gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cutting Edge: Tumor-Targeting Antibodies Enhance NKG2D-Mediated NK Cell Cytotoxicity by Stabilizing NK Cell–Tumor Cell Interactions (2012)

Monoclonal antibodies represent a promising approach to fight a variety of tumors, but their mode of action remains to be fully understood. NK cells can recognize Ab-coated targets, as well as stress ligands, on tumor cells. In this study, we investigated how NK cells integrate both kinds of activating signals. NK cell-mediated killing was maximal with the combined recognition of NKG2D ligands and Ab; surprisingly, only NKG2D engagement substantially enhanced degranulation. Conversely, Ab recognition by NK cells uniquely increased contact stability with tumor cells. Furthermore, using intravital imaging of solid tumors, we showed that Ab recognition favored prolonged interactions between NK cells and targets. Altogether, our results demonstrate that NK cell-mediated killing can be differentially regulated at the level of degranulation and contact stability by distinct activating receptors. Thus, complementary signals mediated by recognition of stress ligands and tumor-specific Abs may contribute to the efficacy of NK cells during mAb therapy.
Consumer attitude and behaviour: A segmentational analysis (2015)

Consumerism is dependent upon the different variables including paying capacity, social influences, and necessities of the commodities which affect the attitude and behaviour of the consumers. This is an important indicator of the market operation dominating the demand of the commodities in context to the different segments of the product classification and consequently determining the attitude and behaviour of the consumer. However, it is pertinent that different strata of the society have different in demand for different products. The product preferred by one segment is not preferred by the other segment of the society due to the influences of different nature. At this juncture, for the marketing experts and scholars, it is necessary to understand the attitude and behaviour of different segments of the consumers in terms of the environment, price, product design, texture, quality and so many other considerations. The research project is a modest attempt to examine the consumer behaviour and attitude as per the different segments of the society.
Characterization and regulation of alpha-interferon receptor expression in interferon-sensitive and -resistant human lymphoblastoid cells. (1984)

Interferon-sensitive (IFN-S) and IFN-resistant (IFN-R) Daudi lymphoblastoid cells were studied for IFN-alpha receptor expression and regulation by steady state and kinetic procedures, utilizing a homogeneous 125I-IFN-alpha 2 probe. Heterogeneity in the binding of this probe to IFN-S cells was determined to result from negatively cooperative interactions between an initially homogeneous class of IFN receptor. No such heterogeneity was noted in the IFN-R cells, indicating an apparent difference in the interaction of IFN-alpha 2 with these cells. The apparent dissociation constants (Kd) for IFN-S cell receptors were calculated to be 1 X 10(-10) M and 1 X 10(-8) M, for the high and low affinity sites, respectively. The Kd for sites on the IFN-R cells was estimated to be 4 X 10(-9) M. IFN-R and IFN-S cells expressed 2.4 X 10(4) and 3.5 X 10(4) binding sites per cell, respectively, representing an increase of at least 6-fold over previous reports of IFN-S Daudi IFN receptor density. Both IFN-S and IFN-R cells were capable of down-regulating expression of the IFN-alpha receptor in response to low concentrations of IFN-alpha 2. Furthermore, both cell lines were shown to be capable of internalizing specifically bound 125I-IFN-alpha 2 to an equivalent degree. Accordingly, we propose that the relative insensitivity of the Daudi IFN-R phenotype involves the loss of a high affinity interaction between cellular receptors and IFN-alpha 2, in addition to the reduced level of expressed low affinity binding sites.
DESIGN OF TIME-MODULATED LINEAR ARRAYS WITH A MULTI-OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION APPROACH (2010)

This article proposes a Multi-objective Optimization (MO) framework for the design of time-modulated linear antenna arrays with ultra low maximum Side Lobe Level (SLL), maximum Side Band Level (SBL) and main lobe Beam Width between the First Nulls (BWFN). In contrast to the existing optimization-based methods that attempt to minimize a weighted sum of SLL, SBL, and BWFN, we treat these as three distinct objectives that are to be achieved simultaneously and use one of the best known Multi- Objective Evolutionary Algorithms (MOEAs) of current interest called MOEA/D-DE (Decomposition based MOEA with Difierential Evolution operator) to determine the best compromise among these three objectives. Unlike the single-objective approaches, the MO approach provides greater ∞exibility in the design by yielding a set of equivalent flnal solutions from which the user can choose one that attains a suitable trade-ofi margin as per requirements. We compared time-modulated antenna structures with other methods for linear array synthesis such as the excitation method and the phase-position synthesis method on the basis of the approximated Pareto Fronts (PFs) yielded by MOEA/D-DE and the best compromise solutions determined from the Pareto optimal set with a fuzzy membership- function based method. The flnal results obtained with MOEA/D-DE were compared with the results achieved by two state-of-the-art single objective optimization algorithms and flve other MO algorithms. Our simulation studies on three instantiations of the design problem re∞ect the superiority of the MOEA/D-DE based design of time-modulated linear arrays.
The tetrode power transistor (1957)

Power transistor circuits are characterized by the fact that the collector current must swing over a wide range of values during any complete cycle of operation. One disadvantage of present-day alloyed junction power transistors is that the current gain decreases with increasing collector current. This causes distortion in linear applications and makes temperature stabilization in switching circuits more difficult. Power transistors having emitter areas large enough to handle currents in the amperes range can be made as tetrodes by use of an annular ring geometry. Experimental results show that the gain characteristics can be altered by applying a bias voltage or a portion of the signal voltage transversely across the base. The gain characteristic can be made flatter for improved fidelity in audio applications, or even reversed to give increasing gain with collector current for certain switching applications. Practical circuitry utilizing the improved gain characteristics of power tetrodes has been developed, and the annular geometry permits the fabrication of tetrodes using conventional alloying techniques.
A High-Efficiency, High-Repetition-Rate KrF(B→X) Excimer Lamp Excited by Microwave Discharge (1989)

KrF(B→X) fluorescence pulses of 5-9-µs pulse duration with 55-kHz operation frequency were produced from a microwave-discharge-pumped KrF mixture. A high average KrF fluorescence power of 43 W was obtained with an intrinsic efficiency of 12.5% when the average microwave power of 341 W was deposited into the 25-Torr mixture of 2%F 2 /1%Kr/48.5%He/48.5%Ne. We also obtained a peak KrF fluorescence power of 215 W with a power efficiency of 15.9%.
New pulse multiplication technique based on six-pulse thyristor converters for high-power applications (2002)

A new pulse multiplication technique based on six-pulse thyristor converters is proposed in this paper. With the proposed technique, 12-pulse, 18-pulse, and 24-pulse operations have been obtained both on the input current and on the output voltage. A control strategy over the whole range of phase angle is provided along with sophisticated input current and output voltage analysis. Experimental results from a laboratory prototype verify the proposed theory.
Phosphatidate Kinase, a Novel Enzyme in Phospholipid Metabolism (Purification, Subcellular Localization, and Occurrence in the Plant Kingdom) (1993)

Microsomal membranes from suspension-cultured Catharanthus roseus cells possess an enzymic activity that catalyzes the ATP-dependent phosphorylation of phosphatidic acid (PA) to form diacylglycerol pyrophosphate (H. Behrbohm, J.B. Wissing [1993] FEBS Lett 315: 95-99). This enzyme activity, PA kinase, was purified and characterized. Plasma membranes, obtained from C. roseus microsomes by aqueous two-phase partitioning, were extracted, and PA kinase was purified 3200-fold by applying different chromatographic steps that resulted in a specific activity of about 10 [mu]mol min-1 mg-1. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-gel electrophoresis of the fractions obtained from the final chromatographic step revealed a 39-kD protein that correlated with the enzyme activity; PA kinase activity could be eluted from this protein band. Subcellular localization, investigated with C. roseus cells, showed that the activity was confined to membrane fractions, and at least 80% was associated with plasma membranes. The data revealed the same distribution within the cellular membranes of PA kinase as reported for diacylglycerol kinase, which is a typical plasma membrane-located enzyme. Furthermore, PA kinase activity was detected in the calli of 16 different plant species and in the different organs of C. roseus plants and obviously occurs ubiquitously in the plant kingdom.
Cytochromes P450 from family 4 are the main omega hydroxylating enzymes in humans: CYP4F3B is the prominent player in PUFA metabolism (2008)

Human CYP450 omega-hydroxylases of the CYP4 family are known to convert arachidonic acid (AA) to its metabolite 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE). This study deals with hydroxylations of four PUFAs, eicosatrienoic acid (ETA), AA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by either human recombinant CYP4s enzymes or human liver microsomal preparations. CYP4F3A and CYP4F3B were the most efficient omega-hydroxylases of these PUFAs. Moreover, the differences in the number of unsaturations of ETA, AA, and EPA allowed us to demonstrate a rise in the metabolic rate of hydroxylation when the double bond in 14-15 or 17-18 was missing. With the CYP4F enzymes, the main pathway was always the omega-hydroxylation of PUFAs, whereas it was the (omega-1)-hydroxylation with CYP1A1, CYP2C19, and CYP2E1. Finally, we demonstrated that the omega9 and omega3 PUFAs (ETA, EPA, and DHA) could all be used as alternative substrates in AA metabolism by human CYP4F2 and -4F3B. Thus, they decreased the ability of these enzymes to convert AA to 20-HETE. However, although ETA was the most hydroxylated substrate, EPA and DHA were the most potent inhibitors of the conversion of AA to 20-HETE. These findings suggest that some physiological effects of omega3 FAs could partly result from a shift in the generation of active hydroxylated metabolites of AA through a CYP-mediated catalysis.
Equilibrium Phase Compositions of CO2/Hydrocarbon Mixtures— Part 1: Measurement by a Continuous Multiple-Contact Experiment (1983)

Abstract A new experimental technique that simultaneously measures compositions and densities of two phases in equilibrium is described. Because it operates continuously, the experiment can be performed more rapidly than conventional static-equilibrium measurements. Details of the experimental apparatus are reported, and results of test displacements for two simple CO2/hydrocarbon systems are compared with static-equilibrium phase composition measurements for the same systems. A simple analysis of the operation of the experiment is used to assess the experimental error that results from the continuous nature of the experiment and to suggest ways to reduce that error. Application of the experimental technique to a CO2/crude oil system is reported in a companion paper.1
Alcaeus A 6. I (1957)

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Comparative evaluation of commercial enzyme immunoassay kits for detection of hepatitis B seromarkers (1987)

The commercial hepatitis B enzyme immunoassay kits of Abbott Laboratories and Organon Teknika were compared for their sensitivity, specificity, and reproducibility in detecting the hepatitis B seromarkers hepatitis B surface and e antigens and antibodies to hepatitis B core, e, and surface antigens. With the exception of the Organon kit for antibodies to hepatitis B surface antigen, the specificity and reproducibility were about the same for both products, but the level of sensitivity was generally lower for the Organon kits; this, however, may not be critical in routine clinical application. The Organon kits have a longer shelf life and are cheaper.
Performance and scaling effects in a multilayer microfluidic extracorporeal lung oxygenation device (2012)

Microfluidic fabrication technologies are emerging as viable platforms for extracorporeal lung assist devices and oxygenators for cardiac surgical support and critical care medicine, based in part on their ability to more closely mimic the architecture of the human vasculature than existing technologies. In comparison with current hollow fiber oxygenator technologies, microfluidic systems have more physiologically-representative blood flow paths, smaller cross section blood conduits and thinner gas transfer membranes. These features can enable smaller device sizes and a reduced blood volume in the oxygenator, enhanced gas transfer efficiencies, and may also reduce the tendency for clotting in the system. Several critical issues need to be addressed in order to advance this technology from its current state and implement it in an organ-scale device for clinical use. Here we report on the design, fabrication and characterization of multilayer microfluidic oxygenators, investigating scaling effects associated with fluid mechanical resistance, oxygen transfer efficiencies, and other parameters in multilayer devices. Important parameters such as the fluidic resistance of interconnects are shown to become more predominant as devices are scaled towards many layers, while other effects such as membrane distensibility become less significant. The present study also probes the relationship between blood channel depth and membrane thickness on oxygen transfer, as well as the rate of oxygen transfer on the number of layers in the device. These results contribute to our understanding of the complexity involved in designing three-dimensional microfluidic oxygenators for clinical applications.
Vive la Différence: Paxos vs. Viewstamped Replication vs. Zab (2013)

Paxos, Viewstamped Replication, and Zab are replication protocols that ensure high-availability in asynchronous environments with crash failures. Various claims have been made about similarities and differences between these protocols. But how does one determine whether two protocols are the same, and if not, how significant the differences are? We propose to address these questions using refinement mappings, where protocols are expressed as succinct specifications that are progressively refined to executable implementations. Doing so enables a principled understanding of the correctness of the different design decisions that went into implementing the various protocols. Additionally, it allowed us to identify key differences that have a significant impact on performance.
Regulation of Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4E (eIF4E) Phosphorylation by Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Occurs through Modulation of Mnk1-eIF4G Interaction (2010)

The m(7)G cap binding protein eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) is a rate-limiting determinant of protein synthesis. Elevated eIF4E levels, commonly associated with neoplasia, promote oncogenesis, and phosphorylation of eIF4E at Ser209 is critical for its tumorigenic potential. eIF4E phosphorylation is catalyzed by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-interacting serine/threonine kinase (Mnk), a substrate of Erk1/2 and p38 MAPKs. Interaction with the scaffolding protein eIF4G, which also binds eIF4E, brings Mnk and its substrate into physical proximity. Thus, Mnk-eIF4G interaction is important for eIF4E phosphorylation. Through coimmunoprecipitation assays, we showed that MAPK-mediated phosphorylation of the Mnk1 active site controls eIF4G binding. Utilizing a naturally occurring splice variant, we demonstrated that the C-terminal domain of Mnk1 restricts its interaction with eIF4G, preventing eIF4E phosphorylation in the absence of MAPK signaling. Furthermore, using a small-molecule Mnk1 inhibitor and kinase-dead mutant, we established that Mnk1 autoregulates its interaction with eIF4G, releasing itself from the scaffold after phosphorylation of its substrate. Our findings indicate tight control of eIF4E phosphorylation through modulation of Mnk1-eIF4G interaction.
Responses of plant vascular systems to auxin transport inhibition (1999)

To assess the role of auxin flows in plant vascular patterning, the development of vascular systems under conditions of inhibited auxin transport was analyzed. In Arabidopsis, nearly identical responses evoked by three auxin transport inhibitor substances revealed an enormous plasticity of the vascular pattern and suggest an involvement of auxin flows in determining the sites of vascular differentiation and in promoting vascular tissue continuity. Organs formed under conditions of reduced auxin transport contained increased numbers of vascular strands and cells within those strands were improperly aligned. In leaves, vascular tissues became progressively confined towards the leaf margin as the concentration of auxin transport inhibitor was increased, suggesting that the leaf vascular system depends on inductive signals from the margin of the leaf. Staged application of auxin transport inhibitor demonstrated that primary, secondary and tertiary veins became unresponsive to further modulations of auxin transport at successive stages of early leaf development. Correlation of these stages to anatomical features in early leaf primordia indicated that the pattern of primary and secondary strands becomes fixed at the onset of lamina expansion. Similar alterations in the leaf vascular responses of alyssum, snapdragon and tobacco plants suggest common functions of auxin flows in vascular patterning in dicots, while two types of vascular pattern alterations in Arabidopsis auxin transport mutants suggest that at least two distinct primary defects can result in impaired auxin flow. We discuss these observations with regard to the relative contributions of auxin transport, auxin sensitivity and the cellular organisation of the developing organ on the vascular pattern.
New Resonant Tunneling Diode with a Deep Quantum-Well (1986)

A new resonant tunneling diode has been fabricated by employing an In 0.1 Ga 0.9 As strained layer quantum-well, where its conduction band edge is lower than that of emitter and collector regions. The obtained peak-current voltage is reduced to about 150 mV, which is less than half of that for the diode with a GaAs quantum-well. The high peak-to-valley ratio of 13 is observed at 77 K. This suggests that the peak-current voltage for this structure could be controlled by changing indium composition of the In y Ga 1- y As quantum-well, while retaining a large peak-to-valley ratio.
Reduced oxide charge trapping and improved hot-electron reliability in submicrometer MOS devices fabricated by titanium salicide process (1988)

The effects of the titanium salicide (self-aligned silicide) process on the reliability of very-thin-gate-oxide MOSFETs have been studied. It is shown that the titanium salicide process, as compared to the conventional poly-Si gate process, has reduced electron and hole trapping in the oxide and improved hot-electron reliability. It is shown that these phenomena are related to the reduced hydrogen content in the oxide as revealed by a secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ethernet-Based Real-Time and Industrial Communications (2005)

Despite early attempts to use Ethernet in the industrial context, only recently has it attracted a lot of attention as a support for industrial communication. A number of vendors are offering industrial communication products based on Ethernet and TCP/IP as a means to interconnect field devices to the first level of automation. Others restrict their offer to communication between automation devices such as programmable logic controllers and provide integration means to existing fieldbuses. This paper first details the requirements that an industrial network has to fulfill. It then shows how Ethernet has been enhanced to comply with the real-time requirements in particular in the industrial context. Finally, we show how the requirements that cannot be fulfilled at layer 2 of the OSI model can be addressed in the higher layers adding functionality to existing standard protocols.
Failure diagnosis for pneumatic control valves by neural network (1995)

This paper deals with the failure recognition of pneumatic control valves using a neural network system. Pneumatic control valves are usually the final controlling element of process control equipment at power systems. As they are non-liner and involve a dead time, the signs of failure are complex. For the advance of reliability and safety at power systems, a diagnosis support technology for predictive maintenance of expert-level by simple operations seems worthwhile. The authors have tried to develop a new failure diagnosis method that classifies the response waveform of valve components using a neural network when the valve is activated in a step manner.
Characteristics of high‐titer igg antiphospholipid antibody in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with and without fetal death (1990)

Although high-titer IgG antiphospholipid antibody (aPL) is a predictor of mid-pregnancy fetal death in women with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), some SLE patients with high-titer aPL carry pregnancies normally, and to term. To determine potential antibody differences between IgG aPL-positive women with and without fetal death, we studied aPL isotype, subclass, anticoagulant activity, phospholipid specificity, and antibody avidity in selected sera from pregnant SLE patients with high-titer IgG aPL. For controls, we selected sera from pregnant SLE patients who had negative results on tests for IgG aPL (with and without fetal loss). None of the specified antibody characteristics distinguished between the aPL-positive patient groups, nor were other specificities defined in IgG aPL-negative sera from women with fetal death. Although high-titer aPL is a good predictor of fetal death, currently known characteristics, other than a high titer of aPL, do not identify which women will experience this complication.
Validation of a Colonoscopy Simulation Model for Skills Assessment (2006)

Overall, this model possesses a favorable degree of realism and is able to easily differentiate users based on their level of colonoscopy experience. More impressive, however, is the strong correlation between individual's simulated intubation times and actual patient-based colonoscopy data. In light of these findings, we speculate that this model has potential to be an effective tool for assessment of colonoscopic competence.