gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Environmental Deinstitutionalization in Russia (2009)

Since the early 1990s a steadily growing social science literature has emerged on environmental reform. One of the core claims of the environmental reform school-of-thought is that environmental considerations and interests become institutionalized in societies (in different ways in their political, economic and socio-cultural domains). This article uses Russia as a case study for investigating whether the opposite of environmental institutionalization processes exist, labelling it environmental deinstitutionalization. Environmental deinstitutionalization takes place when institution building for furthering the processes of environmental reform is eroding and even reversing. Developments in Russia between 1991 and 2005 are indeed better characterized by environmental deinstitutionalization than by environmental reform. The article concludes with a more general assessment of the usefulness of the concept of environmental deinstitutionalization for empirical research, beyond the specific case of Russia.
Empirical evaluation and combination of advanced language modeling techniques (2011)

We present results obtained with several advanced language modeling techniques, including class based model, cache model, maximum entropy model, structured language model, random forest language model and several types of neural network based language models. We show results obtained after combining all these models by using linear interpolation. We conclude that for both small and moderately sized tasks, we obtain new state of the art results with combination of models, that is significantly better than performance of any individual model. Obtained perplexity reductions against Good-Turing trigram baseline are over 50% and against modified Kneser-Ney smoothed 5-gram over 40%. Index Terms: language modeling, neural networks, model combination, speech recognition
Some challenges of developing fully-automated systems for taking audio comprehension exams (2000)

Audio comprehension tests are designed to help evaluate a listener's understanding of a spoken passage and are frequently a key component of language competency exams. Just as reading comprehension exams are proving useful in evaluating text-based language processing technology, audio comprehension exams can be used to evaluate spoken language processing systems. In this paper we discuss some of the challenges of developing automated systems for taking audio comprehension exams.
Targeted Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Delivering Arsenic Trioxide with Environment Sensitive Drug Release for Effective Treatment of Triple Negative Breast Cancer (2016)

In this study, we report a novel modality of using a mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs)-based drug delivery system with RGD peptide as a targeting ligand to load arsenic trioxide (ATO) (ATO-MSNs-RGD) for treating MDA-MB-231 triple-negative breast cancer. The MSNs, ATO-MSNs, and ATO-MSNs-RGD were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) method. The data indicated that the MSNs possessed MCM-41 type mesopores with high surface area of ∼1021 m<sup>2</sup>/g and pore diameter of ∼2.2 nm. However, both values dramatically decreased after MSNs were encapsulated with ATO or modified with RGD. The amount of surface anchored RGD peptide was determined to be 0.20 mmol/g. Glutathione (GSH) greatly enhanced ATO release from MSNs. Confocal laser microscopy images demonstrated that both ATO-MSNs and ATO-MSNs-RGD had good cellular uptake that improved with longer incubation time and nanoparticle concentration and the ATO-MSNs-RGD showed clearly improved cellular uptake compared with ATO-MSNs. The MSNs, ATO-MSNs, ATO-MSNs-RGD, and ATO were used to treat mice bearing MDA-MB-231 breast tumors every 5 days and the findings suggested that ATO-MSNs-RGD provided superior therapeutic ability over MSNs, ATO-MSNs, and ATO.
A Small MIC Coupler with Good Directivity (Letters) (1974)

The results of tests made on a novel coupler design suitable for MIC's are described. The design utilizes resistive termination of fields above the dielectric. Directivity of 14 dB was achieved with a /spl lambda//16 coupler at 3.6 GHz. Uses for this design technique are signal sampling where very flat coupling is not required.
<b>Ligand Exchange. II.</b><sup>1</sup> <b>Separation of Ligands Having Different Coördinative Valences</b> (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLigand Exchange. II.1Separation of Ligands Having Different Coördinative ValencesF. HelfferichCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962, 84, 17, 3242–3245Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1962https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00876a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views107Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (522 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Review: <i>The Warblers of North America</i>, by Frank M. Chapman (1970)

Book Review| May 01 1970 Review: The Warblers of North America, by Frank M. Chapman The Warblers of North AmericaFrank M. Chapman Marjorie Behringer Marjorie Behringer Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar The American Biology Teacher (1970) 32 (5): 317. https://doi.org/10.2307/4443092 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Email Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Marjorie Behringer; Review: The Warblers of North America, by Frank M. Chapman. The American Biology Teacher 1 May 1970; 32 (5): 317. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/4443092 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentThe American Biology Teacher Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1970 The National Association of Biology Teachers Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.
Evolutionary insights on the origin of human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) derived from sequence analysis of a new HTLV-I variant from Papua New Guinea (1992)

Recent studies have established the presence of human T-cell lymphoma/leukemia virus type I (HTLV-I) in Melanesia. An HTLV-I strain, PNG-1, has now been isolated from a healthy member of the Hagahai, a remote, recently contacted group in Papua New Guinea. To further characterize PNG-1, we employed polymerase chain reaction amplification with subsequent cloning and sequencing of amplified products. Sequence analyses of amplified regions of pol, env, and pX genes of this variant indicate marked heterogeneity (approximately 7%) from prototype HTLV-I. Based on available sequence data, PNG-1 is distinct from all other known HTLV-I strains and diverges from the common ancestor of HTLV-I prior to prototype isolates. The data also suggest, therefore, that HTLV-I originated in the Indo-Malay region rather than Africa.
Design Optimization of Cementless Femoral Hip Prostheses Using Finite Element Analysis (2001)

Implant separation from bone tissue, resulting in the necessity for revision surgery, is a serious drawback of cementless total joint replacement. Unnatural stress distribution around the implant is considered the main reason for the failure. Optimization of the implant properties, especially its geometric parameters, is believed to be the right way to improve reliability of joint prosthetics. An efficient numerical model of thefemur-implant system is presented in the paper, including the finite element formulation featuring computation of sensitivity gradients, parametric mesh generator, and a gradient-based optimization scheme. Numerical examples show results of shape optimization of an implant for two sets of design parameters and for the initial stability criterion taken as the optimization goal. The optimum shape appears to be relatively long and proximally porous-coated on about half of its length. The method can be flexibly adjusted to various implant types, stress- and displacement-based optimum criteria, and geometric design parameters.
[Studies on the preparation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) liposomes]. (1989)

In this paper, a method--improved emulsification vesicles (IEV) was proposed for the preparation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) liposome. The ATP entrapment ratio reached 38.9% (w/w), which was much greater than that reported in the literature. Thus, IEV is an excellent method which has never been presented. Together with ultrafiltration for removing unentrapped drugs and radiation sterilization, these methods are most meaningful for the production of liposomes in large scale.
Semi-automatic tracking for mitral annulus dynamic analysis using real-time 3D echocardiography (2006)

Tissue Doppler is used to evaluate mitral annulus (MA) dynamics. This technique has two major limitations: it is two-dimensional and angle-dependent. To solve these limitations, our aim was to develop and test a tool for automated 3D tracking and quantification of the MA motion throughout the cardiac cycle by using real-time 3D echocardiography (RT3DE). The tracking algorithm was developed using a combination of two optical flow techniques in the 3D space. Transthoracic RT3DE imaging was performed in 45 subjects, including 15 normal subjects (NL) and 30 patients with mitral regurgitation (MR) due to dilated (n=15, DCM- MR) or ischemic (n=15, ISC-MR) cardiomyopathy. Our technique allowed the evaluation of MA geometry and the quantification of MA function parameters from RT3DE images, which were able to discriminate between NL, DCM-MR and ISC-MR subjects.
Monoclonal antibody-based therapy (1996)

Monoclonal antibodies have been developed for cancer therapy because they specifically target tumor-related antigens. The current design of antibodies and delivery strategies seeks to overcome the obstacles encountered in delivering antibodies to their targets. Protein engineering techniques to humanize murine antibodies diminishes the immune response, which develops against murine monoclonal antibodies, allowing for multiple doses. Antibodies linked to vasoactive substances or conjugated to liposomes increase antibody and drug localization to tumors. Altering the sizes of antibodies and the methods by which they are conjugated to radioactive isotopes have delineated methods to increase efficacy and decrease toxicity. Tumor growth factors increasingly are being targeted by antibody-based therapeutics. To enhance immune activation of cytotoxic effector cells, bispecific antibodies and antibodies linked to superantigens are being examined. Prodrugs are being converted to their active compounds at the tumor site by antibodies conjugated to enzymes. Finally, intrabodies which can bind to intracellular proteins and are important for the malignant phenotype of the cell, are being developed.
HUMAN COMPLEMENT METABOLISM (1975)

RUDDY, S.; CARPENTER, C. B.; CHIN, K. W.; KNOSTMAN, J. N.; SOTER, N. A.; GOTZE, O.; MULLER-EBERHARD, H. J.; AUSTEN, K. F. Author Information
Chapter 6: Refinement of the Solution Using the Iterative Conjugate Gradient Method (2009)

This chapter contains sections titled: Summary Development of the Conjugate Gradient Method The Iterative Solution of a Matrix Equation Parallel Implementation of the CG Algorithm A Parallel Combined LU-CG Scheme to Refine the LU Solution Conclusion
A review of laser electrode processing for development and manufacturing of lithium‐ion batteries (2017)

Abstract Laser processes for cutting, annealing, structuring, and printing of battery materials have a great potential in order to minimize the fabrication costs and to increase the electrochemical performance and operational lifetime of lithium‐ion cells. Hereby, a broad range of applications can be covered such as micro‐batteries, mobile applications, electric vehicles, and stand‐alone electric energy storage devices. Cost‐efficient nanosecond (ns)‐laser cutting of electrodes was one of the first laser technologies which were successfully transferred to industrial high‐energy battery production. A defined thermal impact can be useful in electrode manufacturing which was demonstrated by laser annealing of thin‐film electrodes for adjusting of battery active crystalline phases or by laser‐based drying of composite thick‐film electrodes for high‐energy batteries. Ultrafast or ns‐laser direct structuring or printing of electrode materials is a rather new technical approach in order to realize three‐dimensional (3D) electrode architectures. Three‐dimensional electrode configurations lead to a better electrochemical performance in comparison to conventional 2D one, due to an increased active surface area, reduced mechanical tensions during electrochemical cycling, and an overall reduced cell impedance. Furthermore, it was shown that for thick‐film composite electrodes an increase of electrolyte wetting could be achieved by introducing 3D micro‐/nano‐structures. Laser structuring can turn electrodes into superwicking. This has a positive impact regarding an increased battery lifetime and a reliable battery production. Finally, laser processes can be up‐scaled in order to transfer the 3D battery concept to high‐energy and high‐power lithium‐ion cells.
Arachidonic acid/docosahexaenoic acid‐supplemented diet in early life reduces body weight gain, plasma lipids, and adiposity in later life in <scp>A</scp>po<scp>E</scp>*3<scp>L</scp>eiden mice (2012)

This study shows that early life ARA/DHA, but not Omacor supplementation improves body weight gain later in life. ARA/DHA and to a lesser extent Omacor both improved adipose tissue quality.
Interaction of normal and expanded CAG repeat sizes influences age at onset of Huntington disease (2003)

Huntington disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the abnormal expansion of CAG repeats in the HD gene on chromosome 4p16.3. Past studies have shown that the size of expanded CAG repeat is inversely associated with age at onset (AO) of HD. It is not known whether the normal Huntington allele size influences the relation between the expanded repeat and AO of HD. Data collected from two independent cohorts were used to test the hypothesis that the unexpanded CAG repeat interacts with the expanded CAG repeat to influence AO of HD. In the New England Huntington Disease Center Without Walls (NEHD) cohort of 221 HD affected persons and in the HD-MAPS cohort of 533 HD affected persons, we found evidence supporting an interaction between the expanded and unexpanded CAG repeat sizes which influences AO of HD (P = 0.08 and 0.07, respectively). The association was statistically significant when both cohorts were combined (P = 0.012). The estimated heritability of the AO residual was 0.56 after adjustment for normal and expanded repeats and their interaction. An analysis of tertiles of repeats sizes revealed that the effect of the normal allele is seen among persons with large HD repeat sizes (47-83). These findings suggest that an increase in the size of the normal repeat may mitigate the expression of the disease among HD affected persons with large expanded CAG repeats.
Automatic species recognition, length measurement and weight determination, using the CatchMeter computer vision system (2006)

The collection of biological data on species composition and individual length and weight of specimen has always been an important part of fisheries research. Traditionally, the collected information has been recorded on paper prior to being entered into a computer for analysis. Electronic measuring boards that record length measurements, such as the FishMeter (Øvredal and Totland, 2000), have made the data collection process more efficient and reliable. In this contribution we describe a vision-based catch registration system called the CatchMeter that makes it possible to automatically recognise fish species and measure the length and weight of fish. A camera and light unit is located above a conveyer belt moving at a maximum speed of 1.5 m/s. One ore more images of the fish are taken as it passes the camera and are then analysed by the computer. Both roundfish and flatfish from 5 cm to over 1 m can be recognised and the system can easily be trained to recognise new species of fish. So far the prototype system has been trained to identify 10 different species with a recognition rate of 98.6 %. In a test where the length of the same fish was measured repeatedly, the standard deviation of the length measurement was 3 mm on a 265mm long haddock. Weight measurement has not yet been implemented but we plan to do this by using electronic grader, laser triangulation and/or using length-weight relationships. Provisions for connecting an automatic sorting unit to the CatchMeter will be included to enable sorting of selected individual fish for registration of extended biological parameters. A computer controls all the processes and sorting criteria may be selected from the user interface. With the CatchMeter the sampling process is automated and the capacity for biological sampling will be increased with a reduced need for manpower for measurements and sorting. The new system is initially intended for use on research vessels but it will also be of interest to commercial fishing vessels and at landing sites of fish processing plants. The prototype has been successfully tested on the Norwegian research vessel “G.O. Sars”.
Strain analysis in ultrathin SiGe-on-insulator layers formed from strained Si-on-insulator substrates by Ge-condensation process (2007)

Ultrathin strained SiGe-on-insulator (sSGOI) layers were fabricated by Ge condensation, in which Si1−xGex layers on strained Si-on-insulator (sSOI) substrates were oxidized, and their strain and defects were investigated. With increasing the Ge fraction x, the compressive strain in the SGOI layers was found to linearly increase up to ∼2%. The linear strain dependence on x was offset by the preexisting tensile strain in the sSOI substrate compared to that of conventional SGOI layers formed on unstrained SOI substrates. As a result, pseudomorphic sSGOI layers were obtained on the sSOI substrate up to higher x (∼0.75) than on a SOI substrate.
Comparative Performance of Three Viral Load Assays on Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) Isolates Representing Group M (Subtypes A to G) and Group O: LCx HIV RNA Quantitative, AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR Version 1.5, and Quantiplex HIV-1 RNA Version 3.0 (2001)

The performance of the LCx HIV RNA Quantitative (LCx HIV), AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR version 1.5 (MONITOR v1.5), and Quantiplex HIV-1 RNA version 3.0 (bDNA v3.0) viral load assays was evaluated with 39 viral isolates (3 A, 7 B, 6 C, 4 D, 8 E, 4 F, 1 G, 4 mosaic, and 2 group O). Quantitation across the assay dynamic ranges was assessed using serial fivefold dilutions of the viruses. In addition, sequences of gag-encoded p24 (gag p24), pol-encoded integrase, and env-encoded gp41 were analyzed to assign group and subtype and to assess nucleotide mismatches at primer and probe binding sites. For group M isolates, quantification was highly correlated among all three assays. In contrast, only the LCx HIV assay reliably quantified group O isolates. The bDNA v3.0 assay detected but consistently underquantified group O viruses, whereas the MONITOR v1.5 test failed to detect group O viruses. Analysis of target regions revealed fewer primer or probe mismatches in the LCx HIV assay than in the MONITOR v1.5 test. Consistent with the high level of nucleotide conservation is the ability of the LCx HIV assay to quantify efficiently human immunodeficiency virus type 1 group M and the genetically diverse group O.
Micromachined sapphire GHz lateral overtone bulk acoustic resonators transduced by aluminum nitride (2012)

This paper introduces a new class of piezoelectric-transduced bulk acoustic wave resonators formed by a micro-machined c-plane sapphire (Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> O <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> ) membrane (~750 nm). The thin film sapphire (TFS) is fully suspended in air and made to vibrate in the GHz range by a sputtered aluminum nitride (AlN) film. For the first time, the realization of the TFS is achieved via a layer transfer process from a single crystal c-plane sapphire wafer. In order to demonstrate the superior intrinsic material quality of the sapphire membrane, a lateral overtone bulk acoustic resonator (LOBAR) configuration, recently introduced by our group, was employed. The LOBAR is engineered to minimize the effects of mechanical energy dissipation and extract the ultimate limit set by phonon-phonon dissipation in the TFS. In addition to the conventional rectangular design, an annular LOBAR geometry is introduced in this paper. This design permits to lower the device impedance (~3k Ω), while attaining a high quality factor (Q). The measured responses exhibit f·Q of 4.1·10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> Hz and 4.6·10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">12</sup> Hz at 1 and 2 GHz, respectively in the annular configuration with a 9% of transducer to sapphire coverage ratio. The conventional rectangular LOBAR with coverage ratio of 0.57% exhibits a Q of 5,440 at 2.8 GHz, which translates to the highest f·Q (1.53·10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">13</sup> Hz) ever reported for AlN-based suspended resonators.