gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nickel Catalysis: Synergy between Method Development and Total Synthesis (2015)

Nickel(0) catalysts have proven to be powerful tools for multicomponent coupling reactions in our laboratories over the past 15 years. This interest was originally sparked by the ubiquity of allylic alcohol motifs in natural products, such as (–)-terpestacin, which we envisioned assembling by the coupling of two π components (alkyne and aldehyde) with concomitant reduction. Mechanistic investigations allowed us to elucidate several modes of controlling the regioselectivity and stereoselectivity in the oxidative cyclization, and these insights enabled us to leverage combinations of alkenes and phosphine ligands to direct regioselective outcomes. The initial success in developing the first intermolecular reductive alkyne–aldehyde coupling reaction launched a series of methodological investigations that rapidly expanded to include coupling reactions of alkynes with other electrophilic π components, such as imines and ketones, as well as electrophilic σ components, such as epoxides. Aziridines proved to be more challenging substrates for reductive coupling, but we were recently able to demonstrate that cross-coupling of aziridines and alkylzinc reagents is smoothly catalyzed by a zero-valent nickel/phenanthroline system. Moreover, the enantioselective alkyne–aldehyde coupling and the development of novel P-chiral ferrocenyl ligands enabled the total synthesis of (–)-terpestacin, amphidinolides T1 and T4, (–)-gloeosporone, and pumiliotoxins 209F and 251D. We subsequently determined that alkenes could be used in place of alkynes in several nickel-catalyzed reactions when a silyl triflate activating agent was added. We reason that such an additive functions largely to enhance the electrophilicity of the metal center by coordination to the electrophilic π component, such that less nucleophilic alkene π donors can undergo productive combination with nickel complexes. This activation manifold was further demonstrated to be effective for alkene–aldehyde couplings. In a related manner, electrophilic promoters were also successfully employed for allylic substitution reactions of allylic carbonates with simple alkenes and in the Mizoroki–Heck reaction of both benzyl and aryl electrophiles. In these instances, it is proposed that counterion exchange from a more strongly coordinating anion to the weakly or noncoordinating triflate counterion enables reaction at an electrophilic Ni(II) center rather than by coordination to one of the coupling components. Mechanistic insights also played an important role in the development of mixed N-heterocyclic carbene/phosphite ligand systems to overcome challenges in regioselective alkene–aldehyde coupling reactions. We hope that, taken together, the body of work summarized in this Account demonstrates the constructive interplay among total synthesis, methodological development, and mechanistic investigation that has driven our research program.
Anodic bonding using SOI wafer for fabrication of capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (2014)

International audience
Efficacy of progesterone and progestogens in management of premenstrual syndrome: systematic review (2001)

The evidence from these meta-analyses does not support the use of progesterone or progestogens in the management of premenstrual syndrome.
MicroRNA-Dependent Trans-Acting siRNA Production (2005)

Less than a year has elapsed between the discovery of trans-acting small interfering RNAs (tasiRNAs) in plants and the elucidation of the major steps of the corresponding pathway. During tasiRNA biogenesis, polyadenylated RNAs transcribed from non-protein-coding TAS genes are cleaved by a microRNA (miRNA)-programmed RNA-induced silencing complex. In contrast to classical miRNA targets, RDR6 and SGS3 convert one of the TAS RNA cleavage products into double-stranded RNA, which is subsequently processed, in a phase determined by the initial miRNA cleavage site, by DICER-LIKE 4 to generate a 21-nucleotide tasiRNA population. tasiRNAs guide endogenous mRNA cleavage through the action of AGO1 or, perhaps in some cases, AGO7. Some of the tasiRNA targets probably regulate the juvenile-to-adult phase transition, but the roles of other tasiRNA targets remain to be determined.
BMP controls proximodistal outgrowth, via induction of the apical ectodermal ridge, and dorsoventral patterning in the vertebrate limb (2001)

Dorsoventral (DV) patterning of the vertebrate limb requires the function of the transcription factor Engrailed 1 (EN1) in the ventral ectoderm. EN1 restricts, to the dorsal half of the limb, the expression of the two genes known to specify dorsal pattern. Limb growth along the proximodistal (PD) axis is controlled by the apical ectodermal ridge (AER), a specialized epithelium that forms at the distal junction between dorsal and ventral ectoderm. Using retroviral-mediated misexpression of the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) antagonist Noggin or an activated form of the BMP receptor in the chick limb, we demonstrate that BMP plays a key role in both DV patterning and AER induction. Thus, the DV and PD axes are linked by a common signal. Loss and gain of BMP function experiments show that BMP signaling is both necessary and sufficient to regulate EN1 expression, and consequently DV patterning. Our results also indicate that BMPs are required during induction of the AER. Manipulation of BMP signaling results in either disruptions in the endogenous AER, leading to absent or severely truncated limbs or the formation of ectopic AERs that can direct outgrowth. Moreover, BMP controls the expression of the MSX transcription factors, and our results suggest that MSX acts downstream of BMP in AER induction. We propose that the BMP signal bifurcates at the level of EN1 and MSX to mediate differentially DV patterning and AER induction, respectively.
Immunosuppressive properties of the Mycoplasma arthritidis T-cell mitogen in vivo: inhibition of proliferative responses to T-cell mitogens (1990)

We have previously shown that Mycoplasma arthritidis produces a soluble T-cell mitogen (MAM) which is active for most mouse strains that express the alpha chain of the I-E molecule (E alpha) encoded within the murine major histocompatibility complex. The lymphocytes from mice injected intravenously with the MAM exhibited a marked decrease in their ability to respond in vitro to MAM, to phytohemagglutinin, or to concanavalin A T-cell mitogens. Suppression could only be induced in MAM-responsive mouse strains and was most marked 1 to 4 days postinjection. Splenic and node cells and, to a lesser extent, thymic cells from MAM-injected mice could inhibit the ability of lymphocytes from normal mice to respond to MAM and lectin mitogens. A minimum of 2.5 x 10(4) viable cells was required for significant transfer of suppression, and no major histocompatibility complex restrictions were seen. Unlike concanavalin A-induced suppressor cells, which consist of a CD4-, CD8+ T-cell subset, suppressor cells induced by MAM were due to a CD4+ CD8- subset. We hypothesize that MAM may play a role in M. arthritidis-mediated disease by both its inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties.
Thermal Conductivity of the Elements (1972)

This is the abridged version of a comprehensive volume on the thermal conductivity of the elements. It contains recommended reference values resulting from critical evaluation, analysis, and synthesis of all the available data. It also gives estimated values for those elements for which no thermal conductivity data are available. Thus, the work provides recommended or estimated thermal conductivity values for all the elements over the full temperature ranges where experimental data are available or reliable extrapolations or estimations can be made. The results on each element are presented in both graphical and tabular forms. Summary graphs arranged by group in the periodic table are also given.
Review on Research and Development of Shale Gas in China (2015)

Shale gas reserves in China are large, although shale gas production is still in its infancy. This paper reviews Chinese national policies and guidelines related to shale gas development, in particular those related to recent progress in the development of shale gas reserves in Sichuan Province and Chongqing since February 2015. In addition, three large-scale R&D projects related to shale gas development, funded by the Government of China, are introduced, and the scope of the work in each project is described.
Association Between Total Hip Replacement Characteristics and 3-Year Prosthetic Survivorship (2015)

Characteristics of THR are related to early prosthetic revision: antibiotic-impregnated cemented THRs have a better prognosis and MoM THRs a worse one. These findings are useful in helping surgeons select a THR fixation technique and helpful for both patient and surgeon in the decision-making process.
Montelukast, a Leukotriene Receptor Antagonist, in Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis Associated With Asthma (2003)

The significant and persistent reduction of ocular signs and symptoms in asthmatic patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis treated for 15 days with montelukast strongly suggests the need for double-masked placebo-controlled trials to confirm the potential of this new treatment in vernal keratoconjunctivitis.
Influence of the Length of the Lipooligosaccharide α Chain on Its Sialylation in <i>Neisseria meningitidis</i> (2002)

The sialylation of lipooligosaccharide (LOS) in Neisseria meningitidis plays a role in the resistance of the organism to killing by normal human serum. The length of the alpha chain extending out from the heptose I [Hep (I)] moiety of LOS influenced sialylation of N. meningitidis LOS in vitro and in vivo. The alpha chain required a terminal Gal and a trisaccharide or longer oligosaccharide to serve as an acceptor for sialylation. The disaccharide lactose (Galbeta1-4Glc) in the alpha chain of immunotype L8 LOS could not function as an acceptor for the sialyltransferase, probably due to steric hindrance imposed by the neighboring Hep (II) with phosphorylethanolamine and another group attached.
Development and implementation of PWQ on patterned wafer darkfield inspection systems (2009)

Process Window Qualification (PWQ) is a well-established wafer inspection technique used to qualify the design of mask sets and to characterize lithography process windows. While PWQ typically employs a broadband brightfield inspector, novel techniques for patterned wafer darkfield inspection have proven to provide sufficient sensitivity along with noise suppression benefits for lithography layers. This paper describes the introduction and implementation of PWQ on patterned wafer darkfield inspectors. An initial project characterized critical PWQ requirements on the darkfield inspector. The results showed that this new approach meets performance requirements, such as defect of interest (DOI) detection and process window characterization, as well as ease-of-use requirements such as automated setup for advanced design rule products.
Depletion of CD4+ CD25+ regulatory T cells confers susceptibility to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in GM-CSF-deficient <i>Csf2</i>−/− mice (2016)

Previous studies established that GM-CSF-deficient (Csf2-deficient) mice exhibit profound resistance to experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. This study addressed whether the resistance of Csf2-deficient mice was a result of a requirement for GM-CSF in controlling the functional balance between effector and regulatory T cell subsets during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The main observation was that treatment with the anti-CD25 mAb PC61 rendered Csf2-deficient mice fully susceptible to severe, chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, with disease incidences and severities equivalent to that of C57BL/6 mice. When both donors and recipients were treated with PC61 in a passive model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, adoptive transfer of myelin-specific Csf2-deficient T cells into Csf2-deficient recipients resulted in a nonresolving chronic course of severe paralytic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. The peripheral Csf2-deficient T cell repertoire was marked by elevated CD3<sup>+</sup> T cell frequencies that reflected substantial accumulations of naïve CD44<sup>null-low</sup> CD4<sup>+</sup> and CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells but essentially normal frequencies of CD4<sup>+</sup> CD25<sup>+</sup> forkhead box P3<sup>+</sup> T cells among the CD3<sup>+</sup> T cell pool. These findings suggested that Csf2-deficient mice had secondary deficiencies in peripheral T cell sensitization to environmental antigens. In accordance, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55/CFA-sensitized Csf2-deficient mice exhibited deficient peripheral sensitization to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein, whereas pretreatment of Csf2-deficient mice with PC61 enabled the robust induction of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-specific T cell responses in the draining lymphatics. In conclusion, the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis resistance of Csf2-deficient mice, at least in part, reflects a deficient induction of effector T cell function that cannot surmount normal regulatory T cell barriers. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis effector responses, however, are unleashed upon depletion of regulatory CD25<sup>+</sup> T cells.
Farnesylthiosalicylic Acid Inhibits Mammalian Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) Activity Both in Cells and<i>in Vitro</i>by Promoting Dissociation of the mTOR-Raptor Complex (2004)

The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) functions with raptor and mLST8 in a signaling complex that controls rates of cell growth and proliferation. Recent results indicate that an inhibitor of the Ras signaling pathway, farnesylthiosalicylic acid (FTS), decreased phosphorylation of the mTOR effectors, PHAS-I and S6K1, in breast cancer cells. Here we show that incubating 293T cells with FTS produced a stable change in mTOR activity that could be measured in immune complex kinase assays using purified PHAS-I as substrate. Similarly, FTS decreased the PHAS-I kinase activity of mTOR when added to cell extracts or to immune complexes containing mTOR. Incubating either cells or extracts with FTS also decreased the amount of raptor that coimmunoprecipitated with mTOR, although having relatively little effect on the amount of mLST8 that coimmunoprecipitated. The concentration effect curves of FTS for inhibition of mTOR activity and for dissociation of the raptor-mTOR complex were almost identical. Caffeine, wortmannin, LY294002, and rapamycin-FKBP12 also markedly inhibited mTOR activity in vitro, but unlike FTS, none of the other mTOR inhibitors appreciably changed the amount of raptor associated with mTOR. Thus, our findings indicate that FTS represents a new type of mTOR inhibitor, which acts by dissociating the functional mTOR-raptor signaling complex.
Suppression of Tumor Invasion and Metastasis by Concurrent Inhibition of c-Met and VEGF Signaling in Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors (2012)

This report examines the mechanism of increased tumor aggressiveness after anti-VEGF therapy and presents evidence for roles of vascular pruning, hypoxia, and c-Met activation. The results show that simultaneous inhibition of c-Met and VEGF signaling not only slows tumor growth but also reduces invasion and metastasis.
Ion beam irradiation effect on gas permeation properties of polyimide films (1995)

Abstract This study deals with the ion beam irradiation effect on gas permeation properties of polyimide films. 2 MeV α, 500 keV, and 170 keV N + ions were used for modifying the membranes. It was found that there are two different effects according to the implantation dose. In the case of small‐dose irradiation, ion implantation causes a raise of permeability both for CH 4 and H 2 . When the implantation dose reaches a more important level, the implanted membranes have at the same time high permselectivity for H 2 /CH 4 and high permeability for H 2 . The relationships between the permeation properties and microstructure of the films are also discussed. © 1995 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Cubic Mesoporous Frameworks with a Mixed Semiconductor Nanocrystalline Wall Structure and Enhanced Sensitivity to Visible Light (2004)

Highly ordered mesoporous films with a multicompositional nanocrystalline anatase titania/cadmium chalcogenide wall structure (see figure, scale bar is 20 nm) were synthesized by a fast and inexpensive one-pot single-precursor sol–gel-chemistry route based on supramolecular templating. These films show enhanced sensitivity to visible light in photocurrent generation experiments.
Trellis-coded MPSK modulation techniques for MSAT-X(sup)1 (1988)

Various trellis-coded modulated phase shift keying (MPSK) modulation techniques for transmitting 4.8 kbps over a 5 kHz RF channel are considered. The tradeoffs between coherent versus differentially coherent types of demodulation, and interleaving are discussed as well as optimum trellis-codes designed for fading channels. Simulation results are presented.
Broadband Noise from the Unsteady Flow in a Slat Cove (2004)

Noise from high-lift devices such as slats and aps can contribute signicantly to the overall aircraft sound pressure levels, particularly during approach. The acoustic spectrum of the noise radiated from slats exhibits two distinct features. There is a high-frequency tonal noise component, and a high-energy broadband component ranging from low to mid-frequencies. The objective of the present paper is to predict the broadband slat noise. The broadband noise is predicted using a two-step process. First the noise sources are modeled based on the local turbulence information. Then, the sound from these sources is propagated by assuming that the ow past the wing is uniform. A Boundary Element Method is used to nd the Green’s function for wave propagation in a moving medium in the presence of the wing. The noise in the far eld is then predicted by forming a convolution of the Green’s function with the modeled sources. The attractive feature of this prediction scheme is the relatively quick computational time, which makes it suitable for new design and control strategies.
Compact silicon-on-insulator-based multimode interference coupler with bilevel taper structure (2005)

A novel compact silicon-on-insulator- (SOI-)based multimode interference (MMI) coupler with bilevel taper structures was designed. The MMI section and the S-bend sections of the input-output waveguides are deeply etched. The input-output waveguides connecting to single-mode fibers or other photonic light circuits are etched shallowly to yield single-mode operation. A bilevel taper is introduced in the transition region between the shallowly and deeply etched regions. It is predicted theoretically that this design will not only improve the quality of the self-imaging in the MMI section but will also make the structure compact. Both the excess loss and the nonuniformity of the MMI coupler are reduced. By use of a three-dimensional beam propagation method, the performance of a 1 x 4 MMI coupler based on a SOI is simulated as a numerical example of the novel design. The simulated nonuniformity and the excess loss are approximately 0.0285 and 0.2 dB, respectively.
Real-time co-registered ultrasound and photoacoustic imaging system based on FPGA and DSP architecture (2011)

Co-registering ultrasound (US) and photoacoustic (PA) imaging is a logical extension to conventional ultrasound because both modalities provide complementary information of tumor morphology, tumor vasculature and hypoxia for cancer detection and characterization. In addition, both modalities are capable of providing real-time images for clinical applications. In this paper, a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) and Digital Signal Processor (DSP) module-based real-time US/PA imaging system is presented. The system provides real-time US/PA data acquisition and image display for up to 5 fps<sup>*</sup> using the currently implemented DSP board. It can be upgraded to 15 fps, which is the maximum pulse repetition rate of the used laser, by implementing an advanced DSP module. Additionally, the photoacoustic RF data for each frame is saved for further off-line processing. The system frontend consists of eight 16-channel modules made of commercial and customized circuits. Each 16-channel module consists of two commercial 8-channel receiving circuitry boards and one FPGA board from Analog Devices. Each receiving board contains an IC† that combines. 8-channel low-noise amplifiers, variable-gain amplifiers, anti-aliasing filters, and ADC's<sup>‡</sup> in a single chip with sampling frequency of 40MHz. The FPGA board captures the LVDSξ Double Data Rate (DDR) digital output of the receiving board and performs data conditioning and subbeamforming. A customized 16-channel transmission circuitry is connected to the two receiving boards for US pulseecho (PE) mode data acquisition. A DSP module uses External Memory Interface (EMIF) to interface with the eight 16-channel modules through a customized adaptor board. The DSP transfers either sub-beamformed data (US pulse-echo mode or PAI imaging mode) or raw data from FPGA boards to its DDR-2 memory through the EMIF link, then it performs additional processing, after that, it transfer the data to the PC<sup>**</sup> for further image processing. The PC code performs image processing including demodulation, beam envelope detection and scan conversion. Additionally, the PC code pre-calculates the delay coefficients used for transmission focusing and receiving dynamic focusing for different types of transducers to speed up the imaging process. To further speed up the imaging process, a multi-threads technique is implemented in order to allow formation of previous image frame data and acquisition of the next one simultaneously. The system is also capable of doing semi-real-time automated SO<sub>2</sub> imaging at 10 seconds per frame by changing the wavelength knob of the laser automatically using a stepper motor controlled by the system. Initial in vivo experiments were performed on animal tumors to map out its vasculature and hypoxia level, which were superimposed on co-registered US images. The real-time system allows capturing co-registered US/PA images free of motion artifacts and also provides dynamitic information when contrast agents are used.
Theory of High-Field Electric Conduction and Breakdown in Dielectric Liquids (1976)

A new theoretical model for high-field electric conduction and breakdown in dielectric liquids based on the theory of filamentary single injection is presented. The model is based on the following postulates. 1) The high-field conduction is mainly due to electronemission from the unavoidable asperities on the metallic cathodesurface and is confined in one or more filamentary paths, in which thecurrent density is much larger than that in other regions. 2) There ispractically no impact ionization avalanche in the liquid prior to breakdown,and, at the field of breakdown strength, there is one filamentarypath in which the current density may reach such a critical value thatthe Joule heating produced in it is sufficient to initiate the thermalinstability in the vicinity of the filament and hence the onset of thebreakdown process. Expressions for the high-field conduction currentand the breakdown strength as functions of temperature, hydrostaticpressure, gap length, molecular structure, and applied voltage waveformhave been derived. The computed results are in good agreementwith currently available experimental results for hydrocarbon dielectricliquids. Previous theories based on a uniform distribution ofcurrent density over the electrode area and on an impact ionization processare also critically examined.