gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Steam-Injection Strategy and Energetics of Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (2005)

Abstract Steam-Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) is being operated by several operators in Athabasca and Cold Lake reservoirs in Central and Northern Alberta. In this process, steam, injected into a horizontal well, flows outwards, contacts and loses its latent heat to bitumen at the edge of a depletion chamber. As a consequence, the viscosity of the bitumen falls, its mobility rises, and it flows under the action of gravity towards a horizontal production well located several meters below and parallel to the injection well. In practice, the temperature difference between the injected steam and produced fluids, called the subcool, is maintained between 15 and 30°C. Despite many pilots and commercial operations, it remains unclear what the impact of subcool on the performance and thermal efficiency of SAGD especially in reservoirs with a top gas zone. The objective of this study was to define a steam chamber operating strategy that leads to optimum oil recovery for minimum cumulative steam to oil ratio in a reservoir with a top gas zone. These findings were established from extensive simulation runs that were built from a detailed geostatistically generated static reservoir model. The strategy devised uses a high initial chamber injection rate and pressure prior to chamber contact with the top gas. Subsequent to breakthrough of the chamber into the gas cap zone, the chamber injection rates are lowered to balance pressures with the top gas and avoid or at least minimize convective heat losses of steam to the top gas zone. The results are also analyzed by examining the energetics of SAGD.
ChemInform Abstract: N‐TERMINAL CYCLIZATION OF PEPTIDES WITH N,N′‐CARBONYLDIIMIDAZOLE OR N,N′‐THIOCARBONYLDIIMIDAZOLE (1978)

Abstract Behandlung des Peptids (I)‐HCl mit dem Reagenz (II) in DMF/Et3N und anschließende katalytische Debenzylierung des intermediären Hydantoinpeptidbenzylesters (94%) ergeben das Hydantoin (IIIa) (Methode A)).
Collaboration in performance of physical tasks (1996)

We report an empirical study of people using mobile collaborative systems to support maintenance tasks on a bicycle.
Printing encapsulation systems (PES) of advanced multichip module and COB device (1994)

Extensive study of methods to screen print an encapsulant on bare die for multichip modules (MCM) and chip-on-board (COB), TAB, and flip-chip applications has produced a "printing encapsulation system" (PES). The key to this system was in the development of a liquid epoxy resin with optimum properties for printing encapsulation. We have developed a printing encapsulation system (PES) that produces high reliability and high quality encapsulated components, free of voids and demonstrating optimal thin consistent encapsulated shapes for advanced COB applications. The PES utilizes an epoxy resin we created with viscosity and open lid storage properties appropriate for mass production. The thixotropic properties have been adjusted carefully to allow for consistent high volume results. The system yields a void free encapsulated device that a is resistant to thermal shock and moisture after short cure times. Full curing can be achieved in as short as 15 min, lending this material and process easily to in-line manufacturing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Postural and Spatial Orientation Driven by Virtual Reality (2009)

Orientation in space is a perceptual variable intimately related to postural orientation that relies on visual and vestibular signals to correctly identify our position relative to vertical. We have combined a virtual environment with motion of a posture platform to produce visual-vestibular conditions that allow us to explore how motion of the visual environment may affect perception of vertical and, consequently, affect postural stabilizing responses. In order to involve a higher level perceptual process, we needed to create a visual environment that was immersive. We did this by developing visual scenes that possess contextual information using color, texture, and 3-dimensional structures. Update latency of the visual scene was close to physiological latencies of the vestibulo-ocular reflex. Using this system we found that even when healthy young adults stand and walk on a stable support surface, they are unable to ignore wide field of view visual motion and they adapt their postural orientation to the parameters of the visual motion. Balance training within our environment elicited measurable rehabilitation outcomes. Thus we believe that virtual environments can serve as a clinical tool for evaluation and training of movement in situations that closely reflect conditions found in the physical world.
Use of hemopexin domains and monoclonal antibodies to hemopexin to probe the molecular determinants of hemopexin-mediated heme transport. (1988)

Plasmin cleaves rabbit serum apohemopexin (Mr = 60,000) at a single site producing a heme-binding domain (I, Mr = 35,000) and a second domain (II, Mr = 25,000) (W. T. Morgan and A. Smith (1984) J. Biol. Chem. 259, 12001-12005). The absorbance spectra of heme-domain I are indicative of a bis-histidyl coordination complex with the central heme iron atom. Chemical modification of the 5 histidine residues of apo-domain I with diethylpyrocarbonate abolished heme binding, supporting this assignment. Upon binding heme, domain I migrates more rapidly in sucrose gradients, and, in sedimentation velocity experiments, the s value of domain I increases from 3.17 +/- 0.04 to 3.71 +/- 0.09, a notably large increase which indicates that the domain becomes much more compact. This conformational change which plays a pivotal role in hemopexin function requires the bis-histidyl coordination with heme iron and leads to a tighter association between domain I and domain II shown by the co-migration of heme-domain I and domain II in sucrose gradients. In turn, the association of heme-domain I with domain II increases the thermal stability of the heme-domain I chromophore. Results of binding studies using mouse hepatoma cells and isolated domains indicate that domain I not only binds heme but also plays a vital part in the hemopexin-receptor interaction. The change in conformation of domain I upon heme binding and the association between domains I and II induced by heme are both notable determinants of the strength of the hemopexin-receptor interaction, but an intact "hinge region" between the domains is not necessary for receptor binding. The importance of both domains in bringing about the transport function of hemopexin is confirmed by the ability of three (two specific for domain I and one for domain II) of seven monoclonal antibodies raised against hemopexin to inhibit the hemopexin-receptor interaction.
Cognitive Impairment Associated with Atorvastatin and Simvastatin (2003)

Clinical guidelines for cholesterol testing and management have been updated recently. With the evolving recognition of benefits and intensified recommendations for cholesterol management, many more patients will require cholesterol-lowering drugs. All the statins share similar adverse-effect profiles, with a low overall frequency of undesirable effects. Emerging data associate statins with a decreased risk of Alzheimer's disease; however, we report two women who experienced significant cognitive impairment temporally related to statin therapy. One woman took atorvastatin, and the other first took atorvastatin, then was rechallenged with simvastatin. Clinicians should be aware of cognitive impairment and dementia as potential adverse effects associated with statin therapy.
Effective low-effort adaptive equalizers for digital mobilophone systems (2003)

It is shown that it is possible to construct relatively powerful adaptive equalizer algorithms with a minimum of required processing effort. Their performance has been tested in extensive simulations of the future pan-European GSM (Groupe Special Mobile) 900 MHz full-digital mobilophone system. It has been found that the performance of the new algorithms is comparable to that of standard MLSE (maximum-likelihood sequence estimation), although their processing effort requirement is just a fraction of that for MLSE. It is concluded that the proposed low-effort equalizers are attractive for application in low-cost receivers (such as hand-held devices) where they bring a reduction of the hardware complexity as well as a decreased power consumption for signal processing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Tailored Control and Optimisation of the Number of Phosphonic Acid Termini on Phosphorus‐Containing Dendrimers for the Ex‐Vivo Activation of Human Monocytes (2008)

The syntheses of a series of phosphonic acid-capped dendrimers is described. This collection is based on a unique set of dendritic structural parameters-cyclo(triphosphazene) core, benzylhydrazone branches and phosphonic acid surface-and was designed to study the influence of phosphonate (phosphonic acid) surface loading towards the activation of human monocytes ex vivo. Starting from the versatile hexachloro-cyclo(triphosphazene) N(3)P(3)Cl(6), six first-generation dendrimers were obtained, bearing one to six full branches, that lead to 4, 8, 12, 16, 20 and 24 phosphonate termini, respectively. The surface loading was also explored at the limit of dense packing by means of a first-generation dendrimer having a cyclo(tetraphosphazene) core and bearing 32 termini, and with a first-generation dendrimer based on a AB(2)/CD(5) growing pattern and bearing 60 termini. Human monocyte activation by these dendrimers confirms the requirement of the whole dendritic structure for bioactivity and identifies the dendrimer bearing four branches, thus 16 phosphonate termini, as the most bioactive.
Basilar Membrane Vibration in the Gerbil Hemicochlea (1998)

Excised gerbil cochleae were cut along the mid-modiolar plane (hemicochlea). Along one-half turn of this preparation, fluorescent microbeads were placed on the basilar membrane (BM). The BM was vibrated with click stimuli (50 micros) produced mechanically by a piezo pusher. The stimulus delivery probe could be positioned either more apical or more basal from the beads. Vibration patterns were measured with a wide bandwidth photomultiplier from the movements of the beads. When the probe was positioned more basal, the responses to click stimuli were brief, damped sinusoids. According to the fast Fourier transforms (FFTs) of the averaged time wave forms, the best frequency between successive beads decreased toward the apex (0.8 octave/mm). Sharpness of tuning of the normalized FFT spectra (NQ10dB) on average was 1.5. Response amplitude at a fixed input level, measured at different beads away from the stimulation site, dropped exponentially (58 dB/mm). In addition, for each individual bead, amplitude dropped linearly with decreasing stimulus intensity. In experiments where the stimulating probe was placed more apical, two major properties were observed: first, beads revealed only the spectral components present in the motion of the probe. Second, magnitude reduction of the displacement of the cochlear partition was greater, on average 155 dB/mm, indicating a lack of significant propagation in the reverse direction.
An Imaging Fourier Transform Spectrometer (2009)

The Michelson, or maybe the Twyman-Green, interferometer can be converted to an imaging spectrometer by the simple addition of an array of detectors at the focal plane. 12.1 Monochromatic Operation Figure 12.1 shows the FTS device in an imaging mode. The front-end optical system (shown as a single lens on the left), generates a collimated beam that passes through the interferometer and covers a finite field of view. The full field of view depends on the size of the FPA that constitutes the field stop. The optics, which may be refractive or reflective, must cover the field with sufficient spatial resolution. The dashed lines show how an off-axis field point sends collimated beams through the interferometer on paths that are not parallel to the axis. These also demonstrate one of the design considerations of the imaging Michelson: the mirrors and beamsplitter must be large enough to accommodate the angles. It is also obvious that the beams do not return upon themselves from the two mirrors as they do with an on-axis ray.
Polyphase Merge Sorting - An Advanced Technique (1960)

Designers of generalized library sort packages for the current and future generations of computers are faced with the challenge of developing new techniques that provide more effective use of these computers. The major concern in developing efficient sorting routines in the past has been the internal sorting techniques, that is, the methods of manipulating the data within the memory of the computer. Precise methods must, of course, be devised for each new computer design but, due to the extensive effort in this area in the past, few new internal sorting techniques have been introduced for, what are in computer terms, generations.
Induction of Fc epsilon RII/CD23 on PHA-activated human peripheral blood T lymphocytes and association of fyn tyrosine kinase with Fc epsilon RII/CD23. (1992)

Despite the evidence for the expression of Fc epsilon RII/CD23, a glycoprotein that is a low-affinity Fc receptor for IgE, obtained on T cell lines and some pathological T cells, that of Fc epsilon RII/CD23 on normal human T cells is still unclear. We studied the emergence of T cells bearing Fc epsilon RII/CD23 in short-term culture of normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated with 15 microliters/ml phytohemagglutinin (PHA). Using two-dimension flow cytometry, more than 10% of Fc epsilon RII/CD23(+) cells were shown to co-express CD3 antigen. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells expressed Fc epsilon RII/CD23. The expression of mRNA for Fc epsilon RII/CD23 on PHA and IL-4 stimulated PBMC was demonstrated by northern blotting and in-situ hybridization. The mechanism of signal transduction through Fc epsilon RII/CD23 was dissected by transfection of cDNA coding for Fc epsilon RII to the human natural killer-like cell line YT, activation of which was easily detected by the induction of interleukin-2 receptor/p55 (Tac). Cross-linking of Fc epsilon RII/CD23 with H107 anti-Fc epsilon RII monoclonal antibody enhanced IL-2R/p55 expression on YT cells transfected with Fc epsilon RII cDNA (YTSER). A possible involvement of protein-tyrosine kinase in the Fc epsilon RII-mediated signal transduction was studied using YTSER. Fc epsilon RII was physically associated with an src-family tyrosine kinase p59fyn and not with p56lck, which was also found in YT cells. Recently it was reported that p59fyn was associated with T-cell antigen receptor. Our results collectively suggest the multiple function of p59fyn which may be implicated in the Fc epsilon RII-mediated activation signal in YT cells.
Specific and nonspecific inhibition of adhesion of oral actinomyces and streptococci to erythrocytes and polystyrene by caseinoglycopeptide derivatives (1988)

Various caseinoglycopeptide derivatives prepared from mammalian milk were evaluated as inhibitors of hemagglutinations mediated by Actinomyces viscosus Ny1, Streptococcus sanguis OMZ9, and, for comparative purposes, plant lectins from Arachis hypogaea and Bauhinia purpurea. It was found that recognition of the beta-D-galactose-(1----3)-2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-galactose carbohydrate chain by Actinomyces viscosus Ny1 organisms and Arachis hypogaea and B. purpurea agglutinins had similar structural requirements; in all cases, the desialylated bovine caseinoglycomacropeptide, on which several units of the above mentioned disaccharide are clustered, behaved as the most potent hemagglutination inhibitor. By contrast, none of the preparations tested inhibited erythrocyte agglutination by S. sanguis OMZ9. Thus, the desialylated bovine caseinoglycomacropeptide acts as a potent and specific inhibitor of oral Actinomyces adhesion to cell membranes (a soft surface) and could be used as a probe for the study of recognition mechanisms mediated by Actinomyces galactose-binding lectins. During the present study, both native and desialylated variants of the same bovine glycomacropeptide also totally prevented the adhesion of Actinomyces viscosus Ny1, S. sanguis OMZ9, and S. mutans OMZ176 to polystyrene surfaces. Comparative evaluations of various structurally different compounds gave the following results. Neither mono- nor disaccharides related to caseinoglycopeptide carbohydrates prevented adhesion; highly positively or negatively charged polypeptides and polysaccharides were either not or only moderately active. Besides these glycomacropeptides, an inhibitory activity was also exhibited by other mucin-type glycoproteins carrying short O-linked carbohydrate chains (including bovine submaxillary mucin), polyethylene glycol, and bovine serum albumin. Consequently, caseinoglycopeptide prevention of oral bacterial adhesion to polystyrene tubes (a hard surface) takes place with no species specificity and can be compared to nonspecific inhibition exhibited by various polymers with very different structural characteristics.
Effects of Dietary Protein and Protease Inhibitors on Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) (1995)

Journal Article Effects of Dietary Protein and Protease Inhibitors on Codling Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Get access Ngaire P. Markwick, Ngaire P. Markwick Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Suzanne J. Reid, Suzanne J. Reid Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar William A. Laing, William A. Laing Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar John T. Christeller John T. Christeller Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Economic Entomology, Volume 88, Issue 1, 1 February 1995, Pages 33–39, https://doi.org/10.1093/jee/88.1.33 Published: 01 February 1995 Article history Received: 16 August 1993 Accepted: 20 July 1994 Published: 01 February 1995
A single chip parallel multiplier by MOS technology (1988)

A parallel multiplier design based on the five-counter cell is discussed. A design optimization for the performance in speed is proposed at the logic design level which is developed into an MOS circuit design. The comparison of the five-counter cell design and the full adder cell design reveals that the proposed design is most useful with pass gate logic and results in high-speed multiplication (approximately twice as fast as that of the full adder design) with a moderate increase in hardware complexity. With the five-counter design, an improvement in the hardware complexity of a squarer can be expected.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Double‐Heterostructure Indium‐Tin Oxide/InGaAsP/AlGaAs Lasers (1993)

Abstract The fabrication and characterization of double‐heterostructure (DH) laser that utilizes an indium‐tin oxide (Ito) transparent cladding and top contact layer. The first room‐temperature lasing operation has been obtained form ITO/InGaAsP/AlGaAs DH laser diode at threshold current density of 12.1 kA/cm 2 . The interfacial recombination velocity of ITO/InGaAsP Interface was estimated to be 4.9 × 10 4 cm/s from a simple model to account for high threshold current, and optical measurements of spontaneous emission and lasing spectra from top stripe window and facet were done.
Plants and people of Nepal (2002)

This volume offers information on some 1,500 kinds of plants found in the country of Nepal, concentrating on the ways that various Nepalese ethnic groups utilize them to meet nutritional, medicinal, and other needs. After a brief introduction to the field of ethnobotany, the author provides sketches
Boilerplate detection using shallow text features (2010)

In addition to the actual content Web pages consist of navigational elements, templates, and advertisements. This boilerplate text typically is not related to the main content, may deteriorate search precision and thus needs to be detected properly. In this paper, we analyze a small set of shallow text features for classifying the individual text elements in a Web page. We compare the approach to complex, state-of-the-art techniques and show that competitive accuracy can be achieved, at almost no cost. Moreover, we derive a simple and plausible stochastic model for describing the boilerplate creation process. With the help of our model, we also quantify the impact of boilerplate removal to retrieval performance and show significant improvements over the baseline. Finally, we extend the principled approach by straight-forward heuristics, achieving a remarkable detection accuracy.
The insensitive high explosive triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB): Development and characterization, 1888 to 1994 (1995)

Assembled in this report are data and references on TATB and its formulations from its first synthesis in 1888 to 1994. This compilation includes sections on synthesis and preparation, analytical methods, properties, performance, aging and compatibility, and on safety. The information is arranged in chronological order within each section. A bibliography rounds out the report.
Potent Nonnucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitors Target HIV-1 Gag-Pol (2006)

Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) target HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) by binding to a pocket in RT that is close to, but distinct, from the DNA polymerase active site and prevent the synthesis of viral cDNA. NNRTIs, in particular, those that are potent inhibitors of RT polymerase activity, can also act as chemical enhancers of the enzyme's inter-subunit interactions. However, the consequences of this chemical enhancement effect on HIV-1 replication are not understood. Here, we show that the potent NNRTIs efavirenz, TMC120, and TMC125, but not nevirapine or delavirdine, inhibit the late stages of HIV-1 replication. These potent NNRTIs enhanced the intracellular processing of Gag and Gag-Pol polyproteins, and this was associated with a decrease in viral particle production from HIV-1-transfected cells. The increased polyprotein processing is consistent with premature activation of the HIV-1 protease by NNRTI-enhanced Gag-Pol multimerization through the embedded RT sequence. These findings support the view that Gag-Pol multimerization is an important step in viral assembly and demonstrate that regulation of Gag-Pol/Gag-Pol interactions is a novel target for small molecule inhibitors of HIV-1 production. Furthermore, these drugs can serve as useful probes to further understand processes involved in HIV-1 particle assembly and maturation.
Counterfactuals and Causal Inference (2007)

Did mandatory busing programs in the 1970s increase the school achievement of disadvantaged minority youth? Does obtaining a college degree increase an individual's labor market earnings? Did the use of the butterfly ballot in some Florida counties in the 2000 presidential election cost Al Gore votes? If so, was the number of miscast votes sufficiently large to have altered the election outcome? At their core, these types of questions are simple cause-and-effect questions. Simple cause-and-effect questions are the motivation for much empirical work in the social sciences. This book presents a model and set of methods for causal effect estimation that social scientists can use to address causal questions such as these. The essential features of the counterfactual model of causality for observational data analysis are presented with examples from sociology, political science, and economics.