gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
DOING CHEMISTRY IN THREE DIMENSIONS (2002)

RETURN TO ISSUEPREVNewsNEXTDOING CHEMISTRY IN THREE DIMENSIONSSensitive two-photon dye promises to advance 3-D device fabricationRON DAGANICite this: Chem. Eng. News 2002, 80, 19, 9Publication Date (Print):May 13, 2002Publication History Published online13 November 2010Published inissue 13 May 2002https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-v080n019.p009https://doi.org/10.1021/cen-v080n019.p009newsACS PublicationsCopyright © 2002 American Chemical SocietyArticle Views8Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options SUBJECTS:Absorption spectroscopy,Lasers,Layer by layer deposition,Organic dyes,Polymers Get e-Alerts
Squaraine Dyes: Molecular Design for Different Applications and Remaining Challenges (2019)

Squaraine dyes are a class of organic dyes with strong and narrow absorption bands in the near-infrared. Despite high molar absorptivities and fluorescence quantum yields, these dyes have been less explored than other dye scaffolds due to their susceptibility to nucleophilic attack. Recent strategies in probe design including encapsulation, conjugation to biomolecules, and new synthetic modifications have seen squaraine dyes emerging into the forefront of biomedical imaging and other applications. Herein, we provide a concise overview of (1) the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical squaraine dyes, (2) the relationship between structure and photophysical properties of squaraine dyes, and (3) current applications of squaraine dyes in the literature. Given the recent successes at overcoming the limitations of squaraine dyes, they show high potential in biological imaging, in photodynamic and photothermal therapies, and as molecular sensors.
Numerical Taxonomy of Phylloplane Bacteria Isolated from Lolium perenne (1978)

Phenetic data on over 600 heterotrophic bacteria from green leaves of Lolium perenne s24 were collected and analysed using numerical taxonomic methods. Marker strains representing 60 taxa were included in the analyses. At similarity levels of 80 % or above, 74 % of the isolates were recovered in six major and 45 minor phena. Four of the major phena were equated with the taxa Listeria grayi/murrayi, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Staphylococcus saprophyticus and Xanthomonas campestris; the two unidentified phena contained pink, Gram-negative rods with polar flagella. Xanthomonads and pink chromogens formed high populations in May, xanthomonads and pseudomonads in July, xanthomonads in September and listeriae and staphylococci in October. It seems that despite the spatial proximity of leaves, litter and soil, each of these habitats contains independent bacterial communities with specific properties.
A study of facial expression in Parkinson's disease using a novel microcomputer-based method. (1988)

The aim of this study was to compare the smiling behaviour of a group of Parkinson9s disease sufferers with a control group of a similar age using a novel microcomputer-based approach, which utilises a mathematical model of the face to quantify facial expression. The findings indicate that the Parkinson9s group differed from the control group in the frequency of smiling while watching a series of cartoons and in the degree of mouth opening during smiling. Both groups completed the Levine-Pilowsky Depression questionnaire, and patients with Parkinson9s disease had significantly higher depression scores than those of the control group. Significant negative correlations between depression score and frequency of smiling, and depression score and inner eyebrow separation were also found.
A Pulsatile Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Stimulus is Required to Increase Transcription of the Gonadotropin Subunit Genes: Evidence for Differential Regulation of Transcription by Pulse Frequency In Vivo* (1991)

Previous results have shown that the pattern of GnRH pulses (amplitude and frequency) can differentially regulate expression of gonadotropin subunit cytoplasmic messenger RNA (mRNA) concentrations. The present study examined the effect of GnRH pulses on alpha, LH-beta and FSH-beta transcription rates as determined by nuclear runoff transcription assay. GnRH pulses (saline to controls) were given to castrate, testosterone-replaced male rats, and the rate of subunit gene transcription was measured in isolated pituitary nuclei. The effect of GnRH treatment duration was examined by giving GnRH pulses (25 ng/pulse at 30-min intervals) for 1, 4, or 24 h. The basal transcription rates [expressed as parts per million (ppm)] were 82 +/- 25 for alpha; 39 +/- 19 for LH-beta and 27 +/- 6 ppm for FSH-beta, and transcription rates of all 3 subunits were elevated at 1 h (3-5-fold vs. saline controls). After 4 h of GnRH pulses, alpha and FSH-beta transcription rates were reduced vs. 1 h, but LH-beta mRNA synthesis rate was maintained. At 24 h, the alpha transcription rate was still increased (66%), but LH-beta and FSH-beta transcription rates had fallen to basal levels despite the continuing pulsatile GnRH stimulus. The second experiment investigated the effect of the duration of GnRH pulses (25 ng/pulse, every 30 min for 4 h or 24 h), on cytoplasmic subunit mRNA concentrations to assess if the initial 4-h increase in transcription rate would induce a rise in cytoplasmic mRNAs. After 4 h of GnRH pulses, alpha and LH-beta mRNAs were unchanged, but FSH-beta mRNA had increased by 36% (P less than 0.05) compared to controls. All 3 subunit mRNAs were increased (approximately 2-fold) by 24 h of GnRH pulses. Administering GnRH pulses for 4 h followed by 20 h of saline pulses did not increase alpha mRNA; LH-beta was slightly increased (P less than 0.05), but FSH-beta mRNA concentrations were similar to levels seen after 24 h of continued GnRH pulses. The third experiment examined the effects of a continuous GnRH infusion and different GnRH pulse frequencies on gonadotropin subunit transcription rates. GnRH (25 ng/pulse) was given at intervals of 8, 30, or 120 min for 4 h (saline to controls). The continuous GnRH infusion (200 ng/h) did not increase the transcription rate of any of the three subunit mRNAs. alpha-subunit transcription rate was increased 2.7- or 4-fold by GnRH pulses given every 8 or 30 min, respectively.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Structure-based design modifications of the paullone molecular scaffold for cyclin-dependent kinase inhibition. (2000)

A congeneric series of paullones were characterized using a 3-D QSAR with cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) inhibition data. A homology model of CDK1-cyclin B was developed from the crystal structure of CDK2-cyclin A, which subsequently served as the basis for the structure-based design. Paullones were docked into the ATP binding site of the CDK1-cylin B models and were optimized with molecular mechanics. Hydropathic analyses of the paullone-CDK1 complexes were performed after the atom types were assigned based on each ligand's electronic properties calculated from quantum mechanics. Hydropathic descriptors formed a significant multiple regression equation that predicts paullone IC50 data. The results indicate that the combination of hydropathic descriptors with molecular mechanics geometries are sufficient to design overt steric and chemical complementarity of the ligands. However, the electronic properties derived from quantum mechanics helped direct synthetic chemistry efforts to produce ligands that promote better charge transfer and strengthen hydrogen bonding as facilitated by resonance stabilization. Compounds with low affinity for CDK1 were poor charge acceptors and made less than ideal hydrogen bonding arrangements with the receptor. These considerations led to the prediction that structures such as 9-cyanopaullone would be considerably more potent than the parent compound, a finding supported by enzyme inhibition data. Also, 9-nitropaullone emerged as a paullone which also had similar potency in enzyme inhibition as well as a favorable anti-proliferative activity profile in living cells.
Molecular Cloning and Expression of Human Liver Biliverdin-IX.BETA. Reductase. (1996)

The cDNA encoding for human liver isozyme I of biliverdin-IX beta reductase was cloned from human liver cDNA libraries. The constructed cDNA of 853 bp in length contained an entire reading frame coding 206 amino acid residues. It was found that isozyme 1 of biliverdin-IX beta reductase is identical to human erythrocyte NADPH-flavin reductase recently reported in a communication by Chikuba et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 198, 1170-1176 (1994). We, further, characterized this mRNA by Northern blot analyses of poly(A) RNA from four different human fetal tissues and eight different human adult tissues showed hybridization mainly to liver RNA in fetal tissues and to skeletal muscle and liver RNA in adult tissues. Southern blot analysis indicated that isozyme I of biliverdin-IX beta reductase appeared to be a single copy gene. Insertion of the enzyme-coding sequence into an expression vector pET-3c yielded relatively high amounts of the active enzyme in E. coli. The amino terminal sequence of the recombinant protein was identical to that of native enzyme, indicating that E. coli also removed the N-terminal methionine to produce the mature form. The recombinant and native biliverdin-IX beta reductases were indistinguishable as far as their mobility on SDS-PAGE gel, immunoreactivity and specific activity were concerned.
Single-Source Shortest-Paths on Arbitrary Directed Graphs in Linear Average-Case Time (2001)

The quest for a linear-time single-source shortest-path (SSSP) algorithm on directed graphs with positive edge weights is an ongoing hot research topic. While Thorup recently found an O(n + m) time RAM algorithm for undirected graphs with n nodes, m edges and integer edge weights in f0; : : : ; 2 w 1g where w denotes the word length, the currently best time bound for directed sparse graphs on a RAM is O(n + m log log n). In the present paper we study the average-case complexity of SSSP. We give a simple algorithm for arbitrary directed graphs with random edge weights uniformly distributed in [0; 1] and show that it needs linear time O(n + m) with high probability. 1 Introduction The single-source shortest-path problem (SSSP) is a fundamental and well-studied combinatorial optimization problem with many practical and theoretical applications [1]. Let G = (V; E) be a directed graph, jV j = n, jEj = m, let s be a distinguished vertex of the graph, and c be a function assigning a n...
Elevated CO<sub>2</sub> Induces Biochemical and Ultrastructural Changes in Leaves of the C<sub>4</sub> Cereal Sorghum (2000)

We analyzed the impact of growth at either 350 (ambient) or 700 (elevated) microL L(-1) CO(2) on key elements of the C(4) pathway (photosynthesis, carbon isotope discrimination, and leaf anatomy) using the C(4) cereal sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.). Gas-exchange analysis of the CO(2) response of photosynthesis indicated that both carboxylation efficiency and the CO(2) saturated rate of photosynthesis were lower in plants grown at elevated relative to ambient CO(2). This was accompanied by a 49% reduction in the phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase content of leaves (area basis) in the elevated CO(2)-grown plants, but no change in Rubisco content. Despite the lower phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase content, there was a 3-fold increase in C isotope discrimination in leaves of plants grown at elevated CO(2) and bundle sheath leakiness was estimated to be 24% and 33%, respectively, for the ambient and elevated CO(2)-grown plants. However, we could detect no difference in quantum yield. The ratio of quantum yield of CO(2) fixation to PSII efficiency was lower in plants grown at elevated CO(2), but only when leaf internal was below 50 microL L(-1). This suggests a reduction in the efficiency of the C(4) cycle when [CO(2)] is low, and also implies increased electron transport to acceptors other than CO(2). Analysis of leaf sections using a transmission electron microscope indicated a 2-fold decrease in the thickness of the bundle sheath cell walls in plants grown at elevated relative to ambient CO(2). These results suggest that significant acclimation to increased CO(2) concentrations occurs in sorghum.
Dewatering of hard-to-dewater pulps (2010)

Nanocellulose has much potential for enhancing the tensile strength of paper but it slows down significantly drainage, restricting its use in industrial scale. \n\nMain objective of the work was to find ways to improve the dewatering of nanocellulose-containing papers. The effects of cationic potato starch, microparticle system and filler addition on dewatering and such key properties as formation, tensile strength and air permeance of manufactured paper were studied. Test points had 0, 4 or 8 % CNF and 0, 15 or 30 % PCC content. Based on earlier studies, 25 mg/g starch dosage was added to some test points. \n\nModern microparticle system, consisted of cationic polyacrylamide and amorphous silica, was used in few test points. Dosages for both components were 0.3 and 0.6 mg/g, following the recommendations of the supplier. Also, the influences of CNF and filler on drying behaviour after different stages (drainage, wet pressing and cylinder drying) were estimated. \n\nFollowing trends were observed. Starch does not have unambiguous influence on dewatering. In some cases, it improved drainage slightly but effects on the properties of end product were discovered small. Filler quickened dewatering but large proportions were noticed to be detrimental for the drainage, air permeance and tensile strength. Microparticle system improved drainage notably, especially if CNF dosage was high. In addition, microparticle system increased tensile strength and decreased air permeance. However, its effects on formation were detrimental. \n\nDewatering of nanocellulose-containing furnishes is treatable up to a certain point. In the end, such drainage times that were measured from test points which consisted only of pure kraft pulps are awkward to reach.
Active integrated antennas (2002)

This paper provide a review of the active integrated antenna (AIA) technologies. After a brief introduction on the definition and some historical remarks, the paper concentrates on the research effort on the past decades or so. The AlAs are reviewed in its various functions. First, an oscillator-type AIA is presented, followed by very interesting aspects of coupled oscillator arrays for phase control. Use of an AIA concept for efficient RF front ends is described with examples on high-power amplifier AlAs. Next, a phase-conjugation-based retrodirective array is reviewed. Finally, AIA systems for receiving, transmitting, and duplexing are reviewed.
Dialkyl and Methyl-Alkyl Zirconocenes:  Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconocene-Alkyls That Model the Polymeryl Chain in Alkene Polymerizations (2007)

Zirconocene precatalysts with sterically bulky alkyl groups were designed as model systems for the propagating species in zirconocene-catalyzed alkene polymerization. Specialty alkyllithium reagents Li(CH2CEt3) and Li(CH2CMe2CH2Ph) were prepared and utilized in the synthesis of dialkyl and methyl-alkyl zirconocenes of the form CpCp*ZrR2, Cp2Zr(CH3)(R), and CpCp*Zr(CH3)(R) (Cp = (η5-C5H5); Cp* = (η5-C5Me5); R = CH2CMe3, CH2SiMe3, CH2CEt3, CH2CMe2CH2Ph). These new zirconocene alkyls were isolated and fully characterized by NMR spectroscopy and in some cases by X-ray diffraction. The molecular structures determined display the bent-sandwich coordination mode common for zirconocenes. The steric influence of the alkyl group on the observed structural parameters is reflected in slightly expanded C−Zr−C or C−Zr−Cl angles in the equatorial plane and long zirconium−alkyl bond distances.
Cell-free protein synthesis using multiply-primed rolling circle amplification products (2009)

Utilizing in vitro transcription and translation (IVTT) to produce small quantities of proteins is convenient but requires a significant supply of pure template DNA. This can be cumbersome, particularly when the method is used for many different templates in a high-throughput manner. Multiply-primed rolling circle amplification (RCA) with [#x03C6]29 DNA polymerase is a simple way to generate large amounts of DNA; however, the products of this amplification method have interruptions in both strands and branched structures. In this study, we tested whether RCA-generated DNA can serve as the template for in vitro transcription. We found that RCA DNA[#x02013]generated transcripts work in coupled in vitro translation with nearly the same efficiency (per nanogram of DNA) as those obtained from purified plasmid. We propose a convenient, single-tube format for template amplification, transcription, and translation.
Discovery of Novel <i>p</i>-Arylthio Cinnamides as Antagonists of Leukocyte Function-Associated Antigen-1/Intracellular Adhesion Molecule-1 Interaction. 1. Identification of an Additional Binding Pocket Based on an Anilino Diaryl Sulfide Lead (2000)

The interaction between leukocyte function-associated antigen-1 (LFA-1), a member of the beta(2)-integrin family of adhesion molecules, and intracellular adhesion molecule ICAM-1 (cd54) is thought to play a critical role in the inflammatory process. On the basis of an anilino diaryl sulfide screening lead 1, in combination with pharmacophore analysis of other screening hits, we have identified an adjacent binding pocket. Subsequently, a p-ethenylcarbonyl linker was discovered to be optimal for accessing this binding site. Solution-phase parallel synthesis enabled rapid optimization of the cinnamides for this pocket. In conjunction with fine-tuning of the diaryl substituents, we discovered a novel series of potent, nonpeptide inhibitors of LFA-1/ICAM-1 interaction, exemplified by A-286982 (28h), which has IC(50) values of 44 and 35 nM in an LFA-1/ICAM-1 binding assay and LFA-1-mediated cellular adhesion assay, respectively.
Design of polyimides for liquid crystal alignment films (2000)

Recent developments in the chemistry of polyimides (PIs) for liquid crystal (LC) alignment films are reviewed. Some important properties, such as low temperature curing, generation of pretilt angles, and electrical properties, are summarized with respect to the chemical structures of the PI materials. In addition, the future prospect of alignment films for enhanced LC display is also described. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bioassay for glycogen determination in biological phosphorus removal systems (1998)

Glycogen plays an important role in biological phosphorus removal from wastewaters. Existing measurement techniques often overestimate the glycogen content of the biomass due to the presence of glucose and/or other carbohydrates than glycogen in the cell material. As an alternative to conventional methods a bioassay for glycogen determination in biological phosphorus removal systems was developed. The bioassay is based on the strict stoichiometric coupling between anaerobic acetate uptake and glycogen consumption. In other words, the glycogen concentration of the sludge was determined indirectly by measuring the maximal total acetate uptake by the activated sludge in anaerobic batch tests. The bioassay was successfully tested for the determination of glycogen content of the sludge taken from the lab-scale, acetate-fed, anaerobic-aerobic-settling sequencing batch reactor operating at pH 7±0.1 and temperature of 20°C. This determination of glycogen requires that glycogen (not poly-P) is the limiting factor for anaerobic acetate uptake. A method to verify this assumption based on the effect of pH on phosphate/acetate ratio is proposed and used. The bioassay is easy to apply and gives a direct measure of the glycogen content of bio-P bacteria, but its reliability still needs to be verified at full-scale biological P-removal plants.
Preparation of disordered and ordered highly nonstoichiometric carbides and evaluation of their homogeneity (2000)

The features of solid-phase synthesis of highly nonstoichiometric carbides with controlled concentration of structural vacancies in the carbon sublattice have been considered. Four main stages are distinguished in the synthesis of nonstoichiometric carbides by the solid-phase sintering technique. It is shown that the inhomogeneity of highly nonstoichiometric compounds leads to the broadening of diffraction reflections. The analytical relation between the broadening and the inhomogeneity is obtained for the first time, and the method based on diffraction measurements is proposed for the quantitative evaluation of the degree of homogeneity of nonstoichiometric compounds. As an illustration of the advanced approach, the degree of homogeneity of nonstoichiometric niobium carbide is evaluated from the experimental data on the width of x-ray diffraction peaks. The heat treatment conditions providing the preparation of nonstoichiometric Group IV and V transition metal carbides in the disordered and ordered states are determined.
Frequency-Steered Acoustic Arrays: Application to Structural Health Monitoring of Composite Plates (2010)

This paper presents the design, characterization, and application of periodic piezoelectric actuator arrays for structural health monitoring. In the proposed array configuration, all elements are activated simultaneously to achieve strong frequency-dependent directional actuation, which allows beam steering through a sweep of the excitation frequency and limited hardware requirements. The array enables in situ monitoring of critical components through strongly focused actuation and directional scanning capabilities. The concept is illustrated for a selected design with quadrilateral topology on an isotropic plate. The application to composite panels is also specifically discussed by illustrating the complexity of the corresponding dispersion properties, which suggest design challenges for mode tuning. A quadrilateral design is tested for excitation of the A0 mode on a selected lay-up sequence to illustrate the generality of the proposed concept and its applicability to composites.
VoiceXML Introduction to Developing Speech Applications (2002)

(NOTE: Each chapter ends with Key Concepts and Exercises and Projects.) Introduction. 1. Why Develop Speech Applications for the Telephone? 2. How Speech Applications Work. 3. Technologies for Speech Applications. 4. Creating Speech Applications. 5. Introduction to VoiceXML. 6. Make the Computer Talk. 7. Make the Computer Listen. 8. Application-Directed Styles and Dialog Documents. 9. User-Directed Styles and Dialog Documents. 10. Mixed-Initiative Dialogs. 11. Testing - Tuning and Monitoring. 12. Development Tools and Reusability. 13. Multimedia Dialogs. Appendix A: Ajax Fast Foods Case Study. Appendix B: The W3C Speech Interface Framework. References. Glossary of Terms. Index.