gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Interactions between glutamine metabolism and cell‐volume regulation in perfused rat liver (1990)

1. In the presence of near-physiological glutamine concentrations, exposure of perfused rat liver to hypotonic perfusion media switched glutamine balance across the liver from net release to net uptake. This was due to both stimulation of flux through glutaminase and inhibition of flux through glutamine synthetase. Conversely, during exposure to hypertonic media, net glutamine release from the liver increased due to inhibition of glutaminase flux and slight stimulation of flux through glutamine synthetase. The effect of perfusate osmolarity on glutaminase flux was observed at an NH4Cl concentration (0.5 mM) sufficient for near-maximal ammonia stimulation of glutaminase. This indicates the involvement of different mechanisms of glutaminase flux control by extracellular osmolarity changes and ammonia. The effects of anisotonicity on flux through glutamine-metabolizing enzymes were fully reversible. Glutamine (0.6 mM) stimulated urea synthesis from NH4Cl (0.5 mM) during hypotonic and normotonic conditions. 2. Exposure to hypotonic and hypertonic media led, after initial liver-cell swelling and shrinkage, respectively to volume-regulatory K+ fluxes which largely restored the initial liver-cell volume despite the continuing osmotic challenge. Even after completion of cell-volume regulatory K+ fluxes, the effects of perfusate osmolarity on hepatic glutamine metabolism persisted. This indicates that in anisotonicity the liver cell is left in an altered metabolic state, even after completion of volume-regulatory responses. 3. During perfusion with isotonic media, addition of glutamine (3 mM) led to an increase of liver mass by about 4% within 2 min, which was accompanied by a net K+ uptake by the liver. Thereafter, the new steady state of increased liver mass was maintained throughout glutamine infusion. When the liver mass had reached this new steady state, a net release of K+ from the liver of about 3 mumol/g liver was observed during the following 10 min. Withdrawal of glutamine was followed by a slow reuptake of K+ and the liver mass returned to its initial value. Following exposure to glutamine (3 mM), the intracellular glutamine concentration (as calculated from glutamine tissue levels, taking into account the extracellular space determined with the [3H]inulin technique) rose from about 1 mM to 30-35 mM within about 12 min, indicating a 10-12-fold concentrative uptake of glutamine into the liver cells and an osmotic challenge for the hepatocyte. When intracellular glutamine had reached its steady-state concentration, net K+ efflux from the liver was also terminated.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Design and synthesis of novel tubular and cage structures based on thiazole-containing macrolactams related to marine cyclopeptides (2001)

Tubular and cage structures, i.e. 16 and 18, have been synthesised from modified cyclic peptides following selective cyclotrimerisations of L-ornithine and L-glutamic acid thiazole amino acids under high dilution conditions.
A Minimally Invasive Method for Retrieving Single Adherent Cells of Different Types from Cultures (2014)

The field of single-cell analysis has gained a significant momentum over the last decade. Separation and isolation of individual cells is an indispensable step in almost all currently available single-cell analysis technologies. However, stress levels introduced by such manipulations remain largely unstudied. We present a method for minimally invasive retrieval of selected individual adherent cells of different types from cell cultures. The method is based on a combination of mechanical (shear flow) force and biochemical (trypsin digestion) treatment. We quantified alterations in the transcription levels of stress response genes in individual cells exposed to varying levels of shear flow and trypsinization. We report optimal temperature, RNA preservation reagents, shear force and trypsinization conditions necessary to minimize changes in the stress-related gene expression levels. The method and experimental findings are broadly applicable and can be used by a broad research community working in the field of single cell analysis.
Human Brain Short Chain l-3-Hydroxyacyl Coenzyme A Dehydrogenase Is a Single-domain Multifunctional Enzyme (1999)

Human brain short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase (SCHAD) was found to catalyze the oxidation of 17beta-estradiol and dihydroandrosterone as well as alcohols. Mitochondria have been demonstrated to be the proper location of this NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase in cells, although its primary structure is identical to an amyloid beta-peptide binding protein reportedly associated with the endoplasmic reticulum (ERAB). This fatty acid beta-oxidation enzyme was identified as a novel 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase responsible for the inactivation of sex steroid hormones. The catalytic rate constant of the purified enzyme was estimated to be 0.66 min-1 with apparent Km values of 43 and 50 microM for 17beta-estradiol and NAD+, respectively. The catalytic efficiency of this enzyme for the oxidation of 17beta-estradiol was comparable with that of peroxisomal 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 4. As a result, the human SCHAD gene product, a single-domain multifunctional enzyme, appears to function in two different pathways of lipid metabolism. Because the catalytic functions of human brain short chain L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoA dehydrogenase could weaken the protective effects of estrogen and generate aldehydes in neurons, it is proposed that a high concentration of this enzyme in brain is a potential risk factor for Alzheimer's disease.
Strong Single-Photon Coupling in Superconducting Quantum Magnetomechanics (2015)

We show that the inductive coupling between the quantum mechanical motion of a superconducting microcantilever and a flux-dependent microwave quantum circuit can attain the strong single-photon nanomechanical coupling regime with feasible experimental parameters. We propose to use a superconducting strip, which is in the Meissner state, at the tip of a cantilever. A pickup coil collects the flux generated by the sheet currents induced by an external quadrupole magnetic field centered at the strip location. The position-dependent magnetic response of the superconducting strip, enhanced by both diamagnetism and demagnetizing effects, leads to a strong magnetomechanical coupling to quantum circuits.
Characterization of <i>C</i>‐Alkyl Amidines as Bioavailable Covalent Reversible Inhibitors of Human DDAH‐1 (2010)

C-Alkyl amidine analogues of asymmetric N(ω),N(ω)-dimethyl-L-arginine are dual-targeted inhibitors of both human DDAH-1 and nitric oxide (NO) synthase, and provide a promising scaffold for the development of therapeutics to control NO overproduction in a variety of pathologies including septic shock and some cancers. Using a two-part click-chemistry-mediated activity probe, a homologated series of C-alkyl amidines were ranked for their ability to inhibit DDAH-1 within cultured HEK 293T cells. N⁵-(1-Iminopentyl)-L-ornithine was determined to be the most potent compound in vitro (K(d)=7 μM) as well as in cultured cells, and the binding conformation and covalent reversible mode of inhibition was investigated by comparison of interactions made with DDAH-1 and a catalytically inactive C274S variant, as gauged by X-ray crystallography and isothermal titration calorimetry. By interrupting the ability of the inhibitor to form a covalent bond, the contribution of this interaction could be estimated. These results suggest that further stabilization of the covalent adduct is a promising strategy for lead optimization in the design of effective reagents to block NO synthesis.
Development of a reduction-sensitive diselenide-conjugated oligoethylenimine nanoparticulate system as a gene carrier (2012)

The OEI(800)-SeSe(x) obtained was able to bind plasmid DNA efficiently to yield nanosized particles and had reduction sensitivity which is as efficient as that for OEI(800)-SS(x). In vitro experiments confirmed its low cytotoxicity and high transfection ability. Diselenide bonds can be used as effective and novel reduction-sensitive linkages for gene delivery.
Computation reduction for intra 4×4 mode decision with SATD criterion in H.264/AVC (2007)

In H.264 advanced video coding standard, the intra prediction made by referring to the surrounding coded pixels plays an important role in achieving the compression efficiency. To find the best prediction mode, the H.264 reference software JM 6.1d suggests two criteria, the sum of absolute differences (SAD) and the sum of absolute transformed differences (SATD). The SATD criterion with extra Hadamard transform achieves better coding performance, but needs more computation than the SAD criterion. A fast algorithm is developed to reduce the computation of the SATD, by using the property of linear transform and the fixed-spatial relationship of predicted pixels in each intra mode. With the fast SATD computation, about 50% computation of the original SATD algorithm can be reduced. To further reduce the SATD computation, a two-stage simplified SATD method is proposed, which first uses the SAD criterion to eliminate some unwanted modes and then performs the fast SATD computation to select the best mode. Experimental results show that the proposed two-stage simplified SATD method can save about 70% of computation costs with negligible PSNR loss for H.264 intra prediction.
Study on Preparation and Application of Stable Solid Chlorine Dioxide (2006)

The preparation and application of stable solid chlorine dioxide disinfectant are introduced in this paper.The results indicate that the treated raw materials can be stably packed under dry state,preserved,transported and used convenientyly.This product has good sterilization effect and can meet the correlated national standard.
The Resonant Micro Fan for Fluidic Transport, Mixing and Particle Filtering (2001)

Abstract A novel micro actuator for fluidic transport, mixing and particle filtering is presented. The technology uses a torsionally supported plate driven with an electrostatic signal at first-mode resonance to produce long-term reliable fluidic interactions at the chip level. Resonant frequencies from 10–20kHz have been tested with maximum fan deflections of approximately 30 microns. The resonant fans are fabricated using surface micro-machining techniques and flip-chip assembly. A simple flow visualization technique is also presented using laser illuminated smoke particles contained within the device packaging. The flow visualization setup allows for both overhead and side views as well as infinite ceiling and channel flow simulation in order to fully characterize the three dimensional flow produced by the resonant fans. Flow speeds of over 10 mm/s have been observed to exit single micro fans with large fan arrays producing over 2mL/min of volumetric flow. Fan testing in 600-micron deep channels has demonstrated the potential for suspended particle collection and filtering applications.
Molecular mechanisms of cell death in retina during development of age-related macular degeneration (2017)

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic progressive disease characterized by damage to the central retina zone. Changes in choriocapillaries, retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), and Bruch’s membrane (typical for aging) underlie AMD pathogenesis; however, the mechanisms launching the transfer of typical age-related changes in the pathological process are unknown. The death of photoreceptors and irreversible loss of vision become the results of pathological changes in RPE and choroid. In spite of intensive studies of AMD pathogenesis, information on molecular genetic preconditions of the events leading to the death of photoreceptors (as well as about the pathways of their death) is extremely limited; this complicates the search for efficient methods of AMD treatment (first of all, the most widely spread atrophic (“dry”) form of the disease). Recent studies demonstrated that not only apoptotic but also autophagic and necrotic signaling cascades are involved in the cellular death of retinal cells. The published data on three main forms of the programmed cell death (apoptosis, necrosis, and autophagy) and their role in AMD pathogenesis are summarized in the present review.
A class of shortened cyclic codes for a compound channel (Corresp.) (1974)

This correspondence presents a class of shortened cyclic codes that are suitable for application on a compound channel. The Chinese remainder theorem is applied to the proof of the error-correcting properties of this class of shortened cyclic codes.
Learning to rank relevant files for bug reports using domain knowledge (2014)

When a new bug report is received, developers usually need to reproduce the bug and perform code reviews to find the cause, a process that can be tedious and time consuming. A tool for ranking all the source files of a project with respect to how likely they are to contain the cause of the bug would enable developers to narrow down their search and potentially could lead to a substantial increase in productivity. This paper introduces an adaptive ranking approach that leverages domain knowledge through functional decompositions of source code files into methods, API descriptions of library components used in the code, the bug-fixing history, and the code change history. Given a bug report, the ranking score of each source file is computed as a weighted combination of an array of features encoding domain knowledge, where the weights are trained automatically on previously solved bug reports using a learning-to-rank technique. We evaluated our system on six large scale open source Java projects, using the before-fix version of the project for every bug report. The experimental results show that the newly introduced learning-to-rank approach significantly outperforms two recent state-of-the-art methods in recommending relevant files for bug reports. In particular, our method makes correct recommendations within the top 10 ranked source files for over 70% of the bug reports in the Eclipse Platform and Tomcat projects.
Primary structure of a human IgA1 immunoglobulin. V. Amino acid sequence of a human IgA lambda light chain (Bur). (1979)

The sequence of the lambda light chain of the Bur IgA1 molecule has been determined. It comprises 214 amino acid residues with a blocked NH2 terminus and lacks carbohydrate. The V-region sequence is of the VlambdaII subgroup and contains the coupled interchanges Arg-7 and Cys-87. The Lv3 region is comparatively short and hydrophobic in nature and lends support for the designation of this area as a hypervariable deletion region. The C-region exhibits the Mcg+ Kren+ Oz- isotypes. These appear coupled with substitution at position 100 (in the V-region). The pattern of nonrandom association of V- and C-regions and H and L chains is discussed in terms of the generation of antibody diversity. With the companion papers in this series, the complete primary structure of a human IgA1 molecule is established.
Integrating datalink and cockpit display technologies into current and future taxi operations (2002)

Two approaches for the implementation of a suite of cockpit navigation displays designed to increase the safety and efficiency of surface operations were developed and compared in NASA Ames' high-fidelity Advanced Concept Flight Simulator. Eighteen airline crews completed fourteen low-visibility land-and-taxi scenarios at a simulated Chicago O'Hare airport. An evolutionary implementation approach integrated the new technologies into current operations. A revolutionary implementation approach proposed substantial changes to current operating procedures such as airborne, datalinked clearances. The impact of these implementation strategies on surface operations revealed that cockpit display technologies can provide substantial benefits for the efficiency and safety of surface operations, but further gains may be realized by revolutionary changes to current operations. This research highlights the importance of considering procedural and operational integration issues as part of a human-centered approach to cockpit technology design.
The chemical synthesis of β-(1→4)-linked D-mannobiose and D-mannotriose (2003)

A D-cellobiose derivative was converted to D-mannobiose via simultaneous epimerization at C-2 and C-2'. Subsequent beta-D-glucosylation and epimerization at C-2" gave D-mannotriose.
Green synthesis of metal nanoparticles: Biodegradable polymers and enzymes in stabilization and surface functionalization (2010)

Current breakthroughs in green nanotechnology are capable of transforming many of the existing processes and products that enhance environmental quality, reduce pollution, and conserve natural and non-renewable resources. Successful use of metal nanoparticles and nanocomposites in various catalytic applications, electronics, biology and biomedical applications, material science, physics, environmental remediation and interdisciplinary fields as well as their toxicity essentially depends on the structural features such as size, shape, composition and the surface chemistry of nanomaterials. Moreover, to prolong the life span of metal nanoparticles and avoid undesired effects such as aggregation in aqueous solutions and organic solvents, to prevent contamination of the environment as well as to reuse and recycle nanoparticles, it is vital to select stabilizing agents and functionalization pathways that are environmentally friendly, non toxic and easy to implement. In recent years, stabilization and surface functionalization of metal nanoparticles became ‘greener’ to the extent that biocompatible stabilizing agents, e.g. biodegradable polymers and enzymes among others were introduced. These agents were able to produce a great variety of extremely stable spherical-, rod- or flower-shaped metal nanoparticles that opened up vast opportunities for their utilization and potential mass production. This review summarizes the state-of-the-art in the use of biocompatible and biodegradable homo- and copolymers as well as enzymes for the production of stable, environmentally benign, selective and active metal nanoparticles for desired applications.
Detection of acute myocardial infarction in closed-chest dogs by analysis of regional two-dimensional echocardiographic gray-level distributions. (1983)

We hypothesized that acute myocardial infarction could be detected in standard two-dimensional echocardiograms of closed-chest dogs by evaluating regional echo amplitude distributions using computerized image analysis. We tested this hypothesis by performing standard, 2.4 MHz two-dimensional echoes before and 2 days after circumflex coronary occlusion in seven closed-chest dogs. Control and infarcted regions of interest were studied in digitized stop-frame images. Average gray level was calculated for each region of interest, and the shape of the gray-level distribution was analyzed by calculation of skewness and kurtosis and by qualitative features of shape. Average gray level increased significantly from the pre- to postocclusion images in the infarcted regions (16.7 +/- 4.2 vs. 32.4 +/- 4.4 units, P less than 0.01), but not in the control regions (17.4 +/- 4 vs. 22.3 +/- 5.5., P = NS). Average gray level could not distinguish between infarcted and normal regions within the postocclusion images (36 +/- 5.2 vs. 33.6 +/- 5.8, P = NS). Three independent observers qualitatively evaluated histogram shape and correctly identified 7/7 MI regions (100% sensitivity) and 14/20 normal regions (70% specificity). Quantitatively, infarct regions exhibited a significant decrease in kurtosis from pre- to postocclusion images (7.1 +/- 4.0 vs. 5.2 +/- 2.9, P = NS). Within postocclusion images, infarcted regions displayed a significantly lower kurtosis than did normal regions (0.27 +/- .47 vs. 2.5 +/- 1.0, P less than .01). We conclude that acute myocardial infarction may be detected in closed-chest dogs by analyzing regional echo amplitude data from standard two-dimensional echocardiograms.
Motility of fresh and aged halibut sperm (1993)

Preliminary studies of freshly collected halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) sperm by light microscopy indicated that sperm motility, i.e. the percentage of motile sperm and the duration of fonvard progressive movement, was optimized under conditions of osmotic pressure ranging between 400 and 1100 mOsmol/kg and pH for 6.5-8.5. The quality of sperm, stored in vitro on ice, deteriorated rapidly within a few hours, a charactenstic particularly evident in sperm after freezing and thawing tests. Studies of several cryoprotectants indicated that halibut sperm could be successfully preserved frozen when diluted with 3 parts extender (sucrose: 150 mM, CaCl2: 1.7 mM, MgSO4: 7 mM, glycine: 86 mM and Tris: 30 mM at pH: 8), 10% of 1-2 propanediol and one part sperm (3:l). Additional studies of the motility of seawater-activated halibut sperm were conducted by dark field microscopy under stroboscopic illumination. These observations indicated that fast forward-moving sperm motility, which lasts 60-70 s, is correlated with propagating waves on the full length of the sperm flagellum with an initial beat frequency of 45-50 Hz which abruptly drops to about 10 Hz after 60-80 s. The beat frequency is blocked by KCN (5mM) and NaN3, (1.2mM), on intact sperm. The flagellum beat frequency of demembranated/reactivated sperm is dependent on the ATP concentration in the reactivation solution.
Behavior of foodgrain production and consumption in India, 1960-77 (1979)

The apparent per capita consumption of foodgrains in India during 1975-77 was below that in 1970-72, or even 1960-62, despite trend increases in average per capita income of more than 1 percent per annum since at least 1960. Several explanations are possible: that the consumption is underestimated either because production is underestimated or the adjustments made to production estimates to derive consumption are incorrect; or that consumption did decline because of changes in the real price of foodgrain, adverse changes in the distribution of income, changes in tastes or other reasons. The paper concludes that movements in price, income and savings constitute a significant part of the explanation. Underestimation of production cannot be a large part of the explanation, although production may be underestimated by a small amount. A part of the explanation may well be in unrecorded stock changes or overadjustments for feed, seed and wastes in estimating consumption from production estimates. A more complete picture will be available only when the National Sample Survey results of the 1977/78 round of consumption surveys are published.