gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A delay analysis for opportunistic transmission in fading broadcast channels (2005)

We consider a single-antenna broadcast block fading channel (downlink scheduling) with n users where the transmission is packet-based and all users are backlogged. We define the delay as the minimum number of channel uses that guarantees all n users successfully receive m packets. This is a more stringent notion of delay than average delay and is the worst case delay among the users. A delay optimal scheduling scheme, such as round-robin, achieves the delay of mn. In a heterogeneous network and for the optimal throughput strategy where the transmitter sends the packet to the user with the best channel conditions, we derive the moment generating-function of the delay for any m and n. For large n and in a homogeneous network, the expected delay in receiving one packet by all the receivers scales as n logn, as opposed to n for the round-robin scheduling. We also show that when m grows faster than (logn)/sup r/, for some r>1, then the expected value of delay scales like mn. This roughly determines the time-scale required for the system to behave fairly in a homogeneous network. We then propose a scheme to significantly reduce the delay at the expense of a small throughput hit. We further look into two generalizations of our work: i) the effect of temporal channel correlation and ii) the advantage of multiple transmit antennas on the delay. For a channel with memory of two, we prove that the delay scales again like n logn no matter how severe the correlation is. For a system with M transmit antennas, we prove that the expected delay in receiving one packet by all the users scales like n log n/(M+O(M/sup 2//n)) for large n when M is not growing faster than logn. Thus, when the temporal channel correlation is zero, multiple transmit antenna systems do not reduce the delay significantly. However, when channel correlation is present, they can lead to significant gains by "decorrelating" the effective channel through means such as random beamforming.
Wireless enhanced 9-1-1 service-making it a reality (2002)

Enhanced 9–1–1 (E9–1–1) service has proliferated in the U. S. wireline marketplace. Today, E9–1–1 relays the caller's location, name, and telephone directory number to the dispatch telecommunicator and provides accurate 9–1–1 call routing to the appropriate emergency dispatch center. In practice, E9–1–1 service improves the overall response time for dispatching emergency personnel to the scene. Unfortunately for wireless users, E9–1–1 has not evolved with this same level of service to support the mobile nature of wireless telecommunications. Recently, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) developed requirements for enhanced wireless 9–1–1 service to improve this situation. These requirements are described in the Report and Order and Further Notice of Proposed Rulemaking, FCC Docket No. 94–102. The FCC has proposed a two-phase implementation timeline. Phase 1 requires that the wireless network provide the user's call-back number and the geographic area associated with the cell/sector handling the call. Phase 2 requires the caller's location to be reported with a much higher degree of accuracy. This paper presents an evolution plan that will apply state-of-the-art technology to solving today's wireless E9–1–1 shortcomings, and it discusses how E9–1–1 will lead to new service opportunities in the future.
Common breast cancer risk variants in the post-COGS era: a comprehensive review (2013)

Breast cancer has a strong heritable component, with approximately 15% of cases exhibiting a family history of the disease. Mutations in genes such as BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 lead to autosomal dominant inherited cancer susceptibility and confer a high lifetime risk of breast cancers. Identification of mutations in these genes through clinical genetic testing enables patients to undergo screening and prevention strategies, some of which provide overall survival benefit. In addition, a number of mutant alleles have been identified in genes such as CHEK2, PALB2, ATM and BRIP1, which often display incomplete penetrance and confer moderate lifetime risks of breast cancer. Studies are underway to determine how to use the identification of mutations in these genes to guide clinical practice. Altogether, however, mutations in high and moderate penetrance genes probably account for approximately 25% of familial breast cancer risk; the remainder may be due to mutations in as yet unidentified genes or lower penetrance variants. Common low penetrance alleles, which have been mainly identified through genome-wide association studies (GWAS), are generally present at 10 to 50% population frequencies and confer less than 1.5-fold increases in breast cancer risk. A number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been identified and risk associations extensively replicated in populations of European ancestry, the number of which has substantially increased as a result of GWAS performed by the Collaborative Oncological Gene-environment Study consortium. It is now estimated that 28% of familial breast cancer risk is explained by common breast cancer susceptibility loci. In some cases, SNP associations may be specific to different subsets of women with breast cancer, as defined by ethnicity or estrogen receptor status. Although not yet clinically established, it is hoped that identification of common risk variants may eventually allow identification of women at higher risk of breast cancer and enable implementation of breast cancer screening, prevention or treatment strategies that provide clinical benefit.
Synthesis and biological activity of partially modified retro-inverso pseudopeptide derivatives of the C-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin (1987)

The effects of partial retro-inverso modifications of selected peptide bonds of the N-terminal tetrapeptide of gastrin have been studied. In some of the synthesized compounds, the phenylalanyl residue has been replaced by the (R,S)-2-benzylmalonyl, 3-phenylpropionyl, benzylcarbamoyl, or benzyloxycarbonyl moieties. All pseudopeptides showed affinity for the gastrin receptor, in vitro, with potencies varying from IC50 = 10(-7) to IC50 = 10(-4) M. These compounds exhibited little or no activity on acid secretion in the anesthetized rat but were able to antagonize the action of gastrin. Among the most potent were Boc-Trp-Leu-gAsp-CO-CH2CH2C6H5 (20) (ED50 = 0.15 microM/kg), Boc-Trp-Leu-gAsp-m(R,S)Phe-NH2 (3) (ED50 = 0.15 microM/kg), and Boc-Trp-gLeu-D-Asp-m(R,S)Phe-NH2 (7) (ED50 = 0.3 microM/kg).
Colorectal Liver Metastases: Contrast Agent Diffusion Coefficient for Quantification of Contrast Enhancement Heterogeneity at MR Imaging (2008)

http://radiology.rsnajnls.org/cgi/content/full/248/3/901/DC1.
Synthesis at the Interface of Chemistry and Biology (2009)

As the focus of synthesis increasingly shifts from its historical emphasis on molecular structure to function, improved strategies are clearly required for the generation of molecules with defined physical, chemical, and biological properties. In contrast, living organisms are remarkably adept at producing molecules and molecular assemblies with an impressive array of functions - from enzymes and antibodies to the photosynthetic center. Thus, the marriage of Nature's synthetic strategies, molecules, and biosynthetic machinery with more traditional synthetic approaches might enable the generation of molecules with properties difficult to achieve by chemical strategies alone. Here we illustrate the potential of this approach and overview some opportunities and challenges in the coming years.
Crystallization and textural porosity of synthetic clay minerals (2002)

The crystallization of synthetic layered magnesium silicate hectorite clays from both silica sol and organosilane sources is compared. For the silica sol-derived clays, a templating method is employed wherein organic or polymeric molecules are included during clay crystallization that are then removed from the composites via calcination. The mechanism of silane-derived hectorite formation is followed by XRD, TGA, 29Si MAS NMR, and small angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), and results are compared to those obtained for the sol-derived hectorite. The mechanism appears to be similar but the rate is approximately doubled when the silane is used rather than silica sol. Analytical transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is exploited to glean structural morphology information towards resolving the nature of the resulting pore network structures. Results are compared with nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherm behavior; dominant hysteresis loops are present in the type IV isotherms. Pore size distributions based on both the adsorption and desorption isotherms are compared. Small angle neutron scattering (SANS) experiments reveal that the average particle size increases as synthetic laponite < sol-derived hectorite < silane-derived hectorite < natural hectorite. Contrast matching SANS studies in aqueous and organic solvents are carried out to extract information about pore accessibility.
Cyclooxygenase Metabolism of Endogenous Arachidonic Acid by Cultured Human Tracheal Epithelial Cells (1989)

The epithelial cell may contribute to the regulation of pulmonary function during inflammatory diseases of the airways by producing metabolites of arachidonic acid (AA). We have used human tracheal epithelial cells (HTE), grown in serum-free medium, to examine cyclooxygenase metabolism of endogenous AA by these cells. Gas chromatography-negative ion mass spectrometry demonstrated that, regardless of stimulus (buffer, bradykinin, or the calcium ionophore A23187), epithelial cells produce PGE2 and PGF2 alpha but no detectable levels of PGD2, thromboxane B2, 6-keto-PGF1 alpha, or 9 alpha, 11 beta-PGF2. Preincubation of cultures with medium containing 5% human serum led to striking increases in the production of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha, regardless of stimulus. Concomitant with these increases in prostanoids, serum exposure caused a 3.6-fold increase in total cellular arachidonate. Arachidonate levels increased in all phosphoglyceride classes, with the greatest increases in phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylcholine, and phosphatidylinositol. In serum-pretreated cells, PGE2 production was 1.46 +/- 0.12, 4.74 +/- 0.6, and 6.35 +/- 0.93 ng/10(6) cells (mean +/- SEM; n = 7) upon exposure to buffer, 10(-6) M bradykinin, and 1 micrograms/ml A23187, respectively, whereas PGF2 alpha levels were 1.53 +/- 0.22, 4.44 +/- 0.36, and 5.77 +/- 0.78 ng/10(6) cells, respectively. The response of HTE to bradykinin was dose-dependent (10(-8) to 10(-6) M) and was maximal within 5 min. We conclude that cyclooxygenase metabolism of endogenous arachidonate in HTE results in the specific production of PGE2 and PGF2 alpha. HTE in culture retain receptors for bradykinin and can be used to study lipid metabolism independent of other cell types.
Methods of determining in-situ rock stresses at great depths (1968)

Based on the findings of this report field trials supplemented with laboratory experiments are being carried 9ut using some of the more promising techniques ot measuring in-situ stresaes.
The scanistor—A solid-state image scanner (1964)

Scanistors form a new class of semiconducting devices which perform image scanning or dissection by reason of a novel electronic method of commutating a single output terminal to any preselected illuminated portion of the device. The selection is uniquely determined by a voltage applied across two terminals of the device. The present investigation is concerned with a strip-shaped unit called the multijunction scanistor which is comprised of a linear, integrated-circuit array of photodiodes. This device provides an output either as a sequence of pulses which represent spatial sampling of a line image at a discrete number of points, or as an analog wave-form which is a linear transformation of the line image. A theory appropriate to scanners of this type is developed and applied to the multijunction scanistor for purposes of design and analysis. A time-dependent circuit analysis of a model of the scanistor is carried out and tested experimentally. It provides an understanding of the upper limits to the scanning rate set by junction capacitance. Experimental units designed according to theory are tested for their sine-wave response, uniformity of output, sensitivity, and scanning linearity. These units are shown to give good results when used to scan a typewritten document for facsimile display on an oscilloscope.
A Nine-Residue Synthetic Propeptide Enhances Secretion Efficiency of Heterologous Proteins in <i>Lactococcus lactis</i> (1998)

Lactococcus lactis, a gram-positive organism widely used in the food industry, is a potential candidate for the secretion of biologically useful proteins. We examined the secretion efficiency and capacity of L. lactis by using the Staphylococcus aureus nuclease (Nuc) as a heterologous model protein. When expressed in L. lactis from an efficient lactococcal promoter and its native signal peptide, only approximately 60% of total Nuc was present in a secreted form at approximately 5 mg per liter. The remaining 40% was found in a cell-associated precursor form. The secretion efficiency was reduced further to approximately 30% by the deletion of 17 residues of the Nuc native propeptide (resulting in NucT). We identified a modification which improved secretion efficiency of both native Nuc and NucT. A 9-residue synthetic propeptide, LEISSTCDA, which adds two negative charges at the +2 and +8 positions, was fused immediately after the signal peptide cleavage site. In the case of Nuc, secretion efficiency was increased to approximately 80% by LEISSTCDA insertion without altering the signal peptide cleavage site, and the yield was increased two- to fourfold (up to approximately 20 mg per liter). The improvement of NucT secretion efficiency was even more marked and rose from 30 to 90%. Similarly, the secretion efficiency of a third protein, the alpha-amylase of Bacillus stearothermophilus, was also improved by LEISSTCDA. These data indicate that the LEISSTCDA synthetic propeptide improves secretion of different heterologous proteins in L. lactis.
Binding of proteins to copolymers of varying hydrophobicity (1999)

Hydrophobic interactions between proteins and amphiphilic polyelectrolytes were studied by frontal analysis continuous capillary electrophoresis (Gao et al., Analytical Chemistry, 1997, Vol. 69, pp. 2945-2951). Binding isotherms were obtained for beta-lactoglobulin and for bovine serum albumin interacting with a series of alternating copolymers of maleic acid and alkyl-vinyl ethers of varying hydrophobicity. Although binding between proteins and copolymers increases with increasing alkyl chain length, a minimum alkyl chain length of 3-4 methylenes is required for significant hydrophobic interactions to occur. These copolymers, like other polyamphiphiles, can form intrapolymer micelles, and the extent of such micellization decreases with increasing degree of carboxylate ionization. Binding results obtained at different pHs suggest that competition exists between intrapolymer micelle formation and protein-polymer hydrophobic interactions.
Improving Chinese tokenization with linguistic filters on statistical lexical acquisition (1994)

The first step in Chinese NLP is to tokenize or segment character sequences into words, since the text contains no word delimiters. Recent heavy activity in this area has shown the biggest stumbling block to be words that are absent from the lexicon, since successful tokenizers to date have been based on dictionary lookup (e.g.,
On admission control for profit maximization of networked service providers (2003)

Variability and diverseness among incoming requests to a service hosted on a finite capacity resource necessitates sophisticated request admission control techniques for providing guaranteed quality of service (QoS). We propose in this paper a service time based online admission control methodology for maximizing profits of a service provider. The proposed methodology chooses a subset of incoming requests such that the revenue of the provider is maximized. Admission control decision in our proposed system is based upon an estimate of the service time of the request, QoS bounds, prediction of arrivals and service times of requests to come in the short-term future, and rewards associated with servicing a request within its QoS bounds. Effectiveness of the proposed admission control methodology is demonstrated using experiments with a content-based messaging middleware service.
Three-dimensional reconstruction of in vivo bioluminescent sources based on multispectral imaging (2007)

A new method is described for obtaining a 3-D reconstruction of a bioluminescent light source distribution inside a living animal subject, from multispectral images of the surface light emission acquired on charge-coupled device (CCD) camera. The method uses the 3-D surface topography of the animal, which is obtained from a structured light illumination technique. The forward model of photon transport is based on the diffusion approximation in homogeneous tissue with a local planar boundary approximation for each mesh element, allowing rapid calculation of the forward Green's function kernel. Absorption and scattering properties of tissue are measured a priori as input to the algorithm. By using multispectral images, 3-D reconstructions of luminescent sources can be derived from images acquired from only a single view. As a demonstration, the reconstruction technique is applied to determine the location and brightness of a source embedded in a homogeneous phantom subject in the shape of a mouse. The technique is then evaluated with real mouse models in which calibrated sources are implanted at known locations within living tissue. Finally, reconstructions are demonstrated in a PC3M-luc (prostate tumor line) metastatic tumor model in nude mice.
Operation process of high current density Scandia Doped Dispenser cathodes (2010)

In this paper, operation process of scandia-doped dispenser cathodes is studied based on surface behavior, evaporation and emission properties during preparation, activation, operation and life duration.
Vasoconstriction of the isolated communicating cerebral artery induced by field electrical stimulation. (1979)

The vasoconstrictor effect elicited by field electrical stimulation of the posterior communicating cerebral artery of the goat was analyzed before and after treatment with pharmacological agents to find out if the adrenergic system was involved in this response. For this purpose, trains of 300 square wave pulses (1-32 Hz, 0.5 msec.) at supramaximal voltage were applies to these arteries producing a frequency-dependent increase in tension. The vasoconstrictor response was significantly reduced by tetrodotoxin (3 x 10(-6) M), phentolamine (10(-6) M) and bretylium (5 x 10(-4) M), but it was not modified by cocaine (10(-6) M). The contraction produced by electrical stimulation of arterial segments from goats pretreated with reserpine (0.02 mg/kg/day for three days) and from goats on which a bilateral superior cervical gangliectomy had been performed 12 days previously, was significantly reduced as compared with controls. These results show that a large part of the vasoconstrictor response of the goat cerebral vessels to field electrical stimulation is mediated by an adrenergic mechanism.
Opera at home (2020)

In ‘Opera at home: performance and ownership in Louis XV’s France’, David Charlton discusses how opéra-comique changed when taken outside the professional theatre and into private homes. He investigates the historical traces of opéra-comique, what private performance meant, and how the operas changed when moved into private spaces, especially in aristocratic circles. The most important sources are opéra-comique music scores. Publishers made extracts or arrangements from operas available for performance at salons and homes to fulfil the need for popular entertainment, and composers took the capabilities of amateurs into account. The periodical Recueil d’Airs … (1745–1754) encouraged the transposition of opera repertory from professional stages to private homes. When Opéra Comique was closed in 1745–1752, Recueil supplied repertory that could not be performed in public, and the more difficult Paris Opéra repertory was favoured. After the reopening, Recueil turned to the new opéra-comique repertory. Les Troqueurs (1753) for professionals had a comic parody, Le Troc, for the home market – a rare link between public and domestic theatre. Annette et Lubin (1762) was created for domestic use because of its taboo theme: pregnancy and an unmarried couple. In spite of this, it became immensely popular and spread to many European countries.
Blood Glucose Measurements during Symptomatic Episodes in Patients with Suspected Postprandial Hypoglycemia (1989)

Postprandial (reactive) hypoglycemia is a controversial disorder because its symptoms are not specific, the presence of symptoms often correlates weakly with blood glucose concentrations measured after oral glucose administration, and glucose levels have rarely been measured when symptoms have developed spontaneously. In this study, we measured blood glucose in 28 patients with suspected postprandial hypoglycemia while they were experiencing their typical symptoms, in capillary blood collected on filter paper. Five patients (18 percent) had symptoms of "hypoglycemia" that were associated with blood glucose levels of 2.8 mmol per liter (50 mg per deciliter) or less, and eight other patients (29 percent) had symptoms associated with glucose levels of 2.9 to 3.3 mmol per liter on at least one occasion. Six (5 percent) of 132 reported symptomatic episodes that were associated with blood glucose levels of 2.8 mmol per liter or less, and 16 (12 percent) with levels of 2.9 to 3.3 mmol per liter. In 140 measurements made in 17 normal subjects, blood glucose levels were never found to be less than 2.8 mmol per liter, and levels of 2.9 to 3.3 mmol per liter were found only twice. No specific symptom was associated with low glucose levels in the patients with suspected hypoglycemia. The relief of symptoms by ingesting food was more often associated with low than with normal blood glucose levels: 86 percent of episodes in which blood glucose values were less than or equal to 3.3 mmol per liter were relieved by eating, as compared with 53 percent of episodes in which values were more than 3.3 mmol per liter (P less than 0.007). No correlation was found between plasma glucose levels measured after oral glucose administration and blood glucose levels measured during symptoms. We conclude that postprandial hypoglycemia is infrequent, even in a referral population, and that recording blood glucose measurements during spontaneously occurring symptomatic episodes is necessary to establish the diagnosis since symptoms are not specific and oral glucose-tolerance testing is not helpful.
Improvement of Rolling Contact Fatigue by DLC Coating (2006)

We report the study of fatigue improvement for power transmission equipment in, for example, automobiles. We coated DLC(Diamond-Like Carbon)on rollers of a rolling contact fatigue tester and carried out roller pitting tests. The results showed that the DLC coating improves the life of the rollers by more than two orders of magnitude. We observed the metal structure under the DLC coating by optical microscopy, SEM(Scanning Electron Microscopy), and TEM(Transmission Electron Microscopy), and confirmed that a major cause of fatigue damage was cracks and pitting on a surface, caused by shearing force. We also found that metal nanocrystals were formed on the surface of the sample that showed a long life in the roller pitting tests. Probably that was caused by accumulation of plastic strain from repeated stress. A small friction coefficient by the DLC coating reduced shearing force, suppressed fatigue damage, and led to the formation of metal nanocrystals.