gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measurement of ion species ratio in the plasma source ion implantation process (1993)

Ion species and their ratios in nitrogen, oxygen, and argon plasmas in the plasma source ion implantation process have been determined with a simple and low-cost measurement system. The measured ion species ratio in the nitrogen plasma was used as an input parameter for the computer simulation code transport and mixing from ion irradiation to predict the atomic composition-depth profile. Comparison between the code results and data derived from Auger analysis for a nitrogen-implanted Ti-6Al-4V alloy showed good agreement. In this article, the design, performance, and possible future improvements regarding the resolution of this measurement system will be discussed.
Arthrodesis of the knee following failed total knee arthroplasty. (1979)

In forty-five patients, who had an arthrodesis because of failed total knee arthroplasty, the cause was infection in forty, instability in two, failure of the prosthesis in two, and loosening in one. The arthrodesis succeeded in twenty-nine (81%) of thirty-six patients who had had a minimally or partially constrained arthroplasty and in five (56%) of nine who had had a hinge-type prosthesis inserted. The reasons for failure were severe bone loss, persistent sepsis, and loss of bone apposition after manipulation. The technique of arthrodesis did not seem to influence the final result. External fixation most commonly had to be used because of the infections and the device was kept in place for an average of ten weeks, after which immobilization in a cast was used until the arthrodesis healed.
Enhancement of Exopolysaccharide Production by <i>Lactobacillus delbrueckii</i> subsp. <i>bulgaricus</i> NCFB 2772 with a Simplified Defined Medium (1998)

The aim of this work was to investigate the medium requirements for growth and production of exopolysaccharides by Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus NCFB 2772. The strain was grown in batch cultures on a chemically defined medium, and the technique of single omission of medium components was applied to determine the nutritional requirements. The omission of aspartic acid, glutamic acid, or glycine affected growth only slightly, and the omission of glutamine, asparagine, or threonine resulted in a stronger reduction of the growth. All the other amino acids were essential. Multiple omissions of amino acids caused an almost complete loss of growth. L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus required only riboflavin, calcium pantothenate, and nicotinic acid as individual vitamins. Surprisingly, when only these vitamins were present in the medium and other vitamins were not, less growth was observed than in the complete medium but the amount of exopolysaccharide produced was significantly greater. These observations were studied in more detail with a simplified defined medium in which L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus was able to grow and produce exopolysaccharides. Although the final optical density in the simplified medium was lower, the production of exopolysaccharides was about twofold higher than in the complete medium.
Influence of Heteroaromatic Amines to Knoevenagel Condensation (1983)

In the Knoevenagel condensation of hexanal and malonic acid, the ratio of u.0and 0.y-unsaturated acids was remarkably affected by the nature of tertiary amines used as a catalyst.That is, the condensation in pyridine or isoquinoline gave 2-octenoic acid selectively, whereas the condensation in 2-methylpyridlne, 2,6-dimethylpyridine. or quinoline gave 3octenoic acid as a main product.The Knoevenagel condensation of aliphatic aldehydes havmg a straight carbon chain with malonic acid in the presence of an appropriate organic base in accompanied with decarboxylation is widely used in the synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.
The effect of heat treatment on redistribution of fast diffusing impurities in polycrystalline silicon (1988)

The effect of heat treatment on minority carrier surface recombination velocity in polycrystalline silicon samples has been examined in the temperature range (600–900 °C) using the electron-beam induced-current mode of a scanning electron microscope. Minority carrier trap center density, calculated from minority carrier surface recombination velocity data, varying from 8.9×1011 to 6.37×1013 cm−2 have been measured. A finite variation in the minority carrier trap center density indicates that metallic impurities diffuse to the surface from the bulk of the sample. The activation energy of impurity atom diffusion is found to be 1.1±0.1 eV.
Recovering Byron: Poe's "The Assignation" (2012)

Few would deny the of Byron in Poe's Assignation, even though Byron's name is not once mentioned during the course of the narrative. Indeed, his is palpable in the many oblique references to his life, poetry, and letters—most of which have been well-documented by source-hunting critics.1 The plot, for instance (as these readers attest), draws its inspiration from Byron's famous ro mance with the Countess Guccioli; the story's setting may be seen as an allusion to the fourth canto of Childe Harold, whose initial lines read: I stood in Venice on the Bridge of Sighs/A palace and a prison on each hand; and the hero is apparently an English poet.2 Still, with all these traces of Byron's presence, the narrator insists on a cer tain silence, referring to the mysterious lover of the story simply as the stranger. As even one of the story's more prominent source hunters—Richard Benton—admits, there is no specific clue in the text of 'The Assignation' itself that helps establish the hero's identity. His identity is furnished mainly by connotation. . . .3 The question remains, why should Poe's story evade making a direct reference to Byron? Why does it finally try to cover him up? Benton's article on Assignation contends that the story is a hoax, a sort of joke Poe played on his readers who were ordinarily shocked by the Byronic message.4 The story may well be a hoax (a cover-up), but it is one which has far more serious intentions than the most general understanding of hoaxing would allow; for in portray ing Byron under cover, Assignation reveals itself as a kind of meditation on what it means to recover a life in language. In a sense Poe casts himself in the role of biographer, not so much to illu minate Byron's true self as to fathom biography in general—that is, the writing or representation of a life. Here the question of Byron's presence in the text becomes not simply a matter of his being nom inated in Poe's fictional work, but of his being as such. Wherein lies the truth of Byron? Can his essential self ever be fully disclosed in language? or would language necessarily dissolve that being, that self-presence, which history has come to recognize as Byron?
Improving the performance of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell using MgO-coated TiO2 nanoporous film (2003)

An ultrathin overlayer of MgO on TiO2 is shown to drastically improve the stability of solid-state dye-sensitized solar cell using CuI as a hole conductor in addition to solar energy conversion efficiency.
The effect of diet on the metabolism in sheep of the tritiated isoflavones formononetin and biochanin A (1989)

The metabolism of tritiated formononetin was studied in vivo and in vitro in the sheep and the metabolism of biochanin A studied in vitro.In vivo. Most of the formononetin was metabolized to equol and 81% of the administered radioactivity was excreted in the urine within 48 h, the main component being equol. Little or no daidzein was found in either rumen, plasma or urine samples. Some metabolites appeared on the TLC chromatograms in small amounts (never more than 10%); these were probably desmethylangolensin and O-methylequol, and their role in isoflavone metabolism is unknown.In vitro. The rate of metabolism of formononetin and biochanin A added to rumen samples from sheep varied with diet, being more rapid in samples from sheep fed on lucerne chaff or clover. Formononetin was converted to equol. Biochanin A was converted to genistein in rumen liquor from sheep fed on oaten chaff, but was further metabolized if the sheep had been fed on clover. A metabolite of RF 0.1 was observed which with a longer incubation time was converted to a non-volatile compound at RF 0.9.
Ray Meta: scalable de novo metagenome assembly and profiling (2012)

Voluminous parallel sequencing datasets, especially metagenomic experiments, require distributed computing for de novo assembly and taxonomic profiling. Ray Meta is a massively distributed metagenome assembler that is coupled with Ray Communities, which profiles microbiomes based on uniquely-colored k-mers. It can accurately assemble and profile a three billion read metagenomic experiment representing 1,000 bacterial genomes of uneven proportions in 15 hours with 1,024 processor cores, using only 1.5 GB per core. The software will facilitate the processing of large and complex datasets, and will help in generating biological insights for specific environments. Ray Meta is open source and available at http://denovoassembler.sf.net.
Digital implemented random modulation strategies for AC and switched reluctance drives (2002)

This paper describes digital based random modulated PWM strategies and different implementation techniques for AC-machines and switched reluctance machines. The aim of random modulation strategies is to reduce the emitted acoustical noise. The discussed techniques are online calculation of random values, look-up tables, random leading-lagging edge modulation and random angle control of switched reluctance machines. Measurements on the voltage and acoustic spectra show some of the benefits in the implementation techniques on different load systems. An intelligent distributed modulation technique is also discussed which can improve the acoustic noise reduction and uncover mechanical resonance frequencies in a total drive system. The digital random modulation strategies are implemented in drive systems based on PWM-VSI driven AC induction machines and give promising results. Similar implementation techniques are also used with a switched reluctance machine and tests show that random modulation strategies can be used with some benefits in order to reduce the acoustical noise emission.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two previously undescribed members of the mouse CPEB family of genes and their inducible expression in the principal cell layers of the hippocampus (2003)

Cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding (CPEB) proteins control polyadenylation-induced translation in early development. Studies in oocytes led to the delineation of Xenopus CPEB, the first member of the family to be identified, and its mouse homologue mCPEB-1. Recently, a second mouse family member, mCPEB-2, has been described in germ cells. Increasing evidence also implicates CPEB proteins as being important in the hippocampus, where these proteins are thought to regulate local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity. We therefore carried out a systematic screen for CPEB genes in the mouse brain and report two previously undescribed gene family members: mCPEB-3 and -4. We next examined the expression of all four genes in the hippocampus and found that mCPEB-1, -2, and -4 transcripts are expressed in the principal cell layer in the CA3 and CA1 region and in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. mCPEB-3 was barely expressed in naïve animals but together with mCPEB-4 was strongly up-regulated after injection of kainate to initiate seizure activity. Whereas mCPEB-1 is regulated by the Aurora kinase, mCPEB-2, -3, and -4 do not contain Aurora kinase phosphorylation sites. However, alternative splice isoforms of mCPEB-2, -3, and -4 encode the so-called B region with phosphorylation sites for cAMP-dependent protein kinase, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, and S6 kinase. Only isoforms that encode the B region were expressed in the principal cell layer. Coexpression of mCPEB-1 and the B region-containing splice isoforms suggests that a variety of different signaling pathways can recruit CPEB activity in hippocampal neurons.
High Energy Density Nanocomposites Based on Surface-Modified BaTiO<sub>3</sub> and a Ferroelectric Polymer (2009)

The dielectric permittivity and electric breakdown strength of nanocomposites comprising poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoro propylene) and phosphonic acid surface-modified BaTiO(3) nanoparticles have been investigated as a function of the volume fraction of nanoparticles. The mode of binding of pentafluorobenzylphosphonic acid on the BaTiO(3) particles was investigated using infrared and (31)P solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and the phosphonic acid was found to form well ordered, tightly bound monolayers. The effective permittivity of nanocomposites with low volume fractions (<50%) was in good agreement with standard theoretical models, with a maximum relative permittivity of 35. However, for nanoparticle volume fractions of greater than 50%, the effective permittivity was observed to decrease with increasing nanoparticle volume fraction, and this was correlated with an increase in porosity of the spin-coated nanocomposite films. The dielectric breakdown strength was also found to decrease with increasing volume fraction of the BaTiO(3) nanoparticles, with an abrupt decrease observed around 10% and a gradual decrease for volume fractions of 20-50%. Comparison of these results with model calculations, using statistical particle packing simulations and effective medium theory for the permittivity and breakdown strength, indicates the important roles of nanoparticle percolation and porosity of the nanocomposites on the dielectric properties. The measured energy density at a field strength of 164 V/mum, well below the breakdown strength, increased to a value of 3.2 J/cm(3) as the nanoparticle volume fraction is increased to 50%, roughly in line with the trend of the permittivity. The calculated maximum energy densities indicate maximal extractable energy (7-8 J/cm(3) at 1 kHz) for two different particle volume fractions, as a result of the interplay of the dependencies of permittivity and breakdown strength on volume fraction.
Improved discrimination of microwave vehicle profiles (2003)

The authors describe a combined FMCW (frequency modulated continuous wave) and Doppler radar system, which can separate traffic into five groups to accuracies of about 75% using length and height criteria. They discuss the possibility of increased determination using the more detailed profile information. In addition to the length and height data, it is possible to extract shape information for a vehicle. This shape has certain characteristics important for classification. It has been shown that the vertical face of vehicles such as buses can be identified and distinguished from other vehicles such as transit vans which have hoods or sloping fronts. Another important feature is the segmentation of the profile which occurs for trucks, which tend to have cabs and trailers, but not for buses, which are flat and continuous.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Magnetic Memory: Fundamentals and Technology (2010)

If you are a semiconductor engineer or a magnetics physicist developing magnetic memory, get the information you need with this, the first book on magnetic memory. From magnetics to the engineering design of memory, this practical book explains key magnetic properties and how they are related to memory performance, characterization methods of magnetic films, and tunneling magnetoresistance effect devices. It also covers memory cell options, array architecture, circuit models, and read-write engineering issues. You'll understand the soft fail nature of magnetic memory, which is very different from that of semiconductor memory, as well as methods to deal with the issue. You'll also get invaluable problem-solving insights from real-world memory case studies. This is an essential book for semiconductor engineers who need to understand magnetics, and for magnetics physicists who work with MRAM. It is also a valuable reference for graduate students working in electronic/magnetic device research
Lipid-based nanovesicles for nanomedicine (2016)

Molecular self-assembly has enabled the fabrication of biologically inspired, advanced nanostructures as lipid-based nanovesicles (L-NVs). The oldest L-NVs, liposomes, have been widely proposed as potential candidates for drug delivery, diagnostic and/or theranostic applications and some liposome-based drug products have already stepped from the lab-bench to the market. This success is attributed to their ability to encapsulate both hydrophobic and/or hydrophilic molecules, efficiently carry and protect them within the body and finally deliver them at the target site. These positive features are also coupled with high biocompatibility. However, liposomes still present some unsolved drawbacks, such as poor colloidal stability, short shelf-life, restricted and expensive conditions of preparation because of the inherent nature of their fundamental constituents (phospholipids). The new tools available in the self-assembly of controlled molecules have significantly advanced the field of L-NV design and synthesis, and non-liposomal L-NVs have been recently developed; this new generation of nanovesicles can represent a paradigm shift in nanomedicine: they may complement liposomes, showing their advantages and overcoming most of their drawbacks. Clearly, being still young, their rocky way to the clinic first and then to the market has just started and it is still long, but they have all the potentialities to reach their objective target. The purpose of this review is to first present the large plethora of L-NVs available, focusing on this new generation of non-liposomal L-NVs and showing their similarities and differences with respect to their ancestors (liposomes). Since the overspread of a nanomaterial to the market is also strongly dependent on the availability of technological-scale preparation methods, we will also extensively review the current approaches exploited for L-NV production. The most cutting-edge approaches based on compressed fluid (CF) technologies will be highlighted here since they show the potential to represent a game-change in the production of L-NVs, favouring their step from the bench to the market. Finally, we will briefly discuss L-NV applications in nanomedicine, looking also for their future perspectives.
Teams in animal societies (2001)

We review the existence of teams in animal societies. Teams have previously been dismissed in all but a tiny minority of insect societies. ''Team'' is a term not generally used in studies of vertebrates. We propose a new rigorous definition of a team that may be applied to both vertebrate and invertebrate societies. We reconsider what it means to work as a team or group and suggest that there are many more teams in insect societies than previously thought. A team task requires different subtasks to be performed concurrently for successful completion. There is a division of labor within a team. Contrary to previous reviews of teams in social insects, we do not constrain teams to consist of members of different castes and argue that team members may be interchangeable. Consequently, we suggest that a team is simply the set of individuals that performs a team task. We contrast teams with groups and suggest that a group task requires the simultaneous performance and cooperation of two or more individuals for successful completion. In a group, there is no division of labor-each individual performs the same task. We also contrast vertebrate and invertebrate teams and find that vertebrate teams tend to be associated with hunting and are based on individual recognition. Invertebrate teams occur in societies characterized by a great deal of redundancy, and we predict that teams in insect societies are more likely to be found in large polymorphic (''complex'') societies than in small monomorphic (''simple'') societies.
An Overview of Smart Contract: Architecture, Applications, and Future Trends (2018)

With the rapid development of cryptocurrency and its underlying blockchain technologies, platforms such as Ethereum and Hyperledger began to support various types of smart contracts. Smart contracts are computer protocols intended to digitally facilitate, verify, or enforce the negotiation or performance of a contract. Smart contracts have broad range of applications, such as financial services, prediction markets and Internet of Things (IoT), etc. However, there are still many challenges such as security issues and privacy disclosure that await future research. In this paper, we present a comprehensive overview on blockchain powered smart contracts. First, we give a systematic introduction for smart contracts, including the basic framework, operating mechanisms, platforms and programming languages. Second, application scenarios and existing challenges are discussed. Finally, we describe the recent advances of smart contract and present its future development trends, e.g., parallel blockchain. This paper is aimed at providing helpful guidance and reference for future research efforts.
A broadband plate antenna with slits (2003)

As a small antenna of handsets for personal communication systems, a two-strip meander-line antenna and a normal mode helical antenna have been suggested. The values of quality factors of both antennas are from 20 to 30 when the size of the antennas are smaller than 0.1 wavelength. The quality factor Q is really important to evaluate the bandwidth of an antenna. The bandwidth is in inverse proportion to Q. Therefore, if the quality factor can be small, the bandwidth becomes broadband. A plate antenna whose quality factor is smaller than those of the meander line antenna and the normal mode helical antenna can be obtained with broadband characteristics. In order to realise the impedance matching, the antenna consists of two plates, and the currents of the two plates are produced in imbalance and balance modes. In this paper, the small plate antenna with slits is treated. The impedance characteristics of the antenna is made clear and increasing the bandwidth by using two plates is also discussed.
Large-Area MXene Electrode Array for Flexible Electronics (2019)

MXenes, an emerging class of two-dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides and nitrides, have potential for application as high-performance, low-cost electrodes in organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) because of their water dispersibility, high conductivity, and work-function tunability. In this study, we successfully fabricated a large-scale, uniform Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene electrode array on a flexible plastic substrate for application in high-performance OFETs. The work function of the Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene electrodes was also effectively modulated via chemical doping with NH<sub>3</sub>. The fabricated OFETs with Ti<sub>3</sub>C<sub>2</sub>T<sub><i>x</i></sub> MXene electrodes exhibited excellent device performance, such as a maximum carrier mobility of ∼1 cm<sup>2</sup>·V<sup>-1</sup>·s<sup>-1</sup> and an on-off current ratio of ∼10<sup>7</sup> for both p<i>-</i>type and n<i>-</i>type OFETs, even though all the electrode and dielectric layers were fabricated on the plastic substrate by solution processing. Furthermore, MXene-electrode-based complementary logic circuits, such as NOT, NAND, and NOR, were fabricated via integration of p<i>-</i>type and n<i>-</i>type OFETs. The proposed approach is expected to expand the application range of MXenes to other OFET-based electronic devices, such as organic light-emitting displays and electronic skins.