gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal electronic logic circuit as neuromorphic element (2018)

Conventional analog and digital electronics are based only on electric signal processing. The thermal state of a device may represent information too. At a nanometer scale, heat propagation can be extremely fast, which makes thermal computing an emerging field of research. Our proposed novel active device (phonon transistor = phonsistor) and thermal electric logic circuit (TELC) are made up of only bulk type intrinsic domains, consisting of significantly fewer regions and interfaces compared to standard complementer MOS (CMOS) based systems. The basis of TELC operation is the thermal or hot electron coupling between electron devices containing metal-insulator transition (MIT) material. The physical appearance and the operation of TELC are somewhat analogous with the neuron.
Politeness and Face in Digitally Reconfigured E-learning Spaces (2006)

This paper has two starting points. The first is a theorization about the way in which “rhetorical space” is reshaped in asynchronous, online, learning environments. In particular, an asynchronous bulletin- board (ABB) discussion offers both opportunities and constraints for teaching and learning. The learning that occurs will be affected by the affordances implicit in the design of the conversational space itself and the communicative practices engaged in by both teachers and students. The second starting point is a small case study, utilizing action research and discourse analytical strategies, whose research participants were the author and students involved in “delivering” and “receiving” an online education course at post-graduate level using asynchronous discussion. The course, taught in English, had a mix of Chinese students (for whom English was an additional language) and native English speakers. The paper will report on students’ perceptions of what worked for them and what didn’t in respect of this elearning environment. It will also use concepts such as politeness, face and positioning to analyse aspects of the participants’ communicative practices and will draw conclusions from these in respect of how successful learning can occur in elearning environments with multicultural and multilingual students. It will make connections between the findings of this case study and other research on asynchronous, web-based learning and will makes some suggestions about what is needed in respect of the future research agenda.
An Anatomic and Radiographic Study of Lumbar Facets Relevant to Percutaneous Transfacet Fixation (2009)

Ipsilateral transfacet fixation can be successfully performed in the L3-S1 segments by using the inferior end plate and medial pedicle wall of the superiorly instrumented level as anatomic landmarks in conjunction with axial and sagittal angles of insertion.
The influence of mRNA primary and secondary structure on human IFN-γ gene expression in<i>E. coli</i> (1984)

Parameters influencing the efficiency of expression of the human immune interferon (IFN-gamma) gene in E. coli were studied by comparing a series of eight in vitro-derived gene variants. These contained all possible combinations of silent mutations in the first three codons of the mature IFN-gamma polypeptide coding sequence. Expression levels varied up to 50-fold among the different constructions. Comparison of messenger RNA secondary structure models for each variant suggested that the presence of stem-loop structures blocking the translation initiation signals could drastically decrease the efficiency of IFN-gamma synthesis. With variants displaying no stable mRNA secondary structure in the region, a C----U transition at position +11 after the AUG resulted in a 5-fold increase in expression indicating that RNA primary structure also plays an important role in expression. In addition we demonstrate that, in this system, a spacing of 8 nucleotides between the Shine-Dalgarno region and AUG was optimal for gene expression and that the steady-state production level of IFN-gamma rose exponentially with increasing rate of synthesis.
A technique for the use of cryosurgery to assist hepatic resection. (1995)

Cryoassisted hepatic resection seems to be safe and allows resection with good tumor clearance and maximal preservation of functional parenchyma.
Rapid assay for pathogenic salmonella organisms by immunofluorescence flow cytometry (1994)

Multi-parameter flow cytometry was investigated for the rapid detection of specific serotypes of salmonellas (S. typhimurium and S. montevideo) labelled with fluorescent monoclonal antibodies, both in pure culture and in a typical food matrix (full-fat milk). In all cases, the method was accurate to levels of below 10(4) target cells per ml for a total assay time of about 30 min. After 6 h non-selective enrichment in the presence of a 10,000-fold excess of competing micro-organisms (Escherichia coli) the corresponding detection limit was about 20 cells ml-1. These results suggest that flow cytometry has significant potential for the detection of pathogenic micro-organisms in the food industry.
Human three-dimensional in vitro model of hepatic zonation to predict zonal hepatotoxicity (2019)

The results indicated that tamoxifen induced cytotoxic effects, regardless of the zonal distance, while the zone-3-specific hepatotoxic drugs bromobenzene and APAP induced greater cytotoxic effects on cells in the zone-3-like region. This finding highlights the potential of our 3D hepatic zonation model as a valuable tool for replicating and evaluating zonal hepatotoxicity by mimicking the spatial features of liver lobules.
Self-assembly of rodlike particles in two dimensions: A simple model for collagen fibrillogenesis (1994)

A model has been developed to study the aggregation of rodlike particles in two dimensions using diffusion-limited aggregation. The model was also extended to examine the aggregation of rods, with binding rules similar to those seen with collagen molecules. The model showed that the aggregates that were formed from the rods had an elongated, fibrillar structure. When the ways in which the rods could adhere to each other were restricted, to model the interactions observed in collagen, a preference for short overlaps between the particles in the aggregate was observed, reflecting the predilection for tip growth in diffusion-limited aggregation. Small changes in the rules of aggregation were found to have a marked effect on the resultant aggregate morphology.
Performance analysis of single and combined bit-planes feature extraction for recognition in face expression database (2008)

Bit-planes for digital gray images have been used in many applications for special feature extraction. This paper presents analysis of single and combined bit-plane performance for face recognition. Novel approach of using bit-plane as input to Feedforward Neural Network is used. Comparison is done to analyze recognition rate of using single and combined bit-planes. Every single pixel in an 8-bits gray level digital image consists of 8 bits. Among these eight bit-planes, bit-planes 4, 5, 6 and 7 provide better recognition rates than bit-planes 0, 1, 2 and 3. Feed-Forward Neural Network is used in this paper for training and testing the bit-planes. The face database used for evaluation is CMU AMP Face Expression Database, which consists of 13 subjects, with 75 8-bits gray level images from each subject. Bit-planes 4, 5, 6 and 7 achieve over 88% accuracy after 15 image samples are trained. However, by using combination of these 4 bit-planes based on majority vote, false acceptance rate (FAR) can be reduced from over 80% to 26.2%. False rejection rate (FRR) of the combined approach is 2.2% and half total error rate (HTER) is 14.2%.
<i>In vivo</i> Quantification of Serotonin Transporters Using [<sup>11</sup>C]DASB and Positron Emission Tomography in Humans: Modeling Considerations (2006)

Positron emission tomography (PET) studies of the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) in the human brain are increasingly using the radioligand [(11)C]N, N-dimethyl-2-(2-amino-4-cyanophenylthio) benzylamine. A variety of models have been applied to such data in several published articles; however to date, these models have not been validated with test-retest data. We recruited 11 healthy subjects and conducted two identical scans on each subject on the same day. We considered four different models (one- and two-tissue compartment kinetic models, likelihood estimation in graphical analysis (LEGA; a bias-free alternative to the graphical method), and basis pursuit) along with fast noniterative approximations to the kinetic models. We considered four different outcome measures (total volume of distribution (V(T)), binding potential with (BP) and without (BP(1)), free-fraction adjustment, and specific-to-nonspecific equilibrium partition coefficient (BP(2))). To assess the performance of each model, we compared results using six different metrics (percent difference (PD) and within-subject mean sum of squares for reproducibility, interclass coefficient for reliability, variance across subjects, identifiability based on bootstrap resampling of residuals for each method, and time stability analysis to determine minimal required scanning time). We considered analysis of both at the voxel level and at the region of interest (ROI) level and compared results from these two approaches to assess agreement. We determined that 100 mins of scanning time is adequate and that for ROI-level analysis, LEGA gives best results. Average PD is 5.51 for V(T), 20.7 for BP, 17.2 for BP(1), and 16.5 for BP(2) across all regions. For voxel-level analysis we determined that the one-tissue compartment noniterative model is best.
National Study of Physician Awareness and Adherence to Cardiovascular Disease Prevention Guidelines (2005)

Perception of risk was the primary factor associated with CVD preventive recommendations. Gender disparities in recommendations for preventive therapy were explained largely by the lower perceived risk despite similar calculated risk for women versus men. Educational interventions for physicians are needed to improve the quality of CVD preventive care and lower morbidity and mortality from CVD for men and women.
Egg activation is the result of calcium signal summation in the mouse (2005)

Egg activation in mammals is caused by cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations that are essential for development. However, despite increasing knowledge about signal transduction mechanisms, the functional linkage between frequency number, amplitude and duration of the Ca(2+) signal and the kinetics of pronucleus formation has not yet been defined. While a wide range of Ca(2+) signal parameters are efficient in causing egg activation, the basic rules governing how the egg integrates these signalling events are not yet clear. Thus, in the perspective of better understanding how the egg processes Ca(2+) signalling events, the objective of this study was to determine experimentally whether the efficiency of egg activation and the subsequent early developmental stages rely on Ca(2+) signalling summation. Non-fertilized, but freshly ovulated mouse eggs, were subjected to a series of repetitive Ca(2+) influxes of various patterns modulated by a non-invasive membrane electropermeabilization method. Using a combination of two suboptimal treatments we have shown that mouse eggs can sum up the effects caused by various patterns of intracellular Ca(2+) concentrations transient during the period of egg activation. In addition, overloading the intracellular milieu by repetitive Ca(2+) influxes did not seem to inhibit the process of activation. The kinetics of pronuclear formation among a population of eggs treated in the same conditions became accelerated when the total dose of Ca(2+) signal 'experienced' by the eggs was increased. The results suggested that summation of the biological effects of all Ca(2+) signals constitutes an important mode of Ca(2+) signal integration.
Metal Dusting Performance of Structural Alloys (2005)

Abstract Several Ni-base alloys were tested in a high-pressure high-carbon-activity gaseous environment that simulated the effluent from a hydrogen reformer. Weight loss was measured as a function of exposure time. After exposure for ≈9,700 h at 14.3 atm (210 psia) and 593°C (1100°F), specimens were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Results showed that the metal-dusting-degradation resistance of alloys that contained a high concentration of Al and/or Cr was better than the resistance of alloys with lower concentrations of these metals. The performance of alloys with high Fe content was poor in a metal dusting environment even though these alloys contained a high concentration of Cr.; Oxide scale plays a key role in protecting the alloys from metal dusting corrosion. Raman spectra showed that the alloys can develop Cr2O3, disordered Cr oxide, and (Fe,Cr) spinel when exposed to a metal dusting environment. Cr2O3 and disordered Cr oxide were superior in resisting metal dusting corrosion, whereas the spinel phase was less resistant. The amount of spinel phase in oxide scale increases with an increase in the Fe content of the alloys, and thereby leads to the poor performance of alloys with high Fe content. The amount of spinel phase also increases with exposure time when Fe from the substrate diffuses outward into oxide scale. Results showed good correlation between weight change and the growth of a single pit, which indicates that the weight loss is due to the increase in pit size rather than to an increase in the number of pits.
Uniaxially Aligned Nanofibrous Cylinders by Electrospinning (2012)

Aligned nanofibers have drawn increasing interest for applications in biomedical engineering, electronics, and energy storage systems owing to the unique physicochemical properties provided by their anisotropy and high surface-to-volume ratio. Nevertheless, direct fabrication or assembly of aligned nanofibers into a 3-dimensional standalone construct with practically applicable dimensions presents an enormous challenge. We report a facile method to fabricate aligned nanofibrous cylinders, a widely used geometric form, by electrospinning aligned nanofibers across the gap between a pair of pin electrodes placed apart uniaxially. With this approach, cylindrical nanofibrous constructs of several millimeters in diameter and several centimeters in length can be readily produced. The versatility of the approach was demonstrated with several commonly used polymeric and ceramic materials, including polycaprolactone (PCL), chitosan/PCL, polyvinylidene fluoride, and titania. For a model application in tissue engineering, skeletal muscle cells were cultured on nanofibrous cylinders, which effectively produced highly aligned and densely populated myotubes along the nanofiber orientation, favorable for muscle tissue regeneration. With high structural integrity and stability, these can be directly integrated into devices or implanted in vivo as a standalone construct without the support of a substrate, thus increasing the portability, efficiency, and applicability of aligned nanofibers.
Describing protein structure: A general algorithm yielding complete helicoidal parameters and a unique overall axis (1989)

We present a general and mathematically rigorous algorithm which allows the helicoidal structure of a protein to be calculated starting from the atomic coordinates of its peptide backbone. This algorithm yields a unique curved axis which quantifies the folding of the backbone and a full set of helicoidal parameters describing the location of each peptide unit. The parameters obtained form a complete and independent set and can therefore be used for analyzing, comparing, or reconstructing protein backbone geometry. This algorithm has been implemented in a computer program named P-Curve. Several examples of its possible applications are discussed.
Impact of translational selection on codon usage bias in the archaeon <i>Methanococcus maripaludis</i> (2010)

Patterns of codon usage have been extensively studied among Bacteria and Eukaryotes, but there has been little investigation of species from the third domain of life, the Archaea. Here, we examine the nature of codon usage bias in a methanogenic archaeon, Methanococcus maripaludis. Genome-wide patterns of codon usage are dominated by a strong A + T bias, presumably largely reflecting mutation patterns. Nevertheless, there is variation among genes in the use of a subset of putatively translationally optimal codons, which is strongly correlated with gene expression level. In comparison with Bacteria such as Escherichia coli, the strength of selected codon usage bias in highly expressed genes in M. maripaludis seems surprisingly high given its moderate growth rate. However, the pattern of selected codon usage differs between M. maripaludis and E. coli: in the archaeon, strongly selected codon usage bias is largely restricted to twofold degenerate amino acids (AAs). Weaker bias among the codons for fourfold degenerate AAs is consistent with the small number of tRNA genes in the M. maripaludis genome.
Cellulose Nanofibers from Softwood, Hardwood, and Tunicate: Preparation–Structure–Film Performance Interrelation (2017)

This work reveals the structural variations of cellulose nanofibers (CNF) prepared from different cellulose sources, including softwood (Picea abies), hardwood (Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla), and tunicate (Ciona intestinalis), using different preparation processes and their correlations to the formation and performance of the films prepared from the CNF. Here, the CNF are prepared from wood chemical pulps and tunicate isolated cellulose by an identical homogenization treatment subsequent to either an enzymatic hydrolysis or a 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation. They show a large structural diversity in terms of chemical, morphological, and crystalline structure. Among others, the tunicate CNF consist of purer cellulose and have a degree of polymerization higher than that of wood CNF. Introduction of surface charges via the TEMPO-mediated oxidation is found to have significant impacts on the structure, morphology, optical, mechanical, thermal, and hydrophobic properties of the prepared films. For example, the film density is closely related to the charge density of the used CNF, and the tensile stress of the films is correlated to the crystallinity index of the CNF. In turn, the CNF structure is determined by the cellulose sources and the preparation processes. This study provides useful information and knowledge for understanding the importance of the raw material for the quality of CNF for various types of applications.
A Highly Efficient, Practical, and General Route for the Synthesis of (R<sub>3</sub>P)<sub>2</sub>Pd(0): Structural Evidence on the Reduction Mechanism of Pd(II) to Pd(0) (2010)

A highly efficient, practical, and general method was developed to synthesize a family of (R(3)P)(2)Pd(0) complexes, using a stoichiometric amount of phosphine ligands and readily available Pd(II) precursors. The stepwise pathway of reducing Pd(II) to Pd(0) was established by isolating two key intermediates. Both [t-Bu(2)(4-Me(2)NC(6)H(4))P](2)Pd and (t-Bu(2)NpP)(2)Pd are new compounds. Preliminary studies on [t-Bu(2)(4-Me(2)NC(6)H(4))P](2)Pd have indicated that it is a very active catalyst (84-95% isolated yield) in the Cu-free Sonogashira coupling involving aryl and heteroaryl chlorides at 0.5 mol % catalyst loading.
Cooperative and noncooperative binding of protein ligands to nucleic acid lattices: experimental approaches to the determination of thermodynamic parameters (1986)

Many biologically important proteins bind nonspecifically, and often cooperatively, to single-or double-stranded nucleic acid lattices in discharging their physiological functions. This binding can generally be described in thermodynamic terms by three parameters: n, the binding site size; K, the intrinsic binding constant; omega, the binding cooperativity parameter. The experimental determination of these parameters often appears to be straightforward but can be fraught with conceptual and methodological difficulties that may not be readily apparent. In this paper we describe and analyze a number of approaches that can be used to measure these protein-nucleic acid interaction parameters and illustrate these methods with experiments on the binding of T4-coded gene 32 (single-stranded DNA binding) protein to various nucleic acid lattices. We consider the following procedures: (i) the titration of a fixed amount of lattice (nucleic acid) with added ligand (protein); (ii) the titration of a fixed amount of ligand with added lattice; (iii) the determination of ligand binding affinities at very low levels of lattice saturation; (iv) the analysis of ligand cluster size distribution on the lattice; (v) the analysis of ligand binding to lattices of finite length. The applicability and limitations of each approach are considered and discussed, and potential pitfalls are explicitly pointed out.
MHz operation of 250 nm ultra-violet micro-light emitting diodes (2015)

Deep Ultra Violet Light Emitting diodes have undergone increasing research interest due to their application for sterilisation of water and air for example [1]. They also can potentially provide compact efficient sources for fluorescence excitation [2] and food preservation [3]. A key advantage of such LEDs over the alternative Hg lamp sources is their ease of control and switching, in addition to the benefits to the environment, where Hg disposal is a critical issue.
The Multiubiquitin-Chain-Binding Protein Mcb1 Is a Component of the 26S Proteasome in <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> and Plays a Nonessential, Substrate-Specific Role in Protein Turnover (1996)

The 26S proteasome is an essential proteolytic complex that is responsible for degrading proteins conjugated with ubiquitin. It has been proposed that the recognition of substrates by the 26S proteasome is mediated by a multiubiquitin-chain-binding protein that has previously been characterized in both plants and animals. In this study, we identified a Saccharomyces cerevisiae homolog of this protein, designated Mcb1. Mcb1 copurified with the 26S proteasome in both conventional and nickel chelate chromatography. In addition, a significant fraction of Mcb1 in cell extracts was present in a low-molecular-mass form free of the 26S complex. Recombinant Mcb1 protein bound multiubiquitin chains in vitro and, like its plant and animal counterparts, exhibited a binding preference for longer chains. Surprisingly, (delta)mcb1 deletion mutants were viable, grew at near-wild-type rates, degraded the bulk of short-lived proteins normally, and were not sensitive to UV radiation or heat stress. These data indicate that Mcb1 is not an essential component of the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway in S.cerevisiae. However, the (delta)mcb1 mutant exhibited a modest sensitivity to amino acid analogs and had increased steady-state levels of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Whereas the N-end rule substrate, Arg-beta-galactosidase, was degraded at the wild-type rate in the (delta)mcb1 strain, the ubiquitin fusion degradation pathway substrate, ubiquitin-Pro-beta-galactosidase, was markedly stabilized. Collectively, these data suggest that Mcb1 is not the sole factor involved in ubiquitin recognition by the 26S proteasome and that Mcb1 may interact with only a subset of ubiquitinated substrates.
A 6.3 GHz BFSK Transmitter with On-Chip Antenna for Self-Powered Medical Sensor Applications (2007)

This paper presents a completely integrated, low-power 6.3 GHz oscillator transmitter which includes an on-chip antenna suitable for short-range medical sensor applications. The transmitter, implemented in a 1.2 V 0.13 μm CMOS process, utilizes open-loop direct VCO modulation for BFSK data at a rate of 300 kbps. For communicating a 1 kbit packet once per second, an average power consumption of 14 μW is achieved. During a packet transmission, the power consumption of the transmitter is 4.25 mW, enabling a self-powered design using integrated ultracapacitors for an SoC solution. With a radiated power of 0 dBm, the transmitter has a communication range of 2 m.