gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation of poly(biphenylene vinylene) type polymers by Ni-promoted polycondensation and their basic optical properties (2000)

Ni(0)-complex promoted dehalogenation polymerization of 1,2-bis(4-bromophenyl)ethylene derivatives gave poly(p-biphenylene vinylene) type polymers, [—C6H2R—CR2 = CR2—C6H2R—)n (P(R1,H) and P(H,R2)], having substituents (R1 = Me, Et, CHMe2, and n-C8H17, R2 = Me, Et, n-C6H13, n-C11H23, and Ph) at the benzene ring or vinylene group in 90–99% yields. The polymers were soluble in organic solvents such as CHCl3, dimethylformamide, and tetrahydrofuran, and gave Mn of 2.4–5.3 × 103 in gel permeation chromatography analysis. The absorption peak of the polymers appeared at a longer wavelength than that of the corresponding monomers by about 30 nm due to the expansion of the π-conjugation system. The polymers were photoluminescent in solutions and in their films, emitting blue or green light. P(R1,H)s gave higher quantum yields (Φ = 0.35–0.51) than P(H,R2)s in CHCl3. P(H,R2)s showed a large Stokes shift (9600–13,500 cm−1) in their photoluminescence. Single-layer and multilayer light emitting diodes using vacuum deposited thin film of P(H,Ph) were prepared. Polymers with long alkyl substituents formed an ordered structure in the solid state as judged from their XRD patterns. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 38: 1493–1504, 2000
A Multi-Aperture Cryogenic Storage Cell (1968)

Two types of superconducting memory cells are now being considered: the continuous-film memory and cryotron-switched storage loops. The former suffer from low cell operating range compared to cell-to-cell variation. The cryotron cells, although having a wider operating range, must be switched very rapidly to have a detectable output signal. A recent development in cryogenic sensing called ``Current Stretch'' has allowed more freedom in the design of superconducting memory cells. With current stretching the information is transformed to a persistent input current in a cryotron amplifier. The signal produced when the cell is switched is then proportional to the magnetic flux change rather than the rate of change of flux. This feature eliminates the usual memory requirements of fast-access current risetime, pickup noise cancellation, fast cell switching, and the need for a separate sense line with cryotron-accessed memories. A new class of cell which takes advantage of this technique will be described. It consists of a cryotron shunted across a loop, one side of which has a lower inductance and critical current than the other. If the cryotron is activated while current is injected into the cell, a persistent current is created in the loop. Cell-flux changes are detected through one of the cryotron access trees using current stretching. The operating tolerance of these cells is only limited by their geometry. They have no metal-to-metal contacts, use only three metal layers including the ground plane, need no sense line, no noise cancellation, and can be switched arbitrarily slowly. Cells can be fabricated as small as 10 mil2 and operating ranges as large as 40% have been observed. The cell speed is on the order of 50 nsec with a single crossover access cryotron.
Vitamin A potentiates CpG-mediated memory B-cell proliferation and differentiation: involvement of early activation of p38MAPK (2007)

Foreign CpG-DNA from viruses and bacteria can activate memory B cells through binding to toll-like receptor 9, and this pathway has been hypothesized to be involved in the continuous activation of memory B cells ensuring life-long humoral immunity. In this study, we demonstrate that retinoic acid (RA) is a potent coactivator of this pathway in human B cells. RA enhanced the CpG-mediated proliferation of CD27(+) memory B cells, and the proliferative response was accompanied by increased immunoglobulin (Ig) secretion indicative of plasma-cell formation. The RA-induced proliferation was preceded by enhanced expression of cyclin D3, and both the expression of cyclin D3 and the induced Ig secretion were found to be dependent on IL-10. Of importance, RA increased the CpG-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2, p38MAPK, and IkappaB as early as 30 minutes after stimulation. By using specific inhibitors, all the RA-mediated events, including proliferation, cyclin D3 expression, IL-10 secretion, and Ig secretion, were shown to be dependent on p38MAPK. Hence, we propose that RA can strengthen humoral immunity by promoting CpG-mediated stimulation of CD27(+) B cells via activation of p38MAPK resulting in increased proliferation and differentiation to Ig-secreting plasma cells.
The Formation of Iron(IV) in the Oxidation of Iron(II)<sup>1</sup> (1965)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Formation of Iron(IV) in the Oxidation of Iron(II)1T. J. Conocchioli, E. J. Hamilton Jr., and N. SutinCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1965, 87, 4, 926–927Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1965Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1965https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01082a050https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01082a050research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views529Altmetric-Citations86LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Microcomputer implementable low cost speaker-independent word recognition (2005)

A simple algorithm to perform speaker-independent word recognition with modest performance on a small, acoustically distinct, vocabulary is described. The primary measurements are the zero crossing intervals of the acoustic waveform. Robust and reliable performance was achieved by deriving binary-valued features, using dynamic time warping and invoking high level logic. The algorithm demonstrates implementation potential via simple analog circuitry and an 8-bit microcomputer. The performance achieved was 85% correct recognition, 9% rejection and 6% substitution for a set of six words uttered by over 100 speakers.
A functional typology of augmented reality applications based on their tracking requirements (2011)

International audience
손님의 의미론 II - 『금발의 에크베르트』의 구조적 역설로서 손님의 소멸과 주인의 독백 (2019)

이야기의 원초적 상황에는 이야기 하는 자, 이야기를 듣는 자, 이야기가 속한다. 이 원초적 이야기 상황에는 이야기를 속성으로 삼는 전통적인 손님 문화가 내재되어 있다는 전제에서 출발하여 랄프 시몬은 18세기 전통적 손님 문화의 소멸과 당대 진행된 문학 서사의 변화 사이에 연관성이 있다고 보았다. 이 입장은 벤야민이 매체사적으로 진단한 전통적 이야기꾼의 소멸과 삶의 문제에서 속수무책인 고독한 현대 소설가의 출현이라는 진술로 뒷받침 될 수 있다. 이 글은 시몬과 벤야민의 역사적 진단을 단초로 삼아 루드비히 티크의 예술동화 『금발의 에크베르트』에 드러난 특이한 서사구조를 규명하고자 한다. 손님접대와 원초적 이야기 상황의 연관관계를 중심으로 보면, 이 작품은 손님접대로서 이야기가 진행되는 전반부와 손님이 소멸되고 홀로 남은 주인의 일인극이 전개되는 후반부로 구성되어 내러티브의 내적 단절을 드러낸다. 바로 이 구조적 특성에 손님 문화와 이야기꾼의 소멸이라는 18세기의 역사적 체험이 반영되어 성찰되고 있다는 것이 이 글의 테제다. 이 구조분석을 통해 본 논문은 선행논문 “손님의 의미론 I”(김연신 2018)에서 조명했던 동화 속 손님 모티브의 역동적인 의미망과 낭만주의 손님상의 고유한 상징적 의미 분석을 보충하며 완결 시킨다. 이 논문들에서 시도한 새로운 독법은 티크의 동화가 1800년경 전환기의 특성들을 반영하고 있을 뿐 아니라 앞으로 전개될 문학적 서사의 변화를 선취하고 있음을 밝혀낸다. 이 의미에서 낭만주의 문학의 대표작인 이 예술동화는 당대의 문화사적 변화와 이에 따른 문학 서사의 역사적 변화에 대한 은유로도 이해될 수 있다.
Apparel shopping on the Internet (2002)

Despite the rapid growth in online sales of apparel, some consumers are still reluctant to purchase clothing on the Internet. This may be due to perceptions of risk associated with the type and quantity of information on which to make their purchase decision. The purpose of this study was to explore the availability of product and customer service information and to examine Web site quality of leading US Internet apparel retailers. A content analysis of their Web sites shows that online apparel merchants are providing a large amount of basic product information traditionally provided on labels, but are not providing sensory or experiential product information useful in making purchase decisions for fashion‐oriented garments. Online merchants are providing extensive customer service information. Basic Web site quality components are evident on most apparel Web sites, but entertaining and aesthetic features that can differentiate a merchant from competitors are being used sparsely.
Comparison of functional MRI image realignment tools using a computer‐generated phantom (2001)

This study discusses the development of a computer-generated phantom to compare the effects of image realignment programs on functional MRI (fMRI) pixel activation. The phantom is a whole-head MRI volume with added random noise, activation, and motion. It allows simulation of realistic head motions with controlled areas of activation. Without motion, the phantom shows the effects of realignment on motion-free data sets. Prior to realignment, the phantom illustrates some activation corruption due to motion. Finally, three widely used realignment packages are examined. The results showed that the most accurate algorithms are able to increase specificity through accurate realignment while maintaining sensitivity through effective resampling techniques. In fact, accurate realignment alone is not a powerful indicator of the most effective algorithm in terms of true activation.
Synthesis of molecular organometallic composites: Polymerization of vinylferrocene in a porous polymer matrix (1990)

Polymer‐organometallic composites are potentially suitable for catalyst development. 3.8% Fe has been incorporated into a composite (see figure) by the copolymarization of vinyl ferrocene, dimethylacrylamide and methylene bisacrylamide within a preformed porous polymeric matrix, a metal incorporation significantly higher than that reported for materials obtained by graft polymerization. magnified image
Über bicyclische Sulfonamide (1962)

Abstract Die Synthese von Verbindungen der Bicyclo[2,2,1]heptan‐, Bicyclo[2,2,2]octan‐ und 5,6; 7,8‐Dibenzo‐bicyclo[2,2,2]octan‐Reihe, die in Stellung 2 eine freie oder substituierte Sulfonamidgruppe tragen, wird beschrieben. Als Zwischenprodukte eignen sich vor allem die entsprechenden bicyclischen Sulfonsäurefluoride, die besonders gut durch Umsetzung von Vinylsulfonylfluorid nach Diels‐Alder herstellbar sind. Mit Hilfe von Protonenresonanzspektren lassen sich bei Verbindungen mit dem Bicyclo[2,2,1]heptan‐Ringsystem endo ‐ und exo ‐Isomere unterscheiden. Eine Reihe der beschriebenen Verbindungen zeigt zentral erregende Eigenschaften.
Stereochemical studies. XL. A biomimetic conversion of L-lysine into optically active 2-substituted piperidines. Syntheses of D- and L-pipecolic acid, and (S) (+)-coniine from L-lysine. (1976)

In order to transform an optical integrity of L-lysine (L-5c) into simple piperidine alkaloids in a biomimetic sence, optically active pipecolic acids (D- or L-10c) or their derivatives ((R) - or (S) -11) were chosen as synthetic intermediates. It was found that deamination of L-5c-HC1 with a combination of sodium nitrite and aqueous hydrochloric acid, followed by the treatment with aqueous base, could give D-10c being more than 90% optically active. On the other hand, deamination of L-5c-1/2H2SO4 with sodium nitrite-aqueous sulfuric acid, followed by chlorination with thionyl chloride and pyridine and by cyclization with aqueous base, could afford L-10c which was about 80% optically pure. Precise estimation of retention for optical activity was carried out by isolating formed D- or L-10c as their derivatives ((R) (+)-11a, b or (S) (-)-11b). Exploitations for other synthetic routes to L-10c from L-5c were also undertaken. Based on the above-mentioned experimental results, almost optically pure (S) (+)-coniine, one of the simplest piperidine alkaloids, could be prepared from L-5c-HC1 via D-10c and (R) (+)-11a or b.
COSMIC GPS Ionospheric Sensing and Space Weather (2000)

As our civilization becomes more dependent on space based technolo gies, we become more vulnerable to conditions in space weather. Accurate space weather specification and forecasting require proper modeling which account for the coupling between the sun, the magnetosphere, the thermo sphere, the ionosphere and the mesosphere. In spite of the tremendous advances that have been made in understanding the physics behind differ ent space weather phenomena, the ability to specify or predict space weather is limited due to the lack of continuous and extensive observations in these regions. Placing a constellation of GPS receivers in low-Earth orbit, such as the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC), provides an extremely powerful system for continu ously and extensively measuring one of these regions, the ionosphere. COS MIC, by use of GPS occultations, will make it possible to obtain continuous and global 3-dimensional images of electron density, irregularities and TIDs in the ionosphere and plasmasphere. COSMIC would provide nearly 5600 globally distributed occultations per day suitable for ionospheric sensing. Occultations can be processed individually to obtain vertical profiles of elec tron density, with vertical resolution of-lkm, or collectively by means of tomography or data assimilation to obtain 3-D images of electron density or irregularity structure. In this paper we describe the GPS observables for ionospheric sensing and the occultation geometry. Our presentation evolves from discussing simple to more complicated inversion techniques starting with the Abel inversion, gradient-constrained Abel inversion, to mography, and finally data assimilation. In each of these techniques, the accuracy is assessed either via examination of real data from GPS/MET or
Production of an Exopolysaccharide-Containing Whey Protein Concentrate by Fermentation of Whey (2002)

Using whey as a fermentation medium presents the opportunity to create value-added products. Conditions were developed to partially hydrolyze whey proteins and then ferment partially hydrolyzed whey with Lactobacillus delbrueckii ssp. bulgaricus RR (RR; an EPS-producing bacterium). In preliminary experiments, pasteurized Cheddar cheese whey was treated with Flavourzyme to partially hydrolyze the protein (2 to 13% hydrolyzed). Fermentation (2 L, 38 degrees C, pH 5.0) with RR resulted in EPS levels ranging from 95 to 110 mg of EPS per liter of hydrolyzed whey. There were no significant differences in the amount of EPS produced during fermentations of whey hydrolyzed to varying degrees. Since a high level of hydrolysis was not necessary for increased EPS production, a low level of hydrolysis (2 to 4%) was selected for future work. In scale up experiments, whey was separated and pasteurized, then treated with Flavourzyme to hydrolyze 2 to 4% of the protein. Following protease inactivation, 60 L of partially hydrolyzed whey was fermented at 38 degrees C and pH 5.0. After fermentation, the broth was pasteurized, and bacterial cells were removed using a Sharples continuous centrifuge. The whey was then ultrafiltered and diafiltered to remove lactose and salts, freeze-dried, and milled to a powder. Unfermented hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed whey controls were processed in the same manner. The EPS-WPC ingredients contained approximately 72% protein and 6% EPS, but they exhibited low protein solubility (65%, pH 7.0; 58%, pH 3.0).
Adopted Persons' Search for and Contact with Their Birth Parents I (2001)

ABSTRACT This article presents a critical review of different lines of empirical research on adopted persons' search for their birth parents and identifies questions and issues that are in need of further study. The review covers research on the demographic and psychological characteristics of searchers and their motives for searching. Research findings are also used to evaluate the validity of three different theoretical frameworks that have been offered as explanations for why adopted persons search for their birth parents. Key Words: Adoptionsearchbirth parentsadoptive parentsoutcomes
Effects of ammonium sulfate on the unfolding and refolding of the variable and constant fragments of an immunoglobulin light chain (1988)

The equilibria and kinetics of unfolding and refolding by guanidine hydrochloride of the VL and CL fragments of a type kappa immunoglobulin light chain were studied in the presence of ammonium sulfate using circular dichroism and tryptophyl fluorescence at pH 7.5 and 25 degrees C. The unfolding equilibria of the VL and CL fragments were described in terms of the two-state transition. The midpoints of unfolding in the absence of ammonium sulfate were at 0.9 and 1.2 M guanidine hydrochloride for the CL and VL fragments respectively. The transition curves were shifted to higher concentrations of guanidine hydrochloride by 1.4 and 1.6 M for the CL and VL fragments, respectively, per mole of ammonium sulfate. Unfolding reactions of the VL and CL fragments in 3 M guanidine hydrochloride followed first-order kinetics, and the rate constants for the two proteins were both greatly decreased by the presence of ammonium sulfate. The refolding reaction of the CL fragment in 0.3 M guanidine hydrochloride consisted of two phases, and the rate constants were increased a little by the presence of ammonium sulfate. The refolding reaction of the VL fragment in 0.3 M guanidine hydrochloride followed first-order kinetics, and the rate was not affected by the presence of ammonium sulfate. These results showed that ammonium sulfate stabilizes the CL and VL fragments mainly by decreasing the unfolding rate.
Response and Specificity of Antibodies for<i>Candida albicans</i> (1968)

Rabbit antibodies for Candida albicans, reacting in agglutination and fluorescent-antibody reactions, were present in both IgM and IgG protein fractions. The two types of immune globulins were separated from ammonium sulfate-precipitated gamma-globulin either by filtration through a column of Sephadex G-200 or by diethylaminoethyl column chromatography performed by stepwise elution with various concentrations of sodium chloride. In the fluorescent-antibody test, initial separation of the IgG fraction, prior to its conjugation with dye, proved to be essential for the high specificity of this reaction. Investigation of the specificities of the two types of antibodies revealed that the IgG was highly specific, whereas the IgM was not very specific. Each antigen fraction, extracted by various methods, demonstrated its own characteristic antibody response. Only the IgG fraction yielded serotype-specific antibody useful for detection of a serotype of C. albicans in agglutination and fluorescent-antibody tests. The results indicate the importance of IgG for specific serological reactions with the Candida species.
Complexed radicals. 3. Radical catalyzed epoxidation with oxygen (1976)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTComplexed radicals. 3. Radical catalyzed epoxidation with oxygenChristopher J. Michejda and Dwane H. CampbellCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1976, 98, 21, 6728–6729Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1976Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1976https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00437a066https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00437a066research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views121Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Robust Estimation of Albedo for Illumination-Invariant Matching and Shape Recovery (2009)

We present a nonstationary stochastic filtering framework for the task of albedo estimation from a single image. There are several approaches in the literature for albedo estimation, but few include the errors in estimates of surface normals and light source direction to improve the albedo estimate. The proposed approach effectively utilizes the error statistics of surface normals and illumination direction for robust estimation of albedo, for images illuminated by single and multiple light sources. The albedo estimate obtained is subsequently used to generate albedo-free normalized images for recovering the shape of an object. Traditional Shape-from-Shading (SFS) approaches often assume constant/piecewise constant albedo and known light source direction to recover the underlying shape. Using the estimated albedo, the general problem of estimating the shape of an object with varying albedo map and unknown illumination source is reduced to one that can be handled by traditional SFS approaches. Experimental results are provided to show the effectiveness of the approach and its application to illumination-invariant matching and shape recovery. The estimated albedo maps are compared with the ground truth. The maps are used as illumination-invariant signatures for the task of face recognition across illumination variations. The recognition results obtained compare well with the current state-of-the-art approaches. Impressive shape recovery results are obtained using images downloaded from the Web with little control over imaging conditions. The recovered shapes are also used to synthesize novel views under novel illumination conditions.
Bartlett pears: The possibilities of 2,4-D sprays in controlling preharvest drop (1949)

Experimental application of 2,4-D— 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid—to Bartlett pear trees for the control of drop at Davis was first made on July 3, 1947, to determine the effectiveness of the material in retarding drop, the necessary and critical concentrations and the influence upon ripening and storage quality.