gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Limit cycle behavior of error diffusion (2002)

Error diffusion is an important technique for digital halftoning. One of the most observable artifacts of error diffusion is the periodically repeating patterns appearing in the areas where the input is constant or slowly varying. We analyze the limit cycle behavior of error diffusion, which explains the periodic oscillation under a constant input. We discuss why certain periodic patterns are more likely to appear than the others in the image. We demonstrate how to increase or reduce the occurrence of a pattern by manipulating the error diffusion weights.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bone fracture consolidates faster with low‐power laser (1987)

Low-power laser radiation is currently used in the treatment of pain and osteoarticular inflammation. However, the mechanisms of the laser biostimulating effects on tissue are still not completely understood. With laser treatment, we have achieved activation of osseous regeneration in human bone fractures. After 7 years of positive clinical control in human beings, we decided to start an experimental study of fractures in the tibia of mice, histologically controlling its reparation after exposure to 632 nm. He/Ne laser in doses of 2.4 Joules in one point was used. The radiation was directly applied to the area of fracture in a series of 12 treatments (one treatment every second day). By optic microscope we observed, in the treated animals, an important increase in vascularization and faster formation of osseous tissue with a dense trabecular net compared to the control group, which presented only chondroid tissue and poor vascularization corresponding to an earlier stage of bone consolidation (controls were also analyzed by electron microscopy). Potentially, the laser effect might modulate the function of osteocytes, promoting faster metabolism and reaction of bone callus.
Haloduracin α Binds the Peptidoglycan Precursor Lipid II with 2:1 Stoichiometry (2011)

The two-peptide lantibiotic haloduracin is composed of two post-translationally modified polycyclic peptides that synergistically act on gram-positive bacteria. We show here that Halα inhibits the transglycosylation reaction catalyzed by PBP1b by binding in a 2:1 stoichiometry to its substrate lipid II. Halβ and the mutant Halα-E22Q were not able to inhibit this step in peptidoglycan biosynthesis, but Halα with its leader peptide still attached was a potent inhibitor. Combined with previous findings, the data support a model in which a 1:2:2 lipid II:Halα:Halβ complex inhibits cell wall biosynthesis and mediates pore formation, resulting in loss of membrane potential and potassium efflux.
Molecular cloning, genomic analysis, and biological properties of rat leukemia virus and the onc sequences of Rasheed rat sarcoma virus (1982)

Rasheed rat sarcoma virus (RaSV) has been shown to code for a protein of 29,000 Mr not present in replication-competent rat type C helper virus (RaLV)-infected cells. This protein is a fused gene product consisting of a portion of the RaLV p15 gag protein and the transformation-specific 21,000 Mr (p21) ras protein, which is also found in Harvey murine sarcoma virus. We now report the molecular cloning of both the SD-1 (Sprague-Dawley) strain of RaLV and the transforming ras sequences of RaSV. Heteroduplex analysis of these cloned DNAs demonstrated that the RaSV ras gene (v-Ra-ras) was inserted into the rat type C viral genome with a small deletion of RaLV genetic information in the 5' region of the gag gene and that the v-Ra-ras gene (0.72 kilobase pair) is homologous to and colinear with the p21 ras gene of Harvey murine sarcoma virus (v-Ha-ras). Restriction enzyme mapping confirmed the homology demonstrated by heteroduplex mapping, showing strong site conservation of restriction endonucleases known to cleave v-Ha-ras. Cloned v-Ra-ras DNA transformed NIH 3T3 cells, inducing the synthesis of the p29 RaSVgag-ras protein.
Joint hop timing and frequency estimation for collision resolution in FH networks (2005)

With the rapid growth of frequency-hopped (FH) wireless networks, interference due to frequency collisions has become one of the main performance-limiting challenges. This paper proposes a novel multiuser detection method for joint hop timing and frequency estimation, which is capable of unraveling and demodulating multiple FH transmissions in the presence of collisions and unknown hop patterns without retransmission. The method is based on the principle of dynamic programming (DP) coupled with two-dimensional harmonic retrieval (2-D HR) or low-rank trilinear decomposition, and it remains operational even with multiple unknown hop rates, frequency offsets, and asynchronism. The model is based on frequency-shift keying (FSK) and phase-shift keying (PSK) modulation, but the algorithms are also evaluated with Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK) modulation and shown to be robust.
The CRISPR Associated Protein Cas4 Is a 5′ to 3′ DNA Exonuclease with an Iron-Sulfur Cluster (2012)

The Cas4 protein is one of the core CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins implicated in the prokaryotic CRISPR system for antiviral defence. Cas4 is thought to play a role in the capture of new viral DNA sequences for incorporation into the host genome. No biochemical activity has been reported for Cas4, but it is predicted to include a RecB nuclease domain. We show here that Cas4 family proteins from the archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus utilise four conserved cysteine residues to bind an iron-sulfur cluster in an arrangement reminiscent of the AddB nuclease of Bacillus subtilis. The Cas4 family protein Sso0001 is a 5' to 3' single stranded DNA exonuclease in vitro that is stalled by extrahelical DNA adducts. A role for Cas4 in DNA duplex strand resectioning to generate recombinogenic 3' single stranded DNA overhangs is proposed. Comparison of the AddB structure with that of a related bacterial nuclease from Eubacterium rectales reveals that the iron-sulfur cluster can be replaced by a zinc ion without disrupting the protein structure, with implications for the evolution of iron-sulfur binding proteins.
Contribution of optical phonons to thermal boundary conductance (2010)

Thermal boundary conductance (TBC) is a performance determinant for many microsystems due to the numerous interfaces contained within their structure. To assess this transport, theoretical approaches often account for only the acoustic phonons as optical modes are assumed to contribute negligibly due to their low group velocities. To examine this approach, the diffuse mismatch model is reformulated to account for more realistic dispersions containing optical modes. Using this reformulation, it is found that optical phonons contribute to TBC by as much as 80% for a variety of material combinations in the limit of both inelastic and elastic scattering.
A test chip for automatic reliability measurements of interconnect vias (1992)

A test circuit for electromigration reliability measurements was designed and tested. The device under test (DUT) is a via-hole chain. The test circuit permits simultaneous measurements of a number of DUTs, and a fatal error of one DUT does not influence the measurement results of the other DUTs. Measurements require only a few measurement instruments. Comparing the measurement results of a single DUT io the measurement results of the test circuit shows that the test circuit may be used for reliability measurements.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Influence of positive bias stress on N2O plasma improved InGaZnO thin film transistor (2010)

A post-treatment using N2O-plasma is applied to enhance the electrical characteristics of amorphous indium gallium zinc oxide thin film transistors. Improvements in the field-effect mobility and the subthreshold swing demonstrate that interface states were passivated after N2O-plasma treatment, and a better stability under positive gate-bias stress was obtained in addition. The degradation of mobility, resulted from bias stress, reduces from 6.1% (untreated devices) to 2.6% (N2O-plasma treated devices). Nevertheless, a strange hump characteristic occurs in transfer curve during bias stress, inferring that a parasitic transistor had been caused by the gate-induced electrical field.
Note—Seasonal Exponential Smoothing with Damped Trends (1989)

In this paper we apply the strategy of trend-damping to the popular Winters exponential smoothing systems for seasonal time series. Efficient model formulations are derived for both multiplicative and additive seasonal patterns. An algorithm is given to test the stability of the models in cases where predetermined smoothing parameters are used. Empirical results are presented to show that trend-damping improves ex ante forecast accuracy in seasonal data, especially at long leadtimes.
Aluminium-27 N.M.R. Studies of Aluminum Fluoro Complexes in Dichloromethane Solution: Evidence for the Tetrafluoroaluminate Anion (1989)

Mixed aluminium chloro/fluoro anions are formed in dichloromethane solution by the interaction of AICl3 and [Ph3PhCH2P][H2F3]. Aluminium-27 n.m.r. studies are restricted to the stoichiometric ranges F/AI from 1 : 1 to 3 : 1 and F/AI &gt; 8 : 1. Between these limits rapid precipitation reactions occur. In the fluoride-rich stoichiometric range there is rapid exchange on the n.m.r. time scale between the aluminium fluoro anion and free fluoride, so that a direct identification of the species by the multiplicity of the resonance is not possible. Indirect evidence strongly suggests that the aluminium species is [AIF4. In the F/AI stoichiometry range from 1 : 1 to 3 : 1 aluminium-27 resonances were observed for all the other possible [AICIxF4-x]- species. Studies on the aluminium \iodo/fluoro system support the identification of [AIF4]-, but the system is labile and the mixed iodo/fluoro species undergo rapid disproportionation.
Stability of cefazolin sodium admixtures in plastic bags after thawing by microwave radiation (1980)

The effect on antibiotic stability of thawing, with microwave radiation, cefazolin sodium admixtures frozen in polyvinyl chloride minibags was studied. Two brands of cefazolin sodium (Ancef and Kefzol) were reconstituted and placed in 50-, 100- and 250-ml polyvinyl chloride minibags of 5% dextrose in water or 0.9% sodium chloride. The resulting solutions were assayed for antibiotic stability, using an agar disk diffusion technique, and for pH. The solutions were then stored at -20 degrees C for 48 hours, thawed to room temperature in a microwave oven, and kept at room temperature for four hours, after which they were reassayed for potency and pH. The results indicated that after the freeze-thaw process, the cefazolin sodium minibag admixtures retained at least 90% of their initial antimicrobial activity. The minimal pH changes could not be related to changes in antimicrobial activity, and no color changes could be detected visually. Using a microwave oven can greatly reduce thawing time of antibiotic admixtures. To maintain solution stability and prevent accidents, it is important to calibrate the oven, avoid solution overheating, and observe full precautions in oven operation.
Sulfonamido Derivatives of Thiazoles (1941)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSulfonamido Derivatives of ThiazolesJames M. Sprague and L. W. KissingerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1941, 63, 2, 578–580Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1941Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1941https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01847a063https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01847a063research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views138Altmetric-Citations16LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
In vitro metabolism of cannabidiol in the rabbit: Identification of seventeen new metabolites including thirteen dihydroxylated in the isopropenyl chain (1990)

The metabolism of cannabidiol (CBD) was studied in liver microsomes from the female New Zealand white rabbit. Metabolites were extracted with ethyl acetate, concentrated by chromatography on Sephadex LH-20 and examined as trimethylsilyl (TMS), methyl ester/TMS and (2H9)TMS derivatives by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Thirty-nine metabolites, mainly mono-, di- and tri-hydroxy compounds, were identified; 17 of these have not been reported before. New metabolites included 8,9-dihydroxy-8,9-dihydro-CBD (two isomers) and seven monohydroxy derivatives of each of these two compounds. The mass spectra of the TMS derivatives of metabolites not hydroxylated in the isopropenyl group were generally dominated by the ion produced by retro-Diels-Alder cleavage of the terpene ring. Other structurally informative ions included the tropylium ion and fragments diagnostic of hydroxylation at C-1", C-2", C-3", C-4" and C-7. The spectra of the TMS derivatives of metabolites hydroxylated in the isopropenyl group were generally dominated by the ion at m/z 143. This involved loss of CH2OTMS and a retro-Diels-Alder fragmentation analogous to that seen in the other metabolites, but with charge retention by the other (smaller) fragment. Other, related fragment ions also characterized these metabolites.
Ruthenium‐Catalyzed Chemoselective N‐Allyl Cleavage: Novel Grubbs Carbene Mediated Deprotection of Allylic Amines (2003)

A novel application of the Grubbs carbene complex has been discovered. The first examples of the catalytic deprotection of allylic amines with reagents other than palladium catalysts have been achieved through Grubbs carbene mediated reaction. Significantly, the catalytic system directs the reaction toward the selective deprotection of allylic amines (secondary as well as tertiary) in the presence of allylic ethers. A variety of substrates, including enantiomerically pure multifunctional piperidines, are also usable. The new method is more convenient, chemoselective, and operationally simple than the palladium-catalyzed method. The current mechanistic hypothesis invokes a nitrogen-assisted ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization, followed by hydrolysis of the enamine intermediate. We believe that the reactive species involved in the reaction may be an Rubond;H species rather than the Grubbs carbene itself. Thus, the isomerization may occur according to the hydride mechanism. The synthetic utility of this ruthenium-catalyzed allyl cleavage is illustrated by the preparation of indolizidine-type alkaloids.
Saposin C mutations in Gaucher disease patients resulting in lysosomal lipid accumulation, saposin C deficiency, but normal prosaposin processing and sorting (2010)

Gaucher disease (GD) is characterized by accumulation of glucosylceramide (GC) in the cells of monocyte/macrophage system. The degradation of GC is controlled by glucosylceramidase (GCase) and saposin (Sap) C, a member of a family of four small glycoproteins (Saps A, B, C and D), all derived by proteolytic processing of a common precursor, prosaposin (PSAP). Saps contain six cysteine residues, forming three disulfide bridges, that affect their structure and function. Sap C is an essential activator of GCase and its deficit impairs the GCase activity causing GD. In the present study the biological properties of cells from four recently described GD patients carrying mutations in the Sap C domain of the PSAP gene have been characterized. Two patients had mutations involving a cysteine residue, whereas the other two had a L349P mutation. It was found that: (i) in the four Sap C-deficient cells PSAP was normally processed and sorted, the lack of Sap C being mainly due to the Sap C instability in late endosomal/lysosomal environment; (ii) the decrease/absence of Sap C affected the GCase intracellular localization; (iii) the lowest level of Sap C and enhanced autophagy were observed in the cells, which carried a Sap C mutation involving a cysteine residue; (iv) the four Sap C-deficient fibroblasts stored GC, ceramide and cholesterol, the last two lipids being clearly localized in lysosomes; (v) a correlation was observed between the type of Sap C mutation and the Gaucher phenotype: apparently, mutations involving cysteine residues lead to a neurological variant of GD.
2.75 THz tuning with a triple-DFB laser system at 1550 nm and InGaAs photomixers (2014)

To date, exploiting the full bandwidth of state-of-the-art InGaAs photomixers for generation and detection of continuous-wave (CW) THz radiation (typ. ~50 GHz to ~3 THz) required complex and costly external-cavity diode lasers with motorized resonator control. Distributed feedback (DFB) lasers, by contrast, are compact and inexpensive, but the tuning range per diode is limited to ~600 GHz at 1.5 μm. In this paper, we show that a combination of three DFB diodes covers the complete frequency range from 0 – 2750 GHz without any gaps. In combination with InGaAs-based photomixers for terahertz generation and detection, the system achieves a dynamic range of > 100 dB at 56 GHz, 64 dB at 1000 GHz, and 26 dB at 2500 GHz. A field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based lock-in amplifier permits a flexible adjustment of the integration time from 0.5 ms to 600 ms. Employing an optimized “fast scan” mode, a spectrum of ~1200 GHz – the bandwidth of each subset of two lasers – and 40 MHz steps is acquired in less than one minute, still maintaining a reasonable dynamic range. To the best of our knowledge, the bandwidth of 2.75 THz presents a new record for DFB-based CW-terahertz systems.
Wireless channel equalisation (1998)

Abstract Equalisation techniques for wireless channels, in particular for those encountered in mobile wireless communications, are examined. Equalisation is broadly defined to include reception techniques which estimate the state or response of the channel and then attempt to compensate for its effects. The paper considers equalisation techniques for fading dispersive channels which include both time and frequency selectivity. In addition, brief consideration is given to the problems of blind equalisation, techniques for dealing with fast fading channels and to the problem of joint equalisation and decoding. The paper does not attempt to provide in‐depth analysis or performance results. Rather, the interested reader is referred to the extensive list of references.
Antiproteinase chemotherapy of acute experimental pancreatitis using the low molecular weight oligopeptide aldehyde leupeptin. (1982)

Continuous intravenous infusion of the low molecular weight trypsin inhibitor leupeptin prolonged the survival of rats with acute haemorrhagic pancreatitis (p less than 0.001) compared with controls receiving saline alone. Rats receiving high dose intravenous Trasylol (aprotinin) survived no longer than saline-only controls. Combination therapy of leupeptin with Trasylol conferred no additional benefit over animals treated with leupeptin alone. The nature of the infusion was selected blind after the induction of pancreatitis and survival was quantified by recording of body temperature. These preliminary results suggest that sterically favourable molecules which can complete the inhibiton of alpha 2-macroglobulin bound proteinases should contribute to the effective specific chemotherapy of the disease.
On-line handwriting recognition (1992)

For large-alphabet languages, like Japanese, handwriting input using an online recognition technique is essential for input accuracy and speed. However, there are serious problems that prevent high recognition accuracy of unconstrained handwriting. First, the thousands of ideographic Japanese characters of Chinese origin (called Kanji) can be written with wide variations in the number and order of strokes and significant shape distortions. Also, writing box-free recognition of characters is required to create a better man-machine interface. Intense research performed over the past 15 years to answer the most pressing recognition problems is described. Prototype systems are also described. The man-machine interfaces made possible by online handwriting recognition and anticipated advances in both hardware and software are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Derivatives of 2-Amino-4-methylthiazole (1946)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDerivatives of 2-Amino-4-methylthiazoleJames M. Sprague, A. H. Land, and Carl ZieglerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1946, 68, 11, 2155–2159Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1946Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1946https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01215a010RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views409Altmetric-Citations27LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (662 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts