gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Liquid Crystal Alignment Capabilities on a New Diamond-Like Carbon Thin Film Layer (2002)

Contained in this report are studies on liquid crystal (LC) alignment capabilities and the generation of pre-tilt angles with ion beam (IB) exposure on a diamond like carbon (DLC) thin film layer. A high pre-tilt angle of 3.5° via IB exposure on the DLC thin film layer can be obtained. Superior LC alignment via the IB alignment method on the DLC thin film layer was observed up to an annealing temperature of 200°C. A high LC pre-tilt angle and good thermal stability during LC alignment via the IB alignment method on the DLC thin film layer can be achieved.
Recent advances in LWIR Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodetectors and focal plane arrays at the Center for Quantum Devices (2008)

In recent years, Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photo-detectors have experienced significant improvements in material quality, structural designs, and imaging applications. They now appear to be a possible alternative to the state-of-the-art HgCdTe (MCT) technology in the long and very long wavelength infrared regimes. At the Center for Quantum Devices, we have successfully realized very high quantum efficiency, very high dynamic differential resistance R<sub>0</sub>A product LWIR Type-II InAs/GaSb superlattice photodiodes with efficient surface passivation techniques. The demonstration of high quality LWIR Focal Plane Arrays that were 100% fabricated in-house reaffirms the pioneer position of this university-based laboratory.
principles-of-virology (2008)

Principles of Virology is the leading virology textbook because it does more than collect and present facts about individual viruses. Instead, it facilitates an understanding of basic virology by examining the shared processes and capabilities of viruses. Using a set of representative viruses to present the complexity and diversity of a myriad of viruses, this rational approach enables students to understand how reproduction is accomplished by known viruses and provides the tools for future encounters with new or understudied viruses. This fully updated edition represents the rapidly changing field of virology. A major new feature is the inclusion of 26 video interviews with leading scientists who have made significant contributions to the field of virology.
Online Voltage Stability Assessment for Load Areas Based on the Holomorphic Embedding Method (2017)

This paper proposes an online steady-state voltage stability assessment scheme to evaluate the proximity to voltage collapse at each bus of a load area. Using a non-iterative holomorphic embedding method (HEM) with a proposed physical germ solution, an accurate loading limit at each load bus can be calculated based on online state estimation on the entire load area and a measurement-based equivalent for the external system. The HEM employs a power series to calculate an accurate P-V curve at each load bus and accordingly evaluates the voltage stability margin considering load variations in the next period. An adaptive two-stage Padé approximant method is proposed to improve the convergence of the power series for accurate determination of the nose point on the P-V curve with moderate computational burden. The proposed method is first illustrated in detail on a four-bus test system and then demonstrated on a load area of the Northeast Power Coordinating Council 48-geneartor 140-bus power system.
Scale-out of Microreactor Stacks for Portable and Distributed Processing: Coupling of Exothermic and Endothermic Processes for Syngas Production (2010)

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are used to simulate stacks of different sizes, to understand nonlinear effects that arise in scaleout of microchemical systems. As an example process, syngas production from methane is studied using a multifunctional, parallel-plate reactor with alternating combustion and steam reforming channels. A scale-out strategy is proposed that creates larger stacks from a base unit. Stacks are evaluated in terms of efficiency, maximum wall temperature, and stability under external heat loss for both high and moderate wall thermal conductivities. We find that smaller stacks are unstable under laboratory heat-loss conditions. Stacks with high wall thermal conductivities are more stable than those with moderate wall conductivities under our conditions. At high heat-loss coefficients, significant transverse thermal gradients exist between interior and edge channels of the stacks that result in a significant loss of efficiency. A transition from all ignited to some ignited and extinguished and finally to all extinguished channels is discovered as criticality is approached in moderate size stacks. Microsystems provide 1−3 orders of magnitude larger volumetric and gravimetric throughputs than conventional technology, irrespective of model uncertainty, and such intensification is central to portable and distributed processing. They exhibit energy efficiency that is a strong function of size and heat loss but can outperform conventional processing under many conditions. However, they result in higher cost per unit syngas volume unless system optimization is performed.
Selection of restriction endonucleases using artificial cells (2007)

We describe in this article an in vitro system for the selection of restriction endonucleases using artificial cells. The artificial cells are generated in the form of a water-in-oil emulsion by in vitro compartmentalization. Each aqueous compartment contains a reconstituted transcription/translation mix along with the dispersed DNA templates. In the compartments containing endonuclease genes, an endonuclease expressed in vitro cleaves its own DNA template adjacent to the gene, leaving a sticky end. The pooled DNA templates are then ligated to an adaptor with a compatible end. The endonuclease genes are then enriched by adaptor-specific PCR on the ligation mix. We demonstrate that the system can achieve at least 100-fold enrichment in a single round of selection. It is sensitive enough to enrich an active endonuclease gene from a 1:10(5) model library in 2-3 rounds of selection. Finally, we describe experiments where we selected endonuclease genes directly from a bacterial genomic DNA source in three rounds of selections: the known PstI gene from Providencia stuartii and the new TspMI gene from Thermus sp. manalii. This method provides a unique tool for cloning restriction endonuclease genes and has many other potential applications.
Two-Phase Liquid Cooling for Thermal Management of IGBT Power Electronic Module (2013)

Recent trends including rapid increases in the power ratings and continued miniaturization of semiconductor devices have pushed the heat dissipation of power electronics well beyond the range of conventional thermal management solutions, making control of device temperature a critical issue in the thermal packaging of power electronics. Although evaporative cooling is capable of removing very high heat fluxes, two-phase cold plates have received little attention for cooling power electronics modules. In this work, device-level analytical modeling and system-level thermal simulation are used to examine and compare single-phase and two-phase cold plates for a specified inverter module, consisting of 12 pairs of silicon insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) devices and diodes. For the conditions studied, an R134a-cooled, two-phase cold plate is found to substantially reduce the maximum IGBT temperature and spatial temperature variation, as well as reduce the pumping power and flow rate, in comparison to a conventional single-phase water-cooled cold plate. These results suggest that two-phase cold plates can be used to substantially improve the performance, reliability, and conversion efficiency of power electronics systems.
Concentration dependence of optical phonons in the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">TiO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SnO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>system (1996)

The concentration dependence of optical phonons in the ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$-${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$ system whose phase diagram exhibits a miscibility gap, has been studied by Raman scattering and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction confirmed that the mixed oxides ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ with intervals x=0.1 are a single uniform phase (tetragonal) except some x's; no phase separation by spinodal decomposition could be avoided for x=0.3, 0.4, 0.5, and 0.6, characterizing x-ray-diffraction profiles by sidebands. The 449 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathit{A}}_{1\mathit{g}}$ and 610 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$ ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{g}}$ Raman modes for ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$ never changed linearly in frequency and linewidth with x. It is stressed that the x dependence of optical phonons is predominated by the octahedral distortion in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, where different/anisotropic compressibilities and thermal expansivities of each end member play a crucial role. Infrared-reflectance spectra consisting of the infrared-active ${\mathit{A}}_{2\mathit{u}}$ and ${\mathit{E}}_{\mathit{u}}$ modes between 50--900 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$, also changed systematically with x in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$. The concentration dependence of optical phonons in ${\mathrm{Ti}}_{1\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{Sn}}_{\mathit{x}}$${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ is discussed, from the viewpoint of the mode behavior of mixed crystals. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Parametric study of the co- and crosspolarisation characteristics of tapered planar and antipodal slotline antennas (1993)

A parametric study of the co- and crosspolarisation characteristics of tapered planar and antipodal slotline antennas having different tapers has been undertaken with the aim of using them as elements of wideband phased arrays on a stand-alone basis or in conjunction with the reflectors/lenses of imaging systems. The planar tapered slotline antennas have better crosspolarisation characteristics than their antipodal counterparts which have better input impedance characteristics. The study reported here was conducted in the 3–12 GHz band and yielded a wealth of information which will complement the theoretical studies which are in progress.
Effect of oxygen concentration on in-vitro development of preimplantation sheep and cattle embryos (1990)

Two-cell sheep embryos and 2-4-cell and 8-cell cow embryos were cultured for 5 days in stoppered test-tubes in Synthetic Oviduct Fluid supplemented with 32 mg BSA/ml. The medium had been previously equilibrated with one of the following O2 concentrations (sheep: 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 17, 20%; cow: 0, 4, 8, 12, 17, 20%). At the end of culture embryos were examined for morphology and stained to assess numbers of nuclei. Mean (+/- s.e.m.) nuclei/embryo was highest at 8% O2 for sheep embryos (23.6 +/- 3.1), 4% for 2-4-cell cow embryos (23.2 +/- 6.1) and 8% for 8-cell cow embryos (29.6 +/- 5.2). The minimum number of nuclei/embryo occurred at 20% O2 in each case (10.3 +/- 0.9, 10.3 +/- 2.7, 14.5 +/- 2.4, respectively) with similar values also recorded at 0% O2 (10.8 +/- 1.9, 16.5 +/- 6.0, 14.6 +/- 2.4, respectively). Analysis of the proportion of embryos reaching at least the morula stage demonstrated a significant quadratic component for the different oxygen concentrations for sheep (P less than 0.01) and cow (P less than 0.05) embryos. A number of sheep and cow embryos showed abnormalities, suggesting that the culture conditions require further refinement. The results confirm that, under lowered oxygen levels, development of sheep and cattle embryos can occur through the 8- to 16-cell block in a simple defined medium without somatic cell support.
Policy-Based Networking Architecture for QoS Interworking in IP Management. (1999)

Policy-Based Networking (PBN) is gaining a wide acceptance in 1Pmanagement, resulting in a more unified control and management approach toward complexity of 1Pmanagement. QoS interworking in 1Pmanagement based on PBN is going to provide QoS guaranteedldifferentiated 1P connection services. QoS interworking issues between enterprise network and public 1P network are studied. The exponential growth of intranet/intemet interworking itself may put PBN in jeopardy. To counter the increasing management complexity, two approaches, policy abstraction and hierarchy organization with precedence rules are proposed and studied.
Non-extractable proanthocyanidins from grapes are a source of bioavailable (epi)catechin and derived metabolites in rats (2011)

The non-extractable fraction of many fruit and vegetables contains putatively bioactive polyphenolic compounds that, in most cases, have not been well characterised structurally. Non-extractable proanthocyanidins (NEPA) of a polymeric nature are part of the dietary fibre fraction of food. Using liquid chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer equipped with an electrospray ionisation chamber and a triple quadrupole mass analyser for tandem analysis (HPLC-ESI-QqQ-MS/MS) techniques, we examine the phenolic metabolites present in urine and faeces from rats 24 h after ingestion of an NEPA-rich fraction. We show that NEPA are partially depolymerised during their transit along the intestinal tract, as evidenced by the presence of (epi)catechin (EC) monomers and dimers in faeces and phase II conjugates of EC in urine. Moreover, NEPA are further metabolised by the intestinal microbiota into smaller metabolites including phenolic acids that are present in urine as both free phenolics and conjugates with glucuronate or sulphate moieties. For the first time, we report evidence that NEPA behave in vivo as a source of phenolics that are released progressively and deliver phenolic species that come into contact with the intestinal walls and are bioavailable for at least 24 h after ingestion.
ChemInform Abstract: Ring Closure of 4‐Azido‐3‐formyl‐(or acetyl‐)2‐pyridones to Isoxazolo( 4,3‐c)pyridones. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
On the directional reciprocity of uplink and downlink channels in Frequency Division Duplex systems (2014)

The possibility of using the channel reciprocity between the uplink and downlink channels in Frequency Division Duplex (FDD) systems to improve the efficiency has been deeply investigated. Previous studies have come to different conclusions for the characterization of the dissimilarity in uplink and downlink channel properties. This paper analyzes the mismatch in directional properties of the uplink and downlink channels of FDD systems based on the power of their multipath clusters. At a system level, due to the limited directional resolution, the multipath components arriving at the base station are seen as clusters, rather than individual signal paths. This fact is used to describe the mismatch of directional properties between uplink and downlink. The contribution of this paper is the use of a spectral dissimilarity metric as a measure to characterize this mismatch; a detailed study of this dissimilarity metric is also presented. It is found that under favorable propagation conditions, for both actual channel measurement data and ray-tracing simulations, the directional and power properties of the downlink multipath clusters can be estimated from the uplink channel with high reliability. Therefore, directional-based beamforming transmission techniques for FDD systems will be able to benefit from such similarity in order to improve the system performance.
An Image Merging Method for Two High Dynamic Range Images of Different Exposure (2010)

This paper describes an algorithm which merges two HDR pictures taken under different exposure time to display on the LDR devices such as LCD or CRT. The proposed method does not generate the radiance map, but directly merges using the weights computed from the input images. The weights are firstly produced on the pixel basis, and then blended with a Gaussian function. This process prevents some possible sparkle noises caused by radical change of the weights and contributes to smooth connection between 2 image informations. The chrominance informations of the images are merged on the weighted averaging scheme using the deviations of RGB average and their differences. The algorithm is characterized by the feature that it represents well the unsaturated area of 2 original images and the connection of the image information is smooth. The proposed method uses only 2 input images and automatically tunes the whole internal process according to them, thus autonomous operation is possible when it is included in HDR cameras which use double shuttering scheme or double sensor cells.
Screening and Monitoring Coeliac Disease: Multicentre Trial of a New Serum Antibody Test Kit (1994)

A multicentre trial was conducted to evaluate a new test for anti-gliadin antibodies (AGA) in serum (Coeliac Screening Kit, CSK, Medical Innovations Limited, Artarmon, NSW, Australia). The test showed excellent reproducibility for both anti-gliadin IgA and IgG detection. The average intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) was 3.0% for IgA and 2.4% for IgG (n = 6), while the average interassay CV was 6.4% for IgA and 4.3% for IgG (n = 3). By defining a positive test as both IgA and IgG elevated, a sensitivity of 93% in untreated coeliacs (n = 75) was observed. The corresponding specificities in healthy adults (n = 130) and healthy children (n = 77) were > 99% and 100% respectively, while in patients with other gastrointestinal disorders (disease controls) the specificity was 94% (n = 129). The test was also useful in monitoring patients, with anti-gliadin IgA and IgG falling for up to a year after commencing a gluten-free diet (GFD) (12 adults). In some patients however, antibody levels did not reach the normal cutpoint after many months on a GFD, which may reflect the patients' poor adherence to their gluten free diet. The test was superior to the Pharmacia anti-gliadin ELISA, and should be useful as an aid to the diagnosis of coeliac disease, as well as in the follow-up of treated patients.
Blocking human fear memory with the matrix metalloproteinase inhibitor doxycycline (2017)

Learning to predict threat is a fundamental ability of many biological organisms, and a laboratory model for anxiety disorders. Interfering with such memories in humans would be of high clinical relevance. On the basis of studies in cell cultures and slice preparations, it is hypothesised that synaptic remodelling required for threat learning involves the extracellular enzyme matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 9. However, in vivo evidence for this proposal is lacking. Here we investigate human Pavlovian fear conditioning under the blood-brain barrier crossing MMP inhibitor doxycyline in a pre-registered, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. We find that recall of threat memory, measured with fear-potentiated startle 7 days after acquisition, is attenuated by ~60% in individuals who were under doxycycline during acquisition. This threat memory impairment is also reflected in increased behavioural surprise signals to the conditioned stimulus during subsequent re-learning, and already late during initial acquisition. Our findings support an emerging view that extracellular signalling pathways are crucially required for threat memory formation. Furthermore, they suggest novel pharmacological methods for primary prevention and treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder.
The role of re-aggregation on the performance of electrochemically exfoliated many-layer graphene for Li-ion batteries (2015)

Two potential pathways for Li+ diffusion occur within graphitic carbon with typically in-plane diffusion dominating (∼10−7 cm2 s−1) over diffusion along the crystallite grain boundaries (∼10−11 cm2 s−1). Reducing the flake thickness of microcrystalline graphite powders via electrochemical exfoliation offers a method to overcome the latter, sluggish grain boundary Li+ diffusion, thereby increasing the overall rate capability of the graphite negative electrode in a the Li-ion battery. Six micron particulate graphite was electrochemically exfoliated to give flakes of which ∼90% had a thickness of <10 graphene layers. This exfoliated material was then prepared as an ink and allowed to dry prior to forming a battery electrode. Analysis of the electrode and dried exfoliated powder using powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller isotherm analysis show that the material has, apart from a significant reduction of the rhombohedral fraction from 41% to 14%, near-identical properties to that of original starting graphite powder. Thus, once the exfoliated powder has been dried from the exfoliation process, as anticipated, major restacking of the multi-layer graphene flakes had occurred. Likewise there was no significant improvement in using the exfoliated material at high rates of delithiation and lower specific capacity, when tested within a half cell vs. lithium metal. In situ Raman analysis showed that the exfoliated material displayed similar spectral features to the pristine sample during lithiation, as did multi point measurements on differently disordered areas shown from the varying ID/IG-band intensity ratios, indicating that local surface disorder does not influence the course of lithium insertion. The re-aggregation of graphenic material is widely recognised, but seldom evaluated. This work shows the importance of keeping graphenic material dispersed at all stages of production.
Structural Basis of G Protein Specificity of Human Endothelin Receptors (1995)

The endothelin (ET) family of peptides acts via two subtypes of guanine nucleotide-binding regulatory protein (G protein)-coupled receptors termed ETA and ETB. ET-1 stimulated cAMP formation in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells stably expressing human wild-type ETA (CHO/hETA cells) while it inhibited cAMP formation in CHO cells expressing human wild-type ETB (CHO/hETB cells), and pharmacological evidence indicated that the opposite effects were due to the selective coupling of each receptor subtype with G alpha s/G alpha i. To find out a receptor domain(s) that determined the selective coupling, a series of chimeric receptors between hETA and hETB was expressed on CHO cells, and the effect of ET-1 on cAMP formation in each cell line was tested. hETA with the replacement of second and/or third intracellular loop (ICLII and/or -III) to the corresponding region(s) of hETB failed to transmit the stimulatory effect of ET-1. hETB with the replacement of ICLIII to the corresponding region of hETA failed to transmit the inhibitory effect of ET-1. A chimeric receptor with ICLII of hETB and with ICLIII of hETA failed to transmit both effects. In cells expressing chimeric receptors with ICLII of hETA and with ICLIII of hETB, ET-1 inhibited cAMP formation while it stimulated cAMP formation when cells were pretreated with pertussis toxin. These results indicated the roles of ICLII and -III of hETR as a major determinant of the selective coupling of hETA and hETB with G alpha s/G alpha i, respectively. We also demonstrated that each receptor subtype expressed on the same cell could work independently, i.e. for hETA to activate G alpha s and for hETB to activate G alpha i, resulting in dose-dependent dual effects of ET-1 on cAMP formation.