gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Relationships Amongst the Fast‐growing Rhizobia of <i>Lablab purpureus, Leucaena leucocephala, Mimosa</i> spp., <i>Acacia farnesiana</i> and <i>Sesbania grandiflora</i> and their Affinities with Other Rhizobial Groups (1980)

Colony characteristics, growth in litmus milk, precipitation in calcium glycerophosphate medium and utilization of carbon sources of the root‐nodule bacteria isolated from the tropical legumes Leucaena, Mimosa, Acacia, Sesbania and Lablab were similar to fast‐growing rhizobia of temperate legumes, particularly Rhizobium meliloti. In agglutination tests, isolates from each host shared antigens with one or more of five Rhizobium strains from Leucaena. Infective characteristics of the fast‐growing rhizobia were studied in modified Leonard jars and in agar culture. Cross‐infections by rhizobia between these plants were common and the association often effective. Lablab was effectively nodulated by its own fast‐growing isolate but only formed root swellings, possibly ineffective pseudonodules, with the other isolates. Slow‐growing rhizobia which were able to nodulate Macroptilium atropurpureus were unable to form nodules on these legumes except Lablab which was considered more akin to the cowpea group. All fast‐growing isolates nodulated, often effectively, Vigna unguiculata and V. unguiculata ssp. sesquipedalis. The isolate from Lablab also effectively nodulated a number of other tropical legumes which have previously only been reported to nodulate with slow‐growing nodule bacteria and it also produced ineffective nodulation on Medicago sativa. This is the first record of an effective fast‐growing isolate from Lablab.
Max-margin zero-shot learning for multi-class classification (2015)

Due to the dramatic expanse of data cat-egories and the lack of labeled instances, zero-shot learning, which transfers knowledge from observed classes to recognize unseen classes, has started drawing a lot of attention from the research community. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised max-margin learning framework that integrates the semi-supervised classification problem over ob-served classes and the unsupervised cluster-ing problem over unseen classes together to tackle zero-shot multi-class classification. By further integrating label embedding into this framework, we produce a dual formulation that permits convenient incorporation of aux-iliary label semantic knowledge to improve zero-shot learning. We conduct extensive ex-periments on three standard image data sets to evaluate the proposed approach by com-paring to two state-of-the-art methods. Our results demonstrate the efficacy of the pro-posed framework. 1
Formation and characterisation of C70Cl10 (1995)

P. R. Birkett, A. G. Avent, A. D. Darwish, H. W. Kroto, R. Taylor and D. R. M. Walton, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1995, 683 DOI: 10.1039/C39950000683
In Vitro Cellular Muscle Calcium Metabolism. Characterization of Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy-Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> and 25-Hydroxy-Vitamin D<sub>3</sub> (1985)

Cultures of vitamin D-deficient chick soleus muscle and 12 day-old chick embryo myoblasts were used to characterize the effects of 1,25-dihydroxy-vitamin D3 and 25-hydroxy-vitamin D3 on muscle cell Ca metabolism. Physiological amounts of both sterols increased the rate and extent of 45Ca uptake by cultures. However, 1,25(OH)2D3 was significantly more effective than 25 OHD3. The greater potency of 1,25(OH)2D3 to increase Ca uptake could be shown after various treatment intervals of cultures and using a wide concentration range of both derivatives. Information about Ca pools affected by vitamin D3 metabolites was obtained through kinetic analysis of Ca efflux in cultured myoblasts. Cytoplasmic and mitochondria Ca pools were identified on the basis of their half-times of desaturation and by selective inhibition of plasma membrane and mitochondrial Ca transport with LaCl3 and Ruthenium Red, respectively. The data suggests that 1,25(OH)2D3 acts on muscle cellular Ca by increasing Ca efflux and influx through mitochondrial and plasma membranes whereas the predominant effect of 25 OHD3 is to increase Ca influx into mitochondria.
Comments on Ward et al., PAIN , 44 (1991) 151–155 (1992)

Pain: October 1992 - Volume 51 - Issue 1 - p 122 doi: 10.1016/0304-3959(92)90018-7
Fabrication of optical microstructures through fractional Talbot imaging (2005)

Interference in the Fresnel regime of periodic structures creates a wide variety of intricate diffraction patterns. The diffraction patterns from both amplitude and phase gratings can bear a strong resemblance to the grating itself, or have much more complex structures. In this paper, we discuss a general approach for using interference patterns from amplitude gratings for lithographic fabrication of optical microstructures. We address the generation of the interference patterns from the standpoint of Talbot self-imaging. This approach enables the realization of complex optical structures with a single exposure in an appropriate fractional Talbot plane. Design approaches are discussed, and both theoretical and experimental results are presented.
Effects of crystallization conditions on dielectric and ferroelectric properties of PZT thin films (2003)

This paper reports studies on dielectric and ferroelectric properties of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) thin films crystallized by conventional thermal annealing (CTA) and rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in air, oxygen and nitrogen atmospheres to better understand, control and optimize these properties. The dielectric constant (epsilon) and dissipation factor (tan delta) values, at a frequency of 100 kHz; for film crystallized in air by CTA process, were 358 and 0.039, respectively. Considering the same frequency for film crystallized in air by RTA, these values were 611 and 0.026, respectively. The different dielectric values were justified by a space-charge or interfacial polarization in films, often characterized as Maxwell-Wagner type. This effect was also responsible to dispersion at frequencies above 1 MHz in film crystallized in air by CTA process and film crystallized by RTA in oxygen atmosphere. The film crystallized by RTA under nitrogen atmosphere presented an evident dispersion at frequencies around 100 Hz, characterized by an increase in both epsilon and tan delta. This dispersion was attributed to conductivity effects. The remanent polarization (P-r) and coercive field (E-c) were also obtained for all films. Films obtained from RTA in air presented higher P-r (17.8 muC cm(-2)) than film crystallized from CTA (7.8 muC cm(-2)). As a function of the crystallization atmospheres, films crystallized by RTA in air and nitrogen presented essentially the same P-r values (around 18 muC cm(-2)) but the P-r (3.9 muC cm(-2)) obtained from film crystallized under oxygen atmosphere was profoundly influenced.
Understanding TCP Incast and Its Implications for Big Data Workloads (2012)

Abstract : TCP incast is a recently identified network transport pathology that affects many-to-one communication patterns in datacenters. It is caused by a complex interplay between datacenter applications, the underlying switches, network topology, and TCP, which was originally designed for wide area networks. Incast increases the queuing delay of flows, and decreases application level throughput to far below the link bandwidth. The problem especially affects computing paradigms in which distributed processing cannot progress until all parallel threads in a stage complete. Examples of such paradigms include distributed file systems, web search, advertisement selection, and other applications with partition or aggregation semantics [5, 18, 25].
Cells Under Pressure – Treatment of Eukaryotic Cells with High Hydrostatic Pressure, from Physiologic Aspects to Pressure Induced Cell Death (2008)

The research on high hydrostatic pressure in medicine and life sciences is multifaceted. According to the used pressure head the research has to be divided into two different parts. To study physiological aspects of pressure on eukaryotic cells physiological pressure (pHHP; < 100 MPa) is used. pHHP induces morphological alterations in the cellular organelles and evokes a reversible stress response similar to the well known heat shock response. pHHP induces highly reversible alterations and normally does not affect cellular viability. The treatment of eukaryotic cells with nonphysiological pressure (HHP; ≥ 100 MPa) reveals different outcomes. Treatment with HHP < 150 MPa does not markedly affect viability of human cells, but induces apoptosis in murine cells. In human cells apoptosis is observed after treatment with ≥ 200 MPa. Moreover, HHP treatment with > 300 MPa leads to necrosis. Therefore, HHP plays a role for the sterilisation of human transplants, of food stuff, and pharmaceuticals. Human tumour cells subjected to HHP > 300 MPa display a necrotic phenotype along with a gelificated cytoplasm, preserve their shape, and retain their immunogenicity. These observations favour the use of HHP to produce whole cell based tumour vaccines. Further experiments revealed that the increment of pressure as well as the pressure holding time influences the cell death of tumour cells. We conclude that high hydrostatic pressure offers both, an economic, easy to apply, clean, and fast technique for the generation of vaccines, and a promising tool to study physiological aspects. Keywords: High hydrostatic pressure, stress response, cell death, apoptosis, necrosis, immunogenicity, tumour vaccine, transplants
Circulating Nucleic Acids and Diabetic Complications (2006)

Diabetes mellitus is a major health problem across the world. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) and nephropathy are two of the major complications of diabetes. DR is the leading cause of blindness and diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of end-stage renal failure. We have examined the potential value of circulating nucleic acids in the detection and monitoring of these two complications of diabetes. mRNA for nephrin was significantly higher in all diabetics compared to healthy controls and it was significantly higher in normoalbuminuric patients compared to healthy controls. This may indicate progression to microalbuminuric stage. Circulating rhodopsin mRNA was detectable in healthy subjects and in diabetic patients. It was significantly raised in diabetic patients with retinopathy. Higher rhodopsin mRNA in diabetic patients without retinopathy suggests that some of them may go on to develop it or already have it subclinically. Circulating nucleic acids have the potential to be noninvasive molecular tests for diabetic complications.
Antivirals in seasonal and pandemic influenza—future perspectives<sup>*</sup> (2012)

Antiviral drugs continue to be an important option for the treatment of influenza disease and will likely be the only option during the early phases of pandemic. However, the limited number of drug classes licensed for treatment of influenza raises several issues, particularly in the face of drug resistance. Two classes of drugs are presently licensed for treatment of influenza, M2 and neuraminidase inhibitors. M2 inhibitors are currently not recommended for treatment of influenza because of widespread resistance and resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors has been observed during the past influenza seasonal outbreaks. Additional antiviral drugs with novel mechanisms of action are clearly needed for the treatment of influenza. Fortunately, the landscape of drugs in early and advanced development has dramatically increased over the last 5 years. Drugs targeting viral functions such as attachment, entry/fusion, transcription, and polymerase and drugs targeting host factors affecting viral replication are currently in clinical trials. Examples of these novel antiviral drugs and the challenges for influenza antiviral drug development are discussed in this article.
A new CAM macro for 622 Mbps ATM cell processing (2002)

A CAM macro for 622 Mbps ATM cell processing has been developed with two built-in circuits, the idle word detection circuit and the multiple hit detection circuit. The macro is fabricated in a standard 0.5 /spl mu/m 3 layer CMOS technology, 40 MHz operation and 70 mW power dissipation with 3.3 V power supply has been confirmed.
Elucidation of the genetic basis of the common ‘intermediate metabolizer’ phenotype for drug oxidation by CYP2D6 (2000)

A subgroup of 10-15% of Caucasians are termed phenotypical 'intermediate metabolizers' of drug substrates of CYP2D6 because they have severely impaired yet residual in-vivo function of this cytochrome P450. Genotyping based on the currently known CYP2D6 alleles does not predict this phenotype satisfactorily. A systematic sequencing strategy through 1.6 kb of the CYP2D6 5'-flanking sequence revealed six mutations of which three were exclusively associated with the functional CYP2D6*2 allele (-1496 C to G; -652 C to T; and -590 G to A), two were associated with the nonfunctional *4 and with the functional *10-alleles (-1338 C to T and -912 G to A) and one (-1147 A to G) was seen in all *2, *4 and *10-alleles investigated. The -1496 C to G mutation was found to be polymorphic within CYP2D6*2 alleles. In a family study, the wild-type CYP2D6 *2[-1496 C] and the novel variant [-1496 G] allele co-segregated with lower and higher CYP2D6 in-vivo function, respectively, as shown by phenotyping using sparteine as probe drug. In a representative population sample selected for genotypes comprising one CYP2D6*2 and one non-functional allele, the median urinary metabolic ratio (MRs) for sparteine oxidation was 4.4-fold reduced in individuals with the variant allele (*2[-1496 G], MRs = 0.53, n = 27) compared with individuals lacking the mutation (*2[-1496 C], MRs = 2.33, n = 12; P < 0.0001). The mutation -1496 C to G has an estimated frequency of approximately 20% in the general population and allows establishment of a genotype for the identification of over 60% of intermediate metabolizers in Caucasian populations.
Boundary probe for measurement of current density and electric-field strength—with special reference to ionised gases (1974)

An active probe is described that is suitable for measurement of current density J and electric-field strength E over an electrode boundary. It is capable of high mechanical resolution, since spatial accuracy of 0.5 mm is readily obtainable. Calibration of the probe is in terms of its mechanical dimensions, so that J may be determined to within ±1%, and E to within ±5%. The measurement of E is dependent on those situations where the motion of carriers is due to electrical drift; so that, in gases, the mean free path of ions should be less than a probe diameter. No such restriction applies to J. The probe has an interesting characteristic that is shown to have considerable generality in ionised air at s.t.p. It may prove to possess much wider generality. The method is presented and verified for static fields. Gaseous discharges and electrolytes may be usefully examined, and their conductivity measured directly.
Immunoglobulin disulfide bridges: Theme and variations (1985)

Prelude There are two types of disulfide bridges in immunoglobulins. One is the conserved intrachain bridge, spanning about 60 to 70 amino acid residues and found, as a monotonous theme, in every immunoglobulin domain. Buried deep between the opposing ~3-sheets, these bridges are shielded from solvent and, ordinarily, can be reduced only in the presence of denaturing agents. In contrast, the remaining disulfide bridges- interchain as well as occasional extra intrachain bonds- form a set of variations, differing in number and location according to immunoglobulin class and species, apparently constrained only by the necessity of conforming to the overall structure of the immunoglobulin fold. The latter bridges are typically located on the surface of the molecule, external to the ~3-sheets; they are accessible to solvent and are usually relatively easily reduced. Although their presence may impart special properties to certain immunoglobulin classes, the interchain disulfide bridges are not required for chain association, noncovalent forces generally being adequate for this task (see reviews by Beale & Feinstein, 1976, and Amzel & Poljak, 1979). The presence of buried conserved and superficial nonconserved disulfide bridges is also a characteristic feature of other extracellular proteins (Thornton, 1981). In historical context, recognition of the existence (Edelman, 1959; Edelman & Poulik, 1961), number and location (Nisonoff et al., 1961; Palmer and Nisonoff, 1964), and lability to reduction (Porter, 1962; Fleischman et al., 1963) of the interchain bridges in immunoglobulins played a crucial role in the establishment of the familiar four-chain model. In this article, I shall discuss some of the work carried out in my laboratory that bears on the general subject of the disulfide bridges in immunoglobulins. Partly by design, but mostly by accident, investigations of disulfide bridges have recurred in my research from the time I was a medical student at Yale, working in the laboratory of Fred Richards on the reduction and reoxidation of the disulfide bonds of ribonuclease (Steiner, t959). In the Porter laboratory, I studied patterns of interchain disulfide bonds in rabbit and human IgG. When I came to MIT, I drew on these experiences to work out a method for preparing heavy-atom derivatives of immunoglobulins in which mercuric ions are inserted into the interchain disulfide bridges. This was followed by the investigation of a crystallizable immunoglobulin strangely deficient in interchain bonds. Very recently, we have found that the light chains of bullfrog immunoglobulins have apparently replaced their bridge to the heavy
Low cost electronically steered antenna and receiver system for mobile satellite communications (1996)

The design, construction, and basic characteristics of an electronically steered, adaptive phased array antenna for land mobile satellite communications are described here. The antenna system includes an array of six microstrip stacked patch antennas, each one connected to an RF channel, which include a monolithic microwave/millimeter wave integrated circuit (MMIC) low noise amplifier and a commercial silicon monolithic I-Q modulator. A six-way microstrip combiner adds the six channels so that the resulting signal is introduced in a global positioning system (GPS) receiver, constructed with two commercial application specific integrated circuits (ASICs). This receiver has a PC interface which include control boards, specifically designed for this application, that allow the setting of the amplitude and phase of each RF channel. Acquisition and tracking algorithms have been programmed in C-language for working in real time using as input data the signal levels provided by the receiver.
Does Cannabidiol Protect Against Adverse Psychological Effects of THC? (2013)

The recreational use of cannabis can have persistent adverse effects on mental health. Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) is the main psychoactive constituent of cannabis, and most, if not all, of the effects associated with the use of cannabis are caused by THC. Recent studies have suggested a possible protective effect of another cannabinoid, cannabidiol (CBD). A literature search was performed in the bibliographic databases PubMed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science using the keyword "cannabidiol." After removing duplicate entries, 1295 unique titles remained. Based on the titles and abstracts, an initial selection was made. The reference lists of the publications identified in this manner were examined for additional references. Cannabis is not a safe drug. Depending on how often someone uses, the age of onset, the potency of the cannabis that is used and someone's individual sensitivity, the recreational use of cannabis may cause permanent psychological disorders. Most recreational users will never be faced with such persistent mental illness, but in some individuals cannabis use leads to undesirable effects: cognitive impairment, anxiety, paranoia, and increased risks of developing chronic psychosis or drug addiction. Studies examining the protective effects of CBD have shown that CBD can counteract the negative effects of THC. However, the question remains of how the laboratory results translate to the types of cannabis that are encountered by real-world recreational users.
Cannabidiol displays unexpectedly high potency as an antagonist of CB<sub>1</sub>and CB<sub>2</sub>receptor agonists<i>in vitro</i> (2007)

This study has provided the first evidence that cannabidiol can display CB2 receptor inverse agonism, an action that appears to be responsible for its antagonism of CP55940 at the human CB2 receptor. The ability of cannabidiol to behave as a CB2 receptor inverse agonist may contribute to its documented anti-inflammatory properties.
A new strategy in the control of house dust mite allergy. (1983)

Elimination of house dust mites by chemical means has so far been disappointing. Based on recent knowledge that house dust mites depend on fungi for their growth, a fungicide, natamycin was sprayed on the mattresses of patients at regular intervals. Forty patients with residual symptoms of allergy to house dust mites under optimal treatment, including house dust-free measures, were selected for the study. Among the 28 patients who completed the study, 15 were improved, 9 remained the same and 4 were worse. These data strongly suggest a beneficial effect of natamycin on the symptoms of allergy to house dust mite. They warrant further investigation with control groups and assessment of the mite population of the bedding.
Antagonism of development and growth of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene-induced rat mammary tumors by the antiestrogen U 23,469 and effects on estrogen and progesterone receptors. (1977)

This study analyzed the effectiveness of a nonsteroidal antiestrogen, cis-(3-[p-(1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-1-naphthyl)phenoxy]-1,2-propanediol (U 23,469) previously shown to be potent in antagonizing estrogen-induced uterine growth, in preventing the development of 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA)-induced rat mammary tumors and in eliciting the regression of established tumors; the study also attempts to elucidate the mechanisms of the tumor antagonism of U 23,469. Virgin female Sprague-Dawley rats that receive DMBA at 47 to 50 days of age and then receive U 23,469 (250 micrograms s.c. in 0.15 M NaCl daily) have a greatly reduced number of mammary tumors and a markedly decreased tumor area. Treatment with U 23,469 for increasing time periods (3, 6, or 12 weeks) beginning 2 weeks after DMBA results in a progressive delay in onset of tumor appearance. U 23,469 treatment beginning 1 week after DMBA or given prior to DMBA is even more effective. The time course of tumor regression (3 months after DMBA) by U 23,469 or ovariectomy is similar, with 50% regression in ca. 2 weeks, and both elicit regression of almost all tumors (greater than 90%). After ovariectomy, cytosol progesterone receptor levels are greatly diminished in tumors and uteri, while cytosol estrogen receptor (ER) levels are high; in both tissues little (ca. one-third) of ER is in the nucleus. During U 23,469 treatment, cytosol ER content is very low in regressing tumor and uterus and over 90% of ER is in the nucleus; cytosol progesterone receptor is slightly depressed in the uterus but is at the untreated level in mammary tumor. These receptor studies suggest that the effectiveness of this antiestrogen in antagonizing mammary tumor development and growth may reside in its ability markedly to perturb the distribution of ER, maintaining over 90% of ER in the nucleus with concomitant low levels of cytoplasmic ER, a situation that may render the mammary tissue insensitive to the animal's own endogenous estrogens.
Modifications to the Injection System of the K800 Superconducting Cyclotron (1983)

The original design of the K800 cyclotron called for a pole tip geometry with a double spiral. After studying the feasibility of designing a stripping mechanism that would fit inside one of the dees, it was decided to use the simpler single spiral pole tips. In this paper we describe the calculations done to study the injection orbits.