gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Semiconductor developments for automotive systems (2003)

The paper defines how complex automotive electronics has become and how advanced semiconductor technology is being developed to simplify the development of these systems. In order to handle the increasing processing bandwidth required, and to interface effectively with the many sensors and actuators on the modern motor vehicle, significant advances are being made in semiconductor technology. The types of systems which are becoming more complex are defined along with the reasons for becoming so. "System chips" are now being developed which can integrate together different types of semiconductor technology in order to reduce chipcount, size and increase performance and reliability. Analog, digital, power and even sensor technology is being merged in order to address the advanced automotive requirements. Examples are given of system chips and their impact on advanced automotive applications. Smart sensors are being developed which will make integrating many sensors simpler than ever before. The smart sensors will allow easier sharing of information between related systems such as chassis control systems (braking, steering, collision avoidance, etc.). The concept and application of such smart sensors is discussed. Several other advances in semiconductors for automotive applications are discussed such as Flash NV memory, power consumption issues and vehicular electronic communication protocols. The impact of these technologies on simplifying development of complex systems is made clear.
Using Stacked Bitlines and Hybrid ROM Cells to Form ROM and SRAM-ROM With Increased Storage Density (2006)

ROM cell architectures are proposed that have roughly 20% greater storage density in the cell array compared to that of a conventional ROM. Increased density is achieved by exploiting the multiple interconnect layers now available in common logic processes and by using multiple ROM cell types in combination. The storage density of arrays of these hybrid ROM cells increases further as more interconnect layers become available. In addition, a new SRAM-ROM architecture is presented that capitalizes on these techniques to add ROM capability to a conventional SRAM cell with no additional transistors in the memory cell and little or, in some cases, no impact on the cell area
Electromagnetic squeezer for compressing squeezable electron tunneling junctions (1984)

The resistance of squeezable electron tunnel junctions (SET junctions) can be adjusted with an electromagnetic squeezer. For junctions immersed in liquid helium, the resistance is stable to approximately 0.1%. This stability is sufficient for measurements of superconducting energy gaps and for superconducting phonon spectroscopy out to 50-mV applied bias. Increased stability, especially at higher biases, will be necessary for inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy.
The synergic effect of urea and aldehydes on the heat stability of concentrated skim-milk (1979)

SUMMARY When urea is added to concentrated skim-milk (22·5% total solids) no increase in heat stability is observed. However, a similar addition of urea to concentrate stabilized with aldehyde brought about a significant further increase in heat stability. Urea can further stabilize concentrated skim-milk only when aldehyde addition has brought about a change in coagulation mechanism from the normal 2-stage process to a single-stage coagulation. These results can be related to the 2 coagulation mechanisms observed in unconcentrated milks.
Immiscibility Area in the System TiO <sub>2</sub> –ZrO <sub>2</sub> –SiO <sub>2</sub> (1957)

A furnace for use in conjunction with the X‐ray spectrometer was developed which was capable of heating small powdered specimens in air to temperatures as high as 1850°C. This furnace was also used for the heating and quenching of specimens in air from temperatures as high as 1850°C. An area of two liquids coexisting between 20 and 93 weight % TiO 2 above 1765°± 10°C. was found to exist in the system TiO 2 –SiO 2 , which is in substantial agreement with the previous work of other investigators. The area of immiscibility in the system TiO 2 –SiO 2 was found to extend well into the system TiO 2 –ZrO 2 –SiO 2 . The two liquids were found to coexist over a major portion of the TiO 2 (rutile) primary‐phase area with TiO 2 (rutile) being the primary crystal beneath both liquids. The temperature of two‐liquid formation in the ternary was found to fall about 80°C. with the first additions of ZrO 2 up to 3%. With larger amounts of ZrO 2 the change in the temperature of the boundary of the two‐liquid area was so slight as to be within the limits of error of the temperature measurement. Primary‐phase fields for TiO 2 (rutile), tetragonal ZrO 2 , and ZrTiO 4 were found to exist in the system TiO 2 –ZrO 2 –SiO 2 . SiO 2 as high cristobalite is known to exist in the system TiO 2 –ZrO 2 –SiO 2 .
ChemInform Abstract: Bridgehead‐Bridgehead Communication in Untransannulated ZP(ECH2CH2)3N Systems. (1990)

Abstract Trigonal‐bipyramidal phosphatranes such as ZP(ECH2CH2)3N+ (Z: H+; E: O, NMe) feature a formal Nax→P bond (ca.
The mouse homeodomain protein Phox2 regulates <i>Ncam</i> promoter activity in concert with Cux/CDP and is a putative determinant of neurotransmitter phenotype (1993)

Transcriptional regulation of the gene encoding the cell adhesion receptor NCAM (neural cell adhesion molecule), a putative effector molecule of a variety of morphogenetic events, is likely to involve important regulators of morphogenesis. Here we identify two mouse homeodomain proteins that bind to an upstream regulatory element in the Ncam promoter: Cux, related to Drosophila cut and human CDP, and Phox2, a novel protein with a homeodomain related to that of the Drosophila paired gene. In transient transfection experiments, Cux was found to be a strong inhibitor of Ncam promoter activity, and this inhibition could be relieved by simultaneously overexpressing Phox2. These results suggest that the Ncam gene might be a direct target of homeodomain proteins and provide a striking example of regulatory cross-talk between homeodomain proteins of different classes. Whereas the expression pattern of Cux/CDP includes many NCAM-negative sites, Phox2 expression was restricted to cells also expressing Ncam or their progenitors. The localisation data thus strongly reinforce the notion that Phox2 plays a role in transcriptional activation of Ncam in Phox2-positive cell types. In the peripheral nervous system, Phox2 was strongly expressed in all ganglia of the autonomic nervous system and more weakly in some cranial sensory ganglia, but not in the sensory ganglia of the trunk. Phox2 transcripts were detected in the primordia of sympathetic ganglia as soon as they form. Phox2 expression in the brain was confined to spatially restricted domains in the hindbrain, which correspond to the noradrenergic and adrenergic nuclei once they are identifiable. All Phox2-expressing components of the peripheral nervous system are at least transiently adrenergic or noradrenergic. In the developing brain, Phox2 was expressed at all known locations of (nor)adrenergic neurones and of their precursors. These results suggest that Phox2, in addition to regulating the NCAM gene, may be part of the regulatory cascade that controls the differentiation of neurons towards this neurotransmitter phenotype.
Pyrophosphatase is essential for growth of Escherichia coli (1990)

The ppa gene for inorganic pyrophosphatase is essential for the growth of Escherichia coli. A recombinant with a chromosomal ppa::Kanr lesion and a temperature-sensitive replicon with a ppa+ gene showed a temperature-sensitive growth phenotype, and a mutant with the sole ppa+ gene under control of the lac promoter showed inducer-dependent growth. When the lacp-ppa mutant was subcultured without inducer, the pyrophosphatase level decreased, the PPi level increased, and growth stopped. Cellular PPi reached 16 mM about 6 h after growth arrest without loss of cell viability.
Characterization of Glucocorticoid Binding Capacity in Human Mononuclear Lymphocytes: Increase by Metyrapone is Prevented by Dexamethasone Pretreatment (1990)

Abstract Autoregulation of receptor systems by their own ligands is a well established biological phenomenon. While down-regulation of the glucocorticoid binding capacity by glucocorticoids has been shown in animals and humans, data on up-regulation processes in humans are lacking. To further explore glucocorticoid receptor plasticity in relation to endogenous ligands, glucocorticoid binding parameters were assessed in 15 healthy controls before and after oral administration of 1.5 g metyrapone with and without dexamethasone pretreatment. Administration of metyrapone resulted in blockade of the feedback of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal system as shown by the rise in adrenocorticotropin levels, while pretreatment with 1 mg dexamethasone completely suppressed adrenocorticotropin concentrations. Glucocorticoid binding sites per lymphocyte exhibited an increase of 63% following metyrapone administration, which was prevented by dexamethasone pretreatment. Comparison of morning and afternoon glucocorticoid binding sites per cell in 11 healthy volunteers further revealed a diurnal rhythm of glucocorticoid receptor sites. These data suggest that human lymphocyte glucocorticoid receptors are under autoregulatory control.
Effect of Sr–Ruthenate Seed Layer on Dielectric Properties of SrTiO[sub 3] Thin Films Prepared by Plasma-Enhanced Atomic Layer Deposition (2008)

The effect of a strontium ruthenate seed layer on the dielectric properties of thin films was investigated. The thin films were deposited by plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition using titanium tetra-isopropoxide and bis(dipivaloylmethanato) strontium as precursors and oxygen as an oxidant. A strontium ruthenate seed layer was formed through the deposition of ultrathin SrO and a postannealing process. The thin films deposited on a seed layer, prepared by deposition of SrO and postannealing prior to deposition, showed considerably enhanced dielectric properties in comparison to films deposited on Ru directly; that was attributed to enhancement of the films' crystallinites and a reduction of low- interfacial layers. For optimization of seed-layer formation, the dependency of the inserted SrO layer thickness on the dielectric properties of the films was investigated for a SrO thickness range of . The thick thin film on the seed layer formed by deposition of a thick SrO layer and postannealing exhibited a dielectric constant of about 75 [equivalent oxide thickness ], which meets the requirement of dynamic random access memory technology.
Decreased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ)-producing T cells in patients with acute Kawasaki disease (1999)

Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute febrile illness of early childhood, in which the activation of monocytes/macrophages plays a central role in the development of vasculitis during the acute stage of disease. In this study we investigated peripheral blood T cells of 10 patients with KD, focusing on the Th1 and Th2 imbalance, using intracellular cytokine staining and analysis of the cytokine-producing T cells by flow cytometry. We observed a decrease in the numbers of IFN-gamma-producing, but not IL-4-producing, CD3+ T cells, during the acute stage. Our results suggest that there is an imbalance of Th1 and Th2 subsets during the acute stage of KD.
Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Study of Hexa(hexylthio)triphenylene: A Discotic Liquid Crystal (1991)

Abstract We have used Fourier transform infrared absorption spectroscopy to study the molecular motions of hexa(hexylthio)triphenylene as a function of temperature. Our measurements show pronounced changes in the CH3 stretching mode frequencies at the K → H transition. (The H phase displays long range incommensurate helical order). However, the CH2 stretching mode frequencies show much less variation with temperature, suggesting that only the ends of the alkyl tails undergo much change in the different phases. The CH bending and benzene stretching vibrations show a change in the frequency-temperature dependence at both the K → H and the H → Dhd transitions. There is no observable change in the spectrum in going from the Dnd to the 1 phase. We also present detailed syntheses for hexa(hexyl-thio)triphenylene and its C5 and C7 homologs. Physics Abstracts Classification: 64.70.M, 61.30.E, 33.20.E, 78.30.
ChemInform Abstract: ASYMMETRIC REDUCTION OF SIMPLE ACHIRAL KETONES WITH LITHIUM ALUMINUM HYDRIDE PARTIALLY DECOMPOSED BY (‐)‐N‐METHYLEPHEDRINE AND N‐ETHYLANILINE (1981)

Abstract Lithiumalanat bildet mit N‐Methylephedrin (II) und Ethylanilin (III) einen Komplex, der es gestattet, Ketone wie (I) zu optisch aktiven Alkoholen wie (IV) zu reduzieren.
Cytomegalovirus-Mediated Upregulation of Chemokine Expression Correlates with the Acceleration of Chronic Rejection in Rat Heart Transplants (2003)

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infections have been shown to dramatically affect solid organ transplant graft survival in both human and animal models. Recently, it was demonstrated that rat CMV (RCMV) infection accelerates the development of transplant vascular sclerosis (TVS) in both rat heart and small bowel graft transplants. However, the mechanisms involved in this process are still unclear. In the present study, we determined the kinetics of RCMV-accelerated TVS in a rat heart transplant model. Acute RCMV infection enhances the development of TVS in rat heart allografts, and this process is initiated between 21 and 24 days posttransplantation. The virus is consistently detected in the heart grafts from day 7 until day 35 posttransplantation but is rarely found at the time of graft rejection (day 45 posttransplantation). Grafts from RCMV-infected recipients had upregulation of chemokine expression compared to uninfected controls, and the timing of this increased expression paralleled that of RCMV-accelerated neointimal formation. In addition, graft vessels from RCMV-infected grafts demonstrate the increased infiltration of T cells and macrophages during periods of highest chemokine expression. These results suggest that CMV-induced acceleration of TVS involves the increased graft vascular infiltration of inflammatory cells through enhanced chemokine expression.
In vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of amphotericin B methyl ester. (1976)

The polyene macrolide antibiotic amphotericin B (AB) and its chemically modified derivative amphotericin B methyl ester (AME) were tested for in vitro activity against Acholeplasma laidlawii, Spiroplasma citri and Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Both polyene macrolide preparations demonstrated anti-mycoplasmal activity. However, AME was mycoplasmacidal toward all three strains of mycoplasma at levels which previous studies have indicated would be permissible for most cell culture systems, whereas the levels of AB required for similar activity would be physiologically intolerable for tissue culture cells. In addition, AME was 100 fold more active than AB toward A. laidlawii, 10 fold more active than AB toward S. citri and demonstrated equivalent activity as AB toward M gallisepticum. The in vitro anti-mycoplasmal activity of AME and AB was directly correlated with polyene macrolide antibiotic levels and the number of treated mycoplasma.
REAL-TIME ESTIMATION OF IONOSPHERIC DELAY USING DUAL FREQUENCY GPS OBSERVATIONS (2013)

The Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) is a space-based radio positioning system that includes one or more satellite constellations capable of providing three-dimensional position, velocity and time information continuously to users anywhere on, or near, the surface of the earth. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is the most well known GNSS and is operated by the U.S. Department of Defense. A GPS receiver uses two types of measurements, viz. code and carrier phase for determining its (user) position. The positional accuracy of GNSS is limited by several sources of error such as satellite and receiver clock offsets, signal propagation delays due to ionosphere and troposphere, multipath, receiver measurement noise and instrumental biases. The ionospheric delay is the most predominant of all the error sources. This delay is a function of the total electron content (TEC). Because of the dispersive nature of the ionosphere, one can estimate the ionospheric delay using the dual frequency GPS measurements. In this paper, two prominent ionospheric delay smoothing algorithms, viz. combined code and carrier smoothing filter (CCCSF) and Hatch smoothing filter (HSF) are compared for reducing the effect of code measurement noise and multipath. The smoothing results are validated with the Bernese GPS data processing software. The estimated TEC results after correction of various errors and biases are presented for various GAGAN stations. The work presented is useful for accurate ionospheric modeling required for communication, navigation and surveillance (CNS) systems in India.
Soft Rasterizer: Differentiable Rendering for Unsupervised Single-View Mesh Reconstruction (2019)

Rendering is the process of generating 2D images from 3D assets, simulated in a virtual environment, typically with a graphics pipeline. By inverting such renderer, one can think of a learning approach to predict a 3D shape from an input image. However, standard rendering pipelines involve a fundamental discretization step called rasterization, which prevents the rendering process to be differentiable, hence suitable for learning. We present the first non-parametric and truly differentiable rasterizer based on silhouettes. Our method enables unsupervised learning for high-quality 3D mesh reconstruction from a single image. We call our framework `soft rasterizer' as it provides an accurate soft approximation of the standard rasterizer. The key idea is to fuse the probabilistic contributions of all mesh triangles with respect to the rendered pixels. When combined with a mesh generator in a deep neural network, our soft rasterizer is able to generate an approximated silhouette of the generated polygon mesh in the forward pass. The rendering loss is back-propagated to supervise the mesh generation without the need of 3D training data. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach significantly outperforms the state-of-the-art unsupervised techniques, both quantitatively and qualitatively. We also show that our soft rasterizer can achieve comparable results to the cutting-edge supervised learning method and in various cases even better ones, especially for real-world data.
Role of the c‐<i>Jun</i> N‐terminal kinase pathway in retinal excitotoxicity, and neuroprotection by its inhibition (2010)

Retinal excitotoxicity is associated with retinal ischemia, and with glaucomatous and traumatic optic neuropathy. The present study investigates the role of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation in NMDA-mediated retinal excitotoxicity and determines whether neuroprotection can be obtained with the JNK pathway inhibitor, D-form of JNK-inhibitor 1 (D-JNKI-1). Young adult rats received intravitreal injections of 20 nmol NMDA, which caused extensive neuronal death in the inner nuclear and ganglion cell layers. This excitotoxicity was associated with strong activation of calpain, as revealed by fodrin cleavage, and of JNK. The cell-permeable peptide D-JNKI-1 was used to inhibit JNK. Within 40 min of its intravitreal injection, FITC-labeled D-JNKI-1 spread through the retinal ganglion cell layer into the inner nuclear layer and interfered with the NMDA-induced phosphorylation of JNK. Injections of unlabeled D-JNKI-1 gave unprecedentedly strong neuroprotection against cell death in both layers, lasting for at least 10 days. The NMDA-induced calpain-specific fodrin cleavage was likewise strongly inhibited by D-JNKI-1. Moreover the electroretinogram was partially preserved by D-JNKI-1. Thus, the JNK pathway is involved in NMDA-mediated retinal excitotoxicity and JNK inhibition by D-JNKI-1 provides strong neuroprotection as shown morphologically, biochemically and physiologically.
Real-time adaptive clutter rejection filtering in color flow imaging using power method iterations (2006)

We propose a new algorithm for real-time, adaptive-clutter-rejection filtering in ultrasound color flow imaging (CFI) and related techniques. The algorithm is based on regression filtering using eigenvectors of the signal correlation matrix as a basis for representing clutter, a method that previously has been considered too computationally demanding for real-time processing in general CFI applications. The data acquisition and processing scheme introduced allows for a more localized sampling of the clutter statistics and, therefore, an improved clutter attenuation for lower filter orders. By using the iterative power method technique, the dominant eigenvalues and corresponding eigenvectors of the correlation matrix can be estimated efficiently, rendering real-time operation feasible on desktop computers. A new adaptive filter order algorithm is proposed that successfully estimates the proper dimension of the clutter basis, previously one of the major drawbacks of this clutter-rejection technique. The filter algorithm performance and computational demands has been compared to that of conventional clutter filters. Examples have been included which confirms that, by adapting the clutter-rejection filter to estimates of the clutter-signal statistics, improved attenuation of the clutter signal can be achieved in normal as well as more excessive cases of tissue movement and acceleration.
A perceptual based rate control scheme for MPEG-2 (1998)

In this paper, a new perceptual based rate control algorithm for MPEG-2 is presented. The algorithm first determines the target bit count for each frame using simple statistical models. Precise bit allocation is used to adjust the macroblock quantization scale factors to meet the given bit count, with the uniform visual fidelity as the primary objective. Since the buffer is very stable, it is less sensitive to transmission delay. Experimental results showed that it gave better visual quality and less buffer variations as compared to the TM5 rate control scheme.
Tunneling Hot Electron Transistor Using GaAs/AlGaAs Heterojunctions (1984)

The first tunneling hot electron transistor (HET) using semiconductor heterojunctions has been achieved. This device uses GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunctions grown by molecular beam epitaxy and sophisticated process technology. Transfer efficiency for hot electrons through 100 nm thick n-GaAs was measured as 0.28.
Genomics of Phytopathogenic Fungi and the Development of Bioinformatic Resources (2002)

Genomic resources available to researchers studying phytopathogenic fungi are limited. Here, we briefly review the genomic and bioinformatic resources available and the current status of fungal genomics. We also describe a relational database containing sequences of expressed sequence tags (ESTs) from three phytopathogenic fungi, Blumeria graminis, Magnaporthe grisea, and Mycosphaerella graminicola, and the methods and underlying principles required for its construction. The database contains significant annotation for each EST sequence and is accessible at http://cogeme.ex.ac.uk. An easy-to-use interface allows the user to identify gene sequences by using simple text queries or homology searches. New querying functions and large sequence sets from a variety of phytopathogenic species will be incorporated in due course.
A Note on the Occurrence of <i>Sipha agropyrella</i> Hille Ris Lambers (Homoptera: Aphidae) in Manitoba (1957)

On October 16, 1956, during a routine monthly check of the Nurses Residence, Selkirk Mental Hospital, Selkirk, Manitoba, a professional exterminator noticed “thousands” of very small insects in a basement office. A number were submitted to the writer for identification and found to be aphids, which were later very kindly identified by W. R. Richards, Insect Systematics and Biological Control Unit, Ottawa, as Sipha agropyrella (H.R.L.). Richards stated (in litt.): “This is the first record of this species west of Ontario.” MacGillivray (1956) records the finding of this species in 1950 in New Brunswick as a new record for North America.