gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of β-Amyloid(1<i>−</i>40) Protofibrils by Monomer Elongation and Lateral Association. Characterization of Distinct Products by Light Scattering and Atomic Force Microscopy (2002)

Amyloid plaques in brain tissue are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease. Primary components of these plaques are 40- and 42-residue peptides, denoted Aβ(1−40) and Aβ(1−42), that are derived by proteolysis of cellular amyloid precursor protein. Synthetic Aβ(1−40) and Aβ(1−42) form amyloid fibrils in vitro that share many features with the amyloid in plaques. Soluble intermediates in Aβ fibrillogenesis, termed protofibrils, have been identified previously, and here we describe the in vitro formation and isolation of Aβ(1−40) protofibrils by size exclusion chromatography. In some experiments, the Aβ(1−40) was radiomethylated to better quantify various Aβ species. Mechanistic studies clarified two separate modes of protofibril growth, elongation by monomer deposition and protofibril−protofibril association, that could be resolved by varying the NaCl concentration. Small isolated protofibrils in dilute Tris-HCl buffers were directed along the elongation pathway by addition of Aβ(1−40) monomer or along the association pathway by addition of NaCl. Multi-angle light scattering analysis revealed that protofibrils with initial molecular masses Mw of (7−30) × 103 kDa grew to Mw values of up to 250 × 103 kDa by these two growth processes. However, the mass per unit length of the associated protofibrils was about 2−3 times that of the elongated protofibrils. Rate constants for further elongation by monomer deposition with the elongated, associated, and initial protofibril pools were identical when equal number concentrations of original protofibrils were compared, indicating that the original number of protofibril ends had not been altered by the elongation or association processes. Atomic force microscopy revealed heterogeneous initial protofibrils that became more rodlike following the elongation reaction. Our data indicate that protofibril elongation in the absence of NaCl results from monomer deposition only at the ends of protofibrils and proceeds without an increase in protofibril diameter. In contrast, protofibril association occurs in the absence of monomer when NaCl is introduced, but this association involves lateral interactions that result in a relatively disordered fibril structure.
EDRF inhibition augments pulmonary hypertension in intact newborn lambs (1992)

There is increasing evidence that resting pulmonary vascular tone is mediated by the release of endothelium-derived relaxing factors (EDRF). However, the importance of EDRF release during pulmonary hypertension is unknown. Therefore, in eight newborn lambs we studied the effects of both N omega-nitro-L-arginine (an inhibitor of EDRF synthesis) and L-arginine (a precursor of EDRF synthesis) during pulmonary hypertension induced either by the intravenous infusion of U-46619 (a thromboxane A2 mimic) or by hypoxia. After pretreatment with N omega-nitro-L-arginine, the increases in pulmonary arterial pressure produced by U-46619 (102.0 +/- 34.9% vs. 144.8 +/- 28.6%, P less than 0.05) and by hypoxia (35.6 +/- 17.3% vs. 91.4 +/- 24.8%, P less than 0.05) were significantly augmented. However, after pretreatment with L-arginine, the increases in pulmonary arterial pressure produced by U-46619 (107.0 +/- 21.4% vs. 62.6 +/- 22.6%, P less than 0.05) and hypoxia (44.3 +/- 18.3% vs. 9.2 +/- 11.7%, P less than 0.05) were significantly attenuated. These results suggest that during pulmonary hypertension, EDRF is released to limit the increase in pulmonary arterial pressure and that L-arginine availability becomes rate limiting for further EDRF synthesis and release.
Identification of the Phosphatidic Acid Phosphatase Type 2a Isozyme as an Androgen-regulated Gene in the Human Prostatic Adenocarcinoma Cell Line LNCaP (1998)

Differential display was used to identify novel androgen-regulated genes in the human prostatic adenocarcinoma cell line LNCaP. A 322-base pair cDNA fragment that was consistently induced by the synthetic androgen R1881 revealed 100% homology with the human phosphatidic acid phosphatase type 2a isozyme very recently reported by Kai et al. (PAP-2a; Kai., M., Wada, I., Imai, S.-i., Sakane, F., and Kanoh, H. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272, 24572-24578). The fragment was used to clone the corresponding cDNA from a human prostate library. The deduced amino acid sequence confirmed the identity with human PAP-2a. The inducibility of PAP-2a mRNA by androgens was confirmed by Northern blot hybridization. The effect was time- and dose-dependent with a maximal stimulation (4-fold) after 24 h of treatment with 10(-9) M R1881. The steroid specificity of PAP-2a mRNA regulation was found to be in agreement with the aberrant ligand specificity of the mutated androgen receptor in LNCaP cells, supporting the involvement of the androgen receptor in the induction process. Furthermore, low basal levels of PAP-2a mRNA and absence of androgen inducibility were observed in the poorly differentiated and androgen receptor-negative cell lines PC-3 and DU-145. Induction of PAP-2a mRNA was not affected by the protein synthesis inhibitor cycloheximide and was accompanied by a marked increase in PAP-2 activity as measured by the conversion of phosphatidic acid into diacylglycerol in membrane fractions of LNCaP. Comparison of the expression of PAP-2a mRNA in 50 different human tissues revealed ubiquitous expression. The highest levels, however, were observed in the prostate. Since PAP-2 plays a pivotal role in the control of signal transduction by lipid mediators such as phosphatidate, lysophosphatidate, and ceramide-1-phosphate, the ability of androgens to stimulate the expression and activity of this enzyme in prostatic cells may provide an important opportunity for cross-talk between signaling pathways involving lipid mediators and androgens.
The MID1/PP2A complex: a key to the pathogenesis of Opitz BBB/G syndrome (2003)

Opitz BBB/G syndrome is a monogenic disorder that is characterized by malformations of the ventral midline. Investigations into the underlying genetic defects and the pathobiochemistry of this syndrome have already shed light on the mechanisms of both the physiological and the pathological development of the ventral midline, a complicated multistep process. Moreover, these studies have revealed the ubiquitin-dependent regulation of microtubule-associated phosphatase 2A, a central mechanism in many cellular processes. In this review, we summarize recent findings and speculate upon their implications for both medical and general research.
Automatic Generation of Test Drivers for Model Inference of Web Applications (2013)

In the “Internet of Services” (IoS) vision of the Internet, applications are developed as services using the web standards. Model-based testing combined with active model inference is one of the methods to test the applications pretty automatically, in particular to look for vulnerabilities. But one part still needs to be written manually, the test driver. It contains an abstraction of the real application and the methods to interact with the system at abstract and concrete level. We propose a generic abstraction of the web applications and an approach to generate the corresponding test driver automatically using a crawler to identify the needed information.
Application of Artificial Intelligence to Software Defined Networking: A Survey (2016)

Background/Objectives: This paper surveys the application of Artificial Intelligence (AI) to the Software Defined Networking (SDN) paradigm which is a part of previous efforts to give the computer networks the ability of being programmed based on the separation between the control and forwarding planes. In SDN approach, the controller represents the central brain of the network which leads to an advanced level of flexibility and network intelligence. Methods/ Statistical Analysis: Different artificial intelligence-based techniques have been applied to achieve an enhanced load balance, network security and intelligent network applications in the SDN approach. Findings: Ant colony algorithms were successful in increasing the maximal Quality of Experience (QoE) by 24.1% compared with the shortest path routing approach. Neural network based intrusion prevention system has shown a scalable performance with low false positive rate. Applying reinforcement learning based technique in adaptive video streaming system compared with the shortest path routing and greedy-based approaches has shown decreasing of the frame loss rate by 89% and 70% respectively. Applications/Improvements: This study highlights the first attempts for applying artificial intelligence in SDN paradigm. However, hybrid intelligent techniques could be the key for achieving more advanced behaviour in SDN-based networks. Keywords: Artificial Intelligence (AI), OpenFlow, Software Defined Networking (SDN)
<i>Bordetella pertussis risA</i> , but Not <i>risS</i> , Is Required for Maximal Expression of Bvg-Repressed Genes (2005)

Expression of virulence determinants by Bordetella pertussis, the primary etiological agent of whooping cough, is regulated by the BvgAS two-component regulatory system. The role of a second two-component regulatory system, encoded by risAS, in this process is not defined. Here, we show that mutation of B. pertussis risA does not affect Bvg-activated genes or proteins. However, mutation of risA resulted in greatly diminished expression of Bvg-repressed antigens and decreased transcription of Bvg-repressed genes. In contrast, mutation of risS had no effect on the expression of Bvg-regulated molecules. Mutation of risA also resulted in decreased bacterial invasion in a HeLa cell model. However, decreased invasion could not be attributed to the decreased expression of Bvg-repressed products, suggesting that mutation of risA may affect the expression of a variety of genes. Unlike the risAS operons in B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica, B. pertussis risS is a pseudogene that encodes a truncated RisS sensor. Deletion of the intact part of the B. pertussis risS gene does not affect the expression of risA-dependent, Bvg-repressed genes. These observations suggest that RisA activation occurs through cross-regulation by a heterologous system.
Antialgal and Antifungal Activity of Natural Hydroxamic Acids and Related Compounds (1996)

Natural hydroxamic acids and related compounds derived from 1,4-benzoxazin-3-one structures inhibited the growth of the alga Chlorella xanthella and the fungus Candida albicans. On the basis of structure−activity relationships the lipophilic character of the substituent in the aromatic ring and the electrophilic character of the hydroxamic function are suggested to be responsible for antialgal and antifungal activity, respectively. Keywords: Hydroxamic acids; Chlorella xanthella; Candida albicans; antialgal/antifungal activity
Apparent Heat of Formation of HDO in Mixtures of H2O and D2O (1970)

The heats of solution of H2O and D2O in mixtures of H2O and D2O at 25°C have been measured. Results are interpreted in terms of the reaction to form HDO, assuming an ideal ternary solution. The possible contributions of nonideality to the standard heat of formation of HDO(l) are considered.
Aspirin‐induced activation of the NF‐κB signaling pathway: a novel mechanism for aspirin‐mediated apoptosis in colon cancer cells (2001)

ABSTRACT The use of aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with a lower risk of colorectal cancer. however, the underlying mechanism is complex and remains to be fully elucidated. NSAIDs have modulated NF‐κB in response to stimulating cytokines, but the link between NF‐κB and aspirin‐induced growth inhibition of colorectal cancer cells has yet to be thoroughly investigated. in the present study, we examined the effects of aspirin on the NF‐κB pathway and the association between these effects and apoptotic tumor cell death. we found that aspirin induced a concentration and timedependent reduction in cytoplasmic inba in colorectal cancer cells that was due to phosphorylation‐dependent, proteosome‐mediated degradation of the protein. with aspirin‐induced IκBα degradation, we observed nuclear translocation of NF‐κB, as determined by immunocytochemistry and electrophoretic mobility shift assays (emsas). the NF‐κB response to aspirin preceded cell death and was, therefore, more likely to be a cause than a consequence. to further investigate this relationship, we generated HRT18 and CT26 colon cancer cells that constitutively expressed a super‐repressor IκBα. we found that inhibition of NF‐κB nuclear translocation in these cells abrogated aspirin‐ induced apoptosis. when we investigated the cell specificity of the aspirin‐induced response, we observed both IκBα degradation and growth inhibition in a panel of colorectal cancer cells, but there was no effect in cells of noncolonic origin. thus we conclude that aspirin induces activation of NF‐κB, which is required for its anti‐tumor activity and may contribute to the protective effect of aspirin that has been observed in clinical trials.
What is MEMS Gyrocompassing? Comparative Analysis of Maytagging and Carouseling (2013)

North-finding based on micromachined gyroscopes is an attractive possibility. This paper analyzes north-finding methods and demonstrates a measured 4 mrad standard deviation azimuth uncertainty using an in-house developed vibratory silicon MEMS quadruple mass gyroscope (QMG). We instrumented a vacuum packaged QMG with isotropic Q-factor of 1.2 million and Allan deviation bias instability of 0.2 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> /hr for azimuth detection by measuring the earth's rotation. Continuous rotation (“carouseling”) produced azimuth datapoints with uncertainty diminishing as the square root of the number of turns. Integration of 100 datapoints with normally distributed errors reduced uncertainty to 4 mrad, beyond the noise of current QMG instrumentation. We also implemented self-calibration methods, including in-situ temperature sensing and discrete ±180 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> turning (“maytagging” or two-point gyrocompassing) as potential alternatives to carouseling. While both mechanizations produced similar azimuth uncertainty, we conclude that carouseling is more advantageous as it is robust to bias, scale-factor, and temperature drifts, although it requires a rotary platform providing continuous rotation. Maytagging, on the other hand, can be implemented using a simple turn table, but requires calibration due to temperature-induced drifts.
HeterotriangulenesStructure and Properties (2002)

We report the solid-state structure, electrochemical properties, and photochemical properties of 1 and 2. The single-crystal X-ray structure shows that 1 assembles into densely packed columnar π-stacks. 2 is observed as a racemic mixture of atropisomers in the solid state. The oxidation potential of 2 is similar to that of triphenylamine (∼1 V). Both 1 and 2 show strong fluorescence at 422 and 458 nm, respectively.
An Aluminum–Sulfur Battery with a Fast Kinetic Response (2017)

The electrochemical performance of the aluminum-sulfur (Al-S) battery has very poor reversibility and a low charge/discharge current density owing to slow kinetic processes determined by an inevitable dissociation reaction from Al<sub>2</sub> Cl<sub>7</sub><sup>-</sup> to free Al<sup>3+</sup> . Al<sub>2</sub> Cl<sub>6</sub> Br<sup>-</sup> was used instead of Al<sub>2</sub> Cl<sub>7</sub><sup>-</sup> as the dissociation reaction reagent. A 15-fold faster reaction rate of Al<sub>2</sub> Cl<sub>6</sub> Br<sup>-</sup> dissociation than that of Al<sub>2</sub> Cl<sub>7</sub><sup>-</sup> was confirmed by density function theory calculations and the Arrhenius equation. This accelerated dissociation reaction was experimentally verified by the increase of exchange current density during Al electro-deposition. Using Al<sub>2</sub> Cl<sub>6</sub> Br<sup>-</sup> instead of Al<sub>2</sub> Cl<sub>7</sub><sup>-</sup> , a kinetically accelerated Al-S battery has a sulfur utilization of more than 80 %, with at least four times the sulfur content and five times the current density than that of previous work.
Two‐Photon Absorption and the Design of Two‐Photon Dyes (2009)

Two-photon absorption has important advantages over conventional one-photon absorption, which has led to applications in microscopy, microfabrication, three-dimensional data storage, optical power limiting, up-converted lasing, photodynamic therapy, and for the localized release of bio-active species. These applications have generated a demand for new dyes with high two-photon absorption cross-sections. This Review introduces the theory of two-photon absorption, surveys the wide range of potential applications, and highlights emerging structure-property correlations that can serve as guidelines for the development of efficient two-photon dyes.
Biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate. Solubilization of chondroitin sulfate glycosyltransferases and partial purification of uridine diphosphate-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltrans. (1975)

UDP-D-Galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase, a membrane-bound enzyme which catalyzes the second glycosyl transfer reaction in the biosynthesis of chondroitin sulfate chains, has been solubilized and partially purified from embryonic chick cartilage. Solubilization was effected by treatment of a particulate fraction of a homogenate (sedimenting between 10,000 and 100,000 times g) with the nonionic detergent Nonidet P-40 (0.5%) and KCl (0.5 M) or by the alkali-detergent method described previously (Helting, T. (1971) J. Biol. Chem. 246, 815-822). The applicability of the salt-detergent procedure as a general method for solubilization of membrane-bound glycosyltransferases was tested by assay of four other glycosyltransferases involved in chondroitin sulfate synthesis (UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase, UDP-D-galactose:4-O-beta-D-galactosyl-D-xylose galactosyltransferase, UDP-D-glucuronic acid: 3-O-beta-D-galactosyl-D-galactose glucuronosyltransferase, and UDP-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine: (GlcUA-GalNAc-4-sulfate)4 N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase). In each case, greater than 70% of the activity was solubilized and, on gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200, the enzymes appeared largely in included positions and partially separated from each other. After partial purification by gel chromatography on Sephadex G-200, UDP-D-galactose:D-xylose galactosyltransferase was purified further by chromatography on one of several affinity matrices, i.e. xylosylated core protein of cartilage proteoglycan coupled to CNBr-activated Sepharose, a core protein matrix saturated with UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase or UDP-D-xylose:core protein xylosyltransferase covalently bound to Sepharose. The specific activities of the enzyme preparations obtained by these procedures were approximately 1000-fold greater than that of the crude homogenate.
Flexible optical data storage (2003)

The author argues that there are large areas of untapped market demand which cannot be convincingly met by magnetic storage. They require a system that provides vast storage densities, fast access speed, and costs close to those of paper or micrographic images. For such applications, flexible optical storage media (optical tapes) provide a very natural fit. In addition, these application areas often prefer a nonerasable medium, for which optical media are particularly suitable. Three types of optical tape drive are being worked on currently, each offering a different price/performance option: laser arrays, transverse oscillation, and helical scan. With regard to the optical tape itself, the manufacturer must concentrate on detail to ensure as perfect a surface as possible. Even so, the media maker may have to provide a smoothing layer to remove the last of the defects. The back surface of the film must be rendered microrough to allow good film handling. Efforts are also underway to develop flexible optical disks that combine low cost with very high performance, the high performance coming through Bernoulli stabilization of the flexible disk.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Conditions et possibilités d'action du Service Forestier dans le département du Nord (1950)

International audience
The history of lithium therapy (2009)

The use of lithium in psychiatry goes back to the mid-19th century. Early work, however, was soon forgotten, and John Cade is credited with reintroducing lithium to psychiatry for mania in 1949. Mogens Schou undertook a randomly controlled trial for mania in 1954, and in the course of that study became curious about lithium as a prophylactic for depressive illness. In 1970, the United States became the 50th country to admit lithium to the marketplace. Meanwhile, interest in lithium for the prophylaxis of depression was growing apace and today the agent is widely prescribed for that indication, even though it has not been accepted by the Food and Drug Administration. Lithium was almost derailed by a small group of opponents from the Maudsley Hospital and its status today is threatened by the "mood stabilizers."
My Experience at Yale University with the Carpenter-Philosopher (1955)

(1955). My Experience at Yale University with the Carpenter-Philosopher. Journal of Architectural Education: Vol. 10, Panel Discussions of the Annual Meeting in Cambridge, Massachusetts, June 12 & 13th, 1954, pp. 19-21.
Simple method for estimating usable bend radii of deeply etched optical rib waveguides (1991)

An easy to use and extremely fast computational technique presented for estimating the minimum usable radius deeply etched, curved rib waveguides. This method is based on the effective index method and estimates the radius of curvature at which the bend becomes cut off due to substrate leakage.
Digital controlled co-channel feedback interference cancellation system with broadband cancellation (2008)

In this work, a digital controlled co-channel feedback interference cancellation system is proposed to reduce the feedback interference signal in the wireless repeater system. Frequency hopping spread spectrum pilot tone is adopted for the adaptive group delay detection of the feedback path. Amplitude, phase, and group delay of the feedback path are automatically detected and controlled through the comparison algorithm using DSP. Adaptive feedback cancellation of over 30 dB is achieved with the proposed system for the signal bandwidth of 20 MHz in Korean RFID band.
Surface interpolation from sparse cross sections using region correspondence (2000)

The ability to estimate a surface from a set of cross sections allows calculation of the enclosed volume and the display of the surface in three-dimensions. This process has increasingly been used to derive useful information from medical data. However, extracting the cross sections (segmenting) can be very difficult, and automatic segmentation methods are not sufficiently robust to handle all situations. Hence, it is an advantage if the surface reconstruction algorithm can work effectively on a small number of cross sections. In addition, cross sections of medical data are often quite complex. Shape-based interpolation is a simple and elegant solution to this problem, although it has known limitations when handling complex shapes. In this paper, the shape-based interpolation paradigm is extended to interpolate a surface through sparse, complex cross sections, providing a significant improvement over our previously published maximal disc-guided interpolation. The performance of this algorithm is demonstrated on various types of medical data (X-ray computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional ultrasound). Although the correspondence problem in general remains unsolved, it is demonstrated that correct surfaces can be estimated from a limited amount of real data, through the use of region rather than object correspondence.