gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>N</i>,<i>O</i>-Chelating Four-Membered Metallacyclic Titanium(IV) Complexes for Atom-Economic Catalytic Reactions (2015)

Titanium, as the second most abundant transition metal in the earth's crust, lends itself as a sustainable and inexpensive resource in catalysis. Its nontoxicity and biocompatibility are also attractive features for handling and disposal. Titanium has excelled as a catalyst for a broad range of transformations, including ethylene and α-olefin polymerizations. However, many reactions relevant to fine chemical synthesis have preferrentially employed late transition metals, and reactive, inexpensive early transition metals have been largely overlooked. In addition to promising reactivity, titanium complexes feature more robust character compared with some other highly Lewis-acidic metals such as those found in the lanthanide series. Since the advent of modulating ligand scaffolds, titanium has found use in a growing variety of reactions as a versatile homogeneous catalyst. These catalytic transformations include hydrofunctionalization reactions (adding an element-hydrogen (E-H) bond across a C-C multiple bond), as well as the ring-opening polymerization of cyclic esters, all of which are atom-economic transformations. Our investigations have focused on tight bite angle monoanionic N,O-chelating ligands, forming four-membered metallacycles. These ligand sets, including amidates, ureates, pyridonates, and sulfonamidates, have flexible binding modes offering a range of stable and reactive intermediates necessary for catalytic activity. Additionally, the simple form of these ligands leads to easily prepared proligands, along with facile tuning of steric and electronic factors. A sterically bulky titanium amidate complex has proven to be a leading catalyst for the selective formation of anti-Markovnikov addition products via intermolecular hydroamination of terminal alkynes, while sterically less demanding titanium pyridonates have opened the path to the selective formation of amine substituted cycloalkanes via the intramolecular hydroaminoalkylation of aminoalkenes over the competing hydroamination pathway. Sulfonamidates have boosted reactivity for hydrofunctionalization and polymerization reactions compared with amide ligands not bearing a sulfonyl group. N,O-Chelated titanium complexes have been used to synthesize ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene and have been utilized in the challenging task of realizing equal incorporation of two different cyclic esters in a random ring-opening copolymerization. These discrete complexes have allowed for careful study of fundamental coordination chemistry and stoichiometric organometallic investigations. With inexpensive starting materials and modular ligands, titanium N,O-chelated complexes are well-suited to address the challenges of achieving greener chemical processes while accessing useful reaction manifolds for sustainable synthesis.
Research Progress of Late-Preterm Infant (2010)

Late-preterm infant refers to whose gestational age is between 34+ (0-7) to 36+ (6-7) weeks. They account for increasing proportion with ages in the preterm group, which have distinct characteristics compared with smaller preemies or term babies. This paper reviews late-preterm infants' epidemiology, immaturity of individual systems, disease characteristics, near and long term prognosis, in order to afford more information for perinatal medical staff to improve their diagnose and treatment to this high-risk group.


Key words: 
late-preterm infant; disease; characteristics; prognosis
Formaldehydderivate aliphatischer Basen (1903)

rnit dunkeirother Farbe und fallt beim Ansauern am.0.1720 g Sbst.: 25.3 ccm N (220, 730 mm).
Primäres Osteosarkom der Brust - Diagnose und Therapie - eine Kasuistik (2011)

Das extraossäre Osteosarkom ist ein seltener ­maligner Tumor. Es handelt sich um die Mani­festation eines mesenchymalen Tumors, der im Weichteilgewebe lokalisiert ist, ohne Verbindung zu ossären Strukturen. Im vorliegenden Fall beschreiben wir ein primäres Osteosarkom der Brust.
Metabolism-Independent Sugar Effects on Gene Transcription:  The Role of 3-O-Methylglucose (2006)

Glucose effects on cellular functions such as gene expression require, in general, glucose metabolism at least to glucose-6-phosphate (G-6-P). However, the example of thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP), a glucose-regulated gene involved in the cellular redox state and pancreatic beta cell apoptosis, demonstrates that this rule may not always apply. We found that aside form glucose, the nonmetabolizable sugars 2-deoxyglucose, which is still converted to G-6-P as well as 3-O-methylglucose (3-MG), which cannot be phosphorylated by glucokinase, stimulate TXNIP expression. In contrast, incubation of INS-1 beta cells with equimolar amounts (25 mM) of l-glucose or mannitol had no effect on TXNIP expression as measured by real-time RT-PCR, eliminating the possibility of an osmotic effect. Also, glucose uptake into the cell is critical because phloretin, an inhibitor of glucose transporter 2, blunted the glucose effects. Moreover, the 3-MG effect was not restricted to a cell line and was observed in 293 cells and primary human islets. Incubation of INS-1 cells with 30mM mannoheptulose, an inhibitor of glucose metabolism, blunted all glucose-induced gene expression but left the 3-MG effects unaltered. Using transient transfection studies and deletion constructs of the human TXNIP promoter, we found that the effects of glucose and 3-MG were dependent on the same region of the TXNIP promoter containing an E-box repeat carbohydrate response element (ChoRE). Thus, these findings provide the first evidence for regulation of gene expression by 3-MG, which is independent of glucose metabolism and suggest that glucose and 3-MG regulate transcription by two distinct pathways converging at a common ChoRE.
Hydroxyurea Decreases Gemcitabine Resistance in Pancreatic Carcinoma Cells With Highly Expressed Ribonucleotide Reductase (2011)

Combination treatment tailored to cells with highly expressed ribonucleotide reductase was more effective than treatment with gemcitabine alone. Moreover, phenotype and gemcitabine metabolism may independently confer chemoresistance.
Soft Lithography-Based Fabrication of Biopolymer Microparticles for Nutrient Microencapsulation (2012)

Food can be used as a delivery vehicle for nutrients and other active compounds to promote health and prevent diseases. Encapsulation in microparticles provides the opportunity to enhance the stability of nutrients during processing and storage and could potentially improve their uptake by tissues in the gastrointestinal tract. This work describes the use of a simple soft lithography-based protocol for the fabrication of monodispersed polymeric microparticles with precise, non-spherical shapes. A variety of microparticles with different morphologies were fabricated using poly(lactic, glycolic) acid, polycaprolactone, the pH-sensitive polymer Eudragit®-S100, and pectin-alginate mixtures. Vitamin C and anthocyanins were used as model nutrients for encapsulation to enhance food nutritional value and appearance. The results illustrate the applicability of this high-throughput microfabrication method to obtain microparticles with precise control over size and shape using low processing temperatures to avoid damage of nutrients.
Secretion of lipids, apolipoproteins, and lipoproteins by human hepatoma cell line, HepG2: effects of oleic acid and insulin (1987)

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oleic acid and insulin on the secretion of lipoproteins by HepG2 cells grown in minimum essential medium. Triglycerides were the major neutral lipid (57% of total) and apoB was the predominant apolipoprotein (56% of total) secreted by these cells. The addition of oleate resulted in a two-fold increase in the concentration of neutral lipids but only a slight to moderate increase in the apolipoprotein (A-I, A-II, B, and E) levels. The secretion of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL) was stimulated by 425%, low density lipoproteins (LDL) by 77%, and high density lipoproteins (HDL) by 68%. Whereas neutral lipid composition of LDL was unchanged, the VLDL particles contained a significantly higher percentage of triglyceride and lower percentages of cholesterol and cholesteryl esters compared with VLDL secreted in the absence of oleate. Oleate had no significant effect on the composition of apolipoproteins in VLDL, LDL and HDL. In basal medium, insulin caused a significant decrease in the secretion of neutral lipids and apolipoproteins, particularly triglycerides and apoB. In addition to a 60-68% reduction in the total concentration of VLDL and LDL, insulin altered their composition by producing particles that had a significantly lower content of triglycerides, contained less apoB, and were deficient in apoE. There were no major changes in the concentration or composition of HDL particles. Insulin had a similar but less pronounced effect on the concentration and composition of lipoproteins secreted in the presence of oleate. The increased accumulation of triglycerides in the HepG2 cells concomitant with their reduced levels in the medium suggests that insulin may affect the secretion rather than synthesis of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins.
Multidrug Resistance1 (1988)

The ability of malignant cells to develop resistance to cytotoxic drugs poses a major obstacle to the ultimate success of cancer therapy. While some mechanisms of resistance allow cells to survive exposure to a single agent, the phenomenon of multidrug resistance (MDR) confers upon cells the ability to withstand exposure to lethal doses of many structurally unrelated antineoplastic agents. MDR has been strongly linked to the overexpression of a membrane-associated glycoprotein, P-glycoprotein, which appears to play a role in drug efflux. However, several lines of evidence suggest that other mechanisms of resistance are involved in MDR; biochemical similarities observed in a human breast cancer cell line after the acquisition of MDR and in carcinogen-induced rat preneoplastic hepatic nodules indicate that changes in regulation of phase I and phase II drug-metabolizing enzymes may also play a role in MDR. An atypical pattern of MDR has been characterized and related to altered topoisomerase activity. Improvement in current cancer chemotherapy may be achieved by interfering with the regulation and expression of mechanisms of MDR.
Markerless Full Body Tracking: Depth-Sensing Technology within Virtual Environments (2011)

Over the last decade there has been growing recognition of the potential value of virtual reality and game technology for creating a new generation of tools for advancing rehabilitation, training and exercise activities. However, until recently the only way people could interact with digital games and virtual reality simulations, was by using relatively constrained gamepad, joystick and keyboard interface devices. Thus, rather than promoting physical activity, these modes of interaction encourage a more sedentary approach to playing games, typically while seated on the couch or in front of a desk. More complex and expensive motion tracking systems enable immersive interactions but are only available at restricted locations and are not readily available in the home setting. Recent advances in video game technology have fueled a proliferation of low-cost devices that can sense the user’s motion. This paper will present and discuss three potential applications of the new depth-sensing camera technology from PrimeSense and Microsoft Kinect. The paper will outline the technology underlying the sensor, the development of our open source middleware allowing developers to make applications, and provide examples of applications that enhance interaction within virtual environments and game-based training/rehabilitation tools. The PrimeSense or Kinect sensors, along with open source middleware, provide markerless full-body tracking on a conventional PC using a single plug and play USB sensor. This technology provides a fully articulated skeleton that digitizes the user’s body pose and directly
Electronic structure and morphology of alkali-metal clusters (1990)

The structural and electronic properties of small sodium clusters (NaN, with 2<or=N<or=14) have been investigated. A Hubbard Hamiltonian with s orbitals only is used to model the electronic interactions. The eigenstates of the system are determined by a perturbation method and in the Hartree-Fock approximation. The energy minimisation is accomplished by means of the simulated annealing method to avoid local minima. The two electronic interaction parameters are taken from experiment and a simple scaling relation with distance is assumed. The resulting cluster radii, symmetries, magic numbers and ionisation potentials compare very well with experiment and with other, more elaborate, theories.
Dynamic Scheduling Techniques for VLIWProcessors (1993)

instruction-level parallelism, VLIW processors, superscalar processors, pipelining, multiple operation issue, scoreboarding, dynamic scheduling, out-of -order execution VLIW processors are viewed as an attractive way of achieving instruction-level parallelism because of their ability to issue multiple operations per cycle with relatively simple control logic. They are also perceived as being of limited interest as products because of the problem of object code compatibility across processors having different hardware latencies and varying levels of parallelism. In this paper, we introduce the concept of delayed split-issue and the dynamic scheduling hardware which, together, solve the compatibility problem for VLIW processors and, in fact, make it possible for such processors to use all of the interlocking and scoreboarding techniques that are known for superscalar processors.
Myoglobin in a Cyanobacterium (1992)

Myoglobin was found in the nitrogen-fixing cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. This cyanobacterial myoglobin, referred to as cyanoglobin, was shown to be a soluble hemoprotein of 12.5 kilodaltons with an amino acid sequence that is related to that of myoglobins from two lower eukaryotes, the ciliated protozoa Paramecium caudatum and Tetrahymena pyriformis. Cyanoglobin is encoded by the glbN gene, which is positioned between nifU and nifH-two genes essential for nitrogen fixation-in the genome of Nostoc. Cyanoglobin was detected in Nostoc cells only when they were starved for nitrogen and incubated microaerobically.
Abrir la puerta a un poeta: la antología poética traducida como carta de presentación (2013)

Este articulo pretende analizar la antologia poetica traducida de un solo autor como medio de entrada de dicho poeta en un nuevo sistema literario. Para ello, nos basaremos en el estudio de las antologias traducidas al castellano de los integrantes del modernismo norteamericano. Como veremos, a menudo el traductor-antologo presenta al autor extranjero ante un publico nuevo (le abre la puerta) y, ademas, da el primer paso para su admision en la cultura de llegada mediante la traduccion de una seleccion de su obra. El articulo se divide en cuatro partes principales. En primer lugar, realizaremos un breve analisis cuantitativo de las ediciones de poesia modernista publicadas en ingles y en castellano. En segundo lugar, describiremos las caracteristicas mas frecuentes de las antologias poeticas traducidas, basandonos en distintas selecciones dedicadas a un solo autor. En tercer lugar, dedicaremos algunas paginas a comentar la labor de varios traductores-antologos, agentes imprescindibles a la hora de difundir de manera internacional la obra de otros poetas. Y en cuarto y ultimo lugar, presentaremos una antologia poetica traducida que, a nuestro modo de ver, contiene todos los rasgos necesarios para servir de carta de presentacion de un poeta ante el nuevo publico.
Labor in Modern and Contemporary China (1977)

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Cannabidiol, a nonpsychoactive <i>Cannabis</i> constituent, protects against myocardial ischemic reperfusion injury (2007)

Cannabidiol (CBD) is a major, nonpsychoactive Cannabis constituent with anti-inflammatory activity mediated by enhancing adenosine signaling. Inasmuch as adenosine receptors are promising pharmaceutical targets for ischemic heart diseases, we tested the effect of CBD on ischemic rat hearts. For the in vivo studies, the left anterior descending coronary artery was transiently ligated for 30 min, and the rats were treated for 7 days with CBD (5 mg/kg ip) or vehicle. Cardiac function was studied by echocardiography. Infarcts were examined morphometrically and histologically. For ex vivo evaluation, CBD was administered 24 and 1 h before the animals were killed, and hearts were harvested for physiological measurements. In vivo studies showed preservation of shortening fraction in CBD-treated animals: from 48 +/- 8 to 39 +/- 8% and from 44 +/- 5 to 32 +/- 9% in CBD-treated and control rats, respectively (n = 14, P < 0.05). Infarct size was reduced by 66% in CBD-treated animals, despite nearly identical areas at risk (9.6 +/- 3.9 and 28.2 +/- 7.0% in CBD and controls, respectively, P < 0.001) and granulation tissue proportion as assessed qualitatively. Infarcts in CBD-treated animals were associated with reduced myocardial inflammation and reduced IL-6 levels (254 +/- 22 and 2,812 +/- 500 pg/ml in CBD and control rats, respectively, P < 0.01). In isolated hearts, no significant difference in infarct size, left ventricular developed pressures during ischemia and reperfusion, or coronary flow could be detected between CBD-treated and control hearts. Our study shows that CBD induces a substantial in vivo cardioprotective effect from ischemia that is not observed ex vivo. Inasmuch as CBD has previously been administered to humans without causing side effects, it may represent a promising novel treatment for myocardial ischemia.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 3‐Hydroxyalkylbenzo[b]furans via the Palladium‐Catalyzed Heteroannulation of Silyl‐Protected Alkynols with 2‐Iodophenol. (1998)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Ionic Liquid-Coated Enzyme for Biocatalysis in Organic Solvent (2002)

Ionic liquid-coated enzyme (ILCE) is described as a useful catalyst for biocatalysis in organic solvent. An ionic liquid, [PPMIM]-[PF6] (1, [PPMIM] = 1-(3‘-phenylpropyl)-3-methylimidazolium), which is solid at room temperature and becomes liquid above 53 °C, was synthesized in two steps from N-methylimidazole. The coating of enzyme was done by simply mixing commercially available enzyme with 1 in the liquid phase above 53 °C and then allowing the mixture to cool. A representative ILCE, prepared with a lipase from Pseudomonas cepacia, showed markedly enhanced enantioselectivity without losing any significant activity.
Centrifugation of Human Lung Epithelial Carcinoma A549 Cells Up-Regulates Interleukin-1β Gene Expression (2002)

Cytokines are important mediators for host defense and inflammation to bacterial infections. Chlamydia pneumoniae , an obligate intracellular bacterium that causes acute respiratory infections in human hosts, has been shown to induce cytokine expression in various human and murine model systems ([2
Slip-Induced Directional Order in Fe-Ni Alloys. I. Extension of the Chikazumi-Suzuki-Iwata Theory (1965)

In the present paper, calculations have been made for the magnetic anisotropy developed in cold-worked iron-nickel alloys near the 75% Ni composition. The treatment is based on the slip-induced directional order theory of Chikazumi et al. [J. Phys. Soc. Japan 12, 1259 (1957)]. The theory states that in an ordered ferromagnetic solid solution (long- or short-range order, or clustering), slip results in the creation and preferential alignment of distinct type(s) of atom pairs (e.g., Fe–Fe) which lead to an induced magnetic anisotropy. The important conclusion from this theory is that the direction of the induced easy axis of magnetization depends sensitively on the orientation of the deforming crystal and the geometry of the deformation process, as well as the type and degree of ordering in the alloy. The present treatment extends the original analysis for the case of rolling to single crystals of several new orientations: (110)[1̄12], (110)[1̄10], (111)[1̄1̄2], (112)[1̄10], and (112)[1̄1̄1]. These orientations, plus those studied by Chikazumi et al. ((100)[001], (100)[011], and (110)[001]), contain the most likely operating slip systems whose slip directions are symmetrically disposed about the rolling direction and are hence more stable than others during rolling. Some of these orientations are important components of texture in recrystallized or cold-rolled polycrystalline face-centered cubic materials. In addition to the rolling analysis, calculations have been made for the anisotropy resulting from drawing of wires with 〈111〉 and 〈001〉 axial orientations. These two orientations are likewise prominent components of polycrystalline wire textures. The present work shows that drawing of a 〈001〉 wire induces a hard magnetic direction along the wire axis, while this axis becomes an easy direction if the orientation is 〈111〉. For rolling, except for the cases of (001)[100] and (110)[001] studied by Chikazumi et al., where the induced easy axis lies along the transverse direction, most other orientations generally place the easy axis along the rolling direction. This suggests a plausible explanation for the observation that the rolling direction becomes an easy axis of magnetization when a randomly oriented polycrystalline aggregate is rolled. This work also predicts that rolling of {112}〈111〉 and {110}〈112〉 textures (symmetrical variants included), which are prominent texture components in rolled Permalloy, results in an easy axis along the rolling direction. Suggestions for experimental testing of the theory are discussed.
Linomide, a new immunomodulatory drug, shows different effects on homologous versus heterologous collagen-induced arthritis in rats. (1989)

The effects of the immunomodulatory drug Linomide (LS-2616) have been investigated on two variants of collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in Lewis rats, i.e. arthritis induced either with heterologous (bovine) or with homologous (rat) collagen type II (CII). Treatment with Linomide from the day of immunization (prophylactic) had a mild ameliorative effect on the severity of arthritis in the heterologous CIA, while the homologous CIA was strongly augmented. In both models, Linomide treatment caused a more severe arthritis when given from onset of clinical signs of disease and onwards (therapeutic). Serum antibody levels to CII were significantly decreased by prophylactic Linomide treatment in rats immunized with heterologous CII, while elevated levels of anti-rat CII antibodies were seen in the homologous model. No effect on antibody levels was seen with the therapeutic treatment regime. The opposing effects of prophylactic treatment with Linomide in heterologous versus homologous CIA indicate that the immune response to an autoantigen may be regulated differently from that to a foreign antigen. These results further strengthen the view that heterologous and homologous CIA should be regarded as separate experimental models, and that the studies on homologous CIA may represent a novel approach for future studies of autoimmune responses and evaluation of anti-rheumatic drugs.