gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cysteine residues of the porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus small envelope protein are non-essential for virus infectivity (2005)

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) open reading frame (ORF) 2a contains a small internal ORF (2b) capable of encoding a protein of 73 aa, termed E protein. The function of E protein is currently unknown. The E protein possesses two cysteines at positions 49 and 54 that are highly conserved among North American isolates. In the present study, it was shown that E protein did not homodimerize with itself nor did it heterodimerize with the nucleocapsid (N) protein. However, E protein was interactive non-covalently with itself or with the N protein as shown by pull-down assays. The significance of the E protein cysteine residues on virus replication was determined using an infectious clone. Each cysteine was substituted by serine and the mutations were introduced into a full-length clone of PRRSV. When transfected into Marc-145 cells, all cysteine mutant clones induced PRRSV-specific cytopathic effects and produced infectious progeny virus. The data indicate that cysteine residues in the E protein are not essential for replication of North American genotype PRRSV.
Robotic Applications in Neurosurgery (2008)

Recent advances in neuro-imaging and stereotactic and computer technology gave birth to minimally invasive keyhole surgery to the extent that the scale of neurosurgical procedures, demanded by patients, will soon be so small that it will not be within the capability of the most gifted and skilled neurosurgeons of today. Neurosurgical robotics is the natural progression in this field. Furthermore, the economic advantages, increased precision and improved quality in industrial applications of robotics have stimulated robotic applications in neurosurgery. These neurosurgical robots have significant manipulative advantages over neurosurgeons; neuro-robots are reliable to perform the same procedure over and over, again and again without tiresomeness, variation or boredom. They possess near absolute geometric accuracy and are impervious to biohazards and hostile environments and can work through very narrow and long surgical corridors most suited for surgery on the brain, which is an organ uniquely suited for robotic applications; it is symmetrically confined within a rigid container, the skull, and the brain can be easily damaged by even the smallest excursions of surgical instruments. Robots can also see around corners that are beyond the line of sight of the neurosurgeons during operations and in a way, robots extend the visual and manual dexterity of neurosurgeons beyond their limits. Several ergometric studies during surgery were reported Over the last two decades several systems were developed for use in neurosurgery; some of these neuro-robots have been used in clinical practice while others have not been near a patient because of safety and ethical concerns. Among those robots which were used included the PUMA 200 (Kwoh et al.,
The world economy [December 2003] (2003)

The world economy is now picking up with strong growth in the US and the Far East economies. Europe remains relatively weak and since the last quarter has worsened slightly. It is not expected to improve until next year with a return to trend growth forecast for 2005. The forecasts for world growth and trade have both improved since the last quarter. The outlook for the world economy remains good. The downside risks are the uncertainty over terrorist attacks in the west, the size of the US deficit, and the continued weakness in Europe.
Low-complexity video compression for capsule endoscope based on compressed sensing theory (2009)

Recently, the notions of Compressed Sensing (CS) have attracted attention as an innovative concept in signal processing. In this exploratory paper, a CS-based video compression approach suitable for wireless capsule endoscopy is proposed. In general, the amount of video data generated by capsule endoscopy is so large that video compression is the best way to lower the communication bandwidth and save the RF transmitting power. However, due to power limitation and small size conditions, traditional video compression techniques are not appropriate. Applying state-of-the-art CS theory may significantly reduce power consumption and memory of video compressor, thanks to its low computational complexity. The proposed approach is based on YUV color space conversion, blocking, zigzag scan and CS measuring. Experimental results show the feasibility of the proposed idea and that future improving works are necessary.
[Factors influencing the level of spinal anesthesia: (I). Characteristics of anesthetic solutions]. (2000)

The practitioner of spinal anesthesia needs to know the minimum block he or she can expect in order to guarantee the adequate anesthesia to perform a given operation. At the same time, the anesthesiologist needs to know the maximum extent of block, for which he or she must be prepared to avoid being caught unaware. The height of sensory block is determined by the cephalad distribution of the local anesthetic in the cerebrospinal fluid and uptake by neuronal tissue in sufficient amounts to produce the block. Out of many factors that have been considered to affect the distribution, this paper discusses characteristics of anesthetic solutions. It has been suggested that solutions that are marginally hyperbaric can safely produce relatively consistent blocks with an extent that is suitable for many operations performed under spinal anesthesia.
The effect of human serum transferrin and milk lactoferrin on hydroxyl radical formation from superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. (1984)

The effect of transferrins on hydroxyl radical formation from the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide generated by the xanthine-xanthine oxidase system has been studied by EPR using 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide as a spin trap. Neither diferriclactoferrin nor diferrictransferrin were found capable of promoting hydroxyl radical formation via the Haber-Weiss reaction even in the presence of EDTA in concentrations up to 1 mM. Activity observed by other authors may have been due to the presence of extraneous iron or an active protein impurity. Partially saturated transferrin and lactoferrin present in normal subjects may protect cells from damage by binding iron that might catalyze hydroxyl radical formation from superoxide and hydrogen peroxide. In any event, the hydroxyl radical formation observed in active neutrophils during phagocytosis cannot be associated with lactoferrin activity.
Prognostic significance of steroid receptor co-regulators in breast cancer: co-repressor NCOR2/SMRT is an independent indicator of poor outcome (2008)

Background Previous epidemiological studies have investigated the relationship between individual nutrients such as vitamin D and vitamin B 12 and mammographic density, a strong marker of breast cancer risk [1], with varied results. There has been limited research on overall dietary patterns and most studies have focused on adult dietary patterns [2]. We examine prospective data to determine whether dietary patterns from childhood to adult life affect mammographic density. Methods The Medical Research Council National Survey of Health and Development is a national representative sample of 2,815 men and 2,547 women followed since their birth in March 1946 [3]. A wealth of medical and social data has been collected in over 25 follow-ups by home visits, medical examinations and postal questionnaires. Dietary intakes at age 4 years were determined by 24-hour recalls and in adulthood (ages 36, 43 years) by 5-day food records. Copies of the mammograms (two views for each breast) taken when the women were closest to age 50 years were obtained from the relevant NHS centres. A total of 1,319 women were followed up since birth in 1946 for whom a mammogram at age 50 years was retrieved, and the percentage mammographic density was measured using the computer-assisted threshold method for all 1,161 women. Breast cancer incidence for the whole cohort is being ascertained through the National Health Service Central Register. Statistical analysis Reduced rank regression analysis, a relatively new approach to dietary pattern analysis, is being used to identify dietary patterns associated with mammographic density [4]. This approach identifies patterns in food intake that are predictive of an intermediate outcome of the disease process, such as mammographic density, and subsequently examines the relationship between the identified dietary patterns and breast cancer risk.
Mechanisms of Oral Tolerance (1997)

Oral tolerance is the specific immunological unresponsiveness induced by feeding antigen. Although it is an obstacle to oral vaccination, it is probably the mechanism that prevents intestinal hypersensitivity reactions to food antigens and may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of a range of inflammatory disorders. Feeding antigen can provide stable and long-lasting tolerance of a wide range of immune responses to a variety of antigens. However, the mechanisms of oral tolerance and the major factors that influence them remain controversial.
Nucleosome Disruption by Human SWI/SNF Is Maintained in the Absence of Continued ATP Hydrolysis (1996)

We have examined the requirement for ATP in human (h) SWI/SNF-mediated alteration of nucleosome structure and facilitation of transcription factor binding to nucleosomal DNA. hSWI/SNF-mediated nucleosome alteration requires hydrolysis of ATP or dATP. The alteration is stable upon removal of ATP from the reaction or upon inhibition of activity by excess ATPgammaS, indicating that continued ATP hydrolysis is not required to maintain the altered nucleosome structure. This stable alteration is sufficient to facilitate binding of a transcriptional activator protein; concurrent ATP hydrolysis was not required to facilitate binding. These data suggest sequential steps that can occur in the process by which transcription factors gain access to nucleosomal DNA.
Cloning and characterization of human syndecan‐3* (2001)

Syndecans are cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans, which perform a variety of functions in the cell. Most important, they are co-receptors for growth factors and mediate cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions. Four syndecans (syndecan 1-4) have been described in different species. The aim of this work was the cloning and characterization of human syndecan-3. The human syndecan-3 sequence has high homology to the rat and mouse sequences, with the exception of the 5'-region. Syndecan-3 mRNA is mostly expressed in the nervous system, the adrenal gland, and the spleen. When different cell lines were transiently transfected with full-length syndecan-3 cDNA, it was localized to the membrane and induced the formation of long filopodia-like structures, microspikes, and varicosities. Consequently, the actin cytoskeleton was re-organized, since actin staining was mostly found in the cellular extensions and at the cell periphery, co-localizing with the syndecan-3 staining. The development of the phenotype depended on the presence of sugar chains, as transfected glycosaminoglycan-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) 745 cells did not show these structural changes, nor did transfected CHO K1 cells in the presence of heparin. The similarity of the cloned DNA sequence with that of other mammalian species and the high expression in the nervous system led us to the assumption that human syndecan-3 could perform comparable functions to those described for syndecan-3 in rat and mouse. Additionally, transient transfection experiments suggest a role of human syndecan-3 in the organization of cell shape by affecting the actin cytoskeleton, possibly by transferring signals from the cell surface in a sugar-dependent mechanism.
ON PASSIVE NOMINALS (1995)

The focus of this paper concerns the internal structure of the so-called “passive” nominal. It has been suggested that movement occurs in noun phrases as well as in sentences and that apparent discrepancies between the two categories originate from general principles of grammar. The present work reveals that the movement analysis cannot offer any reasonable account for some semantic constraints observed in noun phrases. It is argued that the uniform assignment of a Possessive θ-role triggers those restrictions. As a result, our approach requires that the putative objecthood of prenominal genitive NPs not be represented by means of movement.
Synthesis of Multisubstituted Triphenylenes and Phenanthrenes by Cascade Reaction of <i>o</i>-Iodobiphenyls or (<i>Z</i>)-β-Halostyrenes with <i>o</i>-Bromobenzyl Alcohols through Two Sequential C–C Bond Formations Catalyzed by a Palladium Complex (2015)

o-Bromobenzyl alcohol has been developed as a novel annulating reagent, bearing both nucleophilic and electrophilic substituents, for the facile synthesis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. A palladium/electron-deficient phosphine catalyst efficiently coupled o-iodobiphenyls or (Z)-β-halostyrenes with o-bromobenzyl alcohols to afford triphenylenes and phenanthrenes, respectively. The present cascade reaction proceeded through deacetonative cross-coupling and sequential intramolecular cyclization. An array of experimental data suggest that the reaction mechanism involves the equilibrium of 1,4-palladium migration.
Ferroelectric Liquid Crystal Spatial Light Modulator (1987)

Abstract Ferroelectric liquid crystal devices are capable of fast switching and intrinsic bistability. These advantages over nematic liquid crystals are important in a photoaddressed two-dimensional spatial light modulator. The first experimental results of such a device using bismuth silicon oxide as the photoaddressing medium are reported. Key Words: ferroelectricliquid-crystalspatial-light-modulatorlight-valveoptical-processingdisplay
Using a Layered Markov Model for Distributed Web Ranking Computation (2005)

The link structure of the Web graph is used in algorithms such as Kleinberg’s HITS and Google’s PageRank to assign authoritative weights to Web pages and thus rank them. Both require a centralized computation of the ranking if used to rank the complete Web graph. In this paper, we propose a new approach based on a Layered Markov Model to distinguish transitions among Web sites and Web documents. Based on this model, we propose two different approaches for computation of ranking of Web documents, a centralized one and a decentralized one. Both produce a well-defined ranking for a given Web graph. We then formally prove that the two approaches are equivalent. This provides a theoretical foundation for decomposing link-based rank computation and makes the computation for a Web-scale graph feasible in a decentralized fashion, such as required for Web search engines having a peer-to-peer architecture. Furthermore, personalized rankings can be produced by adapting the computation at both the local layer and the global layer. Our empirical results show that the ranking generated by our model is qualitatively comparable to or even better than the ranking produced by PageRank.
<i>SIRT1</i> Genetic Variation Is Related to BMI and Risk of Obesity (2009)

Two common variants in SIRT1 are associated with lower BMI in two independent Dutch populations. Carriers of these variants have 13-18% decreased risk of obesity and gain less weight over time. The availability of SIRT1 stimulators makes these findings relevant in light of the growing obesity epidemic.
Permeability dependence of seismic amplitudes (2003)

Can permeability be determined from seismic data? This question has been around since Maurice Biot, working for Shell in the 1950s, introduced the idea that seismic waves induce fluid flow in saturated rocks due to fluid-pressure equilibration between the peaks and troughs of a compressional wave (or due to grain accelerations in the case of a shear wave). Biot (1956) established a frequency-dependent analytical relation between permeability and seismic attenuation. However, laboratory, sonic log, crosswell, VSP, and surface seismic have all demonstrated that Biot's predictions often greatly underestimate the measured levels of attenuation—dramatically so for the lower-frequency measurements.
Software beyond 2001: a global vision (1994)

The worldwide software industry is poised for change well into the next century. How well each developer; researcher, or country fares may depend on how clear its visions of the future are. In this collection of essays, some original thinkers peer into the next century.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Demonstration of 4 128-Gb/s DFT-S OFDM Signal Transmission over 320-km SMF With IM/DD (2016)

Intensity modulation and direct detection (IM/DD) is a promising solution for short-reach links. In this paper, we experimentally demonstrate transmission of 128-Gb/s discrete Fourier transform (DFT)-spread 16-ary quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals in an IM/DD optical system. Vestigial sideband (VSB) modulation with 20-dB suppression ratio enabled by a cost-effective interleave or a tunable optical filter (TOF) is employed to eliminate chromatic dispersion (CD) induced power fading. Meanwhile, a combination of advanced digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms, such as pre-equalization, nonlinearity equalization (NE), and decision-directed least mean square (DDLMS), are utilized to mitigate the system distortions and improve system performance. By using this scheme, the 32-GBd DFT-spread OFDM signals can be successfully transmitted over 320-km standard single mode fiber (SSMF) with the measured bit error ratio (BER) under the soft-decision forward-error-correction (SD-FEC) threshold of 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-2</sup> . We also achieved 144-Gb/s for 80-km SSMF transmission. Additionally, 4 × 128-Gb/s wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) DFT-S OFDM signals transmission over 320-km SSMF is experimentally investigated. To the best of our knowledge, this work reports the longest transmission distance for beyond 100-Gb/s IM/DD system.
An efficient parameter extraction algorithm for MOS transistor models (1992)

A general, direct parameter extraction algorithm that uses a small number of data points has been developed for MOS transistor models. This extraction algorithm has been tested using two transistor models in SPICE, MOS3, and BSIM. The basic idea of the algorithm is to use only one data point for each transistor parameter. Appropriate selection of the data points ensures physically reasonable values of most extracted parameters. Analytical expressions or rapidly converging numerical equations are used to calculate the parameters. Interaction between different parameters are taken into account. Good agreement between measured and simulated data is obtained from only 15 and 25 data points for MOS3 and BSIM, respectively. The total extraction time for a single transistor is around 40 s for MOS3 and 1 min for BSIM.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ultra-wideband radar noise reduction for target classification (2008)

The authors describe a calibration procedure for ultra-wideband (UWB) radar systems in order to measure the frequency-dependent transfer function or radar cross-section, respectively, of objects with a high computational efficiency. The benefit of using UWB pulses is that only one measurement is required for covering several GHz. However, the signal processing steps contain a deconvolution operation producing spike artefacts. They were successfully removed by the calculation of frequency-dependent signal-to-noise ratio and a following Wiener filtering. The proposed method was verified by some elementary targets of which the size of the objects were determined.
Metal/insulator/semiconductor carrier selective contacts for photovoltaic cells (2014)

A novel solar cell structure using metal/insulator (TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and NiO)/semiconductor (MIS) structures as carrier selective contacts on both Si and GaAs is proposed. These cells do not use any diffused p-n junction to separate the carriers. Simulations show that these cells can provide a very high open circuit voltage. Using MIS contacts a three terminal multi-material solar cell composed of two independently operating subcells of GaAs and Si is introduced. Since no current matching is required, a combined efficiency of 39% can be achieved. This technology can enable high efficiency solar cells at a low cost.
Secure Deduplication of Encrypted Data without Additional Independent Servers (2015)

Encrypting data on client-side before uploading it to a cloud storage is essential for protecting users' privacy. However client-side encryption is at odds with the standard practice of deduplication. Reconciling client-side encryption with cross-user deduplication is an active research topic. We present the first secure cross-user deduplication scheme that supports client-side encryption without requiring any additional independent servers. Interestingly, the scheme is based on using a PAKE (password authenticated key exchange) protocol. We demonstrate that our scheme provides better security guarantees than previous efforts. We show both the effectiveness and the efficiency of our scheme, via simulations using realistic datasets and an implementation.
IGBT behavior during desat detection and short circuit fault protection (2002)

A common fault condition in motor drive applications involves an IGBT turning on into a short-circuit. If the only impedance is the cable inductance to a shorted motor winding, the current through the device ramps up very rapidly until it saturates, forcing the IGBT voltage to rise to the DC clamp. After fault detection, depending on the point at which the fast turn-off pulse is applied, very different levels of hole current can flow under the n/sup +/ source region, making this an important factor in the successful containment of the fault current. We present experimental observations showing that IGBT failure under short-circuit conditions is dependent on where the turn-off pulse is applied. The physics of this behavior is explained using numerical mixed-mode simulations. A practical two step gate waveform is studied for avoidance of device failure under short-circuit conditions, and is experimentally demonstrated.
Optimized heat transfer and homogeneous color converting for ultra high brightness LED package (2006)

The design of an efficient LED package, with a high luminous flux, stable wavelength emission and long lifetime needs a good knowledge about the principles of light emitting diodes, thermal and thermomechanical design and the interaction of materials. The technology development under cost aspects is a general constraint. The following work will combine known aspects from different research fields with own developments to a complete design for an ultra high brightness LED package. Topics as material selection, thermal and electrical interconnections, as well as color stable wavelength conversion will be discussed.
Factors affecting pesticide drift (2008)

Minimizing potential drift is a primary responsibility for every applicator. Despite conscientious efforts, about one to three applications per Iowa county each year result in drift complaints investigated by the Iowa Department of Agriculture and Land Stewardship.