gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Review: the role of coenzymes in clinical enzymology. (1978)

Coenzymes participate in many of the enzyme analyses performed in the clinical laboratory. Supplementation of assay systems with optimal levels of coenzymes has recently been recommended as part of efforts to achieve interlaboratory standardization of enzyme measurements. Aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase require pyridoxal phosphate for expression of enzyme activity. The role of this coenzyme in enzymatic transamination and the effects of its supplementation on the clinical estimation of these two enzymes is reviewed. Other coenzymes discussed are flavins, coenzymes for glutathione reductase, glucose oxidase, cholesterol oxidase and diaphorase, as well as thiamine pyrophosphate, coenzyme for transketolase. Catalase and peroxidase are used as examples of hemoproteins utilized in clinical measurements. Two peptide coenzymes, colipase and glutathione, are also considered. Measurement of apoenzyme stimulation upon supplementation with specific coenzymes is discussed as a valuable technique for quantitative coenzyme measurements or assessment of vitamin nutritional status.
Understanding evolving group structures in time-varying networks (2013)

This paper presents a framework for identifying persistent groups and individuals across multiple time granularities in dynamic graphs. Understanding the longevity of groups and the relevance of individuals within a group is important in many fields, including sociology, biology, economics, psychology, and political science. Different clustering algorithms have been proposed for static and dynamic graphs. However, using the clustering results to understand the changing dynamics of groups can be difficult. In order to better understand how groups evolve and the level of cohesion within these groups, we propose a holistic dynamic clustering framework that allows the user to adjust the underlying algorithms for clustering nodes in a graph that changes over time and then use the final clusters to produce a time hierarchy that highlights the groups and individuals persistent during different time periods. We test our framework and algorithm both on synthetic and real world data. Our findings indicate that our approach not only yields highly accurate results, but also detects unexpected variations in group structure.
<i>In vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> digestibility of soya-bean straw treated with various alkalis (1990)

ABSTRACT Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of treating soya-bean straw with various alkalis plus ensiling on digestibility of various nutrients and on nitrogen retention in ruminants. Soya-bean straw was treated with sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide or ammonium hydroxide and ensiled at 650 g/kg moisture. In trial 1, the effects of level and type of alkali on in vitro digestibility of ensiled soya-bean straw were evaluated. Concentrations of alkalis used were 0 (control), 20, 30, 40 and 50 g/kg dry matter. Both in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and organic matter of soya-bean straw were significantly ( P < 0·05) increased with alkali treatment at all levels plus ensiling compared with untreated or treated unensiled straw. The 40 g/kg alkali concentration level in combination with ensiling appeared to be the most effective overall. In trial 2, the effects of type of alkali on nutrient digestibility and nitrogen retention in wether lambs were evaluated. Sixteen wether Suffolk lambs were given untreated or alkali-treated (40 g/kg) ensiled soya-bean straw. Treatments were: (1) water-treated straw; (2) NaOH-treated straw: (3) Ca(OH) 1 -treated straw; and (4) NH 4 OH-treated straw. Lambs given NH 4 OH-treated ensiled straw digested the dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein better than those given water-treated ensiled straw ( P < 0·05). NH 4 OH improved nitrogen intake by proportionately 0·181 but not nitrogen retention. For trial 3, eight Angus steers were used. Chopped soya-bean straw was treated with NH 4 OH and ensiled in Silopress bags. Treatments were: (1) untreated dry straw; (2) water-treated straw; (3) 30 g/kg NH 4 OH-treated straw; and (4) 40 g/kg NH 4 OH-treated straw. The trial consisted of a 7-day collection period which was replicated once. Apparent digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and various fibre constituents were increased by ensiling or ensiling and NH 4 OH treatment combinations ( P < 0·05). Alkali treatments in combination with ensiling appeared to improve digestibility of soya-bean straw, but ammoniation did not improve nitrogen utilization. Ensiling appeared to have a more significant effect than alkali treatments per se on the degradability of soya-bean straw.
Safety and Immunogenicity of the Recombinant Mycobacterium bovis BCG Vaccine VPM1002 in HIV-Unexposed Newborn Infants in South Africa (2017)

Tuberculosis is a global threat to which infants are especially vulnerable. Effective vaccines are required to protect infants from this devastating disease. VPM1002, a novel recombinant Mycobacterium bovis bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine previously shown to be safe and immunogenic in adults, was evaluated for safety in its intended target population, namely, newborn infants in a region with high prevalence of tuberculosis. A total of 48 newborns were vaccinated intradermally with VPM1002 (n = 36) or BCG Danish strain (n = 12) in a phase II open-labeled, randomized trial with a 6-month follow-up period. Clinical and laboratory measures of safety were evaluated during this time. In addition, vaccine-induced immune responses to mycobacteria were analyzed in whole-blood stimulation and proliferation assays. The safety parameters and immunogenicity were comparable in the two groups. Both vaccines induced interleukin-17 (IL-17) responses; however, VPM1002 vaccination led to an increase of CD8<sup>+</sup> IL-17<sup>+</sup> T cells at the week 16 and month 6 time points. The incidence of abscess formation was lower for VPM1002 than for BCG. We conclude that VPM1002 is a safe, well-tolerated, and immunogenic vaccine in newborn infants, confirming results from previous trials in adults. These results strongly support further evaluation of the safety and efficacy of this vaccination in larger studies. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT01479972.).
High<i>Q</i>optical fiber tips for NC-AFM in liquid (2009)

Non-contact atomic force microscopy is rapidly expanding from ultra-high vacuum to include the study of surfaces and biomolecules in liquids by high resolution imaging and force spectroscopy. This is despite the additional frequency shift noise due to the inherently low Q factor of the cantilever oscillating in a liquid. In this paper we present a tip based on an optical fiber which can operate in liquid with Q factors in excess of 100 using a 'diving bell' arrangement which allows only a small portion of the tip to be submerged. We demonstrate stable imaging and force spectroscopy using this set-up. The tips are based on scanning near-field optical microscopy tips and, when used with NC-AFM, provide a method of combining both high resolution mechanical and fluorescence studies of biomolecules and cells.
Investigation of axonal magnetic fields in the human corpus callosum using visual stimulation based on MR signal modulation (2007)

Measured frequency spectra and statistical mapping using the general linear model (GLM) showed evidence of the stimulus localized within the splenium of the corpus callosum, which was not thought to be due to motion artifacts or physiological responses.
Gain-of-Function Mutations of c- <i>kit</i> in Human Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors (1998)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal tumors in the human digestive tract, but their molecular etiology and cellular origin are unknown. Sequencing of c-kit complementary DNA, which encodes a proto-oncogenic receptor tyrosine kinase (KIT), from five GISTs revealed mutations in the region between the transmembrane and tyrosine kinase domains. All of the corresponding mutant KIT proteins were constitutively activated without the KIT ligand, stem cell factor (SCF). Stable transfection of the mutant c-kit complementary DNAs induced malignant transformation of Ba/F3 murine lymphoid cells, suggesting that the mutations contribute to tumor development. GISTs may originate from the interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) because the development of ICCs is dependent on the SCF-KIT interaction and because, like GISTs, these cells express both KIT and CD34.
Enhancing Unconventional Gas Development Economics through Proppant Surface Modification (1998)

Abstract A new proppant-pack technology is enhancing incremental gas recovery and estimated ultimate recovery (EUR) of unconventional methane gas in the Northern Michigan Antrim production area. This new technology has enhanced project economics in both restimulation and new-drill applications. Over time, these new technology applications that have evolved in the Antrim play, have resulted in investment-capital infusion and have encouraged development, which has capitalized on development strategies that implement new technology. The new proppant-pack technology uses a liquid surface-modification agent (SMA) that is applied to proppant on-the-fly during a hydraulic fracture-stimulation treatment. This process coats individual proppant grains with a "tacky" surface, causing the proppant grains to cluster and create a network of loosely packed grains with interconnected clusters. The result is a pliable, but consolidated, proppant pack. The proppant pack also contains conduits, but its adhesive nature increases proppant resistance to post-fracture migration toward the wellbore. The modified proppant grain surfaces enhance the dewatering process by promoting the flow of aqueous fluids and entrapping potentially damaging fines on grain surfaces rather than in pore constrictions. This paper compares SMA restimulation technology to newly drilled wells on a project basis. Production enhancement results (based on individual well response and impact on total project production response) show that production results are important at both the project and individual well scale. When compared to the population of conventionally treated wells, newly drilled completions that received the new SMA technology modified the probability distribution of well production. Restimulation was economical on a payout basis and converted gas-in-place to recoverable reserves, enhancing the economics of lower production-class wells.
Large-Scale SRAM Variability Characterization in 45 nm CMOS (2009)

Increased process variability presents a major challenge for future SRAM scaling. Fast and accurate validation of SRAM read stability and writeability margins is crucial for estimating yield in large SRAM arrays. Conventional SRAM read/write metrics are characterized through test structures that are able to provide limited hardware measurement data and cannot be used to investigate cell bit fails in functional SRAM arrays. This work presents a method for large-scale characterization of read stability and writeability in functional SRAM arrays using direct bit-line measurements. A test chip is implemented in a 45 nm CMOS process. Large-scale SRAM read/write metrics are measured and compared against conventional SRAM stability metrics. Results show excellent correlation to conventional SRAM read/write metrics as well as V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">MIN</sub> measurements near failure.
Association Between MRI Exposure During Pregnancy and Fetal and Childhood Outcomes (2016)

Exposure to MRI during the first trimester of pregnancy compared with nonexposure was not associated with increased risk of harm to the fetus or in early childhood. Gadolinium MRI at any time during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of a broad set of rheumatological, inflammatory, or infiltrative skin conditions and for stillbirth or neonatal death. The study may not have been able to detect rare adverse outcomes.
Novel Selective PDE4 Inhibitors. 3. <i>In Vivo</i> Antiinflammatory Activity of a New Series of N-Substituted <i>cis</i>-Tetra- and <i>cis</i>-Hexahydrophthalazinones (2002)

The synthesis and biological activities of a series of N-substituted cis-4a,5,6,7,8,8a-hexa- and cis-4a,5,8,8a-tetrahydro-2H-phthalazin-1-ones are described. It was found that compounds bearing a cycloalkyl group at the 2-position exhibit the highest PDE4 inhibitory activities (pIC(50) = 8.6-9.4). The N-cycloheptyl- and N-adamantanyltetrahydrophthalazinones (7h, 8, 10, 11) show high in vivo antiinflammatory activities after oral application. Additionally, some phthalazinones were found to exhibit potent suppression of LPS-induced TNFalpha release and show moderate potency against fMLP-stimulated production of ROS.
Effect of vitamin E gel, placebo gel and chlorhexidine on periodontal disease. (1992)

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of a topical 5% vitamin E gel, a placebo gel and chlorhexidine on established and developing plaque and periodontal disease in 48 adult subjects. Baseline data included Plaque Index, Gingival Index and periodontal probing depth. All data were collected by a single calibrated examiner using a double-blind methodology. One group of subjects applied 12 mL of a vitamin E-containing gel delivering 800 mg of alpha-tocopherol, another applied 12 mL of a placebo gel, and the final group rinsed with 0.5 oz of 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate. After two weeks, the clinical data were again recorded, and two quadrants were randomly selected and treated by root planing and scaling, with data collection repeated after both 4 and 6 weeks. Our results indicated that no significant effects upon plaque or gingivitis were obtainable in either the placebo or the vitamin E groups. However, use of 0.12% chlorhexidine significantly reduced plaque. These results do not support the use of vitamin E as a topical chemotherapeutic agent for the control of gingivitis or periodontal disease.
Online Learning for Matrix Factorization and Sparse Coding (2009)

Sparse coding--that is, modelling data vectors as sparse linear combinations of basis elements--is widely used in machine learning, neuroscience, signal processing, and statistics. This paper focuses on the large-scale matrix factorization problem that consists of learning the basis set, adapting it to specific data. Variations of this problem include dictionary learning in signal processing, non-negative matrix factorization and sparse principal component analysis. In this paper, we propose to address these tasks with a new online optimization algorithm, based on stochastic approximations, which scales up gracefully to large datasets with millions of training samples, and extends naturally to various matrix factorization formulations, making it suitable for a wide range of learning problems. A proof of convergence is presented, along with experiments with natural images and genomic data demonstrating that it leads to state-of-the-art performance in terms of speed and optimization for both small and large datasets.
Morphological description of composite films. (1995)

The initial stages of growth of thin metal films, in two-dimensions (discontinuous metal films on dielectric substrates) and in three-dimensions (plasma-chemically prepared composite films), are studied by a combination of direct measurement and modelling. For the analysis of photographs of films from the transmission electron microscope and the description of spatial distribution of objects, various methods of mathematical morphology were used. The interpretation of the derived characteristics and the extension of the analysis for composite films were performed by the computer experiment. As a result, morphological methods sensitive for the characterisation of distribution of objects in the third dimension were found.
Analytical design and evaluation of an active control system for helicopter vibration reduction and gust response alleviation (1980)

An analytical study was conducted to define the basic configuration of an active control system for helicopter vibration and gust response alleviation. The study culminated in a control system design which has two separate systems: narrow band loop for vibration reduction and wider band loop for gust response alleviation. The narrow band vibration loop utilizes the standard swashplate control configuration to input controller for the vibration loop is based on adaptive optimal control theory and is designed to adapt to any flight condition including maneuvers and transients. The prime characteristics of the vibration control system is its real time capability. The gust alleviation control system studied consists of optimal sampled data feedback gains together with an optimal one-step-ahead prediction. The prediction permits the estimation of the gust disturbance which can then be used to minimize the gust effects on the helicopter.
Energy metabolism of growing pigs (1990)

Four llttermate groups of four pigs each, averaging 8.1 kg body weight and 7 weeks of age, were used In a comparative slaughter experiment lasting for 28 days to determine the utilization of energy from wheat bran. A corn-soybean meal basal diet was formulated to provide a11 nutrients, except energy, at twice the NRC (1979) recommendations for 8-10 kg pigs and was fed to all pigs at 3% of body weight dally. In addition to the basal diet, wheat bran was fed at 0, 1 or 2% of body weight dally. At these feeding levels, wheat bran was Included In the diet at 0, 25 or 40%. Addition of wheat bran to the basal diet Improved ADG (P .05). The apparent digestibility of DM, N, and GE decreased linearly (P<.01) with addition of wheat bran to the basal diet. Digestible energy (DE) and ME of the diets decreased linearly (P<.01) with addition of wheat bran. Addition of wheat bran to the diet Improved ME:DE (P<.05). Metabolizable energy as a percent of DE averaged 94.7 for all the diets and 95.2 for wheat bran. Addition of wheat bran to the basal diet increased heat production linearly (P<.05). Digestibility of NDF, ADF, cellulose and hemicellulose in the diets decreased linearly (P<.01) as wheat bran was added to the basal diet. Addition of wheat bran to the diet increased ME intake (P<.01) and this resulted in a linear increase (P<.01) in daily gain components including indispensable amino acids (AA). Increases in ME intake linearly increased (P<.05) efficiency of indispensable AA utilization. Total VFA production in the cecum increased linearly (P<.01) with addition of wheat bran. The average energy values (kcal/g DM) for wheat bran were, GE, 4.57; DE, 3.36; ME, 3.20; MEn, 3.19; and NE, 1.10. These results confirm previous studies
Mutational analysis of the RecA protein L1 region identifies this area as a probable part of the co‐protease substrate binding site (1997)

Previous mutational analysis of the L1 region of the RecA protein suggested that Gly-157 and Glu-158 are 'hot-spots' for the occurrence of constitutive LexA co-protease mutants (coprt[c]). In the present study, we clearly establish that position 157 is a hot-spot for the occurrence of such mutants, as 12 of 14 and 10 of 14 substitutions result in this phenotype for UmuD and LexA cleavage respectively. The frequency of such mutations at position 158 is somewhat lower, 8 of 13 and 5 of 13 for UmuD and LexA respectively. Comparison of the UmuD vs. LexA co-protease activity for all single mutants with substitutions at positions 154, 155, 156, 157 and 158 (47 in total) reveals that, although there is good agreement among most mutants regarding their ability to cleave both LexA and UmuD, there are two in particular (Glu-154-->Asp and Glu-154-->Gln) that show a clear preference for cleavage of UmuD. We also show that three second-site mutations that completely suppress coprt(c) activity toward LexA have little or no effect on the coprt(c) activity of the primary mutant toward UmuD. In addition, we observe a high frequency of second-site suppressor mutations, suggesting a functional interaction among side-chains in this region. Together, these results support the idea that the L1 region of RecA makes up part of the co-protease substrate-binding site.
Extreme dielectric strength in boron doped homoepitaxial diamond (2010)

The fabrication of Schottky diodes withstanding breakdown voltages up to 10 kV is demonstrated. A corresponding electric field of 7.7 MV/cm at the center of the diode is evaluated with the help of a two-dimensional finite elements software. These properties result from a net shallow acceptor concentration below 1016 cm−3 in the first micrometers of an epitaxial film with optimized crystalline quality and a special oxidizing treatment of its surface, allowing the true dielectric strength of bulk diamond to be revealed.
Anatomical background and generalized detectability in tomosynthesis and cone‐beam CT (2010)

The complex tradeoffs among anatomical background, quantum noise, and electronic noise in projection imaging, tomosynthesis, and CBCT can be described by generalized cascaded systems analysis, providing a useful framework for system design and optimization.
Wave Momentum Flux—A GARP Problem (1972)

The energy and momentum removed from the troposphere and lower atmosphere by the breaking of large amplitude mountain lee waves may be a significant factor in the evolution and maintenance of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. A program is outlined for improving knowledge and understanding of this phenomenon and for incorporating its effects into numerical simulation and forecasting models.
Hidden Markov models using vector linear prediction and discriminative output distributions (1992)

HMMs model signal dynamics rather poorly. Modeling accuracy can be improved by adding vector linear predictors to each state in order to predict the value of the current observation based on correlations with nearby observations. A vector linear predictive HMM is discussed and re-estimation formulae for the predictor parameters presented. Multiple speaker recognition experiments on a 104 talker British English E-set database were performed to test the method on a difficult speech recognition task. It was found that a baseline test set error rate of 5.6% improved to 4.1% using a single diagonal predictor. Further improvements in performance along with a reduction in computation were obtained by using the method of discriminative output distributions on the prediction error. This resulted in a best test set error rate of 2.8% from a system that required only half the computation of the baseline.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Female infertility: a holistic approach (1996)

The treatment of infertility, as with all chronic disorders, requires a comprehensive understanding of the disorder and of the patient. In my practice, infertility and endometriosis are two common disorders presenting in female patients. In this study which considers patients who are infertile or have reduced fertility, I have categorised the possible causes of infertility into ten areas of dysfunction. Some of these categories follow natural therapy concepts and as such are not as well studied and documented. (author abstract)