gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Morphological and Biochemical Effects of Gangliosides in Neuroblastoma Cells (1982)

The role of gangliosides in neuronal differentiation was studied by addition of a mixture of bovine brain gangliosides to cultured neuroblastoma N2A cells. In ganglioside-treated cells the rate and degree of neurite formation was enhanced. Biochemical correlates indicate that the ganglioside-induced morphological differentiation is accompanied by a significant elongation of G1phase, a decrease in the rate of 3H-thymidine incorporation into cellular DNA and an increase of intracellular cAMP content.
Reduced Viral Replication Capacity of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Subtype C Caused by Cytotoxic-T-Lymphocyte Escape Mutations in HLA-B57 Epitopes of Capsid Protein (2008)

Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) escape mutations in human immunodeficiency viruses encode amino acid substitutions in positions that disrupt CTL targeting, thereby increasing virus survival and conferring a relative fitness benefit. However, it is now clear that CTL escape mutations can also confer a fitness cost, and there is increasing evidence to suggest that in some cases, e.g., escape from HLA-B*57/B*5801-restricted responses, the costs to the escape virus may affect the clinical course of infection. To quantify the magnitude of the costs of HLA-B*57/B*5801 escape, a highly sensitive dual-infection assay that uses synonymous nucleotide sequence tags to quantify viral relative replication capacity (RRC) was developed. We then asked whether such CTL escape mutations had an impact equivalent to that seen for a benchmark mutation, the M184V antiretroviral drug resistance mutation of reverse transcriptase (RRC(V184) = 0.86). To answer the question, the RRCs were quantified for escape mutations in three immunodominant HLA-B*57/B*5801 epitopes in capsid: A146P in IW9 (RRC(P146) = 0.91), A163G in KF11 (RRC(G163) = 0.89), and T242N in TW10 (RRC(N242) = 0.86). Individually, the impact of the escape mutations on RRC was comparable to that of M184V, while coexpression of the mutations resulted in substantial further reductions, with the maximum impact observed for the triple mutant (RRC(P146-G163-N242) = 0.62). By comparison to M184V, the magnitude of the reductions in RRC caused by the escape mutations, particularly when coexpressed, suggests that the costs of escape are sufficient to affect in vivo viral dynamics and may thus play a role in the protective effect associated with HLA-B*57/B*5801.
Feature-Cost Sensitive Learning with Submodular Trees of Classifiers (2014)

During the past decade, machine learning algorithms have become commonplace in large-scale real-world industrial applications. In these settings, the computation time to train and test machine learning algorithms is a key consideration. At training-time the algorithms must scale to very large data set sizes.At testing-time, the cost of feature extraction can dominate the CPU runtime. Recently, a promising method was proposed to account for the feature extraction cost at testing time, called Cost-sensitive Tree of Classifiers (CSTC). Although the CSTC problem is NP-hard, the authors suggest an approximation through a mixed-norm relaxation across many classifiers. This relaxation is slow to train and requires involved optimization hyperparameter tuning. We propose a different relaxation using approximate submodularity, called Approximately Submodular Tree of Classifiers (ASTC). ASTC is much simpler to implement, yields equivalent results but requires no optimization hyperparameter tuning and is up to two orders of magnitude faster to train.
New Insights into the Mechanism of Triplet Radical-Pair Combinations. The Persistent Radical Effect Masks the Distinction between In-Cage and Out-of-Cage Processes (2007)

Steady-state and laser-pulsed irradiations of dibenzyl ketone (ACOB0) and derivatives with a p-methyl or a p-hexadecyl chain (ACOB1 and ACOB16, respectively) have been conducted in polyethylene films with 0, 46, and 68% crystallinities. Calculation of the fractions of in-cage combinations of the triplet benzylic radical-pair intermediates based on photoproduct yields, Fc, from ACOB16 are shown to be incorrect as a result of the kinetic consequences of drastically different diffusion coefficients for the benzyl and p-hexadecylbenzyl radicals. Careful analyses of the transient absorption traces, based upon a new model developed here, allow the correct cage effects to be determined even from ACOB0. The model also permits the rate constants for radical-pair combinations and escape from their cage of origin to be calculated using either an iterative fitting procedure or a very simple one which requires only k-CO and the intensities of the transient absorption immediately after the flash and after the in-cage portion of reaction by the benzylic radicals is completed. Values of the rate constant for decarbonylation of the initially formed arylacetyl radicals, k-CO, have been measured from the rise portions of the laser-flash transient absorption traces. They confirm the assertion from results in liquid alkane media that decarbonylation rates are independent of microviscosity. The data separate components of a reaction from an (in-cage) "cage effect" and an (out-of-cage) "persistent radical effect" that are responsible for formation of AB-type (i.e., decarbonylated) products. The effects here are a consequence of vastly different rates of diffusion for coreacting A. and B. benzylic radicals rather than segregation of the radicals in different parts of a hetereogeneous environment (which leads to an excess of AA and BB products). Heretofore, observation of exclusive formation of AB products has been attributed to in-cage combinations of geminate radical pairs. We show that not to be the case here and provide methodologies which may be used for testing the importance of the "persistent radical effect" component of reaction.
Interactive Modeling of Cellular Structures on Surfaces with Application to Additive Manufacturing (2020)

Abstract The rich and evocative patterns of natural tessellations endow them with an unmistakable artistic appeal and structural properties which are echoed across design, production, and manufacturing. Unfortunately, interactive control of such patterns‐as modeled by Voronoi diagrams, is limited to the simple two dimensional case and does not extend well tofreeform surfaces. We present an approach for direct modeling and editing of such cellular structures on surface meshes. The overall modeling experience is driven by a set of editing primitives which are efficiently implemented on graphics hardware. We feature a novel application for 3D printing on modern support‐free additive manufacturing platforms. Our method decomposes the input surface into a cellular skeletal structure which hosts a set of overlay shells. In this way, material saving can be channeled to the shells while structural stability is channeled to the skeleton. To accommodate the available printer build volume, the cellular structure can be further split into moderately sized parts. Together with shells, they can be conveniently packed to save on production time. The assembly of the printed parts is streamlined by a part numbering scheme which respects the geometric layout of the input model.
Bicontinuous Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework ZIF-8@GO Membrane with Enhanced Hydrogen Selectivity (2014)

Through layer-by-layer (LBL) deposition of a graphene oxide (GO) suspension on a semicontinuous ZIF-8 layer, we have developed a novel bicontinuous ZIF-8@GO membrane. Since only the gaps between the ZIF-8 crystals are sealed by the GO layer due to capillary forces and covalent bonds, the gas molecules can only permeate through the ZIF-8 micropore system (0.34 nm). Therefore, the ZIF-8@GO membranes show high hydrogen selectivity. At 250 °C and 1 bar, the mixture separation factors of H2/CO2, H2/N2, H2/CH4, and H2/C3H8 are 14.9, 90.5, 139.1, and 3816.6, with H2 permeances of about 1.3 × 10(-7) mol·m(-2)·s(-1)·Pa(-1), which is promising for hydrogen separation and purification by molecular sieving.
Alternative networks for solving the traveling salesman problem and the list-matching problem (1988)

The authors demonstrate that Hopfield-type networks can find reasonable solutions to the traveling salesman problem (TSP) and the optimal list-matching problem (LMP). They show how to avoid the difficulties encountered by G.V. Wilson and G.S. Pawley (1988) by using a modified energy functional which yields better solutions to the TSP than J.J. Hopfield and D.W. Tank's (1985) original formulation. In addition, two fixed-parameter networks are described, one for the TSP and the other for the LMP. The performance of the network for the TSP is comparable to the performance of the modified energy functional formulation, while the network for the list-matching problem is shown to perform better than a simple heuristic method. A major feature of these two networks is that the problem-dependent cost data are contained entirely in the linear term of the energy functional-the quadratic part contains only constraint information. This feature has the advantage that all costs can be presented to the network as inputs rather than as connection weights, much reducing hardware complexity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Temperature-Sensitive Variants of Histoplasma capsulatum Isolated from Patients with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (1990)

Histoplasma capsulatum isolates from three St. Louis area AIDS patients with disseminated histoplasmosis were found to be closely related to the temperature-sensitive, previously unique, Downs strain based on growth phenotype and restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) involving mitochondrial DNA, ribosomal DNA, and the yps-3 gene. H. capsulatum isolates from five non-AIDS patients in the St. Louis area with disseminated histoplasmosis or chronic pulmonary histoplasmosis had the growth phenotype and RFLP pattern characteristic of most strains isolated from other regions of the USA.
Catalytic Methanation of CO and CO<sub>2</sub> in Coke Oven Gas over Ni–Co/ZrO<sub>2</sub>–CeO<sub>2</sub> (2013)

The methanation of CO and CO2 present in coke oven gas was performed in a fixed-bed catalytic reactor at a reaction temperature between 200 and 400 °C. Different support materials, including SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, and CeO2, were doped with a different percentage of active metals using a standard impregnation and coprecipitation method. The catalysts were characterized using Brunauer–Emmett–Teller analysis, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and temperature-programmed desorption techniques. The activity of all samples was tested in terms of the percentage of CO and CO2 conversion and CH4 selectivity. The results were analyzed on the basis of the difference in the catalytic performance at different active metal loadings and support materials. The effect of the catalytic support on the reducibility, morphology, and active metal dispersion was investigated. The ZrO2–CeO2-supported catalyst prepared under coprecipitation can attain 100% CO conversion at around 300 °C and ≥95% CO2 conversion at 400 °C and has a CH4 selectivity of 99%.
Understanding the characteristics of gain saturation for homogeneously broadened laser medium from the point of view of the bandwidth (2015)

It is very important to understand the characteristics of gain saturation for homogeneously broadened laser medium. Assuming a Lorentzian lineshape function with a linewidth of ΔνH, we have derived the analytical functions of the gain coefficient under three different conditions: 1) a small and 2) a large signal incident on the medium respectively, and 3) a small signal accompanied by a large signal simultaneously incident on the medium. We have found that the bandwidth Δν of the gain coefficient is equal to the linewidth ΔνH for condition 1) and 3) while it is Δν = √1+I<sub>ν1</sub> / I<sub>s</sub>Δν<sub>H</sub> for condition 2). Here, I<sub>ν1</sub> and I<sub>s</sub> are the intensity of the large signal and the saturation intensity at the center frequency ν<sub>0</sub>, respectively. The reasons are also presented for such results. For condition 2), gain saturation effect is strongly dependent on the frequency of the large signal: the more the frequency deviates from the center frequency, the weaker the gain saturation effect. This results an increase of the bandwidth. For condition 3), the intensity of the large signal only changes the distribution of populations on the upper and lower energy levels. Hence, the shape of the gain coefficient does not change with the gain reduction of the small signal, thus, its bandwidth remains the same.
Telerobotic response requirements (2002)

The bandwidth and response characteristics required for effective telerobotic control are investigated. The definition of these requirements is based on surveying existing literature on teleoperation, robotics, and human factors to determine if sufficient knowledge in this area is available to adequately specify appropriate requirements. An idealized design goal based on the concept of telepresence is presented. To further clarify the response requirements, the control problem is divided into the two major components of teleoperation: the human operator and the telerobot. The literature survey showed that humans have asymmetrical input/output capabilities. It was also found that a human does not have one single relevant bandwidth, but rather that bandwidth is a function of the human's mode of operation. A survey was conducted in which 12 experts were queried to find a consensus based on experience. These results are presented and recommendations are derived.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A low-power, robust multi-modulus frequency divider for automotive radio applications (2009)

This paper presents a multi-modulus frequency divider for a fractional-N PLL in an 868MHz automotive radio transmission system. The circuit employs a reverse phase switching prescaler and provides 8 division ratios from 105 to 112. A power-aware sizing methodology for high-speed current mode logic circuits and an active replica biasing technique enable low power operation from 2.2mW to 6.8mW within a wide supply voltage range from 1.8V to 3.6V in battery powered applications. Design verification is performed using simulations on circuit and system level that consider statistic mismatch properites and their influence on the radio transmitter spectral characteristics. The circuit is implemented using a 0.35µm high-voltage CMOS process, which underlines that automotive semiconductor technologies are suitable for the implementation of cost-efficient radio transmitters.
Thermo- and pH-Responsive Copolymers Bearing Cholic Acid and Oligo(ethylene glycol) Pendants: Self-Assembly and pH-Controlled Release (2015)

A family of block and random copolymers of norbornene derivatives bearing cholic acid and oligo(ethylene glycol) pendants were prepared in the presence of Grubbs' catalyst. The phase transition temperature of the copolymers in aqueous solutions may be tuned by the variation of comonomer ratios and pH values. Both types of copolymers formed micellar nanostructures with a hydrophilic poly(ethylene glycol) shell and a hydrophobic core containing cholic acid residues. The micellar size increased gradually with increasing pH due to the deprotonation of the carboxylic acid groups. These micelles were capable of encapsulating hydrophobic compounds such as Nile Red (NR). A higher hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity ratio in both copolymers resulted in a higher loading capacity for NR. With similar molecular weights and monomer compositions, the block copolymers showed a higher loading capacity for NR than the random copolymers. The NR-loaded micelles exhibited a pH-triggered release behavior. At pH 7.4 within 96 h, the micelles formed by the block and random of copolymers released 56 and 97% NR, respectively. Therefore, these micelles may have promise for use as therapeutic nanocarriers in drug delivery systems.
Optimization-Based Confocal Microwave Imaging in Medical Applications (2015)

An optimization-based confocal algorithm for microwave imaging aimed at medical applications is presented. Due to complexity of human body tissues, microwave signals that enter a human organ from different angles and are reflected at different depths inside that organ face different effective dielectric constants. An accurate estimation of those dielectric constants is vital for an accurate estimation of signal speed within the imaged object and thus accurate resultant images. The traditional confocal algorithm uses one preassumed effective dielectric constant and thus its resultant image is sensitive to that assumption. In the proposed approach, position-dependent dielectric constants are used to generate a highly focused image that accurately maps scatterers within an imaged object. To that end, an objective equation based on the focusing degree of the obtained initial image is created. Then, particle swarm optimization (PSO) uses that equation to find the effective dielectric constants facing signals penetrating the object according to their entrance point. Those optimized effective dielectric constants are used to produce a highly focused image without the risk of creating false-positive targets irrespective of the initial values of the effective dielectric constants. The proposed algorithm is evaluated in head imaging via full-wave electromagnetic simulations and experiments. The simulations are based on using an accurate numerical head model, whereas the experiments are conducted using realistic artificial head phantoms. The obtained images indicate that the quality of the images is significantly improved with more accurate localization of targets in unhealthy cases and less probability of positive false alarms in healthy cases compared with the traditional approach.
Caring for large wounds and fistulas (1995)

A guide to controlling effluent and protecting skin surrounding heavily exuding wounds and fistulas
Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay for the neuropeptide ‘head activator’ (1984)

By exposing different sites of the 'head activator', different sets of antibodies were designed and produced which recognised either the amino or the carboxy terminus of the free 'head activator', which reacted with 'head activator' in a tissue-fixed conformation, or which bound to the 'head-activator' sequence, if it was part of a larger precursor-like molecule. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed to characterise the antibodies and also to assay minute amounts of 'head activator' or 'head-activator'-like immunoreactivities in animal or tissue extracts. A competitive ELISA is described which uses biotin-avidin for enhancement. The assay is sensitive with an antibody specific for the amino terminus in the range of 0.5-50 fmol, with an antibody specific for the carboxy terminus in the range of 20-400 fmol. The ELISA specific for the amino terminus is 10-times more sensitive than a radio-immunoassay with tritiated 'head activator' [H. Bodenmüller and B. Zachmann (1983) FEBS Lett. 159,237-240]. Previously no radioimmunoassay existed with specificity for the carboxy terminus.
Growth and puberty in Turner's syndrome. (2003)

Turner's syndrome is the commonest sex chromosome abnormality in females, resulting from the absence of an X chromosome or the presence of a structurally abnormal X chromosome. Short stature and ovarian failure are the most consistent clinical features and require specific and co-ordinated medical approaches in order to improve final height and well-being in adulthood. High doses of growth hormone (GH) are able to improve adult height in comparison with untreated patients. GH therapy should be started during childhood as soon as the growth curve declines below the 5th percentile and doses adjusted according to clinical response. Some studies reported that combined therapy with GH and an anabolic steroid--oxandrolone--is also beneficial at lower GH doses. Ovarian failure should be treated by appropriate substitutive estrogen therapy. Since estrogen administration may impair growth of patients with Turner's syndrome, the age at beginning of therapy should be individualized taking into consideration potential growth, the need for feminization, bone mineral density and the psychological well-being of each patient. Well co-ordinated endocrine interventions can permit better long-term outcome in adulthood.
Machine learning approaches for crop growth monitoring using multi-temporal and multi-variety remotely sensed data (2020)

For crop growth monitoring task, process-based model is widely used to simulating plants biophysical processes using agrometeorological data, soil properties and plant management. However there is limitation for these models mainly due to availability, uncertainty and spatial variation of model parameters. To solve these problems, empirical models built using machine learning algorithms was developed to predict sugarcane sucrose content based on multi-temporal spectral data with a combination of agrometeorological data. The performance of the built models is evaluated with comparison of statistical model and machine learning model with only spectral data. The result shows that the machine learning model has a better performance compared with statistical model. Moreover, in addition of multi-temporal imformations from both spectral and agrometeorological data there is an apparently improvement on sugarcane sucrose prediction accuracy.
Acute infectious bursal disease in poultry: Protection afforded by maternally derived antibodies and interference with live vaccination (1991)

Maternally derived antibodies (MDA) were found insufficient to protect broiler chicks against a highly pathogenic strain of IBDV during the growing period even if the parent flocks had been boostered at point of lay by using oil emulsion vaccines. Whatever the vaccination scheme of the parent flocks, maximum mortality was observed after a challenge performed at 38 days of age in broiler and layer chicks, suggesting that the offspring need to be vaccinated with live vaccines before that age. MDA were demonstrated to interfere with live vaccination but strain D78 was shown to be more efficient as it could establish an infection even at higher antibody levels than the other strains. Given this pathogenicity and the lack of uniformity in the transmitted immunity, there is always a critical period where immune and susceptible birds coexist in the same flock. This period seems to be broader when parental flocks were vaccinated with an inactivated oil emulsion vaccine before lay.
Nonlinear multiuser detector for synchronous coded CDMA on severely distorted frequency selective channels (2002)

In a synchronous CDMA system the orthogonality of the codes ensures no interference between the users. However, when strong multipath distortion is present, the orthogonality is destroyed. This paper treats both the analytical and the practical aspect of this problem. A new analytical method is presented for evaluating the performance of the optimal detector with known channel and random orthogonal code. For the practical receiver implementation, we propose a signal processing technique, based on the estimate-maximize algorithm, which iteratively seeks for the maximum likelihood solution. This nonlinear technique is shown to perform much better than the optimal linear solution. The algorithm lends itself to an efficient DSP or VLSI implementation and is combined with coding. A new analytical channel parameter is shown to accurately predict the performance to within /spl plusmn/0.5 dB. The results are also presented in the form of outage probabilities for random Rayleigh multipath against required fading margin.