gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A New Approach for Reliable Estimation of Hydraulic Fracture Properties Using Elliptical Flow Data in Tight Gas Wells (2009)

Summary Gas wells in low-permeability formations usually require hydraulic fracturing to be commercially viable. Pressure transient analysis in hydraulically fractured tight gas wells is commonly based on analysis of three flow regimes: bilinear, linear, and pseudoradial. Without the presence of pseudoradial flow, neither reservoir permeability nor fracture half-length can be independently estimated. In practice, as pseudoradial flow is often absent, the resulting estimation is uncertain and unreliable. On the other hand, elliptical flow, which exists between linear flow and pseudoradial flow, is of long duration (typically months to years). We can acquire much rate and pressure data during this flow regime, but no practical well test analysis technique is currently available to interpret these data. This paper presents a new approach to reliably estimate reservoir and hydraulic fracture properties from analysis of pressure data obtained during the elliptical flow period. The method is applicable to estimate fracture half-length, formation permeability, and skin factor independently for both infinite- and finite-conductivity fractures. It is iterative and features rapid convergence. The method can estimate formation permeability when pseudoradial flow does not exist. Coupled with stable deconvolution technology, which converts variable production-rate and pressure measurements into an equivalent constant-rate pressure drawdown test, this method can provide fracture-property estimates from readily available, noisy production data. We present synthetic and field examples to illustrate the procedures and demonstrate the validity and applicability of the proposed approach.
Surface-plasmon energy gaps and photoabsorption (1997)

Abstract The optical properties of a thin layer of dye deposited on a metallic grating are significantly altered by the coupling between the dye molecules and the surface-plasmon polariton (SPP) modes of the interface. We present experimental results demonstrating that energy gaps which prohibit the propagation of SPPs may be used to control the absorption properties of such molecules. We compare our data with theory, and we use numerical modelling to show how the effect of the gap on the absorption may be optimized by a suitable choice of the grating profile.
Metric learning for text documents (2006)

Many algorithms in machine learning rely on being given a good distance metric over the input space. Rather than using a default metric such as the Euclidean metric, it is desirable to obtain a metric based on the provided data. We consider the problem of learning a Riemannian metric associated with a given differentiable manifold and a set of points. Our approach to the problem involves choosing a metric from a parametric family that is based on maximizing the inverse volume of a given data set of points. From a statistical perspective, it is related to maximum likelihood under a model that assigns probabilities inversely proportional to the Riemannian volume element. We discuss in detail learning a metric on the multinomial simplex where the metric candidates are pull-back metrics of the Fisher information under a Lie group of transformations. When applied to text document classification the resulting geodesic distance resemble, but outperform, the tfidf cosine similarity measure.
Three-dimensional elliptic grid generation about fighter aircraft for zonal finite-difference computations (1986)

An elliptic grid-generation method for finite-difference computations about complex aerodynamic configurations is developed. A zonal approach is used, which involves first making a coarse global grid filling the entire physical domain and then subdividing regions of that grid to make the individual zone grids. The details of the grid-generation method are presented along with results of the present application, a wing-body configuration based on the F-16 fighter aircraft.
Case 26-2009 (2009)

A 34-year-old man with cystic fibrosis was admitted to this hospital because of cough, increased dyspnea, and sputum production. Broad-spectrum antimicrobial therapy was initiated. On the fifth hospital day, fever developed, and on the eighth day, nausea, vomiting, leukocytosis, and acidosis developed. The next day, a diagnostic procedure was performed.
Growth of High-Quality AlN, GaN and AlGaN with Atomically Smooth Surfaces on Sapphire Substrates (1997)

Metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) growth of AlN, GaN and AlGaN on sapphire substrates was investigated, with the aim of realizing high-quality heterostructures with atomically smooth interfaces. AlN with surfaces constructed of single-atomic-layer steps was grown by the two-step growth technique, in which the thin first layer was grown at a low temperature (1250° C) and then the second layer was grown at a high temperature (1350° C). GaN with surfaces consisting of simple atomic-layer steps were successively grown on the AlN layer by optimizing the growth conditions. Marked degradation of surface flatness was not observed for Al 0.2 Ga 0.8 N grown on GaN.
Association of Hemopexin in Tear Film and Conjunctival Macrophages With Vernal Keratoconjunctivitis (2011)

Increased hemopexin may have a role in the development of VKC.
Atmospheric Pressure Infrared MALDI Imaging Mass Spectrometry for Plant Metabolomics (2007)

The utility of atmospheric pressure infrared MALDI mass spectrometry (AP IR-MALDI) was assessed for plant metabolomics studies. Tissue sections from plant organs, including flowers, ovaries, aggregate fruits, fruits, leaves, tubers, bulbs, and seeds were studied in both positive and negative ion modes. For leaves, single laser pulses sampled the cuticle and upper epidermal cells, whereas multiple pulses were demonstrated to ablate some mesophyll layers. Tandem mass spectra were obtained with collision-activated dissociation to aid with the identification of some observed ions. In the positive mode, most ions were produced as potassium, proton, or sometimes sodium ion adducts, whereas proton loss was dominant in the negative ion mode. Over 50 small metabolites and various lipids were detected in the spectra including, for example, 7 of the 10 intermediates in the citric acid cycle. Key components of the glycolysis pathway occurring in the plant cytosol were found along with intermediates of phospholipid biosynthesis and reactants or products of amino acid, nucleotide, oligosaccharide, and flavonoid biosynthesis. AP IR-MALDI mass spectrometry was used to follow the fluid transport driven by transpiration and image the spatial distributions of several metabolites in a white lily (Lilium candidum) flower petal.
Is lactate a volume transmitter of metabolic states of the brain? (2012)

We present the perspective that lactate is a volume transmitter of cellular signals in brain that acutely and chronically regulate the energy metabolism of large neuronal ensembles. From this perspective, we interpret recent evidence to mean that lactate transmission serves the maintenance of network metabolism by two different mechanisms, one by regulating the formation of cAMP via the lactate receptor GPR81, the other by adjusting the NADH/NAD(+) redox ratios, both linked to the maintenance of brain energy turnover and possibly cerebral blood flow. The role of lactate as mediator of metabolic information rather than metabolic substrate answers a number of questions raised by the controversial oxidativeness of astrocytic metabolism and its contribution to neuronal function.
LRRK2 and RIPK2 Variants in the NOD 2-Mediated Signaling Pathway Are Associated with Susceptibility to Mycobacterium leprae in Indian Populations (2013)

In recent years, genome wide association studies have discovered a large number of gene loci that play a functional role in innate and adaptive immune pathways associated with leprosy susceptibility. The immunological control of intracellular bacteria M. leprae is modulated by NOD2-mediated signaling of Th1 responses. In this study, we investigated 211 clinically classified leprosy patients and 230 ethnically matched controls in Indian population by genotyping four variants in NOD2 (rs9302752A/G), LRRK2 (rs1873613A/G), RIPK2 (rs40457A/G and rs42490G/A). The LRRK2 locus is associated with leprosy outcome. The LRRK2 rs1873613A minor allele and respective rs1873613AA genotypes were significantly associated with an increased risk whereas the LRRK2 rs1873613G major allele and rs1873613GG genotypes confer protection in paucibacillary and leprosy patients. The reconstructed GA haplotypes from RIPK2 rs40457A/G and rs42490G/A variants was observed to contribute towards increased risk whereas haplotypes AA was observed to confer protective role. Our results indicate that a possible shared mechanisms underlying the development of these two clinical forms of the disease as hypothesized. Our findings confirm and validates the role of gene variants involved in NOD2-mediated signalling pathways that play a role in immunological control of intracellular bacteria M. leprae.
Model coal tunnel fires in ventilation flow. Report of investigations, 1979 (1979)

The Bureau of Mines is using model ducts lined with coal to study the nature of coal mine fires, their rate of propagation, their influence on ventilation airflows, and their response to sealing and other fire suppression measures. For scale-modeling purposes these studies are being carried out in various size ducts; eventually they will include a full-size mine entry in the Bruceton multiple-entry Experimental Mine. To date, work has been carried out in an insulated 9.1-m-long duct with a 5-cm thickness of coal leaving a 23- by 23-cm square opening for air ventilation. Fire propagation processes in this duct were mainly transient in nature, owing to the relatively small length-to-diameter ratio. This report describes the experimental equipment employed and the results obtained to date.
Square and Triangular Nanohole Array Architectures in Anodic Alumina (2001)

The generation of hole array architectures with, for example, square or triangular patterns (see Figure) is achieved by controlling the spatial definition of the indentation sites for hole development in anodic porous alumina. The technique has potential for the fabrication of two-dimensional photonic crystals, or carbon nanotubes with triangular or square cross section.
Calidad de la dieta y su relación con el IMC y el sexo en adolescentes (2012)

El sobrepeso afecta de manera creciente a los ado-
lescentes de los paises occidentales. Analizar su inci-
dencia y la relacion con los habitos nutricionales puede
convertirse en el primer paso para disenar estrategias
de actuacion. Se analizo la calidad de la dieta de 1057
adolescentes de la ciudad de Leganes (Madrid,
Espana) a traves del indice KIDMED. Se calculo su IMC
y se categorizo en normopeso, sobrepeso u obesidad.
Existen diferencias significativas entre sexos en los ha-
bitos nutricionales, donde los chicos presentan una nu-
tricion mas saludable, asi como en la prevalencia de
obesidad, siendo esta mayor en el caso de los chicos.
No se ha mostrado relacion entre el indice de calidad
de la dieta y la composicion corporal. Deben disenarse
estrategias de actuacion para mejorar la calidad de la
dieta en los adolescentes, especialmente en las chicas
Deposition of conductive materials on textile and polymeric flexible substrates (2012)

This paper describes the study, analysis and selection of textile and similar materials to be used as flexible substrates for thin conductive film deposition, in the context of integrating electronics into textiles. Kapton® polyimide was chosen as reference substrate material, was characterized regarding mechanical and electrical properties and was used as a basis for a comparison with several textile substrates. Samples were fabricated using physical vapour deposition (thermal evaporation) to deposit a thin layer of aluminium on top of Kapton and textile substrates. The measurement of electrical resistance of the thin aluminum films was carried out using the Kelvin method. To characterize the mechanical behaviour of the substrate and aluminum film, several mechanical tests were performed and results were compared between Kapton and these textile materials. The chemical composition of the textile substrates and aluminum films as well as the continuity of the films was characterized. This selection process identified the material that was closer to the behaviour of polyimide, a flexible, but non-elastic woven textile coated on both sides with PVC.
Nanoparticle-Functionalized Porous Polymer Monolith Detection Elements for Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering (2011)

The use of porous polymer monoliths functionalized with silver nanoparticles is introduced in this work for high-sensitivity surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) detection. Preparation of the SERS detection elements is a simple process comprising the synthesis of a discrete polymer monolith section within a silica capillary, followed by physically trapping silver nanoparticle aggregates within the monolith matrix. A SERS detection limit of 220 fmol for Rhodamine 6G is demonstrated, with excellent signal stability over a 24 h period. The capability of the SERS-active monolith for label-free detection of biomolecules was demonstrated by measurements of bradykinin and cytochrome c. The SERS-active monoliths can be readily integrated into miniaturized micrototal-analysis systems for online and label-free detection for a variety of biosensing, bioanalytical, and biomedical applications.
Studies on the Stability of Amides. IV. Intramolecular Hydroxyl Group Participation in the Acidic Hydrolysis of Aliphatic Amides (1972)

In order to study the structure-reactivity relationship in the intramolecular catalyzed hydrolysis of amide, a series of aliphatic hydroxyamides was subjected to acid-catalyzed hydrolysis. Paper chromatogram verified that the hydroxyamides, which had high rates compared with those of the corresponding alkyl analogues, produced the corresponding lactones in their hydrolytic processes. Their reaction pathways were classified theoretically into three schema. The Arrhenius parameters of entropy and enthalpy or activation were determined and the mechanisms of lactonization and hydroxy acid formation were discussed from entropy-enthalpy relationship. The proposed mechanisms were supported by the appropriate kinetic data.
Optimization of ERT Surveys for Monitoring Transient Hydrological Events Using Perturbation Sensitivity and Genetic Algorithms (2004)

A simple yet powerful algorithm is presented for the optimal allocation of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) electrodes to maximize measurement quality. The algorithm makes use of a definition of the sensitivity of an ERT array to a series of subsurface perturbations. An objective function that maximizes the average sensitivity of a survey comprised of a large number of arrays is defined. A simple genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal ERT survey if there is a limited time allowed for survey. We further show that this approach allows for user definition of the sensitivity distribution within the targeted area. Results show clear improvement in the sensitivity distribution. The total sensitivity of the optimized survey compared with typically used surveys composed of one array type. This improved sensitivity will allow for more accurate monitoring of static and transient vadose zone processes. Furthermore, the algorithm presented may be fast enough to allow for real‐time optimization during time‐lapse surveys.
Effect of Fluosol‐DA/O<sub>2</sub> on tumor‐cell and bone‐marrow cytotoxicity of nitrosoureas in mice bearing FSA‐II fibrosarcoma (1986)

The perfluorochemical emulsion, Fluosol-DA, combined with carbogen breathing, potentiates the effects of radiation and a number of chemotherapeutic agents in several rodent tumors. The interaction of Fluosol-DA with drugs may be quite complex. In addition to increasing the oxygen supply in the tumor, Fluosol-DA may alter the pharmacokinetics of the drug and function as a drug delivery system. A series of 4 nitrosoureas of varying lipophilicity were administered as single doses intravenously (i.v.) to C3H/Be/FeJ mice bearing subcutaneous FSa-IIC fibrosarcomas. Doses of 40 mg/kg of CCNU, 15 mg/kg of BCNU, 20 mg/kg of MeCCNU and 15 mg/kg of chlorozoticin followed by 2 hr of breathing 95% oxygen produced tumor growth delays of 7.5, 4.0, 3.8 and 2.7 days, respectively. When the drug injection was followed immediately by 0.3 ml of Fluosol-DA and 2 hr of breathing 95% oxygen, the tumor growth delay produced by CCNU, BCNU, MeCCNU and chlorozoticin increased 2-fold, 10-fold, 4.5-fold and 3.5-fold, respectively. Administration of the drugs in Fluosol-DA followed by 2 hr of 95% oxygen breathing resulted in a 3.5-fold increase in tumor growth delay with CCNU, a 17-fold increase with BCNU, a 12.5-fold increase with MeCCNU and a 6-fold increase with chlorozoticin compared to drug and 95% oxygen breathing. These results are quantified in terms of cell survival by the tumor excision assay. Effects on the bone marrow from each treatment were measured using the granulocyte-monocyte colony-forming units (CFU-GM) assay. There was no correlation between the lipophilicity of the nitrosoureas tested and the tumor growth delay produced by each treatment.
Some like it cold: biocatalysis at low temperatures (2003)

In the last few years, increased attention has been focused on a class of organisms called psychrophiles. These organisms, hosts of permanently cold habitats, often display metabolic fluxes more or less comparable to those exhibited by mesophilic organisms at moderate temperatures. Psychrophiles have evolved by producing, among other peculiarities, "cold-adapted" enzymes which have the properties to cope with the reduction of chemical reaction rates induced by low temperatures. Thermal compensation in these enzymes is reached, in most cases, through a high catalytic efficiency associated, however, with a low thermal stability. Thanks to recent advances provided by X-ray crystallography, structure modelling, protein engineering and biophysical studies, the adaptation strategies are beginning to be understood. The emerging picture suggests that psychrophilic enzymes are characterized by an improved flexibility of the structural components involved in the catalytic cycle, whereas other protein regions, if not implicated in catalysis, may be even more rigid than their mesophilic counterparts. Due to their attractive properties, i.e., a high specific activity and a low thermal stability, these enzymes constitute a tremendous potential for fundamental research and biotechnological applications.
Energy-Efficient Low-Complexity CMOS Pulse Generator for Multiband UWB Impulse Radio (2008)

This paper presents an energy-efficient low-complexity pulse-generator design technique for multiband impulse-radio ultrawide-band (IR-UWB) system in 0.18-mum CMOS technology. The short pulses are generated based on the on/off switching operation of an oscillator with subband switching functionality, which is mandatory for multiband IR-UWB systems. The relation between the oscillator switching operation and the resulting output pulse envelope, which determines pulse spectral characteristics, is analyzed, and the design guidelines for topology and component values are presented. Measurements show the output pulses with the duration of 3.5 ns, which corresponds to 520-MHz bandwidth. The output pulse spectrum centered at 3.8 GHz fully complies with the Federal Communication Commission spectral mask with more than 25 dB of sidelobe suppression without the need for additional filtering. Thus, the low-complexity pulse generator can maintain its simplicity for low cost with core chip size of 0.3 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . The pulse generator shows an excellent energy efficiency with average energy dissipation of 16.8 pJ per pulse from 1.5-V supply. The proposed pulse generator is best suited for energy-detection IR-UWB systems.
Multi-contrast optical coherence tomography for brain imaging and mapping (2014)

University of Minnesota Ph.D. dissertation. August 2014. Major: Biomedical Engineering. Advisor: Taner Akkin. 1 computer file (PDF); vii, 178 pages.
Long-Tern Skin Permeation Kinetics of Estradiol: (II) Kinetics of Skin Uptake, Binding, and Metabolism (1984)

The in vitro skin permeation system developed in this laboratory was utilized to investigate the kinetics of uptake, binding, and metabolism of estradiol, the female hormone, by the hairless mouse skin. The kinetics of uptake of estradiol and its subsequent metabolism to estrone by the skin were examined by exposing one side of a freshly excised skin to an estradiol solution, while the other side of the skin was protected with an impermeable aluminum foil.The results concluded that the stratum corneum plays a rate-limiting role in the uptake and binding of estradiol and its metabolism to estrone by the skin. The mechanisms of the uptake and binding of estradiol to whole skin tissue (with stratum corneum) showed a sex dependence, with the rate higher in the female than in the male mouse. On the other hand, no sex-dependent difference was observed in the mechanism and rate of metabolism to estrone.After stripping off the rate-limiting stratum corneum, the mechanisms of the uptake, binding and metabolism of estradiol all became sex dependent with identical rates observed between male and female mice in the initial 14 hrs of the experiment; Between 14 to 21 hrs, the rates increased substantially with the female skin, but not with the male skin. The increase in the rate of uptake of estradiol by the female skin was related primarily to the increased rate of metabolism of estradiol to estrone.
Chromosome workshop: Chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 (1999)

This report describes linkage data presented at the Workshop on Chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 at the Sixth World Congress of Psychiatric Genetics in Bonn, Germany, together with relevant linkage data submitted to the chair and co-chair, and it is presented in the context of the previous literature concerning these chromosomes. We have attempted to collate current linkage data to provide a guide to potentially interesting findings on chromosomes 11, 14, and 15 for the phenotypes of bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, alcoholism, autism, and spelling and reading disability. We discuss methodological limitations and provide chromosome ideograms and tables summarizing findings to date. The most promising region currently appears to be 15q13-q15 in the region of the alpha 7 nicotinic receptor for the phenotype of schizophrenia (and, perhaps, more generally for functional psychosis). Additionally, 15q11-q13 in the region of GABRB3 holds interest as a potential site of a susceptibility gene for autism. Two regions on chromosome 11, 11p15 in the region of tyrosine hydroxylase gene and 11q22-q23 in the region of DRD2, continue to retain some interest for functional psychosis. Am. J. Med. Genet. (Neuropsychiatr. Genet.) 88:244–254, 1999. © 1999 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Integrated magneto-optical traps on a chip using silicon pyramid structures (2009)

We have integrated magneto-optical traps (MOTs) into an atom chip by etching pyramids into a silicon wafer. These have been used to trap atoms on the chip, directly from a room temperature vapor of rubidium. This new atom trapping method provides a simple way to integrate several atom sources on the same chip. It represents a substantial advance in atom chip technology and offers new possibilities for atom chip applications such as integrated single atom or photon sources and molecules on a chip.
Short Synthesis of Polyoxygenated Macrocyclic Rings Using Acetal Linkages. Application to the Preparation of a New Lipidic Polyamine (2004)

A short preparation of polyoxygenated macrocycles can be carried out by combining the formation of an acetal linkage, to introduce long alkyl chains, with a ring closure metathesis. As an example, this methodology was used to synthesize a new polyamino lipid.