gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Decreased purine synthesis during amino acid starvation of human lymphoblasts. (1982)

Normal human lymphoblasts starved for each of several essential, but not essential, amino acids had decreased DNA and RNA synthesis but no change in free intracellular purine nucleotides. The rates of purine nucleotide synthesis via the de novo and salvage pathways were measured by incorporating [14C]formate and [14C]hypoxanthine labels, respectively, into lymphoblasts starved for an amino acid or treated with a protein synthesis inhibitor. After 3 h of starvation, purine synthesis via the de novo pathway decreased 90% and via the salvage pathway decreased 60%. Cycloheximide and puromycin each reduced de novo synthesis by 96% and salvage synthesis by 72%. The decrease in purine synthesis de novo after removal of the amino acid was of first order kinetics and was fully and rapidly reversed by reconstitution with the amino acid. The synthesis of alpha-N-formylglycinamide ribonucleotide declined 97% after amino acid starvation; the synthesis of purines from 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide riboside decreased 41%. The synthesis of guanylates decreased more than the synthesis of adenylates during amino acid starvation.
AAP1 transports uncharged amino acids into roots of Arabidopsis (2007)

Amino acids are available to plants in some soils in significant amounts, and plants frequently make use of these nitrogen sources. The goal of this study was to identify transporters involved in the uptake of amino acids into root cells. Based on the fact that high concentrations of amino acids inhibit plant growth, we hypothesized that mutants tolerating toxic levels of amino acids might be deficient in the uptake of amino acids from the environment. To test this hypothesis, we employed a forward genetic screen for Arabidopsis thaliana mutants tolerating toxic concentrations of amino acids in the media. We identified an Arabidopsis mutant that is deficient in the amino acid permease 1 (AAP1, At1g58360) and resistant to 10 mm phenylalanine and a range of other amino acids. The transporter was localized to the plasma membrane of root epidermal cells, root hairs, and throughout the root tip of Arabidopsis. Feeding experiments with [(14)C]-labeled neutral, acidic and basic amino acids showed significantly reduced uptake of amino acids in the mutant, underscoring that increased tolerance of aap1 to high levels of amino acids is coupled with reduced uptake by the root. The growth and uptake studies identified glutamate, histidine and neutral amino acids, including phenylalanine, as physiological substrates for AAP1, whereas aspartate, lysine and arginine are not. We also demonstrate that AAP1 imports amino acids into root cells when these are supplied at ecologically relevant concentrations. Together, our data indicate an important role of AAP1 for efficient use of nitrogen sources present in the rhizosphere.
Contrast echocardiography: evidence-based recommendations by European Association of Echocardiography (2008)

This paper examines the evidence for contrast echocardiography, both for improving assessment of left ventricular structure and function compared with unenhanced echocardiography and for the identification of myocardial perfusion. Based on the evidence, recommendations are proposed for the clinical use of contrast echocardiography.
Studies of the Reissert-Kaufmann-type Reaction of 4-Nitropyridine <i>N</i>-Oxide and Its Homologues (1970)

Abstract The Reissert-Kaufmann-type reaction of substituted N-methoxy-4-nitropyridinium methylsulfates gave the corresponding 2-cyano-4-nitropyridines in satisfactory yields. When 3-methyl-4-nitropyridine N-oxide was used as the starting material, a cyano group was introduced not into the 6-position, but into the 2-position. This preference may be explained by proposing a hyperconjugation effect of the 3-methyl group. The resulting nitriles were quantitatively hydrolyzed to the corresponding 4-nitropicolinic acids. These reactions provided a new route for the preparation of nitropyridinecarboxylic acids from pyridine homologues. Further, some nucleophilic substitution reactions of the products were carried out.
Indigo: user-level support for building distributed shared abstractions (2002)

Distributed systems that consist of workstations connected by high performance interconnects offer computational power comparable to moderate size parallel machines. It is desirable that such workstation clusters can also be programmed the same way as shared memory machines. We develop a portable, user-level library, called Indigo, that can be used to program a variety of state sharing techniques. In particular, Indigo can be used to program DSM protocols as well as distributed shared abstractions where objects can be fragmented/replicated and consistency actions are customized according to application needs. We present an evaluation of Indigo by using its calls to implement a distributed shared memory system as well as shared abstractions for a number of applications.
Deaf Children’s Acquisition of the Passive Voice (1973)

Ten each severely prelingually deaf boys and girls at the ages of nine–10, 11–12, 13–14, 15–16, and 17–18 years were tested for their comprehension and production of the passive voice. The comprehension tasks consisted of moving toys to demonstrate the action of a sentence, or selecting a picture showing the action of the sentence. The production task required subjects to fill the gap in a sentence with the correct set of passive markers. Significant improvement with age took place on all tasks, but even at 17–18 years only slightly more than half the children correctly understood passive sentences and less than half correctly produced such sentences. Deaf children to an advanced age interpret passive sentences in terms of the surface subject-verb-object order of their constituents. Our subjects scored lowest on a test of agent-deleted passive sentences, somewhat higher on reversible passives, and highest on nonreversible passives. By was the only passive marker for most deaf children. A small number of the youngest children interpreted active sentences in terms of object-verb-subject order.
Hybrid Mercuric Iodide (HgI2) - Gadolinium Orthosilicate (GSO) Detector for PET (1985)

Gadolinium orthosilicate (GSO), a high density (6.71 g/cm3), high effective Z (59) scintillation detector with faster decay time (60 ns) and higher light yield than bismuth germanate (BGO), was evaluated as a replacement for BGO for a hybrid detection system for high resolution Positron Emission Tomography (PET). The detection system consists of multiple GSO detectors attached to a single photomultiplier tube (PMT) and a HgI2 photodetector attached to each GSO crystal. The PMT signal provides coincidence timing and energy discrimination and the photodetector signal identifies the crystal of interaction. GSO light yield was 1.7 times that of BGO with energy resolution consistent with improved photon statistics (17.8 to 13.8% FWHM). Resolution of GSO coupled to a HgI2 photodetector was 13.6% FWHM. Coincidence timing was 2.3 ns FWHM. Timing between PMT and HgI2 was 136 ns FWHM.
Resonant power factor correction circuits with resonant capacitor-voltage and inductor-current-programmed controls (2002)

It is shown that, by using the control techniques proposed, one can use current driven resonant power converter topologies in designing resonant power factor correction circuits (RPFCCs). Based on the fact that the energy stored in the resonant tank circuit can be programmable, two types of control techniques that allow for fast output regulation are reported. These techniques are known as resonant tank capacitor-voltage-programmed control and inductor-current-programmed control. A design example based on the resonant capacitor-voltage-programmed control technique and computer simulations is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Practical Preparation of (<i>Z</i>)-2-(5-Amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-methoxyiminoacetic Acid: A Side-Chain of the Fourth Generation of Cephem Antibiotics (1994)

Abstract A Z-isomer (4) of 2-(5-amino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetic acid, which is the common acyl moiety of clinically useful cephem antibiotics, has been prepared from the aminoisoxazoles through the skeletal rearrangement in several routes. Reaction of 3-amino-5-methoxyisoxazole (7) with alkoxycarbonyl isothiocyanates gave methyl 2-(5-alkoxycarbonylamino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)acetates (8), which were converted into the target compound 4 through the reaction of the corresponding keto ester with O-methylhydroxylamime. Compound 4 was prepared similarly from 3-aminoisoxazole (10). Also, O-methylation of 2-hydroxyimino-2-(5-methoxycarbonylamino-1,2,4-thiazol-3-yl)acetate (15) with methyl iodide or dimethyl sulfate in the presence of barium oxide and barium hydroxide octahydrate was found to afford exclusively the desired Z-isomer (14a) of methyl 2-(5-methoxycarbonylamino-1,2,4-thiadiazol-3-yl)-2-(methoxyimino)acetate, which was led to 4.
High performance power DMOSFET with integrated Schottky diode (2003)

A hybrid DMOSFET-Schottky (FastFET) device has been developed that exhibits the excellent on-resistance and gate control properties of the DMOSFET along with improved internal diode switching characteristics. The 45 V and 30 V devices fabricated use an integrated Schottky device that consumes less than 15% of the active area while returning a 35% improvement in reverse recovery performance. The leakage of the FastFET is higher than that of the standard DMOSFET but is still within the tolerances set by most manufacturers' data sheets. Future improvements will include process modification that will reduce this leakage.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MALDI-Ion Mobility Separation-Mass Spectrometry Imaging of Glucose-Regulated Protein 78 kDa (Grp78) in Human Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Tissue Sections (2009)

MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI) is a technique that allows proteomic information, that is, the spatial distribution and identification of proteins, to be obtained directly from tissue sections. The use of in situ enzymatic digestion as a sample pretreatment prior to MALDI-MSI analysis has been found to be useful for retrieving protein identification directly from formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded (ffpe) tissue sections. Here, an improved method for the study of the distribution and the identification of peptides obtained after in situ digestion of fppe pancreatic tumor tissue sections by using MALDI-mass spectrometry imaging coupled with ion mobility separation (IMS) is described. MALDI-IMS-MS images of peptide obtained from pancreatic tumor tissue sections allowed the localization of tumor regions within the tissue section, while minimizing the peak interferences which were observed with conventional MALDI-TOF MSI. The use of ion mobility separation coupled with MALDI-MSI improved the selectivity and specificity of the method and, hence, enabled both the localization and in situ identification of glucose regulated protein 78 kDa (Grp78), a tumor biomarker, within pancreatic tumor tissue sections. These findings were validated using immunohistochemical staining.
<title>Scanning laser ophthalmoscope optimized for retinal microphotocoagulation</title> (1999)

The confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscope, cSLO, can be used for microphotocoagulation of the retina. For this purpose, external and non-scanning therapeutic laser sources are coupled with the instrument. An opto-mechanical coupling device is calibrated to obtain the same Maxwellian view entrance location in the eye for both scanning and external lasers. Two separate but synchronized confocal detection pathways are capable of monitoring the progression of thermal laser applications on the retina. Real-time image processing is further used to indicate the position and size of the aiming beam on the retina. This aiming beam can be pulsed in anti-aliased fashion with regard to its confocal detection, to allow for higher intensities. Its polarization is exploited to sharply reduce corneal reflections. MInimal optical distribution of the therapeutic laser beam, full documentation of application characteristics, simultaneous microperimetry, infra-red and angiographic imaging are useful features to guide microphotocoagulation.
Characterization of Phenylpyruvate Decarboxylase, Involved in Auxin Production of <i>Azospirillum brasilense</i> (2007)

Azospirillum brasilense belongs to the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria with direct growth promotion through the production of the phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). A key gene in the production of IAA, annotated as indole-3-pyruvate decarboxylase (ipdC), has been isolated from A. brasilense, and its regulation was reported previously (A. Vande Broek, P. Gysegom, O. Ona, N. Hendrickx, E. Prinsen, J. Van Impe, and J. Vanderleyden, Mol. Plant-Microbe Interact. 18:311-323, 2005). An ipdC-knockout mutant was found to produce only 10% (wt/vol) of the wild-type IAA production level. In this study, the encoded enzyme is characterized via a biochemical and phylogenetic analysis. Therefore, the recombinant enzyme was expressed and purified via heterologous overexpression in Escherichia coli and subsequent affinity chromatography. The molecular mass of the holoenzyme was determined by size-exclusion chromatography, suggesting a tetrameric structure, which is typical for 2-keto acid decarboxylases. The enzyme shows the highest kcat value for phenylpyruvate. Comparing values for the specificity constant kcat/Km, indole-3-pyruvate is converted 10-fold less efficiently, while no activity could be detected with benzoylformate. The enzyme shows pronounced substrate activation with indole-3-pyruvate and some other aromatic substrates, while for phenylpyruvate it appears to obey classical Michaelis-Menten kinetics. Based on these data, we propose a reclassification of the ipdC gene product of A. brasilense as a phenylpyruvate decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.43).
Yeast Pyruvate Kinase (1969)

Abstract A scheme for the preparation of pyruvate kinase (EC 2.7.1.40) in gram amounts from yeast is described which utilizes two (NH4)2SO4 fractionations followed by successive chromatography on DEAE-cellulose and cellulose phosphate columns in 50% aqueous glycerol. The resulting enzyme had a specific activity of 219 µmoles per min per mg at 30°. Under certain conditions it exhibited a cold lability, but means are described to maintain a stable preparation. The protein sedimented as a single symmetrical peak in the Beckman model E ultracentrifuge with schlieren optics. Over 95% migrated as a single band on polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. At 2.0 mg per ml, s20w, = 8.52 and D20w, = 4.98 x 10-7 cm2 sec-1, giving an s/D molecular weight of 166,000. From this molecular weight and a dry weight analysis, the molar extinction coefficient was 1.08 x 105 m-1 cm-1 at 280 nm. An amino acid analysis of the enzyme is presented.
Proposal of Novel Absolute-Humidity Sensing Method using a Pair of Diode-Thermistors and a Micro-Heater on a Micro-Air-Bridge (2006)

Novel absolute-humidity sensing method using a pair of diode-thermistors, Th-A and Th-B, and a micro-heater, formed on a micro-air-bridge (MAB), and using the double pulse heating is proposed. Principle of this absolute-humidity sensor is based on the thermal conductivity change in humid air depending on the absolute humidity D. In the first experiment temperature decreases in the various saturated absolute humidity Ds due to the thermal conductivity changes are clearly observed by pulse heating up to above 200degC.
Phase Equilibria of Polypropylene with Compressed Propane and Related Systems. 1. Isotactic and Atactic Polypropylene with Propane and Propylene (1997)

Cloud-point pressures of two isotactic polypropylene samples (iPP-1 and iPP-2) of different molecular weight and of a high molecular weight atactic polypropylene (aPP) in propane were measured, as well as solid−supercritical fluid (S-SCF) equilibria for the crystalline isotactic samples. The lower critical end point (LCEP) for the aPP sample lies at 6 °C. The second critical endpoint of iPP-1 (Mw = 29 000, Mw/Mn = 2.0), which is defined as the intersection of the 3-phase line starting at the triple-point of the polymer with the liquid−vapor critical locus, is estimated to lie at about 109 °C, 175 bar, and 15 wt % polymer; that of iPP-2 (Mw = 290 000, Mw/Mn = 4.4)is estimated to lie at about 130 °C, 250 bar, and 7.5 wt % polymer. The pressure−temperature (P−T) phase boundaries separating two fluid phases from a single supercritical phase (cloud-point isopleths) were determined at several polymer concentrations to 160 °C and show a positive slope throughout. Pressure−composition plots (cloud-point isotherms) are shown for 135, 145, and 155 °C to 20 wt % polymer. An aPP−propylene isopleth near the critical composition is roughly parallel to that for aPP−propane, but it occurs at a slightly higher pressure. The locus of lower critical solution temperatures originating at the LCEP of aPP−propane can be made to fit the Sanchez−Lacombe lattice−fluid theory, after allowing both the energy and volume adjustment parameters to be temperature-dependent.
Accessing the web (2006)

We have witnessed the rapid growth of the Web-- It has not only "broadened" but also "deepened": While the "surface Web" has expanded from the 1999 estimate of 800 million to the recent 19.2 billion pages reported by Yahoo index, an equally or even more significant amount of information is hidden on the "deep Web," behind query forms, recently estimated at over 1.2 million, of online databases. Accessing the information on the Web thus requires not only search to locate pages of interests, from the surface Web, but also integration to aggregate data from alternative or complementary sources, from the deep Web. Although the opportunities are unprecedented, the challenges are also immense: On the one hand, for the surface Web, while search seems to have evolved into a standard technology, its maturity and pervasiveness have also invited the attack of spam and the demand of personalization. On the other hand, for the deep Web, while the proliferation of structured sources has promised unlimited possibilities for more precise and aggregated access, it has also presented new challenges for realizing large scale and dynamic information integration. These issues are in essence related to data management, in a large scale, and thus present novel problems and interesting opportunities for our research community. This tutorial will discuss the new access scenarios and research problems in Web information access: from search of the surface Web to integration of the deep Web.
The Murine Cysteinyl Leukotriene 2 (CysLT2) Receptor (2001)

Two classes of cysteinyl leukotriene receptor, CysLT(1) and CysLT(2), have been identified and pharmacologically characterized in human tissues. Although the CysLT(1) receptor mediates the proinflammatory effects of leukotrienes in human asthma, the physiological roles of CysLT(2) receptor are not defined, and a suitable mouse model would be useful in delineating function. We report here the molecular cloning and characterization of the mouse CysLT(2) receptor (mCysLT(2)R) from heart tissue. mCysLT(2)R cDNA encodes a protein of 309 amino acids, truncated at both ends compared with the human ortholog (hCysLT(2)R). The gene resides on the central region of mouse chromosome 14 and is composed of 6 exons with the entire coding region located in the last exon. Two 5'-untranslated region splice variants were identified with the short form lacking exon 3 as the predominant transcript. Although the overall expression of mCysLT(2)R is very low, the highest expression was detected in spleen, thymus, and adrenal gland by ribonuclease protection assay, and discrete sites of expression in heart were observed by in situ hybridization. Intracellular calcium mobilization in response to cysteinyl leukotriene administration was detected in human embryonic kidney 293T cells transfected with recombinant mCysLT(2)R with a rank order of potency leukotriene C(4)(LTC(4) ) = LTD(4)>>LTE(4). [(3)H]LTD(4) binding to membranes expressing mCysLT(2)R could be effectively competed by LTC(4) and LTD(4) and only partially inhibited by LTE(4) and BAYu9773. The identification of mCysLT(2)R will be useful for establishing CysLT(2)R-deficient mice and determining novel leukotriene functions.
Sorafenib and irinotecan (NEXIRI) as second- or later-line treatment for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer and KRAS-mutated tumours: a multicentre Phase I/II trial (2014)

The NEXIRI regimen showed promising activity as second- or later-line treatment in this heavily pretreated mCRC population (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00989469).
Not All Feed-Forward MUX PUFs Generate Unique Signatures (2019)

A fundamental property of physical unclonable functions (PUFs) is that they generate unique outputs that cannot be reproduced by another chip, even with an identical circuit and layout design. Several configurations of feed-forward PUFs (FF PUFs) are evaluated in terms of their interchip variation, a measure of uniqueness. In general, PUFs are considered to be unique due to symmetry in their path delay distributions, which are typically Gaussian. In this paper, we prove that certain FF PUFs can result in skewed path delay distributions leading to poor uniqueness. In these PUFs, the total delay difference is sum of a symmetric Gaussian distribution and an asymmetric half-Gaussian distribution. We also compute empirical estimates and verify our observations by simulating 200 PUFs in each FF configuration. It is observed that (1) FF PUFs with one intermediate arbiter and odd number of feed-forward loops and (2) FF PUFs in cascade or separate configurations have degraded interchip variation. This is the first study to observe and prove the non-uniqueness property of such PUFs.
Attribute-based Crowd Entity Resolution (2016)

We study the problem of using the crowd to perform entity resolution (ER) on a set of records. For many types of records, especially those involving images, such a task can be difficult for machines, but relatively easy for humans. Typical crowd-based ER approaches ask workers for pairwise judgments between records, which quickly becomes prohibitively expensive even for moderate numbers of records. In this paper, we reduce the cost of pairwise crowd ER approaches by soliciting the crowd for attribute labels on records, and then asking for pairwise judgments only between records with similar sets of attribute labels. However, due to errors induced by crowd-based attribute labeling, a naive attribute-based approach becomes extremely inaccurate even with few attributes. To combat these errors, we use error mitigation strategies which allow us to control the accuracy of our results while maintaining significant cost reductions. We develop a probabilistic model which allows us to determine the optimal, lowest-cost combination of error mitigation strategies needed to achieve a minimum desired accuracy. We test our approach with actual crowdworkers on a dataset of celebrity images, and find that our results yield crowd ER strategies which achieve high accuracy yet are significantly lower cost than pairwise-only approaches.