gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Object Reconstruction by Planigraphy: Reconstruction and Localization of Planes (1938)

Any object may be considered the integration of its constituent, serially juxtaposed, parallel planes. By planigraphy (1, 2) it is possible to delineate from two or more radiographs all the plane images of an object, to determine their depths, and finally to reconstruct the actual planes. By relocating the reconstructed planes (plane localization) in their relative positions in space, it is possible to reconstruct the object radiographed. The manner in which plane images are delineated and their depths determined has previously been described (1). The author's method of plane reconstruction (2), however, did not include plane localization. Since it is necessary to localize planes, as well as reconstruct them, to accomplish object reconstruction, the previous method of plane reconstruction falls short of the goal desired. To accomplish this we found it necessary to evolve an original, simple, graphic procedure which not only accomplishes plane reconstruction, but plane localization as well. In Figure 1, image A. 1-B.1-C.1 represents the plane image (obtained by planigraphy,1) of an arbitrary plane, A-B-C, of an object (object not shown in figure), depth h above the plane of the film. The problem involved is the reconstruction of figure A-B-C from its image, A.1-B.1-C.1, and the relocation of this reconstructed plane, so that it bears the same position in space as the original plane. Point F.1 represents the target position, height H above the plate (F.I.L.M). Point V.F.1 represents the vertical projection of F.1, ray V.F.1-F.1 being a perpendicular (or central) ray. Distance R-A (radius vector) represents the distance separating point A from central ray V.F.1-F.1. Line V.F.1-A.1 represents the image of radius vector, R-A (radius vector image). Point V.A, represents the vertical projection of point A. Point V.A. lies along the radius vector image (V.F.1-A.1) at a distance from V.F.1 equal to the radius vector (V.F.1-V.A. = R-A). The vertical projection of a point in space, accordingly, may be represented on the radiograph by finding its radius vector distance (R-A), and by measuring this distance along the radius vector image as depicted on the radiograph. Radius vector distances may be determined from radiographs by the following simple construction (Fig. 2): (1) Line V.F.1-Y is drawn upon a sheet of paper. (2) Vector image V.F.1-A.1 is measured on the radiograph, and transcribed to the sheet along line V.F.1-Y. (3) V.F.1-F.1 is drawn perpendicular to V.F.1—Y and equal to H (target-film distance). (4) R—Z is drawn perpendicular to V.F.1—F.1, height h (plane-film distance) above V.F.1—Y. (5) Points A.1 and F.1 are joined. (6) Line A.1-F.1 intersects R—Z in A. (7) Distance R—A represents the radius vector distance sought (compare Fig. 2 with Fig. 1). The vertical projection, V.A, of point A is then located on the radiograph in the manner indicated above. In the same manner the vertical projections of points B and C are obtained.
Revolution and Counterrevolution: The Supreme Court on Creditors Remedies (1974)

Creditors have more than a dozen prejudgment, no-notice remedies which permit them to seize or encumber a debtor's property even before the creditor has sued the debtor and recovered a judgment. Moreover, a creditor may take a debtor's property without giving the debtor prior notice and the opportunity to oppose the taking in a judicial proceeding. These extraordinary remedies have been employed in England and the United States for centuries and in the 1920s the Supreme Court affirmed their constitutionality. However, in a set of decisions beginning in with Sniadach v. Family Finance Corp. in 1969 and Fuentes v. Shevin in 1972, the Supreme Court laid down the broad principle that, except in extraordinary circumstances, no private citizen could use the courts to summarily seize another person's property. Now, however, the Supreme Court is retreating from these decisions, signalled by its actions in three cases decided in May 1974 which, respectively, rehabilitated replevin, upheld the constitutionality of mechanics' and materialmen's liens, and held that cognovits were valid. The author surveys current Supreme Court jurisprudence on creditors' remedies, analyzing the constitutionality of: I. Liens which do not disturb possession, II. Judicial remedies of secured creditors, III. Judicial remedies of unsecured creditors, and IV. Self-help remedies. The author argues that it was a mistake for the Supreme Court to invalidate various no-notice creditors' remedies on due process grounds because the vindication of abstract and subjective notions of procedural due process is not the business of the courts. The author concludes that the present Court is more likely to defer to the judgment of the peoples' legislators and, as such, creditors' remedies which inflict no injustice on debtors in general or upon a particular debtor in a given case will pass constitutional muster despite the absence of prior notice and the opportunity for a hearing.
An Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for PBS Z1, a Defective Phage of Bacillus subtilis (1979)

SUMMARY The sensitivity, reproducibility and specificity of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the defective phage PBS Z1 of Bacillus subtilis have been investigated. It was shown that phages in concentrations between 108 and 2.5 × 1010 particles/ml could be assayed with this method. The coefficient of variation for concentrations between 5 × 108 and 5 × 109 particles/ml was approx. 10%. From some other Bacillus phages tested, only the defective phages resembling PBS Z1 in morphology were detected efficiently with the ELISA for PBS Z1. A comparison is made between ELISA and other assays for PBS Z1.
An Attempt to Correct Speech Discrimination Loss in Cochlear Deafness by Graded Instantaneous Compression (1972)

Hearing aids having linear gain are not as effective in improving speech intelligibility for cochlear deaf patients as those with conductive deafness.On the basis of the relationship found to exist between loudness recruitment and speech intelligibility a compression system has been designed to counteract the recruitment.The instantaneous compression system was found to correct the recruitment for pure tones effectively but speech discrimination though improved in some patients was not restored to normal. It has been shown that this could well be due to the intermodulation components of noise (both internal and external), and speech generated by the non-linearities within the system.As an important corollary of the work it seems likely that the system would provide a useful extension of the dynamic range for cochlear deaf patients in excess of that available from the conventional aid.
Ke 6 Gene (1995)

Ke 6 gene is a newly identified gene located in the major histocompatibility complex and is a candidate steroid dehydrogenase gene because of structural homology and regulatory similarities with mammalian steroid dehydrogenases. We report here the complete nucleotide sequence and intron-exon organization of the Ke 6 gene and cloning of the alternatively spliced Ke 6b transcript. We find that Ke 6 gene expression is down-regulated in pcy mice which is a murine model of polycystic kidney disease (PKD). Thus far, Ke 6 gene expression is down-regulated in all murine models of PKD we have examined. Abnormal steroid metabolism as a possible cause of PKD is discussed.
Single-Carrier Frequency-Domain Turbo Equalization With Various Soft Interference Cancellation Schemes for MIMO Systems (2015)

Single-carrier frequency-domain turbo equalization (SC-FDTE) is investigated, with the focus on the design of soft-decision frequency-domain equalizer (SD-FDE) under minimum mean square error (MMSE) criteria. Existing SD-FDEs perform equalization on each frequency bin individually, which however only achieves suboptimal performance, and with the availability of the a priori input, block-wise operation is required to achieve optimal performance. In this paper, optimal MMSE SD-FDE designs with three soft interference cancellation (SIC) schemes are introduced. The first SIC scheme, SIC-I, utilizes the a priori knowledge from the channel decoder, the second SIC scheme, SIC-II, relies on the decoder a priori knowledge as well as the symbol-wise a posteriori soft-decision feedback of the SD-FDE itself, and the third SIC scheme, SIC-III, is comparable to the SIC-II while with a block-wise soft-decision feedback. The optimal SD-FDEs incur high computation complexity due to block-wise processing, then a suboptimal bin-wise SD-FDE with SIC-III is proposed to achieve complexity-performance tradeoff. It is shown that the suboptimal SD-FDE with SIC-III considerably outperforms existing suboptimal SD-FDE with SIC-I, while at a similar magnitude of complexity. It also achieves better performance than the optimal SD-FDE with either SIC-I or SIC-II. Compared to the optimal SD-FDE with SIC-III, the performance loss is marginal.
Factors Affecting the Heubach and MRI Dustiness Tests (1990)

The effect of test parameters upon material dustiness measured by the Heubach dust measurement appliance and the MRI dustiness tester was studied. The users of these tests can alter test parameters such as flow rate, sampling time, mass of material tested, bulk density, and vibrator setting. The effect of these parameters upon the aerosol produced in the dustiness tester was experimentally studied. All of the parameters affected in a complicated manner, the amount of dust and the size distribution of the dust generated during these tests. Therefore, dustiness test results should not be adjusted for variations in test parameters. The users of dustiness tests need to carefully control dustiness test parameters in order to have reproducible dustiness tests.
Role of RhoA and Rho Kinase in Lysophosphatidic Acid–Induced Endothelial Barrier Dysfunction (2000)

In the present study, the roles of the small GTPase RhoA and its target Rho kinase in endothelial permeability were investigated in vitro. We have shown previously that, in addition to a rise in the intracellular Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)), RhoA is involved in the prolonged thrombin-induced barrier dysfunction. To study the role of RhoA and Rho kinase more specifically, endothelial cells were stimulated with lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), a commonly used RhoA activator. LPA induced a 2- to 3-fold increase in the passage of horseradish peroxidase (HRP) across endothelial monolayers that lasted for several hours, whereas thrombin induced a 5- to 10-fold increase. Comparable to the thrombin-induced barrier dysfunction, the LPA-induced barrier dysfunction was accompanied by a reorganization of the F-actin cytoskeleton and the formation of focal attachment sites. LPA induced only a transient increase in myosin light-chain (MLC) phosphorylation, which returned to basal level within 10 minutes. In endothelial cells, [Ca(2+)](i) was not elevated by LPA. Chelation of Ca(2+)(i) ions by 1, 2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N:,N:,N:',N:'-tetraacetic acid did not prevent the LPA-induced passage of HRP. Apparently, a low degree of MLC kinase activation occurred, because the MLC kinase inhibitor KT5926 reduced the levels of both basal and LPA-stimulated HRP passage. Inhibition of RhoA by the C3 transferase from Clostridium botulinum inhibited the LPA-induced cytoskeletal changes and prevented the LPA-induced HRP passage. Inhibition of Rho kinase by Y-27632 completely prevented the LPA-induced increase in HRP passage without affecting basal permeability. These data indicate that LPA-induced endothelial hyperpermeability occurs without a change in [Ca(2+)](i) and requires activation of RhoA and Rho kinase.
Image Registration in Medical Robotics and Intelligent Systems: Fundamentals and Applications (2019)

Medical image registration, by transforming two or more sets of imaging data into one coordinate system, plays a central role in medical robotics and intelligent systems from diagnostics and surgical planning to real‐time guidance and postprocedural assessment. Recent advances in medical image registration have made a significant impact in orthopedic, neurological, cardiovascular, and oncological applications.The recent literature in medical image registration is reviewed, providing a discussion of their fundamentals and applications. Within each section, the registration techniques are introduced, classifying each method based on their working mechanisms, and discussing their benefits and limitations are discussed. Recently, machine learning has had an important impact on the field of image registration, yielding novel methods and unprecedented speed. The validation of registration methods, however, remains a challenge due to the lack of reliable ground truth. Medical image registration will continue to make significant impacts in the area of advanced medical imaging, as the fusion/combination of multimodal images and advanced visualization technology become more widespread.
Extension of classical IP over ATM to support QoS of the application level (2002)

After the introduction of the basic concepts of classical IP over ATM (CLIP), this paper presents an extension to this standard as well as a full analysis of the technical viability of the extension proposal. One of the major drawbacks of CLIP is the co-existence of IP and ATM without quality of service (QoS) support. By extending the functionality of CLIP and redefining the mapping of IP and ATM addresses, QoS can be brought to IP-based applications without requiring any specific definition or implementation changes at the IP layer or above. QACLIP (QoS for applications using CLIP), the newly defined extension, allows applications to request specific QoS for their data transfer use.
Effect of a Decision Aid on Knowledge and Treatment Decision Making for Breast Cancer Surgery (2004)

The decision board was helpful in improving communication and enabling women to make a choice regarding treatment. Such instruments should be considered by surgeons when communicating the different surgical options to women with breast cancer.
CMOS wavelet compression imager architecture (2005)

The CMOS imager architecture implements /spl Delta//spl Sigma/-modulated Haar wavelet image compression on the focal plane in real time. The active pixel array is integrated with a bank of column-parallel first-order incremental over-sampling analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). Each ADC performs column-wise distributed focal-plane sampling and concurrent signed weighted average quantization, realizing a one-dimensional spatial Haar wavelet transform. A digital delay and adder loop performs spatial accumulation over multiple adjacent ADC outputs. This amounts to computing a two-dimensional Haar wavelet transform, with no overhead in time and negligent overhead in area compared to a baseline digital imager architecture. The architecture is experimentally validated on a 0.35 micron CMOS prototype containing a bank of first-order incremental oversampling ADCs computing Haar wavelet transform on an emulated pixel array output. The architecture yields simulated computational throughput of 1.4 GMACS with SVGA imager resolution at 30 frames per second.
Direct kinematics of zero-torsion parallel mechanisms (2008)

This paper presents the closed-form solutions to the direct kinematics of three 3-DOF symmetric zero-torsion parallel mechanisms. These mechanisms are composed of three identical legs ending with a spherical joint that is constrained to move in one of three equally spaced planes intersecting at one line. The closed-form solutions are based on the use of a not-well-known intuitive orientation representation. The latter, previously introduced under the name of Tilt-and-Torsion angles, is briefly described. Then, the interdependence between the Cartesian coordinates of the general class of parallel mechanisms is derived. Finally, the direct kinematics of the mechanisms are derived and numerical examples are presented.
Three-coordinate gold(<scp>i</scp>) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes: a new class of strongly luminescent derivatives (2013)

A selected group of cationic three-coordinate Au(I)-NHC complexes of the form [Au(NHC)(dppbz)]OTf have been prepared from a commercially available bidentate phosphine. All complexes have been fully characterised by NMR and mass spectroscopy. The [Au(NHC)](+) fragment shows a pronounced tendency to form linear complexes which is confirmed by the molecular structure of [Au(IPr)(dppbz)]OTf in the solid state. The complexes are brightly luminescent and present very high quantum yield values in the solid state. The assignments of the electronic transitions involved in the emissions are of a phosphorescent nature and it is proposed that the origin of the emissions is derived from the ligand (dppbz) to metal-ligand (Au-NHC) charge-transfer (LML'CT) transition.
Mercaptopurine metabolite results in clinical gastroenterology practice (2002)

Measurement of AZA/MP metabolites can be used by practising gastroenterologists to identify potential reasons for nonresponse to AZA or MP, and to identify patients at risk for certain drug-related toxicities.
Design and performance analysis of switched beam series-fed patch antenna array for 60GHz WPAN Applications (2014)

This project gives a detailed study of the Design and Performance analysis of series fed patch antenna array for 60 GHz system applications. The patch array designed in this project will act as an active element and can be used as the feed antenna of the dielectric flat lens antenna which is highly directive at 60 GHz. CPW (Coplanar Waveguide) is used as the feeding technique of the antenna array because it has lower transmission loss, lower profile especially on high frequency band. The purpose of the array is to perform the beam scanning with the shift in the frequency over the complete range of V-Band i.e. 57 GHz to 64 GHz. The designs are simulated in HFSS which is a high frequency simulator for designing such antennas. Due to the low profile and small weight of these antennas, they are constructed in microstrip technology which allows easy integration with printed circuits. For the fabrication of antennas Laser machine LPKF and photolithographic process are used.
Computational creativity theory: The FACE and IDEA descriptive models (2011)

We introduce computational creativity theory (CCT) as an analogue in computational creativity research to computational learning theory in machine learning. In its current draft, CCT comprises the FACE descriptive model of creative acts as tuples of generative acts, and the IDEA descriptive model of the impact such creative acts may have. To introduce these, we simplify various assumptions about software development, background material given to software, how creative acts are performed by computer, and how audiences consume the results. We use the two descriptive models to perform two comparisons studies, firstly for mathematical discovery software, and secondly for visual art generating programs. We conclude by discussing possible additions, improvements and refinements to CCT.
Wittig and His Accomplishments: Still Relevant Beyond His 100th Birthday (2001)

Georg Wittig, what is known today about his work? Certainly the Wittig reaction and dehydrobenzene are mentioned when younger chemists refer to Wittig. However, such pioneering discoveries as the halogen/metal exchange reaction and the directed ortho-metalation, as well as the key experiments leading to azaenolates or to complex bases, are associated with Wittig only by some old-timers. This is the reason to refer anew to the significance of Wittig's contributions to the chemistry of the 21st century.
Chaotic characteristics analyses of underwater acoustic signals (2002)

It is very important to study the dynamic properties of underwater acoustic signals for improving the performance of underwater acoustic systems. This paper studies the chaotic characteristics of noise signals radiated from ships using power spectrum analysis, singular spectrum analysis, Lyapunov exponents and correlation dimension. All studies proved that there exist chaotic characteristic in this type of signal. Experiments showed that the fractal dimensions of different signal sources are different. It would be very useful to be able to classify this type of signal. As a byproduct, a method for estimating Lyapunov exponents based on the idea of system identification is presented in this paper.
Un manuel anglais de géographie de la population : John Clarke, Population Geography (1973)

George Pierre. Un manuel anglais de géographie de la population : John Clarke, Population Geography. In: Annales de Géographie, t. 82, n°451, 1973. pp. 339-340.
Trace processors: moving to fourth-generation microarchitectures (1997)

This article proposes a new architecture called "trace processors", which consist of multiple, distributed on-chip processor cores, each of which simultaneously executes a different trace. All but one core executes the traces speculatively, having used branch prediction to select traces that follow the one executing. (Although this architectural concept is similar to multiscalar processors, it does not require explicit compiler support). The authors argue that future processors will rely heavily on replication and hierarchy, and they show how their architecture exploits these concepts.
Different Strokes from Different Folks: Community Ties and Social Support (1990)

Community ties with friends and relatives are a principal means by which people and households get supportive resources. Quantitative and qualitative data from the second East York study are used to evaluate six potential explanations of why different types of ties provide different kinds of supportive resources: tie strength, contact, group processes, kinship,network members' characteristics, and similarities and dissimilarities between network members in such characteristics. Most relatioships provide specialized support. The kinds of support provided are related more to characteristics of the relationship than to characteristics of the network members themselves. Strong ties provide emotional aid, small services, and companionship. Parents and adult children exchange financial aid, emotional aid, large services, and small services. Physically accessible ties provide services. Women provide emotional aid. Friends, neighbors, and siblings make up about half of all supportive relationships. The ensemble of network members supplies stable and adaptive support.
In Vitro Polymerization of a Functional Escherichia coli Amyloid Protein (2006)

Amyloid formation is characterized by the conversion of soluble proteins into biochemically and structurally distinct fibers. Although amyloid formation is traditionally associated with diseases such as Alzheimer disease, a number of biologically functional amyloids have recently been described. Curli are amyloid fibers produced by Escherichia coli that contribute to biofilm formation and other important physiological processes. We characterized the polymerization properties of the major curli subunit protein CsgA. CsgA polymerizes into an amyloid fiber in a sigmoidal kinetic fashion with a distinct lag, growth, and stationary phase. Adding sonicated preformed CsgA fibers to the polymerization reaction can significantly shorten the duration of the lag phase. We also demonstrate that the conversion of soluble CsgA into an insoluble fiber involves the transient formation of an intermediate similar to that characterized for several disease-associated amyloids. The CsgA core amyloid domain can be divided into five repeating units that share sequence and structural hallmarks. We show that peptides representing three of these repeating units are amyloidogenic in vitro. Although the defining characteristics of CsgA polymerization appear conserved with disease-associated amyloids, these proteins evolved in diverse systems and for different purposes. Therefore, amyloidogenesis appears to be an innate protein folding pathway that can be capitalized on to fulfill normal physiological tasks.