gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extended mean shift in handwriting clustering (2002)

The mean shift method, a simple iterative clustering procedure that shifts each data point to the average of data points in its neighborhood, is being extended in three ways: 1) the window parameter controlling the size of the neighborhood is automatically determined from the original distribution of points; 2) stable, hierarchical clustering is achieved by increasing the window parameter value in a deterministic manner; and 3) the guarantee of its convergence is rigorously proven. A critical comparison of the extended mean shift method to the k-means method and other hierarchical clustering methods is made using artificial 2D point distributions of overlapping Gaussians and half-circles with random noise. Moreover, the extended mean shift method has successfully been applied to the clustering of a wide variety of handwriting deformation in a 256-dimensional feature space.
Incremental placement algorithm for standard-cell layout (2003)

To satisfy timing constraints or complete clock net routing, it is sometimes necessary to make local modifications to circuits after placement. Redoing the time-consuming process of placement after each of these changes is no longer affordable. In this paper, we present a new algorithm W-ECOP to effect incremental changes on a standard cell layout automatically. This algorithm deals with cell inserting and cell moving based on rows instead of on cells as most placement algorithms usually do. Our method tries to minimize the adjustment on the initial placement and optimize the wirelength. Testing of W-ECOP on a group of practical test cases shows our algorithm can successfully accomplish incremental placement, with good quality and high speed.
Wavelet picture coding and its several problems of the application to the interlace HDTV and the ultra-high definition images (2003)

A new image coding method utilizing the wavelet transform, JPEG2000, has been developed. In this report, we consider several types of visual distortion observed in moving HDTV pictures and ultra-high definition pictures compressed by wavelet transform coding, and describe measures to reduce them. So-called "flicker artifacts" are visually decreased by visual weighting and the mechanism is interpreted by Weber's law. The characteristic distortion named "comb-tooth artifacts" caused by the combination of subband decomposition and the interlaced TV signal structure is discussed, and a preprocessing method is proposed to counter it. The relation between the resolution levels of the subband decomposition and the distortion is investigated by coding experiments on ultra-high definition pictures.
Glycoalkaloids and Metabolites Inhibit the Growth of Human Colon (HT29) and Liver (HepG2) Cancer Cells (2004)

As part of an effort to improve plant-derived foods such as potatoes, eggplants, and tomatoes, the antiproliferative activities against human colon (HT29) and liver (HepG2) cancer cells of a series of structurally related individual compounds were examined using a microculture tetrazolium (MTT) assay. The objective was to assess the roles of the carbohydrate side chain and aglycon part of Solanum glycosides in influencing inhibitory activities of these compounds. Evaluations were carried out with four concentrations each (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 microg/mL) of the the potato trisaccharide glycoalkaloids alpha-chaconine and alpha-solanine; the disaccharides beta(1)-chaconine, beta(2)-chaconine, and beta(2)-solanine; the monosaccharide gamma-chaconine and their common aglycon solanidine; the tetrasaccharide potato glycoalkaloid dehydrocommersonine; the potato aglycon demissidine; the tetrasaccharide tomato glycoalkaloid alpha-tomatine, the trisaccharide beta(1)-tomatine, the disaccharide gamma-tomatine, the monosaccharide delta-tomatine, and their common aglycon tomatidine; the eggplant glycoalkaloids solamargine and solasonine and their common aglycon solasodine; and the nonsteroidal alkaloid jervine. All compounds were active in the assay, with the glycoalkaloids being the most active and the hydrolysis products less so. The effectiveness against the liver cells was greater than against the colon cells. Potencies of alpha-tomatine and alpha-chaconine at a concentration of 1 microg/mL against the liver carcinoma cells were higher than those observed with the anticancer drugs doxorubicin and camptothecin. Because alpha-chaconine, alpha-solanine, and alpha-tomatine also inhibited normal human liver HeLa (Chang) cells, safety considerations should guide the use of these compounds as preventative or therapeutic treatments against carcinomas.
Instability of Three Row Vortex Streets (1964)

The steady solution of three row vortex streets with equal spacing between two adjacent vortices in the same row is shown to be of a standard configuration with arbitrary ratio of the spacing to the distance between one pair of the streets. It is shown that for any ratio such configurations are always unstable. When the strength of vortices in one row vanishes and we drop the requirement of stability of motion of the vortices with zero strength, the steady configuration of the remaining two vortices is stable and becomes the Karman vortex street. (Author)
Plasticization of Barley Starch with Glycerol and Water (1996)

Abstract Barley starch was plasticized in a melt mixer using glycerol and water as plasticizers. Plasticizer concentration, time, temperature, and shear were varied, and their effects on the molecular weight of starch and the glass transition temperature and mechanical properties of the mixtures were studied. Depolymerization of amylopectin was observed in all experiments, and starch degradation proceeded further at low glycerol concentrations. The glass transition of the plasticized starch-glycerol mixtures occurred in the temperature range −50 to −100°C and was probably induced by glycerol, not by starch. The tensile strength of a starch plate containing 29 wt% glycerol was about 0.5 MPa 1 week after molding, but increased to 2–3 MPa during 5 weeks of storage at 50% relative humidity and 24°C.
Nucleic acid-specific suppressor T cells. (1980)

The concept of using cell-bound antigens as tolerogen was applied to nucleic acid. Nucleoside was linked directly to spleen cell suspensions. Intravenous administration of nucleoside coupled to isogeneic spleen cells into mice generated suppressor cells that diminished the formation of antibody-forming cells either to a T-dependent antigen in vivo or to a T-independent antigen in vitro. Suppressor cells were nucleoside specific, but the specificity of immune suppression seems to be somewhat broader than that of tolerance to a single nucleoside. The ability to raise nucleic acid-specific suppressor T cells may have implications for both the pathogenesis and treatment of systemic lupus erythematosus.
Furnace grown gate oxynitride using nitric oxide (NO) (1994)

Gate oxynitride was grown in NO for the first time. This approach can provide a tight N accumulation near the Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface. Much lower thermal budget is required for an NO process than for an N/sub 2/O process to produce an oxynitride with useful properties. Submicron MOSFET's with NO oxynitride showed superior current drive characteristics and comparable hot carrier immunity to those with N/sub 2/O oxynitride.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Design and process issues of junction- and ferroelectric-field effect transistors in silicon carbide (2003)

Viruses use specific receptor molecules to bind selectively to target cells. Receptors have often been considered as mere docking sites, but they may also possess intrinsic signaling capacities that serve to prime the cell for entry and infection. Poliovirus (PV) initiates infection by binding to the PV receptor (PVR) and causes paralytic poliomyelitis by replicating within motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord. We have examined the process by which PV enters cultured human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC), an in vitro model of the blood-brain barrier. We found that PV enters HBMEC by dynamin-dependent caveolar endocytosis, and that entry depends on intracellular signals triggered by virus attachment to PVR. Tyrosine kinase and RhoA GTPase activation initiated by PVR ligation were both essential. Virus attachment also induced tyrosine phosphorylation of PVR; this permitted the association of PVR with SHP-2, a protein tyrosine phosphatase whose activation was required for entry and infection. The results indicate that receptor-induced signals promote virus entry and suggest a role for tyrosine phosphatases in viral pathogenesis.
Chain length dependence of phosphatidylcholine hydrolysis catalyzed by lipoprotein lipase. Effect of apolipoprotein C-II. (1983)

The effect of apolipoprotein C-II (apoC-II) on the bovine milk lipoprotein lipase (LpL)-catalyzed hydrolysis of a homologous series of saturated phosphatidylcholines was examined with respect to the fatty acyl chain length of the substrates. Dilauryl-, dimyristoyl-, dipalmitoyl-, and distearoylphosphatidylcholine solubilized by Triton X-100 and sonicated vesicles of dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine were used as substrates. The maximal rate of the LpL-catalyzed hydrolysis of each of these lipids was determined in the absence and presence of apoC-II. The activation factor (the ratio of enzyme activity with apoC-II to that without the activator protein) increased with increasing mol ratios of apoC-II to LpL and was maximal at a ratio of approximately 50. At all apoC-II/LpL mole ratios tested, the activation factor increased as a function of fatty acyl chain length. A quantitative relationship between fatty acyl chain length and the extent of maximal activation of LpL by apoC-II was observed: the logarithm of the activation factor is a linear function of the number of carbon atoms of a single fatty acyl chain of the substrates.
Scavenging of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species by the prodrug sulfasalazine and its metabolites 5-aminosalicylic acid and sulfapyridine (2010)

Sulfasalazine is a prodrug composed by a molecule of 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA) and sulfapyridine (SP), linked by an azo bond, which has been shown to be effective in the therapy of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, as well as of rheumatic diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. The precise mechanism of action of sulfasalazine and/or its metabolites has not been completely elucidated, though its antioxidant effects are well established and are probably due to its scavenging effects against reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), as well as metal chelating properties, in association to its inhibitory effects over neutrophil oxidative burst. The present work was focused on screening and comparing the potential scavenging activity for an array of ROS (O(2)(•-), H(2)O(2), (1)O(2), ROO(•) and HOCl) and RNS ((•)NO and ONOO(-)), mediated by sulfasalazine and its metabolites 5-ASA and SP, using validated in vitro screening systems. The results showed that both 5-ASA and sulfasalazine were able to scavenge all the tested ROS while SP was practically ineffective in all the assays. For HOCl, (1)O(2), and ROO(•), 5-ASA showed the best scavenging effects. A new and important finding of the present study was the strong scavenging effect of 5-ASA against (1)O(2). 5-ASA was shown to be a strong scavenger of (•)NO and ONOO(-). Sulfasalazine was also able to scavenge these RNS, although with a much lower potency than 5-ASA. SP was unable to scavenge (•)NO in the tested concentrations but was shown to scavenge ONOO(-), with a higher strength when the assay was performed in the presence of 25 mM bicarbonate, suggesting further scavenging of oxidizing carbonate radical. In conclusion, the ROS- and RNS-scavenging effects of sulfasalazine and its metabolites shown in this study may contribute to the anti-inflammatory effects mediated by sulfasalazine through the prevention of the oxidative/nitrative/nitrosative damages caused by these species.
Human embryonic stem cells: preclinical perspectives (2008)

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have been extensively discussed in public and scientific communities for their potential in treating diseases and injuries. However, not much has been achieved in turning them into safe therapeutic agents. The hurdles in transforming hESCs to therapies start right with the way these cells are derived and maintained in the laboratory, and goes up-to clinical complications related to need for patient specific cell lines, gender specific aspects, age of the cells, and several post transplantation uncertainties. The different types of cells derived through directed differentiation of hESC and used successfully in animal disease and injury models are described briefly. This review gives a brief outlook on the present and the future of hESC based therapies, and talks about the technological advances required for a safe transition from laboratory to clinic.
Oxazolidin-2-ones from allylic amines by means of iodine and carbonate anion on polymeric support. A convenient synthesis of (.+-.)-propranolol (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxazolidin-2-ones from allylic amines by means of iodine and carbonate anion on polymeric support. A convenient synthesis of (.+-.)-propranololGiuliana Cardillo, Mario Orena, and Sergio SandriCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 5, 713–717Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1986https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00355a023RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views752Altmetric-Citations33LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (719 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Distributed routing algorithm for loop detection and resolution (2002)

After a brief discussion of the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm and the associated looping problems, a routing algorithm for loop detection and resolution is proposed. The proposed algorithm detects and resolves all kinds of loops within a finite time depending on the number of nodes in a loop, while requiring a small computation and memory overhead. No extra control messages are generated and communicated over the network. The proposed algorithm does not allow any serious looping effects and maintains the simplicity of the distributed Bellman-Ford algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lycorine, the Main Phenanthridine Amaryllidaceae Alkaloid, Exhibits Significant Antitumor Activity in Cancer Cells That Display Resistance to Proapoptotic Stimuli: An Investigation of Structure−Activity Relationship and Mechanistic Insight (2009)

Twenty-two lycorine-related compounds were investigated for in vitro antitumor activity using four cancer cell lines displaying different levels of resistance to proapoptotic stimuli and two cancer cell lines sensitive to proapoptotic stimuli. Lycorine and six of its congeners exhibited potency in the single-digit micromolar range, while no compound appeared more active than lycorine. Lycorine also displayed the highest potential (in vitro) therapeutic ratio, being at least 15 times more active against cancer than normal cells. Our studies also showed that lycorine exerts its in vitro antitumor activity through cytostatic rather than cytotoxic effects. Furthermore, lycorine provided significant therapeutic benefit in mice bearing brain grafts of the B16F10 melanoma model at nontoxic doses. Thus, the results of the current study make lycorine an excellent lead for the generation of compounds able to combat cancers, which are naturally resistant to proapoptotic stimuli, such as glioblastoma, melanoma, non-small-cell-lung cancers, and metastatic cancers, among others.
Not all (possibly) “random” sequences are created equal (1997)

The need to assess the randomness of a single sequence, especially a finite sequence, is ubiquitous, yet is unaddressed by axiomatic probability theory. Here, we assess randomness via approximate entropy (ApEn), a computable measure of sequential irregularity, applicable to single sequences of both (even very short) finite and infinite length. We indicate the novelty and facility of the multidimensional viewpoint taken by ApEn, in contrast to classical measures. Furthermore and notably, for finite length, finite state sequences, one can identify maximally irregular sequences, and then apply ApEn to quantify the extent to which given sequences differ from maximal irregularity, via a set of deficit (def(m)) functions. The utility of these def(m) functions which we show allows one to considerably refine the notions of probabilistic independence and normality, is featured in several studies, including (i) digits of e, pi, radical2, and radical3, both in base 2 and in base 10, and (ii) sequences given by fractional parts of multiples of irrationals. We prove companion analytic results, which also feature in a discussion of the role and validity of the almost sure properties from axiomatic probability theory insofar as they apply to specified sequences and sets of sequences (in the physical world). We conclude by relating the present results and perspective to both previous and subsequent studies.
Telavancin: a novel semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide agent to counter the challenge of resistant Gram-positive pathogens (2017)

Telavancin (TD-6424), a semisynthetic lipoglycopeptide vancomycin-derivative, is a novel antimicrobial agent developed by Theravance for overcoming resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections, specifically methicillin-resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (MRSA). The US Food and Drug Administration (USFDA) had approved telavancin in 2009 for the treatment of complicated skin and skin structure infections (cSSSIs) caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including MRSA (<i>S. aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus anginosus</i> group, or <i>Enterococcus faecalis</i>). Telavancin has two proposed mechanisms of action. <i>In vitro</i>, telavancin has a rapid, concentration-dependent bactericidal effect, due to disruption of cell membrane integrity. Telavancin has demonstrable <i>in vitro</i> activity against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria. Telavancin and vancomycin have similar spectra of activity. Gram-negative bacteria are usually non-susceptible to telavancin. Telavancin has been successfully tested in various animal models of bacteremia, endocarditis, meningitis, and pneumonia. Phase II Telavancin versus Standard Therapy for Treatment of Complicated Skin and Soft-Tissue Infections due to Gram-Positive Bacteria (FAST 1 and FAST 2) and phase III [Assessment of Telavancin in Complicated Skin and Skin Structure Infections 1 (ATLAS 1 and ATLAS 2)] clinical trials have been conducted for evaluating telavancin's efficacy and safety in cSSSIs. Phase III clinical trials have been carried out for evaluating telavancin's safety and efficacy in nosocomial pneumonia [Assessment of Telavancin for Treatment of Hospital acquired Pneumonia 1 and 2 (ATTAIN 1 and ATTAIN 2)]. A phase II randomized, double-blind, clinical trial has been carried out for evaluating telavancin's safety and efficacy in uncomplicated <i>S. aureus</i> bacteremia [Telavancin for Treatment of Uncomplicated <i>S. aureus</i> Bacteremia (ASSURE)]. Pacemaker lead-related infective endocarditis due to a vancomycin intermediate <i>S. aureus</i> (VISA) strain (non-daptomycin susceptible) was successfully treated with parenteral telavancin for 8 weeks. Telavancin extensively binds to serum albumin (~93%) and has a relatively small volume of distribution. Telavancin is not biotransformed by any cytochrome P<sub>450</sub> microsomal enzymes and excreted mainly in the urine. Though well-tolerated, worrisome adverse effects, including renal dysfunction and QTc prolongation are of potential concern. Given its extensive binding to plasma proteins, long half-life, and a long post-antibiotic effect, it represents a promising addition to the therapeutic armamentarium in combating infections caused by resistant Gram-positive pathogens, namely, MRSA.
Efficacy and possible mechanisms of topical tranexamic acid in melasma (2016)

Topical TA is effective for melasma. This immunohistochemical study found that suppression of ET-1 could be one of the mechanisms of action of TA on melasma.
Effect of cilostazol on experimental cerebral infarction in rabbits. (1986)

The effects of 6-[4-(1-cyclohexyl-1H-tetrazol-5-yl)butoxy]-3, 4-dihydro-2(1H)-quinolinone (cilostazol, OPC-13013), acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and ifenprodil on experimentally induced cerebral infarction were studied in anesthetized rabbits. Cerebral infarction was induced by injecting arachidonic acid (AA) at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg into the unilateral intracarotid artery. After the injection of AA, the brain was perfused with Indian ink, and the degree of thrombus formation was determined by calculating the percentage of perfused area in the hemispheres. The intracarotid injection of AA produced a non-perfused area amounting to 84% of the hemisphere in the injected side and 41% of the hemisphere in the non-injected side. Intravenously administered cilostazol did not produce a definite reduction in carbon-deficient area at 0.1 mg/kg, but it did produce a 49% reduction in the injected side and a 55% reduction in the entire brain at 1 mg/kg. ASA produced a 60% reduction in the carbon-deficient area in the injected side and a 62% reduction in the entire brain at 1 mg/kg. Ifenprodil at 1 mg/kg produced only a 19% reduction in the carbon-deficient area in the injected side.
Real-Time Finite-Element Simulation of Electromagnetic Transients of Transformer on FPGA (2018)

The computation of the electromagnetic transients in a power transformer with nonlinear material using the finite element method (FEM) is so dense that the traditional nonlinear solver employing the Newton-Raphson method can hardly execute in real time. In this paper, we emulate the finite-element computation of electromagnetic transients of a transformer in real time for the first time. The transmission line modeling (TLM) method employed in the FEM successfully decoupled the nonlinear elements from the linear network so the nonlinearities could be solved individually, which is perfect for parallel processing. The parallelism of the TLM-FE solution is sufficiently explored and realized on a field-programmable gate array with deep data pipelining, and the implementation can execute in real time and provide detailed field information of the transformer during the transients. The proposed noniterative field-circuit coupling enabled the transformer to interface with an external network and the comparison with commercial FEM software proved the accuracy and computational efficiency of the real-time FE model.