gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Start and acceleration optimization of a parallel hybrid electric vehicle (2011)

The main issues relating to hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) emissions are starting and transient air-fuel ratio (AFR) control. The idle-cancelling function of an HEV will postpone the catalyst activation at cold start. So it is vital to confine the start emission to a much lower level. The conventional transient fuel also dramatically deteriorates emissions. The start and transient acceleration control strategies were developed on a uni-axis integrated starter–generator (ISG) parallel HEV. The optimization of each stage of the start process was realized. The start parameters of the engine controller (ECU) and vehicle controller (VCU) were determined by analysing unsuccessful starts. The results show that the engine starts smoothly without much speed overshoot. The AFR is superior to that of the prototype vehicle. At warming-up start and hot start there is also a smooth transition from ambient oxygen ratio to stoichiometric AFR. The concept is introduced of ‘fast’ and ‘slow’ torque to ISG boost acceleration. The conventional engine fuel wetting effect is overcome by ISG boost. The engine transient fuel and acceleration fuel compensation (AFC) for vehicle acceleration were replaced by ISG transient torque and continuous torque. The ISG boost acceleration calibration was completed and validated the result that the transient AFR was optimized without sacrificing vehicle drivability or acceleration performance. Both ISG start and ISG boost acceleration are effective approaches to solve the problem of HEV emission.
Investigation of the press fit joints by the tribology aspect (2001)

The strength of a press fit joint represents static friction force that is the biggest force that can be transmitted by means of this joint. The real strength of a press fit joint can only be determined by loading the joint up to the moment of parts separation. However, in projecting phase of engineering practice calculation of the press fit joint strength is often necessity. In order to reliable estimate the press fit joint strength it is necessary to know real value of static friction coefficient. Calculation method of press fit joints as specific tribomechanical systems with experimental investigation of their friction coefficient values is given in this paper. .
Activation of Jak2 Catalytic Activity Requires Phosphorylation of Y <sup>1007</sup> in the Kinase Activation Loop (1997)

The Janus protein tyrosine kinases (Jaks) play critical roles in transducing growth and differentiation signals emanating from ligand-activated cytokine receptor complexes. The activation of the Jaks is hypothesized to occur as a consequence of auto- or transphosphorylation on tyrosine residues associated with ligand-induced aggregation of the receptor chains and the associated Jaks. In many kinases, regulation of catalytic activity by phosphorylation occurs on residues within the activation loop of the kinase domain. Within the Jak2 kinase domain, there is a region that has considerable sequence homology to the regulatory region of the insulin receptor and contains two tyrosines, Y1007 and Y1008, that are potential regulatory sites. In the studies presented here, we demonstrate that among a variety of sites, Y1007 and Y1008 are sites of trans- or autophosphorylation in vivo and in in vitro kinase reactions. Mutation of Y1007, or both Y1007 and Y1008, to phenylalanine essentially eliminated kinase activity, whereas mutation of Y1008 to phenylalanine had no detectable effect on kinase activity. The mutants were also examined for the ability to reconstitute erythropoietin signaling in gamma2 cells, which lack Jak2. Consistent with the kinase activity, mutation of Y1007 to phenylalanine eliminated the ability to restore signaling. Moreover, phosphorylation of a kinase-inactive mutant (K882E) was not detected, indicating that Jak2 activation during receptor aggregation is dependent on Jak2 and not another receptor-associated kinase. The results demonstrate the critical role of phosphorylation of Y1007 in Jak2 regulation and function.
Ceramic transactions: Functionally gradient materials. Volume 34 (1993)

A functionally gradient material (FGM) is a composite that smoothly transitions from one material at one surface to another material at the opposite surface. Metals and ceramics are usually the materials that are combined in a controlled manner to optimize a specific property. The First International Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials was held in Sendai, Japan, in August 1990. Contained in the present volume are the Proceedings of the Second International Symposium on Functionally Gradient Materials, presented at the Third International Ceramic Science and Technology Congress, held in San Francisco, CA, November 1-4, 1992. The papers presented here are divided into eight sections: the concept of FGM; mathematical modeling; methods of fabrication; material evaluation; applications; joining processes in FGM; process characterization; and design considerations. Separate abstracts are provided for each of the 54 papers.
Compositional Changes of Venezuelan Cacao Beans during the Fermentation. (2002)

ベネズエラ産カカオ豆の6日間の発酵期間における各種成分の変化について検討した.(1) 一般成分やカフェイン,テオブロミン,ポリフェノール成分は,発酵期間の前半で減少傾向(酸度及び脂質は増加傾向)を示し,発酵期間の後半では変化しなかった.カカオ豆の呈味性に関与する主な成分は4日目までに変化が終了していることが推察される.(2) カカオ豆の色調は発酵により,淡い紫色から発酵の経過と共に赤褐色が強くなる傾向を示したが,4日目以降の色調は変化しなかった.(3) DPPHラジカル消去能が発酵期間の前半で低下していることから,高い抗酸化能を有する(-)-エピカテキンをはじめとするポリフェノール成分が減少していることを示している.しかし4日目以降は(-)-エピカテキン含量,DPPHラジカル消去能は変化しなかった.(4) カカオ豆に比較的多く含まれる6種類のピラジン化合物は未発酵試料では僅かに含まれているが,3日目まで大きく変化しなかった.発酵の3日目から4日目にかけて2, 3, 5, 6-tetramethyl pyrazineの値が著しく増加し,更に6日目まで日毎に増加し,発酵前と比較すると発酵後では約8倍に増加した.ベネズエラ産カカオ豆の発酵期間の後半は,カカオ香気の形成に重要な物質であるピラジン化合物を生成し,カカオの風味を豊かにするための重要な期間であると考えられる.
Characterization of an S antigen synthesized by several isolates of Plasmodium falciparum. (1983)

The S antigen of a Papua New Guinean isolate of Plasmodium falciparum was identified by immunoblotting as the dominant antigen in culture supernatants. An antigen identical in molecular weight (Mr 220,000), isoelectric point (pI 4.2), and immunoreactivity with sera from individuals exposed to malaria was expressed by four Papua New Guinean isolates and one isolate of unknown origin. The Mr 220,000 antigen was not detected in culture supernatants derived from two isolates from Thailand and one from Ghana. The Mr 220,000, pI 4.2 S antigen may characterize a subpopulation of parasites common to many isolates of P. falciparum, which is selected for by continuous culture in vitro. A variant S antigen, 30 kilodaltons larger but with similar immunoreactivity, was expressed by 1 of 26 clonal populations derived by limit-dilution culture from one of the Papua New Guinean isolates of P. falciparum. The characteristics of the S antigen, defined by immunoblotting, allowed it to be identified in two-dimensional separations of [35S]methionine-labeled parasite proteins, thus confirming the parasite origin of the antigen.
The S-passivation of Ge(100)-(1×1) (1995)

The treatment of Ge(100) in an aqueous ammonium sulfide solution is investigated by means of x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Auger electron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. This treatment is shown to produce an S-passivated Ge(100)-(1×1) surface, where the S atoms appear to be bridge bonded to the Ge atoms. Desorption of the S is observed to occur between 460 and 750 K and results in a Ge(100)-(1×1) surface with a surface morphology similar to that of the initial sample.
PPLS: A Privacy-Preserving Location-Sharing Scheme in Vehicular Social Networks (2018)

Recent advances in Socially Aware Networks (SANs) have allowed its use in many domains, out of which social Internet of vehicles (SIOV) is of prime importance. SANs can provide a promising routing and forwarding paradigm for SIOV by using interest-based communication. Though able to improve the forwarding performance, existing interest-based schemes fail to consider the important issue of protecting users' interest information. In this paper, we propose a PRivacy-preserving Interest-based Forwarding scheme (PRIF) for SIOV, which not only protects the interest information, but also improves the forwarding performance. We propose a privacy-preserving authentication protocol to recognize communities among mobile nodes. During data routing and forwarding, a node can know others' interests only if they are affiliated with the same community. Moreover, to improve forwarding performance, a new metric {\em community energy} is introduced to indicate vehicular social proximity. Community energy is generated when two nodes encounter one another and information is shared among them. PRIF considers this energy metric to select forwarders towards the destination node or the destination community. Security analysis indicates PRIF can protect nodes' interest information. In addition, extensive simulations have been conducted to demonstrate that PRIF outperforms the existing algorithms including the BEEINFO, Epidemic, and PRoPHET.
Phenobarbital for Febrile Seizures — Effects on Intelligence and on Seizure Recurrence (1990)

Phenobarbital is widely used in the treatment of children with febrile seizures, although there is concern about possible behavioral and cognitive side effects. In 217 children between 8 and 36 months of age who had had at least one febrile seizure and were at heightened risk of further seizures, we compared the intelligence quotients (IQs) of a group randomly assigned to daily doses of phenobarbital (4 to 5 mg per kilogram of body weight per day) with the IQs of a group randomly assigned to placebo. After two years, the mean IQ was 7.03 [corrected] points lower in the group assigned to phenobarbital than in the placebo group (95 percent confidence interval, -11.52 to -2.5, P = 0.0068 [corrected]). Six months later, after the medication had been tapered and discontinued, the mean IQ was 5.2 points lower in the group assigned to phenobarbital (95 percent confidence interval, -10.5 to 0.04, P = 0.052). The proportion of children remaining free of subsequent seizures did not differ significantly between the treatment groups. We conclude that phenobarbital depresses cognitive performance in children treated for febrile seizures and that this disadvantage, which may outlast the administration of the drug by several months, is not offset by the benefit of seizure prevention.
Thermoresponsive biopolymer hydrogels with tunable gel characteristics (2014)

Here we describe the design of thermosensitive biopolymer-based hydrogels with adjustable gel properties.
Double heterojunction Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>As/GaAs bipolar transistors (DHBJT's) by MBE with a current gain of 1650 (1983)

Double heterojunction AlGaAs/GaAs bipolar junction transistors (DHBJT's) grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) were fabricated and tested. Devices with 0.2-µm and 0.1-µm base thicknesses exhibited common emitter current gains of up to 325 and 1650, respectively, in a wide range of collector currents. To obtain such high current gains, growth conditions had to be optimized and controlled. These high current gains, compared with the previous best value of 120 obtained in a MBE-grown transistor, make the HBJT's very promising for low-power high-speed logic application.
Development of a new acoustic emission based fault diagnosis tool for gearbox (2013)

Acoustic emission (AE) has been studied as a potential information source for machine fault diagnosis for a long time. However, AE sensors have not yet been applied widely in real applications. Firstly, in comparison with other sensors such as vibration, AE sensors require much higher sampling rate. The characteristic frequency of AE signals generally falls into the range of 100 kHz to several MHz, which requires a sampling system with at least 5MHz sampling rate. Secondly, the storage and computational burden for large volume of AE data is tremendous. Thirdly, AE signal generally contains certain nonstationary behaviors which make traditional frequency analysis ineffective. In this paper, a frequency reduction technique and a modified time synchronous average (TSA) based signal processing method are proposed to identify gear fault using AE signals. Heterodyne technique commonly used in communication is employed to preprocess the AE signals before sampling. By heterodyning, the AE signal frequency is down shifted from several hundred kHz to below 50 kHz. Then a low sampling rate comparable to that of vibration sensors could be applied to sample the AE signals. After that, a modified tachometer less TSA method is adopted to further analyze the AE signal feature. Instead of performing TSA on the raw signals, the time synchronous averaging of the first order harmonic signal is obtained and analyzed. With the presented method, no tachometer or real time phase reference signal is required. The TSA reference signal is directly obtained from AE signals. By examining the smoothness of obtained wave form, a noticeable discontinuity or irregularity could be easily observed for gear fault diagnosis. AE data collected from seeded fault tests on a gearbox are used to validate the proposed method. The analysis results of the tests have shown that the proposed method could reliably and accurately detect the tooth fault.
SCATTER-HOARDING BEHAVIOR OF DEER MICE ( PEROMYSCUS MANICULATUS) (2001)

Deer mice ( Peromyscus maniculatus) are known to larder hoard food, but their scatter-hoarding behav- ior is poorly documented. Eleven deer mice were each presented with 150 Jeffrey pine {Pinus jeffreyi) seeds in 10 x 10- m enclosures in Jeffrey pine forests on the east slope of the Sierra Nevada. Subjects made a mean ± 1 s of 31.2 ± 30.0 caches per trial. Caches were shallow (most 2-12 mm deep) and usually contained only 1 or 2 seeds. Most caches were made at the edge of antelope bitterbrush ( Purshia tridentata) shrubs in mineral soil or in thin layers of plant litter. These results suggest that deer mice might make a significant contribution to the dispersal of Jeffrey pine.
Morphological Predictors of Arterial Remodeling in Coronary Atherosclerosis (2002)

Inflammation, calcification, and medial thinning are primary determinants of positive remodeling, which appears to be a feature of plaque instability.
Investigation of<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>Gd</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mtext>N@C</mml:mtext></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:mtext> </mml:mtext><mml:mrow><mml:mo>(</mml:mo><mml:mrow><mml:mn>40</mml:mn><mml:mo>≤</mml:mo><mml:mi>n</mml:mi><mml:mo>≤</mml:mo><mml:mn>44</mml:mn></mml:mrow><mml:mo>)</mml:mo></mml:mrow></mml:mrow></mml:math>family by Raman and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy (2010)

The structure and vibrational spectrum of ${\text{Gd}}_{3}{\text{N@C}}_{80}$ is studied through Raman and inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy as well as density-functional theory and universal force field calculations. Hindered rotations, shown by both theory and experiment, indicate the formation of a ${\text{Gd}}_{3}\text{N-}{\text{C}}_{80}$ bond which reduces the ideal icosahedral symmetry of the ${\text{C}}_{80}$ cage. The vibrational modes involving the movement of the encapsulated species are a fingerprint of the interaction between the fullerene cage and the core complex. We present Raman data for the ${\text{Gd}}_{3}{\text{N@C}}_{2n}\text{ }(40\ensuremath{\le}n\ensuremath{\le}44)$ family as well as ${\text{Y}}_{3}{\text{N@C}}_{80}$, ${\text{Lu}}_{3}{\text{N@C}}_{80}$, and ${\text{Y}}_{3}{\text{N@C}}_{88}$ for comparison. Conductance measurements have been performed on ${\text{Gd}}_{3}{\text{N@C}}_{80}$ and reveal a Kondo effect similar to that observed in ${\text{C}}_{60}$.
Spinal and Supraspinal Factors in Human Muscle Fatigue (2001)

Muscle fatigue is an exercise-induced reduction in maximal voluntary muscle force. It may arise not only because of peripheral changes at the level of the muscle, but also because the central nervous system fails to drive the motoneurons adequately. Evidence for “central” fatigue and the neural mechanisms underlying it are reviewed, together with its terminology and the methods used to reveal it. Much data suggest that voluntary activation of human motoneurons and muscle fibers is suboptimal and thus maximal voluntary force is commonly less than true maximal force. Hence, maximal voluntary strength can often be below true maximal muscle force. The technique of twitch interpolation has helped to reveal the changes in drive to motoneurons during fatigue. Voluntary activation usually diminishes during maximal voluntary isometric tasks, that is central fatigue develops, and motor unit firing rates decline. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over the motor cortex during fatiguing exercise has revealed focal changes in cortical excitability and inhibitability based on electromyographic (EMG) recordings, and a decline in supraspinal “drive” based on force recordings. Some of the changes in motor cortical behavior can be dissociated from the development of this “supraspinal” fatigue. Central changes also occur at a spinal level due to the altered input from muscle spindle, tendon organ, and group III and IV muscle afferents innervating the fatiguing muscle. Some intrinsic adaptive properties of the motoneurons help to minimize fatigue. A number of other central changes occur during fatigue and affect, for example, proprioception, tremor, and postural control. Human muscle fatigue does not simply reside in the muscle.
Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and differential expression of an intron‐containing gene encoding tomato histone H1 (1994)

A tomato genomic clone has been identified which encodes histone H1. The deduced polypeptide is 287 amino acids in length, and exhibits the tripartite organization typical of histones H1. The central globular domain is highly similar to those regions from other H1 molecules, and the carboxyl-terminal domain contains a repeating hexapeptide motif, variants of which are conserved among H1 molecules. RNA gel blotting revealed that histone H1 mRNA is expressed at higher levels in organs which contain meristematic tissue and/or which have a high proportion of actively cycling cells. DNA gel blotting and dot-blot hybridization studies revealed that histone H1 in tomato is encoded by a small gene family. By employing the polymerase chain reaction on genomic DNA and on cDNA, it was determined that the gene is interrupted by an intron. The location and approximate length of the intron are conserved in both the tomato and Arabidopsis genes, with the intron separating the 'nose' region (encoded by exon 1) from the central globular domain (exon 2). The promoter region was found to contain several conserved sequence motifs which likely participate in the regulation of the gene.
A <i>Plasmodium falciparum</i> Antigen that Binds to Host Erythrocytes and Merozoites (1985)

Antigens that bind to erythrocytes were identified in the supernatant fluids of a cultured human malaria parasite (Plasmodium falciparum). A 175-kilodalton (175K) antigen bound only to erythrocytes susceptible to invasion. The 175K antigen from the Camp or the FCR-3 strain also bound to merozoites. However, the antigen did not bind to merozoites when merozoites and supernatant antigens were from different strains unless proteinase inhibitors were present. Moreover, erythrocytes coated with supernatant antigens from the Camp or FCR-3 strain were invaded normally by merozoites of the homologous strain but were partially resistant to invasion by merozoites of the heterologous strain. The 175K antigen may be a receptor acting as a "bridge" between erythrocytes and merozoites.
New Low Viscosity Ester is Suitable for Drilling Fluids in Deepwater Applications (2001)

Abstract High biodegradability and relatively low toxicity have long made esters universally recognized as the best base fluids for synthetic-based muds in regards to environmental performance. A major limiting factor in the use of ester-based fluids, particularly in deep water, is the inherently high kinematic viscosity, a condition that is magnified in the cold temperatures encountered in deepwater risers. These higher viscosities are believed to be especially critical in deepwater wells where lack of overburden causes a severely narrowed window between pore pressures and fracture gradients. Other implications of these higher viscosities include limitations on oil/water ratios, mud weights, and drill solids tolerance. A new low viscosity (LV) ester has been developed which overcomes these limitations while maintaining the significant environmental advantages of the original esters. The new LV ester has a kinematic viscosity nearly equal to that of currently used internal olefins. It allows formulations of drilling fluids that can be used effectively in virtually all drilling applications in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM), including deep water. The GOM test protocol was developed to prove the viability of the LV ester as a base fluid. This protocol was designed to consider all conditions drilling fluids are expected to encounter during the course of a well. It evaluates the temperature stability, low temperature rheological properties, and the contamination tolerance of drilling fluids formulated with an LV ester base fluid. Three LV ester fluids were subjected to this protocol: an 11.0 ppg mud; a 14.0 ppg mud; and a 16.0 ppg mud. Results from this extensive laboratory testing indicate new LV ester-based fluids have overcome previous limitations, exhibiting exceptional cold temperature rheological properties, the ability to use a wide range of mud weights and oil/water ratios, and a high tolerance to contamination. In July 2000, an LV ester-based drilling fluid was used to drill a 3651 ft. interval of a GOM well in 3,669 ft. of water. The LV ester fluid performed well in comparison to the same interval drilled on an offset well with an internal olefin fluid. The initial results from that field trial are included in this paper.
Preconditioning the Helmholtz Equation via Row-projections (2012)

3D frequency-domain full waveform inversion relies on being able to efficiently solve the 3D Helmholtz equation. Iterative methods require sophisticated preconditioners because the Helmholtz matrix is typically indefinite. We review a preconditioning technique that is based on row-projections. Notable advantages of this preconditioner over existing ones are that it has low algorithmic complexity, is easily parallelizable and extendable to time-harmonic vector equations.