gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Introduction of automated systems to evaluate touch‐pressure, vibration, and thermal cutaneous sensation in man (1978)

Systems for automatic assessment of cutaneous touch-pressure, vibratory, and thermal sensation have been developed. These systems use stimuli which are quantified and reproducible, a two-alternative forced-choice technique, and programmed steps to test, score, and report. If normal responses from series of healthy persons have been measured, percentile values specific for test, site, age, and sex can be determined. Abnormality, as in neurological disease, can then be defined as the response which has a value greater than that of the 95th (or other) percentile. These systems may be used to detect and validate abnormalities of sensation in neurological disease and in persons at risk from new medications or from industrial toxins, and to monitor worsening or improvement of sensation in follow-up of a patient or in evaluation of therapeutic regimens.
Multifunctional, micropipette based force cantilevers for scanned probe microscopy (1994)

We demonstrate quartz micropipette and optical fiber based structures with unique applications for scanned probe microscopy. These probes are produced by drawing, cantilevering, and polishing tapered micropipettes and optical fibers and have significantly greater potential functionality than any other currently available scanning tip. We present normal force, contact mode imaging of a selection of surfaces, operating these probes with different commercial instruments for atomic force microscopy (AFM). With their very sharp tips, ultrahigh aspect ratios, and readily adjustable force constants and resonance frequencies, the probes present an attractive alternative to conventional microfabricated cantilevers that are currently in routine use with AFM. Bent quartz optical fiber probes also enable simple integration of near-field scanning optical microscopy and AFM.
Preparation of Temperature and Water Responsive Microcapsules Containing Hydroquinone with Spray Drying Method (2013)

It was tried to prepare temperature and water responsive microcapsules containing hydroquinone as a water soluble core material with the spray drying method. Microcapsules were composed of ethyl cellulose (EC), methyl cellulose (MC) and P-N-isopropylacrylamid (PNIPAM). P-N-isopropylacrylamid and methyl cellulose were used as a temperature responsive polymer and as a water responsive polymer, respectively. Ethyl cellulose was the main shell material of microcapsule. At the microencapsulation process, the core and shell materials were dissolved in ethyl alcohol dissolving water (20 wt%) and then, spray-dried to prepare microcapsules. In the fundamental operation, the concentration and molecular weight of methyl cellulose were mainly changed. The releasing rate of hydroquinone was repressed at 40°C and increased at 20°C due to temperature responsive PNIPAM. Furthermore, responsibility to water was increased with the concentration of methyl cellulose.
Multipopulation Analysis of Polymorphisms in Five Mononucleotide Repeats Used to Determine the Microsatellite Instability Status of Human Tumors (2005)

We demonstrated that tumor MSI status can be determined using the pentaplex reaction for all human populations without the need for matching normal DNA.
<i>In Silico</i> Predictive Modeling of CRISPR/Cas9 guide efficiency (2015)

ABSTRACT The CRISPR/Cas9 system provides unprecedented genome editing capabilities; however, several facets of this system are under investigation for further characterization and optimization, including the choice of guide RNA that directs Cas9 to target DNA. In particular, given that one would like to target the protein-coding region of a gene, hundreds of guides satisfy the basic constraints of the CRISPR/Cas9 Protospacer Adjacent Motif sequence (PAM); however, not all of these guides actually generate gene knockouts with equal efficiency. Leveraging a broad set of experimental measurements of guide knockout efficiency, we introduce a state-of-the art in silico modeling approach to identify guides that will lead to more effective gene knockout. We first investigated which guide and gene features are critical for prediction ( e.g. , single- and di-nucleotide identity of the gene target), which are helpful ( e.g ., thermodynamics), and which are predictive but redundant ( e.g ., microhomology). We also investigated evaluation measures for comparing predictive models in the present context, suggesting that Area Under the Receiver Operating Curve is not ideal. Finally, we explored a variety of different model classes and found that use of gradient-boosted regression trees produced the best predictive performance. Pointers to our open-source software, code, and prediction server will be available at http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/projects/azimuth .
Urban Development and Management Policy of Berlin-Brandenburg Region for the Shrinking Era (2009)

ドイツのベルリン・ブランデンブルク地域は、遠郊部における人口減少、少子高齢化、住宅の過剰供給といった困難な状況に直面している。本稿は、ベルリン・ブランデンブルク地域が縮退の戦略を取ることを余儀なくされている背景を整理するとともに、その戦略の具現化と見ることのできる２つの点について概観する。１つはベルリン市Marzahn-Nord地区の集合住宅団地における減築・都市改造事業である。もう１つは2009年に発効した地域の新しい広域計画・LEP B-Bである。特に、現在および将来の状況に対応すべく下位レベルの中心地を除外するという中心地システムの再構築と、住宅開発を放射鉄道沿線と中心地に集約させるという計画方針について報告する。
A study of a high-resolution linear circuit for capacitive sensors (1999)

A circuit for capacitance measurements is described. The circuit permits offset capacitance compensation using a dc voltage. The electronic circuitry with its testing is described. The output voltage is a linear function of the capacitance measured. Experimental data show good agreement with values predicted by the linear formula. Experiments show it is possible to measure capacitance changes with a resolution of a few femtofarads (fF).
Tandem photovoltaic solar cells and increased solar energy conversion efficiency (1976)

Tandem photovoltaic cells, as proposed by Jackson (1955) to increase the efficiency of solar energy conversion, involve the construction of a system of stacked p/n homojunction photovoltaic cells composed of different semiconductors. It had been pointed out by critics, however, that the total power which could be extracted from the cells in the stack placed side by side was substantially greater than the power obtained from the stacked cells. A reexamination of the tandem cell concept in view of the development of the past few years is conducted. It is concluded that the use of tandem cell systems in flat plate collectors, as originally envisioned by Jackson, may yet become feasible as a result of the development of economically acceptable solar cells for large scale terrestrial power generation.
Purification of two high molecular weight proteases from rabbit reticulocyte lysate (1987)

The authors have purified two large proteases from rabbit reticulocyte lysate. The enzymes are so similar in their chromatographic behavior that each is the only significant contaminant of the other during the final stages of purification. At pH 7.8, both hydrolyze /sup 125/I-..cap alpha..-casein and 4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (MCA) derivatives with tyrosine, phenylalanine or arginine at the P/sub 1/ position. The larger, ATP-dependent enzyme degrades ubiquitin-lysozyme conjugates, but it does not degrade unmodified lysozyme. Hydrolysis of Suc-Leu-Leu-Val-Tyr-MCA by this enzyme is also stimulated two-fold in the presence of ATP. The protease has a molecular weight of 950,000 based on sedimentation, gel filtration and non-denaturing PAGE. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the protease is composed of a number of subunits with molecular masses between 32 and 110 kDa. Densitometric analysis showed equivalent amounts of the two larger chains, and the presence of one copy of each in the native enzyme would be consistent with an M/sub r/ of 950,000. The smaller protease has a molecular weight of 700,000 and is composed of 8 to 10 subunits ranging from 21,000 to 32,000. It cleaves ubiquitin-lysozyme conjugates only slightly, and hydrolysis of conjugates or fluorogenic peptide substrates is not stimulated by ATP. Thismore » protease appears similar, if not identical, to the multicatalytic protease complex first purified by Wilk and Orlowski.« less
Kinematics of human motion (1998)

This work describes how to study human body position and displacement without regard to time, velocity or acceleration. It goes on to add these variables in simple and complex biokinematic chains and by adding the variable of three-dimensional movement to the study of multilink chains. The book also includes the three-dimensional analysis of 26 specific human joints. While the work is advanced and assumes a knowledge of calculus and matrix algebra, the emphasis is on explaining movement concepts, not mathematical formulae. The text features 23 refreshers of the basic concepts and many practical examples. The author integrates mechanical models with biological experiments. This work is intended as an undergraduate text and as a reference for biomechanists, sports biomechanists, motor behaviour specialists, ergonomists, orthopaedic surgeons, neuroscience specialists, physical therapists and rehabilitation specialists.
Timing Jitter Modeling and Minimization for a Servo Track Writer (2007)

During servo track writing (STW), the timing jitter in clocking process can induce significant errors on servo pattern, which is known as phase-in error. In this paper, we measured the timing jitter on our STW setup and modeled the jitter sources in frequency domain. With the timing jitter models, the typical phase-locked loop system is taken as a typical closed-loop control system and loop shaping and control method are used to design the loop filter with objective to minimize the timing jitter. It is shown that timing jitter can be significantly reduced with loop filter designed with the H <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> method.
Impact of MOSFET gate oxide breakdown on digital circuit operation and reliability (2002)

The influence of FET gate oxide breakdown on the performance of a ring oscillator circuit is studied using statistical tools, emission microscopy, and circuit analysis. It is demonstrated that many hard breakdowns can occur in this circuit without affecting its overall function. Time-to-breakdown data measured on individual FETs are shown to scale correctly to circuit level. SPICE simulations of the ring oscillator with the affected FET represented by an equivalent circuit confirm the measured influence of the breakdown on the circuit's frequency, the stand-by and the operating currents. It is concluded that if maintaining a digital circuit's logical functionality is the sufficient reliability criterion, a nonzero probability exists that the circuit will remain functional beyond the first gate oxide breakdown. Consequently, relaxation of the present reliability criterion in certain cases might be possible.
Swim-Stress-Induced Inactivity: Relation to Body Temperature and Brain Norepinephrine, and Effects of d-Amphetamine (1970)

Rats given a 20-min swim-stress at 14.5°C show a precipitous drop in body temperature to 21-22°C, and a profound depression in exploratory activity lasting 2 hr. This is associated with a reduction of brain norepinephrine, an absence of decline in specific activity over this period, and an increased retention of H3-norepinephrine, suggesting that the synthesis and possibly the release of brain norepinephrine is inhibited by the stress. d-Amphetamine, 4 mg/kg, given immediately after the stress causes a restoration of exploratory activity without elevating body temperature. It also prevents the reduction of brain norepinephrine and lowers the elevated specific activity, but has little effect on the increased retention of H3-norepinephrine. Possible mechanisms of this action and its relation to behavior are discussed.
Facile Synthesis of Substituted Fumaronitriles and Maleonitriles: Precursors to Soluble Tetraazaporphyrins (1991)

Alkynes are converted in good yield to alkyl and/or aryl substituted fumaronitriles and maleonitriles, a rich source of precursors to soluble tetraazaporphyrins.
Structural, thermal, electromechanical and mechanical property studies on (Pb<sub>0.93</sub>La<sub>0.07</sub>)(Zr<sub>0.60</sub>Ti<sub>0.40</sub>)O<sub>3</sub>ceramics synthesized by a high energy mechanochemical milling process (2008)

Ultrafine powders of (Pb0.93La0.07)(Zr0.60Ti0.40)O3 (hereafter designated as PLZT) have been synthesized from oxide powders using a high energy ball milling technique in air atmosphere. The powders milled in tungsten carbide vials using tungsten carbide balls were all about 30 nm in size. XRD revealed the formation of a significant amount of the perovskite PLZT phase at room temperature itself. TG-DTA and DSC studies were used to analyze the thermal properties of the nanopowders, in order to understand the reaction kinetics. The bulk ceramic samples were subjected to electrical poling, prior to performing resonance measurements on them, in order to determine the piezoelectric and electromechanical coupling coefficients. Poled samples exhibited large strains under the influence of applied electric fields, with limited hysteresis. In order to evaluate the reliability of the material for possible use as sensors and actuators, sintered specimens were subjected to mechanical property evaluation.
Ferroelectric properties of sol-gel delivered epitaxial Pb(Zrx,Ti1−x)O3 thin films on Si using epitaxial γ-Al2O3 Layers (2005)

This letter reports on the fabrication and investigation of ferroelectric epitaxial Pb(Zr,Ti)O3(PZT)∕Pt films on Si substrates using epitaxial γ-Al2O3 buffer layer for Si integrated ferroelectric devices. (001) and (111) epitaxial γ-Al2O3 films were grown on Si(001) and Si(111) substrates, respectively, using chemical vapor deposition. PZT films with various compositions were epitaxially grown on epitaxial Pt coated substrates using a sol-gel method. Epitaxial PZT films exhibited better ferroelectric and pyroelectric properties than polycrystalline PZT films. In particular, maximum pyroelectric coefficients of the epitaxial films were obtained, with values of 1.8×10−8C∕cm2K for the PZT(001) film with a Zr∕Ti ratio of 40∕60 and 1.4×10−8C∕cm2K for the PZT(111) film with a Zr∕Ti ratio of 52∕48.
Studies on Chemotherapeutic Agents Against Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. XXVI. : Synthesis and Antituberculous Activity of Phenylthiourea, p-Ethoxyphenylthiourea and 3-Bromo-4-ethoxyphenylthiourea Derivatives (1971)

A total of 75 kinds of compounds, comprising 27 kinds of phenylthiourea derivatives, 25 kinds of p-ethoxyphenylthiourea derivatives, and 23 kinds of 3-bromo-4-ethoxyphenylthiourea derivatives, were synthesized and screened for antibacterial activity using sensitive strain of human-type tubercle bacilli H37Rv with Tween-albumin medium, by the in vitro multiple dilution method. Inhibition of bacillary growth by the control agents was found in 0.0313 μg/ml of INH, 0.08-0.156 μg/ml of TBI, 0.313 μg/ml of PAS, and 1.56-3.13 μg/ml of DAT, but none of the synthesized compounds showed better activity, growth inhibition being seen with 3.13 μg/ml of 1-phenyl-3-(4-dimethylaminophenyl)-2-thiourea and with 6.25 μg/ml of 1-phenyl-3-(2-ethylhexyl)-, 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-bromophenyl)-, 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-acetylphenyl)-, 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(4-butoxycarbonylphenyl)-, and 1-(4-ethoxyphenyl)-3-(2-diphenyl)-2-thioureas.
Antibodies against the predominant glycosaminoglycan of the mammalian cornea, keratan sulfate-I. (1982)

Antibodies have been made in rabbits against bovine corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan. Antisera were titered by their ability to agglutinate sheep red blood cells that had been coated with the proteoglycan. Immune antisera, but not preimmune sera, agglutinate coated cells. Uncoated cells are not agglutinated by either serum. Immune agglutination is inhibited by prior incubation of antiserum with the intact corneal proteoglycan fraction or with 2-mercaptoethanol. Immune agglutination is also sharply reduced by the glycosaminoglycans, keratan sulfate-I (corneal type), and keratan sulfate-II (cartilage type). Desulfated keratan sulfate-I is somewhat less effective as an inhibitor than keratan sulfate-I. In contrast, chondroitin 4- and 6-sulfates, heparin, and hyaluronic acid do not interfere with immune agglutination. Analysis by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, followed by electroblot transfer of the proteins to nitrocellulose paper, incubation with antisera, and reaction with 125I-protein A suggest that the proteoglycan fraction contains high molecular weight antigenic components (Mr = approximately 300,000) whose mobility is sharply decreased by incubation with keratanase to that corresponding to molecular weights of approximately 55,000 and 40,000. No antigenic component appears sensitive to reduction by 2-mercaptoethanol. Chondroitinase ABC does not affect the mobility of proteins in the proteoglycan fraction. These results suggest that antibodies against corneal keratan sulfate proteoglycan may include some that react with the keratan sulfate chains, as well as those directed against the core protein. Keratan sulfate core proteins of two molecular weights may be present.
Aldosterone Regulates the Na-K-2Cl Cotransporter in Vascular Smooth Muscle (2003)

Aldosterone increases cation transport and contractility of vascular smooth muscle, but the specific transporter involved and how it is linked to smooth muscle tone is unknown. Because the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter (NKCC1) contributes to vascular smooth muscle contraction and is regulated by vasoactive compounds, we sought to determine whether this transporter is a target of aldosterone in rat aorta. Treatment of adrenalectomized rats with aldosterone for 7 days resulted in a 63% increase in NKCC1 activity as measured by bumetanide-sensitive efflux of 86Rb+. Treatment of normal aortas in culture with aldosterone for 3 and 7 days resulted in 29% and 47% increases in NKCC1 activity, respectively. Aldosterone had no acute effect on 86Rb+ efflux. Stimulation of NKCC1 was blocked by spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, but not by RU38486, a glucocorticoid receptor antagonist. Aldosterone did not augment the stimulation of NKCC1 by phenylephrine and did not increase NKCC1 mRNA as determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. We conclude that aldosterone regulates the Na-K-2Cl cotransporter in vascular smooth muscle through classic mineralocorticoid receptors but not through changes in the abundance of NKCC1 mRNA. This could account for the increase in Na+, K+, and Cl- fluxes previously observed in vascular smooth muscle from mineralocorticoid-treated animals and may contribute to increased vascular tone.
Succinate Dehydrogenase Subunit B (SDHB) Is Expressed in Neurofibromatosis 1-Associated Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (Gists): Implications for the SDHB Expression Based Classification of Gists (2011)

Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor (GIST) is the most common mesenchymal tumor of the digestive tract. GISTs develop with relatively high incidence in patients with Neurofibromatosis-1 syndrome (NF1). Mutational activation of KIT or PDGFRA is believed to be a driving force in the pathogenesis of familial and sporadic GISTs. Unlike those tumors, NF1-associated GISTs do not have KIT or PGDFRA mutations. Similarly, no mutational activation of KIT or PDGFRA has been identified in pediatric GISTs and in GISTs associated with Carney Triad and Carney-Stratakis Syndrome. KIT and PDGFRA-wild type tumors are expected to have lesser response to imatinib treatment. Recently, Carney Triad and Carney-Stratakis Syndrome -associated GISTs and pediatric GISTs have been shown to have a loss of expression of succinate dehydrogenase subunit B (SDHB), a Krebs cycle/electron transport chain interface protein. It was proposed that GISTs can be divided into SDHB- positive (type 1), and SDHB-negative (type 2) tumors because of similarities in clinical features and response to imatinib treatment. In this study, SDHB expression was examined immunohistochemically in 22 well-characterized NF1-associated GISTs. All analyzed tumors expressed SDHB. Based on SDHB-expression status, NF1-associated GISTs belong to type 1 category; however, similarly to SDHB type 2 tumors, they do not respond well to imatinib treatment. Therefore, a simple categorization of GISTs into SDHB-positive and-negative seems to be incomplete. A classification based on both SDHB expression status and KIT and PDGFRA mutation status characterize GISTs more accurately and allow subdivision of SDHB-positive tumors into different clinico-genetic categories.
Integrating the Spiralog file system into the OpenVMS operating system (1996)

this paper deals with the approach to integrating a new file system into the OpenVMS environment and preserving application compatibility. It describes the various levels at which the file system could have been integrated and the decision to emulate the low-level file system interface. Techniques such as tracing, source code scanning, and functional analysis of the Files-11 file system helped determine which features should be supported by the emulation. The Spiralog file system uses extensive write-back caching to gain performance over the write-through cache on the Files-11 file system. Applications have relied on the ordering of writes implied by writethrough caching to maintain on-disk consistency in the event of system failures. The lack of ordering guarantees prevented the implementation of such careful write policies in write-back environments. The Spiralog file system uses a write-behind cache (introduced in the Echo file system) to allow applications to take advantage of write-back caching performance while preserving careful write policies.
IL‐5‐overexpressing mice exhibit eosinophilia and altered wound healing through mechanisms involving prolonged inflammation (2008)

Leucocytes are essential in healing wounds and are predominantly involved in the inflammatory and granulation stages of wound repair. Eosinophils are granulocytic leucocytes and are specifically regulated by interleukin-5 (IL-5), a cytokine produced by T helper 2 (Th2) cells. To characterize more clearly the role of the IL-5 and eosinophils in the wound healing process, IL-5-overexpressing and IL-5-deficient mice were used as models of eosinophilia and eosinophil depletion, respectively. Our results reveal a significantly altered inflammatory response between IL-5-overexpressing and IL-5 knockout mice post-wounding. Healing was significantly delayed in IL-5-overexpressing mice with wounds gaping wider and exhibiting impaired re-epithelialization. A delay in collagen deposition was observed suggesting a direct effect on matrix synthesis. A significant increase in inflammatory cell infiltration, particularly eosinophils and CD4(+) cells, one of the main cell types which secrete IL-5, was observed in IL-5-overexpressing mice wounds suggesting that one of the main roles of IL-5 in wound repair may be to promote the infiltration of eosinophils into healing wounds. Healing is delayed in IL-5-overexpressing mice and this corresponds to significantly increased levels of eosinophils and CD4(+) cells within the wound site that may contribute to and exacerbate the inflammatory response, resulting in detrimental wound repair.
Spinal cord injury (1983)

Colette Ray, Ph. D., Dept. of Psychology, Brunel University, Uxbridge, Middx. UB8 3PH, Great Britain.