gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust Model Predictive Control for Time Delayed Systems with Optimizing Targets and Zone Control (2011)

Model Predictive Control (MPC) is frequently implemented as one of the layers of a control structure where a Real Time Optimization (RTO) algorithm laying in an upper layer of this structure defines optimal targets for some of the inputs and/or outputs (Kassmann et al., 2000). The main scope is to reach the most profitable operation of the process system while preserving safety and product specification constraints. The model predictive controller is expected to drive the plant to the optimal operating point, while minimizing the dynamic error along the input and output paths. Since in the control structure considered here the model predictive controller is designed to track the optimal targets, it is expected that for nonlinear process systems, the linear model included in the controller will become uncertain as we move from the design condition to the optimal condition. The robust MPC presented in this chapter explicitly accounts for model uncertainty of open loop stable systems, where a different model corresponds to each operating point of the process system. In this way, even in the presence of model uncertainty, the controller is capable of maintaining all outputs within feasible zones, while reaching the desired optimal targets. In several other process systems, the aim of the MPC layer is not to guide all the controlled variables to optimal targets, but only to maintain them inside appropriate ranges or zones. This strategy is designated as zone control (Maciejowski, 2002). The zone control may be adopted in some systems, where there are highly correlated outputs to be controlled, and there are not enough inputs to control all the outputs. Another class of zone control problems relates to using the surge capacity of tanks to smooth out the operation of a process unit. In this case, it is desired to let the level of the tank to float between limits, as necessary, to buffer disturbances between sections of a plant. The paper by Qin and Badgwell (2003), which surveys the existing industrial MPC technology, describes a variety of industrial controllers and mention that they always provide a zone control option. Other example of zone control can be found in Zanin et al, (2002), where the authors exemplify the application of this
RRDE and Voltammetric Study of ORR on Pyrolyzed Fe/Polyaniline Catalyst. On the Origins of Variable Tafel Slopes (2011)

Catalytic activity of heat-treated iron and polyaniline-based oxygen reduction catalysts was studied in aqueous acidic media using the rotating ring disk (RRDE) technique and linear potential scan voltammetry employing stationary electrodes. The stationary voltammograms of the catalyst exhibit the presence of a reversible surface red−ox reaction at 0.647 V vs RHE. It is shown that molecular oxygen reversibly adsorbs on the catalyst surface at potentials more positive than the formal potential of the surface red−ox couple and that the adsorption occurs through either the oxidized form of this couple or an atom in its close proximity. The Tafel plots for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) exhibit variable slopes ranging from 60 mV dec−1 at the lowest overpotentials to more than 240 mV dec−1 at high overpotentials. The kinetic data obtained from the RRDE experiments for various catalyst loadings and from the linear potential scan voltammetry of adsorbed oxygen demonstrate that the high Tafel slopes originate from intrinsic features of the reduction mechanism rather than incomplete catalyst utilization. It is postulated that the surface red−ox couple is FeIII/FeII and that it takes an active part in ORR in the whole range of overpotentials. The proposed ORR mechanism involves a simple mediation by the FeIII/FeII couple at low overpotentials and a concerted process of charge transfer and oxygen−oxygen bond splitting at high overpotentials.
Structural Features of Human Monoamine Oxidase A Elucidated from cDNA and Peptide Sequences (1988)

Monoamine oxidase (MAO), an important enzyme for the degradation of amine neurotransmitters, has been implicated in neuropsychiatric illness. The amino acid sequence for one form of the enzyme, MAO-A, has been deduced from human cDNA clones and verified against proteolytic peptides. The covalent binding site for the flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor is near the C-terminal region. The presence of features characteristic of the ADP-binding fold suggests that the N-terminal region is also involved in the binding of FAD. These cDNAs should facilitate the study of the structure, function, and intracellular targeting of MAO, as well as the analysis of its expression in normal and pathological states.
Guanine riboswitch variants from <i>Mesoplasma florum</i> selectively recognize 2′-deoxyguanosine (2007)

Several mRNA aptamers have been identified in Mesoplasma florum that have sequence and structural features resembling those of guanine and adenine riboswitches. Two features distinguish these RNAs from established purine-sensing riboswitches. All possess shortened hairpin-loop sequences expected to alter tertiary contacts known to be critical for aptamer folding. The RNAs also carry nucleotide changes in the core of each aptamer that otherwise is strictly conserved in guanine and adenine riboswitches. Some aptamers retain the ability to selectively bind guanine or adenine despite these mutations. However, one variant type exhibits selective and high-affinity binding of 2'-deoxyguanosine, which is consistent with its occurrence in the 5' untranslated region of an operon containing ribonucleotide reductase genes. The identification of riboswitch variants that bind nucleosides and reject nucleobases reveals that natural metabolite-sensing RNA motifs can accrue mutations that expand the diversity of ligand detection in bacteria.
Edge and waveguide terahertz surface plasmon modes in graphene microribbons (2011)

Surface plasmon modes supported by graphene ribbon waveguides are studied and classified. The properties of both modes with the field concentration within the ribbon area (waveguiding modes) and on the edges (edge modes) are discussed. The waveguide and edge modes are shown to be separated from each other by a gap in wave numbers. The even-parity hybridized edge mode results to be the fundamental electromagnetic mode of the ribbon, possessing also the lowest losses. All of the plasmonic modes in the ribbons have an optimum frequency, at which the absorption losses are minimum, due to compromise between the plasmon confinement and the decrease of the group velocity close to the modal cutoff. The presented results show that the diffraction limit in graphene ribbons can be surpassed.
RH genotype matching for transfusion support in sickle cell disease (2018)

Rh alloimmunization remains a challenge for patients with sickle cell disease (SCD) despite transfusion of serologic Rh C, E, and K antigen-matched red cells. Inheritance of altered <i>RH</i> alleles contributes to the prevalence of Rh antibodies after blood transfusion in patients with SCD and explains approximately one-third of cases. The remainder seem to be stimulated by altered Rh proteins on African American donor red cells. Matching patients with donors on the basis of <i>RH</i> genotype may mitigate Rh alloimmunization, but the feasibility and resources required are not known. We compared <i>RH</i> allele frequencies between patients with SCD (n = 857) and African American donors (n = 587) and showed that <i>RH</i> allele frequencies are similar. Overall, 29% of <i>RHD</i> and 53% of <i>RHCE</i> alleles are altered in patients and African American donors. We modeled <i>RH</i> genotype matching compared with serologic Rh D, C, and E, along with K antigen matching, and found that approximately twice the number of African American donors would be required for <i>RH</i> genotype vs Rh serologic matching at our institution. We demonstrated that African American donor recruitment is necessary to maintain an adequate supply of C-, E-, and K-negative donor units to avoid depleting the Rh-negative (RhD<sup>-</sup>) blood supply. Our results suggest that prophylactic <i>RH</i> genetic matching for patients with SCD is feasible with a donor pool comprised primarily of African-Americans and would optimize the use of our existing minority donor inventory. The current cost of <i>RH</i> genotyping all minority donors and management of the data remain limiting factors.
Nonlinear network analyzer measurements for better transistor modeling (2011)

In today's RF applications, silicon technology is more and more competing with its III/V counterpart. This means that MOS (LDMOS) and bipolar (HBT) transistors are operated under large signal conditions, handling time-domain signals with amplitudes in the range of Volts, while the transistor modeling was usually performed conventionally with just small-signal excitation in the Milli-Volt domain, i.e. using S-Parameters measured by a Vector Network Analyzer (VNA). With the availability of Nonlinear Vector Network Analyzers (NVNA), measurements of transistor spectra with magnitude and phase can be made easily. And this permits to extend device modeling also into the more realistic large-signal RF (Radio Frequency) domain. This new measurement and modeling domain therefore leads to improved compact models and improved modeling strategies.
Step-by-Step Introduction of Silazane Moieties at Ruthenium: Different Extents of Ru–H–Si Bond Activation (2013)

The coordination of pyridine-2-amino(methyl)dimethylsilane ligands to ruthenium has afforded access to a family of novel complexes that display multicenter Ru-H-Si interactions according to the number of incorporated ligands. The new complexes Ru[κ-Si,N-(SiMe2)N(Me)(C5H4N)](η(4)-C8H12)(η(3)-C8H11) (1), Ru2(μ-H)2(H)2[κ-Si,N-(SiMe2)N(Me)(C5H4N)]4 (2), and Ru(H)[κ-Si,N-(SiMe2)N(Me)(C5H4N)]3 (3) were isolated and fully characterized. The complexes exhibit different degrees of Si-H activation: complete Si-H cleavage, secondary interactions between the atoms (SISHA), and η(2)-Si-H coordination. Reversible protonation of 3 leading to the cationic complex [RuH{(η(2)-H-SiMe2)N(Me)κ-N-(C5H4N)}{κ-Si,N-(SiMe2)N(Me)(C5H4N)}2](+)[BAr(F)4](-) (5) was also demonstrated. The coordination modes in these systems were carefully studied with a combination of X-ray and neutron diffraction analysis, DFT geometry optimization, and multinuclear NMR spectroscopy.
A symmetric cipher using autonomous and non-autonomous cellular automata (2002)

Ciphers are applied to provide security for communications and data storage systems. A new, cellular automata-based, symmetric cipher and its architecture are described. Using 16 bit words through non-autonomous cellular automata (CA), the cipher can provide data rates of 320 Mbits per second at a clock rate of 20 MHz. By employing involutions, unidirectional data flow is maintained through the cipher. A 96-bit autonomous CA is used to store the secret key and this evolves as data are introduced into the cipher. Such CA techniques are conducive to VLSI implementation due to modularity, parallelism and local communications.
The behavioral approach to diagnostics of cyber-physical systems (2014)

Computer controlled machinery is perceived as a cyber-physical system. Such systems are vulnerable to cyber attacks of ever-growing sophistication with potentially severe consequences. To address this threat advanced security/status monitoring measures are to be developed and deployed within the framework of industrial control systems. A system diagnostic approach based on modeling and assessment of the overall behavior of the cyber-physical system utilizing system call data of its dedicated computer is presented. The behavior based anomaly/misuse detection procedures, described herein, have resulted in a system diagnostic technology capable of timely detection, identification and prediction of hardware malfunction caused by cyber attacks on its computer control systems. The approach is implemented with a numerically efficient system call processing algorithms for off-line functionality extraction and on-line functionality matching. Implemented in software, our approach was deployed and tested for a flight control computer operating an advanced flight simulator.
Recovery technique based on fuzzy checkpoint in a client/server database system (2002)

We propose improved techniques for logging, checkpointing, and recovery in a client-server database environment. The key features of our scheme are (1) the server only contains main-memory databases and a battery backup device log. (2) The clients perform checkpoint; this makes the server acknowledge the page dirtied by the client. (3) Restart processing is simple and made quicker by using the redo reduction technique. Finally, (4) database consistency is guaranteed even during checkpointing by improving fuzzy checkpointing.
Superconducting nanowire single photon detector with on-chip bandpass filter (2014)

Dark count rate is one of the key parameters limiting the performance of the superconducting nanowire single photon detector (SNSPD). We have designed a multi-layer film bandpass filter that can be integrated onto the SNSPD to suppress the dark counts contributed by the stray light and blackbody radiation of the fiber. The bandpass filter is composed of 16 SiO(2)/Si bilayers deposited onto the backside of a thermally oxidized Si substrate. The substrate shows an excellent bandpass filter effect and provides a high transmittance of 88% at the central wavelength of the pass band, which is the same as that of the bare substrate. The SNSPDs fabricated on the substrate integrated with the bandpass filter show conspicuous wavelength-sensitive detection efficiency. The background dark count rate is reduced by two orders of magnitude to sub-Hz compared with the conventional SNSPD (a few tens of Hz). The detector exhibits a system detection efficiency of 56% at DCR of 1 Hz, with the measured minimal noise equivalent power reaching 2.0 × 10(-19) W/Hz(1/2).
Chloromethyl-X-rosamine is an aldehyde-fixable potential-sensitive fluorochrome for the detection of early apoptosis (1996)

Early apoptosis is invariably accompanied by a disruption of inner mitochondrial transmembrane potential (delta psi m). Cationic lipophilic fluorochromes, such as 3,3' dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide (DiOC6(3)), rhodamine 123, or 5,5', 6,6'-tetrachloro-1,1', 3,3'-tetraethylbenzimidazolcarbocyanine iodide (JC-1), can be used to measure such an apoptotic delta psi m dissipation. However, these dyes are afflicted by the handicap that cytofluorometric analyses must be performed ad hoc on nonfixed, metabolically active cells. Here, we show that chloromethyl-X-rosamine (CMXRos) is a viable alternative to other delta psi m-sensitive probes, and that it allows for formaldehyde fixation of cells before analysis. Using this fluorochrome, we developed a three-color staining technique in which two fluorochromes (fluorescein isothiocyanate and phycoerythrin) coupled to antibodies are employed to determine expression of cell-surface antigens, and CMXRos is used to measure delta psi m. In addition, we developed an approach to assess simultaneously delta psi m and expression of intracellular antigens. Thus, the expression of Bc1-2, a mitochondrial outer-membrane protein, can be determined after staining with CMXRos, fixation, and cell permeabilization. CMXRos labeling can also be combined with determination of apoptotic DNA fragmentation using the Tunel technique. In conclusion, CMXRos provides several methodological advantages over other, nonfixable fluorochromes used for delta psi m determination.
A Novel Crystallization Methodology To Ensure Isolation of the Most Stable Crystal Form (2009)

It is critical to consistently achieve the desired crystal form for an active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) because crystal form may affect the compound’s chemical stability, bioavailability, and pharmaceutical processing performance. The extent to which a crystallizing system is driven by growth vs nucleation is dependent upon the level of supersaturation, defined as the difference between solution concentration and solubility. We describe a method for the accurate measurement of real-time supersaturation, which enabled us to develop and optimize an API crystallization via a feedback-control loop based on concentration measurement with online FTIR. In this contribution we discuss a novel extension of the published work [Zhou, G. X.; et al. Cryst. Growth Des. 2006, 6, 892−898] which ensured robust isolation of the thermodynamically most stable crystal form of an API. The system of interest is a monotropic polymorphic system with overlapping metastable zones. In order to ensure exclusive isolation of the desired form within a reasonable cycle time, a three-pronged approach was applied—maximize seed surface area through the use of milled seed, run the crystallization at a high temperature to increase crystal growth rate, and perform the crystallization at a high level of supersaturation relative to the desired, more stable form while keeping the concentration below the equilibrium solubility of the less stable polymorph. By carefully selecting the seed loading, we were also able to dial-in the target particle size directly via a growth-dominated crystallization, thus eliminating the need for post-crystallization product milling. As a result, a robust, efficient, and reliable crystallization process has been achieved to ensure isolation of the desired polymorph at target particle size.
Hepatic fat content and insulin action on free fatty acids and glucose metabolism rather than insulin absorption are associated with insulin requirements during insulin therapy in type 2 diabetic patients. (2000)

To determine causes of interindividual variation in insulin requirements, we recruited 20 type 2 diabetic patients with stable glucose control and insulin doses for >1 year on combination therapy with bedtime NPH insulin and metformin. Insulin absorption (increase in free and total insulin over 8 h after a subcutaneous dose of regular insulin) and actions of intravenous (6-h 0.3 mU x kg(-1) x min(-1) euglycemic insulin clamp combined with [3-3H]glucose) and subcutaneous (glucose infusion rate required to maintain isoglycemia and suppression of free fatty acids [FFAs]) insulin, liver fat content (proton spectroscopy), visceral fat (magnetic resonance imaging), weight, and body composition were determined. We found the following variation in parameters: insulin dose range 10-176 U (mean 42 U, fold variation 17.6x) or 0.13-1.39 U/kg (0.44 U/kg, 10.7x), absorbed insulin 10.6x, action of subcutaneous insulin to suppress FFAs 7.5 x and to stimulate glucose metabolism (M value) 11.5x, body weight 67-127 kg (91 kg, 1.9x), liver fat 2-28% (12%, 14x), and visceral fat 179-2,053 ml (1,114 ml, 11.5x). The amount of insulin absorbed, measured as either free or total insulin, was significantly correlated with its ability to suppress FFAs and stimulate glucose metabolism but not with the insulin dose per se. The actions of absorbed insulin were, on the other hand, significantly correlated with the daily insulin dose (r = 0.70 for action on FFAs, P < 0.001, and r = -0.61 for M value, P < 0.005). Actions of subcutaneous and intravenous insulin to suppress FFAs were significantly correlated (r = 0.82, P < 0.001, R2 = 67%). Of the measures of adiposity, the percent hepatic fat was the parameter best correlated with the daily insulin dose (r = 0.76, P < 0.001). The percent hepatic fat was also significantly correlated with the ability of intravenous insulin to suppress endogenous glucose production (r = 0.72, P < 0.005). We conclude that the major reason for interindividual variation in insulin requirements in type 2 diabetes is the variation in insulin action. Variation in hepatic fat content may influence insulin requirements via an effect on the sensitivity of endogenous glucose production to insulin.
Leveraging Smartphone Cameras for Collaborative Road Advisories (2011)

Ubiquitous smartphones are increasingly becoming the dominant platform for collaborative sensing. Smartphones, with their ever richer set of sensors, are being used to enable collaborative driver-assistance services like traffic advisory and road condition monitoring. To enable such services, the smartphones' GPS, accelerometer, and gyro sensors have been widely used. On the contrary, smartphone cameras, despite being very powerful sensors, have largely been neglected. In this paper, we introduce a collaborative sensing platform that exploits the cameras of windshield-mounted smartphones. To demonstrate the potential of this platform, we propose several services that it can support, and prototype SignalGuru, a novel service that leverages windshield-mounted smartphones and their cameras to collaboratively detect and predict the schedule of traffic signals, enabling Green Light Optimal Speed Advisory (GLOSA) and other novel applications. Results from two deployments of SignalGuru, using iPhones in cars in Cambridge (MA, USA) and Singapore, show that traffic signal schedules can be predicted accurately. On average, SignalGuru comes within 0.66 s, for pretimed traffic signals and within 2.45 s, for traffic-adaptive traffic signals. Feeding SignalGuru's predicted traffic schedule to our GLOSA application, our vehicle fuel consumption measurements show savings of 20.3 percent, on average.
Pictures and trails: a new framework for the computation of shape and motion from perspective image sequences (1994)

This paper presents a new framework for the computation of shape and motion from a sequence of images taken under perspective projection. The framework is based on two abstractions, the picture and trail loci, that represent respectively the set of all pictures of the same scene and the set of all trails that a point in the world can leave on the image for a given camera trajectory. These abstractions lead to a remarkably clean relation between perspective and orthography. A shape and motion reconstruction method is developed for the case of a two-dimensional world but all concepts also hold in three dimensions. Experiments show that the method is rather immune to noise but critically dependent on camera calibration.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Asphaltene Association Model Analogous to Linear Polymerization (2001)

Asphaltene self-association was modeled in a manner analogous to linear polymerization. The key concept in the model is that asphaltene molecules may contain single or multiple active sites (functional groups) capable of linking with other asphaltenes. Molecules with multiple active sites act as propagators and molecules with single active sites act as terminators in polymerization-like association “reactions”. Asphaltenes consist primarily of propagators. Resins, which are known to affect asphaltene association, consist primarily of terminators. The model was tested on existing molar mass data for asphaltenes in different solvents and at different temperatures as well as on new molar mass measurements of mixtures of asphaltene and resins. The model fit the existing experimental data well and predicted the molar mass of asphaltene−resin mixtures to within the accuracy of the measurements.
Preparation of Single Crystals of the Superconductor Ba<sub>2</sub>YCu<sub>3</sub>O<sub>6.5+x</sub> (1987)

Single crystals for X-ray structural analyses were prepared and characterized by thermogravimetric (TG) and X-ray powder diffraction methods. Superconductive compounds obtained are tetragonal or orthorhombic in crystal system at room temperature. The value x in the chemical formula Ba 2 YCu 3 O 6.5+ x is in the range of 0.25 to -0.6 on the basis of TG curves of the stoichiometric compound measured in nitrogen or oxygen atmosphere. Oxygen contents of the compounds are mainly controlled by oxygen fugacity, permeability of oxygen into specimens, cooling rate and grain sizes of the crystals.