gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Substitution Reaction of Tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole Derivative — Chain Extension and Structural Correlation Study (2003)

An unusual cyanation with rearrangement of a 1-chloromethyltetrahydropyrano [3,4-b]indole-1-acetic acid ester derivative is reported.The resulting C-1 chain extension product is identified by correlation studies and spectral method.Fused indoles are of general interest because they have a wide variety of medicinal interest, including their reported anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. 1,2A versatile method for synthesizing pyranoindole ring systems has been reported, including the preparation of 1,3,4,9-tetrahydropyrano[3,4-b]indole-1-alkanoic acids and their derivatives. 2The exploration led to the discovery of an anti-inflammatorydrug, etodolac (15) (brand name: Lodine).Recently, research in the field of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors stimulated the reinvestigation of pyranoindoles. 3-5More recently, it was reported that COX-2 may play an important role during premalignant hyperproliferating. 6Therefore, exploring synthetic methods for preparing fused indoles is valuable.During the study of chiral etodolac synthesis, 7 a novel ring-expansion reaction was discovered in an Et
Neurotrophins: a family of proteins supporting the survival of neurons. (1994)

NGF, BDNF, NT-3, and NT-4/5 are all members of a structurally related family of molecules that function to prevent the death of embryonic neurons during development. The presence of these molecules in the targets of innervating neurons is likely to explain at least in part why many neurons depend on their target tissues for survival. A small family of related membrane proteins with a ligand-activable tyrosine kinase and expressed in the nervous system represents a significant part of the structural basis explaining how neurons discriminate between the neurotrophins and transduce the consequence of neurotrophin binding. Thus, much structural information has been obtained that contributes to better understand some important aspects of vertebrate neurogenesis, particularly those related to selective cell survival in a very diverse cellular system like the nervous system. Future studies will have to explain how the role of these molecules has to be understood in the context of the characteristic features of the nervous system, in particular neurotransmission and electrical activity. Finally, while the role of neurotrophins has been discussed here in the context of the developing nervous system, it will be important to understand what functions these molecules might play in the central nervous system. For example, neurotrophins might function as long term mediators of changes in cellular shapes under the influence of electrical activity, as well as in pathological situations when axonal elongation is needed to restore connections, or to maintain the well-being of neurons that are eliminated during the course of neurodegenerative diseases.
Design-oriented estimation of thermal noise in switched-capacitor circuits (2005)

Thermal noise represents a major limitation on the performance of most electronic circuits. It is particularly important in switched circuits, such as the switched-capacitor (SC) filters widely used in mixed-mode CMOS integrated circuits. In these circuits, switching introduces a boost in the power spectral density of the thermal noise due to aliasing. Unfortunately, even though the theory of noise in SC circuits is discussed in the literature, it is very intricate. The numerical calculation of noise in switched circuits is very tedious, and requires highly sophisticated and not widely available software. The purpose of this paper is twofold. It provides a tutorial description of the physical phenomena taking place in an SC circuit while it processes noise (Sections II-III). It also proposes some specialized but highly efficient algorithms for estimating the resulting sampled noise in SC circuits, which need only simple calculations (Sections IV-VI ). A practical design procedure, which follows directly from the estimate, is also described. The accuracy of the proposed estimation algorithms is verified by simulation using SpectreRF. As an example, it is applied to the estimation of the total thermal noise in a second-order low-distortion delta-sigma converter.
New system to fingerprint extensible markup language documents using winnowing theory (2012)

Today, with the fast development of extensible markup language (XML) and increasing amount of data that is published in the form of XML, copyright protection of these data is becoming an important requirement for numerous applications. This study is proposing a system that uses fingerprinting to trace illegal copies and detect any modification made to an XML data. However, the flexible construction of XML data poses a number of challenges to fingerprinting, such as reorganisation and alteration. To overcome these challenges, the proposed system has to be based on the winnowing theory, which selects fingerprint from hashes of XML elements. This system is distortion free since it does not introduce any deformation to the XML data and also preserves usability constraint that is not optimised by the current fingerprinting systems. Experimental results show that the probability of missing fingerprint matching is very low and the chance to detect and locate changes in the XML data is very high.
Cationic Hydrophobic Peptides with Antimicrobial Activity (2002)

The MICs of cationic, hydrophobic peptides of the prototypic sequence KKAAAXAAAAAXAAWAAXAAAKKKK-amide (where X is one of the 20 commonly occurring amino acids) are in a low micromolar range for a panel of gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria, with no or low hemolytic activity against human and rabbit erythrocytes. The peptides are active only when the average segmental hydrophobicity of the 19-residue core is above an experimentally determined threshold value (where X is Phe, Trp, Leu, Ile, Met, Val, Cys, or Ala). Antimicrobial activity could be increased by using peptides that were truncated from the prototype length to 11 core residues, with X being Phe and with 6 Lys residues grouped at the N terminus. We propose a mechanism for the interaction between these peptides and bacterial membranes similar to the "carpet model," wherein the Lys residues interact with the anionic phospholipid head groups in the bacterial membrane surface and the hydrophobic core portion of the peptide is then able to interact with the lipid bilayer, causing disruption of the bacterial membrane.
Fracture toughness and surface cracks--the key to understanding ceramic brackets. (1988)

The mechanical properties of ceramic brackets, particularly fracture toughness, are so different from those of metal brackets that their selection and handling requires a completely different set of criteria and techniques.
Distributed quasi-Bragg beam splitter in crossed atomic waveguides (2017)

We perform an experimental and theoretical study of a novel distributed quasi-Bragg splitter for cold atoms propagating in crossed optical waveguides. The atoms are guided by horizontal red-detuned laser beams which cross with an angle of roughly 90°. The lattice formed by the interference between the two waveguides is used as a quasi-Bragg splitter to continuously deflect the atomic flux from one waveguide into the other. In the limit of strong waveguide confinement and depending on the velocity of the cloud, three main regimes are observed corresponding (1) to the absence of reflection, (2) to partial reflection and (3) to full reflection into the second waveguide. In view of the application to atom interferometry, the condition to split the cloud into mainly two equally-populated fragments is only met in the highest velocity regime, where the fraction of reflected and transmitted atoms can be controlled by tuning the lattice height. A diagnostic of the momentum distribution shows that a quasi-Bragg splitter with the occupation of mainly two momentum states is achieved in this regime. This behaviour can be understood by considering the band structure associated with the potential in the crossing region and agrees with numerical simulations of the atomic dynamics.
Oxygen-Driven Unzipping of Graphitic Materials (2006)

Optical microscope images of graphite oxide (GO) reveal the occurrence of fault lines resulting from the oxidative processes. The fault lines and cracks of GO are also responsible for their much smaller size compared with the starting graphite materials. We propose an unzipping mechanism to explain the formation of cracks on GO and cutting of carbon nanotubes in an oxidizing acid. GO unzipping is initiated by the strain generated by the cooperative alignment of epoxy groups on a carbon lattice. We employ two small GO platelets to show that through the binding of a new epoxy group or the hopping of a nearby existing epoxy group, the unzipping process can be continued during the oxidative process of graphite. The same epoxy group binding pattern is also likely to be present in an oxidized carbon nanotube and cause its breakup.
Radiosensitization of heat resistant human tumour cells by 1 hour at 41.1°C and its effect on DNA repair (2002)

The present study was undertaken to determine if short duration (1-2 h), moderate hyperthermia (41.1 degrees C) could radiosensitize human tumour cells. It was found that moderate hyperthermia (41.1 degrees C), for as little as 1 h, can radiosensitize heat resistant human adenocarcinoma cells, NSY42129 (NSY), provided the cells are irradiated 15 min prior to the end of the heat exposure. Analysis of the survival data showed a 2.5-3-fold increase in the alpha parameter with no significant change in the beta parameter of the survival curve, implying that the cells had become more susceptible to killing by single radiation energy deposition events as opposed to lethal events that require an interaction between two separate energy deposition events. 41.1 degrees C hyperthermia did not affect the induction or repair of alkaline labile DNA damage in a way that correlated with radiosensitivity. In contrast, heat-induced changes in the induction of micronuclei by radiation correlated with changes in cell killing. Therefore, the effect of 41.1 degrees C hyperthermia on the intracellular localization of the DNA double strand break repair protein, Mre11, was measured using in situ immunofluorescence and immunoblotting of soluble and insoluble cellular fractions. The results showed that Mre11 delocalizes from the nucleus as a function of time at 41.1 degrees C. It was then determined if 41.1 degrees C hyperthermia altered the association of Mre11 with its functional partner, Rad50. A significant decrease in the amount of Rad50 recovered with Mre11 occurred under the experimental conditions that produced significant radiosensitization. These results are consistent with the possibility that the heat-induced perturbation in Mre11 localization and its radiation-induced association with Rad50 contributes to an increase in radiosensitivity.
Time dilation in dynamic visual display (2006)

How does the brain estimate time? This old question has led to many biological and psychological models of time perception (R. A. Block, 1989; P. Fraisse, 1963; J. Gibbon, 1977; D. L. I. Zakay, 1989). Because time cannot be directly measured at a given moment, it has been proposed that the brain estimates time based on the number of changes in an event (S. W. Brown, 1995; P. Fraisse, 1963; W. D. Poynter, 1989). Consistent with this idea, dynamic visual stimuli are known to lengthen perceived time (J. F. Brown, 1931; S. Goldstone & W. T. Lhamon, 1974; W. T. Lhamon & S. Goldstone, 1974, C. O. Z. Roelofs & W. P. C. Zeeman, 1951). However, the kind of information that constitutes the basis for time perception remains unresolved. Here, we show that the temporal frequency of a stimulus serves as the "clock" for perceived duration. Other aspects of changes, such as speed or coherence, were found to be inconsequential. Time dilation saturated at a temporal frequency of 4-8 Hz. These results suggest that the clock governing perceived time has its basis at early processing stages. The possible links between models of time perception and neurophysiological functions of early visual areas are discussed.
Factors affecting the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of liposomal drugs (2012)

Various attempts to increase the therapeutic index of the drug while minimizing side effects have been made in drug delivery systems. Among several promising strategies, liposomes represent an advanced technology to target active molecules to the site of action. Rapid clearance of circulating liposomal drugs administered intravenously has been a critical issue because circulation time in the blood affects drug exposure at the target site. The clinical use of liposomal drugs is complicated by large intra- and interindividual variability in their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Thus, it is important to understand the factors affecting the PK/PD of the liposomal formulation of drugs and to elucidate the mechanisms underlying the variability in the PK/PD of liposomal drugs. In this review article, we describe the characteristics of liposome formulations and discuss the effects of various factors, including liposome-associated factors, host-associated factors, and treatment on the PK/PD of liposomal agents.
ENCODING TECHNIQUES FOR THE VIBROSEIS * SYSTEM ** (1978)

A bstract The use of certain codes for the Vibroseis system of exploration has been investigated. The codes considered are well‐known in communication theory. The effect of coding the Vibroseis input signal is the suppression of correlation noise and therefore an improvement of the signal to noise ratio. It is believed that, during the course of research, a new property of one of the codes used has been discovered.
A study on mode switching smoothly on hybrid electric vehicle based on CVT (2011)

To CVT-based hybrid electric vehicle, this paper proposed a new algorithm for the motor torque. The algorithm can realize smoothness of mode switching from pure electric mode to the engine operating mode. In the CVT speed ratio computing function, this algorithm obtain engine pseudo-target speed according to speed and throttle opening. According to the engine output characteristics and throttle opening and engine pseudo speed, we can get engine pseudo torque and derive motor output torque. Simulation results show that this algorithm can realize smoothness of mode switching.
A Neural Network Based Methodology for Virtual Sensor Development (2005)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Recent advances in ANN (Artificial Neural Network) technology enable new methods to be developed in sensor technology. There are a large number of cases where there exists a causal relationship between one or more inputs and a physical quantity, but where an easily implemented analytical relationship between the inputs and the output can not easily be found. In such cases, machine learning techniques, such as artificial neural networks, are able to model that functional relationship. However, using conventional computing hardware, these methods, while theoretically attractive, are too computationally intensive for field deployment in real-time systems.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Using a hardware implementation of an artificial neural network architecture, these computational restrictions can be eliminated. The authors have been working on the implementation of neural network based virtual sensors, specifically for use within automotive powertrain applications, using multiple inputs to estimate multi-dimensional non-linear relationships between existing sensor data and desired engine control parameters.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper will discuss the process of developing a hardware ANN based function estimator, with special focus on virtual sensing applications. The example used in this paper is a virtual mass airflow sensor (MAF), where the MAF estimate has been derived from other sensor inputs which are readily available to the engine controller.</div>
Adenosine and Pain (2003)

I. INTRODUCTION The endogenous nucleoside adenosine performs multiple functions within the body. It can be progressively phosphorylated to generate the high-energy molecules adenosine mono-, di-, and triphosphate (AMP, ADP, and ATP), and from ATP may be further modiﬁed to generate the intracellular second-messenger cyclic-AMP (cAMP). More recently, it has become apparent that adenosine also acts as a chemical-signaling agent or local hormone in its own right. The diversity of responses that are mediated by adenosine in this signaling context is also wide, but as a rule, its effects are generally inhibitory: for example, it reduces heart rate, inhibits fatty acid release from adipocytes, down-regulates the immune response, and acts as a central nervous system (CNS) depressant. The latter response is particularly relevant in understanding the role of adenosine in the physiology of pain.
Nobel Lecture: Manipulating atoms with photons (1998)

Consider first a light beam with frequency L propagating through a medium consisting of atoms with resonance frequency A . The index of refraction describing this propagation has an imaginary part and a real part which are associated with two types of physical processes. The incident photons can be absorbed, more precisely scattered in all directions. The corresponding attenuation of the light beam is maximum at resonance. It is described by the imaginary part of the index of refraction which varies with L A as a Lorentz absorption curve. We will call such an effect a dissipative (or absorptive) effect. The speed of propagation of light is also modified. The corresponding dispersion is described by the real part n of the index of refraction whose difference from 1, n1, varies with L A as a Lorentz dispersion curve. We will call such an effect a reactive (or dispersive) effect.
Operative Lengthening of the Femur (1978)

Femoral lengthening with the aid of the apparatus described in this article can be accomplished safely and predictably. However, it is not without considerations and problems which must be fully understood and appreciated. The healing process requires months to years; with a cooperative patient and a diligent attentive orthopedist, the equalization of leg lengths is more than justified.
Diameter Agent Overload (2014)

This specification documents an extension to the Diameter Overload
Control (DOC) base solution. The extension addresses the handling of
occurrances of overload of a Diameter agent. Requirements
A distinct ferredoxin for nitrogen fixation isolated from heterocysts of the cyanobacterium <i>Anabaena variabilis</i> (1985)

Ferredoxin from heterocysts of Anabaena variabilis has been isolated and its biological activity compared to ferredoxin obtained from vegetative cells of the same organism. Both ferredoxins catalyze equally effective NADP + photoreduction by heterocyst thylakoids. When photoreduced, both ferredoxins transfer electrons to nitrogenase from A. variabilis , with heterocyst ferredoxin being twice as active as vegetative cell ferredoxin. In the dark, however, only heterocyst ferredoxin is able to link reducing power, generated by soluble systems, such as H 2 /hydrogenase (from Clostridium pasteurianum ) and NADPH/ferredoxin:NADP + oxidoreductase (from A. variabilis ), to the cyanobacterial nitrogenase. Using heterocyst homogenates with glucose 6‐phosphate as electron donor, only ferredoxin from heterocysts is able to stimulate nitrogenase activity further.
Protein domains governing interactions between E2F, the retinoblastoma gene product, and human papillomavirus type 16 E7 protein. (1993)

Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) are the etiological agents for genital warts and contribute to the development of cervical cancer in humans. The HPV E7 gene product is expressed in these diseases, and the E7 genes from HPV types 16 and 18 contribute to transformation in mammalian cells. Mutation and deletion analysis of this gene suggests that the transforming activity of the protein product resides in the same domain as that which is directly involved in complex formation with the retinoblastoma gene product (pRB). This domain is one of two conserved regions (designated CRI and CRII) shared by E7 and other viral oncoproteins which bind pRB, including adenovirus E1A protein. Binding of HPV type 16 E7 protein to pRB has previously been shown to affect pRB's ability to bind DNA and to form complexes with other cellular proteins. In the current study, we map the functional interaction between E7 protein and pRB by monitoring the association between a 60-kDa version of the pRB, pRB60, and the cellular transcription factor E2F. We observe that CRII of E7 (amino acids 20 to 29), which completely blocks binding of full-length E7 protein, is necessary but not sufficient to inhibit E2F/pRB60 complex formation. While CRI of E1A (amino acids 37 to 55) appears to be sufficient to compete with E2F for binding to pRB60, the equivalent region of E7 is neither necessary nor sufficient. Only E7 fragments that contained both CRII and at least a portion of the zinc-binding domain (amino acids 60 to 98) inhibited E2F/pRB60 complex formation. These results suggest that pRB60 associates with E7 and E2F through overlapping but distinct domains.
DNA display of glycoconjugates to emulate oligomeric interactions of glycans (2015)

Glycans (carbohydrate portion of glycoproteins and glycolipids) frequently exert their function through oligomeric interactions involving multiple carbohydrate units. In efforts to recapitulate the diverse spatial arrangements of the carbohydrate units, assemblies based on hybridization of nucleic acid conjugates have been used to display simplified ligands with tailored interligand distances and valences. The programmability of the assemblies lends itself to a combinatorial display of multiple ligands. Recent efforts in the synthesis and applications of such conjugates are discussed.
Capsaicin and sensory neurones — a review (1983)

Cerebral Functions Research Group, Department of Anatomy, University College London, Cower Street, London WCIE 6BT Great Britain (Received 26 May 1982, accepted 10 June 1982)
OCals: A Novel Overlay Construction Approach for Layered Streaming (2008)

Layered streaming in overlay networks has drawn great interests since not only can it accomodate large scales of clients but also it handles client heterogeneities. However, to our knowledge, there's still a lack of overlay construction (i.e. neighbor selection) approach suited for layered streaming, because i) In existing works neighbors are selected only based on their network conditions. However, a neighbor with good network condition may not be able to provide sufficient layers (e.g. a neighbor in the same LAN), ii) Previous works usually select "good" neighbors for the new node, ignoring that the joining of the new node could also be utilized to improve the performance of existing nodes. In this paper, OCals - a two-stage QoS aware overlay construction approach for layered streaming is proposed. The main contribution of OCals is that i) when selecting neighbor, it considers existing nodes' network conditions and their providing layers as a whole; ii) it guarantees the QoS for the new node as well as improves the QoS for existing nodes so that with the joining of new nodes, the performance of the overlay could be consecutively improved; iii) it's easy to implement and low time cost. Experiments demonstrate that compared with two other approaches: SCAMP (a pure random neighbor selection method) and Narada (a QoS aware method), the throughput and average packet delay of the layered streaming on top of the overlay constructed by OCals can be remarkably improved. Besides, the time spent on joining and recovery is very short.