gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Seborrhoeic dermatitis and<i>Pityrosporum</i>(<i>Malassezia</i>) folliculitis: characterization of inflammatory cells and mediators in the skin by immunohistochemistry (2001)

An increase in NK1+ and CD16+ cells in combination with complement activation indicates that an irritant non-immunogenic stimulation of the immune system is important. The result with the interleukins showed both an increase in the production of inflammatory interleukins as well as in the regulatory interleukins for both TH1 and TH2 cells. Similarities to the immune response described for Candida albicans infections indicate the role of Malassezia in the skin response in seborrhoeic dermatitis and Pityrosporum folliculitis.
Engineering the hematopoietic stem cell niche: Frontiers in biomaterial science (2015)

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) play a crucial role in the generation of the body's blood and immune cells. This process takes place primarily in the bone marrow in specialized 'niche' microenvironments, which provide signals responsible for maintaining a balance between HSC quiescence, self-renewal, and lineage specification required for life-long hematopoiesis. While our understanding of these signaling mechanisms continues to improve, our ability to engineer them in vitro for the expansion of clinically relevant HSC populations is still lacking. In this review, we focus on development of biomaterials-based culture platforms for in vitro study of interactions between HSCs and their local microenvironment. The tools and techniques used for both examining HSC-niche interactions as well as applying these findings towards controlled HSC expansion or directed differentiation in 2D and 3D platforms are discussed. These novel techniques hold the potential to push the existing boundaries of HSC cultures towards high-throughput, real-time, and single-cell level biomimetic approaches that enable a more nuanced understanding of HSC regulation and function. Their application in conjunction with innovative biomaterial platforms can pave the way for engineering artificial bone marrow niches for clinical applications as well as elucidating the pathology of blood-related cancers and disorders.
From Carbohydrate to Peptidomimetic Inhibitors of Galectins (2012)

Although the roles that galectins play in controlling and mediating various biological processes is ever growing, only recently have galectins been accepted as valid therapeutic targets for clinical intervention. Because galectin inhibitors have therapeutic potential in many areas, e.g. as anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and even anti-HIV-1 agents, considerable efforts are being made by many laboratories to discover or design galectin antagonists. However, none are presently available for standard-of-care use in the clinic. To date, most galectin antagonists target the carbohydrate binding site, and as such are generally ß-galactoside-analogs and glycomimetics. Several peptide-based galectin inhibitors have also been reported, and one of these, calixarene-based peptidomimetic PTX008 that targets galectin-1, is presently in a phase I clinical trial. This review provides an overview of various galectin inhibitors reported to date.
Condensation of 2,4(3<i>H</i>,5<i>H</i>)‐furandione with heteroaromatic aldehydes (1983)

Abstract 2,4(3 H ,5 H )‐Furaridione, 1 , condenses with heteroaromatic aldehydes in the presence of concentrated hydrochloric acid to yield 3‐(heteroarylmethylene)‐2,4(3 H ,5 H )‐furandiones, 4 . The condensation of 1 with acid sensitive aldehydes, including 2‐furanacroleine and N ‐methylpyrrole‐2‐carboxaldehyde proceeded well with 1 as the sole proton source. The E/Z ratio of type 4 compounds was determined by 1 H‐nmr spectroscopy.
Spatial distribution of two-photon-excited fluorescence in scattering media (1999)

Spatial distribution of two-photon-excited fluorescence (TPF) for dye beneath the surface of a highly scattering medium was investigated with picosecond laser pulses at 1064 nm. The active scattering media consisted of a suspension of polystyrene particles in a solution of Rhodamine 590 Tetrafluoroborate dye. With the increase of scattering strength of the medium, the location of the maximum TPF intensity was found to move closer to the surface away from the focal region; the intensity of TPF was not confined to the focal region as in the case of nonscattering medium but was more evenly distributed. The spatial resolution of nonlinear optical microscopy for probing a scattering medium is degraded. Taking into account the scattering of the medium qualitatively explains the observed TPF spatial distribution.
Chronic intermittent hypoxia–hypercapnia blunts heart rate responses and alters neurotransmission to cardiac vagal neurons (2014)

Patients with obstructive sleep apnoea experience chronic intermittent hypoxia-hypercapnia (CIHH) during sleep that elicit sympathetic overactivity and diminished parasympathetic activity to the heart, leading to hypertension and depressed baroreflex sensitivity. The parasympathetic control of heart rate arises from pre-motor cardiac vagal neurons (CVNs) located in nucleus ambiguus (NA) and dorsal motor nucleus of the vagus (DMNX). The mechanisms underlying diminished vagal control of heart rate were investigated by studying the changes in blood pressure, heart rate, and neurotransmission to CVNs evoked by acute hypoxia-hypercapnia (H-H) and CIHH. In vivo telemetry recordings of blood pressure and heart rate were obtained in adult rats during 4 weeks of CIHH exposure. Retrogradely labelled CVNs were identified in an in vitro brainstem slice preparation obtained from adult rats exposed either to air or CIHH for 4 weeks. Postsynaptic inhibitory or excitatory currents were recorded using whole cell voltage clamp techniques. Rats exposed to CIHH had increases in blood pressure, leading to hypertension, and blunted heart rate responses to acute H-H. CIHH induced an increase in GABAergic and glycinergic neurotransmission to CVNs in NA and DMNX, respectively; and a reduction in glutamatergic neurotransmission to CVNs in both nuclei. CIHH blunted the bradycardia evoked by acute H-H and abolished the acute H-H evoked inhibition of GABAergic transmission while enhancing glycinergic neurotransmission to CVNs in NA. These changes with CIHH inhibit CVNs and vagal outflow to the heart, both in acute and chronic exposures to H-H, resulting in diminished levels of cardioprotective parasympathetic activity to the heart as seen in OSA patients.
HIGH FREQUENCY DIRECTION FINDING RESEARCH FOR SHIPBOARD USE: DIRECTION FINDER RADIO, SHIPBOARD SITING AND DESIGN, STUDY AND DEVELOPMENT. (1964)

Completion of repairs to the AN/SLR-10 spaced-loop antenna including satisfactory access door gaskets is reported. Initial tests on the AN/SLR-11 particularly the antennas and preamplifiers were performed. Equipment developed a number of years ago for azimuth curve plotting was extensively modified in order to replace an obsolete X-Y recorder and to reduce the size and weight of the equipment. The final experimental work toward the selection of a crossed spaced loop direction finding geometry is under way. Mechanical design of the model to be shipboard tested was started. Electronic tuning will be used in the upper frequency range from 2 to 6 mcs, and a self-calibration feature will be included to insure balance of the tuning circuits. The need for more information on required bearing sensitivity is mentioned. Lacking such information, new calculations are under way to set recommended sensitivity requirements for future designs especially in the lower HF range.
Realizing the Clinical Potential of Cancer Nanotechnology by Minimizing Toxicologic and Targeted Delivery Concerns (2012)

Nanotechnology has the potential to make smart drugs that would be capable of targeting cancer but not normal cells and to load combinations of cooperating agents into a single nanosized particle to more effectively treat this disease. However, to realize the full potential of this technology, the negative aspects associated with these nanoparticles need to be overcome. This review discusses concerns in the field limiting realization of the full clinical potential of this technology, which are toxicity and targeted delivery. Strategies to overcome these hurdles are also reviewed, which could lead to attainment of the full clinical potential of this exciting technology.
From Soft Classifiers to Hard Decisions: How fair can we be? (2018)

A popular methodology for building binary decision-making classifiers in the presence of imperfect information is to first construct a non-binary "scoring" classifier that is calibrated over all protected groups, and then to post-process this score to obtain a binary decision. We study the feasibility of achieving various fairness properties by post-processing calibrated scores, and then show that deferring post-processors allow for more fairness conditions to hold on the final decision. Specifically, we show: 1. There does not exist a general way to post-process a calibrated classifier to equalize protected groups' positive or negative predictive value (PPV or NPV). For certain "nice" calibrated classifiers, either PPV or NPV can be equalized when the post-processor uses different thresholds across protected groups, though there exist distributions of calibrated scores for which the two measures cannot be both equalized. When the post-processing consists of a single global threshold across all groups, natural fairness properties, such as equalizing PPV in a nontrivial way, do not hold even for "nice" classifiers. 2. When the post-processing is allowed to `defer' on some decisions (that is, to avoid making a decision by handing off some examples to a separate process), then for the non-deferred decisions, the resulting classifier can be made to equalize PPV, NPV, false positive rate (FPR) and false negative rate (FNR) across the protected groups. This suggests a way to partially evade the impossibility results of Chouldechova and Kleinberg et al., which preclude equalizing all of these measures simultaneously. We also present different deferring strategies and show how they affect the fairness properties of the overall system. We evaluate our post-processing techniques using the COMPAS data set from 2016.
Predictors of Sepsis in Moderately Severely Injured Patients: An Analysis of the National Trauma Data Bank (2013)

Socio-demographic and injury factors, such as age, race, hypotension on admission, and severity and mechanism of injury predict post-traumatic sepsis significantly. Further exploration to explain why these patient groups are at increased risk is warranted in order to understand better and potentially prevent this life-threatening complication.
Electrical Characterization of a Textile Sensor for Moisture Detection (2011)

Electrical impedance is the frequency domain ratio of the voltage to the current. Electrical impedance extends the concept of resistance to AC circuits, describing not only the relative amplitudes of the voltage and current, but also the relative phases. Many new generation impedance measuring instruments measure the real and imaginary part of the impedance vector.\nTextile sensors are becoming an emerging field in industry. The possibilities that this technology holds seem almost limitless. Currently, textiles are being developed for many applications and markets, including biomedical sensing, wearable computing, large area sensors and large area actuating devices.\nA novel concept for a textile sensor for detection of moisture surroundings The sensor has been theoretically analysis. The results of the developed sensor shows less resistance drop characteristics against sweat.
Pineapple Juice and Its Fractions in Enzymatic Browning Inhibition of Banana [<i>Musa</i>(AAA Group) Gros Michel] (2007)

The effectiveness of pineapple juice in enzymatic browning inhibition was evaluated on the cut surface of banana slices. After storage of banana slices at 15 degrees C for 3 days, pineapple juice showed browning inhibition to a similar extent as 8 mM ascorbic acid but less than 4 mM sodium metabisulfite. Fractionation of pineapple juice by a solid-phase C18 cartridge revealed that the directly eluted fraction (DE fraction) inhibited banana polyphenol oxidase (PPO) about 100% when compared to the control. The DE fraction also showed more inhibitory effect than 8 mM ascorbic acid in enzymatic browning inhibition of banana puree during storage at 5 degrees C for 24 h. Further identification of the DE fraction by fractionation with ion exchange chromatography and confirmation using model systems indicated that malic acid and citric acid play an important role in the enzymatic browning inhibition of banana PPO.
Traffic regulation under the percentile-based pricing policy (2006)

With the emerging concept of utility computing, appropriate business models are becoming more and more important for the Internet services. Internet Service Providers (ISP) measure IP network usage for billing in different ways. Percentile-based pricing policy is one of the common billing methods. Percentile-based measurement allows the ISP to bill the customer for the maximum bandwidth used during the billing period while forgiving a small amount of bandwidth spiking. In this paper, we investigate how a customer can regulate the traffic volume under the constraint of a predetermined budget such that the amount of band-width spiking is within the range that the ISP can tolerate. Optimal solutions are presented for the offline case where the traffic demands in each small period are given. A traffic scheduling algorithm is given for the online case where the traffic demands in each small period are unknown in advance. Computations are conducted to illustrate the effectiveness of our solutions.
HCV genotypes in hepatitis C patients and their clinical significances (1999)

It has been discovered that hepatitis C virus (HCV) presents considerable nucleotide variation and has many genotypes. At least twelve, 5 of which prevalent, i.e.: I/1a, II/1b, III/2a, IV/2b, and V/3a types. The different genotypes of HCV may possess some retationship with regional distribution, clinical manifestation, response to treatment and prognosis of HCV infection, thus to study the genotypes of HCV further in different areas is of practical value. We detected HCV genotypes in 94 patients with hepatitis C and in 6 patients with primary hepatocarcinoma by PCR assay with four kinds of type-specific primers with a view to study the distribution of HCV genotypes in hepatitis C in Shenyang area and their clinical significances.
Role of Jasmonic Acid and Abscisic Acid Treatments in Alleviating the Adverse Effects of Drought Stress and Regulating Trypsin Inhibitor Production in Soybean Plant. (2009)

Jasmonic acid and abscisic acid are important intracellular regulators mediating diverse developmental processes, such as seed germination, leaf abscission and senescence. In addition, they are essential mediators in triggering some plant responses to abiotic stresses including drought, salinity and cold. How hormones interact to coordinate these responses which are referred to as signalling crosstalk is an area receives intense interest from plant physiologists. The aim of the present work is to study the possible roles of treatments with jasmonic acid (100μM), abscisic acid (100 μM) and their combination (100 μM JA + 100 μM ABA) on alleviating the harmful effects of drought stress on endogenous phytohormones, polyamines, total soluble protein and protein banding pattern of soybean plant (Glycine max L cv. Giza 22). An additional point of interest was to detect the change in trypsin protease inhibitor production in response to treatment with different concentrations of jasmonic acid and abscisic acid using ELISA technique. W e found that both jasmonic acid and abscisic acid ameliorate the adverse effects of drought stress on soybean plant, but treatment with jasmonic acid was more efficient. W e also revealed that production of trypsin inhibitor in soybean plant could take place via a JA- or ABA-depending signalling pathway.
Valence-band structures of phosphorus allotropes (1983)

X-ray photoemission spectra (XPS) of several forms of phosphorus have been measured with the use of a monochromatized $\mathrm{Al}K\ensuremath{\alpha}$ x-ray source with a resolution of \ensuremath{\sim}0.6 eV full width at half maximum. We have investigated orthorhombic black phosphorous, cubic white phosphorus, and triclinic Na${\mathrm{P}}_{15}$ as well as bulk amorphous red phosphorus and plasma-deposited hydrogenated amorphous thin films, and present the first published XPS spectra of most of these allotropes. We also report the results of electronic structure calculations for orthorhombic phosphorus and for the tetrahedral ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ molecular constituent of cubic white phosphorus ($w$-P). Differences in densities of states are interpreted in terms of the different bonding configurations of the various allotropes. The spectra of black P is fitted well by the calculated valence bands. The spectra of amorphous P are not inconsistent with the presence of pentagonal tubes of phosphorus atoms as they are present in Hittorf's phosphorus and in Na${\mathrm{P}}_{15}$. The electronic structure of $w$-P is well described by that of isolated ${\mathrm{P}}_{4}$ tetrahedra.
Microprocessor based crane load state monitoring system (1991)

The objective of the paper is to develop a microprocessor-based system to monitor the load state and insure the safety of a mobile telescopic crane. The conventional microprocessor-based systems use the searching technique (look-up tables) to read the allowed load from the memory. The drawback of such technique is that it requires a large amount of memory space which would increase the size of the hardware and searching time. The solution adopted in the proposed design consists of developing an equation relating the specific working configurations to the allowed load. This method reduces greatly the memory space, since the microprocessor computes the allowed load from the coefficients, proper to each configuration. This result was checked by implementing the designed system on a mobile telescopic crane, model 1040, manufactured by ENMTP-CPG Company at Ain-Smara, Algeria.
Recent DPF/SCR Results Targeting US2007 and Euro 4/5 HD Emissions (2003)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Selective Catalytic Reduction (SCR) of Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions using ammonia or a 32.5%-urea solution has been used for many years in a variety of stationary applications. These applications include but are not limited to coal fired power plants, gas turbines, diesel locomotives, marine engines, as well as other stationary diesel and non-diesel engine applications.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Global emission limits for mobile heavy-duty diesel engines are becoming increasingly rigid. In response to this trend the diesel industry has begun testing and applying various emission control technologies to mobile applications. SCR is one such technology. Europe is the first major market to introduce SCR into the heavy-duty (class 8) as well as medium-duty (class 4-7) truck applications. The EURO4 standards (effective Oct. 2005/2006) and the EURO5 standard (effective 2008) favor SCR as the NOx reduction technology of choice in the European Union (EU).</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The technology of choice in the United States (US) has yet to be decided. The 2004 model year marks the beginning of serious NOx reduction requirements with Exhaust Gas Recirculation (EGR) being the current primary choice throughout industry. The 2007 regulation raises the question of whether an after-treatment system is necessary to meet NOx and PM requirements. The 2010 regulation is clear. MicroProcessor controlled-catalytic systems will be necessary to meet the 0.2-g bhp/hr NOx regulation.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">In the USA, heavy-duty engine and vehicle manufacturers have commenced development activities that are geared towards meeting US07 emission limits using SCR technology. SCR systems have been set-up for on-road testing and evaluation on heavy-duty trucks in the EU and USA [<span class="xref">1</span>, <span class="xref">2</span>, <span class="xref">4</span>].</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The data presented in this paper demonstrates that SCR technology is capable of meeting the US 2007 emission ramp-in level by using a US engine without EGR. This engine has lower fuel consumption when compared with current engines meeting US 02 emission standards. Two system types are being presented. One type equipped with SCR only, and the second type with an SCR and Diesel Particulate Filter (DPF) combined. Ten of these low emission trucks have been on the road in the US since mid 2002 under customer operation conditions.</div>
Total Synthesis of Calothrixin A and B via C–H Activation (2013)

Bioactive indolo[3,2-j]phenanthridine alkaloids Calothrixin A and B have been synthesized by exploiting Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction via C-H activation as a key step starting from 4-methoxycarbazole.
Adaptive channel selection in IEEE 802.15.4 TSCH networks (2017)

Time-Slotted Channel Hopping (TSCH) from the IEEE 802.15.4-2015 standard uses channel hopping to combat interference and frequency-selective fading. Due to the pseudorandom nature of TSCH standard channel hopping process, the energy usage and end-to-end delay achieved in statically configured TSCH networks are suboptimal when compared to using a dynamically updated set of channels. We investigate and compare the advantages of several different adaptive channel selection metrics and methods under the presence of external, frequency-specific interference. In our experiments, PRR-based channel quality assessment with downstream-driven channel selection shows the best results. It is able to reliably distinguish between heavily-interfered and lightly-interfered channels, reduces the number of packet retransmissions up to 2.7 times, achieves up to 22 % lower average radio-on time, and shows close-to 100 % PDR even under heavy interference.
Enzymes: Irreversible Inhibition (2012)

Abstract Many drugs that are in clinical use work by irreversibly inhibiting specific enzymes, either in the individual being treated or in an invading organism. Enzyme inhibitors are also of value for understanding the behaviour of individual enzymes and metabolic systems. Recovery from irreversible inhibition requires the synthesis of new enzyme. Although those irreversible inhibitors that react with specific groups in the enzyme protein generally inhibit more than one enzyme, those that initially form a noncovalent complex with the enzyme, with subsequent reaction within that complex leading to the formation of a covalent bond, can show a high degree of selectivity. Kinetic studies, which are detailed in this account, can be used to distinguish the different types of inhibition and the factors that contribute to effectiveness and selectivity. Key Concepts: Irreversible inhibition cannot be reversed by the removal of the excess inhibitor from the system. Recovery from reversible inhibition depends on the removal of the inhibitor from the system, whereas recovery from irreversible inhibition requires the synthesis of fresh enzyme. Enzyme turnover in the tissues is a balance between the rate of its synthesis and degradation. Nonspecific irreversible inhibitors can react with several groups of the same type in different proteins. Specific irreversible inhibitors form an initial noncovalent complex with the enzyme before the reaction within that complex to form a covalent bond. Active‐site‐directed inhibitors contain a reactive grouping attached to a substrate analogue. Mechanism‐based inhibitors can be highly specific because they depend on the activity of the enzyme to form a reactive intermediate that then reacts irreversibly with the enzyme. Suicide substrates behave as both substrates and irreversible enzyme inhibitors in divergent processes. Dosage schedule for effective therapy with irreversible inhibitors is dependant on the half‐life of enzyme turnover.