gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of 1,3,5-Triacylperhydro-1,3,5-triazines Catalyzed by Ion-Exchange Resins (1986)

1,3,5-Triacylperhydro-1,3,5-triazines can be obtained in high yields by reaction of 1,3,5-trioxan with nitriles in solvents such as chlorobenzene using as catalyst an ion-exchange resin such as Amberlyst 15® with precise control of the hydration rate of the resin.
Encapsulation of vacuum sensors in a waffr level package using a gold-silicon eutectic (2005)

A vacuum package based on gold-silicon eutectic wafer bonding has been developed and evaluated using high sensitivity poly-Si Pirani vacuum sensors. Encapsulation of the devices was achieved by bonding a silicon cap wafer to a device wafer using a Au-Si eutectic solder at or above 390/spl deg/C in a vacuum bonder. The Au-Si eutectic solder encircled the devices, providing an airtight seal. Strong bonds could be achieved using /spl ges/2.5 /spl mu/m of gold on the cap wafer, to bond to either a poly-Si film of 0.5 /spl mu/m or less, or a gold thin film patterned to the same dimensions as the cap wafer gold. Pirani gauges were encapsulated and tested over several months. Devices packaged without getters produced initial pressures from 2 to 12 torr with initial leak/outgassing rates of -0.073 to 80 torr/year. Devices packaged with Nanogetters/spl trade/ provided by ISSYS produced pressures as low as 5 mtorr with leak/outgassing rates of <10 mtorr/year.
Rapid and sustained CD4+ T-cell-independent immunity from adenovirus-encoded vaccine antigens (2007)

Many novel vaccine strategies rely on recombinant viral vectors for antigen delivery, and adenovirus vectors have emerged among the most potent of these. In this report, we have compared the immune response induced through priming with adenovirus vector-encoded full-length viral protein to that elicited with an adenovirus-encoded minimal epitope covalently linked to beta(2)-microglobulin. We demonstrate that the beta(2)-microglobulin-linked epitope induced an accelerated and augmented CD8(+) T-cell response. Furthermore, the immunity conferred by vaccination with beta(2)-microglobulin-linked lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)-derived epitopes was long-lived and protective. Notably, in contrast to full-length protein, the response elicited with the beta(2)-microglobulin-linked LCMV-derived epitope was CD4(+) T-cell independent. Furthermore, virus-specific CD8(+) T cells primed in the absence of CD4(+) T-cell help were sustained in the long term and able to expand and control a secondary challenge with LCMV. Our results demonstrate that modifications to the antigen used in adenovirus vaccines may be used to improve the induced T-cell response. Such a strategy for CD4(+) T-cell-independent immunity from adenovirus vectors offers prospects for vaccination against opportunistic pathogens in AIDS patients and possibly immunotherapy in chronic virus infections.
A Novel Method for Preparation of Disulfides on Silicon (2001)

This work describes an efficient novel method to incorporate reactive disulfide bonds onto a silica surface under mild reaction conditions. The reactive thiol groups introduced onto the silicon surface in the first reaction step will be oxidized but easily converted into highly reactive thiopyridyl groups, which can therefore easily be utilized for further organic synthesis involving thiol-containing molecules. This is done in a way that yields approximately a monolayer of reactant on the surface, thereby not adding to the roughness of the surface, of special importance, for instance, for single molecule interaction studies.
Polymerization of water soluble cationic vinyl monomers (1996)

Abstract This paper summarizes investigations on the radical polymerization of cationic vinyl monomers with respect to the peculiarities of the reaction in aqueous solution, the synthesis of model polymers and polyelectrolytes with regular structure as well as to a new process of stabilized precipitation polymerization. The rate of polymerization depends on the ionic strength of the solution. Random copolymers of diallyldimethylammonium chloride and acrylamide with variable charge density but equal molecular weight were synthesized by a feeding technique. Block copolymers consisting of charged and uncharged monomelic units with different hydrophilicity are available using macroazoinitiators. The novel polymers are powerful stabilizers in the precipitation polymerization of water soluble cationic vinyl monomers in aqueous salt solution leading to a dispersion of fine polymer particles. Polyampholytes with alternating positively and negatively charged monomelic units in the backbone were obtained by cyclocopolymerization of diallylanmine compounds and derivatives of maleic acid.
Quantitative interpretation of pulsed neutron capture logs: Part 1 — Fast numerical simulation (2011)

Abstract Pulsed neutron capture (PNC) logs are commonly used for formation evaluation behind casing and to assess time-lapse variations of hydrocarbon pore volume. Because conventional interpretation methods for Σ logs assume homogeneous formations, errors may arise, especially in thinly bedded formations, when appraising petrophysical properties of hydrocarbon-bearing beds. There exist no quantitative interpretation methods to account for shoulder-bed effects on Σ logs acquired in sand-shale laminated reservoirs. Because of diffusion effects between dissimilar beds, Σ logs acquired in such formations do not obey mixing laws between the Σ responses of pure-sand and pure-shale end members of the sedimentary sequence. We have developed a new numerical method to simulate PNC rapidly and accurately logs. The method makes use of late-time, thermal-neutron flux sensitivity functions (FSFs) to describe the contribution of multilayer formations toward the measured capture cross section. It includes a correction procedure based on 1D neutron diffusion theory that adapts the transport-equation-derived, base-case FSF of a homogeneous formation to simulate the response of vertically heterogeneous formations. Benchmarking exercises indicate that our simulation method yields average differences smaller than two capture units within seconds of computer central processing unit time with respect to PNC logs simulated with rigorous Monte Carlo methods for a wide range of geometrical, petrophysical, and fluid properties.
Diurnal Regulation of Water Transport and Aquaporin Gene Expression in Maize Roots: Contribution of PIP2 Proteins (2003)

In maize (Zea mays) roots, xylem water transfer supported by root pressure occurs during the day and is less important at night. Diurnal modifications of osmotic pressure gradient between medium and xylem could not explain the oscillation of water flux in young maize roots during the day-night cycle. We observed a high turgor pressure of root cortical cells associated with a high flux. In maize roots, ZmPIP transcripts oscillate during the day-night cycle exhibiting some characteristics of genes regulated by a circadian mechanism. The PIP protein level profile is different from the mRNA pattern. Moreover, ZmPIP1 and ZmPIP2 protein levels are differentially regulated during the light and dark period and in response to continuous darkness suggesting different roles for both classes of PIP. Finally, our results suggest that aquaporins from ZmPIP2 subgroup may contribute to root water transfer by cellular pathway that occurs during the light and the dark period of the day-night cycle.
[Colloids vs. crystalloids in fluid resuscitation for septic shock: a meta-analysis]. (2010)

Colloids have been shown to improve CI significantly, and no differences were found between two groups with respect to 28-day mortality, MAP, HR.
Scope of validity of PSNR in image/video quality assessment (2008)

Experimental data are presented that clearly demonstrate the scope of application of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) as a video quality metric. It is shown that as long as the video content and the codec type are not changed, PSNR is a valid quality measure. However, when the content is changed, correlation between subjective quality and PSNR is highly reduced. Hence PSNR cannot be a reliable method for assessing the video quality across different video contents.
A hybrid self‐organizing maps and particle swarm optimization approach (2004)

Abstract Gene clustering, the process of grouping related genes in the same cluster, is at the foundation of different genomic studies that aim at analyzing the function of genes. Microarray technologies have made it possible to measure gene expression levels for thousands of genes simultaneously. For knowledge to be extracted from the datasets generated by these technologies, the datasets have to be presented to a scientist in a meaningful way. Gene clustering methods serve this purpose. In this paper, a hybrid clustering approach that is based on self‐organizing maps and particle swarm optimization is proposed. In the proposed algorithm, the rate of convergence is improved by adding a conscience factor to the self‐organizing maps algorithm. The robustness of the result is measured by using a resampling technique. The algorithm is implemented on a cluster of workstations. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small‐worlds: A review of recent books (2003)

Abstract Small‐worlds research and related fields study a set of network structures with well‐defined properties. This new area has been gaining momentum lately. Theoretical studies have advanced our understanding of such networks while empirical studies have shown these networks to be ubiquitous in both nature and society. In particular, systems that appear to be well modeled by such networks include World Wide Web documents, Internet routers, the cellular metabolic network, ecological food webs, social networks, and many others. The two main structures being investigated are small‐world networks and scale‐free networks. Three recent books, including two just published this summer, describe the research being undertaken in this burgeoning field. We survey and review these books through a discussion of the field of small‐worlds research with numerous examples and considerations of the future of the field. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Studies on chemical carcinogens. XXIII. A simple method for characterization of the alkylating ability of compounds by using 4-(p-nitrobenzyl)pyridine. (1982)

The present work provides a simple method for the characterization of alkylating agents by measuring the reaction selectivity toward 4-(p-nitrobenzyl) pyridine (NBP) in acetone containing phosphate buffer, evaluated in terms of the selectivity constant, SNBP, which is defined as log {[H2O]/[NBP]×N%/(100-N%)}, where N% is the percentage molar fraction of NBP alkylation. SNBP values were determined for about 40 kinds of halides, methanesulfonates, tosylates, sulfates, phosphates, nitrosoureas, and nitrosoguanidines. SNBP can replace the substrate constant, s, of the Swain-Scott equation, and SNBP's of some of the agents examined here were linearly correlated with the s values.
Complete amino acid sequence of the heavy-chain variable region from an A/J mouse antigen-nonbinding monoclonal antibody bearing the predominant arsonate idiotype (1984)

The 1F6 hybridoma protein, exhibiting the predominant cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) associated with the immune response to p-azophenylarsonate in A/J mice but failing to bind the hapten arsonate, was elicited following immunization with rat anti-CRI [Wysocki, L.J., & Sato, V. (1981) Eur. J. Immunol. 11, 832-839]. The dissociation of idiotype and antigen binding in this hybridoma provides an opportunity to determine structural features involved in antigen binding and idiotypic sites. The complete heavy-chain variable region (VH) amino acid sequence was obtained by automated Edman degradation of the intact chain and fragments due to CNBr cleavage, trypsin digestion, mild acid hydrolysis, and carboxypeptidase A digestion of a CNBr fragment. Comparison of the CRI+ arsonate-nonbinding 1F6 sequence with the CRI+ germ-line VH gene sequence reveals that the 1F6 heavy chain differs from the germ-line-encoded amino acid sequence at seven positions within VH [Siekevitz, M., Gefter, M. L., Brodeur, P., Riblet, R., & Marshak-Rothstein, A. (1982) Eur. J. Immunol. 12, 1023-1032]. The 1F6 VH appears to arise from the CRI+ germ-line VH by somatic mutation at at least seven amino acid residues, each of which could be due to a single nucleotide base change. The diversity (D) gene-encoded segment of 1F6 is similar to that of the CRI+ antigen-binding hybridoma 36-65 except for two amino acid substitutions. Further, the idiotype (CRI) is preserved despite use of a JH4 gene segment in 1F6 as compared to JH2 in all CRI+ arsonate-binding hybridomas examined to date.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Heterogeneity of Hypertrophy in Feline Hypertrophic Heart Disease (1993)

Eighty-six cats with non-dilated left ventricular myocardial hypertrophy were studied retrospectively. Cats were categorized by two-dimensional echocardiography as having symmetric ventricular hypertrophy (Type I), asymmetric with predominant septal thickening hypertrophy (Type II), and asymmetric hypertrophy with predominant free-wall thickening (Type III). The distribution of hypertrophy was judged subjectively and objectively. Subjective and objective results were similar (P = 0.03) although overlap existed between groups. Morphologic patterns (Types I, II, and III) were compared with breed, age, sex, heart rate, percent fractional shortening, left atrial size, serum creatinine concentration, and the presence (yes/no) of pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, pericardial effusion, heart murmur, dyspnea, thromboembolism, hyperthyroidism, and being alive at the time of study. Interventricular septal thickness, left ventricular free wall thickness, percent fractional shortening, and left atrial size additionally were compared to 3-month survival. Cats with Type III hypertrophy were more likely to experience thromboembolism than cats with Type II hypertrophy (P = 0.05) and cats with Type I hypertrophy were more likely to have heart murmurs than cats with Type III (P = 0.02). No other significant associations were found in comparison to pattern of hypertrophy. Both left atrial size and percent fractional shortening significantly correlated with 3-month survival (P < 0.001 for each). The degree of interventricular septal wall thickness was associated with 3-month survival (P = 0.02) when known hyperthyroid cats were excluded from the study group, while left ventricular free wall thickness consistently was not associated with survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Sclerosing therapy for varicose veins (1971)

When treating patients with varicose veins of the lower extremities, we used a mixture of 2-5 ml of iodine (2.5%) and sodium iodide (3.5%) water solutions. Patients were treated as outpatients. Contraindications were acute thrombophlebitis, obliterating endarteritis of the lower extremities, insufficient permeability of deep veins and severe general diseases.
Targeted photodynamic therapy with multiply‐loaded recombinant antibody fragments (2007)

Current photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer is limited by inefficiencies involved in specifically targeting photosensitizers to tumors. Although antibodies are being explored as targeting vehicles, they present significant challenges, particularly in terms of pharmacokinetics and drug-coupling. We describe here a novel and effective system to covalently attach multiple photosensitizer molecules (both preclinical, pyropheophorbide-a and clinically approved, verteporfin photosensitizers) to single-chain Fvs. Further, we demonstrate that not only do the resulting photoimmunoconjugates retain photophysical functionality, they are more potent than either free photosensitizer, effectively killing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. For example, treatment of human breast cancer xenografts with a photoimmunoconjugate comprising an anti-HER-2 scFv linked to 8-10 molecules of pyropheophorbide-a leads to significant tumor regression. These results give an insight into the important features that make scFvs good carriers for PDT drugs and provide proof of concept of our unique approach to targeted photodynamic therapy (tPDT). This promises to significantly improve on current photodynamic therapies for the treatment of cancer.
NIR-based prediction of extractives in American white oak heartwood (2011)

Abstract White oak is commonly used for cooperage and the heartwood extractives are important for this application because of their impact on the flavor and color of wine and spirits aged in white oak barrels. White oak extractives comprise a complex mixture of compounds and the composition of the mixture can change within trees over time. The ability to monitor the extractives component of white oak heartwood could be helpful for assessments of barrels and their contents. Wood from five American white oak stave logs was sampled. NIR-based models could provide reasonable predictions of the concentration of individual extractives components. However, these extractives were highly correlated to one another and to radial location suggesting that segregation of white oak material based on distance from the pith could be an efficient method for selecting samples that are relatively rich in flavor-associated chemicals. The relatively poor near infrared-based prediction ability for total extractives content could be due to age-related changes in the composition of the mixture of extractives across the radius.
Trellis-coded pulse-position modulation for indoor wireless infrared communications (1997)

We analyze the performance of trellis-coded pulse-position modulation (PPM) on indoor, wireless infrared channels. We show that maximum-likelihood sequence detection (MLSD) of trellis-coded PPM is very effective in mitigating the multipath dispersion on such channels. We present code search results for high constraint-length, rate-2/3, 8-PPM and rate-3/4, 16-PPM codes. We provide bit-error rate curves and intersymbol interference power-penalties for MLSD of PPM with these codes, evaluated on ceiling-bounce channel models with delay spread per bit duration ratios of 0.01-0.3. Finally, we present Monte Carlo simulation results to verify our analysis.
Polycarbosilanes: An Overview (1988)

Polycarbosilanes, in their broadest definition, are organosilicon polymers whose backbone is composed of silicon atoms, appropriately substituted, and difunctional organic groups which bridge the silicon atoms, as shown in formula 1. The polycarbosilanes may be linear, or they can be cyclic or polycyclic. Or they can be hybrids of two or all three of these. The organic "bridge," -(C)-, can be quite varied - a patent attorney's delight: CH2, CH2CH2, higher (CH2)n (≥3), CH=CH, CH2CH=CHCH2, C≡C, CH2C≡CCH2, arylene, xylylene, etc., etc. We shall restrict the scope of this discussion to the case where the connecting bridge is CH2, i.e., the "polysilmethylenes," since a major emphasis will be on polymeric precursors for silicon carbide, i.e., on carbosilane-type preceramic polymers [1] whose pyrolysis gives a ceramic product as close as possible to the composition SiC. The polysilmethylenes may be viewed as the carbon analogs of the Polysiloxanes: Carbosilanes, defined this narrowly, as
Error in Hall Cell Angle Measurement Due to Magnet Edge Effects (1963)

The magnetic field in the vicinity of the center of a magnet gap is analyzed. In measuring an angle by means of a Hall cell in the magnetic field of the gap, the inhomogeneity of the magnetic field due to the influence of the edge of the gap leads to an error. The maximum error of the Hall voltage due to this cause is shown to be (5/16)Ww2/R3, where W is gap spacing, R is magnet face radius, and w is Hall cell width in direction across which VH is measured.
Cellular and Physiological Effects of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (2004)

Short chain fatty acids (SCFA) have multiple in vivo and in vitro effects including cell cycle arrest and induction of protein synthesis, differentiation, and apoptosis. Butyrate or derivatives have promise for treating inflammatory bowel disease and colon cancer. Genomic and proteomic analysis have generated new knowledge on function and applications for SCFA.
Introduction: the old order (1978)

The history of modern China – what is now thought to have happened there – is full of controversy. Major events are known but their significance is disputed. Meanwhile many minor events remain unknown or disregarded.
Zr‐Modified Pb(Mg <sub>1/3</sub> Nb <sub>2/3</sub> )O <sub>3</sub> with a Long‐Range Cation Order (2008)

The 1:1 structural order and B‐site cation order in Pb(Mg 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 ceramics was significantly enhanced by Zr 4+ substituting Nb 5+ according to the chemical formula Pb(Mg 1/3 Zr 2 x /3 Nb 2(1− x )/3 )O 3− x /3 . The enhanced structural and cation order was revealed by both X‐ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The increased charge difference and the introduced oxygen vacancies were suggested to account for the observed long‐range cation order. Typical relaxor ferroelectric behavior was retained even in the ceramics with a high degree of cation order.
ATCA: its performance and application for real time systems (2005)

The Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture (ATCA), describes a high bandwidth, high connectivity, chassis based architecture designed principally to appeal to the telecommunications industry. The object of the exercise was to closely connect compute engines within the chassis to multiple user services brought in at the front panel. This maps closely to the needs of real time systems and the main points of the architecture are reviewed and discussed in that light. The performance of an ATCA backplane has been tested and measured using a backplane tester developed within a 10 Gb/s Ethernet switch project that was an early adopter of the ATCA standard. Some results from these tests are presented.
Hyperbranched polyesters: End group modification and properties (1996)

Abstract Several hyperbranched polyesters have been prepared in a one‐pot polycondensation reaction. Molecular weights, viscosities and rheological behavior of these polymers have been characterized. The influence of their terminal groups on the properties and their behavior in blends will be discussed.
The influence of pressure and temperature on the crystal structure of acetone (1999)

Dipolar carbonyl–carbonyl contacts generally occur in one of three motifs, and all are exhibited in the X-ray crystal structures of two phases of acetone derived at 15 kBar and at 150 K; a neutron powder-diffraction study at 5 K and an X-ray diffraction study at 110 K reveal strengthened CH···O as well as CO···CO electrostatic contacts which appear to explain the unusual thermodynamic properties of acetone, the nature of which have remained a mystery since 1929.
Sigma delta ADC with a dynamic reference for accurate temperature and voltage sensing (2008)

A second-order sigma-delta analog-to-digital converter (ADC) with 12-bit absolute accuracy has been designed using a 0.7 mum CMOS technology. The ADC is part of a temperature sensor, and they both share a dynamic band-gap reference voltage, which is trimmed at room temperature. By using precision techniques such as chopping, correlated double-sampling and dynamic element matching, this reference voltage has a temperature coefficient of 3.5 ppm/degC over the range -40degC to 125degC. Its curvature error is corrected at the system level by means of a look-up-table-driven feedback loop. The result is an accurate temperature sensor with, in addition, accurate voltage sensing capability. The ADC's input dynamic range extends from 0 to V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> , for V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">DD</sub> ranging from 2.5 V to 5.5 V. The chip has an active area of 4.9 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , and a current consumption of 85 muA.