gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of Composites Reinforced with Short Wavy Fibers (2004)

Abstract : In short fiber composites including nanocomposites, the load transfer efficiency among fibers is crucial in effecting superior composite properties. It is conceivable that this load transfer efficiency depends on the shape, aspect ratio, and surface area of the fiber. The effect of surface area of the reinforcing element is of particular importance because of the increasing use of nano particles in nanocomposites. It is well known that for the same volume, a material at nano scale possesses much greater surface areas than at larger scales. It is evident that more surface areas mean more load transfer paths and, thus, lower interfacial stresses between the reinforcement and the matrix. The lowering of interfacial stresses is expected to lead to higher composite strengths. In the previous period, we used model composite to reach the following conclusions: 1) Wavy fibers lower the interfacial stresses and thus increase the composite strength significantly, and 2) For the same fiber volume fraction, the composite with thinner fibers has higher strength than the composite with thicker fibers. In this reporting period, we continued to investigate the size effect of reinforcements. In addition to platelets, we also included spherical particulates of varying sizes. For the platelet reinforcement, composites are manufactured with steel platelets whose lateral dimensions are on the order of centimeters and thickness in the range of 0.01 - 1.0 mm. Pull-out tests are conducted and micromechanics models are developed to understand the reinforcing mechanisms and to develop a strength prediction method. For particle reinforcements, glass beads of 2000 micronmeter, 500 micronmeter, 200 micronmeter, 70 micronmeter and 6 micronmeter in diameter (mean size) and alumina particles of 70 micronmeter, 20 um, 3 micronmeter, and 50 nm in diameter are used together with vinyl ester to make composites for evaluating the size effect on the composite stiffness and strength properties.
Imaging ex vivo healthy and pathological human brain tissue with ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (2005)

The ability of ultra-high-resolution optical coherence tomography (UHR OCT) to discriminate between healthy and pathological human brain tissue is examined by imaging ex vivo tissue morphology of various brain biopsies. Micrometer-scale OCT resolution (0.9x2 microm, axialxlateral) is achieved in biological tissue by interfacing a state-of-the-art Ti:Al2O3 laser (lambda(c)=800 nm, delta lambda=260 nm, and P(out)=120 mW exfiber) to a free-space OCT system utilizing dynamic focusing. UHR OCT images are acquired from both healthy brain tissue and various types of brain tumors including fibrous, athypical, and transitional meningioma and ganglioglioma. A comparison of the tomograms with standard hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stained histological sections of the imaged biopsies demonstrates the ability of UHR OCT to visualize and identify morphological features such as microcalcifications (>20 microm), enlarged nuclei of tumor cells (approximately 8 to 15 microm), small cysts, and blood vessels, which are characteristic of neuropathologies and normally absent in healthy brain tissue.
Clinical governance 1: Evidence-based practice (2002)

Practitioners have a responsibility to ensure their practice is based on sound clinical evidence and that the care delivered is of a high quality. What are the best ways of achieving this in the reality of the modern NHS?
THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF A SEQUENTIAL BATCH REACTOR TREATMENT OF LIQUID SWINE MANURE (1991)

ABSTRACT A laboratory scale sequential batch reactor (SBR) was used to digest liquid swine manure containing 1 to 2% suspended solids. Hydraulic retention time, biological solid retention time and influent concentration were varied during the tests. The treated effluent was analyzed for suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, and nitrate plus nitrite. In addition, a mathematical model was developed to describe the changes in concentration with time of chemical oxygen demand, ammonia, and nitrate plus nitrite in the SBR reactor. Results of the experimental study showed that the single reactor SBR process is capable of reducing the potential polluting carbon and nitrogen components of a concentrated wastewater to a high degree when it is operating at 7 to 9 days HRT and a BSRT around 20 days. The mathematical model developed followed quite closely the changes in COD, ammonia, and oxides of nitrogen on a laboratory scale, and should be useful for assessment of SBR system designs for commercial swine manure treatment.
Imination of Sulfides and Sulfoxides with Sulfonylimino‐λ<sup>3</sup>‐Bromane under Mild, Metal‐Free Conditions (2010)

Exposure of sulfides and sulfoxides to trifluoromethanesulfonylimino(aryl)-lambda(3)-bromane in dichloromethane at 0 degrees C results in a facile transfer of the sulfonylimino group to sulfur atoms and affords N-triflylsulfilimines and -sulfoximines in high yields under transition-metal-free conditions. Imination of (R)-methyl p-tolyl sulfoxide proceeded with predominant retention of configuration at the stereogenic sulfur center. The Hammett plot afforded rho values of -0.58 for para-substituted thioanisoles and -0.49 for their equivalent sulfoxides, which suggests a buildup of positive charge on the sulfur atoms of sulfides and sulfoxides in the transition state. Calculations suggest a bimolecular nucleophilic-substitution mechanism on the negatively charged nitrogen atom of the sulfonylimino-lambda(3)-bromane, which involves the attack of a sulfide from the opposite side to bromine(III).
Distribution to Distribution Regression (2018)

We analyze ‘Distribution to Distribution regression’ where one is regressing a mapping where both the covariate (inputs) and response (outputs) are distributions. No parameters on the input or output distributions are assumed, nor are any strong assumptions made on the measure from which input distributions are drawn from. We develop an estimator and derive an upper bound for the L2 risk; also, we show that when the effective dimension is small enough (as measured by the doubling dimension), then the risk converges to zero with a polynomial rate.
Variable Isoflavone Content of Red Clover Products Affects Intestinal Disposition of Biochanin A, Formononetin, Genistein, and Daidzein (2008)

The isoflavone content of the marketed red clover products is highly variable, and the product matrix significantly affected the intestinal disposition of red clover isoflavones by altering their absorption rates, permeabilities, biochanin A glucuronide excretion rates, and the polarity of biochanin A glucuronide excretion. This research provides scientific evidence to support the standardization effort, so that consumers can make intelligent product choices.
IS-IS Optimal Distributed Flooding for Dense Topologies (2019)

Dense topologies, such as data center fabrics based on the Clos and
butterfly fabric topologies. Flooding mechanisms designed for sparse
topologies, when used in these dense topologies, can result in slower
convergence times and higher resource utilization. The modifications
to the flooding mechanism in the Intermediate System to Intermediate
System (IS-IS) link state protocol described in this document reduce
resource utilization to a minimum, while increaseing convergence
performance in dense topologies. Note that a Clos fabric is used as
the primary example of a desne flooding topology throughout this
document. However, the flooding optimizations described in this
document apply to any dense topology.
On the difficulty of tetrahedralizing 3-dimensional non-convex polyhedra (1989)

A number of different polyhedral decomposition problems have previously been studied, most notably the problem of triangulating a simple polygon. We are concerned with the tetrahedralization problem: decomposing a 3-dimensional polyhedron into a set of non-overlapping tetrahedra whose vertices are chosen from the vertices of the polyhedron. It has previously been shown that some polyhedra cannot be tetrahedralized in this fashion. We show that the problem of deciding whether a given polyhedron can be tetrahedralized is NP-complete, and hence likely to be computationally intractable. The problem remains NP-complete when restricted to the case of star-shaped polyhedra. Various versions of the question of how many Steiner points are needed to tetrahedralize a polyhedron also turn out to be NP-complete.
Urine cytology and adjunct markers for detection and surveillance of bladder cancer. (2010)

Urine cytology coupled with cystoscopic examination has been and remains the standard in the initial evaluation of lower urinary tract lesions to rule out bladder cancer. However, cystoscopy is invasive and may miss some flat lesions, whereas cytology has low sensitivity in low-grade papillary disease. Additional lab-based or office-based markers are needed to aid in the evaluation of these lesions. Recently, many such markers have been developed for the purpose of improving the cytologic diagnosis of bladder malignancies. In this review, we will first discuss conventional cytomorphologic analysis of urine cytology followed by a discussion of markers that have been developed in the past for detection and surveillance of urothelial carcinoma. We will focus on how these markers can be used in conjunction with urine cytology in daily practice.
Ultra-reliable communication over vulnerable all-optical networks via lightpath diversity (2005)

In this paper, we propose using spatial diversity via multiple node-disjointed lightpaths at the optical layer to achieve ultra-reliable communication with low delay between any source-destination pair in all-optical networks. Using a doubly stochastic point process model and a "genie-aided" receiver, we obtain an exponentially tight error probability bound for the lightpath diversity scheme under an independent lightpath failure model. Error probability of the proposed scheme can be designed to be significantly lower than that of a system without lightpath diversity, and system parameters (e.g., the number of lightpaths) can be optimized to achieve efficient utilization of a limited amount of transmitted optical energy. In particular, at the optimum operating point, each lightpath is allocated an optimum average number of signal photons per bit and is biased to have an effective error probability 2f if the decision is based on that path alone, where f is the lightpath failure probability. We also investigate the tradeoff between the error probability and the implementation complexity within the class of all "structured" receivers. We derive receiver architectures for both the optimal receiver, which has the best error performance but complicated receiver architecture, and the equal-gain-combining (EGC) receiver, which has suboptimum error performance but simpler receiver architecture. Closed-form error bounds for both receivers are obtained and compared with the "genie-aided" limit of the lightpath diversity scheme. Performance comparison shows that the simpler equal-gain-combing receiver provides similar performance as the optimal receiver in the regime of high signal-to-noise photon rate ratio (/spl Omega/=/spl lambda//sub s//M/spl lambda//sub n/, where /spl lambda//sub s//M is the signal photon rate per path, /spl lambda//sub n/ is the noise photon rate per path), and performs slightly worse than the optimal receiver in the low and medium signal-to-noise photon rate ratio regimes. It indicates that the simpler EGC receiver is preferred over the complicated optimum receiver in practical receiver design.
THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS REVISITED: LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH INTERSTITIAL CYSTITIS DATABASE STUDY (1999)

The NIDDK criteria are too restrictive to be used by clinicians as the diagnostic definition of interstitial cystitis.
Fibronectin from chicken embryo fibroblasts contains covalently bound phosphate. (1979)

Fibronectin isolated from cultures of chicken embryo fibroblasts (CEF) contains phosphorus linked to serine and threonine by monoester bonds. Normal and Rous sarcoma virus (RSV)-transformed cells were incubated with [32P]orthophosphate, and fibronectin was isolated from the cell surfaces and conditioned media. 32P was stably associated with fibronectin during immunoprecipitation, SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, phospholipid solvent extraction, and hot acid but not alkaline treatment. After a limited acid hydrolysis of fibronectin, both phosphoserine and phosphothreonine were found. The specific radioactivity of the 32P-labeled fibronectin from the conditioned medium of normal CEF was higher than that from the cultures of transformed CEF.
A Knowledge-Grounded Multimodal Search-Based Conversational Agent (2018)

Multimodal search-based dialogue is a challenging new task: It extends visually grounded question answering systems into multi-turn conversations with access to an external database. We address this new challenge by learning a neural response generation system from the recently released Multimodal Dialogue (MMD) dataset We introduce a knowledge-grounded multimodal conversational model where an encoded knowledge base (KB) representation is appended to the decoder input. Our model substantially outperforms strong baselines in terms of text-based similarity measures (over 9 BLEU points, 3 of which are solely due to the use of additional information from the KB).
Binding of T cell receptor to major histocompatibility complex class II‐peptide complexes at the single‐cell level results in the induction of antigen unresponsiveness (anergy) (1992)

Using dispersion cultures performed in semi-solid medium we demonstrate here that the interaction of T cell antigen receptor molecules with Ia-peptide complexes on the same cell surface results in T cell activation, without the production of lymphokines. This recognition of antigen at the single-cell level, induced a state of anergy which was not due to a decrease of surface T cell antigen receptor/CD3 complexes. The induction of anergy by peptide could not be prevented by the addition of various co-stimulatory signals, including antibodies to CD28, or CD2, high doses of interleukin-2 or phorbol ester.
The NYN Domains: Novel Predicted RNAses with a PIN Domain-Like Fold (2006)

Using sensitive sequence profile searches and contextual information gleaned from domain architectures and predicted operons we identify a novel family of protein domains with predicted ribonuclease activity. These domains are found in the eukaryotic proteins typified by the Nedd4-binding protein 1 and the bacterial YacP-like proteins (Nedd4-BP1, YacP nucleases; NYN domains). We show that the NYN domain shares a common protein fold with two other previously characterized groups of nucleases, namely the PIN (PilT N-terminal) and FLAP/5' --> 3' exonuclease superfamilies. We also show that all these proteins share a common set of 4 acidic conserved residues that are predicted to constitute their active site. Based on the conservation of the acidic residues and structural elements we suggest that PIN and NYN domains are likely to bind only a single metal ion, unlike the FLAP/5' --> 3' exonuclease superfamily, which binds two metal ions. We also present evidence that the other conserved residues shared by all these three domains are likely to play critical roles in sensing the substrate and positioning the catalytic residues in the right conformation. Based on conserved gene neighborhoods we infer that the bacterial members are likely to be components of the processome/degradsome that process tRNAs or ribosomal RNAs. Eukaryotic versions appear to have undergone extensive functional diversification as suggested by the several distinctive multi-domain architectures showing fusions with various other RNA-binding domains like CCCH, PPR and KH domains. Interestingly, the eukaryotic NYN domains also show multiple fusions to the UBA domain, an ubiquitin-binding adaptor domain. This observation, together with the monoubiquitination of Nedd4-BP1 by the ubiquitin ligase Nedd4 suggests that the NYN domain proteins of eukaryotes are regulated by monoubiquitination. Given the localization of Nedd4-BP1 to punctuate nuclear bodies, it is likely that they are parts of nuclear RNA-processing complexes that are dependent on monoubiquitination for their assembly.
Boosting the Biogenesis and Secretion of Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes (2020)

A limitation of using exosomes to their fullest potential is their limited secretion from cells, a major bottleneck to efficient exosome production and application. This is especially true for mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), which can self-renew but have a limited expansion capacity, undergoing senescence after only a few passages, with exosomes derived from senescent stem cells showing impaired regenerative capacity compared to young cells. Here, we examined the effects of small molecule modulators capable of enhancing exosome secretion from MSCs. The treatment of MSCs with a combination of N-methyldopamine and norepinephrine robustly increased exosome production by three-fold without altering the ability of the MSC exosomes to induce angiogenesis, polarize macrophages to an anti-inflammatory phenotype, or downregulate collagen expression. These small molecule modulators provide a promising means to increase exosome production by MSCs.
Analysis of the in vitro synthesis of 5'-gamma-32P-labeled transcripts from coliphage lambda by gel electrophoresis, RNA-DNA hybridization, and RNase T1 digestion. (1980)

Phage lambda RNA was synthesized in vitro in the presence of [gamma-32P]ATP or GTP. The 12 S, 9 S, 8 S, 6 S, and 5 S transcripts were labeled specifically at the 5'-end with [gamma-32P]ATP, while [gamma-32P]GTP was incorporated at the 5'-end of the 4 S RNA. Transcription of lambda DNA at various salt concentrations was studied by three experimental methods: electrophoresis of the transcripts in polyacrylamide gels; hybridization of RNA to DNA restriction fragments transferred to nitrocellulose paper; and digestion of the transcripts with RNase T1 and analysis of the resulting 5'-end 32P-labeled oligonucleotides by 20% polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Transcription from promoters pL, pR, and p'R was maximal between 50 mM and 150 mM NaCl and diminished as the salt concentration was raised to 200 mM. RNA synthesis originating from p'R was predominant at all salt concentrations. The relative salt sensitivity of RNA synthesis was determined for these promoters and found to decrease in the order: pL > pR > p'R.
Analysis of the tendon cell fate using Scleraxis, a specific marker for tendons and ligaments (2001)

Little is known about the genesis and patterning of tendons and other connective tissues, mostly owing to the absence of early markers. We have found that Scleraxis, a bHLH transcription factor, is a highly specific marker for all the connective tissues that mediate attachment of muscle to bone in chick and mouse, including the limb tendons, and show that early scleraxis expression marks the progenitor cell populations for these tissues. In the early limb bud, the tendon progenitor population is found in the superficial proximomedial mesenchyme. Using the scleraxis gene as a marker we show that these progenitors are induced by ectodermal signals and restricted by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling within the mesenchyme. Application of Noggin protein antagonizes this endogenous BMP activity and induces ectopic scleraxis expression. However, the presence of excess tendon progenitors does not lead to the production of additional or longer tendons, indicating that additional signals are required for the final formation of a tendon. Finally, we show that the endogenous expression of noggin within the condensing digit cartilage contributes to the induction of distal tendons.
A taxonomic study of the North American Licinini with notes on the Old World species of the genus Diplochelia Brulle (Coleoptera) (1959)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Genus <i>Enhydrobacter</i> Staley <i>et   al</i>. 1987 should be recognized as a member of the family Rhodospirillaceae within the class <i>Alphaproteobacteria</i> (2011)

The genus Enhydrobacter, first reported as a member of the family Vibrionaceae, has been placed in the family Moraxellaceae, but as a genus incertae sedis in Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology 2nd edition. During our taxonomic investigation of Enhydrobacter-like organisms, we observed that the 16S rRNA sequences of E. aerosaccus-type strain versions NCIMB 12535(T) , ATCC 27094( T) and CCUG 58314(T) were very different from the accessible data (accession no. AJ550856). Phylogenetic analysis of our 16S rRNA sequence data revealed that these organisms were located within the family Rhodospirillaceae. The genera Inquilinus, Oceanibaculum, Skermanella and Nisaea were closely related (sequence similarities were 88.3~87.0%), but Enhydrobacter could be distinguished from these genera by growth characteristics, fatty acid profiles (C(19:0) cyclo ω8c; 38.4% C(18:1) ω7c; 32.2%, and C(16:0) ; 8.9% were major components), in being non-flagellated, and differing in enzymatic activities, including trypsin and β-glucosidase. From these data, we conclude that the genus Enhydrobacter should be recognized as an independent genus of the family Rhodospirillaceae within the class Alphaproteobacteria.
A dual-mode antenna for wireless charging and Near Field Communication (2015)

A combination of the Near Field Communication (NFC) antenna and wireless charging coil for a mobile device is proposed in this paper. By integrating the single dual-mode antenna, the mobile device can provide both the NFC and wireless charging functions. The NFC multi-loop antenna transmits power in a near range by using magnetic field coupling. A capacitive matching circuit is added to achieve good coupling with a nearby NFC device at 13.56 MHz. On the other hand, the wireless charging system harvests energy in also a near range with magnetic field coupling at 100 kHz. A PCB coplanar design is employed to integrate our design into the mobile device. Simulated and measured results are presented and good performance for both NFC and wireless charging is achieved.
Micro-electrode Techniques for the Analysis of Oral Fluids (1987)

This paper describes the use of micro-electrodes for the analysis of small fluid volumes recovered from the oral environment. The analysis has several advantages: (1) It directly measures the activity of ions, a quantity more relevant to mineral saturation than the conventionally measured concentration, (2) minimum fluid volume for analysis is usually less than 0.005 microL, small enough to avoid sample pooling in most analyses, (3) numerous ions can be measured simultaneously, (4) the analysis time is very short, and (5) the use of mineral oil to isolate specimens provides a simple method for controlling the CO2 tension and humidity over the specimens.