gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study of the Schönberg Rearrangement of Diaryl Thioncarbonates to Diaryl Thiolcarbonates<sup>1</sup> (1955)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Study of the Schönberg Rearrangement of Diaryl Thioncarbonates to Diaryl Thiolcarbonates1H. R. Al-Kazimi, D. S. Tarbell, and Derek PlantCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1955, 77, 9, 2479–2482Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1955Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1955https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01614a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01614a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views392Altmetric-Citations70LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
From ion currents to genomic analysis: Recent advances in GABA<sub>A</sub> receptor research (1995)

The gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor represents an elementary switching mechanism integral to the functioning of the central nervous system and a locus for the action of many mood- and emotion-altering agents such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, steroids, and alcohol. Anxiety, sleep disorders, and convulsive disorders have been effectively treated with therapeutic agents that enhance the action of GABA at the GABAA receptor or increase the concentration of GABA in nervous tissue. The GABAA receptor is a multimeric membrane-spanning ligand-gated ion channel that admits chloride upon binding of the neurotransmitter GABA and is modulated by many endogenous and therapeutically important agents. Since GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS, modulation of its response has profound implications for brain functioning. The GABAA receptor is virtually the only site of action for the centrally acting benzodiazepines, the most widely prescribed of the anti-anxiety medications. Increasing evidence points to an important role for GABA in epilepsy and various neuropsychiatric disorders. Recent advances in molecular biology and complementary information derived from pharmacology, biochemistry, electrophysiology, anatomy and cell biology, and behavior have led to a phenomenal growth in our understanding of the structure, function, regulation, and evolution of the GABAA receptor. Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, steroids, polyvalent cations, and ethanol act as positive or negative modulators of receptor function. The description of a receptor gene superfamily comprising the subunits of the GABAA, nicotinic acetylcholine, and glycine receptors has led to a new way of thinking about gene expression and receptor assembly in the nervous system. Seventeen genetically distinct subunit subtypes (alpha 1-alpha 6, beta 1-beta 4, gamma 1-gamma 4, delta, p1-p2) and alternatively spliced variants contribute to the molecular architecture of the GABAA receptor. Mysteriously, certain preferred combinations of subunits, most notably the alpha 1 beta 2 gamma 2 arrangement, are widely codistributed, while the expression of other subunits, such as beta 1 or alpha 6, is severely restricted to specific neurons in the hippocampal formation or cerebellar cortex. Nervous tissue has the capacity to exert control over receptor number, allosteric uncoupling, subunit mRNA levels, and posttranslational modifications through cellular signal transduction mechanisms under active investigation. The genomic organization of the GABAA receptor genes suggests that the present abundance of subtypes arose during evolution through the duplication and translocations of a primordial alpha-beta-gamma gene cluster. This review describes these varied aspects of GABAA receptor research with special emphasis on contemporary cellular and molecular discoveries.
Multiple protocol network integration: a case study in internetworking with IP/IPX (2003)

The coexistence of Internet protocol (IP) and internetwork packet exchange (IPX) traffic on the same workstation is investigated. A case study of selected commercial and public domain software is presented along with many considerations in selecting a solution model for integration. While these solutions work well in a single subnet environment, integrating several departmental LANs through routers and bridges to create a large network poses many technical and administrative challenges. These challenges include: type of router to use; selection of software solutions for the coexistence of multiple protocol stacks on the desktop workstation; subnetting and assignment of IP addresses where workstations are shared by more than one user; integration of ROM bootable workstations; security with respect to user authentication on the Internet in a shared environment; costs of implementation; and universal electronic mail systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effects of Daily versus Weekly Testing and Pre-Training on the Assessment of Neurologic Impairment following Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury in Rats (2003)

A number of test paradigms have been used to determine acute and chronic motor and cognitive deficits after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). Some involve daily testing of either trained or untrained animals whereas others utilize periodic testing over extended time periods. Which test paradigm is the most appropriate for the assessment of motor and cognitive deficits is, however, unclear. In the current study, we have used both daily and weekly testing in trained and untrained animals to ascertain which assessment protocol is most suited for the detection of functional deficits after diffuse TBI in rats. Animals were subjected to severe injury using the impact-acceleration model of diffuse TBI. An equal number of animals were also prepared surgically but not subject to injury (shams). The rotarod device and the Barnes Maze were used for motor and cognitive assessment respectively, with half of the animals being pre-trained on each test for 10 days prior to injury. The open field test was used to assess spontaneous exploratory activity (stress). Following injury, animals were assessed for neurologic deficits either on a daily basis (for 10 days) or a weekly basis (for 4 weeks). In trained animals, the greatest differences in neurologic outcome between injured and sham animals were observed early after injury. In contrast, in untrained animals, greatest differences between injured and sham animals were observed at later time points. Pre-injury training did not improve the rate of cognitive recover, or the rate of motor recovery in the weekly test paradigm, but did improve the rate of motor recovery in the daily assessment paradigm. Daily assessment promoted rapid functional recovery whereas weekly assessments did not significantly affect outcome in injured animals over the 4-week assessment period. Spontaneous exploratory activity was decreased after TBI and was not influenced by task exposure. These studies demonstrate that the functional assessment paradigm needs to be considered when quantifying functional deficits following diffuse TBI in rats.
Micro Sun sensor (2003)

A prototype micro Sun sensor has been developed at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory, California Institute of Technology. It consists of a thin piece of silicon coated with a layer of chrome and a layer of gold with hundreds of small pinholes, placed on top of an Active Pixel Sensor (APS) image detector at a distance of 900 microns. Images of the Sun are formed on the APS image detector when the Sun illuminates the mask. Sun angles are derived by determining the precise location of the Sun images on the detector-just like a sundial. The packaged micro sun sensor has a mass of 11 grams, a volume of 4.2 cm/sup 3/ and a power consumption of 30 mW. The accuracy of the micro sun sensor is better than 1 arcminute and the maximum field of view is 160/spl deg/.
Neutralizing monoclonal antibody to human connective tissue growth factor ameliorates transforming growth factor‐β‐induced mouse fibrosis (2008)

Skin fibrotic disorders such as systemic sclerosis (SSc) are characterized by an excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) and are understood to develop under the influence of fibrogenic growth factors. To better understand the detailed mechanisms of persistent fibrosis in SSc, we have previously established an animal model of skin fibrosis induced by exogenous application of growth factors. In this model, transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) transiently induced subcutaneous fibrosis and serial injections of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) after TGF-beta caused persistent fibrosis. These results suggest that CTGF plays an important role in the development of persistent skin fibrosis and that CTGF may be a potential and specific therapeutic target in skin fibrosis. Therefore, the aim of the current study is to develop a neutralizing monoclonal antibody against human CTGF. We also investigated the neutralizing effect of the antibodies in our animal model. Firstly, by using the DNA immunization method, we developed a panel of anti-CTGF antibodies recognizing the native conformation of human CTGF. Next, to examine the anti-fibrosing effects of these antibodies, newborn B6 mice received subcutaneous injections of TGF-beta for 3 days with either anti-CTGF neutralizing antibodies or control purified immunoglobulin. Anti-CTGF antibodies significantly reduced skin fibrosis and collagen contents compared with the control group. These results suggest that our anti-CTGF antibodies are capable of blocking the development of skin fibrosis at least partially and these anti-CTGF neutralizing antibodies may be useful as the feasible strategy to treat skin fibrotic diseases as SSc.
Signal Transduction: Evolution of an Idea (Nobel Lecture) (1995)

Abstract In general there is no set of observations conceivable which can give enough information about the past of a system to give complete information as to its future. Norbert Wiener
Designing VRM Hysteretic Controllers for Optimal Transient Response (2007)

This paper presents a design methodology for voltage hysteretic regulators powering digital integrated circuits with low voltage, high current, and high slew rate current transients. The design approach optimizes the transient response during large consumption changes by imposing constant closed-loop output impedance. This paper also suggests a novel compensator network for the adaptive voltage positioning feedback loop, which leads to a robust transient response performance against load disturbances. The application of the design methodology to the proposed hysteretic controller provides the suitable control parameter values for optimal transient response. Simulation and experimental results validate the theoretical predictions for the proposed controller, particularly the constant output impedance operation and the robust transient response performance
Scaling up output capacity and performance results from information systems prototypes (1990)

The advantage of information system prototyping arises from its predict problems and end-user satisfaction with a system early in the development process, before significant commitments of time and effort have been made. Predictions of problems and end-user satisfaction have risen in importance with the increasing complexity of business information systems and the exponential growth of database size. This research investigates the reporting of information to an end user, and the process of inferring from a prototype to a full-scale information system. This inference is called scaling up , and is an important part of the systems development planning process. The research investigates information systems reporting from a linguistic perspective, where a database is used as a central receptacle for information storage. It then investigates the manner in which reporting statistics from the prototype information system may be used to infer the behavior and performance of the full-scale system. An example is presented for the application of the algorithm, and the final section discusses the usefulness, application, and implications of the algorithm developed in this research.
Systems considerations for large percent-bandwidth radar (2002)

Several new terms denoting new types of radar waveforms (e.g. impulse, nonsinusoidal, monocycle, baseband, and ultra-wideband) have recently emerged. The author attempts to set all of these waveform types in a consistent perspective and to assess the potential performance available from each. The perspective chosen for the waveform cataloging process is the measure of carrier cycles per pulse, or, alternatively, the percent bandwidth. This approach allows all the waveform types to be viewed on the single-parameter scale of percent bandwidth. The potential performance advantages (or disadvantages) of each waveform are discussed in terms of basic radar performance criteria: target detection, target imaging/identification, clutter rejection, and the influence of interference and the propagation medium. These characteristics are reviewed for each of the waveform cases and the relative merits of each are discussed with the intent of discovering which of these capabilities would require a large percent-bandwidth waveform. Implications for unusual component requirements are also addressed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Qualitative T-Helper Responses to Multiple Viral Antigens Correlate with Vaccine-Induced Immunity to Simian/Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection (2004)

ABSTRACT Evidence is accumulating that CD4 + T-helper (Th) responses play a critical role in facilitating effector responses which are capable of controlling and even preventing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. The present work was undertaken to determine whether immunization with multiple antigens influenced individual Th responses and increased protection relative to a single antigen. Rhesus macaques were primed with DNA and boosted (immune-stimulating complex-formulated protein) with a combination of regulatory and structural antigens (Tat-Env-Gag) or with Tat alone. Immunization with combined antigens reduced the magnitude of the responses to Tat compared to the single-antigen immunization. Interestingly, the Th immune responses to the individual antigens were noticeably different. To determine whether the qualitative differences in vaccine-induced Th responses correlated with vaccine efficacy, animals were challenged intravenously with simian/human immunodeficiency virus (strain SHIV 89.6p ) 2 months following the final immunization. Animals that developed combined Th1- and Th2-like responses to Gag and Th2 dominant Env-specific responses were protected from disease progression. Interestingly, one animal that was completely protected from infection had the strongest IFN-γ and interleukin-2 (IL-2) responses prior to challenge, in addition to very strong IL-4 responses to Gag and Env. In contrast, animals with only a marked vaccine-induced Tat-specific Th2 response (no IFN-γ) were not protected from infection or disease. These data support the rationale that effective HIV vaccine-induced immunity requires a combination of potent Th1- and Th2-like responses best directed to multiple antigens.
TRAJECTORY EQUATIONS FOR A SIX-DEGREE-OF-FREEDOM MISSILE (1962)

Abstract : Two sets of six-degree-of freedom equations of motion for a symmetric missile are derived explicitly. One set is based upon a coordinate system that is rigidly attached to the missile (body-fixed system), while in the second set (fixed-plane system) a coordinate system with one axis constrained to lie in a given plane is employed to derive the equations of motion. Both sets of equations assume the earth to be spherical, include the effect of the earth's rotation, and consider variable wind. In addition, for the body-fixed system, discussion of initial conditions and singularities of the differential equations is presented.
Circular Polarization Modulation for digital communication systems (2012)

Conventional approaches of digital modulation schemes make use of amplitude, frequency and/or phase as modulation characteristic to transmit data. In this paper, we exploit circular polarization (CP) of the propagating electromagnetic carrier as modulation attribute which is a novel concept in digital communications. The requirement of antenna alignment to maximize received power is eliminated for CP signals and these are not affected by linearly polarized jamming signals. The work presents the concept of Circular Polarization Modulation for 2, 4 and 8 states of carrier and refers them as binary circular polarization modulation (BCPM), quaternary circular polarization modulation (QCPM) and 8-state circular polarization modulation (8CPM) respectively. Issues of modulation, demodulation, 3D symbol constellations and 3D propagating waveforms for the proposed modulation schemes are presented and analyzed in the presence of channel effects, and they are shown to have the same bit error performance in the presence of AWGN compared with conventional schemes while provide 3dB gain in the flat Rayleigh fading channel.
Monte Carlo evaluation of scatter mitigation strategies in cone‐beam CT (2010)

Our study shows that ASGs have a modest positive impact in pelvic scans and negative in head scans, scatter subtraction improves the HU accuracy but reduces CNR, while BTF has a clearly positive effect.
An Entropy Interpretation of the Logarithmic Image Processing Model With Application to Contrast Enhancement (2009)

The logarithmic image processing (LIP) model is a mathematical theory that provides new operations for image processing. The contrast definition has been shown to be consistent with some important physical laws and characteristics of human visual system. In this paper, we establish an information-theoretic interpretation of the contrast definition. We show that it can be expressed as a combination of the relative entropy and Shannon's information content. Based on this new interpretation, we propose an adaptive algorithm for enhancing the contrast and sharpness of noisy images.
Insect Footsteps on Leaves Stimulate the Accumulation of 4-Aminobutyrate and Can Be Visualized through Increased Chlorophyll Fluorescence and Superoxide Production (2002)

A substantial literature has demonstrated that within 2 to 3 h of insect herbivory or mechanical damage, plants synthesize wound-induced proteinase inhibitors that inhibit digestion ([Bergey et al., 1996][1]; [Ryan, 2000][2]). In contrast, we demonstrate here that the simple non-wounding crawling of
Mechanisms of activation of mouse and human enteroendocrine cells by nutrients (2014)

Specific nutrient receptors associate with distinct activation pathways within EEC. These may provide discrete, complementary pharmacological targets for intervention in obesity and type II diabetes.
A Basic Architectural Principle in the Organization of Mineralized Tissues (1968)

A Publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons® | CORR® Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research is a leading peer-reviewed orthopaedic journal and a publication of The Association of Bone and Joint Surgeons®. Learn more!
Performance Modeling of Fully Adaptive Wormhole Routing in n-Dimensional Mesh-Connected Multicomputers (2006)

Many analytical performance models for k-ary n-cube networks have been reported in the literature. However, the inherent asymmetry of the mesh topology (k-ary n-cubes without wraparounds) renders derivation of an analytical model for this class of networks more challenging. As a consequence, very few analytical models have been proposed for wormhole routed 2-D mesh networks, and there has been to the best of our knowledge, no analytical performance model proposed for n-D mesh networks. To address this shortcoming, this paper proposes the first analytical performance model for n-D mesh networks employing fully adaptive wormhole routing. Simulation results show that this model is able to predict message latency with a good degree of accuracy, thus providing designers and researchers with a useful tool for the study and analysis of performance issues in mesh-based multicomputer systems
Multiple-Antibiotic Resistance of <i>Enterococcus</i> spp. Isolated from Commercial Poultry Production Environments (2004)

The potential impact of food animals in the production environment on the bacterial population as a result of antimicrobial drug use for growth enhancement continues to be a cause for concern. Enterococci from 82 farms within a poultry production region on the eastern seaboard were isolated to establish a baseline of susceptibility profiles for a number of antimicrobials used in production as well as clinical environments. Of the 541 isolates recovered, Enterococcus faecalis (53%) and E. faecium (31%) were the predominant species, while multiresistant antimicrobial phenotypes were observed among all species. The prevalence of resistance among isolates of E. faecalis was comparatively higher among lincosamide, macrolide, and tetracycline antimicrobials, while isolates of E. faecium were observed to be more frequently resistant to fluoroquinolones and penicillins. Notably, 63% of the E. faecium isolates were resistant to the streptogramin quinupristin-dalfopristin, while high-level gentamicin resistance was observed only among the E. faecalis population, of which 7% of the isolates were resistant. The primary observations are that enterococci can be frequently isolated from the poultry production environment and can be multiresistant to antimicrobials used in human medicine. The high frequency with which resistant enterococci are isolated from this environment suggests that these organisms might be useful as sentinels to monitor the development of resistance resulting from the usage of antimicrobial agents in animal production.
Beneficiation of selected industrial minerals and coal by high intensity magnetic separation (1976)

This paper presents the results of test work performed with a Pacific Electric Motors (PEM) high intensity magnetic separator (20 kilogauss), a unit capable of separating weakly, as well as strongly, magnetic minerals in the particle size range of sands to clays. Tests were performed on selected industrial minerals and two Indiana coals. With some minerals excellent separations were attained and with others intermediate and poor separations were accomplished. This study is a preliminary survey and many of the intermediate and poor results can be improved as separation problems are worked out with additional test work.