gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Automatic Detection and Classification of Defect on road Pavement using Anisotropy Measure (2009)

Existing systems for automated pavement defect detection can only identify cracking type defects. In this paper, we in-troduce a method which can detect not only cracks as small as 1mm in width, but also two other defect types: joint and bridged. Road images are captured by our acquisition sys-tem. Firstly, a pre-processing step is applied on images to remove lane-marking. Then an anisotropy measure is calcu-lated to detect road defects. Finally, a backpropagation neu-ral network is used to classify the images into four classes: defect-free, crack, joint and bridged. Experimental results were performed on real road images which were labelled by human operators. Comparisons with other methods are also given. 1.
Innervation Pattern of Dorsal Roots and Their Effects on the Specificity of Dermatomal Somatosensory Evoked Potentials (1993)

Dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials are used to monitor individual nerve root function during degenerative spinal surgery. However, a less than 100% agreement between level(s) of dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials abnormality and nerve root involvement has been reported. The purpose of this article was to determine the possible cause of this discrepancy. Results from humans suggest that variations in peripheral innervation patterns of the dorsal nerve roots are the main reason for dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials discrepancy both for cervical and lumbar nerve roots. Because these variations cannot be controlled, the authors recommend that dermatomal somatosensory evoked potentials and additional neurophysiologic methods be used during degenerative surgeries to provide the surgeon with information about individual nerve root function. A patient profile for these methods was provided.
A high performance system for wireless transmission of power and data through solid metal enclosures (2011)

Traditionally, when electrical signals need to be transmitted through sealed metal enclosures, penetrations are introduced to enable wire feed-throughs. These penetrations can compromise the structural integrity of, and environmental isolation provided by, the enclosure. This thesis presents a high-performance wireless system capable of transmitting both power and data through a metal barrier simultaneously, using only ultrasound, thereby eliminating the need for barrier penetrations. First, the underlying principles and phenomena governing the behavior of a wireless, piezoelectric transducer-based acoustic-electric transmission channel, and general channel design considerations are discussed. Second, a design methodology is presented for optimizing the power transfer efficiency of an acoustic-electric power transmission channel using simultaneous two-port conjugate impedance matching, a hardware architecture is proposed for continuous-wave power delivery, and the measured power transmission capabilities of two separate power links are reported. Third, a data transmission link architecture is presented which utilizes orthogonal frequencydivision multiplexing (OFDM) in order to achieve a high spectral efficiency in the presence of a very frequency-selective acoustic-electric channel. The data link is optimized using a bit-loading scheme with phase-shift keying (PSK), and the adoption of quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) and a power-loading scheme are considered as methods for improving the link’s overall throughput. Fourth, a system is presented which uses a power and data transmission link in close proximity on a single metal barrier, and utilizes sharp filtering and a power-data link synchronization technique to completely eliminate interference in the data link caused by power-to-data channel signal leakage. Measurements of this system show that it can simultaneously transfer 32.5 W of AC power and transmit data at 12.4 Mbps through a 63.5 mm thick block of submarine steel. Finally, an accurate enhanced one-dimensional mathematical model of the acoustic-electric channel is presented which allows a designer to quickly and easily predict the performance capabilities of a power or data transmission link and explore the impacts of many design parameters on a channel’s response without needing to physically build or test the channel. This work illustrates that ultrasonic through-metal transmission systems can achieve much higher power transfer efficiencies and data throughputs than previously thought possible, and also that both power and data links can be implemented on a metal enclosure simultaneously, without significantly impacting each others’ performance.
Visualization of Natural Convection of Different Unmixed Liquids in a Cubic Container (2001)

Natural thermal convection of different unmixed liquids is quite different from that of a single liquid because of the existence of liquid-liquid interface. In order to clarify this phenomenon, it is necessary to know both flow and temperature fields of different unmixed liquids. In the present paper, natural convection of different unmixed liquids in a cubic enclosure with isothermal hot and cold walls was investigated. Influence of difference of kinematic viscosities and volume ratio of two liquids on flow and temperature fields were experimentally studied. Temperature distribution on a central cross section was visualized by thermosensitive liquid crystal particles. The conclusions derived from the above experiment are as follows: As the thermal movement occurs through the interface, the reverse speed of two kind of liquids near the interface was promoted. And beside the main circulation that occurred in the liquids of higher volume ratio and lower viscosity ratio, the secondary circulation was caused in the upper liquid.
VAX/VMS event monitoring and analysis (2002)

Event logs can be used effectively to improve computer system availability. Uses include retrospective and predictive diagnosis; fault management; failure rate estimation; and trend analysis. Unfortunately, much of the research to date has been hampered by the lack of suitable event data, and occasionally by the incorrect interpretation of the available data. This research uses one of the largest sets of data, and the most intensive investigation of the monitoring process conducted to date, to examine event monitoring and analysis. 2.35 million events from 193 VAX/VMS systems covering 335 machine years were used. Examples are presented which show that monitoring deficiencies complicate the analyses, consume additional time, and make incorrect conclusions more likely. For example, incorrect handling of bogus timestamps changes the mean time between groups of events by an order of magnitude. An analysis procedure to identify defects is provided, along with design rules to create better quality logs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High Performance Liquid Chromatography of Mono- and Oligosaccharides Derivatized with<i>P</i>-Aminobenzoic Ethyl Ester on a C<sub>18</sub>-Bonded Silica Column (1995)

Abstract This report examines a behavior of mono- and oligosaccharide-ABEE derivatives in RP-HPLC. Sugar-ABEE derivatives are saparated by reverse-phase partition chromatography rather than normal-phase partition chromatography. Reducing sugars are derivatized with p-aminobenzoic ethyl ester(ABEE) for the UV detection at 254 nm. C18-bonded silica column is used for the separation of sugar-ABEE derivatives in an isocratic mode. RP-HPLC is performed by using ternary mixture as a mobile phase and column temperature is maintained at 45°C. Sugar-ABEE derivatives are separated well within a short run time(ca. 25 min) by reverse-phase partition chromatographic mode, and CIS-bonded silica column is very stable during the analysis. The (1→6)-linkage type of dihexose-ABEE derivatives has shorter retention time than (1→4)-linkage type. β-Anomeric configuration of [Glc-β-(1→4)Glc]-oligomer has shorter retention time than α-anomer in RP-HPLC. Column temperature and ionic strength slightly affect the elution behavior of sugarABBEE derivatives.
Cerebral Phosphoinositide and Energy Metabolism During and After Insulin‐Induced Hypoglycemia (1987)

During and after insulin-induced hypoglycemia, changes in levels of cerebral phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PIP), phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2), phosphatidic acid (PA), triacylglycerol (TAG), diacylglycerol (DAG), and free fatty acids (FFAs) as well as the cerebral energy state were studied in relation to the EEG. In hypoglycemic rats with an EEG pattern of quasiperiodic sharp or slow sharp waves, which preceded the development of an isoelectric EEG, PIP2 levels increased significantly, together with a slight decrease in PI content. Levels of the other lipids did not change during this period. The cerebral energy state was affected only slightly in spite of profound decreases in plasma and tissue glucose levels. With 30 min of an isoelectric EEG, levels of all phosphoinositides and PA decreased significantly; total FFA and DAG contents increased seven- and twofold, respectively; the TAG-palmitate level decreased, and that of TAG-arachidonate increased. Plasma and tissue glucose were nearly depleted, and the cerebral energy state deteriorated severely. The increment in fatty acids in the DAG and FFA pools was less than their loss from phosphoinositides and PA, an observation suggesting vascular washout or oxidation of a portion of the FFAs produced. Following 90 min of glucose infusion, PIP and PA levels recovered to control values; however, the PIP2 content exceeded control levels, and that of PI remained below control levels. DAG and FFA contents returned to normal.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Low probability of detection communications-LPD waveform design and detection techniques (2002)

The author defines six typical conventional and low probability of detection (LPD) waveforms and analyzes them against seven detection techniques. Simplified models are presented as examples of each technique and approximate sensitivities derived. These provide a general approach to the designing of waveforms that successfully resist detection. Of greatest utility is the ability to test the effectiveness of postulated threats against candidate waveforms, and to test the relative LPD strengths of competing candidate waveforms.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Community-acquired pneumonia: a case study. (2000)

Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an infectious disease commonly seen in the primary care environment. CAP is ranked as the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. It affects more than 10 million individuals per year and accounts for 500,000-1,000,000 hospital admissions. Precise diagnosis of CAP continues to be complex. Despite enormous advances in serologic analysis and antimicrobial development, at least 50% of causative pathogens are not identified. This article presents a case report of a white female in her seventies diagnosed with CAP and emphasizes the need for early detection, immunization, and prompt interventions to reduce morbidity and mortality rates. This case brings to light the dilemma practitioners can face when treating high-risk populations on an outpatient basis.
A Comparison of Drug Transport in Pulmonary Absorption Models: Isolated Perfused rat Lungs, Respiratory Epithelial Cell Lines and Primary Cell Culture (2017)

The simple IPL technique provided a good prediction of drug absorption from the lungs, making it a useful method for empirical screening of drug absorption in the lungs. Permeability measurements were similar in all the respiratory epithelial cell models evaluated, with Calu-3 having the advantage for routine permeability screening purposes of being readily availability, robust and easy to culture.
Numerical Modeling of Venturi Flows for Determining Air Injection Rates Using Fluent V6.2 (2009)

As the water passes through a restriction in a pipe, it forms a vacuum at the end of the restriction. A hole bored into the pipe at a point where this vacuum occurs will cause air to be drawn into the main flow. One example of this mechanism is seen in the venturi tube. When a minimal amount of differential pressure exists between the inlet and outlet sides of the venturi tube, a vacuum occurs at suction holes of the venturi tube. Venturi aeration is a method of aeration that has become popular in recent years. In present paper, air injection rates of venturi tubes are analyzed using Computational Fluid Dynamics modeling. These analyses are carried out by means of the program FLUENT V6.2 that uses finite volume theory. There is a good agreement between the measured air injection rates and the values computed from FLUENT CFD program.
Eikonal equation for a general anisotropic or chiral medium: application to a negative-graded index-of-refraction lens with an anisotropic material (2006)

We discuss the numerical simulation of a graded refractive index (GRIN) lens with a general anisotropic medium and compare it with an equivalent nongraded positive-index-of-refraction-material (PIM) lens with an isotropic medium. To evaluate lens performance, we developed a modified eikonal equation valid for the most general form of an anisotropic or chiral medium. Our approach is more comprehensive than previous work in this area and is obtained from the dispersion relation of Maxwell's equations in the eikonal approximation. The software developed for the numerical integration of the modified eikonal equation is described. Subsequently, a full finite-difference time-dependent simulation was performed to verify the validity of the eikonal calculations. The performance of the GRIN lens is found to be improved over the equivalent PIM one. The GRIN lens is also five to ten times lighter than the equivalent PIM. A GRIN lens operating at 15 GHz is now under fabrication at Boeing, and the experimental results of this lens will be reported in a forthcoming paper.
A position sensor based on magnetoimpedance (1996)

A magnetic-field sensor based on the giant magnetoimpedance phenomenon is presented. It is shown that a low, negative magnetostriction CoFeBSi amorphous wire can be used to detect the presence or passage of moving pieces or vehicles, simply by pasting a small permanent magnet on the vehicles/pieces. The detection is observed as a decrease in the ac voltage on the wire’s ends. A system of such devices can be used to monitor and control a number of industrial processes.
Cyclic AMP promotes a peripheral distribution of melanosomes and stimulates melanophilin/Slac2‐a and actin association (2004)

Melanosomes are melanin-containing organelles that belong to a recently individualized group of lysosome-related organelles. Recently, numerous reports have dissected the molecular mechanisms that control melanosome transport, but nothing was known about the possible regulation of melanosome distribution by exogenous physiological stimulus. In the present report, we demonstrate that a physiological melanocyte-differentiating agent such as alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone, through the stimulation of the cAMP pathway, induces a rapid centrifugal transport of melanosomes, leading to their accumulation at the dendrite tips of melanocytes. Interestingly, the small GTP binding proteins of the p21Rho family and one of their effectors, p160 Rho-associated kinase, but not PKA, play a key role in redistribution of melanosomes at the extremities of the dendrites. Further, we have investigated, at the molecular level, the effect of cAMP on the different proteins involved in the control of melanosome transport. We demonstrate that cAMP stimulates the expression of Rab27a and rapidly increases the interaction of the melanophilin/Slac2-a with actin. Thus, we propose that the stimulation of the interaction between melanophilin/Slac2-a and actin would allow the rapid accumulation of melanosomes in the actin-rich region of the dendrite extremities.
Detection of Polyglutamine Protein Oligomers in Cells by Fluorescence Correlation Spectroscopy (2007)

Abnormal aggregation of misfolded proteins and their deposition as inclusion bodies in the brain have been implicated as a common molecular pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer, Parkinson, and the polyglutamine (poly(Q)) diseases, which are collectively called the conformational diseases. The poly(Q) diseases, including Huntington disease and various types of spinocerebellar ataxia, are caused by abnormal expansions of the poly(Q) stretch within disease-causing proteins, which triggers the disease-causing proteins to aggregate into insoluble beta-sheet-rich amyloid fibrils. Although oligomeric structures formed in vitro are believed to be more toxic than mature amyloid fibrils in these diseases, the existence of oligomers in vivo has remained controversial. To explore oligomer formation in cells, we employed fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS), which is a highly sensitive technique for investigating the dynamics of fluorescent molecules in solution. Here we demonstrate direct evidence for oligomer formation of poly(Q)-green fluorescent protein (GFP) fusion proteins expressed in cultured cells, by showing a time-dependent increase in their diffusion time and particle size by FCS. We show that the poly(Q)-binding peptide QBP1 inhibits poly(Q)-GFP oligomer formation, whereas Congo red only inhibits the growth of oligomers, but not the initial formation of the poly(Q)-GFP oligomers, suggesting that FCS is capable of identifying poly(Q) oligomer inhibitors. We therefore conclude that FCS is a useful technique to monitor the oligomerization of disease-causing proteins in cells as well as its inhibition in the conformational diseases.
Spinal cord injury (2002)

With the recent advances in the neuroscience field, more aggressive interventions geared at secondary injury prevention, neuronal regeneration and functional restoration are emerging.
Characterization of the function of intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-3 and comparison with ICAM-1 and ICAM-2 in immune responses. (1994)

We have characterized the immunobiology of the interaction of intercellular adhesion molecule 3 (ICAM-3; CD50) with its counter-receptor, leukocyte function-associated antigen 1 (LFA-1; CD11a/CD18). Purified ICAM-3 supported LFA-1-dependent adhesion in a temperature- and cation-dependent manner. Activation of cells bearing LFA-1 increased adhesiveness for ICAM-3 in parallel to adhesiveness for ICAM-1. Although CBR-IC3/1 monoclonal antibody (mAb) blocked adhesion of cells to purified LFA-1, when tested alone, neither CBR-IC3/1 nor five novel ICAM-3 mAbs characterized here blocked adhesion of cells to purified ICAM-3 or homotypic adhesion. Two ICAM-3 mAbs, CBR-IC3/1 and CBR-IC3/2, were required to block LFA-1-dependent adhesion to purified ICAM-3- or LFA-1-dependent, ICAM-1-, ICAM-2-independent homotypic adhesion of lymphoid cell lines. Two ICAM-3 mAbs, CBR-IC3/1 and CBR-IC3/6, induced LFA-1-independent aggregation that was temperature and divalent cation dependent and was completely inhibited by ICAM-3 mAb, CBR-IC3/2, recognizing a distinct epitope. Purified ICAM-3 provided a costimulatory signal for proliferation of resting T lymphocytes. mAb to ICAM-3, together with mAbs to ICAM-1 and ICAM-2, inhibited peripheral blood lymphocyte proliferation in response to phytohemagglutinin, allogeneic stimulator cells, and specific antigen. Inhibition was almost complete and to the same level as with mAb to LFA-1, suggesting the most functionally important, and possibly all, of the ligands for LFA-1 have been defined.
Identification of a Signal-Responsive Nuclear Export Sequence in Class II Histone Deacetylases (2001)

Activation of muscle-specific genes by the MEF2 transcription factor is inhibited by class II histone deacetylases (HDACs) 4 and 5, which contain carboxy-terminal deacetylase domains and amino-terminal extensions required for association with MEF2. The inhibitory action of HDACs is overcome by myogenic signals which disrupt MEF2-HDAC interactions and stimulate nuclear export of these transcriptional repressors. Nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of HDAC5 is mediated by binding of the chaperone protein 14-3-3 to two phosphoserine residues (Ser-259 and Ser-498) in its amino-terminal extension. Here we show that HDAC4 and -5 each contain a signal-responsive nuclear export sequence (NES) at their extreme carboxy termini. The NES is conserved in another class II HDAC, HDAC7, but is absent in class I HDACs and the HDAC-related corepressor, MEF2-interacting transcription repressor. Our results suggest that this conserved NES is inactive in unphosphorylated HDAC5, which is localized to the nucleus, and that calcium-calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK)-dependent binding of 14-3-3 to phosphoserines 259 and 498 activates the NES, with consequent export of the transcriptional repressor to the cytoplasm. A single amino acid substitution in this NES is sufficient to retain HDAC5 in the nucleus in the face of CaMK signaling. These findings provide molecular insight into the mechanism by which extracellular cues alter chromatin structure to promote muscle differentiation and other MEF2-regulated processes.
Using syntax to improve word alignment precision for syntax-based machine translation (2008)

Word alignments that violate syntactic correspondences interfere with the extraction of string-to-tree transducer rules for syntax-based machine translation. We present an algorithm for identifying and deleting incorrect word alignment links, using features of the extracted rules. We obtain gains in both alignment quality and translation quality in Chinese-English and Arabic-English translation experiments relative to a GIZA++ union baseline.
1‐Benzyl‐3‐(5′‐hydroxymethyl‐2′‐furyl)‐indazole (YC‐1) Derivatives as Novel Inhibitors Against Sodium Nitroprusside‐Induced Apoptosis (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Design and Synthesis of a Perfluoroalkyldicyanovinyl-Based Nonlinear Optical Material for Electrooptic Applications (1998)

A novel perfluoroalkyldicyanovinyl-based second-order nonlinear optical material is synthesized and characterized. The new material has excellent processibility, large electro-optic coefficient (r33=28pm/V at 1.06 µm for 32 wt% loading), and low optical loss (0.77 dB/cm) at 1.3µm.
A 60 GHz up-conversion mixer using asymmetric layout with &#x2212;41.1 dBc LO leakage (2013)

This paper presents a 60 GHz up-conversion mixer using asymmetric layout method. The asymmetric layout method contributes to decrease capacitor mismatch, so RF-LO isolation and LO leakage can be improved. The up-conversion mixer is fabricated in a 65 nm CMOS process. This up-conversion mixer achieves RF-LO isolation of -37.3 dBc, LO leakage of -41.1 dBc, conversion gain of 4.3 dB, output power of -8.7dBm and saturated output power of -5.2dBm at a power consumption of 5.4mW.
Lateral epitaxial overgrowth of aluminum nitride on patterned silicon carbide substrates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy (2007)

This letter reports on the reduction of threading dislocation densities in AlN films via lateral epitaxial overgrowth by hydride vapor phase epitaxy. A variety of different stripe patterns were used to produce fully coalesced AlN films. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to assess the structural quality of these films. TEM determined that the dislocation density in the laterally grown wing regions was less than 8.3×106cm−2 as compared to 1.8×109cm−2 in the seed regions. Atomic force microscopy revealed that the films have a smooth surface morphology with a rms roughness of 0.71nm over 10×10μm2 sampling areas.