gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Axl-Gas6 Interaction Counteracts E1A-Mediated Cell Growth Suppression and Proapoptotic Activity (1999)

The adenovirus type 5 early region 1A gene (E1A) has previously been known as an immortalization oncogene because E1A is required for transforming oncogenes, such as ras and E1B, to transform cells in primary cultures. However, E1A has also been shown to downregulate the overexpression of the Her-2/neu oncogene, resulting in suppression of transformation and tumorigenesis induced by that oncogene. In addition, E1A is able to promote apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs, irradiation, and serum deprivation. Many tyrosine kinases, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor, Her-2/Neu, Src, and Axl, are known to play a role in oncogenic signals in transformed cells. To study the mechanism underlying the E1A-mediated tumor-suppressing function, we exploited a modified tyrosine kinase profile assay (D. Robinson, F. Lee, T. Pretlow, and H.-J. Kung, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 93:5958-5962, 1996) to identify potential tyrosine kinases regulated by E1A. Reverse transcription (RT)-PCR products were synthesized with two degenerate primers derived from the conserved motifs of various tyrosine kinases. A tyrosine kinase downregulated by E1A was identified by analyzing the AluI-digested RT-PCR products. We isolated the DNA fragment of interest and found that E1A negatively regulated the expression of the transforming receptor tyrosine kinase Axl at the transcriptional level. To study whether downregulation of the Axl receptor is involved in E1A-mediated growth suppression, we transfected axl cDNA into E1A-expressing cells (ip1-E1A) to establish cells that overexpressed Axl. The Axl ligand Gas6 triggered a greater mitogenic effect in these ip1-E1A-Axl cells than in ip1-E1A control cells and protected the Axl-expressing cells from serum deprivation-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that downregulation of the Axl receptor by E1A is involved in E1A-mediated growth suppression and E1A-induced apoptosis and thereby contributes to E1A's antitumor activities.
Dacryostenosis in Newborns: Probing, or Syringing, or Both? (2000)

To treat symptomatic congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, it is more effective to combine high-pressure irrigation and probing. This gives a better success rate, first in treatment and secondarily, permitting intraoperative verification of the patency of the excretory lacrimal system.
Facile synthesis of hierarchical dendritic PtPd nanogarlands supported on reduced graphene oxide with enhanced electrocatalytic properties (2014)

A simple and facile method is developed for one-pot preparation of hierarchical dendritic PtPd nanogarlands supported on reduced graphene oxide (PtPd/RGO) at room temperature, without using any seed, organic solvent, or complex apparatus. It is found that octylphenoxypolyethoxyethanol (NP-40) as a soft template and its amount are critical to the formation of PtPd garlands. The as-prepared nanocomposites are further applied to methanol and ethanol oxidation with significantly enhanced electrocatalytic activity and better stability in alkaline media.
Recessed-channel structure for fabricating ultrathin SOI MOSFET with low series resistance (1994)

A new recessed-channel SOI (RCSOI) technology has been developed for fabricating ultrathin SOI MOSFET's with low source/drain series resistance. Thin-film fully depleted SOI MOSFET's with channel film thickness of 72 nm have been fabricated with the RCSOI technology. The new structure demonstrated a 70% reduction in source/drain series resistance compared with conventional processes. In the deep-submicron region, more than 80% improvement in saturation drain current and transconductance over conventional devices was achieved using the RCSOI technology. The new technology would also facilitate the use of silicide for further reducing the series resistance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The use of on‐animal acoustical recording devices for studying animal behavior (2013)

Audio recordings made from free-ranging animals can be used to investigate aspects of physiology, behavior, and ecology through acoustic signal processing. On-animal acoustical monitoring applications allow continuous remote data collection, and can serve to address questions across temporal and spatial scales. We report on the design of an inexpensive collar-mounted recording device and present data on the activity budget of wild mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) derived from these devices applied for a 2-week period. Over 3300 h of acoustical recordings were collected from 10 deer on their winter range in a natural gas extraction field in northwestern Colorado. Analysis of a subset of the data indicated deer spent approximately 33.5% of their time browsing, 20.8% of their time processing food through mastication, and nearly 38.3% of their time digesting through rumination, with marked differences in diel patterning of these activities. Systematic auditory vigilance was a salient activity when masticating, and these data offer options for quantifying wildlife responses to varying listening conditions and predation risk. These results (validated using direct observation) demonstrate that acoustical monitoring is a viable and accurate method for characterizing individual time budgets and behaviors of ungulates, and may provide new insight into the ways external forces affect wildlife behavior.
Abstractions for usable information flow control in Aeolus (2012)

Despite the increasing importance of protecting confidential data, building secure software remains as challenging as ever. This paper describes Aeolus, a new platform for building secure distributed applications. Aeolus uses information flow control to provide confidentiality and data integrity. It differs from previous information flow control systems in a way that we believe makes it easier to understand and use. Aeolus uses a new, simpler security model, the first to combine a standard principal-based scheme for authority management with thread-granularity information flow tracking. The principal hierarchy matches the way developers already reason about authority and access control, and the coarse-grained information flow tracking eases the task of defining a program's security restrictions. In addition, Aeolus provides a number of new mechanisms (authority closures, compound tags, boxes, and shared volatile state) that support common design patterns in secure application design.
Rotary-Reciprocating Cryogenic Refrigeration Systems Studies. Part I. Analysis. (1971)

The report describes the results of several analyses conducted on rotary-reciprocating cryogenic refrigeration systems to be used on long-term space missions. A computer program which was developed under the contract is described. The program will balance a thermodynamic flowsheet and design a rotary reciprocating refrigerator to meet performance requirements which are specified as input variables to the program. The program will select the appropriate thermodynamic cycle based upon the number of loads specified and the load temperature levels. Four thermodynamic cycles, all derivatives of the reversed Brayton and Claude cycle, are contained in the program. A preliminary functional design of power conditioning equipment for rotary-reciprocating refrigerators is also described. It is concluded that the power conditioning equipment design presented is capable of very high reliability and that the efficiency can exceed 95% for some source voltages. The results of an analysis of thermal losses in gas springs for rotary-reciprocating refrigerators are also presented. It is concluded that irreversible heat transfer is a significant loss mechanism in gas springs. An analytical expression for the thermal loss is derived. Finally, the results of a study to estimate the input power, weight, and size of some selected rotary-reciprocating cryogenic refrigerators which develop useful refrigeration simultaneously at two temperature levels are presented. (Author)
Dielectrophoretic filter for separation and recovery of biological cells in water (2003)

Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is the electrokinetic motion of dielectrically polarized particles in nonuniform electric fields. DEP has found many useful technological applications including separation, levitation, and characterization of dielectric particles such as biological cells. In this study, the authors demonstrated continuous separation and recovery of biological cells suspended in water using a DEP filter. The DEP filter consists of an electrode system that is filled up with many glass beads. These glass beads modify the electric field distribution in the electrode system so that strong DEP force is generated on their surfaces. If the DEP force is stronger than drag force exerted by liquid flow in the filter, the suspended particles can be trapped and eliminated from the flowing liquid. The DEP filter can control trapping and releasing process just by changing electrode energizing AC signal and the resultant DEP force. It was experimentally confirmed that the DEP filter could continuously eliminate yeast cells suspended in water. The cell density decreased from 10/sup 6/ to 10/sup 1/ cells/mL in about 1 h. The electrical conductivity of the medium was a crucial parameter that influenced the liquid temperature by Joule heating and DEP force. Furthermore, the selective separation of viable and nonviable yeast cells was demonstrated by utilizing the viability dependency of the DEP force.
The Effect of Zimelidine, a Serotonin-Reuptake Blocker, on Cataplexy and Daytime Sleepiness of Narcoleptic Patients (1986)

Narcolepsy is a neurological syndrome characterized by two major symptoms: excessive daytime sleepiness and cataplexy. Pharmacological and biochemical evidence support the hypothesis that dopaminergic mechanisms are involved in excessive daytime sleepiness. The pathophysiology of cataplexy and the action mechanisms of anticataplectic agents remain controversial issues. Cataplexy is usually controlled by tricyclic antidepressants, but these drugs interact with several central monoamine systems and also exert an anticholinergic effect. In the present study, zimelidine, a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor without anticholinergic activity, was administered to 11 narcoleptic patients for 1-16 months. Cataplexy improved markedly in all patients, while no changes could be documented on excessive daytime sleepiness, either by self-report or polysomnographic nap recording. These results confirm the hypothesis that hypersomnolence and cataplexy are subject to different control mechanisms; support a serotoninergic, but not a cholinergic, theory of cataplexy; and suggest that selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may be the treatment of choice for cataplexy.
A study of pulsed laser planarization of aluminum for VLSI metallization (2003)

Pulsed laser melting of Al to improve the contact via coverage in VLSI metallization has been investigated for various laser fluences and substrate temperatures. The authors have characterized how the Al flow phenomenon progresses: from melting (recrystallization and grain growth) to planarization (via covered but not necessarily filled), then to via-fill (solidly plugged), and finally from localized to systematic ablation (material loss). The laser energy densities for these conditions have been quantified and the useful range for VLSI application extracted. Without antireflective coating, the process window is +or-6-8% for 0.5- mu m Al film to fill a 1- mu m via with a vertical wall. Localized ablation of the Al film at the high energy limit has been found to be the key factor that controls the process window. This limitation can be explained by the estimated temperature rise of the Al film from melting to planarization and via-fill conditions: very high at 400-500 degrees C and 700-800 degrees C above the melting temperature, respectively. The issues of VLSI applications such as pattern density sensitivity and device integrity have been examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nanoclay dispersion into a thermosetting binder using sonication and intensive mixing methods (2012)

Abstract Suspensions of epoxy with 10% by weight of organomodified montmorillonite clay [Cloisite 30B], prepared by two different methods, viz. intensive batch mixing and sonication, were investigated. The characterization of linear viscoelastic material functions of the suspension using small‐amplitude oscillatory shear during processing enabled the assessments of the dispersion capabilities of the two mixing methods. Thermal imaging was used to monitor the temperature distributions generated during mixing. Sonication was determined to be more effective in the dispersion of the clay into the epoxy resin than the intensive batch mixing process, as revealed by the significant increase of the dynamic properties upon sonication, which suggested that some degree of intercalation and exfoliation had taken place during sonication. The use of the linear viscoelastic material functions thus provided a relatively easy to implement method for the analysis of the dispersion effectiveness of the different processing methods and operating conditions. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Structure and Function of Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Adenylyltransferase (2004)

The enzyme nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase (NMNAT), a member of the nucleotidyltransferase alpha/beta phosphodiesterase superfamily, catalyzes the reaction NMN + ATP = NAD + PPi, representing the final step in the biosynthesis of NAD, a molecule playing a fundamental role as a cofactor in cellular redox reactions. NAD also serves as the substrate for reactions involved in important regulatory roles, such as protein covalent modifications, like ADP-ribosylation reactions, as well as Sir2 histone deacetylase, a recently discovered class of enzymes involved in the regulation of gene silencing. This overview describes the most recent findings on NMNATs from bacteria, archaea, yeast, animal and human sources, with detailed consideration of their major kinetic, molecular and structural features. On this regard, the different characteristics exhibited by the enzyme from the various species are highlighted. The possibility that NMNAT may represent an interesting candidate as a target for the rational design of selective chemotherapeutic agents has been suggested.
Target Identification: A Challenging Step in Forward Chemical Genetics (2011)

Investigation of the genetic functions in complex biological systems is a challenging step in recent year. Hence, several valuable and interesting research projects have been developed with novel ideas to find out the unknown functions of genes or proteins. To validate the applicability of their novel ideas, various approaches are built up. To date, the most promising and commonly used approach for discovering the target proteins from biological system using small molecule is well known a forward chemical genetics which is considered to be more convenient than the classical genetics. Although, the forward chemical genetics consists of the three basic components, the target identification is the most challenging step to chemical biology researchers. Hence, the diverse target identification methods have been developed and adopted to disclose the small molecule bound protein. Herein, in this review, we briefly described the first two parts chemical toolbox and screening, and then the target identifications in forward chemical genetics are thoroughly described along with the illustrative real example case study. In the tabular form, the different biological active small molecules which are the successful examples of target identifications are accounted in this research review.
Lactic Acid Bacteria (1993)

Discusses the exploitation of the metabolic activities of the lactic acid bacteria in the manufacture of dairy products. Gives the two main “starter culture” groups as: (1) mesophiles; and (2) thermophiles; and considers the relevance to the consumer of the presence of species from these groups in food products. Concludes that the presence of viable mesophiles is of limited significance in nutritional terms; but that the presence of thermophiles in bio‐yogurts and similar items will benefit the consumer, if these items are consumed on a regular basis.
Tailoring optical forces in waveguides through radiation pressure and electrostrictive forces (2010)

Radiation pressure is known to scale to large values in engineered micro and nanoscale photonic waveguide systems. In addition to radiation pressure, dielectric materials also exhibit strain-dependent refractive index changes, through which optical fields can induce electrostrictive forces. To date, little attention has been paid to the electrostrictive component of optical forces in high-index contrast waveguides. In this paper, we examine the magnitude, scaling, and spatial distribution of electrostrictive forces through analytical and numerical models, revealing that electrostrictive forces increase to large values in high index-contrast waveguides. Similar to radiation pressure, electrostrictive forces increase quadratically with the optical field. However, since electrostrictive forces are determined by the material photoelastic tensor , the sign of the electrostrictive force is highly material-dependent, resulting in cancellation with radiation pressure in some instances. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that the optical forces resulting from both radiation pressure and electrostriction can scale to remarkably high levels (i.e., greater than 10(4)(N/m(2))) for realistic guided powers. Additionally, even in simple rectangular waveguides, the magnitude and distribution of both forces can be engineered at the various boundaries of the waveguide system by choice of material system and geometry of the waveguide. This tailorability points towards novel and simple waveguide designs which enable selective excitation of elastic waves with desired symmetries through engineered stimulated Brillouin scattering processes in nanoscale waveguide systems.
Absorption of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (rhG-CSF) and blood leukocyte dynamics following intranasal administration in rabbits. (1993)

Absorption of recombinant human granulocyte colony-stimulating factors (rhG-CSF) following intranasal administration of aqueous preparations containing rhG-CSF with or without dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin was investigated. It was found that rhG-CSF was absorbed and the total leukocyte numbers in peripheral blood markedly increased after intranasal instillation of rhG-CSF solution (pH 4) without excipients. Simultaneously administered dimethyl-beta-cyclodextrin enhanced nasal absorption of rhG-CSF. Consequently, serum rhG-CSF concentrations and total leukocyte numbers were greatly increased.
Effect of Hepatic Stimulator Substance Administration on Tissue Regeneration Due to Thioacetamide-Induced Liver Injury in Rats (1998)

The administration of HSS enhanced the hepatocyte proliferative capacity, induced by TAA treatment, depending on the time of its administration.
Strong Fermi-Level Pinning at Metal/n-Si(001) Interface Ensured by Forming an Intact Schottky Contact with a Graphene Insertion Layer (2016)

We report the systematic experimental studies demonstrating that a graphene layer inserted at metal/n-Si(001) interface is efficient to explore interface Fermi-level pinning effect. It is confirmed that an inserted graphene layer prevents atomic interdiffusion to form an atomically abrupt Schottky contact. The Schottky barriers of metal/graphene/n-Si(001) junctions show a very weak dependence on metal work-function, implying that the metal Fermi-level is almost completely pinned at charge neutrality level close to the valence band edge of Si. The atomically impermeable and electronically transparent properties of graphene can be used generally to form an intact Schottky contact for all semiconductors.
Identification of Transcriptional Enhancer Factor-4 as a Transcriptional Modulator of CTP:Phosphocholine Cytidylyltransferase α (2001)

CTP:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase (CCT) is the rate-limiting and regulated enzyme of mammalian phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. There are three isoforms, CCTalpha, CCTbeta1, and CCTbeta2. The mouse CCTalpha gene promoter is regulated by an enhancer element (Eb) located between -103 and -82 base pairs (5'-GTTTTCAGGAATGCGGAGGTGG-3') upstream from the transcriptional start site (Bakovic, M., Waite, K., Tang, W., Tabas, I., and Vance, D. E. (1999) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1436, 147-165). To identify the Eb-binding protein(s), we screened a mouse embryo cDNA library by the yeast one-hybrid system and obtained 19 positive clones. Ten cDNA clones were identified as transcriptional enhancer factor-4 (TEF-4). The TEF-binding consensus sequence, 5'-(A/T)(A/G)(A/G)(A/T)ATG(C/T)(G/A)-3', was identified within the Eb binding region. Gel-shift analysis using radiolabeled Eb fragment as a probe showed that cell extracts from yeast expressing hemagglutinin-tagged TEF-4 caused a marked band retardation that could be prevented with an anti-hemagglutinin antibody. When COS-7 cells were transfected with TEF-4, CCTalpha promoter-luciferase reporter activity and CCTalpha mRNA levels increased. A TEF-4 deletion mutant containing a DNA-binding domain, mTEA(+), stimulated the CCTalpha promoter activity, whereas protein lacking the DNA binding domain, mTEA(-), did not. Unexpectedly, when the ATG core of the TEF-4 binding consensus within the Eb region was mutated, promoter activity was enhanced rather than decreased. Thus, TEF-4 might act as a dual transcriptional modulator as follows: as a suppressor via its direct binding to the Eb element and as an activator via its interactions with the basal transcriptional machinery. These results provide the first evidence that TEF-4 is an important regulator of CCTalpha gene expression.
Thickness Dependence of H Radical Treatment of Si Thin Films Deposited by Plasma-Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Using SiF<sub>4</sub>/SiH<sub>4</sub>/H<sub>2</sub> Gases (1996)

Thickness dependence of H radical treatment of silicon thin films deposited using SiH 4 /H 2 and SiF 4 /SiH 4 /H 2 plasmas has been investigated. In both cases, H radicals have caused etching and crystallization. In the case of films less than 60 Å thick, almost pure etching occurred. In the case of films more than 600 Å thick, a crystallized layer under a roughened layer remained after etching. These results indicate that crystallization effect occurs in deeper layers than those in which etching occurs.