gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How Might Qinghaosu (Artemisinin) and Related Compounds Kill the Intraerythrocytic Malaria Parasite? A Chemist's View (2002)

The antimalarial mechanism of qinghaosu (artemisinin) has been a problem since the late 1970s. During the past decade, several molecular level theories were postulated. However, their further development has been very difficult. By looking into the QHS cleavage process and all possible reaction paths available to the resulting transient radicals, the present commentary reveals those major hidden problems with the existing theories and tries to identify some essential features of the parasiticidal events that may take place within the intraerythrocytic malaria parasite. A seemingly more reasonable theory is also introduced.
Fracturing Horizontal Wells in Gas Reservoirs (1999)

Summary The fracturing of horizontal wells has recently gained wide acceptance as a viable completion option to maximize the return on investment. This is especially true in the case of tight gas formations. Horizontal wells have unique rock mechanics and operational aspects that affect fracture creation and propagation and control fracture orientation with respect to the horizontal well. It has been well documented that fracture orientation greatly affects the productivity and well testing aspects of the fractured horizontal wells. Depending on stress orientation relative to the wellbore, the fractures may be transverse or longitudinal. This paper presents a model for fractured horizontal wells operating under constant pressure conditions. This condition is most suitable for producing tight gas reservoirs. The model considers the presence of either transverse or longitudinal fractures. In this paper, we examine the factors involved in determining the optimum number of transverse fractures for both finite and infinite reservoirs. For a group of transverse fractures, the rate distribution for each fracture is presented and analyzed. The effect of uneven fracture length is briefly presented. The performance of a longitudinal fracture is examined and compared to a fractured vertical well and a transverse-fractured horizontal well. A comparison of longitudinal versus transverse fractures from reservoir and operational points of view is presented. Also included is a short discussion of field examples. Because performance of a highly conductive longitudinal fracture is almost identical to that of a fractured vertical well, the existing solutions for fractured vertical wells may be applied to longitudinal fractures with a high degree of confidence. This approximation is valid for moderate to high dimensionless conductivity. In the case of transverse fractures, the outer fractures outperform the inner fractures. However, in most practical cases, more than two fractures are necessary to efficiently produce the reservoir. A simplified economic analysis supports this conclusion.
Space-Time Communication Protocols for N-Way Relay Networks (2008)

We address communication protocols for N-way relay networks with M antennas at the relay and a single antenna at the N source terminals. In particular, amplify-and-forward (AF), decode-and-forward (DF), and compress-and-forward (CF) strategies are extended to these networks, and in addition, two new relaying protocols, denoise-and-forward and estimate-and-forward, are proposed. In the first part of the paper, the performance of these schemes is analyzed in terms of the achievable rate region. Also, the optimal diversity-multiplexing tradeoff is derived for both AF and DF. The second part of the paper is devoted to practical space-time transmission strategies. Linear dispersion codes are used, which are optimized by maximizing the sum rate. For AF a diversity order of close to M can be achieved by using a specific space-time code construction.
Chemical origin of a graphene moiré overlayer on Ru(0001) (2008)

Epitaxial graphene on Ru(0001) was studied by means of large-scale density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results agree well with scanning tunneling microscopy experiments. In contrast to the current understanding, we show that the measured corrugation originates mainly from a geometric buckling of the graphene sheet, induced by alternating weak and strong chemical interactions with the Ru support. In the strong contact regions, charge transfer is evidenced and the opening of a considerable band gap in the graphene is found.
Delayed Hypersensitivity and Arthus Reactivity in Relation to Host Resistance in Salmonella-Infected Mice (1968)

Summary Mice vaccinated with living S. enteritidis or S. gallinarum but not with S. pullorum showed a typical delayed-type hypersensitive reaction when injected in the footpad with a protein-containing fraction obtained from cultures of the three strains. Mice immunized with killed suspensions of the three strains developed Arthus but not delayed sensitivity. The active material in the cell-free culture medium was partially purified by chromatography and high speed centrifugation. Delayed reactivity was transferable to normal mice by spleen cells but not by the serum obtained from mice vaccinated with living S. gallinarum. A close temporal relationship was formed between the development of delayed hypersensitivity and the emergence of effective antibacterial immunity. Arthus sensitivity showed no such correlation. S. pullorum whether given as a single dose of living organisms or repeatedly as daily intravenous injections, failed to induce a state of delayed hypersensitivity or any demonstrable antibacterial immunity to an intravenously-injected challenge by S. enteritidis. However, this organism contained an antigen that elicited delayed reaction in mice immunized with S. enteritidis or S. gallinarum. The significance of this observation is discussed.
Human osteoclast‐like cells in primary culture (1996)

We describe a method for the isolation and culture of osteoclast-like cells from cancellous bone chips of iliac crests from patients undergoing reconstructive maxillofacial surgery. Under aseptic conditions, bone chips were cut into small pieces, incubated briefly with collagenase, and the isolated bone cells were separated from the bone chips by filtration using a nylon mesh. Bone cells were then cultured on a variety of surfaces for up to 10 days. Cell motility and fusion, together with the development of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase activity, were seen in many cells soon after culture. The large osteoclast-like cells adhered to human cortical bone slices and produced resorption pits. These morphological and functional characteristics suggest that the cells we isolated and cultured were human osteoclasts and their precursors. Thus this method may provide a reliable means of obtaining human osteoclasts from normal tissue for short-term studies of their metabolism or from various skeletal diseases to study pathological aberrations and mechanisms. © 1996 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A High-Range-Accuracy and High-Sensitivity Harmonic Radar Using Pulse Pseudorandom Code for Bee Searching (2012)

This paper presents a 9.4/18.8-GHz harmonic radar to investigate the behavior of bees with colony collapse disorder. The challenges of using harmonic radar for bee searching include the requirements of high range accuracy and high sensitivity. A new harmonic radar using the pseudorandom code positioning technique to simultaneously achieve high range accuracy and high sensitivity is proposed. This study also proposes a new method to cancel the local leakage to further improve sensitivity. To realize the transponder, a compact antenna is designed using the topology characteristics of the composite right/left-handed transmission-line concept. The measured sensitivity of the transceiver is -120 dBm, which is 27 dB lower than the noise level. Field testing results demonstrate a 60-m detection range within 1-m distance error with 1.75-W transmitting power. The significant improvement of the sensitivity and the range accuracy reveal the advantages of applying the code-positioning technique to the harmonic radar.
Prediction of the bread wheat quality from HMW glutenins and gliadins (1987)

International audience
Progress in Studies of Novel Marine Bis(indole) Alkaloids (2004)

The marine sponges are the source of a unique group of natural products featuring a novel skeleton, the two indole rings were directed linked by a central heterocyclic moiety. Since topsentin, a bis(indolyl)imidazole, and its analogues were isolated from Topsentia genitrix about a decade ago, scientists have isolated various novel bis(indole) alkaloids from marine organisms especially from deep-water sponges in succession. Over the last 15 years there has been an ever-increasing interest in the biological activity of these molecules. These studies became possible as a result of the scientific development of isolation, purification and total synthesis methods concomitant with the development of fairly simple in vitro tests. This paper offers a general view of the recent progress in the field of novel marine bis(indole) alkaloids, including the topsentins, nortopsentins, rhopaladins, hamacanthins, and dragmacidins family natural products. It focuses on the isolation, structure determination, and total synthesis of these bioactive alkaloids. Keywords: chemistry, isolation, sponge, marine environment, anti-inflammatory activities, topsentins, synthesis
The contribution of cerebral vascular semicarbazide‐sensitive amine oxidase to cerebral amyloid angiopathy in Alzheimer's disease (2007)

Semicarbazide-sensitive amine oxidase (SSAO) catalyses the oxidative deamination of a variety of endogenous substrates, such as methylamine and aminoacetone, to produce highly reactive aldehydes, which are capable of inducing protein cross-linkage, beta amyloid (Abeta) aggregation and advanced glycation end-product formation. In the brain, SSAO is exclusively located on the blood vessels. Deposits of Abeta, the hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), are closely associated with cerebral blood vessels, that is, cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA). In the present study, we examined whether SSAO-mediated deamination contributes to CAA in AD. We employed immunohistochemistry to examine the colocalization of SSAO and Abeta in post mortem brains of AD patients. To assess the role of SSAO-mediated deamination in the deposition of Abeta on blood vessel walls, we developed an in vitro blood vessel model using sections of human umbilical cord. We found a strong expression of SSAO colocalized with Abeta deposits on the blood vessels in AD brains. We also demonstrated that SSAO-mediated deamination increases the deposition of Abeta onto blood vessel walls. Our results support the hypothesis that cerebral vascular SSAO-catalysed deamination contributes to CAA in AD brains.
The Val34Leu Polymorphism in the A Subunit of Coagulation Factor XIII Contributes to the Large Normal Range in Activity and Demonstrates That the Activation Peptide Plays a Role in Catalytic Activity (1998)

There is a wide normal range of coagulation factor XIII activity that has never been adequately explained. A polymorphism substituting leucine for valine at position 34 in the activation peptide of the A subunit of factor XIII has recently been discovered in nondeficient individuals, and the present studies indicate that the leucine substitution results in a significant increase in transglutaminase activity. The frequency of the Leu34 allele in the Australian Caucasian population is 0.27, which is high enough to suggest that the inheritance of either the Val34 or Leu34 alleles may contribute to the wide normal range of activity. Although there has been structural evidence indicating that the activation peptide does not dissociate from the enzyme after thrombin cleavage, the discovery of elevated activity resulting from the Leu34 substitution is the first direct evidence that the activation peptide plays a continuing role in the function of factor XIII. © 1998 by The American Society of Hematology.
Cavity ring-down technique for remote sensing: a proof-of-concept for displacement measurement (2016)

This work demonstrates the viability of using a cavity ring-down technique (CRD) for remote sensing. A conventional CRD configuration is used where and optical circulator is added inside the fibre loop to couple 20 km of optical fibre with a gold mirror at its end with the purpose of remote sensing. As a proof-of-concept, an intensity sensor based on an eight-figure configuration is used at the end of the 20 km of fibre for displacement sensing. In this case, a commercial OTDR is used as modulated light source to send impulses down to the fibre ring.
Transvaginal colour flow imaging: a possible new screening technique for ovarian cancer. (1989)

Transvaginal colour flow imaging may be used to identify potentially malignant ovarian masses and help elucidate the early stages of tumorigenesis. The routine application of this technique may reduce the rate of false positive results of an ultrasonography based screening procedure.
Ketotic (Idiopathic Glucagon Unresponsive) Hypoglycaemia: Diazoxide Effects (1972)

Glucagon unresponsiveness in the fasting state characterizes a variety of hypoglycaemia with infrequent episodes usually occurring in the early morning with good health between attacks. Vomiting commonly accompanies the episodes. This variety of idiopathic hypoglycaemia has been called `ketotic hypoglycaemia9, but ketonuria may be an inconsistent finding. 13 patients were compared to 8 contrast subjects with other varieties of hypoglycaemia and to 7 children without hypoglycaemia to confirm the abnormality of response to glucagon in the fasting state. 9 children were studied before and after treatment with diazoxide, 15 mg/kg per day for 3 days. 6 subjects experienced restoration of fasting glucagon response with diazoxide. The difference between responding and nonresponding subjects could either be due to variability in expression of the same metabolic defect or represent different defects in fasting energy metabolism.
Preferred SH3 Domain Partners of ADAM Metalloproteases Include Shared and ADAM-Specific SH3 Interactions (2015)

A disintegrin and metalloproteinases (ADAMs) constitute a protein family essential for extracellular signaling and regulation of cell adhesion. Catalytic activity of ADAMs and their predicted potential for Src-homology 3 (SH3) domain binding show a strong correlation. Here we present a comprehensive characterization of SH3 binding capacity and preferences of the catalytically active ADAMs 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 17, and 19. Our results revealed several novel interactions, and also confirmed many previously reported ones. Many of the identified SH3 interaction partners were shared by several ADAMs, whereas some were ADAM-specific. Most of the ADAM-interacting SH3 proteins were adapter proteins or kinases, typically associated with sorting and endocytosis. Novel SH3 interactions revealed in this study include TOCA1 and CIP4 as preferred partners of ADAM8, and RIMBP1 as a partner of ADAM19. Our results suggest that common as well as distinct mechanisms are involved in regulation and execution of ADAM signaling, and provide a useful framework for addressing the pathways that connect ADAMs to normal and aberrant cell behavior.
Digital microscopy using phase-shifting digital holography with two reference waves (2004)

A lensless, coherent optical microscope is described that uses a version of phase-shifting digital holography (PSDH) in conjunction with a field backpropagation algorithm to form coherent images of transmission-type objects. The PSDH is implemented by use of only two reference waves, in contrast with the usual implementation that requires four quadrature phase-shifting reference waves. Therefore only two digital holograms need to be recorded, and the complexity of the microscopic system is reduced. Experimental results are presented that compare images generated from conventional Gabor digital holography, two-reference-wave PSDH, and conventional white-light microscopy.
Isolation of a conserved sequence deleted in Duchenne muscular dystrophy patients (1987)

We have isolated a DNA sequence (HIP25) by subtraction- hybridisation which is deleted in a number of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients. HIP25 is conserved in evolution and hybridises to human fetal and adult muscle mRNA. HIP25 is absent in human fetal fibroblast mRNA. Physical mapping data localise this sequence within Xp21 between the breakpoints of X;autosome translocations found in two females suffering from the disease. HIP25 is a candidate exon sequence for the basic defect in DMD boys deleted at this locus.
A Low Complexity Blind Estimator of Narrowband Polynomial Phase Signals (2010)

Consider the problem of estimating the parameters of multiple polynomial phase signals observed by a sensor array. In practice, it is difficult to maintain a precisely calibrated array. The array manifold is then assumed to be unknown, and the estimation is referred to as blind estimation. To date, only an approximated maximum likelihood estimator (AMLE) was suggested for blindly estimating the polynomial coefficients of each signal. However, this estimator requires a multidimensional search over the entire coefficient space. Instead, we propose an estimation approach which is based on two steps. First, the signals are separated using a blind source separation technique, which exploits the constant modulus property of the signals. Then, the coefficients of each polynomial are estimated using a least squares method applied to the unwrapped phase of the estimated signal. This estimator does not involve any search in the coefficient spaces. The computational complexity of the proposed estimator increases linearly with respect to the polynomial order, whereas that of the AMLE increases exponentially. Simulation results show that the proposed estimator achieves the Cramér-Rao lower bound at moderate or high signal to noise ratio.
Atrial Linear Ablations in Pigs (1999)

Long linear atrial ablation, created by sequential RF applications (using unipolar amplitude attenuation as the end point for energy delivery), results in long-term continuous and transmural lesions. Lesion continuity is associated with evidence of conduction block in the 3D activation maps and the presence of double potentials and low electrogram amplitude along the lesion.
Theory of Coincidence Counts and Simple Practical Methods of Coincidence Count Correction for Optical and Resistive Pulse Particle Counters (1972)

The exact equation for primary coincidence count correction is derived, and it is shown that secondary coincidence correction can be calculated with an accuracy depending only on statistical counting errors. A coincidence correction equation is developed in the form of a series of unknown terms, but of known structure. The unknown terms can be eliminated by solving simultaneous equations obtained by counts after dilution of the gas or liquid sample containing particles in suspension, or by counts on the undiluted fluid by varying the size of the instrument sensing volume. These methods suggest useful improvements in the construction and use of particle counters.
NAS-wide simulation and passenger itinerary performance: Implications for NextGen benefits analysis (2011)

NAS-wide simulations are one of the methods used to estimate annual system-wide benefits for Air Traffic Control modernization concepts-of-operations and technologies (e.g. NextGen/SESAR). These tools simulate the operation of up to 60,000 flights per day in various combinations of demand (i.e. flights) and capacity (i.e. airport and airspace capacity). The main input to the simulation is a schedule of flights (not a schedule of passenger itineraries). As a result, estimates of passenger delays assume all passengers are on direct itineraries only, and the impact of cancelled flights, missed connection, and airline network effects are not considered. This paper describes the results of an aggregate model of the operation of a hub-and-spoke network that takes into account passenger itineraries (i.e. direct and connecting) and a ll forms of itinerary disruptions (i.e. delayed flights, cancelled flights and missed connections). This model shows that the reduction in lost economic productivity generated from NAS-wide simulations is under-reported, as passenger trip delays due to delayed flights only account for approximately 40% of the total passenger trip delays. Furthermore, the model identifies the significant roles played by factors other than flight performance, such as airline itinerary structure, airline fleet mix (i.e. aircraft size), load factors and airline hub banking structure, on total passenger trip delay. For example, a 7-10% increase in load-factor can nullify the reduction in total passenger trip delay gained by a 5% improvement in on-time performance achieved by NextGen. The implications of these results on NextGen benefits assessments through NAS-wide simulation are discussed.
Analysis of short time-space range seismicity patterns in Italy (1997)

In our paper we analyze the data base obtained from the observations of the Italian Seismological Network from 1975 to 1994 by using a simple algotithm to determine the rate of occurrence of seismic events condi- tioned by the occurrence of previous events after a period of quiescence. The number of observed pairs of earthquakes depends on several parameters: the magnitude threshold of the two events, the spatial and tempo- ral ranges of the quiescence period preceding the first (non aftershock) event, the time elapsed between the first and the second events and the spatial dimension of the alarm area. The Akaike information criterion was adopted to assess the optimal set of space-time parameters used in the definition of non-aftershock (events not related to a stronger previous one). In Central Italy, the rate of M ³3.8 earthquakes preceded by at least one M ~ 3.3 foreshock within 14.1 km and 2 days is 30%, while the rate of M ~ 3.3 earthquakes followed by a M ~ 3.8 mainshock in the same space time range is 7%. We observed that the probability that an earthquake of magnitude MI will be followed by an earthquake of magnitude M2 (success rate) fits the law log À = a+b (Mi -M2) with b approximately equal to l. By computing the success rate for given values of magnitude threshold of the first and the second events over a dense grid of spatial coordinates, we obtained maps of this feature over the investigated area. The results of this process document variations larger than a factor of five in the success rate over the Italian territory.
Etched fibers as strain gauges (1992)

A class of optical fiber intensity sensors that do not require the use of external structures to impose perturbations on fibers is presented. The topological structures are formed directly onto the fiber cladding. The geometry of the features is defined photolithographically and the structures are formed by chemical etching. The etched fiber sensing elements have been fabricated and tested as strain sensors. Depending on the amount of the cladding material removed and the symmetry of the etched structure, the measured gauge factor of the etched fiber strain sensors may be larger than 100. The responses of the optical fiber strain gauges are linear, repeatable, have a high cyclic endurance and no measurable hysteresis. These sensors can be used to monitor a strain as large as 0.4%.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>