gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Water Transport and Xylem Structure (2003)

Land plants need water to replace the evaporation that occurs while atmospheric CO2 is diffusing into photosynthetic tissue. The water‐for‐carbon exchange rate is poor, and evolutionary history indicates a progression of innovations for cheap water transport—beginning in order with capillary suction at cell walls, stomatal regulation, hydroids, tracheids, secondary xylem, endodermis, and vessels. The radiation of plants in the Silurian and Devonian occurred when the need for water was at an all‐time low because of high CO2 concentration. Transport improvements appeared as water demand increased and CO2 dropped to current values in the Carboniferous and Permian. Stomatal regulation and high‐conductivity conduits permitted larger plants and a transition from poikilohydric to homoiohydric water relations. The evolution of conduits from hydroids through tracheids to vessels reflects the need to balance resistance to implosion and cavitation versus maximum hydraulic conductance and minimum conduit investment. Localization of rigidifying lignin away from the lumen surface and porous wall regions during tracheid evolution, and the origin of pits, acted to maintain wall strength and permeability while minimizing cavitation. Vessels mark the pinnacle of efficiency, making vines and dense, stiff woods possible without sacrificing conductivity or cavitation resistance. However, vessels make cavitation‐resistant wood more expensive and may compromise refilling efficiency versus tracheids. Vascular networks maximize hydraulic conductivity and protection from cavitation at minimum investment by following Murray's law and localizing resistances to the periphery. A future challenge is to quantify the significance of xylem structure in terms of the carbon cost of transpiration and the net carbon profit via gas exchange.
Nutritional Supplementation to Prevent Cataract Formation (2004)

Age-related cataract (ARC) is the leading cause of blindness in the world, particularly in developing countries. In contrast, cataract surgery has become the most frequent surgical procedure in people aged 65 years or older in the Western world, causing a considerable financial burden to the health care system. The development of cataracts is mainly an age-related phenomenon, although socioeconomic and lifestyle factors appear to influence their development, e.g. smoking has been found to directly influence ARC. A key role in the pathomechanism of the crystalline lens alteration is played by glucose metabolism and associated effected redox potential, which may induce oxidative damages. Aldose reductase blockers were able to prevent the development of diabetic cataracts in experimental studies, however clinical trials were interrupted due to unclear side effects. Other drugs with radical scavenging properties were effective in in vitro and in vivo experiments, but could not be proven to be efficient and safe in preclinical human trials. A number of epidemiological studies showed an increased risk of nuclear or cortical cataract in people with low blood levels of vitamin E. It is also known that the measured levels of ascorbic acid decline with increasing age in the lens. Beta-Carotin and other non-polar carotenoids seem to be missing and may therefore only play a minor role. Polarized carotenoid lutein and zeaxanthin are available in low concentrations and may therefore have some direct effects. The results of the present interventional studies are still controversial. While the Linxian studies indicated that the prevalence for nuclear cataract was reduced by the supplementation with retinol/zinc or vitamin C/molybdenum, the AREDS trial showed no effect of the antioxidant formulation on the development or progression of ARC. Again, while the REACT study demonstrated a statistically significant positive treatment effect 2 years after treatment for the US patients and for both subgroups (US & UK) after 3 years, no effect was observed in UK patients alone. In another US study, the Physician Health Study, no positive or negative effect of Beta-carotin was observed. Taken together, these studies suggest that any effect of antioxidants on cataract development is likely to be very small and probably is of no clinical or public health significance, thus removing a major rationale for 'anticataract' vitamin supplementation among health-conscious individuals.
Chemokines and chemokine receptors in mucosal homeostasis at the intestinal epithelial barrier in inflammatory bowel disease (2008)

Chemokines, a large family of small chemoattractive cytokines, and their receptors play an integral role in the regulation of the immune response and homeostasis. The ability of chemokines to attract specific populations of immune cells sets them apart from other chemoattractants. Chemokines produced within the gastrointestinal mucosa are critical players in directing the balance between physiological and pathophysiological inflammation in health, inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and the progression to colon cancer. In addition to the well-characterized role of chemokines in directed trafficking of immune cells to the gut mucosa, the expression of chemokine receptors on the cells of the epithelium makes them active participants in the chemokine signaling network. Recent findings demonstrate an important role for chemokines and chemokine receptors in epithelial barrier repair and maintenance as well as an intricate involvement in limiting metastasis of colonic carcinoma. Increased recognition of the association between barrier defects and inflammation and the subsequent progression to cancer in IBD thus implicates chemokines as key regulators of mucosal homeostasis and disease pathogenesis.
A more biologically plausible learning rule for neural networks. (1991)

Many recent studies have used artificial neural network algorithms to model how the brain might process information. However, back-propagation learning, the method that is generally used to train these networks, is distinctly "unbiological." We describe here a more biologically plausible learning rule, using reinforcement learning, which we have applied to the problem of how area 7a in the posterior parietal cortex of monkeys might represent visual space in head-centered coordinates. The network behaves similarly to networks trained by using back-propagation and to neurons recorded in area 7a. These results show that a neural network does not require back propagation to acquire biologically interesting properties.
Control of Hematopoietic Stem/Progenitor Cell Fate by Transforming Growth Factor-β (2003)

A major obstacle to the use of adult somatic stem cells for cell therapy is our current inability to fully exploit stem cell self-renewal properties. The challenge is to obtain defined culture systems where cycling of primitive stem/progenitor cells is stimulated, while their differentiation and senescence are prevented. The cytokine transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) appears as a potential regulator of hematopoietic stem/ progenitor cell self-renewal, as it participates in the control of cell proliferation, survival/apoptosis, and cell immaturity/differentiation. TGF-beta1 acts via a complex regulatory network involving intracellular signaling molecules and cell surface receptors. According to the High Proliferative Potential-Quiescent (HPP-Q) cell working model that we introduced previously, TGF-beta1 maintains primitive hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells in a quiescent or slow cycling state, in part by downmodulating the cell surface expression of mitogenic cytokine receptors, thus preventing cells from responding rapidly to a mitogenic signal. We have established that this modulation concerns the tyrosine kinase receptors KIT and FLT3, and the IL-6 receptor (IL-6R), three important cytokine receptors controlling early human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell development. In this article. we show a similar modulation by TGF-beta1 of a fourth receptor: the TPO receptor (MPL). As a consequence, TGF-beta1 decreased the cell cycle entry of stem/progenitor cells stimulated by the respective ligands of these receptors, the cytokines SF, FL, IL-6, and TPO, whereas neutralization of TGF-beta1 increased the cell responsiveness to these mitogenic cytokines. Other aspects of the function of TGF-beta1 in the regulation of early hematopoiesis (i.e., the control of stem/progenitor cell survival and immaturity) are reviewed in the discussion.
A fully analytical AC large-signal model of the GaAs MESFET for nonlinear network analysis and design (1988)

A fully analytical version of an AC large-signal model for the GaAs MESFET is presented. The source model is based on basic principles and the actual physics and geometry of the device. The analytical version was developed by curve fitting the analytical expressions to the source model. The accuracy of the model for microwave circuits is demonstrated using simulation examples of a power amplifier and a mixer.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Leukemic stem cell signatures identify novel therapeutics targeting acute myeloid leukemia (2018)

Therapy for acute myeloid leukemia (AML) involves intense cytotoxic treatment and yet approximately 70% of AML are refractory to initial therapy or eventually relapse. This is at least partially driven by the chemo-resistant nature of the leukemic stem cells (LSCs) that sustain the disease, and therefore novel anti-LSC therapies could decrease relapses and improve survival. We performed in silico analysis of highly prognostic human AML LSC gene expression signatures using existing datasets of drug-gene interactions to identify compounds predicted to target LSC gene programs. Filtering against compounds that would inhibit a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) gene signature resulted in a list of 151 anti-LSC candidates. Using a novel in vitro LSC assay, we screened 84 candidate compounds at multiple doses and confirmed 14 drugs that effectively eliminate human AML LSCs. Three drug families presenting with multiple hits, namely antihistamines (astemizole and terfenadine), cardiac glycosides (strophanthidin, digoxin and ouabain) and glucocorticoids (budesonide, halcinonide and mometasone), were validated for their activity against human primary AML samples. Our study demonstrates the efficacy of combining computational analysis of stem cell gene expression signatures with in vitro screening to identify novel compounds that target the therapy-resistant LSC at the root of relapse in AML.
Does Prophylactic Biologic Mesh Placement Protect Against the Development of Incisional Hernia in High‐risk Patients? (2011)

The prophylactic use of biologic mesh for abdominal wall closure appears to reduce the incidence of incisional hernia in patients with multiple risk factors for incisional hernia development.
Correlation of structure and properties of groups I to III base oils (2012)

ABSTRACT The understanding of the relationship between molecular structure and viscosity–temperature behaviour of a lubricant system is a subject of considerable importance. The quantitative distribution and types of different classes of hydrocarbons such as aromatics, paraffins (normal and iso) and naphthenes determine the physico‐chemical behaviour of a lubricant system. The study of molecular structure and molecular alignment of hydrocarbons constituting a lubricant helps in the development of lubricating oil with desired physico‐chemical properties. The present study highlights the application of nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopic technique for deriving detailed hydrocarbon structural features present in API groups II and III base oils produced through catalytic hydrocracking/isodewaxing processes. The viscosity–temperature and viscosity–pressure properties, such as viscosity index, pour point, elastohydrodynamic film thickness and cold cranking simulator viscosity, were determined. The structural features of these base oils such as various methyl branched structures of isoparaffins and branching index, which are characteristics of high performance molecules, were correlated with the above‐mentioned properties to explain their physico‐chemical properties, particularly low temperature properties. The molecular dynamics parameters such as diffusion coefficient and T 1 relaxation times estimated from the nuclear magnetic resonance spectral studies have provided sufficient evidence for the dependence of these properties on these high performance molecules present in various types of methyl structures of isoparaffins of groups II and III base oils compared with conventional group I base oils. Results are explained on the basis of molecular structural differences of hydrocarbons present in these base oils and diffusion measurement studies. On the basis of the studies, molecular engineering concept for the designing of a high performance base oil molecule is proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Automatic urban debris zone extraction from post-hurricane very high-resolution satellite and aerial imagery (2015)

Automated remote sensing methods have not gained widespread usage for damage assessment after hurricane events, especially for low-rise buildings, such as individual houses and small businesses. Hurricane wind, storm surge with waves, and inland flooding have unique damage signatures, further complicating the development of robust automated assessment methodologies. As a step toward realizing automated damage assessment for multi-hazard hurricane events, this paper presents a mono-temporal image classification methodology that quickly and accurately differentiates urban debris from non-debris areas using post-event images. Three classification approaches are presented: spectral, textural, and combined spectral–textural. The methodology is demonstrated for Gulfport, Mississippi, using IKONOS panchromatic satellite and NOAA aerial colour imagery collected after 2005 Hurricane Katrina. The results show that multivariate texture information significantly improves debris class detection performance by decreasing the confusion between debris and other land cover types, and the extracted debris zone accurately captures debris distribution. Additionally, the extracted debris boundary is approximately equivalent regardless of imagery type, demonstrating the flexibility and robustness of the debris mapping methodology. While the test case presents results for hurricane hazards, the proposed methodology is generally developed and expected to be effective in delineating debris zones for other natural hazards, including tsunamis, tornadoes, and earthquakes.
Simulation of transport in laminar, tubular reactors and application to ethane pyrolysis (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSimulation of transport in laminar, tubular reactors and application to ethane pyrolysisJohn C. Fagley Jr.Cite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1992, 31, 1, 58–69Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00001a009https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00001a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views133Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Exploratory Study on BIM-based Information Breakdown Structure for Construction Document Management (2015)

Construction industry is an aggregate of information that diverse information is integrated and controlled. To implement successful construction projects, it can be said that the information management is very important. In particular, because information of construction sites is controlled in a form of documents, importance of the document management in construction has been increased. But, by controlling information through documents, there are difficult problems in writing and classification of the documents and preservation and utilization of the information. Also, due to incompletion of the information management system, difficulty in systematic info management arises. For this reason, this study intends to suggest the document information breakdown structure for controlling document info efficiently which is generated at construction sites. For this, through the examination of preceding studies, establishment of the concept of the document info breakdown structure, the space breakdown structure, and the info breakdown structure, availability of document information is intended to heighten.
Full-text based context-rich heterogeneous network mining approach for citation recommendation (2014)

Citation relationship between scientific publications has been successfully used for scholarly bibliometrics, information retrieval and data mining tasks, and citation-based recommendation algorithms are well documented. While previous studies investigated citation relations from various viewpoints, most of them share the same assumption that, if paper1 cites paper2 (or author1 cites author2), they are connected, regardless of citation importance, sentiment, reason, topic, or motivation. However, this assumption is oversimplified. In this study, we employ an innovative heterogeneous approach, which paves a new way for citation recommendation task. In the network, we characterize 1) the importance of citation relationships between citing and cited papers, and 2) the topical citation motivation. Unlike earlier studies, the citation information, in this paper, is characterized by citation textual contexts extracted from the full-text citing paper. We also propose algorithm to cope with the situation when large portion of full-text missing information exists in the bibliographic repository. Evaluation results show that, context-rich heterogeneous network can significantly enhance the citation recommendation performance.
Predictors of loss of ambulation in Friedreich's ataxia (2020)

This work was funded by the Friedreich's Ataxia Research alliance (FARA), www.curefa.org.
Creating Roadmaps in Aerial Images with Generative Adversarial Networks and Smoothing-Based Optimization (2017)

Recognizing roads and intersections in aerial images is a challenging problem in computer vision with many real world applications, such as localization and navigation for unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs). The problem is currently gaining momentum in computer vision and is still far from being solved. While recent approaches have greatly improved due to the advances in deep learning, they provide only pixel-level semantic segmentations. In this paper, we argue that roads and intersections should be recognized at the higher semantic level of road graphs - with roads being edges that connect nodes. Towards this goal we present a method consisting of two stages. During the first stage, we detect roads and intersections with a novel, dual-hop generative adversarial network (DH-GAN) that segments images at the level of pixels. At the second stage, given the pixelwise road segmentation, we find its best covering road graph by applying a smoothing-based graph optimization procedure. Our approach is able to outperform recent published methods and baselines on a large dataset with European roads.
Hypomagnesemia and Hypocalcemia in Mycosis Fungoides: A Retrospective Case Series (2002)

The most common variant of cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) is mycosis fungoides (MF), a malignant proliferation of atypical CD4+ CD45Ro+ T-cells that initially proliferate in the skin and later invades lymph nodes and other organs including the blood (Sezary syndrome). The pathogenesis of CTCL is largely unknown. We present definitive data showing a correlation between degree and prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia and clinical stage of MF. Hypomagnesemia was present in 22.2% of MF patients with early stage (n = 27), 38.5% of intermediate stage (n = 13), and 67.5% of advanced stage disease (n = 40). Hypocalcemia was present in 8.3% of MF patients with early stage (n = 24), 54.5% with intermediate stage (n = 11), and 61.0% with advanced stage disease (n = 41). The odds ratios for having hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in patients with stage II or higher MF compared with stage I patients were 5.33 and 16.24, respectively. Hypomagnesemia has been associated with immune function abnormalities including the development of T-cell leukemia-lymphoma in rats. We hypothesize that the hypomagnesemia may play a role in the progression or pathogenesis of MF or the Sezary syndrome (SS). This retrospective case series is the first study ever to report a relationship between serum cations and CTCL in humans.
Learning Probabilistic Relational Models with Structural Uncertainty (2000)

Most real-world data is stored in relational form. In contrast, most statistical learning methods, e.g., Bayesian network learning, work only with &quot;flat&quot; data representations, forcing us to convert our data into a form that loses much of the relational structure. The recently introduced framework of probabilistic relational models (PRMs) allow us to represent much richer dependency structures, involving multiple entities and the relations between them; they allow the properties of an entity to depend probabilistically on properties of related entities. Friedman et al. showed how to learn PRMs that model the attribute uncertainty in relational data, and presented techniques for learning both parameters and probabilistic dependency structure for the attributes in a relational model. In this work, we propose methods for handling structural uncertainty in PRMs. Structural uncertainty is uncertainty over which entities are related in our domain. We propose two mechanisms for...
Low-Power Low-VHF Ad-Hoc Networking in Complex Environments (2017)

A low-power, low-frequency, ad hoc networking paradigm is considered for robust communications among mobile agents in complex non-line-of-sight (NLOS) indoor and urban-type scenarios. Compared with higher frequency, the lower portion of the very high frequency (VHF) band offers improved penetration and reduced multipath in such scenarios. Low VHF is underutilized for mobile ad hoc networking due to the lack of compact low-power systems and efficient miniature antennas. We investigate the proposed approach through experiments in realistic scenarios. In order to carry out the experiments, we leverage a compact, low-power ZigBee radio operating seamlessly in the low-VHF band by introducing a bi-directional frequency converter, which translates ZigBee signals into low-VHF carriers, along with a recently developed highly miniaturized efficient antenna. The experimental low-VHF radio system and a conventional ZigBee operating at 2.4 GHz are both integrated on a compact ground robotic platform for autonomous experimentation and comparison in NLOS indoor and outdoor settings. Measurements quantify the significant advantages of the low-VHF radio system in terms of packet error rate, fading, radio signal strength, and extended spatial coverage, in a number of complex communication environments.