gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Functional significance of macrophages in pancreatic cancer biology (2015)

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is a lethal disease that is usually diagnosed at late stage with few effective therapies. Despite the rapid progress on the genomics and proteomics of the neoplastic cells, therapies that targeted the pancreatic cancer cells proved to be inefficient, which promoted the researchers to turn their attentions to the microenvironment. Currently, various studies had proposed the microenvironment to be a contributing factor for PDA and pervasive researches showed that macrophages within the malignancy correlate with the malignant phenotype of the disease and were reported to a new therapeutic target. Generally, the pro-tumoral effects of macrophages can be summarized as angiogenesis promotion, immunosuppression, matrix remodeling and so on. Hence, a comprehensive understanding of the biologic behaviors of macrophages and their critical role in PDA development may provide new directions for the managements of the lethal disease. In this review, we will summarize the recent advancements on macrophages as pivotal players in PDA biology and the current knowledge about anti-macrophages as a novel strategy against cancer, with the expectation that more efficient therapies will be developed in the near future.
Isomerization of Allyl Ethers Initiated by Lithium Diisopropylamide (2010)

Lithium diisopropylamide (LDA) promotes virtually quantitative conversion of allylic ethers to (Z)-propenyl ethers. It was discovered that allylic ethers can be isomerized efficiently with very high stereoselectivity to (Z)-propenyl ethers by LDA in THF at room temperature. The reaction time for the conversion increases with more sterically hindered allylic ethers. Different amides were also compared with LDA for their ability to effect this isomerization.
Neurotensin Is a Lipid-Induced Gastrointestinal Peptide Associated with Visceral Adipose Tissue Inflammation in Obesity (2018)

Neurotensin (NT) is a 13-amino acid peptide localized in the neuroendocrine cells of the small intestine, which promotes fat absorption and fatty acids translocation in response to lipid ingestion. NT-knock-out mice fed with a high-fat diet are protected from obesity, fatty liver, and the development of insulin-resistance. In humans, higher plasma levels of pro-NT, which is the stable circulating precursor of NT, predict obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), and cardiovascular disease. In obesity, the presence of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) inflammation leads to unfavorable metabolic outcomes and is associated with the development of T2D and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). In this study, we investigated the relationship between plasma pro-NT levels and the presence of VAT inflammation in biopsies from 40 morbidly obese subjects undergoing bariatric surgery. We demonstrated that higher proNT levels are significantly associated with greater macrophages infiltration, HIF-1α, WISP-1, and UNC5B expression in VAT (all <i>p</i> < 0.01) due to the diagnosis of T2D and NAFLD. The overall results show that, in obesity, pro-NT is a biomarker of VAT inflammation and insulin-resistance. Additionally, NT may be involved in the development of dysmetabolic conditions likely mediated by increased gut fat absorption and the presence of a proinflammatory milieu in the adipose tissue.
The electro-optic coefficients of urea (1979)

The two independent electro-optic coefficients of crystalline urea, r63 and r41, are determined experimentally using a voltage modulation technique. The results are compared with theoretical values obtained by direct summation over CNDO/S generated electronic states in a perturbation theory based expression for nonlinear optical coefficients. A further comparison is made with the predicted results of an anharmonic oscillator model for nonlinear optical processes. The results obtained by all three methods, after proper internal field corrections, agree within the limitations of the theoretical calculations and the margins of experimental error.
Influence of deposition pressure on the output characteristics of low pressure chemical vapor deposited polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors (1993)

The influence of the deposition pressure on the output characteristics of low pressure chemical vapor deposited polycrystalline silicon thin-film transistors is investigated. The polysilicon films are deposited at pressures 40, 10, and 0.5 mTorr. For channel lengths L greater than 10 μm, the device has the conventional output characteristics dominated by the grain boundaries. In short-channel devices (L&lt;10 μm), the experimental results show the presence of the ‘‘kink’’ effect and a reduction of the threshold voltage at high drain biases. When the deposition pressure of the polysilicon layer decreases, despite the increase of the grain size, the kink effect becomes more pronounced due to the enhanced diffusion of dopants from the source and drain contacts along the grain boundaries. The enhanced dopant diffusion reduces the effective channel length resulting in higher channel electric fields and increased kink effect.
Augmented urban planning workbench: overlaying drawings, physical models and digital simulation (2002)

There is a problem in the spatial and temporal separation between the varying forms of representation used in urban design. Sketches, physical models, and more recently computational simulation, while each serving a useful purpose, tend to be incompatible forms of representation. The contemporary designer is required assimilate these divergent media into a single mental construct and in so doing is distracted from the central process of design. We propose an augmented reality workbench called Luminous Table that attempts to address this issue by integrating multiple forms of physical and digital representations. 2D drawings, 3D physical models, and digital simulation are overlaid into a single information space in order to support the urban design process. We describe how the system was used in a graduate design course and discuss how the simultaneous use of physical and digital media allowed for a more holistic design approach. We also discuss the need for future technical improvements.
The ‘Co-Delivery’ Approach to Liposomal Vaccines: Application to the Development of influenza-A and hepatitis-B Vaccine Candidates (2006)

DNA vaccination with mammalian-expressible plasmid DNA encoding protein antigens is known to be an effective means to elicit cell-mediated immunity, sometimes in the absence of a significant antibody response. This may be contrasted with protein vaccination, which gives rise to antibody responses with little evidence of cell-mediated immunity. This has led to considerable interest in DNA vaccination as a means to elicit cell-mediated immune responses against conserved viral antigens or intracellular cancer antigens, for the purpose of therapeutic vaccination. However, almost all current vaccines are used prophylactically and work by producing antibodies rather than cell mediated immune responses. In the present study we have therefore explored the combination of DNA and protein forms of an antigen using two exemplary prophylactic vaccine antigens, namely inactivated influenza virion and hepatitis-B surface antigen. We studied the effects of various combinations of DNA and protein on the antibody response. Co-administration of soluble forms of DNA and protein representations of the same antigen gave rise to the same level of antibody response as if protein were administered alone. In contrast, we found that when these antigens are entrapped in the same liposomal compartment, that there was a strong synergistic effect on the immune response, which was much greater than when either antigen was administered alone, or in various other modes of combination (e.g. co-administration as free entities, also pooled liposomal formulations where the two materials were contained in separate liposomal vehicles in the same suspension). The synergistic effect of liposomally co-entrapped DNA and protein exceeded, markedly, the well known adjuvant effects of plasmid DNA and liposomes. We have termed this new approach to vaccination 'co-delivery' and suggest that it may derive from the simultaneous presentation of antigen via MHC class-I (DNA) and MHC class-II (protein) pathways to CD8+ and CD4+ cells at the same antigen presenting cell--a mode of presentation that would commonly occur with live viral pathogens. We conclude that co-delivery is a very effective means to generate protective antibody responses against viral pathogens.
Particle Filters for Infinite (or Large) Dimensional State Spaces- Part 1 (2006)

We propose particle filtering algorithms for tracking on infinite (or large) dimensional state spaces. We consider the general case where state space may not be a vector space, we assume it to be a separable metric space (Polish space). In implementation, any such space is approximated by a finite but large dimensional vector, whose dimension may vary at every time. Monte Carlo sampling from a large dimensional system noise distribution is computationally expensive. Also, the number of particles required for accurate particle filtering increases with the number of independent dimensions of the system noise, making particle filtering even more expensive. But as long as the number of independent system noise dimensions is small, even if the total state space dimension is very large, a particle filtering algorithm can be implemented. In most large dim applications, it is fair to assume that "most of the state change" occurs in a small dimensional basis, which may be fixed or slowly time varying (approximated as piecewise constant). We use this assumption to propose efficient PF algorithms. These are analyzed and extended in N. Vaswani, (2006)
Effect of Porous-Coating Configuration on Tibial Osteolysis After Total Knee Arthroplasty (1995)

Porous-coating configuration on the undersurface of tibial components in total knee arthroplasty was evaluated for its effect on tibial osteolysis. Clinical data and radiographic results of 675 Ortholoc II components (range, 4-8 years postoperative) and 236 Ortholoc Modular components (range, 2-4 years postoperative) were compared. The undersurface of the Ortholoc II tibial component is completely covered with porous coating, and that of the Ortholoc Modular is partially porous coated with smooth metal bridges connecting the 4 screw holes and joint cavity to the smooth metal stem. None of the radiographs of the Ortholoc II tibial components showed significant osteolysis around the stem or pegs. Radiographically detectable signs of osteolysis around the distal 1/2 of the stem appeared in 28 of the 124 long-stemmed Ortholoc Modular knees. None had radiographically identifiable osteolysis around the screws or pegs. In the 112 knees with short stems, 19 had radiographically identifiable radiolucency around the stem, but none had radiolucency around the screws or pegs. Despite their substantially shorter followup, cementless tibial components with patches of porous coating connected by smooth metal tracks were more likely to have osteolysis develop than those with uninterrupted porous coating on the undersurface of the tibial tray. The smooth metal tracks appear to conduct debris from the joint cavity to the areas surrounding the stem.
Sleep fragmentation in children with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. (1998)

Objective polysomnographic evidence of abnormal sleep has been confirmed in patients with JRA. Sleep disturbance was associated with daytime sleepiness as evidenced by abnormal multiple sleep latency test and longer afternoon naptime.
A new approach to using anisotropically conductive adhesives for flip chip assembly (2002)

The use of anisotropically conductive adhesives (ACAs) for the direct interconnection of silicon chips to printed circuits offers numerous advantages including: reduced package thickness, improved environmental compatibility, lowered assembly temperatures, increased metallization options, and decreased equipment needs. To increase throughput and to lower costs, we have developed a new approach to flip-chip assembly with ACAs. Our process uses two unique features: an ACA thixotropic paste formulation and a batch curing fixture. The thixotropic paste, which replaces the more conventional film form of the adhesive, can be easily dispensed onto the substrate with a stencil printer. Chips placed into the ACA paste are held securely due to the "tacky" nature of the material much like surface mount components are held by solder pastes. As a result, no heating of the chips is required during assembly, increasing throughput and relaxing co-planarity tolerances in the alignment equipment. As with all ACAs, the paste must be cured by the simultaneous application of heat and pressure. In our process, curing is accomplished in a fixture capable of holding multiple chips and/or circuit boards simultaneously. Uniform pressure is applied to components during the 3-5 minute thermal cure cycle via a conformable silicone rubber bladder. Initial yield and temperature cycling data are reported in this paper. Silicon chips with gold metallization show small (<15%) increases in contact resistance after more than 1000 test cycles (between 0-100/spl deg/C); bumping the chips was not required. Aluminum metallized chips proved to be unreliable after temperature cycling tests.
Carboxylation of resorcinols with methylmagnesium carbonate. Synthesis of cannabinoid acids (1969)

R. Mechoulam and Z. Ben-Zvi, J. Chem. Soc. D, 1969, 343 DOI: 10.1039/C29690000343
Structure and Mechanisms of a Protein-Based Organelle in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2009)

Many bacterial cells contain proteinaceous microcompartments that act as simple organelles by sequestering specific metabolic processes involving volatile or toxic metabolites. Here we report the three-dimensional (3D) crystal structures, with resolutions between 1.65 and 2.5 angstroms, of the four homologous proteins (EutS, EutL, EutK, and EutM) that are thought to be the major shell constituents of a functionally complex ethanolamine utilization (Eut) microcompartment. The Eut microcompartment is used to sequester the metabolism of ethanolamine in bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica. The four Eut shell proteins share an overall similar 3D fold, but they have distinguishing structural features that help explain the specific roles they play in the microcompartment. For example, EutL undergoes a conformational change that is probably involved in gating molecular transport through shell protein pores, whereas structural evidence suggests that EutK might bind a nucleic acid component. Together these structures give mechanistic insight into bacterial microcompartments.
Alignment Coaching: The Missing Element in Business Coaching (2003)

Coaching in organizations often focuses on either how to address issues effectively or how to perform well in a situation, given a decision to move forward and a strategy to meet success criteria. Sometimes these interventions will prove ineffective. There is, however, another possible focus of coaching, one that confronts making sense of one’s life and the fundamental values and meaning that get expressed through choice and action. This is alignment coaching. This article offers a fresh perspective on business coaching, distinguishing alignment coaching from its performance and executive coaching brethren. Using a case study illustration, further distinctions are drawn about the types of issues clients face and the type of business coaching that, when matched, can provide ‘best fit’ to achieve desired results.
Persistence of <i>Bacteroides</i> Species Populations in a River as Measured by Molecular and Culture Techniques (2010)

Given the interest in Bacteroides species as microbial source tracking (MST) markers, and the limited knowledge of the survival of Bacteroides species in the environment, here we examine the survival of Bacteroides fragilis, B. thetaiotaomicron, and environmental species of Bacteroides by use of culture techniques and molecular tools. Two kinds of experiments were performed: (i) on-site experiments, in which bacteria were exposed to changes in the levels of several environmental parameters in a river, and (ii) microcosm assays in the laboratory, with controlled temperatures. On-site experiments showed different survival patterns for the cultivable Bacteroides strains. B. fragilis die-off rate was strongly affected by the combined effect of high temperatures and grazing predators, which were more active under warmer conditions. However, the survival rates of cultivable B. thetaiotaomicron and environmental Bacteroides spp. were more affected by dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration in water. Environmental Bacteroides strains survived longer than either type strain, due to better adaptation to environmental conditions. However, the period of their survival was shorter than that observed for fecal coliforms and enterococci, suggesting Bacteroides species as markers of recent fecal pollution. The total Bacteroides species were detected by molecular techniques throughout the experiment in winter, but they were detected on only two or three days in the summer. This indicates that temperature is the main factor affecting DNA degradation, regardless of species. The use of microcosms in the laboratory also pointed to temperature as the main factor affecting Bacteroides survival, regardless of species. However, the conditions in the laboratory may mask the effects of the environmental factors and their interactions. The observed variability in die-off rate as a function of the species analyzed, the experimental conditions, and the methodology used should be taken into consideration in future persistence studies.
Total Synthesis of Aristolactams via a One-Pot Suzuki−Miyaura Coupling/Aldol Condensation Cascade Reaction (2008)

A direct one-pot synthesis of phenanthrene lactams, which employs a Suzuki−Miyaura coupling/aldol condensation cascade reaction of isoindolin-1-one with 2-formylphenylboronic acid, has been developed. The approach is used to efficiently produce a number of natural aristolactams, such as aristolactam BII (cepharanone B), aristolactam BIII, aristolactam FI (piperolactam A), N-methyl piperolactam A, and sauristolactam.
Measurement and calculation of powdered mixture permittivities (2001)

The permittivities of pulverized samples of coal and limestone were measured over a range of bulk densities at 11.7 GHz and 20/spl deg/C. The measured values were used, along with particle densities, determined by pycnometer measurements, and the Landau & Lifshitz, Looyenga (LLL) dielectric mixture equation to determine the solid material permittivities. Subsequently, similar measurements were taken on a 35%-65% coal-limestone mixture, and the LLL equation and the complex refractive index (CRI) dielectric mixture equation were used to calculate the permittivities of powdered coal, limestone, and the 35%-65% mixture at various bulk densities. Results compared to the measured permittivities showed that the LLL equation provided much better estimates than the CRI equation, with errors of 0.15% in predicting the dielectric constants of powdered coal, 1.4% in predicting the dielectric constants of powdered limestone, and 0.5% in predicting the dielectric constants of the coal-limestone mixture.
The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines (2007)

Now entering its ninth edition, The Maudsley Prescribing Guidelines is the most widely used guide to psychiatric prescribing in the UK. The guidelines are an essential means by which psychiatrists and other healthcare professional stay current with the latest advances in prescribing. It provides practical advice for common clinical situations and i
AN ASTEROID BELT INTERPRETATION FOR THE TIMING VARIATIONS OF THE MILLISECOND PULSAR B1937+21 (2013)

Pulsar timing observations have revealed companions to neutron stars that include other neutron stars, white dwarfs, main-sequence stars, and planets. We demonstrate that the correlated and apparently stochastic residual times of arrival from the millisecond pulsar B1937+21 are consistent with the signature of an asteroid belt having a total mass ≲ 0.05 M ⊕. Unlike the solar system's asteroid belt, the best fit pulsar asteroid belt extends over a wide range of radii, consistent with the absence of any shepherding companions. We suggest that any pulsar that has undergone accretion-driven spin-up and subsequently evaporated its companion may harbor orbiting asteroid mass objects. The resulting timing variations may fundamentally limit the timing precision of some of the other millisecond pulsars. Observational tests of the asteroid belt model include identifying periodicities from individual asteroids, which are difficult; testing for statistical stationarity, which becomes possible when observations are conducted over a longer observing span; and searching for reflected radio emission.
Use of a correlation chopper for time of flight neutron scattering - Part II : deconvolution in the experimental case (1977)

The deconvolution problem for a correlation chopper in time of flight diffraction experiments has been treated in a previous paper [1] by a matrix formalism. A practical case is now considered since the signal function obtained with a mechanical chopper is not rectangular, but triangular. This observed function Z is deconvoluted by means of either a rectangular inverse sequence (rectangle-triangle deconvolution) or a triangular one (triangle-triangle deconvolution). It is shown that there is a loss of resolution. Perturbations arising from the use of an imperfect mechanical device in elastic scattering, give rise to a negative image of the diffraction function due to variation of the chopper transmission with wavelength. This effect can be corrected a posteriori. The other perturbations give rise to loss of resolution or background modulation.
Aldosterone blockade in chronic kidney disease: can it improve outcome? (2010)

At this time it is unknown whether mineralocorticoid receptor blockade can improve outcomes in patients with CKD. To move this field forward and determine whether these agents can improve the lives of patients with kidney disease, novel strategies to prevent or ameliorate hyperkalemia are needed.
Tritrophic interactions among<scp>Bt</scp>maize, an insect pest and entomopathogens: effects on development and survival of western corn rootworm (2011)

Abstract Agricultural systems often provide a model for testing ecological hypotheses, while ecological theory can enable more effective pest management. One of the best examples of this is the interaction between host‐plant resistance and natural enemies. With the advent of crops that are genetically modified to produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium B acillus thuringiensis ( Bt ), a new form of host‐plant resistance has been introduced to agroecosystems. How Bt crops interact with natural enemies, especially insect pathogens in below‐ground systems, is not well understood, but provides a unique opportunity to study below‐ground tritrophic interactions. In this study, we used two species of entomopathogenic fungi and three species of entomopathogenic nematodes to determine how this community of soil‐borne natural enemies might interact with Bt maize (event 59122, expressing the insecticidal protein Cry 34/35 Ab 1) to affect survival and development of western corn rootworm ( D iabrotica virgifera virgifera ), which is an obligate root feeder and a serious pest of maize. We ran two experiments, one in a greenhouse and one in a growth chamber. Both experiments consisted of a fully crossed design with two maize treatments ( Bt maize and non‐ Bt maize) and two entomopathogen treatments (present or absent). The community of entomopathogens significantly increased mortality of western corn rootworm, and Bt maize increased larval developmental time and mortality. Entomopathogens and Bt maize acted in an independent and additive manner, with both factors increasing the mortality of western corn rootworm. Results from this study suggest that entomopathogens may complement host‐plant resistance from Bt crops.