gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Life History Evolution in Tropical and South Temperate Birds: What Do We Really Know? (1996)

ity in driving life history evolution (e.g., Cole 1954, Murphy 1968, Charlesworth 1980, Reznick and Bryga 1987, Curio 1989, Reznick et al. 1990). Yet, food is thought to be more important in birds (Lack 1948, 1968, Murphy and Haukioja 1986, Martin 1987). Nest predation is a theoretical alternative to food limitation (Slagsvold 1982, Lima 1987, Martin 1992) and recent evidence suggests that nest predation may exert a greater influence on life history evolution than previously thought (Slagsvold 1982, Martin 1993a, b, 1995, Martin and Clobert 1996, McCleery et al. 1996). However, nest predation may often interact with food limitation to influence life history traits (Lima 1987, Martin 1992, 1995). These contrasting and interacting roles of food limitation versus mortality (nest predation) make birds an intriguing system for examining ecological and evolutionary causes of life history variation.
InGaAsSb thermophotovoltaic diode: Physics evaluation (1999)

The hotside operating temperatures for many projected thermophotovoltaic (TPV) conversion system applications are approximately 1000 °C, which sets an upper limit on the TPV diode band gap of 0.6 eV from efficiency and power density considerations. This band gap requirement has necessitated the development of new diode material systems never previously considered for energy generation. To date, InGaAsSb quaternary diodes grown lattice matched on GaSb substrates have achieved the highest performance. In this article we relate observed diode performance to electro-optical properties such as minority carrier lifetime, diffusion length, and mobility and provide initial links to microstructural properties. This analysis has bounded potential diode performance improvements. For the 0.53 eV InGaAsSb diodes used in this analysis (active layer doping is 2×1017 cm−3) the dark current density measured is 2×10−5 A/cm2 versus a potential Auger and/or a radiative limit of 2×10−6 A/cm2 (no photon recycling), and an absolute thermodynamic limit of 1.4×10−7 A/cm2. These dark current limits are equivalent to open circuit voltage gains of 60 (20%) and 140 mV (45%), respectively.
Molecular mechanisms of the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway in stress response and cancer evolution (2011)

The Keap1–Nrf2 regulatory pathway plays a central role in the protection of cells against oxidative and xenobiotic damage. Under unstressed conditions, Nrf2 is constantly ubiquitinated by the Cul3–Keap1 ubiquitin E3 ligase complex and rapidly degraded in proteasomes. Upon exposure to electrophilic and oxidative stresses, reactive cysteine residues of Keap1 become modified, leading to a decline in the E3 ligase activity, stabilization of Nrf2 and robust induction of a battery of cytoprotective genes. Biochemical and structural analyses have revealed that the intact Keap1 homodimer forms a cherry-bob structure in which one molecule of Nrf2 associates with two molecules of Keap1 by using two binding sites within the Neh2 domain of Nrf2. This two-site binding appears critical for Nrf2 ubiquitination. In many human cancers, missense mutations in KEAP1 and NRF2 genes have been identified. These mutations disrupt the Keap1–Nrf2 complex activity involved in ubiquitination and degradation of Nrf2 and result in constitutive activation of Nrf2. Elevated expression of Nrf2 target genes confers advantages in terms of stress resistance and cell proliferation in normal and cancer cells. Discovery and development of selective Nrf2 inhibitors should make a critical contribution to improved cancer therapy.
Cascaded Feature Network for Semantic Segmentation of RGB-D Images (2017)

Fully convolutional network (FCN) has been successfully applied in semantic segmentation of scenes represented with RGB images. Images augmented with depth channel provide more understanding of the geometric information of the scene in the image. The question is how to best exploit this additional information to improve the segmentation performance. In this paper, we present a neural network with multiple branches for segmenting RGB-D images. Our approach is to use the available depth to split the image into layers with common visual characteristic of objects/scenes, or common “scene-resolution”. We introduce context-aware receptive field (CaRF) which provides a better control on the relevant contextual information of the learned features. Equipped with CaRF, each branch of the network semantically segments relevant similar scene-resolution, leading to a more focused domain which is easier to learn. Furthermore, our network is cascaded with features from one branch augmenting the features of adjacent branch. We show that such cascading of features enriches the contextual information of each branch and enhances the overall performance. The accuracy that our network achieves outperforms the state-of-the-art methods on two public datasets.
Re‐targeting of human lymphocytes expressing the T‐cell receptor gamma/delta to ovarian carcinoma cells by the use of bispecific monoclonal antibodies (1989)

TcR gamma/delta+ lymphocytes represent a small subset homogeneously composed of cytolytic T cells displaying unique motility and homing properties. Since the lytic machinery of these cells can be efficiently triggered by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed to the TcR gamma/delta, such MAbs were used for the construction of bispecific MAbs in conjunction with an MAb specific for ovarian carcinoma cells. Hybrid hybridomas were obtained by fusing the Mov19 MAb (IgG2a)-producing hybridoma with either GI (IgG2a) or A13 (IgG1) hybridomas, secreting MAbs specific for 2 peripheral blood subsets of TcR gamma/delta+ lymphocytes. Hybrid hybridomas producing bispecific MAbs were screened according to their ability to induce ovarian carcinoma (IGROVI) target cell lysis by GI+ or A13+ T cell clones, respectively. The GI-derived GM33.9 bispecific MAb induced selective lysis of Mov19+ ovarian carcinoma target cells only by GI+ clones, whereas the A13-derived AM18.4 MAb was effective only in combination with A13+ clones. Neither the anti-TcR gamma/delta nor the Mov19 parental MAbs (used alone or in combination) induced target-cell lysis. The hybrid nature (IgG1/IgG2a) of the AM18.4 bispecific MAb was indicated by 2-color immunofluorescence experiments. Thus, both ovarian carcinoma and A13+ effector cells were double stained by AM18.4 bispecific MAb followed by PE-conjugated anti-IgG1 and FITC-conjugated anti-IgG2a second reagents. Polyclonal TcR gamma/delta+ cells were obtained by direct stimulation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells with Sepharose bead-conjugated anti-TcR gamma/delta MAbs and IL-2. The lines so obtained contained more than 90% of TcR gamma/delta+ cells after 4 weeks of culture, with an increase in TcR gamma/delta+ cell numbers ranging from 200 to 1,000-fold. These TcR gamma/delta+ cell lines efficiently lysed ovarian carcinoma target cells in the presence of bispecific MAb and may therefore represent a suitable source of effector cells for induction of ovarian carcinoma cell lysis.
Molecular analysis of the induction of immunoglobulin E synthesis in human B cells by interleukin 4 and engagement of CD40 antigen. (1992)

The molecular events leading to immunoglobulin E (IgE) synthesis in human sIgE- B cells stimulated with interleukin 4 (IL-4) and anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 626.1 were analyzed. Anti-CD40 mAb increased the levels of IL-4-induced germline C epsilon transcripts and induced the production of mature C epsilon mRNA. These effects were dependent on the presence of IL-4. Nested primer PCR revealed deletional switch recombination occurring only in B cell stimulated with both IL-4 and anti-CD40 mAb. DNA sequence analysis of switch fragments showed direct S mu/S epsilon joining, without the deletions or duplications within S mu often found in B cells stimulated with IL-4 and Epstein-Barr virus. Analysis of the switch junction map sites showed "hot spots" for recombination within S mu, but not within S epsilon. These findings indicate that IL-4 provides a signal to B cells to induce germline C epsilon transcription and concurrent CD40 engagement induces S mu/S epsilon deletional switch recombination, production of mature C epsilon mRNA, and IgE synthesis.
Comparison of Fatty Acid Methyl and Ethyl Esters as Biodiesel Base Stock: a Review on Processing and Production Requirements (2014)

Abstract Fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) were the first fatty acid esters to be introduced for use as biodiesel. However, there is a growing interest in the use of fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEE) in biodiesel. Both FAME and FAEE have their own unique advantages and disadvantages. These differences are ultimately attributable to the structural differences imparted by the alcohols used in their production. Sources of reactants as well as their safety issues, are a focus of this review. Also reviewed are the comparative characteristics and properties of both biodiesel types in terms of physicochemical features and performance. Processing requirements, reaction times and molar ratios of alcohol to oil, together with problems and drawbacks, are discussed. Recent developments on improving the yield of biodiesel, include mixing methanol and ethanol in the same reaction with ethanol acting as a co‐solvent, and enzymatic methanolysis and ethanolysis are also highlighted.
A light-weight, high-sensitivity particle spectrometer for PM2.5 aerosol measurements (2015)

A light-weight, low-cost optical particle spectrometer for measurements of aerosol number concentrations and size distributions has been designed, constructed, and demonstrated. The spectrometer is suitable for use on small, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and in balloon sondes. The spectrometer uses a 405 nm diode laser to count and size individual particles in the size range 140–3000 nm. A compact data system combines custom electronics with a single-board commercial computer. Power consumption is 7W at 9–15 V. 3D printing technology was used in the construction of the instrument to reduce cost, manufacturing complexity, and weight. The resulting Printed Optical Particle Spectrometer (POPS) instrument weighs about 800 g with an approximate materials cost of 2500 USD. Several POPS units have been constructed, tested in the laboratory, and deployed on UAVs. Here we present an overview of the instrument design and construction, laboratory validation data, and field engineering data for POPS.
An optimization-based algorithm for scheduling hydrothermal power systems with cascaded reservoirs and discrete hydro constraints (1997)

An optimization-based algorithm is presented for the short-term scheduling of hydrothermal power systems using the Lagrangian relaxation technique. This paper concentrates on the solution methodology for hydro subproblems with cascaded reservoirs and discrete hydro constraints. Continuous reservoir dynamics and constraints, discontinuous operating regions, discrete operating states and hydraulic coupling of cascaded reservoirs are considered in an integrated fashion. The key idea is to substitute out the reservoir dynamics and to relax the reservoir level constraints by using another set of multipliers, making a hydro subproblem unit-wise and stage-wise decomposable. The optimal generation level for each operating state at each hour can be obtained simply by minimizing a single variable function. Dynamic programming is then applied to optimize the operating states across the planning horizon with a small number of well structured transitions. A modified subgradient algorithm is used to update multipliers. After the dual problem converges, the feasible solution to the hydropower subsystem is obtained by using a network flow algorithm, with operating states obtained in the dual solutions, and possibly adjusted by heuristics. Numerical testing based on practical system data sets show that this method is efficient and effective for dealing with hydrothermal power systems with cascaded reservoirs and discrete hydroelectric constraints.
High-pressure hydrogenation of nitrile rubber: thermodynamics and kinetics (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHigh-pressure hydrogenation of nitrile rubber: thermodynamics and kineticsSusmita Bhattacharjee, Anil K. Bhowmick, and B. N. AvasthiCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1991, 30, 6, 1086–1092Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00054a003https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00054a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views787Altmetric-Citations40LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ripple-Based Control of Switching Regulators—An Overview (2009)

Switching regulators with ripple-based control (i.e., ¿ripple regulators¿) are conceptually simple, have fast transient responses to both line and load perturbations, and some versions operate with a switching frequency that is proportional to the load current under the discontinuous conduction mode. These characteristics make the ripple regulators well-suited, especially for power management applications in computers and portable electronic devices. Ripple regulators also have some drawbacks, including (in some versions) a poorly defined switching frequency, noise-induced jitter, inadequate dc regulation, and a tendency for fast-scale instability. This paper presents an overview of the various ripple-based control techniques, discusses their merits and limitations, and introduces techniques for reducing the noise sensitivity and the sensitivity to capacitor parameters, improving the frequency stability and the dc regulation, and avoiding fast-scale instability.
Advances in embryo selection methods (2012)

Despite many recent advances in the field of reproductive biology and medicine, the efficiency of in vitro fertilization procedures remains relatively low. There is a need for a reliable and non-invasive method of embryo selection to ensure that only embryos with the highest developmental potential are chosen for transfer to mothers-to-be. Here, we compare various methods currently used for assessing embryonic viability, such as examination of embryonic morphology, quality of the genetic material, or metabolism. Additionally, we discuss novel procedures for embryonic assessment based on advanced time-lapse imaging techniques, which show great promise and may lead to increased in vitro fertilization efficiencies.
Data exploration with paired hierarchical visualizations: initial designs of PairTrees (2003)

Paired hierarchical visualizations (PairTrees) integrate treemaps, node-link diagrams, choropleth maps and other information visualization techniques to support exploration of hierarchical data sets at multiple levels of abstraction (Kules, Shneiderman et al., in press). Coordinated visualizations are an effective way to support exploratory data analysis of multidimensional data sets. Hierarchies are often used to reduce complexity, show structure, and support reasoning at multiple levels of abstraction or aggregation. Our work seeks to integrate hierarchical and coordinated visualizations, taking advantage of the semantics embedded in aggregate, sub-class, containment, and other forms of hierarchy.This demonstration shows two novel applications of PairTrees in the econometric and health statistics domains. The first application demonstrates PairTrees used to enhance the immediate comprehension and usability of a treemap of disease mortality data from the National Center for Health Statistics. Treemaps (Johnson and Shneiderman, 1991) are an effective way to visualize hierarchies of quantitative data, however their structure is often not immediately apparent to users because of the visual complexity of the display. To improve the immediate usability of this information-rich display and reduce learning time, the treemap is coupled with a SpaceTree interactive node-link diagram (Grosjean, Plaisant et al., 2002) to show an alternate view of the same hierarchy. Users can quickly find a node in the treemap by brushing it in the node-link diagram, and vice-versa. Zooming is also supported.The second application demonstrates simultaneous multi-level comparisons of aggregate data from separate hierarchies, using data from the US Census Bureau's Economic Census, specifically revenue data for the Professional, Scientific and Technical Services sector of the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Two treemaps are displayed, each showing a different aggregation hierarchy for revenues. One hierarchy is the NAICS industry breakdown; the other is revenue line (sources of revenue). Users see an initial overview of revenues within all industries and all revenue lines, and can then drill down to explore industry sub-sectors or specific revenue lines.
Dephosphorylation of αS- and κ-Caseins and Its Effect on Micelle Stability in the κ-αS-Casein System (1963)

as-and x-Caseins, obtained from commercial pooled milk, were depbosphorylated with a phosphoprotein phosphatase prepared from beef spleen.
Effect of soft segment chemistry on the biostability of segmented polyurethanes. I. <i>In vitro</i> oxidation (1991)

A series of segmented polyurethanes (SPUs) containing various polyol soft segments was prepared and their resistance to oxidative degradation was investigated after aging in AgNO3 solution. The SPU with the polyether soft segment showed a large reduction in mechanical strength after exposure to the oxidative environment. Surface cracking was often observed for these specimens. XPS measurements revealed that scission of the ether linkage occurs upon oxidation. The oxidative resistance of SPUs containing aliphatic hydrocarbon soft segments was significantly improved over the poly(tetramethylene oxide) (PTMO) based polyurethane.
Variation Analysis of Three Dimensional non-rigid Assemblies (2007)

Variation analysis methods are, currently, more widely used during new product development to greatly reduce downstream rework and/or design changes. This is significantly important when considering large, built up sheet or thin plate "flexible" assemblies as those currently used in automotive or aerospace industries. Whereas methods to take flexibility into account can be found in literature, there are few addressing detailed process for three-dimensional assembly of industrial complexity. This paper presents a streamlined procedure for variation analysis of a complex assembly that integrates Datum Flow Chain analysis, a commercial three-dimensional variation analysis and FEA. The procedure is applied to a realistic industry case, a commercial airplane's wing-box assembly to determine the effect of part variation and flexibility on the assembly's variation. The case study shows that a structural enclosure such as the wing-box assembly is robust against pull-up forces applied during assembly operations.
ITRF2008: an improved solution of the international terrestrial reference frame (2011)

ITRF2008 is a refined version of the International Terrestrial Reference Frame based on reprocessed solutions of the four space geodetic techniques: VLBI, SLR, GPS and DORIS, spanning 29, 26, 12.5 and 16 years of observations, respectively. The input data used in its elaboration are time series (weekly from satellite techniques and 24-h session-wise from VLBI) of station positions and daily Earth Orientation Parameters (EOPs). The ITRF2008 origin is defined in such a way that it has zero translations and translation rates with respect to the mean Earth center of mass, averaged by the SLR time series. Its scale is defined by nullifying the scale factor and its rate with respect to the mean of VLBI and SLR long-term solutions as obtained by stacking their respective time series. The scale agreement between these two technique solutions is estimated to be 1.05 ± 0.13 ppb at epoch 2005.0 and 0.049 ± 0.010 ppb/yr. The ITRF2008 orientation (at epoch 2005.0) and its rate are aligned to the ITRF2005 using 179 stations of high geodetic quality. An estimate of the origin components from ITRF2008 to ITRF2005 (both origins are defined by SLR) indicates differences at epoch 2005.0, namely: −0.5, −0.9 and −4.7 mm along X, Y and Z-axis, respectively. The translation rate differences between the two frames are zero for Y and Z, while we observe an X-translation rate of 0.3 mm/yr. The estimated formal errors of these parameters are 0.2 mm and 0.2 mm/yr, respectively. The high level of origin agreement between ITRF2008 and ITRF2005 is an indication of an imprecise ITRF2000 origin that exhibits a Z-translation drift of 1.8 mm/yr with respect to ITRF2005. An evaluation of the ITRF2008 origin accuracy based on the level of its agreement with ITRF2005 is believed to be at the level of 1 cm over the time-span of the SLR observations. Considering the level of scale consistency between VLBI and SLR, the ITRF2008 scale accuracy is evaluated to be at the level of 1.2 ppb (8 mm at the equator) over the common time-span of the observations of both techniques. Although the performance of the ITRF2008 is demonstrated to be higher than ITRF2005, future ITRF improvement resides in improving the consistency between local ties in co-location sites and space geodesy estimates.
Daily Income Fund, Inc. v. Fox: A Door to the Federal Courts Opens Needlessly (1984)

1) It shall not be necessary to allege or prove that any defendant engaged in personal misconduct, and the plaintiff shall have the burden of proving a breach of fiduciary duty.(2) In any such action approval by the board of directors of such investment company of such compensation or payments, or of contracts or other arrangements providing for such compensation or payments, and ratification or approval of such compensation or payments, or of contracts or other