gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Review of the Application of Lipid-Based Systems in Systemic, Dermal/ Transdermal, and Ocular Drug Delivery (2008)

The introduction of combinatorial chemistry and the development of high-throughput techniques has significantly increased the amount of new active lipophilic molecular entities. As a result, the need for successful delivery of these lipophilic active compounds has also increased. One such method of delivery is through the use of advanced lipid-based drug delivery systems. Traditionally, the majority of reviews of lipid-based drug delivery systems were based on the oral administration field only. This review article focuses on the use of lipids in parenteral, dermal/ transdermal, and ocular drug delivery systems. Specific needs, considerations, approaches, and limitations in lipid-based drug delivery are discussed herein on the basis of the anatomical and physiological diversity of the target organs and systems.
High Density Clear Fluids for Completions and Workovers (1980)

Abstract In recent years, the practical operating range of clear brines as completion and workover fluids has been significantly extended by the introduction of formulations incorporating bromide, so that the advantages of clear brines can now be obtained with fluids having densities as high as 19.2 lb/gal (2.3 g/cm3) at ambient temperatures, to give a series of fluids of proven cost-effectiveness. The properties and formulation of a range of clear brines are described, including calcium chloride – calcium bromide calcium chloride – calcium bromide – zinc bromide calcium bromide – zinc bromide sodium chloride – sodium bromide Proper formulation of brines to achieve the best cost effectiveness is important and is emphasized in terms of the trade-off between costs and acceptable crystallization temperature. Handling, safety and environmental aspects of the various fluids are covered, as are practical operating aspects. The sodium salt brines are applicable in the special situation where calcium salts would be incompatible with connate water. Incorporation of various additives is discussed – viscosifiers, fluid loss additives, corrosion inhibitors, as is the recovery and regeneration of fluids for re-use. The heavy clear fluids are used for completion and workover, as packer fluids, and as drilling fluids (both aqueous and oil-invert systems). Case histories from North Sea operations are presented.
Identification of Amino Acid Residues of the NR2A Subunit That Control Glutamate Potency in Recombinant NR1/NR2A NMDA Receptors (1998)

The NMDA type of ligand-gated glutamate receptor requires the presence of both glutamate and glycine for gating. These receptors are hetero-oligomers of NR1 and NR2 subunits. Previously it was thought that the binding sites for glycine and glutamate were formed by residues on the NR1 subunit. Indeed, it has been shown that the effects of glycine are controlled by residues on the NR1 subunit, and a "Venus flytrap" model for the glycine binding site has been suggested by analogy with bacterial periplasmic amino acid binding proteins. By analysis of 10 mutant NMDA receptors, we now show that residues on the NR2A subunit control glutamate potency in recombinant NR1/NR2A receptors, without affecting glycine potency. Furthermore, we provide evidence that, at least for some mutated residues, the reduced potency of glutamate cannot be explained by alteration of gating but has to be caused primarily by impairing the binding of the agonist to the resting state of the receptor. One NR2A mutant, NR2A(T671A), had an EC50 for glutamate 1000-fold greater than wild type and a 255-fold reduced affinity for APV, yet it had single-channel openings very similar to those of wild type. Therefore we propose that the glutamate binding site is located on NR2 subunits and (taking our data together with previous work) is not on the NR1 subunit. Our data further imply that each NMDA receptor subunit possesses a binding site for an agonist (glutamate or glycine).
Noncoding RNA in Oncogenesis: A New Era of Identifying Key Players (2013)

New discoveries and accelerating progresses in the field of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) continuously challenges our deep-rooted doctrines in biology and sometimes our imagination. A growing body of evidence indicates that ncRNAs are important players in oncogenesis. While a stunning list of ncRNAs has been discovered, only a small portion of them has been examined for their biological activities and very few have been characterized for the molecular mechanisms of their action. To date, ncRNAs have been shown to regulate a wide range of biological processes, including chromatin remodeling, gene transcription, mRNA translation and protein function. Dysregulation of ncRNAs contributes to the pathogenesis of a variety of cancers and aberrant ncRNA expression has a high potential to be prognostic in some cancers. Thus, a new cancer research era has begun to identify novel key players of ncRNAs in oncogenesis. In this review, we will first discuss the function and regulation of miRNAs, especially focusing on the interplay between miRNAs and several key cancer genes, including p53, PTEN and c-Myc. We will then summarize the research of long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) in cancers. In this part, we will discuss the lncRNAs in four categories based on their activities, including regulating gene expression, acting as miRNA decoys, mediating mRNA translation, and modulating protein activities. At the end, we will also discuss recently unraveled activities of circular RNAs (circRNAs).
The rpoB gene of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1994)

A portion of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis gene encoding the beta subunit of RNA polymerase (rpoB) was amplified by PCR using degenerate oligonucleotides and used as a hybridization probe to isolate plasmid clones carrying the entire rpoB gene of M. tuberculosis H37Rv, a virulent, rifampin-susceptible strain. Sequence analysis of a 5,084-bp SacI genomic DNA fragment revealed a 3,534-bp open reading frame encoding an 1,178-amino-acid protein with 57% identity with the Escherichia coli beta subunit. This SacI fragment also carried a portion of the rpoC gene located 43 bp downstream from the 3' end of the rpoB open reading frame; this organization is similar to that of the rpoBC operon of E. coli. The M. tuberculosis rpoB gene was cloned into the shuttle plasmid pMV261 and electroporated into the LR223 strain of Mycobacterium smegmatis, which is highly resistant to rifampin (MIC > 200 micrograms/ml). The resulting transformants were relatively rifampin susceptible (MIC = 50 micrograms/ml). Using PCR mutagenesis techniques, we introduced a specific rpoB point mutation (associated with clinical strains of rifampin-resistant M. tuberculosis) into the cloned M. tuberculosis rpoB gene and expressed this altered gene in the LR222 strain of M. smegmatis, which is susceptible to rifampin (MIC = 25 micrograms/ml). The resulting transformants were rifampin resistant (MIC = 200 micrograms/ml). The mutagenesis and expression strategy of the cloned M. tuberculosis rpoB gene that we have employed in this study will allow us to determine the rpoB mutations that are responsible for rifampin resistance in M. tuberculosis.
Treatment and outcome of Shiga-toxin-associated hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) (2008)

Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) is the most common cause of acute renal failure in childhood and the reason for chronic renal replacement therapy. It leads to significant morbidity and mortality during the acute phase. In addition to acute morbidity and mortality, long-term renal and extrarenal complications can occur in a substantial number of children years after the acute episode of HUS. The most common infectious agents causing HUS are enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC)-producing Shiga toxin (and belonging to the serotype O157:H7) and several non-O157:H7 serotypes. D(+) HUS is an acute disease characterized by prodromal diarrhea followed by acute renal failure. The classic clinical features of HUS include the triad of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia, and acute renal failure. HUS mortality is reported to be between 3% and 5%, and death due to HUS is nearly always associated with severe extrarenal disease, including severe central nervous system (CNS) involvement. Approximately two thirds of children with HUS require dialysis therapy, and about one third have milder renal involvement without the need for dialysis therapy. General management of acute renal failure includes appropriate fluid and electrolyte management, antihypertensive therapy if necessary, and initiation of renal replacement therapy when appropriate. The prognosis of HUS depends on several contributing factors. In general "classic" HUS, induced by EHEC, has an overall better outcome. Totally different is the prognosis in patients with atypical and particularly recurrent HUS. However, patients with severe disease should be screened for genetic disorders of the complement system or other underlying diseases.
The Use of Disperse Dyes Containing Diester Groups to Produce Discharge Effects on Fully Dyed Lightweight Polyester Fabrics (1983)

The chemistry of a range of disperse dyes containing diester groups of carboxylic acids (Dispersol PC dyes) are briefly described. The development of a ‘discharge–resist’ printing method and a true resist technique on 100% polyester using these disperse dyes is then outlined. The introduction of two new auxiliary products (Matexil PN–AD and PN–DG) has now led to the use of these Dispersol PC dyes in a process for the discharge printing of fully dyed lightweight polyester fabrics (generally defined as those fabrics having a weight of 80 g/m 2 or less and a yarn count per filament of less than 3 dtex). Emphasis is placed on the practical processing conditions necessary to produce these discharge styles and in particular on a new approach to the print thickening system that will enable extremely fine line definition to be achieved.
Multifilamentary Nb&lt;inf&gt;3&lt;/inf&gt;Sn for superconducting generator applications (1975)

The progress achieved to date of a joint IGC-GE program for developing a practical multifilamentary Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn superconductor for use in a superconducting generator is described. The cable approach for producing a Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn conductor is evaluated, and the results of bend and tensile tests for various cables are presented. Fabrication methods for producing long lengths of multifilamentary Nb <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> Sn superconductor are discussed, and test data for several small coils are presented.
All-optical 2R regeneration of a 160-Gbit/s RZOOK serial data signal using a FOPA (2012)

All-optical 2R regeneration of a 160-Gbit/s RZ-OOK signal is demonstrated in a fiber optical parametric amplifier using a highly nonlinear fiber with the data as pump. Bit error rate bathtub curves validate the regeneration performance.
Nutrients and their role in host resistance to infection (2002)

Almost all nutrients in the diet play a crucial role in maintaining an "optimal" immune response, such that deficient and excessive intakes can have negative consequences on immune status and susceptibility to a variety of pathogens. Iron and vitamin A deficiencies and protein-energy malnutrition are highly prevalent worldwide and are important to the public health in terms of immunocompetence. There are also nutrients (i.e., glutamine, arginine, fatty acids, vitamin E) that provide additional benefits to immunocompromised persons or patients who suffer from various infections. The remarkable advances in immunology of recent decades have provided insights into the mechanisms responsible for the effects of various nutrients in the diet on specific functions in immune cells. In this review, we will present evidence and proposed mechanisms for the importance of a small group of nutrients that have been demonstrated to affect host resistance to infection will be presented. An inadequate status of some of these nutrients occurs in many populations in the world (i.e., vitamin A, iron, and zinc) where infectious disease is a major health concern. We will also review nutrients that may specifically modulate host defense to infectious pathogens (long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, vitamin E, vitamin C, selenium, and nucleotides). A detailed review of the effect of long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids on host defense is provided as an example of how the disciplines of nutrition and immunology have been combined to identify key mechanisms and propose nutrient-directed management of immune-related syndromes.
Continuous deasphalting of heavy petroleum residues with ethyl acetate (1987)

Abstract When crude oil is vacuum distilled, about 30% of the feed remain as low value residue. Hydrocracking can upgrade this residue into valuable light hydrocarbons. The hydrocracking could be optimized catalytically, if the residue were not to contain the metals vanadium and nickel that poison the catalyst. This contribution shows that continuous extraction of the residue with ethyl acetate yields a fraction with low metal content, while an asphaltene fraction with the remaining metal content is filtered off.
Parallel processing interactively simulates complex VLSI logic (1983)

To break the simulation bottleneck that has slowed designers of very large-scale integrated circuits, engineers at IBM developed the logic simulation machine, a hardware logic simulator. This dedicated, highly parallel computer simulates logic at a functional or gate level at speeds up to 100000 times faster than software simulators. In fact, it is so fast that designers can perform logic simulations interactively, experimenting with several designs and choosing the best one.
Group-Type Identification of Oil Samples Using Comprehensive Two- Dimensional Gas Chromatography Coupled to a Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (GC×GC-TOF) (2000)

In this work a comprehensive two-dimensional system (GC×GC) was coupled to a time-of-flight mass spectrometer (TOF/MS) for the analysis of oil samples. Group-types like the alkanes and saturated cyclic compounds (naphthenes), which are present in oil, are shown separately by selecting their unique masses. On selecting appropriate ion fragments, this method also permits the determination of sulfur- and oxygen-containing species in oil. Former results obtained by FID detection could be confirmed. After proper selection of unique ions in GC×GC-TOF both selectivity and sensitivity increase.
Some Developments in Synthetic Organic Sulfur Chemistry Since 1970 (1978)

Some recent developments are reviewed which are useful for synthesizing organic sulfur compounds as such, or which illustrate rapidly increasing interest in the use of sulfur compounds for synthesizing other compounds not containing sulfur. Each of the more than fifty classes of sulfur compounds considered is named in a heading or is printed in italic type in the text. 1. Introduction 2. Thiols 3. Thiocarboxylic Acids and Derivatives 4. Thiocarbonic Acid Derivatives. Isothiocyanates 5. Dithioacetals 6. Disulfides and Polysulfides 7. Sulfenic Acid Derivatives 8. Sulfides 9. Thials and Thiones 10. Sulfoxides, Sulfimides, and Sulfuranes 11. Sulfonium Salts and Sulfonium Ylides 12. Sulfinic Acids and Derivatives 13. Sulfones and Related Nitrogen Species 14. Sulfonic Acids and Derivatives 15. Derivatives of Sulfurous and Sulfuric Acids 16. Miscellaneous 17. Overview of Some Approaches to Syntheses of Non-Sulfur Containing Compounds
Phosphatidylethanolamine is not essential for the N-acylation of apolipoprotein in Escherichia coli (1991)

It has been postulated that the N-acyl fatty acid attached to the amino terminus of the major Escherichia coli lipoprotein is derived from the fatty acid at the 1-position of phosphatidylethanolamine (PtdEtn) (Jackowski, S., and Rock, C.O. (1986) J. Biol. Chem. 261, 11328-11333). To ascertain the role of PtdEtn in the conversion of apolipoprotein to the mature lipoprotein, the lipoprotein from E. coli strain AH930 (pss::kan) containing a null mutation in the phosphatidylserine synthase gene (pss) was studied. Pulse labeling with [35S]methionine for 30 s or 5 min revealed the formation of mature lipoprotein in both wild-type (W3110) and mutant (AH930) cells. [3H]Palmitate-labeled lipoproteins from both the mutant and wild-type cells were found to contain nearly identical amounts of alkali-resistant (amide-linked, 41-42%) and alkali-labile (ester-linked, 58-59%) fatty acids. Edman degradation and dansylation of the immuno-affinity-purified [35S]cysteine-labeled lipoprotein showed that the NH2 terminus of the lipoprotein in the mutant was blocked as in the wild type. In vitro assay of apolipoprotein N-acyltransferase using membranes either from the mutant or the wild-type strain as the source of both the enzyme and the acyl donor revealed that both membranes were equally active in the conversion of [35S]methionine-labeled apolipoprotein to lipoprotein. These data strongly suggest that PtdEtn is not essential for the N-acylation of apolipoprotein to form lipoprotein, and other major phospholipids such as phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin can serve as the donor of fatty acid in the N-acylation of apolipoprotein.
Novel targets for myeloma bone disease (2008)

Agents which target the tumor and bone-destructive process, such as the immunomodulatory drugs (IMiDs) or bortezomib, in combination with novel anti-resorptives should be effective. These combinations should be in clinical trials in the next few years. It is unclear if these treatments will be able to 'heal' bone lesions in MM patients.
Synthetic strategies in the construction of chromones (2010)

Abstract magnified image Because of important biological applications of chromones, some synthetic strategies leading to more complex derivatives have been widely explored in the past years. Thus, the purpose of this review is to report some recent improvements of the classical synthetic methods and of some nonclassical methods to obtain simple oxygenated chromones. The strategies for synthesis of heterocycle analogs containing phosphorus, nitrogen, and sulfur are also summarized. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2010).
Mild and Efficient Copper‐Catalyzed Cyanation of Aryl Iodides and Bromides (2005)

An efficient copper-catalyzed cyanation of aryl iodides and bromides is reported. Our system combines catalytic amounts of both copper salts and chelating ligands. The latter, which have potential nitrogen- and/or oxygen-binding sites, have never previously been used in this type of reaction. A protocol has been developed that enables the cyanation of aryl bromides through the copper-catalyzed in situ production of the corresponding aryl iodides using catalytic amounts of potassium iodide. Aryl nitriles are obtained in good yields and excellent selectivities in relatively mild conditions (110 degrees C) compared with the Rosenmund-von Braun cyanation reaction. Furthermore, the reaction is compatible with a wide range of functional groups including nitro and amino substituents. The protocol reported herein involves two main innovations: the use of catalytic amounts of ligands and the use of acetone cyanohydrin as the cyanating agent in copper-mediated cyanation reactions.
Synergistic interaction of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy with simultaneous hyperthermia in an osteosarcoma tumor model (2006)

In this study, the effectiveness and mechanism of combination therapy of 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) with simultaneous hyperthermia (HT) on human-derived osteosarcoma in vivo were examined. A tumor model was prepared by subcutaneously implanting human osteosarcoma into nude mice and local injection of ALA was selected as the administration route. This study demonstrated that both ALA-PDT and the combination of ALA-PDT with HT exhibited significant inhibitory effects on tumor growth. In the group with high total energy, the growth inhibition rates of tumor were 52.3% in ALA-PDT, and 27.3% in ALA-PDT with simultaneous HT (PDT+HT), and the synergetic index was 1.76, demonstrating that the inhibitory effect on tumor growth in ALA-PDT was significantly increased by simultaneous use of HT. In the histological findings, after ALA-PDT, necrosis was observed in the area from the surface to a depth of 2 mm, and only a slight effect was confirmed in deeper layers. On the other hand, after PDT+HT, necrosis was observed in layers even deeper than 2 mm below the surface. Furthermore, based on the immunohistochemical findings of the expression of carbonic anhydrase IX, while weak expression of CAIX was observed after ALA-PDT in an area relatively close to the surface, a positive area extended to the deeper layers after PDT+HT compared with ALA-PDT. In conclusion, PDT+HT demonstrated a significant inhibitory effect on tumor growth of human-derived osteosarcoma, and a synergistic interaction of simultaneous HT. This suggests the possibility that ALA-PDT is useful, not only for the treatment of superficial tumors but also for deep-seated mesenchymal tumors, such as osteosarcoma. Furthermore, the mechanism of the synergistic interaction suggested that ALA-PDT was effective in the deep area of tumors due to the increase of blood flow by mild hyperthermia.
In situ hybridization and immunolocalization of concentrative and equilibrative nucleoside transporters in the human intestine, liver, kidneys, and placenta (2007)

To better understand the role of human equilibrative (hENTs) and concentrative (hCNTs) nucleoside transporters in physiology and pharmacology, we investigated the regional, cellular, and spatial distribution of two hCNTs (hCNT1 and hCNT2) and two hENTs (hENT1 and hENT2) in four human tissues. Using in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical techniques, we found that the duodenum expressed hCNT1 and hCNT2 mRNAs in enterocytes and hENT1 and hENT2 mRNAs in crypt cells. In these cells, the hCNT and hENT proteins were predominantly localized in the apical and lateral membrane, respectively. Hepatocytes expressed higher levels of mRNAs of hENT1, hCNT1, and hENT2 than of hCNT2 and expressed all these proteins at hepatocyte cell borders and in the cytoplasm. While the kidney expressed hCNT1 and hCNT2 mRNAs in the proximal tubules, hENT1 and hENT2 mRNAs were present in the distal tubules, glomeruli, endothelial cells, and vascular smooth muscle cells. Proximal tubules adjacent to corticomedullary junctions expressed hENT1, hCNT1, and hCNT2 mRNA. Immunolocalization studies revealed predominant localization of hCNTs in the brush-border membrane of the proximal tubular epithelial cells and hENTs in the basolateral membrane of the distal tubular epithelial cells. Chorionic villi sections of human term placenta expressed mRNAs and proteins for hENT1 and hENT2 but only mRNA for hCNT2. Immunolocalization studies showed presence of hENT1 in the brush-border membrane of the syncytiotrophoblasts. These data are critical for a better understanding of the role of nucleoside transporters in the physiological and pharmacological effects of nucleosides and nucleoside drugs, respectively.
Rapid fluorescent reporter quantification by leaf disc analysis and its application in plant-virus studies (2014)

Laser scanners allow dual-color fluorescence imaging of leaf samples, which might not be acquired in standard stereomicroscope devices. Fluorescence microtiter plate analysis of intact leaf discs can be used for rapid, accurate quantitative comparison of fluorescent protein accumulation.