gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Highly Oriented and Nanotextured Films of Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Grown by Epitaxy on the Nanostructured Surface of an Aromatic Substrate (2010)

A simple method for the nanotexturing and orientation of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) thin films has been developed. Epitaxial growth of P3HT on the surface of an aromatic salt (potassium 4-bromobenzoate) (K−BrBz) leads to highly oriented and nanotextured P3HT films which consist of a regular network of interconnected semicrystalline domains oriented along two preferential in-plane directions. The overall crystallinity and the level of in-plane orientation of the P3HT films are controlled by the temperature of isothermal crystallization (Tiso). Well-defined electron diffraction patterns with sharp reflections obtained for Tiso = 180 °C indicate that the crystalline domains grow with a unique (1 0 0) P3HT contact plane on the K−BrBz substrate with the P3HT chains oriented along the [0 ±2 1] K−BrBz directions of the substrate. During the annealing of the polymer film, the surface of the aromatic salt undergoes a topographic reconstruction resulting in a regular nanostructured “hill and valley” topography that templates and orients the growth of P3HT. Preferred orientation of P3HT crystalline domains occurs at step edges of the substrate and is favored by the matching between the layer period of P3HT and the terrace height of the K−BrBz substrate.
Subunit Structure of Human Superoxide Dismutase (1972)

Abstract A subunit structure for human superoxide dismutase has been demonstrated by sedimentation equilibrium, agarose gel filtration, and sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoretic studies. This protein appears to be composed of 2 subunits, not linked by covalent bonds, each with a molecular weight about 16,000. Dissociation of the subunits is facilitated by alkylation of the two sulfhydryl groups in the protein, by removal of the copper and zinc, by reduction and alkylation of the protein, or by succinylation. The two free sulfhydryl groups were labeled with [14C]iodoacetate and isolated in two nonidentical peptides.
High-Speed, Single-Photon Avalanche-Photodiode Imager for Biomedical Applications (2011)

The design of a low-light level pixel in CMOS technology for biomedical applications is described. This pixel is also suitable for very high-speed applications, such as fluorescence lifetime imaging (FLIM) used for drug discovery and/or minimally-invasive optical biopsy. In order to achieve high-speed imaging using single-photon detection, a detector with a very low dead-time is needed. The single-photon avalanche-photodiode (SPAD) discussed in this work uses a mainstream deep-submicron CMOS technology in order to achieve ultrahigh-speed operation and high pixel fill-factor, with in-pixel active quench and reset circuits. The paper also presents an innovative approach for reducing the deadtime of the detector and an attractive technique for simultaneous high-speed image acquisition by all the pixels of an array in parallel.
Massively Parallel Stackless Ray Tracing of Catmull-Clark Subdivision Surfaces (2018)

We present a fast and efficient method for intersecting rays with Catmull-Clark subdivision surfaces. It takes advantage of the approximation democratized by OpenSubdiv, in which regular patches are represented by tensor product Bézier surfaces and irregular ones are approximated using Gregory patches. Our algorithm operates solely on the original patch data and can process both patch types simultaneously with only a small amount of control flow divergence. Besides introducing an optimized method to determine axis aligned bounding boxes of Gregory patches restricted in the parametric domain, several techniques are introduced that accelerate the recursive subdivision process including stackless operation, efficient work distribution, and control flow optimizations. The algorithm is especially useful for quick turnarounds during patch editing and animation playback.
Investigation of graphene piezoresistors for use as strain gauge sensors (2011)

The primary objective of this research is to fabricate a graphene-based piezoresistive strain gauge and characterize its sensitivity. The strain gauge consists of mechanically exfoliated graphene sheets and electrical electrodes located on a silicon wafer. Instead of using e-beam lithography, which is the most widely applied methods in experimental studies of graphene, a new fabrication method utilizing conventional photolithography was used to easily fabricate a new nanoelectromechanical system strain gauge. The proposed fabrication technique is easy and only requires a few types of microfabrication equipment, thereby opening up a new way to broadly spread and facilitate associated graphene research, especially for those laboratories with limited resources. To characterize the piezoresistive sensitivity of the graphene-based strain gauge, a strain-detection system built by an equivalent-stress macrocantilever was set up to generate mechanical bending strain where a calibrated commercial strain gauge was packaged to display the generated strain. Utilizing this measurement setup, the electrical properties of the graphene-based piezoresistive strain gauge were reliably investigated. A high gauge factor of ∼150 was experimentally measured with the graphene device, which promises a new strain gauge of high sensitivity.
Efficient resource allocation for automotive active vision systems (2009)

This copy of the thesis has been supplied on condition that anyone who consults it is understood to recognise that the copyright rests with its author and that no quotation from the thesis and no information derived from it may be published without the prior Individual mobility on roads has a noticeable impact upon peoples ’ lives, including traffic accidents resulting in severe, or even lethal injuries. Therefore the main goal when operating a vehicle is to safely participate in road-traffic while minimising the adverse effects on our environment. This goal is pursued by road safety measures ranging from safety-oriented road design to driver assistance systems. The latter require exteroceptive sensors to acquire information about the vehicle’s current environment. In this thesis an efficient resource allocation for automotive vision systems is proposed. The notion of allocating resources implies the presence of processes that observe the whole environment and that are able to efficiently direct attentive processes. Directing attention constitutes a decision making process dependent upon the environment it operates in, the goal it pursues, and the sensor resources and computational resources it allocates. The
PON Evolution from TDMA to WDM-PON (2008)

WDM-PONs are the next step from today's EPONs/GPONs to accommodate further traffic growth and facilitate new applications. WDM-PON variants are analyzed and proposed as solution for a unified optical access and backhauling network.
Jet fuel and liver function. (1985)

The impact of occupational exposure to jet fuel on antipyrine elimination was studied in 91 fuel-filing attendants. The mean antipyrine clearance was enhanced to 68.4 (SD 19.5) ml/min during exposure to jet fuel compared to 57.9 (SD 18.1) ml/min after an exposure-free period of two to four weeks. The corresponding values for 47 office workers (referents) were 62.7 (SD 22.2) ml/min and 56.4 (SD 22.3) ml/min. The median jet fuel concentration in the breathing zone of the fuel-filling attendants was 31 (range 1-1 020) mg/m3. No known inducing factor could be identified in the work environment of the office workers. No difference in the concentration of aspartate aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase in serum was found either within or between the groups. Our study indicates that jet fuel, which is a mixture of aliphatic and aromatic organic solvents resembling gasoline and white spirit, is an inducer of hepatic drug metabolism in man.
Renal toxicity of methotrexate (1969)

The administration of methotrexate is followed by functional and morphologic changes in the kidney presumably due to direct toxic effects of the drug. Changes in BUN occur that correlate with clinical and hematologic toxicity, the BUN rising as the other symptoms progress. In those patients who recover, the BUN returns to normal as the leukocyte count increases and as the clinical symptoms of toxicity subside. In patients who develop severe toxicity, or in some patients with only moderate toxicity, decreases in the renal clearance of both inulin and PAH can occur. This is usually, though not necessarily, directly related to the dose employed. In addition to these functional changes, histologic examination of the kidneys of several patients who died of methotrexate toxicity showed extensive necrosis of the epithelium of the convoluted tubules.
Use of near-infrared fluorescent dyes in depth resolved spectroscopic optical coherence tomography (2004)

Optical coherence tomography (OCT) images of biological tissues often have low contrast. Spectroscopic OCT (SOCT) methods have been developed to enhance contrast. Due to the time-frequency uncertainty principle in SOCT signal analysis, minute spectral changes can not be detected for high spatial resolution applications. In order to enhance SOCT contrast in tissues with low inherent spectral absorption, we developed a contrast enhancing technique using near-infrared (NIR) dyes. We developed an optimized algorithm for SOCT and an optimum dye concentration for imaging. The effect of contrast enhancement was studied both in tissue phantoms and in situ experiments. Contrast-enhanced images are compared with fluorescence microscopy, demonstrating a link between SOCT and fluorescence imaging.
A Note of Caution on the Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility:<i>A Brief Communication</i> (2009)

The scant literature on the sequelae of hypnotizability-measurement instruments indicates that different scales produce different reactions. The Waterloo-Stanford Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form C (WSGC) was developed as a group version of the Stanford Hypnotic Susceptibility Scale, Form C (SHSS:C). Parallel to the literature showing that the SHSS:C can produce more negative aftereffects than the Harvard Group Scale of Hypnotic Susceptibility, Form A, we report preliminary descriptive statistics documenting the infrequent occurrence of negative reactions to the WSGC age-regression item. We recommend that experimenters take this matter into consideration and, at the very least, ensure the presence of a clinician with hypnotic experience during the administration of the WSGC.
Apoptosis in Diseases of the Liver (2001)

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, and the elimination of apoptotic cells are crucial factors in the maintenance of liver health Apoptosis allows hepatocytes to die without provoking a potentially harmful inflammatory response In contrast to necrosis, apoptosis is tightly controlled and regulated via several mechanisms, including Fas/Fas ligand interactions, the effects of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta), and the influence of pro- and antiapoptotic mitochondria-associated proteins of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) family. Efficient elimination of apoptotic cells in the liver relies on Kupffer cells and endothelial cells and is thought to be regulated by the expression of certain cell surface receptors. Liver disease is often associated with enhanced hepatocyte apoptosis, which is the case in viral and autoimmune hepatitis, cholestatic diseases, and metabolic disorders. Disruption of apoptosis is responsible for other diseases, for example, hepatocellular carcinoma. Use and abuse of certain drugs, especially alcohol, chemotherapeutic agents, and acetaminophen, have been associated with increased apoptosis and liver damage. Apoptosis also plays a role in transplantation-associated liver damage, both in ischemia/reperfusion injury and graft rejection. The role of apoptosis in various liver diseases and the mechanisms by which apoptosis occurs in the liver may provide insight into these diseases and suggest possible treatments.
An oral essential amino acid-carbohydrate supplement enhances muscle protein anabolism after resistance exercise (2000)

This study was designed to determine the response of muscle protein to the bolus ingestion of a drink containing essential amino acids and carbohydrate after resistance exercise. Six subjects (3 men, 3 women) randomly consumed a treatment drink (6 g essential amino acids, 35 g sucrose) or a flavored placebo drink 1 h or 3 h after a bout of resistance exercise on two separate occasions. We used a three-compartment model for determination of leg muscle protein kinetics. The model involves the infusion of ring-(2)H(5)-phenylalanine, femoral arterial and venous blood sampling, and muscle biopsies. Phenylalanine net balance and muscle protein synthesis were significantly increased above the predrink and corresponding placebo value (P < 0.05) when the drink was taken 1 or 3 h after exercise but not when the placebo was ingested at 1 or 3 h. The response to the amino acid-carbohydrate drink produced similar anabolic responses at 1 and 3 h. Muscle protein breakdown did not change in response to the drink. We conclude that essential amino acids with carbohydrates stimulate muscle protein anabolism by increasing muscle protein synthesis when ingested 1 or 3 h after resistance exercise.
Optimization of solid-state lamps for photobiologically friendly mesopic lighting (2012)

The circadian and visual-performance-based mesopic systems of photometry were applied for the optimization of the spectral power distributions (SPDs) of the solid-state sources of light for low-illuminance lighting applications. At mesopic adaptation luminances typical of outdoor lighting (0.1-2 cd/m(2)), the optimal SPDs were obtained through the minimization of the mesopic circadian action factor, which is the ratio of the circadian efficacy of radiation to mesopic luminous efficacy of radiation. For correlated color temperatures below ~3000 K, the optimized dichromatic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are shown to pose a lower circadian hazard than high-pressure sodium lamps and common warm white LEDs; also they are potentially more efficacious and have acceptable color rendition properties under mesopic conditions.
Desalters can remove more than salts and sediment (1988)

A properly designed and operated crude oil desalter is capable of removing much more than chloride salts and sediment from crude oil. Crude and residual fuel desalting can be used to remove water-soluble contaminants such as salts, acids, and bases; water-insoluble contaminants such as salts, basic sediment, filterable solids, and some heavy metals; and it can remove brine water from the crude. These contaminants can have a pronounced effect on the operation of downstream processes. Optimum removal of the contaminants requires an understanding of the operation and design of the system, as well as an understanding of the chemistry of the contaminants entering the desalter with the crude oil. When all of the contaminants that can be removed by the desalter are taken into consideration, the desalter becomes a crude preparation unit rather than just a simple desalter.
Hexpo: A vanishing-proof activation function (2017)

This article proposes “Hexpo”, an activation function that has ability to scale the gradient and hence overcome the vanishing gradient problem. Unlike rectified linear units family which produces identity mapping on positive inputs, Hexpo has scalable limits on both positive and negative values. With parametrization, the active domain of Hexpo and the output it maps to is flexible. Thus it can alleviate the vanishing gradient problem from both gradient flow and local gradient aspect, while preserving the upper and lower bound of output. Parametrization also offers Hexpo the ability to produce the output that is close to zero. On experiments involving MNIST hand digit recognition dataset, Hexpo outperforms rectified linear units family(rectified linear unit and exponential linear unit) by the accuracy and speed of learning. On the experiments involving CIFAR-10 tiny image recognition dataset and convolutional layers, Hexpo outperforms rectified linear unit and performs similar in comparison with exponential linear unit.
Electronic structure of the strongly-exchange-enhanced paramagnet<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">Ni</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>Ga (1986)

The electronic structure of the incipient ferromagnet ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Ga has been studied by means of the de Haas--van Alphen technique in the magnetic field and temperature ranges 10\ensuremath{\le}H\ensuremath{\le}100 kG and 0.38\ensuremath{\le}T\ensuremath{\le}4.2 K, respectively. Concurrently, first-principles energy bands have been calculated by means of the linear-muffin-tin-orbital method. The calculated Fermi surface consists of four concentric hole sheets centered on the point \ensuremath{\Gamma} of the simple-cubic Brillouin zone. de Haas--van Alphen frequency branches in close agreement with those expected for each of these four sheets have been observed for field directions both in the (100) and (11\ifmmode\bar\else\textasciimacron\fi{}0) planes. The cyclotron masses of these branches, as well as the linear coefficient \ensuremath{\gamma} of the electronic heat capacity, are, however, greater than predicted by our band model, by a factor of between 1.5 and 2.7. Comparison of the measured and calculated magnetic susceptibility yields a Stoner enhancement factor of 98, the highest so far reported in an ordered paramagnetic transition metal, and an enhancement of the quadratic coefficient of the inverse susceptibility \ensuremath{\alpha}=\ensuremath{\partial}${\ensuremath{\chi}}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}1}$(T)/\ensuremath{\partial}(${T}^{2}$), of over 8. The strong renormalization of \ensuremath{\gamma} and \ensuremath{\alpha} points to the importance of exchange-enhanced spin fluctuations for this material, as previously reported in the weak itinerant-electron ferromagnet ${\mathrm{Ni}}_{3}$Al.
User Centered Design of an Autonomous Mobile Robot Vending Machine Concept (2016)

In this paper a new Autonomous Mobile Robot Vending Machine concept is developed for food and beverages distribution in beaches. The concept was developed and submitted to end users appraisal, in order to capture their perceptions and preferences, and the resulting knowledge guides future developments towards the real implementation of the robot. This methodology, which uses multivariate statistics, is important to bring the product closer to the market. Nowadays this analysis becomes particularly relevant since it increases the Technology Readiness Levels of a new product far beyond those achieved with a technical prototype.
GOing Bayesian: model-based gene set analysis of genome-scale data (2010)

The interpretation of data-driven experiments in genomics often involves a search for biological categories that are enriched for the responder genes identified by the experiments. However, knowledge bases such as the Gene Ontology (GO) contain hundreds or thousands of categories with very high overlap between categories. Thus, enrichment analysis performed on one category at a time frequently returns large numbers of correlated categories, leaving the choice of the most relevant ones to the user's; interpretation. Here we present model-based gene set analysis (MGSA) that analyzes all categories at once by embedding them in a Bayesian network, in which gene response is modeled as a function of the activation of biological categories. Probabilistic inference is used to identify the active categories. The Bayesian modeling approach naturally takes category overlap into account and avoids the need for multiple testing corrections met in single-category enrichment analysis. On simulated data, MGSA identifies active categories with up to 95% precision at a recall of 20% for moderate settings of noise, leading to a 10-fold precision improvement over single-category statistical enrichment analysis. Application to a gene expression data set in yeast demonstrates that the method provides high-level, summarized views of core biological processes and correctly eliminates confounding associations.
Conformational transitions in cytidine bulge-containing deoxytridecanucleotide duplexes: extra cytidine equilibrates between looped out (low temperature) and stacked (elevated temperature) conformations in solution (1989)

High-resolution homonuclear and heteronuclear two-dimensional NMR studies have been carried out on the self-complementary d(C-C-G-C-G-A-A-T-T-C-C-G-G) duplex (designated GCG 13-mer) in aqueous solution. This sequence contains an extra cytidine located between residues G3 and G4 on each strand of the duplex. The exchangeable and nonexchangeable proton resonances have been assigned from an analysis of two-dimensional nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOESY) and correlated (COSY and relay COSY) spectra for the GCG 13-mer duplex in H2O and D2O solution. The extra cytidine at the bulge site (designated CX) results in more pronounced changes in the NOE distance connectivities for the G3-CX-G4 segment centered about the CX residue compared to the C9-C10 segment on the partner strand opposite the CX residue for the GCG 13-mer duplex at 25 degrees C. The cross-peak intensities in the short mixing time NOESY spectrum also establish that all glycosidic torsion angles including that of CX are anti in the GCG 13-mer duplex at 25 degrees C. The observed chemical shift changes for the CX base protons and the G3pCX phosphorus resonance with temperature between 0 and 40 degrees C demonstrate a temperature-dependent conformational equilibrium in the premelting transition region. The NOE and chemical shift parameters establish that the predominant conformation at low temperature (0 degree C) has the extra cytidine looped out of the helix with the flanking G3.C10 and G4.C9 base pairs stacked on each other. These results support conclusions based on earlier one-dimensional NMR studies of extra cytidine containing complementary duplexes in aqueous solution [Morden, K. M., Chu, Y. G., Martin, F. H., & Tinoco, I., Jr. (1983) Biochemistry 22, 5557-5563. Woodson, S. A., & Crothers, D. M. (1987) Biochemistry 26, 904-912]. By contrast, the chemical shift and NOE parameters demonstrate that the conformational equilibrium shifts toward a structure with a stacked extra cytidine on raising the temperature to 40 degrees C prior to the helix-coil melting transition. The most downfield shifted phosphorus resonance in the GCG 13-mer duplex has been assigned to the phosphate in the C2-G3 step, and this observation demonstrates that the perturbation in the phosphodiester backbone extends to regions removed from the (G3-CX-G4).(C9-C10) bulge site.
In Vivo Genetic Analysis Indicates That PhoP-PhoQ and the <i>Salmonella</i> Pathogenicity Island 2 Type III Secretion System Contribute Independently to <i>Salmonella enterica</i> Serovar Typhimurium Virulence (2001)

Many virulence factors are required for Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to replicate intracellularly and proliferate systemically within mice. In this work, we have carried out genetic analyses in vivo to determine the functional relationship between two major virulence factors necessary for systemic infection by S. enterica serovar Typhimurium: the Salmonella pathogenicity island 2 (SPI-2) type III secretion system (TTSS) and the PhoP-PhoQ two-component regulatory system. Although previous work suggested that PhoP-PhoQ regulates SPI-2 TTSS gene expression in vitro, in vivo competitive analysis of mutant strains indicates that these systems contribute independently to S. typhimurium virulence. Our results also suggest that mutation of phoP may compensate partially for defects in the SPI-2 TTSS by deregulating SPI-1 TTSS expression. These results provide an explanation for previous reports showing an apparent functional overlap between these two systems in vitro.