gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential expression of human nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α subunit variants in muscle and non-muscle tissues (1993)

The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) is an oligomeric transmembrane glycoprotein consisting of four homologous subunits in stoichiometry of alpha 2, beta (gamma or epsilon). Recently the presence of a novel exon (P3A) in human alpha AChR gene has been reported. Two variants of the human alpha subunit arise from alternate RNA splicing, one with and one without the P3A exon. However, the evolutionary origin of the P3A exon and the regulation of the expression of the two variants in human muscle and non-human tissues is currently unknown. Examination of genomic DNA from various species shows that the P3A exon sequence is present only in hominoids, old world and new world primates species and is absent in the muscle cDNA or genomic DNA from rat, mouse or dog, indicating that P3A exon is evolutionary conserved for at least 50 million years. The P3A+ variant of alpha subunit was found to be constitutively expressed in skeletal muscle, brain, heart, kidney, liver, lung and thymus, while P3A-variant was differentially expressed only in skeletal muscle. Thus it appears that the P3A+ variant is generated by 'default' selection by the splicing machinery, while expression of the P3A- variant is regulated by tissue-specific factors in the skeletal muscle. Mechanisms regulating differential expression of the alpha subunit variants may be pertinent to the pathophysiology of myasthenia gravis.
All-solid-state microscope-based system for picosecond time-resolved photoluminescence measurements on II-VI semiconductors (1992)

A novel, entirely solid-state, instrument has been developed for the study of time-resolved photoluminescence in a wide variety of bulk semiconductors, low-dimensional structures, and other materials. This system uses a frequency-doubled GaAlAs diode laser (pulse width 30 ps) as the 415-nm pump source and a silicon single-photon avalanche diode for detection of photoluminescence. The time-correlated single photon counting technique allows measurement of photoluminescence decays in the temporal region of 10 ps to ≳500 ns with high statistical accuracy. In addition, the combination of a microscope with a small-area detector provides a spatial resolution of &lt;5 μm. This system is currently being used for the measurement of picosecond time-resolved photoluminescence from II-VI semiconductors.
Ring-Resonator-Inspired Power Recycling Scheme for Gain-Enhanced Distributed Amplifier-Based CRLH-Transmission Line Leaky Wave Antennas (2012)

We propose a novel power recycling scheme for distributed amplifiers (DAs) integrated with composite-right/left handed transmission line leaky wave antennas (LWAs). This new type of power recycling scheme is essentially inspired by a ring-resonator. By forming a closed-loop on the drain side LWA of the DA, we create the ring-resonator that is actively coupled by the DA from the gate line and hence can obtain a substantial gain enhancement compared to the one directly terminated without the loop. Such enhancement fluctuates with respect to the frequency. At the resonant frequencies of the closed-loop ring-resonator, the enhancement reaches a maximum. The phenomenon will be explained and derived theoretically in detail, and then validated through the real implementation.
Human mononuclear phagocyte differentiation antigens. I. Patterns of antigenic expression on the surface of human monocytes and macrophages defined by monoclonal antibodies. (1983)

Abstract Six newly developed monoclonal antibodies recognizing antigenic determinants expressed on the surface of human mononuclear phagocytes (MoPh) were applied to the antigenic analysis of this cell lineage. Antibody binding was detected by indirect immunofluorescence in conventional microscopy and flow microfluorometry. Through additive experiments, competitive blocking experiments and differences in the distribution histograms of immunofluorescence, evidence was obtained that each antibody detected a distinct antigenic determinant. Different increases in the amount of each antigen and in the frequency of positive cells were found on fluid or tissue macrophages when compared to blood monocytes. The six reagents could be placed in three general groups based on certain similar characteristics in their patterns of antigen expression. The reagents MϕP-9, MϕS-1, and MϕS-39 reacted with antigens found at high densities on up to 94% of phagocyte cells in purified blood monocyte preparations and on the vast majority of fluid or tissue macrophages. The reagent MϕP-15 recognized an antigen expressed at intermediate density on an average of 70% of blood monocytes and at greater density on almost all fluid and tissue macrophages. The reagents MϕP-7 and MϕR-17 detected antigens that were present at very low densities on 36% or less of blood monocytes but in larger quantities on almost all fluid or tissue macrophages; small amounts of these two antigens were also identified on a subpopulation of T cell blasts but not on resting T cells. The distribution and characteristics of the antigens recognized by the latter three reagents suggest they appear in sequence on the more mature members of the lineage MoPh and that their pattern of expression on blood monocytes defines three subsets.
A neuromorphic visual system using RRAM synaptic devices with Sub-pJ energy and tolerance to variability: Experimental characterization and large-scale modeling (2012)

We report the use of metal oxide resistive switching memory (RRAM) as synaptic devices for a neuromorphic visual system. At the device level, we experimentally characterized the gradual resistance modulation of RRAM by hundreds of identical pulses. As compared with phase change memory (PCM) reported recently in [1,2], >100×-1000× energy consumption reduction was achieved in RRAM as synaptic devices (<;1 pJ per spike). Based on the experimental results, we developed a stochastic model to quantify the device switching dynamics. At the system level, we simulated the performance of image orientation selectivity on a neuromorphic visual system which consists of 1,024 CMOS neuron circuits and 16,348 RRAM synaptic devices. It was found that the system can tolerate the temporal and spatial variability which are commonly present in RRAM devices, suggesting the feasibility of large-scale hardware implementation of neuromorphic system using RRAM synaptic devices.
Low write-energy STT-MRAMs using FinFET-based access transistors (2014)

Spin-Transfer Torque Magnetic RAM (STT-MRAM) technology requires a high current in order to write data into memory cells, which gives rise to large access transistors in conventional MOS-accessed cells. On the other hand, FinFET devices offer higher ON current and denser layout compared with planar CMOS transistors. This paper thus proposes the design of an energy-efficient STT-MRAM cell which utilizes a FinFET access transistor. To assess the performance of the new cell, optimal layout-related parameters of the FinFET access transistor and the MTJ are analytically derived in order to minimize the STT-MRAM cell area. Afterwards, detailed cell- and architecture-level comparisons between FinFET- vs. MOS-accessed STT-MRAMs are performed. According to the comparison results, while the area of the MOS-accessed STT-MRAM increases significantly under 3ns write pulse width (τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">w</sub> ), the FinFET-based design can effectively function under τ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">w</sub> = 2ns, at the cost of slight increase in the memory area. Hence, the FinFET-accessed STT-MRAM offers denser area and higher energy efficiency compared with the conventional MOS-accessed counterpart.
A Unique Fungal Two-Component System Regulates Stress Responses, Drug Sensitivity, Sexual Development, and Virulence of<i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> (2006)

The stress-activated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is widely used by eukaryotic organisms as a central conduit via which cellular responses to the environment effect growth and differentiation. The basidiomycetous human fungal pathogen Cryptococcus neoformans uniquely uses the stress-activated Pbs2-Hog1 MAPK system to govern a plethora of cellular events, including stress responses, drug sensitivity, sexual reproduction, and virulence. Here, we characterized a fungal “two-component” system that controls these fundamental cellular functions via the Pbs2-Hog1 MAPK cascade. A typical response regulator, Ssk1, modulated all Hog1-dependent phenotypes by controlling Hog1 phosphorylation, indicating that Ssk1 is the major upstream signaling component of the Pbs2-Hog1 pathway. A second response regulator, Skn7, governs sensitivity to Na + ions and the antifungal agent fludioxonil, negatively controls melanin production, and functions independently of Hog1 regulation. To control these response regulators, C. neoformans uses multiple sensor kinases, including two-component–like (Tco) 1 and Tco2. Tco1 and Tco2 play shared and distinct roles in stress responses and drug sensitivity through the Hog1 MAPK system. Furthermore, each sensor kinase mediates unique cellular functions for virulence and morphological differentiation. Our findings highlight unique adaptations of this global two-component MAPK signaling cascade in a ubiquitous human fungal pathogen.
A Novel Highly Site-Selective Synthesis of 2,4,7-Triarylpyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines by a Combination of Palladium(0)-, Nickel(0)-, and Copper(I)-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions (2013)

An efficient highly site-selective synthesis of 2,4,7-triarylpyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidines from 4-chloro-2-methylthiopyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine has been developed. The proposed synthetic pathway is based on three sequential arylation reactions: Suzuki coupling at position 4 of pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine, copper(I)-catalyzed N(7)-arylation and nickel(0)-catalyzed desulfitative reaction of 2-methylthio group with aryl Grignard reagents.
Adaptive Limited Feedback for Sum-Rate Maximizing Beamforming in Cooperative Multicell Systems (2010)

Base station cooperation improves the sum-rates that can be achieved in cellular systems. Conventional cooperation techniques require sharing large amounts of information over finite-capacity backhaul links and assume that base stations have full channel state information (CSI) of all the active users in the system. In this paper, a new limited feedback strategy is proposed for multicell beamforming where cooperation is restricted to sharing only the CSI of active users among base stations. The system setup considered is a linear array of cells based on the “soft hand-off model,” where each cell contains single-antenna users and multi-antenna base stations. Beamforming vectors are designed using a generalized eigenvector approach to maximize the sum-rate in a single-interferer scenario, at high signal to noise ratio. Users are assumed to feedback quantized CSI of the desired and interfering channels using a finite-bandwidth feedback link. An upper bound on the mean loss in sum rate due to random vector quantization is derived. A new feedback-bit allocation strategy, to partition the available bits between the desired and interfering channels, is developed to reduce the mean loss in sum-rate due to quantization for the soft hand-off model. The proposed feedback-bit partitioning algorithm is shown, using simulations, to yield sum-rates close to the those obtained using full CSI at base station.
Determination of a Method to Predict 1-RM Chin and Dip from Repetitive Chins and Dips (1967)

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine an accurate method of predicting 1-RM chinning and dipping strength from number of chins and dips performed at bodyweight. Fifty-seven male college students were tested for 1-RM chin and number of chins able to be performed at 130 lb., 150 lb., 170 lb., and 190 lb. of bodyweight. A procedure was used which added or subtracted weight to bodyweight to attain these loads. The correlation coefficients between number of chins at each load and 1-RM chin ranged from .863 to .953. The 1-RM chin was predicted and compared to actual 1-RM chin. The standard errors of estimate of predicted 1-RM chin from actual 1-RM chin ranged from 13.42 lb. at 130 lb. to 7.07 lb. at 170 lb. Fifty-nine other college students were tested for 1-RM dip and number of dips performed at bodyweight. The 1-RM dip was predicted, using the equation to predict 1-RM chin, and compared to actual 1-RM dip. The standard error of estimate of predicted 1-RM dip from actual 1-RM dip was 7.26 lb. It was concluded that the method used to predict 1-RM chin and dip was highly accurate.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF OXAZOLYLINDOLE ALKALOIDS FROM TRYPTAMINE AND TRYPTOPHAN BY OXIDATION WITH 2,3‐DICHLORO‐5,6‐DICYANOBENZOQUINONE (1981)

Abstract Die Indole (Ia) und (Ib) werden von DDQ in Gegenwart von H 2 O (10% in THF) zu den Ketonen (II) bzw. den entsprechenden α‐Acylamino‐β‐keto‐estern oxidiert.
Variation analysis of E1 and E2 in hepatitis C virus subtypes (2018)

Objective
Understanding the genomic variability of hepatitis C virus(HCV) is crucial to treatment of HCV infection.


Method
In this study, we used the appropriate software to analyze the nucleotide, and amino acid sequences of the envelope proteins (E1 and E2) of HCV to investigate the extent of their variability in several HCV subtypes (1a, 1b, 2a, 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a and 6a) and calculated the ratio of nonsynonymous to synonymous substitutions (dN/dS) in these proteins to investigate the immunological pressure acting on them.We also predicted the N-glycosylation sites in E1 and E2 to determine their association with viral neutralization.


Result
We found that E1 is more variable, has a higher dN/dS ratio, and has more N-glycosylation sites than E2 in HCV subtype 1b.


Conclusion
This indicates that the variability of E1, its dN/dS ratio, and its degree of N-glycosylation might play an important role in the treatment of infection with HCV subtype 1b.


Key words: 
Hepatitis C Virus; Envelope; Variability; dN/dS; N-glycosylation sites
Ocular Anterior Segment Biometry and High-Order Wavefront Aberrations During Accommodation (2013)

The anterior segment biometry and the HOAs changed significantly during accommodation. The increase in HOAs mainly was due to the increased convexity of the anterior surface of the lens during accommodation. Contraction of the pupil may help to decrease HOAs.
Process and Circuit Optimization for Power Reduction Using DDC Transistors (2014)

The Deeply Depleted Channel (DDC) transistor architecture offers 2 to 3 times improvement in body coefficient and 60 percent improvement in local mismatch in 55-nm technology, extending design techniques such as body biasing with voltage scaling to more recent technology nodes. This article presents a body bias architecture for adaptive correction of manufacturing variation, with less than 0.5 percent area penalty for the bias generators. Process monitors with digital readout independently detect p-channel MOS (PMOS) and n-channel MOS (NMOS) process windows. Fujitsu Semiconductor Limited offers DDC technology in its CS250S 55-nm production qualified process, and is currently in production with its first DDC product, a seventh-generation Milbeaut digital-camera processor that performs at twice the performance of the previous generation with 30 percent less power.
Notes- Preparation of Vinylene Carbonate (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNotes- Preparation of Vinylene CarbonateW Johnson and Tad PattonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 6, 1042Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1960Publication History Published online14 March 2003Published inissue 1 June 1960https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01076a606RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views239Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (148 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
New hope in the treatment of painful symptoms in depression. (2003)

Depression is increasingly seen as a triad of psychological, somatic and physical symptoms that all need to be treated to achieve maximal remission. In primary care, physical symptoms such as pain, are the principal presenting symptoms, and a common psychopharmacology between pain and depression suggests that compounds that inhibit the reuptake of both serotonin and norepinephrine are likely to produce the greatest relief from depression and chronic pain. Recent, principally open, trials with members of the new selective serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor class of antidepressants such as venlafaxine, milnacipran and duloxetine (Eli Lilly & Co/Shionogi & Co Ltd), suggest that these compounds may be effective in relieving pain both associated with, and independent of depression.
Quantitative tracking of edema, hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction in subacute myocardial infarction in a porcine model by MRI (2011)

Pathophysiological responses after acute myocardial infarction include edema, hemorrhage, and microvascular obstruction along with cellular damage. The in vivo evolution of these processes simultaneously throughout infarct healing has not been well characterized. The purpose of our study was to quantitatively monitor the time course of these mechanisms by MRI in a porcine model of myocardial infarction. Ten pigs underwent MRI before coronary occlusion with subgroups studied at day 2 and weeks 1, 2, 4, and 6 post-infarction. Tissue characterization was performed using quantitative T2 and T2* maps to identify edema and hemorrhage, respectively. Contrast-enhanced MRI was used for infarct/ microvascular obstruction delineation. Inflammation was reflected by T2 fluctuations, however at day 2, edema and hemorrhage had counter-acting effects on T2. Hemorrhage (all forms) and mineralization (calcium) could be identified by T2* in the presence of edema. Simultaneous resolution of microvascular obstruction and T2* abnormality suggested that the two phenomenon were closely associated during the healing process. Our study demonstrates that quantitative T2 and T2* mapping techniques allow regional, longitudinal, and cross-subject comparisons and give insights into histological and tissue remodeling processes. Such in vivo characterization will be important in grading severity and evaluating treatment strategies for myocardial infarction, potentially improving clinical outcomes.
Detection of <i>Colletotrichum coccodes</i> from soil and potato tubers by conventional and quantitative real‐time PCR (2002)

Colletotrichum coccodes is the causal agent of the potato blemish disease black dot. Two PCR primer sets were designed to sequences of the ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS1 and ITS2) regions for use in a nested PCR. The genus‐specific outer primers (Cc1F1/Cc2R1) were designed to regions common to Colletotrichum spp., and the species‐specific nested primers (Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1) were designed to sequences unique to C . coccodes . The primer sets amplified single products of 447 bp (Cc1F1/Cc2R1) and 349 bp (Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1) with DNA extracted from 33 European and North American isolates of C. coccodes. The specificity of primers Cc1NF1/Cc2NR1 was confirmed by the absence of amplified product with DNA of other species representing the six phylogenetic groups of the genus Colletotrichum and 46 other eukaryotic and prokaryotic plant pathogenic species. A rapid procedure for the direct extraction of DNA from soil and potato tubers was used to verify the PCR assay for detecting C. coccodes in environmental samples. The limit of sensitivity of PCR for the specific detection of C. coccodes when inoculum was added to soils was 3·0 spores per g, or the equivalent of 0·06 microsclerotia per g soil, the lowest level of inoculum tested. Colletotrichum coccodes was also detected by PCR in naturally infested soil and from both potato peel and peel extract from infected and apparently healthy tubers. Specific primers and a TaqMan fluorogenic probe were designed to perform quantitative real‐time (TaqMan) PCR to obtain the same levels of sensitivity for detection of C. coccodes in soil and tubers during a first‐round PCR as with conventional nested PCR and gel electrophoresis. This rapid and quantitative PCR diagnostic assay allows an accurate estimation of tuber and soil contamination by C. coccodes .
Vancomycin–Triacetyl Cyclodextrin Interaction Products for Prolonged Drug Delivery (2008)

The aim of the present work was to investigate the capability of vancomycin (VCM) to interact with three hydrophobic cyclodextrins (TACD) (triacetyl alpha-, beta-, or gamma cyclodextrin) and the role played by the preparation technique in the formation of interaction products aimed at prolonging drug delivery for site-specific treatment of bone infections. Physical mixtures of VCM with triacetyl alpha-, beta-, or gamma-cyclodextrin in a 1:1 molar ratio were subjected to kneading, coevaporation, and spray drying from aqueous suspensions or hydroacetonic solution. Thermal behavior (TG, DSC), percent drug content (HPLC), and drug release (Franz cell) of VCM from the physical mixtures, and the relevant binary systems obtained by the various complexation methods were evaluated. All binary systems were characterized by having a particle size compatible with parenteral site-specific administration and with drug-loading efficiencies close to 100%, thus indicating the stability of vancomycin toward each and every complexation process. In vitro drug release measurements showed that the preparation technique plays a different role depending on the type of cyclodextrin used. In the kneading process, the binary system containing TAalphaCD is the most efficient in slowing down the VCM release. With the coevaporation technique, the system based on TAbetaCD was most effective in prolonging drug release. None of the triacetyl-cyclodextrins is suitable in prolonging VCM release upon spray drying from aqueous suspensions, because this preparation technique does not determine drug-cyclodextrin interaction. On the other hand, spray drying from hydroacetonic solutions always results in a reduction in drug release, linked to the formation of VCM-TACD interaction products and is particularly pronounced for the VCM-TAgammaCD interaction product. The unique properties of prolonging drug release and maintaining the antimicrobial activity of the native drug render such an interaction product the most promising candidate in the development of delivery systems intended for parenteral site-specific administration of VCM.
Epidemiology, Public Health Burden, and Treatment of Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathic Pain: A Review (2007)

This review of DPNP identifies gaps in the literature and highlights the need for further study. The establishment of a consistent definition and diagnostic code for DPNP would improve ability to collect data and understand the impact of DPNP on patients and the health care system. Well-designed, prospective studies are needed to better define the epidemiology and public health burden of DPNP.