gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plastic strain in thermally cycled flip-clip PBGA solder bumps (2000)

Electron-beam moire, a technique to measure displacements on the sub-micrometer scale, was used to observe and calculate strain in an underfilled, flip-chip plastic ball grid array (PBGA) package. A cross section of the package, instrumented with 450-nm-pitch gratings, was thermally cycled ten times between -55 and 125/spl deg/C. During cycling, solder bumps were observed and digital images collected from the edge, from an area one quarter of the way across, and from near the midpoint of the Si chip. A comparison of these images with respect to the initial, no-load condition revealed the change in the moire fringe field due to the thermal load, and the change due to the coefficient of thermal expansion mismatch among the contained materials that resulted in plastic deformation. Data from the images were analyzed to produce plots of displacement versus position from line traces through the observed solder bumps. The slopes of the plots from the data generated within the solder bump define the average strain in the solder bump. Strains were calculated in the solder bumps at room temperature, at -55/spl deg/C, and at 125/spl deg/C during each thermal cycle. The initial high-temperature strain, out of the plane of the Si chip, was greater for the inner solder bumps than for the solder bump at the edge of the chip. The magnitude of the initial low-temperature compressive strain was greater at the edge of the chip than in the interior of the Si chip. It was also found that for the in-plane strains, the solder bump was put into compression both at high and low temperatures. The expansion of the underfill and solder mask at high temperature was so great that they exerted a compressive force on the solder bumps. Strain in the solder humps changed with subsequent thermal cycles. The strains decreased in value with increasing number of thermal cycles, particularly at the edge of the chip. By the 10th thermal cycle the solder bump at the edge remained in compression even at 125/spl deg/C. Also, the final room-temperature images showed the solder bumps in all three measured locations to be in a state of permanent compression with respect to the initial, no-load images.
Theory of extended x-ray absorption edge fine structure (EXAFS) in crystalline solids (1975)

A general theory of the extended x-ray absorption edge fine structure is given within the framework of a one-electron approximation. An approximate evaluation of this theory is proposed which allows a simple calculation of the spectrum starting from theoretically calculated electron-atom scattering phase shifts. This is shown to agree quite well with the observed spectrum for copper in the energy range 200-800 eV above the $K$ edge without the use of any adjustable parameters. A qualitative evaluation of multiple scattering effects in the general theory is made which should be reasonably good below 100 eV. Multiple scattering corrections are found to be very important in the low-energy region of the spectrum for close-packed structures. It is shown that significant cancellation of single scattering amplitudes can occur which could account for detailed anomalies in the spectrum of Cu found by Stern, Sayers, and Lytle.
Ovulation in Plasminogen-Deficient Mice<sup>1</sup> (1999)

Many different studies suggest that plasmin generated from plasminogen plays a crucial role in the degradation of the follicular wall at the time of ovulation. We have assessed the physiological relevance of plasmin on ovulation by studying plasminogen-deficient mice. Ovulation efficiency (mean number of ova released per mouse) was determined both in a standardized ovulation model in which 25-day-old immature mice were injected with finite amounts of gonadotropins to induce ovulation and during physiological ovulation using adult normally cycling mice. Our results revealed that the temporal onset of follicular wall rupture (first ova observed in bursa or oviduct) was not delayed in plasminogen-deficient mice during gonadotropin-induced ovulation. However, there was a trend toward slightly reduced ovulation efficiency in the plasminogen-deficient mice. This reduction was only 13% and not statistically significant (P = 0.084) and may be connected to a delayed maturation of these mice manifested in reduced body and ovary weights. During physiological ovulation adult plasminogen-deficient mice had normal ovulation efficiency compared with plasminogen wild-type mice. Taken together our results indicate that under the conditions used in this study plasmin is not required for efficient follicular rupture or for activation of other proteases involved in this process. Alternatively, the role of plasmin may be effectively compensated for by other mechanisms in the absence of plasmin.
Effects of Metformin Or Gemfibrozil on the Lipodystrophy of HIV-Infected Patients Receiving Protease Inhibitors (2003)

In this population of HIV-infected patients, there was a loss of fat along time. The finding of relative preservation of fat associated with gemfibrozil therapy deserves further investigation in the search of potential effective therapies for lipodystrophy in HIV-infected subjects.
Rotogravure Printing Press Fault Diagnosis System (2008)

Rotogravure printing press becomes more and more complicated, integrated, high-speed and intellectualized. To insure rotogravure printing press in its good conditions, the function of fault diagnosis gets more important than before in the process of repairing. This paper designed and developed a network fault diagnosis system based on PROFIBUS and B/S (Browser/Server) frame through the analysis of the need of fault diagnosis. Taking good use of testing information and diagnosis rules, the system realized open and distributed diagnosing process, and provided a flat of sharing information, which is the technique basis of combining testing and diagnosing. During design, we use Kingview as developing software. It is proved in LAN that the system can utilize present diagnosis rules in database to diagnose fault distributed.
Assessment of Experts' Approach to Insulin Therapy and Development of a Simulator for Diabetes Insulin Adjustment (1992)

A computer program can simulate specialists' "composite" approach (not based purely on conscious application of physiological data) to insulin adjustment.
Electrochemical Properties of Al/Vanadium Chloride Batteries with AlCl<sub>3</sub>-1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride Electrolyte (2016)

We have studied the electrochemical properties of vanadium chloride in molten salt containing AlCl3 and 1-ethyl-3-methylimmidazolium chloride (EMIC) with a molar ratio of 1.5/1.0 at an ambient temperature using cyclic voltammetry and the X-ray absorption near-edge structure (XANES). Cyclic voltammograms (CVs) of VCl3 contain a pair of oxidation peak at about 1.5 V vs. Al/Al3+ and reduction peak at about 0.9 V vs. Al/Al3+ assigned to the V(3) ⇄ V(2) reaction and a pair of oxidation peak at about 0.9 V vs. Al/Al3+ and reduction peak at about 0.4 V vs. Al/Al3+ assigned to the V(2) ⇄ V(0) reaction. The former remains in the CV after reduction and oxidation cycling. On the other hand, the latter disappears from the CV after a couple of cycles. We also investigate the effect of adding fluorobenzene (FB) to the AlCl3-EMIC salts on the solubility and electrochemical properties of VCl3. FB greatly reduces the VCl3 dissolution in the salts and improves capacity retention with reduction and oxidation cycling without change in the reaction process.
Resonance Raman measurements utilizing a deep UV source (2008)

Raman scattering techniques have long been used as unique identifiers for spectral fingerprints of chemical and biological species. Raman lidar has been utilized on a routine basis to remotely measure several constituents in the atmosphere. While Raman scattering is very reliable in uniquely identifying molecules, it suffers from very small scattering cross sections that diminish its usefulness at increased ranges and decreased concentrations of the species of interest. By utilizing a resonance Raman technique, where the laser excitation is tuned near an electronic absorption band, it is possible to increase the Raman scattering cross section. An optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with a UV tuning range of ~220 nm - 355 nm has been utilized to explore the wavelength dependence of Raman scattering for diamond, water, benzene, and toluene. Resonance enhancements of the Raman spectra have been studied.
The GABAA Agonist THIP Increases Non-REM Sleep and Enhances Non-REM Sleep-Specific Delta Activity in the Rat During the Dark Period (1997)

Peripheral administration of the selective gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA[A]) receptor agonists muscimol and 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroisoxazolo(5,4-c)pyridin-3-ol (THIP) to rats has recently been found to increase non-rapid eye movement sleep (non-REMS) duration and to enhance delta activity (0.5-4.0 Hz) within non-REMS during the light period, i.e. the circadian rest phase. In this vehicle-controlled study, we investigated the sleep response to two doses of THIP (2 and 4 mg/kg) administered intraperitoneally to eight rats at the beginning of the dark period. Electroencephalogram and electromyogram recordings were made continuously during the first 6-hours postinjection. The 4-mg/kg THIP dose significantly increased the time in non-REMS, lengthened the non-REMS episodes, and elevated delta activity within non-REMS. Quantitatively similar, but smaller effects were induced by 2 mg/kg THIP. Neither dose of THIP affected the time in REMS. These effects are very similar to those evoked by THIP and muscimol during the light period. This indicates that GABA(A) agonists dose-dependently promote non-REMS, by increasing non-REMS maintenance, and increase the intensity of non-REMS, and that these effects are independent of the light-dark and circadian cycle.
Manufacturing Challenges in Double Patterning Lithography (2006)

We present experimental and simulation results from investigating critical issues challenging Double Patterning lithography capability to meet manufacturing requirements for 45 nm 1/2 pitch on 0.93 NA lithography system. Simulations of lithography alternatives for positive and negative patterning processes based on focus-exposure metrics show that dual-line positive process has focus and exposure dose latitudes meeting manufacturing requirements. We introduced an innovative method to calculate double patterning CDU budgets based on defining CD from its edges and pooling CD variance from two adjacent patterns. We achieved experimental double patterning minimum resolution of 40 /2 pitch on 0.93NA system, which equals 0.19kl. Predictive simulations indicate that double patterning overlay budget should be 70% or lower compared to single exposure application. Experimental overlay measurements on wafers exposed on state of the art 0.93NA system demonstrate current capability of ges 6 nm overlay with 53% probability to meet 4 nm overlay in single exposure applications and 30% probability to meet 4 nm overlay in a double patterning applications.
Lectin analysis of common glycoproteins detected on the surface of continuous microvascular endothelium in situ and in culture: identification of sialoglycoproteins. (1990)

For many years, molecular interactions with vascular endothelium have been studied in vitro on cultured endothelial cells. Yet, it is clear that the different environmental conditions in vivo vs. in vitro may cause phenotypic drift and altered expression of cell surface molecules. In this study, we identify several endothelial surface proteins of similar apparent molecular mass by radioiodination of cultured microvascular cells and by intravascular radioiodination of rat heart endothelium in situ. The radioiodinated surface polypeptides detected by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) (followed by autoradiography) were subjected to lectin affinity chromatography in order to provide an additional screen for identifying common surface glycoproteins and a means for partial characterization of their glycans. With a battery of 18 lectins, seven major (gp140, gp120, gp100, gp85, gp75, gp60, gp47) and 6 minor (gp330, gp300, gp180, gp160, gp150, gp42) glycoproteins were identified on the cultured cells each with a different lectin binding profile. The lectin binding profiles of many endothelial glycoproteins in situ were similar to those of their counterparts in culture. A common set of seven major glycoproteins with the same apparent molecular masses was found in situ as well as in vitro. These common glycoproteins were characterized further using both sialidase digestion and sequential lectin affinity chromatography of cell lysates. Most of the glycoproteins appear to have both complex-type N-linked and O-linked glycans except for gp60 with only O-linked glycans, gp47 with only complex N-linked sugars, and gp42 with only simple N-linked sugars. A subset of sialoglycoproteins (gp140, gp120, gp100, gp60, gp47) was identified. One of them, gp120, is podocalyxin based on immunoprecipitation with specific antiserum and another one, gp60, is a recently identified albumin binding protein on the surface of cultured microvascular endothelial cells. This study shows that gp60 is indeed present on the surface of endothelium in situ and that it is a sialoglycoprotein with typical O-linked glycans. It is apparent that the continuous type of microvascular endothelium can indeed express in culture and in situ a common set of major glycoproteins.
Analysis of availability improvement in LMSS by means of satellite diversity based on three-state propagation channel model (1997)

Aiming at future multimedia land mobile-satellite services (LMSS) consisting of a large number of nongeostationary Earth-orbit satellites, we present an LMSS propagation channel model for assessing the effect of a satellite diversity scheme so that high service availability and high signal quality are assured. We classify general fading environments for LMSS into three states. By taking the occurrence probability of each state into account, a new fading channel model is developed. The validity of the model is identified by comparing its predicted values in terms of the cumulative distribution function (CDF) with measured data available so far. Then, based on this model, we calculate the satellite diversity effect assuming that the area is illuminated simultaneously by at least two satellites moving in low Earth orbits (LEO) over urban and suburban environments. In addition, state transition characteristics based on a Markov model are presented.
Mice Lacking Two Sperm Serine Proteases, ACR and PRSS21, Are Subfertile, but the Mutant Sperm Are Infertile In Vitro1 (2010)

Although sperm serine protease and proteasome have long been believed to play an important role in the fertilization process, the molecular mechanism is still controversial. In this study, we have produced double-knockout mice lacking two sperm serine proteases, ACR and PRSS21, to uncover the functional role of the trypsinlike activity in fertilization. The double-knockout male mice were subfertile, likely owing to the incompleteness of fertilization in the oviductal ampulla. Despite male subfertility, the mutant epididymal sperm exhibited the inability to undergo acrosomal exocytosis on the zona pellucida (ZP) surface and to traverse the ZP, thus resulting in the failure of fertilization in vitro. The double-knockout epididymal sperm were also defective in penetration through the cumulus matrix to reach the ZP. When epididymal sperm were artificially injected into the uterus of wild-type mice, the 2-cell embryos, which had previously been fertilized by double-knockout sperm, were recovered at a low but significant level. The mutant epididymal sperm were also capable of fertilizing the oocytes in the presence of uterine fluids in vitro. These data demonstrate that the trypsinlike protease activity of ACR and PRSS21 is essential for the process of sperm penetration through the cumulus matrix and ZP in vitro, and suggest that the female reproductive tract partially compensates for the loss of the sperm function. We therefore conclude that the sperm trypsinlike activity is still important but not essential for fertilization in vivo in the mouse.
Methyl Methacrylate from Methallyl Alcohol (1950)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMethyl Methacrylate from Methallyl AlcoholJames M. Church and Lawrence LynnCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1950, 42, 5, 768–776Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1950Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1950https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie50485a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50485a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views374Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Complete Amino Acid Sequence of a Polypeptide from <i>Zea mays</i> Similar to the Pathogenesis-Related-1 Family (1991)

A polypeptide serologically related to the tobacco pathogenesis-related-1 family of proteins has been purified from the root tissue of maize (Zea mays L.), and the complete amino acid sequence has been determined. The mature protein has a calculated molecular weight of 14,970 and isoelectric point of 4.2. The maize protein shows 66 to 68% amino acid identity with the tobacco pathogenesis-related-1 family and 55% identity with the tomato p14 protein.
Deformity Correction and Arthrodesis of the Midfoot with a Medial Plate<sup>*</sup> (1993)

Nine feet in eight patients undergoing tarsometatarsal (Lisfranc) or other midfoot arthrodeses for posttraumatic or degenerative arthritis were reviewed retrospectively. All patients were treated using a medial one-third tubular plate spanning the midfoot joints to be fused. Three feet underwent fusion in situ while six feet underwent correction of residual planus, planovalgus, or cavovarus deformity at the time of fusion. All patients achieved fusion within 12 weeks. A good or excellent result was achieved in seven of nine feet. There was no radiographic or clinical evidence of pseudarthrosis or medial hardware failure in any patient. No patient to date has required hardware removal for a painful or prominent implant. The talus first metatarsal angle was improved an average of 15.5 degrees in the lateral plane and 10 degrees in the AP plane in patients undergoing deformity correction. The technique of using a medial plate for midfoot arthrodesis allows for reliable fusion in patients who require salvage for midfoot arthritis. This technique also allows for correction of deformity in patients with residual midfoot deformity.
Passive Film Formation on Iron-Based Amorphous Metals (2011)

Abstract not Available.
Sub-grid turbulence modeling for unsteady flow with acoustic resonance (2000)

This paper proposes a novel combination of Reynoldsaveraged Navier-Stokes (RANS) and large-eddy simulation (LES) sub-grid models, which combines the best features of time-averaged and spatially-filtered models, yielding the superior near-wall stress predictions of (algebraic or full-transport) Reynolds-stress models with the ability to override any quasi-steady grid-converged RAN’S model solution in regions of sufficiently high grid density. The proposed hybrid formulation is well suited to the coupled simulation of all flow scales in resonating high-Reynolds number flows and contains no additional empirical constants beyond those appearing in the original RANS and LES sub-grid models.
Electrospinning Preparation and Drug‐Delivery Properties of an Up‐conversion Luminescent Porous NaYF<sub>4</sub>:Yb<sup>3+</sup>, Er<sup>3+</sup>@Silica Fiber Nanocomposite (2011)

Abstract Up‐conversion (UC) luminescent porous silica fibers decorated with NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+ nanocrystals (NCs) (denoted as NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+ @silica fiber) are prepared by the electrospinning process using cationic surfactant P123 as a template. Monodisperse and hydrophobic oleic acid capped β‐NaYF 4 : Yb 3+ , Er 3+ NCs are prepared by thermal decomposition methodology. Then, these NCs are transferred into aqueous solution by employing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) as secondary surfactant. The water‐dispersible β‐NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+ NCs are dispersed into precursor electrospinning solution containing P123 and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS), followed by preparation of precursor fibers via electrospinning. Finally, porous α‐NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+ @silica fiber nanocomposites are obtained after annealing the precursor fibers containing β‐NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+ at 550 °C. The as‐prepared α‐NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+ @silica fiber possesses porous structure and UC luminescence properties simultaneously. Furthermore, the obtained nanocomposites can be used as a drug delivery host carrier and drug storage/release properties are investigated, using ibuprofen (IBU) as a model drug. The results indicate that the IBU–loaded α‐NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+ @silica fiber nanocomposites show UC emission of Er 3+ under 980 nm NIR laser excitation and a controlled release property for IBU. Meanwhile, the UC emission intensity of IBU–α‐NaYF 4 :Yb 3+ , Er 3+ @silica fiber system varies with the released amount of IBU.
Identification of a single peridinin sensing Chl- <i>a</i> excitation in reconstituted PCP by crystallography and spectroscopy (2009)

The peridinin-chlorophyll a-protein (PCP) of dinoflagellates is unique among the large variety of natural photosynthetic light-harvesting systems. In contrast to other chlorophyll protein complexes, the soluble PCP is located in the thylakoid lumen, and the carotenoid pigments outnumber the chlorophylls. The structure of the PCP complex consists of two symmetric domains, each with a central chlorophyll a (Chl-a) surrounded by four peridinin molecules. The protein provides distinctive surroundings for the pigment molecules, and in PCP, the specific environment around each peridinin results in overlapping spectral line shapes, suggestive of different functions within the protein. One particular Per, Per-614, is hypothesized to show the strongest electronic interaction with the central Chl-a. We have performed an in vitro reconstitution of pigments into recombinant PCP apo-protein (RFPCP) and into a mutated protein with an altered environment near Per-614. Steady-state and transient optical spectroscopic experiments comparing the RFPCP complex with the reconstituted mutant protein identify specific amino acid-induced spectral shifts. The spectroscopic assignments are reinforced by a determination of the structures of both RFPCP and the mutant by x-ray crystallography to a resolution better than 1.5 A. RFPCP and mutated RFPCP are unique in representing crystal structures of in vitro reconstituted light-harvesting pigment-protein complexes.