gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Novel Radiotracer to Image Glycogen Metabolism in Tumors by Positron Emission Tomography (2014)

The high rate of glucose uptake to fuel the bioenergetic and anabolic demands of proliferating cancer cells is well recognized and is exploited with (18)F-2-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose positron emission tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET) to image tumors clinically. In contrast, enhanced glucose storage as glycogen (glycogenesis) in cancer is less well understood and the availability of a noninvasive method to image glycogen in vivo could provide important biologic insights. Here, we demonstrate that (18)F-N-(methyl-(2-fluoroethyl)-1H-[1,2,3]triazole-4-yl)glucosamine ((18)F-NFTG) annotates glycogenesis in cancer cells and tumors in vivo, measured by PET. Specificity of glycogen labeling was demonstrated by isolating (18)F-NFTG-associated glycogen and with stable knockdown of glycogen synthase 1, which inhibited (18)F-NFTG uptake, whereas oncogene (Rab25) activation-associated glycogen synthesis led to increased uptake. We further show that the rate of glycogenesis is cell-cycle regulated, enhanced during the nonproliferative state of cancer cells. We demonstrate that glycogen levels, (18)F-NFTG, but not (18)F-FDG uptake, increase proportionally with cell density and G1-G0 arrest, with potential application in the assessment of activation of oncogenic pathways related to glycogenesis and the detection of posttreatment tumor quiescence.
Modified Min-Sum Algorithm for LDPC Decoders in UWB Communications (2006)

Several variations of the sum-product algorithm (SPA) have been proposed for the decoding of the low density parity check (LDPC) codes. Among these, the log domain belief propagation algorithm (log-BPA or simply BPA) is widely adopted in most of the proposed LDPC decoder architectures. The check node unit (CNU), which computes the check-to-variable (C2V) messages, is computationally the most complex part of the decoder employing the belief propagation algorithm. The BPA can be approximated using a sub-optimal min-sum algorithm; however, it suffers from the performance loss. The min-sum algorithm can be easily implemented with comparators and multiplexers, thereby reducing the area and the power consumption of the decoder, critical for the high data-rate applications such as ultra wide-band (UWB) communications system. Due to the performance degradation, the decoder needs to perform more decoding iterations to reach the desired performance. This, in turn, increases the decoder latency and reduces the decoder throughput. One approach to improve the decoder throughput is to layout more parallel CNUs inside a decoder, but this offsets the advantage of the min-sum implementation. On the other hand, the performance of the min-sum algorithm can be improved by scaling the node-to-check messages and it is possible to find optimal scaling factor for a given channel. In this paper, we propose an improvement to the min-sum algorithm based on the analysis of the error term in the min-sum algorithm. The proposed algorithm achieves the performance similar to the scaled min-sum (SMS) approach with optimal scaling, in the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) channel. We also show min-sum utilized with different fading channels and LDPC codes without any further adjustments. Thus, the proposed MMS algorithm provides flexibility in real applications, which need to support multiple code rates, block sizes and have to operate in unknown fading channels. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated for the MB-OFDM UWB systems with short distance indoor channel models. To meet the speed requirement of the of the UWB systems, a bit-level pipelined comparator is developed, which significantly reduces the latency of the critical path in the comparison circuit
Nanomechanical radio transmitter (2008)

Abstract We explore a design possibility for a highly integrated nanoscale radio transmitter, where the key functional component is a mechanically vibrating electrically charged beam. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Quantification of triglyceride fatty acid composition in the liver, subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue with 3.0T MRI (2014)

International audience
Powdered activated carbon combined with biological treatment to remove organic matter containing cresols and xylenols (1992)

Abstract This study focused on the effectiveness of powdered activated carbon (PAC) on the reduction of inhibition caused by cresols, xylenols and phenol in a joint biological treatment of waste water from an integrated oil refinery and a concentrated stream generated by a gasoline washery from the same industrial complex. The average phenolic concentration in the influent was from 90 to 130 mg/L, and included 20% xylenols, 40% cresols, 35% phenol and other phenolic compounds. The study of removal mechanisms in the PAC‐activated sludge process was performed on an experimental pilot system and showed that 30% of the total organic matter was removed by stripping, 17% was adsorbed on PAC and 28% was biodegraded; the effluent contained a residual organic concentration of 25% of the concentration in the influent. Adsorption experiments showed that 90% of the xylenols and 70% of the cresols, the most inhibitory compounds, were rapidly adsorbed by the PAC. The high adsorption efficiency, as well as the probably low desorption and low biore‐generation of these methylphenols on PAC, enabled an improvement in the biodégradation of the other organic compounds. No improvement in the settling characteristics of the mixed liquid suspended solids could be observed after the PAC addition.
Thermoelectric Powered Wireless Sensors for Spent Fuel Monitoring (2012)

This paper describes using thermoelectric generators to power wireless sensors to monitor spent nuclear fuel during dry-cask storage. OrigenArp was used to determine the decay heat of the spent fuel at different times during the service life of the dry-cask. The Engineering Equation Solver computer program modeled the temperatures inside the spent fuel storage facility during its service life. The temperature distribution in a thermoelectric generator and heat sink was calculated using the computer program Finite Element Heat Transfer. From these temperature distributions the power produced by the thermoelectric generator was determined as a function of the service life of the dry-cask. In addition, an estimation of the path loss experienced by the wireless signal can be made based on materials and thickness of the structure. Once the path loss is known, the transmission power and thermoelectric generator power requirements can be determined. This analysis estimates that a thermoelectric generator can produce enough power for a sensor to function and transmit data from inside the dry-cask throughout its service life.
Perspectives in Plant Cell Recognition (1991)

Perspectives in Plant Cell Recognition J. A. Callow, J. A. Callow Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. R. Green J. R. Green Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Experimental Botany, Volume 42, Issue supp1, May 1991, Pages 61–65, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jxb.a090778 Published: 01 May 1991
Modern Propulsions for Aerospace-A Review (2017)

A spacecraft propulsion is any method used to accelerate spacecraft and artificial satellites. There are several different methods, each with advantages and disadvantages, spacecraft propulsion being an active area of research. However, most current spacecraft are propelled by forcing a gas exits through the rear of the vehicle at high speed through supersonic nozzle of a rocket engine. All spacecraft are using chemical rockets (fuel or solid fuel) to launch, although some (such as Pegasus missiles and Space Ship One) are using air jet engines in the first step. Most satellites have simple chemical thrusters (often missiles mono) or missiles resistojet to maintain orbit. Soviet bloc satellites have used electric propulsion for decades and the new Western geo-orbital spacecraft begin using electric propulsion for orbit maintenance of north-south. There is a need increasingly of more new propulsion systems, modern, technology-based.
Independently Extensible Solutions to the Expression Problem (2004)

Abstract The expression problem is fundamental for the develop- ment of extensible software. Many (partial) solutions to this important problem have been proposed in the past. None of these approaches solves the problem of using different, independent extensions jointly. This paper pro- poses solutions to the expression problem that make it possible to combine independent extensions in a flexible, modular, and type-safe way. The solutions, formulated in the programming language Scala, are affected with only a small implementation overhead and are easy to imple- ment by hand. 1 The Expression Problem Since software evolves over time, it is essential for soft- ware systems to be extensible. But the development of extensible software poses many design and implemen- tation problems, especially, if extensions cannot be an- ticipated. The expression problem is probably the most fundamental one among these problems. It arises when recursively defined datatypes and operations on these types have to be extended simultaneously. The term ex- pression problem was originally coined by Phil Wadler in a post on the Java-Genericity mailing list [25], in which he also proposed a solution written in an extended version of Generic Java [3]. Only later it appeared that Wadler&apos;s solution could not be typed. For this paper, we paraphrase the problem in the fol- lowing way: Suppose we have a datatype which is defined by a set of cases and we have processors which operate on this datatype. There are primarily two directions along which we can extend such a system: * The extension of the datatype with new data vari-ants, * The addition of new processors. We require that processors handle only a finite number of data variants and thus do not provide defaults which could handle arbitrary cases of future extensions. The challenge is now to find an implementation technique which satisfies the following list of requirements: * Extensibility in both dimensions: It should be possible to add new data variants and adapt existing opera- tions accordingly. Furthermore, it should be possible to introduce new processors. * Strong static type safety: It should be impossible to apply a processor to a data variant which it cannot handle.
The Study of Metal Colloids Produced by Means of Gas Evaporation Technique. I. Preparation Method and Optical Properties in Ethanol (1983)

Abstract Three new methods for the preparation of metal colloid in organic solvent are presented. These methods were the matrix isolation method, the gas flow-cold trap method and the gas flow–solution trap method; the latter was found to give a good colloid solution for the optical measurements. The metals reported are high purity Ag, Au, Cu, In, Al, Ca, Sn, and Pb. The stability of the colloid is dependent on the kind of metals: Al, In, Au, and Ag are stable, and Pb, Sn, Ca, and Cu are unstable. The optical absorption spectra of these sols were measured in ethanol solution in Ar atmosphere. They are discussed in relation to those reported on the solid matrix or on the solid substrate.
Stratification in Drying Films Containing Bidisperse Mixtures of Nanoparticles (2018)

Large scale molecular dynamics simulations for bidisperse nanoparticle suspensions with an explicit solvent are used to investigate the effects of evaporation rates and volume fractions on the nanoparticle distribution during drying. Our results show that "small-on-top" stratification can occur when Pe <sub>s</sub>ϕ <sub>s</sub> ≳ c with c ∼ 1, where Pe <sub>s</sub> is the Péclet number and ϕ <sub>s</sub> is the volume fraction of the smaller particles. This threshold of Pe <sub>s</sub>ϕ <sub>s</sub> for "small-on-top" is larger by a factor of ∼α<sup>2</sup> than the prediction of the model treating solvent as an implicit viscous background, where α is the size ratio between the large and small particles. Our simulations further show that when the evaporation rate of the solvent is reduced, the "small-on-top" stratification can be enhanced, which is not predicted by existing theories. This unexpected behavior is explained with thermophoresis associated with a positive gradient of solvent density caused by evaporative cooling at the liquid/vapor interface. For ultrafast evaporation the gradient is large and drives the nanoparticles toward the liquid/vapor interface. This phoretic effect is stronger for larger nanoparticles, and consequently the "small-on-top" stratification becomes more distinct when the evaporation rate is slower (but not too slow such that a uniform distribution of nanoparticles in the drying film is produced), as thermophoresis that favors larger particles on the top is mitigated. A similar effect can lead to "large-on-top" stratification for Pe <sub>s</sub>ϕ <sub>s</sub> above the threshold when Pe <sub>s</sub> is large but ϕ <sub>s</sub> is small. Our results reveal the importance of including the solvent explicitly when modeling evaporation-induced particle separation and organization and point to the important role of density gradients brought about by ultrafast evaporation.
Kinematics of an in-parallel actuated manipulator based on the Stewart platform mechanism (1992)

This paper presents kinematic equations and solutions for an in-parallel actuated robotic mechanism based on Stewart's platform. These equations are required for inverse position and resolved rate (inverse velocity) platform control. NASA LaRC has a Vehicle Emulator System (VES) platform designed by MIT which is based on Stewart's platform. The inverse position solution is straight-forward and computationally inexpensive. Given the desired position and orientation of the moving platform with respect to the base, the lengths of the prismatic leg actuators are calculated. The forward position solution is more complicated and theoretically has 16 solutions. The position and orientation of the moving platform with respect to the base is calculated given the leg actuator lengths. Two methods are pursued in this paper to solve this problem. The resolved rate (inverse velocity) solution is derived. Given the desired Cartesian velocity of the end-effector, the required leg actuator rates are calculated. The Newton-Raphson Jacobian matrix resulting from the second forward position kinematics solution is a modified inverse Jacobian matrix. Examples and simulations are given for the VES.
Integrated Change Detection and Classification in Urban Areas Based on Airborne Laser Scanning Point Clouds (2018)

This paper suggests a new approach for change detection (CD) in 3D point clouds. It combines classification and CD in one step using machine learning. The point cloud data of both epochs are merged for computing features of four types: features describing the point distribution, a feature relating to relative terrain elevation, features specific for the multi-target capability of laser scanning, and features combining the point clouds of both epochs to identify the change. All these features are merged in the points and then training samples are acquired to create the model for supervised classification, which is then applied to the whole study area. The final results reach an overall accuracy of over 90% for both epochs of eight classes: lost tree, new tree, lost building, new building, changed ground, unchanged building, unchanged tree, and unchanged ground.
Fast visualization of plane-like structures in voxel data (2002)

We present a robust, noise-resistant criterion characterizing plane-like skeletons in binary voxel objects. It is based on a distance map and the geodesic distance along the object's boundary. A parameter allows us to control the noise sensitivity. If needed, homotopy with the original object might be reconstructed in a second step, using an improved distance ordered thinning algorithm. The skeleton is analyzed to create a geometric representation for rendering. Plane-like parts are transformed into an triangulated surface not enclosing a volume by a suitable triangulation scheme. The resulting surfaces have lower triangle count than those created with standard methods and tend to maintain the original geometry, even after simplification with a high decimation rate. Our algorithm allows us to interactively render expressive images of complex 3D structures, emphasizing independently plane-like and rod-like structures. The methods are applied for visualization of the microstructure of bone biopsies.
Primary structure and cellular distribution of two fatty acid-binding proteins in adult rat kidneys. (1991)

Fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs) were purified from the kidneys of female and male rats and characterized by primary structure and histological distribution in the kidney. Two FABPs (14 and 15.5 kDa) were found in male rat kidney cytosol whereas only 14-kDa FABP could be recognized in female rat kidneys throughout the purification steps. The amino acid sequence of the 14-kDa FABP was identical to that of rat heart FABP deduced from the cDNA sequence (Heuckeroth, R. O., Birkenmeier, E. H., Levin, M. S., and Gordon, J. I. (1987) J. Biol. Chem. 262, 9709-9717). Structural analysis of the male-specific 15.5-kDa FABP identified this second FABP as a proteolytically modified form of alpha 2u-globulin, an 18.7-kDa major urinary protein of adult male rats (Unterman, R. D., Lynch, K. R., Nakhasi, H. L., dolan, K. P., Hamilton, J. W., Cohn, D. V., and Feigelson, P. (1981) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 78, 3478-3482) which shares a common ancestry with a number of hydrophobic ligand-binding proteins such as serum retinol-binding proteins. Immunohistochemical investigation disclosed that heart-type FABP (14-kDa FABP) is localized in the cytoplasm of the epithelia of the distal tubules in both male and female rat kidneys whereas 15.5-kDa FABP immunostaining was observed predominantly in the endosomes or lysosomes of proximal tubules in male rat kidneys. These results suggest strongly the functional divergence of two FABPs in the rat kidney.
Generalized Intersection Over Union: A Metric and a Loss for Bounding Box Regression (2019)

Intersection over Union (IoU) is the most popular evaluation metric used in the object detection benchmarks. However, there is a gap between optimizing the commonly used distance losses for regressing the parameters of a bounding box and maximizing this metric value. The optimal objective for a metric is the metric itself. In the case of axis-aligned 2D bounding boxes, it can be shown that IoU can be directly used as a regression loss. However, IoU has a plateau making it infeasible to optimize in the case of non-overlapping bounding boxes. In this paper, we address the this weakness by introducing a generalized version of IoU as both a new loss and a new metric. By incorporating this generalized IoU (GIoU) as a loss into the state-of-the art object detection frameworks, we show a consistent improvement on their performance using both the standard, IoU based, and new, GIoU based, performance measures on popular object detection benchmarks such as PASCAL VOC and MS COCO.
Bell nonlocality (2014)

Bell's 1964 theorem, which states that the predictions of quantum theory cannot be accounted for by any local theory, represents one of the most profound developments in the foundations of physics. In the last two decades, Bell's theorem has been a central theme of research from a variety of perspectives, mainly motivated by quantum information science, where the nonlocality of quantum theory underpins many of the advantages afforded by a quantum processing of information. The focus of this review is to a large extent oriented by these later developments. The main concepts and tools which have been developed to describe and study the nonlocality of quantum theory and which have raised this topic to the status of a full subfield of quantum information science are reviewed.
Approximations to the Pull-In Frequency of High Order Linear and Nonlinear Loops (1969)

Two methods of approximating the pull-in frequency cp of linearphase-locked loops are presented. Both methods are based on thephysically plausible, but not mathematically apparent, contention thatthe response of the phase error to a step change in mistuning, ϕϵ(t),can be used to predict ωp. The first method uses the ratio of the steadystatetate to peak valuϕϵ(t) as a measure of ωp. In the second method,the approximation is based on the shape of the time response of thephase error. This second technique is also employed to obtain ameasure of ωp for a nonlinear loop. Two other ways of approximatingthe wp of a nonlinear phase-locked loop, based on the concept ofobtaining an equivalent linear loop, are presented. These approximationsions represent a more easily implemented alternative to computersimulation as a method of obtaining a measure for ωp.
Metallo-Organic Decomposition (MOD) silver metallization for photovoltaics (1984)

The metallo-organic decomposition (MOD) silver metallization process for photovoltaics was investigated. It is found that: (1) generic compounds are essential; (2) high purity raw materials are very important; (3) proper time temperature processing is critical; and MOD silver shows great promise for low temperature metallization.
Extensive Interactions Between Troponins C and I. Zero-Length Footnotes: Crosslinking Of Troponin I and Acetylated Troponin C (1995)

Interactions between troponin C (TnC) and troponin I (TnI) play an important role in the Ca(2+)-dependent regulation of vertebrate striated muscle contraction. Earlier studies have led to the proposal that the "inhibitory region" (residues 96-116) of TnI binds to an alpha-helical segment of TnC comprising residues 89-100 in the nonregulatory, C-terminal domain. Subsequently, on the basis of the results of zero-length cross-linking, we suggested that the inhibitory region of TnI also interacts with the N-terminal, regulatory domain of TnC [Leszyk, J., Grabarek, Z., Gergely, J., & Collins, J. H. (1990) Biochemistry 29, 299-304]. In the present study, we acetylated the epsilon-NH2 groups of the nine lysines of TnC in order to avoid complications which may arise from intramolecular cross-linking between NH2 and COOH groups of TnC. We then activated the COOH groups of acetylated TnC (AcTnC) with 1-ethyl-3-[3-(dimethylamino)propyl]carbodiimide and N-hydroxysuccinimide. The activated AcTnC was combined with TnI, and zero-length cross-links were formed between COOH groups in AcTnC and lysine epsilon-NH2 groups in TnI. The cross-linked heterodimer (AcCxI) was cleaved with CNBr and proteases, and the resulting cross-linked peptides were separated by HPLC and then sequenced. Our results show extensive cross-linking between AcTnC and TnI, involving both the N-terminal and C-terminal domains of TnC, as well as the N-terminal, C-terminal, and inhibitory regions of TnI.
HIGH INTENSITY PROTON BEAMS FROM CYCLOTRONS FOR H 2 (1999)

To deliver high intensity proton beams it is proposed to accelerate H2 + by cyclotrons and to use the stripping method to extract the beam. The high binding energy of the H2 + molecule allows to use very high magnetic fields produced by superconducting magnets even at energies as high as 1 GeV/n. High beam currents are achievable with these cyclotrons as extrapolated from the experimental results obtained by H - cyclotrons. The main advantages, i.e. easy operation, high reliability and high conversion efficiency from electrical to beam power are presented.