gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Retrograde transport of toxins across the endoplasmic reticulum membrane (2003)

Several protein toxins, including the A chain of the plant protein ricin (RTA), enter mammalian cells by endocytosis and catalytically modify cellular components to disrupt essential cellular processes. In the case of ricin, the process inhibited is protein synthesis. In order to reach their cytosolic substrates, several toxins undergo retrograde transport to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) before translocating across the ER membrane. To achieve this export, these toxins exploit the ERAD (ER-associated protein degradation) pathway but must escape, at least in part, the normal degradative fate of ERAD substrates in order to intoxicate the cell. Toxins that translocate from the ER have an unusually low lysine content that reduces the likelihood of ubiquitination and ubiquitin-mediated proteasomal degradation. We have changed the two lysyl residues normally present in RTA to arginyl residues. Their replacement in RTA did not have a significant stabilizing effect on the protein, suggesting that the endogenous lysyl residues are not sites for ubiquitin attachment. However, when four additional lysyl residues were introduced into RTA in a way that did not compromise the activity, structure or stability of the toxin, degradation was significantly enhanced. Enhanced degradation resulted from ubiquitination that predisposed the toxin to proteasomal degradation. Treatment with the proteasomal inhibitor lactacystin increased the cytotoxicity of the lysine-enriched RTA to a level approaching that of wild-type RTA.
Deep U.V. Hardening of Positive Photoresist Patterns (1982)

Thermal deformation of positive photoresist patterns during high temperature treatments is significantly reduced by flood exposure of the photoresist with a low pressure mercury lamp containing deep UV at . Patterns formed in the positive photoresists AZ‐1470, AZ‐1350J, AZ‐2400, Hunt 204, KTI II and Kodak 809, after exposure with a low pressure Hg lamp, withstood a 180° C bake for 30 minutes while retaining their linewidth and standing wave pattern on the sidewall of the resist lines. Flood exposure of the photoresist patterns with near UV had the opposite effect. The stability of the patterns towards thermal deformation after deep UV exposure was found to be due to the formation of an outer skin of higher polymerization. If the skin is removed using an oxygen plasma the underlying photoresist behaves similarly to samples which received only near UV exposure. Positive resist solubility properties in acetone and AZ thinner were also studied.
Facilities: Synchrotron source accelerates (1992)

The European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in Grenoble, France, has successfully confined an electron beam in its main storage ring for the first time – roughly six months ahead of schedule. According to ESRF director-general, Ruprecht Haensel, this will extend the European facility's lead over the US Advanced Photon Source at Argonne to about two years, and give a four-year head start over the SPring-8 synchrotron in Tsukuba, Japan (Physics World November 1991 p7). Construction on the twelve-nation FF 2.6bn (at 1987 prices; £275m) X-ray source began in January 1990.
A new metal sensory system based on intramolecular fluorescence quenching on the ionophoric calix[4]arene ring (1992)

To design a new metal sensory system, calix[4]arene bearing pyrene (as a fluorophore) and nitrobenzene (as a quencher) near the ionophoric cavity is synthesized: in response to the metal-binding event the fluorescence intensity is dramatically enhanced.
The Effect of PIB Molecular Weight on the Cling Characteristics of Polyethylene-PIB Films for Stretch and Cling Film Applications (2005)

The effect of molecular weight on the migratory characteristics of polyisobutylene (PIB) additive from the bulk to the surface of a range of monolayer and multilayer extruded polyethylene films has been analyzed by FTIR-ATR and peel cling analysis. Migration rates are shown to be higher for lower molecular weight PIB additive, and cling strength increases as the PIB molecular weight increases.
Genomic organization, transcription, splicing and gene regulation in <i>Leishmania</i> (1999)

The parasitic protozoan Leishmania is the aetiological agent of a spectrum of clinical diseases, ranging from disfiguring skin lesions to life-threatening visceral infection, and is a serious health problem in tropical and subtropical areas world-wide. Leishmania parasites undergo a dramatic transformation as they move between the different environments of an extracellular insect stage and an intracellular form in the vertebrate host. In an attempt to develop new strategies for the treatment of leishmaniasis, the techniques of molecular genetics have been utilised to elucidate the mechanisms which direct and control this cyclical differentiation. This review discusses current knowledge concerning the organization and regulation of the Leishmania nuclear genome and includes a discussion of chromosomal organization, genomic arrangement, transcription, transcript processing by trans-splicing and polyadenylation, and post-transcriptional regulation. The salient features as well as the supporting evidence for each topic are briefly reviewed.
Effect of polymer adsorption on cellulose nanofibril water binding capacity and aggregation (2008)

Polymer adsorption on cellulose nanofibrils and the effect on nanofibril water binding capacity were studied using cellulose nanofibril films together with quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation (QCM-D) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR). The experiments were performed in the immersed state, and special attention was paid to the effect of polymer properties on the water content and viscoelastic properties of the polymer/fibril layer. The dry mass of the adsorbed polymers was determined using SPR. The type of the adsorbed polymer strongly affected the water content and viscoelastic properties of the nanofibril film. The adsorption of a highly charged flocculating polymer, PDADMAC, caused dehydration of the film, which was also detected as nanofibril film stiffening. The adsorption of xyloglucan introduced a dispersing effect to the nanofibril film, which was detected as a loosening and softening of the nanofibril/polymer layer. A dispersing effect was also achieved with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), but CMC did not adsorb irreversibly on the nanofibril surfaces. In addition to the nanofibril film studies, the effect of polymer adsorption on cellulose nanofibril suspension aggregation was demonstrated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). Xyloglucan was shown to open the nanofibril aggregate structures and act as a dispersing agent, whereas the other polymers studied did not have as significant an effect on aggregation.
Comparison of Methods for the Computation of Multivariate<i>t</i>Probabilities (2002)

This article compares methods for the numerical computation of multivariate t probabilities for hyper-rectangular integration regions. Methods based on acceptance-rejection, spherical-radial transformations, and separation-of-variables transformations are considered. Tests using randomly chosen problems show that the most efficient numerical methods use a transformation developed by Genz for multivariate normal probabilities. These methods allow moderately accurate multivariate t probabilities to be quickly computed for problems with as many as 20 variables. Methods for the noncentral multivariate t distribution are also described.
Protein Expression of Programmed Death 1 Ligand 1 and HER2 in Gastric Carcinoma (2017)

PD-L1 expression was associated with poor survival of gastric cancer, and HER2 signaling affects the expression of PD-L1 in gastric cancer. In gastric cancer, PTEN and HER2 are potential candidate biomarkers for developing human antibodies that block PD-L1.
Capture of Rare Cells in Suspension with Antibody-Coated Polystyrene Beads (1999)

A method for the separation of one cell type present in small number from a predominant mixture of cell types using macroscopic polystyrene beads is demonstrated. An antibody specific to murine leukocytes (CD45) was adsorbed to the surface of the beads. Beads and murine hybridoma B cells were placed in test tubes and periodically inverted at fixed time intervals, causing the beads to settle through the suspension under creeping flow conditions. Capture was dependent upon interception: the captured cells must have traveled along streamlines that brought them to within a cell radius of the bead surface. B cells attached to 99-micrometer beads (maximum shear rate 8.1 s-1) were captured with greater efficiency but in lesser quantity than those attached to 170-micrometer beads (maximum shear rate 13.9 s-1). Cell capture unexpectedly reached a plateau in less than 2 h, a phenomenon that appears to involve changes in both the cells and the beads. Capture of cells was effective out to dilutions of 1:10 000 with purity in the captured population of better than 74%. This method allows for the study of physical parameters important for cell attachment and capture as well as for practical separation of rare cells.
Diamond based silicon-on-insulator structures (2002)

Total dose radiation hardness measurements were performed on SOI (silicon-on-insulator) test structures where the insulator was chemical vapor deposited (CVD) diamond in order to look at the fundamental radiation response of low-pressure CVD synthetic diamond materials for SOI applications. Silicon/diamond metal insulator semiconductor (MIS) capacitors were subjected to both cobalt-60 and 10 keV X-ray irradiation up to doses of 1*10/sup 7/ rad(SiO/sub 2/) while under positive, negative, and zero bias conditions. One-MHz capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements were performed to monitor the device threshold and flatband voltage shifts. In order to evaluate any time-dependent bias-temperature instabilities, all devices, after irradiation, were baked at 150 degrees C with +5 V applied bias for five weeks. The measured results for flatband voltage shift versus time for 10 keV X-ray irradiation are presented. The diamond insulators used were free from extensive hole or electron trapping. This behavior is consistent with the high electron and hole mobility of the polycrystalline diamond insulator.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cold-Active Serine Alkaline Protease from the Psychrotrophic Bacterium <i>Shewanella</i> Strain Ac10: Gene Cloning and Enzyme Purification and Characterization (1999)

The gene encoding serine alkaline protease (SapSh) of the psychrotrophic bacterium Shewanella strain Ac10 was cloned in Escherichia coli. The amino acid sequence deduced from the 2,442-bp nucleotide sequence revealed that the protein was 814 amino acids long and had an estimated molecular weight of 85,113. SapSh exhibited sequence similarities with members of the subtilisin family of proteases, and there was a high level of conservation in the regions around a putative catalytic triad consisting of Asp-30, His-65, and Ser-369. The amino acid sequence contained the following regions which were assigned on the basis of homology to previously described sequences: a signal peptide (26 residues), a propeptide (117 residues), and an extension up to the C terminus (about 250 residues). Another feature of SapSh is the fact that the space between His-65 and Ser-369 is approximately 150 residues longer than the corresponding spaces in other proteases belonging to the subtilisin family. SapSh was purified to homogeneity from the culture supernatant of E. coli recombinant cells by affinity chromatography with a bacitracin-Sepharose column. The recombinant SapSh (rSapSh) was found to have a molecular weight of about 44,000 and to be highly active in the alkaline region (optimum pH, around 9.0) when azocasein and synthetic peptides were used as substrates. rSapSh was characterized by its high levels of activity at low temperatures; it was five times more active than subtilisin Carlsberg at temperatures ranging from 5 to 15 degreesC. The activation energy for hydrolysis of azocasein by rSapSh was much lower than the activation energy for hydrolysis of azocasein by the subtilisin. However, rSapSh was far less stable than the subtilisin.
A Broad-Band Microwave Coaxial Connector with Capacitive RF Coupling and Isolated DC Returns (Correspondence) (1958)

A modified type N connector for passing RF while grounding the center conductor of the coaxial line has been reported by McLaughlin and Dunn. This device is useful for many applications but in microwave measurements it is sometimes necessary to have a high pass filter with a different dc voltage connected to each side of the filter. One such situation occurs in the connection of the input terminal of a microwave tube at one dc potential to a signal generator at essentially ground potential. Such a filter has been made with a type N connector having a series capacitance in the center conductor and a high resistance wire connected to one side of the split center conductor and passing through a small hole in the outer conductor.
Macroporous Li(Ni<sub>1/3</sub>Co<sub>1/3</sub>Mn<sub>1/3</sub>)O<sub>2</sub>: A High‐Power and High‐Energy Cathode for Rechargeable Lithium Batteries (2006)

Macroporous Li(Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3)O2 is prepared by a simple synthesis procedure. The material has excellent electrochemical performance as a high-energy, high-power intercalation electrode (see figure) for rechargeable lithium batteries. The results illustrate the important role of morphology in determining the performance of lithium-ion cathodes.
Experimental study of threshold voltage fluctuation due to statistical variation of channel dopant number in MOSFET's (1994)

Threshold voltage fluctuation has been experimentally studied, using a newly developed test structure utilizing an 8 k-NMOSFET array. It has been experimentally shown that both V/sub th/ and the channel dopant number n/sub a/ distributions are given as the Gaussian function, and verified that the standard deviation of n/sub a/, can be expressed as the square root of the average of n/sub a/, which is consistent with statistics. In this study, it has been shown that V/sub th/ fluctuation (/spl delta/V/sub th/) is mainly caused by the statistical fluctuation of the channel dopant number which explains about 60% of the experimental results. Moreover, we discuss briefly a new scaling scenario, based on the experimental results of the channel length, the gate oxide thickness, and the channel dopant dependence of /spl delta/V/sub th/. Finally, we discuss V/sub th/ fluctuation caused by the independent statistical-variations of two different dopant atoms in the counter ion implantation process.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A pipeline architecture of quadratic adaptive Volterra filters based on NLMS algorithm (2002)

This paper proposes a pipeline implementation of quadratic adaptive Volterra filters based on NLMS algorithm for high-speed processing and low power consumption. This implementation also gives a superior convergence performance than that of LMS pipeline algorithm under the colored inputs condition. The proposed implementation has zero output latency and reduced critical path compared to the non-pipelined implementation.
Evolved Cellular Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS and LTE (2010)

Most books on network planning and optimization provide limited coverage of either GSM or WCDMA techniques. Few scrape the surface of HSPA, and even fewer deal with TD-SCDMA. Filling this void, Evolved Cellular Network Planning and Optimization for UMTS and LTE presents an accessible introduction to all stages of planning and optimizing UMTS, HSPA,
Molecular alterations of the <i>AKT</i>2 oncogene in ovarian and breast carcinomas (1995)

The AKT2 gene is one of the human homologues of v-akt, the transduced oncogene of the AKT8 virus, which induces lymphomas in mice. In previous studies, AKT2, which codes for a serine-threonine protein kinase, was shown to be amplified and overexpressed in some human ovarian carcinoma cell lines and amplified in primary tumors of the ovary. To confirm and extend these findings, we conducted a large-scale, multicenter study of AKT2 alterations in ovarian and breast cancer. Southern-blot analysis demonstrated AKT2 amplification in 16 of 132 (12.1%) ovarian carcinomas and in 3 of 106 (2.8%) breast carcinomas. No AKT2 alteration was detected in 24 benign or borderline tumors. Northern-blot analysis revealed overexpression of AKT2 in 3 of 25 fresh ovarian carcinomas which were negative for AKT2 amplification. The difference in the incidence of AKT2 alterations in ovarian and breast cancer suggests a specific role for this gene in ovarian oncogenesis. No significant association was found between AKT2 amplification and amplification of the proto-oncogenes MYC and ERBB2, suggesting that amplification of AKT2 defines an independent subset of breast and ovarian cancers. Ovarian cancer patients with AKT2 alterations appear to have a poor prognosis. Amplification of AKT2 was especially frequent in undifferentiated tumors (4 of 8, p = 0.019), suggesting that AKT2 alterations may be associated with tumor aggressiveness.
Magnetic resonance imaging assessment of cardiac and liver iron load in transfusion dependent patients (2009)

We conclude that iron overload in heart and liver is common in our transfusion dependent patients. Liver T2* has inverse correlation with serum ferritin. Cardiac T2* does not have any correlation with the various clinical and biochemical parameters.
How Should Microrobots Swim? (2009)

Microrobots have the potential to dramatically change many aspects of medicine by navigating through bodily fluids to perform targeted diagnosis and therapy. Researchers have proposed numerous micro-robotic swimming methods, with the vast majority utilizing magnetic fields to wirelessly power and control the microrobot. In this paper, we compare three promising methods of microrobot swimming (using magnetic fields to rotate helical propellers that mimic bacterial flagella, using magnetic fields to oscillate a magnetic head with a rigidly attached elastic tail, and pulling directly with magnetic field gradients) considering practical hardware limitations in the generation of magnetic fields. We find that helical propellers and elastic tails have very comparable performance, and they generally become more desirable than gradient pulling as size decreases and as distance from the magnetic-field-generation source increases. We provide a discussion of why helical propellers are likely the best overall choice for in vivo applications.
Development of thermosensitive peptidyl cell substrate synthesis and artificial fibrin glue. (1992)

A totally synthetic fibrin glue was developed. The molecular structure is a co-polymer of N-isopropyl acrylamide (NIAM) and vinyl monomer units with a cell-adhesion peptidyl moiety (Arg-Gyl-Asp). The buffer solution is a viscous liquid at room temperature, but spontaneous precipitation occurs due to thermoresponsive phase transition derived from poly-NIAM. The peptidyl moieties bind to platelet receptors. When applied to tissues, spontaneous precipitation and subsequent platelet aggregation occurred, indicating that the synthetic bioactive polymer effectively functions like fibrin glue.
Cankers on Western Quaking Aspen (1995)

Long appreciated for its esthetic and shade tree value and its importance for wildlife, aspen is also capable of excellent growth and high yields and thus is an important commercial timber species. However, aspen has one major drawback-its soft bark is easily wounded by abiotic factors, animals, and insects. Subsequently, these wounds can be invaded by disease organisms. In some areas of the Rocky Mountains, for example, elk gnaw extensively on the bark, leading to rapid deterioration of the stand. However, canker diseases are by far the most serious causes of tree mortality.
Local tomography in fan-beam geometry using wavelets (1996)

An algorithm is developed for wavelet based multiresolution reconstruction of a function directly from its fan beam projections. The algorithm uses the locality of wavelet and scaling functions to reconstruct a local region of interest with reduced exposure. In other words, our algorithm saves the radiation exposure in the cases where only a local region of the cross section of a body is to be reconstructed. For example, in order to reconstruct a region of 16 pixels in radius in a 256/spl times/255 image, our method can reduce the X-ray dosage down to 22% of full exposure.
Teaching embedded computer systems with a Windows-based simulator (2002)

The Systems Engineering Department at the US Naval Academy provides a set of courses that are designed to introduce modern practices in digital control to undergraduates majoring in systems engineering. A very important element of digital control to be taught is the use of microcontrollers as "embedded" elements in feedback control systems. A good simulation of a real microcontroller can be immensely helpful to demonstrate concepts and to give students some practical experience using embedded processors in a variety of applications. Finding no suitable embedded computer simulator for our undergraduate students, we proceeded to develop and use a Windows based simulation of the PIC16C54/57/71/84 RISC microprocessor family. The program contains a program editor, an assembler, debugging tools, graphical representation for all registers, tools to present signals on device pins, and many other features that are all integrated together in a Windows environment. The paper describes the simulation and discusses our experiences while using the simulation over a period of two semesters in an introductory microcontroller class.
Protein-Induced Bonding Perturbation of the Rhodopsin Chromophore Detected by Double-Quantum Solid-State NMR (2004)

We have obtained carbon-carbon bond length data for the functional retinylidene chromophore of rhodopsin, with a spatial resolution of 3 pm. The very high resolution was obtained by performing double-quantum solid-state NMR on a set of noncrystalline isotopically labelled bovine rhodopsin samples. We detected localized perturbations of the carbon-carbon bond lengths of the retinylidene chromophore. The observations are consistent with a model in which the positive charge of the protonated Schiff base penetrates into the polyene chain and partially concentrates around the C13 position. This coincides with the proximity of a water molecule located between the glutamate-181 and serine-186 residues of the second extracellular loop, which is folded back into the transmembrane region. These measurements support the hypothesis that the polar residues of the second extracellular loop and the associated water molecule assist the rapid selective photoisomerization of the retinylidene chromophore by stabilizing a partial positive charge in the center of the polyene chain.