gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of well-defined multigraft copolymers (2010)

This short review article focuses on significant developments made in the pursuit of well-defined graft copolymers over the past decade or so. The state-of-the-art for synthesis of the complex copolymers has been greatly advanced over this time period. Anionic polymerization techniques now allow for synthesis of narrow polydispersity multigraft copolymers with control over branch spacing, number of branch points, and branch point functionality. Other controlled/living polymerization techniques are being exploited to increase the chemical diversity of these materials. Future work in this area will focus on synthesis of more complex architectures and incorporation of three or more chemical building blocks into the materials.
Operating and scale‐up factors for the electrolytic removal of algae from eutrophied lakewater (2002)

Abstract Electrolytic removal of algae was conducted in batch and continuous reactors to investigate operating factors affecting removal efficiency and to explore engineering relationships which could be useful for operation and scale‐up. The system integrated both electro‐flocculation and electro‐flotation mechanisms by using polyvalent metal anodes and inert metal cathodes. Batch reactor studies confirmed that high electrical input power or higher electrical current achieved higher and faster removal efficiencies. Natural liquid circulation was observed during electrolytic operation and increased with higher electrical power. However, a small degree of external mixing may be useful at lower electrical power input. Electro‐flotation alone could not achieve complete algae removal (maximum efficiency 40–50%), and showed the importance of algal floc formation for the complete removal of algae. In continuous electrolysis experiments, the ratio of the volumetric current intensity (amperes dm −3 ) and the chlorophyll a loading (mg dm −3 h −1 ) was found to be a useful operating and scale‐up factor to balance high algal removal efficiency with minimum release of excess aluminum. This ratio was eventually found to be just the charge dose or the amount of coulombs required to remove a unit mass of chlorophyll a . The optimum charge dose was determined and used to relate the operating current and electrolysis time of a continuous process. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
An Efficient Key Distribution Method Applying to OMA DRM 2.0 with Device Identifier (2008)

As digital contents are increasingly used on mobile devices, digital rights management(DRM) application will become a core component of mobile terminals. OMA DRM, invented by the open mobile alliance (OMA), is the most widely available mobile DRM standard. Following a general description about OMA DRM 2.0, this paper gives a detailed analysis about cryptographic operations and Rights Objects acquisition. To reduce processing time and energy consumption in mobile terminal, previous papers mentioned to substitute asymmetric algorithm with symmetric algorithm on the protection of rights encryption key(K <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">REK</sub> ). However, security analysis did not resolve. In this paper, we firstly make a comparison of asymmetric and symmetric algorithm on processing time, and then proposed using device identifier as symmetric encryption key to substitute asymmetric algorithm. Protection and distribution of symmetric encryption key are presented in the end.
A Physical Method for Separating Spermatozoa from Epithelial Cells in Sexual Assault Evidence (1998)

The analysis of genetic markers for the purpose of individualization of semen specimens is extremely important in cases of sexual abuse and assault. The serological analysis of sexual assault evidence can sometimes be complicated because stains are often composed of a mixture of spermatozoa, vaginal epithelial cells and white and red blood cells. A filtration method has been developed to cleanly separate spermatozoa from epithelial cells based upon differences in size and shape. Nylon mesh filters of the appropriate pore size can be used to separate the smaller oval shaped spermatozoal cells from the larger and flatter epithelial cells. The former pass freely through the membrane while the latter are retained on the filter. In this study, cell separation was demonstrated by (a) microscopic observation of stained cells, (b) amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis of DNA obtained from separated cells. The results of these analyses indicate that: (1) Approximately 70% of spermatozoa in the mixed cell sample will penetrate the 10 microns pore size filter, (2) Only about 1-2% of intact epithelial cells will do so, and (3) A small number of nuclei from spontaneously lysed epithelial cells will cross the filter. Experimental results using mixtures of spermatozoa and vaginal epithelial cells prepared in different ratios support the conclusion that the filtration process is an efficient and reliable method to separate spermatozoa from epithelial cells in casework specimens for subsequent DNA analysis.
An 11 mm$^{2}$, 70 mW Fully Programmable Baseband Processor for Mobile WiMAX and DVB-T/H in 0.12$\ \mu$m CMOS (2009)

With the rapid evolution of wireless standards and increasing demand for multi-standard products, the need for flexible RF and baseband solutions is growing. Flexibility is required to be able to adapt to unstable standards and requirements without costly hardware re-spins, and also to enable hardware reuse between products and between multiple wireless standards in the same device, ultimately saving both development cost and silicon area. In this paper a fully programmable baseband processor suitable for standards such as DVB-T/H and mobile WiMAX is presented. The processor is based on the SIMT architecture which utilizes a unique type of vector instructions to provide processing parallelism while minimizing the control complexity of the processor. The architecture has been demonstrated in a prototype chip which was proven in a complete DVB-T/H system demonstrator. The chip occupies 11 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> in a 0.12 mum CMOS process. It includes 1.5 Mbit of single port SRAM and 200 k logic gates. The measured power consumption for the highest DVB-T/H data rate (31.67 MBit/s) is 70 mW at 70 MHz. This outperforms both area and power figures of previously presented non-programmable DVB-T/H solutions.
Differential Effects of Polymorphic Alleles of <i>FGF Receptor 4</i> on Colon Cancer Growth and Metastasis (2012)

A gly(388)arg polymorphism (rs351855) in the transmembrane domain of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (FGFR4) is associated with increased risk, staging, and metastasis in several different types of cancer. To specifically assess the impact of the polymorphic FGFR4 in colorectal cancer (CRC), we engineered CRC cell lines with distinct endogenous expression patterns to overexpress either the FGFR4(gly) or FGFR4(arg) alleles. The biologic analyses revealed an oncogenic importance for both polymorphic alleles, but FGFR4(gly) was the stronger inducer of tumor growth, whereas FGFR4(arg) was the stronger inducer of migration. An evaluation of clinical specimens revealed that FGFR4 was upregulated in 20/71 patients independent of gly(388)arg status. There was no correlation between the presence of an FGFR4(arg) allele and CRC or polyp risk in 3,471 participants of the CORSA study. However, among 182 patients with CRC, FGFR4(arg)-carriers had a fivefold higher risk of tumors that were stage II or greater. Together, our results established that both allelic forms of FGFR4 exert an oncogenic impact and may serve equally well as therapeutic targets in CRC. One important implication of our findings is that FGFR4(arg)-carriers are at a higher risk for more aggressive tumors and therefore may profit from early detection measures.
Interfacial Design for Block Copolymer Thin Films (2014)

Top coat design, coating, and optimization methodologies are introduced that facilitate the synthesis, application, and identification of neutral top coats for block copolymer (BP) thin films. Polymeric top coat composition, controlled via synthesis, determines interfacial wetting characteristics. Trimethylammonium salts of top coats improve solubility and coating uniformity. A "confined" island and hole test conveniently establishes (non)preferential wetting at the top coat/BP interface, which depends upon top coat composition. The utility of these three concepts was demonstrated with two high-χ, lamella-forming BPs, poly(styrene-block-4-trimethylsilylstyrene) (PS-b-PTMSS) having two periodicities L0 = 18 and 22 nm and poly(styrene-block-methyltrimethylsilylmethacrylate) (PS-b-PTMSM) with L0 = 15 nm. The combination of neutral top and bottom interfaces resulted in a perpendicular orientation of lamellae independent of BP film thickness (1–3 L0) when thermally annealed for 60 s or less.
High intensity focused ultrasound: applications in urology (1996)

High intensity focused ultrasound therapy (HIFU) is a novel method of providing precise, non-contact, irradiation free, deep tissue ablation. In the field of urology, clinical data currently available indicate that the technique may be useful in the treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy. Development of treatments of localised prostate, bladder and renal cancer are yet to be proven and may require improvements in technology before the full potential can be determined.
Dysregulated microRNAs in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis microglia modulate genes linked to neuroinflammation (2013)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate gene expression at post-transcriptional level and are key modulators of immune system, whose dysfunction contributes to the progression of neuroinflammatory diseaseas such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the most widespread motor neuron disorder. ALS is a non-cell-autonomous disease targeting motor neurons and neighboring glia, with microgliosis directly contributing to neurodegeneration. As limited information exists on miRNAs dysregulations in ALS, we examined this topic in primary microglia from superoxide dismutase 1-G93A mouse model. We compared miRNAs transcriptional profiling of non-transgenic and ALS microglia in resting conditions and after inflammatory activation by P2X7 receptor agonist. We identified upregulation of selected immune-enriched miRNAs, recognizing miR-22, miR-155, miR-125b and miR-146b among the most highly modulated. We proved that miR-365 and miR-125b interfere, respectively, with the interleukin-6 and STAT3 pathway determining increased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) transcription. As TNFα directly upregulated miR-125b, and inhibitors of miR-365/miR-125b reduced TNFα transcription, we recognized the induction of miR-365 and miR-125b as a vicious gateway culminating in abnormal TNFα release. These results strengthen the impact of miRNAs in modulating inflammatory genes linked to ALS and identify specific miRNAs as pathogenetic mechanisms in the disease.
Tumor-derived TGF-β Mediates Conversion of CD4+Foxp3+ Regulatory T Cells in a Murine Model of Pancreas Cancer (2008)

CD4+25+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Treg) play a critical role in the induction of tolerance to tumor-associated antigens and suppression of antitumor immunity. How Treg are induced in cancer is poorly understood. We reported previously that Treg are significantly elevated in the peripheral blood of patients with pancreas cancer and that in a murine pancreas cancer model induction of Treg seems to be transforming growth factor (TGF)-β dependent. Here we provide additional evidence that Treg are increased locally within the tumor microenvironment by a mechanism that seems dependent on TGF-β receptor expression and the presence of tumor derived TGF-β. The murine pancreas cancer cell line Pan02 produces high levels of TGF-β both in vitro and in vivo. In contrast, the esophageal murine cancer cell line, Eso2, does not. Immunohistochemical staining of Foxp3 in explanted tumors shows an identifiable population of Treg in the Pan02 (TGF-β positive) tumors but not Eso2 (TGF-β negative). Naive CD4+25−Foxp3− T cells, when adoptively transferred into Rag−/− mice, are converted into Foxp3+ Treg in the presence of Pan02 but not Eso2 tumors. Induction of Treg in Pan02 mice is blocked by systemic injection of an anti–TGF-β antibody. If Rag−/− mice are instead reconstituted with naive CD4+25− T cells expressing a mutated TGF-β receptor, induction of Foxp3+ Treg in Pan02 bearing mice is blocked. Collectively, these observations further support the role of TGF-β in the induction of Treg in pancreas adenocarcinoma.
Machine Learning Methods for Spatial Clustering on Precision Agriculture Data (2011)

Machine learning techniques typically result from the need for intelligent solutions to practical tasks. Nowadays, large data volumes are usually involved and machine learning techniques are focused on particular tasks like classification, regression or clustering. For the latter task, clustering, quite a few algorithms have been proposed, typically tailored to particular application domains and their data sets. Recently, georeferenced (or spatial) data sets keep emerging in lots of disciplines. Therefore, algorithms which are able to handle these spatial data sets should be developed. This article shortly describes a particular application area, precision agriculture, and the spatial data sets which exist there. A particular task from this area, management zone delineation, is outlined and existing spatial clustering algorithms are evaluated for this task. Based on the experiences with those algorithms and a few requirements, HACC-SPATIAL is developed. The algorithm is based on hierarchical agglomerative clustering with a spatial constraint and it is demonstrated to produce practically advantageous results on precision agriculture data sets.
Multielement avalanche photosensor (1995)

The basic principles of a new high-sensitive multi-element photosensor on the base of avalanche heterostructures with negative feedback (ANF) are considered. The main difference between such a structure and a conventional avalanche photodiode (APD) is non-stationarity of the electrical field strength in the avalanche region caused by the feedback. It is shown that when the non-stationarity is manifested at amplification of a single photocarrier, it changes radically the basic characteristics of the avalanche process. A qualitative physical model of ANF process as well as the results of numerical simulation and some experiments are presented. They show the sharp gain vs. voltage dependence that restricts manufacturing of multi-element APD is essentially smothered by the negative feedback influence. They also exhibit an ability of the ANF-based device to provide a unique, for a solid state photosensor, combination of low noise, high gain and low response time. Two types of the ANF devices -- MOS avalanche structure with pulse supplied voltage, and SiC-Si-based heterostructure with constant supplied voltage -- were realized experimentally. Both of them are shown to be easy in multi-element design manufacturing. The results illustrating the process of a few-photon light pulse registration by the SiC-Si ANF heterostructure are also presented. An opportunity of a new lead in the development of the high-sensitive multi-element photosensors on the base of the ANF technology is discussed.
Recent Progress in Polymer Optical Fiber Light Sources and Fiber Bragg Gratings (2016)

Research directed toward polymer optical fiber light source generation and polymer optical fiber Bragg gratings to be part of a novel all-polymer sensor system, integrating a light source with a sensor, are reported. It is demonstrated that photo generated fluorescence can be detected 2 m away from the excitation point using a novel fiber design. Furthermore, the research works focused on polymer fiber sensors have proven that Diphenyl Sulfide + Trans-4-stilbenemethanol, which is a core composition used by numerous groups, exhibited very good photosensitivity, allowing FBG inscription.
Fingerprint Development by Ninhydrin and Its Analogues (2001)

Chemical Development of Latent Fingerprints Ninhydrin: The Universal Reagent for Fingerprints on Paper History and General Properties of Ninhydrin Reaction with Amino Acids Ninhydrin as a Latent Fingerprint Reagent Formulation Variations The Influence of Temperature and Humidity: Modes of Application Secondary Treatment with Metal Salts: Fingerprint Detection Aided by Lasers and Alternate Light Sources Ninhydrin Analogues Structural Modifications: Benzo[ f ]ninhydrin and Related Compounds 1,8-Diazafluorene-9-one (DFO) 1,2-Indanedione References
Dietary Short-Chain Fructooligosaccharides Increase Calbindin-D9k Levels Only in the Large Intestine in Rats Independent of Dietary Calcium Deficiency or Serum 1,25 Dihydroxy Vitamin D Levels (2000)

Dietary short-chain fructooligosaccharides (Sc-FOS) increase mucosal calbindin-D9k (CaBP) levels in the large intestine whereas levels in the small intestine are decreased in rats. In the present study, we investigated the mechanism by which Sc-FOS induce this increase in CaBP in the large intestine by measuring intestinal CaBP levels in rats fed normal and calcium-deficient diets. Dietary groups included a calcium-containing (0.5%) diet with or without Sc-FOS (100 g/kg diet) and a calcium-deficient (abt. 0.01%) diet with or without Sc-FOS (100 g/kg diet). The rats were fed these diets for 10 days following which they were killed and the intestine removed for collection of the entire mucosa which was divided into four segments, i.e., proximal and distal segments of the small intestine, the cecum and the colorectum. Mucosal CaBP and plasma calcium (Ca), 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (1,25(OH)2D3), 25-hydroxycholecalciferol (25(OH)D3), parathyroid hormone (PTH) and calcitonin levels were measured. Feeding of calcium deficient diet resulted in an increase in CaBP levels in the small intestine, but did not influence levels in the large intestine. Moreover, a significant positive correlation between plasma 1,25(OH)2D3 and CaBP levels in the case of both small intestinal segments (proximal, r = 0.77012, p < 0.00007; distal, r = 0.75056, p < 0.00014) was observed, but not in the case of the large intestinal segments. Sc-FOS increased CaBP levels in the large intestine. These results suggest that the large intestinal CaBP levels do not change in response to dietary calcium conditions and are not regulated by circulating 1,25(OH)2D3 indicating that the effect of Sc-FOS on CaBP levels in the large intestine is independent of the action of 1,25(OH)2D3.
Abstract 2396: Device-Based Heart Failure Management: Multi-Frequency Impedance Measurements to Optimize Intrathoracic Fluid Monitoring (2008)

Introduction: Recently, it was shown that continuous implant-based measurements of intrathoracic impedance (Z) as a surrogate measure of intrathoracic fluid status allows detection of cardiac decom...
Design and development of fuzzy systems at Siemens R&D (2002)

In the 1980s several Siemens groups inside and outside Germany started activities within the area of fuzzy control and classification. Siemens Corporate Research and Development in Munich decided to start a central research group, to coordinate and support the activities within the groups. This research group had three main assignments, namely (1) to bring Siemens to the state-of-the-art fuzzy control and classification, (2) to develop software tools to support the implementation of fuzzy systems, and (3) to build up a methodology for the design and development of fuzzy systems. The author mainly deals with this third assignment. He shows several aspects of the design and development of fuzzy controllers and exemplifies this process by the defuzzification methodology.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Novel Receptor Activator of NF-κB (RANK) Cytoplasmic Motif Plays an Essential Role in Osteoclastogenesis by Committing Macrophages to the Osteoclast Lineage (2005)

Receptor activator of NF-kappaB (RANK) ligand (RANKL) and its receptor RANK play an essential role in osteoclastogenesis and osteoclast function by activating several signaling pathways. However, several lines of evidence suggest that RANK also transmits an unidentified signaling pathway(s) essential for osteoclastogenesis. To identify the novel pathway(s), we carried out a detailed structure/function study of the RANK cytoplasmic domain. A series of studies using numerous deletion/point mutants elucidated a specific 4-amino acid motif (535IVVY538) essential for osteoclastogenesis. This novel motif plays a crucial role in committing macrophages to the osteoclast lineage but is not implicated in osteoclast function or survival. Moreover, this motif does not activate the known RANK signaling pathways, indicating that it initiates a novel pathway(s). The identification of the novel motif not only provides critical insight into RANK signaling in osteoclastogenesis, but more importantly, the RANK motif and its downstream signaling pathways may represent specific therapeutic targets for various bone diseases, including postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Therapeutic Transdifferentiation: A Novel Approach for Ischemic Syndromes (2015)

The technological development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has overcome many of the limitations of adult and embryonic stem cells. We have found that activation of innate immunity signaling is necessary for this process, as it facilitates epigenetic plasticity in cells by a process called transflammation. More recently, we have discovered that transflammation also facilitates the transdifferentiation of cells directly from one somatic cell type to another. This insight may lead to a promising therapeutic pathway that avoids reverting cells all the way back to pluripotency before achieving a cell type of interest. While there is much therapeutic promise to transflammation and transdifferentiation, there is also evidence that transdifferentiation plays a role in some pathological conditions, including atherosclerosis. Ultimately, better understanding of transflammation will facilitate the development of regenerative therapies.