gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An algorithm for identifying nonsystematic delay-discounting data. (2008)

Several [corrected] discounting studies have use the R2 measure to identify data [corrected] with poor fits to a mathematical discounting model as nonsystematic data to be eliminated [corrected] Data from three previous delay-discounting studies (six separate groups, with a total of 161 individuals) were used to demonstrate why using R2 to assess the fits of discounting data is problematic. A significant, positive correlation between discounting rate parameter and R2 was found in most groups, showing that R2 is more stringent as a measure of fit for low discounting rates than for high discounting rates. Furthermore, it is suggested that identifying nonsystematic data based on any measure of fit to a mathematical discounting model may be problematic because it confounds discounting rate comparison with the issue of discounting model assessment. Therefore, a model-free method to identify nonsystematic data is needed. An algorithm for identifying nonsystematic data is presented that is based on the expectation of a monotonically decreasing discounting function. This algorithm identified 13 cases out of the 161 reanalyzed data sets as nonsystematic. These nonsystematic data are presented, along with examples of data not identified as nonsystematic. This algorithm, or modifications of it, may be useful in a variety of human and nonhuman animal discounting studies (e.g., delay discounting, probability discounting) as an alternative to the R2 measure for identifying nonsystematic data. The algorithm may be used in empirical investigations to improve discounting methodology, and may be used to identify outliers to be removed from analyses.
Automated Identification and Quantification of Glycerophospholipid Molecular Species by Multiple Precursor Ion Scanning (2006)

We report a method for the identification and quantification of glycerophospholipid molecular species that is based on the simultaneous automated acquisition and processing of 41 precursor ion spectra, specific for acyl anions of common fatty acids moieties and several lipid class-specific fragment ions. Absolute quantification of identified species was linear within a concentration range of 10 nM-100 microM and was achieved by spiking into total lipid extracts a set of synthetic lipid standards with diheptadecanoyl (17:0/17:0) fatty acid moieties, representing six common classes of glycerophospholipids. The automated analysis of total lipid extracts was powered by a robotic nanoflow ion source and produced currently the most detailed description of the glycerophospholipidome.
Metabolic tagging and purification of nascent RNA: implications for transcriptomics (2009)

Gene expression profiling to analyze cellular responses against different stimuli or conditions is generally performed at the total cellular RNA level. This results in poor resolution of the temporal kinetics of the cellular response and a bias towards detecting up-regulation of short-lived transcripts. Furthermore, changes in transcription rate and RNA stability cannot be distinguished. These problems can be addressed by analyzing nascent RNA instead of total cellular RNA. Throughout the last few years methods have been developed for metabolic tagging and purification of nascent RNA. In this article, we review these experimental procedures and discuss their implications for large-scale gene expression profiling.
Vegetation Structures and Ecological Niche of Quercus serrata Forests (2004)

The aim of this study was to characterize the forest vegetation structure and site of Quercus serrata forest for ecological forest management and ecological niche. The results are as follows : The chemical properties of Q. serrata forest soil were 0.24% of total nitrogen, 8.27 of organic matter, 74ppm of available phosphorous, 1.64(me/100g) of Ca, 0.22(me/100g) of Mg, 0.74(me/100g) of K and 9.3(me/100g) of cation exchangeable capacity. The dominant species in Quercus serrata forest were Quercus serrata, Quercus acutissima, Quercus variabilis, Quercus mongolica, Styrax obassia, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Styrax japonica. DBH analysis showed that Quercus serrata seems to remain as a dominant species for the present because they had random distribution based on few of big individuality, many of small and middle individuality. But the Q. serrata community is competing with Q. mongolica and F. rhynchophylla, whose density of small individuality has increased. With the classification of TWINSPAN, Q. serrata forest was classified three groups, such as Q. serrata-Acer mono, Q. serrata, Q. serrata-Q. acutissima communities. The results of the correlation analysis of Q. serrata major communities and environment factors are as follows; Q. serrata-A. mono community was found relatively in high elevated and eastern and northern area that has relatively high percentage organic matter. Also Q. serrata community was found in high elevated and eastern and northern area that has high percentage organic matter. Q. serrata-Q. acutissima community was found in low elevated and southern and western area that has low percentage organic matter.
Pattern discovery: a data driven approach to decision support (2003)

Decision support nowadays is more and more targeted to large scale complicated systems and domains. The success of a decision support system relies mainly on its capability of processing large amounts of data and efficiently extracting useful knowledge from the data, especially knowledge which is previously unknown to the decision makers. With a large scale system, traditional knowledge acquisition models become inefficient and/or more biased, due to the subjectivity of the experts or the pre-assumptions of certain ideas or algorithmic procedures. Today, with the rapid development of computer technologies, the capability of collecting data has been greatly advanced. Data becomes the most valuable resource for an organization. We present a fundamental framework toward intelligent decision support by analyzing a large amount of mixed-mode data (data with a mixture of continuous and categorical values) in order to bridge the subjectivity and objectivity of a decision support process. By considering significant associations of artifacts (events) inherent in the data as patterns, we define patterns as statistically significant associations among feature values represented by joint events or hypercells in the feature space. We then present an algorithm which automatically discovers statistically significant hypercells (patterns) based on: 1) a residual analysis, which tests the significance of the deviation when the occurrence of a hypercell differs from its expectation, and 2) an optimization formulation to enable recursive discovery. By discovering patterns from data sets based on such an objective measure, the nature of the problem domain will be revealed. The patterns can then be applied to solve specific problems as being interpreted or inferred with.
Plastic deformation of 7075 Aluminum Alloy using Integrated Extrusion-Equal Channel Angular Pressing (2016)

Grain refinement improves the mechanical properties and formability of metals and alloys. So far, several different grain refinement methods have been proposed and studied. Severe plastic deformation is one of the most promising and efficient methods. Therefore, in the present study the possibility of imposing a two-step severe plastic deformation (Extrusion and Equal channel angular pressing) on AA7075 alloy using a special designed die is investigated. Using this method, a very coarse grained microstructure with grain size of 94µm is refined to grain size of 7.5µm. Also, microstructural developments during severe deformation with and without preheating are investigated. Plastic strain distribution and temperature variation inside deformed samples are predicted by the use of thermal coupled displacement 3D finite element method. Results of FEM simulations clearly showes that the plastic strain distribution and temperature is non-uniform in sample and this introduces inhomogeneity in the resultant microstructure of sample at different regions.
In vitro generation and decomposition of S-nitrosothiols from direct and indirect nitric oxide donors. (1995)

Nitric oxide which was released in aqueous solutions (> or = 10 microM) of direct NO-donors such as 3-morpholinesydnonimine (SIN-1) and S-nitroso-N-acetyl-penicillamine (SNAP) consumed avidly sulfhydryl groups of N-acetylcysteine > cysteine > glutathione. In case of SIN-1 generation of nitrites run in parallel to disappearance of sulfhydryl groups of N-acetylcysteine and glutathione, however, for a pair of SIN-1 and cysteine the rate of formation of nitrites was much slower than the rate of consumption of sulfhydryl groups. We infer that kinetics of formation and breakdown of S-nitrosothiols varies depending on the type of a thiol which reacts with a NO-donor. Indirect NO-donors such as glyceryl trinitrate (GTN), molsidomine (MSD) or sodium nitroprusside (NaNP) at concentrations < 100 microM did not consume sulfhydryl groups of cysteine unless pretreated with the xanthine/xanthine oxidase system. We suppose that in this last case superoxide anions react with nitric oxide to form peroxynitrites with a higher potency than nitric oxide itself to destroy sulfhydryl groups. We conclude that out of three studied thiols N-acetylcysteine is the best substrate for the formation of S-nitrosothiols, while S-nitrosocysteine is the slowest releaser of nitric oxide. Moreover, unlike SIN-1 and SNAP, NaNP is not a direct NO-donor but behaves rather like GTN. Minute amounts of nitric oxide released either from NaNP or GTN gain from superoxide anions an amplification as SH-scavengers.
Design and development of an embedded aeronautical router with security capabilities (2012)

Aeronautical communications are growing in complexity: avionic systems are more and more connected together through complex networks inside and outside the aircraft. This increase of connections requires highly secure systems to solve the constraints of such network topologies. In this paper, we present the IP based Secure Next Generation Router (SNG router) we have developed, providing regulation, routing, secure merging of different data sources and preserving of their segregation. During the design process we searched for a set of solutions to minimize the certification, design and development costs and maintain a high level of security. This paper is organized as follow: we first introduce the methodology we applied to the SNG router and its benefits. Then we examine the partition in charge of the security of data exchanged through the router. The paper is finished with the validation of our router's implementation and with the evaluation of our router's performances.
Subcutaneous Vascular Access Devices (2001)

Tunneled dialysis catheters have played an important role in providing vascular access for hemodialysis for over 20 years, yet limitations associated with poor flow, thrombosis, and infections due to the transcutaneous nature of catheters have led to the development of alternative vascular access devices. This article reviews two historical devices-the Hemasite and the Bentley DiaTAP button-and provides an overview of two new fully subcutaneous vascular access devices-the LifeSite Hemodialysis Access System (Vasca, Inc., Tewksbury, MA) and the Dialock Hemodialysis System (Biolink Corp., Norwell, MA). These new subcutaneous devices differ significantly from currently available tunneled dialysis catheters in their design and method of use and may result in improved outcomes in hemodialysis patients. Indeed, initial clinical experiences with this new class of fully implanted access devices validate a subcutaneous approach to hemodialysis access and suggest that their high flow rates and low complication rates may make subcutaneous devices an attractive alternative to dialysis catheters for hemodialysis patients.
Seasonal Variation in Heterotrophic Activity and Population Density of Planktonic Bacteria in a Clean River (1980)

as indicated by Vm per bacterium; and density of viable bacteria. (2) Heterotrophic activity (Vm) showed marked seasonal periodicity, with highest values in summer. These high values were partly explicable by high density of total bacteria and partly by high activity of the individual bacteria. Low Vm values in winter tended to be a result of low density and low activity of individual bacteria. (3) It is suggested that the high density of total bacteria sometimes found in summer was a result of high temperature and low river discharge, while the high summer activity of individual bacteria was related to high temperature. (4) The absence of a positive correlation between density of total bacteria and discharge or rainfall indicated that allochthonous bacteria were not important. (5) Density of viable bacteria varied considerably, but showed no definite seasonal pattern.
Pro‐sequence‐assisted protein folding (1995)

Summary Many proteins, including proteases and growth factors, are synthesized as precursors in the form of prepro‐proteins. Whereas the pre‐sequences usually act as signal peptides for transport, the pro‐sequences of an increasing number of these proteins have been found to be essential for the correct folding of their associated proteins. In contrast to the action of molecular chaperones, pro‐sequences appear to catalyse the protein‐folding reaction directly. The similarity between the pro‐sequence‐assisted folding mechanisms of different proteases supports the hypothesis that a common folding mechanism has developed through convergent evolution. Further, the frequent requirement of the pro‐sequences for both folding and intracellular transport or secretion suggests that these two functionalities are intimately related.
ZD1839 (IRESSA™): a selective EGFR-TK inhibitor (2002)

The recent development of highly selective, target-based cancer therapeutics, such as ZD1839 has resulted from a greater understanding of tumor biology. Amongst the most promising of new target-based agents are inhibitors of the epidermal growth factor receptor. ZD 1839 is a potent, selective epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor that has demonstrated promising results in early clinical trials.
Improved Electrical Performance Required for Future MOS Packaging (1983)

High speed integrated circuit (IC) families and the demands which these devices place on interconnection and power systems are compared, concluding that new materials, components, and packaging techniques are required to provide a nonlimiting electrical environment for high performance systems using metal-oxide semiconductor (MOS) technologies.
P-channel InGaN-HFET structure based on polarization doping (2004)

In this paper, a 2DHG is developed at the lower InGaN/GaN interface with the countercharge supplied by surface acceptors. The position of the 2DHG is verified by CV- profiling. Hall measurements at 66K indicate a high hole mobility of 700 cm/sup 2//Vs. The channel is already activated at 20K confirming indeed the presence of a 2DHG.
Bayesian Community Detection (2012)

Many networks of scientific interest naturally decompose into clusters or communities with comparatively fewer external than internal links; however, current Bayesian models of network communities do not exert this intuitive notion of communities. We formulate a nonparametric Bayesian model for community detection consistent with an intuitive definition of communities and present a Markov chain Monte Carlo procedure for inferring the community structure. A Matlab toolbox with the proposed inference procedure is available for download. On synthetic and real networks, our model detects communities consistent with ground truth, and on real networks, it outperforms existing approaches in predicting missing links. This suggests that community structure is an important structural property of networks that should be explicitly modeled.
Bioinspired phospholipid polymer biomaterials for making high performance artificial organs (2000)

Novel polymer biomaterials, which can be used in contact with blood, are prepared with strong inspiration from the surface structure of biomembrane. That is, the polymers with a phospholipid polar group in the side chain, 2-methacrylooyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine (MPC) polymers were synthesized. The MPC polymers can inhibit surface-induced clot formation effectively, when they are in contact with blood even in the absence of an anticoagulant. This phenomenon was due to the reduction of plasma protein and suppression of denaturation of adsorbed proteins, that is the MPC polymers interact with blood components very mildly. As the molecular structure of the MPC polymer was easily designed by changing the monomer units and their composition, it could be applied to surface modification of artificial organs and biomedical devices for improving blood and tissue compatibility. Thus, the MPC polymers are useful polymer biomaterials for manufacturing high performance artificial organs and biomedical devices to provide safe medical treatments.
Graphitized carbon black extraction cartridges for monitoring polar pesticides in water (1993)

Abstract: Our previously reported procedure for analyzing pesticides in aqueous samples involving liquid-solid extraction by graphitzed carbon black (GCB) followed by liquid chromatography was appropriately modified for extending the analysis to very polar pesticides and pesticide metabolites. For this purpose, a 1-g GCB reversible extraction cartridge was adopted. Pesticide reextraction was performed by back-flushing the cartridge with a suitable eluant phase. The advantages of back-flush over forward flush desorption are illustrated. On extracting 2 L of drinking water spiked with the pesticides considered, the performance of the GCB cartridge was compared to that of a 1-g C18 bonded silica cartridge as well as to those of discontinuous and continous liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) techniques. The influence of the presence of humic substances in water on the quality of the analysis of the pesticides considered was assessed. The limits of quantification (5 times the limit of detection) of this method for the pesticides considered by analyzing municipal waters were below 0.1 mug/L, except for vamidothion and cymoxanil. Quantitative recoveries of even the most polar pesticides were obtained by submitting to the analysis volumes of ground and surface water samples no greater than 1 and 0.5 L, respectively.
Determination of lipoprotein lipase activity using a novel fluorescent lipase assay (2011)

A novel, real-time, homogeneous fluorogenic lipoprotein lipase (LPL) assay was developed using a commercially available substrate, the EnzChek lipase substrate, which is solubilized in Zwittergent. The triglyceride analog substrate does not fluoresce, owing to apposition of fluorescent and fluorescent quenching groups at the sn-1 and sn-2 positions, respectively, fluorescence becoming unquenched upon release of the sn-1 BODIPY FA derivative following hydrolysis. Increase in fluorescence intensity at 37°C was proportional to LPL concentration. The assay was more sensitive than a similar assay using 1,2-O-dilauryl-rac-glycero-3-glutaric acid-(6-methylresorufin ester) and was validated in biological samples, including determination of LPL-specific activity in postheparin mouse plasma. The simplicity and reproducibility of the assay make it ideal for in vitro, high-throughput screening for inhibitors and activators of LPL, thus expediting discovery of drugs of potential clinical value.
INTRODUCTION AND SEMINAR OBJECTIVES (2003)

Moisture sensitivity in asphalt pavements is a national issue. This was demonstrated through a recent survey of state highway agencies throughout the United States. This national seminar is designed to address moisture-related distress in asphalt pavements through a series of focused papers followed by working breakout sessions. An introduction to the issues and the national seminar is given in this paper. The following items are covered: the extent of the problem, the purpose and scope of the national seminar; definition of moisture sensitivity in asphalt pavements; identification of moisture sensitivity problems; causes of moisture sensitivity problems; potential solutions to the problems; and expected deliverables for the seminar. In this paper, the stage is set for what is to occur over the ensuing two and a half days.
IS5: a mobile enhancer of transcription in Escherichia coli. (1992)

The cryptic bgl operon of Escherichia coli is activated by the spontaneous insertion of mobile DNA elements. Screening of a collection of such mutations revealed insertion of the 1195-base-pair element IS5 into various positions both upstream and downstream of the bgl promoter P0. Activation of the operon was in all cases attributable to enhancement of P0 activity. Introduction of internal deletions into IS5 almost completely abolished P0 enhancement, demonstrating that enhancement is not simply the result of mutational inactivation of some inhibitory sequences. Intact copies of IS5 in trans restored the enhancing activity of the deletion derivatives. The trans-activator is encoded by IS5 gene ins5A, an essential transposition function. Activation of gene expression by means of interaction of a defective mobile element in cis with functions encoded by a nondefective element in trans has so far been described only for a maize controlling element.
Lipid Vesicle Aggregation Induced by Cooling (2010)

Lipid bilayer fusion is a complex process requiring several intermediate steps. Initially, the two bilayers are brought into close contact following removal of intervening water layers and overcoming electrostatic repulsions between opposing bilayer head groups. In this study we monitor by light scattering the reversible aggregation of phosphatidylcholine single shell vesicles during which adhesion occurs but stops prior to a fusion process. Light scattering measurements of dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) in water show that lowering the temperature of about 0.14 micron single shell vesicles of DPPC (from 20 degrees C to 5 degrees C) and about 2 micron vesicles of DSPC (from 20 degrees C to 15 degrees C), but not of 1 micron vesicles of DMPC, results in extensive aggregation within 24 hours that is reversible by an increase in temperature. Aggregation of DSPC vesicles was confirmed by direct visual observation. Orientation of lipid head groups parallel to the plane of the bilayer and consequent reduction of the negative surface charge can account for the ability of DPPC and DSPC vesicles to aggregate. Retention of negatively charged phosphates on the surface and the burial of positively charged cholines within the bilayer offer an explanation for the failure of DMPC vesicles to aggregate. Lowering the temperature of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (DPPS) vesicles from 20 degrees C to 5 degrees C failed to increase aggregation within 24 hours at Mg(++)/DPPS ratios that begin to initiate aggregation and fusion.
Advocacy in action at 2006 Legislative Conference (2006)

One hundred fifteen pediatricians from 38 states and the District of Columbia met in Washington, D.C., April 2-4 for the 2006 AAP Legislative Conference. Whether first timers or building on previous federal and state advocacy experience, all of the participants arrived eager to learn and put their