gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison Between Hartley and Strain 13 Guinea Pigs—Antibody Production and Delayed Hypersensitivity (1967)

Summary The antibody response to hen’s egg albumin (HEA) was compared in random bred Hartley guinea pigs and inbred strain 13 guinea pigs. It was found that when HEA was given in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CF), both strains responded with high titers of antibody regardless of whether the antigen injection was given subcutaneously (s.c.) or by the footpad (f.p.) route. The number of sites into which the immunizing dose of HEA was given had no appreciable effect on the antibody response. When incomplete Freund’s adjuvant (IF) was used, the s.c. route was inferior to the f.p. route. A marked latent period after immunization, in which antibody could not be detected in the circulating blood, was found in both strains, but this period seemed to be longer in strain 13 guinea pigs than in the Hartley strain, especially when the s.c. route of immunization was employed. In some cases HEA in CF stimulated the production of slow γ-globulin with antibody activity. Animals immunized by the f.p. route almost invariably develop both slow and fast γ-globulin antibody whether CF or IF was used. By the s.c. route IF stimulated mainly fast γ-antibody production and the f.p. route stimulated both fast and slow γ-antibodies. Antibody from early and late bleedings from both strains of guinea pigs showed some sensitivity to mercaptoethanol. This sensitivity was not exclusively confined to the 19 S antibody as judged by immunoelectrophoresis. Strain 13 guinea pigs did not develop as intense skin sensitization to PABA-HEA, HEA or PPD, as did Hartley guinea pigs. Strain 13 animals developed delayed hypersensitivity to HEA uncomplicated by immediate reactions when they were immunized with as much as 320 µg of PABA-HEA in CF adjuvant. Hartley guinea pigs, on the other hand, also developed weak immediate sensitivity to HEA. Delayed hypersensitivity to HEA in strain 13 guinea pigs had almost disappeared by 112 days after sensitization and could not be detected at 168 days. Immediate sensitivity to PABA-HEA was still present at this time.
The treatment of perinatal addiction. Identification, intervention, and advocacy. (1990)

Women of reproductive age who use and abuse psychoactive drugs and alcohol present a special challenge to primary care physicians. There are compelling medical reasons for identifying and intervening with pregnant women who are addicted or have alcoholism. The teratogenicity of all drugs of abuse and alcohol, the risk of infection with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), and the potential for full recovery of a pregnant woman from addiction are some of the reasons that identification and intervention in the problem are indicated. Whether encountered in the clinic setting or in private practice, chemically dependent pregnant or postpartum women are usually responsive to appropriate physician interventions that include a detailed and caring confrontation- and advocacy-oriented support. Complex legal and ethical issues surround perinatal addiction including the role of toxicologic screening, reports to child welfare services, issues in noncompliance, and interdisciplinary case management.
Optimization of accessible catalase activity in polyacrylamide gel‐immobilized <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> (1992)

The permeabilization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (baker's yeast), either before or after immobilization in polyacrylamide gel (PAG), has been examined as a means to increase the catalase activity of PAG-immobilized yeast cells. Prior permeabilization of the cells resulted in large losses of catalase activity during immobilization, but permeabilization after immobilization produced increases in the catalase activity of yeast/PAG particles. A dependence of the accessible catalase activity on the concentration of polyacrylamide in permeabilized yeast/PAG particles, and on the method of permeabilization of the immobilized cells, was observed. Optimal levels of stable catalase activity (1000-2000 IU/g PAG particles; ca. 5%-10% of total available activity) were obtained by immobilizing yeast cells (0.5 g wet cells/mL gel) in 10% (w/v) PAG, followed by permeabilization of the entrapped cells with either cetyltrimethylammonium bromide, Triton X-100 and one freeze-thaw, or five freeze-thaw cycles.
Inhibition of cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase by lignans. (1981)

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) phosphodiesterase inhibitors contained in Forsythia suspensa were identified as lignans, (+)-pinoresinol (Ja) and (+)-pinoresinol-β-D-glucoside (Id), and their structure-activity relationship was investigated. In pinoresinol congeners, the configuration of the two phenyl rings is very important in relation to the activity. When both of the p-hydroxyl groups in matairesinol congeners are substituted by methyl or glucose, the activities are decreased as compared with those of the unsubstituted compounds.
Turbulence: Challenges for Theory and Experiment (1990)

Research in macroscopic classical physics, such as fluid dynamics or aspects of condensed matter physics, continues to confront baffling challenges that are by no means less demanding than those at the post-Newtonian frontiers of physics that have been explored since the beginning of this century. This is so even though the basic equations of macroscopic classical physics are known—indeed, have been known for centuries in many cases. Chaos and nonlinear dynamics are examples of the topics that pose new challenges to our understanding of macroscopic classical systems. Turbulence, a phenomenon related to but distinct from chaos, and having strong roots in engineering, has been increasingly in the focus of physics research in recent years.
Complete Genome Sequence of Bacillus anthracis H9401, an Isolate from a Korean Patient with Anthrax (2012)

Bacillus anthracis H9401 (NCCP 12889) is an isolate from a Korean patient with gastrointestinal anthrax. The whole genome of H9401 was sequenced. It is a circular chromosome containing 5,480 open reading frames (ORFs) and two plasmids, pXO1 containing 202 ORFs and pXO2 containing 110 ORFs. H9401 shows high pathogenicity and genome sequence similarity to Ames Ancestor.
Signal-to-string conversion based on high likelihood regions using embedded dynamic programming (1991)

A method of signal-to-string conversion based on embedded dynamic programming (DP) which can adapt its search to the variation of the input signal is proposed. The optimizing process is guided by high-valued portions of the likelihood function of symbols composing the string and is solved by two embedded dynamic programming processes. Algorithms in a Pascal-like language relating to the solution are given. When applied to continuous speech recognition on a 100-word vocabulary using the phoneme as the basic recognition unit, the method is shown to achieve a 4% improvement in the recognition rate compared to a classical DP-based method.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Molecular mechanisms initiating amyloid beta-fibril formation in Alzheimer's disease. (2005)

The deposition of aggregated amyloid beta-protein (Abeta) in the human brain is a major lesion in Alzheimer' disease (AD). The process of Abeta fibril formation is associated with a cascade of neuropathogenic events that induces brain neurodegeneration leading to the cognitive and behavioral decline characteristic of AD. Although a detailed knowledge of Abeta assembly is crucial for the development of new therapeutic approaches, our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the initiation of Abeta fibril formation remains very incomplete. The genetic defects responsible for familial AD influence fibrillogenesis. In a majority of familial cases determined by amyloid precursor protein (APP) and presenilin (PS) mutations, a significant overproduction of Abeta and an increase in the Abeta42/Abeta40 ratio are observed. Recently, it was shown that the two main alloforms of Abeta have distinct biological activity and behaviour at the earliest stage of assembly. In vitro studies demonstrated that Abeta42 monomers, but not Abeta40, form initial and minimal structures (pentamer/hexamer units called paranuclei) that can oligomerize to larger forms. It is now apparent that Abeta oligomers and protofibrils are more neurotoxic than mature Abeta fibrils or amyloid plaques. The neurotoxicity of the prefibrillar aggregates appears to result from their ability to impair fundamental cellular processes by interacting with the cellular membrane, causing oxidative stress and increasing free Ca(2+) that eventually lead to apoptotic cell death.
Feasibility of NASA TT&C via Commercial Satellite Services (1997)

This report presents the results of a study to identify impact and driving requirements by implementing commercial satellite communications service into traditional National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) space-ground communications. The NASA communication system is used to relay spacecraft and instrument commands, telemetry and science data. NASA's goal is to lower the cost of operation and increase the flexibility of spacecraft operations. Use of a commercial network offers the opportunity to contact a spacecraft on a nearly on-demand basis with ordinary phone calls to enable real time interaction with science events.
Structural Characterization of POSS Siloxane Dimer and Trimer (2006)

Ion mobility and molecular modeling methods were used to examine the gas-phase conformational properties of POSS (polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes) siloxane oligomers. MALDI generated the sodiated dimers (Cy7T8)2O·Na+ and (Cp7T8)2O·Na+ and the trimer ion [Cy7T8O−Cy8Si8O11−OCy7T8] Na+ (T = SiO1.5, Cy = cyclohexyl, and Cp = cyclopentyl); their collision cross sections were measured in helium using ion mobility based methods. Experimental results are consistent with one observed conformer for each of the dimers and the exo-exo isomer for the trimer (formed by retention of configuration at silicon during synthesis). For the cyclopentyl dimer, theory predicts two separate conformer families based on whether the substituents on the POSS cages are staggered (σcalc = 357 Å2) or eclipsed (σcalc = 365 Å2); experiment fits the staggered conformation best (σexpt = 355 Å2). For the cyclohexyl dimer, on the other hand, folding of the Cy groups seems to be important: (σexpt = 402 Å2 vs unfolded σcalc = 421 Å2 or partially folded σcalc = 407 Å2). Similar to the Cy dimer, for the trimer theory indicates that a low-energy exo-exo family of structures fits the experimental cross section (σexpt = 557 Å2) only if several Cy groups are folded (σcalc = 557 Å2) as compared to unfolded structures (average σcalc = 570 Å2). Modeling shows the nonbonded interactions of the capping Cp and Cy groups stabilize POSS cage packing leading to compact structures being lowest in energy. Modeling also suggests that two POSS cages bonded together by a single oxygen atom gives a benchmark 8.3−8.5 Å cage−cage center distance which may be used to evaluate cage packing in other POSS oligomers. X-ray crystal structures at 100 and 298 K for (Cy7T8)2O were carried out which show that solid state cage−cage intermolecular distances are perfectly consistent with the modeled POSS−PMA dimer and trimer structures. At room temperature there is considerable unresolved disorder of the cyclohexyl R groups in the X-ray structure due to rapid boat−chair interconversion.
pH Control of Ionic Liquids with Carbon Dioxide and Water: 1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Acetate (2012)

To use ionic liquids in pH-dependent reaction and separation processes, pH control is necessary. The use of traditional mineral acids poses a challenge due to the nonvolatile nature of both the ionic liquid and the mineral acid/salts, requiring additional separation steps. The use of a volatile acidification agent, such as CO2, can be beneficial and is the subject of this work. The pH of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate ([emim][Ac]), a basic ionic liquid, and water mixtures is measured under low CO2 pressure. Water content is varied from 0 to 25% (w/w), and CO2 pressure is varied from 0 to 1.5 bar. The effect of temperature is also examined for the 25% water and [emim][Ac] mixture. Results are compared to those obtained using an alternative volatile acid, acetic acid. The pH of [emim][Ac] and water mixtures is found to decrease with increasing water content and increasing CO2 pressure, while temperature has a minimal effect. Two mechanisms are proposed to explain the pH behavior of both pure [emim][Ac] and [emim][Ac]/water mixtures under CO2 pressure. Low-pressure CO2 is capable of providing mild and reversible acidification and offers a valuable tool for pH control of ionic liquids.
Effect of long-term ionized air treatment on patients with bronchial asthma. (1976)

Seven patients with bronchial asthma requiring continuous medication were subjected to eight weeks of nocturnal exposure to negatively ionized air, and their progress was followed using objective tests of lung function and clinical assessment. During exposure, four patients showed significant increases in morning PEFR, which in two of these patients was not sustained when exposure ceased. In two patients the observed increase in PEFR was accompanied by subjective improvement. From the results of all our assessments we conclude that, although this treatment may lead to an improvement in some patients with asthma, further objective studies are required to determine the value of negatively ionized air in the routine management of asthma.
Advances in Dielectric Elastomers for Actuators and Artificial Muscles (2009)

A number of materials have been explored for their use as artificial muscles. Among these, dielectric elastomers (DEs) appear to provide the best combination of properties for true muscle-like actuation. DEs behave as compliant capacitors, expanding in area and shrinking in thickness when a voltage is applied. Materials combining very high energy densities, strains, and efficiencies have been known for some time. To date, however, the widespread adoption of DEs has been hindered by premature breakdown and the requirement for high voltages and bulky support frames. Recent advances seem poised to remove these restrictions and allow for the production of highly reliable, high-performance transducers for artificial muscle applications.
A surface mount single-mode laser module using passive alignment (1996)

A novel single-mode laser module has been developed using a surface mounting technique. A simple receptacle structure for the module output port is also designed. This module offers high coupling efficiency and optical coupling using the passive alignment technique. A module size of 7.6 mm/spl times/12 mm/spl times/3 mm is achieved, which is very friendly for the automatic assembly line as well as the module mounting process on circuit boards. A laser diode (LD) is passively positioned by utilizing a pair of alignment marks, each of which located on the LD and Si substrate, a single-mode fiber with a microhemispherical lens on the fiber facet is self-aligned on a Si-V groove. The LD to single-mode fiber coupling loss and standard deviation are found to be 5 dB and 1.5 db, respectively. The simple receptacle structure enables one to use this module in the same way as conventional surface mount electrical components. The module assembly process is simplified by successively mounting subassembly parts.
Scalable services for resource management in distributed and networked environments (2002)

Sharing hardware and software resources among networked workstations has become common practice. Resource management in such systems is complex because of physical distribution of the resources, communication delays and the lack of global state informations. This paper describes a scalable load monitoring service and a scalable resource query service developed in the Warp project to provide necessary state information for resource management. Scalability is achieved by reducing the network traffic. Techniques include exploiting the IP multicast for one-to-many communications, using supply-driven and demand driven approaches for disseminating different classes of information, compressing information, and tailoring servers only to publish information when certain conditions are met. GUI tools, statistical analysers, and job scheduling are example clients of the services.
Glucans synthesized in situ in experimental salivary pellicle function as specific binding sites for Streptococcus mutans (1992)

Many researchers have suggested that the role of glucan-mediated interactions in the adherence of Streptococcus mutans is restricted to accumulation of this cariogenic bacterium following its sucrose (i.e., glucan)-independent binding to saliva-coated tooth surfaces. However, the presence of enzymatically active glucosyltransferase in salivary pellicle suggests that glucans could also promote the initial adherence of S. mutans to the teeth. In the present study, the commonly used hydroxyapatite adherence assay was modified to include the incorporation of glucosyltransferase and the synthesis of glucans in situ on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite beads. Several laboratory strains and clinical isolates of S. mutans were examined for their ability to adhere to experimental pellicles, either with or without the prior formation of glucans in situ. Results showed that most strains of S. mutans bound stereospecifically to glucans synthesized in pellicle. Inhibition studies with various polysaccharides and fungal dextranase indicated that alpha 1,6-linked glucose residues were of primary importance in the glucan binding observed. Scanning electron microscopic analysis showed direct binding of S. mutans to hydroxyapatite surface-associated polysaccharide and revealed no evidence of trapping or cell-to-cell binding. S. mutans strains also attached to host-derived structures in experimental pellicles, and the data suggest that the bacterial adhesins which recognize salivary binding sites were distinct from glucan-binding adhesins. Furthermore, glucans formed in experimental pellicles appeared to mask the host-derived components. These results support the concept that glucans synthesized in salivary pellicle can promote the selective adherence of the cariogenic streptococci which colonize human teeth.
Production Responses to Bovine Somatotropin in Northeast Dairy Herds, (1999)

The commercial response to bovine somatotropin was examined in northeast dairy herds from 1990 to 1998 (4-yr preapproval and 4-yr postapproval). With DHI records and Monsanto customer files, a control group (never purchased Posilac) and a bovine somatotropin (bST) group (used on at least 50% of cows) were identified. A total of 340 herds were involved and, over the 8-yr period, there were over 80,000 cows, 200,000 lactations, and 2 million test days. Herd management comparisons demonstrated the response to bST was relatively constant each year of the postapproval period. Assuming 100% of cows were supplemented, response to bST over a 305-d lactation equaled 894 kg of milk, 27 kg of milk fat, and 31 kg of milk protein. Comparisons of lactation curves were used to identify where the bST response occurred in the lactation cycle. Analysis demonstrated the responses in milk, milk fat, and protein yield were minimal in the early phase of lactation, and then gradually increased until reaching a plateau over the last half of the lactation cycle. Persistency of lactation was also improved by bST, indicating the opportunity exists to extend lactation with combined use of bST and altered reproductive management. Average age and days in milk did not differ between control and bST herds. Thus, stayability and herd-life of animals were not altered by bST treatment. Somatic cell count (SCC) linear scores were minimally affected in herds utilizing bST and the pattern of SCC over the lactation cycle was unaffected. Overall bST improved lactation yield and persistency consistently over the 4-yr postapproval period with no effects on cow stayability and herd-life.
The Spectrum of Scattered X-Rays (1923)

The spectrum of molybdenum $\mathrm{K}\ensuremath{\alpha}$ rays scattered by graphite at 45\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}, 90\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} and 135\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{} has been compared with the spectrum of the primary beam. A primary spectrum line when scattered is broken up into two lines, an "unmodified" line whose wave-length remains unchanged, and a "modified" line whose wave-length is greater than that of the primary spectrum line. Within a probable error of about 0.001 A, the difference in the wave-lengths ($\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0}$) increases with the angle $\ensuremath{\theta}$ between the primary and the scattered rays according to the quantum relation $(\ensuremath{\lambda}\ensuremath{-}{\ensuremath{\lambda}}_{0})=\ensuremath{\lambda}(1\ensuremath{-}cos\ensuremath{\theta})$, where $\ensuremath{\lambda}=\frac{h}{\mathrm{mc}}=0.0242$ A. This wave-length change is confirmed also by absorption measurements. The modified ray does not seem to be as homogeneous as the unmodified ray; it is less intense at small angles and more intense at large angles than is the unmodified ray.An x-ray tube of small diameter and with a water-cooled target is described, which is suitable for giving intense x-rays.
vSpline: Physical Design and the Perception of Scale in Virtual Reality (2017)

Virtual reality provides a heightened sense of immersion and spatial awareness that provides a unique opportunity for designers to perceive and evaluate scale and space. At the same time, traditional sketches and small-size physical models provide tactile feedback that allow designers to create, comprehend, and explore complex geometric relationships. Through the development of vSpline, a modeling application for virtual reality, we explore the potential for design within a virtual spatial environment to blur the boundaries between digital and physical stages of design, and seek to combine the best of both virtual and analog worlds. By using spline-based closed meshes created directly in three-dimensional space, our software provides the capabilities to design, modify, and save the information in the virtual world and seamlessly convert the data to evaluate the printing of 3D physical models. We identify and discuss important questions that arise regarding relationships of perception of scale, digital-to-physical domains, and new methods of input and manipulation within a 3D immersive space.
Voltammetry at Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes in Liquid Ammonia: Solvent Window Effects and Diamond Surface Modification (1999)

Vacuum‐annealed highly boron‐doped diamond (BDD) thin‐film electrodes are shown to allow reversible voltammetric responses for the reduction of nitrobenzene, 3,5‐difluoronitrobenzene, and for the generation of solvated electrons in liquid ammonia at . In liquid ammonia a considerably extended positive potential window at BDD electrodes compared to platinum is observed. At the negative end of the potential scale facile generation of solvated electrons occurs at both platinum and BDD electrodes. After exposure to solvated electrons in liquid ammonia, the surface of the diamond becomes hydrophilic and nitrogen functionalities were detected by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. ©2000 The Electrochemical Society
[Use of PCR in the epidemiological identification of Campylobacter spp]. (1992)

According to our results as well as the ones from different authors applied to other microorganisms, we can assume that the method could be used in any bacterial species for epidemiologic studies purposes.