gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TU-EE-A2-03: A Novel Patch Field Design Using Optimized Grid Filter for Passively Scattered Proton Beams (2006)

Purpose: For tumors with complex shape, a “patching” strategy to match the distal edge of the spread‐out Bragg peak (SOBP) of the patch field with the lateral penumbra of the through field at 50% dose level, is often used in passively scattered proton therapy. The differences in the dose gradients at distal edge and lateral penumbra could cause hot and cold dose at the junction. The purpose of this study is to design an effective technique to improve the dose distribution at the patch junction. Method: We found that the distal fall‐off of the SOBP can be customized by a two‐dimensional grid filter placed perpendicular to the beam direction. An adaptive algorithm has been developed to optimize the grid filter to best match the dose distribution at the junction by taking into account the tissue heterogeneities in the beam path. The optimized grid filter is superimposed onto a compensator designed using the conventional patching technique by the treatment planning system to create a new compensator. An L‐shaped target for a head and neck case was used to compare the plan optimized using our algorithm with the plan designed using the conventional patch technique. Results: We demonstrated that the SOBP at the distal fall‐off region can be tailored by a simple grid filter. For the head and neck case studied, hot spots near the patch junction were almost completely eliminated using our technique. This was confirmed by the calculated dose distributions and dose volume histogram of the target. Conclusion: The gradient of the distal edge of the SOBP of the patch field can be optimally modified to match the penumbra of the through field with optimized grid filters to minimize hot and cold spots at the junctions. In addition to improved dose distributions, this method can significantly reduce the trial‐and‐error effort.
Microreactors as Tools for Synthetic Chemists—The Chemists' Round‐Bottomed Flask of the 21st Century? (2006)

Will microreactors replace the round-bottomed flask to perform chemical reactions in the near future? Recent developments in the construction of microstructured reaction devices and their wide-ranging applications in many different areas of chemistry suggest that they can have a significant impact on the way chemists conduct their experiments. Miniaturizing reactions offers many advantages for the synthetic organic chemist: high-throughput scanning of reaction conditions, precise control of reaction variables, the use of small quantities of reagents, increased safety parameters, and ready scale-up of synthetic procedures. A wide range of single- and multiphase reactions have now been performed in microfluidic-based devices. Certainly, microreactors cannot be applied to all chemistries yet and microfluidic systems also have disadvantages. Limited reaction-time range, high sensitivity to precipitating products, and new physical, chemical, and analytical challenges have to be overcome. This concept article presents an overview of microfluidic devices available for chemical synthesis and evaluates the potential of microreactor technology in organic synthesis.
YmL9, a nucleus‐encoded mitochondrial ribosomal protein of yeast, is homologous to L3 ribosomal proteins from all natural kingdoms and photosynthetic organelles (1992)

The nuclear gene for mitochondrial ribosomal protein YmL9 (MRP-L9) of yeast has been cloned and sequenced. The deduced amino acid sequence characterizes YmL9 as a basic (net charge + 30) protein of 27.5 kDa with a putative signal peptide for mitochondrial import of 19 amino acid residues. The intact MRP-L9 gene is essential for mitochondrial function and is located on chromosome XV or VII. YmL9 shows significant sequence similarities to Escherichia coli ribosomal protein L3 and related proteins from various organisms of all three natural kingdoms as well as photosynthetic organelles (cyanelles). The observed structural conservation is located mostly in the C-terminal half and is independent of the intracellular location of the corresponding genes [Graack, H.-R., Grohmann, L. & Kitakawa, M. (1990) Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler 371, 787-788]. YmL9 shows the highest degree of sequence similarity to its eubacterial and cyanelle homologues and is less related to the archaebacterial or eukaryotic cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins. Due to their high sequence similarity to the YmL9 protein two mammalian cytoplasmic ribosomal proteins [MRL3 human and rat; Ou, J.-H., Yen, T. S. B., Wang, Y.-F., Kam, W. K. & Rutter, W. J. (1987) Nucleic Acids Res. 15, 8919-8934] are postulated to be true nucleus-encoded mitochondrial ribosomal proteins.
On the Sensitivity of the Fluorescence EXAFS (1982)

The sensitivity of the fluorescence EXAFS is discussed on the basis of a phenomenological theory and shown to be estimated by a parameter defined by absorption coefficients. Measurements of the fluorescence EXAFS and of the transmission EXAFS are performed on Fe, Cr, and Ni contained in stainless steel SUS 304 with different ratios. Both theoretical and experimental results exhibit a high sensitivity of the fluorescence EXAFS for a dilute component less than about 10%.
Fraud Detection in Voice-Based Identity Authentication Applications and Services (2016)

Keeping track of the multiple passwords, PINs, memorable dates and other authentication details needed to gainremote access to accounts is one of modern life's less appealingchallenges. The employment of a voice-based verification as abiometric technology for both children and adults could be agood replacement to the old fashioned memory dependentprocedure. Using voice for authentication could be beneficial inseveral application areas, including, security, protection, education, call-based and web-based services. Voice-basedbiometric applications are subject to different types of spoofingattacks. The most accessible and affordable type of spoofing for avoice-based biometrics system is a replay attack. Replay, which isto playback a pre-recorded speech sample, presents a genuinerisk to automatic speaker verification technology. This workpresents two architectures for detecting frauds caused by replayattacks in a voice-based biometrics authentication systems. Experimental results confirmed that obtained performancesfrom both methods could further improve by applying a machinelearning algorithm for performing fusion at the score level. Theperformance of both methods further improved by fusion usingindependent sources of scores in different architectures.
Tutorial Notes: Models and Paradims of Interaction (1995)

Interaction machines, defined by extending Turing machines with input actions (read statements), are shown to be more expressive than computable functions, providing a counterexample to the hypothesis of Church and Turing that the intuitive notion of computation corresponds to formal computability by Turing machines. The negative result that interaction cannot be modeled by algorithms leads to positive principles of interactive modeling by interface that support partial descriptions of interactive systems whose complete behavior is inherently unspecifiable. The unspecifiability of complete behavior for interactive systems is a computational analog of Godel incompleteness for the integers. Fortunately the complete behavior of interaction machines is not needed to their behavior for practical purposes. Interface descriptions are the primary mechanism used by software designers and application programmers for partially describing systems for the purpose of designing, controlling, predicting, and understanding them. Interface descriptions are an example of harness constraints that constrain interactive systems so their behavior be harnessed for useful purposes. We examine both system like transaction correctness and interface for software design and applications. Sections 1, 2, and 3 provide a conceptual framework and theoretical foundation for interactive models, while sections 4, 5, and 6 apply the framework to distributed systems, software engineering, and artificial intelligence. Section 1 explores the design space of interaction machines, section 2 considers the relation between imperative, declarative, and interactive paradigms of computing, section 3 examines the limitations of logic and formal semantics. In section 4 we examine process models, transaction correctness, time, programming languages, and operating systems from the point of view of interaction. In section 5, we examine life-cycle models, object-based design, use-case models, design patterns, interoperability, and coordination. In section 6, we examine knowledge representation, intelligent agents, planning for dynamical systems, nonmonotonic logic, and can machines think?. The interaction paradigm provides new ways of approaching each of these application areas, demonstrating the value of interac
Eine einfache Synthese von Cephamdervaten (1974)

Abstract β‐Mercaptocarbonylverbindungen wurden mit 4‐Acetoxy‐2‐azetidinon zu 4‐Hydroxycephamderivaten kondensiert und aus diesen nach verschiedenen Methoden Δ 3 ‐Cephemderivate und das Δ 3 ‐cephem selbst hergestellt.
The Preliminary Test (1985)

Suggestions have been made that the Preliminary Test for the Membership of the College should be modified in the direction of a reduced theoretical and enhanced clinical content. I would applaud such a move. Behind it is the idea of testing, early in a junior's career, his or her talents for the processes central to the practice of their chosen specialty. This sort of test has for too long been lacking throughout the profession of medicine. There is no reason why psychiatry should not now, with the advantage of modern technology, set the pace by combining an element of aptitude testing in the earlist hurdle on the road to specialist status.
Risk stratification of symptomatic patients suspected of colorectal cancer using faecal and urinary markers (2018)

When applied to the FIT-negative group, urinary VOCs improve CRC detection (sensitivity rises from 0.80 to 0.97), thus showing promise as a second-stage test to complement FIT in the detection of CRC.
Phase transition in the ternary fluorides Li<sub>3</sub>Alf<sub>6</sub>and Li<sub>3</sub>CrF<sub>6</sub> (2001)

Abstract The phase transitions of two ternary fluorides have been reinvestigated by thermal and X-ray diffraction analyses. Four phase transitions have been detected at T 1 = 483 ± 5 K, T 2 = 548 ± 5 K, T 3 = 765 ± 5 K and T 4 = 867 ± 5 K for Li3AlF6. Only two transformations occurred at T 1 = 550 ± 5 K and T 2 = 660 ± 10 K for Li3CrF6. Dielectric and optical measurements performed respectively on ceramics and single crystals revealed a ferroelectric behaviour coupling partially with ferroelastic coupling for the two investigated fluorides.
Principles of economics (1989)

Offers students a hands-on approach to economic theory, issues and politics. The text uses graphs and relevant examples.
Unmanned aircraft navigation for shipboard landing using infrared vision (2002)

This paper addresses the problem of determining the relative position and orientation of an unmanned air vehicle with respect to a ship using three visible points of known separation. The, images of the points are obtained from an onboard infrared camera. The paper develops a numerical solution to this problem. Both simulation and flight test results are presented.
Recognition specificity of the duplicated segments present in Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase CelD and in the cellulosome-integrating protein CipA (1994)

The binding specificity of the duplicated segments borne by Clostridium thermocellum endoglucanase CelD and by the cellulosome-integrating protein CipA was investigated. The fusion protein CelC-DSCelD, in which the duplicated segment of CelD was fused to the COOH terminus of endoglucanase CelC, bound with an affinity of 4.7 x 10(7) M-1 to the fusion protein MalE-RDCipA, in which the seventh receptor domain of CipA was grafted onto the COOH terminus of the Escherichia coli maltose-binding protein MalE. The affinity of CelC-DSCelD for the homologous chimeric protein MalE-RDORF3p, carrying the receptor of the surface protein ORF3p, was 6.9 x 10(6) M-1. The fusion protein CelC-DSCipA, in which the duplicated segment of CipA was grafted onto the COOH terminus of CelC, did not bind detectably to MalE-RDCipA or MalE-RDORF3p. However, Western blotting (immunoblotting) experiments indicated that the duplicated segment of CipA was able to bind to a set of C. thermocellum proteins which are different from those recognized by the duplicated segment of CelD. These results argue against the hypothesis that ORF3p interacts with the duplicated segment of CipA. More probably, ORF3p binds to individual cellulases and hemicellulases harboring duplicated segments.
Stability after thawing of RBCs frozen with the high‐ and low‐glycerol method (2003)

The closed washing system is able to process both high- and low-glycerol-treated RBCs. Stability after washing during cold storage in SAGM, as measured by hemolysis, is better for HGM cells as compared to LGM cells.
Some Observations on Rubbers with Low Nitrogen Content (1929)

Abstract Rubber has been prepared protein-free, although not entirely nitrogen-free, by digesting latex with caustic soda, as recommended by Pummerer and Pahl. Rubbers with a nitrogen content of from 0.004–0.0096 per cent have been prepared by a slight modification of the original procedure. This rubber can be compounded and cured to give good quality vulcanizates, which compare very favorably with the controls. Protein-free rubber, when acetone-extracted, becomes nitrogen-free. This can still be vulcanized, although it cures slowly. The rate of cure of rubber from protein-free latex is affected very little by the pH of the coagulating medium whereas with full-nitrogen rubber rate of cure varies considerably with change in pH value at the time of coagulation. It was also found that protein-free rubber could be racked. Data on the preparation, coagulation and nitrogen content as well as the vulcanization results of protein-free rubber are presented. The observations lead to the conclusion that protein is not the key to the explanation of the physical properties of rubber. Rubber cannot be prepared absolutely nitrogen-free by the method of Pummerer and Pahl, even though the treatment of the latex with caustic is continued twice as long as they recommend. The residual 0.004 to 0.009 per cent of nitrogen is not protein nitrogen, since it is removable by acetone extraction and the amount of nitrogen falls so low as to be unmeasurable with accuracy by the exact method used in this research—i. e., colorimetric determination with Nessler???s solution. The authors note with satisfaction that Pummerer has come to exactly the same conclusion. Comparison of the results of vulcanizing protein-free rubber with those of the controls and with the results of the previous research shows that the rate of cure is constant under different conditions of coagulation and that the quality of the nitrogen-poor vulcanizates compares very well with the controls and with the earlier mentioned work described by Dinsmore. It appears, therefore, that the variation in cure and quality as noted by Dinsmore was due entirely to some particular condition of the rubber protein brought about by the varying pH values existing at the time of coagulation. Protein-free rubber, after acetone extraction, is practically nitrogen-free and cures slowly to give vulcanizates of lower quality than is obtained with the protein-free rubber. It should be remembered, however, that, as stated above, this effect may not be due entirely to the absence of nitrogen. Definite conclusions on this phase of the question must be withheld until more experiments are made. The evidence presented shows that protein-free rubber can be compounded and cured to give good quality products. Hence the protein is not an essential factor in producing the physical properties of vulcanized rubber. The condition of the protein does affect the rate of cure and so exerts an indirect effect upon the quality of the rubber.
Role of IL-6 in cachexia progression in advanced pancreatic cancer. (2010)

4101 Background: Cachexia is major cause of death associated with advanced pancreatic cancer (PC). Patients with cachexia show decreased body weight, mainly due to the loss of fat and skeletal muscle, progressive fatigue and anorexia, and biochemical abnormalities such as anemia, hypoalbuminemia, and increased CRP. IL-6, one of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, is recognized as a potential mediator of the cachectic process. In this study, circulating IL-6 in advanced PC is characterized to reveal the pathophysiology of cachexia. Methods: Patients with unresectable PC who had not received any anti-cancer therapy for PC were eligible for inclusion in this study. Patients with obvious infectious conditions were excluded. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-6, were measured by electrochemiluminescence assay. The detection limit of IL-6 was 0.23 pg/mL. Fat, muscle, and fat-free mass were evaluated using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Fatigue and anorexia were rated numerically from 0 to 10 using the Japanese version of the M. D. Anderson Symptom Inventory. The usual biochemical parameters, including hemoglobin, albumin, and CRP level, were examined. The Mann-Whitney test was used to be compared between non- categorical data. Results: From June 2008 to November 2009, 102 patients (male/female: 54/48, performance status: 0/1/2/3: 70/29/2/1, median age: 66 years) were enrolled. Serum IL-6 was detected in 93.8% of patients with a median value of 1.45 pg/mL. High cytokine level was defined as being more than the median value, and the high IL-6 group (n = 54, median 3.72 pg/mL) showed losses of body weight (p = 0.025), skeletal muscle (p = 0.012), and fat-free mass (p = 0.024), compared to the low IL-6 group (n = 48, median 0.78 pg/mL). In symptom analysis, fatigue score was significantly higher in the high IL-6 group (p = 0.020), but anorexia was not associated with IL-6 level (p = 0.104). The high IL-6 group had low albumin (p < 0.001) and hemoglobin (p < 0.001), and elevated CRP (p < 0.001). Conclusions: High IL-6 was associated withall aspects of the wasting condition, symptom progression, and biochemical abnormalities in cachexia. The physiological effects of IL-6 may play a crucial role in the progression of cachexia in patients with advanced PC. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
Three-Dimensional Structures of the Ligand-Binding Domain of the Bacterial Aspartate Receptor with and Without a Ligand (1991)

The three-dimensional structure of an active, disulfide cross-linked dimer of the ligand-binding domain of the Salmonella typhimurium aspartate receptor and that of an aspartate complex have been determined by x-ray crystallographic methods at 2.4 and 2.0 angstrom (A) resolution, respectively. A single subunit is a four-alpha-helix bundle with two long amino-terminal and carboxyl-terminal helices and two shorter helices that form a cylinder 20 A in diameter and more than 70 A long. The two subunits in the disulfide-bonded dimer are related by a crystallographic twofold axis in the apo structure, but by a noncrystallographic twofold axis in the aspartate complex structure. The latter structure reveals that the ligand binding site is located more than 60 A from the presumed membrane surface and is at the interface of the two subunits. Aspartate binds between two alpha helices from one subunit and one alpha helix from the other in a highly charged pocket formed by three arginines. The comparison of the apo and aspartate complex structures shows only small structural changes in the individual subunits, except for one loop region that is disordered, but the subunits appear to change orientation relative to each other. The structures of the two forms of this protein provide a step toward understanding the mechanisms of transmembrane signaling.
<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Fibronectin‐Binding Protein (FnBP)–Mediated Adherence to Platelets, and Aggregation of Platelets Induced by FnBPA but Not by FnBPB (2004)

Our results indicate a substantial functional difference between FnBPA and FnBPB in the S. aureus-platelet interaction.
Software-based fault-tolerant control design for improved power plant operation (2002)

The use of fault-tolerance has increasingly become an important requirement for power plant control because of safety and availability considerations. Typical applications in process control employ redundant hardware for data acquisition and processing. The primary objective is to maintain the operation of the plant, even in the presence of anomalies in instrument channels. The performance of a system with existing hardware can be improved by the additional design of diverse, digital control systems in the form of software redundancy. This design has been integrated with signal and command validation with option for manual and automatic control through a graphical user interface. The fault-tolerant design has been demonstrated with application to the steam generator system control in a pressurized water reactor plant.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Field Application of Gelling Polymers in Saudi Arabia (1998)

H.A. Nasr-El-Din, SPE, G.E. Bitar, SPE, F.I. Bou-Khamsin, A.K. Al-Mulhim, SPE and J. Hsu, SPE, Saudi Arabian Oil company (Saudi Aramco) Abstract High water production causes major economic and operational problems for several reasons. It decreases oil production, and results in large amounts of produced water that need to be disposed. It also requires increased capacity of water separation and handling facilities. Other production related problems include high corrosion rates and increased tendency for emulsion and scale formation. Therefore, there is a need to reduce water production. Several mechanical and chemical methods are available for water shut-off treatment. However, the choice of a specific treatment depends on the source of water, well characteristics, and cost. Water shutoff treatments using chemical means include injection of a gelling solution that forms a gel at reservoir conditions. Three main gelling systems are available to conduct water shutoff treatments: a water-soluble polymer with a cross-linker, phenol-formaldehyde resin, and sodium silicate gels. Based on extensive lab studies, two gelling systems were field tested in Saudi Arabia during the last few years. Both gelling systems were applied in a carbonate reservoir. The reservoir temperature is 220-240 F and formation water has total dissolved solids ranging from 45,000 to 200,000 mg/l. The first gelling system consisted of a polyacrylamide polymer, acetate and a retarder. This system was applied in two wells as a means to reduce water production due to coning and bottom water. The second gelling system consisted of sodium silicate with intemal and extemal activators. This system was applied in a well with a high permeability streak. Several operational and quality control problems were encountered during and after field applications. This paper discusses these problems in detail and recommends modifications to these systems to avoid operational problems encountered in the field. Advantages and disadvantages of using several gelling systems are also highlighted. P. 133
Hands Free Telephone Conversations are Simplified Using New Integrated Circuits (1985)

Speakerphones wer e desi gned by Bell Labs, in the 1950's for use with their telephones in order to provide hands free operation of a telephone. The original usage ended up primarily as business applications since it was found that the concept of hands free telephones appealed to executives, and anyone who considered himself to be an executive.