gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Noninvasive measures of oxidative metabolism on working human muscles by near-infrared spectroscopy (1996)

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the initial rate of hemoglobin and myoglobin deoxygenation during immediate postexercise ischemia, a reflection of muscle O2 consumption (VO2mus), can be a quantitative measure of muscle oxidative metabolism. The finger flexor muscles of five healthy men (aged 25-31 yr) were monitored by 31P-magnetic resonance spectroscopy for changes in phosphocreatine (PCr), Pi, and pH. Tests were conducted during 15 min of cuff ischemia and during 5 min of submaximal isotonic grip exercise at 10, 20, 30, and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction, one contraction every 4 s. The VO2mus changes were also monitored by near-infrared spectroscopy with continuous wave. The VO2mus during exercise was expressed relative to the resting value. The resting metabolic rate, calculated from the PCr breakdown rate after complete O2 depletion, was 0.0010 (SD) mM ATP/s. During submaximal exercise (pH > 6.9), the VO2mus increased with a rise in intensity (0.036 +/- 0.011, 0.054 +/- 0.016, 0.062 +/- 0.012, and 0.067 +/- 0.020 mM ATP/s during 10, 20, 30, and 40% maximal voluntary contraction, respectively) and showed significant correlation with changes in both calculated ADP and PCr values (r2 = 0.98 and r2 = 0.99, respectively). In conclusion, because of the significant correlation with regulatory metabolites (ADP and PCr) of oxidative phosphorylation, O2 decline rate in immediate postexercise ischemia determined by near-infrared spectroscopy with continuous wave can be utilized for the quantitative evaluation of localized muscle oxidative metabolism.
All-GaN-Integrated Cascode Heterojunction Field Effect Transistors (2017)

All-GaN-integrated cascode heterojunction field effect transistors were designed and fabricated for power switching applications. A threshold voltage of +2 V was achieved using a fluorine treatment and a metal-insulator-semiconductor gate structure on the enhancement mode part. The cascode device exhibited an output current of 300 mA/mm by matching the current drivability of both enhancement and depletion mode parts. The optimization was achieved by shifting the threshold voltage of the depletion mode section to a more negative value with the addition of a dielectric layer under the gate. The switching performance of the cascode was compared to the equivalent GaN enhancement-mode-only device by measuring the hard switching speed at 200 V under an inductive load in a double pulse tester. For the first time, we demonstrate the switching speed advantage of the cascode over equivalent GaN enhancement-mode-only devices, due to the reduced Miller-effect and the unique switching mechanisms. These observations suggest that practical power switches at high power and high switching frequency will benefit as part of an integrated cascode configuration.
Effects of Sevoflurane on Cerebral Circulation and Metabolism in Patients with Ischemic Cerebrovascular Disease (1993)

Both carbon dioxide response and cerebral autoregulation were well maintained under 0.88 MAC sevoflurane anesthesia in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease.
Coupling of a Nucleoside with DNA by a Methyltransferase (1998)

How to outwit a methyltransferase: Methyltransferases (Mtases) catalyze the transfer of the activated methyl group from the cofactor S-adenosyl-L-methionine (1) to acceptors R within a large variety of biomolecules. Through the use of the cofactor analogue 2 a whole nucleoside was coupled to DNA in a Mtase-catalyzed reaction.
Anti-AIDS Agents. 60. Substituted 3‘<i>R</i>,4‘<i>R</i>-Di-<i>O</i>-(−)-camphanoyl-2‘,2‘-dimethyldihydropyrano[2,3-<i>f</i>]chromone (DCP) Analogues as Potent Anti-HIV Agents (2004)

Synthesis of positional isomers is a commonly used technique in drug design. Accordingly, based on prior SAR studies of 3'R,4'R-di-O-(S)-camphanoyl-(+)-cis-khellactone (DCK, 1) analogues, a series of mono- and disubstituted chromone derivatives of 3'R,4'R-di-O-(-)-camphanoyl-2',2'-dimethyldihydropyrano[2,3-f]chromone (DCP, 4) were designed and synthesized. Together with 1 and 4-methyl DCK (2), all newly synthesized DCP analogues (4-21) were screened for anti-HIV-1 activity against a non-drug-resistant strain in H9 lymphocytes and a multiple reverse transcriptase (RT) inhibitor-resistant strain in the MT4 cell line. Several DCP analogues (4, 5, 7, 8, 13, and 17) exhibited extremely high anti-HIV activity in the non-drug-resistant strain assay, with EC(50) values ranging from 0.00032 to 0.0057 microM and remarkable therapeutic indexes (TI) ranging from 5.6 x 10(3) to 1.16 x 10(5), which were similar to those of 2 (EC(50) 0.0059 microM, TI > 6.6 x 10(3)) and better than those of 1 (EC(50) 0.049 microM, TI > 328). Even more promisingly, some DCP analogues also showed activity against a multi-RT inhibitor-resistant strain, HIV-1 RTMDR1, whereas most DCK analogues did not. The most significant compound was 8, with an EC(50) value of 0.06 microM and TI of 718 against the multi-RT inhibitor-resistant HIV-1 strain. Compounds 9 and 10 also showed good activity with an EC(50) value of 0.14 microM, and TIs of 272 and >111, respectively. 2-Ethyl DCP (8) exhibited the best anti-HIV activity in both assays. Further development of 8-related compounds as clinical trial candidates is warranted.
Harmonic radar helps autos avoid collisions (1973)

In the foreseeable future, a radar system immune to clutter through use of a special reflecting tag could aid the the driver to maintain a safe distance between the cars, the closing rate, and the driver's ground speed. To eliminate the clutter and blinding problems, a system has been designed that uses an harmonic radar concept. An experimental harmonic radar collision avoidance system has been built using an RCA transferred electron oscillator power source. The measurement of distance was quite repeatable and of adequate accuracy for highway use. In the automatic braking system once the alarm is given, the brake pedal is automatically depressed by a force that increases linearly with time up to maximum pressure until the alarm is removed. The force is then removed linearly with time. The harmonic radar system will reject all blinding signals that it receives other than the second harmonic of its transmitted frequency. The possibility of a false alarm from crosstalk interference is reduced with harmonic radar. The system is adaptable to integrated and printed-circuit techniques. It operates in regions of the frequency spectrum which are still underutilized and spectrum space can be set aside for its future use. The average power density in the immediate vicinity of the antenna is 0.2 mW/cm2. When a dangerous driving situation is detected, an audible warning is sounded and a warning light is flashed. The harmonic radar system provides protection from certain types of rear-end collisions; those where the car in front is in line with the following car. Vehicles that are stopped, but not parallel to the center line, will not be seen by the following car because of the purposefully narrow beam of the passive reflector./SRIS/
The efficiency of a feedforward amplifier with delay loss (1994)

In most applications using the feedforward linearization technique, the overall amplifier efficiency is of significant concern. This paper theoretically analyzes the effect that the insertion loss of the time delay elements has on the overall efficiency of a feedforward amplifier. Practical linearity and efficiency results are given for a feedforward system, using VMOS transistor class C main and error amplifiers, to illustrate the effectiveness of the analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Using Non-Volatile RAM as a Write Buffer for NAND Flash Memory-based Storage Devices (2008)

Recent development of next generation non-volatile memory types such as MRAM, FeRAM and PRAM provide higher commercial value to Non-Volatile RAM (NVRAM). In this paper, we suggest the utilization of small-sized, next-generation NVRAM as a write buffer to improve the overall performance of NAND flash memory-based storage systems. We propose a novel block-based NVRAM write buffer management policy, CLC. Simulation results show that the CLC policy outperforms the traditional policies.
CNS/ATM for tactical military aircraft (2003)

Military aircrews are beginning to experience the benefits of having quality global positioning system (GPS) navigation information available in the cockpit to support their tactical missions. However, another big improvement in situational awareness is the new capabilities known as communications, navigation, surveillance/ air traffic management (CNS/ATM). If tactical military are to operate within this new performance based airspace, they require operational RNP RNAV, Mode S, and 1090ES ADS-B functionality. To achieve these functionalities, dual use avionics and integrations must be found to capture civil functionality with military equipment. The bottom line is that tactical military achieves the required functionality or they can expect delays, rerouting, and some airspace exclusions. This paper describes one way to get RNP RNAV, Mode S, and 1090ES ADS-B capability in tactical military aircraft.
Caspase-1 Is Not Required for Type 1 Diabetes in the NOD Mouse (2004)

Interleukin (IL)-1 beta and IL-18 are two cytokines associated with the immunopathogenesis of diabetes in NOD mice. Both of these cytokines are cleaved by caspase-1 to their biologically active forms. IL-1 is a proinflammatory cytokine linked to beta-cell damage, and IL-18 stimulates production of interferon (IFN)gamma in synergy with IL-12. To examine the effects produced by caspase-1 deficiency on diabetes development in NOD/Lt mice, a disrupted Casp1 gene was introduced by a speed congenic technique. Casp1(-/-) bone marrow-derived macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide produced no detectable IL-18, fourfold lower IL-1 beta, and 20-30% less IL-1 alpha than macrophages from wild-type Casp1(+/+) or Casp1(+/-) controls. Unexpectedly, despite reduced IL-1 and IL-18, there was no change in the rate of diabetes or in total incidence as compared with that in wild-type NOD mice. IL-1 reportedly makes an important pathological contribution in the multidose streptozotocin model of diabetes; however, there was no difference in sensitivity to streptozotocin between NOD mice and NOD.Casp1(-/-) mice at 40 mg/kg body wt or at 25 mg/kg body wt dosage levels. These findings show that caspase-1 processing of IL-1 beta and IL-18 is not absolutely required for mediation of spontaneous or chemically induced diabetes pathogenesis in the NOD mouse.
Presidential Address: The Scandinavian Colonies in England and Normandy (1945)

The Scandinavian settlements in England and France naturally invite comparison. In point of time they are little more than a generation apart. The colonies in eastern England were founded between 876 and 879. The beginning of the colony which became the duchy of Normandy cannot be dated so precisely. But there can be no serious doubt that the Scandinavian occupation of Upper Normandy had taken place by the year 918 and there is good reason for believing that it began soon after 911. It is also probable that a considerable number of veterans who had been campaigning in England between 892 and 896 took part in the foundation of Normandy, for there is a definite statement in the Chronicle to the effect that vikings who had made no profit in the recent war crossed to the Seine in the latter year. In any case, the movement from which the duchy of Normandy arose clearly belongs to the same phase of Scandinavian enterprise which had founded the English Danelaw and thrown the kingdom of the West Franks into confusion in the last third of the ninth century.
Temporal Factors in Tactile Spatial Acuity: Evidence for RA Interference in Fine Spatial Processing (2005)

We investigated the extent to which subjects' ability to perceive the fine spatial structure of a stimulus depends on its temporal properties (namely the frequency at which it vibrates). Subjects were presented with static or vibrating gratings that varied in spatial period (1-8 mm) and vibratory frequency (5-80 Hz) and judged the orientation of the gratings, presented either parallel or perpendicular to the long axis of the finger. We found that the grating orientation threshold (GOT)-the spatial period at which subjects can reliably discriminate the orientation of the grating-increased as the vibratory frequency of the gratings increased. As the spatial modulation of SA1 and RA afferent fibers has been found to be independent of vibratory frequency, the frequency dependence of spatial acuity cannot be attributed to changes in the quality of the peripheral signal. Furthermore, we found GOTs to be relatively independent of stimulus amplitude, so the low spatial acuity at high flutter frequencies does not appear to be due to an inadequacy in the strength of the afferent response at those frequencies. We hypothesized that the RA signal, the strength of which increases with vibratory frequency, interfered with the spatially modulated signal conveyed by SA1 fibers. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that adapting RA afferent fibers improved spatial acuity, as gauged by GOTs, at the high flutter frequencies.
808. The reaction of phenacyl halides with Grignard reagents. A synthesis of dibenzyl ketones and deoxybenzoins (1957)

R. L. Huang, J. Chem. Soc., 1957, 4089 DOI: 10.1039/JR9570004089
Microstrains and Stresses Analysis in Electroless Deposited Thin Pd Films (2006)

This work is aimed at the measurement with X-ray diffraction techniques of microstrains, intrinsic stresses, and thermal and hydrogen stresses in composite Pd porous metal (PM) structures and their release at high temperatures. In addition, the changes in the Pd microstructure upon heating were studied with SEM to determine the relation between stress release and microstructure changes. The initial microstrains, 0.29%, in the electroless deposited Pd layer were irreversibly released after annealing at 400 °C for 1 h in He atmosphere. The initial intrinsic stress, mostly due to the deposition method, was tensile in nature (104.7 MPa) and was also released at 400 °C for 1 h in He atmosphere. After the release of intrinsic stresses, the total stress was given by the sum of the thermal stresses (mismatch in coefficients of thermal expansion) and the H2 stresses due to the absorption of H2 in the Pd layer. The total stress (thermal + hydrogen stresses) was compressive and was released at temperatures higher than 400 °C with a significant change in Pd morphology. A model, valid in the 60−400 °C temperature range, was also developed to predict the total stress to which composite Pd membranes were exposed in the 250−400 °C temperature and the 1−5 bar H2 pressure range. The highest total stress, at 250 °C and 5 bar, was estimated to be equal to −260 MPa according to the model developed in this work. The lowest stress, at 400 °C and 1.5 bar, equaled −78 MPa. At temperatures higher than 400 °C, the model did not hold since stresses were released by plastic deformation; however, their value was lower than −78 MPa. The characterization of several composite Pd membranes prepared on porous metal (PM) supports showed that leaks formed at temperatures above 400−450 °C. Since leaks only formed at T > 400 °C, the magnitude of stresses only played a minor role in leak formation.
Addition compounds of alkali metal hydrides. 27. A general method for preparation of the potassium 9-alkoxy-9-boratabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. A new class of stereoselective reducing agents (1985)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAddition compounds of alkali metal hydrides. 27. A general method for preparation of the potassium 9-alkoxy-9-boratabicyclo[3.3.1]nonanes. A new class of stereoselective reducing agentsHerbert C. Brown, Jin Soon Cha, Behrooz Nazer, and Charles A. BrownCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1985, 50, 5, 549–553Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1985Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1985https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00205a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00205a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views637Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evaluating the reliability of repairable systems (2002)

The Weibull-Poisson process (WPP) for representing the reliability of complex repairable systems is discussed. The emphasis is on estimation and other statistical methods for this model when data have been generated by multiple systems. Examples and procedures specifically illustrating these methods are given for several real-world situations. In addition to maximum likelihood estimation methods, goodness-of-fit tests and confidence interval procedures are discussed and illustrated by numerical examples. It is noted that in the case of one system the model reduces to a model for reliability growth. Confidence intervals for the WPP shape parameter and growth rate are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Engineering Autogenous Cartilage in the Shape of a Helix Using an Injectable Hydrogel Scaffold (2000)

Injection of autologous porcine auricular chondrocytes suspended in a biodegradable, biocompatible hydrogel of Pluronic F-127 resulted in the formation of cartilage tissue in the approximate size and shape of a human ear helix. This preliminary method extends the concept of auricular tissue engineering from an immunocompromised xenograft animal model to an immunocompetent autologous animal model.
Unrestrained plethysmography is an unreliable measure of airway responsiveness in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice (2004)

There has been significant utilization of the technique described by Hamelmann et al. (Am J Respir Crit Care Med 156: 766-775, 1997) in which a parameter, enhanced pause (Penh), related to airways responsiveness is noninvasively measured by unrestrained plethysmography (UP). Investigating this technique, we sought to answer these questions: 1). How do changes in Penh compare with changes in traditional plethysmographic and lung mechanical parameters? 2). How do UP parameters perform in two different mouse strains? Awake immunized and control BALB/c (n = 16) and C57BL/6 (n = 14) mice were placed in the UP chamber and exposed to doses of aerosolized methacholine while the following parameters were measured at each concentration: inspiratory time (Ti), expiratory time (Te), total time (Ttot), Ti/Ttot, peak inspiratory pressure, peak expiratory pressure, Pause, Penh, tidal volume (Vt), Vt/Ti, Vt/Te, and Vt/Ttot. The next day, lung resistance (Rl) and compliance (Cl) were invasively measured in the same animals. For the BALB/c, the parameters with the highest magnitude of correlation coefficient vs. Rl are (in order) 1). Cl, 2). Pause and Penh, 3). parameters of breathing frequency (Te, Ttot, Ti), and 4). parameters related to Vt (inspiratory pressure, expiratory pressure). Flow parameters (Vt/Ttot, Vt/Te, Vt/Ti) and duty cycle parameters (Ti/Ttot) had insignificant correlations. This ordering is significantly different in C57BL/6 mice, in which the parameters with the largest correlations are 1). Cl, 2). parameters of breathing frequency, and 3). flow parameters. Pause, Penh, Vt, and duty cycle parameters had insignificant correlations. These data show that Penh is problematic in the sense that it is strain specific; it behaves very differently in BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. We suggest that UP parameters largely originate as part of reflex control of breathing processes, rather than in the lung mechanics and conclude that it is inappropriate to use UP parameters in general, and Penh specifically, as substitute variables for invasive mechanical indexes such as Rl.
Purification and properties of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> acetolactate synthase from recombinant <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1989)

The yeast ilv2 gene, encoding acetolactate synthase, was subcloned in an Escherichia coli expression vector. Although a major part of the acetolactate synthase synthesized by E. coli cells harbouring this vector was packaged into protein inclusion bodies, we used these recombinant E. coli cells to produce large quantities of the yeast enzyme. The yeast acetolactate synthase was purified to homogeneity using first streptomycin and ammonium sulfate precipitations, followed by T-gel thiophilic interaction, Sephacryl S-300 gel filtration, Mono Q anion exchange, and Superose 12 gel filtration chromatography. SDS/PAGE and gel filtration of the purified enzyme showed that it is a dimer composed of two subunits, each with the molecular mass of 75 kDa. The purified yeast acetolactate synthase was further characterized with respect to pH optimum, dependence of the substrate, pyruvate, and requirements of the cofactors, thiamin diphosphate, Mg2+, and FAD.
Model for<i>In Vivo</i>Assessment of Humoral Protection against Malaria Sporozoite Challenge by Passive Transfer of Monoclonal Antibodies and Immune Serum (2013)

Evidence from clinical trials of malaria vaccine candidates suggests that both cell-mediated and humoral immunity to pre-erythrocytic parasite stages can provide protection against infection. Novel pre-erythrocytic antibody (Ab) targets could be key to improving vaccine formulations, which are currently based on targeting antigens such as the circumsporozoite protein (CSP). However, methods to assess the effects of sporozoite-specific Abs on pre-erythrocytic infection in vivo remain underdeveloped. Here, we combined passive transfer of monoclonal Abs (MAbs) or immune serum with a luciferase-expressing Plasmodium yoelii sporozoite challenge to assess Ab-mediated inhibition of liver infection in mice. Passive transfer of a P. yoelii CSP MAb showed inhibition of liver infection when mice were challenged with sporozoites either intravenously or by infectious mosquito bite. However, inhibition was most potent for the mosquito bite challenge, leading to a more significant reduction of liver-stage burden and even a lack of progression to blood-stage parasitemia. This suggests that Abs provide effective protection against a natural infection. Inhibition of liver infection was also achieved by passive transfer of immune serum from whole-parasite-immunized mice. Furthermore, we demonstrated that passive transfer of a MAb against P. falciparum CSP inhibited liver-stage infection in a humanized mouse/P. falciparum challenge model. Together, these models constitute unique and sensitive in vivo methods to assess serum-transferable protection against Plasmodium sporozoite challenge.