gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maize calreticulin localizes preferentially to plasmodesmata in root apex (1999)

Using a polyclonal antibody raised against calreticulin purified and sequenced from maize, we performed an immunocytological study to characterize putative domain-specific subcellular distributions of endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-resident calreticulin in meristematic cells of maize root tip. At the light microscopy level, calreticulin was immunolocalized preferentially at cellular peripheries, in addition to nuclear envelopes and cytoplasmic structures. Punctate labelling at the longitudinal walls and continuous labelling at the transverse walls was characteristic. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed plasmodesmata as the most prominently labelled cell periphery structure. In order to further probe the ER-domain-specific distribution of maize calreticulin at plasmodesmata, root apices were exposed to mannitol-induced osmotic stress. Plasmolysis was associated with prominent accumulations of calreticulin at callose-enriched plasmodesmata and pit fields while the contracting protoplasts were depleted of calreticulin. In contrast, other ER-resident proteins recognized by HDEL peptide and BiP antibodies localized exclusively to contracted protoplasts. This finding reveals that, in plasmolysed cells, calreticulin enriched ER domains at plasmodesmata and pit fields are depleted of other ER-resident proteins containing the HDEL retention peptide.
Effects of Low Dose Ovine Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone in Humans: Endocrine Relationships and<i>β</i>: Endorphin/<i>β</i>-Lipotropin Responses* (1988)

The effects of low doses (0.03 and 0.1 microgram/kg) of ovine CRH (oCRH) on plasma beta-endorphin/beta-lipotropin (beta End/beta LPH), ACTH, and corticosteroid levels were studied in normal men. The 0.03 microgram/kg oCRH dose produced a reproducible response, with a rapid increase in plasma oCRH to peak levels between 45 and 95 fmol/mL and an appropriate doubling of plasma peptide and corticosteroid concentrations. The relationship between the corticosteroid rise and the rapid beta End/beta LPH and ACTH declines suggested negative feedback by corticosteroids on the release of these pituitary products. Plasma oCRH levels were proportionate to those reported in studies using much higher oCRH doses, and produced plasma oCRH levels in the reported range for the hypophyseal portal circulation. Molecular sieving of the beta End-immunoreactive materials in basal and post-oCRH (0.1 microgram/kg) plasma samples revealed an average basal beta End to beta LPH ratio of 1:1.5; 15 min after oCRH stimulation the average ratio was 4:1. We conclude that a low (threshold) dose of oCRH can reliably stimulate POMC peptide secretion and may preferentially release beta End from the anterior pituitary.
Effect of vehicle on topical liposomal drug delivery: petrolatum bases (1996)

Liposornes used for topical applications are often incorporated into a vehicle to achieve suitable viscosity and application properties. The effect of incorporation of liposomes into white petrolatum as a possible dermatological base was investigated. A number of formulae were developed to determine the type of petrolatum base that would be compatible with the liposomes. The physical appearance and stability of the vaseline-liposome (VL) preparations were determined by organoleptic analysis and microscopy. The effect of petrolatum base on the drug release from the liposomes was determined in a flow-through diffusion cell system using a model silastic polymer membrane as barrier. A base containing white petrolatum 46.7% (w/w), stearyl alcohol 6.7% (w/w), cholesterol 13.3 (w/w), Tween 80 16.7% (w/w) and Span 16.7% (w/w) was selected for diffusion studies, since the mixture of this base and liposome preparation, at 1:1.9 (w/w) ratios, provided a stable, dermatologically acceptable dosage form, in which the liposomes were uniformly distributed and their structures were preserved. Diffusion studies showed that the drug release rate decreases 2.5x when the liposomes are incorporated into the vaseline base; however, after a temporary decrease they seem to extend the duration of release beyond that of the original liposomal formula. These studies revealed a possibility of using white petrolatum in the topical application of liposomes.
Signaling Efficiency of the T Cell Receptor Controlled by a Single Amino Acid in the β Chain Constant Region (1997)

A single amino acid residue, Gln136, located within the connecting peptide domain of Cbeta controls the ability of the alpha/beta TCR to transmit a full signal. TCRs in which this Cbeta residue is mutated to Phe, the residue found in TCR-gamma, are unresponsive to antigenic ligands. Interestingly, this Cbeta residue is either polar or charged in every species studied thus far, including the trout and the skate. In contrast, the analogous residue in Cgamma is always hydrophobic. In spite of their compromised antigen responsiveness, the mutant TCR complex contains the CD3-gamma, -delta, -epsilon, and -zeta chains, and undergoes zeta chain phosphorylation and ZAP-70 recruitment. However, the biological response of the mutant TCR could be rescued with a calcium ionophore, implying that mutant TCRs are defective in generating a calcium-mediated signal. The implications of the differences between Cbeta and Cgamma are considered.
Aspects of hybrid pattern definition while combining thermal nanoimprint with optical lithography (2010)

Thermal nanoimprint (T-NIL) is uniquely suitable for combinational lithography because it proceeds without cross-linking and does not rely on changes in properties of the imprint material. Most typical are combinations with other lithography techniques. Combinations with optical lithography may help to circumvent the pattern size dependence of nanoimprint and help to remove the residual layer by a simple development step. This work focuses on a hybrid processing combining T-NIL with optical lithography by using a single resist layer. Critical issues are the imprintability of typical photoresists and the fact that lithography has to be performed over a prepatterned topography. A well-known positive tone photoresist, AZ 1500, is compared with a previously investigated negative tone resist, SU-8. Gel permeation chromatography reveals typical differences of these photoresists compared to typical imprint polymers. The results demonstrate that molecular mobility is a more important indicator for viscosity of photoresists than molecular weight. Additionally, a simple construction method was found to allow prediction of features typically encountered during hybrid patterning.
Evolution of Surface Morphology and Strain in Low-Temperature AlN Grown by Plasma-Assisted Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1998)

The evolution of stress-driven surface roughening in low-temperature (LT) grown AlN has been investigated in a wide range of film thicknesses using plasma assisted molecular beam epitaxy and atomic force microscopy analysis. The relaxation of residual strain causing morphological instability after ∼50 nm thickness represents the kinetic stabilization of LT growth. LT-AlN layers with thicknesses of ∼20 nm provide excellent surface smoothness of <0.9 nm and large relaxation, ∼94% of the lattice mismatch strain. AlN films thicker than 50 nm, for which the scaling exponents are greater than 1, revealed stress-driven surface roughening with coherent islands. The implementation of thick LT-AlN buffer layers is limited by the stress-driven surface roughening above ∼50 nm thickness.
In Silico Identification of Supertypes for Class II MHCs (2005)

The development of epitope-based vaccines, which have wide population coverage, is greatly complicated by MHC polymorphism. The grouping of alleles into supertypes, on the basis of common structural and functional features, addresses this problem directly. In the present study we applied a combined bioinformatics approach, based on analysis of both protein sequence and structure, to identify similarities in the peptide binding sites of 2225 human class II MHC molecules, and thus define supertypes and supertype fingerprints. Two chemometric techniques were used: hierarchical clustering using three-dimensional Comparative Similarity Indices Analysis fields and nonhierarchical k-means clustering using sequence-based z-descriptors. An average consensus of 84% was achieved, i.e., 1872 of 2225 class II molecules were classified in the same supertype by both techniques. Twelve class II supertypes were defined: five DRs, three DQs, and four DPs. The HLA class II supertypes and their fingerprints given in parenthesis are DR1 (Trp(9beta)), DR3 (Glu(9beta), Gln(70beta), and Gln/Arg(74beta)), DR4 (Glu(9beta), Gln/Arg(70beta), and Glu/Ala(74beta)), DR5 (Glu(9beta), Asp(70beta)), and DR9 (Lys/Gln(9beta)); DQ1 (Ala/Gly(86beta)), DQ2 (Glu(86beta), Lys(71beta)), and DQ3 (Glu(86beta), Thr/Asp(71beta)); DPw1 (Asp(84beta) and Lys(69beta)), DPw2 (Gly/Val(84beta) and Glu(69beta)), DPw4 (Gly/Val(84beta) and Lys(69beta)), and DPw6 (Asp(84beta) and Glu(69beta)). Apart from the good agreement between known binding motifs and our classification, several new supertypes, and corresponding thematic binding motifs, were also defined.
Ghosts (1898)

Ghosts Get access A. B. G. A. B. G. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume s9-I, Issue 7, 12 February 1898, Pages 134–135, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/s9-I.7.134d Published: 12 February 1898
2‐Nitropropene (2003)

Abstract 2‐Nitropropene reactant: 52.5 g (0.50 mol) of 2‐nitro‐1‐propanol product: 2‐nitropropene product: 1‐nitro‐1‐propene product: 2‐nitro‐1‐butene product: 2‐nitro‐2‐butene
A Method for Preparing Isolated Glands from the Rabbit Gastric Mucosa (1976)

A method for isolating gastric glands from the corpus of the rabbit gastric mucosa is presented. The stomach of an anesthetized rabbit was perfused with saline under high pressure through the aorta, taken out and emptied. The mucosa was stripped off, minced into small pieces and transferred to a 1 mg/ml collagenase solution. After 90 min at 37 degrees C, a large number of isolated gastric glands and cells were separated free. By a simple washing procedure the glands were freed from cell contamination and collagenase. The gastric glands were viable, as demonstrated by dye exclusion technique, oxygen consumption and electrolyte content. For identification of the glandular cells both common staining techniques and electron microscopy were used. Four types of cells were identified, viz. parietal cells, zymogen cells, mucous neck cells and some endocrine cells. The intracellular morphology of the glandular cells did not differ significantly from that seen in intact gastric mucosa. The glands could be stimulated with histamine, in a dose-response manner, as revealed by the increase in oxygen consumption (ED-50 equal 3 X 10(-6) M). This isolated gastric gland preparation may serve as a useful tool for new approaches in gastric physiology.
Near-IR Optical Upconverter With Integrated Heterojunction Phototransistor and Organic Light-Emitting Diode (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In this letter, we report a near-infrared (NIR) optical upconverter consisting of an integrated InGaAs–InP heterojunction phototransistor (HPT) with an organic light-emitting diode (OLED), which converts 1.5-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex></formula> IR light to visible light with a built-in electrical gain. The device was fabricated through direct tandem integration of an OLED with an inorganic InGaAs–InP HPT. Incoming 1.5-<formula formulatype="inline"><tex Notation="TeX">$\mu\hbox{m}$</tex> </formula> optical radiation is absorbed by the HPT, generating an amplified photocurrent. The resultant photocurrent drives the OLED that emits at 545 nm. Upconversion is demonstrated at room temperature with a gain of 15 from the HPT and an overall external upconversion efficiency of 0.15 W/W.<?Pub _bookmark="" Command="[Quick Mark]"?> </para>
On the interplay between plasma ions, radicals and surfaces: who dominates the interaction? (2002)

Publisher's Note This article was temporarily included in this electronic issue by mistake; it was due to be part of the International Conference on Phenomena in Ionized Gases (ICPIG) special issue which appeared in August 2002. The article was withdrawn from the print version of this issue.
Degradation Pathways for Monoethanolamine in a CO<sub>2</sub> Capture Facility (2003)

One of the highest priorities in carbon sequestration science is the development of techniques for CO2 separation and capture, because it is expected to account for the majority of the total cost (∼75%). The most common currently used method of CO2 separation is reversible chemical absorption using monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. In the current study, solvent degradation from this technique was studied using degraded MEA samples from the IMC Chemicals Facility in Trona, California. A major pathway to solvent degradation that had not been previously observed in laboratory experiments has been identified. This pathway, which is initiated by oxidation of the solvent, is a much more significant source of solvent degradation than the previously identified carbamate dimerization mechanism.
Search for nuclear fusion in deuterated targets under cluster-beam impact (1990)

Stimulated by the recent report of Beuhler, Friedlander, and Friedman on the observation of dd fusion under the impact of heavy-water clusters on deuterated solid targets, we undertook a similar study with pure deuterium clusters (${\mathrm{D}}_{200}^{+}$--${\mathrm{D}}_{300}^{+}$) in the same range of incident energy per deuteron (less than 1 keV). We observed no fusion event and our upper limit for the fusion rate is more than 1 order of magnitude below the Brookhaven value. Additional measurements performed with ${\mathit{N}}_{\mathit{n}}^{+}$ projectiles were not conclusive but showed that beam-contamination problems may be very serious.
Rapid accumulation of inositol trisphosphate reveals that agonists hydrolyse polyphosphoinositides instead of phosphatidylinositol (1983)

The agonist-dependent hydrolysis of inositol phospholipids was investigated by studying the breakdown of prelabelled lipid or by measuring the accumulation of inositol phosphates. Stimulation of insect salivary glands with 5-hydroxytryptamine for 6 min provoked a rapid disappearance of [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate [PtdIns(4,5)P2] and [3H]phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate (PtdIns4P) but had no effect on the level of [3H]phosphatidylinositol (PtdIns). The breakdown of PtdIns(4,5)P2 was associated with a very rapid release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate [Ins(1,4,5)P3], which reached a peak 5 1/2 times that of the resting level after 5 s of stimulation. This high level was not maintained but declined to a lower level, perhaps reflecting the disappearance of PtdIns(4,5)P2. 5-Hydroxytryptamine also induced a rapid and massive accumulation of inositol 1,4-bisphosphate [Ins(1,4)P2]. The fact that these increases in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,4)P2 precede in time any increase in the level of inositol 1-phosphate or inositol provides a clear indication that the primary action of 5-hydroxytryptamine is to stimulate the hydrolysis of PtdIns(4,5)P2 to yield diacylglycerol and Ins(1,4,5)P3. The latter is then hydrolysed by a series of phosphomonoesterases to produce Ins(1,4)P2, Ins1P and finally inositol. The very rapid agonist-dependent increases in Ins(1,4,5)P3 and Ins(1,4)P2 suggests that they could function as second messengers, perhaps to control the release of calcium from internal pools. The PtdIns(4,5)P2 that is used by the receptor mechanism represents a small hormone-sensitive pool that must be constantly replenished by phosphorylation of PtdIns. Small changes in the size of this small energy-dependent pool of polyphosphoinositide will alter the effectiveness of the receptor mechanism and could account for phenomena such as desensitization and super-sensitivity.
Real-world Noisy Image Denoising: A New Benchmark (2018)

Most of previous image denoising methods focus on additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). However,the real-world noisy image denoising problem with the advancing of the computer vision techiniques. In order to promote the study on this problem while implementing the concurrent real-world image denoising datasets, we construct a new benchmark dataset which contains comprehensive real-world noisy images of different natural scenes. These images are captured by different cameras under different camera settings. We evaluate the different denoising methods on our new dataset as well as previous datasets. Extensive experimental results demonstrate that the recently proposed methods designed specifically for realistic noise removal based on sparse or low rank theories achieve better denoising performance and are more robust than other competing methods, and the newly proposed dataset is more challenging. The constructed dataset of real photographs is publicly available at \url{https://github.com/csjunxu/PolyUDataset} for researchers to investigate new real-world image denoising methods. We will add more analysis on the noise statistics in the real photographs of our new dataset in the next version of this article.
Deep Neural Network Acoustic Models for ASR (2014)

Automatic speech recognition (ASR) is a key core technology for the information age. ASR systems have evolved from discriminating among isolated digits to recognizing telephone-quality, spontaneous speech, allowing for a growing number of practical applications in various sectors. Nevertheless, there are still serious challenges facing ASR which require major improvement in almost every stage of the speech recognition process. Until very recently, the standard approach to ASR had remained largely unchanged for many years. It used Hidden Markov Models (HMMs) to model the sequential structure of speech signals, with each HMM state using a mixture of diagonal covariance Gaussians (GMM) to model a spectral representation of the sound wave. \n\nThis thesis describes new acoustic models based on Deep Neural Networks (DNN) that have begun to replace GMMs. For ASR, the deep structure of a DNN as well as its distributed representations allow for better generalization of learned features to new situations, even when only small amounts of training data are available. In addition, DNN acoustic models scale well to large vocabulary tasks significantly improving upon the best previous systems.\n\nDifferent input feature representations are analyzed to determine which one is more suitable for DNN acoustic models. Mel-frequency cepstral coefficients (MFCC) are inferior to log Mel-frequency spectral coefficients (MFSC) which help DNN models marginalize out speaker-specific information while focusing on discriminant phonetic features. Various speaker adaptation techniques are also introduced to further improve DNN performance.\n\nAnother deep acoustic model based on Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) is also proposed. Rather than using fully connected hidden layers as in a DNN, a CNN uses a pair of convolutional and pooling layers as building blocks. The convolution operation scans the frequency axis using a learned local spectro-temporal filter while in the pooling layer a maximum operation is applied to the learned features utilizing the smoothness of the input MFSC features to eliminate speaker variations expressed as shifts along the frequency axis in a way similar to vocal tract length normalization (VTLN) techniques.\n\nWe show that the proposed DNN and CNN acoustic models achieve significant improvements over GMMs on various small and large vocabulary tasks.
CO2 elimination by high frequency ventilation (4 to 10 Hz) in normal subjects. (1981)

We measured the rate of CO2 elimination (VCO2) by oscillatory high frequency ventilation (HFV) in 8 normal subjects and studied the effects of varying frequency, stroke volume, lung volume, and bronchodilation on VCO2. Subjects breath-held while a loudspeaker at the mouth sinusoidally forced low volumes (15 to 150 ml) of air at a high frequency (4 to 10 Hz) into the respiratory system. The CO2 eliminated from the lungs was washed out by a bias flow at the mouth. In each of 6 subjects studied, VCO2 was greater at 8 Hz than at 4 Hz (130 versus 74 ml/min; p less than 0.05) with oscillation volumes (VT) of 100 ml. At a fixed frequency of 10 Hz there was a positive linear correlation (p less than 0.01) between oscillation volume and VCO2. At a lung volume 500 ml below total lung capacity VCO2 ranged from 130 to 215 ml/min at a mean VT of 130 ml and 5 to 60 ml/min at a VT of only 10% of the estimated anatomic dead space. In 3 subjects, after inhalation of isoproterenol, there was a greater VCO2 over the entire vital capacity (p less than 0.01). We concluded that HFV can achieve values of CO2 elimination close to the estimated metabolic CO2 production in normal unintubated subjects over short periods of time.
Assessment and management of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults. (2003)

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is estimated to affect 2%-6% of adults. The symptoms in adults with ADHD mirror those in children with the disorder and are associated with significant educational, occupational and interpersonal difficulties. Double-blind, placebo-controlled trials have established that adult ADHD is responsive to stimulant medication treatment. New medications and psychotherapeutic approaches are being developed in an effort to achieve optimal treatment effects in this population. We review the available literature and provide an approach to the assessment and management of ADHD in adults.
A Critical Review of Using High Viscosity Friction Reducers as Fracturing Fluids for Hydraulic Fracturing Applications (2019)

Abstract The primary purpose of using traditional friction reducers in stimulation treatments is to overcome the tubular drag while pumping at high flow rates. Hydraulic fracturing is the main technology used to produce hydrocarbon from extremely low permeability rock. Even though slickwater (water fracturing with few chemical additives) used to be one of the most common fracturing fluids, several concerns are still associated with its use, including usage of freshwater, high-cost operation, and environmental issues. Therefore, current practice in hydraulic fracturing is to use alternative fluid systems that are cost effective and have less environmental impact, such as fluids which utilize high viscosity friction reducers (HVFRs), which typically are high molecular weight polyacrylamides. This paper carefully reviews and summarizes over 40 published papers, including experimental work, field case studies, and simulation work. This work summarizes the most recent improvements of using HVFR’s, including capability of carrying proppant, reducing water and chemical requirements, its compatibility with produced water, and environmental benefits in hydraulic fracturing treatments. A further goal is to gain insight into the effective design of HVFR based fluid systems. The findings of this study are analyzed from over 26 field case studies of many unconventional reservoirs. In comparing to the traditional hydraulic fracture fluids system, the paper summaries many potential advantages offered by HVFR fluids, including: superior proppant transport capability, almost 100% retained conductivity, cost reduction, minimizing chemicals usage by 50%, less operating equipment on location, reducing water consumption by 30%, and fewer environmental concerns. The study also reported that the common HVFR concentration used was 4gpt. HVFRs were used in the field at temperature ranges from 120°F to 340°F. Finally, this work addresses up-to-date challenges and emphasizes necessities for using high viscosity friction reducers as alternative fracture fluids.