gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prognostic significance of Tie‐1 protein expression in patients with early chronic phase chronic myeloid leukemia (2002)

Abstract BACKGROUND The Tie‐1 tyrosine kinase receptor and its thus far unidentified ligand appear to play a distinct role in the regulatory pathways of early hematopoiesis and angiogenesis. Because vascularity is increased in the bone marrow of patients with chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), the authors evaluated the clinical significance of Tie‐1 expression in such patients. METHODS Using Western blot analysis and solid‐phase radioimmunoassay (RIA), the authors quantified Tie‐1 protein in bone marrow samples from 128 patients with CML and 31 normal controls. RESULTS The median Tie‐1 RIA value of CML samples was significantly higher than in normal controls ( P = 0.01). The authors found no significant differences in Tie‐1 levels in patients with early chronic, late chronic, accelerated, and blastic phases ( P = 0.2). High Tie‐1 levels correlated with short survival in patients with early chronic phase ( P = 0.003; Cox proportional hazard model) but not in patients with late chronic ( P = 0.2) or accelerated/blastic ( P = 0.2) phase CML. Tie‐1 protein level was also prognostic when patients were separated into two groups by the median value. High Tie‐1 level in early chronic phase was associated with significantly shorter survival than low Tie‐1 level (median survival, 116 vs. 61 months; P = 0.03). In patients with early chronic phase CML, Tie‐1 levels correlated directly with patient age ( P = 0.004) and platelet count ( P = 0.003), and inversely with leukocyte count ( P = 0.007). Tie‐1 as a predictor of survival in early chronic phase CML was independent of risk group, spleen size, age, hemoglobin, and basophil count ( P = 0.03; multivariate Cox proportional hazard model). CONCLUSIONS The authors' findings support the hypothesis that angiogenesis may play a major role in the pathophysiology of chronic phase CML. Cancer 2002;94:1517–21. © 2002 American Cancer Society. DOI 10.1002/cncr.10363
Synaptic Energy Use and Supply (2012)

Neuronal computation is energetically expensive. Consequently, the brain's limited energy supply imposes constraints on its information processing capability. Most brain energy is used on synaptic transmission, making it important to understand how energy is provided to and used by synapses. We describe how information transmission through presynaptic terminals and postsynaptic spines is related to their energy consumption, assess which mechanisms normally ensure an adequate supply of ATP to these structures, consider the influence of synaptic plasticity and changing brain state on synaptic energy use, and explain how disruption of the energy supply to synapses leads to neuropathology.
<b><i>Ab initio</i></b>study of BaTiO<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>surfaces (1997)

We have carried out first-principles total-energy calculations of (001) surfaces of the tetragonal and cubic phases of BaTiO${}_{3}$. Both BaO-terminated (type I) and TiO${}_{2}$-terminated (type II) surfaces are considered, and the atomic configurations have been fully relaxed. We found no deep-gap surface states for any of the surfaces, in agreement with previous theoretical studies. However, the gap is reduced for the type-II surface, especially in the cubic phase. The surface relaxation energies are found to be substantial, i.e., many times larger than the bulk ferroelectric well depth. Nevertheless, the influence of the surface upon the ferroelectric order parameter is modest; we find only a small enhancement of the ferroelectricity near the surface.
Morphological variation and zygotic defective mating-type plus in a population of Closterium ehrenbergii (Desmidiales, Chlorophyta) from Boest Brook, Denmark (1995)

Clonal isolates of Closterium ehrenbergii Meneghini ex Ralfs from a cold stream in Denmark were studied morphologically and cytogenetically and confirmed as belonging to mating group P. Variation in cell size appeared to be considerable for a single natural population, compared to the full range of morphological variation in a single mating group (biological species) known for Groups A, B, Hand P. Based on sexual compatibility, F1 viability and mating-type inheritance tests in almost all possible combinations between four strains, it was found that 2 of the 4 mating-type plus strains contained a zygotic defective factor. This suggests that Group P is a recently developed high-polyploid species. Alternatively, however, it is more likely that asynaptic mutations can be maintained rather easily in natural populations of Group P which are rarely subjected to conditions unfavourable for vegetative growth, as compared to other mating groups inhabiting temporary shallow ponds and paddy fields. The great morphological variation observed in a single natural population is discussed in the light of the unique ecological and cytotaxonomic characteristics of Group P.
Predictive block-matching motion estimation schemes for video compression. II. Inter-frame prediction of motion vectors (2002)

For pt. I see ibid., vol.2, p.1088 (1991). A novel predictive block matching motion estimation scheme is proposed for efficient video codec design. The proposed scheme is based on the 'inertia' effect of natural video scenes and takes advantage of the motion vectors obtained in the previous frames. Not only are motion searching time and overhead significantly reduced, but the proposed scheme also provides a realistic motion tendency, which is very useful for frame-skipping/interpolation techniques. These advantages are demonstrated by experimental results obtained on the Abekas video system.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Development and implementation of high performance variable structure tracking control for brushless motors (1991)

A high-performance controller for DC brushless motors is proposed. The controller is based on the theories of variable structure tracking. With the proposed method, the rotor position can trace any arbitrarily selected track with a high degree of accuracy, and without overshooting or overstressing the hardware of the system. The control strategy is adaptive and very robust. External disturbances and variations in system parameters are adaptively compensated by the tracking controller. The proposed controller is suitable for such applications as robotics, actuation and manipulation, where most of the present fixed-parameter positional control methods are inadequate. The system is designed and implemented in the laboratory. Test results are presented and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Control development for a hybrid-electric sport-utility vehicle: strategy, implementation and field test results (2001)

The control strategy presented and evaluated was developed for a parallel hybrid vehicle designed for the FutureTruck 2000 competition. The control strategy implemented focuses on fuel efficiency optimization in the context of charge-sustaining operation. It is based on an equivalent consumption minimization strategy, accounting for both the actual fuel cost and a suitably formulated equivalent fuel cost for the electric machine. This formulation leads to an instantaneous univariate minimization, which allows one to minimize the fuel consumption while meeting the driver demand and nominally maintaining the state of charge. Actual road test results are presented, demonstrating significant fuel economy gains and charge-sustaining operation. The same formalism is then extended for emission reduction by use of suitably designed penalty function to account for the engine-out emissions added to the equivalent fuel cost. The results indicate that it is possible to reduce NO/sub x/ emissions by more than 10% without significantly degrading fuel economy.
Bench to bedside review: Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal, past present and future (2012)

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) has a substantial mortality rate and annually affects more than 140,000 people in the USA alone. Standard management includes lung protective ventilation but this impairs carbon dioxide clearance and may lead to right heart dysfunction or increased intracranial pressure. Extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal has the potential to optimize lung protective ventilation by uncoupling oxygenation and carbon dioxide clearance. The aim of this article is to review the carbon dioxide removal strategies that are likely to be widely available in the near future. Relevant published literature was identified using PubMed and Medline searches. Queries were performed by using the search terms ECCOR, AVCO2R, VVCO2R, respiratory dialysis, and by combining carbon dioxide removal and ARDS. The only search limitation imposed was English language. Additional articles were identified from reference lists in the studies that were reviewed. Several novel strategies to achieve carbon dioxide removal were identified, some of which are already commercially available whereas others are in advanced stages of development.
Economizer Based Data Center Liquid Cooling with Advanced Metal Interfaces. Final Technical Report (2012)

A new chiller-less data center liquid cooling system utilizing the outside air environment has been shown to achieve up to 90% reduction in cooling energy compared to traditional chiller based data center cooling systems. The system removes heat from Volume servers inside a Sealed Rack and transports the heat using a liquid loop to an Outdoor Heat Exchanger which rejects the heat to the outdoor ambient environment. The servers in the rack are cooled using a hybrid cooling system by removing the majority of the heat generated by the processors and memory by direct thermal conduction using coldplates and the heat generated by the remaining components using forced air convection to an air- to- liquid heat exchanger inside the Sealed Rack. The anticipated benefits of such energy-centric configurations are significant energy savings at the data center level. When compared to a traditional 10 MW data center, which typically uses 25% of its total data center energy consumption for cooling this technology could potentially enable a cost savings of up to $800,000-$2,200,000/year (assuming electricity costs of 4 to 11 cents per kilowatt-hour) through the reduction in electrical energy usage.
MEMS Mirrors for LiDAR: A Review (2020)

In recent years, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) has been drawing extensive attention both in academia and industry because of the increasing demand for autonomous vehicles. LiDAR is believed to be the crucial sensor for autonomous driving and flying, as it can provide high-density point clouds with accurate three-dimensional information. This review presents an extensive overview of Microelectronechanical Systems (MEMS) scanning mirrors specifically for applications in LiDAR systems. MEMS mirror-based laser scanners have unrivalled advantages in terms of size, speed and cost over other types of laser scanners, making them ideal for LiDAR in a wide range of applications. A figure of merit (FoM) is defined for MEMS mirrors in LiDAR scanners in terms of aperture size, field of view (FoV) and resonant frequency. Various MEMS mirrors based on different actuation mechanisms are compared using the FoM. Finally, a preliminary assessment of off-the-shelf MEMS scanned LiDAR systems is given.
Nonlinear current-voltage characteristics of Pt nanowires and nanowire transistors fabricated by electron-beam deposition (2003)

We have fabricated Pt/C composite nanowires and nanowire transistors, using the technique of electron-beam-induced deposition. The current-voltage characteristics of the granular nanowires are strongly nonlinear at 4.2 K, and evidence for this nonlinearity is found to persist to room temperature. A voltage gap of order 0.1–0.2 V is observed at the lowest temperatures, and we suggest that this feature is consistent with single-electron tunneling via Pt nanocrystals that form in the wires during their fabrication. In order to further explore this possibility, we incorporate the nanowires into three-terminal transistor structures and find evidence for a gate-induced modulation of their voltage gap.
Practical, Catalytic, Asymmetric Synthesis of β-Lactones via a Sequential Ketene Dimerization/Hydrogenation Process:  Inhibitors of the Thioesterase Domain of Fatty Acid Synthase (2006)

The recent finding that the FDA-approved antiobesity agent orlistat (tetrahydrolipstatin, Xenical) is a potent inhibitor of the thioesterase domain of fatty acid synthase (FAS) led us to develop a concise and practical asymmetric route to pseudosymmetric 3,4-dialkyl-cis-beta-lactones. The well-documented up-regulation of FAS in cancer cells makes this enzyme complex an interesting therapeutic target for cancer. The described route to 3,4-dialkyl-beta-lactones is based on a two-step process involving Calter's catalytic, asymmetric ketene dimerization of acid chlorides followed by a facial-selective hydrogenation leading to cis-substituted-beta-lactones. Importantly, the ketene dimer intermediates were found to be stable to flash chromatography, enabling opportunities for subsequent transformations of these optically active, reactive intermediates. Subsequent alpha-epimerization and alpha-alkylation or acylation led to trans-beta-lactones and beta-lactones bearing alpha-quaternary carbons, respectively. Several of the ketene dimers and beta-lactones displayed antagonistic activity (apparent Ki in the low micromolar range) in competition with a fluorogenic substrate toward a recombinant form of the thioesterase domain of fatty acid synthase. The best antagonist, a simple phenyl-substituted cis-beta-lactone 3d, displayed an apparent Ki (2.5 +/- 0.5 microM) of only approximately 10-fold lower than that of orlistat (0.28 +/- 0.06 microM). In addition, mechanistic studies of the ketene dimerization process by ReactionView infrared spectroscopy support previous findings that ketene formation is rate determining.
BCL-2, a novel regulator of apoptosis (1996)

The bcl-2 gene has a unique function among mammalian oncogenes as a negative regulator of apoptosis. Its expression pattern in embryonic and adult tissues is consistent with a role in maintaining in vivo survival of specific cell types. The biochemical function of bcl-2 is unknown, but its localization to mitochondrial and microsomal membranes suggests several possibilities. bcl-2 is protective against oxidative stress in mammalian cells and can be replaced by antioxidants in a factor-deprivation model of apoptosis. These results are consistent with a model of apoptotic death involving oxidative stress in a central pathway. The recent discovery of several bcl-2-related genes, some of which also inhibit apoptosis and others that unexpectedly promote apoptosis, has shed new light on several aspects of bcl-2 action.
Self-routing WDM high-capacity SONET ring network (1992)

Interoffice telecommunication traffic has been growing continuously. The traffic volume between central offices (COs) will soon reach 2.488 Gbit/s (SONET OC-48 line rate). The electrooptic processing speed of SONET equipment, therefore, may soon fall behind the aggregate high-speed interoffice traffic as the number of COs increase in a network. To overcome this difficulty, wavelength-division multiplexing (WDM) technology offers a possible solution.1 In this paper, we propose and demonstrate a novel network control mechanism for a WDM-SONET ring network which uses acoustooptic tunable filters (AOTFs)2 as WDM-add-drop-multiplexers (WDM- ADMs).
Multiple ribosomal RNA cleavage pathways in mammalian cells (1981)

The sequence content of mouse L cell pre-rRNA was examined by RNA gel transfer and blot hybridization. Nuclear RNAs were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis, transferred to diazo-paper, and hybridized to twelve different restriction fragments that are complementary to various sections of 45S pre-rRNA. An abundant new 34S pre-rRNA and less abundant new 37S, 26S and 17S pre-rRNAs were detected. The presence of these new pre-rRNAs suggests the existence of at least two new pre-rRNA cleavage pathways. 34S and 26S pre-rRNAs were also detected in HeLa cells suggesting that these new cleavage pathways are characteristic of mammalian cells. Further, an abundant new 12S precursor to 5.8S rRNA was also detected and is common to all the proposed cleavage pathways. The previously identified 45S, 41S, 32S and 20S pre-rRNAs were readily detected and their general structure confirmed. The 20S pre-rRNA is characteristic of the known pathway used by HeLa and other cells, and its presence suggests that growing mouse L cells use this pre-rRNA cleavage pathway. The 36S pre-rRNA characteristic of the previously described mouse L cell cleavage pathway was not detected. In all these cleavage pathways pre-rRNA cleavage sites are apparently identical and occur at or near the termini of the mature 18S, 5.8S and 28S rRNA sequences. The pathways differ only in the temporal order of cleavage at these sites. The position of the 5.8S rRNA sequence was located within the internal transcribed spacer. The known and conserved sequence of 5.8S rRNA from several organisms predicts a characteristic pattern of restriction enzyme sites for 5.8S rDNA. Internal transcribed spacer rDNA was mapped with restriction enzymes, and the characteristic pattern was found near the midpoint of the internal transcribed spacer. This places the 5.8S rRNA sequence at or near the 5' terminus of 32S pre-rRNA.
A review on fabrication process of organic light emitting diodes (2013)

Light emitting diodes (LEDs) have been dominating over years in the realm of incandescent and fluorescent lighting due to their long life, intensity and power efficiency. But having certain limitations like difficulty and cost of production, they have been being restrained from conspicuous application. Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) nowadays is a promising feature over Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) and other lighting appliances, due to their low cost, ease of fabrication, brightness, speed, wide viewing angle, low power consumption and contrast. Edging ahead, OLED also facilitates further LED market permeation. This paper discusses the structure of OLED, working principle and operation, fabrication and recent advances made in the area as ease of fabrication process is the singular most important benefit over alternative technologies.
High prevalence of the plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance determinant qnrA in multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae from blood cultures in Liverpool, UK (2005)

In this selected group of ciprofloxacin- and cefotaxime-resistant bacteria, carriage of the qnrA gene was high (32%). This compares with <2.0% as demonstrated in worldwide studies of laboratory collections of ciprofloxacin-resistant bacteria. The majority of qnrA-positive isolates in our study originated from high-dependency care units within our hospital, but were shown not to be clonal by PFGE. This is the first report of qnrA-positive Enterobacteriaceae in the United Kingdom.
Replacement algorithms for object caching (1998)

We propose three object replacement algorithms that consider the varying size and cost of objects. These algorithms can be useful in network caching, where cache objects of varying sizes are fetched from various distances in a network. We evaluate the performance of these algorithms by trace-driven simulation using three different cost models.
FIR filter design and implementation with powers-of-two coefficients (2003)

An efficient adaptive design procedure referred to as the ACQ (adaptive coefficient quantization) technique is proposed for the design of FIR (finite impulse response) filters with power-of-two coefficients. The approach is based on the discrete distribution analysis of powers-of-two numbers and the use of a simple random search algorithm. Almost the same results have been obtained for several examples as with the existing, more complicated methods. Novel VLSI hardware structures both for single-processor and multiprocessor implementations similar to systolic arrays are discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Method for the Rapid and Efficient Elution of Native Affinity-Purified Protein A Tagged Complexes (2005)

A problem faced in proteomics studies is the recovery of tagged protein complexes in their native and active form. Here we describe a peptide, Bio-Ox, that mimics the immunoglobulin G (IgG) binding interface of Staphylococcus aureus Protein A, and competitively displaces affinity-purified Protein A fusion proteins and protein complexes from IgG-Sepharose. We show that Bio-Ox elution is a robust method for the efficient and rapid recovery of native tagged proteins, and can be applied to a variety of structural genomics and proteomics studies.
Immunohistochemical localization of substance P receptor in the central nervous system of the adult rat (1994)

In an attempt to reveal the function sites of substance P (SP) in the central nervous system (CNS), the distribution of SP receptor (SPR) was immunocytochemically investigated in adult rat and compared with that of SP-positive fibers. SPR-like immunoreactivity (LI) was mostly localized to neuronal cell bodies and dendrites. Neurons with intense SPR-LI were distributed densely in the cortical amygdaloid nucleus, hilus of the dentate gyrus, locus ceruleus, rostral half of the ambiguus nucleus, and intermediolateral nucleus of the thoracic cord; moderately in the caudatoputamen, nucleus accumbens, olfactory tubercle, median, pontine, and magnus raphe nuclei, laminae I and III of the caudal subnucleus of the spinal trigeminal nucleus, and lamina I of the spinal cord; and sparsely in the cerebral cortex, basal nucleus of Meynert, claustrum, gigantocellular reticular nucleus, and lobules IX and X of the cerebellar vermis. Neurons with weak to moderate SPR-LI were distributed more widely throughout the CNS. The regional patterns of distribution of SPR-LI were not necessarily the same as those of SP-positive fibers. The entopedunucular nucleus, substantia nigra, and lateral part of the interpeduncular nucleus showed intense SP-LI but displayed almost no SPR-LI. Conversely, the hilus of the dentate gyrus, anterodorsal thalamic nucleus, central nucleus of the inferior colliculus, and dorsal tegmental nucleus showed intense to moderate SPR-LI but contained few axons with SP-LI. These findings confirmed the presence of the "mismatch" problem between SP and SPR localizations. However, the distribution of SPR-LI was quite consistent with that of the SP-binding activity, which has been studied via autoradiography. This indicates that the sites of SPR-LI revealed in the present study represent most, if not all, sites of SP-binding activity.
Highly Sensitive Method to Detect mRNAs in Individual Cells by Direct RT-PCR Using <i>Tth</i> DNA Polymerase (1997)

A new method for detecting the expression of low-abundance mRNA molecules has been developed that combines the sensitivity of PCR, the high efficiency and specificity of reverse transcription (RT) using Tth DNA polymerase at high temperature, and the enhancement of sensitivity and specificity of nested PCR. This method is highly sensitive, reproducible and allows the detection of mRNAs in individual cells by direct RT-PCR.
Comparison of the efficacy and safety of rosuvastatin 10 mg and atorvastatin 20 mg in high-risk patients with hypercholesterolemia – Prospective study to evaluate the Use of Low doses of the Statins Atorvastatin and Rosuvastatin (PULSAR) (2006)

In high-risk patients with hypercholesterolemia, rosuvastatin 10 mg was more efficacious than atorvastatin 20 mg at reducing LDL-C, enabling LDL-C goal achievement and improving other lipid parameters. Both treatments were well tolerated.