gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Myocardial Ischemia Reperfusion Injury (2012)

Myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury contributes to adverse cardiovascular outcomes after myocardial ischemia, cardiac surgery or circulatory arrest. Primarily, no blood flow to the heart causes an imbalance between oxygen demand and supply, named ischemia (from the Greek isch, restriction; and haema, blood), resulting in damage or dysfunction of the cardiac tissue. Instinctively, early and fast restoration of blood flow has been established to be the treatment of choice to prevent further tissue injury. Indeed, the use of thrombolytic therapy or primary percutaneous coronary intervention is the most effective strategy for reducing the size of a myocardial infarct and improving the clinical outcome. Unfortunately, restoring blood flow to the ischemic myocardium, named reperfusion, can also induce injury. This phenomenon was therefore termed myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury. Subsequent studies in animal models of acute myocardial infarction suggest that myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury accounts for up to 50% of the final size of a myocardial infarct. Consequently, many researchers aim to understand the underlying molecular mechanism of myocardial ischemia reperfusion injury to find therapeutic strategies ultimately reducing the final infarct size. Despite the identification of numerous therapeutic strategies at the bench, many of them are just in the process of being translated to bedside. The current review discusses the most striking basic science findings made during the past decades that are currently under clinical evaluation, with the ultimate goal to treat patients who are suffering from myocardial ischemia reperfusion-associated tissue injury.
Electrochemical microdevice for the determination of the minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics (2012)

Antibiotics are useful for treatments of a wide variety of infections. However, their performance has not been fully exploited because of a lack of approaches to rapidly select appropriate antibiotics and their concentrations. In this study, we propose a microsystem that can be used for rapid and on-site selection of antibiotics. The device consisted of a glass substrate with thin-film sensing electrodes and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) substrate with two microchannels and eight culture chambers. The microdevice was designed to evaluate growth of microbes using impedance measurements or optical imaging under different conditions of antibiotics. There was a good correlation between these measurements on the monitoring of the growth. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of gentamicin against E. coli was determined within 12 h with both measurements. Because the electrochemical approach will provide a portable and inexpensive system compared to the optical approach, the microdevice using impedance measurements may provide a promising tool for on-site rapid selection of antibiotics.
SH2- and SH3-mediated Interactions between Focal Adhesion Kinase and Src (1998)

Intramolecular SH2 and SH3 interactions mediate enzymatic repression of the Src kinases. One mechanism of activation is disruption of these interactions by the formation of higher affinity SH2 and SH3 interactions with specific ligands. We show that a consensus Src SH3-binding site residing upstream of the Src SH2-binding site in FAK can function as a ligand for the Src SH3 domain. Surface plasmon resonance experiments indicate that a FAK peptide containing both the Src SH2- and SH3-binding sites exhibits increased affinity for Src. Furthermore, the presence of both sites in vitro more potently activates c-Src. A FAK mutant (FAKPro-2) with substitutions destroying the SH3-binding site shows reduced binding to Src in vivo. This mutation also reduces Src-dependent tyrosine phosphorylation on the mutant itself and downstream substrates, such as paxillin. These observations suggest that an SH3-mediated interaction between Src-like kinases and FAK may be important for complex formation and downstream signaling in vivo.
An improved edge detection algorithm based on image fuzzy enhancement (2009)

To get better effect in the edge detection, an improved edge detection algorithm based on image fuzzy enhancement is presented through analyzing the defects of Pal algorithm. The algorithm not only simplifies the complex transformation calculation of fuzzy space by using the enhancement algorithm based on grayscale fuzzy sets, but also adopts the improved method of maximum variance between clusters to determine the threshold value of the enhancement function, which overcomes the deficiency of choosing fuzzy enhancement threshold value in Pal algorithm at random. In addition, image-smoothing processing of the fuzzy sets has been done before fuzzy enhancement processing. The result shows the method reasonable and effective.
Analysis of an ADTKD family with a novel frameshift mutation in MUC1 reveals characteristic features of mutant MUC1 protein (2017)

This novel frameshift mutation in the MUC1 gene and consequent mutant protein may contribute to the future discovery of the pathophysiology of ADTKD-MUC1. The mutant MUC1 protein in urine exosomes may be used for non-DNA-related diagnosis.
Regulated Expression of the BTEB2 Transcription Factor in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2000)

The present study shows that BTEB2 expression is developmentally and pathologically regulated. BTEB2 is preferentially expressed in dedifferentiated or activated SMCs. Examination of human coronary artery specimens suggests that primary lesions containing BTEB2-positive cells are associated with higher risk of restenosis than BTEB2-negative lesions. These results suggest that BTEB2 can serve as a molecular marker for phenotypic modulation of vascular SMCs.
Innate immune control of nucleic acid-based vaccine immunogenicity (2009)

Optimal vaccine efficacy requires not only a protective antigen, but also a strong immune activator as an adjuvant. Most viral vaccines, such as influenza vaccines and nonviral genetic vaccines (e.g., DNA vaccines), contain nucleic acids, which appear to act as essential 'built-in' adjuvants. Specific receptors, including Toll-like receptors, retinoic acid-inducible protein-I-like receptors, and nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptors can detect specific nucleic acid patterns, depending on the immunized tissue, cell type and intracellular localization. The resulting immune activation is uniquely regulated by intra- and intercellular signaling pathways, which are indispensable for the ensuing vaccine immunogenicity, such as antigen-specific T- and B-cell responses. Thus, elucidation and manipulation of immune signaling and interactions by nucleic acid adjuvants are essential for maximizing the immunogenicity and safety of viral and DNA vaccines.
Homogeneous large-area graphene layer growth on<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mn>6</mml:mn><mml:mi>H</mml:mi></mml:math>-SiC(0001) (2008)

Homogeneous large-area graphene monolayers were successfully prepared ex situ on $6H$-SiC(0001). The samples have been studied systematically and the results are compared with those from a sample cut from the same wafer and prepared by in situ heating. The formation of smaller graphene flakes was found on the in situ prepared sample, which is in line with earlier observations. Distinctly different results are observed from the ex situ graphene layers of different thicknesses, which are proposed as a guideline for determining graphene growth. Recorded $\text{C}\text{ }1s$ spectra consisted of three components: bulk SiC, graphene $(G)$, and interface $(I)$, the latter being a $6\sqrt{3}$ layer. Extracted intensity ratios of $G/I$ were found to give a good estimate of the thickness of graphene. Differences are also revealed in micro low energy electron diffraction images and electron reflectivity curves. The diffraction patterns were distinctly different from a monolayer thickness up to three layers. At a larger thickness only the graphitelike spot was visible. The electron reflectivity curve showed a nice oscillation behavior with kinetic energy and as a function of the number of graphene layers. The graphene sheets prepared were found to be very inert and the interface between the substrate and the layer(s) was found to be quite abrupt. No free Si could be detected in or on the graphene layers or at the interface.
A Note on the Concept of the Visual Field in Neurology, Psychology, and Visual Neuroscience (1996)

Some current confusions in visual neuroscience and psychology over the use of the terms 'visual field', 'field of vision', 'stimulus field', and topographic 'brain maps' are reviewed. These are often used as synonyms, whereas they refer to quite different things. A plea is made that visual scientists should use these terms correctly to avoid conceptual and engineering confusion.
Exploring Ultra Low-Power on-Chip Clocking Using Functionality Enhanced Spin-Torque Switches (2013)

Emerging spin-torque (ST) phenomena may lead to ultra-low-voltage, high-speed nano-magnetic switches. Such current-based-switches can be attractive for designing low swing global-interconnects, like, clocking-networks and databuses. In this work we present the basic idea of using such ST-switches for low-power on-chip clocking. For clockingnetworks, Spin-Hall-Effect (SHE) can be used to produce an assist-field for fast ST-switching using global-mesh-clock with less than 100mV swing. The ST-switch acts as a compact-latch, written by ultra-low-voltage input-pulses. The data is read using a high-resistance tunnel-junction. The clock-driven SHE write-assist can be shared among large number of ST-latches, thereby reducing the load-capacitance for clock-distribution. The SHE assist can be activated by a low-swing clock (~150mV) and hence can facilitate ultra-low voltage clock-distribution. Owing to reduced clock-load and low-voltage operation, the proposed scheme can achieve 97% low-power for on-chip clocking as compared to the state of the art CMOS design. Rigorous device-circuit simulations and system-level modelling for the proposed scheme will be addressed in future.
An investigation of cow feeding behavior using motion sensors (2014)

An experiment to study the impact of supplements upon the feeding behavior of dairy cattle was conducted at the Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture (TIA) Dairy Research Facility. Collar systems with 3-axis accelerometer and magnetometer were fitted to individual cows to infer their feeding behavior. We describe the solutions applied to correct for sensor data issues, and then provide some preliminary analysis associated with developing behavior models using multivariate time series data.
Mechanosensitive properties of pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the urinary bladder of the rat (1994)

1. Single-unit activity was recorded from S1 dorsal root afferent fibers in pentobarbital-anesthetized rats. In 25 experiments, 245 afferent fibers were identified by electrical stimulation of the pelvic nerve. Fifty-two percent were C fibers (conduction velocity: 1.70 +/- 0.04 m/s; mean +/- SE) and 48% were A delta-fibers (conduction velocity: 11.07 +/- 0.95 m/s). 2. Of 245 pelvic nerve afferent fibers, 92 (38%) responded to noxious urinary bladder distension (UBD; 80 mmHg); 57 of these fibers were C fibers and 35 were A delta-fibers. Forty-four fibers responded to colorectal distension (CRD; 80 mmHg); 32 were C fibers and 12 were A delta-fibers. A total of 39 fibers were identified in the anal mucosa; 3 were C fibers and 36 were A delta-fibers. Seventy fibers (28%) in these experiments were unresponsive to either UBD or CRD or to probing of the anal mucosa; 32 were unmyelinated C fibers and 38 were A delta-fibers. 3. Reproducibility of responses to repeated UBD (80 mmHg, 20 s; 8 trials at 4-min intervals) was tested in 10 fibers. In nine fibers, responses to repeated distension did not change; one fiber exhibited a progressive decrease in response magnitude after the third trial. 4. Of the 92 afferent fibers that responded to UBD, 45 were further characterized for responses to graded intensities of UBD. Forty fibers had some resting activity (1.7 +/- 0.3 impulses/s) and five fibers exhibited no ongoing activity. The response to UBD adapted slowly during the 20-s period of phasic UBD or during slow isotonic filling of the bladder. 5. The stimulus-response function (SRF) of fibers (n = 45) to graded UBD was monotonic < or = 80 mmHg. Thresholds for responses were determined after extrapolation of the least-squares linear regression line to the ordinate, and varied between 0 and 45 mmHg. The frequency distribution profile of thresholds revealed two populations of pelvic nerve afferent fibers in the urinary bladder: a larger group (n = 36) of low-threshold (LT) fibers (5.7 +/- 1.0 mmHg) and a smaller group (n = 9) of high-threshold (HT) fibers (34 +/- 2.5 mmHg). 6. Responses of four LT fibers to graded UBD were tested before and 30 min after instillation of 0.5 ml of 0.5% acetic acid (pH 3) into the bladder. The mean threshold for response of these fibers before instillation of acetic acid (9.4 +/- 3.1 mmHg) more than doubled (to 22.3 +/- 6.7 mmHg) after instillation of acetic acid.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Discrete Planning (2006)

This chapter provides introductory concepts that serve as an entry point into other parts of the book. The planning problems considered here are the simplest to describe because the state space will be finite in most cases. When it is not finite, it will at least be countably infinite (i.e., a unique integer may be assigned to every state). Therefore, no geometric models or differential equations will be needed to characterize the discrete planning problems. Furthermore, no forms of uncertainty will be considered, which avoids complications such as probability theory. All models are completely known and predictable.
Solid-state chemistry of thermally induced yellow colouring in synthetic hydrous titanium oxide from TiCl3 (1992)

Calcination of hydrous titanium oxide (HTO) gel, synthesized by the hydrolysis of titanium(III) chloride (TiCl3) in the presence of urea, produces a brilliant yellow powder when the pale blue HTO gel is heated at 400 °C in air. From the results of diffuse reflectance (DR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetry and/or differential thermal analysis. (TG/DTA) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, this colouring is attributed to the formation of thermally induced Ti4+ peroxide. The colour is lost and the superoxide radical anion is generated when the temperature is increased to 800 °C; this is accounted for by the thermal decomposition of the peroxide complex. The solid-state chemistry of the appearance and loss of the yellow colour is discussed along with results of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and electron probe microanalysis (EPMA).
Development and validation of a rapid HPLC method for quantitation of SP‐141, a novel pyrido[b]indole anticancer agent, and an initial pharmacokinetic study in mice (2014)

There is an increasing interest in targeting the MDM2 oncogene for cancer therapy. SP-141, a novel designed small molecule MDM2 inhibitor, exerts excellent in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity. To facilitate the preclinical development of this candidate anticancer agent, we have developed an HPLC method for the quantitative analysis of SP-141. The method was validated to be precise, accurate, and specific, with a linear range of 16.2-32,400 ng/mL in plasma, 16.2-6480 ng/mL in homogenates of brain, heart, liver, kidneys, lungs, muscle and tumor, and 32.4-6480 ng/mL in spleen homogenates. The lower limit of quantification was 16.2 ng/mL in plasma and all the tissue homogenates, except for spleen homogenates, where it was 32.4 ng/mL. The intra- and inter-assay precisions (coefficient of variation) were between 0.86 and 13.39%, and accuracies (relative errors) ranged from -8.50 to 13.92%. The relative recoveries were 85.6-113.38%. SP-141 was stable in mouse plasma, modestly plasma bound and metabolized by S9 microsomal enzymes. We performed an initial pharmacokinetic study in tumor-bearing nude mice, demonstrating that SP-141 has a short half-life in plasma and wide tissue distribution. In summary, this HPLC method can be used in future preclinical and clinical investigations of SP-141.
Preliminary Evidence of Linkage of Salt Sensitivity in Black Americans at the β <sub>2</sub> -Adrenergic Receptor Locus (1997)

Salt sensitivity is a heritable trait that is a hallmark of hypertension in black Americans. Genes encoding adrenergic receptors are candidate loci for the inheritance of this hypertension-related trait because of the role of these receptors in the regulation of renal sodium excretion and vascular tone. We performed this study to determine whether these loci are responsible for some of the phenotypic variation in salt sensitivity. Hypertensive black American probands were ascertained, followed by sequential ascertainment of adult sib pairs among the first-, second- and third-degree relatives of the proband. Both hypertensive and normotensive siblings were tested for salt sensitivity by an intravenous sodium-loading, lasix volume-depletion protocol. Genotyping was performed with restriction fragment length polymorphisms in genomic DNA probed with clones containing the beta 2- and alpha 2c10-adrenergic receptor genes. A total of 109 sib pairs was evaluated. Salt sensitivity was defined as the change in blood pressure in each individual, comparing the sodium-loaded with the volume-depleted state. Systolic pressure decreased by an average of 9.0 +/- 9%, diastolic pressure by 1.5 +/- 11%, and mean arterial pressure by 5.0 +/- 9%. Neither blood pressure nor salt sensitivity was linked at the alpha 2c10-adrenergic receptor locus. No evidence suggested that systolic salt sensitivity and baseline blood pressure were linked at the beta 2-adrenergic receptor locus. Model-independent sib pair linkage analysis suggested that diastolic blood pressure response to sodium loading/volume depletion is linked at the beta 2-adrenergic receptor locus (P < .006). Evidence for linkage was significant at the .05 level after adjustment for the number of phenotypic traits examined.
Prolonged Blood Circulation of Methotrexate by Modulation of Liposomal Composition (2001)

Prolonged circulation by liposomal incorporation has been shown to enhance the therapeutic efficacy of drugs in many cases. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the prolonged circulation of methotrexate (MTX) can be achieved by modulating the liposomal compositions. Various compositions of liposomes were prepared with 2:1 of phosphatidylcholine (PC) and cholesterol (CH) with or without distearoylphosphatidyl-ethanolamine-N-poly(ethyleneglycol) 2000 (DSPE-PEG). The MTX encapsulation efficiency depended on the type of PC used. It also appeared to increase by inclusion of DSPE-PEG. The size of liposomes decreased by the inclusion of DSPE-PEG. The inclusion of DSPE-PEG lowered the plasma-induced release of MTX from EggPC/CH and DPPC/CH liposomes, suggesting its enhancement effect on the liposomal stability. After intravenous injection to rats, the pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of MTX were significantly changed by liposomal incorporation and also by the composition of liposomes. The total body clearance of MTX incorporated in EggPC/CH, DPPC/CH, EggPC/CH/DSPE-PEG, and DPPC/CH/DSPE-PEG liposomes decreased 4.4-, 14.9-, 24.5-, and 53.1-fold, compared with that of free MTX. The ratio of MTX concentration in blood to liver and spleen after injection of DPPC/CH, EggPC/CH/DSPE-PEG, and DPPC/CH/DSPE-PEG liposomes was 5.4-, 8.5-, and 13.5-fold higher than that of EggPC/CH liposomes. Furthermore, the accumulation of MTX in the kidney, one of the organs in which MTX exhibits its toxicity, was significantly lowered by liposomal incorporation, especially by DSPE-PEG-containing liposomes. Taken together, DPPC/CH/DSPE-PEG liposomes most effectively prolonged the blood circulation, and reduced hepatosplenic and kidney uptake of MTX. DPPC/CH/DSPE-PEG liposomes may have potential as an efficient delivery system for MTX.
Distributed iterative aggregation algorithms for box-constrained minimization problems and optimal routing in data networks (1989)

A gradient-projection algorithm using iterative aggregation and disaggregation is proposed and analyzed for box-constrained minimization problems. In a distributed computation model, the algorithm is shown to converge. The algorithm is applied to optimal routing in a large interconnected data communication network, resulting in a multilevel hierarchical clustering that naturally fits the hierarchical topological structure of such networks. An implementation of the algorithm for a 52-node network shows that the serial version of the algorithm has a saving of 35% of the computational time as compared to a path-formulated gradient-projection code that is among the fastest existing programs for path-formulated optimal routing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The effect of fan-reliability and cooling-performance on electronic-chassis reliability (1993)

A tractable model for predicting the failure rates of electronic chassis cooled by fans with finite failure rates is developed. The model accounts for two regimes prior to electronics failure: the electronic chassis is operated at a temperature which occurs with a fan that is operational and the electronic chassis is operated at a temperature which occurs when the fan has failed. Fan failures alone do not constitute a failure of the chassis. Such a model applies where cooling fans are not actively monitored, and where their failure is noticed only during the maintenance associated with an electronic failure of the chassis, i.e., the model accounts for the fact that the electronics in general continues to operate for a period of time following a fan failure. The model directly applies to cost/benefit studies in electronics packaging, including the determination of the improvement in mean time between failures (MTBF) to be anticipated when a chassis is implemented with a cooling fan, and the determination of the performance benefit to be anticipated when fans are actively monitored and replaced upon failure.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Market structure across stores: An application of a random coefficients logit model with store level data (2004)

Market structure analysis continues to be a topic of considerable interest to marketing researchers. One of the most common representations of the manner in which brands compete in a market is via market maps that show the relative locations of brands in multi-attribute space. In this paper, we use logit brand choice models to estimate a heterogeneous demand system capable of identifying such brand maps. Unlike the previous literature, we use only aggregate store-level data to obtain these maps. Additionally, by recognizing that there exists heterogeneity in consumer preferences both within a store's market area as well as across store market areas, the approach allows us to identify store-specific brand maps. The methodology also accounts for endogeneity in prices due to possible correlation between unobserved factors, such as shelf space and shelf location that affect brand sales, and prices. We provide an empirical application of our methodology to store level data from a retail chain for the laundry detergents product category. From a manager's perspective, our model enables micromarketing strategies in which promotions are targeted to those stores in which a brand has the most favorable, differentiated, position.