gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pitch discrimination and phase sensitivity in young and elderly subjects and its relationship to frequency selectivity (1992)

Frequency difference limens for pure tones (DLFs) and for complex tones (DLCs) were measured for four groups of subjects: young normal hearing, young hearing impaired, elderly with near-normal hearing, and elderly hearing impaired. The auditory filters of the subjects had been measured in earlier experiments using the notched-noise method, for center frequencies (fc) of 100, 200, 400, and 800 Hz. The DLFs for both impaired groups were higher than for the young normal group at all fc's (50-4000 Hz). The DLFs at a given fc were generally only weakly correlated with the sharpness of the auditory filter at that fc, and some subjects with broad filters had near-normal DLFs at low frequencies. Some subjects in the elderly normal group had very large DLFs at low frequencies in spite of near-normal auditory filters. These results suggest a partial dissociation of frequency selectivity and frequency discrimination of pure tones. The DLCs for the two impaired groups were higher than those for the young normal group at all fundamental frequencies (fo) tested (50, 100, 200, and 400 Hz); the DLCs for the elderly normal group were intermediate. At fo = 50 Hz, DLCs for a complex tone containing only low harmonics (1-5) were markedly higher than for complex tones containing higher harmonics, for all subject groups, suggesting that pitch was conveyed largely by the higher, unresolved harmonics. For the elderly impaired group, and some subjects in the elderly normal group, DLCs were larger for a complex tone with lower harmonics (1-12) than for tones without lower harmonics (4-12 and 6-12) for fo's up to 200 Hz. Some elderly normal subjects had markedly larger-than-normal DLCs in spite of near-normal auditory filters. The DLCs tended to be larger for complexes with components added in alternating sine/cosine phase than for complexes with components added in cosine phase. Phase effects were significant for all groups, but were small for the young normal group. The results are not consistent with place-based models of the pitch perception of complex tones; rather, they suggest that pitch is at least partly determined by temporal mechanisms.
Vp1659 Is a <i>Vibrio parahaemolyticus</i> Type III Secretion System 1 Protein That Contributes to Translocation of Effector Proteins Needed To Induce Cytolysis, Autophagy, and Disruption of Actin Structure in HeLa Cells (2010)

Vibrio parahaemolyticus harbors two type III secretion systems (T3SSs; T3SS1 and T3SS2), of which T3SS1 is involved in host cell cytotoxicity. T3SS1 expression is positively regulated by ExsA, and it is negatively regulated by ExsD. We compared the secretion profiles of a wild-type strain (NY-4) of V. parahaemolyticus with those of an ExsD deletion mutant (DeltaexsD) and with a strain of NY-4 that overexpresses T3SS1 (NY-4:pexsA). From this comparison, we detected a previously uncharacterized protein, Vp1659, which shares some sequence homology with LcrV from Yersinia. We show that vp1659 expression is positively regulated by ExsA and is negatively regulated by ExsD. Vp1659 is specifically secreted by T3SS1 of V. parahaemolyticus, and Vp1659 is not required for the successful extracellular secretion of another T3SS1 protein, Vp1656. Mechanical fractionation showed that Vp1659 is translocated into HeLa cells in a T3SS1-dependent manner and that deletion of Vp1659 does not prevent VopS from being translocated into HeLa cells during infection. Deletion of vp1659 significantly reduces cytotoxicity when HeLa cells are infected by V. parahaemolyticus, while complementation of the Deltavp1659 strain restores cytotoxicity. Differential staining showed that Vp1659 is required to induce membrane permeability in HeLa cells. We also show evidence that Vp1659 is required for actin rearrangement and the induction of autophagy. On the basis of these data, we conclude that Vp1659 is a T3SS1-associated protein that is a component of the secretion apparatus and that it is necessary for the efficient translocation of effector proteins into epithelial cells.
Growth Suppression and Quality Preservation of Eggplant Plug Seedlings by Low Temperature Storage under Dip Light. (1996)

Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) plug seedlings were stored for 3 weeks at 9°C air temperature and photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of 0 (darkness), 2, 8, or 16μmol m-2s-1. The seedlings stored for 3 weeks in darkness or under 2μmol m-2s-1 PPFD reduced dry weight, while those under 8 or 16μmol m-2s-1 PPFD increased dry weight. The light compensation point of seedlings before storage was 8μmol m-2s-1 PPFD and it decreased to 4-5ymol m-2s-1 PPFD after storage regardless of PPFD in storage. All the plantlets stored under light survived at transplanting and grew successfully after storage. Dark storage lowered the photosynthetic capacity and, thus, lowered percent survival at transplanting and post-storage growth rate. For keeping seedlings at no-growth status and preventing quality degradation, it would be required to store the seedlings under conditions where they have null CO2 exchange rates throughout the storage period.
Location-based resource allocation for OFDMA cognitive radio systems (2010)

In cognitive radio systems, in order for the secondary users to opportunistically share the spectrum without interfering the primary users, an accurate spectrum measurement and a precise estimation of the interference at the primary users are necessary but are challenging tasks. Since it is impracti
Variables influencing Platelet Function Analyzer‐100<sup>TM</sup> closure times in healthy individuals (2005)

Summary We investigated the relationship between platelet function analyzer (PFA‐100 TM ) closure times (CT) and bleeding time (BT), platelet aggregation (PA) induced by ADP, arachidonic acid, and collagen, blood cell counts, and von Willebrand factor (VWF) in 120 well‐characterised healthy individuals. Pre‐analytical and analytical conditions were standardised comprehensively. In a substantial number of cases the differences between duplicate measurements exceeded 15%. The reference range (5th and 95th percentiles) for CT with the collagen/epinephrine (CEPI) and the collagen/ADP (CADP) cartridge was 93–223 s and 64–117 s respectively. Re‐examination of 11 individuals with CEPI‐CT above the 95th percentile revealed considerable batch‐to‐batch variation of CEPI‐CT. Males had significantly longer CADP than females ( P = 0·002). CEPI and CADP‐CT measured pm were significantly longer than corresponding values determined am ( P = 0·003 and P < 0·0001 respectively). Blood group O was associated with greater CEPI and CADP‐CT and lower VWF levels compared with non‐O blood groups ( P = 0·008, P = 0·0003 and P < 0·0001 respectively). Linear regression analysis revealed association between CEPI‐CT, CADP‐CT and VWF ( P < 0·0001), but no relationship was found between CT and BT or between CT and PA. We conclude that VWF plasma levels modulate PFA‐100 TM CT to a greater extent than platelet function. Establishment of reliable reference ranges and careful standardisation of pre‐analytical and analytical conditions is a prerequisite for obtaining reliable PFA‐100 TM results. Duplicate measurements are necessary.
The Role of Bacterial Surface Structures in Pathogenesis (1981)

Modern research has revealed that the true surfaces of animal cells consist of polysaccharide chains that are linked to proteins hydrophobically anchored in the membrane and protrude to form a dense glycocalyx. It has become increasingly clear that most pathogenic bacteria must position themselves at the surface of their "target" cell in order to exert their toxic or otherwise deleterious effects. The true surface of most pathogenic bacteria has also been recently shown to consist of a protruding mass of polysaccharide chains--the bacterial glycocalyx--that is composed of teichoic acids in many gram-positive species and of acid polysaccharides in many gram-negative organisms. Through this bacterial glycocalyx certain cell surface proteins and organized protein structures (e.g., pili) are known to project, so that the bacterial surface is a mosaic of polysaccharides and proteins; both of these types of molecules have been implicated in instances of specific pathogenic adhesion. Besides their role in specific adhesion to target cells, these surface components interpose a highly charged, and often very extensive, barrier that can prevent the penetration of antibodies and antibiotics to their target sites in the bacterial cell. They may also frustrate mucociliary clearance, phagocytosis, and other clearance mechanisms of the host. We will discuss the chemical and physical nature of these bacterial surface components that mediate pathogenic adhesion and counteract host defense mechanisms sufficiently to allow infections to become established.
Making muscle-computer interfaces more practical (2010)

Recent work in muscle sensing has demonstrated the poten-tial of human-computer interfaces based on finger gestures sensed from electrodes on the upper forearm. While this approach holds much potential, previous work has given little attention to sensing finger gestures in the context of three important real-world requirements: sensing hardware suitable for mobile and off-desktop environments, elec-trodes that can be put on quickly without adhesives or gel, and gesture recognition techniques that require no new training or calibration after re-donning a muscle-sensing armband. In this note, we describe our approach to over-coming these challenges, and we demonstrate average clas-sification accuracies as high as 86% for pinching with one of three fingers in a two-session, eight-person experiment.
<title>Software implementation of MPEG-2 decoder on VLIW media processors</title> (1999)

We have implemented software MPEG-2 decoders on two mediaprocessors, Texas Instruments TMS320C80 and Hitachi/Equator Technologies MAP1000, On the TMS320C80, its small instruction cache and inefficient advanced Digital Signal Processor architecture for bitstream parsing resulted in the performance of about twelve frames per second for 5 Mbit/s MPEG-2 bitstreams on a 50-MHz TMS320C80. On the other hand, the MPEG-2 decoder implemented on a 200-MHz MAP1000 achieved real-time performance in decoding of MPML bitstreams. The implementation details, such as tight loops and data flow, are presented. We also compare the architectural features of the two mediaprocessors in performing the MPEG-2 decoding. The instruction set specifically targeted for multimedia processing, better instruction cache utilization, and an independent variable length decoder are among the advantages of MAP1000.
Guest editorial: Fairtrade impacts (2014)

February 2014 WELCOME TO A SPECIAL ISSUE exploring the effectiveness and impacts of fair trade in practice. The papers here seek to advance the debate on this vibrant topic by drawing on detailed fieldwork, and providing an overview of Fairtrade impact assessment and the issues thrown up by the evidence agenda. These articles come with an exciting Crossfire debate. The fair trade movement combines the efforts of many different organizations with a shared aim of achieving more equitable trading partnerships between disadvantaged producers and mostly Western consumers. This special issue focuses on one strand of this movement commonly known as ‘Fairtrade’ – the product certification system operated by Fairtrade International. Fairtrade, and other voluntary sustainability standards, have expanded rapidly in recent years, particularly in certain products such as tea and cocoa, but they are still relatively minor in relation to overall conventional trade in many products. Fairtrade is a pioneer among the voluntary sustainability standards and with a consumer label and particularly high visibility in certain markets, it has unsurprisingly attracted more attention than other market-based mechanisms, including other voluntary sustainability standards (although this is beginning to change). This collection of papers emerges at a critical juncture for Fairtrade. With its expansion and the increased attention given to effectiveness and impact of all kinds of interventions in international development, there is increased questioning of its impact and relevance in many quarters. The case studies and overview paper in this issue draw on detailed empirical studies of Fairtrade around the world and practical experience of conducting impact studies. The authors cast a critical eye over the key factors and processes in each place which influence the implementation and uptake of Fairtrade by producer organizations and companies, and the eventual outcomes. The overview raises questions about how best to understand the outcomes and impacts of Fairtrade in a way which minimizes bias and supports rigour, but which also pays attention to utility and learning. Taken collectively, these papers ask pertinent questions about the efficacy of Fairtrade and offer practical suggestions as to how improvements might be achieved. The Crossfire debate sets the scene nicely with a robust debate on the question ‘Does Fairtrade have more impact than conventional trade or trade certified by other sustainability standards?’ Matthew Anderson argues that despite some limitations, Fairtrade is a unique tool for promoting development and empowerment of marginalized rural communities in the South. Philip Booth and Sushil Mohan counter that while Fairtrade is a welcome addition to markets because it opens up alternative trade channels which meet the needs of some producers, it will never reach the very poorest farmers, it will remain a niche market, and it is not tackling market Guest editorial: Fairtrade impacts VAlerIe NelSoN
Mu and IS <i>1</i> Transpositions Exhibit Strong Orientation Bias at the <i>Escherichia coli bgl</i> Locus (2001)

The region upstream of the Escherichia coli bgl operon is an insertion hot spot for several transposons. Elements as distantly related as Tn1, Tn5, and phage Mu home in on this location. To see what characteristics result in a high-affinity site for transposition, we compared in vivo and in vitro Mu transposition patterns near the bgl promoter. In vivo, Mu insertions were focused in two narrow zones of DNA near bgl, and both zones exhibited a striking orientation bias. Five hot spots upstream of the bgl cyclic AMP binding protein (CAP) binding site had Mu insertions exclusively with the phage oriented left to right relative to the direction of bgl transcription. One hot spot within the CAP binding domain had the opposite (right-to-left) orientation of phage insertion. The DNA segment lying between these two Mu hot-spot clusters is extremely A/T rich (80%) and is an efficient target for insertion sequences during stationary phase. IS1 insertions that activate the bgl operon resulted in a decrease in Mu insertions near the CAP binding site. Mu transposition in vitro differed significantly from the in vivo transposition pattern, having a new hot-spot cluster at the border of the A/T-rich segment. Transposon hot-spot behavior and orientation bias may relate to an asymmetry of transposon DNA-protein complexes and to interactions with proteins that produce transcriptionally silenced chromatin.
Viral RNA load as determined by cell culture as a management tool for discharge of SARS-CoV-2 patients from infectious disease wards (2020)

In a preliminary clinical study, we observed that the combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin was effective against SARS-CoV-2 by shortening the duration of viral load in Covid-19 patients. It is of paramount importance to define when a treated patient can be considered as no longer contagious. Correlation between successful isolation of virus in cell culture and Ct value of quantitative RT-PCR targeting E gene suggests that patients with Ct above 33-34 using our RT-PCR system are not contagious and thus can be discharged from hospital care or strict confinement for non-hospitalized patients.
Field Dependence of Porous Low-$k$ Dielectric Breakdown as Revealed by the Effects of Line Edge Roughness on Failure Distributions (2011)

We investigate the electric field (E) dependence of the breakdown of porous low- <i xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">k</i> dielectrics by measuring the changes in the failure time distribution resulting from the presence of line edge roughness. We show that the Weibull β increases with decreasing field, clearly demonstrating that dielectric breakdown does not exhibit 1/E or E <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-n</sup> characteristics.
The origin recognition complex in silencing, cell cycle progression, and DNA replication. (1995)

This report describes the isolation of ORC5, the gene encoding the fifth largest subunit of the origin recognition complex, and the properties of mutants with a defective allele of ORC5. The orc5-1 mutation caused temperature-sensitive growth and, at the restrictive temperature, caused cell cycle arrest. At the permissive temperature, the orc5-1 mutation caused an elevated plasmid loss rate that could be suppressed by additional tandem origins of DNA replication. The sequence of ORC5 revealed a potential ATP binding site, making Orc5p a candidate for a subunit that mediates the ATP-dependent binding of ORC to origins. Genetic interactions among orc2-1 and orc5-1 and other cell cycle genes provided further evidence for a role for the origin recognition complex (ORC) in DNA replication. The silencing defect caused by orc5-1 strengthened previous connections between ORC and silencing, and combined with the phenotypes caused by orc2 mutations, suggested that the complex itself functions in both processes.
Identification of sequence elements in the human cytomegalovirus DNA polymerase gene promoter required for activation by viral gene products (1994)

To determine the mechanisms involved in the regulation of human cytomegalovirus early gene expression, we have examined the gene that encodes the viral DNA polymerase (UL54, pol). Our previous studies demonstrated that sequences required for activation of the pol promoter by immediate-early proteins are contained within a region from -128 to +20 and that cellular proteins can bind to this activation domain. In this study, we demonstrate by competition analysis that binding of cellular proteins to pol is associated with an 18-bp region containing a single copy of a novel inverted repeat, IR1. Time course analysis indicated that viral infection increased the level of protein binding to IR1, concurrent with the activation of the pol promoter. Mutation of the IR1 element abrogated binding of cellular factors to the pol promoter and reduced by threefold the activation by immediate-early proteins. Similarly, mutation of IR1 rendered the promoter poorly responsive to activation by viral infection. Mutation of additional sequence elements in the pol promoter had little effect, indicating that IR1 plays the major role in pol promoter regulation. These studies demonstrate that the interaction between cellular factors and IR1 is important for the regulation of expression of the polymerase gene by viral proteins.
A New Digital Control Algorithm to Achieve Optimal Dynamic Performance in DC-to-DC Converters (2007)

In this paper, a new control algorithm is proposed to achieve optimal dynamic performance for dc-to-dc converters under a load current change and for a given set of circuit parameters, such as the output inductor, output capacitor, switching frequency, input voltage, and output voltage. Using the concept of capacitor charge balance, the proposed algorithm predicts the optimal transient response for a dc-to-dc converter during a large signal load current change. During steady state operation, conventional current mode proportional-integral-derivative (PID) is used. During large signal transient conditions, the new control algorithm takes over. The equations needed to calculate the transient time and the required duty cycle series are presented. By using the proposed algorithm, the optimal transient performances, including the smallest output voltage overshoot/undershoot and the shortest recovery time, is achieved. In addition, since the large signal dynamic response of the power converter is successfully predicted, the large signal stability is guaranteed. Experimental results show that the proposed method produces superior dynamic performance over a conventional current mode PID controller.
A general algorithm for speed and position estimation of AC motors (2000)

A computationally efficient speed and position estimation algorithm, generally applicable to AC motor drives, is designed and analyzed. Applications include: (a) sensorless permanent-magnet and reluctance synchronous motor drives using the fundamental excitation as information source; (b) sensorless drives using saliency and signal injection; and (c) sensored drives using resolvers. Particular attention is given for case (a). Low parameter sensitivity in the entire speed range (except at low speeds for the reluctance motor)-implying a small position estimation error-and good dynamic properties at nominal speeds are verified.
Organotins. formation, use, speciation, and toxicology. (2010)

The speciation of organotin(IV) cations in natural waters, in sewage or in biofluids is strongly influenced by the complex formation with the available metal-binding compounds, i.e., both high and low molecular weight ligands of biological and environmental interest. The primary intention of this chapter is to discuss the aquatic solution chemistry of organotin cations and their complexes formed with low and high molecular weight bioligands. Besides, some synthetic aspects, applications and sources of organotin pollution, their destinations in the environment, and toxicology will be also shortly discussed.
A Practical Method for the Prediction of the Surface Currents of the Ocean (1954)

A method is advanced for the prediction of surface currents based on the stability of computed dynamic currents. Wherever the latter are known and simultaneously the measured (geomagnetic) current and local wind direction, speed, and duration are known, the vector difference between the measured and the computed currents is assumed to be the portion of the current induced by the wind. The hypothesis is demonstrated empirically by a correlation of the above factors based on data obtained during a recent oceanographic survey. The predicted surface current vector is shown to be the resultant between a forecast wind-current and a permanent dynamic current. A new type of survey is proposed to make feasible the complete correlation of these factors. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1954.tb01092.x