gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Oxide Component in the Development of Copper Composite Catalysts for Methanol Synthesis (2013)

The design of solid catalysts for industrial processes remains a major challenge in synthetic materials chemistry. Based on the investigation of the industrial Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 catalyst, a modular concept is introduced that helps to develop novel methanol synthesis catalysts that operate in different feed gas mixtures. SA=surface area, SMSI=strong metal–support interaction.
Crop residue and manure application (1999)

For most producers, it is important that every field operation leave the maximum amount of residue cover on the soil surface. However, for those producers who use manure as a nutrient, reducing odors from manure applications is equally important because neighbors often complain more often about odor from manure application than about odor from the facilities. Producers find themselves balancing good crop residue cover and the reduction of odor from manure applications.
On-line fouling detection of aircraft environmental control system cross flow heat exchanger (2009)

A Diagnostics, Prognostics and Health Management (DPHM) solution is proposed for the aircraft environmental control system (ECS) cross flow heat exchanger. In particular, a dynamic model is derived and applied to on-line detection of fouling in the aircraft ECS crossflow plate-and-fin heat exchanger. Predictive maintenance actions can be scheduled as per the on-line detected fouling status of the specific component, supporting condition based maintenance. The heat exchanger model is of the lumped state space form where the state is represented by the core and fin temperatures. The ratios of the thermal capacities of the masses of the two air streams to the thermal capacity of the core itself are negligibly small, and hence can be equated to zero. The model parameters' functional dependency of mass flow rate and inclusion of secondary surfaces (fins) accurately describes the dynamic behavior of the heat exchanger. Since the parameters are functions of mass flow rate as are the core and fin temperatures, and the model is nonlinear in the state variables, the extended Kalman filtering (EKF) algorithm is applied to estimate the state dependent parameters. The model's formulation is justified by the quality of the predicted results, as validated via experimental tests.
Electric energy density of dielectric nanocomposites (2007)

Dielectric materials with large electric energy density are actively pursued for many applications. The authors analyze the effective permittivity, breakdown strength, and electric energy density of dielectric nanocomposites using an effective medium approximation, modeling the nanocomposite as a three-phase material by the double-inclusion method. The addition of nanoparticles enhances the permittivity but reduces the breakdown strength, making the potential gain in electric energy density small. In addition, the interfacial interaction shifts the “percolation” threshold toward lower volume fraction of nanoparticles. The analysis suggests that the microstructure of nanocomposites must be carefully controlled to maintain high dielectric strength and therefore realize enhanced electric energy density.
Alternating antibiotic treatments constrain evolutionary paths to multidrug resistance (2014)

Alternating antibiotic therapy, in which pairs of drugs are cycled during treatment, has been suggested as a means to inhibit the evolution of de novo resistance while avoiding the toxicity associated with more traditional combination therapy. However, it remains unclear under which conditions and by what means such alternating treatments impede the evolution of resistance. Here, we tracked multistep evolution of resistance in replicate populations of Staphylococcus aureus during 22 d of continuously increasing single-, mixed-, and alternating-drug treatment. In all three tested drug pairs, the alternating treatment reduced the overall rate of resistance by slowing the acquisition of resistance to one of the two component drugs, sometimes as effectively as mixed treatment. This slower rate of evolution is reflected in the genome-wide mutational profiles; under alternating treatments, bacteria acquire mutations in different genes than under corresponding single-drug treatments. To test whether this observed constraint on adaptive paths reflects trade-offs in which resistance to one drug is accompanied by sensitivity to a second drug, we profiled many single-step mutants for cross-resistance. Indeed, the average cross-resistance of single-step mutants can help predict whether or not evolution was slower in alternating drugs. Together, these results show that despite the complex evolutionary landscape of multidrug resistance, alternating-drug therapy can slow evolution by constraining the mutational paths toward resistance.
MicroRNAs in an Oral Cancer Context – from Basic Biology to Clinical Utility (2011)

Oral cancer is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignancies worldwide. Its dismal five-year survival rate of ~50% has barely changed for decades. A better understanding of the molecular basis of tumorigenesis - with particular emphasis on disease initiation and progression - is needed to improve clinical outcomes, since this will facilitate the development of drugs and management strategies based on the specific genetic changes underpinning disease behaviors. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of short non-coding RNAs that down-regulate gene expression, have been demonstrated to play essential roles in human cancers. miRNA deregulation has been observed in many tumor types and is implicated in oncogenic cell processes, including proliferation, survival, apoptosis, metastasis, and chemoresistance. In addition, miRNA alterations have been associated with specific clinical phenotypes such as disease progression or recurrence, development of metastases, and post-operative survival. Recent studies have explored the utility of miRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic tools and as potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we discuss miRNA biology and provide a summary of the key findings on the role of miRNAs in oral malignancies.
A microscale synthesis of a promising radiolabelled antitumor drug: Cis‐1,1‐cyclobutanedicarboxylato (2R)‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐butanediamine platinum(II), NK121 (1992)

Abstract A promising antitumor drug, cis‐1,1‐cyclobutane‐dicarboxylato (2R)‐2‐methyl‐1,4‐butanediamine platinum(II), NK121, was synthesized from radionuclides of platinum such as 193m Pt, 195m Pt and 191 Pt which were produced by neutron irradiation of enriched 192 Pt. The overall yield was 38.6% in a synthesis time of 10 hours. The radioactivities present in 8.39 mg of NK121 were 115.3 μCi as 193m Pt, 29.9 μCi as 197 Pt, 22.0 μCi as 195m Pt, and 4.8 μCi as 191 Pt at the end of synthesis. The specific activity of the NK121 was 13.7 μCi ( 193m Pt)/mg NK121 at the end of synthesis. The radiochemical purity of NK121 was typically 99 %. HPLC analyses confirmed that NK121 was in an adequate chemical purity and suitable for animal experimentation.
A Precision Actinometer for the Ultraviolet Region (Including an Exact Test of the Einstein Equivalence Law) (1935)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Precision Actinometer for the Ultraviolet Region (Including an Exact Test of the Einstein Equivalence Law)Louis Harris and Joseph KaminskyCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1935, 57, 7, 1154–1159Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1935Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1935https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01310a002https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01310a002research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views72Altmetric-Citations24LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
SELF-PROPAGATION HIGH-TEMPERATURE SYNTHESIS OF TiB_2-χAl COMPOSITE SYSTEM (1993)

The effect of composition, metallic and diluent content of the TiB_2-xAl com-
posites upon the combustion temperature, propagating rate and volume change of samples
during self-propagation high-temperature synthesis (SHS) has been studied. Different tem-
peratures of ignitor may result in different ignition delay time, but the combustion tempera-
ture and propagation rate of the SHS process are uninfluenced.
Common mechanisms for the control of eukaryotic transcriptional elongation (1993)

Regulation of transcriptional elongation is emerging as an important control mechanism for eukaryotic gene expression. In this essay, we review the basis of the current view of the regulation of elongation in the human c-myc gene and discuss similarities in elongation control among the c-myc, Drosophila hsp70 and the HIV-1 genes. Based upon these similarities, we propose a model for control of expression of these genes at the elongation phase of transcription. This model suggests that distinct promoter elements direct the assembly of RNA polymerase II transcription complexes which differ in their elongation efficiency.
Image‐Guided Surgery in a New Magnetic Resonance Suite: Preclinical Considerations (1996)

Surgical procedures require correct identification of exposed anatomy with concomitant localization amidst contiguous structures. In endoscopic procedures the surgeon is provided a real-time endoscopic view and is prepared with radiologic images. Here we present an overview of a methodology of localization using intraoperatively acquired magnetic resonance (MR) images in preparation for magnetic resonance imaging-guided endoscopic sinus surgery. The methodology centers around a unique prototype imaging device and operating environment. An "open" 0.5 Tesla MR unit has been created that allows complete access to the patient's head and neck while concomitant images are obtained. Illustrative examples of localization technique from cadaver experiments are presented, as well as insights into the host of concerns for anesthesia, equipment, surgical instrumentation, communications, and documentation.
Control of phenotypic expression of cultured B16 melanoma cells by plant glycosides. (1985)

The effects of two plant glycosides, ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2, on the growth and differentiation of mouse melanoma (B16) cells in culture were studied. These plant glycosides have a dammarane skeleton resembling a steroid skeleton as an aglycone. Ginsenoside Rh2 inhibits the growth of B16 melanoma cells, causes morphological alterations, and stimulates melanogenesis at high cellular density. When ginsenoside Rh2 was removed after 2 or 6 days of treatment, the growth rate recovered slightly but not completely, during the period of observation (4 days after removal). On the other hand, ginsenoside Rh1 does not inhibit the growth of melanoma cells even at concentrations over 100 microM but stimulates the expression of the melanotic phenotype. Ginsenosides Rh1 and Rh2, possessing a glucose molecule at C-6 and C-3, respectively, have very similar chemical structures, but their effects on B16 melanoma cells differ remarkably. While it appears that the degree of differentiation is inversely related to cell growth, the present observations suggest that the differentiation and growth capacity of this B16 melanoma subline are independent phenotypic expressions.
A review of the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib in multiple myeloma (2004)

Multiple myeloma (MM) represented 14% of new haematological malignancies in the US in 2003 and almost 19% of anticipated deaths. Treatment with standard chemotherapy has resulted in a median survival of about 3 years and despite the improvements in survival seen with the use of intensive therapy supported by autologous stem cell transplantation, MM remains incurable; hence, new therapeutic strategies are urgently needed. One novel approach to the treatment of MM is the use of proteasome inhibitors. Proteasomes are ubiquitous protease complexes involved in diverse aspects of cell biology, such as protein homeostasis, cell cycle progression, apoptosis and inflammation, as well as resistance to antineoplastic therapy. The first-in-class proteasome inhibitor, bortezomib was recently approved in the US for the treatment of patients with MM who have received at least two prior therapies and are progressing on their last therapy. Its use in earlier-stage MM, other haematological malignancies and in solid tumours as monotherapy and in combination therapy is currently under investigation.
Silencing the vacuolar invertase gene <i><scp>GhVIN</scp>1</i> blocks cotton fiber initiation from the ovule epidermis, probably by suppressing a cohort of regulatory genes via sugar signaling (2014)

Cotton fibers, the most important source of cellulose for the global textile industry, are single-celled trichomes derived from the ovule epidermis at or just prior to anthesis. Despite progress in understanding cotton fiber elongation and cell-wall biosynthesis, knowledge regarding the molecular basis of fiber cell initiation, the first step of fiber development determining the fiber yield potential, remains elusive. Here, we provide evidence that expression of a vacuolar invertase (VIN) is an early event that is essential for cotton fiber initiation. RNAi-mediated suppression of GhVIN1, a major VIN gene that is highly expressed in wild-type fiber initials, resulted in significant reduction of VIN activity and consequently a fiberless seed phenotype in a dosage dependent manner. The absence of a negative effect on seed development in these fiberless seeds indicates that the phenotype is unlikely to be due to lack of carbon nutrient. Gene expression analyses coupled with in vitro ovule culture experiments revealed that GhVIN1-derived hexose signaling may play an indispensable role in cotton fiber initiation, probably by regulating the transcription of several MYB transcription factors and auxin signaling components that were previously identified as required for fiber initiation. Together, the data represent a significant advance in understanding the mechanisms of cotton fiber initiation, and provide the first indication that VIN-mediated hexose signaling may act as an early event modulating the expression of regulatory genes and hence cell differentiation from the ovule epidermis.
Explanations From Intelligent Systems: Theoretical Foundations and Implications for Practice1 (1999)

Information systems with an "intelligent" or "knowledge" component are now prevalent and include knowledge-based systems, decision support systems, intelligent agents, and knowledge management systems. These systems are in principle capable of explaining their reasoning or justifying their behavior. There appears to be a lack of understanding, however, of the benefits that can flow from explanation use, and how an explanation function should be constructed. Work with newer types of intelligent systems and help functions for everyday systems, such as word-processors, appears in many cases to neglect lessons learned in the past. This paper attempts to rectify this situation by drawing together the considerable body of work on the nature and use of explanations. Empirical studies, mainly with knowledge-based systems, are reviewed and linked to a sound theoretical base. The theoretical base combines a cognitive effort perspective, cognitive learning theory, and Toulmin's model of argumentation. Conclusions drawn from the review have both practical and theoretical significance. Explanations are important to users in a number of circumstances— when the user perceives an anomaly, when they want to learn, or when they need a specific piece of knowledge to participate properly in problem solving. Explanations, when suitably designed, have been shown to improve performance and learning and result in more positive user perceptions of a system. The design is important, however, because it appears that explanations will not be used if the user has to exert "too much" effort to get them. Explanations should be provided automatically if this can be done relatively unobtrusively, or by hypertext links, and should be context-specific rather than generic. Explanations that conform to Toulmin's model of argumentation, in that they provide adequate justification for the knowledge offered, should be more persuasive and lead to greater trust, agreement, satisfaction, and acceptance—of the explanation and possibly also of the system as a whole.
First-Line <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Eradication with Vonoprazan, Clarithromycin, and Metronidazole in Patients Allergic to Penicillin (2017)

Triple therapy with VPZ, CAM, and MNZ is well tolerated and effective for eradicating <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> in patients allergic to penicillin. This study was registered in the UMIN Clinical Trials Registry as UMIN000016335.
Neural reflexive control of a mobile robot (2003)

A control strategy for a service mobile robot in which the motion and the navigation of the vehicle are based on primitive reflexive behaviors that incorporate no a priori planning is presented. Such a scheme provides the robot with the ability to run through the whole free space of a hall with unknown obstacles while avoiding collisions, using only a limited set of primitive behaviors. It uses several proximity sensors placed around the robot, a neural-network-based controller for the locomotion system, and a simple odometer-based navigation system for point-to-point movements. The robot moves in a stripe pattern and avoids obstacles by going through already covered regions. If the robot runs into an obstacle, it circumnavigates it and returns to the initial stripe. At the end of each stripe where the workspace perimeter is reached, the robot turns and moves to the next stripe until the entire area is covered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Performance counters and state sharing annotations (1998)

This paper describes a combined approach for improving thread locality that uses the bardware performance monitors of modem processors and program-centric code annotations to guide thread scheduling on SMPs. The approach relies on a shared state cache model to compute expected thread footprints in the cache on-line. The accuracy of the model has been analyzed by simmations involving a set of parallel applications. We demonstrate how the cache model can be used to implement several practical locality-based thread scheduling policies with little overhead. Active Threads, a portable, high-performance thread system, has been built and used to investigate the performance impact of locality scheduling for several applications.
Mixing Fluids and Granular Materials (2009)

Abstract Fluid animations in computer graphics show interactions with various kinds of objects. However, fluid flowing through a granular material such as sand is still not possible within current frameworks. In this paper, we present the simulation of fine granular materials interacting with fluids. We propose a unified Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics framework for the simulation of both fluid and granular material. The granular volume is simulated as a continuous material sampled by particles. By incorporating previous work on porous flow in this simulation framework we are able to fully couple fluid and sand. Fluid can now percolate between sand grains and influence the physical properties of the sand volume. Our method demonstrates various new effects such as dry soil transforming into mud pools by rain or rigid sand structures being eroded by waves.
Sonochemical Synthesis of Zeolite A from Metakaolinite in NaOH Solution (2010)

Sonochemical synthesis of zeolite A has been conducted by ultrasonic irradiation of mixtures of metakaolinite and NaOH solution. The hydrothermal synthesis at conventional synthesis conditions was undertaken to determine the sonochemical reliability. The enhancement of nucleation and crystallization rate of zeolite A was achieved by ultrasound. In the ultrasonic field, zeolite A once formed in the suspension has been converted into hydroxysodalite and losod as sonicating proceeded. Comparing the results with those of conventional methods, this heterogeneous reaction was particularly accelerated by ultrasound, leading to improved reactivity of solid reactant through intensive mixing. The use of ultrasound enables us to prepare well-dispersed fine zeolite A particles with mean particle size of around 1 μm. The cation exchange capacity values of the products increased as the synthesis reaction for zeolite A proceeded. The high solid concentration in the suspension, however, hindered the ultrasound from intense agitating, resulting in the decrease of zeolite A yield.
Bandwidth Optimization of Aperture-Coupled Stacked Patch Antenna (2013)

The microstrip antennas have been one of the most innovative fields of antenna techniques for the last three decades. Microstrip antennas have several advantages such as lightweight, smallvolume, and that they can be made conformal to the host surface. In addition, these antennas are manufactured using printed-circuit technology, so that mass production can be achieved at a low cost. Microstrip antennas, which are used for defense and commercial applications, are replacing many conventional antennas [1]. However, the types of applications of microstrip antennas are restricted by the narrow bandwidth (BW). Accordingly, increasing the BW of the microstrip antennas has been a primary goal of research for many years. This is reflected in the large number of papers on the subject published in journals and conference proceedings. In fact, several broadband microstrip antennas configurations have been reported in the last few decades. They have additional advantages: simplicity of production, small weight, narrow section, easiness of integration of radiators with feeding system. However, this construction also has the following disadvantages: narrow band, limited power capacity, not sufficient efficiency of radiation. Still ongoing search for solutions to obtain a broad range of work in the microstrip antenna. The aim of this study is to demonstrate that it is possible to build a microstrip antenna with wide range of work.
Implication of perturbed axoglial apparatus in early pediatric multiple sclerosis (2011)

Cerebrospinal fluid samples collected from children during initial presentation of central nervous system inflammation, who may or may not subsequently be diagnosed as having multiple sclerosis (MS), were subjected to large-scale proteomics screening. Unexpectedly, major compact myelin membrane proteins typically implicated in MS were not detected. However, multiple molecules that localize to the node of Ranvier and the surrounding axoglial apparatus membrane were implicated, indicating perturbed axon-glial interactions in those children destined for diagnosis of MS.