gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Reaction of Dimeric Tri-<i>O</i>-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-nitroso-α-<scp>D</scp>-hexopyranosyl Chlorides with Alcohols (1973)

The kinetics of the reactions of dimeric tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-nitroso-α-D-glucopyranosyl chloride (1) with simple aliphatic alcohols (4 mol equiv) in dimethylformamide to form alkyl tri-O-acetyl-2-oximino-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosides (5) were investigated by n.m.r. and optical rotation. It is concluded that the conversion of 1 to 5 proceeds basically by way of three successively formed intermediates, namely, the monomeric form (2) of 1, the tri-O-acetyl-2-oximino-α-D-arabino-hexopyranosyl chloride (3), and the tri-O-acetyl-1,5-anhydro-2-deoxy-2-nitroso-D-arabino-hex-1-enitol (4). Direct evidence was obtained only for the intermediacy of 3 and the transient existence at low concentration of an uncharacterized intermediate which may be the β-anomer of 5. The intermediate 4 could form directly from 2 and thereby provide a mechanism for the formation of 5 which by-passes 3. However, the kinetic investigations showed this route to be of very minor, if any, importance. In all cases, the rate of the disappearance of 1 was virtually the same and within experimental error the same as for the isomerization of 1 to 3 in the absence of the alcohol for which the rate-controlling stage is dissociation of 1 to 2. Methanol reacts with 4 only about 5 times faster than does t-butanol.The utility of the reaction for the preparation of oximinoglycosidic structures related to disaccharides is illustrated by glycosidations of 1,2;3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranose, 1,2;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-glucofuranose both by 1 and by the dimeric tri-O-acetyl-2-deoxy-2-nitroso-α-D-galactopyranosyl chloride (6) and of 2,3;5,6-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-mannofuranose by 1. The reaction of 6 with 1,2,3,4-di-O-isopropylidene-α-D-galactopyranose provided an 8.7% yield of the β-oximinoglycoside along with an 80% yield of the α-anomer.
Qualitative mapping of cerebral blood flow and functional localization with echo-planar MR imaging and signal targeting with alternating radio frequency. (1994)

The EPISTAR technique is a rapid, noninvasive means for creating qualitative maps of CBF.
Optimized Well Location by Combination of Multiple Realization Approach and Quality Map Methods (2005)

The determination of the location of new wells in an oil reservoir is a complex problem that depends on reservoir and fluid properties, well and surface equipment specifications, geographical conditions and economic criteria. The final method to be used for field development should be based on the use of a reliable method for well location, oriented to reduce uncertainty, minimize costs and maximize the asset value. Reservoir simulation is recognised as one of the most reliable tools for defining the optimum production strategy. However, forecasting by reservoir simulation techniques bears risk as result of the uncertainty in the input data. The conventional approach to plan the number of production wells and their locations is by a tedious and costly trial and error process, where the final result depends on the ability of the reservoir engineer to fully understand the reservoir behaviour and the operational limits.Here, we present a new approach for optimal well location that was developed by combination of multiple realization and quality map methods. The proposed methodology starts from the static reservoir model in which main parameters are identified to reduce the number of simulation runs required for an optimized dynamic reservoir model by using the multiple realization approach. The study continues by determining the quality map for the reservoir, which is aimed to identify areas from where the hydrocarbon production is expected to reach a field maximum. This is performed by evaluating each possible well position at different locations up to finding the maximum production, without well interference or unphysical behaviour in well response.This approach was tested on the Maureen field, a North Sea reservoir, finding optimal well placement with an improved production. Numerical results obtained by applying the combined methodology provided larger hydrocarbon recovery from the field those results obtained by just using the two involved methods separately in 20 years of production. Predicted production values were significantly larger that those reported in actual field production. The methodology found spots where the forecasted production might be significantly larger if wells were located in coordinates other than some of the actual wells._Thus, the proposed method could be used as a tool to reduce uncertainty in development fields and an important technique towards an optimal asset management.
A Method of Polarization Stabilization in Surface Emitting Lasers (1991)

In this paper, we propose a surface emitting laser structure for controlling its output polarization. By preparing high refractive index films on the side walls of a dielectric multilayer reflector, we can provide a differential loss to the orthogonal polarizations. We estimate the reflectivity dependence on the polarization direction of this reflector and conclude that the control of polarization direction is possible by employing this structure.
Minocycline prevents cholinergic loss in a mouse model of Down's syndrome (2004)

Individuals with Down's syndrome develop Alzheimer's-like pathologies comparatively early in life, including progressive degeneration of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons (BFCNs). Cholinergic hypofunction contributes to dementia-related cognitive decline and remains a target of therapeutic intervention for Alzheimer's disease. In light of this, partial trisomy 16 (Ts65Dn) mice have been developed to provide an animal model of Down's syndrome that exhibits progressive loss of BFCNs and cognitive ability. Another feature common to both Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease is neuroinflammation, which may exacerbate neurodegeneration, including cholinergic loss. Minocycline is a semisynthetic tetracycline with antiinflammatory properties that has demonstrated neuroprotective properties in certain disease models. Consistent with a role for inflammatory processes in BFCN degeneration, we have shown previously that minocycline protects BFCNs and improves memory in mice with acute, immunotoxic BFCN lesions. We now report that minocycline treatment inhibits microglial activation, prevents progressive BFCN decline, and markedly improves performance of Ts65Dn mice on a working and reference memory task. Minocycline is an established antiinflammatory and neuroprotective drug and may provide a novel approach to treat specific AD-like pathologies.
A neural implant ASIC for the restoration of balance in individuals with vestibular dysfunction (2009)

This paper describes an ASIC developed as part of a neural prosthesis to restore balance to individuals with a dysfunctional vestibular end-organ. The device interfaces with inertia sensors; sensing acceleration in five degrees of freedom (three radial and two linear axis), and then conditions, processes and converts the signals to provide the artificial stimulus to the vestibulocochlear nerve. The IC described herein has been realised as part of a board-level solution, also including the sensors, power source and DC blocking capacitors. It is envisaged that this can be later implemented in a system-in-package (SiP) form to provide a totally implantable solution. We describe the design and implementation of the integrated circuit in a standard 0.35 mum CMOS technology.
Fabrication of contiguous-disk magnetic bubble devices (1980)

A complete fabrication process has been developed for contiguous-disk magnetic bubble devices with 1-μm bubbles. Epitaxial growth of double-layer garnet films offer distinct advantages over the single-layer structure. A recent development of the self-aligned structure relaxes the lithography requirements to three levels of masking with typical alignment tolerances of ±1 μm. Metallization and patterning of the functional components are carried out by additive process for the conductor-implantation pattern and a subtractive process for the sensor. Passivation of the evaporated sensor was found to be necessary to minimize the stripe coercivity. Suitable conditions for ion implantation have been determined to be He <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> ions with the typical dose of 3 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> atom/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , followed by an annealing treatment. Double implantation at 195 keV with 3.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> atom/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 135 keV with 1.5 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">15</sup> atom/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> yields good propagation margins without requiring an additional anneal.
III.—On the British Earthquakes of 1890, with the exception of those felt in the Neighbourhood of Inverness (1891)

The most remarkable earthquakes of the year 1890 were those felt in the district round Inverness between November 15 and December 14. These have been described in a separate paper. The remaining earthquakes were of comparatively slight intensity. Two or three were felt during the night of June 25–26 within a very small area to the north-east of Leeds, and one at least in Kintyre on July 24. Several slight shocks at Invergarry and Feddan, in Inverness-shire, complete the list so far as known to me, with the exception of a doubtful shock at Tulliallan in Perthshire on January 6. It is hardly necessary to do more than refer here to the two supposed earthquakes felt on January 7 at and near Chelmsford. In a letter to “Nature,” I have given the evidence in full; and it appears to me sufficient to show that they were merely the reports of one of the great Woolwich guns.
Direct printing of lead zirconate titanate thin films for microelectromechanical systems (2008)

This paper reports a new method for depositing lead zirconate titanate (PZT) piezoelectric thin films via thermal ink jet (TIJ) printing of a modified sol. Direct printing of PZT eliminates the need for photolithographic patterning and etching, as well as allows for controlled deposition over non-planar topographies which cannot be accomplished with conventional spin coating process. It has been demonstrated that jetting drops between 10 pl - 200 pi can produce PZT films with acceptable uniformity for microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) in thicknesses between 100 nm and 400 nm. With a 10pl droplet, the spot size of the deposited solution on top of a platinum surface is approximately 43 mum and the edge variation is +/- 10mum. It has also been shown that edge variation can be improved to less than +/- 1mum by constraining fluid flow with a patterned barrier. These results suggest direct printing of PZT can provide a path to greater flexibility in both piezoelectric MEMS device design and process integration.
Preclinical detection of PrP <sup>Sc</sup> in nictitating membrane lymphoid tissue of sheep (1998)

SHEEP scrapie is the prototype of a heterogeneous group of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSES) which occur in humans, cattle, cats, mink and cervids. TSEs are characterised by the deposition of prion proteins (Prp-Scrapie or PrpSc) in the central nervous system of affected individuals (Prusiner 1982). PrPSc and infectivity have also been detected in the lymphoreticular system of sheep well before symptoms occur (Hadlow and others 1982, Race and others 1992). Detection of PrpSc in lymphoid tissue, such as tonsils or peripheral lymph nodes, has been proposed as a preclinical diagnostic test for scrapie (Ikegami and others 1991, Schreuder and others 1996). This short communication reports the use of a non-invasive diagnostic assay based on biopsy of lymphoid nodules in the nictitating membrane of sheep. The nictitating membrane or third eyelid (palpebra tertia) of ruminant animals consists of a cartilaginous sheet with superficial lymphoid follicles and a seromucinous secretory gland beneath the conjunctiva of the bulbar surface (Slatter and Mills 1981). The lymphoid nodules are easily biopsied under local anaesthesia. Sheep were pretreated by topical administration of proparacaine hydrochloride (Ophthetic; Allergan) and the nictitating membrane was everted with disposable 1 x 2-toothed, 5½-inch forceps (Sklar 78055-1). Typically two clusters of lymphoid tissue were visualised above the more pale glandular tissue. A biopsy of one cluster of lymphoid tissue was collected using disposable Metzenbaum scissors (Sklar 30455) and a second set of forceps. Biopsied tissue was fixed in formalin and paraffin embedded using conventional methods. Sections typically contained four to seven lymphoid follicles.
Tools for inventing organizations: toward a handbook of organizational processes (2002)

The paper describes a new project intended to provide a firmer theoretical and empirical foundation for such tasks as enterprise modeling, enterprise integration, and process re-engineering. The project includes: (1) collecting examples of how different organizations perform similar processes, and (2) representing these examples in an on-line 'process handbook' which includes the relative advantages of the alternatives. The handbook is intended to help: (a) redesign existing organizational processes, (b) invent new organizational processes that take advantage of information technology, and perhaps (c) automatically generate software to support organizational processes. A key element of the work is a novel approach to representing processes at various levels of abstraction. This approach uses ideas from computer science about inheritance and from coordination theory about managing dependencies. Its primary advantage is that it allows users to explicity represent the similarities (and differences) among related processes and to easily find or generate sensible alternatives for how a given process could be performed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Flat-Panel Display (LCD) Versus High-Resolution Gray-Scale Display (CRT) for Chest Radiography: An Observer Preference Study (2005)

We conclude that, under subdued ambient lighting conditions and without use of windowing, for most images the overall quality is equal with high-resolution CRT display and LCD. In images judged preferentially, we found a significant superiority for LCD for delineating mediastinal structures and for CRT display for delineating structures in the lung.
A proposed standard for binary floating point arthmetic (1979)

This standard is a product of the Floating Point Working Group of the Microprocessor Standards Subcommittee of the IEEE Computer Society Computer Standards Committee. It is intended that the standard embody the essence of "Specifications For a Proposed Standard for Floating Point Arithmetic" by Jerome Coonen.
Mullerian Inhibiting Substance Regulates Androgen-Induced Gene Expression and Growth in Prostate Cancer Cells through a Nuclear Factor-κB-Dependent Smad-Independent Mechanism (2006)

Mullerian inhibiting substance (MIS), a member of the TGFbeta superfamily, causes regression of the Mullerian duct in male embryos. The presence of MIS type II and type I receptors in tissues and cell lines derived from the prostate suggests that prostate is a likely target for MIS. In this report, we demonstrate that MIS inhibits androgen-stimulated growth of LNCaP cells and decreases their survival in androgen-deprived medium by preventing cell cycle progression and inducing apoptosis. Expression of dominant-negative Smad1 reversed the ability of MIS to decrease LNCaP cell survival in androgen-deprived medium but not androgen-stimulated growth, whereas abrogation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NFkappaB) activation ablated the suppressive effects of MIS on both androgen-stimulated growth and androgen-independent survival. The effect of MIS on androgen-induced growth was not due to changes in androgen receptor expression. However, MIS suppressed androgen-stimulated transcription of prostate-specific antigen; ablation of NFkappaB activation reversed MIS-mediated suppression of prostate-specific antigen. These observations suggest that MIS regulates androgen-induced gene expression and growth in prostate cancer cells through a NFkappaB-dependent but Smad1-independent mechanism. Thus, MIS, in addition to potentially regulating prostate growth indirectly by suppressing testicular testosterone synthesis, may also be a direct regulator of androgen-induced gene expression and growth in the prostate at the cellular level.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF HOST RESISTANCE: Toll-Like Receptor Signaling and Immunity at Large (2006)

Classical genetic methods, driven by phenotype rather than hypotheses, generally permit the identification of all proteins that serve nonredundant functions in a defined biological process. Long before this goal is achieved, and sometimes at the very outset, genetics may cut to the heart of a biological puzzle. So it was in the field of mammalian innate immunity. The positional cloning of a spontaneous mutation that caused lipopolysaccharide resistance and susceptibility to Gram-negative infection led directly to the understanding that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are essential sensors of microbial infection. Other mutations, induced by the random germ line mutagen ENU (N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea), have disclosed key molecules in the TLR signaling pathways and helped us to construct a reasonably sophisticated portrait of the afferent innate immune response. A still broader genetic screen--one that detects all mutations that compromise survival during infection--is permitting fresh insight into the number and types of proteins that mammals use to defend themselves against microbes.
Synthesis and characterization of new isomeric water-soluble porphyrins. Tetra(2-N-methylpyridyl)porphine and tetra(3-N-methylpyridyl)porphine (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis and characterization of new isomeric water-soluble porphyrins. Tetra(2-N-methylpyridyl)porphine and tetra(3-N-methylpyridyl)porphinePeter. Hambright, Tomiko. Gore, and Marilyn. BurtonCite this: Inorg. Chem. 1976, 15, 9, 2314–2315Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ic50163a072https://doi.org/10.1021/ic50163a072research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views547Altmetric-Citations66LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Impairment of Store-Operated Ca <sup>2+</sup> Entry in TRPC4 <sup>−/−</sup> Mice Interferes With Increase in Lung Microvascular Permeability (2002)

We investigated the possibility that the TRPC gene family of putative store-operated Ca2+ entry channels contributes to the increase in microvascular endothelial permeability by prolonging the rise in intracellular Ca2+ signaling. Studies were made in wild-type (wt) and TRPC4 knockout (TRPC4(-/-) mice and lung vascular endothelial cells (LECs) isolated from these animals. RT-PCR showed expression of TRPC1, TRPC3, TRPC4, and TRPC6 mRNA in wt LECs, but TRPC4 mRNA expression was not detected in TRPC4(-/-) LECs. We studied the response to thrombin because it is known to increase endothelial permeability by the activation of G protein-coupled proteinase-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1). In wt LECs, thrombin or PAR-1 agonist peptide (TFLLRNPNDK-NH2) resulted in a prolonged Ca2+ transient secondary to influx of Ca2+. Ca2+ influx activated by thrombin was blocked by La3+ (1 micromol/L). In TRPC4(-/-) LECs, thrombin or TFLLRNPNDK-NH2 produced a similar initial increase of intracellular Ca2+ secondary to Ca2+ store depletion, but Ca2+ influx induced by these agonists was drastically reduced. The defect in Ca2+ influx in TRPC4(-/-) endothelial cells was associated with lack of thrombin-induced actin-stress fiber formation and a reduced endothelial cell retraction response. In isolated-perfused mouse lungs, the PAR-1 agonist peptide increased microvessel filtration coefficient (K(f,c)), a measure of vascular permeability, by a factor of 2.8 in wt and 1.4 in TRPC4(-/-); La3+ (1 micromol/L) addition to wt lung perfusate reduced the agonist effect to that observed in TRPC4(-/-). These results show that TRPC4-dependent Ca2+ entry in mouse LECs is a key determinant of increased microvascular permeability.
Synthesis of 5′‐<i>O</i>‐Glycosyl‐<i>ribo</i>‐nucleosides (1978)

A group of novel bacterial metabolites, nucleosides of type (1), can vary in the base, the hexose moiety, and the intersaccharide bond. Some representatives, such as (1), R = H, X = adenyl, have now been synthesized.
The Impact of High Energy Density Capacitors with Metallized Electrode in Large Capacitor Banks for Nuclear Fusion Applications (1993)

Abstract : Power supplies for Inertial Confinement Fusion (ICF) lasers require large capacitor banks. As capacitor bank size increases, reliability, expressed as Mean-Time-Between Failures (MTBF) is reduced, for a given capacitors design. Metallized electrode capacitors exhibit more predictable failure characteristics than traditional foil designs, thus increasing MTBF for some applications. In addition, their soft failure mode gives facility operators flexibility to schedule capacitor bank maintenance. Experience with the design and testing of a metallized electrode capacitor for a 13 MJ bank is presented. Weibull statistics are used to predict performance on the 13 MJ bank, and on a proposed 250 MJ facility. While the Beamlet capacitor data is specific to Aerovox capacitor part number KM223YW215D01, much of the information is applicable to high voltage metallized electrode capacitors in general.
Hyaluronic Acid in Inflammation and Tissue Regeneration. (2016)

Hyaluronic acid (HA), the main component of extracellular matrix, is considered one of the key players in the tissue regeneration process. It has been proven to modulate via specific HA receptors, inflammation, cellular migration, and angiogenesis, which are the main phases of wound healing. Studies have revealed that most HA properties depend on its molecular size. High molecular weight HA displays anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties, whereas low molecular weight HA is a potent proinflammatory molecule. In this review, the authors summarize the role of HA polymers of different molecular weight in tissue regeneration and provide a short overview of main cellular receptors involved in HA signaling. In addition, the role of HA in 2 major steps of wound healing is examined: inflammation and the angiogenesis process. Finally, the antioxidative properties of HA are discussed and its possible clinical implication presented.