gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Overexpression of Enzymatically Active Human Cytosolic and Mitochondrial Thioredoxin Reductase in HEK-293 Cells (2004)

The mammalian thioredoxin reductases (TrxR) are selenoproteins containing a catalytically active selenocysteine residue (Sec) and are important enzymes in cellular redox control. The cotranslational incorporation of Sec, necessary for activity, is governed by a stem-loop structure in the 3'-untranslated region of the mRNA and demands adequate selenium availability. The complicated translation machinery required for Sec incorporation is a major obstacle in isolating mammalian cell lines stably overexpressing selenoproteins. In this work we report on the development and characterization of stably transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells that overexpress enzymatically active selenocysteine-containing cytosolic TrxR1 or mitochondrial TrxR2. We demonstrate that the overexpression of selenium-containing TrxR1 results in lower expression and activity of the endogenous selenoprotein glutathione peroxidase and that the activity of overexpressed TrxRs, rather than the protein amount, can be increased by selenium supplementation in the cell growth media. We also found that the TrxR-overexpressing cells grew slower over a wide range of selenium concentrations, which was an effect apparently not related to increased apoptosis nor to fatally altered intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Most surprisingly, the TrxR1- or TrxR2-overexpressing cells also induced novel expression of the epithelial markers CK18, CK-Cam5.2, and BerEP4, suggestive of a stimulation of cellular differentiation.
A study of the contact stress analysis of cylindrical gears using the hybrid finite element method (2012)

In this study, the hybrid finite element method combined with the tooth contact analysis was applied to solve the static contact stress problem of meshing a cylindrical gear set. The hybrid finite element method has two special features. First, the dimension of the stiffness matrix was reduced to a small condensed compliance matrix with degrees of freedom in the possible contact region. The contact force was iteratively solved based on the condensed compliance matrix by the normal gap distance at the contact point. Second, the contact force at the meshing positions was solved using the same condensed compliance matrix with a different normal gap distance calculated by the tooth contact analysis. Using the examples in this study, the contact stress of the meshing gears was calculated and compared to the data obtained by ANSYS in order to validate the proposed hybrid finite element method. The hybrid finite element method with tooth contact analysis proposed in this study can be used to determine the amount of tooth surface modification.
Lossless Transform Coding of Audio Signals (1997)

Recent papers have proposed linear prediction as a useful method for lossless audio coding. Transform coding, however, hasn’t been investigated so far, although it seems to be more adapted to the harmonic structure of most audio signals. In this paper we present first results on lossless transform coding of CD-quality audio data. One main aspect lies on a suitable quantization method to obtain perfect reconstruction. Using a codebook with different entropy codes for the transform coefficients we achieve bitrates, slightly better then those obtained by the lossless linear prediction schemes mentioned above.
Nanoscale Energy Conversion by Using Nano-Catalytic Particles (2006)

Burning or combustion is the most common energy conversion method of which the chemical energy stored is converted to the thermal energy during an oxidation process. Governed by the scaling and thermodynamic laws, there is a minimum size requirement (∼1 mm) for having a sustainable reaction. Conventional combustion or burning usually takes place when the reactants’ temperature is much higher than the body temperatures of biological beings. All heat engines including both external combustion engines and internal combustion engines were developed using this phenomenon; and reaction processes proceed in macroscale where big machines and large reaction chambers are often employed. As an attempt to mimic nature’s method of energy conversion, without external ignition, nano-catalytic particles could be self-heated very rapidly (in seconds) in the present of methanol or ethanol vapor/air mixture flow. Stable and reproducible spontaneous self-ignition and self-supporting combustion have been achieved at room temperature by exposing nanometersized catalytic particles to methanol-air or ethanol-air gas mixtures. Infrared thermography revealed that the thermal gradient near nanoparticles could be more than 100 times higher than what could be achieved in macroscale. The reaction releases heat and produces CO2 and water. Such reactions starting at ambient temperature have reached both high (> 600°C) and low (a few tenths of a degree above room temperature) reaction temperatures. The reaction intensity could be easily controlled by varying the fuel-air mixture. The application of this discovery might lead to the development of a new class of solid state electrical power generators which could convert fuel energy to electricity without any moving parts.
Kinking of Cervical Internal Carotid Artery Causing Acute Infantile Hemiplegia (1982)

A 4-year-old right handed boy was admitted with the left hemiparesis of sudden onset. Angiographic studies demonstrated kinking of the bilateral internal carotid arteries and right vertebral artery in the neck portion. On rotating the neck to the right, the kinked segment of the right carotid artery was rendered more stenotic. Computerized tomography and electroencephalography were normal. Reconstructive surgery of the right internal carotid artery including an end to side anastomosis between the internal carotid artery and the common carotid artery was performed to prevent cerebral atrophy or stroke. Eleven months postoperatively, the left hemiparesis had disappeared and he remained free of symptoms. Various methods of surgical correction for carotid coiling, tortuosity, kinking or stenosis have been reported for adults. In four children, Suzuki et al. did not amputate the internal carotid artery, but fixed its coiled portion to the external carotid artery. In the present case, mannitol was used to overcome the risk during the reconstructive operation of the internal carotid artery at its bifurcation. Reconstructive surgery may be possible even in children and is safe and effective in selective cases.
Suppression of surface leakage currents using molecular beam epitaxy-grown unipolar barriers (2010)

The performance of many electronic devices and materials is limited by surface leakage. These currents are conventionally inhibited by post-epitaxy deposition of a surface passivation layer. This work presents the use of epitaxial, unipolar barriers to limit surface leakage currents, which are a more effective and less expensive approach to control surface current than surface passivation. The concept is illustrated with molecular beam epitaxy-grown InAs photodiodes. The dark current in a conventional InAs photodiode is dominated by surface conduction at temperatures below 150 K, whereas the unipolar barrier InAs photodiode exhibits no detectable surface leakage.
Molecular characterization of germ-line immunoglobulin A transcripts produced during transforming growth factor type beta-induced isotype switching. (1990)

The addition of transforming growth factor type beta to lipopolysaccharide-stimulated murine B-cell cultures enhances isotype switching to IgA and induces the appearance of two sizes of alpha mRNA transcripts. One of these is the same size as mRNA for secreted IgA but the other, which is 300-400 base pairs (bp) shorter, does not correlate in size with any form of productive alpha mRNA. Both sizes of transcript were shown to contain germ-line sequences 5' to the alpha switch region, suggesting that the longer transcripts included both germ-line and productive forms of alpha mRNA, whereas the shorter transcripts were only germ-line alpha mRNA. We isolated cDNA clones corresponding to the shorter, 1.3-kilobase (kb), transcript by using an anchored polymerase chain reaction and a specific primer for the constant region. Analyses of these cDNA clones show that the short transcript consists of a 126-bp exon located approximately 1.5 kb 5' to the alpha switch region spliced to the first exon of the alpha constant region locus. Furthermore, a minor fraction of the longer, approximately 1.7 kb, transcripts also contains this exon. These results demonstrate that transforming growth factor type beta-mediated isotype switching to IgA is preceded by transcriptional activation of the heavy-chain locus.
Dendrimers for organic light-emitting diodes (2009)

Dendrimers are now an important class of materials for use in organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this Highlight, we make a brief summary of the recent advances on OLEDs by using dendrimers as active materials. In particular, we will focus on several issues related to both the intrinsic structural features and properties, including dendrimer generation and charge mobility, the site isolation effect and prevention of energy transfer, and the host-free character. The potential applications for white electroluminescence via simple dendrimer blending, and host-free blue phosphorescent dendrimers are discussed. Finally, the strategy for dendrimer synthesis will be also discussed.
Maximum satisfiability using cores and correction sets (2015)

Core-guided MAXSAT algorithms dominate other methods in solving industrial MAXSAT problems. In this work, we propose a new efficient algorithm that is guided by correction sets and cores. At every iteration, the algorithm obtains a correction set or a core, which is then used to rewrite the formula using incremental and succinct transformations. We theoretically show that correction sets and cores have complementary strengths and empirically demonstrate that their combination leads to an efficient MAXSAT solver that outperforms state-of-the-art WPMS solvers on the 2014 Evaluation on industrial instances.
Quantization Bounds on Grassmann Manifolds and Applications to MIMO Communications (2006)

This paper considers the quantization problem on the Grassmann manifold \mathcal{G}_{n,p}, the set of all p-dimensional planes (through the origin) in the n-dimensional Euclidean space. The chief result is a closed-form formula for the volume of a metric ball in the Grassmann manifold when the radius is sufficiently small. This volume formula holds for Grassmann manifolds with arbitrary dimension n and p, while previous results pertained only to p=1, or a fixed p with asymptotically large n. Based on this result, several quantization bounds are derived for sphere packing and rate distortion tradeoff. We establish asymptotically equivalent lower and upper bounds for the rate distortion tradeoff. Since the upper bound is derived by constructing random codes, this result implies that the random codes are asymptotically optimal. The above results are also extended to the more general case, in which \mathcal{G}_{n,q} is quantized through a code in \mathcal{G}_{n,p}, where p and q are not necessarily the same. Finally, we discuss some applications of the derived results to multi-antenna communication systems.
BANNER: AN EXECUTABLE SURVEY OF ADVANCES IN BIOMEDICAL NAMED ENTITY RECOGNITION (2007)

There has been an increasing amount of research on biomedical named entity recognition, the most basic text extraction problem, resulting in significant progress by different research teams around the world. This has created a need for a freely-available, open source system implementing the advances described in the literature. In this paper we present BANNER, an open-source, executable survey of advances in biomedical named entity recognition, intended to serve as a benchmark for the field. BANNER is implemented in Java as a machine-learning system based on conditional random fields and includes a wide survey of the best techniques recently described in the literature. It is designed to maximize domain independence by not employing brittle semantic features or rule-based processing steps, and achieves significantly better performance than existing baseline systems. It is therefore useful to developers as an extensible NER implementation, to researchers as a standard for comparing innovative techniques, and to biologists requiring the ability to find novel entities in large amounts of text.
Chronic Nicotine Treatment Up-regulates Human α3β2 but Not α3β4 Acetylcholine Receptors Stably Transfected in Human Embryonic Kidney Cells (1998)

Human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (AChR) subtypes alpha3 beta2, alpha3 beta2 alpha5, alpha3 beta4, and alpha3 beta4 alpha5 were stably expressed in cells derived from the human embryonic kidney cell line 293. alpha3 beta4 AChRs were found in prominent 2-micrometer patches on the cell surface, whereas most alpha3 beta2 AChRs were more diffusely distributed. The functional properties of the alpha3 AChRs in tsA201 cells were characterized by whole cell patch clamp using both acetylcholine and nicotine as agonists. Nicotine was a partial agonist on alpha3 beta4 AChRs and nearly a full agonist on alpha3 beta2 alpha5 AChRs. Chronic exposure of cells expressing alpha3 beta2 AChRs or alpha3 beta2 alpha5 AChRs to nicotine or carbamylcholine increased their amount up to 24-fold but had no effect on the amount of alpha3beta4 or alpha3 beta4 alpha5 AChRs, i.e. the up-regulation of alpha3 AChRs depended on the presence of beta2 but not beta4 subunits in the AChRs. This was also found to be true of alpha3 AChRs in the human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y. In the absence of nicotine, alpha3 beta2 AChRs were expressed at much lower levels than alpha3 beta4 AChRs, but in the presence of nicotine, the amount of alpha3 beta2 AChRs exceeded that of alpha3 beta4 AChRs. Up-regulation was seen for both total AChRs and surface AChRs. Up-regulated alpha3beta2 AChRs were functional. The nicotinic antagonists curare and dihydro-beta-erythroidine also up-regulated alpha3 beta2 AChRs, but only by 3-5-fold. The channel blocker mecamylamine did not cause up-regulation of alpha3 beta2 AChRs and inhibited up-regulation by nicotine. Our data suggest that up-regulation of alpha3 beta2 AChRs in these lines by nicotine results from both increased subunit assembly and decreased AChR turnover.
Suicidality after traumatic brain injury: demographic, injury and clinical correlates (2002)

Suicidality is a common psychological reaction to TBI among out-patient populations. Management should involve careful history taking of previous post-injury suicidal behaviour, assessment of post-injury adjustment to TBI with particular focus on the degree of emotional/psychiatric disturbance, and close monitoring of those individuals with high levels of hopelessness and suicide ideation.
Adolescencia y prostitución de mujeres adolescentes (2006)

Con el presente escrito, pretendo presentar algunas reflexiones que nos permitan pensar sobre una preocupacion actual: el incremento que se percibe, en la ciudad de Medellin, de mujeres adolescentes que ejercen la prostitucion. Preocupacion tanto del las autoridades, de los maestros y los funcionarios de las instituciones de proteccion, como de sus familiares, quienes se preguntan por el comportamiento de las adolescentes frente a la sexualidad, identificandolo como un acto que va en contra de ellas mismas.
Formulation And Evaluation Of Propranolol Hydrochloride Oral Controlled Release Matrix Tablets (2004)

Propranolol hydrochloride was formulated as oral controlled release matrix tablets using hydrophilic polymer such as hydroxypropyl methylcellulose K4M along with electrolytes. In this work a new attempt was made for in situ interactions between drug and electrolytes are devised to control the release of highly water-soluble drugs from oral hydrophilic monolithic systems. Electrolytes such as calcium carbonate, magnesium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate were used at different concentrations (5 to 100 mg per tablet) in various formulations, while drug and polymer concentrations were maintained constantly at 1:2 level in all the formulations. These electrolytes were used to monitor matrix swelling and gel properties. Electrolytes at higher concentrations (75 to 100 mg per tablet) exhibited greater inhibition in drug release from the matrix and at low concentrations (5 to 50 mg per tablet) these were accounted for controlled release of the drug. The results indicated that the drug released at a controlled rate which is due to differential swelling rate, matrix stiffening and provides a uniform gel layer. These findings indicated that the swelling and gel formation in the presence of ionisable species with in the hydrophilic matrices provide an attractive alternative for controlled drug delivery from a simple monolithic system.
When does Parkinson's disease begin? (2009)

Abstract Pathological and neuroimaging studies have shown that in Parkinson's disease (PD) there is a “subclinical” or “premotor” period during which dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) degenerate but typical motor symptoms have not yet developed. Post‐mortem studies based on nigral cell counts and evaluating dopamine levels in the striata, and imaging studies assessing the nigrostriatal pathway in vivo, have estimated that this time period could last 3 to 6 years. In addition, emerging evidence indicates that the neuropathological process of PD does not start in the SN but more likely elsewhere in the nervous system: in the lower brainstem and the olfactory bulb, or even more distant from the SN, such as in the peripheral autonomic nervous system. Patients with PD frequently can present non‐motor symptoms, such as hyposmia or constipation, years before the development of classical motor signs. The physiopathology of these “premotor” symptoms, though still unclear, is currently thought to be related to early involvement by the pathological process underlying PD of non‐dopaminergic lower brainstem structures or autonomic plexuses. However, the answer to the question “when does PD start” remains uncertain. Here, we review clinical, pathological, and neuroimaging data related to the onset of the pathological process of PD, and propose that its onset is non‐motor and that non‐motor symptoms could begin in many instances 10 and 20 years before onset of motor symptoms. The variable course of the disorder once the motor symptoms develop, suggests that the start and progression of premotor PD is also highly variable andgiven the heterogeneous nature of PD, may differ depending on the cause/s of the syndrome. When and where the neuropathological process develops in PD remains uncertain. © 2009 Movement Disorder Society
A fully statistical approach to natural language interfaces (1996)

We present a natural language interface system which is based entirely on trained statistical models. The system consists of three stages of processing: parsing, semantic interpretation, and discourse.
Laparoscopic choledocholithotomy for patients with common bile duct stones (2013)

Objective
To explore the safty and clinical efficacy of laparoscopic choledocholithotomy for the treatment of common bile duct stones.


Methods
The subjects of this retrospective study were 55 patients with choledocholithiasis who underwent surgery in the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University from August 2011 to August 2012. The informed consent of all patients were obtained and the ethics committee approval was recieved. According to the surgical procedures, 55 patients were divided into laparoscopic choledocholithotomy group (laparoscopic group) [25 cases; 14 males and 11 females; (53±14) years old] and the open common bile duct exploration group(open group) [30 cases; 16 males and 14 females; (57±14) years old]. Patients in the laparoscopic group underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy+choledochendysis+fiber-choledochoscopic lithotomy+T tube drainage. Patients in the open group underwent cholecystectomy+ choledocholithotomy+T tube drainage. The operations and mortality in the two groups were observed. The operative time, blood loss, postoperative hospital stay and gastrointestinal function recovery time were compared by t-test. The percentage of application of postoperative analgesics (pethidine), the stone clearance rate and incidence of complications were compared by χ2 test.


Results
All operations were successful. No case in the laparoscopic group was converted to laparotomy. No death was observed. The median operative time in the laparoscopic group was (105±21) min, while the operative time in the open group was (112±19) min and no significant difference was observed between the two groups (t=-1.325, P>0.05). For the laparoscopic group, the blood loss was (53±18) ml, the gastrointestinal function recovery time was (1.5±0.6) d and the postoperative hospital stay was (6.3±1.1) d, which were significantly less than (117±36) ml, (2.6±0.8) d, (9.8±1.8) d respectively in the open goup (t=-10.157、-5.378、-8.614, all in P 0.05) . Complications were observed in 2 patients (8%) in the laparoscopic group, including pancreatitis and bile leakage. Six patients in the open group (20%) suffered complications, among which one developed pancreatitis, four developed wound infection and one suffered bile leakage. There was no significant difference between two groups for the complication incidence (χ2=1.580, P>0.05) . All were cured by conservative treatment.


Conclusions
Compared with the open common bile duct exploration, the laparoscopic choledocholithotomy is minimally invasive, safe, effective and fast-recovered in the treatment of common bile duct stones, and has the same effect as the open common bile duct exploration.


Key words: 
Choledocholithiasis; Laparoscopes; Choledochoscope; Treatment outcome
The dynamic nature of autophagy in cancer (2011)

Macroautophagy (referred to hereafter as autophagy) is a highly regulated cellular process that serves to remove damaged proteins and organelles from the cell. Autophagy contributes to an array of normal and pathological processes, and has recently emerged as a key regulator of multiple aspects of cancer biology. The role of autophagy in cancer is complex and is likely dependent on tumor type, stage, and genetic context. This complexity is illustrated by the identification of settings where autophagy acts potently to either promote or inhibit tumorigenesis. In this review, I discuss the underlying basis for these opposing functions and propose a model suggesting a dynamic role for autophagy in malignancy. Collectively, the data point to autophagy as serving as a barrier to limit tumor initiation. Once neoplastic lesions are established, it appears that adaptive changes occur that now result in positive roles for autophagy in malignant progression and in subsequent tumor maintenance. Remarkably, constitutive activation of autophagy is critical for continued growth of some tumors, serving to both reduce oxidative stress and provide key intermediates to sustain cell metabolism. Autophagy is also induced in response to cancer therapies where it can function as a survival mechanism that limits drug efficacy. These findings have inspired significant interest in applying anti-autophagy therapies as an entirely new approach to cancer treatment. It is now apparent that aberrant control of autophagy is among the key hallmarks of cancer. While much needs to be learned about the regulation and context-dependent biological functions of autophagy, it seems clear that modulation of this process will be an attractive avenue for future cancer therapeutic approaches.