gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Public-Access Defibrillation and Survival after Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (2004)

Training and equipping volunteers to attempt early defibrillation within a structured response system can increase the number of survivors to hospital discharge after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest in public locations. Trained laypersons can use AEDs safely and effectively.
Natural T Cell–mediated Protection Against Seasonal and Pandemic Influenza. Results of the Flu Watch Cohort Study (2015)

Naturally occurring cross-protective T-cell immunity protects against symptomatic PCR-confirmed disease in those with evidence of infection and helps to explain why many infections do not cause symptoms. Vaccines stimulating T cells may provide important cross-protective immunity.
CRISPR/Cas9 editing reveals novel mechanisms of clustered microRNA regulation and function (2017)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are important regulators of diverse physiological and pathophysiological processes. MiRNA families and clusters are two key features in miRNA biology. Here we explore the use of CRISPR/Cas9 as a powerful tool to delineate the function and regulation of miRNA families and clusters. We focused on four miRNA clusters composed of miRNA members of the same family, homo-clusters or different families, hetero-clusters. Our results highlight different regulatory mechanisms in miRNA cluster expression. In the case of the miR-497~195 cluster, editing of miR-195 led to a significant decrease in the expression of the other miRNA in the cluster, miR-497a. Although no gene editing was detected in the miR-497a genomic locus, computational simulation revealed alteration in the three dimensional structure of the pri-miR-497~195 that may affect its processing. In cluster miR-143~145 our results imply a feed-forward regulation, although structural changes cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, in the miR-17~92 and miR-106~25 clusters no interdependency in miRNA expression was observed. Our findings suggest that CRISPR/Cas9 is a powerful gene editing tool that can uncover novel mechanisms of clustered miRNA regulation and function.
DIFFERENTIATION OF HUMAN EMBRYONIC STEM CELLS INTO INSULIN - SECRETING CELLS (2006)

Introduction: Type I diabetes mellitus is caused by autoimmune destruction of the insulin-producing β-cells. A new potential method for curing the disease is transplantation of differentiated insulin- secreting cells from human embryonic stem cells. Methods: Human embryonic stem cell lines (Royan H1) were used to produce embryoid bodies. Differentiation carried out by growth factor-mediated selection of nestin positive cells. In final stage, these cells were expanded in the presence of bFGF, followed by addition of nicotinamide to promote differentiation of insulin- secreting cells. Cells were assayed by immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, insulin secreting assay with Radio-immuno assay kit and Transmission Electron Microscopy. The cells were transplanted into immunosuppressed mice. Results: Analysis of differentiation cells immunocytochemistry showed that these cells were insulin, glucagon, somatostatin and pancreatic polypeptide positive. RT-PCR reaction demonstrated the expression of pancreatic endocrine genes. Differentiation cells secreted insulin in response to glucose, but no significance difference in insulin concentration was observed with an increase in concentration of glucose. The implanted cells were vascularized and remained immunoreactive with insulin and glucagon. Transmission Electron microscopy of differentiate cells showed Golgi complexes, rough endoplasmic reticulum and a few granules but no true β granules. Conclusion: The data showed that human embryonic stem cells can produce insulin secreting cells. However, more studies are needed to generate true beta cells.
THE SOLUBLE SPECIFIC SUBSTANCE OF PNEUMOCOCCUS (1923)

1. A method is given for the concentration and purification of the soluble specific substance of the pneumococcus. 2. The material obtained by this method is shown to consist mainly of a carbohydrate which appears to be a polysaccharide built up of glucose molecules. 3. Whether the soluble specific substance is actually the polysaccharide, or occurs merely associated with it, is still undecided, although the evidence points in the direction of the former possibility.
Transfer Hydrogenation of Aromatic Nitro Compounds Using Polymer‐Supported Formate and Pd‐C (2005)

Abstract Transfer hydrogenation of aromatic nitro compounds using recyclable polymer‐supported formate as hydrogen donor and Pd‐C as a catalyst produces corresponding amines in excellent yields (90–98%).
Three-dimension space vector modulation for three-level four-leg inverters with DC-link capacitor voltage balancing and switching loss minimization (2017)

Due to the trend of decentralized generation (DG) residing in low voltage distribution network, more inverters are connected to the grid in three-phase four-wire systems under asymmetrical condition. This paper presents an algorithm to balance DC-link capacitor voltages and minimize switching loss of three-level four-leg inverters which is suitable for asymmetrical condition. The algorithm is based on three-dimension space vector modulation (3D-SVM) in natural coordinates. The algorithm balances DC-link capacitor voltages by the selection of redundant standard vectors. Switching sequences are selected to minimize switching loss. Simulation results show that the method is able to balance DC-link capacitor voltages and reduce middle point voltage ripple.
Application of ion molecule reaction to eliminate WO interference on mercury determination in soil and sediment samples by ICP-MS (2011)

Mercury is subject to severe tungsten oxide (WO) interference in the direct ICP-MS analysis for soil or sediment samples. In this study, a method based on ion molecule reaction (IMR) was used to eliminate the WO spectral interference in a dynamic reaction cell (DRC). Interfered ion (202WO+) was drastically oxidized to higher oxide ions (218WO2+ or 234WO3+) by O2 as the reaction gas in the DRC, while the analyte ion (202Hg+) cannot react with O2. Under the optimized O2 flow rate (1.9 mL min−1) and DRC rejection parameter q (Rpq, 0.80), the background signal was reduced by up to 1000-fold at m/z 202 and the limit of quantitation (LOQ, 10σ) for 202Hg was 1 ng g−1. The proposed method was applied to direct determination of Hg in a series of soil and sediment standard reference materials (SRMs) and the satisfactory results indicate that it has great potential for the determination of trace or ultra-trace level mercury in various environmental or geological samples.
Network fault diagnosis algorithm based on FTA and comparison model (2009)

Aiming at the characteristic of network fault,MM model and Fault Tree Analysis(FTA) are introduced into network fault diagnosis modeling.An algorithm is proposed which analyzes and diagnoses network fault,extracts the minimum cut sets quantificationally with Fault Tree Analysis,then detects and orients network fault with MM model by testing the geminate nodes selected from minimum cut sets.The experimental results show that the method enhances efficiency and veracity of network fault diagnosis efficaciously.
Compilation and delayed evaluation in APL (1978)

Most existing APL implementations are interpretive in nature, that is, each time an APL statement is encountered it is executed by a body of code that is perfectly general, i.e. capable of evaluating any APL expression, and is in no way tailored to the statement on hand. This costly generality is said to be justified because APL variables are typeless and thus can vary arbitrarily in type, shape, and size during the execution of a program. What this argument overlooks is that the operational semantics of an APL statement are not modified by the varying storage requirements of its variables.
Through-Wafer Interconnection by Deep Damascene Process for MEMS and 3D Wafer Level Packaging (2006)

A deep silicon copper via process technology by damascene copper electroplating process has been developed and characterized for realizing through-wafer copper interconnection for MEMS and 3D wafer level packaging application. The paper further discusses various factors that affect the formation of deep silicon vias structures by using time-multiplexed inductive coupled plasma etch process, also known as the BOSCH process. In this work we have evaluated copper vias of various widths ranging from 5 to 50 /spl mu/m with depths of 10 to 100 /spl mu/m. A special test structure has been developed with copper vias modified to form opposing pairs of fingers of a comb structure. These finger structures are then electrically characterized under various thermal and voltage stress conditions.
Possible Role of JAK-2 in Attenuated Cardioprotective Effect of Ischemic Preconditioning in Hyperhomocysteinemic Rat Hearts (2009)

The present study investigated the possible role of Janus kinase-2 (JAK-2) in hyperhomocysteinemia-induced attenuation of the cardioprotective effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC). Rats were administered L-methionine (1.7 g/kg/day, p.o.) for 4 weeks to produce hyperhomocysteinemia. Isolated Langendorff's perfused normal and hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts were subjected to global ischemia for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 120 min. Myocardial infarct size was assessed macroscopically using triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining. Coronary effluent was analyzed for lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase (CK) release to assess the extent of cardiac injury. The oxidative stress in the heart was assessed by measuring thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS), superoxide anion generation and the reduced form of glutathione. Ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) induced oxidative stress by increasing TBARS, superoxide anion generation and decreasing reduced form of glutathione in normal and hyperhomocystenemic rat hearts. Moreover, I/R produced myocardial injury, which was assessed in terms of the increase in myocardial infarct size, LDH and CK release in coronary effluent, and decrease in coronary flow rate in normal and hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts. The hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts showed enhanced I/R-induced myocardial injury with a high degree of oxidative stress as compared with normal rat hearts subjected to I/R. Four episodes of IPC (5 min each) afforded cardioprotection against I/R-induced myocardial injury in normal rat hearts as assessed in terms of improvement in coronary flow rate and reduction in myocardial infarct size, levels of LDH, CK, and oxidative stress. On the other hand, IPC-mediated myocardial protection against I/R-injury was abolished in hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts. Tyrphostin AG490 (5 microM), a selective inhibitor of JAK-2, did not affect the cardioprotective effects of IPC in normal rat hearts, but its administration markedly restored the cardioprotective potential of IPC in hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts. Administration of diazoxide (30 microM), an ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channel opener, also restored the cardioprotective effects of IPC in hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts. In conclusion, it is suggested that the high degree of oxidative stress produced in hyperhomocysteinemic rat hearts during reperfusion and consequent activation of JAK-2 and closure of K(ATP) channels may be responsible for abolishing the cardioprotective potential of IPC against I/R-induced myocardial injury.
Butterflies of the World, by H. L. Lewis. Harrap, £10. (1974)

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A Mathematical Model for a Quantity-Flexible Contract (2010)

This study focuses on a purchase contract through which a supplier periodically provides a product to a buyer. The buyer starts by informing the supplier of the purchase amount for the period and the reservation quantity for all future periods. The purchase amount for the current period is finalized according to the amount previously reserved, although this amount can be increased or decreased by a predetermined percentage of the reservation amount. For this type of quantity-flexible contract, this study investigates an efficient control policy and a practical implementation tactic. We develop a mathematical model based on the buyer’s perspective and propose a rolling-horizon implementation strategy.
A practical wireless reciprocity-aware key establishment protocol (2016)

Practical generation of secret bits using wireless channel measurements between two terminals is presented in this paper. The model used for this implementation assumes imperfect reciprocity between the channel measurements made by the two terminals in the presence of a passive eavesdropper. The channel measurements (e.g., received signal strength values) are used to estimate the secret key rate in order to establish the number of secret bits that can be generated between any two terminals. The main contributions of this paper are: 1) algorithm to generate uncorrelated channel measurements even when channel measurement statistics between the two terminals are time-varying; 2) development of a reconciliation algorithm based on BCH codes, where the statistics of error between bits generated by the two terminals is not known a priori; and 3) implementation of secret bit generation using channel reciprocity in a Linux environment. The channel measurement data that was collected for this paper is available at http://downloads.i-a-i.com/RAPOR.
Transient axial solution for the reflection of a spherical wave from a concave ellipsoidal mirror (1993)

A transient solution is derived for the reflected pressure along the axis of symmetry of a concave ellipsoidal mirror. The incident field is a spherical wave produced at the near focus of the mirror. It is assumed that the characteristic wavelengths are short in comparison with the minimum radius of curvature of the mirror, that the fluid is lossless and homogeneous, and that small signal theory applies. The reflected pressure is described at the far focus by a simple analytical solution and elsewhere on axis by a convolution integral. The results extend the theory developed for spherical mirrors by Cornet and Blackstock [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 52, 115 (A) (1972)]. Application of the present theory to waveforms produced by spark-source lithotripters is discussed, and comparisons are made with measurements reported by Müller [Biomed. Tech. 35, 250–262 (1990)].
4D Imaging and 4D Radiation Therapy: A New Era of Therapy Design and Delivery (2011)

Recently developed 4D CT imaging technologies have shown that significant organ motion can occur within radiotherapy fields during treatment. Most often a result of respiration, this motion can cause dose delivery errors that are clinically significant when unmanaged, as demonstrated in many recent investigations. Motion during the regular breathing cycling is important, but day-to-day breathing variations, as may be caused by changes in residual tidal volume, can cause systematic shifts in tumor position. These may cause delivery misalignments because the tumor is not in the same average location at each treatment. Approaches to management of this motion may involve motion-inclusive planning, gating or tracking. 4D CT has been instrumental in most of these approaches. Given the state of treatment planning software, it is not possible to preplan whether a specific patient would benefit from one or another of these methods. Daily imaging (or use of a nonimage-based system such as Calypso) is necessary to locate the tumor, and the location must be correlated with measurements from a system that tracks breathing motion during treatment delivery. This is typically done using an independent metric that characterizes the breathing cycle (e.g. the height of the abdomen). Only then can the treatment plan be accurately implemented. There are many methods to manage tumor motion, though most are challenging to implement and remain poorly supported by vendors. When determining which system to use, an important distinction between competing approaches is whether they are amplitude- or phase-based. Some implementations may use different approaches for different parts of the treatment planning and delivery process, potentially introducing errors in the characterization of breathing motion. While many advances have been achieved and are discussed here, the development of solid, stable and robust processes to effectively manage breathing motion remains a foremost and continuing challenge in radiotherapy.
Anaerobic treatment of waste beer (2004)

Abstract This research study focused on the biotreatability of waste beer in an anaerobic environment. A comparison of two bioreactors, ASBR (anaerobic sequencing batch reactor) and UASB (upflow anaerobic sludge blanket) reactors, was performed. The experiments were carried out in the two reactors under identical conditions at room temperature and 35° C under organic loading rates (OLRs) from 2 to 20 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD) m −3 day −1 . The results show that the performance in the ASBR was better than that in the UASB reactor without a recirculation system at the two temperatures under all organic loading levels. In the ASBR, soluble COD reductions of 95 to 57% and 93 to 70% were obtained as the OLR increased from 2 to 20 kg COD m −3 day −1 at room temperature and 35° C, respectively. In the UASB reactor without a recirculation system, the soluble COD reduction was 78 to 49% and 80 to 65% under the same increase in OLR as the ASBR at room temperature and 35° C, respectively. Methane production was measured in the ASBR at both temperatures. Results for methane production were close to the expected yields of 0.39 m 3 /kg COD removed for an OLR of 2 to 6 kg COD m −3 day −1 , and lower than the expected values for an OLR of 8 to 20 kg COD m −3 day −1 . Therefore, anaerobic treatment of beer is sustainable by both reactors if the organic load is limited to 6 kg COD m −3 day −1 . 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 2004
Methodology of functional-ecological monitoring of objects and landscaping of Moscow (2013)

The role of urban areas in the global land-use structure is permanently growing. Urban ecosystems differ principally from natural ones in formation conditions, driving factors and functioning. Green areas play a key role in city structure, performing important environmental, ornamental and health functions. The methodology widely accepted so far for the environmental control of urban green zones is not able to consider multiple functions of urban areas as well as their unique spatial variability. Herewith we propose a new approach for functional-environmental monitoring of urban green zones in Moscow city, including not only static, but also dynamic parameters and considering their spatial variability and profile distribution. The proposed approach was tested for the case of six green areas within the Sadovoe Ring, Central administrative district of the Moscow city. It was demonstrated that the proposed methodology was much more informative than conventional ones and also better support taking optimal decisions in the sphere of maintaining environmental quality of urban ecosystems.
Phase I and pharmacokinetic study of the P-glycoprotein modulator dexniguldipine-HCL. (1997)

Dexniguldipine (DNIG) is the R-enantiomer of the dihydropyridine derivate niguldipine. DNIG showed a binding affinity to the P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and therefore it is to be assumed to block the P-gp pumping mechanism. This open phase I study was conducted to determine the maximal tolerated dose (MTD) and safety of intravenously administered DNIG alone and in combination with vinblastine in patients with a metastatic or locally advanced cancer. Additionally, serum levels of DNIG were assessed and compared between dosage groups to investigate the intravenous dose linearity. The study was divided into two parts concerning DNIG administration. In part I the patients received DNIG for four hours daily over four consecutive days and additionally 0.15 mg/kg vinblastine at day 3. Treatment was started with 1 mg/kg/4h, and whenever the drug was well tolerated the dosage was increased. In part II the patients received up to three courses of a four-hour infusion (5 and 7 mg/kg/4h) of DNIG followed by a continuous infusion for 48 hours (5 and 7 mg/kg/24h). Twenty-six patients entered this trial and were given at least one infusion of DNIG; vinblastine was given immediately after the 4-hour infusion. One to seven courses and dosages from 1-11 mg/kg were administered. In five patients the dose limiting toxicity was seen in cardiovascular adverse events such as a drop in blood pressure, decreased heart rate and in one patient an AV block III. Most frequent adverse events were nausea, dizziness, vomiting, peripheral paresthesia, atactic gait, mild constipation, polyuria, hypocalcemia; all disappeared within 24 hours after discontinuation of infusion. A linear increase in DNIG serum concentration with increasing doses was found following intravenous infusion of DNIG over a four-hour period. Long-term infusion regimes over a period of two or five days resulted in reasonably constant DNIG serum levels. MTD was determined at 5 mg/kg/4h. It is to be assumed that the MTD for continuous infusion of DNIG is higher than 5 mg/kg/24h, but this was not followed up in the study and must be the aim of a later trial.
Komadu: A Capture and Visualization System for Scientific Data Provenance (2015)

Data provenance captured from scientific applications is a critical precursor to data sharing and reuse. For researchers wanting to repurpose data, it is a source of information about the lineage and attribution of the data and this is needed in order to establish trust in a data set. Komadu is a standalone provenance capture and visualization system for capturing, representing, and manipulating provenance coming from scientific tools, infrastructures, and repositories. It uses the W3C PROV standard [1] in representing data, and it is the successor of the Karma [2] provenance capture system which was based on Open Provenance Model (OPM) [3]. Komadu comes with two different interfaces: a Web Services interface based on Apache Axis2 [4] and a messaging interface based on RabbitMQ [5]. Komadu is completely open source and the source code is publicly available on GitHub [6]. Even though Komadu has been used most extensively in relation to scientific research, its interfaces are designed to collect and visualize provenance of any kind of application needing provenance.
A Family Cluster of Infections by a Newly Recognized Bunyavirus in Eastern China, 2007: Further Evidence of Person-to-Person Transmission (2011)

Clinical and laboratory evidence confirmed that the patients of fever and thrombocytopenia occurring in a family cluster in eastern China in 2007 were caused by a newly recognized bunyavirus, SFTSV. Epidemiological investigation strongly suggests that infection of secondary patients was transmitted to family members by personal contact.
Egr1 gene knockdown affects embryonic ocular development in zebrafish. (2006)

The Egr1 gene plays an important role in zebrafish embryonic oculogenesis. Ocular structures including lens and retina were primitive and lacked appropriate differentiation. Such arrested retinal and lenticular development in Egr1 morphants resulted in microphthalmos.
The prevalence, patterns and impact of irritable bowel syndrome: an international survey of 40 000 subjects (2003)

Irritable bowel syndrome is common with major effects on lifestyle and health care. The majority of cases are undiagnosed and the prevalence varies strikingly between countries. Diagnostic criteria are associated with varying prevalences and bowel habit sub-types. This limits their utility in clinical practice and the transferability of research findings using them.