gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of population programmes upon quality of life and sustainable development. (1993)

Examining the effect of population programs upon quality of life and sustainable development, the author considers global and regional trends in population growth, links between rapid growth and economic development, key factors influencing fertility decline, population programs and quality of life, and population programs and sustainable development. He emphasizes that population programs are an important component of efforts to improve the quality of life and provide a basis for the possibility of sustainable development. Population policies through their interaction with other social, political, and economic factors also can contribute positively to development. Family planning programs, the main tools of population policy, are fostered from a maternal-child health and human rights rationale as much as from a demographic rationale. There is also a major convergence of rationale for family planning programs with policies to enhance women's status in overall development strategies. Concerns with the quality of life and sustainable development reflect different time frames. Concern with promoting the quality of life focuses upon the alleviation of suffering and expansion of life opportunities in the present and short term, while concern with sustainable development is focused more upon the long term. International debate, policy formulation, and agreement are much farther away from realistic strategies to achieve long-term than short-term economic development.
Gastro-resistant microspheres containing ketoprofen (2002)

Ketoprofen gastroresistant microspheres were prepared by spray-drying using common pH dependent polymers, such as Eudragit S and L, CAP, CAT and HPMCP. The long ketoprofen recrystallization time was a serious hindrance to the preparation of microspheres having a drug content higher than 35%. Microspheres were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffractometry and in vitro dissolution studies, and used for the preparation of tablets. During this step, the compaction ability of the spray-dried powders was measured. While the compressibility of the microspheres containing the enteric cellulosic derivatives are not acceptable and different from those of the microcrystalline cellulose, the compaction properties of ketoprofen/Eudragit L or S microspheres are comparable to those of the Avicel PH 101. In vitro dissolution studies were performed on the microspheres and the tablets. All microspheres showed a good gastroresistance, but some differences among the five polymers in reducing drug release at low pH values are present. Acrylic polymers (Eudragit L or S) are considerably more effective than the cellulosic derivatives CAP and CAT, while the HPMCP profile is in an intermediate position. These differences are erased by the microspheres compression process. In HCl 0.1 N, the percentage of ketoprofen released from the tablets is always close to zero, independently from the polymer used.
Cross-Priming of Diabetogenic T Cells Dissociated from CTL-Induced Shedding of β Cell Autoantigens (2003)

Cross-presentation of self Ags by APCs is key to the initiation of organ-specific autoimmunity. As MHC class I molecules are essential for the initiation of diabetes in nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, we sought to determine whether the initial insult that allows cross-presentation of beta cell autoantigens in diabetes is caused by cognate interactions between naive CD8(+) T cells and beta cells. Naive splenic CD8(+) T cells from transgenic NOD mice expressing a diabetogenic TCR killed peptide-pulsed targets in the absence of APCs. To ascertain the role of CD8(+) T cell-induced beta cell lysis in the initiation of diabetes, we expressed a rat insulin promoter (RIP)-driven adenovirus E19 transgene in NOD mice. RIP-E19 expression inhibited MHC class I transport exclusively in beta cells and rendered these cells resistant to lysis by CD8(+) (but not CD4(+)) T cells, both in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, RIP-E19 expression impaired the accumulation of CD8(+) T cells in islets and delayed the onset of islet inflammation, without affecting the timing or magnitude of T cell cross-priming in the pancreatic lymph nodes, which is the earliest known event in diabetogenesis. These results suggest that access of beta cell autoantigens to the cross-presentation pathway in diabetes is T cell independent, and reveal a previously unrecognized function of MHC class I molecules on target cells in autoimmunity: local retention of disease-initiating clonotypes.
Synthesis of Polycyclic Ethers by Two-Directional Double Ring-Closing Metathesis (2000)

trans-Fused tricyclic ethers containing combinations of six-, seven-, eight-, and nine-membered rings are constructed using two-directional double ring-closing metathesis reactions (see scheme). Such double cyclizations of precursors bearing alkenes, allylic ethers, enol ethers, or alkynyl ethers offer a new strategy for the synthesis of brevetoxins and ciguatoxins. PMB=(p-MeOC(6)H(4)CH(2)).
Standardization of Clinical Immunohistochemistry (2002)

2002 issue of AJCP in response to news that the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is making plans to recommend a “standardized” immunohistochemical test for the KIT protein (CD117) highlighted the clash of cultures that is emerging in diagnostic surgical pathology. Largely based on the interpretation of histologic images, this profession has long relied on the individual practitioner’s inherent pattern-recognition skills, experience, and clinical acumen, attributes not easily quantifiable. However, with the introduction of techniques to identify individual molecular attributes of cells in histologic sections, surgical pathology is moving more and more into
ChemInform Abstract: Derivatives of 6,7‐Dihydro‐5H‐pyrrolo(1,2‐a)imidazole. (1987)

Abstract The 2‐aminopyrrolinium salts (I) are cyclized to give the amidinium salts (II) which yield the bicyclic imidazoles (III) after treatment with a base.
Clinical Trials: Study Design, Endpoints and Biomarkers, Drug Safety, and FDA and ICH Guidelines (2011)

Clinical Trials, Second Edition, offers those engaged in clinical trial design a valuable and practical guide. This book takes an integrated approach to incorporate biomedical science, laboratory data of human study, endpoint specification, legal and regulatory aspects and much more with the fundamentals of clinical trial design. It provides an overview of the design options along with the specific details of trial design and offers guidance on how to make appropriate choices. Full of numerous examples and now containing actual decisions from FDA reviewers to better inform trial design, the 2nd edition of Clinical Trials is a must-have resource for early and mid-career researchers and clinicians who design and conduct clinical trials
Measurement of in Vitro Dissolution of Aerosol Particles for Comparison to in Vivo Dissolution in the Lower Respiratory Tract after Inhalation (1973)

Dissolution and transport of particles deposited in the lower respiratory tract (LRT) are important factors when estimating clearance and the long-term hazard associated with inhaled radioactive aerosols. Three methods for the in uitro determination of rates of dissolution in simulated biological fluids of respirable particles are described. Short term an vitro dissolution patterns of 144CeCl3 aerosol particles and various samples of 95Zr-95Nb aerosol particles were determined and compared with data on the in vivo dissolution of similar particles in the LRT of experimental animals. General agreement between the in vitro and in vivo dissolution patterns was observed. The long-term (weeks) in vitro rates of dissolution of narrow size group 90Sr-fused clay particles were measured in static and parallel flow systems. The rate constants of dissolution of 90Sr-fused clay particles in the two systems were calculated as 3.1 × 10−8 g/cm2/day and 3.3 × 10-s g/cm2/day, respectively. The estimated rate constant of dissolution of 90Sr-fused clay particles in the LRT of a Beagle dog, 3.4 × 10−8 g/cm2/day, was in good agreement with the in vitro rate constant of dissolution.
Studies of <scp>J</scp>ak/<scp>STAT</scp>3 expression and signalling in psoriasis identifies <scp>STAT</scp>3‐<scp>S</scp>er727 phosphorylation as a modulator of transcriptional activity (2013)

Jak/Tyk proteins have recently aroused as possible therapeutic targets for the treatment of psoriasis. In psoriasis, these proteins signal through STAT molecules including STAT3, and STAT3 expression and activation has been shown augmented in psoriatic lesions. Here, we characterized the expression of Jak/Tyk proteins in lesional compared with non-lesional psoriatic skin. Jak1, Jak2 mRNA and protein and Tyk2 mRNA appeared to be downregulated, whereas Jak3 mRNA expression was increased. Moreover, STAT3 expression and activation was examined in psoriasis. STAT3 is activated at two phosphorylation sites: Tyr705 and Ser727. Both phosphorylation sites were phosphorylated in lesional psoriatic skin. The activation of STAT3 by Jak/Tyk proteins was studied in cultured normal human keratinocytes. Tyr705 phosphorylation was induced by IL-6 and IL-20 in a Jak2-dependent manner, and moreover, phosphorylation of Tyr705 produced a strong increase in STAT3 transcriptional activity. TNFα, 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) and UVB irradiation induced Ser727 phosphorylation of STAT3 in an ERK1/2- and p38 MAPK-dependent manner, which resulted in a modulatory effect on STAT3 transcriptional activity. Our results demonstrate how different signalling pathways can integrate and lead to regulation of STAT3 transcriptional activity.
Regiospecific and stereoselective hydroxylation of 1-indanone and 2-indanone by naphthalene dioxygenase and toluene dioxygenase (1994)

The biotransformation of 1-indanone and 2-indanone to hydroxyindanones was examined with bacterial strains expressing naphthalene dioxygenase (NDO) and toluene dioxygenase (TDO) as well as with purified enzyme components. Pseudomonas sp. strain 9816/11 cells, expressing NDO, oxidized 1-indanone to a mixture of 3-hydroxy-1-indanone (91%) and 2-hydroxy-1-indanone (9%). The (R)-3-hydroxy-1-indanone was formed in 62% enantiomeric excess (ee) (R:S, 81:19), while the 2-hydroxy-1-indanone was racemic. The same cells also formed 2-hydroxy-1-indanone from 2-indanone. Purified NDO components oxidized 1-indanone and 2-indanone to the same products produced by strain 9816/11. P. putida F39/D cells, expressing TDO, oxidized 2-indanone to (S)-2-hydroxy-1-indanone of 76% ee (R:S, 12:88) but did not oxidize 1-indanone efficiently. Purified TDO components also oxidized 2-indanone to (S)-2-hydroxy-1-indanone of 90% ee (R:S, 5:95) and failed to oxidize 1-indanone. Oxidation of 1- and 2-indanone in the presence of [18O]oxygen indicated that the hydroxyindanones were formed by the incorporation of a single atom of molecular oxygen (monooxygenation) rather than by the dioxygenation of enol tautomers of the ketone substrates. As alternatives to chemical synthesis, these biotransformations represent direct routes to 3-hydroxy-1-indanone and 2-hydroxy-1-indanone as the major products from 1-indanone and 2-indanone, respectively.
Investigation of surface treatment schemes on <i>n</i>-type GaN and Al0.20Ga0.80N (2005)

The effects of SiCl4 reactive-ion-etching (RIE) plasma treatment on n-GaN and n-Al0.20Ga0.80N surfaces, and the subsequent cleaning of the surfaces using ammonium hydroxide (NH4OH), hydrochloric acid (HCl), and buffered oxide etch (BOE) solutions, have been investigated using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Auger electron spectroscopy measurements. Of these cleaning schemes, BOE was found to be the most effective treatment to remove oxides from the surfaces of the SiCl4 plasma treated samples. The SiCl4 plasma treatment of GaN and AlGaN resulted in the blueshift of Ga–N (Ga3d) peaks to higher binding energies corresponding to a shift of the Fermi level (EF) toward the conduction band edge at the surface. It has been reported that this type of shift is caused by the creation of N vacancies, which act as n-type dopant [D. W. Jenkins and J. D. Dow, Phys. Rev. B. 39, 3317 (1989); M. E. Lin, Z. F. Fan, Z. Ma, L. H. Allen, and H. Morkoç, Appl. Phys. Lett. 64, 887 (1994); A. T. Ping, Q. Chen, J. W. Yang, M. A. Khan, and I. Adesida, J. Electron. Mater. 27, 261 (1998)] on the surface due to SiCl4 plasma treatment. This corresponds to an increase in n-type dopant density on the surface. Thus, SiCl4 plasma treatment in a RIE system thins the Schottky barrier heights of n-GaN and n-AlGaN and aids in the formation of ohmic contacts on such surfaces.
Uroporphyrinogen Decarboxylase Is a Radiosensitizing Target for Head and Neck Cancer (2011)

Head and neck cancer (HNC) is the eighth most common malignancy worldwide, comprising a diverse group of cancers affecting the head and neck region. Despite advances in therapeutic options over the last few decades, treatment toxicities and overall clinical outcomes have remained disappointing, thereby underscoring a need to develop novel therapeutic approaches in HNC treatment. Uroporphyrinogen decarboxylase (UROD), a key regulator of heme biosynthesis, was identified from an RNA interference-based high-throughput screen as a tumor-selective radiosensitizing target for HNC. UROD knockdown plus radiation induced caspase-mediated apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in HNC cells in vitro and suppressed the in vivo tumor-forming capacity of HNC cells, as well as delayed the growth of established tumor xenografts in mice. This radiosensitization appeared to be mediated by alterations in iron homeostasis and increased production of reactive oxygen species, resulting in enhanced tumor oxidative stress. Moreover, UROD was significantly overexpressed in HNC patient biopsies. Lower preradiation UROD mRNA expression correlated with improved disease-free survival, suggesting that UROD could potentially be used to predict radiation response. UROD down-regulation also radiosensitized several different models of human cancer, as well as sensitized tumors to chemotherapeutic agents, including 5-fluorouracil, cisplatin, and paclitaxel. Thus, our study has revealed UROD as a potent tumor-selective sensitizer for both radiation and chemotherapy, with potential relevance to many human malignancies.
Endomicroscopic video retrieval using mosaicing and visualwords (2010)

In vivo pathology from endomicroscopy videos can be a challenge for many physicians. To ease this task, we propose a content-based video retrieval method providing, given a query video, relevant similar videos from an expert-annotated database. Our main contribution consists in revisiting the Bag of Visual Words method by weighting the contributions of the dense local regions according to the registration results of mosaicing. We perform a leave-one-patient-out k-nearest neighbors classification and show a significantly better accuracy (e.g. around 94% for 9 neighbors) when compared to using the video images independently. Less neighbors are needed to classify the queries and our signature summation technique reduces retrieval runtime.
Sampled grating DBR lasers with 22 nm quasi-continuous tuning and monolithically integrated wavelength monitors (2002)

Reports on a widely tunable sampled-grating DBR laser with an integrated wavelength monitor. The laser has a 22 nm quasi-continuous tuning range, which enables it to reach 27 WDM channels spaced at 100 GHz with equal output power and greater than 40 dB of SMSR. The integrated monitor provides a differential feedback signal that enables the wavelength of the laser to be tracked over a 30 nm range with a resolution of 0.44 nm.
Oils and Rubber from Arid Land Plants (1980)

In this article the economic development potentials of Cucurbita species (buffalo gourd and others), Simmondsia chinensis (jojoba), Euphorbia lathyris (gopher plant), and Parthenium argentatum (guayule) are discussed. All of these plants may become important sources of oils or rubber.
Telephone data collection using the World Wide Web (2002)

Over the past year our group has begun development of telephone-based speech understanding capability for our GALAXY conversational system. An important part of this process has been the collection of telephone speech which was used for training and evaluation. In the first phase of data collection our goal was to collect read speech from a wide variety of talkers, telephone handsets, and noise/channel conditions. In the second phase of data collection our additional goal was to collect spontaneous telephone speech from subjects actually using the system. In order to maximize variation in telephone conditions, as well as ease of use for subjects, the data collection software was designed to telephone subjects at their specified phone numbers around North America. Subjects initiate the data collection session by submitting an electronic form accessible by a WWW browser. For read speech collection, a set of prompts is automatically generated for the subject. This paper describes the design of the data collection system we are using for these purposes. To date we have collected over 9,000 utterances from over 270 subjects.
Thermodynamics and kinetics of reactions between C1-C3 hydrocarbons and calcium sulfate in deep carbonate reservoirs (2006)

Organic-inorganic reactions during thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) are the main cause for the destruction of hydrocarbons in deep carbonate sediments. In this paper, thermal simulation experiments on C1—C3 hydrocarbons and solid calcium sulfate were carried out using an autoclave operated at high temperature and high pressure. The gas and solid products were characterized by advanced analytical methods including microcoulometry, gas chromatography and FT-IR. The kinetics and thermodynamics were investigated on the basis of the experimental data, and the results showed that the reactions of C1—C3 hydrocarbons and solid calcium sulfate can proceed spontaneously in the laboratory to produce H2S, H2O, and CaCO3 as the main products. From the kinetic calculation, it is found that these three reactions are zero order reactions with activation energies of 152.9 kJ/mol, 131.0 kJ/mol and 120.6 kJ/mol, respectively. When extrapolated to geological temperatures, the time needed to reach 50% conversion at the temperature of 200°C for the reaction between CH4 and CaSO4 is 1.44 million years.
Short-term topical therapy of experimental tinea pedis in guinea pigs with lanoconazole, a new imidazole antimycotic agent (1995)

The therapeutic efficacy of short-term treatment with a 1% cream of lanoconazole, a new imidazole antimycotic agent, in comparison with that of a 1% cream of terbinafine was evaluated in the guinea pig model of tinea pedis. Each agent was topically applied once a day for 3 or 7 consecutive days, starting on day 10 postinfection, and a culture study was conducted on day 5 after the last treatment with each agent. The 1% cream of lanoconazole was as highly effective as the 1% cream of terbinafine in terms of eradicating the fungi from the infected feet.
Automated image-based phenotypic screening for high-throughput drug discovery (2009)

At the state-of-the-art in drug discovery, one of the key challenges is to develop high-throughput screening (HTS) techniques that can measure changes as a continuum of complex phenotypes induced in a target pathogen. Such measurements are crucial in developing therapeutics against diseases like schistosomiasis, trypanosomiasis, and leishmaniasis, which impact millions worldwide. These diseases are caused by parasites that can manifest a variety of phenotypes at any given point in time in response to drugs. Consequently, a single end-point measurement of 'live or death' (e.g., ED <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">50</sub> value) commonly used for lead identification is over-simplistic. In our method to address this problem, the parasites are tracked during the entire course of (video) recorded observations and changes in their appearance-based and behavioral characteristics quantified using geometric, texture-based, color-based, and motion-based descriptors. Subsequently, within the on-line setting, machine learning techniques are used classify the exhibited phenotypes into well defined categories. Important advancements introduced as a consequence of the proposed approach include: (1) ability to assess the interactions between putative drugs and parasites in terms of multiple appearance and behavior-based phenotypes, (2) automatic classification and quantification of pathogen phenotypes. Experimental data from lead identification studies against the disease Schistosomiasis validate the proposed methodology.
For chromosomes, equality means segregation (2009)

Sliding spindle microtubules equalize force on separating chromosomes.
<title>Extraordinary survival of nanobacteria under extreme conditions</title> (1998)

Nanobacteria show high resistance to gamma irradiation. To further examine their survival in extreme conditions several disinfecting and sterilizing chemicals as well as autoclaving, UV light, microwaves, heating and drying treatments were carried out. The effect of antibiotics used in cell culture were also evaluated. Two forms of nanobacteria were used in the tests: nanobacteria cultured in serum containing medium, and nanobacteria cultured in serum-free medium, the latter being more mineralized. Nanobacteria, having various amounts of apatite on their surfaces, were used to analyze the degree of protection given by the mineral. The chemicals tested included ethanol, glutaraldehyde, formalin, hypochlorite, hydrogen peroxide, hydrochloric acid, sodium hydroxide, detergents, and commercial disinfectants at concentrations generally used for disinfection. After chemical and physical treatments for various times, the nanobacteria were subcultered to detect their survival. The results show unique and wide resistance of nanobacteria to common agents used in disinfection. It can also be seen that the mineralization of the nanobacterial surface furthermore increases the resistance. Survival of nanobacteria is unique among living bacteria, but it can be compared with that observed in spores. Interestingly, nanobacteria have metabolic rate as slow as bacterial spores. A slow metabolic rate and protective structures, like mineral, biofilm and impermeable cell wall, can thus explain the observations made.
An Electroactive Biotin‐Doped Polypyrrole Substrate That Immobilizes and Releases EpCAM‐Positive Cancer Cells (2014)

The specific capture and remotely controlled release of the EpCAM-positive cancer cells from biotin-doped polypyrrole (Ppy) films in response to an electrical potential is presented. As Ppy allows the direct incorporation of biotin molecules during the electrochemical process, densely packed biotin molecules can serve as the binding sites for streptavidin-tagged biomolecular complexes. This study demonstrates not only the enhanced capture and enrichment of EpCAM-positive cancer cells but also "on-demand" release of the viable cells from conductive Ppy in an electrical-potential-dependent way. This novel approach is of great importance in a diverse range of applications, and in particular in cancer diagnostics and screening.
Reduced Representation Methods for Subgenomic Enrichment and Next-Generation Sequencing (2011)

Several methods have been developed to enrich DNA for subsets of the genome prior to next-generation sequencing. These front-end enrichment strategies provide powerful and cost-effective tools for researchers interested in collecting large-scale genomic sequence data. In this review, I provide an overview of both general and targeted reduced representation enrichment strategies that are commonly used in tandem with next-generation sequencing. I focus on several key issues that are likely to be important when deciding which enrichment strategy is most appropriate for a given experiment. Overall, these techniques can enable the collection of large-scale genomic data in diverse species, providing a powerful tool for the study of evolutionary biology.