gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Efficacy of Single Applications of Selected Insecticides Upon German Cockroach Populations, 1980 (1981)

Abstract The study sites were residences under the management of the Omaha Tribal Housing Authority, Macy, Nebraska. Pretreatment German cockroach population levels were assessed by placing sticky traps (distributed by Mitsuboshi Boeki, Inc.) In the homes for 1 night. A trap was placed under the kitchen sink, behind the stove, and behind the toilet of each residence. Traps were removed, cockroaches counted, and a cockroaches/trap/night value calculated. All insecticide treatments were applied using a 3.81 B&G hand sprayer operated at 1.4 kg/cm2 utilizing a multi-tip nozzle set for fan spray. All treatments were applied in accordance with experimental label guidelines. In order to evaluate the efficacy of the treatments, traps were placed in the original locations in the residences for 1 night at 1,2,3 and 6 months posttreatment. A cockroaches/trap/night value was calculated and compared to the pretreatment values to determine percent reduction data.
Synergistic effects of nisin and thymol on antimicrobial activities in<i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>and<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2000)

Nisin Z and thymol were tested, alone and in combination, for antibacterial activity against Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 7644 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 33712. The antibacterial effect of nisin Z, produced by Lactococcus lactis KE3 isolated from the traditional Moroccan fermented milk, was greatly potentiated by sub-inhibitory concentrations of thymol in both bacterial strains. Our data showed that the concentration of nisin required for effective control of food-borne pathogenic bacteria could be considerably lowered by the use of thymol in combination. The use of low concentrations of nisin could lead to a less favourable condition for the occurrence of nisin-resistant bacterial sub-populations.
Super‐global distortion correction for a rotational C‐arm x‐ray image intensifier (1999)

Image intensifier (II) distortion changes as a function of C-arm rotation angle because of changes in the orientation of the II with the earth's or other stray magnetic fields. For cone-beam computed tomography (CT), distortion correction for all angles is essential. The new super-global distortion correction consists of a model to continuously correct II distortion not only at each location in the image but for every rotational angle of the C arm. Calibration bead images were acquired with a standard C arm in 9 in. II mode. The super-global (SG) model is obtained from the single-plane global correction of the selected calibration images with given sampling angle interval. The fifth-order single-plane global corrections yielded a residual rms error of 0.20 pixels, while the SG model yielded a rms error of 0.21 pixels, a negligibly small difference. We evaluated the accuracy dependence of the SG model on various factors, such as the single-plane global fitting order, SG order, and angular sampling interval. We found that a good SG model can be obtained using a sixth-order SG polynomial fit based on the fifth-order single-plane global correction, and that a 10 degrees sampling interval was sufficient. Thus, the SG model saves processing resources and storage space. The residual errors from the mechanical errors of the x-ray system were also investigated, and found comparable with the SG residual error. Additionally, a single-plane global correction was done in the cylindrical coordinate system, and physical information about pincushion distortion and S distortion were observed and analyzed; however, this method is not recommended due to a lack of calculational efficiency. In conclusion, the SG model provides an accurate, fast, and simple correction for rotational C-arm images, which may be used for cone-beam CT.
Artificial mutations and natural variations in the CD46 molecules from human and monkey cells define regions important for measles virus binding (1997)

CD46 was previously shown to be a primate-specific receptor for the Edmonston strain of measles virus. This receptor consists of four short consensus regions (SCR1 to SCR4) which normally function in complement regulation. Measles virus has recently been shown to interact with SCR1 and SCR2. In this study, receptors on different types of monkey erythrocytes were employed as "natural mutant proteins" to further define the virus binding regions of CD46. Erythrocytes from African green monkeys and rhesus macaques hemagglutinate in the presence of measles virus, while baboon erythrocytes were the least efficient of the Old World monkey cells used in these assays. Subsequent studies demonstrated that the SCR2 domain of baboon CD46 contained an Arg-to-Gln mutation at amino acid position 103 which accounted for reduced hemagglutination activity. Surprisingly, none of the New World monkey erythrocytes hemagglutinated in the presence of virus. Sequencing of cDNAs derived from the lymphocytes of these New World monkeys and analysis of their erythrocytes with SCR1-specific polyclonal antibodies indicated that the SCR1 domain was deleted in these cells. Additional experiments, which used 35 different site-specific mutations inserted into CD46, were performed to complement the preceding studies. The effects of these artificial mutations were documented with a convenient binding assay using insect cells expressing the measles virus hemagglutinin. Mutations which mimicked the change found in baboon CD46 or another which deleted the SCR2 glycosylation site reduced binding substantially. Another mutation which altered GluArg to AlaAla at positions 58 and 59, totally abolished binding. Finally, the epitopes for two monoclonal antibodies which inhibit measles virus attachment were mapped to the same regions implicated by mutagenesis.
Chloride Permeability and Microstructure of Portland Cement Mortars Incorporating Nanomaterials (2008)

Chloride permeability of concrete has been recognized as a critical intrinsic property affecting the durability of reinforced concrete. An experimental study was done, designed to examine the chloride permeability and microstructure of portland cement mortar with nanomaterials admixed at 1% by weight of cement. The electromigration test showed that, for cement mortars of the same mix design, the incorporation of nanoparticles (Fe 2 O 3 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , and SiO 2 ) and nanoclays (montmorillonite) improved the chloride penetration resistance of the mortar, as indicated by the reduced apparent diffusion coefficients of chloride anion. The nanomaterials also reduced the general ionic permeability of the mortar, as indicated by the reduced electric charge passing through. Such improvements were especially significant when using nano-SiO 2 and nanoclays. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy test indicated that incorporation of nanomaterials in cement mortar significantly increased its ionic transport resistance and decreased its electric capacitance, and again such effects were especially significant when using nano-SiO 2 and nanoclays. The field emission scanning electron microscopy test revealed that the admixing of nanomaterials not only led to denser cement mortar but also changed the morphology of cement hydration products. Mechanisms are proposed to explain the physicochemical changes induced by the nanomaterials and the specific surface area of nanomaterials is demonstrated as one of the key factors. Considering the low cost of nanoclays, their use in concrete to reduce chloride permeability and to improve other properties of concrete is promising.
RPE, blood glucose, and carbohydrate oxidation during exercise (1991)

This study examined the effects of glucose ingestion on differentiated and undifferentiated ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during prolonged cycling exercise. On two occasions, seven trained males cycled for 180 min on a Monark cycle ergometer at 70% peak VO2 (VO2peak). Subjects consumed an 8% glucose/electrolyte drink (G) or a flavored water placebo (P) every 15 min throughout exercise. Measurement of RPE, ventilation (VE), oxygen uptake (VO2), respiration rate (RR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), heart rate (HR), and venous blood sample collection preceded ingestion of the drink. Subjects were homogenous with respect to height, weight, and VO2peak. RPE for the legs and overall body were significantly attenuated (P less than 0.05) during the last 45 min of exercise. Plasma glucose and insulin were higher (P less than 0.05) in G than in P at virtually all time points. CHO oxidation and work rate were maintained throughout exercise in G but not during the last 30 min of exercise in P (P less than 0.05). Percent changes in plasma volume, plasma lactate, HR, VE, RR, and RPE for the chest were not different between conditions (P greater than 0.05). The data suggest that ingestion of carbohydrate beverages during endurance cycling can maintain plasma glucose and CHO oxidation during the latter stages of prolonged exercise. As a result, it appears that a relationship exists between attenuation of ratings of perceived exertion (especially in the legs), blood glucose, and CHO oxidation late in prolonged exercise. The mechanism for this probably involves the increased availability of blood-borne glucose to serve as substrate for brain and/or muscle energy metabolism during a time when endogenous stores of carbohydrate are low.
Kentucky Law Survey: Education (1975)

This article provides a survey of Kentucky case law on the topic of education. During the past survey year, the Kentucky Court of Appeals decided several cases in which public education was the common denominator. Developments occurred in the areas of student discipline, merger of first class city-county school districts, and due process requirements for removal of tenured teachers. The most significant case, however, was Dorr v. Fitzer, which involved the authority of a county board of education to reject, without cause, a school superintendent's recommendation that a teacher with four consecutive limited service contracts be granted a continuing service contract. In deciding this issue, the Court more precisely defined and significantly reshaped the contours of the Kentucky Teacher's Tenure Law. The effect and propriety of this decision will serve as the subject matter of this article.
The role of GPS in precise Earth observation (2003)

The potential of the Global Positioning System (GPS) for precise Earth observation is evaluated. It is projected that soon GPS will be utilized to track remote-sensing satellites with subdecimeter accuracy. The first will be Topex/Poseidon, a US/French ocean altimetry mission to be launched in 1991. In addition, it is suggested that developments planned for future platforms may push orbit accuracy near 1 cm within a decade. GPS receivers on some platforms will track the signals down to the Earth limb to observe occultation by intervening media. This will provide comprehensive information on global temperature and climate and help detect the possible onset of a greenhouse effect. It is also projected that dual-frequency observations will be used to trace the flow of energy across Earth systems through detection of ionospheric gravity waves, and to map the structure of the ionosphere by computer tomography.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Unified Frequency-Domain Analysis of Switched-Series-$RC$ Passive Mixers and Samplers (2010)

A wide variety of voltage mixers and samplers are implemented with similar circuits employing switches, resistors, and capacitors. Restrictions on duty cycle, bandwidth, or output frequency are commonly used to obtain an analytical expression for the response of these circuits. This paper derives unified expressions without these restrictions. To this end, the circuits are decomposed into a polyphase multipath combination of single-ended or differential switched-series-RC kernels. Linear periodically time-variant network theory is used to find the harmonic transfer functions of the kernels and the effect of polyphase multipath combining. From the resulting transfer functions, the conversion gain, output noise, and noise figure can be calculated for arbitrary duty cycle, bandwidth, and output frequency. Applied to a circuit, the equations provide a mathematical basis for a clear distinction between a “mixing” and a “sampling” operating region while also covering the design space “in between.” Circuit simulations and a comparison with mixers published in literature are performed to support the analysis.
Precision spectroscopy reveals a highly forbidden electronic transition in helium (2011)

Researchers combine optical trapping and frequency comb technology to control and measure the interaction of light with degenerate quantum gases.
New Optical Sampler Based on TOAD and Data Postprocessing for Subpicosecond Pulse Resolution (2004)

A low-complexity terahertz optical asymmetric demultiplexer-based optical sampler with simple data postprocessing for subpicosecond pulse shape characterization is proposed. Comparisons with commercial instruments demonstrate the accuracy of the implemented scheme reproducing optical pulses with a resolution of few hundreds of femtoseconds. Nevertheless, the proposed technique allows us to go down to femtosecond accuracy, slightly increasing the data postprocessing complexity. A further validation of the proposed optical sampler is numerically provided.
Novel multiple assessment of hepatocellular drug disposition in a single packaged procedure (2015)

Better prediction of drug disposition prior to the clinical trial is critical for the efficient development of new drugs. The purpose of this study is to develop a novel multiple assessment methodology of hepatocellular drug disposition from drug uptake to efflux including biliary and basolateral excretion, in a single packaged procedure. We started a sandwich culture using rat primary hepatocytes. After five days culture, the hepatocytes were incubated with a dosing solution including CDF or Rhodamine 123. Three distinct sequences were then performed in parallel: disrupting and maintaining the tight junctions comprising a bile canalicular network at 37 °C, and maintaining the network at 4 °C. Supernatant fractions were collected from each sequence, and followed by the cell lysate collection. The disposition rates of basolateral efflux by diffusion, by transporter-mediation, biliary excretion, and residual cellular fraction of CDF and Rhodamine 123 were 38.2% and 11.0%, 26.6% and 12.1%, 18.6% and 4.9%, and, 16.7% and 72.0%, respectively. CDF was likely to excrete extracellularly whereas Rhodamine 123 tended to remain intracellularly. CDF showed a relatively higher biliary excretion rate than Rhodamine 123. This novel protocol may contribute to improve the predictability of pharmacokinetics eventually in human, and streamline new drug development. 5(6)-Carboxy-2′,7′-dichlorofluoroscein (PubChem CID: 132525); Rhodamine 123 (PubChem CID: 65217).
Transcriptional strategy of closteroviruses: mapping the 5' termini of the citrus tristeza virus subgenomic RNAs (1997)

Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) induces formation of a nested set of at least nine 3' coterminal subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) in infected tissue. The organization and expression of the 19,296-nucleotide (nt) CTV genome resembles that of coronaviruses, with polyprotein processing, translational frameshifting, and multiple sgRNA formation, but phylogenetically the CTV polymerase, like polymerases of other closteroviruses, belongs to the Sindbis virus-like lineage of RNA virus polymerases. Both positive-strand RNA virus supergroups, coronaviruses and Sindbis-like viruses, utilize different mechanisms of transcription. To address the mechanism of CTV transcription, 5' termini for the two most abundant sgRNAs, 1.5 and 0.9 kb, respectively, were mapped by runoff reverse transcription. The two sgRNAs were demonstrated to have 48- and 38-nt 5' untranslated regions (5'-UTRs), respectively. The 5'-UTR for the 1.5-kb RNA was cloned, sequenced, and demonstrated to be colinear with the 48-nt genomic sequence upstream of the initiator codon of the respective open reading frame 10, i.e., to be of continuous template origin. The data obtained suggest that the sgRNA transcription of CTV is dissimilar from the coronavirus transcription and consistent with the transcriptional mechanism of other Sindbis-like viruses. Thus, the Sindbis virus-like mechanism of transcription of the positive-strand RNA genomes might be successfully utilized by the closterovirus genome of up to 19.3 kb with multiple sgRNAs.
The Impact of Osteoarthritis (2004)

Osteoarthritis, the clinical syndrome of joint pain and dysfunction caused by joint degeneration, affects more people than any other joint disease. There are no consistently effective methods for preventing osteoarthritis or slowing its progression, and symptomatic treatments provide limited benefit for many patients. Osteoarthritis disables about 10% of people who are older than 60 years, compromises the quality of life of more than 20 million Americans, and costs the United States economy more than $60 billion per year. The incidence of osteoarthritis rises precipitously with age; as a result, the prevalence and burden of this disorder is increasing rapidly. Study of the patterns osteoarthritis incidence and prevalence shows that it occurs frequently in the hand, foot, knee, spine and hip, but rarely in the ankle, wrist, elbow, and shoulder, and the most important universal risk factors are age, excessive joint loading, and joint injury. Analysis of the impact of osteoarthritis raises questions that include: Why does the incidence increase progressively with age? Why are some joints rarely affected? How do mechanical forces cause joint degeneration? What biologic and mechanical factors slow or accelerate the rate of joint degeneration? Answering these questions could lead to effective methods of preventing osteoarthritis and slowing its progression.
Commercial implementation of postmortem electrical stimulation (1999)

Postmortem electrical stimulation (ES) of meat-producing species is not a new technology but has recently been adapted for commercial use with poultry. Unlike its use in red meats to reduce the inherent toughness and facilitate grading, the application of ES in poultry is to reduce the need for aging carcasses before deboning by reducing the toughening that occurs when the meat is deboned early after death. The current practice of aging intact carcasses or breast halves 4 h or more prior to deboning costs the industry millions of dollars in lost yield and creates logistical problems in plants. Electrical stimulation reduces the need for aging by accelerating the energy depletion involved in rigor mortis development to reduce the shortening-related toughness of early deboning. Some ES systems have the additional effect of inducing physical disruption in the muscle, reducing muscle integrity and counteracting the toughness induced by early deboning. Several ES systems have been reported in the literature with some having been recently developed into commercial-scale devices. With this new technology and the growing pressure on processors to maximize operating efficiencies, processors will need to evaluate their tenderness management programs and customer demands to determine the role ES can play in their operations.
Photoluminescence degradation of blue OLED emitters (2008)

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) based on small-molecule materials are currently developed for applications in flat panel displays and general lighting sources. However, a large number of efficient deep blue emitters still suffer from rather fast degradation and thus, requires further improvement. The aim of the present work is to gain a fundamental understanding of the intrinsic degradation processes causing the low stability of blue OLED emitters. For this purpose we study the photoluminescence (PL) degradation instead of the most often investigated electroluminescence (EL) degradation to separate electrically and optically generated effects. We show a newly developed PL lifetime measurement system which allows the study of degradation processes under the influence of either electron or hole currents. Using this set-up we demonstrate the very high PL stability of the highly efficient blue singlet emitter 2,2',7,7'-tetrakis(2,2-diphenylvinyl)spiro-9,9'-bifluorene (Spiro- DPVBi) under electron and hole currents and compare this to the lifetime of OLEDs using the same emitter material.
Entropy of search logs (2008)

How many pages are there on the Web? 5B? 20B? More? Less? Big bets on clusters in the clouds could be wiped out if a small cache of a few million urls could capture much of the value. Language modeling techniques are applied to MSN's search logs to estimate entropy. The perplexity is surprisingly small: millions, not billions.
Assessing the Quality of Clinical Data in a Computer-based Record for Calculating the Pneumonia Severity Index (2000)

From a clinical perspective, the current level of data quality in the HELP System supports the automation and the prospective evaluation of the Pneumonia Severity Index as a computerized decision support tool.
Exosome-mediated Delivery of Hydrophobically Modified siRNA for Huntingtin mRNA Silencing (2016)

Delivery represents a significant barrier to the clinical advancement of oligonucleotide therapeutics for the treatment of neurological disorders, such as Huntington's disease. Small, endogenous vesicles known as exosomes have the potential to act as oligonucleotide delivery vehicles, but robust and scalable methods for loading RNA therapeutic cargo into exosomes are lacking. Here, we show that hydrophobically modified small interfering RNAs (hsiRNAs) efficiently load into exosomes upon co-incubation, without altering vesicle size distribution or integrity. Exosomes loaded with hsiRNAs targeting Huntingtin mRNA were efficiently internalized by mouse primary cortical neurons and promoted dose-dependent silencing of Huntingtin mRNA and protein. Unilateral infusion of hsiRNA-loaded exosomes, but not hsiRNAs alone, into mouse striatum resulted in bilateral oligonucleotide distribution and statistically significant bilateral silencing of up to 35% of Huntingtin mRNA. The broad distribution and efficacy of hsiRNA-loaded exosomes delivered to brain is expected to advance the development of therapies for the treatment of Huntington's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Energy quantisation in figure eight fibre laser (1992)

For the first time the observation of discrete jumps in the power output of an all-fibre passively mode-locked laser is reported. The discontinuities are associated with quantisation of the energy of the pulses circulating within the laser cavity.