gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Homozygous Deletion of the p16/MTS1 Gene in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Is Associated With Unfavorable Clinical Outcome (1997)

The p16 gene (MTS1, CDKN2, p16INK4A, CDKI) encoding an inhibitor of cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (cdk4) has been found to be deleted in various types of tumors, including leukemia, and is thought to code for a tumor suppressor gene. Our preliminary findings on eight pediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) suggested that the survival of patients carrying a homozygous p16 gene deletion was significantly inferior to that of those without a deletion. The present study on 48 patients tested the hypothesis that the clinical outcome for pediatric ALL patients is correlated with the presence or absence of the p16 gene. Overall, nine of 48 children (18.3%) carried a homozygous p16 deletion. Such deletions were significantly more common (P = .003) among T-ALL patients (five of eight, 62.5%) than among precursor-B-ALL patients (four of 40, 10.0%). Of nine patients exhibiting p16 deletions, eight (88.9%) were classified as high-risk patients by the recognized prognostic factors of age, white blood cell count, and T-cell phenotype. The 4-year event-free survival in the study population as a whole was 72.7%. Without adjustment for other risk factors (univariate model), the presence of a homozygous p16 deletion was associated with a markedly increased probability of both relapse (P = .0003) and death (P = .002). These findings raise the question of whether the p16 deletion itself confers an increased risk of relapse after adjusting for the known risk factors. In this analysis, the estimated risk multiplier factor for relapse in patients carrying the p16 deletion was 14.0 (P = .0004) and for the risk of death 15.6 (P = .0008). We therefore conclude that the presence of a homozygous p16 deletion may well be an important risk factor for both relapse and death in childhood ALL, and that its prognostic effect is not a consequence of confounding by other factors already known to influence outcome in this disease.
An Ultra-High Element Density pMUT Array with Low Crosstalk for 3-D Medical Imaging (2013)

A ~1 MHz piezoelectric micromachined ultrasonic transducer (pMUT) array with ultra-high element density and low crosstalk is proposed for the first time. This novel pMUT array is based on a nano-layer spin-coating lead zirconium titanium film technique and can be fabricated with high element density using a relatively simple process. Accordingly, key fabrication processes such as thick piezoelectric film deposition, low-stress Si-SOI bonding and bulk silicon removal have been successfully developed. The novel fine-pitch 6 × 6 pMUT arrays can all work at the desired frequency (~1 MHz) with good uniformity, high performance and potential IC integration compatibility. The minimum interspace is ~20 μm, the smallest that has ever been achieved to the best of our knowledge. These arrays can be potentially used to steer ultrasound beams and implement high quality 3-D medical imaging applications.
Chain-length-dependent termination for free radical polymerization (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChain-length-dependent termination for free radical polymerizationS. Zhu and A. E. HamielecCite this: Macromolecules 1989, 22, 7, 3093–3098Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00197a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00197a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views468Altmetric-Citations73LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Experimental determination of the regional deposition of aerosol particles in the human respiratory tract (1980)

The experimental techniques and the results of inhalation studies with radioaerosols on normal non-smokers for mouth-breathing are described and discussed. Monodisperse iron oxide particles tagged with 198Au are produced with a spinning top generator in the aerodynamic size range between 1 to 10 micrometers. An aerosol inhalation apparatus enables the subjects to breathe under standardized conditions with respect to tidal volume and breathing frequency. The calculation of total deposition is based upon measurements of the number of in- and exhaled particles per breath by means of photometric methods and pneumotachography. The retention of the radioactive particles present in the body after aerosol administration is measured with a body counter designed and constructed for these experiments. Retention measurements as functions of time after inhalation are carried out in extrathoracic-, chest- and stomach-position. The body counter consists of four shielded NaF(TI)-detectors. The geometrical arrangement, the collimation and the shielding of the four detectors have been optimized by computer calculations in such a way that the response of the counter is independent of the distribution of activity within the chest. Another characteristic feature of the body counter is its low sensitivity to neighboring organs and to neighboring regions within the respiratory tract. For the evaluation of extrathoracic deposition, the activity measured in the stomach immediately after inhalation is added to extrathoracic activity. The elimination of material from the chest (intrathoracic airways) is found to be much slower for the material deposited in the alveolar region (non-ciliated air spaces) than for the amount deposited in the tracheobronchial tree (ciliated airways). This allows the intrathoracic deposition to be divided into tracheobronchial and alveolar deposition by means of the different slopes of the normalized chest retention function. Different normalized chest retention functions are presented and analysed with respect to their different elimination rates belonging to the tracheobronchial and alveolar region. Total, tracheobronchial, alveolar and extrathoracic deposition data are reported in the aerodynamic diameter range between 1 and 10 micrometers.
Total Asymmetric Synthesis of the Putative Structure of the Cytotoxic Diterpenoid (−)-Sclerophytin A and of the Authentic Natural Sclerophytins A and B (2001)

An enantioselective synthetic route to the thermodynamically most stable diastereomer of the structure assigned to sclerophytin A (5) has been realized. The required tricyclic ketone 33 was prepared by sequential Tebbe−Claisen rearrangement of lactones 29 and 30, which originated from the Diels−Alder cycloaddition of Danishefsky's diene to (5S)-5-(d-menthyloxy)-2(5H)-furanone (14). An allyl and a cyano group were introduced into the resulting adduct by means of stereocontrolled allylindation under aqueous Barbier-like conditions and by way of cyanotrimethylsilane, respectively. Following stereocontrolled nucleophilic addition of a methyl group to 33, ring A was elaborated by formation of the silyl enol ether, ytterbium triflate-catalyzed condensation with formaldehyde, O-silylation, and Cu(I)-promoted 1,4-addition of isopropylmagnesium chloride. The superfluous ketone carbonyl was subsequently removed and the second ether bridge introduced by means of oxymercuration chemistry. Only then was the exocyclic methylene group unmasked via elimination. An alternative approach to the α-carbinol diastereomer proceeds by initial α-oxygenation of 37 and ensuing 1,2-carbonyl transposition. Neither this series of steps nor the Wittig olefination to follow induced epimerization at C10. Through deployment of oxymercuration chemistry, it was again possible to elaborate the dual oxygen-bridge network of the target ring system. Oxidation of the organomercurial products with O2 in the presence of sodium borohydride furnished 72, which was readily separated from its isomer 73 after oxidation to 61. Hydride attack on this ketone proceeded with high selectivity from the β-direction to deliver (−)-60. Comparison of the high-field 1H and 13C NMR properties and polarity of synthetic 5 with natural material required that structural revision be made. Following a complete spectral reassessment of the structural assignments to many sclerophytin diterpenes, a general approach to sclerophytin A, three diastereomers thereof, and of sclerophytin B was devised. The presence of two oxygen bridges as originally formulated was thereby ruled out, and absolute configurations were properly determined. Key elements of the strategy include dihydroxylation of a medium-ring double bond, oxidation of the secondary hydroxyl in the two resulting diols, unmasking of an exocyclic methylene group at C-11, and stereocontrolled 1,2-reduction of the α-hydroxy ketone functionality made available earlier.
ChemInform Abstract: Non‐Thiol 3‐Aminomethylbenzamide Inhibitors of Farnesyl‐Protein Transferase. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Polymerization of dichlorophosphinic nitrides (1959)

Abstract The polymerization of the trimer and tetramer of dichlorophosphinic nitride was found to be catalyzed by a variety of organic compounds: ethers, carboxylic acids and ketones, and also by metals. The effect of these substances on the polymerization rate at 211° was explored quantitatively. The tetramer was invariably found to react slower than the trimer, and the same order of reactivities was observed in the copolymerization of the two materials. The catalysts all displayed a comparable activity.
Single-Electron Dynamics of an Atomic Silicon Quantum Dot on the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">H</mml:mi><mml:mtext>−</mml:mtext><mml:mi>Si</mml:mi><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>100</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo><mml:mtext>−</mml:mtext><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mo>×</mml:mo><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:math>Surface (2014)

Here we report the direct observation of single electron charging of a single atomic dangling bond (DB) on the H-Si(100)-2×1 surface. The tip of a scanning tunneling microscope is placed adjacent to the DB to serve as a single-electron sensitive charge detector. Three distinct charge states of the dangling bond--positive, neutral, and negative--are discerned. Charge state probabilities are extracted from the data, and analysis of current traces reveals the characteristic single-electron charging dynamics. Filling rates are found to decay exponentially with increasing tip-DB separation, but are not a function of sample bias, while emptying rates show a very weak dependence on tip position, but a strong dependence on sample bias, consistent with the notion of an atomic quantum dot tunnel coupled to the tip on one side and the bulk silicon on the other.
Fast Ellipse Detection Algorithm Using Hough Transform on the GPU (2011)

GPUs (Graphics Processing Units) are specialized microprocessors that accelerate 3D or 2D graphics operations. Recent GPUs, which have many processing units connected with a global memory, can be used for general purpose parallel computation. To utilize the powerful computing ability, GPUs are widely used for general purpose computing. The main purpose of this paper is an ellipse detection algorithm with Hough transform. The feature of our algorithm is that to reduce computational time and space, the parameter spaces in the Hough transform are decomposed for each parameter and each parameter is computed in series. Also, we implemented our algorithm on a modern GPU system. The experimental results show that, for an input image with size of 2040×2040, our GPU implementation can achieve a speedup factor of approximately 64 times over the sequential implementation without the GPU support.
Solving sliding-block puzzles (2009)

We take a look at the complex domain of sliding-block puzzles, which offers significant challenges for the field of artificial intelligence. By analysing the properties of this domain, as well as similar domains where more published literature exists, we develop new domain-specific methods in an attempt to overcome the combinatorial explosion of this domain. We implement a sliding-block puzzle solving program that uses the traditional search algorithms BFS, A* and IDA* in combination with our domain-specific enhancements. We evaluate the performance of our program against a state-of-theart implementation of BFS, and show that we can reduce the search work by several orders of magnitude using domain-specific enhancements. We conclude our work by suggesting new techniques and areas that can be researched in order to further combat the complexity of solving sliding-block puzzles.
Highly low resistance and transparent Ni/ZnO ohmic contacts to <i>p</i>-type GaN (2003)

We report on a promising Ni (5 nm)/Al-doped ZnO (AZO) (450 nm) metallization scheme for low resistance and transparent ohmic contacts to p-GaN (5×1017 cm−3). It is shown that the as-deposited Ni/AZO contact shows a nonohmic characteristic due to the insulating nature of the as-deposited AZO. However, annealing the contacts at 450 and 550 °C for 2 min in air ambient results in linear current–voltage characteristics, giving a specific contact resistance of 1.01×10−5 and 8.46×10−6 Ω cm2, respectively. It is further shown that annealing the contact at 550 °C for 5 min produces a specific contact resistance of 6.23×10−6 Ω cm2. The light transmittance of the contacts annealed at 550 °C for 2 min is measured to be higher than 76% at wavelengths in the range of 400–550 nm. It is shown that the Ni/AZO contact could be a suitable scheme for high-performance optical devices.
Cocrystals Definitions (2007)

Cocrystals may be stabilized by different types of interactions, besides that of hydrogen bonding—the only type of stabilization specified in the current definitions. There are, for instance, van der Waals forces, π–π interactions, and halogen bonding, among others. The current definitions of cocrystals do not describe these types of interactions, which may be crucial in determining cocrystal formation in diverse compounds. Herein, we attempt to propose a more universal definition of cocrystals, considering all of the various forces involved, and to place more emphasis on the characterization of cocrystals. Moreover, we highlight some examples of cocrystals that are very clearly stabilized by forces other than hydrogen bonds.
Competitive Binding in Magnesium Coordination Chemistry:  Water versus Ligands of Biological Interest (1999)

Density functional theory and continuum dielectric methods have been employed to evaluate the free energy of successive aqua-substitution reactions: [Mg(H2O)6-m-nLmL‘n]2+mz+ny + Lz → [Mg(H2O)5-m-nLm+1L‘n]2+(m+1)z+ny + H2O. The ligands Lz or L‘y under consideration are simple organic molecules that model the amino acid residues that are most commonly found as protein ligands to divalent magnesium. In addition, the Protein Data Bank was surveyed for 3-dimensional protein structures of magnesium-binding sites containing only amino acid ligands. The results obtained were used to delineate the most thermodynamically preferable inner-sphere coordination environment for magnesium. The results also suggest an explanation for two phenomena: (i) the observed inner-sphere binding mode of Mg2+ to proteins and (ii) the unique role of Mg2+ as a carrier of water molecules that mediate enzymatic hydrolysis reactions.
Hyperinnervation of Neuromuscular Junctions Caused by GDNF Overexpression in Muscle (1998)

Overexpression of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) by muscle greatly increased the number of motor axons innervating neuromuscular junctions in neonatal mice. The extent of hyperinnervation correlated with the amount of GDNF expressed in four transgenic lines. Overexpression of GDNF by glia and overexpression of neurotrophin-3 and neurotrophin-4 in muscle did not cause hyperinnervation. Thus, increased amounts of GDNF in postsynaptic target cells can regulate the number of innervating axons.
Identification of two additional members of the membrane‐bound dipeptidase family (2003)

We have cloned two mouse cDNAs encoding previously unidentified membrane-bound dipeptidases [membrane-bound dipeptidase-2 (MBD-2) and membrane-bound dipeptidase-3 (MBD-3)] from membrane-bound dipeptidase-1 (MBD-1) deficient mice (Habib, G.M., Shi, Z-Z., Cuevas, A.A., Guo, Q., Matzuk, M.M., and Lieberman, M.W. (1998) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 4859-4863). These enzymes are closely related to MBD-1 (EC 3.4.13.19), which is known to cleave leukotriene D4 (LTD4) and cystinyl-bis-glycine. MBD-2 cDNA is 56% identical to MBD-1 with a predicted amino acid identity of 33%. The MBD-3 and MBD-1 cDNAs share a 55% nucleotide identity and a 39% predicted amino acid sequence identity. All three genes are tightly linked on the same chromosome. Expression of MBD-2 and MBD-3 in Cos cells indicated that both are membrane-bound through a glycosylphosphatidyl-inositol linkage. MBD-2 cleaves leukotriene D4 (LTD4) but not cystinyl-bis-glycine, while MBD-3 cleaves cystinyl-bis-glycine but not LTD4. MBD-1 is expressed at highest levels in kidney, lung, and heart and is absent in spleen, while MBD-2 is expressed at highest levels in lung, heart, and testis and at somewhat lower levels in spleen. Of the tissues examined, MBD-3 expression was detected only in testis. Our identification of a second enzyme capable of cleaving LTD4 raises the possibility that clearance of LTD4 during asthma and in related inflammatory conditions may be mediated by more than one enzyme.
System Dependency Analysis as a Common Cause Search Engine for Complex Aircraft Systems (2009)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The system dependency analysis for complex aircraft systems is a model-based methodology and tool for analyzing availability and minimum acceptable control requirements for failures or event scenarios to support the aircraft and system safety analyses (SAE ARP4761) required to show compliance to 14CFR/CS §25.1309, §25.671 and other, related requirements. Aspects of the system such as functional interaction and dependencies to supply systems, physical items (equipment, wiring and tubing) and installation aspects are included in the analysis.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes additional steps to enable the search for potential common cause failure conditions for the system of interest or airplane level systems based on the system model. Common cause analysis (CCA) procedures using the system dependency analysis rely on a systematic and checklist-based approach to determine potential common cause failure conditions. The model-based approach of the system dependency analysis can be converted to search for critical functional failure combinations and therefore for sensitive installation areas and potential common mode failure conditions.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper is based on the system dependency analysis described in the SAE papers 2007-01-3852 and 2009-01-3107 which provide the modeling approach and the analysis of system dependencies to support the aircraft and system safety analyses including examples for the common cause analyses. An example of a quad-redundant flight controls system for a regional jet aircraft serves to show the system model and the analysis.</div>
A human-computer dialogue system for Maori language learning (2003)

In this paper we describe Te Kaitito, a bilingual human-machine dialogue system which supports conversational interactions in English and in Māori, the indigenous language of New Zealand. In particular we consider how Te Kaitito can best be incorporated into Mori second language learning
MECHANICAL CUTTING CHARACTERISTICS OF LOWER CHALK (1973)

The authors discuss psychotropic effects of phencyclidine (PCP) in the context of neurochemical mechanisms of schizophrenia. They concentrate on sigma receptors and PCP receptors and tie their activity with the dopaminergic system. The authors describe neuroleptic effects on sigma receptors and the therapeutic consequences. They include that the question whether the interaction of neuroleptics with sigma receptors results in therapeutic effects or rather in undesirable symptoms will decide about the future direction of treatment of schizophrenia.
Initial Analysis of and Predictive Model Development for Weather Reroute Advisory Use (2015)

In response to severe weather conditions, traffic management coordinators specify reroutes to route air traffic around affected regions of airspace. Providing analysis and recommendations of available reroute options would assist the traffic management coordinators in making more efficient rerouting decisions. These recommendations can be developed by examining historical data to determine which previous reroute options were used in similar weather and traffic conditions. Essentially, using previous information to inform future decisions. This paper describes the initial steps and methodology used towards this goal. A method to extract relevant features from the large volume of weather data to quantify the convective weather scenario during a particular time range is presented. Similar routes are clustered. A description of the algorithm to identify which cluster of reroute advisories were actually followed by pilots is described. Models built for fifteen of the top twenty most frequently used reroute clusters correctly predict the use of the cluster for over 60 of the test examples. Results are preliminary but indicate that the methodology is worth pursuing with modifications based on insight gained from this analysis.
PETT IV: Design Analysis and Performance Characteristics (1978)

The operation of PETT IV, a positron emission transverse tomograph capable of multislice imaging, relies on an electronic design which was developed for that system. The functions performed by this system include operation of the scintillation detectors, γ-ray positioning circuitry, data collection logic, and computer interfacing. Design considerations and performance characteristics of PETT IV and this circuitry are presented here.
Dynamics of wavelets and their role in atrial fibrillation in the isolated sheep heart (2000)

Our results strongly suggest that multiple wavelets may result from breakup of high frequency organized waves in the isolated Langendorff-perfused sheep heart, and as such are not a robust mechanism for the maintenance of AF in our model.