gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Immunoassay for Viable Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Turbid Environmental Water Samples (2001)

Jeffrey L. Call, Michael Arrowood, Long-Ti Xie, Kathy Hancock, Victor C. W. Tsang, Immunoassay for Viable Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts in Turbid Environmental Water Samples, The Journal of Parasitology, Vol. 87, No. 1 (Feb., 2001), pp. 203-210
Separation of Fluoride from Other Monovalent Anions Using Multilayer Polyelectrolyte Nanofiltration Membranes (2007)

Nanofiltration (NF) is an attractive technique for reducing F- concentrations to acceptable levels in drinking water, but commercial NF membranes such as NF 270 and NF 90 show minimal Cl-/F- selectivity. In contrast, simple layer-by-layer deposition of 4.5-bilayer poly(styrene sulfonate) (PSS)/poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) films on porous alumina supports yields NF membranes that exhibit Cl-/F- and Br-/F- selectivities>3 along with solution fluxes that are >3-fold higher than those of the commercial membranes. Fluoride rejection by (PSS/PDADMAC)4PSS membranes, which is >70%, is independent of pressure over a range of 3.6 to 6.0 bar, suggesting that the primary transport mechanism in these films is convection. Moreover, the fact that Br-/F- selectivity is 12% higher than Cl-/F- selectivity suggests that discrimination among the monovalent ions is based on size (Stokes radius). Chloride/fluoride selectivities are essentially constant over Cl-/F- feed ratios from 1 to 60, so these separations will be viable over a range of conditions. Interestingly, PSS/protonated poly(allylamine) films show little Cl-/F- selectivity, and the selectivity of PSS/PDADMAC membranes is a strong function of the number of deposited layers, indicating that NF properties are very sensitive to film structure.
Migration to the public cloud (2013)

Along with the development of cloud computing technology, website owners begin to consider migrating their website from private in-house server to public cloud servers. In this paper, we use a principal-agent model to analyze the underlying economic trade-offs of such migration and then extend it into a dynamic environment. Our results indicate that the trade-off between market information precision and rent extraction affects the decision choice between private server and public cloud in the short run, in the long run, the rent extraction effect diminishes and the demand for public cloud increases. In a long run equilibrium, private servers exist but are constrained to a comparatively low level.
Development of Suspended Particulate Matter Algorithms for Ocean Color Remote Sensing (2001)

We developed a CA5E-Ⅱ water model that will enable the simulation of remote sensing reflectance(Rrs) at the coastal waters for the retrieval of suspended sediments (SS) concentrations from satellite imagery. The model has six components which are: water, chlorophyll, dissolved organic matter (DOM), non-chlorophyllous particles (NC), heterotrophic microorganisms and an unknown component, possibly represented by bubbles or other particulates unrelated to the five first components. We measured Rrs concentration of SS and chlorophyll, and absorption of DOM during our field campaigns in Korea. In addition, we generated Rrs from different concentrations of SS and chlorophyll, and various absorptions of DOM by random number functions to create a large database to test the model. We assimilated both the computer generated parameters as well as the in-situ measurements in order to reconstruct the reflectance spectra. We validated the model by comparing model-reconstructed spectra with observed spectra. The estimated Rrs spectra were used to (1) evaluate the performance of four wavelengths and wavelengths ratios for accurate retrieval of SS. 2) identify the optimum band for SS retrieval, and 3) assess the influence of the SS on the chlorophyll algorithm. The results indicate that single bands at longer wavelengths in visible yield better results than commonly used channel ratios. The wavelength of 625nm is suggested as a new and optimal wavelength for SS retrieval. Because this wavelength is not available from SeaWiFS, 555nm is offered as an alternative. The presence of SS in coastal areas can lead to overestimation chlorophyll concentrations greater than 20-500%.
Gene expression in Huntington's disease skeletal muscle: a potential biomarker (2005)

Huntington's disease (HD) is an incurable and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. Improvements in the objective measurement of HD will lead to more efficient clinical trials and earlier therapeutic intervention. We hypothesized that abnormalities seen in the R6/2 mouse, a greatly accelerated HD model, might highlight subtle phenotypes in other mouse models and human HD. In this paper, we identify common gene expression changes in skeletal muscle from R6/2 mice, Hdh(CAG(150)) homozygous knock-in mice and HD patients. This HD-triggered gene expression phenotype is consistent with the beginnings of a transition from fast-twitch to slow-twitch muscle fiber types. Metabolic adaptations similar to those induced by diabetes or fasting are also present but neither metabolic disorder can explain the full phenotype of HD muscle. The HD-induced gene expression changes reflect disease progression. This raises the possibility that muscle gene expression may be used as an objective biomarker to complement clinical HD-rating systems. Furthermore, an understanding of the molecular basis of muscle dysfunction in HD should provide insight into mechanisms involved in neuronal abnormalities and neurodegeneration.
PHOTOCATHODE ELECTRON SOURCE DEVELOPMENT AT ADVANCED ENERGY SYSTEMS (2000)

Advanced Energy Systems is developing several novel photocathode electron sources. One of these sources, which is fully superconducting, is intended to provide a high-brightness, quasi-CW stream of electron bunches from a very compact gun system. A second source is normal conducting, but utilizes a very robust, high- quantum-efficiency photocathode. This gun is intended for use in applications such as high-gain FEL's or next generation linear colliders. We will report on the research that has been performed on the performance of the photocathode materials and describe the basic design of these photocathode RF electron guns together with projecting their expected performance. It is shown that the superconducting gun exhibits much promise while the normal conducting gun results are inconclusive at this time.
Bonding, Interfacial Effects And Adhesion In DLC. (1989)

Metastable, amorphous carbon films, also referred to as diamond-like carbon (DLC), are prepared in a large variety of deposition conditions. Depending upon the conditions, DLC films may contain large amounts of hydrogen, and are referred to as hydrogenated amorphous carbon. The properties of DLC are strongly dependent on the preparation conditions and upon the amount of hydrogen incorporated in the film. Due to its extreme hardness, DLC can be used as a wear protective coating, while its chemical inertness to acids and alkali's make it suitable for protection against chemical attack. The optical transparency of the DLC over a large region of the spectrum makes it useful as a protective coating of optical components. However, hydrogenated DLC is usually also characterized by very high compressive stresses. Its application as a protective coating therefore requires strong adhesive bonds to the coated surface. The paper reviews structural and optical properties of DLC films and means of improving their adhesion to metallic surfaces.
Microwave-Promoted Aminocarbonylation of Aryl Iodides, Aryl Bromides, and Aryl Chlorides in Water (2006)

Fast and direct methods have been developed for the small-scale carbonylative preparation of benzamides from aryl iodides, bromides, and chlorides in pure water. The reactions proceed by palladium catalysis using noninert conditions, solid Mo(CO)6 as the CO source, and controlled microwave superheating. Within 15 min of microwave processing, more than 90 aminocarbonylations were successfully performed in useful to excellent yields employing both primary and secondary amines. Using appropriate ratios of starting amines and aryl halides, the competing hydroxycarbonylation reaction was suppressed and only trace amounts of the corresponding carboxylic acids were detected. Based on this aqueous carbonylation, a facile preparation of a novel HIV-1 protease inhibitor was achieved.
Avidin binding of radiolabeled biotin derivatives. (1988)

Three N-acyl derivatives of biotinylethylenediamine were prepared: I, biotinylamidoethyl-3-(3-[125I]iodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionamide; II, biotinylamidoethyl-[3H]acetamide; and III, biotinylamidoethyl-3-(3,5-[125I]diiodo-4-hydroxyphenyl)propionamid e. Each compound was combined with a large excess of avidin, yielding 1:1 molar complexes. Aside from a small fraction of each complex that dissociated more rapidly, the dissociation half-lives of these complexes were: I, 41 days; II, 4.4 days; and III, 148 days. The iodo- (mono or di) hydroxyphenylpropionyl moieties of I and III, therefore, contribute significantly to the binding strength of these compounds toward avidin. We also formed 4:1 complexes of I, II, and III with avidin (compound in excess), each of which exhibited biphasic dissociation, with initial half-lives of 4, 3.2, and 24 days, respectively. Thus, I or especially III potentially can be used as a sensitive tracer in quantitative studies with avidin.
Development of Multiwafer Warm‐Wall Planetary VPE Reactors for SiC Device Production (2006)

Abstract The development of SiC vapor phase epitaxial (VPE) growth for advanced SiC device production is reviewed with an emphasis on multiwafer reactors. Initially SiC epitaxial growth was performed in small homemade reactors on tiny, several millimeter on a side SiC crystals. While interest in SiC has its origins in the late 1950s, along side the elemental semiconductors Si and Ge, its technological development has been delayed by the extreme temperatures (∼1600 °C) required to grow SiC epitaxial layers, the late development of suitable substrates, and the various polytypes that can form. In large part these challenges have now been overcome. The most recent SiC epitaxial layer growth results, including those from the highest reported throughput, 8 × 100 mm, warm‐wall planetary SiC‐VPE reactor, are presented in detail. The growth of device‐quality SiC epitaxial layers with low background doping concentrations <1 × 10 14 cm –3 , and intentional p‐ and n‐type doping from ∼1 × 10 15 cm –3 to >1 × 10 19 cm —3 will be described. These layers have intrawafer thickness and n‐type doping uniformity (σ/mean) of ∼2 % and ∼8 %. The total range of the average intrawafer thickness and doping within a run are approximately ±1 % and ±6 %, respectively. Long term run‐to‐run variations (σ/mean) while under process control are currently ∼3 % for thickness and ∼5 % for doping. Multiwafer SiC epitaxial layer throughput has been increased by over a factor of twenty in just the past seven years while achieving these desirable layer characteristics. This new epitaxial capability is enabling the economical production of advanced SiC devices for the marketplace.
Baroreflex and Cerebral Autoregulation Are Inversely Correlated (2014)

There was an inverse correlation between CA and BRS in healthy volunteers and in patients with carotid stenosis or occlusion. This might be due to a relative increase in sympathetic drive associated with weak baroreflex enhancing cerebral vasomotor tone and CA.
BRCA1/2 Mutations Appear Embryo-Lethal Unless Rescued by Low (CGG n<26) FMR1 Sub-Genotypes: Explanation for the “BRCA Paradox”? (2012)

BRCA1/2 mutations and recently described constitutional FMR1 genotypes have, independently, been associated with prematurely diminished ovarian reserve. Whether they interrelate in distribution, and whether observed effects of BRCA1/2 and FMR1 on ovaries are independent of each other, is unknown. In a prospective comparative cohort study, we, therefore, investigated the distribution of constitutional FMR1 genotypes, normal (norm), heterozygous (het) and homozygous (hom), and of their respective sub-genotypes (high/low), in 99 BRCA1/2 mutation-positive women and 410 female controls to determine whether distribution patterns differed between study and control patients. In contrast to controls, BRCA1/2 carriers demonstrated almost complete absence of all constitutional FMR1 genotypes except for sub-genotypes with low (CGG (n<26)) alleles. Cross tabulation between BRCA1/2-positive patients and controls confirmed significant group membership, related to FMR1 distribution (P<0.0001). These results offer as most likely explanation the conclusion that BRCA1/2 mutations are embryo-lethal, unless rescued by low (CGG (n<26)) FMR1 sub-genotypes, present in approximately one quarter of all women. Women with low FMR1 sub-genotypes, therefore, should reflect increased BRCA1/2-associated cancer risks, while the remaining approximately 75 percent should face almost no such risks. If confirmed, this observation offers opportunities for more efficient and less costly BRCA1/2 cancer screening. The study also suggests that previously reported risk towards prematurely diminished ovarian reserve in association with BRCA mutations is FMR1-mediated, and offers a possible explanation for the so-called "BRCA paradox" by raising the possibility that the widely perceived BRCA1/2-associated tumor risk is actually FMR1-mediated.
High efficiency silicon-based high power LED package integrated with micro- thermoelectric device (2007)

A new thermal management application of silicon-based thermoelectric (TE) cooler integrated with high power light emitting diode (LED) is investigated in present study. The silicon-based TE cooler herein is fabricated by MEMS fabrication technology and flipchip assembly process that is used for high power LED cooling. An electrical-thermal conversion method is used to estimate the junction temperature of LED. Moreover, the Integrating Sphere is also used to measure the light efficiency of LED. The thermal images photographed by infrared camera demonstrated the cooling function of the silicon-based TE devices. The results also show that high power LED integrated with silicon-based thermoelectric cooler package can effectively reduce the thermal resistance to zero. In addition, the light efficiency of the LED (1W) will increase under low TE cooler input power (0.55W), which is about 1.3 times of that without TE cooler packaging.
A power-efficient, low-distortion variable gain amplifier consisting of coupled differential pairs (1997)

A variable gain amplifier incorporating a plurality of coupled differential pairs has been designed in a bipolar technology. By applying variable offset voltages to these differential pairs, the overall gain of the system can be varied. The linear input region is inversely proportional to gain, making the amplifier very well suited for automatic gain control circuits. Furthermore, the gain of the proposed amplifier is 0-25 dB, the signal bandwidth is 35 MHz, and the output IP3 is 24-30 dBm. It operates from a 5 V power supply and dissipates 40 mW. The active chip area is 0.15 mm/sup 2/ in a 1 /spl mu/m bipolar technology.
Increased circulating C-reactive protein and macrophage-colony stimulating factor are complementary predictors of long-term outcome in patients with chronic coronary artery disease (2005)

In patients with chronic CAD, the prognostic value of MCSF is independent and complementary to that of CRP. MCSF is a particularly useful prognostic marker when CRP levels are low, but also provides additional information concerning risk and time-course of events in patients with elevated CRP.
Hermes language experiences (1995)

Abstract We recount and examine experiences with Hermes, an experimental language for programming distributed systems. Hermes has several unusual language features, including compile‐time checking of data initialization, representation independent data aggregates, and an integrated process model. To facilitate compile‐time initialization checking, Hermes stores data in tables and does not expose pointers. We study these features in light of the experiences of Hermes users around the world, analyzing the strengths and weaknesses of the language.
Vinculin phosphorylation differentially regulates mechanotransduction at cell–cell and cell–matrix adhesions (2014)

Cells experience mechanical forces throughout their lifetimes. Vinculin is critical for transmitting these forces, yet how it achieves its distinct functions at cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesions remains unanswered. Here, we show vinculin is phosphorylated at Y822 in cell-cell, but not cell-matrix, adhesions. Phosphorylation at Y822 was elevated when forces were applied to E-cadherin and was required for vinculin to integrate into the cadherin complex. The mutation Y822F ablated these activities and prevented cells from stiffening in response to forces on E-cadherin. In contrast, Y822 phosphorylation was not required for vinculin functions in cell-matrix adhesions, including integrin-induced cell stiffening. Finally, forces applied to E-cadherin activated Abelson (Abl) tyrosine kinase to phosphorylate vinculin; Abl inhibition mimicked the loss of vinculin phosphorylation. These data reveal an unexpected regulatory mechanism in which vinculin Y822 phosphorylation determines whether cadherins transmit force and provides a paradigm for how a shared component of adhesions can produce biologically distinct functions.
Network modeling of signal transduction: establishing the global view (2008)

Embryonic development and adult tissue homeostasis are controlled through activation of intracellular signal transduction pathways by extracellular growth factors. In the past, signal transduction has largely been regarded as a linear process. However, more recent data from large-scale and high-throughput experiments indicate that there is extensive cross-talk between individual signaling cascades leading to the notion of a signaling network. The behavior of such complex networks cannot be predicted by simple intuitive approaches but requires sophisticated models and computational simulations. The purpose of such models is to generate experimentally testable hypotheses and to find explanations for unexpected experimental results. Here, we discuss the need for, and the future impact of, mathematical models for exploring signal transduction in different biological contexts such as for example development.
Oncolytic adenovirus expressing bispecific antibody targets T‐cell cytotoxicity in cancer biopsies (2017)

Oncolytic viruses exploit the cancer cell phenotype to complete their lytic life cycle, releasing progeny virus to infect nearby cells and repeat the process. We modified the oncolytic group B adenovirus EnAdenotucirev (EnAd) to express a bispecific single-chain antibody, secreted from infected tumour cells into the microenvironment. This bispecific T-cell engager (BiTE) binds to EpCAM on target cells and cross-links them to CD3 on T cells, leading to clustering and activation of both CD4 and CD8 T cells. BiTE transcription can be controlled by the virus major late promoter, limiting expression to cancer cells that are permissive for virus replication. This approach can potentiate the cytotoxicity of EnAd, and we demonstrate using primary pleural effusions and peritoneal malignant ascites that infection of cancer cells with the BiTE-expressing EnAd leads to activation of endogenous T cells to kill endogenous tumour cells despite the immunosuppressive environment. In this way, we have armed EnAd to combine both direct oncolysis and T cell-mediated killing, yielding a potent therapeutic that should be readily transferred into the clinic.
Implementation of high speed control network with fail-safe control and communication cable redundancy in modular multilevel converter (2013)

A simple and fast internal communication system (ring communication network) had been proposed to simplify the wiring system in complex multilevel converter, such as Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC). This paper will present a fail-safe control and communication system for a MMC. A fail-safe control is demanded to ensure MMC continue operating without interruption when a malfunction power switch is detected. On the other hand, if a section of the communication cable breaks, the data transfer will be interrupted. Hence, a communication cable redundancy protocol must be enhanced in a ring control interface to increase the reliability of the MMC.
Surfactant-Free Microemulsions of 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium Hexafluorophosphate, Diethylammonium Formate, and Water (2018)

Surfactant-free microemulsions (SFMEs) are a unique kind of microemulsion, which form from immiscible fluids (i.e., oil and water phases) in the presence of amphi-solvents rather than traditional surfactants. In comparison with traditional surfactant-based microemulsions (SBMEs), SFMEs have received much less attention, and the current understanding of the unique system is very limited. Herein, we report a SFME consisting of the hydrophobic ionic liquid (IL) 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate (bmimPF<sub>6</sub>), the protic IL diethylammonium formate (DEAF), and water, in which the bmimPF<sub>6</sub> and DEAF are used as the oil phase and amphi-solvent, respectively. Three kinds of microstructures, namely, water-in-bmimPF<sub>6</sub> (W/IL), bicontinuous (BC), and bmimPF<sub>6</sub>-in-water (IL/W), are identified for the SFME, using cyclic voltammetry, cryo-TEM, and DLS techniques. Especially, the volumetric and surface free energy properties of the SFME are investigated by excess molar volume ( V<sub>m</sub><sup>E</sup>) and surface tension (γ) measurements, and they are found to be similar to those of SBMEs. Discontinuous changes in V<sub>m</sub><sup>E</sup> and γ with the system compositions are observed as the system microstructures change, which can be used to identify the structural transition of SFMEs. We think this study provides a better understanding of SFME features.
Applicability of a Stateful Path Computation Element (PCE) (2017)

A stateful Path Computation Element (PCE) maintains information about
Label Switched Path (LSP) characteristics and resource usage within a
network in order to provide traffic-engineering calculations for its
associated Path Computation Clients (PCCs). This document describes
general considerations for a stateful PCE deployment and examines its
applicability and benefits, as well as its challenges and limitations,
through a number of use cases. PCE Communication Protocol (PCEP)
extensions required for stateful PCE usage are covered in separate
documents.
Energy Filtering of Schottky Field Emission Gun Using Fringe Field Monochromator (1999)

Abstract The energy resolution which can be attained in electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) is determined by the energy spread of the electron source. The energy width of a high brightness electron gun (typically 0.4 to 0.8 eV) blurs the energy spectrum. A pre-specimen energy filter or monochromator must be used to reduce the energy width of the beam below 0.1 eV to allow detailed EELS analysis of the electronic band structures in materials. The monochromator can not only improve EELS, but it is also capable of improving the spatial resolution in low voltage SEM, which is limited by the chromatic blur of the objective lens. A new type of monochromator the Fringe Field Monochromator has been designed and experiments in an ultra high vacuum setup show the monochromatisation of a Schottky Field Emission Gun.