gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inferno in a Bubble (1995)

Seth J. Putterman compares the blue speck of light glowing in a flask of water to a star in the sky. Indeed, the glow seems cool and soothing, like starlight on a summer evening. Yet just as twinkling stars belie scorching suns, the speck, a tiny bubble of air blasted by sound waves, reaches hellish temperatures. The gas within may even hit millions of degrees Celsius as hot as the inside of our sun. Making light from sound, known as sonoluminescence, has generated a whirl of activity among some scientists in recent years. Creating the bubble entails little more than wrapping a flask of water in a couple of small loudspeakers, or transducers, then tuning the transducers to certain high frequencies. Yet somehow the sound energy gets condensed inside the bubble to one-trillionth of its original density. The bubble expands, collapses, and flashes 30,000 times per second, generating light that can be seen without darkening the room. No theory can fully explain how this happens or why the bubble flashes so briefly and as steadily as a clock. Though research suggests that temperatures and pressures in the bubbles soar astronomically, no one has yet figured out exactly how high. If the bubble is as hot and as dense as we think it is, then we have a dense plasma. That's an interesting state of matter, says Putterman, a physicist at the University of California, Los Angeles. Some scientists think the bubbles get so hot that they can use sonoluminescence to weld atoms of hydrogen isotopes. This process, known as fusion, holds the potential for providing a boundless source of energy. Meanwhile, just trying to understand what happens in the bubble is raising questions more quickly than researchers can answer them. You have to keep in mind that nobody knows, really, what is going on in this thing, says Michael Moran, an experimental physicist at Lawrence Livermore (Calif.) National Laboratory.
Development of Nanostructure based Corrosion- Barrier Coatings on Steel for Transmutation Applications: Quaterly Report (2004)

During the past quarter, this project employed one graduate student and two undergraduate student researchers and made the following accomplishments :\n• Acquisition of steel samples for experiments\n• Design and fabrication of specialized anodization apparatus to accommodate steel samples\n• Investigation of adhesiveness of aluminum on steel\n• Investigation of effects of anodizing acids on steel to identify most appropriate acid and a suitable barrier material
<title>Optical properties of stretched CuClBr-containing glasses</title> (1994)

Glasses containing a post-thermally developed CuClBr microcrystalline phase were stretched under an applied stress at a temperature above the strain-point. The resulting glass was optically transparent and birefringent. The stretched glass was heated under reducing conditions to effect the reduction of the Cu-halide particles to Cu metal thereby rendering the glass polarizing. The polarizing behavior is compared to that of Ag/Ag-halide containing glasses which are made in the same manner. The polarizing behavior of the two glasses is very similar except for the wavelength region below 500 nm. The absence of a crossover of the parallel and perpendicular polarization transmittances in the Cu/Cu-halide glass suggests a visible polarizer application.
Novel ordered nanoporous graphitic C<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>as a support for Pt–Ru anode catalyst in direct methanol fuel cell (2007)

The fabrication of graphitic carbon nitride with 3-dimensionally extended highly ordered pore arrays is described, and the N-rich porous carbon was utilized for the first time as a support for Pt50–Ru50 alloy catalyst to study the support effect on the anodic performance in direct methanol fuel cells; it displays promising results as a catalyst support in the fuel cell.
Reducing Specular Reflection Components of Metallic Surfaces Using Photometric Linearization (2006)

In metallic surfaces, highlights are very strong and illuminant shapes are often observed as specular reflections. In order to control specular reflection components of metallic surfaces, a set of real images are taken under various lighting conditions and Photometric Linearization is introduced to control diffuse reflection components as well as to reduce specular reflection components. Experimental results show that specular reflection components can be effectively reduced in realistic images of metallic surfaces using this technique.
Novel Extraction of Chromatographic Resins Based on Tetraalkyldiglycolamides: Characterization and Potential Applications (2005)

Abstract Two new extraction chromatographic resins containing the diglycolamide class of molecules have been prepared and characterized, and potential applications identified. The new resins consist of 40 weight percent N,N,N′N′ tetraoctyldiglycolamide (TODGA) and N,N,N′N′ tetrakis‐2‐ethylhexyldiglycolamide (TEHDGA) sorbed onto 50–100 µm particle size Amberchrom® CG‐71. The new resins have capacities for Eu of approximately 0.086 mmol/mL of bed and are quite stable to extractant leaching. The resins were characterized by measuring the batch uptake of actinides, lanthanides, and yttrium, alkaline earths and 13 selected transition and post‐transition elements from HNO3 and HCl. Based on the uptake data, a number of very efficient separations were achieved using 0.5–2 mL bed volume columns and room temperature operation. Keywords: Diglycolamideextraction chromatographyactinide and lanthanide separationsalkaline earth separations
[Ribosome-inactivating lectins from plants]. (2006)

There is a heterogeneous group of plant proteins which are able to enzymatically inactivate ribosomes by depurination of an invariant adenine from the 28 S ribosomal RNA. Some of these proteins are heterodimers having a lectin subunit which is joined by disulfide bond to the enzymatic subunit. Ricin and abrin which are among the most toxic substances known belong to the last group. This review focuses on the structure of the heterodimeric plant ribosome-inactivating proteins, the way of their action on ribosome, biosynthesis, intracellular trafficking, and their possible usage in medicine.
Evaluation of Affymetrix Gene Chip sensitivity in rat hippocampal tissue using SAGE analysis* (2002)

DNA microarrays are a powerful tool for monitoring thousands of transcript levels simultaneously. However, the use of DNA microarrays in studying the central nervous system faces several challenges. These include the detection of low-abundance transcripts in highly complex tissue as well as estimating relatively low-magnitude changes in transcript levels in response to experimental manipulation. Many transcripts important to brain function have low expression levels or are expressed in relatively few cells, making them difficult to detect in the complex background of brain tissue. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the sensitivity of Gene Chip detection of transcripts in brain by using results from serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) studies. The results of this comparison indicate that Affymetrix Gene Chips, like SAGE, only reliably detect medium- to high-abundance transcripts and that detection of low-abundance transcripts, many of which have great relevance to biological function in brain, is inconsistent. Specifically, we estimate that Gene Chips reliably detect no more than 30% of the hippocampal transcriptome when using a gross hippocampal dissection as the source tissue. This report provides the first broad evaluation of Affymetrix Gene Chip sensitivity relevant to studying the brain.
Macrophage Pro-Inflammatory Response to Francisella novicida Infection Is Regulated by SHIP (2006)

Francisella tularensis, a Gram-negative facultative intracellular pathogen infecting principally macrophages and monocytes, is the etiological agent of tularemia. Macrophage responses to F. tularensis infection include the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-12, which is critical for immunity against infection. Molecular mechanisms regulating production of these inflammatory mediators are poorly understood. Herein we report that the SH2 domain-containing inositol phosphatase (SHIP) is phosphorylated upon infection of primary murine macrophages with the genetically related F. novicida, and negatively regulates F. novicida-induced cytokine production. Analyses of the molecular details revealed that in addition to activating the MAP kinases, F. novicida infection also activated the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway in these cells. Interestingly, SHIP-deficient macrophages displayed enhanced Akt activation upon F. novicida infection, suggesting elevated PI3K-dependent activation pathways in absence of SHIP. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt resulted in suppression of F. novicida-induced cytokine production through the inhibition of NFkappaB. Consistently, macrophages lacking SHIP displayed enhanced NFkappaB-driven gene transcription, whereas overexpression of SHIP led to decreased NFkappaB activation. Thus, we propose that SHIP negatively regulates F. novicida-induced inflammatory cytokine response by antagonizing the PI3K/Akt pathway and suppressing NFkappaB-mediated gene transcription. A detailed analysis of phosphoinositide signaling may provide valuable clues for better understanding the pathogenesis of tularemia.
A Novel MaxiK Splice Variant Exhibits Dominant-negative Properties for Surface Expression (2001)

We identified a novel MaxiK alpha subunit splice variant (SV1) from rat myometrium that is also present in brain. SV1 has a 33-amino acid insert in the S1 transmembrane domain that does not alter S1 overall hydrophobicity, but makes the S0-S1 linker longer. SV1 was transfected in HEK293T cells and studied using immunocytochemistry and electrophysiology. In non-permeabilized cells, N-terminal c-Myc- or C-terminal green fluorescent protein-tagged SV1 displayed no surface labeling or currents. The lack of SV1 functional expression was due to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) retention as determined by colabeling experiments with a specific ER marker. To explore the functional role of SV1, we coexpressed SV1 with the alpha (human SLO) and beta1 (KCNMB1) subunits of the MaxiK channel. Coexpression of SV1 inhibited surface expression of alpha and beta1 subunits approximately 80% by trapping them in the ER. This inhibition seems to be specific for MaxiK channel subunits since SV1 was unable to prevent surface expression of the Kv4.3 channel or to interact with green fluorescent protein. These results indicate a dominant-negative role of SV1 in MaxiK channel expression. Moreover, they reveal down-regulation by splice variants as a new mechanism that may contribute to the diverse levels of MaxiK channel expression in non-excitable and excitable cells.
African-American Democracies (2003)

Abstract This chapter focuses on African-American Baptists. In 1870, Baptists numbered 115,000 in Georgia in a state population of 1.2 million, with blacks having a 44% share among Baptists. In the following few decades, Baptist churches proliferated, especially in African-American churches. By 1883, black Baptists outnumbered whites by 131,216 to 123,851. The popular success did not alter the ideal of democratic religion. The African-American churches claimed a prerogative of command over a wide expanse of individual freedom, and members pledged submission as a condition of membership. They endeavored to prove themselves good Baptists, and this meant attending democratic discipline.
Preparation of π-Conjugated Polymers Composed of Hydroquinone,<i>p</i>-Benzoquinone, and<i>p</i>-Diacetoxyphenylene Units. Optical and Redox Properties of the Polymers (1999)

π-Conjugated poly(hydroquinone)s and poly(p-benzoquinone)s have been prepared, and their optical and redox behaviors have been studied. Poly(hydroquinone-2,5-diyl), PPP-2,5-OH, with a weight-average molecular weight of 8500 (determined by the light scattering method) was soluble in DMF. The π−π* absorption peak of hydroquinone at 296 nm is shifted to 345 nm in PPP-2,5-OH. PPP-2,5-OH underwent electrochemical two-step oxidation at about 0.5 and 0.8 V versus Ag/Ag+. Another type of poly(p-hydroquinone)s in an acetylenic main chain was also prepared, and the polymer underwent oxidation with the first oxidation peak at about 1.0 V versus Ag/Ag+. Optical and X-ray diffraction data of the polymers and their precursor polymers suggest stacking of the polymer molecules.
Stem Cell Therapy to Treat Diabetes Mellitus (2008)

Transplantation of pancreatic islets offers a direct treatment for type 1 diabetes and in some cases, insulin-dependent type 2 diabetes. However, its widespread use is hampered by a shortage of donor organs. Many extant studies have focused on deriving beta-cell progenitors from pancreas and pluripotent stem cells. Efforts to generate beta-cells in vitro will help elucidate the mechanisms of beta-cell formation and thus provide a versatile in vivo system to evaluate the therapeutic potential of these cells to treat diabetes. Various successful experiments using beta-cells in animal models have generated extensive interest in using human embryonic stem cells to restore normoglycemia in diabetic patients. While new techniques are continually unveiled, the success of beta-cell generation rests upon successful manipulation of culture conditions and the induction of key regulatory genes implicated in pancreas development. In this review, we compare successfully conducted protocols, highlight essential steps and identify some of the remarkable shortfalls common to these methods. In addition, we discuss recent advancements in the derivation of patient-specific pluripotent stem cells that may facilitate the use of autologous beta-cells in stem cell therapy.
Use of red fluorescent protein from <i>Discosoma</i> sp. (dsRED) as a reporter for plant gene expression (2001)

The suitability of the recently described red fluorescent protein dsRED from reef corals for use as a reporter in plant molecular biology was investigated. Based on the clone pDSRED (Clontech), plant expression vectors were constructed for constitutive dsRED expression in the cytosol, the endoplasmic reticulum and the vacuole. Fluorescence microscopy of tobacco BY2 suspension culture cells transiently expressing the plant vectors generated proved that cytosolic expression of the dsRED gives rise to readily detectable levels of red fluorescence, whereas expression in the ER was poor. Vacuolar dsRED expression did not result in any significant fluorescence. dsRED transgenic tobacco SR1 plants were generated to test the sensitivity of dsRED as a reporter in an autofluorescent background, and to identify the possible impact of the introduced fluorescent protein on morphogenesis, plant development and fertility. During the transformation and regeneration phase plants did not show any abnormalities, indicating that dsRED is not interfering with plant development and morphogenesis. Regenerated plants were analysed by PCR, Western blot and fluorescence microscopy for the presence and expression of the transferred genes. The filter sets chosen for fluorescence microscopy proved to be able to block the red chlorophyll fluorescence completely, allowing specific dsRED detection. Best expression levels were obtained with dsRED targeted to the cytosol or chloroplasts. ER-targeted expression of dsRED also gave rise to readily detectable fluorescence levels, whereas vacuolar expression yielded no fluorescence. dsRED transgenic plant lines expressing the protein in the cytosol, ER or chloroplast proved to be fertile. Seed set and germination were normal, except that the seeds and seedlings maintained the red fluorescence phenotype.
Formation of chromosome-type aberrations at the first cleavage after MMS treatment in late spermatids of mice (1981)

Male mice were treated with graded doses of methyl methanesulfonate (MMS) and mated with untreated female mice during the six to ten days after treatment. The nature of the primary lesions induced in late spermatids was investigated by analysing the types and rates of chromosome aberrations in the first cleavage metaphases. The chromosome aberrations recovered at the first cleavage were predominantly of the chromosome-type. Their frequency increased exponentially with increasing dose of MMS. The results suggested that the nonenzymatic conversion of DNA containing alkylated bases to new damage, possibly strand breaks, during the maturation and storage of sperm was primarily responsible for the enhancement of the frequency of chromosome-type aberrations.
Polyphosphazene elastomers, gels, and other soft materials (2012)

Nearly all soft materials are based on organic polymer molecules. In other words they are derived from macromolecules constructed around the chemistry of carbon. Yet there are roughly 100 other elements in the periodic table that could in principle provide the building blocks for polymers and for soft materials. A few "inorganic" elements are incorporated into gels and related materials. Examples include silicate, aluminate, and titanate sol-gel substances, but the opportunities for diversification within these systems are relatively limited. The poly(organosiloxanes) (silicones) were the first hybrid inorganic-organic polymers to be discovered and they continue to play a major role in research and technology. Nevertheless, a need exists for additional systems that have the structural diversity found in the field of organic polymers, combined with the attributes of inorganic skeletal elements rather than carbon. It is with this objective in mind that we have devoted several decades to exploring the synthesis and diversification of the polyphosphazenes.
Human-robot physical interaction with dynamically stable mobile robots (2009)

Developed by Prof. Ralph Hollis in the Microdynamic Systems Laboratory at Carnegie Mellon University, Ballbot is a dynamically stable mobile robot moving on a single spherical wheel providing omni-directional motion. Unlike statically stable mobile robots, dynamically stable mobile robots can be tall and skinny with high center of gravity and small base. The ball drive mechanism is a four motor inverse mouse-ball setup. An Inertial Measuring Unit (IMU) and encoders on the motors provide all information needed for full-state feedback. Ballbot has three legs that provide static stability when powered down and is capable of auto-transitioning from the statically stable state to the dynamically stable state and vice versa. It is also capable of yaw rotation about its vertical axis. An absolute encoder provides the relative angle between the IMU and the ball drive unit.
Ion Exchange as a Separation Method. VI. Column Studies of the Relative Efficiencies of Various Complexing Agents for the Separation of Lighter Rare Earths (1953)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIon Exchange as a Separation Method. VI. Column Studies of the Relative Efficiencies of Various Complexing Agents for the Separation of Lighter Rare EarthsS. W. Mayer and E. C. FreilingCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1953, 75, 22, 5647–5649Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1953Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1953https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01118a051https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01118a051research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views146Altmetric-Citations47LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Busy doing nothing: researching the phenomenon of quiet time in outdoor experiential learning (2008)

Grounded in the philosophy and practices of experiential learning, wilderness therapy programming is increasingly regarded as an effective alternative to more traditional forms of therapy for people identified as at risk or vulnerable. Typically, within the context of remote and natural environments, wilderness therapy utilises adventure activities such as kayaking, caving, abseiling, and bushwalking to promote positive attitudinal and behavioural change. Whilst the authors respect action and challenge as critical elements in the experiential learning cycle, this paper will examine the antithesis: Quiet Time in wilderness therapy.
The Growth and Characterization of the Cerium Contained Inorganic Halide Scintillators (2010)

A report on the crystal growth, luminescence and scintillation characteristics of two developed scintillators, CsCe2Cl7 and Cs2NaCeCl6 are presented. CsCe2Cl7 is a new scintillation material. These crystals were grown by the Czochralski pulling technique. The X-ray diffraction technique was used to verify the structure of crystals. Under the X-ray excitation emission, the CsCe2Cl7 showed a broad emission band in the wavelength range from 370 to 470 nm while the Cs2NaCeCl6 crystal showed a spectrum in the wavelength range from 370 to 440 nm. The energy resolutions (FWHM of peak position) for the 662 keV full energy peak of 5.5% and 8.3% were observed at room temperature for the CsCe2Cl7 and Cs2NaCeCl6 crystals, respectively. The scintillation decay time measurement curves showed that, CsCe2Cl7 crystal has a single exponential decay function with a decay time of 50 ns. The Cs2NaCeCl6 crystal exhibited three main decay time components, a short component with a decay time constant of 91 ns and 36% intensity, an intermediate component with a decay time constant of 601 ns and intensity 33%, followed by a long component with a 3.2 µs decay time constant and an intensity of 31% of the total light yield. On the basis of the scintillation results of these materials grown, it is believe that these scintillation crystals can find a place in medical imaging and radiation detection system.
A highly stable and efficient carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cell achieved <i>via</i> interfacial growth of 2D PEA<sub>2</sub>PbI<sub>4</sub> perovskite (2018)

Phenylethylammonium iodide (PEAI) treatment simultaneously improved the efficiency and stability of a carbon electrode-based perovskite solar cell.