gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Portal hypertension (2003)

Portal hypertension, the main complication of cirrhosis, is responsible for its most common complications: variceal hemorrhage, ascites, and portosystemic encephalopathy. Portal hypertension is the result of increased intrahepatic resistance and increased portal venous inflow. Vasodilatation (splanchnic and systemic) and the hyperdynamic circulation are hemodynamic abnormalities typical of cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Gastroesophageal varices result almost solely from portal hypertension, although the hyperdynamic circulation contributes to variceal growth and hemorrhage. Ascites results from sinusoidal hypertension and sodium retention, which, in turn, is secondary to vasodilatation and activation of neurohumoral systems. The hepatorenal syndrome represents the result of extreme vasodilatation, with an extreme decrease in effective blood volume that leads to maximal activation of vasoconstrictive systems, renal vasoconstriction, and renal failure. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis is a potentially lethal infection of ascites that occurs in the absence of a local source of infection. Portosystemic encephalopathy is a consequence of both portal hypertension (shunting of blood through portosystemic collaterals) and hepatic insufficiency that result in the accumulation of neurotoxins in the brain. This review covers the recent advances in the pathophysiology and management of the complications of portal hypertension.
PODEM-X: An Automatic Test Generation System for VLSI Logic Structures (1981)

Multiple test generation algorithms and techniques described in this paper have been integrated into a unified system which has successfully produced tests for unpartitioned LSSD logic structures of up to 50,000 logic gates. The design concepts behind the creation of a unified system are presented, as are actual results obtained on large logic structures. System usability was significantly enhanced by the same concepts that facilitated the integration of multiple algorithms and techniques.
Facile Green Synthesis of BCN Nanosheets as High‐Performance Electrode Material for Electrochemical Energy Storage (2016)

Two-dimensional hexagonal boron carbon nitride (BCN) nanosheets (NSs) were synthesized by new approach in which a mixture of glucose and an adduct of boric acid (H3 BO3 ) and urea (NH2 CONH2 ) is heated at 900 °C. The method is green, scalable and gives a high yield of BCN NSs with average size of about 1 μm and thickness of about 13 nm. Structural characterization of the as-synthesized material was carried out by several techniques, and its energy-storage properties were evaluated electrochemically. The material showed excellent capacitive behaviour with a specific capacitance as high as 244 F g(-1) at a current density of 1 A g(-1) . The material retains up to 96 % of its initial capacity after 3000 cycles at a current density of 5 A g(-1) .
Optimization of backside micromachined CMOS inductors for RF applications (2002)

The quality factor of backside micromachined CMOS inductors is optimized for high frequency applications. Up to 90% improvement of the peak quality factor is predicted for 10 nH inductors according to the simulations over previously published results in this technology. Extensive tests will be performed for the fabricated inductors with an improved post-processing procedure.
Smart Ternary Content Addressable Memory (STCAM) architecture (2012)

A novel architecture of Smart Ternary Content Addressable Memory (STCAM) has been presented in this paper. The STCAM provides smarter comparison mechanism which scales to more efficient CAM as compared to most of the existing CAMs those provide only the equality information of all the stored data key in the memory against a search key. The comparison mechanism in the STCAM provides greater, equal and lesser than signals which could be broadly used in lookup tables, networking, databases, and pattern matching. In the proposed architecture, word access is not restricted to only exact matches, but could support variety of word retrieval conditions (comparison result set of greater, equal or lesser signals) to range matching (all possible combinations of greater-equal-lesser signals) of memory content on a specific search key.
AR-42, a novel HDAC inhibitor, exhibits biologic activity against malignant mast cell lines via down-regulation of constitutively activated Kit (2010)

Histone hypoacetylation occurs in many cancers and inhibition of histone deacetylation is a promising approach to modulate these epigenetic changes. Our laboratory previously demonstrated that the histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) vorinostat and AR-42 reduced the viability of a canine malignant mast cell line. The purpose of this study was to further investigate the mechanisms of pan-HDAC inhibition in normal and malignant mast cells. Mouse and canine malignant mast cell lines expressing various Kit mutations, normal canine mast cells, and primary canine malignant mast cells were treated with AR-42 (a novel HDACi) and effects on cell viability, cycling, and signaling were evaluated. Treatment with AR-42 induced growth inhibition, cell- cycle arrest, apoptosis, and activation of caspases-3/7. AR-42 promoted hyperacetylation of H3, H4, and alpha-tubulin, and up-regulation of p21. Down-regulation of Kit occurred after AR-42 treatment via inhibition of Kit transcription. Disassociation between Kit and heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) and up-regulation of HSP70 were observed after AR-42 treatment, suggesting potential loss of HSP90 chaperone function. Lastly, AR-42 down-regulated the expression of p-Akt, total Akt, phosphorylated STAT3/5 (pSTAT3/5), and total STAT3/5. In summary, AR-42 exhibits in vitro and ex vivo biologic activity against malignant mast cells, representing a promising therapeutic approach for malignant mast cell disease.
New Aniline-Containing Amino Alcohols from <i>trans</i>-(<i>R</i>,<i>R</i>)-2-(2-Nitrophenyl)-3-phenyloxirane as Useful Intermediates for the Synthesis of Chiral Ligands, Bases, and Benzoxazine Nucleus (2006)

New enantiopure aniline-containing amino alcohols are directly derived from trans-(R,R)-2-(2-nitrophenyl)-3-phenyloxirane, by alternative regioselective double reductions. Subsequent selective alkylation procedures and derivatizations provide a rapid and high-yielding access to different chiral ligands, bases, and benzoxazines, without loss of optical purity.
Creating HW/SW co-designed MPSoPC's from high level programming models (2011)

FPGA densities have continued to follow Moore's law and can now support a complete multiprocessor system on programmable chip. The benefits of the FPGA include the ability to build a customized MPSoC system consisting of heterogeneous processing resources, interconnects and memory hierarchies that best match the requirements of each application. In this paper we outline a new approach that allows users to drive the generation of a complete hardware/software co-designed multiprocessor system on programmable chip from an unaltered standard high level programming model. We use OpenCL as our specification framework and show how key API's are extracted and used to automatically create a distributed shared memory multiprocessor system on chip architecture for Xilinx FPGA's. We show how OpenCL API's are easily translated to hthreads, a hardware-based microkernel operating system to provide pthreads compliant run time services within the MPSoPC architecture.
Effect of nonsinusoidal bias waveforms on ion energy distributions and fluorocarbon plasma etch selectivity (2005)

The distributions of ion energies incident on the wafer significantly influence feature profiles and selectivity during plasma etching. Control of ion energies is typically obtained by varying the amplitude or frequency of a radio frequency sinusoidal bias voltage applied to the substrate. The resulting ion energy distribution (IED), though, is generally broad. Controlling the width and shape of the IED can potentially improve etch selectivity by distinguishing between threshold energies of surface processes. In this article, control of the IED was computationally investigated by applying a tailored, nonsinusoidal bias waveform to the substrate of an inductively coupled plasma. The waveform we investigated, a quasi-dc negative bias having a short positive pulse each cycle, produced a narrow IED whose width was controllable based on the length of the positive spike and frequency. We found that the selectivity between etching Si and SiO2 in fluorocarbon plasmas could be controlled by adjusting the width and energy of the IED. Control of the energy of a narrow IED enables etching recipes that transition between speed and selectivity without change of gas mixture.
Uncertainty in pitch measurements of one-dimensional grating standards using a nanometrological atomic force microscope (2003)

Precision measurements of 240 nm-pitch one-dimensional grating standards were carried out using an atomic force microscope (AFM) with a high-resolution three-axis laser interferometer (nanometrological AFM). Laser sources of the three-axis laser interferometer in the nanometrological AFM were calibrated with an I2-stabilized He–Ne laser at a wavelength of 633 nm. The results of the precision measurements using the nanometrological AFM have direct traceability to the length standard. The uncertainty in the pitch measurements was estimated in accordance with the Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement. The primary source of uncertainty in the measurements was derived from interferometer nonlinearity, and its value was approximately 0.115 nm. Expanded uncertainty (k = 2) of less than 0.31 nm was obtained. It is suggested that the nanometrological AFM is a useful instrument for the nanometrological standard calibration.
Airbreathing space boosters using in-flight oxidizer collection (1996)

A historical review of the development of a propulsion fluid system known as ACES (air collection and enrichment system) is presented. The role of the ACES system is to acquire and store liquid oxygen (LOX) en route to orbit for rocket use beyond the airbreathing envelope. The refrigeration capacity of liquid hydrogen is employed to condense the air and fractional distillation used to extract the oxygen component from the inlet airflow. Earth-to-orbit capability is achieved without carrying LOX from takeoff or relying on scramjets. The development history of the major ACES components is traced and a review of ACES system studies conducted since the 1960s is provided. The payload fractions achievable with ACES are shown to be competitive with scramjet-powered space launch vehicles without relying on airbreathing propulsion beyond the speed of conventional turboramjet engines.
Comprehensive Proteomic Analysis of <i>Shigella </i><i>f</i><i>lexneri</i> 2a Membrane Proteins (2006)

Shigella flexneri is the causative agent of most shigellosis cases in developing countries. We used different proteolytic enzymes to selectively shave the protruding proteins on the surface of purified bacterial membrane sheets or vesicles, and recovered peptides were subsequently identified using 2-D LC-MS/MS. As a result, a total of 666 proteins were unambiguously assigned, including 159 integral membrane proteins, 35 outer membrane proteins and 114 proteins previously annotated as hypothetical. The former had an average grand average hydrophobicity score of 0.362 and were predicted to separate within a pH range of 4.1-10.6 with molecular mass 8-148 kDa, which represents the largest validated set of integral membrane proteins in this organism to date. A functional classification revealed that a large proportion of the identified proteins were involved in cell envelope biogenesis and energy production and conversion. For the first time, this work provides a global view of the S. flexneri 2a membrane subproteome.
The Hidden Problem of Uninformed Online Product Reviewers (2008)

Online product reviews sometimes display a consistent, positive bias. Prior research has largely focused on reviewer honesty but other possible explanations are lack of product knowledge and self-selection bias. A semantic Web method is proposed to deliver more accurate reviews to online customers. An agent-based model is used to show that such a method can significantly improve information delivery even with noisy knowledge data.
Effect of thermal annealing and carbon implantation on the functional properties of nanocomposite TiSiN coatings on steel (2013)

This PhD research contributes to the part of advanced materials technology. The machining industry currently faces tremendous pressures with the need for durable cutting tools suitable for eco-friendly high speed machining operations becoming acute. In this thesis innovative design and synthesis strategies are explored to tailor the properties of nanocomposite coatings. Advanced characterisation techniques are applied to identify the mechanisms that control the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion behaviours of these coatings. Cutting tools protected by these coatings are anticipated to exhibit a unique combination of superior toughness and greater resistance to wear and corrosion, providing significant economic and environmental benefits. The thin ceramic coatings are commonly applied to various kinds of steel cutting and machining tools to enhance their mechanical and tribological properties. The most common ceramic coating is TiN. But the major issues that hamper the application of TiN are high friction co-efficient (typically~0.5), lower hardness, lower thermal stability (~5000 C) and lower corrosion resistance. To address some of these problems, TiSiN nanocomposite coatings are developed, which have super-hardness, better thermal stability (~10000C) and better corrosion resistance. But the as-deposited TiSiN coating still has high co-efficient of friction (~0.4) and high residual stress (~7-9 GPa) which consequently affect the adhesion and toughness of the coating. This project aims to address these problems by (a) the application of carbon implantation to modify the structure and chemistry of the surface layer of the nanocomposite coatings with reduced friction and residual stress; and (b) thermal annealing of the nanocomposite coating to reduce the residual stress with enhanced fracture toughness, better corrosion resistance and more thermal stability. In addition, the role of microstructure, residual stress and defects of these hard coating in corrosive environment will be studied. For this research, a combination of microstructural and mechanical properties characterization, corrosion analysis, tribological test and finite element modelling facilities will be used. The study includes focused ion beam (FIB) milling and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Synchrotron X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), X-ray Photo Spectroscopy (XPS), Energy dispersive X-Ray (EDX), nanoindentation, nano-scratching, potentio-dynamic polarization cell and Atomic force microscopy(AFM).
Targeting IL-10 Family Cytokines for the Treatment of Human Diseases (2017)

Members of the interleukin (IL)-10 family of cytokines play important roles in regulating immune responses during host defense but also in autoimmune disorders, inflammatory diseases, and cancer. Although IL-10 itself primarily acts on leukocytes and has potent immunosuppressive functions, other family members preferentially target nonimmune compartments, such as tissue epithelial cells, where they elicit innate defense mechanisms to control viral, bacterial, and fungal infections, protect tissue integrity, and promote tissue repair and regeneration. As cytokines are prime drug targets, IL-10 family cytokines provide great opportunities for the treatment of autoimmune diseases, tissue damage, and cancer. Yet no therapy in this space has been approved to date. Here, we summarize the diverse biology of the IL-10 family as it relates to human disease and review past and current strategies and challenges to target IL-10 family cytokines for clinical use.
Effect of active species in crude oil on the interfacial tension behavior of alkali/synthetic surfactants/ crude oil systems (2008)

在界面的紧张(IFT ) 上的原油在场的活跃种类的效果 alkali/synthetic surfactants/crude 油系统的行为被学习。系统由重烷基苯 sulfonate，钠氯化物，钠水合物和 Daqing 组成了原油。试验性的结果显示那活跃的种将从 oil/aqueous 接口扩散到水的阶段，最后，平衡能与增加接触时间在系统被到达。而且，当时，与增加接触时间增加的最小的 IFT 和平衡 IFT 价值和一种线性关系在动态 IFT 和 t 1/2 之间存在接近最小的 IFT 价值并且在最小以后， IFT 被到达。这显示动态 IFT 时间行为是控制的散开。油和水的阶段被分析由红外线(红外) 光谱学。油和水的阶段的红外系列说明了在油阶段的活跃种类的内容减少了，但是在水的阶段的活跃种类的内容在碱以后增加了，这与原油反应了。这显示在油在场的活跃种类在减少 IFT 起了一个重要作用。
Electronic structure of phospho-olivines LixFePO4 (x=,1) from soft-x-ray-absorption and -emission spectroscopies (2005)

The electronic structure of the phospho-olivine Li(x)FePO4 was studied using soft-x-ray-absorption (XAS) and emission spectroscopies. Characteristic changes in the valence and conduction bands are observed upon delithation of LiFePO4 into FePO4. In LiFePO4, the Fe-3d states are localized with little overlap with the O-2p states. Delithiation of LiFePO4 gives stronger hybridization between Fe-3d states and O-2p states leading to delocalization of the O-2p states. The Fe L-edge absorption spectra yield "fingerprints" of the different valence states of Fe in LiFePO4 and FePO4. Resonant soft-x-ray-emission spectroscopy at the Fe L edge shows strong contributions from resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS), which is described using an ionic picture of the Fe-3d states. Together the Fe L-edge XAS and RIXS study reveals a bonding character of the Fe 3d-O2p orbitals in FePO4 in contrast to a nonbonding character in LiFePO4.
Topic Detection and Tracking interface with named entities approach (2011)

Topic Detection and Tracking (TDT) refer to the technologies and techniques in analysing and handling the vast amount of information arriving continuously from the news stream. Some issues in news monitoring regarding interface design are considered. In this paper we present the techniques and works done in TDT domain. We discuss the named entities approach used in document representation and in user interface. Finally, we present the suggested approach to improve users' performance and to facilitate them to perform an effective TDT task.
Dynamic fracture characteristics of the osteochondral junction undergoing shear deformation (1996)

This paper presents a biomechanical study of the dynamic fracture response of the osteochondral regions of both immature and mature cartilage-bone laminates induced through shear loading. An instrumental impact machine, providing both mechanical and real-time macro-photographic fracture data, was used to load the osteochondral region in shear by means of a direct compressive force applied to the cartilage layer only, and in a direction parallel to the plane of the osteochondral junction. This force was applied at a known velocity of 2500 mm/s. Our results show that under these conditions of shear loading the dynamic mode II fracture toughness of the osteochondral region of the mature tissue is approximately 1.5 times that of its immature counterpart, and that the derived dynamic shear stiffness of the immature tissue is about 4 times that of the mature. The structural studies demonstrated that the mature tissue delaminates within a well-defined tidemark region whilst the immature fractures through the subchondral bone into which fingers of articular cartilage penetrate. We suggest that this pseudo-brittleness of the immature tissue could explain why there is an increased susceptibility to osteochondral failure in the younger human joint. Finally, we note that the strength-to-toughness relationship, in which stiffer engineering materials are known to exhibit lower fracture toughness, also applies to the cartilage-bone system.
Active voltage balancement of series connected IGBTs (2002)

Series connection of IGBT devices is a standard solution in high voltage power conversion applications, such as color TV deflections, inverters for medium voltage lines or modern railway traction drives. In serial connections of IGBTs, a suitable voltage balance must be guaranteed either at steady state or during switching transients in order to avoid damaging overvoltages. In the present paper, a new approach is proposed in order to equalize the voltage distribution between series connected IGBTs during turn-off transients by controlling the gate capacitance charge profile. The main advantages of such an approach consist in avoiding the use of passive components on the power side and in working exclusively on the gate driving signals. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is verified by simulation and experimental tests.
Canada's Corporate—Higher Education Forum Shaping shared interests (1989)

In all its activities, the Corporate—Higher Education Forum strives to improve understanding among the leaders of business and academe in Canada, and to encourage common action where consensus is built. This article discusses the philosophy, work and future of the Forum.
Reduction in Threshold Current Density of Quantum Well Lasers Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy on 0.5° Misoriented (111)B Substrates (1987)

GaAs/AlGaAs graded-index, separate confinement heterostructure quantum-well lasers with an extremely low threshold current density ( J th ) were grown by molecular beam epitaxy on 0.5° misoriented (111)B substrates. The J th of these lasers was reduced by 20 A/cm 2 compared with that of (100)-oriented devices, which results from the quantization along the <111> direction. The minimum J th of 158 A/cm 2 was achieved for a 490 µm long device.
Degradation of Wheat Starch in a Single Screw Extruder: Characteristics of Extruded Starch Polymers (1984)

ABSTRACT Wheat starch was processed in a 19 mm diameter, single screw extruder to study the physical and structural modifications that occur during extrusion cooking. Structural modification of the starch polymers was investigated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC), enzymatic digestions and dilute solution viscometry. Both the GPC and intrinsic viscosity results showed that the average molecular size significantly decreased as a result of extrusion processing. The relative amount of material excluded by Bio‐Gel A150m was considerably lower for extruded samples than for unprocessed wheat starch and this size reduction of the amylopectin fraction was attributed to mechanical rupture of covalent bonds. The characterization of the structural modifications of the starch polymers is reported.
Towards unconstrained compartment modeling in white matter using diffusion‐relaxation MRI with tensor‐valued diffusion encoding (2020)

Diffusion-relaxation MRI with tensor-valued diffusion encoding expands the set of microstructure parameters that can be precisely estimated and therefore increases their specificity to biological quantities.
Adaptive Network Access with 100 Gb/s Ethernet by Packet-based Lane Bundling (2011)

Lambda-on-demand network access with 100 Gb/s Ethernet interface is achieved for SuperHD video/image transfer by using adaptive inverse multiplexing onto parallel 10 Gb/s optical paths assigned individually over optical transport networks.