gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An extended delta compression algorithm and the recovery of failed updating in embedded systems (2004)

In this paper, a new program-updating method for embedded systems adopting the RISC architecture is presented. Previously "a delta compression algorithm" is used but when the algorithm is actually implemented with devices, the transmission time is longer than the assumed time. To overcome this problem "extended delta compression algorithm" is proposed. The target of this algorithm is to create a delta file that is 10% smaller than those currently available. A new restoring method is also proposed here to overcome the problem of data overwritten of flash memory in the restoring process. A characteristic of this system is that the expanded data are stored in "nonvolatile" memory before being written into the flash memory, and the flash memory is not restored until the data for the next block has been expanded.
TBCppA: A Tracer Approach for Automatic Accurate Analysis of C Preprocessor's Behaviors (2008)

C preprocessor (CPP) is a major cause that makes it much difficult to accurately analyze C source code, which is indispensable to refactoring tools for C programs. To accurately analyze C source code, we need to generate CPP mapping information between unpreprocessed C sourcecode and preprocessed one. Previous works generate CPP mapping information by extending the existing CPP, which results in low portability and low maintainability due to the strong dependency of CPP implementation. To solve this problem, this paper proposes a novel approach (called TBCppA) based on tracer, which generates CPP mapping information by instrumenting the unpreprocessed C source code using XML-like tags called "tracers". The advantage of TBCppA is high portability and high maintainability, which the previous methods do not have. We successfully implemented a first prototype of TBCppA, and our preliminary evaluation of applying TBCppA to gcc-4.1.1 produced promising results.
Basic aspects of neuroimmunology as they relate to immunotherapeutic targets: Present and future prospects (1995)

The neurological diseases with definite or putative immune pathogenesis include myasthenia gravis; Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome; IgM monoclonal anti-myelin-associated glycoprotein-associated demyelinating polyneuropathy; Guillain-Barré syndrome; chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy; multifocal motor neuropathy with or without GM1 antibodies; multiple sclerosis; inflammatory myopathies; stiff-man syndrome; autoimmune neuromyotonia; paraneoplastic neuronopathies and cerebellar degeneration; and neurological diseases associated with systemic autoimmune conditions, vasculitis, or viral infections. The events that lead to these autoimmune diseases are not clear but the following sequential steps are critical: (a) the breaking of tolerance, a process in which cytokines, molecular mimicry, or superantigens may play a role in rendering previously anergic T cells to recognize neural autoantigens; (b) antigen recognition by the T-cell receptor complex and processing of the antigen via the major histocompatibility complex class I or II; (c) costimulatory factors especially B7 and B7-binding proteins (CD28, CTLA-4) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1 and its leukocyte function-associated (LFA)-1 ligand; (d) traffic of the activated T cells across the blood-brain or blood-nerve barrier via a series of adhesion molecules that include selectins, leukocyte integrins (LFA-1, Mac-1, very late activating antigen [VLA]-4) and their counterreceptors (ICAM-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule [VCAM]) on the endothelial cells; and (e) tissue injury when the activated T cells, macrophages, or specific autoantibodies find their antigenic targets on glial cells, myelin, axon, calcium channels, or muscle. In designing specific immunotherapy, the main players involved in every step of the immune response need to be considered. Targets for specific therapy in neurological diseases include agents that (a) interfere or compete with antigen recognition or stimulation, (b) inhibit costimulatory signals or cytokines, (c) inhibit the traffic of the activated cells to tissues, and (d) intervene at the antigen recognition sites in the targeted organ. The various immunomodulating procedures and immunosuppressive drugs currently used for nonselective neuroimmunotherapy are discussed in the context of their interference with the above-described immune mediators.
Human transitional cell carcinoma in the NMRI-nu/nu mouse bladder: a new animal model for the in vivo use of monoclonal antibodies and cytotoxic agents. (1986)

Human transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder was successfully transplanted into the bladder of the NMRI-nu/nu mouse. Transplantation of a single-cell suspension from a human Grade II transitional cell carcinoma had an acceptance rate of 33%. The tumors showed invasive growth and could be identified by an anti-human monoclonal antibody. This tumor model can be valuable as an in vivo test system for the local use of cytotoxic agents and monoclonal antibodies in diagnosis of and therapy for human bladder carcinoma.
NMR and pattern recognition studies on the acute biochemical effects of Lu(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (2004)

Abstract Pattern recognition methods were applied to the analysis of 600 MHz 1 H NMR spectra of urine from rats dosed with compounds that induced organ‐specific damage in the liver and kidney. Male Wistar rats were separated into groups ( n =4) and each was treated with one of following compounds: HgCl 2 , CCl 4 , Lu(NO 3 ) 3 and Changle (a kind of rare earth complex mixed with La, Ce, Pr and Nd). Urine samples from the rats dosed with HgCl 2 , CCl 4 , and LU(NO 3 ) 3 were collected over a 24 h time course and the samples from the rats administrated with Changle were gained after 3 months. These samples were measured by 600 MHz NMR spectroscopy. Each spectrum was data‐processed to provide 223 intensity‐related descriptors of spectra. Urine spectral data corresponding to the time intervals, 0–8 h (HgCl 2 and CCl 4 ), 4–8 (Lu(NO 3 ) 3 ) h and 90 d (Changle) were analyzed using principal component analysis (PCA). Successful classification of the toxicity and biochemical effects of Lu(NO 3 ) 3 was achieved.
Self-Assembled c-Plane GaN Nanopillars on γ-LiAlO<sub>2</sub> Substrate Grown by Plasma-Assisted Molecular-Beam Epitaxy (2008)

We have grown M-plane GaN films with self-assembled C-plane GaN nanopillars on a γ-LiAlO2 substrate by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy. The diameters of the basal plane of the nanopillars are about 200 to 900 nm and the height is up to 600 nm. The formation of self-assembled c-plane GaN nanopillars is through nucleation on hexagonal anionic bases of γ-LiAlO2. Dislocation defects were observed and analyzed by transmission electron microscopy. From the experimental results, we developed a mechanism underlying the simultaneous growth of three-dimensional c-plane nanopillars and two-dimensional M-plane films on a γ-LiAlO2 substrate.
Fast slant transform with sequency increment and its application in image compression (2005)

This work analyses the rule of the base vector arrangement for slant transform, gives the equations and the fast algorithms for the slant transform of arbitrary order 2" with base vectors arranged in sequency increment, makes traditional slant transform theory more consummate. Using this algorithm in image compression, the data entropy in the transform domain approaches that of the commonly used DCT, but the operation speed is faster. This algorithm is suitable for the orthogonal transformation where high speed and hardware implementation are required.
T-cell Activation Leads to Poor Activation of the HIV-1 Clade E Long Terminal Repeat and Weak Association of Nuclear Factor-κB and NFAT with Its Enhancer Region (2004)

The enhancer region in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) 5'-long terminal repeat (LTR) is very important for viral transcription. This promoter sequence binds both nuclear factor-kappaB and NFAT, two important modulators of HIV-1 gene expression. Previous studies have indicated that the enhancer regions of the different HIV-1 clade LTRs differ in their number of NF-kappaB-binding sites. In this study, we have compared the activation potential of the different HIV-1 clade and HIV-2 LTRs and assessed their interaction with NFAT and NF-kappaB. In T-cell lines and primary CD4(+) T-cells, the results showed that the HIV-1 clade E LTR (with a single NF-kappaB-binding site) was the weakest LTR regardless of the tested activators, whereas the HIV-2 LTR was the most responsive LTR. The clade E enhancer region was also demonstrated to be the weakest enhancer region in transfection experiments with luciferase reporter-based vectors. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays with extracts from activated CD4(+) T-cells indicated that, although NF-kappaB and NFAT bound all enhancers, HIV-1 clade E and HIV-2 LTR enhancers were poor binding targets for these two factors. Weak NFAT binding to clade E enhancers was also confirmed using NFAT1-expressing 293T cells in competition experiments. We have also shown the absence of interaction of NF-kappaB or NFAT with the third NF-kappaB repeat present in clade C. However, the clade C enhancer bound NFAT more efficiently than all other enhancer regions tested. Our results hence demonstrate for the first time that differences in the binding of NF-kappaB and NFAT to the enhancer regions could be responsible for some of the observed variation in HIV-1 clade LTR activation, whereas HIV-2 LTR activation seems mostly independent of these interactions.
Mathematical Resolution of Overlapping Spectral Lines (1962)

This paper presents two methods for decomposing into individual components an observed spectrum composed of a number of overlapping spectral lines, each having the same known shape. The first method of solution described is for lines all of the same half-width and is based on properties of the Fourier transform of even functions. The second method presented is an iterative least-squares procedure for lines of different half-widths and for which a computer program is available.
Low-temperature preparation of GaN-SiO2 interfaces with low defect density. II. Remote plasma-assisted oxidation of GaN and nitrogen incorporation (2004)

Low-temperature remote plasma-assisted oxidation and nitridation processes for interface formation and passivation have been extended from Si and SiC to GaN. The initial oxidation kinetics and chemical composition of thin interfacial oxide were determined from analysis of on-line Auger electron spectroscopy features associated with Ga, N, and O. The plasma-assisted oxidation process is self-limiting with power-law kinetics similar to those for the plasma-assisted oxidation of Si and SiC. Oxidation using O2∕He plasma forms nearly pure GaOx, and oxidation using 1% N2O in N2 forms GaOxNy with small nitrogen content, ∼4–7at.%. The interface and dielectric layer quality was investigated using fabricated GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor capacitors. The lowest density of interface states was achieved with a two-step plasma-assisted oxidation and nitridation process before SiO2 deposition.
DCT-based still image compression ICs with bit-rate control (1992)

The authors discuss compression and coding ICs for still images based on the DCT (discrete cosine transform) using a new algorithm for bit-rate control. The compression and coding method used in these ICs conforms to the JPEG (Joint Photographic Expert Group) standard. These ICs have been developed for a digital still camera system using memory cards as the recording medium, and they have a bit-rate control function to guarantee the number of images recorded on a card. The functional specifications and composition of these ICs, as well as the structure of the encoder IC, and details of the algorithm used for bit-rate control are considered.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
NMR‐Bildgebung und Materialforschung (1998)

Abstract Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a powerful tool in medical diagnostics. But this technique of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) ist also receiving increasing attention in materials science because it is non‐invasive and because of the abundance of different contrast parameters which reflect the molecular properties of the samples. For instance, distributions in microscopic molecular re‐orientations as well as macroscopic coherent motion can be imaged by appropriate techniques. Applications of both aspects of MRI are reported by examples of images from elastomers, skin, and velocity profiles. In addition, a new method for investigations of surfacenear volume elements of arbitraril shaped samples is shown.
Timestamping and latency analysis for multi-sensor perception systems (2013)

This paper describes methods and tools for the analysis of measurement timestamps and time delays of different environmental perception sensors for Advanced Driver Assistance Systems (ADAS) in order to allow a proper sensor data interpretation. These sensors are classified according to the way they timestamp their measurements. Thereby, three classes are defined: sensors with global timestamps, sensors with relative timestamps and sensors without measurement timestamps. This paper describes the concept and tools for analyzing and setting the timestamp of sensors from class I and II. For the classI, a global UTC <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> -master time generator allows the creation of a relationship between the measurement and the acquisition timestamps. For the class II, a synchronization signal is periodically sent to the sensors which timestamp their data relative to this reference signal. The used tools for this analysis were thoroughly analyzed and verified.
Contrast enhancement using multipeak histogram equalization with brightness preserving (2002)

Contrast enhancement of an image can efficiently be performed by histogram equalization. However, the global histogram equalization will cause an effect on brightness saturation in some almost homogeneous area. Therefore, multipeak histogram equalization has been proposed. Each detected peak of the histogram is independently equalized. The effect of brightness saturation can be eliminated and the perceptibility improved. By using the histogram equalization method, the output image can preserve the mean value brightness of the input image.
The Membrane-Type Matrix Metalloproteinases (MT1-MMP and MT2-MMP) of the umbilical cord (2011)

Background: Turnover of matrix proteins including collagen and proteoglycans depends on their the novo synthesis and cleavage. The latter is performed by huge number of enzymes. Among them metalloproteinases (MMPs) play an important role not only in initialization of that process but also in enzyme activation. Methods: We used Western Immunoblot method and immunoenzymatic assay (ELISA) for detection of membrane-type metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs). Results: The umbilical cord arteries, vein and Wharton’s jelly of control and preeclamptic newborns contained MT1-MMP (MMP-14) and MT2-MMP (MMP-15). Both enzymes existed in a form of high molecular complexes. Furthermore, a distinct increase in the amount of MT1-MMP in preeclamptic umbilical cord vessel walls and significant decrease in preeclamptic Wharton’s jelly was found. All preeclamptic tissues contained twice higher amount of MMP-15 in comparison to controls. Conclusions: Free latent form of both investigated MT-MMPs was not detected in all investigated tissue extracts. Indicated molecular weight of about 54 kDa corresponded to free active form of respective MMP. High molecular weight complexes detected in all umbilical cord tissues contained these metalloproteinases bound to tissue inhibitors of matrix metalloproteinases and/or other extracellular components. Both MT-MMPs can activate gelatinases, which may be one of the mechanisms of extracellular matrix remodelling in the umbilical cord of preeclamptic newborns.
Classification and measurement of nutritionally important starch fractions. (1992)

For nutritional purposes, starch in foods may be classified into rapidly digestible starch (RDS), slowly digestible starch (SDS) and resistant starch (RS). RS may be further divided into three categories according to the reason for resistance to digestion. A method is reported for the measurement of total starch, RDS, SDS, RS and three RS fractions in starchy foods, using controlled enzymic hydrolysis with pancreatin and amyloglucosidase. The released glucose is measured by colorimetry, using a glucose oxidase kit. Values for RDS and SDS in foods obtained by the method reflect the rate of starch digestion in vivo. Values for RS are similar to the amounts of starch escaping digestion in the small intestine of ileostomates, and are a guide to the amounts of starch likely to enter the colon for fermentation. Results are given for a number of starchy foods.
Antimicrobial Resistance of Escherichia coli Urinary Isolates in the Veterans Affairs Health Care System (2017)

We reviewed data for almost 300,000 clinical <i>Escherichia coli</i> urinary isolates (collected in 2009 through 2013) from 127 inpatient and outpatient facilities, to assess antibiotic resistance among Veterans Affairs health care system patients using Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention National Healthcare Safety Network definitions or guidance. Rates of resistance to amoxicillin or ampicillin/β-lactamase inhibitors were approximately 40% and rates of resistance to fluoroquinolones and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole approached 30%. Rates of resistance to nitrofurantoin, antipseudomonal penicillin/β-lactamase inhibitors, and carbapenems remained less than 10%. The percentage of isolates that were considered multidrug resistant varied (4% to 37%), depending on the definitions used.
2-(Trifluoroacetyl)imidazoles, 2-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-thiazoles, and 2-Trifluoroacetyl-1,3-oxazoles (2008)

A facile method of trifluoroacylation of imidazoles, 1,3-thiazoles, and 1,3-oxazoles with trifluoroacetic anhydride resulted in a set of heterocyclic trifluoromethyl-containing ketones. Unlike common ketones, these compounds form stable hydrates and enter into noncatalytic ene reactions with terminal olefins affording the corresponding allyl alcohols.
Developing Extrachromosomal Gene Expression Vector Technologies: An Overview (2011)

Extrachromosomal, or episomal, vectors offer a number of advantages for therapeutic and scientific applications compared to integrating vectors. Extrachromosomal vectors persist in the nucleus without the requirement to integrate into the host genome, hence avoiding the recent concerns surrounding the genotoxic effects of vector integration. By avoiding integration, episomal vectors avoid vector rearrangement, which can occur at integration, and also avoid any effect of surrounding DNA activity on transgene expression ("position effect"). Extrachromosomal vectors offer a very high transgene capacity, allowing either the incorporation of large promoter and regulatory elements into an expression cassette, or the use of complete genomic loci of up to 100 kb or larger as transgenes. Whole genomic loci transgenes offer an elegant means to express genes under physiological and developmental-stage regulation, to express multiple transcript variants from a single locus, and to express multiple genes from a single tract of genomic DNA. The combined advantages of episomal vectors of prolonged transgene persistence in the absence of vector integration, avoiding silencing by flanking heterochromatin, and high capacity, facilitating delivery and expression of genomic DNA transgenes, will be reviewed here and potential therapeutic and scientific uses outlined.
51.2: New 240Hz Driving Method for Full HD & High Quality 3D LCD TV (2010)

Abstract We propose the new 240Hz driving method that includes black frame insertion, LED BLU(back light unit) control and shutter glasses control to reduce crosstalk caused mainly by slow LC response and data scanning driving method. As a result, it realizes 240Hz Full HD 3D LCD TV with average crosstalk about 1% level.
Bone marrow derived stem cells for the treatment of end-stage liver disease. (2014)

End-stage disease due to liver cirrhosis is an important cause of death worldwide. Cirrhosis results from progressive, extensive fibrosis and impaired hepatocyte regeneration. The only curative treatment is liver transplantation, but due to the several limitations of this procedure, the interest in alternative therapeutic strategies is increasing. In particular, the potential of bone marrow stem cell (BMSC) therapy in cirrhosis has been explored in different trials. In this article, we evaluate the results of 18 prospective clinical trials, and we provide a descriptive overview of recent advances in the research on hepatic regenerative medicine. The main message from the currently available data in the literature is that BMSC therapy is extremely promising in the context of liver cirrhosis. However, its application should be further explored in randomized, controlled trials with large cohorts and long follow-ups.
A real-time filled pause detection system for spontaneous speech recognition (1999)

This paper describes a method for automatically detecting filled (vocalized) pauses, which are one of the hesitation phenomena that current speech recognizers typically cannot handle.The detection of these pauses is important in spontaneous speech dialogue systems because they play valuable roles, such as helping a speaker keep a conversational turn, in oral communication.Although a few speech recognition systems have processed filled pauses within subword-based connected word recognition or word-spotting frameworks, they did not detect the pauses individually and consequently could not consider their roles.In this paper we propose a method that detects filled pauses and word lengthening on the basis of small fundamental frequency transition and small spectral envelope deformation under the assumption that speakers do not change articulator parameters during filled pauses.Experimental results for a Japanese spoken dialogue corpus show that our real-time filled-pause-detection system yielded a recall rate of 84.9% and a precision rate of 91.5%.
Ultrasonic tightening (2011)

This article reviews developments in using high-pitched sound frequencies to provide information on the load in a bolt being stretched as it is tightened. In particular, it looks at ultrasonic technology that is being developed by German firm Intellifast GmbH.
The Effects of Septic Complications upon the Serum Protein Changes Associated with Thermal Injury (1985)

The levels of 12 serum proteins including 'acute-phase reactants', immunoglobulins and albumin were measured in 20 patients suffering from thermal burns. The acute-phase reactants: C-reactive protein, alpha-l antitrypsin, alpha-l antichymotrypsin, haptoglobin and orosomucoid, all increased in concentration. Highest levels, which showed significant correlations with injury severity, occurred at 6-8 days post-burn. The levels of albumin, alpha-l lipoprotein and transferrin were decreased. The immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM showed an initial decrease followed by a steady return to normal levels. Four patients, of whom three died, developed serious sepsis. The levels of alpha-l antichymotrypsin and C-reactive protein were much higher in patients with sepsis than in those without sepsis. The highest levels occurred during and often before the episode of sepsis was clinically evident. The immunoglobulins especially IgG and IgA were lower in those patients who developed sepsis than in those who did not. The results suggest that the serum levels of either C-reactive protein or alpha-l antichymotrypsin could be used both as an aid to diagnosis of sepsis and also to monitor the effect of therapy.