gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Noncovalently Functionalized with Lipid Modified Polyethylenimine for siRNA Delivery <i>in Vitro</i> and <i>in Vivo</i> (2014)

siRNA can downregulate the expression of specific genes. However, delivery to specific cells and tissues in vivo presents significant challenges. Modified carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been shown to protect siRNA and facilitate its entry into cells. However, simple and efficient methods to functionalize CNTs are needed. Here, noncovalent functionalization of CNTs is performed and shown to effectively deliver siRNA to target cells. Specifically, single-walled CNTs were functionalized by noncovalent association with a lipopolymer. The lipopolymer (DSPE-PEG) was composed of a phospholipid 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG). Three different ratios of polyethylenimine (PEI) to DSPE-PEG were synthesized and characterized and the products were used to disperse CNTs. The resulting materials were used for siRNA delivery in vitro and in vivo. The structural, biophysical, and biological properties of DGI/C and their complexes formed with siRNA were investigated. Cytotoxicity of the materials was low, and effective gene silencing in B16-F10 cells was demonstrated in vitro. In addition, significant uptake of siRNA as well as gene silencing in the liver was found following intravenous injection. This approach provides a new strategy for siRNA delivery and could provide insight for the development of noncovalently functionalized CNTs for siRNA therapy.
A Trial of Three Regimens for Primary Amyloidosis: Colchicine Alone, Melphalan and Prednisone, and Melphalan, Prednisone, and Colchicine (1997)

Therapy with melphalan and prednisone results in objective responses and prolonged survival as compared with colchicine in patients with primary amyloidosis.
A new algorithm and its VLSI architecture design for connected component labeling (2002)

The component labeling process basically consists of label-assigning and label-merging steps. Label-assigning step is to give a rough labeling number for each dotted pixel in a binary image and find the equivalent relations for all the labeling numbers. On the basis of these equivalent relations, the label-merging step is to merge these labeling numbers to give a unique number for a connected component. These two steps need immense logical computations and memory accesses, and hence restrict the feasibility of real-time applications. In this paper, we solve this problem through the design of a novel algorithm and VLSI architecture based on an 8-adjacent rule.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Damage of the Bacterial Cell Envelope by Antimicrobial Peptides Gramicidin S and PGLa as Revealed by Transmission and Scanning Electron Microscopy (2010)

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to examine the ultrastructural changes in bacteria induced by antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Both the beta-stranded gramicidin S and the alpha-helical peptidyl-glycylleucine-carboxyamide (PGLa) are cationic amphiphilic AMPs known to interact with bacterial membranes. One representative Gram-negative strain, Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, and one representative Gram-positive strain, Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, were exposed to the AMPs at sub-MICs and supra-MICs in salt-free medium. SEM revealed a shortening and swelling of the E. coli cells, and multiple blisters and bubbles formed on their surface. The S. aureus cells seemed to burst upon AMP exposure, showing open holes and deep craters in their envelope. TEM revealed the formation of intracellular membranous structures in both strains, which is attributed to a lateral expansion of the lipid membrane upon peptide insertion. Also, some morphological alterations in the DNA region were detected for S. aureus. After E. coli was incubated with AMPs in medium with low ionic strength, the cells appeared highly turgid compared to untreated controls. This observation suggests that the AMPs enhance osmosis through the inner membrane, before they eventually cause excessive leakage of the cellular contents. The adverse effect on the osmoregulatory capacity of the bacteria is attributed to the membrane-permeabilizing action of the amphiphilic peptides, even at low (sub-MIC) AMP concentrations. Altogether, the results demonstrate that both TEM and SEM, as well as appropriate sample preparation protocols, are needed to obtain detailed mechanistic insights into peptide function.
Isolation of the measles virus hemagglutinin protein in a soluble form by protease digestion (1995)

The hemagglutinin (H) glycoprotein was isolated in a soluble form by digesting measles virus particles with an endoproteinase, Asp-N (from a Pseudomonas fragi mutant). Digestion of H with Asp-N brought about glycopeptides in three different forms, depending on the cleaving site: AHD, which has an M(r) of 66,000 as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and which formed a disulfide-linked homodimer with an M(r) of 132,000, and two monomeric digestion products, AHM-1 (with an M(r) of 64,000) and AHM-2 (with an M(r) of 58,000). The susceptibility of the H glycoprotein to the protease depended on the enzyme concentration. AHD was readily formed at a low concentration of Asp-N, while AHM-1 and AHM-2 required higher and even higher protease concentrations, respectively. All of the cleavage products reacted with monoclonal antibodies to various epitopes of the H protein; however, only AHD showed a significant hemagglutinin activity on African green monkey erythrocytes. The hemagglutinin activities of AHM-1 and AHM-2 were restored after a monoclonal antibody lacking the hemagglutination-inhibiting activity was added to the reaction mixture. AHDs purified by size-exclusion high-pressure liquid chromatography had two associating forms; one had an M(r) higher than and the other an M(r) as high as that of a tetramer. The former was associated noncovalently in addition to having two intermolecular disulfide bonds, and the latter was associated covalently with a single intermolecular disulfide bond and was also duplicated through a noncovalent association. In addition, both AHM-1 and AHM-2, having no intermolecular disulfide bond, were in a dimer form. These results suggest that AHM-1 and AHM-2 are monovalent in the hemagglutinin activity, while AHDs are divalent. Comparative analyses of the N termini of these soluble glycopeptides with the sequence of H suggested that the cysteine residue at position 139 was responsible for the intermolecular disulfide bonding between the monomeric H glycoproteins. The cysteine at position 154 was also suggested to participate in the forming of the intermolecular disulfide bond.
INVENTORY MANAGEMENT, SERVICE LEVEL AND SAFETY STOCK (2016)

There are many studies that emphasize as a first objective of inventory management to minimize the value invested in inventory because it has a direct impact on return on assets. This approach is not fully correct. The actual objective is to determine the value and the mix of inventory that support a high service level for customers and that maximizing the companiesï¿½ financial performance. Many companies look at their own demand fluctuations and assume that there are too many variables to predict demand variability. Service level is used in inventory management to measure the performance of inventory policies and represents the probability of not being stock-out and not losing sales. Safety stock is inventory that is carried to prevent stock outs. Safety stock determinations are not intended to eliminate all stock outs, just majority of them. Companies choose to keep safety stock level high as a buffer against demand variability resulting in inefficiencies and high working capital requirements. Safety stock optimization enables companies to achieve savings and increase inventory turns.
Security breaches as PMU deviation (2011)

This paper considers and validates the applicability of leveraging pervasively-available performance counters for detecting and reasoning about security breaches. Our key observation is that many security breaches, which typically cause abnormal control flow, usually incur precisely identifiable deviation in performance samples captured by processors. Based on this observation, we implement a prototype system called Eunomia, which is the first non-intrusive system that can detect emerging attacks based on return-oriented programming without any changes to applications (either source or binary code) or special-purpose hardware. Our security evaluation shows that Eunomia can detect some realistic attacks including code-injection attacks, return-to-libc attacks and return-oriented programming attacks on unmodified binaries with relatively low overhead.
Formulation of Ionic‐Liquid Electrolyte To Expand the Voltage Window of Supercapacitors (2015)

An effective method to expand the operating potential window (OPW) of electrochemical capacitors based on formulating the ionic-liquid (IL) electrolytes is reported. Using model electrochemical cells based on two identical onion-like carbon (OLC) electrodes and two different IL electrolytes and their mixtures, it was shown that the asymmetric behavior of the electrolyte cation and anion toward the two electrodes limits the OPW of the cell and therefore its energy density. Also, a general solution to this problem is proposed by formulating the IL electrolyte mixtures to balance the capacitance of electrodes in a symmetric supercapacitor.
Single-spatial mode coincidence measurement of photon pairs from a highly nondegenerate PPLN downconverter (2003)

We have analyzed the mode structure of the 800-nm signal output from a PPLN parametric downconverter and achieved a signal-conditioned 1600-nm-idler detection probability of 5.2% with single-mode fiber coupling for both outputs.
Formulation Influence on Ocular and Systemic Absorption of Topically Applied Atenolol in the Pigmented Rabbit (1993)

The objective of this study was to determine the relative efficacy of various formulations in maximizing the ratio of ocular to systemic absorption of topically applied atenolol following solution instillation in the pigmented rabbit. Formulations of various pH's and tonicities and containing various preservatives and polymers were tested. Ocular absorption was determined by monitoring atenolol concentrations in various anterior segment tissues at 30 min following solution instillation, while systemic absorption was determined by monitoring the time course of atenolol concentration over 480 min. Reversed phase HPLC was the analytical methodology. All formulations except those containing 0.025% benzalkonium chloride or 0.5% EDTA showed similar drug concentration vs. time profiles in plasma, attaining a peak concentration of 30-50 ng/ml at about 100 min. For benzalkonium chloride and EDTA, there was an undesirable increase in systemic absorption, although ocular absorption was also increased. By contrast, lowering the solution tonicity to 80 mOsm/kg increased the ratio of aqueous humor to plasma peak concentrations 2 times and the ratio of iris-ciliary body to plasma peak concentrations 3 times. Incorporation of 3.75% poly(vinyl alcohol) into the formulation afforded yet a larger increase in the iris-ciliary body to plasma drug concentration ratio (52 times.) It may therefore be concluded that, for a hydrophilic drug like atenolol, formulation changes that increase membrane permeability and/or enhance noncorneal drug access may be more promising than those that increase drug residence in the conjunctival sac with respect to maximizing the ratio of ocular to systemic drug absorption.
Phosphatidic Acid Regulates Microtubule Organization by Interacting with MAP65-1 in Response to Salt Stress in <i>Arabidopsis</i> (2012)

Membrane lipids play fundamental structural and regulatory roles in cell metabolism and signaling. Here, we report that phosphatidic acid (PA), a product of phospholipase D (PLD), regulates MAP65-1, a microtubule-associated protein, in response to salt stress. Knockout of the PLDα1 gene resulted in greater NaCl-induced disorganization of microtubules, which could not be recovered during or after removal of the stress. Salt affected the association of MAP65-1 with microtubules, leading to microtubule disorganization in pldα1cells, which was alleviated by exogenous PA. PA bound to MAP65-1, increasing its activity in enhancing microtubule polymerization and bundling. Overexpression of MAP65-1 improved salt tolerance of Arabidopsis thaliana cells. Mutations of eight amino acids in MAP65-1 led to the loss of its binding to PA, microtubule-bundling activity, and promotion of salt tolerance. The pldα1 map65-1 double mutant showed greater sensitivity to salt stress than did either single mutant. These results suggest that PLDα1-derived PA binds to MAP65-1, thus mediating microtubule stabilization and salt tolerance. The identification of MAP65-1 as a target of PA reveals a functional connection between membrane lipids and the cytoskeleton in environmental stress signaling.
Porous titanium oxynitride sheets as electrochemical electrodes for energy storage (2014)

A flexible, porous TiOxNy sheet consisting of numerous conductive fibers was synthesized by nitridation of titanate and further used as an electrochemical electrode. The high surface area and mixed-oxidation state of titanium make TiOxNy sheets to be promising candidates for a good supercapacitor.
Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) and Weed Response to Flumioxazin Applied Preplant and Postemergence Directed<sup>1</sup> (2002)

Separate field experiments were conducted to evaluate weed control and cotton response to flumioxazin in North Carolina. Flumioxazin postemergence directed (PD) at 70 g ai/ha applied alone or mixed with glyphosate or MSMA completely controlled common lambsquarters, common ragweed, entireleaf morningglory, ivyleaf morningglory, Palmer amaranth, pitted morningglory, prickly sida, sicklepod, smooth pigweed, and tall morningglory 4 wk after treatment. Glyphosate at 1,120 g ai/ha controlled sicklepod and entireleaf, ivyleaf, pitted, and tall morningglory less than flumioxazin. Weed-free experiments were conducted to evaluate cotton injury, fresh biomass reduction, and yield response to flumioxazin at 70 g ai/ha preplant (PP) and two rates PD. Nine PP applications were made at various timings between 0 and 10 wk prior to planting. Cotton was stunted 12% initially, and midseason cotton biomass was reduced when flumioxazin was applied at planting in 1 yr. Flumioxazin did not injure 15- or 30-cm–tall cotton when applied PD at 36 or 70 g/ha. Cotton yield differed between years, but was not affected by various flumioxazin treatments compared with commercial standards and nontreated controls.Nomenclature: Flumioxazin; glyphosate; MSMA; common lambsquarters, Chenopodium album L. #3 CHEAL; common ragweed, Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. # AMBEL; entireleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea var. integriuscula Gray # IPOHG; ivyleaf morningglory, Ipomoea hederacea (L.) Jacq. # IPOHE; Palmer amaranth, Amaranthus palmeri S.Wats. # AMAPA; pitted morningglory, Ipomoea lacunosa L. # IPOLA; prickly sida, Sida spinosa L. # SIDSP; sicklepod, Senna obtusifolia Irwin and Banaby # CASOB; smooth pigweed, Amaranthus hybridus L. # AMACH; tall morningglory, Ipomoea purpurea (L.) Roth # PHBPU; cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘Deltapine 51’, ‘Suregrow 125’.Additional index words: Burn-down application, fresh biomass, injury, LAYBY, stale seedbed.Abbreviations: LAYBY, the last postemergence-directed herbicide application; PD, postemergence directed; POST, postemergence; PP, preplant; PRE, preemergence; WAP, weeks after planting.
Handedness inventories: Edinburgh versus Annett. (1991)

Two handedness inventories were compared. The Edin- burgh Handedness Inventory yielded more either-hand and fewer left-hand responses than does the Annett questionnaire. Both ques- tionnaires showed high internal consistency. Ear preference in tele- phone usage seemed to be related more to bimanual coordination than to hemispheric asymmetry for speech. No sex difference was found in the incidence of left-handedness. It is universally recognized that the handedness of the patient has great significance for clinical neuropsychology. This recognition prompted attempts to understand and to measure handedness more thoroughly. Though there may be a place for
New Classes of Mind Bomb-Interacting Proteins Identified from Yeast Two-Hybrid Screens (2014)

Notch signaling pathway defines an evolutionarily conserved mechanism in cell-fate determination in a broad spectrum of developmental processes through local cell interactions. mind bomb (mib) encodes an E3 ubiquitin ligase that is involved in Notch activation through Delta ubiquitylation and internalization. To further dissect the function of Mib, two yeast two-hybrid screens for zebrafish Mib/Mib2-binding proteins with different strategies have been performed. 81 putative interesting proteins were discovered and classified into six groups: ubiquitin proteasome pathway, cytoskeleton, trafficking, replication/transcription/translation factors, cell signaling and others. Confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation (Co-IP), Mib interacted with four tested proteins: ubiquitin specific protease 1 (Usp1), ubiquitin specific protease 9 (Usp9), tumor-necrosis-factor-receptor-associated factor (TRAF)-binding domain (Trabid)/zinc finger, RAN-binding domain containing 1 (Zranb1) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1, alpha subunit inhibitor (Hif1an)/factor inhibiting HIF 1 (Fih-1). Usp1, Usp9, Trabid and Fih-1 also bound to zebrafish Mib2, a Mib homolog with similar structural domains and functions. Both Mib and Mib2 can ubiquitylate Trabid and Fih-1, indicating a potential regulating role of Mib and Mib2 on Trabid and Fih-1 and, furthermore, the possible involvement of Notch signaling in hypoxia-regulated differentiation, tumorigenesis and NF-κB pathway. Finally, functions of confirmed Mib/Mib2-interacting proteins are collated, summarized and hypothesized, which depicts a regulating network beyond Notch signaling.
Redox Properties of Nanocrystalline Cu-Doped Cerium Oxide Studied by Isothermal Gravimetric Analysis and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (1999)

Nanostructured CeO2-x and Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x were synthesized by high-pressure magnetron sputtering. X-ray diffraction was used for phase analysis and grain size characterization. The structural analysis indicated that Cu was highly dispersed, which could be explained by surface segregation on cerium oxide nanocrystals. The reduction and oxidation of dispersed copper in nanostructured Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x was investigated by isothermal gravimetric analysis (IGA) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). In IGA, the sample weight was measured at constant temperature during in situ reduction and oxidation in 2% CO/He or 5% H2/He and 15% O2/He, respectively. The weight changes of microcrystalline CeO2 and nanocrystalline CeO2-x and Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x samples were measured at temperatures between 200 and 500 °C. The analysis revealed that more than one oxygen atom was extracted per Cu atom in Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x during reduction, which was reversibly restored during oxidation. The Cu valence state in Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x after oxidation or reduction was independently determined by XPS. The Cu 2p core-level spectra and LMM Auger spectra of Cu0.15Ce0.85O2-x were compared with those of a polycrystalline copper reference. The analysis showed that all three oxidation states of copper (i.e., 0, 1+, and 2+) could be present depending on the reduction/oxidation specifications. Furthermore, Cu0 and Cu1+ were found to coexist in a stable state under certain conditions.
Docosahexaenoic acid provides protection from impairment of learning ability in Alzheimer's disease model rats (2002)

Docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6, n-3), a major n-3 fatty acid of the brain, has been implicated in restoration and enhancement of memory-related functions. Because Alzheimer's disease impairs memory, and infusion of amyloid-beta (Abeta) peptide (1-40) into the rat cerebral ventricle reduces learning ability, we investigated the effect of dietary pre-administration of docosahexaenoic acid on avoidance learning ability in Abeta peptide-produced Alzheimer's disease model rats. After a mini-osmotic pump filled with Abeta peptide or vehicle was implanted in docosahexaenoic acid-fed and control rats, they were subjected to an active avoidance task in a shuttle avoidance system apparatus. Pre-administration of docosahexaenoic acid had a profoundly beneficial effect on the decline in avoidance learning ability in the Alzheimer's disease model rats, associated with an increase in the cortico-hippocampal docosahexaenoic acid/arachidonic acid molar ratio, and a decrease in neuronal apoptotic products. Docosahexaenoic acid pre-administration furthermore increased cortico-hippocampal reduced glutathione levels and glutathione reductase activity, and suppressed the increase in lipid peroxide and reactive oxygen species levels in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus of the Alzheimer's disease model rats, suggesting an increase in antioxidative defence. Docosahexaenoic acid is thus a possible prophylactic means for preventing the learning deficiencies of Alzheimer's disease.
Bidirectional Single-Supply Level Shifter with Wide Voltage Range for Efficient Power Management (2012)

Level shifter circuits are used to interface multiple voltage islands in many modern ICs or Systems-on-Chip (SoCs). Single-supply level shifters are being used to reduce the power routing resources and minimize the routing congestion at the chip level. A single-supply bidirectional level shifter aimed at low voltage which offers a wide voltage range (SS-WVRLS) is designed using standard commercial 90nm CMOS process. The proposed level shifter uses analog and digital circuit techniques to provide full voltage shifting range for any combination of supply voltages (VDDIN = VDD,VDDIN <; VDD or VDDIN >; VDD) in any step size (paper shows 25mv step) with no requirement for special low-Vτ or high-V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">τ</sub> devices, thus reducing the process cost. Post layout SPICE simulation comparison results show that proposed circuit is functional for full core supply voltage range (0.6V - 1.32V) compared to other published level shifters. The circuit was tested for robustness under process mismatch conditions by 1000 point global and local Monte Carlo simulations.
On-chip jitter measurement for true random number generators (2017)

Applications of true random number generators (TRNGs) span from art to numerical computing and system security. In cryptographic applications, TRNGs are used for generating new keys, nonces and masks. For this reason, a TRNG is an essential building block and often a point of failure for embedded security systems. One type of primitives that are widely used as source of randomness are ring oscillators. For a ring-oscillator-based TRNG, the true randomness originates from its timing jitter. Therefore, determining the jitter strength is essential to estimate the quality of a TRNG. In this paper, we propose a method to measure the jitter strength of a ring oscillator implemented on an FPGA. The fast tapped delay chain is utilized to perform the on-chip measurement with a high resolution. The proposed method is implemented on both a Xilinx FPGA and an Intel FPGA. Fast carry logic components on different FPGAs are used to implement the fast delay line. This carry logic component is designed to be fast and has dedicated routing, which enables a precise measurement. The differential structure of the delay chain is used to thwart the influence of undesirable noise from the measurement. The proposed methodology can be applied to other FPGA families and ASIC designs.
The process of becoming: composition and recomposition (2014)

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