gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formulation, Evaluation and Optimization of Tortillas Containing Wheat, Cowpea and Peanut Flours Using Mixture Response Surface Methodology <sup>1</sup> (1992)

ABSTRACT The performance characteristics of tortillas, prepared with different composite blends of wheat, cowpea and peanut flours, were evaluated by mixture response surface methodology. Optimum wheat flour substitution levels were determined. Results indicated that wheat flour could be successfully replaced with up to 24% cowpea and 46% defatted peanut flours and result in tortillas with quality characteristics comparable to those from 100% wheat. Sensory evaluation indicated that beany flavor was the most limiting attribute. Sensory attributes correlated significantly with physical and compositional measures of tortillas and physical measures of tortilla dough.
Synthetic <i>S</i>‐(2,3‐dihydroxypropyl)‐cysteinyl peptides derived from the N‐terminus of the cytochrome subunit of the photoreaction centre of <i>Rhodopseudomonas viridis</i> enhance murine splenocyte proliferation (1995)

Various lipopeptides representing the N-terminal part of the cytochrome subunit of the photosynthetic reaction centre from the purple bacterium Rhodopseudomonas virdis were prepared by solid-phase peptide synthesis. These lipopeptides consisted of a S-[2,3-dihydroxypropyl]-cysteinyl (Dhc) residue N-terminally coupled to the nonapeptide FEPPPATTT. Different numbers of palmitoyl (Pam) chains were attached to Dhc via ester and/or amide bonds. The lipopeptide Dhc(Pam)2-FEPPPATTT containing two ester-bonded palmitoyl residues and a free N-terminus was a potent polyclonal activator of murine (BALB/c) spleen cells at subnanomolar concentrations. The lipopeptide Pam-Dhc(Pam)2-FEPPPATTT containing three palmitoyl residues, the two-chain lipopeptide Pam-Dhc(Pam)-FEPPPATTT containing one amide- and one ester-bonded palmitoyl residue, and the N-terminally elongated lipopeptide SLVAG-Dhc(Pam)2-FEPPPATTT were less active. The nonapeptide FEPPPATTT and the decapeptide Dhc-FEPPPATTT were only marginal splenocyte activators, even at concentrations as high as 1 microM. Thus, lipopeptide Dhc(Pam)2-FEPPPATTT constitutes the first potent splenocyte stimulation Dhc-lipopeptide described so far that contains only two fatty acid residues.
Power and energy in small biconical transmitting antennas (2002)

We have obtained a general numerical solution for power and energy in small biconical antennas. The unique shape of biconical radiators makes possible an exact radiation solution; the solution includes the full infinite set of modes and adds to the general knowledge of radiative processes in antennas large or small. Although for this case the power and energy equations are electromagnetically complete, they are in the form of infinite sums over special spherical functions. We have overcome the practical difficulty of their evaluation and we give a detailed description of the real power, reactive power, reactive energy density, and radiation Q for biconical radiators. The real power radiated is independent of the radius. For short antennas, the reactive power is capacitive. The reactive energy per unit length is inductive at the terminal and capacitive elsewhere. The surface Q, Q/sub s/, is calculated versus antenna size for biconical antennas with two different cone angles: 1/spl deg/ and (90-)/spl deg/. These analytically exact power and energy results may be extrapolated to antennas of other shapes for which an exact solutions are not available.
Effects of long-term dietary supplementation with clinoptilolite on incidence of parturient paresis and serum concentrations of total calcium, phosphate, magnesium, potassium, and sodium in dairy cows (2005)

In the context of this experiment, clinoptilolite supplementation at 2.5% appeared to have reduced the incidence of parturient paresis in dairy cows, suggesting that its effectiveness depends on the amount incorporated in the ration of cows. Addition of clinoptilolite in the concentrate of dairy cows during the nonlactating period could be used as a cost-effective preventive treatment for parturient paresis.
Role of 5′‐ and 3′‐untranslated regions of mRNAs in human diseases (2009)

Protein synthesis is often regulated at the level of initiation of translation, making it a critical step. This regulation occurs by both the cis-regulatory elements, which are located in the 5'- and 3'-UTRs (untranslated regions), and trans-acting factors. A breakdown in this regulation machinery can perturb cellular metabolism, leading to various physiological abnormalities. The highly structured UTRs, along with features such as GC-richness, upstream open reading frames and internal ribosome entry sites, significantly influence the rate of translation of mRNAs. In this review, we discuss how changes in the cis-regulatory sequences of the UTRs, for example, point mutations and truncations, influence expression of specific genes at the level of translation. Such modifications may tilt the physiological balance from healthy to diseased states, resulting in conditions such as hereditary thrombocythaemia, breast cancer, fragile X syndrome, bipolar affective disorder and Alzheimer's disease. This information tends to establish the crucial role of UTRs, perhaps as much as that of coding sequences, in health and disease.
DESIGN TRADEOFFS WHEN USING SMT, COB, AND/OR TAB PACKAGING TECHNOLOGIJB (1992)

With increasing market pressure to provide electronic products with more functionality while, at the same time, reducing the overall product form factor, future product designs will require the highest density packaging technologies available. Currently,, there are several suitable technologies available such as fine-pitch SMT, Chip-on-Board (COB), and Tape Automated Bonding (TAB), but making the decision on which to use is not always easy. There are many variables to consider that are related to the requirements of the endproduct, including product form factor, reliability, service and maintenance, unit cast, and testing, to name a few. The purpose of this paper is to review some of the advanced packaging technologies available and understand the design tradeoffs associated with each.
Interferon Receptor Signaling in Malignancy: A Network of Cellular Pathways Defining Biological Outcomes (2014)

IFNs are cytokines with important antiproliferative activity and exhibit key roles in immune surveillance against malignancies. Early work initiated over three decades ago led to the discovery of IFN receptor activated Jak-Stat pathways and provided important insights into mechanisms for transcriptional activation of IFN-stimulated genes (ISG) that mediate IFN biologic responses. Since then, additional evidence has established critical roles for other receptor-activated signaling pathways in the induction of IFN activities. These include MAPK pathways, mTOR cascades, and PKC pathways. In addition, specific miRNAs appear to play a significant role in the regulation of IFN signaling responses. This review focuses on the emerging evidence for a model in which IFNs share signaling elements and pathways with growth factors and tumorigenic signals but engage them in a distinctive manner to mediate antiproliferative and antiviral responses.
The use of antibiotics as feed additives for farm animals (1972)

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Immunotherapy targeting pyroglutamate-3 Aβ: prospects and challenges (2016)

Immunization against amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides deposited in Alzheimer's disease (AD) has shown considerable therapeutic effect in animal models however, the translation into human Alzheimer's patients is challenging. In recent years, a number of promising Aβ immunotherapy trials failed to reach primary study endpoints. Aside from uncertainties in the selection of patients and the start and duration of treatment, these results also suggest that the mechanisms underlying AD are still not fully understood. Thorough characterizations of protein aggregates in AD brain have revealed a conspicuous heterogeneity of Aβ peptides enabling the study of the toxic potential of each of the major forms. One such form, amino-terminally truncated and modified pyroglutamate (pGlu)-3 Aβ peptide appears to play a seminal role for disease initiation, qualifying it as novel target for immunotherapy approaches.
Reference-Based Scheme Combined With K-SVD for Scene Image Categorization (2012)

A reference-based algorithm for scene image categorization is presented in this letter. In addition to using a reference-set for images representation, we also associate the reference-set with training data in sparse codes during the dictionary learning process. The reference-set is combined with the reconstruction error to form a unified objective function. The optimal solution is efficiently obtained using the K-SVD algorithm. After dictionaries are constructed, Locality-constrained Linear Coding (LLC) features of images are extracted. Then, we represent each image feature vector using the similarities between the image and the reference-set, leading to a significant reduction of the dimensionality in the feature space. Experimental results demonstrate that our method achieves outstanding performance.
Synthetic neural modeling: the 'Darwin' series of recognition automata (1990)

The authors describe how the theory of neuronal group selection (TNGS) can form the basis for an approach to computer modeling of the nervous system. Three examples of synthetic neural modeling are discussed. Darwin I was designed to examine the process of pattern recognition and some general factors relating to degeneracy and amplification in selective systems. Darwin II introduced recognition units with some of the properties of neuronal groups, connected in reentrant networks to permit exploration of aspects of the recognition process leading to categorization, generalization, and associative memory. Darwin III is a behaving automation whose behavior is not programmed but results from its encounter with events in its world under constraints of neuronal and synaptic selection. The oculomotor, reaching, touch, and categorization subsystems of the Darwin-III system are discussed. Darwin III is compared to models based on neurobiology, models based on artificial intelligence, and connectionist models.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Presentation, diagnosis and management of limbal stem cell deficiency (2013)

The human corneal surface epithelium is continuously repopulated by the limbal stem cells (LSCs). Limbal Stem Cell Deficiency (LSCD) can lead to corneal opacity and vascularization, with consequent visual impairment or blindness. Many acquired and congenital diseases can lead to LCSD by direct injury to the LSCs, destruction of LSC niche, or both. Based on the severity of the disease, LSCD can present with various symptoms and signs. Although LSCD can be detected clinically, laboratory tests are necessary to confirm the diagnosis and monitor the disease progression. This article concisely reviews the clinical presentation, techniques for diagnosis and management of LSCD.
Linkages between environmental conditions and recreational king mackerel (<i>Scomberomorus cavalla</i>) catch off west‐central Florida (2009)

Abstract Catch statistics for the king mackerel ( Scomberomorus cavalla ) recreational fishery off west‐central Florida were derived from angler interviews conducted during 19 seasonal tournaments held in April–May and October–November of 2004 and 2005. Fishing location, number of fish per line per hour (catch per unit effort), and presence of baitfish from the tournament data were examined in the context of bathymetric gradients and other benthic features (e.g., wrecks or artificial reefs), and the location and persistence of oceanic fronts mapped using satellite imagery of sea surface temperature (AVHRR) and ocean color (MODIS and SeaWiFS). Generalized linear models were applied to identify the relationship between king mackerel catch rates and environmental data. The distance of fishing activity to the nearest front varied substantially, particularly when winds and front position were variable. However, baitfish presence with proximity to water clarity fronts (as defined by water‐leaving radiance at 443 nm) significantly influenced successful king mackerel catch. Positive catch rates were significantly influenced by chlorophyll values and period (season and year). Additionally, intermediate water clarity (in the range 0.7–1.0 mW cm −2 μm −1 sr −1 ) led to higher catch rates. Decreased water quality, primarily associated with a large Karenia brevis red tide, led to a lower number of catch and lower catch rates (122 king mackerel, 0.13 catch per unit effort) in fall 2005, compared to spring 2004 (179, 0.14), fall 2004 (360, 0.17) and spring 2005 (296, 0.21), despite a consistent seasonal effort.
New Efficiency Records for Stable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells with Low-Volatility and Ionic Liquid Electrolytes (2008)

We report a high molar extinction coefficient heteroleptic polypyridyl ruthenium sensitizer, featuring an electron-rich 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene unit in its ancillary ligand. A nanocrystalline titania film stained with this sensitizer shows an improved optical absorption, which is highly desirable for practical dye-sensitized solar cells with a thin photoactive layer, facilitating the efficient charge collection. In conjunction with low-volatility and solvent-free electrolytes, we achieved 9.6−10.0% and 8.5−9.1% efficiencies under the air-mass 1.5 global solar illumination. These dye-sensitized solar cells retain over 90% of the initial performance after 1000 h full sunlight soaking at 60 °C.
EVALUATION OF PIGMENT EXTRACTION METHODS AND A RECOMMENDED PROTOCOL FOR PERIPHYTON CHLOROPHYLL <i>a</i> DETERMINATION AND CHEMOTAXONOMIC ASSESSMENT<sup>1</sup> (2006)

Many methods have been proposed to extract and quantify algal pigments. Comparative studies have found that pigment extraction efficiency varies among solvent and mechanical disruption protocols due to differential cellular resistance, thereby, leading to potential misinterpretation of pigment data. When the type or resistance of algae are unknown, a method is required that efficiently extract pigments from all taxonomic groups. The objective of this study was to develop a simple and efficient one stage periphyton pigment extraction protocol by comparing the extractability of four solvents (acetone, methanol, methanol/acetone, and methanol/acetone/ N,N ‐dimethylformamide), the effects of grinding, and the effects of freeze‐drying. The best overall extraction was obtained using freeze‐dried samples extracted with methanol/acetone/DMF/water (MAD). Eighty‐six percent more chlorophyll was extracted when the sample was freeze‐dried relative to fresh/frozen samples extracted with 90% acetone. Freeze‐drying greatly improved the extraction of both polar and non‐polar (lipophilic/hydrophobic) pigments while MAD increased the extractability of polar pigments and improved peak resolution of all pigments. Chemotaxonomic assessment differed between samples that were fresh/frozen or freeze‐dried before extraction. The relative abundance of cyanobacteria was greater for freeze‐dried material compared with fresh/frozen due to the improved extractability of cyanobacterial pigments. Based on the results of this study, the traditional approach of 90% acetone as a solvent is not recommended for periphyton samples containing cyanobacteria or when the composition of the mat is unknown. The combination of freeze‐drying and MAD was sufficient for the extraction of pigments from a periphyton mat containing filamentous cyanobacteria, green algae, and diatoms.
Studies in detoxication (1941)

WHEN aldehydes are fed to animals, the -CHO group is either reduced to -CH20H or oxidized to -COOH. It can be stated broadly that those aldehydes undergoing biological reduction are aliphatic in nature, whilst those oxidized to
Understanding how knowledge is exploited in Ant algorithms (2005)

Centre for Intelligent Systems and their Applications
[Physiopathology and curative treatment of tardive dyskinesia]. (1988)

Tardive dyskinesia is a common complication of neuroleptic treatment. Current physiopathological theories emphasize the role of dopaminergic, cholinergic and GABAergic systems. The experimental bases of these hypotheses have been presented in detail. A critical review of the main clinical trials allows us to evaluate the effectiveness of our treatment and the validity of our theoretical models.
Simulation study of oscillatory vehicle roll behavior during fishhook Maneuvers (2008)

Sustained roll oscillations were observed while performing the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) fishhook (FH) test on several vehicles. This phenomenon has also been observed on several manufacturers' high center of gravity (CG) vehicles with both solid and independent rear suspensions. Roll oscillation can be accompanied by non-convergent yaw, heave, and pitch. A study was initiated to quantify the influence of vehicle inertia, suspension, powertrain, and tire characteristics on the FH vehicle response. Design of experiments (DOE) methods were used to quantify the main effects and the significant interactions between vehicle design variables. The CarSim program was used to simulate the vehicle dynamics and the iSIGHT program was used to automate the DOE analysis. Summary findings show that tire lateral force high slip behavior influences yaw instability. This alone is not sufficient for developing diverging roll oscillations. Additionally, results show that suspension jounce travel and bumper rate, in conjunction with tire overturning moment and non-positive tire cornering stiffness, influence yaw, roll, and pitch stability. Simulation results suggest that the primary cause of roll oscillations is the transfer of some energy from the longitudinal mode into the roll and heave modes. This effect can also be influenced by other factors like the distance between the CG and the roll axis, yaw-roll cross product of inertia, for example. Also described is optimization of FH performance (minimization of wheel lift and roll oscillations) with respect to some suspension characteristics.
ProSA-web: interactive web service for the recognition of errors in three-dimensional structures of proteins (2007)

A major problem in structural biology is the recognition of errors in experimental and theoretical models of protein structures. The ProSA program (Protein Structure Analysis) is an established tool which has a large user base and is frequently employed in the refinement and validation of experimental protein structures and in structure prediction and modeling. The analysis of protein structures is generally a difficult and cumbersome exercise. The new service presented here is a straightforward and easy to use extension of the classic ProSA program which exploits the advantages of interactive web-based applications for the display of scores and energy plots that highlight potential problems spotted in protein structures. In particular, the quality scores of a protein are displayed in the context of all known protein structures and problematic parts of a structure are shown and highlighted in a 3D molecule viewer. The service specifically addresses the needs encountered in the validation of protein structures obtained from X-ray analysis, NMR spectroscopy and theoretical calculations. ProSA-web is accessible at https://prosa.services.came.sbg.ac.at.
Phase morphology and compatibilization mechanism in ternary polymer blend systems of polyethylene terephthalate, polyolefin rubber, and ionomer (2004)

Abstract The phase morphology and the mechanism of the compatibilization in ternary blends of PET/EBM (ethylene buten rubber)/ionomer (partially neutralized ethylene and methyl methacrylic acid copolymer, EMAA) are examined. Applying the repulsion idea in random copolymer, the ionomer was selected as an encapsulating agent to compatibilize PET/EBM blend. As anticipated, the ionomer can encapsulate EBM in PET matrix and effectively compatibilize PET and EBM. The results of droplet sandwich experiments verified that the actual driving force for the encapsulation is wettability. In addition, this wettablility was found to be realized by the contribution of the polar and nonpolar units in the ionomer: The polar units decrease the interfacial tension between PET and the ionomer, and the nonpolar units decrease that between EBM and the ionomer. The metal ions in the ionomer have little influence on the wettability, and consequently EMAA can encapsulate EBM even when unneutralized. The efficiency of the compatibilization, on the other hand, is not determined by the wettability only, and the metal ions play an important role. EMAA can effectively compatibilize EBM and PET only when neutralized. This compatibilization effectiveness of the ionomer is supposedly due to the strong interaction between PET and the metal ions. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 1567–1576, 2004
Biphasic recruitment of TRF2 to DNA damage sites promotes non-sister chromatid homologous recombination repair (2018)

TRF2 (TERF2) binds to telomeric repeats and is critical for telomere integrity. Evidence suggests that it also localizes to non-telomeric DNA damage sites. However, this recruitment appears to be precarious and functionally controversial. We find that TRF2 recruitment to damage sites occurs by a two-step mechanism: the initial rapid recruitment (phase I), and stable and prolonged association with damage sites (phase II). Phase I is poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-dependent and requires the N-terminal basic domain. The phase II recruitment requires the C-terminal MYB/SANT domain and the iDDR region in the hinge domain, which is mediated by the MRE11 complex and is stimulated by TERT. PARP-dependent recruitment of intrinsically disordered proteins contributes to transient displacement of TRF2 that separates two phases. TRF2 binds to I-PpoI-induced DNA double-strand break sites, which is enhanced by the presence of complex damage and is dependent on PARP and the MRE11 complex. TRF2 depletion affects non-sister chromatid homologous recombination repair, but not homologous recombination between sister chromatids or non-homologous end-joining pathways. Our results demonstrate a unique recruitment mechanism and function of TRF2 at non-telomeric DNA damage sites.
Production Modes Switch Optimization of Refinery Units (2014)

Refinery units have the feature of operating inertia, long time transition period exists when production modes switch, during which product quality may decline and energy cost raises. The operating inertia have received significant attentions in actual refineries, while few literatures have given enough focus on it which is usually omitted to make scheduling easy. The core of this paper is to deal with the scheduling optimization problem of production modes switch considering operating inertia. By expression of the transition process, a mixed integer linear programming model was built based on a continuous time representation. The model optimizes unit operations by minimizing energy consuming. The formulation approach was used to address the scheduling of a refinery. Case study illustrates the model’s feasibility and efficiency.