gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Terahertz heterodyne receiver with quantum cascade laser and hot electron bolometer mixer in a pulse tube cooler (2008)

A liquid cryogen-free terahertz heterodyne receiver in a pulse tube cooler has been realized. The receiver operates at 2.5 THz. It is based on a quantum cascade laser (QCL) as local oscillator and a hot electron bolometric mixer. A detailed study of the QCL beam quality yielded a beam propagation factor of 1.1–1.2. The double sideband noise temperature of the system is 2000 K and when corrected for optical losses in the signal path it is ∼800 K.
Double-peak elution profile of a monoclonal antibody in cation exchange chromatography is caused by histidine-protonation-based charge variants (2015)

We have systemically investigated unusual elution behaviors of an IgG4 (mAb A) in cation exchange chromatography (CEX). This mAb A exhibited two elution peaks under certain conditions when being purified by several strong CEX columns. When either of the two peaks was isolated and re-injected on the same column, the similar pattern was observed again during elution. The protein distribution between the two peaks could be altered by NaCl concentration in the feed, or NaCl concentration in wash buffer, or elution pH, suggesting two pH-associated strong-and-weak binding configurations. The protein distributions under different pH values showed good correlation with protonated/un-protonated fractions of a histidine residue. These results suggest that the double-peak elution profile associates with histidine-protonation-based charge variants. By conducting pepsin digestion, amino-acid specific chemical modifications, peptide mapping, and measuring the effects of elution residence time, a histidine in the variable fragment (Fab) was identified to be the root cause. Besides double-peak pattern, mAb A can also exhibit peak-shouldering or single elution peak on different CEX resins, reflecting different resins' resolving capability on protonated/un-protonated forms. This work characterizes a novel cause for unusual elution behaviors in CEX and also provides alternative avenues of purification development for mAbs with similar behaviors.
Adsorption and filtration of trace contaminants in aqueous effluents (1971)

The removal of trace copper contaminants from aqueous effluents by means of adsorption on ion exchange resins was studied. A semicontinuous, axial filtration device was used to obtain mass transfer data as a function of the operating parameters: flow rate, resin volume and size, temperature, rotational speed, and system geometry. Correlation of data based on power dissipation per unit volume is presented. Operation of the unit involved high product fluxes (1000 to 15,000 gpd/ft/sup 2/) and adsorption efficiencies (90 to 99+%) coupled with low pressure drops (0 to 10 psi).
Intraoperative magnetic resonance imaging during transsphenoidal surgery (2001)

Intraoperative MR imaging undoubtedly offers the option of a second look within the same surgical procedure, if incomplete tumor resection is suspected. Thus, the rate of procedures during which complete tumor removal is achieved can be improved. Furthermore, additional treatments for those patients in whom tumor removal was incomplete can be planned at an early stage, namely just after surgery.
Prevalence of Prostatitis-Like Symptoms in a Managed Care Population (2006)

This population based study indicates that approximately 1 in 9 men have prostatitis-like symptoms. Application of 2 different definitions for prostatitis-like symptoms identified unique groups of men, with limited overlap in the groups.
Carbon and oxygen isotope ratios of tree ring cellulose along a precipitation transect in Oregon, United States (2005)

The carbon and oxygen isotopic compositions of tree ring cellulose were examined for trees along a precipitation gradient in western Oregon, United States. Two years of cellulose from four sites dominated by coniferous forests ranging in precipitation from 227 to 2129 mm were sampled in conjunction with studies that measured the δ 18 O and δ 13 C of ecosystem respiration. The mean tree ring cellulose δ 13 C varied from −22.1 to −26.3‰ among sites and showed enrichment with decreasing water availability across the transect. The δ 13 C in cellulose varied across the precipitation transect in a similar pattern to the δ 13 C of leaf and root tissues as well as ecosystem respiration, although tree ring cellulose was enriched in 13 C by over 3‰ compared to other organic matter components. The mean tree ring cellulose δ 18 O varied from 28.1 to 30.3‰. However, trends of cellulose δ 18 O change with water availability were obscured by differences in stem water δ 18 O. When calculated as deviation from stem water (δ 18 O cellulose − δ 18 O stem water ) the differences in evaporative enrichment between sites was more pronounced (range of 9.6‰). The limited observed variation in tree ring cellulose δ 18 O of field grown trees despite large site difference in stem and leaf water δ 18 O across the transect agreed with predictions from a mechanistic model. Tree ring records of cellulose δ 18 O may provide useful proxy information regarding humidity and site water balance especially if combined with δ 13 C records that also vary with plant water status.
Chemical Micropatterning of Polycarbonate for Site‐Specific Peptide Immobilization and Biomolecular Interactions (2007)

Polycarbonate (PC) is a useful substrate for the preparation of microfluidic devices. Recently, its utility in bioanalysis has attracted much attention owing to the possibility of using compact discs as platforms for the high-throughput analysis of biomolecular interactions. In this article we report a novel method for the chemical micropatterning of polycarbonate based on the printing of functionalized silica nanoparticles. The semicarbazide groups present on the surface of the nanoparticles were used for the site-specific semicarbazone ligation of unprotected peptides derivatized by an alpha-oxoaldehyde group. The peptide micropatterns permitted the specific capture of antibodies. We report also the characterization of micropatterns on PC by using a wide-field optical imaging technique called Sarfus; this allows the detection of nm-thick films by using nonreflecting PC substrates and an optical microscope working with reflected differential interference contrast. The method described here is an easy way to modify polycarbonate surfaces for biomolecular interaction studies and should stimulate the use of PC for developing plastic biosensors.
Metal Hexacyanoferrates:  Electrosynthesis, in Situ Characterization, and Applications (2003)

This review focuses on the electrosynthesis, in situ characterization, and technological applications of Prussian blue analogues with the generic formula AhMk[Fe(CN)6]l·mH2O, where h, k, l, and m are stoichiometric numbers, A = alkali metal cation, and M is a transition metal. Six such metal hexacyanoferrate (MHCF) compounds derived from Cu, Pd, In, V, Co, and Ni are featured in this article against the backdrop of the Prussian blue parent compound itself and other related compounds. The use of cyclic voltammetry and complementary techniques including scanning probe microscopies, quartz crystal microgravimetry, and ac impedance spectroscopy, for studying the growth of MHCF films on targeted substrates, is discussed. Spectroelectrochemical in situ characterization of these films in the UV−visible and IR regions is then reviewed. Finally, the use of Prussian blue and its analogues in devices for displays and “smart” windows, photoimaging, environmental remediation, chemical/biological sensing, energy conversion, and magneto-optic/opto-magnetic switching is described. Electrocatalysis of targeted reactions and structural changes upon ion uptake by the MHCF compounds constitute the other topics in this review.
Prognostic value of phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes in sepsis. Correlation to CD64 and CD14 antigen expression (2008)

The role of the phagocytic function of monocytes and neutrophils in sepsis has been poorly investigated. The present study evaluated the impact of the phagocytic activity of neutrophils and monocytes on the outcome of patients with severe sepsis. Thirty-one patients and 30 healthy individuals were enrolled in the study. The phagocytic activity of monocytes and neutrophils was evaluated during 24 h after admission and the results were correlated to the expression of CD64 on neutrophils and monocytes, CD14 antigen on monocytes, the Simplified Acute Physiology Score II and the patients' survival. A reduced phagocytic activity of neutrophils during the first 24 h after admission was a negative predictor for survival. Increased expression of CD64 antigen on polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) and monocytes was favourably correlated to the patients' survival. In multivariate analysis the phagocytic activity of PMNs was the only independent predictor factor for survival. Patients with PMN phagocytic activity <37% had lower expression of CD64 on monocytes and PMNs and worse outcome, while those with phagocytic activity >37% had higher expression of CD64 on monocytes and PMNs and better outcome. Reduced phagocytic activity of neutrophils may represent a state of neutrophil inactivation similar to that previously described for monocytes during the compensatory anti-inflammatory response.
Wurtzite InP nanowire arrays grown by selective area MOCVD (2010)

Abstract InP nanowires are a unique material phase because this normally zincblende material forms in the wurtzite crystal structure below a critical diameter owing to the contribution of sidewalls to the total formation energy. This may allow control of the carrier transport and optical properties of InP nanowires for applications such as nano scale transistors, lasers and detectors. In this work, we describe the fabrication of InP nanowire arrays by selective area growth using MOCVD in the diameter range where the wurtzite structure is formed. The spatial growth rate in selective area growth is modeled by a diffusion model for the precursors. The proposed model achieves an average error of 9%. Electron microscopy shows that the grown InP nanowires are in the wurtzite crystal phase with many stacking faults. The threshold diameter of the crystal phase transition of InP nanowires is larger than the thermodynamic estimation. In order to explain this tendency, we propose a surface kinetics model based on a 2×2 reconstruction. This model can explain the increased tendency for wurtzite nanowire formation on InP (111)A substrates and the preferred growth direction of binary III‐V compound semiconductor nanowires. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Dynamics of Spatial Orientation During Complex and Changing Linear and Angular Acceleration1 (1992)

The dynamics of spatial orientation perception were examined in a series of experiments in which a total of 43 subjects were passively exposed to various combinations of linear and angular acceleration during centrifuge runs. Perceptual effects during deceleration were much stronger than effects during acceleration. The dynamics of spatial orientation perception differed substantially from changes in the vestibulo-ocular reflex (VOR). VOR was fairly well predicted by a current model, but our experiments revealed perceived change in attitude (roll, pitch, yaw tilt position in space) and perceived angular velocity in space that was not reflected by parallel changes in the plane or magnitude of the VOR. This series of experiments establishes several facts concerning spatial orientation perception beyond the predictive domain of any current model. New concepts are needed and several are suggested to deal with changing reactions to complex combinations of linear and angular accelerations.
Hydrolytic Stability of Self-etch Adhesives Bonded to Dentin (2005)

Functional monomers chemically interact with hydroxyapatite that remains within submicron hybrid layers produced by mild self-etch adhesives. The functional monomer 10-MDP interacts most intensively with hydroxyapatite, and its calcium salt appeared most hydrolytically stable, as compared with 4-MET and phenyl-P. We investigated the hypothesis that additional chemical interaction of self-etch adhesives improves bond stability. The micro-tensile bond strength (muTBS) of the 10-MDP-based adhesive did not decrease significantly after 100,000 cycles, but did after 50,000 and 30,000 cycles, respectively, for the 4-MET-based and the phenyl-P-based adhesives. Likewise, the interfacial ultrastructure was unchanged after 100,000 thermocycles for the 10-MDP-based adhesive, while that of both the 4-MET- and phenyl-P-based adhesives contained voids and less-defined collagen. The findings of this study support the concept that long-term durability of adhesive-dentin bonds depends on the chemical bonding potential of the functional monomer.
The neurovascular mechanism of clitoral erection: nitric oxide and cGMP‐stimulated activation of BK <sub>Ca</sub> channels (2004)

Female sexual function is under-studied, and mechanisms of clitoral engorgement-relaxation are incompletely understood. Penile erection results from nitric oxide (NO) -induced cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) accumulation. cGMP-dependent protein kinase (PKG) activates large-conductance, calcium-activated potassium channels (BK(Ca)), thereby hyperpolarizing and relaxing vascular and trabecular smooth muscle cells, allowing engorgement. We hypothesize rat clitorises relax by a similar mechanism. Rat clitorises express components of the proposed pathway: neuronal and endothelial NO synthases, soluble guanylyl cyclase (sGC), type 5 phosphodiesterase (PDE-5), and BK(Ca) channels. The NO donor diethylamine NONOate (DEANO), the PKG activator 8-pCPT-cGMP, and the PDE-5 inhibitor sildenafil, cause dose-dependent clitoral relaxation that is inhibited by antagonists of PKG (Rp-8-Br-cGMPS) or BK(Ca) channels (iberiotoxin). Electrical field stimulation induces tetrodotoxin-sensitive NO release and relaxation that is inhibited by the Na+ channel blocker tetrodotoxin or sGC inhibitor 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiozolo(4,3-a)quinoxalin-1-one. Human BK(Ca) channels, transferred to Chinese hamster ovary cells via an adenoviral vector, and endogenous rat clitoral smooth muscle K+ current are activated by this PKG-dependent mechanism. Laser confocal microscopy reveals protein expression of BK(Ca) channels on clitoral smooth muscle cells; these cells exhibit BK(Ca) channel activity that is activated by both DEANO and sildenafil. We conclude that neurovascular derived NO causes clitoral relaxation via a PKG-dependent activation of BK(Ca) channels. The BK(Ca) channel is an appealing target for drug therapy of female erectile dysfunction.
Selexipag: An Oral and Selective IP Prostacyclin Receptor Agonist for the Treatment of Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension (2015)

Prostacyclin controls cardiovascular function via activation of the prostacyclin receptor. Decreased prostacyclin production occurs in several cardiovascular diseases. However, the clinical use of prostacyclin and its analogues is complicated by their chemical and metabolic instability. A medicinal chemistry program searched for novel nonprostanoid prostacyclin receptor agonists not subject to these limitations. A compound with a diphenylpyrazine structural core was synthesized. Metabolic stability and agonist potency were optimized through modification of the linear side chain. Compound 12b (MRE-269, ACT-333679) was identified as a potent and highly selective prostacyclin receptor agonist. Replacement of the terminal carboxyl group with an N-acylsulfonamide group yielded parent compound 26a (selexipag, NS-304, ACT-293987), which is orally active and provides sustained plasma exposure of 12b. Compound 26a was developed for the treatment of pulmonary arterial hypertension and shown to reduce the risk of the composite morbidity/mortality end point in a phase 3 event-driven clinical trial.
ELECTROCHEMICAL BEHAVIOUR OF FLAVONOIDS ON A SURFACE OF A CARBON PASTE ELECTRODE (2005)

Recent papers discuss relation of flavonoid compounds and tumour diseases. In addition it is impossible to say that effect of flavonoids is positive or negative without epidemiological studies. That is why it is necessary to suggest a simple, low cost and sensitive technique for determination of these compounds in biological material. The electrochemical techniques are very suitable for these purposes. Here we suggested the electrochemical technique for the determination of rutin, quercetin, quercitrin, chrysin and diosmin by square wave voltammetry using carbon paste electrode as a working electrode. The limits of detection of the studied flavonoids were about tens of nM, except diosmin (tens of µM).
Scalable certificate revocation list distribution in vehicular ad hoc networks (2010)

In this paper, the primary objective is to discuss the details of scalable methods for distributing certificate revocation lists and other large files using vehicle-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-infrastructure communications while taking advantage of the multi-channel operations in IEEE 1609.4. We also discuss the results from a simulation study using the ns-3 network simulator to closely replicate the WAVE environment discussed in the IEEE 802.11p and 1609 draft standards. Realistic vehicle traces were used in the simulation study. The results show that the methods developed in this research scale very well for increasing vehicle densities.
A mechanism for vertebrate Hedgehog signaling: recruitment to cilia and dissociation of SuFu–Gli protein complexes (2010)

In vertebrates, Hedgehog (Hh) signaling initiated in primary cilia activates the membrane protein Smoothened (Smo) and leads to activation of Gli proteins, the transcriptional effectors of the pathway. In the absence of signaling, Gli proteins are inhibited by the cytoplasmic protein Suppressor of Fused (SuFu). It is unclear how Hh activates Gli and whether it directly regulates SuFu. We find that Hh stimulation quickly recruits endogenous SuFu-Gli complexes to cilia, suggesting a model in which Smo activates Gli by relieving inhibition by SuFu. In support of this model, we find that Hh causes rapid dissociation of the SuFu-Gli complex, thus allowing Gli to enter the nucleus and activate transcription. Activation of protein kinase A (PKA), an inhibitor of Hh signaling, blocks ciliary localization of SuFu-Gli complexes, which in turn prevents their dissociation by signaling. Our results support a simple mechanism in which Hh signals at vertebrate cilia cause dissociation of inactive SuFu-Gli complexes, a process inhibited by PKA.
We Need An Industrial And Innovation Policy For Europe (2015)

The prolonged economic crisis since 2008 has drastically reduced incomes and employment levels and the promised recovery will not reabsorb unemployment, particularly in Europe. Nevertheless, economic policy in Europe is sticking to past recipes\nbased on two mainstays: fiscal austerity and labour flexibility. This strategy does increase the short-run cost competitiveness of European firms overseas but this comes at the cost of decreasing the size of European internal markets reliant on domestic\ndemand. Europe needs clearly structural reforms, but of a kind very different from those asked by the European\nCommission during this crisis. We here report on two closely connected and integrated lines of policy intervention related to the\nlabour and the industrial system in Europe and its periphery countries. The two layers of intervention relate to industrial/innovation policy and labour policies mainly linked to wage setting.
Performing Bronchoalveolar Lavage in the Mouse (2012)

Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is a simple technique commonly used in humans to sample the contents of the epithelial lining fluid and determine the cellular and molecular composition of the pulmonary airways. In murine models, BAL makes it possible to sample immunological and inflammatory cell populations; it is indispensable for studying cell influx in disease models of the airways such as asthma and COPD. Cell counts can be combined with methods such as ELISA, immunoblot, immunohistochemistry, quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and HPLC to assess such inflammatory components as cytokines, growth factors, analytes, and receptors expressed at the cell membrane. Performing BAL in a reproducible manner is a hallmark of airway research in the mouse. Several procedures may be implemented. This unit describes a basic, rapid, inexpensive, and highly reproducible procedure to collect BAL fluid and cells that can be counted efficiently and reproducibly. Curr. Protoc. Mouse Biol. 2:167-175 © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
NAT Traversal Technology of Reducing Load on Relaying Server for P2P Connections (2007)

This paper proposes a novel Network Address Translator (NAT) traversal technology to create Peer-to-Peer (P2P) connections through NAT devices, enabling load on the relaying server to be remarkably reduced. The conventional NAT traversal technologies can inflict heavy load on the relaying server because they cannot be applied to NAT devices which randomly assign the port number. In addition, such technologies can overload the relaying server because it must exchange packets with terminals to estimate NAT device's IP address/port number. Our technology estimates the IP address/port number without the relaying server based on a payload checksum of an ICMP message sent back after an investigating packet is transmitted toward a desired peer. Our technology can create P2P connections without inflicting load on the relaying server even in the case where NAT devices randomly assign the port number because it can exactly estimate the assigned port number with only terminal-side processing. This paper clarifies that our technology can reduce more than 80% of the load on the relaying server as compared with the conventional technologies.
Target Wake Time: Scheduled Access in IEEE 802.11ax WLANs (2019)

The increasing interest in ubiquitous networking, and the tremendous popularity gained by IEEE 802.11 WLANs in recent years, is leading to very dense deployments where high levels of channel contention may prevent meeting the increasing user demands. To mitigate the negative effects of channel contention, the TWT mechanism included in the IEEE 802.11ax amendment can have a significant role, as it provides an extremely simple but effective mechanism to schedule transmissions in time. Moreover, in addition to reducing the contention between stations, the use of TWT may also contribute to taking full advantage of other novel mechanisms in the IEEE 802.11 universe, such as multiuser transmissions, multi-AP cooperation, spatial reuse and coexistence in high-density WLAN scenarios. Overall, we believe TWT may be a first step toward a practical collision-free and deterministic access in future WLANs.
Medicinal Chemistry : A Molecular and Biochemical Approach (1985)

PART I: GENERAL MOLECULAR PRINCIPLES OF DRUG DESIGN 1. Basic Principles of Drug Design I: Drug Molecules: Structure and Properties 2. Basic Principles of Drug Design II: Receptors: Structures and Properties 3. Basic Principles of Drug Design III: Designing Drug Molecules to Fit Receptors PART II: BIOCHEMICAL CONSIDERATIONS IN DRUG DESIGN: FROM DRUGGABLE TARGETS TO DISEASES 4. Messenger Targets for Drug Action I: Neurotransmitters and Their Receptors 5. Messenger Targets for Drug Action II: Hormones and Their Receptors 6. Messenger Targets for Drug Action III: Immunomodulators and Their Receptors 7. Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action I: Endogenous Cellular Structures 8. Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action II: Endogenous Macromolecules 9. Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action III: Exogenous Pathogens and Toxins Appendix: Drugs arranged by pharmacologic activity