gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereotypies and Other Abnormal Repetitive Behaviors: Potential Impact on Validity, Reliability, and Replicability of Scientific Outcomes (2005)

Normal behavior plays a key role in facilitating homeostasis, especially by allowing the animal to control and modify its environment. Captive environments may interfere with these behavioral responses, and the resulting stress may alter many physiological parameters. Abnormal behaviors indicate that an animal is unable to adjust behaviorally to the captive environment and, hence, may be expressing abnormal physiology. Therefore, captive environments may affect the following aspects of an experiment: validity, by introducing abnormal animals into experiments; reliability, by increasing interindividual variation through the introduction of such individuals; and replicability, by altering the number and type of such individuals between laboratories. Thus, far from increasing variability, enrichment may actually improve validity, reliability, and replicability by reducing the number of abnormal animals introduced into experiments. In this article, the specific example of abnormal repetitive behaviors (ARBs) is explored. ARBs in captive animals appear to involve the same mechanisms as ARBs in human psychiatry, which reflect underlying abnormalities of brain function. ARBs are also correlated with a wide range of behavioral changes that affect experimental outcomes. Thus, ARBs in laboratory animals may compromise validity, reliability, and replicability, especially in behavioral experiments; and enrichments that prevent ARB may enhance validity, reliability, and replicability. Although many links in this argument have been tested experimentally, key issues still remain in the interpretation of these data. In particular, it is currently unclear (1) whether or not the differences in brain function seen in animals performing ARB are abnormal, (2) which common behavioral paradigms are affected by ARB, and (3) whether enrichment does indeed improve the quality of behavioral data. Ongoing and future work addressing these issues is outlined.
A New Method of Preventing Blood Coagulation (1944)

1. A new method of preventing coagulation of blood was devised by the employment of ion-exchange adsorbents. The principle is based on the replacement of the calcium ions in the blood with sodium ions. The most ideal of the ion-exchange agents was found to be a phenol-formaldehyde resin with a polyhydric phenol base. As a calcium-adsorbent the cation-exchange resin was employed in the sodium cycle. 2. Resin-treated blood was employed in hematological, serological and biochemical studies. Minimal alterations in cellular morphology were observed. 3. The resin is inexpensive and can be regenerated innumerable times and re-employed.
Cytotoxic Antifeedant from Dionaea muscipula Ellis: A Defensive Mechanism of Carnivorous Plants Against Predators. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Concentration of Progenitor Cells Collected from Bone Marrow Fluid Using a Continuous Flow Cell Separator (2001)

In ABO major incompatibility on bone marrow transplantation (BMT), red cells must be removed from collected marrow fluid to prevent hemolysis. We report the concentration of progenitor cells collected using a continuous flow cell separator (Cobe Spectra). The average volume of concentrated bone marrow was 132 +/- 47 ml and that of red cells included was 5.1 +/- 2.4 ml. The red cell removal rate was 97.6%. The recovery rate was 40.6% for total nuclear cells, 77.9% for mononuclear cells, 100% for CD34+ cells, and 93.9% for colony forming unit granulocyte-macrophage. Eighteen patients undergoing allogeneic BMT showed no signs of fever or hemolysis during concentrated marrow fluid transfusion. The recovery rate of progenitor cells was high, indicating sufficient recovery of hemopoiesis. This technique is applicable in ABO-incompatible BMT and in frozen-storage stem cells.
AmpC β-Lactamases (2009)

AmpC beta-lactamases are clinically important cephalosporinases encoded on the chromosomes of many of the Enterobacteriaceae and a few other organisms, where they mediate resistance to cephalothin, cefazolin, cefoxitin, most penicillins, and beta-lactamase inhibitor-beta-lactam combinations. In many bacteria, AmpC enzymes are inducible and can be expressed at high levels by mutation. Overexpression confers resistance to broad-spectrum cephalosporins including cefotaxime, ceftazidime, and ceftriaxone and is a problem especially in infections due to Enterobacter aerogenes and Enterobacter cloacae, where an isolate initially susceptible to these agents may become resistant upon therapy. Transmissible plasmids have acquired genes for AmpC enzymes, which consequently can now appear in bacteria lacking or poorly expressing a chromosomal bla(AmpC) gene, such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis. Resistance due to plasmid-mediated AmpC enzymes is less common than extended-spectrum beta-lactamase production in most parts of the world but may be both harder to detect and broader in spectrum. AmpC enzymes encoded by both chromosomal and plasmid genes are also evolving to hydrolyze broad-spectrum cephalosporins more efficiently. Techniques to identify AmpC beta-lactamase-producing isolates are available but are still evolving and are not yet optimized for the clinical laboratory, which probably now underestimates this resistance mechanism. Carbapenems can usually be used to treat infections due to AmpC-producing bacteria, but carbapenem resistance can arise in some organisms by mutations that reduce influx (outer membrane porin loss) or enhance efflux (efflux pump activation).
Suppression of VEGFR‐3 signaling inhibits lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer (2004)

In gastric cancer, lymph node metastasis is one of the major prognostic factors and forms the basis for surgical removal of local lymph nodes. Recently, several studies have demonstrated that overexpression of lymphangiogenic growth factor VEGF-C or VEGF-D induces tumor lymphangiogenesis and promotes lymphatic metastasis in mouse tumor models. We examined whether these processes could be inhibited in naturally metastatic tumors by blocking of their cognate receptor VEGFR-3 signaling pathway. Using a mouse orthotopic gastric cancer model which has a high frequency of lymph node metastasis, we estimated lymphatic vessels in gastric cancers by immunostaining for VEGFR-3 and other specific lymphatic markers, LYVE-1 and prox-1. Then we systemically administered anti-VEGFR-3 blocking antibodies. This treatment resulted in the inhibition of regional lymph node metastasis and reduction of lymphatic vessel density in the primary tumors. In addition, increased density of LYVE-1-positive lymphatic vessels of primary tumors was closely correlated with lymph node metastasis in human samples of gastric cancer. Antilymphangiogenesis by inhibiting VEGFR-3 signaling could provide a potential strategy for the prevention of lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.
Syntheses of aromatic polyketones and aromatic polyamide (1968)

Abstract High molecular weight aromatic polyketones were prepared from p ‐ and m ‐phenoxybenzoic acid in polyphosphoric acid by heating the reaction mixture at 100°C. High molecular weight aromatic polyamide was derived from the polyketone obtained through Schmidt reaction or Beckmann rearrangement. The polyamide obtained by Schmidt reaction was found to have some regularity in an arrangement of its repeating units. The thermal stability of the polyketone and the polyamide were good.
1,3-Dimethylcyanuric Acid Derivatives (2009)

Imatinib showed no measurable activity in patients with newly diagnosed or recurrent glioblastoma.
A Comprehensive View of Regulation of Gene Expression by Double-stranded RNA-mediated Cell Signaling (2001)

Double-stranded (ds) RNA, a common component of virus-infected cells, is a potent inducer of the type I interferon and other cellular genes. For identifying the full repertoire of human dsRNA-regulated genes, a cDNA microarray hybridization screening was conducted using mRNA from dsRNA-treated GRE cells. Because these cells lack all type I interferon genes, the possibility of gene induction by autocrine actions of interferon was eliminated. Our screen identified 175 dsRNA-stimulated genes (DSG) and 95 dsRNA-repressed genes. A subset of the DSGs was also induced by different inflammatory cytokines and viruses demonstrating interconnections among disparate signaling pathways. Functionally, the DSGs encode proteins involved in signaling, apoptosis, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis and processing, cell metabolism, transport, and structure. Induction of such a diverse family of genes by dsRNA has major implications in host-virus interactions and in the use of RNA(i) technology for functional ablation of specific genes.
Interleukin 1 or tumor necrosis factor can promote Coxsackie B3-induced myocarditis in resistant B10.A mice. (1992)

We have previously demonstrated that bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is capable of promoting Coxsackie B3 (CB3)-induced myocarditis in genetically resistant B10.A mice. Because LPS is known to increase production of various cytokines, we tested CB3-infected, LPS-treated mice for the presence of interleukin 1 (IL-1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF). We found significantly increased amounts of both cytokines in the sera of CB3/LPS-treated mice compared with animals treated only with LPS. We also found immunohistochemical evidence for local production of these cytokines in the cardiac tissue of CB3/LPS-treated mice. Treatment with IL-1 or TNF alone promoted CB3-induced autoimmune myocarditis in resistant B10.A mice. Myocarditis was also observed when uninfected mice were immunized with syngeneic heart extract in the presence of IL-1 or TNF.
Chemical Composition of Artemisia annua L. Leaves and Antioxidant Potential of Extracts as a Function of Extraction Solvents (2012)

This study was conducted to investigate the chemical and nutritional composition of Artemisia annua leaves in addition to determination of antioxidant potential of their extracts prepared in different solvents. Chemical composition was determined by quantifying fat, protein, carbohydrate, fiber, tocopherol, phytate, and tannin contents. Extraction of A. annua leaves, for antioxidant potential evaluation, was carried out using five solvents of different polarities, i.e., hexane, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol and water. Antioxidant potential was evaluated by estimating total phenolic (TPC), flavonoid (TFC) contents, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC), DPPH radical scavenging activity and lipid peroxidation. Efficiency of different solvents was compared for the yield of antioxidant extracts from leaf samples and a clear variation was observed. The highest TPC, TFC, TEAC, DPPH radical scavenging and lowest lipid peroxidation were observed in MeOH extracts, whereas aqueous extract exhibited high ferric reducing antioxidant power; suggesting MeOH to be the most favorable extractant.
On the Thermodynamics of Friction and Wear―A Review (2010)

An extensive survey of the papers pertaining to the thermodynamic approach to tribosystems, particularly using the concept of entropy as a natural time base, is presented with a summary of the important contributions of leading researchers.
Novel UWB in-vehicle channel measurement approach based on chirp pulse sounding signal (2009)

The ultra-wide band (UWB) in-vehicle channel measurement through sounding the channel with the chirp pulse signal is proposed in the paper. An UWB channel impulse response (CIR) estimator using de-convolution technique is presented to compare the measurement error of the UWB CIR generated from the chirp sounding pulse signal and the Gaussian pulse sounding signal, respectively. The noise resistance performance of the proposed UWB channel measurement approach is analyzed to verify the correctness of the measured channel data generated from the experiments.
8-GHz CMOS quadrature VCO using transformer-based LC tank (2003)

A fully integrated quadrature VCO at 8 GHz is presented. The VCO is implemented using a transformer-based LC tank in 0.18 μm CMOS technology, in which two VCOs are coupled to generate I-Q signals. The VCO is realized employing the drain-gate transformer feedback configuration proposed here. This makes use of the quality factor enhancement in the resonator using a transformer and the deep switching-off technique by controlling gate bias. By turning off switching transistors of the differential VCO core deeply, the phase noise performance is improved more than 10 dB. The measured phase noise values are -110 and -117 dBc/HZ at the offset frequencies of 600 kHz and 1 MHz respectively. The tuning range of 250 MHz is achieved with the control voltage from 0 to 1 V. The VCO draws 8 mA in two differential core circuits from 3 V supply. When the bias voltage goes down to 2.5 V, the phase noise decrease only 2 dB compared to that of 3 V bias. The VCO performances are compared with previously reported quadrature Si VCOs in 5/spl sim/12 GHz frequency range.
Harbingers of Poor Outcome the Day after Severe Brain Injury: Hypothermia, Hypoxia, and Hypoperfusion (2003)

Our early management of head-injured patients stresses avoidance and correction of SBIFs at all costs. Nonetheless, SBIFs occur frequently in the first 24 hours after traumatic brain injury. Six of the 11 factors studied are associated with significantly worse outcomes. Hypotension and hypothermia are independently related to mortality. Because these SBIFs are potentially preventable, protocols could be developed to decrease their frequency.
Thickness Effects on the Fatigue Strength of Butt Welded Specimens using SM520C-TMC Steel (2004)

The criterion or specification on fatigue design has been generally based on fatigue strength curve derived by tests on specimens with varying thickness (10-30mm). Making the plate thicker, however, also decreases fatigue strength. It has been noted from the test results and the results of the analysis by fracture mechanics that the effect of thickness cannot be bypassed. From the several fatigue strength curves of specimen tests, modification of fatigue strength on plate thickness has been proposed. In this study, fatigue tests on SM520C-TMC were carried out, and the effects of thickness were evaluated. Finally, in consideration of the thickness, the modification of fatigue strength was derived. Comparing the results of this paper with those of previous studies, an outline of the behavior obtained is similar to previous ones, but the rate of decrease is smaller.
Construction Methods for $D$-Optimum Weighing Designs when $n \equiv 3 (\operatorname{mod} 4)$ (1982)

In the setting where the weights of $k$ objects are to be determined in $n$ weighings on a chemical balance (or equivalent problems), for $n \equiv 3 (\operatorname{mod} 4)$, Ehlich and others have characterized certain "block matrices" $C$ such that, if $X'X = C$ where $X(n \times k)$ has entries $\pm1$, then $X$ is an optimum design for the weighing problem. We give methods here for constructing $X$'s for which $X'X$ is a block matrix, and show that it is the optimum $C$ for infinitely many $(n, k)$. A table of known constructibility results for $n < 100$ is given.
Effect of tamoxifen on mammographic density. (2000)

There are strong data showing that increased breast cancer risk is associated with increased mammographic density. Tamoxifen has been shown to decrease the risk of invasive breast cancer and decrease breast density. We sought to demonstrate and calculate the extent of change in mammographic density in women who have taken tamoxifen for up to 2 years. We evaluated mammograms from 28 high-risk women who were taking tamoxifen. Four different methods of evaluation were used: (a) two qualitative methods (Wolfe criteria and the American College of Radiology Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System criteria); (b) one semiquantitative method (mammograms were assigned one of five semiquantitative scores by visual inspection); and (c) one quantitative method (computer-aided calculation of fibroglandular area from digitized mammograms). The Wolfe criteria showed a 0.03 category decrease per year (P = 0.50). The American College of Radiology Breast Imaging and Reporting Data System criteria showed a 0.1 category decrease per year (P = 0.12). Semiquantitative criteria showed a 0.2 category decrease per year (P = 0.039). Digitized scores showed a 4.3% decrease per year (P = 0.0007). In conclusion, tamoxifen causes a decrease in mammographic density with use, an effect that is better quantitated with semiquantitative criteria or digitized images. Density change might become useful as a surrogate end point for the effect of tamoxifen and other chemopreventive measures, although our data do not predict an individual's degree of risk reduction.
Optimization of silicon-photonic crystal (PhC) waveguide for a compact and high extinction ratio TM-pass polarization filter (2020)

A silicon photonic crystal waveguide based design of a highly-compact transverse-magnetic pass polarization filter has been proposed in this paper. The device utilizes both the index guiding and bandgap property simultaneously to realize its operation as a polarizer. Optimizations of different device-parameters, such as the radius of the holes, width, thickness, and length of the waveguide, have been performed for attaining its paramount performance. A small waveguide length, in the order of 5 μm, has shown a high extinction ratio, i.e., 45 dB, at the wavelength of 1550 nm. A uniform bandwidth of ≈120 nm is observed, beyond the extinction ratio of 40 dB, along with a remarkably low insertion loss, i.e., ≈0.6 dB. Investigations are also performed to evaluate performances of the polarizer under possible fabrication disorders, which depicts a sustained performance up to at least a random fabrication disorder of 30 nm. These merits make the polarizer suitable for applications in densely integrable photonic integrated circuits.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Development of Polyamine Analogues as Antitumor Agents (2009)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Through Glass Via (TGV) Technology for RF Applications (2015)

Over the past several years there have been substantial advancements in through glass via (TGV) technology. There is an excellent opportunity to leverage TGV technology and the insulating properties of glass, to address next generation needs for RF components. Multi-bands multi-standards with carrier aggregation and WiFi and GPS coexistence make RF front end more and more complicated. In order to address the best-fit filtering solutions to RF front end, high-performance inductors and capacitors are required. For inductors, drastic performance improvement in terms of size and quality factor has been demonstrated by technology evolutions from 2D planar inductors to 3D solenoid using TGV. On top of the TGV inductors, we have successfully integrated Cu MIM (metal-insulator-metal) capacitors by using 15um thick Cu plates and a Si-N dielectric layer.
Selective Extraction Methods for Aluminium,Iron and Organic Carbon from Montane Volcanic Ash Soils (2011)

Montane volcanic ash soils contain disproportionate amounts of soil organic carbon and thereby play an often underestimated role in the global carbon cycle.Given the central role of Al and Fe in stabilizing organic matter in volcanic ash soils,we assessed various extraction methods of Al,Fe,and C fractions from montane volcanic ash soils in northern Ecuador,aiming at elucidating the role of Al and Fe in stabilizing soil organic matter(SOM).We found extractions with cold sodium hydroxide,ammonium oxalate/oxalic acid,sodium pyrophosphate,and sodium tetraborate to be particularly useful.Combination of these methods yielded information about the role of the mineral phase in stabilizing organic matter and the differences in type and degree of complexation of organic matter with Al and Fe in the various horizons and soil profiles.Sodium tetraborate extraction proved the only soft extraction method that yielded simultaneous information about the Al,Fe,and C fractions extracted.It also appeared to differentiate between SOM fractions of different stability.The fractions of copper chloride-and potassium chloride-extractable Al were useful in assessing the total reactive and toxic Al fractions,respectively.The classical subdivision of organic matter into humic acids,fulvic acids,and humin added little useful information.The use of fulvic acids as a proxy for mobile organic matter as done in several model-based approaches seems invalid in the soils studied.
Crystallization of free standing bulk GaN by HVPE (2006)

Abstract Gallium nitride was crystallized on 2 inch MOVPE GaN/sapphire substrates by Hydride Vapor Phase Epitaxy. A stable growth has been achieved in long duration (>10 h) processes at growth rates bigger than 100 μm/h. As a result, entirely transparent and colorless bulk crystals with thickness exceeding 2 mm were obtained. The cracks in the thick HVPE GaN layers deposited on the MOVPE GaN/sapphire substrates can appear especially during cooling of the system after crystallization. It is shown that the formation of cracks at cooling is dependent on the gradients in the layer thickness The relaxation of strains in the resulting crystal coupled to the substrate leads to the self separation of GaN from sapphire. (At present 30 x 30 x 2 mm free standing bulk GaN crystals are obtained). The GaN crystals are characterized by defect selective etching (DSE) and X‐ray diffraction. The density of threading dislocations (measured by DSE of (0001) surface) decreases with the thickness of the HVPE layer and becomes lower than 10 7 cm –2 in the layers thicker than app. 1 mm. The X‐ray rocking curves for (0002) reflection (slit 0.5 x 0.1 mm) are in the range of 80–95 arcsec. However, larger scans reveal bending of crystallographic {0001} planes. The behavior of these “deformed” free standing crystals used as substrates for HVPE re‐growth is also analyzed. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Future Directions in Lamellar Corneal Transplantation (2007)

The concept of lamellar keratoplasty (LK) is that of targeted lamellar replacement of corneal tissue while retaining normal cornea. It involves replacing either anterior stroma [anterior lamellar keratoplasty (ALK)] or posterior replacement of deep stromal and endothelial layers [posterior lamellar keratoplasty (PLK) or endothelial keratoplasty]. Despite the distinct advantages of ALK surgery, penetrating keratoplasty (PK) remains the most common procedure-largely because lamellar surgery is more technically demanding and time consuming, and interface irregularity arising from manual lamellar dissection often results in suboptimal visual outcomes. Recent improvements of surgical technique and advances in instrumentation such as microkeratome-assisted lamellar transplantation have contributed to improved visual quality with LK surgery. Long-term graft survival rates and endothelial cell counts after PK continue to drop for many years after surgery, clearly showing the disadvantage of unnecessary replacement of healthy endothelium in anterior-stromal disorders. The aim of this review is to evaluate the shifting emphasis from penetrating to lamellar forms of corneal transplantation and to highlight some future directions in lamellar surgery including new techniques in both ALK and PLK and the use of microkeratomes and femtosecond lasers to enhance outcomes.