gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cu-Cr Literature Review (2012)

Cu-Cr alloys are part of a class of face-centered cubic (FCC)-body-centered cubic (BCC) composites that includes similar alloys, such as Cu-Nb and Cu-Ta. When heavily deformed, these FCC-BCC materials create 'in situ' composites with a characteristic structure-nanoscale BCC filaments in a ductile FCC matrix. The strength of these composites is vastly greater than predicted by the rule of mixtures, and has been shown to be inversely proportional to the filament spacing. Lower raw materials costs suggest that Cu-Cr alloys may offer more economical solution to high-strength, high-conductivity wire than either their Nb or Ta counterparts. However, Cr is also more brittle and soluble in Cu than Nb or Ta. These qualities necessitate thermal treatments to remove solute atoms from the Cu matrix, improve conductivity, and maintain the ductility of the Cr filaments. Through the use of different thermomechanical processing routes or the addition of select dopants, alloys with strength in excess of 1 GPa at 70% IACS have been achieved. To date, previous research on Cu-Cr alloys has focused on a relatively small number of alloy compositions and processing methods while the effects of dopants and ageing treatments have only been studied independently. Consequently, there remains considerable opportunity for the development and optimization of these alloys as a leading high-strength, high-conductivity material.
Effect of insulin treatment on circulating islet amyloid polypeptide in patients with NIDDM (1997)

The objective was to evaluate the effect of insulin treatment on circulating islet amyloid polypeptide (IAPP). Twelve patients with NIDDM and secondary failure were studied on oral agents and then switched to insulin treatment. Fasting and postprandial IAPP concentrations were measured on oral treatment and on insulin treatment. In 5 of the patients no postprandial concentrations were determined. In the 7 patients who were investigated both fasting and postprandially the fasting IAPP concentration was 6.5 +/- 1.2 pmol l(-1) (mean +/- SEM) during oral treatment with a rise to 13.5 +/- 3.1 90 min after breakfast (p = 0.028). On insulin treatment HbA1c decreased from 8.6 +/- 0.5 to 7.5 +/- 0.4% (p< 0.03) and plasma C-peptide concentration was significantly lowered (p< 0.01). There was a close correlation using simple regression between the per cent change of IAPP concentration and the per cent change of C-peptide concentration during this period (r = 0.88; p< 0.01). In the total patient material of 12 patients there was a significant correlation using simple regression analysis between per cent change of IAPP concentration and per cent change of C-peptide concentration using all 48 measurements available (r = 0.58: p< 0.001). These data suggest that secretion of IAPP is lowered when endogenous insulin secretion is lowered by administration of exogenous insulin in patients with NIDDM. Thus, if IAPP secretion has a pathogenetic role in the development of beta cell failure in NIDDM, insulin treatment might delay this deterioration.
Design Of Ion-implanted MOSFET's with Very Small Physical Dimensions (1999)

This paper considers the design, fabrication, and characterization of very small MOSFET switching devices suitable for digital integrated circuits using dimensions of the order of 1 .Scaling relationships are presented which show how a conventional MOS-FET can be reduced in size.An improved small device structure is presented that uses ion implantation to provide shallow source and drain regions and a nonuniform substrate doping profile.Onedimensional models are used to predict the substrate doping profile and the corresponding threshold voltage versus source voltage characteristic.A two-dimensional current transport model is used to predict the relative degree of short-channel effects for different device parameter combinations.Polysilicon-gate MOSFET's with channel lengths as short as 0.5 were fabricated, and the device characteristics measured and compared with predicted values.The performance improvement expected from using these very small devices in highly miniaturized integrated circuits is projected. I. LIST OF SYMBOLSInverse semilogarithmic slope of subthreshold characteristic.Width of idealized step function profile for channel implant.Work function difference between gate and substrate.Dielectric constants for silicon and silicon dioxide.Drain current.Boltzmann's constant.Unitless scaling constant.MOSFET channel length.Effective surface mobility.Intrinsic carrier concentration.Substrate acceptor concentration.Band bending in silicon at the onset of strong inversion for zero substrate voltage.Built-in junction potential.
On the performance quantification of resonant refractive index sensors (2008)

Refractive index (RI) sensors based on optical resonance techniques are receiving a high degree of attention because of the need to develop simple, low-cost, high-throughput detection technologies for a number of applications. While the sensing mechanism of most of the reported RI sensors is similar, the construction is quite different from technique to technique. It is desirable to have a uniform mechanism for comparing the various RI sensing techniques, but to date there exists a degree of variation as to how the sensing performance is quantified. Here we set forth a rigorous definition for the detection limit of resonant RI sensors that accounts for all parameters that affect the detection performance. Our work will enable a standard approach for quantifying and comparing the performance of optical resonance-based RI sensors. Additionally, it will lead to design strategies for performance improvement of RI sensors.
Simulation of Sloshing in Fuel Tanks and Parametric Study on Noise Reduction by Decreasing Impact Pressure (2005)

Noise from automotive fuel tanks is generated by sloshing flow of fuel. Flow inside fuel tanks is incompressible, turbulent and free surface problem which is analyzed by Marker and Cell (MAC) algorithm. The simulation result of gross sloshing flow pattern is compared and verified by experiments with transparent fuel tanks. Characteristics of impact pressure on the tank wall are analyzed to find noise source on the wall. It is influenced by both the inertia of fuel mass and the dynamic motion of sloshing flow. In addition, a parametric study has been done to decrease impact pressure by changing its dimensions and shape.
Crystallization, data collection and phasing of two digestive lysozymes from<i>Musca domestica</i> (2006)

Lysozymes are mostly known for their defensive role against bacteria, but in several animals lysozymes have a digestive function. Here, the initial crystallographic characterization of two digestive lysozymes from Musca domestica are presented. The proteins were crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method in the presence of ammonium sulfate or PEG/2-propanol as the precipitant. X-ray diffraction data were collected to a maximum resolution of 1.9 Å using synchrotron radiation. The lysozyme 1 and 2 crystals belong to the monoclinic space group P21 (unit-cell parameters a = 36.52, b = 79.44, c = 45.20 Å, β = 102.97°) and the orthorhombic space group P21212 (unit-cell parameters a = 73.90, b = 96.40, c = 33.27 Å), respectively. The crystal structures were solved by molecular replacement and structure refinement is in progress.
Purification and Some Properties of Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase from Brevibacterium flavum and Its Aspartate-Overproducing Mutant (1985)

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) carboxylases (PC) were purified from a wild strain and an aspartate-producing mutant of Brevibacterium flavum to electrophoretic homogeneity. The molecular weights of the enzymes were determined to be 4.1 X 10(5) by the gel-filtration technique. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the enzyme gave only one protein band with a molecular weight of 1.07 X 10(5). The enzyme was labile and stabilized by substrate PEP, activators, metallic cofactors, an allosteric inhibitor and ammonium sulfate. The mechanism for the PC reaction was rapid equilibrium random Bi Bi with a dead end complex, enzyme-bicarbonate-Pi. The KmS for PEP and bicarbonate were 2.5 and 0.63 mM, respectively, and the apparent KmS were not affected by the secondary substrate concentrations. Dissociation constants for Pi of enzyme-Pi and the dead end complex were 5.0 and 16 mM, respectively. Aspartate inhibition was completely competitive with both the substrates, PEP and bicarbonate, with an inhibitor constant of 0.044 mM. An activator, acetyl-CoA, did not alter the apparent Km for bicarbonate but decreased that for PEP. The activator constants for the enzyme-PEP complex and free enzyme were 6.3 and 40 microM, respectively. Double reciprocal plots of reaction rate against PEP concentration were not linear at lower PEP concentrations. Hill coefficients for PEP were 1.6 in the absence of any effectors, 1.0 in the presence of acetyl-CoA, and 2.3 in the presence of aspartate. As to the mutant enzyme, only the inhibitor constant for aspartate was increased, being 0.18 mM, but other constants, coefficients, as described above, and specific activity were almost the same as those of the wild-type enzyme.
Synthesis of Mesomorphic Polymers Having 1,3,2-Dioxaborinane Rings in the Main Chain (1994)

Abstract Two kinds of new polyesters having 1,3,2-dioxaborinane rings in the main chains were synthesized and it has been found that some of them show a nematic phase. The polymers provide the first thermotropic liquid crystalline materials which contain a metalloid atom, boron, arranged regularly in the main chain.
Fabrication of high-Tc superconducting hot electron bolometers for terahertz mixer applications (2005)

Superconducting Hot Electron Bolometer (HEB) mixers are a competitive alternative to Schottky diode mixers or other conventional superconducting receiver technologies in the terahertz frequency range because of their ultrawide bandwidth (from millimeter waves to the visible), high conversion gain, and low intrinsic noise level, even at 77 K. A new technological process has been developed to realize HEB mixers based on high temperature superconducting materials, using 15 to 40 nm thick layers of YBa<sub>2</sub>Cu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>7-δ</sub> (YBCO), sputtered on MgO (100) substrates by hollow cathode magnetron sputtering. Critical temperature values of YBCO films were found in the 85 to 91 K range. Sub-micron HEB bridges (0.8 μm x 0.8 μm) were obtained by combining electronic and UV lithography followed by selective etching techniques. Realization of YBCO HEB coupling to planar integrated gold antennas was also considered.
Parallel algorithms for line detection on a 1*N array processor (2002)

A description is given of two algorithms that compute the Hough transform for straight lines on N*N images using 1*N processing arrays. The algorithms are developed for 1*N array processors and have been implemented on the AIS-5000 parallel vision computer. The complexity of both algorithms is O(N/sup 2/+PN) on the 1*N array processor (P is the number of angles polled which determines the theta -resolution of the Hough space), which compares well with the known optimal O(N+P) algorithms for N*N mesh arrays.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fault location method for distribution networks using 37-buses distributed parameter line model (2004)

This paper presents a new fault location technique for distribution networks, which uses distributed parameter line model in its power frequency based algorithm. The technique therefore accounts for the line shunt capacitance, which is a major source of error in conventional impedance based methods, particularly in cable networks. The technique was initially intended for cable networks, but it can easily be applied to overhead or even mixed cable and overhead networks. The proposed method has been simulated and studied for different fault conditions by using the Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP) for the IEEE 37-buses standard cable networks, showing very accurate fault location results presented in the paper.
Rapid elimination of mature autoreactive B cells demonstrated by Cre-induced change in B cell antigen receptor specificity <i>in vivo</i> (1998)

Developing autoreactive B cells edit their B cell antigen receptor (BCR) in the bone marrow and are clonally deleted when they fail to reexpress an innocent BCR. Here, inducible Cre-loxP-mediated gene inversion is used to change the specificity of the BCR on mature IgM+ IgD+ B cells in vivo to address the fate of lymphocytes encountering self-antigens at this developmental stage. Expression of an autoreactive BCR on mature B cells leads to their rapid elimination from the periphery, a process that is inhibited by constitutive bcl-2 transgene expression in an antigen dose-dependent manner. Thus, selection of mature B cells into the long-lived peripheral pool does not prevent their deletion upon encounter of self-antigens.
Modelling flexible parts for virtual reality assembly simulations which interact with their environment (2002)

Within the scope of simulation of assembly/disassembly operations, flexible modelling for virtual reality environments is described. The study analyzes the adequacy of various mechanical models in the specific context of oil hoses. The model behaviour is checked against experiments for validation. As an issue of this comparison, a mechanical model is proposed through the concept of a dual mechanical approach. The adequacy of this last model is deduced from the experimental data. The mechanical model is coupled with a geometric model for free-form surfaces. The deformation criterion uses a functional based on the external forces applied to the mechanical model. This model is expressed as a prescribed displacement problem in order to obtain a more accurate model. The model proposed is also capable of handling interaction between the flexible area of the hose and rigid parts of its environment which model other components of an engine bay. To this end, the mechanical model is enriched with a contact boundary condition which preserves the coherence of the approach. The proposed approach is also a proposal for a methodology to model mechanical flexible parts for virtual reality applications. The model set up has been inserted into a virtual reality environment for efficiency evaluation.
Evaluation of Antioxidant Activity of Rosemary Extracts, Carnosol and Carnosic Acid in Bulk Vegetable Oils and Fish Oil and Their Emulsions (1996)

The antioxidant effectiveness of two rosemary extracts, carnosol and carnosic acid, was significantly influenced by the type of system tested (bulk oils vs oil-in-water emulsions), by the oil substrates, the methods used to follow oxi-dation, and the concentrations of test compounds. The rosemary extracts and compounds effectively inhibited conjugated diene hydroperoxide formation in corn oil, soya bean oil, peanut oil and fish oil, when tested in bulk. Test compounds also inhibited hexanal formation in bulk vegetable oils, and propanal and pentenal formation in bulk fish oils. In contrast, these test compounds were either inactive or promoted oxidation in the corresponding vegetable oil-in-water emulsions. In fish oil emulsions, however, the rosemary compounds inhibited the formation of conjugated diene and pentenal but not that of propanal. Interfacial phenomena may explain why the hydrophilic rosemary antioxidants afford more protection in the bulk oil systems by being oriented in the air–oil interface, and less protection in the oil-in-water emulsion systems by partitioning into the water phase.
Loss of adenomatous polyposis coli in Bergmann glia disrupts their unique architecture and leads to cell nonautonomous neurodegeneration of cerebellar Purkinje neurons (2011)

The tumor suppressor adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) is a multifunctional protein that inhibits the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway and regulates the microtubule and actin cytoskeletons. Using conditional knockout (CKO) mice in which the APC gene is inactivated in glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-expressing cells, we show a selective and critical role for APC in maintaining the morphology and function of cerebellar Bergmann glia, which are specialized astroglia that extend polarized radial processes from the Purkinje cell layer to the pial surface. APC-CKO mice developed Bergmann glia normally until the accumulation of beta-catenin started around postnatal day 10 (P10). Their radial fibers then became shortened with a marked reduction of branching collaterals and their cell bodies translocated into the molecular layer followed by loss of their pial contact and transformation into stellate-shaped cells by P21. Purkinje neurons were normal in appearance and number at P21, but there was significant loss of Purkinje neurons and cerebellar atrophy by middle age. Outside the cerebellum, neither beta-catenin accumulation nor morphological changes were identified in GFAP-expressing astroglia, indicating region-specific effects of APC deletion and an essential role for APC in maintaining the unique morphology of Bergmann glia as compared with other astroglia. These results demonstrate that loss of APC selectively disrupts the Bergmann glial scaffold in late postnatal development and leads to cerebellar degeneration with loss of Purkinje neurons in adults, providing another potential mechanism for region-specific non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration.
Optical Gain Calculation of Wurtzite GaN/AlGaN Quantum Well Laser (1995)

Optical gain properties of wurtzite GaN/Al 0.2 Ga 0.8 N quantum well lasers are theoretically analyzed using physical parameters from ab initio calculations for the first time. The valence band of wurtzite GaN exhibits strong non-paraboticity, and the hole density of states is significantly large in comparison with the conventional zincblende crystals. This valence band feature causes high transparency cartier density of 7.5×10 18 cm -3 in the 50 Å thick GaN quantum well. This result predicts that the threshold current of wurtzite GaN/AlGaN quantum well laser is higher than the conventional lasers with zincblende crystals.
A decision tree of bigrams is an accurate predictor of word sense (2001)

This paper presents a corpus-based approach to word sense disambiguation where a decision tree assigns a sense to an ambiguous word based on the bigrams that occur nearby. This approach is evaluated using the sense-tagged corpora from the 1998 SENSEVAL word sense disambiguation exercise. It is more accurate than the average results reported for 30 of 36 words, and is more accurate than the best results for 19 of 36 words.
Internal Control for Nucleic Acid Testing Based on the Use of Purified <i>Bacillus atrophaeus</i> subsp. <i>globigii</i> Spores (2009)

Commonly used internal controls (ICs) to monitor the efficiency of nucleic acid testing (NAT) assays do not allow verification of nucleic acid extraction efficiency. Since microbial cells are often difficult to lyse, it is important to ensure that nucleic acids are efficiently extracted from any target organism. For this purpose, we developed a cellular IC based on the use of nonpathogenic Bacillus spores. Purified Bacillus atrophaeus subsp. globigii (referred to hereafter as simply B. atrophaeus) spores were added to vaginal and anal samples, which were then subjected to rapid DNA extraction and subsequent PCR amplification. The proof of concept of this cellular IC was made through the use of both manual and automated DNA extraction methods, using vaginal or anal samples spiked with B. atrophaeus spores, combined with a multiplex real-time PCR assay for the specific detection of group B streptococci (GBS) and B. atrophaeus. The performance of the cellular IC was compared to that of a standard IC plasmid added to PCRs. Approximately 500 B. atrophaeus spores per PCR was found to be optimal since this did not interfere significantly with GBS detection for either DNA extraction method and yielded reproducible amplification and/or detection of B. atrophaeus genomic DNA serving as an IC template. Performance of the cellular IC was comparable to that of the standard IC. This novel IC system using nonpathogenic and hard-to-lyse B. atrophaeus spores allowed validation of both the DNA extraction procedure and the amplification and detection process. Use of a spore-based control also provides a universal control for microbial cell lysis.
The Delft airgun experiment (1984)

In April and May 1983 the Geophysics Group of the Mining Department. Technische Hogeschool Delft (Delft University of Technology), carried out a seismic reflection experiment in the North Sea in cooperation with the Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research (DGV-TNO). The experiment, which cost in excess of f200000, was sponsored by six major oil companies, three seismic contractors and DGV-TNO, who also managed the project.
Integrating Experiment and Theory to Understand TCR-pMHC Dynamics (2018)

The conformational dynamism of proteins is well established. Rather than having a single structure, proteins are more accurately described as a conformational ensemble that exists across a rugged energy landscape, where different conformational sub-states interconvert. The interaction between αβ T cell receptors (TCR) and cognate peptide-MHC (pMHC) is no exception, and is a dynamic process that involves substantial conformational change. This review focuses on technological advances that have begun to establish the role of conformational dynamics and dynamic allostery in TCR recognition of the pMHC and the early stages of signaling. We discuss how the marriage of molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with experimental techniques provides us with new ways to dissect and interpret the process of TCR ligation. Notably, application of simulation techniques lags behind other fields, but is predicted to make substantial contributions. Finally, we highlight integrated approaches that are being used to shed light on some of the key outstanding questions in the early events leading to TCR signaling.