gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rhodium-Catalyzed and Zinc(II)-Triflate-Promoted Asymmetric Hydrogenation of Tetrasubstituted α,β-Unsaturated Ketones (2012)

The asymmetric hydrogenation of tetrasubstituted α,β-unsaturated ketones has been accomplished using an in situ formed rhodium-Josiphos catalyst. The reaction is enhanced by addition of catalytic zinc(II) triflate, which significantly improves turnover frequency while suppressing epimerization of the products.
A fast discrete method for voltage drop and current calculation for manufacturing facilities with intermittent loads (1992)

The author presents a numerical method of calculating voltage drops and thermal current ratings due to a large number of intermittent loads such as welders and robots. The welder and robot loads can have different currents and duty cycles and may connect at different points on a distribution network that is not necessarily radial. No lumping of welder loads is required. Regular loads such as motor loads and other process loads can also be represented simultaneously. The method can be easily extended to single-phase welders, i.e., for a three-phase distribution system analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Microwave heating of carbon-based solid materials (2014)

As a part of the electromagnetic spectrum, microwaves heat materials fast and efficiently via direct energy transfer, while conventional heating methods rely on conduction and convection. To date, the use of microwave heating in the research of carbon-based materials has been mainly limited to liquid solutions. However, more rapid and efficient heating is possible in electron-rich solid materials, because the target materials absorb the energy of microwaves effectively and exclusively. Carbon-based solid materials are suitable for microwave-heating due to the delocalized pi electrons from sp2-hybridized carbon networks. In this perspective review, research on the microwave heating of carbon-based solid materials is extensively investigated. This review includes basic theories of microwave heating, and applications in carbon nanotubes, graphite and other carbon-based materials. Finally, priority issues are discussed for the advanced use of microwave heating, which have been poorly understood so far: heating mechanism, temperature control, and penetration depth.
Novel Approaches in Pilonidal Sinus Treatment (2016)

Pilonidal sinus is a very common inflammatory disease of the gluteal region. The ideal method of pilonidal sinus treatment should have a low recurrence rate with minimum excision. Moreover, the treatment method should have a short hospitalization time, should let the patient return to his normal life rapidly, should cause minimum loss of labour and should result a small scar only. In the presented review, modalities in pilonidal sinus treatment in the light of current information in the literature are evaluated.
<i>no tail</i> (<i>ntl</i>) is the zebrafish homologue of the mouse <i>T</i> (<i>Brachyury</i>) gene (1994)

The mouse T (Brachyury) gene is required for normal mesoderm development and the extension of the body axis. Recently, two mutant alleles of a zebrafish gene, no tail (ntl), have been isolated (Halpern, M. E., Ho., R. K., Walker, C. and Kimmel, C. B. (1993) Cell 75, 99-111). ntl mutant embryos resemble mouse T/T mutant embryos in that they lack a differentiated notochord and the caudal region of their bodies. We report here that this phenotype is caused by mutation of the zebrafish homologue of the T gene. While ntl embryos express mutant mRNA, they show no nuclear protein product. Later, expression of mRNA in mutants, but not in wild types, is greatly reduced along the dorsal midline where the notochord normally forms. This suggests that the protein is required for maintaining transcription of its own gene.
Palladium-catalysed hydrosulfination: synthesis of sulfonic acids and S-alkyl alkanethiosulfonates from alkenes, sulfur dioxide and hydrogen (1993)

S-Alkyl alkanethiosulfonates and sulfonic acids can easily be synthesized from sulfur dioxide, alkenes, hydrogen and a cationic palladium(II)-diphosphine complex like [Pd(dppp)(MeCN)2][X]21[X = non or weakly coordinating anion; dppp = 1,3-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane], at temperatures above the ceiling temperature of the SO2–alkene copolymer.
Fast Neural Style Transfer for Motion Data (2017)

Automating motion style transfer can help save animators time by allowing them to produce a single set of motions, which can then be automatically adapted for use with different characters. The proposed fast, efficient technique for performing neural style transfer of human motion data uses a feed-forward neural network trained on a large motion database. The proposed framework can transform the style of motion thousands of times faster than previous approaches that use optimization.
ON GARDENING STYLES AND PLANS (2012)

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Is the Stay‐Green Trait in Sorghum a Result of Transpiration Sensitivity to Either Soil Drying or Vapor Pressure Deficit? (2013)

ABSTRACT Persistence of green leaves during seed fill, referred to as a stay‐green trait, has been investigated in sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] as an approach to increasing yields under water‐limited conditions. An hypothesis to explain the observation of stay green in some sorghum genotypes and not in others is that the genotypes expressing the trait employ mechanisms to increase availability of soil water during seed fill. In this study, the expression of two mechanisms resulting in soil water conservation to allow greater water availability during seed fill was explored among 12 sorghum genotypes. One mechanism is an earlier decrease in transpiration with soil drying so that the rate of soil water loss is decreased earlier in the soil drying cycle. The second mechanism is a limitation on transpiration rate at high vapor pressure deficit (VPD) so that soil water is conserved on days when midday VPD is high. Field studies were undertaken to identify seven genotypes that consistently expressed the stay‐green trait and five genotypes that did not exhibit this trait. The range of the threshold for the decrease in transpiration rate with soil drying was similar among the two sets of genotypes. Similarly, the expression of the limited transpiration rate under high VPD was found for both sets of genotypes. There was no evidence in these studies that the stay‐green trait was closely linked with either mechanism of water conservation.
Three-prong distribution of massive narrow QCD jets (2013)

We study the planar-flow distributions of narrow, highly boosted, massive QCD jets. Using the factorization properties of QCD in the collinear limit, we compute the planar-flow jet function from the one-to-three splitting function at tree level. We derive the leading-log behavior of the jet function analytically. We also compare our semianalytic jet function with parton-shower predictions using various generators.
Humoral response to linear B cell epitopes in the amino terminus of the hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein gp72 (E2): Role in protective immunity still unknown (1995)

The hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) of the putative second envelope glycoprotein (gp70) of hepatitis C virus (HCV) contains a sequence-specific immunological B-cell epitope that induces the production of antibodies restricted to the specific viral isolate, and anti-HVR1 antibodies are involved in the genetic drift of HVR1 driven by immunoselection (N. Kato, H. Sekiya, Y. Ootsuyama, T. Nakazawa, M. Hijikata, S. Ohkoshi, and K. Shimotohno, J. Virol. 67:3923-3930, 1993). We further investigated the sequence variability of the HCV genomic region that entirely encodes the envelope proteins (gp35 and gp70); these sequences were derived from virus isolated during the acute and chronic phases of hepatitis in one patient, and we found that HVR1 was a major site for genetic mutations in HCV after the onset of hepatitis. We carried out epitope-mapping experiments using the HVR1 sequence derived from the acute phase of hepatitis and identified two overlapping epitopes which are each composed of 11 amino acids (positions 394 to 404 and 397 to 407). The presence of two epitopes within HVR1 suggested that epitope shift happened during the course of hepatitis. Four of six amino acid substitutions detected in HVR1 were located within the two epitopes. We further examined the reactivities of anti-HVR1 antibodies to the substituted amino acid sequences within the two epitopes. HVR1 variants in both epitopes within the HVR1 escaped from anti-HVR1 antibodies that were preexisting in the patient's serum.
LIMITATIONS OF BIOPSY GLEASON GRADE: IMPLICATIONS FOR COUNSELING PATIENTS WITH BIOPSY GLEASON SCORE 6 PROSTATE CANCER (2004)

Gleason grade on needle biopsy is an inexact predictor of the final grade following radical prostatectomy. Patients with biopsy Gleason score 6 who are under graded are at significantly higher risk for adverse pathological features and biochemical recurrence than patients who remain with Gleason score 6 or less on final pathology findings.
Data transport between visualization web services for medical image analysis (2010)

With the rapid development of IT data driven experiments and simulations have become very advanced and complicated. The amount and complexity of scientific data increase exponentially. Nowadays the challenge is to efficiently support scientists who generate more data than they can possibly look at and understand. This requires not only high-performance visualization and feature extraction techniques but also efficient and intuitive management of available data and underlying computational resources. Consequently, Service Oriented Architectures and workflow management systems are becoming popular solutions for the deployment of e-Science Infrastructures aimed to assist in exploration and analysis of large scientific data. In this paper, we compare two transport models of workflow execution for data-intensive medical visualizations that rely on web services. The image-based analysis of vascular disorders served as a case study for this project. We applied a service oriented approach to construct distributed visualization pipelines, which allow visualization experts to develop visualizations to view and interact with large medical data sets. Moreover, end-users (i.e., medical specialists) can explore these visualizations irrespective of their geographical location and available computing resources. The paper reports on the current implementation status and presents our main findings.
Characterization of an Associative Memory Chip in 28 nm CMOS Technology (2018)

This paper presents the characterization of the new Associative Memory chip (version 7) designed and fabricated in 28 nm CMOS. The design aims at: enhancing links from/to FPGAs; increasing bandwidth thanks to full custom LVDS transceivers; and reducing power consumption and silicon area by means of new memory cells designed with full-custom approach. The design was submitted in December 2016; the prototypes were fabricated and packaged in a 17 × 17 Ball Grid Array (BGA) standalone package. Prototype characterization confirms the chip functionality. The final chip will be assembled in a System In Package (SiP) together with a bare FPGA die.
Advances in capillary electrophoresis for the life sciences (2019)

Capillary electrophoresis (CE) played an important role in developments in the life sciences. The technique is nowadays used for the analysis of both large and small molecules in applications where it performs better than or is complementary to liquid chromatographic techniques. In this review, principles of different electromigration techniques, especially capillary isoelectric focusing (CIEF), capillary gel (CGE) and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE), are described and recent developments in instrumentation, with an emphasis on mass spectrometry (MS) coupling and microchip CE, are discussed. The role of CE in the life sciences is shown with applications in which it had a high impact over the past few decades. In this context, current practice for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals (therapeutic proteins) is shown with CIEF, CGE and CZE using different detection techniques, including MS. Subsequently, the application of CGE and CZE, in combination with laser induced fluorescence detection and CZE-MS are demonstrated for the analysis of protein-released glycans in the characterization of biopharmaceuticals and glycan biomarker discovery in biological samples. Special attention is paid to developments in capillary coatings and derivatization strategies for glycans. Finally, routine CE analysis in clinical chemistry and latest developments in metabolomics approaches for the profiling of small molecules in biological samples are discussed. The large number of CE applications published for these topics in recent years clearly demonstrates the established role of CE in life sciences.
Efficient Verification of Hazard-Freedom in Gate-Level Timed Asynchronous Circuits (2007)

This paper presents an efficient method for verifying hazard-freedom in gate-level timed asynchronous circuits. Timed circuits are a class of asynchronous circuits that are optimized using explicit timing information. In asynchronous circuits, correct operation requires that there are no hazards in the circuit implementation. Therefore, when designing an asynchronous circuit, each internal node and output of the circuit must be verified for hazard-freedom to ensure correct operation. Current verification algorithms for timed circuits require an explicit state exploration that often results in state explosion for even modest-sized examples. The goal of this paper is to abstract the behavior of internal nodes and utilize this information to make a conservative determination of hazard-freedom for each node in the circuit. Experimental results indicate that this approach is substantially more efficient than existing timing verification tools. These results also indicate that this method scales well for large examples that could not be previously analyzed, in that it is capable of analyzing these circuits in less than a second. While this method is conservative in that some false hazards may be reported, our results indicate that their number is small
Nanorod Self-Assembly in High Jc YBa2Cu3O7−x Films with Ru-Based Double Perovskites (2011)

Many second phase additions to YBa₂Cu₃O<sub>7-x</sub> (YBCO) films, in particular those that self-assemble into aligned nanorod and nanoparticle structures, enhance performance in self and applied fields. Of particular interest for additions are Ba-containing perovskites that are compatible with YBCO. In this report, we discuss the addition of Ba₂YRuO₆ to bulk and thick-film YBCO. Sub-micron, randomly oriented particles of this phase were found to form around grain boundaries and within YBCO grains in bulk sintered pellets. Within the limits of EDS, no Ru substitution into the YBCO was observed. Thick YBCO films were grown by pulsed laser deposition from a target consisting of YBa₂Cu₃O<sub>y</sub> with 5 and 2.5 mole percent additions of Ba₂YRuO₆ and Y₂O₃, respectively. Films with enhanced in-field performance contained aligned, self-assembled Ba₂YRuO₆ nanorods and strained Y₂O₃ nanoparticle layers. A 0.9 µm thick film was found to have a self-field critical current density (J<sub>c</sub>) of 5.1 MA/cm² with minimum J<sub>c</sub>(Q, H=1T) of 0.75 MA/cm². Conversely, J<sub>c</sub> characteristics were similar to YBCO films without additions when these secondary phases formed as large, disordered phases within the film. A 2.3 µm thick film with such a distribution of secondary phases was found to have reduced self-field J<sub>c</sub> values of 3.4 MA/cm² at 75.5 K and J<sub>c</sub>(min, Q, 1T) of 0.4 MA/cm².
Extending the travel range of analog-tuned electrostatic actuators (1999)

The pull-in instability limits the travel distance of elastically suspended parallel-plate electrostatic microactuators to about 1/3 of the undeflected gap distance. In this paper, we examine the "leveraged bending" and "strain-stiffening" methods for extending the travel range of electrostatic actuators. The leveraged bending effect can be used to achieve full gap travel at the cost of increased actuation voltage. The strain-stiffening effect can be used to minimize actuation voltage for a given travel range. An analytical approximation shows that the strain-stiffening effect can be used to achieve a stable travel distance up to about 3/5 of the gap. A tunable reflective diffraction grating known as the polychromator has been designed using these actuation techniques, and selected designs have been fabricated and tested for actuation behavior. Gratings with 1024 flat, closely packed grating-element actuators have been fabricated with over 1-cm-long mirrors, achieving stable vertical travel distances of more than 1.75 /spl mu/m out of a 2-/spl mu/m gap.
Methylation of the IGFBP-3 gene and prognosis of epithelial ovarian cancer (2004)

1059 Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) is a member of the IGF binding protein family (IGFBP) which regulates the mitogenic and anti-apoptotic effects of insulin-like growth factors (IGFs). IGFBP-3 is the most abundant IGFBP in the circulation and hypermethylation of the IGFBP-3 promoter has been found to suppress its expression. To evaluate the role of IGFBP-3 in ovarian cancer progression, we examined the survival of ovarian cancer patients in relation to IGFBP-3 promoter methylation and IGFBP-3 protein levels in ovarian tumor tissue. Two hundred forty-nine consecutive epithelial ovarian cancer patients were selected for the study from the Department of Gynecology and Obstetric at University of Turin and were followed for a median of 31 months after surgery. Genomic DNA was extracted from fresh frozen tumor tissue and treated with sodium bisulfite. IGFBP-3 promoter methylation was analyzed using methylation-specific PCR (MSP). Tissue cytosol was prepared with the use of a protein extraction kit and IGFBP-3 protein levels in the cytosol were determined using a commercial ELISA. Cox regression survival analysis was performed to examine the association of IGFBP-3 methylation with disease-free and overall survivals. The majority of patients in the study had advanced disease (69%, Stage III and IV) and aggressive tumors (66%, Grade 3). Promoter methylation of the IGFBP-3 gene was detected in 43% (107/248) of the patients. IGFBP-3 promoter methylation was not associated with disease progression (p=0.3972) or death (p=0.2983) in univariate analyssis, but the associations became statistically significant when clinical and pathological variables, including age at diagnosis, disease stage, histologic grade, debulking results, residual tumor size, and IGFBP-3 levels in tumor tissue, were adjusted in the analysis. The relative risk was 1.62 (95% CI: 1.06-2.47) for disease progression and 1.59 (95% CI: 1.04-2.43) for death. Tissue levels of IGFBP-3 protein were not significantly different by methylation status (p=0.30), and were not associated with disease progression (p=0.33) or death (p=0.18). In conclusion, the study did not find strong evidence to support the notion that IGFBP-3 promoter methylation suppresses IGFBP-3 expression in ovarian cancer and can be used as a molecular marker for ovarian cancer prognosis.
Room-temperature, continuous-wave, single-mode quantum-cascade lasers at λ≃5.4μm (2005)

We demonstrate room-temperature, single-mode, continuous-wave operation of a λ≃5.4μm quantum-cascade laser up to the temperature of 30°C⁠. Processing is done using standard lithography in a ridge waveguide mounted junction-up. The active region is based on a bound-to-continuum transition. The high performances were achieved with a low active region doping and a thick electroplated gold deposition, resulting in a characteristic temperature of T0=155K in continuous-wave with a threshold current density of jth=2.05kA∕cm2 at 300K⁠.
The natural way to evolve hardware (1996)

Artificial evolution can automatically derive the configuration of a reconfigurable hardware system such that it performs a given task. Individuals of the evolving population are evaluated when instantiated as real circuits, so if constraints inherent to human design (but not to evolution) are dropped, then the natural physical dynamics of the hardware can be exploited in new ways. The notion of an artificially evolving 'species' (SAGA) allows the open-ended incremental evolution of complex circuits. Theoretical arguments are given, as well as the real-world example of an evolved hardware robot controller.
A CCD programmable image processor and its neural network applications (1991)

A charge coupled device (CCD)-based image processor that performs 2D filtering of a gray-level image with 20 programmable 8-b 7*7 spatial filters is described. The processor consists of an analog input buffer, 49 multipliers, and 49 8-b 20-stage local memories in a 29-mm/sup 2/ chip area. Better than 99.999% charge transfer efficiency and greater than 42-dB dynamic range have been achieved by the processor, which performs one billion arithmetic operations per second and dissipates less than 1 W when clocked at 10 MHz. The device is also suited for neural networks with local connections and replicated weights. Implementation of a specific neural network, the neocognitron, based on this CCD processor has been simulated. The effect of weight quantization imposed by use of this CCD device on the performance of the neocognitron is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Analysis of viral clearance unit operations for monoclonal antibodies (2010)

Demonstration of viral clearance is a critical step in assuring the safety of biotechnology products. We generated a viral clearance database that contains product information, unit operation process parameters, and viral clearance data from monoclonal antibody and antibody-related regulatory submissions to FDA. Here we present a broad overview of the database and resulting analyses. We report that the diversity of model viruses tested expands as products transition to late-phase. We also present averages and ranges of viral clearance results by Protein A and ion exchange chromatography steps, low pH chemical inactivation, and virus filtration, focusing on retro- and parvoviruses. For most unit operations, an average log reduction value (LRV, a measure of clearance power) for retrovirus of >4 log(10) were measured. Cases where clearance data fell outside of the anticipated range (i.e., outliers) were rationally explained. Lastly, a historical analysis did not find evidence of any improvement trend in viral clearance over time. The data collectively suggest that many unit operations in general can reliably clear viruses.
Electro‐Optic Effects in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystals (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: The Propagation of Polarized Light in Twisted Nematic Liquid Crystal Cells The Various Types of TN Cells Electronically Controlled Birefringence for the Generation of Colour
Using corpus statistics and WordNet relations for sense identification (1998)

Corpus-based approaches to word sense identification have flexibility and generality but suffer from a knowledge acquisition bottleneck. We show how knowledge-based techniques can be used to open the bottleneck by automatically locating training corpora. We describe a statistical classifier that combines topical context with local cues to identify a word sense. The classifier is used to disambiguate a noun, a verb, and an adjective. A knowledge base in the form of WordNet's lexical relations is used to automatically locate training examples in a general text corpus. Test results are compared with those from manually tagged training examples.