gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Myosin isoforms in mammalian skeletal muscle (1994)

Skeletal muscles of different mammalian species contain four major myosin heavy-chain (MHC) isoforms: the "slow" or beta-MHC and the three "fast" IIa-, IIx-, and IIb-MHCs; and three major myosin light-chain (MLC) isoforms, the "slow" MLC1s and the two "fast" MLC1f and MLC3f. The differential distribution of the MHCs defines four major fiber types containing a single MHC isoform and a number of intermediate hybrid fiber populations containing both beta/slow- and IIa-MHC, IIa- and IIx-MHC, or IIx- and IIb-MHC. The IIa-, IIx-, and IIb-MHCs were first detected in neonatal muscles, and their expression in developing and adult muscle is regulated by neural, hormonal, and mechanical factors. The transcriptional mechanisms responsible for the fiber type-specific regulation of MHC and MLC gene expression are not known and are presently being explored by in vivo transfection experiments. The functional role of MHC isoforms has been in part clarified by correlated biochemical-physiological studies on single skinned fibers: these studies, in agreement with results from in vitro motility assays, indicate that both MHC and MLC isoforms determine the maximum velocity of shortening of skeletal muscle fibers.
A Computer Network Model of Human Transactive Memory (1995)

Several of the design factors that must be considered in linking computers together into networks are also relevant to the ways in which individual human memory systems are linked into group memory systems. These factors include directory updating (learning who knows what in the group), information allocation (assigning memory items to group members), and retrieval coordination (planning how to find items in a way that takes advantage of who knows what). When these processes operate effectively in a group, the group's transactive memory is likely to be effective.
Investigation of novel NRF2 partners, RAC3 and IQGAP1 (2009)

Nuclear factor-erythroid-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is essential for the antioxidant responsive element (ARE)-mediated expression of a group of detoxifying and antioxidant genes, which detoxify carcinogens and protect against oxidative stress. In the current study, we investigated the novel Nrf2 partners RAC3/AIB1/SRC-3 and IQGAP1 on Nrf2 signaling. Here, we found that overexpression of RAC3, a nuclear co-regulator, induced Heme oxygenase-1 through Nrf2 transactivation in HeLa cells. Next, we conducted the interaction study between the RAC3 and Nrf2 proteins using co-immunoprecipitation assay (Co-IP) and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET) analysis. The results showed that RAC3 bound to Nrf2 protein directly in the nucleus. Subsequently, we identified the domains of Nrf2 and RAC3 of their interaction using GST-pull down assay. The results showed that both N-terminal RAC-pas B and C-terminal RAC3-R3B3 were tightly bound to Neh4 and Neh5 transactivation domains. Furthermore, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) showed that RAC3 tightly bound to the ARE enhancer region of the HO-1 promoter via Nrf2 binding. The data suggested that Nrf2 activation can be modulated and directly controlled via interacts with RAC3 protein in the HeLa cells. Next, we investigated IQGAP1, a calmodulin binding protein, as a novel Nrf2 partner isolated using One-strep tag pull-down method in HeLa cells. Initially, we tested the effect of calcium on Nrf2/ARE-lucifease activity and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) protein induction in HeLa cells. The results showed that Nrf2/ARE-lucifease activity and expression of HO-1 were increased by treatment of 3.8 mM of CaCl2, suggesting calcium may be one of the important factors in Nrf2 signaling. Next, we investigated a function of IQGAP1 on Nrf2 signaling by co-transfection with EGFP-Nrf2 and Dsredm-IQGAP1 constructs in HeLa cells. The results showed that Dsredm-IQGAP1 transfection strongly increased the HO-1 expression and the stability of EGFP-Nrf2, which was abolished by siIQGAP1. Furthermore, IP study showed that the Nrf2-IQGAP1 complex was disrupted by CaCl2, treatment suggesting Nrf2 might be liberated from IQGAP1 protein by calcium to be an active form. These results inferred that IQGAP1 may play a pivotal role in Nrf2 signaling in conjunction with intracellular calcium level. Taken together, our results suggest that both RAC3 and IQGAP1 may play an important role in Nrf2 transactivation and its signaling pathway, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Polymer‐Supported Chiral Co(Salen) Complexes: Synthetic Applications and Mechanistic Investigations in the Hydrolytic Kinetic Resolution of Terminal Epoxides. (1999)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
A neuro-fuzzy classifier and its applications (2002)

The authors propose a general fuzzy classification scheme with learning ability using an adaptive network. System parameters, such as the membership functions defined for each feature and the parameterized t-norms used to combine conjunctive conditions, are calibrated with backpropagation. To explain this approach, the concept of adaptive networks is introduced and a supervised learning procedure based on a gradient descent algorithm is derived to update the parameters in an adaptive network. The proposed architecture is applied to two problems: two-spiral classification and Iris categorization. From the experimental results, it is concluded that the adaptively adjusted classifier performs well on an Iris classification problem. The results are discussed from the viewpoint of feature selection.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Supporting Scalable Peer to Peer Virtual Environments Using Frontier Sets (2006)

We present a scalable implementation of a network partitioning scheme that we have called frontier sets. Frontier sets build on the notion of a potentially visible set (PVS). In a PVS, a world is sub-divided into cells and for each cell all the other cells that can be seen are computed. In contrast, a frontier set considers pairs of cells, A and B. For each pair, it lists two sets of cells, F/sub BA/ and F/sub BA/. By definition, from no cell in F/sub BA/ is any cell in F/sub BA/ visible and vice-versa. Our initial use of frontier sets has been to enable scalability in distributed networking. In this paper we build on previous work by showing how to avoid pre-computing frontier sets. Our previous algorithm, required O(N/sup 3/) space in the number of cells, to store pre-computed frontier sets. Our new algorithm pre-computes an enhanced potentially visible set that requires only O(N/sup 2/) space and then computes frontiers only as needed. Network simulations using code based on the Quake II engine show that frontiers have significant promise and may allow a new class of scalable peer-to-peer game infrastructures to emerge.
Diaphragm EMG measured by cervical magnetic and electrical phrenic nerve stimulation (1998)

The purpose of the study was to compare electrical stimulation (ES) and cervical magnetic stimulation (CMS) of the phrenic nerves for the measurement of the diaphragm compound muscle action potential (CMAP) and phrenic nerve conduction time. A specially designed esophageal catheter with three pairs of electrodes was used, with control of electrode positioning in 10 normal subjects. Pair A and pair B were close to the diaphragm (pair A lower than pair B); pair C was positioned 10 cm above the diaphragm to detect the electromyogram from extradiaphragmatic muscles. Electromyograms were also recorded from upper and lower chest wall surface electrodes. The shape of the CMAP measured with CMS (CMS-CMAP) usually differed from that of the CMAP measured with ES (ES-CMAP). Moreover, the latency of the CMS-CMAP from pair B (5.3 +/- 0.4 ms) was significantly shorter than that from pair A (7.1 +/- 0.7 ms). The amplitude of the CMS-CMAP (1.00 +/- 0.15 mV) was much higher than that of ES-CMAP (0.26 +/- 0.15 mV) when recorded from pair C. Good-quality CMS-CMAPs could be recorded in some subjects from an electrode positioned very low in the esophagus. The differences between ES-CMAP and CMS-CMAP recorded either from esophageal or chest wall electrodes make CMS unreliable for the measurement of phrenic nerve conduction time.
Methylation analyses in liquid biopsy (2016)

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recent implementation of low-dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening is predicted to lead to diagnosis of lung cancer at an earlier stage, with survival benefit. However, there is still a pressing need for biomarkers that will identify individuals eligible for screening, as well as improve the diagnostic accuracy of LDCT. In addition, biomarkers for prognostic stratification of patients with early stage disease, and those that can be used as surrogates to monitor tumor evolution, will greatly improve clinical management. Molecular alterations found in the DNA of tumor cells, such as mutations, translocations and methylation, are reflected in DNA that is released from the tumor into the bloodstream. Thus, in recent years, circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) has gained increasing attention as a noninvasive alternative to tissue biopsies and potential surrogate for the entire tumor genome. Activating gene mutations found in ctDNA have been proven effective in predicting response to targeted therapy. Analysis of ctDNA is also a valuable tool for longitudinal follow-up of cancer patients that does not require serial biopsies and may anticipate the acquisition of resistance. DNA methylation has also emerged as a promising marker for early detection, prognosis and real-time follow-up of tumor dynamics that is independent of the genomic composition of the primary tumor. This review summarizes the various investigational applications of methylated ctDNA in lung cancer reported to date. It also provides a brief overview of the technologies for analysis of DNA methylation in liquid biopsies, and the challenges that befall the implementation of methylated ctDNA into routine clinical practice.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF ACYCLIC PHOSPHINE OXIDES WITH TOLUENE‐P‐SULFONYL ISOCYANATE AND RELATED REACTIONS (1977)

Abstract Die acyclischen Phosphinoxide (I) bilden bei Behandlung mit Tosylisocyanat in aprotischen Lösungsmitteln die entsprechenden Imide (II).
Ellagitannins and Hexahydroxydiphenoyl Esters as Inhibitors of Vertebrate Squalene Epoxidase (2001)

Ellagitannins isolated from various plant sources as well as newly synthesized n-alkyl (C(1)-C(18)) esters of hexahydroxydiphenyl (HHDP) dicarboxylic acid were evaluated as enzyme inhibitors of recombinant rat squalene epoxidase, a rate-limiting enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis. Among the ellagitannins tested, pedunculagin (IC(50) = 2.0 microM) and eugeniin (IC(50) = 1.6 microM), both containing (S)-HHDP ester group(s), showed remarkable inhibition, which was more potent than those of previously reported substrate analogue inhibitors. Furthermore, ellagic acid (IC(50) = 2.0 microM), a bislactone formed by hydrolytic release of a HHDP group from ellagitannins, was also a good inhibitor of the enzyme. On the other hand, the synthetic HHDP esters with C(6) (IC(50) = 0.93 microM) and C(8) alkyl side chains (IC(50) = 0.83 microM) showed potent enzyme inhibition at the submicromolar concentration range, while esters with shorter chain lengths (C(1)-C(4)) and a C(18) ester exhibited moderate inhibition (IC(50) = 8-47 microM).
Darinaparsin Is a Multivalent Chemotherapeutic Which Induces Incomplete Stress Response with Disruption of Microtubules and Shh Signaling (2011)

Chemotherapeutics and other pharmaceuticals are common sources of cellular stress. Darinaparsin (ZIO-101) is a novel organic arsenical under evaluation as a cancer chemotherapeutic, but the drug's precise mechanism of action is unclear. Stress granule formation is an important cellular stress response, but the mechanisms of formation, maintenance, and dispersal of RNA-containing granules are not fully understood. During stress, small, diffuse granules initially form throughout the cytoplasm. These granules then coalesce near the nucleus into larger granules that disperse once the cellular stress is removed. Complete stress granule formation is dependent upon microtubules. Human cervical cancer (HeLa) cells, pre-treated with nocodazole for microtubule depolymerization, formed only small, diffuse stress granules upon sodium arsenite treatment. Darinaparsin, as a single agent, also induced the formation of small, diffuse stress granules, an effect similar to that of the combination of nocodazole with sodium arsenite. Darinaparsin inhibited the polymerization of microtubules both in vivo and in vitro. Interestingly, upon removal of darinaparsin, the small, diffuse stress granules completed formation with coalescence in the perinuclear region prior to disassembly. These results indicate that RNA stress granules must complete formation prior to disassembly, and completion of stress granule formation is dependent upon microtubules. Finally, treatment of cells with darinaparsin led to a reduction in Sonic hedgehog (Shh) stimulated activation of Gli1 and a loss of primary cilia. Therefore, darinaparsin represents a unique multivalent chemotherapeutic acting on stress induction, microtubule polymerization, and Shh signaling.
Online Deduplication for Distributed Databases (2016)

The rate of data growth outpaces the decline of hardware costs, and there has been an ever-increasing demand in reducing the storage and network overhead for online database management systems (DBMSs). The most widely used approach for data reduction in DBMSs is blocklevel compression. Although this method is simple and effective, it fails to address redundancy across blocks and therefore leaves significant room for improvement for many applications. This dissertation proposes a systematic approach, termed similaritybased deduplication, which reduces the amount of data stored on disk and transmitted over the network beyond the benefits provided by traditional compression schemes. To demonstrate the approach, we designed and implemented dbDedup, a lightweight record-level similaritybased deduplication engine for online DBMSs. The design of dbDedup exploits key observations we find in database workloads, including small item sizes, temporal locality, and the incremental nature of record updates. The proposed approach differs from traditional chunk-based deduplication approaches in that, instead of finding identical chunks anywhere else in the data corpus, similarity-based deduplication identifies a single similar data-item and performs differential compression to remove the redundant parts for greater savings. To achieve high efficiency, dbDedup introduces novel encoding, caching and similarity selection techniques that significantly mitigate the deduplication overhead with minimal loss of compression ratio. For evaluation, we integrated dbDedup into the storage and replication components of a distributed NoSQL DBMS and analyzed its properties using four real datasets. Our results show that dbDedup achieves up to 37⇥ reduction in the storage size and replication traffic of the database on its own and up to 61⇥ reduction when paired with the DBMS’s block-level compression. dbDedup provides both benefits with negligible effect on DBMS throughput or client latency (average and tail).
Introduction to immunology (2000)

Preface. Unit I: Basic Concepts. 1 Properties of Immunity. 2 Inducing, Detecting, and Investigating Immunity. Unit II: Antigen Recognition. 3 Antibody Structure and Function. 4 Antibody Gene Organisation and Expression. 5 Major Histocompatibility Complex. 6 T-Cell Antigen Recognition. Midterm Exam. Unit III: Immune Effector Mechanisms. 7 Cytokines. 8 Complement. 9 Innate Immunity and Inflammation. 10 Adaptive Immunity. Unit IV: Clinical Immunology. 11 Hypersensitivity and Allergies. 12 Autoimmunity and Immune Deficiencies. 13 Manipulating the Immune System. Final Exam. Index
Generation of Phase States by Two-Photon Absorption (1999)

A new method for producing a phase state by two-photon absorption is proposed. We show that such a process conserves the phase of an initial coherent state $|\ensuremath{\alpha}〉$ and converts it to $|\ensuremath{\psi}〉\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}(|0〉{+e}^{i\ensuremath{\varphi}}|1〉)/\sqrt{2}$, where $\ensuremath{\alpha}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}|\ensuremath{\alpha}|{e}^{i\ensuremath{\varphi}}$. Therefore, we obtain desirable phase states by controlling the phase of the initial coherent state. Appropriate materials with a reasonable two-photon absorption rate are proposed.
The double-stranded RNA in Trichomonas vaginalis may originate from virus-like particles. (1986)

A linear 5.5-kilobase double-stranded RNA, identified in many strains and isolates of the parasitic protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis in a previous study, is found largely intact in ribonuclease-treated homogenates of the parasite. It can be pelleted with membranes from the homogenate at 12,500 X g and further purified in CsCl buoyant density-gradient centrifugations. The purified sample contains the double-stranded RNA as well as one major protein with an estimated molecular mass of 85 kDa in NaDodSO4/PAGE. Electron microscopic examinations indicated the presence of icosahedral virus-like particles of 33-nm diameter in the purified preparation. The exact location of the virus in T. vaginalis is not clear, except that it is not found in the nuclear fraction and is probably membrane-bound. No free virus can be recovered from the culture medium of T. vaginalis, and no successful infection of virus-free T. vaginalis strains by purified virus has yet been accomplished. There is no viral genomic sequence identifiable in host DNA. So far as we know, it is the first time a double-stranded RNA virus has been identified in a protozoan.
Über den Mechanismus der Nuclealfärbung. II. Mitt. Über das Verhalten der Kerne partiell hydrolysierter mikroskopischer Präparate zur fuchsinschwefligen Säure nach voraufgegangener Behandlung mit Phenylhydrazin. (1924)

Article Über den Mechanismus der Nuclealfärbung. II. Mitt. Über das Verhalten der Kerne partiell hydrolysierter mikroskopischer Präparate zur fuchsinschwefligen Säure nach voraufgegangener Behandlung mit Phenylhydrazin. was published on January 1, 1924 in the journal Biological Chemistry (volume 136, issue 1-2).
Immune complexes--pathogenetic factors of autoimmune systemic lupus erythematosus. (1984)

Immune complexes (IC) are a general feature of immunologic mediated reactions in host defence against disease. Under certain circumstances they become pathogenic. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a well accepted model of immune complex action in autoimmunity. It seems likely, that different ways of IC formation and effects are at least in part responsible for lupus nephritis, skin affection and other manifestations of SLE. There are practical aspects of immune complex determination in monitoring disease as well as certain therapeutic regimes.
In search of missing links in otology. II. development of an implantable middle ear drug delivery system: Initial studies of sustained ampicillin release for the treatment of otitis media (1991)

The development of a new device that consists of a biodegradable support incorporating a therapeutically releasable amount of ampicillin is presented. This device is in an insertable shape that allows placement into the middle ear via a myringotomy incision. Once in the middle ear cavity, it expands, contacts the walls, and provides extended release of ampicillin. In vitro studies (3 months) documented the consistent release of therapeutic levels of ampicillin. In vivo efficacy was demonstrated in otitis-induced chinchillas (bacterial inoculation). The device compared favorably with topical and systemic treatment and prophylaxis of otitis media. The device was also efficient in repeated bacterial challenges. Topical extended middle ear drug delivery can become a significant form of treatment for middle ear disease, and has the potential of being useful as a source for inner ear drug delivery.
Spatial Filtering of Noninvasive Multielectrode EMG: Part I-Introduction to Measuring Technique and Applications (1987)

Complementary to its conventional applications, surface EMG is also suited to gain more detailed information on the functional state of a muscle, when measurement configurations with smaller pickup areas are used. A new category of suitable measurement configurations is obtained by application of the spatial filtering principle to electromyography. In a spatial filter unit, the signals of several recording electrodes are combined to form one output signal channel. The filter characteristic is determined by the weighting factors used and by the geometrical arrangement of the electrodes. Extended multielectrode arrays and multichannel recording make possible the detection of correlated excitations at different sites of the muscle. Even in high levels of muscle contraction, single motor unit impulses that are suitably shaped by filtering can be repeatedly recognized in the surface EMG signal. In clinical studies, pathologically shaped impulses have been identified indicating multiple innervation zones. The initiation and the propagation of excitation within single motor units can be detected with improved accuracy even from very small muscles.
Classifying Traffic Scenes using the GIST Image Descriptor (2014)

This paper investigates classification of traffic scenes in a very low bandwidth scenario, where an image should be coded by a small number of features. We introduce a novel dataset, called the FM1 dataset, consisting of 5615 images of eight different traffic scenes: open highway, open road, settlement, tunnel, tunnel exit, toll booth, heavy traffic and the overpass. We evaluate the suitability of the GIST descriptor as a representation of these images, first by exploring the descriptor space using PCA and k-means clustering, and then by using an SVM classifier and recording its 10-fold cross-validation performance on the introduced FM1 dataset. The obtained recognition rates are very encouraging, indicating that the use of the GIST descriptor alone could be sufficiently descriptive even when very high performance is required.
El aprendizaje del arte: Un factor clave en el despliegue de las capacidades humanas del desarrollo (2015)

El estudio de las capacidades humanas dentro de las teorías del desarrollo, busca establecer una alternativa al crecimiento derivado de los modelos económicos en los cuales, las personas quedan excluidas. No obstante, y pese al enfoque humano desde el que se aborda el desarrollo de dichas capacidades, éstas, se reducen a perspectivas instrumentales del mismo despliegue económico a partir, de una concepción de la capacidad como función primaria, lo que ha terminado dejando por fuera la posibilidad de incluir otras perspectivas que abonen al desarrollo de las mismas, pero cuyo carácter no se reduzca a una dimensión utilitaria y funcional de la capacidad humana.En este sentido, el presente trabajo constituye una propuesta que busca mostrar, el aprendizaje del arte como un factor clave en la aplicación y despliegue de las capacidades humanas como eje articulador del denominado desarrollo humano.