gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Adaptive acceleration structures in perspective space (2008)

Traversal efficiency of ray tracing acceleration structures can be improved by specializing them, each frame, for the rays that are traced in that frame. A companion paper to this one demonstrates that extremely high traversal performance for eye and hard shadow rays can be obtained by transforming rays and geometry with a perspective transform, then using a grid acceleration structure in the perspective space. However, the performance of this perspective grid acceleration structure suffers for off-axis rays such as those used for soft shadows or depth of field. In this paper we address this shortcoming by exploring the use of the perspective transform with adaptive acceleration structures such as kd-trees. The problem of choosing optimal split planes for an acceleration structure is different in perspective space than it is in world space, so we introduce a new cost metric for estimating traversal cost of acceleration structures in perspective space. This metric is related to the traditional surface area metric but defined in perspective space. We implement a ray-tracing system with both traditional and perspective acceleration structures and demonstrate significant performance improvements using the perspective space structures even when build time is included. Additionally we evaluate the effectiveness of our new cost metric compared to traditional cost metrics. A key insight demonstrated by these results is that end-to-end rendering performance can be improved by building a different specialized acceleration structure for each light and camera in the scene instead of using a single non-specialized acceleration structure for all rays.
Hydrogen bonding, mobility, and structural transitions in aliphatic polyamides (2006)

Abstract Some salient results in nylon research are reviewed to identify the fundamental principles that are applicable to other strongly interacting or hydrogen‐bonded polymers, including proteins. The effects of hydrogen bonds on stress‐, heat‐, and solvent‐induced changes in macroscopic properties are discussed. These data provide a window into the chain mobility and linkages between the crystalline and amorphous domains, both of which are important for any predictive model. The changes in the characteristics of the amorphous phase with the crystallinity and orientation require that it be modeled with at least two components: a rigid/immobile/anisotropic component and a soft/mobile/isotropic component. The deformation and shrinkage behavior of these polymers are discussed in terms of the relative contributions of the amorphous and crystalline domains and of the interactions between them. The premelting crystalline transition is accompanied by the merging of intersheet and intrasheet diffraction peaks in some nylons, as observed by Brill, and not in others even though the underlying mechanism that gives rise to these transitions, the onset of volume‐increasing librational motion of the crystalline stems, is the same. Because the effects of the temperature, deformation, and solvent have a common origin associated with mobility, a fictive temperature can be associated with a given solvent activity or stress level. The magnitude of this fictive temperature is the amount by which the glass or Brill transition temperature is reduced in the presence of solvents (∼50 °C) or stress or by which the annealing temperature can be reduced in the presence of a solvent (or active stress) to achieve the same structural state as that of a dry (or static) polymer. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 1763–1782, 2006
SOA improvement by a double RESURF LDMOS technique in a power IC technology (2002)

This paper presents a technique that provides double RESURF action in a lateral power MOSFET controlled through an independently biased terminal thereby realizing a two-fold improvement in electrical static SOA over single RESURF lateral device structures at high drain voltages. The technique has been successfully implemented to realize a high-side capable lateral power MOSFET with BV/sub dss/ of 61 V and specific on-resistance (R/sub dson/A) of 0.54 m/spl Omega/-cm/sup 2/ and with a maximum electrical static operating current of 1.9 A/cm at a drain to source voltage of 54 V.
Organocatalysis in Cross-Coupling: DMEDA-Catalyzed Direct C−H Arylation of Unactivated Benzene (2010)

A striking breakthrough to the frame of traditional cross-couplings/C-H functionalizations using an organocatalyst remains unprecedented. We uncovered a conceptually different approach toward the biaryl syntheses by using DMEDA as the catalyst to promote the direct C-H arylation of unactivated benzene in the presence of potassium tert-butoxide. The arylation of unactivated benzene with aryl iodides, or aryl bromides and even chlorides under the assistance of an iodo-group, could simply take place at 80 °C. The new methodology presumably involves an aryl radical anion as an intermediate. This finding offers an option toward establishing a new horizon for direct C-H/cross-coupling reactions.
Natural history of unruptured intracranial aneurysms: a long-term follow-up study (1993)

To investigate the natural history of unruptured aneurysms and predictive risk factors determining subsequent rupture, the authors followed 142 patients with 181 unruptured aneurysms until death or subarachnoid hemorrhage intervened, or for at least 10 years after the unruptured aneurysm was diagnosed. Six patients had a symptomatic aneurysm, five had an incidentally discovered aneurysm, and 131 had multiple aneurysms, of which the ruptured lesion was clipped at the beginning of the follow-up study. The median follow-up time was 13.9 years (range 0.8 to 30.0 years). During 1944 patient-years of follow-up study there were 27 first episodes of hemorrhage from a previously unruptured aneurysm, giving an average annual rupture incidence of 1.4%. Fourteen of these bleeding episodes were fatal. The cumulative rate of bleeding was 10% at 10 years, 26% at 20 years, and 32% at 30 years after the diagnosis. The only predictor for the rupture was the size of the aneurysm (p = 0.036). However, in patients with multiple aneurysms (the main subgroup) the only variable that tended to predict rupture was the age of the patient: risk of rupture was inversely associated with age (p = 0.080). The median diameter of the aneurysms was 4 mm at the beginning of the follow-up period, both in those with and those without a later hemorrhage. During the angiographic monitoring period, a ruptured aneurysm significantly (p < 0.001) increased in size in 17 patients with hemorrhage but aneurysms did not increase significantly in 14 patients without hemorrhage. In addition, a new aneurysm was found in six of 31 patients. The authors conclude that an unruptured aneurysm should be operated on, irrespective of its size, if it is technically possible and the patient's age and concurrent diseases are not contraindications to surgery.
Modulation of Intestinal Goblet Cell Function during Infection by an Attaching and Effacing Bacterial Pathogen (2007)

The attaching and effacing (A/E) bacterial pathogens enteropathogenic Escherichia coli and enterohemorrhagic E. coli and the related mouse pathogen Citrobacter rodentium colonize their hosts' intestines by infecting the apical surfaces of enterocytes, subverting their function, and they ultimately cause diarrhea. Surprisingly, little is known about the interactions of these organisms with goblet cells, which are specialized epithelial cells that secrete the protective molecules Muc2 and trefoil factor 3 (Tff3) into the intestinal lumen. C. rodentium infection leads to dramatic goblet cell depletion within the infected colon, yet it is not clear whether C. rodentium infects goblet cells or if this pathology is pathogen or host mediated. As determined by immunostaining and PCR, both the number of goblet cells and the expression of genes encoding Muc2 and Tff3 were significantly reduced by day 10 postinfection. While electron microscopy and immunostaining revealed that C. rodentium directly infected a fraction of colonic goblet cells, C. rodentium localization did not correlate with goblet cell depletion. To assess the role of the host immune system in these changes, Rag1 knockout (KO) (T- and B-cell-deficient) mice were infected with C. rodentium. Rag1 KO mice did not exhibit the reduction in the number of goblet cells or in mediator (Muc2 and Tff3) expression observed in infected immunocompetent mice. However, reconstitution of Rag1 KO mice with T and B lymphocytes from C57BL/6 mice restored the goblet cell depletion phenotype during C. rodentium infection. In conclusion, these studies demonstrated that while colonic goblet cells can be subject to direct infection and potential subversion by A/E pathogens in vivo, it is the host immune system that primarily modulates the function of these cells during infection.
Studies on the pathogenesis of experimental chronic active hepatitis in rabbits. I. Induction of the disease and protective effect of allogeneic liver specific proteins. (1974)

By long-term immunization intraperitoneally over 143 weeks with human liver specific proteins (HLP) together with complete Freund's adjuvant a chronic active hepatitis (CAH) was produced in rabbits, and the protective effect of allogeneic liver specific proteins (RLP) against the development of liver lesions was tested. The animals (white New Zealands) were divided into 6 groups. Immunization with HLP caused in all animals the development of CAH or liver cirrhosis, depending on the antigen dose. An autoimmunity against liver antigens, induced by HLP, persisted by immunization with RLP. The combined application of HLP and RLP (native and aggregate free, respectively) caused the development of histologically demonstrable liver lesions in only 13% of the animals. Underlying the pathogenesis of the experimental CAH is, according to the existing results, a cellular cytotoxicity. This concept is supported by the protective effect of RLP on cellular immune reactions against RLP and the induction of liver lesions. The importance of an antibody mediated cellular cytotoxicity for the pathogenesis of the experimental CAH has to be clarified by further experiments.
Deep Learning Classification of 2D Orthomosaic Images and 3D Point Clouds for Post-Event Structural Damage Assessment (2020)

Efficient and rapid data collection techniques are necessary to obtain transitory information in the aftermath of natural hazards, which is not only useful for post-event management and planning, but also for post-event structural damage assessment. Aerial imaging from unpiloted (gender-neutral, but also known as unmanned) aerial systems (UASs) or drones permits highly detailed site characterization, in particular in the aftermath of extreme events with minimal ground support, to document current conditions of the region of interest. However, aerial imaging results in a massive amount of data in the form of two-dimensional (2D) orthomosaic images and three-dimensional (3D) point clouds. Both types of datasets require effective and efficient data processing workflows to identify various damage states of structures. This manuscript aims to introduce two deep learning models based on both 2D and 3D convolutional neural networks to process the orthomosaic images and point clouds, for post windstorm classification. In detail, 2D convolutional neural networks (2D CNN) are developed based on transfer learning from two well-known networks AlexNet and VGGNet. In contrast, a 3D fully convolutional network (3DFCN) with skip connections was developed and trained based on the available point cloud data. Within this study, the datasets were created based on data from the aftermath of Hurricanes Harvey (Texas) and Maria (Puerto Rico). The developed 2DCNN and 3DFCN models were compared quantitatively based on the performance measures, and it was observed that the 3DFCN was more robust in detecting the various classes. This demonstrates the value and importance of 3D datasets, particularly the depth information, to distinguish between instances that represent different damage states in structures.
Statistical Thermodynamics of Mixtures of Rodlike Particles. 5. Mixtures with Random Coils (1978)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTStatistical Thermodynamics of Mixtures of Rodlike Particles. 5. Mixtures with Random CoilsPaul J. FloryCite this: Macromolecules 1978, 11, 6, 1138–1141Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1978Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1978https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma60066a015https://doi.org/10.1021/ma60066a015research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views501Altmetric-Citations305LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Prediction of optimal biofilm thickness for membrane‐attached biofilms growing in an extractive membrane bioreactor (1996)

This article presents a mathematical model of membrane-attached biofilm (MAB) behavior in a single-tube extractive membrane bioreactor (STEMB). MABs can be used for treatment of wastewaters containing VOCs, treatment of saline wastewaters, and nitrification processes. Extractive membrane bioreactors (EMBs) are employed to prevent the direct contact between a toxic volatile pollutant and the aerated gas by allowing counterdiffusion of substrates; i.e., pollutant diffuses from the tube side into the biofilm, whereas oxygen diffuses from the shell side into the biofilm. This reduces the air stripping problems usually found in conventional bioreactors. In this study, the biodegradation of a toxic VOC (1,2-dichloroethane, DCE) present in a synthetic wastewater has been investigated. An unstructured model is used to describe cell growth and cell decay in the MAB. The model has been verified by comparing model predicted trends with experimental data collected over 5 to 20-day periods, and has subsequently been used to model steady states in biofilm behavior over longer time scales. The model is capable of predicting the correct trends in system variables such as biofilm thickness, DCE flux across the membrane, carbon dioxide evolution, and suspended biomass. Steady states (constant biofilm thickness and DCE flux) are predicted, and factors that affect these steady states, i.e., cell endogeneous decay rate, and biofilm attrition, are investigated. Biofilm attrition does not have a great influence on biofilm behavior at low values of detachment coefficient close to those typically reported in the literature. Steady-state biofilm thickness is found to be an important variable; a thin biofilm results in a high DCE flux across the membrane, but with the penalty of a high loss of DCE via air stripping. The optimal biofilm thickness at steady state can be determined by trading off the decrease in air stripping (desirable) and the decrease in DCE flux (undesirable) which occur simultaneously as the thickness increases. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Plasma binding and the affinity of propranolol for a beta receptor in man (1976)

The effects of plasma drug binding on the relationship between propranolol concentration and the antagonism of isoproterenol tachycardia have been investigated in 8 normal subjects and 8 hypertensive patients. During chronic intravenous infusion of propranolol giving a narrow range of total plasma concentrations (22.5 to 50 ng/ml), there was, at best, a poor correlation with effects. On the other hand, there was excellent correlation between efficacy and free drug concentration, which fitted the predictions of the receptor theory of competitive antagonism. The true affinity constant for the binding of propranolol to its receptor can be calculated in terms of free drug concentration (KAfree) and was found to vary 2-fold compared to the affinity constant in terms of total plasma concentration (KAtotal) which varied 4-fold, the greater variation being due to plasma binding differences. Compared to normal subjects, KAfree and KAtotal were smaller in hypertensive subjects, implying lesser sensitivity to the drug, and plasma propranolol binding was greater. There was no difference in KAfree between high- and low-renin essential hypertensives, but KAtotal was smaller in the high-renin group due to increased plasma binding which did not reach statistical significance. It is concluded that the effect of propranolol on heart rate is a predictable function of free drug concentration in man and that the contribution of individual variation in receptor sensitivity to differences in oral dosage requirement is minor compared to that of variations in bioavailability.
Plasma Amino Acid Levels and Insulin Secretion in Obesity (1969)

Of 20 plasma amino acids measured, valine, leucine, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine were increased, and glycine decreased, in obese subjects compared with age- and sex-matched controls. The concentration of each of the amino acids elevated in obesity correlated directly with serum insulin. In addition, these were the amino acids most sensitive to the action of insulin in lowering plasma amino acid levels, as evidenced by a diminution in concentration after glucose infusion. Despite a significantly greater increment in serum insulin in the obese group, the magnitude of the decline in amino acids after glucose administration was identical in the two groups. Hyperaminoacidemia appears to be a manifestation of the insulin ineffectiveness characteristic of obesity. Furthermore, hyperaminoacidemia may provide the feedback signal to the beta cell through which insulin resistance is accompanied by an appropriately augmented secretory rate of insulin.
TWIN MUTATIONS IN MEDIUM VARIEGATED PERICARP MAIZE (1962)

. A hypothesis, based on the work of depicts the P" allele as a compound structure composed of the Prr gene for red pericarp and cob conjoined with a transposable element, Modulator ( M p ) , which acts as an inhibitor of pigmentation when at the P locus. EMERSON'S P" symbol (EMERSON, BEADLE, and FRASER 1935) for variegated pericarp may be equated, therefore. to PrrMp. Transposition of M p from the P locus results in full expression of the pigment-producing action of the Prl allele. Loss of M p from the P locus usually is coincident with acquisition of the element at some other site, often on the same chromosome ( VAN SCHAIK and BRINK 1959). Modulator at a new site, i.e.. transposed Modulator ( t r -M p ) , plus the variegated allele at the P locus. result in the light variegated pericarp phenotype.
Brain structure and function and the outcomes of treatment for depression. (1997)

These preliminary results suggest that functional imaging using QEEG may be useful for assessing, and possibly predicting, outcomes of treatment for depression.
Exponentiated Gradient Algorithms for Conditional Random Fields and Max-Margin Markov Networks (2008)

Log-linear and maximum-margin models are two commonly-used methods in supervised machine learning, and are frequently used in structured prediction problems. Efficient learning of parameters in these models is therefore an important problem, and becomes a key factor when learning from very large data sets. This paper describes exponentiated gradient (EG) algorithms for training such models, where EG updates are applied to the convex dual of either the log-linear or max-margin objective function; the dual in both the log-linear and max-margin cases corresponds to minimizing a convex function with simplex constraints. We study both batch and online variants of the algorithm, and provide rates of convergence for both cases. In the max-margin case, O(1/e) EG updates are required to reach a given accuracy e in the dual; in contrast, for log-linear models only O(log(1/e)) updates are required. For both the max-margin and log-linear cases, our bounds suggest that the online EG algorithm requires a factor of n less computation to reach a desired accuracy than the batch EG algorithm, where n is the number of training examples. Our experiments confirm that the online algorithms are much faster than the batch algorithms in practice. We describe how the EG updates factor in a convenient way for structured prediction problems, allowing the algorithms to be efficiently applied to problems such as sequence learning or natural language parsing. We perform extensive evaluation of the algorithms, comparing them to L-BFGS and stochastic gradient descent for log-linear models, and to SVM-Struct for max-margin models. The algorithms are applied to a multi-class problem as well as to a more complex large-scale parsing task. In all these settings, the EG algorithms presented here outperform the other methods.
Efficient Multiobjective Synthesis of Analog Circuits using Hierarchical Pareto-Optimal Performance Hypersurfaces (2005)

An efficient methodology is presented to generate the Pareto-optimal hypersurface of the performance space of a complete mixed-signal electronic system. This Pareto-optimal front offers the designer access to all optimal design solutions; starting front the performance specifications, a satisfactory point can a posteriori be selected on the hypersurface which immediately determines the final design parameters. Fast execution is guaranteed by using multiobjective evolutionary optimization techniques and hierarchical decomposition. The presented method takes advantage of the Pareto hypersurfaces of the subblocks to generate the overall Pareto front. The hierarchical approach combines behavioral simulation with behavioral models at the higher levels, with SPICE simulations with transistor-level accuracy at the lowest level. Storing the performance data of all subblocks enables later reuse for other systems.
The Effect of Commiphora molmol (Myrrh) in Treatment of Trichomoniasis vaginalis infection. (2011)

The anti-T. vaginalis activity of P. granatum and C. molmol showed promising results indicating to sources of new anti-Ttrichomonas agents.
Triclosan-bacteria interactions: single or multiple target sites? (2005)

Here, we presented clear evidence that the interaction of triclosan with the bacterial cell is complex and its lethality cannot be explained solely by the inhibition of metabolic pathways such as the enoyl acyl-reductase. However, the inhibition of such pathways cannot be ruled out as part of the lethal mechanism of the bisphenol at a low bactericidal concentration.