gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sites of glycation of human and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase in vivo. (1991)

Sites of in vivo glycation of human and horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase were identified by cleavage of the borotritide-treated enzyme with trypsin, followed by gas-phase sequencing of the resulting tritium-labeled glycated peptides. A blank sequencing result, i.e. failure to detect an amino acid phenylthiohydantoin after completion of an Edman degradation cycle, was ascribed to an N-(1-deoxyhexitolyl)lysyl residue, which represented a glycation site on the original enzyme subunit. In human liver alcohol dehydrogenase the sites affected were the epsilon-amino groups of lysines 10, 39, 231, 248, and 325, which were glycated to the relative extents of 10, 5, 75, 5, and 5%, respectively. The site specificity of in vivo glycation of the horse enzyme is similar; 70-75% of it had occurred at lysine 231. A computer image of the crystal structure of horse liver alcohol dehydrogenase was examined. As a result, it was proposed that the high rate of glycation at lysine 231 is due to acid-base catalysis of the Amadori rearrangement by the imidazole group of histidine 348. This hypothesis was supported by showing that imidazole groups were close to sites of glycation in several other proteins.
BRDF Measurement Modelling using Wavelets for Efficient Path Tracing (2003)

Abstract Physically based rendering needs numerical models from real measurements, or analytical models from material definitions, of the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF). However, measured BRDF data sets are too large and provide no functionalities to be practically used in Monte Carlo path tracing algorithms. In this paper, we present a wavelet‐based generic BRDF model suitable for both physical analysis and path tracing. The model is based on the separation of spectral and geometrical aspect of the BRDF and allows a compact and efficient representation of isotropic, anisotropic and/or spectral BRDFs. After a brief survey of BRDF and wavelet theory, we present our software architecture for generic wavelet transform and how to use it to model BRDFs. Then, modelling results are presented on real and virtual BRDF measurements. Finally, we show how to exploit the multiresolution property of the wavelet encoding to reduce the variance by importance sampling in a path tracing algorithm. ACM CSS: I.3.7 Computer Graphics— Three‐Dimensional Graphics and Realism
A generic <sup>89</sup>Zr labeling method to quantify the in vivo pharmacokinetics of liposomal nanoparticles with positron emission tomography (2017)

Liposomal nanoparticles are versatile drug delivery vehicles that show great promise in cancer therapy. In an effort to quantitatively measure their in vivo pharmacokinetics, we developed a highly efficient <sup>89</sup>Zr liposome-labeling method based on a rapid ligand exchange reaction between the membrane-permeable <sup>89</sup>Zr(8-hydroxyquinolinate)<sub>4</sub> complex and the hydrophilic liposomal cavity-encapsulated deferoxamine (DFO). This novel <sup>89</sup>Zr-labeling strategy allowed us to prepare radiolabeled forms of a folic acid (FA)-decorated active targeting <sup>89</sup>Zr-FA-DFO-liposome, a thermosensitive <sup>89</sup>Zr-DFO-liposome, and a renal avid <sup>89</sup>Zr-PEG-DFO-liposome at room temperature with near-quantitative isolated radiochemical yields of 98%±1% (n=6), 98%±2% (n=5), and 97%±1% (n=3), respectively. These <sup>89</sup>Zr-labeled liposomal nanoparticles showed remarkable stability in phosphate-buffered saline and serum at 37°C without leakage of radioactivity for 48 h. The uptake of <sup>89</sup>Zr-FA-DFO-liposome by the folate receptor-overexpressing KB cells was almost 15-fold higher than the <sup>89</sup>Zr-DFO-liposome in vitro. Positron emission tomography imaging and ex vivo biodistribution studies enabled us to observe the heterogeneous distribution of the <sup>89</sup>Zr-FA-DFO-liposome and <sup>89</sup>Zr-DFO-liposome in the KB tumor xenografts, the extensive kidney accumulation of the <sup>89</sup>Zr-FA-DFO-liposome and <sup>89</sup>Zr-PEG-DFO-liposome, and the different metabolic fate of the free and liposome-encapsulated <sup>89</sup>Zr-DFO. It also unveiled the poor resistance of all three liposomes against endothelial uptake resulting in their catabolism and high uptake of free <sup>89</sup>Zr in the skeleton. Thus, this technically simple <sup>89</sup>Zr-labeling method would find widespread use to guide the development and clinical applications of novel liposomal nanomedicines.
On link quality estimation for 3G wireless communication networks (2002)

In this paper we present a method to assess measurements for link quality estimation in wireless networks. Quality of service (QoS) is increasingly important in 3G wireless networks. Commonly, the end to end QoS is defined by delay and error rate. To meet the end-to-end QoS requirements it is very important to control the error rates on the air interface. The error rates can be controlled by change the energy per bit on the air interface. A mismatching energy assignment will either result in a waste of capacity or in a violation of the error rate requirements for the air interface. Thus, the link quality estimation is critical for performance and capacity of wireless networks. In this paper we present a method to evaluate the value of possible measurements for link quality estimation. This method supports the selection process of appropriate measurements and allows the comparison of their performance. As an example, we apply the presented method to an UMTS 12.2 kbps connection.
Grid active power filters using cascaded multilevel inverters with direct asymmetric switching angle control for grid support functions (2013)

This paper presents a new control technique for cascaded multilevel inverters, which can achieve harmonic and reactive power compensation and balance unbalanced load simultaneously. Unlike existing control strategies which work in the time domain and focus on reducing the overall harmonics and reactive power without differentiating individual harmonics, this new method works in the frequency domain and can efficiently compensate individual harmonics and reactive power apart from balancing unbalanced load. The principle of the proposed technique is to compensate harmonics and reactive power and balance unbalanced load with direct asymmetric firing angle and conduction angle control for each H-bridge of multilevel inverter. To verify the effectiveness of this new technique, genetic algorithm (GA) is used to solve transcendental equations and find switching angles of each H-bridge of multilevel inverter. From the simulation results, it can be seen that the proposed technique can not only achieve the same harmonic and reactive power compensation performance with a much lower switching frequency than traditional control methods of cascaded multilevel inverter based active power filter (APF), but also can balance unbalanced loads successfully at the same time.
<i>In vivo</i> oximetry using a nitroxide‐liposome system (1991)

Liposomes containing the deuterated, charged, aqueous soluble nitroxide 4-trimethyl-ammonium-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-d16-1-oxyl (d-Cat1) were used as probes to measure oxygen concentrations in vivo. Following intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection of the liposome suspension. ICR mice were placed over the surface probe of a low frequency (1.1 GHz) electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer. The linewidth of the deuterated nitroxide is sensitive to changes in the dissolved oxygen concentration: this parameter was calibrated separately so that linewidths measured in the injected mice could be converted into oxygen tensions. This technique detected substantial changes in pO2 as the oxygen content of the breathing gas was changed from 21 to 85 to 0%. Intravenous injection of the liposomes also is possible, and the liposomes accumulate in the liver and spleen, where detectable, oxygen-sensitive EPR signals can be measured.
Identification of a Resonant Imaging Process in Apertureless Near-Field Microscopy (2004)

We report on apertureless near-field microscopy in the far infrared. We identify a configurational resonance of the scanning tip-surface system to be the dominating mechanism that forms the image. Experimental data such as the high imaging contrast and its spectral properties can be well explained and make the framework of a mesoscopic resonance an alternative to conventional scattering models that are used to interpret near-field data. Our findings are plausibly not restricted to the far infrared and may impact on near-field spectroscopy in general.
Carboxymethyl Cellulose (CMC) as a Template for Laccase-Assisted Oxidation of Aniline (2020)

Polyaniline (PANi) is a conducting polymer which has been subject of intensive research on the exploitation of new products and applications. The main aim of the work is the development of a conductive bacterial cellulose (BC)-based material by enzymatic-assisted polymerization of aniline. For this, we study the role of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as a template for the <i>in situ</i> polymerization of aniline. Bacterial cellulose was used as the supporting material for the entrapment of CMC and for the <i>in situ</i> oxidation reactions. The amount of CMC entrapped inside BC was optimized as well as the conditions for laccase-assisted oxidation of aniline. The new oligomers were evaluated by spectrometric techniques, namely <sup>1</sup>H NMR and MALDI-TOF, and the functionalized BC surfaces were analyzed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and reflectance spectrophotometry. The conductivity of the developed materials was evaluated using the four-probe methodology. The oligomers obtained after reaction in the presence of CMC as template display a similar structure as when the reaction is conducted only in BC. Though, after oxidation in the presence of this template, the amount of oligomers entrapped inside BC/CMC is considerably higher conferring to the material greater electrical conductivity and coloration. The use of CMC as a template for aniline oxidation on BC seems to be a promising and cheap strategy to improve the yield of functionalization and increment the properties of the materials, namely electrical conductivity and coloration.
High-Finesse Laterally Coupled Single-Mode Benzocyclobutene Microring Resonators (2004)

We demonstrate benzocyclobutene microring resonators. These devices, made of a readily available polymer and fabricated with a simple process, are among the smallest radius (10 μm) of polymer microrings. They feature the widest free-spectral range (23.7 nm) as well as highest finesse (192) in any single-ring polymer devices reported to date.
PROTEASES IN PARASITIC DISEASES (2006)

Parasitic diseases represent major global health problems of immense proportion. Schistosomiasis, malaria, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, and African sleeping sickness affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide, cause millions of deaths annually, and present an immense social and economic burden. Recent advances in genomic analysis of several of the major global parasites have revealed key factors involved in the pathogenesis of parasite diseases. Among the major virulence factors identified are parasite-derived proteases. This review focuses on the direct role of proteases in disease pathogenesis. Well-characterized examples of the roles proteases play in pathogenesis include their involvement in invasion of the host by parasite migration through tissue barriers, degradation of hemoglobin and other blood proteins, immune evasion, and activation of inflammation.
Design-integrated reliability studies according to requirements analysis and return of experience the proposed ALSTOM transport company "EFICARE" method (2005)

This article discusses a method called EFICARE developed by ALSTOM transport, rail rolling stock builder, in order to meet customer requirements concerning reliability and life-cycle cost (LCC). This method features two steps: (1) development of requirements and return of experience (ROE), (2) analysis of dysfunction modes and criticality, leading to the definition of a preliminary preventive maintenance plan thus allowing a maintenance cost approach.
NF-κB Specifically Activates BMP-2 Gene Expression in Growth Plate Chondrocytes in Vivo and in a Chondrocyte Cell Line in Vitro (2003)

Bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) regulates growth plate chondrogenesis during development and postnatal bone growth, but the control mechanisms of BMP-2 expression in growth plate chondrocytes are unknown. Here we have used both in vitro and in vivo approaches to demonstrate that transcription factor, NF-kappaB, regulates BMP-2 gene expression in chondrocytes. Two putative NF-kappaB response elements were found in the -2712/+165 region of the BMP-2 gene. Cotransfection of mutant I-kappaBalpha expression plasmids with BMP-2 promoter-luciferase reporters into TMC-23 chondrocyte cell line suppressed BMP-2 transcription. Mutations in NF-kappaB response elements in the BMP-2 gene lead to decreases in BMP-2 promoter activity. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay using nuclear extracts from TMC-23 chondrocytic cells revealed that the NF-kappaB subunits p50 and p65 bound to the NF-kappaB response elements of the BMP-2 gene. Thus, NF-kappaB may positively regulate BMP-2 gene transcription. Consistent with these findings, expression of BMP-2 mRNA was significantly reduced in growth plate chondrocytes in NF-kappaB p50/p52 dKO mice, which associated with decreased numbers of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdUrd)-positive cells in the proliferating zone of growth plate in these mice. Therefore, in postnatal growth plate chondrocytes, expression of BMP-2 is regulated by NF-kappaB, which may play an important role in chondrogenesis.
An Unrelated Monoclonal Antibody Neutralizes Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 by Binding to an Artificial Epitope Engineered in a Functionally Neutral Region of the Viral Envelope Glycoproteins (2005)

Neutralizing antibodies often recognize regions of viral envelope glycoproteins that play a role in receptor binding or other aspects of virus entry. To address whether this is a necessary feature of a neutralizing antibody, we identified the V4 region of the gp120 envelope glycoprotein of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) as a sequence that is tolerant of drastic change and thus appears to play a negligible role in envelope glycoprotein function. An artificial epitope tag was inserted into the V4 region without a significant effect on virus entry or neutralization by antibodies that recognize HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein sequences. An antibody directed against the artificial epitope tag was able to neutralize the modified, but not the wild-type, HIV-1. Thus, the specific target of a neutralizing antibody need not contribute functionally to the process of virus entry.
Therapeutic Approach to Drug Resistant Tumors (1998)

Drug resistance is a major problem in cancer chemotherapy. P-glycoprotein plays a major role in multidrug resistance in cancer cells. P-glycoprotein is expressed in some normal tissues and has physiological functions. These include protecting the brain against toxic substances at the blood-brain barrier site, excreting toxic substances from the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tracts, and transporting steroidal hormones in the adrenal grand. Once expressed in cancer cells. P-glycoprotein effluxes a variety of anticancer drugs, such as doxorubicin, vinca alkaloids, etoposide and taxol, and thereby allows cancer cells to show resistance to these drugs.
Hirsutism: Definitions and Etiology (1990)

Hirsutism as a sign of hyperandrogenism is a common endocrinological disorder in women. Its spectrum varies from mild forms with dominating psychic component to severe forms associated with virilization. The severity should be assessed by semiobjective scoring systems, the use of which also allows the systematic follow-up of the results of treatment. An increase in serum androgen levels or an increased turnover of androgens can be detected in most patients. Enhanced peripheral conversion of androgens to locally acting androgen also leads to hirsutism. The thorough investigation of the endocrinological milieu is required to rule out androgen producing neoplasms. In most patient, however, disturbances are functional, among which polycystic ovary syndrome is the commonest. It is a disorder exhibiting a complexity of changes in endocrinological interactions. Besides inappropriate gonadotropin secretion insulin and insulin like growth factor are also involved. The opioidergic system also seems to be affected. Polycystic ovary syndrome is also associated with obesity and infertility, both of which require attention.
Modeling AIDS in a Mouse (1996)

Mice that are lacking their own lymphocytes are given a human immune system, which then is infected with HIV. Such models are proving themselves in studies of immunization techniques. They also yield insights into HIV, including its capacity for infecting particular cell types and its so-called accessory genes. The models may even help in establishing precisely how HIV kills host CD4 T cells.
Sporadic and familial CJD: classification and characterisation (2003)

Prion diseases are unique transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that have diverse phenotypes and can be familial, sporadic, or acquired by infection. Recent findings indicate that the PrP genotype and the PrP(Sc) type have a major influence on the disease phenotype in both sporadic and familial human prion diseases. This review attempts to classify and characterise sporadic and familial Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) as a function of these two disease determinants. Based on the genotype at codon 129 on both PRNP alleles, the size of protease resistant PrP(Sc) fragments and disease phenotype, we divide sporadic CJD into six subtypes: sCJDMM1/sCJDMV1, sCJDVV2, sCJDMV2, sCJDMM2, sCJDVV1, and sporadic fatal insomnia (sFI). Familial CJD is classified into many haplotypes based on the PRNP mutation and codon 129 (and other polymorphic codons) on the mutant allele. The clinical and pathological features are summarised for each sporadic CJD subtype and familial CJD haplotype.
Syntheses of tritium and carbon‐14 labelled N‐ (3‐dimethyl aminopropyl) ‐N‐(ethylaminocarbonyl)‐6‐(2‐propenyl)ergoline‐8β‐carboxamide (cabergoline), a potent long lasting prolactin lowering agent (1991)

Abstract The syntheses of 3 H‐ and 14 C‐labelled cabergoline (FCE 21336), namely N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N‐(ethylamino‐carbonyl)‐6‐(2‐propenyl)ergoline‐8 β ‐carboxamide 1 and its analogues are described. Tritiated cabergoline ([ 3 H]cabergoline) 6 , namely N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N‐(ethylaminocarbonyl)‐6‐(2‐ [2,3‐ 3 H]‐propenyl)ergoline‐8β‐carboxamide, was obtained, by catalytic reduction with tritium gas, according to two different synthetic procedures: ‐ a three step route, starting from 6‐(2‐propargyl)‐dihydro lysergic acid‐methyl ester 3 gave [ 3 H]cabergoline, 97% radiochemically pure, with a specific radioactivity of 11.19 GBq/mmol and in an overall radiochemical yield of 3.5%. ‐ a one step route, starting from 1‐ethyl‐3‐(3‐dimethyl‐aminopropyl)‐3‐6′‐(2‐propargyl)ergoline‐8′β‐ carbonyflurea 5′ yielded [ 3 H]cabergoline with a radiochemical purity >97%, specific radioactivity 1.06 TBq/mmol and radiochemical yield of 23%. A modification of this last procedure also gave [ 3 H]dihydro cabergoline ([ 3 H]FCE 23411), namely N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl) ‐N‐(ethylaminocarbonyl)‐6‐(2‐[2,3‐ 3 H]propyl)ergoline‐8β‐carboxamide 7 , 97% radiochemically pure and with a specific radioactivity up to 4.03 TBq/mmol. The synthesis of [ 14 C]cabergoline was carried out, in a three step route, by addition of potassium[ 14 C]cyanide to 6‐(2‐propenyl)‐8β‐chloroergoline 12 to give the expected N‐(dimethylaminopropyl)‐N‐(ethylaminocarbonyl)‐6‐(2‐propenyl)‐ergoline‐8β‐ [ 14 C]carboxamide 15 ′, 97% radiochemically pure with a specific radioactivity of 2.09 GBq/mmol and an overall radiochemical yield of 16%.
Chemical Aspects of the Extractive Methods of Ambient Ionization Mass Spectrometry (2013)

Ambient ionization techniques allow complex chemical samples to be analyzed in their native state with minimal sample preparation. This brings the obvious advantages of simplicity, speed, and versatility to mass spectrometry: Desorption electrospray ionization (DESI), for example, is used in chemical imaging for tumor margin diagnosis. This review on the extractive methods of ambient ionization focuses on chemical aspects, mechanistic considerations, and the accelerated chemical reactions occurring in charged liquid droplets generated in the spray process. DESI uses high-velocity solvent droplets to extract analytes from surfaces. Nano-DESI employs liquid microjunctions for analyte dissolution, whereas paper-spray ionization uses DC potentials applied to wet porous material such as paper or biological tissue to field emit charged analyte-containing solvent droplets. These methods also operate in a reactive mode in which added reagents allow derivatization during ionization. The accelerated reaction rates seen in charged microdroplets are useful in small-scale rapid chemical synthesis.
Neural Stabilization/Excitation Control of a High-Order Power System by Adaptive Feedback Linearization (2000)

This paper discusses the systematic design of an adaptive feedback linearizing neurocontroller for a high-order model of the synchronous machine/infinite bus power system. The power system is first modelled as an input-output nonlinear discrete-time system approximated by two neural networks. The approach allows a simple linear pole-placement controller (which is itself not a neural network) to be designed. The control law is specified such that the controller adaptively calculates an appropriate feedback linearizing control law at each sampling instant by utilizing plant parameter estimates provided by the neural system model. The control system also adapts itself on-line. This avoids the requirement for exact knowledge of the power system dynamics and full state measurement as well as other difficulties associated with implementing analytical input-output feedback linearizing control for a complex power system model. Furthermore, a departure is made from the `ad hoc' manner in which many neural controllers have been designed for power systems; the approach used here has foundations in control theoretic concepts of adaptive feedback linearization and pole-placement control design. Simulation results demonstrate the performance of this controller for a representative example of a single-machine/infinite bus power system configuration under various operational conditions.
CONTROL OF THE CRITICAL OXYGEN LEVEL DURING DYNAMIC CA STORAGE OF APPLES BY MONITORING RESPIRATION AS WELL AS CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE (2008)

ISHS International Conference on Ripening Regulation and Postharvest Fruit Quality CONTROL OF THE CRITICAL OXYGEN LEVEL DURING DYNAMIC CA STORAGE OF APPLES BY MONITORING RESPIRATION AS WELL AS CHLOROPHYLL FLUORESCENCE
Phase sensitive scanning optical microscope (1984)

An electronically scanned optical microscope which quantitatively measures amplitude and phase is described. The system is insenstive to mechanical vibrations. The phase infromation makes it possible to measure surface height variations with an accuracy of better than 100 Å and can also be used to improve the lateral resolution.