gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRY (1938)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEArticleNEXTINDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING CHEMISTRYHarrison E. HoweCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1938, 30, 7, 723–725Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1938Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1938https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50343a001https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50343a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views45Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Study of the Effects of Changes in Gas Composition as Well as Ambient and Gas Temperature on Errors of Indications of Thermal Gas Meters (2020)

Thermal gas meters represent a promising technology for billing customers for gaseous fuels, however, it is essential to ensure that measurement accuracy is maintained in the long term and in a broad range of operating conditions. The effect of hydrogen addition to natural gas will change the physicochemical properties of the mixture of natural gas and hydrogen. Such a mixture will be supplied through the gas system, to consumers, including households, where the amounts of received gas will be metered. The physicochemical properties of hydrogen, including the specific density or viscosity, differ significantly from those of the natural gas components, such as methane, ethane, propane, nitrogen, etc. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to establish the impact of the changes in the gas composition caused by the addition of hydrogen to natural gas on the metrological properties of household gas meters, including thermal gas meters. Furthermore, since household gas meters can be installed outdoors and, taking into account the fact that household gas meters are good heat exchangers, the influence of ambient and gas temperature on the metrological properties of those meters should be investigated. This article reviews a test bench and a testing method concerning errors of thermal gas meter indicators using air and natural gas, including the type containing hydrogen. The indication errors for thermal gas meters using air, natural gas and natural gas with an addition of 2%, 4%, 5%, 10% and 15% hydrogen were determined and then subjected to metrological analysis. Moreover, the test method and test bench are discussed and the results of tests on the impact of ambient and gas temperatures (‒25 °C and 55 °C, respectively) on the errors of indications of thermal gas meters are presented. Conclusions for distribution system operators in terms of gas meter selection were drawn based on the test results.
The Use of Micrografts and Minigrafts for the Treatment of Burn Alopecia (1999)

Houston, Texas Alfonso Barrera, M.D. West Houston Plastic Surgery Clinic, P.A. 902 Frostwood #163 Houston, Texas 77024 Received for publication July 8, 1998.
Comparative clinical trial of anti-diarrhoeal drugs. (1977)

The formation of precursors and the growth and aggregation of silicalite-1 crystals using tetrapropylammonium as a template (Si-TPA-MFI) has been studied in situ using X-ray scattering techniques. Simultaneous small-angle and wide-angle X-ray scattering (respectively SAXS and WAXS) experiments using synchrotron light showed that the formation of amorphous colloidal aggregates in water clear synthesis mixtures was dependent on the alkalinity of the solutions. In situ time- resolved ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) showed the form factor oscillations of the growing crystals. Fitting of the USAXS patterns to the scattering pattern of spherical particles having a normal particle size distribution showed a linear growth of the average crystal diameter, which was approximately the same for both alkalinities studied. The final size of the crystals was highest for the synthesis mixture having the highest alkalinity, which can be explained in terms of number of viable nuclei formed. At the end of the linear growth the crystals form aggregates corresponding with a diffusion limited aggregation process (mass fractal dimension of 1.8)
G1-phase regulators,cyclin D1, cyclin D2, andcyclin D3: Up-regulation at gastrulation and dynamic expression during neurulation (1998)

Gastrulation in rodents is associated with an increase in the rate of growth and with the start of differentiation within the embryo proper. In an effort to understand the role played by the cell cycle control in these processes, expression of cyclin D1, D2, and D3--three major positive regulators of the G1/S transition--has been investigated by in situ hybrization and RT-PCR. Cyclin D1 and D2 transcripts are first detected in the epiblast at gastrulation, when a proliferative burst occurs, and subsequently in its differentiated derivatives within the embryo proper, indicating that activation of their expression takes place prior to the differentiation of epiblast progenitors. In contrast, cyclin D3 transcript is undetectable in the epiblast itself and its expression is activated exclusively in extraembryonic tissues of both epiblast and trophoblast origin. During neurulation, expression of each cyclin D RNA is dynamically regulated along the anterior-posterior axis. In the hindbrain, cyclin D1 and D2 show distinct segment-specific restricted expression and this pattern is conserved between mouse and chick. These results strongly suggest that D-type cyclins act as developmental regulators.
Pancreatic Cancers Epigenetically Silence <i>SIP1</i> and Hypomethylate and Overexpress <i>miR-200a/200b</i> in Association with Elevated Circulating <i>miR-200a</i> and <i>miR-200b</i> Levels (2010)

Aberrant DNA methylation and microRNA expression play important roles in the pathogenesis of pancreatic cancer. While interrogating differentially methylated CpG islands in pancreatic cancer, we identified two members of miR-200 family, miR-200a and miR-200b, that were hypomethylated and overexpressed in pancreatic cancer. We also identified prevalent hypermethylation and silencing of one of their downstream targets, SIP1 (ZFHX1B, ZEB2), whose protein product suppresses E-cadherin expression and contributes to epithelial mesenchymal transition. In a panel of 23 pancreatic cell lines, we observed a reciprocal correlation between miR-200, SIP1, and E-cadherin expression, with pancreatic cancer-associated fibroblasts showing the opposite expression pattern to most pancreatic cancers. In Panc-1 cells, which express SIP1, have low E-cadherin expression, and do not express miR-200a or miR-200b, treatment with miR-200a and miR-200b downregulated SIP1 mRNA and increased E-cadherin expression. However, most pancreatic cancers express miR-200a and miR-200b, but this expression does not affect SIP1 expression, as the SIP1 promoter is silenced by hypermethylation and in these cancers E-cadherin is generally expressed. Both miR-200a and miR-200b were significantly elevated in the sera of pancreatic cancer and chronic pancreatitis patients compared with healthy controls (P < 0.0001), yielding receiver operating characteristic curve areas of 0.861 and 0.85, respectively. In conclusion, most pancreatic cancers display hypomethylation and overexpression of miR-200a and miR-200b, silencing of SIP1 by promoter methylation, and retention of E-cadherin expression. The elevated serum levels of miR-200a and miR-200b in most patients with pancreatic cancer could have diagnostic utility.
A Direct Digital Frequency Synthesizer With Fourth-Order Phase Domain&lt;tex&gt;$DeltaSigma$&lt;/tex&gt;Noise Shaper and 12-bit Current-Steering DAC (2006)

This paper presents a direct digital frequency synthesizer (DDFS) with a 16-bit accumulator, a fourth-order phase domain single-stage /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ interpolator, and a 300-MS/s 12-bit current-steering DAC based on the Q/sup 2/ Random Walk switching scheme. The /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ interpolator is used to reduce the phase truncation error and the ROM size. The implemented fourth-order single-stage /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ noise shaper reduces the effective phase bits by four and reduces the ROM size by 16 times. The DDFS prototype is fabricated in a 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology with active area of 1.11mm/sup 2/ including a 12-bit DAC. The measured DDFS spurious-free dynamic range (SFDR) is greater than 78 dB using a reduced ROM with 8-bit phase, 12-bit amplitude resolution and a size of 0.09 mm/sup 2/. The total power consumption of the DDFS is 200mW with a 3.3-V power supply.
An evolutionary computation approach to three- dimensional path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles with tactical and kinematic constraints (2013)

This paper presents a novel evolutionary computation approach to three-dimensional path planning for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) with tactical and kinematic constraints. A genetic algorithm (GA) is modified and extended for path planning. Two GAs are seeded at the initial and final positions with a common objective to minimise their distance apart under given UAV constraints. This is accomplished by the synchronous optimisation of subsequent control vectors. The proposed evolutionary computation approach is called synchronous genetic algorithm (SGA). The sequence of control vectors generated by the SGA constitutes to a near-optimal path plan. The resulting path plan exhibits no discontinuity when transitioning from curve to straight trajectories. Experiments and results show that the paths generated by the SGA are within 2% of the optimal solution. Such a path planner when implemented on a hardware accelerator, such as field programmable gate array chips, can be used in the UAV as on-board replanner, as well as in ground station systems for assisting in high precision planning and modelling of mission scenarios.
Design of multimedia semantic presentation templates (1998)

This paper presents and discusses the use of Semantic Multimedia Presentation Templates which capture presentation structures that are suitable for communicating semantic data relationships occurring across many applications. The identification of the space of the possible presentation templates along with criteria to evaluate them that depend on the current task, data cardinality and other aspects, is very useful for supporting the automatic generation of effective query result multimedia presentations.
A convenient synthesis of [<sup>11</sup>C]paraquat and other [<i>N</i>‐methyl‐<sup>11</sup>C]bisquaternary ammonium compounds (2002)

Abstract [ 11 C]Paraquat was synthesized by the reaction of [ 11 C]methyl triflate with the mono‐triflate salt of 1‐methyl‐[4,4′]bipyridinyl. The product was selectively separated from the precursor by a microcolumn of Chelex 100 ion exchange resin. The method was applied to the synthesis of a variety of [ N ‐methyl‐ 11 C]bisquaternary ammonium compounds. This is the first reported use of a chelating cation exchange resin for the selective purification of organic dications. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrated workflow for the development of a calibrated coupled geomechanical flow simulator for unconventional reservoirs (2011)

Shales constitute about 75% of most sedimentary basins, however, studies dealing with their elastic properties and seismic response are relatively few. Mapping the distribution of shale gas sweet spots and identifying their thermal maturity, organic carbon richness and natural fracture network using seismic data are of critical importance for unconventional gas field exploration and development. These studies can be further developed to include the analysis of fracture information from seismic data and VSP data all of which form inputs to a fully coupled geomechanical flow simulator which can be used to forward model fluid flow and accurate displacements and stresses at any location and time. Combining these with the microseismic data both forward modeling and measurement and analysis allows for the generation of a calibrated coupled geomechanical flow simulator to predict to predict drainage areas, production rates and ultimate recovery
The use of transgenic and naturally occurring mutants to understand and manipulate tomato fruit ripening (1994)

ABSTRACT In the years since we last reviewed the use of mutants to study tomato fruit ripening ( Grierson et al. 1987 ), considerable information has been gained by the cloning, sequencing and identification of many mRNAs implicated in this developmental process. Genes involved in cell wall degradation, colour change and ethylene synthesis have been cloned, and antisense techniques have been developed and used to produce genetically engineered mutant fruit deficient in these aspects of ripening (see Gray et al. 1992 ). Recently, a previously cloned ripening gene has been used to complement a naturally occurring fruit colour mutant, yellow flesh ( Fray & Grierson 1993a ), and a ripening impaired mutant, ripening inhibitor , has been used to identify several new ripening‐related mRNAs ( Picton et al. 1993b ). The chromosomal region bearing the ripening inhibitor mutation has been subjected to high‐resolution mapping ( Churchill, Giovannoni & Tanksley 1993 ) and chromosome walking experiments are in progress to identify this gene.
Two-Photon Laser Scanning Microscopy of Epithelial Cell-Modulated Collagen Density in Engineered Human Lung Tissue (2001)

Tissue remodeling is a complex process that can occur in response to a wound or injury. In lung tissue, abnormal remodeling can lead to permanent structural changes that are characteristic of important lung diseases such as interstitial pulmonary fibrosis and bronchial asthma. Fibroblast-mediated contraction of three-dimensional collagen gels is considered an in vitro model of tissue contraction and remodeling, and the epithelium is one factor thought to modulate this process. We studied the effects of epithelium on collagen density and contraction using two-photon laser scanning microscopy (TPLSM). TPLSM was used to image autofluorescence of collagen fibers in an engineered tissue model of the human respiratory mucosa -- a three-dimensional co-culture of human lung fibroblasts (CCD-18 lu), denatured type I collagen, and a monolayer of human alveolar epithelial cell line (A549) or human bronchial epithelial cell line (16HBE14o(-)). Tissues were imaged at days 1, 8, and 15 at 10 depths within the tissue. Gel contraction was measured concurrently with TPLSM imaging. Image analysis shows that gels without an epithelium had the fastest rate of decay of fluorescent signal, corresponding to highest collagen density. Results of the gel contraction assay show that gels without an epithelium also had the highest degree of contraction (19.8% +/- 4.0%). We conclude that epithelial cells modulate collagen density and contraction of engineered human lung tissue, and TPLSM is an effective tool to investigate this phenomenon.
The Demand Priority MAC protocol (1995)

A new technology needs to offer more than just 100 Mb/s. To succeed in the LAN marketplace, a new LAN technology must be very cost competitive with the established LANs, such as Ethernet and Token Ring, while also providing backwards compatibility with existing network software. We describe a new 100-Mb/s LAN technology that has these characteristics This technology is being defined as an open standard within the IEEE Project 802.12 Demand Priority group. Two important objectives were established for this LAN technology: first, it should be able to use the unshielded twisted pair (UTP) wiring found in a large number of installations and, in particular, to use the same wiring as defined for use in 1OBase-T. This objective was later extended to encompass support for the shielded twisted pair (STP) used for IEEE 802.5. This will enable the majority of current LAN users to benefit from their enormous investment in cable plant. The second objective was that the network should support new applications, such as video conferencing and remote training, while also providing backwards compatibility with the massive installed software base. Both objectives have been met. The Demand Priority MAC protocol currently being standardized in IEEE 802.12, offers substantial benefits over the CSMA/CD protocol of IEEE 802.3. By preserving both the current wiring infrastructure and investment in software, and by using the very simple Demand Priority MAC protocol, 100 Mb/s LANs could soon be as low-cost as 10Base-T is today.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
POLÍTICAS SOCIALES DE POBLACIÓN EN COSTA RICA (2011)

Las crisis socioeconmica de Costa Rica, coloca severas restricciones para expandir y ms an mantener un determinado nivel de prestaciones sociales, ello trae como consecuencia reflexionar acerca de su origen y desarrollo, as como de la implementacin de acciones prcticas y concretas que mejoran la calidad de vida, principalmente de los sectores de bajos ingresos socioeconmicos.
728. Tissue-Directed Transgene Engineering for AAV and Lentivector Gene Therapy Approaches (2016)

Clinical gene therapy frequently is encumbered by low transgene product biosynthesis at predictably safe vector doses. It has been hypothesized that the presence of rare codons may regulate transgene product expression through depletion of the available cognate tRNA pool. Codon optimization is the prominent strategy utilized to overcome this hypothesized limitation and involves replacing rare, presumably translation rate-limiting, codons with the most frequent ones. Typical algorithms attempt to match the codon usage frequency of the transgene coding sequence to that of target organism's total mRNA pool, which has been shown to approximate the overall available tRNA concentrations. Upon closer examination, it appears that both codon frequency and tRNA content vary between tissue types. Therefore, we hypothesize that codon-optimization can be improved by tailoring to the codon-frequency of the most highly expressed genes present in target cell types. Our tissue-directed codon optimization algorithm utilizes novel codon usage indices generated from target cell gene expression data. As proof of concept, we developed tissue-codon optimized variants of coagulation factor VIII (FVIII) to be utilized in lenti- and adeno-associated viral (LV and AAV, respectively) vectors. These two vectors are the leading platforms for clinical gene therapy of hemophilia A. LV is utilized to target autologous hematopoietic cell types ex vivo while AAV is delivered intravenously to genetically-modify hepatocytes. However to date, development-stage LV and AAV gene therapy products for hemophilia A have been characterized by low-level FVIII transgene product biosynthesis. Initially, we designed human hepatocyte-, monocyte- and standard overall human-optimized FVIII constructs (LCO, MCO and HCO, respectively) to be compared to wild-type FVIII. Upon initial examination, expression of LCO-FVIII was shown to be 3-fold greater than either MCO- or wild-type FVIII from the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, following transient transfection. In contrast, LCO-FVIII and MCO-FVIII expression was diminished 12 and 4-fold, respectively, compared to wild-type in the ‘neutral’ human embryonic kidney 293T cell line. Furthermore, following hydrodynamic injection of naked plasmid DNA into hemophilia A mice, LCO-FVIII exhibited a sustained 10-fold increase in FVIII expression relative to the HCO-FVIII comparator. In attempt to generate a lead candidate for clinical translation, we utilized several of our most promising vector components to construct a liver-optimized AAV8 vector consisting of LCO-ET3, our previously described high-expression bioengineered FVIII variant, transcriptionally driven by a novel 146bp liver-directed promoter and adjacent MVM intron. Following intravenous delivery into hemophilia A mice, vector doses of 1e12 and 1e11 vector genomes per kg achieved sustained, predictable curative plasma FVIII levels of 200% and 20% of normal human levels, respectively. These initial results support the utility of our novel approach of clinical tissue-directed transgene optimization.
Situation Awareness and Workload in Aviation (2002)

A pilot faces special challenges imposed by the need to control a multivariate lagged system in a heterogeneous multitask environment. The time lags between critical variables require prediction in an uncertain world. The interrelated concepts of situation awareness and workload are central to aviation psychology. Three components of situation awareness are spatial awareness, system awareness, and task awareness. Each of these components has real–world implications, spatial awareness for instrument displays, system awareness for keeping the operator informed about actions that have been taken by automated systems, and task awareness for attention and task management. Task management is directly related to mental workload, as the competing demands of tasks for attention exceed the operator's limited resources.
GI-Associated Hemangiomas and Vascular Malformations (2011)

Hemangiomas and vascular malformations of the gastrointestinal tract, rare clinical entities, present as overt or occult bleeding. They can be distributed throughout the intestinal digestive system, or present as a singular cavernous hemangioma or malformation, which is often located in the rectosigmoid region. Misdiagnosis is common despite characteristic radiographic features such as radiolucent phleboliths on plain film imaging and a purplish nodule on endoscopy. Adjunctive imaging such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are suggested as there is potential for local invasion. Endorectal ultrasound with Doppler has also been found to be useful in some instances. Surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment, with an emphasis on sphincter preservation. Nonsurgical endoscopic treatment with banding and sclerotherapy has been reported with success, especially in instances where an extensive resection is not feasible.