gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of trajectory generation methods for a human-robot interface based on motion tracking in the Int<sup>2</sup>Bot (2014)

The acceptance of artificial devices like prostheses or other wearable robots requires their integration into the body schemas of the users. Different factors induce, influence and support the integration and acceptance of the device that substitutes or augments a part of the body. Previous studies have shown that the inducing and maintaining factors are visual, tactile and proprioceptive informations as well as their multi-sensory integration. This paper describes the vision-based part of the human-robot interface in the Int <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> Bot, which is a robot for the investigation of lower limb body schema integration during postural movements. The psychological approach and the technical setup of the robot, which is designed to imitate postural movements in the sagittal plane to imitate the human subject while performing squats, are outlined. To realize the imitation, an RGB-D sensor, in form of a Microsoft Kinect, is used to capture the subjects motions without contact and thereby avoid disturbances of body schema integration. For generation of the desired joint trajectories to be tracked by the control algorithm, different methods like an extended Kalman filter, inverse kinematics, an inverse kinematics algorithm using Jacobian transpose and approaches based on kinematic assumptions are presented, evaluated and compared based on human data. Benchmarking the results with data acquired using a professional motion capturing system shows that best overall joint angle estimations are achieved with the extended Kalman filter. Finally, the practical implementation within the robot is presented and the tracking behavior using the trajectories generated with the extended Kalman filter are analyzed.
Comprehensively and efficiently protecting the heap (2006)

The goal of this paper is to propose a scheme that provides comprehensive security protection for the heap. Heap vulnerabilities are increasingly being exploited for attacks on computer programs. In most implementations, the heap management library keeps the heap meta-data (heap structure information) and the application's heap data in an interleaved fashion and does not protect them against each other. Such implementations are inherently unsafe: vulnerabilities in the application can cause the heap library to perform unintended actions to achieve control-flow and non-control attacks.Unfortunately, current heap protection techniques are limited in that they use too many assumptions on how the attacks will be performed, require new hardware support, or require too many changes to the software developers' toolchain. We propose Heap Server, a new solution that does not have such drawbacks. Through existing virtual memory and inter-process protection mechanisms, Heap Server prevents the heap meta-data from being illegally overwritten, and heap data from being meaningfully overwritten. We show that through aggressive optimizations and parallelism, Heap Server protects the heap with nearly-negligible performance overheads even on heap-intensive applications. We also verify the protection against several real-world exploits and attack kernels.
Development and Validation of a 3-D Multi-Zone Combustion Model for the Prediction of DI Diesel Engines Performance and Pollutants Emissions (1998)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A three-dimensional multi-zone combustion model is developed for the description of the combustion mechanism inside the engine cylinder of direct injection diesel engines. Various multi-zone models have been proposed in the past for the prediction of DI diesel engine performance and emissions. These models offer an alternative tool if one wants to avoid the use of other more complicated and sophisticated flow models that require high computational times. Most of them have the disadvantage that they focus mainly on emissions, failing to predict at the same time engine performance adequately. In almost all multi-zone models the resulting fuel jet after injection, which is divided into zones, is assumed to be symmetrical around its axis. In the present work a different approach is followed. The fuel jet is divided into zones in the three dimensions overcoming the need for the previous symmetry assumption. This results to an increase of the number of zones involved and thus computational time, but it offers an insight to the combustion and pollutants formation mechanism in great detail. Using the 3-D multi-zone model we are in a position to describe the local pollutants formation history inside the fuel jet and to detect the mechanisms that lead to their formation. From the computational results it is revealed that the symmetry assumption around the jet axis is not valid, especially in the presence of air swirl where the distribution of thermodynamic properties, air and fuel concentration around the jet axis is highly non-symmetric. To validate the model an experimental investigation has been conducted on a Lister LV1 series, direct injection, single cylinder, test engine located at the authors laboratory. The comparison of experimental findings and computational results reveals a very good degree of agreement for both engine performance and pollutants emissions. This is encouraging, especially if we take into account the complexity of the proposed model. Specifically, the computational findings for pollutants compare better with experimental values when compared with a previous two-dimensional multi-zone model developed by the present research group.</div>
DeepTrax: Embedding Graphs of Financial Transactions (2019)

Financial transactions can be considered edges in a heterogeneous graph between entities sending money and entities receiving money. For financial institutions, such a graph is likely large (with millions or billions of edges) while also sparsely connected. It becomes challenging to apply machine learning to such large and sparse graphs. Graph representation learning seeks to embed the nodes of a graph into a euclidean vector space such that graph topological properties are preserved after the transformation. In this paper, we present a novel application of representation learning to bipartite graphs of credit card transactions in order to learn embeddings of account and merchant entities. Our framework is inspired by popular approaches in graph embeddings and is trained on two internal transaction datasets. This approach yields highly effective embeddings, as quantified by link prediction AUC and F1 score. Further, the resulting entity vectors retain intuitive semantic similarity that is explored through visualizations and other qualitative analyses. Finally, we show how these embeddings can be used as features in downstream machine learning business applications such as fraud detection.
Multicamera Real-Time 3D Modeling for Telepresence and Remote Collaboration (2009)

We present a multicamera real-time 3D modeling system that aims at enabling new immersive and interactive environments. This system, called Grimage, allows to retrieve in real-time a 3D mesh of the observed scene as well as the associated textures. This information enables a strong visual presence of the user into virtual worlds. The 3D shape information is also used to compute collisions and reaction forces with virtual objects, enforcing the mechanical presence of the user in the virtual world. The innovation is a fully integrated system with both immersive and interactive capabilities. It embeds a parallel version of the EPVH modeling algorithm inside a distributed vision pipeline. It also adopts the hierarchical component approach of the FlowVR middleware to enforce software modularity and enable distributed executions. Results show high refresh rates and low latencies obtained by taking advantage of the I/O and computing resources of PC clusters. The applications we have developed demonstrate the quality of the visual and mechanical presence with a single platform and with a dual platform that allows telecollaboration.
Target processor and co-verification environment independent adapter-a technology to shorten cycle-time for retargeting TI processor simulators in HW/SW co-verification environments (2003)

Hardware-software co-verification is essential for design and verification of embedded systems at the early development stages to reduce development cycle time. A number of co-verification environments are available from EDA vendors to simulate such designs, each with its own interfaces and mechanisms. TI provides co-verification models for its DSP devices and cDSP megamodules in these environments. We present an approach that enables TI's instruction set simulators to seamlessly be integrated in these environments. This hides the EDA environment specific interfaces from the simulator/model developer thereby shortening the co-verification model development cycle times.
The dielectric properties of skin and their influence on the delivery of tumor treating fields to the torso: a study combining in vivo measurements with numerical simulations (2019)

The study of the dielectric properties of tissues plays a key role in understanding the interaction between electromagnetic energy and the human body, for safety assessments of human exposure to electromagnetic fields, as well as for numerous biomedical applications such as tumor treating fields (TTFields). TTFields are low-intensity alternating electric fields in the 100-500 kHz frequency range, which have an antimitotic effect on cancerous cells. TTFields are delivered to the body through pairs of transducer arrays placed on a patient's skin in close proximity to the tumor. Therefore, it is essential to understand how the skin's dielectric properties affect TTFields delivery in clinical settings. In this paper, we present a study combining in vivo measurements with numerical simulations that elucidate how different layers of the skin influence TTFields distribution in the body. The dielectric properties of the skin were measured on volunteers using a setup that ensured skin conditions resembled those when TTFields are delivered to patients. The measured properties were incorporated into a realistic human computational phantom and delivery of TTFields to the phantom's abdomen was simulated. The total impedance of the simulated model was within the mid-range of impedance values measured in patients with pancreatic cancer treated with TTFields. A computational study investigating model sensitivity to the dielectric properties of the skin and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) showed that when skin conductivity increased above a threshold value, the total impedance of the model was largely insensitive to changes in the conductivity of these tissues. Furthermore, for a given current, the field intensity within the internal organs was mostly unaffected by skin properties but was highly sensitive to the conductivity of the organ itself. This study provides a new insight into the role of skin in determining the distribution of TTFields within the body.
Propagation of Coriandrum sativum L. through somatic embryogenesis. (2001)

A highly embryogenic callus was obtained from hypocotyl segments of Coriandrum sativum L. when cultured in the medium consisting of MS + H vitamins (MSH). Induction of somatic embryos required 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid or napthalene acetic acid. Germination of fully developed embryos was accomplished by subculture on half strength MSH medium containing benzylamino purine 0.05 mg/L. Plantlets developed from somatic embryos were transferred to soil and were successfully flowered.
GaAs/AlGaAs quantum well photodetectors with a cutoff wavelength at 28 μm (1998)

We demonstrate the longest (λc=28.6 μm) far-infrared quantum well photodetectors (QWIPs) based on a bound-to-bound intersubband transition in GaAs/AlGaAs. The responsivity is comparable with that of mid-infrared GaAs/AlGaAs and InGaAs/GaAs QWIPs. A peak responsivity of 0.265 A/W and detectivity of 2.5×109 cmHz/W at a wavelength of 26.9 μm and 4.2 K have been achieved. Based on the temperature dependent dark current and responsivity results, it is expected that similar performance can be obtained at least up to 20 K.
CNT@Cu<sub>3</sub>(BTC)<sub>2</sub> and Metal–Organic Frameworks for Separation of CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> Mixture (2011)

Effectively separating CO2 from the natural gas, which is one of alternative “friendly” fuels, is a very important issue. A hybrid material CNT@Cu3(BTC)2 has been prepared to separate CO2 from the CO2/CH4 mixture. For comparison of separation efficiency, a series of representative metal–organic frameworks (MOF-177, UMCM-1, ZIF-8, MIL-53 (Al), and Cu3(BTC)2) have also been synthesized by the solvothermal method. Adsorption isotherms of CO2 and CH4 pure gases are measured by Hiden Isochema Intelligent Gravimetric Analyzer (IGA-003). The dual-site Langmuir–Freundlich (DSLF)-based ideal adsorption solution theory (IAST) is used to predict adsorption of each component in the CO2/CH4 mixture. The IAST-predicted results show that the hybrid material CNT@Cu3(BTC)2 exhibits the greatest selectivity among the six materials, and its selectivity keeps in the range of 5.5 to 7.0 for equimolar CO2/CH4 mixture at 1 < p < 20 bar, which is higher than activated carbons. Moreover, the selectivity of CNT@Cu3(BTC)2 for the CO2/CH4 mixture keeps almost no change with the composition of CH4, which is one of the excellent properties as a promising separation material. In short, this hybrid material CNT@Cu3(BTC)2 shows great potential in separation and purification of CO2 from various CO2/CH4 mixtures by adsorptive processes in important industrial systems.
Effect of the dynamic optical properties of water on midinfrared laser ablation (1994)

Water is a primary tissue chromophore in the midinfrared. Absorption of midinfrared radiation by water is a function of temperature and pressure, both of which rise rapidly during an ablative laser pulse. Data show that the absorption coefficient of water changes, by as much as two orders of magnitude, during a high-irradiance laser pulse. We present an ablation model that is fundamentally based upon Beer's Law but considers changes in the absorption coefficient. The model predicts that Er:YAG laser cuts will be deeper than Er:YSGG laser cuts; an opposite prediction would be made based upon the static, low-intensity absorption coefficient of water. The results of in vitro ablation of skin confirm that the dynamic optical properties of tissue need to be considered in the understanding of laser ablation as well as the design, manufacture, use, and regulation of clinical laser systems.
Peroxisomal β-Oxidation and Steatohepatitis (2001)

Fatty acid beta-oxidation occurs in both mitochondria and peroxisomes. Mitochondria catalyze the beta-oxidation of the bulk of short-, medium-, and long-chain fatty acids derived from diet, and this pathway constitutes the major process by which fatty acids are oxidized to generate energy. Peroxisomes are involved, preferentially, in the beta-oxidation chain shortening of very long chain fatty acids (VLCFAs) and in the process produce H2O2. Long-chain fatty acids and VLCFAs are also metabolized by the cytochrome P450 CYP4A omega-oxidation system to toxic dicarboxylic acids (DCAs) that serve as substrates for peroxisomal beta-oxidation, and this process also leads to the production of superoxide and H2O2. The genes encoding peroxisomal, microsomal, and certain mitochondrial fatty acid metabolizing enzymes in liver are transcriptionally regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR alpha). Deficiencies of the enzymes of peroxisomal beta-oxidation have been recognized as important causes of disease. Evidence from mice deficient in PPAR alpha (PPAR alpha-/-), deficient in peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA oxidase (AOX-/-), the first enzyme of the classical beta-oxidation system, and deficient in both PPAR alpha and AOX (PPAR alpha-/-AOX-/-) points to the critical importance of PPAR alpha-inducible peroxisomal and microsomal oxidation systems that metabolize LCFAs and VLCFAs in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic microvesicular hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. These and other mouse models should provide greater understanding of the molecular mechanism responsible for hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. Deficiency of AOX disrupts the oxidation of VLCFAs, DCAs, and other substrates leading to extensive microvesicular steatosis and steatohepatitis. Loss of this enzyme also causes sustained hyperactivation of PPAR alpha, leading to transcriptional up-regulation of PPAR alpha-regulated genes, indicating that unmetabolized substrates of AOX function as ligands of PPAR alpha. beta-Oxidation is the major process by which fatty acids are oxidized to generate energy, especially when glucose availability is low during periods of starvation. Mice deficient in PPAR alpha and those nullizygous for both PPAR alpha and AOX show a minimal steatotic phenotype under fed conditions but manifest an exaggerated steatotic response to fasting, indicating that defects in PPAR alpha-inducible fatty acid oxidation determine the severity of fatty liver phenotype to conditions reflecting energy-related stress.
Recombinant CD4‐IgG2 in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1–Infected Children: Phase 1/2 Study (2000)

The use of recombinant CD4-IgG2 in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection was evaluated by single and multidose intravenous infusions in 18 children in a phase 1/2 study. The study drug was well tolerated, and dose proportionality was observed in terms of area under time-concentration curve and peak serum concentration. Acute decreases of >0.7 log(10) copies/mL in serum HIV-1 RNA concentration were seen in 4 of the 6 children treated with 4 weekly 10 mg/kg doses. At 14 days after treatment, 3 children had sustained reductions in serum HIV-1 RNA; the other children had rebounded to baseline levels or above. By 28 days after therapy, the peak HIV-1 cellular infectious units was reduced in all 6 children, including the 2 who had experienced an earlier transient increase in values. Thus, recombinant CD4-IgG2 treatment of HIV-1-infected children appears to be well tolerated and capable of reducing HIV-1 burden.
Experimental investigations of the effect of biodiesel utilization on lubricating oil tribology in diesel engines (2005)

Biodiesel is an alternative fuel derived from vegetable oils by modifying their molecular structure through a transesterification process. Linseed oil methyl ester (LOME) was prepared using methanol in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst. The use of LOME in compression ignition engines was found to develop a very compatible engine-fuel system with lower emission characteristics. Two identical engines were subjected to long-term endurance tests, fuelled by an optimum biodiesel blend (20 per cent LOME) and diesel oil, respectively. Various tribological studies on lubricating oil samples drawn at regular intervals from both engines were conducted in order to correlate the comparative performance of the two fuels and the effect of fuel chemistry on lubricating oil performance and life. A number of tests were conducted in order to evaluate the comparative performances of the two fuels such as density measurement, viscosity measurements, Flashpoint determination, moisture content determination, pentane and benzene insolubles, thin layer chromatography, differential scanning calorimetry, etc. All these tests were used for an indirect interpretation of the comparative performance of these fuels. The performance of biodiesel fuel is found to be superior to that of diesel oil and the lubricating oil life is found to be longer while operating the engine on biodiesel
Photomediated oxime ligation as a bioorthogonal tool for spatiotemporally-controlled hydrogel formation and modification (2017)

Click chemistry has proved a valuable tool in biocompatible hydrogel formation for 3D cell culture, owing to its bioorthogonal nature and high efficiency under physiological conditions. While traditional click reactions can be readily employed to create uniform functional materials about living cells, their spontaneity prohibits spatiotemporal control of material properties, thereby limiting their utility in recapitulating the dynamic heterogeneity characteristic of the in vivo microenvironment. Photopolymerization-based techniques gain this desired level of 4D programmability, but often at the expense of introducing propagating free radicals that are prone to non-specific reactions with biological systems. Here we present a strategy for bioorthogonal hydrogel formation and modification that does not rely on propagating free radicals, proceeding through oxime ligation moderated by a photocaged alkoxyamine. Upon mild near UV light exposure, the photocage is cleaved, liberating the alkoxyamine and permitting localized condensation with an aldehyde. Multi-arm crosslinkers, functionalized with either benzaldehydes or photocaged alkoxyamines, formed oxime-based hydrogels within minutes of light exposure in the presence of live cells. Polymerization rates and final mechanical properties of these gels could be systematically tuned by varying crosslinker concentrations, light intensity, aniline catalyst equivalents, and pH. Moreover, hydrogel geometry and final mechanical properties were controlled by the location and extent of UV exposure, respectively. Photomediated oxime ligation was then translated to the biochemical modification of hydrogels, where full-length proteins containing photocaged alkoxyamines were immobilized in user-defined regions exposed to UV light. The programmability afforded by photomediated oxime ligation can recapitulate dynamically anisotropic mechanical and biochemical aspects of the native extracellular matrix. Consequently, photopolymerized oxime-based hydrogels are expected to enable an enhanced understanding of cell-matrix interactions by serving as improved 4D cell culture platforms.
Crystal Structure of Human Cytosolic 5′-Nucleotidase II (2007)

Cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II catalyzes the dephosphorylation of 6-hydroxypurine nucleoside 5'-monophosphates and regulates the IMP and GMP pools within the cell. It possesses phosphotransferase activity and thereby also catalyzes the reverse reaction. Both reactions are allosterically activated by adenine-based nucleotides and 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate. We have solved structures of cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II as native protein (2.2 Angstrom) and in complex with adenosine (1.5 Angstrom) and beryllium trifluoride (2.15 Angstrom) The tetrameric enzyme is structurally similar to enzymes of the haloacid dehalogenase (HAD) superfamily, including mitochondrial 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase and cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase III but possesses additional regulatory regions that contain two allosteric effector sites. At effector site 1 located near a subunit interface we modeled diadenosine tetraphosphate with one adenosine moiety in each subunit. This efficiently glues the tetramer subunits together in pairs. The model shows why diadenosine tetraphosphate but not diadenosine triphosphate activates the enzyme and supports a role for cN-II during apoptosis when the level of diadenosine tetraphosphate increases. We have also modeled 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate in effector site 1 using one phosphate site from each subunit. By comparing the structure of cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase II with that of mitochondrial 5'(3')-deoxyribonucleotidase in complex with dGMP, we identified residues involved in substrate recognition.