gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GPU-based ultra-fast dose calculation using a finite pencil beam model (2009)

Online adaptive radiation therapy (ART) is an attractive concept that promises the ability to deliver an optimal treatment in response to the inter-fraction variability in patient anatomy. However, it has yet to be realized due to technical limitations. Fast dose deposit coefficient calculation is a critical component of the online planning process that is required for plan optimization of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT). Computer graphics processing units (GPUs) are well suited to provide the requisite fast performance for the data-parallel nature of dose calculation. In this work, we develop a dose calculation engine based on a finite-size pencil beam (FSPB) algorithm and a GPU parallel computing framework. The developed framework can accommodate any FSPB model. We test our implementation in the case of a water phantom and the case of a prostate cancer patient with varying beamlet and voxel sizes. All testing scenarios achieved speedup ranging from 200 to 400 times when using a NVIDIA Tesla C1060 card in comparison with a 2.27 GHz Intel Xeon CPU. The computational time for calculating dose deposition coefficients for a nine-field prostate IMRT plan with this new framework is less than 1 s. This indicates that the GPU-based FSPB algorithm is well suited for online re-planning for adaptive radiotherapy.
<i>Until</i> in Singapore English (1998)

This paper investigates the syntax and semantics of one word, until , in Standard British English and Singapore English. We show that while until is used in similar fashion in both varieties of English, it has uses in Singapore English which are not available in Standard British English. After having analyzed the syntax and semantics of one particle in Chinese, namely dao , we show the parallel between until in Singapore English and dao in Chinese, and argue that the additional meanings of until in Singapore English are due to the substrate influence of Chinese. It has been extensively documented in the literature that substrate influence is structural in character. Our finding is significant in this respect. The function words of English, as exemplified in the conjunction/preposition until , may undergo change under the influence of the linguistic substratum.
Regulation of Glutamate Transport into Synaptic Vesicles by Chloride and Proton Gradient (1996)

Glutamate uptake into synaptic vesicles is driven by an electrochemical proton gradient formed across the membrane by a vacuolar H+-ATPase. Chloride has a biphasic effect on glutamate transport, which it activates at low concentrations (2-8 mM) and inhibits at high concentrations (>20 mM). Stimulation with 4 mM chloride was due to an increase in the Vmax of transport, whereas inhibition by high chloride concentrations was related to an increase in Km to glutamate. Both stimulation and inhibition by Cl- were observed in the presence of A23187 or (NH4)2SO4, two substances that dissipate the proton gradient (deltapH). With the use of these agents, we show that the transmembrane potential regulates the apparent affinity for glutamate, whereas the deltapH antagonizes the effect of high chloride concentrations and is important for retaining glutamate inside the vesicles. Selective dissipation of deltapH in the presence of chloride led to a significant glutamate efflux from the vesicles and promoted a decrease in the velocity of glutamate uptake. The H+-ATPase activity was stimulated when the deltapH component was dissipated. Glutamate efflux induced by chloride was saturable, and half-maximal effect was attained in the presence of 30 mM Cl-. The results indicate that: (i) both transmembrane potential and deltapH modulate the glutamate uptake at different levels and (ii) chloride affects glutamate transport by two different mechanisms. One is related to a change of the proportions between the transmembrane potential and the deltapH components of the electrochemical proton gradient, and the other involves a direct interaction of the anion with the glutamate transporter.
A study on an onboard Ka-band phased-array-fed imaging reflector antenna (2003)

We proposed a new method for reducing the grating lobe level even when the number of radiating elements in the imaging reflector antenna is small. The most significant feature of this method is that the distance between the array plane and the center of subreflector is controlled so as to reduce the generated grating lobes. Using this method the magnification factor M can exceed the usually used value in order to decrease the number of radiating elements. This method is extremely low-cost because no additional components are added, and it does not decrease the reliability. An onboard phased-array-fed imaging reflector antenna was designed for the future Japanese Ka-band broadband satellite communication system by using the proposed method, and its performance met the system requirements.
Herpesvirus‐like DNA sequences in classic Kaposi's Sarcomas (1995)

Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) accounts for more than 15% of AIDS-related malignancies. The etiology of KS is unresolved but is postulated to be multifactorial, involving viruses and overexpression of cellular growth factors and/or oncogenes. Recently, herpesvirus-like sequences (KSHV) were identified with high prevalence in AIDS-KS (AKS), endemic KS, and in classic KS biopsies (CKS). To confirm the presence and the prevalence of the KSHV sequences, 18 CKS and 13 AKS samples were tested using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis. To our knowledge this is the highest number of CKS samples that has ever been included in a single study, and it is also important that the biopsies were obtained from different institutions and geographical locations. KSHV sequences were detected in 100% of the AKS samples and 72% of the CKS biopsies using PCR analysis. The presence of the unique KSHV sequences was confirmed by direct sequencing of representative PCR products obtained from AKS and CKS samples. Reverse transcriptase (RT)-PCR experiments showed that the KSHV sequences were transcribed to mRNA in both AKS and CKS samples. Our results confirm that the putative new herpesvirus-like agent is associated with both AKS and CKS and may have an etiological role in the pathogenesis of this malignancy.
A 4000‐Ampere Sodium Conductor (1932)

The installation of a 4,000‐amp. conductor, 850 feet (259 m.) long, consisting of iron piping filled with sodium metal is described in detail. The weight per unit conductivity is decidedly less than for copper, and the cost per running foot of conductor is approximately the same. The installation has been in successful use for several years.
Investigation of non-thermal plasma effects on lung cancer cells within 3D collagen matrices (2017)

Recent breakthroughs in plasma medicine have identified a potential application for the non-thermal plasma in cancer therapy. Most studies on the effects of non-thermal plasma on cancer cells have used traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer cell culture. However, very few studies are conducted employing non-thermal plasma in animal models. Two dimensional models do not fully mimic the three-dimensional (3D) tumor microenvironment and animal models are expensive and time-consuming. Therefore, we used 3D collagen matrices that closely resemble the native geometry of cancer tissues and provide more physiologically relevant results than 2D models, while providing a more cost effective and efficient precursor to animal studies. We previously demonstrated a role for non-thermal plasma application in promoting apoptotic cell death and reducing the viability of A549 lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells cultured upon 2D matrices. In this study, we wished to determine the efficacy of non-thermal plasma application in driving apoptotic cell death of A549 lung cancer cells encapsulated within a 3D collagen matrix. The percentage of apoptosis increased as treatment time increased and was time dependent. In addition, the anti-viability effect of plasma was demonstrated. Twenty-four hours post-plasma treatment, 38% and 99% of cell death occurred with shortest (15 s) and longest treatment time (120 s) respectively at the plasma-treated region. We found that plasma has a greater effect on the viability of A549 lung cancer cells on the superficial surface of 3D matrices and has diminishing effects as it penetrates the 3D matrix. We also identified the nitrogen and oxygen species generated by plasma and characterized their penetration in vertical and lateral directions within the 3D matrix from the center of the plasma-treated region. Therefore, the utility of non-thermal dielectric barrier discharge plasma in driving apoptosis and reducing the viability of lung cancer cells in 3D collagen matrix indicates a therapeutic potential that warrants further research.
NiGe-based ohmic contacts to <i>n</i>-type GaAs. II. Effects of Au addition (1994)

Our efforts have been continued to improve the electrical properties of NiGe ohmic contacts by adding a small amount of a third element to the NiGe contacts without deteriorating thermal stability and surface smoothness. In the present study, Au was chosen as the third element, and the optimum conditions to produce thermally stable, low resistance ohmic contacts were determined by preparing a variety of contacts with different thickness ratios of the Ni, Ge, and Au layers. The best ohmic contact was prepared by depositing sequentially Ni (40 nm), Au (5 nm), and Ge (100 nm) onto the n-type GaAs substrate, and annealing at 450 °C for 5 s. This contact provided the contact resistance of about 0.2 Ω mm, which is lower than that of the NiGe(In) contacts. The present contact had smooth surface after contact formation and showed excellent thermal stability during isothermal annealing at 400 °C. The cross-sectional observation using high-resolution electron microscopy indicated that the GaAs/metal interface was uniform and the diffusion depth of the contact metal to the GaAs substrate was shallow (∼20 nm). These contact properties are desirable for future GaAs very large scale integration devices.
Abstract 5580: Preclinical pharmacodynamics and antitumor activity of AZD4635, a novel adenosine 2A receptor inhibitor that reverses adenosine mediated T cell suppression (2017)

Abstract Accumulation of extracellular adenosine within the microenvironment is a strategy exploited by tumors to escape immunosurveillance. Adenosine signaling through the high affinity adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) on immune cells elicits a range of immunosuppressive effects which can promote tumor growth and limit the efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors such as anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 Abs. AZD4635 (HTL-1071), an oral A2AR antagonist, binds to human A2AR with a Ki of 1.7 nM and with &gt; 30-fold selectivity over other adenosine receptors. Accumulation of intratumoral adenosine, measured by desorption electrospray ionisation - mass spectroscopy (DESI-MS), demonstrated that adenosine levels are spatially heterogeneous in mouse syngeneic tumors, with levels varying up to 50 fold among regions of a single tumor. To assess whether AZD4635 can reverse the inhibitory effects of different concentrations of adenosine, CHO cells stably expressing human A2AR were incubated with concentrations of adenosine ranging from 0.1 to 10 μM. In the presence of 0.1, 1 and 10 μM adenosine, the IC50 of AZD4635 for inhibition of cAMP production was 0.79, 10.0 and 142.9 nM, respectively. In an ex vivo CD8+ T cell assay, AZD4635 reversed suppression and restored IFNγ secretion in cells incubated with 5’-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA), a stable analog of adenosine. The therapeutic benefit of A2aR blockade was evaluated in syngeneic mouse tumor models. Inhibition of A2aR signaling led to a reduction in tumor growth alone and in combination with checkpoint inhibitors. Tumors harvested from the treated mice exhibited changes in infiltrating lymphocyte populations and increases in the functional activity of T cells. These results demonstrate that AZD4635 is a potent and selective A2aR inhibitor, and that blockade of A2aR signaling with an inhibitor such as AZD4635 can reduce tumor burden and enhance antitumor immunity. AZD4635 is currently in a Phase 1 clinical trial as a single agent and in combination with durvalumab (anti-PD-L1 Ab) in patients with solid malignancies. Citation Format: Alexandra Borodovsky, Yanjun Wang, Minwei Ye, Joseph C. Shaw, Kris F. Sachsenmeier, Nanhua Deng, Kelly J. DelSignore, Adrian J. Fretland, James D. Clarke, Richard J. Goodwin, Nicole Strittmatter, Carl Hay, Vasu R. Sah, Deborah Lawson, Corinne Reimer, Miles Congreve, Jonathan S. Mason, Fiona H. Marshall, Paul Lyne, Richard Woessner. Preclinical pharmacodynamics and antitumor activity of AZD4635, a novel adenosine 2A receptor inhibitor that reverses adenosine mediated T cell suppression [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2017; 2017 Apr 1-5; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5580. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2017-5580
Evaluation of instrument calibration monitoring using artificial neural networks (1997)

this paper. Efficient maintenance philosophies require monitoring the condition of the equipment and only performing maintenance when warranted. Recently, research has shown that noninvasive, artificial intelligence techniques can be used to monitor the condition of process sensors. This paper will present the results of implementing these advanced methodologies on three systems: 1). Florida Power Corporation&apos;s Crystal River Unit #3 Nuclear Power Plant
Human beta-galactosidase gene mutations in morquio B disease. (1991)

Three different beta-galactosidase gene mutations--a 273Trp----Leu (mutation F) in both families, 482Arg----His (mutation G) in one family, and 509Trp----Cys (mutation H) in the other family--were identified in three patients with Morquio B disease who were from two unrelated families. Restriction-site analysis using StuI, Nsp(7524)I or RsaI confirmed these mutations. In human fibroblasts, mutation F expressed as much as 8% of the normal allele's enzyme activity, but the other mutations expressed no detectable enzyme activity. We conclude that the unique clinical manifestations are specifically associated with mutation F, a common two-base substitution, in this disease.
Aptamer-Targeted RNAi for HIV-1 Therapy (2011)

The highly specific mechanism of RNA (RNAi) that inhibits the expression of disease genes is increasingly being harnessed to develop a new class of therapeutics for a wide variety of human maladies. The successful use of small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) for therapeutic purposes requires safe and efficient delivery to specific cells and tissues. Herein, we demonstrate novel cell type-specific dual inhibitory function anti-gp120 aptamer-siRNA delivery systems for HIV-1 therapy, in which both the aptamer and the siRNA portions have potent anti-HIV activities. The envelope glycoprotein is expressed on the surface of HIV-1 infected cells, allowing binding and internalization of the aptamer-siRNA chimeric molecules. The Dicer substrate siRNA delivered by the aptamers is functionally processed by Dicer, resulting in specific inhibition of HIV-1 replication and infectivity in cultured CEM T-cells and primary blood mononuclear cells. Our results provide a set of novel aptamer-targeted RNAi therapeutics to combat HIV and further validate the use of anti-gp120 aptamers for delivery of Dicer substrate siRNAs.
Millimeter wave power measurement above 110 GHz (2006)

With the power measurement standards above 110 GHz undefined, it is left to individuals to devise the methodology of determining the RF power above 110 GHz. This paper details a simple and repeatable method in measuring RF power up to 1 THz using a calorimeter. Calorimeter power measurement is based on the black body absorption principle - a change in temperature between a known power absorbed to an unknown power absorbed. Performance of various millimeter wave bands RF power data are presented and compared.
On-chip fabrication of silver microflower arrays as a catalytic microreactor for allowing in situSERS monitoring (2011)

Silver microflower arrays constructed by upright nanoplates and attached nanoparticles were fabricated inside a microfluidic channel, thus a robust catalytic microreactor for allowing in situ SERS monitoring was proposed. On-chip catalytic reduction shows that the silver microflowers have high catalytic activity and SERS enhancement.
Studies To Establish Quality Control Ranges for SB-265805 (LB20304) When Using National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards Antimicrobial Susceptibility Test Methods (1999)

SB-265805, formerly LB20304, is a novel naphthridone compound in the fluoroquinolone class of antimicrobial agents. This antimicrobial possesses excellent activity against gram-positive cocci, with a potency 32- to 64-fold greater than that of ciprofloxacin, especially when tested against oxacillin-resistant staphylococci and penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (6). Results have been described for the Enterobacteriaceae whereby the MIC at which 50% of the isolates were inhibited (MIC50) was 0.03 μg/ml, activity twofold less than that of ciprofloxacin (1). SB-265805 was also observed to be very active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa (MIC50s, 0.25 to 1 μg/ml),Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (MIC50s, 0.5 to 1 μg/ml), anaerobes (MIC50s, 0.12 to 8 μg/ml), vancomycin-resistant enterococci (MIC50s, 0.12 to 2 μg/ml), Haemophilus influenzae (MIC50s, ≤0.004 μg/ml), Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC50s, ≤0.004 to 0.015 μg/ml), and Neisseria gonorrhoeae(MIC50s, 0.008 to 0.015 μg/ml (1, 6).
The Worried Well: The Depression Epidemic and the Medicalisation of Our Sorrows (2005)

In the second Quarterly Essay of 2005, Gail Bell investigates Australia's depression epidemic. Why, she wonders, do well over a million Australians now take antidepressant drugs? This is a fresh, frank and independent look at the depression culture and the move to medicalise sadness. Bell examines how the prescription culture operates, scrutinising the role of big drug companies and GPs and talking to those who take - and don't take - the new antidepressants, from anxious students to lonely retirees. She finds that drug companies have invested billions in an effort to simplify a profoundly complex mental condition, and that along the way ordinary problems of living have been transformed into medical conditions. She also finds that we, the consumers, have been happy to get on board: the vocabulary of depression - 'serotonin', 'bipolar', 'genetic predisposition' - rolls of our tongues as if each of us had studied it at medical school. In this free-ranging and elegant essay, Bell takes the pulse of Australia's 'worried well' and looks at alternative cures for what ails us.
Optimal Siting of Fire Stations Using GIS and ANT Algorithm (2006)

Safety and emergency response are being given greater importance while planning infrastructure and transportation projects. This is particularly so, when transporting hazardous materials (HAZMAT) within a heavily urbanized area such as Singapore. The number and location of fire stations significantly influence the efficiency of emergency response during fire accidents. This paper presents an approach to suitably situating new fire stations, considering multiple objectives, using geographic information systems (GIS) and ANT, a novel Ant algorithm. The efficiency of the current fire station locations in covering HAZMAT transport routes is studied using a GIS. The ANT algorithm is implemented within a GIS environment to locate the additional fire stations so as to reduce the response time to an accident occurring on HAZMAT transport routes from 8to5min. Other considerations include incorporating proper distance among fire stations and maximizing the area that can be served by these fire stations in 6min. Computational experiments reveal that the proposed algorithm performs stably under different parameter settings and outperforms the conventional genetic algorithm. Furthermore, the integration of GIS with ANT offers enhanced spatial analytical capabilities, and our approach can be employed to solve further intricate optimization problems in transportation and infrastructure.
The use of the dilute Russell viper venom time for the diagnosis of lupus anticoagulants (1986)

We describe here a test for lupus anticoagulants based on a modified Russell viper venom time (RVVT), using limiting amounts of phospholipid and venom. We have studied 29 patients with a prolonged dilute RVVT. Five of the 29 had a normal activated partial thromboplastin time and three of 14 tested by the tissue thromboplastin inhibition test were normal. In 17 of 19 patients tested, the dilute RVVT was completely normal when ionophore-treated platelets were substituted for phospholipid; the remaining two patients, both with very long phospholipid-dependent dilute RVVT's, were nearly completely normalized. The dilute RVVT is not prolonged in the presence of antibodies to factors VIII, IX, or XI. Thus, the dilute RVVT appears to be a simple, reproducible, sensitive, and relatively specific method for the detection of lupus anticoagulants.
Skeletal muscle capillary density and fiber type are possible determinants of in vivo insulin resistance in man. (1987)

We have compared the capillary density and muscle fiber type of musculus vastus lateralis with in vivo insulin action determined by the euglycemic clamp (M value) in 23 Caucasians and 41 Pima Indian nondiabetic men. M value was significantly correlated with capillary density (r = 0.63; P less than or equal to 0.0001), percent type I fibers (r = 0.29; P less than 0.02), and percent type 2B fibers (r = -0.38; P less than 0.003). Fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were significantly negatively correlated with capillary density (r = -0.46, P less than or equal to 0.0001; r = -0.47, P less than or equal to 0.0001, respectively). Waist circumference/thigh circumference ratio was correlated with percent type 1 fibers (r = -0.39; P less than 0.002). These results suggest that diffusion distance from capillary to muscle cells or some associated biochemical change, and fiber type, could play a role in determining in vivo insulin action. The association of muscle fiber type with body fat distribution may indicate that central obesity is only one aspect of a more generalized metabolic syndrome. The data may provide at least a partial explanation for the insulin resistance associated with obesity and for the altered kinetics of insulin action in the obese.
Dislocations in solids (1979)

Preface. Electrical noise associated with dislocations and plastic flow in metals (G. Bertotti, A. Ferro, F. Fiorillo, P. Mazetti). Mechanisms of dislocation drag (V.I. Alshits, V.L. Indenbom). Dislocations in covalent crystals (H. Alexander). Formation and evolution of dislocation structures during irradiation (B.O. Hall). Dislocation theory of martensitic transformations (G.B. Olsen, M. Cohen). Author index. Subject index. Cumulative index.