gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic tolerance facilitates the evolution of resistance (2017)

Controlled experimental evolution during antibiotic treatment can help to explain the processes leading to antibiotic resistance in bacteria. Recently, intermittent antibiotic exposures have been shown to lead rapidly to the evolution of tolerance-that is, the ability to survive under treatment without developing resistance. However, whether tolerance delays or promotes the eventual emergence of resistance is unclear. Here we used in vitro evolution experiments to explore this question. We found that in all cases, tolerance preceded resistance. A mathematical population-genetics model showed how tolerance boosts the chances for resistance mutations to spread in the population. Thus, tolerance mutations pave the way for the rapid subsequent evolution of resistance. Preventing the evolution of tolerance may offer a new strategy for delaying the emergence of resistance.
Type I Interferon Signaling Regulates Ly6Chi Monocytes and Neutrophils during Acute Viral Pneumonia in Mice (2011)

Type I interferon (IFN-I) plays a critical role in the homeostasis of hematopoietic stem cells and influences neutrophil influx to the site of inflammation. IFN-I receptor knockout (Ifnar1⁻/⁻) mice develop significant defects in the infiltration of Ly6C(hi) monocytes in the lung after influenza infection (A/PR/8/34, H1N1). Ly6C(hi) monocytes of wild-type (WT) mice are the main producers of MCP-1 while the alternatively generated Ly6C(int) monocytes of Ifnar1⁻/⁻ mice mainly produce KC for neutrophil influx. As a consequence, Ifnar1⁻/⁻ mice recruit more neutrophils after influenza infection than do WT mice. Treatment of IFNAR1 blocking antibody on the WT bone marrow (BM) cells in vitro failed to differentiate into Ly6C(hi) monocytes. By using BM chimeric mice (WT BM into Ifnar1⁻/⁻ and vice versa), we confirmed that IFN-I signaling in hematopoietic cells is required for the generation of Ly6C(hi) monocytes. Of note, WT BM reconstituted Ifnar1⁻/⁻ chimeric mice with increased numbers of Ly6C(hi) monocytes survived longer than influenza-infected Ifnar1⁻/⁻ mice. In contrast, WT mice that received Ifnar1⁻/⁻ BM cells with alternative Ly6C(int) monocytes and increased numbers of neutrophils exhibited higher mortality rates than WT mice given WT BM cells. Collectively, these data suggest that IFN-I contributes to resistance of influenza infection by control of monocytes and neutrophils in the lung.
Thiol–ene synthesis and characterization of lithium bis(malonato)borate single-ion conducting gel polymer electrolytes (2017)

The development of high capacity anodes and high voltage cathodes for advanced lithium-ion batteries motivates the search for new polymer electrolytes that exhibit superior electrochemical stabilities and high ionic conductivities. We report a convenient, three-step synthesis of lithium bis(non-8-enyl-malonato)borate (LiBNMB) as a α,ω-diene monomer, which undergoes thermally initiated thiol-ene crosslinking polymerizations in propylene carbonate to yield gel polymer electrolytes with high lithium ion concentrations (∼0.9 M). By conducting these crosslinking polymerizations using mixtures of di- and tri-thiols and LiBNMB with [thiol] : [ene] = 1 : 1, we synthesized a series of gel networks with dynamic elastic moduli ranging from G' = 40-79 kPa that increase monotonically with trifunctional crosslinker content. While ionic conductivities for these polymer gels measured by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy at 22 °C are σ = 0.82-2.5 × 10<sup>-6</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup>, we show that the conductivity of propylene carbonate-solvated lithium ions though the bulk of these gel electrolytes is 8.5 × 10<sup>-5</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup> independent of crosslinker density. However, the conductivities of the gel interfaces depend sensitively on crosslinker content, suggesting the importance of segmental rearrangement dynamics at the electrode interface in limiting the rate of ion motion. Thus, the design of highly conductive polymer electrolytes for advanced batteries demands careful design of both the internal and interfacial properties of these new materials.
Robust Estimation of Albedo for Illumination-invariant Matching and Shape Recovery (2007)

In this paper, we propose a non-stationary stochastic filtering framework for the task of albedo estimation from a single image. There are several approaches in literature for albedo estimation, but few include the errors in estimates of surface normals and light source directions to improve the albedo estimate. The proposed approach effectively utilizes the error statistics of surface normals and illumination direction for robust estimation of albedo. The albedo estimate obtained is further used to generate albedo-free normalized images for recovering the shape of an object. Illustrations and experiments are provided to show the efficacy of the approach and its application to illumination-invariant matching and shape recovery.
Enzymatic Racemization of Leucine and α-Aminobutyrate (1969)

The distribution of amino acid racemase activities was investigated in the cell-free extracts of various strains of bacteria. Alanine racemase activity was exclusively found in all the strains tested. However, the cell-free extract of Strain 25-3, which has been identified as Pseudomonas striata, possessed the high activity catalyzing the racemization of alanine, α-aminobutyrate, leucine and methionine. The new and sensitive assay method of amino acid racemase with D-amino acid oxidase and 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolone hydrazone hydrochloride was established.
From Visible Flâneuse to Spectacular Suffragette? The Prison, the Street,and the Sites of Suffrage (1995)

For Dorothy was afraid of the Feminist Vortex, as her brother Michael had been afraid of the little vortex of school. She was afraid of the herded women. She disliked the excited faces , and the high voices skirling their battle cries, and the silly business of committees, and the platform slang. She was sick and shy before the tremor and the surge of collective soul, the swaying and heaving and rushing forward of the many as one. She would not be carried away by it; she would keep the clearness and hardness of her soul. May Sinclair
Enzyme based phenol biosensors (2011)

Phenol and its derivatives is one of the most important parameters which should be monitored in environmental engineering. They are present in many wastewater streams of the oil, paint, paper, polymer and pharmaceutical industries. Phenolic compounds reach into the food chain by wastewaters then lead to dangerous and toxic effect on aquatic organisms. Principal standard methods for quantitative phenol measurement are high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), electrochemical capillary electrophoresis (CE), gas chromatography (GC) and colorimetric spectrophotometry. Although, these methods are analytically capable, generally they require pretreatment processes such as extraction, cleaning, dilution of the samples as well as additional chemicals. Owing to those disadvantages, researchers have focused on enzyme based amperometric biosensors for measuring phenolic compounds due to their advantages such as good selectivity, working possibility in aqueous medium, fast responding, relatively low cost of realization and storage and the potential for miniaturization and automation. Amperometric biosensors, have been developing for phenol and its derivatives, are usually prepared with working electrodes which include polyphenol oxidases (PPO) (tyrosinase and laccase) and enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP). HRP reaction with phenols is faster than PPO enzyme reactions, and HRP-based working electrodes show higher sensitivity in comparison to PPO-based electrodes. Thus, the usage of HRP on working electrodes can be advised for fast and effective phenol measurements. The design of a support matrix that binds the enzyme and bare electrode can be target specific providing efficient electron transport via added functional groups or nanoparticles into the composite structure of the electrode. Conducting polymers as supporting matrix are usually used as copolymers or composite films in biosensor systems since mechanical and processing properties of their homopolymers are weak (Tsai & Chui, 2007; Heras et al., 2005; Carvalho et al., 2007; Serra et al., 2001; Mailley et al., 2003). Copolymerization does not require rigorous experimental conditions, and can be employed for the polymerization of a large variety of monomers leading to the formation of new advantageous materials (Boyukbayram et al., 2006; Kuwahara et al., 2005; Yilmaz et al., 2004; Yilmaz et al., 2005). Nanomaterials have also been used to improve the operational characteristics of biosensors (Yang et al., 2006; Zhou et al., 2007; Rajesh et al, 2005; Shan et al., 2007). This improvement
A comparison of excitotoxic lesions of the basal forebrain by kainate, quinolinate, ibotenate, N‐methyl‐<scp>d</scp>‐aspartate or quisqualate, and the effects on toxicity of 2‐amino‐5‐phosphonovaleric acid and kynurenic acid in the rat (1991)

1. It has been suggested that an NMDA1 receptor subtype might be activated by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and ibotenate and an NMDA2 subtype by NMDA or quinolinate, and that the NMDA2 site might be more susceptible to blockade by kynurenic acid. 2. Experiments were carried out to examine the ability of 2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (AP5) and kynurenic acid to antagonize the neurotoxic properties of kainate, ibotenate, NMDA, quinolinate and quisqualate injected into the rat basal forebrain. 3. Following histological analysis of the injection sites, lesion volume was assessed parametrically. Each of the toxins except quisqualate was found to make lesions of parvocellular neurones within the basal forebrain with a relative order of potency: kainate much greater than quinolinate greater than ibotenate = NMDA. 4. Equimolar doses of AP5 abolished the toxicity produced by quinolinate and NMDA; toxicity to kainate and ibotenate was attenuated to approximately 40% of the toxin-alone condition. 5. The antagonistic properties of kynurenate were dose-dependent: equimolar kynurenate had no effect on quinolinate but attenuated the actions of ibotenate, kainate and NMDA; 2 x equimolar kynurenate had no effect on quinolinate or ibotenate but attenuated the toxicity of kainate and NMDA; and 3 x equimolar kynurenate had no effect on the toxicity of kainate or ibotenate, attenuated the actions of NMDA and abolished the toxic action of quinolinate. 6. The results are discussed in terms of the actions of the various toxins at different receptors, differentially sensitive to AP5 and kynurenate.
HUMAN ENDOTOXEMIA: A MODEL FOR MECHANISTIC INSIGHT AND THERAPEUTIC TARGETING (2005)

The diversity of phenotypic manifestations, comorbidities, and therapeutic algorithms in patients with severe inflammation have confounded efforts to translate mechanistic insights from the bench top to the bedside. This dilemma has negatively impacted upon many therapeutic interventions that exhibited seemingly well-reasoned preclinical portfolios. Prudence urges the assessment of potent immunoregulatory therapies, wherever possible, in models that replicate the clinical phenotype absent overt manifestations of genetically or environmentally modified processes. The healthy human model of endotoxin administration (systemic or endobronchial) provides such an opportunity and has been used to great advantage for gaining insight into mechanisms of disease and for determination of therapeutic signal strength. When thoughtfully interpreted, the model may provide proof of principle as well as lessen the unpredictability of clinical responses. Although the broad characteristics of this model are well described in the literature, it is recognized that this model does not fully replicate the magnitude of initial inflammatory stress nor the latent spectrum of inflammation/sepsis-inducible organ system pathologies. Nevertheless, the similarities between the early, transient clinical phenotype, inducible physiochemical change, and biochemical pathway activation of this model to the early hyperdynamic phase of resuscitated injury and infection are striking. Rational testing of a therapeutic mechanism requires a quantifiable and reproducibly altered marker of the hypothetical mechanism. Given the modest nature of endotoxin induced insult, interventions that demonstrate target specific efficacy in conjunction with attenuated phenotype responses are more likely to exhibit efficacy within lower risk patient populations. By contrast, the model cannot predict clinical efficacy among higher risk patients nor in those who have endured extended periods of inflammatory stress.
An investigation of the properties of cubic GaN grown on GaAs by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy (1991)

We present the first comprehensive investigation of the bulk properties, both optical and structural, of cubic GaN as grown by plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy on vicinal (100) GaAs substrates. X-ray measurements determined the crystal structure of GaN/GaAs to be cubic with a lattice constant of 4.5 Å. High resolution transmission electron microscopy revealed a high density of planar defects propagating along the GaN {111} planes. The majority of the defects originated from disordered regions at the GaN/GaAs interface. The optical properties of the films were investigated by cathodoluminescence which revealed a broad midgap peak as well as several sharp emission peaks just below the expected band gap. The data imply that the room temperature band gap of cubic GaN is approximately 3.45 eV.
A Transport Scheme for Reducing Delays and Jitter in Ethernet-Based 5G Fronthaul Networks (2018)

Fronthaul networks are leveraging communication links between the remote radio heads and baseband units in cloud radio access networks, and common public radio interface (CPRI) is an interface to carry time-sensitive traffic over the fronthaul. For the fronthaul networks which impose stringent bandwidth, latency, and jitter requirements, Ethernet can be a cost-effective solution to carry the CPRI traffic. However, Ethernet networks have limitations to transport the multiple CPRI streams simultaneously and satisfy the strict service requirements due to the accumulation of unavoidable intrinsic delays at switches. To address these issues, this paper evaluates the impact of intrinsic delay on the performance of CPRI over Ethernet (CoE) networks with experimental results and proposes a virtual local area network-based CoE network architecture along with two transport algorithms to carry the multiple CPRI streams over Ethernet despite the intrinsic delays. We confirmed with computer simulations that with the proposed techniques, the end-to-end delays and jitter for a number of CPRI streams within the acceptable range of fronthaul requirements can be achieved.
Dinosolve: a protein disulfide bonding prediction server using context-based features to enhance prediction accuracy (2013)

Our computational results have shown that the context-based scores are effective features to enhance the prediction accuracies of both disulfide bonding state prediction and connectivity prediction. Our disulfide prediction algorithm is implemented on a web server named "Dinosolve" available at: http://hpcr.cs.odu.edu/dinosolve.
Fixed Wing UAV Navigation and Control Through Integrated GNSS and Vision (2005)

With the rapid deployment of Unmanned Airborne Vehicles (UAVs) into new
applications, the pressure to extend the capabilities of current platforms is increasing.
Increased capabilities, however, should preferably not come at the cost of increased aircraft
size. In order to strive towards a more capable platform, the UAV must become increasingly
aware of its current state (control, navigation and health) and surroundings (location of
other aircraft, airspace boundaries, weather and terrain). This paper reports on the results
of research into providing a new level of situational awareness to the UAV that is low in cost
and complexity. In particular the paper investigates the unique benefits that can be obtained
from the integration of a GNSS sensor and a forward-looking vision sensor. The motivation
for this investigation is the belief that both GNSS and vision will be integral features of
future UAV avionics architectures: GNSS to provide basic aircraft navigation; and vision to
provide for obstacle, and aircraft collision avoidance. This paper will present results
showing that when single-antenna GNSS measurements are combined with information
derived from optical flow techniques, a number of unique synergies emerge. Sensor
accuracies and simulated flight control results are presented based on a comprehensive
Matlab® Simulink® model which creates an optical flow stream based on the simulated flight
of an aircraft. The paper establishes the promise of this novel integrated GNSS/Vision
Sensor Suite approach for use as a complete UAV sensor package, or as a backup sensor for
an inertial navigation system.
Quantitative characterization of nuclear overhauser enhancement and amide proton transfer effects in the human brain at 7 tesla (2012)

These findings are important to identify the source of NOE effects and to quantify amide proton transfer effects in human brain at 7 T.
ERK5 differentially regulates PDGF-induced proliferation and migration of hepatic stellate cells (2007)

ERK5 modulates PDGF-dependent biologic activities in human HSC, generating positive signals for cell proliferation downregulating the ability of the cells to migrate.
Oesophageal cancer among the Turkomans of northeast Iran (2000)

A Caspian Littoral Cancer Registry survey in the early 1970s established northern Iran as one of the highest oesophageal cancer incidence regions of the world. To verify this, an oesophageal cancer survey was carried out between 1995 and 1997 in the Turkoman Plain at the southeastern corner of the Caspian Sea. Oesophageal balloon cytology screening was carried out on 4192 asymptomatic adults above age 30 years in one town and three adjoining villages with a total population of 20 392 people at risk. Oesophagoscopy was performed on 183 patients with abnormal cytological findings. The discovery of two asymptomatic small squamous cell cancers and one 'carcinoma- suspect' implied a prevalence ranging from 47.7 per 100 000 to 71.5 per 100 000. During a 1-year active surveillance, 14 patients were found with clinically advanced oesophageal squamous cell cancer, yielding age-standardized incidence rates of 144.09 per 100 000 for men and 48.82 per 100 000 for women. The very high frequency of oesophageal cancer reported for northern Iran 25 years ago stands confirmed. Differences in incidence rates, then and now, can be attributed to survey methods used and diagnostic criteria applied, but not to socioeconomic factors, which have remained relatively stable. Oesophageal balloon cytology is a practical method of mass screening for oesophageal cancer in Iran.
Role of spermine in amyloid ?-peptide-associated free radical-induced neurotoxicity (2001)

The polyamines, relatively low-molecular-weight aliphatic compounds, are the main inducers of eukaryotic cell growth and proliferation. Although polyamine requirements for cell growth are well defined, their role is still enigmatic. We have previously reported that amyloid beta-peptide (A beta), the main constituent of senile plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain, is toxic to neurons through a free radical-dependent oxidative stress mechanism and that A beta(1--42), the principal form of A beta in AD brain, causes an increase in polyamine metabolism manifested by up-regulated polyamine uptake and increased ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) activity. Both effects were prevented by the free radical scavenger vitamin E. Spermine has been reported to function directly as a free radical scavenger. In the current study, we aimed to address whether up-regulation of polyamine metabolism is a defense against, or a result of, A beta-induced oxidative stress by investigating the capability of spermine to quench A beta-associated free radicals in solution and to assert a protective function of spermine in neuronal culture against A beta. Pretreatment of cultured neurons with spermine prior to A beta exposure failed to prevent A beta-induced cell death. Indeed, A beta plus spermine added to cultured neurons was even more neurotoxic than either agent alone. Additionally, inhibition of the polyamine synthesis by difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) did not protect cells from A beta-induced free radical toxicity, and stimulation of the synthesis of putrescine and spermine by the aminopropyltransferase inhibitor S-adenosyl-1,8-diamino-thiooctane (AdoDATO), rather, further enhanced A beta-induced toxicity. Although spermine is capable of scavenging free radicals generated by A beta in solution as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy, the up-regulated transport of exogenously added spermine together with A beta may lead to overaccumulation of a cellular spermine pool, with resulting enhanced neurotoxicity.
International business research amid accelerated globalisation: An editorial (2012)

Extract\nThe landscape of global business has changed dramatically since the 1980âs and the market competition has now become truly global with the rise of emerging market countries such as Brazil, Russia, India and China. Competing in the rapidly changing global business environment, companies face new challenges and have to deal with a wide range of emerging issues that they either have not experienced or have not paid attention to before.\nThe special issue of the Journal for International Business and Entrepreneurship Development includes six papers that discuss the issues faced by companies in accelerated globalisation today. In the editorial, I highlight the key points made in each of the papers, and make some comments.
<sup>17</sup>O NMR chemical shifts of the twenty protein amino acids in aqueous solution (1985)

Abstract The 17 O chemical shifts of the α‐carboxyl groups of the protein amino acids, including 4‐hydroxyproline, sarcosine and N,N ‐dimethylglycine, were measured at 40°C in aqueous solution at variable pH ( 17 O enrichment 10 atom‐%). The chemical shifts of the amino acids were found to be between 250 and 257 ppm at low pH and between 266 and 273 ppm at neutral pH. For the purpose of comparison, several aliphatic and halogen‐containing carboxylic acids have also been measured under identical conditions. The high‐frequency titration shifts observed on deprotonation of the α‐carboxyl oxygens of the amino acids (15‐17 ppm) are similar to those of α‐haloalkanoic acids. A linear correlation of the titration shifts and the p K a values was found for the carboxylic acids, including the amino acids. The differences in the chemical shifts of the amino acids in either the cationic or zwitterionic state can be explained by the substituent effects of the side‐chains, introducing γ shielding and δ deshielding values of approximately half the size of those for aldehydes and ketones. Deprotonation of the primary α‐amino group of the amino acids induced low‐frequency shifts between ‐2.3 and ‐3.9 ppm, with the exception of serine and threonine (‐1.3 and ‐1.7 ppm, respectively). On deprotonation of the secondary α‐amino group of proline, 4‐hydroxyproline and sarcosine, a decrease in the titration shifts was observed (‐0.9, ‐0.2 and ‐1.1 ppm, respectively) and on deprotonation of the tertiary α‐amino group of N,N ‐dimethylglycine the sign was reversed (+3.9 ppm). The titration shifts can be explained by an inductive shift to high frequency, which is counterbalanced by an electric field shift of variable magnitude to low frequency.