gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Provisional Biopharmaceutical Classification of the Top 200 Oral Drug Products in the United States, Great Britain, Spain, and Japan (2006)

Orally administered, immediate-release (IR) drug products in the top 200 drug product lists from the United States (US), Great Britain (GB), Spain (ES), and Japan (JP) were provisionally classified based on the Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS). The provisional classification is based on the aqueous solubility of the drugs reported in readily available reference literature and a correlation of human intestinal membrane permeability for a set of 29 reference drugs with their calculated partition coefficients. Oral IR drug products constituted more that 50% of the top 200 drug products on all four lists, and ranged from 102 to 113 in number. Drugs with dose numbers less than or equal to unity are defined as high-solubility drugs. More than 50% of the oral IR drug products on each list were determined to be high-solubility drugs (55-59%). The provisional classification of permeability is based on correlations of the human intestinal permeabilities of 29 reference drugs with the calculated Log P or CLogP lipophilicity values for the uncharged chemical form. The Log P and CLogP estimates were linearly correlated (r2 = 0.79) for 187 drugs. Metoprolol was chosen as the reference compound for permeability and Log P or CLogP. A total of 62-69.0% and 56-60% of the drugs on the four lists exhibited CLogP and Log P estimates, respectively, greater than or equal to the corresponding metoprolol value and are provisionally classified as high-permeability drugs. We have compared the BCS classification in this study with the recently proposed BDDCS classification based on fraction dose metabolism. Although the two approaches are based on different in vivo processes, fraction dose metabolized and fraction dose absorbed are highly correlated and, while depending on the choice of reference drug for permeability classification, e.g., metoprolol vs cimetidine or atenolol, show excellent agreement in drug classification. In summary, more than 55% of the drug products were classified as high-solubility (Class 1 and Class 3) drugs in the four lists, suggesting that in vivo bioequivalence (BE) may be assured with a less expensive and more easily implemented in vitro dissolution test.
Apoptosis of T cells and the control of inflammatory bowel disease: therapeutic implications (2006)

nflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) such as Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are the result of an imbalanced mucosal T cell response. Despite the identification of a genetic susceptibility region in the NOD2/CARD15 (nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain 2/caspase recruitment domain 15) gene, the aetiology is still unclear. Thus, the hunt for disease-initiating factors such as defects in the mucosal barrier or pathogenic microorganisms is ongoing. By contrast, the immunopathogenesis in IBDs is better understood. The identification of cytokines that are involved in T cell and monocyte signalling led to specific therapeutic concepts. Recent data have clearly shown that the most powerful therapeutic approaches inhibit T cell survival by inducing apoptosis. The efficacy of anti-tumour necrosis factor (TNF) strategies was proved to be at least partially due to its ability to induce apoptosis in T cells and monocytes. Furthermore, other powerful anticytokine strategies-namely, anti-interleukin (IL)12 and anti-IL6 antibodies, which are currently tested in clinical trials-also inhibit antiapoptotic pathways in T cells. Recently, the well-established immunosuppressive drug azathioprine was identified as blocking antiapoptotic pathways in T cells. Data from these studies underline the pivotal role of lymphocyte apoptosis in the regulation of mucosal immune balance.
Monte Carlo filtering for multi-target tracking and data association (2005)

We present Monte Carlo methods for multi-target tracking and data association. The methods are applicable to general nonlinear and non-Gaussian models for the target dynamics and measurement likelihood. We provide efficient solutions to two very pertinent problems: the data association problem that arises due to unlabelled measurements in the presence of clutter, and the curse of dimensionality that arises due to the increased size of the state-space associated with multiple targets. We develop a number of algorithms to achieve this. The first, which we refer to as the Monte Carlo joint probabilistic data association filter (MC-JPDAF), is a generalisation of the strategy proposed by Schulz et al. (2001) and Schulz et al. (2003). As is the case for the JPDAF, the distributions of interest are the marginal filtering distributions for each of the targets, but these are approximated with particles rather than Gaussians. We also develop two extensions to the standard particle filtering methodology for tracking multiple targets. The first, which we refer to as the sequential sampling particle filter (SSPF), samples the individual targets sequentially by utilising a factorisation of the importance weights. The second, which we refer to as the independent partition particle filter (IPPF), assumes the associations to be independent over the individual targets, leading to an efficient component-wise sampling strategy to construct new particles. We evaluate and compare the proposed methods on a challenging synthetic tracking problem.
Complement-Mediated Anti-HIV-1 Effect Induced by Human IgM Monoclonal Antibody Against Ganglioside GM2 (1999)

HIV-infected cells aberrantly express a high level of antigenic glycosidic structures such as GM2 and Gg4. Some normal sera containing natural IgM Abs to GM2 and/or Gg4 cause C-mediated cytolysis of HIV-infected cells. In the present study we demonstrated that a human IgM anti-GM2 mAb (L55 Ab) can induce cytolysis of HIV-infected cells. Increased GM2 expression by HIV-1 infection of a human T cell line (MOLT4), a human monocyte cell line (U937), and human lymphoblastoid cells was confirmed by immunofluorescence staining with L55 Ab. These infected cells were readily lysed by L55 Ab in the presence of fresh human serum as a C source that alone did not cause cytolysis. L55 Ab also had the ability to destroy HIV-1 particles via C-mediated lysis. By adding L55 Ab together with human C to mixed culture of HIV-infected cells and naive cells, HIV-1 replication was significantly suppressed, and this effect was synergistic when L55 Ab was combined with a reverse transcriptase inhibitor and a proteinase inhibitor. Therefore, a human IgM anti-GM2 mAb may be effective in treating HIV-infected patients, especially when used together with chemotherapeutic agents.
What is Behind the Asset Growth and Investment Growth Anomalies? (2011)

Existing studies show that firm asset and investment growth predict cross-sectional stock returns. Firms that shrink their assets or investments subsequently earn higher returns than firms that expand their assets or investments. I show that the superior returns of the low asset and investment growth portfolios are due to the omission of delisting returns in CRSP monthly stock return file and that the poor returns of the high asset and investment growth portfolios are largely driven by the subsample of firms that have issued large amounts of debt or equity in the previous year. Controlling for the effects of the delisting bias and external financing, I do not find an independent effect of asset or investment growth on stock returns. JEL Classifications: G11, G12
Influence of short coherence length on the superconducting proximity effect of silicon-coupled junctions (1988)

Superconducting critical currents of NbN-Si-NbN and Nb-Si-Nb junctions with a coplanar structure are measured as a function of temperature and of the spacing between superconducting electrodes. The current decreases exponentially with increasing temperature above 4.2 K and with increasing spacing. It is found that the coherence length in the semiconductor is determined only by the physical properties of the semiconductor, even though the superconducting electrode with a short coherence length such as NbN is used. Moreover, the measured coherence length in Si agrees with the value derived from the model of Seto and Van Duzer [J. Low Temp. Phys. LT-13, 323 (1972)].
Exploring the neighborhood with dora to expedite software maintenance (2007)

Completing software maintenance and evolution tasks for today's large, complex software systems can be difficult, often requiring considerable time to understand the system well enough to make correct changes. Despite evidence that successful programmers use program structure as well as identifier names to explore software, most existing program exploration techniques use either structural or lexical identifier information. By using only one type of information, automated tools ignore valuable clues about a developer's intentions - clues critical to the human program comprehension process. In this paper, we present and evaluate a technique that exploits both program structure and lexical information to help programmers more effectively explore programs. Our approach uses structural information to focus automated program exploration and lexical information to prune irrelevant structure edges from consideration. For the important program exploration step of expanding from a seed, our experimental results demonstrate that an integrated lexical-and structural-based approach is significantly more effective than a state-of-the-art structural program exploration technique
Wafer-level microfluidic cooling interconnects for GSI (2005)

We present a novel CMOS compatible approach to fabricate on-chip microfluidic cooling channels using a spin-on sacrificial polymer material at wafer level. Deep trenches (>100 /spl mu/m) etched into the backside of an IC wafer were successfully filled up by a single spin coating step with a high viscosity sacrificial polymer. A porous overcoat material allows the decomposition of the polymer to form enclosed microchannels. Through chip holes and polymer pipes are used as the inlet/outlet interconnects. Different channel array designs were described and the pressure drop was estimated for a heat flux of 100 W/cm/sup 2/ with DI water flow rate. The resulting cooling scheme offers a simple and compact solution to transfer cooling liquid directly into a GSI chip and is fully compatible with flip-chip packaging.
Phorbol ester-induced serine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor decreases its tyrosine kinase activity. (1988)

The effect of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) on the function of the insulin receptor was examined in intact hepatoma cells (Fao) and in solubilized extracts purified by wheat germ agglutinin chromatography. Incubation of ortho[32P]phosphate-labeled Fao cells with TPA increased the phosphorylation of the insulin receptor 2-fold after 30 min. Analysis of tryptic phosphopeptides from the beta-subunit of the receptor by reverse-phase high performance liquid chromatography and determination of their phosphoamino acid composition suggested that TPA predominantly stimulated phosphorylation of serine residues in a single tryptic peptide. Incubation of the Fao cells with insulin (100 nM) for 1 min stimulated 4-fold the phosphorylation of the beta-subunit of the insulin receptor. Prior treatment of the cells with TPA inhibited the insulin-stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation by 50%. The receptors extracted with Triton X-100 from TPA-treated Fao cells and purified on immobilized wheat germ agglutinin retained the alteration in kinase activity and exhibited a 50% decrease in insulin-stimulated tyrosine autophosphorylation and phosphotransferase activity toward exogenous substrates. This was due primarily to a decrease in the Vmax for these reactions. TPA treatment also decreased the Km of the insulin receptor for ATP. Incubation of the insulin receptor purified from TPA-treated cells with alkaline phosphatase decreased the phosphate content of the beta-subunit to the control level and reversed the inhibition, suggesting that the serine phosphorylation of the beta-subunit was responsible for the decreased tyrosine kinase activity. Our results support the notion that the insulin receptor is a substrate for protein kinase C in the Fao cell and that the increase in serine phosphorylation of the beta-subunit of the receptor produced by TPA treatment inhibited tyrosine kinase activity in vivo and in vitro. These data suggest that protein kinase C may regulate the function of the insulin receptor.
Burkholderia latens sp. nov., Burkholderia diffusa sp. nov., Burkholderia arboris sp. nov., Burkholderia seminalis sp. nov. and Burkholderia metallica sp. nov., novel species within the Burkholderia cepacia complex (2008)

The taxonomic position of five recA gene clusters of Burkholderia cepacia complex (Bcc) isolates was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. The levels of 16S rRNA and recA gene sequence similarity, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) data and the intermediate DNA-DNA binding values demonstrated that these five clusters represented five novel species within the Bcc. Biochemical identification of these species is difficult, as is the case for most Bcc species. However, identification of these novel species can be accomplished through recA gene sequence analysis, MLST and BOX-PCR profiling and by recA RFLP analysis. For diagnostic laboratories, recA gene sequence analysis offers the best combination of accuracy and simplicity. Based on these results, we propose five novel Bcc species, Burkholderia latens sp. nov. (type strain FIRENZE 3(T) =LMG 24064(T) =CCUG 54555(T)), Burkholderia diffusa sp. nov. (type strain AU1075(T) =LMG 24065(T) =CCUG 54558(T)), Burkholderia arboris sp. nov. (type strain ES0263A(T) =LMG 24066(T) =CCUG 54561(T)), Burkholderia seminalis sp. nov. (type strain AU0475(T) =LMG 24067(T) =CCUG 54564(T)) and Burkholderia metallica sp. nov. (type strain AU0553(T) =LMG 24068(T) =CCUG 54567(T)). In the present study, we also demonstrate that Burkholderia ubonensis should be considered a member of the Bcc.
Economic and environmental potentials for natural gas to enhance biomass-to-liquid fuels technologies (2018)

With the increased availability of low-cost natural gas, co-conversion of natural gas and biomass-to-liquid fuels has gained interest due to the potential to improve liquid fuel yields while lowering greenhouse gas emissions.
The Compensation for Seeing in Stellar Photoelectric Spectrophotometry* (1950)

A method for the compensation of a variable light source in photoelectric spectrophotometry is presented. The outputs of a scanning photo-cell and a monitoring cell are fed to two amplifiers. The outputs of these amplifiers are then fed to a self-balancing recording potentiometer. The equipment has laboratory as well as astrophysical applications. The limiting magnitude at which useful spectrophotometry with a resolution of 1A is approximately 4. Further development work is in progress.
Impaired self-other differentiation in frontotemporal dementia due to the C9ORF72 expansion (2012)

We propose that impaired self-other differentiation is a candidate mechanism for neuropsychiatric decline in association with the C9ORF72 expansion. We offer this preliminary observation as a stimulus to further work.
The Value of Buck’s and Colles’ Fasciae (1945)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Feb 1945The Value of Buck’s and Colles’ Fasciae1 Miley B. Wesson Miley B. WessonMiley B. Wesson More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)70146-2AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail © 1945 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetailsCited ByWesson M (2018) What are Buck’s and Colles’ Fasciae?Journal of Urology, VOL. 70, NO. 3, (503-511), Online publication date: 1-Sep-1953. Volume 53Issue 2February 1945Page: 365-372 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1945 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information Miley B. Wesson More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
<i>N,N</i>-Dimethylsphingosine Inhibition of Sphingosine Kinase and Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Activity in Human Platelets (1996)

Potential sphingosine (Sph) metabolites include phosphorylated, N-acylated, and N-methylated derivatives. Phosphorylated Sph, i.e., sphingosine 1-phosphate (Sph-1-P), may act as an autocrine stimulator of blood platelets, as it is abundantly stored in platelets and released extracellularly and its exogenous addition induces platelet activation. In this study, we evaluated Sph-1-P formation and its effects in human platelets in the presence of other Sph metabolites. On addition of [3H]Sph to intact platelets, the label was rapidly converted to Sph-1-P. This conversion into [3H]Sph-1-P was inhibited by N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS) in a dose-dependent manner, but not by other structurally related Sph derivatives, including ceramide. The inhibition of Sph-1-P formation by DMS was reproduced using a cell-free system (Sph kinase obtained from platelet cytosolic fractions) and much stronger than that by DL-threo-dihydrosphingosine, which had been considered to be the strongest inhibitor of Sph kinase. Administration of DMS to intact platelets resulted in a decrease in Sph-1-P mass and an increase in Sph mass. Furthermore, DMS inhibited the release of Sph-1-P from platelets stimulated with 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate and inhibited platelet aggregation induced by exogenous addition of Sph-1-P. Collectively, our results indicate that DMS is useful as a Sph kinase inhibitor and that Sph-1-P actions as an autocrine stimulator of platelets are inhibited by DMS.
[Choice of the surgical approach for implantation of a left ventricular lead by the data of prolonged coronaroangiography]. (2011)

Effectiveness of prolonged coronarography was assessed for investigation of venous heart anatomy with reference to etiology of the disease and heart chamber sizes. It was shown that lesions of the coronary arteries and morphometrical indices of the heart did not influence the heart venous anatomy. A detailed analysis of patients with ischemic heart disease and anamnesis of myocardial infarction has revealed the absence of the heart vein in the zone of old myocardial infarction. At the preoperative stage the placement of a cardiac resyncronising device the integration of data of EchoKG, prolonged coronaroangiography and others allows determination of the possible surgical method of placing the lead to the left ventricle of the heart. The algorithm of the method of decision on the placement of the left ventricular lead has been developed, investigated and introduced into clinical practice.
Maximizing fault tolerance in a low-SWaP data network (2012)

Absolute minimum requirement for safety. Tolerate one malicious fault, regardless of symptoms. Masquerade: node pretends to be another. Byzantine: presents different symptoms to different observers... generally, worst-case symptoms to thwart fault tolerance.
Fatty methyl ester hydrogenation to fatty alcohol: Reaction inhibition by glycerine and monoglyceride (1999)

Abstract The present work demonstrates the rate‐limiting effect of varying levels of both glycerine and monoglyceride through a series of batch hydrogenations of fatty dodecyl methyl ester, using copper chromite as the catalyst. Reactions were carried out at 3000 psig H 2 , 280°C with catalyst levels varying between 1.25 and 1.80%. With increasing contaminant levels of glycerine (0.0, 0.1, 0.5, 5 wt%), conversion of fatty methyl ester to alcohol is correspondingly reduced (95, 89, 80, 2 wt%). On a molar basis of contaminant, monoglyceride equally reduces the conversion of methyl ester to alcohol. In both cases the latent appearance of fatty‐fatty ester results from the slower hydrogenation rate. Chemistry is proposed outlining the thermal decomposition of glycerine or glyceride to intermediate components (acetol and acrolein), leading to the generation of propanediols. Experimental studies indicate that diols effectively deactivate the copper chromite catalyst, limiting the rate of fatty methyl ester hydrogenation. Catalyst deactivation is not permanent, suggesting catalyst site blockage by physical adsorption of the polyhydroxyl components. The complete understanding of this interaction holds promise for the development of glycerine/monoglyceride‐insensitive catalysts. In addition, a brief overview of methyl ester hydrogenation inhibition effects of some heteroelements, water, and soap is presented.
Hesperetin Stimulates Cholecystokinin Secretion in Enteroendocrine STC-1 Cells (2013)

Hesperetin (3',5,7-trihydroxy 4'-methoxyflavanone) and its glycoside hesperidin (hesperetin 7-rhamnoglucoside) in oranges have been reported to possess pharmacological effects related to anti-obesity. However, hesperetin and hesperidin have not been studied on suppressive effects on appetite. This study examined that hesperetin and hesperidin can stimulate the release of cholecystokinin (CCK), one of appetite-regulating hormones, from the enteroendocrine STC-1 cells, and then examined the mechanisms involved in the CCK release. Hesperetin significantly and dose-dependently stimulated CCK secretion with an EC50 of 0.050 mM and increased the intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)]i) compared to the untreated control. The stimulatory effect by hesperetin was mediated via the entry of extracellular Ca(2+) and the activation of TRP channels including TRPA1. These results suggest that hesperetin can be a candidate biomolecule for the suppression of appetite and eventually for the therapeutics of obesity.
Effect of salts on the properties of aqueous sugar systems in relation to biomaterial stabilization (2002)

Two of the sugars involved in the protection of living organisms, trehalose and sucrose, were employed to analyze the effect of different salts (MgCl2, CaCl2, KCl, NaCl) on sugar crystallization kinetics. The conductivity behavior in supercooled aqueous sugar–salt systems was also studied to evaluate the extent of water–salt interactions. Trehalose and sucrose crystallization, evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), was delayed by the presence of salt without affecting the glass transition temperature, Tg, of the system. Sugar crystallization rates increased as the temperature increased above Tg. The crystallization kinetics was analyzed using the Johnson–Mehl–Avrami–Kolmogorov equation (JMAK), and it was found that the index n varied from 4 for pure sugars to less than 2 for sugar–MgCl2 mixtures, suggesting that the presence of salts constrained the number of configurations for crystal growth. The electrical conductivity of NaCl and MgCl2 was measured in liquid and supercooled trehalose and sucrose aqueous solutions over a wide range of viscosity to find evidence of preferential solvation in the sugar–water solutions. The results indicated that large positive deviations from the Walden rule occur in these systems, due to the higher tendency of the ions to move in water-rich regions. The observed delayed crystallization of sugar in aqueous solutions containing salt could be attributed to effects on the nucleation mechanism of ion-induced microheterogeneities in the supercooled solutions.