gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic background subtraction based on spatial extended center-symmetric local binary pattern (2010)

Moving objects detection in dynamic scenes is a challenging task in many computer vision applications. Traditional background modeling methods do not work well in these situations since they assume a nearly static background. In this paper, a novel operator named spatial extended center-symmetric local binary pattern (SCS-LBP) for background modeling is proposed. It extracts spatial and temporal information simultaneously while has low complexity compared to the local binary pattern (LBP) operator. Then combining this operator with an improved temporal distribution estimation scheme, we propose a new background subtraction method. In our method, each pixel is modeled by a group of adaptive SCS-LBP histograms, which provides us with many advantages compared to traditional ones. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of our method.
Significance of Increased Phosphatase Activity of Bone at the Site of Osteoplastic Metastases Secondary to Carcinoma of the Prostate Gland (1936)

Recent determinations of serum phosphatase activity in patients with cancer (1, 2, 3) suggest that values obtained in cases with widespread osteoplastic metastases are, in general, significantly higher than those found in association with osteolytic metastases. In the series reported by Gutman, Tyson and Gutman (1), for example, the serum phosphatase activity exceeded 10 Bodansky units per 100 c.c. in 6 of 10 cases with osteoplastic metastases but in only 3 of 19 patients with osteolytic metastases. In 2 patients with very extensive osteoplastic skeletal lesions, values exceeding 100 Bodansky units per 100 c.c. of serum were obtained, as contrasted with the normal maximum of 4.0 Bodansky units.

It has been assumed (1, 3) that the rise in phosphatase activity of the serum in such cases is the result of increased elaboration of phosphatase, which is subsequently released into the circulating fluids. Direct evidence in support of this assumption is afforded by the present investigation, which disclosed strikingly increased phosphatase activity of bone at the site of osteoplastic skeletal metastases in a patient with carcinoma of the prostate gland.
Immunologic Monitoring of Cancer Vaccine Therapy: Results of a Workshop Sponsored by the Society for Biological Therapy (2002)

The Society for Biological Therapy held a Workshop last fall devoted to immune monitoring for cancer immunotherapy trials. Participants included members of the academic and pharmaceutical communities as well as the National Cancer Institute and the Food and Drug Administration. Discussion focused on the relative merits and appropriate use of various immune monitoring tools. Six breakout groups dealt with assays of T-cell function, serologic and proliferation assays to assess B cell and T helper cell activity, and enzyme-linked immunospot assay, tetramer, cytokine flow cytometry, and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assays of T-cell immunity. General conclusions included: (1) future vaccine studies should be designed to determine whether T-cell dysfunction (tumor-specific and nonspecific) correlated with clinical outcome; (2) tetramer-based assays yield quantitative but not functional data (3) enzyme-linked immunospot assays have the lowest limit of detection (4) cytokine flow cytometry have a higher limit of detection than enzyme-linked immunospot assay, but offer the advantages of speed and the ability to identify subsets of reactive cells; (5) antibody tests are simple and accurate and should be incorporated to a greater extent in monitoring plans; (6) proliferation assays are imprecise and should not be emphasized in future studies; (7) the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay is a promising research approach that is not ready for widespread application; and (8)there is a critical need to validate these assays as surrogates for vaccine potency and clinical effect. Current data and opinion support the use of a functional assay like the enzyme-linked immunospot assay or cytokine flow cytometry in combination with a quantitative assay like tetramers for immune monitoring. At present, assays appear to be most useful as measures of vaccine potency. Careful immune monitoring in association with larger scale clinical trials ultimately may enable the correlation of monitoring results with clinical benefit.
[Monoclonal antibodies to the antigen of myeloid cells]. (1987)

ICO-G-2 hybridoma clone was obtained after fusion of spleen cells from BALB/c mice immunized with cells from a patient with acute myelomonoblastic leukemia (AMML) and P3 X 63 Ag8.653 cells, using 50% polyethyleneglycol, molecular weight 1500 KD. The antigen with a molecular weight of 100 KD was present only on polymorphonuclear neutrophils and eosinophils of the peripheral blood. The antigen expression was also found on the majority of myeloid precursors and some nuclear erythroid cells. CFU-GM did not express the antigen. Monoclonal antibodies ICO-G-2 reacted with blast cells of some patients with AML, AMML and CML. The antibodies did not react with cells from patients with AMonL, CMonL, ALL, CLL and LSA. Such pattern of reactivity makes these monoclonal antibodies useful for the differential diagnosis of acute nonlymphocytic leukemias and CML in blast crisis.
Multi‐array silicon probes with integrated optical fibers: light‐assisted perturbation and recording of local neural circuits in the behaving animal (2010)

Recordings of large neuronal ensembles and neural stimulation of high spatial and temporal precision are important requisites for studying the real-time dynamics of neural networks. Multiple-shank silicon probes enable large-scale monitoring of individual neurons. Optical stimulation of genetically targeted neurons expressing light-sensitive channels or other fast (milliseconds) actuators offers the means for controlled perturbation of local circuits. Here we describe a method to equip the shanks of silicon probes with micron-scale light guides for allowing the simultaneous use of the two approaches. We then show illustrative examples of how these compact hybrid electrodes can be used in probing local circuits in behaving rats and mice. A key advantage of these devices is the enhanced spatial precision of stimulation that is achieved by delivering light close to the recording sites of the probe. When paired with the expression of light-sensitive actuators within genetically specified neuronal populations, these devices allow the relatively straightforward and interpretable manipulation of network activity.
HTML and XHTML Step by Step (Step By Step (Microsoft)) (2006)

The smart way to learn HTML and XHTML-one step at a time! Build exactly the skills you need to start creating Web pages as you work at your own pace with easy-to-follow lessons and hands-on practice files on CD.
The <i>SAC3</i> gene encodes a nuclear protein required for normal progression of mitosis (1996)

The SAC3 gene of Saccharomyces serevisiae has been implicated in actin function by genetic experiments showing that a temperature sensitive mutation in the essential actin gene (actl-1) can be suppressed by mutations in SAC3. An involvement of SAC3 in actin function is further suggested by the observation that the actin cytoskeleton is altered in SAC3 mutants. Our fractionation experiments, however, point to a nuclear localization of Sac3p. On sucrose density gradients Sac3p co-fractionated with the nuclear organelle markers examined. Furthermore, Sac3p was enriched 10-fold in a nuclei preparation along with the nuclear protein Nop1p. In this report we further show that SAC3 function is required for normal progression of mitosis. SAC3 mutants showed a higher fraction of large-budded cells in culture, indicative of a cell cycle delay. The predominant population among the large-budded sac3 cells were cells with a single nucleus at the bud-neck and a short intranuclear spindle. This suggests that a cell cycle delay occurs in mitosis prior to anaphase. The observation that SAC3 mutants lose chromosomes with higher frequency than wild-type is another indication for a mitotic defect in SAC3 mutants. We further noticed that SAC3 mutants are more resistant against the microtubule destabilizing drug benomyl. This finding suggests that SAC3 is involved, directly or indirectly, in microtubule function. In summary, our data indicate that SAC3 is involved in a process which affects both the actin cytoskeleton and mitosis.
Studies on digenetic trematodes from marine fishes of La Jolla, California. (1956)

Trematodes of fishes attracted the attention of some of the earliest of helmintologists. The Mediterranean was the first region to be studied, particularly in Italy. Here, Rudolphi (1802, 1809, 1819); Monticelli (1893), and Stossich (1883, 1886, 1890, 1904) described many species. In those days, almost all digenetic trematodes were placed in the genus Distomum. In 1899, Looss published his classical work dividing the genus Distomum into many genera, including some from fishes. Looss later (1907) clarified the status of a number of fish trematodes notably in the family Hemi- uridae.
A reconfigurable superimposed 2D-mesh array for channel equalization (2003)

In this paper we present a scalable and reconfigurable mesh array of programmable processing elements. It has been designed to implement multi-standard channel estimation and equalization algorithms for digital television broadcast applications. It particularly introduces the concept of a superimposed array to speed-up the execution of an adaptive filter. This paper also discusses the array configuration and programming tools. The flexibility of this solution is demonstrated, as it simultaneously addresses the mono carrier adaptive equalizer for cable transmission, as well as multicarrier channel estimation and correction for terrestrial transmission. Gate-level synthesis results have shown that this flexibility is obtained at acceptable cost.
Skew-free clock distribution for standard-cell VLSI designs (1992)

The control of skew in globally distributed signals is essential to the safe design of VLSI. The paper describes a novel technique using Cadence EDGE software, for the creation of a skew-free distribution network in standard-cell designs which is achieved after initial placement by modification of the netlist and insertion of buffers whose drive strength is finally determined after the component is completely routed.
A comparison between the sum-product and the min-sum iterative detection algorithms based on density evolution (2002)

Recently, density evolution techniques have been used to predict the performance of iterative decoders utilizing the sum-product belief propagation algorithm. We extend this analysis to the min-sum algorithm for binary codes. Using two representative applications, i.e., low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes and repeat accumulate (RA) codes, the sum-product and min-sum algorithms are compared. The results demonstrate a performance degradation of 0.27-1.03 dB for the min-sum algorithm, which confirms earlier simulation results. However, it is shown that a small modification to the min-sum algorithm results in an approximate sum-product algorithm, which performs at least as well as the original sum-product algorithm when finite message precision is considered.
Purification of the human placental α<sub>2</sub>‐macroglobulin receptor (1989)

The alpha 2-macroglobulin receptor was solubilized from human placental membranes, purified and characterized. Affinity cross-linking of labelled ligand to intact membranes showed a receptor size compatible with 400-500 kDa. The membranes were solubilized in 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]propane sulfonate (CHAPS) and affinity chromatography was performed using Sepharose-immobilized alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine with elution in buffer containing 2 mM EDTA, pH 6.0. SDS-PAGE of the resulting receptor preparation showed a predominant approx. 440 kDa band (reducing conditions) and some minor accompanying proteins of 70-90 kDa and 40 kDa. The yield was 400-800 micrograms receptor preparation per placenta. The receptor preparation immobilized on nitrocellulose bound the alpha 2-macroglobulin-trypsin complex with a dissociation constant of about 400 pM. 125I-iodinated receptor preparation bound almost quantitatively to Sepharose-immobilized alpha 2-macroglobulin-methylamine in the presence of CHAPS alone, and bound 70-80% in the presence of 0.2% SDS. The labelled proteins were separated in the presence of 0.2% SDS by gel filtration or SDS-PAGE (unboiled samples). The 440 kDa protein accounted for the major part of the binding, although some approx. 80 kDa proteins, perhaps proteolytic degradation products, also showed binding activity.
Physics Today and Its Future (2000)

Listing more than one hundred unanswered questions the present author claims that 1) the long standing puzzles in physics may be the signals of new physics; 2) the effort of searching for the basic natural laws of physics is always highly worthwhile.
Laying out circuits on asynchronous cellular arrays: a step towards feasible nanocomputers? (2003)

Opinions differ widely as to the type of architecture most suitable for achieving the tremendous performance gains expected with computers built by nanotechnology. In this context little research effort has gone into asynchronous cellular arrays, an architecture that is promising for nanocomputers due to (1) its regular structure of locally interconnected cells, and (2) its asynchronous mode of timing. The first facilitates bottom-up manufacturing techniques like directed self-assembly. The second allows the cells' operations to be timed randomly and independently of each other, mitigating the problems accompanying a central clock, like high power consumption and heat dissipation. The advantages of asynchronous timing notwithstanding, it makes computation less straightforward. Attempts to compute on asynchronous cellular arrays have therefore focused on simulating synchronous operation on them, at the price of more complex cells. Here we advance a more effective approach based on the configuration on an asynchronous cellular array of delay-insensitive circuits, a type of asynchronous circuit that is robust to arbitrary delays in signals. Our results may be a step towards future nanocomputers with a huge number of autonomously operating cells organized in homogeneous arrays that can be programmed by configuring them as delay-insensitive circuits.
Improving cloud infrastructure utilization through overbooking (2013)

Despite the potential given by the combination of multi-tenancy and virtualization, resource utilization in today's data centers is still low. We identify three key characteristics of cloud services and infrastructure as-a-service management practices: burstiness in service workloads, fluctuations in virtual machine resource usage over time, and virtual machines being limited to pre-defined sizes only. Based on these characteristics, we propose scheduling and admission control algorithms that incorporate resource overbooking to improve utilization. A combination of modeling, monitoring, and prediction techniques is used to avoid overpassing the total infrastructure capacity. A performance evaluation using a mixture of workload traces demonstrates the potential for significant improvements in resource utilization while still avoiding overpassing the total capacity.
The First Year of the Atomic Energy Commission (1948)

Dr. Teller summarizes the accomplishments of the Atomic Energy Commission during its tenure of office, stressing the work of reorganization and preparation for future progress. Dr. Teller is Professor of Physics and member of the Institute for Nuclear Studies at the University of Chicago, and a consultant to the A. E. C. Laboratories at Argonne and Los Alamos.
Are D- and L-chiro-Phosphoinositides Substrates of Phosphatidylinositol-Specific Phospholipase C? (1994)

Derivatives of chiro-inositol have been recently shown to mediate many important biological processes. This work addresses the question of whether phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase C (PI-PLC) could be involved in the generation of these chiro-inositol derivatives. Two diastereomers of the analog of phosphatidylinositol containing 1D- and 1L-chiro-inositol have been synthesized. 1D-2-O-(1,2-O-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-chiro-inositol (1D-chiro-PI) was synthesized in 12 steps starting from 1D-2,3,4,5-O-tetrakis(methoxymethylene)-myo-inositol by the inversion of the hydroxyl group at the 1-position of inositol followed by several protection/deprotection and phosphorylation steps. IL-2-O-(1,2-O-Dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phospho)-chiro-inositol (1L-chiro-PI) was synthesized in eight steps starting from 1L-chiro-inositol using regioselective silylation of the hydroxyl group at the 2-position of chiro-inositol in a key synthetic stage. Both diastereomers were subjected to cleavage by PI-PLC from Bacillus thuringiensis. The reaction of 1L-chiro-PI produced chiro-inositol 1,2-cyclic phosphate, however, at the rate of 10(-3) of that attained with the natural substrate, phosphatidylinositol. On the other hand, 1D-chiro-PI was found to be resistant to PI-PLC. These results suggest that the natural chiro-inositol derivatives should have the 1L-configuration if they are produced by PI-PLC, which is in contrast to the 1D-configuration reported by others. We therefore have isolated chiro-inositol from the total bovine liver lipid and determined its absolute configuration. The obtained chiro-inositol was found to be exclusively of the 1L-configuration, with the enantiomeric purity exceeding 99%.
Complete Deficiency of Adenine Phosphoribosyltransferase (1977)

A new wideband beam steering architecture for a receiver and transmitter is proposed. In this new interpolation based beam steering architecture (IBA), the number of true time delays can be dramatically reduced to 3 for a 2-dimensionaI array and 2 for a linear array independent of the number of array elements. While in conventional phased arrays, the number of phase shifters or time delays equals the number of antenna elements. This is achieved by representing individual antenna signals through a weighted sum of base vectors. In this paper, the system level implementation of the interpolation based beam steering architecture for the transmitter and receiver is presented. Also, trade-offs between number of time delays, array factor and the bandwidth of an N-element antenna array are discussed. The new architecture is expected to be relevant for the large beam steering arrays in 5G and beyond 5G wideband communication systems By using this method, the area, loss and complexity of a beam steering system can be reduced.
An efficient maximum-likelihood-decoding algorithm for linear block codes with algebraic decoder (1994)

A new soft decoding algorithm for linear block codes is proposed. The decoding algorithm works with any algebraic decoder and its performance is strictly the same as that of maximum-likelihood-decoding (MLD). Since our decoding algorithm generates sets of different candidate codewords corresponding to the received sequence, its decoding complexity depends on the received sequence. We compare our decoding algorithm with Chase (1972) algorithm 2 and the Tanaka-Kakigahara (1983) algorithm in which a similar method for generating candidate codewords is used. Computer simulation results indicate, for some signal-to-noise ratios (SNR), that our decoding algorithm requires less average complexity than those of the other two algorithms, but the performance of ours is always superior to those of the other two.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Leucite-reinforced glass ceramic inlays and onlays after 12 years. (2008)

IPS Empress inlays and onlays exhibited satisfactory clinical outcomes over a 12-year clinical period. Restorations luted with dual-cured resin composites revealed significantly fewer bulk fractures.
Choosing the number of faces of a phased-array antenna for hemisphere scan coverage (1965)

Phased-array antennas utilizing fixed, planar apertures and designed to provide electronic-beam scanning throughout a hemisphere require a minimum of 3 apertures or faces. Each face covers one-third of the hemisphere and scans to an angle <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">63\deg</tex> from broadside. This causes a ratio of broadside beamwidth to maximum-scan beamwidth of 0.45. Also, assuming no power reflected from the aperture broadside scan, a large amount of power would be reflected at maximum scan because of mutual coupling. These two effects cause a variation in realized gain of 4.1 db. By using 4, 5, or even 6 faces to scan the hemisphere, the antenna performance may be considerably improved. Each face of the 6-face array scans to an angle of only <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">41\deg</tex> from broadside, and exhibits a beamwidth ratio of only 0.76. The power reflected from the aperture is greatly reduced, and the variation in realized gain is only 1.3 dB. The relative number of elements required by the various designs depends on the particular basis of comparison. Equalizing poorest performance by specifying equal realized gains at the respective maximum scan angles requires about 18 percent more elements for 3 faces than for 6 faces. Three of the four chosen bases for comparison yielded fewest elements for the 4-face array.
Regional value added in Italy over the long run (1891-2001): linking indirect estimates with official figures, and implications (2011)

This paper presents value added estimates for the Italian regions, in benchmark years from 1891 until 1951, which are linked to those from official figures available from 1971 in order to offer a long-term picture. Sources and methodology are documented and discussed, whilst regional activity rates and productivity are also presented and compared. Thus some questions are briefly reconsidered: the origins and extent of the north-south divide, the role of migration and regional policy in shaping the pattern of regional inequality, the importance of social capital, and the positioning of Italy in the international debate on regional convergence, where it stands out for the long run persistence of its disparities.
High-temperature superconductor fault current limiters: concepts, applications, and development status (2007)

The application of superconducting fault current limiters (SCFCLs) in power systems is very attractive because SCFCLs offer superior technical performance in comparison to conventional devices to limit fault currents. Negligible impedance at normal conditions, fast and effective current limitation within the first current rise and repetitive operation with fast and automatic recovery are the main attributes for SCFCLs.
Lipid A--Target for Antibacterial Drugs (1996)

Bacteria are rapidly developing resistance to drugs, rendering treatment of some diseases difficult or impossible. A report by Onishi et al . in this issue ( p. 980 ) announces the discovery of a new drug directed at a never-before-assaulted part of the bacteria, the lipid A portion of the bacterial outer membrane. In his Perspective, Vaara discusses the worldwide problem of drug-resistant pathogenic bacteria and how this new agent exemplifies the tack we must now take to fight these diseases.