gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Electronic Effects of Aluminum Complexes in the Copolymerization of Propylene Oxide with Tricyclic Anhydrides: Access to Well-Defined, Functionalizable Aliphatic Polyesters (2016)

The synthesis of well-defined and functionalizable aliphatic polyesters remains a key challenge in the advancement of emerging drug delivery and self-assembly technologies. Herein, we investigate the factors that influence the rates of undesirable transesterification and epimerization side reactions at high conversion in the copolymerization of tricyclic anhydrides with excess propylene oxide using aluminum salen catalysts. The structure of the tricyclic anhydride, the molar ratio of the aluminum catalyst to the nucleophilic cocatalyst, and the Lewis acidity of the aluminum catalyst all influence the rates of these side reactions. Optimal catalytic activity and selectivity against these side reactions requires a careful balance of all these factors. Effective suppression of undesirable transesterification and epimerization was achieved even with sterically unhindered monomers using a fluorinated aluminum salph complex with a substoichiometric amount of a nucleophilic cocatalyst. This process can be used to synthesize well-defined block copolymers via a sequential addition strategy.
Reinforcement of Bone Cement Using Metal Meshes (1989)

Following on from previous work reported in this journal, a practical system has been developed for in situ fibre reinforcement of bone cement in the hip joint prosthesis. A fibre preform is inserted during the operation, surrounding the metal stem of the prosthesis, forming a composite with the cement. Tests performed on full-scale models of the joint show improvements in fatigue life by more than an order of magnitude when a preform of metal fibres is used; this significantly delays the onset of cement cracking and stem loosening. Initial results reported previously suggest that other fibre materials such as carbon may give even greater improvements. Clinical trials have begun, using a form of the metal mesh.
High-NA planar microlens for LD array (1993)

The paper describes a new high NA planar microlens witha swelled structure (S- PML) designed for a laser diode (LD) array. The center to center spacing of the S-PML is 250 micrometers which is adjusted to the most ordinary LD array to be used in optical fiber communication system. The diameter of the S-PM is 85 micrometers and the focal length is 110 micrometers . The NA of the S-PML is 0.37. We evaluate the coupling loss between an LD and a single mode fiber using the S- PML. The coupling losses were 6.2 dB for 1.3 micrometers LD and 7.6 dB for 1.55 micrometers LD, respectively.
Observation of the Quantum Well Interference in Magnetic Nanostructures by Photoemission (1998)

The Cu/Co/Ni/Co(100) system was investigated by photoemission to study the interference between the Cu quantum well and the Ni layer. By varying their separation, we found that the density of states of the Cu quantum well states were biperiodically modulated. This result provides clear evidence for the quantum interference between two quantum wells in magnetic nanostructures. The biperiodicity was identified to correspond to the two Fermi vectors of the Co minority energy bands.
Superfícies fotocatalíticas de titânia em substratos cerâmicos: Parte I: Síntese, estrutura e fotoatividade (2013)

A fotocatálise é um processo de oxidação avançada capaz de transformar uma grande variedade de poluentes orgânicos tóxicos em substâncias inofensivas em condições ambientes. Porém, a utilização do dióxido de titânio na fase anatase em produtos cerâmicos é limitada devido à transformação para fase rutilo em temperaturas superiores a 400 °C. As pesquisas apontam caminhos promissores para inibir a formação da fase rutilo através da introdução de dopantes na estrutura do semicondutor. Neste trabalho, foi realizada uma revisão dos principais aspectos encontrados na literatura especializada sobre fotocatálise com dióxido de titânio, em particular a relação entre estrutura química e atividade fotocatalítica.
Reliability, Validity, and Responsiveness of the Lysholm Knee Score and Tegner Activity Scale for Patients with Meniscal Injury of the Knee (2006)

Overall, the Lysholm knee score and the Tegner activity scale demonstrated acceptable psychometric performances as outcome measures for patients with a meniscal injury of the knee. Some domains of the Lysholm score showed suboptimal performance, and the Tegner scale had only a moderate effect size. Psychometric testing of other condition-specific knee instruments for patients with a meniscal lesion of the knee would be helpful to allow comparison of the properties of the various knee instruments.
Survivability Architecture of a Mission Critical System: The DPASA Example (2006)

Many techniques and mechanisms exist today, some COTS, others less mature research products that can be used to deflect, detect, or even recover from specific types of cyber attacks. None of them individually is sufficient to provide an all around defense for a mission critical distributed system. A mission critical system must operate despite sustained attacks throughout the mission cycle, which in the case of military systems, can range from hours to days. A comprehensive survivability architecture, where individual security tools and defense mechanisms are used as building blocks, is required to achieve this level of survivability. We have recently designed a survivability architecture, which combined elements of protection, detection, and adaptive reaction; and applied it to a DoD information system. The resulting defense-enabled system was first evaluated internally, and then deployed for external Red Team exercise. In this paper we describe the survivability architecture of the system, and explain the rationale that motivated the design
<title>What is required for collimated point-source x-ray lithography to achieve an economically viable throughput?</title> (1993)

The wafer throughput performance of collimated point-source proximity x-ray lithography was evaluated for features sizes that range from 0.1 to 0.25 micrometers . We analyzed the performance of parabolic collimating optics that rely on multilayer coatings for their x-ray reflection properties. The resulting x-ray transport properties of the collimator were then used to simulate the performance of a lithography system that incorporated a laser produced plasma x-ray source, a lithographic mask, photoresist, and staging subsystems. These system studies make it clear that modest advances in source intensity, mask technology, and photoresist sensitivity are required for point source proximity x-ray lithography to achieve economically viable wafer throughputs of 50 six-inch wafer levels per hour.
Synthesis and properties of the naturally occurring N-[(9-β-D-ribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)-N-methylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine (mt<sup>6</sup>A) and other related synthetic analogs (1975)

The naturally occurring modified nucleoside, N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)-N-methylcarbamoyl]-L-threonine (mt6A), and the corresponding glycine analog mg6A were synthesized from N6-methyl-2',3',5'-tri-O-acetyladenosine and the appropriately blocked isocyanates derived from threonine and glycine. The natural mt6A isolated from Escherichia coli tRNA (F. Kimura-Harada et al. (1972), Biochemistry 11, 3910), from wheat embryo tRNA (R. Cunningham and M. W. Gray (1974), Biochemistry 13, 543), and from rat liver tRNA (Rogg et al. (1975), Eur. J. Biochem. 53, 115) was found to be identical with the synthetic mt6A in paper and thin-layer chromatography and electrophoresis. Several analogs of the parent 6-ureidopurine ribonucleoside, N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]-L-thronine (t6A), were also prepared. Starting from 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetylguanosine and 2',3',5'-tri-O-acetylcytidine and the above isocyanates, the t6A analogs, N-[(9-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-6-oxo-1H-purin-2-yl)carbamoyl]-L-threonine (t2G) and N-[(1-beta-D-ribofuranosyl-2-oxypyrimidin-4-yl)carbamoyl]-L-threonine (t4C), were prepared. Also synthesized were the corresponding glycine analogs, g2G and g4C, from guanosine and cytidine, respectively. The 2'-deoxyribosyl analog, N-[(9-beta-D-2'-deoxyribofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]-L-threonine (2'-deoxy-t6A), and the arabinosyl derivative, N-[(9-beta-D-arabinofuranosylpurin-6-yl)carbamoyl]-L-threonine (t6AraA), were synthesized from the appropriate urethane and the requisite amino acid. The ureido group in mt6A could not be hydrolyzed by the enzymes urease, peptidase, and protease. Various chemical and biological properties of the naturally occurring mt6A and the related analogs are discussed.
A copy‐number mutant of plasmid pSC101 (1991)

Copy-number mutants of plasmid pSC101 were isolated by u.v. mutagenesis and selection for elevated expression of ampicillin resistance. Three independent mutations were identical and mapped in codon 93 of the initiation protein RepA. The mutated plasmids were maintained at a level four to five times higher than that of the wild type. For one of them, it was determined that: (i) the mRNA of the autoregulated repA gene, cloned onto a pUC19 plasmid under the control of its own promoter, was expressed at a level 1.7 times higher than that of the wild type; (ii) the RepA protein, under the same conditions, was expressed at a similarly higher level; (iii) the affinity of the mutated protein for three repeated sequences in the origin region of the plasmid was, on average, 3.4 times higher than that of the wild-type protein. We postulate that the copy-number effect is due to a combination of these two effects, i.e. higher protein concentration and increased affinity of the protein for the repeated sequences.
A convenient synthesis for some new pyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno‐[3,2‐<i>d</i>]pyrimidine derivatives with potential biological activity (1992)

Abstract Ready, convenient synthesis for 8‐cyano‐7‐ethoxy‐4‐oxo‐9‐phenyl‐2‐substituted‐1,2,3,‐4‐tetrahydropyrido‐[3′,2′:,4,5]thieno[3,2‐ d ]pyrimidines 5 , 8‐cyano‐7‐ethoxy‐4‐oxo‐9‐phenyl‐2‐substituted‐3,4‐dihydropyrido[3′,2‐: 4,5]thieno[3,2‐ d ]pyrimidines 6 , 4‐chloro‐8‐cyano‐7‐ethoxy‐9‐phenyl‐2‐substitutedpyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐4 ‐pyrimidines 7 and 8‐cyano‐7‐ethoxy‐2‐(2′‐nitrophenyl)‐9‐phenyl‐4‐substitutedpyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[3,2‐ d ]pyrimidines 8‐18 from 2‐chloro‐3,5‐dicyano‐6‐ethoxy‐4‐phenylpyridine 1 via 3,5‐dicyano‐6‐ethoxy‐2‐mercapto‐4‐phenylpyridine 2 and aminocarboxamide 4 are reported. In addition, the reaction of hydrazino derivative 12 with reagents such as formic acid and triethyl orthoformate yielded the fused tetraheterocyclic 8‐cyano‐9‐ ethoxy‐5‐(2′‐nitrophenyl)‐ 7‐phenylpyrido[3′,2′:4,5]thieno[2,3‐ e ]‐1, 2,4‐triazolo[4,3‐ c ]pyrimidine system 19 .
Analysis of Half-Wave Class DE Low $dv\!/\!dt$ Rectifier at Any Duty Ratio (2013)

Class DE low <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$dv{\kern-1pt}/{\kern-1pt}dt$</tex></formula> rectifiers realize high-frequency high-efficiency rectification and low-diode voltage stress which is no more than the output voltage. Half-wave Class DE low <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$dv{\kern-1pt}/{\kern-1pt}dt$</tex></formula> rectifier, which is one of the Class DE rectifiers, realizes the common ground between the input port and the output port. In this paper, the half-wave Class DE low <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$dv{\kern-1pt}/{\kern-1pt}dt$</tex> </formula> rectifier is analyzed for any diode-ON-duty ratio. The equations of the waveforms, the input and output powers, the current and voltage transfer functions, the current and voltage stresses, the power-output capability, and the power conversion efficiencies are obtained. Moreover, the characteristics of the normalized output power, the normalized input resistance and capacitance, the current and voltage transfer functions, and the power-output capability are clarified as functions of the diode-ON-duty ratio. The performance has been confirmed with the circuit experiment and the simulation in steady state. In the experiment and the simulation, the characteristics of the output voltage and the power conversion efficiency against the amplitude of the input current, the operating frequency and the load resistance have been obtained. The experimental results well agreed with the simulation results.
National Bioenergy Center Biochemical Platform Integration Project: Quarterly Update #14, January - March 2007 (2007)

Quarterly newsletter describing the activities of the National Bioenergy Center's Biochemical Platform Integration Project including ongoing research and goals.
lncRNA Rmst acts as an important mediator of BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) by antagonizing Notch-targeting microRNAs (2019)

Understanding the bone and musculoskeletal system is essential to maintain the health and quality of life of our aging society. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can undergo self-renewal and differentiate into multiple tissue types including bone. We demonstrated that BMP9 is the most potent osteogenic factors although molecular mechanism underlying BMP9 action is not fully understood. Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important regulatory roles in many physiological and/or pathologic processes. Here, we investigated the role of lncRNA Rmst in BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs. We found that Rmst was induced by BMP9 through Smad signaling in MSCs. Rmst knockdown diminished BMP9-induced osteogenic, chondrogenic and adipogenic differentiation in vitro, and attenuated BMP9-induced ectopic bone formation. Silencing Rmst decreased the expression of Notch receptors and ligands. Bioinformatic analysis predicted Rmst could directly bind to eight Notch-targeting miRNAs, six of which were downregulated by BMP9. Silencing Rmst restored the expression of four microRNAs (miRNAs). Furthermore, an activating Notch mutant NICD1 effectively rescued the decreased ALP activity caused by Rmst silencing. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that the Rmst-miRNA-Notch regulatory axis may play an important role in mediating BMP9-induced osteogenic differentiation of MSCs.
PETS2010 and PETS2009 Evaluation of Results Using Individual Ground Truthed Single Views (2010)

This paper presents the results of the crowd image analysis challenge of the PETS2010 workshop. The evaluation was carried out using a selection of the metrics developed in the Video Analysis and Content Extraction (VACE) program and the CLassification of Events, Activities, and Relationships (CLEAR) consortium. The PETS 2010 evaluation was performed using new ground truthing created from each independant 2D view. In addition, the performance of the submissions to the PETS 2009 and Winter-PETS 2009 were evaluated and included in the results. The evaluation highlights the detection and tracking performance of the authors' systems in areas such as precision, accuracy and robustness.
Total Synthesis of Fumitremorgins and Verruculogens (1997)

The syntheses of fumitremorgin B(49 b).C (5 4).verruculogen TR-2(1 Ol), and related compounds, all of which pentacyclic tremorgenic mycotoxins are reviewed.Major topics include construction of the pentacyclic ring system, stereoselective formation of 1,3-disubstituted $-carboline, introduction of a double bond and cis= glycol to the ring C of the pentacycle.
NetBeans IDE Field Guide: Developing Desktop, Web, Enterprise, And Mobile Applications (2005)

The Only Complete Guide and Reference for NetBeans IDE 4.1!The award-winning NetBeans integrated development environment is today's state-of-the-art Java IDE. NetBeans is the first free, open source IDE to support Java 2 Standard Edition (J2SE) 5.0, and it's a leader in providing advanced support for Java 2 Enterprise Edition (J2EE), Java 2 Micro Edition (J2ME), and other technologies. NetBeans IDE eases all aspects of Java application development, incorporating a wide range of powerful features into one well-designed package.NetBeans™ IDE Field Guide is a comprehensive introductory guide and task reference--it's the fast-answers NetBeans cookbook for every Java developer. The authors show you how to use NetBeans to build applications for the desktop, web, enterprise, and handset. Coverage includes Navigating NetBeans IDE, and creating, opening, and configuring projects Using NetBeans' special Ant integration to work with complex existing projects Maximizing productivity in everyday coding, debugging, and refactoring Developing web applications with NetBeans' built-in Apache Tomcat Web server Creating and consuming web services Using enterprise beans to extend web applications with business logic Constructing, assembling, and verifying large-scale J2EE applications Managing the Sun Java System Application Server through NetBeans IDE Developing J2ME handheld applications with the NetBeans Mobility PackIf you're new to NetBeans, this book will help you quickly leverage its power throughout the entire edit-compile-test-debug-deploy cycle. If you've worked with older versions, you'll learn how to make the most of its dramatic improvements. Whatever you're building with Java, NetBeans™ IDE Field Guide will help you build it faster, better, and more efficiently.
How the Same Core Catalytic Machinery Catalyzes 17 Different Reactions: the Serine-Histidine-Aspartate Catalytic Triad of α/β-Hydrolase Fold Enzymes (2015)

Enzymes within a family often catalyze different reactions. In some cases, this variety stems from different catalytic machinery, but in other cases the machinery is identical; nevertheless, the enzymes catalyze different reactions. In this review, we examine the subset of α/β-hydrolase fold enzymes that contain the serine-histidine-aspartate catalytic triad. In spite of having the same protein fold and the same core catalytic machinery, these enzymes catalyze seventeen different reaction mechanisms. The most common reactions are hydrolysis of C-O, C-N and C-C bonds (Enzyme Classification (EC) group 3), but other enzymes are oxidoreductases (EC group 1), acyl transferases (EC group 2), lyases (EC group 4) or isomerases (EC group 5). Hydrolysis reactions often follow the canonical esterase mechanism, but eight variations occur where either the formation or cleavage of the acyl enzyme intermediate differs. The remaining eight mechanisms are lyase-type elimination reactions, which do not have an acyl enzyme intermediate and, in four cases, do not even require the catalytic serine. This diversity of mechanisms from the same catalytic triad stems from the ability of the enzymes to bind different substrates, from the requirements for different chemical steps imposed by these new substrates and, only in about half of the cases, from additional hydrogen bond partners or additional general acids/bases in the active site. This detailed analysis shows that binding differences and non-catalytic residues create new mechanisms and are essential for understanding and designing efficient enzymes.
Programmed cell death in diazotrophs and the fate of organic matter in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean during the OUTPACE cruise (2018)

Abstract. The fate of diazotroph (N2 fixers) derived carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) and their contribution to vertical export of C and N in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean was studied during OUTPACE (Oligotrophy to UlTra-oligotrophy PACific Experiment). Our specific objective during OUTPACE was to determine whether autocatalytic programmed cell death (PCD), occurring in some diazotrophs, is an important mechanism affecting diazotroph mortality and a factor regulating the vertical flux of organic matter and, thus, the fate of the blooms. We sampled at three long duration (LD) stations of 5 days each (LDA, LDB and LDC) where drifting sediment traps were deployed at 150, 325 and 500 m depth. LDA and LDB were characterized by high chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentrations (0.2–0.6 µg L−1) and dominated by dense biomass of the filamentous cyanobacterium Trichodesmium as well as UCYN-B and diatom–diazotroph associations (Rhizosolenia with Richelia-detected by microscopy and het-1 nifH copies). Station LDC was located at an ultra-oligotrophic area of the South Pacific gyre with extremely low Chl a concentration (∼ 0.02 µg L−1) with limited biomass of diazotrophs predominantly the unicellular UCYN-B. Our measurements of biomass from LDA and LDB yielded high activities of caspase-like and metacaspase proteases that are indicative of PCD in Trichodesmium and other phytoplankton. Metacaspase activity, reported here for the first time from oceanic populations, was highest at the surface of both LDA and LDB, where we also obtained high concentrations of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP). TEP were negatively correlated with dissolved inorganic phosphorus and positively coupled to both the dissolved and particulate organic carbon pools. Our results reflect the increase in TEP production under nutrient stress and its role as a source of sticky carbon facilitating aggregation and rapid vertical sinking. Evidence for bloom decline was observed at both LDA and LDB. However, the physiological status and rates of decline of the blooms differed between the stations, influencing the amount of accumulated diazotrophic organic matter and mass flux observed in the traps during our experimental time frame. At LDA sediment traps contained the greatest export of particulate matter and significant numbers of both intact and decaying Trichodesmium, UCYN-B and het-1 compared to LDB where the bloom decline began only 2 days prior to leaving the station and to LDC where no evidence for bloom or bloom decline was seen. Substantiating previous findings from laboratory cultures linking PCD to carbon export in Trichodesmium, our results from OUTPACE indicate that nutrient limitation may induce PCD in high biomass blooms such as displayed by Trichodesmium or diatom–diazotroph associations. Furthermore, PCD combined with high TEP production will tend to facilitate cellular aggregation and bloom termination and will expedite vertical flux to depth.
[Difficulties in differential diagnosis of long-term Creutzfeldt- Jakob disease]. (1995)

Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) is characterized by a rapidly progressive dementia that often leads to death within a few months of onset. However, some cases evolve over a much longer period of time and have a clinical picture that is difficult to distinguish from other progressive dementias that occur in the adult, especially Alzheimer's disease (AD). We examine the clinical features of 3 patients with pathologically confirmed CJD whose course was slow (4-5 years) and who were initially diagnosed as having AD. Only two of them had shown signs of CJD in the terminal stages. In this study we examine the clinical characteristics of these patients, and discuss of differentiating CJD from other entities, especially from AD.