gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Robust low-k film (k=2.1∼2.5) for 90/65 nm BEOL technology using bilayer film schemes (2004)

Cu/porous low-k (PLK) with k/spl les/2.5 is the current choice to 65nm and beyond BEOL interconnect technologies. However, critical concerns of the weak physical and chemical structures of PLK (k/spl les/2.5) films on their integration compatibilities, such as CMP defectivity and trench bottom/via smoothness, electrical performances, such as etching/ashing film damaging, and reliability performances, such as electromigration (EM), stress migration (SM) and time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB), still challenge their application feasibility. A novel in-situ formed trench-porous (k=2.5) and via-dense (k=2.7) k=2.5/2.7 bilayer film design was proposed in this study to overcome these facing issues. Cu/PLK DD study results showed that CMP defectivity was /spl sim/4/spl times/ improved and trench bottom was smoothened with a k=2.5/2,7 bilayer PLK approach. Electrical performances using this approach also showed that film damaging from DD etching/ashing was reduced with the higher chemical resistance of the via in the bilayer. Reliability study results demonstrated that an /spl sim/ 2000/spl times/ better DD TDDB lifetime was achieved due to smooth trench bottoms. When changing from Cu/k=2.5 single layer to Cu/k=2.5/2.7 bilayer, SM and EM performances were not impacted. Moreover, with >405 improved hardness and film adhesion the bilayer PLK approach highlights a potential direction to improve Cu/k=2.5 PLK manufacturability in packaging. All these results indicate that this Cu/bilayer BEOL interconnection applicable for 65 nm and beyond generation CMOS technologies.
Guidelines on the Use of Therapeutic Apheresis in Clinical Practice–Evidence‐Based Approach from the Writing Committee of the American Society for Apheresis: The Seventh Special Issue (2016)

The American Society for Apheresis (ASFA) Journal of Clinical Apheresis (JCA) Special Issue Writing Committee is charged with reviewing, updating, and categorizing indications for the evidence-based use of therapeutic apheresis in human disease. Since the 2007 JCA Special Issue (Fourth Edition), the Committee has incorporated systematic review and evidence-based approaches in the grading and categorization of apheresis indications. This Seventh Edition of the JCA Special Issue continues to maintain this methodology and rigor to make recommendations on the use of apheresis in a wide variety of diseases/conditions. The JCA Seventh Edition, like its predecessor, has consistently applied the category and grading system definitions in the fact sheets. The general layout and concept of a fact sheet that was used since the fourth edition has largely been maintained in this edition. Each fact sheet succinctly summarizes the evidence for the use of therapeutic apheresis in a specific disease entity. The Seventh Edition discusses 87 fact sheets (14 new fact sheets since the Sixth Edition) for therapeutic apheresis diseases and medical conditions, with 179 indications, which are separately graded and categorized within the listed fact sheets. Several diseases that are Category IV which have been described in detail in previous editions and do not have significant new evidence since the last publication are summarized in a separate table. The Seventh Edition of the JCA Special Issue serves as a key resource that guides the utilization of therapeutic apheresis in the treatment of human disease. J. Clin. Apheresis 31:149-162, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Speech synthesis based on an overlap-add sinusoidal model (1995)

A general framework for waveform synthesis in a concatenation-based text-to-speech system is presented. Natural speech is segmented into subword units and analyzed using an iterative analysis-by-synthesis procedure originally presented in [E. B. George and M. J. T. Smith, J. Audio Eng. Soc. 40, 497–516 (1992)]. Synthesis is then performed by an efficient overlap-add resynthesis and modification method. This method eliminates the need for precise, hand-corrected pitch pulse marking in analysis (as required in some other popular concatenation methods), by incorporating a pitch pulse onset time estimation function based on [R. J. McAulay and T. F. Quatieri, Proc. ICASSP, 1713–1715 (1986)]. The sinusoidal model is capable of natural-sounding prosodic modification of both continuous speech and concatenated segments, making it an ideal candidate for application in a TTS system. Furthermore, the model provides for a computationally tractible and conceptually simple decoupling of various properties of the speech signal, making it an excellent platform for other transformations of the synthesized speech.
Electromigration in thin tunnel junctions with ferromagnetic/nonmagnetic electrodes: Nanoconstrictions, local heating, and direct and wind forces (2005)

Current Induced Resistance Switching (CIS) was recently observed in thin tunnel junctions with ferromagnetic (FM) electrodes, i.e., FM/I/FM. This effect was attributed to electromigration of metallic atoms in nanoconstrictions in the insulating barrier (I). Here we study how the CIS effect is influenced by a thin nonmagnetic (NM) Ta layer, deposited just below the $\mathrm{Al}{\mathrm{O}}_{x}$ insulating barrier in tunnel junctions of the type FM/NM/I/FM $(\mathrm{FM}\mathrm{Co}\mathrm{Fe})$. Enhanced resistance switching occurs with increasing maximum applied current $({I}_{\mathrm{max}})$, until a plateau of constant CIS is reached for ${I}_{\mathrm{max}}\ensuremath{\sim}65\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}\mathrm{mA}\phantom{\rule{0.3em}{0ex}}(\mathrm{CIS}\ensuremath{\sim}60%)$ and above. However, such high electrical currents also lead to a large $(\ensuremath{\sim}9%)$ irreversible resistance decrease, indicating barrier degradation. Anomalous voltage-current characteristics with negative derivative were also observed near $\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}{I}_{\mathrm{max}}$ and this effect is here attributed to heating in the tunnel junction. One observes that the current direction for which resistance switches in FM/NM/I/FM (clockwise) is opposite to that of FM/I/FM tunnel junctions (anti-clockwise). This effect will be discussed in terms of a competition between the electromigration contributions due to the so-called direct and wind forces. It will be shown that the direct force is likely to dominate electromigration in the Ta (NM) layers, while the wind contribution likely dominates in the CoFe (FM) layers.
EXTATIC: ASML's α-tool development for EUVL (2002)

Within the recently initiated EXTATIC project a complete full-field lithography exposure tool for he 50-nm technology node is being developed. The goal is to demonstrate the feasibility of extreme UV lithography (EUVL) for 50-nm imaging and to reduce technological risks in the development of EUVL production tools. We describe the EUV MEDEA+) framework in which EXTATIC is executed, and give an update on the status of the (alpha) -tool development. A brief summary of our in-house source-collector module development is given, as well as the general vacuum architecture of the (alpha) -tool is discussed. We discuss defect-free reticle handling, and investigated the uses of V-grooved brackets glued to the side of the reticle to reduce particle generation during takeovers. These takeovers do not only occur in the exposure tool, but also in multilayer deposition equipment, e-beam pattern writers, inspection tools, etc., where similar requirements on particle contamination are present. Finally, we present an update of mirror fabrication technology and show improved mirror figuring and finishing results.
Non-Binary Message-Passing Algorithms for Magnetic Channels with Data-Dependent Noise (2008)

The paper proposes an implementation of the message\npassing algorithm adapted to iterative channel detection.\nThe algorithm uses soft messages associated to non binary\nsymbols in order to cancel cycles in the equivalent Tanner graphs,\nachieving optimal performance after a low number of iterations.\nThis architecture, suited to very fast channel detectors, is applied\nto magnetic recording channels and adapted to the non stationary\nnature of the magnetic media noise.
Oxidative stress in skeletal muscle impairs mitochondrial respiration and limits exercise capacity in type 2 diabetic mice (2009)

Insulin resistance or diabetes is associated with limited exercise capacity, which can be caused by the abnormal energy metabolism in skeletal muscle. Oxidative stress is involved in mitochondrial dysfunction in diabetes. We hypothesized that increased oxidative stress could cause mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle and make contribution to exercise intolerance in diabetes. C57/BL6J mice were fed on normal diet or high fat diet (HFD) for 8 wk to induce obesity with insulin resistance and diabetes. Treadmill tests with expired gas analysis were performed to determine the exercise capacity and whole body oxygen uptake (Vo(2)). The work (vertical distance x body weight) to exhaustion was reduced in the HFD mice by 36%, accompanied by a 16% decrease of peak Vo(2). Mitochondrial ADP-stimulated respiration, electron transport chain complex I and III activities, and mitochondrial content in skeletal muscle were decreased in the HFD mice. Furthermore, superoxide production and NAD(P)H oxidase activity in skeletal muscle were significantly increased in the HFD mice. Intriguingly, the treatment of HFD-fed mice with apocynin [10 mmol/l; an inhibitor of NAD(P)H oxidase activation] improved exercise intolerance and mitochondrial dysfunction in skeletal muscle without affecting glucose metabolism itself. The exercise capacity and mitochondrial function in skeletal muscle were impaired in type 2 diabetes, which might be due to enhanced oxidative stress. Therapies designed to regulate oxidative stress and maintain mitochondrial function could be beneficial to improve the exercise capacity in type 2 diabetes.
On search guide phrase compilation for recommending home medical products (2010)

To help people find desired home medical products (HMPs), we developed an intelligent personal health record (iPHR) system that can automatically recommend HMPs based on users' health issues. Using nursing knowledge, we pre-compile a set of "search guide" phrases that provides semantic translation from words describing health issues to their underlying medical meanings. Then iPHR automatically generates queries from those phrases and uses them and a search engine to retrieve HMPs. To avoid missing relevant HMPs during retrieval, the compiled search guide phrases need to be comprehensive. Such compilation is a challenging task because nursing knowledge updates frequently and contains numerous details scattered in many sources. This paper presents a semi-automatic tool facilitating such compilation. Our idea is to formulate the phrase compilation task as a multi-label classification problem. For each newly obtained search guide phrase, we first use nursing knowledge and information retrieval techniques to identify a small set of potentially relevant classes with corresponding hints. Then a nurse makes the final decision on assigning this phrase to proper classes based on those hints. We demonstrate the effectiveness of our techniques by compiling search guide phrases from an occupational therapy textbook.
Advances in Glycosyl Azide Preparation via Hypervalent Silicates (1999)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTAdvances in Glycosyl Azide Preparation via Hypervalent Silicates†Eric D. Soli and Philip DeShongView Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742 Cite this: J. Org. Chem. 1999, 64, 26, 9724–9726Publication Date (Web):November 24, 1999Publication History Received21 July 1999Published online24 November 1999Published inissue 1 December 1999https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo991161shttps://doi.org/10.1021/jo991161sbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 1999 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views847Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Anions,Azides,Chemical reactions,Free radicals,Materials Get e-Alerts
Syntheses of Some New Polymers from p-Vinylphenol (1968)

p-Vinylphenyl glycidyl ether (1), a new vinyl epoxy monomer, was synthesized in 11.1% yield from p-vinylphenol and epichlorohydrin. (p-Vinylphenyl)-methanesulfonate and (p-vinylphenyl)-benzenesulfonate were also synthesized, and their polymers prepared.(1) was bulk-polymerized into a new epoxy resin (3) with intrinsic viscosity of 0.81 dl·g-1 (dioxane, 30°C). (1) and (3) appeared to be useful for casting or heat adhesion. By treatment of poly-p-vinylphenol with benzenediazonium chloride, a colored polymer containing azo groups was obtained, and with cinnamoyl chloride, a photosensitive polymer was formed.
Electrolysis of Sodium through Alumina Arc Tubes (1979)

When the outer surface of a polycrystalline alumina (PCA) arc tube is biased negatively in an operating high pressure sodium lamp, sodium has been found to selectively electrolyze through the PCA wall and deposit primarily at the cold spot of the outer jacket. Electrolysis currents have been measured and found to be consistent with the quantity of sodium lost from the arc tube. Under the influence of the negative field, black spots form on the alumina tube that in appearance are similar to ones sometimes observed on the arc tube walls of aged high pressure sodium lamps.1 Arc tubes were compared in terms of resistance to sodium penetration with PCA variables including grain size, wall thickness and wall temperature. Sodium penetration rates were found to decrease with wall thickness and increase with wall temperature.
Determining the Level of Expertise of a User of a Question Answering System (1984)

An intelligent question answering program should be able to tailor its answer to the user. Some factors entering this tailoring process include the level of expertise of the user, his goals for using the system, the discourse structure, and the user type. The decision on how sophisticated and detailed an answer should be is based, in part, on how much the user knows about the domain in question. In this paper, we are mainly concerned with determining the level of expertise of the user. We will show how a generalization based memory can be used in this process.
Bone aging. (1982)

Bone matrix of 28-month-old (senescent) rats, compared with 13-month-old rats, is strikingly deficient in the capacity to induce bone formation. Similarly, implants of senescent matrix into one-month-old, rapidly-growing rats (weanlings) produce more bone than in 13-month-old adult recipients, but not nearly enough to compensate for deficiency in the matrix of senile bone. Matrix prepared from the bone of 13-month-old rats also produces almost no cartilage and significantly lower yields of new bone in 28-month-old (senescent) than 13-month-old rats. These observations suggest that progressive decline in the matrix morphogenetic activity of bone occurs with time in adult life. This decline is a tissue specific index of bone aging, and may contribute to the reduction of bone mass that normally occurs with senescence.
Fundamental matrix for cameras with radial distortion (2005)

When deploying a heterogeneous camera network or when we use cheap zoom cameras like in cell-phones, it is not practical, if not impossible to off-line calibrate the radial distortion of each camera using reference objects. It is rather desirable to have an automatic procedure without strong assumptions about the scene. In this paper, we present a new algorithm for estimating the epipolar geometry of two views where the two views can be radially distorted with different distortion factors. It is the first algorithm in the literature solving the case of different distortion in the left and right view linearly and without assuming the existence of lines in the scene. Points in the projective plane are lifted to a quadric in three-dimensional projective space. A radial distortion of the projective plane results to a matrix transformation in the space of lifted coordinates. The new epipolar constraint depends linearly on a 4 /spl times/ 4 radial fundamental matrix which has 9 degrees of freedom. A complete algorithm is presented and tested on real imagery.
Extended topological approach for the assessment of structural vulnerability in transmission networks (2010)

Power system vulnerability is a key concern in modern societies and many efforts have been devoted to its analysis. Recently, the wide domain of complex networks that can be used to assess the vulnerability of network systems has been applied to power grids as well with focus on the topological vulnerability of the transmission systems based on its structure in terms of the nodes and their connection patterns. However, a pure topological approach, as proposed in the current literature, fails in capturing the specific features of power systems. The authors propose an extended topological approach, which can incorporate several important features of the power grids such as flow paths, line flow limits and gen/load bus distribution. Also, a set of new metrics able to provide an assessment of the system vulnerability is defined. ‘Net-ability’ measures the aptitude of the grid in transmitting power from generation to load buses efficiently. ‘Path redundancy’ assesses the available redundancy in terms of paths in transmitting power from a generation to a load bus based on entropy. Based on the previous two metrics, the authors introduce a third metric, the ‘survivability’, as a global metric to evaluate the aptitude of the network in assuring the possibility to match generation and demand in case of failures or attacks. The metrics proposed will be applied to different test systems and to a real-transmission system to illustrate their application and effectiveness.
Mechanistic Insight into the Formation of Cationic Naked Nanocrystals Generated under Equilibrium Control (2014)

Cationic naked nanocrystals (NCs) are useful building units for assembling hierarchical mesostructured materials. Until now, their preparation required strongly electrophilic reagents that irreversibly sever bonds between native organic ligands and the NC surface. Colloidal instabilities can occur during ligand stripping if exposed metal cations desorb from the surface. We hypothesized that cation desorption could be avoided were we able to stabilize the surface during ligand stripping via ion pairing. We were successful in this regard by carrying out ligand stripping under equilibrium control with Lewis acid-base adducts of BF3. To better understand the microscopic processes involved, we studied the reaction pathway in detail using in situ NMR experiments and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. As predicted, we found that cationic NC surfaces are transiently stabilized post-stripping by physisorbed anionic species that arise from the reaction of BF3 with native ligands. This stabilization allows polar dispersants to reach the NC surface before cation desorption can occur. The mechanistic insights gained in this work provide a much-needed framework for understanding the interplay between NC surface chemistry and colloidal stability. These insights enabled the preparation of stable naked NC inks of desorption-susceptible NC compositions such as PbSe, which were easily assembled into new mesostructured films and polymer-nanocrystal composites with wide-ranging technological applications.
Spectrophotometric Determination of <i>p</i>-Phenylenediamines and <i>p</i>-Aminophenols with Ninhydrin. (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSpectrophotometric Determination of p-Phenylenediamines and p-Aminophenols with Ninhydrin.Robert. Suffis, Adele. Levy, and D. E. DeanCite this: Anal. Chem. 1964, 36, 3, 636–637Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60209a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60209a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views192Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Measurements of the effective nonlinearity parameter <i>B/A</i> of water containing trapped cylindrical bubbles (1991)

The effective nonlinearity parameter B/A of water containing a three-dimensional ensemble of randomly distributed uniform-sized trapped cylindrical bubbles was measured. The experimental results indicate that the dramatic enhancement of the effective nonlinear parameter B/A is due to the nonlinear resonance oscillation of the trapped bubbles. The measured effective B/A for the system is of the magnitude of 10(4) to 10(5).