gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transcriptional Control of Lung Morphogenesis (2007)

The vertebrate lung consists of multiple cell types that are derived primarily from endodermal and mesodermal compartments of the early embryo. The process of pulmonary organogenesis requires the generation of precise signaling centers that are linked to transcriptional programs that, in turn, regulate cell numbers, differentiation, and behavior, as branching morphogenesis and alveolarization proceed. This review summarizes knowledge regarding the expression and proposed roles of transcription factors influencing lung formation and function with particular focus on knowledge derived from the study of the mouse. A group of transcription factors active in the endodermally derived cells of the developing lung tubules, including thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1), beta-catenin, Forkhead orthologs (FOX), GATA, SOX, and ETS family members are required for normal lung morphogenesis and function. In contrast, a group of distinct proteins, including FOXF1, POD1, GLI, and HOX family members, play important roles in the developing lung mesenchyme, from which pulmonary vessels and bronchial smooth muscle develop. Lung formation is dependent on reciprocal signaling among cells of both endodermal and mesenchymal compartments that instruct transcriptional processes mediating lung formation and adaptation to breathing after birth.
Neurogenic Bladder, Neurogenic Bowel, and Sexual Dysfunction in People With Spinal Cord Injury (2002)

The purpose of this article is to review the literature related to the effects of spinal cord injuries on genitourinary, gastrointestinal, and sexual function. These important areas of function are profoundly affected by spinal cord injuries, with the effects of injury being dependent on the specific level and degree of neurologic dysfunction. Our ability to manage neurogenic bladder dysfunctions and neurogenic bowel dysfunctions has improved over the past few years; however, in general the techniques used have not significantly changed. In contrast, a significant amount of new information has been made available regarding the effects of specific neurologic injuries on sexual response, particularly female sexual response. Moreover, techniques to remediate erectile dysfunction and infertility in the male have vastly improved the fertility potential of men with spinal cord injuries. Further research is warranted in all of these areas.
Article (1998)

Composite thin films of poly(p-phenylenevinylene) and the polyelectrolyte Nafion have been prepared by the polymerization of 1,1prime-[(p-phenylene)bis(methylene)bis[tetrahydrothiophenium] dichloride electrostatically bound to Nafion. The composite films are strongly fluorescent. The absorption and photoluminescence spectra of the films have been measured and are similar to those of poly(p-phenylenevinylene). X-ray microanalysis and weight gain experiments performed on the films suggest that the dicationic monomer occupies less than 15% of the cation exchanging sites in the Nafion, leaving sites available for binding of additional small cations.Key words: thin films, conducting polymers, poly(p-phenylenevinylene), polyelectrolyte, photoluminescence.
Disposition of 14C-oltipraz in animals. Pharmacokinetics in mice, rats and monkeys. Comparison of the biotransformation in the infected mouse and in the schistosomes. (1985)

14C-labelled 4-methyl-5(2-pyrazinyl)-1,2-dithiole-3-thione (14C-oltipraz, 35 972 R.P.) was orally administered to rhesus monkeys (20 mg/kg), rats (50 mg/kg) and female mice infected with Schistosoma mansoni (100 and 250 mg/kg). The absorption of oltipraz varied with the animal species and the dose administered. In each species, the pharmacokinetics of oltipraz in the plasma and red blood cells were generally similar. 40 to 57% of the radioactive dose was excreted in urine, depending on the animal species and dose levels. In the mouse, there was negligible elimination of radioactivity as 14CO2. Whole-body autoradiographic studies in mice showed that, during the first 24 h, radioactivity was present mainly in the gastro-intestinal tract, bile, urine, liver and kidneys. In the male and female worms, the nature and amounts of radioactive products present differed.
Simple Catalytic Mechanism for the Direct Coupling of α-Carbonyls with Functionalized Amines: A One-Step Synthesis of Plavix (2013)

The direct α-amination of ketones, esters, and aldehydes has been accomplished via copper catalysis. In the presence of catalytic copper(II) bromide, a diverse range of carbonyl and amine substrates undergo fragment coupling to produce synthetically useful α-amino-substituted motifs. The transformation is proposed to proceed via a catalytically generated α-bromo carbonyl species; nucleophilic displacement of the bromide by the amine then delivers the α-amino carbonyl adduct while the catalyst is reconstituted. The practical value of this transformation is highlighted through one-step syntheses of two high-profile pharmaceutical agents, Plavix and amfepramone.
Variable step-size NLMS and affine projection algorithms with variable smoothing factor (2005)

In this paper, we propose two new variable step-size normalized least mean square (NLMS) and affine projection algorithms (APA) with variable smoothing factor. Simulation results illustrate that the proposed algorithms have faster convergence rate and lower misadjustment error than the existing algorithms with fixed smoothing factor.
Venlafaxine oxidation<i>in vitro</i>is catalysed by CYP2D6 (1996)

1. Several selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are inhibitors of the genetically polymorphic drug metabolizing enzyme, CYP2D6. We studied the interaction of venlafaxine, a new SSRI, with CYP2D6 in human liver microsomes. 2. Venlafaxine was a less potent inhibitor of this enzyme activity in vitro than other SSRIs tested. The average apparent Ki values determined using CYP2D6-dependent dextromethorphan O-demethylation were: 33, 52 and 22 microM for rac-venlafaxine, R(+)-venlafaxine and S(-)-venlafaxine, respectively, vs 0.065 to 1.8 microM for paroxetine, fluoxetine, norfluoxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline. 3. Microsomes from human livers (n = 3) and from yeast transformed with an expression plasmid containing human CYP2D6 cDNA catalyzed the O-demethylation of venlafaxine, which is the major metabolic pathway in vivo. Intrinsic metabolic clearance values (Vmax/Km) indicated that S(-)-venlafaxine was cleared preferentially via this pathway. 4. In microsomes from CYP2D6-deficient livers (n = 2), Vmax/Km of O-demethylation of venlafaxine was one to two orders of magnitude lower and was similar to the rate of N-demethylation. 5. Studies with chemical probes which preferentially inhibit P450 isoforms suggested that CYP3A3/4 is involved in venlafaxine N-demethylation. 6. These in vitro findings predict phenotypic differences in the kinetics of venlafaxine in vivo, although the clinical importance of this is unclear as O-demethylvenlafaxine is pharmacologically similar to the parent drug. The findings also predict relatively limited pharmacokinetic interaction between venlafaxine and other CYP2D6 substrates.
Control of distal antennal identity and tarsal development in Drosophila by spineless-aristapedia, a homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor (1998)

We report the molecular characterization of the spineless (ss) gene of Drosophila, and present evidence that it plays a central role in defining the distal regions of both the antenna and leg. ss encodes the closest known homolog of the mammalian dioxin receptor, a transcription factor of the bHLH-PAS family. Loss-of-function alleles of ss cause three major phenotypes: transformation of distal antenna to leg, deletion of distal leg (tarsal) structures, and reduction in size of most bristles. Consistent with these phenotypes, ss is expressed in the distal portion of the antennal imaginal disc, the tarsal region of each leg disc, and in bristle precursor cells. Ectopic expression of ss causes transformation of the maxillary palp and distal leg to distal antenna, and induces formation of an ectopic antenna in the rostral membrane. These effects indicate that ss plays a primary role in specifying distal antennal identity. In the tarsus, ss is expressed only early, and is required for later expression of the tarsal gene bric à brac (bab). Ectopic expression causes the deletion of medial leg structures, suggesting that ss plays an instructive role in the establishment of the tarsal primordium. In both the antenna and leg, ss expression is shown to depend on Distal-less (Dll), a master regulator of ventral appendage formation. The antennal transformation and tarsal deletions caused by ss loss-of-function mutations are probably atavistic, suggesting that ss played a central role in the evolution of distal structures in arthropod limbs.
Excitation-Dependent Emission Color Tuning from an Individual Mn-Doped Perovskite Microcrystal (2019)

Divalent manganese cation (Mn<sup>2+</sup>) doped perovskite materials are of great interest for their unique optical, magnetic, and electric properties. Herein, we report an excitation-dependent emission color tuning from an individual Mn-doped CsPbCl<sub>3</sub> microcrystal (MC) with a wide color tuning range, reversible and continuous color change, and high photostability. We demonstrate that the Mn-doped CsPbCl<sub>3</sub> MCs exhibit dual-color emission from both host excitons (blue) and Mn-dopants (orange) through an internal energy transfer (IET) process. By simple change of the laser excitation repetition rate or pulse intensity, the relative emission intensity between exciton (<i>I</i><sub>exciton</sub>) and Mn-dopant (<i>I</i><sub>Mn</sub>) can be continuously and reversibly tuned from <i>I</i><sub>Mn</sub>/<i>I</i><sub>total</sub> (<i>I</i><sub>total</sub> = <i>I</i><sub>Mn</sub> + <i>I</i><sub>exciton</sub>) = 0.9-0.8 to 0.1-0.2, corresponding to a color change from orange to blue. Such emission color tuning is enabled by the saturation of Mn-dopant emission at high excitation intensity and a linear dependence of exciton emission with excitation intensity. Transient spectroscopy and temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) measurements confirm that the exciton-to-dopant IET in Mn-doped CsPbCl<sub>3</sub> MCs is mediated by some shallow trap states, rather than through a direct transfer pathway. Therefore, the saturation of Mn-dopant emission is caused by a bottlenecked energy transfer effect by saturating the mediating trap states at high excitation intensities. The Mn-doped MCs also exhibit a high photostability on the reversible switch of emission color between orange and blue for more than 300 cycles within a continuous operation time of 14 h. In view of the stable and color-switchable emission properties, Mn-doped perovskite MCs may find application in nanophotonic devices using a single MC.
Traffic Service Position System No. 1: Automated Coin Toll Service: Overall Description and Operational Characteristics (1979)

Automated Coin Toll Service (acts) has recently been developed for use on Traffic Service Position System No. 1. acts automates the handling of most calls paid for at coin stations, gives time and charge quotations, and provides customer notifications. To accomplish this, a new microprocessor-controlled subsystem is added to tsps. This subsystem generates announcements and monitors coin deposits. Since acts reduces the operator involvement on coin toll calls, it achieves significant savings for the operating companies, acts was developed together with several other associated features. This entire package was first put into service in November 1977, in Phoenix, Arizona, This paper gives a functional description of the new subsystem and details the customer interface with acts and the other features.
The Private Equity Market: An Overveiw (1997)

The private equity market is an important source of funds for start‐up firms, private middle‐market firms, firms in financial distress, and public firms seeking buyout financing. Over the past fifteen years it has been the fastest growing corporate finance market, by an order of magnitude over the public equity and public and private bond markets. Despite its dramatic growth and increased significance for corporate finance, the private equity market has received little attention. This study examines the economic foundations of the private equity market, analyzes its development and current role in corporate finance, and describes the market's institutional structure. It examines the reasons or the market's explosive growth over the past fifteen years and highlights the main characteristics of that growth. It provides data on returns to private equity investors and analyzes the major secular and cyclical influences on returns. It describes the important investors, intermediaries, issuers, and agents in the market and their interactions with each other. Drawing on data from trade journals, the study also estimates the market's size as of year‐end 1995.
The nuclear envelope lamina network has elasticity and a compressibility limit suggestive of a molecular shock absorber (2004)

Mechanical properties of the nuclear envelope have implications for cell and nuclear architecture as well as gene regulation. Using isolated Xenopus oocyte nuclei, we have established swelling conditions that separate the intact nuclear envelope (membranes, pore complexes and underlying lamin filament network) from nucleoplasm and the majority of chromatin. Swelling proves reversible with addition of high molecular mass dextrans. Micropipette aspiration of swollen and unswollen nuclear envelopes is also reversible and yields a network elastic modulus, unaffected by nucleoplasm, that averages 25 mN/m. Compared to plasma membranes of cells, the nuclear envelope is much stiffer and more resilient. Our results suggest that the nuclear lamina forms a compressed network shell of interconnected rods that is extensible but limited in compressibility from the native state, thus acting as a 'molecular shock absorber'. In light of the conservation of B-type lamins in metazoan evolution, the mechanical properties determined in this investigation suggest physical mechanisms by which mutated lamins can either destabilize nuclear architecture or influence nuclear responses to mechanical signals in Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, cardiomyopathy, progeria syndromes (premature 'aging') and other laminopathies.
The mitogenic activity of staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB): a monovalent T cell mitogen that stimulates cytolytic T lymphocytes but cannot mediate their lytic interaction. (1986)

Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB), a monovalent T cell mitogen and inducer of T suppressor cells, was found to be a potent polyclonal activator of cytolytic T lymphocytes (CTL) effective against concanavalin A (Con A)-treated target cells. In addition to polyclonal stimulation of CTL, SEB could reactivate "memory" CTL, alloimmunized 60 to 90 days earlier, into "secondary" CTL detectable as early as 24 hr after onset of stimulation and specific for the original priming target cells. Optimal cytolytic activity was induced at 0.5 to 10 micrograms/ml SEB; optimal priming time was 3 days, correlating well with the proliferative activity and morphologic transformation of small lymphocytes into large T lymphoblasts. Long-term cultures of splenocytes, stimulated by SEB, continued to express high cytolytic activity. It is noteworthy that although SEB and Con A are comparable CTL inducers, SEB, unlike Con A, is an ineffective mediator of nonspecific, CTL/target cell interactions. To the best of our knowledge this is the first example of a CTL inducer unable to mediate CTL-target interaction and lysis. The latter observations suggests that different receptors are involved in CTL activation and in CTL-target interaction resulting in lysis.
Down-regulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor 1 Expression Promotes Myocardial Neovascularization by Bone Marrow Progenitors (2004)

Human adult bone marrow-derived endothelial progenitors, or angioblasts, induce neovascularization of infarcted myocardium via mechanisms involving both cell surface urokinase-type plasminogen activator, and interactions between beta integrins and tissue vitronectin. Because each of these processes is regulated by plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, we selectively down-regulated PAI-1 mRNA in the adult heart to examine the effects on postinfarct neovascularization and myocardial function. Sequence-specific catalytic DNA enzymes inhibited rat PAI-1 mRNA and protein expression in peri-infarct endothelium within 48 h of administration, and maintained down-regulation for at least 2 wk. PAI-1 inhibition enhanced vitronectin-dependent transendothelial migration of human bone marrow-derived CD34+ cells, and resulted in a striking augmentation of angioblast-dependent neovascularization. Development of large, thin-walled vessels at the peri-infarct region was accompanied by induction of proliferation and regeneration of endogenous cardiomyocytes and functional cardiac recovery. These results identify a causal relationship between elevated PAI-1 levels and poor outcome in patients with myocardial infarction through mechanisms that directly inhibit bone marrow-dependent neovascularization. Strategies that reduce myocardial PAI-1 expression appear capable of enhancing cardiac neovascularization, regeneration, and functional recovery after ischemic insult.
Alkylating agents from sugars: Synthesis of chlorambucil derivatives carried by chiral glycosyl glycerols derived from <scp>D</scp>‐Glucosamine (2002)

Chlorambucilamide derivatives involving chiral glycosyl glycerols derived from D-glucosamine were synthesized in good yield by coupling the chlorambucil moiety to the amino group of omega-amino-(omega-1)-hydroxyalkyl 2-acylamino-4,6-O-benzylidene-2-deoxy-beta-D-glucopyranosides, and subsequent hydrolysis of the benzylidene group. The starting material was easily available from 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose. The bonding of 2,3,4,6-tetra-O-pivaloyl-beta-D-galactopyranosylamine to chlorambucil by formation of an amide function is also described.
[Generation and identification of rice T-DNA insertional mutant lines]. (2004)

By using the matured embryos of Japonica rice variety Zhonghua No. 11 as explants, rice transformation was performed by Agrobacterium-mediated co-cultivation method, resulting in 1489 independent transgenic rice plants that carry a T-DNA insertion. Genomic DNA gel-blot and PCR analyses showed that 69.8% of the total lines contain the inserted T-DNA. The flanking sequence of T-DNA in transgenic rice plants was analyzed using Tail-PCR. In addition, we have evaluated 1066 T1 transgenic lines on heading days, plant height and panicles per hill, and found different types of mutants from a number of lines.
Mathematical modeling of digestion and nutrient absorption in pigs. (1996)

A simple simulation model of digestion and absorption in pigs was developed. The structure of the model is a set of four anatomical compartments for DM: stomach, two portions of small intestine, and the large intestine. In each of these anatomical compartments, subcompartments correspond to the major biochemical components of feed and their products of degradation. The major degradation and absorption events are considered as well as the effect of microbial activity in the large intestine. The total number of compartments is 44. The numerical integration with a time step of 1 min allows prediction of kinetic features of digestion phenomena such as absorption patterns and transit flows. First validation of the model shows that the global dynamic behavior of the model is realistic and promising. However, some additional factors must be considered for improved accuracy, in particular the susceptibility of the feed components to enzymatic degradation. The outputs of such a model could be used as inputs for metabolic or growth models running with time steps smaller than the 24-h basis often used in nutrition.
Estimating the progress of MapReduce pipelines (2010)

In parallel query-processing environments, accurate, time-oriented progress indicators could provide much utility given that inter- and intra-query execution times can have high variance. However, none of the techniques used by existing tools or available in the literature provide non-trivial progress estimation for parallel queries. In this paper, we introduce Parallax, the first such indicator. While several parallel data processing systems exist, the work in this paper targets environments where queries consist of a series of MapReduce jobs. Parallax builds on recently-developed techniques for estimating the progress of single-site SQL queries, but focuses on the challenges related to parallelism and variable execution speeds. We have implemented our estimator in the Pig system and demonstrate its performance through experiments with the PigMix benchmark and other queries running in a real, small-scale cluster.
Fast switching and storage in GaAs—Al<sub>x</sub>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>As heterojunction layers (1982)

We experimentally show the possibility of fast switching and storage in GaAs-Al <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</inf> Ga <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1-x</inf> As heterojunction layers in accordance with previous theoretical predictions. The switching of electrons between layers is shown to occur (at least) on a nanosecond scale. The storage times which can be accomplished are of the order of minutes at 77K and much longer at lower temperatures. These times make the effect an attractive candidate for low temperature high-speed logic applications. It is speculated that for high Al mole fraction <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</tex> , storage effects can even be achieved at room temperature.
Disruption of Dictyostelium discoideum morphogenesis by overproduction of cAMP phosphodiesterase. (1988)

The development and cellular differentiation of Dictyostelium discoideum are disrupted in transformants secreting high levels of the cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase. The aggregation of these cells in the early stage of development proceeds rapidly and without the formation of organized streams. The later stages of development, in which differentiation into stalk and spore cells normally takes place, are completely blocked so that the transformants remain in spherical clusters of undifferentiated cells that do not elaborate the tip structure that regulates morphogenesis. These effects are due to overproduction of extracellular phosphodiesterase and demonstrate the role of cAMP during the aggregation phase of development as well as in the control of differentiation and pattern formation.