gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modulation Instability Induced Frequency Comb Generation in a Continuously Pumped Optical Parametric Oscillator (2018)

Continuously pumped passive nonlinear cavities can be harnessed for the creation of novel optical frequency combs. While most research has focused on third-order "Kerr" nonlinear interactions, recent studies have shown that frequency comb formation can also occur via second-order nonlinear effects. Here, we report on the formation of quadratic combs in optical parametric oscillator (OPO) configurations. Specifically, we demonstrate that optical frequency combs can be generated in the parametric region around half of the pump frequency in a continuously driven OPO. We also model the OPO dynamics through a single time-domain mean-field equation, identifying previously unknown dynamical regimes, induced by modulation instabilities, which lead to comb formation. Numerical simulation results are in good agreement with experimentally observed spectra. Moreover, the analysis of the coherence properties of the simulated spectra shows the existence of correlated and phase-locked combs. Our results reveal previously unnoticed dynamics of an apparently well assessed optical system, and can lead to a new class of frequency comb sources that may stimulate novel applications by enabling straightforward access to elusive spectral regions, such as the midinfrared.
Ordinal Depth Supervision for 3D Human Pose Estimation (2018)

Our ability to train end-to-end systems for 3D human pose estimation from single images is currently constrained by the limited availability of 3D annotations for natural images. Most datasets are captured using Motion Capture (MoCap) systems in a studio setting and it is difficult to reach the variability of 2D human pose datasets, like MPII or LSP. To alleviate the need for accurate 3D ground truth, we propose to use a weaker supervision signal provided by the ordinal depths of human joints. This information can be acquired by human annotators for a wide range of images and poses. We showcase the effectiveness and flexibility of training Convolutional Networks (ConvNets) with these ordinal relations in different settings, always achieving competitive performance with ConvNets trained with accurate 3D joint coordinates. Additionally, to demonstrate the potential of the approach, we augment the popular LSP and MPII datasets with ordinal depth annotations. This extension allows us to present quantitative and qualitative evaluation in non-studio conditions. Simultaneously, these ordinal annotations can be easily incorporated in the training procedure of typical ConvNets for 3D human pose. Through this inclusion we achieve new state-of-the-art performance for the relevant benchmarks and validate the effectiveness of ordinal depth supervision for 3D human pose.
Reevaluating Human Gene Annotation: A Second-Generation Analysis of Chromosome 22 (2002)

We report a second-generation gene annotation of human chromosome 22. Using expressed sequence databases, comparative sequence analysis, and experimental verification, we have extended genes, fused previously fragmented structures, and identified new genes. The total length in exons of annotation was increased by 74% over our previously published annotation and includes 546 protein-coding genes and 234 pseudogenes. Thirty-two potential protein-coding annotations are partial copies of other genes, and may represent duplications on an evolutionary path to change or loss of function. We also identified 31 non-protein-coding transcripts, including 16 possible antisense RNAs. By extrapolation, we estimate the human genome contains 29,000-36,000 protein-coding genes, 21,300 pseudogenes, and 1500 antisense RNAs. We suggest that our revised annotation criteria provide a paradigm for future annotation of the human genome.
Clinical Evaluation of Peak Endocardial Acceleration as a Sensor for Rate Responsive Pacing (2003)

An innovative control parameter for rate responsive (RR) pacing that uses a sensor to measure mechanical vibrations generated by the myocardium during the isovolumetric contraction phase (peak endocardial acceleration [PEA]), has been devised by SORIN Biomedica (BEST Living System). To assess the physiological sensitivity of the pacemaker sensor along with reliability of the algorithm to supply appropriate pacing rates three different relationships were examined (linear regression analysis): (1) recorded deltaPEA exercise steps against the calculated energy cost of exercise (MET), (2) exercise pacing rates against predicted values, and (3) deltaPEA against exercise pacing rates. Fifteen patients (mean age 68 +/- 12 years) in NYHA Class I-II, implanted with the BEST Living System (Living 1 DDDR pacemaker) for advanced AVB and/or SSS, underwent one of the following maximal exercise stress protocols: bicycle (25 W, 2-minute steps) or Bruce or Chronotropic Assessment Exercise Protocol (CAEP). Pacing rates for each step were matched against those predicted by a reliable and tested custom software called Pacing Rate Profile Software (PRPS). The PRPS is based on the oxygen pulse reserve (OPR) method (OPR = VO2 reserve divided by heart rate reserve), American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) formulas for calculating workload/metabolic requirements, and data derived from the Weber functional classes. On the basis of certain patient, data the PRPS then supplies appropriate metabolic pacing rate profiles. In all 15 patients linear regression analysis of deltaPEA against MET, as evaluated during the exercise protocol steps, showed a high correlation (r = 0.97). Likewise, a high correlation was also obtained between PRPS predicted heart rates and exercise pacing rates (r = 0.96) and PEA against exercise pacing rates (r = 0.96). The results of this study show that, through PEA dynamic monitoring, the SORIN Best Living System produces physiological pacing rates that are significantly related to metabolic needs.
Multilayer Nanomagnetic Systems for Information Processing (2014)

The Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetoresistive Random Access Memory (STT-MRAM) has opened new doors as an emerging technology with high potential to replace traditional CMOS-based memory technology. This has come true due to the density, speed and non- volatility that have been demonstrated. The STT-MRAM uses Magnetic Tunnel Junction (MTJ) elements as non-volatile memory storage devices because of the recent discovery of spin-torque phenomenon for switching the magnetization states. The magnetization of the free layer in STT-MRAM can be switched from logic "1" to logic "0" by the use of a spin-transfer torque. However, the STT-MRAMs have till now only been used as universal memory. As a result, STT-MRAMs are not yet commercially used as computing elements, though they have the potential to be used as Logic-In-Memory computation applications.\nIn order to advance this STT-MRAM technology for computation, we have used different MRAM devices that are available as memory elements with different geometries, to use it as computing elements. This dissertation presents design and implementation of such devices using different multilayer magnetic material stacks for computation. Currently, the design of STT-MRAMs is limited to only memory architectures, and there have been no proposals on the viability of STT-MRAMs as computational devices. In the present work, we have developed a design, which could be implemented for universal logic computation. We have utilized the majority gate architecture, which uses the magneto-static interaction between the freelayers of the multilayer nanomagnets, to perform computation.\nFurthermore, the present work demonstrates the study of dipolar interaction between nanomagnetic disks, where we observed multiple magnetization states for a nanomagnetic disk with respect to its interaction energy with its neighboring nanomagnets. This was achieved by implementing a single layer nanomagnetic disk with critical dimension selected from the phase plot of single domain state (SDS) and vortex state (VS). In addition, we found that when the interaction energy between the nanomagnetic disks with critical dimension decreases (increase in center-to-center distance) the magnetization state of the nanomagnetic disks changes from single domain state to vortex state within the same dimension. We were able to observe this effect due to interaction between the neighboring nanomagnets.\nFinally, we have presented the design and implementation of a Spin-Torque driven Re- configurable Array of Nanomagnets (STRAN) that could perform Boolean and non-Boolean computation. The nanomagnets are located at every intersection of a very large crossbar array structure. We have placed these nanomagnets in such a way that the ferromagnetic free layers couple with each other. The reconfigurable array design consists of an in-plane (IP) free layer and a fixed polarizer [magnetized out-of-plane (OP)]. The cells that need to be deselected from the array are taken to a non-computing oscillating state.
AGE‐RELATED CHANGES IN THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLES (2007)

1. For animals of all ages, during activation of skeletal muscles and the subsequent contraction, the balance between the force developed by the muscle and the external load determines whether the muscle shortens, remains at fixed length (isometric) or is lengthened. With maximum activation, the force developed is least during shortening, intermediate when muscle length is fixed and greatest during lengthening contractions. During lengthening contractions, when force is high, muscles may be injured by the contractions. 2. 'Frailty' and 'failure to thrive' are most frequently observed in elderly, physically inactive people. A 'frail' person is defined as one of small stature, with muscles that are atrophied, weak and easily fatigued. The condition of 'failure to thrive' is typified by a lack of response to well-designed programmes of nutrition and physical activity. 3. With ageing, skeletal muscle atrophy in humans appears to be inevitable. A gradual loss of muscle fibres begins at approximately 50 years of age and continues such that by 80 years of age, approximately 50% of the fibres are lost from the limb muscles that have been studied. For both humans and rats, the observation that the timing and magnitude of the loss of motor units is similar to that for muscle fibres suggests that the mechanism responsible for the loss of fibres and the loss of whole motor units is the same. The degree of atrophy of the fibres that remain is largely dependent on the habitual level of physical activity of the individual. 4. 'Master athletes' maintain a high level of fitness throughout their lifespan. Even among master athletes, performance of marathon runners and weight lifters declines after approximately 40 years of age, with peak levels of performance decreased by approximately 50% by 80 years of age. The success of the master athletes and of previously sedentary elderly who undertake well-designed, carefully administered training programmes provide dramatic evidence that age-associated atrophy, weakness and fatigability can be slowed, but not halted.
A Multisite Study of the Effectiveness of Methamphetamine Treatment: An Initiative of the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (2000)

In 1998, responding to national and regional epidemiological data indicating that methamphetamine (MA) abuse was a growing problem in the United States, the Center for Substance Abuse Treatment (CSAT) initiated a multisite MA treatment study. Through a collaborative approach among CSAT, seven treatment sites, and a coordinating center, the study compares the clinical and cost effectiveness of a manualized, cognitive-behavioral outpatient treatment developed by the Matrix Center in Los Angeles to the treatment approaches currently employed by the treatment sites. The study also explores technology transfer issues associated with integrating the Matrix approach within existing treatment settings. CSAT's approach to the initiation and management of this type of study is discussed.
On using collection for aggregation and association relationships in XML object-relational storage (2004)

XML data can be stored in different databases including Object-Relational Database (ORDB). Using ORDB, we get the benefit of the relational maturity and the richness of OO modeling. One modeling concept that can be captured is the collection. Collection structures frequently occur in XML documents especially in two relationship types: aggregation and association. However, very often when the data is stored in a database repository, the collection is flattened. We believe that preserving the collection semantics in the logical and the implementation level will create a better solution.In this paper we propose methods to preserve the collection in XML data into ORDB using the concept of collection types. We use the Semantic Network diagram to represent the collection of the aggregation and the association in XML data. Each of these relationship types will then be transformed into storage in an ORDB environment. For aggregation, we propose different methods based on the hierarchy constraint. For association, our method is differentiated based on the cardinality.
The design of radiation-hardened ICs for space: a compendium of approaches (1988)

Several technologies, including bulk and epi CMOS, CMOS/SOI-SOS (silicon-on-insulator-silicon-on-sapphire), CML (current-mode logic), ECL (emitter-coupled logic), analog bipolar (JI, single-poly DI, and SOI) and GaAs E/D (enhancement/depletion) heterojunction MESFET, are discussed. The discussion includes the direct effects of space radiation on microelectronic materials and devices, how these effects are evidenced in circuit and device design parameter variations, the particular effects of most significance to each functional class of circuit, specific techniques for hardening high-speed circuits, design examples for integrated systems, including operational amplifiers and A/D (analog/digital) converters, and the computer simulation of radiation effects on microelectronic ICs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A General Large Scale Synthesis of 2-Alkyl-7-methoxyindoles (2001)

A general method has been developed for the large scale synthesis of 2-alkyl-7-methoxyindoles and analogs.This method involves an efficient preparation of the key intermediates, 1-(2-nitroaryl)-2-nitroalkanols and 1-(2nitroaryl)-2-nitroalkenes, and affords 2-alkyl-7-methoxyindoles and analogs in 3 steps with good overall yields.2-Alkyl-7-methoxyindoles are common structural units found in a number of biologically important molecules. 1They are also intermediates in the synthesis of medicinally useful agents, 2 and in the synthesis of natural products. 34][5] Perhaps the most direct approach to 2-alkyl-7-methoxyindoles is the reaction of 2-nitroanisoles with vinyl Grignard reagents.Unfortunately, this approach has little synthetic value as shown in the reaction of 2-propenylmagnesium bromide with 4-methyl-2-nitroanisole. 3 Only 5% of the desired 7-methoxyindole was obtained even with 3 equivalents of the vinyl Grignard reagent. 3The classical Fisher, 4 and Bischler 5 type approaches are also ineffective.In both cases, 2-alkyl-7-methoxyindoles were obtained in <10% yields.While the yields of the indole formation were improved to some degree (~40% vs. <10%) by using the Madelung, 3 or Gassman's 6 method, the high reaction temperature, 3 the use of chlorine gas 6 and Raney nickel 6 rendered them impractical for large scale synthesis.The best methods reported so far for the synthesis of 2-alkyl-7-methoxyindoles involved reductive cyclization of 3-methoxy-2-nitrobenzylketones, 7 or deprotective cyclization of 3-methoxy-2-N-(tert-butoxycarbonyl)aminobenzylketones. 8However, the number of steps required for the preparation of the ketone precursors in addition to diazomethane and Raney nickel used in the former method, 7 and the strong base as s-BuLi used for aromatic lithiation in the latter, 8 made them unattractive for large scale synthesis.In one of our drug discovery programs, we required a facile preparation of 2-alky-7-methoxyindoles in large quantity.Herein, we describe a general large scale synthesis of the titled compounds.Our synthesis of 2-alkyl-7-methoxyindoles (5) entails the reductive cyclization of β-alkyl-3-methoxy-2,β-dinitrostyrenes (4) (Scheme 1).The reduction of the parent 2,β-dinitrostyrene to indole was reported in 1925 and this chemistry has been successfully extended to the preparation of other 2unsubstituted indoles including 2-unsubstituted 7-methoxyindoles. 10However, report on the application of this approach to the synthesis of 2-alkylindoles is rare. 11To the best of our knowledge, no report has appeared on the synthesis of the titled compounds using this approach.
Antigen processing and presentation of a naturally glycosylated protein elicits major histocompatibility complex class II‐restricted, carbohydrate‐specific T cells (1996)

It is well known that T cells recognize antigen as processed peptides bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules on the surface of antigen-presenting cells. Recently, it has been shown that T cells can specifically recognize synthetic glycopeptides. However, whether glycopeptides are selected for presentation during antigen processing of glycoproteins and eventually elicit carbohydrate-specific T cells is still an open question. In this study, we utilized synthetic glycopeptides to analyze T cell recognition of the naturally glycosylated immunodominant peptide representing type II collagen (CII) residues 256-270. In this peptide, lysines at positions 264 and 270 may be post-translationally modified by hydroxylation and subsequent O-linked glycosylation with beta-galactosyl or alpha-glucosyl-(1-->2)-beta-galactosyl residues. T cell hybridomas established from type II collagen-immunized mice specifically recognized CII 256-270 with either galactose or glucosyl-galactose at position 264. The T cell hybridoma recognizing glucosyl-galactose displayed no cross-reactivity either to galactose or to the structurally different alpha-galactosyl-(1-->4)-beta-galactose. Furthermore, the T cell hybridoma recognizing galactose did not cross-react to glucosyl-galactose or galactosyl-galactose, indicating that the antigen-presenting cells (bulk spleen cells, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated spleen cells, anti-CD40-stimulated spleen cells, peritoneal exudate cells or CFA-primed lymph node cells) inefficiently processed carbohydrates when the antigen was given as a glycopeptide.
High‐quality cellulose triacetate prepared from bamboo dissolving pulp (2009)

Abstract Cellulose triacetate (CTA) was prepared from high‐grade bamboo dissolving pulp in general acetylation medium of acetic acid/acetic anhydride/sulfuric acid system. Despite its properties being improved compared with these of CTA prepared from viscose bamboo pulp, many insoluble residues still remained in its acetylation medium, which resulted in the decrease of the brightness and thermal stability of prepared CTA. Characterization of the insoluble residue indicated that its formation was associated with a higher content of xylan and ash in high‐grade bamboo pulp than in high‐grade hardwood pulp, in which insoluble residue was negligible. Because of the poor solubility of xylan diacetate (XDA) in acetylation medium, the insoluble residue formed through the aggregation of XDA and CTA by ultrastructural effects of the pulps during the precipitation of XDA. An addition to the good solvent of XDA, such as 1,2‐dichloroethane to acetylation medium of high‐grade bamboo pulp, could release the aggregation of XDA and CTA and dissolve the insoluble residue, which could lead to the improvement of the transmittance of reaction solution, as well as the properties of CTA prepared such as brightness and thermal stability. This study showed that high‐quality CTA could be prepared from high‐grade bamboo dissolving pulp in acetylation with an addition of solvent. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Text-independent speaker verification using covariance modeling (2001)

This letter describes speaker verification using a covariance modeling approach for speaker and world modeling. Two verification methods are suggested: frame level scoring and utterance level scoring. Both methods exhibit extremely low computational and model-storage requirements. The suggested methods are tested on the male segment of the 1999 NIST Speaker Recognition Evaluation corpus, using a single training session, and compared to a Gaussian mixture model (GMM) system. The degradation in accuracy and the computational requirements are estimated. Covariance modeling is seen to be a viable alternative to GMM whenever computational and storage requirements must to be traded with verification accuracy.
ActionBert: Leveraging User Actions for Semantic Understanding of User Interfaces (2021)

As mobile devices are becoming ubiquitous, regularly interacting with a variety of user interfaces (UIs) is a common aspect of daily life for many people. To improve the accessibility of these devices and to enable their usage in a variety of settings, building models that can assist users and accomplish tasks through the UI is vitally important. However, there are several challenges to achieve this. First, UI components of similar appearance can have different functionalities, making understanding their function more important than just analyzing their appearance. Second, domain-specific features like Document Object Model (DOM) in web pages and View Hierarchy (VH) in mobile applications provide important signals about the semantics of UI elements, but these features are not in a natural language format. Third, owing to a large diversity in UIs and absence of standard DOM or VH representations, building a UI understanding model with high coverage requires large amounts of training data. Inspired by the success of pre-training based approaches in NLP for tackling a variety of problems in a data-efficient way, we introduce a new pre-trained UI representation model called ActionBert. Our methodology is designed to leverage visual, linguistic and domain-specific features in user interaction traces to pre-train generic feature representations of UIs and their components. Our key intuition is that user actions, e.g., a sequence of clicks on different UI components, reveals important information about their functionality. We evaluate the proposed model on a wide variety of downstream tasks, ranging from icon classification to UI component retrieval based on its natural language description. Experiments show that the proposed ActionBert model outperforms multi-modal baselines across all downstream tasks by up to 15.5%.
Four-Year Placebo-Controlled Trial of Docosahexaenoic Acid in X-Linked Retinitis Pigmentosa (DHAX Trial) (2014)

clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00100230.
Description of Particle Size, Distribution, and Behavior of Talc Preparations Commercially Available Within the United States (2017)

Currently available US talc seems to have size characteristics similar to previous described "graded" talc preparations. The exposure of talc to a protein rich environment seems to modify the overall distribution of talc particle size when examined by DLS.
Colour Films for Colour Television (1967)

Although a high proportion of colour television programmes includes films made specially for television presentation, the technical characteristics of the prints shown still tend to be suited more to optical projection than they are to the newer medium. The long experience of the motion-picture industry enables it to produce prints which are wholly acceptable to cinema audiences from the viewpoints of contrast, detail and colour fidelity but broadcasting organisations are finding that their requirements are not identical with those of the cinema theatre. Technical characteristics which are desirable for the cinema do not necessarily suffice for colour television. There are many problems to be dealt with before colour film and colour television can successfully be married, and this paper describes some of the difficulties encountered.