gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Role of MicroRNAs 99b, 181a, and 181b in the Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells to Vascular Endothelial Cells (2012)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short noncoding RNAs, which post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. miRNAs are transcribed as precursors and matured to active forms by a series of enzymes, including Dicer. miRNAs are important in governing cell differentiation, development, and disease. We have recently developed a feeder- and serum-free protocol for direct derivation of endothelial cells (ECs) from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and provided evidence of increases in angiogenesis-associated miRNAs (miR-126 and -210) during the process. However, the functional role of miRNAs in hESC differentiation to vascular EC remains to be fully interrogated. Here, we show that the reduction of miRNA maturation induced by Dicer knockdown suppressed hES-EC differentiation. A miRNA microarray was performed to quantify hES-EC miRNA profiles during defined stages of endothelial differentiation. miR-99b, -181a, and -181b were identified as increasing in a time- and differentiation-dependent manner to peak in mature hESC-ECs and adult ECs. Augmentation of miR-99b, -181a, and -181b levels by lentiviral-mediated transfer potentiated the mRNA and protein expression of EC-specific markers, Pecam1 and VE Cadherin, increased nitric oxide production, and improved hES-EC-induced therapeutic neovascularization in vivo. Conversely, knockdown did not impact endothelial differentiation. Our results suggest that miR-99b, -181a, and -181b comprise a component of an endothelial-miRNA signature and are capable of potentiating EC differentiation from pluripotent hESCs.
[The effect of adrafinil on the nocturnal activity of the rhesus monkey (Macaca mulatta)]. (1986)

The nocturnal activity of a primate was used as an evaluation criterium for a stimulating substance: adrafinil (CRL 40028). Ten rhesus monkeys were placed in a controlled environment and their activity was measured, in relative time, using an ultra-sound system. The animals repeatedly received 60, 90 and 120 mg X kg-1 adrafinil per os. Globally, the dose of 60 mg X kg-1 doubled the animals' nocturnal activity whereas 90 and 120 mg X kg-1 increased it fourfold, the activity level becoming practically identical to diurnal activity. The effects of 60 mg X kg-1 were only significant after the second treatment whereas doses of 90 and 120 mg X kg-1 were already significantly efficient after the first administration. A stimulating effect persisted approximately 36 hrs after the second treatment with 90 or 120 mg X kg-1. No sedative effect of recovery was observed during the posttreatment phase.
<title>Preprocessing for improved performance in image and video coding</title> (1995)

In previous work, we reported on the benefits of noise reduction prior to coding of very high quality images. Perceptual transparency can be achieved with a significant improvement in compression as compared to error free codes. In this paper, we examine the benefits of preprocessing when the quality requirements are not very high, and perceptible distortion results. The use of data dependent anisotropic diffusion that maintains image structure, edges, and transitions in luminance or color is beneficial in controlling the spatial distribution of errors introduced by coding. Thus, the merit of preprocessing is for the control of coding errors. In this preliminary study, we only consider preprocessing prior to the use of the standard JPEG and MPEG coding techniques.
Opioids and Motivation (1987)

Emotions, experienced subjectively, appear enigmatic and inaccessible to scientific analysis, but affect many concrete psychological phenomena, such as pain sensitivity and reactions to every-day experiences. Recent evidence suggests that opioid peptides, in particular β-endorphin, may influence motivational processes by affecting emotions. Opioid peptides are found in the nervous system and peripheral tissues and produce effects similar to those of opioid drugs. β-Endorphin, whose action has a long duration, may function as a hormone and as a neuromodulator, rather than as a classical neurotransmitter. It is released by stress and causes hyperthermia and an increase in threshold pain. Endogenous opioids also stimulate food and water intake. Biochemical and behavioural experiments indicate that endogenous opioids, in particular β-endorphin, are released in purely rewarding situations. β-Endorphin may stimulate intake by supporting positive emotional reactions; in addition, it reduces negative reactions to aversive stimuli. This is consistent with the fact that β-endorphin produces positive emotional changes and that the aversiveness of antagonists, which reflects opioid blockade, is eliminated by destruction of the β-endorphin system in the brain. Such an emotional effect would also explain behavioural changes, for example, a decreased sensitivity to noxious stimulation and an increase in exploration tendencies. In nature, such changes might aid in foraging and in the formation of positive associations between environment and reward. Opioids lower the threshold for rewarding electrical stimulation to the brain. They also alter the response to sensory input and modify the initiation of motor activity. Naturally released opioids may, through effects on sensory processing, enable sensory input to excite more easily reward systems. Consistent with such a general effect are reports of opioid influences on several forms of motivated behaviour other than food and water intake. Some behaviours which are stimulated by aversive stimuli, such as shock-induced fighting and the need for closeness in social animals, are inhibited by opioids, whereas inter-male aggression is potentiated. Current results suggest that opioids suppress sexuality, perhaps through an interaction with hormones. Opioid effects on learning and memory can probably be explained in terms of their emotional actions.
Developing an XML gateway for business-to-business commerce (2002)

Business-to-business (B2B) Electronic Business (EC) is speedily getting popular and companies are increasingly using this notion and technology for business transaction and data exchange among each other. Traditionally, using Electronic Data Interchange (EDI) on Value Added Network (VAN) is common for data exchange on B2B EC, however drawback are the trade-off between flexibility and efficiency among partners in the whole supply chain; cost is often an issue due to the lack of standard in information exchange. Now, the popularity of XML (Extensible Markup Language) helps companies to solve the problem because of its economical cost and flexibility. In this paper a model for data exchange is investigated so that the cost for information flow could be reduced and the flexibility of the supply chain could be improved.
Repigmentation of Leukoderma by Minigrafts of Normally Pigmented, Autologous Skin (1978)

A method of repigmenting some leukodermas by transplantation of minigrafts of normally pigmented, autologous skin into them is described. Such grafts in addition to retaining their pigment stimulate repigmentation around them by migration of melanocytes and spread of pigment from the grafts. Three patients, one with piebaldism, another with leukoderma from monobenzyl ether of hydroguinone, and a third with depigmentation following healing of a burn enjoyed successful and cosmetically acceptable repigmentation from practice of the method.
Application of mid-infrared tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy to plasma diagnostics: a review (2006)

Within the last decade mid-infrared absorption spectroscopy over a region from 3 to 17µm and based on tuneable lead salt diode lasers, often called tuneable diode laser absorption spectroscopy or TDLAS, has progressed considerably as a powerful diagnostic technique for in situ studies of the fundamental physics and chemistry in molecular plasmas. The increasing interest in processing plasmas containing hydrocarbons, fluorocarbons, organo-silicon and boron compounds has led to further applications of TDLAS because most of these compounds and their decomposition products are infrared active. TDLAS provides a means of determining the absolute concentrations of the ground states of stable and transient molecular species, which is of particular importance for the investigation of reaction kinetic phenomena. Information about gas temperature and population densities can also be derived from TDLAS measurements. A variety of free radicals and molecular ions have been detected by TDLAS. Since plasmas with molecular feed gases are used in many applications such as thin film deposition, semiconductor processing, surface activation and cleaning, and materials and waste treatment, this has stimulated the adaptation of infrared spectroscopic techniques to industrial requirements. The recent development of quantum cascade lasers (QCLs) offers an attractive new option for the monitoring and control of industrial plasma processes. The aim of the present paper is threefold: (i) to review recent achievements in our understanding of molecular phenomena in plasmas, (ii) to report on selected studies of the spectroscopic properties and kinetic behaviour of radicals and (iii) to describe the current status of advanced instrumentation for TDLAS in the mid-infrared.
The novel efficient design of XOR/XNOR function for adder applications (2003)

A new concept to implement high performance XOR/XNOR functions that using the pass transistor technique is proposed. It requires only six MOS transistors. Base upon this concept, a new high-speed full adder is proposed for low-power application. We used the modified Karnaugh map (K-map) method to obtain the various pass transistor circuits. We modified the Boolean expression to simplify the control and input signals of the pass transistor logic (PTL) to realize a one-bit full adder. The analysis of the proposed one-bit adders is compared with that of the static CMOS adder, the CPL transmission function adder, the DPL transmission gate adder, and the CPL transmission gate adder. The simulation results shows that the proposed new circuit has the lowest power delay product performance.
Study on a New Way of Load-matched for Voltage-Source Induction Heating Inverters (2006)

The characteristics of three types of three-order resonant circuits, which were used in static electricity induction load-matched for voltage-source induction heating inverter is presented in this paper. The type of LCL is of more advantages. The analysing results and the designing way of LCL were given. The static state characters of this circuit were analyzed in detail and the characters curves were protracted with MATALB. The simulation and experimental results proved the theoretic analysis. Some guidance suggestions for voltage-source induction heating load-matched were also provided
Magnetic force microscopy: techniques and applications (1992)

This talk will review the techniques and applications of magnetic force microscopy (MFM). Magnetic force microscopy is a relatively new technique for observing magnetic microstructure on surfaces. Magnetic information is acquired by sensing the force acting on a sharp magnetic tip due to the magnetic field emanating from the sample. The magnetic tip is attached to a weak cantilever spring and the interaction force causes both a small deflection of the cantilever and a frequency shift of the cantilever's mechanical resonance frequency. Either of these effects can be used form MFM images. MFM images are formed by sensing one of these two effects while scanning the tip relative to the sample in a raster pattern. In our apparatus, the cantilever motion is detected using a fiber-optic interferometer. Shift in resonant frequency is detected directly using a sensitive frequency demodulation technique.
The Road to Socialism of the Unidad Popular (2000)

For most of the nineteenth century, Chile’s economy was fundamentally agricultural. Nearly 80 per cent of the population lived in rural areas before 1880, and even as late as 1930 the rural population was greater than the urban. In agriculture the latifundio or estate system predominated, with social relations of a semi-medieval type: on one side of the fence, there was the lord of the manor or latifundista, known as the ‘patrón’, and on the other, the tenants or peasants. The latifundista provided his tenants with a hut and a bit of land, and protected them and looked after them in old age or when they got sick. For their part, the tenants obeyed and revered their ‘patrón’; they lived and died on the land.1 Their standard of living was quite precarious, and they were isolated from urban, cultural, educational and political life; this situation lasted until well into the twentieth century.
Use of a novel two‐dimensional ionization chamber array for pencil beam scanning proton therapy beam quality assurance (2015)

The need to accurately and efficiently verify both output and dose profiles creates significant challenges in quality assurance of pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton delivery. A system for PBS QA has been developed that combines a new two-dimensional ionization chamber array in a waterproof housing that is scanned in a water phantom. The MatriXX PT has the same detector array arrangement as the standard MatriXX(Evolution) but utilizes a smaller 2 mm plate spacing instead of 5mm. Because the bias voltage of the MatriXX PT and Evolution cannot be changed, PPC40 and FC65-G ionization chambers were used to assess recombination effects. The PPC40 is a parallel plate chamber with an electrode spacing of 2mm, while the FC65-G is a Farmer chamber FC65-G with an electrode spacing of 2.8 mm. Three bias voltages (500, 200, and 100 V) were used for both detectors to determine which radiation type (continuous, pulse or pulse-scanned beam) could closely estimate Pion from the ratios of charges collected. In comparison with the MatriXX(Evolution), a significant improvement in measurement of absolute dose with the MatriXX PT was observed. While dose uncertainty of the MatriXX(Evolution) can be up to 4%, it is < 1% for the MatriXX PT. Therefore the MatriXX(Evolution) should not be used for QA of PBS for conditions in which ion recombination is not negligible. Farmer chambers should be used with caution for measuring the absolute dose of PBS beams, as the uncertainty of Pion can be > 1%; chambers with an electrode spacing of 2 mm or smaller are recommended.
Biosimilars 101: considerations for U.S. oncologists in clinical practice (2014)

Biosimilars of biologics used for cancer treatment and supportive care are expected to enter the U.S. market soon. Biosimilars will be highly similar to their reference products, but unlike generic drugs, not identical. Differences between a biosimilar and its reference product may arise because of the complexity of biologics, and differences in the cell lines and processes used during manufacturing. Biosimilars will be approved in the United States through a regulatory pathway based on comparative analytical and clinical studies for their characterization and demonstration of no clinically meaningful differences from their reference products. Unlike generics, initial approval may not include interchangeability, as additional evidence may be required before a biosimilar could be approved as interchangeable with its reference product; interchangeable designation could allow pharmacy-level substitution without prescriber intervention. In some cases, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) may extrapolate an indication that has not been formally investigated for the biosimilar but that is approved for the reference product. Robust safety monitoring of all biologics is important to track and accurately attribute adverse events, particularly because their inherent complexity and manufacturing differences make them susceptible to structural changes that can affect safety (e.g., immunogenicity). Accuracy of postapproval safety reports will partly depend on the biosimilar naming approach. Potential cost savings should be evaluated in the context of differences in manufacturers' patient-assistance programs, copayments, and institutional costs. A manufacturer's ability to ensure reliable supply of high-quality biosimilars should also be considered. Broad understanding of these issues is critical for oncologists preparing for their use in clinical practice.
The synthesis and electrochemical study of new electrochromic viologen-based materials (1984)

A range of diquaternary salts of 4,4′-bipyridine and 3,8-phenanthroline were prepared and subsequently screened using electrochemical and spectroscopic techniques. It was determined that the stability of the radical film deposited on cathodic reduction of aqueous solutions of these salts may be strongly influenced by symmetry, steric, and electronic factors. From this basis, it was possible to design a viologen, 1,1′-bis-(2-methylbenzyl)-2-methyl-4,4′-bipyridinium dibromide (9), having electrochromic properties for electronic display applications superior to those already in existence. A radical film of mixed composition was found to be less susceptible to ageing effects than films generated from the individual dicationic salts.
Contaminants in milk and impact of heating: An assessment study (2012)

Mycotoxins especially aflatoxins in cattle feed and their consequential presence in milk and milk products is a serious concern world over as they are reported carcinogens. These fungal toxins are resistant to high temperatures and may lead to various health hazards. Preventive steps must be taken at each stage to ensure good quality of milk and milk products free from these contaminants. Awareness programs and education for the dairy farmers and milk processors may be helpful in this regard.
Analysis of Thermal Injury Process Based on Enzyme Deactivation Mechanisms (1995)

Based upon the analysis of enzyme-catalyzed reactions occurring in living tissue, a model of thermal injury process is presented in which the fraction of denatured enzyme protein was taken as the indicator of thermal damage degrees. The results from this model describe the dependence of thermal damage on exposure time and temperature elevation.
Notes on strawberries. (1901)

The following pages give the results of a variety test of strawberries begun in the spring of 1899. At this time seventy-five varieties were set in plats ten feet long and each plat containing two rows, four feet apart and the plants twelve inches apart in the row, so that each plat contained twenty plants. The matted row system of culture was used, and the plants were allowed to spread until they formed rows about two feet wide. In the spring of 1900 seventeen more varieties were added to the plantation. The results obtained from the plantation in 1900 were not satisfactory on account of invasion of marauders which interferred with the data of yields and the yields in this report are based on the results obtained in 1901, wtih reference, where the results semed to justify same, made to the yield of 1900. The notes on growth of plants, blossoming period and cultural notes cover the two seasons.
SALMON AND HUMAN CALCITONIN-LIKE PEPTIDES COEXIST IN THE HUMAN THYROID AND BRAIN (1983)

A salmon calcitonin-like material indistinguishable from synthetic salmon calcitonin-(1-32) on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) has been recognized in thyroid extracts of normal subjects and of patients with medullary carcinoma. The same peptide was detected in extracts of the periventricular mesencephalic region which included the periventricular dorsal thalamus, the subthalamus and the hypothalamus. Human calcitonin-(1-32)- and carboxyl-terminal adjacent peptide (CCAP)-like components were also found. The content of immunoreactive salmon calcitonin of the periventricular mesencephalic region (n = 6) and of normal thyroid glands (n = 6) was comparable (mean +/- SE, 0.34 +/- 0.17 ngeq/g wet tissue and 0.39 +/- 0.22 ngeq/g, respectively); and the levels were slightly, but not significantly higher in medullary thyroid carcinoma extracts (1.95 +/- 0.69 ngeq/g) (P less than 0.1). Immunoreactive human calcitonin and CCAP occurred in roughly equimolar concentrations. They were lowest in the periventricular mesencephalic region (0.26 +/- 0.09 ngeq/g and 0.46 +/- 0.10 ngeq/g, respectively), followed by normal thyroid glands (146 +/- 26 ngeq/g and 94 +/- 19 ngeq/g, respectively), and they were highest in medullary thyroid carcinoma tissue (680 +/- 372 mu geq/g and 144 +/- 125 mu geq/g, respectively).
Diels-Alder in Aqueous Molecular Hosts: Unusual Regioselectivity and Efficient Catalysis (2006)

Self-assembled, hollow molecular structures are appealing as synthetic hosts for mediating chemical reactions. However, product binding has inhibited catalytic turnover in such systems, and selectivity has rarely approached the levels observed in more structurally elaborate natural enzymes. We found that an aqueous organopalladium cage induces highly unusual regioselectivity in the Diels-Alder coupling of anthracene and phthalimide guests, promoting reaction at a terminal rather than central anthracene ring. Moreover, a similar bowl-shaped host attains efficient catalytic turnover in coupling the same substrates (although with the conventional regiochemistry), most likely because the product geometry inhibits the aromatic stacking interactions that attract the planar reagents to the host.
Conformational Study of 3, 4-Epiminopyrrolidines in Solution (1970)

The NOE's of the pyrrolidine ring protons, HA and HB, on the phenyl ring protons of the N-substituent, HD, were determined in 1-(p-methoxyphenyl)-3, 4-epiminopyrrolidine (2), its N-benzyl derivative (1), and its N-acetate (12). Notable differences of NOE's observed in the latter two compounds suggested that the p-methoxyphenyl group is preferentially situated on the same side as the cis-fused aziridine ring in these compounds. Synthesis of some 3, 4-epiminopyrrolidines was also reported in connection with this NOE study.
Anisotropically conductive adhesive flip-chip bonding on rigid and flexible printed circuit substrates (1996)

A systematic experiment on flip-chip bonding assembly using an anisotropically conductive adhesive (ACA) has been carried out. The assembled modules have been characterized by a number of environmental tests, including aging, constant humidity, temperature cycling, humidity cycling, shear, vibration, and shock testing. The results indicate that under optimum process conditions, high quality and high reliability joints can be achieved. Conduction failure mechanisms have been investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The analysis shows that failure is dependent on competition between driving factors; thermal stress, elastic stress, expansion due to moisture absorption on one side, and the resistant factor, i.e., interatomic force. Variation of the filler size in the ACA, configurations of chips and boards, as well as bonding pressure and its distribution are among the most important factors that control the bonding quality and reliability.