gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
FPGA implementation for 2D discrete wavelettransform (1998)

An operator correlation-based algorithm and its VLSI architecture for computing the 2D discrete wavelet transform is presented. The proposed discrete wavelet transform architecture was simulated in Verilog and synthesised with the FPGA compiler. The implementation for the 2D discrete wavelet transform on an FPGA-based design style is described.
A Method to Separate Nuclear, Cytosolic, and Membrane-Associated Signaling Molecules in Cultured Cells (2011)

Direct comparison of protein distribution between the nucleus, the cytoplasm, and the plasma membrane is important for understanding cellular processes and, in particular, signal transduction, where cascades generated at the cell surface regulate functions in other cellular compartments, such as the nucleus. Yet, many commonly used methods fail to effectively separate the plasma membrane and the cytoskeleton from the nucleus, and the cytosol from the nucleosol. This problem has led to confounding results in the study of signaling pathways due to incorrect assignment of cellular localization to signaling molecules and presents challenges in the biochemical study of soluble proteins that shuttle between the cytoplasm and the nucleus. We present a simple method, based on partial membrane permeabilization with detergent followed by density gradient centrifugation, that provides rapid separation of cytosolic, nucleosolic, nuclear insoluble, and membrane components in various mammalian cell lines.
A lithiation approach to cordycepin analogues variously substituted at the C‐8 position (1989)

Abstract Several 8‐substituted cordycepins were prepared via LDA lithiation of 2′,5′‐bis‐ O ‐( t ‐butyldimethylsilyl)‐cordycepin and successive reactions of its C‐8 lithiated species with various types of electrophiles. Wittig reaction of the 8‐formyl derivative was also examined.
Intraoperative Monitoring of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Thyroid Surgery (2008)

Apart from navigating the surgeon through challenging anatomies, IONM may lend itself as a routine adjunct to the gold standard of visual nerve identification. To further reduce the number of false negative IONM signals, the causes underlying its relatively low PPV require additional clarification.
CCAAT Displacement Protein Binds to and Negatively Regulates Human Papillomavirus Type 6 E6, E7, and E1 Promoters (1999)

ABSTRACT Expression of human papillomavirus genes increases as the target cell, the keratinocyte, differentiates. CCAAT displacement protein (CDP) is a cellular protein which has been shown in other cell types to negatively regulate gene expression in undifferentiated cells but not in differentiated cells. We have previously shown that a 66-bp purine-thymidine-rich sequence (the 66-mer) binds CDP and negatively regulates the human papillomavirus type 6 (HPV-6) E6 promoter (S. Pattison, D. G. Skalnik, and A. Roman, J. Virol. 71:2013–2022, 1997). Cotransfection experiments with a plasmid expressing luciferase from the HPV-6 E6, E7, or E1 regulatory region and a plasmid carrying the CDP gene indicate that CDP represses transcription from all three HPV-6 promoters. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs), we have shown that CDP binds HPV-6 both upstream and downstream of the E6, E7, and E1 transcription initiation start sites. Furthermore, when keratinocytes were induced to differentiate, all three promoter activities increased. Consistent with this, immunoblotting and EMSAs revealed that endogenous nucleus CDP and, correspondingly, DNA binding activity decreased when keratinocytes were induced to differentiate. The elevated promoter activities were abrogated by exogenously transfected CDP. Our data demonstrate that CDP fulfills the requirement of a differentiation-dependent negative regulator that could tie the HPV life cycle to keratinocyte differentiation.
Einführung (1986)

Bei der Übertragung von Daten kann es sich um analoge oder digitale Daten handeln. Im Rahmen dieses Buches wird stets angenommen, daß eventuelle analoge Daten bereits in digitale umgewandelt wurden. Das gleiche gilt für die Rückübersetzung. Die dazu benötigten A/D-Wandler bzw. D/A-Wandler werden in einem eigenen Kapitel beschrieben.
CD4-independent, productive infection of a neuronal cell line by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (1990)

One neuronal cell line (SK-N-MC) was found to be susceptible to productive infection by multiple isolates of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Characterization of SK-N-MC cells showed that these cells are neuroectodermal in origin in that they express dopamine hydroxylase, catecholamines, neuron-specific enolase, and neurofilaments. Despite their susceptibility to HIV-1 infection, SK-N-MC cells had no detectable CD4 and this infection was not blocked by anti-CD4 monoclonal antibodies (OKT4A, Leu3A) or recombinant soluble CD4. These experiments demonstrated that certain cells of neuroectodermal origin are susceptible to infection in vitro by HIV-1 via a CD4-independent mechanism.
Electrostatic potential in aminoacylation by aspartyl-tRNAs synthetase. (1995)

Based upon the X-ray structures of complexes between tRNAAsp and aspRS including ATP or Asp-AMP, several electrostatic potentials were calculated by solving the Poisson-Boltzmann equation. The potentials indicate clearly that a Mg2+ ion is essential for binding of ATP and that aspartate is identified electrostatically. The alpha-carboxyl group is forced to contact with the alpha-phosphorus atom of ATP, suggesting its inversion to form an Asp-AMP. When the cognate tRNA is bound to the aspRS:Asp-AMP complex, the 3'-hydroxyl group is located in an electrostatically favorable position to transfer the amino acid as a class II aminoacylation.
Ophthalmic Examination Among Adults With Diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus (1993)

About half of adults with diabetes in the United States are not receiving timely and recommended eye care to detect and treat retinopathy. Widespread interventions, including patient and professional education, are needed to ensure that diabetic patients who are not receiving appropriate eye care have an annual dilated eye examination to detect retinopathy and prevent vision loss.
Neutral Endopeptidase (NEP) and Its Role in Pathological Pulmonary Change With Inhalation Exposure To JP-8 Jet Fuel (1996)

Through a simulated flightline exposure protocol, Fischer 344 rats (F344) were subjected to an aerosol/vapor mix of the military jet fuel, JP-8. Previous studies with this model of lung injury have revealed significant increases in pulmonary resistance, increased alveolar clearance of 99mTcDTPA, and a decrease in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) concentration of the neuropeptide substance P (SP). Exposures to JP-8 were nose-only and for one hour daily. Six groups of Fischer 344 rats were exposed for 7, 28, or 56 days at two JP-8 concentrations (low dose = 469-520 mg/m3/hr, high dose = 814-1263 mg/m3/hr). Exposed groups were matched with longitudinal controls. In response to JP-8 inhalation, exposure animals demonstrated a dose-dependent as well as duration-determined reduction in BALF SP concentration. Both JP-8 concentrations caused significant pathological changes in lower pulmonary structures.
A 23 mW, 73 dB Dynamic Range, 80 MHz BW Continuous-Time Delta-Sigma Modulator in 20 nm CMOS (2015)

This paper presents a continuous-time ΔΣ modulator targeted at optimizing power efficiency for input bandwidth exceeding 50 MHz. Delay in the feedback path is carefully minimized and traditional techniques for DAC mismatch correction and excess loop delay compensation are both replaced with digital schemes. Power is also minimized by relaxing loop filter BW requirements and using a power efficient opamp topology. The modulator achieves 73 dB dynamic range (DR) in 80 MHz BW while consuming 23 mW. The peak SNR is 70 dB and the peak SNDR is 67.5 dB, resulting in FOMs of 168 dB and 163 dB based on DR and SNDR, respectively.
Multiaddressable Self-Assembling Organogelators Based on 2<i>H</i>-Chromene and <i>N</i>-Acyl-1,ω-amino Acid Units (2002)

Multiaddressable organogelators are 3,3-diphenyl-3H-naphtho[2,1-b]pyrans covalently linked to sodium N-acyl-11-aminoundecanoate. These molecules have been designed to respond to changes to their environment. They are shown to act as efficient gelators for polar organic fluids, and obviously they exhibit a thermosensitive answer as low molecular mass organogelators. In these fluids, the aggregative properties are totally suppressed upon conversion to neutral carboxylic species. The gels of these carboxylate sodium salts are shown to be markedly affected by light irradiation. Supramolecular gelating assemblies can be disrupted by the photoinduced ring opening of the chromene subunit, so that the macroscopic flowing property is recovered. Upon a further thermal treatment, the system is reversibly converted back to the supramolecular network. Controlled gelation could be achieved using temperature, light, or acidity as external stimuli.
Specific Interactions in RNA Enzyme-Substrate Complexes (1989)

Analysis of crosslinked complexes of M1 RNA, the catalytic RNA subunit of ribonuclease P from Escherichia coli, and transfer RNA precursor substrates has led to the identification of regions in the enzyme and in the substrate that are in close physical proximity to each other. The nucleotide in M1 RNA, residue C92, which participates in a crosslink with the substrate was deleted and the resulting mutant M1 RNA was shown to cleave substrates lacking the 3' terminal CCAUCA sequence at sites several nucleotides away from the normal site of cleavage. The presence or absence of the 3' terminal CCAUCA sequence in transfer RNA precursor substrates markedly affects the way in which these substrates interact with the catalytic RNA in the enzyme-substrate complex. The contacts between wild-type M1 RNA and its substrate are in a region that resembles part of the transfer RNA "E" (exit) site in 23S ribosomal RNA. These data demonstrate that in RNA's with very different cellular functions, there are domains with similar structural and functional properties and that there is a nucleotide in M1 RNA that affects the site of cleavage by the enzyme.
A neural network based integrated image processing environment for object recognition in medical applications (2002)

The paper outlines an integrated image processing environment that uses neural networks for object recognition and classification. The image processing environment which is Windows based, encapsulates a multiple-document interface (MDI) and is menu driven. Object (shape) parameter extraction is focused on features that are invariant in terms of translation, rotation and scale transformations. The neural network models incorporated into the environment allow both clustering and classification of objects from the analysed image. Mapping neural networks perform input sensitivity analysis on the extracted feature measurements and thus facilitates the removal of irrelevant features and improvements in the degree of generalisation.
Drug Resistance Mutations during Structured Treatment Interruptions (2003)

The M184V/I mutation is frequently selected during repeated treatment interruptions.
Alkaline hydrolysis of polyacrylonitrile. On the reaction mechanism (2000)

Some new data were obtained about alkaline hydrolysis of a polyacrylonitrile (PAN) suspension at 75°C in a water/ethanol mixture. At >95% conversion of nitrile groups, the hydrolyzed polymer contains ≈20% of amidines situated in the nearest neighborhood of carboxylate groups. After complete hydrolysis of the amidines, poly[(sodium acrylate)-co-acrylamide] is formed having a Bernoulli distribution of units. During the initial stage of PAN cyclization at 25–97°C, very short sequences of conjugated C=N bonds are formed which are much more reactive in hydrolysis than nitrile groups. These data enable us to reconsider the mechanism of alkaline PAN hydrolysis. A corresponding reaction scheme is suggested.
NADP‐specific glutamate dehydrogenase of <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i> has a homohexamer structure (1996)

The NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase of a high beta-lactam producing industrial strain of Penicillium chrysogenum was purified to homogeneity. The enzyme (M(r) = 339,000 +/- 34,000) was demonstrated to have a homohexamer quaternary structure with a subunit molecular mass of M(r) = 56,000 +/- 2000. The N-terminal sequence of the enzyme was also determined and was found to be highly homologous to other fungal NADP-specific glutamate dehydrogenase sequences.
Toward power-sensitive network architectures in wireless communications: concepts, issues, and design aspects (1998)

Transmitter power control can be used to concurrently achieve several key objectives in wireless networking, including minimizing power consumption and prolonging the battery life of mobile nodes, mitigating interference and increasing the network capacity, and maintaining the required link QoS by adapting to node movements, fluctuating interference, channel impairments, and so on. Moreover, power control can be used as a vehicle for implementing on-line several basic network operations, including admission control, channel selection and switching, and handoff control. We consider issues associated with the design of power-sensitive wireless network architectures, which utilize power efficiently in establishing user communication at required QoS levels. Our focus is mainly on the network layer and less on the physical one. Besides reviewing some of the developments in power control, we also formulate some general associated concepts which have wide applicability to wireless network design. A synthesis of these concepts into a framework for power-sensitive network architectures is done, based on some key justifiable points. Various important relevant issues are highlighted and discussed, as well as several directions for further research in this area. Overall, a first step is taken toward the design of power-sensitive network architectures for next-generation wireless networks.
When to migrate legacy embedded applications (2006)

This experience report will focus on the issues which drive developers to migrate their application development to a new host or new target or new tool set. If there is no reason to change the embedded application, then there will obviously be no migration. Often there are compelling reasons to change the application, in which case the benefits of change will have to out weigh the costs. If the change can be incorporated using the existing tools, host, and target, then so much the better. But, if the existing tools, host, and/or target are no longer viable, then the cost of making a change to the application must include the cost of a migration.
An instruction buffer for a low-power DSP (2000)

An architecture for a low-power asynchronous DSP has been developed, for the target application of GSM (digital cellphone) chipsets. A key part of this architecture is an instruction buffer which both provides storage for prefetched instructions and performs hardware looping, This requires low latency and a reasonably fast cycle time, but must also be designed for low power. A design is presented based on a word-slice FIFO structure. This avoids the problems of input latency and power consumption associated with linear micropipeline FIFOs, and the structure lends itself reactively easily to the required looping behaviour. The latency, cycle time and power consumption for this design is compared to that of a simple micropipeline FIFO. The cycle time for the instruction buffer is around three times slower than the micropipeline FIFO. However the instruction buffer shows an energy per operation of between 48-62% of that for the (much less capable) micropipeline structure. The input to output latency with an empty FIFO is less than the micropipeline design by a factor of ten.
Diode laser satellite systems for beamed power transmission (1990)

A power system composed of an orbiting laser satellite and a surface-based receiver/converter is described. Power is transmitted from the satellite to the receiver/converter by laser beam. The satellite components are: (1) solar collector; (2) blackbody; (3) photovoltaic cells; (4) heat radiators; (5) laser system; and (6) transmission optics. The receiver/converter components are: receiver dish; lenticular lens; photocells; and heat radiator. Although the system can be adapted to missions at many locations in the solar system, only two are examined here: powering a lunar habitat; and powering a lunar rover. Power system components are described and their masses, dimensions, operating powers, and temperatures, are estimated using known or feasible component capabilities. The critical technologies involved are discussed and other potential missions are mentioned.
Basic Concepts: Degradation, Resilience, and Rehabilitation (2020)

Many kinds of soil processes, such as degradation, resilience and rehabilitation, can only be understood on the basis of an energy concept for soil systems. On this basis, soil can be described as a pool of energy at the interface between atmosphere, geosphere, hydrosphere and biosphere, based on three forms of energy, which derive from three different sources: gravity, an important factor for all processes occurring in the soil, because it controls to a great extent the energy for the movement of solids, liquids and gases within the soil, from the soil into adjacent media and vice versa. energy conserved in the rock parent material, especially in the many different forms of minerals (e.g., micas, feldspars, pyroxenes, quartz and others) and the binding forces between them (texture and structure of rocks), which have been formed through orogenesis under high energy input (pressure and temperature), which is still present in the chemical composition and crystal structure of these minerals and rocks, with two important consequences for soil formation as well as for soil degradation: There are very different rock parent materials (magmatic, metamorphic and sedimentary) with very different chemical and mineralogical compositions, thus causing very different energy levels or pools in the respective soils derived from them. These energy pools influence all kinds of processes within the soil and with its outer sphere. This energy cannot be renewed (in contrast to solar energy), except in cases of new orogenesis, e.g., volcanic activity. solar energy, furnishing the organic component of the soil as well as sustaining all forms of life within it, has two different forms, which are important for soil processes: Direct and indirect (diffuse) solar radiation, including energy exchange in the soil and between soil and atmosphere. Medium-term to long-term forms of energy, deriving from energy pools stored in the biomass and all kinds of organic carbon (humus and other forms in and above the soil).
Planar MEMS RF capacitor integration (2011)

MEMS capacitor switches have been integrated with high voltage CMOS ICs. The MEMS were formed with the final three AlCu wiring levels in SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> using a planar sacrificial silicon cavity process. The MEMS cavities were hermetically sealed at less than atmospheric pressure at wafer level. After Pb-free solder bumping, the MEMS chips are packaged in organic laminate packages. The capacitor portion of the MEMS beam has a capacitance density of ~0.12fF/μm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and the pull-in, restoring, self-actuation, and break down voltages are on the order of 25V, 10V, >;45V, and >;150V respectively. MEMS cycling lifetime over 250 Mcycles with no fails has been demonstrated. This paper summarizes the critical integration, yield, and reliability issues associated with developing this rf MEMS technology.
Computerized Surface Plasmon Microscopy (1989)

A method is presented for calculating the reflectivity of a beam of arbitrary profile, in a prism coupler, which is generating plasmons on a non-uniform surface. The particular case of a line discontinuity is considered, and computations for specific, systems are presented. Implications for various methods of surface plasmon microscopy are discussed, including the use of image processing in a computerized system.
A new European 200 series standard to substitute 304 austenitics (2009)

A new grade of the 200 series has been defined for the European market as a candidate alternative to austenitic grade EN 1.4301 (AISI 304). The grade was recently assigned a material number by VDEh (1.4618 - X9CrMnNiCu 17-8-5-2). The paper presents mechanical properties of the grade including drawability and corrosion resistance characteristics. The newly designed grade has mechanical properties slightly superior to those of EN 1.4301 (AISI 304) and equivalent to those of EN 1.4310 (AISI 301) grade. In terms of corrosion resistance, the grade is close to that of grade EN 1.4301 (AISI 304), upgrading the classical 200 series.
Propulsion and Trapping of Microparticles by Active Cilia Arrays (2012)

We model the transport of a microscopic particle via a regular array of beating elastic cilia, whose tips experience an adhesive interaction with the particle's surface. At optimal adhesion strength, the average particle velocity is maximized. Using simulations spanning a range of cilia stiffness and cilia-particle adhesion strength, we explore the parameter space over which the particle can be "released", "propelled", or "trapped" by the cilia. We use a lower-order model to predict parameters for which the cilia are able to "propel" the particle. This is the first study that shows how both stiffness and adhesion strength are crucial for manipulation of particles by active cilia arrays. These results can facilitate the design of synthetic cilia that integrate adhesive and hydrodynamic interactions to selectively repel or trap particulates. Surfaces that are effective at repelling particulates are valuable for antifouling applications, while surfaces that can trap and, thus, remove particulates from the solution are useful for efficient filtration systems.
Dendritic Ni‐P‐Coated Melamine Foam for a Lightweight, Low‐Cost, and Amphipathic Three‐Dimensional Current Collector for Binder‐Free Electrodes (2014)

A highly conductive 3D current collector that is dendritic, lightweight, and robust is synthesized for binder-free electrodes in lithium-ion batteries. It has excellent chemical/electrochemical stability in a wide voltage window (0-5 V) and robust mechanical behavior even after 600 cycles of compression. When active materials are grown in situ on the as-obtained current collector, the resulting cycling stability and rate capability far exceed those of conventional electrodes and other 3D current collectors.
Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition of TiN films for advanced metallization (1993)

Titanium nitride (TiN) films are used extensively in advanced metallization schemes for ultralarge scale integrated applications. In the present experiments, physical properties of thin TiN films deposited using low pressure chemical vapor deposition from tetrakis-dimethyl-amino titanium and ammonia have been investigated. Deposited films were characterized by resistivity, stoichiometry and etch rates. It was found that bulk resistivity correlated to wet etch rates with high resistivity films having higher wet etch rates. High bulk resistivity films were unstable in atmosphere and Auger analysis showed higher relative oxygen content. It is concluded that high resistivity films are low density and thereby susceptible to ex situ contamination. Optimized films had bulk resistivity of 250 μΩ cm and wet etch rates comparable to reactively sputtered TiN.