gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Change Detection Based on Artificial Intelligence: State-of-the-Art and Challenges (2020)

Change detection based on remote sensing (RS) data is an important method of detecting changes on the Earth’s surface and has a wide range of applications in urban planning, environmental monitoring, agriculture investigation, disaster assessment, and map revision. In recent years, integrated artificial intelligence (AI) technology has become a research focus in developing new change detection methods. Although some researchers claim that AI-based change detection approaches outperform traditional change detection approaches, it is not immediately obvious how and to what extent AI can improve the performance of change detection. This review focuses on the state-of-the-art methods, applications, and challenges of AI for change detection. Specifically, the implementation process of AI-based change detection is first introduced. Then, the data from different sensors used for change detection, including optical RS data, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data, street view images, and combined heterogeneous data, are presented, and the available open datasets are also listed. The general frameworks of AI-based change detection methods are reviewed and analyzed systematically, and the unsupervised schemes used in AI-based change detection are further analyzed. Subsequently, the commonly used networks in AI for change detection are described. From a practical point of view, the application domains of AI-based change detection methods are classified based on their applicability. Finally, the major challenges and prospects of AI for change detection are discussed and delineated, including (a) heterogeneous big data processing, (b) unsupervised AI, and (c) the reliability of AI. This review will be beneficial for researchers in understanding this field.
On the amount of information in rotational relaxation experiments with application to microwave transient <i>T</i>1 and <i>T</i>2 rates (1978)

A variety of gas phase rotational relaxation phenomena are related at the microscopic level by intermolecular forces and binary collision dynamics. By making the infinite order sudden (IOS) approximation to collision dynamics, the different phenomena can be expressed in terms of a few fundamental ’’dynamical’’ parameters and these can be chosen conveniently as the state-to-state rates out of the lowest level. Microwave transient T1 and T2 rates for a linear rigid rotor perturbed by an atom are considered explicitly. For systems where the IOS approximation is valid, i.e., where many rotational levels are energetically accessible, it is found that T1 and T2 measurements are expected to give rather similar rates, regardless of the spectral transition and in the presence or absence of an external (Stark) field; further, these measurements basically reflect the total rate of collisional excitation out of the lowest level. In principle, the small changes in T2 between different spectral lines or between Stark split sublevels provide information about specific, even Δj state-to-state rates. Similar T1 data provide, in addition, information about odd Δj transitions. As an example, IOS calculations are presented for OCS perturbed by Ar and He; these give relaxation cross sections in excellent agreement with the earlier semiclassical calculations of Liu and Marcus. Finally, methods for inverting experimental data to obtain state-to-state rates are considered.
Earthquake Design Requirements in Australia (1996)

This paper presents an overview of earthquake resistant design requirements in Australia. The selection of an appropriate return period for aseismic design in low seismic hazard regions is discussed. Damage from previous earthquakes in Australia is summarised and design guidelines to prevent such damage in the future are presented. These aseismic design guidelines are compared with the specifications outlined in the Australian Earthquake Loading Standard, AS1170.4, and the material standards for Steel Structures, Reinforced Concrete Structures and Masonry Structures.
Variable reluctance motor structures for low-speed operation (1996)

The static torque capability of three competing variable reluctance motors is compared in order to identify which structure is best suited for low-speed operation. Linear analysis is the basis of the comparison between a conventional switched reluctance motor, a variable reluctance motor with mutually coupled windings, and a variable reluctance motor with anisotropic rotor. End turn and multipole effects are considered. The impact of saturation is considered by comparing static torque computed with finite element models. This analysis provides the rationale for choosing one configuration over another under fixed voltage and current limit constraints. The alternative constructions are shown to have potential for significant improvement in static torque under certain conditions.
Importance weighted image enhancement for prosthetic vision: An augmentation framework (2014)

Augmentations to enhance perception in prosthetic vision (also known as bionic eyes) have the potential to improve functional outcomes significantly for implantees. In current (and near-term) im-plantable electrode arrays resolution and dynamic range are highly constrained in comparison to images from modern cameras that can be head mounted. In this paper, we propose a novel, generally applicable adaptive contrast augmentation framework for prosthetic vision that addresses the specific perceptual needs of low resolution and low dynamic range displays. The scheme accepts an externally defined pixel-wise weighting of importance describing features of the image to enhance in the output dynamic range. Our approach explicitly incorporates the logarithmic scaling of enhancement required in human visual perception to ensure perceivability of all contrast augmentations. It requires no pre-existing contrast, and thus extends previous work in local contrast enhancement to a formulation for general image augmentation. We demonstrate the generality of our augmentation scheme for scene structure and looming object enhancement using simulated prosthetic vision.
Femtosecond-pulse laser chirp compensated by cavity-mirror dispersion (1986)

The duration of pulses generated from a simple colliding-pulse mode-locked cw dye laser is measured as a function of cavity-mirror dispersion. The optimum amount of mirror dispersion of ø (omega) congruent with + 1.8 x 10(-28) sec(2) and a suitable mirror coating for upchirp compensation are identified. The adjustment of mirror dispersion only, without additional dispersive elements, generates continuous trains of pulses as short as 50 fsec.
The origin of enhanced optical absorption in solar cells with metal nanoparticles embedded in the active layer (2010)

We analyze the enhancement in optical absorption of an absorbing medium when spherical metal nanoparticles are embedded in it. Our analysis uses generalized Mie theory to calculate the absorbed optical power as a function of the distance from the metal nanoparticle. This analysis is used to evaluate the potential of enhancing optical absorption in thin-film solar cells by embedding spherical metal nanoparticles. We consider the trade-off between maximizing overall optical absorption and ensuring that a large fraction of the incident optical power is dissipated in the absorbing host medium rather than in the metal nanoparticle. We show that enhanced optical absorption results from strong scattering by the metal nanoparticle which locally enhances the optical electric fields. We also discuss the effect of a thin dielectric encapsulation of the metal nanoparticles.
A color test for the selection of compounds having short-lived triplet states (1967)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA color test for the selection of compounds having short-lived triplet statesEdwin F. Ullman and William Arthur. HendersonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1967, 89, 17, 4390–4395Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1967Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1967https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00993a024https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00993a024research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views82Altmetric-Citations37LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A Supervised Feature-Projection-Based Real-Time EMG Pattern Recognition for Multifunction Myoelectric Hand Control (2007)

Electromyographic (EMG) pattern recognition is essential for the control of a multifunction myoelectric hand. The main goal of this study was to develop an efficient feature- projection method for EMG pattern recognition. To this end, a linear supervised feature projection is proposed that utilizes a linear discriminant analysis (LDA). First, a wavelet packet transform (WPT) is performed to extract a feature vector from four-channel EMG signals. To dimensionally reduce and cluster the WPT features, an LDA, then, incorporates class information into the learning procedure, and identifies a linear matrix to maximize the class separability for the projected features. Finally, a multilayer perceptron classifies the LDA-reduced features into nine hand motions. To evaluate the performance of the LDA for WPT features, the LDA is compared with three other feature-projection methods. From a visualization and quantitative comparison, it is shown that the LDA produces a better performance for the class separability, plus the LDA-projected features improve the classification accuracy with a short processing time. A real-time pattern-recognition system is then implemented for a multifunction myoelectric hand. Experiments show that the proposed method achieves a 97.4% recognition accuracy, and all processes, including the generation of control commands for the myoelectric hand, are completed within 97 ms. Consequently, these results confirm that the proposed method is applicable to real-time EMG pattern recognition for multifunction myoelectric hand control.
Machine-learning approach to the design of OSDAs for zeolite beta (2019)

We report a machine-learning strategy for design of organic structure directing agents (OSDAs) for zeolite beta. We use machine learning to replace a computationally expensive molecular dynamics evaluation of the stabilization energy of the OSDA inside zeolite beta with a neural network prediction. We train the neural network on 4,781 candidate OSDAs, spanning a range of stabilization energies. We find that the stabilization energies predicted by the neural network are highly correlated with the molecular dynamics computations. We further find that the evolutionary design algorithm samples the space of chemically feasible OSDAs thoroughly. In total, we find 469 OSDAs with verified stabilization energies below -17 kJ/(mol Si), comparable to or better than known OSDAs for zeolite beta, and greatly expanding our previous list of 152 such predicted OSDAs. We expect that these OSDAs will lead to syntheses of zeolite beta.
A trial of recombinant human interleukin‐1 in patients with severe refractory aplastic anaemia (1992)

Summary. We report here the effects of in vivo administration of recombinant interleukin‐1 alpha (rIL‐1α) to patients with severe, idiopathic aplastic anaemia. Four patients who were refractory to immunosuppressive therapy and were not bone marrow transplantation candidates received daily doses of 0.03 μg/kg and 0.10 μg/kg intravenously as 5 d courses. No significant changes in either peripheral blood counts or bone marrow cellularity were observed at either dose during or following therapy. Two patients showed increased numbers of bone marrow progenitor colonies. Lymphocyte pheno typing demonstrated an elevated percentage of CD8 +/DR+ activated suppressor T lymphocytes prior to therapy. After rIL‐1α administration, the percentage of CD8 +/DR+ cells was reduced or returned to normal in all patients. Significant side‐effects included fever, rigours, fatigue, headache and nausea. Transient hypotension was observed at both doses in all patients. These results suggest that while rIL‐1α can be safely administered, no significant haematologic improvement was observed in patients with severe aplastic anaemia.
CD8− Dendritic Cells and Macrophages Cross-Present Poly(D,L-lactate-<i>co</i>-glycolate) Acid Microsphere-Encapsulated Antigen In Vivo (2011)

The analysis of cell types involved in cross-priming of particulate Ag is essential to understand and improve immunotherapies using microparticles. In this study, we show that murine splenic dendritic cells (DCs) as well as macrophages (MΦs) are able to efficiently endocytose poly(D,L-lactate-co-glycolate) acid (PLGA) microspheres (MS) and to cross-present encapsulated Ags in the context of MHC class I molecules in vitro. A comparison of purified CD8(+) and CD8(-) DCs indicated that both DC subtypes are able to present OVA-derived epitopes on MHC class I and II in vitro. To determine the contribution of DCs and MΦs to cross-priming of PLGA MS in vivo, DCs were depleted in transgenic CD11c-DTR mice, and MΦs were depleted by clodronate liposomes in wild-type mice before immunizing mice with OVA-encapsulated MS. Our results show that the depletion of DCs or MΦs alone only led to minor differences in the OVA-specific immune responses. However, simultaneous depletion of DCs and MΦs caused a strong reduction of primed effector cells, indicating a redundancy of both cell populations for the priming of PLGA MS-encapsulated Ag. Finally, we analyzed PLGA MS trafficking to draining lymph nodes after s.c. injection. It was evident that fluorescent particles accumulated within draining lymph nodes over time. Further analysis of PLGA MS-positive lymphatic cells revealed that mainly CD8(-) DCs and MΦs contained MS. Moreover, immune responses in BATF3 knockout mice lacking CD8(+) DCs were normal. The results presented in this work strongly suggest that in vivo cross-priming of PLGA MS-encapsulated Ag is performed by CD8(-) DCs and MΦs.
Effects of fermentation products of<i>Ganoderma lucidum</i>on growth performance and immunocompetence in weanling pigs (2007)

The purpose of this study was to test fermentation, for its products of a Chinese medicinal mushroom, Ganoderma lucidum, cultured by submerged fermentation for its effect on growth performance and immunocompetence in weanling piglets. In Experiment 1, 72 weanling piglets were allotted to one of four treatments receiving these fermentation products (GLF, expressed as amount of beta-glucans) at 0 (control), 50, 100, and 150 mg/kg feed for 4 weeks. The results showed that at a supplementation level of 50 mg/kg feed, GLF caused the best growth performance, the highest pseudorabies antibody titre, and a decrease of blood glucose level. It was also demonstrated that GLF up-regulated the cell-mediated immune response related cytokines (IL-2, IFN-gamma, and TNF-alpha) expression in different lymphoid tissues. After challenging with porcine circovirus (PCV) type 2 (Experiment 2), a supplementation with 50 mg GLF per kg feed also inhibited PCV-2 virus amplification, and ameliorated lymphocyte depletion in different lymphoid tissues. Conclusively, feed supplemented with GLF at 50 mg/kg could be beneficial to counteract the physiological stress in weanling piglets.
Analysis of NADH dehydrogenase proteins, ATPase subunit 9, cytochrome<i>b</i>, and ribosomal protein L14 encoded in the mitochondrial DNA of<i>Paramecium</i> (1990)

The mitochondrial (mt) encoded ndh1, ndh3, ndh4, ndh5, rpl14, cyt b and atp9 gene products were identified by sequence comparisons with known proteins. Amino acid sequence comparisons between predicted Paramecium mt gene products and proteins in current databases were quantitated approximately by the means of similarity scores for pairs of aligned sequences. The comparisons show that the Paramecium gene products are very divergent from all others with the exception of those from a closely related ciliate, Tetrahymena. The similarity scores of comparisons between a Paramecium mt DNA encoded protein, cytochrome b for example, and the homologous protein from a group of organisms as diverse as other protozoans, vertebrates, fungi, plants, and prokaryotes were all about the same. The Paramecium gene products appear to be equally divergent from proteins representing a number of different kingdoms and organelles.
Drosophila Trap1 protects against mitochondrial dysfunction in a PINK1/parkin model of Parkinson’s disease (2013)

Mitochondrial dysfunction caused by protein aggregation has been shown to have an important role in neurological diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Mitochondria have evolved at least two levels of defence mechanisms that ensure their integrity and the viability of their host cell. First, molecular quality control, through the upregulation of mitochondrial chaperones and proteases, guarantees the clearance of damaged proteins. Second, organellar quality control ensures the clearance of defective mitochondria through their selective autophagy. Studies in Drosophila have highlighted mitochondrial dysfunction linked with the loss of the PTEN-induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1) as a mechanism of PD pathogenesis. The mitochondrial chaperone TNF receptor-associated protein 1 (TRAP1) was recently reported to be a cellular substrate for the PINK1 kinase. Here, we characterise Drosophila Trap1 null mutants and describe the genetic analysis of Trap1 function with Pink1 and parkin. We show that loss of Trap1 results in a decrease in mitochondrial function and increased sensitivity to stress, and that its upregulation in neurons of Pink1 mutant rescues mitochondrial impairment. Additionally, the expression of Trap1 was able to partially rescue mitochondrial impairment in parkin mutant flies; and conversely, expression of parkin rescued mitochondrial impairment in Trap1 mutants. We conclude that Trap1 works downstream of Pink1 and in parallel with parkin in Drosophila, and that enhancing its function may ameliorate mitochondrial dysfunction and rescue neurodegeneration in PD.
Adaptación del puesto de trabajo y traslado en la situación de riesgo durante la lactancia (2017)

El articulo 26 de La Ley de Prevencion de Riesgos Laborales (Ley 31/1995, de 8 de noviembre) plantea la obligacion empresarial de atender a las situaciones derivadas de la lactancia natural en la preceptiva evaluacion de riesgos, a la vez que dispone el cambio de condiciones del puesto de trabajo de la empleada si existe riesgo para su salud o la de su hijo. Si la adaptacion no fuera posible, se debera trasladar a la trabajadora a labores compatibles con su estado. Logicamente, la ley exige que la situacion de riesgo durante la lactancia se acredite mediante la oportuna certificacion medica.
Colloidal Fouling of Reverse Osmosis Membranes:  Measurements and Fouling Mechanisms (1997)

The effect of chemical and physical interactions on the fouling rate of cellulose acetate and aromatic polyamide composite reverse osmosis (RO) membranes by silica colloids is investigated. Results of fouling experiments using a laboratory-scale unit demonstrate that colloidal fouling rate increases with increasing solution ionic strength, feed colloid concentration, and permeate water flux through the membrane. It is demonstrated that the rate of colloidal fouling is controlled by a unique interplay between permeation drag and electric double layer repulsion; that is, colloidal fouling of RO membranes involves inter relationship (coupling) between physical and chemical interactions. For solution chemistries typical of natural source waters, permeation drag under normal operating conditions plays a more significant role than chemical interactions and may ultimately control the rate and extent of colloidal fouling. In addition to permeation drag, it is shown that membrane surface morphology has a marked effect on colloidal fouling. The higher fouling propensity of composite polyamide RO membranes compared to cellulose acetate RO membranes is attributed to the pronounced surface roughness of the composite membranes. Implications of the results for developing means to reduce colloidal fouling of RO membranes are discussed.
Assembly of recombinant Newcastle disease virus nucleocapsid protein into nucleocapsid-like structures is inhibited by the phosphoprotein. (1997)

A recombinant baculovirus expressing the nucleocapsid gene (NP) of Newcastle disease virus (NDV), a member of the genus Rubulavirus, has been generated and shown to express the native protein to high levels in insect cells. In contrast to the NP protein of the rubulavirus human parainfluenza virus 2, the NDV protein has been demonstrated by electron microscopy and caesium chloride gradient analysis to be capable of self-assembly in vivo to form nucleocapsid-like structures in the absence of other NDV proteins. These structures, which contained RNA that was resistant to micrococcal nuclease digestion, were also observed when the protein was expressed in E. coli, a phenomenon which was not inhibited by the presence of a 40 amino acid fusion region at the amino terminus of the protein. Further, the formation of these structures was inhibited by the co-expression of the phosphoprotein (P). Therefore, we conclude that the P protein acts as a chaperone, preventing uncontrolled encapsidation of non-viral RNA by NP protein.
Identification and Expression Analysis of a Gene Encoding a Bacterial-Type Phospho<i>enol</i>pyruvate Carboxylase from Arabidopsis and Rice (2003)

Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) is distributed in plants and bacteria but is not found in fungi and animal cells. Important motifs for enzyme activity and structure are conserved in plant and bacterial PEPCs, with the exception of a phosphorylation domain present at the N terminus of all plant PEPCs reported so far, which is absent in the bacterial enzymes. Here, we describe a gene from Arabidopsis, stated as Atppc4, encoding a PEPC, which shows more similarity to Escherichia coli than to plant PEPCs. Interestingly, this enzyme lacks the phosphorylation domain, hence indicating that it is a bacterial-type PEPC. Three additional PEPC genes are present in Arabidopsis, stated as Atppc1, Atppc2, and Atppc3, encoding typical plant-type enzymes. As most plant PEPC genes, Atppc1, Atppc2, and Atppc3 are formed by 10 exons interrupted by nine introns. In contrast, Atppc4 gene has an unusual structure formed by 20 exons. A bacterial-type PEPC gene was also identified in rice (Oryza sativa), stated as Osppc-b, therefore showing the presence of this type of PEPC in monocots. The phylogenetic analysis suggests that both plant-type and bacterial-type PEPCs diverged early during the evolution of plants from a common ancestor, probably the PEPC from gamma-proteobacteria. The diversity of plant-type PEPCs in C3, C4, and Crassulacean acid metabolism plants is indicative of the evolutionary success of the regulation by phosphorylation of this enzyme. Although at a low level, the bacterial-type PEPC genes are expressed in Arabidopsis and rice.