gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Reconfigurable ADC Circuit with Online-Testing Capability and Enhanced Fault Tolerance (2009)

This paper investigates techniques to minimize process-variation induced performance degradation in pipeline ADCs via circuit reconfiguration. By taking advantage of the modularity existing in pipeline ADC circuits, this work introduces a configurable switch network that makes it possible to move more accurate pipeline circuits to the preceding stages along the signal processing path. The reconfiguration feature also adds online testing capabilities and enhances fault-tolerance of pipeline ADCs. An implementation of reconfigurable 10-bit 1.5-bit per stage pipeline ADC circuit is presented. Circuit simulation shows both improved circuit performance and fault tolerance are achieved by circuit reconfiguration.
Single-baseline polarimetric SAR interferometry (2001)

Examines the application of single-baseline polarimetric SAR interferometry to the remote sensing and measurement of structure over forested terrain. For this, a polarimetric coherent scattering model for vegetation cover suitable for the estimation of forest parameters from interferometric observables is introduced, discussed and validated. Based on this model, an inversion algorithm which allows the estimation of forest parameters such as tree height, average extinction, and underlying topography from single-baseline fully polarimetric interferometric data is addressed. The performance of the inversion algorithm is demonstrated using fully polarimetric single baseline experimental data acquired by DLR's E-SAR system at L-band.
Perovskite Solar Cells Employing Dopant‐Free Organic Hole Transport Materials with Tunable Energy Levels (2015)

Conjugated small-molecule hole-transport materials (HTMs) with tunable energy levels are designed and synthesized for efficient perovskite solar cells. A champion device with efficiency of 16.2% is demonstrated using a dopant-free DERDTS-TBDT HTM, while the DORDTS-DFBT-HTM-based device shows an inferior performance of 6.2% due to its low hole mobility and unmatched HOMO level with the valence band of perovskite film.
Magnetic regulator modeling (2002)

A method of providing regulation in a resonant power supply uses a device called a magnetic regulator which resembles an ordinary AC transformer. Through the use of additional control windings, the conversion ratio of the magnetic regulator can be electronically varied, thus achieving control. A circuit model for the magnetic regulator is derived and is shown to contain a current-controlled leakage inductance. Measurements made on an experimental device verify the model. Two additional structures are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Einfuehrung (1984)

Die Ursprünge der Invariantentheorie reichen bis ins 18. Jahrhundert zurück. J. Lagrange (1736–1813) stellte bei seinen Untersuchungen über die Darstellung ganzer Zahlen durch quadratische Formen f = ax2+2bXY+cY2 fest, dass sich die Diskriminante D = ac-b2 der Form bei der Variablensubstitution von X durch X+λY nicht ändert (1773). K.-F. Gauss (1777–1855) betrachtete bereits allgemeine lineare Substitutionen für die Variablen der binären und ternären quadratischen Formen und zeigte, dass sich dabei die Diskriminante mit dem Quadrat der Substitutionsdeterminante ändert (Disquis. arithmeticae 1801). Das allgemeine Resultat für quadratische Formen ergibt sich aus dem Determinanten-Produktsatz von A. Cauchy und J. Binet (1815). Andere Keime der Theorie finden wir in den Untersuchungen über orthogonale Transformationen von quadratischen Formen in eine Summe von Quadraten und vor allem in der damals unter V. Poncelet (1788–1867), F. Möbius (1790–1868), M. Chasles (1793–1880), J. Steiner (1796–1863) und J. Plücker (1801–1868) entstandenen projektiven Geometrie. Als Beispiele seien der Trägheitssatz von Sylvester (1852; ist schon Jacobi um 1847 und Schläfli um 1851 bekannt gewesen) und das Doppelverhältnis von 4 Punkten genannt.
Antibodies to JC and BK viruses among persons with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma (2005)

Two related polyomaviruses, JC virus (JCV) and BK virus (BKV), commonly cause lifelong infections in humans, with periodic reactivation manifesting as viral shedding in urine. Because JCV can infect lymphocytes and cause chromosomal damage, it is a plausible candidate to cause non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL). To test this hypothesis, we measured IgG antibodies to JCV and BKV capsids using a virus-like particle enzyme immunoassay in 3 separate groups of subjects. First, in a U.S. population-based case-control study of NHL (724 cases, 622 controls), we found lower JCV antibody levels in cases than controls (median optical density = 0.12 vs. 0.21, p < 0.0001); likewise, JCV seroprevalence was lower in cases (49% vs. 59%, adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.70, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.56-0.87). In contrast, BKV antibody levels did not differ between groups. Second, we found that JCV and BKV antibody levels changed little over time among 24 NHL patients receiving chemotherapy. Third, we evaluated 126 homosexual men, of whom 46 were shedding JCV and 14 were shedding BKV in urine. Antibody levels were much higher in shedders than non-shedders (JCV: median optical density = 0.67 vs. 0.07, p < 0.0001; BKV: 0.87 vs. 0.40, p = 0.003), indicating that these antibodies are a marker for viral replication. Because no deficit of BKV antibody was seen in NHL cases, and because antibody levels did not change materially with chemotherapy, we suggest that the lower levels of JCV antibody observed in NHL patients may not be due entirely to a disease or treatment effect. Additional research is needed to determine whether JCV replication is decreased in individuals with NHL and whether these findings are consistent with an etiologic role for JCV in NHL.
Folding Topologies of Human Interleukin-6 and Its Mutants As Studied by NMR Spectroscopy (1996)

To understand the structure-function relationship in the human interleukin-6 (IL-6) system, comparative studies were performed on the basis of NMR data obtained using the wild-type IL-6 and six mutants. In each of the six mutants, either Leu152, Leu159, Leu166, Leu168, Leu175, or Leu182, which exist in the C-terminal receptor-binding region, was substituted with Val. The resonance assignments of Val, Ile, Leu, and Phe residues were made by using specific double-labeling and site-specific mutagenesis strategies. On the basis of chemical shift and NOE data collected for six IL-6 mutants and those for the wild-type IL-6, we analyzed the structural changes induced by the substitution of each of the six Leu residues. The NMR data showed that substitution of Leu182 with Val (L182V) induced no structural change in IL-6, suggesting that Leu182 is located on the surface of the IL-6 molecule. A significant decrease in receptor-binding activity was observed in the L182V mutant. It was concluded that the side chain of Leu182 is directly involved in receptor binding. Substitution of Leu175 with Val (L175V) was shown to induce a significant structural change in IL-6. The NMR data are discussed on the basis of the location of four helix elements and an up-up-down-down helix topology of the predicted structure of IL-6 [Bazan, J.F. (1991) Neuron 7, 197-208]. It is possible that helix D bent more sharply toward helix B in the L175V mutant than in the wild-type IL-6 to maintain a closely packed and solvent-inaccessible core formed in the mutated region. It is suggested that the kink of helix D is related to the decrease in receptor-binding activity in the L175V mutant. On the basis of the observed NOE network, the folding topology of IL-6 was analyzed. A comparison of the folding topology of IL-6 with that of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor determined by X-ray crystallography [Hill, C. P., Osslund, T. D., & Eisenberg, D. (1993) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90, 5167-5171] indicated that IL-6 has a significant similarity of folding topology to that of human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor.
Nonlinear Wavefront Control with All-Dielectric Metasurfaces (2018)

Metasurfaces, two-dimensional lattices of nanoscale resonators, offer unique opportunities for functional flat optics and allow the control of the transmission, reflection, and polarization of a wavefront of light. Recently, all-dielectric metasurfaces reached remarkable efficiencies, often matching or out-performing conventional optical elements. The exploitation of the nonlinear optical response of metasurfaces offers a paradigm shift in nonlinear optics, and dielectric nonlinear metasurfaces are expected to enrich subwavelength photonics by enhancing substantially nonlinear response of natural materials combined with the efficient control of the phase of nonlinear waves. Here, we suggest a novel and rather general approach for engineering the wavefront of parametric waves of arbitrary complexity generated by a nonlinear metasurface. We design all-dielectric nonlinear metasurfaces, achieve a highly efficient wavefront control of a third-harmonic field, and demonstrate the generation of nonlinear beams at a designed angle and the generation of nonlinear focusing vortex beams. Our nonlinear metasurfaces produce phase gradients over a full 0-2π phase range with a 92% diffraction efficiency.
HDR Image Quality Enhancement Based on Spatially Variant Retinal Response (2010)

There is a growing demand for being able to display high dynamic range (HDR) images on low dynamic range (LDR) devices. Tone mapping is a process for enhancing HDR image quality on an LDR device by converting the tonal values of the original image from HDR to LDR. This paper proposes a new tone mapping algorithm for enhancing image quality by deriving a spatially-variant operator for imitating S-potential response in human retina, which efficiently improves local contrasts while conserving good global appearance. The proposed tone mapping operator is studied from a system construction point of view. It is found that the operator is regarded as a natural extension of the Retinex algorithm by adding a global adaptation process to the local adaptation. The feasibility of the proposed algorithm is examined in detail on experiments using standard HDR images and real HDR scene images, comparing with conventional tone mapping algorithms.
Circulating microRNAs in hepatitis B virus–infected patients (2011)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are stably present in human serum. The relationship between circulating miRNAs and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infected liver disease has not been previously reported. Applied Biosystems array-based miRNA expression profiling was performed on pooled sera obtained from identified groups of chronic asymptomatic carriers (ASC), patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB) and HBV-associated acute-on-chronic liver failure (ACLF), as well as healthy controls (HC). Nine miRNAs were verified in more clinical samples by RT-PCR. The correlation between miRNAs expression and the relationship between miRNA levels and clinical characteristics was analysed. Results showed that circulating miRNAs were detected in all disease and control samples, and their numbers increased with symptom severity, from 37 in HC, 77 in ASC, 101 in CHB, to 135 in ACLF. The expression levels of most miRNAs were also up-regulated in HBV-infected patients when compared to HC. Expression of the liver-specific miR-122 was significantly up-regulated in HBV-infected patients. Concomitant regulation of miRNAs not in clusters was disrupted by HBV infection. However, such disruption was not observed for miRNAs in paralogous clusters. Furthermore, the level of miRNAs in the CHB serum was up-regulated most in hepatitis B e antigen-positive patients. The expression levels of miR-122 and miR-194 correlated negatively with the age of patients with CHB or ACLF. Functional analysis showed that miR-122 could inhibit HBV replication in Huh7 and HepG2 cells. In all, our study revealed that a number of miRNAs were differentially expressed during HBV infection and underscored the potential importance of miR-122 in the infection process.
Computational Analysis of Wall Roughness Effects for Liquid Flow in Micro-Conduits (2004)

Fluid flow in microchannels or microtubes may differ in terms of wall frictional effects, and hence flow rates, when compared to macrochannels. Focusing on steady laminar fully developed flow of a liquid in different micro-conduits, relative surface roughness is captured in terms of a porous medium layer (PML) model. The new approach allows the evaluation of microfluidics variables as a function of PML characteristics, i.e., layer thickness and porosity, uncertainties in measuring hydraulic diameters as well as the inlet Reynolds number. Specifically, realistic values for the PML Darcy number, relative surface roughness, and actual flow area are taken into account to match observed friction factors in micro-conduits. The model predictions compared well with measured data sets for systems with significant relative roughness values. Although other surface effects may have influenced the experimental results as well, surface roughness is found to affect the friction factor and hence the flow parameters in relatively rough channels, e.g., those which are made of aluminum or stainless steel by way of micro-cutting processes.
Subtype Specific Regulation of Human Vascular α<sub>1</sub>-Adrenergic Receptors by Vessel Bed and Age (1999)

Human vascular alpha(1)AR subtype distribution differs from animal models, varies with vessel bed, correlates with contraction in mammary artery, and is modulated by aging. These findings provide potential novel targets for therapeutic intervention in many clinical settings.
Comparison of HfO2 films grown by atomic layer deposition using HfCl4 and H2O or O3 as the oxidant (2003)

HfO 2 gate dielectric thin-films were deposited on Si wafers using an atomic-layer deposition (ALD) technique with HfCl4 and either H2O or O3 as the precursor and oxidant, respectively. Although the ALD reactions using either H2O or O3 were successfully confirmed at a deposition temperature of 300 °C, the structural and electrical properties of the HfO2 films grown using the two oxidants were quite different. The stronger oxidation power of the O3 compared to H2O increased the oxygen concentration in the HfO2 film and the rate of interfacial SiO2 formation even at the as-deposited state. Because of the larger oxygen concentration, the decrease in the capacitance density of the film grown with O3 after rapid thermal annealing at 750 °C under N2 atmosphere was slightly larger than that of the HfO2 film grown with H2O. Apart from this weakness, all the other electrical properties, including the fixed charge density, the interface trap density, the leakage current density and the hysteresis in the capacitance–voltage plot of the film grown with O3 were superior to those of the film grown with H2O. Therefore, O3 appears to be a better oxidant for the HfO2 film growth using the ALD method.
The role of prostaglandins E2 and F2 alpha in ultraviolet radiation-induced cortical cataracts in vivo. (1996)

Enhanced synthesis of cyclooxygenase products of arachidonic acid metabolism in the lens is associated with UVB-induced cataract formation in albino rabbit eyes, and inhibition of cyclooxygenase by indomethacin decreased the severity of cataracts. PGE2, the principal arachidonic acid metabolite, appears to have a protective role because pretreatment of the eye with topical PGE2 completely prevented UVB-induced cataract formation, whereas PGF2 alpha increased the severity of the cataract. The evidence presented for a role of PGF2 alpha in the development of cataract suggests that caution be exercised in the use of PGF2 alpha derivatives in the therapy of glaucoma.
VCO gain calibration technique for GSM/EDGE polar modulated transmitter (2008)

This paper describes a VCO gain calibration technique for the two-point modulation scheme using Δ-Σ frequency synthesizer. The proposed technique enables PLL-based phase modulator to have wide bandwidth with good signal quality. A fully integrated GSM/EDGE polar modulated transmitter, implemented in a 0.13μm CMOS process, is presented to show the feasibility of this calibration technique. After the calibration, it shows a margin of 8 dB to the spectrum mask at 400 kHz offset with EVM of 2 %.
Sublimation Growth of AlN in Vacuum and in a Gas Atmosphere (1999)

The growth of AlN crystals by sublimation technique is investigated. Two mechanisms of Al and N2 transport from the source to the seed are distinguished — occurring predominantly via diffusion or via drift of the reactive species. Drift transport provides considerably higher growth rates compared to diffusive transport. The interplay of these mechanisms depends on temperature and gas pressure in the growth system. A theoretical model of AlN sublimation growth is developed allowing one to estimate the growth rate as a function of gas pressure and temperature. The theoretical predictions agree well with experimental observations obtained while growing AlN in the nitrogen atmosphere and in vacuum.
Localization of Alkaline Phosphatase in Three Gram-Negative Rumen Bacteria (1973)

Of the three species (Bacteroides ruminicola, B. succinogenes, and Megasphaera elsdenii) of anaerobic gram-negative rumen bacteria studied, only B. ruminicola produced significant amounts of alkaline phosphatase. This enzyme, which is constitutive, showed a greater affinity for p-nitrophenylphosphate than for sodium-beta-glycerophosphate and was shown to be located exclusively in the periplasmic space of log-phase cells. Small amounts of this enzyme were released from these cells in stationary-phase cultures, but washing in 0.01 M MgCl(2) and the production of spheroplasts by using lysozyme in 0.01 M MgCl(2) did not release significant amounts of the enzyme. Exposure to 0.2 M MgCl(2) did not release significant amounts of the periplasmic alkaline phosphatase of the cell, and when these cells were spheroplasted with lysozyme in 0.2 M MgCl(2) only 25% of the enzyme was released. Spheroplasts were formed spontaneously in aging cultures of B. ruminicola, but even these cells retained most of their periplasmic alkaline phosphatase. It was concluded that the alkaline phosphatase of B. ruminicola is firmly bound to a structural component within the periplasmic area of the cell wall and that the enzyme is released in large amounts only when the cells break down. The behavior of alkaline phosphatase in this bacterium contrasts with that of conventional periplasmic enzymes of aerobic bacteria, which are released upon conversion into spheroplasts by lysozyme and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid and by other types of cell wall damage. All three species of bacteria studied here, as well as bacteria found in mixed populations in the rumen, have thick, complex layers external to the double-track layer of their cell walls. In addition, B. ruminicola produces a loose extracellular material.
Longitudinal Amyloid Imaging in Mouse Brain with <sup>11</sup>C-PIB: Comparison of APP23, Tg2576, and APP<sub>swe</sub>-PS1<sub>dE9</sub> Mouse Models of Alzheimer Disease (2013)

The results suggest that (11)C-PIB binding to Aβ deposits in transgenic mouse brain is highly dependent on the AD model and the structure of its Aβ plaques. Longitudinal in vivo (11)C-PIB uptake studies are possible in APP23 mice.
Phase Transitions in Perovskitelike Compounds of the Rare Earths (1970)

High-temperature powder x-ray diffraction photography and differential thermal analysis give 1643 K for the rhombohedral-to-cubic transition temperature of PrAl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$; for NdAl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, this transition temperature is estimated to be 2020 K. The 800 K transition temperature of LaAl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ is further confirmed. A rhombohedral-to-cubic transition temperature of 1230 K is predicted for CeAl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$. The orthorhombic-to-rhombohedral transition temperatures of LaFe${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, LaGa${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$, and SmAl${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ have been corroborated; these are 1260, 1150, and 1075 K, respectively. Ruiz et al. have reported an orthorhombic-to-rhombohedral transition in LaCr${\mathrm{O}}_{3}$ at 550 K, and the rhombohedral-to-cubic transition near 1300 K. The former occurs actually at 533\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3 K, the latter above 1873 K and probably near 2000 K.
Exothermically assisted shielded metal arc welding (1993)

Heat input, which is most often directly related to electrical energy input, controls weld bead morphology and the evolution of microstructure. Exothermic reactions have been found to increase the heat input available during shielded metal arc (SMA) welding. The work presented in this paper was performed to determine how much heat can be attained from exothermic reactions and determine the influence of this additional heat on weld deposition. Consumable SMA welding electrodes were produced with reagents added to the flux coating. The flux additions to promote exothermic reactions consisted of magnesium plus hermatite (Fe{sub 2}O{sub 3}), aluminum plus hermatite, and a 50-50 wt% aluminum-magnesium alloy plus hermatite. With calorimetry, increasing concentrations of exothermic promoting additions were found to produce an increase in the effective heat input. Electrodes with sufficient exothermic additions were found to product 25{emdash}30% of the heat necessary for welding. Finally, the efficiency of the shielded metal arc welding process was determined with and without the reagent. Analysis of energy generation and utilization was performed to evaluate the use of pyrochemical flux reactions to produce exothermically assisted consumables. A model ha been developed to assist in the formulation of exothermically assisted SMA electrodes.
A continuing assessment of risk factors for the development of Escherichia coli O157:H7-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome. (1994)

Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to determine risk factors for the progression of Escherichia coli O157:H7 enteritis to hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). Both clinical and laboratory variables were assessed for 118 pediatric patients (28 HUS; 90 enteritis only). Verotoxins 1 and 2 were produced by 89% of E. coli strains whereas verotoxin 2 only was produced by 11%. Although a greater frequency of strains producing verotoxin 2 only occurred in HUS isolates (p = 0.11), toxin phenotype was not significantly associated with risk after multivariate analyses. HUS patients with or without neurological manifestations had similar frequencies of the two toxin phenotypes among their isolates. Significant associations for young age (RR = 0.984; 95% CI = 0.971-0.998) and prolonged use of antidiarrheal agents (RR = 44.11; 95% CI = 8.48-229.4) with HUS were apparent. A lesser chance of progression was observed for patients whose strains possessed a 4 kb plasmid (RR = 0.27; 95% CI = 0.08-0.94). Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that progression to HUS is dependent upon both bacterial virulence factors and the clinical characteristics of the individual patient.