gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Architecture of the Yeast Cell Wall (1997)

In a previous study (Kollár, R., Petráková, E., Ashwell, G., Robbins, P. W., and Cabib, E. (1995) J. Biol. Chem. 270, 1170-1178), the linkage region between chitin and beta(1-->3)-glucan was solubilized and isolated in the form of oligosaccharides, after digestion of yeast cell walls with beta(1-->3)-glucanase, reduction with borotritide, and subsequent incubation with chitinase. In addition to the oligosaccharides, the solubilized fraction contained tritium-labeled high molecular weight material. We have now investigated the nature of this material and found that it represents areas in which all four structural components of the cell wall, beta(1-->3)-glucan, beta(1-->6)-glucan, chitin, and mannoprotein are linked together. Mannoprotein, with a protein moiety about 100 kDa in apparent size, is attached to beta(1-->6)-glucan through a remnant of a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor containing five alpha-linked mannosyl residues. The beta(1-->6)-glucan has some beta(1-->3)-linked branches, and it is to these branches that the reducing terminus of chitin chains appears to be attached in a beta(1-->4) or beta(1-->2) linkage. Finally, the reducing end of beta(1-->6)-glucan is connected to the nonreducing terminal glucose of beta(1-->3)-glucan through a linkage that remains to be established. A fraction of the isolated material has three of the main components but lacks mannoprotein. From these results and previous findings on the linkage between mannoproteins and beta(1-->6)-glucan, it is concluded that the latter polysaccharide has a central role in the organization of the yeast cell wall. The possible mechanism of synthesis and physiological significance of the cross-links is discussed.
Gradient index microwave lens using metal strip (2009)

Metal strips settled in a particular array provide the unique electromagnetic properties. In this paper, the electromagnetic parameters of the metal strip array with different geometric size are given and analysed by effective medium theory, which is the theoretical basis of gradient index microwave lens demonstrating the field deflection and focusing effect. In order to display the properties, we designed a 4 X 10 metal strip array and obtained its field distribution by simulation. The result agreed well with the theoretical prediction.
Research of Intelligent Tracking Solar Device Based on the AVR Microcontroller (2012)

To overcome the relative low energy usage ratio of existing solar energy devices, intelligent tracking solar device was designed in the paper. The device applied embedded technology and used GPS access to local latitude and longitude information and Universal Time Coordinated (UTC) time. Then, known equation was used to calculate the two physical quantities of solar altitude angle and solar azimuth angle. The AVR MCU drove the horizontal and vertical stepper motors to adjust the position of solar panels, in order to make the angle between the solar panels and the sun limited to 5°. The experiment result has indicated the rationality of device, the feasibility of control algorithm, and at the same time tracking solar effect of device.
Evaluating crossmodal awareness of daily-partner robot to user's behaviors with gaze and utterance detection (2009)

This paper proposes a daily-partner robot, that is aware of the user's situation or behavior by using gaze and utterance detection. For appropriate and familiar anthropomorphic interaction, the robot should wait for a timing to talk something to the user corresponding to the situation of her/him while she/he doing a task or thinking. According to the need, our proposed robot i) estimates the user's context by detecting her/his gaze and utterance, such as the target of the user's speech, ii) tries to notify the need to speak to the user by silent (i.e. without making an utterance) gazeturns toward the user and joint attention with taking advantage of the attentiveness, and iii) tell the message when the user talks to the robot. The results of experiments combining subjects' daily tasks with/without the above steps show that the crossmodal-aware behaviors of the robot are important in respectful communications without disturbing the user's ongoing task by adopting silent behaviors showing the robot's intention to speak and for drawing the user's attention.
PHYSIOLOGY OF ION TRANSPORT ACROSS THE TONOPLAST OF HIGHER PLANTS (1996)

The vacuole of plant cells plays an important role in the homeostasis of the cell. It is involved in the regulation of cytoplasmic pH, sequestration of toxic ions and xenobiotics, regulation of cell turgor, storage of amino acids, sugars and CO2 in the form of malate, and possibly as a source for elevating cytoplasmic calcium. All these activities are driven by two primary active transport mechanisms present in the vacuolar membrane (tonoplast). These two mechanisms employ high-energy metabolites to pump protons into the vacuole, establishing a proton electrochemical potential that mediates the transport of a diverse range of solutes. Within the past few years, great advances at the molecular and functional levels have been made on the characterization and identification of these mechanisms. The aim of this review is to summarize these studies in the context of the physiology of the plant cell.
Recursive Variable Expansion: A Loop Transformation for Reconfigurable Systems (2007)

Loops are an important source of performance improvement, for which there exists a large number of compiler based optimizations. Few optimizations assume that the loop will be fully mapped on hardware. In this paper, we discuss a loop transformation called recursive variable expansion, which can be efficiently implemented in hardware. It removes all the data dependencies from the program and then the parallelism is only bounded by the amount of resources one has. To show the performance improvement and the utilization of resources, we have chosen four kernels from widely used applications (FIR, DCT, Sobel edge detection algorithm and matrix multiplication). The hardware implementation of these kernels proved to be 1.5 to 77 times faster (depending on application) than the code compiled and run on PowerPC.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ANTIINFLAMMATORY ACTIVITY OF 2‐AMINO‐ AND 2‐ALKYLAMINO‐6‐BENZOTHIAZOLEACETIC ACIDS, 4‐(2′‐BENZOTHIAZOLYLAMINO)‐, 4‐(4′‐SUBSTITUTED‐2‐THIAZOLYLAMINO)‐ AND 4‐(4′‐SUBSTITUTED‐3′‐ALKYL‐Δ4′‐THIAZOLINE‐2′‐IMINO)PHENYLACETIC ACIDS (1978)

Abstract Die Titelverbindungen (II), (V), (VII), (XIII) und (XV) werden auf den angegebenen Wegen synthetisiert.
Accommodated Xenografts Survive in the Presence of Anti-Donor Antibodies and Complement That Precipitate Rejection of Naive Xenografts (1999)

Hamster hearts transplanted into transiently complement-depleted and continuously cyclosporin A (CyA)-immunosuppressed rats survive long-term despite deposition of anti-donor IgM Abs and complement on the graft vascular endothelium. This phenomenon is referred to as "accommodation." The hypothesis tested here is that accommodated xenografts are resistant to IgM Abs and complement that could result in rejection of naive xenografts. After first hamster hearts had been surviving in cobra venom factor (CVF) + CyA-treated rats for 10 days, a time when the anti-donor IgM Ab level was maximal and complement activity had returned to approximately 50% of pretreatment levels, naive hamster hearts or hamster hearts that had been accommodating in another rat for 14 days were transplanted into those rats carrying the surviving first graft. The naive hearts were all hyperacutely rejected. In contrast, a majority of regrafted accommodating hearts survived long-term. There was widespread Ab and activated complement deposition on the vascular endothelium of accommodating first hearts, second accommodating hearts, and rejected second naive hearts. However, only the rejected naive hearts showed extensive endothelial cell damage, myocardial necrosis, fibrin deposition, and other signs of inflammation. Accommodating first and second hearts but not rejected second naive hearts expressed high levels of the protective genes A20, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), bcl-2, and bcl-xL. These data demonstrate that accommodated xenografts become resistant to effects of anti-donor IgM Abs and complement that normally mediate rejection of xenografts. We hypothesize that this resistance involves expression by accommodated xenografts of protective genes.
T‐cell Control of IL‐12p75 Production (2006)

Abstract It is currently thought that IL‐12, produced by dendritic cells (DC) early after stimulation by bacterial pathogens or lipopolysaccharide (LPS), acts as a pro‐inflammatory cytokine bridging the innate and adaptive immune responses. We found, however, that it is only the p40 subunit and not the IL‐12p75 heterodimer that is secreted early in copious amounts in response to LPS. Neither naïve T cells, nor a variety of microbial products, were able to induce IL‐12p75 production unless the DC were conditioned by the presence of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) or by encounter with previously activated T cells. The inability of naïve T cells or of bacterial products to induce IL‐12 argues against its early role as the initiator of innate and adaptive immune responses.
Urinary Podocalyxin as a Biomarker to Diagnose Membranous Nephropathy (2016)

In this study, we demonstrated the utility of u-PCX as a diagnostic marker for MN and the clinical usefulness of the diagnostic models, through the combination of u-PCX and clinical parameters including age, glomerular filtration rate, and diabetes mellitus.
Local and Systemic Induced Resistance to the Root-Knot Nematode in Tomato by DL-β-Amino-<i>n</i>-Butyric Acid (1999)

ABSTRACT Chemical inducers of pathogenesis-related proteins and plant resistance were applied to tomato plants, with the aim of inducing resistance to the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne javanica. Relative to control plants, foliar spray and soil-drenching with dl-beta-amino-n-butyric acid (BABA) reduced root-galling 7 days after inoculation, as well as the number of eggs 30 days after inoculation. Other chemicals (alpha- and gamma-amino-n-butyric acid, jasmonic acid, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid) were either phytotoxic to tomato plants or did not improve control of root-knot nematodes. Fewer second-stage juveniles invaded BABA-treated tomato roots, and root-galling indices were lower than in control tomato plants. Resistance phenomena in seedlings lasted at least 5 days after spraying with BABA. Nematodes invading the roots of BABA-treated seedlings induced small, vacuolate giant cells. Postinfection treatment of tomato plants with BABA inhibited nematode development. It is speculated that after BABA application tomato roots become less attractive to root-knot nematodes, physically harder to invade, or some substance(s) inhibiting nematode or nematode feeding-site development is produced in roots.
A high-speed, low-power 3D-SRAM architecture (2008)

This paper presents a novel 3D-SRAM architecture that can be used to extend the scaling of SRAM. This architecture significantly reduces the bit-line capacitance, achieves 3.4 times reduction in active power consumption and 1.8 times reduction in access time. In this architecture, local bit-lines are vertical and connect through select transistors to the global bit-lines routed on the bottom level. A proof-of-concept 32Kb sub-array emulating the critical path of the 3D-SRAM has demonstrated about 5 times improvement in power-delay over conventional 2D-SRAM.
Degradation of Poly(glycoamidoamine) DNA Delivery Vehicles: Polyamide Hydrolysis at Physiological Conditions Promotes DNA Release (2010)

Poly(glycoamidoamine)s (PGAAs) are a group of efficient and degradable gene delivery vehicles that consist of three main functionalities: carbohydrate groups, secondary amines, and amide bonds. Herein, we have created nonhydroxylated models to these structures by polymerizing oxylate, succinate, or adipate groups with pentaethylenehexamine. The resulting polymers (named O4, S4, and A4, respectively) were created to understand how the absence of hydroxyl groups and changes in the amide bond spacing affect polymer degradation, plasmid DNA (pDNA) complexation, toxicity, and transfection efficiency in vitro. An additional model was also created that retains a galactaramide unit, but we have replaced the secondary amines with ethyleneoxide units (GO2) to understand the effects of the amine groups on polymer degradation. We have found that the secondary amines and hydroxyls are necessary to facilitate rapid degradation of these polymers, and analogues lacking hydroxyls or amines did not degrade over the time course of the study. Through electron-withdrawing and hydrogen bonding, the hydroxyls appear to activate the carbonyls of the amide bond to hydrolysis via an inductive electron withdrawing effect. Through titration experiments, PGAA degradation appears not to affect the polymer buffering capacity. Furthermore, we have found that PGAA degradation may enhance gene expression by releasing pDNA from polyplexes (polymer-pDNA complexes) and, thus, exposing it to undergo transcription and translation. The difference in the optimal pH that promotes degradation of the PGAAs and the hydroxyl-free analogues may prove to be a useful means to achieve pH-regulated DNA release from polyplexes by specifically modulating the chemical structures.
The Effect of TNF-α Blocker HL036337 and Its Best Concentration to Inhibit Dry Eye Inflammation (2016)

HL036337 administered topically at 1 mg/mL effectively improved corneal erosion induced by dry eye. This finding may also suggest that inhibition of TNF-α can improve dry eye syndrome.
Fidelity of the Methylation Pattern and Its Variation in the Genome (2003)

The methylated or unmethylated status of a CpG site is copied faithfully from parental DNA to daughter DNA, and functions as a cellular memory. However, no information is available for the fidelity of methylation pattern in unmethylated CpG islands (CGIs) or its variation in the genome. Here, we determined the methylation status of each CpG site on each DNA molecule obtained from clonal populations of normal human mammary epithelial cells. Methylation pattern error rates (MPERs) were calculated based upon the deviation from the methylation patterns that should be obtained if the cells had 100% fidelity in replicating the methylation pattern. Unmethylated CGIs in the promoter regions of five genes showed MPERs of 0.018-0.032 errors/site/21.6 generations, and the fidelity of methylation pattern was calculated as 99.85%-99.92%/site/generation. In contrast, unmethylated CGIs outside the promoter regions showed MPERs more than twice as high (P < 0.01). Methylated regions, including a CGI in the MAGE-A3 promoter and DMR of the H19 gene, showed much lower MPERs than unmethylated CGIs. These showed that errors in methylation pattern were mainly due to de novo methylations in unmethylated regions. The differential MPERs even among unmethylated CGIs indicated that a promoter-specific protection mechanism(s) from de novo methylation was present.
Collagen Polymorphism: Characterization of Molecules with the Chain Composition [α1(III)] <sub>3</sub> in Human Tissues (1974)

Collagen moleculess with the chain comizposition [alpha1(III)](3), have been isolated from pepsin-solubilized collagen of dermis, aorta, and leiomlyoma of the uterus by differential salt precipitation. On denaturation, approximately 90 percent of this collagen is recovered as a gamma component (300,000 daltons). Reduction and alkylation of the high-molecular-weight component yields alpha1(III) chains (95,000 daltons). In addition to containing cysteine, alpha1(III) chains exhibit several other compositional differences when compared to alpha1(I), alpha1(II), or alpha2 chains from human tissues.
The Tuberous Sclerosis Complex and its Highly Variable Manifestations (2003)

We now have a better understanding of the variability at the genotypic and phenotypic levels of the disease. We recommend that patients with tuberous sclerosis complex be evaluated by a multidisciplinary group of clinicians, including urologists, dermatologists, neurologists, pediatricians and geneticists. Close attention to these manifestations is necessary to ensure appropriate treatment of the sequelae of the tuberous sclerosis complex.
Cutting Edge: BLyS Enables Survival of Transitional and Mature B Cells Through Distinct Mediators (2002)

These studies characterize BLyS responsiveness and receptor expression among transitional and mature peripheral B cells. The results show a maturation-associated increase in BLyS binding capacity that reflects differential expression patterns of the three BLyS receptors. Accordingly, BLyS administration enlarges only late transitional and mature peripheral B (MB) cell compartments. Furthermore, bromodeoxyuridine labeling and cell cycle analyses show these effects are mediated through enhanced proportional survival of cells traversing the T2, T3, and MB cell stages, rather than by causing proliferation or slowing transit within these subsets. Despite similar effects on survival, BLyS up-regulates the antiapoptotic genes A1 and bcl-x(L) in MB cells but not immature B cells. Together, these findings show that, while BLyS influences B cell survival in several peripheral differentiation subsets, the downstream mediators differ, thus providing the first direct evidence for an established B lineage survival system whose intermediates change as B cells mature.
Phase-resolved terahertz self-detection near-field microscopy (2018)

At terahertz (THz) frequencies, scattering-type scanning near-field optical microscopy (s-SNOM) based on continuous wave sources mostly relies on cryogenic and bulky detectors, which represents a major constraint for its practical application. Here, we devise a THz s-SNOM system that provides both amplitude and phase contrast and achieves nanoscale (60-70nm) in-plane spatial resolution. It features a quantum cascade laser that simultaneously emits THz frequency light and senses the backscattered optical field through a voltage modulation induced inherently through the self-mixing technique. We demonstrate its performance by probing a phonon-polariton-resonant CsBr crystal and doped black phosphorus flakes.
Principal component analysis-based filtering improves detection for Affymetrix gene expression arrays (2011)

Gene expression array technology has reached the stage of being routinely used to study clinical samples in search of diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers. Due to the nature of array experiments, which examine the expression of tens of thousands of genes simultaneously, the number of null hypotheses is large. Hence, multiple testing correction is often necessary to control the number of false positives. However, multiple testing correction can lead to low statistical power in detecting genes that are truly differentially expressed. Filtering out non-informative genes allows for reduction in the number of null hypotheses. While several filtering methods have been suggested, the appropriate way to perform filtering is still debatable. We propose a new filtering strategy for Affymetrix GeneChips®, based on principal component analysis of probe-level gene expression data. Using a wholly defined spike-in data set and one from a diabetes study, we show that filtering by the proportion of variation accounted for by the first principal component (PVAC) provides increased sensitivity in detecting truly differentially expressed genes while controlling false discoveries. We demonstrate that PVAC exhibits equal or better performance than several widely used filtering methods. Furthermore, a data-driven approach that guides the selection of the filtering threshold value is also proposed.
Metabolic clearance rate of immunoreactive vasopressin in man (1982)

Metabolic clearance of synthetic arginine vasopressin (AVP) has been measured in sixteen healthy subjects and ten uraemic patients on maintenance haemodialysis. Plasma AVP was measured using a specific radioimmunoassay at different intervals after a single injection of 2 micrograms AVP. The theoretical curve which fitted best with the disappearance curve was the sum of two exponentials in twenty-two subjects and of three exponentials in the other four. Metabolic clearance rate and the volume of fast initial distribution were 287.1 ml min-1 (m2)-1 and 219.3 ml/kg b.w., respectively, in normal subjects. Metabolic clearance rate was considerably lower in the uraemic group. This emphasizes the role of kidneys in the degradation of AVP and may account, at least in part, for the higher basal plasma value of this hormone observed in uraemic patients.
Electrochemical Detection of Arsenic(III) in the Presence of Dissolved Organic Matter (DOM) by Adsorptive Square‐Wave Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry (Ad‐SWCSV) (2007)

Abstract This study has demonstrated that As(III) can be electrochemically detected and quantified in the presence of fulvic acid (FA) and dissolved organic matter (DOM). This eliminates the need to remove DOM prior to measurement of As(III) in environmental samples. Apart from reducing analysis time and the cost of the analysis, this could be potentially useful for the development of electrochemical methods for the detection and measurement of As(III) onsite. Both synthetic samples in which FA was added and a real sample with 22.16 mg/L total organic carbon (TOC) were analyzed.
ITERATED FUNCTION SYSTEMS FOR OBJECT GENERATION AND RENDERING (2001)

Iterated function systems (IFS) have been used since the mid 1980s in generating fractal forms and in image compression. They have the property of encoding complex structures as relatively simple and concise algorithms and data sets. The complete information for generation of an IFS structure, known as an "attractor", is held in the definition of a few transformation functions, typically affine transformations described by simple linear equations. These transform 2D or 3D objects by combinations of translation, scaling and rotation, preserving parallel lines. The process of generating an attractor using either of the two standard methods is straightforward, but the inverse problem of identifying the IFS for a particular attractor is more difficult. The paper introduces and reviews the uses of Iterated Function Systems, particularly for 2D image and 3D object generation. As well as a general exposition of the method, results developed by the author for creation of fractal objects are shown. Some are based on regular geometric structures, others mimic a number of naturally occurring forms. These deviate from normal practice in using nonaffine transformations in the IFS definition. A new method for synthesising images of smooth objects using IFS is developed and illustrated as an alternative to standard 3D rendering methods (see the cover picture), which are briefly described.