gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crystalline CO<sub>2</sub> Copolymer from Epichlorohydrin via Co(III)-Complex-Mediated Stereospecific Polymerization (2013)

As a cheap and easily obtainable raw material, epichlorohydrin is an attractive candidate for copolymerization with CO2 to produce degradable polycarbonate. However, the poor polymer selectivity as well as the concomitant production of ether linkage units in the previous studies hindered further research on this topic, such as asymmetric, stereo- and regioselective ring-opening of epichlorohydrin during its copolymerizaton with CO2. Herein, we report highly stereospecific alternating copolymerization of CO2 and epichlorohydrin for the first time by utilizing chiral bifunctional cobalt–salen catalysts. It was found that the substituents on the phenonate groups around the metal center had a notable effect on the regioselectivity of the ring-opening step for epichlorohydrin. Using an enantiopure salenCo(III) complex bearing an adamantane group and an appended bulky dicyclohexyl ionic ammonium salt, a highly regioregular ring-opening step was observed with a concomitant 97% retention of configuration at the methine carbon center. The isotactic poly(chloropropylene carbonate) is a typical semicrystalline polymer with an enhanced Tg of 42 °C and a Tm of 108 °C. The test of mechanical properties shows that the yield strength and tensile strength of the crystalline copolymer are about 10 and 30 times that of its amorphous counterpart, respectively.
Video assisted resternotomy in high-risk redo operations — the St Mary's experience (2002)

The incidence of re-operative median sternotomy is rising. During resternotomy, catastrophic haemorrhage remains a dreaded complication. We describe our approach and experience with the combined use of Mayfield resternotomy retractor and anterior sternal retraction which allows division of adhesions between the sternum and mediastinal structures under direct vision with endoscopic or conventional instruments prior to resternotomy with a standard Hall reciprocating saw. The mean time to divide the retro-sternal adhesions was 26.4+/-16.7 min. No morbidity related to sternal division was observed. For redo surgery, repeat sternotomy under direct vision may reduce the sternotomy related morbidity (especially the need for cardiopulmonany bypass due to significant haemorrhage) and mortality.
Expression training for complex emotions using facial expressions and head movements (2015)

Imitation is an important aspect of emotion recognition. We present an expression training interface which evaluates the imitation of facial expressions and head movements. The system provides feedback on complex emotion expression, via an integrated emotion classifier which can recognize 18 complex emotions. Feedback is also provided for exact-expression imitation via dynamic time warping. Discrepancies in intensity and frequency of action units are communicated via simple graphs. This work has applications as a training tool for customer-facing professionals and people with Autism Spectrum Conditions.
Effector mechanisms of intestinally induced immunity to Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the rat lung: role of neutrophils and leukotriene B4 (1993)

This paper investigates the effector mechanisms of immune clearance in the lungs of rats immunized against mucoid Pseudomonas aeruginosa. After the gut-associated lymphoid tissue was primed and after a subsequent pulmonary challenge with live bacteria, significantly accelerated bacterial clearances from the lung and raised levels of anti-P. aeruginosa antibodies in sera (immunoglobulin G [IgG], IgA, and IgM) and bronchoalveolar lavages (IgG and IgA) were observed for all immune animals. These changes were associated with enhanced recruitment, chemotaxis, chemokinesis, phagocytic indices, and chemiluminescence of pulmonary polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). In the alveolar spaces of immune animals, an increase in the level of PMN recruitment was not associated with higher levels of leukotriene B4 (LTB4). In contrast, in nonimmune animals that were intratracheally infected with P. aeruginosa, the levels of recruitment and activity of alveolar PMN were lower than those in immune rats but PMN infiltration correlated with a significant increase in the synthesis of LTB4 in the alveolar space. In pulmonary tissue, LTB4 synthesis for both groups was elevated. These findings suggest that accelerated clearance of mucoid P. aeruginosa from the lungs of intestinally immunized rats is due at least in part to factors that induce the enhancement of PMN recruitment and activity in the alveolar space. The mediators that regulate this enhanced response remain unknown but do not seem to include LTB4. The high levels of LTB4 measured in the bronchoalveolar lavages and pulmonary tissues from nonimmune animals infected with live bacteria implicate LTB4 as an important amplifier of the inflammatory response during acute pulmonary infections with mucoid P. aeruginosa in unimmunized hosts.
An OCD perspective of line edge and line width roughness metrology (2017)

Metrology of nanoscale patterns poses multiple challenges that range from measurement noise, metrology errors, probe size etc. Optical Metrology has gained a lot of significance in the semiconductor industry due to its fast turn around and reliable accuracy, particularly to monitor in-line process variations. Apart from monitoring critical dimension, thickness of films, there are multiple parameters that can be extracted from Optical Metrology models3. Sidewall angles, material compositions etc., can also be modeled to acceptable accuracy. Line edge and Line Width roughness are much sought of metrology following critical dimension and its uniformity, although there has not been much development in them with optical metrology. Scanning Electron Microscopy is still used as a standard metrology technique for assessment of Line Edge and Line Width roughness. In this work we present an assessment of Optical Metrology and its ability to model roughness from a set of structures with intentional jogs to simulate both Line edge and Line width roughness at multiple amplitudes and frequencies. We also present multiple models to represent roughness and extract relevant parameters from Optical metrology. Another critical aspect of optical metrology setup is correlation of measurement to a complementary technique to calibrate models. In this work, we also present comparison of roughness parameters extracted and measured with variation of image processing conditions on a commercially available CD-SEM tool.
A Comparative Study of Texture Measures for Terrain Classification (1976)

Three standard approaches to automatic texture classification make use of features based on the Fourier power spectrum, on second-order gray level statistics, and on first-order statistics of gray level differences, respectively. Feature sets of these types, all designed analogously, were used to classify two sets of terrain samples. It was found that the Fourier features generally performed more poorly, while the other feature sets all performned comparably.
Efinaconazole solution in the treatment of toenail onychomycosis: a phase 2, multicenter, randomized, double-blind study. (2013)

This study provided evidence that once-daily efinaconazole 10% solution (with or without semiocclusion) applied topically for 36 weeks was more effective than vehicle in treating DLSO and was well tolerated. Based on these results, efinaconazole 10% solution was chosen for the phase 3 development program.
Lensing Effect in Helical TEA Lasers (1974)

A complete analysis of the lensing effect in helical TEA lasers is presented. Based on the theory of the gas lens, a theoretical model is developed and found capable of explaining the fast and slow time behavior of the lensing effect. It is also found that at the instant of laser emission, the helical TEA laser still presents a parabolic index of refraction profile.
Miniaturized multichannel electrospray ionization emitters on poly(dimethylsiloxane) microfluidic devices (2001)

A multichannel electrospray ionization (ESI) emitter was fabricated as part of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) microfluidic device using a three-layer photoresist process which also produces a self-alignment system to make a bonding between the top and bottom PDMS parts. The prototype device (2 cm high x 5 cm wide x 5 cm long) had 16-channels (30 microm wide x 50 microm deep) with emitters of 1 mm length and 60 degrees point angle. The PDMS emitter tips enabled interfacing the device to ESI-mass spectrometry; a stable electrospray from the tips was performed with limits of detection under 1 microM for reference peptides (adrenocorticotropic hormone fragment 1-17, angiotensin I and III).
Editorial: Earthly Minded and Heavenly Good? (2020)

As I pen these words, we in the United States have recently observed the Martin Luther King, Jr., federal holiday. Over the long holiday weekend, my wife and I saw the motion picture, Just Mercy, a powerful and moving portrayal of a case in rural Alabama in the late 1980s of an African American man wrongfully convicted of a brutal murder. The film chronicled the efforts of a young civil rights lawyer to get his client a new trial so that evidence suppressed in the original trial might be presented in order to right the previous wrong. The events portrayed in the film, occurring some thirty years ago, continue, to our shame, to reflect the lives and conditions of many in minority communities today.
“新区域主义”下城镇空间发展的规划协调机制——基于皖江城市带和济南都市圈的探讨 (2013)

鉴于我国区域发展和地方管治的状况和存在的矛盾,探讨纵向政府关系及空间规划对城镇空间协调发展的作用机制.基于理论分析形成“政府管治-空间规划-空间发展”分析框架,结合皖江城市带和济南都市圈的实证研究,考察区域和地方尺度的空间发展状态,总结区域城镇空间发展的规划协调机制,探讨当前空间规划工作中的协调问题,提出改进思路和完善建议.
Low Dose Nicotine and Antagonism of β2 Subunit Containing Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Have Similar Effects on Affective Behavior in Mice (2012)

Nicotine leads to both activation and desensitization (inactivation) of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). This study tested the hypothesis that nicotine and a selective antagonist of β2*nAChRs would have similar effects on affective behavior. Adult C57BL/6J male mice were tested in a conditioned emotional response (CER) assay which evaluates the ability of an aversive stimulus to inhibit goal-directed behavior. Mice lever-pressed for a saccharin reinforcer according to a variable schedule of reinforcement during sessions in which two presentations of a compound light/tone conditioned stimulus (CS) co-terminated with a 0.1 or 0.3 mA, 0.5 s footshock unconditioned stimulus (US). During testing in the absence of the US, mice received doses of i.p. nicotine (0, 0.0032, 0.01, 0.032, 0.1 mg/kg) or a selective β2 subunit containing nAChR (β2*nAChR) antagonist dihydro-beta-erythroidine (0, 0.1, 0.3, 1.0, 3.0 mg/kg DHβE). There was a dose-dependent effect of nicotine revealing that only low doses (0.01, 0.032 mg/kg) increased CER suppression ratios (SR) in these mice. DHβE also dose-dependently increased SR at the 3 mg/kg dose. In ethological measures of fear-/anxiety-like behavior, these doses of nicotine and DHβE significantly reduced digging behavior in a marble burying task and 0.3 mg/kg DHβE promoted open-arm activity in the elevated plus maze. Doses of nicotine and DHβE that altered affective behavior had no effect on locomotor activity. Similar to previous reports with anxiolytic drugs, low dose nicotine and DHβE reversed SR in a CER assay, decreased digging in a marble burying assay and increased open arm activity in the elevated plus maze. This study provides evidence that inactivation of β2*nAChRs reduces fear-like and anxiety-like behavior in rodents and suggests that smokers may be motivated to smoke in part to desensitize their β2*nAChRs. These data further identify β2*nAChR antagonism as a potential therapeutic strategy for relief of negative affect and anxiety.
Experimental test of the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans theory for light scattering by fractal aggregates (2002)

Calibrated measurements of optical (lambda = 488-nm) scattering cross sections, in the form of Rayleigh ratios, are presented for two fractal aggregate aerosols. The aggregates have radii of gyration of approximately 280 nm, fractal dimensions of approximately 1.75, and monomer sizes of approximately 20 nm with approximately 150 monomers per cluster. One aerosol was composed of vitreous SiO2 with a refractive index of 1.46, the other of anatase TiO2 with a refractive index of 2.61. We found good agreement with the Rayleigh-Debye-Gans prediction for the scattering cross section of fractal aggregates.
ON THE SYNTHESIS OF ANTIBODY PROTEIN IN VITRO (1956)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Telephony's next act (2006)

This paper discusses the impending merger of traditional telephone networks and the Internet via a new technology, called voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP). A key issue that must be addressed is how to merge the respective databases of the two communication networks. With a new type of data record, called ENUM (electronic number), the legacy information of both telephony and the Internet can be accommodated and allow a phone number to be converted to an Internet address. DNS capabilities, however, first need to be strengthened to ensure they can meet the demands of ENUM and other new network technologies.
Laser-induced microstructuring of two-dimensional layered inorganic–organic perovskites (2016)

Non-contact bi-directional micropatterning of two-dimensional (2D) layered inorganic-organic (IO) perovskite [(R-NH3)2PbI4, R = organic moiety] thin films by direct laser writing (DLW) has been reported. These 2D materials are in the form of natural multiple quantum well (MQW) structures and show excitonic luminescence at room temperature because of quantum and dielectric confinement effects. Systematic optical and structural analyses of these laser processed hybrid systems provide an insight into laser-matter interaction and a pathway to develop technology to define complex 2D material based devices with new functionalities. These laser-matter interaction studies reveal several concurrent processes: single photon absorption, material ablation, melting and agglomeration of nanostructures and chemical/physical modifications. This study also provides an insight into chemical and optical changes in laser processed 2D perovskites which subsequently can be recovered by chemical processing. Apart from controllable feature sizes, the prolonged laser exposure results in material agglomeration in the form of nano-pillars at the laser track boundaries. Low-cost micro/nano-scaffolding of IO perovskites may have several important advantages in scalable optoelectronic devices, the realisation of luminescent photonic architectures (photonic crystals and waveguides), and light harvesting elements for IO LEDs and solar cells.
Look-ahead and look-behind shortcuts in large item category hierarchies: The impact on search performance (2009)

Journal Article Look-ahead and look-behind shortcuts in large item category hierarchies: The impact on search performance Get access John Harold Pardue, John Harold Pardue a University of South Alabama, Faculty Court East 20, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Jeffery Paul Landry, Jeffery Paul Landry a University of South Alabama, Faculty Court East 20, Mobile, AL 36688-0002, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Eric Kyper, Eric Kyper * b Lynchburg College, School of Business and Economics, 1501 Lakeside Drive, Lynchburg, VA 24501-3199, USA * Corresponding author. Tel.: +1 434 544 8167. E-mail addresses:hpardue@usouthal.edu (J.H. Pardue), jlandry@usouthal.edu (J.P. Landry), kyper@lynchburg.edu (E. Kyper), rlievano@d.umn.edu (R. Lievano). Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Rodrigo Lievano Rodrigo Lievano c University of Minnesota Duluth, Labovitz School of Business and Economics, 10 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Interacting with Computers, Volume 21, Issue 4, August 2009, Pages 235–242, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.intcom.2009.05.008 Published: 23 June 2009 Article history Received: 07 February 2008 Revision received: 28 April 2009 Accepted: 13 May 2009 Published: 23 June 2009
Size, constant sequences, and optimal selection (2005)

Because the abundance of functional molecules in RNA sequence space has many unexplored aspects, we compared the outcome of 11 independent selections, performed using the same affinity selection protocol and contiguous randomized regions of 16, 22, 26, 50, 70, and 90 nucleotides. All affinity selections targeted the simplest isoleucine aptamer, an asymmetric internal loop. This loop should be abundant in all selections, so that it can be compared across all experiments. In some cases, two primer sets intended to favor selection of different structures have also been compared. The simplest isoleucine aptamer dominates all selections except with the shortest tract, 16 contiguous randomized nucleotides. Here the isoleucine aptamer cannot be accommodated and no other motif can be selected. Our results suggest an optimum length for selection; surprisingly, both the shortest and the longest randomized tracts make it more difficult to recover the motif. Estimated apparent initial abundances suggest that the simplest isoleucine motif was 20- to 40-fold more frequent in selection with 50- or 70-nucleotide randomized regions than with any other length. Considering primer sets, a pre-formed stable stem within fixed flanking sequences had a five-to 10-fold negative effect on apparent motif abundance at all lengths. Differing random tract lengths also determined the probable motif permutation and the most abundant helix lengths. These data support a significant but lesser role for primer sequences in the outcome of selections.
A New Class of Versatile Chiral-Bridged Atropisomeric Diphosphine Ligands:  Remarkably Efficient Ligand Syntheses and Their Applications in Highly Enantioselective Hydrogenation Reactions (2006)

A series of chiral diphosphine ligands denoted as PQ-Phos was prepared by atropdiastereoselective Ullmann coupling and ring-closure reactions. The Ullmann coupling reaction of the biaryl diphosphine dioxides is featured by highly efficient central-to-axial chirality transfer with diastereomeric excess >99%. This substrate-directed diastereomeric biaryl coupling reaction is unprecedented for the preparation of chiral diphosphine dioxides, and our method precludes the tedious resolution procedures usually required for preparing enantiomerically pure diphosphine ligands. The effect of chiral recognition was also revealed in a relevant asymmetric ring-closure reaction. The chiral tether bridging the two aryl units creates a conformationally rigid scaffold essential for enantiofacial differentiation; fine-tuning of the ligand scaffold (e.g., dihedral angles) can be achieved by varying the chain length of the chiral tether. The enantiomerically pure Ru- and Ir-PQ-Phos complexes have been prepared and applied to the catalytic enantioselective hydrogenations of alpha- and beta-ketoesters (C=O bond reduction), 2-(6'-methoxy-2'-naphthyl)propenoic acid, alkyl-substituted beta-dehydroamino acids (C=C bond reduction), and N-heteroaromatic compounds (C=N bond reduction). An excellent level of enantioselection (up to 99.9% ee) has been attained for the catalytic reactions. In addition, the significant ligand dihedral angle effects on the Ir-catalyzed asymmetric hydrogenation of N-heteroaromatic compounds were also revealed.
Breast Cancer Metastasis: Challenges and Opportunities (2009)

Despite exciting progress in the understanding of breast cancer\ndevelopment and progression, and in the development of novel\ntherapeutic strategies, breast cancer remains the second leading\ncause of cancer-related death in women, with a yearly toll of more\nthan 40,000 deaths in the United States alone. Breast cancer–related\ndeaths are mainly due to the “incurable” nature of metastatic\nbreast cancer (MBC) at the current time. It is estimated that\n∼6% of patients have metastatic disease at the time of diagnosis\nand 20% to 50% patients first diagnosed with primary breast cancer\nwill eventually develop metastatic disease. Even with the remarkable\nadvances in research and clinical management, the\ncurrent treatment strategies for breast cancer metastasis still\nlargely rely on the use of systemic cytotoxic agents, which frequently\ndeteriorate the patient's life quality due to severe side\neffects and, in many cases, have limited long-term success. The\nprognosis for MBC patients is poor, with an estimated 5-year survival\nof only 26%. Therefore, MBC remains the most challenging\ntask facing both cancer researcher and oncologist. To tackle this\nchallenge, scientists and physicians of the Breast Cancer Research\nProgram at the M.D. Anderson Cancer Center held a symposium to\n(a) provide a better understanding of breast cancer metastasis at\nthe molecular and cellular level; (b) introduce cutting-edge technologies\nin metastatic breast cancer detection, including clinicopathologic\ndetection, circulating tumor cells (CTC) detection, and\nadvanced imaging; and (c) solicit innovative ideas in basic, translational\nresearch and clinical patient management. The symposium\nled to a positive consensus notion that we will be able to prevent,\nand to a lesser degree, treat metastasis and ultimately save most\npatients from metastatic deaths in the foreseeable future.
Vector control of trapezoidal back-EMF PM machines using pseudo-Park transformation (2008)

This paper deals with an extension of Park's transformation to model permanent magnet (PM) non- sinusoidal machines by means of the so-called pseudo-dq axes reference frame. Speed and torque vector control can then be implemented resulting in a motor drive performance close to that of sinusoidal PM machines drives. Similarly, the proposed control algorithm is derived by decomposing the machine current into two components, one being linked to the torque and the other one to its flux. The paper discusses the benefits resulting from the use of vector control in a brushless dc motor drive. Both simulation and experimental results are used to validate the proposed motor drive model and the related control strategy.
Electrolytical Entrapment of Organic Molecules within Metals (2009)

An electrolytical method is presented for the doping of metal with organic molecules (0.1−1% by weight). Several representative organic molecules, including dyes and polymers, have been entrapped in copper or silver using this procedure. The resulting doped metals have been characterized using TGA, UV−vis, SEM, EDS, and XRD. The dynamics of dye extraction from composites has been modeled, offering a means to quantify the leaching behavior of organics@metals. Typically, entrapped molecules are shown to be heterogeneously distributed within the composites, including a population which is entrapped tighter than with nonelectrolytic methods.