gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The destruction of peripheral-blood lymphocytes by extracorporeal exposure to ultraviolet radiation. (1983)

Venous blood from healthy adult human donors was circulated through a wholly extracorporeal circuit for periods up to 140 min without apparent damage to the lymphocytes. However, when the blood was exposed to short-wave ultraviolet radiation (UVC; lambda, 254 nm), separated mononuclear cells showed a depressed response to mitogen stimulation: the magnitude of this effect was related to the duration of exposure. This depression cannot be attributed to change in blood pH, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, temperature of cell trauma. Plasma from irradiated blood was less satisfactory than non-irradiated plasma for the support of growth of phytohaemagglutinin-stimulated lymphocytes in culture, probably because of depletion of essential nutrients, and there was little evidence for the generation of growth-inhibitory humoral factors. The UVC-irradiated lymphocytes had normal ultrastructure when removed from the extracorporeal circuit, but underwent apoptosis and necrosis during the first day of tissue culture with or without mitogen stimulation.
Major Histocompatibility Complex I and II Expression and Lymphocytic Subtypes in Muscle of Horses with Immune-Mediated Myositis (2016)

Deficiencies of dysferlin, dystrophin, and a-sarcoglycan are not associated with IMM. Sarcolemmal MHC I and II expression in a proportion of myofibers of IMM horses in conjunction with lymphocytic infiltration supports an immune-mediated etiology for IMM. The MHC expression also occured in specific myofibers in PSSM horses in the absence of lymphocytic infiltrates.
Evaluation of the Efficacy and Safety of a Marine-Derived Bacillus Strain for Use as an In-Feed Probiotic for Newly Weaned Pigs (2014)

Forty eight individual pigs (8.760.26 kg) weaned at 2861 d of age were used in a 22-d study to evaluate the effect of oral administration of a Bacillus pumilus spore suspension on growth performance and health indicators. Treatments (n = 16) were: (1) non-medicated diet; (2) medicated diet with apramycin (200 mg/kg) and pharmacological levels of zinc oxide (2,500 mg zinc/kg) and (3) B. pumilus diet (non-medicated diet + 10 10 spores/day B. pumilus). Final body weight and average daily gain tended to be lower (P = 0.07) and feed conversion ratio was worsened (P,0.05) for the medicated treatment compared to the B. pumilus treatment. Ileal E. coli counts were lower for the B. pumilus and medicated treatments compared to the non-medicated treatment (P,0.05), perhaps as a result of increased ileal propionic acid concentrations (P,0.001). However, the medicated treatment reduced fecal (P,0.001) and cecal (P,0.05) Lactobacillus counts and tended to reduce the total cecal short chain fatty acid (SCFA) concentration (P = 0.10). Liver weights were lighter and concentrations of liver enzymes higher (P,0.05) in pigs on the medicated treatment compared to those on the non-medicated or B. pumilus treatments. Pigs on the B. pumilus treatment had lower overall lymphocyte and higher granulocyte percentages (P,0.001) and higher numbers of jejunal goblet cells (P,0.01) than pigs on either of the other two treatments or the non-medicated treatment, respectively. However, histopathological examination of the small intestine, kidneys and liver revealed no abnormalities. Overall, the B. pumilus treatment decreased ileal E. coli counts in a manner similar to the medicated treatment but without the adverse effects on growth performance, Lactobacillus counts, cecal SCFA concentration and possible liver toxicity experienced with the medicated treatment.
DNA Damage Following Acute Aerobic Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2019)

A substantial increase in DNA damage occurs immediately following acute aerobic exercise. This increase remains significant between 2 h and 1 day, but not within 5-28 days post-exercise. Such an increase was not observed in protocols of a long-distance. The relationship between exercise and DNA damage may be explained through the hormesis theory, which is somewhat one-dimensional, and thus limited. The hormesis theory describes how exercise modulates any advantageous or harmful effects mediated through RONS, by increasing DNA oxidation between the two end-points of the curve: physical inactivity and overtraining. We propose a more intricate approach to explain this relationship: a multi-dimensional model, to develop a better understanding of the complexity of the relationship between DNA integrity and exercise.
Growth Stages of Sorghum [<i>Sorghum bicolor</i>, (L.) Moench.]<sup>1</sup> (1972)

Abstract Research with grain sorghum often involves sampling several times during the growth cycle. Samplings often are designated by calendar date, days after planting or emergence, or plant height. Often these bear little or no actual relationship to the morphological or physiological age or status of the plant. Although certain stages of sorghum growth are fairly well established, the growth cycle of sorghum has not been fully described. Therefore, a standard set of growth stages needs to be defined. Based on detailed studies of grain sorghum hybrids of different maturities, the following ten stages of development have been defined and illustrated: emergence, three‐leaf, five‐leaf, growing‐point, differentiation, final leaf visible in whorl, boot, half‐bloom, soft dough, hard dough, and physiological maturity. These stages are suggested as standards to describe the timing of sampling or treating sorghum.
Points from Letters: Think Again on Salmon (1974)

poem.I was particularly interested as there is a current neglect of medals as a source of medical history.May I make some observations on the medal itself?The object under the lancet on the reverse is a vaccine point, perhaps of ivory, on which the material, fresh or dry, would be conveyed to the scarified area.Ampoules were not used for biological material until sterilization was understood.Incidentally, the goddess has a bandage round her left arm as though she had been recently vaccinated, surely a work of supererogation. . Schonlein versus Henoch
Differential effects of distamycin analogues on amplification of human gene sequences by polymerase-chain reaction (1995)

In this report we analyse the effects of distamycin and five distamycin analogues on amplification by polymerase-chain reaction (PCR) of two gene sequences displaying a different A+T/G+C content. The first was a 5' region of the human oestrogen receptor (ER) gene, containing a (TA)26 stretch; the second was a CG-rich sequence of the human Ha-ras oncogene. The results obtained unequivocally demonstrate that the addition of one pyrrole ring significantly improves the ability of distamycin derivatives to interfere with PCR-mediated amplification of the human ER genomic region carrying a (TA)26 stretch. The distamycin analogues analysed differ in the number of pyrrole rings and in the presence of an N-formyl, an N-formimidoyl or a retroamide group at position X1. Among compounds carrying the same number of pyrrole rings, those carrying an N-formyl or an N-formimidoyl group retain a similar inhibitory activity. The retroamide analogues, on the contrary, are much less efficient in inhibiting PCR-mediated amplification of the 5'ER region. With respect to sequence selectivity both distamycin and distamycin analogues exhibit a sequence preference, since they do not inhibit PCR amplification of Ha-ras CG-rich gene regions, with the exception of a distamycin analogue carrying four pyrrole rings.
Extensive non-coherent averaging in Doppler beam sharpened space-borne radar altimeters (1998)

Doppler beam sharpened (DBS) radar altimeters use synthetic aperture techniques to improve the spatial resolution in the along track direction beyond the diameter of the pulse limited zone, yielding an instrument which overcomes most of the typical shortcomings that affect conventional satellite altimeters when facing surfaces more irregular than open oceans. In this paper the authors derive a generalized analytic model of the two dimensional (range/doppler) flat surface response of a DBS altimeter. The knowledge of such a function can be of great importance to derive unbiased estimators of the surface elevation at each along track position, capable to extending the multilook averaging over the whole time during which a surface element is illuminated by the antenna beam.
Privacy-preserving path-inclusion protocol through oblivious automata (2012)

This paper focuses on path-inclusion secure two-party computation problem, and an efficient protocol for securely computing the path-inclusion problem is proposed. This problem is defined in the two parties setting, where Alice and Bob both have a path. The goal of Bob is to learn whether his path is included by the path Alice holds, without revealing it to Alice or learning anything else about Alice's path. Our construction is based on an automata evaluation sub-protocol. In our protocol, each path is coded into a string which reserves all information about the original path. Then both parties are involved in the automata evaluation sub-protocol. Finally one of them can learn whether one path includes the other one.
The Lymphotoxin Pathway Regulates Aire-Independent Expression of Ectopic Genes and Chemokines in Thymic Stromal Cells (2008)

Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTEC) play an important and unique role in central tolerance, expressing tissue-restricted Ags (TRA) which delete thymocytes autoreactive to peripheral organs. Since deficiencies in this cell type or activity can lead to devastating autoimmune diseases, it is important to understand the factors which regulate mTEC differentiation and function. Lymphotoxin (LT) ligands and the LTbetaR have been recently shown to be important regulators of mTEC biology; however, the precise role of this pathway in the thymus is not clear. In this study, we have investigated the impact of this signaling pathway in greater detail, focusing not only on mTEC but also on other thymic stromal cell subsets. LTbetaR expression was found in all TEC subsets, but the highest levels were detected in MTS-15(+) thymic fibroblasts. Rather than directing the expression of the autoimmune regulator Aire in mTEC, we found LTbetaR signals were important for TRA expression in a distinct population of mTEC characterized by low levels of MHC class II (mTEC(low)), as well as maintenance of MTS-15(+) fibroblasts. In addition, thymic stromal cell subsets from LT-deficient mice exhibit defects in chemokine production similar to that found in peripheral lymphoid organs of Lta(-/-) and Ltbr(-/-) mice. Thus, we propose a broader role for LTalpha1beta2-LTbetaR signaling in the maintenance of the thymic microenvironments, specifically by regulating TRA and chemokine expression in mTEC(low) for efficient induction of central tolerance.
Unshielded spin-valve sensors exchange-biased by thin TbCo layers (1994)

Unshielded spin-valve sensors were fabricated with trackwidth W varying from 25 to 2 micron and height h ranging from 7 to 1 micron. Magnetoresistance signals range from 7.5% to 3%. We find that heads with a geometry W/h/spl ges/4 are Barkhausen noise free. The effect of current density on sensor heating and output linearization is described. The pinned NiFe layer is exchange-biased to a 120 /spl Aring/ thick TbCo layer, where the exchange field can be tuned by changing the TbCo thickness.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Remarkable progress in fabricating RE123 coated conductors by IBAD/PLD technique at Fujikura (2010)

Increase of production rate and improvement of quality for RE123 coated conductors have been tried. In-plane texturing of MgO was attempted by the IBAD system with the world largest ion source. As a result of optimizing condition in large deposition area, the dramatically high throughput of 1000 m / h was realized to obtain the IBAD-MgO with Δϕ < 10°. Furthermore, simple buffer structure was demonstrated. Well textured CeO2 layer with Δϕ of around 4° was obtained by directly deposited on IBAD-MgO layer in spite of large lattice mismatch of 28% between CeO2 and MgO. Several over 100 m buffer substrates with the architecture of / PLD-CeO2 (60 m / h) / IBAD-MgO (333~1000 m / h) / Y2O3 (500 m / h) / Al2O3 (150 m / h) / Hastelloy / were already prepared. On these production substrates, GdBCO layer was deposited by the large PLD system at high throughput. The 260 m long GdBCO tape with Ic > 600 A except some locations was obtained at the throughput of 15 m / h. In addition to the speed-up, the very high Ic of 1040 A was also achieved by the hot-wall heating PLD system.
Views on how the electrical activity that the brain generates reflects the functions of different language structures (1997)

Human language is what it is because of its function and its implementation. We are far from understanding how language comprehension is carried out by the human brain. This task can be made easier by considering that evidence for the what and how of language comes from the study of linguistics, psychology, and neuroscience. The approach outlined herein describes how these different sources of evidence can be combined in studies of written and spoken sentence processing by using a measure of the brain's electrical activity. The outcome is a more temporally precise view of the analysis of language structures in our minds and brains.
Highly dichroic benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazoledyes containing five linearly π-conjugated aromatic residues, with fluorescent emission ranging from green to red, in a liquid crystal guest–host system (2005)

A number of fluorescent benzothiadiazole dyes have been synthesised and their optical properties, when dispersed in a liquid crystal host phase, examined. These dyes have five linearly π-conjugated aromatic ring systems (both with and without ethene and 1,3-butadiene spacers). The liquid crystalline host medium, used was the nematic phase of MLC-2039. The emission colours observed ranged from green to red, depending on the unsaturated chains attached at the 4- and 7- positions of the bezo-2,1,3-thiadiazole core. A highly dichroic and efficient fluoresence was observed. The dye 4,7–bis[5-bis(phenylethenyl)thiophen-2-yl]-2,1,3-benzothiadiazole is of particular importance. This is the first example of a dye emitting strong red fluorescence (633 nm). When dispersed in MLC-2039, dichroic ratio values up to 12.3 were obtained.
Studies on the Chitinolytie Enzymes of Black-koji Mold (1963)

In an attempt to separate the enzyme system participating in the decomposition of glycol chitin to constituent aminosugar, the purification of chitinase of Aspergillus niger was carried out by detemining both liquefying and saccharifying activities. Using fractionation with ammonium sulfate and column chromatography by hydroxylapatite, the chitinase system of the mold was separated into different enzyme fractions, which were required for the complete hydrolysis of glycol chitin. It was found that one of these enzymes caused a rapid decrease in viscosity of glycol chitin solution, another enzyme possessed N-acetyl-β-glucosaminidase activity upon N, N′-diacetylchitobiose and β-methyl-N-acetylglucosaminide, and that glycol chitin was decomposed to constituent aminosugar by a successive action of the two different enzymes.
Quantitation of prothrombin activation products in human urine (1984)

Urine samples obtained from 37 normal individuals have been screened for the presence of prothrombin activation products using radioimmunoassays developed for fragment 1, fragment 2 and prothrombin derivatives bearing the thrombin region. The cross-reacting materials detected in urine were isolated by affinity chromatography on insolubilized antibodies, and analysed by SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The only prothrombin derivatives detected were fragment 1 (37/37) and fragment 2 (22/37). The mean values of daily urinary fragment 1 and fragment 2 excretion were respectively 13.4 nM and 1.5 nM. The excretion of prothrombin derivatives has been quantitated in 14 normal pregnant women, during the third trimester of gestation. The mean values of urinary excretion were 47.2 nM per day for fragment 1 (P less than 0.005) and 6.4 nM per day for fragment 2 (P less than 0.05). The significant increase in fragment 1 and fragment 2 excretion observed in a condition known to be associated with the so-called hypercoagulable state suggest that the measurement of prothrombin derivatives in urine could be a useful tool for the non-invasive detection of thromboembolic diseases or prethrombotic states.
Hot-electron effects in InAs nanowire Josephson junctions (2010)

The controlled tailoring of the energy distribution in an electron system opens the way to interesting new physics and device concepts, as demonstrated by research on metallic nanodevices during recent years. Here we investigate how Josephson coupling in a superconductor-InAs nanowire junction can be tuned by means of hot-electron injection and we show that a complete suppression of superconductive effects can be achieved using a power as low as 100 pW. Nanowires offer a novel design freedom as they allow axial and radial heterostructures to be defined as well as control over doping profiles, which can be crucial in the development of devices—such as nanorefrigerators—where precisely controlled and predictable energy barriers are mandatory. Our work provides estimates for unknown key thermal and electrical parameters, such as the electron-phonon coupling, in our InAs nanostructures.
Localization of cannabinoid receptor mRNA in rat brain (1993)

Cannabinoid receptor mRNA was localized in adult rat brain by 35S-tailed oligonucleotide probes and in situ hybridization histochemistry. Labelling is described as uniform or non-uniform depending on the relative intensities of individual cells expressing cannabinoid receptor mRNA within a given region or nucleus. Uniform labelling was found in the hypothalamus, thalamus, basal ganglia, cerebellum and brainstem. Non-uniform labelling that resulted from the presence of cells displaying two easily distinguishable intensities of hybridization signals was observed in several regions and nuclei in the forebrain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala, certain olfactory structures). Olfactory-associated structures, basal ganglia, hippocampus, and cerebellar cortex displayed the heaviest amounts of labelling. Many regions that displayed cannabinoid receptor mRNA could reasonably be identified as sources for cannabinoid receptors on the basis of well documented hodologic data. Other sites that were also clearly labelled could not be assigned as logical sources of cannabinoid receptors. The localization of cannabinoid receptor mRNA indicates that sensory, motor, cognitive, limbic, and autonomic systems should all be influenced by the activation of this receptor by either exogenous cannabimimetics, including marijuana, or the yet unknown endogenous "cannabinoid" ligand.
Modifying metabolically sensitive histone marks by inhibiting glutamine metabolism affects gene expression and alters cancer cell phenotype (2012)

The interplay of metabolism and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms has become a focal point for a better understanding of cancer development and progression. In this study, we have acquired data supporting previous observations that demonstrate glutamine metabolism affects histone modifications in human breast cancer cell lines. Treatment of non-invasive epithelial (T-47D and MDA-MB-361) and invasive mesenchymal (MDA-MB-231 and Hs-578T) breast cancer cell lines with the glutaminase inhibitor, Compound 968, resulted in cytotoxicity in all cell lines, with the greatest effect being observed in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Compound 968-treatment induced significant downregulation of 20 critical cancer-related genes, the majority of which are anti-apoptotic and/or promote metastasis, including AKT, BCL2, BCL2L1, CCND1, CDKN3, ERBB2, ETS1, E2F1, JUN, KITLG, MYB, and MYC. Histone H3K4me3, a mark of transcriptional activation, was reduced at the promoters of all but one of these critical cancer genes. The decrease in histone H3K4me3 at global and gene-specific levels correlated with reduced expression of SETD1 and ASH2L, genes encoding the histone H3K4 methyltransferase complex. Further, the expression of other epigenetic regulatory genes, known to be downregulated during apoptosis (e.g., DNMT1, DNMT3B, SETD1 and SIRT1), was also downregulated by Compound 968. These changes in gene expression and histone modifications were accompanied by the activation of apoptosis, and decreased invasiveness and resistance of MDA-MB-231 cells to chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin. The results of this study provide evidence to a link between cytotoxicity caused by inhibiting glutamine metabolism with alterations of the epigenome of breast cancer cells and suggest that modification of intracellular metabolism may enhance the efficiency of epigenetic therapy.
Update on peripheral mechanisms of pain: beyond prostaglandins and cytokines (2011)

The peripheral nociceptor is an important target of pain therapy because many pathological conditions such as inflammation excite and sensitize peripheral nociceptors. Numerous ion channels and receptors for inflammatory mediators were identified in nociceptors that are involved in neuronal excitation and sensitization, and new targets, beyond prostaglandins and cytokines, emerged for pain therapy. This review addresses mechanisms of nociception and focuses on molecules that are currently favored as new targets in drug development or that are already targeted by new compounds at the stage of clinical trials--namely the transient receptor potential V1 receptor, nerve growth factor, and voltage-gated sodium channels--or both.
Mistletoe lectins enhance immune responses to intranasally co‐administered herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D2 (2002)

The mucosal adjuvant properties of the three type 2 ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs) from the European mistletoe, Viscum album L., were investigated. Mistletoe lectins were compared with cholera toxin (CT) as adjuvants when delivered nasotracheally together with herpes simplex virus glycoprotein D2 (gD2). All three mistletoe lectins (MLI, MLII, MLIII) were potent mucosal adjuvants. Co-administration of MLI, MLII or MLIII with gD2 led to significantly higher levels of gD2-specific mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) and systemic immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody than when the antigen was delivered alone. The levels of antibodies induced were similar to those generated in mice immunized with gD2 and the potent mucosal adjuvant CT. Administration of ML1 with gD2 enhanced the antigen-specific splenic T-cell proliferative response. Interleukin-5 (IL-5), but not interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), was detected in supernatants from splenocytes stimulated in vitro with gD2. This indicates that MLI enhanced type 2 T-helper cell (Th2) responses to the bystander antigen, gD2. Analysis of the gD2- and lectin-specific IgG subclass titres in mice immunized with gD2 and MLI, MLII or MLIII revealed a high ratio of IgG1 : IgG2a, which is compatible with the selective induction of Th2-type immune responses.
The corona voltmeter and the electric strength of air: A natural secondary standard of voltage (1920)

An improved form of the corona voltmeter is described. Precision measurements of crest values of high alternating voltage taken in the high-tension circuit are compared with the indications of the corona voltmeter. The law of corona has been determined to a higher degree of accuracy, and a modification in the form of the law as heretofore accepted is revealed. As based on the precision voltage measurements the corona voltmeter is proposed as a natural secondary standard of high voltages. Its advantages as a standard, and its practical operation are described.