gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Quenching Spin Decoherence in Diamond through Spin Bath Polarization (2008)

We experimentally demonstrate that the decoherence of a spin by a spin bath can be completely eliminated by fully polarizing the spin bath. We use electron paramagnetic resonance at 240 GHz and 8 T to study the electron-spin coherence time T2 of nitrogen-vacancy centers and nitrogen impurities in diamond from room temperature down to 1.3 K. A sharp increase of T2 is observed below the Zeeman energy (11.5 K). The data are well described by a suppression of the flip-flop induced spin bath fluctuations due to thermal electron-spin polarization. T2 saturates at approximately 250 micros below 2 K, where the polarization of the electron-spin bath exceeds 99%.
Negative Refractive Index Materials (2006)

The main directions of studies of materials with negative index of refraction, also called left-handed or metamaterials, are reviewed. First, the physics of the phenomenon of negative refraction and the history of this scientific branch are outlined. Then recent results of studies of photonic crystals that exhibit negative refraction are discussed. In the third part numerical methods for the simulation of negative index material configurations and of metamaterials that exhibit negative index properties are presented. The advantages and the shortages of existing computer packages are analyzed. Finally, details of the fabrication of different kinds of metamaterials are given. This includes composite metamaterials, photonic crystals, and transmission line metamaterials for different wavelengths namely radio frequencies, microwaves, terahertz, infrared, and visible light. Furthermore, some examples of practical applications of metamaterials are presented.
Absorption of Carbon Dioxide into Aqueous Solutions of 2-Piperidineethanol: Kinetics Analysis (2008)

This work presents the kinetics of the reaction of CO2 with aqueous 2-piperidineethanol (2-PE) solutions at 303, 313, and 323 K within the amine concentration range of 0.14−1.13 kmol m−3 using a wetted-wall column absorber. The reaction was described by zwitterionic mechanism to interpret the kinetic data. A qualitative 13C NMR analysis has been carried out for 2-PE solution in D2O after reaction with CO2, which has indicated the formation of bicarbonate ion. The reaction order was found to be in between 1.10 and 1.12 with respect to amine for the above-mentioned concentration range. The kinetic rate parameters were calculated and presented at each experimental condition. The second-order rate constants, k2, were obtained as 696, 1147, and 2047 m3 kmol−1 s−1 at 303, 313, and 323 K, respectively, with an activation energy of 45.2 kJ mol−1.
Modeling and Optimization of Cement Raw Materials Blending Process (2012)

This paper focuses on modelling and solving the ingredient ratio optimization problem in cement raw material blending process. A general nonlinear time‐varying (G‐NLTV) model is established for cement raw material blending process via considering chemical composition, feed flow fluctuation, and various craft and production constraints. Different objective functions are presented to acquire optimal ingredient ratios under various production requirements. The ingredient ratio optimization problem is transformed into discrete‐time single objective or multiple objectives rolling nonlinear constraint optimization problem. A framework of grid interior point method is presented to solve the rolling nonlinear constraint optimization problem. Based on MATLAB‐GUI platform, the corresponding ingredient ratio software is devised to obtain optimal ingredient ratio. Finally, several numerical examples are presented to study and solve ingredient ratio optimization problems.
A novel scheme for abnormal cell detection in Pap smear images (2004)

Finding malignant cells in Pap smear images is a needle in a haystack-type problem, tedious, labor-intensive and error-prone. It is therefore desirable to have an automatic screening tool in order that human experts can concentrate on the evaluation of the more difficult cases. Most research on automatic cervical screening tries to extract morphometric and texture features at the cell level, in accordance with the NIH The Bethesda System rules. Due to variances in image quality and features, such as brightness, magnification and focus, morphometric and texture analysis is insufficient to provide robust cervical cancer detection. 
Using a microscopic spectral imaging system, we have produced a set of multispectral Pap smear images with wavelengths from 400 nm to 690 nm, containing both spectral signatures and spatial attributes. We describe a novel scheme that combines spatial information (including texture and morphometric features) with spectral information to significantly improve abnormal cell detection. Three kinds of wavelet features, orthogonal, bi-orthogonal and non-orthogonal, are carefully chosen to optimize recognition performance. Multispectral feature sets are then extracted in the wavelet domain. Using a Back-Propagation Neural Network classifier that greatly decreases the influence of spurious events, we obtain a classification error rate of 5%. Cell morphometric features, such as area and shape, are then used to eliminate most remaining small artifacts. We report initial results from 149 cells from 40 separate image sets, in which only one abnormal cell was missed (TPR = 97.6%) and one normal cell was falsely classified as cancerous (FPR = 1%).
Erratum: ``Noncritical'' phase matching in optical waveguides (1973)

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Carbonic anhydrase IV from human lung. Purification, characterization, and comparison with membrane carbonic anhydrase from human kidney. (1990)

We have purified carbonic anhydrase (CA) IV from human lung membranes to apparent homogeneity in a form which is catalytically active and stable to storage. It has an apparent molecular mass of 35 kDa, is insensitive to endoglycosidases, and seems to contain no N-linked or O-linked oligosaccharide chains. Reduction of disulfide linkages led to altered migration on sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and loss of catalytic activity. CA IV resembles CA II in being a "high activity" isozyme, relatively resistant to inhibition by halide ions and sensitive to inhibition by sulfonamides. Application of this purification to human kidney membranes produced homogeneous enzyme with nearly identical properties. Amino acid compositions of both lung and kidney CA IV were similar, as were tryptic peptide patterns resolved on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Amino-terminal sequences of native enzyme from lung and kidney were identical, as were amino-terminal sequences of the three major tryptic peptides resolved on reverse phase HPLC. Isoelectric focusing revealed microheterogeneity in enzyme from both sources. Antibody raised to human lung CA IV reacted equally strongly with CA IV from kidney, but very weakly or not at all with other CAs. Treatment of lung membranes and kidney membranes with phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C released over half of the membrane-bound CA IV, suggesting that at least half of the CA IV in both organs is anchored to membranes by phosphatidylinositol-glycan linkages.
Opioids. (1993)

The major clinical uses for opioids are to control pain, suppress cough, and to treat diarrhea. These drugs, however, have the potential for abuse. It is postulated that the significant mood-altering effects of opioids combined with their pharmacology, in which tolerance and physical and psychological dependence occur, account for their abuse liability. A classification of the groups of patients that commonly present with complications of opioid use is reviewed briefly before discussing the clinical pharmacology of the opioids and their acute and toxic effects.
Where-Provenance for Bidirectional Editing in Spreadsheets (2021)

We explore the idea of adding bidirectionality to spreadsheet formulas, so that editing the output can directly affect the input. We introduce portals: a portal is a value paired with its where-provenance, that is, one or more links to its origin. When a portal is the result of a formula in a cell, that cell inherits the capability to edit the locations described by the provenance of the portal. The simplicity of portals makes them amenable to implementation in an existing spreadsheet system. We analyse the list of functions provided by a widely-used commercial spreadsheet system and find that many frequently used functions work with portals with no modification.
Fiber optic lever displacement transducer (1979)

Intrinsic performance limits of noncontacting fiber lever displacement measuring systems are quantitatively described. Generalized relationships linking displacement detection limit, frequency response, dynamic range, linearity, and working distance to fiber diameter, illumination irradiance and coupling angle, photodetector characteristics, and reflection and transmission losses were obtained by analysis and confirmed by measurement. Both procedures showed performance limits to be functions of the square root of the flux density coupled into the target-illuminating fiber(s) by the electroluminescent source. Displacement detection and bandwidth limits achievable with tungsten or LED sources were in the 2 x 10(-11) to 2 x 10(-12) [equation] and MHz, range respectively. A basis for optimizing levers for different applications and determination of intrinsic performance limits is provided.
Learning Context Flexible Attention Model for Long-Term Visual Place Recognition (2018)

Identifying regions of interest in an image has long been of great importance in a wide range of tasks, including place recognition. In this letter, we propose a novel attention mechanism with flexible context, which can be incorporated into existing feedforward network architecture to learn image representations for long-term place recognition. In particular, in order to focus on regions that contribute positively to place recognition, we introduce a multiscale context-flexible network to estimate the importance of each spatial region in the feature map. Our model is trained end-to-end for place recognition and can detect regions of interest of arbitrary shape. Extensive experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of our approach and the results demonstrate that our model can achieve consistently better performance than the state of the art on standard benchmark datasets. Finally, we visualize the learned attention maps to generate insights into what attention the network has learned.
Accuracy of measuring half‐ and quarter‐value layers and appropriate aperture width of a convenient method using a lead‐covered case in X‐ray computed tomography (2014)

Determination of the half-value layer (HVL) and quarter-value layer (QVL) values is not an easy task in x-ray computed tomography (CT), because a nonrotating x-ray tube must be used, which requires the assistance of service engineers. Therefore, in this study, we determined the accuracy of the lead-covered case method, which uses x-rays from a rotating x-ray tube, for measuring the HVL and QVL in CT. The lead-covered case was manufactured from polystyrene foam and a 4-mm thick lead plate. The ionizing chamber was placed in the center of the case, and aluminum filters were placed 15 cm above the aperture surface. Aperture widths of 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 cm for a tube voltage of 110 kV and an aperture width of 2.0 cm for the tube voltages of 80 and 130 kV were used to measure exposure doses. The results of the HVL and QVL were compared with those of the conventional nonrotating method. A 2.0-cm aperture was believed to be adequate, because of its small differences in the HVL and QVL in the nonrotating method and its reasonable exposure dose level. When the 2.0-cm aperture was used, the lead-covered case method demonstrated slightly larger HVLs and QVLs (0.03-0.06 mm for the HVL and 0.2-0.4 mm for the QVL) at all the tube voltage settings. However, the differences in the effective energy were 0.1-0.3 keV; therefore, it could be negligible in an organ-absorbed dose evaluation and a quality assurance test for CT.
Direct evidence of electromigration failure mechanism in dual-damascene Cu interconnect tree structures (2005)

In situ secondary electron microscope (SEM) characterizations were carried out to study electromigration failure mechanism in dual-damascene Cu interconnect tree structures, which are important for reliability assessment as well as design optimizations of on-chip interconnects. Direct evidence of electromigration-induced degradation in interconnect tree structure consisting of void nucleation and void movement in opposite direction to electron flow along the Cu∕SiNx interface was unraveled. The peculiar electromigration behavior of Cu interconnect tree structures can be clearly understood based on this mechanism. Dependence of electromigration mechanism of a segment in a Cu interconnect tree on current configuration in neighboring interconnect segment is discussed in detail.
RETRACTED: Ligand‐induced differentiation of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) trans‐repression and transactivation: preferential targetting of NF‐ <i>κ</i> B and lack of I‐ <i>κ</i> B involvement (1999)

1. Glucocorticoids are highly effective in controlling chronic inflammatory diseases, such as asthma and rheumatoid arthritis, but the exact molecular mechanism of their anti-inflammatory action remains uncertain. They act by binding to a cytosolic receptor (GR) resulting in activation or repression of gene expression. This may occur via direct binding of the GR to DNA (transactivation) or by inhibition of the activity of transcription factors such as AP-1 and NF-kappaB (transrepression). 2. The topically active steroids fluticasone propionate (EC50= 1.8 x 10(-11) M) and budesonide (EC50=5.0 x 10(-11) M) were more potent in inhibiting GM-CSF release from A549 cells than tipredane (EC50 = 8.3 x 10(-10)) M), butixicort (EC50 = 3.7 x 10(-8) M) and dexamethasone (EC50 = 2.2 x 10(-9) M). The anti-glucocorticoid RU486 also inhibited GM-CSF release in these cells (IC50= 1.8 x 10(-10) M). 3. The concentration-dependent ability of fluticasone propionate (EC50 = 9.8 x 10(-10) M), budesonide (EC50= 1.1 x 10(-9) M) and dexamethasone (EC50 = 3.6 x 10(-8) M) to induce transcription of the beta2-receptor was found to correlate with GR DNA binding and occurred at 10-100 fold higher concentrations than the inhibition of GM-CSF release. No induction of the endogenous inhibitors of NF-kappaB, IkappaBalpha or I-kappaBbeta, was seen at 24 h and the ability of IL-1beta to degrade and subsequently induce IkappaBalpha was not altered by glucocorticoids. 4. The ability of fluticasone propionate (IC50=0.5 x 10(-11) M), budesonide (IC50=2.7 x 10(-11) M), dexamethasone (IC50=0.5 x 10(-9) M) and RU486 (IC50=2.7 x 10(-11) M) to inhibit a 3 x kappaB was associated with inhibition of GM-CSF release. 5. These data suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of a range of glucocorticoids relate to their ability to transrepress rather than transactivate genes.
RIBAUCOUR TRANSFORMATIONS OF THE SURFACES WITH CONSTANT POSITIVE GAUSSIAN CURVATURES IN THE 3-DIMENSIONAL EUCLIDEAN SPACE (2006)

We associate the surfaces of constant Gaussian curvature K = 1 with no umbilics to a subclass of the solutions of <TEX>$O(4,\;1)/O(3){\times}O(1,\;1)-system$</TEX>. From this correspondence, we can construct new K = 1 surfaces from a known K = 1 surface by using a kind of dressing actions on the solutions of this system.
Manipulation of Cloned Yeast <scp>DNA</scp> (1997)

Abstract A major advantage of working with yeast is the ability to replace the wild‐type chromosomal copy of a gene with a mutant derivative that is constructed in vitro using a cloned copy of the gene. This techniqueunavailable in most other eukaryotesallows the phenotype of the mutation to be studied under accurate in vivo conditions, with the mutation present in single copy at its normal chromosomal location. In the first protocol, a plasmid harboring both a selectable marker and a cloned gene of interest is integrated at the chromosomal location of the cloned gene via homologous recombination (integrative trandformation). Four methods are described for constructing a mutation in vitro in a cloned gene and reintroducing this mutation at the correct chromosomal site. This allows assessment of the genetic consequences of a mutation, and is often used to determine whether or not a gene is essential (by determining if a complete gene deletion is viable). Two of these techniquesintegrative disruption and one‐step gene disruptiongenerate either insertion or deletion mutations. The third techniquetransplacementis more generally applicable: it can be used to introduce insertion or deletion mutations containing a selectable marker, but it can also be used to introduce nonselectable mutations, such as conditional lethal mutations in an essential gene. Protocols are also provided to allow creation of modified genes by one‐step integrative replacement, and also conditional alleles by a copper‐inducible double‐shutoff procedure.
Detecting the Presence of Stationary Objects from Sparse Stereo Disparity Space (2010)

This paper presents a novel approach to detecting the presence of objects in a scene from the 3D sparse disparity space obtained by stereo matching. The use of stereo imaging makes the proposed method particularly useful for detecting stationary objects without the need of learning the appearance patterns on an object or the background. Our approach is based on the fact that sparse image features on an object exhibit cluster structures in the 3D disparity space and this reveals the presence of the object. Hence, we propose to use spectral clustering for grouping matched Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) interest points in the disparity space and to automatically determine the number of groups and their positions. For grouping matched edge points in the disparity space, a Gaussian mixture model is proposed for its computational efficiency. Experimental results show that our proposed methods can accomplish the task well.
The adaptive beam-tracing algorithm (2000)

The most popular models to predict sound propagation in architectural spaces involve the tracing of rays, images, or beams. Most current beam-tracing methods use conical or triangular beams that may produce overlaps and holes in the predicted sound field. Hence a new method has been developed whereby the shape of reflected beams is governed by the shape of reflecting surfaces so as to produce a geometrically perfect description of the sound propagation for halls with occluding surfaces. The method also facilitates the calculation of diffuse sound propagation by managing the energy transfer from a specular model to a diffuse model. This adaptive beam-tracing method compares well with other methods in terms of speed and accuracy.
The question of familial meningiomas and schwannomas: (2000)

The last comparison of prevalence figures of dementia across European studies was 10 years ago. Using studies conducted in the 1990s, the authors compare the age- and sex-specific prevalence of dementia, AD, and vascular dementia (VaD) across European population-based studies of persons 65 years and older. Data from these studies were also pooled to obtain stable estimates of age- and sex-specific prevalence. A total of 2346 cases of mild to severe dementia were identified in 11 cohorts. Age-standardized prevalence was 6.4% for dementia (all causes), 4.4% for AD, and 1.6% for VaD. The prevalence of dementia increased continuously with age and was 0.8% in the group age 65 to 69 years and 28.5% at age 90 years and older. The corresponding figures for AD (53.7% of cases) were 0.6% and 22.2%, and for VaD (15.8% of cases), 0.3% and 5.2%. Variation of AD prevalence across studies was greatest for men. In the VaD subtype, a large variation across studies was observed, as well as a difference in prevalence between men and women that was age dependent. Dementia is more prevalent in women, and AD is the main contributor to the steep increase of prevalence with age.
PlanetSeer: internet path failure monitoring and characterization in wide-area services (2004)

Detecting network path anomalies generally requires examining large volumes of traffic data to find misbehavior. We observe that wide-area services, such as peerto-peer systems and content distribution networks, exhibit large traffic volumes, spread over large numbers of geographically-dispersed endpoints. This makes them ideal candidates for observing wide-area network behavior. Specifically, we can combine passive monitoring of wide-area traffic to detect anomalous network behavior, with active probes from multiple nodes to quantify and characterize the scope of these anomalies. This approach provides several advantages over other techniques: (1) we obtain more complete and finergrained views of failures since the wide-area nodes already provide geographically diverse vantage points; (2) we incur limited additional measurement cost since most active probing is initiated when passive monitoring detects oddities; and (3) we detect failures at a much higher rate than other researchers have reported since the services provide large volumes of traffic to sample. This paper shows how to exploit this combination of wide-area traffic, passive monitoring, and active probing, to both understand path anomalies and to provide optimization opportunities for the host service. 1
High Speed Response in Optoelectronic Gated Thyristor (1987)

High speed response in a three terminal p n p n double heterostructure optoelectronic gated thyristor is demonstrated. The gate electrode on the active layer is operated to sweep out excess carriers in the active layer. The turn-off delay time has been measured to be 5 ns, which is two orders of magnitude improvement compared with that for the two terminal mode operation. Furthermore, it has been shown that the turn-off delay time cannot be estimated from the conventional 90-10% fall time.
Letters (1973)

Associate Director, Association of University Programs in Hospital Administration, Washington, D.C.
Simulation and experiment on biological tissue for near infra-red (NIR) photon migration in a multi-layered model (2002)

To study the phenomenon of infrared photon migration in a multi-layered tissue is very useful in biomedical applications such as noninvasive optical monitoring of physiological parameters and the optimal dosimetry of photodynamic therapy. Multi-layered models for the research of NIR light propagation in biological tissue are established using Monte-Carlo simulation. Photon tracking and parameter correcting methods across the boundary of tissue layers with mismatched optical properties are provided. Experimental results on animal tissue are presented, and a close relationship has been found between the actual measurement and the simulation.
Enzymatic Resolution of Medium-Ring Lactones. Synthesis of (<i>S</i>)-(+)-Phoracantholide I (1989)

The horse liver and pig liver esterase hydrolysis of racemic medium ring lactones gives with excellent enantiomeric excess the S- (or R) lactones and the corresponding R- (or S) hydroxy acids. This is the first general method to obtain optically pure medium ring lactones. Application to the preparation of (S)-(+)-Phoracantholide I is reported.
Developmental Trend of the World Crude Oil Trade Spatial Pattern (2015)

As per the data of world crude oil exploitation-reserve ratio, this paper analyzes the short, middle and long-term supply situation of the world oil trade; based on the demand forecasts by the International Energy Agency and US Department of Energy, proposes that North America, Asia and Europe will remain the world oil importing regions, while China, India, the United States and Korea will become the world’s largest importers; Finally, based on the supply and demand analysis, concludes the developmental trend of the world crude oil spatial pattern. Key words: Crude oil; Trade pattern; Ratio of exploitation and reserve; Demand