gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Spoken term detection with Connectionist Temporal Classification: A novel hybrid CTC-DBN decoder (2010)

This paper proposes a novel system for robust keyword detection in continuous speech. Our decoder is composed of a bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory recurrent neural network using a Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) output layer, and a Dynamic Bayesian Network (DBN). The CTC network exploits bidirectional context information to reliably identify phonemes, whereas the DBN is able to discriminate between keywords and arbitrary speech while explicitly modeling substitutions, deletions, and insertions in the CTC phoneme output string. Our technique is vocabulary independent and does not require an explicit garbage model. Experiments show that our system architecture prevails over a standard Hidden Markov Model approach.
Tritium purification via zirconium–manganese–iron alloy getter St 909 in flow processes (1994)

A zirconium–manganese–iron alloy, St 909, was evaluated as a purifier in tritium handling, transport, and storage applications. High efficiency removal of CH4, CO, CO2, NH3, and O2 was observed at concentrations of 0.1% to 1% in helium. Gas streams at 100–5000 sccm were passed through getters operated at 600–800 °C. On-getter residence times of two seconds were required to achieve ≳99% removal of these reactive impurities. At this removal efficiency level, the individual impurity capacity of 100 g of St 909 purifier at 800 °C was 0.59, 0.28, 0.19, 0.14, and 0.12 moles of CH4, CO, CO2, O2, and NH3, respectively. Hydrogen containing gasses, CH4 and NH3 were cracked on the purifier and the resultant elemental hydrogen was released. Only 8±2 sccm of H2 were retained on 100 g of St 909 at 800 °C. These features suggest that this alloy can be employed as an efficient purifier for hydrogen isotopes in inert gas, nitrogen, or perhaps even H, D, or T streams.
Characterization of PKCI and Comparative Studies with FHIT, Related Members of the HIT Protein Family (1998)

We previously described the isolation of a human cDNA that encodes a protein termed protein kinase C inhibitor (hPKCI). We elucidated the three-dimensional structure of this protein and demonstrated that in vitro, it enzymatically hydrolyzes adenosine polyphosphates. To identify other proteins that interact with hPKCI, in the present study, we used the hPKCI as a bait in the yeast two-hybrid system, together with a mouse embryo cDNA library. This led to the isolation of a murine PKCI homologue (mPKCI). This finding is consistent with our previous structural studies indicating that hPKCI exists as a homodimer and indicates the strong conservation of the PKCI sequence during evolution. Northern blot analysis indicated that a 0.7-kb PKCI mRNA was expressed in several tissues obtained from adult mice and also in a variety of rodent and human cell lines. Western blot analyses, using a polyclonal antibody prepared against hPKCI, indicated that this protein is expressed at relatively high levels in several murine tissues and in a variety of human cell lines prepared from normal tissues or tumors. In contrast to these findings, parallel studies with a polyclonal antibody to FHIT, a related histidine triad (HIT) protein and putative tumor suppressor, indicated that FHIT was expressed at low or undetectable levels in some of the same cell lines. Microscopy of immunostained cells indicated that the PKCI protein was present mainly in the nucleus of both normal and tumor-derived epithelial cell lines. Evidence presented in this and previous studies suggest that in vivo the ubiquitously expressed PKCI protein does not function as an inhibitor of PKC but rather acts as an enzyme in a yet to be identified pathway.
Intense ultraviolet cathodoluminescence at 318 nm from Gd3+-doped AlN (2003)

We present investigations of Gd-implanted aluminum nitride, studied with cathodoluminescence (CL) as well as time-resolved CL in the temperature range 12–300 K. Luminescence due to intra-4f electron transitions of Gd3+ is dominated by the P7/26→S7/28 transition between the first excited state and the ground state of Gd3+ detected at around 318 nm. Time-resolved CL of the P7/26 level monitoring the P7/26→S7/28 transition shows a temperature-dependent lifetime which decreases from 0.76 ms at 12 K to 0.69 ms at 300 K, in contrast to an increasing intensity of the P7/26→S7/28 transition by a factor of more than 3.5 in the same temperature range. The decay is of the Inokuti–Hirayama-type indicating energy transfer between Gd3+ ions. Due to the overall weak splitting of the P7/26 and S7/28 multiplets phonon replica with energies of 100 and 588 cm−1 can be assigned.
Liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method for the determination of the tobacco‐specific nitrosamine metabolite NNAL in smokers' urine (2003)

A specific and rapid liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric (LC/MS/MS) method was developed and validated for NNAL, a metabolite of the tobacco-specific nitrosamine metabolite NNK. The metabolite was detected in smokers' urine with a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 20 pg ml(-1) and a linear range up to 1000 pg ml(-1). The method features a single solid-phase extraction step and MS/MS monitoring following electrospray ionization. Fragmentation pathways for the protonated molecular ion are proposed. The sample preparation is simpler than that for gas chromatographic methods reported in the literature and maintains sensitivity adequate for determining NNAL in smokers' urine. By using enzyme hydrolysis to determine total NNAL in urine, the amount of NNAL-glucuronide was calculated. A standard pooled smokers' urine sample used for development gave values of 176 +/- 8 pg ml(-1) free NNAL and 675 +/- 26 pg ml(-1) total NNAL following enzyme hydrolysis. The method was applied to a group of seven smokers; the free NNAL level for the group was 101-256 pg ml(-1) with NNAL-glucuronides at 247-566 pg ml(-1). The ratio of conjugated to free NNAL was in the range 0.98-2.95. The variability in total daily amount of NNAL excreted (ng per 24 h) had RSDs of 6-21% for free NNAL, 7-22% for conjugated NNAL and 6-20% for total NNAL excreted. When normalized to the number of cigarettes smoked, the amounts of NNAL excreted per cigarette smoked were in the range of amounts of NNK yields reported for cigarettes in the literature.
Determinants of the inhibitory action of purified 14-kDa phospholipases A2 on cell-free prothrombinase complex (1994)

It has been suggested (Kini, R. R., and Evans, H. J. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 14402-14407) that the anticoagulant activity of members of the 14-kDa phospholipase A2 (PLA2) family depends on the presence of basic residues within a variable surface region (residues 54-77) distinct from both the conserved catalytic machinery and surface sites mediating the antibacterial action of these enzymes (see Weiss, J., Inada, M., Elsbach, P., and Crowl, R. M. (1994) J. Biol. Chem. 269, 26331-26337). To further define the determinants of the anticoagulant activity of PLA2, we have analyzed the inhibitory effects of purified native and recombinant PLA2 on cell-free prothrombinase. Both native and recombinant wild-type pig pancreas (net charge -1) and human "secretory" PLA2 (net charge +15) produced similar dose-dependent inhibition of prothrombinase activity that was significantly less potent than a toxic PLA2 purified from snake venom. Site-specific mutations that either increased or decreased PLA2 activity toward bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein-treated Escherichia coli by up to 50-fold had no effect on antiprothrombinase activity. In contrast, substitution of Arg for Asp-59/Gly for Ser-60 in the pig PLA2 increased antiprothrombinase activity by 5-10-fold without affecting catalytic activity toward a range of phospholipid substrates or antibacterial activity. Comparison of antiprothrombinase activity of catalytically active and inactive forms of the PLA2 and under a range of phospholipid conditions revealed that the potent antiprothrombinase activity of native toxic venom PLA2 and of the D59R.S60G mutant pancreatic PLA2 reflect combined catalytic and noncatalytic actions, the latter apparently dependent on basic residues at discrete surface sites in the enzyme.
Ballistic performance of <i>p</i>-aramid fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluid; Part II – Effect of fabric count and shot location (2012)

The objective of this research was to characterize the ballistic performance of p-aramid fabrics impregnated with shear thickening fluid (STF) focusing on the fabric count and shot location. Panels made of fabrics with different fabric counts were tested against 9 mm bullets at 436 m/s for body armor application. Panels with higher fabric count dissipated a higher fraction of the given impact energy through tensile dissipation and this led to a lower backface signature. The decrease in backface signature value by the hybridization of neat and STF impregnated fabrics was smaller for panels of densely woven fabric due to the larger difference in the warp and weft crimp ratios. Shot location affected the ballistic limit value ( V 50 ), as well as the BFS value of the panels, where both values increased as the shot location approached the edge. The energy transferred to the backing material upon an impact was calculated based on the weight dropping test results, where the dent volume was proportional to the impact velocity.
Transfer Learning for Visual Categorization: A Survey (2014)

Regular machine learning and data mining techniques study the training data for future inferences under a major assumption that the future data are within the same feature space or have the same distribution as the training data. However, due to the limited availability of human labeled training data, training data that stay in the same feature space or have the same distribution as the future data cannot be guaranteed to be sufficient enough to avoid the over-fitting problem. In real-world applications, apart from data in the target domain, related data in a different domain can also be included to expand the availability of our prior knowledge about the target future data. Transfer learning addresses such cross-domain learning problems by extracting useful information from data in a related domain and transferring them for being used in target tasks. In recent years, with transfer learning being applied to visual categorization, some typical problems, e.g., view divergence in action recognition tasks and concept drifting in image classification tasks, can be efficiently solved. In this paper, we survey state-of-the-art transfer learning algorithms in visual categorization applications, such as object recognition, image classification, and human action recognition.
Tubulin-colchicine complexes differentially poison opposite microtubule ends (1984)

The kinetics of radiolabeled guanosine 5'-triphosphate-tubulin dimer addition to preformed microtubule copolymers, containing large numbers of tubulin-colchicine complexes (TCs), were examined at apparent equilibrium. The results indicated that radiolabeled dimer addition to copolymers occurs predominantly by a "treadmilling" reaction, analogous to that described for unpoisoned microtubules, and that some labeled dimer uptake also occurs by equilibrium exchange. The data further showed that TCs decrease the steady-state treadmilling reaction in a concentration-dependent manner. Since microtubule copolymers exhibited a treadmilling reaction, it was possible to differentially radiolabel opposite copolymer ends with [3H]- and [14C]guanine nucleotides and thus to measure the effects of TCs on dimer loss from opposite copolymer ends upon copolymer dilution. Dimer loss from both copolymer ends was inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner, but dimer loss from copolymer net assembly (A) ends (defined under steady-state conditions) was inhibited to a far greater extent than that from the opposite, net disassembly (D) copolymer ends. TCs therefore exhibited a graded, polar poisoning action, with copolymer A-end association and dissociation rate constants being far more susceptible to TC inhibition than those at the opposite copolymer D ends. The potential significance of this TC effect for regulating microtubule spatial orientation in vivo is discussed.
Molecular dynamics in restricted geometries (1989)

Relaxation and diffusion in restricted geometrics excitation energy transfer and photoinduced electron transfer phenomena in some confined systems electron excitation transport in micelles, polymers, and multilayers electron excitation transport on polymer chains polymer structure and downchain electronic energy transfer low dimensional reaction kinetics in membranes critical evaluation of the application of direct energy transfer in probing the morphology of porous solids cyclization as a reaction in restricted space local dynamics in amorphous polymers probing porous media orientation dynamics of supercooled liquids in restricted geometries effects of finite volumes on electronic energy transfer photochemical probes for the structure of zeolites and for dynamics of reaction of molecules absorbed on porous solids charge carrier reactions in colloidal semiconductor particles and on semiconducting oxide films.
Exploring the influence of the gut microbiota and probiotics on health: a symposium report (2014)

The present report describes the presentations delivered at the 7th International Yakult Symposium, 'The Intestinal Microbiota and Probiotics: Exploiting Their Influence on Health', in London on 22-23 April 2013. The following two themes associated with health risks were covered: (1) the impact of age and diet on the gut microbiota and (2) the gut microbiota's interaction with the host. The strong influence of the maternal gut microbiota on neonatal colonisation was reported, as well as rapid changes in the gut microbiome of older people who move from community living to residential care. The effects of dietary changes on gut metabolism were described and the potential influence of inter-individual microbiota differences was noted, in particular the presence/absence of keystone species involved in butyrate metabolism. Several speakers highlighted the association between certain metabolic disorders and imbalanced or less diverse microbiota. Data from metagenomic analyses and novel techniques (including an ex vivo human mucosa model) provided new insights into the microbiota's influence on coeliac, obesity-related and inflammatory diseases, as well as the potential of probiotics. Akkermansia muciniphila and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii were suggested as targets for intervention. Host-microbiota interactions were explored in the context of gut barrier function, pathogenic bacteria recognition, and the ability of the immune system to induce either tolerogenic or inflammatory responses. There was speculation that the gut microbiota should be considered a separate organ, and whether analysis of an individual's microbiota could be useful in identifying their disease risk and/or therapy; however, more research is needed into specific diseases, different population groups and microbial interventions including probiotics.
Practical Sulfonylation of Amines with 4‐Hydroxybenzenesulfonyl Chloride: In Situ Silylation–Desilylation (2004)

Abstract A one‐pot procedure for the efficient sulfonylation of amines with 4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonyl chloride involving in situ protection and deprotection of the phenol with N,O‐bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide (BTSA) is presented.
Comment on the Joint Academic Stage Board (JASB) Guidance (2005)

The University of Leicester is a pre-1992 University with a Law Faculty of more than 1000 students, 900 of whom are studying on qualifying law degree programmes. The collection that they use is housed in the main University Library, just next door to the Law Faculty. A large proportion of Leicester's total student population are distance learners, mostly studying on Masters' programmes. Partly because of this, the institution is extremely interested in pursuing electronic delivery of courses and has just appointed an e-learning professor, based in the central administration and responsible for introducing a radical new e-learning strategy. Leicester, like all other universities, will be introducing top up fees from the start of the next academic year. It is in this rapidly changing and increasingly demanding educational context that this comment on the JASB guidance should be placed.
A Generative Context Model for Semantic Music Annotation and Retrieval (2011)

While a listener may derive semantic associations for audio clips from direct auditory cues (e.g., hearing “bass guitar”) as well as from “context” (e.g., inferring “bass guitar” in the context of a “rock” song), most state-of-the-art systems for automatic music annotation ignore this context. Indeed, although contextual relationships correlate tags, many auto-taggers model tags independently. This paper presents a novel, generative approach to improve automatic music annotation by modeling contextual relationships between tags. A Dirichlet mixture model (DMM) is proposed as a second, additional stage in the modeling process, to supplement any auto-tagging system that generates a semantic multinomial (SMN) over a vocabulary of tags when annotating a song. For each tag in the vocabulary, a DMM captures the broader context the tag defines by modeling tag co-occurrence patterns in the SMNs of songs associated with the tag. When annotating songs, the DMMs refine SMN annotations by leveraging contextual evidence. Experimental results demonstrate the benefits of combining a variety of auto-taggers with this generative context model. It generally outperforms other approaches to modeling context as well.
A formal approach to finding explanations for database queries (2014)

As a consequence of the popularity of big data, many users with a variety of backgrounds seek to extract high level information from datasets collected from various sources and combined using data integration techniques. A major challenge for research in data management is to develop tools to assist users in explaining observed query outputs. In this paper we introduce a principled approach to provide explanations for answers to SQL queries based on intervention: removal of tuples from the database that significantly affect the query answers. We provide a formal definition of intervention in the presence of multiple relations which can interact with each other through foreign keys. First we give a set of recursive rules to compute the intervention for any given explanation in polynomial time (data complexity). Then we give simple and efficient algorithms based on SQL queries that can compute the top-K explanations by using standard database management systems under certain conditions. We evaluate the quality and performance of our approach by experiments on real datasets.
Line Pattern Removal and Enhancement Technique for MultichannelPassive Millimeter Wave Sensor Images (2007)

Passive millimeter wave (PMMW) imaging systems have attracted an increasing interestover the past years due to their superior poor-weather performance compared with visible andIR systems. In passive imaging, the spatial information acquired is strictly band-limited. A majordrawback to PMMW images is their poor angular resolution. Also, another problem of single-channel PMMW imaging systems is the slow response time due to the lack of thermal sensitivity.The imager could operate at TV (television) rates using a number of parallel channels which mayreduce the extent of this problem. In multi-channel, differences between the responses of individualchannels can introduce noise into the image, which can obscure details of interest. The proposednoise-removal technique is a two-pass combined method of two techniques. One technique isfor removing the DC component in the frequency domain and the other one is statistical filteringbased on homogeneous region in the image (spatial) domain, followed by high-boost filteringby 3×3 mask for enhancement the image. High quality images are presented to demonstrate thepotential of this technique.
Inhibitor binding assay for angiotensin-converting enzyme. (1984)

We describe a new principle for the determination of enzymes, here applied to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE, EC 3.4.15.1) in human serum. The enzyme inhibitor binding assay is based on specific binding of labeled inhibitor to the active center of the enzyme. Serum (10-15 microL) is incubated with 125I-labeled ACE inhibitor (" 351A ," a p- hydroxybenzamidine derivative of N-(1-carboxy-3-phenylpropyl)-L-lysyl-L-proline) at pH 7.0 at 37 degrees C for 2 h in a non-equilibrated system. Inhibitor bound to ACE is separated by adsorption to coated charcoal, the radioactivity remaining in the supernate is counted, and the ACE value is calculated from a standard curve. Sensitivity for ACE in serum is 200 U/L, corresponding to 5.0 ng of ACE purified from human lung. The coefficient of variation was 3.9% within assay, and 6.4% between assays for normal ACE activities. Correlation with a comparison spectrophotometric method (Am J Med 59: 363-372, 1975) for ACE assay was excellent (r = 0.98) in 59 samples from healthy subjects and from patients with various diseases including active sarcoidosis. The novel assay principle presented here is simple and specific, and can be extended to use with various biological fluids and tissues, and to other enzymes as well.
Circadian Clocks, Stress, and Immunity (2016)

In mammals, molecular circadian clocks are present in most cells of the body, and this circadian network plays an important role in synchronizing physiological processes and behaviors to the appropriate time of day. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal endocrine axis regulates the response to acute and chronic stress, acting through its final effectors - glucocorticoids - released from the adrenal cortex. Glucocorticoid secretion, characterized by its circadian rhythm, has an important role in synchronizing peripheral clocks and rhythms downstream of the master circadian pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Finally, glucocorticoids are powerfully anti-inflammatory, and recent work has implicated the circadian clock in various aspects and cells of the immune system, suggesting a tight interplay of stress and circadian systems in the regulation of immunity. This mini-review summarizes our current understanding of the role of the circadian clock network in both the HPA axis and the immune system, and discusses their interactions.
Site-Directed Mutagenesis and NMR Studies of Histidine 385 Mutants of 5-Enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) Synthase (1994)

The site-directed mutagenesis of His-385 of 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate (EPSP) synthase is reported. The steady-state kinetics for two mutants, H385Q and H385A, are compared with that of the wild-type enzyme. H385Q EPSP synthase was found to have 25% wild-type enzyme activity, whereas H385A EPSP synthase retained 1% activity. The KM values for Pi and shikimate 3-phosphate were unaffected, whereas the KM for phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) was increased 10 times for H385Q EPSP synthase. The KM for EPSP was unaffected in H385Q but raised by a factor of 10 in H385A EPSP synthase. The binding of glyphosate was studied by fluorescence spectroscopy and by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Direct observation of the enzyme-intermediate complexes by 13C NMR spectroscopy with [2,3-13C]phosphoenolpyruvate was studied for the mutant enzymes and compared with the wild type. Under equilibrium conditions, H385A EPSP synthase does not accumulate enzyme-bound EPSP. These results suggest that, while critically located in the PEP binding site, His-385 is not the residue responsible for initiating catalysis through the protonation of PEP.