gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Ground-Based Network for Atmospheric Pressure Fluctuations (1996)

In 1992, a surface-based, mesoscale microbarograph array with four pressure sensors was installed near the Hohenpeißenberg, southern Germany, and has since been in continuous operation. In this paper, a description of the sensors, the network, and the data evaluation is given. The sensors are based on conventional microphone techniques, where the pressure difference between the ambient air and an internal reservoir is measured. The latter is connected with the former by an adjustable needle valve. Pressure fluctuations are resolved with an amplitude resolution of 3 µb and between periods of 2 s and 30 min. Sensors are calibrated by lifting over a given height. Time constants are determined with a pressure-pulse technique and are on the order of 300 s. Data are sampled at 1 Hz and are transmitted on-line to a central data processing unit. Each sensor is installed at the bottom of a 1.50-m-high container, which is mounted flush with the ground. The sensor is thermally insulated and protected such that the air exchange between the sensor and the atmosphere is kept to a minimum. The average sensor separation is 1 km. A wavelet technique is applied to the data from each sensor to isolate the gravity wave events from background fluctuations. It is a general finding that gravity waves are found in wave packets with a maximum of four to five wavelengths only. Wave events are clearly recognizable by their sinusoidal shape. Furthermore, frontal passages, positive and negative solitary waves, and turbulent wind situations can be identified from the pressure signals. Most of the time, background signals are characterized by well-correlated pressure fluctuations of several-microbar amplitude. However, they have irregular shape probably due to the existence of drifting density inhomogeneities.
Different temporal and spatial expression of two hydrophobin-encoding genes of the edible mushroom Agaricus bisporus (1999)

In a search for genes that are only expressed in fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Agaricus bisporus, two cDNAs, hypA and hypB that encode hydrophobins have been isolated previously. In this study, the structure of hypB is resolved and it is shown that the two genes are differentially expressed, indicating that the encoded hydrophobins serve different functions in A. bisporus mushrooms. hypB encodes a polypeptide (HYPB) of 119 aa that shows little sequence identity with HYPA apart from the characteristic arrangement of eight cysteines found exclusively in hydrophobins. The temporal and spatial expression of the two hydrophobin-encoding genes during fruit body development was compared using Northern analysis and in situ hybridization. Accumulation of hypA mRNA was found in tissue fractions consisting of undifferentiated white hyphae. In situ hybridization showed that the highest hypA mRNA levels are not found in the outermost cell layers of the pileipellis but in the cell layers adjacent to that. The highest level of expression of hypB occurs early in development when the primordium differentiates into densely packed, randomly oriented cap hyphae and loosely packed, vertically oriented stipe hyphae. In mature mushrooms, a strong accumulation of hypB transcripts was found only in the transitional zone between cap and stipe tissue, demonstrating that transcription regulation of hypB is clearly distinct from hypA.
Modeling of Vapor Compression Cycles for Multivariable Feedback Control of HVAC Systems (1997)

This paper presents a new lumped-parameter model for describing the dynamics of vapor compression cycles. In particular, the dynamics associated with the two heat exchangers, i.e., the evaporator and the condenser, are modeled based on a moving-interface approach by which the position of the two-phase/single-phase interface inside the one-dimensional heat exchanger can be properly predicted. This interface information has never been included in previous lumped-parameter models developed for control design purpose, although it is essential in predicting the refrigerant superheat or subcool value. This model relates critical performance outputs, such as evaporating pressure, condensing pressure, and the refrigerant superheat, to actuating inputs including compressor speed, fan speed, and expansion valve opening. The dominating dynamic characteristics of the cycle around an operating point is studied based on the linearized model. From the resultant transfer function matrix, an interaction measure based on the Relative Gain Array reveals strong cross-couplings between various input-output pairs, and therefore indicates the inadequacy of independent SISO control techniques. In view of regulating multiple performance outputs in modern heat pumps and air-conditioning systems, this model is highly useful for design of multivariable feedback control.
RNN-Based Room Scale Hand Motion Tracking (2019)

Smart speakers allow users to interact with home appliances using voice commands and are becoming increasingly popular. While voice-based interface is intuitive, it is insufficient in many scenarios, such as in noisy or quiet environments, for users with language barriers, or in applications that require continuous motion tracking. Motion-based control is attractive and complementary to existing voice-based control. However, accurate and reliable room-scale motion tracking poses a significant challenge due to low SNR, interference, and varying mobility. To this end, we develop a novel recurrent neural network (RNN) based system that uses speakers and microphones to realize accurate room-scale tracking. Our system jointly estimates the propagation distance and angle-of-arrival (AoA) of signals reflected by the hand, based on AoA-distance profiles generated by 2D MUSIC. We design a series of techniques to significantly enhance the profile quality under low SNR. We feed the profiles in a recent history to our RNN to estimate the distance and AoA. In this way, we can exploit the temporal structure among consecutive profiles to remove the impact of noise, interference and mobility. Using extensive evaluation, we show our system achieves 1.2--3.7~cm error within 4.5~m range, supports tracking multiple users, and is robust against ambient sound. To our knowledge, this is the first acoustic device-free room-scale tracking system.
Memory‐Based Learning (2010)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction Memory-Based Language Processing NLP Applications Exemplar-Based Computational Psycholinguistics Generalization and Abstraction Generalizing Examples Further Reading Notes
Structure-Guided Discovery of Selective Antagonists for the Chromodomain of Polycomb Repressive Protein CBX7 (2016)

The chromobox 7 (CBX7) protein of the polycomb repressive complex 1 (PRC1) functions to repress transcription of tumor suppressor p16 (INK4a) through long noncoding RNA, ANRIL (antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus) directed chromodomain (ChD) binding to trimethylated lysine 27 of histone H3 (H3K27me3), resulting in chromatin compaction at the INK4a/ARF locus. In this study, we report structure-guided discovery of two distinct classes of small-molecule antagonists for the CBX7ChD. Our Class A compounds, a series including analogues of the previously reported MS452, inhibit CBX7ChD/methyl-lysine binding by occupying the H3K27me3 peptide binding site, whereas our Class B compound, the newly discovered MS351, appears to inhibit H3K27me3 binding when CBX7ChD is bound to RNA. Our crystal structure of the CBX7ChD/MS351 complex reveals the molecular details of ligand recognition by the aromatic cage residues that typically engage in methyl-lysine binding. We further demonstrate that MS351 effectively induces transcriptional derepression of CBX7 target genes, including p16 (INK4a) in mouse embryonic stem cells and human prostate cancer PC3 cells. Thus, MS351 represents a new class of ChD antagonists that selectively targets the biologically active form of CBX7 of the PRC1 in long noncoding RNA- and H3K27me3-directed gene transcriptional repression.
Bismuth Triflate-Chiral Bipyridine Complex Catalyzed Asymmetric Ring Opening Reactions of meso-Epoxide in Water (2005)

Catalytic asymmetric ring-opening reactions of meso-epoxides with aromatic amines have been explored.The reactions proceeded in the presence of a catalytic amount of bismuth triflate (Bi(OTf) 3 ), chiral bipyridine ligand (1) and sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) in pure water to give the corresponding β-amino alcohols in good yields with high enantioselectivities.The exploration of enantioselective reactions using chiral Lewis acids in water is one of the most fascinating topics in current organic chemistry.Not only do such reactions provide novel routes to compounds of great synthetic import, but are also very attractive from an environmental standpoint due to their environmentally benign nature. 1 For such reactions to proceed efficiently it is critical that the Lewis acids employed be compatible with water.Conventional Lewis acids such as titanium chloride, aluminium chloride, etc. which are known to be highly moisture sensitive, undergoing rapid decomposition on contact with water are therefore, in general, unsuited to this purpose.Bismuth triflate (Bi(OTf) 3 ), however, is reported to exist in water as an equilibrium mixture of Bi(OTf) 3 with bismuth hydroxide and triflic acid. 2 Up to today, only a few examples of enantioselective reactions using a chiral bismuth catalyst have been reported. 3Quite recently, we have achieved asymmetric hydroxymethylation
Clinical Implications of Antiviral Resistance in Influenza (2015)

Influenza is a major cause of severe respiratory infections leading to excessive hospitalizations and deaths globally; annual epidemics, pandemics, and sporadic/endemic avian virus infections occur as a result of rapid, continuous evolution of influenza viruses. Emergence of antiviral resistance is of great clinical and public health concern. Currently available antiviral treatments include four neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir, peramivir, laninamivir), M2-inibitors (amantadine, rimantadine), and a polymerase inhibitor (favipiravir). In this review, we focus on resistance issues related to the use of neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs). Data on primary resistance, as well as secondary resistance related to NAI exposure will be presented. Their clinical implications, detection, and novel therapeutic options undergoing clinical trials are discussed.
A sequence-specific single-strand DNA binding protein that contacts repressor sequences in the human GM-CSF promoter (1994)

NF-GMb is a nuclear factor that binds to the proximal promoter of the human granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) gene. NF-GMb has a subunit molecular weight of 22 kDa, is constitutively expressed in embryonic fibroblasts and binds to sequences within the adjacent CK-1 and CK-2 elements (CK-1/CK-2 region), located at approximately -100 in the GM-CSF gene promoter. These elements are conserved in haemopoietic growth factor (HGF) genes. NF-GMb binding requires the presence of repeated 5'CAGG3' sequences that overlap the binding sites for positive activators. Surprisingly, NF-GMb was found to bind solely to single-strand DNA, namely the non-coding strand of the GM-CSF CK-1/CK-2 region. NF-GMb may belong to a family of single-strand DNA binding (ssdb) proteins that have 5'CAGG3' sequences within their binding sites. Functional analysis of the proximal GM-CSF promoter revealed that sequences in the -114 to -79 region of the promoter containing the NF-GMb binding sites had no intrinsic activity in fibroblasts but could, however, repress tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) inducible expression directed by downstream promoter sequences (-65 to -31). Subsequent mutation analysis showed that sequences involved in repression correlated with those required for NF-GMb binding.
A SILYL-FUNCTIONALIZED ALKYL AZIDE, TRIMETHYLSILYLMETHYL AZIDE; SYNTHESIS AND CYCLOADDITION REACTION TO ACETYLENIC DIPOLAROPHILES (1983)

Abstract Thermally stable trimethylsilylmethyl azide was first synthesized from the reaction of chloromethyltrimethylsilane with sodium azide. Its use as an α-functionalized synthetic equivalent of methyl azide was demonstrated in the reaction with acetylenic dipolarophiles and the subsequent reaction of the cycloadducts with aldehydes and water in the presence of fluoride ion.
Liquid-Phase Cracking of Dicyclopentadiene by Reactive Distillation (2009)

A reactive distillation process was developed for cracking dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) to produce cyclopentadiene (CPD). In the autoclave reactor, reaction temperature, reaction time, diluent, and inhibitors are investigated to study the effect of inhibiting oligomerization reactions. The introduction of auxiliary diluent and inhibitors prevents the oligomerization reactions. On the basis of autoclave results, the reaction is studied on a reactive distillation apparatus to enforce the cracking of DCPD and prohibit oligomerization simultaneously. Hence, the yield and purity of CPD reach 90 and 98 wt %, respectively. Reactive distillation greatly alleviates the formation of oligomers compared with conventional processes.
Micronutrient programming of development throughout gestation (2001)

Vitamins and minerals serve essential roles in cellular metabolism, maintenance and growth throughout life. They are also central components of many enzymes and transcription factors. However, the need for optimum amounts of key micronutrients at critical stages during the periovulatory period and subsequent embryonic and fetal life has become the focus of sustained research activity only recently. In addition to folic acid, the minerals zinc, iron and copper and the antioxidant vitamins A and E are of particular importance during pregnancy. Both excesses and deficiencies of these micronutrients can have profound and sometimes persistent effects on many fetal tissues and organs in the absence of clinical signs of deficiency in the mother. The consequences of micronutrient imbalance on the developing conceptus may not be apparent at the time of the nutritional insult, but may be manifest later in development. However, supplementary micronutrients provided later in gestation or during postnatal life cannot completely reverse the detrimental effects of earlier micronutrient imbalance. Importantly, deficiency of a specific micronutrient, such as zinc, during pregnancy can result in a greater incidence of fetal malformation and resorptions than general undernutrition. Given the range of micronutrients that affect development, the number of developmental stages susceptible to inappropriate micronutrient status and the diverse biochemical systems and types of tissue affected, it is challenging to propose a unifying hypothesis that could explain the effects of micronutrient imbalance on programming throughout gestation. Micronutrient imbalance can affect pregnancy outcome through alterations in maternal and conceptus metabolism, as a consequence of their essential role in enzymes and transcription factors and through their involvement in signal transduction pathways that regulate development. Micronutrient-induced disturbances in the balance between the generation of free oxygen radicals and the production of antioxidants that scavenge free radicals may provide an additional mechanistic explanation. The detrimental effects of many micronutrient deficiencies, particularly zinc and copper, can be alleviated by supplementary antioxidants, whereas deficiencies of antioxidant vitamins A and E are likely to reduce defence against free radical damage.
Small Cell Base Station Sleep Strategies for Energy Efficiency (2015)

Small cell networks offer a promising and viable approach to meeting the increasing demand for high-data-rate wireless applications. With the expected increase in the number of small cell deployments, energy efficiency (EE) is a crucial system design parameter that demands consideration from an eco-sustainability perspective. One way to improve EE is to switch off small cell base stations (BSs) or to keep them in energy-saving mode while preserving the quality of service (QoS) experienced by users. With “bits/joule” as the metric, we aim to optimize EE with the introduction of several levels of sleep depths. Using a stochastic geometry-based heterogeneous cellular network (HCN) model, we derive coverage probability, average achievable rate, and EE in heterogeneous K-tier wireless networks with different sleep modes for small cells. Then, we try to maximize EE under 1) a random sleeping policy and 2) a strategic sleeping policy, with constraints on both coverage probability and wake-up times. Due to the nonconvexity of EE, we propose an alternative low-complexity near-optimal solution by maximizing the lower bound of EE. We use an alternating iterative approach to solve the resulting multivariable optimization problem. Simulation results confirm the effectiveness of the scheme. With improvements of approximately 30% in EE with random sleeping policy, simulation indicates that instantaneous EE can be further improved by 15% with a strategic sleeping policy.
Preparation of Transparent Red-Emitting YVO<sub>4</sub>:Eu Nanophosphor Suspensions (2011)

:Eu nanowires with lengths and widths of 15 nm and 3 nm, respectively, were obtain-ed, as shown in Figure 2(b) and 2(c). A series of self-assembled superlattices were formed due to the presence of surfactant molecules on the external surfaces of the nanowires. The high- resolution TEM (HRTEM) image of an individual YVO
Targeting miR-23a in CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes prevents tumor-dependent immunosuppression (2014)

CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) have potent antitumor activity and therefore are leading candidates for use in tumor immunotherapy. The application of CTLs for clinical use has been limited by the susceptibility of ex vivo-expanded CTLs to become dysfunctional in response to immunosuppressive microenvironments. Here, we developed a microRNA-targeting (miRNA-targeting) approach that augments CTL cytotoxicity and preserves immunocompetence. Specifically, we screened for miRNAs that modulate cytotoxicity and identified miR-23a as a strong functional repressor of the transcription factor BLIMP-1, which promotes CTL cytotoxicity and effector cell differentiation. In a cohort of advanced lung cancer patients, miR-23a was upregulated in tumor-infiltrating CTLs, and expression correlated with impaired antitumor potential of patient CTLs. We determined that tumor-derived TGF-β directly suppresses CTL immune function by elevating miR-23a and downregulating BLIMP-1. Functional blocking of miR-23a in human CTLs enhanced granzyme B expression, and in mice with established tumors, immunotherapy with just a small number of tumor-specific CTLs in which miR-23a was inhibited robustly hindered tumor progression. Together, our findings provide a miRNA-based strategy that subverts the immunosuppression of CTLs that is often observed during adoptive cell transfer tumor immunotherapy and identify a TGF-β-mediated tumor immune-evasion pathway.
Data evaluation for unified multi‐detector size exclusion chromatography — molar mass, viscosity and radius of gyration distributions (1995)

Abstract The output of a size exclusion chromatography (SEC) system was connected to a single capillary viscometer, a multi‐angle laser light scattering detector (MALLS) and a refractive index detector (RI). This provides absolute distributions of molar mass, radius of gyration and reduced viscosity, which are valuable both for practical polymer characterization and as tests of physical polymer theories. The instrument interfacing is described, along with the method of data analysis. A quantitative investigation of systematic and random sources of error and their influence on polymer characterization is made. An experimental example using a biopolyelectrolyte (hyaluronate), including complete error analysis, is presented, along with other data. Although the emphasis here is on aqueous SEC, most of the principles should carry over to organic phase SEC. A simultaneous, in‐line comparison of a low‐angle laser light scattering (LALLS) detector and MALLS detectors was also made. The dangers of ‘universal calibration’ for hydrosoluble polymers are also illustrated.
Tunable and sizable band gap in silicene by surface adsorption (2012)

Opening a sizable band gap without degrading its high carrier mobility is as vital for silicene as for graphene to its application as a high-performance field effect transistor (FET). Our density functional theory calculations predict that a band gap is opened in silicene by single-side adsorption of alkali atom as a result of sublattice or bond symmetry breaking. The band gap size is controllable by changing the adsorption coverage, with an impressive maximum band gap up to 0.50 eV. The ab initio quantum transport simulation of a bottom-gated FET based on a sodium-covered silicene reveals a transport gap, which is consistent with the band gap, and the resulting on/off current ratio is up to 10(8). Therefore, a way is paved for silicene as the channel of a high-performance FET.
Introduction (2016)

Abstract The Introduction presents the main themes of the book—including families, business, religion, gender, and generation—and provides a précis of each chapter. It describes the importance of trade to the fast-growing towns of north-west England during the period of the Industrial Revolution, and the meanings of the terms ‘Industrial Revolution’ and ‘tradesmen’ (and women). It examines the nature of urban social structures during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, and the place of those ‘in trade’ within such hierarchies, providing new insights into the lives of ordinary men and women.
Metabolism of the Glucosyl Diglycerides and Phosphatidylglucose of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1970)

A glucose containing lipid, phosphatidylglucose (probably 3-sn-phosphatidyl-1'-glucose) and a lipid tentatively identified as phosphatidylethanolamine have been characterized in the lipids of Staphylococcus aureus. These lipids together comprise less than 2% of the total phospholipids of exponentially growing S. aureus and accumulate to 14% of the total phospholipid in stationary-phase cells. These lipids lost no (32)P when cells grown with H(3) (32)PO(4) were transferred to nonradioactive medium during the exponential growth phase. This was in marked contrast to the other phospholipids which lost (32)P rapidly. The loss of (32)P from phosphatidic acid and cardiolipin in exponentially growing cells was biphasic, suggesting heterogeneity of phospholipid phosphate metabolism. The mono- and diglucosyl diglycerides showed a rapid loss of (14)C-glucose during growth in nonradioactive medium but no loss of (14)C from the fatty acids of these lipids. The (14)C in the glucose and fatty acids of the glucosyl diglycerides was derived from glucose.
Measurement of reaction time following minor head injury. (1984)

A four-choice reaction time test was carried out on 45 minor head injury cases, 24 hours after the injury and 6 weeks later. Twenty-eight subjects were re-tested after a six month interval. Reaction time measures were also obtained in a matched, general practice control group. The concussion cases displayed significantly poorer performances than the matched controls in four measures, at day 0 and at 6 weeks. The patients also showed serial improvement in these measures up to six months after the injury, when their scores excelled those of the matched controls.
Carbon Nanotubes Bridges Spanning Across Metal Electrode Tips (2008)

Systematically growing carbon nanotubes at exact locations within an optoelectronic circuit is a long sought goal. Here we electrically and optically characterize individual CNT bridges spanning across pre-fabricated and addressable metal tips.