gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Causes of Alzheimer's disease. (2000)

It is now understood that genetic factors play a crucial role in the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Rare mutations in at least 3 genes are responsible for early-onset familial AD. A common polymorphism in the apolipoprotein E gene is the major determinant of risk in families with late-onset AD, as well as in the general population. Advanced age, however, remains the major established risk factor for AD, although environmental variables may also have some role in disease expression. Some pathogenic factors directly associated with aging include oxidative damage and mutations in messenger RNA. Other factors unrelated to the aging process may, in the future, be amenable to therapeutic intervention by way of estrogen replacement therapy for postmenopausal women, anti-inflammatory drug therapy and reducing vascular risk factors. Older theories, such as aluminum playing a role in the pathogenesis of AD, have been mostly discarded as our understanding of pathogenic mechanisms of AD has advanced.
Fiber-Type-Specific Transcription of the Troponin I Slow Gene Is Regulated by Multiple Elements (1999)

The regulatory elements that restrict transcription of genes encoding contractile proteins specifically to either slow- or fast-twitch skeletal muscles are unknown. As an initial step towards understanding the mechanisms that generate muscle diversity during development, we have identified a 128-bp troponin I slow upstream element (SURE) and a 144-bp troponin I fast intronic element (FIRE) that confer fiber type specificity in transgenic mice (M. Nakayama et al., Mol. Cell. Biol. 16:2408-2417, 1996). SURE and FIRE have maintained the spatial organization of four conserved motifs (3' to 5'): an E box, an AT-rich site (A/T2) that binds MEF-2, a CACC site, and a novel CAGG motif. Troponin I slow (TnIs) constructs harboring mutations in these motifs were analyzed in transiently and stably transfected Sol8 myocytes and in transgenic mice to assess their function. Mutations of the E-box, A/T2, and CAGG motifs completely abolish transcription from the TnI SURE. In contrast, mutation of the CACC motif had no significant effect in transfected myocytes or on the slow-specific transcription of the TnI SURE in transgenic mice. To assess the role of E boxes in fiber type specificity, a chimeric enhancer was constructed in which the E box of SURE was replaced with the E box from FIRE. This TnI E box chimera, which lacks the SURE NFAT site, confers essentially the same levels of transcription in transgenic mice as those conferred by wild-type SURE and is specifically expressed in slow-twitch muscles, indicating that the E box on its own cannot determine the fiber-type-specific expression of the TnI promoter. The importance of the 5' half of SURE, which bears little homology to the TnI FIRE, in muscle-specific expression was analyzed by deletion and linker scanning analyses. Removal of the 5' half of SURE (-846 to -811) results in the loss of expression in stably transfected but not in transiently expressing myocytes. Linker scanning mutations identified sequences in this region that are necessary for the function of SURE when integrated into chromatin. One of these sites (GTTAATCCG), which is highly homologous to a bicoid consensus site, binds to nuclear proteins from several mesodermal cells. These results show that multiple elements are involved in the muscle-specific activity of the TnIs promoter and that interactions between upstream and downstream regions of SURE are important for transcription in the context of native chromatin.
Selection of Novel Eukaryotic DNA Polymerases by Mutagenesis and Genetic Complementation of Yeast (2003)

DNA-directed DNA polymerases have been broadly classified into seven families based on their sequence homology (1). It is surprising to learn that enzymes such as DNA polymerases, which carry out pivotal role during DNA replication, repair, and recombination, are poorly conserved amongst different families, but within a given family, all the members are highly conserved. These observations have profound implications and suggest that DNA polymerases have been plastic during evolution, but can tolerate multiple mutations (2). The mutability of DNA polymerases has been utilized extensively in our studies and has shed light on structure-function relationships of each domain. Any single amino acid residue or the entire domain can be randomly mutagenized and the active mutants can be selected by genetic complementation. Here we describe the complementation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae Pol3 (Pol δ) by utilizing a common technique in yeast genetics known as “plasmid shuffling,” where the wild-type copy of the Pol3 present in a Ura3 selective marker plasmid is exchanged or genetically complemented for in vitro mutated version(s) of Pol3 in the domain-of-interest. Since Pol3p is essential for viability of yeast, only those mutants that genetically complement the loss of wild-type Pol3p survive.
Creatine ingestion favorably affects performance and muscle metabolism during maximal exercise in humans (1996)

Nine male subjects performed two bouts of 30-s maximal isokinetic cycling before and after ingestion of 20 g creatine (Cr) monohydrate/day for 5 days. Cr ingestion produced a 23.1 +/- 4.7 mmol/kg dry matter increase in the muscle total creatine (TCr) concentration. Total work production during bouts 1 and 2 increased by approximately 4%, and the cumulative increases in both peak and total work production over the two exercise bouts were positively correlated with the increase in muscle TCr. Cumulative loss of ATP was 30.7 +/- 12.2% less after Cr ingestion, despite the increase in work production. Resting phosphocreatine (PCr) increased in type I and II fibers. Changes in PCr before exercise bouts 1 and 2 in type II fibers were positively correlated with changes in PCr degradation during exercise in this fiber type and changes in total work production. The results suggest that improvements in performance were mediated via improved ATP resynthesis as a consequence of increased PCr availability in type II fibers.
I/P/B frame type decision by collinearity of displacements (2005)

State-of-art encoders in real life applications typically select the number of B frames to be coded between each I or P frame to be equal to one or two by default. The few research works that have addressed the problem of encoder optimization by frame type decision rely on measures of motion magnitude and amount to select the number of B frames. In contrast to such solutions, in this paper we advocate the idea of motion similarity in terms of speed and direction as the basis for deciding how many B frames to encode between any two stored frames. Such similarity is evaluated by the collinearity of the displacements in successive frames. Experimental results using the proposed decision method integrated in our H.264 compliant codec show that the bit rates achieved in the compressed bitstreams are optimal and near-optimal for the tested sequences, and are lower by up to 26% than those obtained using the default number of B frames of typical encoders. Furthermore, such bit rate savings are obtained with no subjective loss in the visual quality of the decoded sequences. Last but not least, our method provides a simple form of temporal scalability and can be employed in any coding system that makes use of I, P and B frames.
Gelation of La(iii) cations promoted by 5-(2-pyridyl)tetrazolate and water (2006)

Addition of water to the product formed when LaCl3 and 1H-5-(2-pyridyl)tetrazole (LH) were treated with an excess of triethylamine in ethanol, resulted in the reversible formation of a hydrogel, which when further treated with EtOH-iPrOH produced crystals of [LaL3(H2O)3].(H2O)4, as determined by X-ray crystallography.
Chemiluminescence from the reaction of tin(ii) with tris(2,2′-bipyridyl)ruthenium(iii) (2009)

Unlike many other metal and metalloid ions, tin(II) elicits intense, analytically useful chemiluminescence upon reaction with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III) in acidic aqueous solution. This finding provides new insight into the nature of this widely used reagent and has enabled the first direct, selective determination of a metal ion with tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(III).
Chemical peach thinning with surfactants and ammonium nitrate (1983)

SummaryLimb applications of several surfactants or ammonium nitrate in the early pink stage or seven days after bloom caused flower bud removal when applied to peach trees with a hand pump sprayer. Foliage injury was slight in the pink stage and was more severe after bloom when more foliage was present. A wide range of thinning was observed. DuPont WK was the most effective, followed by Triton X-45, X-77, Cidowett Plus and Cide-Kick. Ammonium nitrate plus X-77 (5 ml l-1) was effective at rates above 72 g l-1. Airblast applications of several treatments in full bloom gave commercially acceptable thinning with minimum injury. Combinations of a number of fungicides plus X-77 plus superior spray oil did not cause thinning in pre-bloom limb treatments or in full-bloom airblast experiments. Some post-bloom treatments caused foliage injury in addition to thinning.
Medicinal chemistry of gold. (1993)

In order to determine the mechanism of action of the anti-arthritic gold complexes, it is necessary to understand the physicochemical properties of these complexes and the exchange of ligands which may occur under physiological conditions, since these factors control the cellular uptake and effects of the gold complexes. Present leads to the forms of gold which may be taken up by cells include the metabolism of the injectable complexes to aurocyanide which is quite a potent inhibitor of the oxidative burst of neutrophils and an even more potent inhibitor of the proliferation of lymphocytes. Further metabolism of aurocyanide to Au(III) complexes is also possible. The orally active complex, auranofin, is active in various cellular systems but the relevance of its in vitro actions to its clinical effects is not known, in part, due to its unknown metabolism. A potentially active derivative of auranofin is a presumed metabolite which can be transferred from plasma to red blood cells. If this metabolite is taken up by red blood cells, then it may be taken up by target cells with consequent pharmacological activity.
Condition monitoring and prognosis of utility scale wind turbines (2006)

The state of the art in condition monitoring in wind turbines, and related technologies currently applied in practice and under development for aerospace applications, are reviewed. Condition monitoring systems estimate the current condition of a machine from sensor measurements, whereas prognosis systems give a probabilistic forecast of the future condition of the machine under the projected usage conditions. Current condition monitoring practice in wind turbine rotors involves tracking rotor imbalance, aerodynamic asymmetry, surface roughness and overall performance and offline and online measurements of stress and strain. Related technologies for monitoring of load history and fatigue crack growth in aircraft structures are evaluated for their applicability to wind turbine blades. Similarly, condition monitoring practice in wind turbines is compared with monitoring and prognosis in helicopter gearboxes. The state of the art in condition monitoring of electronic controls, power electronics and towers is also evaluated and compared with the state of the art in aerospace. Based on these comparisons, technology needs and future challenges for the development of condition monitoring and prognosis for large wind machines, both onshore and offshore, are summarised.
615. Organic carbonates. Part VI. The rates of alkaline hydrolysis of substituted cyclic αβ- and αγ-carbonates (1960)

L. A. Pohoryles, I. Levin and S. Sarel, J. Chem. Soc., 1960, 3082 DOI: 10.1039/JR9600003082
The Myc Transactivation Domain Promotes Global Phosphorylation of the RNA Polymerase II Carboxy-Terminal Domain Independently of Direct DNA Binding (2007)

Myc is a transcription factor which is dependent on its DNA binding domain for transcriptional regulation of target genes. Here, we report the surprising finding that Myc mutants devoid of direct DNA binding activity and Myc target gene regulation can rescue a substantial fraction of the growth defect in myc(-/-) fibroblasts. Expression of the Myc transactivation domain alone induces a transcription-independent elevation of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) C-terminal domain (CTD) kinases cyclin-dependent kinase 7 (CDK7) and CDK9 and a global increase in CTD phosphorylation. The Myc transactivation domain binds to the transcription initiation sites of these promoters and stimulates TFIIH binding in an MBII-dependent manner. Expression of the Myc transactivation domain increases CDK mRNA cap methylation, polysome loading, and the rate of translation. We find that some traditional Myc transcriptional target genes are also regulated by this Myc-driven translation mechanism. We propose that Myc transactivation domain-driven RNA Pol II CTD phosphorylation has broad effects on both transcription and mRNA metabolism.
SERUM PARAOXONASE PHENOTYPE DISTRIBUTION IN EXUDATIVE AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO HOMOCYSTEINE AND OXIDIZED LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEIN (2011)

Increased plasma OX-LDL levels and ratios of OX-LDL/high-density lipoprotein, as biomarkers of lipoprotein oxidative stress, higher levels of Hcy, as oxidant agent, and more common low or intermediate PON1 activity in patients with exudative AMD, compared with controls, indicate that PON1 activity is insufficient to explain the increased oxidative stress observed in exudative AMD.
Deringing and deblocking dct compression artifacts with efficient shifted transforms (2005)

A new method, using weighted combinations of shifted transforms, is developed for deringing and deblocking DCT compressed color images. The method shows substantial deringing improvement over prior methods, maintains comparable deblocking and shows comparable PSNR gains. The method automatically adapts to input image quality, and it may be implemented using low-complexity, swath-based processing. Multiplier-less transforms better suited for parallel hardware implementation are developed. Finally, PSNR comparisons are provided for the different methods. The new method using the DCT transform offers good visual results with PSNR comparable to prior work, and the multiplier-less transforms offer good visual results at a slight loss in PSNR.
Acute plasticity in the human somatosensory cortex following amputation (1998)

We studied a patient after amputation of an arm and found that in less than 24 h stimuli applied on the ipsilateral face were referred in a precise, topographically organized, modality-specific manner to distinct points on the phantom. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) performed one month later showed that brush-evoked activity in the brain demonstrates objective signal changes which correlate with perceptual changes in the phantom hand. This finding in humans corresponds to the observations of immediate plasticity in cortical pathways described in animals, including primates. The results suggest that reorganization of sensory pathways occurs very soon after amputation in humans, potentially due to the unmasking of ordinarily silent inputs rather than sprouting of new axon terminals.
Upgrading Fast Pyrolysis Bio-Oil Quality by Esterification and Azeotropic Water Removal (2015)

Fast pyrolysis bio-oil has unfavorable properties that restrict its use in many applications. Among the main issues are high acidity, instability, and water and oxygen content, which give rise to corrosiveness, polymerization during storage, and a low heating value. Esterification and azeotropic water removal can improve all of these properties. In this work, low acidity bio-oils were produced from fast pyrolysis bio-oil via esterification with methanol or n-butanol. Esterification conversion was enhanced by azeotropic water removal prior to and/or during esterification. An additional hydrocarbon entrainer (n-heptane or petroleum ether) was required for efficient water removal. The product oils had total acid numbers ranging from 5 to 10 mg KOH/g and pH values from 4.0 to 5.6. The best results were obtained with 1:0.9:0.1 wt ratio of bio-oil, n-butanol, and n-heptane and p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA) as catalyst. Removal of homogeneous catalyst (2 wt % p-toluenesulfonic acid (p-TSA)) was attempted by precipitation, centrifugation, and water washing, but only 41–82 wt % of the catalyst could be recovered from the product oil based on sulfur content. Solid acid catalysts were more efficient with methanol than n-butanol in dry conditions. An organic base (triethylamine) was tested for neutralizing the methanol esterified bio-oil’s residual acidity. Nitrogen content increased by 0.1–0.4 wt % when pH values of 6–8 were obtained.
Prediction and Classification of Alzheimer’s Disease Based on Combined Features From Apolipoprotein-E Genotype, Cerebrospinal Fluid, MR, and FDG-PET Imaging Biomarkers (2019)

Alzheimer's disease (AD), including its mild cognitive impairment (MCI) phase that may or may not progress into the AD, is the most ordinary form of dementia. It is extremely important to correctly identify patients during the MCI stage because this is the phase where AD may or may not develop. Thus, it is crucial to predict outcomes during this phase. Thus far, many researchers have worked on only using a single modality of a biomarker for the diagnosis of AD or MCI. Although recent studies show that a combination of one or more different biomarkers may provide complementary information for the diagnosis, it also increases the classification accuracy distinguishing between different groups. In this paper, we propose a novel machine learning-based framework to discriminate subjects with AD or MCI utilizing a combination of four different biomarkers: fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET), structural magnetic resonance imaging (sMRI), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein levels, and Apolipoprotein-E (APOE) genotype. The Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) baseline dataset was used in this study. In total, there were 158 subjects for whom all four modalities of biomarker were available. Of the 158 subjects, 38 subjects were in the AD group, 82 subjects were in MCI groups (including 46 in MCIc [MCI converted; conversion to AD within 24 months of time period], and 36 in MCIs [MCI stable; no conversion to AD within 24 months of time period]), and the remaining 38 subjects were in the healthy control (HC) group. For each image, we extracted 246 regions of interest (as features) using the Brainnetome template image and NiftyReg toolbox, and later we combined these features with three CSF and two APOE genotype features obtained from the ADNI website for each subject using early fusion technique. Here, a different kernel-based multiclass support vector machine (SVM) classifier with a grid-search method was applied. Before passing the obtained features to the classifier, we have used truncated singular value decomposition (Truncated SVD) dimensionality reduction technique to reduce high dimensional features into a lower-dimensional feature. As a result, our combined method achieved an area under the receiver operating characteristic (AU-ROC) curve of 98.33, 93.59, 96.83, 94.64, 96.43, and 95.24% for AD vs. HC, MCIs vs. MCIc, AD vs. MCIs, AD vs. MCIc, HC vs. MCIc, and HC vs. MCIs subjects which are high relative to single modality results and other state-of-the-art approaches. Moreover, combined multimodal methods have improved the classification performance over the unimodal classification.
Internal transvenous low energy cardioversion for the treatment of cardiac arrhythmias. (1984)

Low energy endocardial cardioversion was attempted in 23 patients with 30 arrhythmias, of whom only four were receiving additional drug treatment. Four had atrial flutter, five atrial fibrillation, three intra-atrioventricular nodal tachycardia, two atrioventricular re-entrant tachycardia, 13 ventricular tachycardia, and three ventricular fibrillation. A pacing lead with special large surface area electrodes--the active electrode positioned either in the right atrium or in the right ventricular apex and the indifferent electrode in the right atrium, superior vena cava, or inferior vena cava--was used together with a low energy defibrillator. A total of 114 shocks was delivered, 26 of which were atrial. One episode of atrial flutter was terminated, but atrial fibrillation and atrioventricular nodal tachycardia were not terminated in any of the patients. Both patients with atrioventricular tachycardia were successfully treated, as were eight of the patients with ventricular tachycardia. Atrial fibrillation was produced in three patients and non-sustained ventricular tachycardia in one, ventricular tachycardia was accelerated in two, and ventricular fibrillation induced in five. Fourteen patients experienced severe discomfort and seven mild or moderate discomfort, and only one found the procedure painless. One patient was anaesthetised throughout the procedure. Low energy endocardial cardioversion is not universally successful even at the highest energies tolerable, and with the present electrode and pulse waveforms some patients may suffer considerable discomfort.
Mammalian target of rapamycin signaling in diabetic cardiovascular disease (2012)

Diabetes mellitus currently affects more than 170 million individuals worldwide and is expected to afflict another 200 million individuals in the next 30 years. Complications of diabetes as a result of oxidant stress affect multiple systems throughout the body, but involvement of the cardiovascular system may be one of the most severe in light of the impact upon cardiac and vascular function that can result in rapid morbidity and mortality for individuals. Given these concerns, the signaling pathways of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) offer exciting prospects for the development of novel therapies for the cardiovascular complications of diabetes. In the cardiovascular and metabolic systems, mTOR and its multi-protein complexes of TORC1 and TORC2 regulate insulin release and signaling, endothelial cell survival and growth, cardiomyocyte proliferation, resistance to β-cell injury, and cell longevity. Yet, mTOR can, at times, alter insulin signaling and lead to insulin resistance in the cardiovascular system during diabetes mellitus. It is therefore vital to understand the complex relationship mTOR and its downstream pathways hold during metabolic disease in order to develop novel strategies for the complications of diabetes mellitus in the cardiovascular system.