gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An investigation of the latency period between sperm oolemmal adhesion and oocyte penetration (1999)

In clinical studies of the ability of capacitated human sperm to penetrate zona-free hamster eggs, we have previously observed that the ratio of oolemmal adherent to penetrating sperm varied between men. Sperm incorporation did not occur immediately following gamete adhesion and not all adherent sperm penetrated the egg. To further investigate this phenomenon, comparisons were made of the kinetics of gamete adhesion, membrane fusion, and sperm incorporation of capacitated mouse and human spermatozoa by zona-free hamster eggs and of mouse sperm by zona-free mouse and hamster eggs. Eggs were inseminated with either capacitated human or mouse sperm or combinations of both, washed out of sperm suspension after initial gamete adherence, and further incubated in sperm-free medium. Gamete membrane fusion was judged by dye transfer of Hoechst 33342 and sperm entry of the cortical ooplasm by observation of expanded sperm heads within acridine orange stained eggs. Oolemmal adherent mouse and human sperm fused with and penetrated zona-free hamster eggs at different times whether eggs were inseminated in parallel or with combinations of sperm of both species. Oolemmal adherent mouse sperm penetrated zona-free hamster eggs prior to their penetration of zona-free mouse eggs. Ultrastructural studies of zona-free human eggs inseminated with human sperm confirmed prior observations with hamster eggs that only acrosome-reacted human sperm adhere to the oolemma. These results have lead us to postulate that sperm entry into the egg may occur through a "zipper" mechanism involving the ligation of local gamete receptors similar to the incorporation of target particles by phagocytes and suggest that not all oolemmal adherent human sperm are capable of being incorporated although they have undergone an acrosome reaction.
Endogenous Platelet-Activating Factor Is Critically Involved in Effector Functions of Eosinophils Stimulated with IL-5 or IgG (1999)

Eosinophil activation and subsequent release of inflammatory mediators are implicated in the pathophysiology of allergic diseases. Eosinophils are activated by various classes of secretagogues, such as cytokines (e.g., IL-5), lipid mediators (e.g., platelet-activating factor (PAF)), and Ig (e.g., immobilized IgG). However, do these agonists act directly on eosinophils or indirectly through the generation of intermediate active metabolites? We now report that endogenous PAF produced by activated eosinophils plays a critical role in eosinophil functions. Human eosinophils produced superoxide when stimulated with immobilized IgG, soluble IL-5, or PAF. Pretreating eosinophils with pertussis toxin abolished their responses to these stimuli, suggesting involvement of a metabolite(s) that acts on G proteins. Indeed, PAF was detected in supernatants from eosinophils stimulated with IgG or IL-5. Furthermore, structurally distinct PAF antagonists, including CV6209, hexanolamine PAF, and Y-24180 (israpafant), inhibited IgG- or IL-5-induced superoxide production and degranulation. Previous reports indicated that exogenous PAF stimulates eosinophil eicosanoid production through formation of lipid bodies. We found in this study that IgG or IL-5 also induces lipid body formation and subsequent leukotriene C4 production mediated by endogenous PAF. Finally, inhibition of cytosolic phospholipase A2, one of the key enzymes involved in PAF synthesis, attenuated both PAF production and effector functions of eosinophils. These findings suggest that endogenous PAF plays important roles in eosinophil functional responses to various exogenous stimuli, such as cytokines and Igs. Therefore, inhibition of PAF synthesis or action may be beneficial for the treatment of eosinophilic inflammation.
Self-Calibration of Multi-Camera Systems for Vehicle Surround Sensing (2018)

Multi-camera systems are being deployed in a variety of vehicles and mobile robots today. To eliminate the need for cost and labor intensive maintenance and calibration, continuous self-calibration is highly desirable. In this book we present such an approach for self-calibration of multi-Camera systems for vehicle surround sensing. In an extensive evaluation we assess our algorithm quantitatively using real-world data.
Photochemically Reversible and Thermally Stable Axially Chiral Diarylethene Switches (2012)

A series of dithienylcyclopentenes containing axially chiral 1,1'-binaphthyl units were successfully synthesized by a Suzuki-Miyaura protocol. All these compounds exhibited photochemically reversible isomerization with thermal stability in both organic solvent and a liquid crystal (LC) host. When doping into an achiral LC host, some of them exhibited very high helical twisting powers. Reversible reflection wavelength tuning in the visible region and LC phase switching between nematic and cholesteric upon light irradiation were demonstrated.
The 5‐HT<sub>4</sub> receptor agonist, tegaserod, is a potent 5‐HT<sub>2B</sub> receptor antagonist <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> (2004)

1 Tegaserod (Zelnorm) is a potent 5-hydroxytryptamine4 (5-HT4) receptor agonist with clinical efficacy in disorders associated with reduced gastrointestinal motility and transit. The present study investigated the interaction of tegaserod with 5-HT2 receptors, and compared its potency in this respect to its 5-HT4 receptor agonist activity. 2 Tegaserod had significant binding affinity for human recombinant 5-HT2A, 5-HT2B and 5-HT2C receptors (pKi=7.5, 8.4 and 7.0, respectively). The 5-HT2B receptor-binding affinity of tegaserod was identical to that at human recombinant 5-HT4(c) receptors (mean pKi=8.4) in human embryonic kidney-293 (HEK-293) cells stably transfected with the human 5-HT4(c) receptor. 3 Tegaserod (0.1-3 microm) inhibited 5-HT-mediated contraction of the rat isolated stomach fundus potently (pA2=8.3), consistent with 5-HT(2B) receptor antagonist activity. Tegaserod produced, with similar potency, an elevation of adenosine 3',5' cyclic monophosphate in HEK-293 cells stably transfected with the human 5-HT4(c) receptor (mean pEC50=8.6), as well as 5-HT4) receptor-mediated relaxation of the rat isolated oesophagus (mean pEC50=8.2) and contraction of the guinea-pig isolated colon (mean pEC50=8.3). 4 Following subcutaneous administration, tegaserod (0.3 or 1 mg kg(-1)) inhibited contractions of the stomach fundus in anaesthetized rats in response to intravenous dosing of alpha-methyl 5-HT (0.03 mg kg(-1)) and BW 723C86 (0.3 mg kg(-1)), selective 5-HT2B receptor agonists. At similar doses, tegaserod (1 and 3 mg kg(-1) subcutaneously) evoked a 5-HT4 receptor-mediated increase in colonic transit in conscious guinea-pigs. 5 The data from this study indicate that tegaserod antagonizes 5-HT2B receptors at concentrations similar to those that activate 5-HT4 receptors. It remains to be determined whether this 5-HT2B receptor antagonist activity of tegaserod contributes to its clinical profile.
Large area patterned arrays of aligned carbon nanotubes via laser trimming (2003)

10.1088/0957-4484/14/4/305
Pulmonary disease management system with distributed wearable sensors (2009)

A pulmonary disease management system with on-body and near-body sensors is introduced in this presentation. The system is wearable for continuous ambulatory monitoring. Distributed sensor data is transferred through a wireless body area network (BAN) to a central controller for real time analysis. Physiological and environmental parameters are monitored and analyzed using prevailing clinical guidelines for self-management of environmentally-linked pulmonary ailments. The system provides patients with reminders, warnings, and instructions to reduce emergency room and physician visits, and improve clinical outcomes.
A simplified java bytecode compilation system for resource-constrained embedded processors (2007)

Embedded platforms are resource-constrained systems in whichperformance and memory requirements of executed code are ofcritical importance. However, standard techniques such as full just-in-time(JIT) compilation and/or adaptive optimization (AO) may not be appropriate for this type of systems due to memory and compilation overheads.The research presented in this paper proposes a technique that combines some of the main benefits of JIT compilation, superoperators(SOs) and profile-guided optimization, in order to deliver a lightweight Java bytecode compilation system, targeted for resource-constrained environments, that achieves runtime performance similar to that of state-of-the-art JIT/AO systems, while having a minimal impact on runtime memory consumption.The key ideas are to use profiler-selected, extended bytecode basic blocks as superoperators (new bytecode instructions) and to perform few, but very targeted, JIT/AO-like optimizations at compile time only on the superoperators. bytecode, as directed by compilation .hints. encoded as annotations. As such, our system achieves competitive performance to a JIT/AO system, but witha much lower impact on runtime memory consumption. Moreover,it is shown that our proposed system can further improveprogram performance by selectively inlining method calls embedded in the chosen superoperators, as directed by runtime profiling data and with minimal impact on classfile size.For experimental evaluation, we developed three Virtual Machines(VMs) that employ the ideas presented above. The customized VMs are first compared (w.r.t. runtime performance) to a simple, fast-to-develop VM (baseline) and then to a VM that employs JIT/AO. Our best-performing system attains speedups ranging from a factor of 1.52 to a factor of 3.07, w.r.t. to the baseline VM. When compared to a state-of-the-art JIT/AO VM, our proposed system performs better for three of the benchmarks and worse by less than a factor of 2 for three others. But our SO-extended VM outperforms the JIT/AO system by a factor of 16, on average, w.r.t. runtime memory consumption.
Gas phase synthesis of fcc-cobalt nanoparticles (2006)

Air stable cobalt nanoparticles have been prepared continuously at a production rate of 30 g h−1 by a modified flame synthesis method under highly reducing conditions. Nanoparticles of 20–60 nm in diameter consisted of metallic face-centered-cubic cobalt. The metal particles were protected against oxidation by a surface layer of less than 1 nm of cobalt oxide. The material was highly magnetic exhibiting a high saturation magnetisation (>124 emu g−1) together with a low (<100 Oe) coercivity. Experiments under varying fuel to oxygen ratio were combined with thermodynamic calculations to illustrate the necessity for highly reducing conditions and enhanced gas mixing to enable the formation of metallic cobalt nanoparticles in flames.
Evidence that the amount of chloroplast DNA exceeds that of nuclear DNA in mature leaves. (1978)

Cell-free homogenates containing intact chloroplasts and nuclei were allowed to settle for up to 1 h before the top 2 ml of the 5-ml homogenate was withdrawn. Whereas less than 18% of the chloroplasts moved from the top to the bottom portions, the ratio of nuclei to chloroplasts in the top portion changed from approximately 1/200 to 1/900. The total numbers of chloroplasts and nuclei were counted in the homogenate before settling and in the top 2 ml and bottom 3 m1 after settling. The total DNA content of the homogenate and the top and bottom portions after settling was determined by the diphenylamine colorimetric assay. By simultaneous equations, the absolute amount of DNA in chloroplasts and nuclei was determined. The results are consistent with previous observations of chloroplast DNA by fluorescence microscopy which indicated that the amount of chloroplast DNA per chloroplast is a function of chloroplast size. In addition, the results show that the amount of chloroplast DNA per average chloroplast in large leaves is 0.14 times 10(-12) g, a magnitude higher than previous reports in the literature, and that large leaves contain about twice as much chloroplast DNA as nuclear DNA.
Modeling Implantable Passive Mechanisms for Modifying the Transmission of Forces and Movements Between Muscle and Tendons (2015)

This paper explores the development of biomechanical models for evaluating a new class of passive mechanical implants for orthopedic surgery. The proposed implants take the form of passive engineered mechanisms, and will be used to improve the functional attachment of muscles to tendons and bone by modifying the transmission of forces and movement inside the body. Specifically, we present how two types of implantable mechanisms may be modeled in the open-source biomechanical software OpenSim. The first implant, which is proposed for hand tendon-transfer surgery, differentially distributes the forces and movement from one muscle across multiple tendons. The second implant, which is proposed for knee-replacement surgery, scales up the forces applied to the knee joint by the quadriceps muscle. This paper's key innovation is that such mechanisms have never been considered before in biomechanical simulation modeling and in surgery. When compared with joint function enabled by the current surgical practice of using sutures to make the attachment, biomechanical simulations show that the surgery with 1) the differential mechanism (tendon network) implant improves the fingers' ability to passively adapt to an object's shape significantly during grasping tasks (2.74× as measured by the extent of finger flexion) for the same muscle force, and 2) the force-scaling implant increases knee-joint torque by 84% for the same muscle force. The critical significance of this study is to provide a methodology for the design and inclusion of the implants into biomechanical models and validating the improvement in joint function they enable when compared with current surgical practice.
Protecting High-Voltage Motors Against Switching Overvoltages (2007)

In an industrial plant equipped with HV motors, several severe stator failures occurred in spite of the installation of MOA (metal-oxide arrester) surge arresters. All of these motors were switched with vacuum circuit breakers. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the necessity of complementary protection against overvoltages by adding C-R (capacitor-resistor) surge suppressors. This paper will first give an overview of the types of switching surges that can occur in this network configuration. Secondly, network simulations using EMTP/ATP software are presented. The object of these simulations is to calculate the overvoltages created during motor switching, to study the evolution of these overvoltages as a function of cable length and motor power, and to check if additional protection needs to be installed on these motors. The comparison is made between the simulated voltages and the motors withstand voltage capability defined in the IEC 60034-15. It can be concluded that even with two MOA surge arresters, the protection of the motor is not guaranteed. A full motor protection is provided by installing C-R surge suppressors thus eliminating multiple reignitions. This paper will give installation recommendations for both the C-R surge suppressors and the MOA surge arresters.
Retinopathy of Prematurity (1985)

<h3>To the Editor.</h3> —In reply to the letter by Solomon<sup>1</sup>and the reply of Garner<sup>2</sup>on the international classification of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), I agree with Garner's response to Solomon's suggestion that fluorescein angiography would give a better and an exact evaluation of the exact pathology of ROP. Solomon possibly would be correct if the test could be reliably achieved on all patients irrespective of stage or location of disease or general status of the patient. The international classification is primarily a standard of communication of ophthalmoscopically identifiable changes in severity of ROP<sup>3</sup>. The question of timing of examination deserves more comment. If one presumes that nothing is available to alter the course of the disease, then the timing of examination is not critical. One examination at approximately seven weeks of chronologic age to determine the presence of the disease and alert the pediatrician and the
Reinforced Mnemonic Reader for Machine Reading Comprehension (2017)

In this paper, we introduce the Reinforced Mnemonic Reader for machine reading comprehension tasks, which enhances previous attentive readers in two aspects. First, a reattention mechanism is proposed to refine current attentions by directly accessing to past attentions that are temporally memorized in a multi-round alignment architecture, so as to avoid the problems of attention redundancy and attention deficiency. Second, a new optimization approach, called dynamic-critical reinforcement learning, is introduced to extend the standard supervised method. It always encourages to predict a more acceptable answer so as to address the convergence suppression problem occurred in traditional reinforcement learning algorithms. Extensive experiments on the Stanford Question Answering Dataset (SQuAD) show that our model achieves state-of-the-art results. Meanwhile, our model outperforms previous systems by over 6% in terms of both Exact Match and F1 metrics on two adversarial SQuAD datasets.
Estimating Trunk Angles During Lifting Using Computer Vision Bounding Boxes * (2019)

We previously developed a method for classifying lifting postures using dimensions of a rectangular bounding box drawn tightly around the subject for a single camera view that is more tolerable of conditions encountered in industrial settings than high precision tracking and can be practically implemented on a smart hand-held device. This study explores the use of simple bounding box dimensions to predict trunk angle while lifting. Mannequin poses were generated using the Michigan 3DSSPP software for 105 postures across six anthropometries. A regression model for predicting trunk angle was created (adjusted R 2 =0.91, p<.001). Predicted trunk angles compared against measured 3D motion capture for five participants (N=180 lifts) had a mean error of 15.85° (SE=0.63°, R 2 = 0.80). This algorithm should be useful for calculating trunk kinematic properties that are associated with increased risks of low-back disorders including trunk speed and acceleration using successive video frames of predicted trunk flexion angles.
What is "truth"? Some philosophical contributions to psychiatric issues (1988)

Philosophical perspectives, although eminently relevant to clinical investigation and practice, are rarely brought to bear on psychiatric topics. The author attempts to raise professional consciousness of core issues in the philosophy of science by examining the status of truth, theory, and observation in psychiatry. He evaluates prominent approaches to the problem of knowledge, particularly those of the "subjectivists" and "relativists," such as Schafer and Spence, and the "empiricists" and "inductivists," such as the proponents of DSM-III. Drawing on contemporary philosophy of science, the work of William James, and the classical Greek conviction that more truth resides in the middle than at either extreme, the author mediates between these rival points of view.
Effect of Sulfur Evaporation Rate on Screw Dislocation Driven Growth of MoS<sub>2</sub> with High Atomic Step Density (2016)

We report the sulfur evaporation rate controlled screw dislocation driven growth of two-dimensional MoS2 that contains unprecedented atomic step density. Screw dislocation assisted growth of atomic thin MoS2 on amorphous SiO2 or a crystalline and conducting Si substrate paves the way to form spiral morphology of two-dimensional materials without the need for single crystalline miscut substrates to initiate the line defects. The unique spiral morphology promoted by screw dislocation is typically observed at a high nucleation rate induced by an abrupt increase in sulfur concentration. Screw dislocation assisted spiral MoS2 growth leads to a high step density with an ∼5 fold increase in the total edge length. Statistical analysis from detailed atomic force microscope phase imaging of flat and spiral MoS2 flakes reveals the linear increase in total edge length from ∼470 nm to ∼2325 nm with respect to variation in the number of steps available at the spiral structure in the range of 2–8. High resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging reveals the local atomic structure of the ledge that separates the individual layers in spiral MoS2 structure and aids the development of growth mechanism. The optimized spiral growth of MoS2 provides countless active sites for hydrogen energy generation applications. Hydrogen evolution performance of as-grown MoS2 on p-type Si substrates decorated with high ledge density provides active adsorption sites leading to hydrogen evolution at a lower potential with a higher current density. The developed strategy of increasing the sulfur evaporation rate to induce a spike in the nucleation rate promotes screw dislocation driven growth of MoS2 with spiral morphology. Such sulfur evaporation rate controlled spiral growth is important for surface engineering of two-dimensional materials to harvest the benefits of active edge sites for hydrogen evolution, catalyst, and sensor applications.
A Sphingolipid Having a Novel Type of Ceramide and Lacto-N-Fucopentaose III (1971)

Abstract A new sphingoglycolipid was isolated from human adenocarcinomas. The glycolipid had a novel ceramide which contained predominantly 4-hydroxysphinganine (phytosphingosine) and a high content of α-hydroxy fatty acids. The structure of the carbohydrate moiety was identified as O-β-galactosyl-(1 → 4)-[O-α-l-fucosyl-(1 → 3)]-O-β-(N-acetyl)glucosaminosyl-(1 → 3)-O-β-galactosyl-(1 → 4)-glucose, which was identical with that of lacto-N-fucopentaose III (Kobata, A., and Ginsburg, V., J. Biol. Chem., 244, 5496 (1969)). The precipitating antibody against this glycolipid was produced in rabbit, the antiserum was allowed to react specifically with this glycolipid but not with Lewis a or Lewis b glycolipid, and the precipitin reaction was inhibited by lacto-N-fucopentaose III.
Performance and Power Benefits of Sharing Execution Units between a High Performance Core and a Low Power Core (2014)

Several studies and real world designs have advocated the sharing of large execution units between pairs of cores in Symmetric Multicore Processors (SMP) for area and power savings. Such sharing was shown to have negligible impact on performance. Recently, a number of Asymmetric Multicore Processor (AMP) designs have become available. The objective of this paper is to investigate whether sharing of resources across AMPs offers similar benefits. Our study shows that while the area and the power savings remain similar, the performance of the smaller core in the AMP can improve significantly making sharing even more attractive for AMPs. Simulation results indicate that for certain workloads, the performance of the small core may improve by as much as 54% by sharing certain large execution resources of the big core, while affecting the performance of the big core by only ~4%, resulting in an overall gain in system performance of 20%. The corresponding improvement in aggregate performance/Watt is 12% while the area savings is about 7%.