gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of glucose-containing peritoneal-dialysis solutions on rates of lipogenesis <i>in vivo</i> in the liver, brown and white adipose tissue of chronic uraemic rats (1983)

Chronic uraemic rats had decreased food intake, and this was accompanied by decreased weight of the epididymal fat-pads and interscapular brown adipose tissue. Normal rats whose food intake was restricted to an amount similar to that of the uraemic rats showed similar decreases in weight of the adipose-tissue depots. In addition, the food-restricted rats had decreased liver weight compared with normal or uraemic rats. The basal rate of lipogenesis was decreased in liver and epididymal fat-pads of food-restricted and uraemic rats and in interscapular brown adipose tissue of uraemic rats. Administration of a low-glucose-containing (1.36%) peritoneal-dialysis solution slightly increased lipogenesis in liver of uraemic rats, but had no significant effect in epididymal fat-pads. For brown fat, the rate of lipogenesis was increased in normal, food-restricted and uraemic groups, but the values for the last group were 4-5-fold lower than for the food-restricted or control groups. A high-glucose-containing (3.86%) peritoneal-dialysis solution gave similar rates of lipogenesis in liver, epididymal fat-pads and brown fat of all three groups, but for brown fat moderately uraemic rats showed a considerably lower rate of lipogenesis than did mildly uraemic rats. The basal plasma insulin concentration was lower in the food-restricted (50%) and uraemic (70%) groups than in the control group. The low-glucose peritoneal-dialysis solution increased plasma insulin to control values in the food-restricted rats, but had no significant effect on plasma insulin in the uraemic rats, despite a significant increase in blood glucose in this group. It is concluded that there is an impairment of the lipogenic response to intraperitoneal glucose loads in interscapular brown adipose tissue of uraemic rats, and that this is not due to the accompanying decrease in food intake. The hypoinsulinaemia may be an important factor. The possible relevance of this finding to the obesity observed in some uraemic patients treated by peritoneal dialysis with glucose-containing solutions is discussed.
Validating the LASSO algorithm by unmixing spectral signatures in multicolor phantoms (2012)

As hyperspectral imaging (HSI) sees increased implementation into the biological and medical elds it becomes increasingly important that the algorithms being used to analyze the corresponding output be validated. While certainly important under any circumstance, as this technology begins to see a transition from benchtop to bedside ensuring that the measurements being given to medical professionals are accurate and reproducible is critical. In order to address these issues work has been done in generating a collection of datasets which could act as a test bed for algorithms validation. Using a microarray spot printer a collection of three food color dyes, acid red 1 (AR), brilliant blue R (BBR) and erioglaucine (EG) are mixed together at dierent concentrations in varying proportions at dierent locations on a microarray chip. With the concentration and mixture proportions known at each location, using HSI an algorithm should in principle, based on estimates of abundances, be able to determine the concentrations and proportions of each dye at each location on the chip. These types of data are particularly important in the context of medical measurements as the resulting estimated abundances will be used to make critical decisions which can have a serious impact on an individual's health. In this paper we present a novel algorithm for processing and analyzing HSI data based on the LASSO algorithm (similar to "basis pursuit"). The LASSO is a statistical method for simultaneously performing model estimation and variable selection. In the context of estimating abundances in an HSI scene these so called "sparse" representations provided by the LASSO are appropriate as not every pixel will be expected to contain every endmember. The algorithm we present takes the general framework of the LASSO algorithm a step further and incorporates the rich spatial information which is available in HSI to further improve the estimates of abundance. We show our algorithm's improvement over the standard LASSO using the dye mixture data as the test bed.
Total Synthesis of (+)-Azaspiracid-1. An Exhibition of the Intricacies of Complex Molecule Synthesis (2008)

The synthesis of the marine neurotoxin azaspiracid-1 has been accomplished. The individual fragments were synthesized by catalytic enantioselective processes: A hetero-Diels-Alder reaction to afford the E- and HI-ring fragments, a carbonyl-ene reaction to furnish the CD-ring fragment, and a Mukaiyama aldol reaction to deliver the FG-ring fragment. The subsequent fragment couplings were accomplished by aldol and sulfone anion methodologies. All ketalization events to form the nonacyclic target were accomplished under equilibrating conditions utilizing the imbedded configurations of the molecule to adopt one favored conformation. A final fragment coupling of the anomeric EFGHI-sulfone anion to the ABCD-aldehyde completed the convergent synthesis of (+)-azaspiracid-1.
A New Audiovisual Aid to Heart-Sound Instruction (1968)

The use of audiovisual aids to supplement clinical experience in auscultation continues to be studied and evaluated by medical educators. Early audiovisual aids, such as long-playing tapes and phonograph records, were of limited value because they presented a large amount of information at a fixed rate and sequence, and did not actively engage the student in the learning process. Devices incorporating single-example magnetic disks or electronically simulated heart sounds, coupled with oscilloscopic display, have been major advances but are expensive and often complex to operate. This communication describes a new audiovisual instrument for heart-sound instruction which is inexpensive, simple to operate, and useful both as a self-instructional device and as a classroom aid. It is multidimensional in that it incorporates simultaneous audio and visual representation of heart sounds and a correlative text. <h3>Method</h3> The basic unit is a two-channel tape recorder, unique in that the magnetic tape is mounted on
Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic Determination of Vitamin D in Infant Formulas and Enteral Nutritionals (1992)

Abstract Vitamin D In infant formulas and enteral nutritional products is determined by reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) with UV detection. The sample Is saponified 30 mln at 60°C and extracted Into 60 mL hexane. The hexane layer is then washed and evaporated to dryness. The sample Is reconstituted and added to a 3 mL silica solid-phase extraction column. Vitamins D2 and D3 are eluted from the column with 7 mL methylene chlorlde-lsopropanol mixture (99.8 + 0.2). The eluant is evaporated to dryness and reconstituted In 1 mLacetonltrlle. The acetonitrile solution is analyzed on a C18 reversed-phase LC column (25 cm x 4.6 mm, 5 μm particle size) with UV detection at 265 nm. Linearity for this method between 8 and 2600 lU/qt has shown a coefficient of determination of 1.000, with method precision ranging from 1 to 6%. Spike recoveries gave a mean of 99.1%. Because this method can quantitate and distinguish between vitamin D2 and vitamin D3 In products, vitamin D2 is used as an Internal standard In quantltatlng vitamin D3, and vice versa. The method Is applicable to milk-, soy-, and protein hydrolysate-based infant formulas and enteral nutritional products, both liquid and powder. The sample throughput is estimated to be 24 per day. An AOAC collaborative study of this method is recommended.
TNFα and IFNγ Induced by Innate Anti-adenoviral Immune Responses Inhibit Adenovirus-Mediated Transgene Expression (2001)

The transient nature of adenovirus-mediated transgene expression has been attributed to adaptive immune responses to adenoviral proteins and transgene products. However, the cytokines interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) inhibit transgene expression from adenoviral vectors in vitro by a transcription-related mechanism, and their early induction following vector administration in vivo suggests a contribution of innate immunity in regulating transgene expression. In this study, the significance of cytokine expression and its relation to adaptive and innate immunities were determined in TNFalpha-knockout mice, IFNgamma-knockout mice, or anti-IFNgamma mAb-injected animals. Adenoviral LacZ reporter expression directed by human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) promoters was greater in magnitude and duration than that by the murine CMV (MCMV) promoter. beta-Galactosidase reporter gene expression up to day 7 was greater in cytokine-deficient animals compared with wild type. Decrements in transgene expression occurred in advance of adaptive immune responses and were not due to alterations in specific adaptive immunity or vector clearance in cytokine-depleted mice. We conclude that TNFalpha and IFNgamma inhibit early adenovirus-mediated transgene expression by HCMV and MCMV promoters in vivo. Cytokine inhibition of expression is independent of adaptive immunity and is likely secondary to innate immune responses to adenovirus infection.
Sin and the Hacker Ethic: The Tragedy of Techno-Utopian Ideology in Cyberspace Business Cultures (2020)

This article traces the course of idealistic thinking in the “hacker ethic” of the computer industry, with the aim of diagnosing the unfortunate lapses in business ethics that can ensue from idealistic thinking. Several Silicon Valley companies are mentioned, but Facebook is the prime example, simply because they are the biggest target and clearest example of bad ethics. The original “hacker ethic” was founded on admirable ideals, but the problem occurs when these ideals are used to rationalize a self-serving ideology. Facebook’s history shows how idealistic thinking can become embedded in a business culture. As an antidote to the ethical lapses that may befall such idealistic thinking, this paper argues that the biblical notion of sin can help diagnose the problem and suggest corrective measures. The paper analyzes the corruptive patterns of sin in cyber-tech businesses and closes with practical guidance for business practitioners.
[Atherosclerosis and inflammation: the role of C-reactive protein]. (2003)

C-reactive protein (CRP) is an acute phase protein, the serum concentration of which can increase up to a 1000-fold after the onset of a stimulus. It plays a role in the aspecific immune response to bacteria and fungi and the clearance of apoptotic cell material. Inflammation plays an important role in the aetiology and pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and plaque formation. Approximately fifty percent of acute coronary syndromes are the consequence of unstable plaques rupturing, followed by thrombus formation. A characteristic of these unstable plaques is an increase in inflammatory cells (macrophages and T lymphocytes). The serum concentration of CRP might reflect the amount of inflammation within atherosclerotic plaques and thus might provide an indirect measurement of the instability of the plaques. CRP could therefore have a predictive value for the occurrence of plaque rupture. Furthermore, there are indications that CRP itself is active in the inflammatory process. Prospective studies have shown that so-called high-sensitivity CRP (hsCRP) measurements could be used as a tool for determining the risk for acute coronary syndromes. The inflammation-inhibiting characteristics of statins and acetylsalicylic acid (especially the reduction of the hsCRP level) might contribute to reducing the risk of plaque rupture.
The Nipah Virus Fusion Protein Is Cleaved within the Endosomal Compartment (2005)

Nipah virus (NiV) is a recently emerged and highly pathogenic paramyxovirus that causes a systemic infection in animals and humans and can infect a wide range of cultured cells. Interestingly, the NiV fusion (F) protein has a single arginine at the cleavage site similar to paramyxoviruses that are activated by exogenous trypsin-like enzymes only present in specific cells and tissues and therefore only cause localized infections. We show here that NiV F activation is not mediated by an exogenous serum protease but by an endogenous ubiquitous cellular protease after endocytosis of the protein. In addition to endocytosis, acidification of the endosome is a prerequisite for F cleavage. These results show that activation of the NiV F protein depends on a type of proteolytic cleavage that is clearly different from what is known for other paramyxoviral and orthomyxoviral fusion proteins. To our knowledge, this is the first example of a viral class I fusion protein whose activation depends on clathrin-mediated constitutive endocytosis.
Mapping distribution of fractures in a reservoir with <i>P-S</i> converted waves (1995)

Where reservoir rock is very impermeable (limestones, cherts, dolomite, etc.), fractures may provide all or most of its porosity and effective permeability. Studies of producing oil wells in fractured limestones have determined a single fracture of width 1 mm, under favorable reservoir conditions, can provide sufficient permeability to yield over 1500 m3 (240 bbl) of oil per day. Consequently, mapping locations of high intensity fractures and determining their orientation/lateral extent could be of great value in reservoir development, especially for locating horizontal well sites.
Maximum power tracking of piezoelectric transformer HV converters under load variations (2006)

The problem of maximum power point tracking of high output dc voltage converters that apply piezoelectric transformers (PT) and voltage doublers was studied theoretically and experimentally. It was shown that the operating frequency of the PT, at which maximum power is reached, is a function of the load. Hence, under load variations, and to overcome parameter instability, there is a need for some frequency tracking mechanism that will help to lock the operating frequency to the optimum one. The proposed method to achieve frequency tracking is based on a phase locked loop (PLL). The PLL inputs are the phase of the input voltage driving the PT and the phase of the current flowing through one of the voltage doubler diodes. Theoretical analysis, verified by experiments, shows that when the phase shift of the diode current relative the phase of the input voltage is zero, the voltage gain of the system is at its maximum. By applying this approach, the system's operation can be made independent of input voltage, load variations, temperature (within a permitted range), and the spread and nonlinearity of the PT parameters, as well as their drift with time.
Oriented growth of whiskers of A<sup>III</sup>B<sup>V</sup> compounds by VLS‐mechanism (1975)

Abstract The oriented growth of GaAs, GaP, InAs and GaInAs whiskers on the same (GaAs, GaP) or different (InAs/GaAs, GaInAs/GaAs) substrates was studied. A detailed morphological study of GaAs whiskers on polar A(III), B( 111 ) and non‐polar (001), (011) substrates was performed. The growth conditions for ordered (perpendicular to substrate) growth on the A(111) and B( 111 ) faces were determined. There were found discrete spectra of whisker systems on all substrates with the preferential growth of “arsenic” B{ 111 } faces. The dependence of the growth rate on the whisker diameter is typical for the vapour‐liquid‐solid (VLS) mechanism and is used for the determination of kinetic coefficients for polar faces. There was observed a periodic instability in growth of InAs and GaInAs whiskers.
beta-Agarase from Pseudomonas sp. W7: purification of the recombinant enzyme from Escherichia coli and the effects of salt on its activity. (1997)

The recombinant plasmid (pJAI), harbouring the agarase gene (pjaA) of Pseudomonas sp. W7, was introduced and expressed in Escherichia coli JM83. The agarase was purified using a combination of acetone precipitation and anion-exchange, gel-filtration and affinity chromatographies, with overall yield of 10% from the culture supernatant of E. coli JM83 (pJAI). The purified agarase migrated as a single band (molecular mass 59 kDa) on SDS/PAGE and was found to be beta-agarase, which could hydrolyse the beta-1,4 linkage of agarose to yield neoagarotetraose as the main product. Optimal enzyme activity was at pH 7.8 and the temperature optimum spanned the broad range 20-40 degrees C. The recombinant agarase was halophilic, maximum activity being exhibited at 0.9 M NaCl. This halophilic property could improve the production of neoagaro-oligosaccharides available in a marine environment.
Performance improvement versus robust stability in model reference adaptive control (2002)

The mean square tracking error criterion and the L/sub infinity / tracking error bound criterion are used to assess the performance of a standard robust model reference adaptive control schemes in ideal and nonideal situations. The controller performance is examined in an effort to establish a modified scheme that can have an arbitrarily improved nominal performance in the ideal case and in the presence of bounded disturbances. It is shown that for these cases the modified scheme can provide an arbitrarily improved transient performance and an arbitrary reduction in the size of possible bursts that may occur at steady state. As in the nonadaptive case the nominal performance has to be traded off with robust stability and therefore the improvement in performance achieved by the proposed scheme is limited by the size of the unmodeled dynamics.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibitory Effect of Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) on Luteinizing Hormone-Releasing Hormone and Somatostatin Release From Rat Median Eminence<i>in Vitro</i>Correlated with the Characterization of Specific PAF Receptor Sites in Rat Hypothalamus (1988)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) exhibits a wide range of biological activities, including the stimulation of secretory processes in various cell types. However, little is known regarding its possible influence on the release of brain neuropeptides. In the present study we have examined the effect of PAF on the release of three hypothalamic releasing hormones in adult male rats, and have characterized the presence of specific PAF binding sites in rat hypothalamic membranes. PAF decreased LHRH and somatostatin (SRIF) release from the median eminence with a maximal inhibition at 10(-14) M for both neuropeptides, whereas GRF release was not significantly altered. Moreover, PAF strongly counteracted the Ca2+ ionophore A 23187-stimulated release of LHRH and SRIF from median eminence and medial basal hypothalamus (greater than 50% inhibition). These results suggest an involvement of Ca2+ dependent events in PAF action. This inhibitory effect was specifically exerted at a hypothalamic site because PAF failed to depress LH and GH release from the anterior pituitary. A specific, reversible and saturable binding of [3H]PAF to membrane preparations of rat hypothalamus was demonstrated and two classes of binding sites were characterized. The affinity (KD) of each binding class was 2.14 +/- 0.32 nM and 61.63 +/- 16.4 nM, respectively, and the corresponding maximal number of each binding class was 25.41 +/- 3.2 fmol/mg protein and 146.2 +/- 47.5 fmol/mg protein. In the same conditions no specific binding was observed using rat pituitary membranes. The specificity of PAF analogs for these binding sites was well correlated to their relative effectiveness in altering LHRH and SRIF release (order of potency: L-652,731, kadsurenone greater than BN 52021 greater than Lyso-PAF). These data suggest that the binding sites identified in the hypothalamus have the characteristics expected of a specific PAF receptor and that PAF effect on neuropeptides release is a receptor-mediated process.
A provably-robust sampling method for generating colormaps of large data (2013)

First impressions from initial renderings of data are crucial for directing further exploration and analysis. In most visualization systems, default colormaps are generated by simply linearly interpolating color in some space based on a value's placement between the minimum and maximum taken on by the dataset. We design a simple sampling-based method for generating colormaps that high-lights important features. We use random sampling to determine the distribution of values observed in the data. The sample size required is independent of the dataset size and only depends on certain accuracy parameters. This leads to a computationally cheap and robust algorithm for colormap generation. Our approach (1) uses perceptual color distance to produce palettes from color curves, (2) allows the user to either emphasize or de-emphasize prominent values in the data, (3) uses quantiles to map distinct colors to values based on their frequency in the dataset, and (4) supports the highlighting of either inter- or intra-mode variations in the data.
Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembled Graphene Multilayer Films via Covalent Bonds for Supercapacitor Electrodes (2015)

To maximize the utilization of its single-atom thin nature, a facile scheme to fabricate graphene multilayer films via a layer-by-layer self-assembled process was presented. The structure of multilayer films was constructed by covalently bonding graphene oxide (GO) using p-phenylenediamine (PPD) as a covalent cross-linking agent. The assembly process was confirmed to be repeatable and the structure was stable. With the π-π conjugated structure and a large number of spaces in the framework, the graphene multilayer films exhibited excellent electrochemical performance. The uniform ultrathin electrode exhibited a capacitance of 41.71 μF/cm 2 at a discharge current of 0.1 μA/cm 2 , and displayed excellent stability of 88.9 % after 1000 charge-discharge cycles.
Underbalanced Drilling with Coiled Tubing and Well Productivity (1994)

ABSTRACT Horizontal wells have shown such gains in productivity in many applications that the damage associated with longtime exposure to drilling fluid was, in many cases, accepted. In addition, the dif-ficulty of removing formation damage in a horizontal well has compounded the problem. With many horizontal wells now being left in an openhole status, formation damage becomes even more important. Coiled tubing (CT) drilling has grown from four jobs in 1991 to over 120 (estimated) jobs in 1994. The primary motivations for this growth have been: The ability of CT drilling to finish drilling a well in soft forma-tions faster than a rotary rig, andSafe, rigless underbalanced drilling to greatly reduce forma-tion damage in horizontal wells. This paper reviews the causes of formation damage, both from fluid/solids invasion and stimulation techniques to remove dam-age. An analytical model is used to estimate the productivity index (PI) for various horizontal and vertical permeabilities, well lengths, and reservoir thicknesses for comparison with results from several case studies. Options for underbalanced drilling including fluid selection, gas lift, and seal technology are discussed. Candidate selection cri-teria for those evaluating the possibility of underbalanced hori-zontal drilling are presented.
Selective affinity-based probe for oncogenic kinases suitable for live cell imaging (2013)

Cell permeable probes to image the presence and localization of kinases are important in studying their function and as diagnostic tools. Despite the central role of kinases as therapeutic targets, there are remarkably few probes available. Herein we report the discovery of a probe to image two therapeutically relevant kinases: EGFR and ERBB2. The probe was identified from a library based on a scaffold derived from the resorcyclic acid lactones that form a covalent adduct by reacting specifically with an unconserved cysteine in the nucleotide-binding site of the kinases. We demonstrated the utility of the newly discovered probe by imaging of EGFR localization and ERBB2 inhibition in live cells.