gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Restricted dynamic Steiner trees for scalable multicast in datagram networks (2002)

The paper addresses the issue of minimizing the number of nodes involved in the routing over a multicast tree and in the maintenance of such a tree in a datagram network. It presents a scheme where the tree routing and maintenance burden is laid only upon the source node and the destination nodes associated with the multicast tree. The main concepts behind this scheme is to view each multicast tree as a collection of unicast paths, and to locate only the multicast source and destination nodes on the junctions of their multicast tree. The paper shows that despite of this restriction, the cost of the created multicast trees is not necessarily higher than the cost of the trees created by other algorithms that do not impose the restriction and therefore require all the nodes along the data path of a tree to participate in the routing over the tree and in the maintenance of the tree.
Once More into the Sunset? Asian Clothing Firms after the National Minimum Wage (2003)

Intense global competition and the advent of a raft of employment regulations (notably, the national minimum wage, or NMW) have placed the UK garment industry under severe pressure. The prospects for a significant segment of this sector—ethnic-minority-owned businesses—appear to be extremely gloomy, although earlier predictions of its demise proved to be unduly pessimistic. Drawing on case studies of eighteen firms, we present an examination of longitudinal change in the Asian-dominated West Midlands clothing industry. In particular, the aim is to examine the responses of manufacturers to market and regulatory change (in particular, the NMW). The findings clearly illustrate that the sector is in decline, with firms finding it increasingly difficult to cope with cheap imports, labour shortages, and employment regulations. A range of responses was evident and included firms that resorted to operating in ‘grey’ markets; manufacturers that ‘retrenched’ their operations; ‘work intensification’; and businesses that attempted to move ‘up-market’. Finally, potential policy responses are considered. In particular, the case of the Coventry Clothing Centre is examined. The Centre worked with the grain of employment legislation, and appeared to have experienced some success in encouraging local firms to accommodate the NMW and improve working practices.
RADIATION THERAPY AND PELVIC NODE DISSECTION IN THE MANAGEMENT OF CANCER OF THE PROSTATE (1974)

A technique involving a pelvic lymphadenectomy and a retropubic implantation of the prostate with iodine 125 encapsulated sources is under investigation at Memorial Hospital. This technique is simple and applicable to patients with localized cancer of the prostate, clinically stage B or C. It has increased the accuracy of staging, carries no mortality and has low morbidity. The results have been encouraging with substantial local tumor control and no late urinary or rectal disturbances in the 49 patients who have been followed from 6 to 30 months.
Interaction between poly(<i>N</i>‐vinylpyrrolidone) and poly(acrylic acid)s: Influence of hydrogen and cupric ions on the adduct formation (1984)

Abstract Interpolymer adduct formation between poly( N ‐vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) and poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) is mainly due to hydrogen bonding. It is found that the interpolymer adduct formation is enhanced in the presence of Cu(II). A simple turbidity measurement making use of a spectrophotofluorometer is described for the study of the interpolymer adduct formation. Enhanced adduct formation in the presence of Cu(II) is described by the empirical relation d [PAd]/ D [PVP] = k × 10 4α [Cu(II)] α , where PAd represents the interpolymer adduct and α and k are constants. Similar results have been obtained in the case of interpolymer adduct formation between poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and PVP. In the above expression α signifies the influence of chelation on Cu(II)–PAA/PMAA–PVP‐type complex formation and k is the extent of PVP–PAA/PMAA interaction. The enhancement of adduct formation in the presence of Cu(II) is more in PAA than in PMAA. Turbidity and viscosity measurements further indicate that the influence of Cu(II) on interpolymer adduct formation between PVP and PMAA or PAA is more in the case of PAA than PMAA, as PAA is a better chelating ligand. But the extent of adduct formation is more in the case of PMAA in the absence of Cu(II) ions due to hydrophobic interactions exerted by methyl groups.
Impact of high-level transformations within the ROCCC framework (2010)

Reconfigurable computers, where one or more FPGAs are attached to a conventional microprocessor, are promising platforms for code acceleration. Despite their advantages, programmability concerns and the lack of efficient design tools/compilers for FPGAs are preventing the technology's widespread adoption. The traditional compiler technology is microprocessor-based-systems-specific and needs to be customized and augmented to address the needs in reconfigurable computing. The challenges are several due to the resources and performance constraints for FPGAs being drastically different than those of microprocessors, and also that compiling for FPGAs requires laying the computation in space by a circuit rather than in time by a sequence of instructions. ROCCC is an optimizing C-to-VHDL compiler specifically targeting the reconfigurable computer platforms. ROCCC includes several high-level optimizations that parallelize and optimize the source code for minimized area and critical path length and maximized throughput. This article presents the effect of ROCCC's high-level transformations on the performance of the generated VHDL output. ROCCC utilizes: (1) several array access optimizations to eliminate redundant memory accesses, (2) procedure-level optimizations to achieve circuit area reductions of up to 88% compared to circuit areas generated from unoptimized codes, (3) loop-level optimizations to increase the throughput, and (4) transformations unique to certain classes of applications. The preceding listed features help ROCCC generate circuits with very large degrees of parallelism capable of very high computation rates.
Wounding induces resistance to pathogens with different lifestyles in tomato: role of ethylene in cross‐protection (2007)

Many reports point to the existence of a network of regulatory signalling occurring in plants during the interaction with micro-organisms (biotic stress) and abiotic stresses such as wounding. However, the focus is on shared intermediates/components and/or common molecular outputs in differently triggered signalling pathways, and not on the degree and modes of effective influence between abiotic and biotic stresses nor the range of true plant-pathogen interactions open to such influence. We report on local and systemic wound-induced protection in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) to four pathogens with a range of lifestyles (Botrytis cinerea, Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici, Phytophthora capsici and Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato). The role of ethylene (ET) in the phenomenon and in the induction by wounding of several markers of defense was investigated by using the never-ripe tomato mutant plants impaired in ET perception. We showed that PINIIb, PR1b, PR5, PR7 and peroxidase (POD) are influenced locally and/or systemically by wounding and, with the exception of POD activity, by ET perception. We also demonstrated that ET, although not essential, is positively (B. cinerea, P. capsici) or negatively (F. oxysporum, P. syringae pv. tomato) involved not only in basal but also in wound-induced resistance to each pathogen.
Testing Water Vapor Transmission Rates for Flexible Barrier Materials Including Metalized Structures (2002)

As new materials with increased barrier properties are developed, the instruments and test methods used for measuring the barrier properties must be modified. Metalized structures are a perfect example. Many challenges arise when measuring the water vapor transmission rate of metalized films, from erratic data to flaking of the metalization. Additionally, no ASTM method exists for determining the water vapor transmission rate of flexible pouches. This paper reviews methods for analyzing the water vapor transmission rates of metalized structures, both flat films and flexible packages.
Achieving the capacity of any DMC using only polar codes (2012)

We construct a channel coding scheme to achieve the capacity of any discrete memoryless channel based solely on the techniques of polar coding. In particular, we show how source polarization and randomness extraction via polarization can be employed to “shape” uniformly-distributed i.i.d. random variables into approximate i.i.d. random variables distributed according to the capacity-achieving distribution. We then combine this shaper with a variant of polar channel coding, constructed by the duality with source coding, to achieve the channel capacity. Our scheme inherits the low complexity encoder and decoder of polar coding. It differs conceptually from Gallager's method for achieving capacity, and we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the two schemes. An application to the AWGN channel is discussed.
An Estimation Algorithm of Channel State Transition Probabilities for Cognitive Radio Systems (2008)

In this paper, an estimation algorithm of channel state transition probabilities in Markov channel model for cognitive radio systems is proposed. The framework of POMDP is adopted to solve the problem of channel selection. Maximum likelihood method is used to estimate the channel state transition probabilities, which is crucial to POMDP. Central Limit Theorem is introduced to get the relationship between the precision, sample times and the channel state transition probability values. The simulation results show the reliability of the estimation results.
Tumour necrosis factor alpha as a predictor of impaired peak leg blood flow in patients with chronic heart failure (1998)

Tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) is increased in patients with cardiac cachexia, a condition associated with reduced peripheral blood flow both at rest and after interventions causing vasodilation. By contrast, in patients with chronic heart failure (CHF), higher TNF levels are associated with a greater capacity for vasodilation in the arm. To clarify the relationship between peripheral blood flow and TNF in CHF, we studied the relation between TNF alpha and blood flow in the leg (plethysmography, post maximal exercise and 5 min ischaemia) in 34 patients (age 63 +/- 2 years, ejection fraction 29 +/- 3%, peak VO2 16.6 +/- 1.1 ml/kg/min, mean +/- SEM). Peak leg blood flow correlated significantly with total TNF alpha (r = 0.68, p < 0.0001, peak VO2 (r = 0.54), and soluble TNF receptors 1 (r = 0.56) and 2 (r = 0.52, all p < 0.002). TNF alpha, soluble TNF receptors 1 and 2 and aldosterone correlated with peak blood flow independently of age, ejection fraction, peak VO2 and functional NYHA class. TNF alpha was the only parameter that showed strong correlations for peak blood flow in all clinically relevant subgroups (severe vs. mild, ischaemic vs. dilated, cachectic vs. non-cachectic patients). This study shows a close and inverse relationship between peak leg blood flow and the plasma concentration of TNF alpha, suggesting a pathophysiological role for TNF alpha in reducing peak peripheral blood flow in CHF.
1533: Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Changes in Oxy and Deoxyhemoglobin During Natural Bladder Filling and Voiding in Normal Volunteers (2007)

You have accessJournal of UrologyPodium 44, Tuesday, May 22, 2007, 1:00 - 3:00 pm1 Apr 20071533: Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Changes in Oxy and Deoxyhemoglobin During Natural Bladder Filling and Voiding in Normal Volunteers Lynn Stothers, and Andrew Macnab Lynn StothersLynn Stothers More articles by this author , and Andrew MacnabAndrew Macnab More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)31734-8AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "1533: Near Infrared Spectroscopy (NIRS) Changes in Oxy and Deoxyhemoglobin During Natural Bladder Filling and Voiding in Normal Volunteers." The Journal of Urology, 177(4S), p. 506 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 177Issue 4SApril 2007Page: 506 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Lynn Stothers More articles by this author Andrew Macnab More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Discriminating Gender on Twitter (2011)

In order to determine the prevalence and to characterize the carriage of Microsporum canis in cats, different mycological examinations (including a culture obtained by hair brushing and Wood's light examination) were performed on 632 animals of different origins. Group 1 comprised 467 healthy pet cats belonging to veterinary students. In this group, prevalence of carriage was 2.1%: eight cats were asymptomatic transient carriers and one cat was an asymptomatic infected animal presenting discrete Wood's-positive lesions disseminated on the whole body that were visible after sedation and clipping. The carriage prevalence was higher (15.7%) in group 2 comprising 134 European cats destroyed in a pound and kept together. In two additional groups of cats, it was shown that an infected cat was responsible for the dissemination of fungal material into its environment including the other in-contact animals. When the active source of fungus was removed, the dissemination stopped, resulting in a decrease in the amount of infective material recovered from both the animal carriers and the environmental surfaces. This was also observed in two experimental groups of guinea pigs. No association between feline immunodeficiency virus infection and the M. canis carriage was observed in a retrospective case-control study performed on group 2. None of these cats was feline leukaemia virus positive.
Proportional Fairness in 802.11 Wireless LANs (2011)

We provide the first rigorous analysis of proportional fairness in 802.11 WLANs. This analysis corrects prior approximate studies. We show that there exists a unique proportional fair rate allocation and completely characterise the allocation in terms of a new airtime quantity, the total air-time.
Economic consequences of income inequality (1998)

Traditionally, economics has treated efficiency and equity as separable. The theoretical basis for their separation is the Second Fundamental Theorem of Welfare Economics, which holds that any Pareto efficient outcome can be implemented as a competitive equilibrium given the appropriate lump sum taxes and transfers. Policymakers have, for the most part, been happy to respect this separation. Nowhere is this separation greater than in representative agent models, which have been one of the dominant paradigms for studying business cycles, economic growth, and other macroeconomic phenomena. Not only do these models preclude us from studying the relationship between distribution and efficiency, but they also can be deeply misleading in the way they lead us to assess efficiency. Consider Robert Lucas’(1987) calculation, based on a plausible calibration of an infinitely lived representative agent model, that the utility from eliminating fluctuations in consumption is the equivalent to the utility from a permanent increase in the level of consumption by 0.1 percent—or roughly $20 per person in 1998 and growing with consumption thereafter. Looked at another way, using more calibrations from Lucas (1987), the additional utility from eliminating the business cycle is equivalent to the additional utility from boosting the growth rate by 0.005 percentage points per year. If this is true, then,
SMALL ROUND STRUCTURED VIRUS ASSOCIATED WITH AN OUTBREAK OF ACUTE GASTROENTERITIS IN CHIBA, JAPAN (1990)

In an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis which originated in a restaurant in Chiba, Japan, in December, 1987, small round structured virus (SRSV) particles were observed by electron microscopy in 14 of 16 stool specimens from patients. The particles were 30 to 35 nm in diameter, possessed amorphous surface structure surrounded by fine projections and had a buoyant density of 1.36 to 1.37 g/ml in cesium chloride. Serological responses to the SRSV were found by immune electron microscopy and Western blot (WB) assay in paired sera of 12 of 19 patients. Furthermore, WB analysis revealed that the antibody against SRSV was cross-reactive to other SRSV, Tokyo 86/510.
Conclusive diagnosis of hepatic and pancreatic malignancies by fine needle aspiration. (1988)

A study of the diagnosis of hepatic and pancreatic malignancies by fine needle aspiration (FNA) was made, based on 221 aspirates obtained from 209 patients with histologic or clinical confirmation: 159 with hepatic and 50 with pancreatic lesions. The values of sensitivity, specificity and predictivity for positive FNA results were, respectively, 0.84, 0.96 and 1.0 for the liver and 0.76, 1.0 and 1.0 for the pancreas. The composition of the case material showed an incidence of malignant tumors of the liver and pancreas of 84% and 60%, respectively (among which the primary malignancies were 39% and 48%), while nonneoplastic lesions had incidences of 14% and 40%. However, conclusive FNA diagnoses of the histologic type of the primary and the site of origin of metastatic tumors were made in 60% of the hepatic lesions but in only 9% of the pancreatic lesions. Primary hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed by FNA of the liver in 95% of the cases; FNA specifically diagnosed 42% of intrahepatic bile duct carcinomas and 40% of hepatic metastases. These findings correlate with the unique cytologic features of primary hepatocellular carcinoma of intrahepatic rather nonspecific morphology of carcinoma of intrahepatic and extrahepatic origin, as well as of pancreatic ductal origin.
Pitavastatin Nissan/Kowa Yakuhin/Novartis/Sankyo. (2002)

Pitavastatin (nisvastatin) is an HMG CoA reductase inhibitor being developed jointly by Nissan, Kowa Kogyo, Novartis and Sankyo for the potential treatment of atherosclerosis and hyperlipidemia.
Expression of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and ER-beta in normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells: regulation by methylation and involvement in growth regulation. (2000)

The aim of the current study is to demonstrate normal and malignant prostatic epithelial cells (PrECs) as targets for receptor-mediated estrogenic and antiestrogenic action. Using an improved protocol, we have successfully isolated and maintained highly enriched populations of normal PrECs from ultrasound-guided peripheral zone biopsies, individually determined to be morphologically normal. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-PCR analyses were used to determine whether transcripts of estrogen receptor (ER)-alpha and those of ER-beta were expressed in our normal PrEC primary cultures, in a commercially available PrEC preparation (PrEC; Clontech), in an immortalized PrEC line established from a benign prostatic hyperplasia specimen (BPH-1), and in three prostatic cancer cell lines (LNCaP, PC-3, and DU145). Expression levels of ER-alpha and ER-beta transcripts were related to those of two estrogen-responsive genes [progesterone receptor (PR) and pS2], at the message levels, to gain insights into the functionality of the ER subtypes in PrECs. Interestingly, only transcripts of ER-beta, but not those of ER-alpha, were found in our primary cultures of normal PrECs, along with both PR and pS2 mRNA. These data strongly suggest that estrogen action was signaled exclusively via ER-beta in normal human PrECs. In contrast, PrEC (Clontech) and BPH-1 cells expressed both ER-alpha and ER-beta transcripts and no PR nor pS2 mRNA in PrEC and only a minimal level of PR mRNA in BPH-1. Among the three prostate cancer cell lines, LNCaP expressed ER-beta mRNA along with transcripts of PR and pS2, DU145 expressed messages of ER-beta and PR, and PC-3 cells exhibited ER-alpha, ER-beta, and pS2 mRNA. Thus, unlike normal PrECs, expression patterns of these genes in malignant PrECs are more variable. Treatment of prostate cancer cells with demethylation agents effectively reactivated the expression of ER-alpha mRNA in LNCaP and DU145 and that of pS2 message in DU145. These findings provide experimental evidence that ER-alpha gene silencing in prostate cancer cells, and perhaps also in normal PrECs, are caused by DNA hypermethylation. To evaluate the potential of using antiestrogens as prostate cancer therapies, we have assessed the growth-inhibitory action of estrogens (estradiol and diethylstilbestrol) and antiestrogens (4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and ICI-182,780) on PC-3 and DU-145 cells. In PC-3 cells, which express both ER subtypes, estrogens as well as antiestrogens are effective inhibitors. In contrast, in DU145 cells, which express only ER-beta, antiestrogens, but not estrogens, are growth inhibitors. By comparison, ICI 182,780 is the more effective cell growth inhibitor. Importantly, the ICI 182,780-induced antiproliferative effects were reversed by cotreatment of DU145 cells with an ER-beta antisense oligonucleotide, hence lending additional support to a central role played by ER-beta in mediating growth-inhibitory action of antiestrogens.
Thermal and Hydraulic Performance of Enhanced Rectangular Tubes for Compact Heat Exchangers (1997)

The thermal and hydraulic performance of rib-roughened, dimpled and offset strip fin tubes has been investigated experimentally. Results from measurements on commercially manufactured tubes have shown that rib-roughened tubes have best potential for heat transfer enhancement with moderate pressure drop increase. Therefore, the performance of various rib-roughness geometries have been further investigated including flow visualization and LDV measurements of the flow fields in the tubes. Parallel ribs, V-shaped ribs and multiple V-shaped ribs (Swirl Flow Tube) were considered as roughness geometries in rectangular tubes of aspect ratio 1 to 8. It has been found that the Swirl Flow Tube provides the highest heat transfer enhancement for Reynolds numbers from 1 000 to 2 000, while V-shaped ribs pointing against the flow direction provide the highest heat transfer enhancement for Reynolds numbers from 4 000 to 15 000. Correlations of j and f factors for the Swirl Flow Tube have been determined taking into account the influence of Reynolds number, rib height, rib pitch and rib angle. It was found that a rib angle of 45° provide the highest j/f ratio, while increasing the rib height or decreasing the rib pitch lowers the j/f ratio. From measurements on a fullscale radiator, it has been found that the j and f factors obtained for air flow in single tubes can be used to predict the pressure drop and heat transfer on the liquid side of radiators with good accuracy. The thesis also includes a paper on the influence of tube diameter on pressure drop characteristics and a paper on simulation of the flow in a smooth rectangular duct using a linear and a non-linear k-.epsilon. model.