gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Idiopathic Scoliosis in a Clinically Well-Defined Population (2001)

Idiopathic scoliosis is a highly prevalent disorder, familial in nature, with marked clinical variability. The purpose of this study was to characterize idiopathic scoliosis in a large series of families to be used for a genome-wide search. One hundred thirty-one multigenerational families (892 individuals) with at least two affected individuals were studied. Data obtained included curve pattern, treatment, and back pain. Maximum curvature as a continuous variable was evaluated using t tests for dichotomous characteristics and linear correlation for continuous variables. An analysis of familial loading was done. Four hundred forty-four individuals were classified as affected (82% female; 18% male). The right thoracic and left lumbar curves had the highest mean curvature (49 degrees). Mean curve size was greater in individuals with back pain. Back pain was most prevalent in the right thoracic and left lumbar curve pattern. The Pearson correlation coefficient between the number of affected family members and the maximum degree of curvature was 0.16, suggesting that the greater the lateral curvature, the higher the proportion of family members affected with scoliosis. The sample population is consistent with those of previous studies in relation to gender and curve size. Statistically, the familial nature of this disorder is supported.
Enhanced Modulation Characteristics of Optical Injection-Locked Lasers: A Tutorial (2009)

In this paper a tutorial of optical injection locking of semiconductor lasers is given, with particular emphasis on the enhancement of system parameters. Furthermore, physical intuition of each parameter enhancement is explained and practical design rules and trends are also shown.
Critical Networks Exhibit Maximal Information Diversity in Structure-Dynamics Relationships (2008)

Network structure strongly constrains the range of dynamic behaviors available to a complex system. These system dynamics can be classified based on their response to perturbations over time into two distinct regimes, ordered or chaotic, separated by a critical phase transition. Numerous studies have shown that the most complex dynamics arise near the critical regime. Here we use an information theoretic approach to study structure-dynamics relationships within a unified framework and show that these relationships are most diverse in the critical regime.
In Situ Generated (Hypo)Iodite Catalysts for the Direct α‐Oxyacylation of Carbonyl Compounds with Carboxylic Acids (2011)

It′s the iodine: The intra- and intermolecular title reaction is catalyzed by an in situ generated ammonium (hypo)iodite species. Either H2O2 or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) can be used as an environmentally benign oxidant and a wide range of substrates react to give the corresponding α-acyloxycarbonyl compounds in good to excellent yields.
Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals T Helper Cells Synthesizing Steroids De Novo to Contribute to Immune Homeostasis (2014)

T helper 2 (Th2) cells regulate helminth infections, allergic disorders, tumor immunity, and pregnancy by secreting various cytokines. It is likely that there are undiscovered Th2 signaling molecules. Although steroids are known to be immunoregulators, de novo steroid production from immune cells has not been previously characterized. Here, we demonstrate production of the steroid pregnenolone by Th2 cells in vitro and in vivo in a helminth infection model. Single-cell RNA sequencing and quantitative PCR analysis suggest that pregnenolone synthesis in Th2 cells is related to immunosuppression. In support of this, we show that pregnenolone inhibits Th cell proliferation and B cell immunoglobulin class switching. We also show that steroidogenic Th2 cells inhibit Th cell proliferation in a Cyp11a1 enzyme-dependent manner. We propose pregnenolone as a "lymphosteroid," a steroid produced by lymphocytes. We speculate that this de novo steroid production may be an intrinsic phenomenon of Th2-mediated immune responses to actively restore immune homeostasis.
Reviews (1990)

Reviews Get access K. Shevelow , Women and Print Culture: The Construction of Femininity in the Early Periodical . Pp. x+235 . London and New York : Routledge , 1989 . £27.50. CHRISTINE SALMON CHRISTINE SALMON Queen Mary CollegeLondon Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 37, Issue 3, September 1990, Pages 371–372, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/37-3-371 Published: 01 September 1990
Slavery, Contested Heritage and Thanatourism (2001)

Summary This article introduces a collection of eight revised papers that focus on the connection between slavery and tourism. After tracing the history of the former from its origins to the present day, and after providing some examples of related attractions, it confronts a number of dilemmas associated with their juxtaposition. A brief overview of the contributions to the volume is supplied, along with some epistemological and methodological concerns that they raise. Slavery tourism is finally contextualized within a framework of thanatourism, dark tourism and dissonant heritage, a field which in turn poses several questions for further research into this new and exciting phenomenon.
Effect of structural changes in complex perovskites on the temperature coefficient of the relative permittivity (1993)

The dielectric behavior and structure of the Sr(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3-Ba(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 solid solution have been investigated with the intention of understanding the relationship between the structural changes and the temperature coefficient of the relative permittivity τε. A correlation between the value of τε and the occurrence of O-octahedra tilts has been established. The occurrence of ferroelastic domains and their influence on τε has also been investigated. It is proposed that the results obtained can be used to generalize about the structure-property relationships in compounds of the same class.
The Relative Expression of Human Histone H2A Genes Is Similar in Different Types of Proliferating Cells (1994)

To help elucidate the factors regulating the expression of histone multigene families in proliferating cells, we asked whether the relative expression of different members of such a family was dependent upon or independent of the type of proliferating cell. This question was examined by measuring the relative expression of seven members of the human histone H2A multigene family in four cell lines of diverse origin. Two previously uncharacterized members of the H2A gene family were found to be the most abundantly expressed of the seven in all four cell lines. One of these encodes an H2A.2 species containing methionine. The lines examined in the study were Jurkat (a lymphoma line), N-tera (a pluripotent embryonic carcinoma line), HeLa (originally isolated as a cervical carcinoma), and IMR90 (a normal embryonic fibroblastic line). The amount of each mRNA species was quantitated using oligonucleotides about 30 bases long complementary to the 5' or 3' untranslated regions. In each cell line, there was at least an eight-fold difference in the amount of the most and least highly expressed of the seven H2A mRNA species. In addition, there were up to five-fold differences among the cell lines in the amount of the H2A mRNA species as a fraction of total RNA. However, in contrast to those differences, the four cell lines were found to express the seven H2A mRNAs in similar relative amounts. These findings suggest that the relative expression of the individual members of a histone gene family is independent of the type of replicating cell.
p53 Domains: Structure, Oligomerization, and Transformation (1994)

Wild-type p53 forms tetramers and multiples of tetramers. Friedman et al. (P. N. Friedman, X. B. Chen, J. Bargonetti, and C. Prives, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 90:3319-3323, 1993) have reported that human p53 behaves as a larger molecule during gel filtration than it does during sucrose gradient sedimentation. These differences argue that wild-type p53 has a nonglobular shape. To identify structural and oligomerization domains in p53, we have investigated the physical properties of purified segments of p53. The central, specific DNA-binding domain within murine amino acids 80 to 320 and human amino acids 83 to 323 behaves predominantly as monomers during analysis by sedimentation, gel filtration, and gel electrophoresis. This consistent behavior argues that the central region of p53 is globular in shape. Under appropriate conditions, however, this segment can form transient oligomers without apparent preference for a single oligomeric structure. This region does not enhance transformation by other oncogenes. The biological implications of transient oligomerization by this central segment, therefore, remain to be demonstrated. Like wild-type p53, the C terminus, consisting of murine amino acids 280 to 390 and human amino acids 283 to 393, behaves anomalously during gel filtration and apparently has a nonglobular shape. Within this region, murine amino acids 315 to 350 and human amino acids 323 to 355 are sufficient for assembly of stable tetramers. The finding that murine amino acids 315 to 360 enhance transformation by other oncogenes strongly supports the role of p53 tetramerization in oncogenesis. Amino acids 330 to 390 of murine p53 and amino acids 340 to 393 of human p53, which have been implicated by Sturzbecher et al. in tetramerization (H.-W. Sturzbecher, R. Brain, C. Addison, K. Rudge, M. Remm, M. Grimaldi, E. Keenan, and J. R. Jenkins, Oncogene 7:1513-1523, 1992), do not form stable tetramers under our conditions. Our findings indicate that p53 has at least two autonomous oligomerization domains: a strong tetramerization domain in its C-terminal region and a weaker oligomerization domain in the central DNA binding region of p53. Together, these domains account for the formation of tetramers and multiples of tetramers by wild-type p53. The tetramerization domain is the major determinant of the dominant negative phenotype leading to transformation by mutant p53s.
Hydrogel-Coated Microneedle Arrays for Minimally Invasive Sampling and Sensing of Specific Circulating Nucleic Acids from Skin Interstitial Fluid (2019)

Minimally invasive technologies that can sample and detect cell-free nucleic acid biomarkers from liquid biopsies have recently emerged as clinically useful for early diagnosis of a broad range of pathologies, including cancer. Although blood has so far been the most commonly interrogated bodily fluid, skin interstitial fluid has been mostly overlooked despite containing the same broad variety of molecular biomarkers originating from cells and surrounding blood capillaries. Emerging technologies to sample this fluid in a pain-free and minimally-invasive manner often take the form of microneedle patches. Herein, we developed microneedles that are coated with an alginate-peptide nucleic acid hybrid material for sequence-specific sampling, isolation, and detection of nucleic acid biomarkers from skin interstitial fluid. Characterized by fast sampling kinetics and large sampling capacity (∼6.5 μL in 2 min), this platform technology also enables the detection of specific nucleic acid biomarkers either on the patch itself or in solution after light-triggered release from the hydrogel. Considering the emergence of cell-free nucleic acids in bodily fluids as clinically informative biomarkers, platform technologies that can detect them in an automated and minimally invasive fashion have great potential for personalized diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of patient-specific disease progression.
Binding sites for lactogenic and somatogenic hormones from rabbit mammary gland and liver. (1983)

Lactogenic and somatogenic hormone-binding sites from rabbit liver or mammary membranes, solubilized with the nonionic detergent Triton X-100, were purified by affinity chromatography.The procedure takes advantage of the high affinity between biotin and streptavidin, a nonglycosylated biotin-binding protein.Biotin was covalently bound to human growth hormone, a ligand which binds both to lactogenic and somatogenic hormone-binding sites.Biotinylated human growth hormone was first allowed to interact in solution with the solubilized binding sites.The complexes formed were then adsorbed to insolubilized streptavidin and were subsequently eluted with 5.0 M MgClz or sodium dodecyl sulfate.The radiolabeled binding site that was purified from mammary membranes migrated as a 35kilodalton band when analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, whereas two liver binding sites were resolved as a major 67-kilodalton and a minor 35-kilodalton band.An antireceptor antibody, which inhibits the binding of lactogenic hormones, precipitated the 35-kilodalton band from mammary membranes and to a lesser extent the same band from liver, while the liver 67-kilodalton band was not recognized by this antibody.Thus, the liver and mammary 35-kilodalton bands were identified as lactogenic binding sites.Photoaffinity labeling of solubilized mammary binding sites, using human growth hormone derivatized with ethyl-4-azidophenyl-1,2-dithiobutyrimidate confirmed the apparent M, = 35,000 found by affinity chromatography.Liver membrane proteins were solubilized with sodium dodecyl sulfate and re- solved by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.The proteins were then transferred onto nitrocellulose and incubated with radioiodinated human growth hormone.The radiolabeled hormone labeled the liver 67-kilodalton band, indicating that this polypeptide corresponds to the growth hormonebinding site.In addition to the monomeric binding sites for Iactogenic and somatogenic hormones, multimers of the binders were observed under nonreducing conditions.Similarly, aggregates were revealed when sol- ubilized liver or mammary membranes incubated with
EMI Spy: Harnessing electromagnetic interference for low-cost, rapid prototyping of proxemic interaction (2015)

We present a wearable system that uses ambient electromagnetic interference (EMI) as a signature to identify electronic devices and support proxemic interaction. We designed a low cost tool, called EMI Spy, and a software environment for rapid deployment and evaluation of ambient EMI-based interactive infrastructure. EMI Spy captures electromagnetic interference and delivers the signal to a user's mobile device or PC through either the device's wired audio input or wirelessly using Bluetooth. The wireless version can be worn on the wrist, communicating with the user;s mobile device in their pocket. Users are able to train the system in less than 1 second to uniquely identify displays in a 2-m radius around them, as well as to detect pointing at a distance and touching gestures on the displays in real-time. The combination of a low cost EMI logger and an open source machine learning tool kit allows developers to quickly prototype proxemic, touch-to-connect, and gestural interaction. We demonstrate the feasibility of mobile, EMI-based device and gesture recognition with preliminary user studies in 3 scenarios, achieving 96% classification accuracy at close range for 6 digital signage displays distributed throughout a building, and 90% accuracy in classifying pointing gestures at neighboring desktop LCD displays. We were able to distinguish 1- and 2-finger touching with perfect accuracy and show indications of a way to determine power consumption of a device via touch. Our system is particularly well-suited to temporary use in a public space, where the sensors could be distributed to support a popup interactive environment anywhere with electronic devices. By designing for low cost, mobile, flexible, and infrastructure-free deployment, we aim to enable a host of new proxemic interfaces to existing appliances and displays
Variable delay of multi-gigahertz digital signals for deskew and jitter-injection test applications (2008)

The ability to precisely control the timing of digital signals is especially important for multi-GHz testing applications where errors are measured in picoseconds or even 100fs. While many solutions exist for continuous clock-type signals, delay of wide-bandwidth data signals is not so easy. In this paper we introduce a novel technique for adjusting the delay of ~7Gbps data signals on a picosecond scale without significant distortion. The approach is based on a timing/amplitude dependency effect observed in a variable-gain SiGe buffer. A prototype is demonstrated with a variable delay range of about 50ps. This circuit is enhanced by adding a "coarse" delay section, including four 33ps steps, to provide the desired total range of ~140ps. The end application requires several of these circuits for deskewing parallel buses of 6.4Gbps ATE signals. The circuit is also useful for injecting a variable amount of jitter, limited by the fine-delay adjustment range.
Combined Raman lidar for the measurement of atmospheric temperature, water vapor, particle extinction coefficient, and particle backscatter coefficient (2002)

The lidar of the Radio Science Center for Space and Atmosphere (RASC; Kyoto, Japan) make use of two pure rotational Raman (MR) signals for both the measurement of the atmospheric temperature profile and the derivation of a temperature-independent Raman reference signal. The latter technique is new and leads to significant smaller measurement uncertainties compared with the commonly used vibrational Raman lidar technique. For the measurement of temperature, particle extinction coefficient, particle backscatter coefficient, and humidity simultaneously, only four lidar signal are needed the elastic Cabannes backscatter signal, two RR signals, and the vibrational Raman water vapor signal. The RASC lidar provides RR signals of unprecedented intensity. Although only 25% of the RR signal intensities can be used with the present data-acquisition electronics, the 1-s -statistical uncertainty of nighttime temperature measurements is lower than for previous systems and is < 1K up to 11-km height for, e.g., a resolution of 500 m and 9 min. In addition, RR measurements in daytime also have become feasible.
Evaluation of Candidate Reference Genes for Gene Expression Normalization in Brassica juncea Using Real Time Quantitative RT-PCR (2012)

The real time quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is becoming increasingly important to gain insight into function of genes. Given the increased sensitivity, ease and reproducibility of qRT-PCR, the requirement of suitable reference genes for normalization has become important and stringent. It is now known that the expression of internal control genes in living organism vary considerably during developmental stages and under different experimental conditions. For economically important Brassica crops, only a couple of reference genes are reported till date. In this study, expression stability of 12 candidate reference genes including ACT2, ELFA, GAPDH, TUA, UBQ9 (traditional housekeeping genes), ACP, CAC, SNF, TIPS-41, TMD, TSB and ZNF (new candidate reference genes), in a diverse set of 49 tissue samples representing different developmental stages, stress and hormone treated conditions and cultivars of Brassica juncea has been validated. For the normalization of vegetative stages the ELFA, ACT2, CAC and TIPS-41 combination would be appropriate whereas TIPS-41 along with CAC would be suitable for normalization of reproductive stages. A combination of GAPDH, TUA, TIPS-41 and CAC were identified as the most suitable reference genes for total developmental stages. In various stress and hormone treated samples, UBQ9 and TIPS-41 had the most stable expression. Across five cultivars of B. juncea, the expression of CAC and TIPS-41 did not vary significantly and were identified as the most stably expressed reference genes. This study provides comprehensive information that the new reference genes selected herein performed better than the traditional housekeeping genes. The selection of most suitable reference genes depends on the experimental conditions, and is tissue and cultivar-specific. Further, to attain accuracy in the results more than one reference genes are necessary for normalization.
Drug-disease and drug-drug interactions: systematic examination of recommendations in 12 UK national clinical guidelines (2015)

Drug-disease interactions were relatively uncommon with the exception of interactions when a patient also has chronic kidney disease. Guideline developers could consider a more systematic approach regarding the potential for drug-disease interactions, based on epidemiological knowledge of the comorbidities of people with the disease the guideline is focused on, and should particularly consider whether chronic kidney disease is common in the target population. In contrast, potentially serious drug-drug interactions between recommended drugs for different conditions were common. The extensive number of potentially serious interactions requires innovative interactive approaches to the production and dissemination of guidelines to allow clinicians and patients with multimorbidity to make informed decisions about drug selection.
Minigene reporter for identification and analysis of <i>cis</i> elements and <i>trans</i> factors affecting pre-mRNA splicing (2006)

All human genes contain a diverse array of cis-acting elements within introns and exons that are required for correct and efficient precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) splicing. Recent computational analyses predict that most human exons contain elements required for splicing coinciding with an appreciation for the high frequency with which mutations that disruption pre-mRNA splicing cause disease. Minigenes provide a means to directly determine whether disease-causing mutations or single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) affect splicing efficiency. Minigenes have also been instrumental in investigations of alternative splicing to identify cis elements required for cell-specific splicing events, demonstrating regulation of individual splicing events by specific RNA binding proteins, and correlating binding of these splicing regulators with splicing regulation. Here we present a versatile minigene plasmid vector designed for rapid cloning and analysis of cis elements and trans-acting factors that influence splicing efficiency or regulate cell-specific splicing. Ubiquitous expression and unique restriction sites allow for straightforward replacement of a variety of gene segments to analyze the effects of nucleotide substitutions on splicing, to identify tissue-specific regulatory elements, or to determine responsiveness to coexpressed proteins or small molecules.
Plectasin, a Fungal Defensin, Targets the Bacterial Cell Wall Precursor Lipid II (2010)

Host defense peptides such as defensins are components of innate immunity and have retained antibiotic activity throughout evolution. Their activity is thought to be due to amphipathic structures, which enable binding and disruption of microbial cytoplasmic membranes. Contrary to this, we show that plectasin, a fungal defensin, acts by directly binding the bacterial cell-wall precursor Lipid II. A wide range of genetic and biochemical approaches identify cell-wall biosynthesis as the pathway targeted by plectasin. In vitro assays for cell-wall synthesis identified Lipid II as the specific cellular target. Consistently, binding studies confirmed the formation of an equimolar stoichiometric complex between Lipid II and plectasin. Furthermore, key residues in plectasin involved in complex formation were identified using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and computational modeling.