance.
Quantification of Liver Iron Overload by T2 Quantitative Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Thalassemia (1999)

Liver T2 values were found to be more accurate than serum ferritin in predicting liver iron overload and were not influenced by the presence of chronic hepatitis C. Therefore, MRI could serve as a noninvasive alternative to liver biopsy for the quantification of hemosiderosis in HCV+ patients with thalassemia.
Cyclin-dependent kinase 5 is a mediator of dopaminergic neuron loss in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (2003)

Recent evidence indicates that cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs, cdks) may be inappropriately activated in several neurodegenerative conditions. Here, we report that cdk5 expression and activity are elevated after administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), a toxin that damages the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway. Supporting the pathogenic significance of the cdk5 alterations are the findings that the general cdk inhibitor, flavopiridol, or expression of dominant-negative cdk5, and to a lesser extent dominant-negative cdk2, attenuates the loss of dopaminergic neurons caused by MPTP. In addition, CDK inhibition strategies attenuate MPTP-induced hypolocomotion and markers of striatal function independent of striatal dopamine. We propose that cdk5 is a key regulator in the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease.
Role of Pressure in Coking of Thin Films of Bitumen (2007)

Abstract An important step in the formation of product from feed in a fluidized‐bed coker is the evolution of product and coke from layers of vacuum residue on the surfaces of heated particles and from liquid inside agglomerates of liquid and solid. In the present study, the yield of coke from Athabasca vacuum residue was measured using a reactor based on rapid induction heating of thin films of liquid feed on the surface of pieces of Curie‐point alloy. This approach allowed measurement of the yield of coke at pressures from 101–652 kPa, temperatures of 503 and 530°C, and reaction times from 10 to 240 s. When the liquid was reacted in thin films of ca. 20 µm, the effects of temperature and pressure on coke yield were insignificant. As the film thickness was increased to 120 µm, the yield of coke increased at all conditions. The yield of coke from thicker films was only sensitive to total pressure at 503°C reaction temperature, when the pressure was increased from 377 kPa to 652 kPa. Observable bubbling due to cracking reactions during coking was suppressed by increasing pressure, and the transition from quiescent liquid to bubbling liquid increased from circa 26 µm at 101.3 kPa to 78 µm at 652 kPa at 503°C. The bubbling transition was much less sensitive to pressure at 530°C, falling in the range from 22 µm to 43 µm as pressure increased from 101.3 to 652 kPa. These results suggest that the most important effect of pressure will be on the physical behaviour of liquid feed, due to its impact on bubble evolution from liquid inside agglomerates of liquid and solid particles. Depending on the liquid/solid ratio in an agglomerate, the formation of bubbles inside such a structure would make it weaker and easier to disperse on the fluidized bed reactor.
Topical Minoxidil Alone and with Topical Lanoprost in Localized Alopecia Areata Treatment: Comparative Study (2019-2020) (2020)

Rationale: Therapeutic choicement for patients with alopacia was of limited success, no hundred percent cure rate, and no choice for absolute remission without recrudescence. 
Aim: Comparison of topical Lanoprost & Minoxidil versus topical Minoxidil only in treatment of localized alopecia areata.
Methodology: Interventional-controlled single blinded study that was involving (95) alopecia areata patients. That extended from1st day of February 2019 to last week January 2020 In Al-Hussain teaching hospitals in Thi-Qar and Al-Muthana governorates., the patients crossly matched well and divided according to lines of treatment into two groups. ethical consent had been taken after full details explanation of research items and purpose.
Results: Post interventional assessment of the response difference in terms significant statistical differences (p value=0.002, 0.0001) between the two groups. The SALT II when compared before and after treatment was decreasing in both groups but to a significantly better extent in group II
Conclusions: The treatments with 5% minoxidil in a combination with 0.005% latanoprost or 5% minoxidil alone were found to be effective and a better result with minoxidil only. implemented combination in the managements of alopecia areata is of great benefit in reduction of size and duration of treatment.
Studies on Phase Transitions by AC Calorimetry (1981)

As examples of the best use of the so-called AC calorimetry technique, several results are described from various viewpoints. The behavior of heat capacity at ferroelectric, antiferroelectric and structural phase transitions is surveyed from the standpoint of critical behavior, of jump at first order transition, or of a sensitive metod of finding a new phase transition. In two- and three-dimensional antiferromagnets, the critical behavior is discussed with an emphasis on the crossover from the Ising to the Heisenberg system. In the two-dimensional antiferromagnets, the crossover is revealed from the dependence of the critical amplitude on the strength of the Ising-like anisotropy. A hyperscaling relation is proposed at nematic-to-smectic A transition of liquid crystals. Finally, studies of the frequency dependence of heat capacities in the denaturation of proteins and in the order-disorder transition of alloys are reported.
Applications of fuzzy expert systems in integrated oil exploration (1994)

Abstract Expert systems, though not widely used in the oil industry, have been the subject of a large volume of research and development activities in the industry and academia. Two reasons for limited practical usage of expert systems in oil exploration are: (1) exploration in general is highly multidisciplinary; and (2) the rules governing the exploration process are, for the most part, subjective. The combination of these two factors has made development of expert systems for solving practical exploration problems difficult. Recent advances in some areas of expert systems, coupled with the availability of cost effective and fast workstations, offer opportunities to overcome the two major obstacles. Specifically, using fuzzy logic networks in expert systems makes integration of different knowledge sources, implementation of inexact and qualitative rules (information), and self-learning more practical.
DARES: a distributed automated reasoning system (1990)

In many domains of interest to distributed artificial intelligence, the problem solving environment may be viewed as a collection of loosely coupled intelligent agents, each of which reasons based on its own incomplete knowledge of the state of the world. No agent has sufficient knowledge to solve the problem at hand so that coordinated cooperative problem solving is required to satisfy system goals. In this paper, we present DARES, a distributed reasoning system in which agents have the ability to focus their attention on selective information interchange to facilitate cooperative problem solving. The experimental results we present demonstrate that agents in a loosely coupled network of problem solvers can work semi-independently, yet focus their attention with the aid of relatively simple heuristics when cooperation is appropriate. These results suggest that we have developed an effective cooperation strategy which is largely independent of initial knowledge distribution.
Toward a unified theory of similarity and recognition. (1988)

A new theory of similarity, rooted in the detection and recognition literatures, is developed. The general recognition theory assumes that the perceptual effect of a stimulus is random but that on any single trial it can be represented as a point in a multidimensional space. Similarity is a function of the overlap of perceptual distributions. It is shown that the general recognition theory contains Euclidean distance models of similarity as a special case but that unlike them, it is not constrained by any distance axioms. Three experiments are reported that test the empirical validity of the theory. In these experiments the general recognition theory accounts for similarity data as well as the currently popular similarity theories do, and it accounts for identification data as well as the longstanding champion identification model does. The concept of similarity is of fundamental importance in psychology. Not only is there a vast literature concerned directly with the interpretation of subjective similarity judgments (e.g., as in multidimensional scaling) but the concept also plays a crucial but less direct role in the modeling of many psychophysical tasks. This is particularly true in the case of pattern and form recognition. It is frequently assumed that the greater the similarity between a pair of stimuli, the more likely one will be confused with the other in a recognition task (e.g., Luce, 1963; Shepard, 1964; Tversky & Gati, 1982). Yet despite the potentially close relationship between the two, there have been only a few attempts at developing theories that unify the similarity and recognition literatures. Most attempts to link the two have used a distance-based similarity measure to predict the confusions in recognition experiments (Appelman & Mayzner, 1982; Getty, Swets, & Swets, 1980; Getty, Swets, Swets, & Green, 1979; Nakatani, 1972; Nosofsky, 1984, 1985b, 1986; Shepard, 1957, 1958b). It is now widely suspected, however, that standard distance-based similarity measures do not provide an adequate account of perceived similarity (e.g., Krumhansl, 1978; Tversky, 1977). Our approach takes the opposite tack. We begin with a very powerful and general theory of recognition and use it to derive a new similarity measure, which successfully accounts for a wide variety of similarity results in both the recognition and the similarity literatures. The theory, which we call the general recognition theory, is rooted in the detection and recognition literatures and, in fact, is a multivariate generalization of signal-detection
Fuzzy modeling and prediction of network traffic fluctuations (2002)

Network management is a real-time observation and control action to optimize the grade of service of a network. More emphasis is being placed on the intelligent automatic exchange for stored program controlled (SPC) systems that are capable of real-time network management. The modeling of traffic characteristics and the prediction of future traffic flow are the first steps to efficient network control and management. This paper presents a fuzzy logic self-learning model and adaptive predictor of traffic now. The results of an application of this predictor on real world telephone links, are shown, and are compared to applications of a math-model and a Kalman-filter predictor.
Reactions of 2-formyl-3-methoxypropionitrile derivatives as electrophilic reagent. (1978)

The reaction of 2-formyl-3-methoxypropionitrile derivatives (I, II, III) with benzenes (VIa-h) in the presence of an acid catalyst gave cis isomers of 2-methoxymethylene-3-phenylpropionitriles (VIIa-h) via electrophilic substitution of allyl cation (IV). The aluminum chloride-catalyzed reaction of III with the benzenes afforded 2-methoxymethyl-3, 3-diphenylpropionitriles (XVa-c) via electrophilic substitution of oxocarbonium ion (V). The same reactions of carbomethoxy analogs of I, II, and III were carried out to provide trans isomers of methyl 2-methoxymethylene-3-phenylpropionates (XIa-e) and a small amount of the carbomethoxy analog (XVIc) of XVc. In these reactions indan-(VIIIa, XIIa, b), triphenylpropane-(IXa, XIIIc), and indene-(XIVa, b) derivatives were obtainable via successive intra- or intermolecular substitutions of benzenes at the 2-methoxymethylene groups of VII and XI. The compounds VII and XV were converted into 2-dimethoxymethyl-3-phenylpropionitriles (X) and 2-cyano-1, 1-diphenyl-1-propenes (XVII), respectively, by the treatment of sodium methoxide in methanol. Some heterocycles such as 3-cyano-2-methoxychroman (XIX), 3-cyano-2H-chromen (XXIII), and 3-cyanoquinoline (XXIV) were simply derived from I or III following the above methods.
Control of Breathing and Acute Respiratory Failure (2006)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Amido Pincer Complexes of Nickel(II):  Synthesis, Structure, and Reactivity (2006)

A series of diamagnetic divalent nickel complexes supported by a tridentate amido diphosphine ligand [N(o-C6H4PR2)2]- ([R-PNP]-; R = Ph, iPr, Cy) have been prepared and characterized. Deprotonation of H[Ph-PNP], H[iPr-PNP], and H[Cy-PNP] with n-BuLi in ethereal solutions at −35 °C produced the lithium complexes [Ph-PNP]Li(THF)2, [iPr-PNP]Li(solv) (solv = THF, Et2O), and [Cy-PNP]Li(solv) (solv = THF, Et2O), respectively. The reactions of [R-PNP]Li(solv)n with NiCl2(DME) in THF at −35 °C generated [R-PNP]NiCl, which was then reacted with a variety of Grignard reagents to afford the corresponding hydrocarbyl complexes [R-PNP]NiR‘ (R = Ph, R‘ = Me, Et, n-Bu, i-Bu, n-hexyl, CH2SiMe3, Ph; R = iPr, R‘ = Me, Et, n-Bu; R = Cy, R‘ = Me, Et, n-Bu). Of particular interest among the compounds isolated are alkyl complexes that contain β-hydrogen atoms. Treatment of the hydrocarbyl complexes with halogenated hydrocarbons such as dichloromethane, benzyl bromide, and phenyl iodide produced the corresponding nickel halide derivatives. The chloride complexes [Ph-PNP]NiCl, [iPr-PNP]NiCl, and [Cy-PNP]NiCl are all active catalyst precursors for Kumada coupling reactions, including those of alkyls containing β-hydrogen atoms. In addition to spectroscopic data for all new compounds, X-ray structures of [Cy-PNP]Li(OEt2), [Ph-PNP]NiCl, [Ph-PNP]NiBr, [Ph-PNP]NiMe, [Ph-PNP]Ni(n-Bu), [Ph-PNP]NiCH2SiMe3, [iPr-PNP]NiCl, [iPr-PNP]NiMe, [iPr-PNP]Ni(n-Bu), and [Cy-PNP]NiMe are presented.
Generation of Electrospun Nanofibers with Controllable Degrees of Crimping Through a Simple, Plasticizer‐Based Treatment (2015)

Electrospun nanofibers with controllable degrees of crimping are fabricated by simply exposing the samples to a plasticizer at preset shrinkage ratios. Compared with their straight counterparts, the crimped nanofibers are able to mechanically mimic native tendon tissue and better protect tendon fibroblasts under uniaxial strains.
Stresses developed in reaction-bonded ceramics (1995)

For a number of reaction-bonded ceramics, the reaction starts from the surface of the particles, forming a shell of products surrounding a reactant core. The reaction is continued by inward growth ...
Coordination chemistry : metal complexes transition metal chemistry with lanthanides and actinides (2013)

This book has been written in a simple and lucid language to help students understand the intricate theories of co-ordination chemistry. Divided into two parts, the first part reviews all the recent developments in the fields of organometallics and co-ordination chemistry. The second part deals with transition and inner transition metals including the study of f-block elements. It was developed with a focus on the need to demystify coordination complexes and transition metals.