gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tunable/Reconfigurable Metasurfaces: Physics and Applications (2019)

Metasurfaces, ultrathin metamaterials constructed by planar meta-atoms with tailored electromagnetic (EM) responses, have attracted tremendous attention due to their exotic abilities to freely control EM waves. With active elements incorporated into metasurface designs, one can realize tunable and/or reconfigurable metadevices with functionalities controlled by external stimuli, opening a new platform to dynamically manipulate EM waves. In this article, we briefly review recent progress on tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces, focusing on their working mechanisms and practical applications. We first describe available approaches, categorized into different classes based on external stimuli applied, to realize <i>homogeneous</i> tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces, which can offer uniform manipulations on EM waves. We next summarize recent achievements on <i>inhomogeneous</i> tunable/reconfigurable metasurfaces with constitutional meta-atoms locally tuned by external knobs, which can dynamically control the wave-fronts of EM waves. We conclude this review by presenting our own perspectives on possible future directions and existing challenges in this fast developing field.
Cytoplasmic Inclusion Bodies in <i>Escherichia coli</i> Producing Biosynthetic Human Insulin Proteins (1982)

Escherichia coli that has been genetically manipulated by recombinant DNA technology to synthesize human insulin polypeptides (A chain, B chain, or proinsulin) contains prominent cytoplasmic inclusion bodies. The amount of inclusion product within the cells corresponds to the quantity of chimeric protein formed by the bacteria. At peak production, the inclusion bodies may occupy as much as 20 percent of the Escherichia coli cellular volume.
Chemical induction of fruit abscission in olives (1968)

To facilitate mechanical harvesting of olives by trunk or limb shakers, and increase fruit removal, research has continued toward reducing the fruit-stem attachment force. Previous studies in California have shown that ascorbic or iodoacetic acid are effective in reducing the attachment force of olive fruit, but only when applied under conditions of very high air moisture. Attempts at artificially increasing the humidity surrounding the trees during or following spray application have been unsuccessful. The addition of surfactants or penetrante has not enabled use of ascorbic or iodoacetic acid to effectively loosen olive fruits under the low humidity conditions which prevail during the table olive harvest season in California.
Enhanced ability of skeletal muscle containing cyclocreatine phosphate to sustain ATP levels during ischemia following beta-adrenergic stimulation. (1987)

Breast muscle of young chicks fed chow diets containing the creatine analog 1-carboxymethyl-2-iminoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine) accumulated up to 40 mumol/g wet weight of the synthetic phosphagen 1-carboxymethyl-2-imino-3-phosphonoimidazolidine (cyclocreatine-P2-). ATP levels were sustained at high values substantially longer in breast muscle of cyclocreatine-fed chicks, compared to control-fed chicks, during total ischemia initiated 2 h after injection of both groups with the beta-adrenergic agonist isoproterenol (5 mg/kg subcutaneous). For example, in chicks fed 0.5% cyclocreatine for 10-19 days ATP levels in isoproterenol-stimulated breast muscles after 1 h of ischemia at 37 degrees C were 6.1 mumol/g, compared to 1.9 mumol/g for the control-fed group, and after 2 h of ischemia were 3.5 mumol/g compared to 0.6 mumol/g for controls. Creatine-P reserves in isoproterenol-stimulated breast muscles of all dietary groups were essentially exhausted within the first hour of ischemia. In contrast, breast muscle of chicks fed either 1 or 0.5% cyclocreatine still contained 28 and 19 mumol/g of cyclocreatine-P, respectively, after 1 h of ischemia; after 2 h of ischemia, the respective cyclocreatine-P values were 20 and 13 mumol/g. Isoproterenol-stimulated chick breast muscle provides the first skeletal muscle model system for studying the molecular mechanisms by which dietary cyclocreatine helps sustain ATP levels during ischemia. Although adaptive factors are also involved, it is suggested that a significant portion of the ATP-sustaining activity of dietary cyclocreatine in ischemic breast muscle can be attributed to the unique thermodynamic properties of the accumulated cyclocreatine-P. These properties enable cyclocreatine-P to continue to thermodynamically buffer the adenylate system and transport high energy phosphate throughout the long muscle fibers at cytosolic pH values and phosphorylation potentials well below the range where the creatine-P system can function effectively. Synergism between glycolysis and this long-acting synthetic phosphagen might well help delay depletion of ATP levels in skeletal muscles during ischemia. Cyclocreatine feeding provides a unique experimental tool for quantitative evaluation of the proposed protective role of ATP against irreversible cellular damage in skeletal and cardiac muscles during ischemic episodes.
Demonstration of a high-altitude laser crosslink (2002)

The requirement to send ever increasing amounts of tactical military information between sensor aircraft and information processing facilities for command and control purposes has begun to reach the physical limits of present RF data links, even when data compression is employed. Use of laser data links is under consideration by the United States Air Force and development of an airborne laser data link is under way by the United States Air Force Research Laboratory Sensors Directorate (AFRL/SN). This technology development program is being conducted in two phases. The first phase included the design and evaluation of a laser data link ground demonstration. This demonstration was carried out in August and September, 1995 between a laser terminal on Mount (Mt.) Mauna Loa on the island of Hawaii and a similar laser terminal on Mt. Haleakala on the island of Maul located 150 kilometers (km) away. The terminals used in this ground demonstration were capable of 1.1 gigabits per second (GBPS), full duplex communication with bit error rates (BERs) of 10/sup -6/ or better. A motion and vibration base was used to simulate flight conditions, while the terminal instrumentation was used to collect atmospheric effects data. Results of the ground demonstration, including signal acquisition, tracking stability, and scintillation were used to modify the design of the laser terminal for follow-on air-to-air operations. The second phase of the AFRL/SN development program under way is the transition of the ground demonstration results into a refined terminal design for installation into two business class jet aircraft. Flight demonstration of the laser data link between these kinematic aerial platforms will be performed between two T-39A (Sabreliner 40) test aircraft at distances up to 500 km and altitudes up to 40 kft (12.2km). A ground-based field test of these two refined laser terminals is planned for November 1999 between Mt. Palomar in San Diego, CA and a test site 50 km away. The installation of high-bandwidth laser data link terminals for communication between high-altitude aerial platforms provides for two advances. First, the ability to use advanced airborne sensors generating very large amounts of raw data in near real-time. Second, command and control, decisions can be made based on a more timely and comprehensive database of information.
ZERO-MOMENT POINT — THIRTY FIVE YEARS OF ITS LIFE (2004)

This paper is devoted to the permanence of the concept of Zero-Moment Point, widely-known by the acronym ZMP. Thirty-five years have elapsed since its implicit presentation (actually before being named ZMP) to the scientific community and thirty-three years since it was explicitly introduced and clearly elaborated, initially in the leading journals published in English. Its first practical demonstration took place in Japan in 1984, at Waseda University, Laboratory of Ichiro Kato, in the first dynamically balanced robot WL-10RD of the robotic family WABOT. The paper gives an in-depth discussion of source results concerning ZMP, paying particular attention to some delicate issues that may lead to confusion if this method is applied in a mechanistic manner onto irregular cases of artificial gait, i.e. in the case of loss of dynamic balance of a humanoid robot. After a short survey of the history of the origin of ZMP a very detailed elaboration of ZMP notion is given, with a special review concerning "boundary cases" when the ZMP is close to the edge of the support polygon and "fictious cases" when the ZMP should be outside the support polygon. In addition, the difference between ZMP and the center of pressure is pointed out. Finally, some unresolved or insufficiently treated phenomena that may yield a significant improvement in robot performance are considered.
Letters to the Editor (1997)

Dear Sir: We would like to express concern regarding a recent article by Muschler et al.5 We believe the authors' broad conclusion. "These data should be a caution to the clinician who may consider use of collagen ceramic composites similar to Collagraft for spinal fusion applications," overstates their results. The model used in this study is neither relevant nor reliable. Wire fixation of spinous processes and placement of a polymethylmethacrylate cap is not consistent with the clinical use of rigid fixation used for fusion. Muschler and his colleagues described a surgical learning curve and a site effect with this model in an earlier paper,1,3 they since have switched to a more rigid model with fixation plates,4 acknowledging that the earlier model carried some "risk of thermal injury to the graft site or graft material" and that the fixation "was not as rigid or reproducible as that achieved using plates." Other large animal spinal fusion studies involving rigid fixation and longer followup times by Lynch et al,2 Flatley et al,1 Zerwekh et al,7 and Walsh et al6 have reported successful outcomes for Collagraft Bone Graft Matrix or its prototypes. The experiments reported in this paper used early prototype materials, and we feel that it is inappropriate to imply that these results apply to commercial grade Collagraft implant. We also caution the reader that Collagraft implant is not approved for use in spinal fusion in paste or strip form, nor is any other synthetic bone graft substitute. Carol F.H. Harner, PhD Vice President, Scientific Affairs; Collagen Corporation; Palo Alto, CA
[Clinical and immunological characteristics of dystrophic diseases of the retina in cleaners up after the Chernobyl AES accident]. (2002)

A total of 119 Chernobyl liquidators with dystrophic changes in the retina were examined. Primary sclerotic maculodystrophy was diagnosed in 87 (73.1%, 174 eyes), bilateral peripheral chorioretinal degeneration in 40 (33.6%, 80 eyes), and hypertensive retinopathy in 12 patients (10.1%, 24 eyes). Twenty (16.8%) patients (40 eyes) presented with combined diseases (maculodystrophy and peripheral chorioretinal degeneration, maculodystrophy and retinopathy). Central "dry" forms of retinal involvement predominated, affecting mainly central visual acuity and electrophysiological parameters. Disordered immunological reactivity and activation of autoimmune and immunocomplex reactions play an important role in the pathogenesis of these changes.
Production and identification of natural monocyte chemotactic protein from virally infected murine fibroblasts (1991)

Primary cultures of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and confluent monolayers of mouse fibroblastoid cells (L929) were found to secrete a chemotactic factor specific for monocytes. It biological activity was deduced from both the migration distance under agarose and the number of migrated monocytes in the micropore filter method. The monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP) was inducible in these cells by double-stranded RNA and by infection with virus. In embryonic fibroblasts MCP was also produced in response to the cytokines interleukin-1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). Under all conditions for induction of MCP tested no production of chemotactic activity for granulocytes could be detected. MCP activity from virally infected L929 cells was concentrated and purified by sequential adsorption to controlled pore glass, heparin-Sepharose chromatography, ion-exchange FPLC and reversed-phase HPLC. Pure MCP was found to occur mainly as a 7-8-kDa protein. Although the mature protein possessed a blocked NH2-terminus, it was identified by enzymatic cleavage and sequence analysis of an internal fragment. The sequence obtained corresponded to a part of the cDNA-derived protein sequence of the murine 'competence' (JE) gene, inducible in fibroblasts by cytokines and virus. In all probability the 7-8-kDa MCP form represents the natural product of the mouse gene JE. Murine MCP can thus be classified in the novel family of small inducible inflammatory proteins.
Low Density of Interface States in n-Type 4H-SiC MOS Capacitors Achieved by Nitrogen Implantation (2005)

This DOI is not currently attached to any metadata records. DOIs can’t actually ever be deleted (they’re persistent), but sometimes our members create DOIs in error. We do have a process to approximate deletion which we follow only in rare cases where the DOI has been genuinely created in error, and most crucially, if the DOI has never been published anywhere online or in print and never otherwise distributed to or communicated with anyone (authors, readers, reviewers, etc.
Notes- Reactions of N,N-Dichloroamines (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes- Reactions of N,N-DichloroaminesS Reid and D SharpCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 7, 2567–2568Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1961Publication History Published online4 March 2003Published inissue 1 July 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01351a626https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01351a626research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views73Altmetric-Citations12LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
VIS4ML: An Ontology for Visual Analytics Assisted Machine Learning (2018)

While many VA workflows make use of machine-learned models to support analytical tasks, VA workflows have become increasingly important in understanding and improving Machine Learning (ML) processes. In this paper, we propose an ontology (VIS4ML) for a subarea of VA, namely "VA-assisted ML". The purpose of VIS4ML is to describe and understand existing VA workflows used in ML as well as to detect gaps in ML processes and the potential of introducing advanced VA techniques to such processes. Ontologies have been widely used to map out the scope of a topic in biology, medicine, and many other disciplines. We adopt the scholarly methodologies for constructing VIS4ML, including the specification, conceptualization, formalization, implementation, and validation of ontologies. In particular, we reinterpret the traditional VA pipeline to encompass model-development workflows. We introduce necessary definitions, rules, syntaxes, and visual notations for formulating VIS4ML and make use of semantic web technologies for implementing it in the Web Ontology Language (OWL). VIS4ML captures the high-level knowledge about previous workflows where VA is used to assist in ML. It is consistent with the established VA concepts and will continue to evolve along with the future developments in VA and ML. While this ontology is an effort for building the theoretical foundation of VA, it can be used by practitioners in real-world applications to optimize model-development workflows by systematically examining the potential benefits that can be brought about by either machine or human capabilities. Meanwhile, VIS4ML is intended to be extensible and will continue to be updated to reflect future advancements in using VA for building high-quality data-analytical models or for building such models rapidly.
Targeted Drug Delivery to Central Nervous System (CNS) for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Disorders: Trends and Advances (2014)

The treatment of brain diseases has been a major challenge since a long time. Although there are several potent drugs, which are highly therapeutic yet their efficiency is marred due to the presence of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB). The BBB, which is present at the capillary level regulates and monitors the entry of all small and large molecules entering into the brain. Although this barrier is of immense importance to the brain in terms of safety, it becomes a hindrance when it comes to therapy because the drug molecules are unable to reach the brain. Various biomaterial-based strategies are being developed to overcome the BBB and deliver the drug into the brain. These include polymeric nanoparticles, liposomes, solid-lipid nanoparticles (SLNPs), nanogels, implants, etc. This review provides an overview on CNS disorders, BBB, and various delivery strategies available for biologists engaged in translational neuroscience, to target CNS.
Co-option of neurotransmitter signaling for inter-organismal communication in C. elegans (2019)

Biogenic amine neurotransmitters play a central role in metazoan biology, and both their chemical structures and cognate receptors are evolutionarily conserved. Their primary roles are in cell-to-cell signaling, as biogenic amines are not normally recruited for communication between separate individuals. Here, we show that in the nematode C. elegans, a neurotransmitter-sensing G protein-coupled receptor, TYRA-2, is required for avoidance responses to osas#9, an ascaroside pheromone that incorporates the neurotransmitter, octopamine. Neuronal ablation, cell-specific genetic rescue, and calcium imaging show that tyra-2 expression in the nociceptive neuron, ASH, is necessary and sufficient to induce osas#9 avoidance. Ectopic expression in the AWA neuron, which is generally associated with attractive responses, reverses the response to osas#9, resulting in attraction instead of avoidance behavior, confirming that TYRA-2 partakes in the sensing of osas#9. The TYRA-2/osas#9 signaling system represents an inter-organismal communication channel that evolved via co-option of a neurotransmitter and its cognate receptor.
Putrescine and Acid Stress (1983)

Incubation of peeled oat Avena sativa L. var Victory leaf segments on media of pH 5.0 or below leads to a rapid and massive increase in the titer of putrescine while incubation at pH values above 5.0 causes little or no change. The low pH effect is independent of the buffer system employed. Putrescine levels rise within 3 hours and reach their peak 8 to 9 hours after acidification. At this time, putrescine titer is eight times greater at pH 3.5 than at 6.0. None of the other polyamines shows a response to changes in external pH. The increase in putrescine is blocked by the addition of cycloheximide or dl-alpha-difluoromethylarginine, a specific inhibitor of the putrescine biosynthetic enzyme, arginine decarboxylase. In one experiment, arginine decarboxylase activity was 110% greater at pH 4.0 than at 6.0 after a 4-hour incubation, although the average increase over many experiments was 47%. The activity of the other possible putrescine biosynthetic enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase, falls throughout the incubation period and is virtually equal at pH 4.0 and 6.0.
Ultrafiltration of milk on mineral membranes: improved performance* (1982)

A new generation of inorganic ultrafiltration (UF) alumina membranes was tested on milk considering membrane porosity, UF pressure. duration of treatment. concentration factor, and ultrafiltrate flux. The experiments were carried out on whole raw milk at a low temperature to simplify the technology and to limit bacteriological growth while considerably reducing the cost of energy. Different modifications were studied to improve the UF process: pre‐remitting, enrichment of milk with calcium, and flow regime. The results indicate that it is possible to increase the ultrafiltrate flux considerably while maintaining a high level of retention of nitrogen compounds, thus opening the way to industrial application. A simple cleaning and sanitizing cycle ensures a longer live for this new alumina material and eliminates the technical and economical problems associated with current polymeric membranes .
Development and characterization of a dynamic smart structure providing multi-axis force sensing for robotic applications (2015)

When considering force-controlled robots, one key-point to sense the arm-environment interaction is the availability of cheap but sufficiently precise multi-axis force sensors. Even if resonant sensors can overcome some well-known limitations such as noise and drift issues, designing multi-axial resonant force sensor is still non-intuitive due to dynamical nature and multiple modes interaction. This paper presents the development of an integrated three-component force sensing resonant structure, which may be used to simultaneously estimate, all the three components of the force applied on it, for the first time. The sensor principle relies on one single pre-stress composite plate where actuation and measurement are achieved with piezoelectric transducers. Feedback control based on Phase-Locked Loop is used to measure resonances, then estimate the applied forces. Multiple smart design strategies, such as modal superposition, spatial modal filtering using optimal transducers placement and intelligent signal conditioning, limit the electronic treatment and reduce the controller complexity. Experimental comparisons with other calibrated force sensors have shown that the applied force can be efficiently estimated with accuracy, demonstrating the interest of our approach to design integrated and inexpensive multi-axis force sensor solution for robotic applications.