gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antiviral Properties of Thiarubrine-A, a Naturally Occurring Polyine (1986)

The naturally occurring polyine, thiarubrine-A, was evaluated for its antiviral properties in the presence and absence of long wave UV radiation (UV-A). Four viruses and a mammalian cell line were used as targets. The two mammalian viruses, murine cytomegalovirus and Sindbis virus, both of which possess membranes, were extremely sensitive to the compound, but only in the presence of UV-A radiation. The bacteriophage T4 was slightly affected in UV-A only, whereas the bacteriophage M13 was completely unaffected. Thus thiarubrine A is photoactive against membrane containing viruses. In contrast mouse cells were moderately sensitive to the compound in the presence of UV-A, and somewhat less sensitive in the dark. Thus thiarubrine-A exhibits different activities against different organisms.
CGS-Thin Films Solar Cells on Transparent Back Contact (2006)

The goal of this work is to fabricate and study wide gap CuGaSe2 solar cells to be used as top cell of a mechanically stacked tandem device. CuGaSe2 (CGS) absorber thin films are prepared by co-evaporation in a three stage process onto Mo/soda-lime glass substrates and onto different transparent conductive oxides (TCOs): SnO2:F (FTO) and In2O3:Sn (ITO). Laser Light Scattering (LLS) is used as an in-situ process control. A deterioration of the transparency of the TCOs is observed after CGS deposition, especially for the ITO. The cell performance is lower for devices on TCOs due to the increased resistivity of the transparent back contact which leads to a decrease in fill factor (FF). The Cu-content during the process appears to be a critical parameter in order to control the optical transmission as well as the efficiency of the device. Quantum efficiency measurements also reveal a smaller minority carrier collection for the solar cells grown on TCOs. A total area efficiency of 4.2 % for a device on FTO is achieved.
A European survey of public networks management systems (1990)

Gives an overview of today's TMN (telecommunication management network) systems in the public networks environment in Europe. A set of relevant 'network types' and 'management functions' have been identified. In regard to today's physical implementation of the management functions, the main distinction was whether those functions are incorporated in network equipment (e.g. exchange systems), or support systems (e.g. O&M centers). This distinction was based either on the criteria of either physical or logical separation (e.g. separate software systems with a common hardware support). The SSs were further categorized into a hierarchical structure. Description of existing implementation has identified the relevant 'management functions' for each 'network type'. In addition, the collected data have been analyzed on a functional basis in order to give a Pan European overview of the current situation. The results cover 13 PTOs operations of 61 public networks, involving a total of 266 types of management equipment performing TMN functions.<
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Functional analysis of gapped microbial genomes: Amino acid metabolism of <i>Thiobacillus ferrooxidans</i> (2000)

A gapped genome sequence of the biomining bacterium Thiobacillus ferrooxidans strain ATCC23270 was assembled from sheared DNA fragments (3.2-times coverage) into 1,912 contigs. A total of 2,712 potential genes (ORFs) were identified in 2.6 Mbp (megabase pairs) of Thiobacillus genomic sequence. Of these genes, 2,159 could be assigned functions by using the WIT-Pro/EMP genome analysis system, most with a high degree of certainty. Nine hundred of the genes have been assigned roles in metabolic pathways, producing an overview of cellular biosynthesis, bioenergetics, and catabolism. Sequence similarities, relative gene positions on the chromosome, and metabolic reconstruction (placement of gene products in metabolic pathways) were all used to aid gene assignments and for development of a functional overview. Amino acid biosynthesis was chosen to demonstrate the analytical capabilities of this approach. Only 10 expected enzymatic activities, of the nearly 150 involved in the biosynthesis of all 20 amino acids, are currently unassigned in the Thiobacillus genome. This result compares favorably with 10 missing genes for amino acid biosynthesis in the complete Escherichia coli genome. Gapped genome analysis can therefore give a decent picture of the central metabolism of a microorganism, equivalent to that of a complete sequence, at significantly lower cost.
A Phospholipase C from the Dallas 1E Strain of Legionella pneumophila Serogroup 5: Purification and Characterization of Conditions for Optimal Activity with an Artificial Substrate (1988)

Phospholipase C from the Dallas 1E strain of Legionella pneumophila serogroup 5 was purified from buffered yeast extract culture supernate by ion-exchange chromatography followed by fractionation by manganous chloride and ammonium sulphate precipitation steps. Enzyme activity was assayed by hydrolysis of p-nitrophenylphosphorylcholine and confirmed by release of radioactivity from tritiated L-alpha-dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine labelled in the methyl groups of choline. After SDS-PAGE, the purified preparation yielded a single band upon Coomassie-blue staining. This protein migrated with an apparent Mr of 50,000-54,000. Phospholipase C activity was maximal at pH greater than or equal to 8.4 and was enhanced in the presence of sorbitol and of several nonionic detergents but was eliminated by SDS. EDTA, Cu2+, Fe2+ and Zn2+ inhibited enzyme activity, whereas Ba2+, Ca2+, Co2+, Mg2+ and Mn2+ restored activity to EDTA-treated material. No haemolytic activity was demonstrated with the purified enzyme.
Mechanisms for exchange bias (2000)

Modern applications for thin film magnets involve unique requirements for the control and design of specific magnetic properties. The exchange bias effect in ferromagnet/antiferromagnet bilayers appears to be a useful feature for controlling one of the most important characteristics of a ferromagnet: coercivity. Prospects for control and enhancement of desirable effects depend upon a clear understanding of mechanisms governing exchange bias. The processes underlying the existence and properties of exchange bias are reviewed, with particular emphasis on the roles of interface structure and temperature. Results from numerical simulations are used to illustrate how exchange bias is modified by geometric structures at the interface and randomly placed defects. A general theoretical formulation of the bias problem is proposed, and an expression for the interface energy is derived. A key result is the existence of higher-order coupling terms when more than one sublattice of the antiferromagnet is present at the interface. Results from calculations of finite temperature effects on bias and coercivity are described, and the concept of viscosity in the antiferromagnet is discussed. A brief discussion is also included of how a dynamic linear response, such as ferromagnetic resonance or light scattering, can be used to determine relevant anisotropy and exchange parameters.
Infrared Heat Lamps Interfere with Pulse Oximeters (1984)

Resident in AnesthesiologyAssistant Professor of Anesthesiology and Mechanical EngineeringBiomedical Engineering Technician, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida 32610
The effect of thiol compounds on lymphocytes stimulated in culture. (1978)

The effect was studied of D-penicillamine (D-PAm) and other thiol compounds (concentration range, approximately 10(-4)-3.4 X 10(-3) M) on mouse spleen cells, stimulated in culture by concanavalin A or by mixed lymphocyte interaction. Thiols initially enhanced the rate of incorporation of [3H] thymidine into DNA of these cells. The enhanecment was typically followed by a sharp decline in activity to a level often below that of thiol-free cultures. The time which elapsed between adding the thiol and the decline in activity depended on the concentration of the particular thiol used. Exceptional among thiols studied was L-cysteine, which lacked inhibitory properties. Variation of the L-cystine content of the medium used here influenced the effect of thiols such as D-PAm on the cells, an increase in cystine content favouring the retention of high activity. It was found that D-PAm reacted slowly with a constituent of the culture medium, causing the latter eventually to lose its capacity to maintain cells. The effects of this reaction could be counteracted by adding L-cystine, L-cysteine, and certain other thiol compounds. It was concluded that DPAm combined with L-cystine in the medium to form the mixed disulphide, which evidently could not be utilized by the cells as a source of L-cystine. Deprivation of this essential nutrient accounted for the eventual inhibition of [3H] thymidine incorporation in cultures exposed to thiols. The initial, enhancing effect of thiols on stimulated lymphocytes represented a modulation of the response to the primary stimulant: there was no evidence that thiols were themselves mitogenic.
Introduction to ultrawideband theory/technology/systems (2016)

This short expository paper provides a brief introduction to ultrawideband (UWB) theory, technology, applications, and systems with a focus on radar and brief observations on communications. The definition of UWB radar is discussed, and an experimental UWB radar (Microwave Microscope) is considered to illustrate system properties and the imaging effectiveness of UWB transmissions.
Neuroprotective Effects of Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Following Spinal Cord Contusion Injury in the Rat (1999)

Cytokines and neurotrophic factors have been implicated in the pathophysiology of injury to the central nervous system. While some cytokines are considered pro-inflammatory, other factors promote neuronal growth and survival. The present study investigated the neuroprotective effects of interleukins 1 (IL-1), 4 (IL-4), and 6 (IL-6), nerve growth factor (NGF), ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) in a contusion model of spinal cord injury. Female Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 55) sustained a 10-g weight-drop injury to the lower thoracic spinal cord (T10) from a height of 12.5 mm using the NYU impactor. A micro-infusion system (Alzet minipump) was used to continuously deliver drugs or vehicle directly into the epicenter of the contused spinal cord starting 1 or three h postinjury. At the end of 7 days, animals were perfused and the cords removed for histopathological analysis. Longitudinal serial sections were cut on a freezing microtome and stained with cresyl violet. Areas of central necrosis, partial preservation, and total zone of tissue injury were identified and traced by an independent reviewer using a computer based imaging system. The mean total zone of injury in five animals receiving vehicle infusion was 18.04+/-4.20 mm3. The mean zone of partial preservation in these animals was 16.46+/-3.32 mm. Basic fibroblast growth factor reduced the total zone of injury by 33% [p<0.01, least significant difference (LSD) of Fisher] in five animals and the zone of partial preservation by 32% (p<0.01, LSD of Fisher) when compared to controls. There were trends toward reduction in total zone of injury and zone of partial preservation in rats treated with IL-4, CNTF, and NGF versus vehicle; however, none of these reached statistical significance. No significant differences were observed between animals receiving vehicle versus bFGF treatment commencing 3 h after injury. These data demonstrate that the continuous intramedullary infusion of bFGF initiated one hour after moderate contusion injury of the spinal cord significantly reduces the total zone of injury and the zone of partial preservation. These results support the further investigation and possible future clinical application of bFGF in the treatment of acute spinal cord contusion injury.
Passive Acoustic Monitoring the Diel, Lunar, Seasonal and Tidal Patterns in the Biosonar Activity of the Indo-Pacific Humpback Dolphins (Sousa chinensis) in the Pearl River Estuary, China (2015)

A growing demand for sustainable energy has led to an increase in construction of offshore windfarms. Guishan windmill farm will be constructed in the Pearl River Estuary, China, which sustains the world's largest known population of Indo-Pacific humpback dolphins (Sousa chinensis). Dolphin conservation is an urgent issue in this region. By using passive acoustic monitoring, a baseline distribution of data on this species in the Pearl River Estuary during pre-construction period had been collected. Dolphin biosonar detection and its diel, lunar, seasonal and tidal patterns were examined using a Generalized Linear Model. Significant higher echolocation detections at night than during the day, in winter-spring than in summer-autumn, at high tide than at flood tide were recognized. Significant higher echolocation detections during the new moon were recognized at night time. The diel, lunar and seasonal patterns for the echolocation encounter duration also significantly varied. These patterns could be due to the spatial-temporal variability of dolphin prey and illumination conditions. The baseline information will be useful for driving further effective action on the conservation of this species and in facilitating later assessments of the effects of the offshore windfarm on the dolphins by comparing the baseline to post construction and post mitigation efforts.
Casein kinase II preferentially phosphorylates human tau isoforms containing an amino-terminal insert. Identification of threonine 39 as the primary phosphate acceptor. (1994)

The in vitro phosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein tau by casein kinase II was studied. Purified human brain tau was phosphorylated by casein kinase II to a stoichiometry of 0.7 mol of 32P/mol of tau. Individual recombinant human tau isoforms were phosphorylated to stoichiometries ranging from 0.2 to 0.8 mol of 32P/mol of tau. Casein kinase II catalyzed a 4-fold greater incorporation of phosphate into the tau isoform containing a 58-amino acid insert near its amino terminus (T4L) than the isoforms without the 58-amino acid insert (T3 and T4). Phosphopeptide mapping of casein kinase II phosphorylated human tau and recombinant tau isoforms suggested that the isoforms containing an amino-terminal insert constitute the major substrates for casein kinase II within the tau family. The sites of phosphorylation on T4L were identified by digesting phosphorylated T4L with the protease Asp-N, separating the peptides by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography, and analyzing the isolated peptides by liquid-secondary ion mass spectrometry and solid-phase amino-terminal sequencing. Thr39 was identified as the predominant phosphorylation site, which is located 5 residues from the amino-terminal insert in T4L. Phosphopeptide mapping of tau isolated from LA-N-5 neuroblastoma cells indicates that Thr39 is phosphorylated in situ. To our knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a differential phosphorylation of the human tau isoforms, with the isoforms containing the acidic amino-terminal insert being the preferred substrates of casein kinase II.
A Critical Assessment of Algorithms and Challenges in the Development of a Closed-Loop Artificial Pancreas (2005)

The development of an artificial pancreas is placed in the context of the history of the field of feedback control systems, beginning with the water clock of ancient Greece, and including a discussion of current efforts in the control of complex systems. The first generation of artificial pancreas devices included two manipulated variables (insulin and glucose infusion) and nonlinear functions of the error (difference between desired and measured glucose concentration) to minimize hyperglycemia while avoiding hypoglycemia. Dynamic lags between insulin infusion and glucose measurement were relatively small for these intravenous-based systems. Advances in continuous glucose sensing, fast-acting insulin analogs, and a mature insulin pump market bring us close to commercial realization of a closed-loop artificial pancreas. Model predictive control is discussed in-depth as an approach that is well suited for a closed-loop artificial pancreas. A major challenge that remains is handling an unknown glucose disturbance (meal), and an approach is proposed to base a current insulin infusion action on the predicted effect of a meal on future glucose values. Better "meal models" are needed, as a limited knowledge of the effect of a meal on the future glucose values limits the performance of any control algorithm.
Thermally induced optical phase effects in fiber optic sensors (1980)

Induced optical phase effects attributed to time varying temperatures at the fiber surface in single-mode fiber optic interferometric sensors are calculated. A Green's function approach is used for predicting temperature distributions within fibers for general time-dependent external temperatures. Analytic expressions for temperature distributions within fibers exposed to external linear, step, and sinusoidal temperature variations are derived using standard differential equation methods, assuming heat conduction to be the only heat transfer mechanism. With these expressions, thermally induced optical phase effects are predicted for an infinitely long uniform-index fiber. Plots are given that show the significance of fiber diameter and thermal properties on the time-dependent behavior of thermally induced phase effects for specific external temperature variations. It is shown that thermally induced phase effects can be reduced by jacketing fibers with elastomers having certain thermal properties.
High power w-band monolithically integrated tripler (2009)

We have designed, fabricated and characterized a heterostructure barrier varactor based monolithic tripler at 97 GHz. The original InP host substrate is used as the microstrip waveguide. Measurement results show efficiencies of almost 20% and a maximum output power of 85 mW. Initial comparison with hybrid (flip-chip) solutions imply that the monolithic approach has superior performance.
Binary and mixed population biofilms: Time-lapse image analysis and disinfection with biocides (2002)

Simultaneous binary population biofilm formation by a bacterium and filamentous fungus was demonstrated by time-lapse image analysis in a flow cell system. The accumulation of attached bacterial cells followed an S-shaped graph similar to batch culture bacterial growth, with continual attachment, detachment, rotation, and movement of bacteria over the surface. An extensive hyphal network formed on the surface of the flow cell, protruding into the bulk flow, which subsequently detached. Multiple species mixed fungal–bacterial model biofilms were tested for isothiazolone biocide susceptibility. Biofilms were less susceptible to biocide treatment than planktonic cells of the same organisms. Mixed species biofilms, particularly for the bacterial species, offered greater protection against the action of the biocide compared to single species biofilms. Microbial loss as a result of biocide activity was shown by reduced cell surface coverage in electron micrographs.
Isolation and Culture of Primary Osteocytes from the Long Bones of Skeletally Mature and Aged Mice (2012)

The purpose of this work was to establish a methodology to enable the isolation and study of osteocytes from skeletally mature young (4-month-old) and old (22-month-old) mice. The location of osteocytes deep within bone is ideal for their function as mechanosensors. However, this location makes the observation and study of osteocytes in vivo technically difficult. Osteocytes were isolated from murine long bones through a process of extended collagenase digestions combined with EDTA-based decalcification. A tissue homogenizer was used to reduce the remaining bone fragments to a suspension of bone particles, which were placed in culture to yield an outgrowth of osteocyte-like cells. All of the cells obtained from this outgrowth that displayed an osteocyte-like morphology stained positive for the osteocyte marker E11/GP38. The osteocyte phenotype was further confirmed by a lack of staining for alkaline phosphatase and the absence of collagen1a1 expression. The outgrowth of osteocytes also expressed additional osteocyte-specific genes such as Sost and Mepe. This technique facilitates the isolation of osteocytes from skeletally mature bone. This novel enabling methodology should prove useful in advancing our understanding of the roles mature osteocytes play in bone health and disease.
Synthesis Gas to Hydrocarbons over CuO-CoO-Cr<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>/H<sup>+</sup>-ZSM-5 Bifunctional Catalysts (2008)

CuO-CoO-Cr2O3/H+-ZSM-5 (C3Z) bifunctional catalysts were prepared for CO hydrogenation to hydrocarbons. The CO conversion and hydrocarbon distribution were measured in a fixed bed flow reactor, operating at 275 to 400 °C, 300 to 1200 h−1 gas hourly space velocity (GHSV), and 700 to 1500 psig pressure. It was found that the catalyst has relatively high activity and selectivity in producing aromatic hydrocarbons. The CO conversion, hydrocarbon selectivity, and hydrocarbon distribution as a function of temperature, pressure, GHSV, H2/CO ratio of the feed, and reaction time were examined. The increase of temperature and pressure favors carbon monoxide conversion and formation of higher hydrocarbons, the selectivity to hydrocarbons increased with decreasing of the H2/CO ratio and space velocity of the feed gas. CO conversion decreased by ∼5% after 170 h run at 350 °C and H2/CO ratio of 1, while the selectivity to methane increased with reaction time, C5+ fractions decrease slightly, and aromatics almost remained constant, which may be due to copper sintering under reaction conditions. The catalyst was also investigated under a syngas containing 56.5 ppm H2S and it was found that the catalyst lost its activity gradually with increasing H2S/Cu ratio. The catalysts were characterized by physisorption and temperature-programmed reduction (TPR). The surface area of the used CuO-CoO-Cr2O3 is less than that of the fresh CuO-CoO-Cr2O3, which confirms that catalyst sintering may occur during reaction, thus resulting in modification of the catalyst structure. XRD results demonstrated that Cu, Co, and Cr were mainly present as CuO, Co3O4, and Cr2O3 in the as-prepared catalysts, copper oxide was reduced to copper metal, Co3O4 was reduced to CoO, while Cr2O3 remained unchanged after reaction. XPS results showed Cu, Co, and Cr mainly present as Cu2+, Co2+/Co3+, and Cr3+ in the fresh catalyst sample surface, almost 100% copper is Cu0 in the used catalyst and cobalt mainly exists as Co2+ after reaction, chromium is almost unchanged after reaction. The morphology and particle distribution of the C3Z samples were also characterized by using SEM and TEM. SEM and TEM images proved copper sintering and segregation from CoO-Cr2O3 and H+/ZSM-5 and led the deactivation of the catalyst.
Censorship-resistant and privacy-preserving distributed web search (2014)

The vast majority of Internet users are relying on centralized search engine providers to conduct their web searches. However, search results can be censored and search queries can be recorded by these providers without the user's knowledge. Distributed web search engines based on peer-to-peer networks have been proposed to mitigate these threats. In this paper we analyze the three most popular real-world distributed web search engines: Faroo, Seeks and Yacy, with respect to their censorship resistance and privacy protection. We show that none of them provides an adequate level of protection against an adversary with modest resources. Recognizing these flaws, we identify security properties a censorship-resistant and privacy-preserving distributed web search engine should provide. We propose two novel defense mechanisms called node density protocol and webpage verification protocol to achieve censorship resistance and show their effectiveness and feasibility with simulations. Finally, we elaborate on how state-of-the-art defense mechanisms achieve privacy protection in distributed web search engines.