gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<b>Autologous anti‐idiotypic antibody response is regulated by the level of circulating complementary idiotype</b> (1996)

BALB/c mice injected with lyophilized vaccine from Streptococcus pneumoniae R36a (Pn) predominantly responded with antibody molecules the vast majority of which expressed the public idiotype T15 and were directed to the immunodominant epitope phosphorylcholine (PC). However, after a single immunization with Pn vaccine young (3-month-old) BALB/c mice did not produce any specific anti-T15 antibody response. In contrast, young D1.LP mice were able to mount a specific anti-T15 response upon primary immunization with pneumococcal vaccine. The anti-PC response in the two mouse strains differed in that the proportion of antibody molecules that expressed the T15 idiotype for Pn-primed D1.LP mice showed a smaller proportion of PC-specific antibody expressing the T15 idiotype. Neonatal injection of anti-T15 monoclonal antibodies led to a long-term suppression of the PC-specific T15+ B-cell clones but at young/adult age these mice maintained the ability to produce a normal amount of PC-specific antibody. Interestingly, the idiotypically-suppressed BALB/c mice mounted a significant anti-T15 response during the primary response to Pn. We interpreted these data as showing that the level of circulating idiotype may regulate the production of the complementary anti-idiotypic antibody. In addition, in vitro experiments demonstrated that the lack of the anti-T15 response during primary antibody response in BALB/c mice is probably because of a state of tolerance that is regulated by T cells.
Distribution of the Jabiru in South-eastern Australia (1963)

SummaryThe Jabiru appears to have been at the lime of early settlement a definite resident of the Sydney district, and its range may have extended farther south. Consequent upon settlement its range was reduced and the bird disappeared from its southern limits in the Sydney and Hunter districts and possibly farther north. In the last 30 years a definite southward extension of the breeding range has taken place and the records at Shoalhaven and Bega indicate that this extension may still be progressing. The two records from Victoria are not considered attributable to this extension, but probably represent vagrant wanderers. Despite this encouraging re-appearance of such a prominent (and therefore vulnerable) species, the actual numbers would appear to be small.
Expression of prolactin and its receptor in human lymphoid cells. (1992)

We have investigated whether human lymphoid cells are able to synthesize and secrete human PRL (hPRL) and to express PRL receptors. Metabolic labeling with [35S]methionine and immunoprecipitation of cell extracts from human mononuclear cells (MNC) and a human T lymphocyte cell line with an antiserum against hPRL revealed protein of M(r) 23,000, identical in size to pituitary hPRL. Dilution curves of lymphocyte immunoreactive hPRL were parallel to those obtained with pituitary hPRL in an immunoradiometric assay using two monoclonal antibodies against hPRL. Polymerase chain reaction experiments with primers located in the coding sequence of hPRL showed that the hPRL gene was expressed in MNC. Furthermore, cDNA cloning and sequence analysis indicated the presence of an extra 5' noncoding exon previously described for decidual hPRL. When MNCs were further separated into B cells, T cells, and monocytes, the expression of hPRL appeared to be mainly associated with the T lymphocyte fraction. The hPRL transcript was also detected in thymocytes and in a set of human lymphoid cell lines. Finally, polymerase chain reaction experiments revealed a ubiquitous distribution of PRL receptor gene expression in B cells, T cells, and monocytes. The presence of the receptor for PRL and production of PRL by T lymphocytes suggest a possible autocrine or paracrine effect of PRL in immune cell function.
Role of divalent metal ions in the hammerhead RNA cleavage reaction (1991)

A hammerhead self-cleaving domain composed of two oligoribonucleotides was used to study the role of divalent metal ions in the cleavage reaction. Cleavage rates were measured as a function of MgCl2, MnCl2, and CaCl2 concentration in the absence or presence of spermine. In the presence of spermine, the rate vs metal ion concentration curves are broader, and lower concentrations of divalent ions are necessary for catalytic activity. This suggests that spermine can promote proper folding of the hammerhead and one or more divalent ions are required for the reaction. Six additional divalent ions were tested for their ability to support hammerhead cleavage. In the absence of spermine, rapid cleavage was observed with Co2+ while very slow cleavage occurred with Sr2+ and Ba2+. No detectable specific cleavage was observed with Cd2+, Zn2+, or Pb2+. However, in the presence of 0.5 mM spermine, rapid cleavage was observed with Zn2+ and Cd2+, and the rate with Sr2+ was increased, indicating that while these three ions could not promote proper folding of the hammerhead they were able to stimulate cleavage. These results suggest certain divalent ions either participate directly in the cleavage mechanism or are specifically involved in stabilizing the tertiary structure of the hammerhead. Additionally, an altered divalent metal ion specificity was observed when a unique phosphorothioate linkage was inserted at the cleavage site. The substitution of a sulfur for a nonbridging oxygen atom substantially reduced the affinity of an important Mg2+ ion necessary for efficient cleavage. In contrast, the reaction proceeds normally with Mn2+, presumably due to its ability to coordinate with both oxygen and sulfur.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Efficient catalytic hydrogenation of levulinic acid: a key step in biomass conversion (2012)

γ-Valerolactone (GVL) has been proposed as a sustainable liquid, and could be used for the production of hydrocarbons by using both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalytic systems. The selective reduction of levulinic acid (LA) to GVL is a key transformation for biorefinery concepts based on platform molecules. We report a detailed investigation of the conversion of LA to GVL using molecular hydrogen in the presence of a catalyst in situ generated from Ru(acac)3, and electronically and sterically characterized alkyl-bis(m-sulfonated-phenyl)- and dialkyl-(m-sulfonated-phenyl)phosphine (RnP(C6H4-m-SO3Na)3−n (n = 1 or 2; R = Me, Pr, iPr, Bu, Cp) ligands. The hydrogenation experiments were performed in the range of 5–100 bar H2 at 140 °C using 0.016 mol% catalyst and 5–20 eqv. of ligand. The effects of hydrogen pressure and Ru/ligand ratio on the LA conversion were determined. The nBuP(C6H4-m-SO3Na)2 (χ = 12.5, θTol = 153°) showed the highest activity achieving turnover numbers up to 6200 with a yield and selectivity higher than 99% in a solvent, chlorine and promoter free reaction mixture. The catalyst was successfully recycled for six consecutive runs without loss of activity. The characterization of sulfonated and non-sulfonated phosphines indicated that the sulfonation had no significant effect on the steric and electronic properties of the ligands.
Minimal model of food absorption in the gut (1997)

Of the physiological subsystems involved in glucose metabolism, all have now been modelled with continuous-time compartmental models except the gut. To address this omission, three progressively more complex models of the conversion of food by the gut into the rate of appearance of glucose in plasma were identified, using two different sample input foods which were tested on a type 1 diabetic patient. The minimal model that achieved a reasonable match with measured values had one compartment. Two model parameters specific to the food modelled were glycaemic value (grams of glucose per gram of food), and the fractional turnover rate, corresponding to a combination of the gastric emptying time constant and other rate limiting metabolic processes. Parameters specific to the individual were compartmental volumes, specifically for the glucose distribution space. It was only possible to achieve an adequate model prediction with a one compartmental model by explicitly incorporating transport delay into the model. By combining this model with models of insulin production and glucose disposal, the glycaemic response of an identified food may also be predicted for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This predicted responses, along with the predicted response for bread or glucose, enables calculation of the Glycaemic Index for the food from its glycaemic value, time constant, and transport delay, along with the insulin production and glucose disposal model parameters for the individual patient. These three minimal model parameters therefore embody all the information of the Glycaemic Index, and more, allowing a continuous prediction of the effect of eating a given food over time. Together with a means of combining the parameters of individual foods into a combination set for a composite meal, this minimal model could enable diabetic patients to predict the time course of glycaemic action for a meal and to adjust treatment accordingly.
Behavior of Magnesium Dissolved in the Surface of Aluminum Alloy Powders (1999)

We have investigated the behavior of magnesium dissolved in aluminum alloy powders by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation (SR-XPS). The SR-XPS method allows free selection of X-ray energy to tune the kinetic energy of the photoelectrons for material surface analysis within 0.5 nm. Furthermore, due to the high intensity of the SR’s X-ray source and the larger photoionization cross section, measurements can be completed within a few minutes. We applied the SR-XPS system to analyze the chemical reactions of aluminum alloy powder surfaces. In heating the powders to 823 K, magnesium dissolved in the powders was concentrated to the surface oxide below 670 K, and finally, over 670 K, the magnesium reduced the aluminum oxide of powder surfaces by chemical reaction, broke the surface oxide films, and metallic aluminum appeared on the topmost surface of the powder. The reduction was the initial reaction in a new aluminum nitridation method developed by one of the authors.
Introduction (2001)

This is a book about race. It masquerades as a book about a lynching. The book begins with the murder of Claude Deeter and the alleged rape of Mary Ball, crimes that led a mob to lynch Abe Smith and Tom Shipp in Marion, Indiana, in 1930. Those acts of hatred and violence are important in and of themselves, worthy of telling. They make a good, although frightful, story. But I use the lynching as the proverbial two-by-four to the head, as a way to turn the reader's attention to the lines of color that run through twentieth-century America. This is a book about America's struggles to understand racism, its greatest tragedy and mystery.
Effective Work Function of an Oxide Cathode in Plasma (2009)

Work function of an oxide cathode in a germicidal lamp was estimated from a photoelectric current measurement in microwave discharge conditions. A 25 mW He-Ne laser light at 1.9 eV photon energy had produced photoelectric current of the order of 1 nA, indicating the work function of a heated oxide cathode was lower than this photon energy. Thermionic electron emission from the cathode was measured in a vacuum condition by taking the cathode out of the lamp tube. The thermionic current showed a slow response against the change in temperature near the cathode activation temperature. The activation process of the oxide cathode had accompanied gas emission of C, O, CO and CO2, which was attributed to decomposition of alkaline earth carbon oxides contained in the coatings of oxide cathodes. The thermionic work function of the cathode determined from the Richardson plot was 1.5 eV at the cathode operation temperature.
Fabrication of Silicon Nanowires with Precise Diameter Control Using Metal Nanodot Arrays as a Hard Mask Blocking Material in Chemical Etching (2010)

We report on a simple and cost-effective method to fabricate high density silicon nanowires (SiNWs) through catalytic chemical wet etching. Metallic chromium/gold (Cr/Au) nanodots were first deposited onto the silicon wafer using an anodic aluminum oxide (AAO) template. The AAO template was then removed before a thin blanket layer of gold catalyst was evaporated onto the sample surface. The gold-assisted chemical wet etching was carried out in a solution consisting of deionized water, hydrogen peroxide, and hydrofluoric acid to produce well-aligned silicon nanowires of uniform diameters. We demonstrate that the diameter of the silicon nanowires can be precisely controlled to a precision of 10 nm in the range of 40 to 80 nm through fine-tuning of the pore diameter of the AAO template. The reported fabrication procedure therefore gives a highly repeatable method to form well-aligned, uniform, and crystalline SiNWs of high density with controllable diameters below 100 nm. The use of Cr/Au as a hard mask blocking material will also be of great interest for the fabrication of other Si nanostructures using the catalytic etching process.
Kairoscope (2011)

If everyone says time is relative, why is it still so rigidly defined? There have been many attempts to address the issue of coordinating schedules, but each of these attempts runs into an issue of rigidity: in order to negotiate an event, a specific time must be designated in advance. This model is inherently poor at accommodating life's unpredictability. Kairoscope looks at time from a human perspective, focusing on time as made up of a series of events, rather than simply a series of events in time. By removing our reliance on a fixed time system, events are coordinated socially and on the fly, without worrying about precision. This paper explores the creation of Kairoscope, rooted in ideas of time perception and aiming to reduce time-related stress, optimize time usage, and increase social interaction. The result is a socially-coordinated, constantly adapting, and highly malleable guide through time.
PossessedHand (2011)

If a device can control human hands, the device can be useful for HCI and tangible application's output. To aid the controlling of finger movement, we present PossessedHand, a device with a forearm belt that can inform when and which fingers should be moved. PossessedHand controls the user's fingers by applying electrical stimulus to the muscles around the forearm. Each muscle is stimulated via 28 electrode pads. Muscles at different depths in the forearm can be selected for simulation by varying the stimulation level. PossessedHand can automatically calibrate the system for individuals. The automatic calibration system estimates relations between each electrode pad, stimulation level and muscle movement. Experiments show that PossessedHand can control the motion of 16 joints in the hand. Further, we also discuss an application based on this device to aid in playing a musical instrument.
Refractive Index Dispersion in Semiconductor-related Thin Films (1973)

A technique is described for determining refractive index dispersion throughout the uv-visible spectrum in semiconductor-related transparent thin films. The dispersion constants that have been measured can be used in the design of optical systems and in photolithography. Measurements were made with the LASER-VAMFO interferometer. Calculations and analyses are also described which show the accuracy and repeatability of the technique. Data were taken for 28 different thin-film materials, and representative refractive index dispersion curves are shown for some of them. The dispersion constants for each material evaluated are also presented.
Footprint-a foot-based wearable computer personal context interface (2002)

This paper presents Footprint, a foot-based personal context interface for wearable computers. The user's feet are monitored by a head mounted video camera. Using fast image processing, the user's feet trigger the display of a graphical overlay on a see-through head mounted display. A proof-of-concept application is demonstrated: a ballroom dancing assistant (overlaying the appropriate dance path when the dancer is looking down) using an XML-based dance notation language. The design, implementation, and results of this work are discussed, as well as the implications on personal context interfaces.
Facial features and appearance-based classification for face detection in color images (2004)

A technique is presented for frontal face detection in color images based on facial feature extraction and appearance-based classification. Salient facial features are used to define a search space that is then used in a classification step in order to find the best position of the face in the image. Mouth feature points are identified using the redness property of image pixels whilst eye feature points are detected using a search strategy applied to a subset of regions in a fine region-based segmentation of the candidate face. Face class modeling based on a multivariate normal distribution and discriminating feature analysis is used as the face classification method. The utilization of facial features in this system avoids analyzing the image at every pixel location as well as at multiple scales when detecting faces of different sizes.
Chemopreventive Efficacy of Naproxen and Nitric Oxide–naproxen in Rodent Models of Colon, Urinary Bladder, and Mammary Cancers (2009)

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) have been highly effective in preventing colon, urinary bladder, and skin cancer preclinically, and also in clinical trials of colon adenoma formation. However, certain NSAIDs cause gastrointestinal ulceration and may increase cardiovascular events. Naproxen seems to cause the lowest cardiovascular events of the common NSAIDs other than aspirin. Nitric oxide (NO)-naproxen was tested based on the finding that adding a NO group to NSAIDs may help alleviate GI toxicity. In the azoxymethane-induced rat colon aberrant crypt foci (ACF) model, naproxen administered at 200 and 400 ppm in the diet reduced mean ACFs in the colon by about 45% to 60%, respectively. NO-naproxen was likewise administered in the diet at roughly equimolar doses (300 and 600 ppm) and reduced total ACF by 20% to 40%, respectively. In the hydroxybutyl (butyl) nitrosamine rat urinary bladder cancer model, NO-naproxen was given at 183 or 550 ppm in the diet, and naproxen at 128 ppm. The NO-naproxen groups had 77% and 73% decreases, respectively, in the development of large urinary bladder tumors, whereas the 128 ppm naproxen group also showed a strong decrease (69%). If treatments were started 3 months after hydroxybutyl (butyl) nitrosamine, NO-naproxen (550 ppm) and naproxen (400 ppm) were also highly effective (86-94% decreases). In the methylnitrosourea-induced mammary cancer model in rats, NO-naproxen and naproxen showed nonsignificant inhibitions (12% and 24%) at 550 and 400 ppm, respectively. These data show that both naproxen and NO-naproxen are effective agents against urinary bladder and colon, but not mammary, carcinogenesis.
Disorders of Cholesterol Metabolism and Their Unanticipated Convergent Mechanisms of Disease (2014)

Cholesterol plays a key role in many cellular processes, and is generated by cells through de novo biosynthesis or acquired from exogenous sources through the uptake of low-density lipoproteins. Cholesterol biosynthesis is a complex, multienzyme-catalyzed pathway involving a series of sequentially acting enzymes. Inherited defects in genes encoding cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes or other regulators of cholesterol homeostasis result in severe metabolic diseases, many of which are rare in the general population and currently without effective therapy. Historically, these diseases have been viewed as discrete disorders, each with its own genetic cause and distinct pathogenic cascades that lead to its specific clinical features. However, studies have recently shown that three of these diseases have an unanticipated mechanistic convergence. This surprising finding is not only shedding light on details of cellular cholesterol homeostasis but also suggesting novel approaches to therapy.
Stability of the major allergen Brazil nut 2S albumin (Ber e 1) to physiologically relevant <i>in vitro</i> gastrointestinal digestion (2004)

The major 2S albumin allergen from Brazil nuts, Ber e 1, was subjected to gastrointestinal digestion using a physiologically relevant in vitro model system either before or after heating (100 degrees C for 20 min). Whilst the albumin was cleaved into peptides, these were held together in a much larger structure even when digested by using a simulated phase 1 (gastric) followed by a phase 2 (duodenal) digestion system. Neither prior heating of Ber e 1 nor the presence of the physiological surfactant phosphatidylcholine affected the pattern of proteolysis. After 2 h of gastric digestion, approximately 25% of the allergen remained intact, approximately 50% corresponded to a large fragment of M(r) 6400, and the remainder comprised smaller peptides. During duodenal digestion, residual intact 2S albumin disappeared quickly, but a modified form of the 'large fragment' remained, even after 2 h of digestion, with a mass of approximately 5000 Da. The 'large fragment' comprised several smaller peptides that were identified, by using different MS techniques, as deriving from the large subunit. In particular, sequences corresponding to the hypervariable region (Q37-M47) and to another peptide (P42-P69), spanning the main immunoglobulin E epitope region of 2S albumin allergens, were found to be largely intact following phase 1 (gastric) digestion. They also contained previously identified putative T-cell epitopes. These findings indicate that the characteristic conserved skeleton of cysteine residues of 2S albumin family and, particularly, the intrachain disulphide bond pattern of the large subunit, play a critical role in holding the core protein structure together even after extensive proteolysis, and the resulting structures still contain potentially active B- and T-cell epitopes.
Design principles for multilayer piezoelectric transformers (1986)

Abstract Multilayer piezoelectric transformers with various internal electrode patterns have been studied in this paper. Dependence of the electrical properties of transformers on the number of layers was examined and then design principles are indicated about it. The multilayer piezoelectric transformer is superior to the conventional one in view of large output current.
Performance analysis of multiple rejects ARQ at RLC (radio link control) for packet data service in W-CDMA system (2002)

We analyze the performance of multiple rejects (MR) ARQ for RLC proposed by the 3GPP. The main purpose of MR ARQ is to get efficient use of radio resources at the receiver by reducing number of acknowledgements. We analyze MR ARQ and compare its performance with selective repeat (SR) ARQ in the wireless fading channel environment. Based on analysis, it is shown that we need to increase the size of buffer for MR ARQ to hold data packets for the period of acknowledgement, and need to increase the size of buffer much more for MR ARQ in the noisier channel environment. It is shown that as the length of period for acknowledgement is increased, we need to increase the size of buffer much more for the saturated throughput. Increasing the size of buffer is needed for the efficient use of radio resources to reduce number of acknowledgements.