gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highest Resolution In Vivo Human Brain MRI Using Prospective Motion Correction (2015)

High field MRI systems, such as 7 Tesla (T) scanners, can deliver higher signal to noise ratio (SNR) than lower field scanners and thus allow for the acquisition of data with higher spatial resolution, which is often demanded by users in the fields of clinical and neuroscientific imaging. However, high resolution scans may require long acquisition times, which in turn increase the discomfort for the subject and the risk of subject motion. Even with a cooperative and trained subject, involuntary motion due to heartbeat, swallowing, respiration and changes in muscle tone can cause image artifacts that reduce the effective resolution. In addition, scanning with higher resolution leads to increased sensitivity to even very small movements. Prospective motion correction (PMC) at 3T and 7T has proven to increase image quality in case of subject motion. Although the application of prospective motion correction is becoming more popular, previous articles focused on proof of concept studies and technical descriptions, whereas this paper briefly describes the technical aspects of the optical tracking system, marker fixation and cross calibration and focuses on the application of PMC to very high resolution imaging without intentional motion. In this study we acquired in vivo MR images at 7T using prospective motion correction during long acquisitions. As a result, we present images among the highest, if not the highest resolution of in vivo human brain MRI ever acquired.
Development of Gene Transfer Systems for Lactobacillus bulgaricus (1994)

[in Japanese]
Localized Protein Interaction Surfaces on the EntB Carrier Protein Revealed by Combinatorial Mutagenesis and Selection (2006)

Carrier proteins are 80- to 100-residue way stations that are central to polyketide synthase (PKS) and nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) enzymatic assembly lines. Because the biosynthetic intermediates for catalytic operations are presented on carrier proteins as covalently attached thioesters (via a 4'-phosphopantetheine prosthetic group), the specific protein-protein interactions between carrier proteins and other NRPS/PKS domains are critical for high-fidelity conversion to the final product. Here we show by combinatorial mutagenesis and selection that the aryl carrier protein of EntB (EntB-ArCP) contains localized protein interaction surfaces. Our strategy involved random mutagenesis of N-terminal regions of EntB-ArCP, then selection for clones that produce enterobactin by plating onto iron-deficient media. We identified several residues that were highly conserved from our selection, two of which (G242 and D244) constitute an interaction surface on EntB-ArCP for the phosphopantetheinyl transferases (PPTases) EntD and Sfp. This PPTase interface is distinct from a previously characterized interface on EntB-ArCP for the downstream elongation module, EntF. These results suggest that different protein components recognize different faces of EntB-ArCP in the enterobactin synthetase and that the majority of EntB-ArCP surface residues are not involved in these interactions. Therefore, designing noncognate carrier protein interactions in PKS and NRPS systems should be possible with very few mutations on a particular carrier protein.
Enhanced Transport Capabilities via Nanotechnologies: Impacting Bioefficacy, Controlled Release Strategies, and Novel Chaperones (2011)

Emerging nanotechnologies have, and will continue to have, a major impact on the pharmaceutical industry. Their influence on a drug's life cycle, inception to delivery, is rapidly expanding. As the industry moves more aggressively toward continuous manufacturing modes, utilizing Process Analytical Technology (PAT) and Process Intensification (PI) concepts, the critical role of transport phenomena becomes elucidated. The ability to transfer energy, mass, and momentum with directed purposeful outcomes is a worthwhile endeavor in establishing higher production rates more economically. Furthermore, the ability to obtain desired drug properties, such as size, habit, and morphology, through novel manufacturing strategies permits unique formulation control for optimum delivery methodologies. Bottom-up processing to obtain nano-sized crystals is an excellent example. Formulation and delivery are intimately coupled in improving bio-efficacy at reduced loading and/or better controlled release capabilities, minimizing side affects and providing improved therapeutic interventions. Innovative nanotechnology applications, such as simultaneous targeting, imaging and delivery to tumors, are now possible through use of novel chaperones. Other examples include nanoparticles attachment to T-cells, release from novel hydrogel implants, and functionalized encapsulants. Difficult tasks such as drug delivery to the brain via the blood brain barrier and/or the cerebrospinal fluid are now easier to accomplish.
Non‐viral cellular substrates for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 protease (1991)

A computer search revealed 10 proteins with homology to the sequence we originally identified in vimentin as the site of cleavage by human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) protease. Of these 10 proteins (actin, alpha-actinin, spectrin, tropomyosins, vinculin, dystrophin, MAP-2, villin, TRK-1 and Ig mu-chain), we show that 4 of the first 5 were cleaved in vitro by this protease, as are MAP-1 and -2 [(1990) J. Gen. Virol. 71, 1985-1991]. In these proteins, cleavage is not restricted to a single motif, but occurs at many sites. However, cleavage is not random, since 9 other proteins including the cytoskeletal proteins filamin and band 4.1 are not cleaved in the in vitro assay. Thus, the ability of HIV-1 protease to cleave specific components of the cytoskeleton may be an important, although as yet unevaluated aspect of the life cycle of this retrovirus and/or may directly contribute to the pathogenesis observed during infection.
A Pulse-Operated Auto-Correlator (1952)

Apart from the multiplying and integrating components the machine employs only relays and simple electronic circuits. Operation is based upon the storage of samples of the input signal on a number of condensers connected to the contact banks of 2 uniselectors, the wipers of which can be rotated at the same speed but with any desired angular separation equivalent to the required values of the correlation interval (Tau). An instrument was constructed and tested with an input approximating a sine wave. The amplitude was 30 v and the equivalent sampling rate was 12/c. The tests demonstrated that the principle is sound and that the instrument built provides the basis for a practical machine.
Roles of Cocatalysts in Photocatalysis and Photoelectrocatalysis (2013)

Since the 1970s, splitting water using solar energy has been a focus of great attention as a possible means for converting solar energy to chemical energy in the form of clean and renewable hydrogen fuel. Approaches to solar water splitting include photocatalytic water splitting with homogeneous or heterogeneous photocatalysts, photoelectrochemical or photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) water splitting with a PEC cell, and electrolysis of water with photovoltaic cells coupled to electrocatalysts. Though many materials are capable of photocatalytically producing hydrogen and/or oxygen, the overall energy conversion efficiency is still low and far from practical application. This is mainly due to the fact that the three crucial steps for the water splitting reaction: solar light harvesting, charge separation and transportation, and the catalytic reduction and oxidation reactions, are not efficient enough or simultaneously. Water splitting is a thermodynamically uphill reaction, requiring transfer of multiple electrons, making it one of the most challenging reactions in chemistry. This Account describes the important roles of cocatalysts in photocatalytic and PEC water splitting reactions. For semiconductor-based photocatalytic and PEC systems, we show that loading proper cocatalysts, especially dual cocatalysts for reduction and oxidation, on semiconductors (as light harvesters) can significantly enhance the activities of photocatalytic and PEC water splitting reactions. Loading oxidation and/or reduction cocatalysts on semiconductors can facilitate oxidation and reduction reactions by providing the active sites/reaction sites while suppressing the charge recombination and reverse reactions. In a PEC water splitting system, the water oxidation and reduction reactions occur at opposite electrodes, so cocatalysts loaded on the electrode materials mainly act as active sites/reaction sites spatially separated as natural photosynthesis does. In both cases, the nature of the loaded cocatalysts and their interaction with the semiconductor through the interface/junction are important. The cocatalyst can provide trapping sites for the photogenerated charges and promote the charge separation, thus enhancing the quantum efficiency; the cocatalysts could improve the photostability of the catalysts by timely consuming of the photogenerated charges, particularly the holes; most importantly, the cocatalysts catalyze the reactions by lowering the activation energy. Our research shows that loading suitable dual cocatalysts on semiconductors can significantly increase the photocatalytic activities of hydrogen and oxygen evolution reactions, and even make the overall water splitting reaction possible. All of these findings suggest that dual cocatalysts are necessary for developing highly efficient photocatalysts for water splitting reactions.
Characterization of Hexsyn, a Polyolefin Rubber (1987)

Hexsyn is the Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company tradename for a polyolefin rubber synthesized from 1-hexene with 3-5% methylhexadiene as the source of residual double bonds for vulcanization. Under license from Goodyear, this same polymer has been manufactured by Lord Corporation for the hinge portion of finger joint prostheses using the tradename Bion. This rubber is currently licensed to the University of Akron and to the Cleveland Clinic Foundation for use in biomedical applications, and is being used primarily for biocompatible and highly fatigue resistant rubber components in ventricular assist and artificial heart systems. Results are presented from the physical, mechanical, and biological characterization of Hexsyn. Procedures are described for the synthesis, compounding, and post-molding extraction for Hexsyn. The physical testing of Hexsyn reported includes determinations of its density at 23 and 37 degrees C, initial hardness and hardness after aging in oxygen, blood, pseudoextracellular fluid and polyethylene glycol 600, typical molecular weights determined by gel permeation chromatography/low angle laser light scattering and intrinsic viscosity, thermal analyses by differential scanning calorimetry of Hexsyn gum, and vulcanized Hexsyn after exposure to blood and blood/fatigue conditions. Also reported are results of differential thermal analyses, thermomechanical analyses of virgin and annealed samples, and thermogravimetric analyses conducted in helium and in air. Dynamic mechanical analyses of Hexsyn include Clash-Berg and Rheovibron tests. Swelling was conducted to determine lot-to-lot and sheet-to-sheet variation for quality control and also a number of solvents were used so that the polymer-solvent interaction parameters could be determined. The permeability of Hexsyn to water, water vapor, and a variety of gases is reported. The permeability by contact angle measurements, refractive index, residual solvent analyses, migration of blood components into Hexsyn, melt rheology by Monsanto Rheometer, resistance to acids, and typical mold shrinkage for Hexsyn are reported. Mechanical testing of Hexsyn includes tensile strength, elongation, and tensile stress (modulus) at 23 and 37 degrees C and after conditions including exposure to blood, pseudoextracellular fluid, polyethylene glycol, oxygen, 100% relative humidity, and fatigue testing. Stress/strain calibration curves, flexural rigidity after aging in blood, tension set, compression set, stress relaxation, and the effect of repeated cycling on the elastic modulus are presented along with the results of Pico abrasion, skid resistance tests on wet concrete.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
633. Synergistic Effects of Naked DNA Vectors Encoding VEGF and bFGF on Angiogenesis and Blood Flow Recovery in Ischemic Hindlimb (2005)

Therapeutic angiogenesis to enhance collateral vessel growth is a promising strategy for the treatment of vascular occlusive diseases. Although local delivery of angiogenic growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) has shown favorable results, few studies have examined in detail the combined effects of VEGF and bFGF gene delivery on collateral development. Here, we evaluated potential synergism of the naked DNA vectors encoding VEGF and bFGF by using a skeletal muscle-based ex vivo angiogenesis assay and by comparing blood flow recovery and limb loss score in a murine model of hindlimb ischemia (C57BL/6) where femoral artery was excised. In the ex vivo angiogenesis assay, VEGF+bFGF combination group displayed larger sprouting area than LacZ, VEGF, or bFGF group. Reflecting this capillary sprouting data, the combination group had the highest amount of secreted VEGF in the conditioned medium. Consistent with these ex vivo results, regional blood flow recovery at Day 14 as measured by Laser Doppler Imaging was also highest in the VEGF+bFGF combination group followed by bFGF, VEGF, and LacZ control group. The limb loss score was lowest (no necrosis) in the combination group, whereas there were 1|[sim]|4 cases of limb or toe necrosis in other groups. Currently, histological and genetic analyses of the ischemic muscles in the combination group are underway to find the evidence of increased angiogenesis and/or arteriogenesis and upregulation of the genes that may be associated with arteriogenesis, such as cardiac ankyrin repeat protein (CARP), TGF-|[beta]|1, and early growth response factor-1 (Egr-1). Our study has an implication for the development of combined arteriogenic gene therapy that uses the two best characterized angiogenic growth factors, VEGF and bFGF.
Effect of Altering the Physical Form of Corn Silage on Utilization by Dairy Cattle (1969)

In a 70-day experiment, 12 lactating cows were fed either field chop or plant rechop (field chop passed through a rechopper) corn silage (37% dry matter) ad libitum, and concentrate at 1 kg : 3 kg milk. Fat-corrected milk yields averaged 20.0 kg/day and were not significantly different between rations for the total period, but differences were apparent at the end of the experiment. This was due to milk fat percentage, which declined from 3.5 to 3.0 during ten weeks on rechop silage. Dry matter voided as whole kernels was 480 and 90 g/day for field chop and rechop silages. In a succeeding 56-day experiment, 18 cows were randomized to receive one of the following silages: field chop, ear ground and mL-(ed with field chop fodder, and plant rechop. The resulting silages (44% dry matter) contained on a dry basis 10.1, 1.4, and 0.3% whole kernels, respectively. Fat-corrected milk production was highest (P < .05) on field chop (28.0 versus 25.0 and 26.3 kg/day). Milk fat tests during the last two weeks were 86.0, 75.8, and 81.1% of the standardization period. For a digestion study, cows received soybean meal 1 kg : 8.5 kg fat-corrected milk. Digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen-free extract were higher (P ~ .01) on the ear-ground and mixed with field chop fodder and on the plant rechop, whereas crude fiber was highest on the field chop. Dry nmtter excreted as whole kernels was 162, 21, and 1 g/day for the field chop, ear ground and mixed with field chop fodder, and plant rechop, respectively. Analysis of fecal kernels indicated loss of ash and protein. No difference in growth occurred when the silages were compared with dairy heifers. Huber et al. (
Enhancing control of cell-free metabolism through pH modulation (2019)

Abstract Engineering metabolism for the synthesis of bio-based products in non-model organisms can be challenging. One specific challenge is that biosynthetic pathways are often built from enzyme candidates sourced from diverse organisms, which can prove difficult to implement in recombinant hosts due to differences in their cellular environments (e.g. pH, cofactor balance). To address this problem, we report a cell-free synthetic biology approach for understanding metabolism in a range of environmental conditions, specifically under varied pH. The key idea is to control the pH of Escherichia coli-based cell-free systems for assessing pathway performance using enzymes sourced from organisms other than E. coli. As a model, we apply this approach to study the impact of pH on the n-butanol biosynthesis pathway derived from clostridia in E. coli lysates. Specifically, we exploit the open, cell-free reaction environment to explore pH outside the habitable range of E. coli, revealing insights into how chemical context impacts the interaction between native metabolism and heterologous enzymes. We find that the pH optimum for butanol production from acetyl-CoA is substantially lower than the optimal pH of glycolysis in E. coli-based crude lysates. In addition, pH is an essential factor to consider when activating metabolic pathways in the cell-free environment due to its effect on reaction yield or enzyme activity, the latter of which is demonstrated in this work for alcohol dehydrogenases from a range of extremophiles. Ultimately, altering metabolism through pH control will allow cell-free systems to be used in studying the metabolic state of organisms and identify suitable enzymes for pathway engineering.
4,5-Di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazolate: the elusive member of a family of bridging ligands that facilitate strong metal–metal interactions (2008)

The new click-adduct 4,5-di(2-pyridyl)-1,2,3-triazole acts as a doubly-chelating anionic bridging ligand that forms dinuclear ruthenium(II) complexes which exhibit strong metal-metal interactions.
Antioxidant enzyme activity in the muscles of calves depleted of vitamin E or selenium or both (1993)

Feeding diets depleted of vitamin E and Se to cattle can induce a disease known as nutritional degenerative myopathy. It is believed that an increased peroxidative challenge in muscle is involved in the pathogenesis of this disease. A number of species can up-regulate the activity of some antioxidant enzymes, including glutathione reductase (EC 1.6.4.2), glutathione transferase (EC 2.5.1.18), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.49), catalase (EC 1.11.1.6), and superoxide dismutase (EC 1.15.1.1), in an attempt to mitigate the effects of a peroxidative challenge. A 2 x 2 factorial study was set up to examine possible changes in the activities of these antioxidant enzymes in muscles of ruminant calves fed on diets low in either vitamin E or Se. Four groups of four calves each were fed on a basal diet of NaOH-treated barley which was supplemented with alpha-tocopherol or Se or both for a total of 50 weeks. Calves fed on diets depleted of vitamin E, but not those fed on diets low in Se, developed subclinical myopathy, as judged by increases in the activity of plasma creatinine kinase (EC 2.7.3.2), and had increased muscle concentrations of two indices of lipid peroxidation, namely thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances, with and without ascorbate activation. Feeding diets depleted of vitamin E and diets low in Se both increased muscle activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in heart, biceps and supraspinatus. This change may have occurred in an attempt to maintain intracellular pools of reduced glutathione. No other changes in antioxidant enzyme activity were observed.
Nonlinear time-domain models of human controllers (1970)

Data from a compensatory tracking task are analyzed by using time-domain models. The linear time-domain results are transformed and compared with frequency-domain results. The nonlinear time-domain model of the same data reduced the remnant or residual power by only a small amount. The need for testing models on independent data is discussed. A novel, but attractive, method of generating functions for an efficient functional expansion of time-domain models is offered.
Automotive software integration (2007)

A growing number of networked applications is implemented on increasingly complex automotive platforms with several bus standards and gateways. Together, they challenge the automotive design process. Recent automotive software standards, in particular AUTOSAR that defines a network runtime environment on top of the existing automotive standards, are intended to improve portability and interoperability. AUTOSAR shall replace or extend earlier proprietary software architecture solutions, but it does not yet sufficiently address time and platform modeling and specification. The presentation will give some examples for open issues with respect to performance, timing and interoperability. It will show how recent results in compositional performance analysis can be exploited to analyze such networked systems, and how to apply design space exploration in a complex automotive supply chain. The resulting tools and methods can even be used to optimize the robustness of an architecture which is important to handle updates and extend the lifetime of an architecture
Application of package-level high-performance EMI shield material with a novel nozzleless spray coating technology (2020)

The need for EMI (electromagnetic interference) shielding at the package-level is increasing as highly sensitive circuit assembly components become more tightly packed in items like smart phones and Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Traditionally, EMI shield coatings have been applied to individual components by sputtering or plating. The ideal properties for this EMI shield is a thin metallic layer less than 10 μm in thickness that provides the required shield effectiveness, adheres to the component surface, and ensures that the laser markings on the component surface are visible. New, high-performance EMI shield coatings have been developed that meet these requirements and can be applied using a direct spray process. These new sprayable coatings will provide highly effective EMI shield performance if they are applied uniformly and conformally to the package surfaces at the required thickness of generally less than 10 μm. A novel spray application method, T-CAT (ultra-Thin Coating Application Technology), can be used to apply a uniform, ultra-thin layer, while reducing the process cost by up to 60%.[1] This new spray technology consists of a novel nozzle-less ultrasonic spray head coupled with a precision motion and positioning platform, precision liquid delivery system, and substrate transport system. A new high-performance EMI shield coating has been developed specifically for application by the spray coating process. This new material consists of a combination of silver nano particles and silver coated copper micron-size particles suspended in an epoxy resin binder. The epoxy resin binder has excellent adhesion to the surface of the individual components without the need for special surface treatment. The material is also capable of providing the same EMI shield effectiveness as a coating layer applied by sputtering as long as the coating is applied in a uniform and conformal layer to the top and side surfaces of the components. There are significant challenges connected with the application of EMI shield coatings to individual components in a production process. The coating application system must be able to keep the coating material properly mixed as well as apply it at the required thickness uniformly and repeatably over time. This paper demonstrates the viability of T-CAT in conjunction with a unique metal and resin formulation technology to enable a thin EMI shield layer with superior performance compared with existing sputtering and plating methods. Performance characteristics of the coating material and the coating application process will be examined.