gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<i>In vivo</i> stabilization of the Dnmt1 (cytosine-5)- methyltransferase protein (2002)

The Dnmt1o form of the Dnmt1 (cytosine-5)-methyltransferase enzyme is synthesized and stored in the cytoplasm of the oocyte and is used after fertilization to maintain methylation patterns on imprinted genes. After implantation of the blastocyst, Dnmt1o is replaced by the Dnmt1 form, which has an additional 118 aa at its amino terminus. To investigate functional differences between Dnmt1o and Dnmt1, mice were generated with a mutant allele, Dnmt1(V), which synthesized Dnmt1o instead of Dnmt1 in all somatic cells. Homozygous Dnmt1(V) mice were phenotypically normal, and had normal levels of genomic methylation, indicating that Dnmt1o adopts the maintenance methyltransferase function of Dnmt1. Despite the apparent equivalence of Dnmt1o and Dnmt1 maintenance methyltransferase function in somatic cells, the Dnmt1o protein was found at high levels (with a corresponding high enzymatic activity) in Dnmt1(V) mice. In heterozygous Dnmt1(V)/+ embryonic stem cells and early embryos, equal steady-state levels of Dnmt1o and Dnmt1 proteins were produced from the Dnmt1(V) and the WT Dnmt1 alleles, respectively. However, in older embryos and adults, the Dnmt1(V) allele produced five times the steady-state level of protein of the WT Dnmt1 allele. The difference in Dnmt1o and Dnmt1 levels is due to a developmentally regulated mechanism that degrades the Dnmt1 protein. The intrinsic stability of the Dnmt1o protein is the most likely reason for its use as a maternal-effect protein; stable ooplasmic stores of Dnmt1o would be available to traffick into the nuclei of the eight-cell stage embryo and maintain methylation patterns on alleles of imprinted genes during the fourth embryonic S phase.
Mechanistic Applicability Domains for Non-Animal Based Prediction of Toxicological Endpoints. QSAR Analysis of the Schiff Base Applicability Domain for Skin Sensitization (2006)

Several recent (1999 onward) publications on skin sensitization to aldehydes and ketones, which can sensitize by covalent binding to skin protein via Schiff base formation, present QSARs based on the Taft sigma parameter to model reactivity and log P to model hydrophobicity. Here, all of the data are reanalyzed together in a stepwise self-consistent way using the parameters log P (octanol/water) and Sigmasigma, the latter being the sum of Taft sigma values for the two groups R and R' in RCOR'. A QSAR is derived: pEC3 = 1.12(+/-0.07) Sigmasigma + 0.42(+/-0.04) log P - 0.62(+/-0.13); n = 16 R(2) = 0.952 R(2)(adj) = 0.945 s = 0.12 F = 129.6, based on mouse local lymph node assay (LLNA) data for 11 aliphatic aldehydes, 1 alpha-ketoester and 4 alpha,beta-diketones. In developing this QSAR, an initial regression equation for a training set of 10 aldehydes was found to predict a test set consisting of the other 6 compounds. The QSAR is found to be well predictive for LLNA data on a series of alpha,gamma-diketones and also correctly predicts the nonsensitizing properties of simple dialkylketones. It is shown to meet all of the criteria of the OECD principles for applicability within regulatory practice. In view of the structural diversity within the sets of compounds considered here, the present findings confirm the view that within the mechanistic applicability domain the differences in sensitization potential are dependent solely on differences in chemical reactivity and partitioning.
A LINC transmitter using a new signal component separator architecture (2002)

The LINC (LInear amplification with Nonlinear Components) transmitter is an architecture that provides linear amplification using nonlinear but power efficient amplifiers. The signal component separator (SCS) is a crucial signal processing function of LINC. DSP implementation of the SCS at baseband has so far been assumed to be the best choice although it suffers from matching and power consumption problems. A new SCS architecture based on analog integrated circuit (IC) techniques is presented to avoid the problems faced by a DSP-based realization. The proposed scheme is studied at system level by both analysis and simulation. Experimental results are also obtained from a 200 MHz experimental LINC transmitter built around a full-custom analog IC that implements the SCS using this new architecture. Test results showed that spurious levels around -50 dBc could be obtained with a /spl pi//4-shifted DQPSK modulated North American Digital Cellular (NADC) signal. This implies a high degree of linearity.
Highly Selective Sequential Addition and Cyclization Reactions Involving Diphenyl Diselenide, an Alkyne, and Alkenes under Visible‐Light Irradiation (2003)

A four-component radical coupling of diphenyl diselenide, an alkyne, and two olefins to form substituted cyclopentanes in good yields is described (see scheme). This selective sequential addition and cyclization is facilitated by the rate of carbon-radical trapping by diphenyl diselenide, appropriate for this transformation, and the efficiency of the 5-exo cyclization. EWG=electron-withdrawing group. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z50790_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Minimal domain of bacterial phytochrome required for chromophore binding and fluorescence (2015)

Fluorescent proteins (FP) are used to study various biological processes. Recently, a series of near-infrared (NIR) FPs based on bacterial phytochromes was developed. Finding ways to improve NIR FPs is becoming progressively important. By applying rational design and molecular evolution we have engineered R. palustris bacterial phytochrome into a single-domain NIR FP of 19.6 kDa, termed GAF-FP, which is 2-fold and 1.4-fold smaller than bacterial phytochrome-based NIR FPs and GFP-like proteins, respectively. Engineering of GAF-FP involved a substitution of 15% of its amino acids and a deletion of the knot structure. GAF-FP covalently binds two tetrapyrrole chromophores, biliverdin (BV) and phycocyanobilin (PCB). With the BV chromophore GAF-FP absorbs at 635 nm and fluoresces at 670 nm. With the PCB chromophore GAF-FP becomes blue-shifted and absorbs at 625 nm and fluoresces at 657 nm. The GAF-FP structure has a high tolerance to small peptide insertions. The small size of GAF-FP and its additional absorbance band in the violet range has allowed for designing a chimeric protein with Renilla luciferase. The chimera exhibits efficient non-radiative energy transfer from luciferase to GAF-FP, resulting in NIR bioluminescence. This study opens the way for engineering of small NIR FPs and NIR luciferases from bacterial phytochromes.
Monolithic HV GaN Power ICs: Performance and application (2016)

The 2016 IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference featured more than 100 papers [1] based on gallium nitride (GaN) power components up to 650 V, yet market adoption of GaN in off-line alternating current (ac) or 400 V direct current (dc) input converters has been slow. This article explores the physical material advantages of GaN versus silicon (Si) and compares early cascode GaN approaches in terms of device, package, and application design. A new approach is introduced where drive, logic, and field-effect transistor (FET) are monolithically integrated to create a GaN power integrated circuit (IC). Comparative data is provided for the device and circuit performance, including the size and cost versus the frequency, with a focus on a 150-W ac-dc converter, using boost power factor correction (PFC) and LLC topologies.
Big/little deep neural network for ultra low power inference (2015)

Deep neural networks (DNNs) have recently proved their effectiveness in complex data analyses such as object/speech recognition. As their applications are being expanded to mobile devices, their energy efficiencies are becoming critical. In this paper, we propose a novel concept called big/LITTLE DNN (BL-DNN) which significantly reduces energy consumption required for DNN execution at a negligible loss of inference accuracy. The BL-DNN consists of a little DNN (consuming low energy) and a full-fledged big DNN. In order to reduce energy consumption, the BL-DNN aims at avoiding the execution of the big DNN whenever possible. The key idea for this goal is to execute the little DNN first for inference (without big DNN execution) and simply use its result as the final inference result as long as the result is estimated to be accurate. On the other hand, if the result from the little DNN is not considered to be accurate, the big DNN is executed to give the final inference result. This approach reduces the total energy consumption by obtaining the inference result only with the little, energy-efficient DNN in most cases, while maintaining the similar level of inference accuracy through selectively utilizing the big DNN execution. We present design-time and runtime methods to control the execution of big DNN under a trade-off between energy consumption and inference accuracy. Experiments with state-of-the-art DNNs for ImageNet and MNIST show that our proposed BL-DNN can offer up to 53.7% (ImageNet) and 94.1% (MNIST) reductions in energy consumption at a loss of 0.90% (ImageNet) and 0.12% (MNIST) in inference accuracy, respectively.
Human Chromosome 19 and Related Regions in Mouse: Conservative and Lineage-Specific Evolution (2001)

To illuminate the function and evolutionary history of both genomes, we sequenced mouse DNA related to human chromosome 19. Comparative sequence alignments yielded confirmatory evidence for hypothetical genes and identified exons, regulatory elements, and candidate genes that were missed by other predictive methods. Chromosome-wide comparisons revealed a difference between single-copy HSA19 genes, which are overwhelmingly conserved in mouse, and genes residing in tandem familial clusters, which differ extensively in number, coding capacity, and organization between the two species. Finally, we sequenced breakpoints of all 15 evolutionary rearrangements, providing a view of the forces that drive chromosome evolution in mammals.
Induction of transiently expressed genes in PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells. (1987)

Rat PC-12 pheochromocytoma cells, in response to nerve growth factor (NGF), stop proliferating and differentiate into cells resembling sympathetic neurons. This model of cell differentiation was used to investigate the expression of a previously isolated collection of mitogen-induced primary response sequences cloned from murine 3T3 cells; the TIS (tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate-induced sequences) genes (Lim et al., 1987). The TIS cDNAs were used to probe RNA isolated from PC-12 cells stimulated with NGF and other agents. Six of these messages were rapidly and transiently induced by NGF, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), or epidermal growth factor (EGF). Expression of these TIS genes generally resembled the NGF-stimulated induction of c-fos. In contrast, one TIS gene (TIS 10), induced by mitogens in 3T3 cells, was not induced by NGF, TPA, or EGF in PC-12 cells. Like c-fos, these TIS genes induced by NGF could also be superinduced by the combined administration of NGF and benzodiazepine. Elevated potassium ion, which leads to the induction of c-fos in PC-12 cells via activation of a voltage-dependent Ca2+ channel, also induces all TIS genes, with the notable exception of TIS 10. The induction of this family of genes may be involved in the general transduction of extracellular signals into biological responses.
Depo-Provera -- proving its innocence. (1994)

Family planning programs are needed to address the most significant problem in India today--the population explosion. The contraceptive injectable Depo-Provera contains the synthetic progesterone depot-medroxyprogesterone acetate (DMPA) that suppresses ovulation. Considerable controversy surrounds it. Early studies on beagle dogs suggested that DMPA increased the risk of cancer. Reviews by the World Health Organization [WHO] and the International Planned Parenthood Federation show that DMPA is safe. The US Food and Drug Administration approved Depo-Provera as a contraceptive. Political controversies and misperceptions still limit women's access to Depo-Provera. The media focused on the misinformed controversies and opposition by nonmedical women's groups when Max-India launched Depo-Provera in India. The medical community has kept silent on Depo-Provera. The women's groups and other Depo-Provera critics do not follow the scientific approach to dispute its efficacy and safety. These groups believe, because of the legacy of colonial domination, that the West is forcing low-quality products into India. They also think that it increases the incidence of cancer, but the increase in a WHO study was statistically insignificant. Depo-Provera's contraceptive effectiveness is 99.7%. Demographic factors do not affect tolerance. Menstrual irregularities comprise the most common side effect but are replaced by amenorrhea after 12 months use in 50% of cases. Beneficial effects of Depo-Provera are improvement of hemoglobin levels, protection against uterine cancer, and relief of premenstrual syndrome and dysmenorrhea. It is reversible (93% pregnancy rate 18 months after discontinuation). The Health Ministry has not approved Depo-Provera for the national family planning program but has for private physicians. The Indian Council for Medical Research has conducted clinical trials of Depo-Provera and their results will determine whether or not it will be approved for the national program.
Noncoding RNA control of the making and breaking of sugars (2008)

Noncoding RNA regulators have been implicated in almost all imaginable cellular processes. Here we review how regulatory small RNAs such as Spot42, SgrS, GlmY, and GlmZ and a cis-encoded ribozyme in glmS mRNA control sugar metabolism. Besides discussing the physiological implications, we show how the study of these molecules contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms and of general principles of RNA-based regulation. These include the post-transcriptional repression or activation of gene expression within polycistronic mRNAs; novel ribonucleoprotein complexes composed of small RNA, Hfq, and/or RNase E; and the hierarchical action of regulatory RNAs.
Viral and Cellular Factors Involved in Phloem Transport of Plant Viruses (2013)

Phloem transport of plant viruses is an essential step in the setting-up of a complete infection of a host plant. After an initial replication step in the first cells, viruses spread from cell-to-cell through mesophyll cells, until they reach the vasculature where they rapidly move to distant sites in order to establish the infection of the whole plant. This last step is referred to as systemic transport, or long-distance movement, and involves virus crossings through several cellular barriers: bundle sheath, vascular parenchyma, and companion cells for virus loading into sieve elements (SE). Viruses are then passively transported within the source-to-sink flow of photoassimilates and are unloaded from SE into sink tissues. However, the molecular mechanisms governing virus long-distance movement are far from being understood. While most viruses seem to move systemically as virus particles, some viruses are transported in SE as viral ribonucleoprotein complexes (RNP). The nature of the cellular and viral factors constituting these RNPs is still poorly known. The topic of this review will mainly focus on the host and viral factors that facilitate or restrict virus long-distance movement.
Dysfunctional tear syndrome (2017)

Dysfunctional tear syndrome (DTS) is a common and complex condition affecting the ocular surface. The health and normal functioning of the ocular surface is dependent on a stable and sufficient tear film. Clinician awareness of conditions affecting the ocular surface has increased in recent years because of expanded research and the publication of diagnosis and treatment guidelines pertaining to disorders resulting in DTS, including the Delphi panel treatment recommendations for DTS (2006), the International Dry Eye Workshop (DEWS) (2007), the Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD) Workshop (2011), and the updated Preferred Practice Pattern guidelines from the American Academy of Ophthalmology pertaining to dry eye and blepharitis (2013). Since the publication of the existing guidelines, new diagnostic techniques and treatment options that provide an opportunity for better management of patients have become available. Clinicians are now able to access a wealth of information that can help them obtain a differential diagnosis and treatment approach for patients presenting with DTS. This review provides a practical and directed approach to the diagnosis and treatment of patients with DTS, emphasizing treatment that is tailored to the specific disease subtype as well as the severity of the condition.
<title>Thermal diffusivity imaging with a moving line source</title> (2001)

The thermal line scan technique has been shown to be an effective technique for rapid inspection of aerospace specimens. Past efforts have focused on thermal measurements far behind the line source where the heat flow normal to the surface is negligible. This paper focuses on measurements closer to the line source to enable the measurement of the thermal diffusivity in the surface normal direction. This measurement also enables an independent characterization of the thermal diffusivity in the direction of motion of the thermal line source. An analytical solution is given for a line source moving with constant velocity across an anisotropic plane. A nonlinear least squares fitting routine is used to reduce the temporal response of a specimen to images of the thermal diffusivity in both the directions normal to the surface and parallel to the motion of the line source. Measurements are presented on specimens with known variations in effective diffusivity. Measurements on these specimens allow a comparison of this technique to more conventional techniques for diffusivity measurement.
Scaling-up Knowledge for a Cognizant Robot (2012)

This paper takes a new approach to the old adage that knowledge is the key for artificial intelligence. A cognizant robot is a robot with a deep and immediately accessible understanding of its interaction with the environment—an understanding the robot can use to flexibly adapt to novel situations. Such a robot will need a vast amount of situated, revisable, and expressive knowledge to display flexible intelligent behaviors. Instead of relying on human-provided knowledge, we propose that an arbitrary robot can autonomously acquire pertinent knowledge directly from everyday interaction with the environment. We show how existing ideas in reinforcement learning can enable a robot to maintain and improve its knowledge. The robot performs a continual learning process that scales-up knowledge acquisition to cover a large number
T cell receptor antagonism<i>in vivo</i>, at last (1998)

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS), a peer reviewed journal of the National Academy of Sciences (NAS) - an authoritative source of high-impact, original research that broadly spans the biological, physical, and social sciences.
Isobutane Dehydrogenation on Chromia/Silica−Titania Mixed Oxide and Chromia/γ-Alumina Catalysts (1996)

Isobutane dehydrogenation was studied on chromia supported on mixed oxides of silica and titania catalysts. The catalyst supports, silica−titania mixed oxides, were prepared by three different methods: a modified sol−gel method, a mechanical mixing of silica and titania, and a calcination of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) intercalated crystalline titanate. Chromia supported on the mixed oxide (Si:Ti mole ratio = 0.36) prepared from TEOS intercalated crystalline titanate is the most active among these chromia supported mixed oxide catalysts. The isobutylene yield of this catalyst was about 60% of Girdler G-41 catalyst, comparable to that of the in-house chromia/γ-alumina catalyst, 2 times as much as that of the chromia/titania catalyst, and 6 times as much as that of the chromia/silica catalyst.
The Electrodeposition of Metals on Plastics (1945)

The advantages of depositing metals on organic plastics are discussed on the basis of comparisons between unplated and plated plastics. The experiments show a marked increase in tensile, impact and flexural strength for many synthetic resins plated as‐ compared with the values for the same resins unplated. An appreciable increase in resistance to distortion from heat and a decrease in percentage of water absorption are obtained by complete envelopment of the plastic article in a metallic coating. The most important advantage of plating on plastics is the greater corrosion resistance of a metallic deposit when it is applied to a plastic basis than to the usual metallic basis, since there are no galvanic couples with a basis metal. The two main purposes for metallizing a plastic are: (1) to render it a suitable substitute for critical and strategic metals; and (2) to produce a product which has the inherent properties of the plastic in addition to the desired properties of the deposited metal. To render the plastic surface conductive, the methods such as those using fine metal powders in a lacquer or varnish medium, or metal spraying, or cathode sputtering, or metal evaporation, have proven successful but were found inadequate for the majority of production methods in industry. On the other hand, the chemical reduction method described in detail in this paper is best adapted to an economical production set‐up. This method involves the application to the plastic surface (after proper preparatory treatment) of a conductive and adherent bond coat by using a solution of ammoniacal silver nitrate or other easily reducible metallic salt and a suitable reducing agent (usually organic), followed by an intermediate layer of electrodeposited copper or silver, and finally by a top layer of the desired metal such as chromium, zinc, iron, lead, nickel, gold, silver or cadmium. The preparatory treatments of the plastic surface are the governing factors which make for success or failure of a process for plating on plastics, since the chemical structure of the plastic determines the procedure to be employed for the application of the conductive film. The weight method and the optical method for quantitatively measuring the thickness of the chemically precipitated silver film are presented in detail. The results obtained from each procedure agree amazingly well, considering the small magnitudes which are involved.
Fusion of Multiple Camera Views for Kernel-Based 3D Tracking (2007)

We present a computer vision system to robustly track an object in 3D by combining evidence from multiple calibrated cameras. Its novelty lies in the proposed unified approach to 3D kernel based tracking, that amounts to fusing the appearance features from all available camera sensors, as opposed to tracking the object appearance in the individual 2D views and fusing the results. The elegance of the method resides in its inherent ability to handle problems encountered by various 2D trackers, including scale selection, occlusion, view-dependence, and correspondence across different views. We apply the method on the CHIL project database for tracking the presenter's head during lectures inside smart rooms equipped with four calibrated cameras. As compared to traditional 2D based mean shift tracking approaches, the proposed algorithm results in 35% relative reduction in overall 3D tracking error and a 70% reduction in the number of tracker re-initializations.