gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Minireview: Human Ovarian Cancer: Biology, Current Management, and Paths to Personalizing Therapy (2012)

More than 90% of ovarian cancers have been thought to arise from epithelial cells that cover the ovarian surface or, more frequently, line subserosal cysts. Recent studies suggest that histologically similar cancers can arise from the fimbriae of Fallopian tubes and from deposits of endometriosis. Different histotypes are observed that resemble epithelial cells from the normal Fallopian tube (serous), endometrium (endometrioid), cervical glands (mucinous), and vaginal rests (clear cell) and that share expression of relevant HOX genes which drive normal gynecological differentiation. Two groups of epithelial ovarian cancers have been distinguished: type I low-grade cancers that present in early stage, grow slowly, and resist conventional chemotherapy but may respond to hormonal manipulation; and type II high-grade cancers that are generally diagnosed in advanced stage and grow aggressively but respond to chemotherapy. Type I cancers have wild-type p53 and BRCA1/2, but have frequent mutations of Ras and Raf as well as expression of IGFR and activation of the phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) pathway. Virtually all type II cancers have mutations of p53, and almost half have mutation or dysfunction of BRCA1/2, but other mutations are rare, and oncogenesis appears to be driven by amplification of several growth-regulatory genes that activate the Ras/MAPK and PI3K pathways. Cytoreductive surgery and combination chemotherapy with platinum compounds and taxanes have improved 5-yr survival, but less than 40% of all stages can be cured. Novel therapies are being developed that target high-grade serous cancer cells with PI3Kness or BRCAness as well as the tumor vasculature. Both in silico and animal models are needed that more closely resemble type I and type II cancers to facilitate the identification of novel targets and to predict response to combinations of new agents.
In vitro transcription of the supB-E tRNA operon of Escherichia coli. Characterization of transcription products. (1982)

The seven tRNA genes clustered in the supB-E region of the Escherichia coli chromosome were transcribed in vitro with purified RNA polymerase, using a restriction fragment from lambda psu degrees 2, a transducing phage carrying the chromosome region, as template. A single major transcript was synthesized, which was about 770 nucleotides long and contained all seven tRNA sequences. The terminal sequences of the transcript were determined and mapped on the DNA sequence of the supB-E region previously determined. The transcription start site is seven base pairs downstream from the Pribnow box sequence, as expected from the DNA sequence analysis and consistent with the findings on the trimeric tRNA precursor (pppG--tRNAMETM-tRNALeu-tRNAGln1) which was detected in an RNase P mutant and shown to be coded for by the supB-E region. Cleavage of the restriction fragment at the -35 region with another restriction endonuclease abolished the template activity of the fragment. Transcription of the supB-E tRNA operon was relatively unaffected by the presence of rho factor. Transcription termination occurs within a region of three bases between positions 770 and 772 from the transcription start site. Immediately upstream from the termination sites, there is a region of 26 nucleotides that could form a stem structure, thereby consistent with the general feature of rho-independent termination sites.
Ceramic Strut Injection Technologies for High-Speed Flight (2017)

Hypersonic airliners are exposed to temperatures that are beyond the limits of classical aircraft materials. In order to handle this problem the latest development of oxidation resistant materials and composite structures needs to be taken into account. The European research programs ATLLAS and ATLLAS II (2006-2014) were therefore focussing on advanced light-weight, high-temperature capable material development strongly linked to a high-speed passenger aircraft design.\n\nFor propulsion components, combustor structures were investigated at academic level, both at basic and relevant environments. Within the frame of current work, injectors for ram-based propulsion concepts such as dual-mode ramjet or combined cycle concepts were analysed. Generic strut injector geometries were defined to investigate different materials (ceramic matrix composites and ultra high temperature ceramics) and cooling concepts (passive radiation-cooled vs. active transpiration-cooled). Ceramic strut injectors were designed, manufactured and tested within a high speed combustor at the industrial hypersonic METHYLE test facility. Tests were conducted at operational relevant conditions corresponding to a Mach 6 free flight. All injector variants successfully passed testing. It turned out that active transpiration-cooled CMC- and passive UHTC-solutions show the potential to ensure long range cruises of a high speed airliner.
Experimental study of the effects of fibroblast growth inhibitor on invasion and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (2007)

To elucidate the effects of a fibroblast inhibitor (tranilast), we investigated the proliferation, invasion, and metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSC-19) cells. The effects of tranilast on tumor growth, lymph node metastases, microvessel density, and the proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index of oral squamous cell carcinoma implanted into the tongue of nude mice were evaluated. Moreover, we investigated the invasion of OSC-19 cells into fibroblast-embedded collagen gels. Tumor growth and the incidence of cervical lymph node metastases were significantly suppressed by treatment with tranilast. The amount of fibrous tissue, microvessel density, and the PCNA labeling index of the tumors were also significantly reduced. In an invasion model, OSC-19 cells invaded collagen gels in control culture medium, but did not invade collagen gels in culture medium with tranilast. Administration of a fibroblast inhibitor may well be clinically effective for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma.
Human protein-coding genes and gene feature statistics in 2019 (2019)

Comparison with previous reports reveals substantial change in the number of known nuclear protein-coding genes (now 19,116), the protein-coding non-redundant transcriptome space [now 59,281,518 base pair (bp), 10.1% increase], the number of exons (now 562,164, 36.2% increase) due to a relevant increase of the RNA isoforms recorded. Other parameters such as gene, exon or intron mean and extreme length appear to have reached a stability that is unlikely to be substantially modified by human genome data updates, at least regarding protein-coding genes. Finally, we confirm that there are no human introns shorter than 30 bp.
Role of nutrition in performance enhancement and postexercise recovery (2015)

A number of factors contribute to success in sport, and diet is a key component. An athlete's dietary requirements depend on several aspects, including the sport, the athlete's goals, the environment, and practical issues. The importance of individualized dietary advice has been increasingly recognized, including day-to-day dietary advice and specific advice before, during, and after training and/or competition. Athletes use a range of dietary strategies to improve performance, with maximizing glycogen stores a key strategy for many. Carbohydrate intake during exercise maintains high levels of carbohydrate oxidation, prevents hypoglycemia, and has a positive effect on the central nervous system. Recent research has focused on athletes training with low carbohydrate availability to enhance metabolic adaptations, but whether this leads to an improvement in performance is unclear. The benefits of protein intake throughout the day following exercise are now well recognized. Athletes should aim to maintain adequate levels of hydration, and they should minimize fluid losses during exercise to no more than 2% of their body weight. Supplement use is widespread in athletes, with recent interest in the beneficial effects of nitrate, beta-alanine, and vitamin D on performance. However, an unregulated supplement industry and inadvertent contamination of supplements with banned substances increases the risk of a positive doping result. Although the availability of nutrition information for athletes varies, athletes will benefit from the advice of a registered dietician or nutritionist.
Antibacterial resistance associated with long-term care facilities (2008)

Residents in long-term care facilities harbor bacteria with similar multidrug-resistant antibiograms to those patients in acute care hospitals because they often receive the same regimens of antibacterial agents. Numerous epidemiological studies and investigations identifying antibiotic resistance determinants have shown that the infecting organisms in both types of facility are the same, and mechanisms of resistance are comparable. An understanding of innate genes and acquisition of resistance traits associated with problematic bacteria may help practitioners to select more effective therapy and prevent the further emergence of resistance. Early recognition and laboratory detection of multidrug-resistant organisms may prevent multiplication and spread of such pathogens within LTCFs. Control of emerging resistant pathogens may be more difficult in these institutions due to lack of on-site microbiology laboratories, infectious disease physicians, pharmacists, and limited awareness among infection control practitioners. As the elderly population increases, antibiotic resistance is likely to proliferate in LTCFs without proactive coordination among these groups.
Cloning and characterization of a sialidase from the murine histocompatibility-2 complex: low levels of mRNA and a single amino acid mutation are responsible for reduced sialidase activity in mice carrying the <i>Neul</i><sup>a</sup> allele (1997)

The Neu1 locus, in the S region of the murine histocompatibility-2 complex, regulates the sialic acid content of several liver lysosomal enzymes. Three alleles, Neu1a, Neu1b, and Neu1c, have been described on the basis of differential sialylation of the enzyme liver acid phosphatase. The Neu1a allele occurs in a small number of mouse strains, e.g., SM/J and is associated with sialidase deficiency. We recently described G9, a sialidase gene in the human major histocompatibility complex (Milner et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem., 272, 4549-4558), and we now report the characterization of the equivalent gene in mouse. The protein product of the murine G9 gene is 409 amino acids in length and is 83% identical to its human orthologue. Expression of the murine G9 protein in insect cells has confirmed that it is a sialidase, with optimal activity at pH 5. To elucidate the basis of sialidase deficiency in mouse strains carrying the Neu1a allele, we have sequenced the G9 coding regions from mice carrying the three Neu1 alleles and hence defined the amino acid sequence characteristic of each allotype. Of particular interest is a Leu-209 to Ile mutation that is unique to the Neu1a allotype and is associated with reductions in sialidase activity of approximately 68% and approximately 88% compared to the Neu1b and Neu1c allotypes, respectively, when these three protein variants are expressed in insect cells. Additional factors, such as differential expression, may also influence the activities of the Neu1 allotypes in vivo. We have observed that the level of G9 mRNA is substantially reduced in mice carrying the Neu1a allele compared to the Neu1b (85-95% reduction) and Neu1c (approximately 70% reduction) alleles.
Transient hyperglycemia during childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia chemotherapy: an old event revisited. (2009)

Hyperglycemia has been described as a common event occurring during acute lymphocytic leukemia chemotherapy. It is associated with the synergistic effect of L-asparaginase and glucocorticoids, and related to poor outcome. Our goal was to compare clinical and laboratory findings between hyperglycemic episodes occurring during childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia induction chemotherapy. Here we describe 12 (3.8%) high-risk patients of 311 total patients, 9 (75%) of who are female. The 12 patients presented with 16 hyperglycemic episodes classified into adverse or satisfactory categories. There were no differences in clinical or laboratory variables among groups, although the majority of episodes occurred in pubescents, regardless of the type of glucocorticoid employed. Despite the fact that only 1 patient was overweight, pancreatitis was not diagnosed. Although we could not determine whether hyperglycemia predicts an adverse outcome, glucose evaluation played an important role during induction chemotherapy. To date, recognized risk factors for hyperglycemia no longer explain our findings, thus other mechanisms related to insulin secretion and action should be further studied.
Implication of CcpN in the regulation of a novel untranslated RNA (SR1) in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2005)

Antisense-RNAs have been investigated in detail over the past 20 years as the principal regulators in accessory DNA elements such as plasmids, phages and transposons. However, only a few examples of chromosomally encoded bacterial antisense RNAs were known. Meanwhile, approximately 70 small non-coding RNAs from the Escherichia coli genome have been found, the functions of the majority of which remain to be elucidated. Only one systematic search has been performed for Gram-positive bacteria, so far. Here, we report the identification of a novel small (205 nt) non-translated RNA--SR1--encoded in the Bacillus subtilis genome. SR1 was predicted by a computational approach and verified by Northern blotting. Knockout or overexpression of SR1 did not affect growth. SR1 was derepressed under conditions of gluconeogenesis, but repressed under glycolytic conditions. Two regulatory levels could be identified, one involving CcpA, the second, more important, involving the recently identified regulator CcpN.
Una tradición interrumpida: los antecedentes de un complejo (2006)

Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) increase cell genesis in several regions of the brains of GH-IGF-I-deficient hypophysectomized rats. However, it is not known to what degree GH treatment stimulates adult cell genesis in pituitary-intact rodents. We investigated the effect of peripheral administration of bovine growth hormone (bGH) on cellular proliferation in various regions of the brains of normal adult female rats. To monitor cell division, bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) was administered daily for 5 days. We studied the two areas of ongoing neurogenesis, the subventricular zone (SVZ) and the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, as well as the corpus callosum, striatum, and the parietal and piriform cortices. After bGH treatment, the numbers of BrdU-positive cells increased 2.0- to 2.5-fold in all the brain regions, with the exception of the SVZ, in which there was no increase in the numbers of BrdU-positive cells. The present study shows for the first time that peripheral bGH administration increases the generation of new brain cells in normal adult female rats. Thus, bGH may stimulate cellular proliferation not only under GH-deficiency, but also under physiologic conditions. These findings have important implications for GH treatment strategies for patients who have normal or near-normal circulating levels of GH or IGF-I.
Integrative Metabolomics for Characterizing Unknown Low-Abundance Metabolites by Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry with Computer Simulations (2006)

Characterization of unknown low-abundance metabolites in biological samples is one the most significant challenges in metabolomic research. In this report, an integrative strategy based on capillary electrophoresis-electrospray ionization-ion trap mass spectrometry (CE-ESI-ITMS) with computer simulations is examined as a multiplexed approach for studying the selective nutrient uptake behavior of E. coli within a complex broth medium. On-line sample preconcentration with desalting by CE-ESI-ITMS was performed directly without off-line sample pretreatment in order to improve detector sensitivity over 50-fold for cationic metabolites with nanomolar detection limits. The migration behavior of charged metabolites were also modeled in CE as a qualitative tool to support MS characterization based on two fundamental analyte physicochemical properties, namely, absolute mobility (μo) and acid dissociation constant (pKa). Computer simulations using Simul 5.0 were used to better understand the dynamics of analyte electromigration, as well as aiding de novo identification of unknown nutrients. There was excellent agreement between computer-simulated and experimental electropherograms for several classes of cationic metabolites as reflected by their relative migration times with an average error of <2.0%. Our studies revealed differential uptake of specific amino acids and nucleoside nutrients associated with distinct stages of bacterial growth. Herein, we demonstrate that CE can serve as an effective preconcentrator, desalter, and separator prior to ESI-MS, while providing additional qualitative information for unambiguous identification among isobaric and isomeric metabolites. The proposed strategy is particularly relevant for characterizing unknown yet biologically relevant metabolites that are not readily synthesized or commercially available.
RISK MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES IN NEW ZEALAND AGRICULTURE AND HORTICULTURE (1995)

This study strengthens the empirical basis for risk analysis by identifying the importance which producers attach to different risk management strategies in New Zealand's deregulated farming environment. A nationwide survey covering eight farm types was conducted. As range of production, marketing and financial strategies used by farmers and growers were identified. Some strategies appear to be favoured by farmers and growers in all industries, others seem to be industry specific, and some are universally unpopular. The mix of strategies employed seems to vary by farm type. Possible reasons for variation are identified.
Characterization and Analysis of User Profiles in Online Video Sharing Systems (2010)

Abstract. Recently, it has been observed an increasing popularization of video sharing environments. Part of such success is due to the change on the user perspective from content consumer to content creator, basic principle of the Web 2.0. Thus, video service providers are dealing with different challenges, such as content storage, performance and scalability of servers, personalization, and service differentiation. In this context, it is crucial to understand the characteristics of requests that arrive on these servers and the patterns of user navigation on these interactive systems. This work addresses these aspects. Through the analysis of a video service workload from UOL, the largest content provider of Latin America, we present a complete characterization of user sessions, their requests to the server, and their navigation profile. Such analyses are important not only to generate synthetic workload, but also to project and create new infra-structures to video sharing systems. Our results show that there are different users profiles and also provide a better understanding of the user access pattern on video sharing systems.
Regulation of the tissue factor gene (1995)

The tissue factor (TF) gene is expressed in a cell type-specific manner in vivo. It is constitutively expressed by several extravascular cell types and inducibly expressed within the vasculature by monocytes and endothelial cells. TF expression initiates thrombotic episodes associated with various diseases, including atherosclerosis, septic shock, and cancer. Regulatory elements within the human TF promoter have been identified by functional analysis of TF promoter-luciferase gene plasmids transiently transfected into various cell types. Transcription factors that control expression of the TF gene were identified using gel shift mobility assays. Induction of the TF gene in human monocytic cells and endothelial cells exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide or cytokines is mediated by a distal enhancer (-227 to -172 bp) containing two AP-1 sites and a kappa B site. Functional interactions between Fos-Jun heterodimers and c-Rel-p65 heterodimers are required for transcriptional activation of the TF gene. In contrast, serum and phorbol ester induction of the TF gene in human epithelial cells is controlled by a proximal enhancer (-111 to +14 bp) containing three overlapping Egr-1/Sp1 binding sites. Sp1 is constitutively expressed whereas Egr-1 expression is induced by serum or phorbol ester stimulation. Sp1 also mediates basal promoter activity. Thus, TF gene expression is complex and is regulated by a number of transcription factors that bind to distinct regions of the TF promoter.
Thermally Stable Nanocrystalline TiO<sub>2</sub> Photocatalysts Synthesized via Sol−Gel Methods Modified with Ionic Liquid and Surfactant Molecules (2006)

Recently, sol−gel methods employing ionic liquids (ILs) have shown significant implications for the synthesis of well-defined nanostructured inorganic materials. Herein, we synthesized nanocrystalline TiO2 particles via an alkoxide sol−gel method employing a water-immiscible room temperature IL (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate, [bmim][PF6]) as a new solvent medium and further modified with nonionic surfactant (polyoxyethylenesorbitan monooleate) as a pore templating material. Detailed information on the preparative method, synthesis route and mechanism, crystallographic and structural properties, and photocatalytic activity of the TiO2 particles is described. The possible rationale for the formation of nanocrystalline TiO2 particles with high surface area and activity is discussed with respect to the special characteristics of [bmim][PF6] as well as the role of the surfactant self-assembly in the sol−gel network. Due to its capping effect and water immiscibility, the use of [bmim][PF6] in sol−gel synthesis of TiO2 induces controlled hydrolysis of titanium alkoxide precursor, resulting in a stable sol−gel network with an ordered array, and localized water-poor conditions, resulting in the formation of completely condensed and directly crystalline systems at ambient condition. The low surface energy and adaptability of [bmim][PF6] facilitate the generation of very small nanocrystalline TiO2 particles and then it also acts as a particles aggregation inhibitor. The ensuing TiO2 particles have good thermal stability to resist pore collapse and anatase-to-rutile crystal phase transformation during thermal treatment.