gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemistry of Mixed Melanogenesis—Pivotal Roles of Dopaquinone<sup>†</sup> (2007)

Melanins can be classified into two major groups-insoluble brown to black pigments termed eumelanin and alkali-soluble yellow to reddish-brown pigments termed pheomelanin. Both types of pigment derive from the common precursor dopaquinone (ortho-quinone of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine) which is formed via the oxidation of l-tyrosine by the melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase. Dopaquinone is a highly reactive ortho-quinone that plays pivotal roles in the chemical control of melanogenesis. In the absence of sulfhydryl compounds, dopaquinone undergoes intramolecular cyclization to form cyclodopa, which is then rapidly oxidized by a redox reaction with dopaquinone to give dopachrome (and dopa). Dopachrome then gradually and spontaneously rearranges to form 5,6-dihydroxyindole and to a lesser extent 5,6-dihydroxyindole-2-carboxylic acid, the ratio of which is determined by a distinct melanogenic enzyme termed dopachrome tautomerase (tyrosinase-related protein-2). Oxidation and subsequent polymerization of these dihydroxyindoles leads to the production of eumelanin. However, when cysteine is present, this process gives rise preferentially to the production of cysteinyldopa isomers. Cysteinyldopas are subsequently oxidized through redox reaction with dopaquinone to form cysteinyldopaquinones that eventually lead to the production of pheomelanin. Pulse radiolysis studies of early stages of melanogenesis (involving dopaquinone and cysteine) indicate that mixed melanogenesis proceeds in three distinct stages-the initial production of cysteinyldopas, followed by their oxidation to produce pheomelanin, followed finally by the production of eumelanin. Based on these data, a casing model of mixed melanogenesis is proposed in which a preformed pheomelanic core is covered by a eumelanic surface.
Improving performance of non-duplexer active transceiver antenna with defected structures (2010)

The implementation of an active transceiver patch antenna without duplexer is reported. The isolation of the transmitting–receiving ports is increased by almost 20 dB by using defected ground structure patterns obtaining more than 50 dB; besides, cross-polarisation levels are also decreased by more than 15 dB. On the other hand, the use of spur lines allows increasing the linearity of the transmitting path, obtaining a low-harmonic distortion class E power amplifier. In the receiving path, a high-linear low noise amplifier (LNA) is employed with a third-order input intercept point close to 20 dBm. Both amplifiers are built with heterounion bipolar transistor (HBT). To prove the idea, as an example, the operation frequencies and channel separation of the GSM1800 were taken into account for a practical design. The complete active antenna is developed with characteristic impedances different from 50 Ω to obtain optimal performance of the active blocks.
Optimal beam scheduling for multicasting in wireless networks (2009)

We consider the problem of efficient link-layer multicasting in wireless networks with switched beamforming antennas. The inherent tradeoff between multicasting and beamforming -- the broadcast advantage of low-gain omni-directional transmissions versus the high-gain but spatially restricted transmissions of beamforming antennas -- makes this problem especially challenging.
Role of Myristylation in HIV-1 Gag Assembly (2003)

Assembly of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) first occurs on the plasma membrane of host cells where binding is driven by strong electrostatic interactions between the N-terminal matrix (MA) domain of the structural precursor polyprotein, Gag, and the membrane. MA is also myristylated, but the exact role this modification plays is not clear. In this study, we compared the protein oligomerization and membrane binding properties of Myr(+) and Myr(-) Gag(MA) expressed in COS-1 cells. Sedimentation studies in solution showed that both the myristylated Gag precursor and the mature MA product were detected in larger complexes than their unmyristylated counterparts, and the myristylated MA protein bound liposomes with approximately 3-fold greater affinity than unmyristylated MA. Aromatic residues near the N-terminal region of the MA protein were more accessible to chymotrypsin in the unmyristylated form and, consistent with this, an epitope in the N-terminal region was more exposed. Moreover, the cyclophilin binding site in the CA domain downstream of MA was more accessible in the unmyristylated Gag protein, while the Tsg101 binding site in the C-terminal region was equally available in the unmyristylated and myristylated Gag proteins. Taken together, our results suggest that myristylation promotes assembly by inducing conformational changes and facilitating MA multimerization. This observation offers a novel role for myristylation.
Osteopontin Deficiency Produces Osteoclast Dysfunction Due to Reduced CD44 Surface Expression (2003)

Osteopontin (OPN) was expressed in murine wild-type osteoclasts, localized to the basolateral, clear zone, and ruffled border membranes, and deposited in the resorption pits during bone resorption. The lack of OPN secretion into the resorption bay of avian osteoclasts may be a component of their functional resorption deficiency in vitro. Osteoclasts deficient in OPN were hypomotile and exhibited decreased capacity for bone resorption in vitro. OPN stimulated CD44 expression on the osteoclast surface, and CD44 was shown to be required for osteoclast motility and bone resorption. Exogenous addition of OPN to OPN-/- osteoclasts increased the surface expression of CD44, and it rescued osteoclast motility due to activation of the alpha(v)beta(3) integrin. Exogenous OPN only partially restored bone resorption because addition of OPN failed to produce OPN secretion into resorption bays as seen in wild-type osteoclasts. As expected with these in vitro findings of osteoclast dysfunction, a bone phenotype, heretofore unappreciated, was characterized in OPN-deficient mice. Delayed bone resorption in metaphyseal trabeculae and diminished eroded perimeters despite an increase in osteoclast number were observed in histomorphometric measurements of tibiae isolated from OPN-deficient mice. The histomorphometric findings correlated with an increase in bone rigidity and moment of inertia revealed by load-to-failure testing of femurs. These findings demonstrate the role of OPN in osteoclast function and the requirement for OPN as an osteoclast autocrine factor during bone remodeling.
SEDATION IN MEDICAL RETRIEVAL – CHALLENGES AND FUTURE PRACTICE (2018)

ABSTRACT Anaesthetic Awareness is the recall of events that occur during sedation and is a serious complication thought to occur in 0.1 to 0.2 % of the general surgical population. Sedation is an important tool used in medical retrieval, however its use in the aerospace environment is unique in its challenges for clinicians. Many of the patients carry risk factors for anaesthetic awareness and the mode of anaesthesia appropriate for the aerospace environment, total intravenous anaesthesia, also carries a higher risk compared to other methods. In addition the aerospace environment has other challenges not specific to sedation including noise distractions and the physiological effects of high altitude on patients which can impact on the ability to provide adequate sedation. Given all this, patients receiving sedation during medical retrieval would seem to be at a higher risk of anaesthetic awareness than many of their counterparts on the ground. For many high risk patients in hospitals technology such as brain monitoring has been shown to be effective in reducing awareness. Therefore as patients in the air are as likely, if not more likely to be at risk of awareness the use of this aid in medical retrieval is raised for consideration. However this technology will only ever be an adjunct to clinical expertise and an overall understanding of the flight environment and its challenges will allow for best patient care possible and the reduction of awareness during sedation.
Derivation of Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Patients with Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young* (2013)

Maturity onset diabetes of the young (MODY) is an autosomal dominant disease. Despite extensive research, the mechanism by which a mutant MODY gene results in monogenic diabetes is not yet clear due to the inaccessibility of patient samples. Induced pluripotency and directed differentiation toward the pancreatic lineage are now viable and attractive methods to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying MODY. Here we report, for the first time, the derivation of human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) from patients with five types of MODY: MODY1 (HNF4A), MODY2 (GCK), MODY3 (HNF1A), MODY5 (HNF1B), and MODY8 (CEL) with a polycistronic lentiviral vector expressing a Cre-excisable human "stem cell cassette" containing the four reprogramming factors OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and CMYC. These MODY-hiPSCs morphologically resemble human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), express pluripotency markers OCT4, SOX2, NANOG, SSEA-4, and TRA-1-60, give rise to derivatives of the three germ layers in a teratoma assay, and are karyotypically normal. Overall, our MODY-hiPSCs serve as invaluable tools to dissect the role of MODY genes in the development of pancreas and islet cells and to evaluate their significance in regulating beta cell function. This knowledge will aid future attempts aimed at deriving functional mature beta cells from hPSCs.
Inhibition of proliferation of a colon cancer cell line by indole‐3‐carbinol (2002)

OBJECTIVE: To observe the effect of Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a naturally occurring component of cruciferous vegetables, on cell proliferation of a colon cancer cell line. METHODS: Cell proliferation was measured using three different methods; 3H-thymidine incorporation, cell count and colourimetric assay. RESULTS: Each method of measurement revealed that I3C significantly reduced cell proliferation at concentrations of > 0.1 mM. CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrates for the first time the capacity of indole-3-carbinol to inhibit cell proliferation of a colon cancer cell line.
Evolving structures for electronic dance music (2013)

We present GESMI (Generative Electronica Statistical Modeling Instrument), a software system that generates Electronic Dance Music (EDM) using evolutionary methods. While using machine learning, GESMI rests on a corpus analysed and transcribed by domain experts. We describe a method for generating the overall form of a piece and individual parts, including specific patterns sequences, using evolutionary algorithms. Lastly, we describe how the user can use contextually-relevant target features to query the generated database of strong individual patterns. As our main focus is upon artistic results, our methods themselves use an iterative, somewhat evolutionary, design process based upon our reaction to results.
A Case Study of one Patient who has the Sudden Deafness and Tinnitus caused by Stress (2003)

The sudden deafness and tinnitus caused by stress is a very common otorhinolaryngologic disease. But, we do not know the exact cause and the healing method of that. We have a case report of the patient who has the sudden deafness and tinnitus caused by stress. He has also insomnia, neck pain, general weakness and so forth. In this study the patient classified by Sasang constitutional medicine had a notable medical effects. And in the result, any symptoms are not remained. So we report the healing process and result of this patient in this study.
Effects of trehalose in canine lung preservation. (1994)

These findings show that trehalose is effective in the preservation of lungs for 12 hours.
120 Years of Nanosilver History: Implications for Policy Makers (2011)

Nanosilver is one nanomaterial that is currently under a lot of scrutiny. Much of the discussion is based on the assumption that nanosilver is something new that has not been seen until recently and that the advances in nanotechnology opened completely new application areas for silver. However, we show in this analysis that nanosilver in the form of colloidal silver has been used for more than 100 years and has been registered as a biocidal material in the United States since 1954. Fifty-three percent of the EPA-registered biocidal silver products likely contain nanosilver. Most of these nanosilver applications are silver-impregnated water filters, algicides, and antimicrobial additives that do not claim to contain nanoparticles. Many human health standards for silver are based on an analysis of argyria occurrence (discoloration of the skin, a cosmetic condition) from the 1930s and include studies that considered nanosilver materials. The environmental standards on the other hand are based on ionic silver and may need to be re-evaluated based on recent findings that most silver in the environment, regardless of the original silver form, is present in the form of small clusters or nanoparticles. The implications of this analysis for policy of nanosilver is that it would be a mistake for regulators to ignore the accumulated knowledge of our scientific and regulatory heritage in a bid to declare nanosilver materials as new chemicals, with unknown properties and automatically harmful simply on the basis of a change in nomenclature to the term “nano”.
Anatomy and physiology of collateral respiratory pathways (1989)

When complete obstruction of an airway occurs, ventilation and gas exchange distal to the obstruction can be preserved if "collateral ventilation" exists. Three collateral pathways have been described: the interalveolar, the bronchioloalveolar and the interbronchiolar communications. The various techniques used to measure collateral flow, resistance, compliance and time constant are described, with particular attention to those trying to separate the resistances of intrasegmental and collateral pathways. The various techniques used to measure collateral flow, resistance, compliance and time constant are described, with particular attention to those trying to separate the resistances of intrasegmental and collateral pathways. The relative importance of collateral ventilation in humans and animals is shown; factors affecting this ventilation are described: type of flow, lung volume, surface tension, alveolar CO2, pulmonary circulation and oedema, cholinergic and adrenergic receptors, histamine, interdependence. Parenchymal diseases disturb collateral flow; on the other hand, collateral channels can provide alternative pathways in various human pathologies.
Position-dependent coupling between a channel waveguide and a distorted microsphere resonator (2010)

Glass microsphere resonators have the potential to add significant functionality to planar lightwave circuits when coupled to waveguides where they can provide wavelength filtering, delay and low-power switching, and laser functions. Design of such photonic circuits requires precise coupling between spheres and waveguides to allow control of Q-factor and hence of stored energy and resonator bandwidth. In this paper an erbium-doped silicate glass microsphere is coupled to an ion-exchanged glass waveguide, and excitation spectra for the sphere whispering-gallery modes are determined as a function of spatial separation. Modal assignment allows extraction of the physical parameters of the microsphere and the dependence of Q-factor with separation is compared with theory. All practical microspheres exhibit a small degree of ellipticity and the effects of this upon whispering-gallery mode excitation and wavelength splitting are explored. It has been shown that appropriate displacement and orientation of slightly deformed microspheres with respect to the waveguide can be used to control the effective Q-factor and optimize the spectral shape of the optical devices. This can result in either single high-Q peaks or substantially broadened and spectrally flattened resonances.
Randomised controlled trial of calcium and supplementation with cholecalciferol (vitamin D <sub>3</sub> ) for prevention of fractures in primary care (2005)

We found no evidence that calcium and vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of clinical fractures in women with one or more risk factors for hip fracture. Registration ISRCTN26118436, controlled trials registry.
Oestrogen-induced apoptosis in colonocytes expressing oestrogen receptor beta (2002)

Epidemiological studies of postmenopausal hormone replacement therapy show a reduction in the risk of developing colon cancer, and animal studies using 17beta-oestradiol (E(2)) demonstrate a decreased incidence of chemically-induced colon cancer. Using the colon cancer cell line, COLO205, we found that E(2) induced a dose-dependent increase in DNA fragmentation and nuclear condensation, significant effects being seen at 10(-12 )mol/l. BSA-conjugated E(2), which cannot enter cells, was ineffective at inducing apoptosis in COLO205 cells, indicating that E(2) was not acting through a cell-membrane receptor. E(2) did not induce the morphological changes characteristic of differentiation. Using RT-PCR we found that the oestrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha) isoform was absent in the COLO205 cell line in contrast to CACO-2, LoVo and SW620 cells, but mRNAs for ERbeta1, -beta2, -beta5 and -beta6 isoforms were detected. Western immunoblotting results showed full-length ERbeta protein but no detectable ERalpha in COLO205 cells. In normal human colon tissue samples immunoreactive ERbeta was found but ERalpha was barely detectable. Expression of ERbeta was lost in some colon cancer specimens and reduced in others. We conclude that E(2), through ERbeta, at concentrations found during replacement therapy, may inhibit the development of colon cancer by inducing apoptosis.
Paradoxical roles of caspase-3 in regulating cell survival, proliferation, and tumorigenesis (2022)

Caspase-3 is a widely expressed member of a conserved family of proteins, generally recognized for their activated proteolytic roles in the execution of apoptosis in cells responding to specific extrinsic or intrinsic inducers of this mode of cell death. However, accumulating evidence indicates that caspase-3 also plays key roles in regulating the growth and homeostatic maintenance of both normal and malignant cells and tissues in multicellular organisms. Given that yeast possess an ancestral caspase-like gene suggests that the caspase-3 protein may have acquired different functions later during evolution to better meet the needs of more complex multicellular organisms, but without necessarily losing all of the functions of its ancestral yeast precursor. This review provides an update on what has been learned about these interesting dichotomous roles of caspase-3, their evolution, and their potential relevance to malignant as well as normal cell biology.
Real-Time Cloud Rendering (2001)

This paper presents a method for realistic real-time rendering of clouds suitable for flight simulation and games. It provides a cloud shading algorithm that approximates multiple forward scattering in a preprocess, and first order anisotropic scattering at runtime. Impostors are used to accelerate cloud rendering by exploiting frame-to-frame coherence in an interactive flight simulation. Impostors are shown to be particularly well suited to clouds, even in circumstances under which they cannot be applied to the rendering of polygonal geometry. The method allows hundreds of clouds and hundreds of thousands of particles to be rendered at high frame rates, and improves interaction with clouds by reducing artifacts introduced by direct particle rendering techniques.
Structure of the 5S rRNA genes in birch (<i>Betula papyrifera</i>) and alder (<i>Alnus incana</i>) (1992)

Hybridization of a 5S rDNA probe to Southern transfers of birch (Betula papyrifera) or alder (Alnus incana) DNA digested with BamH1 reveals similar triple-band "ladder-like" patterns. The sizes of sequenced 5S repeat units from both plants ranges only from 471 to 490 base pairs, suggesting that the complexity detected by Southern analysis is not due to different size classes of 5S repeats as found in other species. Within the intercistronic spacer region, conservation of large blocks of sequence between birch and alder 5S is observed implying a close evolutionary relationship between these two species. In both species, a duplication of part of the coding sequence including a restriction site for BamH1 introduces a second BamH1 site into the repeat unit. Differential methylation of the two BamHI restriction sites can account for the observed triple-band pattern.
Active autofocusing using an apertured Gaussian beam (1976)

A method of autofocusing a Gaussian beam with obscuration onto a small target, down range and on the beam axis, is presented. For a source with a sinusoidally time varying focus (dither) the temporal spectra of the reflected signal can be very accurately calculated for ranges where Fresnel approximations are valid. For such ranges certain spectral components in the reflected signal undergo significant phase and amplitude changes while passing through true focus. The closed loop control strategy naturally evolves from these properties.
Electrochemically Synthesized Co and Fe Nanowires and Nanotubes (1999)

We report the synthesis of and nanowires and nanotubes electrochemically deposited through nanoporous membranes. Depending upon the pulse electrodeposition parameters, the structure of nanowires is either a pure hexagonal phase or a poly‐type structure related to the stacking of hexagonal and face‐centered cubic forms. Similarly, iron nanowires can be prepared with single or multicrystallographic phases. The control of the wire structure was achieved via the overpotential used to initiate growth. Moreover, nanotubes, whose formation could result from a complexation between metal ions and the polymeric membrane, were also directly synthesized. ©2000 The Electrochemical Society
Oral Allergy Syndrome to Chicory Associated with Birch Pollen Allergy (2003)

Chicory should be added to the list of foods that can cross-react with birch pollen and cause the birch pollen-associated oral allergy syndrome.