gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
String taxonomy using learning automata (1997)

A typical syntactic pattern recognition (PR) problem involves comparing a noisy string with every element of a dictionary, X. The problem of classification can be greatly simplified if the dictionary is partitioned into a set of subdictionaries. In this case, the classification can be hierarchical-the noisy string is first compared to a representative element of each subdictionary and the closest match within the subdictionary is subsequently located. Indeed, the entire problem of subdividing a set of string into subsets where each subset contains "similar" strings has been referred to as the "String Taxonomy Problem". To our knowledge there is no reported solution to this problem. In this paper we present a learning-automaton based solution to string taxonomy. The solution utilizes the Object Migrating Automaton the power of which in clustering objects and images has been reported. The power of the scheme for string taxonomy has been demonstrated using random string and garbled versions of string representations of fragments of macromolecules.
Mayavi: 3D Visualization of Scientific Data (2011)

Mayavi is a general purpose, open source 3D scientific visualization package that is tightly integrated with the rich ecosystem of Python scientific packages. Mayavi provides a continuum of tools for developing scientific applications, ranging from interactive and script-based data visualization in Python to full-blown custom end-user applications.
Adjunct to bile-acid treatment for gall-stone dissolution: low-dose chenodeoxycholic acid combined with a terpene preparation. (1981)

due to underlying duct ectasia or chronic breast disease provides a suitable nidus for the deposition of these anaerobes.
Mathematical description of the responses of simple cortical cells* (1980)

On the basis of measured receptive field profiles and spatial frequency tuning characteristics of simple cortical cells, it can be concluded that the representation of an image in the visual cortex must involve both spatial and spatial frequency variables. In a scheme due to Gabor, an image is represented in terms of localized symmetrical and antisymmetrical elementary signals. Both measured receptive fields and measured spatial frequency tuning curves conform closely to the functional form of Gabor elementary signals. It is argued that the visual cortex representation corresponds closely to the Gabor scheme owing to its advantages in treating the subsequent problem of pattern recognition.
Gas-phase reactions of cyclic silanes (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGas-phase reactions of cyclic silanesS. A. Sullivan, C. H. DePuy, and R. DamrauerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 2, 480–481Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00392a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00392a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views204Altmetric-Citations51LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
The emerging patterns of power in corporate governance – Back to the future in improving corporate decision making (2000)

Social institutions are experiencing change in their patterns of power as they are re‐aligned to an increasingly complex world and the onset of the new information economy. Attention has been drawn particularly to the need to improve corporate governance as a means to enhance corporate accountability and improve corporate performance. This paper consequently explores the distribution of corporate power and the processes that can foster higher quality decision making and actions by boards. The paper investigates the fundamental difference between the exercise of leadership, management and political power within an organization and, particularly, the responsibility and power relationships between an organization and its board. The authors assert that if the patterns of power are well understood then some things can be said about the patterns that are likely to emerge and what structures might be more effective than others. The paper concludes by arguing that the manner and style of corporate governance could benefit from some further refinement.
A conducting polymer nucleation scheme for efficient solid-state supercapacitors on paper (2014)

In this study, a thin nucleation layer is used to tune the morphology of conducting polymer electrodes and to optimize the performance of paper based solid-state supercapacitors. It is found that using an acid-treated poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrenesulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) nucleation layer, prior to poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene), PEDOT, electrochemical deposition, gives 5–6 times higher areal capacitance compared to a gold metal nucleation layer. Specifically, PEDOT supercapacitors with a high volumetric capacitance of 327 F cm−3, higher than any other PEDOT based supercapacitors reported in the literature, is achieved on the PEDOT:PSS nucleation layer; for the same devices, an areal capacitance of 242 mF cm−2 and an energy density of 14.5 mW h cm−3 at a power density of 350 mW cm−3 are obtained. Furthermore, these optimized PEDOT/PEDOT:PSS/paper electrodes are employed to fabricate solid-state supercapacitors using aqueous and ion gel electrolytes, with 32 and 11 mF cm−2 cell capacitance, respectively. The solid-state PEDOT device showed an energy density of 1.5 mW h cm−3 (normalised to the volume of the whole cell, including both the electrodes and the electrolyte), which is higher than the best reported ppy/paper (E = 1 mW h cm−3) and PAni/pencil/paper (E = 0.32 mW h cm−3) solid-state devices. The cycling performance showed that capacitance retention up to 80% is achieved after 10 000 cycles.
Borehole modes in a cylindrical fluid-saturated permeable medium (1988)

Utilizing the borehole Stoneley wave generated in a permeable sample is a promising technique for measuring the frequency-dependent nature of permeability. The cylindrical boundary of the sample introduces complex extensional modes. In this article, numerical results of modes associated with an axially symmetric fluid-filled borehole in a cylinder of permeable medium are presented. Besides the Stoneley mode, there are two classes of extensional modes: the fast-wave modes and the slow-wave modes. These modes vary as functions of the sample permeability and size. In a highly permeable sample, the slow extensional modes, having velocity and attenuation near the Stoneley mode at low frequency, can obscure the identification of the Stoneley mode.
TNF-α inhibitors in asthma and COPD: We must not throw the baby out with the bath water (2009)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, a pleiotropic cytokine that exerts a variety of effects, such as growth promotion, growth inhibition, angiogenesis, cytotoxicity, inflammation, and immunomodulation, has been implicated in several inflammatory conditions. It plays a significant role in many inflammatory diseases of lungs. Given that there is significant literature supporting the pathobiologic role of TNF-alpha in asthma, mainly in severe refractory asthma, and COPD, TNF-alpha inhibitors (infliximab, golimumab and etanercept) are now regarded as the potential new medications in asthma and COPD management. The studies reported in literature indicate that TNF-alpha inhibitors are effective in a relatively small subgroup of patients with severe asthma, possibly defined by an increased TNF axis, but they seem to be ineffective in COPD, although an observational study demonstrated that TNF-alpha inhibitors were associated with a reduction in the rate of COPD hospitalisation among patients with COPD receiving these agents to treat their rheumatoid arthritis. These findings require a smart approach because there is still good reason to target TNF-alpha, perhaps in a more carefully selected patient group. TNF-alpha treatment should, therefore, not be thrown out, or abandoned. Indeed, since severe asthma and COPD are heterogeneous diseases that have characteristics that occur with different phenotypes that remained poorly characterized and little known about the underlying pathobiology contributing to them, it is likely that definition of these phenotypes and choice of the right outcome measure will allow us to understand which kind of patients can benefit from TNF-alpha inhibitors.
Games with a purpose for social networking platforms (2009)

The online games market has matured in recent years. It is now a multi-billion dollar business with hundreds of millions players worldwide. At the same time, social networking platforms have witnessed unprecedented growth rates and increasingly offer developer interfaces to leverage and extend their built-in core functionality. Benefiting from these trends, games with a purpose are a proven way of leveraging the wisdom of the crowds to address tasks that are trivial for humans but still not solvable by computer algorithms in a satisfying manner. This paper presents an application framework to develop interactive games with a purpose on top of social networking platforms, suitable for deployment in both mobile and Web-based environments. A set of analytic tools helps to evaluate the results and to pre-process the gathered data for use in external applications.
The Pathology of Human Spinal Cord Injury: Defining the Problems (2004)

This article reviews the pathology of human spinal cord injury (SCI), focusing on potential differences between humans and experimental animals, as well as on aspects that may have mechanistic or therapeutic relevance. Importance is placed on astrocyte and microglial reactions. These cells carry out a myriad of functions and we review the evidence that supports their beneficial or detrimental effects. Likewise, vascular responses and the role of inflammation and demyelination in the mechanism of SCI are reviewed. Lastly, schwannosis is discussed, highlighting its high frequency and potential role when designing therapeutic interventions. We anticipate that a better understanding of the pathological responses in the human will be useful to investigators in their studies on the pathogenesis and therapy of SCI.
Small Molecules Which Improve Pathogenesis of Myotonic Dystrophy Type 1 (2018)

Myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1) is the most common muscular dystrophy in adults for which there is currently no treatment. The pathogenesis of this autosomal dominant disorder is associated with the expansion of CTG repeats in the 3'-UTR of the <i>DMPK</i> gene. <i>DMPK</i> transcripts with expanded CUG repeats (CUG<sup>exp</sup><i>DMPK</i>) are retained in the nucleus forming multiple discrete foci, and their presence triggers a cascade of toxic events. Thus far, most research emphasis has been on interactions of CUG<sup>exp</sup><i>DMPK</i> with the <i>muscleblind</i>-like (MBNL) family of splicing factors. These proteins are sequestered by the expanded CUG repeats of <i>DMPK</i> RNA leading to their functional depletion. As a consequence, abnormalities in many pathways of RNA metabolism, including alternative splicing, are detected in DM1. To date, <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> efforts to develop therapeutic strategies for DM1 have mostly been focused on targeting CUG<sup>exp</sup><i>DMPK via</i> reducing their expression and/or preventing interactions with MBNL1. Antisense oligonucleotides targeted to the CUG repeats in the <i>DMPK</i> transcripts are of particular interest due to their potential capacity to discriminate between mutant and normal transcripts. However, a growing number of reports describe alternative strategies using small molecule chemicals acting independently of a direct interaction with CUG<sup>exp</sup><i>DMPK</i>. In this review, we summarize current knowledge about these chemicals and we describe the beneficial effects they caused in different DM1 experimental models. We also present potential mechanisms of action of these compounds and pathways they affect which could be considered for future therapeutic interventions in DM1.
An ambiguity-based theory of the linguistic verbal joke in English (1996)

aspects of human behaviour figures prominently among the type of research to which particular exception is taken.Schafer (1977; cited in Hyde 1990:362) gives one example of this kind of wrong-headed opposition concerning the study of human sex and love:Senator William Proxmire, watchdogging the spending of federal funds for research, has been very critical of research on sex and love.According to him, the last thing we
Improving cardiac myocytes performance by carbon nanotubes platforms† (2013)

The application of nanotechnology to the cardiovascular system has increasingly caught scientists' attention as a potentially powerful tool for the development of new generation devices able to interface, repair, or boost the performance of cardiac tissue. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are considered as promising materials for nanomedicine applications in general and have been recently tested toward excitable cell growth. CNTs are cylindrically shaped structures made up of rolled-up graphene sheets, with unique electrical, thermal, and mechanical properties, able to effectively conducting electrical current in electrochemical interfaces. CNTs-based scaffolds have been recently found to support the in vitro growth of cardiac cells: in particular, their ability to improve cardiomyocytes proliferation, maturation, and electrical behavior are making CNTs extremely attractive for the development and exploitation of interfaces able to impact on cardiac cells physiology and function.
Alkaliphilic Micro-organisms and Habitats (2002)

Alkaline environments are typical extreme environments which include naturally occurring soda lakes, deserts, soils and artificially occurring industrial-derived waters. Micro-organisms that occupy extreme pH environments have resulted in the definition of an unusual group, termed alkaliphiles. In this review, the current status of the biodiversity of alkaliphilic micro-organisms in various environments and aspects of their biotechnological potential are summarised briefly.
Selecting Nylon-Based Plastics for Laser Welding Technology (2000)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Selecting thermoplastics for welded, under-the-hood, automotive parts strongly depends on the plastic material properties, part design, as well as the molding and joining / welding technology conditions. Laser transmission welding (LTW) requires preferential deposition of energy and subsequent melting and diffusion of the material in the interfacial / weld-plane zone. This is optimized when the laser beam is transmitted through the thermoplastic transparent part and absorbed by the adjoining part to be welded. Energy deposition can be controlled to some extent by adjusting laser power, choice of beam focussing optics, sweep rate, etc.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The thermoplastic material properties and composition (reinforcements, fillers, additives, pigments, etc.) may have the greater influence and need to be characterized for optimum material selection for the transmission welding application. Commercial nylon based thermoplastics cover a large array of compositions, which may affect the laser transmission welding (LTW) process.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">To provide a guide to nylon based thermoplastics selection for these applications we have evaluated the influence of specific material composition factors and properties, such as fiber-glass, mineral filler, impact modifier content, and color / pigment version on the Near InfraRed (NIR) transmission characteristics, including the laser wavelength (1.06 mm). We have related these findings to the mechanical performance of nylon welded joints in terms of the influence of transmission laser welding technology parameters (laser power, welding speed, laser beam spot diameter, clamp pressure, etc.) and thermoplastic composition (reinforcements, fillers, additives, pigments, etc.).</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">Comprehensive results of this evaluation will assist plastic parts designers and technologists in selecting nylon based thermoplastics and developing new products using laser transmission welding (LTW) technology.</div></div>
On the subject of rigor in the study of amyloid β-protein assembly (2013)

According to Thomas Kuhn, the success of 'normal science,' the science we all practice on a daily basis, depends on the adherence to, and practice of, a paradigm accepted by the scientific community. When great scientific upheavals occur, they involve the rejection of the current paradigm in favor of a new paradigm that better integrates the facts available and better predicts the behavior of a particular scientific system. In the field of Alzheimer's disease, a recent example of such a paradigm shift has been the apparent rejection of the 'amyloid cascade hypothesis,' promulgated by Hardy and Higgins in 1992 to explain the etiology of Alzheimer's disease, in favor of what has been referred to as the 'oligomer cascade hypothesis'. This paradigm shift has been breathtaking in its rapidity, its pervasiveness in the Alzheimer's disease field, and its adoption in an increasing number of other fields, including those of Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and the prionoses. However, these facts do not mean, a priori, that the experiments extant, and any re-interpretation of them, should be accepted by rote as support for the new paradigm. In the discussion that follows, I consider the foundational studies leading to the oligomer cascade hypothesis and evaluate the current state of the paradigm. I argue here that, more often than not, insufficient rigor has been applied in studies upon which this new paradigm has been based. Confusion, rather than clarity, has resulted. If the field is to make progress forward using as its paradigmatic basis amyloid β-protein oligomerization, then an epistemological re-evaluation of the amyloid β-protein oligomer system is required.
Two terminal, single quantum well, double heterostructure optoelectronic switch (does) laser (1990)

The Double Heterostructure Optoelectronic switch (DOES) is a bistable switching device with considerable potential for optoelectronic integration. In broad area, graded index single quantum well (GRIN SQW) configuration, lasing properties comparable to conventional diode lasers have been demonstrated(1). Buried Heterostructure (BH) devices have now been fabricated and characterised for both DC and AC operation.
High Pressure Crystallization of Deep-Water Completion Brines (2000)

Abstract Deepwater development presents drilling and completion fluids with a new set of conditions: HPLT. This new combination of High Pressure and Low Temperature can induce gas hydrates formation if uninhibited water contacts natural gas. Brine can be a powerful hydrate inhibitor at high concentrations, but solubility (TCT) at mudline temperature limits its use. Recent experience has shown that the brine concentration is limited further because pressure sometimes raises the crystallization point of brine. Testing the brine for solidification at HPLT conditions has required us to develop new instrumentation and through it, a correlation between TCT and PCT at 10,000 psi of deepwater bromide brines.
Carbon-nanotube tips for scanning probe microscopy: Preparation by a controlled process and observation of deoxyribonucleic acid (1999)

We report a controlled process to make carbon-nanotube tips for scanning probe microscopes. The process consists of three steps: (1) purification and alignment of carbon nanotubes using electrophoresis, (2) transfer of a single aligned nanotube onto a conventional Si tip under the view of a scanning electron microscope, and (3) attachment of the nanotube on the Si tip by carbon deposition. Nanotube tips fabricated using this procedure exhibit strong adhesion and are mechanically robust. Finally, the performance of these tips is demonstrated by imaging the fine structure of twinned deoxyribonucleic acid with tapping-mode atomic force microscopy in air.
Inverse and High CO<sub>2</sub>/C<sub>2</sub>H<sub>2</sub> Sorption Selectivity in Flexible Organic–Inorganic Ionic Crystals (2012)

Highly selective CO2 sorption and inverse CO2/C2H2 sorption selectivity (4.8 at 278 K, 100 kPa) were achieved with an organic–inorganic ionic crystal. The key for the high affinity toward CO2 is the combination of structural flexibility and strong binding sites (K+) characteristic of organic–inorganic ionic crystals.
Entropy-enthalpy compensation: Perturbation and relaxation in thermodynamic systems (1996)

The response of an equilibrium molecular system to perturbations depends on its environmental constraints. For example, the response of an equilibrium P, V, T system to a small temperature perturbation (specific heat) depends on whether the environmental constraint on the system is constant pressure or constant volume. In general, there are two classes of thermodynamic quantities of a system; one is completely determined by its equilibrium distribution, and the other also depends on how the distribution responds to macroscopic changes. The former class is independent of the environment of the thermodynamic system, while the latter class is a function of environmental constraints. In response to a small perturbation, the free energy change of an equilibrium system belongs to the first class but the entropy and enthalpy changes belong to the second. Therefore the thermodynamics of perturbation exhibit compensation between entropy and enthalpy of systems with different environments. The thermodynamic analysis presented here provides a framework for the interpretation of experimental observations of this phenomenon, and is illustrated by a real experimental example.
Obesity: criteria and classification (2000)

Obesity is defined as an excess accumulation of body fat. To measure fat in the body accurately is difficult, and no method is easily available for routine clinical use. Traditionally, overweight and obesity have been evaluated by anthropometric measurement of weight-for-height. More recently, BMI has been used. The normal range is 19-24.9 kg/m2, overweight is 25-29.9 kg/m2, and obesity >/= 30 kg/m2. Not only is the total amount of fat an individual carries important, but also where the fat is distributed in the body. Fat in a central or upper body (android) distribution is most related to health risk. The most accurate way to measure central obesity is by magnetic resonance imaging or computer-assisted tomography scanning, but this approach is too expensive for routine use. Simple anthropometric measurements can be used, such as waist circumference. A waist circumference of greater than 1020 mm in men and 880 mm in women is a risk factor for insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. There is a clear genetic predisposition for obesity. The genetic contribution to obesity is between 25 and 40 % of the individual differences in BMI. For the overwhelming majority of individuals, the genetic predisposition will not be defined by one gene, but by multiple genes. Eventually, classification of obesity may be done by genetic means, but this approach will require more knowledge.