gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance, gastrointestinal microflora and parameters of microbial metabolism in piglets (2006)

In order to investigate the effects of benzoic acid on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen balance and gastrointestinal microflora of piglets, we conducted a performance experiment and a separate balance study. The performance experiment involved four different dietary treatments: (1) basal diet (negative control); (2) basal diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 g/kg; (3) basal diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg; (4) basal diet supplemented with potassium diformate at 12 g/kg. Each dietary treatment was assigned to nine replicate groups, each consisting of two piglets. Live weight, daily weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were monitored as performance parameters over a 35-day period. Supplementation of the diet with benzoic acid resulted in a dose-dependent increase in feed intake and body weight gain and an improved feed conversion ratio. Piglets fed the diet supplemented with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg outperformed the control piglets in mean feed intake, body weight gain and feed conversion ratio by 9%, 15% and 6% respectively. Growth performance of the piglets fed the diet with benzoic acid at 10 g/kg was similar to that of piglets fed the diet supplemented with potassium diformate. In the balance experiment three groups of six piglets each were fed either a control diet or diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 or 10 g/kg respectively. Benzoic acid did not significantly affect nutrient digestibility but increased nitrogen retention. Piglets fed the diets supplemented with benzoic acid at 5 or 10 g/kg retained 5% and 6% more nitrogen, respectively, than control piglets. Supplementation of benzoic acid did not influence the pH value or the concentration of ammonia in the gastrointestinal tract but reduced the number of bacteria in the digesta. In the stomach the number of total aerobic, total anaerobic, lactic acid forming and gram-negative bacteria was reduced; in the duodenum the presence of benzoic acid reduced the number of gram-negative bacteria and in the ileum the number of total aerobic bacteria in a dose-dependent manner. Benzoic acid also considerably reduced the concentration of acetic acid in the duodenum. In conclusion, the data of this study suggest that benzoic acid exerts strong antimicrobial effects in the gastrointestinal tract of piglets and therefore enhances growth performance and nitrogen retention.
New Carotenoid Sulfates Isolated from a Marine Bacterium (1996)

Polar orange pigments were extracted from the cultured cells of a marine bacterium, strain PC-6, which was temporarily identified as Flavobacterium sp., and purified by chromatographic methods. The structures of two new carotenoid sulfates, (2R,3R,2′,3′R)-4-ketonostoxanthin 3′-sulfate (1) and (2R,3R,2′R,3′R)-nostoxanthin 3-sulfate (2) were determined by spectroscopic methods.
Iron-Chelating Therapy for Transfusional Iron Overload (2011)

A 16-year-old boy with sickle cell anemia requires long-term red-cell transfusion. Prophylactic iron-chelating therapy is recommended. Iron chelators bind to plasma and intracellular iron and cause its excretion into urine or bile.
RNA Editing Underlies Temperature Adaptation in K <sup>+</sup> Channels from Polar Octopuses (2012)

To operate in the extreme cold, ion channels from psychrophiles must have evolved structural changes to compensate for their thermal environment. A reasonable assumption would be that the underlying adaptations lie within the encoding genes. Here, we show that delayed rectifier K(+) channel genes from an Antarctic and a tropical octopus encode channels that differ at only four positions and display very similar behavior when expressed in Xenopus oocytes. However, the transcribed messenger RNAs are extensively edited, creating functional diversity. One editing site, which recodes an isoleucine to a valine in the channel's pore, greatly accelerates gating kinetics by destabilizing the open state. This site is extensively edited in both Antarctic and Arctic species, but mostly unedited in tropical species. Thus adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing can respond to the physical environment.
Involvement of single-stranded tails in homologous recombination of DNA injected into Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei. (1991)

Homologous recombination of DNA molecules injected into Xenopus laevis oocyte nuclei is extremely efficient when those molecules are linear and have overlapping homologous ends. It was previously shown that a 5'----3' exonuclease activity in oocytes attacks injected linear DNAs and leaves them with single-stranded 3' tails. We tested the hypothesis that such tailed molecules are early intermediates on the pathway to recombination products. Substrates with 3' tails were made in vitro and injected into oocytes, where they recombined rapidly and efficiently. In experiments with mixed substrates, molecules with 3' tails entered recombination intermediates and products more rapidly than did molecules with flush ends. Molecules endowed in vitro with 5' tails also recombined efficiently in oocytes, but their rate was not faster than for flush-ended substrates. In most cases, the 5' tails served as templates for resynthesis of the 3' strands, regenerating duplex ends which then entered the normal recombination pathway. In oocytes from one animal, some of the 5' tails were removed, and this was exacerbated when resynthesis was partially blocked. Analysis by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of recombination intermediates from 5'-tailed substrates confirmed that they had acquired 3' tails as a result of the action of the 5'----3' exonuclease. These results demonstrate that homologous recombination in oocytes proceeds via a pathway that involves single-stranded 3' tails. Molecular models incorporating this feature are discussed.
Magnetic pinning strength for the new Sm-TM magnetic materials for use up to 550 °C (2000)

A new series of Sm(CowFevCuxZry)z alloys has been developed to produce magnets with high intrinsic coercivity Hci at high temperatures for use up to 550 °C. The maximum use temperature is defined as TM, which is the maximum temperature at which the extrinsic demagnetization curve is a straight line. An important feature of the alloys with high TM is a lower temperature coefficient of Hci, β. These magnets have a higher resistance to demagnetization from increasing thermal agitation which occurs with increasing temperature. A study on magnetic pinning field Hp, which will be explained in the text, vs TM was conducted by measuring the initial magnetization curves of the magnets at 25 and 300 °C. The study shows that as TM increases, Hp increase at high temperatures. At 25 °C, all magnets with TM from 250 to 550 °C have Hp higher than 24 kOe, which is too high to be determined using a hysteresigraph. At 300 °C, the magnet with TM=250 °C has Hp=7.0 kOe, and the magnet with TM=550 °C has Hp=15.1 kOe. Higher pinning field at high temperatures (⩾300 °C) provides a greater resistance to thermal demagnetization, which leads to better performance at high temperatures.
A Comprehensive and Versatile Camera Model for Cameras with Tilt Lenses (2016)

We propose camera models for cameras that are equipped with lenses that can be tilted in an arbitrary direction (often called Scheimpflug optics). The proposed models are comprehensive: they can handle all tilt lens types that are in common use for machine vision and consumer cameras and correctly describe the imaging geometry of lenses for which the ray angles in object and image space differ, which is true for many lenses. Furthermore, they are versatile since they can also be used to describe the rectification geometry of a stereo image pair in which one camera is perspective and the other camera is telecentric. We also examine the degeneracies of the models and propose methods to handle the degeneracies. Furthermore, we examine the relation of the proposed camera models to different classes of projective camera matrices and show that all classes of projective cameras can be interpreted as cameras with tilt lenses in a natural manner. In addition, we propose an algorithm that can calibrate an arbitrary combination of perspective and telecentric cameras (no matter whether they are tilted or untilted). The calibration algorithm uses a planar calibration object with circular control points. It is well known that circular control points may lead to biased calibration results. We propose two efficient algorithms to remove the bias and thus obtain accurate calibration results. Finally, we perform an extensive evaluation of the proposed camera models and calibration algorithms that establishes the validity and accuracy of the proposed models.
A novel link set dimensioning procedure for networks supporting the load splitting link selection algorithm (2002)

The load splitting link selection algorithm used in the Common Channel Signaling (CCS) network and proposed for use in the interswitching system interface in the network supporting the Switched Multimegabit Data Service (SMDS) is considered. The algorithm uses a randomly generated bit pattern to select a link for transmission. The author discusses how the traffic loads are distributed among the links in a link set based on the load splitting link selection algorithm and shows that, in some cases, the overall traffic capacity of the link set does not increase even when the number of installed links increases. A theorem that shows how to construct the set of links to increase the line set capacity is demonstrated. The theorem is used as the basis for an efficient and flexible procedure for implementing the link dimensioning algorithm in software, to support the mechanization of the CCS and SMDS network planning and traffic engineering functions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonpharmacological Approaches to Atrial Fibrillation (2001)

The mainstay of managing atrial fibrillation (AF) is drug therapy. In some patients, drug therapy is ineffective or not tolerated. This article reviews the current status of various nonpharmacological options for the treatment of AF.
Adaptable voltage scan testing of charge-sharing faults for domino circuits (2003)

Because domino logic design offers smaller area and higher speed than complementary CMOS design, it has been very popularly used to design high-performance processors. However, domino logic suffers from several design problems and one of the most notable ones is the charge-sharing problem. Charge sharing may degrade output voltage level or even cause an erroneous output value (called charge-sharing fault). In fact, charge-sharing faults are extremely resistant to scan test, charge-sharing faults occurring at the border gates cannot be detected by any scan method, due to the missing error caused by early signal arrival time. Further, a killing error might happen in charge-sharing (CS) fault detection for both border gates and non-border gates because of the low-speed testing problem caused again by scan test. The theoretical models of these two types of CS fault are thoroughly derived. An adaptable voltage scan testing technique, which regulates the original power supply voltage (V/sub dd/) is proposed to solve both test errors. Using a proper scan method to compromise the pre-charge situation from earlier arriving signals, and high voltage (V/sub dd/+) to compensate the over-discharge condition from low speed clock. Finally, the test application is presented to insure the testing quality.
Ultra Low Voltage BSE Imaging (2003)

Abstract LEO's field emission scanning electron microscopes are all based an the “GEMINI” principle as shown in figure 1. In order to reduce aberrations and sensitivity to interfering stray-fields the electron optical column possesses a positively biased booster that shifts the energy of the primary electrons. The incident beam is focussed by a combination of a magnetic lens with an axial gap that avoids field leakage to the specimen and an electrostatic retarding lens formed by the beam booster together with the grounded pole piece cap. Shortly before the electrons hit the specimen they are decelerated down to the desired primary energy.
Transformation by basic fibroblast growth factor requires high levels of expression: comparison with transformation by hst/K-fgf. (1989)

Basic fibroblast growth factor is a potent mitogen for a variety of cell types and has been suggested to have transforming activity. To test this hypothesis, we have introduced a human bFGF cDNA into NIH 3T3 cells either by DNA transfection or by retrovirus infection. We have compared the properties of cell lines obtained with cells prepared similarly but expressing the hst/K-fgf growth factor. While bFGF does not contain an amino terminal signal sequence and is not secreted from cells in which it is synthesized, hst/K-fgf does contain a signal sequence and is secreted from cells. Our results show that the transformed phenotype correlates directly with the level of bFGF expression, since all transformed clones expressed high levels of bFGF, while nontransformed clones expressed comparatively low levels of bFGF. In contrast, even low levels of hst/K-fgf expression resulted in a transformed phenotype. These results suggest that bFGF is an inefficient transforming protein and that this may relate to its lack of secretion.
The Basics of Cross‐Connection Control (1978)

Cross‐connection control is essential in preventing water contamination. The concepts of backflow, cross‐connections, backpressure, and backsiphonage are discussed. Water system protection and installation and maintenance of the necessary equipment are also covered.
Is ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) Philosophy Relevant to Criminal Justice?: Plea Bargains as Mediation Process between the Accused and the Prosecution (2009)

The defense counsel in a rape case makes his way to the District Attorney's offices in order to work out a possible plea bargain. His client maintains that the sex was fully consensual, while the District Attorney claims that he has substantial evidence to the contrary. His client's position is that he is innocent of the charge and is entitled to a full acquittal, while the District Attorney is demanding that the full weight of the law be brought to bear against him, including a hefty custodial sentence. Defense counsel knows from reading the evidential material that an integral part of his client's posturing and that of the District Attorney merely amount to rhetoric for the purposes of conducting negotiations, and that it would be an uphill battle to prove either of the two extreme positions. Defense counsel is experienced enough to know that there is insufficient evidence in the case to convict his client of rape, but the chances of an acquittal are also unclear. The acceptable solution in his view is to reach a plea bargain, according to which his client will admit to a minor sex offence in return for a relatively light sentence, enabling the prosecution therefore also to feel vindicated. With this aim in mind, the accused's attorney makes his way to the District Attorney's offices. The client also needs convincing that this is the best deal for him in the circumstances, or at least it amounts to the lesser of two evils. A criminal case of such kind, far from being uncommon, is the standard practice of defense counsels in the overwhelming number of cases1. In this article, it will be argued that defense counsel's function in such instances is identical to that of a mediator, seeking as he does to reconcile the positions of the accused and the prosecution. Within this framework, the plea bargain should be seen as part of the broad conception of Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR) which first made its appearance at the late 1970's.
Production of Tc-99m from naturally occurring molybdenum absent uranium (2011)

Technetium-99m (Tc-99m) is the world's most widely used medical isotope. Current production methods involve the irradiation of highly enriched uranium (HEU) and low enriched uranium (LEU) targets in nuclear reactors. Molybdenum-99 (Mo-99) is then extracted from these targets, which decays to Tc-99m. Currently, this process is centralized, as there are very few companies that manufacture Mo-99. In an effort to eradicate the need for uranium to produce this medical isotope, naturally occurring molybdenum was studied to produce Mo-99. Preliminary testing at Princeton Plasma Physics Laboratory included irradiating naturally occurring Mo coupons for varying amounts of time using a D-T neutron generator producing 1.5×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">8</sup> n/sec to produce Mo-99. Exploiting this technique, Tc-99m was successfully produced. Proof of principle testing is also underway to confirm the ability to produce Mo-99 from Mo-100 using high-energy gamma rays. Future work consists of creating a mobile device that is able to produce Tc-99m on demand, allowing for a distributed system of the medical isotope in hospitals and radio pharmacies worldwide.
The impact of tutorials on games of varying complexity (2012)

One of the key challenges of video game design is teaching new players how to play. Although game developers frequently use tutorials to teach game mechanics, little is known about how tutorials affect game learnability and player engagement. Seeking to estimate this value, we implemented eight tutorial designs in three video games of varying complexity and evaluated their effects on player engagement and retention. The results of our multivariate study of over 45,000 players show that the usefulness of tutorials depends greatly on game complexity. Although tutorials increased play time by as much as 29% in the most complex game, they did not significantly improve player engagement in the two simpler games. Our results suggest that investment in tutorials may not be justified for games with mechanics that can be discovered through experimentation.
Precoding for blocking signalling and shaped signal sets (2003)

Even on channels with severe intersymbol interference, the decision feedback equalizer (DFE) performs within 9 dB of channel capacity (at error rates of 10/sup -6/) if one assumes no errors in the feedback path (ideal DFE). Using coset codes, with gains in the range of 5 dB, the ideal DFE promises transmission at rates within 4 dB of channel capacity. But this again is subject to the assumption of no errors in the feedback path of the DFE. In any actual implementation of the DFE, errors do occur in the feedback path, and these errors tend to propagate. Forney and Calderbank (1989) suggest the use of a modulo arithmetic precoder (Tomlinson precoder) at the transmitter to replace the DFE at the receiver and avoid DFE error propagation. Their precoder avoids error propagation, but it increases the average power of any shaped signal constellation fed into it. This increase in power negates the shaping gain that the constellation has at the input to the precoder. The precoder is extended to multidimensional systems, and how it can be designed to preserve shaping gains of shaped signal constellations is shown.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantification of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma from hamsters by differential precipitation (1990)

Journal Article Quantification of high-density-lipoprotein cholesterol in plasma from hamsters by differential precipitation Get access K W Weingand, K W Weingand Environmental Safety Division, Proctor & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, OH 45239 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar B P Daggy B P Daggy Environmental Safety Division, Proctor & Gamble Co., Cincinnati, OH 45239 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Clinical Chemistry, Volume 36, Issue 3, 1 March 1990, Page 575, https://doi.org/10.1093/clinchem/36.3.575a Published: 01 March 1990
An Interconnect Strategy for a Heterogeneous, Reconfigurable SoC (2008)

Editor's note:The diversification of the SoC market has increased the need for domain-specific programmable platforms that can be tailored to postfabrication products. This article presents a design case study on the interconnect for such a programmable platform, as part of the Morpheus project.—Li-Shiuan Peh, Princeton University
Advances in immunotoxins <sup>1</sup> (1991)

The field of immunotoxins is continuing to grow, as shown by the increase in attendance (175 vs. 145) and abstracts (110 vs. 60) at the symposium. Advances in the molecular biology of the toxins and clinical applications were notable at this meeting. The next 2 years should see better definition of the mechanism of action of peptide toxins as well as improvements in the design of targeted toxins for potential therapy of a wide variety of human diseases.
Epidemiology, Demographics, and Pathophysiology of Acute Spinal Cord Injury (2001)

Spinal cord injury occurs through various countries throughout the world with an annual incidence of 15 to 40 cases per million, with the causes of these injuries ranging from motor vehicle accidents and community violence to recreational activities and workplace-related injuries. Survival has improved along with a greater appreciation of patterns of presentation, survival, and complications. Despite much work having been done, the only treatment to date known to ameliorate neurologic dysfunction that occurs at or below the level of neurologic injury has been intravenous methylprednisolone therapy. Much research over the past 30 to 40 years has focused on elucidating the mechanisms of spinal cord injury, with the complex pathophysiologic processes slowly being unraveled. With a greater understanding of both primary and secondary mechanisms of injury, the roles of calcium, free radicals, sodium, excitatory amino acids, vascular mediators, and apoptosis have been elucidated. This review examines the epidemiology, demographics, and pathophysiology of acute spinal cord injury.
<title>General class of chi-square statistics for goodness-of-fit tests for stationary time series</title> (1994)

In this contribution, a class of time-domain goodness-of-fit procedures for stationary time- series, is presented. These test procedures are based on minimum chi-square statistics in the deviations of certain sample statistics (obtained from finite-memory non-linear transformations of the process) from their ensemble counterparts. Two specific versions are derived, depending on the parameterization of the model manifold. Exact asymptotic distribution of these tests under the null hypothesis H<SUB>O</SUB> and local alternatives are derived. Two applications of this general procedure is finally presented, aiming at assessing that (1) a stationary scalar time-series is autoregressive and (2) that a multivariate stationary time-series is a noisy instantaneous mixture of independent scalar time-series.