gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Conversion of Oral Cannabidiol to Delta9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Seems Not to Occur in Humans (2017)

Cannabidiol (CBD), a major cannabinoid of hemp, does not bind to CB1 receptors and is therefore devoid of psychotomimetic properties. Under acidic conditions, CBD can be transformed to delta9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and other cannabinoids. It has been argued that this may occur also after oral administration in humans. However, the experimental conversion of CBD to THC and delta8-THC in simulated gastric fluid (SGF) is a highly artificial approach that deviates significantly from physiological conditions in the stomach; therefore, SGF does not allow an extrapolation to <i>in vivo</i> conditions. Unsurprisingly, the conversion of oral CBD to THC and its metabolites has not been observed to occur <i>in vivo</i>, even after high doses of oral CBD. In addition, the typical spectrum of side effects of THC, or of the very similar synthetic cannabinoid nabilone, as listed in the official Summary of Product Characteristics (e.g., dizziness, euphoria/high, thinking abnormal/concentration difficulties, nausea, tachycardia) has not been observed after treatment with CBD in double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trials. In conclusion, the conversion of CBD to THC in SGF seems to be an <i>in vitro</i> artifact.
Ion and chemical radical effects on the step coverage of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition tetraethylorthosilicate films (1990)

We have compared the step coverage of plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition tetraethylorthosilicate films of microwave downstream, high frequency radio frequency (rf), and low frequency rf depositions. The microwave-downstream deposition, characterized by bimolecular surface reactions, produces a conformal step coverage. The rf depositions with ion-induced surface reactions produce a low sidewall, high bottom coverage. The chemical radical and the ion effects on the step coverage are discussed.
Detection by GenoType MTBDR <i>sl</i> Test of Complex Mechanisms of Resistance to Second-Line Drugs and Ethambutol in Multidrug-Resistant <i>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</i> Complex Isolates (2010)

The GenoType MTBDRsl test rapidly detects resistance to ethambutol, fluoroquinolones, and second-line aminoglycosides (amikacin and kanamycin) and cyclic peptide (capreomycin) in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A set of 41 multidrug-resistant (MDR) M. tuberculosis strains, 8 extensively drug-resistant (XDR) M. tuberculosis strains, and 3 non-MDR M. tuberculosis strains were tested by the MTBDRsl test and by DNA sequencing of the resistance-determining regions in gyrA and gyrB (fluoroquinolones [FQ]), rpsL (streptomycin), rrs and tlyA (aminoglycosides and/or cyclic peptide), and embB (ethambutol). The sensitivity and specificity of the MTBDRsl test were as follows: 87% and 96%, respectively, for fluoroquinolones; 100% for both for amikacin; 77% and 100%, respectively, for kanamycin, 80% and 98%, respectively, for capreomycin; and 57% and 92%, respectively, for ethambutol. Analysis of the discrepant results indicated that three FQ-resistant strains (including one XDR strain) with mutations in gyrB were missed by the MTBDRsl test and that one FQ-susceptible strain, identified as resistant by the MTBDRsl test, had a double mutation (T80A-A90G) in GyrA that did not confer resistance to FQ. Five strains (including two XDR strains) without mutations in rrs were monoresistant to aminoglycosides or cyclic peptide and were missed by the MTBDRsl test. Finally, 12/28 ethambutol-resistant strains had no mutation at codon 306 in embB, while 2/24 ethambutol-susceptible strains had such a mutation. In conclusion, the MTBDRsl test efficiently detects the most common mutations involved in resistance to fluoroquinolones, aminoglycosides/cyclic peptide, and ethambutol and accurately assesses susceptibility to amikacin. However, due to mutations not included in the test (particularly in gyrB) or resistance mechanisms not yet characterized (particularly those related to ethambutol resistance and to monoresistance to aminoglycosides or cyclic peptide), the wild-type results yielded by the MTBDRsl test should be confirmed by drug susceptibility testing.
CurriculumNet: Weakly Supervised Learning from Large-Scale Web Images (2018)

We present a simple yet efficient approach capable of training deep neural networks on large-scale weakly-supervised web images, which are crawled raw from the Internet by using text queries, without any human annotation. We develop a principled learning strategy by leveraging curriculum learning, with the goal of handling a massive amount of noisy labels and data imbalance effectively. We design a new learning curriculum by measuring the complexity of data using its distribution density in a feature space, and rank the complexity in an unsupervised manner. This allows for an efficient implementation of curriculum learning on large-scale web images, resulting in a high-performance CNN model, where the negative impact of noisy labels is reduced substantially. Importantly, we show by experiments that those images with highly noisy labels can surprisingly improve the generalization capability of the model, by serving as a manner of regularization. Our approaches obtain state-of-the-art performance on four benchmarks: WebVision, ImageNet, Clothing-1M and Food-101. With an ensemble of multiple models, we achieved a top-5 error rate of 5.2% on the WebVision challenge for 1000-category classification. This result was the top performance by a wide margin, outperforming second place by a nearly 50% relative error rate. Code and models are available at: https://github.com/MalongTech/CurriculumNet .
Demo: Robust face recognition via sparse representation (2008)

This work builds on the method of [6] to create a prototype access control system, capable of handling variations in illumination and expression, as well as significant occlusion or disguise. Our demonstration will allow participants to interact with the algorithm, gaining a better understanding strengths and limitations of sparse representation as a tool for robust recognition.
<title>ISO/IEC software implementation of MPEG-1 video</title> (1994)

The MPEG-1 video standard, ISO/IEC 11172 Part 2, specifies the syntax and the semantic rules by which bitstreams are generated in the encoder, and arithmetic rules by which pictures are reconstructed in the decoder. The actual encoder model is left open to the designer to choose among different cost and quality tradeoffs. An example encoder strategy is described in the informative annex D. A technical report giving a full encoder and decoder implementation expressed in the ANSI C programming language will become the fifth part of the ISO/IEC 11172 document. The encoder is based on a test model shaped by participants of the MPEG committee that produces good picture quality while exercising the full video syntax. The decoder employs full arithmetic accuracy at all stages, and include bitstream conformance checks. Finally, a companion systems codec demonstrates the temporal link between the systems and the video layers. To better serve as a learning tool for novices, the code is optimized for clarity rather than execution speed. In addition to an overview of the program, this paper provides a brief description of the encoder model.
An efficient generalized sphere decoder for rank-deficient MIMO systems (2005)

We derive a generalized sphere decoder (GSD) for rank-deficient multiple input multiple output (MIMO) systems using N transmit antennas and M receive antennas. This problem arises when N>M or when the channel gains are strongly correlated. The upper triangular factorization of the Grammian yields an under-determined system and the standard sphere decoding (SD) fails. For constant modulus constellations, we modify the maximum likelihood (ML) cost metric so that the equivalent Grammian is rank N. The resulting GSD algorithm has significantly lower complexity than previous algorithms. A method to handle nonconstant modulus constellations is also developed.
Speckle Method for the Measurement of Helical Motion of a Rigid Body (1977)

The helical motion of an object having the rotation axis parallel to the axis of the optical system is measured by the double exposure speckle technique. The object is illuminated with a multimode dye laser light, and the amounts of the rotation angle as well as the translation are obtained from the interference fringes modulating the optical Fourier transforms of specific points on the exposed photographic plate.
White Matter Lesions in an Unselected Cohort of the Elderly (2006)

The data support a hypoxic environment within MRI WMLs. Persistent HIF expression may result from failure of normal adaptive mechanisms. WM ischemia appears to be a common feature of the aging brain.
5-Amino-3-imino-2,3-dihydrofurans and 3-amino-5-imino-2,5-dihydrofurans from 4,4-dialkyl-4-hydroxybut-2-ynenitriles (1991)

A novel general synthesis of the dihydrofurans 4 and 3b with nitrogen substituents in the 3-and 5-positions from 4,4-dialkyl-4-hydroxybut-2-ynenitriles 1 and primary and secondary amines is described. A 5-amino group reacts further with unchanged, or an excess of, hydroxybutynenitrile to give the difurylimines 6.
Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Children with Supraventricular Tachycardias: Intermediate Term Follow up Results (2012)

RF catheter ablation is an effective and safe method to manage children with SVT.
Ambipolarity characterization of tunneling field-effect transistors (2010)

A new transistor parameter “ambipolarity factor (ν)” has been defined for SOI tunneling field-effect transistors (TFETs) and its usefulness has been discussed. The proposed ν indicates the severity of ambipolarity of TFETs quantitatively. Therefore, it is expected that ν will be helpful to suppressing OFF current for low-power consumption.
Vector Processing as an Enabler for Software-Defined Radio in Handheld Devices (2005)

A major challenge of software-defined radio (SDR) is to realize many giga operations per second of flexible baseband processing within a power budget of only a few hundred mW. A heterogeneous hardware architecture with the programmable vector processor EVP as key component can support WLAN, UMTS, and other standards. A detailed rationale for the EVP architecture, based on the analysis of a number of key algorithms, as well as implementation and benchmarking results are described.
Births: Provisional Data for 2024 (2025)

This series provides timely vital statistics for public health surveillance based on provisional data received and processed by the National Center for Health Statistics as of a specified date.
Using binocular stereopsis for vision-based vehicle control (2005)

Proposes a new approach for vision based longitudinal and lateral vehicle control which makes extensive use of binocular stereopsis. Longitudinal control-i.e. maintaining a safe, constant distance from the vehicle in front-is supported by detecting and measuring the distances to leading vehicles using binocular stereo. A known camera geometry with respect to the locally planar road is used to map the images of the road plane in the two camera views into alignment. Any significant residual image disparity then indicates an object not lying in the road plane and hence a potential obstacle. This approach allows the separation of image features into those lying in the road plane, e.g. lane markers, and those due to other objects. The features which lie on the road are stationary in the scene and appear to move only because of the egomotion of the vehicle. Measurements on these features allow (a) a dynamic camera calibration update and (b) support the search for lane marker, which are used for lateral control.
Reovirus variants selected during persistent infections of L cells contain mutations in the viral S1 and S4 genes and are altered in viral disassembly (1997)

Reoviruses isolated from persistently infected cultures (PI viruses) can grow in the presence of ammonium chloride, a weak base that blocks acid-dependent proteolysis of viral outer-capsid proteins during viral entry into cells. We used reassortant viruses isolated from crosses of wild-type (wt) reovirus strain, type 1 Lang, and three independent PI viruses, L/C, PI 2A1, and PI 3-1, to identify viral genes that segregate with the capacity of PI viruses to grow in cells treated with ammonium chloride. Growth of reassortant viruses in ammonium chloride-treated cells segregated with the S1 gene of L/C and the S4 gene of PI 2A1 and PI 3-1. The S1 gene encodes viral attachment protein sigma1, and the S4 gene encodes outer-capsid protein sigma3. To identify mutations in sigma3 selected during persistent reovirus infection, we determined the S4 gene nucleotide sequences of L/C, PI 2A1, PI 3-1, and four additional PI viruses. The deduced amino acid sequences of sigma3 protein of six of these PI viruses contained a tyrosine-to-histidine substitution at residue 354. To determine whether mutations selected during persistent infection alter cleavage of the viral outer capsid, the fate of viral structural proteins was assessed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis after treatment of virions of wt and PI viruses with chymotrypsin in vitro. Proteolysis of PI virus outer-capsid proteins sigma3 and mu1C occurred with faster kinetics than proteolysis of wt virus outer-capsid proteins. These results demonstrate that mutations in either the S1 or S4 gene alter acid-dependent disassembly of the reovirus outer capsid and suggest that increased efficiency of proteolysis of viral outer-capsid proteins is important for maintenance of persistent reovirus infections of cultured cells.
The surface phenomena of silicone rubber under the influence of impinging plasmas (1992)

Surface characteristic properties of silicone rubber change under the conditions of a plasma impingement, especially the hydrophobicity. After a period of time, however, there is a certain amount of recovery of the water repellency. The object of the authors' work is to study the factors which influence this surface phenomena. It was found that the time duration of exposure to surface plasma, the corona intensive factor and the configuration of electrodes played some important part in the change of a sample's water repellency. The longer the time of exposure to the plasma, or the closer the distance of the sample surface to the plasma source, or the stronger the plasma intensity, the more severe was the decrease of the water contact angle on the sample surface. The lower the contact angle after plasma impingement, the higher was the relative recovery rate of the surface water repellency. The change of the surface chemical characterisation before and after the plasma impingement was detected. The possible reasons for the self-recovery of the surface hydrophobicity after exposure to plasmas are discussed. >
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATIONS ON THE SUBMICROSCOPIC ORGANIZATION OF THE RETINAL RODS (1956)

The submicroscopic organization of the retinal rods of the rabbit has been studied with high resolution electron microscopy in thin longitudinal and cross-sections. The outer rod segment consists of a stack of flattened sacs or cisternae each of them limited by a thin homogeneous membrane of about 30 A. The membrane of the rod sacs is attached to the surface membrane and is also in continuity with short tubular stalks of about 100 to 150 A which apparently end in relation with the connecting cilium. The bundle of filaments that constitute the connection between the outer and the inner segments is described under the name of connecting cilium. This fibrous component has a structure that is very similar to that of the cilium. It shows 9 pairs of peripheral filaments of about 160 A in diameter, a matrix material, and a surface membrane. Very infrequently two central single filaments are observed. The connecting cilium has a typical basal body in the inner segment; its distal end penetrates the outer segment, where it establishes some structural relation to the rod sacs. The relationships and submicroscopic organization of the connecting cilium were studied in longitudinal and in cross-sections passing at different levels of the rod segments. The inner rod segment shows two distinct regions: a distal and a proximal one. The distal region, corresponding to the ellipsoid of classical histology is mainly composed of longitudinally packed mitochondria. It also contains the basal body of the cilium, vacuoles of the endoplasmic reticulum, dense particles, and intervening matrix with very fine filaments. In the proximal region of the inner segment the mitochondria are lacking and within the matrix it is possible to recognize elements of the Golgi complex, vacuoles of the endoplasmic reticulum, dense particles and numerous neuroprotofibrils of 160 to 200 A in diameter which collect and form a definite bundle at the exit of the rod fiber. The interpretation of the connecting fibers as a portion of a cilium and of the outer segment as a differentiation of the distal part of a primitive cilium are discussed. The importance of the continuity of the surface membranes of the outer segment, connecting cilium, and inner segment is emphasized and its possible physiological role is discussed.
Wine Microbiology and Biotechnology (1993)

Wine Microbiology and Biotechnology presents developments in fermentation technology, enzyme technology, and technologies for the genetic engineering of microorganisms in a single volume. The book emphasizes the diversity of microorganisms associated with the winemaking process, and broadens the discussion of winemaking to include more modern concepts of biotechnology and molecular biology. In each chapter, recognized authorities in their field link the scientific fundamentals of microbiology, biochemistry, and biotechnology to the practical aspects of wine production and quality. They also provide relevant historical background and offer directions for future research.
P-Glycoprotein–Mediated Resistance to Hsp90-Directed Therapy Is Eclipsed by the Heat Shock Response (2008)

Despite studies that show the antitumor activity of Hsp90 inhibitors, such as geldanamycin (GA) and its derivative 17-allylamino-demethoxygeldanamycin (17-AAG), recent reports indicate that these inhibitors lack significant single-agent clinical activity. Resistance to Hsp90 inhibitors has been previously linked to expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and the multidrug resistant (MDR) phenotype. However, the stress response induced by GA treatment can also cause resistance to Hsp90-targeted therapy. Therefore, we chose to further investigate the relative importance of P-gp and the stress response in 17-AAG resistance. Colony-forming assays revealed that high expression of P-gp could increase the 17-AAG IC(50) 6-fold in cells transfected with P-gp compared with parent cells. A549 cells selected for resistance to GA overexpressed P-gp, but verapamil did not reverse the resistance. These cells also overexpressed Hsp27, and Hsp70 was induced with 17-AAG treatment. When the GA and 17-AAG resistant cells were transfected with Hsp27 and/or Hsp70 small interfering RNA (siRNA), the 17-AAG IC(50) decreased 10-fold compared with control transfected cells. Transfection with siRNA directed against Hsp27, Hsp70, or Hsp27 and Hsp70 also increased sensitivity to EC78, a purine scaffold-based Hsp90 inhibitor that is not a P-gp substrate. We conclude that P-gp may contribute, in part, to resistance to 17-AAG, but induction of stress response proteins, such as Hsp27 and Hsp70, by Hsp90-targeted therapy plays a larger role. Taken together, our results indicate that targeting of Hsp27 and Hsp70 should be exploited to increase the clinical efficacy of Hsp90-directed therapy.
The rhetoric of courtship: an introduction (1992)

Courtship has been an abiding and compelling subject in human discourse from the most ancient times because it ritualizes elements that are fundamental to social existence: love, sex, marriage, and procreation. In our own age, psychologists have shown how susceptible amorous and sexual behaviour is to change, and how modern courtship, cohabitation, and marriage have all been radically influenced by the changing demographic and ideological patterns of a post-industrial society. And, while courtship rituals naturally vary widely in different cultures and at different times, yet whatever the culture-specific variations in courtship practice, the prioritizing cultural activity which surrounds courting is pretty well a constant in Western culture and civilization.
Address Translation Optimizations for Chip Multiprocessors (2017)

Address translation is an essential part of current systems. Getting the virtual-to-physical mapping of a page is a time-sensitive operation that precedes the vast majority of memory accesses, be it for data or instructions. The growing memory footprints of current workloads, as well as the proliferation of chip multiprocessor systems with a variety of shared on-chip resources create both challenges and opportunities for address translation research. This thesis presents an in-depth analysis of the TLB-related behaviour of a set of commercial and cloud workloads. This analysis highlights workload nuances that can influence address translationâ s performance, as well as shortcomings of current designs. This thesis presents two architectural proposals that both support our thesis that TLB designs and policies need not be rigid, but should instead dynamically adapt to the workloadsâ behaviour for a judicious use of the available on-chip resources.\nThe Prediction-Based Superpage-Friendly TLB proposal leverages prediction to improve energy and utilization of TLBs by allowing translations of different page sizes to coexist in a set-associative (SA) structure. For example, a 256-entry 4-way SA TLBpred achieves better coverage (7.7% less Misses Per Million Instructions) compared to a slower 128-entry fully- associative TLB. It also has the energy efficiency of a much smaller structure. This design uses a highly accurate superpage predictor that achieves a 0.4% average misprediction rate with a meager 32B of storage.\nThe Forget-Me-Not TLB (FMN) proposal utilizes the existing cache capacity to store translation entries and to thus reduce TLB-miss handling latency. A per core private 1024-entry direct-mapped FMN reduces the average L1-TLB miss latency across all simulated workloads by 31.4% over a baseline with only L1-TLBs. Conversely, a dedicated 1024-entry 8-way SA L2-TLB reduces it by 24.6% and causes, in some cases, performance degradation. We further propose an L2-TLB bypassing mechanism to address this challenge.