gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrated Light Collimating System for Extended Optical-Path-Length Absorbance Detection in Microchip-Based Capillary Electrophoresis (2005)

We have developed an integrated light collimating system with a microlens and a pair of slits for extended optical path length absorbance detection in a capillary electrophoresis (CE) microchip. The collimating system is made of the same material as the chip, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), and it is integrated into the chip during the molding of the CE microchannels. In this microchip, the centers of an extended 500-microm detection cell and two optical fibers are self-aligned, and a planoconvex microlens (r = 50 microm) for light collimation is placed in front of a light-delivering fiber. To block stray light, two rectangular apertures, realized by a specially designed three-dimensional microchannel, are made on each end of the detection cell. In comparison to conventional extended detection cell having no collimator, the percentage of stray radiation readout fraction in the collimator integrated detection cell is significantly reduced from 31.6 to 3.8%. The effective optical path length is increased from 324 to 460 microm in the collimator integrated detection cell. The detection sensitivity is increased by 10 times in the newly developed absorbance detection cell as compared to an unextended, 50-microm-long detection cell. The concentration detection limit (S/N = 3) for fluorescein in the collimator integrated detection cell is 1.2 microM at the absorbance detection limit of 0.001 AU.
Chemical silver plating and its application to textile fabric design (2005)

Abstract Metalization is one of the finishing processes in textile treatments that can produce fabrics with a unique appearance. It has great potential for textiles and garments, including functional and decorative effects. Chemical plating is an autocatalytic deposition method for precision work in conventional manufacturing. In this study, the operation and final properties of the chemical silver plating of cotton and polyester fabrics were investigated. The results showed that a specific performance of silver‐plated fabric could be obtained if the optimum chemical‐plating conditions were chosen. In addition, a fabric design practice employed by this chemical technique with a craft approach achieved a diverse effect. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 96: 919–926, 2005
Oral Delivery of Pentameric Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 by Recombinant Lactobacillus in Diabetic Rats (2016)

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) is an incretin hormone produced by intestinal cells and stimulates insulin secretion from the pancreas in a glucose-dependent manner. Exogenously supplied GLP-1 analogues are used in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. An anti-diabetic effect of Lactobacillus in lowering plasma glucose levels and its use as a vehicle for delivery of protein and antibody fragments has been shown previously. The aim of this study was to employ lactobacilli as a vehicle for in situ production and delivery of GLP-1 analogue to normalize blood glucose level in diabetic GK (Goto-Kakizaki) rats. In this study, we designed pentameric GLP-1 (5×GLP-1) analogues which were both expressed in a secreted form and anchored to the surface of lactobacilli. Intestinal trypsin sites were introduced within 5×GLP-1, leading to digestion of the pentamer into an active monomeric form. The E. coli-produced 5×GLP-1 peptides delivered by intestinal intubation to GK rats resulted in a significant improvement of glycemic control demonstrated by an intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test. Meanwhile, the purified 5×GLP-1 (trypsin-digested) from the Lactobacillus cultures stimulated insulin secretion from HIT-T15 cells, similar to the E. coli-produced 5×GLP-1 peptides. When delivered by gavage to GK rats, non-expressor L. paracasei significantly lowered the blood glucose level but 5×GLP-1 expression did not provide an additional anti-diabetic effect, possibly due to the low levels produced. Our results indicate that lactobacilli themselves might be used as an alternative treatment method for type 2 diabetes, but further work is needed to increase the expression level of GLP-1 by lactobacilli in order to obtain a significant insulinotropic effect in vivo.
Functionality-Oriented Microservice Extraction Based on Execution Trace Clustering (2018)

The main task of microservice extraction is to find which software entities (e.g., methods, classes) should be grouped together from existing monolithic software as candidate microservices, responsible for specific functionalities and evolving independently. Current methods extract microservices by analyzing source code and following the assumption that "classes with strong relation should be in the same service", which originates from software structure analysis. We find that 1) many program behaviors cannot be explicitly reflected in the source code, and 2) the relation at code-level is not equivalent to the same functionality. Thus, we propose a functionality-oriented microservice extraction (FoME) method in this study by monitoring program dynamic behavior and clustering execution traces. Instead of source code analysis, the execution traces of a program are applied to group source code entities that are dedicated to the same functionality. We also construct a systematic measurement of microservice by integrating five complementary metrics of service cohesion and coupling. These metrics measure Functional Independence of microservices. That is, it qualifies whether a microservices can have its own responsibilities independently. In the experiment, our method is compared with three state-of-the-art methods on four open-source projects. The microservice candidates generated using our method present similar functional cohesion to the services produced using the other methods, but have considerably looser coupling measurements (dramatically reducing measurements of IRN and OPN).
Annotation and structural elucidation of bovine milk oligosaccharides and determination of novel fucosylated structures (2013)

Bovine milk oligosaccharides (BMOs) are recognized by the dairy and food industries, as well as by infant formula manufacturers, as novel, high-potential bioactive food ingredients. Recent studies revealed that bovine milk contains complex oligosaccharides structurally related to those previously thought to be present in only human milk. These BMOs are microbiotic modulators involved in important biological activities, including preventing pathogen binding to the intestinal epithelium and serving as nutrients for a selected class of beneficial bacteria. Only a small number of BMO structures are fully elucidated. To better understand the potential of BMOs as a class of biotherapeutics, their detailed structure analysis is needed. This study initiated the development of a structure library of BMOs and a comprehensive evaluation of structure-related specificity. The bovine milk glycome was profiled by high-performance mass spectrometry and advanced separation techniques to obtain a comprehensive catalog of BMOs, including several novel, lower abundant neutral and fucosylated oligosaccharides that are often overlooked during analysis. Structures were identified using isomer-specific tandem mass spectroscopy and targeted exoglycosidase digestions to produce a BMO library detailing retention time, accurate mass and structure to allow their rapid identification in future studies.
Degradation of Oxide Properties Caused by Low-Level Metallic Contamination (2007)

In this work on silicon was contaminated with metal-containing solutions after it was grown. Significant deleterious electrical effects are shown to develop following oxide surface contamination with part per billion, ppB, levels of metals from solution. The objective was to address the risk that unintentional contamination, such as may occur during routine manufacturing processes, posed to oxide electrical performance. Accordingly, high temperature or ion implantation-based contamination process environments, typical of previous studies, were not used in this work. Two low-energy methods were developed to introduce the contamination to the oxide and they are referred to as unintentional contamination mimic and plasma mimic processes, respectively. Equilibrium current density vs oxide stress field, , capacitor measurements were used to assess the degradation in oxide quality caused by exposure to either cobalt, copper, nickel, or iron containing solutions. Cobalt was observed to act in a fashion different from other metals at low ppB contamination levels for capacitor structures, suggesting a different behavior of this metal when applied to oxide relative to the other metals considered. Further, a strong correlation is demonstrated between capacitor measurement results and noncontact oxide stress-induced-leakage-current, measurements that do not require capacitor fabrication.
High-Pressure, High-Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Boron Suboxide (B<sub>6</sub>O) (1998)

Boron suboxide, nominally B6O, was synthesized by reducing B2O3 with B up to 10 GPa in a multianvil press at temperatures between 1200 and 1800 °C. The samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and parallel electron energy-loss spectroscopy (PEELS). We used high-pressure techniques to synthesize boron suboxide of improved purity and crystallinity and less oxygen-deficient (i.e., closer to the nominal B6O composition) in comparison to products of room-pressure syntheses. We describe the preparation of grains ranging from 20 nm to 40 μm in diameter, as well as the first synthesis of micrometer-sized B6O icosahedral twins and euhedral “crystals”. The best materials are obtained for starting mixtures containing an excess B2O3 reacted at 1700−1800 °C between 4 and 5.5 GPa. After the products were washed in water, well-crystallized single-phase product dominated by icosahedrally twinned particles to 30 μm in diameter was easily recovered. Oxygen occupancies ascertained from Rietveld refinements show data consistent with the chemical compositions determined by PEELS. These results give a composition of B6O0.77 for our room-pressure material. The highest O occupancy, B6O0.96, is obtained for the micrometer-size icosahedral particles prepared at 1700 °C between 4 and 5.5 GPa.
Dehalogenation of 1-halogenothienyl-di- and -tetra-hydroisoquinolines by sodium methoxide in dimethyl sulphoxide (1985)

On treatment with sodium methoxi-dimethylsulphoxide (NaOMe–DMSO) 1-(5-halogeno-2-thienyl)-6,7-dimethoxy-2-methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines suffer loss of halogen and are converted into the related 1-hydroxytetrahydroisoquinolines. The reaction fails with comparable 1-bromophenyl- and 1 -(halogeno-3-thienyl)tetrahydroisoquinolines. A similar transformation takes place with (5-halogeno-2-thienyl)phenylmethoxymethanes, leading to the dimethyl acetal of the 5-dehalogenated-2-thienyl phenyl ketone. α-Halogenated-2- and 3-thienyl-3,4-dihydroisoquinolines undergo dehalogenation-aromatisation with NaOMe–DMSO. Mechanisms for these conversions are proposed.
[Stomach cancer mortality and life styles in Niigata Prefecture]. (1990)

Niigata prefecture is featured by the extremely high mortality of stomach cancer ranking first in men and 6th in women among 47 prefectures in Japan. It is also featured by the highest consumption of rice. Daily salt consumption in Niigata is also higher by 2 grams than country average and by 5.8 grams than Okinawa, the area with the lowest stomach cancer mortality. The amount of consumption of rice and salt was observed significantly higher in households with 2 or more stomach cancer cases than the households with no case of stomach cancer among all food items studied. The stomach cancer mortality rates by health center districts were significantly associated with their salt/rice ratio, suggesting excess consumption of salt is the major risk factor of the disease rather than rice itself.
Cathepsin B, cathepsin H, cathepsin X and cystatin C in sera ofpatients with early-stage and inflammatory breast cancer (2008)

Numerous studies have linked cathepsins and their inhibitor cystatin C to tumor invasion and metastasis. We examined whether cathepsin B, cathepsin H, cathepsin X and cystatin C could be detected in sera from women with early stage or inflammatory breast cancer and whether they correlated with clinicopathological characteristics. Preoperative serum was obtained from 176 patients with early-stage breast cancer (tumor size <or= 5 cm, negative lymph nodes) and 31 patients with inflammatory breast cancer. Cathepsin and cystatin C levels were measured by ELISA. The patient and tumor characteristics under study were age at diagnosis, menopausal status, tumor size, tumor grade, and steroid hormone receptor status. Serum cathepsin B levels were significantly lower in patients with poorly differentiated tumors. High cystatin C levels were associated with tumor size, postmenopausal status and patient age. Interestingly, significantly lower levels of cathepsin X and H were found in patients with inflammatory breast cancer, a trend also observed for cathepsin B and cystatin C. In conclusion, our results show a limited association of cathepsins B, H, X and cystatin C with established prognostic parameters. These data are promising and encourage future analysis of the clinical outcome of our patients in order to examine the potential prognostic value of these biomarkers. Further, this study indicates a role for cathepsin X and H in inflammatory breast cancer.
Analytical Model on Stress-Regulated Lithiation Kinetics and Fracture of Si-C Yolk-Shell Anodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2016)

Despite various Si-based anode designs proposed by different researchers, the low areal capacity of these anodes remains an obstacle to their utilization as they still fail to meet the requirements for commercial Li-ion batteries. To tackle this challenge, a novel design of pomegranate-inspired Si-C yolk-shell composite anodes was developed recently, where single silicon nanoparticles are encapsulated by conductive carbon shells with void spaces between particles and shells to accommodate expansion. Despite overall excellent cycling performance, lithiation halting and carbon shell pulverization are experimentally observed in some Si-C yolk-shell anode designs, which undermine the structural integrity and limit the battery performance. Quantitative understanding of these failure modes is still lacking despite being critical to improve the yolk-shell anode designs. We present a theoretical study on lithiation-induced stress field in Si-C yolk-shell composite anodes and its influence on lithiation kinetics and mechanical degradation. For the first time, it is demonstrated that the contribution of surface stresses to the lithiation-induced stress field in nano-sized silicon anodes is negligible. We identify promising designs to achieve full anode capacity without carbon shell fracture while reducing consumption of carbon material. Results from the present study may offer insight on improving designs of Si-C yolk-shell composite anodes.
Color Harmony Algorithm Based on Computer-Aided Color Design (2007)

For the requirement of color application in computer-aided industrial design(CAID),an improved algorithm of Ostwald section-framed circle star harmony is proposed,based on analysis and studies of several current color harmony theories.In the improved algorithm,the geometric frame theory of Itten is applied to the section circle to get more harmony color combinations.The algorithm model for the color harmony theory of Itten and Ostwald has been established.After choosing a main color and confirming the number of different colors in one combination,then harmony color combinations would be worked out automatically.The algorithm is validated by examples.
The Shifting Stars: The Rise of China, Emerging Economies and the Future of World Trade Governance (2012)

This article reviews the changing landscape in the WTO, especially the rise of China, the challenges its ascent poses to the multilateral trading system, and lessons for other developing countries.
[Effect of heat shock factor 1 on airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in mice with allergic asthma]. (2017)

Knockdown of HSF1 aggravates airway hyperresponsiveness and airway inflammation in asthmatic mice, and its possible mechanism may involve the negative regulation of HMGB1 and JNK.
Monoclonal anti-I-A antibody reverses chronic paralysis and demyelination in Theiler's virus-infected mice: critical importance of timing of treatment (1987)

Susceptibility to demyelination caused by the WW isolate of Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis viruses is linked to class II genes of the major histocompatibility complex. SJL/J (H-2s) mice, expressing only I-As class II gene products of the major histocompatibility complex, are highly susceptible to Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection with the WW virus isolate, with chronic paralysis and severe inflammation and demyelination in the central nervous system. The effect of in vivo administration of anti-I-As monoclonal antibodies on Theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus infection was observed. SJL/J mice were treated in various protocols pre- or postinfection. Anti-I-As monoclonal antibody reversed chronic paralysis and reduced inflammation and demyelination when given after the establishment of persistent infection. The effect was long lasting, but clinical signs, inflammation, and demyelination recurred 2 months after treatment ceased. Anti-I-As antibodies had no effect on viral titers within the central nervous system. The timing of the administration of monoclonal antibodies was critical. Administration of anti-I-As before the establishment of the persistent infection resulted in fatal encephalitis.
Radiation-inactivation analysis of vacuolar H+-ATPase and H+-pyrophosphatase from <i>Beta vulgaris</i> L. Functional sizes for substrate hydrolysis and for H+ transport (1992)

The functional sizes of the vacuolar H(+)-ATPase (V-ATPase; EC 3.6.1.34) and H(+)-pyrophosphatase (PPase; EC 3.6.1.1) from vacuolar membranes of red beet (Beta vulgaris L.) were estimated by radiation inactivation, both for substrate hydrolysis and for H+ transport. For the V-ATPase, the radiation-inactivation size for H+ transport was 446 (403-497) kDa and that for ATP hydrolysis was 394 (359-435) kDa. The low values of both of these estimates suggest that not all subunits which may co-purify with V-ATPases are required for either hydrolysis or transport. For the PPase, the radiation-inactivation size for hydrolysis was 91 (82-103) kDa, suggesting that the minimum functional unit for hydrolysis is the 81 kDa monomer. In contrast to the V-ATPase, the PPase gave a radiation-inactivation size for transport which was 3-4-fold larger than that for hydrolysis (two estimates for transport gave 307 and 350 kDa), indicating that a single catalytic subunit is insufficient for transport activity.
Molecular cloning of human apolipoprotein B cDNA (1985)

In this paper we describe the isolation of cDNA clones which code for parts of apolipoprotein B (apoB). The clones were obtained by immunoscreening of an expression library (lambda gt 11) derived from a human hepatoma cell line (Hep G2). The relationship between positive clones and apoB was established with immunochemical techniques using polyclonal as well as monoclonal antibodies. Recombinants, expressing nonoverlapping regions of apoB are described, all hybridizing with a very large mRNA (approximately 20,000 bases long). The nucleotide sequence obtained predicts a primary protein structure with a composition suitable for the formation of stretches of an amphipatic alpha-helix.
A Digital Loop Communication System (1974)

In this concise paper, we describe the concept of a local loop communication system with distributed control. Digital signals offered by the subscribers are parceled and transmitted in blocks to their destination using address-coding. Access of the terminals to the loop is gained by switching a delay network (shift register, containing the message block to be transmitted) into the loop line. This strategy guarantees that every station is able to transmit a message at any time regardless of the traffic conditions in the loop. A quantitative analysis of the loop traffic capabilities as a fnnction of the loop parameters is given. A laboratory model for line frequencies of about 10 Mb/s is presently being built. It allows data and telephone connections including such features as call back, call transfer and forwarding. Loop transmission is realized by means of a three-core symmetrical cable which carries the data sequences and the timing information separately. This allows the use of an extremely simple regenerator. Possible applications include integrated in-house communication systems and control and supervisory systems for manufacturing processes, railway stations and trains.
Fuel Effects on Oxidation Catalysts and Catalyst-Equipped Vehicles (1973)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The effects of lead and sulfur in gasoline on the activity of two platinum oxidation catalysts have been studied using engine dynamometer units. Under the steady-state conditions used, no poisoning due to sulfur was observed. Prolonged operations with lead up to 0.07 g/gal reduced the hydrocarbon (HC) conversion activity of the catalysts in proportion to time and lead concentration, but did not affect carbon monoxide (CO) conversions. The overall extent of lead poisoning was relatively minor, however. Catalysts exposed to the equivalent of 25,000 miles' operation with a fuel containing 0.07 g of lead/gal still met the original 1975 federal emissions standards of 3.4 g/mile of CO and 0.41 g/mile of HC when tested on an experimental vehicle. Exposure of platinum catalysts to exhaust from 20 gal of fuel containing 0.5 g of lead/gal caused an immediate drop in catalyst activity, but this loss was rapidly recovered when operations continued with a lead-free fuel. Thus, short-term contamination of catalyst-equipped cars with lead may not be the serious problem it was formerly thought to be.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Several 1973 model vehicles have been converted by the addition of experimental oxidation catalyst systems and used to determine the effects of fuel gravity and volatility on emissions and performance. To the extent tested, these catalyst-equipped cars gave driveability and fuel economy at least as good as that demonstrated by the corresponding 1973 vehicles. At an ambient temperature of 70°F, using the 1975 federal test procedure (FTP), fuel volatility and gravity did not significantly affect HC and CO emissions for these systems.</div>
A model of local adaptation (2015)

The visual system constantly adapts to different luminance levels when viewing natural scenes. The state of visual adaptation is the key parameter in many visual models. While the time-course of such adaptation is well understood, there is little known about the spatial pooling that drives the adaptation signal. In this work we propose a new empirical model of local adaptation, that predicts how the adaptation signal is integrated in the retina. The model is based on psychophysical measurements on a high dynamic range (HDR) display. We employ a novel approach to model discovery, in which the experimental stimuli are optimized to find the most predictive model. The model can be used to predict the steady state of adaptation, but also conservative estimates of the visibility (detection) thresholds in complex images. We demonstrate the utility of the model in several applications, such as perceptual error bounds for physically based rendering, determining the backlight resolution for HDR displays, measuring the maximum visible dynamic range in natural scenes, simulation of afterimages, and gaze-dependent tone mapping.