gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Improved network inversion technique for query learning application to automated cytology screening (2002)

An improved neural network inversion technique that scales the search vector in accordance with the geometry of the problem has been developed. It searches in the direction of the gradient with a vector whose size is inversely related to the size of the gradient. To avoid unlimited growth of the search vector where the gradient is small, an upper bound is set on the size of the search vector. The network was trained by backpropagation and the training was halted when the network produced no error on the training set, where the output was categorized by binary thresholding. The results show the superior performance of the improved method. The technique was applied to automated cytology screening. A set of 400 object feature vectors randomly selected from a large database of 1929 feature vectors served as the initial training data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Progenitor cells in vascular disease (2005)

Stem cell research has the potential to provide solutions to many chronic diseases via the field of regeneration therapy. In vascular biology, endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) have been identified as contributing to angiogenesis and hence have therapeutic potential to revascularise ischaemic tissues. EPCs have also been shown to endothelialise vascular grafts and therefore may contribute to endothelial maintenance. EPC number has been shown to be reduced in patients with cardiovascular disease, leading to speculation that atherosclerosis may be caused by a consumptive loss of endothelial repair capacity. Animal experiments have shown that EPCs reendothelialise injured vessels and that this reduces neointimal formation, confirming that EPCs have an atheroprotective effect. Smooth muscle cell accumulation in the neointimal space is characteristic of many forms of atherosclerosis, however the source of these cells is now thought to be from smooth muscle progenitor cells (SMPCs) rather than the adjacent media. There is evidence for the presence of SMPCs in the adventitia of animals and that SMPCs circulate in human blood. There is also data to support SMPCs contributing to neointimal formation but their origin remains unknown. This article will review the roles of EPCs and SMPCs in the development of vascular disease by examining experimental data from in vitro studies, animal models of atherosclerosis and clinical studies.
Metal–organic frameworks for the removal of toxic industrial chemicals and chemical warfare agents (2017)

Owing to the vast diversity of linkers, nodes, and topologies, metal-organic frameworks can be tailored for specific tasks, such as chemical separations or catalysis. Accordingly, these materials have attracted significant interest for capture and/or detoxification of toxic industrial chemicals and chemical warfare agents. In this paper, we review recent experimental and computational work pertaining to the capture of several industrially-relevant toxic chemicals, including NH<sub>3</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, NO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>S, and some volatile organic compounds, with particular emphasis on the challenging issue of designing materials that selectively adsorb these chemicals in the presence of water. We also examine recent research on the capture and catalytic degradation of chemical warfare agents such as sarin and sulfur mustard using metal-organic frameworks.
LANDSLIDES: INVESTIGATION AND MITIGATION. CHAPTER 14 - ROCK STRENGTH PROPERTIES AND THEIR MEASUREMENT (1996)

The shear strength developed along potential rupture surfaces within a slope has an important influence on the stability of rock slopes. In carrying out stability analyses, it is usually assumed that the rock behaves as a Mohr-Coulomb material in which the shear strength is expressed in terms of the cohesion and friction angle along the rupture surface. The actual values of these two strength parameters are closely related to the geological conditions at each site, and any program to determine rock strength should start with a thorough examination of the geology. In this chapter the relationship between geology and rock strength is discussed, and methods are described that are used to determine shear strength values. The relationship between the strength of samples that can be tested in the laboratory and the strength of the rock mass is particularly important in determining design strength values for stability analysis. It is rarely possible to test the rock mass in the laboratory because of difficulty in obtaining a large, undisturbed sample, and there are few machines available with the required load capacity. Therefore it is necessary to use a combination of laboratory testing of small samples, empirical analysis, and field observations to determine a strength value, or range of values, that is representative of the rock mass on the rupture surface.
Monaural speech organization and segregation (2006)

In a natural environment, speech often occurs simultaneously with acoustic interference.Many applications, such as automatic speech recognition and telecommunication, require an effective system that segregates speech from interference in the monaural (one-microphone) situation.While this task of monaural speech segregation has proven to be very challenging, human listeners show a remarkable ability to segregate an acoustic mixture and attend to a target sound, even with one ear.This perceptual process is called auditory scene analysis (ASA).Research in ASA has inspired considerable effort in constructing computational ASA (CASA) based on ASA principles.Current CASA systems, however, face a number of challenges in monaural speech segregation.This dissertation presents a systematic and extensive effort in developing a CASA system for monaural speech segregation that addresses several major challenges.The proposed system consists of four stages: Peripheral analysis, feature extraction, segmentation, and grouping.In the first stage, the system decomposes the auditory scene into a time-frequency representation via bandpass filtering and time windowing.The second stage extracts auditory features corresponding to ASA cues, such as periodicity, iii amplitude modulation, onset and offset.In the third stage, the system segments an auditory scene based on a multiscale analysis of onset and offset.The last stage includes an iterative algorithm that simultaneously estimates the pitch of a target utterance and segregates the voiced target based on a pitch estimate.Finally, our system sequentially groups voiced and unvoiced portions of the target speech for non-speech interference, and this grouping task is performed using feature-based classification.Systematic evaluation shows that the proposed system extracts a majority of target speech without including much interference.Extensive comparisons demonstrate that the xi A. Initial estimation ..... B. Iterative
Forward imaging OCT endoscopic catheter based on MEMS lens scanning (2012)

This Letter reports a fully packaged microelectromechanical system (MEMS) endoscopic catheter for forward imaging optical coherence tomography (OCT). Two-dimensional optical scanning of Lissajous patterns was realized by the orthogonal movement of two commercial aspherical glass lenses laterally mounted on two resonating electrostatic MEMS microstages at low operating voltages. The MEMS lens scanner was integrated on a printed circuit board and packaged with an aluminum housing, a gradient index fiber collimator, and an objective lens. A home-built spectral-domain OCT system with 60 kHz A-line acquisition rate was combined with the endoscopic MEMS catheter. Three-dimensional images of 256×256×995 voxels were directly reconstructed by mapping the A-line datasets along the Lissajous patterns. The endoscopic catheter can provide a new direction for forward endoscopic OCT imaging.
New insights into the pretargeting approach to image and treat tumours (2016)

Tumour pretargeting is a promising strategy for cancer diagnosis and therapy allowing for the rational use of long circulating, highly specific monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) for both non-invasive cancer radioimmunodetection (RID) and radioimmunotherapy (RIT). In contrast to conventional RID/RIT where the radionuclides and oncotropic vector molecules are delivered as presynthesised radioimmunoconjugates, the pretargeting approach is a multistep procedure that temporarily separates targeting of certain tumour-associated antigens from delivery of diagnostic or therapeutic radionuclides. In principle, unlabelled, highly tumour antigen specific mAb conjugates are, in a first step, administered into a patient. After injection, sufficient time is allowed for blood circulation, accumulation at the tumour site and subsequent elimination of excess mAb conjugates from the body. The small fast-clearing radiolabelled effector molecules with a complementary functionality directed to the prelocalised mAb conjugates are then administered in a second step. Due to its fast pharmacokinetics, the small effector molecules reach the malignant tissue quickly and bind the local mAb conjugates. Thereby, corresponding radioimmunoconjugates are formed in vivo and, consequently, radiation doses are deposited mainly locally. This procedure results in a much higher tumour/non-tumour (T/NT) ratio and is favourable for cancer diagnosis and therapy as it substantially minimises the radiation damage to non-tumour cells of healthy tissues. The pretargeting approach utilises specific non-covalent interactions (e.g. strept(avidin)/biotin) or covalent bond formations (e.g. inverse electron demand Diels-Alder reaction) between the tumour bound antibody and radiolabelled small molecules. This tutorial review descriptively presents this complex strategy, addresses the historical as well as recent preclinical and clinical advances and discusses the advantages and disadvantages of different available variations.
Operating Region of Modular Multilevel Converter for HVDC With Controlled Second-Order Harmonic Circulating Current: Elaborating P-Q Capability (2015)

The operating region of the modular multilevel converter (MMC) is limited by the maximum-allowable voltage ripple of cells, which is associated with the arm energy variation. Injecting the controlled second-order harmonic component into the circulating current can reduce energy variation of the arm and, thus, extend the operating region of MMC. Care must be taken, however, that the second-order circulating current affects the arm current, and inappropriately injected harmonic current may cause an undesirable arm current polarity change. Therefore, this paper first investigates and proposes the maximum-allowable second-order circulating current for extending the operating region reliably and efficiently. The active and reactive power capability of MMC is further elaborated and illustrated in line with the maximum excess energy capability for two cases, running with: 1) the original operating region and 2) the extended operating region. Finally, the P- Q diagrams for contingent operating conditions with faulty or disabled submodules are presented. Understanding the unique shape and change of P- Q capability with credible submodule failure contingency should be crucial for planning MMC-HVDC lines, and determining the energy requirements and the level of redundancy in submodules properly in order to achieve the envisioned benefits of the new HVDC. The efficacy and accuracy of the research findings are validated for the MMC-HVDC system using PSCAD/EMTDC.
Inclusion body myopathy, Paget’s disease of the bone and frontotemporal dementia: recurrence of the <i>VCP </i>R155H mutation in an Italian family and implications for genetic counselling (2008)

The acronym IBMPFD denotes a syndrome including inclusion body myopathy, Paget's disease of the bone (PDB) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) as cardinal features, which is caused by missense mutations in the VCP gene. We studied the clinical characteristics and the histopathological features in two siblings and their mother who presented with adult-onset myopathy and presenile, rapidly progressive FTD. One sibling also showed PDB. Light and electron microscopy performed on muscle biopsies demonstrated degenerative changes with inclusion bodies and abnormal aggregates. Mutation analysis of the VCP gene on affected siblings revealed a heterozygous missense mutation (R155H) in a hot spot. This is the first Italian family with multiple individuals diagnosed as having IBMPFD and carrying the recurrent R155H mutation. The implications for genetic counselling were also discussed, with regard to the procedures that may be offered to families suffering from a multisystem disorder with high risk of cognitive decline.
The Enigma of Spontaneous Preterm Birth (2010)

The world's preterm birth rate continues to increase. In 2006, preterm births accounted for 12.8% of live births in the United States. Only about half the cases of prematurity result from identifiable causes. This review discusses the challenge of understanding the causes of premature birth and finding ways to prevent it.
The effect of phospholipid on the detection of lupus anticoagulants by the dilute Russell viper venom time. (1989)

The dilute Russell viper venom time (dRVVT) has been recently introduced as a sensitive test for the detection of lupus anticoagulants. We evaluated the effect of method and source of phospholipid on performance of the dRVVT. Our results indicate that the source of phospholipid has a significant effect on the sensitivity of this assay to lupus anticoagulants. The dRVVT will need to undergo further evaluation and characterization before it is adopted as a standard assay for detection of lupus anticoagulants.
Multi-layer Signal Encoded Tissue Culture Device formed of Nano-Fibrous Microcapsules (2011)

In this study we propose a novel concept, “Multi-layer Signal Encoded Tissue Culture Device,” in order to realize the guidance of cell proliferation and differentiation in a 3-dimensional configuration. By utilizing a unique structure named the “Nano-Fibrous Microcapsule”, whose production process was reported in MEMS '09, we have realized the fabrication of a micro-structured 3-D tissue culturing device. Further on we have succeeded in doping the capsules with additives to demonstrate the viability of the proposed concept.
Caries-Preventive Effect of Fluoride Varnish with Different Fluoride Concentrations (1994)

Based on the current concept of the caries-preventive mechanism of fluoride, the fluoride concentration of some professionally applied fluoride preparations appears unnecessarily high. The aim of this trial was to study whether reducing the fluoride concentration of the sodium fluoride varnish Duraphat from the present 2.3% to 1.1% affects its clinical efficacy. A total of 274 children aged 12-14 years and having high past caries experience were randomly divided into two groups. The participants received 3 annual applications of either 2.3% or 1.1% varnish for 3 years. Clinical and radiographical examinations were performed at baseline and at the end of the follow-up. The mean total DMFS increments of the 2.3% and 1.1% varnish groups were 5.5 (SD 5.7) and 5.7 (5.3), respectively, when initial caries was excluded, and 14.3 (12.0) and 14.9 (12.9) when initial caries was included. The differences were statistically non-significant. There were no significant differences in the surface-specific DMFS increments between the groups either. The 95% confidence interval for the difference between the groups in total mean DMFS increment (initial caries excluded) was calculated at -1.21 to + 1.54, i.e. at this level of confidence at most 0.5 surfaces per year would have been saved using the more concentrated varnish. Consequently, it can be stated at a reasonable level of certainty that if a difference in the efficacy of the two varnishes exists, it probably is minute. Lowering the fluoride concentration of Duraphat is worth considering at least when used for children.
Design and performance of an endoscopic OCT system for in vivo studies of human mucosa (1998)

Summary form only given. A key problem for endoscopic application of optical coherence tomography (OCT) is to provide a reliable and convenient access of probing low-coherence radiation to the surface of internal organs. Here, the authors describe the design and performance of their OCT systems integrated in standard endoscopes, operating in parallel with them and thus enhancing essentially the capabilities of endoscopy as a whole. Implementation of an extended flexible arm of the OCT interferometer to provide access to the studied tissue is based on the usage of polarization maintaining fibers for transportation of the low coherence light. The sampling arm of the fiber interferometer is terminated by a newly developed miniaturized electro-mechanical unit that controls the lateral scanning process. The probe beam swinging on the tissue surface approaches 2 mm. As a source of radiation the authors employ a superluminescent diode with a central frequency of 830 nm, bandwidth of 30 nm, and power of 1.5 mW. In-depth scanning is performed with an integrated piezo-optical modulator that introduces the difference in the length arms of the interferometer. With a scanning rate of 30 cm/s and an image depth of 3 mm, an OCT picture is acquired in approximately 1 s. This rate is sufficient to eliminate the effect of internal organ movement on the image quality. The electro-mechanical scanner has a size that fits the diameter and the curvature radius of an endoscope biopsy channel.
Cloning of murine RNA polymerase I-specific TAF factors: Conserved interactions between the subunits of the species-specific transcription initiation factor TIF-IB/SL1 (1997)

Promoter selectivity for all three classes of eukaryotic RNA polymerases is brought about by multimeric protein complexes containing TATA box binding protein (TBP) and specific TBP-associated factors (TAFs). Unlike class II- and III-specific TBP-TAF complexes, the corresponding murine and human class I-specific transcription initiation factor TIF-IB/SL1 exhibits a pronounced selectivity for its homologous promoter. As a first step toward understanding the molecular basis of species-specific promoter recognition, we cloned the cDNAs encoding the three mouse pol I-specific TBP-associated factors (TAFIs) and compared the amino acid sequences of the murine TAFIs with their human counterparts. The four subunits from either species can form stable chimeric complexes that contain stoichiometric amounts of TBP and TAFIs, demonstrating that differences in the primary structure of human and mouse TAFIs do not dramatically alter the network of protein-protein contacts responsible for assembly of the multimeric complex. Thus, primate vs. rodent promoter selectivity mediated by the TBP-TAFI complex is likely to be the result of cumulative subtle differences between individual subunits that lead to species-specific properties of RNA polymerase I transcription.
Crystal Structures and Growth Mechanisms of Au@Ag Core−Shell Nanoparticles Prepared by the Microwave−Polyol Method (2006)

Au@Ag core−shell nanocrystals have been synthesized by using a microwave−polyol method, and their growth mechanisms have been studied. When HAuCl4·4H2O was reduced in ethylene glycol in the presence of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as a polymer surfactant, a mixture of triangular twin platelike, octahedral, and multiple-twinned decahedral Au nanocrystals, having only {111} facets, was prepared. When Ag+ was reduced by using these Au nanocrystals as seeds, triangular-bipyramidal, cubic, and rod/wire Ag shells, having {100} facets, were overgrown, respectively. It was concluded that morphology changes between Au cores and Ag shells arise from changes in the adsorption selectivity of PVPs from {111} facets of Au to {100} facets of Ag. Total space volumes of Ag shells overgrown on Au cores were on the order of cubes > triangular-bipyramidal crystals > rods and wires. These findings provide general information on the growth mechanism of face-centered cubic (FCC) types of single crystals in the presence of a polymer surfactant, which is difficult to obtain from monometallic crystals.
Starfruit (<i>Averrhoa carambola</i> L.) (1995)

Carotenoid derived compounds are important contributors to the overall flavor of starfruit Recent research has shown that the majority of norisoprenoid volatiles in starfruit arc derived from glycosidically bound progenitors. This chapter reports the isolation and structural elucidation of several novel C13- and C15-norisoprenoid structures in starfruit The co-occurrence of these C13- and C15-carotenoid metabolites with volatiles which are apparently derived from the central portion of the carotenoid chain leads to a discussion of possible pathways of carotenoid breakdown in starfruit.
17α-Hydroxylase/17,20-Lyase Deficiency: From Clinical Investigation to Molecular Definition* (1991)

THE term congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) defines a group of syndromes resulting from inherited defects in any one of the five enzymes involved in the steps leading to cortisol biosynthesis from cholesterol. These include four distinct forms of cytochrome P450: P450scc, P450C21, P45011β, and P45017α, as well as 3β- hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Pathologically, CAH is characterized by hyperplastic growth of the adrenal stimulated by ACTH. A blockage in any one of the steps in normal steroid hormone synthesis leads to decreased synthesis of the steroid hormones and accumulation of intermediates, giving rise to the various clinical symptoms. The most common form of CAH, 21-hydroxylase deficiency, accounts for 90–95% of CAH (1). The high frequency of 21-hydroxylase deficiency is related to the structure of the P450C21 (CYP21) genes of which there are two, closely linked, a functional gene and a pseudo-gene (2, 3). Understanding of this unique gene structure and its location in the HLA locus has led to the definition of the molecular basis of a number of cases of 21-hydroxylase deficiency (4).
Single-image example-based super-resolution using Markov random fields (2010)

I. I NTRODUCTION Super-resolution (SR) plays an important role in image processing applications nowadays due to the huge amount of low quality video and image material. Low quality is a consequence of using low-cost imaging sensors for image/video acquisition, such as web-cameras, cell phone and surveillance cameras. Furthermore, the increasing popularity of HDTV makes the SR methods necessary for resolution enhancement of NTSC and PAL recordings. The task of SR is to infer a HR image from one or more low resolution (LR) images. There are two main approaches: classical and example-based.
The Role of Na/K-ATPase Signaling in Oxidative Stress Related to Aging: Implications in Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease (2018)

Aging has been associated with a series of pathophysiological processes causing general decline in the overall health of the afflicted population. The cumulative line of evidence suggests an important role of oxidative stress in the development and progression of the aging process and metabolic abnormalities, exacerbating adipocyte dysfunction, cardiovascular diseases, and associated complications at the same time. In recent years, robust have established the implication of Na/K-ATPase signaling in causing oxidative stress and alterations in cellular mechanisms, in addition to its distinct pumping function. Understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms and exploring the possible sources of pro-oxidants may allow for developing therapeutic targets in these processes and formulate novel intervention strategies for patients susceptible to aging and associated complications, such as obesity and cardiovascular disease. The attenuation of oxidative stress with targeted treatment options can improve patient outcomes and significantly reduce economic burden.