gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pre- or post-ischemic treatment with a novel Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor, KB-R7943, shows renal protective effects in rats with ischemic acute renal failure. (2001)

We investigated the effects of pre- or post-ischemic treatment with KB-R7943, a new Na+/Ca2+ exchange inhibitor, on ischemic acute renal failure (ARF) in rats, and these were compared with the effects of verapamil. Ischemic ARF was induced by clamping the left renal pedicle for 45-min followed by reperfusion, 2 weeks after contralateral nephrectomy. Renal function markedly decreased 24 h after reperfusion. Pre-ischemic treatment with KB-R7943 or verapamil attenuated the ARF-induced renal dysfunction. The ischemia/reperfusion-induced renal dysfunction was overcome by post-ischemic treatment with KB-R7943 but not with verapamil. Histopathological examination of the kidney of ARF rats revealed severe renal damage, and suppression of the damage was seen with post-ischemic treatment with KB-R7943. KB-R7943 markedly suppressed the increment of endothelin-1 (ET-1) content in the kidney at 2, 6, and 24 h after reperfusion. No significant changes in Na+/Ca2+ exchanger protein expression in renal tissue were observed with 45-min ischemia, 6 h after reperfusion and KB-R7943 treatment. These results suggest that Ca2+ overload via the reverse mode of Na+/Ca2+ exchange, followed by ET-1 overproduction, seems to play an important role in the pathogenesis of the ischemia/reperfusion-induced ARF. KB-R7943, which is effective in both cases of pre- and post-ischemic treatments, may prove to be an effective therapeutic agent for cases of ischemic ARF.
Uniaxial locked epitaxy of ZnO on the a face of sapphire (2000)

High-quality, c-oriented ZnO epitaxial films have been grown on the a surface using molecular-beam epitaxy. The use of a-oriented sapphire eliminates rotational domains and related structural defects which have limited the use of ZnO in electronic applications. The ZnO epitaxial layers are uniquely oriented with the ZnO/sapphire orientational relationship [0001]‖[112̄0] and 〈112̄0〉‖[0001]. This unique orientation is a consequence of the anisotropy of the a-sapphire surface in conjunction with a strong correlation along a single direction leading to the term uniaxial locked epitaxy. High-resolution x-ray diffraction measurements show an increase in x-ray lateral coherence length from several tens of nanometers to &gt;0.7 μm for growth of c-oriented ZnO on the a surface as opposed to the c surface of sapphire.
The evolution of organic solderability preservatives (OSP) from a temporary protectant to a leadership position in surface finishing chemistry (2011)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of the evolution of organic solderability preservatives (OSP) technology from a temporary anti‐tarnish to an approved process for the lead‐free assembly of high‐reliability printed circuit boards (PCBs). Design/methodology/approach As this is an informational paper, the main approach was to compare and contrast various types of OSP molecules and their fitness for use. Findings The active ingredient of an OSP is one of the most important ingredients that can help to improve the heat resistance, which becomes much more important in conjunction with lead‐free solder. The latest OSP shows excellent stability, even at more than the peak reflow temperatures used with lead‐free solders. The success of any OSP process is highly correlated to process control and maintenance and OSP formulations are not created equal. The thickness of the film is only one difference. However, the key differentiators for OSP coatings are the overall ability of the organic film to resist oxygen penetration and humidity; and withstand the higher temperatures of lead‐free assembly. The author suggests that original equipment manufacturer (OEMs), contract manufacturers and PCB fabricators perform testing and qualification of OSPs using industry‐accepted reliability and solderability testing methods. Research limitations/implications This work represents the author's extensive experience with OSP technology, as well as the results of a collective collaboration with Shikoku Chemical Corporation. The findings represent reliability and solderability testing carried out in various manufacturing sites including cooperation with certain OEMs that are users of circuits fabricated with OSP technology. Originality/value This paper details how critical advances in OSP technology have enabled improvements in solderability and reliability over earlier commercial generations and have further enhanced the solderability of lead‐free assemblies.
Pyrolysis of Aryl Sulfonate Esters in the Absence of Solvent: E1 or E2? A Puzzle for the Organic Laboratory (2008)

The aryl sulfonate ester, menthyl N-acetylsulfanilate, is synthesized from N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride and menthol in pyridine, then pyrolyzed (thermally decomposed) at reduced pressure. The volatile (elimination) products of the reaction are analyzed using gas chromatography, and the resulting product distribution is used to determine whether the thermal decomposition occurs via an E1 mechanism or an E2 mechanism.
Engineering adoptive T cell therapy to co-opt Fas ligand-mediated death signaling in ovarian cancer enhances therapeutic efficacy (2022)

As many ovarian tumors overexpress FasL, an IFP that converts the Fas-mediated death signal into pro-survival and proliferative signals may be used to enhance engineered adoptive T cell therapy for patients.
Microdiversity of phenol hydroxylase genes among phenol-degrading isolates of Alcaligenes sp. from an activated sludge system (2004)

Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR fingerprinting classified 97 phenol-degrading isolates with identical amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA) patterns into six genotypic groups. The 16S rRNA gene of the representative isolate of each group had higher than 99.47% common identity with each other and higher than 98% identity with the type strain of Alcaligenes faecalis. PCR-TGGE (temperature gradient gel electrophoresis) analysis of the genes of the largest subunit of the multi-component phenol hydroxylase (LmPH) in each isolate followed with sequencing showed that isolates within each ERIC-PCR group had identical LmPH gene sequences. Among the six different ERIC-PCR groups, two were found to harbor two different LmPH genes encoding low- and high-Ks (affinity constants) phenol hydroxylases, and the low-Ks type LmPH was identical in sequence with one predominant LmPH of the parental activated sludge. Three ERIC-PCR groups had only the high-Ks type and one had no sequence similar to the known LmPHs. Our work suggests that there is no correlation between the phylogenetic groupings of phenol-degrading bacteria and their LmPH genotypes possibly due to extensive horizontal gene transfer of this functional gene.
RML Glove—An Exoskeleton Glove Mechanism With Haptics Feedback (2014)

This paper presents the design, implementation, and experimental validation of a haptic glove mechanism: the RML glove (Robotics and Mechatronics Lab). The designed haptic interface is a lightweight, portable, and self-contained mechatronic system that fits on a bare hand and provides haptic force feedback to each finger of the hand without constraining their movement. In order to experimentally test the new design, teleportation with this glove for mobile robot navigation is also studied. By comparing teleportation experiments with and without force feedback, the results show that this new admittance (using force as input and position as output) glove with force feedback can provide effective force feedback to the user and augment telepresence.
Sucrose‐specific signalling represses translation of the <i>Arabidopsis ATB2</i> bZIP transcription factor gene (1998)

The Arabidopsis bZIP transcription factor gene ATB2 has been shown previously to be expressed in a light-regulated and tissue-specific way. Here we describe the precise localization of ATB2 expression, using transgenic lines containing an ATB2 promoter-GUS reporter gene construct. The observed expression pattern suggests a role for ATB2 in the control of processes associated with the transport or utilization of metabolites. Remarkably, expression of the ATB2-GUS reporter gene construct was specifically repressed by sucrose. Other sugars, such as glucose and fructose, alone or in combination, were ineffective. Repression was observed at external sucrose concentrations exceeding 25 mM. Transcript levels of both the endogenous ATB2 gene and the ATB2-GUS reporter gene were not repressed by sucrose, suggesting that sucrose affects mRNA translation. This translational regulation involves the ATB2 leader sequence because deletion of the leader resulted in loss of sucrose repression. Our results provide evidence for a sucrose-specific sugar sensing and signalling system in plants.
DC I-V characteristics of field emitter triodes (1991)

A simple model that is applicable to Spindt-type emitter triodes is presented. Experimentally, it has been observed that the gate current at zero collector voltage follows the same Fowler-Nordheim law as the collector current at high collector voltage, and that for low emission current densities, the sum of gate and collector currents is constant for any collector voltage and is given by the Fowler-Nordheim current I/sub FN/. Based on these observations, a simple model has been developed to calculate the I-V characteristics of a triode. By measuring the Fowler-Nordheim emission, emission area and field enhancement can be obtained assuming a value for the barrier height. Incorporating the gate current, the collector current can be calculated from I/sub c/=I/sub FN/-I/sub g/ as a function of collector voltage. The model's accuracy is best at low current density. At higher emission currents, deviations occur at low collector voltages because the constancy of gate and collector currents is violated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Characterization of a new transparent‐conducting material of ZnO doped ITO thin films (2005)

Abstract Thin films of indium tin oxide (ITO) doped with zinc oxide have the remarkable properties of being conductive yet still highly transparent in the visible and near‐IR spectral ranges. The Electron beam deposi‐ tion technique is one of the simplest and least expensive ways of preparing. High‐quality ITO thin films have been deposited on glass substrates by Electron beam evaporation technique. The effect of doping and substrate deposition temperature was found to have a significant effect on the structure, electrical and optical properties of ZnO doped ITO films. The average optical transmittance has been increased with in‐ creasing the substrate temperature. The maximum value of transmittance is greater than 84% in the visible region and 85% in the NIR region obtained for film with Zn/ITO = 0.13 at substrate temperature 200 °C. The dielectric constant, average excitation energy for electronic transitions ( E o ), the dispersion energy ( E d ), the long wavelength refractive index ( n ∞ ), average oscillator wave length ( λ o ) and oscillator strength S o for the thin films were determined and presented in this work. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimal Background Estimators in Single-Molecule FRET Microscopy (2016)

Single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy constitutes an umbrella of powerful tools that facilitate direct observation of the biophysical properties, population heterogeneities, and interactions of single biomolecules without the need for ensemble synchronization. Due to the low signal/noise ratio in single-molecule TIRF microscopy experiments, it is important to determine the local background intensity, especially when the fluorescence intensity of the molecule is used quantitatively. Here we compare and evaluate the performance of different aperture-based background estimators used particularly in single-molecule Förster resonance energy transfer. We introduce the general concept of multiaperture signatures and use this technique to demonstrate how the choice of background can affect the measured fluorescence signal considerably. A new, to our knowledge, and simple background estimator is proposed, called the local statistical percentile (LSP). We show that the LSP background estimator performs as well as current background estimators at low molecular densities and significantly better in regions of high molecular densities. The LSP background estimator is thus suited for single-particle TIRF microscopy of dense biological samples in which the intensity itself is an observable of the technique.
Colicin K Decreases the Density of Intramembrane Particles (IMP) in the Cell Membrane of Escherichia coli (1988)

Toxic effects of both main colicin types, i.e. of porin and nuclease types, involve the direct contact of their molecules with the plasma membrane of sensitive cells. In the present study, it was tested whether this contact provokes a lateral or vertical movement of intramembrane protein particles (IMP) or a direct cleavage of the proteins. IMP were visualized by freeze-fracturing and electron microscopy on the protoplasmic fracture face (PF) of colicin-treated cells of Escherichia coli. Possible changes in distribution and in density of IMP due to treatment with colicins E1-E7 and K were followed. As a control, the bacteria were equilibrated at 0 degrees C before quenching, which caused a reversible formation of smooth areas and a decrease in the mean density of IMP on the PF. Colicins E1-E7 had no clear-cut effect on the disposition of IMP. Only colicin K decreased the IMP density, by 10% in E. coli strain 58-161 and by 17% in strain C6; the distribution of IMP remained homogeneous. Trypsin reactivation of colicin-K-inactivated bacteria was not reflected by restoration of the original density of IMP; on the contrary, it led to a further decrease, of 1-13%, in IMP density, presumably by proteolytic cleavage. Varying densities of IMP in different strains of the same bacterial species (under standard conditions) were confirmed.
Conditional Run-Length and Variable-Length Coding of Digital Pictures (1987)

In earlier publications, we have presented two coding schemes which take into account the conditional statistics of input signals. In the first scheme, the codewords are assigned in such a way as to provide a signal with long runs of zeros and ones. In the second scheme, each picture element is coded by variable-length codewords according to the values of previously transmitted PEL's. In this paper, by providing further results, we examine these coding schemes in greater detail. The performance of both schemes in terms of entropy and bit rate are compared with an optimum predictive coder. The simulation results indicate that these schemes have a significant advantage over standard predictive encoders. Methods to reduce the storage requirement for the encoder and decoder codebooks are also discussed.
Assessing the home food environment nutrient supply using mobile barcode (Universal Product Code) scanning technology (2010)

Purpose Mobile Universal Product Code (UPC), or barcode, scanning technology provides an efficient, accurate and comprehensive method for conducting home food inventories intended to describe the household's nutrient supply. However, heretofore this technology has had limited use in research because of equipment and software complexities. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to describe a data collection system that overcame these complexities. Design/methodology/approach A data collection system was developed that utilized off‐the‐shelf barcode scanners and laptop computers running commercial diet analysis software modified to use two large databases linking UPCs with nutrient data in addition to usual data sources (e.g. USDA Standard Reference). This system was designed for use at the data collection site to ensure 100 percent verification that scanned UPCs on food packages matched database foods and make corrections as needed. This system also permitted researchers to capture the presence of foods lacking standard UPCs (e.g. fresh produce) using a keyword search. To ensure that all data were collected uniformly and new foods not in the original database were added to the database in the same fashion, a protocol flowchart consisting of a series of branching “yes/no” questions was developed and applied to each food of interest in the household. Findings The system was used to conduct household food inventories of 160 families with widely varying socioeconomic strata and races/ethnicities. Households had between 13 and 389 foods on hand, the vast majority of which were identified by standard UPCs. The average inventory took approximately two hours. Study participants expressed interest in the data collection method and were very cooperative. Practical implications Home food inventories conducted by researchers are objective and help minimize reporting errors and social desirability bias; however, the cost (e.g. researcher time, equipment, software, and database licensing) of conducting home food inventories, even using mobile UPC scanning technology, is important to consider. To improve access to databases linking UPCs and nutrients, collaborative links between researchers and industry are needed. Originality/value This paper is among the first to demonstrate the feasibility of using mobile barcode scanning technology to conduct home food inventories on a large‐scale basis and solve the technical problems associated with this data collection methodology.
Comparative studies of polyethylenimine–doxorubicin conjugates with pH‐sensitive and pH‐insensitive linkers (2012)

Doxorubicin (DOX) was conjugated to polyethylenimine (PEI) in several synthetic ways and created PEI-succinic anhydride (SUC)-DOX, PEI-N-succinimidyl 3-maleimidopropionate (SMP)-DOX and PEI-3-maleimidopropionic acid hydrazide (MPH)-DOX conjugates using pH-insensitive linkage (amide bond) or pH-sensitive linkage (hydrazone bond). The effects of the conjugates on anticancer therapy against human breast cancer cells were investigated for in vitro release under different pH, cellular uptake, intracellular localization and antiproliferative activity. DOX release from PEI-MPH-DOX formed via hydrazone bonds occurred in an acid-triggered manner and increased with decreasing pH. But PEI-SUC-DOX and PEI-SMP-DOX formed via amide bonds were quite stable and released negligible DOX under both neutral and acidic conditions. The results from flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy analysis showed that conjugates uptakes were PEI-SUC-DOX > PEI-SMP-DOX > PEI-MPH-DOX, which was consistent with the primary amine content and more efficient than free DOX due to the intense nonspecific interaction between the positively charged conjugates and the negatively charged cell surface proteoglycans. PEI-MPH-DOX showed higher antiproliferative activity than that of PEI-SUC-DOX and PEI-SMP-DOX. The antiproliferative activity of PEI-MPH-DOX was achieved through the endocytosis, nuclear entry of released DOX and interaction with the DNA. However, PEI-SUC-DOX and PEI-SMP-DOX showed more endocytosis but less nuclear entry leading to lower antiproliferative activity. According to the measurements, we determined that enhanced endocytosis and pH-sensitive drug release were the critical processes in determining anticancer therapy of drug-polymer conjugate. The PEI-MPH-DOX conjugate could be sifted to use as a prodrug for cancer therapy and also as a novel delivery carrier to codelivery DOX and gene in further research.
TGF-β1 blockade of microglial chemotaxis toward Aβ aggregates involves SMAD signaling and down-regulation of CCL5 (2010)

Our results suggest that TGF-beta1 reduces Abeta-induced microglial chemotaxis via the SMAD2 pathway. The down-regulation of CCL5 by TGF-beta1 at least partially contributes to the clustering of microglia at Abeta aggregates. The attenuating effects of SB431542 upon TGF-beta1-suppressed microglial clustering may be mediated by restoration of CCL5 to normal levels. TGF-beta1 may ameliorate microglia-mediated neuroinflammation in AD by preventing activated microglial clustering at neuritic plaques.
Über Farbstoffe der Methylenblau‐Gruppe. I. Darstellung von Methylenblau als Vorlesungsversuch (1916)

g Gcf.)) 55.44, * 5.04, )) 6.35.Zum Schluli sei noch Folgeiides erwihnt: Infolge der Heobachtnng, dalJ bei der Einwirkring von Schwefel nuf Inden sich nuch
Binding Site and Affinity Prediction of General Anesthetics to Protein Targets Using Docking (2012)

We demonstrated that anesthetic binding sites and relative affinities can be predicted using docking calculations in an automatic docking server (AutoDock) for both water-soluble and membrane proteins. Correlation of predicted affinity and EC(50) for 6 frequently used general anesthetics was only observed in GLIC, a member of a protein family relevant to anesthetic mechanism.
Co‐poly(vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate‐vinyl alcohol)‐silica nanocomposites from sol–gel process: Morphological, mechanical, and thermal investigations (2012)

Abstract Organic–inorganic nanocomposites consisting of co‐poly(vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate‐vinyl alcohol) and silica were prepared via sol–gel process. Two types of hybrids were prepared, one in which interactions between hydroxyl group present in the copolymer chain and silanol groups of silica network were developed. In the second set, extensive chemical bonding between the phases was achieved through the reaction of hydroxyl groups on the copolymer chains with 3‐isocyanatopropyltriethoxysilane (ICTS). Hydrolysis and condensation of tetraethoxysilane and pendant ethoxy groups on the chain yielded inorganic network structure. Mechanical and thermal behaviors of the hybrid films were studied. Increase in Young's modulus, tensile strength, and toughness was observed up to 2.5 wt % silica content relative to the neat copolymer. The system in which ICTS was employed as binding agent, the tensile strength and toughness of hybrid films increased significantly as compared to the pure copolymer. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that these nanocomposite materials were stable up to 250°C. The glass transition temperature increases up to 2.5 wt % addition of silica in both the systems. Field emission scanning electron microscope results revealed uniform distribution of silica in the copolymer matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
A new gas circulation RIE (2003)

A new gas circulation RIE has been developed. It pumps the exhausted gas still containing usable process gas into the RIE process chamber to be reused. This new gas circulation RIE showed equivalent etching performances of etch rate, selectivity to Si, etching profile, and uniformity in C/sub 4/F/sub 8//CO/Ar contact hole etching process compared to the conventional process, with 50% less C/sub 4/F/sub 8/ and 80% less CO and Ar, of the original input gas flow rates. The reduction of the use of per-fluoro compound (PFC) and other process gases is effective for the suppression of the greenhouse problem and etching process cost.
High-temperature phase transitions in SrHfO <sub>3</sub> : A Raman scattering study (2014)

SrHfO3 (SHO) is probably the leading gate oxide for the Si chip industry. The material is processed at and annealed at high temperature . Unfortunately there are two phase transitions in SrHfO3 in this temperature range, which can affect the quality of the final films processed, especially their channel mobility in SHO-based n-FET. To clarify these transitions and their impact on SrHfO3 processing, we report the temperature dependence of soft phonon modes by Raman spectroscopy. The 1023 K transition is found to be displacive (no disorder) and nearly second order. Significant effects are also seen in the orthorhombic-orthorhombic transition at 670 K.