gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Catalytic Synthesis of Single-Layer Carbon Nanotubes with a Wide Range of Diameters (1994)

We have synthesized single-layer carbon nanotubes by co-vaporizing cobalt with carbon in an arc fullerene\ngenerator and have identified conditions that lead to high yields. The diameter distribution of the tubes and\ntheir morphologies are studied using transmission electron microscopy. For nanotubes produced using cobalt\nand carbon, the tube diameters range from 1 to 2 nm with distribution peaks at 1.3 and 1.5 nm. When sulfur\nis added to the carbon and cobalt, production of single-layer nanotubes is enhanced and the tubes have a wider\nrange of diameters (from 1 to 6 nm). The diameter distribution for these nanotubes shows prominent peaks at 1.3 and 1.5 nm and additional maxima at 2.7 and 3.6 nm. Cobalt-containing crystallites, some encapsulated in graphitic polyhedra, are produced with the nanotubes and are found in the soot away from the cathode.
The Silver Purchase Program and Its Consequences (1936)

George B. Roberts, The Silver Purchase Program and Its Consequences, Proceedings of the Academy of Political Science, Vol. 17, No. 1, Economic Recovery and Monetary Stabilization (May, 1936), pp. 18-25
Selective restimulation of antigen or allergen preactivated T cells using OKT3 F(ab)2 results in the secretion of TH‐1 or TH‐2‐like cytokine patterns (1995)

We have established a cell culture system, which combines antigen specificity with a strong cytokine inducing signal provided by anti-CD3 MoAbs. TH-1 and TH-2 characteristic cytokine patterns can be observed in short-term PBMC cultures already after 8 days of culture.
Streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: development of an animal model to study its pathogenesis. (1988)

Necrotizing fasciitis is a serious and increasingly common human disease which can be caused by an infection with beta-haemolytic streptococci (BHS) of Lancefield groups A, C or G, spreading rapidly in the loose connective tissue over the muscle fascia. To facilitate study of its pathogenesis, we have developed an animal model for the production of a spreading infection with BHS in the loose connective tissue over the muscle layer in the skin of New Zealand White rabbits. Intradermal injection of group A BHS alone into the flank was unsatisfactory in that a spreading lesion occurred on only 12% of occasions. When the group A BHS were co-injected with cultures of Staphylococcus aureus, the results depended on the strain of S. aureus used: an abscess-producing strain isolated from pigs gave rise to a spreading lesion on 50% of occasions. When BHS were injected with the alpha-lysin of S. aureus at a titre which produced inflammation without necrosis, spreading lesions occurred on 75% of occasions. However, both inoculated and uninoculated broth acted synergistically with the alpha-lysin in potentiating the spread of the streptococci. This demonstration of synergy between BHS and alpha-lysin of S. aureus may reflect the clinical situation in the human, as both organisms have been found to occur together at sites where spreading streptococcal infections have originated.
Precise navigation for a 4WS mobile robot (2006)

Position and orientation estimation with high accuracy based on GPS and encoders for a four-wheel-steering vehicle (4WS) mobile robot is presented. A GPS receiver working in Real-Time Kinematics (RTK) mode can offer centimeter-level accuracy for our vehicle. In addition to GPS, the vehicle is equipped with four incremental encoders and two absolute encoders to provide information on wheels for estimation of velocity and sideslip angle of vehicle. The proposed architecture of position and orientation estimation consists of two extended Kalman filters and a processing unit of Runga-Kutta based dead reckoning. The first EKF fuses data from six encoders to estimate the vehicle velocity and the sideslip angle. The second EKF is applied to the estimation of position and orientation based on the measurement from precise RTK GPS data and output from first EKF. To obtain higher accuracy of estimation, an arbitrator is designed to switch between EKF2 and dead reckoning. The results and analysis of experiments are presented to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Limitations of the proposed approach and future works are also pointed out and discussed in this paper.
Poly(ether esters) from pivalolactone, alkanediols, and dimethyl terephthalate. 1. Synthesis, structure analysis, and reaction mechanism (1993)

The reaction of mixtures of pivalolactone (PVL), alkanediols, and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT) was investigated in a two-stage melt process.NMR measurements (XH, 13C, -, 1H-13C) indicated that poly(ether ester)s had been formed.Apart from a significant amount of ether bonds, the copolymers contained practically no PVL sequences, which was also observed using a model system consisting of bis- (hydroxybutyl) terephthalate and PVL.From the results of the model study it was concluded that ring opening of PVL had occurred by attack on the /3-carbon atom, followed by alkyl-oxygen bond scission, thus leading to the formation of ether bonds.Furthermore, it was found that propagation through successive attacks on PVL had not taken place; instead the formed carboxylic acid end groups reacted with hydroxyl groups, resulting in isolated PVL units in the polymeric chains.In this paper also data are presented about the effect of the catalyst and of the type of lactone on the copolymer synthesis.
Adverse weather simulation for training neural networks (2017)

Convolutional neural networks generally require considerable amount of data for training to perform adequately well in all real-world scenarios. Many times, the data for all scenarios is hard to collect and ground truth annotation is also a challenge. Similar problem exists in training networks for the autonomous vehicles given the diverse weather conditions where these cars are expected to be driven. Thus, a synthetic data generation model is imperative and we go about building a weather simulation framework. This framework is intended to generate weather conditions over different driving scenarios. To start with, we go about implementing a completely configurable rain/fog/windshield simulation model. The scope of this framework, however is much more than these three models. Apart from refining these models further as and when need, we intend to build in mechanisms to simulate more diverse weather conditions within this framework. There are multiple challenges in the implementation of these models. To begin with, we need a mechanism to simulate diverse weather conditions in a driving environment. One method could be to simulate the entire 3D environment, with the roads, automobiles, and an artificial world, but this approach would be extremely challenging both in terms of the realism that can be achieved, and in terms of the time it would take for the implementation. Another method is to overlay the rain/fog effect on top of pre-rendered videos. This 2D overlaying technique is a practical solution, since there exist many driving videos at our disposal. In this paper, we outline methods to implement this effectively, and showcase the results obtained in training a Neural Network with this approach.
EGFR dependent expression of STAT3 (but not STAT1) in breast cancer (2001)

STAT proteins constitute a family of transcription factors whose activation by cytokine and non-cytokine receptors leads to tyrosine phosphorylation, dimerization and translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus. In the nucleus they activate the transcription of specific genes by binding to consensus DNA elements. STATs 1 and 3 can be activated by both cytokine and non-cytokine receptors, and bind as homodimers or heterodimers to viral simian sarcoma virus (sis)-inducible elements such as that found in the c-fos promoter. Activation of c-Src and EGF receptor tyrosine kinases is associated with progression of breast cancer. Both these events lead to activation of STAT proteins, Src kinases activate STAT3 dependent transcription in mammary epithelial cells and EGF receptor activation can lead to activation of STATs 1 and 3. STAT3 activation has been demonstrated to have a role in oncogenesis and increasingly, activated STAT proteins are found to be activated in human cancer. In this study we describe detailed immunohistochemical analysis of nuclear and cytoplasmic STATs 1 and 3 expression in primary breast carcinomas and correlate this with EGFR, HER2, p53, ER, PR, p21/waf1, Bcl-XL and Ki-67 expression. We also compared expression between normal and tumor tissue. We report here a highly significant correlation between nuclear STAT3 expression and breast cancers compared to normal tissue. We also report a very strong correlation between nuclear STAT3 and EGFR expression in breast cancers. These data clearly demonstrate a strong association between STAT3 activation and breast tumorigenesis and strengthen the assertion that STAT3 activation may play an important role in the tumorigenic conversion of breast tissue mediated by tyrosine kinase signaling pathways.
Oseltamivir and influenza-related complications, hospitalization and healthcare expenditure in healthy adults and children (2008)

The risks of influenza-related complications and hospitalization, as well as healthcare use and costs, were lower for patients prescribed oseltamivir than for those with no antiviral prescription.
Increased Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 Activity in the Human Internal Mammary Artery Is Associated with Ageing, Hypertension, Diabetes and Kidney Dysfunction (2008)

Dysregulation of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 in the vasculature has been suggested to be associated with increased prevalence of cardiovascular disease and renal injury. In this descriptive study, we hypothesized that arterial MMP-2 activity is elevated in the presence of cardiovascular risk factors such as diabetes, hypertension, smoking and ageing, and that it correlates with the degree of kidney function. MMP-2 activity in internal mammary arteries (n = 37) was measured using gelatinolytic zymography, and cutoffs were determined using sample-derived medians. Patient demographics and clinical data were analyzed, and the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated. High MMP-2 activity (>60,000 units) was associated with age, hypertension and diabetes (p = 0.0034, 0.06 and 0.0034, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that age and diabetes were independent predictors of high MMP-2 activity. There is a trend towards increased MMP-2 activity and reduced eGFR (p = 0.010). The current exploratory work describes that the activity of MMP-2 in the internal mammary artery is correlated with age, hypertension, diabetes and eGFR. It is the first report suggesting that MMP-2 in the arterial vasculature could be the possible mediator crucial in linking the progression of kidney function to cardiovascular disease.
Role of Endocannabinoid Activation of Peripheral CB1 Receptors in the Regulation of Autoimmune Disease (2014)

The impact of the endogenous cannabinoids (AEA, 2-AG, PEA, and virodamine) on the immune cell expressed cannabinoid receptors (CB1, CB2, TRPV-1, and GPR55) and consequent regulation of immune function is an exciting area of research with potential implications in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Despite significant advances in understanding the mechanisms through which cannabinoids regulate immune functions, not much is known about the role of endocannabinoids in the pathogenesis or prevention of autoimmune diseases. Inasmuch as CB2 expression on immune cells and its role has been widely reported, the importance of CB1 in immunological disorders has often been overlooked especially because it is not highly expressed on naive immune cells. Therefore, the current review aims at delineating the effect of endocannabinoids on CB1 receptors in T cell driven autoimmune diseases. This review will also highlight some autoimmune diseases in which there is evidence indicating a role for endocannabinoids in the regulation of autoimmune pathogenesis. Overall, based on the evidence presented using the endocannabinoids, specifically AEA, we propose that the peripheral CB1 receptor is involved in the regulation and amelioration of inflammation associated with autoimmune diseases.
Implementation of linear digital filters based on morphological representation theory (1994)

Recent advances in mathematical morphology have led to a representation theory that covers increasing linear translation invariant (ILTI) filters as a subclass of morphological filters. The representation is based on supremum, minimum, and addition operations, and does not require any multiplications. However, this representation has not been practical because its essence is to evaluate the supremum of a set with an infinite number of elements. Based on the previously developed morphological representation, we present a finite max-min representation for ILTI filters. The new representation does not require the use of multipliers and is practical, in the sense that it consists of a finite number of maximum, minimum, and addition operations. The proposed max-min representation is modified to cover FIR linear shift invariant filters in general. The modified representation requires only one multiplication per output sample and has lower computational complexity than the max-min representation. Other related topics such as duality, roundoff noise, and implementation are also discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
2D SQIF arrays using 20 000 YBCO high<i>R</i><sub>n</sub>Josephson junctions (2016)

Superconducting quantum interference filters (SQIFs) have been created using two dimensional arrays of YBCO step-edge Josephson junctions connected together in series and parallel configurations via superconducting loops with a range of loop areas and loop inductances. A SQIF response, as evidenced by a single large anti-peak at zero applied flux, is reported at 77 K for step-edge junction arrays with the junction number N = 1 000 up to 20 000. The SQIF sensitivity (slope of peak) increased linearly with N up to a maximum of 1530 V T−1. Array parameters related to geometry and average junction characteristics are investigated in order to understand and improve the SQIF performance in high temperature superconducting arrays. Initial investigations also focus on the effect of the SQUID inductance factor on the SQIF sensitivity by varying both the mean critical current and the mean inductance of the loops in the array. The RF response to a 30 MHz signal is demonstrated.
Sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis with dementia and Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase-positive Lewy body-like inclusions. (1997)

This report concerns a case of sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) with dementia and Lewy body-like hyaline inclusions (LBHIs). The patient was a 70-year-old woman who initially showed memory disturbance and later developed bulbar palsy, muscle atrophy and weakness. The total clinical course was 51 months. The postmortem examination revealed superficial sponginess and subcortical gliosis in the frontotemporal cortices. Ubiquitin-positive intraneuronal inclusions were found in small cortical neurons of the frontotemporal lobe. Neuronal loss was marked in the spinal anterior horn with degeneration of the pyramidal tracts. The anterior horn cells had ubiquitin-immunoreactive skein-like inclusions and Bunina bodies. LBHIs were present in the lumbar horn; ultrastructurally they were composed of randomly arranged thick filamentous structures studded with granules. The LBHIs were intensely stained with anti-ubiquitin antibody. As in familial ALS and in certain cases of sporadic ALS, some of these inclusions reacted with an antibody against Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase, the enzyme whose gene was recently found to be mutated in some forms of familial ALS.
Seed biopriming with plant growth promoting rhizobacteria: a review (2016)

Beneficial microbes are applied to the soil and plant tissues directly or through seed inoculation, whereas soil application is preferred when there is risk of inhibitors or antagonistic microbes on the plant tissues. Insufficient survival of the microorganisms, hindrance in application of fungicides to the seeds and exposure to heat and sunlight in subsequent seed storage in conventional inoculation methods force to explore appropriate and efficient bacterial application method. Seed priming, where seeds are hydrated to activate metabolism without actual germination followed by drying, increases the germination, stand establishment and stress tolerance in different crops. Seed priming with living bacterial inoculum is termed as biopriming that involves the application of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. It increases speed and uniformity of germination; also ensures rapid, uniform and high establishment of crops; and hence improves harvest quality and yield. Seed biopriming allows the bacteria to enter/adhere the seeds and also acclimatization of bacteria in the prevalent conditions. This review focuses on methods used for biopriming, and also the role in improving crop productivity and stress tolerance along with prospects of this technology. The comparison of methods being followed is also reviewed proposing biopriming as a promising technique for application of beneficial microbes to the seeds.
The effect of swirl on the annular flow past an axisymmetric poppet valve (1998)

This paper describes an experimental investigation of the swirling flow through an axisymmetric port and poppet valve assembly under steady flow conditions. This work is an extension of the preceding paper, which is a study of the non-swirling flow in the same flow configuration [1]. Three different swirl rates were investigated with the aim to study the effects of swirl on the mean flow and turbulence characteristics of the flow field. The flow structure was studied by means of laser sheet flow visualization and the three velocity components and the associated Reynolds stresses were measured by ensemble-averaged laser Doppler anemometry techniques. The results are compared with those obtained with the non-swirling flow. The addition of the swirl was found to alter the flow structure, particularly below the valve where a new counter-rotating vortex is formed. A toroidal recirculation zone is also formed in the valve passage. The growth and entrainment of the jet emanating from the valve gap increase and its trajectory angle changes. The flow visualization studies showed evidence of precession of the swirl centre and jet flapping. Swirl increases the Reynolds stresses and the turbulence production rate in most regions of the flow.
The Role of Arachidonic Acid in Steroidogenesis and Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory (StAR) Gene and Protein Expression (2000)

This study was conducted to examine the mechanism for arachidonic acid (AA) regulation of steroidogenic acute regulatory (StAR) protein expression and the relationship between AA and cAMP in hormone-induced steroidogenesis. Dibutyryl cyclic AMP (Bt(2)cAMP)-stimulated MA-10 Leydig cells were treated with AA and/or the phospholipase A(2) inhibitor, dexamethasone. Dexamethasone significantly reduced Bt(2)cAMP-stimulated progesterone production, StAR promoter activity, StAR mRNA, and StAR protein. The inhibitory effects of dexamethasone were reversed by the addition of 150 microm AA to MA-10 cells. In addition, MA-10 cells were treated with the lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), the 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor, AA861, the epoxygenase inhibitor, miconazole, and the cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin. Both NDGA and AA861 inhibited progesterone production and StAR protein expression. AA861-inhibited progesterone synthesis and StAR protein were partially reversed by addition of the 5- lipoxygenase metabolite, 5(S)-hydroperoxy-(6E,8Z,11Z, 14Z)-eicosatetraenoic acid. Inhibition of epoxygenase activity inhibited progesterone production significantly, but StAR protein was only slightly reduced. Indomethacin enhanced StAR protein expression and significantly increased progesterone production. Inhibition of AA release or lipoxygenase activities did not affect protein kinase A activity, whereas inhibition of protein kinase A activity using H89 reduced Bt(2)cAMP-induced StAR protein. AA alone did not induce StAR protein expression nor steroid production. These results demonstrate the essential role of AA in steroid biosynthesis and StAR gene transcription and suggest the possible involvement of the lipoxygenase pathway in steroidogenesis. This study further indicates that AA and cAMP transduce signals from trophic hormone receptors to the nucleus through two separate pathways and act to co-regulate steroid production and StAR gene expression and indicates that both pathways are required for trophic hormone-stimulated steroidogenesis.
Cockroach Control with Juvenoids (1985)

The potential of juvenoids to control cockroach populations depends on their ability to stop reproduction. The assessment of potency should therefore relate to reproduction or correlate this property with short term responses such as morphogenetic abnormalities. In this study, several dienoates with high activity on various other insect targets and a few other prominent juvenoids were compared in a feeding assay for activity on the German cockroach. Of the compounds tested, hydroprene was the most potent, whereas methoprene was considerably less active against this target species. Further studies on the persistence of residues on various substrates of technical hydroprene confirmed the volatility of hydroprene. Through formulation, the volatility could be greatly reduced with retention of full activity. However, volatility may well play a contributory role in the efficacy of practical household applications. The coapplication of conventional insecticides contributes to the short term reduction in population and thus enhances consumer acceptance of juvenoids.
Antiproliferative Effects of Homogenates Derived from Five Strains of Candidate Probiotic Bacteria (1999)

Unheated and heat-treated homogenates were separately prepared from candidate probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG, Bifidobacterium lactis, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus, and Streptococcus thermophilus. We compared the phytohemagglutinin-induced proliferation of mononuclear cells in the presence of homogenates and in the presence of a control containing no homogenate by assessing thymidine incorporation in cell cultures. All homogenates suppressed proliferation, whether the enzymatic activity was inactivated or not inactivated by heating. When the proliferation assays were repeated with cytoplasmic and cell wall extracts derived from the homogenate of L. rhamnosus GG, the cytoplasmic extract but not the cell wall extract was suppressive. These findings indicate that candidate probiotic bacteria possess a heat-stable antiproliferative component(s). These bacteria may be used to generate microbiologically nonviable yet immunologically active probiotic food products that are easier to store and have a longer shelf life.