gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
NMR studies of mobility within protein structure (1989)

NMR studies of dynamics within structure have revealed that a quite new approach to protein structure and its relation to function is necessary. This approach requires the consideration in detail of the following: 1. Local movements of groups and small segments to allow fast recognition and fitting. The motion concerns on/off rates as well as binding. The observations affect surface/surface recognition, e.g. of antigen/antibody as well as of substrate and protein. 2. Somewhat larger interdomain or N- and C-terminal segments which allow rearrangement. Cases in point are the movement of segments in blood-clotting proteins or in histones. 3. Relative motion of helices in hinges. These actions are likely in such enzymes as kinases and P-450 cytochromes. 4. Relative motion of helices within domains (relative to other helices or sheets) in mechanical devices (triggers) e.g. in calmodulin. 5. General motion in random proteins. Examples extend from rubber-like proteins (entropy sensors), some glycoproteins, to proteins carrying peptide hormones to be generated only after hydrolysis. 6. Order----disorder transitions locally as in osteocalcin and metallothionine. 7. Swinging arm motions associated with special sequences such as (Ala-Pro)n. 8. Of great interest is the power of NMR to look at proteins which are relatively large, up to 50 kDa proteins, and to isolate certain zones of interest. This needs careful temperature dependent studies and analysis of separated domains [72] as well as the use of a great variety of pulse sequences [15] and of nuclei other than protons. 9. In this article I have illustrated the different possibilities using work in my own group. This is done to lessen the burden of extensive review. I fully realise that the range of examples is now large. I would stress though that the production of the necessary technology was the endeavour of several of us within the Oxford Enzyme Group from 1970 to 1985, i.e. from 270-600 MHz Fourier-transform NMR spectroscopy. 10. While all of these features have been demonstrated by NMR methods there are parallel developments both using X-ray diffraction methods and theoretical approaches. All these procedures are changing the view of protein structure to one which incorporates dynamics all the way from conventional vibronic/rotational coupling to the disordered motions characteristic of random polymers. It is the understanding of dynamics that leads to an appreciation of function.
A Two-Year Experience (1970)

From the Department of Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94122
Analysis of a Driver Behaviour Improvement Tool to Reduce Fuel Consumption (2012)

A number of technologies have been introduced into new automobiles with the aim of reducing CO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> emissions. One method of improving fuel consumption is to improve driver behaviour, since eco-driving techniques can help save 10-15% of fuel. A retro-fittable driver behaviour improvement device has been developed and tested in real world conditions. The device provides real-time audio and visual feedback to the driver to improve his/her driving style. It was tested on 15 vans belonging to various companies in the UK and over 39,000km of data was collected. It was observed that use of the device saved an average 7.6% of fuel. Further analysis showed that the savings were obtained as a result of improvement in driving behaviour through reduction in harsh accelerations and early gear shifting into higher gears. There was also a reduction in the pedal busyness of drivers with the system fitted. A model was created using the data obtained to predict the fuel savings that can be achieved if the device is fitted onto a new vehicle.
The bloom of flesh (1951)

The curve of cheek, cupped in a marble hand, Gleaming through shadow, glowing in the dusk...
All-optical switching and sampling based on a parametric device with type II phase-matching (2002)

We report a new arrangement for all-optical switching that is very simple to implement. It is based on a degenerate parametric amplifier working at low gain level (G=3 to 5 dB) that preserves an on/off ratio close to 40 to 50 dB. It relies on the characteristic features of type II phase-matching in the case of parametric amplification at degeneracy, where a single pump photon breaks into two photons of half energy with crossed linear polarizations. The device has been designed to allow the ultrafast switching of weak light.
Generalized scattering matrix and symmetry principles for infinite planar structures (1997)

This paper presents a technique for determining the scattering coefficients of the Generalized Scattering Matrix (GSM) for an infinite planar structure whose operation is prescribed. The technique is partly a synthesis tool in that it allows to identify some geometrical properties of the structure from the relationships between various coefficients of the GSM. These relationships are cast into a formalism that simplifies and generalizes the development of many previously reported results. We also apply the technique to various structures for the purpose of demonstrating its use and validity. When this technique is applied to Linear or circular polarizers with the GSM incorporating only the dominant mode, we find that ideal polarizers are possible only at normal incidence, regardless of their specific physical realizations. Similarly, we find that a structure corresponding to the reciprocal circular polarization selective surface must satisfy the property of 2-fold rotational symmetry, except in a limited neighborhood of the normal incidence where the property of reciprocity suffices, and must not satisfy the property of longitudinal reflection symmetry.
Two Rare Hemoglobin Variants with α Thalassemia in Eastern Indian Population (2013)

The current work focuses on two rare hemoglobin (Hb) variants - Hb Grange-Blanche and Hb Hofu - found for the first time in association with α-thalassemia in Eastern India. The unusual case of Hb Grange-Blanche and FS 41/42(-CTTT) mutations in cis throws light on importance of multiple mutations and its coinheritance with αααanti3.7 triplication indicates a possible cause for the clinical severity in β-thalassemia carriers.
Elevated sodium-lithium countertransport: a familial marker of hyperlipidaemia and hypertension? (1990)

Erythrocyte sodium-lithium countertransport was measured in normolipidaemic and hyperlipidaemic hypertensive patients, hyperlipidaemic normotensive patients and normal controls. Hypertension and hyperlipidaemia were each independently associated with raised sodium-lithium countertransport (by analysis of variance, P<0.01 and P<0.01). The effects were additive so that hyperlipidaemia could not explain raised sodium-lithium countertransport in hypertension. In hyperlipidaemic hypertensive patients, levels of plasma cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and very-low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol were increased, and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was reduced. Of these patients, 73.3% had a known family history of hypertension. Their normotensive first degree relatives were studied, and 48% of these also had raised sodium-lithium countertransport and abnormal plasma lipids (raised cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol, and reduced HDL cholesterol). Relatives with normal sodium-lithium countertransport had normal lipids. Therefore, raised sodium—lithium countertransport was associated with the inheritance of both hypertension and hyperlipidaemia, and this could explain why raised sodium-lithium countertransport has been associated with a family history of both hypertension and associated cardiovascular disease.
Titanocene-catalyzed alkylative dimerization of vinyl Grignard reagent using alkyl halides (2008)

Dimerization of vinyl Grignard reagents and concomitant alkylation with alkyl halides have been achieved by using Cp(2)TiCl(2) as a catalyst.
Fluorescence based measurement of temperature profiles during polymer processing (1998)

Abstract We describe a novel noninvasive method to measure temperature profiles during processing. A key feature is the use of a temperature‐sensitive fluorescent dye that is incorporated into the polymer resin at dopant levels. By monitoring spectral features of this dye, we can effectively measure its temperature. A focusing technique that we call “confocal fluorescent optics” then allows us to measure the temperature as a function of position into the resin. We present results of critical tests of the device. Namely we test the spatial resolution and its ability to measure a linear temperature profile in a quiescent polymer. Finally, we present the first on‐line temperature profile measurements, carried out in a circular die at the exit of a twin screw extruder. Temperature gradients on the order of 5°C/mm in a polyethylene resin are observed between the outer wall and the center of the die.
Anonymous transactions in computer networks (2012)

We present schemes for providing anonymous transactions while privacy and anonymity are preserved, providing user's anonymous authentication in distributed networks such as the Internet. We first present a practical scheme for anonymous transactions while the transaction resolution is assisted by a Trusted Authority. This practical scheme is extended to a theoretical scheme where a Trusted Authority is not involved in the transaction resolution. Both schemes assume that all the players interact over anonymous secure channels. Given authority that generates for each player hard to produce evidence EVID (e.g., problem instance with or without a solution) to each player, the identity of a user U is defined by the ability to prove possession of aforementioned evidence. We use zero-knowledge proof techniques to repeatedly identify U by providing a proof that U has evidence EVID , without revealing EVID , therefore avoiding identity theft. In both schemes the authority provides each user with a unique random string. A player U may produce a unique user name and password for each other player S using a one-way function over the random string and the IP address of S . The player does not have to maintain any information in order to reproduce the user name and password used for accessing a player S . Moreover, the player U may execute transactions with a group of players S U in two phases; in the first phase the player interacts with each server without revealing information concerning its identity and without possibly identifying linkability among the servers in S U . In the second phase the player allows linkability and therefore transaction commitment with all servers in S U , while preserving anonymity (for future transactions).
Theoretical modeling and experimental characterization of InAs∕InGaAs quantum dots in a well detector (2004)

Theoretical modeling and experimental characterization of InGaAs∕GaAs quantum dots-in-a-well (DWELL) intersubband heterostructures, grown by molecular beam epitaxy are reported. In this heterostructure, the self-assembled dots are confined to the top half of a 110Å InGaAs well which in turn is placed in a GaAs matrix. Using transmission electron microscopy, the quantum dots are found to be pyramidal in shape with a base dimension of 110Å and height of 65Å. The band structure for the above mentioned DWELL heterostructure was theoretically modeled using a Bessel function expansion of the wave function. The energy levels of the three lowest states of the conduction band of the quantum dot are calculated as a function of the electric field. Intersubband n-i-n detectors were fabricated using a ten layer DWELL heterostructure. The spectral response of the detector is measured at a temperature between 30 and 50 K and compared with the prediction of our theoretical model.
A Multiple Blocks Fetch Engine for High Performance Superscalar Processors. (2001)

Conformational analyses of PRP1, a proline-rich acidic salivary protein and major component of the acquired enamel pellicle, have been carried out in solution and upon binding to two enamel prototypes, hydroxyapatite (HA) and carbonated hydroxyapatite (CHA), using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) in attenuated total reflection (ATR) mode. We have shown for the first time that, in solution, large portions of PRP1 adopt the hydrated polyproline type II (PPII) helical structure in addition to the random coil structure, with the maximum absorbance of the amide I band around 1620 cm(-1). Upon binding to HA or CHA, the protein undergoes significant conformational changes, loosing a considerable portion of hydrated PPII and random coil domains with a shift in the maximum absorbance to 1666 cm(-1), indicating that a large fraction of the protein is composed of beta turns. A small fraction of PPII in a calcium-bound or anhydrous form (approximately 1642 cm(-1)) was also observed in the HA- and CHA-bound proteins, which could play a role in protein-mineral interactions. The conformational changes in PRP1 adsorbed on CHA and HA were similar in nature; however, these changes were greater in the protein bound to HA. Interestingly, these results are in agreement with protein adsorption data that show that less protein is adsorbed onto CHA than onto HA. Our results demonstrate that binding to apatitic mineral surfaces leads to major conformational changes in PRP1, which might reflect the expulsion of water and the formation of protein-mineral and/or protein-protein interactions in the adsorbed layer.
Layout Synthesis and Loop Parameter Optimization of a Low-Jitter All-Digital Pixel Clock Generator (2014)

This paper presents a dual-loop ADPLL suitable for video pixel clock generation. The dual-loop architecture where a fast subloop works as a DCO inside a main loop is chosen since it can efficiently suppress the ring oscillator phase noise. In order to satisfy a wide tuning range and fine resolution requirements in the pixel clock PLL, the TDC and DCO with two-step and bottom-up control are employed. An s-domain model is utilized to tune the loop parameters so that the dual-loop PLL has the optimum jitter performance. The measurement results match well with the proposed s-domain model and clearly show the effectiveness of the dual loop in suppressing the phase noise of the DCO. We propose a new cell-based layout technique to avoid performance degradation during automatic placement and routing, which is compatible with the conventional digital design environment. A chip that occupies 0.032 mm2 has been fabricated in the 28-nm CMOS technology. The synthesized DCO shows 1.7-LSB DNL which is close to a full-custom layout. The rms integrated jitter is only 15 ps at 250 MHz, even though PLL operates at the extremely low input frequency of 100 kHz. Power consumption is 3.1 mW at 250 MHz with a 1.0-V supply.
Random and cooperative sequential adsorption (1993)

Irreversible random sequential adsorption (RSA) on lattices, and continuum "car parking" analogues, have long received attention as models for reactions on polymer chains, chemisorption on single-crystal surfaces, adsorption in colloidal systems, and solid state transformations. Cooperative generalizations of these models (CSA) are sometimes more appropriate, and can exhibit richer kinetics and spatial structure, e.g., autocatalysis and clustering. The distribution of filled or transformed sites in RSA and CSA is not described by an equilibrium Gibbs measure. This is the case even for the saturation "jammed" state of models where the lattice or space cannot fill completely. However exact analysis is often possible in one dimension, and a variety of powerful analytic methods have been developed for higher dimensional models. Here we review the detailed understanding of asymptotic kinetics, spatial correlations, percolative structure, etc., which is emerging for these far-from-equilibrium processes.
Using ultrasonic <i>S</i> <i>H</i> waves to estimate the quality of adhesive bonds: A preliminary study (1984)

A preliminary study using horizontal shear waves (SH waves) in a bonded plate to estimate the bonding strength of adhesive is presented in this paper. The essence of the method is based on the observation that the characteristics of SH waves in a bonded plate are dependent upon the bonding stiffness of the adhesive; thus, an estimation of the adhering strength can be made by observing the behavior change of these wave motions. An adhesive can, in general, by modeled as a viscoelastic material. The mechanical properties determined by subjecting the material to a pure shear deformation are therefore the most pertinent properties that characterize the cohesive strength of the adhesive. An SH wave produces a pure shear deformation in the adhesive layer in a direct manner. In this study, a long aluminum strip is bonded to the surface of a large aluminum block. An SH wave is imparted to one end of the strip. The shear wave motions in the strip are periodically monitored at sequential times as the adhesive cures. The results indicate that (1) there are two measurable modes of SH waves in the strip during the early stage of adhesive curing and (2) the amplitude of the second mode SH wave decreases as the adhesive cures, finally disappearing after the adhesive curing process is completed. This study has successfully shown that the bonding stiffness of adhesives can be estimated by observing the amplitude change of the second mode SH-wave motions in the adhered plate.
LXXIII.—Oxidation of tartaric acid in presence of iron (1894)

H. J. H. Fenton, J. Chem. Soc., Trans., 1894, 65, 899 DOI: 10.1039/CT8946500899
Parallel SAH k-D Tree Construction for Fast Dynamic Scene Ray Tracing (2009)

The k-D tree is a well-studied acceleration data structure for ray tracing. It is used to organize primitives in a scene to allow efficient execution of intersection operations between rays and the primitives. The highest quality k-D tree can be obtained using greedy cost optimization based on a surface area heuristc (SAH). While the high quality enables very fast ray tracing times, a key drawback is that the k-D tree construction time remains prohibitively expensive. This cost is unreasonable for rendering dynamic scenes for future visual computing applications on emerging multicore systems. Much work has therefore been focused on faster parallel k-D tree construction performance at the expense of approximating or ignoring SAH computation, which produces k-D trees that degrade rendering time. In this paper, we present new, faster multicore algorithms for building precise SAH-optimized kd-trees. Our best algorithm makes a tradeoff between worse cache performance and higher parallelism to provide up to 7X speedup on 16 cores, using two different kinds of parallelism models, without degrading tree quality and rendering time. 1.
Stuttering Treatment Research 1970–2005: I. Systematic Review Incorporating Trial Quality Assessment of Behavioral, Cognitive, and Related Approaches (2006)

Review of studies that met the trial quality inclusion criterion established for this review suggested that response-contingent principles are the predominant feature of the most powerful treatment procedures for young children who stutter. The most powerful treatments for adults, with respect to both speech outcomes and social, emotional, or cognitive outcomes, appear to combine variants of prolonged speech, self-management, response contingencies, and other infrastructural variables. Other specific clinical recommendations for each age group are provided, as are suggestions for future research.
Digital signatures: are they legal for electronic commerce? (1994)

In electronic commerce, like elsewhere, certain types of messages are inherently more sensitive than others. For example, a contract acceptance is more sensitive than a notice of goods delivery. One requires more integrity and assurance. One will be retained, the other discarded. In the paper-based world, signatures provide a degree of assurance for the more important messages. The means by which the handwritten signature concept can be translated into the new electronic medium is discussed. Cryptologic techniques (such as "digital signatures") may be employed to obtain similar assurances in an electronic form. The author discusses digital signatures and legal signatures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conserved and Divergent Rhythms of Crassulacean Acid Metabolism-Related and Core Clock Gene Expression in the Cactus <i>Opuntia ficus-indica</i>    (2011)

The cactus Opuntia ficus-indica is a constitutive Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) species. Current knowledge of CAM metabolism suggests that the enzyme phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase kinase (PPCK) is circadian regulated at the transcriptional level, whereas phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), NADP-malic enzyme (NADP-ME), and pyruvate phosphate dikinase (PPDK) are posttranslationally controlled. As little transcriptomic data are available from obligate CAM plants, we created an expressed sequence tag database derived from different organs and developmental stages. Sequences were assembled, compared with sequences in the National Center for Biotechnology Information nonredundant database for identification of putative orthologs, and mapped using Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes Orthology and Gene Ontology. We identified genes involved in circadian regulation and CAM metabolism for transcriptomic analysis in plants grown in long days. We identified stable reference genes for quantitative polymerase chain reaction and found that OfiSAND, like its counterpart in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana), and OfiTUB are generally appropriate standards for use in the quantification of gene expression in O. ficus-indica. Three kinds of expression profiles were found: transcripts of OfiPPCK oscillated with a 24-h periodicity; transcripts of the light-active OfiNADP-ME and OfiPPDK genes adapted to 12-h cycles, while transcript accumulation patterns of OfiPEPC and OfiMDH were arrhythmic. Expression of the circadian clock gene OfiTOC1, similar to Arabidopsis, oscillated with a 24-h periodicity, peaking at night. Expression of OfiCCA1 and OfiPRR9, unlike in Arabidopsis, adapted best to a 12-h rhythm, suggesting that circadian clock gene interactions differ from those of Arabidopsis. Our results indicate that the evolution of CAM metabolism could be the result of modified circadian regulation at both the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels.
The Assessment of the Environmental Performance of an International Multi-Sport Event (2010)

ABSTRACT Despite recent calls to reduce the environmental impact of major sporting events, comprehensive measurements, evaluations, and reports on environmental sustainability (ES) within the sport sector are rare. Consequently, the purpose of this multi-method case study was to assess the environmental performance (EP) of an international multi-sport event. Survey and interview data were collected from 15 event managers and executive volunteers (N=15). The findings indicated the event organization demonstrated a high level of effort towards initiating an ES movement within the Games but ultimately achieved a weak to moderate level of EP. Further, structural, systemic and cultural organization barriers prevented the implementation of many ES policies and programs. Sport event EP success is contingent upon organizers understanding both the operational reality in which they must stage the event, and their strategic capability to fulfill this goal.