gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation in Study of the Visual Pathway (1998)

The authors critically reviewed experiments in which transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and repetitive TMS (rTMS) of the higher visual pathway were used. Topics include basic mechanisms of neural excitation by TMS and their relevance to the visual pathway (excitatory and inhibitory effects), TMS and rTMS of calcarine cortex (suppression, unmasking, and phosphenes), TMS of V5 (suppression), TMS and rTMS of higher level temporoparietooccipital areas (perceptual errors, unmasking, and inattention), the role of frontal lobe output in visual perception, and vocalization of perceived visual stimuli (role of consciousness of linguistic symbols).
Synthetic face expressions generated by self organizing maps (2005)

We describe a system for reproducing and generating face expressions by representing the significant segments on low-dimensional topology conserving maps. Our aim is to develop a representation of face movements which is derived exclusively from image data and contains no physiological information. The target of this research is real-time animation of face images which can be applied in advanced man-machine interfaces or face recognition tasks. There are several hard problems associated with this project: First, the significant segments of face expressions have to be be identified and a representation has to be found which allows to play back a sequence of facial expressions. Second, the system has to be trainable for the dependencies among the significant segments in order to develop an internal model for effects like variable lighting or small changes in orientation. We show that topology conserving maps and their extension to local linear mapping (LLM) networks allow a very efficient representation of critical face segments and that they are able to produce a sequence of realistic expressions in real time.
Leptospirosis-persistence of a Dilemma: An Overview with Particular Emphasis on Trends and Recent Advances in Vaccines and Vaccination Strategies (2012)

Leptospirosis, caused by pathogenic spirochetes of the genus Leptospira, affects both humans and animals and is among the most common but neglected direct zoonotic disease in the world, particularly in untreated or undiagnosed animals as well as humans. Now, it has been considered as a re-emerging disease causing global health problem due to its increasing incidences in developing as well as developed nations. It is a multisystemic disease leading to death. Diagnostic tests of importance are Latex Agglutination Test (LAT), lateral flow and immunoglobulin M (IgM) based ELISA, PCR based assays, Multiple-microscopic Agglutination Test (MAT), Loop-mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Molecular tools like PCR-RFLP, real-time PCR, multiplex PCR, qPCR and immunocapture PCR have all been found useful for rapid and confirmatory detection and differentiation of pathogenic and non-pathogenic leptospires. Inactivated/killed and attenuated vaccines are always attempted, since the beginning of vaccine and vaccination story, against all emerging pathogens with mixed success stories. The advanced tools and techniques like recombinant DNA technology, reverse genetics, DNA vaccination, molecular genetics and proteomics approaches are being explored for search of novel antigens, proteins and genes as potential candidates to discover safer, efficient and better vaccines for leptospirosis. The present review highlights the leptospirosis, susceptible population, disease transmission and epidemiology, treatment, trends and advances in diagnosis, vaccines and vaccination strategies in humans and animals with a view to combat this organism having public health significance.
Influenza Virus Resistance of Wild Mice: Wild-Type and Mutant Mx Alleles Occur at Comparable Frequencies (1987)

The laboratory-reared progeny of wild Mus musculus domesticus from several places in Europe and from California were tested for resistance to experimental infection with influenza viruses and for the ability of their explanted macrophages to synthesize Mx protein in response to type I interferon. About 75% of these mice were resistant to influenza viruses and were able to synthesize Mx protein, as expected for mice carrying the influenza virus resistance allele Mx+ in either homozygous or heterozygous form. Resistance of wild mice was inherited as a single autosomal dominant trait which cosegregated with the ability to synthesize Mx protein. About 25% of the randomly bred wild mice failed to synthesize Mx protein and died after infection with influenza virus, very much like inbred mice homozygous for the Mx- allele. We conclude that Mx+ and Mx- alleles occur at roughly equal frequencies in wild mice and that some selective advantage for heterozygous individuals exists in the wild. This finding raises new questions about the physiological role of the Mx locus.
Residues on Soldered Printed Circuit Assemblies (1989)

Visible surface residues, commonly referred to as white residues, on soldered printed circuit assemblies are a very common but intermittent and unpredictable problem. Such residues, which are insoluble in normal solvents, are generally a rejectable condition. The chemistry of the deposition of white residues is complex; the deposits themselves are of a number of types and origins, and their incidence is associated with both materials and process parameters. This paper attempts to identify the different causes of the problem and suggest ways in which avoidance or removal is possible.
Kentucky Rebel Town: The Civil War Battles of Cynthiana and Harrison County (2017)

Kentucky Rebel Town: The Civil War Battles of Cynthiana and Harrison County by William A. Penn. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2016. ISBN 978-0-8131-6771-8 (cloth); 978-0-8131-6772-5 (epub). $45.00. 400 p.
Graphs Over Time: Densification and Shrinking Diameters (2006)

How do real graphs evolve over time? What are “normal” growth patterns in social, technological, and information networks? Many studies have discovered patterns in static graphs, identifying properties in a single snapshot of a large network, or in a very small number of snapshots; these include heavy tails for in- and out-degree distributions, communities, small-world phenomena, and others. However, given the lack of information about network evolution over long periods, it has been hard to convert these findings into statements about trends over time. Here we study a wide range of real graphs, and we observe some surprising phenomena. First, most of these graphs densify over time, with the number of edges growing super-linearly in the number of nodes. Second, the average distance between nodes often shrinks over time, in contrast to the conventional wisdom that such distance parameters should increase slowly as a function of the number of nodes (like O(log n) or O(log(log n)). Existing graph generation models do not exhibit these types of behavior, even at a qualitative level. We provide a new graph generator, based on a “forest fire ” spreading process, that has a simple, intuitive justification, requires very few parameters (like the “flammability ” of nodes), and produces graphs exhibiting the full range of properties observed both in prior work and in the present study. We also notice that the “forest fire” model exhibits a sharp transition between sparse graphs and graphs that are densifying. Graphs with decreasing distance between the nodes are generated around this transition point. Last, we analyze the connection between the temporal evolution of the degree distribution and densification of a graph. We find that the two are fundamentally related. We also observe that real networks exhibit this type of relation between densification and the degree distribution.
Oxidative stress and human health (2012)

Redox degenerative reactions of the biological system inevitably produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) and their derivatives. Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance in pro-oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis that leads to the generation of toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, organic hydro peroxides, nitric oxide, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals etc. Information are accumulating steadily, supporting the general importance of oxidative damage of tissue and cellular components as a primary or secondary causative factor in many different human diseases and aging processes. Many of the recent landmarks in scientific research have shown that in human beings, oxidative stress has been implicated in the progression of major health problems by inactivating the metabolic enzymes and damaging important cellular components, oxidizing the nucleic acids, leading to cardiovascular diseases, eye disorders, joint disorders, neurological diseases (Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis), atherosclerosis, lung and kidney disorders, liver and pancreatic diseases, cancer, ageing, disease of the reproductive system including the male and female infertility etc. The advent of a growing number of in vitro and in vivo models for evaluating the human disease pathology is aiding scientists in deciphering the detailed mechanisms of the point of intersection of the oxidative stress with other cellular components or events in the growing roadmap leading to different human disorders. The toxic effect of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in human is balanced by the antioxidant action of non-enzymatic antioxidants, as well as by antioxidant enzymes. Such antioxidant defences are extremely important as they represent the direct removal of free radicals (prooxidants), thus providing maximal protection for biological sites. These systems not only assert with the problem of oxidative damage, but also play a crucial role in wellness, health maintenance, and prevention of chronic and degenerative diseases. In this review we have tried to generate a gross picture on the critical role of ROS in deteriorating human health and the importance of antioxidative defense system in ameliorating the toxicity of ROS.
Plasmid transfer in the animal intestine and other dynamic bacterial populations: the role of community structure and environment (1999)

The transfer of the R1drd19 plasmid between isogenic strains of Escherichia coli BJ4 in batch cultures of laboratory media and intestinal extracts was compared. Using an estimate of plasmid transfer rate that is independent of cell density, of donor:recipient ratios and of mating time, it was found that transfer occurs at a much lower rate in intestinal extracts than in laboratory media. Furthermore, the results suggest that the majority of intestinal plasmid transfer takes place in the viscous mucus layer covering the epithelial cells. Investigation of plasmid transfer in different flow systems harbouring a dynamic, continuously growing population of constant size showed that transfer kinetics were strongly influenced by bacterial biofilm formation. When donor and recipient populations were subjected to continuous mixing, as in a chemostat, transfer continued to occur at a constant rate. When donor and recipient populations retained fixed spatial locations, as in a biofilm, transfer occurred very rapidly in the initial phase, after which no further transfer was detected. From in vivo studies of plasmid transfer in the intestine of streptomycin-treated mice, results were obtained which were similar to those obtained in the biofilm, but differed markedly from those obtained in the chemostat. In spite of peristaltic movements in the gut, and of apparently even distribution of E. coli as single cells in the intestinal mucus, the intestinal environment displays transfer kinetics different from those expected of a mixed, liquid culture, but quite similar to those of a biofilm.
Mechanisms of neuronal death in disease: defining the models and the players (2008)

Dysregulation of life and death at the cellular level leads to a variety of diseases. In the nervous system, aberrant neuronal death is an outstanding feature of neurodegenerative diseases. Since the discovery of the caspase family of proteases, much effort has been made to determine how caspases function in disease, including neurodegenerative diseases. Although many papers have been published examining caspases in neuronal death and disease, the pathways have not been fully clarified. In the present review, we examine the potential players in the death pathways, the current tools for examining these players and the models for studying neurological disease. Alzheimer's disease, the most common neurodegenerative disorder, and cerebral ischaemia, the most common cause of neurological death, are used to illustrate our current understanding of death signalling in neurodegenerative diseases. A better understanding of the neuronal death pathways would provide targets for the development of therapeutic interventions for these diseases.
Fabrication of Two-Dimensional Photonic Band Structure with Near-Infrared Band Gap (1994)

We have succeeded in fabricating a two-dimensional photonic band structure with a near-infrared band gap for p-polarization in a two-dimensional Brillouin zone.The sample consists of circular air rods constituting a triangular lattice with a lattice constant of 1.17 µm and a background dielectric constant of 2.6. The transmission spectra were measured over a range from 1.4 to 5.0 µm for both p- and s-polarizations. The energies of complete reflection regions observed in the Γ- X direction were in good agreement with the theoretical calculation for both p- and s-polarizations. This agreement indicates that the above band gap should exist.
Traffic management in satellite ATM bridge (1994)

The paper presents the studies of traffic management in the satellite ATM bridge based on RACE II RACE project - CATALYST R2074. The project aims to develop satellite ATM bridge that can support the future B-ISDN services for satellite communications. An ATM bridge can interconnect the ATM network and the existing networks as well as DQDB, FDDI, Ethernet networks. The current interfaces have different bit rates, thus the need to control traffic and manage the resources on the bridge to prevent overload and preserve the quality of the services on the satellite. The satellite ATM bridge will be used in the initial interconnections of B-ISDN islands and the development of B-ISDN for mobile telecommunications and direct broadcast services.
Glucan supplementation enhances the immune response against an influenza challenge in mice. (2015)

Based on our data, we concluded that these effects are caused by stimulation of both cellular and humoral immune reaction resulting in lower viral load.
Fundamental Mechanisms in Silver Halide Precipitation (1968)

The four basic processes of silver halide crystallization are nucleation, growth, Ostwald ripening, and recrystallization. These processes were investigated to determine what were the significant variables in each case, particularly for experimental conditions similar to those used in precipitating photographic emulsions.
An enhanced k-means algorithm using agglomerative hierarchical clustering strategy (2012)

To overcome the drawback that the k-means algorithm is sensitive to the selection of initial centroids, we proposed an enhanced two-stage k-means algorithm. In the first stage, we begin with selecting as many as enough initial centroids, then the basic k-means algorithm is applied to get the intermediate clusters, i.e., we keep the number of initial centroids k′ large enough to eliminate the bad centroids' effect to the result. In the second stage, the k′ intermediate clusters are merged into k result clusters using agglomerative hierarchical clustering algorithm. We have tested our algorithm on standard data sets and synthesized data set; experiments results have manifested that our algorithm can obtain higher clustering accuracy.
Using graphics to display messages in an intelligent decision support system (1996)

The paper addresses the form of the graphical interface for an IDSS used for scheduling small-batch production. The IDSS has been developed to aid inferential processing by bringing 'visibility' to those attributes experienced schedulers use to schedule jobs on the shop floor. From the patterns in the values of the attributes, schedulers can see interactions and dependencies between jobs.
Media Synchronization Method for Video Hypermedia Application Based on Extended Event Model (2006)

This paper describes a proposal of an extended event model using a media synchronization method for video hypermedia applications. In this extended event model, video and metadata are synchronized by periodically inserting event information in the video multiplex. We considered the following design policies: 1) a model that is independent of the video format and delivery method, 2) the synchronization accuracy can be tuned depending on the purpose and use of the metadata. We designed the extended event model based on the above design policies, and implemented this model as an encode/decode library for Windows Media. Based on this model we developed a video hypermedia system prototype and performed evaluation experiments. The evaluation results of real time synchronization performance of the system prototype showed that in the case of sports video content a synchronization accuracy of 100 msec between video and metadata makes our method effective for use in video hypermedia applications
A virus-induced gene silencing method to study soybean cyst nematode parasitism in Glycine max (2013)

The VIGS method described here provides a new tool to identify genes involved in soybean-nematode interactions. This method could be adapted to study genes associated with any root pathogenic or symbiotic associations.
High power and high sensitivity PLC module using a novel corner-illuminated PIN photodiode (2002)

A high power, high sensitivity PLC module, comprising an LD and a PD surface mounted on a PLC platform, has been realized by a novel passive alignment technique. We used a spot-size transformed LD and a corner-illuminated PD to form a highly efficient optical coupling between the devices and a PLC waveguide. We used the unique marker alignment method to ensure accurate positioning of them. The positioning precision achieved in the lateral direction was within 1 /spl mu/m for the LDs and within 10 /spl mu/m for the PDs. The rotational precision was within 0.4 degrees for both chips. We realized high power operation (>8 mW) with a high receiver sensitivity (0.3 A/W). In this paper, we describe a high power, high sensitivity PLC incorporating a novel passive optical alignment technique for LDs and PDs.
Inflammatory Cytokines Provide a Third Signal for Activation of Naive CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells (1999)

The effects of inflammatory cytokines on naive T cells have been studied using MHC protein/peptide complexes on microspheres, thus avoiding the use of APCs whose functions may be affected by the cytokines. IL-1, but not IL-12, increased proliferation of CD4+ T cells in response to Ag and IL-2, which is consistent with effects on in vivo priming of CD4+ cells. In contrast, proliferation of CD8+ T cells to Ag and IL-2 required IL-12, and IL-12 replaced adjuvant in stimulating an in vivo response to peptide. These results support a model in which distinct inflammatory cytokines act directly on naive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to provide a third signal, along with Ag and IL-2, to optimally activate differentiation and clonal expansion.
Long-Term Validation of Rapid Impedance Spectrum Measurements as a Battery State-of-Health Assessment Technique (2013)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">The objective of this study was to assess the long-term capability and impact of a rapid, in-situ impedance measurement technique known as Harmonic Compensated Synchronous Detection. This technique consists of a sum-of-sines excitation signal that includes a targeted selection of frequencies and only requires one period of the lowest frequency. For a given frequency range of 0.1 Hz to approximately 2 kHz, the measurement duration would only be ten seconds. The battery response is captured and synchronously detected for impedance spectra measurements. This technique was compared to laboratory-based performance degradation measurements using commercially available lithium-ion cells. The cells were aged for 150,000 cycles at accelerated rates using temperatures of 40 and 50°C. Every 30,000 cycles, cycle-life testing was interrupted to gauge degradation at the reference temperature of 30°C. The results demonstrated that growth in the ohmic and charge transfer resistances during aging strongly correlate with the corresponding changes in discharge capacity, pulse resistance, and available power capability that were independently determined from standardized test methods. Additionally, the rapid impedance spectrum technique appears to be a benign measurement that does not impact battery aging. Consequently, this technique appears to be useful as an onboard sensor that, when combined with passive measurements, may be used for enhanced diagnostics, management, and control.</div></div>
Cross-Linked Conjugated Polymer Fibrils: Robust Nanowires from Functional Polythiophene Diblock Copolymers (2011)

A series of poly(3-hexyl thiophene) (P3HT)-based diblock copolymers were prepared and examined in solution for their assembly into fibrils, and post-assembly cross-linking into robust nanowire structures. P3HT-b-poly(3-methanol thiophene) (P3MT), and P3HT-b-poly(3-aminopropyloxymethyl thiophene) (P3AmT) diblock copolymers were synthesized using Grignard metathesis (GRIM) polymerization. Fibrils formed from solution assembly of these copolymers are thus decorated with hydroxyl and amine functionality, and cross-linking is achieved by reaction of diisocyanates with the hydroxyl and amine groups. A variety of cross-linked structures, characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), were produced by this method, including dense fibrillar sheets, fibril bundles, or predominately individual fibrils, depending on the chosen reaction conditions. In solution, the cross-linked fibrils maintained their characteristic vibronic structure in solvents that would normally disrupt (dissolve) the structures.
Interconversions of hexofuranosyl nucleosides. I. Synthesis of 9-.beta.-L-gulofuranosyladenine from 9-.alpha.-D-mannofuranosyladenine (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTInterconversions of hexofuranosyl nucleosides. I. Synthesis of 9-.beta.-L-gulofuranosyladenine from 9-.alpha.-D-mannofuranosyladenineLeon M. LernerCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1972, 37, 3, 470–473Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1972https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00968a031RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views64Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (634 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts