gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrolysis of Triglycerides by Immobilized Thermostable Lipase from<i>Humicola lanuginosa</i> (1988)

Thermostable lipase from Humicola lanuginosa No. 3 was immobilized by entrapment in photo-crosslinkable resin prepolymers, urethane prepolymers or Ca-alginate. Adsorption to different types of resins or gels, and covalent binding methods were also employed. From all the methods examined, adsorption on Amberlite XAD-7 followed by crosslinking with glutaraldehyde was superior, as to several points. Firstly, the adsorption efficiency for lipase was relatively high, being about 70%. Secondly, the optimal temperature was about 10°C higher than that for free lipase. The resin immobilized lipase was not affected by pH changes, and finally it also exhibited excellent stability as to repeated batch hydrolysis of triglycerides, both in a shaking flask system and in a recycling column reactor for more than 2 and 3 weeks, respectively.
Field results from wells treated with hydroxy-aluminum (1972)

Hydroxy-aluminum is a low cost, inorganic chemical that adsorbs very tightly on clay mineral surfaces and stabilizes them against expansion and dispersion. Wells treated with this chemical have increased oil production and reduced sand production. Over 70 wells have been treated with hydroxy-aluminum in the Gulf Coast area and in California with many outstanding successes and no well-defined failures. Wells characterized by rapid production decline after acid stimulation showed a marked improvement in maintained productivity after acid stimulation followed by treatment with hydroxy-aluminum. Also, wells that had sanded up repeatly showed long periods of production without sanding up after hydroxy-aluminum treatment. The average steam injectivity for treated wells was nearly twice that for the untreated wells, and subsequent oil production rates were more than doubled. When used as a gravel-packing fluid on the Gulf Coast, hydroxy-aluminum made it possible to bring wells on production without acid stimulation. Offset wells gravel packed in dilute salt water required acid stimulation to bring the wells on production.
Collaboratively crowdsourcing workflows with turkomatic (2012)

Preparing complex jobs for crowdsourcing marketplaces requires careful attention to workflow design, the process of decomposing jobs into multiple tasks, which are solved by multiple workers. Can the crowd help design such workflows? This paper presents Turkomatic, a tool that recruits crowd workers to aid requesters in planning and solving complex jobs. While workers decompose and solve tasks, requesters can view the status of worker-designed workflows in real time; intervene to change tasks and solutions; and request new solutions to subtasks from the crowd. These features lower the threshold for crowd employers to request complex work. During two evaluations, we found that allowing the crowd to plan without requester supervision is partially successful, but that requester intervention during workflow planning and execution improves quality substantially. We argue that Turkomatic's collaborative approach can be more successful than the conventional workflow design process and discuss implications for the design of collaborative crowd planning systems.
Antibodies to junctional sarcoplasmic reticulum proteins: probes for the Ca2+-release channel (1989)

The junctional face membrane plays a key role in excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle. A protein of 350 kDa, tentatively identified as a component of the junctional feet, connects transverse tubules to terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum [Kawamoto, Brunschwig, Kim & Caswell (1986) J. Cell Biol. 103, 1405-1414]. The membrane topology and protein composition of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-release channels of rabbit skeletal muscle were investigated using an immunological approach, with anti-(junctional face membrane) and anti-(350 kDa protein) polyclonal antibodies. Upon preincubation of the terminal cisternae with anti-(junctional face membrane) antibodies, Ca2+-ATPase and Ca2+-loading activities were not affected, whereas anti-(350 kDa protein) antibodies stimulated Ca2+-ATPase activity by 25% and inhibited Ca2+-loading activity by 50% (at an antibody/terminal cisternae protein ratio of 1:1). Specific photolabelling of terminal cisternae proteins with [14C]doxorubicin was prevented by both anti-(junctional face membrane) and anti-(350 kDa protein) antibodies. Stimulation of Ca2+ release by doxorubicin was prevented by both anti-(junctional face membrane) and anti-(350 kDa protein) antibodies. Half-maximal inhibition was obtained at an antibody/terminal cisternae protein ratio of 1:1. Kinetic measurements of Ca2+ release indicated that anti-(350 kDa protein) antibodies prevented Ca2+-induced Ca2+ release, whereas the ATP-stimulation and the inhibition by Mg2+ were not affected. These results suggest that: (i) Ca2+- and doxorubicin-induced Ca2+ release is mediated by Ca2+ channels which are selectively localized in the junctional face membrane; (ii) the 350 kDa protein is a component of the Ca2+-release channel in native terminal cisternae vesicles; and (iii) the Ca2+-activating site of the channel is separate from other allosteric sites.
A Novel Parasitic-Aware Synthesis and Verification Flow for RFIC Design (2006)

The design of radio-frequency integrated circuits (RFICs) is highly sensitive to layout parasitics. In conventional methodologies, the layout parasitics are known only after the layout is complete and the schematic is resized to compensate for these parasitics. The drawback of such a methodology is that the convergence of this design iteration remains unpredictable. This paper proposes a novel synthesis and verification flow for RFIC designs. The design flow is composed of three stages: circuit sizing with floorplan, performance-aware floorplan refinement, and full-wave electromagnetic (EM) extraction. Layout parasitics are considered throughout the design flow in the proposed methodology. As a result, parasitic closure can be achieved quickly and design iterations may not be required. As an example, the proposed design flow is applied to a cross-coupled inductance-capacitance (LC) VCO. Demonstrating the efficiency of the proposed flow for RFIC designs, it required only two weeks to meet all the design specifications with no iterations
Les harmonies de l'espace et les déchirures du temps, chez Voltaire entre 1734 et 1769 (2011)

Voltaire firmly turned down the classical idea of tragic time which supposedly submitted man to death and evil without remission. As early as his Lettres philosophiques published in 1734 he made shift of his discovery of Newton and built up the representation of a world inhabitable by man at last thanks to his ability to be, and to computation which was rid of its frightening eternal silence Pascal had covered it with. Space, being at last given back to man by Newtonian reason, and revealing one of the Creator's secrets under the name of "attraction", the question remained of historical time, which classical thought made the symbol of the creature's unmovable finitude. Voltaire, inspired by the Newtonian model, manages to bring to light a surge of order in the midst of historical turmoils and in the lethal play of passions. He does not falter to evoke the possibility of making the Golden Age happen on earth thanks to the example of William Penn. Yet this task of reconstructing an intellectual landscape which declining classicism had wrecked with its Augustinian and Jansenist pessimism, came up against concrete realities which troubled Voltaire, especially in 1715 � the earthquake in Lisbon � to the point when he gave up all recourse to optimistic doctrines, as shows his article "Bien (tout est bien)" (Good [all is good]) in his Dictionnaire philosophique. However, reacting against his own defeatism he manages to piece together the essential conditions for his rejection of the tragic or the absurd � which never stop threatening mankind if only because of the horrors filling up the history of mankind � through two rock-solid foundations of his thought: natural morality supposedly shared by all sensible human beings and its practical consequences (virtuous action or benevolence as caring for civil peace, education or the development of civilization) and lyrical contemplation of the celestial mechanism which invites us to tolerance. If the absurd and the tragic remain lurking in the hollow of historical time the Newtonian model of a space brought under control by reason lives on in spite of all the temptations to give in. Voltaire combines pessimistic thought with optimistic will.
Spring Framework for Rapid Open Source J2EE Web Application Development: A Case Study (2005)

In the highly competitive arena of Web application development, it is important to develop the application as accurately, economically, and efficiently as possible. One way to increase productivity is to decrease complexity. This has been an underlying theme in a movement to change the way programmers approach developing Java 2 Platform, Enterprise Edition (J2EE) Web applications. The focus of the change is how to create J2EE-compliant software without using Enterprise Java Beans (EJB). The foremost alternative is the Spring framework, which provides less services but it is much less intrusive than EJB. The driving force behind this shift is the need for greater productivity and reduced complexity in the area of Web application software development and implementation. In this paper, we briefly describe Spring underlying architecture and present a case study using Spring.
Isolation, propagation, and characterization of rat liver serosal mesothelial cells. (1994)

Although rat liver epithelial cell (RLEC) lines have been developed by a number of laboratories, the identity of the clonogenic nonparenchymal progenitors is unknown. To provide insight into the derivation of RLEC, we immunoisolated serosal liver mesothelial cells (LMC) and bile duct epithelial cells and attempted to propagate each epithelial cell population using culture conditions routinely employed to establish RLEC lines. Briefly, the selective reactivity of LMC with two bile duct cell surface markers, OC.2 and BD.2, was exploited to develop an immunocytochemical technique to isolate LMC. Livers were collagenase dissociated, the mesothelial capsule was "peeled" and digested with pronase to destroy contaminating hepatocytes, and rare biliary ductal epithelial cells were immunodepleted using OC.2. LMC were subsequently isolated by selective binding to magnetic beads adsorbed with BD.2 and cultured in supplemented Waymouths 752/1 media containing 10% fetal calf serum. Proliferating BD.2+ LMC rapidly formed epithelial-like monolayers that could be continuously subcultured after trypsinization. In contrast, attempts to establish cell lines from purified OC.2+ bile duct epithelial cells were unsuccessful. Results from reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that LMC expressed Wilms' tumor transcripts, a lineage marker for mesodermally-derived cells. In summary, our findings clearly demonstrate that LMC can be continuously propagated using culture conditions routinely employed to establish RLEC lines, an observation that supports the contention that some RLEC lines may be derived from LMC.
The Effect of Proflavin, Ethidium Bromide and an Elevated Temperature on the Appearance of Nisin-negative Clones in Nisin-producing Strains of Streptococcus lactis (1974)

SUMMARY In some nisin-producing strains of Streptococcus lactis, clones which were permanently incapable of producing nisin (Nis−) appeared spontaneously with a frequency of 0·03 to 0·82 %. Treatment with proflavin (Pro), ethidium bromide (EB) or at a temperature of 40 °C increased the number of such clones. In one strain 78 % of cells became Nis− after treatment with Pro. Treatment with nitrosoguanidine did not reverse the effect of Pro or EB. There was no evidence that Pro or EB selected spontaneously-occurring Nis− clones. These observations suggest that the gene(s) responsible for nisin production in some S. lactis strains may be located on a plasmid, but further investigation is required to confirm this.
Synergism between gamma interferon and lipopolysaccharide for synthesis of factor B, but not C2, in human fibroblasts. (1988)

Four different human fibroblast cell lines synthesized C2 and factor B. Factor B synthesis was increased 12.1-fold by 50 ng/ml LPS and 7.1-fold by 100 U/ml IFN-gamma. C2 synthesis was increased only 2.1-fold by LPS, but 6.4-fold by IFN-gamma. Both LPS and IFN-gamma increased levels of factor B mRNA. LPS induced a 4.7-fold greater increase in factor B protein than in factor B mRNA, whereas IFN-gamma stimulated comparable increases in protein and mRNA. These data suggest that LPS acts to increase factor B synthesis at both pretranslational and translational sites, while IFN-gamma acts primarily at a pretranslational level. In contrast to factor B, increases in C2 protein and C2 mRNA were comparable for both stimuli. A synergistic effect between the two stimuli was observed for factor B only: protein synthesis was increased 54.5-fold or 2.8-fold greater than the additive effects of the stimuli separately. The rate of synthesis in the presence of LPS and IFN-gamma together could not be achieved by increasing concentrations of, or the times of incubation with, either stimulus separately. The synergism was not the result of an increased sensitivity of the cells to either stimulus and was not reproduced by preincubation with one stimulus before incubation with the other stimulus. Several lines of evidence suggest that the synergism, like the stimulation of factor B synthesis by LPS, was dependent on both translational and pretranslational regulation of factor B mRNA. C2 and factor B synthesized in human fibroblasts may play a role in host defense in inflammatory reactions before increases in vascular permeability and recruitment of other complement producing cells.
Specific estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) substrates and molecular imaging probe candidates (2010)

This work focuses on the development of specific substrates for estrogen sulfotransferase (SULT1E1) to produce molecular imaging probes for this enzyme. SULT1E1 is a key enzyme in estrogen homeostasis, playing a central role in the prevention and development of human disease. In vitro sulfation assays showed alkyl and aryl substitutions to a fused heterocyclic system modeled after beta-naphthol (betaN), based on compounds that interact with the estrogen receptor, rendered several molecules with enhanced specificity for SULT1E1 over SULT1A1*1, SULT1A1*2, SULT1A3, and SULT2A1. Several 6-hydroxy-2-arylbenzothiazoles tested demonstrated excellent affinity--V(max)/K(m) ratios-and specificity for SULT1E1. K(m) values ranged from 0.12-2.36 microM. A strong correlation was observed between polarity of the 4'-sustituent on the 2-aryl moiety (Hammett sigma(p)) and the log(V(max)/K(m)) (r = 0.964). Substrate sensitivity is influenced by the acidity of the 6-phenolic group demonstrated by correlating its (1)H NMR chemical shift (delta(OH)) with the log(V(max)/K(m)) (r = 0.963). Acidity is mediated by the electron withdrawing capacity of the 4'-substituent outlined by the correlation of the C-2 (13)C NMR chemical shift (delta(C2)) with the log(V(max)/K(m)) (r = 0.987). 2-[4-(Methylamino)phenyl]-6-hydroxybenzothiazole (2b) was radiolabeled with carbon-11 ((11)C-(2b)) and used in vivo for microPET scanning and tissue metabolite identification. High PET signal was paralleled with the presence of radiolabeled (11)C-(2b)-6-O-sulfate and the SULT1E1 protein detected by western blot. Because this and other members of this family presenting specificity for SULT1E1 can be labeled with carbon-11 or fluorine-18, in vivo assays of SULT1E1 functional activity are now feasible in humans.
Economic considerations of operating a train with electronically controlled pneumatic (ECP) brakes (2002)

This study attempts to quantify the economic benefits that the electronically controlled pneumatic brake (ECP) technology can provide the operator of a unit coal train and the owner of the associated fleet. A controlled study over a fixed Northeastern US rail route was performed with two equivalent unit coal trains. The cars of the first train were equipped with the latest generation of an electronic air brake system (EABS), while the cars of the later train remained unmodified, and acted as the control. These two trains made round trips between Southwestern Pennsylvania coal fields and two electric utility plants in Eastern Pennsylvania. Incorporated in the data collection process was the compilation of dynamic train energy measurements from a sample of round trips for each of the two trains, and the collection of repair and service data associated with the cars of each train.
Immunoelectrophoretic Analysis of Streptococcus agalactiae Serotype Ia Antigens (1986)

Rabbit antibodies to heat-killed whole cells of Streptococcus agalactiae serotype Ia were used to establish an antigen map using Triton X-100 sonicates of homologous cells and crossed immunoelectrophoresis. A total of 11 antigens were identified but the density of immunoprecipitates was varied and only seven could be reliably detected, one of which dominated the immunoprecipitate pattern by its intensity. The antigens were partially characterized by immunological, chemical and cell-location methods. Five of the antigens contained carbohydrate and two of those were sensitive to trypsin and probably represent cell-wall compounds. Of the three most prominent antigens, one was surface located and represented the type and shared type antigens (Iabc), one was a cell-wall carbohydrate and very sensitive to periodate, and one was a protein/carbohydrate complex which was heat-labile and trypsin sensitive. Group B epitopes were detected in three immunoprecipitates. Cross-reactions between type Ia and other serotypes and streptococci were recorded.
Application of transmission line models to backpanel plated through-hole via design (2006)

This paper introduces an approach of using a plated through-hole (PTH) via transmission-line model in the design of a thick printed circuit board, such as a backpanel. Full wave FEM modeling of a section of backpanel containing a differential via pair was compared with a transmission model. Computed values of the differential transmission loss agreed within an acceptable range for engineering studies, yet the transmission line model results required less than 2% of the computation time that the full wave model required. Effects of via spacing, via diameter and trace thickness were also examined.
Cell and Molecular Biology (2015)

CELLS AND CELL GROWTH: The Cell: An Introduction Cell Growth and Proliferation MOLECULAR CONSTITUENTS OF CELLS: Cellular Chemistry The Cellular Macromolecules: Proteins The Cellular Macromolecules: Polysaccharides The Cellular Macromolecules: Lipids The Cellular Macromolecules: Nucleic Acids CELL METABOLISM: Enzymes Bioenergetics Cell Metabolism Metabolic Regulation TOOLS AND METHODS OF CELL BIOLOGY: Fractionation of Tissues and Cells The Isolation and Characterization of Cellular Macromolecules Radioactive Isotopes as Tracers in Cell Biology STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THE MAJOR CELL ORGANELLES: The Plasma Membrane and the Endoplasmic Reticulum The Mitochondrion The Chloroplast The Golgi Apparatus Lysosomes and Microbodies The Nucleus: Organization and Division The Nucleus and Molecular Genetics Ribosomes and the Synthesis of Proteins The Cytoplasmic Matrix SPECIAL CELL FUNCTIONS: Cellular Differentiation and Specialization Immunity and Cancer.
Reactions of metal ion complexes with hydrocarbons. Part II. Some acetoxylation, methylation and related reactions of palladium(II) and lead(IV) (1968)

The acetoxylations of Pb(OAc)4 and Pd(OAc)2 have been examined and extended to include benzene, toluene, xylenes, and hexamethylbenzene as substrates. Acetic acid was used as solvent with various concentrations of acetate ion. The reactions in strongly basic solution are inhibited by oxygen and for these a radical-chain reaction scheme has been suggested in which PbIII and PdI are chain-carrying intermediates. Careful exclusion of oxygen allows the reactions of Pb(OAc)4 to take place at a much lower temperature than has been reported hitherto. Under conditions of inhibition by oxygen or in acid solution other reaction pathways become dominant. A brief comparison is made with the acetoxylations of cerium(IV), manganese(III), and mercury(II).
Reactions of sulfur atoms. X. Addition to carbon-carbon triple bonds and the formation of thiirenes (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReactions of sulfur atoms. X. Addition to carbon-carbon triple bonds and the formation of thiirenesOtto P. Strausz, Jose. Font, E. L. Dedio, Paul. Kebarle, and Harry E. GunningCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 18, 4805–4807Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00994a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00994a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views90Altmetric-Citations38LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The role of CD40 receptor-ligand system in the development of diabetes mellitus and its complications (2011)

The CD40 receptor-CD40 ligand system, along with other signal molecules, plays an important role in the development of immune and inflammatoryreactions. CD40R and CD40L are expressed in lymphocytes, monocytes, platelets, endothelial and smooth muscle cells, pancreatic beta-cells, adipocytes,and other cells. The CD40-CD40L system participates in the formation of immune and inflammatory reactions in the cardiovascular system,platelet production and development of autoimmune diseases. Signals mediated through CD40 receptors are involved in the autoimmune process intype 1 diabetes, inflammation of adipose tissue in DM2, development of atherosclerosis and diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, the CD40-CD40Lsystem can be regarded as a universal pathogenetic factor responsible for immune and inflammatory processes, hyperglycemia, and vascular complications.Measurement of CD40 expression in lymphocytes, monocytes, and adipocytes and sCD40L in blood and urine can be used to diagnose andforetell immune and inflammatory processes associated with diabetes mellitus. HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) and disaggregants (aspirin,clopidogrel) inhibit activity of the CD40-CD40L system. Further studies of possibilities of pharmacological correction of this system may provide abasis for the development of new therapeutic modalities for the management of diabetes and its complications.