gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Limits on the expression of enzyme-mediated solvent isotope effects (1981)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTLimits on the expression of enzyme-mediated solvent isotope effectsDexter B. NorthropCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1981, 103, 5, 1208–1212Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1981Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1981https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00395a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00395a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views68Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
<i>Colloquium</i>: Topological insulators (2010)

Topological insulators are electronic materials that have a bulk band gap like an ordinary insulator but have protected conducting states on their edge or surface. These states are possible due to the combination of spin-orbit interactions and time-reversal symmetry. The two-dimensional (2D) topological insulator is a quantum spin Hall insulator, which is a close cousin of the integer quantum Hall state. A three-dimensional (3D) topological insulator supports novel spin-polarized 2D Dirac fermions on its surface. In this Colloquium the theoretical foundation for topological insulators and superconductors is reviewed and recent experiments are described in which the signatures of topological insulators have been observed. Transport experiments on $\mathrm{Hg}\mathrm{Te}∕\mathrm{Cd}\mathrm{Te}$ quantum wells are described that demonstrate the existence of the edge states predicted for the quantum spin Hall insulator. Experiments on ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{1\ensuremath{-}x}{\mathrm{Sb}}_{x}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Se}}_{3}$, ${\mathrm{Bi}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$, and ${\mathrm{Sb}}_{2}{\mathrm{Te}}_{3}$ are then discussed that establish these materials as 3D topological insulators and directly probe the topology of their surface states. Exotic states are described that can occur at the surface of a 3D topological insulator due to an induced energy gap. A magnetic gap leads to a novel quantum Hall state that gives rise to a topological magnetoelectric effect. A superconducting energy gap leads to a state that supports Majorana fermions and may provide a new venue for realizing proposals for topological quantum computation. Prospects for observing these exotic states are also discussed, as well as other potential device applications of topological insulators.
BMPs regulate multiple aspects of growth-plate chondrogenesis through opposing actions on FGF pathways (2006)

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathways are essential regulators of chondrogenesis. However, the roles of these pathways in vivo are not well understood. Limb-culture studies have provided a number of essential insights, including the demonstration that BMP pathways are required for chondrocyte proliferation and differentiation. However, limb-culture studies have yielded contradictory results; some studies indicate that BMPs exert stimulatory effects on differentiation, whereas others support inhibitory effects. Therefore, we characterized the skeletal phenotypes of mice lacking Bmpr1a in chondrocytes (Bmpr1a(CKO)) and Bmpr1a(CKO);Bmpr1b+/- (Bmpr1a(CKO);1b+/-) in order to test the roles of BMP pathways in the growth plate in vivo. These mice reveal requirements for BMP signaling in multiple aspects of chondrogenesis. They also demonstrate that the balance between signaling outputs from BMP and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) pathways plays a crucial role in the growth plate. These studies indicate that BMP signaling is required to promote Ihh expression, and to inhibit activation of STAT and ERK1/2 MAPK, key effectors of FGF signaling. BMP pathways inhibit FGF signaling, at least in part, by inhibiting the expression of FGFR1. These results provide a genetic in vivo demonstration that the progression of chondrocytes through the growth plate is controlled by antagonistic BMP and FGF signaling pathways.
Very large magnetoresistance effects induced by antiparallel magnetization in two ultrathin cobalt films (1990)

Magnetoresistance (MR) and magnetization measurements by SQUID have been performed on Au/Co.Au/Co/Au multilayers in which the two ultrathin cobalt films have perpendicular magnetizations and different coercive fields Hc1 and Hc2 due to their different thicknesses. The two Co layers are magnetically uncoupled, as shown by their well separated square hysteresis loops. The MR exhibits a plateau for magnetic fields H such as Hc1&lt;H&lt;Hc2, giving antiparallel orientation of their magnetization. The δR/R value is 1.4% at 300 K and 6% at 4.2 K. These experiments confirm the mechanism of spin-dependent diffusion at the interfaces leading to an increase of the resistance when the two magnetic layers have antiparallel magnetizations.
Preparation of atactic poly(vinyl alcohol)/sodium alginate blend nanowebs by electrospinning (2007)

Abstract Through the blending of a rigid polymer, sodium alginate (SA), and a flexible polymer, atactic poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), with various ratios of SA and PVA and through the electrospinning of SA/PVA solutions, SA/PVA blend nanowebs were successfully prepared. The structure and morphology of the SA/PVA blend nanowebs were investigated through a series of instrumental analyses. Through the examination of the morphological variations of each blend web, it was found that with only PVA, the electrospun nanowebs had very uniform and fine fiber structures, but the SA/PVA blend nanowebs had a mixture of large beads and fibers, which were generated with increasing SA content. A thermal analysis indicated that the endothermic peaks of the SA/PVA blend nanowebs decreased with an increase in the SA content. The SA content was determined by the observation of the changes in the SA peak intensity via Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The tensile strength decreased with increasing SA content. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007
Anodic syntheses. Part XIV. The use of acetylenic components. A new synthesis of oleic acid (1955)

B. W. Baker, R. P. Linstead and B. C. L. Weedon, J. Chem. Soc., 1955, 2218 DOI: 10.1039/JR9550002218
The Body Louse as a Vector of Reemerging Human Diseases (1999)

The body louse, Pediculus humanus humanus, is a strict human parasite, living and multiplying in clothing. Louse infestation is associated with cold weather and a lack of hygiene. Three pathogenic bacteria are transmitted by the body louse. Borrelia recurrentis is a spirochete, the agent of relapsing fever, recently cultured on axenic medium. Historically, massive outbreaks have occurred in Eurasia and Africa, but currently the disease is found only in Ethiopia and neighboring countries. Bartonella quintana is now recognized as an agent of bacillary angiomatosis bacteremia, trench fever, endocarditis, and chronic lymphadenopathy among the homeless. Rickettsia prowazekii is the agent of epidemic typhus. The most recent outbreak (and the largest since World War II) was observed in Burundi. A small outbreak was also reported in Russia in 1997. Louse infestation appears to become more prevalent worldwide, associated with a decline in social and hygienic conditions provoked by civil unrest and economic instability.
Expression of activation‐induced, T cell–derived, and chemokine‐related cytokine/lymphotactin and its functional role in rheumatoid arthritis (2003)

These data indicate that in RA synovium, ATAC/Lptn is mainly produced by T cells. Considering its function as a lymphocyte-specific chemoattractant, ATAC/Lptn might be a key modulator for T cell trafficking in the pathogenesis of RA. In addition, functional studies suggest that ATAC/Lptn may exert additional immunomodulatory effects in RA.
Synthesis of 3-Hydroxyisoxazoles from<i>γ</i>-Ketoesters and Hydroxylamine (1986)

An efficient synthesis of 3-hydroxyisoxazoles from γ-ketoesters and hydroxylamine was investigated. The reaction of the sodium salts of γ-ketoesters and hydroxylamine at a low temperature, followed by quenching with an excess of conc. HCl under heating gave predominantly 3-hydroxyisoxazoles involving 4-sulfenylated 3-hydroxyisoxazoles. Starting from the prepared 4-(2,4-dichlorobenzyl)-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole, a potential herbicidal compound, 4-(2,4-dichlorobenzoyl)-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole, was also synthesized in five steps.
Managing bandwidth utilisation for image transmission (2002)

Few networks offer sufficient bandwidth for the transmission of high resolution 2-D and 3-D medical image sets without incurring significant latency. Traditional compression methods do not resolve this problem because, in most cases, the latency in decoding compressed data is similar to, or greater than, the reduction in transmission latency achieved by compression. We describe an approach to managing image transmission in which spatial regions are selected and prioritised for transmission so that data is received in a timely manner. This is a lossless form of progressive image transmission in which we first transmit an approximate, iconic form of the image. Then each part of the iconic image is progressively updated. The order in which the subparts are updated is determined using a simple set of rules. This progressive image transmission scheme takes into account the behavioural requirements of the user to make good use of the bandwidth available. This strategy addresses the need to minimise effective latency and network loading. Initial results indicate that with this scheme of bandwidth management, a valuable transmitted image is received with a latency that is about 1/10th that of other progressive image transmission schemes and that the dedicated bandwidth required to achieve this is much reduced. Frequently, the necessary regions of the image are transmitted in about half the time taken to transmit the full image.
Structure and function of von Willebrand factor (2011)

von Willebrand factor (VWF) is a long plasma protein that contains many domains and each domain has its own function. VWF exists in a multimeric form and performs varieties of functions in the human body, including thrombus formation and blood coagulation. The crystal structures of three subdomains are known, and, interestingly, all three domains share identical three-dimensional fold with α-β-α sandwiched model. VWF is directly associated with different types of von Willebrand disease. In this review, our aim is to gather recent developments on structure and functions of VWF and its clinical relevance.
Thrombin and albumin adsorption to PVA and heparin–PVA hydrogels. 2: Competition and displacement (1993)

Thrombin adsorption to polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was different from its adsorption to polyethylene (PE)--not so much in amount, but in its affinity. Thrombin was more easily displaced from polyethylene and its adsorption was more readily prevented by prior or simultaneous exposure to albumin. From PVA (or heparin-PVA), only approximately 30% of the adsorbed protein could be removed by a series of eluents, including even harsh ones such as 2.5M NaOH and 6M guanidine; > 85% could be removed from PE. Thrombin adsorption to PVA was not affected by the presence of BSA in solution or at the surface, but was virtually prevented on PE by preexposure to or adsorption with BSA. Heparin-PVA was not much different than PVA in most of these experiments, but did exhibit a "Vroman effect". In the absence of fibrinogen or antithrombin III, there was a maximum in thrombin adsorption from plasma at a plasma concentration of 1%. The behavior on this surface was dependent on both exposure time and protein concentration. These studies highlight the complexity of the interaction between plasma proteins and polymer surfaces (particularly hydrogel surfaces) and the difficulty of obtaining a clear picture of what happens when a single protein interacts with a polymer in the presence of other proteins.
Formulation and evaluation of <i>in situ</i> forming PLA implant containing tinidazole for the treatment of periodontitis (2012)

Periodontitis is caused by periodontopathic bacteria and antibacterial agents are placed in a periodontal pocket with the intention of enhancing the local effect. To maximize the therapeutic effects while reducing the adverse effects, tinidazole was delivered by in situ forming system. One approach for reducing burst release rate was to testify in situ forming effect. The effect of 0%-10% (w/w) polyethylene glycol 400 and 3% (w/w) glycerol on the tinidazole release from a poly(DL-lactide) (PLA) injectable implant was evaluated. The results showed that the in vitro initial burst release rate was decreased in the presence of poly(ethyleneglycol) PEG 400 and glycerol. A formulation containing 30% (w/w) PLA (M(w) 7300) dissolved in 62% (w/w) N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, 5% (w/w) PEG 400, and 3%(w/w) glycerol with 5% (w/w) tinidazole was shown to be optimum. Twelve adult beagle dogs were used in the periodontitis model. The treatment group I, II, and positive control group was administrated with gel containing 5%(w/w) tinidazole, 2.5%(w/w) tinidazole, and periocline, respectively. Dog studies revealed that periocline and the developed formulation could significantly decrease symptoms of periodontitis, and they were better than gel containing 2.5% (w/w) tinidazole. The developed formulation could sustain the release of tinidazole for local delivery over 7 days. These findings suggested that the developed formulation was a viable alternative to conventional drug to cure periodontitis.
Centralized Payment System Using Social Networks Account (2014)

With the significant growth in the number of social networking users in the world, social networks such as Facebook and Twitter or social messaging networks like Kakao Talk and Whats App become part of almost everyone's life. Users are able to socialize and connect to people virtually through the social networks, and these social networks' accounts are getting part of people's identity. From an initial HCI-Q study of 20 users' familiar with online payments and systems, we identified that using social network system as a mean for online payments following a precise and accurate security guidelines would increase the performance of online payments. Most people hold at least one of the many social network accounts as well as different bank accounts. Their identity in social networks can be used as a mean for an online payment process. We proposed a centralized payment system where it stores and integrates user's bank accounts and debit/credit cards connected to multiple social network accounts of each individual securely. As a result, users are able to send or receive money with their social network accounts where system works as a middleware network that integrates and secures all the actions. Proposed payment system is designed in two digital and real layers where digital layer deals with digital fund and has no cost for transactions while real money flows in the real layer between issuer and acquire banks. Ultimately people can use this system for transferring money between payers and payees using a web or mobile application as well as purchasing items from offline or online merchants.
High Frequency Electromagnetic Dosimetry (2009)

Along with the growth of RF and microwave technology applications, there is a mounting concern about the possible adverse effects over human health from electromagnetic radiation. Addressing this issue and putting it into perspective, this groundbreaking resource provides critical details on the latest advances in high frequency electromagnetic dosimetry.
Mechanical, Thermal, and Material Influences on Ohmic-Contact-Type MEMS Switch Operation (2006)

Microswitch performance and reliability are affected by the coupled influences of actuator properties, material and process properties, and device thermal properties. Different contact materials show large differences in immunity to contamination. Contact shape and the adherence force between contact surfaces both evolve as the contact pair is cycled, with the adherence force often reaching a maximum between 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> and 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">7</sup> cycles for gold. A typical switch actuation with a step function voltage results in an contact impact force 5 times greater than the static force, increasing the adherence force and the rate of change of the shape of the contact. Heating of the conductors in the switch results in intermodulation products, which are small at a transmitted power of 1 W, but increase with increasing power levels.
Laser-induced fluorescence imaging of plants using a liquid crystal tunable filter and charge coupled device imaging camera (2005)

We developed a laser-induced fluorescence imaging system for plant monitoring use, with which it was possible to make an image at any wavelength between 430 and 750nm. The excitation source for the fluorescence was a cw ultraviolet laser diode with 398nm, and the detector was an image-intensified charge coupled device. A liquid crystal tunable filter was used as the fluorescence wavelength selection device. All of the system performance including the wavelength tuning was electrically controlled, so that it could be operated with no mechanical vibration noise. The fluorescence images of a coffee tree leaf obtained at 440, 530, 685, and 740nm clearly showed a distribution pattern of the fluorescence intensity over the leaf. The pattern reflected the different physiological statuses of the plant. Advantages of the imaging system were experimentally discussed on a point of detection of inhomogeneous physiological activities over a plant leaf.
Advances in Water Quality Control (2010)

World water resources seem to be abundant;
however, only 0.7% of this total amount is usable water. And owing to their
nonuniform distribution, some countries have abundant water resources, whereas
some others suffer from inadequate water, and even face severe water scarcity
problems. Moreover, serious water pollution problems make 1/5 of the world’s
population (approximately 1.1 billion people) under the risk of water-related
diseases. 


	In order to give a guideline to maintain
the required quality of water according to the intended use, a group of
international experts have come together to write this book. Authors target to
pass recent available knowledge and information to the readers, who will vary
from academicians, professional engineers and scientists, to undergraduate and
graduate engineering students concerned with water quality problems all over
the world. 


	This book covers the main fields of
Wastewater Treatment with 12 chapters, and uses knowledges in economic,
information technologies, biology, etc. to make comprehensive analyses and
applications.
Reports on Dietary Intervention in Autistic Disorders (2001)

Autism is a developmental disorder for which no cure currently exists. Gluten and/or casein free diet has been implemented to reduce autistic behaviour, in addition to special education, since early in the eighties. Over the last twelve years various studies on this dietary intervention have been published in addition to anecdotal, parental reports. The scientific studies include both groups of participants as well as single cases, and beneficial results are reported in all, but one study. While some studies are based on urinary peptide abnormalities, others are not. The reported results are, however, more or less identical; reduction of autistic behaviour, increased social and communicative skills, and reappearance of autistic traits after the diet has been broken.
The effect of a new lipoxygenase inhibitor on the production of arachidonic acid metabolites during experimental herpes simplex keratitis (1988)

We have studied the effect of a new, selective lipoxygenase inhibitor, TEI-1338, on alterations in arachidonic acid (20:4) metabolism and breakdown of the blood-aqueous barrier during herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the rabbit cornea. Synthesis of cyclooxygenase products (prostaglandins) and the lipoxygenase products, hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and leukotriene B4 (LTB4), was measured in vitro by assessing conversion of 1-14C-20:4 in infected and non-infected corneas. TEI-1338 inhibited infection-stimulated lipoxygenase activity in a concentration-dependent manner, without affecting cyclooxygenase activity. Treatment of herpes infection in vivo with TEI-1338 (ocular drops) reduced leakage of protein into aqueous humor, a measure of inflammation-induced deterioration of the blood aqueous barrier. These data indicate that drugs that selectively inhibit lipoxygenase may be useful in the treatment of the inflammatory consequences of herpes keratitis, without exacerbating the infectious process.
Inactivation of bacterial D-amino acid transaminases by the olefinic amino acid D-vinylglycine. (1977)

D-Vinylglycine (2-amino-3-butenoate) functions as a transamination substrate and irreversible inactivator of the homogeneous pyridoxal phosphate-dependent D-amino acid transaminases from Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus sphaericus. In the absence of alpha-ketoglutarate as co-substrate, vinyl-glycine causes little if any inactivation of either enzyme; in the presence of excess alpha-ketoglutarate, both enzymes are inactivated with pseudo-first order kinetics. The limiting rate constant for inactivation of the B. sphaericus enzyme is 1.9 min-1, for the B. subilis enzyme it is 0.36 min-1. The number of catalytic events before inactivation is about 450 for the B. sphaericus enzyme and about 800 for the B. subtilis enzyme; that is, about 0.2% inactivation in each catalytic cycle for the former enzyme and 0.15% for the latter. Comparisons are made with the L-aspartate amino-transferase from pig heart which is inactivated completely in one catalytic cycle and the L-alanine aminotransferase which is not inactivated in many cycles. Comparisons are also made between the likely mode of D-transaminase inactivation produced by vinylglycine and the mode of inactivation induced by beta-chloro-D-alanine.