gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seasonal changes in photosynthesis of eight savanna tree species (1999)

Seasonal variations in carbon assimilation of eight tree species of a north Australian tropical savanna were examined over two wet seasons and one dry season (18 months). Assimilation rates (A) in the two evergreen species, Eucalyptus tetrodonta F. Muell. and E. miniata A. Cunn. ex Schauer, were high throughout the study although there was a 10-20% decline in the dry season compared with the wet season. The three semi-deciduous species (Erythrophleum chlorostachys (F. Muell.) Baillon, Eucalyptus clavigera A. Cunn. ex Schauer, and Xanthostemon paradoxus F. Muell.) showed a 25-75% decline in A in the dry season compared with the wet season, and the deciduous species (Terminalia ferdinandiana Excell, Planchonia careya (F. Muell.) Kunth, and Cochlospermum fraseri Planchon) were leafless for several months in the dry season. Generally, the ratio of intercellular CO(2) concentration to ambient CO(2) concentration (C(i):C(a)) was larger in the wet season than in the dry season, indicating a smaller stomatal limitation of photosynthesis in the wet season compared with the dry season. In all species, the C(i):C(a) ratio and A were essentially independent of leaf-to-air vapor pressure difference (LAVPD) during the wet season, but both parameters generally declined with increasing LAVPD in the dry season. The slope of the positive correlation between A and transpiration rate (E) was less in the wet season than in the dry season. There was no evidence that high E inhibited A. Instantaneous transpiration efficiency was lowest in the wet season and highest during the dry season. Nitrogen-use efficiency (NUE) was higher in the wet season than in the dry season because the decline in A in the dry season was proportionally larger than the decline in foliar nitrogen content. In the wet season, evergreen species exhibited higher NUE than semi-deciduous and deciduous species. In all species, A was linearly correlated with specific leaf area (SLA) and foliar N content. Foliar N content increased with increasing SLA. All species showed a decline in midday leaf water potential as the dry season progressed. Dry season midday water potentials were lowest in semi-deciduous species and highest in the deciduous species, with evergreen species exhibiting intermediate values.
Synergistic Effect of Monochloramine and Glutaraldehyde Biocides against Biofilm Microorganisms in Produced Water (2013)

The synergistic effect of oxidizing biocide (monochloramine) and non-oxidizing biocide (glutaraldehyde) against biofilm microorganisms in produced water system have been investigated. Batch process was used for the investigation of biofilm attachment on polyvinylchloride slides with the aid of chocolate agar (enriched medium), in produced water. The effects of the biocides on biofilm mass were assessed by comparing the biofilm mass of the control samples (without the addition of biocides) to the biofilm mass of the test samples (after the addition of biocides). The organic constituents of the biofilm on each slide were evaluated as spectrophotometric analysis of protein and polysaccharide contents using modified Lowry method and phenol-sulphuric acid method, respectively. The synergy of monochloramine with glutaraldehyde caused a greater reduction in the final biofilm mass, protein and polysaccharide contents, respectively, than monochloramine or glutaraldehyde acting independently. Considering reduction in total protein contents and a 10 day old biofilm, the synergistic biocide caused a 69.6 % reduction, monochloramine caused a 62.9 % reduction, and glutaraldehyde caused a 59.1 % reduction. In terms of reduction in total polysaccharide contents and a 10 day old biofilm, the synergistic biocide caused a 66.6 % reduction, monochloramine caused a 60.6 % reduction, and glutaraldehyde caused a 54.7 % reduction. The result indicates strong antimicrobial value for the combination of oxidizing and non-oxidizing biocides against biofilm-microorganisms. Keywords: Produced water, biofilm, Standard Curve, biocides, Spectrophotometer
A Survey and Evaluation of FPGA High-Level Synthesis Tools (2015)

High-level synthesis (HLS) is increasingly popular for the design of high-performance and energy-efficient heterogeneous systems, shortening time-to-market and addressing today’s system complexity. HLS allows designers to work at a higher-level of abstraction by using a software program to specify the hardware functionality. Additionally, HLS is particularly interesting for designing field-programmable gate array circuits, where hardware implementations can be easily refined and replaced in the target device. Recent years have seen much activity in the HLS research community, with a plethora of HLS tool offerings, from both industry and academia. All these tools may have different input languages, perform different internal optimizations, and produce results of different quality, even for the very same input description. Hence, it is challenging to compare their performance and understand which is the best for the hardware to be implemented. We present a comprehensive analysis of recent HLS tools, as well as overview the areas of active interest in the HLS research community. We also present a first-published methodology to evaluate different HLS tools. We use our methodology to compare one commercial and three academic tools on a common set of <monospace xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">C</monospace> benchmarks, aiming at performing an in-depth evaluation in terms of performance and the use of resources.
Assessment in Occupational Therapy and Physical Therapy (1997)

Unit I. Overview of Measurement Theory: Application to Occupational and Physical Therapy. Unit II. Component Assessments of the Adult: Strength. Joint Motion. The Hand. Chronic Pain. Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Function. Psychosocial Function. Body Image. Electro-Diagnosis of the Neuro-Muscular System. Prosthetics and Orthotics. Unit III. Assessment of Central Nervous System Function of the Adult: Motor Control. Sensory Processing. Unit IV. Age-Related Assessment: Pediatrics: Development and Neonatal Assessment. Pediatrics: Assessment of Specific Functions. Assessment of Elders and Caregivers. Unit V. Assessment of Activities of Daily Living: Self Care. Gait Analysis. Home Management. Community Activities. Work Activities.
Nonlinear alignment and averaging for estimating the evoked potential (1996)

This paper addresses the problems associated with averaging brain responses evoked through a repetitive application of an external stimulus. In order to improve the estimate of the evoked potential (EP) through signal averaging, a method which incorporates nonlinear alignment of the EP's into the averaging operation is developed. The method makes no prior assumptions about the properties of the EP or which response in the set best characterizes the EP to be estimated. The nonlinear alignment procedure is designed to pairwise generate optimally aligned EP's by backtracking along the optimal alignment path. The nonlinear alignment and averaging operations are systematically combined to develop methods to estimate the EP. Results from a series of experiments conducted on simulated and real sets of responses show that, through nonlinear alignment and averaging, the events in the EP's are preserved and the estimates of the EP are quite robust.
NBS-Promoted Reactions of Symmetrically Hindered Methylphenols via <i>p</i>-Benzoquinone Methide (1999)

Symmetrically hindered methylphenols 1 react smoothly with NBS to form transient intermediates, p-benzoquinone methides (BM), which can be further processed to give hydroxybenzaldehydes in the presence of DMSO. This reaction is initiated by the formation of the phenoxy radical, followed by disproportionation to afford BM. None of the side-chain-brominated product is observed. The existence of BM is supported by the following observations: the formation of BM in solution can be monitored by GC and GC-MS; the electrophilic methine part participates in electrophilic aromatic substitution with anisoles to give hydroxybenzylated products 15; and the double bond character of the exocyclic methine plays a role in [4 + 2] cycloaddition with diene to afford Diels-Alder adducts. In contrast, unsymmetrically hindered or simple methylphenol (p-cresol) with NBS gives the nuclear brominated products, as usual. The energies of symmetrically hindered BMs, unsymmetrically hindered BM, and simple BM were calculated using density functional theories. Relative stabilization energies calculated at the B3LYP/6-31G//B3LYP/6-31G level by an isodesmic equation are enhanced 3-6 kcal/mol for symmetrically hindered BMs.
Communicating threads for Java (1999)

Traditional prognostic indicators for astrocytic tumors include tumor size, type, and histologic grade. Data suggest that tumor growth fraction assessed by MIB-1 is an important predicator of survival. Cyclin A, like MIB-1, is a recently described specific marker of proliferation, detectable primarily in S phase of the cell cycle as it undergoes progression to G2 phase. Thirty-seven cases of astrocytic tumors--14 cases of World Health Organization grade 1 and 2 (low grade tumors), 8 cases of grade 3 (anaplastic astrocytoma), and 15 cases of grade 4 (glioblastoma multiforme)--were simultaneously evaluated using routine paraffin immunohistochemical methods with commercial antibodies against MIB-1 and cyclin A. The results were quantitated using a Cell Analysis System (CAS) 200 image analyzer. The mean percentage positive nuclear area for MIB-1 was 3.32% in grade 1 and 2, 19.27% in grade 3, and 24.00% in grade 4 astrocytic tumors. Cyclin A showed a similar pattern of positivity in the same cases: 2.84% in grade 1 and 2, 16.27% in grade 3, and 24.88% in grade 4 astrocytic tumors. The data suggest that both proliferation markers correlated significantly with histologic grade. Cyclin A appears to be as good an indicator of brain tumor proliferation as MIB-1. Because cyclin A is detectable primarily in the S phase of the cell cycle, the fraction of cells positive for cyclin A should allow for a more accurate indicator of tumor progression.
Theory Diagnoses: A Concise Characterization of Faulty Systems. (1993)

In this article a new characterization of the set of diagnoses in the domain of consistency-based diagnosis is developed. The needs for such a characterization arise from the inability of the current characterizations (e.g. minimal diagnoses and kernel diagnoses) to deal with abstractions like component hierarchies. We propose a characterization based on theories which takes advantage of hierarchies and therefore allows a concise description of various sets of diagnoses (e.g. minimal diagnoses and kernel diagnoses). We investigate a concise description of the set of all minimal diagnoses in detail and focus on hierarchical theories. Finally, we show that theory-based diagnoses and hierarchical theories provide efficient generators for computing minimal diagnoses.
ASAP: As Static As Possible memory management (2021)

Today, there are various ways to manage the memory of computer programs: garbage collectors of all kinds, reference counters, regions, linear types – each with benefits and drawbacks, each fit for specific settings, each appropriate to different problems, each with their own trade-offs. Despite the plethora of techniques available, system programming (device drivers, networking libraries, cryptography applications, etc.) is still mostly done in C, even though memory management in C is notoriously unsafe. As a result, serious bugs are continuously discovered in system software. In this dissertation, we study memory management strategies with a view to fitness for system programming. First, we establish a framework to study memory management strategies. Often perceived as distinct categories, we argue that memory management approaches are actually part of a single design space. To this end, we establish a precise and powerful lexicon to describe memory management strategies of any kind. Using our newly established vocabulary, we further argue that this design space has not been exhaustively explored. We argue that one of the unexplored portion of this space, the static-automatic gap, contributes to the persistence of C in system programming. Second, we develop ASAP: a new memory management technique that fits in the static-automatic gap. ASAP is fully automatic (not even annotations are required) and makes heavy use of static analysis. At compile time it inserts, in the original program, code that deallocates memory blocks as they becomes useless. We then show how ASAP interacts with various, advanced language features. Specifically, we extend ASAP to support polymorphism and mutability. Third, we compare ASAP with existing approaches. One of the points of comparison we use is the behavioural suitability to system programming. We also explore how the ideas from ASAP can be combined with other memory management strategies. We then show how ASAP handles programs satisfying the linear or region constraints. Finally, we explore the insights gained whilst developing and studying ASAP.
Adenosine Monophosphate Forms Ordered Arrays in Multilamellar Lipid Matrices: Insights into Assembly of Nucleic Acid for Primitive Life (2013)

A fundamental question of biology is how nucleic acids first assembled and then were incorporated into the earliest forms of cellular life 4 billion years ago. The polymerization of nucleotides is a condensation reaction in which phosphodiester bonds are formed. This reaction cannot occur in aqueous solutions, but guided polymerization in an anhydrous lipid environment could promote a non-enzymatic condensation reaction in which oligomers of single stranded nucleic acids are synthesized. We used X-ray scattering to investigate 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP) molecules captured in a multilamellar phospholipid matrix composed of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine. Bragg peaks corresponding to the lateral organization of the confined AMP molecules were observed. Instead of forming a random array, the AMP molecules are highly entangled, with the phosphate and ribose groups in close proximity. This structure may facilitate polymerization of the nucleotides into RNA-like polymers.
Optimization of process parameters for osmotic dehydration of pineapple slices (2007)

Pineapple rings were steam blanched for four minutes and subject to a predrying osmotic treatment. The slices were treated at various temperatures, timing and slice solution ratios and the best pretreatment determined. The pretreated slices were then dried for different intervals; 14 hours of drying at 50°C gave the best product.
Parkin-Mediated Protection of Dopaminergic Neurons in a Chronic MPTP-Minipump Mouse Model of Parkinson Disease (2011)

Loss-of-function mutations in the ubiquitin ligase parkin are the major cause of recessively inherited early-onset Parkinson disease (PD). Impairment of parkin activity caused by nitrosative or dopamine-related modifications may also be responsible for the loss of dopaminergic (DA) neurons in sporadic PD. Previous studies have shown that viral vector-mediated delivery of parkin prevented DA neurodegeneration in several animal models, but little is known about the neuroprotective actions of parkin in vivo. Here, we investigated mechanisms of neuroprotection of overexpressed parkin in a modified long-term mouse model of PD using osmotic minipump administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP). Recombinant adeno-associated viral vector-mediated intranigral delivery of parkin prevented motor deficits and DA cell loss in the mice. Ser129-phosphorylated α-synuclein-immunoreactive cells were increased in the substantia nigra of parkin-treated mice. Moreover, delivery of parkin alleviated the MPTP-induced decrease of the active phosphorylated form of Akt. On the other hand, upregulation of p53 and mitochondrial alterations induced by chronic MPTP administration were barely suppressed by parkin. These results suggest that the neuroprotective actions of parkin may be impaired in severe PD.
VIEWS ON THE STRUCTURE OF TRANSIENT DIESEL SPRAYS (2000)

There has been tremendous change over the last few decades in the operating conditions of diesel fuel injection systems and engines, and in the diagnostic tools and numerical models available to evaluate them. Improvements in the diagnostic techniques coinciding with changes in diesel injector technology have brought about an entirely different view of the breakup of liquid in current diesel sprays. A detailed examination of the history and current understanding of the structure of the dense core region in transient diesel sprays is presented. Diagnostic methods are reviewed, and the appropriate uses are discussed. Of the techniques currently available, tomography is the most appropriate for determining the structure of the dense core region. Conductivity is not recommended. Line-of-sight techniques are recommended only for studying the preiphery of the spray. Due to its greater contrast, high-intensity Mie scattering is preferred over line-of-sight methods for liquid spray penetration distance measurements. Advances in phase-Doppler interferometry are required to provide drop size and velocity measurements in the near-nozzle region.
Mapping quantitative trait loci using multiple linked markers via Residual Maximum Likelihood (1996)

Mapping quantitative trait loci in outbred populations is important since development of inbred lines in livestock species is usually not feasible. Traditional genetic mapping methods, such as Least Squares and Maximum Likelihood, cannot fully accommodate complex pedigree structures, and more sophisticated methods such as Bayesian analysis are very demanding computationally. In this thesis, an alternative approach based on a Residual Maximum Likelihood method for estimation of position and variance of one or two linked QTLs and of additive polygenic and residual variances is presented. The method is based on a mixed linear model including polygenic and random QTL allelic effects. The variance-covariance matrix of QTL allelic effects and its inverse is computed conditional on incomplete information from multiple linked markers. The method is implemented using interval mapping and a derivative-free algorithm, where the required coefficient matrix of the Mixed Model Equations is derived from a Reduced Animal Model. simulation studies based on a granddaughter design with 2000 sons, 20 sires and 9 ancestors were performed to evaluate parameter estimation and power of QTL detection. Daughter Yield Deviations of sons were simulated under three QTL models, a biallelic, a multiallelic (10 alleles), and a normal-effects model. A linkage group of five or nine markers located on the same chromosome was assumed, and genotypes were available on sons, sires and ancestors. Likelihood ratio statistics were used to test for the presence of one or two linked QTLs. Parameters were estimated quite accurately for all three QTL models, showing that the method is robust to the number of alleles at the QTL. The effect of considering or ignoring relationships in the analyses did not have a major impact on parameter estimates but reduced the power of QTL detection. In general, power tended to decrease as the number of sons per sire, QTL contribution to additive genetic variance, or distance between QTLs was reduced. The method allowed for detection of a single QTL explaining 25% of the additive genetic variance, and for detection of two QTLs when jointly they accounted for 50% or 12.5% of the additive genetic variance. Although the REML analysis is an approximate method incorporating an expected covariance matrix of the QTL effects conditional on marker information, it is a computationally less expensive alternative to Bayesian analysis for accounting for the distribution of marker-QTL genotypes given marker and phenotypic information. For the designs studied, parameters were estimated accurately and QTLs mapped with satisfactory power.
Short-term traffic speed forecasting based on data recorded at irregular intervals (2011)

As demand for proactive real-time transportation management systems has grown, major developments have been seen in short-time traffic forecasting methods. Recent studies have introduced time series theory, neural networks, genetic algorithms, etc., to short-time traffic forecasting to make forecasts more reliable, efficient and accurate. However, most of these methods can only deal with data recorded at regular time intervals, thereby restricting the range of data collection tools to loop detectors or other equipment that generate regular data. The study reported here represents an attempt to expand on several existing time series forecasting methods to accommodate data recorded at irregular time intervals, thus ensuring these methods can be used to obtain predicted traffic speeds through intermittent data sources such as the GPS. The study tested several methods using the GPS data from 480 Hong Kong taxis. The results show that the best performance is obtained using a neural network model with acceleration information predicted by ARIMA model.
High-frequency heterojunction bipolar transistor device design and technology (2000)

This paper identifies and reviews those aspects of new materials and device technological advances that have pushed HBT circuits towards a 100 GHz operating frequency. The operating principles of the HBT are initially discussed in relation to their differences from homojunction bipolar transistors. The advantages and disadvantages of the various materials systems available to HBTs, how the particular material properties relate to the device performance and a brief outline of growth technologies are then presented. Those device parameters contributing to the frequency performance figures-of-merit are identified and the resulting design approaches discussed. Current device fabrication technology is then reviewed, with the latest results and the most important design aspects for high-frequency operation identified. This is then followed by examples of achievements in both digital and analogue circuit applications. Finally, an attempt is made to identify those device and materials aspects that are likely to contribute to a further improvement in the frequency performance of HBTs.
The glycemic index: variation between subjects and predictive difference. (1989)

It is not known whether the variability of the glycemic index (GI) in different subjects is due to within- or between-individual variation. In addition, it is not known how large a difference in GI between different meals is clinically important for individuals with diabetes. Therefore, insulin-dependent (IDDM) and non-insulin-dependent (NIDDM) diabetic subjects tested four foods, with each food taken by each subject on two separate occasions. For each food, most of the variation of absolute glycemic responses was due to differences between the subjects. However, when the results were expressed as the GI, there were no significant differences between the subjects, and most of the variation was due to within-individual variation. Using the within-individual variance, we estimated the so-called "predictive difference" of GI values. Its reliability was assessed by consideration of published data from eight studies where different mixed meals were taken by the same group of subjects. There were 37 cases where the difference between the GI of any two meals was greater than the predictive difference. Of these 37 pairs of meals, the GI correctly ranked the glycemic responses in 36 (97%). We conclude that GI values for the same food do not vary significantly between different individuals. For a subject with NIDDM a difference in GI of 34 will predict the ranking of glycemic responses of two meals with 95% probability. The corresponding value for a subject with IDDM is 50.