gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mechanism of Prion Propagation: Amyloid Growth Occurs by Monomer Addition (2004)

Abundant nonfibrillar oligomeric intermediates are a common feature of amyloid formation, and these oligomers, rather than the final fibers, have been suggested to be the toxic species in some amyloid diseases. Whether such oligomers are critical intermediates for fiber assembly or form in an alternate, potentially separable pathway, however, remains unclear. Here we study the polymerization of the amyloidogenic yeast prion protein Sup35. Rapid polymerization occurs in the absence of observable intermediates, and both targeted kinetic and direct single-molecule fluorescence measurements indicate that fibers grow by monomer addition. A three-step model (nucleation, monomer addition, and fiber fragmentation) accurately accounts for the distinctive kinetic features of amyloid formation, including weak concentration dependence, acceleration by agitation, and sigmoidal shape of the polymerization time course. Thus, amyloid growth can occur by monomer addition in a reaction distinct from and competitive with formation of potentially toxic oligomeric intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMOLYSIS OF PHENYL 3‐GUAIAZULENECARBOXYLATE AND THE P‐ACETYL AND P‐METHOXY DERIVATIVES (1976)

Abstract Zur Diskussion des Mechanismus und Einflusses der Natur des Acylsubstituenten wird die Thermolyse der Titelverbindungen (I) untersucht.
Effects of Particle Size of Sucrose Suspensions and Pre‐incubation of Enzymes on Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Sucrose Oleic Acid Esters (2014)

Abstract The effects of high‐speed homogenization, high‐intensity ultrasound, and their combination were evaluated for the reduction of the particle size of sucrose crystals to enhance solvent‐free lipase‐catalyzed synthesis of sucrose oleate at 65 °C. The combination of homogenization and ultrasound greatly decreased the particle size of suspended sucrose crystals in mixtures of oleic acid/sucrose oleate (86 wt% monoester and 14 wt% diester at a ratio of 90/10 w/w) from 88 to 18 μm. The suspension‐based medium was charged to a stirred tank bioreactor that also contained immobilized lipase from Rhizomucor miehei or Candida antarctica (Lipozyme ® IM and Novozym ® 435, respectively; Novozymes, Franklinton, NC, USA), that was pre‐incubated in oleic acid for several different temperatures (23–60 °C), durations (4–24 h), and stir rates (50–400 rpm, radius of 3 cm), prior to use. The optimal performance was achieved using C. antarctica lipase (83.3 wt% ester, consisting of 46 wt% monoester) in the presence of molecular sieves (18 wt%). The low water concentration (~0.12 wt%) did not affect the activity of C. antarctica lipase.
REVIEWS OF BOOKS (1959)

Journal Article REVIEWS OF BOOKS Get access BAKER'S BIOGRAPHICAL DICTIONARY OF MUSICIANS: Fifth Edition. Completely revised by Nicolas Slonimsky. (New York, G. Schirmer, 1958. Pp. xv, 1855.) PHILIP L. MILLER PHILIP L. MILLER Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar The Musical Quarterly, Volume XLV, Issue 2, April 1959, Pages 255–258, https://doi.org/10.1093/mq/XLV.2.255 Published: 01 April 1959
Hybrid Arm Orthosis (1990)

The complexity of upper extremity control of the paralyzed patient offers a great challenge to the rehabilitation engineer, orthotist/prosthetist, or others. However, researchers can approach the problem of disabled arm motion, for the sake of simplicity, as a series of links with minimum pivots and minimum gravitational forces. In addition, when the degrees of freedom are reduced from four to three as in the case of this study, then some daily functions can be achieved by using simple braces and splints that are powered externally and internally. In our design of a hybrid arm orthosis (HAO), we emphasized simplicity and active contribution of the user. The orthosis takes full advantage of the wheelchair frame without changing its profile. The HAO offers body powered shoulder abduction and elbow flexion of one degree of freedom. A motor-powered wrist supination and three-joint jaw chuck pinch offer the remaining two degrees of freedom.
2,5-Bis(1′,3′-dithiol-2′-ylidene)-1,3,4,6-tetrathiapentalene and Its Related Unsymmetrical Donors (1993)

Abstract The title compound (1a) and its related unsymmetrical derivatives were prepared as new donors for organic conductors, and electrochemical properties and crystal structure of 1a were investigated. Several charge-transfer complexes and cation radical salts using them showed metallic temperature dependence of conductivity down to ca. 100 K.
A role of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in squamous cell lung cancer. (1980)

Forty-one patients with advanced squamous cell lung cancer and no prior chemotherapy were entered in a prospectively randomized trial comparing dianhydrogalactitol plus Adriamycin (DA) versus DA plus cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (DAP). The DAP regimen was superior to the DA regimen in regression rate (53% versus 27%), median regression duration (255 versus 122 days), median time to tumor progression (approximately 175 versus 58 days), and median survival time (185 versus 126 days). Patients who were greater than 60 years old responded particularly well to the DAP regimen and accounted for most of the survival advantage. Nausea, vomiting, and myelosuppression were more frequent and severe with the DAP regimen. This study seems to indicate a role of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) in patients with advanced squamous cell lung cancer. The particular advantage noted for older patients needs further evaluation.
Laser Additive Manufacturing (2010)

Abstract Focusing on laser additive manufacturing techniques for turbo‐engine applications, two major european and german funded projects, FANTASIA and TurPro, are presented. The aim of both projects is to contribute to winning global leadership of european turbo‐engine manufacturers by developing new flexible and near‐net‐shape additive manufacturing chains and repair techniques based on Laser Metal Deposition (LMD), as seen in Figure 1 and selective Laser Melting (SLM). This article reviews the status quo of FANTASIA and TurPro.
An Efficient Synthesis of Enantiomeric Ribonucleic Acids from <scp>D</scp>‐Glucose (1997)

Abstract Enantiomeric oligoribonucleotides (= ent ‐RNA) up to a sequence length of thirty‐five and consisting of the ( L ‐configurated) nucleosides ent ‐adenosine, ent ‐guanosine, ent ‐cytidine, ent ‐uridine, and 1‐(β‐ L ‐ribofuranosyl)thymine were prepared by automated synthesis from appropriate building blocks, carrying a known photo‐labile 2′‐ O ‐protecting group. A simple large‐scale synthesis of the new, prefunctionalized L ‐ribose derivative 5 from D ‐glucose ( Scheme 1 ) and its straightforward conversion into the five phosphoramidites 28 – 32 and five solid supports 38 – 42 , respectively, were elaborated ( Scheme 4 ). Within this project, a novel, superior strategy for the synthesis of the 2′‐ O ‐{[(2‐nitrobenzyl)oxy]methyl}‐substituted key intermediates 18 – 22 by regioselective alkylation of their 5′‐ O ‐dimethoxytritylated precursors 13 – 17 was developed. Furthermore, an improved set‐up for the final light‐induced cleavage of the 2′‐ O ‐protecting groups from the oligonucleotide sequences was designed ( Scheme 5 and Fig. 1 ). The correct composition of all ent ‐oligoribonucleotides prepared was established by their MALDI‐TOF mass spectra. The 1 H‐NMR‐spectroscopic data of a dodecameric ent ‐RNA sequence was in excellent agreement with the published data of its natural counterpart, synthesized by conventional methods. The known specific cleavage of a tetradecamer sequence by a 35mer ribozyme structure could be reproduced by ent ‐oligoribonucleotides, synthesized by the presented methods ( Fig. 4 ).
5. Role of Parathyroid Hormone in Bone Metabolism and Its Clinical Implication (2012)

副甲状腺ホルモン（PTH）の骨代謝作用は，生理的もしくは病態生理的な条件下で認められるものと，治療薬として投与した場合に観察されるものとで大きく異なる．生理的にはPTHの最も重要な役割はカルシウム代謝の恒常性維持である．PTH過剰の病態は，骨吸収の亢進による皮質骨の骨量減少をもたらす．一方で，薬剤として間歇的に投与すると，PTHは骨に対するアナボリック効果を発揮する．そのため，PTHは骨粗鬆症患者において骨密度上昇ならびに骨折抑制効果を発揮する有望な治療薬と位置づけられている．
II. G. W. von Leibniz and ‘Court Philosophy’ (1998)

(1998). II. G. W. von Leibniz and ‘Court Philosophy’. The Court Historian: Vol. 3, No. 1, pp. 2-8.
Structure and flow behaviour of block copolymers (2001)

This review focuses on the effect of flow fields on the orientation of block copolymer nanostructures in the melt and in solution. In particular, the alignment induced by strong shear fields or large extensional flows applied to model diblock and triblock copolymers is considered. The distinct orientation states of lamellar, hexagonal-packed cylinder, cubic micellar and bicontinuous cubic structures under different deformation conditions are summarized and the mechanisms of orientation are discussed.
Flow of Oil-water Mixtures through Unconsolidated Sands (1939)

The behavior of mixtures of immiscible liquids in porous solids is ofrapidly increasing interest to those engaged in the production of petroleum. The operation of artificial water-floods and the control of natural onesimmediately raise questions concerning the fundamental nature of suchprocesses. Moreover, it is now recognized that often water occurs dispersed throughout the rock from which the oil issues into the well, 1 and thus tendsto move toward the well simultaneously with the oil. The work reported here isa laboratory investigation of the simultaneous, steady-state flow of oil andwater through the same column of unconsolidated sand. It is thus directlyrelated to the situation in which water occurs in oil-producing sands j it mayhave less direct implications for the displacement of oil from sands by water.However, it is to be clearly understood that the experiments to be describedwere performed primarily to obtain information of a more or less fundamentalnature, and are not an attempt to reproduce, on laboratory scale, any part ofan oil field. The dynamic behavior of a system in which oil and water are flowingsimultaneously through sand is best described in terms of its "effectivepermeability" to either phase. For incompressible fluids flowing through asystem of uniform cross section, the effective permeabilities to the twophases, in darcys, may be defined by the equations. In order to put the results obtained on a comparable basis for different sands, the effective permeabilities will be stated as fractions of the normalpermeability of the sand; i.e., fractions of its permeability to a homogeneousfluid. T.P. 1003
Veterinary vaccines against Toxoplasma gondii (2009)

Toxoplasma gondii has a very wide intermediate host range and is thought to be able to infect all warm blooded animals. The parasite causes a spectrum of different diseases and clinical symptoms within the intermediate hosts and following infection most animals develop adaptive humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. The development of protective immunity to T. gondii following natural infection in many host species has led researchers to look at vaccination as a strategy to control disease, parasite multiplication and establishment in animal hosts. A range of different veterinary vaccines are required to help control T. gondii infection which include vaccines to prevent congenital toxoplasmosis, reduce or eliminate tissue cysts in meat producing animals and to prevent oocyst shedding in cats. In this paper we will discuss some of the history, challenges and progress in the development of veterinary vaccines against T. gondii.
Hybrid Pixel Detectors for gamma/X-ray imaging (2015)

Hybrid pixel detectors are made by direct converting high-Z semi-insulating single crystalline material coupled to complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) readout electronics. They are attractive because direct conversion exterminates all the problems of spatial localization related to light diffusion, energy resolution, is far superior from the combination of scintillation crystals and photomultipliers and lithography can be used to pattern electrodes with very fine pitch. We are developing 2-D pixel CMOS ASICs, connect them to pixilated CdTe crystals with the flip chip and bump bonding method and characterize the hybrids. We have designed a series of circuits, whose latest member consists of a 50×25 pixel array with 400um pitch and an embedded controller. In every pixel a full spectroscopic channel with time tagging information has been implemented. The detectors are targeting Compton scatter imaging and they can be used for coded aperture imaging too. Hybridization using CMOS can overcome the limit put on pixel circuit complexity by the use of thin film transistors (TFT) in large flat panels. Hybrid active pixel sensors are used in dental imaging and other applications (e.g. industrial CT etc.). Thus X-ray imaging can benefit from the work done on dynamic range enhancement methods developed initially for visible and infrared CMOS pixel sensors. A 2-D CMOS ASIC with 100um pixel pitch to demonstrate the feasibility of such methods in the context of X-ray imaging has been designed.
Importance of regions outside the cytoplasmic tail of G-protein-coupled receptors for phosphorylation and dephosphorylation (2010)

Two GPCRs (G-protein-coupled receptors), TRHR (thyrotropin-releasing hormone receptor) and beta(2)AR (beta(2)-adrenergic receptor), are regulated in distinct manners. Following agonist binding, TRHR undergoes rapid phosphorylation attributable to GRKs (GPCR kinases); beta(2)AR is phosphorylated by both second messenger-activated PKA (protein kinase A) and GRKs with slower kinetics. TRHR co-internalizes with arrestin, whereas beta(2)AR recruits arrestin, but internalizes without it. Both receptors are dephosphorylated following agonist removal, but TRHR is dephosphorylated much more rapidly while it remains at the plasma membrane. We generated chimaeras swapping the C-terminal domains of these receptors to clarify the role of different receptor regions in phosphorylation, internalization and dephosphorylation. beta(2)AR with a TRHR cytoplasmic tail (beta(2)AR-TRHR) and TRHR with a beta(2)AR tail (TRHR-beta(2)AR) signalled to G-proteins normally. beta(2)AR-TRHR was phosphorylated well at the PKA site in the third intracellular loop, but poorly at GRK sites in the tail, whereas TRHR-beta(2)AR was phosphorylated strongly at GRK sites in the tail (Ser(355)/Ser(356) of the beta(2)AR). Both chimaeric receptors exhibited prolonged, but weak, association with arrestin at the plasma membrane, but high-affinity arrestin interactions and extensive co-internalization of receptor with arrestin required a phosphorylated TRHR tail. In contrast, swapping C-terminal domains did not change the rates of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation or the dependence of TRHR dephosphorylation on the length of agonist exposure. Thus the interactions of GPCRs with GRKs and phosphatases are determined not simply by the amino acid sequences of the substrates, but by regions outside the cytoplasmic tails.
Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of Ischemic Stroke in Humans (2004)

Our findings support a direct contributory role of ANP to stroke in humans. A significant interaction between ANP and NPRA on stroke occurrence was found.
Aldosterone Synthase Inhibition With LCI699 (2010)

We report the first administration of an orally active aldosterone synthase inhibitor, LCI699, to 14 patients with primary aldosteronism. After a 2-week placebo run-in, patients received oral LCI699 (0.5 mg BID) for 2 weeks, LCI699 (1.0 mg BID) for 2 weeks, and placebo for 1 week. We assessed changes in hormone concentrations, plasma potassium levels, and 24-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure and safety. The supine plasma aldosterone concentration decreased from 540 pmol/L (95% CI: 394 to 739 pmol/L) to 171 pmol/L (95% CI: 128 to 230 pmol/L) after 0.5 mg of LCI699 (-68%; P<0.0001) and to 133 pmol/L (95% CI: 100 to 177 pmol/L) after 1.0 mg of LCI699 (-75%; P<0.0001). Plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone concentrations increased by 710% after 0.5 mg of LCI699 (P<0.0001) and by 1427% after 1.0 mg of LCI699 (P<0.0001). The plasma potassium concentration increased from 3.27±0.31 to 4.03±0.33 mmol/L (P<0.0001) after only 1 week on 0.5 mg of LCI699. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory systolic blood pressure decreased by -4.1 mm Hg (95% CI: -8.1 to -0.1 mm Hg) after 4 weeks of treatment (P=0.046). Basal plasma cortisol concentrations remained unchanged, whereas plasma adrenocorticotropic hormone concentrations increased by 35% after 0.5 mg of LCI699 (P=0.08) and by 113% after 1.0 mg of LCI699 (P<0.0001), and the plasma cortisol response to an adrenocorticotropic hormone test was blunted. All of the variables except plasma 11-deoxycorticosterone concentration returned to initial levels after the placebo. LCI699 was well tolerated. In conclusion, the administration of LCI699, up to 1.0 mg BID, effectively and safely inhibits aldosterone synthase in patients with primary aldosteronism. This 4-week treatment corrected the hypokalemia and mildly decreased blood pressure. The effects on the glucocorticoid axis were consistent with a latent inhibition of cortisol synthesis.
The effect of ethnicity on immediate reconstruction rates after mastectomy for breast cancer (2004)

African-American women underwent immediate breast reconstruction at significantly lower rates compared with white women, Hispanic women, and Asian women. After adjusting for covariates, including age and disease stage, African-American women and Asian women had lower rates of reconstruction compared with white women. The factors that contribute to these differences warrant further study.
Palladium-Catalyzed Self-Cross Coupling ofo-Bromo-trans-stilbenes To Yield 9,10-Bis(arylmethylene)-9,10-dihydroanthracenes© (1998)

Under Palladium catalysis [Pd(OAc)2, K2CO3, LiCl, Bu4NBr, DMF] o-bromo-trans-stilbene (trans-7a) reacts to give 9,10-dibenzylidene-9,10-dihydroanthracene (4a) with formation of a new six-membered ring. The (Z) diastereomer crystallizes preferentially to give pure (Z)-4a, as proved by X-ray crystal structure analysis. A variety of substituted o-bromostilbenes and heterocyclic analogs 7 were prepared by Wittig olefination of o-bromobenzaldehyde with substituted benzyltriphenylphosphonium ylides, Wittig-Horner-Emmons olefination of arenecarbaldehydes with diethyl o-bromobenzylphosphonate or Wittig olefination of substituted benzaldehydes with substituted (o-bromobenzyl)-diphenylphosphonium ylides, respectively. The cis-o-bromostilbenes were photoisomerized to the trans diastereoisomers trans-7 by irradiation in the presence of diphenyl disulfide. All of these o-bromo-trans-stilbenes trans-7a–g and trans-7j, k under palladium catalysis reacted to the corresponding 9,10-bis(arylmethylene)-9,10-dihydroanthracenes 4, mostly as mixtures of (E) and (Z) diastereomers (50-97 % yield). The (Z) diastereomer of the parent 4a and the alkyl-substituted compounds 4c and 4e could be purified by simple crystallization, and in some runs, only (Z)-4a, c, e were obtained. Among the heterocyclic analogs trans-7h, i only the furyl derivative trans-7h reacted (76 % yield) cleanly, whereas the pyridine analog trans-7i gave a mixture of products from which the rather sensitive product 4i could not be isolated in pure form. The cis-o-bromostilbenes cis-7a, c cyclized to phenanthrenes under the same conditions (70-71 % yield). The UV spectra of compounds 4a, c–k are similar to that of anthracene, and so are the oxidation and reduction potentials of (Z)-4a.
The best of both worlds–laser and water jet combined in a new process: The water jet guided laser (2001)

The advantages of laser material processing have now been combined with those of water-jet cutting for the first time, yielding a radical new process available today for industrial applications. This revolutionary principle involves bundling and guiding a laser beam (Nd:YAG) in a laminar water jet with a diameter of only two mils (50 microns). “Microjet®” (as the process is called) can be used for the cutting, drilling, ablation and surface structuring of metals, ceramics, plastics, composites and semiconductor materials with an outstanding degree of quality. Its ample working distance of up to 4 inches makes the laser unarguably suitable for countless new applications in the field of micro processing - applications which cannot be realized with conventional laser systems on account of their beam geometric and the requisite focusing on the work piece. What’s more, the potential applications are further expanded by the fact that the thermal influence of Microjet is quite negligible and the process results in extraordinarily precise cut edges. It’s no wonder Synova reports the industry showing a keen interest in the Microjet, within the fields of microelectronics and surface treatment, the watchmaking industry, aerospace and automotive industries in particular, all harboring high hopes for the new technology. “Microjet” is based on an internationally patented material processing technology that has already received numerous awards: a laser beam is guided onto the work piece inside a water jet, with the wave being conducted in the water jet via the total reflection that takes place at the interface between water and air, in a manner similar to conventional glass fibers. The water jet can thus be referred to as a variable-length fluid optical wave-guide.
GHz bandstop microstrip filter using patterned Ni/sub 78/Fe/sub 22/ ferromagnetic film (2002)

A series of microstrips with patterned Ni/sub 78/Fe/sub 22/ ferromagnetic cores have been investigated for RF applications. The devices have been integrated onto a silicon substrate by using a fully IC-compatible process. The Ni/sub 78/Fe/sub 22/ films were deposited by electroplating onto Si at room temperature and were structured into rectangular prisms with large aspect ratios, i.e., 10:1 and 40:1. Measurements have been performed using a network analyzer. Voltage attenuation of 19 dB/cm has been obtained at 3.9 GHz on a 2-mm-long strip line. The propagating wavelength is reduced by 60% compared to a control device without ferromagnetic core.
Design issues and tradeoffs for write buffers (2002)

Processors with write-through caches typically require a write buffer to hide the write latency to the next level of memory hierarchy and to reduce write traffic. A write buffer can cause processor stalls when it is full, when it contends with a cache miss for access to the next level of the hierarchy and when it contains the freshest copy of data needed by a load. This paper uses instruction level simulation of SPEC92 benchmarks to investigate how different write buffer depths, retirement policies, and load-hazard policies affect these three types of write-buffer stalls. Deeper buffers with adequate headroom, lazier retirement policies, and the ability to read data directly from the write buffer combine to substantially reduce write-buffer-induced stalls.