gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermodynamics, mechanisms and kinetics of metal dusting (1998)

A survey is given on recent research on “metal dusting” i.e. a catastrophic carburization or rather graphitization of metals and alloys occuring in carbonaceous atmospheres at carbon activities aC>1. The thermodynamics are explained, the mechanisms for iron, low and high alloy steels, nickel and Ni-base alloys are described and the kinetics derived for iron and low alloy steels. Protection against metal dusting is possible by the presence of sulfur in the atmosphere, since adsorbed sulfur retards carbon transfer and hems graphite nucleation. Also dense oxide layers are protective, the preconditions for the formation of Cr-rich protectivee layers on steels and Ni-base alloys are shortly presenteed. Thermodynamik, Mechanismen und Kinetik des metal dusting Eine Übersicht wird gegeben über die neuere Forschung über „metal dusting”︁, eine katastrophale Aufkohlung oder eher Graphitisierung von Metallen und Legierungen, die in aufkohlenden Atmosphären bei Kohlenstoffaktivitäten aC>1 auftritt. Die Thermodynamik dieses Korrosionsphänomens wird erklärt, die Mechanismen für Eisen, niedrig- und hochlegierte Stähle, Nickel und Ni-Basislegierungen beschrieben und die Kinetik für Eisen und niedriglegierte Stähle erläutert. Schutz gegen metal dusting ist durch Anwesenheit von Schwefel in der Atmosphäre möglich, da adsorbierter Schwefel die Kohlenstoffübertragung hemmt und Graphitkeimbildung hindert. Auch dichte Oxidschichten können schützen, die Vorbedingungen für die Bildung schützender Cr-reicher Oxidschichten auf Stählen und Nickelbasislegierungen werden kurz vorgestellt.
Crystal structure of adenylosuccinate synthetase from Escherichia coli. Evidence for convergent evolution of GTP-binding domains. (1993)

The structure of the P2(1) crystal form of adenylosuccinate synthetase from Escherichia coli has been determined to a resolution of 2.8 A. The refined model for the enzyme gives an R factor of 0.20 and a root-mean-square deviation from expected bond lengths and angles of 0.016 A and 2.27 degrees, respectively. The dominant structural element of each monomer of the homodimer is a central beta-sheet of 10 strands. The first nine strands of the sheet are mutually parallel with right-handed crossover connections between the strands. The 10th strand is antiparallel with respect to the first nine strands. In addition, the enzyme has two antiparallel beta-sheets, comprised of two strands and three strands each, 11 alpha-helices and two short 3/10-helices. The overall fold of the polypeptide chain has not been observed heretofore in any other protein structure. Residues tentatively assigned to the active site of the enzyme on the basis of chemical modification and directed mutation cluster in two separate regions. Gly12, Gly15, Gly17, Lys18, Ile19, and Lys331 lie at one end of a crevice that measures 12 A by 30 A by 12 A deep. Lys140 and Arg147 are not part of this crevice, but instead lie at the interface between monomers of the dimer. Lys140 makes a salt link with Asp231 of a monomer related by molecular symmetry and Arg147 binds to the carbonyl of the same Asp231. Superposition of the p21 ras protein (Pai, E. F., Kabsch, W., Krengel, U., Holmes, K., John, J., and Wittinghofer, A. (1989) Nature 341, 209-214) onto the synthetase reveals significant correspondences between side chains of the two proteins. Residues which interact with GTP in the p21ras protein have structurally equivalent residues in the synthetase. The GTP molecule, when transformed to the coordinate frame of the synthetase, falls into the crevice defined by studies in directed mutation. We suggest that the similarities in the GTP-binding domains of the synthetase and the p21ras protein are an example of convergent evolution of two distinct families of GTP-binding proteins.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MUTAGENESIS AND CARCINOGENESIS* (1978)

Abstract— Since the neoplastic condition is a phenotypic expression of the genome of the tumor cells, it is reasonable to assume that the neoplastic state can be the result of the alteration of gene activity by either mutagenesis or gene modulation. The review of the literature seems to support the hypothesis that both mutations and epigenetic processes are components to carcinogenesis. Consistent with the mutation theory of cancer are: (1) the clonal nature of tumors; (2) the mutagenicity of most (but not all) carcinogens; (3) correlation of high mutation frequencies in cells of cancer‐prone human fibro‐ blasts lacking DNA repair enzymes; (4) correlation of in vitro DNA damage, in vitro mutation and transformation frequencies with in vivo tumorigenesis; (5) age‐related incidences of various hereditary tumors; and (6) the correlation between photoreactivation of DNA damage and the biological amelioration of UV‐induced neoplasms. Supporting the epigenetic theory of carcinogenesis is the reversion of certain types of neoplastic cells to a state allowing normal development. These latter studies demonstrate the totipotency of the genes in some types of malignant cells. An integrative theory of carcinogenesis is presented that synthesizes the mutation and epigenetic theories with Comings' general theory of carcinogenesis and the 2‐stage theory of carcinogenesis. Data are presented that test the predictions of the 2‐stage theory of carcinogenesis, and that support the hypothesis that mutagenesis plays a major role in carcinogenesis (initiation phase) and that gene modulation of repressed mutations is responsible for tumor promotion.
Questions of Access and Excess a Translator’s Preface (1992)

This text is an ethnographic text, if somewhat surreally. It invites you, its readers, not so much to agree with the evidence and the analysis set forth by me, its author, as to enter actively into the process of re-searching your own Historical and biographically given positions within what might be described provisionally as the postmodern scene of contemporary North America.2 For it is indeed within the Historical materiality of this powerful scene that some (of us) are in contradictory ways struggling repeatedly to define, defend, and reconstruct the social forms in which we live and die; and to do this in relation to and often against others (of us) who feed parasitically off the flesh of those whose material chances they economically restrict and militaristically reduce. I am here (w)riting of (and against) those most privileged by current hierarchies of power, hierarchies that today operate under the nightmarish sacrificial sign-work of cybernetic-like compulsions toward a New World Order of systematic overdevelopment, transglobal CAPITAList hegemony and straight whitemale economies of logic, morality and pleasure. The technologically driven and culturally orchestrated shifts in the command, control and communicative character of such inFORMational hierarchies separate them from modern forms of power. Does this mean these forms of power are postmodern? Or is it better to designate such contemporary modalities of power as ultramodern? Although throughout this text these two terms are use somewhat interchangeably, I believe the term ultramodern to be more adequate.
Regulation of photoperiodic flowering by<i>Arabidopsis</i>photoreceptors (2003)

Photoperiodism is a day-length-dependent seasonal change of physiological or developmental activities that is widely found in plants and animals. Photoperiodic flowering in plants is regulated by photosensory receptors including the red/far-red light-receptor phytochromes and the blue/UV-A light-receptor cryptochromes. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the specific roles of individual photoreceptors have remained poorly understood. Here, we report a study of the day-length-dependent response of cryptochrome 2 (cry2) and phytochrome A (phyA) and their role as day-length sensors in Arabidopsis. The protein abundance of cry2 and phyA showed a diurnal rhythm in plants grown in short-day but not in plants grown in long-day. The short-day-specific diurnal rhythm of cry2 is determined primarily by blue light-dependent cry2 turnover. Consistent with a proposition that cry2 and phyA are the major day-length sensors in Arabidopsis, we show that phyA mediates far-red light promotion of flowering with modes of action similar to that of cry2. Based on these results and a finding that the photoperiodic responsiveness of plants depends on light quality, a model is proposed to explain how individual phytochromes and cryptochromes work together to confer photoperiodic responsiveness in Arabidopsis.
Vaporization of tantalum carbide-hafnium carbide solid solutions at 2500 deg to 3000 deg k (1964)

Vaporization rates in vacuum of hot pressed tantalum carbide and hafnium carbide in temperature range of 2500 to 3000 deg K
Asset Criticality in Mission Reconfigurable Cyber Systems and its Contribution to Key Cyber Terrain (2017)

The concept of a common operational picture has been utilized by the military for situational awareness in warfare domains for many years. With the emergence of cyberspace as a domain, there is a necessity to develop doctrine and tools to enable situational awareness for key-decision makers. Our study analyzes key elements that define cyber situational awareness to develop a methodology to identify assets within key cyber terrain, thus enabling situational awareness at the tactical level. For the purposes of this work, we treat critical assets to be key cyber terrain, given that no formal study has determined differences between asset criticality and key cyber terrain. Mission- and operationally- based questions are investigated to identify critical assets with the TOPSIS methodology. Results show that the ICS system can be evaluated using TOPSIS to identify critical assets contributing to key cyber terrain, enabling further research into other interconnected systems.
Electrospinning of Polyacrylonitrile Solutions at Elevated Temperatures (2007)

Using a jacket-type heat exchanger to control the solution temperature, the electrospinning of polyacrylonitrile/dimethylformamide (PAN/DMF) solutions with various concentrations was carried out at temperatures ranging from ambient to 88.7 °C. The purpose of this is to investigate the temperature effect on the cone/jet/fiber morphologies that developed. By varying the solution temperature, the chain entanglement status existing in the solution (which is the prerequisite condition for preparing uniform fibers) remained intact. However, the solution properties were significantly altered, thereby giving rise to a feasible route to manipulate the as-spun fiber diameter. By increasing the solution temperature, it was found that the viscosity (ηo) and surface tension (γ) of the PAN/DMF solutions were decreased, but the solution conductivity (κ) was increased; all these trends favored the development of thinner electrospun PAN fibers at high electrospinning temperatures. For instance, with the 6 wt % solutions, PAN fibers with a diameter of 65−85 nm were readily prepared by electrospinning at 88.7 °C, whereas larger fibers with a diameter of 190−240 nm were frequently obtained at room temperature. The temperature dependence of ηo, γ, and κ followed the Arrhenius equation, and the corresponding activation energies were composition dependent and found to be ca. 15−28, ∼10 and ∼3.7 kJ/mol, respectively. High-temperature electrospinning eventually produced PAN fibers with less crystallinity but higher chain orientation as revealed by the wide-angle X-ray diffraction and birefringence measurements. Moreover, the scaling law for the viscosity dependence of fiber diameter, df, was also altered from df = 14.8ηo0.52 (unit: df in nm and ηo in cP) at room temperature to df = 3.0ηo0.74 at 88.7 °C, suggesting that high-temperature electrospinning was an effective method to produce ultrathin fibers.
The Effect of Conformity and Plastic Thickness on Contact Stresses in Metal-Backed Plastic Implants (1985)

Surface damage in polyethylene components for total joint replacement is associated with large contact stresses. An elasticity solution and finite element analyses were used to determine the influence of design parameters on the stresses due to contact in metal-backed components. For nearly conforming contact surfaces, it was found that the stresses in the plastic are very sensitive to clearance, that minimum plastic thickness of 4-6 mm should be maintained for metal-backed components, and that bonding the plastic to the metal backing reduces tensile stresses in the plastic at the edge of the contact zone.
Ovarian Cancer Stem Cell–Like Side Populations Are Enriched Following Chemotherapy and Overexpress <i>EZH2</i> (2011)

Platinum-based chemotherapy, with cytoreductive surgery, is the cornerstone of treatment of advanced ovarian cancer; however, acquired drug resistance is a major clinical obstacle. It has been proposed that subpopulations of tumor cells with stem cell-like properties, such as so-called side populations (SP) that overexpress ABC drug transporters, can sustain the growth of drug-resistant tumor cells, leading to tumor recurrence following chemotherapy. The histone methyltransferase EZH2 is a key component of the polycomb-repressive complex 2 required for maintenance of a stem cell state, and overexpression has been implicated in drug resistance and shorter survival of ovarian cancer patients. We observed higher percentage SP in ascites from patients that have relapsed following chemotherapy compared with chemonaive patients, consistent with selection for this subpopulation during platinum-based chemotherapy. Furthermore, ABCB1 (P-glycoprotein) and EZH2 are consistently overexpressed in SP compared with non-SP from patients' tumor cells. The siRNA knockdown of EZH2 leads to loss of SP in ovarian tumor models, reduced anchorage-independent growth, and reduced tumor growth in vivo. Together, these data support a key role for EZH2 in the maintenance of a drug-resistant, tumor-sustaining subpopulation of cells in ovarian cancers undergoing chemotherapy. As such, EZH2 is an important target for anticancer drug development.
Influence of increasing niacin on growth performance and carcass characteristics of grow-finish pigs reared in a commercial environment (2001)

There were 1,243 growing pigs used to determine the effects of increasing dietary niacin on growth performance and meat quality of pigs reared in a commercial environment. The dietary treatments consisted of a control diet (no added niacin) or the control diet with 12.5, 25, 50, 100, or 500 g/ton of added niacin. Increasing dietary niacin decreased ADFI and improved F:G for the overall study. Increasing dietary niacin improved carcass shrink, ultimate pH, drip loss percentage, and loin color. Increasing dietary niacin up to 50 ppm improved feed efficiency, but higher concentrations (up to 50 ppm) decreased carcass shrink, and improved muscle quality in grow-finish pigs.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 15, 2001
A High Precision CMOS Current-mode Band-gap Voltage Reference (2006)

A new high precision CMOS current-mode band-gap voltage reference which takes advantage of the high-order curvature-compensated technique and the enhancement pre-regulator technique is proposed. Based on the 1 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">st</sup> 0.35mum standard mixed-signal CMOS process technology, the circuit achieves a much low temperature coefficient of 3.68ppm/degC over the temperature range of -40 degC to +150degC with 1.00V output reference voltage and a high PSRR over a broad frequency range. The PSRR is -125.4dB at 100Hz and remains -59.2dB at 100MHz. Using push-pull output stage instead of the bias circuits, the power dissipation is only about 50muW
Pilot aided channel estimation for OFDM: a separated approach for smoothing and interpolation (2005)

In this paper pilot aided channel estimation (PACE) for OFDM is addressed. For PACE equidistantly spaced pilot symbols allow to reconstruct the channel response by means of interpolation. The optimum minimum mean squared error (MMSE) estimator performs smoothing and interpolation jointly. To reduce the complexity of the optimum MMSE estimator, we propose to separate the smoothing and interpolation tasks. The separated smoothing and interpolation estimator (SINE) consists of a MMSE based smoother which only operates at the received pilot symbols, and an interpolator which is independent of the channel statistics. We show that the separated approach gets close to the optimum MMSE, while the complexity is grossly reduced. However, at high SNR an error floor is observed, which is caused by edge effects, i.e. subcarriers near the beginning and end of the band suffer from an increased interpolation error.
Metallic Magnesium Nano/Mesoscale Structures: Their Shape‐Controlled Preparation and Mg/Air Battery Applications (2006)

Magnesium nano/mesostructures with spherical, platelike, rodlike, and sea-urchin-like shapes are prepared by a simple and efficient vapor-transport method. They exhibit excellent electrochemical properties in Mg/air batteries. The figure shows discharge curves of the Mg/air batteries made from two samples, at a constant current of 0.5 mA and a temperature of 25 °C.
On the Complexity of Table Lookup for Iterative Division (1987)

We show that except for a few special cases allowing smaller tables, the lookup table used for achieving k digits of convergence after the initial multiplication (or for obtaining the approximate reciprocal of the divisor with k − 1 digits of accuracy) in iterative division methods must have at least (r−-l) rk words of k + I digits, r being the number representation base. In the important special case of r = 2 with k ≥5, a 2k-word table with k-bit entries can be used, since the initial digit is always 1. It is also shown that a table of this optimal size can always be constructed. The special cases corresponding to r = 3 with k = 1, and r = 2 with k ≤ 4, allow smaller tables than the general case and are thus handled separately.
The Coulostatic Method (1963)

Principles, theory and methodology are discussed for the applications of the coulostatic method toanalytical chemistry, electrode kinetics and adsorption kinetics. The coulostatic method is based on the following principle: a known quantity ofelectricity is supplied to the working electrode of an electrochemical cell in a very short time (perhaps l microsecond or even a shorter time), and the subsequent variations of potential of the working electrode are followed at open circuit. The principle was mentioned in a two-line statement by Barker who considered solely application to electrode kinetics. The method was rediscovered in this Laboratory in connection with a theoretical study of adsorption kinetics at an ideal polarized electrode . The expression "coulostatic method" was coined in thi s paper. Application of the method to analytical chemistry was soon announced and application to electrode kinetics was immediately developed. Independently, Reinmuth and coworkers and Gerischer also developed the study of fast electrode processes by this method.
Transfer learning using convolutional neural networks for object classification within X-ray baggage security imagery (2016)

We consider the use of transfer learning, via the use of deep Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for the image classification problem posed within the context of X-ray baggage security screening. The use of a deep multi-layer CNN approach, traditionally requires large amounts of training data, in order to facilitate construction of a complex complete end-to-end feature extraction, representation and classification process. Within the context of X-ray security screening, limited availability of training for particular items of interest can thus pose a problem. To overcome this issue, we employ a transfer learning paradigm such that a pre-trained CNN, primarily trained for generalized image classification tasks where sufficient training data exists, can be specifically optimized as a later secondary process that targets specific this application domain. For the classical handgun detection problem we achieve 98.92% detection accuracy outperforming prior work in the field and furthermore extend our evaluation to a multiple object classification task within this context.
KRAS and BRAF mutations induce anoikis resistance and characteristic 3D phenotypes in Caco‑2 cells (2019)

In a number of types of cancer, anoikis, a form of apoptosis induced by loss of extracellular matrix (ECM) attachment, is disturbed. Anoikis resistance is essential in the formation of metastases. A recent study identified carcinoma cell subpopulations surviving without ECM contact in pathological specimens of colorectal cancer. The occurrence of these subpopulations indicated anoikis resistance. In the present study, it is demonstrated that KRAS and BRAF mutations induce anoikis resistance in colon cancer (Caco‑2) cells. In 3D cultures, Caco‑2 cells transfected with mutated KRAS or BRAF formed multicellular structures analogous to anoikis‑resistant subpopulations in actual carcinomas, and serve as an in vitro model for anoikis resistance. Caco‑2 cell lines were constructed, with KRAS or BRAF mutations, using retroviral delivery. The current study investigated anoikis resistance using an Annexin V apoptosis test from suspension cultures. 3D in vitro cultures, which were generated in collagen‑matrigel mixtures, were assessed using confocal microscopy. 3D cultures embedded in paraffin were analyzed using conventional histopathology. In suspension cultures, Caco‑2 cells with KRAS or BRAF mutations indicated a significantly lower proportion of Annexin positivity than the native Caco‑2 cells, indicating that these mutations induce anoikis resistance in Caco‑2 cells. 3D cultures displayed native Caco‑2 cells forming polarized cysts with a single layer thick epithelium, whereas Caco‑2 cells with KRAS or BRAF mutations formed partially filled cystic structures or solid round structures where only the outermost layer was in contact with the ECM. Additionally, KRAS mutations induced reversed polarity to Caco‑2 cells along with the emergence of solid growth. The present study demonstrated that KRAS and BRAF mutations induce anoikis resistance in Caco‑2 colorectal cancer cells. The growth patterns generated from the KRAS and BRAF mutated cells in 3D cultures revealed a resemblance to the putative anoikis‑resistant subpopulations in actual carcinomas, including micropapillary structures and solid tumor cell islands. Additionally, KRAS mutation induced the emergence of inverted polarity. In conclusion, 3D cultures with modified Caco‑2 cells serve as a valid in vitro model for anoikis resistance and inverted polarity.
Biodegradability and mechanical properties of poly-(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate)-starch blends (1993)

Wheat starch granules and poly-(beta-hydroxybutyrate-co-beta-hydroxyvalerate) [P(HB-co-HV), (19.1 mol% HV)] were blended at 160 degrees C. Increasing the starch content from 0 to 50% (wt/wt) decreased the tensile strength of P(HB-co-HV) from 18 MPa to 8 MPa and diminished flexibility as Young's modulus increased from 1,525 MPa to 2,498 MPa, but overall mechanical properties of the polymer remained in a useful range. A mixed microbial culture required more than 20 days to degrade 150-microns-thick samples of 100% P(HB-co-HV), whereas samples containing 50% (wt/wt) starch disappeared in fewer than 8 days. Starch granules degraded before P(HB-co-HV) did. Aerobic degradation proceeded more rapidly than anaerobic degradation.