gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Use of volume-rendered images in registration of nuclear medicine studies (1995)

A simple operator-guided alignment technique based on volume-rendered images was developed to register tomographic nuclear medicine studies, For each of 2 three-dimensional data sets to be registered, volume-rendered images were generated in 3 orthogonal projections (x,y,z) using the method of maximum-activity projection. Registration was achieved as follows: a) One of the rendering orientations (e.g. x) was chosen for manipulation; b) The two-dimensional rendering was translated and rotated under operator control to achieve the best alignment as determined by visual assessment; c) This rotation and translation was then applied to the underlying three-dimensional data set, with updating of the rendered images in each of the orthogonal projections; d) Another orientation was chosen, and the process repeated. Since manipulation was performed on the small two-dimensional rendered image, feedback was instantaneous. To aid in the visual alignment, difference images and flicker images (toggling between the two data sets) were displayed. Accuracy was assessed by analysis of separate clinical data sets acquired without patient movement. After arbitrary rotation and translation of one of the two data sets, the 2 data sets were registered. Mean registration error was 0.36 pixels, corresponding to a 2.44 mm registration error. Thus, accurate registration can be achieved in under 10 minutes using this simple technique.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Fluorescent Antibody Studies of Human Breast Cancer<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN1">1</xref><xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref> (1972)

Indirect immunofluorescence studies with sera from breast cancer patients were conducted on cell lines derived from human breast cancers. A new antigen was demonstrated in 2 primary cell cultures of 11 primary and established lines of breast carcinoma studied. Eighty-five percent of cells per field demonstrated an intense granular cytoplasmic fluorescence. Thirty-five additional cell lines of primary and established cultures derived from normal cells and from tumors of non breast origin including 7 human sarcoma cultures were negative where tested with positive sera. Ninety-one percent (22/24) of sera of breast cancer patients free of metastatic disease obta ined 7–10 days after surgery were positive for antibody, whereas only 20% (4/20) of sera of age- and parity-adjusted normal donors were positive. Absorption studies with extracts of cell cultures of sarcomas and of a cell culture AIAb of breast origin (antigen negative) did not remove fluorescent antibody activity. A titer as high as 1 : 160 was found in the serum of one breast cancer patient. The antibody class was identified as predominantly IgG.
Synthesis and Characterization of a Sol–Gel Derived Ureasilicate Hybrid Organic-Inorganic Matrix Containing CdS Colloidal Particles (2004)

A hybrid organic-inorganic material filled with in situ generated inorganic particles has been synthesised by the homogeneous precipitation of CdS from aqueous solutions of Cd(NO3)2 and CH3CSNH2. These highly transparent, homogeneous and flexible CdS doped xerogels were prepared by the sol–gel technique using, as precursors, organically modified silicon alkoxide (3-isocyanatepropyltriethoxysilane) and a di-amine functionalized oligopolyoxyethylene (Jeffamine ED-600), which by subsequent hydrolysis and condensation processes formed a solid 3-D network. TEM studies indicate the presence of round nanoparticles around 20 nm in diameter dispersed in a homogeneous amorphous matrix. The samples were also characterized by spectroscopic (UV-visible and photoluminescence) and XRD techniques.
METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF MICROORGANISMS 116 (1973)

From a bacterial culture a new antibiotic, O-[L-norvalyl-5]-isourea, was isolated. The structure was determined by mass spectrometry and confirmed by chemical synthesis. The antibiotic activity is inhibited by L-arginine, L-ornithine and L-citrulline.
Purification and Characterization of Tobacco Pathogenesis-Related Protein PR-5d, an Antifungal Thaumatin-like Protein (1997)

Cultured tobacco cells accumulate several pathogenesis-related proteins. A neutral PR-5 protein, PR-5d, was purified to homogeneity from such cells. PR-5d has highly hydrophobic characteristics, but hydropathy analysis of its primary structure did not show a hydrophobic domain. In a series of bioassays, purified PR-5d showed inhibitory activity against several phytopathogenic and non-phytopathogenic fungi as do other members of the PR-5 protein family. To study the antifungal mechanism based on three dimensional structure of PR-5d, purified PR-5d was crystallized. The preliminary X-ray analysis of the crystal revealed that the crystals belong to space group C2, with cell dimensions a = 80.2 A, b = 63.8 A, c = 45.7 A, and beta = 107.2 degrees, and diffract at least 1.8 A resolution.
Obstacle avoidance with ultrasonic sensors (1988)

A mobile robot system, capable of performing various tasks for the physically disabled, has been developed. To avoid collision with unexpected obstacles, the mobile robot uses ultrasonic range finders for detection and mapping. The obstacle avoidance strategy used for this robot is described. Since this strategy depends heavily on the performance of the ultrasonic range finders, these sensors and the effect of their limitations on the obstacle avoidance algorithm are discussed in detail.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
MDM: an object-oriented data model (1992)

This paper describes MDM, an object-oriented data model that supports instance-level evolution and associative queries. The MDM type system, based on abstract types and conformity, allows flexibility in defining applications and interacts well with the query facility. The query algebra consists of a small set of simple operators; many other useful operators can be defined through composition. MDM defines only a primitive notion of object equivalence, although the algebra includes an operator that allows user-defined equivalence relations to direct the grouping of objects in a multiset.
Random carrier frequency modulation of PWM waveforms to ease EMC problems in switched mode power supplies (2002)

Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) remains an issue which can present many problems to designers of high frequency power converter circuits. Usual techniques for alleviating the problems of interference generation by power converters involve the use of screening materials and filters. However, the effectiveness of such measures depends on the frequency of the interference and the power density at each frequency of interest. As pulse width modulation (PWM) generates high frequency harmonics at multiples of the switching frequency, modulation of the switching frequency may be used to spread the spectral power density present at these harmonic frequencies. This paper presents a technique of frequency-hopping spread-spectrum modulation which may be applied to switched-mode power converters to reduce the spectral power density at harmonics of the switching frequency. The influence of the peak frequency deviation and the modulation sequence length on the resultant spectrum are discussed. These predictions have been broadly confirmed in practice.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Inhibition of lymphokine-activated killer cell function by human alveolar macrophages. (1989)

Tissue- and organ-specific factors may be important in the regulation of cytotoxic lymphocytes. We therefore examined the ability of human alveolar macrophages (AMs) to alter the tumoricidal function of lymphokine-activated killer cells (LAK cells). AMs, obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage from healthy volunteers, or peripheral blood monocytes were added to a standard 4-h chromium release LAK assay at varying concentrations. AMs severely inhibited the killing of both NK-sensitive (K562) and NK-resistant (M14) tumor cells [42 +/- 2.6% (SEM) inhibition of M14 killing at the 0.125:1 AM:LAK ratio and 83 +/- 2.3% inhibition at the 1:1 ratio, n = 9]. Peripheral blood monocytes, in contrast, were only one-eighth as inhibitory as AMs. A positive smoking history was associated with a 3- to 7-fold increase in the number of AMs recovered by bronchoalveolar lavage but had no effect on the inhibition produced per AM cell. The mechanism of inhibition was investigated. Formalin fixation produced an 8-fold reduction in the inhibitory capacity of AMs, suggesting the need for active metabolism or an intact cell membrane. No soluble mediator could be detected with a two-chamber Transwell system, in 24-h AM culture supernatants, or following blocking experiments with indomethacin, catalase, or superoxide dismutase. Binding studies demonstrated selective binding between LAK cells and AMs, yet AMs were not susceptible to LAK-mediated lysis under the usual assay conditions. In summary, AMs are potent inhibitors of in vitro LAK function. Inhibition requires direct cell contact and is independent of soluble reactive oxygen species, prostaglandins, or activation by tobacco smoking. Inhibition is not due to lysis of the AM as a competitive cold target. These results suggest that AMs may actively limit antitumor cytotoxic responses in the lung.
The Role of the Administrator in General Education (1955)

Release of student powers through General Edu cation may be a more powerful force in the flow of centuries than all the unshackled energies of the atom in the view of Malcolm S. MacLean. Dr. MacLean (A.B., Michigan, Ph.D., Minne sota), has served as director of the University of Minnesota General College (1932-40), president of Hampton Institute (1940-43), and since 1945 as professor of education at the University of California, Los Angeles. He has been consultant to colleges and universities in California, Texas, and Wisconsin. In reading what Dr. MacLean says, the question may be considered: Cannot administrators promote other aspects of college and university education in much the same way they can promote General Education?
Left and right ventricular trabecular patterns. Consequence of ventricular septation and valve development. (1982)

Study of serial sections of human embryos ranging from 3.6 to 25 mm crown rump length shows that the ventricular septum develops from three sources. The primary septum develops between the inlet and outlet which are the two first discernible segments of the ventricular portion of the primary heart tube. Two other septa develop within the inlet and within the outlet, respectively. Before and during septation all ventricular trabeculations are identical. In later stages, the atrioventricular valves and their tension apparatus develop from the inner myocardial layer of the left and right ventricular inlet parts. The outlet trabeculations do not take part in this process. These observations are suggested to explain the typical trabecular patterns of the apices of the mature left and right ventricles, which develop from the inlet and from the outlet, respectively.
Monitoring System for Farming Operations with Wearable Devices Utilized Sensor Networks (2009)

In order to automatically monitor farmers' activities, we propose a farm operation monitoring system using "Field Servers" and a wearable device equipped with an RFID reader and motion sensors. Our proposed system helps in recognizing farming operations by analyzing the data from the sensors and detected RFID tags that are attached to various objects such as farming materials, facilities, and machinery. This method can be applied to various situations without changing the conventional system. Moreover, this system provides useful information in real-time and controls specific machines in a coordinated manner on the basis of recognized operation.
The LIM-homeobox gene <i>Lhx8</i> is required for the development of many cholinergic neurons in the mouse forebrain (2003)

Forebrain cholinergic neurons play important roles as striatal local circuit neurons and basal telencephalic projection neurons. The genetic mechanisms that control development of these neurons suggest that most of them are derived from the basal telencephalon where Lhx8, a LIM-homeobox gene, is expressed. Here we report that mice with a null mutation of Lhx8 are deficient in the development of forebrain cholinergic neurons. Lhx8 mutants lack the nucleus basalis, a major source of the cholinergic input to the cerebral cortex. In addition, the number of cholinergic neurons is reduced in several other areas of the subcortical forebrain in Lhx8 mutants, including the caudate-putamen, medial septal nucleus, nucleus of the diagonal band, and magnocellular preoptic nucleus. Although cholinergic neurons are not formed, initial steps in their specification appear to be preserved, as indicated by a presence of cells expressing a truncated Lhx8 mRNA and mRNA of the homeobox gene Gbx1. These results provide genetic evidence supporting an important role for Lhx8 in development of cholinergic neurons in the forebrain.
Book of the Month (1971)

Abstract Harvey J. Levin's The Invisible Resource: Use and Regulation of the Radio Spectrum (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1971—$12.00)
Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Differential Contribution of CD28 Versus Non-CD28 Costimulatory Molecules to IL-2 Promoter Activation (2002)

T cell costimulation via CD28 and other (non-CD28) costimulatory molecules induces comparable levels of [(3)H]TdR incorporation, but fundamentally differs in the contribution to IL-2 production. In this study, we investigated the molecular basis underlying the difference between CD28 and non-CD28 costimulation for IL-2 gene expression. Resting T cells from a mutant mouse strain generated by replacing the IL-2 gene with a cDNA encoding green fluorescent protein were stimulated with a low dose of anti-CD3 plus anti-CD28 or anti-non-CD28 (CD5 or CD9) mAbs. CD28 and non-CD28 costimulation capable of inducing potent [(3)H]TdR uptake resulted in high and marginal levels of green fluorescent protein expression, respectively, indicating their differential IL-2 promoter activation. CD28 costimulation exhibited a time-dependent increase in the binding of transcription factors to the NF-AT and NF-kappaB binding sites and the CD28-responsive element of the IL-2 promoter, whereas non-CD28 costimulation did not. Particularly, a striking difference was observed for the binding of NF-kappaB to CD28-responsive element and the NF-kappaB binding site. Decreased NF-kappaB activation in non-CD28 costimulation resulted from the failure to translocate a critical NF-kappaB member, c-Rel, to the nuclear compartment due to the lack of IkappaBbeta inactivation. These observations suggest that unlike CD28 costimulation, non-CD28 costimulation fails to sustain IL-2 promoter activation and that such a failure is ascribed largely to the defect in the activation of c-Rel/NF-kappaB.
団地幼児の社会性の発達 : 7.人格1 (1962)

Cysteinyl leukotrienes play a part in inflammatory processes such as inflammatory bowel diseases. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of the cys-LT-1 receptor antagonist montelukast on a mild colitis model in rats. Colitis was induced by administrating 4% dextran sulphate sodium (DSS, MW 45,000) in drinking water for 9 days. Montelukast (10 mg/kg/day) or vehicle was given by gastric gavage once daily simultaneously with DSS administration. A healthy control group receiving water as drinking fluid and vehicle by gastric gavage was included. Body weight loss, consistency of faeces (loose/diarrhoea) and occult blood in the faeces/ gross bleeding were assessed on days 6 - 9. After sacrifice, the following were assessed: colonic histology, the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, macrophage/monocyte marker ED1, cyclooxygenase-1 and cyclooxygenase-2, as well as the production of leukotriene B(4) and E(4), prostaglandin E(2), its metabolite bicyclic-prostaglandin E(2) and thromboxane B(2) in the colonic tissue incubation in vitro. Rats receiving DSS exhibited bloody diarrhoea from day 6 onwards. Montelukast significantly reduced the occult blood in the faeces/ gross bleeding, maintained normal body weight gain and tended to decrease the ratio of leukotriene B(4)/ prostaglandin E(2) production in the colon in vitro. The results indicate that montelukast has some potential to ameliorate mild experimental colitis induced by DSS.
Shifts in the Gut Metabolome and Clostridium difficile Transcriptome throughout Colonization and Infection in a Mouse Model (2018)

Antibiotics alter the gut microbiota and decrease resistance to Clostridium difficile colonization; however, the mechanisms driving colonization resistance are not well understood. Loss of resistance to C. difficile colonization due to antibiotic treatment is associated with alterations in the gut metabolome, specifically, with increases in levels of nutrients that C. difficile can utilize for growth <i>in vitro</i>. To define the nutrients that C. difficile requires for colonization and pathogenesis <i>in vivo</i>, we used a combination of mass spectrometry and RNA sequencing (RNA Seq) to model the gut metabolome and C. difficile transcriptome throughout an acute infection in a mouse model at the following time points: 0, 12, 24, and 30 h. We also performed multivariate-based integration of the omics data to define the signatures that were most important throughout colonization and infection. Here we show that amino acids, in particular, proline and branched-chain amino acids, and carbohydrates decrease in abundance over time in the mouse cecum and that C. difficile gene expression is consistent with their utilization <i>in vivo</i>. This was also reinforced by the multivariate-based integration of the omics data where we were able to discriminate the metabolites and transcripts that support C. difficile physiology between the different time points throughout colonization and infection. This report illustrates how important the availability of amino acids and other nutrients is for the initial stages of C. difficile colonization and progression of disease. Future studies identifying the source of the nutrients and engineering bacteria capable of outcompeting C. difficile in the gut will be important for developing new targeted bacterial therapeutics. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> Clostridium difficile is a bacterial pathogen of global significance that is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Antibiotics deplete the indigenous gut microbiota and change the metabolic environment in the gut to one favoring C. difficile growth. Here we used metabolomics and transcriptomics to define the gut environment after antibiotics and during the initial stages of C. difficile colonization and infection. We show that amino acids, in particular, proline and branched-chain amino acids, and carbohydrates decrease in abundance over time and that C. difficile gene expression is consistent with their utilization by the bacterium <i>in vivo</i>. We employed an integrated approach to analyze the metabolome and transcriptome to identify associations between metabolites and transcripts. This highlighted the importance of key nutrients in the early stages of colonization, and the data provide a rationale for the development of therapies based on the use of bacteria that specifically compete for nutrients that are essential for C. difficile colonization and disease.
Repulsive Van Der Waals Interactions: Their Role in Various Separation Methods (1978)

Abstract It has long been surmised, as a theoretical curiosity, that conditions could arise under which the sign of the van der Waals interaction between two different uncharged bodies, surrounded by a liquid, might be negative, i.e. that such bodies would repel each other. This possibility is implicit in Hamaker's classical paper on van der Waals-London interactions, although, remarkably enough, Hamaker somehow became persuaded that this view was erroneous, and wrote his paper with the apparent purpose to gainsay it: “If two particles are embedded in a fluid and the London-van der Walls force between particles and fluid is greater than between the particles themselves, it might be thought that the resultant action will be a repulsion rather than an attraction. As has been pointed out to the author by Dr. J.H. de Boer, this conclusion does not hold. Owing to a peculiar property of the London-van der Waals forces, the resultant force is generally attractive even when the particles are surrounded by fluid. This is a matter of considerable interest which warrants a detailed discussion.”1 However, In a more recent review on Hamaker constants, Visser stated explicitly: “When two materials are immersed in a liquid medium, and the interactions of each of these materials with that of the liquid medium is larger than the interaction between these materials themselves, spontaneous separation can occur due to dispersion forces only.”2 Fowkes demonstrated such a repulsive interaction with poly (tetrafluoroethylene)-glycol-iron oxide.3
Cellular robotic system with stationary robots and its application to manufacturing lattices (2003)

Cellular robotic systems (CRS) use a large number of robots operating in a cellular space under distributed control. A subclass, CRS with stationary robots and passive objects (SCRS), is examined. An SCRS consists of an array of stationary robots at fixed locations. They are used to manipulate a collection of objects within the cellular space such that predefined (global) static and dynamic properties for the 'field' of objects are induced by distributed algorithms. Example protocols of 1D SCRS that form various patterns of objects are presented. As an application of SCRS, a manufacturing lattice (ML) is defined as a collection of uniformly shaped and densely packed cells. Typical geometric shapes of ML cells are rectangular, rhombus, hexagonal, or triangle. MLs support batch processing of single products as well as flexible manufacturing and prototyping. The proposed mechanical structure and electrical control mechanism of MLs are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sugars and sugar derivatives which inhibit the short‐circuit current of the everted small intestine of the rat. (1976)

1. The short-circuit current of everted rat intestine supported on a perforated cannula proved to be stable for up to 3 hr and has been used to study competition between transportable and non-transportable sugars. 2. 4,6-O-Ethylidene-alpha-D-glucopyranose (ethylidene glucose) and 4,6-O-benzylidene-e alpha-D-glucopyranos (benzylinene glucose), two nontransportable inhibitors of the hexose transfer system in human erythrocytes, were found to reduce the short-circuit current generated by transportable sugars such as galactose or 3-O-methyl glucose. 3. These compounds were also found to reduce the basal short-circuit current established by the everted intestine in a sugar-free Krebs solution. Both types of inhibition approached saturation at the higher concentrations used. 4. Similar inhibitory properties were shown by mannose, a non-actively accumulated monosaccharide, and by the beta-disaccharides lactose and cellobiose. 5. It is suggested that this common pattern of behaviour is due to the ability of these compounds to react with the sites for active hexose transfer but without translocation by the system. The significance of the inhibition of the basal short-circuit current is briefly discussed in this context.