gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Pioglitazone Decreases Fasting and Postprandial Endogenous Glucose Production in Proportion to Decrease in Hepatic Triglyceride Content (2008)

Pioglitazone treatment reduced mean plasma fasting glucose and mean peak postprandial glucose levels. Fasting EGP decreased after pioglitazone treatment (16.6 +/- 1.0 vs. 12.2 +/- 0.7 micromol . kg(-1) . min(-1), P = 0.005). Between 80 and 260 min postprandially, EGP was twofold lower on pioglitazone (2.58 +/- 0.25 vs. 1.26 +/- 0.30 micromol . kg(-1) . min(-1), P < 0.001). Hepatic triglyceride content decreased by approximately 50% (P = 0.03), and muscle (anterior tibialis) triglyceride content decreased by approximately 55% (P = 0.02). Hepatic triglyceride content was directly correlated with fasting EGP (r = 0.64, P = 0.01) and inversely correlated to percentage suppression of EGP (time 150 min, r = -0.63, P = 0.02). Muscle triglyceride, subcutaneous fat, and visceral fat content were not related to EGP. CONCLUSIONS Reduction in hepatic triglyceride by pioglitazone is very closely related to improvement in fasting and postprandial EGP in type 2 diabetes.
Adaptive Probabilistic Networks (1994)

Belief networks (or probabilistic networks) and neural networks are two forms of network representations that have been used in the development of intelligent systems in the field of artificial intelligence. Belief networks provide a concise representation of general probability distributions over a set of random variables, and facilitate exact calculation of the impact of evidence on propositions of interest. Neural networks, which represent parameterized algebraic combinations of nonlinear activation functions, have found widespread use as models of real neural systems and as function approximators because of their amenability to simple training algorithms. Furthermore, the simple, local nature of most neural network training algorithms provides a certain biological plausibility and allows for a massively parallel implementation. In this paper, we show that similar local learning algorithms can be derived for belief networks, and that these learning algorithms can operate using only information that is directly available from the normal, inferential processes of the networks. This removes the main obstacle preventing belief networks from competing with neural networks on the above-mentioned tasks. The precise, local, probabilistic interpretation of belief networks also allows them to be partially or wholly constructed by humans; allows the results of learning to be easily understood; and allows them to contribute to rational decision-making in a well-defined way
Ultrastrong Fibers Assembled from Giant Graphene Oxide Sheets (2012)

Continuous, ultrastrong graphene fibers are achieved by wet-spinning of giant graphene oxide liquid crystals, followed by wet-drawing and ion-cross-linking. The giant size and regular alignment of graphene sheets render the fibers with high mechanical strength and good conductivity. Such graphene fibers promise wide applications in functional textiles, flexible and wearable sensors, and supercapacitor devices.
Branched Fatty Acid Esters of Hydroxy Fatty Acids (FAHFAs) Protect against Colitis by Regulating Gut Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses (2016)

We recently discovered a structurally novel class of endogenous lipids, branched palmitic acid esters of hydroxy stearic acids (PAHSAs), with beneficial metabolic and anti-inflammatory effects. We tested whether PAHSAs protect against colitis, which is a chronic inflammatory disease driven predominantly by defects in the innate mucosal barrier and adaptive immune system. There is an unmet clinical need for safe and well tolerated oral therapeutics with direct anti-inflammatory effects. Wild-type mice were pretreated orally with vehicle or 5-PAHSA (10 mg/kg) and 9-PAHSA (5 mg/kg) once daily for 3 days, followed by 10 days of either 0% or 2% dextran sulfate sodium water with continued vehicle or PAHSA treatment. The colon was collected for histopathology, gene expression, and flow cytometry. Intestinal crypt fractions were prepared for ex vivo bactericidal assays. Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells pretreated with vehicle or PAHSA and splenic CD4<sup>+</sup> T cells from syngeneic mice were co-cultured to assess antigen presentation and T cell activation in response to LPS. PAHSA treatment prevented weight loss, improved colitis scores (stool consistency, hematochezia, and mouse appearance), and augmented intestinal crypt Paneth cell bactericidal potency via a mechanism that may involve GPR120. In vitro, PAHSAs attenuated dendritic cell activation and subsequent T cell proliferation and Th1 polarization. The anti-inflammatory effects of PAHSAs in vivo resulted in reduced colonic T cell activation and pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine expression. These anti-inflammatory effects appear to be partially GPR120-dependent. We conclude that PAHSA treatment regulates innate and adaptive immune responses to prevent mucosal damage and protect against colitis. Thus, PAHSAs may be a novel treatment for colitis and related inflammation-driven diseases.
Location tracking of test vehicles using accelerometers (2006)

Abstract:- This paper proposes a cost effective solution to localized mobile positioning with high accuracy requirements when high grade GPS is cost excessive or unavailable. Specifically this solution is targeted for accurate position determination of test vehicles on a known stretch of bridge.
Efficient Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters Utilizing (001) Textured Bimorph PZT Films on Flexible Metal Foils (2016)

Extracting energy from low vibration frequencies (<10 Hz) using piezoelectric energy harvester promises continuous self‐powering for sensors and wearables. The piezoelectric compliant mechanism (PCM) design provides a significantly higher efficiency by fostering a uniform strain for its 1st mode shape, and so is interesting for this application. In this paper, a PCM energy harvester with bimorph Pb(Zr,Ti)O 3 (PZT) films on Ni foil deposited by rf magnetron sputtering is shown to have high efficiency and large power for low frequency mechanical vibration. In particular, {001} textured PZT films are deposited on both sides of polished Ni foils with (100) oriented LaNiO 3 seed layers on HfO 2 buffer layers. The performance of PCM with an active area of 5.2 cm 2 is explored for various excitation accelerations (0.02–0.16 g [g = 9.8 m s −2 ]) around 6 Hz. The PCM device provides a power level of 3.9 mW cm −2 g 2 and 65% mode shape efficiencies.
Generation and Trapping of <i>N</i>-Acyliminium Ions Derived from Isomünchnone Cycloadducts. A Versatile Route to Functionalized Heterocycles (1999)

A series of 2-diazo-N-hept-6-enoylmalonamides were prepared and treated with a catalytic amount of rhodium(II) perfluorobutyrate. The resultant carbenoids underwent facile cyclization onto the neighboring amide carbonyl oxygen atom to generate isomünchnone-type intermediates. Subsequent 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition across the pendant olefin afforded intramolecular cycloadducts in high yield. The cascade sequence is simple, direct, and extremely tolerant of structural diversity. Exposure of these cycloadducts to Lewis acids resulted in oxabicyclic ring opening. N-Acyliminium ions of wide structural variety can be easily generated by this sequence of reactions. Different cyclization pathways become available depending on the nature of the substituent group attached to the amide nitrogen. When the tethered group is electrophilic in nature, proton loss from the initially formed N-acyliminium ion occurs rapidly to give an acyl enamide which undergoes a subsequent cyclization at the electrophilic center.
Cloning of a Phenol Oxidase Gene from <i>Acremonium murorum</i> and Its Expression in <i>Aspergillus awamori</i> (2001)

Fungal multicopper oxidases have many potential industrial applications, since they perform reactions under mild conditions. We isolated a phenol oxidase from the fungus Acremonium murorum var. murorum that was capable of decolorizing plant chromophores (such as anthocyanins). This enzyme is of interest in laundry-cleaning products because of its broad specificity for chromophores. We expressed an A. murorum cDNA library in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and subsequently identified enzyme-producing yeast colonies based on their ability to decolor a plant chromophore. The cDNA sequence contained an open reading frame of 1,806 bp encoding an enzyme of 602 amino acids. The phenol oxidase was overproduced by Aspergillus awamori as a fusion protein with glucoamylase, cleaved in vivo, and purified from the culture broth by hydrophobic-interaction chromatography. The phenol oxidase is active at alkaline pH (the optimum for syringaldazine is pH 9) and high temperature (optimum, 60 degrees C) and is fully stable for at least 1 h at 60 degrees C under alkaline conditions. These characteristics and the high production level of 0.6 g of phenol oxidase per liter in shake flasks, which is equimolar with the glucoamylase protein levels, make this enzyme suitable for use in processes that occur under alkaline conditions, such as laundry cleaning.
Vibrational Raman and Raman Optical Activity Spectra of <scp>d</scp>-Lactic Acid, <scp>d</scp>-Lactate, and <scp>d</scp>-Glyceraldehyde:  Ab Initio Calculations (2002)

Vibrational Raman and Raman optical activity (VROA) spectra have been obtained ab initio for various conformations of d-lactic acid, d-lactate, and d-glyceraldehyde. The calculations have been carried out at the linear response self-consistent field level. The VROA spectra have been found to be very sensitive to the conformational changes. The VROA parameter of the stretching vibration of the carbonyl group is shown to be a promising parameter for structural investigations because it changes sign when a short internal hydrogen bond OH···OC is formed. Raman spectra do not exhibit such sensitivity to the molecular conformation, although an analysis of the stretching vibrations of the hydroxyl group can also be helpful in localizing internal hydrogen bonds.
Endosomal pH-Activatable Poly(ethylene oxide)-<i>graft</i>-Doxorubicin Prodrugs: Synthesis, Drug Release, and Biodistribution in Tumor-Bearing Mice (2011)

Novel poly(ethylene oxide)-graft-doxorubicin (PEO-g-DOX) prodrugs with DOX covalently conjugated to PEO via a pH-sensitive hydrazone bond were developed. PEO-g-DOX conjugates could be readily prepared in the following steps: (i) anionic ring-opening copolymerization of ethylene oxide (EO) and allyl glycidyl ether (AGE) afforded functional PEO with controlled molecular weights, low polydispersities, and multiple pendant double bonds (PEO-g-allyl); (ii) conjugation of PEO-g-allyl with methyl mercaptoacetate, followed by treating with hydrazine hydrate, quantitatively transformed allyl into hydrazide groups (PEO-g-hydrazide); and (iii) DOX was covalently immobilized to PEO-g-hydrazide via acid-labile hydrazone bonds (PEO-g-DOX). Here on the basis of PEO-g-allyl(4.4) (M(n GPC) = 22 400, PDI = 1.19) and PEO-g-allyl(7.1) (M(n GPC) = 15 300, PDI = 1.16, the subscription refers to number of allyl groups per chain) two freely water-soluble PEO-g-DOX prodrugs with 2.9 and 3.6 DOX per molecule (denoted as PEO-g-DOX(2.9) and PEO-g-DOX(3.6), corresponding to drug loading content of 5.6 and 9.0 wt %, respectively) were obtained. The in vitro release studies confirmed much faster release of DOX at pH 5.0 and 6.0 than at pH 7.4. For example, approximately 16, 52, and 61% of drug were released in 22 h, and 23, 83, and 92% of drug were released in 120 h from PEO-g-DOX(2.9) at pH 7.4, 6.0 and 5.0, respectively. Notably, confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) observations revealed that DOX was released and delivered into the nuclei of RAW 264.7 cells following 24 h of incubation. MTT assays demonstrated that PEO-g-DOX(2.9) had pronounced cytotoxic effects to RAW 264.7, HeLa, and 4T1 breast tumor cells with IC(50) values of about 26.5, 42.5, and 32.0 μg DOX equiv/mL, whereas the corresponding polymer carrier PEO-g-hydrazide(4.4) was nontoxic. The In Vivo pharmacokinetics and biodistribution studies in mice showed that PEO-g-DOX(2.9) prodrugs had significantly prolonged circulation time and enhanced drug accumulation in the tumor as compared with free DOX. We are convinced that endosomal pH-activatable PEO-g-DOX prodrugs have tremendous potential for targeted cancer therapy.
Trafficking of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1-Specific CD8<sup>+</sup>T Cells to Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue during Chronic Infection (2003)

Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) is a significant but understudied lymphoid organ, harboring a majority of the body's total lymphocyte population. GALT is also an important portal of entry for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), a major site of viral replication and CD4(+) T-cell depletion, and a frequent site of AIDS-related opportunistic infections and neoplasms. However, little is known about HIV-specific cell-mediated immune responses in GALT. Using lymphocytes isolated from rectal biopsies, we have determined the frequency and phenotype of HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells in human GALT. GALT CD8(+) T cells were predominantly CD45RO(+) and expressed CXCR4 and CCR5. In 10 clinically stable, chronically infected individuals, the frequency of HIV Gag (SL9)-specific CD8(+) T cells was increased in GALT relative to peripheral blood mononuclear cells by up to 4.6-fold, while that of cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific CD8(+) T cells was significantly reduced (P = 0.012). Both HIV- and CMV-specific CD8(+) T cells in GALT expressed CCR5, but only HIV-specific CD8(+) T cells expressed alpha E beta 7 integrin, suggesting that mucosal priming may account for their retention in GALT. Chronically infected individuals exhibited striking depletion of GALT CD4(+) T cells expressing CXCR4, CCR5, and alpha E beta 7 integrin, but CD4(+)/CD8(+) T-cell ratios in blood and GALT were similar. The percentage of GALT CD8(+) T cells expressing alpha E beta 7 was significantly decreased in infected individuals, suggesting that HIV infection may perturb lymphocyte retention in GALT. These studies demonstrate the feasibility of using tetramers to assess HIV-specific T cells in GALT and reveal that GALT is the site of an active CD8(+) T-cell response during chronic infection.
Ultra low noise Nb DC SQUIDs (1981)

Electron-beam lithography has been used to produce ultra low noise Nb dc SQUIDs (Superconducting QUantum Interference Devices) with Josephson elements consisting of either small area tunnel junctions or very narrow variable thickness bridges (nanobridges). Detailed voltage noise and transfer function measurements have been made as a function of temperature and flux and current bias. These measurements allow a computation of the intrinsic energy resolution ε vs bias parameters as well as comparison with models of intrinsic SQUID noise. The best ε obtained was of order Planck's constant h. Moreover, the detailed characteristics of the SQUID voltage noise are in agreement with a small signal analysis that depends only on the current noise in each of the Josephson elements and measurable parameters.
Dye-Grafted, Poly(ethylene imine)-Coated, Formed-in-Place Class Affinity Membranes for Selective Separation of Proteins (1993)

Poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) was adsorbed on a titania microfiltration membrane supported by a porous stainless steel tubular module and crosslinked into a stable layer by multi-functional oxiranes. Cibacron Blue F3GA was immobilized on the activated PEI layer to provide a ligand for specific proteins. Solutions of human serum albumin (HSA) were used as model protein solutions for investigating the affinity separation properties of the membrane. the effects of pH and ionic strength of the protein solution on the binding capacity of the membrane and the influence of the crossflow velocity on the frontal elution profiles were investigated. A procedure for the affinity separation of HSA from human plasma using the membrane was developed and the separation accomplished.
Gene Transfer to Synovial Cells by Intra-Articular Administration of Plasmid DNA (1995)

We studied reporter gene expression in synovial tissue after intra-articular administration of an expression plasmid into the knees of rabbits and rats. In both species, administration of a plasmid encoding beta-galactosidase led to gene expression in the synovial cells lining the joint. Expression correlated with the presence of plasmid DNA in synovial tissue extracts. Studies with a plasmid encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase demonstrated that gene expression persists for 2-5 days after administration. Southern blotting demonstrated that the administered plasmid was taken up rapidly by synovial tissue and degraded. By 24 hr after administration, no intact plasmid could be detected by Southern blotting, although small amounts of plasmid could be amplified by PCR up to 7 days. Administration of a plasmid encoding human growth hormone demonstrated that this product could be expressed from synovial cells and secreted into the synovial fluid. The histological distribution of gene expression in synovium resembles the known distribution of particulate materials injected into the joint and suggests that plasmid DNA is taken up by nonspecific endocytosis like other particulate materials during the remodeling of synovial fluid.
Catalytic Oxidation of Alcohols in Water under Atmospheric Oxygen by Use of an Amphiphilic Resin‐Dispersion of a Nanopalladium Catalyst (2003)

A step closer to the ideal oxidation of alcohols: Catalytic oxidation of alcohols in water under atmospheric oxygen was achieved by use of an amphiphilic resin-dispersion of a nanopalladium catalyst (see scheme). This system combines high catalytic activity owing to the large surface area of the nanoparticles and water-based reactivity provided by the amphiphilicity of the polystyrene—poly(ethylene glycol) matrix.
SETL: A scalable and high performance ETL system (2012)

In order to extract, transform and load large scale data from heterogeneous data sources into data warehouse efficiently, the SETL system is designed and implemented in this paper. By using PERL subroutine attribute and data partition, SETL can implement ETL job easily and perform ETL job efficiently, and the plug-in design makes SETL with high scalability, and the design that performing one ETL job in one ETL pipeline makes SETL with distribution environment support. For illustration, one ETL job example is utilized to show the scalability in designing ETL job and show the high efficiency in processing large scale data. Experiments prove that SETL can extract, transform, and load large scale data into data warehouse efficiently. The SETL system simplified the ETL job design and implementation and can deal with heterogeneous data sources flexibly. It is a light-weighted, scalable and high-performance ETL system.
ForwArding and Control ElemenT protocol (FACT) (2003)

This document defines a FACT protocol that is suitable for
communicating between Forwarding Element and Control Elements inside a
network element. This protocol addresses all the requirements
described in Forces [3] requirements document. This document also
describes some of the architecture that FACT may leverage during the
protocol operation.
Possible contribution of skeletal muscle buffers to enhanced anaerobic performance (1984)

Sprint-trained athletes demonstrate a remarkable ability to perform exercise which results in fatigue quickly. However, the mechanisms for these enhanced performance capabilities have not been fully elucidated. Elevation in glycolytic enzymes and increased fast-twitch fiber compositions which would result in an enhanced ability to produce ATP do not appear to be capable of accounting for the greatly enhanced performances. Associated with these performances are large accumulations of anaerobic end products which produce decrements in intracellular pH. Because intracellular pH decrements of sufficient magnitude have been shown to inhibit athletic performances, it has been postulated that sprint-trained athletes have an enhanced proton-sequestering capability which would ultimately alter the rate of pH decrement. This would delay the inhibition of the enzymatic and contractile machinery resulting in enhanced performances. The intracellular buffers that are capable of contributing to this enhanced buffering capacity were identified as inorganic phosphate, protein-bound histidine residues, the dipeptide carnosine, bicarbonate, and creatine phosphate. Thus, it has been suggested that increased buffer capacities within sprint-trained athletes may be a contributing factor to his/her enhanced anaerobic performance capacities.
Plasma beam studies of Si and Al etching mechanisms (1982)

The study of plasma etching mechanisms is made difficult by the presence of the plasma at the etching surface. However, etching in a plasma beam extracted from such a plasma allows: (1) mass analysis of beam species and of directly desorbing etching product, (2) simultaneous XPS analysis of the etching surface, and (3) ion acceleration or retardation without changing neutral species composition. The present beam was extracted from the unpowered electrode of a source operating under typical plasma etching conditions of 50 Pa and 27 MHz. Appearance potential mass spectroscopy was used to distinguish spectrometer fragmentation products from plasma radicals. Cl2 plasma beam reaction with undoped Si and with oxidized Al occurs only with ion bombardment, whereas with clean Al it occurs without ions, leading to isotropic (undercut) etching. Surface oxygen depletion and the onset of Al2Cl6 desorption were simultaneously monitored during the ’’initiation’’ phase of Al etching. Anisotropic Al etching in chlorocarbon plasmas is believed to be dependent on sidewall etching inhibition by chlorocarbon deposits. Mass analysis of beams from Cl2 plasmas containing 20% CCl4, CHCl3, or CH3Cl showed a similar product distribution of CmCln species in all three cases and, in the latter two cases, almost complete abstraction of H by Cl atoms to form HCl. The HCl neither enhances nor inhibits the reaction of Al with Cl2 plasma, nor does it react with clean Al in the absence of ion bombardment.
Effect of a Modified Sulfite Waste Liquor and of Calcium Gluconate on Milk Production (1960)

Milk production was increased by 0.6 to 1.9 lb. per head per day when dairy cows were supplementally fed 0.25 lb. per day of a modified dried sulfite waste liquor from paper pulp manufacture. This 4-mo. field trial included 171 control and 143 treated cows in 12 herds, each of which was divided between the two groups. Gluconic acid, a constituent of the modified sulfite waste liquor, was attacked very slowly by rumen microorganisms and is not a common constituent of dairy cattle feeds. When two groups of five cows each were fed 0.125 lb. per day of calcium gluconate in a reversaI design with two 28-day periods~ the treatment increased fat-corrected milk by 1.5 lb. per cow per day (P ~ 0.01). The calcium glueonate feeding resulted in a slightly greater weight gain.
"True" Creatinine Chromogen Determination in Serum and Urine by Semi-automated Analysis (1965)

Abstract The Jaffè reaction, used to determine creatinine in urine and plasma or serum, gives a positive error in the latter because of the interference of noncreatinine. In man (particularly children) endogenous creatinine normally occurs at a relatively low concentration in serum (0.3-1.0 mg./100 ml.). The analytic error contributed by noncreatinine chromogens, therefore, may be considerable. Of various manual methods to eliminate this none has been used with automated creatinine analyses, which generally measure total creatinine-like chromogen. In the present investigation a strong cation-exchange resin is used manually for rapidly adsorbing and desorbing "true" creatinine from plasma which is then analyzed by an automated method. A phosphate buffer (pH 12.4) is substituted for 5% (w/v) NaOH, dialysis eliminated, and the instrument manifold design is modified. Concentrations of "true" creatinine from 0.2-2.0 mg./100 ml. can be determined at a rate of 20 samples per hr. in serum or 40/hr. in urine, with a recovery of 98-101%.