gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Infection risk for primary and revision instrumented lumbar spine fusion in the Medicare population (2012)

Patient comorbidities were the greatest predictor of infection risk for the Medicare population. The high incidence of infection following instrumented fusion warrants increased focus on infection risk mitigation, especially for patients with comorbid conditions.
Charge-density-wave motion in Nb<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Se</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>. I. Studies of the differential resistance<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mfrac><mml:mrow><mml:mi>dV</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mi>dI</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:mfrac></mml:math> (1982)

We have measured the variation of the differential resistance as a function of the electric field for temperatures below those at which the two charge-density waves (CDW) form in Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$. The shape of the $\frac{\mathrm{dV}}{\mathrm{dI}}$ variation is very sensitive to temperature, particularly below that at which the anomaly due to the lower CDW shows its maximum. We have observed that for some samples a very sharp drop with a deep minimum in $\frac{\mathrm{dV}}{\mathrm{dI}}$ occurs at the critical electric field value where the charge-density wave is depinned. Over a large range of electric field below this dip we have measured low-frequency noise. We develop a model where the phase of the charge-density wave is described as an overdamped oscillator. If we consider the sample as consisting of a unique domain, we find that the differential resistance has an infinite negative value at the critical electric field when the current in the sample is regulated. We also obtain expressions for the variation of the frequency of the modulation of the current carried by the charge-density wave as a function of the electric field and for the amplitudes of the harmonics of this modulated current. To account for a more realistic description of the sample we suppose that it is formed of multiple domains. We explain the low-frequency noise as the depinning of individual domains and the dip in $\frac{\mathrm{dV}}{\mathrm{dI}}$ as resulting from the distribution of the electric critical fields of this assembly of domains. We have also studied the $\frac{\mathrm{dV}}{\mathrm{dI}}$ variation for Nb${\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$ samples doped with tantalum and titanium. The shape of the $\frac{\mathrm{dV}}{\mathrm{dI}}$ variation near the critical field gives a good indication of the distribution of the pinning centers inside the sample.
Biodistribution of mild analgesics. (1980)

1 Macro-autoradiographic methods were used to assess the biodistribution of [3H]-, or [14C]-acidic (aspirin, indomethacin, phenylbutazone) and non-acidic (antipyrine, aminopyrine, paracetamol) mild analgesics in rats with carrageenan-induced inflammation. 2 At anti-inflammatory doses all the acidic drugs (and/or their metabolites) were found to reach high concentrations in the stomach wall, liver, blood and bone marrow, kidney cortex and the inflamed tissue, that is, the tissues in which these drugs exert their therapeutic or side-effects. 3 In contrast, at analgesic doses, the non-acidic mild analgesics (and/or their metabolites) are equally distributed throughout the body with the exception of the gastro-intestinal lumen and the liver. This distribution pattern correlates well with the lack of acute side-effects and anti-inflammatory action of these drugs at therapeutic doses.
Nano-oxidation of silicon surfaces: Comparison of noncontact and contact atomic-force microscopy methods (2001)

Local oxidation lithography by atomic-force microscopy is emerging as a powerful method for nanometer-scale patterning of surfaces. Here, we perform a comparative study of contact and noncontact atomic-force microscopy (AFM) oxidation experiments. The comparison of height and width dependencies on voltage and pulse duration allows establishing noncontact AFM as the optimum local oxidation method. For the same electrical conditions, noncontact AFM oxides exhibit higher aspect ratios (0.04 vs 0.02). The smallness of the liquid meniscus in noncontact AFM oxidation produces smaller oxide widths. We also report a slower oxidation rate in contact AFM oxidation. We explain this result by introducing an effective energy barrier (∼0.14 eV) that includes the mechanical work done by the growing oxide against the cantilever (∼0.01 eV).
Voltaire (1952)

Voltaire Get access H. A. H. A. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Notes and Queries, Volume 197, Issue 9, 26 April 1952, Page 193, https://doi.org/10.1093/nq/197.9.193d Published: 26 April 1952
On the complexity of computing tests for CMOS gates (1989)

The following problems pertinent to testing CMOS gates are considered. CTSOF: the problem of computing a two-pattern test sequence that detects the fault 'T Stuck-Open' given a CMOS gate G and an FET T in G. CTSAF: the problem of computing an input vector that detects the fault in which the output of G is stuck at a given a CMOS gate G and a constant a epsilon (0, 1). It is shown that bounded degree fanout (bounded by 2) in unate CMOS gates is enough to make CTSOF CoNP-hard, CTSOF is harder than CTSAF, and an upper bound on the complexity of both CTSOF and CTSAF is O(2/sup f/*m), where f is the number of fanout variables and m is the number of FETs in the CMOS gate. It is also shown that there exists a CMOS gate realization of Boolean functions named BC-CMOS circuits such that for every Boolean function there exists a BC-CMOS circuit, there exists a linear time algorithm for both CTSOF and CTSAF for BC-CMOS circuits, and CMOS gates derived from Boolean expressions using Shannon's expansion are BC-CMOS circuits.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Two Organic Fixatives for Acid Mucopolysaccharides (1956)

AbstractCetyl pyridinium chloride, 0.5% in 4% aqueous formaldehyde and 5-aminoacridine hydrochloride, 0.4% in 50% aqueous ethanol, have been tested as fixatives for acid mucopolysaccharides in a variety of tissues. These solutions are superior to 4% aqueous formaldehyde, Carnoy's fluid and basic lead acetate for this purpose and also give good nuclear fixation. Tissues containing these mucopolysaccharides are particularly well defined with the acridine-ethanol fixative.
V O 2 films with strong semiconductor to metal phase transition prepared by the precursor oxidation process (2007)

We describe a relatively simple, reliable, and reproducible preparation technique, the precursor oxidation process, for making VO2 films with strong semiconductor-to-metal phase transition. Sputter-deposited metal precursor V films were oxidized in situ in the deposition chamber for 2.5–7h at 370–415°C in 0.2Torr O2 to form 22–220nm VO2. The strength [resistivity ratio, RR=ρS∕ρM] and sharpness (hysteresis width ΔTC) of T-dependent semiconductor-to-metal hysteretic phase transition in VO2 were our most immediate and relevant quality indicators. In 200-nm-range films, the process was optimized to yield RR=(1–2)×103, ΔTC∼11°C and absolute resistivity in a semiconducting phase ρS=0.4±0.2Ωm, close to resistivity in bulk single crystals of VO2. Films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, grazing-incidence x-ray diffraction, and Raman spectroscopy, and found to be polycrystalline single-phase VO2. We also measured optical reflectivity RT(λ) from 200to1100nm, and Rλ(T) from 20to100°C. RT(λ) measured in thin-film interference structures allowed us to calculate the index of refraction in the two phases, which agrees well with the published data and, together with structural measurements, confirms that our films are essentially pure VO2. The limited study of these films in terms of stability, aging, lithographic processing, and thermal cycling shows that they can be used in applications.
Combining technology mapping and placement for delay-minimization in FPGA designs (1995)

We combine technology mapping and placement into a single procedure, M.Map, for the design of RAM-based FPGAs. Iteratively, M.Map maps several subnetworks of a Boolean network into a number of CLBs on the layout plane simultaneously. For every output node of the unmapped portion of the Boolean network, many ways of mapping are possible. The choice of which mapping to be used depends not only on the location of the CLB into which the output node will be mapped but also on its interconnection with those already mapped CLBs. To deal with such a complicated interaction among multiple output nodes of a Boolean network, multiple ways of mappings and multiple number of CLBs, any greedy algorithm will be insufficient. Therefore, we use a bipartite weighted matching algorithm in finding a solution that takes the global information into consideration. With the availability of the partial placement information, M.Map is able to minimize the routing delay in addition to the number of CLBs. Experimental results on a set of benchmarks demonstrate that M.Map is indeed effective and efficient.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Clinical Implications of Diffuse Excessive High Signal Intensity (DEHSI) on Neonatal MRI in School Age Children Born Extremely Preterm (2016)

The presence of qualitatively defined DEHSI on neonatal MRI did not prove to be a useful predictor of long-term impairment in children born extremely preterm.
Volunteer Cloud Computing: MapReduce over the Internet (2011)

Volunteer Computing harnesses computing resources of machines from around the world to perform distributed independent tasks, following a master/worker model. Despite the recent increase in popularity and power in middleware such as BOINC, there are still several limitations in existing systems. Current research is oriented towards optimizing existing applications, while the number of active users and projects has reached a plateau. A programming paradigm that has been significantly popular and is used by several systems on the cloud is MapReduce. The main advantage of this paradigm is that it can be used to solve a vast amount of different problems, by breaking them into simple steps and taking advantage of distributed resources. Volunteer Computing provides these resources, and although it cannot match the conditions offered by a cluster, it has other advantages that can be leveraged. In this paper, we try to increase the computational power of Volunteer Computing systems by allowing more complex applications and paradigms such as MapReduce to be run, thus opening new avenues and possibilities for the use of computational devices scattered through the Internet. We created a BOINC prototype that can run MapReduce jobs (BOINC-MR), using a pull-model in which communication is always initiated by the client. By running experiments on a small cluster, with multiple variables, we were able to evaluate a few initial scenarios with this paradigm. We used a simple MapReduce application, word count, as proof of concept, just to demonstrate a typical execution.
Regulation of human synovial fibroblast collagenase messenger RNA by interleukin‐1 (1989)

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) may contribute to tissue destruction in rheumatoid arthritis, in part, by inducing messenger RNA (mRNA) that encodes interstitial collagenase. In human synovial fibroblasts in vitro, IL-1 induced collagenase mRNA accumulation 6 hours after being added to the cells. High levels of mRNA remained present for at least 48 hours after treatment. The rate of transcription of collagenase in isolated nuclei peaked after approximately 6 hours of treatment with IL-1 and declined thereafter, becoming nearly undetectable by 24 hours. The persistence of mRNA, in view of the transient peak of transcription, suggested that collagenase mRNA was stable in synovial fibroblasts. The half-life of collagenase mRNA after the synoviocytes were treated with actinomycin D was approximately 27 hours, both in the presence and in the absence of IL-1. It has been noted that induction of the expression of collagenase by phorbol esters requires fos protein synthesis and is mediated through a tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate response element in the 5'-flanking region of the gene. However, we found that cycloheximide, when added to synovial fibroblast cultures up to 6 hours after treatment with IL-1, inhibited the expression of collagenase mRNA. These results suggest that fos alone is unlikely to be sufficient for collagenase expression, and that additional factors, or alternative pathways, are involved in the induction of collagenase by IL-1.
The regulation by iron of the synthesis of adhesins and cytoadherence levels in the protozoan Trichomonas vaginalis. (1991)

Levels of adherence of Trichomonas vaginalis to epithelial cells was found to be modulated by iron. Cytoadherence values were greater than or equal to twofold higher for trichomonads grown in a complex cultivation medium supplemented with iron. This increase in adherence levels was specifically mediated by iron; parasites cultured in a low-iron medium in the presence of salts other than iron were unresponsive to changes in adherence levels. Expression of the higher adherence property, by parasites grown first in low-iron medium followed by supplementation with iron, was a function of time, and the extent of cytoadherence was proportional to the concentration of iron added to the medium. Lactoferrin, an important iron source for trichomonads at the site of infection, elevated adherence of the parasite to epithelial cells, demonstrating the likely in vivo modulation of adherence by iron. The alteration of levels of adherence caused by iron was determined to be a reflection of gene expression of previously characterized trichomonad adhesins. Parasites grown under iron-replete conditions had higher quantities of surface-exposed adhesins, and this was a result of increased synthesis of adhesins. Actinomycin D and alpha-amanitin prevented expression of adhesin molecules, which resulted in decreased cytoadherence, showing that adhesin synthesis was dependent on gene transcription. Data indicated that genes encoding the four trichomonad adhesins are coordinately regulated by iron.
Vascular Genomics of the Human Brain (2002)

The microvasculature of the human brain plays an important role in the development and maintenance of the central nervous system and in the pathogenesis of brain diseases, and is the site of differential gene expression within the brain. However, human brain microvascular-specific genes may not be detected in whole-brain gene microarray because the volume of the brain microvascular endothelium is relatively small (0.1%) compared with the whole brain. Therefore, the differential gene expression within the human brain microvasculature was evaluated using suppression subtractive hybridization with RNA isolated from human brain microvessels. Gene identification was restricted to the first 71 clones that were differentially expressed at the brain microvasculature. Twenty of these were genes encoding proteins with known function that were involved in angiogenesis, neurogenesis, molecular transport, and maintenance of endothelial tight junctions or the cytoskeleton. Eighteen genes coding for proteins of an unknown function were identified, including five genes containing satellite DNA sequences. The results provide the initial outline of the genomics of the human brain microvasculature, and have implications for the identification of both targets for brain-specific drug transport and changes in microvascular gene expression in brain diseases.
Carbon doped SiGe heterojunction bipolar transistors for high frequency applications (2003)

The incorporation of low concentrations of carbon (<10/sup 20/ cm/sup -3/) into the SiGe region of a heterojunction bipolar transistor (HBT) can significantly suppress boron outdiffusion caused by subsequent processing steps. This effect can be described by coupled diffusion of carbon atoms and Si point defects. We discuss the increase in performance and process margins in SiGe heterojunction bipolar technology by adding carbon. SiGe:C HBTs demonstrate excellent static parameters, exceeding the performance of state-of-the-art SiGe HBTs. C also enhances the high frequency performance, because it allows one to use a high B doping level in a very thin SiGe base layer without outdiffusion from SiGe, even if applying post-epitaxial implants and anneals.
Insulin-Like Growth Factor 2 in Development and Disease: A Mini-Review (2012)

Today, our knowledge on how IGF2 is composed and interacts with receptors has come a long way. However, there is comparatively little information on how IGF2 affects tumour growth and cardiovascular diseases such as atherosclerosis. Thus, further research will be needed to elucidate the impact of IGF2 on key diseases.
Surgical management of articular cartilage defects in the knee. (2009)

The treatment of isolated cartilage lesions of the knee is based on several underlying principles, including a predictable reduction in the patient's symptoms, improvements in function and joint congruence, and prevention of progressive damage. Surgical options for cartilage restoration are described as palliative treatments, such as débridement and lavage; reparative, such as marrow stimulation techniques; or restorative, such as osteochondral grafting and autologous chondrocyte implantation. The choice of an appropriate treatment should be made on an individual basis, with consideration for the patient's specific goals (such as pain reduction or functional improvement), physical demand level, prior treatment history, lesion size and location, and a systematic evaluation of the knee that considers comorbidities, including alignment, meniscal status, and ligament integrity. It is important for the physician to be familiar with the indications, surgical techniques, and clinical outcomes of the available treatment options for chondral defects of the knee.
Formation and Accumulation of α-Acids, β-Acids, Desmethylxanthohumol, and Xanthohumol during Flowering of Hops (<i>Humulus lupulus</i> L.) (2003)

Important secondary metabolites, present in hops (Humulus lupulus L.), include alpha-acids and beta-acids, which are essential for the brewing of beer, as well as the prenylated chalcones, desmethylxanthohumol, and xanthohumol, which exhibit interesting bioactive properties. Their formation and accumulation in five selected hop varieties, Wye Challenger, Wye Target, Golding, Admiral, and Whitbread Golding Variety, were quantitatively monitored by high-performance liquid chromatography using UV detection. All target compounds were present from the onset of flowering, not only in female hop cones but also in male inflorescences, albeit in low concentrations. During development from female inflorescences to cones, levels of alpha-acids, beta-acids, desmethylxanthohumol, and xanthohumol gradually increased, while each hop variety exhibited individual accumulation rates. Furthermore, these compounds were present in leaves of fully grown hops as well. The study demonstrated that key compounds for flavor and potential beneficial health effects associated with beer not only reside in the glandular lupulin structures but also are distributed over various parts of the hop plant.
The Soft Science of Dietary Fat (2001)

Mainstream nutritional science has demonized dietary fat, yet 50 years and hundreds of millions of dollars of research have failed to prove that eating a low-fat diet will help you live longer. Indeed, the history of the national conviction that dietary fat is deadly, and its evolution from hypothesis to dogma, is one in which politicians, bureaucrats, the media, and the public have played as large a role as the scientists and the science. It9s a story of what can happen when the demands of public health policy--and the demands of the public for simple advice--run up against the confusing ambiguity of real science.
Ultrathin conformal multilayer SiNO dielectric cap for capacitance reduction in Cu/low k interconnects (2016)

Multi-layer SiNO barrier film with high breakdown and low leakage is developed for Cu low k interconnects and is compared with the SiCN and SiN barrier films used at previous technology nodes. Combining SiCN with multi-layer SiNO barrier film provides robust Cu and O barrier properties at film thickness of ~10-14 nm. SiNO layers in the bi-layer film help lower the dielectric constant and hence provide capacitance benefit in the integrated structures. The high breakdown SiNO layers provide benefit in the via chamfer region and improves inter-level time dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB). Overall, the SiCN/SiNO bilayer dielectric film shows robust device reliability as compared to the state of the art barrier films.
Progress in vaccine development against<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (2007)

Based on the very high prevalence of diseases caused by Helicobacter pylori, particularly in the developing world, and the rapid emergence of antibiotic resistance among clinical isolates, there is a strong rationale for an effective vaccine against H. pylori. In this review we describe recent promising candidate vaccines and prophylactic or therapeutic immunization strategies for use against H. pylori, as well as studies to identify immune responses that are related to protection in experimental animals. We also describe identification of different types of immune responses that may be related to protection against symptoms based on comparisons of H. pylori-infected patients with duodenal ulcers or gastric cancer and asymptomatic carriers. We conclude that there is still a strong need to clarify the main protective immune mechanisms against H. pylori as well as to identify a cocktail of strong protective antigens, or recombinant bacterial strains that express such antigens, that could be administered by a regimen that gives rise to effective immune responses in humans.
Thermal Transport in Nanostructured Solid-State Cooling Devices (2005)

Low-dimensional nanostructured materials are promising candidates for high efficiency solid-state cooling devices based on the Peltier effect. Thermal transport in these low-dimensional materials is a key factor for device performance since the thermoelectric figure of merit is inversely proportional to thermal conductivity. Therefore, understanding thermal transport in nanostructured materials is crucial for engineering high performance devices. Thermal transport in semiconductors is dominated by lattice vibrations called phonons, and phonon transport is often markedly different in nanostructures than it is in bulk materials for a number of reasons. First, as the size of a structure decreases, its surface area to volume ratio increases, thereby increasing the importance of boundaries and interfaces. Additionally, at the nanoscale the characteristic length of the structure approaches the phonon wavelength, and other interesting phenomena such as dispersion relation modification and quantum confinement may arise and further alter the thermal transport. In this paper we discuss phonon transport in semiconductor superlattices and nanowires with regards to applications in solid-state cooling devices. Systematic studies on periodic multilayers called superlattices disclose the relative importance of acoustic impedance mismatch, alloy scattering, and crystalline imperfections at the interfaces. Thermal conductivity measurements of mono-crystalline silicon nanowires of different diameters reveal the strong effects of phonon-boundary scattering. Experimental results for Si/SiGe superlattice nanowires indicate that different phonon scattering mechanisms may disrupt phonon transport at different frequencies. These experimental studies provide insight regarding the dominant mechanisms for phonon transport in nanostructures. Finally, we also briefly discuss Peltier coolers made from nanostructured materials that have shown promising cooling performance.