gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis, Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction, and Kinetic Studies on the Formation of a Novel Thiolatocobalamin of Captopril: Evidence for<i>cis</i>-<i>trans</i>Isomerization in the β-Axial Ligand. (2009)

The orally administered therapeutic captopril is widely used for treating hypertension, congestive heart failure, and cardiovascular disease. However, a number of undesirable side effects are associated with high doses of captopril. By coordinating a therapeutic to the upper (= beta) axial site of the naturally occurring macrocycle cobalamin (vitamin B(12)), the absorption and cellular uptake of the therapeutic can be significantly enhanced. We report the synthesis of captopril-cobalamin, a derivative of vitamin B(12) in which captopril is bound via its thiol group at the beta-axial site of cobalamin. Characterization of captopril-cobalamin by (1)H NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction shows that captopril-cobalamin exists in both solution and the solid state as a mixture of geometric isomers. Kinetic studies on the formation of captopril-cobalamin have been carried out, and the data fits a model in which the thiol form (RSH, k(1) = 40.9 +/- 1.2 M(-1) s(-1)) and the thiolate form of captopril (RS(-), k(2) = 660 +/- 170 M(-1) s(-1)) react rapidly with aquacobalamin.
DNA–bare gold affinity interactions: mechanism and applications in biosensing (2015)

Sequence-dependent non-thiolated DNA–gold affinity interaction for biosensing applications, and the underlying principles governing these interactions are comprehensively reviewed.
The Radiobiology of Targeted Radiotherapy (1990)

Targeted radiotherapy consists of biologically selective irradiation of malignant cells by means of radionuclides attached to tumour-seeking molecules. A variety of clinical strategies for targeted radiotherapy may be used, for which different normal tissues will be critical. A large number of radionuclides exist, emitting nuclear particles with a range of path lengths from nanometres to millimetres. An important feature of normal-tissue radiobiology is the dose-rate effect, which is especially marked for late-responding tissues. Radiobiological calculations imply that tolerance dose for targeted radiotherapy using low-LET emitters will depend strongly on the effective half-life of the radionuclide, which will be affected by pharmacokinetics and may vary between patients. Some strategies designed to improve the therapeutic radio (e.g. accelerated clearance of radionuclide) may have modulating effects on the tolerance dose. Tumour response will be governed by the 'four Rs' (repair, repopulation, reoxygenation, redistribution) as well as by mechanisms peculiar to targeted radiotherapy. Analysis based on the extended linear quadratic model predicts that dose-rate effects will be of major importance for only a minority of tumours. Most of the radiation dose to tumour will usually be delivered over a time-scale of a few days. This might give insufficient time for tumour reoxygenation, making the use of hypoxic sensitizers appropriate. A special feature of targeted radiotherapy is the complex relationship between tumour curability and tumour size for different radionuclides. For long-range beta-emitters, microscopic tumours may be operationally resistant because of inefficient absorption of radionuclide disintegration energy in small volumes. Short-range emitters will be more efficient in sterilization of micrometastases but sterilization of larger tumours may require an unattainable degree of homogeneity of radionuclide distribution. Optimal use of targeted radiotherapy may require it to be combined with external-beam irradiation or chemotherapy. Experimental studies will be necessary to investigate those features of targeted radiotherapy which differ from external-beam irradiation. Future directions may include targeted radiotherapy of minimal numbers of tumour cells detected by use of molecular probes. Such applications call for use of short-range alpha-emitters and Auger emitters whose radiobiology will become increasingly important.
Pressure and shear: their effects on support surface choice. (1995)

Many support surfaces are available, each with advantages and disadvantages, that claim to relieve or reduce the external forces contributing to the development of pressure ulcers. This article describes pressure and shear, and what a patient support surface must do to relieve those forces. Pressure is the vertical force of the weight of the patient's body on the surface. Shear is a horizontal force that causes the bony prominence to move across the tissue as the skin is held in place, and results from patient movement, nurse movement of the patient, and bed movement. There are seven basic requirements a support surface must meet in order to prevent pressure and shear: The surface must (1) conform to bony prominences without resistance, (2) not have significant memory, (3) allow patient immersion, (4) not bottom out, (5) relieve shear caused by patient movement, (6) prevent skin maceration, and (7) provide patient comfort. Six types of support surfaces are listed along with a summary of each surface's theoretical ability to deal with the forces described in this article. Understanding the physical forces that contribute to pressure ulcers, and each support surface's theoretical ability to relieve these forces, should make it easier to choose an appropriate support surface for each patient.
Optimal synthesis of difference patterns subject to arbitrary sidelobe bounds by using arbitrary array antennas (2005)

Two new approaches to the optimal synthesis of difference patterns are proposed that can deal in an effective fashion with arbitrary sidelobe bounds. The first approach, which amounts to solving a convex programming problem, can be applied to completely arbitrary (fixed geometry) arrays and it is capable of taking into account additional constraints. The second approach, which amounts to solving a simpler linear programming problem, can be applied to uniformly spaced linear or planar arrays, and allows results about the uniqueness of the solution to be inferred. Numerical examples show the flexibility and effectiveness of the proposed procedures.
Rapid field screening of soils for heavy metals with spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (2003)

Spark-induced breakdown spectroscopy (SIBS) is a recently developed atomic-fluorescene-based analytical technique that is analogous to laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. SIBS, however, uses an electrical plasma generation method on nonconductive samples instead of a focused laser beam. Here we describe the basic characteristics of SIBS and its application to the field-screening analysis of soil, using a standard addition analytical approach. Detection limits of approximately 25 mg/kg have been seen for lead, chromium, barium, mercury, and cadmium. A variety of soils have been tested, some cocontaminated with organic material and uranium (238U).
A Novel Sodium Silicate Fluoride Solution and a H <sub>2</sub> Gas Formed by a Reaction Between Si and an Aqueous Solution of NaOH and NaF (2005)

Oxidation of Si in an alkali solution has attracted much attention to produce hydrogen gas from Si wastes. It was found that hydrogen gas was generated from Si in NaOH and NaF solution with more than 10 times reaction rate than in the NaOH solution. The reaction by‐product was a sodium silicate fluoride, Na x + z Si y O 2 y + x /2 F z solution, and it proved to transform to a glass foam by boiling. The Raman spectrum suggested that the silicon and oxygen atoms in the silicate anions were arranged in a sheet‐like structure. This may affect the behavior to form the glass foam.
The complex chemistry of N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine (glyphosate): preparation and characterization of the ammonium, lithium, sodium (4 polymorphs) and silver(I) complexes (2000)

A series of complexes with the herbicide glyphosate [N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine = H3L] has been synthesized and characterized using infrared spectroscopy, and in the case of five of these, by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The compounds are ammonium glyphosate [NH4][H2L] 1, lithium glyphosate Li(H2L) 2, sodium glyphosate hemi-hydrate Na(H2L)·0.5H2O 3, sodium glyphosate monohydrate Na(H2L)·H2O 4, sodium glyphosate dihydrate Na(H2L)·2H2O 5, disodium glyphosate nonahydrate Na2(HL)·9H2O 6 and disilver glyphosate Ag2(HL) 7. The crystal structures of 1, 3, 4, 6 and 7 have been determined. Compound 1 consists of a hydrogen-bonded lattice structure in which all of the available ammonium protons are involved in hydrogen bonding, together with the zwitterionic amine group and the single phosphonate proton. Compounds 3 and 4 are both polymeric and based on dimeric repeating units with six-co-ordinate sodium centres. Complex 6 is based on both discrete octahedral [Na(HL)(H2O)5]− anionic complex units with the unidentate glyphosate ligand bonded via a carboxylate oxygen, together with a cationic [Na2(H2O)8]2+ ribbon polymer. All structures have extensive hydrogen bonding interactions. The silver complex 7 is a polymer structure which involves the phosphonate ligands in linear chains joined through the carboxyl group at one end (via bis-O,O′ bridged silver dimers) and silver co-ordinated phosphonate oxygens at the other.
Substituent and solvent effects on photoexcited states of functionalized fullerene[60] (1998)

Steady-state absorption/fluorescence spectra and time-resolved absorption/fluorescence spectra were measured to investigate the photoexcited states properties of N-methylpyrrolidinofullerenes C60[(C3H6N)R] [R=H (1), p-C6H4CHO (2), p-C6H4NO2 (3), p-C6H4OMe (4), p-C6H4NMe2 (5)]. Functionalization causes bandshifts to longer wavelength for absorption and fluorescence spectra, accompanied by enhancements in the fluorescence quantum yields in nonpolar solvents. The triplet (T) states of these derivatives show very similar properties (quantum yields, molar absorption coefficients and O2 quenching) to C60 whereas T–T absorption bands shift to short wavelength and the lowest triplet energies decrease compared with those of C60. Derivative 5, which has a strong electron-donating group, shows a prominent solvent polarity effect on the fluorescent quantum yield and lifetime, and triplet formation, suggesting that intramolecular charge transfer takes place.
Consistency of the group Lasso and multiple kernel learning (2007)

We consider the least-square regression problem with regularization by a block 1-norm, i.e., a sum of Euclidean norms over spaces of dimensions larger than one. This problem, referred to as the group Lasso, extends the usual regularization by the 1-norm where all spaces have dimension one, where it is commonly referred to as the Lasso. In this paper, we study the asymptotic model consistency of the group Lasso. We derive necessary and sufficient conditions for the consistency of group Lasso under practical assumptions, such as model misspecification. When the linear predictors and Euclidean norms are replaced by functions and reproducing kernel Hilbert norms, the problem is usually referred to as multiple kernel learning and is commonly used for learning from heterogeneous data sources and for non linear variable selection. Using tools from functional analysis, and in particular covariance operators, we extend the consistency results to this infinite dimensional case and also propose an adaptive scheme to obtain a consistent model estimate, even when the necessary condition required for the non adaptive scheme is not satisfied.
3D physical modeling for patterning process development (2010)

In this paper we will demonstrate how a 3D physical patterning model can act as a forensic tool for OPC and ground-rule development. We discuss examples where the 2D modeling shows no issues in printing gate lines but 3D modeling shows severe resist loss in the middle. In absence of corrective measure, there is a high likelihood of line discontinuity post etch. Such early insight into process limitations of prospective ground rules can be invaluable for early technology development. We will also demonstrate how the root cause of broken poly-line after etch could be traced to resist necking in the region of STI step with the help of 3D models. We discuss different cases of metal and contact layouts where 3D modeling gives an early insight in to technology limitations. In addition such a 3D physical model could be used for early resist evaluation and selection for required ground-rule challenges, which can substantially reduce the cycle time for process development.
Perceived urgency of and response time to multi-tone and frequency-modulated warning signals in broadband noise (1995)

Several pulse parameters that were believed to affect the perceived urgency and response time to auditory warning signals were investigated in a factorial experiment. The independent variables included pulse format (sequential, simultaneous, and frequency-modulated pulses), pulse level (65 and 79 dBC), and inter-pulse interval (0, 150 and 300 ms). The applications environments of interest were those having steady-state broadband noise. A probability monitoring task from the Criterion Task Set was used as an operator loading task to impose additional attentional demands during the signal detection and response task. The psychophysical methods of free-modulus magnitude estimation and paired comparison were used to measure subjective perceived urgency. An objective measure of response time to the signal was also obtained. Multivariate statistical analyses indicated that response time decreased significantly as perceived urgency increased. Perceived urgency of the signal increased and response time decreased as pulse level increased. Sequential signals took longer to detect and were rated as less urgent than the other two signal types. Shorter inter-pulse interval was associated with greater perceived signal urgency.
Exosite-interactive Regions in the A1 and A2 Domains of Factor VIII Facilitate Thrombin-catalyzed Cleavage of Heavy Chain (2005)

Thrombin catalyzes the proteolytic activation of factor VIII, cleaving two sites in the heavy chain and one site in the light chain of the procofactor. Evaluation of thrombin binding the reaction products from heavy chain cleavage by steady state fluorescence energy transfer using a fluorophore-labeled, active site-modified thrombin as well as by solid phase binding assays using a thrombin Ser(205) --> Ala mutant indicated a high affinity site in the A1 subunit (K(d) approximately 5 nm) that was dependent upon the Na(+)-bound form of thrombin, whereas a moderate affinity site in the A2 subunit (K(d) approximately 100 nm) was observed for both Na(+)-bound and -free forms. The solid phase assay also indicated that hirudin blocked thrombin interaction with the A1 subunit and had little, if any, effect on its interaction with the A2 subunit. Conversely, heparin blocked thrombin interaction with the A2 subunit and showed a marginal effect on A1 binding. Evaluation of the A2 sequence revealed two regions rich in acidic residues that are localized close to the N and C termini of this domain. Peptides encompassing these clustered acidic regions, residues 373-395 and 719-740, blocked thrombin cleavage of the isolated heavy chain at Arg(372) and Arg(740) and inhibited A2 binding to thrombin Ser(205) --> Ala, suggesting that both A2 domain regions potentially support interaction with thrombin. A B-domainless, factor VIII double mutant Asp(392) --> Ala/Asp(394) --> Ala was constructed, expressed, and purified and possessed specific activity equivalent to a severe hemophilia phenotype. This mutant was resistant to cleavage at Arg(740), whereas cleavage at Arg(372) was not affected. These data suggest the acidic region comprising residues 389-394 in factor VIII A2 domain interacts with thrombin via its heparin-binding exosite and facilitates cleavage at Arg(740) during procofactor activation.
Electromagnetic micro-power generator for energy harvesting from breathing (2012)

An electromagnetic energy harvesting mechanism is presented to convert the breath pressure into electrical voltage. The generated power has a general application in providing energy for portable or wearable electronic devices and a particular application in chemical respirators to power the cartridge end of service life indicator systems. Changes in the breath pressure have been measured during normal breathing, and the proposed electromagnetic system has been simulated to find the best configuration of components. Also, a prototype has been built and tested. The experimental results will show that more than 3 μW can be harvested by using this generator.
Marker expression, behaviors, and responses vary in different lines of conditionally immortalized cultured podocytes (2011)

The state-of-the-art cultured podocyte is conditionally immortalized by expression of a temperature-sensitive mutant of the SV40 large-T antigen. These cultures proliferate at 33°C and differentiate at 37°C into arborized cells that more closely resemble in vivo podocytes. However, the degree of resemblance remains controversial. In this study, several parameters were measured in podocyte cell lines derived from mouse (JR, KE), human (MS), and rat (HK). In all lines, the quantities of NEPH1 and podocin proteins and NEPH1 and SYNPO mRNAs were comparable to glomeruli, while synaptopodin and nephrin proteins and NPHS1 and NPHS2 mRNAs were <5% of glomerular levels. Expression of Wilms' tumor-1 (WT1) mRNA in mouse lines was comparable to glomeruli, but rat and human lines expressed little WT1. Undifferentiated human and mouse lines had similar proliferation rates that decreased after differentiation, while the rate in rat cells remained constant. The motility of different lines varied as measured by both general motility and wound-healing assays. The toxicity of puromycin aminonucleoside was MS ∼ JR >> KE, and of doxorubicin was JR ∼ KE > MS, while HK cells were almost unaffected. Process formation was largely a result of contractile action after formation of lamellipodia. These findings demonstrate dramatic differences in marker expression, response to toxins, and motility between lines of podocytes from different species and even between similarly-derived mouse lines.
MENISCAL TRANSPLANTATION IN SYMPTOMATIC PATIENTS LESS THAN FIFTY YEARS OLD (2004)

The short-term results of meniscal transplantation are encouraging in terms of reducing knee pain and increasing function; however, long-term transplant function and any chondroprotective effects remain unknown and require further investigation.
Application of particle filters for indoor positioning using floor plans (2010)

This paper presents a numerical approach to the pedestrian map-matching problem using building plans. The proposed solution is based on a sequential Monte Carlo method, so called particle filtering. This algorithm can be adapted for implementation on real-time pedestrian navigation systems using low-cost MEMS gyroscopes and accelerometers as dead-reckoning sensors. The algorithm reliability and accuracy performance was investigated using simulated data typical for pedestrians walking inside building. The results show that this map-aided dead reckoning system is able to provide accurate indoor positioning for long periods of time without using GPS data.
Detecting Click Fraud in Pay-Per-Click Streams of Online Advertising Networks (2008)

With the rapid growth of the Internet, online advertisement plays a more and more important role in the advertising market. One of the current and widely used revenue models for online advertising involves charging for each click based on the popularity of keywords and the number of competing advertisers. This pay-per-click model leaves room for individuals or rival companies to generate false clicks (i.e., click fraud), which pose serious problems to the development of healthy online advertising market. To detect click fraud, an important issue is to detect duplicate clicks over decaying window models, such as jumping windows and sliding windows. Decaying window models can be very helpful in defining and determining click fraud. However, although there are available algorithms to detect duplicates, there is still a lack of practical and effective solutions to detect click fraud in pay-per-click streams over decaying window models. In this paper, we address the problem of detecting duplicate clicks in pay-per-click streams over jumping windows and sliding windows, and are the first that propose two innovative algorithms that make only one pass over click streams and require significantly less memory space and operations. GBF algorithm is built on group Bloom filters which can process click streams over jumping windows with small number of sub-windows, while TBF algorithm is based on a new data structure called timing Bloom filter that detects click fraud over sliding windows and jumping windows with large number of sub-windows. Both GBF algorithm and TBF algorithm have zero false negative. Furthermore, both theoretical analysis and experimental results show that our algorithms can achieve low false positive rate when detecting duplicate clicks in pay-per-click streams over jumping windows and sliding windows.
Proper oxidation for spin-dependent tunnel junctions (2000)

From wafers where the AlOx barrier varies from junction to junction, we determine the proper oxidation conditions for spin-dependent tunnel junctions. We obtain large variation in the resistance×area product (R×A) of the junctions within a wafer by either using nonuniform plasma oxidation on uniform Al films, or using uniform oxidation on Al films with a wedge thickness profile. When plotted against R×A, the tunneling magneto-resistance (TMR) for all junctions on the wafer falls on one curve that exhibits a broad maximum in the TMR. We propose that this maximum is where most metal Al has been oxidized while the oxidation of the bottom electrode is minimal. With annealing, we achieved our highest TMR, 38%, in highly resistive Co–AlOx–Co junctions. The most conductive junctions we made have about 18% TMR and R×A of 140 Ω μm2. They are made by natural oxidation on about 5 Å of Al. For barriers thinner than 13 Å Al, we start to lose TMR for junctions larger than 2 μm2. This is possibly caused by pinholes in thin barrier and indicates the importance of studying small size junctions.
Anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau. A diagnostic test and operative repair. (1978)

Recurrent anterior subluxation of the lateral tibial plateau is a common type of chronic knee instability resulting from trauma. It can be reproduced by the clinical test described and corrected by a surgical procedure called the sling and reef operation, in which a strip of iliotibial tract is used to create a sling and to reef the posterolateral capsule. From 1971 to 1978, eighty-four patients were operated on, of whom fifty had been evaluated at one to six and one-half years after operation. The results were: forty-one good, six fair, and three poor. The lesions found in the thirty-seven knees in which arthrotomy was performed included a tear of the anterior cruciate in every case, a tear of the medial meniscus in fifteen and of the lateral meniscus in eleven, a notch in the articular surface of the lateral femoral condyle in fifteen, and a lateral marginal tibial (Segond) fracture in three. No definite lateral capsular tears were visualized--only stretching comparable to that seen in recurrent dislocation of the shoulder.