gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Structure and the Reflectionless/Refractionless Nature of Parabolic Diffusion-Wave Fields (2001)

We show the impossibility of reflection and refraction phenomena at linear diffusion-wave-field (DWF) interfaces. Instead, interfacial flux expressions are derived which involve coherent accumulation or depletion phenomena subject to an interface flux conservation principle. The conditions for reflectionless and refractionless interfaces are the parabolic nature and the concomitant Fickian constitutive relations satisfied by DWFs. Simulations show that the reflection and Snell's laws can be adequate approximations only under near-normal incidence conditions, in agreement with published experimental evidence in wide areas of biomedical, electronic, and materials physics.
Dielectric Properties of Ultra‐Low Sintering Temperature Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> – <scp>BBSZ</scp> Glass Composite (2014)

Ceramic composites of B 2 O 3 –Bi 2 O 3 –SiO 2 –ZnO ( BBSZ ) glass mixed with Al 2 O 3 (10–50 vol%) were sintered at 450°C, and their microstructural and dielectric properties investigated. Dense structures were obtained when the Al 2 O 3 content was lower than 30 vol%. Raman, XRD, and FESEM showed the existence of a secondary phase, Bi 24 Si 2 O 40 , in all samples. The dielectric properties of the composite with 30 vol% addition of Al 2 O 3 showed good dielectric properties with ε r of 14.8 and 20.8 and 32.5 at 100 kHz and 100 MHz and 1 GHz, respectively. The tanδ values at the same frequencies were 0.004 and 0.006 and 0.016. The results show that BBSZ glass with different amounts of Al 2 O 3 exhibit widely applicable relative permittivity values and affordable loss and are thus promising candidates for ultra‐low sintering temperature applications.
"Ethernet on AIR': Scalable Routing in very Large Ethernet-Based Networks (2010)

Networks based on Ethernet bridging scale poorly as bridges flood the entire network repeatedly, and several schemes have been proposed to mitigate this flooding problem, however, none have managed to eliminate flooding completely. We present Automatic Integrated Routing (AIR) as the first routing protocol that eliminates flooding by assigning prefix labels to switches and building a Distributed Hash Table (DHT). The DHT maps host identifiers to the prefix labels of the switches through which they connect to the network. Each switch is assigned a prefix label using neighbor-to-neighbor messages. Prefix labels denote the locations of the switches in the network, and the prefix labels of any two switches automatically determine one or multiple routes between them. The DHT stores the mapping between the name of a host and its network location (prefix label) in a scalable fashion, with any one switch storing only a fraction of all the mappings. In contrast, prior approaches using DHTs to resolve host names incur the communication and storage overhead introduced by an underlying link-state routing protocol. Results using packet-level traces of Internet traffic demonstrate that AIR attains performance gains of orders of magnitude over Ethernet bridging and prior DHT-based schemes.
177. Sediment and Efficiency Measurements in the Himalayan Power Plants (2005)

The Himalayan Rivers provide a great potential for hydroelectricity generation due to its steep gradient. Steep topography, fragile geology and intense rainfall have led to large flow volume and exceedingly high sediment transport in these rivers during rainy seasons. This has posed a challenge to many hydropower plants with respect to sediment handling at headworks, leading to severe sand erosion of turbines and causing loss in energy generation. A research on sediment handling is initiated to understand the sediment problems in Himalayan Rivers in a better way and facilitates in handling sediment problems optimally in run-of-the-river power plants. This paper presents the sediment measurements carried out in power plants from Nepal and its impact on the turbines. This is the initial activity of the sediment handling research.
Empirical Mode Decomposition of the atmospheric wave field (2007)

Abstract. This study examines the utility of the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) time-series analysis technique to separate the horizontal wind field observed by the Scott Base MF radar (78° S, 167° E) into its constituent parts made up of the mean wind, gravity waves, tides, planetary waves and instrumental noise. Analysis suggests that EMD effectively separates the wind field into a set of Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs) which can be related to atmospheric waves with different temporal scales. The Intrinsic Mode Functions resultant from application of the EMD technique to Monte-Carlo simulations of white- and red-noise processes are compared to those obtained from the measurements and are shown to be significantly different statistically. Thus, application of the EMD technique to the MF radar horizontal wind data can be used to prove that this data contains information on internal gravity waves, tides and planetary wave motions. Examination also suggests that the EMD technique has the ability to highlight amplitude and frequency modulations in these signals. Closer examination of one of these regions of amplitude modulation associated with dominant periods close to 12 h is suggested to be related to a wave-wave interaction between the semi-diurnal tide and a planetary wave. Application of the Hilbert transform to the IMFs forms a Hilbert-Huang spectrum which provides a way of viewing the data in a similar manner to the analysis from a continuous wavelet transform. However, the fact that the basis function of EMD is data-driven and does not need to be selected a priori is a major advantage. In addition, the skeleton diagrams, produced from the results of the Hilbert-Huang spectrum, provide a method of presentation which allows quantitative information on the instantaneous period and amplitude squared to be displayed as a function of time. Thus, it provides a novel way to view frequency and amplitude-modulated wave phenomena and potentially non-linear interactions. It also has the significant advantage that the results obtained are more quantitative than those resultant from the continuous wavelet transform.
Specific structures for large-scale state estimation algorithms having information exchange (1978)

This paper considers the design and evaluation of large-scale state estimation algorithms having specific structures which allow the subsystems to exchange information over noisy channels. The specific structures which are presented are first motivated by considering the relative performance between the surely locally unbiased filter and a global dynamics filter. The role of the surely locally unbiased filter in evaluating the tradeoffs between the cost of information transfer and filter performance is examined and a theorem is presented which forms the basis for an algorithm for calculating channel noise crossover levels. The theoretical results are illustrated via an application to a power system model.
Pathology and Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with Fatal Coronavirus Disease, United States (2020)

An ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is caused by infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Characterization of the histopathology and cellular localization of SARS-CoV-2 in the tissues of patients with fatal COVID-19 is critical to further understand its pathogenesis and transmission and for public health prevention measures. We report clinicopathologic, immunohistochemical, and electron microscopic findings in tissues from 8 fatal laboratory-confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the United States. All cases except 1 were in residents of long-term care facilities. In these patients, SARS-CoV-2 infected epithelium of the upper and lower airways with diffuse alveolar damage as the predominant pulmonary pathology. SARS-CoV-2 was detectable by immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy in conducting airways, pneumocytes, alveolar macrophages, and a hilar lymph node but was not identified in other extrapulmonary tissues. Respiratory viral co-infections were identified in 3 cases; 3 cases had evidence of bacterial co-infection.
A comparison of nucleophilic reactions of 3‐benzenesulfonyloxyalloxazine and its 1‐methyl analog (1987)

Abstract Reactions of 3‐benzenesulfonyloxyalloxazine ( 1a ) and its 1‐methyl analog 1b with a number of nucleophilic reagents are reported. Relatively small nucleophiles, such as hydroxide ion, methanol, ethanol, methylamine, hydrazine and hydroxylamine converted 1a to 4‐carboxy‐ s ‐triazolo[4,3‐ a ]quinoxalin‐1(2 H )‐ones and the corresponding esters or amides. As the size of the amine increased from methylamine to ethylamine, dimethylamine, propylamine and isopropylamine, there were obtained 4‐(carboxamido)‐ s ‐triazolo[4,3‐ a ]quin‐oxalin‐1(2 H )‐ones, (1‐carboxamido)imidazolo[4,5‐ b ]quinoxalines and 2,3‐bis(ureido)quinoxalines. Sodium hydride or potassium cyanide in hot DMF degraded 1a to imidazolo[4,5‐ b ]quinoxaline. However, methylmer‐captide and benzylmercaptide ions attacked the sulfonate group of 1a to form 3‐hydroxyalloxazine. 1‐Methyl‐3‐benzenesulfonyloxyalloxazine ( 1b ) reacted with methanol, ethanol, 1‐propanol, and to some degree 2‐propanol, in the presence of triethylamine to furnish anhydro‐1‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐4‐(alkoxycarbonyl)‐ s ‐triazolo[4,3‐ a ]quinoxalinium hydroxides. However, sodium methoxide in methanol converted this starting material to a mixture of anhydro‐1‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐ s ‐triazolo[4,3‐ a ]quinoxalinium hydroxide and 1‐methyl‐3‐hydroxyflavazole. A saturated aqueous solution of triethylamine transformed 1b to anhydro‐1‐hydroxy‐3‐methyl‐ s ‐triazolo[4,3‐ a ]quinoxalinium hydroxide, apparently via the corresponding unstable 4‐carboxylic acid. The reactions of 1b with a number of aliphatic amines yielded either amides based on the above mesoionic system or on the 3‐carboxamido‐2‐quinoxalyl semicarbazide structure. The reaction of 1b with potassium cyanide furnished 1‐methylimidazolo[4,5‐ b ]quinoxaline. Mechanisms to explain all of the degradations are advanced.
functional nitrate reductase in the roots (2002)

The impact of elevated pC02 on N-metabolism of hydroponically grown wild-type and transformed tobacco plants tacking root nitrate reduction was studied in order to elucidate the effects on (i) nitrate uptake, (ii) long-distance transport of N, (iii) nitrate reduction with emphasis on root-NR, and (iv) the allo cation of N between the root and shoot. The findings were related to alterations of growth rates. At ele vated pC02 the wild type exhibited higher growth rates, which were accompanied by an increase of NOj-uptake per plant, due to a higher root:shoot ratio. Furthermore, elevated pC02 enhanced nitrate reduction in the roots of the wild type, resulting in enhanced xylem-loading of organic N (amino-N) to supply the shoot with sufficient nitrogen, and decreased phloem-transport of organic N in a basipe tal direction. Transformed tobacco plants lacking root nitrate reduction were smaller than the wild type and exhibited lower growth rates. Nitrate uptake per plant was decreased in transformed plants as a con sequence of an impeded root growth and, thus, a sig nificantly decreased root:shoot ratio. Surprisingly, transformed plants showed an altered allocation of amino-N between the root and the shoot, with an increase of amino-N in the root and a substantial decrease of amino-N in the shoot. In transformed plants, xylem-loading of nitrate was increased and the roots were supplied with organic N via phloem transport. Elevated pC02 increased shoot-NR, but only slightly affected the growth rates of transformed plants, whereas carbohydrates accumulated at ele vated pC02 as indicated by a significant increase of the C/N ratio in the leaves of transformed plants. Unexpectedly, the C/N balance and the functional equilibrium between root and shoot growth was dis turbed dramatically by the loss of nitrate reduction in the root.
Connecting Users with Similar Interests across Multiple Web Services (2009)

Most online social networking services provide a feature for users to build groups. The web service has both user profiles describing user interests and behavior data such as browsing contents. It can assist users to join groups by recommending relevant groups. In this paper, we have proposed a novel method to connect users across multiple services based on user-labeled tags. Tags represent interests of a user and have advantages in terms of the privacy, up-to-dateness, and service coverage. We have collected tags from six popular web services. We have analyzed tag usage patterns and observed that the popularity of tags is highly skewed and dependent on the web services. We have also found that frequently used tags of a single user change over time. Through user study, we show that the vector space model combined with intra-personomy normalization is the promising to find other users with similar interests.
Transcriptional factors associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition in choroidal neovascularization. (2011)

The current data indicate that Snail is a major transcriptional factor for EMT changes of RPE cells in human CNV.
Autonomous murine T-cell progenitor production in the extra-embryonic yolk sac before HSC emergence (2012)

The extra-embryonic yolk sac (YS) is the first hematopoietic site in the mouse embryo and is thought to generate only primitive erythroid and myeloerythroid progenitor cells before definitive HSC emergence within the embryo on E10.5. Here, we have shown the existence of T cell-restricted progenitors in the E9.5 YS that directly engraft in recipient immunodeficient mice. T-cell progenitors were also produced in vitro from both YS and para-aortic splanchnopleura hemogenic endothelial cells, and these T-cell progenitors repopulated the thymus and differentiated into mature T-cell subsets in vivo on transplantation. Our data confirm that the YS produces T-lineage-restricted progenitors that are available to colonize the thymus and provide new insight into the YS as a definitive hematopoietic site in the mouse embryo.
Contribution of oxygen vacancies to the ferroelectric behavior of Hf0.5Zr0.5O2 thin films (2015)

The ferroelectric properties of the (Hf0.5Zr0.5)O2 films on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate are investigated. It is found that the films crystallized by annealing in O2 and N2 atmospheres have similar crystal structures as well as remanent polarization and coercive fields. Weak temperature and frequency dependences of the ferroelectric properties indicate that the hysteretic behavior in HfO2-based films originates not from the mobile defects but rather from the lattice ionic displacement, as is the case of the typical ferroelectric materials.
Umberto Giordano (1999)

Der künstlerische Werdegang Umberto Giordanos und seine Etablierung in der italienischen Musikwelt des ausgehenden 19. bzw. beginnenden 20. Jahrhunderts waren auf vielfältige Weise mit den Aktivitäten des Verlagshauses Sonzogno verknüpft. Unvorhersehbare Glücksfälle und eine zwischen offener Feindschaft und überschwenglicher Verehrung schwankende Beziehung zu Edoardo Sonzogno haben dabei immer wieder auf die künstlerische Entwicklung des Komponisten Einfluß genommen. Giordano nahm seine Kompositionsstudien am 24. Juni 1882 am Reale Collegio di Musica di San Pietro a Majella in Neapel auf. Noch vor dem Examen im Jahre 1890 beteiligte er sich als jüngster von dreiundsiebzig Komponisten an dem im Juli 1888 von Edoardo Sonzogno ausgeschriebenen Wettbewerb für Opemeinakter.1 Seine Oper Marina errang den sechsten Platz, wobei die Jury zwar die musikalischen Potenzen des Werkes erkannte, ihm aber aufgrund des schwachen Librettos von Enrico Golisciani keinen besseren Platz zuweisen wollten. Als jedoch bei der Uraufführung der drei Preisträgeropern 1890 am Teatro Costanzi in Rom Labilia von Nicola Spinelli und Rudello von Vincenzo Ferroni keinen Erfolg erzielen konnten, ließ sich Edoardo Sonzogno nochmals die Protokolle der Jurysitzungen vorlegen, und dabei stieß er auf die von den Juroren musikalisch positiv bewertete Oper Umberto Giordanos. Amintore Galli — Mitglied der Wettbewerbskommission — stellte noch zwei Jahre später im Mai 1892 in der Zeitschrift „II Teatro illustrato“ fest, daß Marina zu den besten Werken des Wettbewerbs gehört habe und intensiv besprochen worden sei, „[…] perché come lavoro musicale presentava qualità peregrine d’ideazione e di fattura, e se alla fine non parve alla Comissione di presceglierla per la rappresentazione al Teatro Costanzi di Roma (prevista per le tre opere ritenute migliori) fu esclusivamente per la nessuna garanzia di successo che il libretto dava […]. Però nella era forte, spiccata, originale l’affermazione di un ingegno brillantissimo.“
The Use of Surface Electromyography in Biomechanics (1997)

This lecture explores the various uses of surface electromyography in the field of biomechanics. Three groups of applications are considered: those involving the activation timing of muscles, the force/EMG signal relationship, and the use of the EMG signal as a fatigue index. Technical considerations for recording the EMG signal with maximal fidelity are reviewed, and a compendium of all known factors that affect the information contained in the EMG signal is presented. Questions are posed to guide the practitioner in the proper use of surface electromyography. Sixteen recommendations are made regarding the proper detection, analysis, and interpretation of the EMG signal and measured force. Sixteen outstanding problems that present the greatest challenges to the advancement of surface electromyography are put forward for consideration. Finally, a plea is made for arriving at an international agreement on procedures commonly used in electromyography and biomechanics.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF QUINONES AND α‐DICARBONYL COMPOUNDS WITH DIAZOALKANES, XXIV. SYNTHESIS AND REACTIONS OF SUBSTITUTED PYRROLINE‐2,3‐DIONES WITH DIAZOALKANES (1976)

Abstract Durch Kondensation der Anile (I) mit Oxalylchlorid werden die Pyrrolindione (IIIa)‐(IIIc) erhalten.
The effect of the site of placement of temporary epicardial pacemakers on ventricular function in patients undergoing cardiac surgery. (1984)

Temporary epicardial pacing leads are routinely placed in patients after cardiac surgery, but the positioning of ventricular leads and the use of atrial leads is not uniform. We examined the effect of the epicardial pacing site on ventricular function in 18 patients undergoing coronary surgery. Pacing wires were sutured in the right atrium, left ventricular apex, right ventricular apex, and right ventricular outflow tract before cardiopulmonary bypass. After atrial pacing, eight patients were ventricularly paced (group I) and 10 were atrioventricular (AV) sequentially (PR = 0.12 sec) paced (group II) at 100/minute from the three ventricular sites. Comparison of the groups showed that the addition of atrial activation during ventricular pacing resulted in higher cardiac indexes (2.54 +/- 0.61 vs 1.67 +/- 0.45 liters/min/m2;p less than .00005), higher systolic blood pressures (121 +/- 24 vs 89 +/- 26 mm Hg; p = .006), lower central venous pressures (5.5 +/- 3.2 vs 10.2 +/- 2.2 mm Hg; p = .048), and similar pulmonary arterial pressures (19.5 +/- 7.6/10.8 +/- 6.7 vs 24.7 +/- 3.5/15.4 +/- 3.4 mm Hg; p = NS). Cardiac index did not differ among group I patients during pacing from the different ventricular sites. In group II, cardiac index during pacing from the right ventricular apex was higher than during pacing from the right ventricular outflow tract or the left ventricular apex (2.62 +/- 0.57 vs 2.49 +/- 0.54 and 2.51 +/- 0.76 liters/min/m2, respectively; p = .03). Right ventricular outflow tract pacing resulted in higher cardiac indexes than left ventricular apical pacing in patients with stenosis of the left anterior descending coronary artery of 90% or more, while left ventricular apical pacing produced higher cardiac indexes in the absence of such lesions (p = .006).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Characterization of megavoltage electron beams delivered through a photon multi-leaf collimator (pMLC) (2006)

A study is presented that characterizes megavoltage electron beams delivered through an existing double-focused photon multi-leaf collimator (pMLC) using film measurements in a solid water phantom. Machine output stability and linearity were evaluated as well as the effect of source-to-surface distance (SSD) and field size on the penumbra for electron energies between 6 and 18 MeV over an SSD range of 60-100 cm. Penumbra variations as a function of field size, depth of measurement and the influence of the jaws were also studied. Field abutment, field flatness and target coverage for segmented beams were also addressed. The measured field size for electrons transported through the pMLC was the same as that for an x-ray beam up to SSDs of 70 cm. At larger SSD, the lower energy electron fields deviated from the projected field. Penumbra data indicated that 60 cm SSD was the most favourable treatment distance. Backprojection of P(20-80) penumbra data yielded a virtual source position located at 98.9 cm from the surface for 18 MeV electrons. For 6 MeV electrons, the virtual source position was at a distance of 82.6 cm. Penumbra values were smaller for small beam slits and reached a near-constant value for field widths larger than 5 cm. The influence of the jaws had a small effect on the penumbra. The R90 values ranged from 1.4 to 4.8 cm between 6 and 21 MeV as measured at 60 cm SSD for a 9 x 9 cm2 field. Uniformity and penumbra improvement could be demonstrated using weighted abutted fields especially useful for small segments. No detectable electron leakage through the pMLC was observed. Bremsstrahlung measurements taken at 60 cm SSD for a 9 x 9 cm2 field as shaped by the pMLC compared within 1% to bremsstrahlung measurements taken at 100 cm SSD for a 10 x 10 cm2 electron applicator field at 100 cm SSD.
A shape-based helmet fitting system for concussion protection (2015)

Helmets are widely used as protection against sports-related concussions. The degree of concussion protection offered by a helmet may be related to the fit between the helmet and head. This paper presents the design of a prototype helmet fitting recommendation system using shape-based helmet fitting. The shape-based helmet fitting system uses a Kinect sensor to scan a client's head and then compares the head shape to helmet shapes from a database of off-the-shelf helmets. A slice extraction method is used to compare a standard reference slice extracted from the head to a corresponding slice from the helmet. The degree to which the helmet fits the client's head is calculated and displayed to the user. The prototype system could potentially help a concussion expert make recommendations about helmet fit to clients, if more research about the effects of helmet fitting on concussion protection becomes available.
Colony Multiplex PCR Assay for Identification and Differentiation of <i>Campylobacter jejuni</i> , <i>C. coli</i> , <i>C. lari</i> , <i>C. upsaliensis</i> , and <i>C. fetus</i> subsp <i>. fetus</i> (2002)

A multiplex PCR assay was used to simultaneously detect genes from the five major clinically relevant Campylobacter spp. Those genes selected were hipO and 23S rRNA from Campylobacter jejuni; glyA from each of C. coli, C. lari, and C. upsaliensis; and sapB2 from C. fetus subsp. fetus. The assay was evaluated with 137 clinical and environmental isolates and was found to be rapid and easy to perform and had a high sensitivity and specificity for characterizing isolates, even in mixed cultures.