gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Low cost flip chip (LCFC): An innovative approach for breakthrough reduction in flip chip package cost (2010)

A new low cost flip chip (LCFC) packaging solution is developed that dramatically reduces flip chip package cost. The solution entails innovations and improvements in the bump, interconnect structure, substrate design and underfilling process. Cu column bumps with solder caps are used to form a “Bump on Lead (BOL)” interconnection with narrow substrate pads with no solder mask confinement (“open solder mask”, or “open SR”) and no solder-on-pad finish (“no SOP”). This results in a substrate design with relaxed design rules despite high I/O escape densities, enabling a majority of IC designs in the sub-1000 pin range to fit in 2-lyr laminate substrates. The novel BOL/open SR/no-SOP interconnect structure is combined with a mold underfilling (MUF) process using high density 1-up matrix substrates to achieve high substrate utilization and low process cost. Furthermore, it is shown through empirical data and FEA modeling that the unique mechanical structure of the BOL interconnection remarkably reduces the stress on Si subsurface layers resulting in elimination of the low K damage phenomenon commonly observed in sub-45 nm Si nodes. The LCFC technology is Pb-free, scalable to very fine pitch in the sub-100 um range and highly electromigration-resistant, providing a natural migration path to 3D/TSV micro bump / micro bond and green solutions for the future. In the present paper, we present in detail, the structure, assembly process and reliability of this packaging solution. We also present data on the application of the solution to advanced sub-45 nm Si nodes with ELK (Extra Low K) dielectrics.
Genotype‐Specific Carriage of<i>Neisseria meningitidis</i>in Georgia Counties with Hyper‐ and Hyposporadic Rates of Meningococcal Disease (2002)

Carriage of Neisseria meningitidis in a Georgia county with hypersporadic incidence of meningococcal disease ("hypersporadic county") and in a county with no cases of meningococcal disease was determined by a cross-sectional pharyngeal culture study of high school students. Among 2730 students from whom culture samples were obtained, meningococcal carriage was 7.7% (140/1818) in the hypersporadic county and 6.1% (56/912) in the comparison county. Carriage rates by serogroup and genetic type (i.e., electrophoretic type [ET]) did not differ significantly between counties, but apartment or mobile home residency was a risk factor for carriage in the hypersporadic county. Although most cases of meningococcal disease in the hypersporadic county were caused by members of the serogroup C ET-37 clonal group, no ET-37 meningococcal isolates were recovered from carriers in this county. However, 38% of all meningococcal isolates recovered from carriers in both counties were members of the serogroup Y ET-508 clonal group, an emerging cause of meningococcal disease in Georgia and throughout the United States during 1996-2001. Shifts in carriage and transmission of meningococcal strains with different pathogenic potential are important determinants of meningococcal disease incidence.
Formation of malonyl coenzyme A in rat heart (1989)

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is thought to be absent in the heart since the latter is highly catabolic and nonlipogenic. It has been suggested that the high level of malonyl-CoA that is found in the heart is derived from mitochondrial propionyl-CoA carboxylase, which also uses acetyl-CoA. In the present study, acetyl-CoA carboxylase was identified and purified from homogenates of rat heart. The isolated enzyme had little activity in the absence of citrate (specific activity, less than 0.1 units/mg); however, citrate stimulated its activity (specific activity, 1.8 units/mg in the presence of 10 mM citrate). Avidin inhibited greater than 95% of activity, and addition of biotin reversed this inhibition. Further, malonyl-CoA (1 mM) and palmitoyl-CoA (100 microM) inhibited greater than 90% of carboxylase activity. Similar to acetyl-CoA carboxylase of lipogenic tissues, the heart enzyme could be activated greater than 6-fold by preincubation with liver (acetyl-CoA carboxylase)-phosphatase 2. The activation was accompanied by a decrease in the K0.5 for citrate to 0.68 mM. These observations suggest that the activity in preparations from heart is due to authentic acetyl-CoA carboxylase. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of the preparation from heart showed the presence of one major protein band (Mr 280,000) and a minor band (Mr 265,000) while that from liver gave a major protein band (Mr 265,000). A Western blot probed with avidin-peroxidase suggested that both the 280- and 265-kDa species contained biotin. Antibodies to liver acetyl-CoA carboxylase, which inhibited greater than 95% of liver carboxylase activity, inhibited only 35% of heart enzyme activity. In an immunoblot (using antibodies to liver enzyme) the 265-kDa species, and not the major 280-kDa species, in the heart preparation was specifically stained. These observations suggest the presence of two isoenzymes of acetyl-CoA carboxylase that are immunologically distinct, the 265-kDa species being predominant in the liver and the 280-kDa species being predominant in the heart.
<i>N</i>-Benzyl Aspartate Nitrones: Unprecedented Single-Step Synthesis and [3 + 2] Cycloaddition Reactions with Alkenes (2008)

N-benzyl aspartate nitrones 2, prepared by addition of N-benzylhydroxylamine to dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates 1, underwent [3 + 2] thermal cycloaddition with a wide range of alkenes to afford isoxazolidines 4 bearing a polyfunctionalized quaternary center. Under these uncatalyzed conditions, the trans stereocontrol observed with vinyl ethers is higher than that obtained with all acyclic activated nitrones reported to date. The first asymmetric access to a type-4 pure adduct was achieved starting from the chiral aspartate nitrone derived from (S)-alpha-methylbenzylhydroxylamine.
Photo-generated time-of-flight mobility measurements in novel electron transport material: 2,5-dibenzthiazolyl thiophene (2004)

The photo-generated time-of-flight electron mobility measurements in 2,5-dibenzthiazolyl thiophene ;show weak field dependent high electron mobility, typically of the order of 1.21 × 10−4 cm2/Vs at ;2.5 × 105 V/cm, which is two orders of magnitude higher than that of Alq3 complex. (© 2004 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Enhancement of boiler performance evaluation methods using CEMS data (1995)

Currently, there are no easy-to-use, commercially available on-line coal analyzers. Due to this reason, it is not possible to obtain boiler efficiency and coal flow rate in real time. However, due to the recent installation of continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS), several additional data are now available. By incorporating the CEMS data into the output/loss calculation method, the boiler efficiency and coal flow rate can be calculated without knowing the coal analysis. Thus, a true real time calculation procedure for boiler efficiency and coal flow rate is now available.
Proposal and Evaluation of Metadata Management Method for eDiscovery (2012)

Recent litigation has required the collection of electronic data evidence as well as paper document evidence. The collection process, called "eDiscovery," incurs long hours of searching for evidential files. To reduce the eDiscovery cost, it has been recently noticed that metadata-based search technologies play an important role. Although metadata, such as the name of author and the time and date of creation, usually contain useful information, it is unreliable because it can be overwritten by non-authorized personnel. In this paper, the risk of using metadata for eDiscovery is explained, and a metadata-management method for improving file-search efficiency is proposed. To reveal the risk of metadata, an experiment on connecting eDiscovery applications was performed. In the experiment, the files collected by one application were exported to the other application for reviewing them. The experiment shows that proper operations can create incorrect metadata. To correct the metadata, the proposed method extracts information from day-to-day operations and overwrites the metadata using that information. To evaluate the proposed method, metadata of files modified by 3 examinees were retrieved. Evaluation results show that the accuracy of metadata corrected by the proposed method is 100%, while the accuracy of that recorded by a conventional file system is only 60%. This result implies that the proposed method, using extracted information from day-to-day operations, is an important tool for assuring the files are provided as litigation evidence.
Quantitative sensory examination during epidural anaesthesia and analgesia in man: Effects of morphine (1993)

In a double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over study the effects of epidural morphine (4 mg) on somatosensory functions were investigated in 10 healthy volunteers. Detection, pain detection and pain tolerance thresholds to thermal, mechanical and electrical stimuli as well as magnitude rating of short-lasting stimuli of the same modalities were monitored before and for 10 h after epidural administration of 4 mg of morphine or saline. Epidural morphine induced a naloxone-reversible (0.1 mg/kg, i.v.) increase in pain detection threshold to heat and mechanical stimuli and in pain tolerance threshold to heat, mechanical and electrical stimuli. Morphine induced a more pronounced increase in the pain tolerance than in the pain detection threshold. Magnitude rating of short-lasting radiant heat (argon laser) stimuli were reduced by epidural morphine in comparison to placebo while there was no significant difference between the effects of morphine and placebo on magnitude rating of short-lasting mechanical and electrical stimuli. The warm detection threshold was increased (naloxone reversible) by morphine. Segmental distribution of pruritus was reported by 7 subjects following epidural morphine which was replaced by a short-lasting burning sensation following naloxone administration. Naloxone (0.1 mg/kg) preceeded by placebo did not change somatosensory functions. These results indicate that the somatosensory effect of epidural morphine is dependent on the types of afferent fibres activated as well as on the duration and intensity of the stimulus.
Influence of the Glass Transition Temperature Gradient on the Nonlinear Viscoelastic Behavior in Reinforced Elastomers (2003)

We analyze the influence of a glass transition gradient near the particle surfaces on the nonlinear mechanical behavior of reinforced elastomers. We studied systems consisting of grafted silica particles dispersed in a cross-linked poly(ethyl acrylate) matrix. Both particle/matrix interfaces and dispersion states of the particles have been precisely characterized. On the basis of previous studies on the same systems evidencing a glass transition gradient around the particles, we show that the precocious nonlinear mechanical behavior of these filled systems is related to the strain-softening of the glassy polymer shell surrounding the particles surfaces. Comparing strain-softening and melting of the glassy polymer shell, we observe that the strain-softening is enhanced by strong local stress amplifications.
A Single-Cell Transcriptome Atlas of the Human Pancreas (2016)

To understand organ function, it is important to have an inventory of its cell types and of their corresponding marker genes. This is a particularly challenging task for human tissues like the pancreas, because reliable markers are limited. Hence, transcriptome-wide studies are typically done on pooled islets of Langerhans, obscuring contributions from rare cell types and of potential subpopulations. To overcome this challenge, we developed an automated platform that uses FACS, robotics, and the CEL-Seq2 protocol to obtain the transcriptomes of thousands of single pancreatic cells from deceased organ donors, allowing in silico purification of all main pancreatic cell types. We identify cell type-specific transcription factors and a subpopulation of REG3A-positive acinar cells. We also show that CD24 and TM4SF4 expression can be used to sort live alpha and beta cells with high purity. This resource will be useful for developing a deeper understanding of pancreatic biology and pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus.
Cooperative regulation of light-harvesting complex II phosphorylation via the plastoquinol and ferredoxin-thioredoxin system in chloroplasts (2000)

Light induces phosphorylation of photosystem II (PSII) proteins in chloroplasts by activating the protein kinase(s) via reduction of plastoquinone and the cytochrome b(6)f complex. The recent finding of high-light-induced inactivation of the phosphorylation of chlorophyll a/b-binding proteins (LHCII) of the PSII antenna in floated leaf discs, but not in vitro, disclosed a second regulatory mechanism for LHCII phosphorylation. Here we show that this regulation of LHCII phosphorylation is likely to be mediated by the chloroplast ferredoxin-thioredoxin system. We present a cooperative model for the function of the two regulation mechanisms that determine the phosphorylation level of the LHCII proteins in vivo, based on the following results: (i) Chloroplast thioredoxins f and m efficiently inhibit LHCII phosphorylation. (ii) A disulfide bond in the LHCII kinase, rather than in its substrate, may be a target component regulated by thioredoxin. (iii) The target disulfide bond in inactive LHCII kinase from dark-adapted leaves is exposed and easily reduced by external thiol mediators, whereas in the activated LHCII kinase the regulatory disulfide bond is hidden. This finding suggests that the activation of the kinase induces a conformational change in the enzyme. The active state of LHCII kinase prevails in chloroplasts under low-light conditions, inducing maximal phosphorylation of LHCII proteins in vivo. (iv) Upon high-light illumination of leaves, the target disulfide bond becomes exposed and thus is made available for reduction by thioredoxin, resulting in a stable inactivation of LHCII kinase.
Changes of calf muscle-tendon biomechanical properties induced by passive-stretching and active-movement training in children with cerebral palsy (2011)

Biomechanical properties of calf muscles and Achilles tendon may be altered considerably in children with cerebral palsy (CP), contributing to childhood disability. It is unclear how muscle fascicles and tendon respond to rehabilitation and contribute to improvement of ankle-joint properties. Biomechanical properties of the calf muscle fascicles of both gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and soleus (SOL), including the fascicle length and pennation angle in seven children with CP, were evaluated using ultrasonography combined with biomechanical measurements before and after a 6-wk treatment of passive-stretching and active-movement training. The passive force contributions from the GM and SOL muscles were separated using flexed and extended knee positions, and fascicular stiffness was calculated based on the fascicular force-length relation. Biomechanical properties of the Achilles tendon, including resting length, cross-sectional area, and stiffness, were also evaluated. The 6-wk training induced elongation of muscle fascicles (SOL: 8%, P = 0.018; GM: 3%, P = 0.018), reduced pennation angle (SOL: 10%, P = 0.028; GM: 5%, P = 0.028), reduced fascicular stiffness (SOL: 17%, P = 0.128; GM: 21%, P = 0.018), decreased tendon length (6%, P = 0.018), increased Achilles tendon stiffness (32%, P = 0.018), and increased Young's modulus (20%, P = 0.018). In vivo characterizations of calf muscles and Achilles tendon mechanical properties help us better understand treatment-induced changes of calf muscle-tendon and facilitate development of more effective treatments.
Pharmacokinetics and protein binding of intravenous ibuprofen in the premature newborn infant (1997)

The elimination, disposition and protein binding of ibuprofen (IBU) in premature infants were studied for use in the prevention of intraventricular hemorrhage and closure of patent ductus arteriosus. The kinetic profile of i.v. IBU lysine (10 mg/kg bolus) given within the first 3 h after birth was studied in 21 premature neonates (mean birthweight = 944.7 g, range: 575-1450 g; gestational age: 26.8 weeks, range: 22-31 weeks). Blood samples (0.3 ml/sample) were obtained at time 0 and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h post-dose for IBU by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Kinetic analyses assumed applicability of one open-compartment model and calculations from the model-independent areas under the time concentration curve (AUC). Data (mean +/- SEM) show that apparent volume of distribution (AVd) was 62.1 +/- 3.9 ml/kg, plasma t1/2 beta was 30.5 +/- 4.2 h, elimination rate constant (Kel) was 0.032 +/- 0.004 h-1, plasma clearance was 2.06 +/- 0.33 ml/kg/h and plasma concentration (Cp) at 1 h was 180.6 +/- 11.1 mg/l. Gestational age and birthweight were not related to drug elimination. In 10 neonates, IBU maintenance dose of 5 mg/kg once daily on days 2 and 3 generated mean Cp of 116.6 +/- 54.5 mg/l and 113.6 +/- 58.2 mg/l, respectively. Protein binding by ultrafiltration and capillary electrophoresis showed that the percentage bound IBU was significantly lower in full term cord plasma (94.98 +/- 0.39%, n = 26) compared to adult plasma protein (mean +/- SE = 98.73 +/- 0.31%, n = 8, p < 0.0001). Compared to data from adults and older children, IBU elimination is markedly prolonged in neonates and protein binding is slightly lower. Thus, investigational and clinical therapeutic regimens should be adjusted to account for decreased drug disposition to ensure safe and effective therapy.
Morphology and structure of mono- and few-layer graphene produced by jet cavitation (2011)

We prepared mono- and few-layer graphene with micrometer-sized dimensions in aqueous solution by a jet cavitation method starting from common crystal graphite, which is totally green, facile, low-cost, and laborsaving. The graphene yield by our method is estimated as ∼4 wt. % by statistical analysis. Diverse microscopy is used to characterize the morphology, microstructure, and near-edge fine structure of the prepared nanosheets. It is found that partial folding allows realization of rotational stacking fault in otherwise perfect samples. The folded graphene with Morié patterns could be ideal specimens for experimentally probing band structure and electronic properties of graphene with different stacking styles.
<title>Implementation and analysis of stream-oriented protocol-based RTP/RTCP within video conference</title> (1998)

RTP/RTCP (Real-time Transport Protocol/Real-time Control Protocol) are independent of the underlying transport and network layers, they are generally implemented based upon datagram-oriented protocols, for a instance, RTP/RTCP are usually implemented based on UDP in a TCP/IP network environment, while based on IPX (Internetwork Packet eXchange) in a SPX/IPX network environment. But as for the situation that only a octet-stream-oriented protocol is provide, the situation that the lost and disorder of data packets are somewhat scarce or the situation that more centralized control is required, it is necessary or practicable to exploit protocols such as TCP which is stream-oriented to implement RTP/RTCP. One of the representative applications is a video conference system based on TCP. As a stream-oriented protocol is employed to implement RTP/RTCP, there is a most major concern is how to accomplish unicast and multicast. This paper present a scheme that use a mixer defined in RTP/RTCP to fulfill multi-point transmission based on octet-stream-oriented protocol. According to this scheme, RTP/RTCP to fulfill multi-point transmission based on octet-stream-oriented protocol. According to this scheme, RTP/RTCP data are transmitted between each station and the mixer while the mixer provides an analysis about RTCP data, and the logical RTP/RTCP framing is performed by each station and the mixer in conformity to the payload type. Considering the characteristic of real-time video data stream, this paper provides a analysis on a exemplary video conference system which uses TCP-based RTP/RTCP to transmit real-time video and audio data. Moreover, a scheme to interconnect between such a octet-stream-oriented protocol based implementation and a datagram-oriented protocol based one is presented, and a discuss about the practicability to combine this implementation to a special simplified RSVP (Resource reSerVation Protocol) also is given forth.
Leukocyte Adhesion Molecules (1997)

Recruitment of leukocytes is critical to many of the processes studied in oral biology. With the development of new tools such as monoclonal antibody production and transgenic mice, the specific adhesion molecules thought to be important in leukocyte recruitment have been identified and their function examined. These molecules can be divided into three major classes: selectins, members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, and integrins. They mediate interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells, facilitating the initial process of leukocyte rolling, firm attachment to endothelium, transendothelial migration, diapedesis, and migration along connective tissue. The goal of this paper is to provide an understanding of which molecules are involved in the above processes by discussing their cellular distribution, counter-receptors, and physiologic function.
United States v. Pink (1942)

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Spectral Subtraction Steered by Multi-Step Forward Linear Prediction For Single Channel Speech Dereverberation (2006)

A speech signal captured by a distant microphone is generally smeared by reverberation, which severely degrades automatic speech recognition (ASR) performance. In this paper, we propose a novel dereverberation method utilizing multi-step forward linear prediction. It precisely estimates and suppresses the late reflections, which constitute a major cause of ASR performance degradation. Our experimental results showed that the proposed method can improve ASR performance significantly even without using special adaptation methods such as multi-condition acoustic model training
Parallel access read/write memory using an optically addressed ferroelectric spatial light modulator (1991)

The ability is demonstrated to use optically addressed ferroelectric spatial light modulators in designing digital optical computers involving data processing and storage athigh rates and contrast levels. Key words: Bistability, ferroelectric SLM, parallel access memory.
Holographic photolithography for submicron VLSI structures (1989)

A holographic method of photolithographically printing the image of a photomask into a photoresist is presented. The holographic system, which can operate at either visible or UV wavelengths has been developed for high resolution VLSI integrated circuit manufacture. Submicron images of various typical IC features have been faithfully recorded using both the visible and UV wavelengths. The holographic system has also been integrated into a semiautomatic machine, proving the feasibility of integrating and developing the technology into a commercially viable product. >
Spontaneous rupture of the iliac vein. (1999)

Two unusual cases of iliac vein spontaneous rupture into the retroperitoneum are presented together with 18 cases reported by the literature. In one patient of ours, entrapment of clots in an IVC filter and proximal iliac vein involvement into the scar tissue surrounding the left limb of an aortoiliac bifurcation graft might have caused flow disturbances and subsequent predisposition to rupture of the thrombosed external iliac vein. Inflammatory parietal changes, including infiltration of macrophages, T and B lymphocytes producing elastin degradation by means of cytokines, may have led ultimately to vein disruption. Despite clinical features and CT scan findings, the physician's awareness of this disease remains the most important factor for the early treatment.