gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The discovery of aspirin's antithrombotic effects. (2007)

Aspirin has long been established as a useful analgesic and antipyretic. Even in ancient times, salicylate-containing plants such as the willow were commonly used to relieve pain and fever. In the 20th century, scientists discovered many details of aspirin's anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, including its molecular mechanism of action. In addition, the latter half of the century brought reports that daily, low doses of aspirin could prevent myocardial infarction and stroke. This finding was first reported by Lawrence Craven, a suburban general practitioner in Glendale, California. Unfortunately, Craven's work went largely unnoticed, and decades passed before his observations were verified by clinical trial. We present Craven's story, which demonstrates the value of a single physician's commitment to lifelong learning. In addition, we summarize the work of the physicians and scientists who discovered the molecular mechanisms by which aspirin exerts its antiplatelet effects. Collectively, these discoveries exemplify the complementary roles of basic science and clinical observation in advancing medicine.
Moving object detection based on running average background and temporal difference (2010)

In order to detect moving objects from video sequences with complex background, we propose an algorithm which is based on running average background modeling and temporal difference method. Firstly, we utilize the running average method to dynamically updating the background image. Through using background subtraction, we get a foreground image. Secondly, we use temporal difference method to get a difference image. By combining the foreground image with the difference image, the common information between them can be achieved. Finally, we eliminate the noise in the combined image by using the median filter, and then we can get the moving objects. Experimental results show that, comparing with traditional running average method, temporal difference method and Gaussian mixture background modeling method, our method can detect the moving objects from complex backgrounds more accurately with low computational complexity.
Antiprostasome antibody titres in benign and malignant prostate disease. (2006)

These results indicate that the antiprostasome antibody titre in serum may be a novel prostate cancer marker not replacing, but rather supplementing, PSA.
Molecular Cloning of a Novel Mitogen-Inducible Nuclear Protein with a Ran GTPase-Activating Domain That Affects Cell Cycle Progression (1995)

We have cloned a novel cDNA (Spa-1) which is little expressed in the quiescent state but induced in the interleukin 2-stimulated cycling state of an interleukin 2-responsive murine lymphoid cell line by differential hybridization. Spa-1 mRNA (3.5 kb) was induced in normal lymphocytes following various types of mitogenic stimulation. In normal organs it is preferentially expressed in both fetal and adult lymphohematopoietic tissues. A Spa-1-encoded protein of 68 kDa is localized mostly in the nucleus. Its N-terminal domain is highly homologous to a human Rap1 GTPase-activating protein (GAP), and a fusion protein of this domain (SpanN) indeed exhibited GAP activity for Rap1/Rsr1 but not for Ras or Rho in vitro. Unlike the human Rap1 GAP, however, SpanN also exhibited GAP activity for Ran, so far the only known Ras-related GTPase in the nucleus. In the presence of serum, stable Spa-1 cDNA transfectants of NIH 3T3 cells (NIH/Spa-1) hardly overexpressed Spa-1 (p68), and they grew as normally as did the parental cells. When NIH/Spa-1 cells were serum starved to be arrested in the G1/G0 phase of the cell cycle, however, they, unlike the control cells, exhibited progressive Spa-1 p68 accumulation, and following the addition of serum they showed cell death resembling mitotic catastrophes of the S phase during cell cycle progression. The results indicate that the novel nuclear protein Spa-1, with a potentially active Ran GAP domain, severely hampers the mitogen-induced cell cycle progression when abnormally and/or prematurely expressed. Functions of the Spa-1 protein and its regulation are discussed in the context of its possible interaction with the Ran/RCC-1 system, which is involved in the coordinated nuclear functions, including cell division.
Metabolic engineering of p‐hydroxybenzylglucosinolate in Arabidopsis by expression of the cyanogenic CYP79A1 from Sorghum bicolor (1999)

Glucosinolates are natural products in cruciferous plants, including Arabidopsis thaliana. CYP79A1 is the cytochrome P450 catalysing the conversion of tyrosine to p-hydroxyphenylacetaldoxime in the biosynthesis of the cyanogenic glucoside dhurrin in sorghum. Both glucosinolates and cyanogenic glucosides have oximes as intermediates. Expression of CYP79A1 in A. thaliana results in the production of high levels of the tyrosine-derived glucosinolate p-hydroxybenzylglucosinolate, which is not a natural constituent of A. thaliana. This provides further evidence that the enzymes have low substrate specificity with respect to the side chain. The ability of the cyanogenic CYP79A1 to integrate itself into the glucosinolate pathway has important implications for an evolutionary relationship between cyanogenic glucosides and glucosinolates, and for the possibility of genetic engineering of novel glucosinolates.
Editorial: Exploring adoption and use of ICT in learning (2015)

Welcome to Volume 11 Issue 2 of the International Journal of Education and Development using Information and Communication Technology (IJEDICT). This issue brings articles from or about Croatia, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Italy, Ireland, Portugal, Serbia, South Africa, the Netherlands, Uganda, UK and USA.In Exploring the use of ICTs in learning and disseminating livestock husbandry knowledge to urban and peri-urban communities in Tanzania, Angello describes a which investigated the extent of use of ICTs by urban and peri-urban livestock keepers and how access and dissemination of livestock information could be improved through use of ICTs. Policy implications of the include improvement of the telecommunications services and ICT infrastructure by the government.The article Interactive-GIS-Tutor (IGIST) integration: Creating a digital space gateway within a textbook-bound South African Geography class by Fleischmann, van der Westhuizen and Cilliers, documents the development and tentative assessment of a geographic information system (GIS) plug-and-play tutor application in South Africa. This case indicates that IGIST is a feasible option, and fosters a positive GIS attitude among learners and teachers.In their article Uncovering reading habits of university students in Uganda: Does ICT matter? Mlay, Sabi, Tsuma and Langmia investigate how ICT can improve reading habits among university students. They also investigated the influence of home culture, school culture and disposable income on reading habit. This provides a unique contribution through empirical evidence that ICT indeed impacts one's reading habit.Institutions in sub-Saharan now spend a significant proportion of their limited resources on installing and maintaining Management Systems (LMS). The article Learning Management System success: Increasing Management System usage in higher education in sub-Saharan Africa by Mtebe investigates this question by analyzing the literature published on LMS usage from across the region. The article concludes by proposing strategies that can help institutions make more effective use of their LMS.The two articles by Livingstone are based on research on staff perceptions about elearning practices at the University of Guyana. The first article Administration's perception about the feasibility of elearning practices at the University of Guyana reports that the University's administration generally believes that elearning practices are feasible and should be embraced, once key issues for their adoption are addressed. The second article Teaching faculty's perception about implementing elearning practices at the University of Guyana reports teaching faculty is generally prepared to upgrade their teaching methods and embrace elearning as a viable alternative.The article Teachers' ICT usage in second-cycle institutions in Ghana: A qualitative study by Buabeng-Andoh and Yidana, investigates teachers' use of ICT and the factors that affect their ICT use. The results show they mainly use ICT for organizational and informative purposes. …
Highly Active Palladium Catalysts Supported by Bulky Proazaphosphatrane Ligands for Stille Cross-Coupling:  Coupling of Aryl and Vinyl Chlorides, Room Temperature Coupling of Aryl Bromides, Coupling of Aryl Triflates, and Synthesis of Sterically Hindered Biaryls (2004)

A family of proazaphosphatrane ligands [P(RNCH2CH2)2N(R'NCH2CH2): R = R' = i-Bu, 1; R = Bz, R' = i-Bu, 3; R = R' = Bz, 4] for palladium-catalyzed Stille reactions of aryl chlorides is described. Catalysts derived from ligands 1 and 4 efficiently catalyze the coupling of electronically diverse aryl chlorides with an array of organotin reagents. The catalyst system based on the ligand 3 is active for the synthesis of sterically hindered biaryls (di-, tri-, and tetra-ortho substituted). The use of ligand 4 allows room-temperature coupling of aryl bromides and it also permits aryl triflates and vinyl chlorides to participate in Stille coupling.
Histology of Somatic Embryogenesis from Leaf Explants of the Oil Palm Elaeis guineensis (1988)

Histological analysis was carried out during the sequence of events which lead to the obtaining of somatic embryos of oil palm. Calluses from the division of perivascular cells formed at the veins of young leaf explants. Subsequent proliferation of histologically similar nodules was by means of a cambium-like zone. Under certain conditions these calluses consisted almost entirely of meristematic cells. They then differentiated rapidly: the cambium-like zone fragmented, leading to protuberance in which the cells divide rapidly; epidermal structures were formed, with a network of procambial strands, and synthesis of storage lipids accompanied the formation of these embryo-like structures which developed into clumps of true somatic embryos, each with a shoot apex and a root apex. Other structures frequently observed during in vitro culture are also described and show that alternate pathways do exist. The structure and evolution of somatic embryos are compared to those of zygotic embryos. Storage lipids emerge as an early tracer of the satisfactory development of tissue towards somatic embryogenesis.
Bioorthogonal Chemical Handle for Tracking Multifunctional Nanoparticles (2013)

Abstract Nanoparticle technologies have tremendous potential in clinical medicine. To fully realize this potential, one must further understand how nanoparticles interact with biological systems. Typically, reporters that are conjugated to nanoparticles during synthesis are used to monitor the nanoparticles in biological systems. Unfortunately, conjugating reporters to nanoparticles complicates the synthesis and the reporter itself may alter the nanoparticle properties. To address these challenges, a copper‐catalyzed azide–alkyne cycloaddition strategy has been developed to functionalize nanoparticles with fluorescent reporters after they have been delivered to biological systems. Using polyamidoamine dendrimers as model nanoparticles, the utility of this strategy is shown in several biological systems including a cancer cell model, primary immune cells, and a murine model of inflammation. This reporter strategy simplifies the synthesis without sacrificing the ability to monitor the nanoparticle conjugates. It is expected that this bioorthogonal reporter strategy can be used to understand nanoparticle interactions in biological systems, which will facilitate the translation of these technologies to the clinics.
ChemInform Abstract: HYPOTHESIS FOR REINFORCEMENT OF PORTLAND CEMENT BY POLYMER LATEXES (1974)

Abstract Eine Hypothese für den Verstärkungsmechanismus von Portlandzement durch polymeres Latex wird dargestellt.
Reducing Internet-based intrusions: Effective security patch management (2003)

The Software Productivity Consortium (the Consortium) has been investigating methods for improving and measuring four essential defenses against Internet-based threats: security patch management, system and application hardening, network reconnaissance and enumeration, and tools against malicious software. These defenses increasingly are critical to an organization's information security posture and should be implemented in an effective, systematic, and repeatable fashion. Senior-level managers or executives should review process measurement data regularly to ensure that these defenses are being performed properly and to provide an objective basis for organizational improvement. This article focuses on lessons learned implementing improvements in the first of these defenses, security patch management, and is derived largely from pilot projects conducted in collaboration with Consortium members. The need for improved security patch management figured prominently in the recent draft cyber security strategy issued by the White House. The practices examined in this article can assist organizations in substantially reducing the risk from Internet-based compromises.
Multifaceted role of IL‐21 in rheumatoid arthritis: Current understanding and future perspectives (2017)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune inflammatory disorder designated with hyperplastic synovium, bone destruction and cartilage degradation. Current therapies involve targeting major cytokines and inflammatory mediators involved in RA to alleviate the pain and provide a temporary relief. Interleukin 21 (IL-21), a recently identified cytokine is known to possess a versatile role in modulating the cells of the RA synovium. Over the past decade, the pleiotropic role of IL-21 in RA pathogenesis has been implicated in several aspects. T helper 17 (Th17) and follicular T helper cells (Tfh), being the key immunomodulators of the RA synovium secrete high amounts of IL-21 during disease progression. Several studies have provided experimental evidences elucidating the multifaceted role of IL-21 in RA disease progression. IL-21 has the potential to activate T cells, B cells, monocytes/macrophages and synovial fibroblasts in RA pathogenesis through activation of JAK-STAT, MAPK and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. Till date, therapies targeting Th17 cells and its inflammatory cytokines have been under investigation and are subjected to various clinical trials. This review showcases the role of IL-21 in RA pathogenesis and recent reports implicating its function in various immune cells, major signaling pathways, and in promoting osteoclastogenesis.
Three-Dimensional Display System with Dual-Frequency Liquid-Crystal Varifocal Lens (2000)

A new volumetric three-dimensional (3-D) display system that provides all the visual cues to depth perception has been developed. This system provides flicker-free, large 3-D images of 250 mm in both diameter and depth with a viewing cone from -10° to +10°. The system is simply composed of a dual-frequency liquid-crystal (LC) varifocal lens (the key device), a two-dimensional display, and two fixed lens. The focal length of the LC varifocal lens can be continuously varied from -1.2 to +1.5 diopters (1/m) by changing the effective refractive index of LC. Using a dual-frequency LC for the varifocal lens achieves sufficiently fast operation of at least 60 Hz for flicker-free moving 3-D images. The simple structure of our varifocal lens facilitates the fabrication of a large-diameter lens, resulting in large 3-D images with a sufficient viewing cone.
A Design of Linear State Observers for Motorized Seat Belt System (2012)

This paper describes a design and a verification of linear state observers for a motorized seat belt system to estimate state information such as angular velocity and load torque. The motorized seat belt system provides functions to protect passengers and improve passenger's convenience. To realize these functions, sensors which can measure an angular velocity and load torque are needed. By use of the linear state observer, state information can be estimated without sensors. The motorized seat belt system is analysed and represented as a state space model which contains load torque as an augmented state. By the developed state space model, a full and reduced order observer are designed and verified by experiments. The full and reduced order observer are also compared from points of view of execution time and noise robustness.
Stages of Age-Related Reproductive Success in Birds: Simultaneous Effects of Age, Pair-Bond Duration and<i>Reproductive Experience</i> (1995)

SYNOPSIS. Most organisms reproduce episodically rather than continuously. Forms of discontinuity may include seasonal breeding in annual cycles, and delayed breeding and/or senescence over the lifespan of individuals. In addition, age can have profound effects on the annual reproductive success (RS) of a wide variety of animals. Explanations of the effects of age on RS can be confounded, however, by the acquired breeding experience of individuals, and the duration of pair-bonds, both of which have effects on RS similar to those of age itself. However, most studies of the effects of age on RS prior to senescence have not accounted for the effects of pair-bond duration, and many have treated age and experience as synonyms. In this paper I summarize the effects of all three factors, discuss the simultaneous and interrelated nature of their effects, and suggest ways to separate the relative contributions of each.
Analysis of the impact of intra-die variance on clock skew (2003)

In this work, we analyze the impact of local process variations on the clock skew of VLSI circuits designed in deep sub-micron technologies. As the size of active repeaters decreases, the utilization of dense buffering schemes, up to complete replacement of metal wiring with active devices, has been proposed in order to realize efficient and noise-immune clock distribution networks. However, local variance of MOSFET electrical parameters, such as V/sub T/ and I/sub DSS/, increases with scaling of device dimensions, thus causing large intra-die variability of the timing properties of clock buffers. As a consequence, we expect local mismatch to be a significant source of clock skew in deep sub-micron technologies. In order to accurately verify this assumption, we applied advanced statistical simulation techniques and accurate mismatch characterization data to the statistical simulation of relatively small clock distribution networks. The comparison with Monte Carlo simulations performed by neglecting the mismatch effect confirmed that it is necessary to account for local device variations in the design and sizing of the clock distribution network.
Multiinstitutional validation of the UCSF cancer of the prostate risk assessment for prediction of recurrence after radical prostatectomy (2006)

The UCSF-CAPRA accurately predicted both biochemical and pathologic outcomes after radical prostatectomy among a large, diverse, cohort of men. These results validated the effectiveness of this powerful and straightforward instrument.
Low-temperature radiation damage in Mn-doped RbMgF<sub>3</sub> (1977)

Defects introduced by high energy electron irradiation at low temperatures have been studied in manganese doped RbMgF3. At these low temperatures negative-ion vacancies are not mobile and only the various radiation induced interstitials and X2- (VK) centres are mobile. It is found that at 15K where X2- centres are not mobile the F band (due to negative vacancies which have trapped electrons) increases almost linearly with radiation dose and optical bands due to X2- centres and impurities yield the only obvious absorption between 200 nm and 1000 nm. No sign of radiation defect perturbed Mn2+ optical transitions can be observed for the radiation doses investigated. However, when the irradiation is done at 77K both F centres and radiation defect-Mn2+ complexes are formed. Since vacancies are not mobile at 77K it is suspected that interstitial defects perturb the Mn2+ ions.
Angiogenesis: a "breakthrough" technology in cardiovascular medicine. (2000)

The identification of angiogenic growth factors has generated the opportunity for novel therapies in the treatment of a variety of diseases. Antibodies and/or naturally occurring angiogenesis inhibitors are being investigated clinically to antagonize key angiogenic factors. The strategy is designed to eliminate the vascular infrastructure and thereby minimize the extent of pathological consequences to the patient. A complementary strategy is likely to emerge for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Clinical trials of therapeutic angiogenesis have already been initiated in patients with myocardial ischemia and peripheral vascular disease. These include trials of recombinant protein therapy as well as gene transfer. While preliminary applications of gene therapy have established proof of the concept that angiogenic growth factors can augment collateral artery development in human subjects, many questions remain to be answered.
Management of "Bad Trips" in an Evolving Drug Scene (1970)

"Bad trips" arise out of an increasingly complex drug scene. Rational therapy must consider completely, social, psychological and physiological factors. Complexity results from the development of new drugs, indiscriminate ingestion, contamination, and adulteration. Drug-induced psychological changes occasionally lead to fatal behavior. Bad trips from anticholinergic compounds may be seriously worsened by phenothiazine treatment. Protection of the patient from dangerous behavior is fundamental to treatment. A clear history is invaluable but should be augmented by physical and mental examinations. Treatment begins with establishment of verbal contact without the use of tranquilizers, if possible. Reassurance and reality defining are often sufficient. With severe ego disruption, medication in combination with verbal interaction may be required. Administration of phenothiazines or sedatives helps to reestablish the observing ego with rapid dissolution of perceptual distortion and reestablishment of the premorbid ego functioning in most cases. Optimal treatment includes a follow-up visit.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) regulates the size, reactivity, and function of a primed pool of CD4<sup>+</sup>T cells (2000)

We examined how cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) regulates heterogeneous CD4(+) T cell responses by using experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a CD4(+) T cell-mediated disease that is subject to regulation by CTLA-4. Disease incidence and severity were used as measures of in vivo CD4(+) T cell responses. The frequency, cytokine production, and reactivity of primed T cells were determined from animals immunized with proteolipid protein (PLP)-139-151 (disease agonist), PLP-Q (disease antagonist), or both peptides, and treated with control or anti-CTLA-4 antibody to analyze the responding population. CTLA-4 blockade exacerbated disease in PLP-139-151-primed animals and overcame disease antagonism in coimmunized animals, but did not permit disease induction in PLP-Q-primed animals. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis enhancement was associated with increased frequencies of cytokine-producing cells and increased ratios of IFN-gamma to IL-4 secretors responsive to PLP-139-151. Priming with PLP-Q elicited IL-4 and IL-2, but not IFN-gamma secretors cross-reactive with PLP-139-151. Strikingly, CTLA-4 blockade was found to decrease rather than increase the frequencies of cross-reactive IL-4 and IL-2 secretors. Thus, CTLA-4 engagement limits the size, but increases the breadth, of reactivity of a primed pool of CD4(+) T cells, consequently regulating its function.