gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assessing the resistance to calcification of polyurethane membranes used in the manufacture of ventricles for a totally implantable artificial heart (1999)

Ventricles made from segmented polyurethane membranes and used in the fabrication of a totally implantable artificial heart are known to undergo biomaterial-associated calcification. As there is no effective method currently available to prevent such biomaterials from calcifying, a practical solution is to use only materials with a relatively high resistance to calcification, to extend ventricular durability and ensure a longer functional life for the manufactured device. In the present study, an in vitro calcification protocol was used to determine the relative resistance to calcification of six different polyurethanes, namely, Carbothane PC3570A, Chronoflex AR, Corethane 80A, Corethane 55D, Tecoflex EG80A, and Tecothane TT1074A. The results demonstrated that all six polyurethanes did become calcified during the 60-day incubation period in the calcification solution. The degree of calcification was found to be associated with the surface chemistry of the particular polyurethane, with the Tecothane TT1074A exhibiting the highest level. The Corethane 80A and 55D polymers showed a relatively low propensity to calcify. These two membranes can, therefore, be considered as the most appropriate materials for the fabrication of ventricles for a totally implantable artificial heart. In addition, since the calcification occurred primarily at the surface of the membranes, without affecting the bulk microphase structure, the issue of modifying the surface chemistry to reduce the incidence of calcification is discussed.
Bandwidth management in a hybrid fiber coax network (2002)

Pacific Bell's Consumer Broadband Network (CBN) is a hybrid fiber coax (HFC) design capable of responding to varying service demands. The CBN is a full service network capable of providing broadcast analog video, MPEG digital video, interactive multimedia narrowband telephony, ISDN and wideband data (LAN) to the consumer and small business markets. This paper is based upon our experience in the design and construction of the network, which passes 500000 homes. The paper describes the base architecture and how extensions to that architecture and improvements in transmission techniques are used to satisfy growing demands over the life of the network.
Gyrotron coaxial cylindrical resonators with corrugated inner conductor: Theory and experiment (1998)

Gyrotron coaxial resonators with a longitudinally slotted inner cylinder are examined analytically using a surface impedance model, from which expressions for the electromagnetic field, ohmic quality (Q) factor, and characteristic equation of the transverse eigenvalues /spl chi//sub m,p/ are obtained. The major attributes of such resonators are expressed by the dependence of /spl chi//sub m,p/ on the parameter C-defined as the ratio of the outer to inner radii of the coaxial structure. In that connection, the effect of the corrugation parameters on /spl chi//sub m,p/ is particularly investigated on the basis of an expression derived for the slope function d/spl chi//sub m,p,p//dC. It is shown that the /spl chi//sub m,p/(C) curve may either exhibit oscillatory behavior or present a flat portion over a wide range of C depending on the corrugation parameters chosen. The theory is checked against experiment in which resonant frequencies and total Q factors were measured for TE modes operating in the range of 8-16 GHz in a coaxial cavity with 40 slots. Good agreement is found in that the magnitude of the relative error in frequency is less than 0.5%. Corrugated coaxial resonators prove to be relevant to megawatt gyrotrons where highly selective cavities are required to ensure high conversion efficiency.
<title>Development of embossed holograms</title> (1996)

Major developments in the evolution of embossed holography are discussed in this paper. It contains brief descriptions of typical systems and techniques, as well as problems that were encountered. It is unavoidably narrow in that it represents the perspective on the author, dealing mainly with Eidetic Images. ABN Holographics, and Simian Company. All of the major processes currently used in embossed holography had been demonstrated by 1970. Yet it took another decade for embossed holography to flourish since no market materialized in spite of efforts to invent one. Then in 1981, American Bank Note purchased the rights to the Leith/Upatnieks patents, and acquired Eidetic Images, a holographics origination laboratory, as well as an embossing plant called `Old Dominion Foils'. The mating of these two acquisitions allowed product to be made almost immediately. Later developments included a hot stamp foil required for credit card holograms, a production casting system for National Geographics magazine covers, a composite (stereogram) system, and computer generated imagery. Current technology has obsoleted many of the old methods, mainly because of advances made possible by the extensive use of computers both to create the imagery and to control the hologram construction.
Studies on Cytopathogenic Avian Enteroviruses. I. Their Isolation and Serological Classification (1964)

Enders et al. (6) were the first to evaluate in vitro the usefulness of tissues other than nervous tissues for the propagation of polio virus. Since then, enteric cytopathogenic agents have been isolated by a number of workers using monolayers of kidney tissue culture from animals and man. Kalter (7) and Bindrich (1), in their reviews, enumerated the isolation of enteric cytopathogenic orphan viruses from monkey, ox, swine, poultry, cat, and rodents. Since these viruses were not associated with diseases, they were termed orphan viruses. In analogy with the ECHO viruses in man, cytopathogenic viral agents isolated from the intestinal tract of chickens were termed entero-cytopathogenic avian orphan (ECAO) viruses. Available literature is scant on the isolation of viruses from the intestinal tract of chickens, as compared with species of animals and man. The problem has recently been attacked by Burke et al. (2), who reported the isolation of 45 cytopathogenic agents from rectal swabs of chickens. They also observed that these agents belong to at leasit 2 serological groups. Similarly, Taylor and Calnek (12) reported the isolation of 45 enterocytopathogenic agents and grouped them into 15 dis~tinct antigenic types. Sarma and Pomeroy (9) isolated two identical viruses from the cecal tonsils of chickens by inoculation and serial
Carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon‐DNA adducts and mechanism of action (2005)

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of widespread environmental carcinogens. Most of our knowledge of their mechanisms of metabolic activation to DNA-binding "ultimate carcinogenic" metabolites has come from analysis of the DNA interaction products formed by these highly reactive intermediates. Studies of their role in forming DNA-binding intermediates identical to those formed in vivo from the PAH itself have also allowed identification of the particular cytochrome P450 enzymes involved in activating various structural classes of carcinogenic PAHs. It has been established that PAHs, after metabolic activation in vivo, are capable of inducing mutations in oncogenes and, by inducing multiple mutations, may result in tumors. PAHs also cause changes in cellular gap-junction communication similar to those caused by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate. Thus, PAHs may also act through a promotional mechanism in addition to serving as tumor initiators. Previous studies on these mechanisms are described and summarized.
How irritating: the role of TRPA1 in sensing cigarette smoke and aerogenic oxidants in the airways (2008)

Airway irritants cause a variety of lung pathologies. Two separate studies, the first recently reported in the JCI by Bessac et al. and the second reported by Andrè et al. in the current issue of the JCI (see the related article beginning on page 2574), have identified irritants that activate transient receptor potential cation channel, subfamily A, member 1 (TRPA1) receptors in airway sensory neurons, resulting in neurogenic inflammation and respiratory hypersensitivity. The identification of TRPA1 activation by toxicants from cigarette smoke and polluted air, such as crotonaldehyde, acrolein, and oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, is an important finding. These two studies enhance our understanding of how pollution and cigarette smoke can damage airway function and will hopefully pave the way for the development of rational alternative therapeutics for such airway injury.
Repair of soft-x-ray optical elements by stripping and redeposition of Mo/Si reflective coatings (1993)

Experiments aimed at recovering soft-x-ray projection lithography mirrors that have defective reflective coatings by stripping and redeposition of Mo/Si multilayers are being reported. Two wet etchants were found that would remove the multilayers from composite glass substrates. One etchant is a solution of potassium ferricyanide and sodium hydroxide in water; the other is nitric acid with a minute quantity of hydrofluoric acid. Although each of these solutions offers preferential etch selection of the multilayers over the substrate glass, the selectivities are insufficient. The result is a surface roughening that lowers the reflectance from subsequently deposited multilayer coatings to an unacceptable level. With the addition of a carbon barrier layer between the substrate and the multilayer coating, either etchant can be used to strip the multilayers without damage to the underlying substrate surface.
Gas-Phase Surface Fluorination of Arabinoxylan Films (2006)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNoteNEXTGas-Phase Surface Fluorination of Arabinoxylan FilmsMaria Gröndahl, Anna Gustafsson, and Paul GatenholmView Author Information Biopolymer Technology, Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Göteborg, Sweden Cite this: Macromolecules 2006, 39, 7, 2718–2721Publication Date (Web):March 8, 2006Publication History Received22 September 2005Revised3 February 2006Published online8 March 2006Published inissue 1 April 2006https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma052066qhttps://doi.org/10.1021/ma052066qbrief-reportACS PublicationsCopyright © 2006 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views482Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Copolymers,Equilibrium,Fluorine,Infrared spectroscopy,Moisture Get e-Alerts
Environmental Measurements Derived from Tactical Mine-Hunting Sonar Data (2007)

Confidence in naval operations that search for mine-like objects (mine-hunting) is dependent on knowledge of the operational environment. Historic information in some areas may misrepresent the environmental picture due to sparse measurement or data perishability. As a result, operations in some areas may require real-time environmental measurements to refresh the data sources. This information can be derived from sensors that are dedicated to mine-hunting even though these platforms often do not accommodate traditional environmental sensors. In response to this need, the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory developed "Through-The-Sensor" techniques to extract this information with no impact to tactical functionality. This paper reports on calibration and uncertainty quantification efforts associated with using an AN/AQS-20A mine hunting sonar system to extract multibeam bathymetry and sediment type. For bathymetry, the sensor needs a correction factor for depth offset, determined by comparing the derived data with high-resolution data obtained from a dedicated multibeam system. After calibration, the extracted bathymetry data has a mean error on the order of 0.3 m. For sediment type, calibration of the software uses an iterative approach for tuning the calibration coefficient so that the calculated impedance matches data from grab samples. Once calibrated, the uncertainty for the acoustic impedance agrees well with the estimates for sandy areas.
Efficacy of Inactivated Split‐Virus Influenza Vaccine against Culture‐Confirmed Influenza in Healthy Adults: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo‐Controlled Trial (2009)

ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00363870.
Reward Estimation via State Prediction (2018)

Reinforcement learning typically requires carefully designed reward functions in order to learn the desired behavior. We present a novel reward estimation method that is based on a finite sample of optimal state trajectories from expert demon- strations and can be used for guiding an agent to mimic the expert behavior. The optimal state trajectories are used to learn a generative or predictive model of the “good” states distribution. The reward signal is computed by a function of the difference between the actual next state acquired by the agent and the predicted next state given by the learned generative or predictive model. With this inferred reward function, we perform standard reinforcement learning in the inner loop to guide the agent to learn the given task. Experimental evaluations across a range of tasks demonstrate that the proposed method produces superior performance compared to standard reinforcement learning with both complete or sparse hand engineered rewards. Furthermore, we show that our method successfully enables an agent to learn good actions directly from expert player video of games such as the Super Mario Bros and Flappy Bird.
Excimer laser projection micromachining of polyimide thin films annealed at different temperatures (1996)

A KrF excimer laser projection micromachining tool has been designed and implemented aiming to accomplish one-step etching with micron resolution for applications such as chip module packaging and polyimide technology in semiconductor manufacturing. Two polyimide (Probimide/sup (R/) 7020) thin films spun on the silicon wafers are annealed at 100/spl deg/C and 400/spl deg/C, respectively, in order to investigate the effect of the annealing temperature on the laser micromachining process. The micro-machined polyimide surface morphology is studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and a surface profilometer for determination of the etch rate at different laser fluences. Micromachining with micron resolution is achieved by this excimer laser projection tool. Measured on a 25 /spl mu/m line, the etch rate dependence on laser fluence both below and above the ablation threshold is investigated over the fluence range from 10-1000 mJ/cm/sup 2/. The polyimide thin film optical properties, i.e., the components of the complex refractive index, n and k at /spl lambda/=248 nm are measured by a spectroscopic ellipsometer for both films. The etch rate above the ablation threshold for the film annealed at 100/spl deg/C is found 60% higher than that for the film annealed at 400/spl deg/C. This behavior originates from the correspondingly higher by 82% absorption coefficient, /spl alpha/ in the 100/spl deg/C film. The ablation thresholds for both films are found the same at about 100 mJ/cm/sup 2/. Calculated etch rates agree with experimental values within 15%. Etch rates of the order of nanometer can be achieved near the ablation threshold of 100 mJ/cm/sup 2/ for both films. The linearity between the etched depth and the number of the laser pulses prevails for the micromachining process at and above the threshold.
A DIFFERENCE IN THE ARCHITECTURE OF THE SURFACE MEMBRANE OF NORMAL AND VIRALLY TRANSFORMED CELLS (1969)

Several tissue culture cell lines that were transformed by a tumor virus have been found to react with an agglutinin, while under identical conditions their untransformed parent cell lines did not agglutinate. Since a short treatment of the parent cell line with low concentrations of proteases exposed the same agglutinin receptor sites in a fashion indistinguishable from the transformed cells, it is proposed that both viral and chemical transformation produce changes in the architecture of the membrane, identical to those of the proteases.
INHIBITION OF THE GROWTH OF THE RAT BY l-PENICILLAMINE AND ITS PREVENTION BY AMINOETHANOL AND RELATED COMPOUNDS (1950)

Penicillamine (P,fl-dimethylcysteine) is a degradation product of all the known naturally occurring penicillins (1).It was first reported in 1943 (2).Since that time most investigations have dealt with its preparation, chemical properties, or relationship to penicillin, and little information is available regarding its biological behavior.The purpose of the present paper is to report the results of an investigat,ion of penicillamine as a possible metabolic antagonist.Some of these results have been reported in a preliminary note (3).Since penicillamine bears a structural resemblance to a number of naturally occurring amino acids, particularly cysteine, methionine, valine, and threonine, it occurred to us that penicillamine might act as a metabolic antagonist toward one of these amino acids.We found that addition of n-penicillamine to the diet did inhibit the growth of young rats on a 20 per cent casein diet and eventually led to death of the animals.However, cysteine, valine, and threonine failed to overcome this inhibition.The effect of methionine upon the response to penicillamine was equivocal and appeared to be affected by the presence of choline in the basal diet.When choline was removed from the diet, additional methionine did not counteract the effect of penicillamine.However, when choline was added to the diet in sufficient amounts without the additional methionine, the effects of penicillamine were completely overcome.To determine whether or not the quaternary ammonium structure was essential for this reversal of growth inhibition induced by penicillamine, dimethylaminoethanol and monomethylaminoethanol were investigated and were found to be as effective as choline.It then occurred to us that perhaps the methyl groups were not essential for the antipenicillamine activities of these compounds.Aminoethanol itself was tested and found to be even more effective than choline in overcoming the growth-inhibiting effects of L-penicillamine.The administration of n-penicillamine to rats was frequently followed by
Characterization of the novel nisin-sucrose conjugative transposon Tn5276 and its insertion in Lactococcus lactis (1992)

A novel, chromosomally located conjugative transposon in Lactococcus lactis, Tn5276, was identified and characterized. It encodes the production of and immunity to nisin, a lanthionine-containing peptide with antimicrobial activity, and the capacity to utilize sucrose via a phosphotransferase system. Conjugal transfer of Tn5276 was demonstrated from L. lactis NIZO R5 to different L. lactis strains and a recombination-deficient mutant. The integration of Tn5276 into the plasmid-free strain MG1614 was analyzed by using probes based on the gene for the nisin precursor (nisA) and the gene for sucrose-6-phosphate hydrolase (sacA). The transposon inserted at various locations in the MG1614 chromosome and showed a preference for orientation-specific insertion into a single target site (designated site 1). By using restriction mapping in combination with field inversion gel electrophoresis and DNA cloning of various parts of the element including its left and right ends, a physical map of the 70-kb Tn5276 was constructed, and the nisA and sacA genes were located. The nucleotide sequences of Tn5276 junctions in donor strain NIZO R5 and in site 1 of an MG1614-derived transconjugant were determined and compared with that of site 1 in recipient strain MG1614. The results show that the A + T-rich ends of Tn5276 are flanked by a direct hexanucleotide repeat in both the donor and the transconjugant but that the element does not contain a clear inverted repeat.
Topography of nucleic acid helices in solutions. III. Interactions of spermine and spermidine derivatives with polyadenylic–polyuridylic and polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid helices (1968)

Abstract The synthesis of spermine derivatives (II), \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm R}_1 {\rm R}_{\rm 2} {\rm R}_{\rm 3} \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ + \left( {{\rm CH}_2 } \right)_3 \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ + {\rm R}_{\rm 1} {\rm R}_{\rm 2} \left( {{\rm CH}_2 } \right)_2 ]_2 \cdot 4{\rm X}^ - $\end{document} , and spermidine derivatives (III), \documentclass{article}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}$ {\rm R}_1 {\rm R}_{\rm 2} {\rm R}_{\rm 3} \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ + \left( {{\rm CH}_2 } \right)_4 \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ + {\rm R}_{\rm 1} {\rm R}_{\rm 2} \left( {{\rm CH}_2 } \right)_3 \mathop {\rm N}\limits^ + {\rm R}_{\rm 1} {\rm R}_{\rm 2} {\rm R}_3 \cdot 3{\rm X}^ - $\end{document} , are reported. The effects of these salts on the helix–coil transition of rA–rU and rI–rC helices were examined. Increasing the size of the hydrophobic substituents, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 lowers the degree of stabilization of the helical structure. The disproportionation reaction, 2rA–rU→rA–rU 2 + rA occurs readily with salts II and III, especially when the substituents, R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are small, i.e., H or Me. Spermine is found to stabilize the rA–rU 2 and rI–rC helices to approximately the same extent; however, large differences between the degree of stabilization of rA–rU 2 and rI‐rC helices are observed when the substituents R 1 , R 2 , and R 3 are large hydrophobic groups. Similar results are also obtained for the spermidine series. Finally, differences in the interactions of the salts II and III with rA–rU 2 and rI–rC helices suggest that the latter helix is denser.
Cooperative coding scheme using polar codes (2012)

Cooperative coding technique combines the channel coding technique to cooperative communications, and guarantees the high performance. Polar codes, proposed by Arikan in 2007, have been proven to be capacity-achieving codes with low encoding and decoding complexity. In the paper, we propose a cooperative coding scheme using polar codes. We present the cooperative coding schemes with amplify-forward (AF) mode and decode-forward (DF) mode, respectively. By numerical simulations, we compare the performance of the proposed schemes using polar codes with those schemes using low density parity check (LDPC) codes under the same conditions. The simulation results show that the performance of the proposed schemes with AF and DF modes has been improved significantly compared with those using LDPC codes. We also study the distance factor on the performance of the cooperative communication system. The results show the smaller the distance between R and S, the better the performance of the system is.