gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An overview of heart-noise reduction of lung sound using wavelet transform based filter (2004)

Auscultation of the lung sound is a simple and noninvasive method to obtain some instant but useful informations to detect various respiratory diseases. However, one of the main problems in lung sound analysis is the interference of heart sounds, which is unavoidable during lung sound recording. Wavelet transformation based adaptive denoising technique has been proposed for heart sound reduction from lung sound. In the wavelet transform (WT) based filter it has been shown that the multiresolution representation of the lung sound signal in the WT domain combined with hard thresholding can separate the nonstationary part of the input signal (heart sound) from the stationary one (lung sound). This study investigated the spectral characteristics of the lung sound signals before and after WT based filtering. WT based filtering has been applied to lung sound signals recorded from anterior-right chest locations of six healthy subjects at low (7.5 ml/s/kg) and medium (15 ml/s/kg) flow rates. The R-waves of simultaneously recorded ECG signals were used to detect the lung sound segments at defined flow rates with inclusion or exclusion of heart sounds. The power spectra of the filtered lung sound segments were compared with the power spectra of the original sound segments, including and excluding heart sounds, at different frequency bands from 20-2400 Hz. Results show that the WT based filtering reduces the lung sound average power greatly over the whole frequency range. This results in pronounced change in the spectrum of the original signal that are of interest. Therefore, further investigations on feasibility of using this method for heart-noise reduction of lung sound signal are necessary.
MEMORANDUM ON BARLEY GERMINATION (1944)

Recent changes in barley harvesting have raised a number of urgent questions on the purchase, storage and treatment of barleys which have been combine-har vested and farm-dried. The present study has led to the following suggestions.
A 0.1-μm double-deck-shaped gate HJFET with reduced gate-fringing-capacitance for ultra-high-speed ICs (2002)

This paper describes a novel double-deck-shaped (DDS) gate technology for 0.1-/spl mu/m heterojunction-FETs (HJFETs) that have half the external gate fringing capacitance (C/sub f//sup ext/) of conventional T-shaped gate HJFETs. By introducing a T-shaped SiO/sub 2/-opening technique based on two-step dry-etching with W-film masks, we have fabricated 0.1-/spl mu/m DDS gate-openings adapted to the reduction in C/sub f//sup ext/ and to the voidless-filling of gate-metals. Moreover, by using WSi-collimated sputtering and electroless Au-plating, 0.1-/spl mu/m DDS WSi/Ti/Pt/Au gate HJFETs with high uniformity and reproducibility are made. Fabricated n-Al/sub 0.2/Ga/sub 0.8/As-In/sub 0.15/Ga/sub 0.75/As HJFETs exhibit an excellent V/sub th/ standard-deviation (/spl sigma/V/sub th/) of 39 mV. Also, the HJFET covered with a SiO/sub 2/ film shows a very high millimeter-wave performance with f/sub T/ of 120 GHz and f/sub max/ of 165 GHz, due to the low C/sub f//sup ext/. In addition, a high f/sub T/ of 151 GHz and f/sub max/ of 186 GHz are obtained without a SiO/sub 2/ film.
Saving the ozone layer: one museum's contribution (1995)

This article describes how a hurried quest to find chlorine-free rooftop units paid off, enabling the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum to meet its schedule with ozone-friendly HVAC. The Museum began designing for the remodeling of its renovated coffee bar, gift shop, and aquatic exhibit in April 1994. The building was one of the original structures on the grounds. It had been constructed in the 1930s by the Civilian Conservation Corps and had undergone only one other major remodeling in 1952, when the Museum first opened. The remodeling plans called for adding air-conditioning to this previously evaporatively cooled area. Their conservation committee had been closely following the developments in the air conditioning industry and knew that the advent of ozone-safe unitary air conditioning was near. The question was how near. The construction timetable called for closing the involved wing on September 12, getting the contractor in on September 19, and reopening the upgraded section by Thanksgiving 1994. The gift shop concessionaire liked the idea of hosting an ozone-safe climate control system and felt it would certainly be worth the inconvenience if this meant a delay of a few weeks in the reopening of his business. He could not afford to wait severalmore » months, however. So with no time to spare, the Museum began investigating the status of alternative refrigerants in mid-July.« less
Unique optical bidirectional module using a guided-wave multiplexer/demultiplexer (1993)

To improve the quality of optical communication systems, such factors as low loss, low cross talk, high reliability, and compact size are required for the optical components.1 High-silica guided-wave optical components have been recently viewed with keen interest because they can be used for realizing cost-effective systems.2 An optical module using a guided-wave wavelength-division multiplexer/demultiplexer (WDM) has been reported.3 UV-curable adhesive was used for mounting a laser-diode (LD), photodiode (PD) chips, and a waveguide-fiber coupling. This paper presents a unique structure and fabrication technique for achieving reliability and presents a practical bidirectional transmitting/receiving module that uses a guided-wave WDM. This module has low cross talk, high output power, high responsivity, and a low tracking error.
Copper-Catalyzed Cyanation of Heteroaryl Bromides: A Novel and Versatile Catalyst System Inspired by Nature (2007)

An improved copper catalyst system for the cyanation of heteroaryl halides leading to substituted heteroaryl nitriles is described. The catalyst system consists of simple CuI and N-alkyl­imidazoles, and mimics known Cu-containing metalloproteins. It is stable, commercially available, cheap and easily tunable. By using inexpensive and non-toxic K4[Fe(CN)6] and the novel Cu catalysts we were able to cyanate both activated and non-activated heteroarenes with high yield and selectivity. The generality of the procedure is demonstrated by a variety of different examples, some of which did not react under other known methods.
Declarative specification and declarative programming (1991)

A formalism for declarative specification and programming is introduced that forms a logical and methodological framework for program and system specification and construction. It combines axiomatic techniques based on logical concepts for specifying properties and the possibility to introduce names for objects. In particular it comprises within one formalism, the possibilities of formulating specifications and defining algorithms. The logical formalism is based more or less on typed predicate logic. The development rules are particular proof rules together with the inference rules of predicate logic. As a special aspect, the authors consider logical formulas which explicitly specify typed identifiers as elements of signatures. >
Computational Tools for the Integrated Design of Advanced Nuclear Reactors (2017)

Advanced nuclear reactors offer safe, clean, and reliable energy at the global scale. The development of such devices relies heavily upon computational models, from the pre-conceptual stages through detailed design, licensing, and operation. An integrated reactor modeling framework that enables seamless communication, coupling, automation, and continuous development brings significant new capabilities and efficiencies to the practice of reactor design. In such a system, key performance metrics (e.g., optimal fuel management, peak cladding temperature in design-basis accidents, levelized cost of electricity) can be explicitly linked to design inputs (e.g., assembly duct thickness, tolerances), enabling an exceptional level of design consistency. Coupled with high-performance computing, thousands of integrated cases can be executed simultaneously to analyze the full system, perform complete sensitivity studies, and efficiently and robustly evaluate various design tradeoffs. TerraPower has developed such a tool—the Advanced Reactor Modeling Interface (ARMI) code system—and has deployed it to support the TerraPower Traveling Wave Reactor design and other innovative energy products currently under development. The ARMI code system employs pre-existing tools with strong pedigrees alongside many new physics and data management modules necessary for innovative design. Verification and validation against previous and new physical measurements, which remain an essential element of any sound design, are being carried out. This paper summarizes the integrated core engineering tools and practices in production at TerraPower.
Design and Implementation of Multi-Version Disk Backup Data Merging Algorithm (2008)

Multi-version data management in disk backup and recovery is to manage the temporal attribute of backuped data. It can support to retrieve timestamp (time slice) disk data according to different query type. Exiting multi-version data management algorithms have two shortcomings. First, they are inefficient in multi-time point data query and updating which are adopted by data backup and recovery usually. Second, they use centralized data indexes which are not suitable for backup data management. To overcome these limitations, Backup Data Merging (BDM) algorithm is proposed in this paper, which uses distributed storage structure according to disk data format. By range operation, BDM algorithm can generate timestamp (time slice) data index dynamically. By comparing with traditional algorithms, BDM algorithm achieves high performance in storage utilization and query efficiency.
Biochemical properties of media conditioned by simian virus 40-induced hamster tumor cells: correlation with distinct cell phenotypes but not with oncogenicity. (1989)

Hamster cells, transformed in vitro by SV40, have been reported to secrete an unidentified factor(s) that inhibits thymidine uptake (TU) by various normal cell types, including activated lymphocytes. It has been postulated that this apparent antiproliferative effect may play an in vivo role in the high tumorigenic capacity of SV40-transformed hamster cells. In keeping with this hypothesis, Adenovirus type 2-transformed hamster cells, which are only weakly tumorigenic, do not inhibit TU by indicator cells in vitro. To study the biological relevance of this phenomenon, we assayed 11 cell lines derived from different fibrosarcomas, induced in Syrian hamsters by SV40, for their ability to inhibit TU by normal rabbit kidney indicator cells. In contrast to cells transformed in vitro by SV40, media conditioned by 6 of 11 tumor-derived cell lines did not inhibit TU. Our results do not support the hypothesis that an antiproliferative factor secreted by SV40-transformed cells promotes the tumor-inducing capacity of these cells. Furthermore, inhibition of TU does not appear to be due to the production of a specific antimitotic peptide, but rather to other biochemical properties of the media conditioned by transformed cells. Finally, these biochemical properties do appear to correlate with specific morphological and growth characteristics of the tumor cells, but probably as an effect and not a cause.
Improvement of windowed type environmental-cell transmission electron microscope for <i>in situ</i> observation of gas-solid interactions (2009)

We have developed an improved, windowed type environmental-cell (E-cell) transmission electron microscope (TEM) for in situ observation of gas-solid interactions, such as catalytic reactions at atmospheric pressure. Our E-cell TEM includes a compact E-cell specimen holder with mechanical stability, resulting in smoother introduction of the desired gases compared with previous E-cell TEMs. In addition, the gas control unit was simplified by omitting the pressure control function of the TEM pre-evacuation chamber. This simplification was due to the successful development of remarkably tough thin carbon films as the window material. These films, with a thickness of <10 nm, were found to withstand pressure differences >2 atm. Appropriate arrangement of the specimen position inside the E-cell provided quantitatively analyzable TEM images, with no disturbances caused by the windowed films. As an application, we used this E-cell TEM to observe the dynamic shape change in a catalytic gold nanoparticle supported on TiO(2) during the oxidation of CO gas.
Making sense of trajectory data: A partition-and-summarization approach (2015)

Due to the prevalence of GPS-enabled devices and wireless communication technology, spatial trajectories that describe the movement history of moving objects are being generated and accumulated at an unprecedented pace. However, a raw trajectory in the form of sequence of timestamped locations does not make much sense for humans without semantic representation. In this work we aim to facilitate human's understanding of a raw trajectory by automatically generating a short text to describe it. By formulating this task as the problem of adaptive trajectory segmentation and feature selection, we propose a partition-and-summarization framework. In the partition phase, we first define a set of features for each trajectory segment and then derive an optimal partition with the aim to make the segments within each partition as homogeneous as possible in terms of their features. In the summarization phase, for each partition we select the most interesting features by comparing against the common behaviours of historical trajectories on the same route and generate short text description for these features. For empirical study, we apply our solution to a real trajectory dataset and have found that the generated text can effectively reflect the important parts in a trajectory.
Gate Manipulation of DNA Capture into Nanopores (2011)

Understanding biophysics governing DNA capture into a nanopore and establishing a manipulation system for the capture process are essential for nanopore-based genome sequencing. In this work, the functionality of extended electric field and electroosmotic flow (EOF) during the capture stage and their dependence on gate voltage, U(G), are investigated. We demonstrate that while both the electric field and EOF within a cis chamber make long-distance contributions to DNA capture around the pore mouth, the former effect is always capturing, while the latter causes trapping or blocking of the molecule depending on the magnitude of the gate voltage, U(G): an anionic EOF induced by high U(G) is capable of doubling the DNA trapping speed and thus the absorption radius in the cis chamber, whereas a cationic EOF by low U(G) would substantially offset the trapping effort by the electric field and even totally block DNA entrance into the pore. Based on the analysis, a gate regulation is proposed with the objective of achieving a high DNA capture rate while maintaining a low error rate.
GPU Programming in Rust: Implementing High-Level Abstractions in a Systems-Level Language (2013)

Graphics processing units (GPUs) have the potential to greatly accelerate many applications, yet programming models remain too low level. Many language-based solutions to date have addressed this problem by creating embedded domain-specific languages that compile to CUDA or OpenCL. These targets are meant for human programmers and thus are less than ideal compilation targets. LLVM recently gained a compilation target for PTX, NVIDIA's low-level virtual instruction set for GPUs. This lower-level representation is more expressive than CUDA and OpenCL, making it easier to support advanced language features such as abstract data types or even certain closures. We demonstrate the effectiveness of this approach by extending the Rust programming language with support for GPU kernels. At the most basic level, our extensions provide functionality that is similar to that of CUDA. However, our approach seamlessly integrates with many of Rust's features, making it easy to build a library of ergonomic abstractions for data parallel computing. This approach provides the expressiveness of a high level GPU language like Copperhead or Accelerate, yet also provides the programmer the power needed to create new abstractions when those we have provided are insufficient.
Quantitative Biochemical Differences between Tumor and Host as a Basis for Cancer Chemotherapy (1956)

6,7-Dimethyl-9-hydroxyethyl-isoalloxazine (U-2113), an analog of riboflavin, was observed to have very weak carcinostatic action when used alone against the adenocarcinoma 755 grown in either sex of the C57BL mouse.

Chemotherapeutic trials employing 8-azaguanine and testosterone in double combination, or with the addition of either deoxypyridoxine or U-2113 to give a triple combination, produced no greater carcinostatic effect than could be produced by 8-azaguanine alone under the particular conditions of these experiments. However, the combination of all four of these compounds produced a significant increase in carcinostatic action.

The increase in carcinostasis resulting from the combining of 8-azaguanine, testosterone, U-2113, and deoxypyridoxine was achieved with doses of U-2113 and deoxypyridoxine which by themselves would be ineffective in producing toxic effects on either tumor or host tissue.

The riboflavin analog, U-2113, does not antagonize the flavo-enzyme, xanthine oxidase, in the 755 tumor.

Total riboflavin, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), flavin mononucleotide (FMN), and free riboflavin were measured in the adenocarcinoma and host tissues of the mice (C57). Riboflavin was found to be significantly lower in tumor than any normal tissue analyzed except skeletal muscle. The ratio of FAD to total riboflavin of tumor was very similar to that of other tissues, while the ratio of FMN to total riboflavin of various normal tissues covered a wide range which included tumor.
HyperFlex: Demonstrating control-plane isolation for virtual software-defined networks (2015)

We present a demonstration of HyperFlex [1], a Software-Defined Networking (SDN) virtualization architecture with flexible hypervisor function allocation guaranteeing control-plane virtualization. Network Virtualization (NV) is expected to overcome the ossification of today's communication networks. SDN is seen as an enabler for programmable network control. In order to fully virtualize software-defined networks, not only the virtualization of the data-plane, but also the virtualization of the control-plane has to be considered. HyperFlex is a virtualization hypervisor that ensures isolated control-plane slices for virtual SDN networks. Control-plane isolation also protects the hypervisor resources from exhaustion. Furthermore, virtualization hypervisors have to be scalable and flexible in order to provide the best possible performance for the virtual software-defined networks. They should be able to adapt to the current state of the network and the divergent demands of virtual SDN networks. HyperFlex distributes the hypervisor functions flexibly and dynamically in order to adapt to the current network state.
Dissection of the proliferative and differentiative signals controlling murine cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. (1982)

Evidence is presented that interleukin 2 (IL-2) is not sufficient to cause the differentiation of primary cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL). Sources of IL-2 were compared for their ability to cause proliferation as well as differentiation into CTL. Whereas all factors caused proliferation, only the crude Con A supernatant had cytotoxic T cell differentiation factor (CTDF) activity. Furthermore, factors absorbed with an IL-2-dependent cell line to remove IL-2 still retained CTDF activity. Thus, IL-2 functions to cause clonal expansion of CTL precursors preactivated by antigen or mitogen, but for their differentiation into CTL, an additional factor is required, here called CTDF.
4-Aminophenylalanine as a Biocompatible Nucleophilic Catalyst for Hydrazone Ligations at Low Temperature and Neutral pH (2011)

Hydrazone formation and similar reactions are highly versatile and specific, but their application to biological systems has been limited by their characteristically slow reaction kinetics at neutral pH. Catalysis of these reactions through imine formation with aromatic amines such as aniline has broadened the applicability of these reactions to biomolecular labeling. High concentrations of the catalyst are necessary, which may be incompatible with the native structure of certain proteins. In this study, we investigated the utility of 4-aminophenylalanine (4a-Phe) as a catalyst for these reactions. We find that 4a-Phe is nearly as effective as aniline in catalyzing hydrazone formation between the reactive amino acid 3-formyltyrosine (3f-Tyr) and hydrazine-containing fluorophores, both free in solution and incorporated into the protein tubulin. The catalyst 4a-Phe maintains ∼70% of the catalytic efficacy of aniline and is less detrimental to the native structure of tubulin. Examination of the temperature dependence of imine formation between 3f-Tyr and 4a-Phe shows an increase in imine concentration accompanying a decrease in temperature, confirming the exothermic nature of the equilibrium reaction. Interestingly, decreasing the temperature of the 4a-Phe-catalyzed hydrazone reaction between 3f-Tyr and the fluorophore 7-hydrazinyl-4-methylcoumarin increases the overall rate of the reaction. This result indicates that the temperature dependence of the catalyst-aldehyde equilibrium is greater than the temperature dependence of the rate constant for hydrazone formation from this intermediate, and that the rate of hydrazone formation a direct function of the concentration of the intermediate imine. These results provide a platform for conducting nucleophilic catalysis under conditions that are more compatible with biomolecular targets than previously demonstrated, thereby expanding the utility of hydrazone ligations in biological systems.
Realistic Speech-Driven Facial Animation with GANs (2019)

Abstract Speech-driven facial animation is the process that automatically synthesizes talking characters based on speech signals. The majority of work in this domain creates a mapping from audio features to visual features. This approach often requires post-processing using computer graphics techniques to produce realistic albeit subject dependent results. We present an end-to-end system that generates videos of a talking head, using only a still image of a person and an audio clip containing speech, without relying on handcrafted intermediate features. Our method generates videos which have (a) lip movements that are in sync with the audio and (b) natural facial expressions such as blinks and eyebrow movements. Our temporal GAN uses 3 discriminators focused on achieving detailed frames, audio-visual synchronization, and realistic expressions. We quantify the contribution of each component in our model using an ablation study and we provide insights into the latent representation of the model. The generated videos are evaluated based on sharpness, reconstruction quality, lip-reading accuracy, synchronization as well as their ability to generate natural blinks.
Uniform refractive index cladding for LiNbO3 single-crystal fibers (1990)

A uniform refractive index cladding for LiNbO3 single-crystal fibers has been achieved using a Mg ion indiffusion process. This cladding has a uniform MgO concentration of ∼20 mol %, resulting in a uniform refractive index. The refractive indices of the cladding material have been evaluated to be ne=2.08 and no=2.09 at 0.6328 μm by using the light reflection technique.