gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Simple carrier frequency rate-of-change estimators (1999)

This paper is concerned with the estimation of the rate-of-change of the instantaneous frequency of an unmodulated carrier. Such an issue arises, for instance, in satellite communication systems based on a low-Earth-orbit constellation, wherein the speed of each satellite relative to earth is rapidly time-varying, and consequently, the received carrier is affected by nonnegligible Doppler shift and Doppler rate. First, we present simple yet efficient estimators of the Doppler rate derived from maximum-likelihood estimation theory. Next, we investigate their performance in terms of bias and estimation error variance. Finally, we compare our variance results with the relevant modified Cramer-Rao bound.
The role of scents in honey bee foraging and recruitment (2009)

Scents play a crucial role in a honey bee’s life. Both in the darkness of the hive and in the outside environment bees encounter an overwhelming array of different scents, from which they retrieve information. The scents they come across are either produced by other bees (pheromones) or originate from the bees’ environment, such as the food processed inside the hive and the owering plants that bees use as food sources. The role of honey bee pheromones during social activities such as mating, reproduction, brood care, kin recognition, swarming, alarm, and defense has been researched and reviewed extensively (Free 1987). Here, we will focus on the role of pheromones as well as oral scents in honey bee foraging and recruitment. The rst section of this chapter introduces the honey bee’s sense of smell: it explains how odors are detected, goes on to describe the bee’s olfactory anatomy, how olfactory information is processed, and how bees learn and discriminate scents. The next section introduces scents that typically occur in the honey bee foraging environment and gives some background with respect to the scents’ origin and chemistry. In this section, we also briey discuss how honey bees might perceive and interpret the complex scents they encounter. The main section of this book chapter describes the ways that honey bees make use of scents during foraging and recruitment, and discusses the kind of information bees can obtain and transfer via scents.
Increase in cytosolic free calcium concentration is an intracellular messenger for the production of interleukin 2 but not for expression of the interleukin 2 receptor. (1985)

Activation of lymphocytes by mitogenic lectins results in the production of a group of soluble factors, the lymphokines. Proliferation of activated T cells requires interaction of one of these lymphokines, interleukin 2 (IL 2), with its receptor. The induction of IL 2 receptor expression and IL 2 production may involve different activation signals; some mitogens or antigens may activate both, whereas others may activate only one. An increase in cytosolic free calcium concentrations [( Ca++]i) is one of the signals involved in cellular activation by lectins. By using the fluorescent indicator quin-2, we have demonstrated that increases in [Ca++]i accompany phytohemagglutinin induced proliferative responses of human T lymphocytes. Preventing the increase in [Ca++]i also prevents proliferation. We demonstrate that an increase in [Ca++]i is not required for the expression of the IL 2 receptor, which is expressed even in the presence of extremely low external calcium concentrations. In contrast, IL 2 production requires an increase in [Ca++]i and does not occur in the absence of extracellular free calcium. IL 2 production appears to be the critical step requiring transmembrane calcium flux. In the absence of transmembrane calcium flux and subsequent IL 2 production, lectins are not able to trigger DNA synthesis and cell proliferation.
Autosomal Dominant Growth Hormone (GH) Deficiency Type II: The Del32-71-GH Deletion Mutant Suppresses Secretion of Wild-Type GH (2000)

Familial isolated GH deficiency type II is an autosomal dominant form of short stature, associated in some families with mutations that result in missplicing to produce del32–71-GH, a protein that cannot fold normally. The mechanism by which this mutant suppresses the secretion of wild-type GH encoded by the normal allele is not known. Coexpression of del32–71-GH with wild-type human GH in transient transfections of the neuroendocrine cell lines GH4C1 and AtT20 suppressed accumulation of wild-type GH. The suppression of wild-type GH accumulation by del32–71-GH was a posttranslational effect on wild-type GH caused by decreased stability, rather than decreased synthesis, of wild-type GH. Coexpression of del32–71-GH with human PRL did not suppress accumulation of PRL, indicating that there was not a general suppression of secretory pathway function. Accumulation of del32–71-GH protein was not necessary for the suppression of wild-type GH, because del32–71-GH did not accumulate in the neuroendocrine cell lines in which suppression of accumulation of wild-type GH was observed. Del32–71-GH did accumulate in transfected COS and CHO cells, but did not suppress the accumulation of wild-type GH in these cells. These studies suggest that del32–71-GH may cause GH deficiency in somatotropes of heterozygotes expressing both wild-type and del32–71-GH by decreasing the intracellular stability of wild-type GH.
CAR-T cells: the long and winding road to solid tumors (2018)

Adoptive cell therapy of solid tumors with reprogrammed T cells can be considered the "next generation" of cancer hallmarks. CAR-T cells fail to be as effective as in liquid tumors for the inability to reach and survive in the microenvironment surrounding the neoplastic foci. The intricate net of cross-interactions occurring between tumor components, stromal and immune cells leads to an ineffective anergic status favoring the evasion from the host's defenses. Our goal is hereby to trace the road imposed by solid tumors to CAR-T cells, highlighting pitfalls and strategies to be developed and refined to possibly overcome these hurdles.
LSPR Sensing of Molecular Biothiols Based on Noncoupled Gold Nanorods (2010)

Au NRs protected with mPEG-SH molecules (mPEG-Au NRs) were demonstrated to be a promising platform for LSPR-based sensing of molecular biothiols in aqueous solution. Surface mPEG-SH molecules endow Au NRs with great stability and biocompatibility and no nonspecific adsorption of biomacromolecules. The LSPR band of mPEG-Au NRs displays a stability and linear response in the spectral shift with respect to a change in their surrounding refractive index with a sensitivity of 252 nm/RIU. The loose structure of mPEG-SH around the Au NRs offers free sites, thereby allowing molecular biothiols to bind onto the surfaces of Au NRs. The LSPR response and the sensitivity of Au NRs to biothiols such as GSH, Cys, Hcy, TGA, GSSG, and BSA were then studied.
Mixed Line-Rate Transmission (112-Gb/s, 450-Gb/s, and 1.15-Tb/s) Over 3560 km of Field-Installed Fiber With Filterless Coherent Receiver (2011)

We report the first superchannel field experiment where two multicarrier signals at 450 Gb/s and 1.15 Tb/s are copropagated with 112-Gb/s neighbors over 45 × 79.1 km spans of field-installed fiber with erbium-doped fiber amplifiers after each span. The superchannels use zero-guard interval all-optical orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing, with each optically generated subcarrier modulated by dual-polarization quadriphase-shift-keying signals (DP-QPSK). The heterogeneous data-rate channels are aggregated using wavelength selective switch in a flexible grid wavelength-division multiplexing architecture. The net spectral efficiencies of the channels vary from 2 b/s/Hz for the 112-Gb/s channels, to 3.33 b/s/Hz for the 1.15-Tb/s superchannel. We demonstrate that any of the signals can be detected using a common filterless digital coherent receiver. In particular, tuning a local oscillator laser midway between two optically generated subcarriers enables the coherent receiver (with proper signal-processing algorithm) to demodulate two subcarriers in one data capture. This allows flexible downconversion across the whole signal band. Our results show that superchannels can coexist harmoniously with 100 G DP-QPSK signals. Even though the superchannels use the same modulation format per subcarrier as the 100 G signals, the absence of guard bands enables higher spectral efficiency that is achievable with single-carrier modulation with minimal sacrifice in reach.
Genetic Localization and Molecular Characterization of Two Key Genes ( <i>mitAB</i> ) Required for Biosynthesis of the Antitumor Antibiotic Mitomycin C (1999)

Mitomycin C (MC) is an antitumor antibiotic derived biosynthetically from 3-amino-5-hydroxybenzoic acid (AHBA), D-glucosamine, and carbamoyl phosphate. A gene (mitA) involved in synthesis of AHBA has been identified and found to be linked to the MC resistance locus, mrd, in Streptomyces lavendulae. Nucleotide sequence analysis showed that mitA encodes a 388-amino-acid protein that has 71% identity (80% similarity) with the rifamycin AHBA synthase from Amycolatopsis mediterranei, as well as with two additional AHBA synthases from related ansamycin antibiotic-producing microorganisms. Gene disruption and site-directed mutagenesis of the S. lavendulae chromosomal copy of mitA completely blocked the production of MC. The function of mitA was confirmed by complementation of an S. lavendulae strain containing a K191A mutation in MitA with AHBA. A second gene (mitB) encoding a 272-amino-acid protein (related to a group of glycosyltransferases) was identified immediately downstream of mitA that upon disruption resulted in abrogation of MC synthesis. This work has localized a cluster of key genes that mediate assembly of the unique mitosane class of natural products.
Enzyme-resistant starch. IV. Effects of complexing lipids. (1991)

Cereal Chem. 68(5):537-542 Amylomaize VII starch, autoclaved at 125°C, was reacted during Formation of complexes competes with amylose chains involved in cooling below 1000C with lysophosphatidyl choline (LPC), sodium generation of RS. Amylose-lipid complexes are enzyme-degradable, and stearoyl lactylate (SSL), and hydroxylated lecithin (OHL). Differential an increase in complexed amylose reduced yields of RS. Amylose recryscanning calorimetry (DSC) peaks at around 95-1100'C indicated stallization in RS formation is competitively affected by complexation formation of lamylose-lipid complexes and at around 155 0 C indicated of amylose with LPC and SSL. Results of X-ray diffraction powder the presence of enzyme-resistanc starch (RS). Yields of RS from complexed crystallography were in agreement with DSC measurements. Complexes samples isolated by thermostable bacterial a-amylase or amyloglucosidase of amylose with LPC, SSL, and OHL gave rise to V-type patterns; were lower than yields of RS from the autoclaved and cooled control. enzymatic hydrolysis of the complexes yielded B-type RS structures.
Inter Cell Interference Coordination techniques in HETNETS Almost Blank Sub-Frames approach (2013)

The increasing popularity of connected devices and the augmentation of users ’ number are boosting the mobile broadband traffic, which has grown exponentially during the last years. Also costumers &apos; expectations are on the rise, users have come to expect a consistent, high-quality and seamless mobile broadband experience everywhere. To meet these expectations, the capacity and the coverage of the current networks need to be improved to deliver high data throughput with very low latency. Since spectrum has become a scarce resource nowadays, new ways have to be found to improve the network performance. The key options to achieve this target include improving and densifying the existing macro layer and complementing the macro layer with low power nodes; that is to say, deploying heterogeneous networks. The concept of heterogeneous networks has recently attracted considerable interest as a way to optimize the performance of the network, particularly for unequal user or traffic distribution situations. A heterogeneous network is composed of multiple radio access technologies, architectures, transmission solutions, and base stations of varying transmission
Study on Extraction and Separation of Natural Carotene (2010)

Carotene is extracted from carrot with extraction immersion.This article studies the effect of extraction agent on the carotene extraction with the application of.Thin Layer Chromatography(TLC) and Column Chromatography are used to separate and purify the extracted carotene,and spectrophotometry is used to detect the content.The results show that the extraction with actone-petroleum ether(3:7) is better,with content as high as 995 μg/g.The separation is better when the mixture of petroleum ether and aether is chosen to be the developing agents(9∶1).The washing speed and effect of Column Chromatography is related to the polarity of agent.The color stripe separation is clear when the mixture of petroleum ether and aether is used as washing agent.
Comparing two computational mechanisms for explaining functional recovery in robot-therapy of stroke survivors (2012)

In this paper we discuss two possible strategies of movement control that can be used by stroke survivors during rehabilitation robotics training. To perform a reaching task in a minimally assistive force field, subjects either can move following the trajectory provided by the assistive force or they can use an internal representation of a minimum jerk trajectory from their starting position to the target. We used the stiffness and damping values directly estimated from the experimental data to simulate the trajectories that result by taking into account both hypotheses. The comparison of the simulated results with the data collected on four hemiparetic subjects supports the hypothesis that the central nervous system (CNS) is still able to correctly plan the movement, although a normal execution is impaired.
Band-gap engineering via local environment in complex oxides (2011)

We examine band-structure engineering in extremely tetragonal ferroelectric perovskites ($\mathit{AB}$O${}_{3}$) to make these materials suitable for photovoltaic applications. Using first-principles calculations, we study how $B$-site ordering, lattice strain, cation identity, and oxygen octahedral cage tilts affect the energies and the compositions of the valence and conduction bands. We find that extreme tetragonality makes the band gap highly sensitive to the $B$-cation ordering, with a layered $B$-site arrangement exhibiting a small band gap. It also leads to a strong sensitivity of the band gap to the oxygen octahedral tilting. These effects only occur for cations with filled $d$ states located near the valence-band maximum or empty $d$ states at the conduction-band minimum; this criterion is explained by crystal field theory. In addition to a smaller band gap, the layered $B$-site ordering has a strong impact on the carrier mobility. We find that the excited electron effective mass is similar to that found in Si and other classic semiconductors. Moreover, the hole effective mass is strongly anisotropic, indicating a two-dimensional hole gas in the layered $B$-cation ordering.
Photoeffects in Nonuniformly Irradiated<i>p-n</i>Junctions (1960)

A theoretical basis is provided for the interpretation of photoeffects observed in nonuniformly irradiated p-n junctions. Differential equations describing the junction photovoltage are developed through an application of the continuity and diffusion equations. Solutions of the small-signal steady-state photoeffect equation indicate that the effects of nonuniform irradiation become increasingly important as the ratio of the lateral to the transverse resistance increases. α, a parameter introduced in this paper and designated as the lateral-fall off parameter, is a measure of this resistance ratio. The lateral photovoltage resulting from nonuniform irradiation can be eliminated by reverse biasing the junction into saturation. Experimental curves in agreement with the predictions of the analysis are presented.
Gemfibrozil, stretching arms beyond lipid lowering (2009)

Gemfibrozil is long known for its ability to reduce the level of triglycerides in the blood circulation and to decrease the risk of hyperlipidemia. However, a number of recent studies reveal that apart from its lipid-lowering effects, gemfibrozil can also regulate many other signaling pathways responsible for inflammation, switching of T-helper cells, cell-to-cell contact, migration, and oxidative stress. In this review, we have made an honest attempt to analyze various biological activities of gemfibrozil and associated mechanisms that may help to consider this drug for different human disorders as primary or adjunct therapy.
Pulse Propagation in a Laterally Heterogeneous Fluid Sphere by Finite Difference Methods (1968)

The motion of a heterogeneous fluid sphere due to an impulsive point source is calculated by several finite difference schemes and is interpreted in terms of reflected and diffracted pulses. The deviations due to heterogeneity from the results for the homogeneous sphere are calculated explicitly. Calculations show the change in amplitude of pulses and dispersion due to continuous variation of compressional velocity c, as compared with discontinuities in c.
Real-time controlled restraint systems (2007)

This paper presentes manageable models of an occupant and restraint system. Low-order design models are essential in the development of active restraint systems, which aim at lowering certain injury criteria by real-time control of the occupant motion with restraint actuator. The design models are constructed from first principles, using knowledge obtained from sensitivity analysis of a reference occupant model. the models can easily be employed for controller and observer design, and can be used in real-time injury prediction. The desing model is validatedin a variety of frontal impact simulations, and the most important biomechanical responses are compared to the responses of the reference model.
Study of mechanical damage in rubber‐toughened poly(methyl methacrylate) by single and multiple scattering of light (1997)

Abstract As glassy polymers are usually somewhat brittle, several blending techniques are used to toughen these materials and to increase their impact strength. The microstructures of toughened polymers are complicated, as are their mechanical damage mechanisms. Moreover, these materials are mostly opalescent or even opaque, which renders difficult any optical investigation of the damage process. The scale of the damage generally ranges from nanometers to several micrometers, thus requiring a large panel of experimental techniques to investigate its microstructural evolution. When illuminated with a light beam, any non‐perfectly transparent body will scatter light with a scattering pattern depending on the size, shape, and location of the microscopic light scatterers it contains. If the body is highly opaque, an incident light beam, if not absorbed, is scattered successively by several scatterers before emerging again at the front surface of the body. It has recently been shown that there is a coherent interference enhancement of the randomly multiple scattered light in a small angle range around the exact reverse direction of the incident light. This so‐called coherent backscattering cone can be analyzed in terms of the size, shape and density of the scatterers. In this work, this technique is applied to a rubber‐toughened PMMA containing core‐shell (hard core) particles, an initially transparent material that becomes progressively opaque during mechanical damage under stress. The damage mechanism within the rubber particles is compared with the size and shape of the light scatterers inferred from coherent backscattering and light transmission measurements.
Magnetic field measurement on superconducting multipole wiggler with narrow duct (2004)

The first superconducting multipole wiggler with period length of 6.0 cm (SMPW6) of the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center (NSRRC) is currently under construction. SMPW6 will be tested and installed at the RF cavity section of storage ring by the autumn of 2003. For quality control, the magnetic field is checked at three main phases according to the assembly process. To operate the field measurement in a narrow duct and at different temperature of duct at different phases, three small-gap measurement systems were specially designed. Not only the centerline field can be measured point-by-point but also the multi-pole field can be mapped. All the measurement systems have been carefully tested. The consideration of the measurement systems and preliminary measurement are shown in this paper.
Current fluctuations in mesoscopic systems with Andreev scattering (1996)

Using a scattering theory approach we study the zero-frequency current fluctuations of the normal terminals of a phase-coherent mesoscopic structure with a superconducting region. We find that for devices where the potential of the superconducting region is externally fixed (Fig. 1), the expression for current fluctuations is a simple generalization of the corresponding expression obtained in Buttiker [Phys Rev. B 46, 12 485 (1992)] for purely normal mesoscopic systems. In contrast to purely normal mesoscopic systems, we find that the current fluctuations between two different contacts can be positive in these devices. We apply this formula to derive a simple expression for the shot noise in a normal superconducting (NS) junction and study the noise to current ratio both as a function of the applied bias and a potential barrier at the NS interface. For devices with a floating superconductor (Fig. 2), a self-consistent calculation of the current fluctuations is necessary, and here we derive an approximate formula valid in the small bias limit. We show that two similar devices with identical average currents can exhibit very different fluctuations depending on whether the superconductor is held at a fixed potential or is left floating. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Luminescent Alkynylplatinum(II) Terpyridyl Metallogels Stabilized by Pt···Pt, π−π, and Hydrophobic−Hydrophobic Interactions (2009)

A series of luminescent alkynylplatinum(II) terpyridyl complexes have been synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, IR, FAB-mass spectrometry, and elemental analysis; one of the platinum(III) complexes has also been structurally characterized by X-ray crystallography. Their electrochemical and photophysical properties have also been investigated. A majority of the complexes were able to form stable thermoreversible metallogels in organic solvents, tested by the "stable-to-inversion of a test tube" method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of the xerogels showed typical fibrous structures on the micrometer scale. Interestingly, whereas 2-OTf, 3-OTf, and 5-PF6 formed thermotropic metallogels mainly through van der Waals' forces with different emission colors, 1-X (X = OTf, BF4, PF6, and ClO4) showed additional Pt...Pt and pi-pi interactions to stabilize the resultant metallogels and showed drastic color changes during the gel-to-sol phase transition. The metallogels of 1-X were also different colors, depending on the nature of the counter anions, which governs the degree of aggregation and the extent of Pt...Pt and pi-pi interactions involved in the gelation process. This property may be utilized to serve as an effective reporter for microenvironmental changes.
Magnetic properties of mesomorphic substances. Analogies with ferromagnetics (1933)

G. Föex, Trans. Faraday Soc., 1933, 29, 958 DOI: 10.1039/TF9332900958