gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transfer Learning (2010)

Transfer learning is the improvement of learning in a new task through the transfer of knowledge from a related task that has already been learned. While most machine learning algorithms are designed to address single tasks, the development of algorithms that facilitate transfer learning is a topic of ongoing interest in the machine-learning community. This chapter provides an introduction to the goals, settings, and challenges of transfer learning. It surveys current research in this area, giving an overview of the state of the art and outlining the open problems. The survey covers transfer in both inductive learning and reinforcement learning, and discusses the issues of negative transfer and task mapping.
Blockade of CTLA-4 (CD152) enhances the murine antibody response to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides (2005)

The capsular polysaccharides (caps-PS) of Streptococcus pneumoniae are classified as thymus-independent antigens. Nevertheless, T lymphocytes can modulate the antibody response to caps-PS. In this study, we show that anticytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) treatment, along with administration of caps-PS to BALB/c mice, resulted in a dose-dependent generation of a strong caps-PS-specific antibody response. Anti-CTLA-4 treatment had no effect on the immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody production in athymic nu/nu mice. Anti-CTLA-4 treatment stimulated the IgG antibody production in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)/SCID mice reconstituted with CTLA-4(-/-) B lymphocytes and wild-type T lymphocytes. This excluded the possibility that anti-CTLA-4 enhanced antibody production by direct interaction with B lymphocytes. Anti-CTLA-4 treatment enhanced the antibody production in SCID/SCID mice reconstituted with B lymphocytes and CD4(+) and CD8(+) T lymphocytes but not in SCID/SCID mice reconstituted with B lymphocytes in the absence of CD4(+) and/or CD8(+) cells. Administration of anti-CTLA-4 in BALB/c mice but not in nu/nu mice resulted in a markedly increased production of interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, and interferon-gamma. Taken together, these data strongly suggest a role of T lymphocytes and CTLA-4 in the regulation of the antibody response to caps-PS.
Fast timing analysis for hardware-software co-synthesis (2002)

At the current time, an iterative approach seems to be best suited for hardware/software partitioning in hardware/software co-synthesis with time constraints. To check the timing constraints, the iteration loop contains a timing analysis. Only computation time-intensive RT-level simulation provides sufficient timing precision for complex processor architectures. We present a hardware/software timing analysis, which comes close to the precision of an RT-level simulation in a fraction of the computation time and, thus, removes a bottleneck from iterative hardware/software co-synthesis. We present some results for our co-synthesis system COSYMA.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Akt mediated mitochondrial protection in the heart: metabolic and survival pathways to the rescue (2009)

Cardiomyocyte death is now recognized as a critical factor in the development of heart disease. Mitochondria are not only responsible for energy production to ensure that cardiac output meets the body's energy demands, but they serve as critical integrators of cell survival signals. Numerous stressors are known to induce cell death by necrosis and/or apoptosis mediated through mitochondrial dysregulation. Anti- and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2 family proteins regulate apoptosis by controlling mitochondrial outer membrane permeability, whereas opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (PT-pore) induces large amplitude permeability of the inner membrane and consequent rupture of the outer membrane. Akt is one of the best described survival kinases activated by receptor ligands and its activation preserves mitochondrial integrity and protects cardiomyocytes against necrotic and apoptotic death. The mechanisms responsible for Akt-mediated mitochondrial protection have not been fully elucidated. There is, however, accumulating evidence that multiple Akt target molecules, recruited through both transcriptional and post-transcriptional mechanisms, directly impinge upon and protect mitochondria. In this review we discuss mechanisms by which Akt activation can effect changes at the mitochondria that protect cardiomyocytes and attenuate pathophysiological responses of the heart.
Infected aneurysm of sinus of Valsalva. Report of a case with involvement of all three sinuses. (1971)

A case of infected aneurysms of all the three sinuses of Valsalva is described, and the clinical course and possible morphogenesis of this rare disorder are discussed Aneurysm of the sinus of Valsalva is not an uncommon disorder. Its incidence has been
Cytosolic factors block antibody binding to the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the KDEL receptor. (1994)

The mammalian KDEL receptor is an extremely hydrophobic membrane protein. One of the longest stretches of hydrophilic sequence resides at the C-terminus. Various antibodies against a synthetic peptide corresponding to this region confirmed that the C-terminus is exposed to the cytoplasm. It was observed that antibody binding to the C-terminus of the KDEL receptor was diminished during immunofluorescence microscopy procedures which involved fixation prior to permeabilization as compared to when cells were permeabilized before fixation. Binding of both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, as assessed by indirect immunofluorescence microscopy in digitonin permeabilized cells, was inhibited by preincubation with rat liver cytosol. This inhibition was not observed with antibody against another membrane protein (p28) with a cytoplasmically exposed epitope also residing in the Golgi/intermediate compartment. Rabbit reticulocyte lysate had a similar effect while Schizosaccharomyces pombe cytosol inhibited binding to a greater degree than Saccharomyces cerevisiae cytosol. This inhibition by cytosol was prevented by coincubation with the antibody and was dose-dependent on the cytosol. Inhibition did not occur on ice or at 15 degrees C, or when the cytosol was energy-depleted by apyrase treatment. Interestingly, pretreatment of permeabilized cells with N-ethylmaleimide or its addition into the incubation mixture abolished inhibition. N-ethylmaleimide-treated cytosol, however, remained inhibitory. The findings suggest the existence of cytosolic factor (s) which interacts specifically with the cytoplasmic C-terminus of the KDEL receptor, which are likely to be components of the KDEL protein retrieval machinery.
Struktur und Kristallchemie von Ba<sub>2</sub>M(B<sub>3</sub>O<sub>6</sub>)<sub>2</sub> mit M = Ca, Cd, Mg, Co und Ni (1984)

Article Struktur und Kristallchemie von Ba2M(B3O6)2 mit M = Ca, Cd, Mg, Co und Ni was published on November 1, 1984 in the journal Zeitschrift für Kristallographie - Crystalline Materials (volume 168, issue 1-4).
Antiproliferative effect of Tualang honey on oral squamous cell carcinoma and osteosarcoma cell lines (2010)

Tualang honey showed antiproliferative effect on OSCC and HOS cell lines by inducing early apoptosis.
Structure of methylguanidinium dihydrogen orthophosphate. Model compound for arginine-phosphate hydrogen bonding (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStructure of methylguanidinium dihydrogen orthophosphate. Model compound for arginine-phosphate hydrogen bondingF. A. Cotton, V. W. Day, E. E. Hazen, and S. LarsenCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1973, 95, 15, 4834–4840Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00796a012https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00796a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views269Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Factors affecting the incidence and anti-salmonella activity of the anaerobic caecal flora of the young chick (1979)

SUMMARY Thirty-two different types of anaerobic bacteria isolated from chickens have been tested for anti-salmonella activity in vitro . Under the conditions of the test only Bacteroides hypermegas and a Bifidobacterium sp. were shown to inhibit the salmonellas and this was attributed to the production of volatile fatty acids (VFA's) coupled with a low pH. When these organisms were tested in newly hatched chicks no inhibition of s. typhimurium occurred. Possible explanations for this observation are considered. The pH value and concentration of VFA's in the caecal material were determined in chicks from 0–84 days. In vitro tests with s. typhimurium indicated that, whilst the organism would be able to multiply at the pH and concentration of VFA's found during the first few days after hatching, the rapid increase inVFA concentration during the first 21 days would make this increasingly difficult. The significance of the developing caecal flora in relation to VFA production and pH is discussed. Because certain feed additives are known to influence the carriage of salmonellas, the sensitivity of various caecal anaerobes to these compounds was determined in vitro , generally at 1, 10 and 100 μg/ml. The additives tested included flavomycin, furazolidone, nitrovin, tetracycline, tylosin, sulphaquinoxaline, virginiamycin and zinc bacitracin. All the organisms tested were inhibited by 100 μg/ml furazolidone; none were inhibited by 500 μg/ml sulphaquinoxaline. Changes occurring in the VFA concentration, pH value and microflora of the caeca of chicks fed for 49 days or longer on a normal starter diet or the same diet containing 10 or 100 mg/kg nitrovin have been compared. When the chicks were fed on the diet containing 100 mg/kg nitrovin, the Gram-negative non-sporing anaerobes were eliminated as a significant part of the caecal flora. However, the VFA concentration combined with a low pH in chicks from 2 weeks onwards was still sufficient to inhibit salmonella multiplication. Other possibly interrelated factors which might lead to an increased salmonella carrier rate in the nitrovintreated chickens are discussed.
LV. <i>On the electrical phænomena attending the efflux of condensed air, and of steam generated under pressure</i> (1841)

(1841). LV. On the electrical phænomena attending the efflux of condensed air, and of steam generated under pressure. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 18, No. 118, pp. 328-337.
Riluzole for treatment of men with methamphetamine dependence: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (2018)

Future randomized clinical trials are needed to investigate proper dosing strategy in a more inclusive sample.
Analysis of Crosstalk Effects on Jitter in Transceivers (2011)

As data rates increase, crosstalk becomes an increasingly important issue. Crosstalk aggressors can attack both amplitude and timing characteristics of the victim signal. The effects of crosstalk on the jitter of a victim signal are not well understood because crosstalk does not fit neatly into the standard definitions of jitter components. As a result, most commercially available jitter analyzers misinterpret crosstalk. We investigate the effects of various types of crosstalk aggressors on a victim signal in a transceiver, with particular emphasis on jitter. We also demonstrate cases where crosstalk is misinterpreted as random jitter (RJ), periodic jitter (PJ), or intersymbol interference (ISI). Author Biography Dr. Daniel Chow is a senior member of technical staff in the characterization group at Altera Corporation. His responsibilities include testing and validation of high-speed components. Specifically, he is responsible for developing Altera’s knowledge base on jitter measurement issues. Dr. Chow received his Ph.D. from the University of California, Davis. Background and Motivation In the field of high-speed data communications, crosstalk becomes an increasingly
High‐Affinity Ligand Binding to Subunit HI of the Asialoglycoprotein Receptor in the Absence of Subunit H2 (1995)

The hepatic asialoglycoprotein receptor is a hetero-oligomer composed of two homologous subunits. The specificity and affinity of ligand binding depends on the number and spatial arrangement of several galactose-binding sites within the receptor complex. Previous studies indicated that both subunits are required for high-affinity ligand binding, i.e. for the simultaneous interaction with three galactose residues within an N-linked glycan. However, we found that asialoorosomucoid (ASOR) and asialofetuin (ASF) bind to transfected COS-7 cells expressing subunit H1 in the absence of the second subunit H2. ASOR binding occurred with a dissociation constant of approximately 40 nM, approximately four-times higher than the Kd of ASOR binding to the hetero-oligomeric receptor. Normalized to the amount of H1 expressed, approximately 10-times fewer binding sites were produced by H1 alone. A glycopeptide with a single tri-antennary N-linked glycan purified from ASF bound to the hetero-oligomeric receptor, but did not bind detectably to H1-expressing COS-7 cells. H1 is thus unable to simultaneously recognize all three galactose residues in a glycan. From this, we conclude that, at a sufficiently high density of H1 on the cell surface, high-affinity binding of ASOR and ASF is the result of two or more glycans interacting with H1 oligomers with low affinity in a bivalent manner.
Why Calcium? How Calcium Became the Best Communicator (2016)

Calcium carries messages to virtually all important functions of cells. Although it was already active in unicellular organisms, its role became universally important after the transition to multicellular life. In this Minireview, we explore how calcium ended up in this privileged position. Most likely its unique coordination chemistry was a decisive factor as it makes its binding by complex molecules particularly easy even in the presence of large excesses of other cations, e.g. magnesium. Its free concentration within cells can thus be maintained at the very low levels demanded by the signaling function. A large cadre of proteins has evolved to bind or transport calcium. They all contribute to buffer it within cells, but a number of them also decode its message for the benefit of the target. The most important of these "calcium sensors" are the EF-hand proteins. Calcium is an ambivalent messenger. Although essential to the correct functioning of cell processes, if not carefully controlled spatially and temporally within cells, it generates variously severe cell dysfunctions, and even cell death.
Impact of assay design on test performance: lessons learned from 25-hydroxyvitamin D (2014)

Variations in design among automated 25-OHD assays influence their performance characteristics. Consideration of the details of assay design is therefore important when selecting and validating new assays.
Modeling Household Transmission of American Trypanosomiasis (2001)

American trypanosomiasis, or Chagas disease, caused by the protozoan parasite Trypanosoma cruzi and transmitted by blood-feeding triatomine bugs, is a chronic, frequently fatal infection that is common in Latin America. Neither adequate drugs nor a vaccine is available. A mathematical model calibrated to detailed household data from three villages in northwest Argentina shows that householders could greatly reduce the risk of human infection by excluding domestic animals, especially infected dogs, from bedrooms; removing potential refuges for bugs from walls and ceilings; and using domestically applied insecticides. Low-cost, locally practicable environmental management combined with intermittent use of insecticides can sustainably control transmission of T. cruzi to humans in rural Argentina and probably elsewhere.
A Tool for Analyzing Mate Pairs in Assemblies (TAMPA) (2005)

The current generation of genome assembly programs uses distance and orientation relationships of paired end reads of clones (mate pairs) to order and orient contigs. Mate pair data can also be used to evaluate and compare assemblies after the fact. Earlier work employed a simple heuristic to detect assembly problems by scanning across an assembly to locate peak concentrations of unsatisfied mate pairs. TAMPA is a novel, computational geometry-based approach to detecting assembly breakpoints by exploiting constraints that mate pairs impose on each other. The method can be used to improve assemblies and determine which of two assemblies is correct in the case of sequence disagreement. Results from several human genome assemblies are presented.
Immunoglobulin M antibodies to aquaporin-4 in neuromyelitis optica and related disorders (2010)

AQP4 antibodies of the IgM class exist in almost 10% of patients with NMO and might contribute to lesion pathology. Routine testing for AQP4-IgM appears to not be justified, as all AQP4-IgM positive patients were also positive for AQP4-IgG, and none of the AQP4-IgG negative samples were positive for AQP4-IgM.
A B cell apotope of Ro 60 in systemic lupus erythematosus (2008)

The preferential targeting of an Ro 60 apotope exposed on early apoptotic cells in a subset of SLE patients implies disease-specific pathways for the induction of anti-Ro 60 autoimmunity.
Na<sup>+</sup>/Ca<sup>2+</sup>exchanger inhibition exerts a positive inotropic effect in the rat heart, but fails to influence the contractility of the rabbit heart (2008)

NCX inhibition exerted a positive inotropic effect in the rat heart, but it did not influence the contractility of the rabbit heart. This implies that the AP configuration and the intracellular Na(+) concentration may play an important role in the contractility response to NCX inhibition.
Optical gain for wurtzite GaN with anisotropic strain in c plane (1997)

We calculated band structures of (11̄00)-oriented GaN with various strains. We found that introducing anisotropic strain in the c plane separates heavy- and light-hole bands. We also found that a tensile strain in the (11̄00) plane makes the light-hole band topmost. These two effects result in a reduction in the density of states at the valence-band edge. In this way we can significantly reduce the transparent carrier density to generate gain.
From Sign to Sound: Rendering Linguistic Play in Krzhizhanovsky's "The Poetics of Titles" (2017)

A meditation, with examples, on problems of translating puns and homophones in the 1925  Poetics of Titles ( Poetika zaglavii ) by Sigizmund Krzhizhanovsky (1887-1950).
Effects of MAPK and PI3K Pathways on PD-L1 Expression in Melanoma (2014)

In melanoma cell lines, including BRAFi-resistant cells, PD-L1 expression is variably regulated by oncogenic signaling pathways. PD-L1-exposed lymphocytes decrease MAPK signaling, which is corrected by exposure to vemurafenib, providing potential benefits of combining this drug with immunotherapies.
Zinc Complexes of S,N Ligands Derived from Thiazolines (1995)

Abstract Three different thiazoline derivatives or their tautomeric mercaptoethylamine derivatives were used for the preparation of zinc complexes containing S,N ligands. 2‐(2‐pyridyl)‐3‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐1,3‐thiazolidine (PPMT) could not be opened reductively but acted as a tridentate nitrogen ligand in (PPMT)ZnX 2 ( 1a, b , X = Br, NO 3 ). The thiazolidine tautomer N‐(2‐mercaptoethyl)salicylideneimine (MESIH 2 ) yielded polymeric (MESI)Zn (2) and, after oxidation, monomeric (MESI) 2 Zn (3) containing a disulfide unit. The 2‐aryl‐benzo‐1,3‐thiazoline tautomers N‐(2‐mercaptophenyl)‐p‐fluoroben‐zylideneimine (MPFBH) and N‐(2‐mercaptophenyl)‐p‐meth‐oxybenzylideneimine (MPMBH) underwent reaction with diethyl zinc resulting in the unstable L . Zn‐Et complexes 4a and b , which are probably dimeric and the stable 2:1 complex (MPFB) 2 Zn ( 5 ). The structures of 3 and 5 were determined and were found to exhibit distorted tetrahedral ZnN 2 O 2 and ZnN 2 S 2 coordinations, respectively.
Selective Photocatalytic Oxidation of Aniline to Nitrosobenzene by Pt Nanoparticles Supported on TiO<sub>2</sub> under Visible Light Irradiation (2014)

Visible light irradiation (λ > 450 nm) of Pt nanoparticles supported on Degussa P25 TiO2 (Pt/P25 catalyst) promotes efficient and selective aerobic oxidation of aniline to nitrosobenzene. This is facilicated via the interband excitation of Pt atoms by visible light followed by the transfer of activated electrons to the TiO2 conduction band. The positive charges formed on the Pt surface oxidize substrates, and the conduction band electrons reduce O2, promoting photocatalytic cycles. The high activity of Pt/P25 is due to the high electron density of Pt particles. They behave as Lewis base sites for reductive deprotonation of aniline, thus promoting efficient aniline oxidation. The Pt/P25 catalyst, when photoirradiated at a low temperature (∼283 K), suppresses subsequent condensation of aniline and the formed nitrosobenzene, successfully producing nitrosobenzene with a very high selectivity (90%).
Plasminogen stimulates propagation of protease‐resistant prion protein <i>in vitro</i> (2010)

ABSTRACT To clarify the role of plasminogen as a cofactor for prion propagation, we conducted functional assays using a cell‐free prion protein (PrP) conversion assay termed protein misfolding cyclic amplification (PMCA) and prion‐infected cell lines. Here, we report that plasminogen stimulates propagation of the protease‐resistant scrapie PrP (PrP Sc ). Compared to control PMCA conducted without plasminogen, addition of plasminogen in PMCA using wild‐type brain material significantly increased PrP conversion, with an EC 50 = ~56 nM. PrP conversion in PMCA was substantially less efficient with plasminogen‐deficient brain material than with wild‐type material. The activity stimulating PrP conversion was specific for plasminogen and conserved in its kringle domains. Such activity was abrogated by modification of plasminogen structure and interference of PrP‐plasminogen interaction. Kinetic analysis of PrP Sc generation demonstrated that the presence of plasminogen in PMCA enhanced the PrP Sc production rate to −0.97 U/µl/h and reduced turnover time to ~1 h compared to those (~0.4 U/µl/h and ~2.5 h) obtained without supplementation. Furthermore, as observed in PMCA, plasminogen and kringles promoted PrP Sc propagation in ScN2a and Elk 21 + cells. Our results demonstrate that plasmino‐gen functions in stimulating conversion processes and represents the first cellular protein cofactor that enhances the hypothetical mechanism of prion propagation.—Mays, C. E., Ryou, C. Plasminogen stimulates propagation of protease‐resistant prion protein in vitro. FASEB J. 24, 5102–5112 (2010). www.fasebj.org
Promoter DNA Methylation Pattern Identifies Prognostic Subgroups in Childhood T-Cell Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia (2013)

We identified global promoter methylation profiling as being of relevance for subgrouping and prognostication of pediatric T-ALL.