gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Software Bots (2017)

Although the development and widespread adoption of software bots has occurred in just a few years, bots have taken on many diverse tasks and roles. This article discusses current bot technology and presents a practical case study on how to use bots in software engineering.
A Matrix Metalloproteinase Protein Array Reveals a Strong Relation Between MMP-9 and MMP-13 With Diffusion-Weighted Image Lesion Increase in Human Stroke (2005)

Our results demonstrate that within the neuroinflammatory response, high levels of MMP-9 and MMP-13 are involved in DWI lesion growth despite thrombolytic therapy, suggesting its ultra-early role in brain injury.
Editorial: Simple Custom-Made Disposable Surface Electrode System for Non-Invasive “Electro-Acupuncture” or TNS and its Clinical Applications Including Treatment of Cephalic Hypertension and Hypotension Syndromes as well as Temforo-Mandibular Joint Problems, Tinnitus, Shoulder and Lower Back Pain, ETC. (1981)

A new method of simple disposable custom-made surface electrode system for non-invasive electro-acupuncture or TNS to meet each patient's unique requirements as well as for the measurement of the bio-electric potential was introduced for broad clinical application of management of pain, spastic muscle, circulatory disturbances including treatment of cephalic hypertension and hypotension syndromes which were recently discovered by the author and found to be often associated with spastic muscles around the neck and shoulder area in the presence of normal or low arterial blood pressure in the arms. The method has been also successfully applied to the treatment of some temporo-mandibular joint problems, shoulder and low back pain, tinnitus, etc. These surface electrodes have many advantages over commercially available solid metal and flexible electro-conductive rubber (surface) electrodes including easy construction, minimum expenses, ultraflexibility, and ability to conform to any desired shape and size.
Improving detection of coronary morphological features from digital angiograms. Effect of stenosis-stabilized display. (1994)

These data suggest that stabilized display of coronary angiograms significantly increases detectability, reduces the time required for detection, and improves observer uncertainty for the presence of small luminal morphological features. The method of angiographic display may thus have an impact on clinical coronary angiographic interpretation.
Injection of Seawater and Mixtures With Produced Water into North Sea Chalk Formation: Impact on Wettability, Scale Formation and Rock Mechanics Caused by Fluid-Rock Interaction (2007)

Abstract Seawater has been injected into high temperature and natural fractured North Sea chalk reservoirs to improve oil recovery with great success. Previous studies have shown that seawater will improve the water wetness and cause enhanced compaction of the matrix. The composition of the produced water will be quite similar to initial formation water at the start of the water injection. The formation water contains various amounts of divalent cations like Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+. Later on, the composition will change due to the interaction between seawater and the chalk formation and some mixing with formation water. The fluid rock interaction will involve dissolution of CaCO3, substitution of Ca2+ by Mg2+ at the chalk surface, precipitation of CaSO4, SrSO4 and BaSO4 depending on the reservoir temperature. Because of environmental reasons, it is desirable to re-inject produced water together with seawater. In the forthcoming research, we will study experimentally the effect of this re-injection on oil recovery and chalk compaction by using mixtures of produced water and seawater as injection fluid. Based on model studies using the OLI-software package, the compatibility of mixtures of produced water and seawater has been studied at different temperatures by looking at the precipitation of CaSO4, SrSO4 and BaSO4. Also the impact of changes in the concentrations of Ca2+ and Mg2+ due to surface substitution is modelled. The results are discussed in terms of possible scale formation in the producer and injector. In addition, actual chemical equilibrium reactions in the chalk matrix are discussed in relation to variation in temperature during continuous injection of seawater. Special focus is made on wettability modification, irreversible thermodynamics, and impact on the mechanical strength of the chalk matrix.
Multicopy plasmid integration in Komagataella phaffii mediated by a defective auxotrophic marker (2017)

In this work we have successfully developed a genetic system based on a defective auxotrophic which can be applied to improve heterologous protein production in K. phaffii. The system comprises a K. phaffii leu2 strain and an expression vector carrying the defective leu2-d marker which allowed the isolation of multicopy clones after a single transformation step. Because a linear correlation was observed between copy number and heterologous protein production, this system may provide a simple approach to improve recombinant protein productivity in K. phaffii.
Spectral-spatial classification of hyperspectral imagery using a dual-channel convolutional neural network (2017)

Haokui Zhanga, Ying Lia*, Yuzhu Zhanga & Qiang Shenba School of Computer Science, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi' an, Chinab Institute of Mathematics, Physics and Computer Science, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
Synthesis and mechanical properties of PMMA micro-beads (2011)

Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is a transparent thermoplastic that is often used in different industrial application, ranging from transparent glass substitute to medical field to artistic uses. This is due to the fact that PMMA has many desirable properties. Hence this project seeks to synthesize PMMA beads by varying parameters and determine the effects on its properties. The synthesized beads will be examined under the SEM to determine the shape and size of the beads, and thus determine if it falls in the optimum range. Next, the beads underwent thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) testing to test its thermo properties, as well as compressive testing to determine the properties of the synthesized PMMA beads. This report will present the insights on the synthesis and testing of the beads, as well as providing a peek of the types of instruments and software used to attain the test results. Lastly, the report will conclude by discussing the limitations, problems faced by the student and the possible improvements of future project.
Hypervalent Iodine(III)-LiX Combination in Fluoroalcohol Solvent for Aromatic Halogenation of Electron-Rich Arenecarboxylic Acids (2011)

The novel reagent system, PhI(OAc)2-LiX combination in fluoroalcohol solvents, was found to be effective for halodecarboxylation of electron-rich arenecarboxylic acids. The method provided an efficient route to halogenated phenol ether derivatives.
A novel method for preparation of a platinum catalyst at low temperatures (2012)

Uniformly distributed Pt nano-particles with excellent adhesion were deposited on conductive substrates by coating the substrate with a Pt complex precursor and its subsequent reduction with a gaseous reducing agent at temperatures as low as 100 °C. This novel two-step method enables excellent control over the particle size and distribution since it is dependent only upon the deposition of the precursor solution, and there is little to no agglomeration or movement of Pt nano-particles during the reduction process. The good adhesion was the result of the reaction at the solid–gas interface, where the solid precursor was chemically converted to metallic Pt. XPS confirmed that 100% of Pt was in the metallic state. The electrochemical catalytic properties of the Pt nano-particles were tested using cyclic voltammetry in an iodide electrolyte. The prepared samples were also used to assemble dye-sensitised solar cells that achieved a light to electricity conversion efficiency of 5.1% under AM 1.5 illumination.
State Estimlatjon with Phasor Measurements (1986)

The recent introduction of microprocessors into substations for protection and control makes it possible to measure positive sequence voltage phasors and positive sequence transmission line current phasors in real time. It is necessary to synchronize sampling clocks in various substations in order to put the phasors on a common reference. Techniques for synchronizing sampling along with a method for obtaining positive sequence phasors from samples are reviewed. Although it is possible to use these direct measurements in conventional state estimation algorithms, considerable advantage accrues if the state estimation is reformulated in terms of direct measurements of phasor voltages and currents. The resulting estimation algorithm involves an admittance like matrix with the sparsity of the admittance matrix. The new matrix is real rather than complex even for small X/R ratios for the lines. The algorithm requires no assumptions as to decoupling, flat voltage profiles, small resistance, etc. The algorithm converges in one step with the same amount of computation as one iteration of existing estimators. Examples are given for the IEEE 118 bus system.
The Cost of Positron Emission Tomography in Six United States Veterans Affairs Hospitals and Two Academic Medical Centers (2003)

PET is expensive. The cost is similar when FDG is manufactured or purchased. Because both PET and cyclotron facilities have high fixed costs, increasing the number of scans obtained and the number of FDG doses manufactured may lead to a decrease in unit costs.
OptiMAS: A Decision Support Tool for Marker-Assisted Assembly of Diverse Alleles (2013)

Current advances in plant genotyping lead to major progress in the knowledge of genetic architecture of traits of interest. It is increasingly important to develop decision support tools to help breeders and geneticists to conduct marker-assisted selection methods to assemble favorable alleles that are discovered. Algorithms have been implemented, within an interactive graphical interface, to 1) trace parental alleles throughout generations, 2) propose strategies to select the best plants based on estimated molecular scores, and 3) efficiently intermate them depending on the expected value of their progenies. With the possibility to consider a multi-allelic context, OptiMAS opens new prospects to assemble favorable alleles issued from diverse parents and further accelerate genetic gain.
Bovine papillomavirus type 1 E1 replication-defective mutants are altered in their transcriptional regulation (1988)

Bovine papillomavirus type 1 (BPV-1) is capable of replicating as a stable, high-copy-number plasmid in transformed rodent cells. The BPV-1 E1 open reading frame (ORF) encodes multiple functions involved in viral DNA replication. Mutations which disrupt the translational integrity of the E1 ORF disable the viral genome from replicating as a stable plasmid and result in the integration of the viral genome into the host chromosome generally at a low copy number. Despite the low copy number of the integrated genomes, BPV-1 E1 mutants transform rodent cells to anchorage independence very efficiently, at levels equal to or greater than that of wild-type (wt) BPV-1. Studies were performed to provide insight into why these low-copy-number, replication-defective mutants are capable of expressing an equal or greater transformation potential than wt BPV-1. Analysis of viral RNA revealed higher rates of transcription per viral genome in cells harboring E1 mutated BPV-1 DNA than in cells containing wt BPV-1 DNA. Furthermore, the levels of viral RNA mapping the P89 promoter were found to be 15- to 35-fold higher in cells transformed by E1 mutated DNAs compared with wt BPV-1 transformants. This promoter controls expression of the BPV-1 E6 transforming gene and is regulated by the viral E2 gene products. The studies presented in this report determined that the E1 mutants were perturbed in their E2 transcriptional regulation, suggesting a possible explanation for the observed P89 induction. Mutations throughout the E1 ORF, in either of the two regions previously identified as encoding distinct replication functions, were altered in viral transcription.
Accurate analog modeling of short channel FETs based on table lookup (2003)

A table lookup model for MOSFETs has been implemented in SPICE 3, to overcome the inadequacies of analytical models that are unable to represent short-channel effects. The model comprises a 2-D main table, a coarse 3-D subtable to incorporate substrate effects, and a table to interpolate between channel lengths. There are 370 data points stored. The tables are constructed from the measurement of incremental parameters, and thus reproduce transconductance and output conductance accurately, making the model superior for analog circuit design. The approach demonstrates a 2-3* improvement in total simulation time of a ring oscillator over the BSIM model in SPICE. The model affords a global accuracy of 4% in the L/sub D/-V/sub DS/ characteristics of 1- mu m enhancement and depletion MOSFETs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<title>Importance of chemistry at the resist-wafer interface for mechanical and lithographic adhesion</title> (1996)

Simple geometric considerations suggest that the interface between a photoresist and a wafer surface will be increasingly important in semiconductor lithography as critical dimensions in X-ray and other lithographies drop below 0.25 micrometers . A sensitive, qualitative adhesion test, indentation debonding, was used to compare directly the adhesion of a photoresist to a silicon native oxide throughout various wafer preparation procedures prior to exposure. It is argued and shown that hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), a commonly used primer, is unlikely to be the optimal choice at feature dimensions below 0.25 micrometers . Application of HMDS left solely methyl groups at the surface of the wafer allowing only for Van der Waals forces for interactions with the polymer. This actually weakened the potential for chemical bonding between the resist and the wafer, in agreement with others. It is also shown that the bonding sites available at the surface of the native oxide varied with cleaning preparation of the wafer and with time of storage between the final cleaning step and lithography. HMDS was not adept at covering the variable native oxide, and this may have allowed for contaminant species such as water or aqueous bases to more easily compete with the polymer for surface sites. A monomolecular layer of organotrimethoxysilane was found to be superior at normalizing the variability of the substrate and also offered the ability to design the functional moieties of the monolayer preferentially to interact with the resist backbone. If designed properly, the increased interaction of the monolayer primer with the polymer can be enhanced while concurrently decreasing the potential for interference from competing monomeric contaminants such as water or aqueous developers. This improves both mechanical and lithographic adhesion.
Attention, Intention, and Will in Quantum Physics (1999)

The need for a self-observing quantum system to pose questions leads to a tripartite quantum process involving a Schroedinger process that is local deterministic, a Heisenberg process that poses the question, and a Dirac process that picks the answer. In the classical limit where Planck's constant is set to zero these three processes reduce to one single deterministic classical process: the fine structure wherein lies the effect of mind upon matter is obliterated.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of CuO <sub> <i>x</i> </sub> Films by Cul and O <sub>2</sub> : Role of Cluster Formation on Film Morphology (1991)

CuO x films were deposited on silica substrates by the chemical vapor deposition (CVD) method, using CuI and O 2 as source gases at low pressure in a tubular reactor. The growth mechanism to obtain a dense and uniformly distributed (in the axial direction in a tubular reactor) film was investigated. It was found that the occurrence of homogenous nucleation caused an abrupt increase of deposition rate and made the film porous. Homogeneous nucleation can be prevented by properly selecting reactant concentration, reactor temperature, and reactor diameter. Based on an aerosol diffusion theory from laminar pipe flow, a method of predicting cluster size in this CVD reaction system was proposed. The result showed that the clusters formed by homogeneous nucleation had an average size of about 1 nm in diameter.
A finite element method for animating large viscoplastic flow (2007)

We present an extension to Lagrangian finite element methods to allow for large plastic deformations of solid materials. These behaviors are seen in such everyday materials as shampoo, dough, and clay as well as in fantastic gooey and blobby creatures in special effects scenes. To account for plastic deformation, we explicitly update the linear basis functions defined over the finite elements during each simulation step. When these updates cause the basis functions to become ill-conditioned, we remesh the simulation domain to produce a new high-quality finite-element mesh, taking care to preserve the original boundary. We also introduce an enhanced plasticity model that preserves volume and includes creep and work hardening/softening. We demonstrate our approach with simulations of synthetic objects that squish, dent, and flow. To validate our methods, we compare simulation results to videos of real materials.
Supporting Complex Search Tasks (2014)

We present methods to automatically identify and recommend sub-tasks to help people explore and accomplish complex search tasks. Although Web searchers often exhibit directed search behaviors such as navigating to a particular Website or locating a particular item of information, many search scenarios involve more complex tasks such as learning about a new topic or planning a vacation. These tasks often involve multiple search queries and can span multiple sessions. Current search systems do not provide adequate support for tackling these tasks. Instead, they place most of the burden on the searcher for discovering which aspects of the task they should explore. Particularly challenging is the case when a searcher lacks the task knowledge necessary to decide which step to tackle next. In this paper, we propose methods to automatically mine search logs for tasks and build an association graph connecting multiple tasks together. We then leverage the task graph to assist new searchers in exploring new search topics or tackling multi-step search tasks. We demonstrate through experiments with human participants that we can discover related and interesting tasks to assist with complex search scenarios.
The Hydrodynamic Pocket Bearing (1955)

Abstract The low power loss of an externally pressurized pocket bearing is accompanied by dependence upon the reliability of the external pressure source. In this new hydrodynamic pocket-bearing design the required flows and pressures are generated by hydrodynamic action within the bearing. Power loss about half that for conventional thrust bearings is readily achieved. Preliminary operation on bearings of this design has been successful, indicating application in high-speed installations where low bearing loss is desirable, and in machines where a measurement of thrust may be useful. The bearing lends itself readily to a frictionless ball-seat mounting, and the principle may be applied to journal bearings.
Magnetoelastic Strain Sensor for Optimized Assessment of Bone Fracture Fixation (2009)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> In orthopedic surgery, measuring the strain in an internal plate over time makes it possible to monitor the bone fracture healing process. Magnetoelastic sensing provides a wireless, highly sensitive, and low-cost technique for measuring strain. An amorphous ribbon is bonded to the implant plate and an emitter/receiver unit is placed outside the patient's body. Bonding the sensor to a plane surface decreases its output signal intensity due to an increase of the magnetic anisotropy. To overcome this problem, we demonstrate a sensor signal detection system, which increases the signal-to-noise ratio. This system is based on a pair of flat miniaturized coils that can be put on the patient's skin. This technology is then applied to measure strain in a plate that supports a fractured generic bone under static loading conditions. The sensor output responses are presented and the high accuracy values obtained are given. </para>
Immune complex binding by immunocamouflaged [poly(ethylene glycol)‐grafted] erythrocytes (2007)

Immune complexes (IC) are constantly formed at low levels in normal individuals. In humans, the red blood cell (RBC) complement receptor 1 (CR1) plays the dominant role in the IC binding and clearance. Over the last several years, we have investigated the potential utility of immunocamouflaged (methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) [mPEG] grafted) RBC to attenuate the risk of alloimmunization. Because the grafted polymer nonspecifically camouflages membrane proteins, its effects on CR1 detection and IC binding were assessed. The dose dependent (0-2.5 mM) effects of activated mPEG (CmPEG, 5 kDa; and BTCmPEG, 5 and 20 kDa) on CR1 detection and the binding of artificially generated IC [C3b coated alkaline phosphatase and antialkaline phosphatase complexes] to control and pegylated RBC was investigated by flow cytometry. In contrast to selected non-ABO blood group antigens, grafted mPEG did not effectively camouflage CR1. Surprisingly, however, even very low grafting concentrations of mPEG (>or=0.3 mM) resulted in a >or=95% loss in IC binding. Further reductions in grafting concentration (0.15 and 0.03 mM mPEG) still yielded decreased IC binding of approximately 60 and 40%, respectively. Importantly, unactivated mPEG had minimal effects on IC binding. These data demonstrate that even small amounts of grafted mPEG interfere with the multivalent CR1-IC interaction necessary for high affinity IC binding, hence large volume transfusions of mPEG-RBC may be contraindicated in patients with pre-existing IC disease. Whether this concern is of clinical significance in healthy humans is less clear due to dilutional effects and the presence of secondary clearance pathways.
Is There a Clinical Future for IDO1 Inhibitors After the Failure of Epacadostat in Melanoma? (2019)

Indoleamine-2,3 dioxygenase 1 (IDO1) contributes to tumor immunosuppression by enzymatically degrading tryptophan, which is required for T cell activity, and producing kynurenine. Small-molecule inhibitors, such as epacadostat, have been developed to block IDO1 activity. In preclinical models, they can restore antitumoral T cell immunity and synergize with immune checkpoint inhibitors or cancer vaccines. Based on encouraging clinical results in early phase trials, a randomized phase III study (ECHO-301/KN-252) was launched in metastatic melanoma to test the benefit of adding epacadostat to the reference pembrolizumab therapy. The result was negative. We briefly review the clinical trials that investigated epacadostat in cancer patients and discuss possible explanations for this negative result. We end by suggesting paths to resume clinical development of compounds targeting the IDO1 pathway, which in our view remains an attractive target for cancer immunotherapy.