gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
White Adipose Tissue: Getting Nervous (2003)

Neuroendocrine research has altered the traditional perspective of white adipose tissue (WAT) as a passive store of triglycerides. In addition to fatty acids, WAT produces many hormones and can therefore be designated as a traditional endocrine gland actively participating in the integrative physiology of fuel and energy metabolism, eating behaviour and the regulation of hormone secretion and sensitivity. WAT is controlled by humoral factors, para- and intracrine factors and by neural regulation. Sympathetic nerve fibres innervate WAT and stimulate lipolysis, leading to the release of glycerol and free fatty acids. In addition, recent research in rats has clearly shown a functional parasympathetic innervation of WAT. There appears to be a distinct somatotopy within the parasympathetic nuclei: separate sets of autonomic neurones in the brain stem innervate either the visceral or the subcutaneous fat compartment. We therefore propose that the central nervous system (CNS) plays a major role in the hitherto unexplained regulation of body fat distribution. Parasympathectomy induces insulin resistance with respect to glucose and fatty acid uptake in the innervated fat depot and has selective effects on local hormone synthesis. Thus, the CNS is involved not only in the regulation of hormone production by WAT, but also in its hormone sensitivity. The developments in this research area are likely to increase our insights in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders such as hypertriglyceridemia, diabetes mellitus type 2 and lipodystrophy syndromes.
A Protein-Based Hydrogel for In Vitro Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem Cells (2013)

Hydrogels are widely used as scaffolds in tissue engineering because they can provide excellent environments for bioactive components including growth factors and cells. We reported in this study on a physical hydrogel formed by a specific protein-peptide interaction, which could be used for the three dimensional (3D) cell culture of murine mesenchymal stem cells (mMSC). The mMSC kept dividing during the 7-day culture period and the metabolic-active cell number at day 7 was 359% more than that at day 1. This kind of physical hydrogel could be converted to a homogeneous solution by firstly adding an equal volume of culture medium and then pipeting for several times. Therefore, mMSC post culture could be easily separated from cell-gel constructs. We believed that the protein-based hydrogel system in this study could be developed into a promising scaffold for in vitro expansion of stem cells and cell therapy. This work would be in the general interests of researchers in the fields of biomaterials and supramolecular chemistry.
SDC-Carbonate Composite Electrolytes for Low-Temperature SOFCs (2005)

Novel composite materials based on mixtures of samarium-doped ceria (SDC)-carbonate were examined for use as electrolyte materials in low-temperature solid oxide fuel cells (LTSOFCs) operating at 400-600°C. The composite electrolytes showed high ion conductivity at evaluated temperatures. Composition and calcination temperature were found to affect the morphology and conductivity of the composite electrolytes greatly. During fuel cell operation, water was observed at both electrodes, indicating that the new electrolyte materials conduct both oxygen ions and proton simultaneously. According to fuel cell performance, these composite electrolytes are chemically stable, which is an attractive prospect in LTSOFC applications.
Gas Plasma Etching of Chromium Films (1982)

The etching of Cr film was investigated employing mixtures of CCl 4 with CO, CO 2 , or O 2 . The highest etch rate ratio of the Cr film to the photoresist was given by the combination of CCl 4 with CO 2 , and the Cr film could be etched successfully without serious loss in the pattern width using this CCl 4 /CO 2 mixture. It is speculated that O( 3 P) contributes to the etching reactions of chromium films. Spectrometry revealed that singlet oxygen radicals contribute to the decomposition reactions of the resist films in the plasmas. Using this novel gas plasma etching technique, photomasks for MOS LSI were made with good pattern width control.
The Effect of Intravenous Infusion of Lipids on the Exercise-Induced Serum Growth Hormone Rise in Normals and Juvenile Diabetics (1971)

Juvenile diabetics and normal subjects were studied during different exercise loads, and juvenile diabetics were studied with half-hourly blood sampling during day-time. The growth hormone response to exercise in normals, the growth hormone hyperresponse to exercise in juvenile diabetics, and the growth hormone hypersecretion during day-time in juvenile diabetics were not diminished when the exercise-induced fall in free fatty acids in normals and diabetics and the fluctuations in the day-time free fatty acid level in diabetics were prevented by intravenous infusion of Intralipid and heparin, resulting in serum-free fatty acid levels 3-7 times higher than normal. A feedback mechanism between free fatty acids and growth hormone could not be demonstrated.
The Pastorella Episode in <i>The Faerie Queene</i> (1944)

The Pastorella cantos of The Faerie Queene have been referred by scholars to various possible sources and analogues, including Ariosto, Tasso, Dorastus and Fawnia , Daphnis and Chloe , the Arcadia , the Greek romances, and the Diana. To these titles I now must add The Mirrour of Knighthood, parts 4 and 5 and sections of part 2.
Periodic attachment in future mobile telecommunications (1995)

In mobile telecommunications the network needs to monitor the terminal status, i.e., switched on, switched off, busy, idle. Once a mobile terminal is switched on, it automatically informs the network accordingly (attachment action). Regarding the way that the network identifies that a terminal is switched off (detachment), a procedure called periodic attachment is proposed: the terminal (when switched on) periodically reports to the network its active status. If the network detects silence for more than an agreed time period it considers the terminal switched off. Paging signalling savings can be achieved if the network is informed early that a mobile terminal is switched off. However, periodic attachment requires access to the network database system, which might cause a bottleneck. In this paper the performance characteristics of periodic attachment and the induced signalling load are evaluated as influenced by the selection of the time-out period. A constant time-out period for the whole day can cause a large amount of database transactions especially during low traffic hours. A method for dynamic time-out period selection to fit the varying conditions during the day is proposed and evaluated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lattice incorporation of <i>n</i>-type dopants in GaAs (1982)

Transmission electron microscopy has been used to investigate precipitates of the n-type dopants S, Si, Se, and the deep acceptor Cr implanted in GaAs and annealed in the temperature range 800–900 °C. The lowest precipitation was observed for S and Si (4–5%) followed by Se (∼12%). Bulk precipitation was observed for Cr. These results are found to correlate inversely with the percentage substitutionality of S, Si, and Cr measured by the technique of proton induced x-ray excitation in combination with Rutherford backscattering channeling.
Lead-Free Soldering and Low Alpha Solders for Wafer Level Interconnects By (2011)

Lead-free soldering, originally started as an environmental issue, is evolving rapidly into a business survival tool for the worldwide electronic industry. Promising lead-free solder alternatives for surface mount assembly applications include eutectic Sn/Ag, eutectic Sn/Cu, Sn95/Sb5, eutectic Sn/Bi, Sn/Ag/Cu, Sn/Ag/Cu/X, Sn/Bi/Ag/X, Sn/Zn/X, and Sn/In/Ag/(X). However, for wafer level area array solder bump interconnects, most of those options fall short in terms of fatigue resistance. Sn/In/Ag/(X) appears to be superior when compared with Sn63/Pb37, as demonstrated by Sn/In/Ag/Cu. For applications involving high lead solders, no solder alternatives have been developed yet. While the industry is advancing toward being finer, smaller, lighter, and faster, wafer level packages using area array solder interconnects is suffering from the soft error due to alpha emission from the lead in the solders. Although lead-free solder alternatives for eutectic Sn/Pb are virtually free from alpha emission, the continuous dependence on the use of high-lead solders for C4 applications indicates that the challenge of alpha emission from lead-containing solders will persist regardless of the lead-free move of the industry. This challenge is getting tougher with the rapid advancement of IC design toward further miniaturization. Low alpha lead can be obtained from cold lead ore, old lead, and laser isotope separation process, with the latter having potential as a long term solution. The price of those low alpha lead is very expensive when compared with the regular lead. Due to the increase in I/O density, requirement on alpha emission level may soon move from LC2 to LC3 level. The supply of low alpha lead for wafer level interconnects does not seem to be an issue.
Insulin and insulinomimetic agents induce activation of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase upon its association with pp185 (IRS-1) in intact rat livers. (1992)

The major cytosolic substrate of the insulin receptor is a 185-kDa phosphoprotein (IRS-1) that contains multiple putative attachment sites for the p85 alpha regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase (PI3K). To examine the possible interaction of pp185 with p85 alpha in vivo, we injected insulin or insulinomimetic agents (a combination of H2O2 and vanadate (H/V)) into the portal vein of anesthetized rats. IN this model system, H/V treatment and, to a lesser extent, injection of insulin resulted in rapid and sustained tyrosine phosphorylation of multiple cellular proteins, including pp185/IRS-1. The latter was found to undergo specific association with the p85 alpha regulatory subunit of PI3K but not with two other proteins that contain src homology domains. As p85 alpha was not detectably phosphorylated on tyrosine residues and did not appear to interact directly with the insulin receptor, we conclude that tyrosine phosphorylation of pp185 promotes its association with p85 alpha and the catalytic subunit of PI3K. The recruitment of the holoenzyme may also involve its enzymatic activation and thus constitute an important step in the transduction of insulin signals.
Two-Stage Patent Retrieval Method Considering Claim Structure (2004)

Abstract This paper proposes a patent retrieval method that consists of two processing stages. In Stage 1, analysis and retrieval methods to improve recall are applied. In Stage 2, the top N documents retrieved in Stage 1 are re-arranged by applying analysis and retrieval methods that consider the claim structure to improve precision. This paper gives an overview of this retrieval method and evaluates its performance at the NTCIR4 Patent Retrieval Task. Keywords: Patent Retrieval, Claim Structure Analysis, Keyword Extraction, Allomorph Expansion, Related Term Expansion, Document Filtering, Score Merging. 1. Introduction Text retrieval methods using a natural language text as an input are becoming popular. These methods focus on a keyword set extracted from the input text and calculate the similarity between this keyword set and that extracted from each of the retrieval target documents. Keyword-based document retrieval methods have three technical issues: (a) How to extract appropriate keywords (b) How to assign weights to the keywords (c) How to treat allomorphs and synonyms This paper proposes a patent retrieval method to solve these problems and to improve retrieval accuracy. This method consists of two processing stages: in Stage 1, analysis and retrieval methods to improve recall are applied, and in Stage 2, the top N documents retrieved in Stage 1 are re-arranged by applying analysis and retrieval methods that consider the claim structure to improve precision. Section 2 overviews our two-stage retrieval method. Section 3 describes the analysis and retrieval methods used in each stage. Section 4 evaluates the feasibility of our method by using test data of the NTCIR4 Patent Retrieval Task.
A rate-distortion perspective on multiple decoding attempts for Reed-Solomon codes (2009)

Recently, a number of authors have proposed decoding schemes for Reed-Solomon (RS) codes based on multiple trials of a simple RS decoding algorithm. In this paper, we present a rate-distortion (R-D) approach to analyze these multiple-decoding algorithms for RS codes. This approach is first used to understand the asymptotic performance-versus-complexity trade-off of multiple error-and-erasure decoding of RS codes. By defining an appropriate distortion measure between an error pattern and an erasure pattern, the condition for a single error-and-erasure decoding to succeed reduces to a form where the distortion is compared to a fixed threshold. Finding the best set of erasure patterns for multiple decoding trials then turns out to be a covering problem which can be solved asymptotically by rate-distortion theory. Next, this approach is extended to analyze multiple algebraic soft-decision (ASD) decoding of RS codes. Both analytical and numerical computations of the R-D functions for the corresponding distortion measures are discussed. Simulation results show that proposed algorithms using this approach perform better than other algorithms with the same complexity.
[Successful treatment by 4--aminopyridine of three cases of severe verapamil poisoning]. (2003)

Three cases of verapamil intoxication were presented. In all cases shock and circulatory insufficiency were observed. In case no. 1 respiratory insufficiency and confusion were observed, in case no. 3 second-degree atrioventricular block was noted. The protracted hypotension (shock), circulatory insufficiency and atrioventricular block did not respond to calcium therapy, high dose of vasopressor amines and atropine. The addition of 4-aminopyridine (4-AP) infusion resulted in fast receding of poisoning symptoms; receding of atrioventricular block, cardiogenic shock and circulatory insufficiency. These cases suggest the usefulness of 4-AP in the treatment of verapamil poisoning. However, confirmation of the effectiveness of this substance for pharmacotherapy of calcium antagonists poisoning requires further clinical research. The influence of 4-AP on calcium channels is indirect. It blocks potassium channels K1 in cytoplasm side which makes potassium to stay inside the cell leading to depolarisation and opening of voltage-dependent calcium channels.
Fluorescent photoaffinity labeling: Adenosine 3′,5′-cyclic monophosphate receptor sites (1978)

An approach to the study of protein receptor sites in protein mixtures or supramolecular assemblies by using fluorescence spectroscopy is described. This approach, fluorescent photoaffinity labeling, combines the merits of photoaffinity labeling to attain site-directed reactivity with the probing power of fluorescent ligands. A fluorescent photoaffinity label for cyclic AMP receptor sites of cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinases was synthesized in both unlabeled and radioactive forms. The probe, 8-azido-1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate, mimics cyclic AMP in its ability to stimulate the phosphotransferase activity of the protein kinases and strongly competes with cyclic AMP for its binding sites in all preparations so far tested. Photolysis, after equilibration of protein kinase and 8-azido-1,N(6)-ethenoadenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate in the dark, effects binding of the intermediate nitrene irreversibly and specifically to the cyclic AMP sites with the development of fluorescence. Excess reagent and low molecular weight photolytic products are removable by dialysis. Studies of a crude beef heart preparation containing cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase suggest that the cyclic AMP binding sites are hydrophobic in nature and strongly immobilize the adenine moiety of the cyclic nucleotide.
Complex Monolithic Arrays: Some Aspects of Design and Fabrication (1967)

Large scale integration is the simultaneous realization of large area circuit chips and optimum component packing density for the express purpose of reducing costs by maximizing the number of system connections done at the chip level. The highly complex monolithic circuits being offered today are obviously the forerunners of true LSI. Many questions pertinent to LSI are asked repeatedly today. Some of the more timely aspects of large scale integration are considered here. The prime objective of this paper is, therefore, to establish where LSI is today. The coverage is limited to bipolar silicon integrated circuits. A DTL design is compared to an ECL design to illustrate a basis for choice of circuit type, power level, and interrelationship with respect to resistor and transistor parameters. Arrays of DTL and ECL gates with single-layer interconnection metal are next considered; each gate is assumed to have one semiconductor crossunder tunnel. The resulting expressions relate the maximum allowable number of DTL and ECL gates in the monolayer array to circuit threshold. Next, the characteristics of metal interconnections are examined to obtain a method for predicting average interconnection length, die area occupied by the interconnections, and signal delay introduced by the interconnections. Finally, some thermal aspects of packaging a square hybrid LSI array of 2n X 2n chips are analyzed for an ECL and a DTL design. An expression is derived which relates power density of the hybrid array to the number of gates in the array and pertinent properties of the base system.
Broadband optical parametric amplifier using chirped quasi-phase-matched gratings (2006)

We demonstrate operation of an optical parametric amplifier using a chirped quasi-phase-matching grating. Such devices enable engineering of gain spectra over wide bandwidths, applicable to femtosecond pulse amplification and other wide-band devices.
Identification of Transcription Factors Involved in Rice Secondary Cell Wall Formation (2013)

Using co-expression network analysis, we identified 123 transcription factors (TFs) as candidate secondary cell wall regulators in rice. To validate whether these TFs are associated with secondary cell wall formation, six TF genes belonging to the MYB, NAC or homeodomain-containing TF families were overexpressed or downregulated in rice. With the exception of OsMYB58/63-RNAi plants, all transgenic plants showed phenotypes possibly related to secondary cell wall alteration, such as dwarfism, narrow and dark green leaves, and also altered rice cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase 2 (OsCAD2) gene expression and lignin content. These results suggest that many of the 123 candidate secondary cell wall-regulating TFs are likely to function in secondary cell wall formation in rice. Further analyses were performed for the OsMYB55/61 and OsBLH6 TFs, the former being a TF in which the Arabidopsis ortholog is known to participate in lignin biosynthesis (AtMYB61) and the latter being one for which no previous involvement in cell wall formation has been reported even in Arabidopsis (BLH6). OsMYB55/61 and OsBLH6-GFP fusion proteins localized to the nucleus of onion epidermal cells. Moreover, expression of a reporter gene driven by the OsCAD2 promoter was enhanced in rice calli when OsMYB55/61 or OsBLH6 was transiently expressed, demonstrating that they function in secondary cell wall formation. These results show the validity of identifying potential secondary cell wall TFs in rice by the use of rice co-expression network analysis.
The seeds of dicotyledons (1976)

Volume I Preface Part I: 1. Material and method 2. Seed-form 3. Seed-coats 4. Criticism of the arrangement of dicotyledonous families into orders 5. Seed-evolution Part II: Descriptions of seeds by families References Index Volume II: The contents of this volume consist of the Figures described in volume I.
Peat and water : aspects of water retention and dewatering in peat (1986)

The unresolved problems of peat-water relationships. Plants to peat: the process of humification. Compression and gravity drainage as means of dewatering peat. Saturated and unsaturated permeabilities of North German peats. Mietal Ion exchange on peat. The role of colloid science in peat dewatering: principles and dewatering studies. Some basic principles of water management in peat. Application of a membrane model to the secondary structure of humic materials in peat. Water retention by humic substances. Variation of humic substances within peat profiles. Organic geochemical studies of the humification process in low-moor peat. Characterization of a peat bog profile by Curie point pyrolysis-mass spectrometry combined with multivariant analysis and by pyrolysis gas chromatography-mass spectometry. Cupric oxide oxidation products of humic acids from Finnish milled peat. The role of carbohydrates in the free enzymes in soil. Structure and physical properties of petidipolysaccharides released by soil-inhabiting penicillium spinulosum and other species of penicillium. The peat-water problem: reflections, perspectives, recommendations.
Novel approaches to HIV therapy (2017)

There are approximately 35 million people infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), with an estimated 2 million incident infections annually across the globe. While HIV infection was initially associated with high rates of morbidity and mortality, advances in therapy have transformed it into a chronic and manageable disease. In addition, there is very strong evidence that those on antiretroviral therapy are much less likely to transmit infection to their partners. The success rates for maintaining viral suppression in treated patients has dramatically increased owing to the development of agents that are potent and well tolerated and can often be co-formulated into single pills for simplification. This review will outline advances in treatment over the last several years as well as new strategies that may shift the existing treatment paradigm in the near future.
Common trace elements alleviate pain in an experimental mouse model (2013)

Trace elements represent a group of essential metals or metaloids necessary for life, present in minute amounts. Analgesic adjuvants can enhance the effect of other pain drugs or be used for pain control themselves. Previous studies on the effects of trace elements on nociception and their potential use as analgesic adjuvants have yielded conflicting results. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that three vital trace elements (Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cu²⁺) have direct antinociceptive effects. Groups of eight Swiss mice were intraperitoneally (i.p) injected with incremental concentrations of Zn²⁺ sulfate (0.5, 2.0 mg/kg), Zn²⁺ citrate (0.125, 0.5 mg/kg), Mg²⁺ chloride (37.5, 75, 150 mg/kg), Cu²⁺ chloride (0.5, 1.0, 2.0 mg/kg), and Cu²⁺ sulfate (0.5, 1.0 mg/kg) or saline (control). Evaluations were made by hot plate (HP) and tail flick (TF) tests for central antinociceptive effect, writhing test (WT) for visceral antinociceptive effect, and activity cage (AC) test for spontaneous behavior. Zn²⁺ induced pain inhibition in HP/TF tests (up to 17%) and WT (up to 25%), with no significant differences among the salts used. Mg²⁺ salts induced pain inhibition for all performed tests (up to 85% in WT). Cu²⁺ salts showed antinociceptive effects for HP/TF (up to 28.6%) and WT (57.28%). Only Mg²⁺ and Cu²⁺ salts have displayed significant effects in AC (Mg²⁺ anxiolytic/depressant effect; Cu²⁺ anxiolytic effect). We interpret these data to mean that all tested trace elements induced antinociceptive effects in central and visceral pain tests. Our data indicate the potential use of these cheap adjuvants in pain therapy.