gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Polymer–protein conjugates: an enzymatic activity perspective (2010)

Proteins have been modified with polymers in diverse manners over the past 30 years. However, while proteins have been used to prepare many functional constructs, they are sensitive biomolecules and their bioactivity can be either positively or negatively influenced by many different aspects of polymer modification. The primary focus of this review article is to highlight the opportunities offered by new trends in protein modification, and specifically how they influence the overall biological activity of the conjugate, including its dependence on temperature and pH. We survey the effect of polymer molecular weight, number of conjugated polymer chains, polymer coupling strategy (including random versus site-specific coupling, “grafting from”, and multi-point covalent attachment), polymer architecture (including branched and comb-type), polymer interactions with the protein (including electrostatic and host–guest interactions), polymer interactions with enzyme substrate, and polymer biodegradability. We have selected six enzymes, which have been extensively modified with polymers in diverse fashions in the literature, as basis for this discussion. These proteins are L-asparaginase, alpha-chymotrypsin, trypsin, lysozyme, bovine serum albumin, and papain. This review includes polymers such as poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), polysaccharides, polypeptides, and other synthetic (vinyl) polymers. From the discussed literature we attempt to extract tentative general trends observed between state-of-the-art methods of preparing protein–polymer conjugates and the activity of the conjugate.
FURTHER STUDIES OF GLASS FRACTURE WITH HIGH‐SPEED PHOTOGRAPHY* (1941)

A bstract Photoelastic photographs, with exposures of approximately one‐millionth of a second, were taken of transient stresses in glass before, during, and after fracture. The longitudinal and transverse waves in glass have been photographed and their velocities measured (18,000 and 11,000 ft. per sec, respectively). It was also found that under special conditions cracks may travel slower than .5000 ft. per sec, the value previously given as the crack propagation velocity.
Caspase‐1‐inhibitor ac‐YVAD‐cmk reduces LPS‐lethality in rats without affecting haematology or cytokine responses (2000)

The effect of acetyl - tyrosyl-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl - chloromethylketone (ac-YVAD-cmk), an irreversible caspase-1 (IL-1beta converting enzyme, ICE) inhibitor on mortality, leukocyte and platelet counts and cytokine levels was investigated in a double-blind rat model of endotoxaemia. Intravenous (i.v.) bolus administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (25-75 mg kg(-1), n=12 per group) to anaesthetized rats induced a dose dependent increase in mortality over 8 h (LD(50)=48 mg kg(-1)). During this period, animals became leukopenic and thrombocytopenic. Serum levels of IL-beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha were highly elevated. Pretreatment of rats with ac-YVAD-cmk at a dose of 12.5 micromol kg(-1) significantly reduced mortality from 83 to 33% using Log Rank analysis. However, ac-YVAD-cmk did not modify blood cell counts or cytokine profiles as compared with the LPS-drug vehicle group. These data lay credence to the potential importance of caspase-1-inhibition in modifying the inflammatory response to endotoxin. Further investigations are warranted in understanding the relationship between caspase-1 inhibition, cytokine production and animal survival in different experimental paradigms of sepsis.
Establishment and Evaluation of a New Chemiluminescent Enzyme Immunoassay for Carcinoembryonic Antigen Adapted to the Fully Automated ACCESS<sup><b>®</b></sup>System (1996)

We have established a new chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), designated ACCESS CEA, which is adapted to the fully automated ACCESS immunoassay analyzer. The assay is based on a one step sandwich-type method using two monoclonal antibodies, one of which is immobilized on micrometer-size paramagnetic particles and the other is conjugated to alkaline phosphatase. Ten microliters of calibrators or sera are incubated for 5 minutes at 37 degrees C with the particles and with the alkaline phosphatase conjugate. The particles are then magnetically separated and washed to remove unbound components. Time needed to obtain the first result is less than 15 minutes. The assay range was 0.04-1000 micrograms/l of CEA, and the possible high-dose hook effect was prevented at CEA concentrations up to 100000 micrograms/l in this working range. The coefficient of variation (CV) for intra-assay precision was 3.0 to 4.7%, and inter-assay CV was 3.4 to 5.6%. The sample carryover was less than 0.001%. The analytical recovery ranged from 98 to 104% and a dilution linearity was demonstrated. No interference was detected in any sample with levels up to 300 mg/l for bilirubin, 12000 mg/l for haemoglobin, 50000 mg/l for human serum albumin, 8500 mg/l for triacylglycerol, and 500000 IU/l for rheumatoid factor. The ACCESS CEA assay also showed very homogeneous reactivity with purified CEA preparations from different tumours and could discriminate CEA from four CEA-related normal antigens tested. Serum samples (n = 362) from patients with malignant or non-malignant disease, as well as from healthy individuals, were analyzed by the ACCESS CEA assay and by the established IMx CEA assay. The CEA values determined by the ACCESS CEA assay were in good agreement with those determined by the IMx CEA assay, and the ACCESS CEA assay significantly increased the sensitivity and specificity of tumour diagnosis as compared with the IMx CEA assay.
Generation of Three-Dimensional Finite Element Meshes from CT Dataset of Human Femurs (2008)

Three-dimensional finite element meshes of human femur are generated using an automatic grid-based method for biomechanical analysis purpose. The meshing algorithm firstly preproceses the CT slices to extract geometrical information of the femur structure, and then organizes a tagged background grid based on the segmented imaging dataset. The surface triangular mesh is constructed by isosurface extraction, and grid cells inside the isosurface are decomposed into tetrahedral elements quickly using predefined tetrahedralizing stencils. With the background grid constructed in an octree data structure, graded mesh of the femur structure can be generated, resulting in finer tetrahedral elements constructed near the boundary and coarser ones insides. As compared to the uniformly sized method, the graded meshing method produces a lower number of elements and better computational efficiency.
Influence of Surfactant Charge on Antimicrobial Efficacy of Surfactant-Stabilized Thyme Oil Nanoemulsions (2011)

Thyme oil-in-water nanoemulsions stabilized by a nonionic surfactant (Tween 80, T80) were prepared as potential antimicrobial delivery systems (pH 4). The nanoemulsions were highly unstable to droplet growth and phase separation, which was attributed to Ostwald ripening due to the relatively high water solubility of thyme oil. Ostwald ripening could be inhibited by incorporating ≥75% of corn oil (a hydrophobic material with a low water solubility) into the nanoemulsion droplets. The electrical characteristics of the droplets in the nanoemulsions were varied by incorporating ionic surfactants with different charges after homogenization: a cationic surfactant (lauric arginate, LAE) or an anionic surfactant (sodium dodecyl sulfate, SDS). The antifungal activity of nanoemulsions containing positive, negative, or neutral thymol droplets was then conducted against four strains of acid-resistant spoilage yeasts: Zygosaccharomyces bailli, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Brettanomyces bruxellensis, and Brettanomyces naardenensis. The antifungal properties of the three surfactants (T80, LAE, SDS) were also tested in the absence of thymol droplets. Both ionic surfactants showed strong antifungal activity in the absence of thymol droplets, but no antimicrobial activity in their presence. This effect was attributed to partitioning of the antimicrobial surfactant molecules between the oil droplet and microbial surfaces, thereby reducing the effective concentration of active surfactants available to act as antimicrobials. This study shows oil droplets may decrease the efficacy of surfactant-based antimicrobials, which has important consequences for formulating effective antimicrobial agents for utilization in emulsion-based food and beverage products.
Microbubble contrast for radiological imaging: 2. Applications. (2006)

Conventional Doppler provides information on blood flow including both flow and direction and flow velocity. Information on the slowly flowing blood at the capillary level, however, has not previously been available on state of the art Doppler. Contrast enhanced ultrasound provides, for the first time, information on tissue perfusion such that CEUS may now play a role in liver mass characterization and the evaluation of masses in other solid viscera similar to the role of contrast enhanced CT and MR scan. Renal applications include similar mass characterization and evaluation of renal perfusion and the renal vasculature. Surveillance of aortic stent grafts, monitoring RFA, and evaluation of both prostate and breast masses are further areas of interest. Our experience with ultrasound contrast expands progressively, and essentially adds vascular information to any region when blood flow information is required. The addition of CEUS to clinical practice has significant impact on patient management. In patients with an incidental liver mass on sonography, for example, characterization at the time of tis detection reduces the time to diagnosis and decreases referrals to CT or MR scan. Ultrasound contrast agents are easy to use, have a very low incidence of adverse events, and are unaffected by renal function. As they add no radiation for their use, they are highly appropriate in pediatric and young adult patients. Ultrasound is enhanced by addition of contrast agents.
Intercalation of polyetheramines into α-zirconium phosphate (2005)

Intercalation phenomena are important to many fields of science including chemistry because of the possibility of combining properties of two materials in a host–guest composite. The intercalation of α-zirconium phosphate with Jeffamines of different molecular weight is investigated. The interlayer spacing depends on the Jeffamine's chain length. The compounds are characterized by X-ray diffraction, infra-red spectroscopy and NMR. Interlayer spacings as large as 88 Å were recorded. Similar intercalates were utilized to prepare an epoxy resin–zirconium phosphate nanocomposite.
Hepatitis C Virus RNA Codes for Proteins and Replicates: Does It also Trigger the Interferon Response? (2000)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a positive sense virus with a genomic RNA molecule roughly 9,600 nucleotides in length. The single-stranded genomic RNA has a nontranslated region (NTR) at each end and a long open reading frame (coding region) in between. The 5'NTR and portions of the 3'NTR are the most conserved parts of HCV RNA. These conserved regions contain signals for replication and translation. Much of the 5'NTR is folded into a structure that binds ribosomes. This structure, an internal ribosome entry site, promotes the initiation of protein synthesis and is critical for HCV gene expression. The ribosome binding site may extend into the coding region; its exact boundaries are not known. The open reading frame encodes the HCV polyprotein, which is slightly more than 3,000 amino acids in length. The 3'NTR plays a key role in HCV replication and may also influence the rate of HCV protein synthesis. During replication, the genomic RNA is copied by virally encoded enzymes into a complementary antigenomic RNA, which itself is a template for the synthesis of progeny RNAs. At steady state, genomic strands outnumber antigenomic strands about 10 to 1. HCV RNA replication is thought to take place in the cytoplasm and is an error-prone process. It generates a mixed population of RNA sequences (quasispecies), including mutants that may be more fit than the parental type, less fit, or equally fit (but distinct). Natural selection acts upon the progeny RNAs, causing the population to change and drift. Over time, mutation, selection, and population bottlenecks led to the evolution of varied genotypes. The HCV replication complex is a potential source of double-stranded RNA, a powerful inducer of interferon. Thus, HCV-specific double-stranded RNA may trigger the first steps of innate immunity; however, for unknown reasons, the immune system often fails to clear the infection. The plasticity of the HCV genome and the low level of HCV gene expression may counterbalance any immunostimulatory effects of HCV RNA and allow the virus to escape specific immune responses. Antisense drugs and ribozymes directed against HCV RNA are under investigation. Future interventions may include nucleic acid drugs (antisense and ribozymes) and smaller pharmaceuticals that bind to intricate structures in HCV RNA and HCV-specific double-stranded RNA. Infectious clones of HCV RNA are available. These clones and other systems for expressing HCV proteins pave the way for vaccine development.
Investigation of the mechanisms of DNA binding of the human G/T glycosylase using designed inhibitors (1997)

Deamination of 5-methylcytosine residues in DNA gives rise to the G/T mismatched base pair. In humans this lesion is repaired by a mismatch-specific thymine DNA glycosylase (TDG or G/T glycosylase), which catalyzes specific excision of the thymine base through N-glycosidic bond hydrolysis. Unlike other DNA glycosylases, TDG recognizes an aberrant pairing of two normal bases rather than a damaged base per se. An important structural issue is thus to understand how the enzyme specifically targets the T (or U) residue of the mismatched base pair. Our approach toward the study of substrate recognition and processing by catalytic DNA binding proteins has been to modify the substrate so as to preserve recognition of the base but to prevent its excision. Here we report that replacement of 2'-hydrogen atoms with fluorine in the substrate 2'-deoxyguridine (dU) residue abrogates glycosidic bond cleavage, thereby leading to the formation of a tight, specific glycosylase-DNA complex. Biochemical characterization of these complexes reveals that the enzyme protects an approximately 20-bp stretch of the substrate from DNase I cleavage, and directly contacts a G residue on the 3' side of the mismatched U derivative. These studies provide a mechanistic rationale for the preferential repair of deaminated CpG sites and pave the way for future high-resolution studies of TDG bound to DNA.
Orthogonal Single-Sideband Signal Generation Using Improved Sagnac-Loop-Based Modulator (2014)

A novel microwave photonics technique that enables the modulation of orthogonal optical single-sideband (OSSB) by using an improved Sagnac-loop-based modulator is proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The dual-driving Mach-Zehnder modulator and polarization-maintaining fiber Bragg grating are integrated inside and outside the Sagnac loop, respectively, in order to realize the OSSB modulation and polarization-selective filtering. Therefore, the precisely defined orthogonal OSSB signal can be generated steadily at 20-GHz carrier frequency in the experiment.
Glyoxal as a Formaldehyde-Free Durable Press Reagent for Mild Curing Applications' (1983)

The combination of aluminum sulfate and an α-hydroxy acid has proven highly effective in catalyzing the crosslinking of cotton cellulose by glyoxal under mild curing conditions. The durable press appearance ratings were increased by the presence of ethylene glycol as a coreactive additive, and a silanol-terminated silicone as softener. An unusual effect was observed with longer chain glycols, which cannot form 1:1 cyclic adducts with glyoxal as ethylene glycol does. The added glycols appeared to increase the efficiency of cellulose crosslinking by glyoxal, so that quite low curing temperatures and catalyst concentrations could be used. A preferential absorption and interaction of glyoxal with the cellulose may have occurred during the drying step to form complex cellulose hemiacetals, which subsequently interacted with added glycols to give the final crosslink structures during the heat cure. With diethylene glycol as eoreactant for glyoxal in a 1:1 mole ratio, curing at 1.15°C was effective in imparting a durable press rating of 4.0 with 298° conditioned wrinkle recovery (w + f) and 46-48% breaking or tearing strength retention in cotton printcloth. Fabric whiteness was equal or superior to that with dimethyloldihydroxyethyleneurea applied by a conventional pad-dry-cure treatment with magnesium chloride catalysis.
Male and Female Viewpoints of Countries as Producers of Consumer Goods (1988)

A nationally representative sample of Canadian men and women was used to study consumer perceptions of product quality in relation to coutry-of-origin. Differences were found in how men and women viewed countries as producers. In forming these views men appear to use a country's technological development and political orientation to form opinions of the overall quality of the products produced by a country. Women, on the other hand, appear to use a different set of criteria, such as georgraphic proximity and specific products such as clothing and footwear, to position countries on a quality continuum.
Third International Workshop on Equine Osteochondrosis, Stockholm, 29‐30th May 2008 (2009)

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Processing Zirconia by Sintering/Hot Isostatic Pressing (1988)

Sintering followed by hot isostatic pressing is a potential method for improving the mechanical properties of ceramic materials. Encouraging data have been presented and published but these data do not clearly show the origin of the benefits. Here, the effects of green density, time, temperature, and pressure on sintered density, grain size, and pore size of slip-cast ZrO{sub 2}-3 mol% Y{sub 2}O{sub 3} are described. The data demonstrate that, when compared to pressureless sintering, the sintering/hot isostatic pressing process produces an equivalent maximum density at reduced temperature and significant reductions in pore size, but no reduction in minimum grain size. The maximum density obtainable by the sinter/hot isostatic pressing process was limited by both open porosity and large pores; the processing conditions required to produce the maximum process advantage are described.
Reduction of NOx and Particulate Emissions in the Diesel Combustion Process (1987)

A model of the combustion and emission formation processes was formulated to identify modifications to combustion process parameters with potential for reducing NOx and particulate emissions in a diesel engine. The model was calibrated using data from an experimental, single-cylinder, direct injection diesel engine. Several combustion system modifications were made to the engine that reduced NOx and particulate emissions. The model was used to estimate the changes in the combustion process parameters responsible for the reductions observed. After calibration, the model was used to evaluate the effects of a wide range of modifications to the combustion process parameters on NOx and particulate emissions. These results were used to estimate changes in the combustion process parameters required to approach the objectives assumed for the 1991 Federal emission regulations for heavy-duty diesel engines. A reduction in the lubricating oil contribution to the particulate emissions was also projected to be required to approach the 1991 objectives.
Attachment of astroglial cells to microfabricated pillar arrays of different geometries (2000)

We studied the attachment of astroglial cells on smooth silicon and arrays of silicon pillars and wells with various widths and separations. Standard semiconductor industry photolithographic techniques were used to fabricate pillar arrays and wells in single-crystal silicon. The resulting pillars varied in width from 0. 5 to 2.0 micrometer, had interpillar gaps of 1.0-5.0 micrometer, and were 1.0 micrometer in height. Arrays also contained 1.0-micromter-deep wells that were 0.5 micrometer in diameter and separated by 0.5-2.0 micrometer. Fluorescence, reflectance, and confocal light microscopies as well as scanning electron microscopy were used to quantify cell attachment, describe cell morphologies, and study the distribution of cytoskeletal proteins actin and vinculin on surfaces with pillars, wells, and smooth silicon. Seventy percent of LRM55 astroglial cells displayed a preference for pillars over smooth silicon, whereas only 40% preferred the wells to the smooth surfaces. Analysis of variance statistics performed on the data sets yielded values of p > approximately.5 for the comparison between pillar data sets and < approximately.0003 in the comparison between pillar and well data sets. Actin and vinculin distributions were highly polarized in cells found on pillar arrays. Scanning electron microscopy clearly demonstrated that cells made contact with the tops of the pillars and did not reach down into the spaces between pillars even when the interpillar gap was 5.0 microm. These experiments support the use of surface topography to direct the attachment, growth, and morphology of cells. These surfaces can be used to study fundamental cell properties such as cell attachment, proliferation, and gene expression. Such topography might also be used to modify implantable medical devices such as neural implants and lead to future developments in tissue engineering.
Toward an Experiential Sport Aesthetic (1974)

SUNY Brockport
Feature lattices for maximum entropy modelling (1998)

Maximum entropy framework proved to be expressive and powerful for the statistical language modelling, but it suffers from the computational expensiveness of the model building. The iterative scaling algorithm that is used for the parameter estimation is computationally expensive while the feature selection process might require to estimate parameters for many candidate features many times. In this paper we present a novel approach for building maximum entropy models. Our approach uses the feature collocation lattice and builds complex candidate features without resorting to iterative scaling.
The Effect of Condenser Tilt on Optical Projection Lithography (1991)

A basic study on the imaging characteristics of wafer steppers influenced by a condenser tilt is presented. The effects of condenser tilt are explored by displacing the source images formed on the entrance pupil plane of a projection lens. The intensity distribution of the wafer surfaces influenced by this condenser tilt is obtained by the two-dimensional aerial intensity simulation method based on Fourier optics. Periodic line pattern images are shown to shift due to the condenser tilt when the image plane is out of focus. It is also suggested that the degree of these image shifts increases as the focal error increases and the pattern feature sizes increases, and these image shifts for large feature sizes are approximated by geometrical shifts.