gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Long-term tobacco smoking and colorectal cancer in a prospective cohort study (2001)

Tobacco smoking has consistently been associated with colorectal adenomas, precursors of cancer, but the association with colorectal cancer itself has not been consistent. If colorectal cancer emerges only after a 35-year induction period, an association would unlikely be detected in studies where exposure assessment is of shorter duration. Most previous studies do not examine smoking of such duration and therefore do not account for the hypothesized 35-year induction period. By using the Cox proportional hazards models to estimate relative risks, we studied the association of long-term smoking and colorectal cancer risk in a population-based prospective cohort of 17,118 Swedish twins with up to 30 years of follow-up and information on smoking habits prior to baseline exposure assessment. Long-term heavy smoking was associated with a statistically significant 3-fold increased risk of colorectal cancer compared with never smoking (relative risk 3.1, 95% CI 1.4- 7.1). Examining colorectal cancer sub-sites separately, a non-significant 60% increased risk of colon cancer was observed only for heavy smokers and a statistically significant 5-fold increased risk was observed for rectal cancer. Our data lend some support to the hypothesis that heavy long-term cigarette smoking is associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. Further elucidation of this association would be valuable from both etiologic and public health perspectives.
Dopamine D2 receptors in the cerebral cortex: distribution and pharmacological characterization with [3H]raclopride. (1989)

An apparent involvement of dopamine in the regulation of cognitive functions and the recognition of a widespread dopaminergic innervation of the cortex have focused attention on the identity of cortical dopamine receptors. However, only the presence and distribution of dopamine D1 receptors in the cortex have been well documented. Comparable information on cortical D2 sites is lacking. We report here the results of binding studies in the cortex and neostriatum of rat and monkey using the D2 selective antagonist [3H]raclopride. In both structures [3H]raclopride bound in a sodium-dependent and saturable manner to a single population of sites with pharmacological profiles of dopamine D2 receptors. D2 sites were present in all regions of the cortex, although their density was much lower than in the neostriatum. The density of these sites in both monkey and, to a lesser extent, rat cortex displayed a rostral-caudal gradient with highest concentrations in the prefrontal and lowest concentrations in the occipital cortex, corresponding to dopamine levels in these areas. Thus, the present study establishes the presence and widespread distribution of dopamine D2 receptors in the cortex.
Magnetization transfer contrast in magnetic resonance imaging. (1992)

Magnetization transfer contrast (MTC) in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is the result of selectively observing the interaction of bulk water protons with the protons contained in macromolecules of a tissue. Since different tissues have different macromolecular compositions, the MTC can generate very high tissue contrast that is based on well-defined physiochemical properties. This is accomplished by combining a saturation transfer technique with standard MRI procedures. The specific practical and theoretical aspects of saturation transfer as it applies to the generation of MTC are reviewed and discussed. In the last 3 years, MTC has been applied to the study of the body, with useful applications demonstrated in evaluating the morphology of the knee joint, eye, brain, breast, and heart. The application of MTC to accentuate MR angiography and contrast agent studies has also been demonstrated. Thus, MTC is becoming another tool towards maximizing the quality and diagnostic potential of MRI. Recent studies on isolated macromolecules have suggested that the MTC effect is specific to the surface chemistry and correlation time of the macromolecules. These latter results indicate that the magnetization transfer process may provide a unique quantitative method of MR tissue characterization based on macromolecule dynamics and chemistry.
Identification of recurrent <i><scp>FGFR3</scp></i> fusion genes in lung cancer through kinome‐centred <scp>RNA</scp> sequencing (2013)

Oncogenic fusion genes that involve kinases have proven to be effective targets for therapy in a wide range of cancers. Unfortunately, the diagnostic approaches required to identify these events are struggling to keep pace with the diverse array of genetic alterations that occur in cancer. Diagnostic screening in solid tumours is particularly challenging, as many fusion genes occur with a low frequency. To overcome these limitations, we developed a capture enrichment strategy to enable high-throughput transcript sequencing of the human kinome. This approach provides a global overview of kinase fusion events, irrespective of the identity of the fusion partner. To demonstrate the utility of this system, we profiled 100 non-small cell lung cancers and identified numerous genetic alterations impacting fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) in lung squamous cell carcinoma and a novel ALK fusion partner in lung adenocarcinoma.
Interaction of an Eddy-Current Coil With a Right-Angled Conductive Wedge (2009)

A fundamental problem in eddy-current nondestructive evaluation is one of finding the quasi-static electromagnetic field of a cylindrical coil in the vicinity of the edge of a metal block. Although the field can be calculated numerically, an effective analytical approach can potentially provide a better understanding of the edge fields and form the basis of a procedure for solving a whole class of related edge problems including edge structures that contain corner cracks. One can represent the metal block as a conductive quarter space in an unbounded region. However, it has been found that the analysis is more straightforward if the problem domain is truncated in two dimensions. With the domain boundaries far from both the coil and the corner, the truncation has a negligible effect on the solution near the edge but the field calculation becomes much easier. A double Fourier series representation of the field is used, as in the case of a rectangular waveguide problem. The field in the conductor is then matched at the interfaces with that in air to determine the expansion coefficients that are used to represent the field in different parts of the domain. In this way we have derived expressions for the magnetic field, the induced eddy-current density and the coil impedance at arbitrary position and orientation of the coil.
Full-field interferometric measurement of head-tape contact spacing (1997)

Interferometry is the preferred measurement method for the contact spacing of the head-tape interface, due to its ease of use and high accuracy. Full-field techniques provide spacing data at all points in the field of view as opposed to a single measurement point. Dynamic interferometric measurement necessitates the use of a strobed illumination source, and thus prohibits the alteration of the fringe field to resolve the ill-constrained nature of the analysis problem. In addition, the head-tape contact problem is further complicated by the low phase gradient in the region of head-tape contact, which is often large in comparison to the field of view. In this paper two algorithms are compared which do not require alteration of the fringe field and therefore can easily be applied to the dynamic head-tape interface. The first technique is a two-dimensional implementation of a biquadratic fit to the fringe extremes, while the second is a pseudo-spatial heterodyne technique using the two-dimensional Fourier transform. Theoretical implementation and results are presented.
DARPP-32: An Integrator of Neurotransmission (2004)

Dopamine- and cAMP-regulated phosphoprotein, Mr 32 kDa (DARPP-32), was identified initially as a major target for dopamine and protein kinase A (PKA) in striatum. However, recent advances now indicate that regulation of the state of DARPP-32 phosphorylation provides a mechanism for integrating information arriving at dopaminoceptive neurons, in multiple brain regions, via a variety of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, neuropeptides, and steroid hormones. Activation of PKA or PKG stimulates DARPP-32 phosphorylation at Thr34 and thereby converts DARPP-32 into a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase-1 (PP-1). DARPP-32 is also phosphorylated at Thr75 by Cdk5 and this converts DARPP-32 into an inhibitor of PKA. Thus, DARPP-32 has the unique property of being a dual-function protein, acting either as an inhibitor of PP-1 or of PKA. The state of phosphorylation of DARPP-32 at Thr34 depends on the phosphorylation state of two serine residues, Ser102 and Ser137, which are phosphorylated by CK2 and CK1, respectively. By virtue of its ability to modulate the activity of PP-1 and PKA, DARPP-32 is critically involved in regulating electrophysiological, transcriptional, and behavioral responses to physiological and pharmacological stimuli, including antidepressants, neuroleptics, and drugs of abuse.
Effects of Sorafenib Dose on Acquired Reversible Resistance and Toxicity in Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2015)

Acquired evasive resistance is a major limitation of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment with the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) sorafenib. Recent findings suggest that resistance to sorafenib may have a reversible phenotype. In addition, loss of responsiveness has been proposed to be due to a gradual decrease in sorafenib plasma levels in patients. Here, the possible mechanisms underlying reversible sorafenib resistance were investigated using a Hep3B-hCG orthotopic human xenograft model of locally advanced HCC. Tissue and plasma sorafenib and metabolite levels, downstream antitumor targets, and toxicity were assessed during standard and dose-escalated sorafenib treatment. Drug levels were found to decline significantly over time in mice treated with 30 mg/kg sorafenib, coinciding with the onset of resistance but a greater magnitude of change was observed in tissues compared with plasma. Skin rash also correlated with drug levels and tended to decrease in severity over time. Drug level changes appeared to be partially tumor dependent involving induction of tumoral CYP3A4 metabolism, with host pretreatment alone unable to generate resistance. Escalation from 30 to 60 mg/kg sorafenib improved antitumor efficacy but worsened survival due to excessive body weight loss. Microvessel density was inhibited by sorafenib treatment but remained suppressed over time and dose increase. In conclusion, tumor CYP3A4 induction by sorafenib is a novel mechanism to account for variability in systemic drug levels; however, declining systemic sorafenib levels may only be a minor resistance mechanism. Escalating the dose may be an effective treatment strategy, provided toxicity can be controlled.
Aha1 competes with Hop, p50 and p23 for binding to the molecular chaperone Hsp90 and contributes to kinase and hormone receptor activation (2005)

The ATP-dependent molecular chaperone Hsp90 (heat-shock protein 90) is essential for the maturation of hormone receptors and protein kinases. During the process of client protein activation, Hsp90 co-operates with cofactors/co-chaperones of unique sequence, e.g. Aha1 (activator of Hsp90 ATPase 1), p23 or p50, and with cofactors containing TPR (tetratricopeptide repeat) domains, e.g. Hop, immunophilins or cyclophilins. Although the binding sites for these different types of cofactors are distributed along the three domains of Hsp90, sterical overlap and competition for binding sites restrict the combinations of cofactors that can bind to Hsp90 at the same time. The recently discovered cofactor Aha1 associates with the middle domain of Hsp90, but its relationship to other cofactors of the molecular chaperone is poorly understood. Therefore we analysed whether complexes of Aha1, p23, p50, Hop and a cyclophilin with Hsp90 are disrupted by the other four cofactors by gel permeation chromatography using purified proteins. It turned out that Aha1 competes with the early cofactors Hop and p50, but can bind to Hsp90 in the presence of cyclophilins, suggesting that Aha1 acts as a late cofactor of Hsp90. In contrast with p50, which can bind to Hop, Aha1 does not interact directly with any of the other four cofactors. In vivo studies in yeast and in mammalian cells revealed that Aha1 is not specific for kinase activation, but also contributes to maturation of hormone receptors, proposing a general role for this cofactor in the activation of Hsp90-dependent client proteins.
Applying Encryption Algorithm for Data Security in Cloud Storage (2016)

This paper proposes a simple, secure, and privacy-preserving architecture for inter-Cloud data sharing based on an encryption/decryption algorithm which aims to protect the data stored in the cloud from the unauthorized access.
Problem of control of cyclamen mite on strawberries, complicated (1960)

California Agriculture - All Issues
Gold(III) Complexes with Bipyridyl Ligands:  Solution Chemistry, Cytotoxicity, and DNA Binding Properties (2002)

Gold(III) compounds generally exhibit significant cytotoxic effects on cancer cell lines and are of potential interest as antitumor drugs. We report here on the solution chemistry, the cytotoxicity, and the DNA binding properties of two new bipyridyl gold(III) compounds: [Au(bipy)(OH)(2)][PF(6)] (1) and the organometallic compound [Au(bipy(c)-H)(OH)][PF(6)] (2) (bipy(c) = 6-(1,1-dimethylbenzyl)-2,2'-bipyridine). Both compounds are sufficiently soluble, and stable for hours, within a physiological buffer at 37 degrees C; [Au(bipy)(OH)(2)][PF(6)], at variance with [Au(bipy(c)-H)(OH)][PF(6)], is quickly and quantitatively reduced by ascorbate. Both compounds showed relevant cytotoxic effects toward the A2780S, A2780R, and SKOV3 tumor cell lines; lower effects were detected on the CCRF-CEM/S and CCRF-CEM/R lines. In most cases the mechanisms of resistance to CDDP are only marginally effective against these gold(III) complexes. The interactions of [Au(bipy)(OH)(2)][PF(6)] and [Au(bipy(c)-H)(OH)][PF(6)] with calf thymus DNA were investigated in vitro by various techniques to establish whether DNA represents a primary target for these compounds. Addition of saturating amounts of DNA did not affect appreciably the visible spectra of these gold(III) complexes. Some slight modifications of the CD spectra of calf thymus DNA and of the DNA melting parameters were observed; in any case, ultrafiltration experiments showed that binding of these gold(III) complexes to DNA is weak and reversible. The mechanistic implications of these findings are discussed.
Decreased Plasma Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Activity in Ischemic Stroke Patients (1995)

Although tissue factor pathway inhibitor (TFPI) plays an essential role in the regulation of blood coagulation, the quantitative changes in its levels in thrombotic disease are still undefined. We compared TFPI activity in ischemic stroke patients and control subjects matched for age and cholesterol level to determine whether TFPI activity is changed in the disease. TFPI activity was significantly lower in the stroke patients (1.01 +/- 0.24 U/ml) than in the control subjects (1.10 +/- 0.16 U/ml). In relation to clinical subtypes of stroke, TFPI activity in atherothrombotic infarction (0.93 +/- 0.19 U/ml) and lacunar infarction (0.99 +/- 0.23 U/ml) was significantly lower than in the control subjects, whereas the level in cardioembolic infarction (1.16 +/- 0.31 U/ml) was not. No relationship could be established between TFPI activity and other haemostatic parameters reflecting the production of thrombin/fibrin and the activation of fibrinolysis. These results may suggest that the moderately lower TFPI activity in stroke patients could be due to atherosclerotic changes rather than to consumptive coagulopathy.
Microarray Platform for Profiling Enzyme Activities in Complex Proteomes [<i>J. Am. Chem. Soc. </i><b>2004</b>, <i>126</i>, 15640−15641]. (2005)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionMicroarray Platform for Profiling Enzyme Activities in Complex Proteomes [J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2004, 126, 15640−15641].Stephan A. Sieber, Tony S. Mondala, Steven R. Head, and Benjamin F. CravattCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2005, 127, 11, 4114Publication Date (Web):February 26, 2005Publication History Published online26 February 2005Published inissue 1 March 2005https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja0506915https://doi.org/10.1021/ja0506915correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2005 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views388Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (16 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Comparison of Reduced-Order Interconnect Macromodels for Time-Domain Simulation (2004)

A typical integrated-circuit model consists of nonlinear transistor models and large linear RLC networks describing the interconnects. During the last decade, various model-reduction algorithms have been developed for replacing each RLC network with an approximately equivalent, but much smaller, model. Since these reduced-order models are described in the frequency domain, they have to be linked to the transient analysis of the whole nonlinear circuit, which can be done by replacing these models with appropriate macromodels. In the interconnect literature, the actual macromodel realization, which has a great impact on the transient-simulation CPU time, is often overlooked. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison of nine reduced-order interconnect macromodels for time-domain simulation: the macromodels are reviewed, presented in a unified manner, and compared both theoretically and numerically. Since we have implemented all the nine macromodels into the APLAC circuit simulation and design tool, we are able to present a fair and meaningful CPU-time comparison.
Partial dissociation of nitrogen aggregates in diamond by high temperature-high pressure treatments (1978)

Abstract Type I (a) diamonds contain high concentrations of nitrogen, almost all of which is in an aggregated form. The two main aggregates are recognized by characteristic absorption features in the infrared region of the spectrum. These are called A and B features; usually a peak designated B' is also present. When such diamonds were heated at 1960 °C and above under a stabilizing pressure of 85kbar (8.5 GPa) the nitrogen aggregates partially dissociated, producing single substitutional atoms which were identified by electron paramagnetic resonance (e.p.r.) measurements. Experiments with selected diamonds, showing wide variations in their characteristic infrared absorption, determined the relative stability of the A and B centres. Optical measurements led to the determination of a general relation between the strengths of the A, B and B' features. The experimental observations suggest a scheme for the occurrence of type I (a) diamonds containing nitrogen atoms which have aggregated into A centres; type I (b) diamonds can also be included in this scheme.
Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Aqueous Extracts and Steroidal Sapogenins of<i>Agave americana</i> (1997)

Lyophilized aqueous extracts obtained from Agave americana L (Agavaceae) collected in the north of Sardinia were characterized with regard to their steroidal sapogenin content. Extracts of A. americana and genins isolated from them were evaluated for anti-inflammatory properties by testing their effects on carrageenin-induced edema. The effect of orally administered genins on gastric mucous membranes was also assessed. Lyophilized extracts administered by the intraperitoneal route at doses equivalent to 200 and 300 mg/kg of fresh plant starting material, showed good anti-inflammatory activity. Doses of genins (total steroidal sapogenins, hecogenin and tigogenin) equivalent to the amount in the lyophilized extracts produced an antiedentatous effect which was much stronger and more efficacious than that obtained with an i.p. administration of 5 mg/kg of indomethacin or dexamethasone 21-phosphate at a dose equivalent to the molar content of hecogenin administered. At the doses used to evaluate the anti-inflammatory activity, the genins did not have any harmful effect on the gastric mucous membranes. Lesions occurred when significantly higher doses of hecogenin were given, but gastric damage was still less than that caused by the drugs used for comparative purposes.
Vision-realistic rendering (2004)

We introduce the concept of vision-realistic rendering -- the computer generation of synthetic images that incorporate the characteristics of a particular individual's entire optical system. Specifically, this paper develops a method for simulating the scanned foveal image from wavefront data of actual human subjects, and demonstrates those methods on sample images.First, a subject's optical system is measured by a Shack-Hartmann wavefront aberrometry device. This device outputs a measured wavefront which is sampled to calculate an object space point spread function (OSPSF). The OSPSF is then used to blur input images. This blurring is accomplished by creating a set of depth images, convolving them with the OSPSF, and finally compositing to form a vision-realistic rendered image.Applications of vision-realistic rendering in computer graphics as well as in optometry and ophthalmology are discussed.
High performance heads for perpendicular recording (1988)

Several important features of past, present and future developments in the field of heads, specifically designed for perpendicular DL (double-layer) media, are outlined. The emphasis is probe heads (PHs) that are positioned on one side of the medium only. The fabrication and measurement of experimental, high-efficiency PHs, the so-called VSPs, are discussed. The experiments indicate that thin Co-Cr layers with a high coercivity are needed for a good short-wavelength response. This imposes several requirements on the pole material, such as a high saturation magnetization, low Barkhausen noise, and high permeability. A playback model is described that enables the head, medium, and interface parameters to be analyzed. The model has also been used to estimate the bit densities that can be obtained with PHs on DL media. An areal density of 1 bit/ mu m/sup 2/ appears feasible.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Caffeine, cyclic nucleotides, and breast disease. (1979)

Methylxanthine consumption is associated with the development of fibrocystic disease of the breast. Methylxanthine abstention is associated with resolution of signs and symptoms of fibrocystic disease. Abstinence from methylxanthine consumption decreased breast biopsies and the need for major breast surgery because of benign disease. Methylxanthine consumption is associated with elevated cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) values in fibrocystic dsiease over those obtained in normal breast tissue.