gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In vivo</i> infusions of exogenous growth factors into the fourth ventricle of the adult mouse brain increase the proliferation of neural progenitors around the fourth ventricle and the central canal of the spinal cord (2002)

Stem cells isolated from the fourth ventricle and spinal cord form neurospheres in vitro in response to basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2)+heparin (H) or epidermal growth factor (EGF)+FGF2 together. To determine whether these growth factor conditions are sufficient to induce stem cells within the fourth ventricle and spinal cord to proliferate and expand their progeny in vivo, we infused EGF and FGF2, alone or together, with or without H, into the fourth ventricle for 6 days via osmotic minipumps. Animals were injected with bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) on days 4, 5 and 6 of infusion in order to label cells proliferating in response to the growth factors. Infusions of EGF+FGF2+H into the fourth ventricle resulted in the largest proliferative effect, a 10.8-fold increase in the number of BrdU+ cells around the fourth ventricle, and a 33.5-fold increase in the number of BrdU+ cells around the central canal of the spinal cord, as compared to vehicle infused controls. The majority of the cells were nestin+ after 6 days of infusion. Seven weeks post-infusion, 22 and 30% of the number of BrdU+ cells induced to proliferate after 6 days of EGF+FGF2+H infusions were still detected around the fourth ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord, respectively. Analysis of the fates of the remaining cells showed that a small percentage of BrdU+ cells around the fourth ventricle and in the white matter of the spinal cord differentiated into astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. BrdU+ neurons were not found in the brainstem or in the grey matter of the cervical spinal cord 7 weeks post-infusion. These results show that endogenous stem cells and progenitors around the fourth ventricle and central canal of the spinal cord proliferate in response to exogenously applied growth factors, but unlike in the lateral ventricle where they generate some new neurons, they only produce new astrocytes and oligodendrocytes at 7 weeks post-infusion.
Synthesis and applications of graphene-based noble metal nanostructures (2013)

Graphene and its derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), are ideal platforms for constructing graphene-based nanostructures for various applications. Hybrid materials of noble metal nanocrystal-decorated GO or rGO with novel or enhanced properties and functions have been extensively explored recently. In this mini-review, various approaches for synthesis of graphene-templated noble metal nanomaterials are discussed. In particular, those novel synthetic strategies and interesting architectures are highlighted. Moreover, the applications of graphene-based noble metal nanostructures in fuel cells, electrochemical sensors, and surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) will be briefly introduced.
Warp-and-project tomography for rapidly deforming objects (2019)

Computed tomography has emerged as the method of choice for scanning complex shapes as well as interior structures of stationary objects. Recent progress has also allowed the use of CT for analyzing deforming objects and dynamic phenomena, although the deformations have been constrained to be either slow or periodic motions. In this work we improve the tomographic reconstruction of time-varying geometries undergoing faster, non-periodic deformations. Our method uses a warp-and-project approach that allows us to introduce an essentially continuous time axis where consistency of the reconstructed shape with the projection images is enforced for the specific time and deformation state at which the image was captured. The method uses an efficient, time-adaptive solver that yields both the moving geometry as well as the deformation field. We validate our method with extensive experiments using both synthetic and real data from a range of different application scenarios.
Induction of Tolerance to Human Arylsulfatase A in a Mouse Model of Metachromatic Leukodystrophy (2007)

A deficiency of arylsulfatase A (ASA) causes metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), a lysosomal storage disorder characterized by accumulation of sulfatide, a severe neurological phenotype and early death. The efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) has previously been determined in ASA knockout (ASA-/-) mice representing the only available animal model for MLD. Repeated intravenous injection of human ASA (hASA) improved the nervous system pathology and function, but also elicited a progressive humoral immune response leading to treatment resistance, anaphylactic reactions, and high mortality. In contrast to ASA-/- mice, most MLD patients express mutant hASA which may entail immunological tolerance to substituted wildtype hASA and thus protect from immunological complications. To test this notion, a cysteine-to-serine substitution was introduced into the active site of the hASA and the resulting inactive hASA-C69S variant was constitutively expressed in ASA-/- mice. Mice with sub-to supranormal levels of mutant hASA expression were analyzed. All mice, including those showing transgene expression below the limit of detection, were immunologically unresponsive to injected hASA. More than 100-fold overexpression did not induce an overt new phenotype except occasional intralysosomal deposition of minor amounts of glycogen in hepatocytes. Furthermore, long-term, low-dose ERT reduced sulfatide storage in peripheral tissues and the central nervous system indicating that high levels of extracellular mutant hASA do not prevent cellular uptake and lysosomal targeting of substituted wildtype hASA. Due to the tolerance to hASA and maintenance of the MLD-like phenotype, the novel transgenic strain may be particularly advantageous to assess the benefit and risk of long-term ERT.
Shape of the face and tongue in obstructive sleep apnea patients — Statistical analysis of coordinate data (1999)

Despite many limitations, we demonstrate that the supine cepahlometrics during wakefulness can be a useful adjunctive diagnostic tool for OSA, when cephalograms are analyzed in a coordinate data form.
Role of Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase in Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) (1982)

Intact cells of the methane-oxidizing organism Methylococcus capsulatus (Bath) assimilated CO2 for several hours in the absence of methane, provided that an alternative energy source such as hydrogen and/or formate was available. Despite the presence of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and a ribulose monophosphate pathway in this organism, autotrophic growth in the presence of a suitable energy source could not be demonstrated. Radiolabelling studies suggested that the CO2 was incorporated via C3 carboxylation and ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase in the presence of both methane and hydrogen plus formate. However, in the presence of methane the CO2 was further metabolized into sugar phosphates, whereas in the absence of methane, but with hydrogen plus formate as an energy source, the sugar phosphates were not labelled to any significant extent. Of the methane-oxidizing bacteria tested, ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase was found only in M. capsulatus strains (Bath and Foster & Davis). The ribulose monophosphate pathway in M. capsulatus (Bath) probably uses the keto-deoxy-6-phosphogluconate route for the cleavage of fructose 6-phosphate into two C3 molecules rather than via phosphofructokinase and fructose bisphosphate aldolase which have low activities in this organism. The function of the ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase may be to provide an alternative cleavage pathway for the synthesis of 3-phosphoglycerate during growth on methane.
Halide-Dependent Mechanisms of Reductive Elimination from Gold(III) (2015)

Two unique organometallic halide series (Ph3P)Au(4-Me-C6H4)(CF3)(X) and (Cy3P)Au(4-F-C6H4)(CF3)(X) (X = I, Br, Cl, F) have been synthesized. The PPh3-supported complexes can undergo both C(aryl)-X and C(aryl)-CF3 reductive elimination. Mechanistic studies of thermolysis at 122 °C reveal a dramatic reactivity and kinetic selectivity dependence on halide ligand. For X = I or F, zero-order kinetic behavior is observed, while for X = Cl or Br, kinetic studies implicate product catalysis. The selectivity for C(aryl)-CF3 bond formation increases in the order X = I < Br < Cl < F, with exclusively C(aryl)-I bond formation when X = I, and exclusively C(aryl)-CF3 bond formation when X = F. Thermodynamic measurements show that Au(III)-X bond dissociation energies increase in the order X = I < Br < Cl, and that ground state Au(III)-X bond strength ultimately dictates selectivities for C(aryl)-X and C(aryl)-CF3 reductive elimination.
The Schottky Effect in Low Frequency Circuits (1925)

(1) In the absence of space charge. This effect, discovered by Schottky, which depends on the probability fluctuations of electron emission from a filament, has been measured over a considerable range of conditions in resonant circuits of which the natural frequency was varied from 8 to nearly 6000 p.p.s. The effect is much larger in the lower range of frequencies than the theory predicts. With a tungsten filament, the ratio of observed to theoretical effect $\frac{{e}^{\ensuremath{'}}}{e}$ is about.7 for frequencies above 200, but increases rapidly to 50 at 10 cycles per sec. With an oxide coated filament, the ratio increases from 1 at 5000 cycles to 100 at 100 cycles. This is interpreted to mean that the emission of electrons is not strictly chaotic but is influenced by irregular temporal changes in the cathode emissivity. In a high frequency circuit these changes become imperceptible and the emission is effectively random. (2) When current is limited by space charge the Schottky effect decreases because of the interaction of the electrons, and other disturbances may act upon the space charge so as to completely mask the remanent Schottky effect. The magnitude of the disturbances in amplifying vacuum tubes can therefore not be predicted from measurements on the true Schottky effect.
Medically important differences in snake venom composition are dictated by distinct postgenomic mechanisms (2014)

Variation in venom composition is a ubiquitous phenomenon in snakes and occurs both interspecifically and intraspecifically. Venom variation can have severe outcomes for snakebite victims by rendering the specific antibodies found in antivenoms ineffective against heterologous toxins found in different venoms. The rapid evolutionary expansion of different toxin-encoding gene families in different snake lineages is widely perceived as the main cause of venom variation. However, this view is simplistic and disregards the understudied influence that processes acting on gene transcription and translation may have on the production of the venom proteome. Here, we assess the venom composition of six related viperid snakes and compare interspecific changes in the number of toxin genes, their transcription in the venom gland, and their translation into proteins secreted in venom. Our results reveal that multiple levels of regulation are responsible for generating variation in venom composition between related snake species. We demonstrate that differential levels of toxin transcription, translation, and their posttranslational modification have a substantial impact upon the resulting venom protein mixture. Notably, these processes act to varying extents on different toxin paralogs found in different snakes and are therefore likely to be as important as ancestral gene duplication events for generating compositionally distinct venom proteomes. Our results suggest that these processes may also contribute to altering the toxicity of snake venoms, and we demonstrate how this variability can undermine the treatment of a neglected tropical disease, snakebite.
Renewable thermoset copolymers from tung oil and natural terpenes (2014)

ABSTRACT The cationic copolymerization of tung oil, limonene, and myrcene as comonomers, initiated by boron trifluoride, is presented and discussed in this work. Dynamic mechanical analysis revealed that all copolymers behave as thermosets. FTIR spectra for both copolymers, after extraction with dichloromethane, suggested that the major component of the insoluble fraction was reacted tung oil (a cross‐linked triglyceride network). Likewise, unreacted tung oil was found to be the main component of the soluble phase. Also, all the copolymers showed only one tan δ peak, indicating no phase separation. Glass transition temperature (Tg) increased with the myrcene content and decreased almost linearly as the limonene content increased. Furthermore, the Fox and Loshaek model showed a relatively good prediction of the Tg values of the polymers. The Young's modulus ranged from 33.8 to 4.7 MPa for all tested thermosets. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 41155.
Magnets in motion (2008)

We introduce magnetic interaction for rigid body simulation. Our approach is based on an equivalent dipole method and as such it is discrete from the ground up. Our approach is symmetric as we base both field and force computations on dipole interactions. Enriching rigid body simulation with magnetism allows for many new and interesting possibilities in computer animation and special effects. Our method also allows the accurate computation of magnetic fields for arbitrarily shaped objects, which is especially interesting for pedagogy as it allows the user to visually discover properties of magnetism which would otherwise be difficult to grasp. We demonstrate our method on a variety of problems and our results reflect intuitive as well as surprising effects. Our method is fast and can be coupled with any rigid body solver to simulate dozens of magnetic objects at interactive rates.
Correlation of Regional Cerebral Blood Flow with Ischemic Electroencephalographic Changes during Sevoflurane-Nitrous Oxide Anesthesia for Carotid Endarterectomy  (1998)

The rCBF50 of 0.6-1.2% sevoflurane in 50% N2O, as determined using logistic regression analysis, is 11.5 +/- 1.4 ml 100 g(-1) x min(-1). Further, in patients anesthetized in this manner, ischemic EEG changes due to carotid occlusion were accurately and rapidly detected.
HYBRID NVH DESIGN SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS OF GENERAL CROSS-SECTION BEAMS (1998)

This paper presents a hybrid process for design sensitivity analysis(DSA) of Noise, Vibration, and Harshness (NVH) responses with respect to general cross-section beam design parameters. Design parameters associated with general cross-section beams are overall height, overall width, and part thicknesses. In the hybrid process, NVH design sensitivities are computed using the chain rule of differentiation combining sizing and shape DSA results to get the total derivative. The beam design sensitivity expressions are analytically derived using the continuum approach and the adjoint variable method. NVH DSA is implemented external to the FEA program, MSC/NASTRAN. A simplified box model is used to validate and illustrate the approach.
A Stereological Morphometric Study of the Ultrastructure of Mucilage Cells in Opuntia polyacantha (Cactaceae) (1980)

The development and structure of mucilage cells in Opuntia polyacantha (Cactaceae) were studied at the light- and electron-microscope levels Stereological morphometric methods were used to describe quantitatively the fine structure during active secretion of mucilage. Dictyosomes are abundant and constitute 3.39% of the volume of the cytoplasm but are only 0.87% of the cytoplasm of the neighboring chlorenchyma cells. Mucilage cells contain fewer chloroplasts than chlorenchyma cells, more hyaloplasm, but nonsignificantly different amounts of endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, the relative volumes of several of these organelles are greatly different from any values reported for Echinocereus engelmannii.
Analysis of the Curing Reactions of Thermosetting Polymers by DSC (1972)

A number of thermosetting polymers have been examined using differential scanning calorimetry. In particular, the curing reactions of phenol-formaldehyde materials have been investigated using small, sealed high pressure cells in conjunction with the Perkin-Elmer DSC 1B instrument. Temperature scan data has been cautiously analysed by the method of Rogers and Smith in order to determine an overall activation energy for the process, leading to “dynamic” reaction rates. A computer programme has been written which requires input of the starting temperature of the reaction and heights of the curve above the baseline at small equi-spaced temperature intervals. The effect of instrumental variables on derived kinetic parameters is discussed, and a comparison made with values determined from isothermal experiments. Results showing the effect of acid/base catalysis on cure reaction rate are also presented.
SUPPRESSION MEDIATED BY ANERGIC CD4+ T CELLS REQUIRES STIMULATION BY MHC-PEPTIDE COMPLEXES AND CAN BE INDUCED IN THE PRESENCE OF COSTIMULATION1 (2001)

Background. In this study, we have investigated the mechanisms involved in both the induction of suppressive anergy, the stability of the anergy induced, and the possible mechanisms by which the response of immunocompetent CD4+ T cells are suppressed. Methods. We used immobilized anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody (mAb) to induce anergy in T helper (Th) 1 and Th0 cells reactive with MHC class II molecule H2 I-Ab. Results. We observed that suppressive anergy was induced independently of costimulation in Th0 but not Th1 cells. Although the anergic and suppressive states of Th0 cells were stable in the presence of exogenous interleukin-2, this was not the case for Th1 cells. No evidence for linked epitope suppression was observed for any of the I-Ab reactive cells investigated. Neither anergy nor suppression was observed in Th0 cells upon restimulation with anti-CD3 in the presence of syngeneic antigen-presenting cells (APCs). However, anergy but not suppression was observed in co-cultures restimulated with anti–T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) mAbs/syngeneic APCs and suppression could be restored by the addition of I-Ab+ APCs. Conclusions. Overall, these data suggested that the MHC-peptide complex recognized by the Th0 cells was required for suppression of the response of immunocompetent cells. We propose that suppression is mediated either by down-modulation of the MHC-peptide complex recognized by the anergic T cells or that a molecule specific to the MHC-peptide/TCR interaction facilitates negative regulation by APC:T or T:T interactions.
Scalability Analysis of Large-Scale LoRaWAN Networks in ns-3 (2017)

As LoRaWAN networks are actively being deployed in the field, it is important to comprehend the limitations of this low power wide area network technology. Previous work has raised questions in terms of the scalability and capacity of LoRaWAN networks as the number of end devices grows to hundreds or thousands per gateway. Some works have modeled LoRaWAN networks as pure ALOHA networks, which fails to capture important characteristics such as the capture effect and the effects of interference. Other works provide a more comprehensive model by relying on empirical and stochastic techniques. This paper uses a different approach where a LoRa error model is constructed from extensive complex baseband bit error rate simulations and used as an interference model. The error model is combined with the LoRaWAN MAC protocol in an ns-3 module that enables to study multichannel, multispreading factor, multi-gateway, bi-directional LoRaWAN networks with thousands of end devices. Using the LoRaWAN ns-3 module, a scalability analysis of LoRaWAN shows the detrimental impact downstream traffic has on the delivery ratio of confirmed upstream traffic. The analysis shows that increasing gateway density can ameliorate but not eliminate this effect, as stringent duty cycle requirements for gateways continue to limit downstream opportunities.
PRIMARY CARE OPTOMETRY (1983)

PART ONE: ANOMALIES OF REFRACTION AND BINOCULAR VISION 1. Anomalies of Refraction 2. Epidemiology of Ametropia 3. Myopia 4. Hyperopia NEW! 5. Anomalies of Binocular Vision PART TWO: THE OPTOMETRIC EXAMINATION 6. The Patient History 7. The Preliminary Examination 8. The Ocular Health Examination 9. Objective Refraction 10. Subjective Refraction 11. The Binocular Vision Examination PART THREE: OPTOMETRIC DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT 12. Management of Anomalies of Refraction and Binocular Vision 13. Ophthalmic Lenses 14. Contact Lenses 15. Nonsurgical Methods of Myopia Control or Reduction 16. Refractive Surgery 17. Age-Related Vision Problems NEW! 18. Age-Related Vision Loss NEW! 19. Care of the Vision-Impaired Patient NEW! 20. The Role and Scope of the Primary Care Optometrist
Two-Quantum 2D FT Electronic Spectroscopy of Biexcitons in GaAs Quantum Wells (2009)

The motions of electrons in solids may be highly correlated by strong, long-range Coulomb interactions. Correlated electron-hole pairs (excitons) are accessed spectroscopically through their allowed single-quantum transitions, but higher-order correlations that may strongly influence electronic and optical properties have been far more elusive to study. Here we report direct observation of bound exciton pairs (biexcitons) that provide incisive signatures of four-body correlations among electrons and holes in gallium arsenide (GaAs) quantum wells. Four distinct, mutually coherent, ultrashort optical pulses were used to create coherent exciton states, transform these successively into coherent biexciton states and then new radiative exciton states, and finally to read out the radiated signals, yielding biexciton binding energies through a technique closely analogous to multiple-quantum two-dimensional Fourier transform (2D FT) nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A measured variation of the biexciton dephasing rate indicated still higher-order correlations.
A Miniature Recording Cardiotachometer (1981)

The design of a miniature, recording cardiotachometer is described. It is simple and can store digital data. Bench and field tests, using a hand-held display, are presented. Construction and principles of operation are discussed. Applications, with performing athlete subjects, are outlined.
An Intrinsically Stretchable Nanowire Photodetector with a Fully Embedded Structure (2013)

Fabrication of intrinsically stretchable nanowire photodetectors based on fully embedded structures is reported. A lithographic filtration method is used to integrate different functional layers into the photodetectors, which exhibit excellent stretchability up to 100%. The fully embedded structure enables excellent stability against repeated stretching, mechanical scratching, and adhesive forces.
Causes of mechanically induced collagen damage in articular cartilage (2005)

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a multifactorial disease, associated with articular cartilage degeneration and eventually joint destruction. The phases of the disease have been described in detail, and mechanical factors play an important role in the initiation of OA, but many questions remain about its etiology. Swelling of cartilage, one of the earliest signs of damage, is proportional to the amount of collagen damage. This strongly suggests that damage to the collagen network is an early event in cartilage degeneration. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanical cause of early collagen damage in articular cartilage after mechanical overloading. Both the shear strain along the fibrils and the maximum fibril strains were evaluated as possible candidates for causing collagen damage. This evaluation was done by comparing the locations of maximum shear and tensile strains with the locations of initial collagen damage after mechanical overloading in bovine explants as found using antibodies directed against denatured type II collagen (Col2-3/4M). Collagen damage could be initiated by excessive shear strains along the collagen fibrils, and by excessive fibrils strains. The locations of collagen damage after mechanical overloading were highly dependent on the cartilage thickness, with thinner cartilage being more susceptible to damage than thicker samples.