gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nylon Production: An Unknown Source of Atmospheric Nitrous Oxide (1991)

Nitrous oxide in the earth's atmosphere contributes to catalytic stratospheric ozone destruction and is also a greenhouse gas component. A precise budgetary accounting of N(2)O sources has remained elusive, and there is an apparent lack of source identification. One source of N(2)O is as a by-product in the manufacture of nylon, specifically in the preparation of adipic acid. Characterization of the reaction N(2)O stoichiometry and its isotopic composition with a simulated industrial adipic acid synthesis indicates that because of high rates of global adipic acid production, this N(2)O may account for approximately 10 percent of the increase observed for atmospheric N(2)O.
A unifying framework for tolerance analysis in sensing, design, and manufacturing (2002)

In this work we address the problem of tolerance representation and analysis across the domains of industrial inspection using sensed data, CAD design, and manufacturing. Instead of using geometric primitives in CAD models to define and represent tolerances, we propose the use of stronger methods that are completely based on the manufacturing knowledge for the objects to be inspected. We guide our sensing strategies based on the manufacturing process plans for the parts that are to be inspected and define, compute, and analyze the tolerances of the parts based on the uncertainty in the sensed data along the different toolpaths of the sensed part. We believe that our new approach is the best way to unify tolerances across sensing, CAD, and CAM, as it captures the manufacturing knowledge of the parts to be inspected, as opposed to just CAD geometric representations.
[Human leukocyte antigen--B/C transcription in oral squamous cell carcinomas]. (2003)

Impaired regulation of human leukocyte antigen--B/C transcription could occur but might not be directly associated with metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinomas.
Epitaxial Growth and Properties of Silicon on Alumina-Rich Single-Crystal Spinel (1969)

Mobilities similar in magnitude to bulk silicon mobilities may be realized in 1.4 to 1.6µ thick films on flame fusion magnesium aluminate spinel, for carrier concentrations greater than (p‐type). The electrical properties of these films are not significantly altered by thermal oxidation at 1200° C for 1 hr. In this carrier concentration range the electrical characteristics are not highly dependent on the deposition rate within the limits investigated. For carrier concentrations between and (p‐type) the "as deposited" film mobilities are near bulk values, but the mobilities are degraded by the thermal oxidation. In this doping range the electrical properties of the oxidized films are critically dependent on the deposition rate. The films deposited at the higher rates are altered less on oxidation than films deposited at the lower rates. Using a growth rate of 2 µ/min, a mobility of 300 cm2/V‐sec (≈80% of bulk) at may be realized in a film oxidized 1 hr at 1100°C. Below this carrier concentration the mobility of the oxidized films decreases sharply with decreasing carrier concentrations. Minority carrier lifetimes as high as 40 nsec have been realized in 4µ thick films of silicon on spinel. The carrier concentration as a function of temperature and mobility as a function of thickness of silicon on spinel have been measured.
Latitudinal Variation in Globigerina pachyderma (Ehrenberg) in Surface Sediments of the Southwest Pacific Ocean (1968)

Planktonic foraminifera, continuous cline between New Zealand and Antarctica, three morphologic groups, statistical data, relationship to hydrologic conditions, proposed application to paleoclimatology
Deciphering Transcriptional Regulatory Elements That Encode Specific Cell-Cycle Phasing by Comparative Genomics Analysis (2005)

Transcriptional regulation is a major tier in the periodic engine that mobilizes cell cycle progression. The availability of complete genome sequences of multiple organisms holds promise for significantly improving the specificity of computational identification of functional elements. Here, we applied a comparative genomics analysis to decipher transcriptional regulatory elements that control cell cycle phasing. We analyzed genome-wide promoter sequences from 12 organisms, including worm, fly, fish, rodents and human, and identified conserved transcriptional modules that determine the expression of genes in specific cell cycle phases. We demonstrate that a canonical E2F signal encodes for expression highly specific to the G1/S phase, and that a cis-regulatory module comprising CHR-NF-Y elements dictates expression that is restricted to the G2 and G2/M phases. B-Myb binding site signatures occur in many of the CHR-NF-Y target genes, suggesting a specific role for this triplet in the regulation of the cell cycle transcriptional program. Remarkably, E2F signals are conserved in promoters of G1/S genes in all organisms from worm to human. The CHR-NF-Y module is conserved in promoters of G2/M regulated genes in all analyzed vertebrates. Our results reveal novel modules that determine specific cell cycle phasing, and identify their respective putative target genes with remarkably high specificity.
Clinical and immunological efficacy of intradermal vaccine plus lamivudine with or without interleukin‐2 in patients with chronic hepatitis B (2002)

To evaluate therapeutic immunostimulation nine chronic hepatitis B patients received six monthly intradermal vaccinations with HBsAg in combination with daily lamivudine. Another five patients received six doses of the vaccine and daily lamivudine together with daily Interleukin-2 (IL-2) s.c. within 3 months in an open-labeled trial. Clinical efficacy was assessed by alanine transaminase levels and HBV serology. The induction of specific T and B cell responses was analyzed serially by 3H-thymidine uptake, ELISA and ELISPOT assays. After the therapy was stopped, seven of nine vaccine/lamivudine and two of five vaccine/lamivudine/IL-2 recipients did not have detectable HBV DNA. Four complete responders cleared the virus and had normalized ALT levels, however, one of these patients showed transient disease reactivation followed by spontaneous viral clearance and normal ALT five months later. Low frequencies of anti-HBs producing B cells and HBV specific T helper cells secreting predominantly interferon-gamma were induced by i.d. vaccine therapy. The ELISPOT technique demonstrated transient induction of HBV peptide specific cytotoxic T cells in seven HLA-A2 positive chronic HBV carriers. The preliminary data from this study demonstrate that the HBV surface antigen vaccine in combination with antiviral or immunomodulating drugs induced antiviral immune responses and consequently viral elimination may be achieved in patients with unfavorable prognosis.
Criticality Analysis of Heterogeneous Light Water Reactor Configurations (1993)

The ENDF/B-V nuclear data are validated for use in light water reactor criticality calculations. This is done by using the continuous energy Monte Carlo code MCNP to simulate critical experiments with two distinct core configurations typical of those of boiling water reactors. By varying parameters such as temperature, burnable absorber content, and the amount of control poison, a set of 12 experiments is selected. Eigenvalue and local fission density results from the Monte Carlo simulations are found to be in good agreement with the measurements.
Effect of BCAA supplement timing on exercise-induced muscle soreness and damage: a pilot placebo-controlled double-blind study (2018)

The present study confirmed that repeated BCAA supplementation before exercise had a more beneficial effect in attenuating DOMS and EIMD induced by eccentric exercise than repeated supplementation after exercise.
Antifungal pharmacodynamic characteristics of fluconazole and amphotericin B tested against Candida albicans (1997)

Time-kill curves were determined for three isolates of Candida albicans tested against fluconazole and amphotericin B at multiples of the MIC. Fluconazole produced fungistatic activity, with concentration-related growth effects observed over a narrow range of concentrations. Amphotericin B exhibited fungicidal activity, with enhancement of activity over a broader range of concentrations.
Tactile Audio Tools for Graphicacy and Mobility "A circle is either a circle or it is not a circle." (1998)

Just as literacy is a right for all, so too is graphicacy. Literacy and graphicacy should be linked. Some tools that may improve graphicacy levels are outlined. They are designed to enable visually impaired and sighted people to create, read and exchange graphical Information. The tools are a suite of programmes and integrated hardware called TAGD (DOS) and TAGW (WINDOWS), where TAG stands for Tactile Audio Graphics. A brief description of the main tools is presented.
Determination of fenoterol and ractopamine in urine by enzyme immunoassay (1994)

Fenoterol and ractopamine are phenethanolamines with beta-adrenergic agonist activity. An enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for these compounds was developed using antibodies raised in a New Zealand white rabbit against fenoterol-bovine serum albumin and fenoterol coupled to horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The calibration graphs of fenoterol and ractopamine showed linearity over the concentration ranges 0.1-5 and 0.2-25 ng ml-1, respectively. Isoxsuprine showed a cross-reactivity of 0.7% while the cross-reactivity of other beta-agonists was < 0.1%. The screening assay was used to detect fenoterol in urine samples obtained from an animal experiment in which male calves were treated with fenoterol (100 micrograms of fenoterol per kg of bodymass per meal for a period of four weeks). Using a direct method, without sample preparation, fenoterol concentrations ranged from 22 to 210 ng ml-1. The mean concentration of fenoterol after extraction in isobutanol was 3.5 times lower compared with the direct method. On applying enzymic hydrolysis in combination with isobutanol extraction, the mean concentration was eight times higher than that obtained when using extraction only. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis confirmed the presence of fenoterol in most of these samples. However, probably owing to the absence of a proper GC-MS internal standard, the correlation between GC-MS and EIA concentrations was low (r = 0.7976). In general, the concentrations found by the EIA are much higher than those found by GC-MS, which might be caused by the presence of metabolites detected with the EIA. Fenoterol is excreted in urine mostly (about 85%) as glucuronidated-sulfated conjugate. The antibodies partly recognize the conjugated fenoterol, which makes it possible to use a direct screening assay. In blank calf urine the detection limits, mean background +3 times the standard deviation, are 1.3 (fenoterol) and 2.6 ng ml-1 (ractopamine). In bovine urine, however, owing to matrix effects, the detection limits are 20 times higher.
Attributing Cyber Attacks (2014)

Who did it? Attribution is fundamental. Human lives and the security of the state may depend on ascribing agency to an agent. In the context of computer network intrusions, attribution is commonly seen as one of the most intractable technical problems, as either solvable or not solvable, and as dependent mainly on the available forensic evidence. But is it? Is this a productive understanding of attribution? — This article argues that attribution is what states make of it. To show how, we introduce the Q Model: designed to explain, guide, and improve the making of attribution. Matching an offender to an offence is an exercise in minimising uncertainty on three levels: tactically, attribution is an art as well as a science; operationally, attribution is a nuanced process not a black-and-white problem; and strategically, attribution is a function of what is at stake politically. Successful attribution requires a range of skills on all levels, careful management, time, leadership, stress-testing, prudent communication, and recognising limitations and challenges.
Diversity and biosynthesis of compatible solutes in hyper/thermophiles. (2006)

The accumulation of compatible solutes, either by uptake from the medium or by de novo synthesis, is a general response of microorganisms to osmotic stress. The diversity of compatible solutes is large but falls into a few major chemical categories, such as carbohydrates or their derivatives and amino acids or their derivatives. This review deals with compatible solutes found in thermophilic or hyperthermophilic bacteria and archaea that have not been commonly identified in microorganisms growing at low and moderate temperatures. The response to NaCl stress of Thermus thermophilus is an example of how a thermophilic bacterium responds to osmotic stress by compatible solute accumulation. Emphasis is made on the pathways leading to the synthesis of mannosylglycerate and glucosylglycerate that have been recently elucidated in several hyper/thermophilic microorganisms. The role of compatible solutes in the thermoprotection of these fascinating microorganisms is also discussed.
Resolution in surface plasmon microscopy (1994)

In this article we demonstrate how to obtain the ultimate lateral resolution in surface plasmon microscopy (SPM) (diffraction limited by the objective). Surface plasmon decay lengths are determined theoretically and experimentally, for wavelengths ranging from 531 to 676 nm, and are in good agreement. Using these values we can determine for each particular situation which wavelength should be used to obtain an optimal lateral resolution, i.e., where the plasmon decay length does not limit the resolution anymore. However, there is a trade-off between thickness resolution and lateral resolution in SPM. Because of the non-optimal thickness resolution, we use several techniques to enhance the image acquisition and processing. Without these techniques the use of short wavelengths results in images where the contrast has vanished almost completely. In an example given, a 2.5 nm SiO2 layer on a gold layer is imaged with a lateral resolution of 2 μm, and local reflectance curves are measured to determine the layer thickness. The SPM image is compared with an atomic force microscopy image of the same object. We obtain a 3 μm resolution when thickness differences within a lipid monolayer are imaged and measured.
Abnormalities of Hemorheological, Endothelial, and Platelet Function in Patients With Chronic Heart Failure in Sinus Rhythm (2001)

Abnormal levels of soluble P-selectin, vWF, and hemorheological indices may contribute to a hypercoagulable state in CHF, especially in female patients and in those with more severe NYHA class. Treatment with ACE inhibitors improved the prothrombotic state in CHF, whereas the addition of beta-blockers did not. These positive effects of ACE inhibitors may offer an explanation for the observed reduction in ischemic events in clinical trials.
The Efficiency Objective (1977)

Efficiency concerns the effectiveness with which the world's resources are used to increase global economic welfare. In conventional economic theory, the concept of efficiency is normally regarded as having two broad, multivariate dimensions: a macroeconomic dimension, involving the overall level of employment of resources and the attainment of price stability; and a microeconomic dimension, involving the allocation of scarce resources among alternative ends in production and consumption. The structure of any international monetary order necessarily affects both of these dimensions. The purpose of this chapter is to examine the relationship between the monetary order and global economic efficiency.KeywordsExchange RateForeign ExchangeOfficial ReserveConfidence ProblemEfficiency ObjectiveThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Infrared study of arabinoxylans (1994)

Abstract The influence of substitution of the (1 → 4)‐β‐D‐xylan backbone with α‐L‐arabinofuranosyl units on the infrared spectra has been studied using the freeze‐dried form of related oligo‐ and polysaccharide models. The peak intensity ratios at 1164 and 990 cm‐ 1 can be suggested as an index of arabinofuranosyl contribution. A valid correlation was found between the substitution of the xylosyl units at the position O‐3 by arabinosyl units and the intensity of the above‐mentioned absorption bands. The results are valuable for the identification of arabinoxylan type polysaccharides, as well as, for studies of the xylan component behaviour of plant materials in various technical and biotcch‐nological processes.
Vectorized backpropagation and automatic pruning for MLP network optimization (2002)

An analysis of the backpropagation algorithm is presented, and the significance of vectorized backpropagation and automatic pruning for better learning performance and multilayer perceptron (MLP) network optimization is revealed. During the learning phase, the network which uses vectorized backpropagation converges within 20%-50% of the iterations required for the standard MLP to converge without affecting the test set performance. The network pruning algorithm reduces the number of hidden nodes and connection weights. The pruned network, with only 40% connection weights of the unpruned network, gives the same learning and recognition performance as the parent unpruned fully connected network.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ferroelectric thin film photonic crystal waveguide and its electro-optic properties (2009)

The electro-optical properties of a tunable photonic crystal (PhC) thin film waveguide structure are simulated using a 2D finite difference time domain (FDTD) method. For a 2D PhC consisting of a square lattice array, the dependence of the bandgap on the air hole radius, lattice constant and filling factor are calculated. For the simulation ferroelectric barium titanate (BTO) PhC is chosen as the nonlinear medium. The calculated spectral range of the PhC waveguide is 187–207 THz with a bandwidth of 20 THz. A tunable superlattice PhC wide band filter was designed and its properties simulated. The passband center frequency decreases linearly with applied voltage over the frequency range of 187–194 THz. Due to the large electro-optic coefficient of BTO, the calculated tunability dfc/dV is −0.18  THz V−1. Simulation indicates that the proposed PhC superlattice structure has significant advantages over conventional devices including both a much reduced size (24 × 4 µm2) and large tunability of the bandgap required for future medium scale photonic integrated circuits.
What kind of images do I need? What is the delay to obtain them? (2002)

This paper presents a software architecture that first suggests concurrent sets of images that can be used to answer a thematic issue, second, sorts the sets of solutions to match user preferences, and third, gives a mission planning scheme for image acquisition in order to have an estimate of the overall delay required to solve the thematic problem. The main characteristics of this architecture are that problem analysis and decision making are separated in order to satisfy a large number of users and that mission planning uses a scheduling algorithm that globally plans all ground based and on orbit activities from problem statement to problem resolution.
Optical Channels: Practical Limits with Photon Counting (1978)

In optical communication, ideal amplification of the received signal leads to a limiting signaling rate of 1 nat per photon. This is much inferior to the optimum limit of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">kT</tex> joules/nat, which we can theoretically approach by counting photons. Practically, the rates we can attain by photon counting will be limited by how elaborate codes we can instrument rather than by thermal photons.
Clinical, radiological and serum amyloid P component scintigraphic features of beta2-microglobulin amylidosis associated with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (1999)

The prevalence of beta2M amyloidosis in this study was comparable with that in reported haemodialysis populations. Many of the amyloid deposits demonstrated by SAP scintigraphy were not associated with symptoms, but larger and longer term studies are required to determine whether CAPD favourably influences their clinical expression.
57% wallplug efficiency oxide-confined 850 nm wavelengthGaAs VCSELs (1997)

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers with reduced effective index guiding of the optical wave show a record performance. GaAs based 850 nm emission wavelength VCSELs are fabricated using solid source MBE and carbon p-type doping. Depending on device design maximum room temperature conversion efficiencies of 57%, an operating range from –80°C up to +185°C, and threshold currents below 500 µA from –40 to +80°C have been obtained.
Distributed processing of sensory information in the leech. III. A dynamical neural network model of the local bending reflex (1992)

The subpopulation of identified interneurons in the local bending reflex receive multiple inputs from dorsal and ventral mechanoreceptors and have outputs to dorsal and ventral motor neurons. Their connections suggest a distributed processing mechanism in which withdrawal from dorsal, ventral, or lateral stimuli is controlled by a single population of approximately 40 multifunctional interneurons, but it is unclear whether additional interneurons dedicated to particular inputs are needed to account for each kind of bend. We therefore asked whether a model could be constructed that reproduced all behaviors without dedicated interneurons. Interneurons in the model were constrained to receive both dorsal and ventral inputs. Connection strengths were adjusted by gradient descent optimization until the model reproduced the amplitude and time course of motor neuron synaptic potentials in intracellular recordings of the response to many different stimuli. After optimization, the similarity between model and identified interneurons showed that additional dedicated interneurons are not necessary to produce all forms of the behavior. Successful optimization of networks with many fewer interneurons showed that the 40-interneuron network is redundant, raising the possibility that the interneurons have additional functions. Finally, optimizing networks with additional constraints produced better matches to some of the identified interneurons and showed that local bending can be produced by two populations of interneurons: one with outputs consistent with dorsal bending, the other with ventral bending. This suggests a simple model in which two principal types of interneurons produce many different behaviors and predicts the type of interneuron that remains to be identified.
Pulse and periodic reverse current plating of palladium-nickel alloy. (1987)

周期的逆電流法(PR法)と定電流パルス法(PC法)によるパラジウム-ニッケル合金めっきを行ない,つぎの結果が得られた。PRめっきの効果がもっともよく,パルス周期θ:10～200ms,Ipc/lpa:2～4,Tc/Ta:0.5～5のときに得られためっき皮膜は,光沢と,耐食牲がよく,結晶は微細化され,緻密で,すぐれたレベリングがあり,かつ,つきまわりもよい。しかも,PR法ではPd-Ni合金のめっき皮膜の組成を制御することができる。
[Quality standard for Xindi soft capsule]. (2006)

The method is accurate with the good reproducibility and can be used for the quality control of Xindi soft capsule.