gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MRTP: a multiflow realtime transport protocol for ad hoc networks (2003)

Transporting multimedia data over ad hoc networks is a challenging problem. However, the mesh topology of ad hoc networks implies the existence of multiple paths between two nodes. In our previous work, we have shown that path diversity provides an effective means of combating transmission errors and topology changes that are typical in ad hoc networks. Moreover, data partitioning techniques, such as striping and thinning, have been demonstrated to improve the queueing performance of realtime data. Recognizing the advantages of these techniques, as well as the increasing need of video services in ad hoc networks, we propose a new transport protocol to support multipath transport of realtime data. The new protocol, called multiflow realtime transport protocol (MRTP), provides a convenient vehicle for realtime applications to partition and transmit data using multiple flows. Analysis results from a bottleneck mobile node and simulation results from multiple path video transport over a 16-node ad hoc network illustrate the benefits of MRTP.
Neutrophil and Kupffer cell-induced oxidant stress and ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat liver (1991)

The hypothesis that Kupffer cells and infiltrating neutrophils generate reactive oxygen in the hepatic sinusoids and may contribute to ischemia-reperfusion injury in the liver was investigated in a model of partial no-flow ischemia and reperfusion in male Fischer rats in vivo. During the reperfusion period of 60 min, plasma concentrations of glutathione disulfide (GSSG; index of oxidant stress) increased from 1.62 +/- 0.20 microM glutathione (GSH) equivalents to maximal values of 11.82 +/- 1.45 (45 min ischemia), 24.19 +/- 2.35 (60 min ischemia), and 70.20 +/- 7.8 (120 min ischemia). The basal tissue GSSG content in the postischemic lobes (0.19 +/- 0.02 nmol GSH eq/mg protein) increased by 50-100%. Although the number of neutrophils in liver and lung increased by 3- to 10-fold during reperfusion, there was no positive correlation between the number of neutrophils and the GSSG concentrations measured in plasma or tissue. However, activation of Kupffer cells with high doses of retinol or with Propionibacterium acnes significantly enhanced plasma GSSG levels, while inactivation of Kupffer cells with methyl palmitate or gadolinium chloride significantly attenuated the increase of plasma GSSG. Inactivation of Kupffer cells protected the liver significantly against ischemia-reperfusion injury. It is concluded that Kupffer cells are the predominant source of reactive oxygen formed during the initial reperfusion period and that Kupffer cell activity (including reactive oxygen formation) contributes to reperfusion injury in the liver in vivo.
Substituent effects on the geometric and electronic properties of tetracyano-<i>p</i>-quinodimethane (TCNQ): a theoretical study (2012)

Abstract Electron acceptors are classes of molecules that are important in organic devices as they help to improve the conductivity of organic semiconducting molecules by forming p-type complexes or anion radical complexes. These molecules can be doped into hole transporting materials to provide good ohmic contact with the anode and to improve the carrier density of the hole transport layer. This results in organic light-emitting devices with low driving voltages and high power efficiencies. In this study, we investigate a series of tetracyano-p-quinodimethane derivatives with substituents expected to facilitate the electron-acceptor capabilities of the quinones using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent DFT (TDDFT). As expected, the cyano substitution stabilises both highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) energy levels and increases the adiabatic electron affinity of the dopants. The stabilisation effect on the LUMO levels is greater, and as a result the narrowing of the HOMO–LUMO gap is seen. This fact was further confirmed by TDDFT studies, energy of the computed S1 ← S0 transition red shifted upon CN substitution. However, perturbation to the ground-state geometry is negligible, and all anionic structures exhibit aromatisation independent of substitution. Our study suggests that the substituted derivatives reported herein show promise as conductivity dopants. Keywords: OLEDDFTTDDFTF4TCNQdoping Acknowledgements A portion of this research was performed using Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory (EMSL), which is a national scientific user facility sponsored by the Department of Energy's Office of Biological and Environmental Research and is located at Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL). Computations were carried out using 'NWChem, A Computational Chemistry Package for Parallel Computers, Version 5.1' (2007), developed at the High Performance Computational Chemistry Group, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352-0999, USA. Extensible Computational Chemistry Environment (ECCE), A Problem Solving Environment for Computational Chemistry, Software Version 6.0 (2009), as developed and distributed by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, USA, and funded by the U.S. Department of Energy, was used to obtain some of these results. Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) is operated by Battelle Memorial Institute for the US Department of Energy (DOE) under Contract No. DE-AC06-76RLO 1830. Notes 1. EMSL Basis Set Exchange: http://www.bse.pnl.gov/bse/portal.
Partial fractionation of fatty acid triglycerides on a silicic acid column (1961)

Abstract A silicic acid column chromatographic method for the fractionation of glyceride types, employing an all‐glass apparatus which permits gradient changes in solvent mixtures under pressure is described. Data on seven natural fats are discussed on the basis of the iodine values of individual fractions. The general trend in elution with the increasing concentration of ethyl ether in n‐hexane is governed by a) chain length and b) unsatuation of the constitutent fatty acids. Glycerides containing short‐chain acids are more strongly adsorbed than those containing long‐chain acids and glycerides containing unsaturated fatty acids are more strongly adsorbed in direct relation to unsaturation than those containing saturated acids of the same chain‐length.
A New Approach to Precipitation Monitoring: A critical survey of existing technologies and challenges (2015)

Accurate measurements of precipitation are essential for many applications, ranging from flash-flood warnings to water resource management. However, the accuracy of the existing tools is limited by various technical and practical reasons. Percipitation monitoring has traditionally been known to rely on gauges, weather radars, and satellites. Recently, a new approach has begun to be examined, the usage of commercial wireless communication networks (CWCNs), which enjoys the lack of any need for deployment procedures or costs, and which is already widely spread across countries. The goal of this article is to present a critical survey of the existing papers and works on this topic. We emphasize the works relating this topic to multidimensional signal processing. The importance of precipitation (rain, sleet, hail, snow, and any other outcomes of the condensation of water vapor that falls by virtue of gravity) is clear to any layman. Whether it is required for the purpose of precisely measuring past precipitation quantities or for generating future predictions, monitoring such phenomena has been of interest to humankind since early biblical days.
Experimental observation of the long-range surface-plasmon polariton (1983)

The propagation and attenuation constants of long-range surface-plasmon polaritons propagating on thin metal films have been measured for several film thicknesses by using a hemispherical retroreflecting coupler. The results are in agreement with our theoretical dispersion curves, which predict that the attenuation constant of this mode can decrease by a factor of 63 relative to that obtained with a thick metal film.
THE USE OF HYPAQUE-FICOLL IN THE ISOLATION OF PANCREATIC ISLETS IN RATS (1976)

G. F. Strong Research Laboratory Department of Pediatrics University of British Columbia Vancouver, British Columbia
Sliver solar cells (2007)

Sliver solar cells are thin, mono-crystalline silicon solar cells, fabricated using micro-machining techniques combined with standard solar cell fabrication technology. Sliver solar modules can be efficient, low cost, bifacial, transparent, flexible, shadow-tolerant, and lightweight. Sliver modules require only 5 to 10% of the pure silicon and less than 5% of the wafer starts per MW<sub>p</sub> of factory output when compared with conventional photovoltaic modules. At ANU, we have produced 20% efficient Sliver solar cells using a robust, optimised cell fabrication process described in this paper. We have devised a rapid, reliable and simple method for extracting Sliver cells from a Sliver wafer, and methods for assembling modularised Sliver cell sub-modules. The method for forming these Sliver sub-modules, along with a low-cost method for rapidly forming reliable electrical interconnections, are presented. Using the sub-module approach, we describe low-cost methods for assembling and encapsulating Sliver cells into a range of module designs.
Glucocorticoids Exacerbate Cognitive Deficits in TDP-25 Transgenic Mice via a Glutathione-Mediated Mechanism: Implications for Aging, Stress and TDP-43 Proteinopathies (2013)

The accumulation of TDP-43 (transactive response DNA-binding protein 43) and its 25 kDa C-terminal fragment (TDP-25) is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative disorders, including frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD-TDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The majority of FTLD-TDP cases are due to loss of function mutations in the gene encoding progranulin, a secreted growth factor. In ALS, specific mutations in the gene encoding TDP-43 have been linked to the disease pathogenesis. In both cases, however, the penetrance of the mutations greatly increases during aging, suggesting that other genetic or environmental factors may facilitate the development of the disease. Using transgenic mice that overexpress the 25 kDa C-terminal fragment of TDP-43, here we show that glucocorticoids, stress hormones known to increase the brain susceptibility to neurotoxic insults, increase the levels of soluble TDP-25 and exacerbate cognitive deficits, without altering full-length TDP-43 levels. Additionally, we show that the mechanism underlying the glucocorticoid-mediated increase in TDP-25 levels is coupled to changes in the glutathione redox state. Glutathione is an antioxidant involved in protecting cells from damage caused by reactive oxygen species; notably, alterations in the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione, which is the primary determinant of the cellular redox state, are associated with aging and neurodegeneration. We show that restoring the ratio of reduced to oxidized glutathione blocks the glucocorticoid effects on TDP-25. These data show that glucocorticoids potentiate the neurotoxic action of TDP-25 by increasing its levels and clearly indicate the role of cellular oxidative damage in this process.
Gene Regulation at the Single-Cell Level (2005)

The quantitative relation between transcription factor concentrations and the rate of protein production from downstream genes is central to the function of genetic networks. Here we show that this relation, which we call the gene regulation function (GRF), fluctuates dynamically in individual living cells, thereby limiting the accuracy with which transcriptional genetic circuits can transfer signals. Using fluorescent reporter genes and fusion proteins, we characterized the bacteriophage lambda promoter P(R) in Escherichia coli. A novel technique based on binomial errors in protein partitioning enabled calibration of in vivo biochemical parameters in molecular units. We found that protein production rates fluctuate over a time scale of about one cell cycle, while intrinsic noise decays rapidly. Thus, biochemical parameters, noise, and slowly varying cellular states together determine the effective single-cell GRF. These results can form a basis for quantitative modeling of natural gene circuits and for design of synthetic ones.
Preparative, physico-chemical and cytotoxicity studies of prodrugs activated in hypoxia to give metal-binding analogues of bleomycin (1999)

The synthesis of 2,6-disubstituted pyridines 10, 23, 27a–28b is reported. These compounds are expected to complex iron(II) and yield hydroxyl radicals by interaction of the aqueous complex with oxygen. In addition a second series of 2,6-disubstituted pyridines 24a, 24b and 29 having additional features (nitro or N-oxide groups), which are expected to prevent complexation of iron, is described. These deactivated compounds are expected to be reduced in hypoxic tumour cells to yield products 25a, 25b and 10, respectively, which are able to complex metals and yield hydroxyl radicals. EPR and fluorescence spectroscopy provide evidence for the production of hydroxyl radicals from all the compounds except the prodrugs 10, 25a and 25b and the compounds not having an imidazole nucleus 27a–28b. The prodrugs were not cytotoxic in air alone to Chinese hamster V79 cells in vitro. However, when the prodrug was added to the cells and then exposed to hypoxia followed by air, the nitro compounds 24a and 24b showed slightly increased cytotoxicity. However, the N-oxide 29 showed marked cytotoxicity similar to that of the corresponding N-deoxygenated compound 10.
Gigabit-scale DRAM capacitor technology with high dielectric constant thin films by a novel conformal deposition technique (2002)

High dielectric constant Ba/sub 0.7/Sr/sub 0.3/TiO/sub 3/ (BST) thin films with excellent thickness uniformity, within 5%, and adequate structural properties across an 8 inch wafer, are prepared by a novel aerosol-driven and photo-enhanced conformal deposition technique. Storage capacitors fabricated with an ultrathin BST film which has the lowest equivalent SiO/sub 2/ thickness of 0.37 nm reported thus far, show that leakage current density is 2/spl times/10/sup -8/ A/cm/sup 2/ under an applied voltage of 2 V and unit capacitance is 95 fFspl mu/m/sup 2/. Combining these material properties with the proposed conformal deposition technique which is applicable for stacked cell structures, is very promising as key technologies for the future gigabit-scale DRAMs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Understanding and simplifying the structural similarity metric (2008)

The structural similarity (SSIM) metric and its multi-scale extension (MS-SSIM) evaluate visual quality with a modified local measure of spatial correlation consisting of three components: mean, variance, and cross-correlation. This paper investigates how the SSIM components contribute to its quality evaluation of common image artifacts. The predictive performance of the individual components and pairwise component products is assessed using the LIVE image database. After a nonlinear mapping, the product of the variance and cross- correlation components yields nearly identical linear correlation with subjective ratings as the complete SSIM and MS- SSIM computations. A computationally simple alternative to SSIM (c.f Eq. (6)) that ignores the mean component and sets the local average patch values to 128 exhibits a 1% decrease in linear correlation with subjective ratings to 0.934 from the complete SSIM evaluation with an over 20% reduction in the number of multiplications.
Development of a new PCR-ribotyping method for<i>Clostridium difficile</i>based on ribosomal RNA gene sequencing (1999)

PCR-ribotying, a typing method based on polymorphism in the 16S-23S intergenic spacer region, has been recently used to investigate outbreaks due to Clostridium difficile. However, this method generates bands of high and close molecular masses which are difficult to separate on agarose gel electrophoresis. To improve reading of banding patterns of PCR-ribotyping applied to C. difficile, a partial sequencing of the rRNA genes (16S and 23S) and intergenic spacer region has been performed, then a new set of primers located closer to the intergenic spacer region has been defined. The new PCR gave reproducible patterns of bands easy to separate on agarose gel electrophoresis. Each of the 10 serogroups and 11 subgroups of serogroup A produced a different pattern. This typing method has evidenced major qualities such as easiness, rapidity and reproducibility. However, its discriminatory power has to be evaluated to validate its importance as a typing tool for C. difficile.
Ongoing Pain as a Mental Workload Indexed by P300 Depression: Discrimination of Real and Feigned Pain Conditions (1991)

Two groups of subjects were formed. One, a real pain group, was subjected to aversive pressure on the fingernail surface during pain-only and pain-tracking conditions. The second group (feigned pain) was instructed to feign pain during corresponding runs in which fingernail pressure was applied at a just noticeable (not painful) level. Both groups also simultaneously performed an auditory oddball (.8/.2) task during their pain-only and pain-tracking conditions, as well as during an initial (baseline-1) and final (baseline-2) baseline condition in which only the oddball task was performed. Oddball-evoked P300 amplitudes were significantly different for the groups during the pain-tracking and baseline-2 conditions, with the amplitudes smaller in the real pain groups in both conditions. The pain-only and pain-tracking conditions in both groups caused significant P300 reductions in comparison with baseline-1 values. P300 latencies did not differ as a function of either groups or conditions. 100% of the real pain subjects and 67% of the feigned pain subjects could be correctly classified using P300 amplitude-derived indices.
Synthesis of poly‐<scp>L</scp>‐asparagine and poly‐<scp>L</scp>‐glutamine (1969)

Abstract Poly‐β‐ N ‐diphenylmethyl‐ L ‐asparagine and poly‐γ‐ N ‐diphenylmethyl‐ L ‐glutamine were prepared from the corresponding N ‐carboxyanhydrides. Poly‐ L ‐aspuragine and poly‐ L ‐glutamine were obtained by removal of the diphenylmethyl protecting groups with liquid anhydrous hydrofluoric acid.
Kinetics of oxygen interstitial injection and lattice exchange in rutile TiO2 (2014)

The existence of a facile surface pathway for generation of O interstitials (Oi) in rutile that can facilitate annihilation of O undesirable vacancies has been demonstrated recently. Through isotopic self-diffusion experiments, the present work determines a value of approximately 1.8 eV for the activation energy of Oi injection from TiO2 (110). The mean path length for Oi diffusion decreases by nearly an order of magnitude upon adsorption of 0.1 monolayer of sulfur. Sulfur apparently inhibits the surface annihilation rate of Ti interstitials, lowering their bulk concentration and the corresponding catalytic effect they seem to exert upon Oi exchange with the lattice.
An Adaptive Mixed Reality Training System for Stroke Rehabilitation (2010)

This paper presents a novel mixed reality rehabilitation system used to help improve the reaching movements of people who have hemiparesis from stroke. The system provides real-time, multimodal, customizable, and adaptive feedback generated from the movement patterns of the subject's affected arm and torso during reaching to grasp. The feedback is provided via innovative visual and musical forms that present a stimulating, enriched environment in which to train the subjects and promote multimodal sensory-motor integration. A pilot study was conducted to test the system function, adaptation protocol and its feasibility for stroke rehabilitation. Three chronic stroke survivors underwent training using our system for six 75-min sessions over two weeks. After this relatively short time, all three subjects showed significant improvements in the movement parameters that were targeted during training. Improvements included faster and smoother reaches, increased joint coordination and reduced compensatory use of the torso and shoulder. The system was accepted by the subjects and shows promise as a useful tool for physical and occupational therapists to enhance stroke rehabilitation.
[Bis(catechol)salen]Mn<sup>III</sup> Coordination Polymers as Support‐Free Heterogeneous Asymmetric Catalysts for Epoxidation (2007)

Abstract The formation of coordination polymers by the reaction of [bis(catechol)salen]Mn III with several di‐ and trivalent metal ions is reported. These polymers are insoluble in a wide range of organic solvents and water but can be dissolved upon addition of excess pyrocatechol. They function as enantioselective heterogeneous epoxidation catalysts and exhibit catalytic activity comparable to that of the homogeneous[bis(catechol)salen]Mn III building block alone when used for the enantioselective epoxidation of 2,2‐dimethyl‐2 H ‐chromene. After catalysis, catalyst isolation from the reaction mixture can be readily achieved by centrifugation and decantation. Under practical oxidant concentrations, the catalyst can be recycled up to ten times with little loss of activity and no loss of enantioselectivity. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)
Deletion in erythrocyte band 3 gene in malaria-resistant Southeast Asian ovalocytosis. (1991)

Southeast Asian ovalocytosis (SAO) is a hereditary condition that is widespread in parts of Southeast Asia. The ovalocytic erythrocytes are rigid and resistant to invasion by various malarial parasites. We have previously found that the underlying defect in SAO involves band 3 protein, the major transmembrane protein, which has abnormal structure and function. We now report two linked mutations in the erythrocyte band 3 gene in SAO: (i) a deletion of codons 400-408 and (ii) a substitution, A----G, in the first base of codon 56 leading to substitution of Lys-56 by Glu-56. The first defect leads to a deletion of nine amino acids in the boundary of cytoplasmic and membrane domains of band 3. This defect has been detected in all 30 ovalocytic subjects from Malaysia, the Philippines, and two unrelated coastal regions of Papua New Guinea, whereas it was absent in all 30 controls from Southeast Asia and 20 subjects of different ethnic origin from the United States. The Lys-56----Glu substitution has likewise been found in all SAO subjects. However, it has also been detected in 5 of the 50 control subjects, suggesting that it represents a linked polymorphism. We conclude that the deletion of codons 400-408 in the band 3 gene constitutes the underlying molecular defect in SAO.
Very low threshold GRIN-SCH GaAs/GaAlAs laser structure grown by OM-VPE (1982)

In a recent publication we gave preliminary results on the lasing characteristics of a GRIN-SCH GaAs/GaAlAs laser grown by OM-VPE. The parameters of this single quantum well laser have now been further optimised, and for a quantum well thickness of 60 Å, with outer confinement layers composed of Ga0.4Al0.6As, significantly lower threshold current densities have been achieved. For a broad-area laser of cavity length 413 μm (width 140 μm) the average threshold current density is 232 A cm−2, and this decreases to 121 A cm−2 for a chip length of 1788 μm. We believe that these are the lowest lasing threshold current densities that have yet been reported.