gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brain weight and life-span in primate species. (1993)

In haplorhine primates (tarsiers, monkeys, apes, and humans), there is a significant correlation between brain weight and maximum life-span when the effect of body size is removed. There is also a significant correlation in haplorhine primates between brain weight and female age at first reproduction. For strepsirhine primates (lorises and lemurs), there are no significant correlations between brain weight and either life-span or female reproductive age when the effect of body size is removed. This lack of correlation in strepsirhine primates may be related to the fact that these primates are nocturnal and/or natives of the island of Madagascar, both of which conditions may reduce competition for resources and predation pressure. These findings suggest that in haplorhine primates the genetic systems controlling brain growth are linked to the systems governing the life cycle so that species with longer cycles have larger brains. When the effect of body weight is removed, leaf-eating haplorhines have significantly smaller brains and shorter lives than haplorhines with other diets. Harem-living haplorhines also have significantly smaller brains and shorter life-spans than troop-living haplorhines when the effect of body weight is removed. We also sought to test the rate-of-living hypothesis by determining whether primates with basal metabolic rates that are higher than would be expected for their body size have shorter maximum life-spans than would be expected for their body size. Metabolic rate is not correlated with life-span or female age at first reproduction when the effect of body size is removed.
Drilling rate prediction from petrophysical logs and mud logging data using an optimized multilayer perceptron neural network (2018)

Rate of penetration (ROP) enhancement serves as a key factor in reducing drilling time and hence drilling costs. ROP enhancement requires identification of the parameters affecting this rate. However, the large number of effective parameters, which are further immersed in noise, makes it difficult to present a highly accurate and comprehensive model. In the present research, in order to predict the drilling ROP in one of the vertical wells drilled into the Karanj Oilfield, a hybrid model composed of a multilayer perceptron (MLP) neural network together with either a particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm or a cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA) was used. For this purpose, first petrophysical logs and drilling data were denoised using the Savitzky–Golay filter. Then, the ‘plus-l-take-r’ method was used to select superior features. Feature selection results indicated that an increase in the number of input parameters tends to reduce the error associated with the estimator model; however, the error reduction rate was seen to be negligible for models with five or more input parameters. Therefore, five parameters were considered as input parameters in MLP-COA and MLP-PSO hybrid models: rotary speed, weight on bit, shear wave slowness, compressional wave slowness, and flow rate. A comparison of errors and coefficients of determination in the training phase of the two models indicated that MLP-COA model tended to converge way faster and more accurately. The small difference in generated error using this model between training and testing phases indicated the high reliability and generalizability of the model. Comparing the results of the model trained with raw and denoised data against the same set of selected features clearly showed the positive effect of the denoising step on the accuracy of the model. Validation of the proposed model via the multilinear regression method was indicative of the superior performance of the MLP-COA model, so that it could be confidently stipulated that this model can be used to estimate the ROP at other vertical wells near the studied well. Further, provided the required information is available, this method can predict the ROP to high accuracy in vertical oil and gas wells.
Ranibizumab for the treatment of degenerative ocular conditions (2014)

Degenerative ocular conditions, such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy, retinal vein occlusions, and myopic degeneration, have become a major public health problem and a leading cause of blindness in developed countries. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) drugs seem to be an effective and safe treatment for these conditions. Ranibizumab, a humanized monoclonal antibody antigen-binding fragment, which inhibits all biologically active isoforms of VEGF-A, is still the gold standard treatment for the majority of these pathological entities. In this review, we present the results of the most important clinical trials concerning the efficacy and safety of ranibizumab for the treatment of degenerative ocular conditions.
Telomerase Transduction in Cord Blood CD34+ Cells Interferes with Cellular Differentiation and Does Not Increase Their Proliferative Capacity. (2002)

Loss of telomeric repeats has been causally linked to replicative senescence and ageing in human cells. In contrast to normal somatic cells, which are telomerase-negative, hematopoietic stem cells have low levels of telomerase, which can be transiently up-regulated upon cytokine stimulation. Despite telomerase actions, proliferation of progenitor cells is accompanied by telomere shortening possibly leading to a reduction of their replicative potential. To test whether ectopic expression of telomerase can overcome telomere erosion in hematopoietic progenitor cells, we transduced CD34+ cord blood (CB) cells (n=7) with a retroviral vector including hTERT, the catalytic component of telomerase. CD34+ cells were cultured for 4 weeks in serum-free medium in the presence of stem cell factor (SCF). Flt-3 ligand (Flt-3 L), interleukin 3 (IL-3), IL-6, and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF). The hTERT transduced CD34+ CB cells exhibited significantly elevated telomerase activity (10.4-fold) compared to vector-only-transduced CD34+ cells. A peak telomere elongation of 500 bp was found in hTERT transduced CB cells at day 14 of the culture, but telomere shortening was not completely prevented. Surprisingly, the overall expansion potential was found to be significantly reduced in hTERT transduced cells (5.6-fold) relative to control cells which was due to an accelerated loss of CD34 expression and an increased cellular differentiation. These results indicate that telomeres can be elongated in hematopoietic progenitor cells by ectopic expression of hTERT although telomere shortening is not prevented. In addition, our data suggest that hTERT transduction in CD34+ CB cells does not increase their proliferative capacity, but appears to interfere with their differentiation potential.
Charge and spin transport in spin valves with anisotropic spin relaxation (2007)

We investigate effects of spin-orbit splitting on electronic transport in a spin valve consisting of a large quantum dot defined on a two-dimensional electron gas with two ferromagnetic contacts. In the presence of both structure and bulk inversion asymmetry a giant anisotropy in the spin-relaxation times has been predicted. We show how such an anisotropy affects the electronic transport properties such as the angular magnetoresistance and the spin-transfer torque. Counterintuitively, anisotropic spin-relaxation processes sometimes enhance the spin accumulation.
Data Privacy in Trigger-Action Systems (2020)

Trigger-action platforms (TAPs) allow users to connect independent web-based or IoT services to achieve useful automation. They provide a simple interface that helps end-users create trigger-compute-action rules that pass data between disparate Internet services. Unfortunately, TAPs introduce a large-scale security risk: if they are compromised, attackers will gain access to sensitive data for millions of users. To avoid this risk, we propose eTAP, a privacy-enhancing trigger-action platform that executes trigger-compute-action rules without accessing users' private data in plaintext or learning anything about the results of the computation. We use garbled circuits as a primitive, and leverage the unique structure of trigger-compute-action rules to make them practical. We formally state and prove the security guarantees of our protocols. We prototyped eTAP, which supports the most commonly used operations on popular commercial TAPs like IFTTT and Zapier. Specifically, it supports Boolean, arithmetic, and string operations on private trigger data and can run 100% of the top-500 rules of IFTTT users and 93.4% of all publicly-available rules on Zapier. Based on ten existing rules that exercise a wide variety of operations, we show that eTAP has a modest performance impact: on average rule execution latency increases by 70 ms (55%) and throughput reduces by 59%.
Ring-Opening Alternating Copolymerization of Epoxides and Dihydrocoumarin Catalyzed by a Phosphazene Superbase (2016)

3,4-Dihydrocoumarin (DHC), a six-membered phenolic lactone derived from natural resources, which does not undergo homopolymerization, was subject to ring-opening anionic copolymerization with several epoxides (ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, 1,2-butylene oxide, styrene oxide, and 2-ethylhexyl glycidyl ether) from a mono- or dialcohol catalyzed by a phosphazene superbase (t-BuP4). Spectroscopic analysis revealed that the products were aromatic poly(ether–ester)s with perfect alternating monomeric sequences, consisting of both linear alternating copolymers and cyclic ones with relatively lower molar masses caused by intramolecular transesterification reactions. The alternating copolymers showed good thermal stability and higher glass transition temperatures as compared with the homopolymers of the corresponding epoxides. The in situ initiator-activation and chain-growth mechanism of the t-BuP4-catalyzed polymerization also allowed for copolymerization of DHC and epoxides from multifunctional initiators, such as 1,1,1-trihydroxymethylpropane and poly(4-hydroxystyrene), yielding nonlinear (star and graft) products with alternating copolymer arms or side chains.
A new concept for generation of multi-megawatt power approaching hundred percent conversion efficiency (1977)

The paper describes a new principle of microwave tube with promise of generating very large power with extremely high efficiency, approaching one hundred percent. The principle might lead to novel designs of multi-megawatt tubes supplying microwave power for particle accelerators, for fusion research, and in future satellite solar power stations. A low perveance electron beam is modulated transversely in a circularly polarized pattern, analogous to the beam in a cathode ray tube with 90 degrees out of phase voltages at the deflection plates. The spiraling beam interacts with the rf fields in the output traveling wave ring resonator, which is coupled to the external load by a circumferential directional coupler. The theoretical conversion efficiency for a thin beam is one hundred percent, but less for a finite diameter practical beam. Details of modulation pattern, beam spread, and expected efficiency are presented in the paper.
Investigation of physical and physiological properties of 4'-thioribonucleotide (4'-thioRNA) (2003)

An efficient and practical synthesis of 4'-thioribonucleosides was accomplished via the Pummerer reaction. The resulting 4'-thioribonucleosides were converted into the corresponding phosphoramidite units, and 4'-thioribonucleic acids (4'-thioRNAs) of 15 mer were synthesized on a DNA synthesizer using a controlled pore glass (CPG) with 4'-thiouridine unit. The thermal stability of 4'-thioRNA:RNA duplex was higher than that of RNA:RNA duplex. Moreover, the thermal stability of 4'-thioRNA:4'-thioRNA duplex was the highest and stabilized 30 degrees C or more compared with RNA:RNA duplex (>99 degrees C vs 66 degrees C). Structural analysis by CD spectra indicates that 4'-thioRNA:4'-thioRNA duplex and 4'-thioRNA:RNA duplex adapt A-form conformation as well as RNA:RNA duplex.
Preparation and Rheology of Alcohol-Water Char and BioChar Slurry Fuel (2011)

Ethanol and methanol were added to increase the volatile content of the aqueous low ash and low sulphur, lignite and mallee char slurry fuel. Lignite char slurries were prepared in aqueous solutions of ethanol with content ranging from 5 to 50wt% ethanol. The yield stress of the slurry was measured as function of solids concentration. A carboxylate acid dispersant was found to be effective in dispersing char particles in alcohol-water mixtures, especially those slurries with low alcohol content. This is indicated by the maximum solids loading achieved decreasing with alcohol content in the solution. This maximum loading is 65wt% for 100% water and reduced to 57wt% for 50:50% water-ethanol mixture. This trend was unchanged when the density difference between the solutions was taken into consideration by using volume fraction of solids as concentration in the plot. Without the dispersant, the maximum loading obtained is much lower. Viscometry results showed dilatant flow behaviour for the highest loaded slurry and Newtonian behaviour for dilute slurries. Lignite char slurries with of a top size of less than 32 micron were also prepared at concentration up to 60 wt% solids in 40wt% ethanol and methanol solution with the aid of 1wt% D102 dispersant. These slurries are close to meeting the specifications required as a diesel fuel replacement. A relatively low solids loading of less than 50wt% was obtained with fine Mallee char slurry prepared in 40wt% alcohol solution.
Augmenting the algorithm: Emerging human-in-the-loop work configurations (2020)

How do configurations of humans and algorithms evolve as firms adopt artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities, and what are the implications for work and organization? We explored these questions through a two-year long case study of an organization in the international maritime trade that introduced automated algorithmic support for data analysis and prediction work. Drawing on a human–machine configuration perspective, we found that humans and the algorithm were configured and reconfigured in multiple ways over time as the organization dealt with the introduction of algorithmic analysis. In contrast to replacing human work, the emergent configurations required new roles and redistribution of extant expertise to augment and improve the accuracy of the algorithm. Our analysis suggests that the new configuration resembled a human-in-the-loop pattern, comprised of both the augmentation work of auditing (i.e. the generation of a ground truth and assessment of the algorithmic output against this) as well as the work of altering the algorithm and the data acquisition architecture. Our research points to the strategic importance of a human-in-the-loop pattern for organizational reflexivity to ensure that the performance of the algorithm meets the organization’s requirements and changes in the environment.
Induction of Pemphigus in Neonatal Mice by Passive Transfer of IgG from Patients with the Disease (1982)

We examined the role of circulating autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris by passively transferring IgG fractions from five patients with pemphigus vulgaris into neonatal Balb/c mice, in doses of 1.5 to 16 mg per gram of body weight per day. Cutaneous blisters and erosions with the histologic, ultrastructural, and immunofluorescence features of pemphigus occurred in 39 to 55 mice given intraperitoneal injections of IgG from patients with pemphigus and in none of 58 control mice given normal human IgG. IgG fractions with high titers of pemphigus antibodies were most effective in inducing disease, and this effect was dose dependent. Titers of circulating IgG in mouse serum closely correlated with the extent of disease induced (P less than 0.002). This study strongly supports the proposed role of pemphigus autoantibodies in the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris in human beings and demonstrates that pemphigus can be passively transferred to laboratory animals.
A Novel Role of Extracellular Nucleotides in Valve Calcification (2006)

These findings identify a novel role for extracellular nucleotides in inducing osteoblast differentiation in human valve ICs in vitro and provide a potential therapeutic target for preventing the disease progression.
Synthesis of (±)-4′-Ethynyl and 4′-Cyano Carbocyclic Analogues of Stavudine (d4T) (2005)

The synthesis of (+/-)-4'-ethynyl (8) and 4'-cyano (9) carbocyclic analogues of the anti-HIV agent stavudine (5, d4T) is reported. The carbocyclic unit (16) was constructed from readily available beta-keto ester 10. The ethynyl or cyano group of 8 and 9 were prepared, after the introduction of thymine base to 16, by manipulation of the ester function. Evaluation of the anti-HIV activity of 8 and 9 was also carried out.
Structural analogues of AMD3100 mobilise haematopoietic progenitor cells from bone marrow <i>in vivo</i> according to their ability to inhibit CXCL12 binding to CXCR4 <i>in vitro</i> (2006)

The CXCR4 antagonist, AMD3100, stimulates a rapid increase in circulating numbers of haematopoeitic progenitor cells (HPCs) in both mice and human healthy volunteers. An in situ perfusion system of the mouse femoral bone marrow was used to provide the first direct evidence that AMD3100 mobilises HPCs from the bone marrow. Structural analogues of AMD3100 demonstrated that the ability of these compounds to mobilise HPCs in vivo correlated with their capacity to antagonise CXCR4 in vitro. This model system was also used to demonstrate additive effects of AMD3100 administered acutely, with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor administered chronically, with respect to HPC mobilisation.
<i>N</i>‐Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V as a possible aid for the evaluation of tumor invasiveness in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (2001)

The present study demonstrated that there was a close association between tumor invasiveness and GnT-V activity in sera, and that the measurement of GnT-V may improve prognostic estimates and therapeutic outcomes for patients with HCC.
Fast algorithms for (max, min)-matrix multiplication and bottleneck shortest paths (2009)

Given a directed graph with a capacity on each edge, the all-pairs bottleneck paths (APBP) problem is to determine, for all vertices s and t, the maximum flow that can be routed from s to t. For dense graphs this problem is equivalent to that of computing the (max, min)-transitive closure of a real-valued matrix. In this paper, we give a (max, min)-matrix multiplication algorithm running in time O(n(3+ω)/2) ≤ O(n2.688), where ω is the exponent of binary matrix multiplication. Our algorithm improves on a recent O(n2+ω/3) ≤ O(n2.792)- time algorithm of Vassilevska, Williams, and Yuster. Although our algorithm is slower than the best APBP algorithm on vertex capacitated graphs, running in O(n2.575) time, it is just as efficient as the best algorithm for computing the dominance product, a problem closely related to (max, min)-matrix multiplication.Our techniques can be extended to give subcubic algorithms for related bottleneck problems. The all-pairs bottleneck shortest paths problem (APBSP) asks for the maximum flow that can be routed along a shortest path. We give an APBSP algorithm for edge-capacitated graphs running in O(n(3+ω)/2) time and a slightly faster O(n2.657)-time algorithm for vertex-capactitated graphs. The second algorithm significantly improves on an O(n2.859)-time APBSP algorithm of Shapira, Yuster, and Zwick. Our APBSP algorithms make use of new hybrid products we call the distance-max-min product and dominance-distance product.
Development of Catalytic Carbon Radical Generation and Its Application to Organic Synthesis (2001)

A novel strategy for organic synthesis via radical intermediates was developed by using N-hydroxyphthalimide (NHPI) as the key catalyst. Carbon radicals were successfully generated from various hydrocarbons under the influence of NHPI combined with Co (II) salt and dioxygen, and the carbon radicals thus formed were applied to a variety of synthetic reactions. Firstly, in the reaction with alkanes, oxygen-containing compounds such as alcohols, ketones and carboxylic acids were produced through the formation of alkyl radicals in good yields. Secondary, the treatment of alkenes with hydroperoxides, which are derived from the reaction of alkyl radicals thus generated with dioxygen, afforded epoxides in good yields. In contrast, the trapping of alkyl radicals prepared by the present method by NO2 and SO2 under mild conditions provided an efficient method for the synthesis of nitroalkanes and sulfonic acids, respectively. Finally, the generation of α-hydroxy carbon radicals from alcohols was also successful, and the synthesis of α-hydroxy-γ-lactones, which so far had been difficult to prepare by the conventional methods, was achieved in high yields by allowing them to react with acrylates.
A concealed ammo detection system for passengers luggage screening (2014)

Airport passenger screening programs mainly involve checkpoint screening using magnetometers to detect metallic weapons on passengers and X-Ray systems to examine carry-on items. The aviation security system is a human system involving extensive reliance on not only the human's perception but also the human's performance, decision making, and judgment. This is particularly true with X-Ray screening systems as they involve human resource intensive activities in order to detect and resolve potential threat items. In addition to the screener's performance which remains a continuing concern, the screening personnel and for many reasons, have long been regarded as a highly fallible and vulnerable element of the aviation screen. Adversaries seeking to carry out unethical measures by carrying explosive devices, bomb making components, ammos, or handheld weapons through screening checkpoints may attempt to exploit various limitations in not only the human's perception and performance but also in the limitations of the current technology capabilities that may compromise security. Although not all security systems are the same, one security hole in airport X-Ray security systems is that they fail to detect all types of ammos known to the industry. In this research, the authors specifically target AK-47 machinegun bullets, 9mm handgun bullets, and 12 gauge shotgun shells, and propose a system that employs digital image processing techniques in order to detect such type of bullets and shells. The proposed system will also assist the security staff by automatically notifying them for any possibility that such a bullet might be carried in a passenger's carry-on item. For testing purposes, the author built a dataset comprising 150 X-Ray images of passenger's luggage that contain different types of bullets and shotgun shells. Simple image processing techniques that includes image enhancement, conversion, labeling of connected components and geometric distance calculations were applied to help in the detection process.