gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fungi-derived pigments as sustainable organic (opto)electronic materials (2017)

We present photophysical and optoelectronic properties of xylindein and optical properties of two other fungi-derived organic pigments. Photophysics of these materials is determined by the interplay of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonding, which was systematically explored using absorption and photoluminescence spectroscopy of xylindein in various solutions, pH buffers, and in the solid state. Amorphous xylindein films yielded a lower bound on the charge carrier mobility of 0.2-0.5 cm<sup>2</sup>=(V•s) and exhibited photocurrent upon photoexcitation in the ultraviolet and visible wavelength range. Thermal and photostability of xylindein was also characterized, and it considerably exceeded that of conventional organic semiconductors such as pentacene derivatives.
Sketch‐Based Editing Tools for Tumour Segmentation in 3D Medical Images (2013)

Abstract In the past years sophisticated automatic segmentation algorithms for various medical image segmentation problems have been developed. However, there are always cases where automatic algorithms fail to provide an acceptable segmentation. In these cases the user needs efficient segmentation editing tools, a problem which has not received much attention in research. We give a comprehensive overview on segmentation editing for three‐dimensional (3D) medical images. For segmentation editing in two‐dimensional (2D) images, we discuss a sketch‐based approach where the user modifies the segmentation in the contour domain. Based on this 2D interface, we present an image‐based as well as an image‐independent method for intuitive and efficient segmentation editing in 3D in the context of tumour segmentation in computed tomography (CT). Our editing tools have been evaluated on a database containing 1226 representative liver metastases, lung nodules and lymph nodes of different shape, size and image quality. In addition, we have performed a qualitative evaluation with radiologists and technical experts, proving the efficiency of our tools.
Pain Produced by Electric Stimulation of the Rectum in Patients with Irritable Bowel Syndrome: Further Evidence of Visceral Hyperalgesia (1999)

For cutaneous electric stimulation no differences in the pain thresholds between the two groups were found, showing that there is no generalized hyperalgesia in IBS patients. The IBS patients had a specific decrease of the pain thresholds in the rectum and rectosigmoid junction, indicating visceral hyperalgesia. These results point to central visceral hyperexcitability as an important factor in the pathophysiology of IBS.
Safety Evaluation in the Development of Medical Devices and Combination Products (2008)

Capturing the growth of the global medical device market in recent years, this practical new guide is essential for all who are responsible for ensuring safety in the use and manufacture of medical devices. It has been extensively updated to reflect significant advances, incorporating combination products and helpful case examples of current real-l
Zebrafish Dpr2 Inhibits Mesoderm Induction by Promoting Degradation of Nodal Receptors (2004)

Nodal proteins, members of the transforming growth factor-beta (TGFbeta) superfamily, have been identified as key endogenous mesoderm inducers in vertebrates. Precise control of Nodal signaling is essential for normal development of embryos. Here, we report that zebrafish dapper2 (dpr2) is expressed in mesoderm precursors during early embryogenesis and is positively regulated by Nodal signals. In vivo functional studies in zebrafish suggest that Dpr2 suppresses mesoderm induction activities of Nodal signaling. Dpr2 is localized in late endosomes, binds to the TGFbeta receptors ALK5 and ALK4, and accelerates lysosomal degradation of these receptors.
Plasma Levels of Soluble Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products and Coronary Artery Disease in Nondiabetic Men (2005)

Objective— The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a cell surface receptor whose signaling pathway has been implicated in atherogenesis. RAGE has an endogenous secretory receptor form, called soluble RAGE (sRAGE), that could exert antiatherogenic effects by acting as a decoy. We sought to determine whether a decreased plasma level of sRAGE could be independently associated with the prevalence of coronary artery disease (CAD) in nondiabetic men. Methods and Results— Plasma levels of sRAGE were determined in 328 nondiabetic male patients with angiographically proved CAD and in 328 age-matched healthy controls. The concentration of sRAGE in plasma was significantly lower ( P <0.0001) in CAD cases [median (interquartile range): 966 (658–1372) pg/mL] than in control subjects [1335 (936–1954) pg/mL]. In logistic regression analysis, the multivariate-adjusted odds ratio for the presence of CAD was 6.719 (95% confidence interval, 3.773 to 11.964; P <0.0001) when the lowest quartile of the sRAGE level was compared with the highest quartile. Conclusions— Our findings indicate that low levels of sRAGE in plasma are independently associated with the presence of CAD in nondiabetic men and suggest that sRAGE is one of the clinically important molecules associated with atherosclerosis.
Receptors in Breast Cancer (1978)

Estrogen Receptor and Endocrine Therapy of Breast CancerSINCE the pioneering work of George Beatson,1 who induced tumor regressions in patients with advanced breast cancer by oophorectomy, it has been appreciated that some human breast cancers will respond to endocrine manipulations. It is established that patients who respond to such endocrine therapies have not only palliation of their disease but increased survival as well. Unfortunately, no more than about a third of unselected patients with metastatic breast cancer will have objective tumor regressions after initiation of endocrine therapy. Thus, if endocrine therapies are applied nonselectively, the majority of patients will . . .
輸血療法の適正化，即ち Type and Screen と自己血輸血の導入にむけての当院における輸血検査の再評価 (1990)

Between April 1984 and March 1989, anti-erythrocyte irregular antibodies (Abs) were detected in 329 (4.0%) of 8, 208 patients by a screening test using saline, bromelin and Coombs' methods. Most of them were anti-P(1), Lewis, M, Rh-D, -E, and -c Abs. Of the detected Abs, 174 were reactive at 37°C, with 79 Abs (45.4%), 131 Abs (75.3%) and 150 Abs (86.2%) being detected by the saline, bromelin and Coombs' methods, respectively. Our Ab screening test was found to be 99.99 per cent effective in preventing the transfusion of incompatible blood. We also examined blood utilization during surgery for 28 different types of elective operation in 1976 patients. By analysis of the results of this examination, it was possible to decide on preoperative crossmatch guidelines, i.e. a maximum surgical blood order schedule, for 9 operations in abdominal surgery, 2 in lung surgery, 5 in cardiac surgery, 2 in neurosurgery, 2 in orthopedic surgery and 1 in gynecologic surgery. Arrangements for blood transfusion were unnecessary for cholecystectomy and 6 other operations, but the introduction of “type and screen” appears to be the best way to avoid an urgent order from the surgeon and for improvement in blood availability.
Characterization of recombinant monkey and human erythropoietin. (1985)

We have isolated the human EPO gene from a human genomic lambda library and a monkey EPO cDNA from an anemic monkey kidney cDNA library. These sequences have been expressed in both COS1 and Chinese hamster ovary cells. The expressed EPO has been shown to be fully biologically active both in vitro and in vivo and immunologically identical to the native hormone. In addition, administration of recombinant EPO to animals causes a dramatic increase in their hematocrit.
Differentiation of Mesenchymal Stem Cells from Human Umbilical Cord Tissue into Odontoblast-Like Cells Using the Conditioned Medium of Tooth Germ Cells<i>In Vitro</i> (2013)

The easily accessible mesenchymal stem cells in the Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord tissue (hUCMSCs) have excellent proliferation and differentiation potential, but it remains unclear whether hUCMSCs can differentiate into odontoblasts. In this study, mesenchymal stem cells were isolated from the Wharton's jelly of human umbilical cord tissue using the simple method of tissue blocks culture attachment. UCMSC surface marker expression was then evaluated for the isolated cells using flow cytometry. The third-passage hUCMSCs induced by conditioned medium from developing tooth germ cells (TGC-CM) displayed high alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels (P < 0.001), an enhanced ability to proliferate (P < 0.05), and the presence of mineralized nodules. These effects were not observed in cells treated with regular medium. After induction of hUCMSCs, the results of reverse transcriptional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) indicated that the dentin sialophosphoprotein (DSPP) and dentin matrix protein 1 (DMP1) genes were significantly tested. Additionally, dentin sialoprotein (DSP) and DMP1 demonstrated significant levels of staining in an immunofluorescence analysis. In contrast, the control cells failed to display the characteristics of odontoblasts. Taken together, these results suggest that hUCMSCs can be induced to differentiate into odontoblast-like cells with TGC-CM and provide a novel strategy for tooth regeneration research.
Synthetic Zinc Finger Proteins: The Advent of Targeted Gene Regulation and Genome Modification Technologies (2014)

The understanding of gene regulation and the structure and function of the human genome increased dramatically at the end of the 20th century. Yet the technologies for manipulating the genome have been slower to develop. For instance, the field of gene therapy has been focused on correcting genetic diseases and augmenting tissue repair for more than 40 years. However, with the exception of a few very low efficiency approaches, conventional genetic engineering methods have only been able to add auxiliary genes to cells. This has been a substantial obstacle to the clinical success of gene therapies and has also led to severe unintended consequences in several cases. Therefore, technologies that facilitate the precise modification of cellular genomes have diverse and significant implications in many facets of research and are essential for translating the products of the Genomic Revolution into tangible benefits for medicine and biotechnology. To address this need, in the 1990s, we embarked on a mission to develop technologies for engineering protein-DNA interactions with the aim of creating custom tools capable of targeting any DNA sequence. Our goal has been to allow researchers to reach into genomes to specifically regulate, knock out, or replace any gene. To realize these goals, we initially focused on understanding and manipulating zinc finger proteins. In particular, we sought to create a simple and straightforward method that enables unspecialized laboratories to engineer custom DNA-modifying proteins using only defined modular components, a web-based utility, and standard recombinant DNA technology. Two significant challenges we faced were (i) the development of zinc finger domains that target sequences not recognized by naturally occurring zinc finger proteins and (ii) determining how individual zinc finger domains could be tethered together as polydactyl proteins to recognize unique locations within complex genomes. We and others have since used this modular assembly method to engineer artificial proteins and enzymes that activate, repress, or create defined changes to user-specified genes in human cells, plants, and other organisms. We have also engineered novel methods for externally controlling protein activity and delivery, as well as developed new strategies for the directed evolution of protein and enzyme function. This Account summarizes our work in these areas and highlights independent studies that have successfully used the modular assembly approach to create proteins with novel function. We also discuss emerging alternative methods for genomic targeting, including transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs) and CRISPR/Cas systems, and how they complement the synthetic zinc finger protein technology.
Relationships between quantum and classical space-bounded complexity classes (2002)

This paper investigates the relative power of space-bounded quantum and classical (probabilistic) computational models. The following relationships are proved. 1. Any probabilistic Turing machine (PTM) which runs in space s and which halts absolutely (i.e. halts with certainty after a finite number of steps) can be simulated in space O(s) by a quantum Turing machine (QTM). If the PTM operates with bounded error, then the QTM may be taken to operate with bounded error as well, although the QTM may not halt absolutely in this case. In the unbounded error case, the QTM may be taken to halt absolutely. 2. Any QTM running in space s can be simulated by an unbounded error PTM running in space O(s). No assumptions on the probability of error or Turing time for the QTM are required, but it is assumed that all transition amplitudes of the quantum machine are rational. It follows that unbounded error, space O(s) bounded quantum Turing machines and probabilistic Turing machines are equivalent in power. This implies that any space s QTM can be simulated deterministically in space O(s/sup 2/), and further that any (unbounded-error) QTM running in log-space can be simulated in NC/sup 2/ We also consider quantum analogues of nondeterministic and one-sided error probabilistic space-bounded classes, and prove some simple relationships regarding these classes.
Urinary fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products in nephrotic syndrome. (1975)

The urinary concentration of fibrin-fibrinogen degradation products (F.D.P.) was measured in 90 patients with proteinuria above 2 g/1 and correlated with proteinuria, differential protein clearances, serum urea and creatinine, and renal biopsy findings. There was a linear correlation (r equals 0-7; P less than 0-001) between the urinary F.D.P. excretion and the selectivity of the proteinuria such that patients with highly selective proteinuria excreted only small amounts of F.D.P. whereas those with non-selective proteinuria excreted much higher levels. There was a significant correlation between the urinary F.D.P. excretion and the urine:serum (U:S) ratio of IgG excretion but not with the U:S ratio or urinary excretion of albumin or transferrin. Sephadex G200 column chromatography of the concentrated urine in 26 cases showed that patients with highly selective proteinuria excreted predominantly F.D.P. of low molecular weight in the urine whereas those with non-selective proteinuria excreted mainly fibrinogen and products of high molecular weight. Hence the type and quantity of F.D.P. in the urine are determined primarily by the differential filtration of fibrinogen and the various degradation products from the plasma through the glomerular basement membrane, which in turn is determined by the "pore size" of the basement membrane. In clinical nephrology measurement of the urinary F.D.P. level provides a rapid and convenient means of estimating the differential protein clearance.
Epigenetic control of epithelial-mesenchymal-transition in human cancer (2012)

Development and tissue homeostasis as well as carcinogenesis share the evolutionary conserved process of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). EMT enables differentiated epithelial cells to trans-differentiate to a mesenchymal phenotype which is associated with diverse cellular properties including altered morphology, migration and invasion and stemness. In physiological development and tissue homeostasis, EMT exerts beneficial functions for structured tissue formation and maintenance. Under pathological conditions, EMT causes uncontrolled tissue repair and organ fibrosis, as well as the induction of tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis in the context of cancer progression. Particularly, the metastatic process is essentially linked to diverse EMT-driven functions which give the mesenchymal differentiated tumor cells the capacity to migrate and form micrometastases in distant organs. Recent analyses of the mechanisms controlling EMT revealed a significant epigenetic regulatory impact reflecting the reversible nature of EMTs. As several approaches of epigenetic therapy are already under clinical evaluation, including inhibitors of DNA methyl transferase and histone deacetylase, targeting the epigenetic regulation of EMT may represent a promising therapeutic option in the future. Therefore, we undertook this review to reassess the current knowledge on the roles of epigenetic control in the regulation of EMT in human cancer. These recent findings are discussed in view of their implications on future diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Atom‐transfer radical grafting polymerization of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine from silicon wafer surfaces (2004)

Abstract 2‐Methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC), a biomimetic monomer, was grafted from silicon wafer surfaces at room temperature by combining self‐assembly of initiator and surface‐initiated atom transfer radical polymerization. Two methods were used to control the grafting process. One was to add free initiator to the reaction system; the other was to add excess deactivator. The grafting densities up to 0.3 chains/nm 2 were obtained. The surface thickness increased linearly with MPC conversion. The thickness depended on catalyst and monomer concentrations, as well as activator/deactivator ratio. Poly(MPC) layers of >100 nm thick were obtained by optimizing the polymerization conditions. A second block of either poly(MPC) or poly[2‐(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate] was also grown from the grafted poly(MPC), demonstrating the system livingness. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy was used to examine the surface chemical compositions showed good agreement with the theoretical values. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 2931–2942, 2004
MEK1 binds βarrestin1 directly, influencing both its phosphorylation by ERK and the timing of its isoprenaline-stimulated internalization (2010)

cAMP is a well studied second messenger that is ubiquitously expressed in mammals. It conducts its function by activating its downstream effectors: protein kinase A (PKA), exchange proteins regulated by cAMP (EPAC) and cyclic nucleotide gated ion-channels. The sole mechanism to inactivate cAMP is through degradation via cyclic-phosphodiesterases (PDEs). The PDEs, especially PDE4s, are involved in many diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and depression. Therefore, PDEs have been a consistently popular research subject for decades and pharmaceutical companies have devoted considerable effort in developing PDE inhibitors. β-arrestin interacts with PDE4D5 and is a multifunctional protein that plays pivotal roles in signal transduction. It functions as an adaptor protein in the c-Raf/MEK/ERK cascade by interacting with c-Raf and ERK.
In this study, I have shown that (1) β-arrestin1 can bind MEK1 directly, mediated at least in part by D26D29 of β-arrestin1 and R47K48R49 of MEK1. (2) Disruption of this association by mutagensis or small peptides decreases the phosphorylation of Ser412 on β-arrestin1, and accelerates isoprenaline-stimulated G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) internalization.
Dimerization of PDEs is considered important for their specificity. In this study, yeast two hybrid and co-immunoprecipitation were utilised to demonstrate that (1) PDE4D5 can form stable homodimers in both yeast and mammalian cell lines. (2) The dimerisation requires multiple interaction sites such as R173/N174/N175, E228/T229/L230, L306/M307/H308 and K323/T324/E325 (together named QUAD) in which R173/N174/N175 contributes most toward the dimerisation. (3) Association of an ion-pair R499/D463 also proved to be a necessary condition for dimer formation. (4) PDE4D5 dimerisation can be affected by challenge with the PDE inhibitor, anisomycin, and cAMP elevating agonists forskolin (Fsk) and isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX). 
RACK1, another PDE4D5 binding partner, mediates and initiates cell migration in many cell types and affects the activity of the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) signalling pathway, via its interaction with PKC. SUMOylation of proteins is an important method of regulation. In the current study, preliminary investigations were undertaken to determine whether RACK1 is SUMOylated. SUMOylation of K271 of a 25-mer peptide sequence from RACK1 was observed, yet there was no SUMOylation of RACK1 observed in HEK293 cells in the presence or absence of overexpressed E3 ligases.
An examination of PRPG selection approaches for large, industrial designs (2002)

A study for selecting effective pseudo-random pattern generators (PRPGs) for large industrial designs is undertaken. For the PRPG selection process, guidance from a set of ISCAS benchmark circuits is initially sought. The set of benchmark circuits used is shown to be ineffective in providing material guidance. The alternative of PRPG selection through actual design experimentation is examined and its weaknesses identified and outlined. A brief DFT analysis is outlined to indicate the importance of early PRPG selection.
Isolation and characterization of chitin from crawfish shell waste (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsolation and characterization of chitin from crawfish shell wasteHong K. No, Samuel P. Meyers, and Keun S. LeeCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1989, 37, 3, 575–579Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00087a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00087a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1529Altmetric-Citations152LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Physics of semiconductor microcavity lasers (1995)

This review summarizes recent developments and successes in the theoretical modelling of the characteristics of semiconductor microcavity lasers. After a discussion of the basic laser properties, results of a quasi-equilibrium many-body theory are presented which are very useful for the understanding of microcavity laser operation not too far above the laser threshold. Non-equilibrium phenomena, such as spectral and kinetic hole burning as well as plasma heating effects, are analysed using a quantum kinetic approach. Comparisons with experimental observations are discussed, before open problems and future challenges are outlined.