gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regionalentwicklung durch Agrarkolonisation? Erfahrungen aus Bolivien (2006)

Vor mehr als fünfzig Jahren beschloss die kurz zuvor an die Macht gelangte MNR-Regierung, mit einer umfassenden Agrarreform eine Umverteilung des landwirtschaftlichen Eigentums in Bolivien zu initiieren. Unproduktive Latifundien sollten ebenso enteignet und an Bedarfsgruppen vergeben werden wie extensiv genutzte Areale. Tausende Familien sollten in der Folgezeit vom andinen Hochland ins tropische Tiefland (Oriente) geholt und in Plandörfern angesiedelt werden. Dieser als Agrarkolonisation bezeichnete Vorgang beinhaltet die Erschließung und Besiedlung von nur teilweise oder nicht genutzten Flächen zur Ausweitung der Agrarproduktion und zur Existenzsicherung der ländlichen Bevölkerung. Während die letzten staatlichen Umsiedlungsprogramme aufgrund von Finanzmangel, ihres begrenzten Erfolges und der öffentlichen Kritik an ihrer Umsetzung vor rund zwanzig Jahren eingestellt wurden, sind ihre Folgewirkungen in den Kolonisationsgebieten noch immer zu spüren. Flächenmangel und Grenzkonflikte führen ebenso zu Unmut und Protest bei betroffenen Siedlern wie die ärmlichen Lebensbedingungen und die räumliche Desintegration vieler Siedlungen. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert wesentliche Ziele und Probleme der Agrarkolonisation und fragt nach ihren regionalen Effekten für das ostbolivianische Tiefland.
Molecular Biology of Renal Cell Cancer and the Identification of Therapeutic Targets (2006)

Renal cell cancer (RCC) is a heterogeneous disease consisting of different histologic types. Major advances have been accomplished during the last 15 years in our understanding of the genetic events that initiate RCC. These advances were greatly facilitated by meticulous clinical description and registration of patients with familial predisposition to RCC. The cloning of the susceptibility genes that underline familial predisposition to RCC has offered entry points into the signaling pathways that are also deregulated in sporadic RCC. Biochemical studies of these signaling pathways and target validation experiments have already culminated in the discovery and clinical application of small molecules with promising activity in RCC. In this article, we highlight the molecular genetic features of RCC that are more directly related to identification and validation of promising targets for molecular therapy.
Colorimetric Determination of DNA Methylation Based on the Strength of the Hydrophobic Interactions between DNA and Gold Nanoparticles (2013)

A simple, novel colorimetric nanosensor for DNA methylation based on the strength of hydrophobic interaction between DNA and gold nanoparticles was proposed. The nanosensing of oligonucleotides with four nitrogen bases was first demonstrated by dividing the bases into two groups (A/T and C/G) using the representative colors that correspond to Watson-Crick base pairing. By treatment of the genomic DNA with sodium bisulfite followed by PCR amplification, the methylation level of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells treated with 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine for up to 5 days could be discriminated by naked eye observation. Furthermore, 12 cancer cell lines that demonstrate heterogeneity with respect to DNA methylation could also be distinguished using the nanosensor, even for amplicons as long as 342 bp. These results demonstrate that the proposed colorimetric nanosensor could potentially be useful in epigenetic studies.
Body Composition in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Population-Based Study (2003)

CD was associated with disturbances in body composition: both bone mineral content and lean body mass were significantly reduced, especially in men with CD. Corticosteroid therapy and smoking had a significant influence on body composition in patients with CD. When studying the effects of inflammatory bowel disease on body composition and nutritional status, patients with CD and UC should be evaluated separately.
Pyroelectric IR sensor arrays for fall detection in the older population (2005)

Uncooled pyroelectric sensor arrays have been studied over many years for their uses in thermal imaging applications. These arrays will only detect changes in IR flux and so systems based upon them are very good at detecting movements of people in the scene without sensing the background, if they are used in staring mode. Relatively-low element count arrays (16x 16) can be used for a variety of people sensing applications, including people counting (for safety applications), queue monitoring etc. With appropriate signal processing such systems can be also be used for the detection of particular events such as a person falling over. There is a considerable need for automatic fall detection amongst older people, but there are important limitations to some of the current and emerging technologies available for this. Simple sensors, such as I or 2 element pyroelectric infra-red sensors provide crude data that is difficult to interpret; the use of devices worn on the person, such as wrist communicator and motion detectors have potential, but are reliant on the person being able and willing to wear the device; video cameras may be seen as intrusive and require considerable human resources to monitor activity while machine-interpretation of camera images is complex and may be difficult in this application area. The use of a pyroelectric thermal array sensor was seen to have a number of potential benefits. The sensor is wall-mounted and does not require the user to wear a device. It enables detailed analysis of a subject's motion to be achieved locally, within the detector, using only a modest processor. This is possible due to the relative ease with which data from the sensor can be interpreted relative to the data generated by alternative sensors such as video devices. In addition to the cost-effectiveness of this solution, it was felt that the lack of detail in the low-level data, together with the elimination of the need to transmit data outside the detector, would help to avert feelings intrusiveness on the part of the end-user. The main benefits of this type of technology would be for older people who spend time alone in unsupervised environments. This would include people living alone in ordinary housing or in sheltered accommodation (apartment complexes for older people with local warden) and non-communal areas in residential/nursing home environments (e.g. bedrooms and ensuite bathrooms and toilets). This paper will review the development of the array, the pyroelectric ceramic material upon which it is based and the system capabilities. It will present results from the Framework 5 SIMBAD project, which used the system to monitor the movements of elderly people over a considerable period of time.
Overview of the Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor, a Miniature Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer for Trace Contamination Monitoring on the ISS and CEV (2007)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Work is underway to deliver an instrument for analysis of the atmosphere aboard the International Space Station. The Vehicle Cabin Atmosphere Monitor (VCAM) is based on a low-mass, low-power miniature preconcentrator gas chromatograph/mass spectrometer (PCGC/MS) capable of providing sub-ppm measurements of volatile constituents in a space vehicle or outpost. VCAM is designed to operate autonomously, maintenance-free, once per day, with its own carrier and calibration gas supplies sufficient for a one-year lifetime. VCAM performance is sufficient to detect and identify 90% of the target compounds specified at their 180-day Spacecraft Maximum Allowable Concentration (SMAC) levels. The flight units will be delivered in mid-2008 and be operated in the ISS EXPRESS rack.</div>
Northwestern Williston Basin case histories with 3-D seismic data (1991)

Abstract Two Northwestern Williston Basin field studies illustrate the cost-effective geological and three-dimensional seismic methods used to explore for structurally controlled oil reservoirs in the Tule Creek area of northeast Montana. These examples present the geologic and seismic characteristics of a Mississippian Charles C zone pool at Northwest Poplar field and a Devonian Nisku accumulation at Long Creek West field.A classic, upward-shoaling, nearshore marine carbonate sequence characterizes the reservoir and associated strata in both fields. The Charles C zone pool of Northwest Poplar field is a subtle, tectonically-controlled accumulation which remained undiscovered and downdip from the large, nearby, well-known East Poplar field until 1983. Long Creek West field exhibits the subtle character of small closed structures produced by multistage evaporite solution.Three-dimensional (3-D) seismic techniques best detect such fields of low vertical relief and small areal extent. The significant acquisition costs of multifold, 3-D seismic surveys led us to design, acquire, process, and interpret single-fold 3-D surveys to disclose these subtle, small structures. Augmented conventional 48-channel vibroseis crews collected the 3-D data. Near-surface glacial till deposits in the area created residual statics and normal-moveout problems on the single-fold data. These processing problems were handled by constraining the statics and normal-moveout velocity solutions with plausible geologic conditions: the near-flat attitude of the reflecting beds, and the inferred horizontal simplicity of the earth velocity field. Our geologically constrained processing methods included: single-event correlation picking, single-fold, surface-consistent statics, and velocity interpolation on flattened events. In addition, spatially oriented six-fold stacking increases the signal-to-noise ratio in areas where poor signal quality exists. In the case of Northwest Poplar field, geologic studies and subsequent interpretations involving isochron mapping techniques showed that the absence of Mississippian evaporites and paleostructural thinning produce disruption of evaporite events and interval thinning near the evaporites, respectively. Long Creek West field exhibited the interval thickening below, and the interval thinning above the trap formed by two-stage evaporite solution.Careful analysis of geologic conditions coupled with single-fold 3-D methods makes it possible to economically explore for small undiscovered structural traps in a mature exploration area.
Potential benefits and limitations of utilizing chondroprogenitors in cell-based cartilage therapy (2015)

Chondroprogenitor cells are a subpopulation of multipotent progenitors that are primed for chondrogenesis. They are believed to have the biological repertoire to be ideal for cell-based cartilage therapy. In addition to summarizing recent advances in chondroprogenitor cell characterization, this review discusses the projected pros and cons of utilizing chondroprogenitors in regenerative medicine and compares them with that of pre-existing methods, including autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) and the utilization of bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for the purpose of cartilage tissue repair.
Theory of Coulomb scattering in particle beams using Markov’s method (1999)

An analytic theory of Coulomb scattering in particle beams is derived. It rests on the assumption that the N-body interaction can be well approximated by the vector superposition of all individual two-body interactions on a single, randomly chosen particle. This is the only assumption or approximation needed. A direct mathematical correspondence exists with the general problem of random flights, which was solved by Markov. The theoretical prediction agrees with Monte Carlo simulation to within a few percent for the lateral trajectory displacement for a particular case. The computation time required for the analytical result is at least an order of magnitude smaller than that required for Monte Carlo simulation.
The secret life of bugs: Going past the errors and omissions in software repositories (2009)

Every bug has a story behind it. The people that discover and resolve it need to coordinate, to get information from documents, tools, or other people, and to navigate through issues of accountability, ownership, and organizational structure. This paper reports on a field study of coordination activities around bug fixing that used a combination of case study research and a survey of software professionals. Results show that the histories of even simple bugs are strongly dependent on social, organizational, and technical knowledge that cannot be solely extracted through automation of electronic repositories, and that such automation provides incomplete and often erroneous accounts of coordination. The paper uses rich bug histories and survey results to identify common bug fixing coordination patterns and to provide implications for tool designers and researchers of coordination in software development.
Immunogenicity of Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) (2011)

Covalent attachment of polyethylene glycol (PEG) to active proteins (PEGylation technology) successfully generated several FDA-approved compounds, including four blockbusters, which are considered non immunogenic. However, PEG antibodies and intolerance to the infusion were reported in some patients with gout treated with pegloticase, a PEG-uricase recently approved by the FDA (Food and Drug Administration, USA). Therefore, we reviewed the literature concerning immunogenicity of PEG alone or covalently attached to proteins. We consulted databases (Scirus, Pub Med, Cochrane Library, and Science Direct) and the references of selected articles and main journals publishing articles on the subject. Animal studies clearly showed that PEG-uricases and some other PEGylated proteins might elicit antibody formation against PEG. This anti-PEG response can accelerate the clearance of PEGylated proteins. Of major importance is the recent finding of a 22%-25% occurrence of PEG antibodies in healthy blood donors. PEG antibodies may limit therapeutic efficacy and/or reduce tolerance of PEG-asparaginase (PEG-ASNase) in patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and of pegloticase in patients with chronic gout, but apparently do not impair hyposensitization of allergic patients with mPEG-modified ragweed extract and honey bee venom or the response to PEGinterferon in patients with hepatitis C. In conclusion, pre-existing or newly developed PEG antibodies may limit therapeutic efficacy and/or reduce tolerance of PEGylated proteins in some patients. The immunogenicity of PEGylated therapeutic agents in clinical use or development deserves to be re-examined by investigating PEG antibodies.
Tissue-specific differential antitumour effect of molecular forms of fractalkine in a mouse model of metastatic colon cancer (2006)

Fractalkine expression by C26 tumour cells drastically reduces their metastatic potential in the two physiological target organs. Both molecular forms contribute to its antitumour potential but exhibit differential effects on tumour development depending on the target tissue.
Effects of Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lysine) Substrates on Attached <i>Escherichia coli</i> Bacteria (2009)

Poly(L-lysine) (PLL) is a cationic polymer that is often used for attaching and immobilizing cells to glass substrates for further investigation by, e.g., AFM techniques. Because of their small size, bacterial attachment is most easily done using thick air-dried PLL coatings--though thinner PLL coatings are also used and are commercially available. Nevertheless, the antimicrobial activity of PLL is well-established. Accordingly, we have investigated the physiological effects of suspended PLL and of PLL coatings on individual Escherichia coli bacteria through the pole-to-pole oscillations of cytoplasmic MinD-GFP fusion proteins. For planktonic bacteria, suspended PLL concentrations at the micromolar level quenched MinD-GFP oscillations and inhibited bacterial growth. On coverslips with PLL coatings prepared by short exposures of the slides to PLL solutions, followed by rinsing, only a fraction of available bacteria attached after hours of settling time. Min oscillations in the attached bacteria, however, were strong and only moderately slowed. On thick PLL coatings, prepared by drying drops on the slides followed by a brief rinse with deionized water, cells attached well within 15 min. With thick coatings, average oscillation periods for bacteria increased significantly, and considerable cell-to-cell variability was also observed; subsequent replacement of buffer with distilled water led to much larger period increases and/or fading of fluorescence intensity. We demonstrate that Min oscillations are a useful metric for bacteria attached to adhesion layers. We suggest that thick PLL coatings should probably be avoided for bacterial attachment, and that even thin PLL coatings can have significant effects on bacterial physiology.
Chemistry and Electrochemistry of Low-Temperature Manganese Oxides as Lithium Intercalation Compounds (2000)

The synthesis of lithiated manganese oxides, , and lithiated mixed manganese cobalt oxides, , obtained via a sol‐gel process combined with an ion‐exchange reaction is reported. X‐ray powder diffraction patterns reveal that these compounds exhibit a tetragonal symmetry. These tetragonal phases present attractive properties as rechargeable cathode materials for secondary lithium batteries. During cycling experiments performed at discharge‐charge rates of C/20, a stabilization of the specific capacity around (0.6 Li per mol) occurs after the 40th cycle for the best compound obtained with an optimal composition of 15% in cobalt ions, . © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
[Free and conjugated catecholamines in gastric and bile juice during surgical operations]. (1990)

From 40 patients under surgical operation, gastric or bile juice was obtained to determine the possible excretion of free and conjugated catecholamine (CA) into the two kinds of juice. The patients were divided into normal renal function group and chronic renal failure group and former group was further divided into the dopamine (DA)-administered group and the non-DA-administered group. In the non-DA group with normal renal function, the gastric juice contained 0.30 +/- 0.11ng.ml-1 of free and 0.12 +/- 0.06ng.ml-1 of conjugated norepinephrine (NE) and also 0.09 +/- 0.07ng.ml-1 of free and 0.40 +/- 0.10ng.ml-1 of conjugated DA. In DA group, the gastric juice contained 2.01 +/- 0.41ng.ml-1 of free and 3.66 +/- 0.84ng.ml-1 of conjugated DA respectively. Significant differences in DA were observed between two groups. In the bile juice, the conjugated NE increased significantly from 0.15 +/- 0.05 ng.ml-1 to 1.24 +/- 0.34ng.ml-1 and also the conjugated DA increased significantly from 2.17 +/- 0.77ng.ml-1 to 21.33 +/- 5.23ng.ml-1 by infusion of DA at the rate of 2 micrograms.kg-1.min-1 for 197 +/- 48min. In chronic renal failure group, the conjugated NE and DA increased significantly to 1.04 +/- 0.27ng.ml-1 and 1.64 +/- 0.61ng.ml-1 respectively compared to that of normal renal group. It was confirmed that gastric juice and bile juice contain the free and conjugated CA during surgical operation and by the infusion of DA, free and conjugated DA are excreted into gastric juice and bile juice and also conjugated CA in the gastric juice from chronic renal failure group is increased.
Rule-Based Information Extraction is Dead! Long Live Rule-Based Information Extraction Systems! (2013)

The rise of “Big Data” analytics over unstructured text has led to renewed interest in information extraction (IE). We surveyed the landscape of IE technologies and identified a major disconnect between industry and academia: while rule-based IE dominates the commercial world, it is widely regarded as dead-end technology by the academia. We believe the disconnect stems from the way in which the two communities measure the benefits and costs of IE, as well as academia’s perception that rulebased IE is devoid of research challenges. We make a case for the importance of rule-based IE to industry practitioners. We then lay out a research agenda in advancing the state-of-theart in rule-based IE systems which we believe has the potential to bridge the gap between academic research and industry practice.
Machine Learning in Adversarial Settings (2016)

Recent advances in machine learning have led to innovative applications and services that use computational structures to reason about complex phenomenon. Over the past several years, the security and machine-learning communities have developed novel techniques for constructing adversarial samples--malicious inputs crafted to mislead (and therefore corrupt the integrity of) systems built on computationally learned models. The authors consider the underlying causes of adversarial samples and the future countermeasures that might mitigate them.
Graphene Edge Lithography (2012)

Fabrication of graphene nanostructures is of importance for both investigating their intrinsic physical properties and applying them into various functional devices. In this paper, we report a scalable fabrication approach for graphene nanostructures. Compared with conventional lithographic fabrication techniques, this new approach uses graphene edges as the templates or masks and offers advantage in technological simplicity and capability of creating small features below 10 nm scale. Moreover, mask layers used in the fabrication process could be simultaneously used as the dielectric layers for top-gated devices. The as-fabricated graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) are of high quality with the carrier mobility ∼400 cm(2)/(V s) for typical 15 nm wide ribbons. Our technique allows easy and reproducible fabrication of various graphene nanostructures, such as ribbons and rings, and can be potentially extended to other materials and systems by use of their edges or facets as templates.
Drugs in the medical treatment of Cushing's syndrome (2009)

Cushing's syndrome is a complex endocrine condition with potential serious complications if untreated or inadequately treated. Transsphenoidal surgery with resection of a pituitary adenoma is successful in 75 - 80% of patients, but approximately 20 - 25% show persistence of Cushing's, and a similar proportion may experience recurrence within 2 - 4 years post-op. When surgery fails, medical treatment can temporarily suppress excessive cortisol production and ameliorate its clinical manifestations while more definitive therapy becomes effective. We describe pharmacological approaches to the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Drugs used to suppress cortisol secretion are mostly inhibitors of steroidogenesis. Ketoconazole, fluconazole aminoglutethimide, metyrapone, mitotane and etomidate are in that category. Ketoconazole is in current use while other drugs, although mostly available in the past, continue to have a potential role either alone or in combination. Drugs that suppress adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) secretion are less popular as standard treatment and include cyproheptadine, valproic acid, cabergoline, somatostatin analogs, PPAR-gamma agonists, vasopressin antagonists. Some of these drugs have been tested in limited clinical trials but there is potential therapeutic benefit in analogs with better specificity for the class of receptors present in ACTH-secreting tumors. A third category of drugs is glucocorticoid receptor antagonists. Mifepristone is currently being tested in clinical trials in patients with persistent or recurrent Cushing's disease and in patients with metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma or ectopic ACTH syndrome not amenable to surgery. We also review replacement therapy after surgery and non-specific drugs to treat complications in patients with severe hypercortisol. The review provides a complete survey of the drugs used in the medical treatment of Cushing's, and new advances in the development of pituitary-active drugs as well as receptor blockers of glucocorticoid action. It also provides avenues for exploration of new drugs active on somatostatin, dopamine and vasopressin receptors. There are effective pharmacological agents capable of chronically reversing biochemical and clinical manifestations of hypercortisolemia in Cushing's syndrome but new drugs are needed with action at the pituitary level.