gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Crack and damage evaluation in low-k BEoL structures under CPI aspects (2009)

Miniaturization and increasing functional integration as the electronic industry drives force the development of feature sizes down to the nanometer range. Moreover, harsh environmental conditions and new porous or nano-particle filled materials introduced on both chip and package level - low-k and ultra low-k materials in back-end of line (BEoL) layers of advanced CMOS technologies, in particular - cause new challenges for reliability analysis and prediction. The authors show a combined numerical/experimental approach and results towards optimized fracture and fatigue resistance of those structures under chip package interaction (CPI) aspects by making use of bulk and interface fracture concepts, VCCT, X-FEM and cohesive zone models in multi-scale and multi-failure modeling approaches with several kinds of failure/fatigue phenomena. Probable crack paths and interactions between material damaging, ratcheting and interface fracture will be discussed. Complementary to the simulation side of reliability estimations, serious issues are connected with the collection of appropriate material properties in the miniaturized range addressed - Young's modulus, initial yield stress, hardening. Nano-indentation, AFM, FIB and EBSD provide these desired properties, in particular. In addition, residual stresses in the back-end layer stack caused by the different manufacturing processes have an essential impact on damage behavior, because they superpose functional and environmental loads. Their determination with a spatial resolution necessarily for typical BEoL structure sizes is shown with the help of a nano-scale stress relief technique (FIBDAC) that makes use of tiny trenches placed with a focused ion beam (FIB) equipment and digital image correlation algorithms.
Microarray platforms for enzymatic and cell-based assays (2006)

This tutorial review introduces the uninitiated to the world of microarrays (or so-called chips) and covers a number of basic concepts such as substrates and surfaces, printing and analysis. It then moves on to look at some newer applications of microarray technology, which include enzyme analysis (notably kinases and proteases) as well as the growing enchantment with so-called cell-based microarrays that offer a unique approach to high-throughput cellular analysis. Finally, it looks forwards and highlights future possible trends and directions in the microarray arena.
In situ growth of a PEG-like polymer from the C terminus of an intein fusion protein improves pharmacokinetics and tumor accumulation (2010)

This paper reports a general in situ method to grow a polymer conjugate solely from the C terminus of a recombinant protein. GFP was fused at its C terminus with an intein; cleavage of the intein provided a unique thioester moiety at the C terminus of GFP that was used to install an atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator. Subsequent in situ ATRP of oligo(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) yielded a site-specific (C-terminal) and stoichiometric conjugate with high yield and good retention of protein activity. A GFP-C-poly(OEGMA) conjugate (hydrodynamic radius (R(h)): 21 nm) showed a 15-fold increase in its blood exposure compared to the protein (R(h): 3.0 nm) after intravenous administration to mice. This conjugate also showed a 50-fold increase in tumor accumulation, 24 h after intravenous administration to tumor-bearing mice, compared to the unmodified protein. This approach for in situ C-terminal polymer modification of a recombinant protein is applicable to a large subset of recombinant protein and peptide drugs and provides a general methodology for improvement of their pharmacological profiles.
Average power handling capability of multilayer microstrip lines (2001)

This article describes the average power handling capability (APHC) of multilayer microstrip lines, including the effect of mismatch at the terminations. The data presented herein are validated by considering an example of a 12-W monolithic microwave integrated circuit power amplifier fabricated using multilayer low-loss microstrip technology. The calculated value of APHC for a 50-Ω line of a 75-μm-thick GaAs substrate is 1445 W at 10 GHz, whereas the corresponding value for a multilayer microstrip that has 10-μm-thick polyimide is only 44 W. At 40 GHz, these values are reduced by a factor of 2. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Int J RF and Microwave CAE 11: 385–395, 2001.
A Rapid In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assay for the Detection Tumor Necrosis Factor on Human BT-20 Cells (1991)

This report describes a rapid, reproducible in vitro bioassay to quantitate the cytotoxic activity of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha using a human rather than murine cell line in the absence of metabolic inhibitors. The target cells are BT-20 (breast carcinoma) cultured at 39 degrees C in the presence of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha (rHuTNF-alpha) in 96-well microtiter plates for 2 days. Cytotoxicity is measured by the crystal violet dye uptake of the remaining viable cells. This bioassay is sensitive to 1.5 ng/ml of rHuTNF-alpha, with an assay range to 130 ng/ml. Samples spiked into human plasma are measurable from 0.5 to 150 ng/ml. The specificity of this cytotoxic effect on the BT-20 cell line was demonstrated using rHuTNF-alpha neutralizing antibodies. A panel of cytokines including interferons, interleukins, and tumor necrosis factors was also analyzed using this assay system. Of the cytokines assayed, only recombinant murine tumor necrosis factor-alpha and recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-beta demonstrated measurable cytotoxic activity when assayed independently, while recombinant human interferon-gamma was the only cytokine to demonstrate greater than additive activity in combination with rHuTNF-alpha. The simplicity and reproducibility of this assay on a human cell line makes it useful for the routine determination of the biological activity of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
Corrosion Resistant OCTG's for a Range of Sour Gas Service Conditions (2000)

Abstract Today's exploration for Oil & Gas leads to a range of highly corrosive environments that, in turn, require a range of corrosion resistant high nickel content alloys. The proper chemical additions, primarily of nickel, chromium and molybdenum, provide the required corrosion resistance and a cost effective alloy selection. This paper examines five nickel alloys used extensively in hot, sour environments as Oil Country Tubular Goods (OCTG) and rates them in accordance to their corrosion resistance, strength range, and alloy content.
Prediction of Preceding Driver Behavior for Fuel Efficient Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control (2014)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">Advanced driver assistance systems like cooperative adaptive cruise control (CACC) are designed to exploit information provided by vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and/or infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication systems to achieve desired objectives such as safety, traffic fluidity or fuel economy. In a day to day traffic scenario, the presence of unknown disturbances complicates achieving these objectives. In particular, CACC benefits in terms of fuel economy require the prediction of the behavior of a preceding vehicle during a finite time horizon. This paper suggests an estimation method based on actual and past inter-vehicle distance data as well as on traffic and upcoming traffic lights. This information is used to train a set of nonlinear, autoregressive (NARX) models. Two scenarios are investigated, one of them assumes a V2V communication with the predecessor, the other uses only data acquired by on-board vehicle sensors. Depending on the applied approach and the moving space of the controlled vehicle, the thus obtained (imperfect) prediction allows fuel benefits in a range of 5% to 25% in the case of moderate, non-congested traffic. This is confirmed both by simulation and measurement. Compared to existing prediction methods, the proposed strategy delivers quite promising results.</div></div>
Multipath propagation study combining terrain diffraction and reflection (2001)

A multiple knife-edge attenuation formula is derived by combining diffraction and ground reflection. As an example, the attenuation by double knife edges with ground reflection is derived in detail and the attenuation by a flat-topped obstacle with slanted sides is also calculated. The attenuated fields are proven to be the combination of eight field components, and the number of multipath reflection rays can be reduced based on the location of the main reflection point defined by path parameters. The formulas have clear physical meanings and can be used for field strength prediction in both mobile and fixed communications.
Improving address space randomization with a dynamic offset randomization technique (2006)

Address Space Randomization (ASR) techniques randomize process layout to prevent attackers from locating target functions. Prior ASR techniques have considered single-target attacks, which succeed if the attacker can locate a single, powerful system library function. These techniques are not sufficient to defend against chained return-into-lib(c) attacks, each of which calls a sequence of system library functions in order.In this paper, we propose a new ASR technique, code islands, that randomizes not only the base pointers of memory mapping (mmapping), but also relative distances between functions, maximally and dynamically. Our technique can minimize the utility of information gained in early probes of a chained return-into-lib(c) attack, for later stages of that attack. With a pre-defined rerandomization thresh-old, our code islands technique not only is exponentially more effective than any prior ASR technique in defending against brute-force searches for locations of multiple targets---a key component of chained return-into-lib (c) attacks, but can also maintain high service availability even under attack. Our overhead measurement on some well-known GNU applications shows that it takes less than 0.05 second to load/rerandomize a process with the necessary C system library functions using code islands, and our technique introduces a 3-10% run-time overhead from inter-island control transfers. We conclude that the code island technique is well-suited to dedicated multi-threaded servers.
The secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) suppresses cancer cell invasion but promotes blood‐borne metastasis via an invasion‐independent pathway (2007)

An invasion-independent pathway has been proposed as a novel mechanism in blood-borne metastasis, where tumour cells enveloped by sinusoidal tumour vessels enter the circulation without vascular invasion. We previously identified the secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) as a candidate gene responsible for this pathway. In this study, the functional role of SLPI in metastatic dissemination was investigated. We transfected the SLPI gene into a poorly metastatic clone of the MCH66 mouse mammary tumour cell line. Over-expression of SLPI promoted in vivo growth and spontaneous metastasis to the lung, whereas it suppressed invasive activity in vitro. The inoculated tumours of SLPI-transfectants exclusively induced a sinusoidal vasculature and subsequently produced endothelial-coated tumour emboli, which are morphological indices of the invasion-independent pathway. In addition, exogenous SLPI inhibited the migration activity through Matrigel of both tumour cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). In vivo angiogenesis assays also demonstrated that SLPI suppressed the migration of newly formed blood vessels. These results suggest that an anti-migratory effect of SLPI on tumour-associated endothelial cells may induce vascular remodelling to form a sinusoidal architecture, and consequently promote invasion-independent metastasis. This study provides a new model for metastasis, based on the mechanism regulated by anti-invasive factors, such as SLPI.
iPod Touch®-Assisted Instrumentation of the Spine: A Technical Report (2012)

Aim: Successful instrumentation of the spine is dependent on choosing correct starting points and insertion angles to implant screws. Although modern image guidance facilitates very precise and safe instrumentation of the spine, the necessary equipment is costly and availability is still limited. Whereas most surgeons use lateral fluoroscopy to guide instrumentation in the sagittal plane, the lateromedial angulation is often chosen by feel and experience and is checked in the anteroposterior view after implantation. To overcome the uncertainty of the lateromedial angulation, iPod touch-based applications for measuring angles can be used to assist implantation of screws.
[Dual biochemical modulation therapy using 5-FU, leucovorin and cisplatin on human rectal carcinoma xenografts in nude mouse]. (1996)

This study examined a combined treatment for colorectal carcinoma, the dual biochemical modulation therapy, consisting of 5-FU, Leucovorin (LV) and Cisplatin (CDDP). We compared its anti-tumor effects with other treatments: 5-FU alone, CDDP alone and 5-FU with LV. Primary diffuse infiltrated colorectal carcinoma is well known for its biological malignancy and its lack of response to chemotherapy. We used SRM cells from a cell line of carcinoma of the rectum, and subcutaneously injected them into nude mice. The anti-tumor effects were estimated from the growth rate, inhibition rate and thymidylate synthetase inhibition rates in the tumor tissue. Results indicated that even if the concentration of 5-FU and LV were reduced by half, these combined with CDDP were more effective than other therapies. Dual biochemical modulation therapy is particularly promising because the reduction of the dosages would reduce the side effects while still serving as an excellent anti-tumor therapy.
Current perspectives on tocilizumab for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis: a review (2013)

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) remains a major clinical problem with many patients having continuing systemic inflammatory disease resulting in progressive erosive damage and high levels of disability. A range of pro-inflammatory cytokines including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interleukin (IL)-1 and IL-6 are involved in RA pathogenesis; these cytokines can be specifically inhibited by biological agents. Tocilizumab (TCZ) is a recombinant humanized anti-IL-6 receptor monoclonal antibody, administered monthly by intravenous infusion that prevents IL-6 signal transduction. There is strong evidence that it is both clinically efficacious and cost-effective. There have been several key clinical trials evaluating the safety and efficacy of TCZ in RA patients. We review five Phase II trials and seven Phase III trials enrolling a total of 626 and 5268 RA patients respectively. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) response criteria were used as the primary or secondary outcome measure in all trials. Overall these trials demonstrated that TCZ was effective in the treatment of RA in a number of patient groups, including those with an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX) or TNF inhibition. TCZ use, both as monotherapy and in combination with MTX, improved the signs and symptoms of RA within several weeks of commencing treatment. Additionally, TCZ was shown to reduce radiological disease progression and improve physical function, both as monotherapy and in combination with MTX. A 5-year extension study demonstrated that TCZ sustained good long-term efficacy and safety profiles. TCZ was generally well tolerated. Although its use increased the risk of an adverse event, these were usually mild to moderate in severity and treatment did not increase the risk of a serious adverse event in comparison to controls. Due to moderate increases in serum levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoproteins and serum transaminases seen in those patients treated with TCZ, as well as severe neutropenia in some, regular blood monitoring of full blood count, liver function and lipids is recommended. Given its clinical efficacy in the treatment of RA, TCZ may be beneficial in the treatment of other autoimmune diseases where IL-6 plays a role in the inflammatory cascade.
Effect of Topical Application of Urea Peroxide on Caries Incidence and Plaque Accumulation in Rats (1982)

100 μl of 10.00/o aqueous solutions of the test substances were applied topically 3 times daily to molar teeth in 23-day-old CARA rats previously inoculated with Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176 and Actinomyces viscosus Ny-1 and receiving a highly cariogenic diet (56% sucrose) and tap water ad libitum. The test treatments were: (1) control H2O, (2) hydrogen peroxide, (3) urea, (4) urea peroxide, (5) sodium percarbonate, and (6) sodium bicarbonate. Solutions were prepared daily. Urea peroxide and hydrogen peroxide were both highly effective in reducing plaque accumulation and caries incidence compared to the water control (pF < 0.001). Sodium percarbonate was less effective. Urea and sodium bicarbonate were ineffective. The effectiveness of the agents in rats was thus related to their ability to release active oxygen rather than to their in vivo or in vitro ability to neutralize plaque acid.
A Kinematics-Based Method For Generating Cartilage Maps and Deformations in the Multi-Articulating Wrist Joint From CT Images (2006)

We present a non-invasive method for estimating individual-specific cartilage maps directly from in vivo kinematic data and computed tomography (CT) volume images, and a novel algorithm for computing cartilage surface deformations. Our proposed cartilage model, a meshless incompressible height-field captures the physical properties important for estimating the shape, contact area, and deformation magnitude of cartilage at each articulation. This cartilage model can serve as an effective building block for a future forward-dynamic predictive model of the human wrist.
A Potential Diagnostic Reagent for Bovine Cysticercosis (1985)

A fraction of larval Taenia hydatigena cyst fluid was shown to have high sensitivity and specificity in the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of bovine antibodies to the heterologous parasite Taenia saginata. This antigenically active lipoprotein fraction was isolated by ultracentrifugal density flotation using either ammonium sulfate (specific gravity = 1.231 g per ml) or NaCl/KBr (specific gravity = 1.225 g per ml), followed by ion-exchange chromatography. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated that this fraction was composed of high molecular weight (65,000 to 77,000 Mr) and low molecular weight (9,500 to 16,000 Mr) proteins. Electrophoresis under non-denaturing conditions in either acrylamide (5%) or agarose (1%) resulted in 1 major diffuse band staining for both protein and lipid. The high and low molecular weight proteins observed on SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions could not be resolved by gel filtration chromatography and emerged as a single lipoprotein peak. This T. hydatigena cyst fluid fraction appears promising as a diagnostic reagent in the ELISA for bovine cysticercosis.
Performance of Meadow Fescue Accessions under Management‐Intensive Grazing (2001)

Meadow fescue ( Festuca pratensis Huds.) is a pasture grass that has been little used in North America since the introduction of its higher yielding relative, tall fescue ( F. arundinacea Schreb.). The objectives of this study were to quantify genotypic variation for traits related to performance under management‐intensive grazing (MIG) within the USDA‐NPGS collection of meadow fescue accessions, to relate that variation to the geographic sources, and to compare these meadow fescue accessions to a range of tall fescue cultivars. One hundred‐sixty meadow fescue accessions and 10 tall fescue cultivars were grazed for 2 yr under a free‐choice MIG system. Meadow fescue accessions were an average of 3.0% lower in net herbage accumulation (NHA; 8.33 vs. 8.60 Mg ha −1 ), but 14.7% higher in apparent intake (3.13 vs. 3.58 Mg ha −1 ) and 15.1% higher in apparent preference (31.7 vs. 36.4%) compared with tall fescue cultivars. Naturalized meadow fescue accessions had greater apparent intake and preference and were lower in crown rust resistance than cultivated meadow fescue accessions. Cultivated meadow fescue accessions were less variable for all traits than naturalized accessions, reflecting nearly a century of breeding activity in Europe. Most of the variability among accessions was accounted for by geographic sources. Naturalized accessions from the Russian Black Sea region generally ranked most favorably for all traits.
Replenishment Analysis in Distribution Requirements Planning* (1988)

ABSTRACT Most research on lot sizing has been for the case of a manufacturing system. In this paper, analogous issues are studied for a distribution network. Specifically, we consider the choice of shipment quantities within distribution requirements planning (DRP). A simulation model of DRP in a multi‐echelon, rolling‐schedule environment is used to examine, in conditions of both certain and uncertain demand, the performance of five lot‐sizing rules. We conducted a full‐factorial experiment in which four additional parameters were varied: distribution network structure (two options), demand distribution (three options), forecast error distribution (three options), and ordering cost (three values), as suggested by the consulting study which motivated our research. We found that for DRP, contrary to the “shop floor” wisdom on MRP, the choice of lot‐sizing method can be important. Generally the Silver‐Meal and Bookbinder‐Tan heuristics were significantly better than the other methods.
Calcitonin, A Diabetogenic Hormone?* (1981)

The effect of calcitonin on oral glucose tolerance and on insulin, C-peptide, glucagon, and GH secretion has been investigated in man. Eight subjects with normal glucose tolerance and eight with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) were studied. Each subject received two oral glucose tolerance tests (100 g) in random order, one under basal conditions and the other during the simultaneous in administration of salmon calcitonin (100 Medical Research Council Units). In all subjects, calcitonin exaggerated the rise in plasma glucose after oral sugar. The integrated areas under the plasma glucose curves were 4,400 +/- 840 mg/dl.min (normals) and 8,708 +/- 1,840 mg/dl.min (IGT) without calcitonin, and 8,208 +/- 1,700 mg/dl. min (normals) and 19,500 +/- 3,500 mg/dl. min (IGT) with calcitonin (P less than 0.01). Plasma insulin and C-peptide responses to glucose were significantly reduced (P less than 0.01) by calcitonin at all times after the start of the test in both normal and IGT groups. The inhibitory action of oral glucose on glucagon secretion was partially prevented by calcitonin (P less than 0.01). Moreover, calcitonin completely blunted the GH rebound occurring at the end of the test. These findings demonstrate that calcitonin impairs glucose tolerance in man by both inhibiting glucose-induced insulin secretion (primary effect) and reducing glucose-mediated glucagon suppression (accessory effect). These effects of calcitonin could be explained by a decrease in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in both alpha- and beta-cells.