gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ionized physical vapor deposition of integrated circuit interconnects (1998)

Interconnects, once the technological backwater of integrated circuit technology, now dominate integrated circuit cost and performance. As much as 90 percent of the signal delay time in future integrated circuit designs will be due to the interconnection of semiconductor devices while the remaining 10 percent is due to transistor-related delay. This shifts the thrust of critical research toward an improved understanding of interconnect science and technology. Shrinking circuit geometries will require high aspect ratio (AR) vias to interconnect adjacent metal layers. By the year 2007 it is predicted that logic circuits will use 6 to 7 interconnected metal layers with via ARs of 5.2:1. Memory will need fewer layers, but ARs as high as 9:1. In this paper, the demands of interconnect technology will be reviewed and the opportunities for plasma-based deposition of vias will be discussed. One promising new method of fabricating high-aspect ratio vias is ionized physical vapor deposition (I-PVD). The technique economically creates a unidirectional flux of metal which is uniform over 200–300 mm diameter wafers. Since metal ejected by conventional sputtering is primarily neutral and exhibits a cosine angular velocity distribution, sputtered metal atoms do not reach the bottom of high AR vias. By sputtering these atoms into a moderate pressure (4 Pa), high-density Ar plasma, however, the metal atoms are first thermalized and then ionized. The ions are then readily collimated by the plasma sheath and directionally deposited into narrow, deep via structures. Experiments have consistently shown that over 80% of the metal species are ionized using I-PVD. The physical mechanisms responsible for ionization will be discussed from both an experimental and modeling perspective and the spatial variation of metal ionization is experimentally determined.
Retiming sequential circuits for low power (1993)

Switching activity is the primary cause of power dissipation in CMOS combinational and sequential circuits. We give a method of estimating power in pipelined sequential CMOS circuits that accurately models the correlation between the vectors applied to the combinational logic of the circuit. We explore the implications of the observation that the switching activity at flip-flop outputs in a synchronous sequential circuit can be significantly less than the activity at the flip-flop inputs. We present a retiming method that targets the power dissipation of a sequential circuit.
CAROM: a solid-state replacement for the CD-ROM (2002)

A new Autosophy information theory stores information as tips or address tokens in a mathematical hyperspace. Very high data compression results because the more information already stored, the less memory space required to store additional information. The new Content Addressable Read Only Memory (CAROM) is being developed with help from the U.S. Army to provide mass storage under severe conditions, and as the memory for a future brain-like Autosopher, the same device can be used as a Random Addressable Memory or as a Content Addressable Memory. The device consists of very thin metal or plastic foils folded or rolled into very compact arrays. The circuits consist of thin film amorphous silicon transistors and diodes interconnected by thin printed wiring. Data is stored by blowing thin film fuses on the foil.
Printing 3D Gel Polymer Electrolyte in Lithium-Ion Microbattery Using Stereolithography (2017)

Here we demonstrate the use of projection stereo-micro-lithography as a low-cost and high-throughput method to fabricate three dimensional (3D) microbattery. An Ultraviolet (UV)-curable Poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG)-base gel polymer electrolyte (GPE) is first created. The GPE is then used as a resin for micro-stereolithography in order to build a 3D architecture of battery's electrolyte. Active materials, LiFePO4 (LFP) and Li4Ti5O12 (LTO), are mixed with carbon black and the GPE resin, which is then flown into the 3D structure. Aluminum (Al) foil is cut and inserted as a current collector. The GPE is characterized and the microbattery is performed a cycling test. Results show a feasibility of microbattery fabrication using projection micro-stereolithography.
Clinical spectrum of neurological herpes simplex infection (1993)

All cases of neurological infections virologically verified as due to herpes simplex virus (HSV) during a 2-year period in the Helsinki University Hospital area were studied. Altogether 10 cases were divided clinically into two forms: encephalitis 5 cases, polyradiculomyelitis, meningitis and miscellaneous 5 cases. All the cases of encephalitis were treated with acyclovir. None of the severe cases of herpes radiculomyelitis received this drug, because of lack of a rapid virological diagnosis. Besides encephalitis HSV was associated with other types of severe diseases and those need attention for proper therapy.
Renal denervation for treatment-resistant hypertension (2012)

from the Symplicity HTN-1 and HTN-2 trials have demonstrated evidence that suggests RSD can safely reduce blood pressure in patients with this condition. More research is needed to verify these data, clarify unanswered questions and assess future applications of RSD. This review provides a detailed overview on the history of hypertension, treatment-resistant hypertension, the rationale behind RSD, current evidence and potential future applications of RSD. An overview of current and upcoming RSD devices is also included.
Real-time audio error concealment method based on sinusoidal model (2008)

This paper proposes a sinusoidal model based on modified sinusoidal analysis and synthesis for the error concealment of lost frames. The parameters of the sinusoidal model are adjusted according to the property of the audio signals. It is applied to MPEG-2 AAC decoder for an error concealment of decoder based only. An analysis and synthesis of the windowed previous frame of the lost one and the residual samples are used to synthesize a new frame. Then overlap-add mechanism between the synthesized frame and the residual samples is applied to reconstruct the lost frame. This method can provide an audio quality with 1.3 average ODG score improvement under the loss rate of frame up to 10% without increasing the algorithm delay of the AAC decoding system. It is implemented on fixed-point DSPs, and the computational complexity is comparative to the optimized version of the decoder.
A self-timed redundant-binary number to binary number converter for digital arithmetic processors (2002)

This paper presents a self-timed converter circuit which converts an n-digit redundant binary number to an (n+1)-bit binary number. Self-timed refers to the fact that the conversion is problem-dependent and requires variable conversion time to complete the operation. The propagation delay of the proposed converter circuit does not increase with the number of digits to be converted, but it is determined by the maximum number of consecutive 0's in that number. This study shows that the statistical upper bound of the average maximum number of consecutive 0's is log/sub 3/n, or 3.78 for 64-digits. This implies that the proposed self-time circuit can be approximately 17 times faster than the ripple-type converter. Thus the proposed converter is well-suited to high-speed, long-word digital arithmetic processors.
The influence of parallel hybrid vehicle on synchronizer performance (2011)

Compared with conventional vehicle, axis-fixed gear parallel hybrid vehicle adds a motor which is usually installed between clutch and transmission. This will lead to increase transmission the input shaft inertia, synchronization inertia, speed, and rotor speed difference, which will make the conventional synchronizer difficult to meet the synchronization requires of the hybrid vehicle. This paper builds a mathematical model of synchronous process based on the actual working conditions of synchronizer and then analyses it in detail. Its focus is the influence of the increased synchronization inertia on synchronization time and heat capacity. In order to improve the gear-shift quality, some optimization measures aiming at synchronizer structure, lubrication, friction material, and active synchronization control are proposed in this paper. It does some forward-looking work for the synchronizer design of hybrid vehicle.
Carbon Nanotube Deformation and Collapse under Metal Contacts (2014)

In carbon nanotube transistors, typically part of the nanotube is covered by a metal contact. This covered region plays an important role due to the significant electron transfer length. Here we predict that capillary and van der Waals forces cause the nanotube to deform or even collapse under the metal. Nanotubes are known to collapse when their diameters are above some critical value around 4 nm. Under the metal, we find that spontaneous collapse occurs for diameters down to ∼ 1.5-1.6 nm, close to the range used in high-performance transistors. Even at smaller diameters, we find surprisingly large deformations that could significantly affect the electronic structure.
Fluorescent Antibody Studies in Experimental Lens-Induced Granulomatous Endophthalmitis (1977)

Lens-induced granulomatous endophthalmitis is an experimental disease that is virtually identical to the human disease known as phakoanaphylactic endophthalmitis. The disease appears to be an immune complex disease. The present study demonstrates that the lenses of animals previously sensitized to lens antigens bind IgG and complement as would be expected in immune complex disease.
System-Level Design Methodology for Embedded Signal Processors (1997)

This project focuses on design methodology for complex real-time systems in which a variety of design methodologies and implementation technologies must be combined. Design methodologies are encapsulated in models of computation, whereas implementation technologies are implemented as synthesis tools. Applications that use more than one model of computation and/or more than one synthesis tool are heterogeneous. Hardware/software codesign is one example of heterogeneous design. 2. Technical Approach The key idea in the Ptolemy project is to mix models of computation, implementation languages, and design styles, rather than trying to develop one all-encompassing technique. The rationale is that specialized design techniques are (1) more useful to the system-level designer and (2) more amenable to high-quality high-level synthesis of hardware and software. 3. Technical Contributions We support heterogeneity by defining formal models of computation such as dataflow and finite-state machines at arbitrary levels of granularity, hierarchical mechanisms to compose models into complex systems, and algorithms to synthesize systems in hardware and software. We address: • Algorithm Specification: graphical/algebraic specification [1]; algorithm restructuring [1]
Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy Adaptive Planning for Patients with Oropharyngeal Cancer (2017)

Verification and adaptive planning should be recommended during the course of proton therapy for patients with head and neck cancer to ensure adequate dose deliveries to the planned CTVs, while safe doses to OARs can be respected.
Characterization of a novel monoclonal antibody (V58A4) raised against a recombinant NH<sub>2</sub>‐terminal heparin‐binding fragment of human endothelial cell thrombospondin (1994)

We report herein the characterization of a mouse monoclonal antibody (Mab) raised against the recombinant NH2-terminal heparin-binding domain (rHBD) of human endothelial cell thrombospondin (TSP). The antibody, a IgG1 (kappa), hereafter referred to as V58A4, reacted with two rHBD, TSPN18 and TSPN28 (i.e. 18 kDa and 28 kDa, respectively) with an affinity constant of 1.33 x 10(-8) M. However, V58A4 failed to recognize native or deglycosylated forms of TSP purified from platelets or endothelial cells, as well as a 25-30 kDa HBD fragment produced by limited proteolysis of native TSP. In contrast, Mab V58A4 was shown to react with larger HBD fragments (50-60 kDa) that were present in platelet or endothelial cell extracts and could be retained on a heparin-Sepharose column at low salt concentrations. These fragments also reacted with MA-II, a mouse Mab (IgG1), which recognizes both rHBD and HBD as well as intact TSP. Thus, V58A4 Mab appears to selectively recognize naturally occurring HBD fragments of TSP and may thus prove to be useful for detecting TSP proteolysis in situ under various physiopathological conditions.
Foveated video quality assessment (2002)

Most image and video compression algorithms that have been proposed to improve picture quality relative to compression efficiency have either been designed based on objective criteria such as signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) or have been evaluated, post-design, against competing methods using an objective sample measure. However, existing quantitative design criteria and numerical measurements of image and video quality both fail to adequately capture those attributes deemed important by the human visual system, except, perhaps, at very low error rates. We present a framework for assessing the quality of and determining the efficiency of foveated and compressed images and video streams. Image foveation is a process of nonuniform sampling that accords with the acquisition of visual information at the human retina. Foveated image/video compression algorithms seek to exploit this reduction of sensed information by nonuniformly reducing the resolution of the visual data. We develop unique algorithms for assessing the quality of foveated image/video data using a model of human visual response. We demonstrate these concepts on foveated, compressed video streams using modified (foveated) versions of H.263 that are standard-compliant. We rind that quality vs. compression is enhanced considerably by the foveation approach.
The Phosphonitrilic Isothiocyanates (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Phosphonitrilic IsothiocyanatesG. Tesi, R. J. A. Otto, F. G. Sherif, and L. F. AudriethCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 3, 528–530Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01488a007https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01488a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views82Altmetric-Citations25LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Thermo‐optical and differential scanning calorimetric observations of mobility transitions in polystyrene‐poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) blends (1972)

Abstract Transition temperatures by thermo‐optical analysis (TOA) and by DSC were measured on films of polystyrene (PS), poly(2,6‐dimethyl‐1,4‐phenylene oxide) (PPO resin) and nine homogeneous blends of these polymers. The TOA procedure consists of automatically monitoring light transmission through birefringent scratches in a film during heating at constant rate in a microscope hot stage between crossed (90°) plane polarizers. The T TOA transition temperature, defined as the temperature of birefringence disappearance in the scratches, increased monotonically from 113°C for pure PS to 222°C for pure PPO resin at a 10°/min heating rate. The T g (DSC) similarly ranged from 99°C to 212°C at a 20°/min heating rate. The TOA technique as described should be a useful addition to thermomechanical studies of transparent polymers and polymer blends.
Computer-Aided Tuning of Microwave Filters (2005)

LCX synthesis and pattern search optimisation techniques are used to construct a very effective algorithm for computer aided tuning of microwave filters. Intercavity couplings and resonator detunings of the short-circuited network under test are worked out from the measurement of the phase of the reflection coefficient. The technique proves to be successful in tuning a 6-pole filter having both elliptic attenuation peaks and group delay equalisation and looks very promising for properly aligning channel filters of manifold multiplexers.
Novel Fluorinated Prodrugs for Activation by Carboxypeptidase G2 Showing Good in Vivo Antitumor Activity in Gene-Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy (2005)

Sixteen novel polyfluorinated benzoic acid mustards have been synthesized for use in gene-directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT). Eight of these were benzoic acid L-glutamate mustards for evaluation as prodrugs and the other eight were the active drugs formed by the action of the bacterial enzyme carboxypeptidase G2 (CPG2). All of the di- and trifluorinated prodrugs were efficiently cleaved by the enzyme. In contrast, the tetrafluorinated prodrugs were found to be competitive inhibitors of CPG2, the first such inhibitors to have been described. The di- and trifluorinated prodrugs were differentially cytotoxic to human breast carcinoma cells (MDA MB 361) expressing CPG2, compared to control cells that did not express the enzyme. The difluorinated prodrug {4-[bis(2-bromoethyl)amino]-3,5-difluorobenzoyl}-L-glutamic acid and its iodoethylamino analogue were effective substrates for the enzyme and showed excellent therapeutic activity in CPG2-expressing MDA MB 361 xenografts, either curing or greatly inhibiting tumor growth and extending the life of the animals.
Cheap electricity from French tides: The sea has demonstrated both friendly and adverse effects during the 14-year history of the Saint Malo plant (1980)

Presents an overview of the Saint Mao tidal power electricity generating plant giving technical details of construction and operation. Operational experience over the last fourteen years is also presented.
Changes in intracellular calcium during mechanical alternans in isolated ferret ventricular muscle. (1990)

Alternans in heart is important as pulsus alternans in cardiac failure and electrophysiological alternans in myocardial ischemia. The explanation of this phenomenon is still unclear. We attempted to investigate the cellular mechanisms of alternans by measuring intracellular free calcium concentration [( Ca2+]i) with the photoprotein aequorin in isolated ferret papillary muscles. Tension and length were also recorded simultaneously. Transient mechanical alternans lasting five to 20 contractions could be reliably induced in this preparation by following a 30-second rest period with stimulation at a fast rate (2-4 Hz). Production of sustained mechanical alternans, which lasted longer than 20 contractions and could persist for several hundred contractions, required additional interventions, consisting of a lower temperature (25 degrees C), a lower external calcium concentration (1 mM), and a lower pH (6.91) than control conditions (0.33-0.5 Hz, 30 degrees C, 2 mM Ca2+, pH 7.36). Transient mechanical alternans was associated with transient in-phase alternation of aequorin light and, hence, [Ca2+]i. Sustained mechanical alternans was associated with sustained in-phase alternation of aequorin light as well as incomplete relaxation of tension. However, when muscles were switched from isometric to unloaded isotonic contraction, relaxation between stimuli was complete but contraction and the aequorin light signal continued to alternate. The addition of 10 mM caffeine or 10 microns ryanodine abolished transient and sustained mechanical alternans and also abolished the associated alternation of aequorin light. Commensurate with the action of ryanodine, which allows the sarcoplasmic reticulum to reaccumulate calcium to a limited extent after a period of rapid stimulation, sustained mechanical alternans sometimes reappeared in an attenuated form 30 to 50 contractions after the addition of ryanodine. These results demonstrate that incomplete muscle relaxation between beats need not be present for alternans to occur, and support the hypothesis that alternans is caused by intracellular calcium cycling involving the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
Soluble CD163, a Novel Marker of Activated Macrophages, Is Elevated and Associated With Noncalcified Coronary Plaque in HIV-Infected Patients (2011)

NCT00455793.
Deflazacort modulates the fibrinolytic pattern and reduces uPA-dependent chemioinvasion and proliferation in rheumatoid arthritis synoviocytes (2005)

Deflazacort might control RA synovial proliferation and invasion by differential modulation of single members of the fibrinolytic system.
Monolithic integration of HEMTs and HBTs on an InP substrate and its application to OEICs (2003)

Summary form only given. The first realization of the integration of HEMTs (high electron mobility transistors) and HBTs (heterojunction bipolar transistors) on an InP substrate is reported. Furthermore, the application of this technology to a receiver OEIC (optoelectronic integrated circuit) is demonstrated by integrating these devices monolithically with a p-i-n photodiode to form an OEIC comprising these three diverse components. This complex integration was made possible using the selective regrowth capabilities of OMCVD (organometallic chemical vapor deposition). The schematic cross section of a receiver OEIC thus obtained is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Activation of protein kinase C differentially modulates neuronal Na+, Ca2+, and gamma-aminobutyrate type A channels. (1988)

Xenopus oocytes were used to study the interaction of neuronal quisqualate receptors with neuronal ion channels. Total mRNA was isolated from chick forebrain and injected into Xenopus oocytes. This technique led to the expression of functional voltage-gated Na+ and Ca2+ channels, of ligand-gated gamma-aminobutyrate and kainate receptor channels, and of quisqualate receptors that could activate endogenous chloride channels by means of inositol trisphosphate-mediated Ca2+ release. Exposure of the oocytes to quisqualate decreased the amplitude of the Na+ current and of the gamma-aminobutyrate type A-gated current and increased the amplitude of the Ba2+ current through Ca2+ channels. This modulation of neuronal ion channels by quisqualate could be mimicked by the protein kinase C activator phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and the diacylglycerol analogue 1,2-oleoylacetylglycerol. The kainate-gated channel was not affected by these agents. Phorbol esters that do not activate protein kinase C, alpha-phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate and alpha-phorbol, were without effect. The inhibitor of protein kinase C, tamoxifen, prevented the modulatory effects of phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate. The present evidence suggests that the activity of the neuronal Na+ and Ca2+ channels and the ligand-gated gamma-aminobutyrate type A receptor channel are under the control of protein kinase C and that neurotransmitters that activate protein kinase C could profoundly affect neuronal signaling.