gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Changing distribution of norovirus genotypes and genetic analysis of recombinant GIIb among infants and children with diarrhea in Japan (2006)

A total of 402 fecal specimens collected during July 2003-June 2004 from infants and children with acute gastroenteritis, encompassing five localities (Maizuru, Tokyo, Sapporo, Saga, and Osaka) of Japan, were tested for the presence of norovirus by RT-PCR. It was found that 58 (14.4%) fecal specimens were positive for norovirus. Norovirus infection was detected throughout the year with the highest prevalence in December. Norovirus GII was the most predominant genogroup (98.3%; 57 of 58). The genotypes detected in this study were GI/4, GII/2, GII/3, GII/4, and GII/6. Of these, NoV GII/3 (known as the Arg320 virus cluster) was the most predominant genotype (43.9%), followed by NoV GII/4 (the Lordsdale virus cluster; 35.1%) and others. Two norovirus strains clustered with a "new variant designated GIIb" and a "new variant of GII/4" were found circulating in Japan for the first time. It was interesting to note that NoV GIIb and NoV GII/3 appeared to be the recombinant strains and the recombination site was demonstrated at the overlap of ORF1 and ORF2. The majority (96%) of the dominant norovirus strains were identified as the recombination of GII/3 capsid and GII/12 polymerase. The recombination in the NoV GIIb capsid gene at the breakpoint located at P1 domain was also identified. Obviously, NoV GIIb isolate in Japan had double recombination. This is the first report demonstrating the existence of different "new variants" co-circulating in Japanese infants and children with acute gastroenteritis.
Tyrosine Kinase Btk Is Required for NK Cell Activation (2012)

Bruton tyrosine kinase (Btk) is not only critical for B cell development and differentiation but is also involved in the regulation of Toll-like receptor-triggered innate response of macrophages. However, whether Btk is involved in the regulation of natural killer (NK) cell innate function remains unknown. Here, we show that Btk expression is up-regulated during maturation and activation of mouse NK cells. Murine Btk(-/-) NK cells have decreased innate immune responses to the TLR3 ligand, with reduced expressions of IFN-γ, perforin, and granzyme-B and decreased cytotoxic activity. Furthermore, Btk is found to promote TLR3-triggered NK cell activation mainly by activating the NF-κB pathway. Poly(I:C)-induced NK cell-mediated acute hepatitis was observed to be attenuated in Btk(-/-) mice or the mice with in vivo administration of the Btk inhibitor. Correspondingly, liver damage was aggravated in Btk(-/-) mice after the adoptive transfer of Btk(+/+) NK cells, further indicating that Btk-mediated NK cell activation contributes to TLR3-triggered acute liver injury. Importantly, reduced TLR3-triggered activation of human NK cells was observed in Btk-deficient patients with X-linked agammaglobulinemia, as evidenced by the reduced IFN-γ, CD69, and CD107a expression and cytotoxic activity. These results indicate that Btk is required for activation of NK cells, thus providing insight into the physiological significance of Btk in the regulation of immune cell functions and innate inflammatory response.
Synthesis of Fluorous Tags for Incorporation of Reducing Sugars into a Quantitative Microarray Platform (2008)

Carbohydrate microarrays can map out key interactions of carbohydrates and proteins in a high-throughput manner, but require the inclusion of a range of sugars for their optimal use. Here we present the synthesis and use of a new hydroxylamine-modified fluorous tag that allows the facile incorporation of reducing sugars into a noncovalent fluorous-based microarray after simple purification by fluorous solid-phase extraction (FSPE). The microarray supports quantitative screening against carbohydrate-binding proteins.
<i>In</i> <i>situ</i> thin film thickness measurement with acoustic Lamb waves (1995)

In situ thin film thickness measurement is an important problem in semiconductor processing, which is currently limited by the lack of adequate sensors. Most of today’s available techniques are restricted to certain type of films and many have difficulties in performing the measurement in situ. The fact that the velocity of an ultrasonic Lamb wave traveling in a silicon wafer is changed by the thin film coating on the wafer surface can be used as a monitoring method for basically any type of film—opaque, transparent, metal, or insulator. The acoustic sensors are easily implemented into plasma or CVD environments. We have demonstrated the technique in an aluminum sputtering system in which we measure Al film thickness with a resolution of ±100 Å. Even better resolution can be achieved for SiO2, copper, and tungsten films. This system has a variety of potential applications, not only in film thickness measurement, but also in characterization of film properties and multilayer deposition process control.
Disturbance Accommodating Controllers for Rotating Mechanical Systems (1986)

The use of magnetic bearings for supporting a rotor-shaft system has led to increasing interest in active control schemes. In this work, two disturbance accommodating controllers are developed which minimize the vibration of the system due to the mass imbalance of the rotor. The first controller generates an estimate of the disturbance force arising from this mass imbalance and then cancels its effect through the magnetic bearings. This keeps the rotor displacement at zero but often at the expense of high bearing forces. The second controller remedies this by estimating the eccentricity and then applying a force to the controlled shaft end to offset the effect of the eccentricity. This requires the controlled shaft end to follow a path so that the rotor shaft pivots about the center of mass. Thus, the center of mass of the system does not translate and so a disturbance force never occurs. Therefore, a small magnetic bearing force can be used to control the vibration of a large rotor. Both methods are compared to conventional bearing strategies.
A direct aspiration first pass technique for acute stroke therapy: a systematic review and meta‐analysis (2017)

ADAPT therapy is associated with similar reperfusion rates, clinical outcomes and complication rates compared with thrombectomy with stent retrievers. However, the major limitations of current evidence (i.e. retrospective studies and selection bias) indicate a need for adequately powered, multicenter randomized controlled trials to determine the best strategy.
Materials Surface Processing With Excimer Lasers (1988)

The evolution of the excimer laser from a research tool in the 1970's to the industrial models of the 1980's has opened up numerous applications in semiconductor manufacturing, corneal surgery genetic research and material processing in many fields. Microprocessor controlled laser systems, including computer-controlled delivery systems, will now run for up to 50 million shots before undergoing scheduled maintenance. The energy is delivered to a tolerance of +10% in most cases. While many uses for the excimer laser are still research oriented, the production applications are rapidly emerging. The continued reduction of VLSI circuit geometries together with increasingly higher levels of circuit integration create the demand for new circuit fabrication technologies. One of limitations of current IC fabrication technology is the use of high temperature processing. High temperatures distort silicon wafers, causing loss of resolution and alignment control and a subsequent reduction of device yield. Excimer laser technology, at very short ultra-violet wavelengths, offers the possibility of low temperature processing, including the following major applications: Photoresist exposure, photoresist ablation over alignment marks, annealing and doping, and etching. In addition, applications in IC packaging, circuit personalization and fiber optics appear as very promising new applications for excimer laser technology in the electronics industry.
Dynamic [<sup>18</sup>F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography and hypometabolic zones in seizures: Reduced capillary influx (1998)

We performed dynamic [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomographic (PET) analyses in 8 patients. Rate constants of influx (K1*), efflux (k2*), phosphorylation (k3*), and dephosphorylation (k4*) were derived for the regions of interest (ROIs), which included (1) the hypometabolic epileptogenic regions and (2) the homologous regions in the contralateral hemispheres. In addition, the four constants were determined from at least one clearly defined (control) ROI from the same plane and its homologous contralateral ROI. Influx (K1*) in the epileptogenic region was reduced in comparison with the contralateral ROI. Reductions in influx (K1*), which averaged 18 +/- 13% (mean +/- SD), [18F]FDG phosphorylation (k3*) (25 +/- 20%), and brain glucose utilization rates (26 +/- 10%) were observed in the epileptogenic region. Reductions in efflux were not statistically significant (k2* = 13 +/- 28%) but were comparable in magnitude to the average reduction in K1*. No ipsilateral versus contralateral differences were seen for any rate constants measured outside the epileptogenic region. Influx correlated highly with phosphorylation in the epileptogenic region. Our data suggest that the hypometabolic epileptogenic focus seen in [18F]FDG-PET studies is also a region of reduced blood-brain barrier glucose transporter activity and that reductions in phosphorylation are proportional to reductions in [18]FDG influx.
Dynamic beam steering with all-dielectric electro-optic III–V multiple-quantum-well metasurfaces (2019)

Tunable metasurfaces enable dynamical control of the key constitutive properties of light at a subwavelength scale. To date, electrically tunable metasurfaces at near-infrared wavelengths have been realized using free carrier modulation, and switching of thermo-optical, liquid crystal and phase change media. However, the highest performance and lowest loss discrete optoelectronic modulators exploit the electro-optic effect in multiple-quantum-well heterostructures. Here, we report an all-dielectric active metasurface based on electro-optically tunable III-V multiple-quantum-wells patterned into subwavelength elements that each supports a hybrid Mie-guided mode resonance. The quantum-confined Stark effect actively modulates this volumetric hybrid resonance, and we observe a relative reflectance modulation of 270% and a phase shift from 0° to ~70°. Additionally, we demonstrate beam steering by applying an electrical bias to each element to actively change the metasurface period, an approach that can also realize tunable metalenses, active polarizers, and flat spatial light modulators.
Continuous production of Bi-2212 thick film on silver tape (1999)

Bi-2212 thick film on silver tapes are seen as a simple and low cost alternative to high temperature superconducting wires produced by the Powder In Tube (PIT) technique, particularly in react and wind applications. A rig for the continuous production of Bi-2212 tapes for use in react and wind component manufacture has been developed and commissioned. The rig consists of several sections, each fully automatic, for task specific duties in the production of HTS tape. The major sections are: tape coating, sintering and annealing. High temperature superconducting tapes with engineering critical current densities of 10 kA/cm/sup 2/ (77 K, self field), and lengths of up to 100 m have been produced using the rig. Properties of the finished tape are discussed and results are presented for current density versus bend radius and applied strain. Depending on tape content and thickness, irreversible strain /spl epsi//sub irrev/, varies between 0.03 and 0.1%. Cyclic bending tests when applied strain does not exceed /spl epsi//sub irrev/, showed negligible reduction in J/sub c/ along the length of the tape.
Regeneratively initiated self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser (1991)

It is demonstrated that the incorporation of an acousto-optic modulator within the cavity of a self-mode-locked Ti:sapphire laser can lead to self-starting and stable generation of pulses that have durations of 60 fs when the acousto-optic device is driven regeneratively from the laser output. Data are also presented that show that the application of cavity-frequency locking techniques dramatically improves the phase noise characteristics of the mode-locked laser.
Control of<i>Clostridium perfringens</i>-induced necrotic enteritis in broilers by target-released butyric acid, fatty acids and essential oils (2010)

The efficacy of target-released butyric acid, medium-chain fatty acids (C(6) to C(12) but mainly lauric acid) and essential oils (thymol, cinnamaldehyde, essential oil of eucalyptus) micro-encapsulated in a poly-sugar matrix to control necrotic enteritis was investigated. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of the different additives were determined in vitro, showing that lauric acid, thymol, and cinnamaldehyde are very effective in inhibiting the growth of Clostridium perfringens. The in vivo effects were studied in two trials in an experimental necrotic enteritis model in broiler chickens. In the first trial, four groups of chickens were fed a diet supplemented with butyric acid, with essential oils, with butyric acid in combination with medium-chain fatty acids, or with butyric acid in combination with medium-chain fatty acids and essential oils. In all groups except for the group receiving only butyric acid, a significant decrease in the number of birds with necrotic lesions was found compared with the infected, untreated control group. In the second trial the same products were tested but at a higher concentration. An additional group was fed a diet supplemented with only medium-chain fatty acids. In all groups except for that receiving butyric acid in combination with medium-chain fatty acids and essential oils, a significant decrease in the number of birds with necrotic lesions was found compared with the infected, untreated control group. These results suggest that butyric acid, medium-chain fatty acids and/or essential oils may contribute to the prevention of necrotic enteritis in broilers.
Optimization of guard interval for OFDM performance over fading and AWGN channels using genetic algorithm (2004)

Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) is an attractive modulation technique for high data rata wireless local area network (WLAN) because of its good performance in fading channels. In this paper, we employ genetic algorithm (GA) to achieve a minimum degradation of OFDM system over multipath fading and additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channels. GA is used to extract the optimum value of the guard interval (GI) parameter, which is introduced to solve the problem of interferences that occur at the receiver. The results show that the optimum value of GI is strongly depends on the maximum delay spread. A series of simulations for the bit error rate (BER) performance as a function of subcarrier L with QPSK as modulation scheme for an optimal GI are presented.
Two-Step Self-Assembly of Liposome-Multidomain Peptide Nanofiber Hydrogel for Time-Controlled Release (2014)

Progress in self-assembly and supramolecular chemistry has been directed toward obtaining macromolecular assemblies with higher degrees of complexity, simulating the highly structured environment in natural systems. One approach to this type of complexity are multistep, multicomponent, self-assembling systems that allow approaches comparable to traditional multistep synthetic organic chemistry; however, only a few examples of this approach have appeared in the literature. Our previous work demonstrated nanofibrous mimics of the extracellular matrix. Here we demonstrate the ability to create a unique hydrogel, developed by stepwise self-assembly of multidomain peptide fibers and liposomes. The two-component system allows for controlled release of bioactive factors at multiple time points. The individual components of the self-assembled gel and the composite hydrogel were characterized by TEM, SEM, and rheometry, demonstrating that peptide nanofibers and lipid vesicles both retain their structural integrity in the composite gel. The rheological robustness of the hydrogel is shown to be largely unaffected by the presence of liposomes. Release studies from the composite gels loaded with different growth factors EGF, MCP-1, and PlGF-1 showed delay and prolongation of release by liposomes entrapped in the hydrogel compared to more rapid release from the hydrogel alone. This bimodal release system may have utility in systems where timed cascades of biological signals may be valuable, such as in tissue regeneration.
Preventive Role of Tetraspanin CD9 in Systemic Inflammation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2015)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is frequently associated with extrapulmonary complications, including cardiovascular disease, diabetes, and osteoporosis. Persistent, low-grade, systemic inflammation underlies these comorbid disorders. Tetraspanins, which have a characteristic structure spanning the membrane four times, facilitate lateral organization of molecular complexes and thereby form tetraspanin-enriched microdomains that are distinct from lipid rafts. Recent basic research has suggested a preventive role of tetraspanin CD9 in COPD. CD9-enriched microdomains negatively regulate LPS-induced receptor formation by preventing CD14 from accumulating into the rafts, and decreased CD9 in macrophages enhances inflammation in mice. Mice doubly deficient in CD9 and a related tetraspanin, CD81, show pulmonary emphysema, weight loss, and osteopenia, a phenotype akin to human COPD. A therapeutic approach to up-regulating CD9 in macrophages might improve the clinical course of patients with COPD with comorbidities.
Satellite communication systems engineering (1986)

Communication Satellite Systems Engineering can be divided into several widely disporate fields - 1) the design of the communications transponder, 2) the space platform around to carry it, 3) a launch system for placing it into orbit, 4) the earth stations for communicating and, 5) the interconnection lines with terrestrial systems. Each of the chapters of this book tries to give the systems engineer a broad understanding of these different elements of the system and their relationship to each other.
Recent Updates on the Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH) and Its Receptor System: Lessons from MCH1R Antagonists (2010)

Melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a 19-amino-acid cyclic peptide which was originally found to lighten skin color in fish that is highly conserved among many species. MCH interacts with two G-protein-coupled receptors, MCH1R and MCH2R, but only MCH1R is expressed in rodents. MCH is mainly synthesized in the lateral hypothalamus and zona incerta, while MCH1R is widely expressed throughout the brain. Thus, MCH signaling is implicated in the regulation of many physiological functions. The identification of MCH1R has led to the development of small-molecule MCH1R antagonists that can block MCH signaling. MCH1R antagonists are useful not only for their potential therapeutic value, but also for understanding the physiological functions of the endogenous MCH system. Here, we review the physiological functions of the MCH system which have been investigated using MCH1R antagonists such as food intake, anxiety, depression, reward, and sleep. This will help us understand the physiological functions of the MCH system and suggest some of the potential applications of MCH1R antagonists in human disorders.
Intermediate visual function with different multifocal intraocular lens models (2010)

Patients with bilateral multifocal aspheric IOLs with a lower add had better intermediate and distance near visual acuity than patients with bilateral multifocal spherical IOLs or bilateral aspheric IOLs with a higher add.
III-nitride blue and ultraviolet photonic crystal light emitting diodes (2004)

We present results on enhancement of 460 nm blue and 340 nm UV optical power output in III-nitride light emitting diodes (LEDs) using photonic crystals (PCs) under current injection. Triangular arrays of the PCs with diameter/periodicity of 300/700 nm were patterned using electron-beam lithography and inductively coupled plasma dry etching. The total power at 20 mA of 300×300 μm2 unpackaged LED chips revealed an increase by 63% and 95% for the blue and UV LEDs, respectively, as a result of the PC formation. Possible ways for further improving enhancement of light extraction using PCs are discussed.
Immunological Balance Is Associated with Clinical Outcome after Autologous Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation in Type 1 Diabetes (2017)

Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT) increases C-peptide levels and induces insulin independence in patients with type 1 diabetes. This study aimed to investigate how clinical outcomes may associate with the immunological status, especially concerning the balance between immunoregulation and autoreactivity. Twenty-one type 1 diabetes patients were monitored after AHSCT and assessed every 6 months for duration of insulin independence, C-peptide levels, frequencies of islet-specific autoreactive CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells (CTL), regulatory lymphocyte subsets, thymic function, and T-cell repertoire diversity. In median follow-up of 78 (range 15-106) months, all patients became insulin-independent, resuming insulin after median of 43 (range 6-100) months. Patients were retrospectively divided into short- or prolonged-remission groups, according to duration of insulin independence. For the entire follow-up, CD3<sup>+</sup>CD4<sup>+</sup> T-cell numbers remained lower than baseline in both groups, whereas CD3<sup>+</sup>CD8<sup>+</sup> T-cell levels did not change, resulting in a CD4/CD8 ratio inversion. Memory CTL comprehended most of T cells detected on long-term follow-up of patients after AHSCT. B cells reconstituted to baseline levels at 2-3 months post-AHSCT in both patient groups. In the prolonged-remission-group, baseline islet-specific T-cell autoreactivity persisted after transplantation, but regulatory T cell counts increased. Patients with lower frequencies of autoreactive islet-specific T cells remained insulin-free longer and presented greater C-peptide levels than those with lower frequencies of these cells. Therefore, immune monitoring identified a subgroup of patients with superior clinical outcome of AHSCT. Our study shows that improved immunoregulation may balance autoreactivity endorsing better metabolic outcomes in patients with lower frequencies of islet-specific T cells. Development of new strategies of AHSCT is necessary to increase frequency and function of T and B regulatory cells and decrease efficiently autoreactive islet-specific T and B memory cells in type 1 diabetes patients undergoing transplantation.
Transparent conducting films from NbSe<sub>3</sub>nanowires (2011)

We have developed methods to disperse and partially size separate NbSe(3) nanowires in aqueous surfactant solutions. These dispersions can easily be formed into thin films. Optical and electrical studies show these films to display sheet resistances and transmittances ranging from (460 Ω/□, 22%) to (12 kΩ/□, 79%) depending on thickness. For thicker films, we measured the transparent conducting figure of merit to be σ(DC, B)/σ(Op) = 0.32, similar to graphene networks. Thickness measurements gave individual values of σ(Op) = 17,800 S m(-1) and σ(DC, B) = 5700 S m(-1). Films thinner than ∼ 70 nm displayed reduced DC conductivity due to percolative effects.