gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Facilitating Design-by-Analogy: Development of a Complete Functional Vocabulary and Functional Vector Approach to Analogical Search (2014)

Design-by-analogy is an effective approach to innovative concept generation, but can be elusive at times due to the fact that few methods and tools exist to assist designers in systematically seeking and identifying analogies from general data sources, databases, or repositories, such as patent databases. A new method for extracting analogies from data sources has been developed to provide this capability. Building on past research, we utilize a functional vector space model to quantify analogous similarity between a design problem and the data source of potential analogies. We quantitatively evaluate the functional similarity between represented design problems and, in this case, patent descriptions of products. We develop a complete functional vocabulary to map the patent database to applicable functionally critical terms, using document parsing algorithms to reduce text descriptions of the data sources down to the key functions, and applying Zipf’s law on word count order reduction to reduce the words within the documents. The reduction of a document (in this case a patent) into functional analogous words enables the matching to novel ideas that are functionally similar, which can be customized in various ways. This approach thereby provides relevant sources of design-by-analogy inspiration. Although our implementation of the technique focuses on functional descriptions of patents and the mapping of these functions to those of the design problem, resulting in a set of analogies, we believe that this technique is applicable to other analogy data sources as well. As a verification of the approach, an original design problem for an automated window washer illustrates the distance range of analogical solutions that can be extracted, extending from very near-field, literal solutions to far-field cross-domain analogies. Finally, a comparison with a current patent search tool is performed to draw a contrast to the status quo and evaluate the effectiveness of this work.
NMR and circular dichroic studies on the solution conformation of a synthetic peptide derived from the calmodulin‐binding domain of <i>Bordetella pertussis</i> adenylate cyclase (1991)

The solution conformation of a synthetic peptide of 20 amino acids (P235-254) derived from the calmodulin-binding domain of Bordetella pertussis adenylate cyclase was studied by proton two-dimensional NMR spectroscopy and circular dichroism. Based on the standard techniques we have assigned all the resonances in the NMR spectrum to the corresponding protons of the peptide. Analysis of the secondary chemical shift distribution and of the nuclear Overhauser effect connectivities showed no evidence for a highly populated regular conformation but suggested the tendency to form an alpha-helix around the unique Trp residue. The propensity for a helical structure is in agreement with the results of circular dichroic spectroscopy showing a slight negative band at 222 nm which was cancelled by 6 M guanidine hydrochloride. Increasing amounts of 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol (up to 40%) increase considerably the helical population of the peptide as reflected in the circular dichroic spectra. Analysis of the present results shows that the free peptide P235-254 has the tendency to form a basic amphiphilic helix. The presence of two acid residues, Glu236 and Asp239, on the hydrophilic side of the alpha-helix, which is mainly composed by basic residues, may explain the lower affinity of this peptide for calmodulin as compared with other peptides derived from calmodulin-activated enzymes.
Cobalt-katalysierte Pyridin-Synthesen aus Alkinen und Nitrilen (1978)

Lösliche Organo-Cobalt-Katalysatoren ermöglichen den selektiven Aufbau von substituierten Pyridinen unter milden Bedingungen in einer Stufe: Aus Nitrilen und Alkinen werden wahlweise mono-, di- und trisubstituierte Pyridine sowie mehrkernige Derivate wie Bipyridyle mit hohen Umsätzen und Ausbeuten erhalten.
Efficient Gene Editing at Major CFTR Mutation Loci (2019)

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a lethal autosomal recessive disease caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene. Nuclease-mediated precise gene editing (PGE) represents a promising therapy for CF, for which an efficient strategy that is free of viral vector, drug selection, and reporter enrichment (VDR free) is desirable. Here we compared different transfection methods (lipofectamine versus electroporation) and formats (plasmid DNA versus ribonucleoprotein) in delivering the CRISPR/Cas9 elements along with single-stranded oligodeoxynucleotides (ssODNs) to clinically relevant cells targeting major CFTR mutation loci. We demonstrate that, among different combinations, electroporation of CRISPR/Cas9 and guide RNA (gRNA) ribonucleoprotein (Cas9 RNP) is the most effective one. By using this VDR-free method, 4.8% to 27.2% efficiencies were achieved in creating dF508, G542X, and G551D mutations in a wild-type induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) line. When it is applied to a patient-derived iPSC line carrying the dF508 mutation, a greater than 20% precise correction rate was achieved. As expected, genetic correction leads to the restoration of CFTR function in iPSC-derived proximal lung organoids, as well as in a patient-derived adenocarcinoma cell line CFPAC-1. The present work demonstrates the feasibility of gene editing-based therapeutics toward monogenic diseases such as CF.
β-Galactosidase from Termination and Deletion Mutant Strains (1974)

beta-Galactosidase fragments were isolated from strains of Escherichia coli with mutations in the lacZ gene. The polypeptide obtained from a termination mutant (lacZNG125) appeared to be the intact gene product, containing the first half of the beta-galactosidase amino acid sequence. From an internal deletion mutant strain (lacZU163), an aggregate was obtained of several partially degraded polypeptides. Each of these was smaller than predicted from genetic data for the fragment. Introduction of the lacZU163 mutation into a protein degradation-deficient strain (Deg(-)) resulted in the protection of the amino-terminal region of the protein. Some of the BrCN peptides from the U163 polypeptides were separated and identified. From such experiments it was shown that in both Deg(-) and Deg(+) strains the COOH-terminal region is rapidly degraded. This indicates that the complete gene product of lacZU163 has not been detected. The use of genetically defined enzyme fragments in studying structure-function relationships and in determination of primary structure is discussed.
A Regional Dose and Image Quality Survey for Chest, Abdomen and Pelvis Radiographs in Paediatrics (2000)

A dosimetric survey in paediatric radiology is currently being carried out, aiming at the assessment of patient dose and image quality for chest, abdomen and pelvis radiographs in some age categories at five hospitals in the Tarragona area. Entrance surface dose measurements were performed using homogeneous PMMA phantoms. Effective doses were assessed through the application of published conversion factors. The range of entrance doses averaged by sites was 75-729 µGy for pelvis radiographs of children aged 5 months, 813-1600 µGy for pelvis radiographs of children aged 5 years, 94-250 µGy for chest radiographs of children aged 5 years and 980-2300 µGy for abdomen radiographs of children aged 5 years. The reference dose values given in the European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for Diagnostic Radiographic Images in Paediatrics were exceeded at two or more hospitals for all projections. The range of average effective dose for the analysed examinations was 14-245 µSv. The maximum ratios of effective dose by sites varied between 2.2 and 11 for the analysed projections. By examination type, average values in the range 100 to 245 µSv were estimated for 5 year pelvis and abdomen examinations.
Indoxyl Sulfate Downregulates Renal Expression of Klotho through Production of ROS and Activation of Nuclear Factor-ĸB (2011)

Indoxyl sulfate downregulates Klotho expression in kidneys through production of reactive oxygen species and activation of NF-κB in proximal tubular cells. Indoxyl sulfate may be involved in reduced renal expression of Klotho in CKD.
Cooperative Lewis acid/N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis (2011)

Lewis acid activation with <i>N</i>-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) catalysis has presented new opportunities for enantioselective reaction development. Recent findings illustrate that Lewis acids can play an important role in homoenolate annulations by: enhancement of the reactivity, reversal of the diastereo- or regioselectivity, and activation of previously inactive electrophiles. Additionally, the incorporation of a Lewis acid into Brønsted base-catalyzed conjugate addition allowed for an increase in yields.
Chimera grids for water simulation (2013)

We introduce a new method for large scale water simulation using Chimera grid embedding, which discretizes space with overlapping Cartesian grids that translate and rotate in order to decompose the domain into different regions of interest with varying spatial resolutions. Grids can track both fluid features and solid objects, allowing for dynamic spatial adaptivity without remeshing or repartitioning the domain. We solve the inviscid incompressible Navier-Stokes equations with an arbitrary-Lagrangian-Eulerian style semi-Lagrangian advection scheme and a monolithic SPD Poisson solver. We modify the particle level set method in order to adapt it to Chimera grids including particle treatment across grid boundaries with disparate cell sizes, and strategies to deal with locality in the implementation of the level set and fast marching algorithms. We use a local Voronoi mesh construction to solve for pressure and address a number of issues that arise with the treatment of the velocity near the interface. The resulting method is highly scalable on distributed parallel architectures with minimal communication costs.
Kinetics of Prion Protein Accumulation in the CNS of Mice with Experimental Scrapie (1999)

The kinetics of PrP(Sc) and insoluble PrP accumulation in the spleens and brains of CD-1 mice were studied. The mice were inoculated intracerebrally with RML prions and euthanized at various times between inoculation and the onset of illness at approximately 130 days. Protease-resistant PrP(Sc), PrP 27-30, was first detected in brain by histoblotting 49 days after inoculation and by Western immunoblotting at 70 days. In spleen, PrP 27-30 was first detected by Western immunoblotting at 28 days after inoculation. Like PrP 27-30, substantial increases in detergent-insoluble PrP were first detected at 70 days after inoculation in brain and 28 days in spleen. In addition, a progressive increase in detergent-soluble PrP was detected beginning 70 days after inoculation. Further characterization of detergent soluble and insoluble PrP with respect to protease-sensitive PrP(Sc) and prion infectivity will be of considerable interest.
AN INTEROPERABLE, AGRICULTURAL INFORMATION SYSTEM BASED ON SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA (2005)

Monitoring global agricultural crop conditions during the growing season and estimating potential seasonal production are critically important for market development of US. agricultural products and for global food security. The Goddard Space Flight Center Earth Sciences Data and Information Services Center Distributed Active Archive Center (GES DISC DAAC) is developing an Agricultural Information System (AIS), evolved from an existing TRMM Online Visualization and Analysis System (TOVAS), which will operationally provide satellite remote sensing data products (e.g., rainfall) and services. The data products will include crop condition and yield prediction maps, generated from a crop growth model with satellite data inputs, in collaboration with the USDA Agricultural Research Service. The AIS will enable the remote, interoperable access to distributed data, by using the GrADS-DODS Server (GDS) and by being compliant with Open GIS Consortium standards. Users will be able to download individual files, perform interactive online analysis, as well as receive operational data flows. AIS outputs will be integrated into existing operational decision support systems for global crop monitoring, such as those of the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service and the U.N. World Food Program.
CMOS-Compatible Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor: Technology Development toward Commercialization (2018)

Owing to their two-dimensional confinements, silicon nanowires display remarkable optical, magnetic, and electronic properties. Of special interest has been the development of advanced biosensing approaches based on the field effect associated with silicon nanowires (SiNWs). Recent advancements in top-down fabrication technologies have paved the way to large scale production of high density and quality arrays of SiNW field effect transistor (FETs), a critical step towards their integration in real-life biosensing applications. A key requirement toward the fulfilment of SiNW FETs' promises in the bioanalytical field is their efficient integration within functional devices. Aiming to provide a comprehensive roadmap for the development of SiNW FET based sensing platforms, we critically review and discuss the key design and fabrication aspects relevant to their development and integration within complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology.
Near-field interaction of two-dimensional high-permittivity spherical particle arrays on substrate in the Mie resonance scattering domain (2010)

We describe theoretical and experimental results on near-field interaction of two-dimensionally (2D) arrayed, high-permittivity spherical particles on a substrate in the Mie resonance scattering domain for surface nano-patterning processing. When a touching particle pair of Mie resonance particles on the substrate is considered, an electromagnetic mode different from the single particle mode is excited inside the particles, resulting in an intensity enhancement in a gap between two hotspots at particle-substrate contact points. As for 2D hexagonal close-packed particle arrays on the substrate, the refractive index of particle exhibiting a maximal enhancement factor for the 2D particle arrays is found to be shifted from the Mie resonance conditions for the single particle system.
Acoustic Rhinometry Findings in Patients with Mild Sleep Apnea (2002)

Whether allergic rhinitis is a direct cause of OSA is debatable, but we have shown that greater nasal congestion is related to the presence of OSA in a population of patients with allergic rhinitis.
[The study of effects of static magnetic field on SP-mRNA in trigeminal ganglion in rats]. (2003)

The expression of SP-mRNA in TG in rats increased significantly in static magnetic field.
Kinetic Analysis of Translesion Synthesis Opposite Bulky N2- and O6-Alkylguanine DNA Adducts by Human DNA Polymerase REV1 (2008)

REV1, a Y family DNA polymerase (pol), is involved in replicative bypass past DNA lesions, so-called translesion DNA synthesis. In addition to a structural role as a scaffold protein, REV1 has been proposed to play a catalytic role as a dCTP transferase in translesion DNA synthesis past abasic and guanine lesions in eukaryotes. To better understand the catalytic function of REV1 in guanine lesion bypass, purified recombinant human REV1 was studied with two series of guanine lesions, N(2)-alkylG adducts (in oligonucleotides) ranging in size from methyl (Me) to CH(2)(6-benzo[a]pyrenyl) (BP) and O(6)-alkylG adducts ranging from Me to 4-oxo-4-(3-pyridyl)butyl (Pob). REV1 readily produced 1-base incorporation opposite G and all G adducts except for O(6)-PobG, which caused almost complete blockage. Steady-state kinetic parameters (k(cat)/K(m)) were similar for insertion of dCTP opposite G and N(2)-G adducts but were severely reduced opposite the O(6)-G adducts. REV1 showed apparent pre-steady-state burst kinetics for dCTP incorporation only opposite N(2)-BPG and little, if any, opposite G, N(2)-benzyl (Bz)G, or O(6)-BzG. The maximal polymerization rate (k(pol) 0.9 s(-1)) opposite N(2)-BPG was almost the same as opposite G, with only slightly decreased binding affinity to dCTP (2.5-fold). REV1 bound N(2)-BPG-adducted DNA 3-fold more tightly than unmodified G-containing DNA. These results and the lack of an elemental effect ((S(p))-2'-deoxycytidine 5'-O-(1-thiotriphosphate)) suggest that the late steps after product formation (possibly product release) become rate-limiting in catalysis opposite N(2)-BPG. We conclude that human REV1, apparently the slowest Y family polymerase, is kinetically highly tolerant to N(2)-adduct at G but not to O(6)-adducts.
[Changes in plasma and extracellular fluid volumes and plasma protein mass under conditions of head-down tilt hypokinesia and immersion]. (1983)

Twenty-four young volunteers were exposed to 30-56-hour head-down tilting (at -6 degrees and -15 degrees) in 5 experimental runs. The purpose of the study was to measure volumes of plasma and extracellular fluid, as well as concentrations of plasma proteins and hemoglobin. The results varied but in most cases the plasma volume decreased by 0.46-0.55 1, extracellular fluid volume by 0.75-2.15 1, and plasma proteins by 13.4-30.4 g. The hemoglobin concentration increased by 8-12% and that of plasma proteins in some cases grew and in others diminished. Water loading prevented the plasma volume decrease. The paper discusses with reference to the data in the literature the fate and role of plasma proteins in the regulation of the intravascular volume and fluid redistribution.
The first demonstration of an optically steered microwave phased array antenna using true-time-delay (1991)

The concept of true-time-delay steering for phased array antennas and its advantage over phase shifters in broadband applications are described with particular emphasis on the potential advantages offered by fiber-optic delay lines. The system architecture of the phased array antenna and the design and performance of the fiber-optic time-shifter networks in the antenna are described. The radiation patterns of the phased array antenna at L and X bands are presented. Using semiconductor laser switching to implement the delay times, the absence of beam squint in the antenna pattern and its frequency was switched from L to X band is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lipid accumulation in liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys of miniature-pigs after chloroquine treatment (1982)

Chronic chloroquine treatment of type-Göttingen miniature-pigs induced lipid accumulation in the liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys. The lipid analyses showed marked quantitative and qualitative differences between the organs. In the liver the lipids affected most were cholesteryl esters and glucosylceramides, which were increased at the most 20 times. Cholesterol and ganglioside concentrations were also increased, though less markedly. The concentration of acidic phospholipids was slightly increased but that of the neutral phospholipids was unaffected. There was a considerable inter-individual variation in the lipid changes. Spleen and lung showed significant increases of all the major lipids. Glucosylceramide was increased more than the other lipids, namely 6-fold in the spleen and 10-fold in the lung. The concentration of acidic phospholipids as well as that of gangliosides was increased by 50% in the spleen and by 100% in the lung. The organ affected least was the kidney, in which only the glycolipids, both acidic and neutral, were significantly increased. Common to all the organs of the chloroquine-treated pigs was the large increase of glucosylceramide, ganglioside CM2 and bis(monoacylglyceryl)phosphate. The ganglioside increase affected all the individual gangliosides and, except for the increased proportion of ganglioside GM2, there were not remarkable changes in the ganglioside pattern in any of the organs.
A fault-tolerant air data/inertial reference system (1992)

The air data inertial reference system (ADIRS) described consists of a fault-tolerant air data inertial reference unit, a secondary air data attitude reference unit, and six air data modules. The ADIRS replaces the conventional inertial reference and air data systems and uses ARINC 629 bi-directional serial digital data bus interfaces. The ADIRS is designed to be the inertial and air data reference for the ARINC 651 integrated modular avionics (IMA) distributed architecture and provides low life cycle cost and high availability through high reliability, simple high integrity monitoring and deferred maintenance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
GaAs&amp;#8212;MESFETs with highly doped (10<sup>18</sup>cm<sup>-3</sup>) channels&amp;#8212;An experimental and numerical investigation (1983)

GaAs MESFETs with both micron and submicron gates were fabricated and evaluated. FETs with 1 .2µm gate show an extrinsic transconductance of 225mS/mm at <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">V_{GS}=0</tex> V, cut-off frequencies around 2OGHz and a noise figure of 2dB at 8GHz with 9dB associated gain. Breakdown voltage is higher than 6V. FETs with 1.2µm and 0.4µm gates were simultaneously fabricated on the same wafer to investigate short channel effects. The short channel devices show a good saturation behaviour and no shift in the threshold voltage compared to the long channel devices thus demonstrating a pronounced alleviation of short channel effects. The dependence of device performance with micron and submicron gates upon doping concentration is investigated by detailed computer simulations. Good agreement between theoretical and experimental results is obtained.
Surface-associated filamentous hemagglutinin induces autoagglutination of Bordetella pertussis (1994)

Filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA) is a major adhesin produced by Bordetella pertussis, the etiologic agent of whooping cough. FHA has been shown to be surface associated but is also secreted by virulent bacteria. Microscopic observations of lungs of mice infected with B. pertussis showed that the bacteria grow as clusters within the alveolar lumen. When B. pertussis was cultivated in vitro with chemically defined medium, bacteria grew as aggregates, mimicking growth observed in vivo. This aggregation was abolished by the addition of cyclodextrin (CDX) to the growth medium and depended on the production of FHA, because a mutant lacking the FHA structural gene failed to form aggregates in a CDX-free medium. Western blot (immunoblot) analyses revealed that, in the absence of CDX, FHA was attached to the bacterial surface and was not efficiently released into the growth medium. Hydrophobic chromatography of FHA showed that CDX drastically reduced the hydrophobicity of FHA, suggesting a direct binding of CDX to FHA, which was further supported by the partial protection of FHA from trypsin digestion in the presence of CDX. In addition, free FHA can interact in a CDX-inhibitable manner with solid phase-immobilized FHA. It can therefore be postulated that the B. pertussis aggregates are most likely due to direct FHA-FHA interaction.