gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fabrication and characterization of hydrophilic electrospun membranes made from the block copolymer of poly(ethylene glycol‐<i>co</i>‐lactide) (2007)

To improve the hydrophilicity, pliability, and egradability of some biodegradable polymers such as polylactide (PLA), a triblock copolymer, and poly(ethylene glycol-co-lactide) (PELA) has been electrospun into fibrous membranes in the fiber sizes of 7.5 microm to 250 nm. The relationship between electrospinning parameters (such as voltage, concentration, and feeding rate) and the fiber diameters has been investigated. The characterizations for the structure and morphology of electrospun membranes were carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), (1)H NMR, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The hydrophilicity of the membrane was determined by contact angle measurements in bi-distilled water, and it was shown that the hydrophilicity of the copolymer could be adjusted by the content of the poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) segment in the copolymer. The results of in vitro degradation study showed that the submicrostructure of the fibrous membrane and the incorporation of hydrophilic PEG into PLA block could accelerate the degradation of the membrane in regards to the changes of inherent viscosity, tensile strength, and weight loss.
Relation Between an Atomic Electronegativity Scale and the Work Function (1978)

Recently compiled data for the first electron affinity and the first ionization potential are used to obtain values for an atomic electronegativity scale, based on the Mulliken relation. From this scale and a new compilation of work function data, a linear equation is obtained which includes a parameter for any given element, depending on its subgroup in the periodic table. Data are plotted for 51 elements, including simple metals, transition metals, and semiconductors. These data fit the straight-line equation better than 10 percent. Data for the transition metals deviate within the same limits as those for elements having simpler electronic configurations. The electronegativity scale differs significantly from the Pauling scale and is shown to be a useful guide to preferred values of the work function for elements.
Surface relaxation during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbon films, investigated by <i>in situ</i> ellipsometry (1997)

The ion–thin-film interaction during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbon films (C:H films) from a methane electron cyclotron resonance plasma was investigated by means of in situ ellipsometry. Films were deposited with varying rf bias, resulting in a dc self-bias ranging from floating potential up to 100 V. The ion bombardment during plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition of hydrocarbon films leads to a disturbed surface layer, which becomes apparent in the in situ ellipsometric results by optical constants which are higher than those for the bulk material. The optical constants of the modified surface layer increase with ion energy during deposition, but decrease with the addition of hydrogen to the source gas. When using acetylene instead of methane for the deposition we also find a higher value for the optical constants. After switching off the plasma, the increased optical constants of the surface layer relax to its equilibrium state. The sources of this modified film surface and the mechanisms for its relaxation are discussed in this article. The change of the optical constants of the film surface is compared to the dependence of the film properties on the gas composition and the ion bombardment during deposition.
Biologic Response to Peripheral and Central Administration of Recombinant Human Leptin in Dogs (1999)

These studies demonstrate that both subcutaneous and intrathecal treatment of rHuLeptin was associated with effects on body weight, food intake, and body fat in dogs. These results support the concept that the central nervous system is the probable primary site of action for leptin and suggest that rHuLeptin has similar physiologic activities that influence body weight, body fat, and metabolism in large animals to those reported previously in rodents.
Belt furnace gettering and passivation of <i>n</i>‐web silicon for high‐efficiency screen‐printed front‐surface‐field solar cells (2001)

Abstract Six different resistivities (0.32, 0.57, 1.2, 2.2, 9.1 and 20 Ω cm) were investigated to understand the dopant–defect interaction in n‐type, antimony‐doped, dendritic web silicon ribbon, and to study its response to gettering and passivation during belt furnace processing (BFP). The as‐grown lifetime was found to be a strong function of resistivity with higher resistivity displaying higher lifetime. Phosphorus gettering at 925° C/6 min raised the as‐grown lifetime of ∼1 μs in 20 Ω cm n‐web to 5.4 μs. A combination of phosphorus gettering followed by simultaneous Al gettering and SiN hydrogenation raised the 20 Ω cm n‐web lifetime to 78 μs. Unlike the as‐grown web, the processed lifetime was greater than 75 μs for all resistivities, with no clear doping dependence. This is attributed to the very effective gettering and passivation during the belt furnace processing. Front surface field (FSF) n + –n–p + cells were fabricated by spin‐on phosphorus diffusion on the front and screen‐printed Al on the back. A lifetime value of over 100 μs was obtained in a 14.2% screen‐printed FSF n‐web solar cell fabricated on 100‐μm‐thick 20 Ω cm substrate. The screen‐printed FSF cell fabricated on (111) FZ gave an efficiency of 14.9% with a fill factor of 77.6%. These results are supported by model calculations, which revealed a maximum efficiency of ∼15% for 100‐μm‐thick planar screen‐printed FSF cells and their insensitivity to bulk lifetime above 60 μs. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intercellular nanovesicle-mediated microRNA transfer: A mechanism of environmental modulation of hepatocellular cancer cell growth (2011)

Exosome-mediated miRNA transfer is an important mechanism of intercellular communication in HCC cells. These observations identify a unique intercellular mechanism that could potentially contribute to local spread, intrahepatic metastases, or multifocal growth in HCC.
Combining ultrasound-based elasticity estimation and FE models to predict 3D target displacement (2012)

During minimally invasive surgical procedures (e.g., needle insertion during interventional radiological procedures), needle-tissue interactions and physiological processes cause tissue deformation. Target displacement is caused by soft-tissue deformation, which results in misplacement of the surgical tool (needle). This study presents a technique to predict target displacement in three-dimensions (3D) by combining soft-tissue elasticity estimation using an ultrasound-based acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) technique and finite element (FE) models. Three different phantoms with targets are manufactured, and subjected to varying loading and boundary conditions. Ultrasound images are acquired using a 3D probe during loading and unloading of each phantom, and subsequently target displacement is calculated. 3D FE models of the phantoms are developed, and they are used to predict target displacement. The maximum absolute error in target displacement between the experiments and FE analyses is found to be 1.39mm. This error is less than the smallest tumor diameter (2.0-3.0mm) which can be detected in breast tissue. This study shows that the combination of soft-tissue elasticity estimation using the ARFI technique and 3D FE models can accurately predict target displacement, and could be used to develop patient-specific plans for surgical interventions.
Dietary HDAC inhibitors: time to rethink weak ligands in cancer chemoprevention? (2005)

There is growing interest in the various mechanisms that regulate chromatin remodeling, including modulation of histone deacetylase (HDAC) activities. Competitive HDAC inhibitors disrupt the cell cycle and/or induce apoptosis via de-repression of genes such as P21 and BAX, and cancer cells appear to be more sensitive than non-transformed cells to trichostatin A and related HDAC inhibitory compounds. This apparent selectivity of action in cancer cells makes HDAC inhibitors an attractive avenue for drug development. However, in the search for potent HDAC inhibitors with cancer therapeutic potential there has been a tendency to overlook or dismiss weak ligands that could prove effective in cancer prevention, including agents present in the human diet. Recent reports have described butyrate, diallyl disulfide and sulforaphane as HDAC inhibitors, and many other dietary agents will be probably discovered to attenuate HDAC activity. Here we discuss 'pharmacologic' agents that potently de-repress gene expression (e.g. during therapeutic intervention) versus dietary HDAC inhibitors that, as weak ligands, might subtly regulate the expression of genes involved in cell growth and apoptosis. An important question is the extent to which dietary HDAC inhibitors, and other dietary agents that affect gene expression via chromatin remodeling, modulate the expression of genes such as P21 and BAX so that cells can respond most effectively to external stimuli and toxic insults.
Differential expression of <i>N</i>‐methyl‐<scp>d</scp>‐aspartate receptor NR2 isoforms in Alzheimer's disease (2004)

We have previously shown that the expression of NMDA receptor NR1 subunit mRNA splice variants in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain varies according to regional susceptibility to pathological damage. Here we investigated the expression of the modulatory NR2 subunits of the NMDA receptor using quantitative RT-PCR to assay all NR2 isoforms. Significantly lower expression of NR2A and NR2B transcripts was found in susceptible regions of AD brain, whereas expression of NR2C and NR2D transcripts did not differ from that in controls. Western blot analysis confirmed a lower expression of the NR2A and NR2B isoforms at the protein level. The results suggest that NR2 subunit composition may modulate NMDA receptor-mediated excitotoxicity. NMDA receptor dysfunction might give rise to the regionally selective pattern of neuronal loss that is characteristic of AD.
Nucleotide metabolism and its control in lactic acid bacteria (2005)

Most metabolic reactions are connected through either their utilization of nucleotides or their utilization of nucleotides or their regulation by these metabolites. In this review the biosynthetic pathways for pyrimidine and purine metabolism in lactic acid bacteria are described including the interconversion pathways, the formation of deoxyribonucleotides and the salvage pathways for use of exogenous precursors. The data for the enzymatic and the genetic regulation of these pathways are reviewed, as well as the gene organizations in different lactic acid bacteria. Mutant phenotypes and methods for manipulation of nucleotide pools are also discussed. Our aim is to provide an overview of the physiology and genetics of nucleotide metabolism and its regulation that will facilitate the interpretation of data arising from genetics, metabolomics, proteomics, and transcriptomics in lactic acid bacteria.
Dual Decomposition for Parsing with Non-Projective Head Automata (2010)

This paper introduces algorithms for nonprojective parsing based on dual decomposition. We focus on parsing algorithms for nonprojective head automata, a generalization of head-automata models to non-projective structures. The dual decomposition algorithms are simple and efficient, relying on standard dynamic programming and minimum spanning tree algorithms. They provably solve an LP relaxation of the non-projective parsing problem. Empirically the LP relaxation is very often tight: for many languages, exact solutions are achieved on over 98 % of test sentences. The accuracy of our models is higher than previous work on a broad range of datasets. 1
Interleukin 2 receptor gamma chain expression on resting and activated lymphoid cells. (1994)

The interleukin 2 receptor (IL-2R) is known to be comprised of at least three genetically distinct subunits termed alpha, beta, and gamma. These chains can be expressed individually or in various combinations resulting in distinct receptors with different affinities for IL-2. In contrast to alpha and beta, the cell surface expression of the gamma chain protein previously has not been well-characterized. To examine cell surface expression of IL-2R gamma on hematopoietic cells, we developed two new monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific for this protein. Both 1A11 (immunoglobulin [IgG1]) and 3G11 (IgM) specifically reacted with murine cells transfected with IL-2R gamma cDNA, and immunoprecipitation studies indicated that both antibodies precipitated a protein of approximately 62-65 kD. Scatchard analysis of IL-2 binding to murine cells transfected with cDNA-encoding combinations of IL-2R components demonstrated that neither beta nor gamma chain bind IL-2 with measurable affinity, but coexpression of both beta and gamma is sufficient to form an intermediate affinity receptor. In the absence of gamma chain, beta chain interacts with alpha chain to form a "pseudo-high" affinity receptor. In contrast, gamma chain does not appear capable of interacting with alpha in the absence of beta chain. Thus, gamma chain appears to interact only with beta, but beta chain is capable of interacting with both alpha and gamma. Using the newly developed mAbs to examine cell surface expression by immunofluorescence, resting T cells were found to express low levels of gamma chain without detectable alpha or beta. Early after mitogen stimulation, T cells expressed higher levels of alpha, beta, and gamma. However, at later time points, T cells expressed alpha and gamma in marked excess over beta. Thus, formation of high affinity IL-2R on activated T cells was primarily limited by beta chain expression. In contrast, resting natural killer (NK) cells constitutively expressed IL-2R beta without detectable alpha or gamma. After activation with either IL-2 or IL-12, expression of both alpha and gamma transiently increased and then returned to very low levels. Expression of functional IL-2R on resting and activated NK cells, therefore, appeared to be primarily limited by the expression of gamma chain. IL-2 binding studies with resting NK cells confirmed the results of immunofluorescence studies indicating the presence of very low numbers of intermediate affinity (beta gamma) receptors for IL-2 on these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Using input shaping to minimize residual vibration in flexible space structures (1995)

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1995.
Cancer Immunotherapy and the Immune Response in Follicular Lymphoma (2018)

Follicular lymphoma (FL) is the most frequent indolent lymphoma in the Western world and is characterized in almost all cases by the t(14;18) translocation that results in overexpression of BCL2, an anti-apoptotic protein. The entity includes a spectrum of subentities that differ from an indolent to a very aggressive growth pattern. As a consequence, treatment can include <i>watch & wait</i> up to intensive chemotherapy including allogeneic stem cell transplantation. The immune cell microenvironment has been recognized as a major driver of outcome of FL patients and gene expression profiling has identified a clinically relevant gene expression signature that classifies an immune response to the lymphoma cells. It is known for some time that the immune cell composition of the lymphoma microenvironment is important because high numbers of tissue-infiltrating macrophages correlate with poor outcome in patients receiving chemotherapy but not in patients receiving the combination of chemotherapy and CD20-specific monoclonal antibody rituximab. In addition, TCR signaling of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes is dysfunctional leading to an impaired capacity to form an intact immunologic synapse. Approaches restoring local T cell function, e.g., by usage of checkpoint inhibitors has demonstrated clinical activity (ORR 40%) and can achieve long-term remissions. Ongoing trials with re-programmed autologous CART cells achieve response rates in approximately 50% of FL patients with relapsed and even refractory disease. Responses lasting for more than 6 months might be durable, indicative for a successful restoration of a functional immune system. In summary, FL is a malignant disease where the control by the immune system ultimately decides about progression and transformation rate. The advent of monoclonal antibodies has changed the way we treat FL and new approaches restoring the individual immune control will hopefully improve results further.
Computer applications in radionuclide imaging (1971)

Abstract Computers for display, data manipulation, quantitation, diagnoses, and tomography offer the potential of improving the diagnostic efficacy of radionuclide imaging procedures. Although one may legitimately take issue over the question of expense vs . results using present computer systems and techniques, it remains an undeniable fact that if the demand for quantitative information and its manipulation increases, the computer must eventually come to play a central role in nuclear medicine. Indeed, as the phenomena taken under study increase in complexity, perhaps evolving into multiparameter studies, the computer will necessarily be required to present these data in a form meaningful to the physician. This refinement of technique is readily applicable to oncological studies.
Control of angiogenesis by the pericyte: Molecular mechanisms and significance (1997)

The microvasculature consists of endothelial cells (EC) with albuminally located pericytes. A number of clinical and experimental observations suggest that pericytes contribute to the regulation of microvascular growth and function. EC and pericytes appear to have a variety of means whereby they may influence one another, including soluble growth factors, gap junctions and adhesion molecules, to name a few. Co-culture systems have provided a good deal of evidence to support the concept that these two cells interact and that these communications are central to vessel assembly, growth control and normal function.
C-space: Fostering new creative paradigms based on recording and sharing “casual” videos through the internet (2015)

A key theme in ubiquitous computing is to create smart environments in which there is seamless integration of people, information, and physical reality. In this manuscript, we describe a set of tools that facilitate the creation of such environments, e,g, a service to transform videos recorded with mobile devices into navigable 3D scenes, a service to compute and describe the emotional processes that occur during the user interaction with such content, a service that takes into account certain dynamic needs of users in personalizing solutions for allocating their leisure time and activities, a gamified crowdsourcing application, and a set of projection-based tools for creating and interacting with augmented environments. Ultimately, our objective is have a framework that seamless integrates all these components, to foster creativity processes.
<i>Review</i>: Pancreatic <i>β</i>‐Cell Neogenesis Revisited (2004)

Beta-cell neogenesis triggers the generation of new beta-cells from precursor cells. Neogenesis from duct epithelium is the most currently described and the best documented process of differentiation of precursor cells into beta-cells. It is contributes not only to beta-cell mass expansion during fetal and nonatal life but it is also involved in the maintenance of the beta-cell mass in adults. It is also required for the increase in beta-cell mass in situations of increase insulin demand (obesity, pregnancy). A large number of factors controlling the differentiation of beta-cells has been identified. They are classified into the following main categories: growth factors, cytokine and inflammatory factors, and hormones such as PTHrP and GLP-1. The fact that intestinal incretin hormone GLP-1 exerts a major trophic role on pancreatic beta-cells provides insights into the possibility to pharmacologically stimulate beta-cell neogenesis. This could have important implications for the of treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. Transdifferentiation, that is, the differentiation of already differentiated cells into beta-cells, remains controversial. However, more and more studies support this concept. The cells, which can potentially "transdifferentiate" into beta-cells, can belong to the pancreas (acinar cells) and even islets, or originate from extra-pancreatic tissues such as the liver. Neogenesis from intra-islet precursors also have been proposed and subpopulations of cell precursors inside islets have been described by some authors. Nestin positive cells, which have been considered as the main candidates, appear rather as progenitors of endothelial cells rather than beta-cells and contribute to angiogenesis rather than neogenesis. To take advantage of the different differentiation processes may be a direction for future cellular therapies. Ultimately, a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms involved in beta-cell neogenesis will allow us to use any type of differentiated and/or undifferentiated cells as a source of potential cell precursors.
Characterization of Ge-on-Si virtual substrates and single junction GaAs solar cells (2006)

A virtual substrate consisting of a Ge layer grown directly on Si without an intervening SiGe graded layer is characterized. The nominally 100% Ge overlayer is fully relaxed and contains a small amount (3%) of unintentional Si. A dislocation density of 108 cm−2 is estimated for the virtual substrate prior to GaAs epitaxial growth, which is reduced by a factor of 100 after the growth of GaAs. On this novel virtual substrate 1 cm2 single-junction GaAs photovoltaic cells were realized with an efficiency of 11.7% under AM0 compared with 20.2% for cells grown on a crystalline Ge substrate. Due to the high dislocation density a 50-fold higher dark current is measured in the virtual substrate cells compared to the crystalline Ge cells, leading to a lower short circuit current and open-circuit voltage of the cells fabricated on the virtual substrates. The post-GaAs growth dislocation density is estimated as 1 × 107 cm−2 in the base region and 4 × 105 cm−2 in the emitter region based on modelling and measurements.
Sisters of the Soil: Urban Gardening as Resistance in Detroit (2011)

This article analyzes an overlooked innovative experience led by black women activists, who participate in urban agriculture as a way of reassessing their cultural roots and reclaiming personal power, freed from the constraints imposed by consumerism and marketing, on the supply of food in the city of Detroit. By farming, they demonstrate agency and self-determination in their efforts to build a sense of community. Using an ecofeminist perspective, this article examines the relationship between women’s resistance and the environment. By focusing on women’s urban gardening, the article broadens the definition to include less formal, but no less important, forms of resistance.
Image watermarking by moment invariants (2000)

We present a novel technique for watermarking digital images based on its moments. The watermark is composed of the mean of several functions of the second and third order moments designed to be invariant to scaling and orthogonal transformations this has the advantage of making the watermark image dependent. The watermarked image is a linear combination of the original image and a weighted nonlinear transformation of the original. The weight is computed such that the mean of the watermarked image invariants is a predefined number. Watermark detection is as simple as computing the moment invariants of the received image. Our approach has a guaranteed visual transparency up to a contrast modification. The proposed algorithm has proved to be highly robust to all geometric manipulations, filtering, compression and small cropping which are performed as part of StirMark attacks as well as noise addition, both Gaussian and salt and pepper.