gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A new decoder for spoken language translation based on confusion networks (2005)

A novel approach to spoken language translation is proposed, which more tightly integrates automatic speech recognition (ASR) and statistical machine translation (SMT). SMT is directly applied on an approximation of the word graph produced by the ASR system, namely a confusion network. The decoding algorithm extends a conventional phrase-based decoder in that it can process at once a large number of source sentence hypotheses contained in the confusion network. Experimental results are presented on a Spanish-English large vocabulary task, namely the translation of the European Parliament plenary sessions. With respect to a conventional SMT decoder processing N-best lists, a slight improvement in the BLEU score is reported as well as a significantly lower decoding time
Infrared Spectroscopic Study of Ammonia – Sulfur Dioxide – Water Solid State System (1975)

Products formed during the solid state reactions between ammonia and sulfur dioxide in the presence or absence of water have been investigated by infrared spectroscopy. Warming of a low-temperature matrix of SO 2 with excess NH 3 produces (NH 3 ) 2 •SO 2 at −90 °C. This adduct decomposes near −50 °C into NH 3 •SO 2 which has a yellow color. With excess SO 2 only NH 3 •SO 2 appears at −150 °C. The 1:1 complex disappears from the low-temperature infrared window at about −20 °C. With H 2 O present in the matrix, (NH 3 ) 2 •SO 2 is converted at −80 °C into ammonium sulfite which is stable to room temperature where it can be pumped off readily from the infrared window. With less than the stoichiometric amount of water, the final product of the warming sequence is ammonium pyrosulfite whose infrared spectrum varies considerably with experimental conditions. The pyrosulfite reacts further with water to give ammonium bisulfite. The infrared spectra of solid ammonium bisulfite and perdeuteroammonium bisulfite show that the hydrogen in the bisulfite ion is bonded to the sulfur atom. Vibrational assignments have been made for all the compounds.
A Computational Approach to Identifying Gene-microRNA Modules in Cancer (2015)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in the initiation and progression of various cancers by regulating genes. Regulatory interactions between genes and miRNAs are complex, as multiple miRNAs can regulate multiple genes. In addtion, these interactions vary from patient to patient and even among patients with the same cancer type, as cancer development is a heterogeneous process. These relationships are more complicated because transcription factors and other regulatory molecules can also regulate miRNAs and genes. Hence, it is important to identify the complex relationships between genes and miRNAs in cancer. In this study, we propose a computational approach to constructing modules that represent these relationships by integrating the expression data of genes and miRNAs with gene-gene interaction data. First, we used a biclustering algorithm to construct modules consisting of a subset of genes and a subset of samples to incorporate the heterogeneity of cancer cells. Second, we combined gene-gene interactions to include genes that play important roles in cancer-related pathways. Then, we selected miRNAs that are closely associated with genes in the modules based on a Gaussian Bayesian network and Bayesian Information Criteria. When we applied our approach to ovarian cancer and glioblastoma (GBM) data sets, 33 and 54 modules were constructed, respectively. In these modules, 91% and 94% of ovarian cancer and GBM modules, respectively, were explained either by direct regulation between genes and miRNAs or by indirect relationships via transcription factors. In addition, 48.4% and 74.0% of modules from ovarian cancer and GBM, respectively, were enriched with cancer-related pathways, and 51.7% and 71.7% of miRNAs in modules were ovarian cancer-related miRNAs and GBM-related miRNAs, respectively. Finally, we extensively analyzed significant modules and showed that most genes in these modules were related to ovarian cancer and GBM.
Accuracy of Two Systems for Blood Glucose Monitoring without a Meter (Chemstrip/Visidex) (1983)

Blood specimens collected from 159 campers were tested using Visidex (VD) (Ames Company, Elkhart, Indiana) and Chemstrip (CS) (Bio-Dynamics, Boehringer Mannheim, Indianapolis, Indiana) compared with glucose analyzer (GA) results. Readers were physicians, two with no prior experience using either strip and two with some experience using CS. Subsequently, 30 clinic patients and 4 staff contributed random specimens that were read by a trained novice as 68 discrete samples and compared with GA results. In both studies readers did not place blood on the strips and were thus blinded as to source and the possible previous reading with the other strip. Correlations of VD and CS with GA for camp and clinic data were calculated. Data were compared for reliability and errors greater than 20% of reference values (GA) were compared for VD and CS. CS correlated better with GA than did VD estimates. Reliability was also significantly greater for CS than for VD readings. Both of these visually read methods provided clinically useful estimates of glycemia.
Synthesis on solid phase of a bicyclic octapeptide amatoxin (2009)

The α-amanitin is an excellent template for use in the design of a chemical library on solid phase in order to study the mechanisms involved in the regulation of transcription. Indeed, α-amanitin selectively inhibits with high affinity the RNA Polymerase II. The α-amanitin belongs to the amatoxin family which is characterized by a defined rigid bicyclic structure consisting of a head-to-tail cyclized octapeptide, with a transannular linkage known as a tryptathionine bridge. The latter is made via the Savige-Fontana tryptathionylation of the oxidized tryptophan derivative 3α-hydroxypyrrolo[2,3-b]indoline in neat TFA. Therefore, in order to achieve the synthesis of an α-amanitin-based library on solid phase, the linker must be stable both in TFA and during the peptide synthesis. Such a linker was found in the tartrate-based linker. As proof of this concept, following completion of the linker synthesis on solid phase, the linear octapeptide precursor of Pro²-Glu³-S-deoxo-amaninamide was prepared by standard Fmoc/tert-Bu SPPS. The tryptathionine bridge was achieved by the Savige-Fontana reaction and the second cyclization was performed by a head-to-tail macrolactamization, all on PEGA resin. The bicyclic octapeptide was cleaved off from the linker with the mild sodium periodate oxidant, purified by RP-HPLC and characterized by HRMS (ESI) and UV spectra.
Teach Yourself Access 97 VISUALLY (1997)

From the Publisher:
Access isn't a household name the way Word and Excel are, but this database component of Microsoft's top-selling Office suite is every bit as powerful and every bit as useful. Now, thanks to the proven visual approach that has rendered technical subjects understandable to millions of Teach Yourself Visually and Simplified readers, you can get up to speed with the latest release of Access -- Access 97 -- quickly and enjoyably.

In Teach Yourself Access 97 Visually, full-color illustrations, concise explanations, and step-by-step instructions show you how to create your own databases, build queries to find the information you want efficiently, generate professional-looking reports, and more. Plus, Teach Yourself Access 97 Visually demonstrates how to make the most out of your information and your software by integrating Word and Excel with Access for complete productivity solutions.
The endoplasmic reticulum protein folding factory and its chaperones: new targets for drug discovery? (2010)

Cytosolic heat shock proteins have received significant attention as emerging therapeutic targets. Much of this excitement has been triggered by the discovery that HSP90 plays a central role in the maintenance and stability of multifarious oncogenic membrane receptors and their resultant tyrosine kinase activity. Numerous studies have dealt with the effects of small molecules on chaperone- and stress-related pathways of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However, unlike cytosolic chaperones, relatively little emphasis has been placed upon translational avenues towards targeting of the ER for inhibition of folding/secretion of disease-promoting proteins. Here, we summarise existing small molecule inhibitors and potential future targets of ER chaperone-mediated inhibition. Client proteins of translational relevance in disease treatment are outlined, alongside putative future disease treatment modalities based on ER-centric targeted therapies. Particular attention is paid to cancer and autoimmune disorders via the effects of the GRP94 inhibitor geldanamycin and its population of client proteins, overloading of the unfolded protein response, and inhibition of members of the IL-12 family of cytokines by celecoxib and non-coxib analogues.
MemTracker: Efficient and Programmable Support for Memory Access Monitoring and Debugging (2007)

Memory bugs are a broad class of bugs that is becoming increasingly common with increasing software complexity, and many of these bugs are also security vulnerabilities. Unfortunately, existing software and even hardware approaches for finding and identifying memory bugs have considerable performance overheads, target only a narrow class of bugs, are costly to implement, or use computational resources inefficiently. This paper describes MemTracker, a new hardware support mechanism that can be configured to perform different kinds of memory access monitoring tasks. MemTracker associates each word of data in memory with a few bits of state, and uses a programmable state transition table to react to different events that can affect this state. The number of state bits per word, the events to which MemTracker reacts, and the transition table are all fully programmable. MemTracker's rich set of states, events, and transitions can be used to implement different monitoring and debugging checkers with minimal performance overheads, even when frequent state updates are needed. To evaluate MemTracker, we map three different checkers onto it, as well as a checker that combines all three. For the most demanding (combined) checker, we observe performance overheads of only 2.7% on average and 4.8% worst-case on SPEC 2000 applications. Such low overheads allow continuous (always-on) use of MemTracker-enabled checkers even in production runs
BEHAVIORAL MUTANTS OF <i>Drosophila</i> ISOLATED BY COUNTERCURRENT DISTRIBUTION (1967)

Complex as it is, much of the vast network of cellular functions has been successfully dissected, on a microscopic scale, by the use of mutants in which one element is altered at a time. A similar approach may be fruitful in tackling the complex structures and events underlying behavior, using behavioral mutations to indicate modifications of the nervous system. Drosophila offers the same advantages to such a study as it did to classical genetics, namely, large numbers and short generation time, to which may now be added an enormous store of accumulated knowledge concerning the organism. Containing about 105 neurons, the fly's nervous system is roughly halfway, on a logarithmic scale, between a single neuron and the human brain, and the fly is possessed of a rich repertoire of behavior. The considerable literature on Drosophila behavior since Carpenter's 1905 paper [1] has recently been reviewed by Manning.[2]
¿Quién quiere estrangular a la ONU?: falta de medios, competencia del G-20 (2012)

Por segunda vez en cincuenta anos, las Naciones Unidas adoptaron, el 23 de diciembre de 2011, un presupuesto mas reducido para el ejercicio 2012-2013. Aunque la crisis financiera justifica ofciialmente esta reduccion, los Estados miembros, a pesar de proclamar a menudo un vinculo indefectible con la ONU, no dudan en esquivarla. La organizacion parece buscar su camino en medio de una geopolitica en plena transformacion.
Data structure and computer program for fast interactive searches of clinical diagnoses (1993)

Since 1987 the IDC codes of all diagnoses of patients treated in our hospital are stored in a patient-oriented (upright) database. In order to facilitate interactive searches for specific diagnoses and their combinations this database has been inverted into a data structure sorted by diagnoses. The report presented describes the data structure and the functionality of a computer program that allows very fast searches for complex combinations of diagnoses.
Micromanipulated bivalents can trigger mini-spindle formation in Drosophila melanogaster spermatocyte cytoplasm. (1986)

Single (individual) bivalents in cultured Drosophila melanogaster primary spermatocytes were detached from the spindle with a micromanipulation needle and placed in the cytoplasm. Such bivalents are prevented from rejoining the spindle by a natural membrane barrier that surrounds the spindle, but they quickly orient as if on a spindle of their own and the half-bivalents separate in anaphase. Serial section electron microscopy shows that a mini-spindle forms around the cytoplasmic bivalent, i.e., the microtubule density in the vicinity of the bivalent is much greater than in other cytoplasmic regions. This microtubule population cannot be accounted for solely by kinetochore nucleation and/or capture of microtubules. Furthermore, the mini-spindles frequently form at odd angles to the main spindle, so that at least one pole has no relationship to the poles of the main spindle. We conclude that a bivalent, or factors that become associated with the bivalent as a result of the manipulation, can either stabilize microtubules or promote their assembly. The bivalent activates latent microtubule organizing centers, or alternatively, polar organizing material has been passively transported from the main spindle to the cytoplasm by the micromanipulation procedure.
Enzymatic synthesis of sialylation substrates powered by a novel polyphosphate kinase (PPK3) (2009)

Active inclusion bodies of polyphosphate kinase 3 and cytidine 5'-monophosphate kinase were combined with whole cells that co-express sialic acid aldolase and CMP-sialic acid synthetase. The biocatalytic mixture was used for the synthesis of CMP-sialic acid, which was then converted to 3'-sialyllactose by whole cells.
The Host Immune Regulator Factor H Interacts via Two Contact Sites with the PspC Protein of <i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> and Mediates Adhesion to Host Epithelial Cells (2007)

Pneumococcal surface protein C (PspC) of Streptococcus pneumoniae is a key virulence factor that mediates adhesion to host cells and immune evasion of the host complement. PspC binds the host immune and complement regulator factor H, which is composed of 20 short consensus repeats (SCR). This interaction contributes to pneumococcal virulence. In this study, we identified within the factor H protein two separate PspC binding regions, which were localized to SCR8-11 and SCR19-20, by using recombinant factor H deletion constructs for Western blotting assays and surface plasmon resonance studies. A detailed analysis of binding epitopes in these SCR by peptide spot arrays identified several linear binding regions within the sequences of SCR8-11 and SCR19-20. In addition, the factor H binding site was mapped within the pneumococcal PspC protein to a 121-aa-long stretch positioned in the N terminus (residues 38-158). Factor H attached to the surface of pneumococci via PspC significantly enhanced pneumococcal adherence to host epithelial and endothelial cells. This adhesion was specific and was blocked with a truncated N-terminal factor H-binding fragment of PspC. In conclusion, the acquisition of factor H by pneumococci via PspC occurs via two contact sites located in SCR8-11 and SCR19-20, and factor H attached to the surface of the pneumococcus promotes adhesion to both host epithelial and endothelial cells.
Design, development and test of a 1000-watt osmotic heat pipe (1980)

Osmotic heat pipes can be designed to transport high heat loads. An osmotically pumped heat pipe has been operated continuously for 500 h with a thermal loading of 500 W. A peak thermal transport of 1000 W was demonstrated using water as the working fluid, sucrose as the solute, and tubular cellulose acetate membranes. Concentration polarization effects did not materialize to the degree expected because of self-induced convection currents; leakage of solute through the membranes was too small to measure; and there was essentially no carryover of solute in the vapor. A self-equalizin g flow control mechanism was utilized in the experimental heat pipe. However, long life capabilities of osmotic membranes and working fluids are current unknowns.
WAVELET DECONVOLUTION USING A SOURCE SCALING LAW* (1980)

A bstract We present a new method for the extraction and removal of the source wavelet from the reflection seismogram. In contrast to all other methods currently in use, this one does not demand that there be any mathematically convenient relationship between the phase spectrum of the source wavelet and the phase spectrum of the earth impulse response. Instead, it requires a fundamental change in the field technique such that two different seismograms are now generated from each source‐receiver pair: the source and receiver locations stay the same, but the source used to generate one seismogram is a scaled version of the source used to generate the other. A scaling law provides the relationship between the two source signatures and permits the earth impulse response to be extracted from the seismograms without any of the usual assumptions about phase. We derive the scaling law for point sources in an homogeneous isotropic medium. Next, we describe a method for the solution of the set of three simultaneous equations and test it rigorously using a variety of synthetic data and two types of synthetic source waveform: damped sine waves and non‐minimum‐phase air gun waveforms. Finally we demonstrate that this method is stable in the presence of noise.
Stimulation of tumor cell growth by vasoactive intestinal peptide (1991)

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) stimulated the growth of murine Lewis lung carcinoma cells in culture. The growth promoting effect was dependent on the concentration of VIP. Exposure to VIP for 12 hours followed by removal of the peptide resulted in sustained growth promotion for 4 to 5 days in culture. Synthetic fragments of VIP, i.e., VIP (1-16) and VIP (22-28), and the unrelated peptide neurotensin failed to stimulate the growth of the Lewis lung carcinoma cells. The growth-promoting effect of VIP was also observed in a murine mammary tumor cell line and a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line.
Selective inhibition of antigen presentation to cloned T cells by protease inhibitors (1989)

The effect of eight microbial protease inhibitors on Ag-presentation to six different Ag-specific T cell clones was investigated. We found that these protease inhibitors can inhibit Ag presentation in a highly selective manner. This selectivity was evident with T cell clones specific to different Ag as well as with T cells specific to the same Ag but differing in their H-2 restriction. The inhibition was to due to cytotoxicity or effects through the TCR because none of the eight inhibitors inhibited IL-2-induced T cell proliferation, and because they did not inhibit Ag presentation by fixed APC or synthetic polypeptide. The conclusion after these data suggests that each specific antigenic fragment is produced by a unique set of proteases.
Medium band speech coding using a dictionary of waveforms (2005)

The paper presents a new approach to the problem of speech coding in the range of 4 to 8 kbits/sec along with experimental tests performed on a MAP 200 array processor. The basic idea consists of using a dictionary of K indexed waveforms of fixed duration T (where T lies between 1 and 4 ms). The input signal is broken down into blocks of duration T. For each segment the Dictionary is searched for that prototype waveform which is, with respect to some distance measure, the closest to the input block. The digital representation of the signal is thereafter the index of the prototype. The paper addresses the problem of the judicious choice of distance measures and the design of a good dictionary. Experimental results are provided for dictionary coding of the signal using a distance measure combining time and frequency domain features. Experimental results are further presented for the coding of the LPC residual.
Deterministic generation of a bit-stream of single-photon pulses (1997)

Abstract We report a high efficiency scheme for generating a single-photon state transmitted out of an optical cavity. For realistic cavity QED parameters, we show that the scheme can produce a single-photon pulse with a probability exceeding 99% in a user-specified time interval. By recycling the system, the scheme can be used to create a bit-stream of single-photon pulses.
Hepatitis C and hepatocellular carcinoma (1997)

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is now recognized to be a major risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), evidenced by finding both antibody to HCV (anti-HCV) and HCV RNA in serum of a substantial proportion of patients with HCC around the world and by the progression of liver disease to cirrhosis and HCC in individual patients infected with HCV. There seems to be an incubation period of two to three decades on average in most cases of HCV-related HCC. HCV infection usually results in development of HCC via cirrhosis, although the possibility of direct carcinogenic effects of HCV is still under study. Possible additional risk factors include infection with HCV genotype 1b, alcohol consumption, and co-infection with the hepatitis B virus. Estimates of the development of HCC among patients with cirrhosis of all types range between 1% and 4% per year. Assuming that 20% of patients with chronic hepatitis C go on to develop cirrhosis over a 10-year period, between 1.9% and 6.7% of all patients with chronic hepatitis C can be expected to develop HCC over the first two decades of infection. Although tests are available to screen for early HCC, the results of treating these small tumors have been disappointing. Thus, it is imperative that cost-effective means be developed for screening and prevention of HCV-related HCC.
Immune Suppression and Resistance Mediated by Constitutive Activation of Wnt/β-Catenin Signaling in Human Melanoma Cells (2012)

Cancer-induced immunosuppression is a major problem reducing antitumor effects of immunotherapies, but its molecular mechanism has not been well understood. We evaluated immunosuppressive roles of activated Wnt/β-catenin pathways in human melanoma for dendritic cells (DCs) and CTLs. IL-10 expression was associated with β-catenin accumulation in human melanoma cell lines and tissues and was induced by direct β-catenin/TCF binding to the IL-10 promoter. Culture supernatants from β-catenin-accumulated melanoma have activities to impair DC maturation and to induce possible regulatory DCs. Those immunosuppressive culture supernatant activities were reduced by knocking down β-catenin in melanoma cells, partly owing to downregulation of IL-10. Murine splenic and tumor-infiltrating DCs obtained from nude mice implanted with human mutant β-catenin-overexpressed melanoma cells had less ability to activate T cells than did DCs from mice with control melanoma cells, showing in vivo suppression of DCs by activated Wnt/β-catenin signaling in human melanoma. This in vivo DC suppression was restored by the administration of a β-catenin inhibitor, PKF115-584. β-catenin-overexpressed melanoma inhibited IFN-γ production by melanoma-specific CTLs in an IL-10-independent manner and is more resistant to CTL lysis in vitro and in vivo. These results indicate that Wnt/β-catenin pathways in human melanoma may be involved in immunosuppression and immunoresistance in both induction and effector phases of antitumor immunoresponses partly through IL-10 production, and they may be attractive targets for restoring immunocompetence in patients with Wnt/β-catenin-activated melanoma.