gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Exploring FPGA Routing Architecture Stochastically (2010)

This paper proposes a systematic strategy to efficiently explore the design space of field-programmable gate array (FPGA) routing architectures. The key idea is to use stochastic methods to quickly locate near-optimal solutions in designing FPGA routing architectures without exhaustively enumerating all design points. The main objective of this paper is not as much about the specific numerical results obtained, as it is to show the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed optimization approach. To demonstrate the utility of the proposed stochastic approach, we developed the tool for optimizing routing architecture (TORCH) software based on the versatile place and route tool. Given FPGA architecture parameters and a set of benchmark designs, TORCH simultaneously optimizes the routing channel segmentation and switch box patterns using the performance metric of average interconnect power-delay product estimated from placed and routed benchmark designs. Special techniques - such as incremental routing, infrequent placement, multi-modal move selection, and parallelized metric evaluation - are developed to reduce the overall run time and improve the quality of results. Our experimental results have shown that the stochastic design strategy is quite effective in co-optimizing both routing channel segmentation and switch patterns. With the optimized routing architecture, relative to the performance of our chosen architecture baseline, TORCH can achieve average improvements of 24% and 15% in delay and power consumption for the 20 largest Microelectronics Center of North Carolina benchmark designs, and 27% and 21% for the eight benchmark designs synthesized with the Altera Quartus II University Interface Program tool. Additionally, we found that the average segment length in an FPGA routing channel should decrease with technology scaling. Finally, we demonstrate the versatility of TORCH by illustrating how TORCH can be used to optimize other aspects of the routing architecture in an FPGA.
An automatic measurement system for electromechanical characterization of silicon pressure sensors (1996)

This paper describes a unique, self-contained automated pressure sensor test system. The system is controlled by a SUN Sparc Station, with a custom-designed menu-driven user interface in the OPENWIN window environment. It is capable of performing multiparameter measurements including bridge resistance, bridge offset voltage, delta offset voltage, breakdown voltage and sensitivity. The built-in software package allows the user to perform statistical analysis with image capability. This system is applicable to both device research, where the "statistical" testing data provides the reliable experimental information, and device mass production, where the testing data and the generated wafer map can help in product sorting, quality control, and further processing.
RPE Cells Resist Bystander Killing by CTLs, but Are Highly Susceptible to Antigen-Dependent CTL Killing (2006)

Although there are many reports of T-cell inhibition by RPE, we found that CTLs efficiently killed RPE cells by induction of apoptosis in an antigen-dependent manner. The survival of RPE in the face of extensive CTL destruction of adjacent photoreceptor cells in vivo appears to be based on their insensitivity to injury via bystander mechanisms.
Patupilone (Epothilone B) for Recurrent Glioblastoma: Clinical Outcome and Translational Analysis of a Single-Institution Phase I/II Trial (2012)

In recurrent GBM, patupilone can be given safely pre- and postoperatively. The drug accumulates in the tumor tissue. The treatment results in long-term PFS in some patients. Patupilone represents a valuable novel compound which deserves further evaluation in combination with radiation therapy in patients with GBM.
The impedance of electrodes used for ventricular defibrillation. (1975)

This study has shown that the apparent impedance of both electrode-electrolyte interfaces is small at the current levels used for transchest ventricular defibrillation, making it clear that the appearent impedance appearing between the electrode terminals is largely that of the subject. In addition, it has been shown that for measurement of the impedance of the subject, with low-intensity sinusoidal current, the electrode-electrolyte impedance becomes negligible above 10 kHz and is only slightly affected by the magnitude of the current used to make the measurement.
D-MEF2: a MADS box transcription factor expressed in differentiating mesoderm and muscle cell lineages during Drosophila embryogenesis. (1994)

The myocyte enhancer factor (MEF) 2 family of transcription factors has been implicated in the regulation of muscle transcription in vertebrates. We have cloned a protein from Drosophila, termed D-MEF2, that shares extensive amino acid homology with the MADS (MCM1, Agamous, Deficiens, and serum-response factor) domains of the vertebrate MEF2 proteins. D-mef2 gene expression is first detected during Drosophila embryogenesis within mesodermal precursor cells prior to specification of the somatic and visceral muscle lineages. Expression of D-mef2 is dependent on the mesodermal determinants twist and snail but independent of the homeobox-containing gene tinman, which is required for visceral muscle and heart development. D-mef2 expression precedes that of the MyoD homologue, nautilus, and, in contrast to nautilus, D-mef2 appears to be expressed in all somatic and visceral muscle cell precursors. Its temporal and spatial expression patterns suggest that D-mef2 may play an important role in commitment of mesoderm to myogenic lineages.
A Sufficient Condition for Backtrack-Free Search (1982)

A constraint satisfaction problem revolves finding values for a set of variables subject to a set of constraints (relations) on those variables Backtrack search is often used to solve such problems. A relationship involving the structure of the constraints is described which characterizes to some degree the extreme case of mimmum backtracking (none) The relationship involves a concept called "width," which may provide some guidance in the representation of constraint satisfaction problems and the order m which they are searched The width concept is studied and applied, in particular, to constraints which form tree structures.
Probiotic treatment of rat pups normalises corticosterone release and ameliorates colonic dysfunction induced by maternal separation (2007)

The results indicate that altered enteric flora are responsible for colonic pathophysiology. Probiotics improve gut dysfunction induced by MS, at least in part by normalisation of HPA axis activity.
Central sensitization: Implications for the diagnosis and treatment of pain (2010)

Nociceptor inputs can trigger a prolonged but reversible increase in the excitability and synaptic efficacy of neurons in central nociceptive pathways, the phenomenon of central sensitization. Central sensitization manifests as pain hypersensitivity, particularly dynamic tactile allodynia, secondary punctate or pressure hyperalgesia, aftersensations, and enhanced temporal summation. It can be readily and rapidly elicited in human volunteers by diverse experimental noxious conditioning stimuli to skin, muscles or viscera, and in addition to producing pain hypersensitivity, results in secondary changes in brain activity that can be detected by electrophysiological or imaging techniques. Studies in clinical cohorts reveal changes in pain sensitivity that have been interpreted as revealing an important contribution of central sensitization to the pain phenotype in patients with fibromyalgia, osteoarthritis, musculoskeletal disorders with generalized pain hypersensitivity, headache, temporomandibular joint disorders, dental pain, neuropathic pain, visceral pain hypersensitivity disorders and post-surgical pain. The comorbidity of those pain hypersensitivity syndromes that present in the absence of inflammation or a neural lesion, their similar pattern of clinical presentation and response to centrally acting analgesics, may reflect a commonality of central sensitization to their pathophysiology. An important question that still needs to be determined is whether there are individuals with a higher inherited propensity for developing central sensitization than others, and if so, whether this conveys an increased risk in both developing conditions with pain hypersensitivity, and their chronification. Diagnostic criteria to establish the presence of central sensitization in patients will greatly assist the phenotyping of patients for choosing treatments that produce analgesia by normalizing hyperexcitable central neural activity. We have certainly come a long way since the first discovery of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord and the revelation that it occurs and produces pain hypersensitivity in patients. Nevertheless, discovering the genetic and environmental contributors to and objective biomarkers of central sensitization will be highly beneficial, as will additional treatment options to prevent or reduce this prevalent and promiscuous form of pain plasticity.
Total synthesis of lactacystin (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTotal synthesis of lactacystinE. J. Corey and Gregory A. ReichardCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 26, 10677–10678Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00052a096https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00052a096research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views2371Altmetric-Citations145LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Rotating cylindrical magnetron sputtering: Simulation of the reactive process (2010)

A rotating cylindrical magnetron consists of a cylindrical tube, functioning as the cathode, which rotates around a stationary magnet assembly. In stationary mode, the cylindrical magnetron behaves similar to a planar magnetron with respect to the influence of reactive gas addition to the plasma. However, the transition from metallic mode to poisoned mode and vice versa depends on the rotation speed. An existing model has been modified to simulate the influence of target rotation on the well known hysteresis behavior during reactive magnetron sputtering. The model shows that the existing poisoning mechanisms, i.e., chemisorption, direct reactive ion implantation and knock on implantation, are insufficient to describe the poisoning behavior of the rotating target. A better description of the process is only possible by including the deposition of sputtered material on the target.
A study of an output interface for a digital stochastic computer (1974)

A theoretical and experimental investigation of adaptive digital elements suitable for use as an output interface for digital stochastic computers is presented. An adaptive digital element using a binary rate multiplier is demonstrated to provide a significant improvement in accuracy without reduction in bandwidth characteristics. The experimental results are shown to be in close agreement with the various theoretical predictions.
STATUS REPORT ON THEORY AND EXPERIMENTS ON HEAT PIPES AT LOS ALAMOS (1965)

measurement system to allow measurement of fluids which have a bimodal wavespeed vs. molarity relation.
New structured light encoding method for range-data acquisition (2001)

The encoding method has a considerable influence on the resolution, speed, and robustness of structured light measurement systems. A synthetic encoding method based on spatial and temporal encodings is presented. The method can achieve a spatial resolution of 231 codewords with only five projected images, which would require many more images if other binary codes were employed. The encoding and decoding processes are given, and experimental results verify the robustness and the reliability of the method. It is concluded that the combination of spatial and temporal information can further improve the efficiency of the encoding and make it more flexible in different applications of 3-D object profile measurement.
Thiocyanation of Indole. Some Reactions of 3-Thiocyanoindole (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThiocyanation of Indole. Some Reactions of 3-ThiocyanoindoleM. S. Grant and H. R. SnyderCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 11, 2742–2744Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1960https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01496a023RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views470Altmetric-Citations62LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (418 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The hydride route to the preparation of dinitrogen complexes (2010)

That the inert dinitrogen molecule can act as a ligand to a transition metal complex is one of the key discoveries in inorganic chemistry of the past century. This feature article summarises a body of work up to 2010 that describes a particularly attractive route to dinitrogen complexes that involves the direct reaction of N(2) with metal hydride derivatives. This process is shown to be general across the transition series and, depending on the metal, different levels of activation of the coordinated dinitrogen unit are observed.
Biological Variation of Serum Amyloid A in Healthy Subjects (2001)

Serum amyloid A (SAA) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are two commonly used acute-phase markers. Whereas data on the biological variability of CRP are widely available, no data are available for SAA. Here we report the results of a study to determine the biological variability of SAA; as a methodologic control, we also determined the biological variability for CRP. Five blood specimens were collected from each of 24 apparently healthy laboratory workers (12 men and 12 women; age range, 25–42 years) on the same day (a Wednesday) once a week over 5-week period. None of the women was pregnant or using oral contraceptives, and during the study, none of the subjects smoked, took any medication, or consumed substantial quantities of alcohol. The data from two male subjects were excluded from the statistical analysis for the following reasons: ( a ) one subject suddenly increased his physical activity in the third week of the study (i.e., intensive cycle training), which significantly increased his SAA (five times the baseline values); and ( b ) another subject became ill with the flu (a minor inflammatory process).

In accordance with the Helsinki II Declaration, the design and execution of the experiment were explained thoroughly to the subjects, and informed consent was …
Optimizing Support Vector regression hyperparameters based on cross-validation (2004)

This paper proposes a method to optimize hyperparameters for Support Vector (SV) regression so that the cross-validation error is minimized. The performance of SV regression depends on its hyperparameters such as /spl epsiv/ (the thickness of a tube), C (a penalty factor), /spl sigma/ (kernel function parameter), and so on. This paper employs the procedure of cross-validation to optimize these hyperparameters together with training the corresponding SV regression models; thus, the learning is performed by using a coordinate descent method. Since an error surface produced by the usual /spl epsiv/-insensitive l/sub 1/ loss is not smooth, not suitable for our approach, we introduce the /spl epsiv/-insensitive l/sub 2/ loss. The experiments show the l/sub 2/ loss produces very smooth error surfaces and our coordinate descent nicely works, reaching the model whose validation performance is globally optimal.
Mechanisms for Lysophosphatidic Acid-induced Cytokine Production in Ovarian Cancer Cells (2004)

A potential role for lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) in human oncogenesis was first suggested by the observation that LPA is present at elevated levels in ascites of ovarian cancer patients. In the current study, we demonstrated that LPA is a potent inducer of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-8 (IL-8) production in ovarian cancer cells. Both IL-6 and IL-8 have been implicated in ovarian cancer progression. We characterized the IL-8 gene promoter to ascertain the transcriptional mechanism underlying LPA -induced expression of these cytokines. LPA stimulated the transcriptional activity of the IL-8 gene with little effect on IL-8 mRNA stability. The optimal response of the IL-8 gene promoter to LPA relied on binding sites for NF-kappaB and AP-1, two transcription factors that were strongly activated by LPA in ovarian cancer cell lines. Positive regulators of the NF-kappaB and AP-1 pathways synergistically activated the IL-8 gene promoter. Further, the effect of LPA on IL-6 and IL-8 generation is mediated by the Edg LPA receptors as enforced expression of LPA receptors restored LPA-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production in non-responsive cells and enhanced the sensitivity to LPA in responsive cell lines. The LPA(2) receptor was identified to be the most efficient in linking LPA to IL-6 and IL-8 production although LPA(1) and LPA(3) were also capable of increasing the response to a certain degree. These studies elucidate the transcriptional mechanism and the Edg LPA receptors involved in LPA-induced IL-6 and IL-8 production and suggest potential strategies to restrain the expression of these cytokines in ovarian cancer.
Lithium–fluoride-modified indium tin oxide anode for enhanced carrier injection in phenyl-substituted polymer electroluminescent devices (2001)

Phenyl-substituted polymer electroluminescent (EL) devices using an insulating lithium–fluoride (LiF) layer between indium tin oxide (ITO) and poly(styrene sulfonate)-doped poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene) (PEDOT) hole transporting layer have been fabricated. By comparing the devices made without this layer, the results demonstrate that the former has a higher EL brightness operated at the same current density. At a given constant current density of 20 mA/cm2, the luminance and efficiency for devices with 1.5 nm LiF-coated ITO were 1600 cd/m2 and 7 cd/A. These values were 1170 cd/m2 and 5.7 cd/A, respectively, for the same devices made with only an ITO anode. The ultrathin LiF layer between ITO and PEDOT modifies the hole injection properties. A more balanced charge carrier injection due to the anode modification by an ultrathin LiF layer is used to explain this enhancement.
Tissue hemoglobin index: a non-invasive optical measure of total tissue hemoglobin (2009)

Steady-state THI values do not reliably indicate Hbt. The THI is a reproducible quantitative index for THC, and THI trends can discriminate between arterial or venous blood flow occlusions. The THI magnitude permits the estimation of myoglobin's contribution to StO2.
Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for Quantitation of Human Antibodies to Pneumococcal Polysaccharides (2003)

Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major human pathogen causing pneumonia, sepsis, meningitis, and otitis media ([12][1]). It causes infections most often in young children ([12][1]) and elderly adults ([1][2]) because their immune systems are either unprepared or unable to respond effectively to
Plant and pathogen nutrient acquisition strategies (2015)

Nutrients are indispensable elements required for the growth of all living organisms including plants and pathogens. Phyllosphere, rhizosphere, apoplast, phloem, xylem, and cell organelles are the nutrient niches in plants that are the target of bacterial pathogens. Depending upon nutrients availability, the pathogen adapts various acquisition strategies and inhabits the specific niche. In this review, we discuss the nutrient composition of different niches in plants, the mechanisms involved in the recognition of nutrient niche and the sophisticated strategies used by the bacterial pathogens for acquiring nutrients. We provide insight into various nutrient acquisition strategies used by necrotrophic, biotrophic, and hemibiotrophic bacteria. Specifically we discuss both modulation of bacterial machinery and manipulation of host machinery. In addition, we highlight the current status of our understanding about the nutrient acquisition strategies used by bacterial pathogens, namely targeting the sugar transporters that are dedicated for the plant's growth and development. Bacterial strategies for altering the plant cell membrane permeability to enhance the release of nutrients are also enumerated along with in-depth analysis of molecular mechanisms behind these strategies. The information presented in this review will be useful to understand the plant-pathogen interaction in nutrient perspective.
Improving percieved bass and reconstruction of high frequencies for band limited signals (2002)

Bandwidth extenstion methods are required in systems that playback\nbandlimited signals (e.g. telephone, MP3) or that are not\ncapable of reproducing signals with a large bandwidth (small or\ninexpensive loudspeakers). The first part of this paper deals with\nreproducing low pitched signals through small loudspeakers. This\nwork is based on psychoacoustic phenomena to invoke a deep bass\nimpression using only higher frequency components. The second\npart of this paper deals with high-frequency bandwidth extension\nof music and speech. In this method, no additional information on\nthe original wide band content is required. It aims at providing a\nmore pleasant and brighter sound impression.