gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Design and Use of Hazard-Free Switching Networks (1957)

article Share on The Design and Use of Hazard-Free Switching Networks Author: David A. Huffman Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MassachusettsView Profile Authors Info & Claims Journal of the ACMVolume 4Issue 1pp 47–62https://doi.org/10.1145/320856.320866Published:01 January 1957Publication History 92citation1,232DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations92Total Downloads1,232Last 12 Months349Last 6 weeks108 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
Exact Solution of the Two-Dimensional Finite Bin Packing Problem (1998)

Given a set of rectangular pieces to be cut from an unlimited number of standardized stock pieces (bins), the Two-Dimensional Finite Bin Packing Problem is to determine the minimum number of stock pieces that provide all the pieces. The problem is NP-hard in the strong sense and finds many practical applications in the cutting and packing area. We analyze a well-known lower bound and determine its worst-case performance. We propose new lower bounds which are used within a branch-and-bound algorithm for the exact solution of the problem. Extensive computational testing on problem instances from the literature involving up to 120 pieces shows the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
ELECTROPHORETIC DEPOSITION OF MATERIALS (1999)

▪ Abstract The electrophoretic deposition of materials is reviewed. Numerous applications of electrophoretic deposition are described, including production of coatings, free-standing objects, and laminated or graded materials, infiltration of porous materials, and fabrication of woven fiber preforms. The preparation of electrophoretic suspensions is discussed as are a number of mechanisms of deposition that have been proposed elsewhere. In discussing the kinetics of the process, primary attention is given to the relation between the evolution of the current and the electric field strength.
Towards active and stable oxygen reduction cathodes: a density functional theory survey on Pt2M skin alloys (2011)

Pt metal, when used as a cathode for oxygen reduction (O2 + 4H+ + 4e− → 2H2O), suffers from high overpotential and catalyst corrosion. Here, first-principles based theoretical methods for electrochemical systems are utilized to identify the critical factors affecting cathode performance. By analyzing a large set of Pt alloys, we show that alloys are in general less stable than Pt at the same O coverage under electrochemical conditions, and that maintaining a zero O coverage at the working potentials (e.g. 0.9 V) is key to achieve both high activity and stability. Two quantities, i.e. the surface corrosion energy and the free energy barrier to OOH dissociation, are found to be the main descriptors for the stability and activity. A Pt2Mo skin alloy is discovered to be a good candidate for an oxygen reduction cathode. The theoretical framework provides a new route for the rational design of oxygen reduction catalysts.
Conservation of<i>Bacillus thuringiensis</i>efficacy in New Zealand through the planned deployment of<i>Bt</i>genes in transgenic crops (1994)

Abstract Although the use of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) as a foliar spray is minimal within New Zealand at present, a considerable effort is being made genetically to incorporate Bt δ‐endotoxin genes into a wide range of important crops, including pasture species, perennial horticultural crops and annual field crops. For several years it has been clear that the major threat to the sustained efficacy of Bt in New Zealand is the evolution of insect resistance. Recognition of this threat has prompted consideration of a range of strategies for preventing and/or managing its possible evolution in pests of specific crops. However, such strategies do not address the critical issue of how we might limit the consequences of Bt resistance if it did evolve, particularly the evolution of resistance in polyphagous pests. Highly mobile polyphagous pests, such as leafroller species, might develop resistance to Bt on one transgenic crop and then disperse, nullifying the effectiveness of a wide range of Bt transgenic crops expressing the same or similar Cry proteins. Pests with resistance to CryIA proteins in transgenic plants might also display significant resistance to Bt biopesticides. To prevent such an eventuality in New Zealand we propose a plan for deploying Bt genes among crops according to an assessment of the risk and consequences of Bt resistance evolving in the insect complexes on these crops. The major elements of this plan are: (i) assess the risk of Bt resistant insects evolving and dispersing out of the crop to infest others; (ii) characterize the diversity of Bt protein binding sites in the guts of key polyphagous pests; (iii) use the above information to deploy Bt genes among different transgenic crops in a pattern that minimizes the chance that any future Bt resistant cosmopolitan pests will be broadly cross‐resistant to other Bt crops and/or Bt biopesticides. Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensisresistancerisk assessmenttransgenic crops
Mutual Solubilities for Water−<i>o</i>-Nitrotoluene System and Distribution Coefficients for Furfural and Acetic Acid in Water−<i>o</i>-Nitrotoluene System (2010)

Ten high boiling solvents were evaluated as the extraction solvent of furfural. o-Nitrotoluene with a high furfural distribution coefficient, high thermal stability, and having no azeotrope with furfural was chosen as a furfural extraction solvent for further study. The mutual solubilities for the water−o-nitrotoluene system were experimentally determined from (383.15 to 483.15) K at 25.0 bar using a static method. According to the results, it can be seen that the solubilities are temperature-dependent and can be correlated with a quadratic equation well. The distribution coefficients for furfural and acetic acid in the water−o-nitrotoluene system were determined from (303.15 to 483.15) K at 25.0 bar using a static method, respectively. The results show that the distribution coefficients are temperature-dependent and can be correlated with van’t Hoff equation well. Considering the high selectivity for furfural, the low selectivity for acetic acid and negligible mutual solubilities with water, o-nitrotoluene was considered as a suitable solvent for furfural production in the solvent extraction process.
Emergence of New Influenza A Viruses Which Carry an Escape Mutation of the HLA‐B27‐Restricted CTL Epitope of NP in Japan (2000)

Influenza A viruses (H3N2) isolated in 1998 in Nagasaki, Japan, carried a mutation (384R --> G) in one of the anchor amino acids of the HLA-B27-restricted cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) epitope of NP (383-391). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that these viruses have been isolated only in Japan to date and belong to the unique lineages.
Ras (CXXX) and Rab (CC/CXC) prenylation signal sequences are unique and functionally distinct. (1992)

Rab proteins typically lack the consensus carboxyl-terminal CXXX motif that signals isoprenoid modification of Ras and other isoprenylated proteins and, instead, terminate in either CC or CXC sequences (C = cysteine, X = any amino acid). To compare the functional relationship between the Ras CXXX and the Rab CC/CXC motifs, we have generated chimeric Ras proteins terminating in Rab carboxyl-terminal CC or CXC sequences. These mutant Ras proteins were not isoprenylated in vitro or in vivo, demonstrating that the CC and CXC sequences alone are not sufficient to replace a CXXX sequence to signal Ras isoprenoid modification. Surprisingly, chimeric Ras/Rab proteins terminating in significant lengths of carboxyl-terminal sequences from Rab1b (7-139 residues), Rab2 (5-151 residues), or Rab3a (12 residues) were also not isoprenylated. These results demonstrate that the sequence requirements for isoprenoid modification of Rab proteins are more complex than the simple tetrapeptide CXXX sequence for isoprenoid modification of Ras proteins and suggest that the Rab geranylgeranyl transferase(s) requires recognition of protein conformation to signal the addition of geranylgeranyl groups. Finally, competition studies demonstrate that a common geranylgeranyl transferase activity is responsible for the modification of Rab proteins terminating in CC or CXC motifs.
Tunneling and thermal emission of electrons from a distribution of deep traps in SiO/sub 2/ (nMOSFET) (1993)

Both field-induced, or tunneling, and thermal emission of electrons from deep traps in the gate oxides on n-channel LDD CMOS devices have been observed and characterized. Experimental results show that the deep trapping effects at room temperature are similar to the shallow-level trapping effects observed by others below room temperature. In this case, however, the time constants involved are very long. This model and physical mechanisms can explain the apparent saturation observed under AC stress conditions, and also the differences observed between AC use conditions and DC stress.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In vitro fermentation characteristics of selected oligosaccharides by swine fecal microflora1 (2003)

The objective of this study was to quantify the fermentation characteristics of oligosaccharides present in feed ingredients or isolated for dietary supplementation. Substrates studied included short-chain fructooligosaccharides, medium-chain fructooligosaccharides, long-chain fructooligosaccharides, raffinose, stachyose, soy solubles, granular and liquid forms of transgalactooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, mannanoligosaccharides, and xylooligosaccharides. Three healthy pigs that had never received antibiotics served as sources of fecal inoculum. Each substrate was fermented in vitro; samples were taken at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 h, and pH change and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) and gas production determined. Gas production at 12 h did not differ (P > 0.05) among all fructooligosaccharides, transgalactooligosaccharides, soy solubles, and xylooligosaccharides. Raffinose, stachyose, and raffinose + stachyose fermentation resulted in the greatest (P < 0.05) gas production at 12 h of all substrates tested. The rate of gas production was greatest (P < 0.05) for stachyose and least (P < 0.05) for glucooligosaccharides and mannanoligosaccharides. Substrate did not affect (P > 0.05) time to attain maximal rate of gas production. The pH at 12 h for all fructooligosaccharides and xylooligosaccharides did not differ (P > 0.05). The pH values at 12 h for raffinose, stachyose, and raffinose + stachyose were highest (P < 0.05) compared with all other substrates. Total SCFA production at 12 h was similar for all fructooligosaccharides and transgalactooligosaccharides, glucooligosaccharides, and soy solubles. Total SCFA production was greatest (P < 0.05) for xylooligosaccharides, stachyose, and raffinose + stachyose, and least (P < 0.05) for mannanoligosaccharides and raffinose. Stachyose fermentation resulted in the greatest (P < 0.05) rate and earliest time to attain maximal rate of SCFA production. All oligosaccharides studied were readily fermentable but varied in amount and type of SCFA produced. Fermentation of the pure forms of oligosaccharides contained in soy solubles resulted in greater gas production and higher pH compared with soy solubles. The oligosaccharides in the soy solubles matrix seemed to behave differently than their pure counterparts. The high rates of fermentation of most oligosaccharides tested indicate that they may serve as fermentable carbohydrate sources in the terminal small intestine or large intestine of swine.
Multisensory Orientation Behavior Is Disrupted by Neonatal Cortical Ablation (2006)

The integration of visual and auditory information can significantly amplify the sensory responses of superior colliculus (SC) neurons and the behaviors that depend on them. This response amplification depends on the development of SC inputs that are derived from two regions of cortex: the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES) and the rostral lateral suprasylvian sulcus (rLS). Neonatal ablation of these cortico-collicular areas has been shown to disrupt the development of the multisensory enhancement capabilities of SC neurons and the present results demonstrate that it also precludes the development of the normal multisensory enhancements in orientation behavior. Animals with neonatal ablation of AES and rLS were tested at maturity and found unable to benefit from the combination of visual and auditory cues in their efforts to localize targets in contralesional space. In contrast, their ipsilesional multisensory orientation capabilities were indistinguishable from those of normal animals. However, when only one of these cortical areas was removed during early life, later behavioral consequences were negligible. Whether similar compensatory processes would occur in adult animals remains to be determined. These observations, coupled with those from previous studies, also suggest that a surprisingly high proportion of SC neurons capable of multisensory integration must be present for orientation behavior benefits to be realized. Compensatory mechanisms can achieve this if early lesions spare either AES or rLS, but even the impressive plasticity of the neonatal brain cannot compensate for the early loss of both of them.
Kinins, nitric oxide, and the hypotensive effect of captopril and ramiprilat in hypertension. (1992)

We investigated the role of kinins in the acute depressor effect of captopril and ramiprilat in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Since the vasodepressor action of kinins may be linked to the generation of prostaglandins and endothelium-derived relaxing factors, we also investigated the role of prostaglandins and nitric oxide in the blood pressure reduction caused by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors. To this end, we contrasted the hypotensive effects of captopril (10 mg/kg i.v.), ramiprilat (2 mg/kg i.v.), and the angiotensin II antagonist DuP 753 (30 mg/kg i.v.) in spontaneously hypertensive rats with and without pretreatment with a kinin antagonist (D-Arg-Arg-Pro-Hyp-Gly-Thi-Ser-D-Phe-Thi-Arg-trifluoroacetic acid) (200 micrograms/kg/min i.v.), an inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis (NG-monomethyl-L-arginine) (15 mg/kg + 10 mg/kg/hr i.v.), or an inhibitor of prostaglandin synthesis (indomethacin) (10 mg/kg i.v.). The kinin antagonist did not affect blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats but did attenuate the hypotensive effect of captopril and ramiprilat; the kinin antagonist did not minimize the depressor action of DuP 753. The nitric oxide synthesis inhibitor increased blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats and attenuated the hypotensive effect of captopril, ramiprilat, and DuP 753, but it did not impede the hypotensive effect of sodium nitroprusside. Pretreatment of hypertensive rats with indomethacin did not modify the acute hypotensive effect of ramiprilat or captopril. These data suggest a contribution of endogenous kinins and nitric oxide to the acute antihypertensive effect of captopril and ramiprilat in spontaneously hypertensive rats and of nitric oxide to the hypotensive effect of DuP 753.
Bioinspired Directional Surfaces for Adhesion, Wetting, and Transport (2012)

In Nature, directional surfaces on insect cuticle, animal fur, bird feathers, and plant leaves are comprised of dual micro-nanoscale features that tune roughness and surface energy. This feature article summarizes experimental and theoretical approaches for the design, synthesis and characterization of new bioinspired surfaces demonstrating unidirectional surface properties. The experimental approaches focus on bottom-up and top-down synthesis methods of unidirectional micro- and nanoscale films to explore and characterize their anomalous features. The theoretical component of the review focuses on computational tools to predict the physicochemical properties of unidirectional surfaces.
Electron Highways into Nanochannels of Covalent Organic Frameworks for High Electrical Conductivity and Energy Storage (2019)

To enhance the electron transfer within the covalent organic frameworks (COFs), we obtained a nanocomposite of conductive poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) and redox-active AQ-COF by performing a facile in situ solid-state polymerization inside the nanochannels of COFs. The PEDOT chains functioned like electron highways within the nanochannels, resulting in a PEDOT@AQ-COF nanocomposite with an excellent electrical conductivity of 1.1 S cm<sup>-1</sup> and a remarkably improved performance in faradaic energy storage. The all-organic PEDOT@AQ-COF electrode showed specific capacitance as high as 1663 F g<sup>-1</sup> (at 1 A g<sup>-1</sup>), ultrafast charge/discharge rate performance (998 F g<sup>-1</sup> at 500 A g<sup>-1</sup>), and excellent stability for 10 000 cycles. This research demonstrates a promising strategy for increasing the conductivity of COF-based materials and broadening their applications.
Experimental Research and Modeling of Magnetorheological Elastomers (2004)

In this paper, new methods for fabricating magnetorheological (MR) elastomers are introduced. Two different MR elastomers, one made of polyurethane and the other made of natural rubber, are successfully fabricated. The experimental results show that the modulus of polyurethane MR elastomers can increase by 28% under a strong magnetic field. Comparatively, the rubber MR elastomer has low modulus change ability. A mathematical model to represent the stress-strain relationship of MR elastomers is presented. The model takes into account all the dipole interactions in a chain and the nonlinear properties of the host composite. The analytical results of the model are in agreement with experimental data.
Resolution of inflammation: targeting GPCRs that interact with lipids and peptides (2014)

There is a growing appreciation of the important role of resolution mediators in the successful termination of the inflammatory response. Here, we discuss the potential importance of the lipid and peptide proresolving mediators, in particular the resolvins and chemerin-derived peptides, which mediate their effects through specific G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs).
Potentiometry for thin-film structures using atomic force microscopy (1990)

The compliance of the tip–sample contact region in a scanning tunneling/atomic force microscope (STM/AFM) is found to increase from ∼1 N/m to more than 200 N/m with decreasing tip-to-surface distance in a distance interval of ∼200 nm. When a tungsten tip and a metal sample are used, this interval includes the distance at which a tunneling current is measurable. An STM/AFM was operated at this tip-to-surface distance in the constant-compliance mode. Since a tunneling contact to the tip is established at conducting sections of the sample, the electrical potential can be measured there. An array of interconnected niobium squares and an array of metal strips alternately connected to two electrodes of different voltage were examined using this method. Both structures were fabricated by electron beam lithography from Nb films on oxidized Si substrates. The topography and the value of the electrical potential were recorded. A potential resolution of the order of 1 mV was achieved.
Cellulose Content of Cotton and Southern Woods (1942)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCellulose Content of Cotton and Southern WoodsWen-Hsien Wan Chen and Frank K. CameronCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1942, 34, 2, 224–225Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1942Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1942https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50386a018https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50386a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views162Altmetric-Citations2LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
A Citric Acid-Derived Ligand for Modular Functionalization of Metal Oxide Surfaces via “Click” Chemistry (2011)

Citric acid is a widely used surface-modifying ligand for growth and processing of a variety of nanoparticles; however, the inability to easily prepare derivatives of this molecule has restricted the development of versatile chemistries for nanoparticle surface functionalization. Here, we report the design and synthesis of a citric acid derivative bearing an alkyne group and demonstrate that this molecule provides the ability to achieve stable, multidentate carboxylate binding to metal oxide nanoparticles, while also enabling subsequent multistep chemistry via the Cu(I)-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction. The broad utility of this strategy for the modular functionalization of metal oxide surfaces was demonstrated by its application in the CuAAC modification of ZnO, Fe(2)O(3), TiO(2), and WO(3) nanoparticles.
Retroviral Integration at the <i>Epi1</i> Locus Cooperates with <i>Nf1</i> Gene Loss in the Progression to Acute Myeloid Leukemia (2001)

Juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia (JMML) is a disease that occurs in young children and is associated with a high mortality rate. In most patients, JMML has a progressive course leading to death by virtue of infection, bleeding, or progression to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). As it is known that children with neurofibromatosis type 1 syndrome have a markedly increased risk of developing JMML, we have previously developed a mouse model of JMML through reconstitution of lethally irradiated mice with hematopoietic stem cells homozygous for a loss-of-function mutation in the Nf1 gene (D. L. Largaespada, C. I. Brannan, N. A. Jenkins, and N. G. Copeland, Nat. Genet. 12:137-143, 1996). In the course of these experiments, we found that all these genetically identical reconstituted mice developed a JMML-like disorder, but only a subset went on to develop more acute disease. This result strongly suggests that additional genetic lesions are responsible for disease progression to AML. Here, we describe the production of a unique tumor panel, created using the BXH-2 genetic background, for identification of these additional genetic lesions. Using this tumor panel, we have identified a locus, Epi1, which maps 30 to 40 kb downstream of the Myb gene and appears to be the most common site of somatic viral integration in BXH-2 mice. Our findings suggest that proviral integrations at Epi1 cooperate with loss of Nf1 to cause AML.
Broadband networks to support multimedia services (2005)

With on analogy to the terrestrial transportation network various broadband network technologies to support multimedia services are described. The subnetworks of an information highway are examined in terms of its backbone network, subnetworks, local networks, and access ramps. The characteristics of broadband networking technologies are compared.