gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selection and Characterization of Murine Monoclonal Antibodies to<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Iron-Regulated Surface Determinant B with Functional Activity In Vitro and In Vivo (2009)

In an effort to characterize important epitopes of Staphylococcus aureus iron-regulated surface determinant B (IsdB), murine IsdB-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) were isolated and characterized. A panel of 12 MAbs was isolated. All 12 MAbs recognized IsdB in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and Western blots; 10 recognized native IsdB expressed by S. aureus. The antigen epitope binding of eight of the MAbs was examined further. Three methods were used to assess binding diversity: MAb binding to IsdB muteins, pairwise binding to recombinant IsdB, and pairwise binding to IsdB-expressing bacteria. Data from these analyses indicated that MAbs could be grouped based on distinct or nonoverlapping epitope recognition. Also, MAb binding to recombinant IsdB required a significant portion of intact antigen, implying conformational epitope recognition. Four MAbs with nonoverlapping epitopes were evaluated for in vitro opsonophagocytic killing (OPK) activity and efficacy in murine challenge models. These were isotype switched from immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) to IgG2b to potentially enhance activity; however, this isotype switch did not appear to enhance functional activity. MAb 2H2 exhibited OPK activity (> or =50% killing in the in vitro OPK assay) and was protective in two lethal challenge models and a sublethal indwelling catheter model. MAb 13C7 did not exhibit OPK (<50% killing in the in vitro assay) and was protective in one lethal challenge model. Neither MAb 13G11 nor MAb 1G3 exhibited OPK activity in vitro or was active in a lethal challenge model. The data suggest that several nonoverlapping epitopes are recognized by the IsdB-specific MAbs, but not all of these epitopes induce protective antibodies.
Mesothelioma environment comprises cytokines and T-regulatory cells that suppress immune responses (2006)

Malignant mesothelioma is a cancer with dismal prognosis. The objective of the present study was to address the role of the immune system, tumour micro-environment and potential immunosuppression in mesothelioma. Expression profiles of 80 cytokines were determined in the supernatant of mesothelioma cell lines and the original patient's pleural effusion. Influx of immune effector cells was detected by immunohistochemistry. Angiogenin, vascular endothelial growth factor, transforming growth factor-beta, epithelial neutrophil-activating protein-78 and several other proteins involved in immune suppression, angiogenesis and plasma extravasation could be detected in both supernatant and pleural effusion. Surrounding stroma and/or infiltrating cells were the most likely source of hepatocyte growth factor, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1delta, MIP-3alpha, neutrophil-activating peptide-2, and pulmonary and activation-regulated chemokine that can cause leukocyte infiltration and activation. There was a massive influx of CD4+ and CD8+ T-lymphocytes and macrophages, but not of dendritic cells, in human mesothelioma biopsies. It was further demonstrated that human mesothelioma tissue contained significant amounts of Foxp3+CD4+CD25+ regulatory T-cells. When these CD25+ regulatory T-cells were depleted in an in vivo mouse model, survival increased. Mesothelioma is infiltrated by immune effector cells but also contains cytokines and regulatory T-cells that suppress an efficient immune response. Immunotherapy of mesothelioma might be more effective when combined with drugs that eliminate or control regulatory T-cells.
Modulation of Anxiety Behavior by Intranasally Administered Vaccinia Virus Complement Control Protein and Curcumin in a Mouse Model of Alzheimers Disease (2011)

Widespread neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS) of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients, involving pro-inflammatory mediators such as complement components, might be responsible for AD associated behavioral symptoms such as anxiety. Vaccinia virus complement control protein (VCP) and curcumin (Cur) are the bioactive compounds of natural origin shown to inhibit the in-vitro complement activation. In order to develop complement regulatory compounds which could be delivered to the CNS by a non-invasive route, VCP, its truncated version (tVCP), and Cur were administered to Wistar rats intranasally. The distribution of these compounds in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) was studied using an enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), using VCP and tVCP as antigens and a modified fluorimetric method (Cur). VCP and tVCP were also detected in the olfactory lobes of the rat brain using immunohistochemical analysis. These compounds were then compared for their ability to attenuate the anxiety levels in APPswePS1δE9 mice using an elevated plus maze (EPM) apparatus. VCP treatment significantly improved the exploratory behavior and reduced the anxiety behavior in APPswePS1δE9 mice. tVCP however showed an opposite effect to VCP, whereas Cur showed no effect on the anxiety behavior of these mice. When these mice were subsequently tested for their cognitive performance in the Morris water maze (MWM), they showed tendencies to collide with the periphery of the walls of MWM. This unusual activity was termed "kissperi" behavior. This newly defined index of anxiety was comparable to the anxiety profile of the VCP and tVCP treated groups on EPM. VCP can thus be delivered to the CNS effectively via intranasal route of administration to attenuate anxiety associated with AD.
The Role of Cell Age in the Difference in Insulin Binding between Adult and Cord Erythrocytes* (1982)

Erythrocytes (RBCs) from cord blood are known to bind more insulin than those of adults. We have investigated the possibility that this difference is due to the younger cell age of the neonatal cells. Samples from 13 normal full term neonates and 12 adults were fractionated into 5 fractions of defined density by dextran gradient centrifugation. Fractions of comparable density, a variable known to correlate well with age, were then compared for insulin binding. Plasma insulin and glucose levels were the same in the two study groups. The density distribution curve was shifted to the left for the cord samples, indicating a younger cell age. The difference was most marked in the lightest fraction, which contained 4.66 + 0.46% (mean +/- SE) adult cells vs. 15.26 +/- 1.27% cord cells (P less than 0.01). Insulin binding was identical when fractions of equal density were compared in the two groups. The only exception was the lightest (youngest) fraction (density, less than 1.092), in which the cord cells displayed a considerably higher percentage of specific binding; (19.98 +/- 1.57 vs. 13.32 +/- 0.92 P less than 0.005). This difference was shown to be due to a high percentage of very light cells in cord samples, compared to adult samples, in this fraction which, unlike the others, did not have a lower limit of density. When a lower density cutoff was introduced (1.089 g/ml), the remaining cells of this fraction (density, 1.089-1.092) displayed quite similar percentages of specific binding (13.07 +/- 1.63 vs. 11.86 +/- 1.27). Cells below this density were virtually absent in the adult, comprising less than 0.3% of all adult cells compared to 7.2% of the cord cells. These results indicate that the difference in insulin binding between adult and cord cells is due to a younger RBC age distribution in cord blood. This difference is most marked in the youngest cell fractions. Age fractionation of RBCs by density gradient centrifugation appears to be a promising method of assessing RBC insulin receptors in situations in which substantial changes in cell age are seen.
Greedy reclamation of unused bandwidth in constant-bandwidth servers (2002)

A framework for scheduling a number of different applications on a single shared pre-emptable processor is proposed, such that each application seems to be executing on a slower dedicated processor. A tradeoff is identified and evaluated between how precise a notion of real time (as measured by the granularity of its clock) an application needs to have supported on the one hand, and the added context-switch costs imposed by our scheduling framework on the other.
Two-Dimensional Supramolecular Assemblies of a Polydiacetylene. 2. Morphology, Structure, and Chromic Transitions (1997)

A mesogen-substituted polydiacetylene which self-assembles into stacks of bilayered two-dimensional structures was investigated by X-ray and electron diffraction as well as electron microscopy. The multilayered stacks of bilayers were found to organize into single crystals with an orthorhombic unit cell. Within each two-dimensional structure, the polyconjugated backbones are oriented along either of the two ab plane face diagonal directions, and the substituted side chains are oriented parallel to the layer normal (c-axis direction). The layered single-crystal structures form blue solids at room temperature but undergo the well-known thermochromic and solvatochromic transitions which produce red, orange, and yellow solids. In this work we have established links among chromic transitions, molecular organization, and morphology of these two-dimensional assemblies. Their thermochromic transition from blue to red solids at elevated temperature was found to be accompanied by reversible fracturing of the large single crystals. However, the red to orange transition at even higher temperatures was found to be associated with the irreversible twisting of fractured crystals and the lengthening of the chemical repeat. Based on electron diffraction, this twisting is accompanied by rotations of mesogenic side chains substituting the polydiacetylene backbone. On the other hand, our studies suggest that conformational changes do not play a role in the reversible blue to red transitions of these two-dimensional assemblies. Electronic delocalization perpendicular to the backbone may be a factor in these reversible changes linked to the fracturing of crystals.
The majority of intestinal IgA+ and IgG+ plasmablasts in the human gut are antigen-specific (2011)

Mucosal antibody responses play a major role in mediating homeostasis with the intestinal flora. It has been suggested that imbalance in the IgA+ and IgG+ intestinal B cell repertoire may be associated with the development of diseases such as inflammatory bowel disease. Despite this, little is known about the antibody specificity of human intestinal plasmablasts. Here, we have determined the reactivity profile of single isolated IgA+ and IgG+ plasmablasts from human terminal ileum using antibody cloning and in vitro expression. We found that approximately 25% of intestinal IgA and IgG plasmablast antibodies were polyreactive; the majority were antigen-specific. Antigen specificity was not only directed against enteropathogenic microbes but also against commensal microbes and self antigens. Regardless of their reactivity, all intestinal antibodies were somatically mutated and showed signs of antigen-mediated selection, suggesting that they developed from antigen-specific B cell responses. Together, our data indicate that antigen-specific immune responses to intestinal microbes are largely responsible for the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and thus provide a basis for understanding the deregulated immune responses observed in patients with inflammatory bowel disease.
Physico-Chemical Properties of Imogolite Nanotubes Functionalized on Both External and Internal Surfaces (2012)

Using a methylated Si precursor instead of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS), methyl-imogolite (Me–IMO), a nanotube material with formula (OH)3Al2O3SiCH3 is obtained in place of the standard imogolite (OH)3Al2O3SiOH (IMO).(21) Postsynthesis grafting of the outer surface of Me–IMO with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (3-APS) yields a new hybrid material (Me–IMO–NH2), with an entirely hydrophobic inner surface and a largely aminated outer surface. In this paper, the structure and stability of Me–IMO–NH2 are studied in detail and compared with those of Me–IMO by means of (i) X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), confirming the surface chemical composition of Me–IMO–NH2; (ii) 1H, 13C, 27Al, 29Si, and heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) 1H–13C magic angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR) experiments, providing evidence for the occurrence of grafting and yielding an estimate of its extent; (iii) infrared spectroscopy, showing that most terminal −NH2 groups are protonated; (iv) X-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements yielding information on the long-range order; and (v) N2 adsorption at −196 °C, yielding specific surface area and pore size distribution. Reaction with 3-APS brings about a limited loss in microporosity, probably caused by functionalization at the mouth of pores, and an increased disorder in the alignment of nanotubes, with neither a big loss of specific surface area nor a sizable change in the distance between nanotubes. As a whole, imogolite-type nanotubes appear to be rather prone to functionalization, which seems to allow the possible tailoring of the properties of both inner and outer surfaces.
Autoantibodies as reporters identifying aberrant cellular mechanisms in tumorigenesis (2001)

A common, if not intrinsic, feature of autoimmunity is a humoral immune response manifested by the production of autoantibodies targeted against self-cellular proteins and nucleic acids (1). Although first studied comprehensively in rheumatic autoimmune disease, autoantibodies and autoimmunity have now become major areas of research in many other illnesses, including type 1 diabetes and other diseases discussed in this Perspective series (2–4); the paraneoplastic neurological disorder (PND) syndromes (5, 6); bullous skin diseases; liver disease; and many others (for review see ref. 7). Among the many known autoantigens are several ubiquitous cellular proteins involved in fundamental cellular functions such as DNA replication and transcription. The process by which these and other self-molecules become immunogenic is not yet understood (8).

The study of tumor-associated autoimmunity may offer insights not only into the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases in general, but perhaps also into the events that drive certain classes of cancer. Thus, changes in the structure or expression of certain self proteins, occurring during tumorigenesis, suggest mechanisms by which the immune system could be primed to perceive tumor-associated epitopes as foreign. One major route to cancer autoimmunity involves genetic mutations resulting in the production of defective p53 tumor suppressor protein. Another pathway, active in individuals with liver cancer, involves the aberrant expression of specific mRNA-binding proteins that may induce cell proliferation by preventing the turnover of mRNAs for growth factors. Other classes of mRNA-binding protein are normally restricted to the immunologically privileged domain of the brain but can become expressed ectopically and represent autoantigens in the PND syndromes. Together, these findings highlight the importance of altered post-transcriptional control at different stages of tumorigenesis.
Adaptive QoS support for distributed, Java-based applications (2003)

Describes SRI International's ERDoS (End-to-end Resource management of Distributed Systems) project. ERDoS is a distributed middleware with comprehensive resource management support, including application scheduling, resource allocation and graceful adaptation. We discuss how we have implemented this resource management as part of the Java Virtual Machine (JVM). We have also provided a resource management application programming interface (API) as a new Java class library. The ERDoS development environment enables nonprogrammers to create complex distributed applications by simply stringing together multiple Java methods. The ERDoS runtime environment utilizes a structuring algorithm to create a distributed Java application dynamically, and then provides allocation, scheduling and content-based, graceful, adaptive QoS support to these applications. We demonstrate the benefits of content-based adaptation and of dynamic structuring of distributed applications, using a set of video applications.
Analysis of in Vitro and in Vivo Characteristics of Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Neural Precursors (2010)

During the last decade, much progress has been made in developing protocols for the differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) into a neural phenotype. The appropriate agent for cell therapy is neural precursors (NPs). Here, we demonstrate the derivation of highly enriched and expandable populations of proliferating NPs from the CCTL14 line of hESCs. These NPs could differentiate in vitro into functionally active neurons, as confirmed by immunohistochemical staining and electrophysiological analysis. Neural cells differentiated in vitro from hESCs exhibit broad cellular heterogeneity with respect to developmental stage and lineage specification. To analyze the population of the derived NPs, we used fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) and characterized the expression of several pluripotent and neural markers, such as Nanog, SSEA-4, SSEA-1, TRA-1-60, CD24, CD133, CD56 (NCAM), β-III-tubulin, NF70, nestin, CD271 (NGFR), CD29, CD73, and CD105 during long-term propagation. The analyzed cells were used for transplantation into the injured rodent brain; the tumorigenicity of the transplanted cells was apparently eliminated following long-term culture. These results complete the characterization of the CCTL14 line of hESCs and provide a framework for developing cell selection strategies for neural cell-based therapies.
Candra and Caṇḍa (1949)

In a brief article entitled Kaṇaiska in the Journal for 1942, pp. 14–28, was published for the first time a Central Asian text touching Kaniṣka, a repetition of the well-known story of Kaniṣka&apos;s stūpa. The fragmentary text began with three lines in the Buddhist Sanskrit of Khotan. These lines were then translated and the story continued in Khotanese. In the text the epithet of Kaṇaiska was pointed out in the form cadrra , that is, a Khotanese spelling of Indian candra . The epithet could be recognized as the equivalent of the epithet * tśiän-d'an (later ṭṣant'an ) in Chinese references to Kaniṣka, and implied, as it seems, also in the Tibetan play upon the word zla-ba ‘moon’. The Khotanese and Buddhist Sanskrit cadrra (for candra ) seemed to decide the problem in favour of candra - ‘moon’.
Order Parameters of α-Substituted Anthraquinone Dyes in a Nematic Liquid Crystalline Host (1986)

Abstract A study is presented of the optical order parameters and spectroscopic properties of α-substituted anthraquinone dyes in a nematic liquid crystalline mixture composed of cyanophenylcyclohexane derivatives. Then, the results of this study are discussed in terms of the effects of the dye structure on the order parameters. From the systematic variation in structure, the order parameters are found to be improved when a biphenylamino group is introduced into the α-position of the anthraquinone nucleus. In addition, preliminary data on the solubility and photostability of the dyes are reported.
Some Reactions of Ethylene Diisocyanate (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSome Reactions of Ethylene DiisocyanateJames N. Tilley and A. A. R. SayighCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 11, 3347–3350Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01034a053https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01034a053research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views196Altmetric-Citations9LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bioconversion of soysterols to androstenedione by <i>Mycobacterium fortuitum</i> subsp. <i>fortuitum</i> NCIM 5239, a mutant derived from total sterol degrader strain (2010)

Abstract BACKGROUND: The bioconversion of soysterols to androstenedione (AD) by microbial cleavage of C‐17 side chain is of practical interest since AD serves as the starting compound for the production of the majority of pharmaceutically active steroids. A total soysterols degrader strain was subjected to combined mitomycin C and UV treatments and a mutant designated Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. fortuitum NCIM 5239 was isolated that accumulated AD as major bioconversion product. RESULTS: The maximum bioconversion of soysterols to AD (71.3 mol %) was obtained at 30 °C, pH 5, 15% inoculum grown for 48 h, glycerol (12.68 g L −1 ) and urea (1.06 g L −1 ) as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, at C:N ratio of 10, the use of 10% polypropylene glycol‐400 (PPG‐400) as soysterols carrier solvent and 3 mg mL −1 concentration of soysterols after 240 h incubation period in shake flask culture. In a laboratory scale fermentor, a maximum of 64.8 mol % bioconversion of soysterols to AD was recorded after 99 h. CONCLUSION: The mutant Mycobacterium fortuitum subsp. fortuitum NCIM 5239 possesses high potential for industrial production of AD from soysterols. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry
Cyclolinopeptide A (CLA) mediates its immunosuppressive activity through cyclophilin‐dependent calcineurin inactivation (1997)

The immunosuppressive cyclic nonapeptide cyclolinopeptide A inhibits calcium-dependent, but not calcium-independent, activation of T lymphocytes comparably to the actions of cyclosporin A and FK506. The concentration required for complete inhibition, however, is 10 times higher than that of cyclosporin A. In addition, we demonstrate that calcineurin, a phosphatase which plays an important role in T lymphocyte signalling, is inhibited in vitro by cyclolinopeptide A by a mechanism dependent on the peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase (PPIase) cyclophilin A but not FKBP12. Direct binding of cyclolinopeptide A to cyclophilin A was confirmed using tryptophan fluorescence studies and PPIase assays. These results represent a third example of the production of a natural product that neutralises calcineurin by a mechanism dependent on the primary binding to a PPIase.
Pathology of glomerular basement membrane nephropathy (1994)

Studies of the molecular pathology of glomerular basement membrane have led to the discovery of four novel chains of type IV collagen, the latest of which is the alpha 6(IV) chain. Three chains have been shown to be directly involved in the pathogenesis of Goodpasture syndrome, Alport syndrome, and Alport posttransplantation antiglomerular basement membrane nephritis. This review focuses on the novel chains with respect to recent advances in their structure, gene organization, and involvement in the pathogenesis of these glomerulopathies.