gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Chip System for Size Separation of Macromolecules and Particles by Hydrodynamic Chromatography (2002)

For the first time, a miniaturized hydrodynamic chromatography chip system has been developed and tested on separation of fluorescent nanospheres and macromolecules. The device can be applied to size characterization of synthetic polymers, biopolymers, and particles, as an attractive alternative to the classical separation methods such as size exclusion chromatography or field-flow fractionation. The main advantages are fast analysis, high separation efficiency, negligible solvent consumption, and easy temperature control. The prototype chip contains a rectangular flat separation channel with dimensions of 1 microm deep and 1000 microm wide, integrated with a 300-pL injector on a silicon substrate. The silicon microtechnology provides precisely defined geometry, high rigidity, and compatibility with organic solvents or high temperature. All flows are pressure driven, and a specific injection system is employed to avoid excessive sample loading times, demonstrating an alternative way of lab-on-a-chip design. Separations obtained in 3 min show the high performance of the device and are also the first demonstration of flat channel hydrodynamic chromatography in practice.
<scp>K</scp> issinger, <scp>H</scp> enry (1923–) (2018)

Henry Kissinger (1923–) was the most famous, powerful, and controversial American diplomat of the twentieth century. Identified with the foreign policy of realpolitik, Kissinger was the national security adviser and the first Jewish and naturalized citizen to become secretary of state. With President Richard Nixon, Kissinger transformed American foreign policy, implementing détente with the Soviet Union, the opening to China, and ending American involvement in the Vietnam War. In the wake of the Watergate scandal, Kissinger directed the American response to the 1973 Middle East war and then engaged in “shuttle diplomacy,” producing the first agreements between Israel and Egypt and Syria. Kissinger remained as powerful under President Gerald Ford, although the collapse of South Vietnam in 1975 and controversies surrounding his role in covert actions towards Chile and Cambodia diminished his reputation. He left public office in 1977, wrote his memoirs, and founded an international consulting company, but he remained an influential commentator.
Algebraic reconstruction for magnetic resonance imaging under B/sub 0/ inhomogeneity (1998)

In magnetic resonance imaging, spatial localization is usually achieved using Fourier encoding which is realized by applying a magnetic field gradient along the dimension of interest to create a linear correspondence between the resonance frequency and spatial location following the Larmor equation. In the presence of B0 inhomogeneities along this dimension, the linear mapping does not hold and spatial distortions arise in the acquired images. In this paper, the problem of image reconstruction under an inhomogeneous field is formulated as an inverse problem of a linear Fredholm equation of the first kind. The operators in these problems are estimated using field mapping and the k-space trajectory of the imaging sequence. Since such inverse problems are known to be ill-posed in general, robust solvers, singular value decomposition and conjugate gradient method, are employed to obtain corrected images that are optimal in the Frobenius norm sense. Based on this formulation, the choice of the imaging sequence for well-conditioned matrix operators is discussed, and it is shown that nonlinear k-space trajectories provide better results. The reconstruction technique is applied to sequences where the distortion is more severe along one of the image dimensions and the two-dimensional reconstruction problem becomes equivalent to a set of independent one-dimensional problems. Experimental results demonstrate the performance and stability of the algebraic reconstruction methods.
Continuous blood purification for multiple organ failure: a report of 9 cases (2009)

Objective To investigate the continuous blood purification for multiple organ failure of the rescue and treatment. Methos In the conventional treatment given on the basis of continuous blood purification treatment.Result before and after treatment serum creatinine, alanine aminotansferase, creat-ine phosphokinase have decreased significantly. Conclusion The continuous blood purification treatment of multiple organ failure has an important role in the rescue. 

Key words: 
Of continuous blood purification;  Multiple organ failure
Cytokine Modulation for Anti-Allergic Treatment (2002)

In the complex pathogenesis of airway inflammation seen in asthma, several cytokines are recognized to play a crucial role. Modulation of the effect of these cytokines can provide alternative and more specific treatment approach to currently widely-used systemic immunosuppression by glucocorticoids. Theoretically, cytokine modulation can be achieved via several pathways, including inhibition of released cytokines by using antibodies or soluble receptors, blocking cytokine receptors, inhibiting signal transduction or preventing cytokine gene transcription. Also, some cytokines are known to possess anti-inflammatory effects in allergic inflammation, being thus themselves potentially used as a therapeutic agent. The current review discusses the present knowledge on the involvement of cytokines in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma and the experience on modulation of the effect of these cytokines in clinical situations.
Converting absorbed dose to medium to absorbed dose to water for Monte Carlo based photon beam dose calculations (2000)

Current clinical experience in radiation therapy is based upon dose computations that report the absorbed dose to water, even though the patient is not made of water but of many different types of tissue. While Monte Carlo dose calculation algorithms have the potential for higher dose accuracy, they usually transport particles in and compute the absorbed dose to the patient media such as soft tissue, lung or bone. Therefore, for dose calculation algorithm comparisons, or to report dose to water or tissue contained within a bone matrix for example, a method to convert dose to the medium to dose to water is required. This conversion has been developed here by applying Bragg-Gray cavity theory. The dose ratio for 6 and 18 MV photon beams was determined by computing the average stopping power ratio for the primary electron spectrum in the transport media. For soft tissue, the difference between dose to medium and dose to water is approximately 1.0%, while for cortical bone the dose difference exceeds 10%. The variation in the dose ratio as a function of depth and position in the field indicates that for photon beams a single correction factor can be used for each particular material throughout the field for a given photon beam energy. The only exception to this would be for the clinically non-relevant dose to air. Pre-computed energy spectra for 60Co to 24 MV are used to compute the dose ratios for these photon beams and to determine an effective energy for evaluation of the dose ratio.
Experimental and numerical study of Taylor-Couette flow (2015)

Taylor-Couette flow between in a gap of two coaxial cylinders is studied using a combination of particle image velocimetry (PIV) experimental data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Wavy vortex flow and modulated wavy vortex flow which are two flow regimes of Taylor-Couette flow are investigated using the PIV technique and power spectral density. In addition, the turbulent Taylor-Couette flow is studied by means of Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes (RANS) simulations and stereo-PIV. Two main turbulence models of Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes simulations are used in the investigation and verified with the PIV experimental data. The investigations provide in-depth evaluation of the simulation schemes. This work shows that computational fluid dynamics in combination with PIV data is an excellent tool to study turbulent structures in the Taylor-Couette flow. Furthermore, this work demonstrates the in-depth evaluation of RANS simulation.
Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis (1997)

Few diseases have been affected more by the advent of antimicrobial therapy than bacterial meningitis. From its recognition in 1805 to the early 20th century, bacterial meningitis was fatal. Although the introduction of antibiotics made it curable,14 morbidity and mortality from the disease remain unacceptably high. In a recent report, 61 percent of infants who survived gram-negative bacillary meningitis had developmental disabilities and neurologic sequelae.5 Similarly, in a recent review of 493 episodes of bacterial meningitis in adults, the overall case fatality rate was 25 percent.6 In this article we highlight epidemiologic trends, review principles of antibiotic pharmacokinetics, and . . .
Exploiting Novel Calcium-Mediated Apoptotic Processes for the Treatment of Human Breast (2005)

Abstract : Alterations in the regulation and initiation of cell death, in particular caspase-mediated apoptotic cell death, have been associated with a vast array of pathological disease states such as cancer, and the development of resistance to cancer chemotherapies. Beta-Lapachone (Beta-Lap), a naturally occurring 1,2 naphthoquinone, has been shown by our laboratory to induce non-caspase-mediated apoptosis in breast and prostate cancer cells that express the two electron oxidoreductase, NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase(NQO1). Here, we demonstrate that poly(ADP)-ribose polymerase (PARP) hyperactivation, occurs shortly after Beta-lap exposure in an NQO1 dependent manner. Hyperactivation of PARP is consistent with the presence of DNA strand breaks detected by comet and gammaH2AX formation. Chemical Inhibition of PARP activity in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells by 3-aminobenzamide or DPQ suppressed beta-lab-induced apoptosis consistent with a role for PARP hyperactivation in beta-lap induced cell death. Chelation of Interacellular Ca2+ using BATPA-AM after beta-lap treatment abrogated gammaH2AX formation, PARP activation, and dramatically blocked beta-lap induced death as measured by long-term growth assays. Collectively, these data demonstrate the importance of Ca2+ mediated PARP hyperactivation in beta-lab-induced cell death. We will discuss how this Ca2+ dependent cell death can be exploited to effectively target and treat tumors that have lost their ability to undergo caspase-mediated apoptosis.
Seam-tracking for high precision laser welding applications—Methods, restrictions and enhanced concepts (2009)

Laser beam welding bears evident advantages regarding precision, quality, productivity, low heat input, and feasibility of automation. At the same time the process calls for high precision of the beam positioning on the workpiece, which therefore imposes high requirements of welding trajectory and feed rate accuracy; e.g., for butt welding the focal point of the laser beam with respect to the joint must be maintained within a typical accuracy better than 20–150 μm, depending on the focused beam radius. To meet these requirements, seam-tracking devices are used. A sensor measures the joint position and computes a correction vector to compensate the joint trajectory offset. The deviation is compensated either by a robot trajectory adjustment or by an additional tracking axis. This paper describes the basic concepts of seam tracking in detail and points out problems in the different control principles, which are evoked by the forerun of the sensor. State-of-the-art sensors and error compensating techniques are presented and analyzed. Further, a new approach for seam tracking is introduced. It uses a multisensor concept, which in addition to the seam position measures the relative displacement between the processing head and the workpiece. An integrated two-dimensional beam positioning system enables “self-guided” processing, which allows high-accuracy tracking of a joint independent of the motion system and disengages from time intensive sensor calibration and robot teaching necessity.
Induction and Repression of Amidase Enzymes in <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> (1970)

Aspergillus nidulans can grow on acetamide as both a carbon and nitrogen source and can also grow on formamide as a nitrogen source. Two distinct enzymes, an acetamidase and a formamidase, are produced. The control of the synthesis of these two enzymes in a wild-type strain was investigated. The formamidase is induced by acetamide and formamide and repressed by ammonia. The acetamidase is induced by formamide and acetamide, repressed by carbon metabolites derived from glucose and acetate, and repressed by ammonia. Repression of the acetamidase by ammonia depends on the carbon source; growth on glucose but not on acetate or acetamide allows repression to occur. The pattern of acetamidase repression is compared with that of histidine catabolic enzymes in various bacteria.
Development of Artificial Ribonucleases Using Macrocyclic Lanthanide Complexes (2000)

The sequence-specific recognition and cleavage of ribonucleic acids (RNA) represents a fundamental challenge. Metal complexes are among the best synthetic catalysts for the cleavage of RNA. Covalent attachment of suitable macrocyclic lanthanide complexes to oligonucleotides allows the cleavage of complementary RNAs in a sequence-specific manner. The preparation, properties and use of such artificial ribonucleases are highlighted. In particular, the design and preparation of constructs cleaving RNA with multiple turn-over is described.
Staffing Many-Server Queues with Impatient Customers: Constraint Satisfaction in Call Centers (2009)

Motivated by call center practice, we study asymptotically optimal staffing of many-server queues with abandonment. A call center is modelled as an M/M/n + G queue, which is characterized by Poisson arrivals, exponential service times, n servers, and generally distributed patience times of customers. Our asymptotic analysis is performed as the arrival rate, and hence the number of servers n, increases indefinitely. We consider a constraint satisfaction problem, where one chooses the minimal staffing level n that adheres to a given cost constraint. The cost can incorporate the fraction abandoning, average wait, and tail probabilities of wait. Depending on the cost, several operational regimes arise as asymptotically optimal: Efficiency-Driven (ED), Quality and Efficiency-Driven (QED), and also a new ED + QED operational regime that enables QED tuning of the ED regime. Numerical experiments demonstrate that, over a wide range of system parameters, our approximations provide useful insight as well as excellent fit to exact optimal solutions. It turns out that the QED regime is preferable either for small-to-moderate call centers or for large call centers with relatively tight performance constraints. The other two regimes are more appropriate for large call centers with loose constraints. We consider two versions of the constraint satisfaction problem. The first one is constraint satisfaction on a single time interval, say one hour, which is common in practice. Of special interest is a constraint on the tail probability, in which case our new ED + QED staffing turns out asymptotically optimal. We also address a global constraint problem, say over a full day. Here several time intervals, say 24 hours, are considered, with interval-dependent staffing levels allowed; one seeks to minimize staffing levels, or more generally costs, given the overall performance constraint. In this case, there is the added flexibility of trading service levels among time intervals, but we demonstrate that only little gain is associated with this flexibility if one is concerned with the fraction abandoning.
Using Secondary α Deuterium Kinetic Isotope Effects To Determine the Symmetry of S<sub>N</sub>2 Transition States (1997)

The secondary α deuterium and heavy atom kinetic isotope effects found for two different SN2 reactions suggest that the magnitude of secondary α deuterium kinetic isotope effects can be determined by the length of only the shorter (stronger) reacting bond in an unsymmetrical SN2 transition state rather than by the usual nucleophile−leaving group distance. Although this means the interpretation of these isotope effects is more complex than has been recognized, the results suggest that they can be used to determine whether an SN2 transition state is symmetrical or unsymmetrical.
Comparison of Raw Starch Hydrolyzing Enzyme with Conventional Liquefaction and Saccharification Enzymes in Dry‐Grind Corn Processing (2007)

ABSTRACT In a conventional dry‐grind corn process, starch is converted into dextrins using liquefaction enzymes at high temperatures (90–120°C) during a liquefaction step. Dextrins are hydrolyzed into sugars using saccharification enzymes during a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) step. Recently, a raw starch hydrolyzing enzyme (RSH), Stargen 001, was developed that converts starch into dextrins at low temperatures (<48°C) and hydrolyzes dextrins into sugars during SSF. In this study, a dry‐grind corn process using RSH enzyme was compared with two combinations (DG1 and DG2) of commercial liquefaction and saccharification enzymes. Dry‐grind corn processes for all enzyme treatments were performed at the same process conditions except for the liquefaction step. For RSH and DG1 and DG2 treatments, ethanol concentrations at 72 hr of fermentation were 14.1–14.2% (v/v). All three enzyme treatments resulted in comparable ethanol conversion efficiencies, ethanol yields, and DDGS yields. Sugar profiles for the RSH treatment were different from DG1 and DG2 treatments, especially for glucose. During SSF, the highest glucose concentration for RSH treatment was 7% (w/v), whereas for DG1 and DG2 treatments, glucose concentrations had maximum of 19% (w/v). Glycerol concentrations were 0.5% (w/v) for RSH treatment and 0.8% (w/v) for DG1 and DG2 treatments.
Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) has a controlling role in homologous recombination (2003)

Cells with non-functional poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1) show increased levels of sister chromatid exchange, suggesting a hyper recombination phenotype in these cells. To further investigate the involvement of PARP-1 in homologous recombination (HR) we investigated how PARP-1 affects nuclear HR sites (Rad51 foci) and HR repair of an endonuclease-induced DNA double-strand break (DSB). Several proteins involved in HR localise to Rad51 foci and HR-deficient cells fail to form Rad51 foci in response to DNA damage. Here, we show that PARP-1 mainly does not localise to Rad51 foci and that Rad51 foci form in PARP-1-/- cells, also in response to hydroxyurea. Furthermore, we show that homology directed repair following induction of a site-specific DSB is normal in PARP-1-inhibited cells. In contrast, inhibition or loss of PARP-1 increases spontaneous Rad51 foci formation, confirming a hyper recombination phenotype in these cells. Our data suggest that PARP-1 controls DNA damage recognised by HR and that it is not involved in executing HR as such.
Checking beliefs in dynamic networks (2015)

Network Verification is a form of model checking in which a model of the network is checked for properties stated using a specification language. Existing network verification tools lack a general specification language and hardcode the network model. Hence they cannot, for example, model policies at a high level of abstraction. Neither can they model dynamic networks; even a simple packet format change requires changes to internals. Standard verification tools (e.g., model checkers) have expressive specification and modeling languages but do not scale to large header spaces. We introduce Network Optimized Datalog (NoD) as a tool for network verification in which both the specification language and modeling languages are Datalog. NoD can also scale to large to large header spaces because of a new filter-project operator and a symbolic header representation.

As a consequence, NoD allows checking for beliefs about network reachability policies in dynamic networks. A belief is a high-level invariant (e.g., Internal controllers cannot be accessed from the Internet) that a network operator thinks is true. Beliefs may not hold, but checking them can uncover bugs or policy exceptions with little manual effort. Refuted beliefs can be used as a basis for revised beliefs. Further, in real networks, machines are added and links fail; on a longer term, packet formats and even forwarding behaviors can change, enabled by OpenFlow and P4. NoD allows the analyst to model such dynamic networks by adding new Datalog rules.

For a large Singapore data center with 820K rules, NoD checks if any guest VM can access any controller (the equivalent of 5K specific reachability invariants) in 12 minutes. NoD checks for loops in an experimental SWAN backbone network with new headers in a fraction of a second. NoD generalizes a specialized system, SecGuru, we currently use in production to catch hundreds of configuration bugs a year. NoD has been released as part of the publicly available Z3 SMT solver.
Current management of multiple sclerosis. (2000)

Multiple sclerosis is a complex disease which presents a unique challenge in clinical management. This decade has seen the advent of new therapies which are partially effective in modifying the disease course. However, current therapies have no impact on existing neurological deficits and so supportive measures, symptomatic treatment and comprehensive rehabilitation remain at the core of management. Historically clinical practice has often been empirical but management should now be evidence-based and guided by consensus opinion if improvements in care are to be made.
Runtime monitoring of robotics software components: Increasing robustness of service robotic systems (2011)

Component Based Software Engineering is a common approach to master complexity in service robotic systems. Moreover, these systems must be robust and safe. Common robotic middlewares and frameworks provide component models with well defined communication mechanisms. However, generic means are missing to gain insight into running components. Components must be monitored (i) during their development for debugging purposes, (ii) during their integration into a system for verification and error detection purposes and (iii) at runtime for administration and online diagnosis purposes. This paper presents a generic concept for runtime monitoring of robotics software components which is independent of any specific robotic middleware and framework. After that, a reference implementation shows a concrete integration of the concept into the SmartSoft component model. Two real world scenarios at the end demonstrate the usage of monitoring.