gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Drying a tuberculosis vaccine without freezing (2007)

With the increasing incidence of tuberculosis and drug resistant disease in developing countries due to HIV/AIDS, there is a need for vaccines that are more effective than the present bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine. We demonstrate that BCG vaccine can be dried without traditional freezing and maintained with remarkable refrigerated and room-temperature stability for months through spray drying. Studies with a model Mycobacterium (Mycobacterium smegmatis) revealed that by removing salts and cryoprotectant (e.g., glycerol) from bacterial suspensions, the significant osmotic pressures that are normally produced on bacterial membranes through droplet drying can be reduced sufficiently to minimize loss of viability on drying by up to 2 orders of magnitude. By placing the bacteria in a matrix of leucine, high-yield, free-flowing, "vial-fillable" powders of bacteria (including M. smegmatis and M. bovis BCG) can be produced. These powders show relatively minor losses of activity after maintenance at 4 degrees C and 25 degrees C up to and beyond 4 months. Comparisons with lyophilized material prepared both with the same formulation and with a commercial formulation reveal that the spray-dried BCG has better overall viability on drying.
Fibers, 12. Glass Fibers (2012)

Abstract The article contains sections titled: 1. Textile Glass Fibers 1.1. Chemical Composition and Properties 1.1.1. Chemical Composition 1.1.2. Properties 1.2. Production 1.2.1. Raw Materials 1.2.2. Melting process 1.2.3. Fiber Forming 1.2.4. Glass Staple Fibers 1.3. Textile Glass Products: Processing and Application 1.3.1. Product Designation 1.3.2. Correlation Between Processing and Application 1.3.3. Description of Textile Glass Products 1.3.4. Applications 1.4. Product Standards 1.5. Economic Aspects 1.5.1. Textile Glass Fiber Market 1.5.2. Producers 1.5.3. New Products 1.6. Toxicology and Occupational Health 2. Glass Fibers for Insulation 2.1. Chemical Composition and Properties 2.1.1. Chemical Composition 2.1.2. Physical Properties 2.1.3. Chemical Properties 2.2. Production 2.2.1. Raw Materials 2.2.2. Melting 2.2.3. Fiber Forming</jats:sty
Synthesis of epoxy–montmorillonite nanocomposite (2002)

Abstract To synthesize an epoxy–montmorillonite nanocomposite, the intercalation of clay layers with acid onium ions {[H 3 N(CH 2 ) n −1 COOH] + , [H 3 N(CH 2 ) n −1 CH 3 ] + , [H 3 N(CH 2 ) − NH 2 ] + , and [H 3 N(CH 2 ) n NH 3 ] 2+ } by different methods were studied. The intercalated clay was characterized by XRD, ICP, and CHN elemental analysis. An acid onium ion [H 3 N(CH 2 ) 17 CH 3 ] + enlarged the d ‐spacing of CWC–, AMS–, and Kunipia–montmorillonite to 21.6, 18.1, and 20.7 Å, respectively. The results of CHN elemental analysis confirmed that onium ions were intercalated between the clay layers. Ion exchange of montmorillonite with onium ions is a better way to intercalate more onium ions. Among those onium ions mentioned above, [H 3 N(CH 2 ) n NH 3 ] 2+ displaced more sodium ions from the clay layers than did the others. An epoxy–montmorillonite nanocomposite was synthesized by heating a mixture of [H 3 N(CH 2 ) 17 CH 3 ] + –montmorillonite (CWC) with an epoxy monomer and curing agent. The nanocomposite was characterized by XRD, TEM, DSC, UV, TGA, and Instron testing. TEM photographs showed that the spacing between the clay layers was further enlarged to about 50 Å and no segregation between the clay particle and the polymer was observed. The glass transition temperature of the nanocomposite containing 20 phr of [H 3 N(CH 2 ) 17 CH 3 ] + –montmorillonite (CWC) increased from 108.4 to 146.1°C. Especially, the nanocomposite possesses higher water resistance than that of the epoxy resin or of the physical mixture of epoxy and montmorillonite (CWC). According to the transmittance measurement (λ = 550 nm), the nanocomposite shows good light transmittance. Although, we cannot improve the mechanical properties, improvements of other properties can be evidenced for the formation of nanoscale composites. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 414–421, 2002
Increased mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor and transforming growth factor beta 1 levels during monoterpene-induced regression of mammary tumors. (1993)

The monoterpenes represent a potentially new class of breast cancer therapeutic agents. We have shown that d-limonene induces the regression of advanced rat mammary adenocarcinomas. These regressing tumors have an increased cellular concentration of both the mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptors and transforming growth factor beta 1. The terpene-induced regression of mammary tumors may result in part from the mitoinhibitory and differentiation properties of active transforming growth factor beta 1. Furthermore, the activation of transforming growth factor beta 1 in these tumors is likely to be facilitated by the increased concentration of the mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptors in the mammary tumor cells. Tumors not responding to terpene therapy lacked a rise in the mannose-6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor II receptor level which may relate to the fact that this gene is hemizygous due to maternal imprinting.
MULTIPLICATION AND SURVIVAL OF TUBERCLE BACILLI IN THE ORGANS OF MICE (1953)

Cultures of tubercle bacilli (typical bovine and human strains) known to differ in the severity of the lesions they induce in experimental animals, were injected in various doses into the cerebrum, peritoneal cavity, or blood stream of mice. Quantitative determinations of the numbers of living bacilli present in the tissues at different intervals of time after infection led to the following classification of the cultures tested:- (a) Certain well known variant forms of tubercle bacilli were found to be unable to multiply in vivo, although they could survive for many weeks in the tissues of mice. These organisms proved to be truly avirulent. (b) Other variant forms underwent multiplication in vivo, even when extremely small infective doses were used, but could not give rise to progressive disease. It is proposed to designate these strains, which produce only abortive infections, as "attenuated." Different levels of attenuation could be detected. The maximum numbers of living bacilli that were recovered from the tissues corresponded directly to the severity and duration of the abortive lesions that could be produced by the strain in guinea pigs or in mice and were characteristic for each strain tested. The two BCG substrains tested were found to differ markedly in their level of attenuation. (c) The cultures virulent for guinea pigs were also capable of establishing a progressive infection in mice even when small infective doses were used. In the case of the attenuated and virulent strains, the population of living bacilli present in the lungs was at first much lower than that in the spleen, but it continued to increase in the former organs throughout the period of observation. This was notably true in the case of the virulent cultures. In contrast, the numbers of living bacilli in the spleen rapidly reached a maximum in the case of all cultures and then decreased progressively. For a given infective dose, and a given interval of time after inoculation, the maximum levels of living bacterial population attained in the spleen and in the lungs proved to be a direct expression of the virulence of the strain.
Optimal principal component analysis in distributed and streaming models (2016)

This paper studies the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) problem in the distributed and streaming models of computation. Given a matrix A ∈ Rm×n, a rank parameter k<rank(A), and an accuracy parameter 0<ε<1, we want to output an m×k orthonormal matrix U for which ||A-UUTA||2F≤(1+ε)||A-Ak||2F where Ak∈Rm×n is the best rank-k approximation to A.
A proposed approach to the classification of bearing condition using wavelets and random forests (2013)

This paper presents a proposed approach to the classification of rolling element bearing faults. The approach consists of vibration signal acquisition, digital signal processing, feature extraction from the vibration signal and classification into functional or defective rolling element bearing. Digital signal processing includes signal decomposition and de-nosing using wavelets. An 18-dimensional vector of the vibration signal feature is obtained as a result of feature extraction. Characterization of each recorded vibration signal is performed by a combination of signal's time varying statistical parameters and characteristic rolling element bearing fault frequency components. The classification is performed using random forests algorithm.
Over 3.0 $\hbox{GW/cm}^{2}$ Figure-of-Merit GaN p-n Junction Diodes on Free-Standing GaN Substrates (2011)

This letter describes a new two-step electrode process on p-GaN and characteristics of GaN p-n junction diodes on free-standing GaN substrates with low specific ON-resistance R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">οn</sub> and high breakdown voltage V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> . We develop a two-step process for anode electrodes in order to avoid plasma damage to the p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> -GaN contact layer during the sputtering process. The specific ON-resistance is further improved due to a new low-damage process. The breakdown voltage of the diodes with the field-plate (FP) structure is over 1100 V, and the leakage current was low, i.e., in the range of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-9</sup> A. The specific ON-resistance of the diodes of 50 μm in diameter with the FP structure was 0.4 mΩ · cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> . Baliga's figure of merit (V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">B</sub> <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> /R <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> ) of 3.0 GW/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> is obtained. These are the best values ever reported among those achieved by GaN p-n junction diodes on free-standing GaN substrates.
Pygopus, a nuclear PHD-finger protein required for Wingless signaling in<i>Drosophila</i> (2002)

The secreted glycoprotein Wingless (Wg) acts through a conserved signaling pathway to regulate target gene expression. Wg signaling causes nuclear translocation of Armadillo, the fly beta-catenin, which then complexes with the DNA-binding protein TCF, enabling it to activate transcription. Though many nuclear factors have been implicated in modulating TCF/Armadillo activity, their importance remains poorly understood. This work describes a ubiquitously expressed protein, called Pygopus, which is required for Wg signaling throughout Drosophila development. Pygopus contains a PHD finger at its C terminus, a motif often found in chromatin remodeling factors. Overexpression of pygopus also blocks the pathway, consistent with the protein acting in a complex. The pygopus mutant phenotype is highly, though not exclusively, specific for Wg signaling. Epistasis experiments indicate that Pygopus acts downstream of Armadillo nuclear import, consistent with the nuclear location of heterologously expressed protein. Our data argue strongly that Pygopus is a new core component of the Wg signaling pathway that acts downstream or at the level of TCF.
Total Synthesis of the Proposed Structure of the Anthrapyran Metabolite δ‐Indomycinone (2007)

The first total synthesis of the proposed structure of delta-indomycinone has been accomplished. The key steps involve the Diels-Alder reaction of a bromonaphthoquinone (6) and 1-methoxy-3-methyl-1-trimethylsiloxy-1,3-butadiene (7) to access the anthraquinone skeleton, representing a common building block of other naturally occurring anthraquinone antibiotics, regioselective bromination of anthraquinone (14) and a highly diastereoselective alkylation of enantiomerically pure dioxolanone 8. The reported synthetic approach has the advantage of high yields, excellent selectivity and a remarkable general applicability for the total synthesis of other anthrapyran natural products. The spectroscopic data obtained for the synthetic compounds 2 and 36 are not in agreement with those reported for the natural product, and therefore revision of the assigned structure is required.
A water channel closely related to rat brain aquaporin 4 is expressed in acid‐ and pepsinogen‐secretory cells of human stomach (1996)

We isolated a cDNA clone encoding a water channel protein, aquaporin ( AQP), from human stomach. The encoded protein consisted of 323 amino acid residues, containing six putative transmembrane domains. The protein was designated human aquaporin 4 (hAQP4) because of its 94% sequence similarity to rat brain AQP4. Expression of hAQP4 cRNA in Xenopus oocytes resulted in a significant increase in osmotic water permeability, indicating that this protein functions as a water channel. Northern blot analysis demonstrated a strong signal of hAQP4 mRNA in brain, lung, and skeletal muscle as well as in stomach. Immunohistochemical experiments with human stomach tissues showed that hAQP4 as a protein is expressed mainly in cells located in the glandular portion of the fundic mucosa. These include chief cells which secrete pepsinogen and parietal cells which secrete hydrochloric acid. These results strongly indicate that hAQP4 is a principal factor involved in the osmotic regulation of pepsinogen and acid secretion in the stomach.
Photoreductive dechlorination of chlorinated benzene derivatives catalyzed by ZnS nanocrystallites (1998)

ZnS nanocrystallites effectively enhanced photo-reduction of chlorinated benzene derivatives in the presence of triethylamine as a sacrificial electron donor under UV irradiation (λ > 300 nm), leading to selective and stepwise dechlorination to give benzene at the final stage.
PARALLEL ASYNCHRONOUS PRIMAL-DUAL METHODS FOR THE MINIMUM COST FLOW PROBLEM' (1990)

In this paper we discuss the parallel asynchronous implementation of the classical primal-dual method for solving the linear minimum cost network flow problem. Multiple augmentations and price rises are simultaneously attempted starting from several nodes and using possibly outdated price and flow information. The results are then merged asynchronously subject to rather weak compatibility conditions. We show that this algorithm is valid, terminating finitely to an optimal solution. We also present computational results using an Encore Multimax that illustrate the speedup that can be obtained by parallel implementation.
Merging real and virtual environments with video see-through head-mounted displays (1997)

This dissertation explores the problem of inserting virtual (computer-generated) objects into natural scenes in video-based augmented-reality (AR) systems. The augmented-reality system problems addressed are the shorter-term goal of making synthetic objects appear to be more stable and registered and the longer-term goal of presenting proper occlusion and interaction cues between real and synthetic objects. These results can be achieved in video-based AR systems by directly processing video images of the natural scene in real-time. No additional hardware or additional tracking mechanisms are needed above those currently used in augmented-reality systems. The implications of this work suggest a different approach to the design of AR tracking systems in which the user&apos;s world view is used as part of the tracking process. This work shows that trackin...
Activation of the Ca<sup>2+</sup>-sensing receptor increases renal claudin-14 expression and urinary Ca<sup>2+</sup> excretion (2013)

Kidney stones are a prevalent clinical condition imposing a large economic burden on the healthcare system. Hypercalciuria remains the major risk factor for development of a Ca(2+)-containing stone. The kidney's ability to alter Ca(2+) excretion in response to changes in serum Ca(2+) is in part mediated by the Ca(2+)-sensing receptor (CaSR). Recent studies revealed renal claudin-14 (Cldn14) expression localized to the thick ascending limb (TAL) and its expression to be regulated via the CaSR. We find that Cldn14 expression is increased by high dietary Ca(2+) intake and by elevated serum Ca(2+) levels induced by prolonged 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 administration. Consistent with this, activation of the CaSR in vivo via administration of the calcimimetic cinacalcet hydrochloride led to a 40-fold increase in Cldn14 mRNA. Moreover, overexpression of Cldn14 in two separate cell culture models decreased paracellular Ca(2+) flux by preferentially decreasing cation permeability, thereby increasing transepithelial resistance. These data support the existence of a mechanism whereby activation of the CaSR in the TAL increases Cldn14 expression, which in turn blocks the paracellular reabsorption of Ca(2+). This molecular mechanism likely facilitates renal Ca(2+) losses in response to elevated serum Ca(2+). Moreover, dysregulation of the newly described CaSR-Cldn14 axis likely contributes to the development of hypercalciuria and kidney stones.
Hydroxyapatite nanostructure material derived using cationic surfactant as a template (2003)

This article reports the successful synthesis of mesoporous hydroxyapatite, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 (denoted HA) using cationic surfactant as the template. The wide-angle (2θ > 10°) diffraction data revealed characteristic peaks of HA, where a hexagonal lattice structure can be deduced. The lattice structure is found in space group P63/m, the parameters of which are in excellent agreement with reference data; i.e.a = b = 0.9418 nm, c = 0.6884 nm. For small angle diffraction (2θ < 10°), the characteristic peaks occur at 2θ values of 3.30, 5.75, 7.25 and 8.30°, indicating the presence of atomic planes with a periodical spacing of 2.677 nm. Nitrogen adsorption indicated a pore size distribution of approximately 3 nm, and a corresponding pore volume of 0.0113 cm3 g−1, hence the volume ratio of the mesopores was found to be ∼0.036. SEM micrographs reveal a rod-like structure of HA, possessing a thickness of about 50–100 nm and length ranging from 500 to 1000 nm, while TEM micrographs revealed that nano-channels are formed within the rod-like structure. These nano-channels align in a lengthwise direction within the rods, consistent with the cavities being generated by the removal of “organic” CTAB templating structure during calcination. The channels have dimensions of around 3.5 nm and the spaces between the nano-channels are filled with an ordered crystalline HA structure. Comparing the pore size and the spacing between neighboring channels, the pore volume ratio of each rod was calculated to be ∼0.029, which is in agreement with the result from gas adsorption. A probable mechanism is that CTAB–PO43− mixtures form rod-like micelles, which contain many PO43− groups on the surface, and in the presence of Ca2+, Ca9(PO4)6 clusters are preferentially condensed on the rod-shaped micellar surface due to the conformation compatibility between the identical hexagonal shapes of the micelles and Ca9(PO4)6 clusters. The micelles act as nucleating points for the growth of HA crystals. During the thermal incubation stage, CTAB–HA complexes are produced and they coalesce to form a stable three-dimensional rod-like structure. The morphology of the final product shows about 10 layers of HA crystal grows on one micelle during the reaction in water.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF QUINOXALINE‐ AND INDOLE‐2,3‐DICARBOXYLIC ACID IMIDES (1980)

Abstract Die Chlormaleinimide (I) werden mit NaN 3 in die entsprechenden Azide umgewandelt, von denen das Azid (II) isoliert werden kann.
Adaptive Calibration Algorithm for Plasma Glucose Estimation in Continuous Glucose Monitoring (2013)

Minimally or noninvasive continuous glucose monitors estimate plasma glucose from compartments alternative to blood, and may revolutionize the management of diabetes. However, the accuracy of current devices is still poor and it may partly depend on low performance of the implemented calibration algorithm. Here, a new adaptive calibration algorithm based on a population local-model-based intercompartmental glucose dynamic model is proposed. The novelty consists in the adaptation of data normalization parameters in real time to estimate and compensate patient's sensitivity variations. Adaptation is performed to minimize mean absolute relative deviation at the calibration points with a time window forgetting strategy. Four calibrations are used: preprandial and 1.5 h postprandial at two different meals. Two databases are used for validation: 1) a 9-h CGMS Gold (Medtronic, Northridge, USA) time series with paired reference glucose values from a clinical study in 17 subjects with type 1 diabetes; 2) data from 30 virtual patients (UVa simulator, Virginia, USA), where inter- and intrasubject variability of sensor's sensitivity were simulated. Results show how the adaptation of the normalization parameters improves the performance of the calibration algorithm since it counteracts sensor sensitivity variations. This improvement is more evident in one-week simulations.
The crystal structure of RESr<sub>2</sub>GaCu<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> (1991)

The crystal structure of RESr2GaCu2O7 (with RE=Er...La and Y) has been studied by powder neutron, powder X-ray and single crystal X-ray diffraction. These compounds crystallize in space group Ima2 with approximate lattice parameters a≈22.8Å ≈2.c (1-2-3), b≈5.5Å $\approx\sqrt{2}\cdot b$ (1-2-3) and c≈5.4Å $\approx\sqrt{2}\cdot a$ (1-2-3) and 4 formula units per cell. Like the high-Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O7 (“1-2-3”) the structure contains double layers of Cu-O5-pyramids separated by Y or trivalent rare earth ions. The Cu-O4 square planar chains of 1-2-3, however, are replaced by Ga-O4 tetrahedral chains running along the diagonal of the basal plane of the 1-2-3 subcell. The role of Ba to fill the large voids in 1-2-3 is played by Sr in these compounds. The structure forms with Y and all trivalent rare earth ions from Er through La with the exception of Ce. The oxygen stoichiometry is fixed to O7 and the compounds are semiconducting. They can be p-doped by partially replacing RE by divalent earth alkali ions, thus reducing the resistivity drastically. However, despite their strong similarity to 1-2-3, particularly with respect to the Cu-O5-pyramidal bilayers, combined with the possibility of p-doping all attempts to make these compounds metallic or even superconducting have failed so far.