gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant Activity of <i>Botryococcus braunii</i> Extract Elucidated in Vitro Models (2006)

Botryococcus braunii is a green colonial microalga that is used mainly for the production of hydrocarbons, exopolysaccharides, and carotenoids. In the present study, the antioxidant properties of acetone extracts of B. braunii were evaluated using in vitro model systems such as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), hydroxy radical scavenging, and lipid peroxidation in human low-density lipoprotein and rat tissues. Acetone extracts of B. braunii (equivalent to 10 ppm total carotenoid) exhibited 71 and 67% antioxidant activity in DPPH and hydroxyl radical scavenging model systems, respectively. Similarly, the extract also showed 72, 71, and 70% antioxidant activity in the liver, brain, and kidney of rats. Low-density lipoprotein oxidation induced by Cu2+ ions was also protected (22, 38, and 51%) by the algal extract in a dose-dependent manner (4, 6, and 8 ppm levels of total carotenoid). Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances concentration in the blood, liver, and kidney of rats was also significantly decreased in B. braunii treated samples compared with those of control. Carotenoids (violaxanthin, astaxanthin, lutein, zeaxanthin, chlorophylls a and b, and alpha, beta-carotene) identified in the B. braunii acetone extract may be exhibiting antioxidant activity. Among the carotenoids, lutein represents more than 75% of the total carotenoids. B. braunii extract was shown to be effective for protecting biological systems against various oxidative stresses in vitro. This is the first report on the antioxidant properties of B. braunii.
PPARγ in the endothelium regulates metabolic responses to high-fat diet in mice (2008)

Although endothelial dysfunction, defined as abnormal vasoreactivity, is a common early finding in individuals with type 2 diabetes, the endothelium has not been known to regulate metabolism. As PPARgamma, a transcriptional regulator of energy balance, is expressed in endothelial cells, we set out to investigate the role of endothelial cell PPARgamma in metabolism using mice that lack PPARgamma in the endothelium and BM (gammaEC/BM-KO). When gammaEC/BM-KO mice were fed a high-fat diet, they had decreased adiposity and increased insulin sensitivity compared with control mice, despite increased serum FFA and triglyceride (TG) levels. After fasting or olive oil gavage, gammaEC/BM-KO mice exhibited significant dyslipidemia and failed to respond to the FFA and TG lowering effects of the PPARgamma agonist rosiglitazone. BM transplantation studies, which reconstituted hematopoietic PPARgamma, established that these metabolic phenotypes were due to endothelial PPARgamma deficiency. We further found that the impairment in TG-rich lipoprotein metabolism in gammaEC/BM-KO mice was associated with fatty acid-mediated lipoprotein lipase inhibition and changes in a PPARgamma-regulated endothelial cell transcriptional program. Despite their metabolic improvements, high-fat diet-fed gammaEC/BM-KO mice had impaired vasoreactivity. Taken together, these data suggest that PPARgamma in the endothelium integrates metabolic and vascular responses and may contribute to the effects of PPARgamma agonists, thus expanding what endothelial function and dysfunction may entail.
Evolution of Proteolytic Enzymes (1984)

Proteolytic enzymes have many physiological functions, ranging from generalized protein digestion to more specific regulated processes such as the activation of zymogens, blood coagulation and the lysis of fibrin clots, the release of hormones and pharmacologically active peptides from precursor proteins, and the transport of secretory proteins across membranes. They are present in all forms of living organisms. Comparisons of amino acid sequences, three-dimensional structures, and enzymatic reaction mechanisms of proteases indicate that there are distinct families of these proteins. Changes in molecular structure and function have accompanied the evolution of proteolytic enzymes and their inhibitors, each having relatively simple roles in primitive organisms and more diverse and more complex functions in higher organisms.
10-(Dialkylaminoalkyl)-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazine (1-Azaphenothiazine) and Related Compounds (1958)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXT10-(Dialkylaminoalkyl)-pyrido[3,2-b][1,4]benzothiazine (1-Azaphenothiazine) and Related CompoundsHarry L. Yale and Francis SowinskiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1958, 80, 7, 1651–1654Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1958Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1958https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01540a035https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01540a035research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views246Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A comparative study of the preventative effects exerted by three probiotics,<i>Bifidobacterium lactis</i>,<i>Lactobacillus casei</i>and<i>Lactobacillus acidophilus</i>, in the TNBS model of rat colitis (2007)

These probiotics could be considered as potential adjuvants in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, although more studies are required in order to demonstrate their efficacy in humans.
A computer-aided geological interpretation system for subsurface imaging (2005)

Describes a computer-aided geological interpretation system developed for radio attenuation tomographic imaging of subsurface geology with immediate application in mining geophysics. Measurements in remote sensing are often expensive so that, in practice, the data-interpretation process is plagued by insufficient data. Inverse procedures are generally ill-posed leading to the use of regularization techniques which are mathematically tractable but rarely physically relevant to the problem. The authors' response to this has been to invert the normal imaging philosophy. Instead of using the data to reconstruct an image for interpretation by some domain expert, they provide a computational system in which set theoretic techniques are used to modify hypotheses provided by the expert in image form to make them consistent with the data and other constraints. This is an implementation of the hypothetico-deductive model of scientific method. While the actual image-processing algorithms such as tomographic inversion are based on sophisticated techniques, the authors have made a considerable effort to remove this level of abstraction for the benefit of geologists and geophysicists who are the target users. By employing X-Windows-based, graphical user interface methods, in conjunction with graphics and image-based visualization, the system can be used intuitively to explore the possibilities offered by the data without an extensive knowledge of the processing techniques. The application of the system to field examples from the Australian mining industry is shown in the interactive presentation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Voltage Breakdown in S-Band Linear Accelerator Cavities (1983)

Voltage breakdown is one of the major limiting factors in the design of a high accelerating gradient linear accelerator structure. A multiple-use cavity test system was developed to establish the criteria for voltage breakdown in S-band pulsed electron linear accelerator cavities, in terms of cavity geometry, accelerating gradient, RF pulse shape and repetition rate, surface finish, temperature and external magnetic field. The experimental set-up and test procedure, as well as the experimental results, are presented.
CPM—an efficient constant amplitude modulation scheme (1984)

Abstract There is an increasing demand for digitial radio transmission. The cost of a channel is proportional to the bandwidth. For many applications power is limited. For satellite applications constant amplitude modulation is advantageous because of non‐linear amplification. In this paper a class of power and bandwidth efficient constant amplitude continuous phase modulation (CPM) schemes is presented. The signals are analysed in great detail and the tools for both error probability analysis and power spectral calculations are presented. Numerical data for raised cosine (RC) pulse shaping is presented. This paper is basically an overview with new results on the trellis description of CPM. The transmission is assumed to be ideally coherent over the Gaussian channel. In a following paper we will deal with transmission imperfections such as bandlimitation and hard limiting and their effect on CPM 1 .
Tailings Management: Problems and Solutions in the Mining Industry (1989)

1. Mining - The Issues. Introduction. Tailings and waste rock analyses. Disposal. Reclamation. Water recycle. In-plant abatement. Toxicity of effluents. Ongoing research. Concerns of public and legislative bodies. Corporate responsibility. 2. Development of Waste Water Regulations and Guidelines. 3. Influence of the Mining and Mineral Extraction Process. Introduction. Mining. Crushing, grinding, beneficiation and mineralogy. Leaching. Liquid-solids separation. Solution purification and product recovery. Conservation and by-product recovery. Chemistry. Control. 4. Toxicity of Mining and Milling Reagents to the Environment. Introduction. Toxicity of some selected reagents in the milling circuit. Toxicity of some petrochemicals to fish. Reagent biodegradability. Effects of soluble metal-extractant complexes. 5. Tailings Impoundment Selection and Design. Introduction. Tailings and waste rock characteristics. Design of overall treatment system. Impoundment design for tailings. Design for waste dumps. Liners and barriers. 6. Tailings Deposition. Introduction. Deposition methods. 7. Water Management. Criteria. Control of water in the impoundment area. Tailings ponds. Dewatering of tailings. Water recycling and reuse. 8. Monitoring of Tailings Impoundment Site. 9. Sampling and Analysis. Introduction. Sampling. Analyses. Speciation procedure. Analytical techniques for soils. 10. Weathering and Migration Processes. Introduction. Global cycles. Characterization of tailings and waste rock. Hydrogeology influences. Dissolution, precipitation and exchange processes. Eh - pH relationships. Oxidation of sulphides, acid drainage and prevention. Soil development profile. Migration. The ecosystem. Conclusions and summary. 11. Effluent Treatment for Environmental Control. Introduction. Control and prevention of acid mine drainage. Treatment of acidic and other waste waters. Biological and ecological systems. 12. Some Specific Tailings. Decommissioning, Reclamation and Covers. Introduction. Alumina plant tailings. Base metals. Coal. Flotation circuits. Gold. In-situ operations. Iron ore. Oil sands tailings. Phosphate rock. Potash. Sand and gravel. Titanium. Uranium. 13. Decommissioning, Reclamation and Covers. Introduction. Covers. Possible close-out options. Conclusion. 14. Methodology and Plan for Investigating Weathering, Migration and Close-Out - The Model. Introduction. Source terms. The model. Weathering and migration studies. Modelling. Chemical, physical and natural barriers. Examination of tailings and/or waste rock for eventual cover and close-out: summary. 15. Costs of Disposal Options and Management. Introduction. Tailings treatment in mill. Slurry thickening. Slurry transport. Tailings impoundment. Effluent treatment. Effluent transport and/or evaporation. Restoration of tailings area. Sampling and analysis. Evaluation of costs. Appendix I. Conversion units. Subject Index.
Contrast-Enhanced Endorectal Coil MRI in Local Staging of Prostate Carcinoma (1995)

The T2-weighted sequences remain mandatory for delineation of prostate carcinoma. Contrast-enhanced T1-weighted sequences do not improve overall staging accuracy and therefore are not warranted routinely, but should be considered in cases requiring clearer delineation of the prostate capsule and/or seminal vesicles.
DMSK system with nonredundant error correction capability (2002)

Differential minimum-shift keying (DMSK) systems, with nonredundant multiple error correction, are investigated. A proposed scheme for differential detection of MSK (minimum-shift keying) with nonredundant multiple error correction utilizes the output that employs the received signal delayed by more than two time slots. This output is shown to be the parity check bit. The error rate performance of the proposed demodulation scheme is studied for DMSK.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Interplay of Oxidants and Antioxidants During Exercise: Implications for Muscle Health (2009)

Muscle contraction results in generation of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) at a rate determined by the intensity, frequency, and duration of the exercise protocols. Strenuous exercise causes oxidation of protein, lipid, and DNA, release of cytosolic enzymes, and other signs of cell damage; however, only exhaustive exercise is detrimental. Indeed, the regulation of vascular tone, the excitation-contraction coupling, growth, and differentiation in skeletal muscle, are governed in part by RONS. This is accomplished by RONS interaction with redox-sensitive transcription factors, leading to increased gene expression of antioxidant enzymes, cytoprotective proteins, and other enzymes involved in muscle metabolic functions. However, high levels of RONS generation are known to cause oxidative stress, activate certain pathogenic pathways, and accelerate aging. This article reviews research from the past decades on the interplay of oxidants and antioxidants in skeletal muscle, with particular reference to increased contractile activity. Adaptation of muscle to increased oxidative stress and the potential mechanisms involved will be highlighted. The role of redox-controlled cell signaling in skeletal muscle health and function is also described.
High performance organic field-effect transistors based on [2,2′]bi[naphtho[2,3-b]thiophenyl] with a simple structure (2008)

A novel semiconductor with naphtho[2,3-b]thiophene rings was synthesized and characterized by using single crystal X-ray structure analysis, absorption and emission spectra, electrochemical measurements, quantum chemical calculations, thin-film X-ray diffraction and AFM studies. FET devices using the molecule as the active layer showed high mobilities and high air stability. The hole mobility was enhanced to 0.67 cm2V−1 s−1 in air.
Fresnel-zone binning: Fresnel-zone shape with offset and velocity function (2010)

Abstract The concept of the Fresnel zone has been explored by many workers; most commonly, their work has involved examining the Fresnel zone in the limiting case of zero offset and constant velocity. I have examined the shape of the Fresnel zone for nonzero offset and in the situation of constant velocity gradient. Finite-offset Fresnel zones are not circular but are elliptical and may be many times larger than their zero-offset equivalents. My derivation takes a largely geometric approach, and I suggest a useful approximation for the dimension of the Fresnel zone parallel to the shot-receiver azimuth. The presence of a velocity gradient (velocity increasing with depth) in the subsurface leads to an expansion of the Fresnel zone to an area that is far larger than may be determined through a more usual straight-ray determination.
Dramatic Effect of Oral CSF-1R Kinase Inhibitor on Retinal Microglia Revealed by In Vivo Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy (2017)

This report provides sound evidence that the small molecule pharmaceutical PLX5622, a highly selective CSF-1R kinase inhibitor, crosses the blood-retina barrier and suppresses microglia activity. Members of this class of drug are in advanced clinical development stages and may represent a novel approach to modulate ocular inflammatory processes.
Biotransformation of glycerol into 1,3‐propanediol (2008)

Abstract Today, glycerol is mainly a by‐product of fat splitting and biodiesel production. Further growth of the biodiesel market would result in a fall in the price of glycerol. Particularly glycerol‐water from rapeseed oil methyl ester production, for example, would be an interesting raw material if it could be utilised in fermentation without further pretreatment. Under anaerobic conditions, bacteria can transform glycerol into 1,3‐propanediol (PDO), which can be used as a monomer in the chemical industry. PDO can be produced biotechnologically from glycerol with the aid of bacteria. Another way would be the utilization of glucose instead of glycerol, which would provide independence from the fluctuating glycerol market. However, under certain conditions, the classic technique based on glycerol can be quite interesting with regard to technical and economic aspects: A concerted, extensive search for new microorganisms (screening) and improved process design (fed‐batch with pH‐controlled substrate dosage) allowed the product concentrations, which were relatively low at a maximum of 70–80 g/L as a result of product inhibition, to be raised to more than 100 g/L. An additional advantage of the new technique and the newly isolated strains is the utilisation of low‐priced crude glycerol or glycerol‐water. This is a factor which should not be underestimated and has a direct effect on the product costs. Further on, the use of immobilised cells compared to freely suspended cells enables an increase of productivity from about 2 up to 30 g /Lh.
Registering fNIR Data to Brain Surface Image using MRI templates (2006)

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIR) measures changes in the relative levels of oxygenated and deoxygenated hemoglobin and has increasingly been used to assess neural functioning in the brain. In addition to the ongoing technological developments, investigators have also been conducting studies on functional mapping and refinement of data analytic strategies in order to better understand the relationship between the fNIR signal and brain activity. However, since fNIR is a relatively new functional brain imaging modality as compared to positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), it still lacks brain-mapping tools designed to allow researchers and clinicians to easily interact with their data. The aim of this study is to develop a registration technique for the fNIR measurements using anatomical landmarks and structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) templates in order to visualize the brain activation when and where it happens. The proposed registration technique utilizes chain-code algorithm and depicts activations over respective locations based on sensor geometry. Furthermore, registered data locations have been used to create spatiotemporal visualization of fNIR measurements.
REVIEW OF MARINE BIO-ACOUSTICS. STATE OF THE ART: 1964. (1965)

The available information and literature on marine animal sounds is surveyed, review and evaluated. A brief historical review lists some of the major contributions to the field from the early 19th century to date, and a general non-technical survey covers the contribution of marine animals to ambient sea noise and the sounds of marine invertebrates, fishes and cetaceans. A detailed technical review summarizes and evaluates the literature on: mechanisms of sound production in marine animals, including a discussion on the physics of swim bladders as acoustic transducers; the characteristics of marine animal sounds; auditory capacities of marine animals; and the biological and behavioral significance of marine anima sounds. The problems of identification and classification of unknown sound sources are discussed. Examples of sonic mechanisms and spectrograms of the sounds are illustrated. (Author)
Local anesthetics measured by lipophilic β‐cyclodextrin‐based ion‐selective electrodes (1996)

Abstract 2,3,6‐Trioctyl and 2,6‐didodecyl‐β‐cyclodextrins have been incorporated in ion‐selective electrodes as neutral ionophores for the detection of the local anesthetics procaine, prilocaine, lidocaine and bupivacaine hydrochlorides. Nernstian response and excellent limits of detection were observed (−log [C]≥5.0). Interference from ‘serum’ levels of sodium, potassium and calcium (150.0 mmol dm −3 Na + , 1.26 mmol dm −3 Ca 2+ 4.30 mmol dm −3 K + ), was negligible (−log K ,) (overall)≥4.0). The major organic interferents were molecules of similar size and structure which caused reduced slope and drift in baseline potentials at 10 mmol dm −3 levels of concentrations. However, the interferences were substantially reduced when the interferent concentration was reduced by a factor of 10. Nernstian response was maintained in the presence of bovine serum albumin (BSA), serum (HS) and aI acid glycoprotein (AAG). A polyurethane, (Tecoflex SG80) membrane matrix was more biocompatible when compared to PVC as evidenced by lower E 0 (internal) shifts with the former.
Role of oxidative stress in Alzheimer's disease (2016)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common cause of disability in individuals aged >65 years worldwide. AD is characterized by the abnormal deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) peptide, and intracellular accumulation of neurofibrillary tangles of hyperphosphorylated τ protein and dementia. The neurotoxic oligomer Aβ peptide, which is the neuropathological diagnostic criterion of the disease, together with τ protein, are mediators of the neurodegeneration that is among the main causative factors. However, these phenomena are mainly initiated and enhanced by oxidative stress, a process referring to an imbalance between antioxidants and oxidants in favour of oxidants. This imbalance can occur as a result of increased free radicals or a decrease in antioxidant defense, free radicals being a species that contains one or more unpaired electrons in its outer shell. The major source of potent free radicals is the reduction of molecular oxygen in water, that initially yields the superoxide radical, which produces hydrogen peroxide by the addition of an electron. The reduction of hydrogen peroxide produces highly reactive hydroxyl radicals, termed reactive oxygen species (ROS) that can react with lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, and other molecules and may also alter their structures and functions. Thus, tissues and organs, particularly the brain, a vulnerable organ, are affected by ROS due to its composition. The brain is largely composed of easily oxidizable lipids while featuring a high oxygen consumption rate. The current review examined the role of oxidative stress in AD.