gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ultraviolet irradiation induces keratinocyte proliferation and epidermal hyperplasia through the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (2005)

Chronic exposure to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation induces skin cancer, in part, through epigenetic mechanisms that result in the deregulation of cell proliferation. UV irradiation also rapidly activates the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Since EGFR activation is strongly mitogenic in many cell types including keratinocytes of the skin, we hypothesized that UV-induced cutaneous proliferation results from EGFR activation. The role of EGFR activation in the response of the skin to UV was determined using Egfr-null and Egfr-wild-type skin grafted onto athymic nude mouse hosts, because Egfr-null mice survive only a few days after birth. EGFR was rapidly activated in mouse epidermis following exposure to UV, as detected by the phosphorylation of EGFR on tyrosine residues 992, 1045, 1068 and 1173. UV induced epidermal hyperplasia in Egfr-wild-type skin between 48 and 72 h post-UV. However, no epidermal hyperplasia occurred in Egfr-null skin. Baseline cell proliferation was similar in skin grafts of both genotypes. However, UV exposure increased cell proliferation, as measured by Ki67 immunohistochemistry and proliferating cell nuclear antigen immunoblotting, maximally at 48 h to a level more than three times higher in wild-type compared with Egfr-null skin. Apoptotic cell death, as measured by terminal deoxynucleotidyl Transferase Biotin-dUTP Nick End Labeling (TUNEL) analysis, was also increased in UV-exposed Egfr-null skin when compared with wild-type 1-2 days post-UV. These changes in cellular homeostasis after UV were accompanied by increased cyclin D expression in wild-type but not Egfr-null skin and increased expression of p53 and the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p21waf1 in Egfr-null skin when compared with wild-type. Collectively, these results demonstrate that the UV-induced activation of EGFR augments keratinocyte proliferation and suppresses apoptosis, leading to epidermal hyperplasia, associated with increased G1 cyclin expression and suppression of CDK inhibitor expression.
Antibacterial activities of erythromycins A, B, C, and D and some of their derivatives (1985)

The MICs of erythromycins A, B, C, and D and some of their derivatives were determined against 21 gram-positive and 15 gram-negative microorganisms. Antibacterial activity was confined to gram-positive and very few gram-negative bacteria. Erythromycin B was somewhat less active than erythromycin A, and erythromycin C and D showed about half that activity or even less. Most other derivatives had negligible activity. Determination of potency by diffusion and turbidimetric assays were in line with MICs. The examination of the results of these assays, however, revealed that there are differences between the data of different laboratories, depending on the microorganisms and conditions used.
Reduced perfusion in systemic sclerosis digital ulcers (both fingertip and extensor) can be increased by topical application of glyceryl trinitrate (2016)

DUs (both fingertip and extensor) were responsive to topical GTN, with an increase in perfusion to the ischaemic DU centre. If both fingertip and extensor DUs have a (potentially reversible) ischaemic aetiology, this has important treatment implications.
Impact of Viscosity Modifiers on Gear Oil Efficiency and Durability (2011)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper is part one of a longer term comparison of viscosity modifier behavior in modern automotive gear oil (AGO) fluids and the impact of these properties on fluid efficiency and durability. This first installment will compare the rheological properties, including EHD film thickness and traction coefficients, of the fluids across broad operating temperature, shear and load regimes and correlate these findings with rig efficiency testing.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The effects of traction, EHD film thickness and high shear rheology on operating temperature are well documented and it is of particular interest to determine the extent to which different viscosity modifiers can beneficially impact these properties compared to a Brightstock-based SAE 80W90 grade fluid. The efficiency improvements of a VM would be for naught if it were not sufficiently shear stable and so comparisons are made between shear stable VM technologies.</div><div class="htmlview paragraph">The final discussion introduces new tapered roller bearing shear test conditions that correlate more closely to fluid shear in the field than the current 20 h tapered roller bearing shear test, CEC L-45-A-99.</div></div>
Roles of Ti-intermetallic compound layers on the electromigration resistance of Al-Cu interconnecting stripes (1992)

Various suggestions for the origin of the beneficial effect of TiAl3 layers on the electromigration resistance of Al-Cu interconnect stripes have been evaluated experimentally. The leading candidate for this effect, the shunting of current through the intermetallic compound layer that spans opens (voids) in the Al-Cu layer, cannot account for the correlation found in the present investigation between the median time to failure and the median rate of increase of electrical resistance in the Al-Cu layer of different multilayer interconnect configurations. When the TiAl3 layer lies above the Al-Cu conducting layer, the major enhancement of median lifetime to failure is an effect the TiAl3 layer has on the ‘‘electromigration resistance’’ of the Al-Cu layer. This effect arises from the overlayer acting to decrease the rate of mass transport in the Al-Cu layer rather than from any effect on the grain size or texture of the Al-Cu layer. It is believed that the TiAl3 overlayer acts to produce triaxiality in the local stress fields developed at mass sinks and sources. This triaxiality of the stress field should act to increase the local yield strengths. A model analysis shows that the yield strengths required to reduce the mass flux by the observed amount are reasonable for a near triaxial state of stress. Only when the TiAl3 layer is below the Al-Cu layer is it possible that shunting is the cause of the enhancement in the median time to failure relative to that for a single Al-Cu interconnect layer.
Surface Treatments for Inkjet Printing onto a PTFE-Based Substrate for High Frequency Applications (2013)

In this paper, different surface treatments to reduce the surface roughness of a typical laminate for use in high frequency applications (high frequency laminate) are investigated. In particular, the importance of matching the substrate surface energy to the ink to achieve a smooth coated layer for the case of a UV cured insulator is demonstrated. This paper shows that this is achievable within the parameters of heating the platen, which is a more flexible approach compared to modifying the ink to improve the ink-substrate interaction. In printing onto the surface modified substrates, the substrate roughness was observed to affect the printed line width significantly. A surface roughness factor was introduced to take into account the phenomenon by modifying the original formula of Smith et al. (J. Mater. Sci. 2006, 41, 4153). Lastly, the authors show that the printed line widths are also influenced by the surface tension arising from charges present on the surface modified substrates.
Beiträge zur Kenntnis der ungesättigten Verbindungen. X. Über die Einwirkung von freiem Hydroxylamin auf Cumarine (1913)

0.1976 g Sbst.: 14.2 ccm N ('20°, 740 mm).Das Dibenzoyl-Derivat entsteht leicht beim Versetzen einer Lijsung von 1 g Base in 8 g Pyridin mit 3 g Benzoylchlorid.Es w i d zii seiner Weinigung in Pyridin gel6st und mit Alkohol gefallt, und bildet dann gelbliche I(rystiil1chen vom Schmp.2330, die in Pyridin leicht, dagegen in Alkohol, Aceton und Benzol fast unl6slich sind.C21H2ONaOa.Ber.N 8.05.Gef.N 7.96.0.2005 g Sbst.: 10.9 ccrn N (22°, 748 mm).
Is There Potential for Repurposing Statins as Novel Antimicrobials? (2016)

Statins are members of a class of pharmaceutical widely used to reduce high levels of serum cholesterol. In addition, statins have so-called "pleiotropic effects," which include inflammation reduction, immunomodulation, and antimicrobial effects. An increasing number of studies are emerging which detail the attenuation of bacterial growth and in vitro and in vivo virulence by statin treatment. In this review, we describe the current information available concerning the effects of statins on bacterial infections and provide insight regarding the potential use of these compounds as antimicrobial therapeutic agents.
A comparison of intensive psychiatric services for children and adolescents: cost of day treatment versus hospitalization. (1987)

Proponents of day treatment for children and adolescents assert that this mode of intervention is a viable alternative to hospitalization based on both treatment and cost effectiveness. Preliminary studies on treatment effectiveness are beginning to appear in the literature. This paper focuses on the relative cost difference of treating children and adolescents in a day-treatment program vs three inpatient-hospital settings. The study finds that the populations in the two settings are similar with regard to demographic and diagnostic characteristics and that day treatment is significantly less costly on a daily basis. A conservative conclusion, based on the findings reported, is that over the course of treatment partial hospitalization is equal or less costly than hospitalization. The authors conclude that further research exploring both treatment efficacy and cost effectiveness is in order to define what role day treatment should serve in the continuum of mental health-care services for children and adults.
Synthesis of Hyperbranched Carbohydrate Polymer by Ring-Opening Multibranching Polymerization of 1,4-Anhydroerythritol and 1,4-Anhydro-<scp>l</scp>-threitol (2004)

1,4-Anhydroerythritol (1a) and 1,4-anhydro-l-threitol (1b) were polymerized using trifluoromethanesulfonic acid (CF3SO3H) or fluorosulfonic acid (FSO3H) as a cationic initiator. The polymerizations of 1a and 1b proceeded through a ring-opening reaction with a proton-transfer reaction to produce hyperbranched carbohydrate polymers (2a and 2b) mainly consisting of erythritol and l-threitol units, respectively. The degrees of branching (DB) estimated by the 13C NMR spectra of 2a and 2b were ca. 0.28−0.47. The weight-average molecular weight (Mw,SLS) values (3.2 × 104−5.1 × 105) estimated using static laser light scattering (SLS) of the resulting hyperbranched carbohydrate polymers were significantly higher than the weight-average molecular weight (Mw,SEC) values (1.5 × 103−1.4 × 104) estimated using size exclusion chromatography (SEC). The solution viscosities of 2a and 2b were very low, and the intrinsic viscosities ([η]) of 2a and 2b were in the range from 3.26 × 10-2 to 7.30 × 10-2 dL·g-1. The three-dimensional properties characterized by the SLS and viscosity measurements indicated that 2a and 2b should be nanoscale particles.
Mafura Nut Oil and Meal: Processing and Purification (1982)

Abstract The seeds of the tropical tree known as mafura (Trichilia emetica) contain significant amounts of oil and protein. So far, commercial use of the mafura seeds has been prevented by the presence of a strong bitter and emetic taste, as well as a brownish color in both oil and meal. A refining procedure which gives edible oil with acceptable organoleptic properties has been developed. The raw meal has been extracted with aqueous alcohol to give a debittered meal with a protein content of about 36%. The amino acid composition of the meal was found to be comparable to that of other vegetable food proteins, except for a relatively low content of sulfur‐containing amino acids. The brown color has been shown to result from browning reactions taking place during storage and processing. Most of the color may be removed by repeated treatments with dilute sodium hydroxide, followed by bleaching with earth and activated carbon.
On the Performance of Probabilistic Flooding in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (2006)

This paper investigates using extensive simulations the effects of a number of important system parameters in a typical MANETs, including node speed, pause time, traffic load, and node density on the performance of probabilistic flooding. The results reveal that most of these parameters have a critical impact on the reachability and the number of saved rebroadcast messages achieved by probabilistic flooding, prompting the need for dynamically adjusting nodal retransmission probabilities depending on the current state of the network
Optical method for measuring thermal accommodation coefficients using a whispering-gallery microresonator (2011)

A novel optical method has been developed for the measurement of thermal accommodation coefficients in the temperature-jump regime. The temperature dependence of the resonant frequency of a fused-silica microresonator's whispering-gallery mode is used to measure the rate at which the microresonator comes into thermal equilibrium with the ambient gas. The thermal relaxation time is related to the thermal conductivity of the gas under some simplifying assumptions and measuring this time as a function of gas pressure determines the thermal accommodation coefficient. Using a low-power tunable diode laser of wavelength around 1570 nm to probe a microsphere's whispering-gallery mode through tapered-fiber coupling, we have measured the accommodation coefficients of air, helium, and nitrogen on fused silica at room temperature. In addition, by applying thin-film coatings to the microsphere's surface, we have demonstrated that accommodation coefficients can be measured for various gases on a wide range of modified surfaces using this method.
SOME ISOMERS OF AMIDONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDS (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSOME ISOMERS OF AMIDONE AND RELATED COMPOUNDSNelson R. Easton, John H. Gardner, and Joseph R. StevensCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 4, 976–977Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01196a514https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01196a514research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views45Altmetric-Citations5LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Adoptive cell transfer: new perspective treatment in veterinary oncology (2018)

Cancer immunotherapy is recently considered the most promising treatment for human patients with advanced tumors and could be effectively combined with conventional therapies such as chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Patients with hematological malignancies and melanoma have benefited greatly from immunotherapies such as, adoptive cell transfer therapy, experiencing durable remissions and prolonged survival. In the face of increasing enthusiasm for immunotherapy, particularly for the administration of tumor-specific T lymphocytes, the question arises whether this method could be employed to improve treatment outcomes for canine patients. It is warranted to determine whether veterinary clinical trials could support comparative oncology research and thus facilitate the development of new cell-based therapies for humans. Herein, we discuss adoptive transfer of T lymphocytes and lymphokine-activated cells for application in veterinary oncology, in the context of human medicine achievements. Furthermore, we discuss potential benefits of using domestic dog as a model for immunotherapy and its advantages for translational medicine. We also focus on an emerging genome-editing technology as a useful tool to improve a T cells’ phenotype.
EMI-Series-Electromagnetic Fuel Injection Pumps (1988)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Usage of solenoid valves capable of controlling fuel delivery to several engine cylinders in succession reduces the cost and complexity of electromagnetic fuel injection systems. A new type of injection pump employing solenoid valves with shuttles is described. In a multiplunger pump such a solenoid valve controls operation of two plungers in succession. The number of required solenoids is equal to half the number of engine cylinders. A review and analysis of the basic concept is given, and test results are discussed.</div>
A Renaissance of Elicitors: Perception of Microbe-Associated Molecular Patterns and Danger Signals by Pattern-Recognition Receptors (2009)

Microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPs) are molecular signatures typical of whole classes of microbes, and their recognition plays a key role in innate immunity. Endogenous elicitors are similarly recognized as damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). This review focuses on the diversity of MAMPs/DAMPs and on progress to identify the corresponding pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) in plants. The two best-characterized MAMP/PRR pairs, flagellin/FLS2 and EF-Tu/EFR, are discussed in detail and put into a phylogenetic perspective. Both FLS2 and EFR are leucine-rich repeat receptor kinases (LRR-RKs). Upon treatment with flagellin, FLS2 forms a heteromeric complex with BAK1, an LRR-RK that also acts as coreceptor for the brassinolide receptor BRI1. The importance of MAMP/PRR signaling for plant immunity is highlighted by the finding that plant pathogens use effectors to inhibit PRR complexes or downstream signaling events. Current evidence indicates that MAMPs, DAMPs, and effectors are all perceived as danger signals and induce a stereotypic defense response.
Lys314 is a Nucleophile in Non‐Classical Reactions of Orotidine‐5′‐Monophosphate Decarboxylase (2009)

Orotidine-5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (OMPD) catalyzes the decarboxylation of orotidine-5'-monophosphate (OMP) to uridine-5'-monophosphate (UMP) in an extremely proficient manner. The reaction does not require any cofactors and proceeds by an unknown mechanism. In addition to decarboxylation, OMPD is able to catalyze other reactions. We show that several C6-substituted UMP derivatives undergo hydrolysis or substitution reactions that depend on a lysine residue (Lys314) in the OMPD active site. 6-Cyano-UMP is converted to UMP, and UMP derivatives with good leaving groups inhibit OMPD by a suicide mechanism in which Lys314 covalently binds to the substrate. These non-classical reactivities of human OMPD were characterized by cocrystallization and freeze-trapping experiments with wild-type OMPD and two active-site mutants by using substrate and inhibitor nucleotides. The structures show that the C6-substituents are not coplanar with the pyrimidine ring. The extent of this substrate distortion is a function of the substituent geometry. Structure-based mechanisms for the reaction of 6-substituted UMP derivatives are extracted in accordance with results from mutagenesis, mass spectrometry, and OMPD enzyme activity. The Lys314-based mechanisms explain the chemodiversity of OMPD, and offer a strategy to design mechanism-based inhibitors that could be used for antineoplastic purposes for example.
ELECTROKINETIC PHENOMENA (1933)

By assuming that the electric charge of proteins is primarily determined by the hydrogen ion activity of the medium, and by making corrections when necessary for the effect of salt, it is possible to derive a simple relationship between the electric mobility of proteins and the effective reciprocal thickness of the electric double layer. The decrease in electric mobility of proteins in solutions is readily predicted for gelatin in acetate buffers and for egg albumin in the presence of the alkali halides, of acetate buffers, and of hydrochloric acid on the basis of the assumptions made.
High Diastereoselective Synthesis of Threo or Erythro Aminoalkyl Epoxides from .alpha.-Amino Acids (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHigh Diastereoselective Synthesis of Threo or Erythro Aminoalkyl Epoxides from .alpha.-Amino AcidsJose Barluenga, Beatriz Baragana, and Jose M. ConcellonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 21, 6696–6699Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00126a019https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00126a019research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views754Altmetric-Citations94LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Isolation and properties of a Bacillus subtilis mutant unable to produce fructose-bisphosphatase (1981)

A Bacillus subtilis mutation (gene symbol fdpA1), producing a deficiency of D-fructose-1,6-bisphosphate 1-phosphohydrolase (EC 3.1.3.11, fructose-bisphosphatase), was isolated and genetically purified. An fdpA1-containing mutant did not produce cross-reacting material. It grew on any carbon source that allowed growth of the standard strain except myo-inositol and D-gluconate. Because the mutant could grow on D-fructose, glycerol, or L-malate as the sole carbon source, B. subtilis can produce fructose-6-phosphate and the derived cell wall precursors from these carbon sources in the absence of fructose-bisphosphatase. In other words, during gluconeogenesis B. subtilis must be able to bypass this reaction. Fructose-bisphosphatase is also not needed for the sporulation of B., subtilis. The fdpA1 mutation has the pleiotropic consequence that mutants carrying it cannot produce inositol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.18) and gluconate kinase (EC 2.7.1.12) under conditions that normally induce these enzymes.