gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transparent, flexible, and stretchable WS<sub>2</sub> based humidity sensors for electronic skin (2017)

Skin-mountable chemical sensors using flexible chemically sensitive nanomaterials are of great interest for electronic skin (e-skin) application. To build these sensors, the emerging atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) layered semiconductors could be a good material candidate. Herein, we show that a large-area WS<sub>2</sub> film synthesized by sulfurization of a tungsten film exhibits high humidity sensing performance both in natural flat and high mechanical flexible states (bending curvature down to 5 mm). The conductivity of as-synthesized WS<sub>2</sub> increases sensitively over a wide relative humidity range (up to 90%) with fast response and recovery times in a few seconds. By using graphene as electrodes and thin polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as substrate, a transparent, flexible, and stretchable humidity sensor was fabricated. This senor can be well laminated onto skin and shows stable water moisture sensing behaviors in the undeformed relaxed state as well as under compressive and tensile loadings. Furthermore, its high sensing performance enables real-time monitoring of human breath, indicating a potential mask-free breath monitoring for healthcare application. We believe that such a skin-activity compatible WS<sub>2</sub> humidity sensor may shed light on developing low power consumption wearable chemical sensors based on 2D semiconductors.
QoS Enhancement and Performance Evaluation of Ad-Hoc Routing Protocols for Rural Public Safety (2009)

In this paper, we explore the feasibility of using Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANETs) for rural public safety. First, we discuss a QoS enhancement to a standard routing protocol, Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). By incorporating a new routing metric and the available bandwidth and delay estimation algorithms with DSR, we design a new routing protocol, QoS- Aware Source Routing (QASR), to meet the QoS requirements specified by Statement of Requirements (SoR) for public safety communications. We then evaluate the performance of QASR and the well-known standard routing protocols including Ad- hoc On-demand Distance Vector (AODV) and DSR based on real public safety scenarios using the OPNET modeler at the 4.9GHz public safety spectrum band. Simulation results show that QASR significantly outperforms DSR and AODV in terms of various performance metrics.
A Laplacian Approach to Multi-Oriented Text Detection in Video (2010)

In this paper, we propose a method based on the Laplacian in the frequency domain for video text detection. Unlike many other approaches which assume that text is horizontally-oriented, our method is able to handle text of arbitrary orientation. The input image is first filtered with Fourier-Laplacian. K-means clustering is then used to identify candidate text regions based on the maximum difference. The skeleton of each connected component helps to separate the different text strings from each other. Finally, text string straightness and edge density are used for false positive elimination. Experimental results show that the proposed method is able to handle graphics text and scene text of both horizontal and nonhorizontal orientation.
Incremental Anomaly Detection in Graphs (2013)

The advantage of graph-based anomaly detection is that the relationships between elements can be analyzed for structural oddities that could represent activities such as fraud, network intrusions, or suspicious associations in a social network. However, current approaches to detecting anomalies in graphs are computationally expensive and do not scale to large graphs. For instance, in the case of computer network traffic, a graph representation of the traffic might consist of nodes representing computers and edges representing communications between the corresponding computers. However, computer network traffic is typically voluminous, or acquired in real-time as a stream of information. In this work, we describe methods for graph-based anomaly detection via graph partitioning and windowing, and demonstrate their ability to efficiently detect anomalies in data represented as a graph.
An empirical study of amorphous slicing as a program comprehension support tool (2002)

Amorphous program slicing relaxes the syntactic constraint of traditional slicing and can therefore produce considerably smaller slices. This simplification power can be used to answer questions a software engineer might have about a program by first augmenting the program to make the question explicit and then slicing out an answer. One benefit of this technique is that the answer is in the form of a program and thus, in a language that the software engineer understands well. To test the usefulness of amorphous slicing in answering such questions, the question of array access safety is considered. A safety slice (an amorphous slice of an augmented program) is used to guide a software engineer to potential array bounds violations. A series of experiments was conducted to determine whether the safety slice was an effective aid to an engineer. 76 subjects participated in the controlled experiments. For experiments involving novice programmers, the null hypothesis could not be rejected, and so it was not possible to conclude that amorphous slicing assisted such programmers. However for more experienced groups, the experimental subjects (who were able to consult amorphous slices) significantly outperformed the control group. The study lends empirical support to the assertion that amorphous slicing assists program comprehension.
Aminoacyl‐tRNS‐Synthetasen und Zellteilung bei einer temperatursensitiven filamentösen Mutante von <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> SB 19 (1972)

Abstract Die temperatursensitive Mutante ts 33‐6 von Bacillus subtilis SB 19 wächst bei 46 °C als Filament und bei 30 °C als normales Kurzstäbchen. Die wichtigsten Makromolekül synthesen der Mutante ts 33‐6 und des Wildstammes SB 19 verlaufen ähnlich. In Rohextrakten aus Kurzstäbchen ist die Aminoacyl‐tRNS‐Synthetasen (AAS)‐Aktivität hoch, ein Nachweis dieser Enzyme in Rohextrakten aus Filamenten ist nicht möglich. Durch Temperaturwechselexperimente (Umsetzen wachstumsaktiver Filamente von 46 °C auf30 °C) wird Zellteilung induziert und die AAS‐Aktivität nimmt zu. Der Wildstamm B. subtilis SB 19 zeigt bei 30 °C und 46 °C AAS‐Aktivität. Eine Hemmung der AAS‐Aktivität durch Temperaturbehandlung in vitro (46 °C) gelingt bei 30 °C‐Rohextrakten der Mutante ts 33‐6 nicht, wenn das Enzym durch ATP und Aminosäuren geschützt wird. Durch Temperaturvorbehandlung der 30 °C‐Rohextrakte der Mutante ts 33‐6 steigt die AAS‐Aktivitätum 170%. Dieser Effekt kann bei Rohextrakten von Escherichia coli B und B. subtilis try nicht nachgewiesen werden.
The Stereodynamics of a Gas-Surface Reaction (1997)

Measurements of the influence of reactant alignment on the rates of chemical reactions provide direct information concerning the atomic motions necessary for chemical transformation. Data presented here show that at low collision energy, the dissociative adsorption of deuterium (D 2 ) on the (111) surface of copper has a much higher probability for broadside than for end-on collisions. Furthermore, this steric preference is sensitive to the kinetic energy of the incident molecule, almost disappearing as the energy increases to 0.8 electron volt. This study shows that the dynamic conditions of a surface chemical reaction can profoundly influence the associated steric requirements.
A highly specific q-RT-PCR assay to address the relevance of the JAK2WT and JAK2V617F expression levels and control genes in Ph-negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (2013)

In Ph- myeloproliferative neoplasms, the quantification of the JAK2V617F transcripts may provide some advantages over the DNA allele burden determination. We developed a q-RT-PCR to assess the JAK2WT and JAK2V617F mRNA expression in 105 cases (23 donors, 13 secondary polycythemia, 22 polycythemia vera (PV), 38 essential thrombocythemia (ET), and 9 primary myelofibrosis (PMF)). Compared with the standard allele-specific oligonucleotide (ASO)-PCR technique, our assay showed a 100 % concordance rate detecting the JAK2V617F mutation in 22/22 PV (100 %), 29/38 (76.3 %) ET, and 5/9 (55.5 %) PMF cases, respectively. The sensitivity of the assay was 0.01 %. Comparing DNA and RNA samples, we found that the JAK2V617F mutational ratios were significantly higher at the RNA level both in PV (p = 0.005) and ET (p = 0.001) samples. In PV patients, JAK2WT expression levels positively correlated with the platelets (PLTs) (p = 0.003) whereas a trend to negative correlation was observed with the Hb levels (p = 0.051). JAK2V617F-positive cases showed the lowest JAK2WT and ABL1 mRNA expression levels. In all the samples, the expression pattern of beta-glucoronidase (GUSB) was more homogeneous than that of ABL1 or β2 microglobulin (B2M). Using GUSB as normalizator gene, a significant increase of the JAK2V617F mRNA levels was seen in two ET patients at time of progression to PV. In conclusion, the proposed q-RT-PCR is a sensitive and accurate method to quantify the JAK2 mutational status that can also show clinical correlations suggesting the impact of the residual amount of the JAK2WT allele on the Ph- MPN disease phenotype. Our observations also preclude the use of ABL1 as a housekeeping gene for these neoplasms.
Synthesis of halosulfuron‐methyl <i>via</i> selective chlorination at 3‐ and/or 5‐position of pyrazole‐4‐carboxylates (1997)

Abstract Reactions of methyl pyrazole‐4‐carboxylates 4b‐d with N ‐chlorosuccinimide under heating conditions without a solvent gave methyl 3,5‐dichloro‐1‐methylpyrazole‐4‐carboxylate 4a in good yields. The reaction of 4a with sodium hydrosulfide led to a nucleophilic substitution on the 5‐position regioselectively to afford methyl 3‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐5‐mercaptopyrazole‐4‐carboxylate 6a, which was followed by oxidative chlorination and amination to obtain 3‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐5‐sulfamoylpyrazole‐4‐carboxylate 2a. Finally, the reaction of 2a with phenyl 4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐yl carbamate 7 provided methyl 3‐chloro‐5‐(4,6‐dimethoxypyrimidin‐2‐ylcarbamoylsulfamoyl)‐1‐methylpyrazole‐4‐carboxylate (halosulfuron‐methyl) 1a promising herbicide in com.
Basal and human papillomavirus E6 oncoprotein-induced degradation of Myc proteins by the ubiquitin pathway (1998)

We have previously shown that the degradation of c-myc and N-myc in vitro is mediated by the ubiquitin system. However, the role of the system in targeting the myc proteins in vivo and the identity of the conjugating enzymes and possible ancillary proteins involved has remained obscure. Here we report that the degradation of the myc proteins in cells is inhibited by lactacystin and MG132, two inhibitors of the 20S proteasome. Inhibition is accompanied by accumulation of myc-ubiquitin conjugates. Dissection of the ancillary proteins involved revealed that the high-risk human papillomavirus oncoprotein E6-16 stimulates conjugation and subsequent degradation of the myc proteins in vitro. Expression of E6-16 in cells results in significant shortening of the t1/2 of the myc proteins with subsequent decrease in their cellular level. Analysis of the conjugating enzymes revealed that under basal conditions the proteins can be conjugated by two pairs of E2s and E3s-E2-14 kDa and E3alpha involved in the "N-end rule" pathway, and E2-F1 (UbcH7) and E3-Fos involved also in conjugation of c-Fos. In the presence of E6-16, a third pair, E2-F1 and E6-AP mediate conjugation of myc by means of a mechanism that appears to be similar to that involved in the targeting of p53, formation of a myc. E6.E6-AP targeting complex. It is possible that in certain cells E6-mediated targeting of myc prevents myc-induced apoptosis and thus ensures maintenance of viral infection.
Creating an e-training course on computer operating systems (2009)

This article describes an approach for creating web based e-training courses on Computer Operating Systems. In the course pages a module is integrated which gives opportunities to: (1) dynamic presentation of the model examples; (2) online testing of the problems which the learner is solving; (3) using a help during the process of the learning. An experimental module which is designed for e-training courses on Linux operating system is presented.
Reliability Engineering and Risk Analysis: A Practical Guide, Second Edition (2009)

Tools to Proactively Predict Failure The prediction of failures involves uncertainty, and problems associated with failures are inherently probabilistic. Their solution requires optimal tools to analyze strength of evidence and understand failure events and processes to gauge confidence in a design's reliability.Reliability Engineering and Risk Ana
Effect of substrate temperature on the structural and electrical properties of CIGS films based on the one-stage co-evaporation process (2010)

Cu(In, Ga)Se2 thin films were deposited on Mo/soda-lime glass substrates by the one-stage co-evaporation process at the substrate temperatures (Tsub) from 350 °C to 550 °C. The structural and electrical properties of CIGS films have been studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Hall effect measurement. The experimental results indicate that a temperature of 450 °C is critical for CIGS films grown by the one-stage process. The (In, Ga)2Se3 phase with high resistivity is found below this temperature. The higher Tsub will lead to the formation of single-phase CIGS films with larger grain size and better electrical properties. A higher carrier concentration and lower resistivity of CIGS films are ascribed to sodium incorporation diffused from the glass substrate and the disappearance of the (In, Ga)2Se3 phase in CIGS films. Additionally, the performance of the CIGS solar cells improves significantly with the increase of Tsub. It can be attributed to the reduction of the grain-boundary recombination and the sufficient reaction between the additional (In, Ga)2Se3 phase and the CuxSey binary phase at Tsub above 500 °C.
SIR-based power control in a CDMA system (2003)

Power control in the use of direct-sequence code-division multiple-access (CDMA) techniques is addressed. Previous performance analyses of CDMA wireless mobile and personal communications have assumed the ability of power control to equalize the absolute signal powers of users received at each base station. A more practical, although analytically more complicated, uplink power controls technique that uses measurements of the received signal-to-interference ratio. (SIR) instead is studied. A combination of discrete-event link simulation and analysis of the obtained SIR statistics is used to explore the behavior of a CDMA system using SIR-based power control and to obtain performance estimates for such a system under various operating assumptions. The overall results indicate that power control based on SIR has the potential for somewhat higher system performance than power control based on absolute signal strength.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-Power Operation of Diode Edge-Pumped, Glue-Bonded, Composite Yb:Y<sub>3</sub>Al<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Microchip Laser with Ceramic, Undoped YAG Pump Light-Guide (2005)

The high-power operation of a diode edge-pumped, composite Yb 3+ -doped Y 3 Al 5 O 12 (Yb:YAG) microchip laser has been demonstrated. The novel hybrid composite microchip has a 5-mm-diameter, 300-µm-thickness, single-crystal Yb:YAG core and a transparent ceramic, undoped YAG pump light-guide surrounding the core with the same thickness. The high-reflection coated face of the microchip was bonded to a water-cooled heat-sink by a thermally conductive glue for efficient conduction cooling. The pump light from a fourfold diode stack directly coupled to the light-guide and maximum output powers of 410 W (peak) and 285 W have been successfully obtained at an input pump power of 866 W in quasi-continuous-wave (10 ms, 10 Hz) and continuous-wave operations, respectively, at room temperature.
Interaction of BlaI, the repressor for the β‐lactamase gene of <i>Bacillus licheniformis</i>, with the <i>blaP</i> and <i>blaI</i> promoters (1989)

BlaI repressor for the beta-lactamase gene (blaP) of Bacillus licheniformis 749, was shown to repress expression of blaP and of the repressor gene (blaI), using the purified protein in a DNA-directed in vitro translation assay. Binding of BlaI to the promoter regions of blaP and blaI was examined by equilibrium and competitive binding assays. BlaI binds to the blaP promoter with an equal or only slightly higher affinity than to the blaI promoter. DNase I footprinting shows that BlaI binds directly to the blaP and blaI promoters, such that RNA polymerase binding and/or transcript elongation would be blocked.
Targeted Therapy with a<i>Salmonella Typhimurium</i>Leucine-Arginine Auxotroph Cures Orthotopic Human Breast Tumors in Nude Mice (2006)

We report here a modified auxotrophic strain of Salmonella typhimurium that can target and cure breast tumors in orthotopic mouse models. We have previously reported development of a genetically modified strain of S. typhimurium, selected for prostate tumor targeting and therapy in vivo. The strain, termed S. typhimurium A1, selectively grew in prostate tumors in xenograft models causing tumor regression. In contrast, normal tissue was cleared of these bacteria even in immunodeficient athymic mice with no apparent side effects. A1 is auxotrophic (leucine-arginine dependent) but apparently receives sufficient nutritional support only from tumor tissue. The ability to grow in viable tumor tissue may account, in part, for the unique antitumor efficacy of the strain. In the present report, to increase tumor-targeting capability of A1, the strain was reisolated after infection of a human colon tumor growing in nude mice. The tumor-isolated strain, termed A1-R, had increased targeting for tumor cells in vivo as well as in vitro compared with A1. Treatment with A1-R resulted in highly effective tumor targeting, including viable tumor tissue and significant tumor shrinkage in mice with s.c. or orthotopic human breast cancer xerographs. Survival of the treated animals was significantly prolonged. Forty percent of treated mice were cured completely and survived as long as non-tumor-bearing mice. These results suggest that amino acid auxotrophic virulent bacteria, which selectively infect and attack viable tumor tissue, are a promising approach to cancer therapy.
A Guide to Global Quantum Key Distribution Networks (2020)

We describe systems and methods for the deployment of global quantum key distribution (QKD) networks covering transoceanic, long-haul, metro, and access segments of the network. A comparative study of the state-of-the-art QKD technologies is carried out, including both terrestrial QKD via optical fibers and free-space optics, as well as spaceborne solutions via satellites. We compare the pros and cons of various existing QKD technologies, including channel loss, potential interference, distance, connection topology, deployment cost and requirements, as well as application scenarios. Technical selection criteria and deployment requirements are developed for various different QKD solutions in each segment of networks. For example, optical fiber-based QKD is suitable for access networks due to its limited distance and compatibility with point-to-multipoint (P2MP) topology; with the help of trusted relays, it can be extended to long-haul and metro networks. Spaceborne QKD on the other hand, has much smaller channel loss and extended transmission distance, which can be used for transoceanic and long-haul networks exploiting satellite-based trusted relays.
Heterologous Gene Expression and Secretion of the Anticoagulant Hirudin in a Methylotrophic Yeast Hansenula polymorpha (1993)

A heterologous gene expression and secretion system using a methylotrophic yeast, Hansenula polymorpha was developed for the production of anticoagulant hirudin. Hirudin gene was expressed under the control of a strong and inducible methanol oxidase (MOX or AOX) promoter. The mating factor a pre-pro leader sequence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was employed for hirudin to be secreted into the extracellular medium. Hirudin expression cassette was introduced into three strains of H. polymorpha, A16, HPBl and DLl which have different genetic backgrounds. This expression cassette was stably integrated into the host chromosomal DNA. Biologically active and mature hirudin was efficiently expressed and secreted into the extracellular medium. About 19 mg/L of hirudin was found in the culture supernatant in the case of a two-copy integrant of the strain HPBl under suboptimal culture conditions.
MglA and MglB are required for the intramacrophage growth of <i>Francisella novicida</i> (1998)

Francisella novicida is a facultative intracellular pathogen capable of growing in macrophages. A spontaneous mutant of F. novicida defective for growth in macrophages was isolated on LB media containing the chromogenic phosphatase substrate 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (X-p) and designated GB2. Using an in cis complementation strategy, four strains were isolated that are restored for growth in macrophages. A locus isolated from one of these strains complements GB2 for both the intracellular growth defect and the colony morphology on LB (X-p) media. The locus consists of an apparent operon of two genes, designated mgIAB, for Macrophage Growth Locus. Both mglA and mglB transposon insertion mutants are defective for intracellular growth and have a phenotype similar to GB2 or LB (X-p) media. Sequencing on mglA cloned from GB2 identified a missense mutation, providing evidence that both mglA and mglB are required for the intramacrophage growth of F. novicida. mglB expression in GB2 was confirmed using antiserum against recombinant MglB. Cell fractionation studies revealed several differences in the protein profiles of mgI mutants compared with wild-type F. novicida. The deduced amino acid sequences of mglA and mglB show similarity to the SspA and SspB proteins of Escherichia coli and Haemophilus spp. In E. coli, SspA and/or SspB influence the levels of multiple proteins under conditions of nutritional stress, and SspA can associate with the RNA polymerase holoenzyme. Taken together, these observations suggest that in Francisella MglA and MglB may affect the expression of genes whose products contribute to survival and growth within macrophages.
Small worlds with a difference (2011)

Political discussions on social network platforms represent an increasingly relevant source of political information, an opportunity for the exchange of opinions and a popular source of quotes for media outlets. We analyzed political communication on Twitter during the run-up to the German general election of 2009 by extracting a directed network of user interactions based on the exchange of political information and opinions. In consonance with expectations from previous research, the resulting network exhibits small-world properties, lending itself to fast and efficient information diffusion. We go on to demonstrate that precisely the highly connected nodes, characteristic for small-world networks, are in a position to exert strong, selective influence on the information passed within the network. We use a metric based on entropy to identify these New Gatekeepers and their impact on the information flow. Finally, we perform an analysis of their input and output of political messages. It is shown that both the New Gatekeepers and ordinary users tend to filter political content on Twitter based on their personal preferences. Thus, we show that political communication on Twitter is at the same time highly dependent on a small number of users, critically positioned in the structure of the network, as well as biased by their own political perspectives.