gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles in montmorillonite and their antibacterial behavior (2011)

Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) were synthesized by the chemical reducing method in the external and interlamellar space of montmorillonite (MMT) as a solid support at room temperature. AgNO(3) and NaBH(4) were used as a silver precursor and reducing agent, respectively. The most favorable experimental conditions for synthesizing Ag NPs in the MMT are described in terms of the initial concentration of AgNO(3). The interlamellar space limits changed little (d-spacing = 1.24-1.47 nm); therefore, Ag NPs formed on the MMT suspension with d-average = 4.19-8.53 nm diameter. The Ag/MMT nanocomposites (NCs), formed from AgNO(3)/MMT suspension, were characterizations with different instruments, for example UV-visible, PXRD, TEM, SEM, EDXRF, FT-IR, and ICP-OES analyzer. The antibacterial activity of different sizes of Ag NPs in MMT were investigated against Gram-positive, ie, Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and Gram-negative bacteria, ie, Escherichia coli, Escherichia coli O157:H7, and Klebsiella pneumoniae, by the disk diffusion method using Mueller-Hinton agar (MHA). The smaller Ag NPs were found to have significantly higher antibacterial activity. These results showed that Ag NPs can be used as effective growth inhibitors in different biological systems, making them applicable to medical applications.
Real-Time Traffic Simulation With a Microscopic Model (2006)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> This paper describes a microscopic model that is able to simulate traffic situations in an urban environment in real time for use in driving simulators. Two types of vehicles are considered in the simulation, namely the user-driven vehicle at the center of the simulation model and the other vehicles that interact with it and its surroundings, which configure the developed traffic model. Simulation is performed in a reduced zone, called the control zone, surrounding the user-driven vehicle. This control zone is a mobile zone centered on the user-driven vehicle. The size of the control zone depends on the maximum number of vehicles involved simultaneously, the traffic density, and the driver's limit of visibility. The other vehicles involved in the traffic simulation are created or destroyed within the limits of the control zone. The general behavior of the traffic model is based on the following theory. Vehicles have an associated driver model that establishes several control functions for them to follow the path, while the steering, acceleration, and braking maneuvers follow certain models of behavior. A traffic light regulation is also included but only in the control area. The possibility of introducing anomalous traffic situations into the simulation is also considered, such as the presence of obstacles, abnormal maneuvers, etc. The developed model is immediately applicable to large-scale driving simulators for driver training, traffic control studies, and safety studies. </para>
Calibration and performance of the UCR double Compton gamma ray telescope (1990)

Results of the field calibration and performance of the UCR double Compton gamma-ray telescope are presented. The telescope is a balloon-borne instrument with an upper array of 16 plastic scintillator bars and a lower one of 16 NaI(Tl) bars. The telescope is sensitive to celestial gamma rays from 1 to 30 MeV. The data were collected on Feb. 14, 1988 prior to the launch in Alice Springs, Australia to observe SN 1987A. Radioactive sources were used to calibrate the energy deposits in the scintillators. Each bar was analyzed laterally using pulse height or timing to obtain the positions of the gamma ray interactions. Double scatter events from a /sup 24/Na source simulating a celestial source were studied to obtain the general performance of the telescope and to develop imaging techniques, later used with the flight data. An angular resolution of 11 degrees FWHM (full width at half maximum) and energy resolutions of 13% FWHM at 1.37 MeV and 10% FWHM at 2.75 MeV were found. The efficiency of the telescope is 3.5*10/sup -3/ at an energy of 1.37 MeV and zenith angle of 31 degrees . The magnetometer calibration gives the orientation of the detector with respect to the Earth to an accuracy of 0.5 degrees .< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Dynamic OpenFlow-Based Lightpath Restoration in Elastic Optical Networks on the GENI Testbed (2015)

Elastic optical networking (EON), with its flexible use of the optical spectrum, is a promising solution for future metro/core optical networking. For the deployment of EON in a real-operational scenario, the dynamic lightpath restoration, driven by an intelligent control plane, is a necessary network function. Dynamic restoration can restore network services automatically and, thus, greatly reduce the operational cost, compared with traditional manual or semistatic lightpath restoration strategies enabled by network operators via a network management system. To this end, in this paper, we present an OpenFlow-enabled dynamic lightpath restoration in elastic optical networks, detailing the restoration framework and algorithm, the failure isolation mechanism, and the proposed OpenFlow protocol extensions. We quantitatively present the restoration performance via control plane experimental tests on the Global Environment for Network Innovations testbed.
ChemInform Abstract: COBALT CARBONYL AND RHODIUM CARBONYL CATALYST SYSTEMS IN THE HYDROFORMYLATION OF 1,3‐DIENES. II. HYDROFORMYLATION OF CONJUGATED DIENES (1976)

Abstract Die Hydroformylierung von Butadien und Pentadien mit Kohlenmonoxid und Wasserstoff in Gegenwart von phosphinmodifizierten Kobalt‐ und Rhodiumkatalysatoren wird untersucht.
I Reconstruction of Articular Surface by Transfixation of an Osteochondral Fragment to the Femoral Condyle Using a Bone Transpalnt: An experimental study (1982)

The aim of the study was to evaluate the surgical technique concerning reconstruction of the articular surface by transfixation of an osteochondral fragment to the femoral condyle in growing and young adult rabbits by means of bone transplants. After 1–312 days the specimens were examined macroscopically and by histology, fluorescence labelling and microradiography.The osteochondral fragment was stabilized to the condylar bed and histologically observed to unite within 3 weeks. The bone transplant participating actively in the healing process was almost totally resorted within about 3 months. Fibrous tissue, as well as fibrous and hyaline cartilage, filled out the cleavage in the articular surface. The late results achieved depended on the success of the primary reconstruction. Remodelling observed by fluorescence labelling activity continued for 4 months or more, when the distal tip of the bone transplant was essentially resorbed. Calcified tissue observed by microradiography commenced filling out the line between fragment and condyle after 3 weeks and continued so for about 4 months in both growing and adult rabbits. Macroscopically excellent and acceptable results were achieved in 90% of the cases.
Radiation Safety in the Treatment of Patients with Thyroid Diseases by Radioiodine <sup>131</sup> I: Practice Recommendations of the American Thyroid Association (2011)

Recommendations, complying with Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulations and consistent with guidelines promulgated by the National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurement (NCRP-155), can help physicians and patients maintain radiation safety after treatment with ¹³¹I of patients with thyroid diseases. Both treating physicians and patients must be informed if radiation safety, an integral part of therapy with ¹³¹I, is to be attained. Based on current regulations and understanding of radiation exposures, recommendations have been made to guide physicians and patients in safe practices after treatment with radioactive iodine.
Densification Studies of Ceramic Powder Compacts by Quasi-Isothermal Dilatometry (1980)

Quasi-isothermal dilatometry (QID) is a new technique which can be used with great advantage in sintering studies of powder compacts. Contrary to conventional dilatometric measurements the optimum heating rate can be determined in a single run by this technique and from the measured shrinkage curve the controlling sintering mechanism and its activation energy can be determined. In this paper the advantaae of this method is demonstrated and a method is given for calculating the activation energies from the QID curves. As an example the curves obtained in sintering studies of CeO2-Gd2O3 compacts are analysed and the kinetic data for the different stages involved in the sintering are determined.
Random Frequency Accessible Broad Tunable Terahertz-Wave Source Using Phase-Matched 4-Dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium Tosylate Crystal (2007)

Random frequency accessible, ultra-broad-band (1.5–37 THz) THz-wave generation was demonstrated using difference frequency generation (DFG) in an organic 4-dimethylamino-N-methyl-4-stilbazolium tosylate (DAST) crystal. Such DAST crystals are promising materials for efficient and high-power THz-wave generation because of their very high nonlinearity and low refractive index dispersion between the near-infrared region and the THz-wave region. We can use the highest nonlinear component of DAST, d11 (about 230 pm/V), to generate THz waves using DFG because the collinear phase-matching condition of the Type 0 configuration is satisfied. We constructed a dual-wavelength optical parametric oscillator (OPO) with two KTP crystals pumped by a frequency-doubled Nd:YAG laser. Each KTP crystal was set on a galvano scanner. The angle of each crystal was controlled independently. The OPO is tunable at 1300–1900 nm, giving an ultra-broad tunable range of the THz wave. We generated an ultra-broad tunable THz wave using only one DAST crystal without any change of the experimental setup aside from the computer-controlled galvano-scanner angle change. The highest THz-wave energy of 10 nJ was obtained at around the 26 THz region under 2 mJ of pumping energy. Also, the THz-wave source can access a desired THz frequency at every pulse (50 Hz at present). The galvano scanner has 1 kHz of response, with 1-ms frequency access speed.
Expecting excellence is key to receivable success in small and rural hospitals. (1990)

Although small and rural hospitals may have trouble hiring experienced billing and collection personnel, they can succeed in keeping down receivable levels and receivable days by adopting two principles for the business office: expect excellence and inspect for excellence. These principles include setting goals for business office staff as well as listening to and implementing their ideas for more effective operations.
The dependence of the measured electric strengths of liquids on electrode spacing (1953)

For some twenty-five years the decrease in the measured electric strength of liquids with increasing electrode spacing has been an important subject of study because of its practical as well as theoretical significance. Early investigators were handicapped by the lack of reproducibility of electric strength values as well as their inability to measure accurately small electrode spacings. With the recent development of a reproducible pulsed-voltage technique (1) and a means of determining small electrode separations (1-10μ) by capacitance measurement, we have re-examined this phenomenon using several carefully purified hydrocarbons as the liquid dielectric. Our measurements extend and, in some cases, supplant those of Edwards (1) and Goodwin and MacFadyen (2).
The role of automated ordering devices in hospital purchasing. (1987)

There are several different types of automated order devices (AODs) available to hospitals. The author of this article reviews the types of devices available, the advantages of their use for both hospital user and vendor, the documented claims as to their benefit, and disadvantages that users should be wary of in using AODs.
An Interdisciplinary Synthesis of Reverberation Viewpoints (2001)

Artificial reverberator algorithms, which are implemented using digital signal processing, can be best understood by considering their relationships to several disciplines: the perceptual metrics of the auditory system, the statistical properties of the acoustic spaces, the artistic needs of the music culture, and the mixing techniques in the recording studio. Both the early reverberations, containing the unique spatial personality, and the late part, containing the statistically random process, play different roles in each of the related disciplines. When the temporal and spectral statistics match the perceptual criteria, the process is transparent. Some of the apparent paradoxes are resolved by considering psychoacoustic and statistical models. Moreover, there is sufficient knowledge to predict the performance of an algorithm without extensive ad hoc listening tests. The unifying theme is the question of how the human auditory system builds a sense of space.
Laser Photocoagulation Versus Ethanol Injection Therapy after Preinjection with Epinephrine in the Treatment of Bleeding Peptic Ulcers (1993)

Abstract: A prospective, randomized trial was performed to compare the efficacy of Nd: YAG laser photocoagulation (LP) and absolute ethanol injection therapy (AEIT) in the treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding. Of 396 patients who underwent endoscopy for acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage over a 18‐month period, 185 were found to have peptic ulcers. The patients who had an ulcer with active bleeding (n = 25) or with a nonbleeding visible vessel (n = 35) were randomized to receive either LP (n = 29) or AEIT (n = 31). The two treatment groups were comparable in terms of age, severity of bleeding, site of ulcer, and endoscopic stigmata of recent hemorrhage. There were no significant differences between the LP and AEIT groups in terms of their transfusion requirements after treatment (0.6 ± 1.0 vs. 0 .5± 0.9 unit), rate of initial hemostatic failure or rebleeding (13.8 vs. 9. 7%), emergency surgery (0 vs. O%), median hospital stay (6 us. 8 days), and mortality (0 us. 6.5%). All of the seven patients who rebled received a second session of endoscopic therapy with the other modality and bleeding was controlled. The cause of death in the two expired patients was not related to bleeding. We concluded that LP and AEIT are equally effective in the treatment of peptic ulcer bleeding but AEIT may be preferred over LP because of its simplicity and lower cost.
Robot-assisted intracerebral hemorrhage evacuation: an experimental evaluation (2013)

We present a novel robotic approach for the rapid, minimally invasive treatment of Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH), in which a hematoma or blood clot arises in the brain parenchyma. We present a custom image-guided robot system that delivers a steerable cannula into the lesion and aspirates it from the inside. The steerable cannula consists of an initial straight tube delivered in a manner similar to image-guided biopsy (and which uses a commercial image guidance system), followed by the sequential deployment of multiple individual precurved elastic tubes. Rather than deploying the tubes simultaneously, as has been done in nearly all prior studies, we deploy the tubes one at a time, using a compilation of their individual workspaces to reach desired points inside the lesion. This represents a new paradigm in active cannula research, defining a novel procedure-planning problem. A design that solves this problem can potentially save many lives by enabling brain decompression both more rapidly and less invasively than is possible through the traditional open surgery approach. Experimental results include a comparison of the simulated and actual workspaces of the prototype robot, and an accuracy evaluation of the system.
Using constellation pharmacology to define comprehensively a somatosensory neuronal subclass (2014)

Change is intrinsic to nervous systems; change is required for learning and conditioning and occurs with disease progression, normal development, and aging. To better understand mammalian nervous systems and effectively treat nervous-system disorders, it is essential to track changes in relevant individual neurons. A critical challenge is to identify and characterize the specific cell types involved and the molecular-level changes that occur in each. Using an experimental strategy called constellation pharmacology, we demonstrate that we can define a specific somatosensory neuronal subclass, cold thermosensors, across different species and track changes in these neurons as a function of development. Cold thermosensors are uniformly responsive to menthol and innocuous cool temperature (17 °C), indicating that they express TRPM8 channels. A subset of cold thermosensors expressed α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) but not other nAChR subtypes. Differences in temperature threshold of cold thermosensors correlated with functional expression of voltage-gated K channels Kv1.1/1.2: Relatively higher expression of KV1.1/1.2 channels resulted in a higher threshold response to cold temperature. Other signaling components varied during development and between species. In cold thermosensors of neonatal mice and rats, ATP receptors were functionally expressed, but the expression disappeared with development. This developmental change occurred earlier in low-threshold than high-threshold cold thermosensors. Most rat cold thermosensors expressed TRPA1 channels, whereas mouse cold thermosensors did not. The broad implications of this study are that it is now feasible to track changes in receptor and ion-channel expression in individual neuronal subclasses as a function of development, learning, disease, or aging.
Reversible Change of Direction of the Exchange Anisotropy of Polycrystalline Ferromagnetic/Antiferromagnetic Bilayers by Thermal Annealing in Magnetic Field. (2001)

The magnetic torque of ferromagnetic/antiferromagnetic (F/AF) bilayers was analyzed to elucidate the single spin ensemble model (SSE model) as a mechanism of directional control of exchange anisotropy by thermal annealing in a magnetic field. An Ni-Fe 50 Å/Mn74Ir26 50 Å polycrystalline bilayer, having a blocking temperature of 220°C, was annealed at 280°C for one hour, then cooled to room temperature under an external applied field, Ha = 1 kOe. This procedure was performed four times in succession on the same bilayer, changing the Ha direction. Exchange anisotropy was induced along the respective Ha directions, while their strength did not change at all. The reversible induction of the exchange anisotropy is well explained by the change of distribution of AF spin directions of the Mn-Ir grains, according to the SSE model. We conclude that the two-dimensional random distribution of magnetic anisotropy axes of the AF grains in the film plane, used in the SSE model, is an indispensable factor in controling the direction of exchange anisotropy of F/AF bilayers.
Grammatical Metaphor in English-Chinese Translation (2020)

This paper aims to apply grammatical metaphor (GM) in systemic functional linguistics (SFL) into translation studies. From the concept of functional equivalence in terms of ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning required of target text (TT) relative to source text (ST) proposed by SFL, it is necessary for the translators to manipulate respectively on the transitivity system, mood system, modality system, and theme system that embody ideational meaning, interpersonal meaning, and textual meaning. Since the same meaning can be expressed in different grammatical structures, the translators, in this process, are faced with a variety of grammatical forms, among which congruent form and metaphorical form are included. To attain the goal of translation prescribed above, the translator has to choose an accurate and appropriate structure. The article then discusses the necessity and effects of GM's application into English to Chinese translation to ensure the quality of the works translated.
Antenna array architecture (1992)

An abbreviated view of the topics included in modern array architecture is presented. The broad subject of architecture includes all the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical aspects that need to be addressed by the array design team. The emphasis is on the interaction between the selection of an array aperture organization, corporate feeds, devices and elements, and a discussion of EHF monolithic array architecture is included as an example.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Food, splanchnic blood flow, and bioavailability of drugs subject to first‐pass metabolism (1978)

There has been considerable interest in the past fifteen years in determining the influence of food and diet on gastrointestinal drug absorption. Welling 21 has recently presented a comprehensive and critical review of these efforts. In general, food reduces the absorption rate of drugs from the gastrointestinal tract but in most instances has little influence on the extent of absorption. Such an effect is clinically significant for sedative‐hypnotics and for other drugs where a prompt response is desired but is probably of little concern in most other cases. On the other hand, food has been found to substantially reduce the extent of absorption of certain drugs, including many antibiotics. This type of food effect often occurs with drugs with poor permeability characteristics that are incompletely absorbed even by fasting patients. Continual administration of such drugs with meals would result in lower steady‐state drug concentrations in plasma than would be found were the drug to be given under fasting conditions.
Identification of a major prolactin-regulated protein as 20 alpha- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase: coordinate regulation of its activity, protein content, and messenger ribonucleic acid expression (1994)

We have previously reported that an abundant 37,000 mol wt protein with a pI of 6.15 (37K) is expressed specifically in the corpus luteum and is markedly inhibited by PRL. To identify the 37K, amino acid sequence analysis of the protein was performed. The 37K protein showed sequence similarity with rabbit 20 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (20 alpha HSD), chlordecone reductase, prostaglandin synthase, and 3 alpha-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, which are members of the aldo-keto reductase group of enzymes that catalyze the NADPH-dependent reduction of carbonyl compounds. Comparison of 20 alpha HSD activity with the level of 37K in the corpus luteum throughout pregnancy demonstrated a close correlation between enzyme activity and luteal levels of the protein. Both protein and enzyme activity were low early in pregnancy, reached a nadir between days 5-19, and reappeared abruptly between days 19-21 of pregnancy. To establish that the enzyme activity is intrinsic to the 37K, the protein was purified from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis gels (SDS-PAGE), renatured, and assayed for 20 alpha HSD activity. The renatured protein exhibited substantial 20 alpha HSD activity. As 20 alpha HSD is known to play a major role in the termination of pregnancy in the rat, it was of interest to examine whether the rapid appearance of the 37 K protein at the end of pregnancy is accompanied by the induction of 20 alpha HSD gene expression. Northern blot analysis using a rabbit cDNA for 20 alpha HSD indicated that the pattern of 20 alpha HSD mRNA expression in the corpus luteum closely paralleled the ontogeny of 20 alpha HSD enzyme activity as well as 37K protein levels. Our studies demonstrated that 20 alpha HSD protein and mRNA levels are coordinately regulated, and that the profound inhibitory effect of PRL on 20 alpha HSD activity is apparently due to inhibition of 20 alpha HSD gene expression, leading to the disappearance of the protein from the corpus luteum.