gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Sector-Based, Frequency-Domain Approach to Detection and Localization of Multiple Speakers (2006)

Detection and localization of speakers with microphone arrays is a difficult task due to the wideband nature of speech signals, the large amount of overlap between speakers in spontaneous conversations, and the presence of noise sources. Many existing audio multi-source localization methods rely on prior knowledge of the sectors containing active sources and/or the number of active sources. The paper proposes sector-based, frequency-domain approaches that address both detection and localization problems by measuring relative phases between microphones. The first approach is similar to delay-sum beamforming. The second approach is novel: it relies on systematic optimization of a centroid in phase space, for each sector. It provides a major, systematic improvement over the first approach as well as over previous work. Very good results are obtained on more than one hour of recordings in real meeting room conditions, including cases with up to 3 concurrent speakers.
Enzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis:  A Comprehensive Handbook:  Vol. 1 <i>J. Am. </i><i>Chem. Soc. </i><b>1996</b>, <i>118</i>, 11340 (1997)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTEnzyme Catalysis in Organic Synthesis: A Comprehensive Handbook: Vol. 1 J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1996, 118, 11340Cite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1997, 119, 46, 11355Publication Date (Web):November 19, 1997Publication History Published online19 November 1997Published inissue 1 November 1997https://doi.org/10.1021/ja975419cCopyright © 1997 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views422Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (32 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Enhancing Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (CIKR) Level-0 Physical Process Security Using Field Device Distinct Native Attribute Features (2017)

The need for improved critical infrastructure and key resource security is unquestioned and there has been minimal emphasis on level-0 (PHY process) improvements. Wired signal distinct native attribute finger-printing is investigated here as a non-intrusive PHY-based security augmentation to support an envisioned layered security strategy. Results are based on experimental response collections from highway addressable remote transducer differential pressure transmitter devices from three manufacturers (Yokogawa, Honeywell, and Endress+Hauser) in an automated process control system. Device discrimination is assessed using time domain (TD) and slope-based FSK (SB-FSK) fingerprints input to multiple discriminant analysis, maximum likelihood and random forest (RndF) classifiers. For 12 different classes (two devices per manufacturer at two distinct set points), both classifiers performed reliably and achieved an arbitrary performance benchmark of average cross-class percent correct of %C > 90%. The least challenging cross-manufacturer results included near-perfect %C ≈ 100%, while the more challenging like-model (serial number) discrimination results included 90% <; %C <; 100%, with TD fingerprinting marginally outperforming SB-FSK fingerprinting; SB-FSK benefits from having less stringent response alignment and registration requirements. The RndF classifier was most beneficial and enabled reliable selection of dimensionally reduced fingerprint subsets that minimize data storage and computational requirements. The RndF selected feature sets contained 15% of the full-dimensional feature sets and only suffered a worst case %C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Δ</sub> = 3% to %C <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">Δ</sub> = 4% performance degradation.
Prediction of hemodialysis sorbent cartridge urea nitrogen capacity and sodium release from in vitro tests (2008)

In sorbent-based hemodialysis, factors limiting a treatment session are urea conversion capacity and sodium release from the cartridge. In vitro experiments were performed to model typical treatment scenarios using various dialyzers and 4 types of SORB sorbent cartridges. The experiments were continued to the point of column saturation with ammonium. The urea nitrogen removed and amount of sodium released in each trial were analyzed in a multi-variable regression against several variables: amount of zirconium phosphate (ZrP), dialysate flow rate (DFR), simulated blood flow rate (BFR), simulated patient whole-body fluid volume (V), initial simulated patient urea concentration (BUNi), dialyzer area permeability (KoA) product, initial dialysate sodium and bicarbonate (HCO3i) concentrations, initial simulated patient sodium (Nai), pH of ZrP, creatinine, breakthrough time, and average urea nitrogen concentration in dialysate. The urea nitrogen capacity (UNC) of various new SORB columns is positively related to ZrP, BFR, V, BUNi, and ZrP pH and negatively to DFR with an R2 adjusted=0.990. Two models are described for sodium release. The first model is related positively to DFR and V and negatively to ZrP, KoA product, and dialysate HCO3i with an R2 adjusted=0.584. The second model incorporates knowledge of initial simulated patient sodium (negative relationship) and urea levels (negative relationship) in addition to the parameters in the first model with an R2 adjusted=0.786. These mathematical models should allow for prediction of patient sodium profiles and the time of column urea saturation based on simple inputs relating to patient chemistries and the dialysis treatment.
High-Affinity Zinc Inhibition of NMDA NR1–NR2A Receptors (1997)

Micromolar concentrations of extracellular Zn2+ are known to antagonize native NMDA receptors via a dual mechanism involving both a voltage-independent and a voltage-dependent inhibition. We have tried to evaluate the relative importance of these two effects and their subunit specificity on recombinant NMDA receptors expressed in HEK 293 cells and Xenopus oocytes. The comparison of NR1a-NR2A and NR1a-NR2B receptors shows that the voltage-dependent inhibition is similar in both types of receptors but that the voltage-independent inhibition occurs at much lower Zn2+ concentrations in NR1a-NR2A receptors (IC50 in the nanomolar range) than in NR1a-NR2B receptors (IC50 in the micromolar range). The high affinity of the effect observed with NR1a-NR2A receptors was found to be attributable mostly to the slow dissociation of Zn2+ from its binding site. By analyzing the effects of Zn2+ on varied combinations of NR1 (NR1a or NR1b) and NR2 (NR2A, NR2B, NR2C), we show that both the NR1 and the NR2 subunits contribute to the voltage-independent Zn2+ inhibition. We have observed further that under control conditions, i.e., in zero nominal Zn2+ solutions, the addition of low concentrations of heavy metal chelators markedly potentiates the responses of NR1a-NR2A receptors, but not of NR1a-NR2B receptors. This result suggests that traces of a heavy metal (probably Zn2+) contaminate standard solutions and tonically inhibit NR1a-NR2A receptors. Chelation of a contaminant metal also could account for the rapid NR2A subunit-specific potentiations produced by reducing compounds like DTT or glutathione.
Identification and molecular cloning of four cysteine proteinase genes from the pathogenic protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis (1994)

The parasitic protozoon Trichomonas vaginalis produces multiple forms of cysteine proteinase (CP). The molecular basis for this has now been examined by cloning DNA fragments encoding CPs. Using generic degenerate oligonucleotide primers based on two well-conserved regions within the central region of all eukaryotic CPs, several polymerase chain reaction fragments were isolated from T. vaginalis genomic DNA and shown to encode different CPs. One fragment with a well-represented sequence was used as a general probe to screen a T. vaginalis cDNA library at moderate stringency and five different cDNA clones were isolated. Preliminary sequencing showed that they encoded similar but distinct CPs. In the process of confirming the 5' end of one of these cDNA clones using RACE-PCR (rapid amplification of cDNA 5' ends-polymerase chain reaction), an additional sequence encoding a different CP was identified. The corresponding clone (TvCP3) and the three longest clones from the library screen (TvCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP4) were characterized further. TvCP1 and TvCP2 were full-length and TvCP3 and TvCP4 were apparently slightly less than full-length. Comparison of the predicted amino acid sequences of the four clones showed that TvCP1 and TvCP4 are related (72% identity). TvCP2 is closer to TvCP1 (60%) and TvCP4 (65%) than is TvCP3, which has 53%, 59% and 56% identity to TvCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP4, respectively. Comparison with the sequences of other known CPs indicated that the T. vaginalis gene products all belong to the cathepsin L/cathepsin H/papain branch of the papain superfamily. The TvCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP4 sequences are related (38-45% identity) to those of CP2 of Dictyostelium discoideum, human cathepsin L, three CPs from lobster and CPs from black gram, oilseed rape and rice (oryzains alpha and beta). TvCP3 shows less identity to the other eukaryotic CPs but is most similar to D. discoideum CP2 (38%). The four predicted amino acid sequences share some features distinct from the majority of CPs, which suggests they might have had a common evolutionary origin. The most striking feature of sequences TvCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP3 is the apparent lack of a pre-sequence (signal sequence) for TvCP1 and very short pre-sequences for TvCP2 and TvCP3. Southern analysis indicated that the organization of the genes corresponding to the TvCP cDNAs differs. The TvCP1, TvCP2 and TvCP3 genes are single-copy, whereas the TvCP4 gene appeared to be multiple-copy.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Human sperm motility--enhancement and inhibition measured by laser Doppler spectroscopy. (1983)

Laser Doppler spectroscopy is an excellent instrument to measure motility parameters of human spermatozoa. Experiments have been performed by the aid of a now commercially available instrumental setup called LAZYMOT to study enhancement and inhibition as well as influences of different physical treatments on the motility of human spermatozoa. The motility enhancing influence of Kallikrein (up to 40% with 4 KU/ml) and prostaglandin E2 could be proven, thereby verifying some sort of mechanism of action within the Kallikrein-Kinin system. Furthermore tested substances in this context were bradykinin (no effect), caffeine (enhancement), salicylic acid (slight decrease), and other prostaglandins (no effect). The influence of washing, centrifugation, resuspension liquid, and temperature has been examined. It turned out that the lowest motility degradation is to be achieved by washing twice at a pH value of 7.4 at forces of 200 g for 10 min each time. The optimal temperature during this process and the measurements thereafter was found to be 36 degrees C. Unsaturated fatty acids like arachidonic acid have been found to be very strong motility inhibiting substances, which can totally block any movement of spermatozoa.
Anthropology in Cognitive Science (2010)

This paper reviews the uneven history of the relationship between Anthropology and Cognitive Science over the past 30 years, from its promising beginnings, followed by a period of disaffection, on up to the current context, which may lay the groundwork for reconsidering what Anthropology and (the rest of) Cognitive Science have to offer each other. We think that this history has important lessons to teach and has implications for contemporary efforts to restore Anthropology to its proper place within Cognitive Science. The recent upsurge of interest in the ways that thought may shape and be shaped by action, gesture, cultural experience, and language sets the stage for, but so far has not fully accomplished, the inclusion of Anthropology as an equal partner.
Blocking Low-Wavelength Light Prevents Nocturnal Melatonin Suppression with No Adverse Effect on Performance during Simulated Shift Work (2005)

Decreases in melatonin production in human and animals are known to be caused by environmental lighting, especially short-wavelength lighting (between 470 and 525 nm). We investigated the novel hypothesis that the use of goggles with selective exclusion of all wavelengths less than 530 nm could prevent the suppression of melatonin in bright-light conditions during a simulated shift-work experiment. Salivary melatonin levels were measured under dim (<5 lux), bright (800 lux), and filtered (800 lux) light at hourly intervals between 2000 and 0800 h in 11 healthy young males and eight females (mean age, 24.7 +/- 4.6 yr). The measurements were performed during three nonconsecutive nights over a 2-wk period. Subjective sleepiness was measured by self-report scales, whereas objective performance was assessed with the Continuous Performance Test. All subjects demonstrated preserved melatonin levels in filtered light similar to their dim-light secretion profile. Unfiltered bright light drastically suppressed melatonin production. Normalization of endogenous melatonin production while wearing goggles did not impair measures of performance, subjective sleepiness, or alertness.
Molecular analysis of the genetic defect in a large cohort of IP patients and identification of novel NEMO mutations interfering with NF- B activation (2004)

Incontinentia Pigmenti (IP) is an X-linked genodermatosis that is lethal for males and present in females with abnormal skin pigmentation and high variable clinical signs, including retinal detachment, anodontia, alopecia, nail dystrophy and nervous system defects. The NF-kappaB essential modulator (NEMO) gene, responsible for IP, encodes the regulatory subunit of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex required for nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) activation. We analyzed the NEMO gene in 122 IP patients and identified mutations in 83 (36 familiar and 47 sporadic cases). The recurrent NEMO exon 4-10 deletion that is the major cause of the disease was present in 73 females (59.8%). In addition 10 point alterations (8.2% of females) were identified: three frameshift, three nonsense, three missense and one in-frame deletion of a single amino acid. We measured the effects of these NEMO point-mutations on NF-kappaB signaling in nemo(-/-) deficient murine pre-B cells. A mutation in the N-terminal domain, required for IKK assembly, reduced but did not abolish NF-kappaB activation following lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Mutations that disrupt the C-terminal domain, required for the recruitment of upstream factors, showed lower or no NF-kappaB activation. A phenotype score based on clinical features of our IP patients was applied for summarizing disease severity. The score did not correlate with mutation type or domain affected indicating that other factors influence the severity of IP. Such a factor is likely to be X-inactivation. Indeed, 64% of our patients have extremely skewed X-inactivation pattern (>/=80 : 20). Overall IP pathogenesis thus depends on a combination of X-inactivation and protein domain that recruit upstream factors and activate NF-kappaB.
REGULARIZED B1+ MAP ESTIMATION IN MRI (2007)

A challenge in MR imaging is that RF transmit coils produce non-uniform field strengths, so an excitation pulse will produce tip angles that vary substantially from the desired tip angle over the field of view. For parallel transmit excitation (using a coil array), it is important to have a map of the B1+ field strength (and phase) for RF pulse design. Standard B1+ map estimation methods perform poorly in image regions with low spin density. This paper describes a regularized method for B1+ map estimation using MR scans for each coil and for two or more tip angles. Using these scans and exploiting the fact that maps are generally smooth, the iterative algorithm estimates both the magnitude and phase at each coil's B1+ map. Results from both simulations and real MR data show significant improvements over conventional unregularized methods for B1 + mapping.
Supporting broadband, mobile, high-speed multimedia services based on TDMA MAC protocol (2003)

This paper proposes an architecture of the Broadband Mobile Wireless TDMA MAC (BMW T-MAC) protocol, designed and implemented by the Advanced Technology Center of Computer Communication Research Laboratories (ATC/CCL). It is modified from the GPRS standard and aimed to support voice services and IP application simultaneously. Due to the combination of GSM and Internet technology, this architecture can be easily extended as a micro-cell base station for GPRS and providing services within a local area. The proposed architecture used packet-switched technology and a TDMA multiple access scheme for supporting future high-speed, multimedia services being defined by the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) or IMT-2000. A reference testbed is being developed to validate the effectiveness and the efficiency of the proposed BMW T-MAC.
[Etiology of acute bronchitis in young children]. (1986)

In the microbiological examination of 132 children aged 0-3 years with acute bronchitis, Streptococcus pneumoniae and Haemophilus influenzae at a concentration of greater than or equal to 10(4) cells/ml, as well as different species of opportunistic bacteria, were isolated from tracheobronchial washings obtained from 100 of these children. S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae were found to play the leading role in the etiology of the acute bacterial inflammatory process in acute bronchitis in children.
Giant magnetoresistance in CoFe/Cu multilayers with different buffer layers and substrates (1995)

The effect of crystallographic texture on GMR and magnetic properties of CoFe/Cu multilayers prepared by dc magnetron sputtering has been studied. To induce different film textures, buffer layers such as Fe, Cr, Ta, Cu and Al have been used. The effect of various substrates are also reported. Multilayers with Cu, Al, Ta and no buffer layer result in (111) film texture. Films with a Cr buffer show a mixture of (111) and (200) whereas an Fe buffer results in poorly textured/crystallized film. Films with (111) texture have the lowest saturation field. The GMR magnitude appears relatively insensitive to texture. Little change in the GMR characteristics is observed when the substrate is changed from glass to Si(100) or Si(111).
Membrane Preconcentration-Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry in the Analysis of Biologically Derived Metabolites and Biopolymers (1996)

On-line capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (CE-MS) is finding increased use in the analysis of a wide variety of chemically diverse complex mixtures. It is characterized by minimal sample loss and enhanced separation efficiencies as compared to conventional techniques such as high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). However, the major limitation of both CE and CE-MS is the limited sample loading capacity of conventional CE capillaries. Typical loading volumes are approximately 1-100 nL, which afford optimal CE performance, and this is in stark contrast to the 1-100 microL commonly injected onto capillary HPLC columns. The limited loading of CE leads to relatively poor concentration limits of detection. In this work a unique method for analyte preconcentration with CE is described. A cartridge containing an impregnated membrane is installed at the inlet of the CE capillary, and we term this approach membrane preconcentration-CE (mPC-CE), and in conjunction with mass spectrometry, mPC-CE-MS. It allows both on-line sample concentration and cleanup and concentration limits of detection of fg/mL are possible using this approach. The analysis of in vivo derived metabolites, peptides, and proteins is described. This demonstrates the wide applicability of the technology in the analysis of any class of compounds, ranging in molecular weight from 100 to 70,000 Da with loading capacities of approximately 1- > 100 microL sample volumes.
Laboratory investigations in sheep with a new anthelmintic (1975)

The efficacy of fenbendazole against the following gastrointestinal nematodes was tested in experimentally infected lambs: O circumcincta, H contortus, T colubriformis and N filicollis. As low a dose as 0.5 mg per kg reduced the egg output of a patent infection with H contortus and T colubriformis by 85 per cent to 100 per cent. A dose of 3.5 mg per kg has a 100 per cent effect on three or 10-day-old stages of H contortus and one of more than 99 per cent or 100 per cent T colubriformis. The same dose reduces seven-day-old stages of O circumcincta and N filicollis by more than 94 per cent or 100 per cent, while 10 mg per kg produces a 100 per cent elimination of seven-day-old stages of O circumcincta. In field trials and efficacy of more than 99 per cent was determined after oral dosage with 5.0 mg per kg against Ostertagia, Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus and Chabertia. Fenbendazole has a wide therapeutic-toxic dose ratio. Discoloration of the wool does not occur. Fenbendazole can be administered as a drench or with the feed.
A strategy for screening an inhibitor of viral silencing suppressors, which attenuates symptom development of plant viruses (2008)

To find out whether we can control plant virus diseases by blocking viral RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs), we developed a strategy to screen inhibitors that block the association of RSSs with siRNAs using a surface plasmon resonance assay. The screened chemicals were tested in competition with RSSs for binding to siRNAs using a mobility shift assay. We then confirmed that tested chemicals actually inhibited the RSS activity in vivo using a protoplast assay which was developed for this purpose. This entire system can be adapted to screening inhibitors of not only plant viruses but also some animal viruses possessing RSSs.
Plasma Surface Pretreatment Effects on Silicon Nitride Passivation of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs (2007)

Several plasma and wet-chemical surface treatments have been tested to determine their effectiveness in improving SiN passivation of the AlGaN surface in HEMT devices. Mitigation of RF dispersion was evidenced by dramatic improvements in pulsed IV data after various plasma surface treatments and SiN passivation were applied to gate-level processed HEMTs. To examine surface chemistry as a result of these treatments, XPS was used to obtain atomic concentrations and bonding information.
Frequency selective surfaces loaded with surface-mount reactive components (2003)

Surface-mount reactive components can now operate in the GHz region. Hence, they can be employed as loading elements to frequency selective surfaces (FSS) without altering significantly the geometry of the FSS elements. In the numerical and experimental results presented, such capacitive and inductive elements shift the band-stop frequency of strip-element FSS towards higher and lower values, respectively.