gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Water‐soluble acrylamide copolymers. IX. Preparation and characterization of the cationic derivatives of poly(acrylamide‐<i>co</i>‐<i>n,n</i>‐dimethylacrylamide), poly(acrylamide‐<i>co</i>‐methacrylamide), and poly(acrylamide‐<i>co</i>‐<i>n</i>‐<i>t</i>‐butylacrylamide) (2001)

Abstract This article extends the preparative details of a series of nonionic copolymers of acrylamide with N,N ‐dimethylacrylamide, methacrylamide, and N ‐ t ‐butylacrylamide to the synthesis of cationic derivatives of these new copolymers. The described procedures gave products with cationicities of 14–26 mol %. We measured the mean squared radii of gyration and intrinsic viscosities of aqueous solutions of these products at several different pHs and NaCl concentrations to compare these values with those determined for the nonionic precursors and related commercial cationic polymers. Because the molecular weights of the examples measured varied widely, it was difficult to establish definite trends. However, the large values obtained for the mean squared radii of gyration and intrinsic viscosities, relative to the nonionic precursors of these polymers, demonstrated that the charged groups had a qualitatively greater effect on polymer extension than the nonpolar bulky groups. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 39: 2525–2535, 2001
Ensuring Security and Privacy Preservation for Cloud Data Services (2016)

With the rapid development of cloud computing, more and more enterprises/individuals are starting to outsource local data to the cloud servers. However, under open networks and not fully trusted cloud environments, they face enormous security and privacy risks (e.g., data leakage or disclosure, data corruption or loss, and user privacy breach) when outsourcing their data to a public cloud or using their outsourced data. Recently, several studies were conducted to address these risks, and a series of solutions were proposed to enable data and privacy protection in untrusted cloud environments. To fully understand the advances and discover the research trends of this area, this survey summarizes and analyzes the state-of-the-art protection technologies. We first present security threats and requirements of an outsourcing data service to a cloud, and follow that with a high-level overview of the corresponding security technologies. We then dwell on existing protection solutions to achieve secure, dependable, and privacy-assured cloud data services including data search, data computation, data sharing, data storage, and data access. Finally, we propose open challenges and potential research directions in each category of solutions.
BIFROST project: 3-D crustal deformation rates derived from GPS confirm postglacial rebound in Fennoscandia (2014)

Since autumn 1993 the BIFROST project has provided daily GPS solutions of geodetic positions from a network of more than 40 stations covering a large area of the Baltic shield. This area is expected to show large vertical motion due to glacial isostatic rebound following the deglaciation at the end of the Pleistocene. This paper will discuss the inference of three-dimensional rates of crustal motion at the GPS stations with respect to (1) a plate-fixed average for the horizontal components; (2) a geocentric reference in order to infer absolute changes of sea level from vertical crustal motion and models of geoidal rebound. We show that the horizontal strain rate pattern is largely dominated by unilateral extension and not exhibiting horizontal shear to an important extent. In regard to the vertical motion a crucial issue is the stability of the geocentre in the GPS frame. We show results from an Empirical Orthogonal Function analysis that attenuates regionally correlated noise. In all components our observations suggest reasonably close agreement with forward computions on the basis of postglacial isostatic adjustment. A dominant tectonic signal would lead to a certain fraction of the batch of baselines to exhibit shortening. A tectonic process leading to a similar pattern of horizontal motion as expected from postglacial rebound can safely be dismissed in the context of the currently accepted plate tectonic setting. Thus, our baseline rate comparison will be a critical first order test of the prevailing style of deformation.
Human neutrophil laminin receptors: activation-dependent receptor expression. (1987)

Activated human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) isolated from peripheral blood specifically bind 125I-laminin after stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) or f-Met-Leu-Phe (FMLP) at 37 degrees C. Changes in laminin receptor expression are stimulus dose dependent at both chemotactic (10(-10) M to 10(-6) M) concentrations of FMLP, and secretory (greater than 5 ng/ml) levels of PMA. In the presence of cytochalasin B (5 micrograms/ml), 10(-7) M FMLP activation stimulates specific laminin binding, with an apparent Kd = 3.9 X 10(-9) M and 6.47 X 10(5) binding sites/cell, reaching equilibrium within 10 min at 4 degrees C. This observed activation-dependent change in laminin receptor expression is not due to interference by endogenous laminin, because no fluorescein-visualized anti-laminin antibody bound to cells without added glycoprotein, regardless of the level of activation. Levels of neutrophil lysozyme release, which show a PMA dose dependence similar to that of receptor binding activity, suggest that granule-plasma membrane fusion may be significant during increases in receptor expression. A lack of receptor stimulation by PMA from a granule-deficient patient or in granule-depleted cytoplasts from normal donors additionally supports this hypothesis. Electroblot transfer and autoradiography of subcellular fractions from unstimulated PMN reveals the presence of a 68,000 dalton laminin-binding component in the secondary/tertiary granule (beta) fraction, which may represent an intracellular laminin receptor pool.
Chinese Segmentation with a Word-Based Perceptron Algorithm (2007)

Standard approaches to Chinese word segmentation treat the problem as a tagging task, assigning labels to the characters in the sequence indicating whether the character marks a word boundary. Discriminatively trained models based on local character features are used to make the tagging decisions, with Viterbi decoding finding the highest scoring segmentation. In this paper we propose an alternative, word-based segmentor, which uses features based on complete words and word sequences. The generalized perceptron algorithm is used for discriminative training, and we use a beamsearch decoder. Closed tests on the first and second SIGHAN bakeoffs show that our system is competitive with the best in the literature, achieving the highest reported F-scores for a number of corpora. 1
Digest on Bee Poisoning, its Effects and Prevention (1966)

Poisoning of bees by agricultural chemicals is a subject of continuing concern to beekeepers, and to farmers whose crops require the pollinating services of bees. The pattern of the poisoning hazard changes each year, as new pesticides are produced, and as legislation, education, and public opinion gradually deter some growers from practices which especially endanger bees.Dr. Carl Johansen has specialized in these problems for many years, and has now written an up-to-date appraisal of the situation as it affects honeybees; he has brought together also what little is known about the effects of pesticides on wild bees. Table 1 lists the laboratory and field toxicity of 92 pesticides applied as sprays or dusts. The effects of pesticides on bees depend on many circumstances, and the toxicity of any one material may therefore appear somewhat different in countries which have different agricultural and beekeeping techniques. Dr. Johansen's results apply primarily to the western seaboard of North America, but they give a very useful basis for evaluation elsewhere.A supplementary list of newer pesticides brings the total up to 114, and an alphabetical index leads from 162 trade or common names to the toxicity rating for bees, and the chemical composition of the compounds.
Anatomical Features, Fiber Morphological, Physical and Mechanical Properties of Three Years Old New Hybrid Paulownia: Green Paulownia (2016)

Objective: Green Paulownia (hybridization of Paulownia elongataPaulownia fotunei and tropical Paulownia spp.) is new hybrid claimed as one of the fast-growing woody plants with the high potential as a fiber material or lignocellulosic material. The material for this study originates from the area of Nanning in China. Methodology: Cell morphology and anatomical appearances were observed and evaluated under the image analysis system (Leica DMLS). Physical and mechanical properties were evaluated based on the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards. Results: From the results, average value of the mean fiber length was 0.905 mm, mean fiber length 34.59 :m, lumen thickness 26.80 :m and cell wall thickness 3.89 :m. Fiber dimensions of green Paulownia are in the normal range for hardwoods. The physical and mechanical properties of 3 years old green Paulownia have similar properties than those 7-11 years old Paulownia published in China. Conclusion: The 3 years old green Paulownia timbers can be used as materials for furniture.
Aspartate neurotoxicity on cultured cortical neurons (1989)

L-aspartate neurotoxicity was quantitatively characterized in murine cortical cell cultures. Five-minute exposure to 30 microM-3 mM L-aspartate resulted in concentration-dependent (ED50 about 190 microM) neuronal destruction over the next 10 hr; glia were not injured. D-aspartate and L-aspartate were roughly equipotent neurotoxins. Ion substitution experiments suggested that L-aspartate neurotoxicity is comprised of both acute, sodium-dependent "excitotoxicity" and delayed, calcium-dependent degeneration, with the latter predominant under conditions of brief exposure. Aspartate neurotoxicity could be attenuated by D-2-amino-5-phosphonovalerate (D-APV), dextrorphan, ketamine, and kynurenate, but not by L-glutamate diethyl ester or gamma-D-glutamylaminomethyl sulfonate, consistent with principal involvement of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. D-APV and dextrorphan produced different effects on the aspartate concentration-toxicity relation; the former drug was consistent with a competitive and the latter with a noncompetitive mechanism of antagonism.
CLINICAL EXPERIENCE WITH <sup>75</sup>Se SELENOMETHYLCHOLESTEROL ADRENAL IMAGING (1981)

The results of quantitative adrenal imaging using 75Se selenomethylcholesterol in sixty-two subjects are analysed. The adrenal area was localized by a renal scan, lateral views of which enabled adrenal depth to be estimated. The first nineteen cases were scanned with a rectilinear scanner and the remaining forty-three cases imaged with a gamma camera. Quantitation of adrenal uptake was performed on computer-stored static images obtained 7 and 14 days post-injection of 75Se selenomethylcholesterol (3 and 6 days in the first ten cases studied). Normal uptake was found to be 0.07-0.30% of the administered dose. Overall predictive accuracy of the type of adrenal disorder of thirty-two patients with Cushing's syndrome ws 90.6%, this included twelve cases of Cushing's disease (mean uptake 0.58%), seven ectopic ACTH syndromes (mean uptake 0.69%), five unilateral adenomata (mean uptake 0.93%), three post adrenalectomy regrowths (mean uptake 1.37%), three adrenal carcinomas (mean uptake 0.01%), one congenital hyperplasia (mean uptake 3.4%) and one unilateral nodular hyperplasia. Overall predictive accuracy of the cause of Conn's syndrome in twenty-two cases was 86.4%; this included thirteen cases of bilateral hyperplasia (mean uptake 0.34%), eight unilateral adenomata (mean uptake 0.47%) and one patient with mineralocorticoid excess in whom the cause has not been confirmed. The mean uptake in the normal adrenal in cases of unilateral adenoma was 0.19% (range 0.07-0.30%). Causes of unsatisfactory adrenal imaging are examined. The procedure is recommended as the localizing and lateralizing technique of choice in Cushing's syndrome except where due to adrenal carcinoma, and as an important non-invasive technique in Conn's syndrome for the lateralization of adenoma.
Antibiotic resistance in<i>Neisseria gonorrhoeae</i>: origin, evolution, and lessons learned for the future (2011)

The strict human pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae has caused gonorrhea for thousands of years, and currently gonorrhea is the second most prevalent bacterial sexually transmitted infection worldwide. Given the ancient nature of N. gonorrhoeae and its unique obligate relationship with humankind over the millennia, its remarkable ability to adapt to the host immune system and cause repeated infections, and its propensity to develop resistance to all clinically useful antibiotics, the gonococcus is an ideal pathogen on which to study the evolution of bacterial pathogenesis, including antimicrobial resistance, over the long term and within the host during infection. Recently, the first gonococcus displaying high-level resistance to ceftriaxone, identified in Japan, was characterized in detail. Ceftriaxone is the last remaining option for empirical first-line treatment, and N. gonorrhoeae now seems to be evolving into a true "superbug." In the near future, gonorrhea may become untreatable in certain circumstances. Herein, the history of antibiotics used for treatment of gonorrhea, the evolution of resistance emergence in N. gonorrhoeae, the linkage between resistance and biological fitness of N. gonorrhoeae, lessons learned, and future perspectives are reviewed and discussed.
Extraction of ethyl and methyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids with aqueous silver nitrate solutions (1994)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTExtraction of ethyl and methyl esters of polyunsaturated fatty acids with aqueous silver nitrate solutionsMasaaki Teramoto, Hideto Matsuyama, Nobuaki Ohnishi, Sadamu Uwagawa, and Katsuya NakaiCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1994, 33, 2, 341–345Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1994Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1994https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00026a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00026a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views432Altmetric-Citations35LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Discussion following van de Hulst's Report (1970)

This discussion on the opening day of the Symposium started in the afternoon and was consequently rather short. The version presented here is even shorter since some extensive remarks by Zel'dovich and Sunyaev have been transferred to a more proper location, the discussion following the Reports by Weaver and by Field (p. 77).
Markov Decision Processes with a New Optimality Criterion: Discrete Time (1973)

Standard finite state and action discrete time Markov decision processes with discounting are studied using a new optimality criterion called moment optimality. A policy is moment optimal if it lexicographically maximizes the sequence of signed moments of total discounted return with a positive (negative) sign if the moment is odd (even). This criterion is equivalent to being a little risk adverse. It is shown that a stationary policy is moment optimal by examining the negative of the Laplace transform of the total return random variable. An algorithm to construct all stationary moment optimal policies is developed. The algorithm is shown to be finite.
The Enhancer of split [E(spl)] locus of Drosophila encodes seven independent helix-loop-helix proteins. (1992)

The E(spl) locus is thought to participate in a cell interaction mechanism that controls the choice of many cell fates during Drosophila development, including the segregation of neural precursors. Previous studies have demonstrated that E(spl) is defined by two groups of closely related transcripts, (i) a cluster of three transcripts encoding proteins bearing a helix-loop-helix (HLH) motif and (ii) a single-copy gene encoding a nuclear protein containing repeated motifs first identified in the beta subunit of guanine nucleotide-binding proteins. Both groups interact genetically with the Notch locus, which codes for a transmembrane protein. We report the structure of four additional HLH-encoding genes that reside in the E(spl) complex and provide evidence that we have now identified all the remaining members of the E(spl) HLH cluster.
Hierarchical Fabrication of Engineered Vascularized Bone Biphasic Constructs via Dual 3D Bioprinting: Integrating Regional Bioactive Factors into Architectural Design (2016)

A biphasic artificial vascularized bone construct with regional bioactive factors is presented using dual 3D bioprinting platform technique, thereby forming a large functional bone grafts with organized vascular networks. Biocompatible mussel-inspired chemistry and "thiol-ene" click reaction are used to regionally immobilize bioactive factors during construct fabrication for modulating or improving cellular events.
Radiation characteristics of a tapered cylindrical optical fiber (1978)

Output coupling of light from a conically tapered optical fiber is investigated. Such a technique may be used to provide “wide-angle” illumination from a single fiber of low numerical aperture. Experimental results for a series of fibers of varying taper angles are presented. It is found experimentally that light which is coupled out of a taper is widely dispersed when the taper angle is large. Based upon modified geometrical optics we present a theory which qualitatively predicts the experimentally measured radiation intensity patterns.
Successful application of the MSCC process (1996)

At the 1991 NPRA Annual Meeting, BAR-CO Processes Joint Venture (BARCO) published results on the commercial demonstration of a short-contact-time system that is applied to fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) and heavy oil upgrading. Since that time, Coastal Eagle Point Oil Company (CEPOC) revamped a 55,000 BPD FCC unit to use this short-contact-time system, known as the MSCC process, and BARCO entered into a licensing partnership with UOP. The MSCC process is a millisecond catalytic cracking process. This paper describes CEPOC`s experience with revamping the FCC unit to MSCC technology. Key aspects of the MSCC process scale-up to commercial size, project execution, and CEPOC MSCC unit operations are discussed. The CEPOC MSCC performance is compared to expected levels and to the best-available FCC riser technology. The BARCO-UOP partnership offers a vehicle to license MSCC technology for a broad range of commercial situations. Both new unit and revamp applications of MSCC technology are discussed.
Surveillance strategies in inflammatory bowel disease. (2010)

Patients with longstanding ulcerative colitis (UC) are at increased risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC). Although data for CRC risk in Crohn's disease (CD) are limited, it has been suggested that the risk is comparable to UC. Current strategies for the prevention and early detection of cancer in this high risk population are based on the concept of an inflammation-neoplasia-carcinoma sequence. To reduce CRC mortality in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), colonoscopic surveillance with random and targeted biopsies are recommended to detect early neoplasia. The introduction of novel endoscopic techniques such as conventional or virtual chromoendoscopy to facilitate targeted biopsies or confocal laser endomicroscopy to further characterise suspicious lesions has become increasingly associated with enhanced neoplasia detection. However, there is only indirect evidence that such surveillance strategies are likely to be effective in reducing the risk of death from IBD-associated CRC. Furthermore, new data suggests that surveillance strategies largely based upon disease duration are leading to delayed or missed diagnosis of early CRC in a substantial number of patients. Therefore, current surveillance guidelines seem to lack efficacy and need to be reassessed.
Feature Fusion for Scene Text Detection (2018)

A significant challenge in scene text detection is the large variation in text sizes. In particular, small text are usually hard to detect. This paper presents an accurate oriented text detector based on Faster R-CNN. We observe that Faster R-CNN is suitable for general object detection but inadequate for scene text detection due to the large variation in text size. We apply feature fusion both in RPN and Fast R-CNN to alleviate this problem and furthermore, enhance model's ability to detect relatively small text. Our text detector achieves comparable results to those state of the art methods on ICDAR 2015 and MSRA-TD500, showing its advantage and applicability.
Antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs for chronic non-cancer pain. (2005)

The development of newer classes of antidepressants and second-generation antiepileptic drugs has created unprecedented opportunities for the treatment of chronic pain. These drugs modulate pain transmission by interacting with specific neurotransmitters and ion channels. The actions of antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs differ in neuropathic and non-neuropathic pain, and agents within each medication class have varying degrees of efficacy. Tricyclic antidepressants (e.g., amitriptyline, nortriptyline, desipramine) and certain novel antidepressants (i.e., bupropion, venlafaxine, duloxetine) are effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The analgesic effect of these drugs is independent of their antidepressant effect and appears strongest in agents with mixed-receptor or predominantly noradrenergic activity, rather than serotoninergic activity. First-generation antiepileptic drugs (i.e., carbamazepine, phenytoin) and second-generation antiepileptic drugs (e.g., gabapentin, pregabalin) are effective in the treatment of neuropathic pain. The efficacy of antidepressants and antiepileptic drugs in the treatment of neuropathic pain is comparable; tolerability also is comparable, but safety and side effect profiles differ. Tricyclic antidepressants are the most cost-effective agents, but second-generation antiepileptic drugs are associated with fewer safety concerns in elderly patients. Tricyclic antidepressants have documented (although limited) efficacy in the treatment of fibromyalgia and chronic low back pain. Recent evidence suggests that duloxetine and pregabalin have modest efficacy in patients with fibromyalgia.