gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Color blending in outdoor optical see-through AR: The effect of real-world backgrounds on user interface color (2013)

When viewing augmented reality (AR) through an optical see-through head-mounted display (oHMD), the colors of AR elements become washed out as the luminance of the background increases. In addition, the colors of AR elements can shift and change depending on the color of the background that the AR elements are seen against. Both of these phenomena result from the way the color of an AR element blends with the color of the real-world background that the AR element is seen against. Although the fact that this color blending occurs is generally known, to date it has not been systematically studied or quantified. In this work, we sought to quantify this color blending by building an apparatus that allows precise and repeatable color measurements, and then conducting an empirical engineering study.
Hot Electron Field Emission<i>via</i>Individually Transistor-Ballasted Carbon Nanotube Arrays (2012)

We present electronically controlled field emission characteristics of arrays of individually ballasted carbon nanotubes synthesized by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition on silicon-on-insulator substrates. By adjusting the source-drain potential we have demonstrated the ability to controllable limit the emission current density by more than 1 order of magnitude. Dynamic control over both the turn-on electric field and field enhancement factor have been noted. A hot electron model is presented. The ballasted nanotubes are populated with hot electrons due to the highly crystalline Si channel and the high local electric field at the nanotube base. This positively shifts the Fermi level and results in a broad energy distribution about this mean, compared to the narrow spread, lower energy thermalized electron population in standard metallic emitters. The proposed vertically aligned carbon nanotube field-emitting electron source offers a viable platform for X-ray emitters and displays applications that require accurate and highly stable control over the emission characteristics.
Tubular reabsorption of<i>myo</i>-inositol vs. that of<scp>d</scp>-glucose in rat kidney in vivo et situ (2003)

Filtered myo-inositol, an important renal intracellular organic osmolyte, is almost completely reabsorbed. To examine tubule sites and specificity and, thus possible mechanism of this reabsorption, we microinfused myo-[(3)H]inositol or D-[(3)H]glucose into early proximal (EP), late proximal (LP), or early distal tubule sections of superficial nephrons and into long loops of Henle (LLH) of juxtamedullary nephrons and papillary vasa recta in rats in vivo et situ and determined urinary fractional recovery of the (3)H label compared with comicroinfused [(14)C]inulin. To determine the extent to which the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT) alone contributes to myo-inositol reabsorption, we also microperfused this tubule segment between EP and LP puncture sites. We examined specificity of reabsorptive carrier(s) by adding high concentrations of other polyols and monosaccharides to the infusate. The results show that >60% of the physiological glomerular load of myo-inositol can be reabsorbed in the PCT and >90% in the short loop of Henle (SLH) by a saturable, phloridzin-sensitive process. myo-Inositol can also be reabsorbed in the ascending limb of LLH and can move from papillary vasa recta blood into ipsilateral tubular structures. Essentially no reabsorption occurred in nephron segments beyond the SLH or in collecting ducts. Specificity studies indicate that reabsorption probably occurs via a luminal Na(+)-myo-inositol cotransporter.
Diffusion and Permeation of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Dioxide through Polytetrafluoroethylene (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDiffusion and Permeation of Oxygen, Nitrogen, Carbon Dioxide, and Nitrogen Dioxide through PolytetrafluoroethyleneR. A. Pasternak, M. V. Christensen, and J. HellerCite this: Macromolecules 1970, 3, 3, 366–371Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60015a020https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60015a020research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views3056Altmetric-Citations91LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Role of Id-2 in the maintenance of a differentiated and noninvasive phenotype in breast cancer cells. (2003)

Id proteins are inhibitors of basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors and generally stimulate cell proliferation and inhibit differentiation. We have shown that ectopic expression of Id-1 in murine mammary epithelial cells resulted in loss of differentiation and gain of invasive and proliferative abilities. Moreover, Id-1 was highly expressed in aggressive breast cancer cells in culture and in biopsies from infiltrating carcinomas. In contrast to Id-1, we found that, in vitro and in vivo, Id-2 mRNA and protein were up-regulated as mammary epithelial cells lost proliferative capacity and initiated differentiation. We further determined that this up-regulation of Id-2 was a necessary step toward a fully differentiated phenotype in breast cells. Here we show that one of the components of the extracellular matrix network, laminin, is responsible for the increase in Id-2 expression during differentiation. We also show that Id-2 expression is inversely correlated with the rate of proliferation in murine mammary epithelial cells and that Id-2 is expressed at a higher level in differentiated human breast cancer cells in comparison with very aggressive and metastatic cells. When reintroduced in aggressive breast cancer cells, Id-2 is able to reduce their proliferative and invasive phenotypes and decrease their level of matrix metalloproteinase 9 secretion as well as increase syndecan-1 expression. Moreover, little Id-2 protein expression is detectable in human biopsies from aggressive and invasive carcinomas in comparison with in situ carcinomas. In conclusion, Id-2 expression not only follows a pattern opposite to that of Id-1 during mammary gland development and breast cancer progression but also appears to act as an important protein for the maintenance of a differentiated and noninvasive phenotype in normal and transformed breast cells.
Design and Calibration of an Integration-Free Accelerometer-Based Joint-Angle Sensor (2007)

A methodology has been developed for indirect, noncontact, and dynamic sensing of angles for robotic applications. Two accelerometers are placed on the adjacent links close to the joint axis, and their outputs are processed to estimate the joint angle. In the proposed technique, the joint angles are obtained without integrating the accelerometer outputs. To ensure accuracy of accelerometer readings, two calibration procedures for the accelerometers are presented, which can easily be implemented in place. Both these methods solve a nonlinear least squares problem to adjust the offset parameters of the accelerometers. The accelerometer-based angle sensor is particularly suitable for the harsh working environment of heavy-duty manipulators, where conventional contact-type angle sensors cannot be deployed or problems are associated with their use. The performance of the new sensor is studied and compared with the performance of digital resolvers in two applications, involving the position control and dynamic payload measurement of a miniexcavator. The experimental results attest to the efficiency and accuracy of the new angle-sensing mechanism.
Robotic Leg Control with EMG Decoding in an Amputee with Nerve Transfers (2013)

The clinical application of robotic technology to powered prosthetic knees and ankles is limited by the lack of a robust control strategy. We found that the use of electromyographic (EMG) signals from natively innervated and surgically reinnervated residual thigh muscles in a patient who had undergone knee amputation improved control of a robotic leg prosthesis. EMG signals were decoded with a pattern-recognition algorithm and combined with data from sensors on the prosthesis to interpret the patient's intended movements. This provided robust and intuitive control of ambulation--with seamless transitions between walking on level ground, stairs, and ramps--and of the ability to reposition the leg while the patient was seated.
Phase compensation in interferometric fiber-optic sensors (1982)

A new method of keeping interferometric fiber-optic sensor systems in quadrature by tuning the emission frequency of the laser-diode source is described. The compensation scheme has a better than 10(-5)-rad sensitivity and a usable tracking range.
Early Warning Chemical Sensing (2007)

The threat of chemical weapon attacks has prompted the defense community’s development of standoff chemical sensors, designed to provide advance warning of an attack from a distance. Lincoln Laboratory has assessed the mission requirements for two relevant applications—wide-area chemical surveillance and inexpensive fixed-site protection—and developed sensor concepts optimized for each mission. The nation faces a growing concern that terrorists or state actors will resort to the use of chemical or biological warfare agents against military or civilian targets. The primary defensive action available for this threat is to detect the deadly agents before they contact their intended victims. Given advance warning, people can evacuate a contaminated area, administer prophylactic medication, or don protective equipment. Moreover, timely awareness of an attack will make it more likely that victims who are exposed will receive appropriate treatment. Chemical agents may be delivered either as a vapor or aerosol or in combination, depending on their physical properties, and various agents will have different persistence following an attack. Military countermeasures may be developed for fixed sites or to be deployed during tactical operations. Normally, tactical deployment implies protecting a moving force, which has proven to be more difficult than protecting a fixed site. Attacks may be either overt, using chemical munitions, or covert, using a variety of improvised methods. Attacks may also be either exterior or interior, with exterior attacks classified as either on target or off target (localized or from a point upwind). When the chemical target is a military installation or other outdoor target, a variety of atmospheric and other relevant considerations also come into play, including the type of location (urban, rural, desert, or maritime), time of year, and local topography. Chemical sensors can be categorized as either “point,” meaning that they sense local conditions, or “standoff,” meaning that they sense threats at a distance. While point sensors have been demonstrated to have very high sensitivities, they have a significant drawback: protection over a wide area requires deployment of a large number of
Persistence of HIV-1 Transcription in Peripheral-Blood Mononuclear Cells in Patients Receiving Potent Antiretroviral Therapy (1999)

Despite treatment with potent antiretroviral drugs and the suppression of plasma HIV-1 RNA to undetectable levels for 20 months or more, HIV-1 transcription persists in peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. Unless the quasi-steady state levels of HIV DNA and mRNA eventually disappear with longer periods of therapy, these findings suggest that HIV-1 infection cannot be eradicated with current treatments.
Environmental chemical exposures and human epigenetics (2011)

Every year more than 13 million deaths worldwide are due to environmental pollutants, and approximately 24% of diseases are caused by environmental exposures that might be averted through preventive measures. Rapidly growing evidence has linked environmental pollutants with epigenetic variations, including changes in DNA methylation, histone modifications and microRNAs. Environ mental chemicals and epigenetic changes All of these mechanisms are likely to play important roles in disease aetiology, and their modifications due to environmental pollutants might provide further understanding of disease aetiology, as well as biomarkers reflecting exposures to environmental pollutants and/or predicting the risk of future disease. We summarize the findings on epigenetic alterations related to environmental chemical exposures, and propose mechanisms of action by means of which the exposures may cause such epigenetic changes. We discuss opportunities, challenges and future directions for future epidemiology research in environmental epigenomics. Future investigations are needed to solve methodological and practical challenges, including uncertainties about stability over time of epigenomic changes induced by the environment, tissue specificity of epigenetic alterations, validation of laboratory methods, and adaptation of bioinformatic and biostatistical methods to high-throughput epigenomics. In addition, there are numerous reports of epigenetic modifications arising following exposure to environmental toxicants, but most have not been directly linked to disease endpoints. To complete our discussion, we also briefly summarize the diseases that have been linked to environmental chemicals-related epigenetic changes.
Longitudinal evaluation of perimenopausal vertebral bone loss: effects of a low-dose oral contraceptive preparation on bone mineral density and metabolism. (1994)

Perimenopausal OC administration can prevent the increase in bone turnover and the decrease in bone density that follow the perimenopausal impairment of ovarian function.
On p-compact sets in classical Banach spaces (2014)

Given p ≥ 1, we denote by Cp the class of all Banach spaces X\n\t\t\t\t satisfying the equality Kp(Y,X) = Πdp(Y,X) for every Banach space Y ,\n\t\t\t\t Kp (respectively, Πdp\n\t\t\t\t ) being the operator ideal of p-compact operators\n\t\t\t\t (respectively, of operators with p-summing adjoint). If X belongs\n\t\t\t\t to Cp, a bounded set A ⊂ X is relatively p-compact if and only if\n\t\t\t\t the evaluation map U∗\n\t\t\t\t A : X∗ −→ ∞(A) is p-summing. We obtain\n\t\t\t\t p-compactness criteria valid for Banach spaces in Cp.
A Continuous High Pressure Carbon Dioxide System for Microbial Reduction in Orange Juice (2005)

ABSTRACT: A continuous high‐pressure carbon dioxide system, run at ambient conditions, was tested on its performance in reducing both natural and inoculated microbial loads. The prototype system continuously processes orange juice with carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) at high pressures. A central composite design was originally used to examine the variables of pressure, residence time, and CO 2 /juice ratio. For microbial reduction, residence time was the major factor followed by pressure. The CO 2 /juice ratio showed no influence on microbial load, and in this equipment, was difficult to control. The unit was able to cause a 5‐log reduction of the natural flora in spoiled juice, and could attain a 5‐log decrease in numbers of pathogenic Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium , and Listeriamonocytogenes . No viable cells of E . coli O157:H7 orS. typhimurium were cultured after the treated juices were stored at room temperature (22 °C) for 14 d. Thus, non‐thermal pathogen reduction is possible with this system.
Theoretical study of the electronic, structural, and cohesive properties of ruthenium (1986)

The electronic, structural, and cohesive properties of ruthenium in the hexagonal-close-packed structure are calculated by using a local-orbital ab initio pseudopotential method. We determine the lattice parameters, Poisson's ratio, the cohesive energy, and the bulk modulus by calculating the total energy of the solid-state system as a function of the lattice parameters c and a. We also predict the value of the c/a ratio up to pressures of 1 Mbar. We find that as a function of pressure the c/a value approaches the ideal value. Overall, the agreement with the observed lattice parameters is quite good. The largest structural error is in the c lattice parameter and is approximately 2%. The cohesive energy is larger than experiment by approximately 15% and is consistent with other local-density calculations for transition metals. The calculated band structure is in accord with photoemission measurements.
A. Einleitung (2017)

Mit dem Google-Urteil des Europäischen Gerichtshofs vom 13. Mai 2014 hat eine Rechtsfigur mit nur schwer fassbaren Konturen in Europa Einzug gehalten: das Recht auf Vergessenwerden im Internet. Wenngleich der EuGH in dieser Entscheidung einen grundsätzlichen Anspruch des Einzelnen verbrieft hat, von Suchmaschinen nicht länger auf unbestimmte Zeit mit Ereignissen aus der eigenen Vergangenheit in Verbindung gebracht zu werden, hat seine Entscheidung doch auch viele Fragen offengelassen: Wie etwa kann es gerade im Internet ein Recht auf Vergessenwerden geben, wo doch allgegenwärtig die Behauptung, „das Internet vergisst nicht“, dominiert? Felix Stumpf erforscht den im Google-Urteil zu kurz gekommenen Interessenkonflikt – insbesondere mit Blick auf das Verhältnis von Persönlichkeitsschutz und Kommunikationsfreiheiten – und misst den Lösungsansatz des EuGH an den Anforderungen der Europäischen Grundrechte-Charta. Der Autor widmet sich zudem den technischen Herausforderungen, welche die Beseitigung von Informationen im Internet mit sich bringen, den faktischen Hürden, wie etwa das Auftreten eines Streisand-Effektes, sowie den Folgeproblemen des Google-Urteils, etwa ob der EuGH mit seiner Entscheidung einer zunehmenden Zensur seitens privater Konzerne wie Google Vorschub geleistet hat. Da einige der größten Internetdienstleister im kalifornischen Silicon Valley beheimatet sind und die vom (womöglich) nie vergessenden Internet aufgeworfenen Probleme nicht an den Grenzen Europas haltmachen, geht Stumpf auch der Frage nach, ob und in welcher Form ein Recht auf Vergessenwerden innerhalb des US-amerikanischen Rechts vorstellbar ist.
Shakespeare in the coves and hollows? Toward a history of Southern English (2003)

Within the United States of America, the South clearly is a region which is distinct in many ways – historically, culturally, and also linguistically. The dialect spoken in the southern United States differs from the type of American English spoken elsewhere; it is a variety which most Americans can identify, and towards which strong attitudes prevail, as Preston (1996) has shown. Much has been written about Southern English (cf. the monumental bibliography by McMillan and Montgomery 1989, and recent collections such as Montgomery and Bailey 1986 and Bernstein, Nunnally, and Sabino 1997), and with Lee Pederson's Linguistic Atlas of the Gulf States an extremely rich documentation is available that will keep analysts busy for decades to come (cf. Montgomery's thorough and competent discussion of this source, 1993a). In contrast, relatively little is known about the historical roots and the evolution of this dialect. Some general assumptions and statements have been brought forward, but to a considerable extent these have remained unsupported by linguistic documentation: a history of Southern English remains to be written. In fact, this state of affairs is by no means typical only of Southern English; as Montgomery (1996b) points out, virtually no serious, text-based research has been carried out on colonial American English in general.
Hole diffusion length in <i>n</i>-TiO2 single crystals and sintered electrodes: Photoelectrochemical determination and comparative analysis (1984)

The photoelectrochemical behavior of an n-TiO2 (rutile) single crystal under different treatments (mechanical polishing and chemical and photoelectrochemical etching) is analyzed and the conditions under which Gärtner’s model can be applied are determined. The hole diffusion length Lp obtained from the photoelectrochemical data is about 10−6 cm for the etched single crystal and seems to be governed by electron-hole recombination at centers associated to impurities introduced in the lattice during the manufacturing process. This value of the hole diffusion length determines the minimum value of the donor concentration Nd for an efficient separation of carriers within the semiconductor depletion layer. This explains the existence of a maximum of the quantum efficiency for Nd∼6×1018 cm−3, which has been found to be a value common to n-TiO2 single crystals of different origin. Lattice deffects introduced near the crystal surface by mechanical polishing behave as recombination centers which reduce Lp to values of the order of 10−7 cm. A comparison with Lp values of n-TiO2 sintered electrodes is made.
Charcot‐marie‐tooth disease subtypes and genetic testing strategies (2011)

Combining features of the phenotypic and physiology groups allowed us to identify patients who were highly likely to have specific subtypes of CMT. Based on these results, we propose a strategy of focused genetic testing for CMT, illustrated in a series of flow diagrams created as testing guides.
Cognitive radio enhanced interference coordination for femtocell networks (2013)

Adopting small cells, including femtocells, is a promising evolution of future wireless cellular systems to meet the explosive demand for high data rates. As the number of distributively deployed femtocell access points increases rapidly, interference coordination becomes the primary challenge in such heterogeneous networks. In this article, we apply several cognitive radio inspired approaches to enhance the interference coordination for femtocell networks. First, we apply spectrum sensing and statistical analysis to estimate the cross-tier interference between macrocells and femtocells. Based on this, interference coordination is investigated considering two kinds of spectrum sharing approaches. Finally, we introduce a cognitive relay scheme to improve interference coordination performance further.
Imaging Depths of Near-Infrared Quantum Dots in First and Second Optical Windows (2012)

Potential advantages of quantum dot (QD) imaging in the second optical window (SOW) at 1,000 to 1,400 nm over the first optical window (FOW) at 700 to 900 nm have attracted much interest. QDs that emit at 800 nm (800QDs) and QDs that emit at 1,300 nm (1,300QDs) are used to investigate the imaging depths at the FOW and SOW. QD images in biologic tissues are processed binarized via global thresholding method, and the imaging depths are determined using the criteria of contrast to noise ratio and relative apparent size. Owing to the reduced scattering in the SOW, imaging depth in skin can be extended by approximately three times for 1,300QD/SOW over 800QD/FOW. In liver, excitation of 1,300QD/SOW can be shifted to longer wavelengths; thus, the imaging depth can be extended by 1.4 times. Effects of quantum yield (QY), concentration, incidence angle, polarization, and fluence rate F on imaging depth are comprehensively studied. Under F approved by the Food and Drug Administration, 1,300QDs with 50% QY can reach imaging depths of 29.7 mm in liver and 17.5 mm in skin. A time-gated excitation using 1,000 times higher F pulses can obtain the imaging depth of ≈ 5 cm. To validate our estimates, in vivo whole-body imaging experiments are performed using small-animal models.