gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Particle Bridging between Oil and Water Interfaces (2007)

Particle bridging between a water drop and a flat oil-water interface has been observed when the drop is brought into contact with the interface, leading to the formation of a dense particle monolayer of disc shape (namely, particle disc) that prevents the drop from coalescing into the bulk water phase. Unlike previous observations where particles from opposite interfaces appear to register with each other before bridging, the present experiment demonstrates that the particle registry is not a necessity for bridging. In many cases, the particles from one of the interfaces were repelled away from the contact region, leaving behind the particles from the other interface to bridge the two interfaces. This is confirmed by particle bridging experiments between two interfaces covered with different sized particles, and between a particle-covered interface and a clean interface. The dynamics associated with the growth of the particle disc due to particle bridging follows a power law relationship between the radius of the disc and time: r proportional, variant t0.32+/-0.03. A scaling analysis assuming capillary attraction as the driving force and a hydrodynamic resistance leads to the power law r proportional, variant t1/3, in good agreement with the experiment. In addition, we found that binary mixtures of two different sized particles can undergo phase segregation driven by the particle bridging process.
Characterization of Spinel Phase Formed in the Kaolin‐Mullite Thermal Sequence (1986)

The spinel phase formed on the thermal reaction of kaolin group minerals was characterized by X‐ray quantitative analysis, lattice constant determination, and chemical analysis by analytical TEM. The spinel phase was determined to be nearly γ‐Al 2 O 3 with ∼8 wt% of SiO 2 , significantly less than previously reported.
Cellular interactions between biotrophic fungal pathogens and host or nonhost plants (2002)

Biotrophic fungi, such as the rust fungi and the powdery mildew fungi, represent a distinct and economically important group of plant pathogens. Studies of nonhost interactions with Uromyces vignae (cowpea rust fungus, monokaryotic stage) or Erysiphe cichoracearum (plantain powdery mildew fungus) suggest that for both types of biotrophs, penetration through the epidermal wall commonly fails in association with wall-associated defense responses, in part elicited by breakdown products of the plant cell wall. Data suggest that extracellular hydrogen peroxide plays a primary role in this penetration failure, acting either as a signaling agent or as a necessary adjunct to some other defense response within the wall. Protoplast involvement, but not necessarily transcription or translation, is necessary for these wall-associated responses, and they can be reduced by reducing the adhesion between the plant cell wall and the plasma membrane. The latter observation suggests that this adhesion is important for at least some types of defensive signaling between the wall and the cell contents. In host or nonhost plants, Erysiphe species increase this adhesion and wall-associated responses occur even in susceptible plants. However, in its host species, U. vignae locally reduces this adhesion around the penetration site and, as an apparent consequence, no wall-associated responses can be detected. Thus, this latter system is ideal for studying postpenetration cellular and molecular changes in resistant or susceptible host cells without the confounding effect of responses to the trauma of cell wall penetration. Such studies indicate that not only is penetration failure in nonhost plants determined while the fungus is growing through the epidermal cell wall, but that it is at this stage of infection in host species that cellular responses are initiated that determine whether the plant cell will become susceptible to infection or exhibit the hypersensitive response.
To Be or Not to Be a "New Rule:" The Non-Retroactivity of Newly Recognized Constitutional Rights After Conviction (1992)

Consider the reaction of the average member of the lay public to the following scenario taking place in a physician's office: a patient is diagnosed as having a fatal disease and given six months to live.Thereafter, within four months the New England Journal of Medicine reveals that a cure has been found for this terminal illness.Upon application to the doctor for the "new cure" which would save his life, the patient is told that it is unavailable to him, because under existing medical guidelines, the patient may be treated only by the medicine and procedures available to him at the date of diagnosis.Would such a revelation not be shocking to the public at large?Yet, it is precisely this kind of pronouncement that the legal profession now faces.Ever since the United States Supreme Court handed down its rulings in Teague v. Lane 1 and Penry v. Lynaugh, 2 the question of which court decisions should apply retroactively has been a continuing source of debate in both state and federal forums; especially in dealing with cases on collateral review.In Teague, the United States Supreme Court held that the decision as to whether the "rule" of a case should be given retrospective application turned upon whether it was a "new rule."If it was, that "rule" would not apply retroactively to any case on collateral review.If, however, the "rule" announced in the decision was not a "new rule," then it would be applied retroactively to all cases on collateral review.Penry applied the Teague doctrine to capital cases as well.With respect to cases on direct review, in Teague, the Supreme Court noted that it had already held in 1987 that where the defendant's conviction was not yet final, all subsequent Supreme Court decisions were retroactive,
Animating cartoon faces by multi‐view drawings (2010)

Abstract In this paper, we present a novel framework for creating cartoon facial animation from multi‐view hand‐drawn sketches. The input sketches are first employed to construct a base mesh model by using a hybrid sketch‐based method. The model is then deformed for each key viewpoint, yielding a set of models that closely match the corresponding sketches. We introduce a view‐dependent facial expression space defined by the key viewpoints and the basic emotions to generate various facial expressions viewed from arbitrary angles. The output facial animation conforms to the input sketches and maintains frame‐to‐frame correspondence. We demonstrate the potential of our approach through an easy‐to‐use system, where the animating of cartoon faces is automated once the user accomplishes sketching and configuration. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glial fibrillary acidic protein in late life major depressive disorder: an immunocytochemical study (2002)

The data suggest any increase in GFAP in elderly MDD patients is limited to layer 1 of the DLPFC. These results provide some support for the vascular depression hypothesis and further implicate DLPFC abnormalities in depression.
Adenovirus-Mediated Expression of Caveolin-1 in Mouse Liver Increases Plasma High-Density Lipoprotein Levels (2001)

Caveolae are 50-100 nm plasma membrane invaginations, which function in cell signaling and transcytosis, as well as in regulating cellular cholesterol homeostasis. These subcompartments of the plasma membrane are characterized by the presence of caveolin proteins. Recent studies have indicated that caveolae may be involved in the regulation of cellular cholesterol efflux to HDL, as well as selective uptake mediated by SR-BI. In the present study, we have determined the effect of caveolin-1 overexpression in mouse liver on plasma lipoprotein metabolism. We evaluated this effect using an adenovirus-mediated gene delivery system. C57BL/6J mice were injected with adenoviruses encoding either caveolin-1 (Adcav-1) or green fluorescent protein (AdGFP) together with a transactivator adenovirus (AdtTA). We found that, after adenovirus injection, caveolin-1 was overexpressed in hepatocytes. Moreover, the recombinant protein was localized to the plasma membrane. We also found that caveolin-1 overexpression induced a marked change in the lipoprotein profile of injected animals. In caveolin-1 overexpressing animals, plasma HDL-cholesterol levels were found to be approximately 2-fold elevated, as compared with control animals. To determine the effect of caveolin-1 on SR-BI-mediated selective uptake, we infected murine hepatocytes in culture with an adenoviral vector carrying the caveolin-1 cDNA or GFP as a control protein. We show that, in primary cultures of hepatocytes, caveolin-1 inhibits DiI-HDL uptake mediated by SR-BI. This result would mechanistically explain the increased plasma HDL-cholesterol levels we observed in caveolin-1 adenovirus-injected animals. In addition, caveolin-1 expression increased the secretion of apolipoprotein A-I in cultured hepatocytes and increased apolipoprotein A-I plasma levels in mice. Our study therefore demonstrates an important role for caveolin-1 in regulating HDL metabolism.
<title>Packaging of large-area individually addressable micromirror arrays for the next-generation space telescope</title> (2002)

One of NASA's challenging projects for advancing the exploration of space is the development and deployment of the Next Generation Space Telescope (NGST) for superseding the existing Hubble Space Telescope. The NGST will be equipped with several camera/spectrometer systems including a 0.6 to 5 micron Multi-Object-Spectrometer. To selectively direct light rays from different regions of space into the spectrometer, an option is to use individually addressable micro-electro-mechanical-mirror arrays serving as the slit mask for the spectrometer. The NASA team at Goddard Space Flight Center has designed an integrated micro-mirror array/CMOS driver chip that can meet the system requirements. The fabrication and testing of prototype chips have yielded promising results. To build the entire MEMS- based slit mask, a design requires accurate placement and alignment of four large (at least 9 cm X 9 cm) pieces of the integrated chips in a 2X2 mosaic pattern. In addition, the mask will have to function at temperatures below 40 K. These requirements pose a serious challenge to the packaging of these integrated MEMS chips. In this paper, we discuss a concept for attaching and aligning the large- area MEMS chips into the 2X2 mask and interconnecting it to the rest of the system. The concept makes use of the flip-chip technology to bump-bond the large chips onto a silicon substrate such that the concern for global thermo- mechanical stresses due to mismatched coefficients of thermal expansion between chip and substrate is eliminated. It also makes use of the restoring force of the solder bumps during reflow to self-align the chips. A critical experiment involving the use of 'mechanical' chips with two-dimensional arrays of bonding pads was carried out to evaluate the feasibility of the packaging concept. Preliminary results indicate that the chips can be attached to form a closely packed mosaic pattern with a relative tilt angle between the chips to less than 0.05 degree, which is within the system specifications. Modeling results of the thermo-mechanical stresses gave small distortion as a result local CTE mismatch between the solder bump and silicon when the package is cooled from the solder reflow temperature down to 40 degrees Kelvin.
The immediate upstream region of the 5′-UTR from the AUG start codon has a pronounced effect on the translational efficiency in Arabidopsis thaliana (2013)

The nucleotide sequence around the translational initiation site is an important cis-acting element for post-transcriptional regulation. However, it has not been fully understood how the sequence context at the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) affects the translational efficiency of individual mRNAs. In this study, we provide evidence that the 5'-UTRs of Arabidopsis genes showing a great difference in the nucleotide sequence vary greatly in translational efficiency with more than a 200-fold difference. Of the four types of nucleotides, the A residue was the most favourable nucleotide from positions -1 to -21 of the 5'-UTRs in Arabidopsis genes. In particular, the A residue in the 5'-UTR from positions -1 to -5 was required for a high-level translational efficiency. In contrast, the T residue in the 5'-UTR from positions -1 to -5 was the least favourable nucleotide in translational efficiency. Furthermore, the effect of the sequence context in the -1 to -21 region of the 5'-UTR was conserved in different plant species. Based on these observations, we propose that the sequence context immediately upstream of the AUG initiation codon plays a crucial role in determining the translational efficiency of plant genes.
An In-vitro Comparison of Nano Hydroxyapatite, Novamin and Proargin Desensitizing Toothpastes - A SEM Study (2016)

It was concluded that all the three desensiting agents were effective in the dentine tubule occlusion. In addition efficacy of nano-hydroxyapatite toothpaste was greater compared to the other desensiting agents.
Adhesive Escherichia coli in inflammatory bowel disease and infective diarrhoea. (1988)

The clinical features of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease are similar to those of infections of the bowel, although their cause is uncertain. Many bacteria that cause intestinal diseases adhere to the gut mucosa, and adhesion of pathogenic Escherichia coli is resistant to D-mannose. The adhesive properties of isolates of E coli were assessed by assay of adhesion to buccal epithelial cells with mannose added. The isolates were obtained from patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (50 with a relapse of ulcerative colitis, nine with ulcerative colitis in remission, 13 with Crohn's disease, and 11 with infectious diarrhoea not due to E coli) and 22 controls. The median index of adhesion to buccal epithelial cells (the proportion of cells with more than 50 adherent bacteria) for E coli from patients with ulcerative colitis in relapse was significantly higher (43%) than that for controls (5%) and patients with infectious diarrhoea (14%). The index was not significantly different among isolates from patients with ulcerative colitis in relapse, Crohn's disease (53%), and ulcerative colitis in remission (30%). If an index of adhesion of greater than 25% is taken as indicating an adhesive strain 86% of isolates of E coli from patients with inflammatory bowel disease were adhesive compared with 27% from patients with infective diarrhoea and none from controls. The adhesive properties of the isolates from patients with inflammatory bowel disease were similar to those of pathogenic intestinal E coli, raising the possibility that they may have a role in the pathogenesis of the condition; the smaller proportion of adhesive isolates in patients with infective diarrhoea due to other bacteria suggests that the organism may be of primary importance rather than arising secondarily.
A Facile Synthesis of Perfluoro- and ω-Chloroperfluoro-1-pentafluorophenyl-1-alkynes (1987)

Perfluoro-1-pentafluorophenyl-1-alkynes and the corresponding ω-chloroperfluoro compounds are conveniently prepared by the following two-step sequence: Reaction of methylenetriphenylphosphorane with hexafluorobenzene followed by C-acylation of the resultant perfluorobenzylidenetriphenylphosphorane (without isolation) with perfluoroalkanoic anhydrides or ω-chloroperfluoroalkanoyl fluorides, respectively, to give α-perfluoroacyl [or α-(ω-chloroperfluoroacyl)]-perfluorobenzylidenetriphenylphosphoranes and pyrolysis of these latter compounds at 230-260°C/2 torr. The second step of the sequence represents an intramolecular Wittig reaction.
An articulated talking face for the iCub (2014)

Recent developments in human-robot interaction show how the ability to communicate with people in a natural way is of great importance for artificial agents. The implementation of facial expressions has been found to significantly increase the interaction capabilities of humanoid robots. For speech, displaying a correct articulation with sound is mandatory to avoid audiovisual illusions like the McGurk effect (leading to comprehension errors) as well as to enhance the intelligibility in noise. This work describes the design, construction and testing of an animatronic talking face developed for the iCub robot. This talking head has an articulated jaw and four independent lip movements actuated by five motors. It is covered by a specially designed elastic tissue cover whose hemlines at the lips are attached to the motors via connecting linkages.
Supramolecular GAG-like Self-Assembled Glycopeptide Nanofibers Induce Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Regeneration (2015)

Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and glycoproteins are vital components of the extracellular matrix, directing cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration and tissue homeostasis. Here, we demonstrate supramolecular GAG-like glycopeptide nanofibers mimicking bioactive functions of natural hyaluronic acid molecules. Self-assembly of the glycopeptide amphiphile molecules enable organization of glucose residues in close proximity on a nanoscale structure forming a supramolecular GAG-like system. Our in vitro culture results indicated that the glycopeptide nanofibers are recognized through CD44 receptors, and promote chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. We analyzed the bioactivity of GAG-like glycopeptide nanofibers in chondrogenic differentiation and injury models because hyaluronic acid is a major component of articular cartilage. Capacity of glycopeptide nanofibers on in vivo cartilage regeneration was demonstrated in microfracture treated osteochondral defect healing. The glycopeptide nanofibers act as a cell-instructive synthetic counterpart of hyaluronic acid, and they can be used in stem cell-based cartilage regeneration therapies.
How do we develop and implement a preoperative anemia clinic designed to improve perioperative outcomes and reduce cost? (2015)

Treatment of anemia is one of the four pillars of patient blood management programs. Preoperative anemia is common and associated with increased perioperative morbidity after surgery and increased rates of blood transfusion. Effective treatment of preoperative anemia, however, requires advanced screening, diagnosis, and initiation of therapy weeks before elective surgery. Here we describe the development and implementation of a preoperative anemia screening and treatment program at Duke University Hospital.
COMPLEMENT FIXATION ANTIBODIES TO GLYCOSPHINGOLIPIDS IN SERA OF RARE BLOOD GROUP p AND P<sup>k</sup> PHENOTYPES (1978)

SUMMARY Blood group P antigen and P k antigen were recently identified as glycosphingolipid globoside, GalNAc(β, 1→3)Gal(α, 1→4)Gas(β, 1→4)Glc(β, 1→1)ceramide, and trihexosylceramide, Gal(α, 1→4)Gal(β, 1→4)Gld(β, 1→1)ceramide, respectively (Naiki & Marcus, 1974). The presence of antibodies to both antigens in the sera from rare p donors and antibodies to P antigen in the serum from a rare P k donor were first demonstrated by the complement fixation test with the optimal antigen preparations containing each purified glycolipid, lecithin and cholesterol. In the serum from a p donor, most of antibody population of anti‐P was IgM and was cross‐reacted to Forssman glycolipid, GalNAc(α, 1→3)GalNAc(β, 1→3)Gal(α, 1→4)Gal(β, 1→4)Glc(β, 1→1) ceramide, but the rest of the anti‐P antibodies and most of anti‐P k antibodies were IgG and had marked specificities for globoside and trihexosylceramide, respectively.
Recombinant Adeno-Associated Virus-Based Gene Transfer of Cathelicidin Induces Therapeutic Neovascularization Preferentially via Potent Collateral Growth (2009)

Therapeutic neovascularization is a concept well validated in animal models, however, without clear-cut success in clinical studies. To achieve prolonged transgene expression, recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) was used in a chronic ischemic hind-limb model and the human antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin (LL-37/hCAP-18) was used as proangiogenic factor. Seven days after femoral artery excision, 0.5 x 10(11) rAAV particles encoding for green fluorescent protein (rAAV.GFP), cathelicidin (rAAV.cath), or vascular endothelial growth factor A (rAAV.VEGF-A) were retroinfused into the anterior tibial vein of rabbits (n = 5 per group). In addition, one rAAV.cath-treated group obtained a constant infusion with the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor wortmannin into the ischemic tissue starting on day 7. On day 7 and day 35 angiography of both hind limbs was performed for collateral quantification and frame count score (cinedensitometry). Capillary-to-muscle fiber ratios were obtained on day 35. Compared with controls, application of rAAV.cath induced a gain of perfusion (153 +/- 12 vs. 107 + 9% of day 7 controls) via increased collateral growth (length index, 161 +/- 14 vs. 97 +/- 9%, controls), but no significant capillary growth (1.16 +/- 0.09 vs. 0.99 +/- 0.08, controls). Wortmannin application completely abolished the effects of rAAV.cath, indicating the involvement of the PI3K signal pathway. In conclusion, rAAV-mediated cathelicidin expression is capable of inducing functionally relevant neovascularization, preferentially by collateral growth. The rAAV-based vectors as long-expressing vector expression systems and cathelicidin as proangiogenic factor provide a promising new combination in the treatment of peripheral artery disease.
Physics-inspired optimization for constraint-satisfaction problems using a digital annealer. (2018)

The Fujitsu Digital Annealer (DA) is designed to solve fully connected quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) problems. It is implemented on application-specific CMOS hardware and currently solves problems of up to 1024 variables. The DA's algorithm is currently based on simulated annealing; however, it differs from it in its utilization of an efficient parallel-trial scheme and a dynamic escape mechanism. In addition, the DA exploits the massive parallelization that custom application-specific CMOS hardware allows. We compare the performance of the DA to simulated annealing and parallel tempering with isoenergetic cluster moves on two-dimensional and fully connected spin-glass problems with bimodal and Gaussian couplings. These represent the respective limits of sparse versus dense problems, as well as high-degeneracy versus low-degeneracy problems. Our results show that the DA currently exhibits a time-to-solution speedup of roughly two orders of magnitude for fully connected spin-glass problems with bimodal or Gaussian couplings, over the single-core implementations of simulated annealing and parallel tempering Monte Carlo used in this study. The DA does not appear to exhibit a speedup for sparse two-dimensional spin-glass problems, which we explain on theoretical grounds. We also benchmarked an early implementation of the Parallel Tempering DA. Our results suggest an improved scaling over the other algorithms for fully connected problems of average difficulty with bimodal disorder. The next generation of the DA is expected to be able to solve fully connected problems up to 8192 variables in size. This would enable the study of fundamental physics problems and industrial applications that were previously inaccessible using standard computing hardware or special-purpose quantum annealing machines.
A Series of Highly Stable Mesoporous Metalloporphyrin Fe-MOFs (2014)

A series of mesoporous metalloporphyrin Fe-MOFs, namely PCN-600(M) (M = Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), have been synthesized using the preassembled [Fe3O(OOCCH3)6] building block. PCN-600 exhibits a one-dimensional channel as large as 3.1 nm and the highest experimental pore volume of 1.80 cm(3)g(-1) among all the reported porphyrinic MOFs. It also shows very high stability in aqueous solutions with pH values ranging from 2-11 and is to our knowledge the only mesoporous porphyrinic MOF stable under basic aqueous conditions. PCN-600(Fe) has been demonstrated as an effective peroxidase mimic to catalyze the co-oxidation reaction.