gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Tono‐Pen XL<sup>®</sup>calibration curves for cats, cows and sheep (2004)

The objective of this study was to provide calibration curves for correcting intraocular pressure (IOP) measurements obtained using the Tono-Pen XL tonometer in cats, cows and sheep. Twelve eyes from 9 cats, 13 eyes from 7 cows, 10 eyes from 5 sheep were used. The anterior chamber of the eye was cannulated in vivo, in situ (immediately post mortem) or ex vivo with a fine needle and IOP was varied from 10 to 90 mmHg in steps of 10 mmHg by adjusting the height of a saline reservoir connected to the needle. For each pressure setting, several readings of IOP were made using the tonometer. The relationship between Tono-Pen reading and manometer setting was linear over the full range of measurement. However, the slope of the data regression line deviated significantly from 1 and indicated that the instrument systematically underestimated IOP. For cats the average slope was 0.62 and for cows and sheep it was 0.72 and 0.69, respectively. For the latter animals, the regression line also had a nonzero intercept of approximately 4.5 mmHg. Similar results were obtained from in vivo and ex vivo eyes and with different Tono-Pen XL tonometers. Although developed for use on humans, the Tono-Pen XL can provide reproducible and accurate measurement of IOP in cats, cows and sheep when suitably calibrated by manometry. The calibration curves provided here, and by implication those reported for other animals using this tonometer, differ in slope from those measured with earlier models of the Tono-Pen. The reproducibility of the curves we obtained implies that they can be used to correct IOP readings from the Tono-Pen XL when manometry is not possible.
Negative output differential resistance in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors (1992)

A thermal-electrical model is presented to describe the negative output differential resistance in AlGaAs/GaAs heterojunction bipolar transistors. Included in this model are the base band-gap shrinkage due to heavy doping, temperature dependence of AlGaAs and GaAs band gaps, and valence band discontinuity. The experimental results unambiguously support the predictions of the model.
Surgical Gesture Recognition with Optical Flow only (2019)

In this paper, we address the open research problem of surgical gesture recognition using motion cues from video data only. We adapt Optical flow ConvNets initially proposed by Simonyan et al.. While Simonyan uses both RGB frames and dense optical flow, we use only dense optical flow representations as input to emphasize the role of motion in surgical gesture recognition, and present it as a robust alternative to kinematic data. We also overcome one of the limitations of Optical flow ConvNets by initializing our model with cross modality pre-training. A large number of promising studies that address surgical gesture recognition highly rely on kinematic data which requires additional recording devices. To our knowledge, this is the first paper that addresses surgical gesture recognition using dense optical flow information only. We achieve competitive results on JIGSAWS dataset, moreover, our model achieves more robust results with less standard deviation, which suggests optical flow information can be used as an alternative to kinematic data for the recognition of surgical gestures.
Mathematics of thermoacoustic tomography (2008)

The article presents a survey of mathematical problems, techniques and challenges arising in thermoacoustic tomography and its sibling photoacoustic tomography.
<title>BaffleText: a Human Interactive Proof</title> (2003)

Internet services designed for human use are being abused by programs. We present a defense against such attacks in the form of a CAPTCHA (Completely Automatic Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart) that exploits the difference in ability between humans and machines in reading images of text. CAPTCHAs are a special case of 'human interactive proofs,' a broad class of security protocols that allow people to identify themselves over networks as members of given groups. We point out vulnerabilities of reading-based CAPTCHAs to dictionary and computer-vision attacks. We also draw on the literature on the psychophysics of human reading, which suggests fresh defenses available to CAPTCHAs. Motivated by these considerations, we propose BaffleText, a CAPTCHA which uses non-English pronounceable words to defend against dictionary attacks, and Gestalt-motivated image-masking degradations to defend against image restoration attacks. Experiments on human subjects confirm the human legibility and user acceptance of BaffleText images. We have found an image-complexity measure that correlates well with user acceptance and assists in engineering the generation of challenges to fit the ability gap. Recent computer-vision attacks, run independently by Mori and Jitendra, suggest that BaffleText is stronger than two existing CAPTCHAs.
Targeting the Wnt5a-β-catenin pathway in the melanoma microenvironment to augment checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy. (2015)

3054 Background: While checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy has demonstrated recent success in patients with advanced melanoma, a significant fraction of these patients continue to fail therapy. The β-catenin signaling pathway plays a role in dendritic cell (DC) tolerization and regulatory T cell (Treg) differentiation however the factors responsible for inducing this pathway are unknown. Methods: We utilized a BRAFV600EPTEN-/- autochthonous model of melanoma to identify melanoma-derived factors capable of driving local Treg development and the generation of an immunotolerant microenvironment. Primary human melanoma specimens were examined for expression of these candidate factors by immunohistochemistry while sentinel lymph node-derived DCs were analyzed for expression of downstream mediators of the identified signaling pathway. Based on this data, a small molecule inhibitor of the candidate signaling pathway was tested to augment the anti-tumor immune response of checkpoint inhibitors in a murine melanoma model. Results: We identified the Wnt5a ligand as a critical mediator β-catenin signaling in DCs and of Treg generation in the BRAFV600EPTEN-/-model. We further determined Wnt5a to be associated with expression of the Treg marker, FoxP3, in human melanoma tissues and for Wnt5a expression by primary melanomas to be associated with an improved objective response to anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy. In addition, our work suggests that activation of the β-catenin signaling pathway in sentinel lymph node derived DCs correlates with higher tumor burden and inferior clinical outcome. Finally, we show that suppressing Wnt ligand secretion and downstream signaling by targeting the Porcn acyl transferase enzyme functions to enhance the anti-melanoma immune response and suppress melanoma growth when administered in combination with anti-CTLA-4 antibody therapy. Conclusions: The Wnt5a-β-catenin signaling pathway represents a novel pharmacological target within the melanoma microenvironment that is worthy of further investigation in combination immunotherapy clinical trials.
The natural history of lacunar infarction: the Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project. (1987)

In a consecutive series of 515 first-ever strokes in a community-based study of stroke that combined prompt clinical assessment by a study neurologist with a high rate of confirmed pathologic diagnosis, 108 cases (21%) had a lacunar syndrome. A computed tomography (CT) scan was performed in 104 (96%) of these cases. Only 3 cases had primary intracerebral hemorrhage, and another 3 had "inappropriate" areas of infarcts were seen in 34 of the remaining 98 (35%) CT scans. The crude annual incidence of lacunar infarction was 0.33/1,000. There was no excess risk among men. The case fatality rates were 1% at 1 month and 9.8% at 1 year. The rate of recurrent strokes was 11.8% in the first year. Among patients surviving 1 year, 66% were capable of independent existence.
Mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired oxidative-reduction activity, degeneration, and death in human neuronal and fetal cells induced by low-level exposure to thimerosal and other metal compounds (2009)

Thimerosal (ethylmercurithiosalicylic acid), an ethylmercury (EtHg)-releasing compound (49.55% mercury (Hg)), was used in a range of medical products for more than 70 years. Of particular recent concern, routine administering of Thimerosal-containing biologics/childhood vaccines have become significant sources of Hg exposure for some fetuses/infants. This study was undertaken to investigate cellular damage among <i>in vitro</i> human neuronal (SH-SY-5Y neuroblastoma and 1321N1 astrocytoma) and fetal (nontransformed) model systems using cell vitality assays and microscope-based digital image capture techniques to assess potential damage induced by Thimerosal and other metal compounds (aluminum (Al) sulfate, lead (Pb)(II) acetate, methylmercury (MeHg) hydroxide, and mercury (Hg)(II) chloride) where the cation was reported to exert adverse effects on developing cells. Thimerosal-associated cellular damage was also evaluated for similarity to pathophysiological findings observed in patients diagnosed with autistic disorders (ADs). Thimerosal-induced cellular damage as evidenced by concentration- and time-dependent mitochondrial damage, reduced oxidative-reduction activity, cellular degeneration, and cell death in the <i>in vitro</i> human neuronal and fetal model systems studied. Thimerosal at low nanomolar (nM) concentrations induced significant cellular toxicity in human neuronal and fetal cells. Thimerosal-induced cytoxicity is similar to that observed in AD pathophysiologic studies. Thimerosal was found to be significantly more toxic than the other metal compounds examined. Future studies need to be conducted to evaluate additional mechanisms underlying Thimerosal-induced cellular damage and assess potential co-exposures to other compounds that may increase or decrease Thimerosal-mediated toxicity.
Oxidative Damage of DJ-1 Is Linked to Sporadic Parkinson and Alzheimer Diseases (2006)

Mutations in DJ-1 cause an autosomal recessive, early onset familial form of Parkinson disease (PD). However, little is presently known about the role of DJ-1 in the more common sporadic form of PD and in other age-related neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer disease (AD). Here we report that DJ-1 is oxidatively damaged in the brains of patients with idiopathic PD and AD. By using a combination of two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and mass spectrometry, we have identified 10 different DJ-1 isoforms, of which the acidic isoforms (pI 5.5 and 5.7) of DJ-1 monomer and the basic isoforms (pI 8.0 and 8.4) of SDS-resistant DJ-1 dimer are selectively accumulated in PD and AD frontal cortex tissues compared with age-matched controls. Quantitative Western blot analysis shows that the total level of DJ-1 protein is significantly increased in PD and AD brains. Mass spectrometry analyses reveal that DJ-1 is not only susceptible to cysteine oxidation but also to previously unsuspected methionine oxidation. Furthermore, we show that DJ-1 protein is irreversibly oxidized by carbonylation as well as by methionine oxidation to methionine sulfone in PD and AD. Our study provides new insights into the oxidative modifications of DJ-1 and indicates association of oxidative damage to DJ-1 with sporadic PD and AD.
Digital, Ultrasensitive, End-Point Protein Measurements with Large Dynamic Range via Brownian Trapping with Drift (2014)

This communication shows that the concept of Brownian trapping with drift can be applied to improve quantitative molecular measurements. It has the potential to combine the robustness of end-point spatially resolved readouts, the ultrasensitivity of digital single-molecule measurements, and the large dynamic range of qPCR; furthermore, at low concentrations of analytes, it can provide a direct comparison of the signals arising from the analyte and from the background. It relies on the finding that molecules simultaneously diffusing, drifting (via slow flow), and binding to an array of nonsaturable surface traps have an exponentially decreasing probability of escaping the traps over time and therefore give rise to an exponentially decaying distribution of trapped molecules in space. This concept was tested with enzyme and protein measurements in a microfluidic device.
Singapore (2015)

The following sections are included:BRIEF HISTORY OF ANGEL ACTIVITIESDEVELOPMENT OF THE ANGEL INVESTMENT COMMUNITYFORMATION OF BANSEAGOVERNMENT SUPPORT FOR ANGEL INVESTINGCONCLUSIONEndnotes
Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Expanded in Human Allogenic Cord Blood Serum Display Higher Self-Renewal and Enhanced Osteogenic Potential (2008)

Recent clinical trials using ex vivo expanded mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have raised interest in the safety and function of cultured MSCs. Here, to assess the feasibility of using allogenic human umbilical cord blood serum (CBS) for humanized clinical-grade expansion of MSCs, we characterized MSCs expanded in CBS and compared them to MSCs expanded in fetal bovine serum (FBS). MSCs in CBS exhibited a higher preservation of colony-forming cells and an accelerated expansion over serial passages with increased Oct-4 expression compared to those cultured in FBS. Notably, CBS-expanded MSCs exhibited a unique differentiation potential characterized by a shift from adipogenic to osteogenic differentiation. The differentiation shift was associated with enhanced basal and Runx2-mediated transcriptional activation of the osteocalcin promoter, as well as increased accumulation of beta-catenin and the yes-associated protein (YAP) which was independent of changes in TAZ (transcriptional co-activator with PDZ-binding motif) levels. Interestingly, the phenotypes were reversed when the FBS and CBS media were switched, suggesting the unique stimulatory effects of CBS rather than the selection of heterogeneous MSC subpopulations. The distinct regulatory effects of CBS on MSC included selective activation of platelet-derived growth factor and epidermal growth factor signals in MSCs, but not in FBS. Taken together, these results provide insight into the dynamic regulation of MSCs during ex vivo culture and show that the ex vivo culture of MSCs in allogenic human CBS provides a novel tool for the accelerated expansion of a population of MSCs that exhibit a higher self-renewal and an enhanced osteogenic potential.
Effects of angiogenic factor overexpression by cholangiocytes in polycystic liver diseases (2006)

Liver involvement in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is characterized by altered remodeling of the embryonic ductal plate (DP) with presence of biliary cysts and aberrant portal vasculature. The genetic defect causing ADPKD has been identified, but mechanisms of liver cyst growth remain uncertain. To investigate the possible role of angiogenic mechanisms, we have studied the immunohistochemical expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1), angiopoietin-2 (Ang-2) and their receptors (VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2, Tie-2) in ADPKD, Caroli's disease, normal and fetal livers. In ADPKD and control livers Ang-1 and Ang-2 gene expression was studied by real-time-PCR. Effects of VEGF on cholangiocyte proliferation were studied by PCNA Western Blot in isolated rat cholangiocytes and by MTS assay in cultured cholangiocytes isolated from ADPKD patients and from an ADPKD mouse model (Pkd2(WS25/-)). Cholangiocytes were strongly positive for VEGF, VEGFR-1, VEGFR-2 and Ang-2 in ADPKD and Caroli, and also for Ang-1 and Tie-2 in ADPKD, similar to fetal ductal plate cells. VEGF stimulated proliferation in both normal and ADPKD cholangiocytes, but the effect was particularly evident in the latter. Ang-1 alone had no effect, but was synergic to VEGF. VEGF expression on cholangiocytes positively correlated with microvascular density. In conclusion, consistent with the immature phenotype of the cystic epithelium, expression of VEGF, VEGFRs, Ang-1 and Tie-2 is strongly upregulated in cholangiocytes from polycystic liver diseases. VEGF and Ang-1 have autocrine proliferative effect on cholangiocyte growth and paracrine effect on portal vasculature, thus promoting the growth of the cysts and their vascular supply.
Structured digital video indexing (1996)

This paper addresses the problems of film segmentation into its syntactic elements (the shots) and of their aggregation into semantic sets under constrained conditions: the shot/reverse-shot scenes (SRS). It then addresses the problem of describing the dynamic content of each shot through the analysis of camera motion. New techniques for edit effect detection and classification are herein proposed. A new algorithm is thereby introduced for automatic inferring the belonging of a set of shots to the same SRS scene. Finally, an algorithm is presented, which segments a sequence into regions having different motion types and extracts the camera motion. Extended performance analysis of the algorithms has been made on about 20 hours movies.
Modeling the Detection of Textual Cyberbullying (2021)

The scourge of cyberbullying has assumed alarming proportions with an ever-increasing number of adolescents admitting to having dealt with it either as a victim or as a bystander. Anonymity and the lack of meaningful supervision in the electronic medium are two factors that have exacerbated this social menace. Comments or posts involving sensitive topics that are personal to an individual are more likely to be internalized by a victim, often resulting in tragic outcomes. We decompose the overall detection problem into detection of sensitive topics, lending itself into text classification sub-problems. We experiment with a corpus of 4500 YouTube comments, applying a range of binary and multiclass classifiers. We find that binary classifiers for individual labels outperform multiclass classifiers. Our findings show that the detection of textual cyberbullying can be tackled by building individual topic-sensitive classifiers.
Involvement of Glycation and Oxidative Stress in Diabetic Macroangiopathy (1996)

Under diabetic conditions, the Maillard reaction facilitates the production of reactive oxygen species, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes such as Cu,Zn-superoxide dismutase is decreased, resulting in a remarkable increase of oxidative stress. The oxidative stress attacks DNA, lipids, and proteins and is also thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications, including the progression of macroangiopathy. Proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMCs) is known to be associated with progression of macroangiopathy and is modulated by several growth factors. At least three mitogens for SMCs, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), fibroblast growth factor, and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor-like growth factor (HB-EGF), are known to be produced by SMCs themselves and are considered to be the most potent growth factors in the progression of macroangiopathy as seen in diabetes. HB-EGF, but not PDGF, is regulated at the transcriptional level by 3-deoxyglucosone (3-DG), a major and highly reactive intermediate in the glycation reaction. The induction seems to be triggered by the increase of reactive oxygen species produced by 3-DG. Taken together, glycation reactions under diabetic conditions may be highly associated with the pathogenesis of diabetic macroangiography by enhancing the gene expression of HB-EGF.
PRET DRAM controller (2011)

Hard real-time embedded systems employ high-capacity memories such as Dynamic RAMs (DRAMs) to cope with increasing data and code sizes of modern designs. However, memory controller design has so far largely focused on improving average-case performance. As a consequence, the latency of memory accesses is unpredictable, which complicates the worst-case execution time analysis necessary for hard real-time embedded systems.
Isovanillyl sweeteners. Amide analogs of dihydrochalcones (1987)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIsovanillyl sweeteners. Amide analogs of dihydrochalconesLeland J. Chinn, D. Eric Walters, Kenneth Williams, and Robert H. MazurCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1987, 35, 3, 409–411Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1987Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1987https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00075a031https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00075a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views92Altmetric-Citations1LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Serum concentrations of total and non‐protein‐bound oestradiol in patients with breast cancer and in normal controls (1982)

In premenopausal women with breast cancer, total serum oestradiol (E2) concentrations are normal but nonprotein-bound E2 concentration are significantly raised. This is not due to low sex-hormone-binding-globulin (SHBG) binding capacities which are within the normal range and is unlikely to be due to the small but significant decrease in albumin concentrations. In post-menopausal patients, both total and non-protein-bound E2 are significantly raised: this may be explained partially by lower SHBG binding capacities. In patients and controls there is a highly significant correlation between non-protein-bound E2 and SHBG but, for a given SHBG binding capacity, the patients have more non-bound E2 than controls. It is concluded that the breast in women with breast cancer may be exposed to elevated levels of biologically active E2 although the reasons for this remain obscure.