gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Modeling of Nanoscale Devices (2008)

<para xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> We aim to provide engineers with an introduction to the nonequilibrium Green's function (NEGF) approach, which is a powerful conceptual tool and a practical analysis method to treat nanoscale electronic devices with quantum mechanical and atomistic effects. We first review the basis for the traditional, semiclassical description of carriers that has served device engineers for more than 50 years. We then describe why this traditional approach loses validity at the nanoscale. Next, we describe semiclassical ballistic transport and the Landauer–Buttiker approach to phase-coherent quantum transport. Realistic devices include interactions that break quantum mechanical phase and also cause energy relaxation. As a result, transport in nanodevices is between diffusive and phase coherent. We introduce the NEGF approach, which can be used to model devices all the way from ballistic to diffusive limits. This is followed by a summary of equations that are used to model a large class of structures such as nanotransistors, carbon nanotubes, and nanowires. Applications of the NEGF method in the ballistic and scattering limits to silicon nanotransistors are discussed. </para>
CAD in test (2002)

This paper presents a survey of the most important computer aided design (CAD) tools used for testing purposes. The paper is oriented to give an overview of the main techniques used in test, as well as an advance of the technology that is foreseen in the test arena for the future. The most advanced test methods have been typically developed for integrated circuits. As digital systems grow in complexity, some of the techniques used in IC testing are being used for systems. For this reason, this paper mainly deals with CAD tools for IC testing, although some extensions are presented, for system testing.
Na Transport in Autosomal Recessive Polycystic Kidney Disease (ARPKD) Cyst Lining Epithelial Cells (2003)

Autosomal dominant (ADPKD) and recessive (ARPKD) polycystic kidney disease are characterized by the progressive growth and expansion of cysts or ectatic collecting ducts, respectively, that ultimately destroy the normal renal parenchyma. Evidence from experimental models of ADPKD suggests that transepithelial Na and fluid secretion contribute to cyst growth, yet little is known about solute transport in ARPKD. This purpose of this study was to begin to characterize the expression and polarity of transport proteins involved in vectorial Na movement in ARPKD epithelium. Immunodetectable alpha1 and beta2 subunits of the Na/K-ATPase localized to the apical membrane of collecting duct cysts in tissue sections of human fetal ARPKD nephrectomy specimens and conditionally immortalized cells derived from these cysts. Measurements of transepithelial (22)Na transport performed on monolayers of ARPKD and age-matched collecting tubule (HFCT) cells grown on permeable supports revealed net Na absorption in both models. However, ARPKD cells absorbed Na at a rate approximately 50% greater than that of HFCT. Furthermore, Na absorption in ARPKD cells was partially inhibited by 100 micro M apical amiloride or 1 mM basolateral but not apical ouabain. Northern blot analyses of ARPKD whole kidney and Western immunoblot of ARPKD cells showed approximately twofold greater expression of the alpha-subunit of the epithelial Na channel (ENaC) compared with age-matched controls. These results suggest that, despite the presence of apical Na/K-ATPase, ARPKD cyst-lining cells absorb Na by a pathway that is modestly amiloride-sensitive. Whether Na absorption is mediated by ENaC, perhaps of nonclassical subunit composition, or another amiloride-sensitive transporter remains to be determined.
Respiratory effects on arterial pressure: a novel signal analysis approach (1988)

The authors previously determined that the transfer function between broadband respiratory activity and the heart-rate (HR) response can be used to elucidate the frequency-dependent phase and magnitude characteristics of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA). To understand the complex links between respiratory activity and arterial blood pressure (ABP), the authors determined the transfer function between instantaneous lung volume (ILV) and the systolic, diastolic, and pulse pressure (SBP, DBP, and PP) in healthy human volunteers during 6-minute periods in which the respiratory rate was voluntarily controlled in predetermined but erratic fashion. A pharmacologic autonomic blockage was used to separate the direct links between respiration and ABP from the effects of RSA and ABP. Results suggest that with HR fluctuations eliminated, respiration affects ABP in proportion to the rate of change in ILV; however, when neural control of HR remains intact, the RSA plays an important role in the genesis of ABP fluctuations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Research on High-Temperature Superconducting Machine With a Rotating-Pole Shoe (2020)

As a kind of high-power density machine, superconducting machines have important application prospects in the fields of aerospace, ship propulsion, and wind power generation. The existing semisuperconducting-type machines have great difficulties in design and application because of the need to use complicated structures such as brushes and rotating dewars. A rotating-pole-shoe-type high-temperature superconducting machine is proposed in this article. The machine separates the pole shoe from the magnetic pole and generates a magnetic field synchronized with the armature side by rotating the pole shoe. The excitation system of the machine consists of a rotating rotor and a stationary inner stator. The superconducting coil is placed on the inner stator, avoiding the use of complex structures such as brushes and rotary seals. Aiming at the special structure of the rotating-pole-shoe-type superconducting machine, a three-dimensional magnetic field analysis of the superconducting machine is performed to improve the machine structure. The output performance of the machine is calculated and compared with that of the semisuperconducting-type machine.
New Concepts in Treatment of Malaria with Malignant Tertian Cerebral Involvement (1971)

Of 140 patients with malignant tertian malaria seen during 1956 to 1967 10 died. Death was caused by cerebral malaria in all cases. Since 1968 more intensified treatment has resulted in the complete recovery of three patients and the partial recovery of one, all of whom had been in a cerebral malaria coma for various periods of time before admission and in whom a fatal outcome was expected. In these cases a polypragmatic therapeutic approach using intravenous low molecular weight dextran, besides the usual quinine and fluids, corticosteroids, heparin and urea, separately or combined, was adopted.
Isolation of neurosphere-like bodies from an adult patient with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy (2010)

Epilepsy affects approximately 0.8% of the world population and is most common among those with chronic neurological diseases1. Some patients are refractory to antiepileptic drugs and they develop refractory epilepsy2. This kind of epilepsy presents a higher frequency of sudden death3; surgical treatment is indicated and has shown significantly higher efficacy compared to antiepileptic drug treatment4 […] Isolation of neurosphere-like bodies from an adult patient with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy
On the role of robot configuration in Cartesian stiffness control (2015)

The stiffness ellipsoid, i.e. the locus of task-space forces obtained corresponding to a deformation of unit norm in different directions, has been extensively used as a powerful representation of robot interaction capabilities. The size and shape of the stiffness ellipsoid at a given end-effector posture are influenced by both joint control parameters and - for redundant manipulators - by the chosen redundancy resolution configuration. As is well known, impedance control techniques ideally provide control parameters which realize any desired shape of the Cartesian stiffness ellipsoid at the end-effector in an arbitrary non-singular configuration, so that arm geometry selection could appear secondary. This definitely contrasts with observations on how humans control their arm stiffness, who in fact appear to predominantly use arm configurations to shape the stiffness ellipsoid. To understand this discrepancy, we provide a more complete analysis of the task-space force/deformation behavior of redundant arms, which explains why arm geometry also plays a fundamental role in interaction capabilities of a torque controlled robot. We show that stiffness control of realistic robot models with bounds on joint torques can't indeed achieve arbitrary stiffness ellipsoids at any given arm configuration. We first introduce the notion of maximum allowable Cartesian force/displacement (“stiffness feasibility”) regions for a compliant robot. We show that different robot configurations modify such regions, and explore the role of different configurations in defining the performance limits of Cartesian stiffness controllers. On these bases, we design a stiffness control method that suitably exploits both joint control parameters and redundancy resolution to achieve desired task-space interaction behavior.
An Efficient Variable Channel Allocation Technique for Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) IEEE802.11 Standard (2009)

The limitation of existing fixed channel allocation caused the degradation on overall throughput of the Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN). This paper proposes a variable channel allocation technique based on the bandwidth requirement and Quality of Service (QoS) of the network. According to this paper’s proposal, the distributed system (DS) of WLAN distributes the available frequency band to access points (APs) or the access points will get required channel bandwidth, in such a manner that the maximum possible bandwidth efficiency will be achieved. The numerical results of the proposed technique are shown in this paper and compared with the existing fixed channel allocation.
Water recycling: how feasible is it? (2001)

Researchers at Cranfield University's School of Water Sciences, UK, has recently completed a major study into water recycling, its technology and the public's attitude to it in England and Wales. Here we report on some of the findings.
Residue objects (2010)

A complex software system typically has a large number of objects in the memory, holding references to each other to implement an object model. Deciding when the objects should be alive/active is non-trivial, but the decisions can be security-critical. This is especially true for web browsers: if certain browser objects do not disappear when the new page is switched in, basic security properties can be compromised, such as visual integrity, document integrity and memory safety. We refer to these browser objects as residue objects. Serious security vulnerabilities due to residue objects have been sporadically discovered in leading browser products in the past, such as IE, Firefox and Safari. However, this class of vulnerabilities has not been studied in the research literature. Our work is motivated by two questions: (1) what are the challenges imposed by residue objects on the browser's logic correctness; (2) how prevalent can these vulnerabilities be in today's commodity browsers. As an example, we analyze the mechanisms for guarding residue objects in Internet Explorer (IE), and use an enumerative approach to expose and understand new vulnerabilities. Although only the native HTML engine is studied so far, we have already discovered five new vulnerabilities and reported them to IE developers (one of the vulnerabilities has been patched in a Microsoft security update). These vulnerabilities demonstrate a diversity of logic errors in the browser code. Moreover, our study empirically suggests that the actual prevalence of this type of vulnerabilities can be higher than what is perceived today. We also discuss how the browser industry should respond to this class of security problems.
Pneumococcal Surface Protein A Inhibits Complement Activation by<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> (1999)

Pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) is a surface-exposed protein virulence factor for Streptococcus pneumoniae. In this study, no significant depletion of serum complement was observed for the serum of mice infected with pneumococci that express PspA. In contrast, in mice infected with an isogenic strain of pneumococci lacking PspA, significant activation of serum complement was detected within 30 min after infection. Also, the PspA-deficient strain but not the PspA-expressing strain was cleared from the blood within 6 h. The contribution of PspA to pneumococcal virulence was further investigated by using mice deficient for C5, C3, or factor B. In mice deficient for C3 or factor B, PspA-negative pneumococci became fully virulent. In contrast, in C5-deficient mice as in wild-type mice, PspA-deficient pneumococci were avirulent. These in vivo data suggest that, in nonimmune mice infected with pneumococci, PspA interferes with complement-dependent host defense mechanisms mediated by factor B. Immunoblots of pneumococci opsonized in vitro suggested that more C3b was deposited on PspA-negative than on PspA-positive pneumococci. This was observed with and without anticapsular antibody. Furthermore, processing of the alpha chain of C3b was reduced in the presence of PspA. We propose that PspA exerts its virulence function by interfering with deposition of C3b onto pneumococci and/or by inhibiting formation of a fully functional alternative pathway C3 convertase. By blocking recruitment of the alternative pathway, PspA reduces the amount of C3b deposited onto pneumococci, thereby reducing the effectiveness of complement receptor-mediated pathways of clearance.
Light-flash physiology with synthetic photosensitive compounds. (1987)

This review treats a technique that has proved useful recently in some physiological studies. A process is measured while a light flash is used to manipulate a physiologically important or pharmacologically active photosensitive molecule. Typically such experiments complement more common measurements of 1) equilibrium responses in the same system or 2) relaxations after voltage jumps, rapid mixing, and so on. The chief advantage of the lightflash technique is the speed of the photochemistry and the fact that it can be applied to organized systems, such as muscle fibers and membranes under electrophysiological investigation, that cannot be flowed. Experiments may be classified by the accessible time scales (Table 1), by successful recording techniques (Table 2), and by available molecules (Table 3).
HLA‐DRB fluorotyping by dark quenching and automated analysis (2001)

In fluorescence-based sequence-specific primed polymerase chain reaction (PCR), referred to as fluorotyping for HLA typing, a major problem is the overlap of the emission spectra of the single dyes. In order to increase the robustness of the previously described HLA-DRB1,3,4,5 low-resolution fluorotyping method, we have constructed two probes quenched by the non-fluorescent acceptor dye DABCYL. The HLA-DRB-specific probe was labeled with FAM, and the internal control probe with TAMRA, respectively, as reporter fluorescent dyes. TAMRA was replaced by DABCYL as a quencher, which led to increased robustness and better discrimination between negative and positive amplification results. ROX was used as a reference to normalize the fluorescence of the reporter dyes. Moreover, as FAM and TAMRA differ strongly by their emission maxima, HLA-DRB-specific and internal control amplification could be clearly distinguished. To further automate data analysis, the software of the TaqMan system 7700 was supplemented by an EXCEL-based calculation table, which directly took over the data. Using modified fluorotyping chemistry and automated data analysis, a total of 201 DNA samples was typed correctly. In summary, HLA-DRB fluorotyping by dark quenching and automated analysis proved to be a robust and reliable tool for research and routine purposes.
Grain Refinement of Permanent Mold Cast Copper Base Alloys (2005)

Grain refinement is a well established process for many cast and wrought alloys. The mechanical properties of various alloys could be enhanced by reducing the grain size. Refinement is also known to improve casting characteristics such as fluidity and hot tearing. Grain refinement of copper-base alloys is not widely used, especially in sand casting process. However, in permanent mold casting of copper alloys it is now common to use grain refinement to counteract the problem of severe hot tearing which also improves the pressure tightness of plumbing components. The mechanism of grain refinement in copper-base alloys is not well understood. The issues to be studied include the effect of minor alloy additions on the microstructure, their interaction with the grain refiner, effect of cooling rate, and loss of grain refinement (fading). In this investigation, efforts were made to explore and understand grain refinement of copper alloys, especially in permanent mold casting conditions.
El clima familiar como factor determinante en la conformación de la empresa familiar. (2013)

En la actualidad la empresa familiar se enfrenta a la necesidad de optimizar su funcionamiento y alcanzar su máxima eficiencia organizativa. Los recursos con los que cuenta la empresa para llevar a cabo este cometido, siempre complejo por definición, son susceptibles de convertirse en una oportunidad en las empresas familiares. En este sentido, los recursos familiares, tales como el grado de cohesión interno y el compromiso tienen su traducción en el clima familiar. Este documento examina la relación entre los factores que definen el clima familiar y las señas de identidad por el que las empresas familiares se reconocen así mismas y por demás. Por último este trabajo pretende profundizar en los aspectos sociológicos que dan significado al particular mundo de la empresa familiar, donde el entramado emocional condiciona y determina los resultados esperados, siempre en el intento de abrir nuevas líneas de debate sobre el condicionamiento de ciertos factores socioemocionales sobre los meramente estructurales u organizativas.
Separation, Identification, Quantification, and Method Validation of Anthocyanins in Botanical Supplement Raw Materials by HPLC and HPLC−MS (2001)

A method has been established and validated for identification and quantification of individual, as well as total, anthocyanins by HPLC and LC/ES-MS in botanical raw materials used in the herbal supplement industry. The anthocyanins were separated and identified on the basis of their respective M(+) (cation) using LC/ES-MS. Separated anthocyanins were individually calculated against one commercially available anthocyanin external standard (cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride) and expressed as its equivalents. Amounts of each anthocyanin calculated as external standard equivalent were then multiplied by a molecular-weight correction factor to afford their specific quantities. Experimental procedures and use of a molecular-weight correction factors are substantiated and validated using Balaton tart cherry and elderberry as templates. Cyanidin-3-glucoside chloride has been widely used in the botanical industry to calculate total anthocyanins. In our studies on tart cherry and elderberry, its use as external standard followed by use of molecular-weight correction factors should provide relatively accurate results for total anthocyanins, because of the presence of cyanidin as their major anthocyanidin backbone. The method proposed here is simple and has a direct sample preparation procedure without any solid-phase extraction. It enables selection and use of commercially available anthocyanins as external standards for quantification of specific anthocyanins in the sample matrix irrespective of their commercial availability as analytical standards. It can be used as a template and applied for similar quantification in several anthocyanin-containing raw materials for routine quality control procedures, thus providing consistency in analytical testing of botanical raw materials used for manufacturing efficacious and true-to-the-label nutritional supplements.
Spatial Partitioning Strategy for Parallelization of MLFMA with Reduced Communication (2019)

The bottleneck of the spatial partitioning for parallelizing the multilevel fast multipole algorithm (MLFMA) lies in higher levels of the tree, at which boxes are usually fewer than parallel processors, yielding a serious load imbalance. To solve the bottleneck, the higher levels of the tree are truncated to generate plenty of subtrees, which are distributed among processors to facilitate balancing the work load. At the coarsest level, the communication volume during translation between far-away processors is drastically reduced by adopting the far-field approximation. Therefore, the communication mainly occurs between nearby processors, which is favorable for modern computing clusters. In comparison with the parallel strategies that hybridize the spatial partitioning with the k-space partitioning, the proposed approach is more straightforward and shows good scalability.
Transovarial inheritance of endosymbiotic bacteria in clams inhabiting deep-sea hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. (1993)

Vesicomyid clams are conspicuous fauna at many deep-sea hydrothermal-vent and cold-seep habitats. All species examined have specialized gill tissue harboring endosymbiotic bacteria, which are thought to provide the hosts' sole nutritional support. In these species mechanisms of symbiont inheritance are likely to be key elements of dispersal strategies. These mechanisms have remained unresolved because the early life stages are not available for developmental studies. A specific 16S rRNA-directed oligodeoxynucleotide probe (CG1255R) for the vesocomyid endosymbionts was used in a combination of sensitive hybridization techniques to detect and localize the endosymbionts in host germ tissues. Symbiont-specific polymerase chain reaction amplifications, comparative gene sequencing, and restriction fragment length polymorphisms were used to detect and confirm the presence of symbiont target in tissue nucleic acid extracts. Nonradioactive in situ hybridizations were used to resolve the position of the bacterial endosymbionts in host cells. Symbiont 16S rRNA genes were consistently amplified from the ovarial tissue of three species of vesicomyid clams: Calyptogena magnifica, C. phaseoliformis, and C. pacifica. The nucleotide sequences of the genes amplified from ovaries were identical to those from the respective host symbionts. In situ hybridizations to CG1255R labeled with digoxigenin-11-dUTP were performed on ovarial tissue from each of the vesicomyid clams. Detection of hybrids localized the symbionts to follicle cells surrounding the primary oocytes. These results suggest that vesicomyid clams assure successful, host-specific inoculation of all progeny by using a transovarial mechanism of symbiont transmission.