gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low voltage backscattered electron collection for package substrates and integrated circuit inspection (1991)

A low voltage backscattered electron collection technique has been developed. This technique collects low energy backscattered electrons in a sequential retarding field environment. This collection approach provides most of the desirable features for insulating package substrates and passivated integrated circuit (IC) devices inspection. These features are (1) high current and resolution, (2) high detector gain at low voltage, (3) good signal immunity from sample surface charging, and (4) on-line topographical and compositional information at low voltage. In this paper, various details of the technique; such as detector arrangement, signal collection efficiency, sample charging immunity, beam current and resolution, image distortion and its comparison with conventional low voltage scanning electron microscopy inspection for insulating package substrate, and passivated IC inspection will be discussed.
A note on the predictability of band-limited processes (1985)

It is shown that a band-limited process can be expressed in terms of its past samples only, provided that the sampling rate is larger than but can be chosen arbitrarily close to the Nyquist rate.
An Experimental Method for Thermal Control of Heart Rate: Work in Progress (1980)

Evaluation of the postoperative course of coronary artery bypass patients shows that a number develop supraventricular arrhythmias that may be responsive to sino-atrial node (SAN) cooling. The sinus rate can be controlled within a clinically useful range with topical cooling probes (thermodes). The data on the variations of heart rate caused by modest nodal hypothermia indicate that a nonpharmacologic clinical system for control of supraventricular tachyarrhythmias is feasible. Prototype thermodes suitable for SAN implantation have been developed.
Analysis of Doppler laser radar image for identification of a dynamic object (2000)

This paper describes the method and algorithms for analysis of moving object image, which was obtained by Doppler laser radar. A Doppler image is 2D image, in which any pixel represents a value of Doppler shift (the radial velocity) for the area element of observed scene. It is difficult for human-operator to percept a Doppler image on radar display. However, Doppler image contains the greater amount ofinformation for computer analysis and automatic determination ofobject features. For features extraction of dynamic object, we propose to analyze the projections of Doppler image in coordinates an horizontal direction - Doppler shift and vertical direction - Doppler shift, named as Space-Doppler projections. SpaceDoppler projections are mutual associated images and they have unique form for each type of object. For example, SpaceDoppler projections of moving car look like letter H, have clearly recognizing areas of rotating wheels and car body. The detailed analysis of Space-Doppler projections allow to define the angular position of car wheels, the line of land osculation, line connecting centers of rotating wheels, size of wheels, space orientation of car and other features. This information allows to create the formalized description ofobserved object and to define its type.
Lumenal Endosomal and Golgi-Retrieval Determinants Involved in pH-sensitive Targeting of an Early Golgi Protein (2001)

Despite the potential importance of retrieval-based targeting, few Golgi cisternae-localized proteins have been demonstrated to be targeted by retrieval, and the putative retrieval signals remain unknown. Golgi phosphoprotein of 130 kDa (GPP130) is a cis-Golgi protein that allows assay of retrieval-based targeting because it redistributes to endosomes upon treatment with agents that disrupt lumenal pH, and it undergoes endosome-to-Golgi retrieval upon drug removal. Analysis of chimeric molecules containing domains from GPP130 and the plasma membrane protein dipeptidylpeptidase IV indicated that GPP130 targeting information is contained entirely within its lumenal domain. Dissection of the lumenal domain indicated that a predicted coiled-coil stem domain adjacent to the transmembrane domain was both required and sufficient for pH-sensitive Golgi localization and endosome-to-Golgi retrieval. Further dissection of this stem domain revealed two noncontiguous stretches that each conferred Golgi localization separated by a stretch that conferred endosomal targeting. Importantly, in the absence of the endosomal determinant the Golgi targeting of constructs containing either or both of the Golgi determinants became insensitive to pH disruption by monensin. Because monensin blocks endosome-to-Golgi transport, the finding that the endosomal determinant confers monensin sensitivity suggests that the endosomal determinant causes GPP130 to traffic to endosomes from which it is normally retrieved. Thus, our observations identify Golgi and endosomal targeting determinants within a lumenal predicted coiled-coil domain that appear to act coordinately to mediate retrieval-based targeting of GPP130.
Plantar fasciitis. The painful heel syndrome (1975)

Of 116 patients with pain in the plantar portion of the heel, nineteen proved on follow-up to have systemic disease as the etiology. Of these treated with phenylbutazone, 71 per cent showed good results and a similar percentage benefited equally from injections of cortisone derivatives. Only two patients required surgical procedures, and these were successful in both.
Prevention of Corrosion in Concrete the Use of Admixed Inhibitors (2006)

Abstract Corrosion of reinforcement is the main cause of failure of concrete structures. In order to prevent and delay rebar corrosion, a high quality concrete with a proper concrete cover and a good mix proportion should to be designed. Additional prevention methods are adopted when severe environmental conditions occur, or on structures requiring very long service life, as well as in rehabilitation. Among available methods, corrosion inhibitors seem to be attractive because of their low cost and easy handling, compared to other preventive methods. The paper reports the results of a five-year investigation on the effectiveness of three commercial organic inhibitors in preventing both chloride and carbonation induced corrosion. The effectiveness of the inhibitors were evaluated by long–term rebar corrosion monitoring in reinforced concrete, and by rebar visual inspection after five years of testing. The results provide useful information on the corrosion prevention ability of the inhibitors, both on time-to-corrosion and on corrosion propagation.
PKC-gamma phosphorylation of connexin 46 in the lens cortex. (2001)

PKC-gamma may phosphorylate Cx46, primarily on serine in whole lens. A role for PKC-gamma in control of lens cortical gap junctions is suggested.
Generating a morphable model of ears (2016)

This paper describes the generation of a morphable model for external ear shapes. The aim for the morphable model is to characterize an ear shape using only a few parameters in order to assist the study of morphoacoustics. The model is derived from a statistical analysis of a population of 58 ears from the SYMARE database. It is based upon the framework of large deformation diffeomorphic metric mapping (LDDMM) and the vector space that is constructed over the space of initial momentums describing the diffeomorphic transformations. To develop a morphable model using the LDDMM framework, the initial momentums are analyzed using a kernel based principal component analysis. In this paper, we examine the ability of our morphable model to construct test ear shapes not included in the principal component analysis.
Use of map data information in an on-board intersection violation detection system (2002)

Collisions within intersections constitute approximately twenty-six percent of all Police-reported crashes each year. Of these crashes, 47 percent occur at intersections controlled by stop signs. About 75% of intersection crashes may be attributed to driver errors, such as failure to observe the traffic control or driver inattention. Calspan is developing an on-board countermeasure system to prevent collisions at intersections. This effort is part of the Intersection Collision Avoidance Using IVHS Countermeasures program. A feature of this countermeasure is the detection of the intersection the vehicle is approaching, and the determination of the traffic control device at that intersection. This information is derived from an on-board geographical information system (GIS) in conjunction with vehicle position data acquired from Global Positioning System (GPS). The use of this data, combined with other vehicle state information, can be used to determine the potential for driver violation of the intersection. This paper will describe the use of information from the GIS along with other vehicle parameters to provide a warning of intersection violation to the driver. Examples of the application of this technique will be provided.
Polarization studies of surgical materials in ringer's solution (1970)

Abstract The corrosion resistance of materials employed for surgical applications was dertermined and compared by means of potentiostatic anodic polarization techniques. In a physiological saline solution the passive breakdown potential of stainless steel materials was dependent upon the oxygen content opf the solution, and the microstructure of the material. The breakdown is passivity was found to be due to a pitting type of corrosion attack. Pure titanium remained passive within the limits employed in this investigation. Even though cast vitallium did not exhibit passivity breakdown in the form of a pitting attack, polarization behavior between the behavior for stainless stell and pure titanium was observed.
Intrinsic colorization (2008)

In this paper, we present an example-based colorization technique robust to illumination differences between grayscale target and color reference images. To achieve this goal, our method performs color transfer in an illumination-independent domain that is relatively free of shadows and highlights. It first recovers an illumination-independent intrinsic reflectance image of the target scene from multiple color references obtained by web search. The reference images from the web search may be taken from different vantage points, under different illumination conditions, and with different cameras. Grayscale versions of these reference images are then used in decomposing the grayscale target image into its intrinsic reflectance and illumination components. We transfer color from the color reflectance image to the grayscale reflectance image, and obtain the final result by relighting with the illumination component of the target image. We demonstrate via several examples that our method generates results with excellent color consistency.
Spontaneous shape reconfigurations in multicompartmental microcylinders (2012)

Nature's particles, such as spores, viruses or cells, are adaptive--i.e., they can rapidly alter major phenomenological attributes such as shape, size, or curvature in response to environmental changes. Prominent examples include the hydration-mediated opening of ice plant seeds, actuation of pine cones, or the ingenious snapping mechanism of predatory Venus flytraps that rely on concave-to-convex reconfigurations. In contrast, experimental realization of reconfigurable synthetic microparticles has been extremely challenging and only very few examples have been reported so far. Here, we demonstrate a generic approach towards dynamically reconfigurable microparticles that explores unique anisotropic particle architectures, rather than direct synthesis of sophisticated materials such as shape-memory polymers. Solely enabled by their architecture, multicompartmental microcylinders made of conventional polymers underwent active reconfiguration including shape-shifting, reversible switching, or three-way toggling. Once microcylinders with appropriate multicompartmental architectures were prepared by electrohydrodynamic cojetting, simple exposure to an external stimulus, such as ultrasound or an appropriate solvent, gives rise to interfacial stresses that ultimately cause reversible topographical reconfiguration. The broad versatility of the electrohydrodynamic cojetting process with respect to materials selection and processing suggests strategies for a wide range of dynamically reconfigurable adaptive materials including those with prospective applications for sensors, reprogrammable microactuators, or targeted drug delivery.
MVP: a microbe–phage interaction database (2017)

Phages invade microbes, accomplish host lysis and are of vital importance in shaping the community structure of environmental microbiota. More importantly, most phages have very specific hosts; they are thus ideal tools to manipulate environmental microbiota at species-resolution. The main purpose of MVP (Microbe Versus Phage) is to provide a comprehensive catalog of phage-microbe interactions and assist users to select phage(s) that can target (and potentially to manipulate) specific microbes of interest. We first collected 50 782 viral sequences from various sources and clustered them into 33 097 unique viral clusters based on sequence similarity. We then identified 26 572 interactions between 18 608 viral clusters and 9245 prokaryotes (i.e. bacteria and archaea); we established these interactions based on 30 321 evidence entries that we collected from published datasets, public databases and re-analysis of genomic and metagenomic sequences. Based on these interactions, we calculated the host range for each of the phage clusters and accordingly grouped them into subgroups such as 'species-', 'genus-' and 'family-' specific phage clusters. MVP is equipped with a modern, responsive and intuitive interface, and is freely available at: http://mvp.medgenius.info.
Investigation of membrane tearing characterization and healing (2013)

As man's curiosity for deep space exploration increases, so does the demand for long duration space systems. To be able to explore deeper into space, a system is required in which little or no fuel is required for propulsion. Solar sails met this challenge by using solar photon momentum exchange for propulsion. Solar sails are large gossamer structures spanning as long as three football fields in width and length, but only microns in thickness. The main photon catching structure is constructed of thin polymeric membranes, which are quite susceptible to damage. Other applications for these polymeric membranes include flex circuits, and thermal control membranes. The tearing behaviors of these materials are vital in the design of these structures. In this study, the tear behaviors of two popular thin polymeric materials used in the space industry are explored; biaxially-oriented polyethylene terephthalate (Mylar) and Kapton. Tearing properties for the Mylar were experimentally determined using essential work of fracture methodology. Experiments were performed on DENT specimens with varying ligament lengths, and on three different thicknesses of Mylar: 25.4 micron (1 mil), 50.8 micron (2 mil), and 76.2 micron (3 mil). Specific essential work of fracture values were determined to be 37.027 kJ/m ², 36.974 kJ/m ², 36.853 kJ/m ² for the 25.4 micron, 50.8 micron, and 76.2 micron thick Mylar specimens, respectively. The specific essential work of fracture values were nearly identical for the three separate thicknesses, and therefore can be concluded that it is indeed a material property of the Mylar itself. Using biology as inspiration, the possibilities of self-healing in both the Mylar and Kapton are also analyzed. Analysis of the possibilities of self-healing was studied using an ultrasonic transducer. Specimens with an initial crack were created and strain or fracture energy values computed with and without healing. The Mylar's ability to resist tearing increased as much as 1300% in the healed specimens, and likewise as much as 950% increase for the Kapton. Tear tests were also performed at sub-zero temperatures to analyze the effects at space equivalent temperatures.
Bulk superconductivity with <i>T</i> <i>c</i> (zero) up to 95 K in a Tl0.5Pb0.5Ca0.9Ce0.1Sr2Cu2 oxide with an Y1Ba2Cu3O<i>y</i>-like structure (1989)

Bulk superconductivity with Tc (zero) up to 95 K in a Tl0.5Pb0.5Ca0.9Ce0.1Sr2Cu2 oxide with an Y1Ba2Cu3Oy -like structure was observed. Single-phase samples, tetragonal in structure with a=0.380±0.001, c=1.195±0.001 nm, and of P4/mmm space group, were prepared. The results represent the first case where Ce substitution significantly raised the Tc of a known compound. The samples were remarkably homogeneous both in composition and structure. The compounds were highly reproducible and stable. The preparative conditions were found to be much less stringent than those of other copper-based high Tc superconductors.
Local Knowledge of the Link between Tuberculosis and HIV-1/AIDS among the Turkana of Lodwar Township: Implications for Tuberculosis and HIV-1/AIDS Prevention (2009)

This article is extracted from a doctoral thesis that was supported by a research grant from the International Development Research Centre of Canada (IDRC)'s Ecosystem Approaches to Human Health Training Award, the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Northern Ireland's Emslie Horniman Scholarship Fund and McGill University, Faculty of Graduate Studies and Research's Humanities and Social Sciences Research Award. This study used a broad theoretical framework encompassing an ecosystem approach to HIV-1/AIDS that partly investigated the nexus between local knowledge of tuberculosis (TB) and HIV-1/AIDS. According to the Turkana of Lodwar township, Kenya, HIV-1/AIDS and TB are largely contagious and are attributed to impersonal and natural causes. In addition, in line with biomedical knowledge, the Turkana's local knowledge emphasises a conceptual link between TB and HIV-1/AIDS. The study also demonstrates that factors of the ecosystem such as kaada, poverty, widow inheritance, migration and other socio-cultural practices play an influential role in the vulnerability of the Turkana to the contraction and transmission of both TB and HIV-1/AIDS. The article posits an integrated approach to the prevention of TB and HIV-1 and to the management of AIDS and TB.
The Principles of Freeze-Drying (2007)

This chapter provides an up-to-date overview of freeze-drying (lyophilization) with particulars relevance to stabilizing live cells or viruses for industrial applications as vaccines or seed culture. The chapter discusses the importance of formulation, cycle development, validation, and the need to satisfy pharmaceutical regulatory requirements necessary for the commercial exploitation of freeze-dried products.
Study of Arthus Reaction and of Cutaneous Anaphylaxis Induced Passively in the Rat. (1952)

1. The severity of the Arthus reaction in the rat was studied using known amounts of antigen and antibody. 2. Reverse Arthus reactions of minimal severity were obtained by intradermal sensitization with 5-10 μg anti-Ea or anti-SIII. 3. By intravenous sensitization direct Arthus reactions of medium severity were obtained with 800 μg and minimal reactions with 200 μg anti-SIII. 4. The threshold of the reaction in passive cutaneous anaphylactic experiments corresponded to 0.5-1.0 μg AbN for both the Ea-anti-Ea and SIII-anti-SIII systems. 5. The meaning of these findings is briefly discussed.
Three year follow up study of national influenza vaccination practices in Japan. (1994)

The preventive effects of influenza vaccine are not strong. There must be some unknown factors that affect the incidence of influenza. This vaccine is useful for pupils in the early school years who seem to have less resistance. All pupils should not be inoculated with the vaccine to reduce influenza transmission in the community or school.
Extraction of Volatiles from Regolith or Soil on Mars, the Moon, and Asteroids (2017)

NASA's Advanced Exploration Systems ISRU Technology Project is evaluating concepts to extract water from all resource types Near-term objectives: Produce high-fidelity mass, power, and volume estimates for mining and processing systems Identify critical challenges for development focus Begin demonstration of component and subsystem technologies in relevant environment Several processor types: Closed processors either partially or completely sealed during processing Open air processors operates at Mars ambient conditions In-situ processors Extract product directly without excavation of raw resource Design features Elimination of sweep gas reduces dust particles in water condensate Pressure maintained by height of soil in hopper Model developed to evaluate key design parameters Geometry: conveyor diameter, screw diameter, shaft diameter, flight spacing and pitch Operational: screw speed vs. screw length (residence time) Thermal: Heat flux, heat transfer to soil Testing to demonstrate feasibility and performance Agglomeration, clogging Pressure rise forced flow to condenser.
Evaluation of Blind Diversity Combining of Severely Faded Signals for High-Speed Free-Space Optical Communication under Atmospheric Turbulence (2017)

We experimentally evaluated performance of a mode diversity receiver in severe fading channels of emulated LEO-to-ground link. Digital combining of three modes using adaptive filters tolerated to 10-kHz variation and relaxed the required power of 10-Gb/s QPSK by 9 dB.
Expanding the range of auxetic polymeric products using a novel melt‐spinning route (2005)

Abstract The first auxetic fibre was successfully produced in polypropylene using a novel melt‐spinning route. These fibres were extruded at 159 °C with a screw speed 10 rpm (1.05 rad s –1 ) and 2 mpm (0.03 m s –1 ) take‐up speed. Characterisation of these fibres involved optical techniques (videoextensometry) to measure the strains along both the length and the width simultaneously during deformation. The unique processing route has now been developed to expand the range of auxetic extruded polymeric products. We report here that auxetic polypropylene films have been developed, and auxetic polyester and polyamide fibres have now been produced. We also report the development of a simple rough particle model to predict auxetic behaviour that may be applicable to the developed fibres and films. Finally, a review of some potential applications for auxetic fibres and films will be presented. These include as reinforcements in composites, anchoring devices, smart bandages for health‐care, breathable packaging and tear resistant films. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Reliable Component-Based Architecture for E-Mail Filtering (2007)

A three-component architecture for the classification and filtering of unsolicited bulk and commercial e-mail ("spam") is introduced. The first component, an enhanced self-learning variant of greylisting, sets the stage for the following feature extraction and classification components. Through the temporary rejection of selected messages by the greylisting component time becomes available for an "offline" in-depth examination of the e-mail content before the message is accepted and delivered to the final recipient. Within the feature extraction component a set of features for each newly arriving e-mail message is determined. These features are then used for the categorization of a message within the classification engine, which contains the adaptation of a vector space model. Based on this model, an implementation of latent semantic indexing for spam filtering is investigated. The architecture proposed contributes to the goal of minimizing the waste of resources caused by spam and is able to react to high load situations (including DoS attacks) via adaptations in the feature extraction and classification components