gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Anaxagoras: Predication as a Problem in Physics: I (1931)

The present essay is intended to supply amplification, and where necessary correction, to my previous article on Anaxagoras' philosophy. Since its publication important essays on the same subject have been written by Mr. Cyril Bailey and by Mr. F. M. Cornford, and the present essay is also an attempt to examine some of the theories put forward in them. There are one or two points which may be stated at the outset. The conclusions which I put forward five years ago I still believe to be valid. Some of the presentation of the evidence, however, I now see to be misleading and inadequate, notably the treatment of Aristotle's evidence, which I now hope to deal with more fully, and to show that it lends even stronger support to my thesis. I should also say that my former use of ‘Elements’ as a convenient collective term to refer to the four Empedoclean Elements has proved confusing, since it was never intended to suggest that these substances were elements in Anaxagoras' system. I now refer to them by their names in full.
Measurement of the Optical Conductivity of Graphene (2008)

Optical reflectivity and transmission measurements over photon energies between 0.2 and 1.2 eV were performed on single-crystal graphene samples on a SiO2 substrate. For photon energies above 0.5 eV, graphene yielded a spectrally flat optical absorbance of (2.3+/-0.2)%. This result is in agreement with a constant absorbance of pialpha, or a sheet conductivity of pie2/2h, predicted within a model of noninteracting massless Dirac fermions. This simple result breaks down at lower photon energies, where both spectral and sample-to-sample variations were observed. This "nonuniversal" behavior is explained by including the effects of doping and finite temperature, as well as contributions from intraband transitions.
Usefulness of occlusin partielle in the amblyopia treatment at the last stage of occlusion therapy. (1990)

弱視治療において健眼遮蔽により弱視眼の視力が改善されても,遮蔽を中止すると向上した弱視眼の視力が再び低下する症例を経験する.このことは,両眼開放下にて健眼から弱視眼への抑制が関与しているためではないかと考えられる.我々は,不同視性弱視の弱視治療の最終段階に両眼開放視力に低下が認められた遠視性不同視性弱視7例に対し,Ryser社製遮蔽膜を用い治療を試みた.遮蔽膜の処方は両眼開放視力を重視し,弱視眼の両眼開放視力が健眼よりも優位になり,両眼視機能が維持出来る遮蔽膜を処方した.この様に処方した遮蔽膜で治療を行った結果,治療前の弱視眼の両眼開放視力は0.6から0.8であったが治療後全例1.0以上に向上し,弱視眼の単眼視力も1.0以上に維持された.遮蔽膜による治療は,不同視性弱視の弱視治療の最終段階に有用であると考えられた.
LONG-TERM RESULTS OF THE ENDOSCOPIC CORRECTION OF VESICOURETERAL REFLUX IN CHILDREN USING AUTOLOGOUS CHONDROCYTES (2001)

Transurethral injection of autologous chondrocytes to correct vesicoureteral reflux in children is safe and reasonably effective. There is a relapse rate which must be considered. Changes in the formulation of the material have been made to enhance implant reliability and increase long-term success.
Antennas using left handed transmission lines (2010)

The research described in this thesis is concerned with the analysis and design of conventional wire antenna types, dipoles and loops, based on the left-handed transmission line approach. The left handed antennas have a unique feature that the wavelength of the induced current becomes shorter with decreasing frequency. The left handed transmission line concept can be extended to construct reduced-size dipole or loop antennas in the VHF frequency band. The use of higher order modes allows orthogonal polarisation to be obtained, which is thought to be a feature unique to these antennas. Efficiency is a key parameter of left handed antennas as the heavy left handed loading increases the resistive loss. A study of the efficiency of small dipole antennas loaded with a left-handed transmission line is specially described, and the comparison with conventional inductive loading dipoles. In a low order mode, the efficiency of L-loading dipole is better with low number of unit cell. If the number of cell increases, CL-loading presents comparable and even better performance. In a high mode the meandered left handed dipole gives the best efficiency due to the phase distribution, presenting orthogonal polarization as well. The optimized dipole loaded with parallel plate capacitors and spiral inductors presents the best performance in impedance and efficiency, even better than the conventional inductive loading. A planar loop antenna using a ladder network of left handed loading is also presented. Various modes can be obtained in the left handed loop antenna. The zero order mode gives rise to omnidirectional patterns in the plane of the loop, with good efficiency. By loading the loop with active components, varactors, a tunable left handed loop antenna with a switchable radiation pattern is implemented. The loop gives an omnidirectional pattern with a null to z axis while working in an n = 0 mode and can switch to a pattern with a null at phi = 45° in the plane of the loop in an n = 2 mode.
ESD protection for CMOS output buffer by using modified LVTSCR devices with high trigger current (1997)

Modified designs of the low-voltage triggering semiconductor-controlled rectifier (LVTSCR) devices with high trigger current are proposed to protect the CMOS output buffer against electrostatic discharge (ESD) events in submicrometer CMOS technologies. The high trigger current is achieved by inserting the bypass diodes into the structures of the modified PMOS-trigger lateral SCR (PTLSCR) and NMOS-trigger lateral SCR (NTLSCR) devices, these modified PTLSCR and NTLSCR devices have a lower trigger voltage to effectively protect the output transistors in the ESD-stress conditions, but they also have a higher trigger current to avoid the accidental triggering due to the electrical noise on the output pad in the normal operating conditions of CMOS IC's. Experimental results have verified that the trigger current of the modified PTLSCR (NTLSCR) is increased up to 225.5 mA (218.5 mA). The noise margin to the overshooting (undershooting) voltage pulse on the output pad, without accidentally triggering on the modified NTLSCR (PTLSCR), is more than VDD+12 V (VSS-12 V).
Multiprocessor algorithms for relational-database operators on hypercube systems (1990)

The tutorial focuses on hypercube interconnected architectures as a computational engine for relational-database processing. Several implementations of the many currently available hypercube systems are highlighted, and comments on their potential performance in evaluating relational-database operators are presented. All algorithms assume that the relevant data are memory resident. Experimental timings obtained from a portable hypercube-based database system are presented to characterize performance potential for various uniscan and multiscan operations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Modulation of Antigenic Location Converts Chronic into Acute Infection by Forcing CD8+ T Cell Recognition (2012)

Pathogens that reside in the phagosomes of infected cells persist despite the presence of potent T cell responses. We addressed the mechanism of immune evasion by using a mouse model of Salmonella typhimurium (ST). Recombinants of ST were generated that translocated antigen to the cytosol or phagosomes of infected cells. We find that the kinetics of antigen presentation and CD8(+) T cell priming is accelerated by cytosolic antigen delivery, although the magnitude of CD8(+) T cell response is not influenced by antigenic location. More importantly, only those targets that readily display antigen on the cell surface, owing to antigenic translocation to the cytosol, are recognized and killed by CD8(+) T cells. Thus, vaccination approaches developed to control phagosomal pathogens should incorporate methods for modulating antigen presentation such that infected target cells can be readily recognized by CD8(+) T cells.
Full spectral analysis of line width roughness (2005)

Various approaches can be used to quantify line width roughness (LWR). One of the most commonly used estimators of LWR is the standard deviation. However, this approach is incomplete and ignores a substantial amount of information. We propose here a full spectral analysis to investigate and monitor LWR. A variety of estimators, such as standard deviation, peak-to-valley, average, correlation length and Fourier analysis have been implemented on-line on CDSEM. The algorithms were successfully tested against e-beam written LWR patterns, both deterministic and random. This approach allows a fully automated investigation of LWR. This methodology was used to monitor LWR over a long period of time, benchmark new resists and to investigate the effect of LWR on device performance and yield.
Hybrid second order sliding mode control of constrained manipulators with frictional contact (2003)

This paper deals with the hybrid position/force control of constrained manipulators subjected to uncertainties and disturbances of various nature, including Coulomb friction. The proposed solution is based on sliding-mode control theory, which has been shown to be highly effective in counteracting uncertainties and disturbances for some classes of uncertain nonlinear systems. Specific drawbacks presented by the classical sliding mode techniques are the chattering phenomenon and the algebraic coupling between constraint forces and possibly discontinuous control signals. Both these problems are addressed in the paper by exploiting the robustness properties of second-order sliding-mode control algorithms. A specific algorithm of this kind, recently developed by the authors, is proven to be effective also when the dynamic equation of the system includes discontinuous disturbances.
Bioavailability Enhancement of Rizatriptan Benzoate by Oral Disintegrating Strip: In vitro and In vivo Evaluation (2015)

Oral disintegrating strips containing rizatriptan benzoate, a selective 5-hydroxy tryptamine receptor agonist with anti migraine property, was developed using polyvinyl alcohol, sodium alginate and hydroxyl propyl methylcellulose as the base materials. The analytical and bioanalytical methods were developed and validated using HPLC (PDA and flouroscence detectors). The dissolution study performed on the strips revealed that all the five formulations, release the drug within eight minutes. Under ICH accelerated stability conditions, strips were stable at 40°C and 75% humidity for eight weeks. Furthermore, pharmacokinetic properties of oral strip were compared with rizatriptan benzoate marketed tablet. Oral disintegrating strip and tablet showed significantly higher bioavailability. Oral strip exhibited better pharmacokinetic parameters than rizatriptan marketed tablet. The Tmax, Cmax, AUC and t1/2 for oral strip were found to be 1.00 h, 64.13±19.46 ng/mL, 352.00±71.57 ng/mL/h and 3.09±1.03 h respectively, whereas, tablet showed 1.5 h, 38.00±13.43 ng/mL, 210.38± 40.37ng/mL/h and 1.66±0.31 h respectively. These findings confirm that the rizatriptan benzoate oral disintegrating strip is potentially a useful tool for an effective treatment of migraine with improved bioavailability, rapid onset of action and with increased patient compliance.
14‐3‐3 Ligand Prevents Nuclear Import of c‐ABL Protein in Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (2009)

Here we demonstrated that the 'loss of function' of not-rearranged c-ABL in chronic myeloid leukemia (CML) is promoted by its cytoplasmic compartmentalization bound to 14-3-3 sigma scaffolding protein. In particular, constitutive tyrosine kinase (TK) activity of p210 BCR-ABL blocks c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation leading to 14-3-3 sigma phosphorylation at a critical residue (Ser(186)) for c-ABL binding in response to DNA damage. Moreover, it is associated with 14-3-3 sigma over-expression arising from epigenetic mechanisms (promoter hyper-acetylation). Accordingly, p210 BCR-ABL TK inhibition by the TK inhibitor Imatinib mesylate (IM) evokes multiple events, including JNK phosphorylation at Thr(183), p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation at Thr(180), c-ABL de-phosphorylation at Ser residues involved in 14-3-3 binding and reduction of 14-3-3 sigma expression, that let c-ABL release from 14-3-3 sigma and nuclear import, and address BCR-ABL-expressing cells towards apoptotic death. Informational spectrum method (ISM), a virtual spectroscopy method for analysis of protein interactions based on their structure, and mathematical filtering in cross spectrum (CS) analysis identified 14-3-3 sigma/c-ABL binding sites. Further investigation on CS profiles of c-ABL- and p210 BCR-ABL-containing complexes revealed the mechanism likely involved 14-3-3 precluded phosphorylation in CML cells.
The PSAP Motif within the ORF3 Protein of an Avian Strain of the Hepatitis E Virus Is Not Critical for Viral Infectivity<i>In Vivo</i>but Plays a Role in Virus Release (2012)

The ORF3 protein of hepatitis E virus (HEV) is a multifunctional protein important for virus replication. The ORF3 proteins from human, swine, and avian strains of HEV contain a conserved PXXP amino acid motif, resembling either Src homology 3 (SH3) cell signaling interaction motifs or "late domains" involved in host cell interactions aiding in particle release. Using an avian strain of HEV, we determined the roles of the conserved prolines within the PREPSAPP motif in HEV replication and infectivity in Leghorn male hepatoma (LMH) chicken liver cells and in chickens. Each proline was changed to alanine to produce 8 avian HEV mutants containing single mutations (P64, P67, P70, and P71 to A), double mutations (P64/67A, P64/70A, and P67/70A), and triple mutations (P64/67/70A). The results showed that avian HEV mutants are replication competent in vitro, and none of the prolines in the PXXPXXPP motif are essential for infectivity in vivo; however, the second and third prolines appear to aid in fecal virus shedding, suggesting that the PSAP motif, but not the PREP motif, is involved in virus release. We also showed that the PSAP motif interacts with the host protein tumor suppressor gene 101 (TSG101) and that altering any proline within the PSAP motif disrupts this interaction. However, we showed that the ORF2 protein expressed in LMH cells is efficiently released from the cells in the absence of ORF3 and that coexpression of ORF2 and ORF3 did not act synergistically in this release, suggesting that another factor(s) such as ORF1 or viral genomic RNA may be necessary for proper particle release.
Examination of moisture sensitivity of aggregate–bitumen bonding strength using loose asphalt mixture and physico-chemical surface energy property tests (2013)

In this study, the moisture sensitivity of different kinds of aggregates and bituminous binders is examined by comparing the performance between five empirical test methods for loose mixtures - static immersion test, rolling bottle test (RBT), boiling water test (BWT), total water immersion test and the ultrasonic method - with more fundamental surface energy-based test data. The RBT and BWT results showed that limestone aggregates perform better than granite aggregates and that, for unmodified binders, stiffer binders provide better moisture resistance compared with softer binder. Both tests were sensitive to aggregate type, binder type and anti-stripping agent type. Ranking of the mixtures by RBT and BWT was in general agreement with the surface energy-based tests, especially for mixtures that performed worst or best in RBT and BWT. The magnitude of the work of debonding in the presence of water was found to be aggregate type dependent which suggests the physico-chemical properties of aggregates may play a fundamental and more significant role in the generation of moisture damage, than bitumen properties. © 2013 © 2013 The Author(s). Published by Taylor & Francis.
Biodiesel from aquatic species. Project report: FY 1993 (1994)

Researchers in the Biodiesel/Aquatic Species Project focus on the use of microalgae as a feedstock for producing renewable, high-energy liquid fuels. The program`s basic premise is that microalgae, which have been called the most productive biochemical factories in the world, can produce up to 30 times more oil per unit of growth area than land plants. It is estimated that 150 to 400 barrels of oil per acre per year (0.06 to 0.16 million liters/hectar) could be produced with microalgal oil technology. Initial commercialization of this technology is envisioned for the desert Southwest because this area provides high solar radiation and offers flat land that has few competing uses (hence low land costs). Similarly, there are large saline aquifers with few competing uses in the region. This water source could provide a suitable, low-cost medium for the growth of many microalgae. The primary area of research during FY 1993 was the effort to genetically improve microalgae in order to control the timing and magnitude of lipid accumulation. Increased lipid content will have a direct effect on fuel price, and the control of lipid content is a major project goal. The paper describes progress on the following: culture collection; molecular biology of lipid biosynthesis; microalgal transformation; and environmental, safety, and health and quality assurance.
Cladistic Taxonomy, Phylogenetic Systematics, and Evolutionary Ranking (1995)

The ancient discipline of biological tax? onomy has been very slow to incorporate major shifts in world views throughout the millennia. Impervious to the derision of scientists from the more glamorous fields of research, many taxonomists today sim? ply take for granted secular traditions of describing and naming the diversity of tiature. They may persist stoically for a life? time in such a self-appointed descriptive role, avoiding theory, philosophy, and ex? planation. Some of these taxonomists may venture intuitive classifications for their
Puerperal Ovarian Vein Thrombosis with Extension Into the Inferior Vena Cava (1999)

The incidence of puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis is estimated to range between 1 in 600 and 1 in 2000 deliveries. The cardinal signs of puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis include fever, leukocytosis, and right lower quadrant abdominal pain, most often in a recently delivered female patient. These patients are classically described as failing to improve with intravenous antibiotic therapy alone; resolution of symptoms and presumptive diagnosis is made on defervescence with the addition of intravenous heparin therapy. Objective diagnostic modalities include venography, ultrasound, laparoscopy, and MRI, although CT remains the gold standard for the identification of this under-diagnosed entity. We present a case report of a 20-year-old female treated at our facility for puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis. She was transferred to our vascular surgery service after developing the classic signs of puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis and undergoing CT demonstrating ovarian vein thrombosis with extension of free-floating thrombus into her inferior vena cava (IVC). This degree of thrombosis was particularly concerning when one considers the 3 to 33 per cent rate of pulmonary embolism reported in patients with puerperal ovarian vein thrombosis. Treatment modalities for such extensive degrees of thrombosis are described in the literature and range from hysterectomy and thrombectomy to ligation of the IVC. In our case, we prophylactically placed a suprarenal IVC Greenfield filter to protect against pulmonary embolism and proceeded with the standard regimen of anticoagulation and antibiotics. This treatment approach has been reported only twice previously in the literature, to our knowledge.
Parkinson's Law and Its Implications for Project Management (1991)

Critical path models concerning project management (i.e. PERT/CPM) fail to account for work force behavioral effects on the expected project completion time. In this paper, we provide a modelling framework for project management activities, that ultimately accounts for expected worker behavior under Parkinson's Law. A stochastic activity completion time model is used to formally state Parkinson's Law. The developed model helps to examine the effects of information release policies on subcontractors of project activities, and to develop managerial policies for setting appropriate deadlines for series or parallel project activities.
Chronic pain, work performance and litigation (2003)

The overall population impact of chronic pain on work performance has been underestimated as it has often been described in terms of work-related absence, excluding more subtle effects that chronic pain may have on the ability to work effectively. Additionally, most studies have focussed on occupational and/or patient cohorts and treatment seeking, rather than sampling from the general population. We undertook a population-based random digit dialling computer-assisted telephone survey with participants randomly selected within households in order to measure the impact of chronic pain on work performance. In addition, we measured the association between pain-related disability and litigation. The study took place in Northern Sydney Health Area, a geographically defined urban area of New South Wales, Australia, and included 484 adults aged 18 or over with chronic pain. The response rate was 73.4%. Working with pain was more common (on an average 83.8 days in 6 months) than lost work days due to pain (4.5 days) among chronic pain participants in full-time or part-time employment. When both lost work days and reduced-effectiveness work days were summed, an average of 16.4 lost work day equivalents occurred in a 6-month period, approximately three times the average number of lost work days. In multiple logistic regression modelling with pain-related disability as the dependent variable, past or present pain-related litigation had the strongest association (odds ratio (OR)=3.59, P=0.001). In conclusion, chronic pain had a larger impact on work performance than has previously been recognised, related to reduced performance while working with pain. A significant proportion were able to work effectively with pain, suggesting that complete relief of pain may not be an essential therapeutic target. Litigation (principally work-related) for chronic pain was strongly associated with higher levels of pain-related disability, even after taking into account other factors associated with poor functional outcomes.
Spontaneous Formation of Cadmium Hydroxide Nanostrands in Water (2004)

Cadmium hydroxide nanostrands with a diameter of 1.9 nm were spontaneously formed by raising the pH of a dilute Cd(NO3)2 solution. The length reaches a few micrometers and the aspect ratio exceeds 1000. The crystallographic structure was successfully elucidated by high-resolution electron microscopy. The surface of the nanostrands was remarkably positively charged and adsorbed an astonishing number of negatively charged dye molecules.