gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The PTEN regulator DJ‐1 is associated with hTERT expression in clear cell renal cell carcinoma (2009)

DJ-1 is as a novel regulator of the tumor suppressor PTEN with stimulatory effects on PI3K-AKT/PKB signaling, one possible target of which is cMyc. The catalytic unit of the telomerase complex, hTERT, can be activated at different levels, including transcriptionally by cMyc and through phosphorylation by AKT/PKB. The aim of the study was to analyze the putative signaling pathway encompassing DJ-1, cMyc and hTERT in a series of 176 renal cell carcinomas (RCC) and experimentally in cell lines. DJ-1 mRNA expression was significantly elevated in clear cell RCC (ccRCC) compared with in papillary RCC (pRCC; p = 0.005) and kidney cortex tissue (p < 0.001). ccRCC and pRCC demonstrated higher cMyc RNA levels than in kidney cortex (p < 0.001 for both) as well as increased levels of hTERT RNA (p < 0.001 and p = 0.011, respectively). DJ-1 was positively correlated to cMyc and hTERT in ccRCC (p < 0.001 and p = 0.019, respectively), but not in pRCC, indicating that this pathway could have a functional significance in ccRCC. siRNA knock down of DJ-1 induced downregulation of cMyc and hTERT mRNA associated with decreased expression of pAKT and cMyc protein levels. hTERT promoter activity was upregulated after DJ-1 transfection and this upregulation was inhibited after mutation of the cMyc binding sites. These experimental data support the functional link among DJ-1, cMyc and hTERT expression as indicated in the tumor material. Neither DJ-1, cMyc nor hTERT mRNA levels were associated with proliferation (S-phase fraction), telomere length or prognosis in ccRCC.
Problem structure and subproblem sharing in multi-agent systems (2002)

In multi-agent problem-solving systems in which agents work asynchronously and in parallel on parts of a problem distributed among them, subproblem communication and integration protocols can have a major impact on problem solving efficiency. Transmitting too soon can necessitate having to "take back" transmitted partial solutions, wasting communication and processing time. Transmitting too late can complicate integration of partial solutions derived independently. The trade-off between these depends on the nature of the subproblem interdependency among the agents. We present a parameterized distributed constraint satisfaction problem (CSP) generator and a parameterized multi-agent problem-solving simulator: Using these tools, we offer some empirical observations of the tradeoff between strategies for subproblem communication timing. Our goal is to derive domain-independent answers to questions of subproblem sharing in multi-agent systems for problems that can be represented within the CSP paradigm.
Device performance degradation to hot-carrier injection at energies below the Si-SiO<inf>2</inf>energy barrier (1983)

Device performance degradation due to hot-carriers having energies below the Si-SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> energy barrier are examined. For a test device with L <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">eff</inf> = 0.3 µm and T <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">ox</inf> 5 nm, transconductance degradation and/or threshold voltage shift have been detected at a drain voltage of 2.5 V, which is lower than the Si-SiO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</inf> energy barrier(∼ 3.2 eV). In particular, transconductance degradation, rather than threshold voltage shift, is more noticeable. No sharp cut-off is shown near a drain voltage of 3 V. This transconductance degradation is mainly due to an interface state increase caused by drain avalanche hot-carrier injection. It was also found that the time, τ, that it takes for <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">G_{m} or V_{th}</tex> to degrade a certain degree, can be expressed as <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">\tau \propto (1/V_{D})</tex> for a V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</inf> range of greater than 2.5 V. This degradation occurs in the same way as for long channel devices at V <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">D</inf> > 3 V. Thus, hot carrier-related device degradation may be one of the most stringent problems in submicron MOS FETs, even after the power supply voltage is reduced.
Density, Temperature and Potential Fluctuation Measurements With Multiple Fast Swept Langmuir Probes on W7-AS (1998)

To measure fluctuations of plasma density, electron temperature and electric plasma potential in the edge of fusion experiments simultaneously and with high spatial resolution, the best approach is generally agreed to be the fast sweeping of the Langmuir probe characteristic, a technique which has been applied on several experiments in the past few years. “Fast” in this context means that the sweep frequency should be well above typical fluctuation frequencies which are known to range up to a few 100 kHz. A new experimental arrangement for such measurements has been used on the Wendelstein 7-AS stellarator, making use of amplifiers in the reciprocating probe head, only few cm from the probe tips. It is thus possible to sweep the probes in the MHz range and to obtain good quality probe characteristics without having to correct for cable resonances and capacitance. Four poloidally displaced probe tips were swept with 1–4 MHz and the voltage and current signals were recorded with a sampling frequency of 50–200 MHz. Ion saturation current and floating potential fluctuations obtained from the swept signals are compared with static measurements of these two quantities measured simultaneously by further tips on the same probe head. If we use “standard” probe theory to analyse these measurements, the temperature fluctuations contribute significantly when calculating the plasma potential from the floating potential. In standard probe theory some basic assumptions are made, e.g., on the ratio of electron to ion temperature or the secondary electron emission coefficient of the probe tips. The influence of changes in these assumptions on the calculated phase angle between density, electron temperature and electric potential fluctuations and on the resulting radial particle and thermal transport is discussed. The fluctuation-induced radial particle transport is compared with the value obtained from ion saturation current and floating potential neglecting temperature fluctuations.
The chrysanthemumcarboxylic acids. III.—Lactonization of the chrysanthemic acids (1951)

Abstract (±)‐cis‐Chrysanthemic acid is readily lactonized in boiling dilute sulphuric acid to the crystalline (±)‐cis‐dihydrochrysanthemo‐δD‐lactone. The lactone ring is opened by alkali hydrolysis and a derivative of the (±)‐cis‐δD‐hydroxydihydrochrysanthemic acid is obtained. With methanolic sulphuric acid the lactone ring is opened to give mainly methyl (±)‐cis‐±‐methoxydihydrochrysanthemate together with methyl (±)‐cis‐chrysanthemate. In contrast, (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acid is converted under similar conditions into the crystalline (±)‐trans‐δ‐hydroxydihydrochrysanthemic acid. The mechanisms of these reactions and their bearing on the Seil and the Wilcoxon–Holaday methods of pyrethrum assay are discussed. On heating at 300° C. in sealed tubes (±)‐cis‐and (±)‐trans‐chrysanthemic acids and (±)‐cis‐dihydrochrysanthemo‐δ‐lactone are converted into an isomeric crystalline lactone, (±)‐pyrocin. This is shown by oxidative degradation not to be a dihydrochrysanthemo‐lactone but to be (±)‐β‐isobutenylisohexano‐σ‐lactone. These lactones are substantially non‐toxic to houseflies.
[Intraoperative control of mean arterial pressure and heart rate with alfentanyl with fuzzy logic]. (2000)

We believe the controller can be used to automate taks executed by experts. The controller was useful for stabilizing HR and MAP.
A vibrating wire viscometer for measurements at elevated pressures (1973)

A vibrating wire viscometer is described which has been used to measure the viscosity of liquid helium at varying temperatures and pressures. The viscosity is calculated from measurements of the decay time and frequency of a taut vibrating wire damped by the fluid, of the wire density and diameter, and from knowledge of the density of the fluid being measured. This viscometer is an outgrowth of one previously developed which operated only at the vapour pressure. The new device is usable at elevated pressures and requires only a small volume of fluid.
A toxic gas eases IBD (2005)

A study on page 1703 might help explain why active smokers rarely suffer from an inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) known as ulcerative colitis. Hegazi and colleagues show that carbon monoxide (CO) gas, a component of cigarette smoke, shuts down the production of a disease-promoting cytokine, thus easing chronic bowel inflammation in mice.






Figure 

Inhaled carbon monoxide induces the intestinal expression of heme oxygenase-1 (dark brown) and soothes colitis.




CO is both a toxic air pollutant and a normal byproduct of cellular heme metabolism. Although CO's asphyxiant properties have earned it a bad reputation, the ubiquitous tissue expression of the natural CO-producing enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) suggests that the effects of CO must not be all bad.

Indeed, recent studies have shown that CO, at least at low concentrations, has a redeeming quality: it acts as an antiinflammatory agent. Low dose inhaled CO is therapeutic in many acute disease models including bacterial sepsis, organ transplantation, and vascular injury. Normally, HO-1 expression (and thus CO production) is induced under conditions of cellular stress, such as infection or oxygen deprivation, probably to limit the adverse effects of stress-induced inflammation.

The effects of CO on chronic inflammation, however, had not been studied. Here, Hegazi and colleagues show that CO exposure also inhibits chronic intestinal inflammation in mice. Exogenous CO treatment induced the expression of HO-1, either directly or indirectly, which in turn limited the intestinal production of the inflammation-inducing cytokine interleukin (IL)-12. In macrophages, HO-1 inhibited the expression of the transcription factor IRF-8 (interferon regulatory factor-8), which normally drives the synthesis of IL-12 in response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ—a situation that mimics the stimulation of these cells in the inflamed intestine.

Although the induction of HO-1 is required for the therapeutic effects of CO in most disease models, this is the first study to identify IRF-8 as a target of HO-1–induced inhibition. How HO-1 represses IRF-8 expression remains to be determined.

Based on these results, the authors suggest that inhaled CO or agents that increase endogenous HO-1 activity might be therapeutic in patients with ulcerative colitis. However, nonsmokers with IBD shouldn't necessarily break out the Marlboros, as cigarette smoking is a risk factor not only for heart disease and cancer but also for Crohn's disease, another form of IBD.
Mathematical Analysis of a Prime Modulus Quantizer MASH Digital Delta–Sigma Modulator (2007)

A MASH digital delta-sigma modulator (DDSM) is analyzed mathematically. It incorporates first-order error feedback modulators (EFM) which include prime modulus quantizers to guarantee a minimum sequence length M. The purpose of this analysis is to calculate the exact sequence length of the aforementioned MASH DDSM. We show that the sequence length for an lth-order member of this modulator family M is for all constant inputs, and for all initial conditions, where M is the sequence length of the constituent first-order prime modulus quantizer EFMs.
An object-oriented medical decision support system (1991)

The 'Histology System' (H.A. Heathfield 1990) is a decision support system intended to assist pathologists in the histological diagnosis of breast disease. It is intended as a research vehicle to explore the potential role of computer-assisted diagnosis in pathology. It was implemented in the object-oriented language C++ (B. Stroustrup 1986). The system exhibits components which can be easily replaced or changed, or used in new applications. It would seem that a system constructed around objects rather than around procedures automatically reduces the coupling between components. However, there were problems. For example, inheritance was not of much benefit in the Histology System, due to lack of guidance and experience with it. This meant that code reuse at the object level was not fully exploited. A theory of inheritance would have provided an easier and safer way to exploit the benefits of inheritance than trial and error. The authors maintain that formalised theories offer the programmer the mental structures necessary to think about design, which can usually only be gained by experience. Object-oriented technology is often claimed to support a 'natural' approach to software development-the authors' experience is that this is a misleading claim, although the technical benefits are real enough.
Integration-Free Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Retinitis Pigmentosa Patient for Disease Modeling (2012)

We investigated retinitis pigmentosa (RP) caused by a mutation in the gene rhodopsin (RHO) with a patient-specific rod cell model generated from induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from an RP patient. To generate the iPSCs and to avoid the unpredictable side effects associated with retrovirus integration at random loci in the host genome, a nonintegrating Sendai-virus vector was installed with four key reprogramming gene factors (POU5F1, SOX2, KLF4, and c-MYC) in skin cells from an RP patient. Subsequent selection of the iPSC lines was on the basis of karyotype analysis as well as in vitro and in vivo pluripotency tests. Using a serum-free, chemically defined, and stepwise differentiation method, the expressions of specific markers were sequentially induced in a neural retinal progenitor, a retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) progenitor, a photoreceptor precursor, RPE cells, and photoreceptor cells. In the differentiated rod cells, diffused distribution of RHO protein in cytoplasm and expressions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress markers strongly indicated the involvement of ER stress. Furthermore, the rod cell numbers decreased significantly after successive culture, suggesting an in vitro model of rod degeneration. Thus, from integration-free patient-specific iPSCs, RP patient-specific rod cells were generated in vitro that recapitulated the disease feature and revealed evidence of ER stress in this patient, demonstrating its utility for disease modeling in vitro.
Factors Affecting Juice Extraction and Yield of Leaf Protein Concentrate from Ground Alfalfa (1978)

ADSTRACTA twin screw press was used to dewater ground alfalfa feed material. The dewatering behavior of the ground alfalfa and the yield of leaf protein concentrate (LPC) were determined. Grinding signifi-cantly increased the extraction of juice, solids, and nitrogen from the feed alfalfa, the dry matter content of the resultant press cake, and the yield of LPC. The average yield of LPC was 15.2 percent of the ground alfalfa feed weight (dry basis), an increase of 62 percent compared to a chopped unground alfalfa control. The yield of LPC and other processing results were approximated by appropriate multiple linear equations. The yield of LPC was dependent on the temperature, dry matter, fiber and protein contents of the feed alfalfa. The yield of juice was dependent on the feed alfalfa fiber and dry matter contents.
A cloud enviroment for backup and data storage (2014)

Currently derived from advances and technological developments can have Input-Output devices ever better able to store more information. The use of the disks of the nodes of a cluster as global storage system is an inexpensive solution for a cloud environment. The need for the available of information from anywhere is increasing; this represents a problem for many users who use applications such as databases, media, personal file, documents, etc. The I/O data demands of these applications get higher as they get larger. In order to improve performance of these applications can use parallel file systems. PVFS2 is a free parallel file system developed by a multi-institution team of parallel I/O, networking and storage experts. In this paper we present the design of an implementation for cloud environment for able to store and back up data through using remote servers that can be accessed through the Internet. The implementation aims to increase the availability of data and reduce in loss of information.
Precise electrochemical fabrication of sub-20 nm solid-state nanopores for single-molecule biosensing (2010)

It has recently been shown that solid-state nanometer-scale pores ('nanopores') can be used as highly sensitive single-molecule sensors. For example, electrophoretic translocation of DNA, RNA and proteins through such nanopores has enabled both detection and structural analysis of these complex biomolecules. Control over the nanopore size is critical as the pore must be comparable in size to the analyte molecule in question. The most widely used fabrication methods are based on focused electron or ion beams and thus require (scanning) transmission electron microscopy and focused ion beam (FIB) instrumentation. Even though very small pores have been made using these approaches, several issues remain. These include the requirement of being restricted to rather thin, mechanically less stable membranes, particularly for pore diameters in the single-digit nanometer range, lack of control of the surface properties at and inside the nanopore, and finally, the fabrication cost. In the proof-of-concept study, we report on a novel and simple route for fabricating metal nanopores with apparent diameters below 20 nm using electrodeposition and real-time ionic current feedback in solution. This fabrication approach inserts considerable flexibility into the kinds of platforms that can be used and the nanopore membrane material. Starting from much larger pores, which are straightforward to make using FIB or other semiconductor fabrication methods, we electrodeposit Pt at the nanopore interface while monitoring its ionic conductance at the same time in a bi-potentiostatic setup. Due to the deposition of Pt, the nanopore decreases in size, resulting in a decrease of the pore conductance. Once a desired pore conductance has been reached, the electrodeposition process is stopped by switching the potential of the membrane electrode and the fabrication process is complete. Furthermore, we demonstrate that these pores can be used for single-biomolecule analysis, such as that of λ-DNA, which we use in a proof-of-concept study. Importantly, our approach is applicable to single nanopores as well as nanopore arrays, and can easily be extended to deposits of metal other than Pt.
A novel synthesis of hydroxy-1,2,3-benzothiadiazoles (1967)

Diazotisation and hydrolysis of 5- and 6-aminobenzothiazoles yield the corresponding hydroxybenzothiazoles or the hydroxy-1,2,3-benzothiadiazoles depending on the ratio of nitrous acid to amine employed in the reaction. Diazotisation of 7-aminobenzothiazole with one equivalent of nitrous acid followed by hydrolysis yields 7-amino-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole, whilst two equivalents of nitrous acid give 7-hydroxy-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole.Nitration of 1,2,3-benzothiadiazole yields 4-nitro-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole in addition to the reported 5- and 7-nitro-compounds.
Genetic Engineering of Terpenoid Metabolism Attracts Bodyguards to <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2005)

Herbivore-damaged plants release complex mixtures of volatiles that attract natural enemies of the herbivore. To study the relevance of individual components of these mixtures for predator attraction, we manipulated herbivory-induced volatiles through genetic engineering. Metabolic engineering of terpenoids, which dominate the composition of many induced plant volatile bouquets, holds particular promise. By switching the subcellular localization of the introduced sesquiterpene synthase to the mitochondria, we obtained transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana plants emitting two new isoprenoids. These altered plants attracted carnivorous predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis) that aid the plants' defense mechanisms.
Chemical Bath Deposition of CdS Thin Films: An Approach to the Chemical Mechanism Through Study of the Film Microstructure (1997)

Many papers have been published lately on chemical bath deposition of CdS (CBD‐CdS) thin films and related materials due to the promising results obtained using CBD‐CdS for the fabrication of thin‐film solar cells. In spite of this little of the research proposes a realistic chemical mechanism for the deposition process based on the determination of kinetic parameters. In this paper we present an exhaustive study of the CBD‐CdS kinetic from which we propose a new chemical mechanism which agrees with the kinetic parameters determined supported by heterogeneous catalysis concepts. Simultaneously, the dependence of the deposited film structure on the kinetic variables is studied and the results obtained corroborate the proposed mechanism. These studies have allowed us to stablish a standard set of conditions for the fabrication of homogeneous and continuous very thin CdS films.
Immobilization of Recombinant <i>E. coli</i> Cells in a Bacterial Cellulose–Silk Composite Matrix To Preserve Biological Function (2017)

Strategies for the encapsulation of cells for the design of cell-based sensors require efficient immobilization procedures while preserving biological activity of the reporter cells. Here, we introduce an immobilization technique that relies upon the symbiotic relationship between two bacterial strains: cellulose-producing <i>Gluconacetobacter xylinus</i> cells; and recombinant <i>Escherichia coli</i> cells harboring recombinase-based dual-color synthetic riboswitch (RS), as a model for cell-based sensor. Following sequential coculturing of recombinant cells in the cellulose matrix, final immobilization of <i>E. coli</i> cells was completed after reconstituted silk fibroin (SF) protein was added to a "living membrane" generating the composite bacterial cellulose-silk fibroin (BC-SF) scaffold. By controlling incubation parameters for both types of cells, as well as the conformations in SF secondary structure, a variety of robust composite scaffolds were prepared ranging from opaque to transparent. The properties of the scaffolds were compared in terms of porosity, water capacity, distribution of recombinant cells within the scaffolds matrix, onset of cells activation, and ability to protect recombinant function of cells against UV irradiation. The closer-fitted microstructure of transparent BC-SF scaffolds resulted in leakage-free encapsulation of recombinant cells with preserved RS function because of a combination of several parameters that closely matched properties of a biofilm environment. Along with proper elasticity, fine porosity, capacity to retain the water, and ability of SF to absorb UV light, the composite hydrogel material provided necessary conditions to form confined cell colonies that modified cell metabolism and enhanced cell resilience to the stresses induced by encapsulation.
A Tunable Optofluidic Microlens Based on Gradient Refractive Index (2009)

A tunable optofluidic microlens configuration named Liquid Gradient Refractive Index (L-GRIN) lens is described. The variable light focusing is achieved through the diffusion based refractive index gradient within a microfluidic device.