gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Adsorption/Desorption Process Model for Capacitive Deionization (2009)

In capacitive deionization (CDI), an electrical potential difference is applied across oppositely placed electrodes, resulting in the adsorption of ions from aqueous solution and a partially ion-depleted product stream. CDI is a dynamic process which operates in a sequential mode; i.e., after a certain ion adsorption capacity has been reached, the applied voltage is reduced, and ions are released back into solution, resulting in a solution concentrated in ions. The energetic input of CDI is very small, while there are no ion-exchange materials involved that need to be replaced regularly. Here we present a dynamic process model for CDI which includes the storage and release of ions in/from the polarization layers of the electrodes. The charge and ion adsorption capacity of the polarization layers is described using the equilibrium Gouy−Chapman−Stern (GCS) model, while the charge transfer rate from bulk solution into the polarization layer is modeled according to Ohm’s law, i.e., depends solely on an electric field term across a mass-transfer layer. An important element in the model is the differential charge efficiency: the effective salt removal rate relative to the electronic current, for which an analytical expression is derived based on the GCS model. We present results for the effluent salt concentration and electron current, both as function of time, based on a process model that assumes ideal mixing in the CDI unit cell. The theoretical results are in very good agreement with an example data set.
Astrocytes inhibit Schwann cell proliferation and myelination of dorsal root ganglion neurons in vitro (1994)

Schwann cells promote the regrowth of nerve fibers in both the PNS and CNS and might thus be of value in strategies to promote repair following injury or demyelination in the CNS. The effectiveness of Schwann cells in promoting repair could, however, be limited by interactions with reactive astrocytes that are prominent at lesioned and demyelinated sites. To investigate this possibility, experiments were performed to determine the influence of cortical astrocytes on Schwann cell proliferation and myelination of dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons in vitro. DRG neurons from embryonic rats and Schwann cells, astrocytes, and fibroblasts isolated from the sciatic nerve, cerebral cortex, and cranial periosteum, respectively, of neonatal rats were purified and then recombined to provide neuron-Schwann cell, neuron-Schwann cell-astrocyte, and neuron-Schwann cell-fibroblast cultures. Astrocytes inhibited both neuron-dependent Schwann cell proliferation and the myelination of axons by Schwann cells. The expression of galactocerebroside, but not of the O4 antigen, was inhibited by astrocytes, suggesting that astrocytes blocked Schwann cell differentiation prior to the onset of myelination. Ultrastructural analysis of the cultures also indicated that both axonal ensheathment and the segregation of large axons into 1:1 relationships were decreased in the presence of astrocytes. Astrocytes did not affect the expression of the basal lamina components type IV collagen and laminin, and basal lamina formation assessed by electron microscopy was only slightly decreased. Some of these inhibitory effects appear to be mediated by diffusible factors since astrocyte-conditioned medium also reduced Schwann cell myelination. Fibroblasts or fibroblast-conditioned medium did not induce such inhibitory effects, indicating that the effects were astrocyte specific. We conclude that cortical astrocytes release a soluble factor(s) that inhibits specific aspects of neuron-Schwann cell interactions leading to myelination.
Interlaced zone plate optics for hard X-ray imaging in the 10 nm range (2017)

Abstract Multi-keV X-ray microscopy has been particularly successful in bridging the resolution gap between optical and electron microscopy. However, resolutions below 20 nm are still considered challenging, as high throughput direct imaging methods are limited by the availability of suitable optical elements. In order to bridge this gap, we present a new type of Fresnel zone plate lenses aimed at the sub-20 and the sub-10 nm resolution range. By extending the concept of double-sided zone plate stacking, we demonstrate the doubling of the effective line density and thus the resolution and provide large aperture, singlechip optical devices with 15 and 7 nm smallest zone widths. The detailed characterization of these lenses shows excellent optical properties with focal spots down to 7.8 nm. Beyond wave front characterization, the zone plates also excel in typical imaging scenarios, verifying their resolution close to their diffraction limited optical performance.
TABLE OF CONTENTS IN HEADINGS OF CHAPTERS. DUTCH EDITION (2011)

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Total Syntheses of Racemic and Natural Glycinol (2009)

Total syntheses of racemic and (-)-glycinol (1) are described. A Wittig reaction produced the isoflav-3-ene from which a Sharpless dihydroxylation introduced either the racemic or enantiomeric 6a-hydroxy group. A 5.5% overall yield of racemic material was obtained after 12 steps. A method was devised for a one-pot switch of protecting groups masking a sensitive resorcinolic para-functionality, and conditions were optimized to prompt spontaneous closure of the pterocarpanolic dihydrofuran upon subsequent exposure of its ortho-functionality. These improvements eliminated two steps and increased the overall yield to 9.8% during production of the natural enantiomer.
Design of a Crosspoint Queued router for a micro-network in SoCs (2011)

Due to the advancement of manufacturing process for integrated circuits, more functional units can be integrated into a System on Chip (SoC). It causes the challenge of communication aspect in a SoC. Therefore, the design of Network on Chip (NoC) was proposed. Most research of NoC employs a kind of Input-Queued (IQ) switch architecture with VOQ (Virtual Output Queue) scheme. In this study, we apply a different switching architecture, Crosspoint Queued (CQ) switch architecture, in NoC to improve transmission throughput and delay between functional units. To increase performance, we use an Old Cell First (OCF) weighted matching algorithm for arbitrating contentions. We also use a simple routing scheme, X-Y routing, to route messages from source to destination. Further, the usage of the X-Y routing scheme can reduce the amount of buffer memory in the CQ router. Simulation results show that, applying the CQ switch architecture in NoC has better performance than traditional IQ-VOQ scheme in NoC.
SOX2, a Persistent Marker for Multipotential Neural Stem Cells Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells, the Embryo or the Adult (2004)

Multipotent neural stem cells are present throughout the development of the central nervous system (CNS), persist into adulthood in defined locations and can be derived from more primitive embryonic stem cells. We show that SOX2, an HMG box transcription factor, is expressed in multipotent neural stem cells at all stages of mouse ontogeny. We have generated transgenic mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) under the control of the endogenous locus-regulatory regions of the Sox2 gene to prospectively identify neural stem/progenitor cells in vivo and in vitro. Fluorescent cells coexpress SOX2 protein, and EGFP fluorescence is detected in proliferating neural progenitor cells of the entire anterior-posterior axis of the CNS from neural plate stages to adulthood. SOX2-EGFP cells can form neurospheres that can be passaged repeatedly and can differentiate into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Moreover, prospective clonal analysis of SOX2-EGFP-positive cells shows that all neurospheres, whether isolated from the embryonic CNS or the adult CNS, express SOX2-EGFP. In contrast, the pattern of SOX2-EGFP expression using randomly integrated Sox2 promoter/reporter construct differs, and neurospheres are heterogeneous for EGFP expression. These studies demonstrate that SOX2 may meet the requirements of a universal neural stem cell marker and provides a means to identify cells which fulfill the basic criteria of a stem cell: self-renewal and multipotent differentiation.
A New Therapeutic Approach for Autoimmune Diseases by the Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptor Modulator, Fingolimod (FTY720) (2009)

Fingolimod (FTY720) is the first substance in the new immunomodulator class called sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor modulators. We isolated an immunosuppressive natural product, myrocin, from the culture broth of Isaria sinclairii, a kind of vegetative wasp. The chemical modification of myriocin yielded a new compound, FTY720, which has more potent immunosuppressive activity and less toxicity than myriocin. FTY720 has been shown to be highly effective in experimental allograft models and autoimmune disease models such as autoimmune encephalomyelitis, collagen-induced arthritis, and lupus nephritis. The most striking feature of FTY720 is the induction of a marked decrease in peripheral blood lymphocytes at doses that show immunosuppressive activity in these models. FTY720 is rapidly converted to FTY720-phosphate (FTY720-P) by sphingosine kinases. FTY720-P acts as a potent agonist at S1P receptor type 1 (S1P(1)), internalizes S1P(1) on lymphocytes, and inhibits the migration of lymphocytes toward S1P. It is highly likely that the reduction of peripheral blood lymphocytes by FTY720 is due to the inhibition of S1P(1)-dependent lymphocyte egress from secondary lymphoid organs and thymus. Recently, it has been reported that FTY720 exerted considerable therapeutic effects in a placebo-controlled clinical trail involving patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis. Patients who received FTY720 orally had a significant reduction in the clinical disease activity, the number of lesions in the central nervous system, and the relapse rates. Since FTY720 possesses a new mechanism of action that has not been observed with other immunosuppressive agents, it is believed that FTY720 provides a new therapeutic approach for autoimmune diseases including multiple sclerosis.
The Action of Hypochlorous Acid on Polymeric Components of Cartilage (1994)

The action of sodium hypochlorite on N-acetylglucosamine, N-acetylgalactosamine, chondroitinsulfate and hyaluronic acid was studied by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR) in order to model some aspects of degradation processes caused by neutrophils on carbohydrate polymers of cartilage in rheumatoid arthritis. N-Acetyl side groups of carbohydrate monomers and chondroitinsulfate yield a resonance at 2.01-2.04 ppm in proton NMR-spectra. This resonance is observed in hyaluronic acid solutions only after a prolonged incubation to yield shorter polymeric chains. Sodium hypochlorite causes a continuous decrease of the line for N-acetyl groups. Two new resonances appear in the 1H-NMR spectra. An intermediate product, assumed as a chlorinated product of N-acetyl side chains, shows a chemical shift of about 2.35 ppm. This intermediate is hydrolyzed to a carbohydrate ring and acetate (1.90 ppm). Sodium hypochlorite acts in all systems investigated mainly on N-acetyl groups. Only small effects on the carbohydrate ring were found under our experimental conditions.
Divergent thinking training is related to frontal electroencephalogram alpha synchronization (2006)

Cortical activity in the human electroencephalogram alpha band was measured (by means of an event-related approach) in a pre- and a post-test (with intermediate training) while participants (n = 30) were confronted with divergent thinking tasks. Half of the participants received a divergent thinking training (over a time period of 2 weeks) which was composed of exercises structurally similar to those used in the pre- and post-test. Analyses revealed that the training group displayed higher task-related synchronization of frontal alpha activity (i.e. increases in alpha power from the pre-stimulus reference to the activation interval) than the control group. These findings are in line with the view of frontal alpha synchronization as a selective top-down inhibition process that prevents internal or top-down information processing being disturbed by incoming external input.
Expression of p16Ink4a Compensates for <i>p18Ink4c</i> Loss in Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 4/6–Dependent Tumors and Tissues (2007)

Cell cycle progression from G(1) to S phase depends on phosphorylation of pRb by complexes containing a cyclin (D type or E type) and cyclin-dependent kinase (e.g., cdk2, cdk4, or cdk6). Ink4 proteins function to oppose the action of cdk4/6-cyclin D complexes by inhibiting cdk4/6. We employed genetic and pharmacologic approaches to study the interplay among Ink4 proteins and cdk4/6 activity in vivo. Mouse embryo fibroblasts (MEF) lacking p16(Ink4a) and p18(Ink4c) showed similar growth kinetics as wild-type MEFs despite increased cdk4 activity. In vivo, germline deficiency of p16(Ink4a) and p18(Ink4c) resulted in increased proliferation in the intermediate pituitary and pancreatic islets of adult mice, and survival of p16(Ink4a-/-);p18(Ink4c-/-) mice was significantly reduced due to aggressive pituitary tumors. Compensation among the Ink4 proteins was observed both in vivo in p18(Ink4c-/-) mice and in MEFs from p16(Ink4a-/-), p18(Ink4c-/-), or p16(Ink4a-/-);p18(Ink4c-/-) mice. Treatment with PD 0332991, a specific cdk4/6 kinase inhibitor, abrogated proliferation in those compartments where Ink4 deficiency was associated with enhanced proliferation (i.e., islets, pituitary, and B lymphocytes) but had no effect on proliferation in other tissues such as the small bowel. These data suggest that p16(Ink4a) and p18(Ink4c) coordinately regulate the in vivo catalytic activity of cdk4/6 in specific compartments of adult mice.
Three enzymatic activities catalyze the oxidation of sulfide to thiosulfate in mammalian and invertebrate mitochondria (2008)

Hydrogen sulfide is a potent toxin of aerobic respiration, but also has physiological functions as a signalling molecule and as a substrate for ATP production. A mitochondrial pathway catalyzing sulfide oxidation to thiosulfate in three consecutive reactions has been identified in rat liver as well as in the body-wall tissue of the lugworm, Arenicola marina. A membrane-bound sulfide : quinone oxidoreductase converts sulfide to persulfides and transfers the electrons to the ubiquinone pool. Subsequently, a putative sulfur dioxygenase in the mitochondrial matrix oxidizes one persulfide molecule to sulfite, consuming molecular oxygen. The final reaction is catalyzed by a sulfur transferase, which adds a second persulfide from the sulfide : quinone oxidoreductase to sulfite, resulting in the final product thiosulfate. This role in sulfide oxidation is an additional physiological function of the mitochondrial sulfur transferase, rhodanese.
Optoelectronic adaptive neuro-device (1992)

An optoelectronic adaptive neuro-device was realised based on EEPROM technology. Synaptic weights were varied during operation depending on target signals and kept in a nonvolatile manner. Artificial selforganising neural networks can be realised using the adaptive neuro-device.
Genetic Studies of Resistance in Maize (Zea mays L.) to Goss's Bacterial Wilt and Blight (Clavibacter michiganense ssp. nebraskense) (1989)

Goss's bacterial wilt and blight, which is caused by Clavibacter michiganense ssp. nebraskense, is a foliar and vascular disease of maize (Zea mays L.). This disease, first reported in central Nebraska in 1969, has spread throughout a major portion of the northern Corn Belt. As little was known about the inheritance of resistance to this disease, we used interchange (chromosomal reciprocal translocation) stocks to identify chromosome arms with genes affecting resistance to C. m. ssp. nebraskense. A series of chromosome 9 waxy endosperm-marked interchange stocks in the resistant inbred M14 were crossed onto the susceptible inbred A632. Test-cross and F2 progenies were separated by endosperm markers, inoculated with C. m. ssp. nebraskense, and scored for disease reaction in field and greenhouse environments. Chi-square tests indicated a significant association of endosperm type and disease reaction more consistently for plants testing interchange 4S.53-9L.26 than for other interchanges, strongly suggesting the presence of a gene for resistance to C. m. ssp. nebraskense on chromosome arm 4S. We obtained additional data supportive of the location of a gene for resistance on 4S from F2 progeny involving A632 interchange 4S.36-6S.NOR among tests involving a series of chromosome 6 yellow endosperm marked interchange stocks. Additional chromosome arms also may have genes for resistance.
Food irradiation : principles and applications (2001)

Preface. Introduction (R. Molins). Radiation Inactivation of Microorganisms (J. Dickson). Food Irradiation Chemistry (E. Stewart). Disinfestation of Stored Grains, Pulses, Dried Fruits and Nuts, and Other Dried Foods (M. Ahmed). Irradiation as a Quarantine Treatment (G. Hallman). Irradiation of Meats and Poultry (R. Molins). Irradiation Processing of Fish and Shellfish Products (M. Kilgen). Irradiation of Fruits and Vegetables (P. Thomas). Irradiation of Tuber and Bulb Crops (P. Thomas). Irradiation of Minimally Processed Foods (J. Farkas). Radiation Decontamination of Spices, Herbs, Condiments, and Other Dried Food Ingredients (J. Farkas). Combination Treatments Involving Food Irradiation (M. Patterson). Development of Irradiated Shelf- Stable Meat and Poultry Products (D. Thayer). Detection Methods for Irradiated Foods (E. Stewart). Process Control and Dosimetry in Food Irradiation (D. Ehlermann). Economic and Technical Considerations in Food Irradiation (P. Kunstadt). Global Status of Food Irradiation in 2000 (R. Molins). Index.
Intravaginal and Intranasal Immunizations Are Equally Effective in Inducing Vaginal Antibodies and Conferring Protection against Vaginal Candidiasis (2002)

Oophorectomized, estrogen-treated rats were immunized by the intravaginal or intranasal route with a mannoprotein extract (MP) or secreted aspartyl proteinases (Sap) of Candida albicans, with or without cholera toxin as a mucosal adjuvant. Both routes of immunization were equally effective in (i) inducing anti-MP and anti-Sap vaginal antibodies and (ii) conferring a high degree of protection against the vaginal infection by the fungus. These data suggest that appropriate fungal antigens and adjuvant can be used to protect against candidal vaginitis, by either route.
Annealing properties of gratings written into UV-presensitized hydrogen-outdiffused optical fiber (2000)

Accelerated aging of gratings written in UV presensitized hydrogen outdiffused optical fibers show that these gratings are more stable than standard gratings written in hydrogen-loaded fibers. They are observed to grow initially by as much as 2%. The predicted decay after 25 years at 80 degrees C is ~0.1% . The results suggest that the index modulation decay is so slow that postfabrication annealing can be avoided.
A 3.5-GHz SiGe 0.35µm HBT flip-chip assembled on ceramics integrated passive device Doherty power amplifier for SiP integration (2011)

A 3.5-GHz SiGe 0.35µm HBT Doherty power amplifier (DPA) on ceramics integrated passive device (CIPD) using flip-chip assembled package for system in package (SiP) integration is reported in this paper. The unit cell power amplifier in the DPA demonstrates a saturated output power of 28dBm and 35% PAE at P SAT . When the complete DPA is operated in the quasi-balanced mode, it demonstrates a P SAT of 30.5dBm (PAE = 31%), and a PAE of 8% at OP 1dB . When the complete DPA is operated in the quasi-Doherty mode, it has a P SAT of 30dBm with the same PAE, and an improved PAE of 27% at OP 1dB . The excellent performance is mainly due to the high Q passive elements of CIPD. To the author's knowledge, this is the first demonstration of a watt-level PA using flip-chip assembled on CIPD process with good performance.
Comprehensive Organic Chemistry Experiments for the Laboratory Classroom (2016)

This expansive and practical textbook contains organic chemistry experiments for teaching in the laboratory at the undergraduate level covering a range of functional group transformations and key organic reactions.The editorial team have collected contributions from around the world and standardized them for publication. Each experiment will explore a modern chemistry scenario, such as: sustainable chemistry; application in the pharmaceutical industry; catalysis and material sciences, to name a few. All the experiments will be complemented with a set of questions to challenge the students and a section for the instructors, concerning the results obtained and advice on getting the best outcome from the experiment. A section covering practical aspects with tips and advice for the instructors, together with the results obtained in the laboratory by students, has been compiled for each experiment. Targeted at professors and lecturers in chemistry, this useful text will provide up to date experiments putting the science into context for the students.
The Effect of Multiple Transverse Modes in Self-Mixing Sensors Based on Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers (2006)

In this work we investigate the effect of multiple transverse modes, such as those found in vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers, in self-mixing sensors. We show that the sensitivity of the system and the accuracy of the measurement changes periodically with target distance
Heavy-tailed probability distributions in the World Wide Web (1998)

The explosion of the World Wide Web as a medium for information dissemination has made it important to understand its characteristics, in particular the distribution of its file sizes. This paper presents evidence that a number of file size distributions in the Web exhibit heavy tails, including files requested by users, files transmitted through the network, transmission durations of files, and files stored on servers. In addition, we argue that because of the presence of caching in the Web, the size distribution of transmitted files is primarily determined by the distribution of files available on the Web, and is relatively insensitive to the distribution of files requested by users. Finally, we discuss some of the implications of heavy-tailed transmission durations and relate these results to selfsimilarity in network traffic. 1. Introduction The World Wide Web was designed and initially developed at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics (then called CERN) as a distribution ...
Iterative decoding algorithm and terminating criteria for inter-block permuted turbo codes (2005)

Inter-block permutation (IBP) concept is a simple but effective technique to improve the performance of a conventional turbo code. On the other hand, proper early termination leads to reduced decoding latency without compromising the performance. For inter-block permuted turbo codes (IBP-TC), however, the termination time variation over blocks within the interleaving span necessitates a new design paradigm. We use both cyclic redundancy check (CRC) code and sign check to make a termination decision and generate soft information for unterminated neighboring blocks at the same time. The new decoder that combines the features of iterative decoding and variable stopping time not only yields less average decoding delay but also outperforms its fixed-stopping-time counterpart by 0.2 - 0.3 dB.
Jeremy Bentham, A. Comment on the Commentaries, a criticism of William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, Now first printed from the Autors Manuscript with Introduction and Notes by Charles Warren Everett (1929)

Article Jeremy Bentham, A. Comment on the Commentaries, a criticism of William Blackstone's Commentaries on the Laws of England, Now first printed from the Autors Manuscript with Introduction and Notes by Charles Warren Everett was published on August 1, 1929 in the journal Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Germanistische Abteilung (volume 49, issue 1).