gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved detection times for Mycobacterium avium complex and Mycobacterium tuberculosis with the BACTEC radiometric system (1985)

A total of 2,559 routine clinical specimens were cultured for mycobacteria by using BACTEC Middlebrook 7H12 medium (BACTEC), Lowenstein-Jensen slants (LJ), and Mycobactosel selective Middlebrook 7H11 slants (M7H11). Thirty-three isolates (1.3%) of M. avium complex and 82 isolates (3.2%) of M. tuberculosis were recovered. The BACTEC mean detection time of M. avium complex from 27 smear-negative specimens was earlier than that of conventional media for both decontaminated respiratory specimens (BACTEC, 12 days; LJ, 32 days; and M7H11, 38 days) and untreated tissue and fluid specimens (BACTEC, 8 days; LJ, 30 days; and M7H11, 31 days). The sensitivity for smear-negative M. avium complex with BACTEC (74%) was comparable to that with LJ (74%) and M7H11 (63%). The mean detection times of M. tuberculosis from 56 smear-positive respiratory specimens were 8 days for BACTEC, 16 days for LJ, and 17 days for M7H11, and sensitivities for the detection of positive cultures were 98% for BACTEC, 76% for LJ, and 79% for M7H11. The BACTEC mean detection time of M. tuberculosis in smear-negative specimens was better for tissues and fluids (14 days) than for respiratory specimens (24 days). BACTEC yielded substantially earlier detection of M. avium complex from all specimen types and of M. tuberculosis from smear-positive respiratory specimens. The rapid identification and susceptibility testing of M. tuberculosis in BACTEC agreed completely with conventional tests and provided a 3-week reduction in median time to final reports.
A supervised learning framework for pancreatic islet segmentation with multi‐scale color‐texture features and rolling guidance filters (2016)

Islet cell quantification and function is important for developing novel therapeutic interventions for diabetes. Existing methods of pancreatic islet segmentation in histopathological images depend strongly on cell/nuclei detection, and thus are limited due to a wide variance in the appearance of pancreatic islets. In this paper, we propose a supervised learning pipeline to segment pancreatic islets in histopathological images, which does not require cell detection. The proposed framework firstly partitions images into superpixels, and then extracts multi-scale color-texture features from each superpixel and processes these features using rolling guidance filters, in order to simultaneously reduce inter-class ambiguity and intra-class variation. Finally, a linear support vector machine (SVM) is trained and applied to segment the testing images. A total of 23 hematoxylin-and-eosin-stained histopathological images with pancreatic islets are used for verifying the framework. With an average accuracy of 95%, training time of 20 min and testing time of 1 min per image, the proposed framework outperforms existing approaches with better segmentation performance and lower computational cost. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
High efficiency thermal neutron imaging with sub-microsecond timing resolution (2006)

A novel type of thermal and cold neutron counting detector with one-dimensional spatial resolution of <30 mum, and timing resolution as low as <50 nanoseconds, is proposed. The detector uses microchannel plates (MCPs) doped with neutron absorbing <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sup> B atoms. MCP-based detectors allow two-dimensional position localization of neutron events with resolution better than 30 mum and ~1 mus timing accuracy. The intrinsic temporal resolution of MCP detectors is in the subnanosecond range. In this paper we show how this combination of high 2-D spatial (<30 mum) and temporal (~1 mus) resolution can be converted into 1-D spatial (<30 mum) and ~50 ns timing resolution for each detected neutron. Another unique characteristic of the proposed neutron detector is its rather high neutron detection efficiency, exceeding 50%, as predicted by our extensive analytical modeling, accuracy of which was confirmed by the first experimental measurements. The active area of these detectors can be as large as ~ 10 times 10 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in 2-D configuration and ~100 times 1 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in the 1-D case. One-dimensional detectors can be staggered to perform imaging in two dimensions with high timing resolution.
The Mozart Effect: Distinctive Aspects of the Music — A Clue to Brain Coding? (2000)

The goal of this study was to determine distinctive aspects of Mozart music that may explain the "Mozart Effect," specifically, the decrease in seizure activity. As many as 81 musical selections of Mozart, but also 67 of J.C. Bach, 67 of J.S. Bach, 39 of Chopin and 148 from 55 other composers were computer analyzed to quantify the music in search of any distinctive aspect and later to determine the degree to which a dominant periodicity could be found. Long-term periodicity (especially 10-60 sec, mean and median of 30 sec), was found often in Mozart music but also that of the two Bachs, significantly more often than the other composers and was especially absent in the control music that had no effect on epileptic activity in previous studies. Short-term periodicities were not significantly different between Mozart and the Bachs vs. the other composers. The conclusion is that one distinctive aspect of Mozart music is long-term periodicity that may well resonate within the cerebral cortex and also may be related to coding within the brain.
THE DETERMINATION OF THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS OF GUANIDINE AND SOME OF ITS ALKYLATED DERIVATIVES<sup>1</sup> (1932)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE DETERMINATION OF THE IONIZATION CONSTANTS OF GUANIDINE AND SOME OF ITS ALKYLATED DERIVATIVES1Tenney L. Davis and Robert C. ElderfieldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1932, 54, 4, 1499–1503Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1932Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1932https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01343a035RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views302Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (287 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Intramolecular mechanism of the allylic rearrangement from O6 to C-8 in the guanine series. Double labeling experiments (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIntramolecular mechanism of the allylic rearrangement from O6 to C-8 in the guanine series. Double labeling experimentsNelson J. Leonard and Charles R. FrihartCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 18, 5894–5903Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00825a029https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00825a029research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views163Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Blood pressure monitoring system (1992)

Radix Inulae is used as a gastric and antibacterial agent in traditional Chinese and Tibetan medicines. Most of its chemical constituents have been identified and include a series of sesquiterpenes with various carbon skeletons such as: eudesmanolide, elemanolide, germacranolide, sesquicaranolide, guaianolide and humulane. Certain organic solvent fractions and sesquiterpenes from Radix Inulae have been found to significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cell strains in vitro. They also show antibacterial, cardiovascular and hypoglycaemic as well as insulin-sensitization activities. The present review summarizes research on the chemistry and biological activity of Radix Inulae.
[Alkyl- and alkoxy-substituted lamtidine analogs: synthesis and H2-antagonistic activity. 38. H2-antihistaminics]. (1988)

In studies on the structure-activity relationships of histamine H2-receptor antagonists, lamtidine analogous derivatives of ortho-, meta- und para-substituted piperidinomethylphenoxypropylamines bearing an additional substituent on the aromatic ring were prepared and tested for their H2-antagonistic activity on the isolated guinea-pig atrium. An additional substituent decreases the H2-antagonistic activity of the 3-(3-piperidinomethyl-phenoxy)-propylamine derivatives, while 2-membered substituents neighboring the connecting chain increase the activity of the ortho- and para-piperidinomethyl-substituted phenoxypropylamine derivatives.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 1-Tuberculosinyl Adenosine; a Virulence Factor of <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> (2016)

Despite its status as one of the world's most prevalent and deadly bacterial pathogens, Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) infection is not routinely diagnosed by rapid and highly reliable tests. A program to discover Mtb-specific biomarkers recently identified two natural compounds, 1-tuberculosinyl adenosine (1-TbAd) and N(6)-tuberculosinyl adenosine (N(6)-TbAd). Based on their association with virulence, the lack of similar compounds in nature, the presence of multiple stereocenters, and the need for abundant products to develop diagnostic tests, synthesis of these compounds was considered to be of high value but challenging. Here, a multigram-scale stereoselective synthesis of 1-TbAd and N(6)-TbAd is described. As a key-step, a chiral auxiliary-mediated Diels-Alder cycloaddition was developed, introducing the three stereocenters with a high exo endo ratio (10:1) and excellent enantioselectivity (>98% ee). This constitutes the first entry into the stereoselective synthesis of diterpenes with the halimane skeleton. Computational studies explain the observed stereochemical outcome.
A comparison of Hopfield neural network and Boltzmann machine in segmenting MR images of the brain (1996)

Presents contributions to improve a previously published approach for the segmentation of magnetic resonance images of the human brain, based on an unsupervised Hopfield neural network. The authors formulate the segmentation problem as the minimization of an energy function constructed with two terms: the cost-term as a sum of squared errors and the second term temporary noise added to the cost-term as an excitation to the network to escape certain local minima, with the result of being closer to the global minimum. Also, to ensure the convergence of the network and its utilization in the clinic with useful results, the minimization is achieved with a step function that permits the network to reach stability corresponding to a local minimum close to the global minimum in a prespecified period of time. The authors present segmentation results of their approach for data of patient diagnosed with a metastatic tumor in the brain, and they compare them to those obtained from previous work using Hopfield neural networks, the Boltzmann machine, and the conventional ISODATA clustering technique.
Internet Relay Chat: Server Protocol (2000)

While based on the client-server model, the IRC (Internet Relay Chat) protocol allows servers to connect to each other effectively forming a network.
Carbohydrates in Food (2006)

Continuing in the tradition of its well-received predecessor, Carbohydrates in Food, Second Edition provides thorough and authoritative coverage of the chemical analysis, structure, functional properties, and nutritional relevance of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides used in food. The book combines the latest data on the analytica
Evaluation of Bluetooth Low Energy Capabilities for Tele-mobile Monitoring in Home-care (2013)

Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) is extending Bluetooth technology to devices with lower communication requirements and higher constraints in terms of memory capabilities and power autonomy. Thereby, BLE makes feasible the wireless transmission of information from smart objects such as wearable clinical devices, ambient sensors and actuators. These smart objects are starting to be internet-enabled devices, reaching the so denominated Internet of Things (IoT). Our research work is focused on analyze the capabilities of these technologies for continuous data transmission and integration of clinical sensors in home-care and Ambient Assisted Living environments. For this purpose, this work analyses exhaustively the capabilities from BLE and compare this with the capabilities from Bluetooth 2.1. In addition, it has been considered the communications requirements from different clinical devices such as an electrocardiogram (ECG) and a capnograph. It is concluded that the performance from BLE is lower than Bluetooth Classic (Bluetooth 2.1) for continuous communications, since BLE is based on attributes (datapoints) transfer instead of offering a communication session where can be transmitted as much packets as required, without any size constraint. Therefore, it is necessary to perform data compression/aggregation when the amount of data to send is too large to be stored in a BLE attribute. This work also presents how to apply pre-processing techniques that greatly reduces the transmission overload (performs signal compression) in order to allow the continuous transmission of the ECG and capnograph signal through BLE making so feasible the integration of continuous clinical devices via BLE.
[Biological and clinical safety of nomegestrol acetate administered alone then associated in inverse sequence with transdermal 17 beta estradiol, in women at risk of dyslipoproteinemia type IIa]. (1998)

In this study including 26 patients with dyslipoproteinemia classified IIa, we evaluated biochemical and clinical safety of Nomegestrol acetate (Lutenyl) used for its antigonadotrophin property. It was administered alone, during 3 cycles at the dose of 5 mg/d for 21 days by cycle and then it was associated (at the same sequence and dose), without any wash out, for the next 6 cycles, with a 17 beta estradiol patch (Estraderm TTS 50), 50 micrograms/d from the 11th to the 21st day of each cycle. Nomegestrol acetate, alone, had no significant effect on glycemia, antithrombin III, triglycerides, total cholesterol, apoprotein A1, and LpA1 values compared to those at baseline but apoprotein B and Lp (a) values tended to decrease slightly. Serum progesterone levels were collapsed, and FSH values were low. Weight and blood pressure remained constant. Adding 17 beta estradiol enabled to significantly decrease and normalize the apoprotein B values after the first 3 cycles compared to the baseline values, then these values remained constant during the next 3 cycles. There was no effect on the other parameters (except for a significant increase in plasmatic estradiol values) on the antigonadotrophin property of Nomegestrol acetate, nor on weight and blood pressure which remained constant. Moreover, we observed an important decrease in the rate of amenorrheic cycles compared to those with Nomegestrol acetate alone.
A top-down SCMA codebook design scheme based on lattice theory (2016)

Recent work on multiple access has shown sparse code multiple access (SCMA) is a promising scheme dealing with massive connection. In SCMA systems, symbol spreading is combined with symbol mapping. The coded bits are directly mapped to the spread symbols, called codewords, according to SCMA codebook. Several codewords are superposed on the same resource. Since codebook is essential to SCMA system performance, this paper aims to present a novel top-down codebook design scheme for SCMA. Firstly, a geometrically uniform top-layer mother constellation with good energy efficiency is proposed based on lattice theory. After dividing the top layer constellation into several bottom layer constellations, we use matrix operation to optimize their distance spectrums. Then a mapping principle between users and resource is proposed to construct the final codewords. Simulation results shows that this top-down codebook outperforms existing schemes in bit error ratio (BER) while sharply reduce the peak to average power ratio (PAPR).
The Oxford Handbook of the Economics of Networks (2016)

This handbook represents the frontier of research into the economics of networks: how and why they form, how they influence behavior, how they help govern outcomes in an interactive world, and how they shape collective decision making, opinion formation, and diffusion dynamics. From a methodological perspective, the authors devote attention to theory, field experiments, laboratory experiments, and econometrics. Theoretical work in network formation, games played on networks, repeated games, and the interaction between linking and behavior are synthesized. A number of chapters are devoted to studying social processes mediated by networks. Topics here include opinion formation, diffusion of information and disease, and learning. There are also chapters devoted to financial contagion and systemic risk. Next, the handbook includes a section that discusses communities more generally, with applications including social trust, favor exchange, and social collateral; the importance of communities for migration patterns, and the role that networks and communities play in the labor market. A prominent role of networks, from an economic perspective, is that they mediate trade. Several chapters cover bilateral trade in networks, strategic intermediation, and the role of networks in international trade. The handbook also discusses the role of networks for organizations. One chapter discusses the role of networks for the performance of organizations, while two other chapters discuss managing networks of consumers and pricing in the presence of network-based spillovers. Finally, the handbook covers the Internet as a network, with attention to the issue of net neutrality.
Modeling phase transitions during the crystallization of a multicomponent fat under shear (2005)

The crystallization of multicomponent systems involves several competing physicochemical processes that depend on composition, temperature profiles, and shear rates applied. Research on these mechanisms is necessary in order to understand how natural materials form crystalline structures. Palm oil was crystallized in a Couette cell at 17 and $22\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ under shear rates ranging from $0\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\text{to}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}2880\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at a synchrotron beamline. Two-dimensional x-ray diffraction patterns were captured at short time intervals during the crystallization process. Radial analysis of these patterns showed shear-induced acceleration of the phase transition from $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$. This effect can be explained by a simple model where the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ phase nucleates from the melt, a process which occurs independently of shear rate. The $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ phase grows according to an Avrami growth model. The ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase nucleates on the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ crystallites, with the amount of ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ crystal formation dependent on the rate of transformation of $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ to ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ as well as the growth rate of the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase from the melt. The shear induced $\ensuremath{\alpha}\text{\ensuremath{-}}{\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ phase transition acceleration occurs because under shear, the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ nuclei form many distinct small crystallites which can easily transform to the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ form, while at lower shear rates, the $\ensuremath{\alpha}$ nuclei tend to aggregate, thus retarding the nucleation of the ${\ensuremath{\beta}}^{\ensuremath{'}}$ crystals. The displacement of the diffraction peak positions revealed that increased shear rate promotes the crystallization of the higher melting fraction, affecting the composition of the crystallites. Crystalline orientation was observed only at shear rates above $180\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $17\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$ and $720\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}{\mathrm{s}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ at $22\phantom{\rule{0.2em}{0ex}}\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}\mathrm{C}$.
The Solid-State Reaction of Copper and Tin: An Assessment of the Value of an Iron Barrier Layer (1983)

SummaryThe solid state diffusion of copper and tin to produce intermetallic compounds at the interface between a coating of tin on copper or brass may be severely restricted by the use of a barrier layer of electroplated iron. Ultimately the barrier fails by rupturing due to the growth of copper/tin intermetallic compounds at pores in the iron layer.