gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic surface tension of surfactant TA: experiments and theory (1994)

A bubble surfactometer was used to measure the surface tension of an aqueous suspension of surfactant TA as a function of bubble area over a range of cycling rates and surfactant bulk concentrations. Results of the surface tension-interfacial area loops exhibited a rich variety of phenomena, the character of which varied systematically with frequency and bulk concentration. A model was developed to interpret and explain these data and for use in describing the dynamics of surface layers under more general circumstances. Surfactant was modeled as a single component with surface tension taken to depend on only the interfacial surfactant concentration. Two distinct mechanisms were considered for the exchange of surfactant between the bulk phase and interface. The first is described by a simple kinetic relationship for adsorption and desorption that pertains only when the interfacial concentration is below its maximum equilibrium value. The second mechanism is "squeeze-out" by which surfactant molecules are expelled from an interface compressed past a maximum packing state. The model provided good agreement with experimental measurements for cycling rates from 1 to 100 cycles/min and for bulk concentrations between 0.0073 and 7.3 mg/ml.
Using system-level models to evaluate I/O subsystem designs (1998)

We describe a system-level simulation model and show that it enables accurate predictions of both I/O subsystem and overall system performance. In contrast, the conventional approach for evaluating the performance of an I/O subsystem design, which is based on standalone subsystem models, is often unable to accurately predict performance changes because it is too narrow in scope. In particular, conventional methodology treats all I/O requests equally, ignoring differences in how individual requests' response times affect system behavior (including both system performance and the subsequent I/O workload). We introduce the concept of request criticality to describe these feedback effects and show that real I/O workloads are not approximated well by either open or closed input models. Because conventional methodology ignores this fact, it often leads to inaccurate performance predictions and can thereby lead to incorrect conclusions and poor design choices. We illustrate these problems with real examples and show that a system-level model, which includes both the I/O subsystem and other important system components (e.g., CPUs and system software), properly captures the feedback and subsequent performance effects.
Nucleosome positioning as a critical determinant for the DNA cleavage sites of mammalian DNA topoisomerase in reconstituted Simian virus 40 chromatin (1990)

We have assessed the ability of nucleosomes to influence the formation of mammalian topoisomerase II-DNA complexes by mapping the sites of cleavage induced by four unrelated topoisomerase II inhibitors in naked versus nucleosome-reconstituted SV40 DNA. DNA fragments were reconstituted with histone octamers from HeLa cells by the histone exchange method. Nucleosome positions were determined by comparing micrococcal nuclease cleavage patterns of nucleosome-reconstituted and naked DNA. Three types of DNA regions were defined: 1) regions with fixed nucleosome positioning; 2) regions lacking regular nucleosome phasing; and 3) a region around the replication origin (from position 5100 to 600) with no detectable nucleosomes. Topoisomerase II cleavage sites were suppressed in nucleosomes and persisted or were enhanced in linker DNA and in the nucleosome-free region around the replication origin. Incubation of reconstituted chromatin with topoisomerase II protected nucleosome-free regions from micrococcal nuclease cleavage without changing the overall micrococcal nuclease cleavage pattern. Thus, the present results indicate that topoisomerase II binds preferentially to nucleosome-free DNA and that the presence of nucleosomes at preferred DNA sequences influences drug-induced DNA breaks by topoisomerase II inhibitors.
[Review of] Howard Brotz, ed. African-American Social and Political Thought (1994)

African-American Sociol ond Political Thought, originally published in 1966, is back in print-testimony to the durability of the writings it collects. The editor provides a selection of primary works by great African-American thinkers whom he categorizes into four mainstreams: emigrationists, assimilationists, cultural nationalists, and revived political nationalists. The works of such men as Martin Delany, Frederick Douglass, W. E.B. Dubois, and Marcus Garvey, stand alone for their brilliance, but brought together, they provide a panoramic view of the diversity of African-American philosophies for Black advancement.
On the "door-corridor" model of gel electrophoresis. I. Equations describing the relationship between mobility and size of DNA fragments and protein-SDS complexes. (1994)

In a gel, electrophoretic mobility of a DNA fragment and a protein-SDS complex is an exponential function of the ratio between two forces, the resisting force of the gel polymers and the electrokinetic force of the migrating macromolecule. It is also proportional to the mobility of unit size of the migrating molecule, mu 1. Each gel gives an optimal resolution of macromolecules of a defined size. That size must be such that the electrokinetic force of the migrating molecule equals the gel resistance force, so that the ratio of mobility and mu 1 becomes e-1. The optima for several poly[N-acryloyl-tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane], polyacrylamide and agarose gels are given. Only two constants are sufficient for description of the relationship between mobility and size of DNA fragments and protein-SDS complexes of the sizes close to that optimally resolved. One is mu 1 and the other, ks, is the slope of the straight line which can be obtained from the size versus reciprocal of the mobility plot. The experimentally observed sigmoidal curves in the plots including the logarithm of size follow directly from the developed equations. The use of mu 1 instead of mu 0 may provide a better interpretation of the Ferguson plots.
Activation of CPP32-like protease in tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis is dependent on mitochondrial function. (1997)

Mitochondria have been implicated in apoptosis, however, the precise mechanisms whereby mitochondria exert their effect are not clear. To gain further insights, we generated a panel of cells from ML-1a cells that were rendered respiration deficient by ethidium bromide treatment. Two respiration-deficient clones were subsequently reconstituted by fusion with platelets. Respiration-deficient clones were resistant to TNF-induced apoptosis, whereas ML-1a and reconstituted clones were sensitive. In contrast, inhibition of proliferation and induction of differentiation by TNF were still observed in respiration deficient clones, suggesting a selective requirement of respiration in TNF-induced apoptosis. Furthermore the apoptosis machinery is not completely altered in respiration-deficient cells because they underwent apoptosis after staurosporine treatment. Next, we showed that apoptosis induced by TNF and staurosporine were blocked by z-DEVD-CH2F, an inhibitor of CPP32-like cysteine protease, suggesting the involvement of CPP32-like protease in both apoptosis signaling pathways. Interestingly, TNF activated CPP32-like protease in the parental and reconstituted clones but not in respiration-deficient clones, and staurosporine in all clones. Thus, the apoptosis signaling block in respiration-deficient clones is located at a step before CPP32-like protease activation, which can be bypassed by staurosporine.
Interactive visualization of large scalar voxel fields (1992)

We present a technique allowing interactive visualization of large, scalar, discrete fields as semi-transparent clouds on the fly, i.e., without preprocessing. Interactivity is not restricted to geometric transformations, but includes all possible methods of processing the data (thresholds, filtering, clipping, illumination, etc.). Our system flexibly trades-off quality for performance at any desirable level. In particular, by using a scanline based method and a DDA-based traversing scheme instead of ray-tracing we achieve real-time processing during previewing. By means of the pyramidal volume traversing technique we achieve highquality, constant-time filtering independent of the data resolution. Several filters help to detect fuzzy, obscured hot spots, even within noisy data. Our visualization pipeline allows the application of filters at four different stages, maximizing thereby flexibility. Four different illumination models have been implemented. Our method can be used in numerous areas, including 3-D medical imaging, geologic, technical, and environmental applications.
Family Holidays. A Qualitative Analysis of Family Holiday Experiences (2005)

Abstract Family holidays are seen as breaks away from busy everyday lives. They are supposed to be a relief from stress and chores, giving time for recovery and rest in the pleasant companionship of the family, but it sometimes may turn out to be a challenge to combine needs and desires of the different members of the family: parents and children, mothers and fathers, young children and older children. Family holidays are not always all harmony and may generate stress and conflicts at times. But families also experience good moments. Some family holidays – or at least some situations in family holidays – are perceived as successful and just the way they were supposed to be. But what are these "good experiences" and "good moments" like? This article is about the special context of family holidays and the successful moments in the family holiday from the perspective of parents and children, based on an empirical analysis of 26 extensive interviews with German and Danish families and a literature review on family holidays. The good moments are perceived to be moments where all family members are content and happy, with no nagging or sulking, and in situations where the children are absorbed by activities, not necessarily with their parents. Keywords: Experiencesfamily holidaysideals for holidaysqualitative methods Acknowledgements This study has been funded by the Danish Tourism Board and is presented in the report "Børnefamilieferie" written by Malene Gram and Anette Therkelsen, Tourism Research Unit, Aalborg University, in co‐operation with Ann Hartl, Centre for Regional and Tourism Research. Thanks to assistant professor Peter Kvistgaard, Professor Ulf Hedetoft, both Aalborg University, the anonymous reviewers and the journal editors for helpful and constructive input for the article.
<i>myo</i>-Inositol Oxygenase Offers a Possible Entry Point into Plant Ascorbate Biosynthesis (2004)

Two biosynthetic pathways for ascorbate (l-ascorbic acid [AsA]; vitamin C) in plants are presently known, the mannose/l-galactose pathway and an l-GalUA pathway. Here, we present molecular and biochemical evidence for a possible biosynthetic route using myo-inositol (MI) as the initial substrate. A MI oxygenase (MIOX) gene was identified in chromosome 4 (miox4) of Arabidopsis ecotype Columbia, and its enzymatic activity was confirmed in bacterially expressed recombinant protein. Miox4 was primarily expressed in flowers and leaves of wild-type Arabidopsis plants, tissues with a high concentration of AsA. Ascorbate levels increased 2- to 3-fold in homozygous Arabidopsis lines overexpressing the miox4 open reading frame, thus suggesting the role of MI in AsA biosynthesis and the potential for using this gene for the agronomic and nutritional enhancement of crops.
Changes in Chemical Composition of<i>Tagetes minuta</i>Oil at Various Stages of Flowering and Fruiting (1993)

ABSTRACT The chemical composition of Indian Tagetes minuta L. oil was determined at different developmental stages of plant growth using GC, 1H- and 13C-NMR spectroscopy. In contrast to previous results, the characteristic components of the Indian oil were found to be (Z)-β-ocimene, (Z)-tagetenone, (E)-tagetenone, (Z)- and (E)-tagetones and dihydrotagetone. The percentage composition of these constituents changes with flower maturation. The dihydrotagetone percentage declined sharply from flower buds (48.09%) to seed shedding stage (11.90%) with a simultaneous rise in (Z)-β-ocimene (35.3%), (Z)-tagetenone and (E)-tagetenone (both 26.44%) at the time of immature fruit formation, suggesting that dihydrotagetone may biogenetically be changing into (Z)- and (E)-tagetenones.
Infrared spectroscopy studies of the cyclic anhydride as the intermediate for the ester crosslinking of cotton cellulose by polycarboxylic acids. I. Identification of the cyclic anhydride intermediate (1993)

Abstract The mechanism of esterification of cotton cellulose by a polycarboxylic acid was investigated using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The infrared spectroscopic data indicate that a polycarboxylic acid esterifies with cotton cellulose through the formation of an acid anhydride intermediate. A five‐member cyclic anhydride intermediate was identified in the cotton fabric treated with poly(maleic acid). The five‐member cyclic anhydride is a reactive intermediate and readily esterifies when reaction sites are available. We also found that those polycarboxylic acids, which form five‐member cyclic anhydride intermediates, crosslink cotton cellulose more effectively than those polycarboxylic acids which form six‐member cyclic anhydride intermediates. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Paradoxical roles of FAK in tumor cell migration and metastasis (2009)

Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), as a key mediator of signaling induced by integrins, plays an instrumental role in many cellular functions, including cell survival and proliferation. Many studies have reported that FAK is a positive regulator of normal cell migration and cancer cell metastasis. However, emerging evidence shows that FAK--under certain oncogenic signaling, such as that initiated by activated Ras and some growth factor receptor kinases--negatively regulates cancer cell migration. Activated Ras may promote tumor cell migration by dephosphorylation of FAK at Y397 and facilitation of focal adhesion turnover at the leading edge of cells.
Widespread Vitamin D Deficiency in Urban Massachusetts Newborns and Their Mothers (2010)

A high proportion of infants and their mothers in New England were vitamin D deficient. Prenatal vitamins may not contain enough vitamin D to ensure replete status at the time of birth.
Alteration in the control of mitochondrial respiration by outer mitochondrial membrane and creatine during heart preservation (1997)

Alterations related to the outer membrane and the intermembrane space are among the earliest signs of damage to mitochondrial function during heart preservation. These alterations could be attributed to the swelling of mitochondria under the effect of Pi. The determination of mitochondrial parameters in biopsy samples could allow a simple and rapid evaluation of energy-producing and transfer capacities of the myocardium.
The design of barrel-wound foil windings with multiple layers interchanged to balance layer currents (2011)

This work investigates the performance of multilayer foil windings in which the layers are interchanged to balance the flux linked by each layer and thus the current is shared equally between layers. Prototype transformers were built to confirm how much of the theoretical loss reduction is achievable in practice. The accuracy of the method to determine the location of the interchange is improved by considering individual turn lengths. In addition, the method is extended to any number of layers and several winding configurations. A discussion of the construction and termination of these windings is included as they greatly affect a component's performance.
Characterization of the murine TH response to influenza virus hemagglutinin: evidence for three major specificities. (1984)

Several hemagglutinin (HA)-specific T cell hybridomas were generated from five PR8 influenza virus-primed BALB/c mice by fusion with the thymoma BW5147 and were tested for IL 2 (interleukin 2) production in response to a large panel of serologically distinct influenza viruses and HA-protein fragments. The hybridomas (provisionally categorized in the helper T cell lineage) could be placed into three major specificity groups based on their reactivity patterns toward 43 antibody-selected PR8 virus mutants that had been shown previously to differ from parental PR8 virus by defined (usually single) amino acid substitutions in the HA1 polypeptide. Three hybridomas with specificity 1 failed to respond to the PR8 mutant RV6 (Glu115----Lys), two with specificity 2 failed to respond to PR8 mutant DV4 (Ser136----Pro), and two with specificity 3 responded to all antibody-selected PR8 mutants without exception. The three reactivity patterns could be used along with further biochemical evidence to demonstrate the presence of three distinct T cell determinants on the HA1 polypeptide. Priming of mice with one of these T cell determinants in the form of a synthetic peptide induced a T cell subset able to proliferate in vitro in response to HA and intact PR8 virus. Further analysis of the T cell hybridomas for reaction with 17 natural influenza virus isolates of the H1 subtype revealed additional differences in fine nominal antigen specificity among these T cells. However, two pairs of T cells whose members were isolated from different mice exhibited indistinguishable fine nominal antigen specificities. The latter analysis showed that natural antigenic drift (i.e., accumulation of point mutations) in the HA occurring between the years 1934 and 1957 and again between 1977 and 1980 altered two T cell determinants but left one T cell determinant unchanged. The shifts from H1 to H2 or H3 subtypes resulted in the alteration of all three T cell determinants. The present findings suggest that 1) immunization with influenza virus induces HA-specific T cells that recognize determinants different from those seen by anti-HA antibodies, and 2) the HA-specific T cell repertoire of adult virus-primed BALB/c mice is more restricted than the B cell repertoire.
Two human 90-kDa heat shock proteins are phosphorylated in vivo at conserved serines that are phosphorylated in vitro by casein kinase II (1989)

Amino-terminal protein sequence analysis revealed that exponentially growing human HeLa cells at 37 degrees C express two closely related 90-kDa "heat shock" proteins (hsp 90) in nearly equal amounts. Both hsp 90s begin with proline; the initial methionine residue is removed. The alpha protein contains a 9-amino acid segment, TQTQDQPME, from residues 4 to 12, that is replaced by a 4-amino acid segment, VHHG, in the beta form. The purified hsp 90 mixture contains 2 mol of phosphate/mol of polypeptide. Both hsp 90 proteins are phosphorylated at two homologous sites. For the alpha protein, these sites correspond to serine 231 and serine 263. A 5-amino acid segment, ESEDK, between the two phosphorylation sites is absent from the beta protein. The sequence between phosphorylation sites of both hsp 90s is predicted to have alpha helical structure. Dephosphorylated hsp 90 is phosphorylated at both sites by casein kinase II from HeLa cells, calf thymus, or rabbit reticulocytes; no other hsp 90 residues were phosphorylated by casein kinase II in vitro.
Unexpected conformational variations of the human centromeric chromatin complex (2018)

We combined classical salt fractionation with chromatin immunoprecipitation to recover human centromeric chromatin under native conditions. We found that >85% of the total centromeric chromatin is insoluble under conditions typically used for native chromatin extraction. To map both soluble and insoluble chromatin in situ, we combined CUT&RUN (cleavage under targets and release using nuclease), a targeted nuclease method, with salt fractionation. Using this approach, we observed unexpected structural and conformational variations of centromere protein A (CENP-A)-containing complexes on different α-satellite dimeric units within highly homogenous arrays. Our results suggest that slight α-satellite sequence differences control the structure and occupancy of the associated centromeric chromatin complex.
Light slowing down in Moiré fiber gratings and its implications for nonlinear optics (2000)

A theory of the dispersion in the Moir\'e gratings is developed and it is shown that the group velocity of light in them can be reduced by up to three orders of magnitude. A conceptual similarity between Moir\'e grating and the electro-magnetic-induced transparency medium is demonstrated, and it is argued that for some applications the Moir\'e gratings present a simple viable alternative to electromagnetically induced transparency.
Distributed measurement of dynamic strain based on multi-slope assisted fast BOTDA (2016)

We propose and demonstrate a dynamic Brillouin optical fiber sensing based on the multi-slope assisted fast Brillouin optical time-domain analysis (F-BOTDA), which enables the measurement of a large strain with real-time data processing. The multi-slope assisted F-BOTDA is realized based on the double-slope demodulation and frequency-agile modulation, which significantly increases the measurement range compared with the single- or double- slope assisted F-BOTDA, while maintaining the advantage of fast data processing and being suitable for real-time on-line monitoring. A maximum strain variation up to 5000με is measured in a 32-m fiber with a spatial resolution of ~1m and a sampling rate of 1kHz. The frequency of the strain is 12.8Hz, which is limited by the rotation rate of the motor used to load the force on the fiber. Furthermore, the influence of the frequency difference between two adjacent probe tones on the measurement error is studied theoretically and experimentally for optimization. For a Brillouin gain spectrum with a 78-MHz width, the optimum frequency difference is ~40MHz. The measurement error of Brillouin frequency shift is less than 3MHz over the whole measurement range (241MHz).
Use of chloroalkenylamines for the synthesis of 1-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane and 1-azabicyclo[4.3.0]nonane derivatives (1984)

Various N-(chloroprop-2-enyl)-, N-(3-chlorobut-2-enyl)-, and N-(4-chloropent-3- and -4-enyl)-proline derivatives, -succinimides, and -phthalimides have been synthesised and subjected to Lewis acid treatment. The following gave fruitful results: N-(4-chloropent-3-enyl)-5-hydroxy-2-pyrrolidone (25) gave 1-acetyl-1,2,3,6,7,7a-hexahydropyrrolizin-5-one (28); N-(4-chloropent-3-enyl)-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one (30) gave 1-endo-acetyl-1,2,3,9b-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1-a] isoindol-5-one (31) which was isomerised to the exo-isomer; N-(4-chloropent-3-enyl)-3-methylene-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one (34) and N-(4-chloropent-3-enyl)-3-hydroxy-3-methyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one (33) gave 1-endo-acetyl-9b-methyl-1,2,3,9b-tetrahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoindol-5-one(35); N-[-2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]proline (42) gave 8,9-dimethoxy-1,2,3,5,6,10b-hexahydropyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline (43), N-(2-chloroprop-2-enyl)-2-(2-hydroxy-2-propyl)pyrrolidine (44) gave 6-chloro-8,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,5,8,8a-hexahydroindolizine (47) and 8,8-dimethyl-1,2,3,7,8,8a-hexahydroindolizin-6(5H)-one (48) which were reduced to the corresponding alcohols; N-(4-chloropent-4-enyl)-3-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1H-isoindol-1-one (50) gave 7,8,11,11a-hexahydro-5H-azepino[2,1-a]isoindole-5,10(9H)-dione (51).