gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Heat‐shock proteins are induced in unstressed leaves of <i>Nicotiana attenuata</i> (Solanaceae) when distant leaves are stressed (2001)

In Nicotiana attenuata, systemic induction of heat-shock proteins (Hsps) was detected in response to the treatment of single leaves by either heat shock, mechanical damage, or exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MJ). All treatments increased the abundance of members of the 70-kD Hsp (Hsp70) family and induced synthesis of one or more of the small Hsps (sHsp) (16-23 kD) in both treated and untreated leaves. These results provide the first evidence that Hsps can be systemically induced in plants and suggest that systemic induction of Hsps may be important in pre-adapting leaves to stress.
The Structure, Function, and Molecular Genetics of the gamma/delta T Cell Receptor (1989)

Exhausted CD8 T (Tex) cells are a distinct cell lineage that arise during chronic infections and cancers in animal models and humans. Tex cells are characterized by progressive loss of effector functions, high and sustained inhibitory receptor expression, ...Read More
Lipid compositional analysis of pulmonary surfactant monolayers and monolayer-associated reservoirs (2003)

Pulmonary surfactant is a lipid:protein complex containing dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylcholine (DPPC) as the major component. Recent studies indicate adsorbed surfactant films consist of a surface monolayer and a monolayer-associated reservoir. It has been hypothesized that the monolayer and its functionally contiguous reservoir may be enriched in DPPC relative to bulk phase surfactant. We investigated the compositional relationship between the monolayer and its reservoir using paper-supported wet bridges to transfer films from adsorbing dishes to clean surfaces on spreading dishes. Spreading films appear to form monolayers in the spreading dishes. We employed bovine lipid extract surfactant [BLES(chol)] containing [3H]DPPC and either [14C]palmitoyl, oleoyl-phosphatidylcholine (POPC), [14C]dipalmitoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (DPPG), [14C]palmitoyl, oleoyl-phosphatidylglycerol (POPG), or [14C]cholesterol. Radiolabeled phosphatidylglycerols were prepared using phospholipase D. The studies demonstrated that the [3H]DPPC-[14C] POPC ratios were the same in the prepared BLES dispersions as in Langmuir-Blodgett films, indicating a lack of DPPC selectivity during film formation. Furthermore, identical 3H-14C isotopic ratios were observed with DPPC and either 14C-labeled POPC, DPPG, POPG, or cholesterol in the original dispersions, the bulk phases in adsorption dish D1, and monolayers recovered from spreading dish D2. These relationships remained unperturbed with 2-fold increases in bulk concentrations in D1 and 10-fold variations in D1-D2 surface area. These results indicate adsorbed surfactant monolayers and their associated reservoirs possess similar lipid compositions and argue against selective adsorption of DPPC.
Photodegradation and photostabilization of weathered wood flour filled polyethylene composites (2003)

Wood plastic composites (WPCs) have gained popularity as building materials because of their usefulness in replacing solid wood in a variety of applications. These composites are promoted as being low-maintenance, high-durability products. However, it has been shown that WPCs exposed to weathering may experience a color change and/or loss in mechanical properties. An important requirement for building materials used in outdoor applications is the retention of their aesthetic qualities and mechanical properties during service life. Therefore, it is critical to understand the photodegradation mechanisms of WPCs exposed to UV radiation and to develop approaches to stabilize these composites (both unstabilized and stabilized) as well as the effect of weathering on the color fade and the retention of mechanical properties were characterized. Since different methods of manufacturing WPCs lead to different surface characteristics, which can influence weathering, the effect of manufacturing method on the photodegradation of WPCs was investigated first. Wood flour (WF) filled high-density polyethylene (HDPE) composite samples were either injection molded, extruded, or extruded and then planed. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to monitor the surface chemistry of the manufactured composites. The spectra showed that the surface of planed samples had more wood component than extruded and injection molded samples, respectively. After weathering, the samples were analyzed for color fade, and loss of flexural properties. The final lightness of the composites was not dependent upon the manufacturing method. However the mechanical property loss was dependent upon manufacturing method. The samples with more wood component at the surface (planed samples) experienced a larger percentage of total loss in flexural properties after weathering due to a greater effect of moisture on the samples. The change in surface chemistry of HDPE and WF/HDPE composites after weathering was studied using spectroscopic techniques. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used to characterize the occurrence of surface oxidation whereas FTIR spectroscopy was used to monitor the development of degradation products, such as carbonyl groups and vinyl groups, and to determine changes in HDPE crystallinity. Surface oxidation occurred immediately after exposure for both the neat HDPE and WF/HDPE composites. After weathering, the surface of the WF/HDPE composites was oxidized to a greater extent than the neat HDPE after weathering. This suggests that photodegradation is exacerbated by the addition of the carbonyl functional groups of the wood fibers within the HDPE atrix during composite manufacturing. While neat HDPE may undergo cross-linking in the initial stages of
The History of Tissue Engineering Using Synthetic Biodegradable Polymer Scaffolds and Cells (1997)

In the not too distant past, organ transplantation was considered a futuristic concept. However, things considered miraculous in one era may be merely remarkable in another (Langer and Vacanti, 1995). Over the last half of this century, development of techniques for tissue and organ transplantation have been revolutionary. Along with the tremendous advances in the field of transplantation, new problems have emerged needing solutions. It is in this context that the field of tissue engineering has emerged over the last decade (Vacanti and Vacanti, 1996).
Meta‐analysis: <i>Lactobacillus GG</i> for treating acute diarrhoea in children (2007)

The use of LGG is associated with moderate clinical benefits in the treatment of acute diarrhoea in children. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the important methodological limitations and heterogeneity of most of the studies.
Secure Data Hiding Technique using Video Steganography and Watermarking (2014)

The rapid development of data transfer through internet made it easier to send the data accurate and faster to the destination. Besides this, anyone can modify and misuse the valuable information through hacking at the same time. This paper presents video steganography with digital watermarking techniques as an efficient and robust tool for protection. This paper is a combination of Steganography and watermarking; which provides a strong backbone for its security. Here considers video as set of frames or images and any changes in the output image by hidden data is not visually recognizable. This proposed system not only hides large volume of data within a video; but also limits the perceivable distortion that might occur while processing it.
One-dimensional Stress Evaluation of a Ring Bulk HTS with Shrinkage Fit by an Iron Ring (2016)

The stress distributions of a ring bulk high-Tc superconductor are studied in the one-dimensional numerical analysis. Boundary condition is derivated under shrinkage fit by an iron ring. Convergences of the solutions are compared with the simple iteration method and the successive approximation method. Maximum hoop stresses are evaluated during the field-cooled magnetization. Differences of the solutions are also discussed between the present and the previous boundary conditions.
Interleukin‐1β enhances capsaicin‐induced neurogenic vasodilatation in the rat skin (1994)

1. This study examined the effect of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta) on the capsaicin-induced increase in cutaneous blood flow of anaesthetized rats as measured by laser Doppler flowmetry. 2. The substances were administered by intraplantar subcutaneous injection of 10 microliters-volumes, saline being injected into one hindpaw and IL-1 beta into the other. 3. IL-1 beta (0.5-500 pg) was without effect on blood flow on its own but dose-dependently enhanced the hyperaemic response to intraplantar capsaicin (0.3 microgram) up to 180% (P < 0.05) of the response seen in saline-treated paws. 4. Il-1 beta-(163-171), a fragment devoid of proinflammatory activity, failed to enhance capsaicin-induced hyperaemia when given at a dose of 50 pg. 5. Indomethacin (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) did not alter the capsaicin-induced vasodilatation but prevented IL-1 beta (50 pg) from augmenting the hyperaemic response to capsaicin. 6. The hyperaemia evoked by intraplantar calcitonin gene-related peptide (0.038-3.8 ng) was not altered by IL-1 beta (50 pg). 7. These data indicate that IL-1 beta enhances the cutaneous hyperaemic response to afferent nerve stimulation with capsaicin in a prostaglandin-dependent manner. This proinflammatory action of the cytokine appears to arise from sensitization of afferent nerve endings.
The protective effect of fenretinide against allergic asthma (2010)

Objective/purposeFenretinide [N-4-hydroxyphenyl, 4HPR] is a syntheticretinoid derived from vitamin A with pro-apoptotic andanti-inflammatory properties. Studies have shown thatat high concentrations fenretinide is an effective anti-neoplastic agent, regulating cell growth and differentia-tion. We have recently demonstrated that fenretinide, atdoses 5-10× lower than for cancer treatment, has pro-tective effect against bacterial infection[1] and osteo-porosis[2] in Cftr-knockout mice. The effect offenretinide as a potential treatment for allergic asthmainduced inflammation has not been evaluated in asth-matics. The goal of this study was to determine if, bynormalizing inflammatory mediators, fenretinide wouldbe able to alleviate the symptoms associated with aller-gic asthma.MethodsHyperresponsive to methacholine, mice of A/J strainwere sensitized weekly using ovalbumin (OVA) forthree consecutive weeks, then age-matched and sepa-rated into two study groups and two control groups.For a period of 4 weeks, the study groups were orallytreated with fenretinide while the controls were treatedwith the drug vehicle. During the last week of treat-ment, the control and study groups were split into twoadditional groups and underwent allergen challengesfor three consecutive days, with either an OVA solu-tion or PBS. Forty-eight hours after the third challenge,resistance of the respiratory system of the mice inresponse to methacholine was measured using a Buxcoplethysmograph. Total IgE in plasma was measured byELISA. Lung histopathology was observed using H&Eand PAS stains.FindingsVehicle treated OVA challenged mice exhibited highvalues of airway resistance, plasma IgE concentration,and immune cell infiltration into the airways comparedto PBS challenged animals. Interestingly, fenretinidetreated OVA challenged mice had a statistically lowerrespiratory resistance. In addition, fenretinide treatmentabrogated the recruitment of eosinophils to the regionsurrounding the blood vessels and airways. Similarly,after drug treatment a decrease in goblet cell hyperplasiawas also observed through histopathology. However, nodifference was observed in the level of plasma IgEbetween the control and study groups.DeliverablesFenretinide has been demonstrated to have great poten-tial as a therapeutic agent. Our findings provide a novelapproach to treat allergen-induced asthma and will helpus in pursuing these studies towards the use of thisdrug for patients suffering from allergic asthma.RelevanceThe data presented herein will facilitate the develop-ment of fenretinide as a therapeutic compound in thetreatment of allergic asthma and provide the foundationfor the identification of drug targets for the developmentof effective future drugs.
An<i>in vivo</i>investigation of first spike latencies in the inferior colliculus in response to multichannel penetrating auditory brainstem implant stimulation (2010)

The cochlear nucleus (CN) is the first auditory processing site within the brain and the target location of the auditory brainstem implant (ABI), which provides speech perception to patients who cannot benefit from a cochlear implant (CI). Although there is variance between ABI recipient speech performance outcomes, performance is typically low compared to CI recipients. Temporal aspects of neural firing such as first spike latency (FSL) are thought to code for many speech features; however, no studies have investigated FSL from CN stimulation. Consequently, ABIs currently do not incorporate CN-specific temporal information. We therefore systematically investigated inferior colliculus (IC) neuron's FSL response to frequency-specific electrical stimulation of the CN in rats. The range of FSLs from electrical stimulation of many neurons indicates that both monosynaptic and polysynaptic pathways were activated, suggesting initial activation of multiple CN neuron types. Electrical FSLs for a single neuron did not change irrespective of the CN frequency region stimulated, indicating highly segregated projections from the CN to the IC. These results present the first evidence of temporal responses to frequency-specific CN electrical stimulation. Understanding the auditory system's temporal response to electrical stimulation will help in future ABI designs and stimulation strategies.
Reverse Engineering of DRAMs (2016)

In this paper we present a technique that reconstructs the physical location of memory cells in a Dynamic Random Access Memory (DRAM) without opening the device package and microscoping the device. Our method consists of an retention error analysis while a temperature gradient is applied to the DRAM device. This enables the extraction of the exact neighborhood relation of each single DRAM cell, which can be used to accomplish Row Hammer attacks in a very targeted way. However, this information can also be used to enhance current DRAM retention error models.
Biochemical evidence for the existence of thymidylate synthase in the obligate intracellular parasite Chlamydia trachomatis (1991)

Since eucaryotic cell-derived thymidine or thymidine nucleotides are not incorporated into Chlamydia trachomatis DNA, we hypothesized that C. trachomatis must obtain dTTP for DNA synthesis by converting dUMP to dTMP. In most cells, this reaction is catalyzed by thymidylate synthase (TS) and requires 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate as a cofactor. We used C. trachomatis serovar L2 and a mutant CHO K1 cell line with a genetic deficiency in folate metabolism as a host for chlamydial growth. This cell line lacks a functional dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) gene and, as a result, is unable to carry out de novo synthesis of dTTP. C. trachomatis inclusions form normally when DHFR- cells are starved for thymidine 24 h prior to and during the course of infection. When [6-3H]uridine is used as a precursor to label C. trachomatis-infected CHO DHFR- cells, radiolabel is readily incorporated into chlamydia-specific DNA. When DNA from [6-3H]uridine-labelled infected cultures is acid hydrolyzed and subjected to high-performance liquid chromatography analysis, radiolabel is detected in thymine and cytosine nucleobases. By using the DHFR- cell line as a host and [5-3H]uridine as a precursor, we could monitor intracellular C. trachomatis TS activity simply by following the formation of tritiated water. There is a good correlation between in situ TS activity and DNA synthesis activity during the chlamydial growth cycle. In addition, both C. trachomatis-specific DNA synthesis and 3H2O release are inhibited by exogenously added 5-fluorouridine but not by 5-fluorodeoxyuridine. Finally, we demonstrated in vitro TS activity in crude extracts prepared from highly purified C. trachomatis reticulate bodies. The activity is dependent on the presence of methylenetetrahydrofolic acid and can be inhibited with 5-fluoro-dUMP. Taken together, these results indicate that C. trachomatis contains a TS for the synthesis of dTMP.
The Reduction of Sulfuryl Chloride at Teflon‐Bonded Carbon Cathodes (1980)

Polarization and discharge curves were measured for sulfuryl chloride reduction at Teflon‐bonded carbon cathodes fabricated using a number of different carbon powders. Lithium chloroaluminate was utilized as electrolyte solute. At moderate current densities cathode polarization tends to normalize with respect to Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) surface area of the carbon. Cathode life increases with increased porosity of the electrode. The porosity is required for good accommodation of product . A formulation incorporating both high BET area and porosity was developed and found to provide good electrochemical performance against lithium counterelectrodes. When sulfuryl chloride is reduced at the optimized cathode (against a lithium anode), the main products of reaction are (which is quantitatively deposited within the electrode's pores) and . This suggests the overall cell reaction: . The addition of or to the electrolyte causes decrease or increase of cathode polarization, respectively. This may be taken as evidence that the reduction, at moderate current densities, occurs through a intermediate resulting from heterogeneous decomposition of . Reduction of undissociated may occur at high current densities or after the active area of the electrode is significantly reduced through deposition of product .
Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), MMP-2, and Serum Elastase Activity Are Associated With Systolic Hypertension and Arterial Stiffness (2004)

Aortic stiffness is related to MMP-9 levels and SEA, not only in ISH, but also in younger, apparently healthy individuals. This suggests that elastases including MMP-9 may be involved in the process of arterial stiffening and development of ISH. The relationship between arterial stiffness and elastase activity was examined in isolated systolic hypertension (ISH), and separately in a large cohort of healthy individuals. Aortic stiffness is related to MMP-9, not only in ISH, but also in healthy individuals, suggesting elastases may be involved in the process of arterial stiffening and the development of ISH.
Far-Infrared Conductivity of the High-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>c</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Superconductor YB<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">a</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Cu</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math><mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>7</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math> (1987)

We present reflectance data for the high-temperature superconductor Y${\mathrm{Ba}}_{2}$${\mathrm{Cu}}_{3}$${\mathrm{O}}_{7}$, and the Kramers-Kronig-transformed conductivity from 50 to 900 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. There is a rich phonon structure with peaks at 151, 191, 279, 310, 548, and 609 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. The continuous background is Drude type at high temperature but below the superconducting transition there is a region of suppressed conductivity consistent with a superconducting gap with the weak-coupling BCS value. Also associated with superconductivity are changes to the low-lying phonons and a plasma-type edge at 60 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$.
Tubing rotator reduces tubing wear in rod pumped wells (1994)

Tubing failures are both expensive and time-consuming. The most common failure results from rod cutting, or, erosion of the tubing ID because of continuous, reciprocating contact with the rod string. Installation of tubing rotators has decreased tubing failures in West Texas waterflood sucker-rod pumped wells. Pumping unit movement powers the rotator system, turning the tubing string at about 1 revolution/day. The rotator system has both surface and subsurface components. A reduction gear box attached to the walking beam converts the pumping unit's reciprocating strokes into rotary motion. A drive line transfers this rotary motion to a gear-driven suspension mandrel in the rotating tubing hanger. Near the bottom of the tubing string, a rotating tubing anchor/catcher allows the entire tubing string, including the tail pipe, seating nipple, and gas and mud anchor to rotate. The rotator hanger suspends the weight of the tubing string on a bearing system. One model of the hanger has a load capacity of 135,000 lb. A surface swivel allows rotation below the pumping tee so that the flow lines remain stationary. Also included in the string is a safety shear coupling to prevent over torquing the tubing.
A two-ANN approach to frequency and harmonic evaluation (1997)

In power electronics, there are often occasions where the frequency of the signal monitored varies significantly during the measurement period. This creates a huge problem for the conventional spectrum analysis using the fast Fourier transform. An obvious example is the measurement of the output of a variable voltage and variable frequency converter during the motor acceleration/deceleration stages. A solution which uses two Hopfield artificial neural networks (NN) is proposed. One NN is used to calculate the frequency of the signal while the other is used to estimate the magnitudes and phase angles of the spectra. The deceleration profile of a Danfoss variable speed drive (VSD) is used as an example to illustrate the usefulness and effectiveness of this approach.
Beyond Fourth-Grade Science: Why Do U.S. and Japanese Students Diverge? (2000)

Between 4th and 8th grade, American students fall behind on international norms, whereas Japanese students continue to perform well. This paper brings diverse perspectives to bear on japanese late-elementary science education, in order to elucidate its instructional features and the broader educational system features that enable deep, coherent instruction.
MENTAL HEALTH DECLINE PREDICTION - A Smart Sensor for Day to Day Activity Recognition (2011)

The ambulatory activity of a person may be used as one component within an overall wearable sensor system that predicts the onset of mental health problems. Ergonomic smart sensors that can determine the total energy expenditure and type of ambulation may provide unique insights to the coping behaviour of stressed people. Rather than relying on wearable computers, a single smart miniature sensor that is worn 24/7 should perform the complex embedded recognition tasks while meeting difficult battery life, wireless communications and ergonomic constraints. The development and testing of such a smart sensor is described which takes into account action timeline variations, as well as action variations both intra individual and inter individual.