gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Novel X‐ray imaging and segmentation of root structures (2008)

Purpose This paper seeks to present a novel X‐ray system and associated image segmentation algorithm for imaging the below‐ground root structures of plants. Design/methodology/approach A matched filter design for segmenting the important root structures from the background clutter in the X‐ray images was presented. Findings The feasibility of root imaging and the applicability of matched filters to this problem domain have been demonstrated. Originality/value This research offers a novel approach over existing methods for in situ monitoring of root structures through the application of matched filters for image segmentation.
Low-Voltage Analog-to-Digital Converters and Mixed-Signal Interfaces (2015)

Analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) are crucial blocks which form the interface between the physical world and the digital domain. ADCs are indispensable in numerous applications such as wireless sensor networks (WSNs), wireless/wireline communication receivers and data acquisition systems. To achieve long-term, autonomous operation for WSNs, the nodes are powered by harvesting energy from ambient sources such as solar energy, vibrational energy etc. Since the signal frequencies in these distributed WSNs are often low, ultra-low-power ADCs with low sampling rates are required. The advent of new wireless standards with ever-increasing data rates and bandwidth necessitates ADCs capable of meeting the demands. Wireless standards such as GSM, GPRS, LTE and WLAN require ADCs with several tens of MS/s speed and moderate resolution (8-10 bits). Since these ADCs are incorporated into battery-powered portable devices such as cellphones and tablets, low power consumption for the ADCs is essential.
Modeling Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Therapeutic Antibodies: Progress, Challenges, and Future Directions (2021)

With more than 90 approved drugs by 2020, therapeutic antibodies have played a central role in shifting the treatment landscape of many diseases, including autoimmune disorders and cancers. While showing many therapeutic advantages such as long half-life and highly selective actions, therapeutic antibodies still face many outstanding issues associated with their pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD), including high variabilities, low tissue distributions, poorly-defined PK/PD characteristics for novel antibody formats, and high rates of treatment resistance. We have witnessed many successful cases applying PK/PD modeling to answer critical questions in therapeutic antibodies' development and regulations. These models have yielded substantial insights into antibody PK/PD properties. This review summarized the progress, challenges, and future directions in modeling antibody PK/PD and highlighted the potential of applying mechanistic models addressing the development questions.
Omptin proteins: an expanding family of outer membrane proteases in Gram-negative<i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>(Review) (2007)

The Escherichia coli K-12 outer membrane protein OmpT is a prototype of a unique family of bacterial endopeptidases known as the omptins. This family includes OmpT and OmpP of E. coli, SopA of Shigella flexneri, PgtE of Salmonella enterica, and Pla of Yersinia pestis. Despite their sequence similarities, the omptins vary in their reported functions. The OmpT protease is characterized by narrow cleavage specificity defined by the extracellular loops of the beta-barrel protruding above the lipid bilayer. It employs a distinct proteolytic mechanism that involves a histidine and an aspartate residue. Most of the omptin proteins have been implicated in bacterial pathogenesis. As a result, the omptins are potential targets for antimicrobial drug and vaccine development. This review summarizes recent developments in omptins structure and function, emphasizes their role in pathogenesis, proposes evolutionary relation among the existing omptins, and offers possible directions for future research.
Depth CNNs for RGB-D Scene Recognition: Learning from Scratch Better than Transferring from RGB-CNNs (2017)

Scene recognition with RGB images has been extensively studied and has reached very remarkable recognition levels, thanks to convolutional neural networks (CNN) and large scene datasets. In contrast, current RGB-D scene data is much more limited, so often leverages RGB large datasets, by transferring pretrained RGB CNN models and fine-tuning with the target RGB-D dataset. However, we show that this approach has the limitation of hardly reaching bottom layers, which is key to learn modality-specific features. In contrast, we focus on the bottom layers, and propose an alternative strategy to learn depth features combining local weakly supervised training from patches followed by global fine tuning with images. This strategy is capable of learning very discriminative depth-specific features with limited depth images, without resorting to Places-CNN. In addition we propose a modified CNN architecture to further match the complexity of the model and the amount of data available. For RGB-D scene recognition, depth and RGB features are combined by projecting them in a common space and further leaning a multilayer classifier, which is jointly optimized in an end-to-end network. Our framework achieves state-of-the-art accuracy on NYU2 and SUN RGB-D in both depth only and combined RGB-D data.
The Need for Antiviral Drugs for Pandemic Coronaviruses From a Global Health Perspective (2020)

Respiratory failure due to SARS-CoV-2 has caused widespread mortality, creating an urgent need for effective treatments and a long-term need for antivirals for future emergent coronaviruses. Pharmacotherapy for respiratory viruses has largely been unsuccessful with the exception of early treatment of influenza viruses, which shortens symptom duration and prevents infection in close contacts. Under the rapidly evolving circumstances of the COVID-19 pandemic, most clinical trials of experimental treatments in the United States have focused on later stages of the disease process. Worldwide, the clinical studies of the most impactful drugs, remdesivir and dexamethasone in ACTT-1, RECOVERY, and Solidarity, have studied hospitalized patients. Less than half of clinical trials in the U.S. have investigated oral agents, and the majority have taken place in hospitals at a disease stage where the viral load is already decreasing. The limited success of treatments for respiratory viruses and the viral dynamics of COVID-19 suggest that an antiviral therapy with the greatest impact against pandemic coronaviruses would be orally administered, well-tolerated, target a highly conserved viral protein or host-coronavirus interaction and could be used effectively throughout the world, including resource-poor settings. We examine the treatment of respiratory viral infections and current clinical trials for COVID-19 to provide a framework for effective antiviral therapy and prevention of future emergent coronaviruses and call attention to the need for continued preclinical drug discovery.
60 GHz mixed signal active load-pull system for millimeter wave devices characterization (2012)

In this work we present an active load-pull system dedicated to the characterization of mm-wave devices and integrated circuits operating in the frequency band 50-65 GHz, which enables the use of ultra-broadband modulated signals, up to 1 GHz. The system operation is based on the mixed-signal concept and its test-set and up-conversion/down-conversion signal paths are implemented entirely using WR-15 waveguides, providing high accuracy and system stability in the active load-pull configuration. The proposed system allows for real-time CW and modulated signal (i.e., up to 100 MHz) source and load-pull for model validation and linearity characterization, in the entire system bandwidth. Moreover, through the use of a wide-band arbitrary waveform generator and external wideband oscilloscope the system provides the capability for accurate inband signal characterization of integrated circuits with a modulation bandwidth up to 1 GHz. A preliminary set of measurements are presented reporting the capability of the proposed signal to properly control the load reflection coefficient, on a calibration thru, for power levels up to 11dBm in the entire frequency band. Moreover the broadband capability of the system in both up and down conversion is reported by showing the spectrum and time domain signal of a 1 GHz QPSK signal.
Correction: Myeloid Suppressor Cell Depletion Augments Antitumor Activity in Lung Cancer (2012)

Background: Myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC) are important regulators of immune responses. We evaluated the mechanistic role of MDSC depletion on antigen presenting cell (APC), NK, T cell activities and therapeutic vaccination responses in murine models of lung cancer.
In Search of High‐Performance Platinum(<scp>II</scp>) Phosphorescent Materials for the Fabrication of Red Electroluminescent Devices (2004)

Abstract The rational design and syntheses of Pt(iqdz) 2 ( 1 ) and Pt(pydz) 2 ( 2 ) bearing isoquinolinyl indazole (iqdz)H or pyridyl indazole (pydz)H groups on the coordinating ligands are reported. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies of 1 reveal a square planar geometry, in which two iqdz ligands adopt a trans‐configuration. Short N…H contacts (∼2.21 Å) are detected between the ortho‐hydrogen atom of isoquinoline and the adjacent N atom of the indazole fragment, making the overall molecular geometry analogous to that of the platinum( II ) porphyrinato complexes. The lowest absorption bands for both complexes reveal strong state mixings between singlet and triplet (metal‐to‐ligand charge transfer and intra‐ligand) manifolds. This, in combination with the introduction of a camphor‐like structure to avoid the stacking effect, leads to phosphorescence with unprecedented brightness both in solution and in the solid state. Organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) devices fabricated using 1 as a dopant emitter have been achieved in a multilayer configuration. The results constitute the first highly efficient Pt II ‐based red OLED.
Suppression of angiogenesis, tumor growth, and wound healing by resveratrol, a natural compound in red wine and grapes (2001)

ABSTRACT Resveratrol (3,5,4′‐trihydroxystilbene) is a natural compound found in several plants, including grapes, peanuts, and pines, and in their related products. Red wine is probably the most frequently consumed drink that is enriched in resveratrol. We investigated whether drinking resveratrol could suppress angiogenesis, a process of blood vessel growth involved in initiation, development, and progression of many diseases, including cancer, metastasis, and diabetic retinopathy. We found that resveratrol suppresses the growth of new blood vessels in animals. It directly inhibits capillary endothelial cell growth. It blocks both VEGF‐ and FGF‐receptor‐mediated angiogenic responses. In addition, resveratrol inhibits the phosphorylation of mitogen‐activated kinase isoforms (MAPK p44 /MAPK p42 ) induced by fibroblast growth factor‐2 in proliferating endothelial cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Oral administration of resveratrol significantly inhibits the growth of a murine fibrosarcoma in mice, and it significantly delays angiogenesis‐dependent wound healing in mice. Our findings suggest that ingestion of resveratrol‐enriched food could be beneficial for the prevention of cancer. However, its antiangiogenic effect could delay wound healing and possibly other angiogenesis‐dependent processes under physiological conditions.
Do Empowerment Programmes Actually Empower Women (2014)

Women are powerless, disadvantaged and their access to resources and ownership of properties are minimal in most of the developing countries. In order to empower women in those developing societies, many empowerment programmes like microfinance, political mobilization, and providing education opportunities are in place. Even the notion of women's empowerment is also included in the Millennium Development Goals. The paper tries to examine the different empowerment programmes along with their successes and limitations towards empowering women. It is evident from the study that the result of empowerment programmes is mixed. The empowerment programmes significantly contribute to women's empowerment but do not empower all women in all situations and equally. Empowerment is also related to the determination of the women themselves. If we look at the total population of the world, we see women constitute almost half of the world's population. However, considering the number of poor people in the world, women are major than men with a number of 70 percent of the total poor (Verma, 2009). Women are powerless, disadvantaged and socially and educationally backward and their access to resources and ownership of properties are minimal in most of the developing countries. Over the decades, there had been attempts from different spheres to ensure the power of women particularly in developing world. Even the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) also want to achieve the empowerment of women across the globe. In order to enhance the empowerment of women, different programmes are undertaken by the national governments along with local NGOs and INGOs supported by international donors. According to the indicators of MDG goal 3, the numbers of women representatives in national parliament should be increased. The need for women's representation in the local governments has also been underscored by the UN Millennium Project Task Force report on Education and Gender equality (UNMP/TFEGE, 2005). Apart from this political mobilization, many other programmes like microcredit schemes for women, education opportunity for girls, introducing ICT programmes and income generating programmes are in place in order to promote empowerment of women in many developing countries. But there are growing debates, whether these programmes are really empowering women or not? The increase of women's representation in political system is of course a strategic change in the empowerment of women but does not necessarily directly correlate with the empowerment of mass poor women (Subrahmanian, 2004). Microcredit has been widely used as a panacea in empowering women and it has also mixed results. Microcredit has enabled poor women to come out from the houses to public spheres as the first step of women's empowerment but it has also suppressed their empowerment in creating problems like increased domestic violence, losing control over credits in some situations. In relation to success of microcredit
Retrograde axonal transport of BDNF in retinal ganglion cells is blocked by acute IOP elevation in rats. (2000)

BDNF is transported retrogradely from the superior colliculus in adult rats, and this transport is substantially inhibited by acute IOP elevation. Deprivation of BDNF among RGCs may contribute to neuron loss in glaucoma.
Kyulux (2016)

The futuristic concept of a television or computer monitor that can be rolled up like a piece of paper is coming closer to reality with organic light-emitting diodes, or OLEDs. But display makers still face a major challenge: creating a full rainbow of colors using energy-efficient materials. OLEDs are already in TVs, but their full potential is not being harnessed. Rather than directly make colors, OLEDs are used to create white light that goes through filters to display colors. True OLED TVs and tomorrow’s flexible displays will only happen after the industry solves the problem of the color blue. OLEDs create blue and other colors with molecules activated by phosphorescent or fluorescent light. Phosphorescent OLEDs efficiently emit blue but use rare metals, such as iridium, that make the technology impractical for consumer devices. Fluorescent OLEDs, meanwhile, have not delivered on one of OLEDs’ central promises—the efficient conversion of energy into
Long-term Results of Photorefractive Keratectomy for Hyperopia and Hyperopic Astigmatism (1998)

Hyperopic PRK proved to be a safe technique in regard to the risk of loss of visual acuity with no central corneal opacities and with a generally rapid recovery of baseline spectacle-corrected visual acuity, but the predictability of correction greater than +3.00 needs improvement.
Hydrostatic Bearings for Cryogenic Rocket Engine Turbopumps (1969)

This paper summarizes an analytic and experimental investigation of hydrostatic bearings for use in high-pressure cryogenic rocket engine turbopumps. A hydrostatic bearing analysis was developed to predict bearing steady-state and time-dependent (stability) performance. The analysis accounts for the effects of turbulence, inertia, and compressibility in the fluid film. Bearing design charts were generated from the analysis to permit rapid prediction of bearing performance and to aid in the selection of optimum bearing configuration. Liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen turbopump conceptual designs were prepared and the designs were used to establish hydrostatic bearing size and performance requirements. The turbopump designs included provision for operation when bearing supply pressure is insufficient to support the rotor. Two bearing designs, one LH2 and one LO2, were fabricated and tested in a test rig. Test bearing designs met turbopump requirements and included the turbopump start-stop rotor support provision. Experimental data for both test programs agreed well with steady-state predictions and the bearings were stable under all conditions. Both test bearing designs were in excellent mechanical condition after testing, which included 10 simulated turbopump start-stop cycles.
Bayesian inference in Monte-Carlo tree search (2010)

Monte-Carlo Tree Search (MCTS) methods are drawing great interest after yielding breakthrough results in computer Go. This paper proposes a Bayesian approach to MCTS that is inspired by distributionfree approaches such as UCT [13], yet significantly differs in important respects. The Bayesian framework allows potentially much more accurate (Bayes-optimal) estimation of node values and node uncertainties from a limited number of simulation trials. We further propose propagating inference in the tree via fast analytic Gaussian approximation methods: this can make the overhead of Bayesian inference manageable in domains such as Go, while preserving high accuracy of expected-value estimates. We find substantial empirical outperformance of UCT in an idealized bandit-tree test environment, where we can obtain valuable insights by comparing with known ground truth. Additionally we rigorously prove on-policy and off-policy convergence of the proposed methods. 1
Clinical trials with retinoids for breast cancer chemoprevention (2006)

Retinoids have been studied as chemopreventive agents in clinical trials due to their established role in regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis in preclinical models. Experimental evidence suggests that retinoids affect gene expression both directly, by activating and/or repressing specific genes, and indirectly, by interfering with different signal transduction pathways. Induction of apoptosis is a unique feature of fenretinide, the most widely studied retinoid in clinical trials on breast cancer chemoprevention due to its selective accumulation in breast tissue and to its favourable toxicological profile. In a phase III breast cancer prevention trial, fenretinide showed a durable trend to a reduction of second breast malignancies in premenopausal women. This pattern was associated with a favourable modulation of circulating IGF-I and its main binding protein (IGF-binding protein-3, IGFBP-3), which have been associated with breast cancer risk in premenopausal women in different prospective studies. In a subsequent biomarker study on premenopausal women who had participated in the phase III trial, high IGF-I and low IGFBP-3 baseline levels were found to predict second breast cancer risk, although the magnitude of their changes during treatment did not fulfil the requirements for suitable surrogate end-point biomarkers. In postmenopausal women, fenretinide did not reduce second breast cancer incidence, nor did it induce significant modulation of the IGF system. Similarly, fenretinide was not found to affect risk biomarkers significantly in early postmenopausal women on hormone replacement therapy, who are at increased risk of developing breast cancer. Biomarker studies of fenretinide alone or in combination with different nuclear receptor ligands are being conducted. In particular, clinical trials of fenretinide and tamoxifen have proved to be feasible, and this combination appears to be safe and well tolerated in high-risk women, especially when low-dose tamoxifen is employed. Novel retinoid X receptor-selective retinoids, or rexinoids, have been shown to suppress the development of breast cancer in several animal models with minimal toxicity, and are being intensively studied either alone or in combination with selective oestrogen receptor modulators, both in vitro and in vivo. The rexinoid, bexarotene, has recently been approved for the treatment of patients with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma, and a biomarker trial with bexarotene in women with high breast cancer risk is currently underway.
Microfabricated Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer With a Brubaker Prefilter (2010)

Microfabricated quadrupole mass spectrometers with Brubaker prefilters are demonstrated for the first time. Complete filters are assembled from two dies, each carrying two pairs of rods providing the prefilter and main filter sections. The rods are held in precision silicon mounts that are fabricated using wafer-scale deep reactive-ion etching and anodic bonding to glass substrates. Improvements to ion transmission are obtained by tuning the bias potential applied to the prefilter. The effect is explained in terms of a simple analytic theory for ion motion in the prefilter. Mass filtering with a range of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> / <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">z</i> = 0-1200 and a resolution of <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> /¿ <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</i> ¿ 150 at 10% of peak height is demonstrated using 2-4-mm-long prefilter electrodes, 30-mm-long main electrodes (both of 650 ¿m diameter), and a radio-frequency drive at ¿6.5 MHz.
Wide Color Gamut Five Channel Multi-Primary Display for HDTV Application (2005)

Wide color gamut displays using monochromatic light sources, such as LED or laser, or applying multi-primary techniques have been introduced by several authors in forms of laboratory based models and for high end natural color vision applications. In order to bring these technologies into the consumer market, one of our latest investigations resulted in a rear projection type high definition multi-primary display (MPD) system which has been realized by a modification of our previous three channel DLP™ projection television. Thereby the full spectral energy of the UHP™ type projection lamp is sequentially separated into five primary spectrums through a rotating color wheel instead of the conventional RGB primary colors so that it enables to reproduce a wide range of colors than sRGB compatible display. The main focus of this study is to describe a gamut mapping method that allows using a full range of color gamut of MPD for a given limited color gamut of television signal. This approach is to display an image in such a way that the limited color saturations of the current television signal are adaptively enhanced for every observer. Through the gamut mapping, the picture quality of MPD is significantly improved in comparison with a conventional display system.