gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Intercurrent coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis of chickens: rational, integrated disease management by maintenance of gut integrity (2005)

Coccidiosis and necrotic enteritis (NE) are globally common, sometimes intercurrent, diseases of poultry. The risk of NE, due to the Gram-positive bacterium Clostridium perfringens, has increased in recent years because of the voluntary or legally required withdrawal of the use of certain in-feed antibiotic growth promoters with anticlostridial activity. In-feed ionophorous anticoccidial drugs incidentally also possess anticlostridial activity. Such ionophores, although not banned, are usually precluded when live anticoccidial vaccines are used, potentially increasing yet further the risk of NE. This review provides information for the design of rational, integrated management strategies for the prevention and control of coccidiosis and NE in chickens by maintaining gut integrity. Because of differences in local availability of feed ingredients and national legislations regarding antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial vaccine licensing, no universal strategy is applicable. The diseases and their interactions are described under the headings of forms of disease, diagnosis, sources of infection, pathophysiological effects, predisposing factors, and control methods. Elements of gut integrity, which influences host predisposition and clinical responses to disease, include physical development, immune competence, gut enzyme activity, mucin production, gut flora and epithelial damage. Experimental studies of coccidiosis and NE are compared, and where possible reconciled, with field observations. Gaps in knowledge and necessary further experiments are identified. Insights are provided regarding interactions between coccidiosis, NE, and the use of live anticoccidial vaccines. Recent changes in NE prevalence in commercial flocks, and their possible causes, are discussed. The necessarily wide range of topics reviewed emphasizes the enormous complexity of this disease combination, and indicates the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in order to reduce its harmful impact on the world's poultry industry.
Dummy load technique for power efficiency estimation in rf discharges (1986)

We have developed a simulated load technique for estimating power dissipation and effective impedance of the discharge which is useful over a wide range of driver frequencies. This is used to calculate the power delivered to the plasma and plasma current for frequencies from 0.12 to 13.56 MHz. This technique allows an efficiency calibration curve to be made for a given match circuit which can be quickly applied to any new discharge condition to give match efficiency.
Analysis of motor loss in permanent magnet brushless motors (2005)

This paper presents an analysis of the stator iron loss and the rotor eddy-current loss in 22-pole/24-slot modular and 24-pole/36-slot conventional permanent magnet brushless motors. The loss is evaluated by performing time-stepped finite element analysis. The no-load loss at 6 000 rpm is mainly due to the stator iron loss, while at rated load the eddy-current loss which is induced in the magnets is a major component of the total motor loss. It is shown that the no-load idling loss in the modular motor is lower than that of the conventional motor because it has fewer poles. On the other hand, the rotor eddy-current loss in the modular motor is higher because the stator armature magneto-motive force has lots order spatial harmonic components. It is also shown that the idling loss in the stator can be reduced by ∼50% by using 0.20 mm thick laminations rather than 0.35 mm laminations, whilst the eddy-current loss can be reduced significantly by segmenting the magnets circumferentially.
QRS detection based ECG quality assessment (2012)

Although immediate feedback concerning ECG signal quality during recording is useful, up to now not much literature describing quality measures is available. We have implemented and evaluated four ECG quality measures. Empty lead criterion (A), spike detection criterion (B) and lead crossing point criterion (C) were calculated from basic signal properties. Measure D quantified the robustness of QRS detection when applied to the signal. An advanced Matlab-based algorithm combining all four measures and a simplified algorithm for Android platforms, excluding measure D, were developed. Both algorithms were evaluated by taking part in the Computing in Cardiology Challenge 2011. Each measure's accuracy and computing time was evaluated separately. During the challenge, the advanced algorithm correctly classified 93.3% of the ECGs in the training-set and 91.6 % in the test-set. Scores for the simplified algorithm were 0.834 in event 2 and 0.873 in event 3. Computing time for measure D was almost five times higher than for other measures. Required accuracy levels depend on the application and are related to computing time. While our simplified algorithm may be accurate for real-time feedback during ECG self-recordings, QRS detection based measures can further increase the performance if sufficient computing power is available.
Reversible suppression of mouse mammary tumor virus replication by prolonged glucocorticoid exposure. (1986)

Expression of mouse mammary tumor virus (MuMTV) in MJY-alpha mammary tumor cells was only transiently stimulated by exposure to 14 microM hydrocortisone (HC). Short-term HC treatment for 24-48 hours resulted in twofold-to-fivefold increases in levels of MuMTV polypeptide synthesis, MuMTV surface antigen expression, and MuMTV production. HC treatment also induced quantitative alterations in glycosylation of MuMTV precursors Pr79env and Pr76env. In contrast, prolonged exposure to 14 microM HC for 14-21 days decreased MuMTV polypeptide synthesis, surface antigen expression, and virion production to levels similar to untreated MJY-alpha cells. The pattern of MuMTV precursor glycosylation following prolonged HC treatment was identical to that detected in unexposed control cultures. Attenuation of glucocorticoid-mediated MuMTV stimulation was reversed either by exposure of treated cells to elevated (28 or 60 microM) concentrations of HC or by intermediate passage of treated cells in HC-free medium, suggesting additional levels of control of MuMTV replication.
Novel In-Memory Matrix-Matrix Multiplication with Resistive Cross-Point Arrays (2018)

Resistive cross-point array can be used to implement vector-matrix multiplication in analog fashion. However, the output is in the form of analog current, and thus requires A/D conversion prior to digital storage. This paper develops and demonstrates a novel in-memory matrix-matrix multiplication method (M2M) that can compute and store the result directly inside the memory itself without requiring A/D conversion. Compared with the conventional approach, M2M provides >10 × improvement in energy and area efficiency, and another 2 orders improvement when matrices are low-rank and sparse.
Perioperative Period: Immunological Modifications (2011)

Surgical stress induces complex modifications in the hemodynamic, metabolic, neuro-hormonal and immune response of the individual. The magnitude of these alterations depends on preoperative events leading to surgery, the severity of surgical trauma, and also on post-operative/post-traumatic complications (multiple hit hypothesis). As in other conditions of tissue damage, surgery trauma is followed by an immune-inflammatory response, initiated at the site of injury by the innate immune system, followed by a compensatory anti-inflammatory (or immunosuppressive) response (CARS), involving mainly cells of the adaptive immune system, which predispose the host to septic complications. The up-regulated inflammatory response, together with a profound impairment of macrophage and cell-mediated immunity, appear to be the cause for patients' increased susceptibility in developing subsequent sepsis after major surgery.
Genetic Gating of Human Fear Learning and Extinction (2009)

Pavlovian fear conditioning is a widely used model of the acquisition and extinction of fear. Neural findings suggest that the amygdala is the core structure for fear acquisition, whereas prefrontal cortical areas are given pivotal roles in fear extinction. Forty-eight volunteers participated in a fear-conditioning experiment, which used fear potentiation of the startle reflex as the primary measure to investigate the effect of two genetic polymorphisms (5-HTTLPR and COMTval158met) on conditioning and extinction of fear. The 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, located in the serotonin transporter gene, is associated with amygdala reactivity and neuroticism, whereas the COMTval158met polymorphism, which is located in the gene coding for catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), a dopamine-degrading enzyme, affects prefrontal executive functions. Our results show that only carriers of the 5-HTTLPR s allele exhibited conditioned startle potentiation, whereas carriers of the COMT met/met genotype failed to extinguish conditioned fear. These results may have interesting implications for understanding gene-environment interactions in the development and treatment of anxiety disorders.
Dissociation of the complex of dystrophin and its associated proteins into several unique groups by <i>n</i>‐octyl β‐<scp>d</scp>‐glucoside (1994)

Dystrophin is purified as a complex with several proteins from the digitonin-solubilized muscle cell membrane. Most of dystrophin-associated proteins (DAPs) are assumed to form a large oligomeric transmembranous glycoprotein complex on the sarcolemma and link dystrophin with a basement membrane protein, laminin. In the present study, we found that the purified dystrophin-DAP complex was dissociated into several groups by n-octyl-beta-D-glucoside treatment. In particular, we found that the glycoprotein complex stated above was dissociated into two distinct groups: one composed of 156DAG and 43DAG (A3a) and the other composed of 50DAG, 35DAG and A3b. We confirmed by crosslinking and immunoaffinity chromatography that these two groups existed in a complexes. We thus concluded that the glycoprotein complex consists of these two subcomplexes. Furthermore, A3b and 43DAG, which had been formerly treated simply as the 43DAG doublets due to their similar electrophoretic mobilities in SDS/PAGE, were shown to be present in two different subcomplexes. Based on the analyses by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping and immunoblotting, we concluded that A3b is a novel DAP different from 43DAG.
Fabrication of ideally ordered anodic porous alumina with 63 nm hole periodicity using sulfuric acid (2001)

Nanochannel arrays with an ideally ordered hole configuration with a 63 nm hole periodicity and 15–40 nm hole diameter were fabricated using anodization of the pretextured Al in sulfuric acid solution. The SiC mold with an array of convexes, which was prepared by electron beam lithography, was used for the nanoindentation of the Al. The periodicity of convexes was adjusted to the self-organized periodicity in sulfuric acid solution. The obtained concaves on Al initiated the hole development during the anodization and generated the ideally ordered hole configuration with a 63 nm period. Under the appropriate anodization conditions, anodic porous alumina with an aspect ratio of over 20 was obtained.
Measurement on dipole antenna with light polarized nano-material(PNM) textile reflector (2009)

Measurement on dipole antenna with a light polarized nano-material(PNM) reflector has been carried out in this paper. Based on the PNM textile fabricated by Tsinghua-Foxconn Nanotechnology center, we set up a dipole antenna with a PNM reflector formed by 20 layers of carbon nanotube textile. To evaluate the performance of PNM reflector, we measured the radiation pattern of the antenna with PNM reflector in different alignments. The results show the dipole achieved 2dB gain higher than that case without PNM by using parallel aligned PNM reflector, and the front to back ratio in radiation pattern is better than 10db. The reflector is almost invisible while the alignment of the PNM is orthogonal to the dipole.
Mesenchymal stem cells improve murine acute coxsackievirus B3-induced myocarditis (2010)

We conclude that MSCs improve murine acute CVB3-induced myocarditis via their anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties, which occur in an NO-dependent manner and require priming via IFN-γ.
Link layer support for quality of service on wireless Internet links (1999)

We have developed a novel link layer architecture that provides multiple quality of service points simultaneously over wireless Internet links. Our approach enhances the performance of diverse applications over error-prone links. We discuss the performance problems of Internet protocols over wireless links, presenting as a case study our measurements on a wireless LAN, and argue that it is preferable to handle wireless impairments at the link layer. We present a simulation study of various link layer enhancements, and their impact on TCP and UDP performance. Our results show that different approaches are preferable for each type of application. We thus propose a multiservice link layer approach that supports multiple link layer mechanisms over a single link. Our scheme is transport-protocol-independent and customizable for the underlying wireless link technology. While our approach can be directly deployed an the existing Internet, it also provides support for future QoS-aware protocols and applications. Our simulation results show that our approach uniformly improves the performance of both TCP and UDP applications.
Dynamical Decoupling in the Presence of Realistic Pulse Errors (2010)

One of the most significant hurdles to be overcome on the path to practical quantum information processors is dealing with quantum errors. Dynamical decoupling is a particularly promising approach that complements conventional quantum error correction by eliminating some correlated errors without the overhead of additional qubits. In practice, the control pulses used for decoupling are imperfect and thus introduce errors which can accumulate after many pulses. These instrumental errors can destroy the quantum state. Here we examine several dynamical decoupling sequences, and their concatenated variants, using electron spin resonance of donor electron spins in a $^{28}$Si crystal. All of the sequences cancel phase noise arising from slowly fluctuating magnetic fields in our spectrometer, but only those sequences based upon alternating $π$-rotations about the X- and Y-axes in the rotating frame (XYXY sequences) demonstrate the ability to store an arbitrary quantum state. By comparing the experimental results with a detailed theoretical analysis we demonstrate that the superior performance of XYXY sequences arises from the fact that they are self-correcting for the dominant instrumental pulse errors in magnetic resonance experiments. We further find that concatenated sequences perform better than the periodic variants, maintaining near 100% fidelities for spin states even after several hundred control pulses. Intuitively, one would expect the instrumental error to increase with the number of pulses in the sequence but we show that the dominant first-order error does not increase when concatenating the XYXY sequence.
Chemical Surface Modification of Poly(<i>p</i>-xylylene) Thin Films (2004)

Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions were studied at poly(p-xylylene) (PPX) film surface-reaction medium interfaces. The extent of the reactions (depth of penetration and degree of substitution) was determined by the interaction of the polymer with the reaction solution. Reaction with chlorosulfonic acid to produce sulfonyl chloride and sulfone functionalities occurred readily in the bulk of PPX, and yields were sensitive to time and temperature. Confinement of this reaction to the PPX surface was achieved by controlling the concentration of the acid. Functionalization of PPX with N-methylol-2-chloroacetamide in sulfuric acid to produce the chloroamidomethylated derivative occurred in high yield and was confined to the surface region of PPX. Hydrolysis of the amide to generate aminomethylated PPX was assessed by XPS and a derivatization reaction. Friedel-Crafts type chemistry (acylation and alkylation reactions) also produced functionalized surfaces, but with lower degrees of substitution than the other two reactions and was strictly surface-confined.
Synthesis and physicochemical properties of graft copolymer of corn starch and acrylamide (2007)

Abstract Graft copolymerization of corn starch with acrylamide using ceric ammonium sulphate/citric acid initiation system has been studied under nitrogen atmosphere in aqueous medium. The grafting parameters are favored by increasing monomer concentration and reaction time but are affected by higher concentration of initiator and high temperature. The optimum conditions established for grafting were as follows: the concentration of initiator, 0.003 mol/L; the concentration of citric acid, 0.03 mol/L; monomer/starch, 1:1 feed ratio (w/w); reaction time, 3.0 h; and temperature, 35°C. The extent of grafting was examined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. Both swelling power and solubility increased with the increase in temperature. Graft copolymerization increased swelling power and reduced solubility. Rapid visco‐analyzer pasting profile was studied. Graft copolymerization of corn starch results in high pasting temperature, high peak viscosity, and setback as compared with native starch. Breakdown was retarded at low percentage grafting (6.60%) but increased at high percentage grafting (60.27%). POLYM. COMPOS. 28:47–56, 2007. © 2007 Society of Plastics Engineers
Spore Persistence and Likelihood of Aeroallergenicity of Entomopathogenic Fungi Used for Mosquito Control (2009)

Entomopathogenic fungi, such as Metarhizium anisopliae and Beauveria bassiana, are being researched as alternatives to chemical adulticides to control mosquito vectors of malaria and dengue. Two cited concerns of fungal control include conidial viability and risks fungal entomopathogens pose to human health. We measured spore viability of 10 fungal isolates over 26 weeks and found a range of persistence. Three B. bassiana isolates maintained > or = 50% viability 14 weeks after application. No M. anisopliae isolate persisted longer than 1 week. To help assess risk of conidia as potential human allergens, we measured airborne conidia in enclosed environments after simulated biopesticide treatment of M. anisopliae. Conidia were detectable immediately after treatment, with concentrations of ~7000/m(3), decreasing over 48 hours to 500 conidia/m(3). At most, Metarhizium conidia comprised 2% of total visible particulate matter, falling to 0.1% by 2 days. The implications for viability of biological control of adult mosquitoes are discussed.
Color Tuning of Polyfluorene Emission with BODIPY Monomers (2009)

Three fluorescent conjugated copolymers, comprised of alternating fluorene and BODIPY units in the main chain, have been prepared by palladium-catalyzed Suzuki polymerization of 9,9-dihexylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid with each of three different 2,6-diiodo-substituted BODIPY monomers. The copolymers were characterized using FT-IR spectroscopy, UV−vis spectroscopy, photoluminescence (PL), and molecular weight studies. Low-band gap BODIPY comonomers are effective in expanding the emission wavelength to the orange region because of significant extension of π-conjugation and have significantly enhanced fluorescent intensity with fluorescent quantum yield of up to 85% in methylene chloride solution. The copolymers show absorption maxima between 547 and 557 nm and emission maxima between 585 and 588 nm in methylene chloride solutions. The copolymers possess high molecular weight, good solubility and readily dissolve in common organic solvents such as THF, CH2Cl2, CHCl3, and toluene. The copolymers display sensitive fluorescent responses to fluoride and cyanide anions through their multivalent interactions while they do not respond to chloride, bromide, and iodide anions.
GBM's multifaceted landscape: highlighting regional and microenvironmental heterogeneity (2014)

Gliomas are a heterogeneous group of tumors that show variable proliferative potential, invasiveness, aggressiveness, histological grading, and clinical behavior. In this review, we focus on glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), a grade IV glioma, which is the most common and malignant of primary adult brain tumors. Research over the past several decades has revealed the existence of extensive cellular, molecular, genetic, epigenetic, and metabolic heterogeneity among tumors of the same grade and even within individual tumors. Evaluation of different tumor types has shown that tumors with advanced grade and clinical aggressiveness also display enhanced molecular, cellular, and microenvironmental heterogeneity. From a therapeutic standpoint, this heterogeneity is a major clinical hurdle for devising effective therapeutic strategies for patients and challenges personalized medicine. In this review, we will highlight key aspects of GBM heterogeneity, directing special attention to regional heterogeneity, hypoxia, genomic heterogeneity, tumor-specific metabolic reprogramming, neovascularization or angiogenesis, and stromal immune cells. We will further discuss the clinical implications of GBM heterogeneity in the context of therapy.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A MOVABLE CONCRETE BARRIER (1990)

A series of crash tests and operational demonstrations of a precast movable concrete barrier (MCB) were performed. Four crash tests of the MCB showed that it can successfully redirect both light and heavy passenger cars at various angles of impact. The crash tests involved two large cars weighing 4,370 lb and 4,300 lb, traveling 59.3 and 59.4 mph, and striking at 24 degrees and 16 degrees, respectively; and two small cars weighing 2,000 lb and 1,895 lb, traveling 57.7 and 58.6 mph, and striking at 15 1/2 degrees and 20 1/2 degrees, respectively. The crash tests satisfied the requirements for structural adequacy and occupant risk in NCHRP Report 230. Vehicle trajectory requirements were not satisfied because of large exit angles. The demonstrations consisted of (a) a transfer vehicle straightening a deflected barrier after the last crash test; (b) a transfer vehicle transporting, assembling, and transferring a barrier on a 1,400-ft radius with a 12% cross-slope; (c) a transfer vehicle transferring a barrier on a 4 to 5% longitudinal grade; and (d) manual movement of the barrier to adjust minor misalignments. The MCB moves laterally under impact. The lateral movement is related to impact severity. Two equations are presented to predict lateral movement as a function of impact severity.