gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Enhancedin vitro andin vivo cationic lipid-mediated gene delivery with a fluorinated glycerophosphoethanolamine helper lipid (2001)

The present work, showing a higher in vitro and in vivo transfection potential for lipoplexes formulated with a partially fluorinated co-lipid as compared with its analogous DOPE lipoplexes or PEI polyplexes, indicates that 'fluorinated' lipoplexes are attractive candidates for in vivo applications.
Transient Radiation Response of Complementary-Symmetry MOS Integrated Circuits (1969)

Complementary-symmetry MOS (CMOS) integrated circuits were subjected to a sub-microsecond burst of high intensity ionizing radiation using 10-MeV electrons from a LINAC. The results show that, at peak doserate values of less than 8 × 108 rads (Si)/s, the transient change in output voltage of a CMOS inverter is small and can be attributed simply to the net junction photocurrent flowing at the output node. At dose rates in excess of 8 × 108 rads (Si)/s, however, a new type of response comes into play and the transient change in output voltage becomes very large, approaching the operating voltage. In some instances, this change can result in a non-destructive temporary latch-up condition. The results suggest that this condition is caused by a parasitic effect, namely the interaction of the P-well, the source-drain diffusions, and the protection diodes that constitute a four layer structure.
Variability of Electrocardiographic Precordial Lead Placement: A Method to Improve Accuracy and Reliability (1991)

Variability in precordial lead placement is a recognized source of electrocardiographic inaccuracy and lack of reproducibility. In an attempt to reduce error, we evaluated a new device to facilitate and guide precordial lead placement. This study involved three phases: (1) comparison of device-guided electrocardiogram with ECGs obtained by deliberate misplacement of precordial leads on the same patient; (2) electrocardiograms obtained by using the precordial lead device versus those obtained by standard technician methods; (3) reproducibility of precordial electrocardiographic leads between two technicians using the device to guide lead placement. Deliberate misplacement of precordial leads by 2 cm resulted in significant electrocardiographic interpretation changes in all patients. Comparing electrocardiograms obtained after device-guided precordial placement with those obtained after technician placement resulted in variations in 60% of patients including changes in R-wave amplitude, ST segments, Q waves, and transition zone. Significant Q-wave appearance/disappearance and/or significant ST-segment elevation/depression occurred in 19% of patients in Phase II. Sixteen percent of electrocardiograms showed significant changes when analyzed by an experienced electrocardiographer and 10% when interpreted by computer. Variable lead placements and resulting electrocardiographic alterations were not seen by either of two technicians when the device was used. This study confirms the widespread variability in precordial electrocardiograms secondary to lead misplacement. The use of a device to assist in the placement of precordial leads ensures accuracy and reproducibility of electrocardiography. Improved precision and quality control in this laboratory test have important implications in health care and its costs.
X-Ray Photoemission Study of the Interaction of Oxygen and Air with Cleaved GaAs (110) Surfaces (1978)

The room temperature oxidation of GaAs surfaces has been studied by analyzing XPS spectra quantitatively. After exposure to moist air, the growth of the chemically shifted Ga 3d (1.2 eV) and As 3d (3.0 eV) peaks were clearly observable. After exposure to dry air or oxygen, the oxidation proceeded much more slowly. Upon exposure to argon-water vapor mixtures, no oxide was formed. These facts suggest the catalytic role of water in the air oxidation. The amount of oxidized Ga in the metastable surface-oxygen complex was nearly twice as much as that of As. The oxidized peaks were rather narrow: 1.8 and 2.0 eV for Ga and As 3d peaks respectively. The products of room temperature oxidation were similar to those of thermal oxidation at moderate temperatures (350°C), but were different from those at elevated temperatures (520°C) and those formed in discharged air.
Giant dielectric permittivity of detonation-produced nanodiamond is caused by water (2012)

We show that small (≤4%) amounts of water which detonation-produced nano-diamond powder always adsorbs spontaneously from air can increase its dielectric permittivity (ε) at low frequencies from single digits to over 1019, by far the highest value observed for any system including ferroelectrics. Conversely, traces of DND drastically affect the physical properties of water, increasing its ε from ∼80 to over 106 and altering sound velocity. The effect is due to proton-releasing functional groups on the diamond surface interacting with the adsorbed water monolayer, hence it does not occur in hydrogen-free DND. The observed giant dielectric permittivity makes DND a prospective material for high-performance capacitors for use in microelectronics, and for the development of large-scale capacitance-based energy-storage devices urgently demanded in the quest for green energy technology. The results are also relevant for biomedical applications of DND and for understanding the enigmatic surface conductivity of diamond and electrical spectroscopy of porous rocks, which is important in geology.
Absorptive Thin Film Characterization with Spectroscopic Full-field Optical Coherence Tomography (2013)

We have developed a spectroscopic full-field optical coherence tomography system, which can provide an ultrahigh isotropic spatial resolution. The complex refractive index and thickness of an embedded absorptive thin film was simultaneously measured.
Conductive effect of an electronic/ionic complex conductivity modifier for silicone elastomers (2005)

Abstract This study examined silicone, which demonstrated an ionic/electronic compounding conductivity effect through the complexation of polypyrrole (Ppy), carbon black (CB), and a poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) copolymer with 20 wt % LiClO 4 (PEL). Rigid‐body pendulum rheometry was used to observe the processing conditions for the polymer blends, and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry was used to analyze the distribution depth of the polymer blend surfaces for Ppy. In addition, a digital electrometer was used to test the surface resistance of the composites, and an impedance meter was used to test the dielectric constant and loss factor. The results showed that PEL‐obstructed silicone molecular chain crosslinking, transformed from liquid to solid films, required a higher temperature for curing than silicone because the linear molecular structure of the polymer electrolyte was wound around the silicone polymer network structure, forming a semi‐interpenetrating network. This showed that the Ppy molecule could permeate SP10 blends more deeply. After the silicone was treated with the PEL modifier, the conductivity of Ppy was obstructed. On the other hand, the conductivity of CB showed no significant difference in the SP10 blends. Therefore, after the silicone matrix treatment of the electronic/ionic complex conduction process, there was no incremental effect on the conductivity. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 711–720, 2005
Light and Dark-Activated Biocidal Activity of Conjugated Polyelectrolytes (2011)

This Spotlight on Applications provides an overview of a research program that has focused on the development and mechanistic study of cationic conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) that function as light- and dark-active biocidal agents. Investigation has centered on poly-(phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) type conjugated polymers that are functionalized with cationic quaternary ammonium solubilizing groups. These polymers are found to interact strongly with Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, and upon illumination with near-UV and visible light act to rapidly kill the bacteria. Mechanistic studies suggest that the cationic PPE-type polymers efficiently sensitize singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)), and this cytotoxic agent is responsible for initiating the sequence of events that lead to light-activated bacterial killing. Specific CPEs also exhibit dark-active antimicrobial activity, and this is believed to arise due to interactions between the cationic/lipophilic polymers and the negatively charged outer membrane characteristic of Gram-negative bacteria. Specific results are shown where a cationic CPE with a degree of polymerization of 49 exhibits pronounced light-activated killing of E. coli when present in the cell suspension at a concentration of 1 μg mL(-1).
Antiaromatic bisindeno-[n]thienoacenes with small singlet biradical characters: syntheses, structures and chain length dependent physical properties (2014)

Antiaromatic bisindeno-[<italic>n</italic>]thienoacenes with small biradical character were synthesized and showed chain length dependent ground states and physical properties.
The extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway: a potential therapeutic target in hypertension (2012)

Abstract: Hypertension is a risk factor for myocardial infarction, stroke, renal failure, heart failure, and peripheral vascular disease. One feature of hypertension is a hyperresponsiveness to contractile agents, and inhibition of vasoconstriction forms the basis of some of the treatments for hypertension. Hypertension is also associated with an increase in the growth and proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells, which can lead to a thickening of the smooth muscle layer of the blood vessels and a reduction in lumen diameter. Targeting both the enhanced contractile responses, and the increased vascular smooth muscle cell growth could potentially be an important pharmacological treatment of hypertension. Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that is involved in both vasoconstriction and vascular smooth muscle cell growth and this, therefore, makes it an attractive therapeutic target for treatment of hypertension. ERK activity is raised in vascular smooth muscle cells from animal models of hypertension, and inhibition of ERK activation reduces both vascular smooth muscle cell growth and vasoconstriction. This review discusses the potential for targeting ERK activity in the treatment of hypertension. Keywords: ERK, hypertension, smooth muscle, vasoconstriction
Optimization of Turn Geometries for Microchip Electrophoresis (2001)

Chip-based microcolumn separation systems often require serpentine channels to achieve longer separation lengths within a compact area. However, analyte bands traveling through curved channels experience an increased dispersion that can reduce the benefit of increased channel length. This paper presents analytical solutions for dispersions, numerical models for minimizing dispersion in microchannel turns, and experiments used to validate numerical models and to demonstrate the effectiveness of dispersion-reduction schemes. An analytical solution for the geometric dispersion caused by a constant radius turn is presented. We also propose metrics for characterizing the performance of miniaturized electrophoresis systems that utilize dispersion-introducing turns. The analytical solution and metrics can be used to determine when compensating turns should be used and when these turns are either not necessary or ineffective. For situations where a constant radius turn introduces significant geometric dispersion, numerical shape optimization routines were used to determine optimal geometries that minimize geometric dispersion while limiting reductions in channel width. Experiments using photobleached-fluorescence and caged-fluorescence visualization were conducted to validate the employed numerical models and to verify the turn designs proposed here.
Mobile Content as a Service A Blueprint for a Vendor-Neutral Cloud of Mobile Devices (2012)

Mobile devices have become a commodity: we use several devices for various purposes. Although we carry only some of our devices with us, we still want to access content originating from any device. To overcome this issue, device users often upload content into a hosting service available in the cloud. However, cloud-based hosting can alienate the control and ownership of the content. A proposed architecture views development of a cloud computing service for mobile devices from a different angle. This approach maintains the content in the device where it was first created. The resulting design leads to a mobile device cloud that treats devices, together with the content and resources they host, as first-class cloud citizens. A proof-of-concept implementation is based on standard Web protocols. The underlying design can be configured for various contexts, such as individuals having several mobile devices, social communities interested in sharing content, or companies.
Painstaking Semantics: Selecting Website Trade Dress Elements To Survive a Copyright Preemption Challenge, 7 J. Marshall Rev. Intell. Prop. L. 97 (2007) (2007)

The intersection between trade dress law and copyright law must be understood when seeking trade dress protection for elements that may fall within the subject matter of copyright. The technological elements that create the look and feel of a website may include both trade dress elements and copyrightable works. Website owners are beginning to rely on the protections of trade dress law instead of or in addition to copyright law when the look and feel of a website is imitated by a competitor. Asserting trade dress protection for website look and feel requires careful pleading and will provoke a variety of defenses, including copyright preemption. This paper will discuss the identification and selection of trade dress elements in order to satisfy the trade dress requirements and survive a challenge based on copyright preemption.
Mechanisms and strategies for effective delivery of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides (2008)

The potential use of antisense and siRNA oligonucleotides as therapeutic agents has elicited a great deal of interest. However, a major issue for oligonucleotide-based therapeutics involves effective intracellular delivery of the active molecules. In this Survey and Summary, we review recent reports on delivery strategies, including conjugates of oligonucleotides with various ligands, as well as use of nanocarrier approaches. These are discussed in the context of intracellular trafficking pathways and issues regarding in vivo biodistribution of molecules and nanoparticles. Molecular-sized chemical conjugates and supramolecular nanocarriers each display advantages and disadvantages in terms of effective and nontoxic delivery. Thus, choice of an optimal delivery modality will likely depend on the therapeutic context.
Big Data중 비정형Data인 소셜미디어가 기업의 매출액에 미치는 효과 (2017)

본 논문은 소셜미디어를 보유·운영하는 기업의 광고선전비가 매출액에 미치는 영향에 대하여 연구하고자 한다. 또한 매출액 증가에 유의한 영향을 주는 소셜미디어의 요인을 기업주도요인(Factors Related to Company-Driven SNS Activity)과 소비자주도요인(Factors Related to Customer-Driven SNS Activity)으로 분류하여 매출액과 관계를 분석한다.
기업이 소셜미디어를 통하여 마케팅 활동을 하게 되면, 그에 따른 기업이 지출하는 광고선전비도 증가할 것이며, 이에 따라 기업의 매출액 또한 증가할 것으로 예상된다. 한편, 소셜미디어를 통하여 기업이 마케팅을 할 때 소셜미디어상의 어떠한 요인이 매출액 증가에 유의한 영향을 미치는 가를 구체적으로 파악하기 위하여, 소셜미디어상의 요인을 기업주도요인 (소개글 단어 수·포스팅한 글의 단어 수·포스팅 횟수)와 소비자주도요인 (포스트의 `댓글` 수·포스트의 `좋아요` 수·포스트의 `공유` 수)으로 분류하여 매출액에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다.
본 연구는 소셜미디어 중 가장 널리 사용되는 페이스북을 자체적으로 보유하고 운영하는 기업들을 대상으로 하여 회귀분석을 수행하였다. 연구결과, 광고선전비는 매출액과 유의한 양(+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는, 매출액에 영향을 미치는 다른 요인들을 통제한 회귀분석 결과로써, 소셜미디어를 통한 기업의 광고홍보활동이 기업의 매출액 증가에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 해석이 가능하다. 또한 페이스북을 통한 기업의 마케팅 활동 중 소셜미디어의 기업주도요인에 대한 실증분석 결과, 페이스북상의 소개 글 단어 수 (Introduction words)가 매출액과 유의한 양(+)의 관계가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 기업의 소개 글에는 기업의 역사와 현재, 미래의 비전이 제시되어 있는데 이를 활용하면 기업의 매출액을 가늠해 볼 수 있는 지표가 될 것으로 추측된다. 하지만 포스팅한 글의 단어 수(post words)·포스팅 횟수(post count)는 매출액과 유의한 결과가 도출되지 않았다. 그리고 소셜미디어의 소비자주도요인에 대한 실증분석 결과, 포스트의 `댓글 (post comment)` 수·포스트의 `좋아요 (likes)` 수·포스트의 `공유 (share)` 수는 모두 매출액과 유의한 관계가 있지 않은 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 실증분석 결과는 기업이 페이스북을 통하여 마케팅활동을 할 때, 궁극적으로 매출액을 증가를 위해 어떠한 요인을 고려해야 하는지에 대하여 구체적인 정보를 제공한다.
본 논문은 다음과 같은 공헌점을 가진다. 첫째, 기업이 소셜미디어를 통해 마케팅활동을 하는 것이 매출액 증가에도 유의한 양(+)의 효과가 있다는 것을 실증분석을 통하여 그 결과를 제시하였다. 둘째, 소셜미디어를 이용한 기업의 마케팅 활동 중 매출액 증가에 유의한 영향이 미치는 요인을 구체적으로 분석하여 그 결과를 제시하였다. 본 논문의 실증분석 결과는 기업이 소셜미디어를 통하여 마케팅 전략을 수립할 때 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.
Metabolism and Toxicity of Thioacetamide and Thioacetamide <i>S</i>-Oxide in Rat Hepatocytes (2012)

The hepatotoxicity of thioacetamide (TA) has been known since 1948. In rats, single doses cause centrolobular necrosis accompanied by increases in plasma transaminases and bilirubin. To elicit these effects, TA requires oxidative bioactivation, leading first to its S-oxide (TASO) and then to its chemically reactive S,S-dioxide (TASO(2)), which ultimately modifies amine-lipids and proteins. To generate a suite of liver proteins adducted by TA metabolites for proteomic analysis and to reduce the need for both animals and labeled compounds, we treated isolated hepatocytes directly with TA. Surprisingly, TA was not toxic at concentrations up to 50 mM for 40 h. On the other hand, TASO was highly toxic to isolated hepatocytes as indicated by LDH release, cellular morphology, and vital staining with Hoechst 33342/propidium iodide. TASO toxicity was partially blocked by the CYP2E1 inhibitors diallyl sulfide and 4-methylpyrazole and was strongly inhibited by TA. Significantly, we found that hepatocytes produce TA from TASO relatively efficiently by back-reduction. The covalent binding of [(14)C]-TASO is inhibited by unlabeled TA, which acts as a "cold-trap" for [(14)C]-TA and prevents its reoxidation to [(14)C]-TASO. This in turn increases the net consumption of [(14)C]-TASO despite the fact that its oxidation to TASO(2) is inhibited. The potent inhibition of TASO oxidation by TA, coupled with the back-reduction of TASO and its futile redox cycling with TA, may help explain phenomena previously interpreted as "saturation toxicokinetics" in the in vivo metabolism and toxicity of TA and TASO. The improved understanding of the metabolism and covalent binding of TA and TASO facilitates the use of hepatocytes to prepare protein adducts for target protein identification.
Vergleich der Gleichgewichtsfunktion bei tauben und normal hörenden Kindern mittels dynamischer Posturographie (2004)

Einleitung: Frühere Untersuchungen zeigten einen nachweisbaren Unterschied in der Gleichgewichtsfunktion zwischen tauben und hörgesunden Kindern. Daher stellt sich die Frage, ob auch mittels der Computerisierten Dynamischen Posturographie ein solcher Unterschied festzustellen ist. Material und Methoden: 80 Kinder und Jugendliche (4–20 Jahre) wurden mittels dynamischer Posturographie untersucht. Davon war die Hälfte taub bzw. hochgradig schwerhörig, bei den anderen handelte es sich um altersentsprechende hör- und gleichgewichtsgesunde Kontrollen. Ergebnisse: Die tauben Kinder erreichten niedrigere Gleichgewichtsscores als die hörgesunden. Zwischen dem Alter der Probanden und ihren erreichten Gleichgewichtsscores besteht ein positiver linearer Zusammenhang. Geschlecht, Ausmaß des Hörverlustes und Ursache der Ertaubung haben keinen Einfluss auf die Gleichgewichtsfunktion tauber Kinder. Taube Probanden mit einer normalen kalorischen Erregbarkeit erzielten signifikant höhere Gleichgewichtsscores als die mit einem vestibulären Defizit. Schlussfolgerungen: Wie auch immer geartete Ursachen für Schäden an der Cochlea können auch das Vestibularorgan beeinträchtigen. Sie schließen aber nicht aus, dass für die geringeren Gleichgewichtsleistungen der tauben Kinder auch andere Ursachen wie zum Beispiel ZNS-Schädigungen in Frage kommen könnten. Die Steigerung der Gleichgewichtsscores mit zunehmendem Alter kann als Zeichen für die Reifung der zentralnervösen Mechanismen für die Integration der verschiedenen sensorischen Qualitäten des Gleichgewichtssinnes gewertet werden.
Functional expression of the rat pancreatic islet glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide receptor: ligand binding and intracellular signaling properties. (1995)

Incretins are endogenous peptides released from the gastrointestinal tract into the circulation during a meal that potentiate glucose-stimulated insulin secretion. At present, there are two established incretins: glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and the truncated glucagon-like peptides (tGLPs), which are now being investigated for use in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. In the present study we cloned a rat islet GIP receptor complementary DNA (GIP-R1) to answer several important questions regarding the ligand-binding and intracellular signaling properties of the GP receptor. GIP-R1, when expressed transiently in monkey kidney (COS-7) or stably in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, demonstrated comparable high affinity binding for either synthetic porcine (sp) GIP or synthetic human (sh) GIP. The IC50 values for displacement of [125I]spGIP in CHO-K1 cells were 2.6 +/- 0.8 and 3.1 +/- 0.9 nM for two different preparations of shGIP, and 3.7 +/- 1.5 and 3.6 +/- 0.4 nM for two preparations of spGIP. Saturation isotherms obtained with both intact cells and membranes gave monophasic binding curves with apparent Kd values of 204 +/- 17 and 334 +/- 94 pM, respectively. Cells expressed 12-15 x 10(3) receptors/cell. In COS-7 cells, spGIP and shGIP also exhibited similar IC50 values (7.6 +/- 1.2 and 8.9 +/- 1.8 nM, respectively). The receptor in CHO-K1 cells bound GIP-(1-30) with lower affinity (IC50 = 39 +/- 17 nM), whereas the fragments GIP-(19-30), GIP-(18-28), and GIP-(21-26) showed no apparent binding. The specificity of the receptor was further examined using several structurally related peptides. Surprisingly, exendin-(9-39) [Ex-(9-39)], a GLP-1 receptor antagonist, and Ex-4-(1-39), a GLP-1 receptor agonist, demonstrated some affinity for the GIP receptor, with 39% and 21% displacement of [125I]spGIP, respectively, at 1 microM. Other members of the secretin/vasoactive intestinal peptide family of peptides tested showed no interaction. GIP-R1 receptor binding correlated with activation of the adenylyl cyclase system, whereby spGIP and shGIP evoked concentration-dependent increases in cAMP accumulation with EC50 values of 8.7 +/- 1.5 x 10(-10)M and 8.1 +/- 1.6 x 10(-10)M for spGIP and shGIP, respectively. Increases in cAMP in the presence of 10 nM spGIP were not dependent on the ambient glucose concentration, with 22- and 18-fold increases in cAMP accumulation at 0.1 and 5.5 mM glucose, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Probiotics and health. (2004)

Probiotics are described as live microbial food ingredients that are beneficial to health of the of host, especially by improving intestinal microbial balance. The major consumption of probiotics is in dairy-based foods form, which is containing intestinal species of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. A number of potential benefits of probiotics have been proposed, including: adherence to cells; exclusion or reduction of pathogenic adherence; production of acids, hydrogen peroxide, and bacteriocins antagonistic to pathogen growth; safe, noninvasive, noncarcinogenic and nonpathogenic characteristics; and congregation to form a normal balanced flora. The interrelation between probiotics and health are reviewed in this article.
Non-destructive determination of egg-cholesterol by near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (2013)

近赤外分光分析法による非破壊的な鶏卵中のコレステロール測定法を検討した．酵素法を使って測定した卵黄中のコレステロール分析値と，近赤外分光分析装置を用いて得た可視光線領域から近赤外領域（400∼1100 nm）の近赤外スペクトルデータの1次微分の値を使いPLS（Partial least square）回帰分析法で検量線を作成し，クロスバリデーション法で推定を行った．卵黄100 gあたりのコレステロール含有量（mg/100 g卵黄）および鶏卵1個あたりのコレステロール量（mg/鶏卵）ともに近赤外分析法における精度の指標となるRPD（Ratio of standard deviation of reference data in prediction sample set to standard error of prediction）値が3.0を上回り，非破壊的に鶏卵に含まれるコレステロールが高精度スクリーニングレベルで推定可能であることがわかった．