gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dimethylformamide Dimethyl Acetal (DMFDMA) in Heterocyclic Synthesis: Synthesis of Polysubstituted Pyridines, Pyrimidines, Pyridazine and Their Fused Derivatives (2011)

Reaction of N,N’-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal (DMFDMA) with malononitrile dimer 8 (1:1) mole afforded 9 while, this reaction when carried out in (2:1) mole to give amidine 11 which can be used for the preparation of pyrimidine 13, amidine 14 and pyridine 19 when reacted with 4-nitroaniline, 4-methylaniline and alkoxide respectively. Malononitrile dimer reacted with diazonium chloride to give pyridazine 21, which can be reacted with DMFDMA, AcOH/HCl and cyanoacetamide to give pyridazine 22, 23 and pyrido[4,3-c] pyridazine 24 respectively. The latter reacted with DMFDMA to afford tricyclic compound 25.
Quantitative measurement of pavement structures using radar (1994)

Enhancements have been made to ground penetrating radar (GPR) technology to offer pavement engineers quantitative, non-destructive thiclrness measurements of multiple layers in pavement structures. The enhancements include a self-calibrating capability at every measurement location, signal penetration to a depth of 2 metres, resolution of layers as thin as 50 mm, and semi-automated processing and interpretation software. More than 125 thiclrness comparisons, made in Canada, the United States and Finland over a variety of pavement structures, gave GPR measurements of asphalt thiclrness accurate to within +5% of thiclmess measurements obtained by coring.
Monoclonal antibodies for serotyping Leishmania strains (1983)

Mouse monoclonal antibodies raised against Leishmania tropica major were found to precipitate with the excreted factor produced by this and other leishmanial species. We suggest that a classification system for Leishmania, based on selective precipitation reactions between monoclonal antibodies and the excreted factor, would remove many ambiguities that currently exist.
Latch-back-free self-aligned power MOSFET structure with silicided source and body contact (1988)

A self-aligned vertical double-diffused power MOSFET structure with a very small source region formed by outdiffusion of phosphorous from the sidewall phosphosilicate glass (PSG) is proposed. The proposed structure eliminates the latch-back phenomena and also reduces the chip area. The first experimental results of the proposed structure fabricated with the mask set for a conventional device show latch-back-free I-V characteristics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Integration of ferroelectric BaTiO3 with Ge: The role of a SrTiO3 buffer layer investigated using aberration-corrected STEM (2017)

The integration of semiconductors with ferroelectrics having a controlled polarization direction is an ongoing and challenging topic of research. In this work, BaTiO3 (BTO)/SrTiO3 (STO) heterostructures were grown by molecular beam epitaxy either directly with STO substrates or by using 2-nm-thick STO buffer layers on Ge(001) substrates. Sharp, chemically abrupt interfaces and c-axis-oriented BTO films for both types of heterostructures were observed using aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy and elemental mapping. Anti-phase boundaries as well as ⟨100⟩ misfit dislocations were present in the BTO/STO samples, with the offsets of the dislocation cores varying by distances between 1 and 5 nm away from the BTO/STO interface. Conversely, misfit dislocations were not observed in the BTO/STO/Ge structure although vertical anti-phase boundaries were still common. Overall, the results emphasize the benefits of identifying a suitable buffer layer to ensure the growth of a high quality material having the desired out-of-plane ferroelectric polarization.
Numerical Simulation of Borehole and Formation Temperature Distributions While Drilling to Total Depth (1971)

Abstract A method was developed to model numerically the unsteady temperature distributions in a circulating drilling fluid and the surrounding formation. The model was based on a set of fourth-order partial differential equations describing heat flow by forced convection in the wellbore and by conduction in the adjacent formation. Finite-difference representations of these equations were formulated implicitly, and the resulting algebraic equations solved by modified methods of Gaussian elimination. A numerical error analysis was made to determine the accuracy of the method. Computer simulation time for solution of the numerical model is reasonably short. The method was found to provide an accurate solution to the problem of provide an accurate solution to the problem of predicting nonsteady temperature distributions predicting nonsteady temperature distributions associated with drilling of a well. It can be used to study the physical system in detail and is capable of simulating real systems that have heterogeneous and/or time dependent properties. Introduction A knowledge of subsurface temperatures is of prime interest to geoscientists and geotechnologists alike. Geologists are interested in subsurface temperatures to better understand geomechanisms such as diagenesis of sediments, formation of hydrocarbons, genesis and emplacement of magmatic formation of mineral deposits, and crustal deformations. Geophysicists are interested in studies of subsurface heat flows. Petroleum engineers require a knowledge of subsurface temperature to design properly the drilling and completion programs and to facilitate accurate log interpretation. Mining engineers need this information to assess the economic value of mineral resources. For geothermal engineers, this knowledge is valuable in the proper exploitation of geothermal resources. Recognizing the usefulness of subsurface temperature data, a geothermal survey of North America aimed at preparing a regional geothermal gradient map was initiated by the AAPG. It was known that equilibrium temperature data were not readily available for most of the continent. Therefore, an engineering recourse to use near equilibrium logged temperatures was proposed. Mathematical equations describing borehole heat transfer during and after drilling are available in the literature. However, neither a direct nor an approximate solution has been reported. Accordingly, it is the objective of this paper to present a numerical method capable of modeling accurately the nonequilibrium temperature distribution in a borehole.
Effect of Psychrotrophic Bacteria from Raw Milk on Milk Proteins and Stability of Milk Proteins to Ultrahigh Temperature Treatment (1976)

The effects of psychrotroph growth in raw milk on proteins of mils and on the response of milk proteins to heat treatments with ultrahigh temperature were studied. Ten gram-negative psychrotrophs isolated from raw milk readily attacked raw milk proteins. Kappa- and beta-casein were most susceptible although some of the isolates also attacked the whey proteins. Detectable proteolysis did not require large psychrotroph populations. A 10 to 20% decrease in kappa-casein during 2 days at 5 C accompanied growth of one isolate to a population of only 10,000/ml. Growth of psychrotrophs in raw milk predisposed the proteins to deleterious effects of ultrahigh temperature treatments. Ultrahigh temperature treatment by direct steam injection had little effect on raw milk caseins and decreased alpha-lactalbumin and beta-lactoglobulin by 21% and 34%, respectively. Milk that had undergone proteolysis exhibited decreased detectable kappa-, beta-, and alphas-caseins and increased loss of beta-lactoglobulin as a result of ultrahigh temperature treatment. Milk suffering extensive kappa-casein degradation coagulated during ultrahigh temperature treatment. Coagulation during or shortly after heating increased with severity of heat treatment and size of psychrotroph population.
Lifting the veil (2008)

Wikis are collaborative systems in which virtually anyone can edit anything. Although wikis have become highly popular in many domains, their mutable nature often leads them to be distrusted as a reliable source of information. Here we describe a social dynamic analysis tool called WikiDashboard which aims to improve social transparency and accountability on Wikipedia articles. Early reactions from users suggest that the increased transparency afforded by the tool can improve the interpretation, communication, and trustworthiness of Wikipedia articles.
On-line Determination of Sulfide by the ‘Methylene Blue Method’ With Diode-laser-based Fluorescence Detection (1997)

The application of an inexpensive, compact, solid-state, fluorescence-based detector for flow injection analysis to the determination of sulfide by the ‘Methylene Blue Method’, viz., production of Methylene Blue (MB) via the oxidative coupling of sulfide with N,N-dimethyl-p- phenylenediamine (DMPD) in the presence of iron(III), is described. The use of fluorescence-based detection allows the reaction to be performed on-line under less corrosive, albeit sub-optimum, reaction conditions. The detector uses a 670 nm diode laser as the excitation source and inexpensive photodiodes as detector elements; a color filter (used to block scattered laser light) is the only other optical component of the detector. The fluorescence signal resulting from the MB formed on-line is linear over the range 0.75–15.0 mg l–1 injected sulfide, with a limit of detection of 0.08 mg l–1 injected sulfide when 9.0 M H2SO4 is used in the DMPD carrier stream, and 1–2 mg l–1 when less acidic carrier streams are employed. Use of this method for analysis of sulfide unknowns in aqueous solution and in a simulated waste water matrix demonstrates that unknown sulfide samples can be analysed reproducibly.
Design and fabrication of Fresnel zone plates with large numbers of zones (1997)

The advent of high-brightness x-ray sources in the 10–40 keV region opens new possibilities of experiments with microbeams. Techniques to form these focused beams may be based on glancing mirrors, phase elements, or diffractive optics, in particular Fresnel zone plates (FZPs). Because of the long focal length and large acceptance, FZPs designed to work in the hard x-ray region tend to have quite large diameters and large numbers of zones. For instance, the zone plate described in this article has a 1860 μm diam, a focal length of f=3 m (for 8 keV), and 1860 zones. On a standard pattern generator, circular shapes are always approximated as simpler structures. The tolerance requirement for shape and positions of zones depends on the number of zones, and it is necessary to guarantee that the circular structures are approximated to the required degree of accuracy while keeping the size of the data structure to a reasonable size for processing by the exposure system. For instance, if polygons are used to approximate circular zones, a formula for the minimum acceptable number of polygon sides can be derived. An x-ray mask for a Fresnel phase zone plate (FPZP) with 1860 zones was designed directly in Cambridge source pattern data format and fabricated using the Leica Cambridge e-beam tool installed in the CXrL. The zone plates presented in this article were designed for hard x rays, and multilevel x-ray lithography was employed as a fabrication technique to form absorber thickness sufficient to provide the necessary phase shift. Minimum gold features of 0.25 μm with thicknesses of 1.6 and 3 μm, were formed to be used with 8 and 20 keV photons, respectively. Finally, in order to estimate the quality of the zone plates during fabrication, a scanning electron microscope based moiré method was used.
Growth Impairment of Small-Cell Cancer by Targeting Pro-Vasopressin with MAG-1 Antibody (2014)

Previously we demonstrated that human small-cell lung cancer (SCLC) seems to universally express the vasopressin gene, and this leads to the presence of a cell surface marker representing the entire pro-hormone precursor. In this study, we show this marker can be targeted with MAG-1, a mouse monoclonal antibody against a C-terminal moiety on pro-vasopressin. In vitro targeting of cell lines derived from primary and recurrent disease demonstrates attachment of antibody to the cell surface followed by internalization. In vivo targeting with (99)Tc-labeled Fab fragments of MAG-1 shows selective attachment to xenografts. In vivo treatment of tumors from classical cell line, NCI H345, with either ~1.65 mCi (~1.65 mg)/kg body weight (BW) of (90)Yttrium-labeled MAG-1, or ~1.65 mg/kg BW native MAG-1, delivered every second day for 6 days produced similar reductions in the growth rate to ~50% (p < 0.03). When dosing with native MAG-1 was escalated to daily amounts of ~3.3 mg/kg BW over 16 days, tumor growth rates fell to ~33% of saline controls (p < 0.005). Examination of tumors treated with this higher dosing demonstrated the presence in several of extensive apoptosis. Normal tissues seemed to be unaffected. A larger dosage of MAG-1 (~6.6 mg/kg BW) given daily for 14 days was used to treat xenografts of the variant cell line NCI H82 representing recurrent disease. This treatment decreased the rate of increase in tumor size by half, and doubling time ~3-fold. Increases in cleaved PARP supported increased apoptosis with antibody treatment. We believe these data provide evidence that the growth rate of SCLC tumors can be extensively reduced by treatment with MAG-1 antibody, and that a humanized form of this antibody could, in future, be potentially used for targeting therapy onto recurrent SCLC in patients.
Modification of a reactive cysteine explains differences between rasburicase and Uricozyme®, a natural <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> uricase (2002)

Urate oxidase is used in humans for the control of uric acid in patients receiving chemotherapy. Rasburicase (Fasturtec/Elitek), a recombinant urate oxidase expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, was compared with Uricozyme, the natural enzyme produced by Aspergillus flavus. Rasburicase has a higher purity as demonstrated by SDS/PAGE and chromatographic analysis and a better specific activity. The differences observed for Uricozyme are likely attributable to the previously used purification process, which modifies the enzyme. The production process of rasburicase, on the other hand, preserves the structure of the molecule. MS analysis shows that Uricozyme contains a cysteine adduct on Cys(103). In the crystal structure, the sulphur atom of the cysteine residue in position 103 is orientated to the external surface of the tetramer, whereas the sulphur atom of two other cysteine residues (Cys(35) and Cys(290)) is orientated to the centre of the canal formed by the tetramer. The same adduct is produced by simple incubation of the rasburicase with cysteine.
5α-Reduced glucocorticoids: a story of natural selection (2011)

5α-Reduced glucocorticoids (GCs) are formed when one of the two isozymes of 5α-reductase reduces the Δ(4-5) double bond in the A-ring of GCs. These steroids are largely viewed inert, despite the acceptance that other 5α-dihydro steroids, e.g. 5α-dihydrotestosterone, retain or have increased activity at their cognate receptors. However, recent findings suggest that 5α-reduced metabolites of corticosterone have dissociated actions on GC receptors (GRs) in vivo and in vitro and are thus potential candidates for safer anti-inflammatory steroids. 5α-Dihydro- and 5α-tetrahydro-corticosterone can bind with GRs, but interest in these compounds had been limited, since they only weakly activated metabolic gene transcription. However, a greater understanding of the signalling mechanisms has revealed that transactivation represents only one mode of signalling via the GR and recently the abilities of 5α-reduced GCs to suppress inflammation have been demonstrated in vitro and in vivo. Thus, the balance of parent GC and its 5α-reduced metabolite may critically affect the profile of GR signalling. 5α-Reduction of GCs is up-regulated in liver in metabolic disease and may represent a pathway that protects from both GC-induced fuel dyshomeostasis and concomitant inflammatory insult. Therefore, 5α-reduced steroids provide hope for drug development, but may also act as biomarkers of the inflammatory status of the liver in metabolic disease. With these proposals in mind, careful attention must be paid to the possible adverse metabolic effects of 5α-reductase inhibitors, drugs that are commonly administered long term for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.
Segmented video coding (2003)

A means of preserving the perceptually significant features of an image is to extract them by segmentation prior to coding. Distortion can be restricted to less important areas, such as fine detail and texture. This is the basis of several two-component and segmented image coding schemes. The technique is extended to video coding by applying segmentation to the frame difference signal. However, independent processing of each frame by this approach leads to inadequate portrayal of motion. An extension of the method, that incorporates guiding of the segmentation according to the history of the sequence, is developed. Results show a considerable improvement, suggesting that there may be further potential for the application of this approach in low rate video coding.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Atmosphere sounding by GPS radio occultation: First results from CHAMP (2001)

The first radio occultation measurements of the CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload) satellite using Global Positioning System (GPS) signals have been performed on February 11, 2001. By the end of April 2001 more than 3000 occultations were recorded. Globally distributed vertical profiles of dry temperature and specific humidity are derived, of which a set of 438 vertical dry temperature profiles is compared with corresponding global weather analyses. The observed temperature bias is less than ∼1 K above the tropopause and even less than 0.5 K in the altitude interval from 12 to 20 km at latitudes >30°N. About 55% of the compared profiles reached the last kilometer above the Earth's surface. In spite of the activated anti‐spoofing mode of the GPS system the state‐of‐the‐art GPS flight receiver aboard CHAMP combined with favorable antenna characteristics allows for atmospheric sounding with high accuracy and vertical resolution.
Monarubins A–C from the Marine Shellfish-Associated Fungus Monascus ruber BB5 (2020)

Three new compounds, monarubins A-C (<b>1</b>, <b>6</b> and <b>13</b>), together with ten known compounds, including four alkaloids (<b>2</b>-<b>5</b>), two isocoumarins (<b>7</b> and <b>8</b>) and four polyketides (<b>9</b>-<b>12</b>), were isolated from marine shellfish-associated fungus <i>Monascus ruber</i> BB5. The structures were determined on the basis of the 1D and 2D NMR, MS, UV and IR data. The absolute configurations of compounds <b>3</b>, <b>6</b> and <b>13</b> were determined by ECD calculations. The NMR data of compounds deoxyhydroxyaspergillic acid (<b>3</b>) and 2-hydroxy-6-(1-hydroxy-1-methylpropyl)-3-<i>sec</i>-buthylpyrazine (<b>4</b>) were first reported. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic activities against human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell lines CNE1, CNE2, SUNE1 and HONE1 and hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines QGY7701 and HepG2. Monarubin B (<b>6</b>) displayed potent cytotoxicities against the cancer cell lines HepG2 and QGY7701 with IC<sub>50</sub> values of 1.72 and 0.71 μΜ, respectively; lunatinin (<b>7</b>) showed moderate cytotoxic activities against the cancer cell lines HepG2, QGY7701 and SUNE1 with the IC<sub>50</sub> values of 9.60, 7.12 and 28.12 μΜ, respectively.
The Introduction of Oxygen and Nitrogen into the B Ring of the Steroid Nucleus<sup>1</sup> (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Introduction of Oxygen and Nitrogen into the B Ring of the Steroid Nucleus1Thomas L. Jacobs and Robert B. BrownfieldCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1960, 82, 15, 4033–4039Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01500a055https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01500a055research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views130Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Numerical Study of Rock Fragmentation Process and Acoustic Emission by FDEM Based on Heterogeneous Model (2020)

Rock has the characteristics of natural heterogeneity and discontinuity. Its failure phenomenon induced by external force involves complex processes, including the microcrack initiation, propagation, coalescence, and the macrocrack formation. In this study, the Weibull random distribution based on the rock microstructure characteristics is introduced into the combined finite-discrete element method (FDEM) to establish the heterogeneous rock model, and the mechanical response and damage evolution of rock samples in uniaxial compression test are simulated. The results show that FDEM simulation with loaded heterogeneous rock model can reflect the progressive development of rock damage, fracture, and acoustic emission (AE) activity in real rock well. Meanwhile, the statistical analysis indicates that the number and energy evolution of AE events with different fracture modes in the model are consistent with the macroscopic failure mode of rock. The change of b -value also agrees with the increasing trend of high-energy events in the loading process. This method provides a new tool for the analysis of rock damage and fracture evolution.
Effects of Sulfate Reduction on the Bacterial Community and Kinetic Parameters of a Dechlorinating Culture under Chemostat Growth Conditions (2013)

Results are presented from a chemostat study where the reductive dehalogenation of PCE was evaluated in the absence and presence of sulfate. Two chemostats inoculated with the Point Mugu culture, which contains strains of Dehalococcoides mccartyi, were operated at a 50 day HRT and fed PCE (1.12 mM) and lactate (4.3 mM). The control chemostat (PM-5L, no sulfate), achieved pseudo-steady-state transformation of PCE to ethene (98%) and VC (2%) at 2.4 nM of H(2). Batch kinetic tests with chemostat harvested cells showed the maximum rate (k(max)X) value for each dehalogenation step remained fairly constant, while hupL clone library analyses showed maintenance of a diverse D. mccartyi community. Sulfate (1 mM) was introduced to the second chemostat, PM-2L. Effective sulfate reduction was achieved 110 days later, resulting in 600 μM of total sulfide. PCE dechlorination efficiency decreased following complete sulfate reduction, yielding ethene (25%), VC (67%), and cis-DCE (8%). VC dechlorination was most affected, with k(max)X values decreasing by a factor of 50. The decrease was associated with the enrichment of the Cornell group of D. mccartyi and decline of the Pinellas group. Long-term exposure to sulfides and/or competition for H(2) may have been responsible for the community shift.