gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Raman Spectroscopy of Graphene Edges (2009)

Graphene edges are of particular interest since their orientation determines the electronic properties. Here we present a detailed Raman investigation of graphene flakes with edges oriented at different crystallographic directions. We also develop a real space theory for Raman scattering to analyze the general case of disordered edges. The position, width, and intensity of G and D peaks are studied as a function of the incident light polarization. The D-band is strongest for polarization parallel to the edge and minimum for perpendicular. Raman mapping shows that the D peak is localized in proximity of the edge. For ideal edges, the D peak is zero for zigzag orientation and large for armchair, allowing in principle the use of Raman spectroscopy as a sensitive tool for edge orientation. However, for real samples, the D to G ratio does not always show a significant dependence on edge orientation. Thus, even though edges can appear macroscopically smooth and oriented at well-defined angles, they are not necessarily microscopically ordered.
II - The necessity for structural reform (1948)

II - The necessity for structural reform: The Structure of Enterprise. Un article de la revue Relations industrielles / Industrial Relations (Volume 3, numéro 6, février 1948, p. 81-96) diffusée par la plateforme Érudit.
Effects of adiponectin on breast cancer cell growth and signaling (2008)

Obesity is a risk factor for postmenopausal breast cancer. Adiponectin/Acrp30 is lower in obese individuals and may be negatively regulating breast cancer growth. Here we determined that five breast cancer cell lines, MDA-MB-231, MDA-MB-361, MCF-7, T47D, and SK-BR-3, expressed one or both of the Acrp30 receptors. In addition, we found that the addition of Acrp30 to MCF-7, T47D, and SK-BR-3 cell lines inhibited growth. Oestrogen receptor (ER) positive MCF-7 and T47D cells were inhibited at lower Acrp30 concentrations than ER-negative SK-BR-3 cells. Growth inhibition may be related to apoptosis since PARP cleavage was increased by Acrp30 in the ER-positive cell lines. To investigate the role of ER in the response of breast cancer cells to Acrp30, we established the MDA-ERalpha7 cell line by insertion of ER-alpha into ER-alpha-negative MDA-MB-231 cells. This line readily formed tumours in athymic mice and was responsive to oestradiol in vivo. In vitro, MDA-ERalpha7 cells were growth inhibited by globular Acrp30 while the parental cells were not. This inhibition appeared to be due to blockage of JNK2 signalling. These results provide information on how obesity may influence breast cancer cell proliferation and establish a new model to examine interactions between ER and Acrp30.
Asymmetric synthesis of sulfinimines: applications to the synthesis of nonracemic .beta.-amino acids and .alpha.-hydroxyl .beta.-amino acids (1992)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric synthesis of sulfinimines: applications to the synthesis of nonracemic .beta.-amino acids and .alpha.-hydroxyl .beta.-amino acidsFranklin A. Davis, R. Thimma Reddy, and Rajarathnam E. ReddyCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1992, 57, 24, 6387–6389Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1992Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1992https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00050a007https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00050a007research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1055Altmetric-Citations129LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Social Conditions as Fundamental Causes of Disease (1995)

Over the last several decades, epidemiological studies have been enormously successful in identifying risk factors for major diseases. However, most of this research has focused attention on risk factors that are relatively proximal causes of disease such as diet, cholesterol level, exercise and the like. We question the emphasis on such individually-based risk factors and argue that greater attention must be paid to basic social conditions if health reform is to have its maximum effect in the time ahead. There are two reasons for this claim. First we argue that individually-based risk factors must be contextualized, by examining what puts people at risk of risks, if we are to craft effective interventions and improve the nation's health. Second, we argue that social factors such as socioeconomic status and social support are likely "fundamental causes" of disease that, because they embody access to important resources, affect multiple disease outcomes through multiple mechanisms, and consequently maintain an association with disease even when intervening mechanisms change. Without careful attention to these possibilities, we run the risk of imposing individually-based intervention strategies that are ineffective and of missing opportunities to adopt broad-based societal interventions that could produce substantial health benefits for our citizens.
Quantum Levitation of Graphene Sheet by Repulsive Casimir Forces (2010)

We calculate the repulsive Casimir force between a single graphene sheet and a metamaterial slab whose magnetic permeability is expressed by using the Lorentz model, focusing on the possibility of realizing quantum levitation. It is shown that the graphene sheet can be levitated by the repulsive Casimir force because of the very small density of the graphene sheet. The levitation height depends on the magnetic properties of the metamaterial slab, and this height reaches the micrometer range when metamaterials with large permeabilities are used. The possibility of observing quantum levitation in vacuum is also considered. [DOI: 10.1380/ejssnt.2010.57]
Magnetophotoluminescence of biaxially compressed InAsSb quantum wells (1995)

Heterostructures with biaxially compressed InAsSb are being considered as active regions for midwave infrared diode lasers. Quantum wells of biaxially compressed InAs1−xSbx (x≊0.09) in unstrained InAs were characterized using magnetophotoluminescence. The quantum size shift of the photoluminescence for a series of quantum wells produced an estimate of the conduction band offset. In magnetic field studies, the holes in the strained quantum wells exhibited a decrease in effective mass, approaching that of the electrons. A type I band offset was observed for these InAsSb/InAs heterostructures. Throughout this study, magnetoexcitonic behavior is observed; our analysis indicates that the exciton binding energy increases with quantum confinement.
Deficiency of kappa- or lambda-type immunoglobulins (1976)

A marked imbalance of the two light chain types of immunoglobulins was observed in two young male adults suffering from primary hypogammaglobulinemia and intrinsic factor-deficient pernicious anemia. In one patient, the kappa/lambda light chain ratio of serum immunoglobulins was 0.01; in the other, it was approximately 6 (normal value, 1.8 +/- 0.3). This light chain imbalance was found within each of the three main immunoglobulin classes. The number of mature immunoglobulin-producing cells in the bone marrow and in the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract was reduced. The relative frequency of kappa- and lambda-producing cells in these tissues corresponded to the kappa/lambda ratio of serum immunoglobulins. However, the number of peripheral lymphocytes with membrane-associated immunoglobulins as well as the percentage distribution of blood lymphocytes with kappa- or lambda-type immunoglobulins on the membrane were within normal limits in both cases. The results suggested a hitherto unknown defect in the maturation of B-cells leading to an abnormal ratio of kappa- and lambda-type immunoglobulin-secreting cells.
Near-optimal multiuser detection in synchronous CDMA using probabilistic data association (2001)

A probabilistic data association (PDA) method is proposed in this letter for multiuser detection over synchronous code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication channels. PDA models the undecided user signals as binary random variables. By approximating the inter-user interference (IUI) as Gaussian noise with an appropriately elevated covariance matrix, the probability associated with each user signal is iteratively updated. Computer simulations show that the system usually converges within three to four iterations, and the resulting probability of error is very close to that of the optimal maximum-likelihood (ML) detector. Further modifications are also presented to significantly reduce the computational cost.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Simple Synthesis of Amino Sugar β‐D‐Glycosylamines. (1986)

Abstract Durch direkte Kondensation der freien Aminozucker (I) und (III) mit Ammoniumhydrogencarliefert.
High Temperature Stable Operation of 1.3-$\mu$m Quantum-Dot Laser Integrated With Single-Mode Tapered Si$_{3}$N$_{4}$ Waveguide (2012)

A photonic-integrated circuit consisting of a 1.3-μm quantum-dot laser and Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> single-mode tapered waveguide, suitable for high temperature operation, is demonstrated. The laser active region incorporates p-doping, tunnel injection, and a superlattice barrier. The temperature dependence of the threshold current of the discrete laser is characterized by T <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ~ ∞ in the temperature range 5 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C ≤ T ≤ 60 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C and 90 K in the range 60 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C <; T ≤ 85 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">°</sup> C. The Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> tapered waveguide is monolithically integrated with a 2.1-μm coupling groove. The insertion loss of a 160-μm waveguide in the integrated circuit is 2.47 dB.
Receptor-operated calcium influx in rat hepatocytes. Identification and characterization using manganese. (1990)

Agonist-stimulated divalent cation entry was studied in fura-2-loaded hepatocytes. In the presence of extracellular Mn2+, the Ca2(+)-mobilizing hormone vasopressin produced a severalfold stimulation of the basal rate of fura-2 fluorescence quenching as a result of Mn2+ influx; this effect was blocked by the presence of Ni2+ in the incubation medium. Half-maximum and maximum stimulation of Mn2+ influx was observed with 0.1 and 0.8 nM vasopressin, respectively. Agonist-stimulated Mn2+ influx was also seen with angiotensin II, ATP, phenylephrine, and the combination of AlCl3 and NaF. The stimulation of Mn2+ influx did not occur immediately after addition of Ca2(+)-mobilizing agents, but was characterized by a latency period of 20-30 s. In contrast to vasopressin, glucagon did not stimulate Mn2+ influx into hepatocytes, but produced both a 3-fold enhancement of the rate of vasopressin-stimulated Mn2+ entry and the abolishment of the latency period. The effects of glucagon were mimicked by forskolin and dibutyryl cAMP. Pretreatment of hepatocytes with pertussis toxin or depolarization of the cells altered neither the basal rate of Mn2+ entry nor the ability of vasopressin to stimulate this rate. Emptying of the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-sensitive Ca2+ store by treatment with 2,5-di-(tert-butyl)-1,4-benzohydroquinone (tBuBHQ) did not enhance Mn2+ entry into hepatocytes; however, exposure of the cells to tBuBHQ for 2 min markedly enhanced the ability of vasopressin, alone or in combination with glucagon, to increase the rate of Mn2+ influx. Furthermore, pretreatment with tBuBHQ for 2 min abolished the latency of vasopressin-stimulated Mn2+ influx. It is concluded that Ca2(+)-mobilizing hormones stimulate Ca2+ influx in hepatocytes, possibly through receptor-operated Ca2+ channels. The stimulation of divalent cation entry is transduced by a G protein, and the rate of influx appears to be controlled both by the intracellular level of cAMP and the empty state of an intracellular Ca2+ pool that may be inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-insensitive.
Integrated Bioassays for Screening Chemical and Biological Species (2010)

The idea of having an entire biological assay system on a single silicon wafer is promising with significant advantages in improving experimental throughput and sensitivity. This thesis presents three unique biological assays combining microfluidics and microelectronics technologies for high-throughput screening of biological samples: electronic sensors for detecting biomolecular charges, microchannels to characterize worm locomotion, and modulated trenches for differentiating mutant phenotypes. The first chapter reports a novel floating-gate biosensor to detect and sense nanoscale charged particles such as charged poly amino acids. The device is fully CMOS compatible and has the ease of mass production. The new architecture of the floating gate enables scaling of the device area and incorporation of on-chip readout lines. Testing results show a strong sensitivity to the polarity and concentration of different poly amino acids tested. CMOS compatibility of the device is particularly useful while designing autonomous systems for biochemical sensing which require the on-chip integration of sensors, control circuitry, memory devices, and power lines. The second chapter presents microfluidic bioassays for the phenotypic characterization of a certain class of animal and plant microorganisms called nematodes. Nematodes cause huge economic loss every year to agriculture and farm animals. In humans, exposure to meat or crops infected with nematodes cause long-term depression and reduced work productivity. However, with prolonged exposure to anthelmintic drugs, nematodes have evolved into new strains with varying levels of resistance to known drugs. With a goal to differentiate different isolates, the bioassay measures phenotype using parameters of
Multiple domains are involved in the interaction of endothelial cell thrombospondin with fibronectin (1989)

Thrombospondin is a large multifunctional glycoprotein synthesized, secreted and incorporated into the extracellular matrix by several cell types in culture. It is also present in the blood platelet and is secreted following platelet activation. We have previously shown that thrombospondin co-distributes with fibronectin in the extracellular matrix and that it can bind directly to purified fibronectin. In order to elucidate the chemical aspects of thrombospondin incorporation into the extracellular matrix, we studied the interaction of endothelial cell thrombospondin and fibronectin. We find that endothelial cell thrombospondin has two distinct binding domains for fibronectin. One domain is on the 70-kDa core fragment, probably similar to that of platelet thrombospondin. The other domain is on the 27-kDa N-terminal fragment and is unique to endothelial cell thrombospondin. The dissociation constant of the intact endothelial-cell-derived molecule is 0.7 +/- 0.2 x 10(-7) M. Following fragmentation, the separate domains bind with somewhat lower affinity: the core domain binds with a Kd of 3.4 +/- 1.5 x 10(-7) M and the N-terminal domain binds with a Kd of 8.8 +/- 1.8 x 10(-7) M. Binding of the intact molecule is Ca2+-independent. By contrast, following tryptic fragmentation, binding of the 70-kDa fragment is practically lost. It can be restored, however, by removal of Ca2+, indicating that the binding site on this domain is either sequestered or becomes so following fragmentation. Heparin, which also binds to both fragments, competed with fibronectin binding to the 27-kDa fragment but not to the 70-kDa domain. The fact that heparin also competitively inhibits fibronectin binding of the intact molecule further supports sequestration of the fibronectin-binding domain on the 70-kDa core fragment. Our data suggest that endothelial-cell thrombospondin possesses two distinct binding sites for fibronectin, a low-affinity constitutively available one and a high-affinity one, possibly sequestered on the intact unbound molecule.
Estimating Detection Limits in Ultratrace Analysis. Part II: Detecting and Counting Atoms and Molecules (1992)

Although the limit of detection (LOD) is a widely used means of indicating the detection power of an analytical technique, the application of conventional detection limit theory is not straightforward with respect to laser spectroscopic methods which are capable of detecting single atoms or molecules in the laser beam. In this paper, theoretical considerations in the detection and evaluation of these methods are addressed on the basis of a simple model of a typical laser spectroscopic experiment; in addition, the theoretical requirements for the precise counting of atoms, and factors which influence the signal variance in the model, are considered. Simple Monte Carlo computer simulations are used to verify and demonstrate the application of the theory of single atom detection (SAD) to typical experimental situations.
Nature of the Reactions of Monocalcium Phosphate Monohydrate in Soils: II. Dissolution and Precipitation Reactions Involving Iron, Aluminum, Manganese, and Calcium (1959)

Abstract TPS, the solution in equilibrium with monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCP) and anhydrous dicalcium phosphate, was reacted with successive increments of Hartsells fine sandy loam (pH 4.6) and Rosebud loam (pH 7.6). The experiments were designed to simulate chemical conditions that may occur in soil surrounding a dissolving granule of MCP. Reaction of soil with TPS (pH 1.01, 4.50 M P, and 1.34 M Ca) resulted in the dissolution of Fe, Al, Mn, Ca, and other constituents from the soil. As successive soil increments were contacted by the solution, simulating its movement from a fertilizer granule, the dissolution processes continued and pH of the solution increased. The solution soon became supersaturated with respect to certain phosphate compounds that slowly began to precipitate. During these reactions with Hartsells soil, Al in solution reached 0.7 M , Fe 0.2 M , and Mn 0.009 M . With Rosebud soil, the concentrations of Fe and Al were slightly less. TPS in contact with soil dissolved Mn more readily than Al, and Al more readily than Fe. With time and rise in pH, the precipitation of these cations was in the order Fe > Al > Mn. Most of the filtrates obtained from reaction of soil with TPS precipitated solids upon standing. Some of these solids were identified by microscopic and X‐ray analyses as crystalline Fe, Al, or Ca phosphates, while others were colloidal, amorphous precipitates that were not identifiable by these methods.
Long-term High-Colloid Oncotic Therapy for Ischemic Brain Edema in Gerbils (1995)

Long-term high-colloid oncotic pressure was effective in treating ischemic brain edema, probably acting by diminishing the bulk flow through the disrupted blood-brain barrier and ameliorating the vasogenic edema.
Mono-carboxylated diaminedichloridoplatinum(<scp>iv</scp>) complexes – selective synthesis, characterization, and cytotoxicity (2011)

(OC-6-43)-Dichlorido(N,N-dimethyl-ethane-1,2-diamine)dihydroxidoplatinum(IV) could selectively be mono-carboxylated with succinic anhydride based on the steric hindrance caused by the two methyl groups of the equatorial ligand. Subsequent esterification of the uncoordinated carboxylic acid with alcohols of different lengths (methanol, butanol, hexanol and octanol) afforded the corresponding esters. The synthesized complexes were characterized in detail by elemental analysis, ESI-MS, multinuclear ((1)H, (13)C, (15)N and (195)Pt) NMR spectroscopy and in two cases by X-ray crystallography. Cytotoxicity of novel platinum(IV) compounds was investigated in four human cancer cell lines (CH1, A549, SW480 and SK-OV-3). Remarkably, the most lipophilic complexes showed IC(50) values down to the low micromolar or even nanomolar range.
Quantum Computational Complexity of the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>N</mml:mi></mml:math>-Representability Problem: QMA Complete (2007)

We study the computational complexity of the N-representability problem in quantum chemistry. We show that this problem is quantum Merlin-Arthur complete, which is the quantum generalization of nondeterministic polynomial time complete. Our proof uses a simple mapping from spin systems to fermionic systems, as well as a convex optimization technique that reduces the problem of finding ground states to N representability.
Kinetic Analysis by HPLC−Electrospray Mass Spectrometry of the pH-Dependent Acyl Migration and Solvolysis as the Decomposition Pathways of Ifetroban 1-<i>O</i>-Acyl Glucuronide (1998)

The decomposition of both α- and β-anomers of ifetroban 1-O-acyl glucuronide in an aqueous medium was studied at ambient temperature (23 °C). An HPLC/MS technique was used to investigate the decomposition of these anomers via hydrolysis and acyl migration over a pH range of 1.0−13.0. It was found that while no acyl migration occurred at pH ≤4.0, hydrolysis occurred at both acidic and basic pH. The hydrolysis rate was the slowest within the pH range of 3.0−4.0. Outside this range, the rate of hydrolysis increased as the pH was increased or decreased. The acyl migration at pH 5.0 was very slow, but the rate increased as the pH was increased. First-order rate constants (in h-1), as a function of pH, were estimated according to a simplified scheme for both hydrolysis and acyl migration processes. Methanolysis of the β-anomer was studied in 80% or 100% methanol in water and also in 20% methanol in aqueous buffer solutions with apparent pH values of 3.0, 6.0 and 9.0. A systematic study of varying the pH and ionic strength of the HPLC mobile phase showed that both parameters significantly affected the resolution and retention times of the positional isomers and anomers. The HPLC method developed was capable of separating all the positional isomeric glucuronides and their anomers.