gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Protective Effects of Electrochemical Treatment in Reinforced Concrete (2003)

Abstract In this review the relative importance of the various protective effects operating when electrochemical treatment is applied to reinforcing steel in atmospherically exposed concrete is assessed. The available evidence suggests that, on balance, the principal protective effect of a cathodic current applied to steel in atmospherically exposed concrete is to improve the environment at the steel. This promotes the formation of a stable passive film on the steel that polarises the anodic dissolution reaction. While the textbook understanding of cathodic protection suggests it cathodically polarises the steel, its ultimate effect in concrete is to cause anodic polarisation. Indeed, it can be shown that the protective effects of a negative potential shift may be negligible compared to the protective effects of improving the environment at a steel cathode in atmospherically exposed concrete where oxygen access is not restricted. Electrochemical treatment may also modify the solid phases present at the steel surface, which in turn results in a persistent increase in the tolerance to the presence of chloride ions. The effect of generating a protective environment at the steel has been observed in both galvanic and impressed current electrochemical protection systems applied to reinforced concrete.
Interaction of the Influenza A Virus Nucleocapsid Protein with the Viral RNA Polymerase Potentiates Unprimed Viral RNA Replication (2008)

The influenza A virus polymerase transcribes and replicates the eight virion RNA (vRNA) segments. Transcription is initiated with capped RNA primers excised from cellular pre-mRNAs by the intrinsic endonuclease of the viral polymerase. Viral RNA replication occurs in two steps: first a full-length copy of vRNA is made, termed cRNA, and then this cRNA is copied to produce vRNA. The synthesis of cRNAs and vRNAs is initiated without a primer, in contrast to the initiation of viral mRNA synthesis, and requires the viral nucleocapsid protein (NP). The mechanism of unprimed viral RNA replication is poorly understood. To elucidate this mechanism, we used purified recombinant influenza virus polymerase complexes and NP to establish an in vitro system that catalyzes the unprimed synthesis of cRNA and vRNA using 50-nucleotide-long RNA templates. The purified viral polymerase and NP are sufficient for catalyzing this RNA synthesis without a primer, suggesting that host cell factors are not required. We used this purified in vitro replication system to demonstrate that the RNA-binding activity of NP is not required for the unprimed synthesis of cRNA and vRNA. This result rules out two models that postulate that the RNA-binding activity of NP mediates the switch from capped RNA-primed transcription to unprimed viral RNA replication. Because we showed that NP lacking RNA-binding activity binds directly to the viral polymerase, it is likely that a direct interaction between NP and the viral polymerase results in a modification of the polymerase in favor of unprimed initiation.
Advertising on Public Display Networks (2012)

For advertising-based public display networks to become truly pervasive, they must provide a tangible social benefit and be engaging without being obtrusive, blending advertisements with informative content.
GATT erschüttert die Agrarstruktur (1990)

GATT erschüttert die Agrarstruktur
A sensitive method for the colorimetric determination of urea (1961)

A method is described for the direct colorimetric determination of urea in biological fluids. The method depends on the reaction (first described by Wheatley, 1948) between urea, diacetylmonoxime, and phenylanthranilic acid in the presence of controlled amounts of oxidant; chloride ions are included to sensitize the reaction; manganous ions stabilize the resultant colour; and phosphate enables reasonable reproducibility to be achieved. The method is rapid and suitable for routine analytical purposes. Precision and accuracy are good; sensitivity is high for an activated acid reagent up to about one week old, and thereafter decreases.A hypothetical mechanism for colour formation is presented.
Effect of peripheral subepithelial fibrosis on corneal transplant topography (1996)

Subepithelial fibrosis in the area of peripheral suture placement is an often overlooked phenomenon of healing following uneventful penetrating keratoplasty surgery. Three affected cornea transplant patients whose sutures had been removed were studied using videophotokeratoscopy before and after stripping of the subepithelial tissue with cellulose sponges and jeweler's forceps. All three showed relative flattening in the involved hemimeridian prior to treatment. Removal of the fibrotic tissue produced relative steepening in the same area. Overall graft astigmatism was essentially unchanged following the procedure in each patient. However, average central keratometric readings increased approximately 1 to 2 diopters in each patient, demonstrating that these peripheral changes have a direct influence on corneal power. The surface regularity index and surface asymmetry index values improved in two of the three patients and manifest spectacle visual acuity improved in each patient.
Clinical Watch: New and improved from CSAC (2007)

The author is a faculty member of the Division of Cardiology, Cardiac Electrophysiology, at the University of Washington, Seattle. He is a member of CSAC, the Clinical and Scientific Affairs Council of the AAPA.
Film bulk acoustic wave resonator and filter technology (2003)

Film bulk acoustic resonators (FBARs) are monolithically integrable with semiconductor devices, leading to small-size and low-cost, high-Q RF circuit elements with wide applications in the electronic warfare, radar, and communications areas. The authors review recent developments in film resonators and the miniature monolithic filters based on these resonators. It is noted that FBAR development has progressed from VHF frequency to UHF frequency operation and FBARs have been combined not only in a hybrid fashion but also integrated monolithically with active circuit elements to form filters and oscillators. While most of the devices operate up to 1 GHz, FBARs that show resonances up to 5 GHz have recently been developed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Simple and Efficient Method Using Polymer Dispersion To Prepare Controllable Nanoporous TiO<sub>2</sub> Anodes for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2009)

An efficient method using a polymer dispersion (PD) based on a copolymer of styrene and butyl acrylate to prepare TiO2 electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs) was introduced. The obtained TiO2 nanoporous film was investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) analysis. A porous structure with pore size distribution from tens of nanometers to several hundred nanometers or even micrometers was characterized. This offered the film a feature of high haze factor and porosity. When using the film as photoanode, a quasi-solid-state DSC was successfully fabricated. The device showed an improved per-weight-efficiency by a factor of 2.7, resulting from the reduced interfacial resistance and the enhanced light scattering effect revealed by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and transmittance spectroscopy, respectively. The developed PD-based colloid is promising to be applied in production on a large scale as a result of its simple prescription and stability during storage. A proposal to further improve the porous film is also introduced at the end of the paper.
Modification of Bacterial Artificial Chromosome Clones Using Cre Recombinase: Introduction of Selectable Markers for Expression in Eukaryotic Cells (1998)

Bacterial artificial chromosome clones (BACs) are widely used at present in human genome physical mapping projects. To extend the utility of these clones for functional genomic studies, we have devised a method to modify BACs using Cre recombinase to introduce a gene cassette into the loxP sequence, which is present in the vector portion of the BAC clone. Cre-mediated integration is site specific and thus maintains the integrity of the genomic insert sequences, while eliminating the steps that are involved in restriction digest-based DNA cloning strategies. The success of this method depends on the use of a DNA construct, RETRObac, which contains the reporter marker green fluorescent protein (GFP) and the selectable marker neomycin phosphotransferase (neo), but does not contain a bacterial origin of replication. BAC clones have been modified successfully using this method and the genomic insert shows no signs of deletions or rearrangements. Transfection efficiencies of the modified BACs into human or murine cell lines ranged from 1% to 6%. After culture in media containing G418 for 3 weeks, approximately 0. 1% of cells previously sorted for GFP expression acquired stable antibiotic resistance. Introduction of a human BAC clone that contains genomic p53 sequences into murine NIH3T3 cells led to expression of human p53 mRNA as determined by RT-PCR, demonstrating that sequences contained on the BAC are expressed. We believe that GFP-neo modified BAC clones will be a valuable resource in efforts to study biological effects of known genes as well as in efforts to clone and analyze new genes and regulatory regions.
Noise performance of surface coils for magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T (1985)

In this paper we analyze the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) for surface coil magnetic resonance imaging at 1.5 T. We have applied the treatment of Hoult and Lauterbur to determine the factors that most affect coil performance. We have imaged lossy phantoms with 8-, 10-, and 14-cm-diam circular surface coils and compared the results to body and head coil images. Surface coils can improve SNR by a factor of 4 or more for regions close to the surface. Surface coils are effective for regions up to 6 cm deep in the head and about 12 cm deep in the body. Nonuniformity of image intensity is a necessary requirement for improved SNR in surface coils. Coil losses make only a small contribution to image noise compared to tissue losses at 1.5 T. Surface coils need not be placed in close contact with the patient at 1.5 T.
[Bacterial promoter recognition and application]. (2010)

Bacterial promoter is a kind of regulators which are needed in bacterial gene expression and decide the strength and opportunity of gene expression. By insertion or deletion of promoters, we can change bacterial gene expression in order to study the growth and metabolic regulation. Promoters are also used to construct many kinds of vectors, so as to express heterologous genes. The study of promoter recognition and application is of great importance to realize the regulation of genes, gain products effectively and promote biological catalysis and metabolic engineering. This paper reviews bacterial promoters, and the methods for recognition of bacterial promoters as well as the study and application of bacterial promoters.
Metastatic breast cancer (1996)

The management of metastatic breast cancer continues to provide enormous challenges. The taxanes have significant activity in patients with resistant disease, and combination regimens are being evaluated as first-line therapy. The combination of paclitaxel and doxorubicin appears to have substantial activity, but troublesome cardiac toxicity has been noted in a recently reported study. Docetaxel has been shown to be very active in initial phase II evaluation, notably in women with anthracycline-resistant disease. The controversy over high-dose therapy continues, and its role in the management of metastatic breast cancer outside the confines of clinical trials remains unclear. The HER-2 protein appears to be a predictive factor for patients with metastatic disease. Antibody therapy directed at this target can produce responses in a proportion of patients. Bisphosphonates appear to be beneficial to patients with lytic bony metastases when administered in conjunction with cytotoxic or hormonal therapy.
Short wave SFF small form factor transceivers (2002)

In recent years, high-speed optical networking protocols like Fibre Channel and Gigabit Ethernet are expanding, and the demand for high-speed optical transceivers is increasing rapidly. Moreover, the number of ports per unit needs to be greater than that of the ancient systems. So, we developed a small form-factor (SFF) optical transceiver for those demands. It is half the size of the previous generation's transceiver like the 1/spl times/9 transceiver, and has excellent cost performance. We have also produced a small form-factor pluggable (SFP) optical transceiver. This transceiver has the same performance as a SFF transceiver, with additionally features of hot pluggability and serial ID. It looks like a half sized GBIC transceiver. We choose a short wave (850 nm) vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) as the light source which was driven by a thoroughly designed peaking circuit to improve the rise and fall time. We designed the circuit board to implement a transmitter/receiver circuit into a simple 4-layer single circuit board. With such a simple circuit board, we realized excellent electronic and optical performance and also good cost performance on it. Also, two options are available for small optical front end connector interface, the MT-RJ and LC. The VCSEL, pin PD, optical wave guide, and the receptacle are integrated into a small optical front end making the assembly of the SFF and SFP transceiver is very simple and easy. We implemented the slow start circuit and serial ROM into a 6-layer single circuit board and realized hot pluggable transceivers. Both transceivers have good transmitter/receiver performance at 2.125 Gbps Fiber Channel standard. And they can receive 1.0625 Gbps optical signals from previous generation transceivers which have CD-LD with low relaxation oscillation frequency (ROF is about 2.2 GHz).
Fault Detection and Diagnosis in Chemical Plants Using Neural Agents (2003)

Abstract The suitability of pattern recognition for process monitoring of chemical plants is discussed. Experiments in a miniplant, a pilot plant and simulation studies are carried out. While selecting the required test series of process variables when training neural networks, it is tried to use generalized forms of description to illustrate the system under question. It is therefore possible to combine data records originating from various sources. Thus, on the one hand, nonconforming operating conditions have to be simulated in a laboratory or technical system. On the other hand, simulation results might also be used to provide training on neural nets. This combination within the utilized data material allows for a dispense of preparing new physicochemical models for each data‐driven model. The prepared tool is subsequently used as a prototype for hydrogenation in a production system.
A Simple and Direct Route to High-Performance Acrylamido-Based Kinetic Gas Hydrate Inhibitors from Poly(acrylic acid) (2020)

(Meth)acrylamido-based polymers are used commercially in kinetic hydrate inhibitor formulations to prevent gas hydrate formation in upstream oil and gas flow lines. The monomers used to make these polymers are relatively expensive. We have now synthesized a series of acrylamido-based polymers directly from low molecular weight poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) in a high-yield process, avoiding the use of expensive monomers. Cloud points of the polymers made from PAA were similar to the homopolymers made from the acrylamido monomers, indicating a good conversion from the acid to the amide group. Slow constant-cooling KHI screening tests were carried out on the new polymers in a series of steel rocking cells using a structure II-forming natural gas mixture. Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide), poly(N-(n-propyl) acrylamide), and polyacryloylpyrrolidine prepared directly from PAA all gave an excellent KHI performance, comparable to the homopolymers made from the acrylamido monomers. This direct synthesis method also allows for a very controlled comparison of the activity of the acrylamido functional groups because every polymer can be derived from the same PAA starting material. Thus, the number of monomer units in each homopolymer is kept constant. Conversion of the poly(methacrylic acid) or poly(methyl methacrylate) by the reaction with amines to give the methacrylamido polymers was not successful, probably due to the steric effect of the backbone methyl groups.
Structures and photoluminescence of dinuclear platinum(II) and palladium(II) complexes with bridging thiolates and 2,2′-bipyridine or 2,2′∶6′,2″-terpyridine ligands (1999)

A series of mononuclear and dinuclear platinum(II) thiolates with 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) and 2,2′∶6′,2″-terpyridine (terpy) ligands having emissive LLCT (ligand-to-ligand charge-transfer) excited states were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction analyses. The [M2(dtbpy)2(NS)2][ClO4]2 (M = Pt or Pd; dtbpy = 4,4′-di-tert-butyl-2,2′-bipyridine, NS– = pyridine-2-thiolate) complexes are isostructural to each other with intramolecular Pt· · ·Pt and Pd· · ·Pd distances being 2.917(2) and 2.891(4) Å, respectively. Assignment of LLCT absorption bands for the platinum(II) complexes was based on the shift in absorption energy with the substituents on the diimine and thiolate ligands. In the solid state or in solution at room temperature the platinum(II) complexes show photoluminescence with λmax ranging from 603 to 710 nm. The PtII· · ·PtII and/or ligand–ligand interactions are not primarily responsible for the emissions of the dinuclear platinum(II) thiolates which have intramolecular metal–metal separations greater than 2.9 Å.
High-speed nondirective optical communication for wireless networks (1991)

The primary obstacles to high-speed communication, namely, shot noise from ambient light, high-capacitance photodiodes and multipath dispersion, are reviewed, and ways to counter them are demonstrated for a prototypical infrared system. The discussion is limited to the physical-layer issues involved in the design of a single high-speed optical link. The focus is on the downlink (from base station to portable), which is a more challenging problem technically than the uplink for two reasons. First, the complexity of the portable receiver is much more constrained than that of the base station, due to power consumption and cost restrictions. Second, the downlink data rates are likely to be much higher than the uplink rates, because downlink communication will include downloading large executable files and possibly video services, whereas uplink communication will be used for transferring working files and keyboard commands which tend to be much smaller.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Harrowing of Peter: An Extrabiblical Encounter between Christ and Peter (1988)

Of all the events surrounding the life of Christ, none sees more elaboration and embellishment during the Middle Ages than the Passion. Many of these familiar stories take their place in prayer book miniatures, preacher's manuals, and on the stage. The image on Veronica's veil, the dream of Pilate's wife, the healing of the blind Longinus, the ominous events preceding the harrowing–all show a tendency to surround the simple yet dramatic story of Christ's Passion with corresponding incidents that reflect aspects of the meaning of the Passion and at the same tme aare themselves informed by that Passion.
Macula Densa Sensing and Signaling Mechanisms of Renin Release (2010)

Macula densa cells in the distal nephron, according to the classic paradigm, are salt sensors that generate paracrine chemical signals in the juxtaglomerular apparatus to control vital kidney functions, including renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, and renin release. Renin is the rate-limiting step in the activation of the renin-angiotensin system, a key modulator of body fluid homeostasis. Here, we discuss recent advances in understanding macula densa sensing and suggest these cells, in addition to salt, also sense various chemical and metabolic signals in the tubular environment that directly trigger renin release.
Immunogenicity Screening Using<i>in Silico</i>Methods: Correlation between T‐Cell Epitope Content and Clinical Immunogenicity of Monoclonal Antibodies (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Comparative Td Immunogenicity of Different Monoclonal Antibodies Immunogenic Effects of Monoclonal Antibodies T-Cell Epitope Prediction Confirmation of Predicted T-Cell Epitopes Application: Prospective Prediction of Immunogenicity Incorporating T-Cell Immunogenicity Screening into the Development Pipeline Summary References
Simulating EM fields (1991)

Software tools for simulating and analyzing electromagnetic (EM) fields are described, with particular reference to integrated circuits (ICs). The use of a three-tiered approach for large-scale design is discussed, and a different tool is needed at each level. The most prudent approach today is to solve small pieces of a large problem and use a linear circuit simulator to combine the S-parameter files from the subnetworks. Several such simulators are described. A table of representative software packages is included.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Chiral synthesis of 3-substituted morpholines via serine enantiomers and reductions of 5-oxomorpholine-3-carboxylates (1985)

G. R. Brown, A. J. Foubister and B. Wright, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1985, 2577 DOI: 10.1039/P19850002577
Direct convective delivery of macromolecules to the spinal cord (1998)

Object. Because of the limited penetration of macromolecules across the blood—spinal cord barrier, numerous therapeutic compounds with potential for treating spinal cord disorders cannot be used effectively. The authors have developed a technique to deliver and distribute macromolecules regionally in the spinal cord by using convection in the interstitial space. Methods. The authors designed a delivery system connected to a “floating” silica cannula (inner diameter 100 µm, outer diameter 170 µm) that provides for constant volumetric inflow to the spinal cord. A solution containing albumin that was either unlabeled or labeled with carbon-14 or gadolinium was infused at various volumes (3, 6, 10, 20, 40, or 50 µl) at a rate of 0.1 µl/minute into the spinal cord dorsal columns of nine swine and into the lateral columns of three primates (Macaca mulatta) . Volume of distribution (Vd), concentration homogeneity, and percentage of recovery were determined using scintillation analysis, kurtosis calculation (K), and quantitative autoradiography (six swine), magnetic resonance imaging (one swine and three primates), and histological analysis (all animals). Neurological function was observed for up to 3 days in four of the swine and up to 16 weeks in the three primates. The Vd of 14 C-albumin was linearly proportional (R 2 = 0.97) to the volume of infusion (Vi) (Vd/Vi = 4.4 ± 0.5; [mean ± standard deviation]). The increases in Vd resulting from increases in Vi were primarily in the longitudinal dimension (R 2 = 0.83 in swine; R 2 = 0.98 in primates), allowing large segments of spinal cord (up to 4.3 cm; Vi 50 µl) to be perfused with the macromolecule. The concentration across the area of distribution was homogeneous (K = −1.1). The mean recovery of infused albumin from the spinal cord was 85.5 ± 5.6%. Magnetic resonance imaging and histological analysis combined with quantitative autoradiography revealed the albumin infusate to be preferentially distributed along the white matter tracts. No animal exhibited a neurological deficit as a result of the infusion. Conclusions. Regional convective delivery provides reproducible, safe, region-specific, and homogeneous distribution of macromolecules over large longitudinal segments of the spinal cord. This delivery method overcomes many of the obstacles associated with current delivery techniques and provides for research into new treatments of various conditions of the spinal cord.