gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Extrachromosomal homologous DNA recombination in plant cells is fast and is not affected by CpG methylation. (1992)

Using a sensitive transient assay, we investigated extrachromosomal homologous DNA recombination (ECR) in plant cells. As the plant genome is highly C methylated, we addressed the question of whether CpG methylation has an influence on DNA recombination efficiencies. Whereas the expression level of the fully CpG-methylated DNA molecules was reduced drastically, we found no significant changes in ECR efficiencies between two partly CpG-methylated plasmids or between one fully CpG-methylated and one nonmethylated plasmid. Using a modified polymerase chain reaction analysis, we were able to detect recombination between two fully CpG-methylated plasmids. Furthermore, we characterized the kinetics of the ECR reaction. Cotransfection of plasmids carrying truncated copies of the beta-glucuronidase (GUS) gene resulted in enzyme activity with a delay of only half an hour compared with that of the plasmid carrying the functional marker gene. This indicates that the ECR reaction itself requires no more than 30 min. By polymerase chain reaction, we were able to detect the recombined GUS gene as early as 2 h after transfection. This result and the time course of the transient GUS activity indicate that ECR occurs mainly early after transfection. The biological significance of this finding is discussed, and properties of ECR and intrachromosomal recombination are compared.
Surge related partial discharges resulting from IFDs applied to random wound motors (2003)

Random wound stator windings in motors operating in utility and industrial plants through out the world have been reported to suffer from premature winding failures. Although several failure mechanisms exist, some of these failures have been caused by exposure to fast rise-time voltage surges coming from inverter drives. Dissection of failed stator windings have indicated that partial discharges have been a predominate cause of the stator failure. Partial discharges may occur between turns during fast rise-time voltage surges and result in degradation of the organic magnet wire enamel impregnants, eventually resulting in turn-to-turn or phase-to-phase failures. In this paper, measurements of the surge environment for several motors are presented, some of which have suffered stator winding failures. Inspection of the winding after failure showed local melting caused by puncture of the insulation. Utilizing custom PD detection instrumentation and a variable rise-time surge generator, measurements of partial discharge inception voltage (DIV) have been made. Combining the DIV data; with the actual surge environment from inverter drive allows assessment of the risk of motor failure due to PD related insulation breakdown.
Culture of human sebocytes in vitro (2009)

Acne and seborrhoea are sebaceous gland-related diseases that are also exclusively human diseases. Therefore, fundamental research on human sebaceous cell function and control requires human models in vitro. The human sebocyte culture model was first introduced in 1989. Cultured human sebocytes have been shown to preserve important sebocytic characteristics, although they undergo an incomplete terminal differentiation in vitro. Over the years, modifications of the technique have improved the culture of human sebocytes in vitro, but the primary cultured sebocytes can still be maintained for no more than six passages in vitro. The immortalized human sebaceous gland cell lines SZ95, SEB-1 and Seb-E6E7 have been developed in recent years, which make it possible to get a large number of sebocytes from the same donor culture. Cultured human sebocytes in vitro has become a useful tool in studying sebaceous gland activity and regulation, and understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms and treatment of acne and other sebaceous gland related diseases.
Folic Acid-Conjugated LaF<sub>3</sub>:Yb,Tm@SiO<sub>2</sub> Nanoprobes for Targeting Dual-Modality Imaging of Upconversion Luminescence and X-ray Computed Tomography (2012)

Development of multimodal contrast agents for in vivo simultaneous multimodality imaging is an emerging interdiscipline that is paving the avenue toward the goal of personalized medicine. Herein, folic acid-conjugated silica-modified LaF(3):Yb,Tm upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs@SiO(2)-FA) with high La content in a single particle were strategically designed and prepared for simultaneously targeting dual-modality imaging of upconversion luminescence (UCL) and X-ray computed tomography (CT). LaF(3) UCNPs were synthesized by a novel oleic acid (OA)/ionic liquid (IL) two-phase system. Afterward, a folic acid molecule was covalently anchored on the surface of UCNPs with a silane coupling agent. The UCNPs@SiO(2)-FA exhibits good stability, water dispersibility and solubility, low cytotoxicity, good biocompatibility, highly selective targeting, excellent X-ray attenuation, and UCL emission under excitation at 980 nm. In vivo UCL and CT images of mice show the UCNPs@SiO(2)-FA can be used in targeting dual-modality imaging. These results suggest that the as-prepared nanoprobe is a good candidate with excellent imaging and targeting ability for targeting dual-modality imaging of UCL and CT.
Improvements to fMPE for discriminative training of features (2005)

fMPE is a previously introduced form of discriminative training, in which offsets to the features are obtained by training a projection from a high-dimensional feature space based on posteriors of Gaussians. This paper presents recent improvements to fMPE, including improved high-dimensional features which are easier to compute, and improvements to the training procedure. Other issues investigated include cross-testing of fMPE transforms (i.e. using acoustic models other than those with which the fMPE was trained) and the best way to train the Gaussians used to obtain the vector of posteriors.
FLT3 inhibitors: a story of the old and the new (2011)

Clinical trials have so far demonstrated that inhibitors of FLT3 do have clinical activity in patients with FLT3-mutant AML, although this activity is often transient and correlates with effective in-vivo suppression of the FLT3 target. As newer, more potent agents are now entering advanced clinical trials, opportunities will emerge for real progress against this grim disease.
Quest of athermal solid state laser: case of Yb:CaGdAlO 4 (2006)

Emission of Yb: CALGO is constituted of a broad band lying between 990 nm and 1060 nm with relatively high emission cross section values. Since Yb<sup>3+</sup> ions occupy a single crystallographic site, the disorder is related to the surrounding cations presenting different size and cationic charges. Laser experiments were performed on a 2%Yb:CALGO sample with anti-reflection coating using Ti:sapphire pumping at 979 nm. A laser oscillation was obtained in sigma polarization from 1050 to 987.6 nm using non-collinear pumping. Consequently, a quantum defect value as low as 0.8% was obtained. This is one of the smallest values ever reported in the literature. In addition the thermal conductivity values are high (k=6.3 and 6.9 W.m<sup>-1</sup>.K<sup>-1</sup> for the two orientations).
New Ceramic Seal for <scp> Na/NiCl <sub>2</sub> </scp> Cells (2011)

A ceramic seal based on a eutectic mixture of Na 2 O and Al 2 O 3 for use in Na/NiCl 2 ( ZEBRA ) cells was developed. The seal was tested in galvanic cells. The reproducibility of the emf data shows that the seal is fully impervious and can sustain high alkali pressure up to 1000°C without cracking or degradation. The cross‐sectional microstructure revealed liquid phase formation during sealing and reaction bonding with the ceramic components of the cell.
On the preference for Kaki beverages. (1986)

カキ果汁について酸濃度,糖濃度の違いと嗜好の関係,ピューレー含有率と嗜好の関係を検討するために官能検査を行い,次のような結果を得た.(1) 本実験で好まれた果汁の酸濃度は0.35%,糖濃度はBrix °13.0のものであった.(2) ピューレー含有率と嗜好性についてはピューレー含有率20%のものが好まれる傾向がみられたが,10%,20%, 30%の間には有意差が認められなかった.(3) 酸味は酸濃度に比例して強まるが,加える糖量の影響をうけて酸味が弱まる傾向が認められた.甘味も酸味によって味が弱められるが,その影響は小さかった.
Class Energy Image Analysis for Video Sensor-Based Gait Recognition: A Review (2015)

Gait is a unique perceptible biometric feature at larger distances, and the gait representation approach plays a key role in a video sensor-based gait recognition system. Class Energy Image is one of the most important gait representation methods based on appearance, which has received lots of attentions. In this paper, we reviewed the expressions and meanings of various Class Energy Image approaches, and analyzed the information in the Class Energy Images. Furthermore, the effectiveness and robustness of these approaches were compared on the benchmark gait databases. We outlined the research challenges and provided promising future directions for the field. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review that focuses on Class Energy Image. It can provide a useful reference in the literature of video sensor-based gait representation approach.
New developments in emulsion–PVC polymerisation to produce polymers with the potential of reduced or zero VOC requirements when used in plastisol applications (2006)

Poly(vinylchloride) (chloroethene) resins have been used for the preparation of plastisols for a number of years. PVC plastisols are dispersions of such resins in liquid plasticisers, the plasticiser having the dual function of imparting softness and flexibility to the final article and for providing a liquid medium for the preparation of the plastisol that enables it to be coated, dipped or sprayed. For many years plastisol viscosity modification has involved the use of various volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which have an impact on their use in the workplace, and can also cause emitted VOCs from the end product. Control of the latter is of particular interest in new developments to combat indoor air quality (IAQ) problems. This paper shows that newly developed PVC resins are capable of producing the correct plastisol viscosity without the need for VOC addition to the plastisol. Moreover, new PVC additive technologies are available which enable end articles to be made from PVC plastisols that show greatly reduced or zero impact on IAQ when tested with newly developed equipment such as the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC).
A voltage scalable 0.26V, 64kb 8T SRAM with V<inf>min</inf> lowering techniques and deep sleep mode (2008)

A voltage scalable 0.26 V, 64 kb 8 T SRAM with 512 cells per bitline is implemented in a 130 nm CMOS process. Reverse short channel effect was utilized to improve cell write margin and read performance. A marginal bitline leakage compensation scheme was used during read operation to lower V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">min</sub> down to 0.26 V. Floating write bitline and read bitline, auto wordline pulse width control, and a deep sleep mode minimize the active and standby leakage power consumption.
What features improve the accuracy of clinical diagnosis in Parkinson's disease (1992)

Many authorities have drawn attention to the difficulties in clinically distinguishing Parkinson's disease (PD) from other parkinsonian syndromes. We assessed the clinical features of 100 patients diagnosed prospectively by a group of consultant neurologists as having idiopathic PD according to their pathologic findings. Seventy-six percent of these cases were confirmed to have PD. By using selected criteria (asymmetrical onset, no atypical features, and no possible etiology for another parkinsonian syndrome) the proportion of true PD cases identified was increased to 93%, but 32% of pathologically confirmed cases were rejected on this basis. These observations suggest that studies based on consultant diagnosis of PD, using standard diagnostic criteria, will include cases other than PD, thus distorting results from clinical trials and epidemiologic studies. The strict use of additional criteria can reduce misdiagnosis but at the cost of excluding genuine PD cases.
The quantitative extraction and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of organic acids in urine (1972)

A method for the quantitative extraction and gas-liquid chromatographic determination of organic acids in aqueous solution and biological fluids has been developed. The acids are extracted by a DEAE-Sephadex anion-exchange column, neutral and basic compounds are removed by washing with water and the acids are eluted with a pyridinium acetate buffer. The ethoximes of oxo-acids are formed in the eluate to stabilise these compounds and the eluate is then freeze-dried under carefully controlled conditions. The residue of dry free acids and their pyridinium salts is trimethylsilylated and the trimethylsilyl derivatives are separated and quantitatively determined by gas-liquid chromatography with the use of internal standards. The method would not be suitable for the determination of formic, acetic, propionic or butyric acid because of their volatility.The accuracy and precision of the method, which can be applied to other protein-free biological fluids as well as urine, are discussed.
Introducing the Social Services Professions and Occupations Bill (2009)

TRial to assess Improvement in Therapeutic Outcomes by optimizing platelet inhibitioN with prasugrel Thrombolysis In Myocardial Infarction 38 (TRITON-TIMI 38) was a Phase 3, randomized, double blind, parallel-group, multinational head-to-head study of prasugrel vs. clopidogrel both on top of aspirin. The primary end point was the rate of cardiovascular death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), or stroke, and was reached in 12.1% of patients treated with clopidogrel and in 9.9% of patients randomized to prasugrel, suggesting impressive vascular outcome benefit of prasugrel over clopidogrel. However, this overoptimistic interpretation of the trial results was challenged by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Secondary Review, which revealed several shortcomings with TRITON design and data interpretation including the front-loaded nature of prasugrel benefit. Recently, following approval with black box warning, the FDA posted the complete documentation set (Action Package), revealing additional information including the timing of loading in TRITON, and how it affects vascular outcomes. The detailed FDA communications revealed highly significant correlation of the loading dose delay and primary efficacy outcomes favoring prasugrel. Indeed, when patients in TRITON were loaded early, or pretreated, the benefit of prasugrel was nonexistent. However, the longer it takes during or especially after PCI to load with thienopyridine, the more prasugrel benefit occurs. Considering that pretreatment with clopidogrel was disallowed; that three quarters of patients in TRITON were loaded during or after intervention; and that prasugrel was used at the 60-mg loading dose, which is over three times more potent than 300 mg clopidogrel, the claim of superiority of prasugrel over clopidogrel is not valid due to inappropriate use of clopidogrel.
Trial and Audit: A Confusion of Aims and Method (1991)

Clinical audit is the analysis of whether a predetermined standard of care is achieved over a given period of time. Evaluation of methods of care is an analysis of the benefits that might be expected to accrue from a particular method of treatment by statistical analysis of observations made on sample populations. The two activities have very different aims and approaches; they should not be confused.
Selective Plasma Etching of Polymeric Substrates for Advanced Applications (2016)

In today's nanoworld, there is a strong need to manipulate and process materials on an atom-by-atom scale with new tools such as reactive plasma, which in some states enables high selectivity of interaction between plasma species and materials. These interactions first involve preferential interactions with precise bonds in materials and later cause etching. This typically occurs based on material stability, which leads to preferential etching of one material over other. This process is especially interesting for polymeric substrates with increasing complexity and a "zoo" of bonds, which are used in numerous applications. In this comprehensive summary, we encompass the complete selective etching of polymers and polymer matrix micro-/nanocomposites with plasma and unravel the mechanisms behind the scenes, which ultimately leads to the enhancement of surface properties and device performance.
The emergence of alternative credentials (2020)

The landscape of post-secondary education is changing with the emergence of new credentials that are engaging millions of learners. So-called "alternative credentials" – such as micro-credentials, digital badges and industry-recognised certificates – have expanded their scale considerably, as a consequence of a rising demand for upskilling and reskilling, as well as a sharp reduction in the unit cost of provision made possible by digitalisation. Higher education institutions, businesses and other institutions are actively offering alternative credentials that help learners acquire new skills, update their existing skills and signal the competencies they already have. Despite an increasing volume of these new credentials, great uncertainty persists. This working paper aims to assist policy makers across the OECD by defining terminologies, identifying the characteristics of these credentials, looking at providers and learners of these credentials, and examining how employers and governments perceive these credentials.
Zirconium nitride/silver nanocomposite structures for biomedical applications (2004)

Silver zirconium nitride films deposited by unbalanced magnetron sputtering were studied by means of x-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, spectroscopic ellipsometry, and nanoindentation. Coatings were deposited on silicon substrates at room temperatures with bias voltages in the −45 to −160 V range. The concentration of zirconium and silver was regulated by controlling the power to the sputtering guns. The nitrogen concentration was selected so that the nitrogen flow rate corresponded to the production of stoichiometric zirconium nitride. The films consisted of nanocrystals of zirconium nitride embedded in a silver matrix. The grain size was deduced from the width of the XRD peaks using the Scherrer formula and was found to decrease with the addition of silver. The chemical and phase composition was determined from XPS measurements. The optical constants were measured using spectroscopic ellipsometry. A correlation between film structure/composition and optical constants was established. The mechanical properties of the coatings were evaluated using nanohardness testing and were found to depend on composition and deposition parameters. Optimum mechanical properties were achieved for a silver content of 6% and a substrate bias of −160 V.
γ-Amino Butyric Acid Type B Receptors Stimulate Neutrophil Chemotaxis during Ischemia-Reperfusion (2005)

Serine/threonine kinase Akt, or protein kinase B, has been shown to regulate a number of neutrophil functions. We sought to identify Akt binding proteins in neutrophils to provide further insights into understanding the mechanism by which Akt regulates various neutrophil functions. Proteomic and immunoprecipitation studies identified gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) type B receptor 2 (GABA(B)R2) as an Akt binding protein in human neutrophils. Neutrophil lysates subjected to Akt immunoprecipitation followed by immunoblotting with anti-GABA(B)R2 demonstrated Akt association with the intact GABA(B)R. Similar results were obtained when reciprocal immunoprecipitations were performed with anti-GABA(B)R2 Ab. Additionally, GABA(B)R2 and Akt colocalization was demonstrated by confocal microscopy. A GABA(B)R agonist, baclofen, activated Akt and stimulated neutrophil-directed migration in a PI3K-dependent manner, whereas CGP52432, a GABA(B)R antagonist blocked such effects. Baclofen, stimulated neutrophil chemotaxis and tubulin reorganization in a PI3K-dependent manner. Additionally, a GABA(B)R agonist failed to stimulate neutrophil superoxide burst. We are unaware of the association of GABA(B)R with Akt in any cell type. The present study shows for the first time that a brain-specific receptor, GABA(B)R2 is present in human neutrophils and that it is functionally associated with Akt. Intraventricular baclofen pretreatment in rats subjected to a stroke model showed increased migration of neutrophils to the ischemic lesion. Thus, the GABA(B)R is functionally expressed in neutrophils, and acts as a chemoattractant receptor via an Akt-dependent pathway. The GABA(B)R potentially plays a significant role in the inflammatory response and neutrophil-dependent ischemia-reperfusion injury such as stroke.
Self Organized Grain Growth Larger than 1 µm through Pulsed-Laser-Induced Melting of Silicon Films (1993)

Large-grain growth (>1 µm) was observed through pulsed-laser-induced melting of silicon films. When silicon islands with a width of 10 µm and a thickness of 70 nm formed on a quartz substrate were melted completely by irradiation of a XeCl excimer laser with an energy of 360 mJ/cm 2 , the shape of the film was changed into a globular shape. The width shrank to 2.4 µm and the film thickness increased to 270 nm near the edge. Large grains with a size of 1.2 µm were grown and grains were lined two deep in the globular islands. The large-grain growth occurs along a temperature gradient in the lateral direction, which is caused during the change of the film shape.
Superdirective arrays for hearing aids (2002)

Microphone arrays are the most effective of the techniques that have been proposed for improving speech intelligibility in noise for the hearing impaired. Superdirective arrays are attractive since optimal performance can be obtained for a stationary random noise field. A constrained superdirective array suitable for hearing-aid applications is discussed in the paper.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Epitaxial crystallization of poly (γ‐benzyl <scp>L</scp>‐glutamate) on alkali halide single crystals (1968)

Single crystals of poly(γ-benzyl L-glutamate) were formed by epitaxial crystallization from solution in mesitylene on NaCl, KI, and KCl (001) cleavage faces. From electron microscopy and diffraction studies, the structure of these overgrowths was determined to be that of lamellae containing chain-folded α-helical macromolecules. The usual type of crystal perfection, that of ordered helix axes and disordered side groups, was exhibited by this synthetic polypeptide. Unique orientation regimes were observed with each substrate.