gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Surface Initiated Diblock Copolymer Brushes from Flat Silicon Substrates Utilizing the RAFT Polymerization Technique (2007)

The synthesis of a variety of well-defined diblock copolymer brushes, including poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)-b-poly(2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA), PMMA-b-poly(styrene) (PSty), and PSty-b-poly(methyl acrylate), was achieved via surface immobilized reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization. Initially, silicon surfaces were modified with RAFT chain transfer agents (CTAs) by utilizing a modified atom transfer addition reaction involving a silicon wafer modified with (11-(2-bromo-2-methyl)propionyloxy)undecyltrichlorosilane and dithiobenzoyl disulfide. Diblock copolymer brushes were then prepared via sequential surface initiated RAFT polymerization from the immobilized CTA. Various characterization techniques including ellipsometry, contact angle measurements, grazing angle attenuated total reflectance−Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy were used to characterize the immobilization of CTAs on the silicon wafer and the subsequent polymer formation. The addition of free CTA was required for the formation of well-defined diblock copolymer brushes, which subsequently resulted in the presence of free polymer chains in solution. The free polymer chains were isolated and used to estimate the molecular weights and polydispersity index of chains attached to the surface.
Cellulysin from the plant parasitic fungus <i>Trichoderma viride</i> elicits volatile biosynthesis in higher plants via the octadecanoid signalling cascade (1997)

Cellulysin, a crude cellulase from the plant parasitic fungus Trichoderma viride, induces the biosynthesis of volatiles in higher plants (Nicotiana plumbaginifolia, Phaseolus lunatus, and Zea mays) when applied to cut petioles by the transpiration stream. The pattern of the emitted volatiles largely resembles that from a herbivore damage or treatment of the plants with jasmonic acid (JA) indicating that cellulysin acts via activation of the octadecanoid signalling pathway. The treatment with cellulysin raises the level of endogenous JA after 30 min and is followed by a transient emission of ethylene after 2-3 h. Volatile production becomes significant after 12-24 h. Inhibitors of the JA pathway effectively block the cellulysin-dependent volatile biosynthesis.
Reading the diaries of Japanese conscripts: forging national consciousness during the Russo-Japanese war (2006)

Nationalisms in Japan brings together leading specialists in the field to discuss how notions of nationalism in modern Japan impinges on all aspects of social, political and cultural understanding of the Japanese nation or the Japanese state. This book is clearly presented and jargon-free, and encompasses a chronological period of roughly two hundred years, beginning with a discussion of some of the early Japanese national thinkers of the Mito School, and ending with a contemporary discussion of the official visits made by Prime Minister Koizumi Junichiro to the highly controversial Yasukuni Shrine. This wide chronological period allows for important observations about the evolution of nationalism, suggesting that Japan actually houses multiple nationalisms.

Presenting new insights and understanding, this is a valuable addition to those working on modern Japan and nationalism.

(Description of book taken from publisher's website: http://www.routledge.com/books/Nationalisms-in-Japan-isbn9780415400534)
Ribavirin (1987)

Immunization has proved to be the most effective way of controlling viral diseases, and the development of antiviral drugs has lagged behind the development of antibacterial agents. Many of the early antiviral agents were DNA nucleoside analogs such as idoxuridine, cytarabine, and vidarabine, which competitively inhibited replication of DNA viruses, especially herpes viruses. An important advance was the deliberate synthesis of a purine nucleoside analog, acyclovir, which is only active following phosphorylation, which is carried out selectively by virus-coded thymidine kinase. Acyclovir is active against some herpesviruses, particularly herpes simplex virus, but not against RNA viruses, and appears to have low toxicity because of the low level of phosphorylation by host cell thymidine kinase.
The Formation of the Chalazae and Inner Thin White in the Hen’s Egg (1938)

THERE has been a widespread belief that the chalazae and the chalaziferous layer of white surrounding the yolk of the hen’s egg are deposited before the remainder of the egg white. It was thought that a specific secretory mechanism was responsible for this chalaziferous material (Richardson, 1936). Hansen (1933) pointed out that the white is secreted in the magnum (albumen secreting portion of the oviduct) as an apparently homogeneous gel. He found that the chalazae are not visible until the egg has been in the uterus for some time, and from this concluded that the chalazae are formed in the uterus. The present authors have confirmed this observation, and the facts here presented indicate that the chalazae and inner thin white develop simultaneously from this gel by a mechanical segregation of its mucin fibers while the egg is in the uterus. McNally (1933) found that the combined thin fractions of . . .
Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate in Patients with HIV and Lamivudine-Resistant Hepatitis B Virus (2003)

to the editor: In their article comparing prostatectomy with watchful waiting, Holmberg et al. (Sept. 12 issue) 1 present their analysis according to the intention-to-treat principle, but the true treatment effect might be larger than that observed because of noncompliance with the protocol. 2 Presentation of information on the outcome in the participants who did not comply with the protocol and an additional per-protocol analysis could give more insight into the real treatment effect.
Direct observation of subpicosecond single-flux-quantum generation in pulse-driven Y–Ba–Cu–O Josephson junctions (2000)

We report our time-resolved measurements of switching dynamics of grain-boundary, 5-μm-wide Y–Ba–Cu–O (YBCO) Josephson junctions, excited by 2-ps-wide electrical pulses optically generated by a voltage-biased, 5-μm-wide, 10-μm-long YBCO microbridge. The time-resolved transients were recorded at 20 K using a subpicosecond cryogenic electro-optic sampling system. The intrinsic junction response was separated from the circuit-related feedthrough, and we observed both experimentally and in numerical simulations a 0.8-ps-wide, single-flux-quantum (SFQ) pulse, generated by the switching of the junction with the IcRn product equal to ∼2 mV. At the same time, the measured turn-on delay time was almost three times shorter than that obtained from simulations, questioning applicability of the resistively shunted tunnel junction model to nonhysteretic, high-temperature superconducting weak links. Our test structure's power consumption associated with the single SFQ pulse generation was ∼0.1 μW, leading to a (switching time)×(dissipated power) product equal to 0.08 aJ.
Short-term change detection for UAV video (2012)

In the last years, there has been an increased use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) for video reconnaissance and surveillance. An important application in this context is change detection in UAV video data. Here we address short-term change detection, in which the time between observations ranges from several minutes to a few hours. We distinguish this task from video motion detection (shorter time scale) and from long-term change detection, based on time series of still images taken between several days, weeks, or even years. Examples for relevant changes we are looking for are recently parked or moved vehicles. As a pre-requisite, a precise image-to-image registration is needed. Images are selected on the basis of the geo-coordinates of the sensor’s footprint and with respect to a certain minimal overlap. The automatic imagebased fine-registration adjusts the image pair to a common geometry by using a robust matching approach to handle outliers. The change detection algorithm has to distinguish between relevant and non-relevant changes. Examples for non-relevant changes are stereo disparity at 3D structures of the scene, changed length of shadows, and compression or transmission artifacts. To detect changes in image pairs we analyzed image differencing, local image correlation, and a transformation-based approach (multivariate alteration detection). As input we used color and gradient magnitude images. To cope with local misalignment of image structures we extended the approaches by a local neighborhood search. The algorithms are applied to several examples covering both urban and rural scenes. The local neighborhood search in combination with intensity and gradient magnitude differencing clearly improved the results. Extended image differencing performed better than both the correlation based approach and the multivariate alternation detection. The algorithms are adapted to be used in semi-automatic workflows for the ABUL video exploitation system of Fraunhofer IOSB, see Heinze et. al. 2010.<sup>1</sup> In a further step we plan to incorporate more information from the video sequences to the change detection input images, e.g., by image enhancement or by along-track stereo which are available in the ABUL system.
Immobilization of Chiral Ligands on Polymer Fibers by Electron Beam Induced Grafting and Applications in Enantioselective Catalysis (2001)

[reaction: see text] Styrenic TADDOL and L-prolinol-derived monomers were immobilized on polyethylene fibers by electron beam induced preirradiation grafting using styrene as comonomer. The polymer-supported chiral ligands were utilized as catalysts in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. Fiber-bound titanium TADDOLate gave a quantitative conversion of benzaldehyde to 1-phenylpropan-1-ol in a 97:3 S/R enantiomeric ratio. The catalyst was successfully regenerated and employed in subsequent reactions with retention of high enantioselectivities.
[The advantages of bovine jugular vein tanned with hydrophilia crosslinking agent]. (2004)

The bovine jugular veins were divided into two groups and treated with 4% EX-313 and 0.5% glutaraldehyde respectively, and then they were examined with naked-eye, microscope and scanning electron microscope. Biomechnics test and dorsal implantation in rats were performed. The aquired data were processed and subjected to t-test. The EX-313 fixed material was more pliable than the glutaraldehyde treated material, and the former had higher anticalcification than the latter. In conclusion, the hydrophilia crosslinking agent EX-313 is superior to glutaraldehyde in treating biomaterials, and the bovine jugular vein tanned with EX-313 should be a promising material for repairing in cardiovascular surgery.
Natural Thermotropic Materials For Solar Switching Glazing (2001)

Thermotropic polymer materials will permit new possibilities for the development of intelligent sun protection glazing. In comparison to synthetic polymer systems biopolymers offer substantial benefits. These are e.g. their good availability and environmental compatibility, but also their favourable price. This clarifies a price comparison for some well tested thermotropic polymer systems presented in this paper. New investigations on the thermotropic behaviour of hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) are reported. The changing material characteristics arising from the combination of HPC with hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) and gellan gum are explained in detail. Natürliche thermotrope Materialien für solargeschaltete Blendschutzverglasungen Thermotrope polymere Materialien bieten künftige Möglichkeiten für die Entwicklung von Sonnenschutz-Verglasungen. Im Vergleich zu synthetischen Polymersystemen besitzen Biopolymere Vorteile. Diese sind z. B. ihre gute Verfügbarkeit und Umweltverträglichkeit, aber auch der günstige Preis. Ein Preisvergleich für einige gut untersuchte thermotrope Polymersysteme wird in diesem Aufsatz dargestellt. Des weiteren wird über Untersuchungen zum thermotropen Verhalten von Hydroxypropylcellulose (HPC) berichtet. Die sich ändernden Materialeigenschaften, die durch die Kombination von HPC mit Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) und mit Gellan Gum entstehen, werden detailliert erläutert.
“Molecular Basket” Sorbents for Separation of CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub>S from Various Gas Streams (2009)

A new generation of "molecular basket" sorbents (MBS) has been developed by the optimum combination of the nanoporous material and CO(2)/H(2)S-philic polymer sorbent to increase the accessible sorption sites for CO(2) capture from flue gas (Postdecarbonization), and for CO(2) and H(2)S separation from the reduced gases, such as synthesis gas, reformate (Predecarbonization), natural gas, coal/biomass gasification gas, and biogas. The sorption capacity of 140 mg of CO(2)/g of sorb was achieved at 15 kPa CO(2) partial pressure, which shows superior performance in comparison with other known sorbents. In addition, an exceptional dependence of MBS sorption performance on temperature for CO(2) and H(2)S was found and discussed at a molecular level via the computational chemistry approach. On the basis of the fundamental understanding of MBS sorption characteristics, an innovative sorption process was proposed and demonstrated at the laboratory scale for removing and recovering CO(2) and H(2)S, respectively, from a model gas. The present study provides a new approach for development of the novel CO(2)/H(2)S sorbents and may have a major impact on the advance of science and technology for CO(2)/H(2)S capture and separation from various gases.
BIOSYNTHESIS OF MUSTARD OIL GLUCOSIDES: IV. THE ADMINISTRATION OF METHIONINE-C14 AND RELATED COMPOUNDS TO HORSERADISH (1964)

The administration of C 14 -labelled compounds to horseradish (Armoracia lapathifolia Gilib.) demonstrated that both methionine and acetate were efficiently incorporated into the aglycone (allyl isothiocyanate) of sinigrin. Chemical degradation of the aglycone showed that the methyl group of acetate appeared in the "isothiocyanate carbon" and that carbons 2, 3, and 4 of methionine were incorporated into carbons 2, 3, and 4 respectively of the aglycone with very little randomization. Homocysteine was the only other compound that was incorporated into the aglycone. Other degradation products of methionine did not appear to be incorporated into allyl isothiocyanate.
Metabolism of Ecdysteroids During the Embryogenesis of<i>Manduca Sexta</i> (1986)

Abstract The combination of ion suppression, reverse phase high pressure liquid chromatography (IS-RPHPLC) and radioimmunoassay (RIA) employing two relatively non-specific, complimentary antisera was used to identify and quantify ecdysteroids of divergent polarities during embryogenesis of the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta. Newly layed eggs (0–1 hr) contained high levels (>30 μg/g) of a maternally derived, polar conjugate of 26-hydroxy-ecdysone (26E) but less than 0.6 and 0.2 μg/g of the polar conjugates of ecdysone (E) and 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E), respectively. The only free ecdysteroid detected was 26E (0.4 μg/g). Between 4 and 12 hr after oviposition, marked deconjugation activity occurred as titers of free 26E increased to 14 μg/g while levels of conjugated 26E fell to 19 μg/g. By this time there were only negligible levels of free E (less than 0.1 μg/g). After 12 hr, the deconjugation of the maternal polar 26E-26-phosphate conjugate slowed and levels of free 26E fell as it was metabolized. At 24 hr, low titers of free 20,26-dihydroxyecdysone (20,26E, 0.4 μg/g) and a β-D-glucose conjugate of 26E (0.8 μg/g) were detected, presumably formed by embryonic 20-monooxygenase and uridine diphospho-α-D-glucose (UDPG) glucosyltransferase activities, respectively. About the time of the deposition of the first larval cuticle (66–72 hr), these 26E metabolites reached high concentrations, (5 μg/g free 20,26E and 7 μg/g 26E-glucose conjugate) while free 26E fell to 2 μg/g. In newly hatched larvae, the 26E-glucose conjugate was the major detectable ecdysteroid. At no time during embryogenesis did the concentrations of free E and 20E exceed 0.5 μg/g and 0.3 μg/g, respectively.
In Situ DNA Repair Assays As Guides to Personalized Breast Cancer Chemotherapeutics: Ready for Prime Time? (2011)

10.1200/JCO.2010.34.1990
THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS FOR POWER CONVERSION. Quarterly Progress Report No. 6, May 1, 1960 - July 31, 1960 (1960)

Materials research on ternary compounds and transition metal silicides together with high temperature thermal diffusivity measurements on AgSbTe/sub 2/, Ge and Si are described. Specimens of stoichiometric AgSbTe/sub 2/ were found to contain about 2% of a separate phase which is probably Ag/sub 2/Te. The materials represented by (Cu, Ag, Au)/sub 2/Te were examined and a single-phase solid Ag/sub 3/CuTe/sub 2/ was prepared. It was found to be an n-type semiconductor. The transition metal silicides were examined further and it was concluded that there is only a very small possibility of obtaining useful materials for high temperature thermoelectric applications from this class of compounds. Measurements of thermal diffusivity on Ce and Si were made at temperatures up to 800 deg C with an experimental accuracy of 2%. An analytical method for the estimation of bismuth in thermoelectric materials is described. (auth)
Multicast communication in multicomputer networks (1993)

Efficient routing of messages is a key to the performance of multicomputers. Multicast communication refers to the delivery of the same message from a source node to an arbitrary number of destination nodes. While multicast communication is highly demanded in many applications, most of the existing multicomputers do not directly support this service; rather it is indirectly supported by multiple one-to-one or broadcast communications, which result in more network traffic and a waste of system resources. The authors study routing evaluation criteria for multicast communication under different switching technologies. Multicast communication in multicomputers is formulated as a graph theoretical problem. Depending on the evaluation criteria and switching technologies, they study three optimal multicast communication problems, which are equivalent to the finding of the following three subgraphs: optimal multicast path, optimal multicast cycle, and minimal Steiner tree, where the interconnection of a multicomputer defines a host graph. They show that all these optimization problems are NP-complete for the popular 2D-mesh and hypercube host graphs. Heuristic multicast algorithms for these routing problems are proposed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The esterification of cholesterol in the yolk sac membrane of the chick embryo (1993)

The uptake of lipid from the yolk by the yolk sac membrane of the chick embryo is accompanied by the rapid esterification of a large proportion of the yolk cholesterol. This could arise from enhanced acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) activity and/or inhibition of cholesteryl ester hydrolase (CEH) activity. The activity of ACAT was therefore measured in microsomes obtained from yolk sac membranes at various stages of development. A high level of activity (up to 929 pmol of cholesteryl oleate formed per min per mg protein) was found during the second half of this period. Supplementation with exogenous cholesterol stimulated ACAT activity in microsomes obtained from the tissue at the earlier, but not at the later, stages of development suggesting that the enzyme became saturated with microsomal cholesterol as development proceeded. Correlating with this, the concentration of cholesterol in the microsomes increased 4-fold between 9 and 20 d of development. The activity of CEH was very low in the microsomes and could not be detected in the cytosolic fraction. The activity of a protein, which has been shown to function as an inhibitor of CEH, was found to be present at all stages of development. The high activity of ACAT, together with the low activity of CEH and an active CEH inhibitor protein is a combination well suited to promote an essentially unidirectional conversion of cholesterol to cholesteryl ester. This process may be a major determinant of the rate of lipid transfer from the yolk to the embryo.
Occlusive IOLs for Intractable Diplopia Demonstrate a Novel Near-Infrared Window of Transmission for SLO/OCT Imaging and Clinical Assessment (2011)

In this study, a novel NIR window of high-level transmission was identified across the occlusive IOLs with applications to SLO/OCT imaging and NIR-based clinical assessment. The ability to acquire high-quality SLO/OCT scans to detect posterior pole disease may fundamentally change the current view on occlusive IOLs and encourage their use in patients with intractable diplopia.
Effects of compact volume and chain stiffness on the conformations of native proteins. (1992)

An investigation of the statistical properties of the native conformations of proteins, observed from crystal structures, is reported. Protein conformations were analyzed in terms of a bond vector correlation function and molecular volume. It was observed that, while the volume of a protein structure varies nearly linearly with the number of residues, the bond vector correlation function exhibits a universal feature for all sizes of proteins. To interpret the nature of the bond vector correlation function of native protein structures quantitatively, Monte Carlo simulations of realistic polypeptide chains of specific but arbitrary amino acid sequence were carried out. The molecule was constrained in an ellipsoidal volume determined by its chain length, and conformations with unacceptable nonbonded contacts between different amino acid residues were excluded. The interactions within a terminally blocked single residue, which correlate two nearest-neighbor peptide groups in a chain, were taken into account by an energetically biased sampling of its phi-psi space. The simulated chain correlation functions were found to be in good agreement with those of the crystal structures of beta-sheet-type and mixed-type (alpha+beta) proteins of similar length. On the basis of these calculations, it is concluded that the observed conformations of these native proteins may arise from two basic factors: the compactness of structures under hydrophobic interactions and the intrinsic stiffness of polypeptide chains due to the interactions within each terminally blocked residue.
Modeling of the Turbulent Flow in HEV Static Mixers (2000)

The turbulent flow pattern and mixing characteristics of the High Efficiency Vortex (HEV ™ ) static mixer have been investigated by means of computational fluid dynamics simulations. Experiments showed that the mixer generates a complex vortex system, consisting of a steady longitudinal vortex and transient hairpin vortices. The steady state computer model correctly predicted the longitudinal vortex and a high turbulence intensity in the hairpin vortex region. The vortex system provides for efficient blending of gases or miscible fluids.
Commercialization of Biopharmaceutical and Bioindustrial Proteins from Plants (2005)

Over the past decade many new products have entered the market as the result of biotechnology. In regard to biotechnology tools related to plants, this has mainly been in the form of products that conferred crop improvement traits. The technology developed for crop improvement, however, can be applied to commercialize nonfood products such as those developed by other host systems such as microbial and animal cell culture systems. The first wave of therapeutic proteins is now in clinical trials for both animals and humans. Other nonfood products are now being introduced into the marketplace. This paper examines a few of these representative products to highlight the potential advantages and hurdles that need to be overcome to bring these products to the market. This includes not only the technical barriers but also what is needed for both regulatory and public acceptance.