gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Ship Rotated Bounding Box Space for Ship Extraction From High-Resolution Optical Satellite Images With Complex Backgrounds (2016)

Extracting ships from complex backgrounds is the bottleneck of ship detection in high-resolution optical satellite images. In this letter, we propose a nearly closed-form ship rotated bounding box space used for ship detection and design a method to generate a small number of highly potential candidates based on this space. We first analyze the possibility of accurately covering all ships by labeling rotated bounding boxes. Moreover, to reduce search space, we construct a nearly closed-form ship rotated bounding box space. Then, by scoring for each latent candidate in the space using a two-cascaded linear model followed by binary linear programming, we select a small number of highly potential candidates. Moreover, we also propose a fast version of our method. Experiments on our data set validate the effectiveness of our method and the efficiency of its fast version, which achieves a close detection rate in near real time.
Fabrication of a Lateral Flow Assay for Rapid In-Field Detection of COVID-19 Antibodies Using Additive Manufacturing Printing Technologies (2021)

The development of lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) using three-dimensional (3D) printing and bioprinting technologies can enhance and accelerate the optimization process of the fabrication. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to investigate methods to speed up the developing process of a LFIA as a tool for community screening. To achieve this goal, an in-house developed robotic arm and microfluidic pumps were used to print the proteins during the development of the test. 3D printing technologies were used to design and print the housing unit for the testing strip. The proposed design was made by taking into consideration the environmental impact of this disposable medical device.
RESEARCH ON HETEROJUNCTIONS (GROWTH OF GALLIUM PHOSPHIDE SILICON HETEROJUNCTIONS). PART I. (1964)

The report is a summary of experimental progress in continuing research with new semiconductor materials and devices. Specifically described is the investigation of epitaxial techniques for the growth of gallium phosphide on silicon. Open-tube vapor phase transport methods using the reaction of gallium oxide with red phosphorus yield large amounts of vapor grown GaP, but are found to be incapable of producing epitaxial layers on silicon. Similar techniques using PC13 and metallic gallium as the reactants yielded GaP overgrowths on silicon shown by Xray diffraction to be single crystal. Heterojunctions of GaP on 5-ohm cm P-type exhibit photovoltages of 0.17 volts and barrier heights by capacitance measurement of 0.13 volts. (Author)
Antigenic Specificity of Porcine T Cell Response against Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Structural Proteins: Identification of T Helper Epitopes in VP1 (1994)

The contribution of each of the viral capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) in the T cell response of vaccinated pigs has been studied. Viral polypeptides, VP1 to VP4, were expressed as fusion proteins in Escherichia coli, and were used to stimulate peripheral blood mononuclear cells of vaccinated animals. Significant, dose-dependent responses to whole virion were detected in the seven animals analyzed and, in five of them, responses to recombinant polypeptides VP1, VP2, and VP3 were noticed, VP4 was recognized only by one of the pigs. Among the responder animals, VP1 and VP3 induced the higher proliferative responses. The patterns of recognition of a nested set of VP3 fragments expressed as fusions in E. coli were different among the animals studied and were consistent with the presence of different T cell epitopes on the protein. Likewise, three of the four VP1 fragments induced significant responses and were differentially recognized by each of the animals tested. Partially overlapping synthetic peptides spanning VP1 amino acids 41 to 209 were used to identify T cell epitopes in this protein. The significant responses obtained in three of seven additional FMDV vaccinated outbred pigs analyzed revealed the existence of at least 11 different T cell epitopes distributed throughout the sequence studied, which were distinctly recognized by each of the responder animals. A peptide corresponding to a relevant B cell antigenic site, around amino acids 140-160, was shown to stimulate lymphocytes from two of the responder animals. Thus, the results obtained indicate that different T cell epitopes of capsid proteins VP1 and VP3 are recognized by pig populations. The different patterns of recognition of recombinant polypeptides and synthetic peptides observed among outbred animals support an important contribution of genetic restriction, probably mediated by MHC genes, to the individual T cell response in swine.
Kinetic comparison of seven strains of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading bacteria (1992)

Seven strains of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid-degrading bacteria, including Pseudomonas, Alcaligenes, and Bordetella spp., were compared on the basis of growth kinetics. Estimates of maximum growth rate (mu max, k1) and half-saturation growth constant (Ks, k3) were obtained by fitting substrate depletion curves to a four-parameter version of the integrated Monod equation. Estimates of Ks ranged from 2.2 micrograms/ml (10 microM) to 33.8 micrograms/ml (154 microM), and estimates of mu max ranged from 0.20 h-1 (Td = 3.5 h) to 0.32 h-1 (Td = 2.2 h). Estimates of mu max, but not Ks, were affected by changes in initial inoculum density. Maximum growth rates (mu max) were also estimated from turbidity measurements. They ranged from 0.10 h-1 (Td = 6.9 h) to 1.0 h-1 (Td = 0.7 h). There was no correlation between estimates of mu max derived from substrate depletion curves and those derived from turbidity measurements (P = 0.20).
Distinct Mechanisms of CD4<sup>+</sup>and CD8<sup>+</sup>T-Cell Activation and Bystander Apoptosis Induced by Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Virions (2005)

ABSTRACT Apoptosis of uninfected bystander T cells contributes to T-cell depletion during human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection. HIV-1 envelope/receptor interactions and immune activation have been implicated as contributors to bystander apoptosis. To better understand the relationship between T-cell activation and bystander apoptosis during HIV-1 pathogenesis, we investigated the effects of the highly cytopathic CXCR4-tropic HIV-1 variant ELI6 on primary CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. Infection of primary T-cell cultures with ELI6 induced CD4 + T-cell depletion by direct cell lysis and bystander apoptosis. Exposure of primary CD4 + and CD8 + T cells to nonreplicating ELI6 virions induced bystander apoptosis through a Fas-independent mechanism. Bystander apoptosis of CD4 + T cells required direct contact with virions and Env/CXCR4 binding. In contrast, the apoptosis of CD8 + T cells was triggered by a soluble factor(s) secreted by CD4 + T cells. HIV-1 virions activated CD4 + and CD8 + T cells to express CD25 and HLA-DR and preferentially induced apoptosis in CD25 + HLA-DR + T cells in a CXCR4-dependent manner. Maximal levels of binding, activation, and apoptosis were induced by virions that incorporated MHC class II and B7-2 into the viral membrane. These results suggest that nonreplicating HIV-1 virions contribute to chronic immune activation and T-cell depletion during HIV-1 pathogenesis by activating CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, which then proceed to die via apoptosis. This mechanism may represent a viral immune evasion strategy to increase viral replication by activating target cells while killing immune effector cells that are not productively infected.
Cross‐correlation delay to quantify myocardial dyssynchrony from phase contrast magnetic resonance (PCMR) velocity data (2008)

XCD is superior to time-to-peak dyssynchrony parameters for discriminating between subjects with and without dyssynchrony and may aid in the selection of patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy.
Uses of Thrombin in Ocular Surgery (1988)

Thrombin is a hemostatic factor that induces platelet aggregation and catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The potential for its increasing application to a variety of anterior and posterior segment surgery led us to investigate the in vitro effect of thrombin on the corneal endothelium in a sheep model. We examined freshly excised sheep corneas stained with alizarin red and trypan blue after exposure to two different concentrations of thrombin for four hours. The structure of the corneal endothelium appeared to be intact even after prolonged exposure to thrombin at concentrations of 100 and 1000 U/mL. Thrombin appears to be nontoxic to the corneal endothelium in this experimental model.
A novel quantization parameter estimation model based on neural network (2012)

In the video lossy compression, quantitative parameter (QP) has a great influence on compression efficiency and image quality. This paper proposes a QP prediction scheme, which use artificial neural network (ANN) model combining with H.264 rate-distortion mode. Experiments pick five main parameters that affect QP most, and then establish a multilayer error feed-forward neural network to output QP on frame layer immediately. The high prediction ability and robustness of neural network improve QP forecast in H.246 encoder. Experimental results show less Peak Signal-to-Noise Ratio (PSNR) fluctuation and same Rate-Distortion (R-D) performance, using proposed scheme instead of quantization model in JM14.2 reference software.
Anodic Oxidation of Lead at Constant Potential (1964)

Lead and lead alloys were subjected to anodic oxidation in sulfuric acid solution under potentiostatic conditions. The current‐time transients reveal that, as a result of inhibited ionic diffusion across the corrosion film, a secondary corrosion reaction takes place below the lead sulfate layer built up in the primary phase. The experimental findings are explained in terms of a high local pH in the interior of the corrosion film. This hypothesis is shown to be in accord with self‐depassivation phenomena and cathodic constant‐current stripping experiments. The potential‐determining reactions in the corrosion film are discussed in the light of new pH‐potential diagrams, constructed under consideration of the formation of basic lead sulfates. A model for the composition of the corrosion film is developed which conforms to all experimental findings, including the phenomena relating to the ohmic resistance of the film.
Piezoelectric thin films for mems (1997)

Abstract A short overview is given on deposition and integration of PZT thin films on silicon for MEMS applications. The application principles are explained and the piezoelectric coefficients are compared with the ones of AlN and ZnO. The Materials figure of merits are given for various applications and discussed. The coupling coefficient for ultrasonic applications is treated in more detail.
Ultrastructure of Chloroplasts and Chromoplasts in Capsicum annuum. I. Thylakoid Membrane Changes During Fruit Ripening (1968)

Developing chromoplasts in the fruit of Capsicum annuum were examined by electron microscopy. Special attention was given to changes in the thylakoid system. All grana and some intergranal thylakoids in the mature chromoplasts of the seven cultivars studied underwent lysis. The particulate nature of the granal membranes disappeared during lysis before the relationship between the partitions and locules was obscured. The changes during lysis support the globular concept of membrane structure. The selective lysis of the synaptic membranes of the granal partitions may be attributed to their distinctive composition and structure. Lipid globules (osmio-philic) did not accumulate in the immediate region of granal lysis, indicating that they are not directly derived from membranes undergoing degradation. During and following granal lysis a profuse development of intergranal thylakoid membranes occurred in several cultivars. In some instances a thylakoid plexus (prolamellar body) was formed. This specialized structure of the thylakoid system occurs in the chromoplasts of other species as well as in other types of plastids. Extensive, concentrically arranged thylakoid sheets with specific interspaced membrane relationships were frequently associated with the plexus. Several types of membrane associations and interrelationships in the plastid are described. An analysis of one type of membrane configuration, the thylakoid sheets, indicated that one method of growth may be through intussusception into the original membrane. The development of thylakoid plexes and of extensive thylakoid sheets during or after granal lysis indicates that dynamic synthetic activities occur in the chromoplasts of some cultivars of pepper during fruit ripening.
Application of microRNAs in diabetes mellitus (2014)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small molecules negatively regulating gene expression by diminishing their target mRNAs. Emerging studies have shown that miRNAs play diverse roles in diabetes mellitus. Type 1 diabetes (T1D) and T2D are two major types of diabetes. T1D is characterized by a reduction in insulin release from the pancreatic β-cells, while T2D is caused by islet β-cell dysfunction in response to insulin resistance. This review describes the miRNAs that control insulin release and production by regulating cellular membrane electrical excitability (ATP:ADP ratio), insulin granule exocytosis, insulin synthesis in β-cells, and β-cell fate and islet mass formation. This review also examines miRNAs involved the insulin resistance of liver, fat, and skeletal muscle, which change insulin sensitivity pathways (insulin receptors, glucose transporter type 4, and protein kinase B pathways). This review discusses the potential application of miRNAs in diabetes, including the use of gene therapy and therapeutic compounds to recover miRNA function in diabetes, as well as the role of miRNAs as potential biomarkers for T1D and T2D.
Propositional logic in control and monitoring problems (1997)

By using linear constraints on integer variables, logical inference can be incorporated within Model Predictive Control and model based detection problems resulting in mixed integer quadratic or mixed integer linear programming problems. Qualitative knowledge can be used to prioritize control objectives, or to improve performance of detection schemes. This article demonstrates some capabilities of combining logic using integer variables with quantitative models. An extended version is available from: ftp://ftp.ant.ee.ethz.ch/pnb/reports/postscript/ AUT96-15.ps.
Neurokinin receptors subserving airways secretion (1995)

Mucus secretion can be induced in the airways by activation of nerves. The principal mechanism mediating neurogenic mucus secretion is cholinergic. However, a small but significant secretory response remains after adrenoceptor and cholinoceptor blockade. The identity of this nonadrenergic, noncholinergic (NANC) neural mechanism is unclear but includes an orthodromic pathway and a capsaicin-sensitive "sensory-efferent" (or "local effector") pathway. The orthodromic pathway comprises cholinergic nerves (and to a much lesser extent adrenergic nerves) in which neuropeptides, including vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY), are colocalised and coreleased with the classical neurotransmitter. Investigation of the contribution of the orthodromic neural pathway to neurogenic secretion awaits development of selective receptor antagonists for VIP and NPY. The neurotransmitters of the sensory-efferent neural pathway include calcitonin gene related peptide and the tachykinin receptor agonists indicates that the tachykinin NK1 receptor is ubiquitous for airway secretory processes, including mucus secretion and ion transport. Antagonist studies show that the great proportion of the NANC neural mucus secretory response is mediated via NK1 receptors, with little or no contribution from NK2 receptors. The relevance of the sensory-efferent neural pathway in health is equivocal, but it may have increasing importance in chronic inflammatory bronchial diseases associated with mucus hypersecretion, for example, asthma and chronic bronchitis, in which there is some evidence for the potential for increased sensory-efferent neural activity.
THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF PENICILLIN V (1957)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTTHE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF PENICILLIN VJohn C. Sheehan and Kenneth R. Henery-LoganCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1957, 79, 5, 1262–1263Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1957Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1957https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01562a063RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views3447Altmetric-Citations129LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (263 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Columnar Mesophases From Metal and Metal-Free Derivatives of Phthalocyanine (1985)

Abstract A series of phthalocyanine octasubstituted derivatives were studied using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Some of them were metal-free; the rest contained various metal atoms such as copper, zinc or manganese in the center of the aromatic cores. For most of the derivatives, the substituents consisted of eight peripheral decyloxymethyl chains; for one there were six of these plus two cyano groups attached to the same benzene ring; for another, there were short “polyethylene oxide” chains. All the samples considered in this work exhibited columnar mesophases with hexagonal packing of the columns, stable in a wide range of temperatures.
Iridium(iii) complexes of the new tridentate bis(8-quinolyl)silyl (‘NSiN’) ligand (2001)

Bis(8-quinolyl)methylsilane reacts cleanly with [Ir(coe)2Cl]2 (coe = cyclooctene) to give a complex containing an NSiN tridentate ligand, [Ir(NSiN)(coe)(H)(Cl)]; preliminary reactivity studies indicate that the (NSiN)Ir fragment is chemically robust.
Characterization of Pyoverdin <sub>pss</sub> , the Fluorescent Siderophore Produced by <i>Pseudomonas syringae</i> pv. <i>syringae</i> (1987)

Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae B301D produces a yellow-green, fluorescent siderophore, pyoverdin(pss), in large quantities under iron-limited growth conditions. Maximum yields of pyoverdin(pss) of approximately 50 mug/ml occurred after 24 h of incubation in a deferrated synthetic medium. Increasing increments of Fe(III) coordinately repressed siderophore production until repression was complete at concentrations of >/= 10 muM. Pyoverdin(pss) was isolated, chemically characterized, and found to resemble previously characterized pyoverdins in spectral traits (absorbance maxima of 365 and 410 nm for pyoverdin(pss) and its ferric chelate, respectively), size (1,175 molecular weight), and amino acid composition. Nevertheless, pyoverdin(pss) was structurally unique since amino acid analysis of reductive hydrolysates yielded beta-hydroxyaspartic acid, serine, threonine, and lysine in a 2:2:2:1 ratio. Pyoverdin(pss) exhibited a relatively high affinity constant for Fe(III), with values of 10 at pH 7.0 and 10 at pH 10.0. Iron uptake assays with [Fe]pyoverdin(pss) demonstrated rapid active uptake of Fe(III) by P. syringae pv. syringae B301D, while no uptake was observed for a mutant strain unable to acquire Fe(III) from ferric pyoverdin(pss). The chemical and biological properties of pyoverdin(pss) are discussed in relation to virulence and iron uptake during plant pathogenesis.
Membrane-bound serine protease matriptase-2 (Tmprss6) is an essential regulator of iron homeostasis (2008)

Proteolytic events at the cell surface are essential in the regulation of signal transduction pathways. During the past years, the family of type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs) has acquired an increasing relevance because of their privileged localization at the cell surface, although our current understanding of the biologic function of most TTSPs is limited. Here we show that matriptase-2 (Tmprss6), a recently described member of the TTSP family, is an essential regulator of iron homeostasis. Thus, Tmprss6(-/-) mice display an overt phenotype of alopecia and a severe iron deficiency anemia. These hematologic alterations found in Tmprss6(-/-) mice are accompanied by a marked up-regulation of hepcidin, a negative regulator of iron export into plasma. Likewise, Tmprss6(-/-) mice have reduced ferroportin expression in the basolateral membrane of enterocytes and accumulate iron in these cells. Iron-dextran therapy rescues both alopecia and hematologic alterations of Tmprss6(-/-) mice, providing causal evidence that the anemic phenotype of these mutant mice results from the blockade of intestinal iron export into plasma after dietary absorption. On the basis of these findings, we conclude that matriptase-2 activity represents a novel and relevant step in hepcidin regulation and iron homeostasis.
Optical modulation by surface states (2002)

In this paper, the effect of two-dimensional electron plasma formed on the surface of a semiconductor on the refraction phase of an optical beam is investigated. Both the density and effective mass of the surface state electrons can be controlled by a transverse electric field. While the surface density of electrons varies slowly with the applied field, their effective mass changes instantaneously. Therefore, a high bandwidth for the phase modulation can be obtained. It is expected that the device operates in the far-infrared region with a semiconductor as the base material. GaAs is one of the best candidates having both large dynamic range, and large ratio of free electron to the crystal effective mass. The device operates in a waveguide configuration, as discussed throughout the paper. The electron effective mass is found through quantum mechanical calculations, and the interaction with the incident light beam is treated classically. Finally, a waveguide light phase modulator is proposed.
Liraglutide is effective in type 2 diabetic patients with sustained endogenous insulin‐secreting capacity (2011)

Insulin secretion evaluated by F-CPR, CPI, I.I., U-CPR and the duration of type 2 diabetes were useful parameters for predicting the efficacy of liraglutide in patients with type 2 diabetes. (J Diabetes Invest, doi: 10.1111/j.2040-1124.2011.00168.x, 2011).