gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glucose transporter and hypoxia-associated gene expression in the mammary gland of transition dairy cattle (2011)

Glucose is an important energy substrate, especially needed by dairy cows postpartum to support the onset of lactation. The prioritization and regulation of glucose uptake is accomplished, in part, by changes in expression of cellular glucose transport molecules (GLUT) within the mammary gland. The objectives of this study were to (1) evaluate the expression and cell-type specific localization of GLUT and hypoxia-associated genes that may regulate GLUT expression over the transition period and through lactation in bovine mammary tissue and (2) determine functionality of GLUT on primary bovine mammary endothelial cells (BMEC). Mammary tissue biopsies were taken from cows at 15 d before calving and again at 1, 15, 30, 60, 120, and 240 d post-parturition for quantitative real-time PCR analysis of GLUT and hypoxia-associated genes. Additional mammary tissue samples were used to localize GLUT within the cells of the lobulo-alveolar system via fluorescence microscopy. Cultures of primary bovine mammary endothelial cells were used to confirm the functionality of GLUT with a fluorescent glucose analog uptake assay. Significant increases in GLUT1 gene expression were observed during early lactation, whereas both GLUT3 and GLUT4 gene expression increased during late lactation. The gene expression for 2 receptors of vascular endothelial growth factor increased significantly during early lactation and remained increased throughout lactation when compared with gene expression during the transition period. All GLUT were detected on cultured BMEC and were capable of internalizing glucose through GLUT-mediated mechanisms. These data suggest mammary vascular tissues express GLUT during lactation and BMEC express functional glucose transporters. A better understanding of glucose uptake at the endothelial level may prove to be critical to improve glucose absorption from the blood for utilization by mammary epithelial cells.
A survey of the use of syringe drivers in Marie Curie Centres (1992)

Information on the use of syringe drivers is limited. Small studies have been undertaken in hospices and specialist palliative-care units in the UK but, because of the small number of cases, these have taken a long time to complete. In this study all of the eleven Marie Curie Centres, hospices funded by a national cancer charity in the UK, have been included, with a total of 327 palliative-care beds, and admissions approaching 4000 per annum. Information on current practice and policy has been collected by interview, and 3013 sets of patient records have been scanned to identify 1276 cases where syringe drivers were used. Data on frequency and duration of use, drugs and drug combinations prescribed, together with limited records of re-siting, have been analysed. A report has been circulated to all of the centres involved for information, discussion and the possible generation of further research.
Issues in the design of tactile input devices for mechanical CAD systems (2003)

Although some current CAD systems have successfully integrated expert systems with solid modelers and analysis packages, most of these systems are conspicuously unequipped with the intuitive human-computer interfaces necessary to allow a designer truly to conceptualize a design. It is asserted that the primary reason why many of the current systems serve more as design verification tools than as true design synthesis tools is that the human interfaces used are too awkward to give the designer the flexibility to create and modify a design easily. To date there has been little deviation from the traditional keyboard and mouse or stylus input devices. A brief description is given of initial research efforts to develop an alternative computer input device for mechanical CAD.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of echo‐sampling strategy on the accuracy of out‐of‐phase and in‐phase multiecho gradient‐Echo MRI hepatic fat fraction estimation (2013)

Multiecho OP and IP imaging provided high FF estimation accuracy. Accuracy was highest using the earliest 3 or 4 echoes. Incorporation of additional echoes or delaying the starting echo number progressively reduced accuracy.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Barium Strontium Titanate Films with Direct Liquid Injection of Single‐Mixture Solution (1999)

Chemical vapor deposition of barium strontium titanate (BST) thin films with direct liquid injection of a single-mixture solution of Ba(tmhd)(2)-Lewis base adduct (tmhd = 2,2, 6,6-tetramethyl-3,5-heptanedionate), Sr(tmhd)(2)-Lewis base adduct, and Ti(i- OPr)(2)(tmhd)(2) (i-OPr = iso-propoxide) was studied. Thermal characteristics of Ba and Sr precursor adducts with tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether(tetraglyme) and pentamethyldiethylene triamine (PMDT) were compared. Using differential scanning calorimetry, the coordination of PMDT with metal-tmhd compound was found to be stronger than tetraglyme, and the thermal stability of Sr(tmhd)(2)-A (A = tetraglyme or PMDT) was higher than Ba(tmhd)(2)-A. The optimum window of the vaporizer temperature of PMDT adduct was wider than the tetraglyme adduct. Ba and Sr incorporation into (Ba,Sr)TiO3 mms was about the same for both adducts. Ti incorporation was increased up to the deposition temperature (T-s) of 470 degrees C and some humps and hazy deposition were detected below 470 degrees C due to the lack of Ti incorporation. Step coverage of (Ba,Sr)TiO3 films was about 0.8 at the T-s of 480 degrees C and 0.3 at 550 degrees C. Leakage current and the equivalent oxide thickness at 1.0 V were about 10(-7) A/cm(2) and 0.96 nm at the deposition temperature above 470 degrees C. (C) 1999 The Electrochemical Society. S0013-4651(99)02-001-7. All rights reserved.
Biofilms in vitro and in vivo: do singular mechanisms imply cross-resistance. (2001)

Microbial biofilm has become inexorably linked with man's failure to control them by antibiotic and biocide regimes that are effective against suspended bacteria. This failure relates to a localized concentration of biofilm bacteria, and their extracellular products (exopolymers and extracellular enzymes), that moderates the access of the treatment agent and starves the more deeply placed cells. Biofilms, therefore, typically present gradients of physiology and concentration for the imposed treatment agent, which enables the less susceptible clones to survive. Such clones might include efflux mutants in addition to genotypes with modifications in single gene products. Clonal expansion following subeffective treatment would, in the case of many antibiotics, lead to the emergence of a resistant population. This tends not to occur for biocidal treatments where the active agent exhibits multiple pharmacological activity towards a number of specific cellular targets. Whilst resistance development towards biocidal agents is highly unlikely, subeffective exposure will lead to the selection of less susceptible clones, modified either in efflux or in their most susceptible target. The latter might also confer resistance to antibiotics where the target is shared. Thus, recent reports have demonstrated that sublethal concentrations of the antibacterial and antifungal agent triclosan can select for resistant mutants in Escherichia coli and that this agent specifically targets the enzyme enoyl reductase that is involved in lipid biosynthesis. Triclosan may, therefore, select for mutants in a target that is shared with the anti-E. coli diazaborine compounds and the antituberculosis drug isoniazid. Although triclosan may be a uniquely specific biocide, sublethal concentrations of less specific antimicrobial agents may also select for mutations within their most sensitive targets, some of which might be common to therapeutic agents. Sublethal treatment with chemical antimicrobial agents has also been demonstrated to induce the expression of multidrug efflux pumps and efflux mutants. Whilst efflux does not confer protection against use concentrations of biocidal products it is sufficient to confer protection against therapeutic doses of many antibiotics. It has, therefore, been widely speculated that biocide misuse may have an insidious effect, contributing to the evolution and persistence of drug resistance within microbial communities. Whilst such notions are supported by laboratory studies that utilize pure cultures, recent evidence has strongly refuted such linkage within the general environment where complex, multispecies biofilms predominate and where biocidal products are routinely deployed. In such situations the competition, for nutrients and space, between community members of disparate sensitivities far outweighs any potential benefits bestowed by the changes in an individual's antimicrobial susceptibility.
Accessibility of Antigenic Sites Recognized by AUA1, HMFG1 and HMFG2 Monoclonal Antibodies: Its Influence on Antibody Binding of Live Cells (1987)

We assessed the immunoreactivity of live and alcohol-fixed monolayers of HRA-19, a rectal adenocarcinoma cell line, to the monoclonal antibodies AUA1, HMFG1 and HMFG2. Differences in staining patterns between live and alcohol-fixed colonies were found. The well-polarized cells forming the centers of the monolayer colonies showed strong membrane staining when the cells were alcohol-fixed prior to AUA1 incubation, but showed no staining when the cells were alive during the incubation. When AUA1 incubation was done both before and after alcohol fixation, membrane staining was again seen, ruling out the possibility of antigenic modulation. Incubation of live cells with AUA1 together with EDTA showed strong staining of dissociating cells. It is concluded that AUA1 antigenic sites, which on polarized cells are basolateral in location, are inaccessible to the antibody-containing culture fluid, which bathes the apical aspects of the cells, but they become accessible after alcohol fixation, or treatment with EDTA. HMFG1 antigenic sites are located on the apical cell membrane, and accordingly, no differences were seen between incubation of live and alcohol-fixed cells when incubated with HMFG1. The antigenic sites of HMFG2 are partly intracellular, and in our monolayer model, the staining of live cells was weaker and more scarce than on alcohol-fixed cells. It is concluded that immunostaining of cytological and histological material of tumours may not adequately predict antibody binding on live cells, and thus, these findings are of importance in the context of selection of monoclonal antibodies for clinical radio-immunotargeting.
Measuring mass-flow-rate on forage cutting equipment. (2000)

Parameters used to predict dry mass-flow-rate of crop through a self-propelled windrower included force on the conditioning roll springs, rise of the top conditioning roll, impact force of the crop on the swath shield, platform hydraulic drive pressure, conditioning roll speed and density of crop exiting the conditioning rolls. All systems were evaluated by averaging sensor output from one test run (about 80 s duration) and comparing the to the average dry mass-flow-rate from that run, as determined by subsequent harvesting with a forage harvester and collecting the material in a weighed container. The systems that showed promise of adequately predicting mass-flow-rate through the machine were impact force on the swath shield, platform drive pressure, and roll speed. The R values for prediction models using the output from these sensors ranged from 83% – 90%. Neither the force on the conditioning roll springs, the rise of the top conditioning roll, nor density of crop exiting the conditioning rolls were deemed accurate enough to warrant further study.
Learning Translation Rules From A Bilingual Corpus (1996)

This paper proposes a mechanism for learning pattern correspondences between two languages from a corpus of translated sentence pairs. The proposed mechanism uses analogical reasoning between two translations. Given a pair of translations, the similar parts of the sentences in the source language must correspond the similar parts of the sentences in the target language. Similarly, the different parts should correspond to the respective parts in the translated sentences. The correspondences between the similarities, and also differences are learned in the form of translation rules. The system is tested on a small training dataset and produced promising results for further investigation.
The Compactness of Construction Grammars (1995)

We present an argument for {\em construction grammars} based on the minimum description length (MDL) principle (a formal version of the Ockham Razor). The argument consists in using linguistic and computational evidence in setting up a formal model, and then applying the MDL principle to prove its superiority with respect to alternative models. We show that construction-based representations are at least an order of magnitude more compact that the corresponding lexicalized representations of the same linguistic data. The result is significant for our understanding of the relationship between syntax and semantics, and consequently for choosing NLP architectures. For instance, whether the processing should proceed in a pipeline from syntax to semantics to pragmatics, and whether all linguistic information should be combined in a set of constraints. From a broader perspective, this paper does not only argue for a certain model of processing, but also provides a methodology for determining advantages of different approaches to NLP.
Convolution scattering model for ferroelectric ceramics and other display media (1973)

A theoretical model has been developed which is based upon the approximation that the multiple scattering from ferroelectric ceramics and other display media can be described in terms of geometrical optics. The model has been used to describe the scattering from PLZT, liquid crystals, and display screens and has agreed well with exprimental data. The scattering characteristics of several current display materials have been compared with regard to their use in wide-angle direct-view displays. The model has predicted the material parameters for new and more effective display materials. Measurements of a simulated new medium have shown close agreement with the predicted scattering characteristics.
Site-directed mutagenesis in human tissue-plasminogen activator. Distinguishing sites in the amino-terminal region required for full fibrinolytic activity and rapid clearance from the circulation. (1990)

Recombinant variants of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) containing either substitutions or deletions of amino acids within the fibronectin finger-like domain (residues 6-50) were found to exhibit widely varying in vivo clearance profiles in rats and fibrinolytic activity in 125I-fibrin clot lysis assays. Clearance was not significantly affected by changes in the densely charged region of amino acid residues 7-10. Deletions or substitutions of amino acids in the region 14-32 decreased both fibrinolytic activity and the clearance of the enzyme. Modifications within the predicted omega loop of residues 37-41 affected clearance only to a small degree, whereas amino acid alterations in the region of residues 42-49 resulted in as much as a 6-fold decrease in the rate of clearance with only relatively minor decreases in the fibrinolytic activity of the variants. The cumulative results distinguish discrete sections of the NH2-terminal region of the enzyme as determinants of in vivo clearance and fibrinolytic activity of t-PA. In addition, the fibrinolytic activity of a variant containing the substitutions Gln42----Asn, His44----Glu, and Asn117----Gln, when compared with wild-type t-PA in an in vivo rabbit venous clot lysis model, was found to have similar lytic efficacy at approximately one-fourth the dose. We conclude that decreases in the in vivo clearance of t-PA can result in more potent thrombolytic agents in vivo, even though the in vitro fibrinolytic activity of the enzyme may be somewhat impaired.
Age-Dependent Decline in the Coordinated [Ca2+] and Insulin Secretory Dynamics in Human Pancreatic Islets (2017)

Aging is associated with increased risk for type 2 diabetes, resulting from reduced insulin sensitivity and secretion. Reduced insulin secretion can result from reduced proliferative capacity and reduced islet function. Mechanisms underlying altered β-cell function in aging are poorly understood in mouse and human islets, and the impact of aging on intraislet communication has not been characterized. Here, we examine how β-cell [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] and electrical communication are impacted during aging in mouse and human islets. Islets from human donors and from mice were studied using [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] imaging, static and perifusion insulin secretion assays, and gap junction permeability measurements. In human islets, [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] dynamics were coordinated within distinct subregions of the islet, invariant with islet size. There was a marked decline in the coordination of [Ca<sup>2+</sup>] dynamics, gap junction coupling, and insulin secretion dynamics with age. These age-dependent declines were reversed by pharmacological gap junction activation. These results show that human islet function declines with aging, which can reduce insulin action and may contribute to increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Microwave synthesis of nanocarbons from conducting polymers (2006)

Bulk quantities of nanocarbons having pre-selected morphology can be synthesized in a simple and rapid microwave heating approach directly from conducting polymers.
-adrenoceptor density and relative number of  -adrenoceptor subtypes in biopsies from human right atrial, left ventricular, and right ventricular myocard (1985)

In the present study we estimated the relative number of beta-adrenoceptors in membrane preparations from right atrial and left ventricular biopsies from 8 patients, as well as from right ventricular biopsy from one patient. Determinations of relative number of beta adrenoceptor subtypes (beta1, beta2) were also performed. Estimations were performed in a radioligand assay, measuring specific binding of [125I]-cyanopindolol (CYP). Inhibition of specific [125I] CYP binding was studied by adding propranolol (non-selective antagonist), atenolol (beta1 selective antagonist) and ICI 118551 (beta2 selective antagonist) to the preparations. Some individual variance in total number of receptors was found. Per mg protein, the number of binding sites were higher in atrial preparations (mean 71.4 +/- 14.4 fmol X mg-1) than in left ventricular preparations (mean 30.2 +/- 7.1 fmol X mg-1). Receptor number in the right ventricular preparation was 49.5 +/- 2.6 fmol X mg-1. Approximately 25% of beta adrenoceptors were of beta2 subtype in preparations from both right atrial and left ventricular biopsies, as well as from the right ventricular biopsy. Thus, there are regional differences in the quantity of beta adrenoceptors in human myocard whereas the relative proportion of beta1 and beta2 receptors appears to be fairly constant.
Superconductor ferrite phase shifters and circulators (1997)

We have previously demonstrated high-T/sub c/ superconductor/ferrite nonreciprocal microwave phase shifters that avoid dc magnetic-flux penetration of the superconductor through a novel design of the magnetic circuit, and thus operate with very low loss. Recently, a simplified magnetic structure has been introduced, and devices with approximately 0.1 dB insertion loss with 500 degrees of phase shift (figure of merit 5000 deg/dB) at 10 GHz and 77 K using YBCO have been demonstrated. The same operating principles have been applied to the design and fabrication of circulators. By combining three low-loss phase shifters and three T junctions on a ferrite substrate in a configuration with three-fold symmetry, a three-port switching circulator has been demonstrated using niobium at 4 K. The insertion loss is less than 1 dB, the isolation greater than 20 dB, and switching time less than 1 /spl mu/s. The switching circulator can serve as a low-loss, high-speed rf switch. Extension of this design to YBCO is discussed. Higher performance, reduced weight and volume, as well as lower cost are anticipated for microwave systems that can benefit from such circulators and phase shifters.
Variable Selection Using Principal Component and Procrustes Analyses and its Application in Educational Data (2012)

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a dimension-reducing technique that replaces variables in a multivariate data set by a smaller number of derived variables. Dimension reduction is often undertaken to help in describing the data set, but as each principal component usually involves all the original variables, interpretation of a PCA result can still be difficult. One way to overcome this difficulty is to select a subset of the original variables and use this subset to approximate the data. On the other hand, procrustes analysis (PA) as a measure of similarity can also be used to assess the efficiency of the variable selection methods in extracting representative variables. In this paper we evaluate the efficiency of four different methods, namely B2, B4, PCA-PA, and PA methods. We apply the methods in assessing the academic records of first year students which include fourteen subjects.
SymDetector (2015)

This paper proposes SymDetector, a smartphone based application to unobtrusively detect the sound-related respiratory symptoms occurred in a user's daily life, including sneeze, cough, sniffle and throat clearing. SymDetector uses the built-in microphone on the smartphone to continuously monitor a user's acoustic data and uses multi-level processes to detect and classify the respiratory symptoms. Several practical issues are considered in developing SymDetector, such as users' privacy concerns about their acoustic data, resource constraints of the smartphone and different contexts of the smartphone. We have implemented SymDetector on Galaxy S3 and evaluated its performance in real experiments involving 16 users and 204 days. The experimental results show that SymDetector can detect these four types of respiratory symptoms with high accuracy under various conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND CERTAIN PROPERTIES OF PHOSPHORYLATED FORMALS (1985)

Abstract Es wird eine allgemeine präparative Methode zur Herstellung phosphorylierter Formale mit drei‐ und fünffach koordiniertem Phosphor vorgestellt, die in der Reaktion von Estern und anderen P(III)‐Säurederivaten mit Orthoameisensäureestern besteht.