gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication by Hydroxychloroquine in T Cells and Monocytes (1993)

Chloroquine and its analogue hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been shown to inhibit a variety of viral infections including influenza and adenovirus through blockade of viral entry via inhibition of endosomal acidification. We have extended these observations to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection utilizing primary T cells and monocytes, a T cell line (CEM), and a monocytic cell line (U-937). HCQ inhibited HIV-1 replication (> 75%), as measured by reverse transcriptase activity, in the primary T cells and monocytes as well as the T cell and monocytic cell lines. HCQ itself had no anti-reverse transcriptase activity and was not toxic to the cells at concentrations inhibitory to viral replication. Intracytoplasmic staining with an anti-p24 antibody, 24 h after infection, revealed the presence of intracytoplasmic virus, suggesting that the drug does not block viral entry. The production of steady-state HIV-1 mRNA was not affected by HCQ in that comparable levels of HIV-1 mRNA could be detected by Northern blot analysis and by in situ hybridization in both the HCQ-treated and untreated cells. However, HCQ does appear to affect production of infectious HIV-1 virions because viral isolates from HCQ-treated cells could not infect target CEM cells. These data suggest that HCQ may be useful adjunctive therapy in the treatment of HIV-1 infection.
Phase-locking lasers with phase conjugation (1986)

Techniques are described for phase locking two or more lasers using phase-conjugating mirrors. Any changes in the optical cavity length or in the spatial mode structure of the optical beams are automatically compensated. Two argon-ion lasers were locked using a photorefractive crystal of BaTiO3 acting as a self-pumped phase-conjugating mirror.
Determination of the Singularity Loci of Spherical Three-Degree-of-Freedom Parallel Manipularors (1992)

Abstract In this paper, an algorithm for the determination of the singularity loci of spherical three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulators with prismatic atuators is presented. These singularity loci, which are obtained as curves or surfaces in the Cartesian space, are of great interest in the context of kinematic design. Indeed, it has been shown elsewhere that parallel manipulators lead to a special type of singularity which is located inside the Cartesian workspace and for which the end-effector becomes uncontrollable. It is therfore important to be able to identify the configurations associated with theses singularities. The algorithm presented is based on analytical expressions of the determinant of a Jacobian matrix, a quantity that is known to vanish in the singular configurations. A general spherical three-degree-of-freedom parallel manipulator with prismatic actuators is first studied. Then, several particular designs are investigated. For each case, an analytical expression of the singularity locus is derived. A graphical representation in the Cartesian space is then obtained.
Why Dynamic-Element-Matching DACs Work (2010)

This jump-start tutorial brief explains the principle that underlies all of the published mismatch-scrambling and mismatch-shaping dynamic-element-matching (DEM) digital-to-analog converters (DACs). It explains the apparent paradox of how an all-digital algorithm can cause analog component mismatches to introduce spectrally shaped noise instead of nonlinear distortion, even though the algorithm has no knowledge of the actual mismatches. The concept is first explained in the context of a discrete-time three-level DEM DAC. The results are then generalized to an arbitrary number of levels, to segmented DEM DACs, and to continuous-time DEM DACs.
Hepatocyte paraffin 1: a monoclonal antibody that reacts with hepatocytes and can be used for differential diagnosis of hepatic tumors. (1993)

Hepatocyte paraffin 1 is a monoclonal antibody that has been developed specifically to react with hepatocytes in routine formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded surgical pathology tissues. It results in a distinct, granular cytoplasmic staining of hepatocytes but fails to react with bile ducts and nonparenchymal liver cells. The antibody decorates a majority of hepatocellular carcinomas, including fibrolamellar variants. It fails to react with a wide variety of other adult malignancies, with the exception of focal staining in a few gastrointestinal malignancies, including a subpopulation of gastric carcinomas.
Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein: Deciphering a Target in Inflammatory Demyelinating Diseases (2017)

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), a member of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily, is a myelin protein solely expressed at the outermost surface of myelin sheaths and oligodendrocyte membranes. This makes MOG a potential target of cellular and humoral immune responses in inflammatory demyelinating diseases. Due to its late postnatal developmental expression, MOG is an important marker for oligodendrocyte maturation. Discovered about 30 years ago, it is one of the best-studied autoantigens for experimental autoimmune models for multiple sclerosis (MS). Human studies, however, have yielded controversial results on the role of MOG, especially MOG antibodies (Abs), as a biomarker in MS. But with improved detection methods using different expression systems to detect Abs in patients' samples, this is meanwhile no longer the case. Using cell-based assays with recombinant full-length, conformationally intact MOG, several recent studies have revealed that MOG Abs can be found in a subset of predominantly pediatric patients with acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM), aquaporin-4 (AQP4) seronegative neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), monophasic or recurrent isolated optic neuritis (ON), or transverse myelitis, in atypical MS and in <i>N</i>-methyl-d-aspartate receptor-encephalitis with overlapping demyelinating syndromes. Whereas MOG Abs are only transiently observed in monophasic diseases such as ADEM and their decline is associated with a favorable outcome, they are persistent in multiphasic ADEM, NMOSD, recurrent ON, or myelitis. Due to distinct clinical features within these diseases it is controversially disputed to classify MOG Ab-positive cases as a new disease entity. Neuropathologically, the presence of MOG Abs is characterized by MS-typical demyelination and oligodendrocyte pathology associated with Abs and complement. However, it remains unclear whether MOG Abs are a mere inflammatory bystander effect or truly pathogenetic. This article provides deeper insight into recent developments, the clinical relevance of MOG Abs and their role in the immunpathogenesis of inflammatory demyelinating disorders.
Requirement for Phosphoglucomutase in Exopolysaccharide Biosynthesis in Glucose- and Lactose-Utilizing <i>Streptococcus thermophilus</i> (2001)

To study the influence of phosphoglucomutase (PGM) activity on exopolysaccharide (EPS) synthesis in glucose- and lactose-growing Streptococcus thermophilus, a knockout PGM mutant and a strain with elevated PGM activity were constructed. The pgmA gene, encoding PGM in S. thermophilus LY03, was identified and cloned. The gene was functional in Escherichia coli and was shown to be expressed from its own promoter. The pgmA-deficient mutant was unable to grow on glucose, while the mutation did not affect growth on lactose. Overexpression of pgmA had no significant effect on EPS production in glucose-growing cells. Neither deletion nor overexpression of pgmA changed the growth or EPS production on lactose. Thus, the EPS precursors in lactose-utilizing S. thermophilus are most probably formed from the galactose moiety of lactose via the Leloir pathway, which circumvents the need for a functional PGM.
Cultures of Kidney Transplant Fine-Needle Aspiration Samples from Rejection-Free Patients Produce a Specific Antidonor Response Suppressive Factor (2002)

Cultures of aspiration biopsy samples done early after transplantation in rejection-free patients produce soluble suppression-specific antidonor response factor(s), not present in cultures from biopsy specimens taken before and during rejection. This was associated with IL-1 receptor antagonist synthesis.
Compensation of bipolar monolithic circuits using the parasitic capacitance of diffused resistors (1986)

A method of compensating bipolar integrated circuits which uses the parasitic capacitance of diffused resistors is studied. The advantages over other methods are: compatibility with the standard bipolar fabrication process, ease of implementation, and the possibility of controlling the overall bandwidth of an amplifier through adjustment of the bias of a resistor (for variable bandwidth applications or for compensation of process variations). The main drawback is the large size required. The sensitivity to process-parameter variations of the resulting compensation is shown to be comparable to that achieved with a MOS or N/SUP +/P capacitor. The MOS compensation is more stable with temperature variations. The diffused resistor models are shown to yield accurate results as long as a sufficient number of lumped sections are used when large area resistors are considered.
Afatinib: emerging next-generation tyrosine kinase inhibitor for NSCLC (2013)

The discovery of epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR)-activating mutations and the introduction of oral EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) have expanded the treatment options for patients with non-small cell lung cancer. The first two reversible EGFR-TKIs, erlotinib and gefitinib, are approved for use in the first-line setting in patients with known EGFR-activating mutations and in the second- and third-line settings for all NSCLC patients. These first-generation EGFR-TKIs improve progression-free survival when compared to chemotherapy in patients with EGFR-activating mutations in the first-line setting. However, nearly all patients develop resistance to EGFR-directed agents. There is a need for further therapy options for patients with disease progression after treatment with reversible EGFR-TKIs. Afatinib is an irreversible ErbB family blocker that inhibits EGFR, HER2, and HER4. In vitro and in vivo, afatinib have shown increased inhibition of the common EGFR-activating mutations as well as the T790M resistance mutation when compared to erlotinib and gefitinib. Clinically, afatinib has been evaluated in the LUX-Lung series of trials, with improvement in progression-free survival reported in patients with EGFR-activating mutations in both first- and second-/third-line settings when compared to chemotherapy. Further investigation is needed to determine the precise role that afatinib will play in the treatment of patients with non-small cell lung cancer and EGFR-activating mutations.
Identification of ovarian antibodies by immunofluorescence, enzyme- linked immunosorbent assay or immunoblotting in premature ovarian failure (1997)

The development of new techniques for the detection of ovarian antibodies has challenged early concepts about the rarity of ovarian antibodies in idiopathic premature ovarian failure (POF), but few attempts have been made to compare results between assays. We have sought to define the prevalence of ovarian autoimmunity in a group of 30 idiopathic POF patients compared to a group of 12 patients with POF plus an associated autoimmune disease and a group of 38 controls, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence (IFL). Ovarian antibodies were detected in 27% of idiopathic POF patients by ELISA (not significantly different compared to POF patients with associated autoimmune disease; P < 0.0003 compared to controls) but only 7% of these patients were positive by IFL. In a further, pre-selected group of individuals, all positive for ovarian antibodies by IFL, 53% had measurable antibodies by ELISA. Some overlap was therefore demonstrated between the two techniques but many POF patients had ovarian antibodies detectable by only one method. Immunoblotting studies revealed that no consistent pattern of binding could be demonstrated for these patients. These results call into question the specificity of ovarian antibodies as a marker for autoimmune POF.
Glass waveguide laser (1990)

A channel waveguide fabricated in a Nd/sup 3+/-doped laser glass by the ion exchange method is discussed. The device was end-fire pumped by a diode-laser operating at 802 nm. Continuous-wave (CW) lasing was observed at 1054 nm, and maximum output power was higher than 150 mW. The large output power was achieved by increasing the radius of the waveguide.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
mTOR plays critical roles in pancreatic cancer stem cells through specific and stemness-related functions (2013)

Pancreatic cancer is characterized by near-universal mutations in KRAS. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which functions downstream of RAS, has divergent effects on stem cells. In the present study, we investigated the significance of the mTOR pathway in maintaining the properties of pancreatic cancer stem cells. The mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin, reduced the viability of CD133(+) pancreatic cancer cells and sphere formation which is an index of self-renewal of stem-like cells, indicating that the mTOR pathway functions to maintain cancer stem-like cells. Further, rapamycin had different effects on CD133(+) cells compared to cyclopamine which is an inhibitor of the Hedgehog pathway. Thus, the mTOR pathway has a distinct role although both pathways maintain pancreatic cancer stem cells. Therefore, mTOR might be a promising target to eliminate pancreatic cancer stem cells.
Sequential Logit Approach to Modeling the Customer-Search Decisions of Taxi Drivers (2015)

This paper develops an enhanced sequential logit model to depict the customer-search behavior of vacant-taxi drivers. This model considers that vacant-taxi drivers can change the choices that they make on their way to a designated district. Global positioning system trip data from 460 urban taxis were extracted to calibrate the model and to verify the factors underlying the drivers’ search decisions. The findings reveal that the proposed sequential logit model is capable of predicting the search paths of vacant-taxi drivers. This model form is considered to be more informative for policy makers who aim to study search paths and the associated traffic congestion contributed by taxis in each district.
Reversal by naloxone of spinal antinociceptive effects of fentanyl, ketocyclazocine and midazolam. (1991)

Experiments using measurement of electrical-current threshold as a nociceptive test in the skin of the tail and neck in rats demonstrated that fentanyl, ketocyclazocine and midazolam caused spinally mediated antinociception when the drugs were administered intrathecally via chronically implanted lumbar subarachnoid catheters. The benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil selectively suppressed the midazolam response, indicating that this benzodiazepine exerted its segmental antinociceptive effect via spinal-cord benzodiazepine receptors. Naloxone blocked the responses to both opioids and also midazolam. The dose of naloxone which suppressed the midazolam response was similar to that required to suppress the response to the kappa-opioid agonist. We suggest that the segmental antinociceptive effects of fentanyl and midazolam are mediated via different pathways; the benzodiazepine exerts its antinociceptive action via a spinal-cord opioid pathway which does not involve mu-receptors.
Contralateral Masking in Cochlear Implant Users with Residual Hearing in the Non-Implanted Ear (2001)

Contralateral masking was investigated in cochlear implant users with residual hearing in the non-implanted ear. Threshold elevations for acoustic probes were observed when electrical maskers were presented in the opposite ear. Also, threshold elevations for electrical probes were observed when acoustic contralateral maskers were presented. The amount of threshold shift expressed in decibels charge or decibels sound pressure level produced by either contralateral acoustic or electric maskers was within the range found in normal listeners for similar stimuli (i.e. 4-8 dB). There was a correlation between the sensation level of acoustic maskers and the maximum amount of masking observed which is consistent with data for normally hearing subjects. The width of the masking patterns was similar to that expected from forward masking patterns in severely sensorineurally impaired ears and implanted ears. The maximum amount of acoustic masking tended to occur for electrode positions that were more basal than expected from characteristic frequency positions. However, where a relatively high-frequency 4-kHz masker could be used, there was a good match between the characteristic frequency position of the maximum threshold elevation and that of the masker.
Peripheral Arterial Disease in Women: an Overview of Risk Factor Profile, Clinical Features, and Outcomes (2018)

Women with PAD experience more atypical symptoms and poorer overall health status. The prevalence of PAD in women increases with age, such that more women than men have PAD after the age of 40 years. There is under-representation of PAD patients in clinical trials in general and women in particular. In this article, we address the lack of women participants in PAD trials. We then present a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology/risk factor profile, clinical features, treatment, and outcomes. PAD is prevalent in women and its global burden is on the rise despite a decline in global age-standardized death rate from CVD. The importance of this issue has been underlined by the American Heart Association's (AHA) "Call to Action" scientific statement on PAD in women. Large-scale campaigns are needed to increase awareness among physicians and the general public. Furthermore, effective treatment strategies must be implemented.
Methods for realizing a priority bus system (1992)

Abstract Several bus models have been proposed for simultaneous message‐passing on a bus. The priority model is a bus model in which the rightmost processor among processors trying to send to the bus actually succeeds and the common model is a bus model in which simultaneous sending is permitted only if the same value is sent by each processor. Obviously, the priority model is more powerful than the common model. We show two practical methods for realizing a priority bus using common buses.
Universally Dispersible Carbon Nanotubes (2012)

We show that supramolecular chemistry provides a convenient tool to prepare carbone nanotubes (CNTs) that can be dispersed in solvents of any chemical nature, easily recovered and redispersed. Thymine-modified CNTs (CNT-Thy) can be dispersed in solution in the presence of diaminotriazine (DAT) end-functionalized polymers, through supramolecular Thy/DAT association. DAT-polymer chains are selected according to the solvent chemical nature: polystyrene (PS) for hydrophobic/low polarity solvents and a propylene oxide/ethylene oxide copolymer (predominantly propylene oxide based, PPO/PEO) for polar solvents or water. Long-term stable supramolecular CNT dispersions are reversibly aggregated by adding a few droplets of a selective dissociating agent of the Thy/DAT association (DMSO). CNT-Thy, simply recycled by centrifugation or filtration, can be redispersed in another solvent in presence of a suitable soluble DAT-polymer. Dispersion and aggregation can also be switched on and off by choosing a polymer for which a given solvent is close to Θ-conditions, e.g., PS in cyclohexane or PPO/PEO in water.
Implementation of PSK demodulator for digital BS/CS broadcasting system (2003)

This paper describes an architecture of demodulator for both the digital BS broadcasting service based on ISDB-S (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting Satellite) standard and the new digital CS broadcasting service based on DVBS (Digital Video Broadcasting for Satellite) standard. We have also evaluated its performance with computer simulation and amount of hardware.
A New Approach to Interpolation in Computed Tomography (1978)

Most X-ray scanners presently in production use a method of image reconstruction called filtered back-projection. There are two limitations in data sampling which require that approximations be used during the back-projection operation, and hence result in error in the reconstructed image. In both cases the errors are associated with sharp edges such as bone interfaces. The first limitation is that each view, or projection, contains a finite number of data values. n. This is usually handled by using a piecewise-linear or nearest-neighbor approximation to the filtered projection. The result is a slight high frequency attenuation, similar to that of a smoothing filter, and also a spectrum “replication,” which produces a moire-type artifact. Both effects can be reduced by using a finer sampling interval or by higher-order curvilinear approximations. The second limitation is that there are a finite number of views. m. The conventional way of handling this problem is to replace the Φ-integral with a discrete sum containing one value from each view. This approach results in a pattern of peripheral streaks whose intensity depends on the number of views. A new way to evaluate the integral is proposed in which the contribution from each view is computed as an average over an appropriate small segment of the view. When the number of views is limited m<nπ/2), the new method reduces the streak artifact with no loss in spatial resolution. For m≅nπ/4, the new method requires approximately twice the computing time.
Packing Density Control of Aligned Carbon Nanotubes (2002)

With utilization of the competitive catalytic reactions between carbon deposition on the pore surface of an anodic alumina template and carbon nanotube (CNT) growth by a Co catalyst, the packing density of CNTs was readily controlled over 4 orders of magnitude. It was shown that the packing density of CNTs changes dramatically depending on the diameter and depth of the templates. Estimated densities of CNTs on templates, which have different aspect ratios, are 2−3 × 109, 2−3 × 107, and 1−2 × 105 CNTs/cm2, respectively.
PRKX, a phylogenetically and functionally distinct cAMP-dependent protein kinase, activates renal epithelial cell migration and morphogenesis (2002)

The human protein kinase X gene (PRKX) is a member of an ancient family of cAMP-dependent serine/threonine kinases here shown to be phylogenetically distinct from the classical PKA, PKB/Akt, PKC, SGK, and PKG gene families. Renal expression of the PRKX gene is developmentally regulated and restricted to the ureteric bud epithelium of the fetal metanephric kidney. Aberrant adult kidney expression of PRKX was found in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. PRKX kinase expression markedly activated migration of cultured renal epithelial cells in the presence of cAMP; this effect was blocked by cell treatment with the PKA inhibitor H89 and was not observed in PKA-transfected cells. In addition, expression of PRKX kinase activated branching morphogenesis of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells in collagen gels even in the absence of cAMP and/or hepatocyte growth factor, an effect not seen with either PKA expression or expression of a mutant, kinase-inactivated PRKX. These results suggest that the PRKX kinase may regulate epithelial morphogenesis during mammalian kidney development. Because another member of the PRKX gene family (the Dictyostelium discoideum gene KAPC-DICDI) also plays a role in cellular migration, these studies suggest that regulation of morphogenesis may be a distinctive property of these genes that has been conserved in evolution that is not shared with PKA family genes.