gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thermal modelling of a back-to-back gearbox test machine: Application to the FZG test rig (2012)

A thermal model of a back-to-back gear test rig relying on a network approach is presented in which the predictions of temperatures and power losses are coupled. The numerical findings are in good agreement with the measurements for transient regimes on a FZG test rig and it is demonstrated that the proposed simulation is reliable. A number of results are presented which illustrate the influence of the pinion and gear immersion depths. It is found that, in certain conditions, the classic isothermal method for estimating integral temperatures is questionable because the actual bulk temperature can substantially deviate from that of the oil sump. The practical consequences in terms of scuffing capacity are emphasised.
Glia Maturation Factor-γ Negatively Modulates TLR4 Signaling by Facilitating TLR4 Endocytic Trafficking in Macrophages (2013)

TLR4 signaling must be tightly regulated to provide both effective immune protection and avoid inflammation-induced pathology. Thus, the mechanisms that negatively regulate the TLR4-triggered inflammatory response are of particular importance. Glia maturation factor-γ (GMFG), a novel actin depolymerization factor/cofilin superfamily protein that is expressed in inflammatory cells, has been implicated in mediating neutrophil and T cell migration, but its function in macrophage immune response remains unclear. In the current study, the role of GMFG in the LPS-induced TLR4-signaling pathway was investigated in THP-1 macrophages and human primary macrophages. LPS stimulation of macrophages decreased GMFG mRNA and protein expression. We show that GMFG negatively regulates LPS-induced activation of NF-κB-, MAPK-, and IRF3-signaling pathways and subsequent production of proinflammatory cytokines and type I IFN in human macrophages. We found that endogenous GMFG localized within early and late endosomes. GMFG knockdown delayed LPS-induced TLR4 internalization and caused prolonged TLR4 retention at the early endosome, suggesting that TLR4 transport from early to late endosomes is interrupted, which may contribute to enhanced LPS-induced TLR4 signaling. Taken together, our findings suggest that GMFG functions as a negative regulator of TLR4 signaling by facilitating TLR4 endocytic trafficking in macrophages.
Subthreshold leakage modeling and reduction techniques (2002)

As technology scales, subthreshold leakage currents grow exponentially and become an increasingly large component of total power dissipation. CAD tools to help model and manage subthreshold leakage currents will be needed for developing ultra low power and high performance integrated circuits. This paper gives an overview of current research to control leakage currents, with an emphasis on areas where CAD improvements will be needed. The first part of the paper explores techniques to model subthreshold leakage currents at the device, circuit, and system levels. Next, circuit techniques such as source biasing, dual Vt partitioning, MTCMOS, and VTCMOS are described. These techniques reduce leakage currents during standby states and minimize power consumption. This paper also explores ways to reduce total active power by limiting leakage currents and optimally trading off between dynamic and leakage power components.
Multiple-precision fixed-point vector multiply-accumulator using shared segmentation (2004)

We present a 64-bit fixed-point vector multiply-accumulator (MAC) architecture capable of supporting multiple precisions. The vector MAC can perform one 64/spl times/64, two 32/spl times/32, four 16/spl times/16 or eight 8/spl times/8 bit signed/unsigned multiply-accumulates using essentially the same hardware as a scalar 64-bit MAC and with only a small increase in delay. The scalar MAC architecture is "vectorized" by inserting mode-dependent multiplexing into the partial product generation and by inserting mode-dependent kills in the carry chain of the reduction tree and the final carry-propagate adder. This is an example of "shared segmentation" in which the existing scalar structure is segmented and then shared between vector modes. The vector MAC is area efficient and can be fully pipelined which makes it suitable for high-performance processors and possibly dynamically reconfigurable processors.
Differential gene expression in migrating renal epithelial cells after wounding (1995)

An in vitro model of wound healing was used to study cell migration that is independent of proliferation during renal regeneration after acute tubular necrosis. Monolayer cultures of high-density, quiescent renal epithelial cells of the BSC-1 line were subjected to scrape wounding and then Northern blot analysis was employed to identify genes that mediate cell migration. After wounding the monolayer, there is maximal induction of the immediate-early genes Egr-1, c-fos, NAK-1, and gro at 1 hour, followed by peak induction of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and c-myc at 4 hours. Message levels of urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) and its inhibitor (PAI-1) and heat shock protein (HSP)-70 are markedly raised 4-8 hours after wounding. Constitutive expression is repressed at 1 hour for transcripts that encode receptors for fibronectin (FN), epidermal growth factor, and hepatocyte growth factor (c-met), and the secreted proteins FN and osteopontin. Expression of genes encoding transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta 1 and -beta 2, retinoic acid receptor alpha, int-1, int-2, and gap junction protein which can play a role in cell movement, appeared unchanged after wounding. Differential expression of genes was a function of cell location relative to the wound; NAK-1, PAI-1, and HSP-70 were induced or stimulated only in cells at the wound edge, u-PA was stimulated in cells away from the wound, and CTGF was induced in each of these populations suggesting that cell-to-cell communication may regulate gene expression after wounding. Adenosine diphosphate, a potent stimulator of cell migration which enhances expression of u-PA and PAI-1 in nonwounded cultures, additively stimulates these genes after wounding and may thereby potentiate wound healing. Thus scrape wounding of renal epithelial cells is followed by induction, stimulation, or repression of specific genes with distinct responses in different populations of cells.
Obstacle Detection and Map Building with a Rotating Ultrasonic Range Sensor using Bayesian Combination (2006)

Map building and obstacle detection are basic tasks in mobile robot navigation. In this paper we present a probability based solution for map building which utilizes time of flight information from an ultrasonic sensor. In contrast to most of the available map building systems, this uses a single ultrasonic sensor, mounted on a rotating shaft. Discrete sonar observations taken at regular time intervals, by rotating the shaft in small step angles are incrementally merged into partial planes to produce a realistic representation of environment that is amenable to sonar localization. Readings of close proximity are averaged to suppress the transient errors and the results are further refined by using the sonar probability model to fill an occupancy grid and Bayesian combination for the purpose of data fusion. Experimental results obtained in a real indoor environment are presented to verify the validity of our algorithm.
Aircraft-borne, laser-induced fluorescence instrument for the <i>in situ</i> detection of hydroxyl and hydroperoxyl radicals (1994)

The odd-hydrogen radicals OH and HO2 are central to most of the gas-phase chemical transformations that occur in the atmosphere. Of particular interest is the role that these species play in controlling the concentration of stratospheric ozone. This paper describes an instrument that measures both of these species at volume mixing ratios below one part in 1014 in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The hydroxyl radical (OH) is measured by laser induced fluorescence at 309 nm. Tunable UV light is used to pump OH to the first electronic state (Ã 2Σ+(v′=1) ← X̃2Π3/2 (v″=0)) near 282 nm. The laser light is produced by a high-repetition rate pulsed dye-laser powered with all solid-state pump lasers. HO2 is measured as OH after gas-phase titration with nitric oxide. Measurements aboard a NASA ER-2 aircraft demonstrate the capability of this instrument to perform reliably with very high signal-to-noise ratios (≳30) achieved in short integration times (&lt; 20 sec).
Interactive, Richly Cued Shaded Display Of Multiple 3D Objects In Medical Images (1988)

The 3D comprehension of anatomic and computed objects in medical images, presented using shaded display, can be increased by attention to light sources, surface textures, and transparency. Increased 3D cues are provided by real-time interactive modification of viewpoint, object selection, transparency, and clipping planes. Methods for achieving these increases in comprehension will be presented. In particular, the following will be described, with applications from diagnostic CT and MRI and radiotherapy treatment planning: 1) A set of workstation-based tools, using heuristic and interactive approaches, for defining object contours, connecting them into objects, and tiling their surfaces. 2) A renderer that provides more rapid computation of many different presentations of the same view of a scene by keeping a large intermediate file of geometric information about a particular view. Choices of objects to be displayed, and for each object, its color, specularity, and transparency, can be deferred until, and changed after, all the geometric computations. 3) The usefulness of the Tektronix stereo polarizing plate and the kinetic depth effect for adding to the 3D comprehension of objects. 4) The custom-built graphics engine, Pixel-planes, and its use in providing, all in near real time, object selection, variation in object transparency levels, variation in viewpoint, and specification of clipping planes. Also described will be the ability of Pixel-planes to present oblique grey-scale image slices superimposed on the clipping planes as the clipping plane is interactively moved.
A First Course in Database Systems (1997)

Written by well-known computer scientists, this accessible and succinct introduction to database systems focuses on database design and use. It provides in-depth coverage of databases from the point of view of the database designer, user, and application programmer. The authors provide an overview of important programming systems (e.g., SQL, JDBC, PSM, CLI, PHP, XQuery, etc.) and the intellectual framework to put them into context. For software engineers, database engineers, and programmers.
Calibration of respiratory inductive plethysmograph during natural breathing (1989)

We describe a single-posture method for deriving the proportionality constant (K) between rib cage (RC) and abdominal (AB) amplifiers of the respiratory inductive plethysmograph (RIP). Qualitative diagnostic calibration (QDC) is based on equations of the isovolume maneuver calibration (ISOCAL) and is carried out during a 5-min period of natural breathing without using mouthpiece or mask. In this situation, K approximates the ratio of standard deviations (SD) of the uncalibrated changes of AB-to-RC volume deflections. Validity of calibration was evaluated by 1) analyzing RIP waveforms during an isovolume maneuver and 2) comparing changes of tidal volume (VT) amplitude and functional residual capacity (FRC) level measured by spirometry (SP) with RIP values. Comparisons of VT(RIP) to VT(SP) were also obtained in a variety of postures during natural (uninstructed) preferential RC and AB breathing and with voluntary changes of VT amplitude and FRC level. VT(RIP)-to-VT(SP) comparisons were equal to or closer than published reports for single posture, ISOCAL, multiple- and linear-regression procedures. QDC of RIP in supine posture with comparisons to SP in that posture and others showed better accuracy in horizontal than upright postures.
Selective action of mercaptoethylamines on melanocytes in mammalian skin: experimental depigmentation. (1968)

Experiments with various topically applied compounds have demonstrated that 2-mercaptoethylamine HCI (MEA) and N(2-mercaptoethyl)-dimethylamine HCI (MEDA) are very potent agents that cause depigmentation in treated areas only. When applied to the skin of black guinea pigs, they inhibited melanogenesis, acted selectively on melanocytes, decreased melanocyte density significantly, and rendered the few remaining melanocytes degenerative. In epidermis from MEDA-treated areas, melanocytes could be detected only rarely by electron microscopy. Those that were found contained few melanized melanosomes, many vacuoles, and swollen mitochondria. Depigmentation by any exogenous agent can result from destruction or loss of melanocytes; interference with (1) the biosynthesis of premelanosomes and melanosomes, (2) the conversion of tyrosine to dopa to melanin, (3) the biosynthesis of tyrosinase or the active center of the enzyme, (4) the transfer of melanosomes to keratinocytes; and alteration of the melanin present in melanosomes. Depigmentation by MEDA appears to result from selective destruction or degeneration of melanocytes.
Normal incidence infrared detector using intervalence-subband transitions in Si1−<i>x</i>Ge<i>x</i>/Si quantum wells (1992)

Normal incidence infrared detection due to intervalence band transitions of holes is demonstrated using Si1−xGex/Si multiple quantum-well structures. Two samples with Ge composition (x) of 30% and 60% are used in this study and broad photoresponse peaks (∼100 meV) at near 3 and 2 μm, respectively, are observed. The peak positions of the photoresponse are in close agreement with those observed in the absorption measurement using a waveguide geometry. The low-temperature photocurrent spectrum for each sample shows that the broad absorption peak at room temperature consists of many peaks due to several transitions. From the calculated energy levels due to different hole bands, we conclude that the transitions are from the heavy-hole ground state to the split-off and continuum states. This principle of normal incidence detection can be readily implemented for focal plane infrared detection in the 3–5 μm (and 8–12 μm) range with potential for monolithic integration with Si signal processing circuits.
GalNAc-α-<i>O</i>-benzyl Inhibits NeuAcα2-3 Glycosylation and Blocks the Intracellular Transport of Apical Glycoproteins and Mucus in Differentiated HT-29 Cells (1998)

Exposure for 24 h of mucus-secreting HT-29 cells to the sugar analogue GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl results in inhibition of Galbeta1-3GalNAc:alpha2,3-sialyltransferase, reduced mucin sialylation, and inhibition of their secretion (Huet, G., I. Kim, C. de Bolos, J.M. Loguidice, O. Moreau, B. Hémon, C. Richet, P. Delannoy, F.X. Real., and P. Degand. 1995. J. Cell Sci. 108:1275-1285). To determine the effects of prolonged inhibition of sialylation, differentiated HT-29 populations were grown under permanent exposure to GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl. This results in not only inhibition of mucus secretion, but also in a dramatic swelling of the cells and the accumulation in intracytoplasmic vesicles of brush border-associated glycoproteins like dipeptidylpeptidase-IV, the mucin-like glycoprotein MUC1, and carcinoembryonic antigen which are no longer expressed at the apical membrane. The block occurs beyond the cis-Golgi as substantiated by endoglycosidase treatment and biosynthesis analysis. In contrast, the polarized expression of the basolateral glycoprotein GP 120 is not modified. Underlying these effects we found that (a) like in mucins, NeuAcalpha2-3Gal-R is expressed in the terminal position of the oligosaccharide species associated with the apical, but not the basolateral glycoproteins of the cells, and (b) treatment with GalNAc-alpha-O-benzyl results in an impairment of their sialylation. These effects are reversible upon removal of the drug. It is suggested that alpha2-3 sialylation is involved in apical targeting of brush border membrane glycoproteins and mucus secretion in HT-29 cells.
Update on C3 glomerulopathy (2014)

C3 glomerulopathy refers to a disease process in which abnormal control of complement activation, degradation or deposition results in predominant C3 fragment deposition within the glomerulus and glomerular damage. Recent studies have improved our understanding of its pathogenesis. The key abnormality is uncontrolled C3b amplification in the circulation and/or along the glomerular basement membrane. Family studies in which disease segregates with structurally abnormal complement factor H-related (CFHR) proteins demonstrate that abnormal CFHR proteins are important in some types of C3 glomerulopathy. This is currently thought to be due to the ability of these proteins to antagonize the major negative regulator of C3 activation, complement factor H (CFH), a process termed 'CFH de-regulation'. Recent clinicopathological cohort studies have led to further refinements in case definition, culminating in a 2013 consensus report, which provides recommendations regarding investigation and treatment. Early clinical experience with complement-targeted therapeutics, notably C5 inhibitors, has also now been published. Here, we summarize the latest developments in C3 glomerulopathy.
Aspect Ratio Dependence of Electromechanical Coupling Coefficient k<sub>31</sub> of Lateral-Excitation Piezoelectric Vibrator (2007)

Using the theory of coupled vibrations, the lateral-excitation mode is theoreticaliy analyszed. As a result, a formula for the electromechanical coupling coefficient k31 was derived as a function of the aspect ratio between the width and length of a rectangular thin-plate piezoelectric vibrator. This formula can be used in the design for device fabrication using a lateral-excitation-mode piezoelectric vibrator with an arbitrary aspect ratio.
Isolation and characterization of individual functionally reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes: conjugation, killing and recycling at the single cell level (1975)

Abstract Isolation and characterization of individual functionally reactive cytotoxic T lymphocytes have been achieved. Peritoneal exudate cytotoxic lymphocytes were obtained from BALB/c mice injected with EL4 tumor cells. Lymphocyte tumor cell conjugation was promoted by centrifugation. Individual conjugates comprised of one lymphocyte bound to one tumor cell were isolated with a micropipette. The ultrastructure of isolated killer lymphocytes and the lysis of conjugated target cells were analyzed. The cytotoxic lymphocytes are small cells with an indented nucleus which is poor in peripheral chromatin and rich in rough nuclear sap. The cytoplasm contains one‐membrane‐bound lysosome‐like granules and clusters of ribosomes, but no rough endoplasmatic reticulum. The Golgi apparatus is well developed. Direct evidence obtained at the single cell level shows that a single effector lymphocyte is required and sufficient for the destruction of a single target cell and that killer cells which have been responsible for the lysis of a given target cell can lyse a second and even a third time.
Study of Antenna Superstrates Using Metamaterials for Directivity Enhancement Based on Fabry-Perot Resonant Cavity (2013)

Metamaterial superstrate is a significant method to obtain high directivity of one or a few antennas. In this paper, the characteristics of directivity enhancement using different metamaterial structures as antenna superstrates, such as electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) structures, frequency selective surface (FSS), and left-handed material (LHM), are unifiedly studied by applying the theory of Fabry-Perot (F-P) resonant cavity. Focusing on the analysis of reflection phase and magnitude of superstrates in presently proposed designs, the essential reason for high-directivity antenna with different superstrates can be revealed in terms of the F-P resonant theory. Furthermore, a new design of the optimum reflection coefficient of superstrates for the maximum antenna directivity is proposed and validated. The optimum location of the LHM superstrate which is based on a refractive lens model can be determined by the F-P resonant distance.
Bluetooth Low Energy and Smartphones for Proximity-Based Automatic Door Locks (2014)

Bluetooth Low Energy is becoming increasingly popular in mobile applications due to the possibility of using it for proximity data. Proximity can be estimated by measuring the strength of the Bluetooth signal, and actions can then be performed based on a user's proximity to a certain location or object. One of the most interesting applications of proximity information is automating common tasks; this paper evaluates Bluetooth Low Energy in the context of using smartphones to automatically unlock a door when a user approaches the door. Measurements were performed to determine signal strength reliability, energy consumption and connection latency. The results show that Bluetooth Low Energy is a suitable technology for proximity-based door locks despite the large variance in signal strength.
Minimizing immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals by controlling critical quality attributes of proteins (2012)

Adverse immune responses severely hamper the success of biopharmaceutical therapies. Possible clinical consequences include anaphylaxis, reduced drug half-life and neutralization of the therapeutic protein as well as the endogenous human homologue. Controlling potential triggers of the immune system helps to minimize the immunogenicity of biopharmaceuticals, a crucial consideration in biopharmaceutical manufacturing. This review summarizes the latest advancements that have been made towards insight into the impact of structural characteristics on the immunogenicity of therapeutic proteins. Examples are given to illustrate the role of critical quality attributes, such as protein conformation, glycosylation, chemical modifications and aggregation, in immunogenicity. During the development of biopharmaceutical products, it is important to not just assess the risk for immunogenicity in clinical trials, but to ensure product quality throughout drug design, cell-line selection, upstream and downstream processing, all the way to to the final product.
Separating Diffuse and Specular Reflection Components based on Surface Color Ratio and Chromaticity (2002)

A method to separate diffuse and specular reflection components is presented. The method is based on color, particularly on surface color ratio and chromaticity. We define surface color ratio as an invariant to specularity, shading and shadow and use it to detect diffuse pixels. There are three principle steps in our method: diffuse pixels identification, image normalization and reflection components separation. The experimental results show that the proposed method is very accurate and robust for uniform colored dielectric inhomogeneous surfaces under single colored scene illumination. 1
Macroscopic Test of the Aharonov-Bohm Effect (2007)

The Aharonov-Bohm (AB) effect is a purely quantum mechanical effect. The original (classified as type-I) AB-phase shift exists in experimental conditions where the electromagnetic fields and forces are zero. It is the absence of forces that makes the AB effect entirely quantum mechanical. Although the AB-phase shift has been demonstrated unambiguously, the absence of forces in type-I AB effects has never been shown. Here, we report the observation of the absence of time delays associated with forces of the magnitude needed to explain the AB-phase shift for a macroscopic system.