gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Amifostine: Mechanisms of Action Underlying Cytoprotection and Chemoprevention (2000)

Amifostine is an important drug in the new field of cytoprotection. It was developed by the Antiradiation Drug Development Program of the US Army Medical Research and Development Command as a radioprotective compound and was the first drug from that Program to be approved for clinical use in the protection of dose limiting normal tissues in patients against the damaging effects of radiation and chemotherapy. Its unique polyamine-like structure and attached sulfhydryl group give it the potential to participate in a range of cellular processes that make it an exciting candidate for use in both cytoprotection and chemoprevention. Amifostine protects against the DNA damaging effects of ionizing radiation and chemotherapy drug associated reactive species. It possesses anti-mutagenic and anti-carcinogenic properties. At the molecular level, it has been demonstrated to affect redox sensitive transcription factors, gene expression, chromatin stability, and enzymatic activity. At the cellular level it has important effects on growth and cell cycle progression. This review focuses on relating its unique chemical design to mechanisms of action that underlie its broad usefulness as both a cytoprotective and chemopreventive agent for use in cancer therapy.
SIFT: a tool for wide-area information dissemination (1995)

The dissemination model is becoming increasingly important in wide-area information system. In this model, the user subscribes to an information dissemination service by submitting profiles that describe his interests. He then passively receives new, filtered information. The Stanford Information Filtering Tool (SIFT) is a tool to help provide such service. It supports full-text filtering using well-known information retrieval models. The SIFT filtering engine implements novel indexing techniques, capable of processing large volumes of information against a large number of profiles. It runs on several major Unix platforms and is freely available to the public. In this paper we present SIFT&apos;s approach to user interest modeling and user-server communication. We demonstrate the processing capability of SIFT by describing a running server that disseminates USENET News. We present an empirical study of SIFT&apos;s performance, examining its main memory requirement and ability to scale with infor...
Comparison of bronchodilating and antiinflammatory activities of oral formoterol and its (R,R)-enantiomers. (2003)

R,R-FMT protected lung against increase of RL and reduction of Cdyn induced by bronchial challenge of ovalbumin in the asthma model of guinea pigs, and inhibited airway inflammation in the sensitized mice. Efficacy of R,R-FMT was approximately 2-fold than that of rac-FMT.
A new approach to harmonic compensation in power systems-a combined system of shunt passive and series active filters (1990)

A novel approach to compensating for harmonics in power systems is presented. It is a combined system of a shunt passive filter and a small rated series active filter. The compensation principle is described, and some filtering characteristics are discussed in detail. Excellent practicability and validity to compensate for harmonics in power systems are demonstrated experimentally. Although the source harmonic voltage was only 1%, the source harmonic current reached about 10% before the series active filter was started. After it was started, no harmonic current flowed into the shunt passive filter. In addition, no harmonic voltage appeared at the terminals of the shunt passive filter, because the source harmonic voltage was applied to the series active filter. The total loss of the series active filter was less than 40 W. It is concluded that the combined system is far superior in efficiency to conventional shunt active filters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Introspection in system-level language frameworks: meta-level vs. integrated (2003)

Reflection and automated introspection of a design in system level design frameworks are seen as necessities for the CAD tools to manipulate the designs within the tools. These features are also useful for debuggers, class and object browsers, design analyzers, composition validation, type checking, compatibility checking, etc. However the central question is whether such features should be integrated into the language, or if we should build frameworks which feature these capabilities in a meta-layer leaving the system-level language intact. In our recent interactions with designers, we have found differing opinions. Especially in the context of SystemC, the temptation to integrate reflective APIs into the language is great, because C++ is expressive, and already has type introspective packages available. In this paper, we analyze this issue and show that (i) it is a better EDA system architecture to implement reflection/introspection at a meta-layer in a design framework (it) there are relatively unexplored territories of design automation, such as behavioral typing of component interfaces, corresponding type-theory, and their implication in automating component composition, interface synthesis, and validation, which can be better incorporated if the introspection is implemented at a meta-layer.
Closing the loop from continuous M-health monitoring to fuzzy logic-based optimized recommendations (2014)

Continuous sensing of health metrics might generate a massive amount of data. Generating clinically validated recommendations, out of these data, to patients under monitoring is of prime importance to protect them from risk of falling into severe health degradation. Physicians also can be supported with automated recommendations that gain from historical data and increasing learning cycles. In this paper, we propose a Fuzzy Expert System that relies on data collected from continuous monitoring. The monitoring scheme implements preprocessing of data for better data analytics. However, data analytics implements the loopback feature in order to constantly improve fuzzy rules, knowledge base, and generated recommendations. Both techniques reduced data quantity, improved data quality and proposed recommendations. We evaluate our solution through a series of experiments and the results we have obtained proved that our fuzzy expert system combined with the intelligent monitoring and analytic techniques provide a high accuracy of collected data and valid advices.
Insulin Administration via Liposomes (1990)

Liposomes have been used in insulin therapy as a means to selectively target insulin to the liver, enhance oral absorption of insulin, and prolong insulin action. Liposomes are an effective means of delivering insulin specifically to hepatocytes. The usefulness of hepatically targeted liposomes in the treatment of diabetes is restricted due to the requirement that they be given intravenously, the dilute concentration of insulin present in liposomal preparations, and the cost associated with liposome production. Encapsulating insulin in liposomes results in enhanced oral absorption of insulin. The high doses of liposome-entrapped insulin required perorally, coupled with extreme variability in the glycemic response to peroral liposomes, limits the value of peroral liposomal insulin as a viable diabetic therapy. Insulin action can be sustained via encapsulation of insulin in liposomes given subcutaneously. Most insulin appears to remain at the injection site, and the presence of a lipid matrix for subcutaneous insulin delivery raises concerns over enhanced antigenicity of liposomal insulin given subcutaneously. Viewed in the light of the limitations outlined above, the contribution of liposomal insulin to understanding and treatment of diabetes mellitus will probably be via use of hepatically targeted liposomes as a pharmacological probe to decipher the role of the liver in the metabolic complications associated with diabetes mellitus.
Exploitation of Contemporary Religious Revivals a Few Doubts About the Explanations Provided by Scholars (2014)

Since the 1970s, religious revivals have been happening all across the world. Numerous scholars have been investigating the reasons behind such a phenomenon. However, everyone seems to perceive it from a macroscopic and general angle, trying to provide a universal explanation. Therefore, everyone inspects this phenomenon from a “global” point of view. The purpose of this paper is to try to find out the cause and development of the revival as well as the true meaning behind the explanations provided by the scholars. However, after studying the materials, the author finds the discussion, or the attempted explanation, provokes many doubts.
Facile Synthesis of Sterically Hindered and Electron‐Deficient Secondary Amides from Isocyanates (2012)

The big easy: The direct coupling of Grignard reagents to isocyanates provides a facile and robust solution for the synthesis of sterically hindered and electron-deficient secondary amides. The products are obtained in high yields without the need for excess reagents or chromatographic purification.
Simple Synthesis and Use of a Nickel Alkene Isomerization Catalyst. An Advanced Lab in Inorganic/Organometallic Chemistry (1997)

In this laboratory experiment students synthesize a precatalyst, [Ni(P(OEt)3)4]. The precatalyst is protonated insitu to make [HNi(P(OEt)3)4]+, a nickel hydride, which is an active catalyst for alkene isomerization. Students produce the nickel hydride in the presence of 1-heptene at 0 ° C and monitor the extent of heptene isomerization by gas chromatography as a function of time. Students use this data to assess the effectiveness of their catalyst. The catalytic mechanism involves common reactions in organometallic chemistry such as: ß-hydride elimination and alkene insertion. This experiment combines synthetic and physical techniques to introduce students to synthetic and mechanistic organometallic chemistry.
Subgraphs and network motifs in geometric networks (2005)

Many real-world networks describe systems in which interactions decay with the distance between nodes. Examples include systems constrained in real space such as transportation and communication networks, as well as systems constrained in abstract spaces such as multivariate biological or economic data sets and models of social networks. These networks often display network motifs: subgraphs that recur in the network much more often than in randomized networks. To understand the origin of the network motifs in these networks, it is important to study the subgraphs and network motifs that arise solely from geometric constraints. To address this, we analyze geometric network models, in which nodes are arranged on a lattice and edges are formed with a probability that decays with the distance between nodes. We present analytical solutions for the numbers of all three- and four-node subgraphs, in both directed and nondirected geometric networks. We also analyze geometric networks with arbitrary degree sequences and models with a bias for directed edges in one direction. Scaling rules for scaling of subgraph numbers with system size, lattice dimension, and interaction range are given. Several invariant measures are found, such as the ratio of feedback and feed-forward loops, which do not depend on system size, dimension, or connectivity function. We find that network motifs in many real-world networks, including social networks and neuronal networks, are not captured solely by these geometric models. This is in line with recent evidence that biological network motifs were selected as basic circuit elements with defined information-processing functions.
Complement-induced endothelial dysfunction in rabbits: mechanisms, recovery, and gender differences (1996)

Activation of complement and attenuation of endothelium-dependent relaxation occur in a number of pathophysiological conditions. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanisms of human complement activation and loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation in rabbit tissue, the duration of this loss, and the effects of gender and serum concentration. In rabbit thoracic aortic rings precontracted with phenylephrine, human serum (HS) concentration dependently induced a loss of endothelium-dependent relaxation to the receptor-dependent vasodilator acetylcholine (ACh) and receptor-independent vasodilator calcium ionophore A23187. Serum-induced loss of ACh-dependent relaxation was decreased when rings were bathed in 1) HS depleted of factor B, C2, or C8, 2) heat-inactivated HS, or 3) HS with complement inhibitor sCR1 or sCR1[desLHR-A]. Superoxide dismutase had no effect on serum-induced loss of ACh-dependent relaxation. Serum-induced loss of ACh-dependent relaxation returned to control values after removal of HS. Serum-induced loss of ACh-dependent relaxation was greater in male than in female aortic rings. These results suggest that 1) complement activation directly attenuates endothelium-dependent relaxation via the classical and alternative pathways independent of superoxide anion formation, 2) this attenuation is concentration dependent, reversible, and dependent on formation of C5b-9, and 3) endothelial tissue from males is more susceptible than that from females to the acute effects of complement activation.
<title>Compact electron EH-accelerator for intensive x-ray flash source</title> (1999)

A new class of accelerators Undulated Induction Accelerators (UNIAC -- EH-accelerators) is proposed as a basis for intense X-ray flash sources. Apart from X-ray sources these accelerators can be used for cooling (with simultaneous acceleration) of electron and ion beams, for forming high intensity relativistic beams of neutral molecules, neutrons and plasma fluxes, etc. The key idea of EH-accelerators is the utilization of undulated forms of trajectories of the accelerated particles. They may be trajectories of sinewave form, spiral form, and more complex spatial forms. It is clear that characteristic parameters of modern materials (permanent magnets, accelerator ferrites, and superconductors) allow construction of especially compact, and, at the same time, reliable, and relatively inexpensive acceleration systems in the energy range from hundreds keV to a few GeV. The possibility of constructing compact high intensity X-ray flash sources on the basis of EH-accelerators is substantiated for realization. Special schemes for forming pico- and nano-second intense X-ray pulses are proposed and analyzed. The project peculiarities and state of a preliminary experiment are discussed.
Investigation of PWM controlled, resonant transition converters with asymmetrical duty cycle (2002)

Investigations on a specific group, asymmetrical duty cycle controlled power converters, which belong to the class of resonant transition topologies are presented. A detailed analysis following a state-graph strategy is given, revealing three modes of operation, Various design equations are derived representing the equipment for a consolidated design of a 300 V-5 V/60 A DC/DC power converter, switched at 500 kHz. The high measured efficiency of 86% at rated power and up to 89% at half load, resulting from the high turns ratio and low reactive power, proves this switching technique favorable as compared with other soft switching techniques of the last decade by eliminating switching losses without a rise in conduction losses.
Applying machine learning toward an automatic classification of It (2001)

When a noise verb is used to indicate verbal communication, factors from both the source domain of the verb (perception) and the target domain (communication) play a role in determining the argument structure of the sentence. While the target domain supplies a syntactic structure, the source domain’s semantics constrain the degree to which that syntactic structure can be exploited. This can be determined by comparing noise verbs in this use with manner-of-communication verbs, which are superficially similar, but native to communication. Data for these two classes of verbs were drawn from the British National Corpus. The data were annotated with frame-semantic markup, as described in the Berkeley FrameNet Project. We compared the presence, type of syntactic realization, and position of the semantically annotated arguments for both classes of verbs. We found that noise and manner verbs show statistically significant differences in these three areas. For instance, noise verbs are more focused on the form of the message than manner verbs: noise verbs appear more frequently with a quoted message. In addition, there are differences other than the complementation patterns: certain noise verbs are biased with respect to speakers’ genders, message types, and even orthography in quoted messages
A Comparison of Cognitive Performance Decreases During Acute, Progressive Fatigue Arising From Different Concurrent Stressors (2010)

Fatigue is known to impair cognitive performance, but it remains unclear whether concurrent common stressors affect cognitive performance similarly. We used the Stroop Color-Word Conflict Test to assess cognitive performance over 24 hours for four groups: control, sleep-deprived (SD), SD + energy deficit, and SD + energy deficit + fluid restricted. Fatigue levels were quantified using the Profile of Mood States (POMS) survey. Linear mixed-effects (LME) models allowed for testing of group-specific differences in cognitive performance while accounting for subject-level variation. Starting fatigue levels were similar among all groups, while 24-hour fatigue levels differed significantly. For each cognitive performance test, results were modeled separately. The simplest LME model contained a significant fixed-effects term for slope and intercept. Moreover, the simplest LME model used a single slope coefficient to fit data from all four groups, suggesting that loss in cognitive performance over a 24-hour duty cycle with respect to fatigue level is similar regardless of the cause.
Cellular automata for real-time generation of infinite cave levels (2010)

This paper presents a reliable and efficient approach to procedurally generating level maps based on the self-organization capabilities of cellular automata (CA). A simple CA-based algorithm is evaluated on an infinite cave game, generating playable and well-designed tunnel-based maps. The algorithm has very low computational cost, permitting realtime content generation, and the proposed map representation provides sufficient flexibility with respect to level design.
Mobility tracking in unknown correlated shadow fading wireless networks (2018)

In this study, the authors propose an algorithm for tracking of a mobile user and jointly estimate fading parameters of the wireless environment, e.g. the path‐loss exponent. The authors use a state space dynamic model for the mobility of the device with a discrete Markov process for its acceleration and exploit only the received signal strength indication (RSSI) from multiple anchor points. They use particle filters for tracking, a maximum likelihood estimator for the path‐loss exponent, and a Kalman filter for estimating of the shadow fading. The sequence of estimation procedures is done in one time step. The simulation comparison with similar methods illustrates a significant performance improvement by estimating the unknown fading parameters of RSSI.
Galactosyltransferases Involved in Galactolipid Biosynthesis Are Located in the Outer Membrane of Pea Chloroplast Envelopes (1983)

The galactosylation steps in the biosynthesis of galactolipids involve two different enzymes; a UDP-Gal:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase and a galactolipid:galactolipid galactosyltransferase. Previous localization studies have shown that in spinach these enzymes are located in the chloroplast envelope. Our results with peas (Pisum sativum var Laxton's Progress No. 9) confirm these results and extend the localization by providing evidence that the galactosyltransferases are in the outer membrane of the envelope. The specific activity of UDP-Gal:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase in outer membrane preparations was 6 to 10 times greater than that exhibited by inner membrane preparations. In addition, using quantitative sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, it was possible to show that the UDP-Gal:diacylglycerol galactosyltransferase activity associated with inner membrane preparations could be accounted for by outer membrane contamination. It is concluded from these results that this enzyme is located predominantly, if not exclusively, in the outer membrane of the envelope. An analysis of the galactolipid products synthesized by the highly purified outer membrane showed that the galactolipid:galactolipid galactosyltransferase is also present, suggesting that this enzyme is also an outer membrane enzyme. The implication of these results is that the final assembly of galactolipids is carried out on the outer membrane of the chloroplast envelope.
Adenovirus-Mediated Gene Transfer of the Human Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-2 Blocks Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Invasiveness In Vitro and Modulates Neointimal Development In Vivo (1998)

Adenovirus-mediated hTIMP-2 gene transfer inhibits SMC invasiveness in vitro and in vivo and delays neointimal development after carotid injury.
Modular architecture of a multi-frequency electrical impedance tomography system: Design and implementation (2014)

Electrical impedance tomography (EIT) provides means of imaging the electrical properties distribution of biological tissues and fluids while impedance spectroscopy (IS) allows measuring their frequency response in a more global way. Both require precise and well-integrated instrumentation. In this work, we propose a modular architecture of a multi-frequency EIT (MfEIT) system which has capabilities in implementing both IS and MfEIT. First, IS performance is assessed in vivo using a cuff electrode implanted around the rodent cervical vagus nerve. Second, MfEIT performance is evaluated in vitro based on saline phantom experiments. Overall system allows addressing a wide range of applications and proves effective both in vitro and in vivo.
Two‐dimensional iterative region‐of‐interest (ROI) reconstruction from truncated projection data (2007)

A small detector or limited gantry rotation angles may cause data truncation, in which case the entire object cannot be completely reconstructed. However, a small region of interest (ROI) may be recoverable in certain truncation situations. Two analytical methods have been proposed for exact ROI reconstruction. Here we evaluate the capability of ROI reconstruction using an maximum-likelihood expectation-maximization (ML-EM) method, which directly solves the inverse problem of the system equations. ROI reconstruction using the ML-EM method is compared with that using the two analytical methods. Comparisons are based on reconstructions of four specifically designed, computer-simulated truncation cases. In the simulation, each reconstructed ROI is coupled with its counterpart in the nontruncated case to evaluate the accuracy of the reconstructed ROI. We found that, (a) in two truncation situations the ROI can be reconstructed by both the analytical methods and the two-dimensional ML-EM method, but the ML-EM method may produce a larger ROI; (b) for a truncation case [Fig. 3(c)] that neither analytical algorithm is applicable, the ML-EM method provides a quantitative ROI reconstruction; and (c) for the well-known "interior" truncation problem, neither the analytical methods nor the ML-EM method can perform an exact ROI reconstruction, but the ML-EM method provides informative ROI images. We also propose an analysis using the truncated projection matrix and its Moore-Penrose inverse matrix which can help to determine the recoverable ROI using iterative methods for a given truncation situation.