gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Integrating Catalytic Coal Gasifiers With Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (2010)

A review was conducted for coal gasification technologies that integrate with solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) to achieve system efficiencies near 60% while capturing and sequestering &gt;90% of the carbon dioxide [1–2]. The overall system efficiency can reach 60% when a) the coal gasifier produces a syngas with a methane composition of roughly 25% on a dry volume basis, b) the carbon dioxide is separated from the methane-rich synthesis gas, c) the methane-rich syngas is sent to a SOFC, and d) the off-gases from the SOFC are recycled back to coal gasifier. The thermodynamics of this process will be reviewed and compared to conventional processes in order to highlight where available work (i.e. exergy) is lost in entrained-flow, high-temperature gasification, and where exergy is lost in hydrogen oxidation within the SOFC. The main advantage of steam gasification of coal to methane and carbon dioxide is that the amount of exergy consumed in the gasifier is small compared to conventional, high-temperature, oxygen-blown gasifiers. However, the goal of limiting the amount of exergy destruction in the gasifier has the effect of limiting the rates of chemical reactions. Thus, one of the main advantages of steam gasification leads to one of its main problems: slow reaction kinetics. While conventional entrained-flow, high-temperature gasifiers consume a sizable portion of the available work in the coal oxidation, the consumed exergy speeds up the rates of reactions. And while the rates of steam gasification reactions can be increased through the use of catalysts, only a few catalysts can meet cost requirements because there is often significant deactivation due to chemical reactions between the inorganic species in the coal and the catalyst. Previous research into increasing the kinetics of steam gasification will be reviewed. The goal of this paper is to highlight both the challenges and advantages of integrating catalytic coal gasifiers with SOFCs.
Nuclear Factor Interleukin 6 Motifs Mediate Tissue-specific Gene Transcription in Hypoxia (1997)

Activation of transcription at the nuclear factor interleukin 6 (NF-IL-6) DNA binding motif modulates expression of multiple genes important in host adaptive and developmental mechanisms. Studies showing that hypoxia-induced transcription of IL-6 in cultured endothelial cells was due to transcriptional activation by the NF-IL-6 motif in the promoter (Yan, S.-F., Tritto, I., Pinsky, D., Liao, H., Huang, J., Fuller, G., Brett, J., May, L., and Stern, D. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 11463-11471) led us to prepare transgenic mice using 115- or 14-base pair regions of the promoter encompassing the NF-IL-6 site ligated to the lacZ reporter gene and the basal thymidine kinase promoter. On exposure to hypoxia or induction of ischemia, mice bearing either of the constructs showed prominent expression of the transgene in lung and cardiac vasculature and in the kidney but not in the liver (parenchyma or vasculature). In contrast, transgenic mice bearing a mutationally inactivated NF-IL-6 site showed no increase in transgene expression in hypoxia. Gel retardation assays revealed time-dependent, hypoxia-enhanced nuclear binding activity for the NF-IL-6 site in nuclear extracts of the heart, lung, and kidney but not in the liver; the hypoxia-enhanced band disappeared on addition of antibody to C/EBPbeta-NF-IL-6. Consistent with the specificity of hypoxia-mediated activation of C/EBPbeta-NF-IL-6, gel retardation assays showed no change in the intensity of the hypoxia-enhanced gel shift band in the presence of excess unlabeled oligonucleotide probes or antibodies related to other transcription factors, including NFkappaB, AP1, cAMP response element-binding protein, SP1, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1. These data indicate that the transcription factor NF-IL-6 is sensitive to environmental oxygen deprivation, and the tissue-specific pattern of gene expression suggests that local mechanisms have an important regulatory effect.
Lecithins in oil‐continuous emulsions. Fat crystal wetting and interfacial tension (1995)

Abstract Lecithin is a powerful emulsifier widely used in foods, feeds and pharmaceuticals. Several analytical methods have been proposed to characterize lecithins, but they are often inadequate to determine the industrial functionality. The purpose of this study was to find a relationship between the interfacial properties of lecithins (adsorption to oil/water and fat crystal/oil/water interfaces), phospholipid composition and functionality. Results show that all lecithins adsorb to fat crystals at the triglyceride oil/water interface, making their surface more polar (observed as an increase in the contact angle measured through the oil at the interface: fat crystal/oil/water). This adsorption process is quick (less than five minutes) for relatively polar lecithins, such as soybean phosphatidylcholine (PC), and results in highly polar surfaces (contact angle ∼180°). Less polar lecithins give slow adsorption (some hours) and less polar crystals (contact angle ≤90°). The adsorption of different lecithins to the oil/water interface, observed as a decrease in interfacial tension, follows the adsorption pattern to the fat crystals. We found a relation between high‐fat crystal polarity and poor lecithin functionality in margarine (margarines spatters during frying), and also between high‐fat crystal polarity and a high polar to nonpolar phospholipids [Σ(PI + PA + LPC)/ΣPE; PI, phosphatidylinositol; PA, phosphatidic acid; LPC, lysoPC, PE, phosphatidylethanolamine] ratio in lecithin. The correlations might be via aggregation properties of lecithin in the oil. We found also that monoolein shifted the adsorption kinetics of lecithin (soybean PC) to fat crystals and the hydrophilicity of adsorbed layers probably due to formation of mixed aggregates between monoolein and soybean PC.
On the Translation of Trademark—— From the Perspective of the Functionalist Approach (2006)

The image and connotation of a trademark is playing an increasingly important role in the fast-developing and fierce competitive market economy.In fact,the translation of trademark is a kind of recreation,during which the translator,influenced by different languages and cultures and guided by the functionalist approaches,can recreate excellent works through varieties of translation strategies to display the connotation of goods.
Cryocrystallography of a Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor: the 90 K structure of winged bean chymotrypsin inhibitor (WCI) at 2.13 Å resolution (1999)

The crystal structure of a Kunitz-type double-headed alpha--chymotrypsin inhibitor from winged bean seeds has been refined at 2.13 A resolution using data collected from cryo-cooled (90 K) crystals which belong to the hexagonal space group P6(1)22 with unit-cell parameters a = b = 60.84, c = 207.91 A. The volume of the unit cell is reduced by 5.3% on cooling. The refinement converged to an R value of 20.0% (R(free) = 25.8%) for 11100 unique reflections and the model shows good stereochemistry, with r.m.s. deviations from ideal values for bond lengths and bond angles of 0.011 A and 1.4 degrees, respectively. The structural architecture of the protein consists of 12 antiparallel beta-strands joined in the form of a characteristic beta-trefoil fold, with the two reactive-site regions, Asn38-Leu43 and Gln63-Phe68, situated on two external loops. Although the overall protein fold is the same as that of the room-temperature model, some conformational changes are observed in the loop regions and in the side chains of a few surface residues. A total of 176 ordered water molecules and five sulfate ions are included in the model.
Online Capacity Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries Based on Novel Feature Extraction and Adaptive Multi-Kernel Relevance Vector Machine (2015)

Prognostics is necessary to ensure the reliability and safety of lithium-ion batteries for hybrid electric vehicles or satellites. This process can be achieved by capacity estimation, which is a direct fading indicator for assessing the state of health of a battery. However, the capacity of a lithium-ion battery onboard is difficult to monitor. This paper presents a data-driven approach for online capacity estimation. First, six novel features are extracted from cyclic charge/discharge cycles and used as indirect health indicators. An adaptive multi-kernel relevance machine (MKRVM) based on accelerated particle swarm optimization algorithm is used to determine the optimal parameters of MKRVM and characterize the relationship between extracted features and battery capacity. The overall estimation process comprises offline and online stages. A supervised learning step in the offline stage is established for model verification to ensure the generalizability of MKRVM for online application. Cross-validation is further conducted to validate the performance of the proposed model. Experiment and comparison results show the effectiveness, accuracy, efficiency, and robustness of the proposed approach for online capacity estimation of lithium-ion batteries.
A global sea level variability study from almost a decade of altimetry (2002)

Altimeter data of the GEOSAT, ERS-1 and TOPEX/POSEIDON (T/P) missions have been used to study large-scale seasonal and long-periodic changes in the sea level. The radial orbit error is reduced by crossover minimization. The authors computed large-scale global dynamic topographies with a time resolution of 7 days and a space resolution of about 5/spl deg/. EOF and DFT analyses show a dominant annual cycle for most regions. Time-longitude sections reveal ENSO warm and cold events accompanied by Kelvin and Rossby waves. A secular change of 4.9 mm/yr is evident both from the ERS-1 and T/P data.
New Lithium Iron Pyrophosphate as 3.5 V Class Cathode Material for Lithium Ion Battery (2010)

A new pyrophosphate compound Li(2)FeP(2)O(7) was synthesized by a conventional solid-state reaction, and its crystal structure was determined. Its reversible electrode operation at ca. 3.5 V vs Li was identified with the capacity of a one-electron theoretical value of 110 mAh g(-1) even for ca. 1 μm particles without any special efforts such as nanosizing or carbon coating. Li(2)FeP(2)O(7) and its derivatives should provide a new platform for related lithium battery electrode research and could be potential competitors to commercial olivine LiFePO(4), which has been recognized as the most promising positive cathode for a lithium-ion battery system for large-scale applications, such as plug-in hybrid electric vehicles.
Nonsmooth Formulation of the Support Vector Machine for a Neural Decoding Problem (2010)

This paper formulates a generalized classification algorithm with an application to classifying (or `decoding') neural activity in the brain. Medical doctors and researchers have long been interested in how brain activity correlates to body movement. Experiments have been conducted on patients whom are unable to move, in order to gain insight as to how thinking about movements might generate discernable neural activity. Researchers are tasked with determining which neurons are responsible for different imagined movements and how the firing behavior changes, given neural firing data. For instance, imagined movements may include wrist flexion, elbow extension, or closing the hand. This is just one of many applications to data classification. Though this article deals with an application in neuroscience, the generalized algorithm proposed in this article has applications in scientific areas ranging from neuroscience to acoustic and medical imaging.
Thermoelectric Properties of Titanium with Special Reference to the Allotropic Transformation (1951)

A differential method for determining the thermoelectric power of titanium/platinum thermocouples is described. The results of the differential measurements are compared with data obtained in direct e.m.f. versus temperature determinations. From the thermoelectric power results, the temperature dependency of the following properties has been deduced : (a) the Peltier coefficient of the titanium/platinum couple ; (b) the difference between the Thomson coefficients of titanium and platinum ; (c) the absolute thermoelectric power of titanium. It is shown that abrupt changes in thermoelectric properties accompany the α-β transformation in refined titanium, the transition temperature range being 883 ± 1 to 887 ± 2 °C. In a commercial grade of titanium, the transformation occurs over the range 868 to 970 °C. Some effects due to preferred orientation and the elimination thereof are also reported.
High-power GaN MESFET on sapphire substrate (2000)

The first power results of GaN MESFET achieved at 2 GHz are presented. A power density of 2.2 W/mm has been obtained with an associated power added efficiency of 27% at V/sub ds/=30 V and V/sub gs/=-2 V. These results represent a significant improvement over similar MESFET's or HFET's grown on GaAs or InP substrates.
PENGARUH JABATAN ORGANISASI, BUDAYA ORGANISASI, DAN KONFLIK PERAN AUDITOR INTERNAL TERHADAP KEPUASAN KERJA INTERNAL AUDITOR (Studi pada Badan Urusan Logistik di Indonesia) (2009)

The main purpose of the study is to test the effects of position in organization, organization culture, and role conflict of internal auditor toward job satisfaction of internal auditor.This Studi is done on Bulog (Badan Urusan Logistik) in Indonesia.The primary data are collected from internal auditors who work in government department that is Bulog.The data are collected by interviewing directly 71 respondents and mailing survey for 180 people.So, there are 251 respondents in this research.From 251 respondents, the data can be collected only from 148 respondents, in detail, 93 respondents (51,67%) from mailed survey and the rest 55 respondents (77,46%) from interview technique.After being reexamined by using multivariate SEM technique that is supported by AMOS and SPSS 10 programs, the data can be processed only from 103 respondents.The result of this research shows that the job satisfaction of internal auditor will be influenced if position of internal auditor in organization is high.The hypothesis stating that the organization culture has positive effect toward job satisfaction of internal auditor is denied.The role conflict of internal auditor gives negative effect toward job satisfaction of internal auditor.
Statin-induced mevalonate pathway inhibition attenuates the growth of mesenchymal-like cancer cells that lack functional E-cadherin mediated cell cohesion (2014)

The cholesterol reducing drugs, statins, exhibit anti-tumor effects against cancer stem cells and various cancer cell lines, exert potent additivity or synergy with existing chemotherapeutics in animal models of cancer and may reduce cancer incidence and cancer related mortality in humans. However, not all tumor cell lines are sensitive to statins, and clinical trials have demonstrated mixed outcomes regarding statins as anticancer agents. Here, we show that statin-induced reduction in intracellular cholesterol levels correlate with the growth inhibition of cancer cell lines upon statin treatment. Moreover, statin sensitivity segregates with abundant cytosolic vimentin expression and absent cell surface E-cadherin expression, a pattern characteristic of mesenchymal-like cells. Exogenous expression of cell surface E-cadherin converts statin- sensitive cells to a partially resistant state implying that statin resistance is in part dependent on the tumor cells attaining an epithelial phenotype. As metastasizing tumor cells undergo epithelial to mesenchymal transition during the initiation of the metastatic cascade, statin therapy may represent an effective approach to targeting the cells most likely to disseminate.
Antagonism of the complement component C4 by flavivirus nonstructural protein NS1 (2010)

The complement system plays an essential protective role in the initial defense against many microorganisms. Flavivirus NS1 is a secreted nonstructural glycoprotein that accumulates in blood, is displayed on the surface of infected cells, and has been hypothesized to have immune evasion functions. Herein, we demonstrate that dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), and yellow fever virus (YFV) NS1 attenuate classical and lectin pathway activation by directly interacting with C4. Binding of NS1 to C4 reduced C4b deposition and C3 convertase (C4b2a) activity. Although NS1 bound C4b, it lacked intrinsic cofactor activity to degrade C4b, and did not block C3 convertase formation or accelerate decay of the C3 and C5 convertases. Instead, NS1 enhanced C4 cleavage by recruiting and activating the complement-specific protease C1s. By binding C1s and C4 in a complex, NS1 promotes efficient degradation of C4 to C4b. Through this mechanism, NS1 protects DENV from complement-dependent neutralization in solution. These studies define a novel immune evasion mechanism for restricting complement control of microbial infection.
A Robust Production Engineering Strategy for Extended Reach Well for Sustained Performance (2018)

Abstract One of the most giant offshore multi-reservoir oil fields in the world has been developed using vertical, deviated and short horizontal wells drilled off-shore from wellhead platform towers. Towards the concept of cost optimization, further redevelopment of the oil field was planned using extended-reach long horizontal wells with throws greater than 18,000 ft and measured depths greater than 25,000 ft with some wells exceeding 35,000 ft, from artificial built islands by reducing the number of wells required to drain the reservoir with improving recovery. In order to enable transition to such concept, new well design strategic concepts were required to come up with the robust well completion design (both upper and lower completions) that is expected to be fit-for-purpose for 30+ years – well life time. Lots of uncertainties and challenges are faced in order to get to the goal of understanding different reservoirs behaviors such as, for better reservoirs development relying on dynamic reservoir models combined with actual geological, petrophysical, seismic and production data. Each piece of information yielded a certain potential that led to a certain completion design based on available data and expectations. This paper will discuss the upper and lower completion designs, execution and performance from production engineering perspective to maximize productivity for the whole life cycle of this long horizontal wells. The extended lateral length in these wells warrants innovative designs in upper and lower completions as traditional completion designs no longer valid in addressing the challenges in these wells. The key well design and planning process involves designing the upper completion – tubing, gas lift system, downhole gauge and lower completion liner – Pre-perforated liner (PPL), Limited-entry Liner (LEL) or Inflow Control Devices (ICD) with annular isolation with packers, efficient initial start-up and clean up strategy, regular monitoring well performance and surveillance (e.g. downhole pressure monitoring, PLTs, fluid sample analysis etc.). The paper will also address the challenges in long horizontal wells such as accessibility, production/injection conformance and effective stimulation of the laterals.
Relationship Between Changes in Bone Mineral Density and Fracture Risk Reduction With Antiresorptive Drugs: Some Issues With Meta-Analyses (2004)

Abstract Published meta-analyses have investigated the relationship between changes in BMD and fracture risk reduction observed with antiresorptive agents, with inconsistent results. Many factors may affect the outcome of such analyses. Our work explores some of these factors and illustrates the need for caution in interpreting the results of meta-analyses. Introduction: The role of the increase in bone mineral density (BMD) in fracture risk reduction observed in osteoporotic patients treated with antiresorptive drugs is unclear. We examined the effects of study selection, the use of summary statistics or individual patient data (IPD) as the basis for the analyses, and the choice of BMD values used on the outcome of meta-analyses. Materials and Methods: To evaluate the effects of study selection, we performed Poisson regression analyses using the results from a number of published studies. To evaluate the effects of using individual patient data instead of summary statistics, we simulated the IPD for vertebral fracture to match the summary statistics for published trials and compared these results with those based on meta-regression using summary statistics. We also evaluated the effect of varying the BMD increase with treatment (3–8%) used in predicting the fracture risk reductions in these simulations. Results: The Poisson regression, which found a statistically significant relationship between nonvertebral fracture risk and spinal BMD when 18 trials of varying designs, duration, and sample size were included in the analysis (p = 0.02), was no longer significant when the analysis was based on the 7 large studies that were placebo-controlled, at least 3 years in duration (at least 1000 patient-years). Meta-analyses of simulated IPD from 12 trials of six antiresorptive agents gave accurate results regardless of the proportion of vertebral risk reduction assumed to be related to BMD change, whereas meta-regression based on summary statistics always produced an estimate around 50%. When the actual data from two risedronate studies were analyzed, the meta-regression based on summary statistics demonstrated a stronger correlation between BMD change and fracture risk reduction than the results based on the IPD analysis. In predicting the fracture risk reduction, the use of the average BMD gain (3%) observed in all studies in the calculations produced an overall fracture risk reduction very similar to the one observed clinically. In contrast, the use of a large BMD gain (8%) produced a substantially higher estimated fracture risk reduction and resulted in a high proportion of fracture risk reduction being attributed to BMD change. Conclusions: Many factors may influence the outcome of meta-analyses, and caution should be used in interpreting the results of such analyses when exploring the relationship between BMD changes and fracture risk reduction with antiresorptive therapy of osteoporosis.
Biogenesis of Ornithine Transcarbamylase in <i>spf</i> <sup>ash</sup> Mutant Mice: Two Cytoplasmic Precursors, One Mitochondrial Enzyme (1983)

Extracts of liver from hemizygous affected mice with the X-linked spfash mutation have 5 to 10 percent of normal ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) activity, yet the homogeneous enzyme isolated from these extracts is identical to that in controls. The OTC messenger RNA from mutant livers programs the synthesis of two distinct OTC precursor polypeptides--one normal in size, the other distinctly elongated. Both precursors are imported and proteolytically processed by mitochondria, but only the normal one is assembled into active trimer. This novel phenotype may result from a mutation in the structural gene for OTC leading, primarily, to aberrant splicing of OTC messenger RNA and, secondarily, to formation of a structurally altered precursor whose posttranslational pathway is ultimately futile because its mature mitochondrial form is not capable of assembly and functional expression.