gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Spore Coat Protein CotE Facilitates Host Colonization by Clostridium difficile (2017)

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an important hospital-acquired infection resulting from the germination of spores in the intestine as a consequence of antibiotic-mediated dysbiosis of the gut microbiota. Key to this is CotE, a protein displayed on the spore surface and carrying 2 functional elements, an N-terminal peroxiredoxin and a C-terminal chitinase domain. Using isogenic mutants, we show in vitro and ex vivo that CotE enables binding of spores to mucus by direct interaction with mucin and contributes to its degradation. In animal models of CDI, we show that when CotE is absent, both colonization and virulence were markedly reduced. We demonstrate here that the attachment of spores to the intestine is essential in the development of CDI. Spores are usually regarded as biochemically dormant, but our findings demonstrate that rather than being simply agents of transmission and dissemination, spores directly contribute to the establishment and promotion of disease.
Use of Binary Light Metal Mixtures and Alloys as Additives for Solid Propellants (1961)

Am = area of matrix, sq in. D ••= fiber diameter, in. Ec = modulus of elasticity of composite, psi (tension) Ef = modulus of elasticity of fiber, psi (tension) Em = modulus of elasticity of matrix, psi (tension) Ff = base strength of the fiber, psi Fm — base strength of the matrix, psi Fc = theoretical composite strength, psi h = height of shear plane, in. Ls = length of shear plane and required overlap of fibers Pc ~ load on composite, lb Pf = load on fiber, lb Pm = load on matrix, lb 0c = unit stress in composite, psi oy = unit stress in fiber, psi <rm = unit stress in matrix, psi ec = un i t s t rain of composite , in . / in . e/ = un i t s t ra in of fiber, in . / in . em = unit strain of matrix, in./in.
<title>Test structures for characterization and comparative analysis of CMOS image sensors</title> (1996)

A set of test structures designed to characterize and compare the performance of CMOS passive and active pixel image sensors is presented. The test structures are deigned so that they can be rapidly ported from one process to another. They are also designed so that individual photodetectors and pixel circuits as well as entire image sensor arrays can be characterized and compared based on: quantum efficiency, spectral response, fixed pattern noise, sensitivity, blooming, input referred read noise, reduction of quantum efficiency caused by silicide/salicide, lag, digital switching noise sensitivity, impact ionization noise sensitivity, dynamic range, and temperature dependency of all measured parameters. Four test chips that include a variety of these structures have been built in two different 0.35 micrometer CMOS processes. The test chips include nineteen types of individual photodetectors and thirty eight types of 64 by 64 pixel arrays. The test methodology and preliminary test results from these chips are presented.
Accelerated parallel magnetic resonance imaging reconstruction using joint estimation with a sparse signal model (2012)

Accelerating magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) by reducing the number of acquired k-space scan lines benefits conventional MRI significantly by decreasing the time subjects remain in the magnet. In this paper, we formulate a novel method for Joint estimation from Undersampled LinEs in Parallel MRI (JULEP) that simultaneously calibrates the GeneRalized Autocalibrating Partially Parallel Acquisitions (GRAPPA) reconstruction kernel and reconstructs the full multi-channel k-space. We employ a joint sparsity signal model for the channel images in conjunction with observation models for both the acquired data and GRAPPA reconstructed k-space. We demonstrate using real MRI data that JULEP outperforms conventional GRAPPA reconstruction at high levels of undersampling, increasing the peak-signal-to-noise ratio by up to 10 dB.
Optoelectronic integrated systems based on free-space interconnects with an arbitrary degree of space variance (1994)

It is appealing to contemplate how VLSI or wafer-scale integrated systems incorporating free-space optical interconnection might outperform purely electrically interconnected systems. This paper first provides a uniform treatment of a general class of optical interconnects based on a Fourier-plane imaging system with an array of sources in the object plane and an array of receptors in the image plane. Sources correspond to data outputs of processing "cells," and receptors to their data inputs. A general abstract optical imaging model, capable of representing a large class of real systems, is analyzed to yield constructive upper bounds on system volume that are comparable to those arising from "3-D VLSI" computational models. These bounds, coupled with technologically derived constraints, form the heart of a design methodology for optoelectronic systems that uses electronic and optical elements each to their greatest advantage, and exploits the available spatial volume and power in the most efficient way. Many of these concepts are embodied in a demonstration project that seeks to implement a bit-serial, multiprocessing system with a radix-2 butterfly topology, and incorporates various new technology developments.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Understanding integration in a software development environment (2003)

There has been a great deal of interest in recent years on the concept of a software development environment (SDE) as a complete, unifying framework of services supporting most (or all) phases of software development and maintenance. As a large, complex artifact composed of a number of software components, and interacting closely with human aspects of the software development process, The authors believe a systems integration perspective is appropriate in understanding this work. By taking this approach they identify three levels at which the issue of integration in a SDE arises as a key concept-at the mechanism level (interoperability of the hardware and basic software), at the end-user services level (combining the methods and paradigms of the various tools), and at the process level (adapting end-user services to the working practices of different users, projects and organizations). The authors examine SDEs from an integration perspective, describing the previous work in this area, and analyzing the integration issues that must be addressed in an SDE. For illustrative purposes, a particular focus of the paper is the configuration management aspects of a SDE.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Biogenic selenium and tellurium nanoparticles synthesized by environmental microbial isolates efficaciously inhibit bacterial planktonic cultures and biofilms (2015)

The present study deals with Se(0)- and Te(0)-based nanoparticles bio-synthesized by two selenite- and tellurite-reducing bacterial strains, namely Stenotrophomonas maltophilia SeITE02 and Ochrobactrum sp. MPV1, isolated from polluted sites. We evidenced that, by regulating culture conditions and exposure time to the selenite and tellurite oxyanions, differently sized zero-valent Se and Te nanoparticles were produced. The results revealed that these Se(0) and Te(0) nanoparticles possess antimicrobial and biofilm eradication activity against Escherichia coli JM109, Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923. In particular, Se(0) nanoparticles exhibited antimicrobial activity at quite low concentrations, below that of selenite. Toxic effects of both Se(0) and Te(0) nanoparticles can be related to the production of reactive oxygen species upon exposure of the bacterial cultures. Evidence so far achieved suggests that the antimicrobial activity seems to be strictly linked to the dimensions of the nanoparticles: indeed, the highest activity was shown by nanoparticles of smaller sizes. In particular, it is worth noting how the bacteria tested in biofilm mode responded to the treatment by Se(0) and Te(0) nanoparticles with a susceptibility similar to that observed in planktonic cultures. This suggests a possible exploitation of both Se(0) and Te(0) nanoparticles as efficacious antimicrobial agents with a remarkable biofilm eradication capacity.
Comparative clinical evaluation of efficacy and safety of a formulation containing ciclopirox 8% in the form of a therapeutic nail lacquer in two different posologies for the treatment of onychomycosis of the toes (2012)

The nail lacquer containing ciclopirox 8% was equally effective at a weekly dose when compared to the traditional dosing (3/2/1), allowing a more comfortable regimen.
Successive interference cancellation algorithms for downlink W-CDMA communications (2002)

In this paper, successive intracell interference cancellation (IIC) of the wideband-code division multiple access (W-CDMA) signal at the mobile unit is considered. Three new interference cancellation techniques suitable for the downlink of any CDMA system with orthogonal spreading are proposed. No prior knowledge of users' spreading codes or even their spreading factors are required for interference cancellation. A new term, effective spreading code, has been introduced, which is defined as the interfering user physical code as seen by the desired user within the desired user symbol duration. The mobile receiver estimates the effective spreading codes of the interfering users regardless of their spreading factors using fast Walsh transform (FWT) correlators (instead of the regular correlators) and uses this information to suppress the intracell multiuser interference. Three different interference-suppressing techniques are studied: subtraction; combined interfering signal projection; and separate interfering signal subspace projection. The complexity of the proposed techniques is low compared to conventional interference cancellation techniques. For a W-CDMA system and the IMT-2000 vehicular channel model, a capacity increase of up to 150% of the original (without IIC) system capacity is shown.
Two-Phase Methanization of Food Wastes in Pilot Scale (1999)

A 5 ton/d pilot scale two-phase anaerobic digester was constructed and tested to treat Korean food wastes in Anyang city near Seoul.
X-Ray Lithography Sources: A Review (1989)

Synchrotron from dipole magnets in electron storage rings has emerged as a useful source of x-rays for lithography. To meet the need for these sources numerous groups around the world have embarked on projects to design and construct storage rings for x-ray lithography. Both conventional electromagnets as well as superconducting (SC) dipoles have been incorporated into the various designs. An overview of the worldwide effort to produce commercial x-ray sources will be presented. To better illustrate the elements involved in these sources a closer examination of the Superconducting X-ray Lithography Source Project (SXLS) at BNL will be presented. 11 refs., 1 fig., 5 tabs.
Mycobacterium bovis BCG but not Mycobacterium leprae induces TNF-alpha secretion in human monocytic THP-1 cells (2001)

In this study, we compared the level of TNF-alpha secretion induced in monocytic THP-1 cells after phagocytosis of Mycobacterium leprae, the causative agent of leprosy, and M. bovis BCG, an attenuated strain used as a vaccine against leprosy and tuberculosis. The presence of M. leprae and BCG was observed in more than 80% of the cells after 24 h of exposure. However, BCG but not M. leprae was able to induce TNF-alpha secretion in these cells. Moreover, THP-1 cells treated simultaneously with BCG and M. leprae secreted lower levels of TNF-alpha compared to cells incubated with BCG alone. M. leprae was able, however, to induce TNF-alpha secretion both in blood-derived monocytes as well as in THP-1 cells pretreated with phorbol myristate acetate. The inclusion of streptomycin in our cultures, together with the fact that the use of both gamma-irradiated M. leprae and heat-killed BCG gave similar results, indicate that the differences observed were not due to differences in viability but in intrinsic properties between M. leprae and BCG. These data suggest that the capacity of M. leprae to induce TNF-alpha is dependent on the stage of cell maturation and emphasize the potential of this model to explore differences in the effects triggered by vaccine strain versus pathogenic species of mycobacteria on the host cell physiology and metabolism.
Ligand-Free Palladium-Catalysed Oxidative Heck Reaction of 4-Vinylpyridine with Arylboronic Acids: Selective Synthesis of (E)-4-Styrylpyridines (2012)

A ligand-free palladium-catalysed oxidative Heck reaction of various arylboronic acids with 4-vinylpyridine has been developed, achieving (E)-4-styrylpyridines with high selectively in moderate to good yields. A plausible mechanism for the formation of (E)-4-styrylpyridines has been proposed.
Hector-a hierarchically structured shared memory multiprocessor (2002)

Hector is a shared-memory multiprocessor with a hierarchical interconnection structure that has three important advantages. First, it uses only short transmission lines and allows implementations with simple, modular hardware. This makes it scalable to match the needs of tomorrow's high speed microprocessors. Second, the cost and the overall bandwidth of the structure grow linearly with the number of processing modules. This makes Hector expandable to moderate sizes of up to 256 PMs, yet allows small-scale systems at a low cost. Finally, the cost of a memory access grows incrementally with the distance between the processor and memory location. This allows single threaded applications, applications with a small degree of parallelism, and applications with a high degree of locality in their memory accesses to exploit the low cost of localized memory accesses.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cytokine-producing T cell subsets in human leishmaniasis. (2000)

Leishmania specific Th1/Th2 cells have been identified in humans as well as in mice. There is a correlation between the clinical outcome of the infection and the cytokine response profile. Generally, the production of Th2 cytokines leads to severe infection, whereas the production of Th1 cytokines leads to subclinical or mild infections. In mice, an infection leads to a polarisation of either Th1 or Th2 Leishmania antigen specific cells. In contrast, both Th1 and Th2 Leishmania antigen specific cells can be identified in humans cured from L. donovani infections. Theoretically, Th1 cells and Th2 cells mutually down-regulate each other. However, the presence of antigen specific regulatory T cell subsets may provide an environment that allows the presence of both Th1 and Th2 cells.
Analysis of wood tissues by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (2007)

Abstract The distribution of lignin, carbohydrates, and metal ions on the surface of spruce and aspen wood tissue sections was investigated by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS). The distribution patterns of metals and lignin in ray cells, vessels, and fibres were different, whereas carbohydrates were uniformly distributed across the sections of all morphological regions. In spruce sapwood, Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe locations was more pronounced in the bordered pit tori and inner layer of ray parenchyma cells. Little lignin was detected in these regions. In spruce heartwood, the degree of lignification was low on the surfaces of bordered pit tori; however, Na and K were not detected here. In compression wood from spruce, the locations of p -hydroxyphenyl and guaiacyl units was different in cell wall layers. In aspen sapwood, the main locations of Ca, Mg, Na, K were in lumina of longitudinal parenchyma cells and in pits between vessels and ray cells. Low-intensity signals of the secondary ions assigned to lignin were found in the same morphological regions.
Decentralized multi-agent exploration with online-learning of Gaussian processes (2016)

Exploration is a crucial problem in safety of life applications, such as search and rescue missions. Gaussian processes constitute an interesting underlying data model that leverages the spatial correlations of the process to be explored to reduce the required sampling of data. Furthermore, multi-agent approaches offer well known advantages for exploration. Previous decentralized multi-agent exploration algorithms that use Gaussian processes as underlying data model, have only been validated through simulations. However, the implementation of an exploration algorithm brings difficulties that were not tackle yet. In this work, we propose an exploration algorithm that deals with the following challenges: (i) which information to transmit to achieve multi-agent coordination; (ii) how to implement a light-weight collision avoidance; (iii) how to learn the data's model without prior information. We validate our algorithm with two experiments employing real robots. First, we explore the magnetic field intensity with a ground-based robot. Second, two quadcopters equipped with an ultrasound sensor explore a terrain profile. We show that our algorithm outperforms a meander and a random trajectory, as well as we are able to learn the data's model online while exploring.
Bacteriocin‐mediated interactions within and between coexisting species (2012)

Bacteriocins are bacteriocidal toxins released by almost all bacteria. They are thought to have a narrow range of killing, but as bacteriocin-mediated interactions have been rarely studied at biologically relevant scales, whether this narrow range of action falls mostly within or mostly between coexisting species in natural communities is an open question with important ecological and evolutionary implications. In a previous study, we systematically sampled Xenorhabdus bacteria along a hillside and found evidence for genotypic variability and bacteriocin-mediated interactions within Xenorhabdus bovienii and X. koppenhoeferi colonies that were collected only a few meters apart. In contrast, colonies that were isolated from the same soil sample were always genetically similar and showed no inhibitions. Here, we conducted pairwise growth-inhibition assays within and between seven X. bovienii and five X. koppenhoeferi colonies that were isolated from different soil samples; all seven X. bovienii colonies and at least three of the X. koppenhoeferi have been distinguished as distinct genotypes based on coarse-grain genomic markers. We found signatures for both conspecific and heterospecific bacteriocin inhibitions in this natural community of Xenorhabdus bacteria, but intraspecific inhibitions were significantly more common than interspecific inhibitions. These results suggest that bacteriocins have a major role in intraspecific competition in nature, but also suggest that bacterocins are important in mediating interspecific interactions among coexisting species in natural communities.
Calcium influx blocks the skeletal muscle acetylcholine receptor α‐subunit gene in vivo (1994)

The transcriptional activity of the acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit gene was measured in denervated chick skeletal muscle in response to calcium-active drugs, using a ribonuclease protection version of the conventional run-off assay. The L-channel agonist (-)Bay-K6844 and the calcium ionophore A23187 mimicked, and the intracellular chelator BAPTA and the calcium channel blockers D600 and nifedipine blocked, the effect of electrostimulation. These results suggest that influx of extracellular calcium is an integral component of the membrane depolarization-receptor gene inactivation cascade.
Real Time Detection of Soil Moisture and Nitrates Using On-Board In-Situ Impedance Spectroscopy (2013)

This paper presents a dielectric mixture model based approach for in-situ detection of soil-nitrates in real time. The dielectric constant of a material determines the impedance across a pair of electrodes immersed in that medium. We make accurate measurements on soil impedance over multiple frequencies using an in-situ soil-sensor we have designed. The impedance values are then used to determine the effective permittivity of the soil-bulk, which is then used to determine the concentration of individual components like soil, air, water and nutrients, e.g., nitrates using the data from measurements at multiple frequencies, and solving mixing models that involves component concentration as solution variables. The method shows good accuracy in the frequency range 1-70 MHz and can determine nitrate solution with less than 12% error. By considering 3% bound water percentage and assuming snow-like dielectric nature of bound water, this error reduces to 10%. If a parametrized apparent permittivity is considered in the vicinity of constituent particles, this error further reduces to less than 9%. Accurate nitrate detection based on our on-board, real-time, in-situ soil moisture sensors can provide an accurate real-time soil nitrate sensor and has the potential to greatly enhance agricultural production and reduce the impacts to the environment.
Per-Unit-Length RLGC Extraction Using a Lumped Port De-Embedding Method for Application on Periodically Loaded Transmission Lines (2006)

As the speed of signal bus increases, an accurate and efficient modeling of periodically loaded transmission lines is becoming more critical for the simulation of high-speed signaling. The modeling of periodically loaded transmission lines requires full-wave electromagnetic tools due to the 3-dimensional nature of the structures. This paper describes a unique and efficient method to extract per-unit-length RLGC for the periodically loaded transmission lines from S-parameters using a lumped port de-embedding technique, which is suitable for commercial electromagnetic simulation tools and overcomes the drawbacks of the other known solutions. The per-unit-length RLGC parameters extracted by the method presented are compared with those by a method referenced, verifying the validity of the method. It is also demonstrated that the method can be applied to a realistic structure to extract frequency-dependent RLGC parameters over a wide frequency range.
Sensitivity of Peach Seedling Vegetative Growth to Paclobutrazol (1988)

Abstract ‘Nemaguard’ peach seedlings [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] were grown for 21 days in nutrient solution cultures containing a range (0 to 3.4 μM) of paclobutrazol concentrations. Shoot growth rate and total extension growth were reduced by all paclobutrazol treatments. Within 2 days of treatment, paclobutrazol at 3.4 μM significantly reduced the growth rate, as did the 3.4 × 10 −2 μM concentrations after 5 days. Increases in paclobutrazol concentrations decreased leaf area and leaf, stem, and shoot weights. However, specific leaf weight increased as paclobutrazol concentration increased. Leaf expansion was more sensitive to paclobutrazol treatments than stem elongation. As paclobutrazol concentration increased, root extension growth was reduced, but roots were thicker and produced more laterals near the tip. Compared with the control, paclobutrazol at 3.4 × 10 −1 and 3.4 × 10 −2 μM significantly increased the root: shoot ratio. Chemical name used: β-[(4-chIorophenyl)methyl]-α-(1,1-dimethylethyl)-1 H- 1,2,4-triazole-1-ethanol (paclobutrazol).