gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vaccination of neonatal calves with<i>Mycobacterium bovis</i>BCG induces protection against intranasal challenge with virulent<i>M. bovis</i> (2004)

Vaccination of neonates with Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) may be a strategy that overcomes reduced vaccine efficacy associated with exposure to environmental mycobacteria in humans and cattle. Preliminary comparisons indicated that 2-week-old calves produced an immune response to vaccination at least as intense as that observed in adults. Subsequently, five gnotobiotic hysterotomy derived calves aged 1 day were inoculated with BCG and 3 months later were challenged intranasally with virulent M. bovis. The number of tissues with lesions and the pathological extent of these lesions was reduced significantly in vaccinates. Furthermore, lesions were evident in the lung or associated chest lymph nodes of four of five controls but none of five vaccinates. BCG vaccination reduced significantly the level of bacterial colonization. However, lesions in the head associated lymph nodes were observed in three of five BCG-vaccinated cattle. Levels of interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISPOT) in individual vaccinated animals at challenge did not correlate with subsequent resistance and in general immune responses post-challenge were lower in vaccinated calves. Low IL-10 responses were evident but IL-4 was not detected. Responses to ESAT-6 and/or CFP-10 were evident in four of four control calves that had lesions. Two of the BCG vaccinates with lesions did not produce a response to ESAT-6 and CFP-10, indicating that these antigens did not distinguish vaccinated immune animals from vaccinated animals with lesions. Overall, vaccination of neonatal calves with BCG induced significant protection against disease and has potential as a strategy for the reduction of the incidence of bovine tuberculosis.
Coherent transient amplification in inhomogeneously broadened rubidium atoms by diode-laser frequency switching (1996)

We report observation of coherent transient amplification that is due to free-induction decay and optical nutation in inhomogeneously broadened rubidium atoms by a sudden switch of diode-laser frequency. An amplification coefficient of 2.2 x 10(-2) cm(-1) is observed when the diode-laser frequency, initially tuned to the blue side of the Doppler-broadened absorption profile, is switched to be out of resonance by application of a step-function pulsed injection current. The transition from free-induction decay to optical nutation is observed and discussed.
Growth from Below: Graphene Bilayers on Ir(111) (2011)

We elucidate how graphene bilayers form on Ir(111). Low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) reveals that the two graphene layers are not always rotationally aligned. Monitoring this misalignment during growth shows that second-layer islands nucleate between the existing layer and the substrate. This mechanism occurs both when C segregates from the Ir and when elemental C is deposited from above. Low-energy electron microscopy (LEEM) and angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES) show that second-layer nucleation occurs preferentially under the first-layer rotational variants that are more weakly bound to the substrate. New-layer nucleation tends to occur inhomogeneously at substrate defects. Thus new-layer nucleation should be rapid on substrates that weakly bind graphene, making growth unstable toward mound formation initiated at substrate defects. In contrast, stronger binding permits layer-by-layer growth, as for Ru(0001). ARPES shows that bilayer graphene has two slightly p-doped π-bands. The work function of bilayer graphene is dominated by the orientation of the bottom layer.
Quaranfil, Johnston Atoll, and Lake Chad Viruses Are Novel Members of the Family <i>Orthomyxoviridae</i> (2009)

Arboviral infections are an important cause of emerging infections due to the movements of humans, animals, and hematophagous arthropods. Quaranfil virus (QRFV) is an unclassified arbovirus originally isolated from children with mild febrile illness in Quaranfil, Egypt, in 1953. It has subsequently been isolated in multiple geographic areas from ticks and birds. We used high-throughput sequencing to classify QRFV as a novel orthomyxovirus. The genome of this virus is comprised of multiple RNA segments; five were completely sequenced. Proteins with limited amino acid similarity to conserved domains in polymerase (PA, PB1, and PB2) and hemagglutinin (HA) genes from known orthomyxoviruses were predicted to be present in four of the segments. The fifth sequenced segment shared no detectable similarity to any protein and is of uncertain function. The end-terminal sequences of QRFV are conserved between segments and are different from those of the known orthomyxovirus genera. QRFV is known to cross-react serologically with two other unclassified viruses, Johnston Atoll virus (JAV) and Lake Chad virus (LKCV). The complete open reading frames of PB1 and HA were sequenced for JAV, while a fragment of PB1 of LKCV was identified by mass sequencing. QRFV and JAV PB1 and HA shared 80% and 70% amino acid identity to each other, respectively; the LKCV PB1 fragment shared 83% amino acid identity with the corresponding region of QRFV PB1. Based on phylogenetic analyses, virion ultrastructural features, and the unique end-terminal sequences identified, we propose that QRFV, JAV, and LKCV comprise a novel genus of the family Orthomyxoviridae.
Choosing a language for an MBA system modeling and simulation course (1985)

Simulation languages develop and evolve over time, and the courses in which modeling and simulation are taught must also evolve to keep pace. In the McMaster University MBA program, a study was undertaken in order to select a new simulation language for a system modeling and simulation course in which GPSS had previously been used, in order to demonstrate a broader possible selection of possible application areas for simulation. The language which was selected was SLAM II, and this selection was confirmed by monitoring the reactions and perceptions of the students to both the old and new languages, which were taught concurrently in two separate sections.
Self‐Assembly of Thiophene‐ and Furan‐Appended Methanofullerenes with Poly(3‐Hexylthiophene) in Organic Solar Cells (2010)

Abstract Novel fullerene derivatives bearing thiophene and furan residues were synthesized and studied as electron acceptor materials in bulk heterojunction organic solar cells, together with poly(3‐hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the donor polymer. Some compounds showed large nanomorphological inhomogenities in blends with P3HT; in particular, clusters with dimensions in the range of 100–1000 nm were formed. However, some blends that showed such large clusters yielded at the same time high power conversion efficiencies in photovoltaic devices, approaching 3.7 %. This is in sharp contrast with previously studied systems, in which a substantial phase separation always resulted in a poor photovoltaic performance. We assume that the attachment of thienyl or furyl groups to the fullerene cage results in a certain ordering of the designed fullerene derivatives I – IX with P3HT in photoactive blends. Both the fullerene derivative and P3HT might assemble via π–π stacking of the thiophene units to form the nanostructures observed in the films by optical and atomic force microscopy. The presence of ordered donor and acceptor counterparts in these nanostructures results in superior photovoltaic device operation.
Galactose Mutarotase:  Purification, Characterization, and Investigations of Two Important Histidine Residues (1998)

Galactose mutarotase catalyzes the interconversion of alpha- and beta-anomers of aldoses and is a recently identified member of the gal operon of Escherichia coli and participant in the Leloir pathway [Bouffard et al. (1994) J. Mol. Biol. 244, 269-278]. We report the purification and characterization of this enzyme, as well as mechanistic studies involving chemical modification with diethylpyrocarbonate (DEPC) and site-directed mutagenesis demonstrating the significance of two conserved histidine residues. The enzyme lacks metal ions and oxidoreduction cofactors, and an extinction coefficient of (6.2 +/- 0.4) x 10(4) M-1 cm-1 has been measured by quantitative amino acid analysis. The catalytic mechanism is likely concerted general acid/general base. Experiments involving modification with DEPC suggest that a histidine is essential and is protected by substrate. Furthermore, site-directed mutagenesis of two conserved histidines was performed, and characterization of these mutants (His104Gln and His175Asn) illustrates the significance of these residues. Kinetic analysis of H104Q demonstrates an increase in KM of about 600-fold, a decrease in kcat of approximately 7-fold, and a 4000-fold decrease in kcat/KM as compared to the wild-type enzyme. The activity of His175Asn mutant, on the other hand, was too low to be measured accurately, and His 175 remains a candidate for the general base. These mutants were also subjected to DEPC modification, and results are consistent with the presence of two important histidines positioned closely together in the active site.
Visualization of spiral and scroll waves in simulated and experimental cardiac tissue (2008)

The heart is a nonlinear biological system that can exhibit complex electrical dynamics, complete with period-doubling bifurcations and spiral and scroll waves that can lead to fibrillatory states that compromise the heart's ability to contract and pump blood efficiently. Despite the importance of understanding the range of cardiac dynamics, studying how spiral and scroll waves can initiate, evolve, and be terminated is challenging because of the complicated electrophysiology and anatomy of the heart. Nevertheless, over the last two decades advances in experimental techniques have improved access to experimental data and have made it possible to visualize the electrical state of the heart in more detail than ever before. During the same time, progress in mathematical modeling and computational techniques has facilitated using simulations as a tool for investigating cardiac dynamics. In this paper, we present data from experimental and simulated cardiac tissue and discuss visualization techniques that facilitate understanding of the behavior of electrical spiral and scroll waves in the context of the heart. The paper contains many interactive media, including movies and interactive two- and three-dimensional Java appletsDisclaimer: IOP Publishing was not involved in the programming of this software and does not accept any responsibility for it. You download and run the software at your own risk. If you experience any problems with the software, please contact the author directly. To the fullest extent permitted by law, IOP Publishing Ltd accepts no responsibility for any loss, damage and/or other adverse effect on your computer system caused by your downloading and running this software. IOP Publishing Ltd accepts no responsibility for consequential loss..
Two induced anti-Z-DNA monoclonal antibodies use VH gene segments related to those of anti-DNA autoantibodies (1991)

The cDNA for H and L chain V regions of two anti-Z-DNA mAb, Z22 and Z44, were cloned and sequenced. These are the first experimentally induced anti-nucleic acid antibody sequences available for comparison with autoantibody sequences. Z22 and Z44 are IgG2b and IgG2a antibodies from C57BL/6 mice. They recognize different facets of the Z-DNA structure. They both use VH10 family genes and share 95% sequence base sequence identity in the VH and leader sequences; however, they differ in the 5'-untranslated region of the VH mRNA, indicating they arise from different germline genes. Both use JH4 segments. They differ from each other very extensively in the CDR3 of both H and L chains. The most closely related H chains in the current GenBank/EMBL data base are two mouse IgG anti-DNA autoantibodies, one from an MRL-lpr/lpr mouse (MRL-DNA4) and one from an NZB/NZW mouse (BV04-01). Z22 and Z44 share 95% sequence identity with these antibodies in the VH segment. In addition, Z22 is identical to MRL-DNA4 at 91% of the positions in the 5'-untranslated region of the H chain mRNA. The two antibodies share 95% base sequence identity in the V kappa segment. The most closely related L chains, with 97 to 98% sequence identity, are the V kappa 10b germline gene for Z22 and the V kappa 10a germ line gene, which is associated with A/J anti-arsonate antibodies and BALB/c anti-ABO blood group substance antibodies, for Z44. Z22 and Z44 share several structural features (similarities in VH, JH, and V kappa) but differ very markedly in the L chain CDR1 and both H and L chain CDR3 sequences; these regions may determine the differences in their specific interactions with Z-DNA.
Fracture characterization from seismic measurements in a borehole (2015)

Thesis: Ph. D., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences, 2015.
Thyroid hormones, the brain, and affective disorders. (1994)

Clinical thyroid disorders are frequently associated with psychiatric symptomatology, thus supporting a role for thyroid hormones in the biological basis of psychiatric disorders, particularly mood disorders. Despite extensive literature documenting various abnormalities of thyroid function tests in primary major depression, the role of thyroid hormones in the pathophysiology of affective disorders remains to be clarified. In this review, we describe the various abnormalities of thyroid hormone levels reported in primary affective illness. We also review the competing hypothesis to explain the abnormalities of thyroid function observed. Although neither model can fully explain the role of thyroid hormones in depressive illness, they provide working hypotheses for further study. Additional research is required to clarify the regulation of thyroid hormones by mature brain and the role of these hormones in the biological basis of affective illness.
On resolving rightful ownerships of digital images by invisible watermarks (2002)

Digital watermarking has been proposed as a means for copyright protection of multimedia data. This paper first discusses some scenarios in which many current watermarking schemes fail to resolve the rightful ownership of an image. We then identify the key problems and discuss some crucial requirements for a valid invisible watermark detection. In particular, we argue that, for the particular application of resolving rightful ownership using invisible watermarks, it might be crucial to require that the original image not be directly involved in the watermark detection process. A general framework for validly detecting the invisible watermarks is then proposed. We show the effectiveness of this technique based on some visual-model-based watermarking schemes.
The relationship between treatment with valproate, lamotrigine, and topiramate and the prognosis of the idiopathic generalised epilepsies. (2004)

Valproate may be the most effective antiepileptic drug in the treatment of the IGEs. Combination therapy should be initiated if an adequate trial of valproate monotherapy is not effective, rather than switching to alternative monotherapy. Antiepileptic drug treatment needs to be lifelong in many adult patients with IGE.
The influence of water and of alkali promotor on the carbon number distribution of fischer‐tropsch products formed over iron catalysts (1987)

Abstract The carbon number distribution of Fischer‐Tropsch products formed over an alkalized precipitated iron catalyst has been studied as a function of the water vapor pressure of the synthesis gas. The carbon number distribution of formed hydrocarbons is characterized by a bimodal Schulz‐Flory distribution of growth probabilities P 1 ≈ 0.6 and P 2 ≈ 0.87 attributed to unpromoted and promoted (alkalized) sites on the catalyst surface. Promoted sites are more stable with respect to oxidation (deactivation) by water than unpromoted sites. The growth probability of unpromoted sites decreases with increasing ratio P / P — Studies using Mössbauer spectroscopy have shown that iron foils treated with water containing some K 2 CO 3 yield smaller fractions of iron oxides at the surface than those treated with pure water. Also studies on reduced precipitated iron catalysts using SIMS have shown that alkaline treatment reduces the oxidation of iron by water. These results are interpreted in terms of electronic effects.
Separation of antigen‐specific lymphocytes. A new general method of releasing cells bound to nylon mesh (1975)

Inserting a disulfide bridge between nylon and hapten or antigen allows the release of fiber bound cells by cleaving the disulfide bond with 10(-4) M 2-mercaptoethanol at 4 degrees C. Four to 12-fold enrichments in specific precursor cells could be obtained. The method is compared with the thermal release previously used. The T and B cell content of the specific fraction was determined. It is suggested that the low enrichment in plaque-forming cells of the hapten-specific fraction found after stimulation with antigen in vitro might be due to the fact that there is also enrichment for suppressor cells in the specific fraction.
Application of a high-voltage pumped supply for low-power DRAM (2003)

A pumped, regulated V/sub pp/ supply feeding static word-line driver circuits can be exploited in other areas of a DRAM, allowing increased flexibility in architecture and improving performance. A feedback loop sets the V/sub pp/ level to exactly that required to write a full '1' level to the memory cell, independent of process or operating condition. The need for double-boosted nodes is eliminated, making the V/sub pp/ level th highest voltage on the chip and easing voltage stress problems. The V/sub pp/ supply is also employed in a modulated input-threshold world-line repeater, which regenerates the world-line signal to overcome RC delay. Significant area savings can be realized in high-density DRAMs by multiplexing sense amplifiers between adjacent arrays, using n-channel isolation devices controlled by V/sub pp/ level signals. A final use of the regulated V/sub pp/ supply is in an n-channel only output buffer achieving full rail-to-rail swing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
(Invited) DC Biased Remote Plasma Atomic Layer Deposition and Its Applications (2010)

To enhance thin film quality by increasing the plasma density and minimizing plasma-induced damage, we introduced a new direct current (DC) biased remote plasma atomic layer deposition (RPALD) method as one of the variants of RPALD. With this new deposition method, HfO2 dielectric films were deposited and characterized to examine the effect of DC-bias on grown films. The plasma properties were investigated by using the optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and floating harmonic method. When DC biased was applied to the RF plasma, the amount of free radicals and ions were increased by the collisions between electrons and metastable atoms or molecules. The electrical properties of high-k materials, such as the effective oxide thickness (EOT) and the breakdown voltage, were improved by the DC biased RPALD when compared to those of RPALD.
Radioimmunodetection of human colon carcinoma xenografts in visceral organs of congenitally athymic mice (1986)

The LS-174T human colon carcinoma line and A375 human melanoma line were used to establish primary tumor xenografts at three sites (subcutaneous, spleen, and kidney) in congenitally athymic mice. A monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactive with the LS-174T line, B72.3 IgG, was labeled with iodine 125, and an isotype-identical control antibody MOPC-21, was labeled with iodine 131. Labeled antibodies were injected intravenously in tumor-bearing mice, and animals were killed at varying intervals. Tumor-to-blood and tumor-to-organ ratios of MAb 72.3 indicated no significant difference at any of the three primary tumor sites in LS-174T tumor-bearing mice. The percent injected dose per gram was higher at visceral sites on day 3, but was similar on days 5 and 7 at all sites. Localization indices on all days ranged from 4 to 1 to greater than 16 to 1, confirming the specificity of the B72.3 reactivity at all sites. Athymic mice bearing tumor xenografts were scanned on day 7, and the LS-174T spleen and kidney tumors were imaged, with efficacy similar to that of the subcutaneous site. The visceral tumor model is more representative of the human disease, and may therefore be a better model for evaluation of monoclonal antibodies for radioimmunodetection and therapy for cancer in intra-abdominal organs.
How alum works (2008)

For more than 70 years, alum has been used as a trusty aide to improve antibody responses to vaccines. But how this aluminum-containing compound boosts the response to vaccines has been a mystery. On page 869, Kool et al. expose its mysterious mechanism; they find that alum causes cells to produce a stimulator of dendritic cells (DCs).






Figure 1

Mice injected with antigens mixed with alum produce uric acid that then attracts monocytes.




DCs were once the favored hypothetical link between alum and B cells, as they activate CD4+ T cells, which can then enhance B cell activation and antibody production. But DCs were later dismissed when it was found that they were not stimulated by alum in vitro.

These in vitro results are now shown to be a red herring by Kool et al., who find that alum activates DCs in vivo by provoking the secretion of uric acid—a molecule that is triggered by tissue and cell trauma. The injection of alum, the group found, induced an influx of neutrophils and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines—a combination that was previously seen in response to the injection of uric acid into mice.

In mice injected with antigens mixed with alum, uric acid levels increased within hours. The uric acid might be released by the cells' lining the body's cavities that turn necrotic after contacting the alum. The absence of these uric acid sources in in vitro assays might have led to the previous misleading results.

In response to the uric acid, inflammatory monocytes flocked to the injection site, took up the antigens, and broke them down into T cell–stimulating epitopes. The monocytes then migrated to lymph nodes, where they matured into DCs and activated CD4+ T cells.

Without alum, the antigens were not taken up at the injection site. Still, they eventually reached lymph nodes via the flowing lymph. The resident node DCs, however, did not process the alum-free antigens efficiently or express T cell costimulating receptors. The resulting subdued immunity was similar to that seen in mice that were depleted of inflammatory monocytes or those injected with enzymes that degrade uric acid.
Dekoration fürs Herrenzimmer. Eine Gipsreduktion der Paolina Borghese von Antonio Canova (2016)

[nicht vorhanden / not available]
Fluorescence Spectrometry in Studies of Carbohydrate-Protein Interactions (1997)

Fluorometric spectroscopy is a powerful tool for investigating the interaction between a carbohydrate ligand and binding proteins. The measurement is done in situ and thus circumventing the need for separation of bound ligand from the free ligand. The source of the fluorophore can be intrinsic, i.e., the tryptophan in the protein, or extrinsic (contained in the ligand). Techniques for assessing the affinity used are measurement on fluorescence intensity change, lifetime, polarization anisotropy, and energy transfer. The last technique can also be used to study conformational structures of glycopeptides. It is also useful in designing substrates for endo-type enzymes which allow continuous monitoring of the reaction.