gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Systemic or intrahippocampal delivery of histone deacetylase inhibitors facilitates fear extinction. (2007)

Several recent studies have shown that chromatin, the DNA-protein complex that packages genomic DNA, has an important function in learning and memory. Dynamic chromatin modification via histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and histone acetyltransferases (HATs) may enhance hippocampal synaptic plasticity and hippocampus-dependent memory. Little is known about the effects of HDAC inhibitors on extinction, a learning process through which the ability of a previously conditioned stimulus, such as a conditioning context, to evoke a conditioned response is diminished. We demonstrate that administration of the HDAC inhibitors sodium butyrate (NaB) systemically or trichostatin A (TSA) intrahippocampally prior to a brief (3-min) contextual extinction session causes context-evoked fear to decrease to levels observed with a long (24-min) extinction session. These results suggest that HDAC inhibitors may enhance learning during extinction and are consistent with other studies demonstrating a role for the hippocampus in contextual extinction. Molecular and behavioral mechanisms through which this enhanced extinction effect may occur are discussed.
CCXLIII.—Aniline-black and allied compounds. Part I (1910)

The first page of this article is displayed as the abstract.
Congenital encephalomyopathy and adult-onset myopathy and diabetes mellitus: different phenotypic associations of a new heteroplasmic mtDNA tRNA glutamic acid mutation. (1995)

We report the clinical, biochemical, and molecular genetic findings in a family with an unusual mitochondrial disease phenotype harboring a novel mtDNA tRNA glutamic acid mutation at position 14709. The proband and his sister presented with congenital myopathy and mental retardation and subsequently developed cerebellar ataxia. Other family members had either adult-onset diabetes mellitus with muscle weakness or adult-onset diabetes mellitus alone. Ragged-red and cytochrome c oxidase (COX)-negative fibers were present in muscle biopsies. Biochemical studies of muscle mitochondria showed reduced complex I and IV activities. The mtDNA mutation was heteroplasmic in blood and muscle in all matrilineal relatives analyzed. Primary myoblast, but not fibroblast, cultures containing high proportions of mutant mtDNA exhibited impaired mitochondrial translation. These observations indicate that mtDNA tRNA point mutations should be considered in the differential diagnosis of congenital myopathy. In addition they illustrate the diversity of phenotypes associated with this mutation in the same family and further highlight the association between mtDNA mutations and diabetes mellitus.
Laboratory and clinical investigation of recovery of Salmonella typhi from blood (1978)

An experimental study was undertaken of isolation of Salmonella typhi from artificially infected whole blood and blood clot prepared either with small numbers of freshly isolated strains or with the S. typhi Ty2 strain. Results showed that 8 ml of whole blood required a minimum of 50 ml of bile salt broth to dilute the bactericidal effect of the serum. However, the isolation rate for recovery in 210 cases of enteric fever was only 64% when 50 ml of medium was used, as compared to 92% recovery from blood clot from the same group incubated in streptokinase bile salt broth. This probably reflects a very low grade bacteremia in many of the patients. Further investigation showed that, ideally, between 150 and 200 ml of medium is required for satisfactory whole-blood culture. Both the experimental study of artificially infected clots and recovery rates from patients indicate that rapid clot dissolution with streptokinase is preferable to whole-blood culture; this experience has been amply confirmed by almost 5,000 cases over a 20-year period. A 15-ml volume of bile salt broth with 100 U of streptokinase is adequate for the clot from 8 ml of blood, and savings on media and incubator space have considerable cost benefits in developing countries.
A Traffic Engineering-QoS Approach to the Traffic Burstiness in Short-Time Scales (2006)

The phenomenon of traffic burstiness is a big challenge in the switching equipments of the core of computer network, because it leads to more delay and jitter to be tolerated by users. Therefore, we should use all of the available facilities to improve the traffic behavior. In this paper, we present an idea based on delay management and QoS considerations to decrease the variances in short-time scales. Using our approach the impact of short-term burstiness will be decreased. Also, this idea can be implemented in MPLS ingress nodes or by delay management of paths in MPLS traffic engineering when we have congestion in the network.
Binding of sulfonamides to erythrocytes and their components. (1989)

Binding of zonisamide, a new antiepileptic sulfonamide derivative, was examined to human erythrocytes, their lysate and their carbonic anhydrase by centrifugation for cells or by ultrafiltration for the others. Scatchard plots revealed that the binding to intact and lysed cells was composed of high- and low-affinity components and that to carbonic anhydrase, of the high-affinity component alone. Parameters for high-affinity binding were similar in all three preparations and those for low-affinity binding were similar in the former two preparations. Dissociation constants for these bindings to erythrocytes were smaller than the dissociation constant for serum albumin. These results may explain the concentration of sulfonamides in red cells, and suggest the participation of cellular protein component(s) in addition to previously known carbonic anhydrase in the binding. Acetazolamide, sulthiame, zonisamide, hydrochlorothiazide and sulfanilamide inhibited carbonic anhydrase in a non-competitive manner to different extents. The Ki values of these sulfonamides were of the order of 0.1--0.2 of their respective Kd values determined by ultrafiltration, suggesting that under the present conditions, physicochemical interactions between sulfonamides and carbonic anhydrase primarily occur at common sites that affect the activity of the enzyme.
Tailoring detection bands of InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors using InxGa1−xAs strain-relieving quantum wells (2001)

We report on tailoring detection bands of InAs quantum-dot infrared photodetectors (QDIPs) using InxGa1−xAs strain-relieving capping layers that also act as quantum wells (QWs). QDIPs with InAs QDs capped by a 20 ML In0.15Ga0.85As QW show a sharp photoresponse at ∼9 μm, while the counterpart QDIPs without QWs show broad photoresponse in the 5–7 μm range. The excited states involved in the intraband transitions in QDIPs with the In0.15Ga0.85As QW appear to be coupled QD and QW electron excited states.
Cylindrical ring dielectric resonator antenna excitated by a soldered-through probe (2002)

A new excitation method using a solder-through probe is used to excite the cylindrical ring dielectric resonator antenna (DRA). The return loss, radiation pattern and antenna gain are studied experimentally. A simple formula for estimation of the TM/sub 01/spl delta// mode resonant frequency of the DRA is presented.
The Reticular Chemistry Structure Resource (RCSR) Database of, and Symbols for, Crystal Nets (2008)

During the past decade, interest has grown tremendously in the design and synthesis of crystalline materials constructed from molecular clusters linked by extended groups of atoms. Most notable are metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), in which polyatomic inorganic metal-containing clusters are joined by polytopic linkers. (Although these materials are sometimes referred to as coordination polymers, we prefer to differentiate them, because MOFs are based on strong linkages that yield robust frameworks.) The realization that MOFs could be designed and synthesized in a rational way from molecular building blocks led to the emergence of a discipline that we call reticular chemistry. MOFs can be represented as a special kind of graph called a periodic net. Such descriptions date back to the earliest crystallographic studies but have become much more common recently because thousands of new structures and hundreds of underlying nets have been reported. In the simplest cases (e.g., the structure of diamond), the atoms in the crystal become the vertices of the net, and bonds are the links (edges) that connect them. In the case of MOFs, polyatomic groups act as the vertices and edges of the net. Because of the explosive growth in this area, a need has arisen for a universal system of nomenclature, classification, identification, and retrieval of these topological structures. We have developed a system of symbols for the identification of three periodic nets of interest, and this system is now in wide use. In this Account, we explain the underlying methodology of assigning symbols and describe the Reticular Chemistry Structure Resource (RCSR), in which about 1600 such nets are collected and illustrated in a database that can be searched by symbol, name, keywords, and attributes. The resource also contains searchable data for polyhedra and layers. The database entries come from systematic enumerations or from known chemical compounds or both. In the latter case, references to occurrences are provided. We describe some crystallographic, topological, and other attributes of nets and explain how they are reported in the database. We also describe how the database can be used as a tool for the design and structural analysis of new materials. Associated with each net is a natural tiling, which is a natural partition of space into space-filling tiles. The database allows export of data that can be used to analyze and illustrate such tilings.
The role of endoplasmic reticulum‐associated protein degradation in MHC class I antigen processing (1999)

The processing and presentation of secretory glycoprotein antigens by the MHC class I processing pathway presents an interesting topological problem. That is, how do the luminal glycoprotein antigens gain access to the class I processing machinery located in the cell cytosol? Current data indicate that the retrograde transport of glycoproteins from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to cytosol represents the major pathway for ER-associated protein degradation, and most likely represents a major pathway for the processing of glycoprotein antigens by MHC class I molecules as well. There is now a growing list of viral and tumor glycoprotein antigens that undergo retrograde transport from the ER to the cytosol and processing by the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway of degradation. We review here some general aspects of this "ER degradation" pathway, and how it relates to the processing and presentation of class I-associated viral and tumor antigens. In particular, we analyze the role of oligosaccharide trimming and ER molecular chaperones in this process. We would like to emphasize that the class I processing machinery has adapted a common cellular pathway for its use, and that this could lead to the identification of unique characteristics with regard to ER degradation and antigen processing.
Differential roles of Ca <sup>2+</sup> /calmodulin-dependent kinases in posttetanic potentiation at input selective glutamatergic pathways (1998)

The electrosensory lateral line lobe (ELL) of the electric fish Apteronotus leptorhynchus is a layered medullary region receiving electroreceptor input that terminates on basal dendrites of interneurons and projection (pyramidal) cells. The molecular layer of the ELL contains two distinct glutamatergic feedback pathways that terminate on the proximal (ventral molecular layer, VML) and distal (dorsal molecular layer) apical dendrites of pyramidal cells. Western blot analysis with an antibody directed against mammalian Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent kinase 2, alpha subunit (CaMK2alpha) recognized a protein of identical size in the brain of A. leptorhynchus. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated that CaMK2 alpha expression in the ELL was restricted to fibers and terminals in the VML. Posttetanic potentiation (PTP) could be readily elicited in pyramidal cells by stimulation of either VML or DML in brain slices of the ELL. PTP in the VML was blocked by extracellular application of a CaMK2 antagonist (KN62) while intracellular application of KN62 or a CaMK2 inhibitory peptide had no effect, consistent with the presynaptic localization of CaMK2 alpha in VML. PTP in the dorsal molecular layer was not affected by extracellular application of KN62. Anti-Hebbian plasticity has also been demonstrated in the VML, but was not affected by KN62. These results demonstrate that, while PTP can occur independent of CaMK2, it is, in some synapses, dependent on this kinase.
Emergency Care of the Substance-abusing Adolescent. (1993)

Adolescents and young adults seem to be a particularly high risk for substance abuse, which is a problem of increasing significance in the United States. The most frequently used substances are tobacco and alcohol. The authors discuss intoxication, withdrawal, associated trauma, and medical complications. The final section focuses on emergent problems associated with other specific substances, including cocaine, phencyclidine, amphetamines, and volatile substances. Diagnosis and treatment are the major concerns, along with an emphasis on prevention.
CAE system ties real chips into software model (1984)

When introducing a new VLSI chip into a design simulation is time consuming if the information about the chip is not already in the CAE device library. Valid Logic Corp overcomes this problem by simply using the actual chip in place of the cumbersome software model. Valid's Realchip System works within the company's scaldsystem CAE systema, which uses a device data base of over 1000 software models of off-the-shelf parts. When realchip is installed in the scaldsystem, a VLSI part can be treated as a hardware subroutine so that it appears in the schematic and in all logic simulations as a part of the overall CAE simulation.
Effect of intersection spacing on MR image contrast and study time. (1986)

The effects of section separation on image contrast and calculated T1 relaxation times were investigated in healthy volunteers and a phantom using an early commercial version magnetic resonance imaging system. The effects are explained qualitatively on the basis of side lobes of excitation occurring outside the selected section resulting in reduction of the time permitted for T1 relaxation. The options for dealing with imperfect section selection, including separation of the sections (i.e., leaving gaps) and nonsequential excitation, are illustrated and the trade-offs involved in each explained.
Synergistic Effects of Hepatocyte Growth Factor on Human Cord Blood CD34 <sup>+</sup> Progenitor Cells are the Result of c‐met Receptor Expression (1996)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a pleiotropic growth factor which, in addition to its mitogenic potency for primary hepatocytes, also has a role in the regulation of cell motility, cell growth and morphogenesis. In the present study, we show that c-met, the high-affinity receptor for HGF, is expressed on human cord blood (CB) CD34+ progenitor cells and CD34+Thy-1+ Lin-(lin-) cells. We have investigated the capacity of HGF to synergize with other growth factors to induce colony formation by CB CD34+ progenitor cells. CD34+ cells were cultured in semisolid medium containing serum with increasing concentrations of GM-CSF, G-CSF, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), stem cell factor (SCF), interleukin 3 (IL-3) and IL-11 alone or in combination with HGF. HGF acted as a potent synergist and enhanced, up to fourfold, colony formation induced by GM-CSF, G-CSF or M-CSF. HGF in combination with SCF, IL-3 or IL-11 did not induce proliferation of colony forming units-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) above control levels. In serum-deprived cultures, HGF was only detectably synergistic with IL-11, and all other culture combinations showed no proliferation. To determine whether the stimulatory effect of IL-11 and the synergistic effect of HGF in the absence of serum could be attributed to the effect of these two cytokines on stem cells, IL-11-stimulated and unstimulated lin- cells were analyzed for expression of c-met. CD34+Thy-1+Lin- cells were positive for c-met, both in the presence and absence of IL-11 stimulation, and Northern analysis indicated that c-met RNA expression was upregulated in response to IL-11 compared to unstimulated controls. These results provide strong evidence for upregulation of the HGF receptor on primitive hematopoietic cells by IL-11, and for the synergistic role of HGF in colony formation by hematopoietic stem cells.
EVALUATION OF NMP22 IN THE DETECTION OF TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE BLADDER (1998)

NMP22 values represented significant improvement over urinary cytology for detection of transitional cell carcinoma. The sensitivity of NMP22 for detection of transitional cell carcinoma in bladder cancer patients was as much as twice that of cytology when a reference value of 6.4 units per ml. was used. NMP22 analysis was less costly than cytology and operator independent. While NMP22 has previously been shown to be a strong predictor of recurrence after tumor resection, it is an effective and sensitive screening test for detecting tumors in patients with transitional cell carcinoma.
Solute Reactive Tracers for Hydrogeological Applications: A Short Review and Future Prospects (2020)

Tracer testing is a mature technology used for characterizing aquatic flow systems. To gain more insights from tracer tests a combination of conservative (non-reactive) tracers together with at least one reactive tracer is commonly applied. The reactive tracers can provide unique information about physical, chemical, and/or biological properties of aquatic systems. Although, previous review papers provide a wide coverage on conservative tracer compounds there is no systematic review on reactive tracers yet, despite their extensive development during the past decades. This review paper summarizes the recent development in compounds and compound classes that are exploitable and/or have been used as reactive tracers, including their systematization based on the underlying process types to be investigated. Reactive tracers can generally be categorized into three groups: (1) partitioning tracers, (2) kinetic tracers, and (3) reactive tracers for partitioning. The work also highlights the potential for future research directions. The recent advances from the development of new tailor-made tracers might overcome existing limitations.
Optimizations of EDM process parameters for surface roughness machining die steel using copper tungsten electrode by adopting Taguchi array design (2012)

In this paper, machining of hard material High Carbon High Chromium (HCHCr) die steel using Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) with a Copper-tungsten electrode by using Tagughi methodology has been reported. The Taguchi method is used to formulate the experiment format, to analyze the effect of each control factors on machining characteristics, and predicts the optimal EDM control factor such as Servo voltage, pulse current, pulse duration and interval time. It is found that these control factors have a significant influence on machining characteristics such as material removal rate, electrode wear and Surface roughness. In order to see the impact of control factors on quality characteristic, number of experiments were conducted and. results were analyzed by Taguchi methodology and analysis of variance (standard analysis). The effect of control factors were examined for obtaining optimum surface roughness. The analysis of Taguchi method reveals that, peak current, servo voltage and pulse duration have significantly affected the surface roughness. Keywords: Electrical discharge machining, Taguchi method, Die steel, Surface roughness, Electrode
Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Ring-Fluorinated Imidazoles (1976)

Medicinal chemists and pharmacologists have long recognized the value of fluorine in the design of analogues of metabolically significant molecules (1, 2). The high electronegativity of fluorine can effect a marked alteration in electron-density distribution, pK, conformation, etc.; simultaneously, this atom, by virtue of its small van der Waals radius (1.35 A), offers minimal steric interference to binding of the analogue at a specific macromolecular site. The effective size of fluorine attached to an sp3 carbon may be considered to fall between those of hydrogen and the hydroxyl group, while fluorine on an sp2 carbon is probably somewhat smaller -- the result of lone pair overlap with the adjacent pi system (3, 4). Effective size undoubtedly varies, also, with solvation effects and specific lone pair interactions. C — F ↔ C — C = F+ Ring-fluorinated analogues of a variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic biomolecules have been synthesized and
Learning Algorithms for Digital Reconstruction of Van Gogh’s Drawings (2016)

Many works of Van Gogh’s oeuvre, such as letters, drawings and paintings, have been severely degraded due to light exposure. Digital reconstruction of faded color can help to envisage how the artist’s work may have looked at the time of creation. In this paper, we study the reconstruction of Vincent van Gogh’s drawings by means of learning schemes and on the basis of the available reproductions of these drawings. In particular, we investigate the use of three machine learning algorithms, k-nearest neighbor (kNN) estimation, linear regression (LR), and convolutional neural networks (CNN), for learning the reconstruction of these faded drawings. Experimental results show that the reconstruction performance of the kNN method is slightly better than those of the CNN. The reconstruction performance of the LR is much worse than those of the kNN and the CNN.
Free-market computing and the global economic infrastructure (1996)

A powerful new vision of computing for the 21st century has emerged in which the World Wide Web will become the universal medium for computing. As part of this vision the Web will progress from mainly a passive supplier of information to a truly interactive medium for commerce, science, education and entertainment that will have a broad impact on society. The paper considers how the integration of computing into the world's economic infrastructure is essential if Web-oriented computing is to realize its full potential. The economic aspects of the free market computing approach to the use of computing resources on the Web are essential to the its success.