gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure of global buyer-supplier networks and its implications for conflict minerals regulations (2016)

We investigate the structure of global inter-firm linkages using a dataset that contains information on business partners for about 400,000 firms worldwide, including all the firms listed on the major stock exchanges. Among the firms, we examine three networks, which are based on customer-supplier, licensee-licensor, and strategic alliance relationships. First, we show that these networks all have scale-free topology and that the degree distribution for each follows a power law with an exponent of 1.5. The shortest path length is around six for all three networks. Second, we show through community structure analysis that the firms comprise a community with those firms that belong to the same industry but different home countries, indicating the globalization of firms’ production activities. Finally, we discuss what such production globalization implies for the proliferation of conflict minerals (i.e., minerals extracted from conflict zones and sold to firms in other countries to perpetuate fighting) through global buyer-supplier linkages. We show that a limited number of firms belonging to some specific industries and countries plays an important role in the global proliferation of conflict minerals. Our numerical simulation shows that regulations on the purchases of conflict minerals by those firms would substantially reduce their worldwide use.
Seven more myths of formal methods (2021)

For whatever reason, formal methods remain one of the more contentious techniques in industrial software engineering. Despite some improvementin the uptake of formal methods, it is still the case that the vast majorityof potential users of formal methods fail to become actual users. A paper by Hall in 1990 [29] examined a number of `myths&apos; concerning formal methods, assumed by some to be valid. This paper considers a few more beliefs held by many and presents some counter examples.
ALLSA Congress Report 2014 (2014)

It is with such pride I provide this report. The 2014 ALLSA Congress was a major 'hit'. We had 265 delegates and 22 Pharma Companies and other players that exhibited at the meeting.
Serial Passage through Human Glioma Xenografts Selects for a Δγ <sub>1</sub> 34.5 Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Mutant That Exhibits Decreased Neurotoxicity and Prolongs Survival of Mice with Experimental Brain Tumors (2006)

Previous studies have described in vitro serial passage of a Deltagamma(1)34.5 herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) strain in SK-N-SH neuroblastoma cells and selection of mutants that have acquired the ability to infect and replicate in this previously nonpermissive cell line. Here we describe the selection of a mutant HSV-1 strain by in vivo serial passage, which prolongs survival in two separate experimental murine brain tumor models. Two conditionally replication-competent Deltagamma(1)34.5 viruses, M002, which expresses murine interleukin-12, and its parent virus, R3659, were serially passaged within human malignant glioma D54-MG cell lines in vitro or flank tumor xenografts in vivo. The major findings are (i) viruses passaged in vivo demonstrate decreased neurovirulence, whereas those passaged in vitro demonstrate a partial recovery of the neurovirulence associated with HSV-1; and (ii) vvD54-M002, the virus selected after in vivo serial passage of M002 in D54-MG tumors, improves survival in two independent murine brain tumor models compared to the parent (unpassaged) M002. Additionally, in vitro-passaged, but not in vivo-passaged, M002 displayed changes in the protein synthesis profile in previously nonpermissive cell lines, as well as early U(S)11 transcription. Thus, a mutant HSV-1 strain expressing a foreign gene can be selected for enhanced antitumor efficacy via in vivo serial passage within flank D54-MG tumor xenografts. The enhanced antitumor efficacy of vvD54-M002 is not due to restoration of protein synthesis or early U(S)11 expression. This finding emphasizes the contribution of the in vivo tumor environment for selecting novel oncolytic HSV specifically adapted for tumor cell destruction in vivo.
An Ultrasound Contrast Agent Targeted to P-Selectin Detects Activated Platelets at Supra-Arterial Shear Flow Conditions (2010)

Microbubble targeting using sialyl Lewis, a fast-binding ligand to P-selectin, is a promising strategy for the design of ultrasound contrast binding to activated platelets under high shear stress conditions.
PCP and Hallucinogens (1990)

In this review phencyclidine and related arylcyclohexylamines and hallucinogens, using LSD as the prototype, are considered as two distinct classes of abused drugs. Within these classes drugs that are found on the street are discussed, and a current epidemiological summary is provided. The abuse liability and dependence potential of these drugs are evaluated by considering four major determinants of their abuse. First, is the ability of a drug to function as a positive reinforcer and increase the probability of operant behavior leading to its delivery. Animal data describing the reinforcing effects of PCP are reviewed with respect to the influence of variables controlling drug-reinforced behavior; however, there are no animal models of hallucinogen-reinforced behavior. Several methods of quantifying reinforcing efficacy are discussed. A second determinant is the subjective effects of the respective drugs. These effects are described and compared across drugs based on clinical reports in humans and drug discrimination studies in animals. A third determinant is the behavioral and physiological toxicity that results from acute and chronic use of these drugs. Clinical reports and results of sensitive tests that have been developed for laboratory animals are reviewed. A fourth determinant is the dependence potential that exists with these drugs, measured by tolerance development and the extent to which behavioral and physiological disturbances occur when drug use is terminated.
THE EFFECT OF IMPERFECT SYMBOL TIMING ESTIMATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF SPACE-TIME CODED SYSTEMS (2006)

This paper addresses the effects of errors in symbol timing estimation on tperformance of space time coded systems. Fixed and uniformly distributed timing errors wdifferent variances are assumed. Furthermore, the improvement of timing estimates wincrease in signal to noise ratio is modeled to yield practical expectations of performanThis symbol timing–error is applied to a simple transmit diversity scheme using QPSK8PSK modulations. This paper could be useful guide for definition of requirement in symbtiming systems used in space time coding systems.
Inhibition of cell proliferation by potential peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma agonists and antagonists. (2004)

This study was initiated to determine if potential PPAR gamma antagonists could block the inhibition of cell proliferation caused by 4-phenylbutyrate. The action of 4-phenylbutyrate differed from other PPAR gamma ligands examined in that it induces histone acetylation. Proliferation of DS19 mouse erythroleukemia cells was inhibited by PPAR gamma agonists (4-phenylbutyrate, rosiglitazone, ciglitazone and GW1929) and by potential PPAR gamma antagonists: BADGE (Biphenol A diglycidyl ether), GW9662, PD068235 and diclofenac. Combined incubations tended to exhibit additive inhibitory effects. Potential PPAR gamma agonists and antagonists inhibited the incorporation of thymidine into DNA of human prostate (PC3), colon (Caco-2) and breast (T47D) cancer cells but also affected NIH3T3 cells that have little or no expression of PPAR gamma. Lipid accumulation in T47D cells was seen after incubation with 4-phenylbutyrate and both potential PPAR gamma agonists and antagonists. The extent to which the effects of 4-phenylbutyrate on cell proliferation are mediated through PPAR gamma or induction of histone acetylation remains an open question. We conclude that potential PPAR gamma antagonists may fail to reverse the growth inhibitory effect of PPAR gamma ligands and may themselves act as growth inhibitory agents.
A Mobile-Agent-Based Application Model Design of Pervasive Mobile Devices (2007)

On the basis of analyzing the limitations of mobile IP protocol in pervasive computing environment and in combination with the technological advantages of mobile agent, this paper introduces a mobile-agent-based application model of pervasive mobile devices. With the introduction of mobile agent into the pervasive mobile devices, the application model enables all corresponding IP messages to go through the mobile agent, which can directly detect the status information of the IP messages, thus making it possible to switch the mobile devices smoothly. Through handoff delay analysis and simulation experiments, the paper also analyses and contrasts the performance of the pervasive mobile devices before and after the mobile agent is introduced. The results show that with the introduction of mobile agent, the pervasive mobile devices can switch smoothly and swiftly, decrease handoff delay and the status information in the process of the transmission and reduce the loss ratio of handoff of the mobile devices, thus effectively improving the performance of the mobile networks in the pervasive computing environment.
Extending Fitts' law to two-dimensional tasks (1992)

Fitts' law, a one-dimensional model of human movement, is commonly applied to two-dimensional target acquisition tasks on interactive computing systems. For rectangular targets, such as words, it is demonstrated that the model can break down and yield unrealistically low (even negative!) ratings for a task's index of difficulty (ID). The Shannon formulation is shown to partially correct this problem, since ID is always ≥ 0 bits. As well, two alternative interpretations “target width” are introduced that accommodate the two-dimensional nature of tasks. Results of an experiment are presented that show a significant improvement in the model's performance using the suggested changes.
Extremum-seeking control via sliding mode with periodic search signals (2003)

In this paper, we provide the proof of the stability of an extremum-seeking control scheme enforced by a sliding mode control strategy with periodic search signals. The stability conditions are given for a general plant modeled as a static nonlinear map possibly cascaded with a linear dynamic block. Under the conditions given, either the input cost map or output cost map converges to its maximum or minimum point stably within a finite time interval. Extremum-seeking structures are studied and simulations are done under both sinusoidal and sawtooth periodic search signals. To compensate the inherit limitation of the steady state oscillation, a possible online estimation method is studied which provides a good result for a large set of cost functions.
Enhanced Production of Phaeodactylum tricornutum (Marine Diatoms) Cultured on a New Medium with Swine Wastewater Fermented by Soil Bacteria (2006)

There have been a number of studies of methods for recycling animal wastewater to provide new bioresources. In the present work, a marine algal culture medium, designated KEP II, was prepared by adding swine waste (3% v/v) fermented by soil bacteria to a dilution of f/2 culture medium (CT). When Phaeodactylum tricornutum was grown in batch culture in KEP II, the cells lasted long at the exponential phase producing the specific growth rate and biomass; the production of total amino acids and secondary metabolites rose up to 5-fold. It also substantially enhanced the maximum quantum yield of photosystem (PS) II of P. tricornutum, greatly increased the level of thylakoid membranes containing PS, and stimulated the production of pyrenoids, including enzymes for CO 2 fixation in chloroplasts. KEP II should improve the cost efficiency of industrial mass batch cultures and the value of microalgae for long-term preservation of fresh aquacukure feed as well as production of anticancer and antioxidant agents. Specifically, a low-cost medium for growing the diatoms of aquaculture feed will be economically advantageous.
Stability of coagulation proteins in frozen plasma (2001)

This study reports on the frozen stability of all commonly measured coagulation proteins in normal citrated plasma: activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time (%), thrombin time and fibrinogen (Clauss); clotting assays for factors II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI and XII; functional assays for protein C (clotting), protein S (clotting), antithrombin (chromogenic) and plasminogen (chromogenic); and immunological assays for von Willebrand factor and D-dimer. All these factors listed are stable for up to 3 months if frozen at -24 degrees C or lower. At -74 degrees C, all these factors (allowing for 10% variation) were stable for at least 18 months, most were stable for 24 months. The number of proteins showing > 5% variation over baseline after 6 months storage indicates that some decay does occur even at -74 degrees C. There was no clear advantage in snap freezing at -74 degrees C and then storing at -24 degrees C over both freezing and storing at -24 degrees C; therefore, the freezing process itself is not responsible for the loss of stability. The best stability, especially at -24 degrees C, was obtained when small samples (1 ml) were stored in screw-cap tubes with a minimum dead space. The decrease in stability of the coagulation proteins directly correlates with the effect of temperature and time.
Inverse Thermal Lens Effects on the Far-Field Blooming of Broad Area Laser Diodes (2013)

High-power broad-area laser diodes often suffer from a widening of the lateral far-field with increasing current (slow-axis far-field blooming). This effect mainly originates in self-heating that generates a lateral thermal lens in the active region. Pedestal heat sinking was recently shown to mitigate the far-field blooming. In this letter, utilizing self-consistent electro-thermal optical simulations, we analyze such a far-field improvement and link it to the formation of an inverse thermal lens. At high injection current, the inverse thermal lens is shown to weaken high-order lateral modes and to even narrow the slow-axis far-field.
Scheduling video programs in near video-on-demand systems (1997)

This paper presents an analytical (in contrast to commonlyused simulations) approach to program scheduling in near video-on-demand (NVoD) systems. NVoD servers batch customers' requests by sourcing the same mr$erial at certain intervals called phase offsets. The proposed approach to analytical modeling integrates both customers' and serviceprovider's views to account for the tradeoff between system throughput and customers' partial patience. We first determine the optimal scheduling of movies of different popularities for maximum throughput and the lowest average phase offset. Next, we deal with quasi video-on-demand (QVoD) systems, in which programs are scheduled based on a threshold on the number of pending requests. The throughput is found to be usually greater in QVoD than in NVoD, except for the extreme case of nonstationary request arrivals. This observation is then used to improve throughput without compromising customers' QoS in terms of average phase offset and the corresponding dispersion.
Essential Fatty Acids Revisited (1980)

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are aliphatic monocarboxylic acids with two or more double bonds in any positional arrangement or geometric configuration. Those PUFAs that prevent or relieve the symptoms of dietary deficiency in humans and animals are named, therefore, the essential fatty acids (EFAs). The EFAs are a group of naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids of chain length 18,20, or 22 carbon atoms and they contain between two and six methylene interrupted double bonds in cisconfiguration. The fatty acids are essential to the diet of man and all higher animals as they cannot be synthesized de novo from other lipids or from carbohydrates and amino acids. There are two fundamental EFAs, linoleic and α-linolenic acids, from which all others are derived metabolically.<sup>1</sup>The essentiality of the PUFAs is related to their capability to incorporate into lipids and to act as a precursor in the formation of prostaglandins. Historically, the
Unifying verification and validation techniques (2010)

The past decade has produced a range of techniques for assessing the correctness of software systems. These techniques, such as various forms of static analysis, automated verification, and test generation, are capable of producing a variety of forms of evidence showing that the software behavior meets its specified properties. We contend that, as currently formulated, existing techniques fail to externalize all of the useful pieces of evidence that they compute which limits the opportunities to obtain a comprehensive and accurate assessment of property-behavior conformance. Explicitly accounting for the ways that V&V techniques produce partial evidence offers the potential to look beyond the boundaries of individual analysis, verification, and testing techniques to consider the larger question of how the techniques fit together to provide an explicit body of evidence about software system quality.
The Interaction of Activated Protein C and Thrombin with the Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor Released from Human Endothelial Cells (1987)

The effects of human activated protein C (APC) and thrombin on plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) released from cultured human umbilical endothelial cells, grown in serum-free 35S-methionine containing medium, were studied in two ways: measurement of PAI-1 activity with an amidolytic assay, and immunoprecipitation of the medium with anti-PAI-1 IgG, anti-protein C IgG or anti-thrombin IgG followed by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Addition of APC or thrombin to the endothelial cell conditioned medium results in a time and concentration dependent loss of PAI-1 activity and in the degradation of PAI-1 from 46 kD into a 42 kD product. After incubation of the medium with APC in the presence of cells, an additional band of 95 kD was found, which could be immunoprecipitated with both anti-PAI-1 IgG and anti-protein C IgG, indicating the formation of an APC-PAI-1 complex before degradation occurs. No complex could be detected after incubation of the medium with thrombin in the presence of endothelial cells. Blocking the active sites of APC and thrombin prevented both the formation of APC-PAI-1 complexes and the inactivation and degradation of PAI-1. After removal of the active PAI-1 from the medium, no degradation of the inactive PAI-1 by APC or thrombin could be found. It is concluded that both APC and thrombin react with the active PAI-1, resulting in inactivation and degradation of PAI-1.
APPLICATION OF THE DUAL-MODE MODEL FOR PREDICTING COMPETITIVE SORPTION EQUILIBRIA AND RATES OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENT SUSPENSIONS (2002)

We investigated competitive sorption and desorption of phenanthrene, anthracene, and pyrene added to an estuarine sediment from Guilford (CT, USA) on Long Island Sound. The reduction in the equilibrium uptake of a primary solute in the presence of one or both cosolutes was well predicted over the entire isotherm by the dual-mode model, which postulates dissolution and hole-filling domains in sediment organic matter. Isotherms obtained in binary or ternary solute systems were suppressed, and the shapes were more linear than the corresponding single-solute isotherms. In the limit of infinite dilution of the single solute, sorption in the hole-filling domain is a factor of 1.4 to 1.9 times more favorable than sorption in the dissolution domain. A competitive dual-mode radial diffusion model was applied to the batch uptake and sequential-batch desorption rate data. The model captures the uptake and release curves well. The competitive effect slightly accelerates sorption, as predicted. The competitive effect accelerates desorption, but from the existing data it was not possible to decide how much was due to favorable thermodynamic versus favorable kinetic effects. The concentration-independent diffusion rate parameter corresponding to the dissolution domain was approximately the same for sorption and desorption (0.02/h), and little or no sorption hysteresis was observed.
Ageing Clouds (2019)

We propose Ageing Clouds as a concept for urban exploration invoking freedom in navigation and strategy in planning. Wandering bound to a handheld smartphone is an obvious obstruction to the experience of explorers. Our approach is to construct a visual aid on mobile devices that roughly supports navigation without demanding continuous user attention. The interesting urban neighbourhoods of a city are represented as clouds on a mobile map. Post-visit, these clouds age and turn grey in the regions explored by the user. We present our initial steps to evolve mobile maps from rigid navigation to support unconstrained yet strategic urban exploration.
POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION DIAGNOSIS AND THE CHANGING PATTERN OF VECTOR ECOLOGY AND MALARIA TRANSMISSION DYNAMICS IN PAPUA NEW GUINEA (2004)

The ecology and behavior of most of the 11 known members of the Anopheles punctulatus group remain unresolved and only the morphologic species An. farauti, An. koliensis, and An. punctulatus are known as vectors of malaria in Papua New Guinea. Of 1,582 mosquitoes examined morphologically, 737 were identified as An. farauti s.l., 719 as An. koliensis, and 126 as An. punctulatus. All specimens identified morphologically as An. punctulatus were shown to be An. punctulatus by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis, but the An. farauti and An. koliensis morphotypes consisted of three or more species including An. farauti s.s., An. farauti No. 2, and An. farauti No. 4. The biting cycles and role in malaria transmission of some of these species are described here for the first time. We also show evidence that An. koliensis could be a sub-complex of two or more species. The epidemiologic implications of our findings are discussed.
Immobilizing Metal Nanoparticles to Metal–Organic Frameworks with Size and Location Control for Optimizing Catalytic Performance (2013)

AuNi alloy nanoparticles were successfully immobilized to MIL-101 with size and location control for the first time by double solvents method (DSM) combined with a liquid-phase concentration-controlled reduction strategy. When an overwhelming reduction approach was employed, the uniform 3D distribution of the ultrafine AuNi nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulated in the pores of MIL-101 was achieved, as demonstrated by TEM and electron tomographic measurements, which brings light to new opportunities in the fabrication of ultrafine non-noble metal-based NPs throughout the interior pores of MOFs. The ultrafine AuNi alloy NPs inside the mesoporous MIL-101 exerted exceedingly high activity for hydrogen generation from the catalytic hydrolysis of ammonia borane.
Access and Metro Network Convergence for Flexible End-to-End Network Design [Invited] (2017)

This paper reports on the architectural, protocol, physical layer, and integrated testbed demonstrations carried out by the DISCUS FP7 consortium in the area of access–metro network convergence. Our architecture modeling results show the vast potential for cost and power savings that node consolidation can bring. The architecture, however, also recognizes the limits of long-reach transmission for low-latency 5G services and proposes ways to address such shortcomings in future projects. The testbed results, which have been conducted end-to-end, across access–metro and core, and have targeted all the layers of the network from the application down to the physical layer, show the practical feasibility of the concepts proposed in the project.