gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Maternal breast‐milk and intestinal bifidobacteria guide the compositional development of the <i>Bifidobacterium</i> microbiota in infants at risk of allergic disease (2007)

Breast-milk contains significant numbers of bifidobacteria and the maternal allergic status further deranges the counts of bifidobacteria in breast-milk. Maternal fecal and breast-milk bifidobacterial counts impacted on the infants' fecal Bifidobacterium levels. Breast-milk bacteria should thus be considered an important source of bacteria in the establishment of infantile intestinal microbiota.
Lightweight web-based fact repositories for textual question answering (2007)

Since answers to fact-seeking questions usually reside within small factual text nuggets, often "hidden" within full-length documents, their relevance to a question is not necessarily correlated to the relevance of the full-length document to the question. Yet previous approaches to open-domain textual question answering from large document collections quasi-unanimously employ a document retrieval stage, in order to apply widely different, often expensive answer mining techniques to only a small subset of documents. Depending on the collection size, 95% or more of the documents in the collection (much more in the case of the Web) are left out of the selected subset for any given query, and thus become invisible to subsequent processing stages for actual answer mining. This paper introduces a new model for answer retrieval for question answering. The collection is distilled offline into large repositories of facts. Each fact constitutes a potential direct answer to questions seeking a particular kind of entity or relation, such as questions asking about the date of particular events. Question answering becomes equivalent to online fact retrieval, which greatly simplifies the de-facto system architecture for fact-seeking question answering. In addition to simplicity, experiments on a fact repository acquired from approximately a billion Web documents illustrate the impact of fact repositories in extracting accurate answers to a standard evaluation set of open-domain test questions and additional sets of domain-specific questions.
Sulfhydryl Groups and the Monodeiodination of Thyroxine to Triiodothyronine (1978)

Sulfhydryl reagents exert a profound influence on the monodeiodination of thyroxine to triiodothyronine by rat and sheep tissues in vitro. A marked dithiothreitol-induced increase in the monodeiodination by fetal sheep liver homogenates suggests that the characteristically low conversion in fetal tissues is related more to the status of sulfhydryl groups than to a deficiency of the monodeiodinating enzyme.
<title>Image analysis for video artifact estimation and measurement</title> (2001)

The ultimate goal of vide compression is to maximize picture quality while minimizing bandwidth requirement. In most video storage and communication applications, the constraints are often expressed as limitation in delivery bandwidth or storage capacity. The objective of video encoder development is, therefore, to minimize the amount of distortions introduced by video compression and transmission. As an enabling technology, measurement of compression distortions and quality impact to end-users is crucial to video encoder optimization. While the field is developing quickly, there have been two different paradigms for video quality measurement that are being studied, picture quality models that use reference pictures, and the models that do not. An issue common to picture quality measurement in both paradigms is to obtain accurate measurement of picture distortions. In this paper, we review the requirements of these two measurement paradigms and propose two image analysis methods that address some specific issues of picture distortion measurement. First we describe a fast video alignment approach necessary for picture distortion measurement models that require references. In the rest of the paper, we propose a blur estimation scheme to measure blurring degradation introduced by video compression and imaging systems. We will then review its reference-free distortion measurement performance using data from two experiments.
The Presence of Fibroblast Growth Factor in the Frog Egg: Its Role as a Natural Mesoderm Inducer (1988)

A complementary DNA clone corresponding to a 4.2-kilobase transcript that is present in the Xenopus oocyte and newly transcribed in the neurula stages of development has been isolated. This messenger RNA encodes a 155-amino acid protein that is 84% identical to the human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). When expressed in Escherichia coli and purified, the Xenopus FGF induced mesoderm in animal cell blastomeres as measured by muscle actin expression. Immunoblots with an antibody to a Xenopus FGF peptide show that the oocyte and early embryo contain a store of the FGF polypeptide at high enough concentrations to induce mesoderm. The presence of FGF in the oocyte, together with the apparent lack of a secretory signal sequence in the protein, suggest that the regulation of mesoderm induction may involve novel mechanisms that occur after the translation of FGF.
An Assessment of the Effects of Shell Cross-Linked Nanoparticle Size, Core Composition, and Surface PEGylation on in Vivo Biodistribution (2005)

Amphiphilic core-shell nanoparticles have drawn considerable interest in biomedical applications. The precise control over their physicochemical parameters and the ability to attach various ligands within specific domains suggest shell cross-linked (SCK) nanoparticles may be used as multi-/polyvalent scaffolds for drug delivery. In this study, the biodistribution of four SCKs, differing in size, core composition, and surface PEGylation, was evaluated. To facilitate in-vivo tracking of the SCKs, the positron-emitting radionuclide copper-64 was used. By using biodistribution and microPET imaging approaches, we found that small diameter (18 nm) SCKs possessing a polystyrene core showed the most favorable biological behavior in terms of prolonged blood retention and low liver accumulation. The data demonstrated that both core composition, which influenced the SCK flexibility and shape adaptability, and hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticle play important roles in the respective biodistributions. Surface modification with poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) had no noticeable effects on SCK behavior.
The oral examination as a measure of professional competence (1966)

Log in or Register Subscribe to journalSubscribe Get new issue alertsGet alerts Enter your Email address: Wolters Kluwer Health may email you for journal alerts and information, but is committed to maintaining your privacy and will not share your personal information without your express consent. For more information, please refer to our Privacy Policy. Subscribe to eTOC Secondary Logo Journal Logo All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search Toggle navigation Subscribe Register Login Articles & Issues Current IssuePrevious IssuesPublished Ahead-of-Print Collections Editorials of Laura Weiss Roberts, MD, MAAM Last PageCOVID-19 and Medical EducationAddressing Race and Racism in Medical EducationeBooksView All For Authors Submit a ManuscriptInformation for AuthorsLanguage Editing ServicesAuthor Permissions Journal Info About the JournalAbout the AAMCJournal MastheadSubmit a ManuscriptAdvertising InformationSubscription ServicesReprints and Back IssuesClassified AdsRights and PermissionsFor ReviewersFor MediaFor Trainees All Articles Images Videos Podcasts Blogs Advanced Search
Polycrystalline CVD Diamond Films with High Electrical Mobility (1993)

Advances in the deposition process have led to dramatic improvements in the electronic properties of polycrystalline diamond films produced by chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It is now possible to produce CVD diamond with properties approaching those of IIa natural diamonds. The combined electron-hole mobility, as measured by transient photoconductivity at low carrier density, is 4000 square centimeters per volt per second at an electric field of 200 volts per centimeter and is comparable to that of the best single-crystal IIa natural diamonds. Carrier lifetimes measured under the same conditions are 150 picoseconds for the CVD diamond and 300 picoseconds for single-crystal diamond. The collection distance at a field of 10 kilovolts per centimeter is 15 micrometers for the CVD diamond as compared to 30 micrometers for natural diamonds. The electrical qualities appear to correlate with the width of the diamond Raman peak. Also, although the collection distance at the highest fields in the films nearly equals the average grain size, there is no evidence of deleterious grain boundary effects.
Junction-to-top and junction-to-board thermal resistance measurement for 119 BGA packages (2003)

Junction-to-top (/spl theta//sub jt/) and junction-to-board (/spl theta//sub jb/) thermal resistance of a 119 BGA package for 4 Mbit SP SRAM have been investigated using the cold plate-Teflon block method and was compared with the junction-to-case thermal resistance (/spl theta//sub jc/) measurement method. Both thermal dice and real dice were prepared to measure the 119 BGA package thermal resistance. The junction-to-case and junction-to-top thermal resistance for a real die are about 3.5/spl deg/C/W and 3.8/spl deg/C/W respectively, whereas with a thermal die, the junction-to-case and junction-to-top thermal resistance are 4.0/spl deg/C/W and 4.8/spl deg/C/W respectively. For both thermal and real die, the junction-to-case thermal resistance is less than the junction-to-top thermal resistance. This is attributed to the different thermal boundary conditions applied to the 119 BGA package for each test method. In the meantime, thermal resistances of packages with thermal dice were approximately 14.3/spl sim/26.3% higher than those of package with real dice, the reason for which is being investigated.
Effect of structural variations within lipophilic dibenzocrown ether carboxylic acids on the selectivity and efficiency of competitive alkali-metal cation solvent extraction into chloroform (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffect of structural variations within lipophilic dibenzocrown ether carboxylic acids on the selectivity and efficiency of competitive alkali-metal cation solvent extraction into chloroformWladyslaw. Walkowiak, Witold A. Charewicz, Sang Ihn. Kang, Il Woo. Yang, Michael J. Pugia, and Richard A. BartschCite this: Anal. Chem. 1990, 62, 18, 2018–2021Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00217a022https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00217a022research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views117Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Characterization of AQPs in Mouse, Rat, and Human Colon and Their Selective Regulation by Bile Acids (2016)

In normal individuals, the epithelium of the colon absorbs 1.5-2 l of water a day to generate dehydrated feces. However, in the condition of bile acid malabsorption (BAM), an excess of bile acids in the colon results in diarrhea. Several studies have attempted to address the mechanisms contributing to BAM induced by various bile acids. However, none have addressed a potential dysregulation of aquaporin (AQP) water channels, which are responsible for the majority of transcellular water transport in epithelial cells, as a contributing factor to the onset of diarrhea and the pathogenesis of BAM. In this study, we aimed to systematically analyze the expression of AQPs in colonic epithelia from rat, mouse, and human and determine whether their expression is altered in a rat model of BAM. Mass spectrometry-based proteomics, RT-PCR, and western blotting identified various AQPs in isolated colonic epithelial cells from rats (AQP1, 3, 4, 7, 8) and mice (AQP1, 4, 8). Several AQPs were also detected in human colon (AQP1, 3, 4, 7-9). Immunohistochemistry localized AQP1 to the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells in the bottom of the crypts, whereas AQP3 (rat, human) and AQP4 (mice, human) were localized predominantly in the basolateral plasma membrane. AQP8 was localized intracellularly and at the apical plasma membrane of epithelial cells. Rats fed sodium cholate for 72 h had significantly increased fecal water content, suggesting development of BAM-associated diarrhea. Colonic epithelial cells isolated from this model had significantly altered levels of AQP3, 7, and 8, suggesting that these AQPs may be involved in the pathogenesis of bile acid-induced diarrhea.
Controlled Continuous Flow Delivery System for Investigating Taste−Aroma Interactions (2004)

A multichannel flavor delivery system, Dynataste, was developed. Controlled amounts of isoamyl acetate (100 ppm) and sucrose (0-3%) solution was administered to experienced and naïve assessors who used time intensity techniques to record perceived 'fruit' flavor intensity. In-nose volatile delivery was monitored using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry. Results indicated that sucrose is a key driver of fruit flavor intensity but that the magnitude of the effect varies between individuals. The combined temporal analysis of chemical stimuli in vivo and sensory data indicate evidence of interactions at a perceptual level. Comparison of experienced and naïve assessors revealed cross-modal interactions in each group, although a subgroup of experienced assessors was unaffected by changes in sucrose concentration. This raises the question of the selected use of experienced panels in cross modal investigations.
Mitochondrial ion circuits (2010)

Proton circuits across the inner mitochondrial membrane link the primary energy generators, namely the complexes of the electron transport chain, to multiple energy utilizing processes, including the ATP synthase, inherent proton leak pathways, metabolite transport and linked circuits of sodium and calcium. These mitochondrial circuits can be monitored in both isolated preparations and intact cells and, for the primary proton circuit techniques, exist to follow both the proton current and proton electrochemical potential components of the circuit in parallel experiments, providing a quantitative means of assessing mitochondrial function and, equally importantly, dysfunction.
Execution-time profiling for multiple-process behavioral synthesis (2002)

This paper presents a technique for back-annotating the results of high-level synthesis into the source description to produce a timing-accurate behavioral simulation model. The resulting simulation model exhibits the same cycle-by-cycle behavior as a register-transfer level model, but can be simulated in a fraction of the time. This idea has analogies both to software profiling and to back-annotation at lower levels of hardware design. Experimental results demonstrate that the annotated behavioral simulation models run two to three orders of magnitude faster than register-transfer level simulation models, and only about an order of magnitude slower than behavioral models with no timing information.
Distinct negative regulation of the human embryonic globin genes zeta and epsilon. (1993)

The human embryonic globin genes zeta and epsilon are expressed when erythropoiesis is initiated at about the third week of development but are subsequently repressed as expression of the fetal globins, alpha and gamma, begins. We have examined the promoter region of the human zeta-globin and epsilon-globin genes in order to identify regulatory sequences that may be involved in this process. Stable transfection of the human erythroid cell line K562 with either a truncated form of the zeta-globin gene, containing 112 base pairs (bp) of 5'-flanking sequences, or a larger zeta-globin construct, containing several hundred bp of 5'-flanking sequence, revealed that the zeta-globin gene is subject to negative regulation by its 5'-flanking region. We have defined the sequences responsible for this negative regulation to a 22 bp region immediately upstream of the proximal promoter sequence of the zeta-globin gene. A 22 bp oligonucleotide including this negative element was found to inhibit both the zeta-globin and HSV TK promoters. We have also analyzed the promoter of the human epsilon-globin gene, since it is coordinately expressed with zeta-globin. We show that it is likewise subject to negative regulation, though in this case from a distal silencer element. Gel retardation and methylation interference assays have provided evidence of a factor which binds specifically to the epsilon-globin silencer. However, no obvious sequence homology exists between the zeta and epsilon negative elements, and at least some of the factors that recognize these elements are distinct. We postulate that the negative transcriptional control elements in the human embryonic globin gene promoters contribute to the observed reduction in zeta- and epsilon-globin gene expression that occurs during development.
Study of Image Quality of Superimposed Projection Using Multiple Projectors (2009)

In this correspondence, we discuss the quality of images realized by a recently proposed method of generating a high-resolution image by superimposing multiple low-resolution images projected by different projectors. We show several fundamental properties of this method: 1) the accuracy of the image realization (e.g., resolution of the realized image) is heavily affected by the structures of the images to be realized, and 2) there is a tradeoff between the image quality and the maximum brightness of the images to be realized. These are properties peculiar to multiprojector super-resolution and are in contrast with multicamera super-resolution. The results will be helpful in evaluating the usefulness of the method.
Rose Bengal Acetate PhotoDynamic Therapy (RBAc-PDT) Induces Exposure and Release of Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) in Human HeLa Cells (2014)

The new concept of Immunogenic Cell Death (ICD), associated with Damage Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) exposure and/or release, is recently becoming very appealing in cancer treatment. In this context, PhotoDynamic Therapy (PDT) can give rise to ICD and to immune response upon dead cells removal. The list of PhotoSensitizers (PSs) able to induce ICD is still short and includes Photofrin, Hypericin, Foscan and 5-ALA. The goal of the present work was to investigate if Rose Bengal Acetate (RBAc), a powerful PS able to trigger apoptosis and autophagy, enables photosensitized HeLa cells to expose and/or release pivotal DAMPs, i.e. ATP, HSP70, HSP90, HMGB1, and calreticulin (CRT), that characterize ICD. We found that apoptotic HeLa cells after RBAc-PDT exposed and released, early after the treatment, high amount of ATP, HSP70, HSP90 and CRT; the latter was distributed on the cell surface as uneven patches and co-exposed with ERp57. Conversely, autophagic HeLa cells after RBAc-PDT exposed and released HSP70, HSP90 but not CRT and ATP. Exposure and release of HSP70 and HSP90 were always higher on apoptotic than on autophagic cells. HMGB1 was released concomitantly to secondary necrosis (24 h after RBAc-PDT). Phagocytosis assay suggests that CRT is involved in removal of RBAc-PDT generated apoptotic HeLa cells. Altogether, our data suggest that RBAc has all the prerequisites (i.e. exposure and/or release of ATP, CRT, HSP70 and HSP90), that must be verified in future vaccination experiments, to be considered a good PS candidate to ignite ICD. We also showed tha CRT is involved in the clearance of RBAc photokilled HeLa cells. Interestingly, RBAc-PDT is the first cancer PDT protocol able to induce the translocation of HSP90 and plasma membrane co-exposure of CRT with ERp57.
Priming in the Type I-F CRISPR-Cas system triggers strand-independent spacer acquisition, bi-directionally from the primed protospacer (2014)

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), in combination with CRISPR associated (cas) genes, constitute CRISPR-Cas bacterial adaptive immune systems. To generate immunity, these systems acquire short sequences of nucleic acids from foreign invaders and incorporate these into their CRISPR arrays as spacers. This adaptation process is the least characterized step in CRISPR-Cas immunity. Here, we used Pectobacterium atrosepticum to investigate adaptation in Type I-F CRISPR-Cas systems. Pre-existing spacers that matched plasmids stimulated hyperactive primed acquisition and resulted in the incorporation of up to nine new spacers across all three native CRISPR arrays. Endogenous expression of the cas genes was sufficient, yet required, for priming. The new spacers inhibited conjugation and transformation, and interference was enhanced with increasing numbers of new spacers. We analyzed ∼ 350 new spacers acquired in priming events and identified a 5'-protospacer-GG-3' protospacer adjacent motif. In contrast to priming in Type I-E systems, new spacers matched either plasmid strand and a biased distribution, including clustering near the primed protospacer, suggested a bi-directional translocation model for the Cas1:Cas2-3 adaptation machinery. Taken together these results indicate priming adaptation occurs in different CRISPR-Cas systems, that it can be highly active in wild-type strains and that the underlying mechanisms vary.
Long working range mercury droplet actuation (2009)

This paper reports novel mercury droplet actuators with a long working range. The actuators were designed so that they can be used as thermal switches. Two types of actuation electrode were investigated: electrowetting type and electrostatic type. It was confirmed that the actuation of a mercury droplet was possible with each electrode. In addition, two types of actuator surface were investigated: flat surface and surface with micropillars. The micropillars showed considerable mobility enhancement of the droplet, but were found to be useful only with an appropriate electrode design. When the mercury droplet was actuated by 100–300 Vp-p, the observed maximum working range was about 200 µm, which is much longer than the values reported previously. Poor repeatability of droplet motion due to the charge-up of the actuator surface was revealed as a problem.
KHSO<sub>4</sub>‐Mediated Condensation Reactions of tert‐Butanesulfinamide with Aldehydes. Preparation of tert‐Butanesulfinyl Aldimines. (2005)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.