gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Partial Nephrectomy Using a New Dissecting Instrument (1986)

The kidney is made of friable parenchyma with flexible blood vessels and collecting system structures. A dissecting clamp with interlacing blunt teeth was designed that, by repeated action of closing and opening over the renal parenchyma, crushes and dissects away the friable tissue, leaving the blood vessels and collecting system structures intact. Thus, individual ligation of blood vessels and collecting system structures can be performed at the line of resection. We report our experience in 10 dogs and 1 patient in whom partial nephrectomy was performed with this instrument.
Personal speech calendar with timing keywords aware and schedule time prediction functions (2010)

Speech calendar functionality to provide users with voice recording for schedule database and to retrieve it by speech query inputs. For example, users can record a database sentence: "Go to attend the TENCON conference in Fukuoka, Japan, on November 24" as a personal schedule, and use a nature sentence input, such as "Any schedule on November 24?" to retrieve the database. To implement this spoken document retrieval (SDR) system on embedded systems, we have previously made the column-based row-based (CBRB) partial matching algorithm and the whole-matching-plane-based (WMPB) accumulation algorithm. Without using a speech recognizer, the CBRB and WMPB computes feature distances between database sentences and query sentence. If common words appear, such as "November" and "24", the similarity score would be high. However; if a query sentence: "Any trip in next week?" the system will not be able to use the CBRB or WMPB algorithm for SDR, because there is no matched word (common word) in both sentences. In addition; if an itinerary is recorded as "Go to TENCON conference on next Monday" such a speech sentence will face difficulties for the future SDR. The timing keywords "next Monday" which is not a datable schedule leads to a query input: "Any trip on November 24?" will not be able to find the itinerary. Moreover, the system cannot determine whether this kind of indeterminate schedule should be automatically deleted or not if users do not delete this kind of schedule on their own. Another problem is that if the keyword "Monday" appears in the query, this schedule will be continuously retrieved every time in the future. To solve the above problems; this paper presents a personal speech calendar with timing keywords aware and schedule time prediction functions. After a schedule to be recorded, system takes down the recording-time and determines the timing keywords, then makes a timing-tag which indicates the expected timing information including the fields of year, month, date and time of the schedule. The timing-tag can provide explicit schedule timing for the future comparison with the speech query inputs.
Identification of a Novel Inhibitor Specific to the Fungal Chitin Synthase (2000)

As in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the pathogenic fungus Candida albicans harbors three chitin synthases called CaChs1p, CaChs2p, and CaChs3p, which are structurally and functionally analogous to the S. cerevisiae ScChs2p, ScChs1p, and ScChs3p, respectively. In S. cerevisiae, ScCHS1, ScCHS2, and ScCHS3 are all non-essential genes; only the simultaneous disruption of ScCHS2 and ScCHS3 is lethal. The fact that a null mutation of the CaCHS1 is impossible, however, implies that CaCHS1 is required for the viability of C. albicans. To gain more insight into the physiological importance of CaCHS1, we identified and characterized a novel inhibitor that was highly specific to CaChs1p. RO-09-3143 inhibited CaChs1p with a K(i) value of 0.55 nm in a manner that was non-competitive to the substrate UDP-N-acetylglucosamine. RO-09-3143 also hampered the growth of the C. albicans cells with an MIC(50) value of 0.27 microm. In the presence of RO-09-3143, the C. albicans cells failed to form septa and displayed an aberrant morphology, confirming the involvement of the C. albicans Chs1p in septum formation. Although the effect of RO-09-3143 on the wild-type C. albicans was fungistatic, it caused cell death in the cachs2Delta null mutants but not in the cachs3Delta null mutants. Thus, it appears that in C. albicans, inhibition of CaChs1p causes cell growth arrest, but simultaneous inhibition of CaChs1p and CaChs2p is lethal.
Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer mediated radical polymerization of asymmetrical divinyl monomers targeting hyperbranched vinyl polymers (2006)

Abstract Reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) mediated radical polymerizations of allyl methacrylate and undecenyl methacrylate, compounds containing two types of vinyl groups with different reactivities, were investigated to provide hyperbranched polymers. The RAFT agent benzyl dithiobenzoate was demonstrated to be an appropriate chain‐transfer agent to inhibit crosslinking and obtain polymers with moderate‐to‐high conversions. The polymerization of allyl methacrylate led to a polymer without branches but with five‐ or six‐membered rings. However, poly(undecenyl methacrylate) showed an indication of branching rather than intramolecular cycles. The hyperbranched structure of poly(undecenyl methacrylate) was confirmed by a combination of 1 H, 13 C, 1 H– 1 H correlation spectroscopy, and distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer 135 NMR spectra. The branching topology of the polymers was controlled by the variation of the reaction temperature, chain‐transfer‐agent concentration, and monomer conversion. The significantly lower inherent viscosities of the resulting polymers, compared with those of linear analogues, demonstrated their compact structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 26–40, 2007
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE INHIBITION OF MONOAMINE SYNTHESIS BY MONOFLUOROMETHYLDOPA (1980)

1 alpha-Monofluoromethyldopa (MFMD, RMI 71963), a potent and selective enzyme-activated irreversible inhibitor of aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase produces a substantial and long-lasting decrease in the catecholamine content of mouse brain, heart and kidney. 2 Single doses of MFMD reduce the 5-hydroxytryptamine concentration of mouse brain without altering the tryptophan concentration. 3 In animals treated with MFMD, peripheral but not brain noradrenaline is restored within 1 h to control levels by an intraperitoneal injection of dopamine.
<i>Msx1</i> controls inductive signaling in mammalian tooth morphogenesis (1996)

Members of the Msx homeobox family are thought to play important roles in inductive tissue interactions during vertebrate organogenesis, but their precise developmental function has been unclear. Mice deficient for Msx1 exhibit defects in craniofacial development and a failure of tooth morphogenesis, with an arrest in molar tooth development at the E13.5 bud stage. Because of its potential for experimental manipulation, the murine molar tooth germ provides a powerful system for studying the role of Msx genes in inductive signaling during organogenesis. To further analyze the role of Msx1 in regulating epithelial-mesenchymal interactions during tooth morphogenesis, we have examined the expression of several potential Msx1 downstream genes in Msx1 mutant tooth germs and we have performed functional experiments designed to order these genes into a pathway. Our results show that expression of Bone Morphogenetic Protein 4 (BMP4), the HMG box gene Lef1 and the heparan sulfate proteoglycan syndecan-1 is specifically reduced in Msx1 mutant dental mesenchyme, while expression of the extracellular matrix protein tenascin is unaffected. BMP4 soaked beads can induce Bmp4 and Lef1 expression in explanted wild-type dental mesenchymes, but only Lef1 expression in Msx1 mutant dental mesenchyme. We thus conclude that epithelial BMP4 induces its own expression in dental mesenchyme in a manner that requires Msx1. In turn, we show that addition of BMP4 to Msx1 deficient tooth germs bypasses the requirement for Msx1 and rescues epithelial development from the bud stage to the E14.5 cap stage. Lastly, we show that FGFs induce syndecan-1 expression in dental mesenchyme in a manner that also requires Msx-1. These results integrate Msx1 into a regulatory hierarchy in early tooth morphogenesis and demonstrate that Msx1 is not only expressed in dental mesenchyme in response to epithelial signals, but also in turn regulates the reciprocal expression of inductive signals in the mesenchyme which then act back upon the dental epithelium. We propose that Msx genes function repetitively during vertebrate organogenesis to permit inductive signaling to occur back and forth between tissue layers.
New trends in bismuth-catalyzed synthetic transformations (2013)

This review covers uses of bismuth catalysts since 2005 with a special emphasis on the emerging applications of such catalysts. Low toxicity, low catalytic loading, synergistic effects with other catalysts, and some hydrocompatibility properties confer to bismuth salts major advantages. The expanding activity in the field clearly highlights the growing potential of bismuth catalysts. The article is not a comprehensive review on bismuth catalysis but a selection of its most promising uses in challenging synthetic transformations.
Increasing bandwidth utilization in next generation iptv networks (2005)

In this paper we present a novel idea regarding transmission of next generation IPTV content. Today IPTV systems utilize a GOP structure to provide stream synchronization points for the clients, these are used when a channel switch occur. Since channel switches made by TV audiences are quite rare it is redundant to send synchronization opportunities in a GOP manner. The proposed design, synchronization frames for channel switching (SFCS), only requests synchronization frames when needed. We present a network traffic analysis model and compare it with simulations. SFCS increases bandwidth utilization compared to traditional GOP system under the presented transmission environment.
Tip contamination effects in ambient pressure scanning tunneling microscopy imaging of graphite (1988)

We have used electrical noise measurement and transmission electron microscopy to study the condition of metal tips used to obtain contrast current mode scanning tunneling microscope (STM) images of pyrolytic graphite in air. Electrochemically and mechanically sharpened tips of W, W0.97Re0.03, Pt, and Pt0.8Ir0.2, which gave giant corrugations in graphite images, were found to have various forms of carbonaceous contamination on the tip. Contamination in the form of liquid hydrocarbon, graphite clumps, and carbon fibers were observed. Tunneling current noise spectra from these tips exhibited a characteristic 1/f behavior from 10 Hz to 10 kHz. Clean atomic-resolution tips formed by sputtering thin layers of metal (Ni, Au, Pt) on prefabricated tips were found to exhibit lower noise in the tunneling current and ≤1-Å amplitude corrugations. Our interpretation of the present experiment, while similar to earlier explanations that associate the giant corrugations with contamination, differs in that we attribute the large corrugations to deformation of relatively soft carbonaceous material attached to the tip, rather than to elastic deformation of the graphite itself. In addition, we have found that several of the structural artifacts observed in atomic-resolution STM images of graphite can be explained by a moiré effect caused by a double tip.
A 500-MHz–1.25-GHz Fast-Locking Pulsewidth Control Loop With Presettable Duty Cycle (2004)

A 500-MHz-1.25-GHz fast-locking pulsewidth control loop (PWCL) with presettable duty cycle is realized in 0.35-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. The proposed voltage-difference-to-digital converter and switched charge pump circuits reduce the lock time of a conventional PWCL. Compared with the conventional PWCL, the proposed circuit can reduce the lock time by a factor of 2.58. A method to preset the duty cycle of the output clock is also described. Circuit measurements verify that the duty cycle of the output clock can be adjusted from 35% to 70% in steps of 5%.
Effect of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition on septic rats (1991)

1. The effect of total parenteral nutrition with or without glutamine enrichment was studied in septic rats after 4 days of treatment. 2. Septic rats treated with glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition survived sepsis significantly better than other TPN-treated septic rats: the cumulative percentage of deaths over 4 days in septic rats treated with glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition was 25% compared with 55% in septic rats given total parenteral nutrition without glutamine and 70% in septic rats given glucose. 3. Glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition resulted in improved nitrogen balance in septic rats: the cumulative nitrogen balance over the 4 days of treatment was the least negative as compared with other groups of septic rats. 4. The rate of loss of intracellular glutamine in skeletal muscle was markedly decreased (P less than 0.001) in response to glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in septic rats. 5. The rate of protein synthesis was increased (21.2%) and the rate of protein degradation was decreased (35.5%) in response to glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition in septic rats. 6. It is concluded that the administration of glutamine-enriched total parenteral nutrition is beneficial to septic rats and possibly to septic patients.
Next generation space avionics: layered system implementation (2005)

Advances in electronics over the past decade have produced major improvements in the power and flexibility of computer systems. Unfortunately current avionics systems for space applications typically have not leveraged these COTS advantages. A decade ago, the state-of-the-art for avionics systems made a step change to the Integrated Modular Avionics (IMA) used in the Boeing 777. This next generation avionics architecture is not based upon traditional Byzantine redundancy structures, but on a truth-based scheme where each element knows when an internal failure occurs and removes itself from the system. IMA utilizes a lock-step microprocessor design that communicates to a COTS Backplane for input/output, and to a Virtual Backplane/spl trade/ (a reliable high-speed serial bus) for intra-system communication. The system functions are implemented using a time and space partitioned operating system. The entire system provides the simplicity of a simplex system, implements the highest level of reliability providing complete flexibility to reconfigure both software applications and hardware interfaces, allows for rapid prototyping using low-cost COTS hardware, and is easily expandable beyond the initial point implementation. As the only 5/sup th/ generation avionics architecture, the concepts incorporated into Honeywell's IMA are ideally suited to be the backbone of the next generation Space Exploration Program avionics architectures.
Mercury resistance and tetracycline resistance in<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> (1967)

Minimum inhibitory concentrations of tetracycline to 256 tetracycline-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus were determined. M.I.C.'s tetracycline were appreciably higher among mercury resistant than among mercury sensitive strains. Mercury resistant strains representing various M.I.C.'s tetracycline grew significantly better in peptone water containing a therapeutic concentration of tetracycline than mercury sensitive strains representing the same range of resistance. The experiment was repeated after both groups had been adapted—or ‘trained’—to grow on agar containing tetracycline, 100µg./ml. The mercury sensitive strains now grew better than the mercury resistant group. The significance of these findings is discussed. It is concluded that tetracycline resistance is more stable and efficient in mercury resistant strains, and that it is probably genetic in origin—the result of mutation and selection. Tetracycline resistance in mercury sensitive strains is possibly the result of ‘training’. The associations and significance of both mercury resistance and tetracycline resistance in Staphylococcus aureus are discussed.
Modulating T-cell costimulation as new immunosuppressive concept in organ transplantation (2012)

The development of costimulation blockers for clinical application in the field of organ transplantation was delayed by several setbacks. However, belatacept has recently been approved as first in class for renal transplantation. Several additional costimulation blockers are under development with some having already entered into clinical trials. Costimulation blockers are a new class of rationally designed immunosuppressive drugs with considerable potential for improving outcome of organ transplantation.
In Vitro Performance of Venous Valve Prostheses An Experimental Model Study (1992)

The performance of fresh and glutaraldehyde fixed bovine jugular vein valves (10 mm diameter) was investigated in an experimental flow loop that provides adjustable flow rates and a downstream oscillatory pressure. Three different venous valve (VV) conduit geometries (curved [C], straight [S], and tapered [T]), were tested. The flow loop consisted of two independently adjustable components, with the mean flow generated by adjusting the elevation difference between the head tank and outflow chamber. An adjustable sinusoidal pressure pulse was superimposed on the downstream of a VV to mimic the respiratory effects. Flow visualizations were made using 100 microns mica chip tracers in the laser illuminated flow fields. To assess VV performance under various flow conditions, the closure opening (CO), partial opening (PO), and leaflet fluttering (LF) were evaluated. At a given pulse pressure, the three conduits required different flow rates to reach CO mode. At 12 cm H2O pulse pressure, the fresh valve in C-conduit exhibited stable CO operation at a flow rate of 1.01 ml/sec. That in S and T conduits required 1.67 ml/sec and 2.25 ml/sec, respectively. At higher flow rates, PO and LF performances were observed in all three conduits. Different threshold values of pulse pressure were needed to reestablish the CO operation mode for the C, S, and T conduits, individually. These observations provide some insight into the role of conduit geometry and sinus configuration in the function of VV.
Lifshitz points in blends of AB and BC diblock copolymers (1999)

We consider micro- and macro- phase separation in blends of AB and BC diblock copolymers. We show that, depending on architecture, a number of phase diagram topologies are possible. Microphase separation or macrophase separation can occur, and there are a variety of possible Lifshitz points. Because of the rich parameter space, Lifshitz points of multiple order are possible. We demonstrate Lifshitz points of first and second order, and argue that, in principle, up to 5th order Lifshitz points are possible.
E-book Security: An Analysis of Current Protection Systems (2003)

E-books have a wide range of application spheres from rich-media presentations to web site archiving, from writing to financial statement. They make publishing, storing and distributing of information quite simple. As a new publication technique, the main concern with e-books is the copyright infringement. To prevent e-books from free duplication and distribution, different security mechanisms are used in their publishing and distributing processes. By investigating and analyzing Digital Rights Management (DRM) and Electronic Book Exchange (EBX), this thesis presents some security issues that the e-book industry are or should be aware. Various security problems and possible solutions are highlighted by means of two case studies.
NF-L in cerebrospinal fluid and serum is a biomarker of neuronal damage in an inducible mouse model of neurodegeneration (2017)

Accumulation of neurofilaments (NFs), the major constituents of the neuronal cytoskeleton, is a distinctive feature of neurological diseases and several studies have shown that soluble NFs can be detected in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with neurological diseases, such as multiple sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia. Here we have used an inducible transgenic mouse model of neurodegeneration, CamKII-TetOp25 mice, to evaluate whether NF-L levels in CSF or blood can be used as a biochemical biomarker of neurodegeneration. Induction of p25 transgene brain expression led to increase in CSF and serum NF-L levels that correlated with ongoing neurodegeneration. Switching off p25 prevented further increases in both CSF and serum NF-L levels and concomitantly stopped the progression of neurodegeneration. The levels of CSF NF-L detected in p25 mice are about 4-fold higher than the CSF levels detected in patients with chronic neurodegenerative diseases, such as symptomatic FTD (bvFTD). In addition, our data indicate that the NF-L detected in CSF is most likely a cleaved form of NF-L. These results suggest that CSF and serum NF-L are of interest to be further explored as potential translational dynamic biomarkers of neurodegeneration or as pharmacodynamics biomarkers at least in preclinical animal studies.
Purification and Characterization of the Crown Gall-specific Enzyme, Octopine Synthase (1980)

A single enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of all four N(2)-(1-carboxyethyl)-amino acid derivatives found in a crown gall tumor tissue induced by Agrobacterium tumefaciens (E. F. Sm. and Town.) Conn strain B6 on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.). This enzyme, octopine synthase, has been purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and chromatography on diethylaminoethylcellulose, blue agarose, and hydroxylapatite. The purified enzyme has all the N(2)-(1-carboxyethyl)-amino acid synthesizing activities found in crude preparations, and the relative activities with six amino acids remain nearly constant during purification. Although the maximum velocities (V) and Michaelis constants (K(m)) differ, the ratio V/K(m) is the same for all amino acid substrates. Thus an equimolar mixture of amino acids will give rise to an equimolar mixture of products. The kinetic properties of the enzyme are consistent with a partially ordered mechanism with arginine (NADPH, then arginine or pyruvate). Octopine synthase is a monomeric enzyme with a molecular weight of 39,000 by gel filtration and 38,000 by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.
Clinicopathologic correlates of solitary fibrous tumors (2002)

Solitary fibrous tumors are rare tumors that occur at all anatomic sites. Most SFT patients fare well after surgical treatment. Closer surveillance is warranted for those tumors that are larger than 10 cm or with the presence of a histologically malignant component.
Reversible-deactivation radical polymerization of chloroprene and the synthesis of novel polychloroprene-based block copolymers by the RAFT approach (2014)

Novel, well-defined PCP-based block copolymers (PSt-<italic>b</italic>-PCP and PMMA-<italic>b</italic>-PCP) with controlled number averaged molecular weights and molecular weight distributions can be prepared, employing EPDTB and CPDB, respectively, as the initial RAFT agent.