gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Efficient Learning with Spiking Neural Networks (2015)

Artificial neural networks constitute a vast field which has reached a level of maturity in some areas. However, a big problem with state-of-the-art methods is the impractical amount of compute power they require when scaled. Spiking neural networks are third generation neural networks with a higher level of biological realism, which typically comes at the cost of even greater computation. Along with their complexity, this makes them impractical for general machine learning. However it may be possible for spiking networks to be more efficient than earlier networks for some problems. This is because they have the capacity to exploit some of the brain's own efficiency techniques.This thesis explores those techniques in the literature and contrasts them with digital computation. Experiments reproducing some of them in artificial neural networks are then presented. Efficiency of computation is measured using cputime, which is related to how fast an algorithm runs as well as how much energy it consumes. The computational costs of spiking learning are quantified for the first time using the supervised learning algorithm SpikeProp. This was found to be between one and two orders of magnitude slower than the multilayer perceptron, and even worse with a receptive field encoding.Efficiency enhancements to SpikeProp are then presented, including reduced precision, fewer synapses, lookup tables and event-driven computation. The computation required by the enhanced algorithm SpikeProp+ to learn classifiers is again compared to Backprop on the multilayer perceptron, using several standard datasets. The compute time required to train the improved networks was reduced by up to seventeen times, surpassing Backprop on the XOR problem. In that case, the SpikeProp+ network runs in the same time as the perceptron, although it remains over two times slower on other datasets.Finally, in applying SpikeProp+ to a stance-detection application, it was discovered that the spiking algorithm is intrinsically able to learn from data containing many missing values to a high level of accuracy, without any pre-processing. This property was verified with a standard dataset, and is relatively unique amongst machine learning techniques.Thus a case for using spiking neurons as a substitute in more conventional neural network architectures is presented, to both accelerate them and permit the use of lossy data. These properties are desirable in view of the vast sizes and variable quality of modern data.
The Effect of Contrast Material on Radiation Dose at CT: Part I. Incorporation of Contrast Material Dynamics in Anthropomorphic Phantoms (2017)

Purpose To develop a method to incorporate the propagation of contrast material into computational anthropomorphic phantoms for estimation of organ dose at computed tomography (CT). Materials and Methods A patient-specific physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model of the human cardiovascular system was incorporated into 58 extended cardiac-torso (XCAT) patient phantoms. The PBPK model comprised compartmental models of vessels and organs unique to each XCAT model. For typical injection protocols, the dynamics of the contrast material in the body were described according to a series of patient-specific iodine mass-balance differential equations, the solutions to which provided the contrast material concentration time curves for each compartment. Each organ was assigned to a corresponding time-varying iodinated contrast agent to create the contrast material-enhanced five-dimensional XCAT models, in which the fifth dimension represents the dynamics of contrast material. To validate the accuracy of the models, simulated aortic and hepatic contrast-enhancement results throughout the models were compared with previously published clinical data by using the percentage of discrepancy in the mean, time to 90% peak, peak value, and slope of enhancement in a paired t test at the 95% significance level. Results The PBPK model allowed effective prediction of the time-varying concentration curves of various contrast material administrations in each organ for different patient models. The contrast-enhancement results were in agreement with results of previously published clinical data, with mean percentage, time to 90% peak, peak value, and slope of less than 10% (P > .74), 4%, 7%, and 14% for uniphasic and 12% (P > .56), 4%, 12%, and 14% for biphasic injection protocols, respectively. The exception was hepatic enhancement results calculated for a uniphasic injection protocol for which the discrepancy was less than 25%. Conclusion A technique to model the propagation of contrast material in XCAT human models was developed. The models with added contrast material propagation can be applied to simulate contrast-enhanced CT examinations. <sup>©</sup> RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article.
π‐Face Donor Properties of N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes in Grubbs II Complexes (2008)

The electron-donating properties of eighteen N-heterocyclic carbenes (N,N'-bis(2,6-dimethylphenyl)imidazol)-2-ylidene and the respective dihydro ligands) with 4,4'-R substituted aryl rings (4,4'-R = NEt2, OMe, Me, H, SMe, F, Cl, Br, I) in the respective Grubbs II complexes were studied using electrochemical techniques. The nature of the 4-R substituent has a strong influence on the RuII/III redox potentials ranging between DeltaE1/2= +0.196 and +0.532 V. Three unsymmetrical Grubbs II complexes with 4-R not equal to 4-R' were also synthesized. Dynamic NMR spectroscopy revealed the restricted rotation around the (NHC)C-Ru bond (DeltaG = 89 kJ mol(-1) at 333 K) resulting in two atropisomers, respectively, with an isomer ratio close to unity. Each of the isomers, that is the two orientations of the 4-R/4-R' substituted mesityl ring with respect to the R=CHPh unit, gives rise to different redox potentials (4-R = NEt2, 4-R' = Br: DeltaE1/2= +0.232 and +0.451 V). In the oxidized Grubbs II complex (4-R = NEt2, H) and in the cathodic isomer the electron rich aryl ring is located above the Ru=CHPh unit. This orientational effect provides clear evidence for strong pi-pi through-space interactions in the RuIII complexes, assuming that the alternative through-bond transfer of electron density is equally efficient in both isomers.
Tubeimoside I sensitizes cisplatin in cisplatin-resistant human ovarian cancer cells (A2780/DDP) through down-regulation of ERK and up-regulation of p38 signaling pathways (2011)

Cisplatin (CDDP) is a major chemotherapeutic drug used in the treatment of human ovarian cancer. Tubeimoside I (TBMS1) has also shown potent antitumor and antitumor-promoting effects, and may offer a promising new approach in the effective treatment of CDDP-resistant human ovarian cancers. This study aimed to investigate the effect of TBMS1 in sensitizing CDDP in CDDP-resistant human ovarian cancer cells (A2780/DDP). A variety of methods were employed to measure cell apoptosis, p38, ERK1/2 and glutathione S-transferase (GST)-π expressions. It was found that TBMS1 combined with CDDP promoted cell apoptosis, decreased proliferation activity and increased cytosolic Ca2+ levels. Bcl-2 protein expression was down-regulated but Bax was up-regulated. Moreover, GST-π mRNA and protein expression were decreased. TBMS1 reduced the resistance of the cells to CDDP-induced cytotoxicity. Both the p38 inhibitor (SB203580) and the ERK1/2 inhibitor (PD98059) effectively blocked this effect. These results suggest that TBMS1 can effectively sensitize CDDP in CDDP-resistant human ovarian cancer cells through the down-regulation of the ERK1/2 and the up-regulation of the p38 signaling pathways.
Antiproliferative Effect of Isosteviol on Angiotensin-II-Treated Rat Aortic Smooth Muscle Cells (2006)

Isosteviol is a derivative of stevioside, a constituent of Stevia rebaudiana, which is commonly used as a noncaloric sugar substitute in Japan and Brazil. The aims of this study were to examine whether isosteviol alters angiotensin-II-induced cell proliferation in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. Cultured rat aortic smooth muscle cells were preincubated with isosteviol, then stimulated with angiotensin II, after which [(3)H]thymidine incorporation and endothelin-1 secretion were examined. Isosteviol (1-100 micromol/l) inhibits angiotensin-II-induced DNA synthesis and endothelin-1 secretion. Measurements of 2'7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate, a redox-sensitive fluorescent dye, showed an isosteviol-mediated inhibition of intracellular reactive oxygen species generated by the effects of angiotensin II. The inductive properties of angiotensin II on extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation were found reversed with isosteviol and antioxidants such as N-acetylcysteine. In summary, we speculate that isosteviol inhibits angiotensin-II-induced cell proliferation and endothelin-1 secretion via attenuation of reactive oxygen species generation. Thus, this study provides important insights that may contribute to the effects of isosteviol on the cardiovascular system.
Photonic-assisted multi-channel compressive sampling based on effective time delay pattern (2013)

In this paper, a photonic-assisted multi-channel compressive sampling scheme is proposed with one pseudo-random binary sequence (PRBS) source and Wavelength Division Multiplexing-based time delay. Meanwhile, the restricted isometry property of sensing matrix determined by the optimized time delay pattern is analyzed. In experiment, a four-channel photonic-assisted system with 5-GHz bandwidth was set up, where four-channel PRBS signals were generated by adding fiber-induced constant time delays to four-wavelength modulated PRBS signal, and a signal composed of twenty tones was recovered faithfully with four analog-to-digital converters (ADCs) with only 120-MHz-bandwidth.
The reaction of 2-aminopyridine 1-oxides with thiophosgene. 2<i>H</i>-[1,2,4]Oxadiazolo[2,3-<i>a</i>]pyridin-2-thiones (1977)

2-Aminopyridine 1-oxides react with thiophosgene in ethanol solution in the presence of sodium bicarbonate to produce 2H-[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[2,3-af]pyridin-2-thiones. The products are stable at room temperature, however, they explode on being heated at the temperature range 121 to 137 °C.
Properdin, a positive regulator of complement activation, is expressed in human T cell lines and peripheral blood T cells. (1993)

Properdin plays an important regulatory role in the activation of the complement system. Here we report the biosynthesis of properdin in four different human T cell lines and in T cells purified from peripheral blood. Cell sorting experiments, in conjunction with Northern blotting, showed that both CD4- and CD8-bearing populations of T cells have the potential to synthesize properdin. The functional activity of properdin secreted from these T cell lines was determined in a hemolytic assay. In view of the numerous ways in which complement activation may influence cellular immune response, the present results indicate, for the first time, a possible interaction between the complement and the T cell system.
Towards understanding the effects of carbon and nitrogen-doped carbon coating on the electrochemical performance of Li4Ti5O12 in lithium ion batteries: a combined experimental and theoretical study (2011)

We investigate the effects of carbon coating, with and without nitrogen-dopants, on the electrochemical performance of a promising anode material Li(4)Ti(5)O(12) (LTO) in lithium ion battery applications. The comparative experimental results show that LTO samples coated with nitrogen-doped carbon derived from pyridine and an ionic liquid exhibit significant improvements in rate capability and cycling performance compared with a LTO sample coated by carbon derived from toluene and the pristine LTO sample. For the first time, we construct an atomistic model for the interface between the lithium transition metal oxide and carbon coating layers. Our first-principles calculations based on density functional theory reveal that at this interface there is strong binding between the graphene coating layer and the Ti-terminated LTO surface, which significantly reduces the chemical activity of LTO surfaces and stabilizes the electrode/electrolyte interface, providing a clue to solve the swelling problem for LTO-based batteries. More importantly, electron transfer from the LTO surface to graphene greatly improves the electric conductivity of the interface. Nitrogen-dopants in graphene coatings further increase the interfacial stability and electric conductivity, which is beneficial to the electrochemical performance in energy storage applications.
An analytical and experimental investigation of the trajectories of particles entrained by the gas flow in nozzles (1969)

Among the parameters which determine the erosion damage sustained by the walls of a nozzle in which a mixture of gas and particles is flowing, is the angle between the direction of the particle flow and the wall surface at the moment of impact. In this work an approximate analytical solution is made for a number of gas particle flows to determine broadly the features on which particle trajectory depends and some experimental results are given which confirm the theoretical computations. It is shown that the divergent region of a conical nozzle is unlikely to suffer a severe particle attack but that for parallel flow convergent-divergent nozzles the convex region near the exit may be affected. The choke, on the other hand, is most susceptible to particle attack even by fairly small particles. It may be said, in general, that any particle which enters the choke section with a velocity which, in the absence of effects from the gas would allow the particle to strike the choke wall, will in fact hit the wall at some point along the length of the choke.
Use of paper selectively absorbing long wavelengths to reduce the impact of educational near work on human refractive development (2000)

Results from model calculations suggest that the use of paper which selectively absorbs long wavelengths may significantly reduce the myopiagenic effects of educational near work.
Can paroxysmal atrial fibrillation be predicted? (2002)

Atrial fibrillation is an ECG rhythm with a significant mortality due to stroke. The objective of this study was to detect those patients most likely to develop atrial fibrillation, and to identify ECGs closest to the onset of fibrillation. Our hypothesis was that patients with atrial fibrillation would have atrial ectopy, and the frequency of this activity would increase prior to onset of fibrillation. From a learning set of 100 30-minute ECGs from 50 patients, 25 without atrial fibrillation (normal) and 25 who subsequently developed atrial fibrillation, an algorithm was developed to detect the presence of ectopic beats using R-R interval data. In the learning set, 37/50 abnormal and 34/50 normal patients were identified, giving a potential screening accuracy of 71%. As a prediction test to detect the ECGs closest to atrial fibrillation, 19/25 were correctly identified. For the test set, a total of 29/50 were correctly assigned to the normal and fibrillation groups, and a 39/50 score obtained in predicting the onset of atrial fibrillation.
Fate of air emboli in the pulmonary circulation (1989)

The lung serves an important nonrespiratory function by trapping and excreting venous air emboli. The site of trapping and the mechanism of excretion, however, are uncertain. To observe the behavior of bubbles in the pulmonary circulation, we injected venous air emboli into anesthetized dogs and videotaped their elimination from the pulmonary microcirculation by using in vivo microscopy. Small intravenous bubbles lodged exclusively in pulmonary arterioles and were eliminated from that site. To determine whether the gas was dissolving into nearby blood and then was carried to the capillaries for excretion, the rate of bubble radius change was measured during nonperfused conditions produced by balloon occlusion of lobar blood flow and compared with perfused conditions. Bubble volume decreased at the same rate during perfused and nonperfused conditions and thus was independent of regional blood flow. Molecular diffusion of gas directly across the arteriolar wall into alveolar spaces was the most likely mechanism of elimination because calculations based on the Fick equation for molecular diffusion predict an elimination rate nearly identical with those observed experimentally.
Physical basis of pressure transfer from periphery to aorta: a model-based study (1998)

We propose a new method to derive aortic pressure from peripheral pressure and velocity by using a time domain approach. Peripheral pressure is separated into its forward and backward components, and these components are then shifted with a delay time, which is the ratio of wave speed and distance, and added again to reconstruct aortic pressure. We tested the method on a distributed model of the human systemic arterial tree. From carotid and brachial artery pressure and velocity, aortic systolic and diastolic pressure could be predicted within 0.3 and 0.1 mmHg and 0.4 and 1.0 mmHg, respectively. The central aortic pressure wave shape was also predicted accurately from carotid and brachial pressure and velocity (root mean square error: 1.07 and 1.56 mmHg, respectively). The pressure transfer function depends on the reflection coefficient at the site of peripheral measurement and the delay time. A 50% decrease in arterial compliance had a considerable effect on reconstructed pressure when the control transfer function was used. A 70% decrease in arm resistance did not affect the reconstructed pressure. The transfer function thus depends on wave speed but has little dependence on vasoactive state. We conclude that central aortic pressure and the transfer function can be derived from peripheral pressure and velocity.
GPS-based message broadcast for adaptive inter-vehicle communications (2002)

The intelligent transportation systems (ITS) use advanced communications and control technologies to improve current transportation systems. To achieve many ITS applications, the ability to exchange messages between vehicles is necessary. This is generally required as inter vehicle communication (IVC). IVC can be considered as a special case of ad hoc networks, where nodes only move along predefined road paths. We propose new broadcast protocols that make use of global positioning system (GPS) information to enhance the performance of broadcast service in IVC. The ability to efficiently broadcast messages is necessary for any communications in IVC (e.g, updating routing tables, etc). We propose two algorithms that effectively reduce the number of re-broadcast messages without affecting the number of hosts (vehicles) that receive the broadcast. The simulation results show up to several hundred percentage of bandwidth utilization improvement can be achieved by our proposed broadcast protocols.
Super Nested Arrays: Linear Sparse Arrays With Reduced Mutual Coupling—Part I: Fundamentals (2016)

In array processing, mutual coupling between sensors has an adverse effect on the estimation of parameters (e.g., DOA). While there are methods to counteract this through appropriate modeling and calibration, they are usually computationally expensive, and sensitive to model mismatch. On the other hand, sparse arrays, such as nested arrays, coprime arrays, and minimum redundancy arrays (MRAs), have reduced mutual coupling compared to uniform linear arrays (ULAs). With <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula> denoting the number of sensors, these sparse arrays offer <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$O({N}^{2})$</tex-math></inline-formula> freedoms for source estimation because their difference coarrays have <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX"> $O({N}^{2})$</tex-math></inline-formula> -long ULA segments. But these well-known sparse arrays have disadvantages: MRAs do not have simple closed-form expressions for the array geometry; coprime arrays have holes in the coarray; and nested arrays contain a dense ULA in the physical array, resulting in significantly higher mutual coupling than coprime arrays and MRAs. This paper introduces a new array called the super nested array, which has all the good properties of the nested array, and at the same time achieves reduced mutual coupling. There is a systematic procedure to determine sensor locations. For fixed <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$N$</tex-math></inline-formula> , the super nested array has the same physical aperture, and the same hole-free coarray as does the nested array. But the number of sensor pairs with small separations ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\lambda /2,2\times \lambda /2$</tex-math></inline-formula> , etc.) is significantly reduced. Many theoretical properties are proved and simulations are included to demonstrate the superior performance of these arrays. In the companion paper, a further extension called the <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex-math notation="LaTeX">$Q$</tex-math></inline-formula> th-order super nested array is developed, which further reduces mutual coupling.
Isolation and Characterization of 2,4,5-Trichlorophenoxyacetic Acid Degrading Bacteria (1994)

Microorganisms capable of utilizing 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4,5-T) as sole carbon source were isolated from soil by enrichment culture. Among these strains, EL-O7IP had the highest biodegradability of 2,4,5-7, and according to its morphological and physiological characteristics, it was identified as Pseudomonas sp. This strain was resistant to rifampicin, streptomycin, ampicillin, kanamycin and such metal ions as , Various compounds of chlorinated phenol and substrate analogs were more easily utilized than 2,4,5-7, but biodegradation rate for each compound was different. The strain easily utilized the compounds of chlorinated substituents on phenol in the order of ortho-, para-, and meta- position. The biodegradability of this strain was very stable. Key words : 2,4,5- trichlorophenoxyacetic acid, Pseudomonas sp .
Voltage Fluctuations on Distribution Level Introduced by Photovoltaic Systems (2006)

In moderate climates, short fluctuations in solar irradiance and their impact on the distribution grid will become an important issue with regard to the future large-scale application of embedded photovoltaic systems. Several related studies from the past are recalled. The approach that is presented here applies a localized spectral analysis to the solar irradiance and derived quantities in order to determine the power content of fluctuations, depending on their characteristic persistence. Pseudorandom time series of solar irradiance, based on measured values of the instantaneous clearness index, are applied as input data. Power-flow calculations are carried out in order to assess the impact of fluctuating solar irradiance on the grid voltage. The "fluctuation power index" is defined as a measure for the mean-square value of fluctuations of a specific persistence. A typical scenario is simulated, and the results are interpreted.
Julia : a novel (1995)

Mary: A Fiction [1788]Mary Wollstonecraft 188pp Julia: A Novel [1790]Helen Maria Williams 2 vols 264/246pp Nature and Art [1796]Elizabeth Inchbald 2 vols 192/202pp Glenarvon [1816]Lady Caroline Lamb 3 vols 296/390/322pp The Victim of Prejudice [1799]Mary Hays 2 vls 468pp The Father and Daughter. A Tale [1801]Amelia Opie 244pp St. Clair or, The Heiress of Desmond [1803]Sydney Owenson {Lady Morgan} 248pp