gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Fast Video Noise Reduction Method by Using Object-Based Temporal Filtering (2007)

This paper presents a novel fast object-based temporal filter to reduce noise by differentiating between stationary and moving regions and then filtering these regions in different filtering techniques. Most reported noise filters can only reduce impulse noise or Gaussian noise but it is not effective for filtering real video captured by CCD-based camera. Those filters usually have a fatal drawback: they cause object-overlapped or object-blurred phenomenon in an image frame while an object is moving. To overcome such problems, the proposed strategy is that a frame will be divided into stationary and moving regions and then the appropriate filtering techniques for each region are employed. Experimental results shows that the proposed method can provide a filtering speed of at least 36% over other filters, in addition, it still gives a higher visual quality while keeping a moderate compressing ratio.
Low-temperature crystallization of doped <i>a</i>-Si:H alloys (1980)

Crystallization of phosphorus-doped a-Si:H has been initiated at a substrate temperature below 200 °C, under the deposition conditions of a low flow rate of silane and in the presence of an external magnetic field. Along with the crystallization, the doping efficiency of the resulting Si:H films has been remarkably improved. Room-temperature conductivity as high as 27 Ω−1 cm−1 has been achieved at a doping ratio of NPH3/NSiH4=5.6×10−3 for a specimen deposited at 30 C. Optical emission spectroscopy during the plasma deposition has revealed that a weak emission intensity of the SiH band with respect to hydrogen lines and the absence of emission from the doubly excited states of hydrogen molecules are necessary conditions for the crystallization of doped Si:H films.
Software productivity measurement using multiple size measures (2004)

Productivity measures based on a simple ratio of product size to project effort assume that size can be determined as a single measure. If there are many possible size measures in a data set and no obvious model for aggregating the measures into a single measure, we propose using the expression AdjustedSize/Effort to measure productivity. AdjustedSize is defined as the most appropriate regression-based effort estimation model, where all the size measures selected for inclusion in the estimation model have a regression parameter significantly different from zero (p<0.05). This productivity measurement method ensures that each project has an expected productivity value of one. Values between zero and one indicate lower than expected productivity, values greater than one indicate higher than expected productivity. We discuss the assumptions underlying this productivity measurement method and present an example of its use for Web application projects. We also explain the relationship between effort prediction models and productivity models.
Mechanics of hydraulic fractures in shales (1970)

The Oak Ridge National Laboratory is now using an adaptation of the oil-field technique of hydraulic fracturing for the disposal of some of its liquid radioactive wastes. In this adaptation, the aqueous wastes are mixed with Portland cement and other solids and then pumped into a hydraulically induced horizontal fracture in shale rocks at about 1,000-ft depth. Since 1966, about 515,000 gal of waste containing more than 215,000 curies of activity have been disposed of by this method. The rocks overlying the solidified grout sheets provide the primary isolation and containment barrier for the wastes, and their integrity must be preserved. The development of the hydraulic fracturing waste disposal method, therefore, required an examination of both the mechanics of the induced fractures and the influence which each injection has on the surrounding rocks. These investigations indicated that the orientation of fractures are apparently controlled by both the state of stress in the ground and the anisotropy, that is, the bedding planes, of the shales. (10 refs.)
Evaluating intrinsic and non-intrinsic cancer risk factors (2018)

Discriminating the contribution of unmodifiable random intrinsic DNA replication errors ('bad luck') to cancer development from those of other factors is critical for understanding cancer in humans and for directing public resources aimed at reducing the burden of cancer. Here, we review and highlight the evidence that demonstrates cancer causation is multifactorial, and provide several important examples where modification of risk factors has achieved cancer prevention. Furthermore, we stress the need and opportunities to advance understanding of cancer aetiology through integration of interaction effects between risk factors when estimating the contribution of individual and joint factors to cancer burden in a population. We posit that non-intrinsic factors drive most cancer risk, and stress the need for cancer prevention.
Ensemble regression model-based anomaly detection for cyber-physical intrusion detection in smart grids (2016)

The shift from centralised large production to distributed energy production has several consequences for current power system operation. The replacement of large power plants by growing numbers of distributed energy resources (DERs) increases the dependency of the power system on small scale, distributed production. Many of these DERs can be accessed and controlled remotely, posing a cybersecurity risk. This paper investigates an intrusion detection system which evaluates the DER operation in order to discover unauthorized control actions. The proposed anomaly detection method is based on an ensemble of non-linear artificial neural network DER models which detect and evaluate anomalies in DER operation. The proposed method is validated against measurement data which yields a precision of 0.947 and an accuracy of 0.976. This improves the precision and accuracy of a classic model-based anomaly detection by 75.7% and 9.2%, respectively.
Single step optimal block matched motion estimation with motion vectors having arbitrary pixel precisions (2010)

This paper proposes a non-linear block matched motion model with motion vectors having arbitrary pixel precisions. The optimal motion vector which minimizes the mean square error is solved analytically in a single step. Our proposed algorithm can be regarded as a generalization of conventional half pixel search algorithms and quarter pixel search algorithms because our proposed algorithm could achieve motion vectors with arbitrary pixel precisions. Also, the computational effort of our proposed algorithm is lower than that of conventional quarter pixel search algorithms because our proposed algorithm could achieve motion vectors in a single step.
Hydrocarbon formation from methylating agents over the zeolite catalyst H-ZSM-5 and its conjugate base: evidence against the trimethyloxonium ion–ylide mechanism (1985)

Reaction of methylating agents over the zeolite catalyst H–ZSM–5 and the sodium form of the conjugate base is shown to give hydrocarbons; ethylene formation from Me2SO4 over Na–ZSM–5 is strong evidence against involvement of trimethyloxonium ion ylides in C–C bond formation.
Fast Mode Decision for Scalable Video Coding with Spatial Scalability (2011)

The H.264 scalable video coding (SVC) standard adopts three inter-layer prediction techniques to achieve high coding efficiency. However, to find out the best coding mode in large number of candidates, exhaustive search scheme results in extremely large computation complexity, which obstructs SVC from the practical application. To speed up the SVC encoder, a fast mode decision algorithm for spatial scalability is proposed in this paper. To reduce computation but maintain the same level of coding efficiency, the proposed algorithm makes full use of relationship between macroblock (MB) at enhancement layer (EL) and its co-located blocks at base layer (BL). Experimental results show that the proposed fast mode decision algorithm can significantly reduces the computational complexity in SVC with negligible PSNR loss and bit-rate increment.
The integration of inspection into the CIM environment (2002)

The authors describe a CIM (computer-integrated manufacturing) system that combines inspection specification and planning with the design process. A part is described in terms of generic features: form features (e.g. pockets or ribs) and inspection and tolerance features (e.g. callouts). Rules for inspection are incorporated as part of the generic features. Part definitions and data structures necessary to describe the design are discussed. An overall design consists of a set of feature instances and their relations. Individual features can be automatically checked as they are specified by the designer for overt errors (e.g. incomplete information such as an undefined datum). The overall design is then evaluated for correctness of geometry and inspection specifications. In particular, the designer's tolerance specifications are checked for completeness and internal consistency. Once a design is complete, a module generates process and inspection plans by concatenating the processing and inspection rules associated with individual features and optimizing the result with respect to the overall cost of inspection. An implementation is described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Relationship between sputum inflammatory markers, lung function, and lung pathology on high‐resolution computed tomography in children with cystic fibrosis (2002)

High-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) is a sensitive technique for early visualisation and location of cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchopathology, and has been shown to detect acute reversible and chronic changes. It would be expected to correlate with markers of the underlying pathological processes, such as sputum cytokines and cytology, as well as with pulmonary function tests (PFTs). Our aim was to study the relationship between PFTs, sputum cytology, and sputum cytokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) and HRCT in CF patients. Prospective standardized collection of sputum samples was performed at the time of routine annual high-resolution CT scans. Forced expired volume in 1 sec (FEV(1)) and forced vital capacity (FVC) were recorded. Sputum processing was selective, with dispersal by the three-enzyme technique. IL-8 measurements were by kit assay. HRCT scans were scored by a pediatric radiologist, blinded to clinical condition, using a modified Bhalla score.Forty-three CT scans were performed on 34 children with CF between March 1998 and April 2000. Mean age was 12.3 years (range, 6-21 years), FEV(1) (% predicted) was 67% (range, 23-120%), and mean modified Bhalla score was 11.2 (range, 0-22). Sputum IL-8 concentration (mean, 86; range, 4-150 ng/mL) and total cell count (mean, 31.9 x 10(6)/mL; range, 21.8-42.0 x 10(6)/mL) were high. FEV(1) and FVC correlated with modified Bhalla score (r = -0.66, P < 0.0001 for both), and most individual components of the score, especially mosaic perfusion (r = -0.64, r = -0.61 respectively, P < 0.0001) and extent of bronchiectasis (r = -0.61, P < 0.0001 for both). The combination of these two predicted 58% of the variability in FEV(1) on analysis of variance (P < 0.0001). Sputum total cell count correlated weakly with modified Bhalla score (r = 0.38, P < 0.05) and with FEV(1) and FVC (r = -0.36, P < 0.05; and r = -0.46, P < 0.01). Differential cell counts, cell viability, and IL-8 did not correlate with modified Bhalla scores, or with reversible components such as mucus plugging, centrilobular nodules, or peribronchial thickening. In conclusion, pathological changes on HRCT correlated with lung function but not with sputum markers of inflammation.
Different Adipose Depots: Their Role in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome and Mitochondrial Response to Hypolipidemic Agents (2011)

Adipose tissue metabolism is closely linked to insulin resistance, and differential fat distributions are associated with disorders like hypertension, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissues vary in their impact on metabolic risk due to diverse gene expression profiles, leading to differences in lipolysis and in the production and release of adipokines and cytokines, thereby affecting the function of other tissues. In this paper, the roles of the various adipose tissues in obesity are summarized, with particular focus on mitochondrial function. In addition, we discuss how a functionally mitochondrial-targeted compound, the modified fatty acid tetradecylthioacetic acid (TTA), can influence mitochondrial function and decrease the size of specific fat depots.
Room-temperature photopumped InGaN/GaN/AlGaN vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (1999)

We report photopumped room-temperature surface-mode lasing at 401 nm in a InGaAlN vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser grown on a sapphire substrate using metal–organic vapor-phase epitaxy. A 2λ cavity was formed by a quarter-wave Al0.15Ga0.85N/GaN distributed Bragg reflector on the one side of the active layer and a GaN–air interface on the other. A multilayer structure composed of 12-fold-stacked ultrathin InGaN insertions in a GaN matrix served as an active layer providing ultrahigh material gain and making possible vertical lasing without use of the upper Bragg reflector.
Energy-Efficient Accelerometer Data Transfer for Human Body Movement Studies (2010)

Wireless sensors with accelerometers are widely used in various studies on human body movements. The most challenging problem in a small body-attachable sensing unit is how to maximize the battery lifetime. Previously, the preferred approach was to reduce the number of transmissions through data compression. Compressed Sensing(C-S) is an emerging alternative approach that aggressively reduces the samples yet permits the reconstruct of the original analog signal. C-S has the great potential to be extremely effective due to the universality and lower complexity of sensor implementation. In this paper, we investigate the nature of various human body movements. We examine the performance of the C-S framework in terms of the energy savings in a real testbed. Our experimental results show that the C-S framework can save up to 40% of energy in the sensing unit, compared with the traditional data compression scheme.
Centralized Large Margin Cosine Loss for Open-Set Deep Palmprint Recognition (2019)

As one promising branch of biometrics, palmprint recognition has received significant attention and made extraordinary progress in the past decades. The crucial step of palmprint recognition is to extract the discriminative features for the subsequent identification or verification task. However, neither the traditional hand-crafted descriptors nor the deep convolutional neural network (CNN) with the original softmax loss shows satisfactory generalization ability under open-set settings. In this paper, we proposed an end-to-end method for open-set palmprint recognition by applying CNN with a novel loss function, namely, centralized large margin cosine loss (C-LMCL). The modified loss function compels the feature vectors from different classes to uniformly and separately distribute in the hyper feature space. At the same time, it makes intra-class feature vectors compactly gather to their corresponding class centers. Consequently, such trained model has the ability to generalize across unseen subjects and different datasets. Finally, a lot of experiments are conducted on two public palmprint datasets- Tongji and PolyU datasets. In particular, all the evaluations are made under open-set protocols that are more complex and challenging compared to the previous close-set scenarios. The experimental results on the Tongji and PolyU datasets indicate the superiority of our algorithm over the state-of-the-art performance. It effectively confirmed the bright prospects of employing palmprint information in biometric authentication.
Fluorescence and absorption in electron beam excited argon (1984)

Argon under pressures ranging from 0.5-8 bar was excited by an intense relativistic electron beam. The fluorescence of the Ar2* excimer radiation at 126 nm and of the Ar*(4p) to Ar*(4s) transitions in the visible as well as the transient absorption between 200 and 600 nm have been studied. The analysis of the results leads to a kinetic model which accounts for all observed features. For high excitation densities Ar2*(1u, Omu -) is determined to be the main absorber in the near UV. Cross sections for photoabsorption in Ar2*(1u,Ou-) are given. The so-called 'background' absorption is identified to be caused mainly by photoionisation of Ar*(4p) and photodissociation of vibrationally excited Ar2+.
Engine Bench Evaluation of Gasoline Composition Effect on Pollutants Conversion Rate by a Three-Way Catalyst (1990)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">The variety of the European refinery processes and the different strategies adopted by oil companies to meet gasoline octane ratings have given rise to a wide range of unleaded motor fuel characteristics. This study aims to examine the relations between gasoline quality, engine base emissions and catalyst performance.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Twelve fuels containing various amounts of aliphatic, olefinic, aromatic and oxygenated compounds were used in engine bench tests with a three-way catalyst. Rather large variations in the engine CO, HC and NO<sub>x</sub> base emissions were observed with the nature of the fuel used. Conversion of these pollutants by the catalyst was then determined as a function of both temperature at stoichiometry and the A/F equivalence ratio at constant temperature. It was observed that nature of the fuel influences the catalyst light-off temperature and conversions at higher temperatures.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Data analysis shows that saturated hydrocarbons tend to minimize CO and NO<sub>x</sub> emissions before the catalyst, whereas olefinics give the highest values. The reverse was observed for HC. A high aromatics content increases NO<sub>x</sub> and HC emissions but is without any great influence on CO. Concerning catalyst activity, it was observed that the light-off temperature is decreased by the use of gasolines with a high olefin content, but is increased by aromatics. At higher temperatures the gasoline composition has very little or no effect on pollutant conversion at stoichiometry. Differences appear only for CO and HC on the rich side where saturated hydrocarbons give lower conversion rates.</div>
Regulation of T-cell lymphokine gene transcription by the accessory molecule CD28. (1992)

T-cell activation results in the production of multiple lymphokines. Efficient lymphokine gene expression appears to require both T-cell antigen receptor (TCR) signal transduction and an uncharacterized second or costimulatory signal. CD28 is a T-cell differentiation antigen that can generate intracellular signals that synergize with those of the TCR to increase T-cell activation and interleukin-2 (IL-2) gene expression. In these studies, we have examined the effect of CD28 signal transduction on granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), interleukin 3 (IL-3), and gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) promoter activity. Stimulation of CD28 in the presence of TCR-like signals increases the activity of the GM-CSF, IL-3, and IFN-gamma promoters by three- to sixfold. As previously demonstrated for the IL-2 promoter, the IL-3 and GM-CSF promoters contain distinct elements of similar sequence which specifically bind a CD28-induced nuclear complex. Mutation of the CD28 response elements in the IL-3 and GM-CSF promoters abrogates the CD28-induced activity without affecting phorbol ester- and calcium ionophore-induced activity. UV cross-linking indicates that the CD28-induced nuclear complex contains polypeptides of approximately 35, 36, and 44 kDa. These studies indicate that the TCR and CD28-regulated signal transduction pathways coordinately regulate the transcription of several lymphokines and that the influence of CD28 signals on transcription is mediated by a common complex.
New furano-sesquiterpenes from the sponge <i>Dysidea herbacea</i> (1982)

Eight new sesquiterpenes, (ll), (12), (14)-(16), (18), (20) and (21), have been isolated from four separate small collections of the sponge Dysidea herbacea . The structures of these compounds, all of which contain a furan group, were derived by comparison of their spectral properties with those of known sesquiterpenes.
An Improved Method for in Vivo Tracing and Imaging of Liposomes Using a Gallium 67-Deferoxamine Complex (1988)

We have developed a new method for tracing and imaging liposomes in vivo based on the encapsulation of a gallium 67-deferoxamine 67Ga-DF) complex in the liposomal water phase. This method combines several advantages over other published methods: extremely high affinity of 67Ga for DF, thus avoiding the problem of metal translocation to various plasma proteins; rapid renal clearance rate of67Ga-DF complex, thus minimizing the background of radioactivity in non-liposome-associated form; and use of67Ga, a readily available, short half-life gamma-emitter convenient for dosimetry and imaging, which can be efficiently loaded into preformed liposomes.
Lens Design for Optical Fourier Transform Systems (1971)

In coherent optical filtering systems, the paraxial description of the imaging process represents the basis for the functional representation of the optical filter. With this approximation, the light amplitude in the secondary focal plane of an aberration-free lens appears as the Fourier transform of the light amplitude in the primary focal plane, as long as the field angles of all chief rays remain within the limits of Gaussian optics. The introduction of Abbe's sine condition into the chief ray path allows the paraxial restriction to be dropped, and the Fourier transform relationship becomes valid for large as well as small field angles. The resulting Fourier transform lens designs are remarkably different from conventional imaging systems.
Randomized Phase III Study of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin Plus Bortezomib Compared With Bortezomib Alone in Relapsed or Refractory Multiple Myeloma: Combination Therapy Improves Time to Progression (2007)

PLD with bortezomib is superior to bortezomib monotherapy for the treatment of patients with relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. The combination therapy is associated with a higher incidence of grade 3/4 myelosuppression, constitutional symptoms, and GI and dermatologic toxicities.
Studies on steroids. LI. Stereoselective introduction of 22- and 24-hydroxyl function in the steroidal side chain. (1978)

Osmium tetroxide oxidation of the 22-olefin (4) and reaction of sodium dimethylsulfonium methylide with the 22-aldehyde (3a) afforded stereoselectively the 22S-and 22R-epoxides (7a and 7b), respectively. Those epoxide can be led to the 22R- and 22S-hydroxy steroides by Grignard reaction. Inversion of the configuration of hydroxyl group on C-22 and C-24 positions was achieved in high yield by means of superoxide displacement reaction.