gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Transformations to and from the Gyroid Phase in a Diblock Copolymer (1998)

Simultaneous small-angle scattering and in situ dynamic mechanical measurements offer an excellent opportunity to relate the macroscopic dynamical mechanical response of block copolymers and their mesoscopic structural behavior. We use small-angle neutron scattering and rheology to examine the ordered phases and the order−order transitions exhibited by a poly(ethylene-alt-propylene)−poly(dimethylsiloxane) diblock copolymer. An intermediate structurevery similar to the hexagonal perforated layer (HPL) phase reported in other diblock systemsproves to be metastable, and we study the kinetics and epitaxy of its relaxation to the “gyroid” phase of Ia3̄d symmetry. Likewise we study the relaxation of a supercooled hexagonal phase to the gyroid structure and also observe that the gyroid phase is bypassed in a slow cool from the hexagonal phase to the HPL-like structure. The origin of a typical scattering pattern obtained from a highly oriented crystal structure of a sample in the gyroid phase is investigated and related to real space projections of the gyroid morphology. Synchrotron small-angle X-ray scattering is used for high-resolution studies of the ordered phases. Reversibility of transitions between different mesoscopic structures is studied, especially to and from the gyroid phase, and puzzling patterns of the HPL-like structure are observed.
Oxygen vacancies and defect electronic states on the<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow><mml:mi mathvariant="normal">SnO</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>(110)-<i>1×1</i>surface (1988)

The ${\mathrm{SnO}}_{2}$(110)-1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}1 surface, a surface which is structurally similar to the more studied ${\mathrm{TiO}}_{2}$(110) surface, has been found to be an ideal system of study for the identification and characterization of surface oxygen vacancies. Heating a well-oxidized, nearly perfect (110) surface in UHV removes large amounts of surface lattice oxygen. Ion-scattering spectroscopy (ISS) and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS) have shown conclusively that defect electronic states which appear low in the band gap for annealing temperatures less than 800 K arise from ``bridging'' oxygen vacancies [i.e., from the removal of oxygen anions from the terminal layer of an ideal, rutile-structure (110) surface]. UPS and four-point conductivity measurements indicate that heating at 800 K or above causes the formation of a second type of surface defect. It is argued that this second defect is an ``in-plane'' oxygen vacancy [i.e., the result of removing an oxygen anion from what is normally the second, tin-containing, atomic plane of an ideal (110) surface]. The in-plane oxygen vacancy is characterized by occupied states higher in the band gap which extend to the Fermi level.
INFILTRATION OPPORTUNITIES IN PARKING LOT DESIGNS REDUCE RUNOFF AND POLLUTION (2002)

A low impact (dispersed) design demonstrated how small alterations to parking lots can reduce runoff and pollutant loads. A whole basin approach utilized the entire watershed for stormwater management. Storm runoff was treated as soon as rain hit the ground by routing it through a network of swales, strands and finally into a small wet detention pond. When the volume of water from all the different elements of the treatment train (the swales, the strand and the pond) were compared, almost all the storm runoff was retained on site. Further, the size of the wet detention pond used for final treatment could be greatly reduced because of more pervious areas. Individual basins in the parking lot, the various elements in the treatment train, and rainfall usually had significantly different water quality concentrations. Most of the nitrate and ammonia entered the system directly in rainfall and concentrations in runoff were usually reduced as it traveled through the system. Ammonia-nitrogen was highest in the runoff from the basin without a swale and organic nitrogen and phosphorus highest in the strand and pond; metal concentrations were highest in basins paved in asphalt. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were detected in the soils at the site and some approached the significantly toxic levels. Chlordane was the pesticide most often detected in measurable quantities in soils. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethante (DDT) and its daughter products were detected in almost all soils tested and DDE was found in measurable quantities.
[Production of transgenic rape plants (Brassica napus L.) using Agrobacterium tumefaciens]. (2000)

The procedure for genetic transformation of two spring and one winter rapeseed cultivars was developed. No-paline strains of Agrobacterium tumefaciens GV3101 and EHA105 were shown to be preferable for gene transfer, as compared to the octopine strain GV2260. With two types of plant explants, the segments of hypocotyls and cotyledons, transformation was successful; however, its efficiency was somewhat higher with the fragments of hypocotyls. Analysis of regenerated plants by PCR and Southern blotting confirmed the presence of the nptII and nisA genes in transformants. RNA analysis by Northern blotting showed expression of the nisA gene in transformed shoots. The transgenes were inherited in T2 as Mendelian traits. The effect of biotic and abiotic factors on the efficiency of genetic transformation in rapeseed is discussed.
The <i>P</i>, <i>T</i> phase and reaction diagram for elemental carbon, 1979 (1980)

A brief history of the many investigations of the pressure/temperature phase diagrams of elemental carbon is given. The strengths and weaknesses of the various proposed diagrams are discussed, and the areas where additional or better experimental data are needed are pointed out. Many questions still remain about linear solid carbons; about the low‐pressure/high‐temperature solid/liquid/vapor triple point; about the melting line of diamond; about the existence of a high‐pressure metallic phase; and about the existence of two liquid phases, one insulator and the other metallic.
The Dyeing of Textile Fibers: Theory and Practice (1992)

Presents the principles underlying various steps in the dyeing of textiles. It is well organized and readily understood if the reader has a general understanding of inorganic and organic chemistry. Chapters cover detergents and scouring; classification of dyes and fibers; color and chemical composition; dyeing equipment; and preparatory operations. The review questions are helpful.
Effects of angiotensin II and losartan on the growth and proliferation of hepatic stellate cells. (2003)

Rapid proliferation of rat HSCs occurs in response to AngII treatment, but is inhibited after AT1a receptor is blocked with the antagonist losartan.
Detecting Meter in Recorded Music (2005)

Most pieces of popular dance music feature repeated patterns of rhythmic accents, or beats. We use the Discrete Fourier Transform and the Periodicity Transform (Sethares and Staley, 1999) to identify the primary rhythmic con-tent of a piece of popular music. Before applying the transforms, we reduce the data by filtering out pitch. We use the data reduction method proposed by Scheirer (1998), which separates recorded music into bands of pitches, roughly half an octave each, and extracts the pattern of energy bursts in each band. After applying the DFT and PT, we find that the basic rhythmic structure, or meter, of the piece we analyzed is reflected in the relationship between periodic accents made by low- and high-pitched instruments. We have written MATLAB algorithms that implement these methods. Audio examples are available at
Ethylene as a Signal Mediating the Wound Response of Tomato Plants (1996)

Plants respond to physical injury, such as that caused by foraging insects, by synthesizing proteins that function in general defense and tissue repair. In tomato plants, one class of wound-responsive genes encodes proteinase inhibitor (pin) proteins shown to block insect feeding. Application of many different factors will induce or inhibit pin gene expression. Ethylene is required in the transduction pathway leading from injury, and ethylene and jasmonates act together to regulate pin gene expression during the wound response.
Development of Pd-only Three Way Catalyst Technology (1994)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">In joint partnership with its catalyst suppliers, Ford has made significant advances in the performance of Pd-only three way catalyst (TWC) technology through improvements in catalyst oxygen storage. The following manuscript describes in detail the performance advancement of Ford's Pd-only washcoat technology through the use of laboratory, engine dynamometer, and vehicle emission data.</div>
Large-grained and Highly-ordered Graphene Synthesized by Radio Frequency Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition (2009)

We have synthesized a very thin graphite film on polycrystalline Ni foil using radio frequency plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (RF-PECVD) at relatively low temperature. Structural analysis through electron diffraction and Raman spectroscopy demonstrated that the PECVD grown graphite film consists of large grains sized over tens of microns and is highly ordered structure exhibiting Bernal stacking despite of low synthetic temperature of 850oC. Accordingly, the high carrier mobility of 4,500 cm2/Vsec was obtained at room temperature from a monolayer of PECVD grown graphene, which is higher than any reported value of CVD-grown graphene.
Detecting Redundant Unit Tests for AspectJ Programs (2006)

Aspect-oriented software development is gaining popularity with the adoption of languages such as AspectJ. Testing is an important part in any software development, including aspect-oriented development. To automate generation of unit tests for AspectJ programs, we can apply the existing tools that automate generation of unit tests for Java programs. However, these tools can generate a large number of test inputs, and manually inspecting the behavior of the software on all these inputs is time consuming. We propose Raspect, a framework for detecting redundant unit tests for AspectJ programs. We introduce three levels of units in AspectJ programs: advised methods, advice, and intertype methods. We show how to detect at each level redundant test that does not exercise new behavior. Our approach selects only non-redundant tests from the automatically generated test suites, thus allowing the developer to spend less time in inspecting this reduced set of tests. We have implemented Raspect and applied it on 12 subjects taken from a variety of sources; our experience shows that Raspect can effectively reduce the size of generated test suites for inspecting AspectJ programs
Transcriptional Profiling of Human Liver Identifies Sex-Biased Genes Associated with Polygenic Dyslipidemia and Coronary Artery Disease (2011)

Sex-differences in human liver gene expression were characterized on a genome-wide scale using a large liver sample collection, allowing for detection of small expression differences with high statistical power. 1,249 sex-biased genes were identified, 70% showing higher expression in females. Chromosomal bias was apparent, with female-biased genes enriched on chrX and male-biased genes enriched on chrY and chr19, where 11 male-biased zinc-finger KRAB-repressor domain genes are distributed in six clusters. Top biological functions and diseases significantly enriched in sex-biased genes include transcription, chromatin organization and modification, sexual reproduction, lipid metabolism and cardiovascular disease. Notably, sex-biased genes are enriched at loci associated with polygenic dyslipidemia and coronary artery disease in genome-wide association studies. Moreover, of the 8 sex-biased genes at these loci, 4 have been directly linked to monogenic disorders of lipid metabolism and show an expression profile in females (elevated expression of ABCA1, APOA5 and LDLR; reduced expression of LIPC) that is consistent with the lower female risk of coronary artery disease. Female-biased expression was also observed for CYP7A1, which is activated by drugs used to treat hypercholesterolemia. Several sex-biased drug-metabolizing enzyme genes were identified, including members of the CYP, UGT, GPX and ALDH families. Half of 879 mouse orthologs, including many genes of lipid metabolism and homeostasis, show growth hormone-regulated sex-biased expression in mouse liver, suggesting growth hormone might play a similar regulatory role in human liver. Finally, the evolutionary rate of protein coding regions for human-mouse orthologs, revealed by dN/dS ratio, is significantly higher for genes showing the same sex-bias in both species than for non-sex-biased genes. These findings establish that human hepatic sex differences are widespread and affect diverse cell metabolic processes, and may help explain sex differences in lipid profiles associated with sex differential risk of coronary artery disease.
Treatment and managed care issues of atopic dermatitis. (2017)

The specific cause of atopic dermatitis (AD) is not known. It is a multifactorial disease involving environmental agents, immune dysregulation, genetic predisposition, and defects in skin barrier function. Patients are typically classified as having mild, moderate, or severe disease. Most patients with AD can control their symptoms with various combinations of moisturizers, conventional prescription therapies, and lifestyle modifications, while patients with more severe disease may require adjunctive treatment with phototherapy, biologic treatments, or systemic immunosuppressants. As a result, patient-centered treatment plans are critical to patient care. The appropriate use of nonpharmacologic and pharmacologic treatment interventions combined with patient-specific written action plans could improve both patient health and medication outcomes.
Orientation of triblock copolymers in planar extension (1996)

Abstract Three commercial styrenic triblock copolymers were subjected to planar extension in a lubricated channel die, as a model for the orientation that may occur during processing operations. Materials that contain cylinders of polystyrene show a pronounced orientation of the cylinder axis in the flow direction, as revealed by small‐angle X‐ray scattering in the three orthogonal directions. This anisotropy produces small‐strain tensile moduli that differ by a factor of 10 or more in the two in‐plane directions. A material that contains lamellae of polystyrene shows pronounced orientation of the lamellae in the plane of the sample; in particular, lamellar normals are strongly forbidden from pointing along the flow direction. For similar strains, planar extension is much more effective in orienting these materials than simple shear.
Taiyuan South Station Umbrella-span Steel Truss Roof of the Static and Dynamic Analysis (2012)

In this paper, the umbrella-shape steel truss roof of a newly-built railway station is studied. In application of the finite element software MIDAS, the stress status of components, deformation of elements and seismic performance of the structure are analyzed. It is mainly demonstrated in this paper about static analysis of different load conditions, calculations of dynamic characteristics of the structure, analysis of the natural frequencies and mode shapes, and the research of seismic resistant performance by modal response method and the elastic time-history analysis.
Both excision and replication of cloned autonomous parvovirus DNA require the NS1 (rep) protein (1989)

When a bacterial plasmid containing the entire genome of LuIII virus except for the terminal 18 nucleotides from the right end is transfected into HeLa cells, the viral DNA is rescued and replicated, with production of infectious virus. This experimental system was used to examine the viral proteins and cis elements required for the excision and replication of viral DNA. The deletion of the entire NS1 gene provided a viral genome that was excised from the plasmid and replicated only when an NS1 gene was provided in trans. A frameshift mutation in the NS2 intron that truncates NS1 prevented excision and replication. Deletion of the left-end terminal inverted repeat or the right-end inverted repeat prevented excision of viral DNA from that end but not from the wild-type terminus. The viral terminus excised from the plasmid was protected from a processive degradation process, which began on the vector portion of the plasmid. The inhibitor of DNA polymerases alpha and delta, aphidicolin, blocked the excision reaction.
Alignment of Boron Nitride Nanotubes in Polymeric Composite Films for Thermal Conductivity Improvement (2010)

Boron nitride nanotube (BNNT)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) composite fibers (<5 vol % BNNTs) were fabricated via electrospinning so that all BNNTs became aligned in the fiber casting direction. A several-fibers-thick ensemble of parallel-arranged contacting fibers made a single polymer sheet. Numerous sheets were then stacked in different ways with respect to the BNNT orientation (all fibers in adjacent sheets were either parallel or alternately rotated 90°) to make multilayer films that were finally hot-pressed. Various BNNT textures were reflected by the corresponding differences in the measured thermal conductivities of the resultant films due to anisotropy of thermal transport in the nanotubes. The highest values (0.54 W/mK) were obtained along the long axes of aligned BNNTs. Somewhat lower values (0.38 W/mK) were documented in films with alternately stacked fibers/tubes. The theoretical thermal conductivity values were estimated using the Nielsen’s model. These show good match with the experimental data. ...
Guidelines for Antimicrobial Treatment of Uncomplicated Acute Bacterial Cystitis and Acute Pyelonephritis in Women (1999)

This is part of the series of practice guidelines commissioned by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) through its Practice Guidelines Committee. The purpose of this guideline is to provide assistance to clinicians in the diagnosis and treatment of two specific types of urinary tract infections (UTIs): uncomplicated, acute, symptomatic bacterial cystitis and acute pyelonephritis in women. The guideline does not contain recommendations for asymptomatic bacteriuria, complicated UTIs, Foley catheter-associated infections, UTIs in men or children, or prostatitis. The targeted providers are internists and family practitioners. The targeted groups are immunocompetent women. Criteria are specified for determining whether the inpatient or outpatient setting is appropriate for treatment. Differences from other guidelines written on this topic include use of laboratory criteria for diagnosis and approach to antimicrobial therapy. Panel members represented experts in adult infectious diseases and urology. The guidelines are evidence-based. A standard ranking system is used for the strength of the recommendation and the quality of the evidence cited in the literature reviewed. The document has been subjected to external review by peer reviewers as well as by the Practice Guidelines Committee and was approved by the IDSA Council, the sponsor and supporter of the guideline. The American Urologic Association and the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases have endorsed it. An executive summary and tables highlight the major recommendations. Performance measures are described to aid in monitoring compliance with the guideline. The guideline will be listed on the IDSA home page at http://www.idsociety.org It will be evaluated for updating in 2 years.
Adherence, resistance, and timing: current issues in the use of new therapies. (2002)

Nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (nucleoside analogues) are a central component of HAART regimens. Optimal adherence to and activity of the "nucleoside analogue backbone" is required to preserve the utility of the more cross-resistant protease inhibitor and nonnucleoside analogue components of a highly active regimen, and a systematic approach to nucleoside analogue sequencing is needed to preserve the clinical activity of this class. As HIV treatment strategies move toward the long-term management of a chronic infection, treatment issues such as convenience, safety, and tolerability become even more important. Acute and chronic safety issues associated with individual drug classes are a growing concern. Because adherence is linked to convenience and tolerability, new agents with favorable safety profiles, low pill burdens, and little or no selection for drug resistance will be required to ensure long-term viral suppression.
An Obvious Improvement in the Performance of Ternary Organic Solar Cells with “Guest” Donor Present at the “Host” Donor/Acceptor Interface (2016)

A small-molecule material, 7,7-(4,4-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-4H-silolo[3,2-b:4,5-b']dithiophene-2,6-diyl)bis(6-fluoro-4-(5'-hexyl-[2,2'-bithiophen]-5-yl)benzo-[c] [1,2,5]thiadiazole) (p-DTS(FBTTH2)2), was used to modify the morphology and electron-transport properties of the polymer blend of poly(3-hexythiophene) (P3HT) and [6,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM) bulk heterojunctions. As a result, a 24% increase in the power-conversion efficiency (PCE) of the p-DTS(FBTTH2)2:P3HT:PC71BM ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) is obtained. The improvement in the performance of OSCs is attributed to the constructive energy cascade path in the ternary system that benefits an efficient Förster resonance energy/charge transfer process between P3HT and p-DTS(FBTTH2)2, thereby improving photocurrent generation. It is shown that p-DTS(FBTTH2)2 molecules engage themselves at the P3HT/PC71BM interface. A combination of absorption enhancement, efficient energy transfer process, and ordered nanomorphology in the ternary system favors exciton dissociation and charge transportation in the polymer bulk heterojunction. The finding of this work reveals that distribution of the appropriate "guest" donor at the "host" donor/acceptor interface is an effective approach for attaining high-performance OSCs.
Unsteady flow simulation of a vertical axis augmented wind turbine: A two-dimensional study (2014)

As the integration of vertical axis wind turbines in the built environment is a promising alternative to horizontal axis wind turbines, a 2D computational investigation of an augmented wind turbine is proposed and analysed. In the initial CFD analysis, three parameters are carefully investigated: mesh resolution; turbulence model; and time step size. It appears that the mesh resolution and the turbulence model affect result accuracy; while the time step size examined, for the unsteady nature of the flow, has small impact on the numerical results. In the CFD validation of the open rotor with secondary data, the numerical results are in good agreement in terms of shape. It is, however, observed a discrepancy factor of 2 between numerical and experimental data. Successively, the introduction of an omnidirectional stator around the wind turbine increases the power and torque coefficients by around 30–35% when compared to the open case; but attention needs to be given to the orientation of the stator blades for optimum performance. It is found that the power and torque coefficients of the augmented wind turbine are independent of the incident wind speed considered.