gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
RECOGNITION OF OBJECTS DISPLAYED WITH INCOMPLETE SETS OF DISCRETE BOUNDARY DOTS<sup>1,2</sup> (2007)

Most extant theories of shape perception assume or assert that various contour attributes, and in particular, the orientation, curvature and linear extent of the contours provide essential object recognition cues. The present study examined this proposal using discrete dots that marked locations on the outer boundary of namable objects, providing shape-patterns similar to silhouettes. For each shape, the display initially provided only a sampling of the total number of dots in the boundary, and the number of dots was periodically increased until the participant named the object. There were three treatment conditions in which the initial display as well as the periodic increments consisted of continuous arrays (strings) of dots, randomly positioned dots, or evenly spaced dots. Analysis showed objects were recognized with the fewest percentage of dots with the evenly spaced condition, and participants needed the greatest percentage with the contiguous array condition. In many cases objects could be identified when very few evenly spaced dots were shown, thereby providing large spacing between the dots. It seems unlikely that known neural mechanisms could extract contour attributes, e.g., orientation, curvature, and linear extent, from such sparse stimulus patterns, which provides a challenge to the proposition that these are essential shape cues.
Speech Enhancement Using Gain Function of Noisy Power Estimates and Linear Regression (2007)

Speech enhancement algorithm is proposed based on calculating the ratio of the average noisy power spectrum in time-frequency bins to the normalized time-frequency average. If the ratio is greater than the linear regression estimator threshold, speech is considered to be present. The algorithm has the advantage of being computationally simple and it produces significantly less residual noise. We evaluated the algorithm under various noise conditions to demonstrate its general superiority to conventional methods.
Inactivation of the <i>inhA</i> -Encoded Fatty Acid Synthase II (FASII) Enoyl-Acyl Carrier Protein Reductase Induces Accumulation of the FASI End Products and Cell Lysis of <i>Mycobacterium smegmatis</i> (2000)

The mechanism of action of isoniazid (INH), a first-line antituberculosis drug, is complex, as mutations in at least five different genes (katG, inhA, ahpC, kasA, and ndh) have been found to correlate with isoniazid resistance. Despite this complexity, a preponderance of evidence implicates inhA, which codes for an enoyl-acyl carrier protein reductase of the fatty acid synthase II (FASII), as the primary target of INH. However, INH treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis causes the accumulation of hexacosanoic acid (C(26:0)), a result unexpected for the blocking of an enoyl-reductase. To test whether inactivation of InhA is identical to INH treatment of mycobacteria, we isolated a temperature-sensitive mutation in the inhA gene of Mycobacterium smegmatis that rendered InhA inactive at 42 degrees C. Thermal inactivation of InhA in M. smegmatis resulted in the inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis, a decrease in hexadecanoic acid (C(16:0)) and a concomitant increase of tetracosanoic acid (C(24:0)) in a manner equivalent to that seen in INH-treated cells. Similarly, INH treatment of Mycobacterium bovis BCG caused an inhibition of mycolic acid biosynthesis, a decrease in C(16:0), and a concomitant accumulation of C(26:0). Moreover, the InhA-inactivated cells, like INH-treated cells, underwent a drastic morphological change, leading to cell lysis. These data show that InhA inactivation, alone, is sufficient to induce the accumulation of saturated fatty acids, cell wall alterations, and cell lysis and are consistent with InhA being a primary target of INH.
Capacity and dirty paper coding for gaussian broadcast channels with common information (2004)

We consider a set of parallel, two-user scalar Gaussian broadcast channels, where the transmitter wishes to send independent information to each of the receivers and common information to both receivers. The capacity region of this channel is implicitly characterized in [A. El Gamal, (1980)]. Here, we provide an explicit characterization of the power and rate allocation schemes that achieve the boundary of the three-dimensional rate region. We also propose a dirty-paper coding achievable region for MIMO broadcast channels with common information.
Product Distribution from Pyrolysis of Wood and Agricultural Residues (1999)

The pyrolysis characteristics of agricultural residues (wheat straw, olive husks, grape residues, and rice husks) and wood chips have been investigated on a bench scale. The experimental system establishes the conditions encountered by a thin (4 × 10-2 m diameter) packed bed of biomass particles suddenly exposed in a high-temperature environment, simulated by a radiant furnace. Product yields (gases, liquids, and char) and gas composition, measured for surface bed temperatures in the range 650−1000 K, reproduce trends already observed for wood. However, differences are quantitatively large. Pyrolysis of agricultural residues is always associated with much higher solid yields (up to a factor of 2) and lower liquid yields. Differences are lower for the total gas, and approximate relationships exist among the ratios of the main gas species yields, indicating comparable activation energies for the corresponding apparent kinetics of formation. However, while the ratios are about the same for wood chips, rice husks, and straw, much lower values are shown by olive and grape residues. Large differences have also been found in the average values of the specific devolatilization rates. The fastest (up to factors of about 1.5 with respect to wood) have been observed for wheat straw and the slowest (up to factors of 2) for grape residues.
Inhibition of induced chemoresistance by cotreatment with (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (RP101). (2003)

Induced chemoresistance leads to the reduction of apoptotic responses. Although several drugs are in development that circumvent or decrease existing chemoresistance, none has the potential to prevent or reduce its induction. Here, we present data from a drug that could perhaps fill this gap. Cotreatment of chemotherapy with (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridine (BVDU, RP101) prevented the decrease of apoptotic effects during the course of chemotherapy and reduced nonspecific toxicity. Amplification of chemoresistance genes (Mdr1 and Dhfr) and overexpression of gene products involved in proliferation (DDX1) or DNA repair (UBE2N and APEX) were inhibited, whereas activity of NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) was enhanced. During recovery, when treatment was with BVDU only, microfilamental proteins were up-regulated, and proteins involved in ATP generation or cell survival (STAT3 and JUN-D) were down-regulated. That way, in three different rat tumor models, the antitumor efficiency of chemotherapy was optimized, and toxic side effects were reduced. Because of these beneficial properties of BVDU, a clinical pilot Phase I/II study with five human tumor entities has been started at the University of Dresden (Dresden, Germany). So far, no unwanted side effects have been observed.
Wavefront sensor with an unharmonic grating (1996)

A new type of wave front sensor is proposed. The possibility of the measuring sensitivity control is shown. The results of the numerical simulation and experiments of the wave front aberrations measurements are presented.
Substitution of the adenovirus serotype 5 knob with a serotype 3 knob enhances multiple steps in virus replication. (2003)

Adenovirus (Ad) serotype 5 (Ad5) continues to be the predominant vector used for cancer gene therapy. However, many tumor types are reported to be relatively refractory to Ad5 infection because of low surface expression of the native Ad5 receptor, CAR. The observation that many tumor cells are CAR deficient has necessitated the development of CAR-independent infection strategies, including the introduction of heterologous ligand sequences into the virus fiber gene and immunological or chemical modifications of the capsid proteins. Alternatively, native Ad5 tropism can be modified by substituting the knob region from other Ad serotypes such as Ad type 3 (Ad3) into the Ad5 knob region. To date, the effect(s) of tropism modification on the replication and oncolytic capacity of these chimeric Ad vectors has not been fully evaluated. To address this issue, Ad5 vectors and isogenically matched chimeric vectors with Ad3 tropism (Ad5/3) were compared in this study. Various parameters of virus infection were compared, including binding, nuclear translocation, E1A transcription, transgene expression, de novo virus production, and oncolysis. Overall, the chimeric Ad5/3 virus was progressively more efficient at each step of the replication cycle compared with its Ad5 counterpart. The higher replication efficiency of the chimeric Ad5/3 vector translated into improved therapeutic efficacy in a murine in vivo tumor rejection model. These findings suggest that in addition to the initial target cell interaction, multiple mechanisms contribute to the enhanced replication of the chimeric Ad5/3 vector. Furthermore, the data demonstrate that alternative Ad serotype receptors can be used to improve infection and subsequent oncolytic replication, which is particularly relevant in gene therapy applications for tumors that are inefficiently infected with Ad5.
Micro- and Macro-Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging (2010)

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging has become a very powerful method in chemical analysis. In this review paper we describe a variety of opportunities for obtaining FT-IR images using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) approach and provide an overview of fundamental aspects, accessories, and applications in both micro- and macro-ATR imaging modes. The advantages and versatility of both ATR imaging modes are discussed and the spatial resolution of micro-ATR imaging is demonstrated. Micro-ATR imaging has opened up many new areas of study that were previously precluded by inadequate spatial resolution (polymer blends, pharmaceutical tablets, cross-sections of blood vessels or hair, surface of skin, single live cells, cancerous tissues). Recent applications of ATR imaging in polymer research, biomedical and forensic sciences, objects of cultural heritage, and other complex materials are outlined. The latest advances include obtaining spatially resolved chemical images from different depths within a sample, and surface-enhanced images for macro-ATR imaging have also been presented. Macro-ATR imaging is a valuable approach for high-throughput analysis of materials under controlled environments. Opportunities exist for chemical imaging of dynamic aqueous systems, such as dissolution, diffusion, microfluidics, or imaging of dynamic processes in live cells.
Captopril increases skin microvascular blood flow secondary to bradykinin, nitric oxide, and prostaglandins (1995)

Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are a cornerstone of treatment of hypertension and heart failure yet their mechanism of action is still debated. This study was designed to test whether the ACEI captopril increases skin microvascular blood flow by a bradykinin-dependent mechanism. Local changes in microvascular blood flow were measured in the skin of rabbits and of human volunteers using a laser Doppler flow probe. Captopril injected intradermally increased skin blood flow over the dose range of 10(-12)-10(-8) mol site in rabbits and humans. In both species the response was abolished by coinjecting either a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor or a cyclooxygenase inhibitor. Intradermal bradykinin also increased rabbit skin microvascular blood flow; at 10(-11) mol site it increased mean +/- SE basal blood flow by 88 +/- 12%. The responses to bradykinin or captopril were abolished by coinjecting a bradykinin antagonist, a specific bradykinin B2 receptor antagonist, or inhibitors of NOS or cyclooxygenase. Injecting a specific angiotensin II receptor antagonist at a dose that antagonized the constrictor effects of exogenous angiotensin II did not cause a significant increase in rabbit skin blood flow. This suggests that endogenous angiotensin II does not influence microvascular blood flow in this model. The results indicate that captopril increases skin microvascular blood flow in rabbits and humans secondary to an increase in endogenous tissue bradykinin; this stimulates B2 receptors with subsequent release of prostaglandins and nitric oxide. ACEIs may increase microvascular perfusion by a bradykinin-dependent mechanism.
Activation of Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor by Tcdd Prevents Diabetes in Nod Mice and Increases Foxp3 <sup>+</sup> T Cells in Pancreatic Lymph Nodes (2009)

The ligand-activated transcription factor, aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), is a novel inducer of adaptive Tregs. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), the most potent AHR ligand, induces adaptive CD4+CD25+ Tregs during an acute graft-versus-host (GvH) response and prevents the generation of allospecific cytotoxic T lymphocytes. TCDD also suppresses the induction of experimental autoimmune encephalitis in association with an expanded population of Foxp3+ Tregs. In this study, we show that chronic treatment of NOD mice with TCDD potently suppresses the development of autoimmune Type 1 diabetes in parallel with greatly reduced pancreatic islet insulitis and an expanded population of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ cells in the pancreatic lymph nodes. When treatment with TCDD was terminated after 15 weeks (23 weeks of age), mice developed diabetes over the next 8 weeks in association with lower numbers of Tregs and decreased activation of AHR. Analysis of the expression levels of several genes associated with inflammation, T-cell activation and/or Treg function in pancreatic lymph node cells failed to reveal any differences associated with TCDD treatment. Taken together, the data suggest that AHR activation by TCDD-like ligands may represent a novel avenue for treatment of immune-mediated diseases.
Vibrations of a Thick-Walled Cylindrical Shell—Comparison of the Exact Theory with Approximate Theories (1960)

The results for vibrations of an elastic cylinder as predicted by a number of the approximate shell theories are compared with the results of the exact theory. It is found that the membrane theory of shells is accurate for predicting frequencies and displacement ratios of cylinders with appreciable thickness. Furthermore, the theories which include bending effects as well as membrane effects are good at even the shorter wavelengths; and the theories which include rotatory inertia and shear are accurate over most of the wavelength spectrum of the lowest branch of rather thick shells. However, for the very thick shell (with a ratio of inside radius to outside radius less than 0.5), only the exact theory shows the full characteristics of the displacement distribution.
A synthesis of hydroxylated isoflavylium salts and their reduction products (1981)

Phloroglucinol reacts with arylmalondialdehydes in the presence of hydrochloric acid to form 5,7-dihydroxyisoflavylium salts. Reduction of these salts can be utilized to form isoflav-2-enes, isoflav-3-enes or isoflavans.
Adaptive Dynamic Response Characteristics of the Human Operator in Simple Manual Control (1964)

The human operator in a manual tracking task is kmown to change his control characteristics to adapt to particular controlled element dynamics, input characteristics and task requirements. This report describes an experimental investigation of human adaptive control following sudden changes in gain or polarity of the controlled element in a closed-loop tracking task. The experiments used primarily simple position control to determine lower bounds on the adaptation process. Random inputs were tracked under pursuit and compensatory single-axis displays.
X‐ray surface dose measurements using TLD extrapolation (1993)

Surface dose measurements in therapeutic x-ray beams are of importance in determining the dose to the skin of patients undergoing radiotherapy. Measurements were performed in the 6-MV beam of a medical linear accelerator with LiF thermoluminescence dosimeters (TLD) using a solid water phantom. TLD chips (surface area 3.17 x 3.17 cm2) of three different thicknesses (0.230, 0.099, and 0.038 g/cm2) were used to extrapolate dose readings to an infinitesimally thin layer of LiF. This surface dose was measured for field sizes ranging from 1 x 1 cm2 to 40 x 40 cm2. The surface dose relative to maximum dose was found to be 10.0% for a field size of 5 x 5 cm2, 16.3% for 10 x 10 cm2, and 26.9% for 20 x 20 cm2. Using a 6-mm Perspex block tray in the beam increased the surface dose in these fields to 10.7%, 17.7%, and 34.2% respectively. Due to the small size of the TLD chips, TLD extrapolation is applicable also for intracavity and exit dose determinations. The technique used for in vivo dosimetry could provide clinicians information about the build up of dose up to 1-mm depth in addition to an extrapolated surface dose measurement.
Regulation of the<i>Pseudomonas</i>sp. Strain ADP Cyanuric Acid Degradation Operon (2004)

Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP is the model strain for studying bacterial degradation of the s-triazine herbicide atrazine. In this work, we focused on the expression of the atzDEF operon, involved in mineralization of the central intermediate of the pathway, cyanuric acid. Expression analysis of atzD-lacZ fusions in Pseudomonas sp. strain ADP and Pseudomonas putida showed that atzDEF is subjected to dual regulation in response to nitrogen limitation and cyanuric acid. The gene adjacent to atzD, orf99 (renamed here atzR), encoding a LysR-like regulator, was found to be required for both responses. Expression of atzR-lacZ was induced by nitrogen limitation and repressed by AtzR. Nitrogen regulation of atzD-lacZ and atzR-lacZ expression was dependent on the alternative sigma factor sigmaN and NtrC, suggesting that the cyanuric acid degradation operon may be subject to general nitrogen control. However, while atzR is transcribed from a sigmaN-dependent promoter, atzDEF transcription appears to be driven from a sigma70-type promoter. Expression of atzR from a heterologous promoter revealed that although NtrC regulation of atzD-lacZ requires the AtzR protein, it is not the indirect result of NtrC-activated AtzR synthesis. We propose that expression of the cyanuric acid degradation operon atzDEF is controlled by means of a complex regulatory circuit in which AtzR is the main activator. AtzR activity is in turn modulated by the presence of cyanuric acid and by a nitrogen limitation signal transduced by the Ntr system.
Identification of a Novel Biomarker, <i>SEMA5A</i> , for Non–Small Cell Lung Carcinoma in Nonsmoking Women (2010)

A novel biomarker for NSCLC is identified.
Nutrient utilization and transport in the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus shibatae (1996)

Growth of the thermoacidophilic archaeon Sulfolobus shibatae was tested on a range of carbon and nitrogen sources. Optimal defined and complex growth media were developed and growth conditions in both shake flask and fermenter cultures were optimized. Better growth was observed on maltose in particular and disaccharides in general than on monosaccharides. Moreover, maltose utilization was not repressed in the presence of glucose which suggests that glucose is not the preferred substrate of S. shibatae. Uptake studies putatively identified two saturable, constitutive maltose transport systems, a high-affinity, possible membrane-binding system with a K m of 20 μM and a V max of 218 nmol min−1 (mg protein)−1, and a low-affinity, proton-dependent system with a K m of 158 μM and a V max of 680 nmol min−1(mg protein)−1. Both systems showed differential responses to treatment with 2,4-dinitrophenol and arsenate, and differed from other maltose transport mechanisms described in being constitutive under all conditions tested and not repressed by glucose.
Different Amino Acid Replacements in CAAX-Tetrapeptide Based Peptidomimetic Farnesyltransferase Inhibitors (1999)

In a series of CAAX-tetrapeptide based farnesyltransferase inhibitors it has been shown that the central AA-dipeptide can be replaced by tranexamic acid, 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, and 3-amino-N-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)benzenesulfonamide, respectively, yielding inhibitors active in the low micromolar range. Lipophilic derivatives of these compounds showed moderate antiproliferative activity against different tumor cell lines. A promising class of peptidomimetic farnesyltransferase inhibitors was discovered through the replacement of the terminal AAX motif of the CAAX-tetrapeptide by 2-acylamino-5-aminobenzophenones.
Multiagent Coordination Using a Distributed Combinatorial Auction (2006)

Combinatorial auctions are a great way to represent and solve distributed allocation problems. Unfortunately, most of the winner determination solutions that exists are centralized.
Estimating the tensor of curvature of a surface from a polyhedral approximation (2002)

Estimating principal curvatures and principal directions of a surface from a polyhedral approximation with a large number of small faces, such as those produced by iso-surface construction algorithms, has become a basic step in many computer vision algorithms, particularly in those targeted at medical applications. We describe a method to estimate the tensor of curvature of a surface at the vertices of a polyhedral approximation. Principal curvatures and principal directions are obtained by computing in closed form the eigenvalues and eigenvectors of certain 3/spl times/3 symmetric matrices defined by integral formulas, and closely related to the matrix representation of the tensor of curvature. The resulting algorithm is linear, both in time and in space, as a function of the number of vertices and faces of the polyhedral surface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optimized process for tungsten chemical-mechanical planarization throughput improvement (2002)

Tungsten (W) chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) characteristics are studied systematically for the optimization of process throughput and integration. By the advance surface analysis of tungsten film and polishing pad, the influence and deviation of surface roughness of tungsten film during CMP upon different hardness of pads were investigated. From the results of the experiment, this article attempts to address the key point of non-linear tungsten polishing performance, which is different from the linear polishing phenomena of oxide film. In addition, the phenomena provide the hint to fulfilling the optimized procedure to improve the throughput and cost; that is that multiple steps and pads could be required to resolve the redundant process and promote the throughput. Finally, the marathon test would prove the stability and flexibility of the optimized process. There is over 25% throughput improvement compared with vendor's best-known method. The 30% /spl sim/ 50% efficiency of extended pad life and cost of reduced slurry could be enhanced. Details of the developed and optimized theory are demonstrated and appear to be reproducible on tungsten CMP.
Metabolic Imaging With β-Methyl- <i>p</i> -[ <sup>123</sup> I]-Iodophenyl-Pentadecanoic Acid Identifies Ischemic Memory After Demand Ischemia (2005)

Metabolic imaging with BMIPP identifies patients with recent exercise-induced myocardial ischemia. These findings support the concept that BMIPP imaging can successfully demonstrate the metabolic imprint of a stress-induced ischemic episode, also known as ischemic memory.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Oxidation of Cyclohexane to Adipic Acid. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.