gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Laser-Induced High Local Temperature in Carbon Nanotube (2007)

Laser irradiated carbon nanotubes in vacuum can emit dazzling yellow light due to the laser heating effect. We investigated the phonon frequency shifts of as irradiated carbon nanotube bundles by Raman spectroscopy under ultraviolet laser illumination (325 nm, 2.4 mW), the G band peak position was found to shift 50 cm-1 to lower wave number. By considering the temperature coefficient of the G band shift, the local temperature of the illuminated spot was predicted to be nearly 2000K. This temperature had a linear relationship with the incident laser power, and also was greatly influenced by the pressure of the vacuum chamber. The photoluminescence of the CNT bundle was also studied, which exhibits an oscillation of 0.1 eV, a possible origin of the oscillation was discussed.
A human skin explant model for predicting graft-versus-host disease following bone marrow transplantation. (1999)

Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is the most serious complication following bone marrow transplantation, with an incidence of 40-60%. The disease can be fatal in 50% of cases, even in patients receiving marrow from an HLA identical sibling. Several assays have been developed to try to predict the development of GVHD, including mixed lymphocyte culture reaction, cytotoxic T lymphocyte precursor, and helper T lymphocyte precursor frequency assays. This review describes an in vitro skin explant model which has been used since 1988 for both predicting acute GVHD in HLA identical sibling bone marrow transplantation and studying the pathophysiology of the disease. The model involves sensitising donor lymphocytes in vitro in a primary mixed lymphocyte reaction and then evaluating the secondary response on patient skin biopsies by grading the graft-versus-host reactivity (grades I-IV) histopathologically. From analysis of collective data the model is a clear predictor of GVHD and superior to the other assays widely used, with a correlation of 82% with clinical outcome. The skin explant model allows the investigator to study the pathogenesis of GVHD. The cytokines TNF alpha and IFN gamma are shown to be important mediators of cellular damage in graft-versus-host reactions. Recent work has also involved using the model to study the alloreactivity of cord blood. The model is currently being assessed in several bone marrow transplantation centres in Europe on different patient groups including those who receive marrow from haploidentical and matched unrelated donors.
Robot for CT-Guided Stereotactic Neurosurgery (1994)

At the 1989 meeting of the World Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery in Maebashi, the authors presented the concept and design of a stereotactic neurosurgical robot. The first prototype has now been completed and has entered clinical testing. The characteristics are as follows. The robot is positioned behind the CT scan and operates inside the CT gantry. It is linked to the CT table and moves freely along its longitudinal axis, allowing for intraoperative scanning at any cranial level. The patient's body rests on the CT table, but the stereotactic headframe is fixed to the robot, allowing precise measurements of the head position under stereotactic conditions. During scanning, each CT slice appears immediately on the robotic workstation for selection of target and trajectory. In addition to the tool for automatic penetration of the skin, skull, and meninges, the robot is able to handle two other stereotactic instruments and to perform a complete stereotactic procedure without physical intervention by the physician. So far, depth electrodes and biopsy instruments have been developed for use by the robot. Since all parts of the robot were designed solely for stereotactic neurosurgery, integration of safety aspects was optimized. The first operations using an aspiration biopsy probe were successfully performed on 2 patients with malignant intracerebral cystic lesions on September 4, 1993.
Total Joint Arthroplasty of the Knee (1985)

The total knee experience at a hospital in Baltimore with the Universal Instruments and Total Condylar and Kinematic prostheses in 1978 and 1979, and with the PCA prosthesis with and without cement since 1980, has led to the development of the philosophy that impacts on all aspects of total knee arthroplasty. In most instances, if the patient is a suitable risk for surgery and symptoms are sufficiently disabling to justify knee fusion, the authors would first attempt a total knee arthroplasty regardless of age, weight, or other factors. Technical perfection of alignment and component position are their goals. The vast majority of total knee components can be mechanically fixed rigidly without the addition of methylmethacrylate. In general, clinical examinations (up to four years) suggest that the cementless results were equally as good as the cemented results and did not have a tendency to deteriorate with time.
Constructing Grading Information System for Words' Difficulty using a Supervised Learning Method (2007)

A primary factor in the design of an e-learning or e-testing system lies in the proper grading of a given set of vocabulary or phrases. This paper proposes an automatic system that can learn to do the fundamental word's difficulty grading once taught by a domain expert. As a comparison, two approaches are used to analyze the system: the former is a rule-based system which requires a complete knowledge base to support a good scoring system, and the latter is an instance-based grader. Analytic and simulation results showed that rule-based reasoning acts much like uses the concept of absolute accuracy. Instance-based inferring method uses relative accuracy to identify varied difficult levels in words. Since scoring a word's difficulty via absolute accuracy is not always applicable, the grading system accomplished the task by the instance-based approach. After checking for consistency by using the joint entrance examination center (JEEC) testing data in Taiwan, we summarize as follows: 1) The information system has the capability to answer the difficulty level of a word. 2) The system can persistently professionalize itself via the supervised learning approach. It can act more like a true domain experts when providing more training instances.
Optimal integer delay budgeting on directed acyclic graphs (2003)

Delay budget is an excess delay each component of a design can tolerate under a given timing constraint. Delay budgeting has been widely exploited to improve the design quality. We present an optimal integer delay budgeting algorithm. Due to numerical instability and discreteness of libraries of components during library mapping in design optimization flow, integer solution for delay budgeting is essential. We prove that integer budgeting problem - a 20-year old open problem in design optimization [7]- can be solved optimally in polynomial time. We applied optimal delay budgeting in mapping applications on FPGA platform using pre-optimized cores of FPGA libraries. For each application we go through synthesis and place and route stages in order to obtain accurate results. Our optimal algorithm outperforms ZSA algorithm [3] in terms of area by 10% on average for all applications. In some applications, optimal delay budgeting can speedup runtime of place_and_route up to 2 times.
Neurotoxicity of artemisinin analogs in vitro (1994)

The sesquiterpene endoperoxide antimalarial agents arteether and artemether have been reported to cause neurotoxicity with a discrete distribution in the brain stems of rats and dogs after multiple doses. The nature and distribution of the brain lesions suggest a specific neuronal target, the identity of which is unknown. In order to further investigate artemisinin analog-induced neurotoxicity, we evaluated several in vitro models: fetal rat primary neuronal cultures, fetal rat secondary astrocyte cultures, and transformed neuronal cultures (rat-derived neuroblastoma NG108-15 and mouse-derived neuroblastoma Neuro-2a). Results indicate that toxicity was specific for neuronal cell types but not glial cells. Neurotoxicity, as indexed by liberation of lactate dehydrogenase and/or inhibition of radiolabelled-leucine uptake, was seen in all three neuronal culture types, implicating a common target. In vitro neurotoxicity was dose and time dependent. Acute exposure to drug results in delayed, but not immediate, manifestations of cell toxicity. Structure-activity comparisons indicate that substitutions at positions 9 and 10 and stereoisomerism at position 10 of the artemisinin backbone influence the degree of toxicity. The endoperoxide is necessary but not sufficient for toxicity. Sodium artesunate and dihydroartemisinin, a metabolite common to all artemisinin analogs currently being developed for clinical use, are the most potent of all analogs tested. These results are consistent with a specific neuronal target, but the identity of the target(s) remains unknown.
Estimation of Variable Fluids-Mixture Density With 4D NMR Logging (2007)

Abstract Whereas matrix density is known from core analysis or spectroscopy logging, so far no technique is available to estimate the apparent fluid density that the density log measures. In wells drilled with OBM, the near-wellbore fluids composition and distribution can be very complex. Yet, the current practice to compute density porosity is to use an ad hoc constant fluid density. This could lead to erroneous estimation of porosity. For example, in a 30 pu sandstone drilled with OBM, every 0.1 g/cm3 error in fluid density leads to 1.5 pu error in porosity. Numerous studies of near-wellbore fluids with 3D NMR (T1, T2, D) maps from NMR logging tools have shown a very complex fluids mixture that can include water, oil, OBM, and condensate/gas. However, the map acquired at a single depth of investigation (DOI) might not represent the fluids mixture that the density tool measures. The advent of radial fluid profiling with advanced magnetic resonance tools provides the needed fourth dimension—radial information that can be inverted jointly with conventional 3D NMR to unravel both fluids mixture and radial distribution. Because the near-wellbore NMR region closely matches the density region in both radial and axial directions, the two sets of data form "perfect" consonant volumes. Continuous 4D NMR maps are thus ideal to estimate the variable mixed fluids density. This value can be expressed as the double integration of all individual fluids detected by NMR weighted by the geometrical radial response function of the density log. The inner integration estimates the mixed fluids density. The outer integration computes it at 95% radial response of the density log. Examples are shown in which variable fluid density confirms subtle fluid changes recorded by density-neutron logs in sandstone formations offshore West Africa. These sands have variations in grain size and shaliness that control permeability and therefore the OBM invasion. Another example shows large porosity deficits when the contrasting fluids density is large, such as gas invaded by OBM. In all cases, density porosity computed with the variable fluid density agrees with local field knowledge and other methods. A side benefit is the reconciliation of NMR and density porosity discrepancy, because density porosity is often the reference to which NMR logs are judged.
A new chronometric assay to determine plasma antifactor Xa activity which is insensitive to the antithrombin activity of low molecular weight heparins. (1994)

Some commercially available chronometric assays are influenced by the residual antithrombin activity of low molecular weight heparins (LMWH) and they underestimate the ex vivo anti Xa activity. We have evaluated a new kit (Staclot-Heparin) highly specific for the anti Xa activity of LMWH. A comparison with the results given by a reference chromogenic method (Stachrom-Heparin) indicates a very good correlation between the 2 assays (r = 0.95, n = 59). This new assay is not influenced by vitamin K antagonist treatments. Clinical biologists now have the possibility of determining the anti Xa activity generated by LMWH easily and accurately, using a chronometric assay.
Role of TRPV1 in augmentation of cerebral blood flow by cervical spinal cord stimulation in rats (2007)

Clinical experimental studies have indicated that upper cervical spinal cord stimulation (SCS) produces a significant increase in cerebral blood flow (CBF). However, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine whether transient receptor potential vanilloid type 1 (TRPV1) was involved in the effects of SCS on CBF in rats. A spring‐loaded unipolar ball electrode was placed on the left dorsal column at cervical spinal cord (C1‐C2) in pentobarbital anesthetized, ventilated and paralyzed male rats. SCS with stimulus parameters (50 Hz, 0.2 ms, and 90% of motor threshold) was applied. Parietal craniotomy was performed to expose the left cortex for placement of laser Doppler flowmetry probe to measure CBF. Results showed that SCS increased CBF by 63.1±6.3% (P<0.01, n=24). Spinal transections at C6‐C7 segments did not affect SCS‐induced augmentation of CBF (53.8±11.7% vs 42.1±14.2%, n=7, P>0.05). Capsazepine (3 mg/kg, i.v.), an antagonist of TRPV1, reduced CBF‐responses to SCS from 68.5±12.5% to 27.5±12.8% (n=8, P<0.05). After desensitization of TRPV1‐containing fibers with resiniferatoxin (2 μg/kg, i.v), an ultra potent analog of capsaicin, SCS‐induced augmentation of CBF decreased from 65.0±9.5% to 27.4±7.2% (n=9, p<0.05). These data suggested that SCS‐induced augmentation of CBF was mediated by TRPV1. (NIH grants: HL‐075524 and NS‐035471)
Sequence and Functional Characterization of a Renal Sodium/Dicarboxylate Cotransporter (1995)

The cDNA coding for a rabbit renal Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter, designated NaDC-1, was isolated by functional expression in Xenopus oocytes. NaDC-1 cDNA is approximately 2.3 kilobases in length and codes for a protein of 593 amino acids. NaDC-1 protein contains eight putative transmembrane domains, and the sequence and secondary structure are related to the renal Na+/sulfate transporter, NaSi-1. Northern analysis shows that the NaDC-1 message is abundant in kidney and small intestine, and related transporters may be found in liver, lung, and adrenal. The transport of succinate by NaDC-1 was sodium-dependent, sensitive to inhibition by lithium, and inhibited by a range of di- and tricarboxylic acids. This transporter also carries citrate, but it does not transport lactate. In kinetic experiments, the Km for succinate was around 0.4 mM and the Vmax was 15 nmol/oocyte/h, while the Hill coefficient of Na+ activation of succinate transport was 1.9. The transport of succinate by NaDC-1 was insensitive to changes in pH, whereas the transport of citrate increased with decreasing pH, in parallel with the concentration of divalent citrate in the medium. The results of the functional characterization indicate that NaDC-1 likely corresponds to the renal brush-border Na+/dicarboxylate cotransporter.
Molecularly targeted therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (2008)

EGFR VEGF VEGFR Aurora kinase B 1983 sis
Resistance to an Irreversible Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Inhibitor in EGFR-Mutant Lung Cancer Reveals Novel Treatment Strategies (2007)

Patients with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-mutant non-small cell lung cancer derive significant clinical benefit from treatment with the EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors gefitinib and erlotinib. Secondary EGFR mutations such as EGFR T790M commonly lead to resistance to these agents, limiting their long-term efficacy. Irreversible EGFR inhibitors such as CL-387,785 can overcome resistance and are in clinical development, yet acquired resistance against these agents is anticipated. We carried out a cell-based, in vitro random mutagenesis screen to identify EGFR mutations that confer resistance to CL-387,785 using T790M-mutant H1975 lung adenocarcinoma cells. Mutations at several residues occurred repeatedly leading to functional resistance to CL-387,785. These variants showed uninhibited cell growth, reduced apoptosis, and persistent EGFR activation in the presence of CL-387,785 as compared with parental H1975 cells, thus confirming their role in resistance. A screen of alternative agents showed that both an alternative EGFR inhibitor and a cyclin-dependent kinase 4 inhibitor led to significant inhibition of cell growth of the resistant mutants, suggestive of potential alternative treatment strategies. These results identify novel mutations mediating resistance to irreversible EGFR inhibitors and reveal alternative strategies to overcome or prevent the development of resistance in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancers.
休·杰克曼:鼠国历险的明星老爸 (2007)

他是《X战警》里粗犷强大的金刚狼,《顶尖对决》里追求完美的魔术师,《快乐大脚》里歌喉了得的企鹅爸爸——自《X战警》一炮而红之后,多才多艺的休·杰克曼一直没有停歇他的脚步。在大家进入“口语角”欣赏原声之前,不妨先看看他本人如何评价自己的第一次配音经历——
Structural recognition of tabulated data (2002)

A system for extraction of structural information of a table from its image is discussed. Following the initial binarization and deskewing operations, the image is scanned to extract all horizontal and vertical lines that are present. The table's dimensions are estimated based on these lines. Unlike other systems, the procedure described does not depend on the sole existence of lines to mark the item blocks. White streams are recognized in both the horizontal and vertical direction as substitutes for any missing demarcation lines. A structure interpretation procedure uses the extracted demarcation information to identify each of the item blocks in the table. Subsequently, the interrelations of these item blocks are used to recognize the structure of the tabulated data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bringing application services and users together-the electronic mail example (1992)

More and more people are using electronic mail systems. However, virtually no efforts have been made to examine in how far services provided by these systems really meet the actual user requirements. As an initial step, a rough analysis of user demands is given. This is followed by a brief introduction to CCITT's X.400/X.500 recommendations, which will form the basis of all future multivendor mail systems. Services defined in these recommendations are matched against the idenitfied requirements. Finally, some useful enhancements of X.400/X.500 are proposed.
Motility Assay of Human Sperm by Photon Correlation Spectroscopy (1981)

Microscopic methods of performing motility assays of spermatozoa are slow, subjective, and involve a small number of spermatozoa. Laser light-scattering methods can analyze the motility of many spermatozoa within minutes. The swimming speed distribution of human spermatozoa was investigated by photon correlation spectroscopy. The sperm was diluted in seminal plasma to avoid modifying the viscosity. The swimming speed distribution was reconstructed from the correlation data by Stock's method of splines. When compared with a videomicroscopic assay, the reconstructed swimming speed distribution accurately reflects translational motion between 0 and 80 micrometers per second, while for speeds greater than 80 micrometers per second the distribution is distorted by the effects of rotational motion.
STIR, SPIR and SPAIR techniques in magnetic resonance of the breast: A comparative study (2013)

The amount of fat is a component that complicates the clinical evaluation and the differential diagnostic between benign and malign lesions in the breast MRI examinations. To overcome this problem, an effective erasing of the fat signal over the images acquisition process, is essentials. This study aims to compare three fat suppression techniques (STIR, SPIR, SPAIR) in the MR images of the breast and to evaluate the best image quality regarding its clinical usefulness. To mimic breast women, a breast phantom was constructed. First the exterior contour and, in second time, its content which was selected based on 7 samples with different components. Finally it was undergone to a MRI breast protocol with the three different fat saturation techniques. The examinations were performed on a 1.5 T MRI system (Philips?). A group of 5 experts evaluated 9 sequences, 3 of each with fat suppression techniques, in which the frequency offset and TI (Inversion Time) were the variables changed. This qualitative image analysis was performed according 4 parameters (saturation uniformity, saturation efficacy, detail of the anatomical structures and differentiation between the fibroglandular and adipose tissue), using a five-point Likert scale. The statistics analysis showed that anyone of the fat suppression techniques demonstrated significant differences compared to the others with (p > 0.05) and regarding each parameter independently. By Fleiss’ kappa coefficient there was a good agreement among observers P(e) = 0.68. When comparing STIR, SPIR and SPAIR techniques it was confirmed that all of them have advantages in the study of the breast MRI. For the studied parameters, the results through the Friedman Test showed that there are similar advantages applying anyone of these techniques.
Clear-cell carcinoma of the ovary.A clinicopathologic analysis of pure and mixed forms and comparison with endometrioid carcinoma (1970)

A clinicopathologic analysis of 39 primary ovarian carcinomas wholly or partially composed of clear cells was carried out. The histologic concept of “clear cell” was redefined and the ratio of clear to nonclear cell components was evaluated in each case. The tumors were accordingly subdivided into “pure” (12 cases), “predominantly” (7 cases), and “focal” (20 cases) clear-cell groups. The pathologic and clinical features of each group were then compared to each other. Follow-up data were also compared with 45 patients with ovarian endometrioid carcinoma. Because of the frequent admixture and transitions of clear-cell tumors with nonclear-cell neoplasms of müllerian derivation, it was concluded that the clear-cell tumors of the ovaries are most likely of müllerian rather than mesonephric origin. Cumulative survival figures in the various groups of clear-cell carcinoma and in patients with endometrioid carcinoma were similar with a mean 5-year survival of about 38%. The single most significant feature determining survival in all these patients was the extent of the neoplasm at time of surgery.
Nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence of the envelope glycoprotein of Omsk haemorrhagic fever virus; comparison with other flaviviruses (1993)

The gene encoding the envelope glycoprotein of Omsk haemorrhagic fever (OHF) virus was cloned and sequenced. A freeze-dried preparation of infected suckling mouse brain suspension was used as the source material for viral RNA. The derived cDNA was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and the cloned DNA sequenced by dideoxynucleotide sequencing. Alignment of the OHF virus sequence with those of other known tick-borne flaviviruses showed that they shared N-glycosylation sites, cysteine residues, the fusion peptide and a hexapeptide (EHLPTA) that identifies tick-borne flaviviruses. OHF virus was distinguishable from the other viruses but shared closest amino acid identity (93.0%) with the tick-borne encephalitis viruses. A sequence of three amino acids (AQN; amino acids 282 to 234), which was previously shown to be specific for the tick-borne encephalitis viruses, was altered to MVG in OHF virus. This is predicted to have a higher hydrophobicity than the AQN sequence and may therefore have significant implications for the phenotypic characteristics of OHF virus. The results demonstrate close phylogenetic relationships between these viruses but also show their distinct evolutionary development. Sequence changes within the envelope glycoprotein of OHF virus have been identified that may be responsible for the distinct tropism of this flavivirus. These results support and enlarge upon previous data obtained from serological analysis.