gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Handbook of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications (2013)

Part 1 Fundamentals of terahertz technology for imaging, sensing and communications: Optoelectronic techniques for the generation and detection of terahertz waves Transmission and propagation of terahertz waves in plastic waveguides Fundamental aspects of surface plasmon polaritons at terahertz frequencies Fundamental aspects of terahertz near-field imaging and sensing Room temperature terahertz detectors Terahertz wireless communications. Part 2 Recent progress and novel techniques in terahertz technology: Terahertz bio-sensing techniques Terahertz array imagers: Towards the implementation of terahertz cameras with plasma-wave-based silicon MOSFET detectors Resonant field enhancement of terahertz waves in subwavelength plasmonic structures Fiber-coupled terahertz time-domain spectroscopy systems (THz-TDS) State-of-the-art in terahertz continuous wave photomixer systems Novel techniques in terahertz near-field imaging and sensing Terahertz nano-devices and nano-systems Terahertz integrated devices and systems Terahertz frequency metrology based on frequency comb techniques Semiconductor material development for terahertz applications. Part 3 Applications of terahertz technology: Terahertz applications in tomographic imaging and material spectroscopy: A review Terahertz applications in aerospace industry Terahertz applications in the wood products industry Terahertz applications in the pharmaceutical industry and science Terahertz applications in art conservation Applications of terahertz technology in the semiconductor industry.
Preparation and Properties of Wood Flour/HDPE Microcellular Foamed Composites (2015)

The wood flour/HDPE microcellular foamed composites were prepared by means of torque rheometer. The effect of different wood flour content on mechanical properties and foamed behavior were studied. Results showed that the tensile strength and flexural strength of microcellular foamed composites first increased then decreased and the notched impact strength decreased with addition of wood flour, this was consistent with non-foamed composites. The density of composites increased and the density of foamed composites was less than non-foamed composites. With increasing wood flour content, the cell diameter of foamed composites first decreased then increased. When the content of wood flour was 40%, the cell diameter of the composites obtained the minimal value.
Yb:YAG and Nd:YAG edge-pumped slab lasers (2001)

Experimental demonstrations of two edge-pumped zigzag slab lasers are presented. The Nd:YAG slab laser generated 127 W of multimode output power with 300W of pump power. Preliminary results with a Yb:YAG slab produced 46 W of output power with 315W of pump power. The edge-pumped slab design permits symmetric conduction cooling and efficient pump absorption and accepts large-numerical-aperture pump sources.
Characterization of Multiple Promoters Directing Tissue-Specific Expression of the Human Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Gene (1997)

Two promoters directing tissue-specific expression of GnRH gene in neuronal and reproductive tissues were characterized by functional analyses of GnRH promoter-luciferase (LUC) constructs in transfected placental cells (JEG) and hypothalamic neuronal cells (GT1-7). Results indicate that the downstream promoter directs the expression in a neuronal cell-specific manner, whereas the upstream promoter is fully active in the nonneural placental cell line. Transfection studies carried out in several tumor cell lines derived from human reproductive tissues verified that the upstream GnRH promoter construct was much more active in directing luciferase expression in reproductive tissue. The use of both upstream and downstream promoters in various human tumor cell lines derived from reproductive tissues were demonstrated by RT-PCR. Our studies also demonstrate that the reproductive tissue-specific messenger RNA transcribed from upstream promoter is capable of directing synthesis of preproGnRH protein. Serial deletion studies localized a cell-specific upstream promoter region that directs reproductive tissue expression. DNase I footprint analysis using nuclear extract obtained from the JEG cells indicated DNA/protein interactions in four specific sequence elements of the upstream promoter region. The interaction between nuclear binding proteins present in the JEG cells (but not the GT1-7 cells) and the four specific sequences in the upstream promoter region was confirmed by gel mobility shift analysis.
Light Scattering by Spherical Particles: Radiation Pressure, Asymmetry Factor, and Extinction Cross Section (1965)

The normalized cross sections for radiation pressure (Qpr), extinction (Qext), and scattering (Qsca) and the asymmetry factor 〈cosθ〉 were computed from the Mie scattering theory for size parameters in the range 0.5≤x≤30 and for x → ∞ for both dielectric and absorbing particles. Additional values were obtained for m=1.33 and 50≤x≤51 and 100≤x≤102. The results are discussed and examples are presented in graphical form.
Nomenclature 2014: Amyloid fibril proteins and clinical classification of the amyloidosis (2014)

The Nomenclature Committee of the International Society of Amyloidosis (ISA) met during the XIVth Symposium of the Society, April 27–May 1, 2014, Indianapolis, IN, to assess and formulate recommend...
The Cerebral Cortex of Man (1950)

Wilder Penfield, Theodore Rasmussen. The cerebral cortex of man. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1950 This investigator briefly reviews the literature on the cerebral cortex. He discusses his observations on the stimulation of this area in conscious patients. The response is obtained most easily from the vicinity of the fissure of Rolando, but the responses were not obtained from exactly fixed areas. Penfield describes vocalization which he produced with the use of a thyratron stimulator, especially when area 12 was stimulated. Simple movements appeared to be involuntary in nature. Sensation, when produced electrically, was referred to as the periphery but unexplained. In the dream state of an epileptic patient, a hallucination was presented by discharge within one portion of the cerebral cortex, but the patient retained insight into his real environment since other portions of the cortex retained their normal functions. Penfield supports the view of Hughlings Jackson that the sensorimotor cerebral cortex represents only a middle level of integration. There seems to be no reason why the neural mechanism of consciousness should migrate outward into the newer exfoliated hemisphere with the acquisition of man's new skills and new adjustments to his environment. This level of integration may lie below the cortex and above the midbrain. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2016 APA, all rights reserved) -Archives of Neurology & Psychiatry, 40, 417–422
The evolutionary landscape of intergenic trans-splicing events in insects (2015)

To explore the landscape of intergenic trans-splicing events and characterize their functions and evolutionary dynamics, we conduct a mega-data study of a phylogeny containing eight species across five orders of class Insecta, a model system spanning 400 million years of evolution. A total of 1,627 trans-splicing events involving 2,199 genes are identified, accounting for 1.58% of the total genes. Homology analysis reveals that mod(mdg4)-like trans-splicing is the only conserved event that is consistently observed in multiple species across two orders, which represents a unique case of functional diversification involving trans-splicing. Thus, evolutionarily its potential for generating proteins with novel function is not broadly utilized by insects. Furthermore, 146 non-mod trans-spliced transcripts are found to resemble canonical genes from different species. Trans-splicing preserving the function of 'breakup' genes may serve as a general mechanism for relaxing the constraints on gene structure, with profound implications for the evolution of genes and genomes.
Negative ion based neutral beams for plasma heating (1978)

Neutral beam systems based on negative ions have been considered because of a high expected power efficiency. Methods for the production, acceleration and neutralization of negative ions will be reviewed and possibilities for an application in neutral beam lines explored.
Protective effect of low-dose interferon against neonatal murine cytomegalovirus infection (1981)

Mice were injected with 10 to 5,000 reference units of interferon intraperitoneally or subcutaneously within 24 h of birth and reinoculated intraperitoneally 24 h later with 200 plaque-forming units of murine cytomegalovirus. Mock interferon and virus diluent were the control inocula. Infection of mock interferon-treated mice resulted in significant retardation of growth, accompanied by tissue injury and a depressed blastogenic response of splenic lymphocytes. Prophylactic administration of interferon prevented growth retardation and resulted in lower tissue viral titers and diminished injurious effects of the virus. Intraperitoneal inoculation of interferon was more protective than was subcutaneous, and 10 U of interferon was often as effective as 5,000 U. Accelerated maturation and enhanced activity of lymphoid elements were observed histologically in spleens and lymph nodes of interferon-treated mice; supportive of these findings was the greater incorporation of [3H]thymidine of splenocytes from interferon-treated mice. The protective effect of interferon may, therefore, be due to stimulation or accelerated maturation of cellular immune functions.
Arginine Carrier Peptide Bearing Ni(II) Chelator to Promote Cellular Uptake of Histidine-Tagged Proteins (2004)

Arginine-rich peptide-mediated protein delivery into living cells is a novel technology for controlling cell functions with therapeutic potential. In this report, a novel approach for the intracellular delivery of histidine-tagged proteins was introduced where a Ni(II) chelate of octaarginine peptide bearing nitrilotriacetic acid [R8-NTA-Ni(II)] was used as a membrane-permeable carrier molecule. Significant internalization of histidine-tagged enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) into HeLa cells was observed by confocal microscopic observation in the presence of R8-NTA-Ni(II). Nuclear condensation characteristic in apoptotic cell death was also induced in the cells treated with a histidine-tagged apoptosis-inducing peptide [pro-apoptotic domain peptide (PAD)], indicating that the cargo molecules really went through the membrane to reach the cytosol. The apoptosis-inducing activity of the peptide thus delivered was compared with that of the PAD peptide covalently connected with the octaarginine peptide.
Synthesis of new dipyridinylamine and dipyridinylmethane ligands and their coordination chemistry with Mg(ii) and Zn(ii) (2008)

Sterically hindered, symmetrically 2,2′-substituted bispyridylamines 1a–c and methylene-bispyridine 4 were prepared in a three-step procedure from commercially available 2,6-dibromopyridine, via a Cu-mediated alkylation followed by two consecutive Buchwald–Hartwig N-arylation reactions or two Negishi cross-coupling reactions, respectively, in the presence of Pd catalysts. Deprotonation of the NH and CH2 bridge of 1a and 4, respectively, enables the formation of Zn(II) and Mg(II) complexes, whose structures have been determined by single-crystal diffraction studies and/or NMR spectroscopy. A magnesium–isopropyl complex stabilized by a bispyridyldiiminate ligand derived from 4 is shown to be an active catalyst for the isotactic polymerization of methyl methacrylate.
Peripheral opioid receptor agonists for analgesia: A comprehensive review (2011)

Substantive research is currently underway and this is an exciting research area for both basic and applied clinical fields. Various ways to enhance peripheral opioid analgesia are suggested.
Einleitung (2003)

“Innovation has been the most important shaping force in the history of mankind.”1 Wirtschaftliche Entwicklung besteht nicht darin, dass von bekannten Gütern immer mehr produziert wird, vielmehr kommt sie durch die Produktion neuer Güter und die Anwendung neuer Produktionsverfahren zustande.2 Die heutige Industrielandschaft und ihre Entwicklung wird also stark durch technologische Revolutionen determiniert.3 Somit können auch wirtschaftliche Krisen dauerhaft nur über wirkliche Innovation bewältigt werden.4 Branchen migrieren dann über eine Periode evolutionärer Veränderung, bis es zu einer revolutionären Veränderung kommt,5 die oft durch die trendbruchartige Veränderung einer Technologie initiiert wird.6 Hierbei werden die bestehenden Beziehungen zwischen Produktionsfaktoren zerstört, alte Industrien sterben aus, während neue geschaffen werden7 und das gesamte System zu einem neuen Equilibrium geführt wird.8 Unternehmen verschwinden aus dem Blickfeld, weil es ihnen nicht gelingt, sich zu erneuern und Innovationen zu realisieren.9 Die Zukunftssicherung der Unternehmen10 und auch der zukünftige Wohlstand der Gesellschaft11 hängt demnach immer stärker von Innovationen ab. Wenn sich die Geschichte fortschreibt, dann wird ein Drittel der großen Unternehmen in 25 Jahren bedeutungslos sein.12 Es werden nur diejenigen Unternehmen überleben, die sich ständig rundum erneuern und damit aggressiv wachsen.13
Production of New Silk Using the Transgenic Silkworm (2003)

目的とする遺伝子を組み込んだ組換えカイコを自由に作出できるようになった。そのため,カイコの絹糸腺で外来遺伝子を発現させ,利用目的に応じた組換えタンパク質を繭糸中に吐糸させることが可能になった。すなわち,クモなどの遺伝子を導入することによって,カイコのつくる絹糸タンパク質を別のタンパク質で置き換えた新繊維をつくることが理論的に可能になった。しかしながら,この組換えカイコの研究は始まったばかりであり,実用目的に使うためにはプロモーターの選択やタンパク質の分泌機構,内在性の遺伝子の発現抑制法の研究など残された課題も多い。
Anemia of Inflammation (2019)

Anemia of inflammation is a common normocytic, normochromic anemia associated with systemic inflammation that increases the level of hepcidin and results in defective iron reuse from body stores. Reducing inflammation can help correct the defect.
Case Control Series of Intrathecal Autologous Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cell Therapy for Chronic Spinal Cord Injury (2010)

Autologus MSCs may have side effects and may be contraindicated in patients with a history of myelitis. Their utility in treating chronic traumatic SCI needs further study in pre-clinical models and in randomized controlled trials before they should be offered to patients.
Twelve tips for utilizing principles of learning to support medical education (2011)

The twelve tips highlight principles of learning that can be effectively applied in the complex learning environment of medical education.
Polyurethane networks based on α,ω‐dihydroxytelechelic and on random hydroxyl‐functionalized side chain poly(2‐chloroethyl vinyl ether)s: Synthesis and investigation of mechanical properties (1997)

Abstract This paper reports on the synthesis and characterization of polyurethane networks based on an α,ω‐dihydroxytelechelic poly(2‐chloroethyl vinyl ether) (PCEVE precursor, type I) and on PCEVE with 2‐hydroxyethyl groups statistically distributed along the chains (PCEVE precursor, type II). The different hydroxyl‐functional polymer precursors were synthesized via “living” cationic polymerization of CEVE to allow the control of molecular weights, molecular weight distributions, as well as, for the dihydroxytelechelic precursor, the chain end functionality. PCEVE precursors of type II were obtained by derivatization of a small fraction of 2‐chloroethyl side groups into 2‐hydroxyethyl groups, using polymer analogous reactions. The mechanical properties of the corresponding PCEVE‐polyurethane (PU) networks were investigated. Data are analyzed in terms of precursor structure and average chain length between crosslinks. The mechanical properties of the PCEVE‐PU networks are also compared to those of PU networks based on hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB) prepared according to the same experimental procedure. It was found that the networks based on PCEVE have higher toughness to break and higher elongation properties.
Hydrogen Generation at Ambient Conditions: Application in Fuel Cells (2008)

The efficient generation of hydrogen from formic acid/amine adducts at ambient temperature is demonstrated. The highest catalytic activity (TOF up to 3630 h(-1) after 20 min) was observed in the presence of in situ generated ruthenium phosphine catalysts. Compared to the previously known methods to generate hydrogen from liquid feedstocks, the systems presented here can be operated at room temperature without the need for any high-temperature reforming processes, and the hydrogen produced can then be directly used in fuel cells. A variety of Ru precursors and phosphine ligands were investigated for the decomposition of formic acid/amine adducts. These catalytic systems are particularly interesting for the generation of H2 for new applications in portable electric devices.
Adrenal Gland: Structure, Function, and Mechanisms of Toxicity (2001)

The adrenal gland is one of the most common endocrine organs affected by chemically induced lesions. In the adrenal cortex, lesions are more frequent in the zona fasciculata and reticularis than in the zona glomerulosa. The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones with a 17-carbon nucleus following a series of hydroxylation reactions that occur in the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. Toxic agents for the adrenal cortex include short-chain aliphatic compounds, lipidosis inducers, amphiphilic compounds, natural and synthetic steroids, and chemicals that affect hydroxylation. Morphologic evaluation of cortical lesions provides insight into the sites of inhibition of steroidogenesis. The adrenal cortex response to injury is varied. Degeneration (vacuolar and granular), necrosis, and hemorrhage are common findings of acute injury. In contrast, chronic reparative processes are typically atrophy, fibrosis, and nodular hyperplasia. Chemically induced proliferative lesions are uncommon in the adrenal cortex. The adrenal medulla contains chromaffin cells (that produce epinephrine, norepinephrine, chromogranin, and neuropeptides) and ganglion cells. Proliferative lesions of the medulla are common in the rat and include diffuse or nodular hyperplasia and benign and malignant pheochromocytoma. Mechanisms of chromaffin cell proliferation in rats include excess growth hormone or prolactin, stimulation of cholinergic nerves, and diet-induced hypercalcemia. There often are species specificity and age dependence in the development of chemically induced adrenal lesions that should be considered when interpreting toxicity data.
Shape pattern matching: A tool to cluster unstructured text documents (2010)

Research in text mining has recently gained a lot of importance due to the large increase in the number of electronic news articles, books, research papers, and e-mail messages. Clustering organizes text documents in an unsupervised fashion. In this
Logical and physical data collection of Windows CE based portable devices (2008)

Nowadays, small-scale embedded devices are becoming more and more pervasive, reaching levels of diffusion not previously seen for other hardware platforms. These kinds of devices are able to contain plenty of information, which can be really precious in an investigative scenario. From a digital forensics perspective it is necessary to have a framework of best practices which can be used for collecting all the observable memory within such devices. In this paper we will pinpoint how to collect such digital data from a logical and physical perspective, by portraying the peculiarities of embedded devices which use the Windows CE operating system (OS). Moreover, we will outline the implications related to data hiding at the firmware level, giving also some guidelines which can be used by forensics practitioners in an investigative field.
Ultrasonic transmission tomography in refracting media: reduction of refraction artifacts by curved-ray techniques (1995)

The present work concerns the problem of refraction artifacts in ultrasonic transmission tomography. The reconstruction is improved by curved-ray methods, combined with algebraic reconstruction techniques. The problem of acoustic ray tracing and image interpolation has been carefully studied, and different reconstruction algorithms have been developed and compared. The effect of the geometrical characteristics of the set-up and the studied medium characteristics (geometry and acoustical properties) on the reconstruction accuracy are considered. Some simulation results are presented which show an encouraging reduction of the refraction artifacts. The results have been confirmed by experiments carried out with agar-gel phantoms. The experimental device and procedure are described and straight- and curved-ray reconstructions are shown. Reconstruction quality can be improved significantly for refractive index variations of up to 10%, which seems sufficient for soft tissue imaging; yet there are some limiting factors, such as multipath propagation, if any, or the difficulty of choosing an initial value for the reconstruction.
Lack of Chemokine Receptor CCR5 Promotes Murine Fulminant Liver Failure by Preventing the Apoptosis of Activated CD1d-Restricted NKT Cells (2005)

Fulminant liver failure (FLF) consists of a cascade of events beginning with a presumed uncontrolled systemic activation of the immune system. The etiology of FLF remains undefined. In this study, we demonstrate that CCR5 deficiency promotes the development of acute FLF in mice following Con A administration by preventing activated hepatic CD1d-restricted NKT cells (but not conventional T cells) from dying from activation-induced apoptosis. The resistance of CCR5-deficient NKT cells from activation-induced apoptosis following Con A administration is not due to a defective Fas-driven death pathway. Moreover, FLF in CCR5-deficient mice also correlated with hepatic CCR5-deficient NKT cells, producing more IL-4, but not IFN-gamma, relative to wild-type NKT cells. Furthermore, FLF in these mice was abolished by IL-4 mAb or NK1.1 mAb treatment. We propose that CCR5 deficiency may predispose individuals to the development of FLF by preventing hepatic NKT cell apoptosis and by regulating NKT cell function, establishing a novel role for CCR5 in the development of this catastrophic liver disease that is independent of leukocyte recruitment.
Ionic Transformations in Extremely Nonpolar Fluorous Media:  Phase Transfer Catalysis of Halide Substitution Reactions (2007)

Fluorous solutions of alkyl halides Rf8(CH2)mX (m = 2, 3; X = Cl, Br, I) are inert toward solid or aqueous NaCl, NaBr, and KI, but halide substitution occurs in the presence of fluorous phosphonium salts (10 mol %, 76-100 degrees C).
Detecting Attacks in CyberManufacturing Systems: Additive Manufacturing Example (2017)

CyberManufacturing System is a vision for future manufacturing where physical components are fully integrated with computational processes in a connected environment. However, realizing the vision requires that its security be adequately ensured. This paper presents a vision-based system to detect intentional attacks on additive manufacturing processes, utilizing machine learning techniques. Particularly, additive manufacturing systems have unique vulnerabilities to malicious attacks, which can result in defective infills but without affecting the exterior. In order to detect such infill defects, the research uses simulated 3D printing process images as well as actual 3D printing process images to compare accuracies of machine learning algorithms in classifying, clustering and detecting anomalies on different types of infills. Three algorithms - (i) random forest, (ii) k nearest neighbor, and (iii) anomaly detection - have been adopted in the research and shown to be effective in detecting such defects.