gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
How to build time-lock encryption (2018)

Time-lock encryption is a method to encrypt a message such that it can only be decrypted after a certain deadline has passed. We propose a novel time-lock encryption scheme, whose main advantage over prior constructions is that even receivers with relatively weak computational resources should immediately be able to decrypt after the deadline, without any interaction with the sender, other receivers, or a trusted third party. We build our time-lock encryption on top of the new concept of computational reference clocks and an extractable witness encryption scheme. We explain how to construct a computational reference clock based on Bitcoin. We show how to achieve constant level of multilinearity for witness encryption by using SNARKs. We propose a new construction of a witness encryption scheme which is of independent interest: our scheme, based on Subset-Sum, achieves extractable security without relying on obfuscation. The scheme employs multilinear maps of arbitrary order and is independent of the implementations of multilinear maps.
Anti-wrinkle effect of bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1a-extracellular domain (BMPR1a-ECD) (2013)

Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) have diverse and important roles in the proliferation and differentiation of adult stem cells in our tissues. Especially, BMPs are well known to be the main inducers of bone formation, by facilitating both proliferation and differentiation of bone stem cells. Interestingly, in skin stem cells, BMPs repress their proliferation but are indispensable for the proper differentiation into several lineages of skin cells. Here, we tested whether BMP antagonists have an effect on the prevention of wrinkle formation. For this study we used an in vivo wrinkle-induced mouse model. As a positive control, retinoic acid, one of the top anti-wrinkle effectors, showed a 44% improvement compared to the non-treated control. Surprisingly, bone morphogenetic protein receptor 1a extracellular domain (BMPR1a-ECD) exhibited an anti-wrinkle effect which was 6-fold greater than that of retinoic acid. Our results indicate that BMP antagonists will be good targets for skin or hair diseases.
Steel Continuous Casting (2008)

Abstract This article outlines the advantages of the steel continuous casting, along with its developments and challenges for improvement. It describes the process of the steel continuous casting. The article provides a description of the design and layout of a steelmaking facility for continuous casting of steel. It reviews the trends in the steel industry, such as near-net shape casting, the use of tundish metallurgy, and pouring stream protection. The article discusses the use and capabilities of different molds for steel continuous casting. These include thin-wall tube-type molds, solid molds, and plate molds. The article explains the operations for productivity improvements and quality improvements in steel continuous casting. It reviews the applications of horizontal continuous casting in casting steel. An emphasis on the development of continuous casting depending on control systems and automation, with the objective of maintaining high quality and high productivity, is also provided.
Adaptive precompensators for flexible-link manipulator control (2003)

The application of input precompensators to flexible manipulators is considered. Frequency domain compensators color the input around the flexible mode locations, resulting in a bandstop or notch filter in cascade with the system. Time domain compensators apply a sequence of impulses at prespecified times related to the modal frequencies. The resulting control corresponds to a feedforward term that convolves in real-time the desired reference input with a sequence of impulses and produces a vibration-free output. An adaptive precompensator can be implemented by combining a frequency domain identification scheme which is used to estimate online the modal frequencies and subsequently update the bandstop interval or the spacing between the impulses. The combined adaptive input preshaping scheme provides the most rapid slew that results in a vibration-free output. Experimental results are presented to verify the results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Row generation techniques for approximate solution of linear programming problems (2010)

Ankara : The Department of Industrial Engineering and the Institute of Engineering and Science of Bilkent University, 2010.
Si/SiGe:C heterojunction bipolar transistors in an epi-free well, single-polysilicon technology (2002)

We describe the high-frequency and DC performance of HBTs with LPCVD-grown epitaxial SiGe:C base layers. The devices were fabricated in an epi-free well, single-polysilicon technology. The HBTs show peak f/sub T/ (f/sub MAX/) values up to 65 (90) GHz, and ring oscillator delays down to 16ps. Excellent static parameters like (I/sub B/-driven) Early voltage-current gain products of >20000 V are also demonstrated.
Emergent Complexity via Multi-Agent Competition (2017)

Reinforcement learning algorithms can train agents that solve problems in complex, interesting environments. Normally, the complexity of the trained agent is closely related to the complexity of the environment. This suggests that a highly capable agent requires a complex environment for training. In this paper, we point out that a competitive multi-agent environment trained with self-play can produce behaviors that are far more complex than the environment itself. We also point out that such environments come with a natural curriculum, because for any skill level, an environment full of agents of this level will have the right level of difficulty. This work introduces several competitive multi-agent environments where agents compete in a 3D world with simulated physics. The trained agents learn a wide variety of complex and interesting skills, even though the environment themselves are relatively simple. The skills include behaviors such as running, blocking, ducking, tackling, fooling opponents, kicking, and defending using both arms and legs. A highlight of the learned behaviors can be found here: https://goo.gl/eR7fbX
The Difference between China & the West and Foreign Language Teaching (2003)

Through comparison between individualism and colle ctivism between power and influence,between strong cultural environment and weak cultural environment,the paper pointsout these cultural differences have some i nfluence on language communication and language acquisition and puts forward we should enlarge the dynanics of cultural study and strengthen the cultivation of cultural ideology.
Voltammetry in the Neurosciences (1987)

Even before the time of organized scientific investigation, hu mans had begun pondering and attempting to explain the work ing of the brain and the mental and behavioral states it produces. In the las
Optimal nonlinear Bayesian experimental design: an application to amplitude versus offset experiments (2003)

SUMMARY When designing an experiment, the aim is usually to find the design which minimizes expected post-experimental uncertainties on the model parameters. Classical methods for experimental design are shown to fail in nonlinear problems because they incorporate linearized design criteria. A more fundamental criterion is introduced which, in principle, can be used to design any nonlinear problem. The criterion is entropy-based and depends on the calculation of marginal probability distributions. In turn, this requires the numerical calculation of integrals for which we use Monte Carlo sampling. The choice of discretization in the parameter/data space strongly influences the number of samples required. Thus, the only practical limitation for this technique appears to be computational power. A synthetic experiment with an oscillatory, highly nonlinear parameter‐data relationship and a simple seismic amplitude versus offset (AVO) experiment are used to demonstrate the method. Interestingly, in our AVO example, although overly coarse discretizations lead to incorrect evaluation of the entropy, the optimal design remains unchanged.
A Novel Foam Concept with CO2 Dissolved Surfactants (2008)

Abstract CO2 injection has become the most attractive solution for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). However, this process frequently suffers from viscous fingering, gravity override, and channeling of CO2 in heterogeneous formations and the inefficient displacement of oil in below-miscibility-pressure reservoirs. These challenging issues are closely related to the very limited ability to control CO2 mobility. CO2 foam stabilized with CO2 soluble surfactants has exhibited more economical and technical advantages in effective control of CO2 mobility in porous media than the existing direct methods of CO2 viscosification. An integrated research framework was developed to strengthen the role of molecular design for these features as wells as provide a better understanding of foam behavior with complex formation of viscous water/oil or oil/water emulsions. A simple block model was developed in CMG/STARS to demonstrate the advantages of the novel foam concept over the conventional foam processes in the field. We proposed a novel injection strategy which involves dissolving the surfactant in the CO2. This method drastically lowers the injection costs, reduces the loss of surfactant onto the rock surface due to adsorption, and improves in-situ foam generation to significantly increase oil recovery. Two different novel methods, continuous CO2-dissolved-surfactant injection and water-alternating-gas with CO2-dissolved-surfactant injection, have been studied in this paper. Foam corefloods performed with carbonate core show that CO2-dissolved surfactants greatly reduce the mobility of the injected gas compared to conventional injection strategies. This is consistently observed in the numerically simulated foam process at the field level.
Modeling thermal emission in dental enamel induced by 9–11 μm laser light (1998)

Modeling the energy redistribution of laser radiation incident on biological tissue relies on the accurate determination of the optical properties of the tissue. Dental enamel has high absorption coefficients in the 9–10 μm range and therefore conventional transmission experiments cannot be used to determine these coefficients. One method that is useful for determining optical and thermal properties is time-resolved photothermal radiometry. Enamel was irradiated at fluences up to 2 J/cm2 with 9.3 μm, 9.6 μm, 10.3 μm, and 10.6 μm light from a CO2 laser with a pulse duration of approximately 100 μs. Estimations of the absorption coefficients of the materials were conducted at these wavelengths by introducing the absorption coefficient and emission coefficient of the material as a variable in a one dimensional heat conduction model. The model estimates the surface and subsurface temperature increase in a material due to laser heating based on the material's thermal and optical properties. Using this method, absorption coefficients for enamel are determined to be approximately 800 cm−1 for 10.6 μm, 1150 cm−1 for 10.3 μm light and 5000+ cm−1 for 9.3 and 9.6 μm light. The investigations considered the dependence upon the spectral properties of the region selected for detection which affect both the maximum value and the temporal evolution of the thermal emission. The real emissivity can lead to errors in the temperature measurements when the detected energy comes from a broad region of the spectrum where the emissivity is not constant. This study helps determine values for parameters used in models that predict subsurface temperature rise or ablation thresholds. It is a key step in determining the mechanism of ablation of dental enamel using lasers with wavelengths from 9–11 μm.
[Electrical picture of the brain under increased respiration in children. Studies on the structure of hyperventilation and its value as a provocation method in clinical electroencephalography in a model of multivariate analysis using electronic data processing]. (1964)

In clinical electroencephalography, hyperventilation is the most used method of activation. However, knowledge of the conditions of hyperventilation with regard to their effects on the EEG is so far rather undifferentiated. For this reason the effects of hyperventilation in 1109 children are examined in this paper based on clinical and electroencephalographic parameters of a data configuration with a large number of criteria and the results obtained are calculated with the aid of electronic data processing. The statistical methods of examination were frequency and significance investigations by chi 2 tests, multifactorial analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis of influencing quantities, and determination of the reliability of the quantitative method of evaluation. New knowledge on group-statistical validity was obtained with this multivariant analysis and it was thus possible to extend the value of hyperventilation as a method of provocation in clinical electroencephalography. The increase in knowledge is based in particular on the facts that the hyperventilation effects are practically independent of sex, they do not require the consideration of certain age related development modalities of the EEG, they are diagnostically significant as regards unspecific changes of the bioelectrical activity, and they make a differentiated consideration with reference to their strength necessary, which results in 4 types of forms of changing the EEG spectrum. In addition to this, a recurrence of EEG changes was observed after the HV effect proper had faded, and the term "Reprise" is suggested for this and its clinico-encephalographic importance discussed. It was also found that occipital maxima dominate and that changes in frequency and amplitude require separate consideration. The influence of respiratory rate, tidal volume minute volume, alveolar CO2 tension, blood sugar and body weight on the strength of the effect of hyperventilation is not very significant. Mean controlled hyperventilation has proved useful to standardise arbitrary hyperventilation; an improvement could be achieved at the most by norming the respiratory rate. It was possible to prove that the applied method of non-mechanical quantitative EEG analyses had a high degree of accuracy and is consequently suitable for scientific investigations.
A fourth order continuous-time complex sigma-delta ADC for low-IF GSM and EDGE receivers (2004)

A low-power fourth order continuous-time complex /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ ADC has been designed and fabricated for low-IF (LIF) GSM and EDGE receivers in a 0.25 /spl mu/m CMOS technology. This ADC has a bandwidth of 270 kHz centered around-100 kHz. The dynamic range (DNR) is 82 dB at a sampling rate of 13 MHz even though the digital decimation filter and other blocks are active on the chip. The power consumption is 4.6 mW at 2 V supply. To our knowledge this ADC has the best performance, which has been reported so far with a complex /spl Sigma//spl Delta/ ADC for LIF mode GSM and EDGE receivers.
New Bad Data Rejection Algorithm using Nonquadratic Objective Function for State Estimation (2007)

This paper first illustrates a state estimator with a quadratic-constant objective function in which the detection and rejection of bad data, or faulty measurements, are merely consequences of the objective function form. Then, as countermeasures for multiple interacting gross bad data, a novel implementation of bad data rejection scheme is proposed and applied to this estimator. In this scheme, both bad and suspected measurements are removed from calculation so as to avoid deterioration of the state estimate, and thus avoid misidentifications of non-faulty measurements. Furthermore the optimal multiplier mu , calculated using a subroutine taking into account the bad and suspected measurements, is introduced to compensate for the reduced redundancy, improve convergence characteristics, and properly detect bad data. Numerical simulations are carried out using the IEEE 6, 30, and 118 bus test models to verify the validity of the proposed method.
Impedance of tubular stock at high frequencies (1989)

The well-known equations for the axial internal impedance of tubular stock at high frequencies are examined and approximate solutions valid for all frequencies, diameters and wall thicknesses are formulated.
Low-frequency Spectral Power of Heart Rate Variability Is Not a Specific Marker of Cardiac Sympathetic Modulation  (1995)

Although preganglionic cardiac sympathetic blockade reduced the LF/HF ratio during tilt, it did not alter spectral power in the LF band during rest or tilt. Accordingly, low-frequency spectral power is unlikely to specifically reflect cardiac sympathetic modulation in humans.
Solvent and mutation effects on the nucleation of amyloid β-protein folding (2005)

Experimental evidence suggests that the folding and aggregation of the amyloid β-protein (Aβ) into oligomers is a key pathogenetic event in Alzheimer's disease. Inhibiting the pathologic folding and oligomerization of Aβ could be effective in the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Here, using all-atom molecular dynamics simulations in explicit solvent, we probe the initial stages of folding of a decapeptide segment of Aβ,Aβ 21–30 , shown experimentally to nucleate the folding process. In addition, we examine the folding of a homologous decapeptide containing an amino acid substitution linked to hereditary cerebral hemorrhage with amyloidosis–Dutch type, [Gln-22]Aβ 21–30 . We find that: ( i ) when the decapeptide is in water, hydrophobic interactions and transient salt bridges between Lys-28 and either Glu-22 or Asp-23 are important in the formation of a loop in the Val-24–Lys-28 region of the wild-type decapeptide; ( ii ) in the presence of salt ions, salt bridges play a more prominent role in the stabilization of the loop; ( iii ) in water with a reduced density, the decapeptide forms a helix, indicating the sensitivity of folding to different aqueous environments; and ( iv ) the “Dutch” peptide in water, in contrast to the wild-type peptide, fails to form a long-lived Val-24–Lys-28 loop, suggesting that loop stability is a critical factor in determining whether Aβ folds into pathologic structures.
Risk Group Assessment and Clinical Outcome Algorithm to Predict the Natural History of Patients With Surgically Resected Renal Cell Carcinoma (2002)

Stratifying RCC patients into high-, intermediate-, and low-risk subgroups provides a clinically useful system for predicting outcome and provides a unique tool for risk assignment and outcome analysis. Subclassifying RCC into well-defined risk groups should allow better patient counseling and identification of both NM-HR subgroups that need adjuvant treatment and nonresponders who need alternative therapies.
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) Microspheres as an Injectable Scaffold for Cartilage Tissue Engineering (2005)

Injectable scaffold has raised great interest for tissue regeneration in vivo, because it allows easy filling of irregularly shaped defects and the implantation of cells through minimally invasive surgical procedures. In this study, we evaluated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microsphere as an injectable scaffold for in vivo cartilage tissue engineering. PLGA microspheres (30-80 microm in diameter) were injectable through various gauges of needles, as the microspheres did not obstruct the needles and microsphere size exclusion was not observed at injection. The culture of chondrocytes on PLGA microspheres in vitro showed that the microspheres were permissive for chondrocyte adhesion to the microsphere surface. Rabbit chondrocytes were mixed with PLGA microspheres and injected immediately into athymic mouse subcutaneous sites. Chondrocyte transplantation without PLGA microspheres and PLGA microsphere implantation without chondrocytes served as controls. Four and 9 weeks after implantation, chondrocytes implanted with PLGA microspheres formed solid, white cartilaginous tissues, whereas no gross evidence of cartilage tissue formation was noted in the control groups. Histological analysis of the implants by hematoxylin and eosin staining showed mature and well-formed cartilage. Alcian blue/safranin O staining and Masson's trichrome staining indicated the presence of highly sulfated glycosaminoglycans and collagen, respectively, both of which are the major extracellular matrices of cartilage. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that the collagen was mainly type II, the major collagen type in cartilage. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using PLGA microspheres as an injectable scaffold for in vivo cartilage tissue engineering. This scaffold may be useful to regenerate cartilaginous tissues through minimally invasive surgical procedures in orthopedic, maxillofacial, and urologic applications.
Magnification correction by changing wafer temperature in proximity x-ray lithography (1999)

Magnification errors arising from wafer processing cause significant overlay errors in lithography. We have devised a new, simple method that involves changing the wafer temperature to correct magnification errors on an x-ray stepper. A wafer is first heated in the wafer orientation unit, and then it is allowed to cool as it is transferred to the wafer stage due to the temperature difference between the wafer and the air in the chamber. For a given cooling time, the reproducibility of the wafer temperature is less than 0.3 °C; and the maximum available temperature change is 1.5 °C. The key point is that the placement of patterns on a wafer immediately after the chucking remains fixed regardless of further changes in the wafer temperature, provided that the force holding the wafer to the stage is strong enough. The maximum magnification error that can be corrected by this method is about 4 ppm. This is determined by the maximum available temperature change (1.5 °C) and the coefficient of linear expansion for Si. The results of overlay tests revealed the correction controllability to be below 0.2 ppm. When this correction method was used, the total overlay accuracy was found to be 38 nm (3σ), which includes mask placement error, etching process error, and so on.
Die Abscheidungsspannung von Wasserstoff bei der Elektrolyse wäßriger Lösungen mit Raney‐Metallelektroden (1961)

Abstract Bei der Verwendung von Raney‐Nickel als Katalysator erhält man Elektroden mit verschwindender Wasserstoff‐Überspannung für die Elektrolyse alkalischer Lösungen. In 27proz. Kalilauge, bei 80° C und 1500 A/m 2 beträgt die Abweichung vom reversiblen Wasserstoff‐Potential bei den von Justi und Mitarbeitern entwickelten Doppelskelett‐Elektroden nur 30 mV. Wasser‐Zersetzer mit den neuen Elektroden arbeiten bei Klemmspannungen zwischen 1,4 und 1,6 V. Durch Kombination von Elektrolysezelle und H 2 ‐O 2 ‐Brennstoffelement kann eine elektrochemische Energiespeicherung mit einem Wirkungsgrad von mehr als 60% erreicht werden. Weitere Anwendungsmöglichkeiten im Zusammenhang mit Chloralkali‐Elektrolyse, Amalgam‐Wasserstoff‐Elementen und Deuterium‐Anreicherung werden diskutiert.
Synthesis of SAPO-35 in non-aqueous gels (1997)

The molecular sieve SAPO-35 has been synthesized in a non-aqueous medium for the first time using a new template, hexamethyleneimine. It has been characterized by XRD, SEM, TG–DTA, MAS NMR, FTIR and adsorption techniques. The study indicates that Si replaces mainly the P atoms in the AlPO 4 -35 framework giving rise to three different Brønsted acid bridging hydroxy groups, with IR absorptions at 3580, 3604 and 3631 cm −1 . The three bands are attributed to Si incorporation in different tetrahedral positions in double six-membered rings and single six-membered rings.