gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Localization of small magnets against a noisy background</title> (2001)

Effective localization of small magnets against a noisy, real world background can involve various methods to first identify the magnetic fields produced by the magnet of interest, then to filter out background noise, and then to analyze the available magnetic field data to localize the magnet. Here we discuss low cost techniques which allow localization of small magnets with field strengths in the milliGauss range against real world background fields in the range of hundreds of mG, which may be fluctuating by up to tens of mG. Such techniques allow magnet tracking to be used to localize catheters in place of more invasive and expensive methods, e.g. fluoroscopy, for a variety of applications, including drug infusion with peripherally inserted central catheters (PICCs), laser ablation (TMR, PTMR) and introduction of pacemaker leads.
Kinetic and Mass Spectrometric Analysis of p300 Histone Acetyltransferase Domain Autoacetylation (2006)

Acetylation of proteins by p300 histone acetyltransferase plays a critical role in the regulation of gene expression. The prior discovery of an autoacetylated regulatory loop in the p300 histone acetyltransferase (HAT) domain prompted us to further explore the mechanisms of p300 autoacetylation. Here we have described a kinetic and mass spectrometric analysis of p300 HAT autoacetylation. The rate of p300 HAT autoacetylation was approximately fourth order with respect to p300 HAT domain concentration and thus appeared to be a highly cooperative process. By showing that a catalytically defective p300 HAT domain could be efficiently acetylated by active p300 HAT, we deduced that autoacetylation occurs primarily by an intermolecular mechanism. This was further confirmed using a semisynthetic biotinylated p300 HAT domain that could be physically separated from the catalytically defective p300 HAT by avidin affinity chromatography. Autoacetylation catalyzed by p300 HAT was approximately 1000-fold more efficient than PCAF (p300/CREB-binding protein-associated factor)-mediated acetylation of catalytically defective p300 HAT. Using a novel tandem mass spectrometric approach, it was found to be possible to observe up to 17 autoacetylation events within the intact p300 regulatory loop. Kinetic analysis of the site specificity of p300 autoacetylation reveals a class of rapid events followed by a slower set of modifications. Several of these rapid autoacetylation sites correlate with an acetyltransferase-activating function based on prior mutagenesis analysis.
Using asymmetric S-curve profile for fast and vibrationless motion (2007)

In the paper, we newly propose the asymmetric S-curve profile method for fast and vibrationless motion. Traditionally, the S-curve velocity profile which is symmetric and of two-step has been used to suppress residual vibration of actuator motions in practice. However, for high productivity, we introduce an asymmetricity into the S-curve profile, named asymmetric S-curve. It will be shown that the proposed asymmetric S-curve method has fast and smooth motion characteristics, compared with conventional approaches. By simulations, the performance of the asymmetric S-curve method applied to a motor position control problem will be verified.
Acceptable Risk: A Need for Periodic Review (2000)

From time to time, in designing or assessing the adequacy of facilities to withstand the damaging effects of natural hazards, it is appropriate to reexamine the topic of acceptable risk. This paper has been prepared in the spirit of addressing that topic, albeit generally and briefly. The writers summarize broadly many of the elements that typically go into the making of an assessment of risk, irrespective of the type of applicable natural hazard (earthquake, tornado, high wind, landslides, flood, etc.). Based on their experience, the writers have chosen to focus their attention on the factors that enter into a fundamental assessment of one hazard only, seismic risk, in turn directed to supporting judgment regarding acceptable risk. Similar procedures would be followed for other natural hazards regarded singularly or a combination of hazards as the individual situation may require. The paper ends with a brief discussion of some of the alternative action options available to the owner/operator of a facility and the means by which an optimum acceptable risk decision can be crafted.
Feature grouping and selection over an undirected graph (2012)

High-dimensional regression/classification continues to be an important and challenging problem, especially when features are highly correlated. Feature selection, combined with additional structure information on the features has been considered to be promising in promoting regression/classification performance. Graph-guided fused lasso (GFlasso) has recently been proposed to facilitate feature selection and graph structure exploitation, when features exhibit certain graph structures. However, the formulation in GFlasso relies on pairwise sample correlations to perform feature grouping, which could introduce additional estimation bias. In this paper, we propose three new feature grouping and selection methods to resolve this issue. The first method employs a convex function to penalize the pairwise <i>l</i><sub>∞</sub> norm of connected regression/classification coefficients, achieving simultaneous feature grouping and selection. The second method improves the first one by utilizing a non-convex function to reduce the estimation bias. The third one is the extension of the second method using a truncated <i>l</i><sub>1</sub> regularization to further reduce the estimation bias. The proposed methods combine feature grouping and feature selection to enhance estimation accuracy. We employ the alternating direction method of multipliers (ADMM) and difference of convex functions (DC) programming to solve the proposed formulations. Our experimental results on synthetic data and two real datasets demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
A graphic arts perspective on RGB-to-CMYK conversion (2002)

Economical computer tools now enable the creation of color documents at the desktop. An important step in producing output that will print with the desired color is the digital conversion of RGB color data to CMYK printing values. This process, traditionally performed by skilled craftsmen using electronic scanner controls, purportedly will be made routine by "color management systems" based on CIE colorimetry. This approach will likely succeed to varying degrees of success across the graphic arts landscape. With the hope of providing some background context this paper will step back, review some historical fundamentals, and describe a digital conversion algorithm that has proven quite successful in conventional graphic arts applications.
The application of Compressive Sensing technique on a stationary surveillance camera system (2008)

Compressive Sensing (CS) is a recently emerged signal processing method. It shows that when a signal is sparse in a certain basis, it can be recovered from a small number of random measurements made on it. In this work, we investigate the possibility of utilizing CS to sample the video stream acquired by a fixed surveillance camera in order to reduce the amount of data transmitted. For every 15 continuous video frames, we select the first frame in the video stream as the reference frame. Then for each following frame, we compute the difference between this frame and its preceding frame, resulting in a difference frame, which can be represented by a small number of measurement samples. By only transmitting these samples, we greatly reduce the amount of transmitted data. The original video stream can still be effectively recovered. In our simulations, SPGL1 method is used to recover the original frame. Two different methods, random measurement and 2D Fourier transform, are used to make the measurements. In our simulations, the Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) ranges from 28.0dB to 50.9dB, depending on the measurement method and number of measurement used, indicating good recovery quality. Besides a good compression rate, the CS technique has the properties of being robust to noise and easily encrypted which all make CS technique a good candidate for signal processing in communication.
Adenosine-induced activation of esophageal nociceptors (2010)

Clinical studies implicate adenosine acting on esophageal nociceptive pathways in the pathogenesis of noncardiac chest pain originating from the esophagus. However, the effect of adenosine on esophageal afferent nerve subtypes is incompletely understood. We addressed the hypothesis that adenosine selectively activates esophageal nociceptors. Whole cell perforated patch-clamp recordings and single-cell RT-PCR analysis were performed on the primary afferent neurons retrogradely labeled from the esophagus in the guinea pig. Extracellular recordings were made from the isolated innervated esophagus. In patch-clamp studies, adenosine evoked activation (inward current) in a majority of putative nociceptive (capsaicin-sensitive) vagal nodose, vagal jugular, and spinal dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons innervating the esophagus. Single-cell RT-PCR analysis indicated that the majority of the putative nociceptive (transient receptor potential V1-positive) neurons innervating the esophagus express the adenosine receptors. The neural crest-derived (spinal DRG and vagal jugular) esophageal nociceptors expressed predominantly the adenosine A(1) receptor while the placodes-derived vagal nodose nociceptors expressed the adenosine A(1) and/or A(2A) receptors. Consistent with the studies in the cell bodies, adenosine evoked activation (overt action potential discharge) in esophageal nociceptive nerve terminals. Furthermore, the neural crest-derived jugular nociceptors were activated by the selective A(1) receptor agonist CCPA, and the placodes-derived nodose nociceptors were activated by CCPA and/or the selective adenosine A(2A) receptor CGS-21680. In contrast to esophageal nociceptors, adenosine failed to stimulate the vagal esophageal low-threshold (tension) mechanosensors. We conclude that adenosine selectively activates esophageal nociceptors. Our data indicate that the esophageal neural crest-derived nociceptors can be activated via the adenosine A(1) receptor while the placodes-derived esophageal nociceptors can be activated via A(1) and/or A(2A) receptors. Direct activation of esophageal nociceptors via adenosine receptors may contribute to the symptoms in esophageal diseases.
Playing to Wait (2018)

Idle games are a recent minimalist gaming phenomenon in which the game is left running with little player interaction. We deepen understanding of idle games and their characteristics by developing a taxonomy and identifying game features. This paper examines 66 idle games using a grounded theory approach to analyze play, game mechanics, rewards, interactivity, progress rate, and user interface. To establish a clearly bounded definition of idle games, we analyzed 10 non-idle games with the same approach. We discuss how idle games move players from playing to planning, how they question dominant assumptions about gameplay, and their unusual use of resources such as player attention and computer cycles. Our work illuminates opportunities for the design of idle games, suggests design implications, and provides a framework for researchers to clearly articulate questions about this genre.
[Opium and opioids: a brief history.]. (2005)

In the dawning of the third millennium, regardless of studies with analgesic drugs of different pharmacological groups, opioids are still the most potent analgesics, although their efficacy has been questioned for some types of pain. Current Clinical Pharmacology knowledge allows for the selection of the opioid based on patient's disease and conditions, in the search for the best cost-benefit ratio.
ALPHA‐1 ANTITRYPSIN DEFICIENCY IN A PATIENT WITH WIDESPREAD PRURIGO NODULARIS (1991)

Skin lesions associated with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency are becoming better defined and understood. Deficiency in this major antiproteinase, which neutralizes multiple proteolytic enzymes ranging from collagenases and elastases to trypsin and chymotrypsin, thus results in significant tissue autodigestion. This anti-proteinase is secreted by activated lymphocytes and macrophages, suggesting the existence of homeostasis which titrates the release of proteolytic enzymes by these cells, and the adequate neutralization of these proteases in order to prevent excessive tissue autodigestion each time these inflammatory cells are activated. We report a patient with alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency who, following insect bites and cellulitis developed widespread itching and scratching, leading to widespread lesions of prurigo nodularis. The colonization of his multiple skin lesions with Staphylococcus aureus and the release of potent T cell mitogens, such as Protein A and enterotoxin A from the bacterial cell membrane may have resulted in the release of additional proteolytic enzymes by the activated lymphocytes and macrophages, without the concomitant secretion of alpha 1-antitrypsin with subsequent aggravation of his pruritus. These concepts are supported by electron microscopic evidence of excessive tissue autodigestion, and by immunocytochemical data identifying the presence of T helper and T cytotoxic/suppressor lymphocytes as well as macrophages within the upper dermis.
Numerical modeling study of the unipolar accumulation transistor (2007)

A unipolar accumulation transistor configuration has recently been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. This transistor has a simple structure with Ohmic contacts and only one doping type. The device, termed the accumulation metal oxide semiconductor field effect transistor (AMOSFET), relies on having a nanoscale depth dimension, which forces the current through an accumulated (on state) or depleted (off state) region. Detailed numerical modeling presented here elucidates the previously proposed and experimentally observed AMOSFET features. These include linear and saturation currents which depend on doping rather than gate capacitance, good subthreshold swing behavior, and low threshold voltages. This modeling predicts on-off ratios exceeding 109.
The ratio of kappa- to lambda-carrageenan in nuclear phases of the rhodophycean algae, <i>chondrus crispus</i> and <i>Gigartina stellata</i> (1973)

The ratio of the concentrations of κ- to λ-carrageenan is shown to be related to the nuclear phase in Chondrus crispus both in culture and in nature. This ratio is low in tetrasporic plants and relatively high in the gametophytes. It was found to vary somewhat amongst samples analysed, but was always less than unity in tetrasporophytes and greater than unity in gametophytic plants. The κ/λ ratio in Gigartina stellata was high in gametophytes as in C. crispus ; the tetrasporophytic phase of this species is unknown. It is suggested that the commercial quality of carrageenan can be correlated with the biological status of the harvested plants.
General redundancy optimization method for cooperating manipulators using quadratic inequality constraints (1999)

In redundancy optimization problems related to cooperating manipulators such as optimal force distribution, constraints on the physical limits of the manipulators should be considered. We propose quadratic inequality constraints (QICs), which lead to ellipsoidal feasible regions, to solve the optimization problem more efficiently. We investigate the effect of the use of QICs from the points of view of problem size and change of the feasible region. To efficiently deal with the QICs, we also propose the dual quadratically constrained quadratic programming (QCQP) method. In this method, the size of the optimization problem is reduced so that the computational burden is lightened. The proposed method and another well-known quadratic programming method are applied to the two PUMA robots system and compared with each other. The results show that the use of QICs with the dual QCQP method allows for faster computation than the existing method.
Catalytic Direct Asymmetric Michael Reactions: Addition of Unmodified Ketone and Aldehyde Donors to Alkylidene Malonates and Nitro Olefins (2004)

The Michael additions of a number of ketones and aldehydes to alkylidene malonates and nitro olefins were studied. The reactions employ small organic molecules as catalyst under mild reaction conditions and do not require preactivation of the carbonyl donors. These reactions afforded a variety of highly functionalized products in good yields with moderate to good enantioselectivity.
Influence of acetylsalicylic acid and salicylaide on the coagulation of blood. (1960)

Acetylsalicylic acid when administered daily in large doses of 0.0857 g/kg of body weight causes an increase in the one-stage prothrombin time in most normal subjects. A similar dose of salicylamide has little or no effect on the prothrombin time. No effect from either drug was found on the bleeding time, the platelet count, the prothrombin consumption tests or other hemostatic tests in normal individuals.
Privacy APIs: Access Control Techniques to Analyze and Verify Legal Privacy Policies (2006)

There is a growing interest in establishing rules to regulate the privacy of citizens in the treatment of sensitive personal data such as medical and financial records. Such rules must be respected by software used in these sectors. The regulatory statements are somewhat informal and must be interpreted carefully in the software interface to private data. This paper describes techniques to formalize regulatory privacy rules and how to exploit this formalization to analyze the rules automatically. Our formalism, which we call privacy APIs, is an extension of access control matrix operations to include (1) operations for notification and logging and (2) constructs that ease the mapping between legal and formal language. We validate the expressive power of privacy APIs by encoding the 2000 and 2003 HIPAA consent rules in our system. This formalization is then encoded into Promela and we validate the usefulness of the formalism by using the SPIN model checker to verify properties that distinguish the two versions of HIPAA
Gold nanoparticles-immobilized, hierarchically ordered, porous TiO2 nanotubes for biosensing of glutathione (2015)

Glutathione (GSH) is vital for several functions of our human body such as neutralization of free radicals and reactive oxygen compounds, maintaining the active forms of vitamin C and E, regulation of nitric oxide cycle, iron metabolism, etc. It is also an endogenous antioxidant in most of the biological reactions. Given the importance of GSH, a simple strategy is proposed in this work to develop a biosensor for quantitative detection of GSH. This particular biosensor comprises of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs)-immobilized, hierarchically ordered titanium dioxide (TiO2) porous nanotubes. Hexagonally arranged, honeycomb-like nanoporous tubular TiO2 electrodes are prepared by using a simple electrochemical anodization process by applying a constant potential of 30 V for 24 hours using ethylene glycol consisting of ammonium fluoride as an electrolytic medium. Structural morphology and crystalline nature of such TiO2 nanotubes are analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Interestingly, nanocomposites of TiO2 with Au NPs is prepared in an effort to alter the intrinsic properties of TiO2, especially tuning of its band gap. Au NPs are prepared by a well-known Brust and Schiffrin method and are immobilized onto TiO2 electrodes which act as a perfect electrochemical sensing platform for GSH detection. Structural characterization and analysis of these modified electrodes are performed using FESEM, XRD, and UV-visible spectroscopic studies. GSH binding events on Au NPs-immobilized porous TiO2 electrodes are monitored by electrochemical techniques, namely, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and chronoamperometry (CA). Several parameters such as sensitivity, selectivity, stability, limit of detection, etc are investigated. In addition, Au NPs dispersed in aqueous medium are also explored for naked-eye detection of GSH using UV-visible spectroscopy in order to compare the performance of the proposed sensor. Our studies clearly indicate that these materials could potentially be used for GSH sensing applications.
Prescribing antipsychotics for children and adolescents (2010)

Summary The prescription of antipsychotic medication in children and adolescents (<18 years of age) has increased immensely for a wide range of disorders including psychoses, bipolar disorder, conduct disorder, pervasive developmental disorder and obsessive–compulsive disorder. This has led to some concerns particularly as the evidence base in some areas is not strong, and antipsychotic medication – both first generation (FGA) and second generation (SGA) – is associated with considerable side-effects. Evidence from an increasing number of randomised controlled trials (RCTs) points to therapeutic efficacy with moderate to large effect sizes. However, some RCTs have a small number of participants, are of short duration, and many are industry funded. The use of antipsychotics alongside psychosocial interventions can be recommended in certain disorders, provided there is continued, careful monitoring. It is important to note, however, that for many conditions the use of antipsychotics is not licensed in the UK.
Methan – Chance für eine klimaverträgliche Energieversorgung (2008)

Abstract Trotz steigender Förderung sind die bekannten Vorräte fossiler Energierohstoffe in den letzten Jahrzehnten stetig gestiegen. Hinzu kommen höchstwahrscheinlich riesige Vorkommen von Methanhydrat. Für deren energetische Nutzung bedarf es vor dem Hintergrund des Klimawandels neuer Wege. Ausgehend von einer Bewertung verschiedener Optionen des Umgangs mit dem Kohlenstoff‐Kreislauf und thermodynamischen Überlegungen zur Methanchemie wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit ein neues Konzept zur energetischen Nutzung des Methans entwickelt. Nach thermischer Methanspaltung wird nur der Energiegehalt des Wasserstoffs genutzt und der Kohlenstoff in ehemaligen Kohlelagerstätten sicher und rückholbar gelagert. Die Argumente für die Realisierung eines solchen Kohlenstoff‐Moratoriums werden diskutiert.
User Behavior Identification for Trust Management in Pervasive Computing Systems (2007)

Pervasive computing systems are becoming widespread as the next generation of computing systems. In pervasive computing systems, the users are frequently hopping from one computing space to another, which makes user profile management an essential component of the system. Because such a dynamic-populated computing system has to be new corner-friendly, malicious users with bad reputation to a system may take advantage of the system by claiming themselves as new users. In addition, user identity can also be compromised by controlling the victim node via normal invasions or even by inside identity thefts. A valid user identity is the foundation and prerequisite of trust. Failures to correctly identify a user are catastrophic to trust management system. Traditional intrusion detection systems can only detect an attack when it already happens. But before the intrusion the attackers may have some specific behavioral signatures indicating of their suspicious identities. We need a more powerful and practical system to identify these suspicious behaviors and signal an early warning to stop them. In this paper we assume that user identity is compromised either by attacking and controlling a node or by malicious users' claiming themselves as new users. We introduced a novel user behavior identification and profile management system to detect the suspicious behaviors, and a dynamically triggered reaction module to monitor the suspicious node and collect the necessary evidences