gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Position-modulated Photonic-crystal Lasers and Control of Beam Direction and Polarization (2015)

We propose and demonstrate position modulated photonic crystal lasers which can control the output beam directions two dimensionally and have various polarizations. The results promise to greatly enhance the range of possible laser scanning applications.
Radiation Resistance of Cancer Stem Cells: The 4 R's of Radiobiology Revisited (2010)

There is compelling evidence that many solid cancers are organized hierarchically and contain a small population of cancer stem cells (CSCs). It seems reasonable to suggest that a cancer cure can be achieved only if this population is eliminated. Unfortunately, there is growing evidence that CSCs are inherently resistant to radiation, and perhaps other cancer therapies. In general, success or failure of standard clinical radiation treatment is determined by the 4 R's of radiobiology: repair of DNA damage, redistribution of cells in the cell cycle, repopulation, and reoxygenation of hypoxic tumor areas. We relate recent findings on CSCs to these four phenomena and discuss possible consequences.
Generation of joint trajectory requiring lower joint velocities for a redundant manipulator (1991)

A numerical scheme is presented to generate the joint trajectory of a seven-degree-of-freedom redundant manipulator such that the resulting manipulator configurations require lower joint velocities to follow a desired end-effector trajectory. A three dimensional plot of the minimum joint velocity norm as a function of the self motion at each point along a given end-effector trajectory is used to demonstrate the effectiveness of the trajectory generation scheme. A seven-degree-of-freedom Robotics Research manipulator is used as an example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Leakage Power Analysis Attacks: A Novel Class of Attacks to Nanometer Cryptographic Circuits (2009)

In this paper, a novel class of power analysis attacks to cryptographic circuits is presented. These attacks aim at recovering the secret key of a cryptographic core from measurements of its static (leakage) power. These attacks exploit the dependence of the leakage current of CMOS integrated circuits on their inputs (including the secret key of the cryptographic algorithm that they implement), as opposite to traditional power analysis attacks that are focused on the dynamic power. For this reason, this novel class of attacks is named ¿leakage power analysis¿ (LPA). Since the leakage power increases much faster than the dynamic power at each new technology generation, LPA attacks are a serious threat to the information security of cryptographic circuits in sub-100-nm technologies. For the first time in the literature, a well-defined procedure to perform LPA attacks that is based on a solid theoretical background is presented. Advantages and measurement issues are also analyzed in comparison with traditional power analysis attacks based on dynamic power measurements. Examples are provided for various circuits, and an experimental attack to a register is performed for the first time. An analytical model of the LPA attack result is also provided to better understand the effectiveness of this technique. The impact of technology scaling is explicitly addressed by means of a simple analytical model and Monte Carlo simulations. Simulations on a 65- and 90-nm technology and experimental results are presented to justify the assumptions and validate the leakage power models that are adopted.
The SCattering with Angular Limitation in Projection Electron-Beam Lithography (SCALPEL) System (1995)

A SCALPEL \circledR (SCattering with Angular Limitation in Projection Electron-beam Lithography) proof-of-concept lithography system, comprising a tool, a reticle and a resist, has been designed to address the critical issues that must be investigated to determine if this approach is viable as a practical lithographic technology.
A Sensor-Based Robot Transition Control Strategy (1996)

This article presents a real-time sensor-based control approach to the manipulation of the transition of a robot from free space motion to contact with an environment. Use is made of exter nal sensors, including proximity sensors and a force sensor at the end effector of the robot, to control the interaction between the robot and its environment. To achieve direct robot end-effector position control, a short-range fiber optic proximity sensor is used. A multi-phase cantrol strategy is proposed that includes an approach phase, where a force con trol scheme is used prior to contact, as well as a proximity phase where the proximity sensor-based control is employed. Implementation results carried out on an industrial robot are reported.
SPECIAL FEATURE:TUTORIAL Slow Heating Methods in Tandem Mass Spectrometry (1997)

Several approaches to ion activation in tandem mass spectrometry have been developed in recent years for use in ion trapping instruments that allow for conditions to be reached wherein rates of ion activation and deactivation are comparable. These approaches are defined as slow heating methods and include continuous-wave laser infrared multiphoton dissociation, dissociation driven by blackbody radiation, quadrupole ion trap collisional activation and sustained off-resonance irradiation in ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry. In the limiting case in which ion activation and deactivation rates are equal, a steady-state parent ion internal energy distribution is achieved and the kinetics of dissociation can be interpreted in analogy with thermal dissociation. This discussion describes the thermal analogy and the limiting conditions of rapid energy exchange and slow energy exchange along with the possible ramifications for dissociation rates and product ion spectra. The figures of merit that the various slow heating methods share as a class of activation methods are also discussed. The purpose of this perspective is to provide a frame-of-reference from which slow heating methods can be considered. Such methods are seeing increasing use as the number of ion trapping instruments grows and have shown remarkable success with dissociation of high-mass ions. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Scanning DMA Transfer Function (2004)

The scanning differential mobility analyzer (DMA) has been widely employed for measurement of rapidly evolving aerosol size distributions. Interpretation of data from scanning DMAs is greatly facilitated when an exponential voltage ramp is prescribed, since the shape of the instrumental transfer function remains constant throughout a scan. However, that transfer function may differ significantly from that expected for fixed voltage operation. Because no simple analytical description of the scanning DMA transfer function exists, it has been evaluated numerically by simulating particle trajectories within a TSI 3081 cylindrical DMA. These computations yield transfer functions for the DMA up scan that are roughly triangular but with widths significantly greater than those for fixed voltage operation, and transfer functions for the down scan that are highly asymmetric. The impact of these distortions is most obvious when the size distribution of the measured aerosol is narrow, but errors in recovered size and concentration can be significant even when the aerosol size distribution is much broader than the transfer function. The magnitude of these errors is dependent upon the ratio of the mean gas residence time to the exponential voltage time constant, the sheath-to-aerosol-flow ratio, and the technique used to determine the instrument plumbing time. Experimental results for scans across broad and narrow size distributions compare favorably with predictions based on the simulated transfer functions. Simplified corrections are provided that can be used to adjust the concentration and mobility of size distributions recovered using a fixed voltage transfer function.
Effects of Combinations of Sodium Salicylate and Noise on the Auditory Threshold (1978)

Thirty-nine monaural chinchillas were used to study the interaction between sodium salicylate and various TTS-producing noise paradigms. Five animals were included in each of the following three groups: 1) sodium salicylate (400 mg/kg) plus 2–4 kHz, 95 dB SPL noise band for one hour; 2) sodium salicylate (400 me/kg) plus 4 kHz CF octave band noise at 80 dB SPL for 96 hours; and 3) sodium salicylate (400 mg/kg) plus 50 impulses having 50 μsec A-duration and 158 dB peak SPL, presented at one per minute. The remaining 24 animals served as various controls in groups exposed to sodium salicylate or the noise paradigm alone. Thresholds were estimated before, during, and after exposure using the AER technique and cochleagrams were mapped for each cochlea 30 days after exposure. When sodium salicylate was combined with the various noise conditions, the maximum TTS values obtained from the combination studies were comparable to those obtained from the single agent producing the greatest TTS at a particular frequency. No consistent alteration in either magnitude or time course of posttreatment threshold shift was found following the combination treatments as compared to the individual agents alone. Hazard to the auditory system resulting from a combination of sodium salicylate and noise was concluded to be no greater than the hazard presented by either agent alone. This result is also substantiated in the histological results.
MMSE-Based Partial Crosstalk Cancellation for Upstream VDSL (2010)

In current DSL systems, crosstalk is a major source of performance degradation. In the case of in-domain crosstalk and AWGN, it has been shown that the crosstalk can be effectively mitigated using a linear zero-forcing canceler. Furthermore, the complexity can be reduced by only canceling the crosstalk from major crosstalkers on each tone, which is reffered to as partial cancellation. However, such approach does not work e.g. in the case of out-of-domain (alien) crosstalk. As alien crosstalk is spatially correlated, the zero-forcing canceler performs very poorly, hence an alternative linear canceler has to be examined. In this paper, we demonstrate that an MMSE crosstalk canceler provides improved performance compared to the zero-forcing canceler in this scenario and additionally, we also present an efficient algorithm to perform MMSE partial cancellation.
Reconstruction of CT images from sparse-view polyenergetic data using total variation minimization (2015)

Recent work in CT image reconstruction has seen increasing interest in the use of compressive sensing techniques to reconstruct images from sparse-view projection data, with the goal of reducing radiation dose as well as scan time. Most often these reconstruction approaches exploit sparsity in the gradient of the image using total variation (TV) minimization. Following the existing theoretical results from compressive sensing, these approaches typically assume a linear measurement model, which corresponds to data generated from a monoenergetic X-ray beam. Most clinical CT systems generate X-rays from a polyenergetic spectrum, however, which is inconsistent with a linear system model and produces the well-known beam hardening artifacts. Such artifacts have been observed in some studies on sparse-view CT reconstruction using a linear model. In this work we incorporate an existing polyenergetic iterative technique known as polyenergetic SART (pSART) into a TV minimization reconstruction algorithm. Using numerical phantom experiments, we demonstrate that this polyenergetic TV minimization algorithm is able to reconstruct images free of both undersampling and beam hardening artifacts from sparse-view, polyenergetic projection data.
Reactive Polyurethane Adhesives for Bonding Wood (2004)

This article will examine the formulation and use of reactive polyurethane adhesive for bonding wood. Emphasis will be primarily on reactive, moisture curing polyurethanes that are applied as one-component liquids, hot melts and binders for wood composition board.
Optimised Optical Burst Aggregation by Employing Dynamic State-Space Feedback Gain Scheduling Controller (2009)

Abstract—This paper describes the design of a dynamic state-space feedback gain scheduling controller for OBS burst scheduling. It can meet upper layer application requirements, while protecting the network from incurring severe burst loss and end-to-end delay. Through the use of gain scheduling to provide dynamic shifting between different models, the controller provides more accurate modelling than a single linear system approximation. Moreover it employs a MIMO system to consider the interaction between the scheduler parameters, i.e. TimeOut and MaxLenght in order to provide more accurate modelling than a multiple SISO system approximation. Finally the proposed controller model is verified by the use of OPNET simulation. Index Terms—OBS, scheduling, aggregation, feedback control, gain scheduling, dynamic state-space, MIMO. I.
Palladium-catalyzed Cross-coupling of Phenylboronic Acid with Heterocyclic Aromatic Halides (1987)

me coupling reaction of bromo-and iodopyridines with phenylboronic acid (2) by Pd(Ph P) provides a convenient route to 3 4 phenylpyridines, even when electrondonating orwithdrawing substituents are present.The method is also successful for the preparation of other phenylated N-containing heterocycles 5 as phenylquinolines and -pyrimidines.In the course of our biological studies of 2-amino-5-phenylpyridine (a)), a asupectedly carcinogenic pyrolysis product of phenylalanine.' we were also interested in the 3-methyl derivative and its pu-2 tative N -oxygenated metabolites.2 we synthesized 2-amino-5-phenylpyridine (a) and several of its N -oxygenated derivatives1 via a modificafion of the Cedogen arylation of aromtic arnine~.~According t o this method, aminopyridines were diazotized with pentyl nitrite in refluxing benzene.The resulting diazonium compounds coupled with the solvent to give the desired phenylpyridines.Although this procedure was also svitable for the syntheses of the 3-methyl analogues,3 the successfvl palladium-catalyzed cross-coupling of phenylboronic acid (5) with haloarenes, developed by Miyaura er prompted us to investigate this procedure for the synthesis of phenylated N-containing heterocycles, especially because Miller and Dugar were able to prepare mononitrobiphenyls with this m e t h ~d .~ Since 2-nitro-5-bromopyridines are more easily available, the Miyaura method allows to avoid cumber$ome syntheses of 2-nitro-5-aminopyridines, which are the necessary precvrsors for Z-nitr0-5-~henylpyridines in the Cadogan reaction.I First, we examined the coupling reaction of phenylboronie acid (&) with a number of halopyridines I. Treatment of 1 with 2 (I.I mol eq) in the presence of Pd(Ph P) (3 and aqueous sodium car- -3 4bonate (2 mol eq) in benzene at reflux temperatwe gave phenylpyridines 3 in moderate to excellent yields.The results are listed in Table I.
Overview of Transgenic Mouse Models for Alzheimer's Disease (2019)

This review describes several transgenic mouse models of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a devastating neurodegenerative disorder that causes progressive cognitive decline and is diagnosed postmortem by the presence of extracellular amyloid-β (Aβ) plaques and intraneuronal tau neurofibrillary tangles in the cerebral cortex. Currently there is no intervention that cures, prevents, or even slows disease progression. Its complex etiology and pathology pose significant challenges for animal model development, and there is no single model that faithfully recapitulates both the pathological aspects and behavioral phenotypes of AD. Nearly 200 transgenic rodent models of AD have been generated primarily based on mutations linked to Aβ protein misprocessing in the familial form of the disease. More recent models incorporate mutations in tau protein, as well as mutations associated with the sporadic form of the disease. The salient features, strengths, limitations, and key differentiators for the most commonly used and best characterized of these models are considered here. While the translational utility of many of these models to assess the potential of novel therapeutics is in dispute, knowledge of the different models available and a detailed understanding of their features can aid in the selection of the optimal model to explore disease mechanisms or evaluate candidate medications. We comment on the predictive utility of these models considering recent clinical trial failures and discuss trends and future directions in the development of models for AD based on the plethora of clinical data that have been generated over the last decade. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
GLONASS Aided GPS Ambiguity Fixed Precise Point Positioning (2013)

The Precise Point Positioning (PPP) concept enables centimetre-level positioning accuracy by employing one Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver. The main advantage of PPP over conventional Real Time Kinematic (cRTK) methods is that a local reference network infrastructure is not required. Only a global reference network with approximately 50 stations is needed because reference GNSS data is required for generating precise error correction products for PPP. However, the current implementation of PPP is not suitable for some applications due to the long time period (i.e. convergence time of up to 60 minutes) required to obtain an accurate position solution. This paper presents a new method to reduce the time required for initial integer ambiguity resolution and to improve position accuracy. It is based on combining GPS and GLONASS measurements to calculate the float ambiguity positioning solution initially, followed by the resolution of GPS integer ambiguities. The results show that using the GPS/GLONASS float solution can, on average, reduce the time to initial GPS ambiguity resolution by approximately 5% compared to using the GPS float solution alone. In addition, average vertical and horizontal positioning errors at the initial ambiguity resolution epoch can be reduced by approximately 17% and 4%, respectively.
Synthesis, Preferentially Hypoxic Apoptosis and Anti-Angiogenic Activity of 3- Amino-1,2,4-Benzotriazine-1,4-Dioxide Bearing Alkyl Linkers with a 3-Amino-1,2,4- Benzotriazine-1-Oxide Moiety (2014)

3-(Aminoalkylamino)-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide-extended derivatives were synthesized by the structural modification of 3-amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide (tirapazamine, TPZ) that incorporated homologue-alkyl linkers, without or with an extended 3- amino-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1-oxide moiety at the 3-position of the TPZ. According to sequential evaluation of preferentially normoxic and hypoxic cytotoxicities against MCF-7, NCI-H460 and HCT-116, most of the synthesized compounds exhibited hypoxic cytotoxicity greater than or comparable to that of TPZ. Among them, compounds 9a and 9b more powerfully inhibited the proliferation of MCF-7, NCI-H460 and HCT-116 in hypoxia than did TPZ. The representative of 3-(aminoalkylamino)-1,2,4-benzotriazine-1,4-dioxide-extended derivatives, 9a exhibited greater hypoxic cytotoxicity than TPZ, mediated by cell cycle arrest. The induction of DNA damage, the activation of caspase 3/7 and cleaved poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-related apoptosis, which were detected in HCT-116 cells in both normoxia and hypoxia. In vitro anti-angiogenic assay of co-cultured HUVECs and fibroblasts that were exposed to the selected 7b, 8g, 9a and 9b exhibited 80-90% inhibition of tube formation at 20 µM, whereas TPZ exhibited approximately 50% inhibition of tube formation at 20 µM. At 2 µM, 9a and 9b significantly reduced the areas, lengths, paths and joints of tube formation by 70-80% and 45-50%, respectively. These results reveal that most of synthesized TPZ derivatives in this study exhibited more potent anti-angiogenesis than TPZ.
An Energy Storage Principle using Bipolar Porous Polymeric Frameworks (2012)

Packed with energy: Amorphous covalent triazine-based frameworks were used as a cathode material, with the aim of developing an energy storage principle that can deliver a 2-3 times higher specific energy than current batteries with a high rate capability. The material undergoes a unique Faradaic reaction, as it can be present in both a p-doped and an n-doped state (see picture).
Lateral Femoral Cutaneous Nerve Block Revisited: A Nerve Stimulator Technique (1995)

A NS can be used to localize a purely sensory nerve; such as the LFCN, and improve success rates in regional anesthesia.
Intervention with Shiga Toxin (Stx) Antibody after Infection by Stx‐Producing<i>Escherichia coli</i> (2001)

Shiga toxins (Stxs) produced by Escherichia coli (STEC) cause systemic vascular damage, manifested as hemolytic uremic syndrome in humans and as edema disease in pigs. Edema disease, a naturally occurring disease of pigs, was used to determine whether Stx antibodies, administered after infection and after the onset of Stx production, could prevent the systemic vascular damage and clinical disease caused by Stxs. A total of 119 STEC-infected pigs were treated with low, medium, or high doses of Stx antibody or with placebo. After inoculation with STEC, antibodies or placebo was injected intraperitoneally at 2 days postinoculation (DPI; low dose) or 4 DPI (medium and high doses). Edema disease was prevented with the low- and high-dose Stx antibody treatments administered at 2 and 4 DPI, respectively. High-dose antibody treatment also reduced the incidence and extent of vascular lesions. The degree of protection depended on the dose of antibody and the time of administration.
Unrelated-Donor Cord Blood Transplantation for Adult Hematological Malignancies (2003)

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is potentially an attractive new source of hematopoietic stem cells. The extensive and ready availability of UCB offers important logistical advantages compared with traditional unrelated bone marrow. However, the initial concern about engraftment due to the low number of progenitor cells contained in a UCB unit, has limited the use of UCB, mainly for adult patients. In this review, we summarize the most important data available regarding the main aspects of unrelated-donor cord blood transplantation (UD-CBT) in adult patients. We will review the characteristics of UCB and their practical implications, the outcomes of and clinical results after UD-CBT used for hematological malignancies, and the current advances in UD-CBT designed to optimize this procedure. Current data confirm that UD-CBT is a reasonable alternative for those patients lacking a matched bone-marrow donor.
Consumption and Brood Rearing by Caged Honeybees Fed Pollen Substitutes Fortified with Various Sugars (1978)

SummaryNucleus colonies established with newly emerged honeybees reared brood for 10 weeks when fed Wheast, Yeaco, or Amber as their sole protein source. Bees fed whey as their protein source consumed little of it and reared less than 1000 cm2 of brood to the sealed stage. Studies on caged bees showed that the lactose in the whey diets may have caused excessive adult mortality. Yeaco and Amber diets formulated with sucrose were consumed in greater amounts by the colonies than formulations containing other sugars.
On robust stability of the belief propagation algorithm for LDPC decoding (2010)

Abstract — The exact nonlinear loop gain of the belief propagation algorithm (BPA) in its log-likelihood ratio (LLR) formulation is computed. The nonlinear gains for regular lowdensity parity-check (LDPC) error correcting codes can be computed exactly using a simple formula. It is shown that in some neighborhood of the origin this gain is actually much smaller than the identity. Using a small-gain argument, this implies that the BPA is in fact locally input-to-state stable and produces bounded outputs for small-in-norm input LLR vectors. In a larger domain the algorithm produces at least bounded trajectories. Further it is shown that, as the block length increases, these regions exponentially shrink. Index Terms — iterative decoding; LDPC codes; dynamical system; convergence; belief propagation; small-gain theorem I.