gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Large-Scale Production and Partial Purification of Mouse Immune Interferon (1979)

Large-scale production of high-titered (10(2.2) to 10(4) U/ml) immune interferon (type II) was carried out in roller cultures of mouse spleen cells by using the T-cell mitogen staphylococcal enterotoxin A. Precipitation of 90% of this interferon by 55 to 80% saturated ammonium sulfate resulted in a 20-fold concentration and a two- to sixfold purification. After application of this interferon to either bovine serum albumin (BSA)-Affi-Gel 10 or hydroxylapatite columns, 100% of the interferon activity was recovered. By BSA-Affi-Gel 10 chromatography, 7% of the recovered activity was not bound, 45% was eluted with pH gradient 5 to 7, and 48% was eluted with 1 M NaCl. The pH- and salt-eluted interferons from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 column were purified 62- and 390-fold, respectively, when compared with the starting materials. Rechromatography of the pH- and salt-eluted interferon peaks from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 column did not alter their elution patterns. Stepwise elution of interferon from the BSA-Affi-Gel 10 columns with buffers of various pH and salt contents also resulted in greater than 300-fold purification. Specific activities of up to 2 x 10(5) U of interferon per mg of protein were attained with either elution procedure from BSA-Affi-Gel 10 columns. By hydroxylapatite chromatography, 5% of the recovered activity was not bound, 20% was eluted with a salt gradient, and 75% was eluted with 30% glycerin. Purification was 107- and 16-fold, respectively, for the two fractions. Ultrogel AcA 34 chromatography of the interferon resulted in two peaks of activity, a major one with a molecular weight of approximately 40,000 and a minor peak of molecular weight 70,000 to 90,000. Thus, by different types of chromatography, immune interferon was found to be heterogeneous.
Protein Crystallography through Supramolecular Interactions between a Lanthanide Complex and Arginine (2008)

Crystal clear: Strong supramolecular interactions between tris(dipicolinate)lanthanide complexes and arginine-like moieties have been evidenced by NMR chemical shift titration and X-ray diffraction analyses. Since the lanthanide atom is a strong anomalous scatterer, and the complex itself is luminescent, this interaction could be used as a powerful tool in the preparation of crystals of protein derivatives with high phasing power. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2008/z704683_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Cloning of Thermostable α-Amylase Gene Using<i>Bacillus subtilis</i>Phage ρ11 as a Vector (1981)

Using a method consisting of two repetitions of “prophage transformation,” the thermostable α-amylase gene in Bacillus subtilis has been cloned in temperate phage ρ11.
Slow-Release Trihexyphenidyl in Parkinson's Disease (1962)

TBIHEXYPHENIDYL (Ariane) hydrochloride was introduced as a synthetic drug for the treatment of Parkinson's disease by Drs. Doshay and Constable in August, 1949. It has proved to be one of the more useful drugs in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, and has been available in 2 mg. and 5 mg. scored tablets for the past 12 years. In addition, an elixir containing 2 mg. of trihexyphenidyl in 4 cc. of liquid has been generally available. Side effects from the drug have been largely benign, disappearing when the drug is reduced or discontinued. It is very similar to any of the belladonna alkaloids in producing dryness of the mouth, and blurred vision. In elderly individuals, if the dosage is pushed too high the side effects are urinary difficulty and sometimes retention, confusion, agitation, and hallucinations, particularly during the night. Trihexyphenidyl, like other atropine drugs, also aggravates a tendency toward constipation and
Abnormal CD40-mediated activation pathway in B lymphocytes from patients with hyper-IgM syndrome and normal CD40 ligand expression (1997)

The CD40-mediated activation pathway of B cells from 10 patients with hyper-IgM syndrome and normal expression of CD40 ligand was studied. In all 10 cases, B cells were found to be defective for IgG, IgA, and IgE production after stimulation by anti-CD40 mAbs and cytokines. In the patients tested, neither B cell proliferation (n = 6) nor CD23 molecule expression (n = 5) were observed in cultures stimulated with anti-CD40 mAb. These results point to an intrinsic B cell deficiency and a defect in the CD40-triggered B cell activation pathway; this conclusion was supported by a lack of detectable germinal centers in the spleen of two patients. CD40-triggered activation events, i.e., phosphatidylinositol 3 (PI3) kinase activation and induction of transcription factors NF-kappaB and AP-1, were next analyzed in B cell lines derived from five patients. Three distinct patterns were observed: an absence of detectable abnormalities (n = 1), defective PI3 kinase activation with normal induction of NF-kappaB and AP-1 (n = 3), and defects in both PI3 kinase activation and induction of NF-kappaB and AP-1 (n = 1). In three B cell lines, each exhibiting one of the CD40-mediated activation patterns, sequences of CD40 and CD40 binding protein coding regions were normal. The coding region of TNF receptor-associated factor 2 (TRAF2), which is known to interact with CD40 for NF-kappaB induction, was also found to be normal in B cell lines deficient in NF-kappaB induction. Altogether, these results suggest that CD40 ligand-positive hyper-IgM syndrome could be genetically heterogeneous, although phenotypic variability is not excluded, and that an early defect in the CD40-triggered activation cascade can account for defective Ig class switching in some patients with CD40 ligand-positive hyper-IgM syndrome.
A Multipath Flow Routing Approach for Increasing Throughput in the Internet (2007)

In the current Internet, hotspots arise because traffic tends to be routed along shortest hop paths sharing common links, leading to congestion on these links and underutilization on others. Current routing protocols are not able to exploit the path redundancy that exists in the Internet. To improve overall throughput and network utilization, we propose a multipath flow routing overlay system, coupled with network sensors that provide realtime information about overlay links, to distribute traffic more efficiently over the network. In particular, we focus on improving the throughput performance of large file transfers over TCP/IP-based internets. Files are dynamically split into multiple flows, which are then distributed over the network by the multipath flow routing overlay. We have implemented such a routing overlay using the Click modular software router and studied its performance on the Emulab network emulation testbed. We present performance results, which show that the multipath routing overlay can dramatically increase TCP throughput under a variety of network scenarios.
Specific functionalization of polyoxirane by amino, carboxyl, sulfo, and halogeno end groups (1983)

Abstract Polyoxiranes with amino, carboxyl, or halogeno end groups were prepared by polymerization of oxirane with either anionic initiators substituted with functional or protected functional groups, or by reaction of functional deactivating reagents with anionically prepared polyoxiranes. For the protection of primary amino groups they were transformed into the corresponding cyclic imido derivatives. The deactivation of polyoxirane with potassium oxido end groups by bis(halogenomethyl)benzenes was studied with the three isomers.
Neutron generator burst timing measured using a pulse shape discrimination plastic scintillator with silicon photomultiplier readout (2013)

An EJ-299-34 plastic scintillator with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) readout was used to measure the fast neutron output of a pulsed Thermo-Fisher A-325 Deuterium-Tritium sealed tube neutron generator (STNG). The SiPM signals were handled by a prototype digital pulse processing system, based on a free-running analogue to digital converter feeding a digital signal processor (DSP). Pulse shape discrimination was used to distinguish between detected fast-neutrons and gammas. Pulse detection, timing, energy and shape were all processed by the DSP in real-time. The time-dependency of the neutron output of the STNG was measured for various pulsing schemes. The switch-on characteristics of the tube strongly depended on the operating settings, with the delay between pulse turn-on and the production of neutrons ranging between 13 μs to 74 μs for the tested pulse rates and duty cycles. This work will facilitate the optimization and modeling of apparatus that use the neutron generator's pulsing abilities.
Mutations in the plastidic ACCase gene endowing resistance to ACCase-inhibiting herbicide in Phalaris minor populations from India (2016)

Littleseed canarygrass (Phalaris minor Retz.) is one of the most common and troublesome weeds infesting wheat crop in India. Repeated use during the last two decades of the ACCase-inhibiting herbicide (clodinafop) to control this weed has resulted in the occurrence of resistance. Fifty-three P. minor populations were collected from wheat fields in Haryana and Punjab states of India. The dose-response assays indicated that 29 populations were resistant, 23 populations were susceptible and one population was moderately resistant to clodinafop. Sequence analysis of the CT domain of ACCase gene among resistant and susceptible populations revealed two non-synonymous mutations, Trp<sub>2027</sub> to Cys and Ile<sub>2041</sub> to Asn in the resistant populations. Allele-specific PCR markers were developed to differentiate between wild-type and resistant codons at positions 2027 and 2041 of ACCase in P. minor which enables molecular assays for rapid detection and resistance diagnosis for efficient weed management in wheat. This is the first report from India of a target site mutation corresponding to resistance to clodinafop in P. minor.
Aortic Aneurysm Morphology for Planning Endovascular Aortic Grafts: Limitations of Conventional Imaging Methods (1995)

For endovascular graft planning: (1) more detailed measurement is required than for traditional surgery; and (2) conventional CT and CA are complementary imaging studies, but each has important limitations.
Sequential method of estimating the LD<sub>50</sub>using a modified up-and-down rule (1994)

In this paper, the original up-and-down method, modified up-and-down method, the Robbins-Monro method, and a fixed-sample Spearman-Kärber method are compared for the point estimator as well as the confidence interval of LD50. In particular, three different designs of the modified up-and-down approach based on the combination of experiments on one test space and reduced test space are investigated. The standard normal distribution and chi-square distribution are used as tolerance distributions. Simulation results indicate that the modified up-and-down method tends to be somewhat better than the original up-and-down method in terms of the mean squared error under normal tolerance distribution. In case of chi-square distribution, the modified method is shown to be substantially better when the test space is wide and the initial dose is further away from the LD50.
The Transformation of Science with HPC, Big Data, and AI (2017)

High performance computing has matured into an indispensable tool for not only academic research and government labs and agencies, but also for many industry sectors: energy, manufacturing, healthcare, financial services, even digital content creation. More recently, the advent of Big Data has enabled the use of HPC techniques for large scale data analysis, expanding the scope of HPC and the reach of it into more research and enterprise use cases. Since 2012, a new regime of data-driven analytics, deep learning, has erupted in popularity, fueled by both the massive performance increases in HPC technologies and in the explosive rate of digital data being generated, collected and managed. While data analytics, including deep learning, will never eliminate the need for HPC-enabled simulations in research, the emergence of deep learning will enable both researchers and enterprises to accomplish discovery and innovation in new ways and in ways that complement, extend, and sometimes even substitute for more traditional HPC simulation techniques. Together, HPC and AI will enable the transformation for science to continue, and a new explosion in enterprise and consumer applications.
Quality in family child care and relative care (1995)

This text is a study of family-based child-care. It chronicles the carefully designed and detailed study on family child care and relative care from the perspective of families, children, and providers, and presents complex, far-reaching, and sometimes controversial, findings especially in regards to the quality of relative care.
Formation of multilayer aggregates of mammalian cells by dielectrophoresis (2006)

The formation of aggregates of mammalian cells at interdigitated oppositely castellated electrodes by positive dielectrophoresis was investigated. It is shown that, by using a constant small flow of fresh sorbitol iso-osmotic buffer through the chamber to remove ions leaking from the cells, a high positive DEP force can be maintained throughout the formation of the aggregates. Flow-rate dependent optima were found in the aggregate height as a function of the electrode size. It is shown that at low flow rates the creation of aggregates of mammalian cells with heights over 150 νm is feasible using relatively low voltages (20 Vpk-pk, 1 MHz). The formation of layered aggregates of two specialized cell types - stromal cells and Jurkat T lymphocytes - is demonstrated. The work confirms that dielectrophoresis can be reliably used for the formation of aggregates with three-dimensional architectures, which could be used as artificial microniches for the study of interactions between cells. © 2006 IOP Publishing Ltd.
The reaction of human erythrocyte catalase with hydroperoxides to form compound I. (1980)

A kinetic study of the reaction of human erythrocyte catalase with peracetic acid, methyl hydroperoxide, and ethyl hydroperoxide to form the primary oxidized compound (Compound I) has been carried out at 25 degrees C by means of a stopped flow technique. The pH dependence of the apparent second order rate constants indicates that the process occurs by reaction of catalase with un-ionized hydroperoxide molecules, The reaction of catalase with methyl hydroperoxide is pH-independent in the range pH 5.8 to 9.4, and lows as methyl hydroperoxide (pKa, 11.5) is deprotonated. Similarly, the reaction with peracetic acid is independent of pH from pH 5.8 to 6.5 and slows as peracetic acid (pKa 8.2) is deprotonated. The pH-independent rate constants for the formation of Compound I are 1.4 x 10(6), 2.7 x 10(4), and 3.8 x 10(4) M-1s-1 for methyl hydroperoxide, peracetic acid, and ethyl hydroperoxide, respectively, following a trend of decreasing rate as the size of the substrate increases. The optical absorption spectrum of Compound I from 360 to 680 nm at pH 7.1 and 25 degrees C obtained by a rapid scanning stopped flow technique is also reported.
Highly sectorized system for Internet wireless access (2002)

The conceptual design of a system for Internet wireless access based on a large number of antenna sectors or fixed beams, with an overlapping structure, is proposed. The system utilizes spread spectrum modulation with time division multiplexing for transmissions from different overlapping antenna sectors. The fixed antenna beam structure is a practical approach to achieve space division multiplexing capacity gains with modest complexity. The time division multiplexing structure is shown to be a solution to the more general problem of designing sets of orthogonal signals for overlapping antenna sectors. We introduce the concept of time re-use as an analogue of frequency re-use in order to allocate time slots to clusters of antenna sectors. A frequency/time allocation strategy that depends on the terminal position within the cell and reduces interference is also introduced.
Comparison of Two Metal-Dependent Pyruvate Aldolases Related by Convergent Evolution: Substrate Specificity, Kinetic Mechanism, and Substrate Channeling (2010)

HpaI and BphI are two pyruvate class II aldolases found in aromatic meta-cleavage degradation pathways that catalyze similar reactions but are not related in sequence. Steady-state kinetic analysis of the aldol addition reactions and product inhibition assays showed that HpaI exhibits a rapid equilibrium random order mechanism while BphI exhibits a compulsory order mechanism, with pyruvate binding first. Both aldolases are able to utilize aldehyde acceptors two to five carbons in length; however, HpaI showed broader specificity and had a preference for aldehydes containing longer linear alkyl chains or C2-OH substitutions. Both enzymes were able to bind 2-keto acids larger than pyruvate, but only HpaI was able to utilize both pyruvate and 2-ketobutanoate as carbonyl donors in the aldol addition reaction. HpaI lacks stereospecific control producing racemic mixtures of 4-hydroxy-2-oxopentanoate (HOPA) from pyruvate and acetaldehyde while BphI synthesizes only (4S)-HOPA. BphI is also able to utilize acetaldehyde produced by the reduction of acetyl-CoA catalyzed by the associated aldehyde dehydrogenase, BphJ. This aldehyde was directly channeled from the dehydrogenase to the aldolase active sites, with an efficiency of 84%. Furthermore, the BphJ reductive deacylation reaction increased 4-fold when BphI was catalyzing the aldol addition reaction. Therefore, the BphI-BphJ enzyme complex exhibits unique bidirectionality in substrate channeling and allosteric activation.
Technique for identification of submicron metal particulate from implants in histological specimens (1998)

Metal implants are being used with increasing frequency for the treatment of many diseases in the field of orthopedics, cardiology, cardiovascular surgery, and otolaryngology. Unfortunately, metals can be a source of submicron particles, which may have adverse effects on tissues. This article describes a technique that uses backscattered electron imaging and energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis, which have the capacity to perform both quantitative and qualitative analysis. The particles can be characterized by size, shape, amount, and composition. Although this technique can be used near the implant interface, it is particularly helpful in tissues a great distance from the implant site with a low concentration of metal debris. In addition, the sensitivity and specificity of this technique can be adjusted to the investigator's needs. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res (Appl Biomater) 43: 168–174, 1998
Directed Evolution of Bicyclic Peptides for Therapeutic Application (2013)

Many naturally occurring cyclic peptides or derivatives thereof are used as therapeutics such as the human hormones vasopressin and oxytocin or the antibiotics vancomycin and daptomycin. The success of cyclic peptide therapeutics is based on their ability to bind with high affinity, their good target selectivity and their low toxicity. As nature provides cyclic peptides to only a small number of disease targets, strategies have been developed to generate cyclic peptide ligands with tailored specificity de novo. Our laboratory is specialized on the directed evolution of bicyclic peptide ligands by phage display. In this article, we review our recent work to in vitro evolve bicyclic peptide antagonists, the binding and pharmacokinetic properties of bicyclic peptides, as well as efforts to generate bicyclic peptides for therapeutic application.
Direct Introduction of Molecules into Cells (2001)

Techniques for introducing normally impermeant macromolecules into the living cell-referred to as "cell-loading techniques"-are useful in a variety of settings for the cell biologist. Microinjection is probably the most commonly used technique for introducing fluorescent probes, fluorescently tagged proteins, and antibodies into living cells for short-term studies of cell physiology and protein location and function. It is, however, not the only technique available, nor the easiest or least expensive to implement. Among the alternatives are several closely related techniques that, like microinjection, rely on the cell's ability to reseal a mechanically induced plasma membrane disruption created in order to gain temporary access to cell cytosol. Four such techniques are described in this unit: scrape loading, scratch loading, bead loading, and syringe loading. Unlike microinjection, these techniques allow one to rapidly load (in a matter of minutes) thousands or even many millions of many types of mammalian cells with normally impermeant molecules, and so to facilitate quantitative analyses of the effect of loading.
Neuromorphic VLSI Models of Selective Attention: From Single Chip Vision Sensors to Multi-chip Systems (2008)

Biological organisms perform complex selective attention operations continuously and effortlessly. These operations allow them to quickly determine the motor actions to take in response to combinations of external stimuli and internal states, and to pay attention to subsets of sensory inputs suppressing non salient ones. Selective attention strategies are extremely effective in both natural and artificial systems which have to cope with large amounts of input data and have limited computational resources. One of the main computational primitives used to perform these selection operations is the Winner-Take-All (WTA) network. These types of networks are formed by arrays of coupled computational nodes that selectively amplify the strongest input signals, and suppress the weaker ones. Neuromorphic circuits are an optimal medium for constructing WTA networks and for implementing efficient hardware models of selective attention systems. In this paper we present an overview of selective attention systems based on neuromorphic WTA circuits ranging from single-chip vision sensors for selecting and tracking the position of salient features, to multi-chip systems implement saliency-map based models of selective attention.
Bulk measurement of copper and sodium content in CuIn(0.7)Ga(0.3)Se(2) (CIGS) solar cells with nanosecond pulse length laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) (2013)

In this work, we show that laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) with a nanosecond pulse laser can be used to measure the copper and sodium content of CuIn(0.7)Ga(0.3)Se(2) (CIGS) thin film solar cells on molybdenum. This method has four significant advantages over methods currently being employed: the method is inexpensive, measurements can be taken in times on the order of one second, without high vacuum, and at distances up to 5 meters or more. The final two points allow for in-line monitoring of device fabrication in laboratory or industrial environments. Specifically, we report a linear relationship between the copper and sodium spectral lines from LIBS and the atomic fraction of copper and sodium measured via secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS), discuss the ablation process of this material with a nanosecond pulse laser compared to shorter pulse duration lasers, and examine the depth resolution of nanosecond pulse LIBS.