gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparing Some Operational Approaches to the Limit of Detection (2004)

The limit of detection is one of the fundamental metrological characteristics of any chemical measurement systems but, even now, it is a highly controversial matter because of the existing differences in terminology, formulations and understanding. Even when limiting the analysis to those operational approaches that, because of their simplicity, are often suggested by the guidelines of some international bodies, the available approaches can return appreciably different estimates. In this paper, the matter is critically reconsidered, and the different approaches compared with the aid of some case studies.
<scp>OX</scp>40L blockade and allergen‐induced airway responses in subjects with mild asthma (2013)

Pharmacological activity of anti-OX40L MAb was observed by decreases in serum total IgE and airway eosinophils at 16 weeks post-dosing, but there was no effect on allergen-induced airway responses. It is possible that the treatment duration or dose of antibody was insufficient to impact the airway responses.
Identification of Novel Genes Regulated by IL-12, IL-4, or TGF-β during the Early Polarization of CD4+ Lymphocytes (2003)

Th1 and Th2 cells arise from a common precursor cell in response to triggering through the TCR and cytokine receptors for IL-12 or IL-4. This leads to activation of complex signaling pathways, which are not known in detail. Disturbances in the balance between type 1 and type 2 responses can lead to certain immune-mediated diseases. Thus, it is important to understand how Th1 and Th2 cells are generated. To clarify the mechanisms as to how IL-12 and IL-4 induce Th1 and Th2 differentiation and how TGF-beta can inhibit this process, we have used oligonucleotide arrays to examine the early polarization of Th1 and Th2 cells in the presence and absence of TGF-beta. In addition to genes previously implicated in the process, we have identified 20 genes with various known and unknown functions not previously associated with Th1/2 polarization. We have also further determined which genes are targets of IL-12, IL-4, and TGF-beta regulation in the cells induced to polarize to Th1 and Th2 directions. Interestingly, a subset of the genes was coregulated by IL-12 or IL-4 and TGF-beta. Among these genes are candidates that may modulate the balance between Th1 and Th2 responses.
High Concentrations of Furan Fatty Acids in Organic Butter Samples from the German Market (2014)

Furan fatty acids (F-acids) are valuable antioxidants containing a furan moiety in the central part of the molecule. They occur in the lipids of different foodstuffs and plants, with grass being the main source for their presence in milk fat and butter. Because cows from organic farming receive higher portions of grass-based feed, it was tested whether organic butter samples (n = 26) contain more F-acids than conventional ones (n = 25) in Germany. For this purpose, samples were melted, and the lipid phase was separated and transesterified into methyl esters, which were enriched using silver ion chromatography and analyzed by GC-EI/MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. Levels of F-acids in butter were higher in summer than in winter, and in both seasons, organic samples contained significantly higher levels of F-acids than conventional ones (one-way ANOVA: p < 0.001). Furthermore, the daily intake of F-acids via milk fat and other foodstuffs was calculated.
User's documentation for MODFLOW-96, an update to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model (1996)

A number of changes have been made to the U.S. Geological Survey modular finite-difference ground-water flow model, which is commonly known as MODFLOW. Existing MODFLOW input files will work with the revised model. Also, the basic structure and computational methods of the model have been maintained. Those familiar with the original model should have no difficulty adapting to the revised model. Some of the most significant changes are:
Sensory quality and appropriateness of raw and boiled Jerusalem artichoke tubers (<i>Helianthus tuberosus</i> L.) (2012)

A few sensory attributes can be used as predictors of the appropriateness of Jerusalem artichoke tubers for raw and boiled consumption. Knowledge on the quality of raw and boiled Jerusalem artichoke tubers can be used to inform consumers on the right choice of raw material and thereby increase the consumption of the vegetable.
Prolonged survival of experimental extremity allografts: A new protocol with total body irradiation, granulocyte-colony stimulation factor, and FK506 (2009)

The induction of a high-level of chimerism (macrochimerism) may be the most reliable strategy for achieving donor-specific tolerance. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a new protocol using total-body irradiation (TBI) and granulocyte-colony stimulation factor (G-CSF) to induce high-level chimerism following rat whole-limb allotransplantation. In this study, we investigated whether the timing of TBI influenced the period of graft survival. In total, 50 whole-limb allotransplants from LacZ transgenic rats to LEW rats were performed. TBI was performed at days 0 and 14, and G-CSF was given for 4 days after TBI. FK506 was given for 28 days after transplant. Nontreated limb allografts were rejected after 4.2 days. The survival time was prolonged to 64 days in the FK506 monotherapy group. In the group receiving TBI at day 14, limb allograft survival was significantly prolonged to 81 days. In the group receiving TBI at day 0, 26% of recipients died but in the surviving recipients the grafts survived for longer than 1 year without lethal graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis revealed a high level of intrabone marrow chimerism in the recipient, thus demonstrating successful induction of macrochimerism. A new protocol of pretransplant TBI followed by treatment with G-CSF and FK506 was found to induce a high level of chimerism and to significantly prolong the survival of limb allografts in recipients without lethal GVHD.
Kondo Scattering Observed at a Single Magnetic Impurity (1998)

Electron scattering of isolated Ce adatoms on Ag(111) surfaces was studied with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. Tunneling spectra obtained on and near Ce reveal a characteristic dip around the Fermi energy which is absent for nonmagnetic Ag adatoms. This feature is detected over a few atomic diameters around Ce atoms at the surface. The transition matrix element from the localized $f$ electron to the tunnel-current carrying continuum states bears a strong resemblance to discrete autoionized states. We interpret the dip spectrum as a Fano interference for the limit where the $f$ orbital has a very small matrix element.
The Design and Implementation of RIA-Based DNA Sequence Analysis Tools (2009)

Due to the progress of Bioinformatics field, We are making use of analyzing tools for effective analyzing enormous data of DNA sequence. But there was inconvenience in existing tools when searching and applying data for analyzing. Our treatise proposes a tool developed by a form based on RIA(Rich Internet Application) that you can solve the problems came from weak points. The analyzing tool for RIA indexing data of DNA sequence shows the results by real time in basis of Web 2.0 which supplemented basis on a form of Web. The web application was developed in Flex2 on Windows workstation.
Full-body motion-based game interaction for older adults (2012)

Older adults in nursing homes often lead sedentary lifestyles, which reduces their life expectancy. Full-body motion-control games provide an opportunity for these adults to remain active and engaged; these games are not designed with age-related impairments in mind, which prevents the games from being leveraged to increase the activity levels of older adults. In this paper, we present two studies aimed at developing game design guidelines for full-body motion controls for older adults experiencing age-related changes and impairments. Our studies also demonstrate how full-body motion-control games can accommodate a variety of user abilities, have a positive effect on mood and, by extension, the emotional well-being of older adults. Based on our studies, we present seven guidelines for the design of full-body interaction in games. The guidelines are designed to foster safe physical activity among older adults, thereby increasing their quality of life.
The Canadian National Breast Screening Study: Update on Breast Cancer Mortality (1997)

The Canadian National Breast Screening Study (CNBSS), conducted on women age 40-49, was designed to evaluate the efficacy of combined annual mammography and physical examination of the breasts in reducing breast cancer mortality in comparison to usual care (UC) controls. From January 1980 through March 1985, 25,214 women were individually randomized to the mammography/physical exam (MP) arm and 25,216 to the UC. The integrity of the randomization has been reviewed and confirmed to be unbiased. During an average, follow-up of 10.5 years from entry (range: 8.75-13 years), 82 women died from breast cancer in the MP arm and 72 in the UC, for a rate ratio of 1.14 (95% confidence interval: 0.83-1.56). All-cause mortality was almost identical comparing the two groups; the nonsignificant excess of breast cancer deaths in the MP arm was balanced by an excess of other cancer deaths in the UC arm.
Extended O<sup>6</sup>-Methylguanine Methyltransferase Promoter Hypermethylation Following <i>n</i>-Butylidenephthalide Combined with 1,3-Bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU) on Inhibition of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Growth (2009)

Epigenetic alteration of DNA methylation plays an important role in the regulation of gene expression associated with chemosensitivity of human hepatocellular (HCC) carcinoma cells. With the aim of improving the chemotherapeutic efficacy for HCC, the effect of the naturally occurring compound n-butylidenephthalide (BP), which is isolated from a chloroform extract of Angelica sinensis, was investigated. In both HepG2 and J5 HCC cell lines, a synergistic antiproliferative effect was observed when a low dosage of BP was combined with the chemotherapeutic drug 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea (BCNU). BCNU is an alkylating agent, and it prompts us to examine one of DNA repair genes, O(6)-methylguanine methyltransferase (MGMT). It was evident from methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis that BP/BCNU combined treatment caused a time- and concentration-dependent enhancement of MGMT promoter methylation. Overexpression of MGMT could abolish BP-induced growth inhibition in the J5 tumor cell line as measured by colony formation assay. When BP was combined with BCNU and administered, it showed significant antitumor effects in both HepG2 and J5 xenograft tumors as compared with the use of only one of these drugs. The BCNU-induced apoptosis and inhibited MGMT protein expression in HCC cells, both in vitro and in vivo, resulting from the combination treatment of BP and BCNU suggest a potential clinical use of this compound for improving the prognosis for HCCs.
Inverted pattern formation of cell microarrays on poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) gel patterned surface and construction of hepatocyte spheroids on unmodified PEG gel microdomains (2009)

We present herein the novel technique for constructing inverted cell-adhesion patternes on PEG gel modified glass surfaces by photoirradiation using the same photomask and materials. The PEG gel micropatterns were prepared by a photolithographic technique using a photomask with 100 microm aligned cavities after spin-coating of a mixed solution of alpha,omega-dimethacryloyl-PEG (PEG-DMA) and a photoinitiator on glass surfaces. When methanol was used as a casting solvent for the spin-coating (Method A), the circular PEG gel domains with a diameter of 100 microm were fabricated on the surface, and as would be predicted, seeded bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) adhered to the glass area on the constructed surface to form a BAECs sheet with 100 microm aligned cavity. In contrast, it was rather surprising for us that a complete inverted cell pattern was formed when the PEG gel pattern surface was prepared using methanol/water co-solvent (Method B). Furthermore, when hepatoma cancer cells were seeded on the constructed surface prepared by Method B, they formed a spherical multicellular aggregate (spheroid) on the unmodified PEG gel domains without feeder cells. In order to obtain information on this peculiar phenomenon, fluorescence-based protein adsorption experiments, contact angle measurements, and X-ray photospectroscopy (XPS) analysis were carried out.
Touch-Sensitive Organ Based on an Electrostatic Coupling Device (1955)

A device for coupling generators to sound systems in electric musical instruments is described, particularly in connection with its use in a touch-sensitive keyboard. The construction of such a keyboard is shown to be quite straightforward. Many well-known types of generators and any timbre control system may be used. The musical value of a touch-sensitive action is difficult to assess, but the writer is impressed favorably.
Privacy and Security in IPv6 Addressing (2011)

Due to an exponentially larger address space than Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4), the Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) uses new methods to assign network addresses to Internet nodes. StateLess Address Auto Configuration (SLAAC) creates an address using a static value derived from the Media Access Control (MAC) address of a network interface as host portion, or interface identifier (IID). The Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol version 6 (DHCPv6) uses a client-server model to manage network addresses, providing stateful address configuration. While DHCPv6 can be configured to assign randomly distributed addresses, the DHCP Unique Identifier (DUID) was designed to remain static for clients as they move between different DHCPv6 subnets and networks. Both the IID and DUID are static values which are publicly exposed, creating a privacy and security threat for users and nodes. The static IID and DUID allow attackers to violate unsuspecting IPv6 users' privacy and security with ease. These static identifiers make geographic tracking and network traffic correlation over multiple sessions simple. Also, different classes of computer and network attacks, such as system-specific attacks and Denial-of-Service (DoS) attacks, are easier to successfully employ due to these identifiers. This research identifies and tests the validity of the privacy and security threat of static IIDs and DUIDs. Solutions which mitigate or eliminate the threat posed by static identifiers in IPv6 are identified.
How differences in the settling behaviour of moths (Lepidoptera) may contribute to sampling bias when using automated light traps (2016)

Quantitative community-wide moth surveys frequently employ flight-interception traps equipped with UV-light emitting sources as attractants. It has long been known that moth species differ in their responsiveness to light traps. We studied how the settling behaviour of moths at a light trap may further contribute to sampling bias. We observed the behaviour of 1426 moths at a light tower. Moths were classified as either, settling and remaining still after arrival, or continually moving on the gauze for extended periods of time. Moths that did not move after settling may not end up in the sampling container of the light trap and therefore are under-represented in automated trap samples relative to their true proportions in the community. Our analyses revealed highly significant behavioural differences between moths that differed in body size. Small moths were more likely to remain stationary after settling. As a corollary, representatives of three taxa, which in Europe are predominantly small species (Nolidae, Geometridae: Eupitheciini, Erebidae: Lithosiini), usually settled down immediately, whereas most other moths remained active on or flying around the trap for some time. Moth behaviour was also modulated by ambient temperature. At high temperatures, they were less likely to settle down immediately, but this behavioural difference was most strongly apparent among medium-sized moths. These results indicate the likely extent of the sampling bias when analysing and interpreting automated light-trap samples. Furthermore, to control for temperature modulated sampling bias temperature should always be recorded when sampling moths using flight-interception traps.
Epidemic Herpetic Stomatitis in an Orphanage Nursery (1963)

An unusual outbreak of herpes simplex stomatitis occurred in a group of 13 children 11 mo to 35 mo of age. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from eight of the ten children with clinically apparent illness. In all cases, the viruses which were isolated in HeLa cell cultures caused cytopathic effects identical to those of the proliferative strain of herpes simplex virus and characterized by rounding and clumping of cells without formation of syncytia. Serologic studies demonstrated a rise in serum-neutralizing antibodies in all eight symptomatic children whose sera were available, and no rise in the three asymptomatic children. This outbreak was characterized by its unusually high attack rate, the nature of the strain of the virus isolates, and the lack of in-apparent infection.
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Patients With Burn Injuries (1999)

This article reviews the literature about the extent of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in patients with burns. PTSD is a relatively new diagnostic label, although the emotional effects of severe trauma have long been recognized. A burn injury-one of the most traumatic of all injuries--can be accompanied by serious psychological sequelae, including PTSD. Psychiatric symptoms may not be immediately apparent in patients with burns because the patients often develop PTSD many months after the injury. The reported prevalence rate of PTSD in patients with burns varies from 8% to 45%. The factors increasing these patients' risks include preburn affective disorder, delirium or severe pain during acute treatment, and less perceived social support. Psychosocial issues must be considered in the recovery or rehabilitation phase. Pharmacotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and eye-movement desensitization and reprocessing may be helpful to the PTSD patient. Early detection and treatment of PTSD cannot only diminish the effects of this disabling disorder but can also help the rehabilitation of patients with this condition.
CCXLI.—The slow oxidation of phosphorus. Part II. The oxidation products of phosphorus and phosphorous oxide (1929)

C. C. Miller, J. Chem. Soc., 1929, 1829 DOI: 10.1039/JR9290001829
Mathematica Programs for the Analysis of Three-Dimensional Pore Connectivity and Anisotropic Tortuosity of Porous Rocks using X-ray Computed Tomography Image Data (2007)

Understanding of the transport properties of porous rocks is important for safe nuclear waste disposal because harmful contaminated groundwater can migrate along pore spaces over long distances. We developed three original Mathematica® version 5.2 programs to calculate the transport properties (porosity, pore connectivity, surface-to-volume ratio of the pore space, and anisotropic tortuosity of the pore structure) of porous rocks using three-dimensional (3-D) 8-bit TIFF or BMP X-ray computed tomography (CT) images. The pre-processing program Itrimming.nb extracts a 3-D rectangular region of interest (ROI) from the raw CT images. The program Clabel.nb performs cluster-labeling processing of the pore voxels in the ROI to export volume, surface area, and the center of gravity of each pore cluster, which are essential for the analysis of pore connectivity. The random walk program Rwalk.nb simulates diffusion of non-sorbing species by performing discrete lattice walks on the largest (i.e., percolated) pore cluster in the ROI and exports the mean-square displacement of the non-sorbing walkers, which is needed to estimate the geometrical tortuosity and surface-to-volume ratio of the pore. We applied the programs to microfocus X-ray CT images of a rhyolitic lava sample having an anisotropic pore structure. The programs are available at http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/browse/jnst/44/9/ and http://staff.aist.go.jp/nakashima.yoshito/progeng.htm to facilitate the X-ray CT approach to groundwater hydrology.
<i>t</i>‐Butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) as protective group in carbohydrate chemistry migration of the tbdms group in trans‐diol systems (1983)

Abstract In the presence of base the t ‐butyldimethylsilyl (TBDMS) protective group is able to migrate between trans‐diaxial hydroxyl functions of carbohydrates.
Self‐curable polyester by a reaction of glycidol with maleic anhydride (2003)

Abstract The controlled reaction of equimolar quantities of maleic anhydride and glycidol in dimethoxyethane gives soluble polyesters with one hydroxyl group in each repeating unit. The reaction proceeds with stepwise ring opening of the components and gives highly viscous clear solutions in relatively short periods. In the first step, monomaleate ester formation takes place around 80 °C. The ring opening of the oxirane group is the second step, and it occurs at 120 °C. The overall reaction is the formation of soluble polyesters with moderate molecular weights (6000–18,000), without the elimination of water. The soluble polyesters can be crosslinked tightly by direct heating at 190 °C without additional vinyl monomer. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 41: 2549–2555, 2003
Introduction (2002)

When intra-industry trade was first observed in the 1960s by Verdoorn (1960), Balassa (1963, 1966) and Grubel (1967), it was a new and exciting way of examining patterns of goods trade. These authors made the revolutionary observation that there was specialization within industries and two-way international trade in the multiple outputs of industries. Grubel and Lloyd (1975) developed the most widely used index for the measurement of intra-industry trade. Using this measure, they found that the unweighted mean share of intra-industry trade in the total goods trade of ten major OECD countries in 1967 was 50 per cent. Grubel and Lloyd and others attempted to develop a theoretical basis for the existence of intra-industry trade in both homogeneous and differentiated products. However, the underlying concept of an industry was rarely examined, and theorizing was, in the main, partial equilibrium analysis.
Metabolic Specialization of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells (2011)

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are endowed with four unusual properties. They are exceedingly small, exhibiting an intracellular volume two to three orders of magnitude smaller than that of normal mammalian cells. Their rate of cell division, wherein cell doubling takes place in only 4-5 h, is more rapid than even the fastest growing cancer cell lines. They do not senesce. Finally, mouse ES cells retain pluripotency adequate to give rise to all cell types present in either gender of adult mice. We have investigated whether some or all of these unusual features might relate to the possibility that mouse ES cells exist in a specialized metabolic state. By evaluating the abundance of common metabolites as a function of the conversion of mouse ES cells into differentiated embryoid bodies, it was observed that the most radical changes in metabolite abundance related to cellular building blocks associated with one carbon metabolism. These observations led to the discovery that mouse ES cells use the threonine dehydrogenase (TDH) enzyme to convert threonine into acetyl-coenzyme A and glycine, thereby facilitating consumption of threonine as a metabolic fuel. Here we describe the results of a combination of nutritional and pharmacological studies, providing evidence that mouse ES cells are critically dependent on both threonine and the TDH enzyme for growth and viability.