gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Concept of Stasipatric Speciation (1968)

Difficulties in the concept of stasipatric speciation are examined and a modified version of it proposed. It seems to consist of two components, an allopatric one and a “semigeographic,” or parapatric one. The different races of which many species of morabine grasshoppers are composed meet along very narrow zones of secondary intergradation, or “tension zones”; these appear to act like semipermeable membranes, allowing free passage to some genetic modifications, but holding back others. The accumulation of genetic differences along these zones is thought to lead eventually to full reproductive (but not necessarily mating) isolation between the two populations. This is the definitive, parapatric phase of the speciation. The races themselves are most simply regarded as originating allopatrically, by random fixation in very small, completely isolated colonies. When these expand and come into contact with the ancestral form, the tension zone is immediately created. This is the preparatory, allopatric phase. The tension zone moves across the country as a front, in the direction of the less adapted form.
Photoacoustic and ultrasound dual-modality imaging of human peripheral joints (2012)

A photoacoustic (PA) and ultrasound (US) dual modality system, for imaging human peripheral joints, is introduced. The system utilizes a commercial US unit for both US control imaging and PA signal acquisition. Preliminary in vivo evaluation of the system, on normal volunteers, revealed that this system can recover both the structural and functional information of intra- and extra-articular tissues. Confirmed by the control US images, the system, on the PA mode, can differentiate tendon from surrounding soft tissue based on the endogenous optical contrast. Presenting both morphological and pathological information in joint, this system holds promise for diagnosis and characterization of inflammatory joint diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Correlations of Sound Speed with Tissue Constituents in Normal and Diffuse Liver Disease (1987)

The speed of sound in normal and diffusely-diseased liver specimens was measured. There were four experimental groups, consisting of normal (n = 21), fatty (n = 7), fibrotic (n = 7) and mixed fatty and fibrotic (n = 9). These classifications were based on histological grading. We found that the results corroborate and extend most of the results of Bamber and coworkers. Specifically, no significant correlation was found between speed of sound and fibrosis score; a moderate correlation was found between speed of sound and tissue water content; and a relatively good correlation (r = -0.670, p less than 0.1%) was found between the speed of sound and the histological fat score, which increased to r = -0.819 (p less than 0.1%) when a correction for variations in water content was used.
Effect of Electrostatic Interactions between Glycosaminoglycans on the Shear Stiffness of Cartilage:  A Molecular Model and Experiments (2001)

This study focuses on the contribution of repulsive electrostatic interaction between glycosaminoglycan (GAG) molecules in cartilage to the shear properties of the tissue. We first measured the equilibrium and dynamic shear moduli of cylindrical disks of cartilage at varying ionic concentrations (0.01−1.0 M NaCl). We then used a molecular model of GAG electrostatic interactions that would occur during macroscopic shear deformation to predict the dependence of the shear properties of cartilage on the ionic strength of the bath. The molecular model of GAG interaction was based on approximating GAG segments as charged rods, i.e., the unit cell model and then changing the shape of the unit cell in a manner consistent with the macroscopic shear deformation. The Poisson−Boltzmann equation was incorporated into the unit cell model (PB unit cell) to predict physical phenomena such as the change in electrical potential and mobile ion distribution caused by macroscopic shear deformation and changes in bath ionic concentration. The nonlinear PB equation was solved numerically using finite element methods (FEM) within the unit cell. The electrostatic free energy was calculated from the numerically obtained electrical potential and the associated mobile ion distribution, and the electrical contribution to the equilibrium shear modulus was obtained using an energy method. Using physiologically relevant values for the GAG concentration and the nonelectrical contribution to the shear modulus (the two adjustable parameters of the model), the theory predicted the observed dependency of the equilibrium shear modulus on ionic concentration rather well. These results confirmed the validity of the proposed model of the GAG interactions under pure shear deformation and, accordingly, the important role of electrostatic interactions to the shear stiffness of cartilage extracellular matrix.
Supporting Integrated MAC and PHY Software Development for the USRP SDR (2006)

Software Defined Radios (SDR) offer great runtime flexibility both at the physical and MAC layer. This makes them an attractive platform for the development of cognitive radios that can adapt to changes in channel conditions, traffic load, and user requirements. However, to realize this goal, we need a software framework that supports both MAC protocol and PHY layer development in an integrated fashion. In this paper we report on our experience in using two different software frameworks for integrated PHY-MAC development for SDRs: GNU Radio, which was originally designed to support PHY layer development, and Click, a framework for protocol development. We also discuss a number of broader system considerations, such as what functionality should be offloaded to the SDR device.
Influence of Reaction Parameters on Size and Shape of Silica Nanoparticles (2006)

It was investigated that the effect of various synthesis parameters such as, types of silicon alkoxides and alcohols, ammonia (catalyst) concentration, and reaction temperature on the particle size and shape of silica nanosphere by Sol-Gel method. When different silicon alkoxides were used, the silica particles except tetramethylorthosilicate (TMOS), all were spherical, and after reaching a maximum, the sizes were decreased with carbon chain length due to its steric effect. As the alcohol chain length increased from methanol (MeOH) to n-butanol (BuOH), the average particle size was increased from 30 nm to 800 nm. In general, all are having narrow particle size except BuOH sample were distributed bimodally (150 and 800 nm). When ammonia concentration increases, the particles also increased, however on increasing the reaction temperature, the particle sizes were reduced.
Épidémie de COVID-19 chez les travailleurs étrangers temporaires en Colombie-Britannique, entre mars et mai 2020 (2021)

Contexte : Pendant la pandémie de la maladie à coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19), les travailleurs étrangers temporaires ont joué un rôle essentiel dans le maintien de l’approvisionnement alimentaire au Canada, mais ils ont également dû relever un certain nombre de défis qui les ont rendus particulièrement vulnérables à la COVID-19. Cette étude vise à décrire l’enquête épidémiologique et la réponse de la santé publique à une éclosion de COVID-19 chez les travailleurs étrangers temporaires dans un cadre agricole en Colombie-Britannique qui s’est produite entre mars et mai 2020. Méthodes : L’éclosion a été déclarée le 28 mars 2020 à la suite de la détection de deux cas de COVID-19 chez un groupe de 63 travailleurs étrangers temporaires employés dans une pépinière et un centre de jardinage. Les mesures de lutte contre les éclosions ont inclus l’isolement immédiat des personnes atteintes, la recherche de cas par le dépistage et les tests de sensibilisation, la mise en cohorte des travailleurs asymptomatiques et l’amélioration du nettoyage et de la désinfection. L’éclosion a été déclarée terminée le 10 mai 2020. Résultats : Au total, 26 cas de COVID-19 ont été détectés dans le groupe des travailleurs étrangers temporaires, mais aucun cas n’a été décelé parmi les travailleurs locaux. Les personnes atteintes étaient principalement de sexe masculin (77 %) avec un âge médian de 41 ans. Les symptômes se sont manifestés entre le 8 mars et le 9 avril 2020. Un cas a nécessité une hospitalisation d’une nuit en raison d’une pneumonie. Conclusion : Il s’agissait de la première éclosion de COVID-19 en Colombie-Britannique et de la première éclosion de COVID-19 chez les travailleurs étrangers temporaires au Canada. Cette éclosion a commencé avant la mise en œuvre des ordonnances de quarantaine provinciales et fédérales pour les voyageurs internationaux. Une politique provinciale qui exige que les travailleurs étrangers temporaires soient mis en quarantaine dans des locaux financés par le gouvernement avant d’être déployés dans des milieux agricoles a ensuite été élaborée.
Bioinspired, Size‐Tunable Self‐Assembly of Polymer–Lipid Bilayer Nanodiscs (2017)

Polymer-based nanodiscs are valuable tools in biomedical research that can offer a detergent-free solubilization of membrane proteins maintaining their native lipid environment. Herein, we introduce a novel ca. 1.6 kDa SMA-based polymer with styrene:maleic acid moieties that can form nanodiscs containing a planar lipid bilayer which are useful to reconstitute membrane proteins for structural and functional studies. The physicochemical properties and the mechanism of formation of polymer-based nanodiscs are characterized by light scattering, NMR, FT-IR, and TEM. A remarkable feature is that nanodiscs of different sizes, from nanometer to sub-micrometer diameter, can be produced by varying the lipid-to-polymer ratio. The small-size nanodiscs (up to ca. 30 nm diameter) can be used for solution NMR spectroscopy studies whereas the magnetic-alignment of macro-nanodiscs (diameter of > ca. 40 nm) can be exploited for solid-state NMR studies on membrane proteins.
Linking /r/ in the General British pronunciation of English (1975)

Linking /r/ concerns words having as final phoneme in isolate pronunciation either /ɑ/ or /ɔ/ or one of the five phonemes involving a (final) central vowel /ə, ɜ, ɪə, eə, ʊə/. When any of these is followed closely by a word beginning with one of the English vowel sounds an /r/ may be heard. The Gimson 1970 treatment of this topic contains detailed comments on the limitation of the operation of this pattern in situations where many or most speakers are inhibited from applying the rule to link owing to the influence of popular conceptions of incorrectitude in regard to the uttering of /r/ where no r is represented in the traditional orthography. However, it contains no explicit reference to the dependence of the r-link on either the segmental or the prosodic environments which the words involved in the r-link provide. On the other hand, Ward 1939 and various works of Jones (1918, 1956a, 1956b, 1956c) described at some length ‘special circumstances in which a final r has no consonantal value even when the following word begins with a vowel’ (Jones 1956b : § 757). Gimson 1970 makes no reference to such cases nor to Jones's mention of them. The enquirer must therefore wonder whether there is no reference to such exceptional cases because they are no longer current or merely from pressures of space or possibly from uncertainty. Gimson's revision of the Jones 1956a text of Jones's Explanations in Jones-Gimson 1967, which makes several minor amendments, leaves the fairly lengthy treatment of linking /r/ unaltered.
Image Stitching based on Particle Swarm and Maximum Mutual Information Algorithm (2013)

As a key link in image stitching, image registration based on maximum mutual information does not need any preprocess and has a high degree of automation and high registration accuracy, which thus attracted widespread attention. Optimization search in image registration process is easy to fall into local minima leading to the wrong registration parameters. This paper presents a method to build image pyramid based on wavelet transformation and uses swarm intelligence classical particle swarm optimization method to adjust its parameters with the mutual information and multi-resolution series. Experiments show that this method can effectively avoid local minima and can find the optimal registration transformation by finite optimization iterations. Performance of this proposed algorithm is better than the traditional multi-resolution method and its computational efficiency is higher than that of simulated annealing optimization method.
Auto-G-Computation of Causal Effects on a Network (2020)

Methods for inferring average causal effects have traditionally relied on two key assumptions: (i) the intervention received by one unit cannot causally influence the outcome of another; and (ii) units can be organized into nonoverlapping groups such that outcomes of units in separate groups are independent. In this article, we develop new statistical methods for causal inference based on a single realization of a network of connected units for which neither assumption (i) nor (ii) holds. The proposed approach allows both for arbitrary forms of interference, whereby the outcome of a unit may depend on interventions received by other units with whom a network path through connected units exists; and long range dependence, whereby outcomes for any two units likewise connected by a path in the network may be dependent. Under network versions of consistency and no unobserved confounding, inference is made tractable by an assumption that the networks outcome, treatment and covariate vectors are a single realization of a certain chain graph model. This assumption allows inferences about various network causal effects via the auto-g-computation algorithm, a network generalization of Robins’ well-known g-computation algorithm previously described for causal inference under assumptions (i) and (ii). Supplementary materials for this article are available online.
Detection and precise mapping of germline rearrangements in<i>BRCA1, BRCA2, MSH2</i>, and<i>MLH1</i>using zoom-in array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) (2008)

Disease-predisposing germline mutations in cancer susceptibility genes may consist of large genomic rearrangements that are challenging to detect and characterize using standard PCR-based mutation screening methods. Here, we describe a custom-made zoom-in microarray comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) platform of 60mer oligonucleotides. The 4 x 44 K array format provides high-resolution coverage (200-300 bp) of 400-700 kb genomic regions surrounding six cancer susceptibility genes. We evaluate its performance to accurately detect and precisely map earlier described or novel large germline deletions or duplications occurring in BRCA1 (n=11), BRCA2 (n=2), MSH2 (n=7), or MLH1 (n=9). Additionally, we demonstrate its applicability for uncovering complex somatic rearrangements, exemplified by zoom-in analysis of the PTEN and CDKN2A loci in breast cancer cells. The sizes of rearrangements ranged from several 100 kb, including large flanking regions, to <500-bp deletions, including parts of single exons that would be missed by standard multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification (MLPA) methods. Zoom-in CGH arrays accurately defined the borders of rearrangements, allowing convenient design of primers for sequence determination of the breakpoints. The array platform can be streamlined for a particular application, e.g., focusing on breast cancer susceptibility genes, with increased capacity using multiformat design, and represents a valuable new tool and complement for genetic screening in clinical diagnostics.
Post-translational integration and oligomerization of connexin 26 in plasma membranes and evidence of formation of membrane pores: implications for the assembly of gap junctions (2002)

Gap-junction channels provide a widespread intercellular signalling mechanism. They are constructed of a family of connexin membrane proteins that thread across the membrane four times and oligomerize to generate hexameric gap-junction hemichannels. Using an in vitro cell-free transcription/translation system, we demonstrate that connexin (Cx) 26, one of the smallest connexins, is integrated directly in a post-translational manner into plasma membranes. Protein-cleavage studies of Cx26 integrated into plasma membranes indicate a similar native transmembrane topography to that of Cx26 integrated co-translationally into microsomes. Cx26 integrated post-translationally into plasma membranes oligomerizes and, when incorporated into liposomes, provides permeability to ascorbic acid, suggesting that gap-junction hemichannels are generated. The results provide the basis of a novel alternative mechanism for spontaneous assembly in plasma membranes of Cx26 gap-junction hemichannels that occurs independently of the conventional biogenesis of gap junctions involving connexin trafficking and oligomerization via membrane components of the secretory pathway.
Computing Adsorption Isotherms for Benzene, Toluene, and <i>p</i>-Xylene in Heulandite Zeolite (1999)

When computer simulations were performed in the grand canonical ensemble, adsorption isotherms for benzene, toluene, and p-xylene in Heulandite zeolite were constructed. Nitrogen adsorption was simulated to test a feasible computational strategy. Simulations were performed at three temperatures (200, 298, and 473 K), at pressures ranging from 0 to 200 kPa, and at water contents ranging from 0% to 4%. It was found that the adsorption of the organic species was not significantly affected by increasing the pressure over 10 kPa. Also, increasing the water content of the zeolite reduced the adsorption of these aromatics significantly. On the other hand, as the temperature was increased the amount of adsorbed material was only slightly affected. To access adsorption selectivity information, various mixtures of the aromatics were studied. Results from the simulations show that adsorption of benzene was higher than that of toluene, and toluene adsorption was higher than that of p-xylene. A relation between the electronic environment of the molecular species and the amount of adsorbed material was established. The results obtained are compared with experimental data available on other synthetic and natural zeolites.
Efficient Synthesis of a GABA<sub>A</sub> α<sub>2,3</sub>-Selective Allosteric Modulator via a Sequential Pd-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Approach (2005)

A practical synthesis of 2-[3-(4-fluoro-3-pyridin-3-yl-phenyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidin-7-yl]-propan-2-ol (1), an oral GABA(A) alpha(2/3)-selective agonist, is described. The five-step process, which afforded 1 in 40% overall yield, included imidazopyrimidine 2 and pyridine boronic acid 4 as key fragments. The synthesis is highlighted by consecutive Pd-catalyzed coupling steps to assemble the final free base 1 in high yield and regioselectivity. A novel method for Pd removal in the final step is also described.
Microwave-Assisted Extraction of Organic Compounds from Standard Reference Soils and Sediments (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMicrowave-Assisted Extraction of Organic Compounds from Standard Reference Soils and SedimentsViorica. Lopez-Avila, Richard. Young, and Werner F. BeckertCite this: Anal. Chem. 1994, 66, 7, 1097–1106Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00079a027https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00079a027research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1293Altmetric-Citations263LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bitrate Adaptation for Video Streaming Services in Edge Caching Systems (2020)

With the evolution of 5G networks, mobile edge computing (MEC) is being considered as a key enabler for realizing significant improvements in heterogeneous video streaming services. This is because MEC provides storage and computation resources for adaptive bitrate (ABR)-video streaming services to transcode the original video into lower bitrate variants at the edge caching server proactively, thereby facilitating the heterogeneous demands of users. In this paper, we propose a caching and processing framework that jointly considers the popularity and retention rate of video streams to maximize their video bitrate. The problem is formulated as an integer linear program (ILP), which that is challenging because of its NP-hardness. Our algorithm is called online iterative greedy-base adaptation (OIGA); it is built based on the greedy approach with strict constraints for storage size and computing capacity of the cache server. The simulation results show that our proposed solution adapts well to the change in video popularity and retention rate for a maximal video bitrate.
TLSH -- A Locality Sensitive Hash (2013)

Cryptographic hashes such as MD5 and SHA-1 are used for many data mining and security applications -- they are used as an identifier for files and documents. However, if a single byte of a file is changed, then cryptographic hashes result in a completely different hash value. It would be very useful to work with hashes which identify that files were similar based on their hash values. The security field has proposed similarity digests, and the data mining community has proposed locality sensitive hashes. Some proposals include the Nilsimsa hash (a locality sensitive hash), Ssdeep and Sdhash (both Ssdeep and Sdhash are similarity digests). Here, we describe a new locality sensitive hashing scheme the TLSH. We provide algorithms for evaluating and comparing hash values and provide a reference to its open source code. We do an empirical evaluation of publically available similarity digest schemes. The empirical evaluation highlights significant problems with previously proposed schemes; the TLSH scheme does not suffer from the flaws identified.
[Nutritional status and radionuclide contents of food rations of rural population in the Ukrainian region controlled after the Chernobyl AES accident]. (1994)

Chemical composition, energy value and 137Cs and 90Sr content in daily diets were assessed in rural population from the region controlled after the Chernobyl accident. As shown by low urine excretion of vitamins (thiamine, ascorbic acid, riboflavin, N1-methylnicotinamide), the population suffer from vitamin deficiency, especially in winter and spring. Levels of the radionuclides rose 1.3-19.7 and 3.4-24.8-fold for 137Cs and 90Sr, respectively.