gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
SarsaLandmark: an algorithm for learning in POMDPs with landmarks (2009)

Reinforcement learning algorithms that use eligibility traces, such as Sarsa(λ), have been empirically shown to be effective in learning good estimated-state-based policies in partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs). Nevertheless, one can construct counterexamples, problems in which Sarsa(λ &lt; 1) fails to find a good policy even though one exists. Despite this, these algorithms remain of great interest because alternative approaches to learning in POMDPs based on approximating belief-states do not scale. In this paper we present SarsaLandmark, an algorithm for learning in POMDPs with ”landmark ” states (most man-made and many natural environments have landmarks). SarsaLandmark simultaneously preserves the advantages offered by eligibility traces and fixes the cause of the failure of Sarsa(λ) on the motivating counterexamples. We present a theoretical analysis of SarsaLandmark for the policy evaluation problem and present empirical results on a few learning control problems.
Natural electromagnetic pulses in the ELF range (1998)

We analyze the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the ELF. We apply the modal solution for the spherical Earth‐ionosphere cavity and obtain the time domain fields using the FFT algorithm. The Schumann resonance amplitude over the frequency‐distance plane consists of summits and depressions exhibiting separate extended zones. When the source‐observer distance is small, the field maximum is found at some hundred hertz. This component rapidly decays with the distance. The time domain ELF pulse travels with a constant velocity and “bounces” from the source antipode. Its width increases along the path due to absorption of the high frequency component. The distance dependence of the pulse amplitude depends on both the geometrical focusing and the high frequency absorption.
Gait Variability in Community Dwelling Adults With Alzheimer Disease (2006)

Studies have shown that measures of gait variability are associated with falling in older adults. However, few studies have measured gait variability in people with Alzheimer disease, despite the high incidence of falls in Alzheimer disease. The purpose of this study was to compare gait variability of community-dwelling older adults with Alzheimer disease and control subjects at various walking speeds. Ten subjects with mild-moderate Alzheimer disease and ten matched control subjects underwent gait analysis using an electronic walkway. Participants were required to walk at self-selected slow, preferred, and fast speeds. Stride length and step width variability were determined using the coefficient of variation. Results showed that stride length variability was significantly greater in the Alzheimer disease group compared with the control group at all speeds. In both groups, increases in walking speed were significantly correlated with decreases in stride length variability. Step width variability was significantly reduced in the Alzheimer disease group compared with the control group at slow speed only. In conclusion, there is an increase in stride length variability in Alzheimer disease at all walking speeds that may contribute to the increased incidence of falls in Alzheimer disease.
Recombination activities of HsDmc1 protein, the meiotic human homolog of RecA protein (1997)

Meiosis-specific homologs of RecA protein have been identified in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and higher eukaryotes including mammals, but their enzymatic activities have not been described. We have purified the human protein HsDmc1 produced in Escherichia coli from a cloned copy of the cDNA. The recombinant enzyme had DNA-dependent ATPase activity with an estimated kcat of 1.5 min-1. DNase protection experiments with oligonucleotides as substrates indicated that HsDmc1 protein binds preferentially to single-stranded DNA with a stoichiometry of approximately one molecule of protein per three nucleotide residues. HsDmc1 protein catalyzed the formation of D-loops in superhelical DNA, as well as strand exchange between single-stranded and double-stranded oligonucleotides. The requirements for strand exchange catalyzed by HsDmc1 were similar to those of RecA protein, but exchange caused by HsDmc1 was not supported by ATPgammaS.
Impaired Antibody Response to Pneumococcal Vaccine after Treatment for Hodgkin's Disease (1978)

To determine if a normal antibody response can develop after therapy for Hodgkin's disease, we immunized 53 patients and 10 normal controls with dodecavalent pneumococcal vaccine. Antibody concentrations three weeks after immunization (geometric mean of 11 serotypes) were 1566 ng of protein nitrogen per milliliter in controls, 963 ng per milliliter after subtotal radiation (P<0.05 compared to controls), 658 ng per milliliter after chemotherapy (P<0.05), 377 ng per milliliter after subtotal radiation plus chemotherapy (P<0.01) and 283 ng per milliliter after total nodal radiation plus chemotherapy (P<0.001). Low levels of antibody before immunization correlated with a poor response (r = +0.73, P<0.001). The ability to respond to immunization improved significantly but did not return to normal as long as four years after combined therapy. The antibody response to pneumococcal vaccine is profoundly impaired in patients who have received intensive treatment for Hodgkin's disease: the ability of this vaccine to protect them from overwhelming postsplenectomy infections remains in doubt. (N Engl J Med 299:442–448, 1978)
Cell-specific activity of neprilysin 2 isoforms and enzymic specificity compared with neprilysin (2002)

Neprilysin (NEP) 2 is a recently cloned glycoprotein displaying a high degree of sequence identity with neprilysin (EC 3.4.24.11), the prototypical member of the M13 subfamily of metalloproteases. Whereas NEP is involved in the metabolism of several bioactive peptides by plasma membranes of various cells, the enzymic properties and physiological functions of NEP2 are unknown. Here we characterize the cell-expression modalities and enzymic specificity of two alternatively spliced isoforms of NEP2 in Chinese hamster ovary and AtT20 cells. In the two cell lines, both isoforms are type II glycoproteins inserted in the endoplasmic reticulum as inactive precursors. Maturation detected by Western-blot analysis of glycosidase digests was cell-specific and more efficient in the endocrine cell line. The enzymic activity of both isoforms semi-purified from AtT20 cells reveals comparable specificities in terms of model substrates, pH optima and inhibitory patterns. NEP2 activity was compared with that of NEP regarding potencies of transition-state inhibitors, modes of hydrolysis, maximal hydrolysis rates and apparent affinities of bioactive peptides. Although all transition-state inhibitors of NEP inhibited NEP2 activity, albeit with different potencies, and many peptides were cleaved at the same amide bond by both peptidases, differences could be observed, i.e. in the hydrolysis of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and cholecystokinin, which occurred at different sites and more efficiently in the case of NEP2. Differences in cleavage of bioactive peptides, in cell-trafficking patterns and in tissue distribution indicate that NEP and NEP2 play distinct physiological roles in spite of their high degree of sequence identity.
Transmission Loss Due to Resonance of Loosely-Coupled Modes in a Multi-Mode System (1956)

In a multi-mode transmission system the presence of spurious modes which resonate in a closed environment can produce an appreciable loss to the principal mode. The theory for the evaluation and control of this effect under certain conditions has been derived and checked experimentally in the particularly interesting case of a TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">01</inf> transmission system, where mode conversion to TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">02</inf> , TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">03</inf> … is produced by tapered junctions between two sizes of waveguide.
New Aspects on Spark Ignition (1977)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Fundamental investigations have been made on processes in common spark plugs useful for ignition of fuel-air-mixtures. Development of spark discharge from the early beginnings as well as the initiation of chemical reaction have been studied experimentally by using very high frequency measuring technique, radiation measurements, spectroscopic methods and interferometry by a nitrogen laser (∼300 ps). The measurements have been carried out in non-reacting gases (N<sub>2</sub>, air) as well as in inflammable mixtures. A complete description will be given of the total process from the spark breakdown to the arc and glow-phase, resp., in the millisecondrange including temperature, local dimensions, energy distribution and radicals which can be formed.</div>
The disulphide bonds of an Asian influenza virus neuraminidase (1983)

The arrangement of the disulphide bonds in the pronase-released neuraminidase heads of the Asian influenza virus A/Tokyo/3/67 have been examined by cyanogen bromide fragmentation, enzymic digestion and diagonal peptide mapping. There are 9 intrachain disulphide bridges and one interchain bridge which links pairs of monomers at the distal end of the stalk region of the neuraminidase tetramer. The disulphide bond arrangements of the remaining 3 half-cystine residues in the membrane-embedded stalk region of the neuraminidase were not examined.
An improved speech endpoint detection system in noisy environments by means of third-order spectra (1999)

We exploit the properties of the third-order spectra in two proposals to obtain speech detection functions. One is obtained from the principal domain of the bispectrum and the other one from the integrated bispectrum. We have developed a threshold-based system in which the detection functions can be easily integrated. Experiments show the improvement on the detection scores over the energy-based function in noisy environments.
Echoes of power: Language effects and power differences in social interaction (2011)

Understanding social interaction within groups is key to analyzing online communities. Most current work focuses on structural properties: who talks to whom, and how such interactions form larger network structures. The interactions themselves, however, generally take place in the form of natural language --- either spoken or written --- and one could reasonably suppose that signals manifested in language might also provide information about roles, status, and other aspects of the group's dynamics. To date, however, finding such domain-independent language-based signals has been a challenge. Here, we show that in group discussions power differentials between participants are subtly revealed by how much one individual immediately echoes the linguistic style of the person they are responding to. Starting from this observation, we propose an analysis framework based on linguistic coordination that can be used to shed light on power relationships and that works consistently across multiple types of power --- including a more "static" form of power based on status differences, and a more "situational" form of power in which one individual experiences a type of dependence on another. Using this framework, we study how conversational behavior can reveal power relationships in two very different settings: discussions among Wikipedians and arguments before the U.S. Supreme Court.
Thin Layer Drying Model of Bacterial Cellulose Film (2017)

The bacterial cellulose film produced by Acetobacter xylinum using coconut water as a carbon source was dried at a temperature of 60 to 100 C. The drying process of bacterial cellulose film occur at falling rate drying period. Increasing drying temperature will shorten the drying time. The drying data fitted with thin layer drying models that widely used, Newton, Page and Henderson and Pabis models. All thin layer drying models describe the experimental data well, but Page model is better than the other models on all various temperature with coefficients of determination (R2) range from 0.9908 to 0.9979, chi square range from 0.000212 to 0.000851 and RMSE range from 0.014307 to 0.0289458.
A proximal conserved repeat in the<i>Xist</i>gene is essential as a genomic element for X-inactivation in mouse (2008)

X-inactivation in female mammals is triggered by the association of non-coding Xist RNA in cis with the X chromosome. Although it has been suggested that the A-repeat located in the proximal part of the Xist RNA is required for chromosomal silencing in ES cells, its role in mouse has not yet been addressed. Here, we deleted the A-repeat in mouse and studied its effects on X-inactivation during embryogenesis. The deletion, when paternally transmitted, caused a failure of imprinted X-inactivation in the extraembryonic tissues, demonstrating the essential role of the A-repeat in X-inactivation in the mouse embryo. Unexpectedly, the failure of X-inactivation was caused by a lack of Xist RNA rather than by a defect in the silencing function of the mutated RNA, which we expected to be expressed from the mutated X. Interestingly, the normally silent paternal copy of Tsix, which is an antisense negative regulator of Xist, was ectopically activated in the preimplantation embryo. Furthermore, CpG sites in the promoter region of paternal Xist, which are essentially unmethylated in the extraembryonic tissues of the wild-type female embryo, acquire a significant level of methylation on the mutated paternal X. These findings demonstrate that the DNA sequence deleted on the mutated X, most probably the A-repeat, is essential as a genomic element for the appropriate transcriptional regulation of the Xist/Tsix loci and subsequent X-inactivation in the mouse embryo.
Suspended SOI structure for advanced 0.1-μm CMOS RF devices (1998)

Modern silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technology and 0.1-/spl mu/m-channel-length complementary metal oxide silicon (CMOS) devices make it possible to fabricate high-performance RF devices by using standard Si ULSI processes. Using the buried oxide layer of an SOI wafer as an etching stopper, we were able to integrate a suspended inductor, with high-inductor resonance-frequency of 19.6 GHz, and high-performance 0.1-/spl mu/m CMOS devices. Moreover, we experimentally show that this suspended CMOS has acceptable short-channel immunity. Using two-dimensional (2-D) simulation, we clarify that the gate-potential spread sufficiently suppresses the potential shifts, which results in good short-channel characteristics.
Structure and Photophysics of Semiconductor Nanocrystals (2000)

Nanoparticle research is still a rapidly growing field of science. Semiconductor nanocrystals of a large variety of compositions have been prepared in exceedingly good quality. State-of-the-art preparations and standard characterization methods are discussed. The build-up of more complex nanoheterostructures is reported, and their structural and electronic properties are outlined. An overview is given on recent achievements in the photophysical investigations of single nanoparticles and the application of EXAFS spectroscopy to the study of structural properties of semiconductor nanoparticles.
Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der anionisch induzierten Sulfonamid‐Aminosulfon‐Umlagerung (1985)

Abstract Bei der Übertragung der Titelreaktion auf die 2‐ und 1‐Naphthyltoluolsulfonamide 5 und 10 verläuft die [1,3]‐Verschiebung der Arylsulfonylgruppe in die 3‐ bzw. 2‐Position (zu 9 bzw. 12 ) ganz im Sinne optimaler konjugativer und sterischer Verhältnisse bei den relevanten Zwischenstufen 8 und 11 . Versuche, vergleichbare intra‐ bzw. intermolekulare [1,5]‐Umlagerungen über das o ‐lithierte Biphenyl‐Derivat 17 bzw. das p ‐lithiierte N ‐Phenyltoluolsulfonamid 23 zu initiieren, führten im Gefolge ausgedehnter Ummetallierungskaskaden wieder zu den konventionellen [1,3]‐Umlagerungsprodukten 22 bzw. 32 . Beim Versuch, das o ‐Tolylbenzolsulfonamid 49 zu einer anionisch induzierten [1,4]‐Sulfonylverschiebung in die Benzylposition zu veranlassen, vereinigten sich zwei Startmolekülfragmente zu dem neuartigen Heteropolycyclus 51 . Schließlich konnte noch gezeigt werden, daß entgegen Literaturangaben die Sulfonamide 46 und 57 auch photolytisch zu den o ‐Aminosulfonen 45 und 58 umlagern.
Role of Melatonin in Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury (2014)

Brain and spinal cord are implicated in incidences of two of the most severe injuries of central nervous system (CNS). Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a devastating neurological deficit involving primary and secondary injury cascades. The primary and secondary mechanisms include complex consequences of activation of proinflammatory cytokines, cerebral edema, upregulation of NF-κ β, disruption of blood-brain barrier (BBB), and oxidative stress. Spinal cord injury (SCI) includes primary and secondary injury cascades. Primary injury leads to secondary injury in which generation of free radicals and oxidative or nitrative damage play an important pathophysiological role. The indoleamine melatonin is a hormone secreted or synthesized by pineal gland in the brain which helps to regulate sleep and wake cycle. Melatonin has been shown to be a versatile hormone having antioxidative, antiapoptotic, neuroprotective, and anti-inflammatory properties. It has a special characteristic of crossing BBB. Melatonin has neuroprotective role in the injured part of the CNS after TBI and SCI. A number of studies have successfully shown its therapeutic value as a neuroprotective agent in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Here in this review we have compiled the literature supporting consequences of CNS injuries, TBI and SCI, and the protective role of melatonin in it.
Thiazolidinedione attenuate proteinuria and glomerulosclerosis in Adriamycin‐induced nephropathy rats via slit diaphragm protection (2009)

The study data suggest that TZD are promising therapeutic agents on FSGS, and the mechanism may be mediated in part by directly protecting the structure and function of SD.
Soft-switching techniques for PWM three-level converters (2002)

This paper proposes a family of modulation strategies including nine modulation strategies for PWM three-level converters. The modulation strategies can be classified into two kinds according to the turn-off sequence of the two power switches of the switches pair. The concept of the leading switches and the lagging switches is introduced to realize soft-switching for PWM three-level converters. The realization of soft-switching for both the leading switches and the lagging switches is proposed, based on which, soft-switching techniques for PWM three-level converters can be classified into two kinds: zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) and zero-voltage and zero-current-switching (ZVZCS). The modulation strategies and topologies for the two kinds of soft-switching PWM three-level converters are proposed.
Stratigraphic Modeling and Interpretation—Geophysical Principles and Techniques<xref ref-type="fn" rid="ch10fn1"><sup>1</sup></xref> (1977)

Papers from a research symposium at the 1975 American Association of Petroleum Geologists and supplemented by later reports became "Seismic Stratigraphy Applications to Hydrocarbon Exploration", one of AAPG's best-selling book publications. Dramatic improvements in seismic imaging were demonstrated, a result of developments in seismic data quality and the processing capability of electronic technology. Twenty-eight articles are grouped into three sections. The first describes principles that both permit and also limit interpretations. The second section presents sixteen articles that describe the qualitative approach to stratigraphic interpretations of reflection records, and the final section presents techniques and examples of modeling. Of particular interest are a series of eleven papers in the second section under the subject heading of "Seismic stratigraphy and global changes of sea level". Prepared by P. R. Vail, R. M. Mitchum and others from Exxon, they describe the regional unconformities and stratigraphic changes resulting from sea level fluctuations, and the manner in which these changes can be interpreted from seismic surveys. For many individuals within the oil industry who purchased this book, it was their first introduction to the modern concept of sequence stratigraphy that would have a major impact on the methodology of petroleum exploration.
A test data synthesizer for telephone company accounting office processing of call data (1982)

Abstract Testing a program designed to recognize several dozen kinds of anomalies in large volumes of input data requires test data with many combinations of the anomalies in the data stream. The large number of combinations of anomalies makes it impractical to generate test data manually. This paper describes a test data synthesizer designed to help verify the accuracy, capacity and correctness of such a program. The operation of the synthesizer is analogous to the Fourier synthesis of a periodic function. A sweep action permits test data with well known response to be combined in a methodical way to explore complicated interactions which are not well understood.
Cylindrical fiberoptic light diffuser for medical applications (1996)

A diffuser for interstitial and intraluminal PDT has been developed. It is flexible, homogeneous, independent on wavelength, and can be made with a very high length-to-diameter ratio.
Protective Effect of the Xanthate, D609, on Alzheimer's Amyloid β-peptide (1–42)-induced Oxidative Stress in Primary Neuronal Cells (2004)

Tricyclodecan-9-yl-xanthogenate (D609) is an inhibitor of phosphatidylcholine-specific phospholipase C, and this agent also has been reported to protect rodents against oxidative damage induced by ionizing radiation. Previously, we showed that D609 mimics glutathione (GSH) functions and that a disulfide is formed upon oxidation of D609 and the resulting dixanthate is a substrate for GSH reductase, regenerating D609. Considerable attention has been focused on increasing the intracellular GSH levels in many diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid beta-peptide [Abeta(1-42)], elevated in AD brain, is associated with oxidative stress and toxicity. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of D609 on Abeta(1-42)-induced oxidative cell toxicity in cultured neurons. Decreased cell survival in neuronal cultures treated with Abeta(1-42) correlated with increased free radical production measured by dichlorofluorescein fluorescence and an increase in protein oxidation (protein carbonyl, 3-nitrotyrosine) and lipid peroxidation (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal) formation. Pretreatment of primary hippocampal cultures with D609 significantly attenuated Abeta(1-42)-induced cytotoxicity, intracellular ROS accumulation, protein oxidation, lipid peroxidation and apoptosis. Methylated D609, with the thiol functionality no longer able to form the disulfide upon oxidation, did not protect neuronal cells against Abeta(1-42)-induced oxidative stress. Our results suggest that D609 exerts protective effects against Abeta(1-42) toxicity by modulating oxidative stress. These results may be of importance for the treatment of AD and other oxidative stress-related diseases.
Essence of emergency nursing (1999)

For many years researchers, theorists and academics have embarked on a quest to identify and describe what exactly nursing is. If nurses like Benner, Henderson and even Nightingale have grappled with the question then what chance have we, as clinical nurses, of solving this enigma? And if nursing, per se, is not well defined how can we ever hope to explain what emergency nursing is about?