gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Living near heavy traffic increases asthma severity. (2006)

Children and adults who suffer from asthma and live near heavy vehicular traffic are nearly three times more likely to visit the emergency room or be hospitalized for their condition than those who live near low traffic areas, according to this policy brief from the UCLA Center for Health Policy Research. For adults with asthma, medium and high traffic exposure increases the likelihood of daily or weekly asthma symptoms by 40 percent and 80 percent, respectively, compared with low traffic exposure. The policy brief also notes that living in areas of heavy traffic is a burden borne disproportionately by asthma sufferers who are ethnic/racial minorities or from low-income households. Researchers were able to link traffic-related air pollution to asthma severity after merging data from Los Angeles and San Diego County respondents to the 2001 California Health Interview Survey with traffic counts provided by the California Department of Transportation.
Encryption key management for secure communication in smart advanced metering infrastructures (2013)

Smart grid technology can improve environmental sustainability and increase the efficiency of energy management. Because of these important benefits, conventional power grid systems are being replaced with new, advanced smart grid systems utilizing Advanced Metering Infrastructures (AMIs). These smart grid systems rely on current information and communication technology (ICT) to provide enhanced services to both users and utility companies. However, the increased use of ICT makes smart grid systems vulnerable to cyber-attacks, such as spoofing, eavesdropping and man-in-the-middle attacks. A major security concern is related to secure data transmission between the smart meters and the utility. Encryption techniques are typically used for such purpose. However the deployment of encryption techniques in an AMI requires efficient and scalable approaches for managing encryption keys. In this paper, we propose an efficient encryption key management mechanism for end-to-end security in the AMI. By applying certificateless public key cryptography for smart meter key management, our approach eliminates certificate management overhead at the utility. Moreover, our mechanism is practical, because it does not require any extra hardware for authentication of the smart meters.
The WTO, Looking Ahead (2000)

In this Essay, I would like to focus simply on some key points which I believe are central to the WTO's present, and also to its future. This Essay begins by discussing the importance of the rule of law to the WTOs work. Part II talks about changes that have come with an expanding membership. Part III concludes with a review of recent events and an optimistic outlook for the WTO.
Divergent genetic mechanisms underlie reversals to radial floral symmetry from diverse zygomorphic flowered ancestors (2013)

Malpighiaceae possess flowers with a unique bilateral symmetry (zygomorphy), which is a hypothesized adaptation associated with specialization on neotropical oil bee pollinators. Gene expression of two representatives of the CYC2 lineage of floral symmetry TCP genes, CYC2A and CYC2B, demarcate the adaxial (dorsal) region of the flower in the characteristic zygomorphic flowers of most Malpighiaceae. Several clades within the family, however, have independently lost their specialized oil bee pollinators and reverted to radial flowers (actinomorphy) like their ancestors. Here, we investigate CYC2 expression associated with four independent reversals to actinomorphy. We demonstrate that these reversals are always associated with alteration of the highly conserved CYC2 expression pattern observed in most New World (NW) Malpighiaceae. In NW Lasiocarpus and Old World (OW) Microsteria, the expression of CYC2-like genes has expanded to include the ventral region of the corolla. Thus, the pattern of gene expression in these species has become radialized, which is comparable to what has been reported in the radial flowered legume clade Cadia. In striking contrast, in NW Psychopterys and OW Sphedamnocarpus, CYC2-like expression is entirely absent or at barely detectable levels. This is more similar to the pattern of CYC2 expression observed in radial flowered Arabidopsis. These results collectively indicate that, regardless of geographic distribution, reversals to similar floral phenotypes in this large tropical angiosperm clade have evolved via different genetic changes from an otherwise highly conserved developmental program.
Pipeline interleaved programmable DSP's: Architecture (1987)

Programmable processors specialized to intensive numerical computation and real-time signal processing are often deeply pipelined. The ensuing gain in throughput is moderated by the difficulty of efficiently programming such processors. Techniques for overcoming this difficulty are effective only for modest amounts of pipelining. This paper proposes applying an old but rarely used architectural approach to the design of single-chip signal processors so that the potential benefits of extensive pipelining can be fully realized. The architectural approach is to interleave multiple processes (or programs) through a single deeply pipelined processor in such a way that the disadvantages of deep pipelining disappear. Instead, the user is faced with the need to construct programs that can execute as concurrent processes. The main advantage is that much more pipelining can be used without aggravating the programming. A specific experimental architecture is outlined. The solution offered is a "system solution" in that architectural performance is considered along with programmability and ease of use. In the companion paper, data flow programming is suggested so that algorithms can be automatically partitioned for concurrent execution. Data flow provides a natural environment in which to build signal processing programs and can be supported efficiently in an architecture of the type described here.
Cellular Nonlinear Network Based on Semiconductor Tunneling Nanostructure (2005)

We propose and analyze a cellular nonlinear network (CNN) based on a semiconductor nanostructure consisting of multiple layers of two semiconductors along with an incorporated quantum dot layer. An elementary logic cell of the proposed CNN consists of two resonant tunneling diodes connected in series through a quantum dot. The cell may be realized with multiple layers of two semiconductor materials with an embedded dot layer in between. The local interconnections of nanocells are achieved via tunneling between the neighboring quantum dots. Cells may be biased by the common column contacts, and only edge cells have individual I/O ports. Using approximate tunneling characteristics, we simulated network dynamics and found procedures leading to useful logic functionality. In order to illustrate network capabilities for image processing, we present examples of filtering, erosion, dilation, and edge detection carried out on a test image on a 400/spl times/269 cell template. The realization of a number of logic functions in one module is possible due to the incorporation of nonlinear (tunneling) elements for cell interconnections. The proposed CNN architecture for nanostructures demonstrates powerful computing potential that will be beneficial for many practical applications.
Bonding of Gold Nanoclusters to Oxygen Vacancies on Rutile<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">T</mml:mi><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">i</mml:mi><mml:msub><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">O</mml:mi><mml:mn mathvariant="normal">2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo><mml:mn>110</mml:mn><mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo></mml:math> (2003)

Through an interplay between scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we show that bridging oxygen vacancies are the active nucleation sites for Au clusters on the rutile TiO2(110) surface. We find that a direct correlation exists between a decrease in density of vacancies and the amount of Au deposited. From the DFT calculations we find that the oxygen vacancy is indeed the strongest Au binding site. We show both experimentally and theoretically that a single oxygen vacancy can bind 3 Au atoms on average. In view of the presented results, a new growth model for the TiO2(110) system involving vacancy-cluster complex diffusion is presented.
Synthesis of the B, C, and D rings of gibberellic acid (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthesis of the B, C, and D rings of gibberellic acidLloyd J. Dolby, Shervin Esfandiari, Carl A. Elliger, and Kent S. MarshallCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1971, 36, 9, 1277–1285Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00808a024https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00808a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views373Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Alignment Control of a Liquid Crystal on a Photosensitive Polyvinylalcohol Film (1993)

The photoinduced optical anisotropy of an azo dye-doped polyvinylalcohol film has been utilized for controlling the azimuthal alignment of a liquid crystal. The dynamic behaviors of the optical transmission of the film and of a liquid crystal layer aligned on the film are studied using linearly polarized pumping (Ar + laser) and probing (He-Ne laser) beams. The results show that the azo dye-doped polyvinylalcohol film memorizes the information on the polarization direction of the exciting laser beam and the resulting anisotropy induced in the film causes adjacent liquid crystal molecules on the film to rotate azimuthally.
HGF–Met Pathway in Regeneration and Drug Discovery (2014)

Hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is composed of an α-chain and a β-chain, and these chains contain four kringle domains and a serine protease-like structure, respectively. Activation of the HGF-Met pathway evokes dynamic biological responses that support morphogenesis (e.g., epithelial tubulogenesis), regeneration, and the survival of cells and tissues. Characterizations of conditional <i>Met</i> knockout mice have indicated that the HGF-Met pathway plays important roles in regeneration, protection, and homeostasis in various cells and tissues, which includes hepatocytes, renal tubular cells, and neurons. Preclinical studies designed to address the therapeutic significance of HGF have been performed on injury/disease models, including acute tissue injury, chronic fibrosis, and cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The promotion of cell growth, survival, migration, and morphogenesis that is associated with extracellular matrix proteolysis are the biological activities that underlie the therapeutic actions of HGF. Recombinant HGF protein and the expression vectors for HGF are biological drug candidates for the treatment of patients with diseases and injuries that are associated with impaired tissue function. The intravenous/systemic administration of recombinant HGF protein has been well tolerated in phase I/II clinical trials. The phase-I and phase-I/II clinical trials of the intrathecal administration of HGF protein for the treatment of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and spinal cord injury, respectively, are ongoing.
The current status of clinical proteomics and the use of MRM and MRM<sup>3</sup>for biomarker validation (2012)

The transfer of biomarkers from the discovery field to clinical use is still, despite progress, on a road filled with pitfalls. Since the emergence of proteomics, thousands of putative biomarkers have been published, often with overlapping diagnostic capacities. The strengthening of the robustness of discovery technologies, particularly in mass spectrometry, has been followed by intense discussions on establishing well-defined evaluation procedures for the identified targets to ultimately allow the clinical validation and then the clinical use of some of these biomarkers. Some of the obstacles to the evaluation process have been the lack of the availability of quick and easy-to-develop, easy-to-use, robust, specific and sensitive alternative quantitative methods when immunoaffinity-based tests are unavailable. Multiple reaction monitoring (MRM; also called selected reaction monitoring) is currently proving its capabilities as a complementary or alternative technique to ELISA for large biomarker panel evaluation. Here, we present how MRM(3) can overcome the lack of specificity and sensitivity often encountered by MRM when tracking minor proteins diluted by complex biological matrices.
Oxidation, reduction, and electrochemiluminescence of donor-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOxidation, reduction, and electrochemiluminescence of donor-substituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbonsArnold Zweig, Arthur H. Maurer, and Bernard George RobertsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1967, 32, 5, 1322–1329Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01280a009https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01280a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1457Altmetric-Citations151LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Extraction of sea state from HF radar sea echo: Mathematical theory and modeling (1986)

We present mathematical methods for the interpretation of high frequency radar sea‐echo measured by narrow‐beam and CODAR systems. (CODAR is a small transportable radar with a scanning broad beam). These methods are based Barrick's equations for the ocean radar cross section in terms of the directional ocean waveheight spectrum and surface current, using a dimensionless mathematical formulation. In this paper, we describe the simulation of narrow‐ and broad‐beam radar sea‐echo from both deep and shallow water, discussing the effect of ocean surface currents, including vertical and horizontal current shear. This paper provides the mathematical tools for the modeling of common experimental situations in HF radar oceanography; such models are used in subsequent papers that describe the extraction of sea‐state information from HF radar sea‐echo data.
Vaccinia Virus D4 Mutants Defective in Processive DNA Synthesis Retain Binding to A20 and DNA (2010)

Genome replication is inefficient without processivity factors, which tether DNA polymerases to their templates. The vaccinia virus DNA polymerase E9 requires two viral proteins, A20 and D4, for processive DNA synthesis, yet the mechanism of how this tricomplex functions is unknown. This study confirms that these three proteins are necessary and sufficient for processivity, and it focuses on the role of D4, which also functions as a uracil DNA glycosylase (UDG) repair enzyme. A series of D4 mutants was generated to discover which sites are important for processivity. Three point mutants (K126V, K160V, and R187V) which did not function in processive DNA synthesis, though they retained UDG catalytic activity, were identified. The mutants were able to compete with wild-type D4 in processivity assays and retained binding to both A20 and DNA. The crystal structure of R187V was resolved and revealed that the local charge distribution around the substituted residue is altered. However, the mutant protein was shown to have no major structural distortions. This suggests that the positive charges of residues 126, 160, and 187 are required for D4 to function in processive DNA synthesis. Consistent with this is the ability of the conserved mutant K126R to function in processivity. These mutants may help unlock the mechanism by which D4 contributes to processive DNA synthesis.
Nonsinusoidal phase modulations for high-power laser performance control: stimulated Brillouin scattering and FM-to-AM conversion (2010)

High-power lasers, such as the Laser MegaJoule (LMJ), have to be phase modulated to avoid stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) that may strongly damage optics at the end of the laser chain. Current spectral broadening on LMJ is performed with a sinusoidal phase modulation. This pure sinusoidal phase modulation leads to inhomogeneous spectral power densities (SPD). Thus, for a same SBS power threshold, the sinusoidal phase-modulated spectrum has to be larger than the equivalent ideal SPD with isoenergetic peaks. We present in this paper a technique to generate energy-balanced Dirac peaks spectra thanks to nonsinusoidal phase modulations. Thus, we can build a narrower spectrum with a nonsinusoidal phase modulation that has the same SBS threshold as a sinusoidal phase modulation, and we show that FM-to-AM conversion can be strongly reduced, which is of great interest for LMJ laser performance, with reductions up to 40%.
A Mass Spectrometric Study of Some Alkyl-Substituted Phosphines<sup>1</sup> (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Mass Spectrometric Study of Some Alkyl-Substituted Phosphines1Yasuo Wada and Robert W. KiserCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1964, 68, 8, 2290–2295Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100790a044https://doi.org/10.1021/j100790a044research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views57Altmetric-Citations43LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
How fresh is too fresh?: the live reef food fish trade in eastern Indonesia (1996)

Although the live reef food fish trade has become an increasingly &quot;hot&quot; topic in the environmental press in recent months, many of the sources reporting on this practice have tended to focus on issues related to the rampant use of sodium cyanide in the trade, rather than the more pressing matter of the looming potential for overexploitation engendered by this practice. Presented in this article is a brief overview of the live reef food fish trade as it is practiced in eastern Indonesia covering the methods used and economics, geographic extent and numerous deleterious effects of the fishery.
MDMA-assisted psychotherapy for people diagnosed with treatment-resistant PTSD: what it is and what it isn’t (2020)

MDMA-assisted psychotherapy may help people who have experienced psychological trauma and who have not been able to resolve their problems through existing treatments, however more research is needed. If this is to get appropriate research attention, we must report this accurately and objectively.
Aerosol therapy past, present, and future: a clinician's perspective. (2000)

IntroductionWhy Use the Inhaled Route for Pulmonary Disease?Speed of OnsetImproved Therapeutic Index1970–2000: An Era of Relative Under-AchievementDevice IssuesPatient-Related FactorsComparison With Oral TherapyInfluence of Patient Factors on the Therapeutic IndexAerosol MythsMyth 1: “Aerosol Therapy Is Complex”Myth 2: “Current Devices Are Good Devices”The Need for a Journal of Irrelevant Aerosol TherapyAerosol Delivery for Nonasthma Pulmonary ConditionsHow Should We Cope with Existing Technology?The Future[Respir Care 2000;45(6):769–776] Key words: aerosol, metered-dose inhaler,nebulizer, dry powder inhaler.IntroductionThe publication of the Consensus Statement on Aero-sols and Delivery Devices in this issue of R
Nitrated and oxidized plasma proteins in smokers and lung cancer patients. (2001)

Cigarette smoking is a cause of lung cancer and other respiratory diseases. Oxidants either present in cigarette smoke and/or formed in the lung of smokers may trigger oxidative and nitrative damage to DNA and cellular components, contributing to carcinogenesis. We have used immunodot and Western blot analyses to measure nitrated (nitrotyrosine-containing) and oxidized (carbonyl-containing) proteins in plasma samples collected from 52 lung cancer patients and 43 control subjects (heavy and light smokers, nonsmokers with or without exposure to environmental tobacco smoke). The levels of nitrated proteins were significantly higher in lung cancer patients than in controls (P = 0.003). On the other hand, the levels of oxidized proteins were significantly higher in smokers than in nonsmokers (P < 0.001). Western-blot analyses showed the presence of two to five nitrated proteins and one oxidized protein. Using immunoprecipitation and Western-blot analyses with eight different antibodies against human plasma proteins, we identified fibrinogen, transferrin, plasminogen, and ceruloplasmin as nitrated proteins and fibrinogen as the only oxidized protein present in human plasma of lung cancer patients and smokers. Our results indicate that cigarette smoking increases oxidative stress and that during lung cancer development, formation of reactive nitrogen species results in nitration and oxidation of plasma proteins.