gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Accurate Sum and Dot Product (2005)

Algorithms for summation and dot product of floating-point numbers are presented which are fast in terms of measured computing time. We show that the computed results are as accurate as if computed in twice or K-fold working precision, $K\ge 3$. For twice the working precision our algorithms for summation and dot product are some 40% faster than the corresponding XBLAS routines while sharing similar error estimates. Our algorithms are widely applicable because they require only addition, subtraction, and multiplication of floating-point numbers in the same working precision as the given data. Higher precision is unnecessary, algorithms are straight loops without branch, and no access to mantissa or exponent is necessary.
Aeronautical satellite networks (2003)

The author addresses the design and development of a satellite based network that is to provide critical safety-of-life communications services to the air transport industry. The system uses a fully integrated digital transmission system for cockpit and passenger voice and data. The voice-transmission system provides for multiple channels of near-toll-quality communications. Applications of this system are discussed, and attentions is given to the number and locations of satellites, network capacity, avionics, the ground segment, and network interoperability. The author concludes with a description of the near-term-service development plans for aviation satellite services.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An automatic physical design tool for clustered column-stores (2013)

Good database design is typically a very difficult and costly process. As database systems get more complex and as the amount of data under management grows, the stakes increase accordingly. Past research produced a number of design tools capable of automatically selecting secondary indexes and materialized views for a known workload. However, a significant bulk of research on automated database design has been done in the context of row-store DBMSes. While this work has produced effective design tools, new specialized database architectures demand a rethinking of automated design algorithms.
Antibacterial and Hydrophilic Characteristics of Poly(ether sulfone) Composite Membranes Containing Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Grafted with Hydrophilic Polymers (2016)

An ultrafiltration membrane with antibacterial effectiveness and high water flux was prepared from poly(ether sulfone) (PES) and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles grafted with poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP-g-ZnO) and poly(1-vinylpyrrolidone-co-acrylonitrile) (P(VP-AN)-g-ZnO). The PES membrane did not exhibit antibacterial activity, whereas the PES membranes containing more than 0.5 wt % of ZnO nanoparticles exhibited antibacterial activity, regardless of the polymer grafted onto the ZnO. The solute rejection measured with the PES/P(VP-AN)-g-ZnO membrane was nearly identical to that measured with the PES membrane. The water flux of the PES membrane involving polymer-grafted ZnO nanoparticles was higher than that of the PES membrane containing pristine ZnO nanoparticles when the ZnO concentration in the membrane was fixed, The PES/PVP-g-ZnO and the PES/P(VP-AN)-g-ZnO membranes exhibited nearly identical water flux. Membranes exhibiting antibacterial effectiveness, improved water flux, and antifouling characteristic without changes in solute rejection could be produced by incorporating P(VP-AN)-g-ZnO.
Ultrahigh-Temperature Ceramic Aerogels (2019)

We demonstrate the synthesis of high-surface-area, low-density refractory aerogels. The monolithic hafnium boride (HfB2) and zirconium boride (ZrB2) aerogels are prepared via borothermal reduction of precursor hafnia and zirconia aerogels, respectively, consisting of a fine mixture of boron nanoparticles and the metal oxide. This precursor boron–metal oxide (B–MO2) composite aerogel was synthesized by modifying the pure ethanol solvent typically used in the epoxide-initiated sol–gel synthesis of metal oxide aerogels with an ethanolic boron nanoparticle suspension. After reduction, precursor aerogels are converted to metal boride aerogels containing primary particles in the sub-100 nm regime. The relative densities of the HfB2 and ZrB2 aerogels are 3 and 7%, respectively, and could be tailored by simply changing the density of the precursor aerogels via modifying the reagent concentrations or the drying conditions. Thermal conductivities of the ZrB2 monoliths ranged from 0.18 to 0.33 W/(m K). The surface areas of the HfB2 and ZrB2 aerogels were 10 and 19 m2/g, respectively. Successful reduction of the aerogels to the diboride phase was confirmed by X-ray diffraction.
Changes in connectivity profiles define functionally distinct regions in human medial frontal cortex (2004)

A fundamental issue in neuroscience is the relation between structure and function. However, gross landmarks do not correspond well to microstructural borders and cytoarchitecture cannot be visualized in a living brain used for functional studies. Here, we used diffusion-weighted and functional MRI to test structure-function relations directly. Distinct neocortical regions were defined as volumes having similar connectivity profiles and borders identified where connectivity changed. Without using prior information, we found an abrupt profile change where the border between supplementary motor area (SMA) and pre-SMA is expected. Consistent with this anatomical assignment, putative SMA and pre-SMA connected to motor and prefrontal regions, respectively. Excellent spatial correlations were found between volumes defined by using connectivity alone and volumes activated during tasks designed to involve SMA or pre-SMA selectively. This finding demonstrates a strong relationship between structure and function in medial frontal cortex and offers a strategy for testing such correspondences elsewhere in the brain.
Theoretical Corneal Permeation Model for Ionizable Drugs (1993)

The primary route into the eye for many drugs is transcorneal permeation. A better understanding of the mechanisms involved in transcorneal permeation could lead to improvements in drug dosage forms or the development of drug delivery devices which enhance the ocular bioavailability of drugs. A corneal permeation model has been developed which can be used to study the mechanisms involved in corneal permeation. The model uses five compartments in series to simulate the tear film, epithelium, stroma, endothelium and aqueous humour. These tissues were assumed to be adequately represented by plane sheet barriers of physiological thickness. The tear film was assumed to be perfectly mixed and the stroma completely stagnant. Due to inadequate knowledge of the hydrodynamics of the aqueous humour, both stagnant and perfectly mixed extremes were studied. The four routes of drug loss which were considered the most significant and therefore included in the model were lacrimal drainage, conjunctival absorption, aqueous drainage and iris-ciliary body absorption. The equilibrium that can exist between the ionic and non-ionic forms of a drug was found to be an important step in the mechanism of transcorneal permeation. Including the equilibrium condition in the model resulted in aqueous humour drug levels that were over 50 times higher than the levels predicted by a model which did not use the equilibrium mechanism. A relationship between the lipophilicity of each of the two drug forms and its permeability in each layer of the cornea was used in the model. The model was used to predict aqueous humour drug concentrations resulting from a constant release of timolol into the tear film or from the application of timolol, levobunolol and pilocarpine eyedrops. The model produced transient aqueous humour drug levels that closely followed experimental in vivo data from literature. Using the model, it was also possible to predict the amount of instilled drug that is lost through each of the four elimination routes of the eye.
Eye In-painting with Exemplar Generative Adversarial Networks (2018)

This paper introduces a novel approach to in-painting where the identity of the object to remove or change is preserved and accounted for at inference time: Exemplar GANs (ExGANs). ExGANs are a type of conditional GAN that utilize exemplar information to produce high-quality, personalized in-painting results. We propose using exemplar information in the form of a reference image of the region to in-paint, or a perceptual code describing that object. Unlike previous conditional GAN formulations, this extra information can be inserted at multiple points within the adversarial network, thus increasing its descriptive power. We show that ExGANs can produce photo-realistic personalized in-painting results that are both perceptually and semantically plausible by applying them to the task of closed-to-open eye in-painting in natural pictures. A new benchmark dataset is also introduced for the task of eye inpainting for future comparisons.
Hexaaryltellurium, the First Neutral Compounds Comprising Hexaarylated Elements (1996)

The highest possible oxidation state of +6 is displayed by the tellurium center in the hexaaryltellurium compounds 1 a and 1 b. Both are extremely thermally stable and, unlike other organotellurium compounds, not light-sensitive. X-ray crystallographic analyses of 1 revealed rare examples of approximate Th molecular symmetry.
Evidence generation for Dempster-Shafer fusion using feature extraction multiplicity and radial basis network (2011)

Feature extraction methods in pattern recognition tasks seek to transform data variables to abstract mathematical variables such that their scores (called features) reveal hidden data structure of high cognitive value. Various feature extraction methods process raw data from different perspectives. Some depend on statistical correlation or independence such as principal component analysis (PCA), independent component analysis (ICA), singular value decomposition (SVD) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA), and some others aim to model parametric representations such as partial-least-square regression (PLSR). These methods can be viewed as independent observers who generate different feature sets for describing the same data. In supervised pattern recognition problems, this viewpoint can be combined with a classifier function to generate independent sets of class likelihood. The latter can be interpreted as evidences for class identities assigned by independent expert systems consisted of feature extraction method and classifier function combinations. Having created such set of experts, one can employ an information fusion system that could predict class identities. Following this paradigm, we used above mentioned feature extraction methods paired with a radial basis network to generate evidences, and applied Dempster-Shafer (D-S) fusion for pattern classification in a number of benchmark data sets. It is found that DS fusion results in enhanced classification rates compared to results from individual expert systems.
Following the trace of elusive amines (2001)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Avian influenza in Denmark, March-June 2006: public health aspects (2006)

The identification and management of H5N1 avian influenza in Denmark in 2006 has been facilitated by close collaboration
Expert system and Lotus Notes applications for retrieval of problem-solving knowledge and information (2002)

In 1995 NCR Services began a large scale deployment of two information management technologies that are primarily aimed at sharing problem-solving knowledge in the service environment. We first describe the features of Lotus Notes that are important to us in the computer service business. We then describe the limitations and problems of the hierarchical approaches used in Lotus Notes for retrieval of problem/solution knowledge. The discussion on the case-based retrieval (CBR) application focuses on how we overcame the problems. The balance of the paper expands on the definitions of, and relationships between data, information and knowledge.
Magnetization dynamics of a flux control device fabricated in the write gap of a hard-disk-drive write head for high-density recording (2021)

The design concept of microwave-assisted magnetic recording (MAMR) using the flux control (FC) effect has been proposed as a technology for hard disk drives (HDDs). In this type of MAMR, the magnetization of an in-gap device (FC device) is reversed against the gap field by spin-transfer torque, enhancing the amplitude and gradient of the recording field. In this paper, we study the magnetization dynamics of an FC device fabricated in the write gap of an HDD write head. The operation of the FC device is analyzed by measuring the temporal resistance change in the sub-nanosecond region. Reversal of the FC device becomes faster as the bias current is increased and can be completed by 0.5 ns after the transition of the write current. The experimental results are reproduced by micromagnetic simulations using a head model, confirming that the simulations correctly describe the magnetization dynamics of the actual device. The simulations show that the recording field gain by the FC device appears with little delay after the rise of the recording field and that the FC device operates effectively even at a fast write rate of approximately 3 Gbit/s. Furthermore, we demonstrate the effectiveness of boosting the bias current, which can realize both fast and reliable operation of the FC device. These results indicate that the FC device operates as designed and that MAMR using the FC effect is promising for extending the recording density of HDDs.
Methylsulfonyl Metabolites of PCBs and DDE in Human Tissues (1997)

Methylsulfonyl metabolites of chlorinated biphenyls (MeSO2-CBs) and p,p'-DDE (MeSO2-DDEs) were determined in human adipose and liver tissues obtained at autopsy of seven Swedish individuals 47-80 years of age. Twenty MeSO2-CBs and two MeSO2-DDEs were found in the analyzed samples. In adipose tissue, most of the 4-MeSO2-CBs were found at higher concentrations than the corresponding 3-MeSO2-CBs and, in all samples of adipose tissue, 4-MeSO2-2,2',3',4',5-pentaCB (4-87) and 4-MeSO2-2,2',3,4',5',6-hexaCB (4-149) occurred at higher concentrations than other MeSO2-CBs. In the liver, 3-MeSO2-2,2',3',4',5,6-hexaCB (3-132) was by far the most abundant MeSO2-CB, contributing to 61-82% of the sum of MeSO2-CBs. In this tissue, most of the other 3-MeSO2-CBs were also found at higher concentrations than the corresponding 4-MeSO2-CBs. The ratios of the sum of MeSO2-CBs to the sum of determined chlorinated biphenyls (CBs) were 1/250 and 1/28 in adipose tissue and the liver, respectively, calculated from the median values. The concentration of 2-MeSO2-DDE was lower than that of 3-MeSO2-DDE in both adipose tissue and liver, except in the liver from one of the individuals. The concentration ratios of 2-MeSO2-DDE to 3-MeSO2-DDE were about 10 times higher in liver than in adipose tissue. The ratios of the sum of MeSO2-DDEs to p,p'-DDE were 1/455 and 1/61 in adipose tissue and liver, respectively, calculated from the median values. MeSO2-CBs and MeSO2-DDEs were also determined in lung tissue from one of the individuals. In this sample, the profiles of MeSO2-CBs and MeSO2-DDEs were similar to the profiles of these compounds in adipose tissue.
Growth of Cement Hydration Products on Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes (2009)

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) were distributed on the surface of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) grains. The OPC/SWCNT composite was then hydrated at a 0.5 w/c ratio. The effects of the SWCNT on the early hydration process were studied using isothermal conduction calorimetry, high‐resolution scanning electron microscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. The observed behavior of the composite samples was compared with both OPC sonicated without SWCNT and previously published data on as‐delivered OPC. The SWCNT were found to accelerate the hydration reaction of the C 3 S in the OPC. The morphology of both the initial C 3 A and the C 3 S hydration products were found to be affected by the presence of the SWCNT. In particular, the nanotubes appeared to act as nucleating sites for the C 3 S hydration products, with the nanotubes becoming rapidly coated with C–S–H. The resulting structures remained on the surface of the cement grains while those in the sonicated and as‐delivered OPC samples grew out from the grain surfaces to form typical C–S–H clusters. Classical evidence of reinforcing behavior, in the form of fiber pullout of the SWCNT bundles, was observed by 24 h of hydration.
High Average Power Solid State Laser Developments At Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (1986)

The purpose of the High Average Power Solid State Laser Program at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory is to develop new technologies for significantly increasing the average power capability, beam quality, efficiency, and wavelength agility of solid state lasers. The program emphasis is to advanced the state-of-the-art and is not directed toward a specific application. The performance objectives are more quantitatively defined in the following table.
Hemolytic uremic syndrome: an emerging health risk. (2006)

Hemolytic uremic syndrome is caused primarily by Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157:H7. The most common cause of acute renal failure in children, hemolytic uremic syndrome also can occur in adults. Characteristic features of the syndrome are microangiopathic anemia, thrombotic thrombocytopenia, and renal failure. Although the presentation of this syndrome is diverse, the classic prodromal illness is bloody diarrhea following ingestion of hamburger meat contaminated with E. coli O157:H7, the most common mode of infection in the United States. Children with hemolytic uremic syndrome generally present with gastroenteritis complaints (e.g., abdominal pain or tenderness, nausea or vomiting, fever, anemia); affected adults may be asymptomatic. Complications from hemolytic uremic syndrome can include intussusception, chronic renal failure, and seizures in severe cases. Because an incubation period of approximately one week occurs between the start of diarrhea and the onset of hemolytic uremic syndrome, physicians should maintain a high index of suspicion; early laboratory testing is important to diagnose and manage this syndrome. Obtaining a complete blood count and stool culture and performing Shiga toxin testing are the first of a series of tests that may help diagnose hemolytic uremic syndrome.
Optimization of reactive distillation processes using differential evolution strategies (2007)

Abstract Many problems of process synthesis and design in chemical engineering can be modeled as mixed integer nonlinear programming (MINLP) problems. They include both the continuous (floating point) and integer variables. A common feature of this class of mathematical problems is the potential existence of nonconvexities due to a particular form of the objective function and/or the set of constraints. Owing to their combinatorial nature, these problems are considered to be difficult to solve. In the present study, a model based on an extension of conventional distillation is proposed for the synthesis of ethylene glycol using the nonequilibrium reactive distillation. The proposed model is simulated using the relaxation and homotopy‐continuation methods. The differential evolution (DE) algorithm is applied to find the minimum total annualized cost of the nonequilibrium reactive distillation for the synthesis of ethylene glycol, which is a MINLP optimization problem. The optimization is performed with nonideal vapor–liquid equilibrium using ten strategies of DE, considering synthesis reaction on all trays. The results show that the optimized objective function values are better than those reported in the literature, and mostly independent of the number of trays and of the reaction distribution. It is shown that the proposed homotopy‐continuation method with DE strategy (DE/best/1/bin) is capable of providing optimized solutions which are close to the global optimum, and reveals its adequacy for the optimization of reactive distillation problems encountered in chemical engineering practice. Copyright © 2007 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A 1-GS/s, 12-b, Single-Channel Pipelined ADC With Dead-Zone-Degenerated Ring Amplifiers (2019)

Ring amplification has recently been shown capable of simultaneously achieving high linearity and high bandwidth (BW) in low-voltage, deep nanoscale CMOS processes, while retaining good power efficiency. In these processes, the low but very flat open-loop (OL) gain versus output voltage characteristic of the ring amplifier can be exploited, together with its high BW, to overcome the low intrinsic gain limitations that otherwise mandate the use of power-consuming analog circuits and complex digital calibration. Within this context, this paper introduces the techniques of dead-zone degeneration (DZD) and second-stage bias enhancement to further extend the linearity and speed limits of the ring amplifier, respectively. These techniques are applied to a 12-b, 1-GS/s, single-channel pipelined ADC implemented in a 28-nm planar CMOS process, which achieves 56.6-dB SNDR and 73.1-dB SFDR while consuming 24.8 mW from a single 0.9-V supply, resulting in Schreier and Walden figure-of-merit (FoM) values of 159.6 dB and 45 fJ/conv.-step, respectively.
The Efficiency of Adjustment (2004)

Despite its current magnitude, the problem of the major overhang of “indebtedness” facing the US economy and its currency is of fairly recent origin. This chapter focuses on the identification of three categories of factors, which are likely to adversely affect the efficiency of policy measures designed to eliminate the international dissaving. The factors consist of three types: “natural phenomena;” “contrary or counterproductive measures” and “internal inefficiencies.” “Natural” phenomena are largely beyond the control of policymakers in either surplus or deficit countries. “Contrary” measures can be seen as deliberate, defensive measures adopted by policymakers in surplus nations. Contrary measures can also be instituted by groups in the deficit country who have the power to neutralize policies which adversely affect their private interests. “Internal inefficiencies” consist of existing arrangements that reduce the effectiveness of some policy instruments to be used in the elimination of a sizeable deficit. This does not mean that the latter measures were without social merit at the time of legislation but that the legislative process did not allow for the side-effects when reductions in the rate of international dissaving had to be imposed.
A compact low-power 3D I/O in 45nm CMOS (2012)

Three-dimensional (3D) silicon integration technology, featuring thinned die-to die bonding and through-silicon-via (TSV) interconnections, enables dense local chip-to-chip interconnect. With potentially thousands of multi-Gb/s I/O, sup port for tens of Tb/s data bandwidth between local chips can be enabled by 3D integration technology, but this ultra-high bandwidth will only be achieved if area and power efficiency challenges for 3D I/O are met. Because 3D interconnect offers reduced loading and hence improved signal integrity as compared to tra ditional inter-chip channels, 3D cross-chip I/O does not require complex, power hungry equalization schemes. Reduced swing approaches offer a path to further power reduction for 3D I/O, but the receivers for low-swing schemes are typically complex and consume large area and power. This paper addresses this problem, presenting a compact, low-power 3D cross-chip I/O composed of a low-swing Tx and a gated-diode sense-amplifier-based Rx.