gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An 800-MHz Mixed-<inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$V_{\text{T}}$ </tex-math> </inline-formula> 4T IFGC Embedded DRAM in 28-nm CMOS Bulk Process for Approximate Storage Applications (2018)

Gain-cell embedded DRAM (GC-eDRAM) is an attractive alternative to traditional static random access memory (SRAM) due to its high-density, low-leakage, and inherent two-ported operation, yet its dynamic nature leads to limited retention time and calls for periodic, power-hungry refresh cycles. This drawback is further aggravated in scaled technologies, where increased leakage currents and decreased in-cell storage capacitances lead to accelerated data integrity deterioration. The emerging approximate computing paradigm utilizes the inherent error-resilience of different applications to tolerate some errors in the stored data. Such error tolerance can be exploited to reduce the refresh rate in GC-eDRAM to achieve a substantial decrease in power consumption at the cost of an increase in cell failure probability. In this paper, we present the first fabricated and fully functional GC-eDRAM in a 28-nm bulk CMOS technology. The array, which is based on a novel mixed-VT four-transistor (4T) gain cell with internal feedback (IFGC) optimized for high performance, features a small silicon footprint and supports high-performance operation. The proposed memory can be used with conservative (i.e., 100% reliable) computing paradigms, but also in the context of approximate computing, featuring a small silicon footprint and random access bandwidth. Silicon measurements demonstrate successful operation at 800 MHz under a 900-mv supply while retaining between 30% and 45% lower bitcell area than a single-ported six-transistor (6T) SRAM and a two-ported six-transistor (8T) SRAM in the same technology.
Hydroxylated metabolites of the antimalarial drug primaquine. Oxidation and redox cycling. (1992)

Oxidation and redox cycling of the hydroxylated metabolites of the antimalarial drug primaquine (i.e. 5-hydroxyprimaquine, 5-hydroxydemethylprimaquine, and 5,6-dihydroxy-8-aminoquinoline) were studied. The three metabolites readily oxidized under physiological conditions, forming hydrogen peroxide and the corresponding quinone-imine derivatives as the main products. The latter compounds were characterized by visible, NMR, and infrared spectroscopy. Concomitant formation of drug-derived radicals and hydroxyl radicals was attested by direct and spin-trapping EPR experiments, respectively. The use of the spin stabilization method indicated that the radicals derived from 5-hydroxydemethylprimaquine and 5,6-dihydroxy-8-aminoquinoline are of the o-semiquinone type. Tentative structures are proposed for the radicals based on product identification and computer simulation of the experimental EPR spectra. The quinone-imines obtained from the reduced metabolites did not react at appreciable rates with NADPH but underwent redox cycling upon addition of ferredoxin:NADP+ oxidoreductase, forming hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radicals. The effect of antioxidant enzymes on hydroxyl radical yield obtained during oxidation and redox cycling indicates that the main route for hydroxyl radical formation is the metal ion-catalyzed reaction between the drug-derived radicals and hydrogen peroxide. Taken together, the results indicate that hydrogen peroxide is the potential toxic product formed from the primaquine metabolites.
Integrated position sensing for control of XY actuator (2006)

We present an integrated capacitance based sensor and electronics system for measuring the position of a two axis microelectromechanical (MEMS) stage. Integrated position sensing enables closed-loop operation of the stage, greatly increasing system performance compared to previous micro-stages. The 2 mm square stage is fabricated in a bonded wafer process and is actuated using a bipolar, electrostatic surface drive. Sensor and actuator electrodes are positioned on the bottom of the stage increasing the available moving area of the stage to 50% of the chip size. Individual sensors for each axis and high aspect ratio flexures minimize sensor crosstalk from in-plane motion. The sensor electronics rejects signals from out-of-plane motion of the stage or sensors. The stage is capable of 50 /spl mu/m of travel in each axis with maxima for velocity and acceleration of 40 mm/s and 200 m/s/sup 2/, respectively. Sensor resolution has been measured at 2 /spl Aring/ in a 10 Hz bandwidth, giving the system near part-per-million position resolution.
High Availability and Scalability of Mainframe Environments (2013)

Mainframe computers are the backbone of industrial and commercial computing, hosting the most relevant and critical data of businesses. One of the most important mainframe environments is IBM System z with the operating system z/OS. This book introduces mainframe technology of System z and z/OS with respect to high availability and scalability. It highlights their presence on different levels within the hardware and software stack to satisfy the needs for large IT organizations.
Chip integration of Sea of Leads compliant I/O interconnections for the ultimate enabling of chips with low-k interlayer dielectrics (2004)

This paper describes the process and assembly integration of Sea of Leads (SoL) with an Intel chip. A primary goal of the research was to study the issues involved in reconciling the fabrication and assembly requirements of compliant leads, such as SoL, with those of standard semiconductor processes and standard chip assembly techniques. The study was motivated in-part by the potential failure of the low-k interlayer dielectric in microprocessors as a result of high mechanical stresses due to the coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) mismatch between the chip and the board. SoL, and other compliant interconnections, mitigate this problem by mechanically decoupling the chip and the board. We show that while the compliant leads offer advantages over C4 technology, there is much to consider during the series of steps needed to transform the fully intact dice at the wafer level to dice that are assembled onto the board. The use of an encapsulation film over the leads during wafer sawing is shown to be necessary for slippery leads and other freestanding compliant leads. Compliant leads on the edges of the chip tend to extend beyond the active region of the dice. The use of the correct flux when the leads are encapsulated with nickel-oxide nonwettable layer is shown to be essential for a successful wafer-level solder reflow. Thermo-compression bonding is shown to be a promising assembly technique for SoL because it can overcome the problem of non-uniform height of the solder bumps on the board.
Continous multi-keV electron beam source using a hollow cathode (2009)

A multi-kilovolt, compact electron beam source is being developed for use in a laboratory plasma physics experiment to simulate the energetic electron population present in the magnetosphere and the associated space plasma physics phenomena. In parallel, a similar source is intended for welding and metal forming applications. The source operates by extracting electrons from a hollow cathode plasma that has been biased to the required beam voltage. The hollow cathode operates in the mTorr pressure range (Argon) at approximately 400V and current up to about 150mA (power supply limited) in a uniform 100G field. A variety of electron extraction geometries have been implemented, including grids and plates of differing thicknesses and hole diameters, yielding a largest extraction efficiency of approximately 30%. The thermal management problem of continuous operation is solved by making the hollow cathode wall also serve as a vacuum wall so that it may be cooled externally.
High-performance CMOS/SOS circuits in SPEAR material (1990)

The application of a submicrometer CMOS/SOS process technology in solid-phase epitaxy and regrowth (SPEAR) material to the fabrication of submicrometer devices and LSI circuits is described. Transistors consistently showed relatively high mobilities and relatively low leakage currents, with threshold voltages near designed values. Inverter propagation delays for an 0.6- mu m ring oscillator measured 85 ps at 2 V and 41 ps at 8 V. Three high-speed LSI circuits were also designed and fabricated using a standard cell approach. Maximum clock frequencies for the 16-b universal shift register, the 8-b multiplexer/demultiplexer, and the variable modulus 10/11 prescaler, fabricated with 1- mu m gate lengths, were 125, 158, and 330 MHz, respectively.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Multi-robot operator control unit (2006)

Space and Naval Warfare Systems Center, San Diego (SSC San Diego) has developed an unmanned vehicle and sensor operator control interface capable of simultaneously controlling and monitoring multiple sets of heterogeneous systems. The modularity, scalability and flexible user interface of the Multi-robot Operator Control Unit (MOCU) accommodates a wide range of vehicles and sensors in varying mission scenarios. MOCU currently controls all of the SSC San Diego developmental vehicles (land, air, sea, and undersea), including the SPARTAN Advanced Concept Technology Demonstration (ACTD) Unmanned Surface Vehicle (USV), the iRobot PackBot, and the Family of Integrated Rapid Response Equipment (FIRRE) vehicles and sensors. This paper will discuss how software and hardware modularity has allowed SSC San Diego to create a single operator control unit (OCU) with the capability to control a wide variety of unmanned systems.
Modeling human syllogistic reasoning in Soar (2018)

Abstract: "Soar is an architecture for general intelligence, which has been shown to be capable of supporting a wide variety of intelligent behavior involving problem-solving, learning, designing, planning, etc. Soar has also been put forth as a unified theory of human cognition. We provide support for this by presenting a theory of syllogistic reasoning based on Soar and some assumptions about subjects' knowledge and representation. The resulting theory (and system, Syl-Soar/S88) is plausible in its details and accounts for existing data quite well."
<title>Robust fiber optic sensors for process monitoring and control applications</title> (1996)

In the past decade a broad range of sensing applications have been reported utilizing optical-fiber-based sensors. These applications range from the measurement of a variety of physical parameters to the quantitative determination of chemical and biochemical species. The acceptance of many of these sensors by the process monitoring and control industry has not met manufacturer's expectations. This paper describes the special requirements and concerns which must be addressed in implementing fiber-optic sensors in process environments. Topics include sensor specificity and interferences, environmental constraints, long term stability, sensor calibration methods, sensing mechanisms, sensor system design for self-calibration, and performance characterization in process environments. Special requirements for single point and distributed fiber-optic sensing applications including temperature, pressure, strain, humidity, and chemical concentration are described. Methods are discussed for designing robust fiber-optic sensors which remain calibrated for extended periods of time. Also included is a discussion of self calibration methods for use in reflective mode intensity, analyte and distributed based fiber-optic sensors.
Establishment of a human fusion partner for making human T-T hybridomas which can grow in serum free medium (1999)

A new human fusion partner, ICLU-T was established for making human T-T hybridomas. Some 6-thioguanine resistant (6-TGr) clones were separated from human T cell acute lymphocytic leukemia, PEER. The fastest growing clone of the 6-TGr cells was scaled up and was cultured in serum free medium. The clone that proliferated most quickly in the serum free medium was separated and named ICLU-T. When ICLU-T was fused with human peripheral blood lymphocytes by using only polyethylene glycol, the viability of fused cells was below 20% just after fusion and the fusion efficiency was 0.01-0.02 per 10(5) parent cells. Whereas, the combined use of 1% lecithin with polyethylene glycol increased the viability over 50% and the fusion efficiencies over 0.2 per 10(5) parent cells on the average. In a total of 34 clones of obtained hybridomas, there were 25 CD2 positive clones. CD4 positive or CD8 positive clones of the CD2 positive clones were 12 and 5 clones, respectively. Further, 4 clones of all hybridomas were CD19 positive, and one clone of these hybridomas was an Ig producer. These obtained hybridomas could proliferate in serum free medium.
Loss and reflectance of standard cylindrical-ferrule single-mode connectors modified by polishing a 10 degrees oblique endface angles (1989)

It is shown that the reflectance performance of existing, cylindrical, keyed, single-mode fiber connectors can be significantly improved by polishing 10 degrees oblique endfaces. This results in a maximum of -60 dB to less than -70 dB reflectance. Due to the resulting air gaps and hence multiple beam interference, the average insertion loss increase compared to physical-contact-type connectors is 0.43 dB. This is in excellent agreement with the predicted value of 0.45 dB for this type of joint. In cases where insertion loss performance is not the limited factor, this straightforward modification of standard cylindrical connectors shows potential for use in bidirectional and/or analog AM transmission systems. When the additional insertion loss cannot be tolerated, design changes in endface profiles and keying features may also be required. If fiber-to-fiber endface contact can be achieved, the same excellent reflectance performance will be achieved even with the presence of a modified index layer on the endface.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Self-Assembly of Iron Oxide-Poly(ethylene glycol) Core–Shell Nanoparticles at Liquid–Liquid Interfaces (2010)

Nanoparticles (NPs) play an increasingly important role in the fabrication of functional advanced materials. Two major steps need to be carried out in order to achieve control of the material properties. First of all, the properties of the single NPs have to be under control, especially in relation to colloidal stability; aggregation and corrosion negate all the benefits associated to the nanoscopic dimensions. Secondly, the assembly process has to be controlled to achieve a material with the desired properties. We propose here to use stabilized ceramic NPs consisting of a magnetite core, coated by a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) shell and study their assembly at polar/ non-polar liquid interfaces, en route to fabricating functional NP membranes. These NPs show extraordinary stability in aqueous solutions achieved by anchoring linear PEG chains through an end-terminating nitroDOPA group to their surface. Furthermore, the core and shell sizes of these NPs can be independently varied with ease. We first describe the details of the NP synthesis and stabilization in bulk solutions, discussing the PEG molecular weight needed to achieve bulk stability. Subsequently, we demonstrate self-assembly of these particles at liquid-liquid interfaces (SALI) into monolayers of stable properties. SALI has been chosen as path for the assembly given its suitability for fabricating two-dimensional materials. We report here results from pendant drop tensiometry which illustrate the kinetics of NP adsorption at the liquid-liquid interface and highlight the role played by the molecular weight of the PEG shell in the interfacial assembly. In particular we show that the requisites to ensure particle stability at a liquid interface are more stringent compared to the bulk case.
Spatial mode division multiplexing for overcoming capacity barrier of optical fibers (2011)

Mode division multiplexing is emerging as a potential solution to further increase optical fiber capacity and spectral efficiency. We report a dual-mode, dual-polarization transmission method based on mode-selective excitation and detection over a two-mode fiber.
Hexose/H+ Symporters in Lower and Higher Plants (1994)

A well-studied transporter of plant cells is the hexose/H+ symporter of the unicellular alga Chlorella kessleri. Its properties, studied in vivo, are briefly summarized. In part, they are atypical and it has been suggested that this porter acts in an asymmetric way. Three genes coding for Chlorella hexose transport activity have been identified (HUP1, HUP2 and HUP3). HUP1 cDNA expressed in a mutant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe not transporting any D-glucose has been studied in detail. Several mutants with changed Km values for substrate were obtained, some by random polymerase chain reaction mutation and selection for decreased sensitivity towards the toxic sugar 2-deoxyglucose, some by site-directed mutagenesis. The amino acids affected clustered in the centre of the putative transmembrane helices V, VII and XI. Large families of hexose transporter genes are found in higher plants (Arabidopsis, Chenopodium, Ricinus). Their functional role is discussed. Finally, the progress made in studying plant transporters in a vesicle system energized by cytochrome c oxidase is summarized.
Cluster assignment of global values for clustered VLIW processors (2003)

In this paper high-level language (HLL) variables that are alive in a whole HLL function, across multiple scheduling units, are termed as global values. Due to their long live ranges and, hence, large impact on the schedule, the global values require different compiler optimizations than local values, which span across only one scheduling unit. The instruction scheduler for a clustered ILP processor, which is responsible for cluster assignment of operations and variables, faces a difficult problem of assigning global values to clusters. Our study shows that trivial assignments (e.g. mapping all global values into one cluster) may result in a severe cycle count overhead relative to the unicluster of up to 26.3% for a four cluster VLIW machine. This paper presents three advanced algorithms for assigning global values to clusters based on multi-pass scheduling and affinity of variables. Furthermore, we measure performance of these algorithms on optimized multimedia C applications and assess quality of our algorithms by comparing them to a practical higher performance bound derived from a vast random search. Our algorithms reduce the execution time overhead of the best simple algorithm round-robin from 10.5% to 5.9% for the two cluster VLIW machine and from 17.3% to 14.12% for the four cluster VLIW machine.
MODEL UNCERTAINTY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE PRICING OF DERIVATIVE INSTRUMENTS (2006)

Uncertainty on the choice of an option pricing model can lead to “model risk” in the valuation of portfolios of options. After discussing some properties which a quantitative measure of model uncertainty should verify in order to be useful and relevant in the context of risk management of derivative instruments, we introduce a quantitative framework for measuring model uncertainty in the context of derivative pricing. Two methods are proposed: the first method is based on a coherent risk measure compatible with market prices of derivatives, while the second method is based on a convex risk measure. Our measures of model risk lead to a premium for model uncertainty which is comparable to other risk measures and compatible with observations of market prices of a set of benchmark derivatives. Finally, we discuss some implications for the management of “model risk.”
Sausinimo sistemų paviršinio vandens nuleistuvų būklės tyrimai (2007)

Most neonates presenting with a laboratory identifiable etiology for hyperbilirubinemia (i.e., hemolysis) can be distinguished from those who test negative, mainly based on the timing of presentation and response to phototherapy. A more meticulous selection of patients and reduction in the magnitude of routine laboratory testing can safely reduce discomfort to infants with hyperbilirubinemia as well as costs.
Ionized cluster beam deposition of antimony and bismuth films (1999)

The structure of antimony and bismuth thin films grown on glass or Si(001) substrates by ionized cluster beam (ICB) deposition was characterized. X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out to investigate the structures of the films. The dependence of the crystalline orientation in antimony films grown on the glass substrate on the applied voltage was observed. With increasing applied voltage, the x-ray diffraction peaks from the planes become weak and those from the planes become relatively strong. In bismuth films deposited on the Si(001) substrate at , the dominant crystal face is the (012) plane. These results show that the crystalline orientation of antimony and bismuth films can be controlled well according to the applied voltage and substrates used in the ICB deposition.
Esophageal Reflux and Dysmotility as the Basis for Persistent Cervical Symptoms (1987)

To examine a possible esophageal basis for cervical symptoms, we studied 63 patients with persistent cervical complaints, 36 patients with gastroesophageal reflux but no cervical symptoms, and ten normal subjects. Patients were evaluated for a history of pyrosis and regurgitation and underwent otolaryngologic examination, barium esophagram, upper endoscopy, esophageal biopsy, standard esophageal manometrics, acid reflux testing, and Bernstein examination, as well as tests of esophageal dysmotility and acid clearance time before and after bethanechol (50 micrograms/kg, two doses). Standard diagnostic examinations usually were normal in patients with cervical symptoms. Pyrosis, regurgitation, and a positive Bernstein examination were uncommon in patients with cervical symptoms. This occurred despite frequent acid reflux (68%) and poor acid clearance (79%). Esophageal dysmotility also was common (63%). Patients with reflux but no cervical symptoms and normal subjects had a normal acid clearance time, and dysmotility was unusual (8%). We conclude that patients with cervical symptoms have diminished esophageal sensitivity despite frequent and long acid exposure. The pathophysiologic significance of this observation is discussed.
Characterizing temporal locality and its impact on web server performance (2002)

The presence of temporal locality in web traces has long been recognized. However, the close proximity of requests for the same file in a trace can be attributed to two orthogonal reasons: long-term popularity and short-term correlation. The former reflects the fact that requests for a popular document appear "frequently" thus they are likely to be "close" in an absolute sense. The latter reflects the fact that requests for a given document might concentrate around particular points in the trace due to a variety of reasons, such as deadlines or surges in user interests, hence it focuses on "relative" closeness. We introduce a new measure of temporal locality, the scaled stack distance, which is insensitive to popularity and captures instead the impact of short-term correlation, and use it to parameterize a synthetic trace generator. Then, we validate the appropriateness of this quantity by comparing the file and byte miss ratios corresponding to either the original or the synthetic traces.