gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Separating Style and Content with Bilinear Models (2000)

Perceptual systems routinely separate "content" from "style," classifying familiar words spoken in an unfamiliar accent, identifying a font or handwriting style across letters, or recognizing a familiar face or object seen under unfamiliar viewing conditions. Yet a general and tractable computational model of this ability to untangle the underlying factors of perceptual observations remains elusive (Hofstadter, 1985). Existing factor models (Mardia, Kent, & Bibby, 1979; Hinton & Zemel, 1994; Ghahramani, 1995; Bell & Sejnowski, 1995; Hinton, Dayan, Frey, & Neal, 1995; Dayan, Hinton, Neal, & Zemel, 1995; Hinton & Ghahramani, 1997) are either insufficiently rich to capture the complex interactions of perceptually meaningful factors such as phoneme and speaker accent or letter and font, or do not allow efficient learning algorithms. We present a general framework for learning to solve two-factor tasks using bilinear models, which provide sufficiently expressive representations of factor interactions but can nonetheless be fit to data using efficient algorithms based on the singular value decomposition and expectation-maximization. We report promising results on three different tasks in three different perceptual domains: spoken vowel classification with a benchmark multi-speaker database, extrapolation of fonts to unseen letters, and translation of faces to novel illuminants.
Morphology of Humulus lupulus. II. Secondary Growth in the Root and Seedling Vascularization (1959)

Miller, Robert H. (U. Nevada, Reno.) Morphology of Humulus luppulus. II. Secondary growth in the root and seedling vascularization. Amer. Jour. Bot. 46(4): 269–277. Illus. 1959.—In the primary state the roots of Humulus lupulus L. have a diarch xylem plate with 2 strands of primary phloem lying on either side of the primary xylem. Secondary histogenesis is described for the primary root. Fibrous and fleshy storage roots are developed by the hop plant and their respective developmental and anatomical structures are described. Lateral roots are initiated in the pericycle opposite the protoxylem poles. The architecture of these secondary roots is similar to that of the primary root. The seedling develops a fleshy storage organ through secondary growth of the primary root and the hypocotyl. The hypocotyl eventually resembles a fleshy taproot throughout most of its extent. The vascular cambium differentiates large amounts of parenchymatous tissues. A relatively smaller amount of tracheary tissue is formed. The secondary phloem comprises a high percentage of phloem parenchyma and ray cells containing numerous large starch grains, and constitutes the larger portion of the fleshy storage root. Numerous thick-walled lignified fibers occur throughout the secondary vascular tissues. Resin and tannin cells are abundantly distributed. A phellogen is differentiated from the pericycle and develops a persistent periderm on the outer surface of the fleshy storage organ. A relatively short transition region occurs in the upper part of the hypocotyl. The transition takes place from a radially alternate arrangement of the vascular tissues in the root to a collateral arrangement in the cotyledons.
Simulation model for a serial hybrid bus and impact of energy management on fuel consumption (2012)

A simulation model for a serial hybrid bus in Matlab/Simulink is described. The model is a compromise between a low model complexity and a sufficient accuracy of the results. The electrical traction motors and the generator are modeled by static loss models and with dynamic thermal multi-body models. The static loss models are used to determine the efficiencies and the thermal multi-body models are used to determine the temperature of the components. The inverters of the traction motor and the generator are modeled with a static loss model at a constant temperature. The DC/DC-Converter, the gear box and the diesel engine are modeled with efficiency diagrams for one given temperature level. With this model it is possible to estimate the power demand and the electrical energy usage of the drive train components as well as the fuel consumption of the whole bus for a given track and load cycle. Hence the components of the drive train can be dimensioned properly, and the energy management can be optimized.
Hybrid porous material produced by polymerization-induced phase separation (2010)

Herein we demonstrate a new, straightforward method for the synthesis of macroporous hybrid polymers coated with gold nanorods, which are strongly and uniformly attached to the surface of pores.
Strukturuntersuchungen am Kallikrein -Inaktivator aus Rinderlunge (1965)

The tryptic, chymotryptic, and peptic hydrolysates of reduced, carboxy- and carbamidomethylated kallikrein-inactivator from bovine lung were separated on Dowex 1 ✕ 2 ion-exchange columns. After structural analysis of the resulting peptides the complete sequence of 58 amino acids was established.
A Convenient Synthesis of Alkyl Heteroarylpyruvates (1992)

Abstract Several ethyl heteroarylpyruvates were obtained by condensation of the corresponding methyl substituted azines or azoles with diethyl oxalate and in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide. The obtained compounds exist exclusively or predominantly in the enol form.
Infrared Radiation Annealing of Ion‐Implanted Polycrystalline Silicon Using a Graphite Heater (1983)

Ion‐implanted polycrystalline silicon layers were annealed using the radiation from a graphite heater. 0.4 μm thick polycrystalline silicon films implanted with 40 keV P+ ions to a dose of were annealed in vacuum at 1000° – 1200°C for 10 – 60 sec. A minimum sheet resistance of 9 Ω/□ was obtained for a sample which was encapsulated with a 0.3 μm PSG film and annealed at 1200°C for 10 sec. TEM photographs show that the grain size of polycrystalline silicon grew up to around 1.0 μm in diam. The activation of the implanted phosphorus, the annealing of a damaged layer, and the increase of grain size leads to the reduction of sheet resistance of polycrystalline silicon and the increase of carrier mobility.
Boron Trifluoride Neutron Detector for Low Neutron Intensities (1947)

A sensitive boron trifluoride ionization chamber for the detection of weak neutron sources is described. Its efficiency for Ra-Be neutrons is about 2 percent with a background of 15 c/min.
The Hidden Role of Acetate in the PbSe Nanocrystal Synthesis (2006)

Monodisperse spherical, star-shaped, and octahedral PbSe nanocrystals were synthesized via a hot injection method. We show that the shape and size of the colloidal PbSe nanocrystals are determined by the concentration of acetate and that only acetate-free reaction mixtures result in spherical nanocrystals. The presence of acetate leads to efficient oriented attachment of smaller PbSe nanoparticles along the 100 crystal axis. Comparing different synthesis procedures from the recent literature with our observations, we propose that the acetate, naturally present in insufficiently dried reaction mixtures, is responsible for many of the PbSe crystal shapes reported in the literature. In addition we show that it is possible to synthesize these star-shaped nanocrystals so monodisperse that they form ordered monolayers with crystal alignment.
A mutation in NPS1/STH1, an essential gene encoding a component of a novel chromatin-remodeling complex RSC, alters the chromatin structure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae centromeres (1998)

The NPS1/STH1 gene encodes a nuclear protein essential for the progression of G2/M phase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Nps1p shares homology to Snf2/Swi2p, a subunit of a protein complex known as the SNF/SWI complex. Recently, Nps1p was found to be a component of a protein complex termed RSC (3) essential for mitotic growth, whereas its function is unknown. We isolated a temperature-sensitive mutant allele of NPS1 , nps1-105, and found that the mutation increases the sensitivity to thiabendazole (TBZ). At the restrictive temperature, nps1-105 arrested at the G2/M phase in MAD1-dependent manner and missegregated the mini-chromosome with higher frequency than the wild type cells. The nuclease digestion of the chromatin of the mutant cells revealed that the mutation causes the alteration of the chromatin structure around centromeres at the restrictive temperature. The results suggested that, in the nps1-105 mutant, impaired chromatin structure surrounding centromeres may lead to an impairment of kinetochore function and the cells arrest at G2/M phase through the spindle-assembly checkpoint system.
Comparison of Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry for the Evaluation of <i>HER-2</i>/<i>neu</i> in Breast Cancer (1999)

There is a high level of correlation between FISH and IHC in the evaluation of HER-2/neu status of breast cancers using formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded specimens. Although the choice of which assay to use should be left for individual laboratories to make based on technical and economic considerations, our results may make it difficult to justify the routine use of FISH for determination of HER-2/neu status in breast cancer.
Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors Alpha, Beta, and Gamma mRNA and Protein Expression in Human Fetal Tissues (2010)

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) regulate lipid and glucose homeostasis, are targets of pharmaceuticals, and are also activated by environmental contaminants. Almost nothing is known about expression of PPARs during human fetal development. This study examines expression of PPARalpha, beta, and gamma mRNA and protein in human fetal tissues. With increasing fetal age, mRNA expression of PPARalpha and beta increased in liver, but PPARbeta decreased in heart and intestine, and PPARgamma decreased in adrenal. Adult and fetal mean expression of PPARalpha, beta, and gamma mRNA did not differ in intestine, but expression was lower in fetal stomach and heart. PPARalpha and beta mRNA in kidney and spleen, and PPARgamma mRNA in lung and adrenal were lower in fetal versus adult. PPARgamma in liver and PPARbeta mRNA in thymus were higher in fetal versus adult. PPARalpha protein increased with fetal age in intestine and decreased in lung, kidney, and adrenal. PPARbeta protein in adrenal and PPARgamma in kidney decreased with fetal age. This study provides new information on expression of PPAR subtypes during human development and will be important in evaluating the potential for the developing human to respond to PPAR environmental or pharmaceutical agonists.
Multi-Bit Error Vulnerabilities in the Controller Area Network Protocol (1999)

Embedded networks will increasingly be used in safety-critical applications such as drive-by-wire automobiles. Because of potentially high network noise in such systems, reliably detecting bit errors could become vital to preventing the dissemination of corrupted data. Unfortunately, an interaction between bit stuffing and use of a cyclic redundancy code (CRC) can create a vulnerability to undetected multi-bit errors. Simulations of the widely used Controller Area Network (CAN) protocol indicate that this problem can cause a double-bit error to result in a 1.3 x 10 -7 probability of undetected corruption. This number, although small, becomes an issue when magnified by a fleet size of hundreds of millions of vehicles. This vulnerability and related CAN specification problems can be fixed, albeit at a cost. A generalized lesson is that transmission encoding can undermine the effectiveness of error detection codes to the point that a system might not provide a required level of robustne...
Effect of ingested pentoxifylline on neutrophil superoxide anion production (1992)

Superoxide and other oxygen radicals produced by activated polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) may be important causes of tissue damage in a number of inflammatory conditions. Therefore, a drug which suppresses PMN responses in vivo is potentially important. In vitro, pentoxifylline (PTOX) inhibits superoxide anion production when PMN are stimulated with an activated complement component (C5a Des Arg) or formyl peptides but only at concentrations not achieved in the circulation. The aim of this study was to determine whether PTOX has an effect on PMN responses in vivo. Superoxide anion production, monitored by lucigenin-enhanced chemiluminescence, was inhibited by 40.5% +/- 8.0% (n = 8, P < 0.009) for C5a Des Arg and 47.7% +/- 9.6% (n = 8, P < 0.009) for formyl-methionylleucylphenylalanine stimulation 1.5 h after ingestion of 400 mg of PTOX in a slow-release tablet, with some inhibitory effects persisting at 5 h. There was a strong correlation between reduced PMN response to activated complement and plasma concentrations of three PTOX metabolites (P < 0.05), but not with plasma concentrations of the parent drug. In vitro investigations with each of the four methylxanthines showed two of these metabolites to be most effective at reducing PMN respiratory burst activity, lactoferrin release, and the expression of CD11b and CD18 molecules. Furthermore, this in vitro inhibitory activity was achieved at concentrations of metabolites achievable in vivo. The results suggest that PTOX reduces oxygen radical production and protects against unwanted tissue damage in vivo by the action of its metabolites.
Relationship Between CD4 Count, Viral Burden, and Quality of Life Over Time in HIV-1-Infected Patients (2000)

Surrogate markers are significantly associated with HRQOL outcomes. Improvements in HRQOL over time are associated with lower initial viral load and with increases in CD4 counts. Limitations concerning the restricted variability of the change scores are addressed.
Coagulation Factor IX Residues G<sub>4</sub>−Q<sub>11</sub> Mediate Its Interaction with a Shared Factor IX/IXa Binding Site on Activated Platelets but Not the Assembly of the Functional Factor X Activating Complex (1998)

High-affinity, specific factor IX/IXa binding to platelets is mediated at least in part by amino acids (G4-Q11) exposed on the surface of the gamma-carboxyglutamic acid (Gla) domain. Rationally designed, conformationally constrained synthetic peptides were screened for their capacity to inhibit factor IXa binding to platelets. Each of these peptides (G4-Q11, S3-L6, and F9-Q11) acted alone to inhibit factor IXa binding to approximately 50% of the 500-600 sites/platelet with Ki values of 2.9 nM (G4-Q11), 24 nM (S3-L6), and 240 nM (F9-Q11), compared with native factor IXa (Ki approximately 2.5 nM). The two peptides S3-L6 and F9-Q11 added together at equimolar concentration demonstrated approximately 50-fold synergism (Ki = 2.4 nM). Although both factor IX and the Gla peptide (G4-Q11) displaced 100% of bound factor IX and approximately 50% of bound factor IXa, factor IX was ineffective (at > 1000-fold molar excess) and the Gla domain peptide (G4-Q11) was relatively ineffective (Ki = 165 microM) in inhibiting platelet receptor-mediated factor X activation by factor IXa. We conclude that the Gla domain (G4-Q11) of factor IXa contains two conformationally constrained loop structures that mediate binding of factor IX/IXa to a shared site on activated human platelets which is separate and distinct from the site used by the enzyme, factor IXa, for assembly of the factor X activating complex.
Dual mode SC-cut crystal oscillator (2005)

The simultaneous dual mode oscillation circuit of the 5 MHz 3/sup rd/ overtone SC-cut crystal is designed using mode-selective linear phase crystal filters, for each C and B mode. The perturbable dual mode oscillation has been successfully eliminated over the temperature range from -20/spl deg/ C to +90/spl deg/ C. Temperature regulation is also achieved using B mode oscillation frequency which provides the temperature information of the SC-cut quartz crystal itself. Over the temperature range of -20/spl deg/ C to +70/spl deg/ C, the temperature of the SC-cut crystal has been locked within /spl plusmn/0.002/spl deg/ C converted by the heat frequency between C and B modes. The total power consumption at supply voltage of 12V, is less than 2.4W at +25/spl deg/ C in still air.
The other in Star Trek. A comparison of The original series with The next generation. (2007)

A comparison of the two Star Trek series of the 1960s (The original series) and the late 1980s/early 1990s (The next generation). Comparing the two series on how they portray the other in American society. Dealing with gender, race and aliens.
Effect of Glutaraldehyde on the Outer Layers of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1972)

S ummary : Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) at pH 3 and 8 lysed cell walls of Escherichia coli. Pretreatment with glutaraldehyde at pH 3 and at pH 8 prevented this lysis. SLS induced maximum lysis of E. coli cells at 40°; pretreatment of cells with glutaraldehyde prevented this lysis also. Electrophoretic studies indicated that glutaraldehyde accumu lated on the surface of E. coli cells more rapidly in acid than in alkaline conditions, and that it blocked amino groups on the surface layer of Bacillus subtilis spores. The relationship of these findings to the bactericidal efficiency of glutaraldehyde in acid and alkaline solution is discussed.
Defective barrier function in melasma skin (2011)

Melasma skin is characterized by impaired stratum corneum integrity and a delayed barrier recovery rate.
High-Resolution Ensemble HFV3 Forecasts of Hurricane Michael (2018): Rapid Intensification in Shear (2020)

Abstract The FV3GFS is the current operational Global Forecast System (GFS) at the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP), which combines a finite-volume cubed sphere dynamical core (FV3) and GFS physics. In this study, FV3GFS is used to gain understanding of rapid intensification (RI) of tropical cyclones (TCs) in shear. The analysis demonstrates the importance of TC structure in a complex system like Hurricane Michael, which intensified to a category 5 hurricane over the Gulf of Mexico despite over 20 kt (10 m s −1 ) of vertical wind shear. Michael’s RI is examined using a global-nest FV3GFS ensemble with the nest at 3-km resolution. The ensemble shows a range of peak intensities from 77 to 159 kt (40–82 m s −1 ). Precipitation symmetry, vortex tilt, moisture, and other aspects of Michael’s evolution are compared through composites of stronger and weaker members. The 850–200-hPa vertical shear is 22 kt (11 m s −1 ) in the mean of both strong and weak members during the early stage. Tilt and moisture are two distinguishing factors between strong and weak members. The relationship between vortex tilt and humidification is complex, and other studies have shown both are important for sheared intensification. Here, it is shown that tilt reduction leads to upshear humidification and is thus a driving factor for intensification. A stronger initial vortex and early evolution of the vortex also appear to be the key to members that are able to resist the sheared environment.
Electric Propulsion Thruster Assembly for Small GEO (2010)

A leader in Plasma Propulsion Subsystems, Snecma has developed a broad range of associated products and services, including Thruster Module Assemblies and the Smart-1 lunar probe Electric Propulsion Subsystem. Four flight units of the 1.5-kW PPS ® 1350-G stationary plasma thruster have been manufactured for Alphasat. This paper provides a status update on the development of a new product line: the Electric Propulsion Thruster Assembly for the European Small GEO platform. This new satellite development is performed under Artes Element 11, an ESA program to develop the new generation of small platforms for telecommunications satellites in geostationary orbit.
Serum Testosterone Concentration in Combat-Related Chronic Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (2012)

We did not find any differences in testosterone levels between the soldiers with PTSD without considering comorbid conditions and the controls. Considering comorbid conditions, soldiers with PTSD without comorbid conditions had higher testosterone levels compared to soldiers with PTSD with comorbid MDD or ETOH, or the controls.
Performance Modeling That Integrates Latent Trait and Class Theory (1991)

The qualitative characterization of individual performance that is central to modem psychological theory is not adequately modeled by traditional psychometric theory that assumes, among other things, unidimensionality. In the present study, data are presented that are more adequately modeled by HYBRID, a model that incorporates both latent trait and latent class components. The latent classes were defined by a cognitive analysis of the understanding that individuals have for a circumscribed domain. In addition to providing a better statistical fit, the analysis also improves the amount of diagnostic information available for a given individual.
The Excess Light Energy that is neither Utilized in Photosynthesis nor Dissipated by Photoprotective Mechanisms Determines the Rate of Photoinactivation in Photosystem II (2003)

Photoinactivation of PSII is thought to be caused by the excessive light energy that is neither used for photosynthetic electron transport nor dissipated as heat. However, the relationship between the photoinactivation rate and excess energy has not been quantitatively evaluated. Chenopodium album L. plants grown under high-light and high-nitrogen (HL-HN) conditions show higher tolerance to photoinactivation and have higher photosynthetic capacity than the high-light and low-nitrogen (HL-LN)- and low-light and high-nitrogen (LL-HN)-grown plants. The rate of photoinactivation in the LL-HN plants was faster than that in the HL-LN, which was similar to that in the HL-HN plants, while the LL-HN and HL-LN plants had similar photosynthetic capacities [Kato et al. (2002b) Funct. Plant Biol. 29: 787]. We quantified partitioning of light energy between the electron transport and heat dissipation at the light intensities ranging from 300 to 1,800 micromol m(-2) s(-1). The maximum electron transport rate was highest in the HL-HN plants, heat dissipation was greatest in the HL-LN plants, and the excess energy, which was neither consumed for electron transport nor dissipated as heat, was greatest in the LL-HN plants. The first-order rate constant of the PSII photoinactivation was proportional to the magnitude of excess energy, with a single proportional constant for all the plants, irrespective of their growth conditions. Thus the excess energy primarily determines the rate of PSII photoinactivation. A large photosynthetic capacity in the HL-HN plants and a large heat dissipation capacity in the HL-LN plants both contribute to the protection of PSII against photoinactivation.
User-based key frame detection in social web video (2012)

Video search results and suggested videos on web sites are represented with a video thumbnail, which is manually selected by the video up-loader among three randomly generated ones (e.g., YouTube). In contrast, we present a grounded user-based approach for automatically detecting interesting key-frames within a video through aggregated users' replay interactions with the video player. Previous research has focused on content-based systems that have the benefit of analyzing a video without user interactions, but they are monolithic, because the resulting video thumbnails are the same regardless of the user preferences. We constructed a user interest function, which is based on aggregate video replays, and analyzed hundreds of user interactions. We found that the local maximum of the replaying activity stands for the semantics of information rich videos, such as lecture, and how-to. The concept of user-based key-frame detection could be applied to any video on the web, in order to generate a user-based and dynamic video thumbnail in search results.
Wound Healing Potential of Elaeis guineensis Jacq Leaves in an Infected Albino Rat Model (2010)

E. guineensis accelerated wound healing in rats, thus supporting this traditional use.