gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
STAT Activation by Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF) and Amphiregulin (1996)

The epidermal growth factor (EGF) receptor activates several signaling cascades in response to the ligands EGF and amphiregulin (AR). One of these signaling events involves the tyrosine phosphorylation of STATs (signal transducers and activators of transcription), a process believed to require the activation of a tyrosine kinase of the JAK family. In this report we demonstrate that EGF- and AR-induced STAT activation requires the intrinsic kinase activity of the receptor but not the presence of Jak1. We show that both wild type (WT) and truncated EGF receptors lacking all autophosphorylation sites activate STAT 1, 3, and 5 in response to either EGF or AR. Furthermore, relative to cells expressing WT receptor, ligand-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of the STATs was enhanced in cells expressing only the truncated receptor. These results provide the first evidence that (i) EGF receptor-mediated STAT activation occurs in a Jak1-independent manner, (ii) the intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity of the receptor is essential for STAT activation, and (iii) tyrosine phosphorylation sites within the EGF receptor are not required for STAT activation.
Minced Skin for Tissue Engineering of Epithelialized Subcutaneous Tunnels (2009)

We used minced, autologous skin for neoepithelialization of surgically created subcutaneous tunnels in a large animal model. Partial-thickness skin grafts were harvested from the back region of five 50-60 kg Yorkshire pigs. The skin was minced to 0.8 x 0.8 x 0.3 mm particles. Silicone-latex tubes were covered with fibrin, rolled in minced skin, and placed in subcutaneous tunnels created in the abdominal area. For comparison, single cell suspensions of keratinocytes and fibroblasts in fibrin or fibrin only were transplanted on tubes. Tunnels were extracted after 14, 21, and 28 days for microscopic evaluation. All tubes transplanted with minced skin particles showed neoepithelialization. The epithelium was stratified and differentiated after 2 weeks in vivo, and the stratum corneum was directed toward the implanted tube. No epithelium formed from tubes transplanted with single cell suspensions, and only sparse keratinocytes could be detected by serial sectioning and immunostaining on day 14, but not later. No epithelial lining was found in tunnels with fibrin-only-coated tubes. Epithelial cysts could be found the first 2 weeks after transplantation in the minced skin group but not later. In conclusion, a minced skin technique could serve as a potential source for tissue engineering of tubular conduits for reconstructive purposes of the urethra and for cutaneous stomas for bladder catheterization, or intestinal irrigations. The method would have the advantage of being simple and expeditious and not requiring in vitro culturing.
Updated Planting Date Recommendations for Iowa (2010)

Note: A full-length summary and publication on this data set will be available later this year. The statistical analysis and recommendations used and stated in this article may be changed slightly given further interpretation. The recommendations are not expected to be altered significantly though and are stated now to aid producers and agronomists this planting season.
Development of a screening program for tardive dyskinesia: feasibility issues. (1983)

This report is part of a feasibility study focused upon developing a valid and reliable method of screening for tardive dyskinesia. The research questions concerned establishing the validity and reliability of the procedure, the acceptability of the procedure to the subjects, and the characteristics of the subjects with scores that exceeded more than a minimal level. Sixty patients were screened in four randomly selected psychiatric aftercare homes. A 12-hour training program was developed to prepare the raters. The interrater reliability achieved for total score using the Abnormal Involuntary Movement Scale (AIMS) was .90, p less than .01, and the validity of the examination was achieved and maintained at an 80-percent agreement level between the nurse raters and a study expert. Thirty percent of the population had scores exceeding minimal symptoms for tardive dyskinesia. The screening program was acceptable to the subjects. A program of training for professional-level raters is described, which is applicable to many settings.
A High-resolution, Fluorescence-based Method for Localization of Endogenous Alkaline Phosphatase Activity (1999)

We describe a high-resolution, fluorescence-based method for localizing endogenous alkaline phosphatase in tissues and cultured cells. This method utilizes ELF (Enzyme-Labeled Fluorescence)-97 phosphate, which yields an intensely fluorescent yellow-green precipitate at the site of enzymatic activity. We compared zebrafish intestine, ovary, and kidney cryosections stained for endogenous alkaline phosphatase using four histochemical techniques: ELF-97 phosphate, Gomori method, BCIP/NBT, and naphthol AS-MX phosphate coupled with Fast Blue BB (colored) and Fast Red TR (fluorescent) diazonium salts. Each method localized endogenous alkaline phosphatase to the same specific sample regions. However, we found that sections labeled using ELF-97 phosphate exhibited significantly better resolution than the other samples. The enzymatic product remained highly localized to the site of enzymatic activity, whereas signals generated using the other methods diffused. We found that the ELF-97 precipitate was more photostable than the Fast Red TR azo dye adduct. Using ELF-97 phosphate in cultured cells, we detected an intracellular activity that was only weakly labeled with the other methods, but co-localized with an antibody against alkaline phosphatase, suggesting that the ELF-97 phosphate provided greater sensitivity. Finally, we found that detecting endogenous alkaline phosphatase with ELF-97 phosphate was compatible with the use of antibodies and lectins. (J Histochem Cytochem 47:1443-1455, 1999)
Antifungal activity of the saponin fraction obtained from Asparagus officinalis L. and its active principle. (1990)

Antifungal activity was detected in the crude saponin fraction obtained from the bottom cut of Asparagus officinalis L. This activity was specific to certain fungi, for example Candida, Cryptococcus, Trichophyton, Microsporum and Epidermophyton. Attempts were made to isolate the active principles from this fraction; in this way a new saponin (AS-1) was isolated, and its structure was estimated to be 3-0-[{/?-D-glucopyranosyl(l -2)}{)5-D-xylopyranosyl(l - 4)-/?-D-glucopyranosyl]-(255'),5/?spirostan-3/J-ol.
Bactericidal activity of human serum against strains of Klebsiella from different sources (1988)

One hundred and eighty strains of Klebsiella were tested for sensitivity to pooled normal human serum, capsular type and faecal coliform reaction. Strains of K. pneumoniae isolated from clinical infections were more likely to be serum resistant than those from the gut flora or environmental sources. For K. oxytoca strains, there was no significant correlation between serum sensitivity and source of isolation. Of 60 strains of K. oxytoca tested, 19 (32%) were serum resistant, as were 27 (23%) of 120 strains of K. pneumoniae. Strains of K. pneumoniae from human sources gave positive reactions in the faecal coliform test more frequently than strains from environmental sources. There was no correlation between a positive faecal coliform reaction and resistance to the bactericidal effect of human serum. Strains of capsular type K21 were isolated more frequently from clinical infections and were more often serum resistant than other strains. Serum resistance appears to be a virulence factor in strains of K. pneumoniae but does not account for the difference in pathogenicity between K. pneumoniae and K. oxytoca.
Long-term outcomes after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for metachromatic leukodystrophy: the largest single-institution cohort report (2015)

HSCT is a viable treatment option for MLD, but has significant limitations. Later-onset phenotypes may benefit most from early, pre-symptomatic transplant. Until superior, novel treatment strategies are demonstrated, MLD patients should be carefully considered for HSCT.
Efficacy and Safety of Dulaglutide Monotherapy Versus Metformin in Type 2 Diabetes in a Randomized Controlled Trial (AWARD-3) (2014)

Dulaglutide improves glycemic control and is well tolerated as monotherapy in patients with early stage type 2 diabetes.
The Charge Transfer to Solvent (CTTS) Spectrum of Br<sup>−</sup> in Molten Tetrabutylphosphonium Tetrabromometalates (1973)

Recently we reported that some of the charge-transfer bands of CoBr4= which are ordinarily obscured by the absorption of Br− can be resolved in thin films of (Bu4P+)2CoBr4=.1 Apparently the concentration of free Br− is so small under these conditions that it permits the detection of CoBr4= bands in the same region. Here we note that it is also possible to observe at least the first component of the absorption band of Br− by the same technique.
Wealth and happiness across the world: Material prosperity predicts life evaluation, whereas psychosocial prosperity predicts positive feeling. (2010)

The Gallup World Poll, the first representative sample of planet Earth, was used to explore the reasons why happiness is associated with higher income, including the meeting of basic needs, fulfillment of psychological needs, increasing satisfaction with one's standard of living, and public goods. Across the globe, the association of log income with subjective well-being was linear but convex with raw income, indicating the declining marginal effects of income on subjective well-being. Income was a moderately strong predictor of life evaluation but a much weaker predictor of positive and negative feelings. Possessing luxury conveniences and satisfaction with standard of living were also strong predictors of life evaluation. Although the meeting of basic and psychological needs mediated the effects of income on life evaluation to some degree, the strongest mediation was provided by standard of living and ownership of conveniences. In contrast, feelings were most associated with the fulfillment of psychological needs: learning, autonomy, using one's skills, respect, and the ability to count on others in an emergency. Thus, two separate types of prosperity-economic and social psychological-best predict different types of well-being.
Seismic imaging of the shallow crust beneath the Krafla central volcano, NE Iceland (2015)

Abstract We studied the seismic velocity structure beneath the Krafla central volcano, NE Iceland, by performing 3‐D tomographic inversions of 1453 earthquakes recorded by a temporary local seismic network between 2009 and 2012. The seismicity is concentrated primarily around the Leirhnjúkur geothermal field near the center of the Krafla caldera. To obtain robust velocity models, we incorporated active seismic data from previous surveys. The Krafla central volcano has a relatively complex velocity structure with higher P wave velocities ( V p ) underneath regions of higher topographic relief and two distinct low‐ V p anomalies beneath the Leirhnjúkur geothermal field. The latter match well with two attenuating bodies inferred from S wave shadows during the Krafla rifting episode of 1974–1985. Within the Leirhnjúkur geothermalreservoir, we resolved a shallow (−0.5 to 0.5 km below sea level; bsl) region with low‐ V p / V s values and a deeper (0.5–1.5 km bsl) high‐ V p / V s zone. We interpret the difference in the velocity ratios of the two zones to be caused by higher rock porosities and crack densities in the shallow region and lower porosities and crack densities in the deeper region. A strong low‐ V p / V s anomaly underlies these zones, where a superheated steam zone within felsic rock overlies rhyolitic melt.
REGAL: A Regularization based Algorithm for Reinforcement Learning in Weakly Communicating MDPs (2012)

We provide an algorithm that achieves the optimal regret rate in an unknown weakly communicating Markov Decision Process (MDP). The algorithm proceeds in episodes where, in each episode, it picks a policy using regularization based on the span of the optimal bias vector. For an MDP with S states and A actions whose optimal bias vector has span bounded by H, we show a regret bound of ~O(HSpAT). We also relate the span to various diameter-like quantities associated with the MDP, demonstrating how our results improve on previous regret bounds.
Xray Absorption Spectroscopy on Heterogeneous Catalysts at the new XAS Beamline at ANKA (2005)

Ex situ and in situ XAFS studies have been performed at the new ANKA-XAS beamline on zirconia-silica mixed oxides for oxidation reactions, silver-gold based catalysts for CO oxidation and Cu/ZnO catalysts for methanol synthesis. Spectra were recorded both in the transmission geometry and in the fluorescence mode. The studies give insight into the structure of newly prepared catalysts and present first examples from the area of heterogeneous catalysis studied at this beamline, which is a new alternative in the network of European synchrotron radiation beamlines.
Rare Earth Metals and Alloys by Electrolytic Methods (2002)

Fused salt electrolysis as applied to the production of reactive refractory metals is a useful process for rare earth metals preparation also. The relatively low melting point of some of the rare earth metals and many of their alloys is an advantage here. With great ingenuity, electrolytic cells have been designed and methods developed for the preparation of high melting rare earth metals also in consolidated forms, using oxide–fluoride electrolytes. Any process of rare earth metal preparation had to contend with the great reactivity of these metals not only with the atmospheric gases but also with a great variety of crucible materials as well. The development of electrolytic processes involving both the chloride medium as well as the oxide–fluoride compositions had to be guided by this factor. The search for solutions to circumvent the numerous challenges inherent in the electrolytic extraction of rare earth metals led to some interesting process development. One of them is the preparation of rare earth metals by a method involving a consumable cathode. In this an alloy is prepared first by electrolysis and the metal is then recovered by a simple non electrolytic route from the alloy. Using one or other of these three possibilities, all the rare earth metals, and many of their alloys, could be prepared by electrolytic methods. All these issues and possibilities are highlighted in this paper.
Characterization of Nucleotide-Free Uncoating ATPase and Its Binding to ATP, ADP, and ATP Analogs (1994)

The interactions of the 70-kDa heat-shock proteins (hsp70s) with their protein substrates appear to be regulated by bound nucleotide. Previous work has shown that the nucleotide binding site of the bovine brain uncoating ATPase, a constitutive member of the hsp70 family, crystallographically resembles the nucleotide binding site of actin and, like actin, the uncoating ATPase has a strongly bound ADP which cannot be removed by dialysis or treatment with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). This suggests that, like the bound nucleotide of actin, it may be required for the enzyme to retain its native structure. In this study, the strongly bound ADP was removed by first replacing it with 5'-adenylyl imidodiphosphate (AMP-PNP) and then removing the bound AMP-PNP by dialysis. Following this treatment, more than 95% of the uncoating ATPase becomes nucleotide-free. The nucleotide-free uncoating ATPase retains its ability to bind and hydrolyze ATP and to uncoat clathrin-coated vesicles, even after 10 days of storage at 4 degrees C. Therefore, in contrast to actin, the bound nucleotide of the uncoating ATPase is not required to prevent denaturation of the enzyme. Using nucleotide-free uncoating ATPase, we were able to accurately measure the dissociation constants of ATP, ADP, and the nucleotide analogues AMP-PNP and 2'-deoxyadenosine 5'-triphosphate (dATP). The dissociation constants of both ATP and ADP are about 10(-8) M, more than 1-2 orders of magnitude stronger than previously reported, while AMP-PNP and dATP bind 2-3 orders of magnitude more weakly than ATP.
A low-complexity closed-loop H.264/AVC to quality-scalable SVC transcoder (2011)

Efficient broadcasting of video content to end-users often requires one or more adaptations of the bitstream, due to varying network conditions and different end-user device characteristics. To ensure a high quality of experience for all end-users, the highest possible quality of the bitstream and, contradictory, connectivity for low bandwidth devices should be guaranteed. H.264/AVC allows only a single (high quality) bitstream. Therefore, the lower bit rates need adaptations of the input bitstream, requiring processing power, delay and energy. By transcoding the existing H.264/AVC bitstream to SVC, bit rate adaptations can be efficiently performed in the network. Consequently, only the cost of one transcoding step is required. To ensure optimal transcoding, we present a low-complexity solution for transcoding H.264/AVC bitstreams to SVC. The proposed system can be applied in a broadcasting environment, since less than 10% of the normal transcoding complexity is needed, while coding efficiency is maintained.
Experimental and Numerical Verification of 3D Forming (2017)

Motivated by sustainability arguments there is a recent interest in forming of advanced structures in paper and paperboard. Therefore, in this paper, hydro-forming of papers and the effect of different fibre raw materials, beating, strength additives (PVAm), grammage and wet and dry papers have been investigated experimentally and numerically. The experiments were carried out in laboratory hydro-forming device. Softwood sheets performed better than hardwood sheets, since they had higher strain at break. The ability of paper to withstand hydro-forming successfully was primarily dependent of the strain at break of the paper in relation to the straining required to fill the mould. Forming of wet sheets were also investigated; overall the wet sheets formed better than the dry sheets, which was due to higher strain at break and lower elastic energy. Since the forming was displacement controlled, there was no significant difference in the effects of beating, amount of PVAm or grammage. Finite element modelling was performed to identify local strains and predict problematic regions. Simulations were also performed to determine how anisotropic sheets would behave, as well as to compare the process of hydro-forming with press-forming. The papers could be strained to higher strain levels than the measured strain at break because the paper is supported by the membrane and mould during the forming operation. The maximum strain a paper can withstand can be increased if the paper can slide into the mould, i.e. by having a lower coefficient of friction between the steel mould and the paperboard. During hydro-forming the paper is supported by a rubber membrane, which gives lower strain levels than the corresponding press-forming operation due to the difference in how the paper is deformed. Press-forming therefore required paper with higher strain at break. Higher friction results in more paper being pulled into the mould, which contributes to wrinkling of the paper. Simulation of tray forming of a creased sample was performed, which showed that high friction or compliant creases decreased the circumferential compression.
Basal cell carcinoma epidemiology in the UK: the elephant in the room (2013)

These data indicate that in the UK, BCC is nearly as common as all other cancers in all other body sites combined.
Techniques to minimize Power Consumption of SMPS in Standby Mode (2006)

These days, the environments impact of energy consumed by electrical appliances when not in use has attracted growing attention in the international community. This paper reviews advantages and limitations of conventional techniques to reduce the standby power consumption. Based on the analysis, new technique to reduce standby power is proposed. The proposed approach reduces the effective switching frequency as well as the operating current to minimize the switching losses and PWM controller power consumption alike. The output voltage is also reduced to minimize the loss caused by the leakage current in the output side. The proposed scheme is implemented as an integrated circuit (IC) providing a viable low cost solution for a low standby power consumption
Improved Dialtation Catheter Balloons (1986)

The percutaneous translumenal angioplasty procedure is a viable alternative to bypass surgery in many cases. However, the relatively poor mechanical properties of the current-technology dialatation catheter ballon, which is far superior to the current technology ballon as far as mechanical properties are high strength and low elongation. These properties were obtained by the combination of material selection and a unique manufacturing proces. The material selected was high molecular weight polythylene terephathalate, and the manufacturing process used was a tubing extrusion followed by a biaxial orientation. The biaxial orientation process, while common in plastic films, has never been used on such a small scale as is required for the production of a dilatation catheter ballon.
Identification of Seismic Reflections Using Singular Value Decomposition (1986)

Singular value decomposition (SVD) is applied to the identification of seismic reflections by using two different models: the impulse response model where a seismic trace is assumed to consist of a known signal pulse convolved with a reflection coefficient series plus noise, and the delayed pulse model where the seismic signal is assumed to consist of a small number of delayed pulses of known shape and with unknown amplitudes and arrival times.
Use and perceived ease of obtain ing illicit drugs among teenagers in urban, suburban and rural schools: A UK study (1999)

In March 1995 a survey of alcohol, tobacco and illegal drug use was carried out on 7722 teenagers born in 1979 who were attending a sample of 69 state and private schools throughout the United Kingdom. The sample was divided according to the urban, suburban or rural location of the schools, and the use of various psychoactive substances was studied according to this classification. Use of cannabis (marihuana) within the past 30 days and lifetime use of MDMA (ecstasy) were both significantly less common in the rural schools. Access to ecstasy was also seen as more difficult by teenagers in the rural schools. However, these differences were not large and no other significant differences were found. In general, use of illegal substances by 15–16 year olds did not appear to be much different in rural, suburban and urban areas. These findings confirm the increasingly widespread nature of drug use among British youth.
An unfolded variant of the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 with decreased anaphylactic potential (2012)

Reduced/alkylated Ara h 2 might be a safer alternative than native Ara h 2 for immunotherapeutic treatment of peanut allergic patients.