gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CCBKE - Session Key Negotiation for Fast and Secure Scheduling of Scientific Applications in Cloud Computing. (2012)

Instead of purchasing and maintaining their own computing infrastructure, scientists can now run data-intensive scientific applications in a hybrid environment such as cloud computing by facilitating its vast storage and computation capabilities. During the scheduling of such scientific applications for execution, various computation data flows will happen between the controller and computing server instances. Amongst various quality-of-service (QoS) metrics, data security is always one of the greatest concerns to scientists because their data may be intercepted or stolen by malicious parties during those data flows, especially for less secure hybrid cloud systems. An existing typical method for addressing this issue is to apply Internet Key Exchange (IKE) scheme to generate and exchange session keys, and then to apply these keys for performing symmetric-key encryption which will encrypt those data flows. However, the IKE scheme suffers from low efficiency due to its low performance of asymmetric-key cryptological operations over a large amount of data and high-density operations which are exactly the characteristics of scientific applications. In this paper, we propose Cloud Computing Background Key Exchange (CCBKE), a novel authenticated key exchange scheme that aims at efficient security-aware scheduling of scientific applications. Our scheme is designed based on randomness-reuse strategy and Internet Key Exchange (IKE) scheme. Theoretical analyses and experimental results demonstrate that, compared with the IKE scheme, our CCBKE scheme can significantly improve the efficiency by dramatically reducing time consumption and computation load without sacrificing the level of security.
Time Evolution in LPC Spectrum Coding (2004)

Many current speech coders use a source-filter model in which the signal is decomposed on a frame-wise basis into an excitation component and a filter component. The filter component is then parameterized and coded by a separate spectrum encoder. The performance of such spectrum encoders is often evaluated in terms of a spectral distortion measure that treats each frame independently. Doing this therefore neglects the time evolution of quantization errors. In this paper, we focus on the time evolution of spectrum vectors in speech spectrum coding. We show that the human auditory system prefers a slowly evolving spectrum quantization noise, resulting in smooth spectrum trajectories. This result is the basis for a new distortion criterion for spectrum coding which introduces interframe memory into the standard spectral distortion measure, thereby having the ability to penalize a poor spectrum evolution. Further, a number of coding schemes for explicit spectrum evolution control are evaluated, and we show gains in the order of 2-4 bits, compared to schemes with no evolution control.
Development and Characterization of New Indomethacin Self-Nanoemulsifying Formulations (2009)

In the present work a new indomethacin (IND) self-nanoemulsifying drug delivery formulation (SNEDDF) have been prepared to enhance its dissolution which in turn could provide a better chance for IND oral absorption. IND SNEDDF have been prepared using different concentrations of castor oil as a solvent for IND, Cremophor RH 40 (Cr-40) as surfactant and Capmul MCM-C8 (Ca-8) as co-surfactant. Droplets size and turbidity of IND SNEDDFs were measured. Dissolution profile of IND SNEDDFs filled in gelatin capsules was determined by using USP apparatus 2. Ternary phase diagram was constructed to identify the self-nanoemulsifying region after evaluation of IND SNEDDFs by the visual observation. The IND SNEDDFs were thermally characterized using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) to ensure the compatibility among its ingredients. The present study revealed that the SNEDDFs increased IND dissolution rate and has the potential to enhance its bioavailability without interaction or incompatibility between the ingredients.
Therapie der chronischen Hepatitis C-Virusinfektion (2004)

Schätzungen zufolge sind ca. 60.000 bis 80.000 Menschen in Österreich von einer chronischen Hepatitis C-Virusinfektion (HCV) betroffen. Die chronische HCV kann zu einer Leberfibrose führen, die bei manchen Patienten fortschreitet und letztlich in der Entwicklung einer Zirrhose und eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms resultiert. Darüber hinaus ist die chronische HCV-Infektion die häufigste Indikation für eine Lebertransplantation. Obwohl der natürliche Verlauf der HCV-assoziierten Lebererkrankung interindividuell äußerst unterschiedlich ist, ist zu erwarten, daß Morbidität und Mortalität bis zum Jahr 2015 ohne effektive therapeutische Maßnahmen um das Dreifache zunehmen werden. Das primäre Behandlungsziel ist die Prävention möglicher Komplikationen der HCV-Infektion. Dies wird grundsätzlich durch die Eradikation des Virus erreicht. Die Einführung neuer Substanzen in der Behandlung der chronischen HCV, wie pegylierte Interferone und Kombinationstherapien mit Ribavirin, haben zu einer wesentlichen Verbesserung dauerhafter Viruseliminationsraten geführt. Das Erreichen einer kompletten Viruselimination mittels dieser Substanzen ist mit einer deutlichen Risikoreduktion sowohl in Hinblick auf die Entstehung einer Zirrhose als auch eines hepatozellulären Karzinoms (HCC) und somit auch mit einer verbesserten Lebenserwartung vergesellschaftet.
Selective Nanofiber Deposition through Field-Enhanced Electrospinning (2009)

In this paper, we demonstrate a nanofiber patterning technique using field-enhanced electrospinning. Polyethylene oxide (PEO) nanofibers were electrospun on an elastomeric substrate with gold-coated pyramidal protrusions with the majority of fibers being deposited at the tips. The deposited nanofiber spots ranged from 8 x 8 microm(2) to 60 x 60 microm(2) in size, uniformly covering an area of 5 x 10 mm(2). Our experiments also indicate that nanofiber pattern selectivity is highly dependent on the separation/size ratio of the pyramidal protrusions with a ratio of <1, resulting in a superior selectivity.
Self-aligned top and bottom metal double gate low temperature poly-Si TFT fabricated at 550°C on non-alkali glass substrate by using DPSS CW laser lateral crystallization method (2004)

Self-aligned top and bottom metal double gate (SAMDG) low-temperature polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin film transistors (TFTs) were fabricated at 550/spl deg/C using the diode pumped solid state (DPSS) CW laser lateral crystallization (CLC) method, on non-alkali glass. The current drivability of these TFTs is eight or nine times as large as that of conventional excimer laser crystallized (ELC) poly-Si TFTs. It was confirmed that the extreme high performance of SAMDG CLC poly-Si TFT was maintained for gate length of 2.0 /spl mu/m.
Critical role of Arg433 in rat transketolase activity as probed by site-directed mutagenesis (1998)

It has been shown that one arginine per monomer at an unknown position is essential for enzyme activity of the homodimeric transketolase (TK) [Kremer, Egan and Sable (1980) J. Biol. Chem. 255, 2405-2410]. To identify the critical arginine, four highly conserved arginine residues of rat TK (Arg102, Arg350, Arg433 and Arg506) were replaced with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis. Wild-type and mutant TK proteins were produced in Escherichia coli and characterized. The Arg102-->Ala mutant exhibited similar catalytic activity to the wild-type enzyme, whereas Arg350-->Ala, Arg506-->Ala and Arg433-->Ala mutants exhibited 36.7, 37.0 and 6.1% of the wild-type activity respectively. Three recombinant proteins (wild-type, Arg350-->Ala and Arg433-->Ala) were purified to apparent homogeneity using Ni2+-affinity chromatography and further characterized. All these proteins were able to form homodimers (148 kDa), as shown by immunoblot analysis subsequent to non-denaturing gel electrophoresis. The Arg433-->Ala mutant protein was less stable than the wild-type and Arg350-->Ala proteins at 55 degrees C. Kinetic analyses revealed that both Vmax and Km values were markedly affected in the Arg433-->Ala mutant. The Km values for two substrates xylulose 5-phosphate and ribose 5-phosphate were 11.5- and 24.3-fold higher respectively. The kcat/Km values of the Arg433-->Ala mutant for the two substrates were less than 1% of those of the wild-type protein. Molecular modelling of the rat TK revealed that Arg433 of one monomer has three potential hydrogen-bond interactions with the catalytically important highly conserved loop of the other monomer. Thus, our biochemical analyses and modelling data suggest the critical role of the previously uncharacterized Arg433 in TK activity.
Disorders of ejaculation. (1999)

Following John Hunter's example set over 200 years ago, it is clear that there is much to study and understand in disorders of ejaculation. Congenital malformations and their relationship to genetic disorders are now more clearly understood: these are matters of the utmost importance in the present era of assisted reproduction, if perpetuation of serious anomalies, such as fibrocystic disease, is to be avoided. Surgically induced injuries that impact upon male reproductive function are now recognized and largely preventable by careful attention to preservation of normal structures during extirpative surgery. Much work remains to be done on functional disorders, especially on the side effects of drug therapy, where some insight may be gained into the function and disorders of the basal ganglia--the 'dark basements of the mind'.
Molecular analysis of two ScrR repressors and of a ScrR–FruR hybrid repressor for sucrose and D‐fructose specific regulons from enteric bacteria (1993)

The scr regulon of pUR400 and the chromosomally encoded scr regulon of Klebsiella pneumoniae KAY2026 are both negatively controlled by a specific repressor (ScrR). As deduced from the nucleotide sequences, both scrR genes encode polypeptides of 334 residues (85.5% identical base pairs, 91.3% identical amino acids), containing an N-terminal helix-turn-helix motif. Comparison with other regulatory proteins revealed 30.6% identical amino acids to FruR, 27.0% to Lacl and 28.1% to GalR. Six scrRs super-repressor mutations define the inducer-binding domain. The scr operator sequences were identified by in vivo titration tests of the sucrose repressor and by in vitro electrophoretic mobility shift assays. D-fructose, an intracellular product of sucrose transport and hydrolysis, and D-fructose 1-phosphate were shown to be molecular inducers of both scr regulons. An active ScrR-FruR hybrid repressor protein was constructed with the N-terminal part of the sucrose repressor of K. pneumoniae and the C-terminal part of the fructose repressor of Salmonella typhimurium LT2. Gel retardation assays showed that the hybrid protein bound to scr-specific operators, and that D-fructose 1-phosphate, the inducer for FruR, was the only inducer. In vivo, neither the operators of the fru operon nor of the pps operon, the natural targets for FruR, were recognized, but the scr operators were. These data and the data obtained from the super-repressor alleles confirm previous models on the binding of repressors of the Lacl family to their operators.
Rationale for socket preservation after extraction of a single-rooted tooth when planning for future implant placement. (2006)

After tooth extraction, the alveolar ridge will commonly decrease in volume and change morphologically. These changes are usually clinically significant and can make placement of a conventional bridge or an implant-supported crown difficult. If bone resorption is significant enough, then placement of an implant may become extremely challenging. Postextraction maintenance of the alveolar ridge minimizes residual ridge resorption and, thus, allows placement of an implant that satisfies esthetic and functional criteria. Recent advances in bone grafting materials and techniques allow the dentist to place implants in sites that were considered compromised in the past. This article focuses on the healing pattern of sockets, with and without the use of regenerative materials, and the rationale for preserving the dimensions of the extraction socket. Histologic and clinical evidence is reviewed to provide an in-depth understanding of the logic behind and value of socket preservation.
Specificities of CD40 signaling: Involvement of TRAF2 in CD40-induced NF-κB activation and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 up-regulation (1999)

Several tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family proteins including TRAF2, TRAF3, TRAF5, and TRAF6, as well as Jak3, have been implicated as potential mediators of CD40 signaling. An extensive in vitro binding study indicated that TRAF2 and TRAF3 bind to the CD40 cytoplasmic tail (CD40ct) with much higher affinity than TRAF5 and TRAF6 and that TRAF2 and TRAF3 bind to different residues of the CD40ct. Using CD40 mutants incapable of binding TRAF2, TRAF3, or Jak3, we found that the TRAF2-binding site of the CD40ct is critical for NF-kappaB and stress-activated protein kinase activation, as well as the up-regulation of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) gene, whereas binding of TRAF3 and Jak3 is dispensable for all of these functions. Overexpression of a dominantly active IkappaBalpha strongly inhibited CD40-induced NF-kappaB activation, ICAM-1 promoter activity, and cell-surface ICAM-1 up-regulation. These studies suggest a potential signal transduction pathway from the CD40 receptor to the transcriptional activation of the ICAM-1 gene.
<title>Mineralization by nanobacteria</title> (1998)

Nanobacteria are the smallest cell-walled bacteria, only recently discovered in human and cow blood and in commercial cell culture serum. In this study, we identified with energy-dispersive x-ray microanalysis and chemical analysis that all growth phases of nanobacteria produce biogenic apatite on their cell envelope. Fourier transform IR spectroscopy revealed the mineral as carbonate apatite. Previous models for stone formation have lead to a hypothesis that an elevated pH due to urease and/or alkaline phosphatase activity are important lithogenic factors. Our results indicate that carbonate apatite can be formed without these factors at pH 7.4 at physiological phosphate and calcium concentrations. Due to their specific macromolecules, nanobacteria can produce apatite very efficiency in media mimicking tissue fluids and glomerular filtrate and rapidly mineralizing most of available calcium and phosphate. This can be also monitored by <SUP>85</SUP>Sr incorporation and provides a unique model for in vitro studies on calcification. Recently, bacteria have been implicated in the formation of carbonate (hydroxy)fluorapatite in marine sediments. Apatite grains are found so commonly in sedimentary rocks that apatite is omitted in naming the stone. To prove that apatite and other minerals are formed by bacteria would implicate that the bacteria could be observed and their actions followed in stones. We have started to approach this in two ways. Firstly, by the use of sensitive methods for detecting specific bacterial components, like antigens, muramic acid and nucleic acids, that allow for detecting the presence of bacteria and, secondly, by follow-up of volatile bacterial metabolites observed by continuous monitoring with ion mobility spectrometry, IMCELL, working like an artificial, educatable smelling nose. The latter method might allow for remote real time detection of bacterial metabolism, a signature of life, in rocks via fractures of drillholes with or without injected substrate solutions. Nanobacteria may provide a model for primordial life-forms, such as replicating clay crystallites in a sandstone, where minerals and metal atoms associated to membranes, may play catalytic and structural roles reducing the number of enzymes and structural proteins needed for life. Such simple metabolic pathways may support the 10,000-fold slower growth rate of nanobacteria, as compared to the usual bacteria. They may also explain the endurability of this life-form in extreme environmental conditions. Altogether such properties do suggest that nanobacteria may have evolved from environmental sources, such a shot springs, to take advantage of the steady-state calcium and phosphate supply of the mammalian blood. Based upon our findings of nanobacteria, a novel theory for the early development of life, based on apatite-mediated chemistry on membranes selecting itself for its own catalytical machinery, is presented.
Human osteoblast-like cells produce nitric oxide and express inducible nitric oxide synthase. (1994)

Nitric oxide (NO) is a short-lived free radical that plays an important regulatory role in several biological processes. Cytokines such as interleukin-1, tumor necrosis factor, and interferon-gamma have been shown to stimulate NO production in many cells types. Although these cytokines are known to have potent effects on bone remodeling and osteoblast function, the role of NO as an effector molecule in bone has been little studied. Here we investigate the effects of cytokines and calciotropic hormones on NO production by human osteoblast-like cells (hOB) and the role of NO as a modulator of osteoblast growth. Unstimulated hOB produced little NO, as reflected by measurement of nitrite concentrations in hOB-conditioned medium. NO production was not significantly altered by PTH and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D or human recombinant interleukin-1 beta (10 U/ml), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (25 ng/ml), and interferon-gamma (100 U/ml) individually. Combinations of all three cytokines at these concentrations, however, dramatically increased both NO generation and cGMP production. The stimulatory effect of cytokines on NO production began 12 h after exposure and was inhibited by cycloheximide, actinomycin-D, dexamethasone, and the competitive inhibitor of NO synthase L-NG-monomethylarginine. Reverse transcription/polymerase chain reaction analysis of hOB RNA, followed by direct sequencing of the amplified products, showed that hOB express the inducible, rather than the endothelial or neuronal, forms of NO synthase. Cytokine-induced increases in NO production were associated with a marked inhibition of [3H]thymidine uptake to less than 10% of that observed in control cultures. Abrogation of NO synthesis with L-NG-monomethylarginine under these conditions significantly increased [3H]thymidine uptake to approximately 20% of the control value, suggesting that NO may partly be responsible for the inhibition of osteoblast proliferation induced by these cytokines. Our data indicate that proinflammatory cytokines induce NO production in osteoblast-like cells and show and that this mediator plays a role in regulating cell growth. These findings may have important implications for the pathogenesis and management of bone loss in diseases associated with cytokine activation, such as rheumatoid arthritis.
Phase and frequency estimation for PSK packets: bounds and algorithms (1996)

New Cramer-Rao lower bounds (CRBs) are derived for the estimation of phase offset, and frequency offset, from a block of random BPSK or QPSK symbols at low signal-to-noise (SNR) ratios. These bounds are compared to existing bounds which apply to the unmodulated carrier (or to known PSK symbols), and to the performance of some estimation algorithms.
Production of Specific Pneumococcus Carbohydrate-Splitting Enzymes in Media to Which the Specific Substrate was not Added (1950)

Summary Strains of the soil microörganism, Bacillus palustris that produce enzymes active against pneumococcus Type-VIII polysaccharide when grown in a medium containing Type-VIII carbohydrate, produced similar enzymes when grown on beef-extract broth to which no pneumococcus carbohydrate had been added. The enzymes prepared in both media decompose pneumococcus Type-VIII polysaccharide in vitro and protect mice against infection by pneumococcus Type VIII. Three serologically different enzymes were distinguished. Strains of Bacillus palustris that in mineral media containing Type-III carbohydrate produce enzymes which decompose pneumococcus Type-III polysaccharide also produce in broth enzymes active on Type-III carbohydrate, but they are of low titer.
Introduction (2021)

This introduction presents an overview of the key concepts discussed in the subsequent chapters of this book. The book focuses on the aural traditions of Scottish traditional music and examines the processes of learning to improvise. It investigates musical signing and singing for children with hearing impairment. The book reports on a study that explored how music educators’ past experiences as students influenced their current attitudes toward teaching. It focuses on how the tutors act as role models by constructing activities which build the skills necessary for participation in community-based traditional music sessions and informal performances. The book explores the development of communication and interaction in small ensembles across rehearsals. It considers practical applications of teaching pre-performance routines to improve pupils’ performance experience. The book also considers implications of the reported research for the lifelong music learning and future research.
The effect of thin metal overlayers on the electron beam exposure of polymethyl methacrylate (2008)

Here, the authors consider the effect of thin metal coatings on the contrast, clearing dose, and resolution of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) electron beam resist. They present processes suitable for deposition, exposure through, and removal of 5-nm-thick Al, Cr, and Cu layers. Contrast and clearing dose were determined by exposing large features and resolution was assessed using single pixel lines at beam energies from 2to30keV. In all cases the presence of the metal layer increases the clearing dose. They obtained a minimum linewidth of 40nm from the single pixel patterns. Both the experimental results and Monte Carlo simulations of the point spread function (PSF) support the feasibility of direct writing of sub-40-nm patterns despite of additional forward electron scattering. Applying thin metal coatings on resist provides an alternative to conductive polymers for charge reduction and an excellent foundation for fiducial grids used in spatial-phase locked electron beam lithography.
Dendritic Cell Migration Controlled by α1b-Adrenergic Receptors (2000)

Dendritic cells (DC) bring Ags into lymphoid organs via lymphatic vessels. In this study, we investigated the possibility that the sympathetic neurotransmitter norepinephrine (NE) influences DC migration. Murine epidermal Langerhans cells mobilization is enhanced by systemic treatment with the alpha(2)-adrenergic antagonist yohimbine and inhibited by local treatment with the specific alpha(1)-adrenergic antagonist prazosin (PRA). Consistently, NE enhances spontaneous emigration of DC from ear skin explants, and PRA inhibits this effect. In addition, local treatment with PRA during sensitization with FITC inhibits the contact hypersensitivity response 6 days later. In vitro, bone marrow-derived immature, but not CD40-stimulated mature DC migrate in response to NE, and this effect is neutralized by PRA. NE seems to exert both a chemotactic and chemokinetic activity on immature DC. Coherently, immature, but not mature DC, express mRNA coding for the alpha(1b)-adrenergic receptor subtype. Inactivation of this adrenergic receptor by the specific and irreversible antagonist chloroethylclonidine hinders the migration of injected DC from the footpad to regional lymph nodes. Thus, besides regulating lymph flow, the sympathetic innervation of lymphatic vessels may participate in directing DC migration from the site of inflammation to regional lymph nodes. Alternatively, the chemokinetic activity of NE may enhance the ability of DC to sample local Ags, and hence increase the number of DC migrating to the draining lymph nodes. This finding might improve our understanding of the biological basis of skin diseases and allergic reactions, and opens new pharmacological possibilities to modulate the immune response.