gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fully parallel fractional motion estimation for H.264/AVC encoder (2009)

Fractional motion estimation always takes much processing time because of variety of motion vectors and two-step sequential half-quarter pel. In this paper, we propose the architecture of fractional engine in fully parallel manner. Instead of sequential processing two-step of half-quarter refinement, integer-half-quarter pel is processed in parallel manner in order to double the speed as well as the throughput. Using Chartard 0.18 ¿m CMOS 1P5M technology, the proposed architecture is implemented with 412k logic gates and achieves the throughput of 255 kMBs/s supporting HDTV1080p 30 fps when operating at the frequency of 220 MHz.
Name Robbers: Privacy, Blackmail, and Assorted Matters in Legal History (2002)

Shakespeare, as usual, was on to something. Reputation—a good name—is worth a great deal to people. It deserves, and gets, legal protection. Defamation is the most obvious legal tool for doing this; and a most significant one. For businesses, trademark law is another important legal tool, which can be used to protect the name and good will of a company. But these are not the only ways in which law protects reputation. This Article is about some of the less obvious aspects in which the law dealt with, and guarded, reputation, in the nineteenth
Bone Marrow Stroma Confers Resistance to Apo2 Ligand/TRAIL in Multiple Myeloma in Part by Regulating c-FLIP (2008)

Apo2 ligand (Apo2L)/TRAIL induces apoptosis of cancer cells that express the specific receptors while sparing normal cells. Because the tumor microenvironment protects myeloma from chemotherapy, we investigated whether hemopoietic stroma induces resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL apoptosis in this disease. Apo2L/TRAIL-induced death was diminished in myeloma cell lines (RPMI 8226, U266, and MM1s) directly adhered to a human immortalized HS5 stroma cell line but not adhered to fibronectin. In a Transwell assay, with myeloma in the upper well and HS5 cells in the lower well, Apo2L/TRAIL apoptosis was reduced when compared with cells exposed to medium in the lower well. Using HS5 and myeloma patients' stroma-conditioned medium, we determined that soluble factor(s) produced by stroma-myeloma interactions are responsible for a reversible Apo2/TRAIL apoptosis resistance. Soluble factor(s) attenuated procaspase-8, procaspase-3, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase cleavage and diminished mitochondrial membrane potential changes without affecting Bcl-2 family proteins and/or Apo2L/TRAIL receptors. Soluble factor(s) increased the baseline levels of the anti-apoptotic protein c-FLIP in all cell lines tested. Inhibition of c-FLIP by means of RNA interference increased Apo2/TRAIL sensitivity in RPMI 8226 cells. Unlike direct adhesion to fibronectin, soluble factor(s) have no impact on c-FLIP redistribution within cellular compartments. Cyclohexamide restored Apo2L/TRAIL sensitivity in association with down-regulation of c-FLIP, suggesting that c-FLIP synthesis, not intracellular traffic, is essential for soluble factor(s) to regulate c-FLIP. Additionally, IL-6 conferred resistance to Apo2L/TRAIL-mediated apoptosis in association with increased c-FLIP levels. In conclusion, the immune cytotoxic effect of Apo2L/TRAIL can be restored at least in part by c-FLIP pathway inhibitors.
Experimental Model of Lead Nephropathy. III. Continuous Low-level Lead Administration (1993)

We sought to determine whether continuous low-level lead exposure (100 ppm lead acetate in drinking water) for periods of 1, 3, 6, 9, or 12 mo would produce adverse effects on kidney function or morphology in rats. Maximum blood lead levels in experimental animals were reached at 3 mo and averaged 29.4 +/- 4.1 micrograms/dl. Glomerular filtration rate, determined by single-injection 125I-iothalamate clearance, was found to be significantly increased above pair-fed controls at 1 and 3 mo, but it was normal at other time periods. Levels of urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase exceeded levels found in controls at all time periods, except at 12 mo, when the normal increase with aging obscured differences between experimental animals and controls. In contrast, urinary ligandin (glutathione S transferase), a more specific marker of metal-associated proximal tubular injury, was normal at all time periods. Proximal tubular nuclear inclusion bodies were sparse and were observed only at 1 and 3 mo. There were no other pathological alterations in the kidneys, except at 12 mo, at which time mild tubular atrophy and interstitial fibrosis were seen. Therefore, low-level lead exposure in rats produced no significant changes in renal function and produced only mild alterations in renal morphology after 12 mo. The absence of changes in urinary ligandin accorded with the relative absence of morphological changes, whereas the observed increases in urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase suggest that this enzyme may be an overly sensitive indicator of tubular injury.
Lithium rescues synaptic plasticity and memory in Down syndrome mice (2012)

Down syndrome (DS) patients exhibit abnormalities of hippocampal-dependent explicit memory, a feature that is replicated in relevant mouse models of the disease. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis, which is impaired in DS and other neuropsychiatric diseases, plays a key role in hippocampal circuit plasticity and has been implicated in learning and memory. However, it remains unknown whether increasing adult neurogenesis improves hippocampal plasticity and behavioral performance in the multifactorial context of DS. We report that, in the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS, chronic administration of lithium, a clinically used mood stabilizer, promoted the proliferation of neuronal precursor cells through the pharmacological activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway and restored adult neurogenesis in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) to physiological levels. The restoration of adult neurogenesis completely rescued the synaptic plasticity of newborn neurons in the DG and led to the full recovery of behavioral performance in fear conditioning, object location, and novel object recognition tests. These findings indicate that reestablishing a functional population of hippocampal newborn neurons in adult DS mice rescues hippocampal plasticity and memory and implicate adult neurogenesis as a promising therapeutic target to alleviate cognitive deficits in DS patients.
Epinephrine Augments Platelet Recruitment to Immobilized Collagen in Flowing Blood - Evidence for a von Willebrand Factor-mediated Mechanism (1996)

Although elevated plasma epinephrine (epi) levels are associated with clinical atherothrombosis, the role of epi in platelet-vessel wall interaction has not been established. Our aim was to study the effect of high physiological epi (10 nM) in an experimental model which tests the interaction between platelets and immobilized collagen in whole blood. Shear forces and anticoagulation were modulated. Epi significantly enhanced platelet deposition, but only at high shear rate (1,600 s-1). In PPACK- or LMWH-anticoagulated blood, the increase in platelet deposition was 32 to 85% (p < 0.02-0.05). Furthermore, platelet aggregation was cotriggered with subthreshold concentrations of epi and ristocetin, and monoclonal antibodies against glycoprotein (GP) Ib (AN 51 and SZ 2) attenuated epi-induced aggregation. We conclude that epi is capable of augmenting platelet functions, which are dependent on the interaction of vWF with GP Ib and GP IIb/IIIa. Via this mechanism epi may promote arterial thrombosis in vivo.
Feasibility of using a checklist based on the international classification of functioning, disability and health as an outcome measure in individuals following lower limb amputation (2011)

Clinical outcome measures based on the ICF potentially improve the ability to record, monitor and benchmark patient and treatment outcomes nationally and internationally. This paper addresses the feasibility of ICF categories and qualifiers when used as an outcome measure and indicates that further development and analysis of the psychometric properties of such measures is warranted.
Multicast source routing in packet-switched networks (1994)

In this paper we present an address coding mechanism for multicast source routing packets in packet-switched networks. A simple algorithm for processing these address codes at intermediate output link adaptors is presented. It involves only the recognition of a particular link label at the front part of the address code and the stripping off of a front segment of the address code and so can easily be implemented in hardware. Recognizing that the recipients of a multicast packet very often need to respond to the source node, we designed the reverse path address code that allows an individual destination node to retrieve the reverse path address without searching the topology database and invoking any route computation program.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Formation of Air Stable Graphene p–n–p Junctions Using an Amine‐Containing Polymer Coating (2014)

An ultrathin layer of a polymer containing simple aliphatic amine groups, polyethylenimine ethoxylated (PEIE), is deposited on a back‐gated field effect graphene device to form graphene p–n–p junctions. Characteristic I–V curves indicate the superposition of two separate Dirac points, which confirms an energy separation of neutrality points within the complementary regions. This is a simple approach for making graphene p–n–p junctions without a need for multiple lithography steps or electrostatic gates and, unlike, the destructive techniques such as substitutional doping or covalent functionalization, it induces a minor defect, if any, as there is no discernible D peak in the Raman spectra of the graphene films after creating junctions and degradation in the charge carrier mobilities of the graphene devices. This method can be easily processed from dilute solutions in environmentally‐friendly solvents such as water or methoxyethanol and does not suffer any change upon exposure to air or heating at temperatures below 100 °C.
Surface-Initiated Ring-Opening Polymerization of ε-Caprolactone from a Patterned Poly(hydroxymethyl- p-xylylene) (2001)

A new strategy toward patterned polymer brushes combining the spatially controlled deposition of poly[(hydroxymethyl-p-xylylene)-co-(p-xylylene)] (1) by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) polymerization of 4-(hydroxymethyl)[2.2]paracyclophane and surface-initiated ring-opening polymerization was developed. Patterns of polymer brushes with thicknesses between 53 and 538 Å were created. The approach does not require photolithographic tools and has potential applicability to a wide range of different substrates, such as glasses, polymers, metals or composites.
Interpretation of Range Measurements for Kilovolt Electrons in Solids (1962)

The maximum range of electrons, as distinguished from the extrapolated or practical range, has been measured in Al, Ni, Ag, and Au for electron energies between 1.0 and 10.0 kev. The technique utilized involves the detection of the onset of penetration through freely supported evaporated films by observation of the current collected in a $2\ensuremath{\pi}$ geometry. The range defined in this manner may be compared with the predictions of stopping theory, with little influence of scattering processes. The results show no significant $Z$ dependence of the exponent in the range-energy relation, in agreement with results at higher energies. Some indications exist for an increasing value of the absolute range with increasing $Z$ when expressed in mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$, in accordance with the theoretically predicted decrease in stopping power for heavier elements. The results are compared with recent measurements using the onset and decline of luminosity in a phosphor layer to define the range, which leads to a strong $Z$ dependence of the range-energy relation in the oppasite sense to that observed by absorption techniques. It is shown that the differences in results may be traced to the nature of the detecting technique. The luminescence detector is sensitive to the total energy carried by the penetrating electrons in excess of a certain critical value rather than to their number.
Gallium-doped VPO catalysts for the oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride (2006)

Vanadium phosphate (VPO) catalyst materials have been doped with gallium and subsequently tested for the mild oxidation of n-butane to maleic anhydride. At low Ga concentrations, this impurity is shown to be beneficial for n-butane conversion. For low dopant levels (Ga/V ⩽ 1 at%), the crystallinity of the hemihydrate (VOHPO4·0.5H2O) precursor phase is improved and its specific area is increased relative to the undoped material as a result of decreased platelet thickness. Electron diffraction and energy dispersive X-ray analysis (XEDS) revealed that the Ga is uniformly distributed in a substitutional manner throughout the hemihydrate structure. The presence of Ga also significantly shortens the activation time required to convert the hemihydrate precursor into a well crystallized vanadyl pyrophosphate (VO)2P2O7 phase under an n-butane/air gas flow at 400 °C. The intimate presence of Ga distributed within the VOHPO4·0.5H2O unit cell has also been confirmed by XANES and EXAFS. Such studies also show that the Ga is partially redistributed within the (VO)2P2O7 structure after catalyst activation. A complementary electrical conductivity study on these materials revealed that Ga3+ substitutes for (VO)2+ species in (VO)2P2O7 giving rise to an n-type semiconductivity which partially compensates the natural p-type conductivity character of the (VO)2P2O7 phase. For higher Ga doping levels (Ga/V ≈ 5 at%), the excess of Ga concentrates as a GaPO4 impurity phase, which is shown to have a detrimental effect on the catalytic performance of the Ga-doped VPO catalyst.
A novel microencapsulation of neem (<i>Azadirachta Indica A. Juss</i>.) seed oil (NSO) in polyelectrolyte complex of κ‐carrageenan and chitosan (2009)

Abstract Microcapsules containing neem ( Azadirachta Indica A. Juss .) seed oil (NSO) were prepared by encapsulation of natural liquid pesticide NSO in a polyelectrolyte complex of κ‐carrageenan and chitosan. The optimum ratio between carrageenan and chitosan to form a stable polyelectrolyte complex was found as 1 : 0.36. The microencapsulation method for NSO loading was also optimized. SEM study demonstrated that the surface of the microcapsules became more irregular as oil loading increased. The release rates of NSO were studied by varying the percentage of oil loading, concentration of cross‐linking agent, and polymer concentration. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) study confirmed the complex formation between κ‐carrageenan and chitosan. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and FTIR study indicated the absence of any significant interaction between polyelectrolyte complex of κ‐carrageenan ‐chitosan and NSO. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2009
Virtual MIMO-based cooperative communication for energy-constrained wireless sensor networks (2006)

An energy-efficient virtual multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO)-based communication architecture is proposed for distributed and cooperative wireless sensor networks. Assuming a space-time block coding (STBC) based MIMO system, the energy and delay efficiencies of the proposed scheme are derived using semi-analytic techniques. The dependence of these efficiency values on physical channel propagation parameters, fading coherence time and the amount of required training is also investigated. The results show that with judicious choice of design parameters the virtual MIMO technique can be made to provide significant energy and delay efficiencies, even after allowing for additional training overheads.
Influence of temperature on mechanical properties of jute/biopolymer composites (2012)

Abstract Biopolymers and natural fibers are receiving wide attention for the potential to have good performance composites with low environmental impact. A current limitation of most biopolymers is however their change in mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. This study investigates the mechanical properties of two biomass‐based polymers, polylactic acid (PLA) and cellulose acetate (CA), as a function of ambient temperature in the range from 5 to 80°C. Tests were done for neat polymers and for jute fiber/biopolymer composites. Micromechanical models were applied to back‐calculate the reinforcement efficiency of the jute fibers. The elastic modulus of neat PLA is constant until a temperature of about 45°C, after which it is decreased rapidly. For neat CA, the elastic modulus is almost constant in the whole temperature range. The maximum stress of the neat biopolymers is consistently reduced. For the jute fiber composites, both the elastic modulus and maximum stress are reduced when the temperature is increased. For the elastic modulus, this is shown to be due to a reduction in the reinforcement efficiency of the jute fibers; i.e., a reduction in the back‐calculated effective elastic modulus of the fibers. Altogether, the results demonstrate that the thermal sensitivity parameters typically provided for polymers, e.g., the glass transition temperature and the heat deflection temperature, cannot be used as sole parameters for determining the gradual change in mechanical properties of polymers and composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Visceral leishmaniasis emerging as an important opportunistic infection in HIV-infected persons living in areas nonendemic for Leishmania donovani. (1996)

Visceral leishmaniasis is an important opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and it must be ruled out in every patient with fever and/or pancytopenia and an appropriate travel history. Because serological diagnosis is often insufficient, pathologists must be aware of the association between human immunodeficiency virus infection and leishmaniasis. Diagnosis depends on detection of the parasite in submitted specimens.
FEMTI: creating and using a framework for MT evaluation. (2003)

This paper presents FEMTI, a web-based Framework for the Evaluation of Machine Translation in ISLE. FEMTI offers structured descriptions of potential user needs, linked to an overview of technical characteristics of MT systems. The description of possible systems is mainly articulated around the quality characteristics for software product set out in ISO/IEC standard 9126. Following the philosophy set out there and in the related 14598 series of standards, each quality characteristic bottoms out in metrics which may be applied to a particular instance of a system in order to judge how satisfactory the system is with respect to that characteristic. An evaluator can use the description of user needs to help identify the specific needs of his evaluation and the relations between them. He can then follow the pointers to system description to determine what metrics should be applied and how. In the current state of the framework, emphasis is on being exhaustive, including as much as possible of the information available in the literature on machine translation evaluation. Future work will aim at being more analytic, looking at characteristics and metrics to see how they relate to one another, validating metrics and investigating the correlation between particular metrics and human judgement. 1
An efficient primary-segmented backup scheme for dependable real-time communication in multihop networks (2003)

Several distributed real-time applications (e.g., medical imaging, air traffic control, video conferencing) demand hard guarantees on the message delivery latency and the recovery delay from component failures. As these demands cannot be met in traditional datagram services, special schemes have been proposed to provide timely recovery for real-time communications in multihop networks. These schemes reserve additional network resources (spare resources) a priori along a backup channel that is disjoint with the primary. Upon a failure in the primary channel, its backup is activated, making the real-time connection dependable. We propose a new backup method, called segmented backups, in which backup paths are provided for partial segments of the primary path rather than for its entire length, as is done in the existing schemes. We show that our method offers: 1) improved network resource utilization; 2) higher average call acceptance rate; 3) better quality-of-service guarantees on propagation delays and failure-recovery times; 4) increased flexibility to control the level of fault tolerance of each connection separately. We provide an algorithm for routing the segmented backups and prove its optimality with respect to spare resource reservation. We detail necessary extensions to resource reservation protocol (RSVP) to support our scheme and argue that they increase the implementation complexity of RSVP minimally. Our simulation studies on various network topologies demonstrate that spare resource aggregation methods, such as backup multiplexing, are more effective when applied to our scheme than to earlier schemes.
Release of Interleukin-1 (IL-1) and IL-1-Like Factors From Rabbit Macrophages With Silica (1986)

Oil-elicited rabbit macrophages stimulated by endotoxin were found to release increased amounts of interleukin 1 (IL-1) when incubated with silica. The assays used to determine the amount of IL-1 released were uptake of thymidine by mouse thymocytes, fever in rabbits, and neutrophilia in rats. All three assays showed that endotoxin-stimulated macrophages released five to 10 times more IL-1 when incubated with silica. Most of the IL-1 had a molecular weight (MW) of about 14,000 with a smaller amount at a MW of approximately 35,000. All of the neutrophilia-producing activity had an isoelectric point (pl) near 7. Thymocyte proliferation was promoted about equally by activities near pH 5 and 7. Fever was found not only at these two isoelectric points but also at a pl above 8 which had neither of the other two activities.
A structured least-squares approach to blind channel identification and equalization (2004)

This paper represents the blind channel identification problem as a structured least-squares estimation problem. The noisy observed sequence is approximated by another sequence that has "noise-free" structure. A solution to this problem for scalar valued signals and observations (single-input single-output systems) has been given by De Moor. We generalize the solution to the case of matrix valued sequences (multiple-input multiple output systems). The channel estimation algorithm also produces "noise-free"' observations which can be used in conjunction with the channel estimate for equalization. Simulation results show that both channel and source estimates of the new method compare favorably with multichannel linear prediction based estimates.