gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Prioritized state-dependent buffer-management schemes in ATM switch (2002)

This paper presents a buffer-management scheme using two different service disciplines to improve the quality of service among traffic classes. The results obtained in experiments show the effectiveness of proposed method for both modelled traffic and real network trace data.
Matrix turnover in human cartilage repair tissue in autologous chondrocyte implantation (2001)

The findings of this study indicate that ACI is capable of not only cartilage repair but, in some cases, regeneration. This may be achieved by the turnover and remodeling of an initial fibrocartilaginous matrix via enzymatic degradation and synthesis of newly formed type II collagen.
Artificial life meets entertainment (1995)

The relatively new field of artificial life attempts to study and understand biological life by synthesizing artificial life forms. To paraphrase Chris Langton, the founder of the field, the goal of artificial life is to “model life as it could be so as to understand life as we know it.” Artificial life is a very broad discipline which spans such diverse topics as artificial evolution, artificial ecosystems, artificial morphogenesis, molecular evolution, and many more. Langton offers a nice overview of the different research questions studied by the discipline [6]. Artificial life shares with artificial intelligence (AI) its interest in synthesizing adaptive autonomous agents. Autonomous agents are computational systems that inhabit some complex, dynamic environment, sense and act autonomously in this environment, and by doing so realize a set of goals or tasks for which they are designed.
Impact of Clear Channel Assessment Mode on the Performance of ZigBee Operating in a WiFi Environment (2006)

ZigBee is a standard optimised for radio networks used in applications such as interconnecting sensors, monitoring and automating home, medical, industrial, and agricultural systems where low levels of data throughput and low-power consumption are needed. The physical (PHY) and medium access control (MAC) layers of ZigBee are defined by the IEEE 802.15.4 standard. One of the operational frequency bands of ZigBee is the unlicensed 2.4 GHz Industrial, Scientific and Medical (ISM) band which is also used by WiFi. Several ZigBee and WiFi devices may operate in the same environment, which may result in the two systems performance degradation. Before transmitting, WiFi and ZigBee devices perform the clear channel assessment (CCA) according to three different modes defined in the standards. In this paper, ZigBee throughput is obtained for the different CCA modes used by both ZigBee and WiFi systems operating in the same environment. Simulation results show that, ZigBee performance can be optimised by choosing the suitable CCA mode with respect to the interference level at the receiver
The load of short telomeres, estimated by a new method, Universal STELA, correlates with number of senescent cells (2010)

Short telomeres are thought to trigger senescence, most likely through a single - or a group of few - critically shortened telomeres. Such short telomeres are thought to result from a combination of gradual linear shortening resulting from the end replication problem, reflecting the division history of the cell, superimposed by a more stochastic mechanism, suddenly causing a significant shortening of a single telomere. Previously, studies that have tried to explore the role of critically shortened telomeres have been hampered by methodological problems. With the method presented here, Universal STELA, we have a tool that can directly investigate the relationship between senescence and the load of short telomeres. The method is a variant of the chromosome-specific STELA method but has the advantage that it can demonstrate short telomeres regardless of chromosome. With Universal STELA, we find a strong correlation between the load of short telomeres and cellular senescence. Further we show that the load of short telomeres is higher in senescent cells compared to proliferating cells at the same passage, offering an explanation of premature cell senescence. This new method, Universal STELA, offers some advantages compared to existing methods and can be used to explore many of the unanswered questions in telomere biology including the role that telomeres play in cancer and aging.
Crystal structures of the endoplasmic reticulum aminopeptidase-1 (ERAP1) reveal the molecular basis for N-terminal peptide trimming (2011)

Endoplasmatic reticulum aminopeptidase 1 (ERAP1) is a multifunctional enzyme involved in trimming of peptides to an optimal length for presentation by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules. Polymorphisms in ERAP1 have been associated with chronic inflammatory diseases, including ankylosing spondylitis (AS) and psoriasis, and subsequent in vitro enzyme studies suggest distinct catalytic properties of ERAP1 variants. To understand structure-activity relationships of this enzyme we determined crystal structures in open and closed states of human ERAP1, which provide the first snapshots along a catalytic path. ERAP1 is a zinc-metallopeptidase with typical H-E-X-X-H-(X)(18)-E zinc binding and G-A-M-E-N motifs characteristic for members of the gluzincin protease family. The structures reveal extensive domain movements, including an active site closure as well as three different open conformations, thus providing insights into the catalytic cycle. A K(528)R mutant strongly associated with AS in GWAS studies shows significantly altered peptide processing characteristics, which are possibly related to impaired interdomain interactions.
A small-molecule modulator of cardiac myosin acts on multiple stages of the myosin chemomechanical cycle (2017)

Mavacamten, formerly known as MYK-461 is a recently discovered novel small-molecule modulator of cardiac myosin that targets the underlying sarcomere hypercontractility of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, one of the most prevalent heritable cardiovascular disorders. Studies on isolated cells and muscle fibers as well as intact animals have shown that mavacamten inhibits sarcomere force production, thereby reducing cardiac contractility. Initial mechanistic studies have suggested that mavacamten primarily reduces the steady-state ATPase activity by inhibiting the rate of phosphate release of β-cardiac myosin-S1, but the molecular mechanism of action of mavacamten has not been described. Here we used steady-state and presteady-state kinetic analyses to investigate the mechanism of action of mavacamten. Transient kinetic analyses revealed that mavacamten modulates multiple steps of the myosin chemomechanical cycle. In addition to decreasing the rate-limiting step of the cycle (phosphate release), mavacamten reduced the number of myosin-S1 heads that can interact with the actin thin filament during transition from the weakly to the strongly bound state without affecting the intrinsic rate. Mavacamten also decreased the rate of myosin binding to actin in the ADP-bound state and the ADP-release rate from myosin-S1 alone. We, therefore, conclude that mavacamten acts on multiple stages of the myosin chemomechanical cycle. Although the primary mechanism of mavacamten-mediated inhibition of cardiac myosin is the decrease of phosphate release from β-cardiac myosin-S1, a secondary mechanism decreases the number of actin-binding heads transitioning from the weakly to the strongly bound state, which occurs before phosphate release and may provide an additional method to modulate myosin function.
Flexfet¿: Independently-Double-Gated SOI Transistor With Variable Vt and 0.5V Operation Achieving Near Ideal Subthreshold Slope (2007)

Manufacture of Flexfettrade CMOS with excellent dynamic threshold control has been demonstrated. Flexfettrade transistors operating at 0.5 V in DG mode have demonstrated a near ideal subthreshold slope of 64 mV/decade and an I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">on</sub> /I <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">off</sub> ratio of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> . In IDG mode, the Flexfettrade bottom gate provides a wide range of dynamic Vt adjustment enabling flexible device configurability for future ultra-low-power designs.
Small diameter vascular grafts coated with gelatin (2017)

In the field of tissue engineering, there is an increased demand for small diameter vascular grafts to treat peripheral vascular pathologies and ischemic heart diseases. The limited availability of suitable autogenous veins and the drawbacks related to the use of synthetic materials, such as polyethylene terephthalate (DacronÂ®) and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE), especially when they are used as substitutes for small diameter vessels, have attracted several investigators turning their attention toward the fabrication of alternative biocompatible grafts. In this study, small diameter tubular grafts (2 mm), made of poly (Ïμ-caprolactone) (PCL) and poly (glycerol sebacate) (PGS) at a ratio of 1:1 (v/v) were obtained by electrospinning. With the aim to reduce water permeability, their surface was modified by dynamic coating of gelatin at 37 Â°C for 1 h, followed by UV-irradiation. Thickness, fiber diameters, porosity, mass loss, fluid uptake, water permeability, gelatin release, mechanical properties, cytotoxicity, and hemocompatibility of gelatin-coated electrospun scaffolds (GCS) were studied and compared with uncoated scaffolds (UCS). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images showed that the gelatin surface modification did not affect the 3D structure and pore interconnectivity of the scaffolds. A significant decrease in the water permeability was noticed when gelatin was used as coating agent. The results of this study highlighted the importance of a very low cost surface treatment with gelatin to improve the properties of PCL:PGS electrospun grafts. In conclusion, these gelatin-coated prostheses could be considered as a good candidate for vascular replacement in tissue engineering.
Aminoborane Polymers as Precursors of C‐N‐B Ceramic Materials (1988)

Aminoborane polymers were prepared via condensation reactions between polyfunctional amines and either triethylborane or tris(dimethylamino)borane. The products were characterized by chemical and spectroscopic analyses. The thermal degradation of these materials was studied to establish pyrolytic pathways and to evaluate their potential as precursors to C‐N‐B ceramic materials. The borane condensation products with 4,4′‐methylenedipyrazole, o ‐phenylenediamine, and 3,3′‐diaminobenzidine produced relatively high ceramic yields at 800°C, whereas that with diethylenetriamine decomposed into partially volatile oligomers.
Money in electronic commerce (1996)

HE extraordinary growth of international interconnected computer networks and the pervasive trend in commerce of using these networks as a new field for business operations is stimulating demand for new payment methods. These new methods must attain unprecedented levels of security, speed, privacy, decentralization, and internationalization for digital commerce to be accepted by both consumers and businesses. This article analyzes three such electronic payment methods:
Fast 15x15 Transform for Image and Video Coding Applications (2009)

This paper presents fast 15times15 transform for image and video coding applications. We note, that our proposed transform is significantly less complex than DCT-II of nearest dyadic size N=16, for which best known factorization [2] requires 31 multiplications and 81 additions. In comparison with H.264-type cascade of 4-point transforms, our proposed algorithm is slightly higher in complexity, but offers better coding gain.
The Importance of Rationing in International Trade: An Econometric Analysis for Germany (1994)

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the importance of rationing for international trade flows. The basis of our study is a macroeconometric rationing model. It describes rationing on domestic imports and exports. The existing literature assumes that there might be such effects but it does not determine those countries which might be responsible for potential spillovers.
Distributed mixed level logic and fault simulation on the Pentium/sup (R/)Pro microprocessor (2002)

Logic and fault simulation are crucial steps in the design process for verifying the correctness of a circuit and generating high quality manufacturing tests. Traditionally, Intel has been relying on dedicated hardware accelerators to meet its fault grading needs. The unprecedented size and complexity of the Pentium/sup (R/)Pro microprocessor were foreseen to severely stretch the existing compute resources at Intel. Exploiting the design hierarchy and using the processing power of distributed computers were identified to be key areas which could alleviate the simulation problem. This paper describes a distributed mixed level logic and fault simulator that has been developed using an RTL simulation engine at the core, in conjunction with a gate level logic/fault simulator. The techniques and algorithm developed have been successfully applied on the Pentium/sup (R/)Pro microprocessor.
ENHANCEMENT OF CARBAMZEPINE SOLUBILITY USING SELECTED WATER SOLUBLE POLYMERS AND A SOLID DISPERSION TECHNIQUE (2004)

With the recent advent of combinatorial chemistry and high throughput screening of potentially therapeutic agents, the number of poorly soluble drug candidate has risen sharply and the formulation of poorly soluble compounds for oral delivery now presents one of the most frequent and greatest challenge to formulation scientists in the pharmaceutical industry. There are certain drugs for which solubility has presented a challenge to the development of a suitable formulation for oral administration. And one of these drugs is carbamazepine. In the literature, solid dispersions have shown tremendous potential for improving drug solubility and dissolution. In this study the main objective was to enhance the solubility of carbamazepine using selected water-soluble polymers and a solid dispersion technique. The solid dispersions were prepared by fusion method, using water-soluble polymers as carriers, namely Solutol HS, Vitamin E TPGS, Poloxamer 188 and Lipocol C 10 at a fixed ratio of 9:1 (drug:carrier) was used. Physical and recrystallized mixtures of the same ratios were also prepared for comparison purpose. Solubility studies were carried out in distilled water for a period of 48 hours with sample analysis at nine time intervals. The drug concentration was measured using a spectrophotometer at 285 nm. Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize all the preparations. Optimized ratios of the solid dispersions were determined and used for dissolution studies by comparing D10 (dissolution rate at 10 min) values for each ratio. A USP dissolution apparatus II using 900 ml of simulated gastric fluid at 50 rpm was used. Microfluidization studies were also conducted to determine the effects of shear stress on the solubility of solid dispersions. The solubility and dissolution rate of carbamazepine improved considerably with solid dispersions for all the selected polymers as compared to physical mixtures and recrystallized mixtures. Statistical analysis showed that both polymer and process had a significant effect on the solubility of the carbamazepine. Microfluidization studies initially showed a spike in drug solubility then a rapid drop back to equilibrium solubility. There was no significant effect of shear stress on the equilibrium solubility of solid dispersions of carbamazepine. Solid dispersions prepared with Vitamin E TPGS show maximum solubility as compared to solid dispersion prepared with other water-soluble polymers. It has also been seen that dissolution rate is enhanced to greater extent for solid dispersion prepared with Vitamin E TPGS compared to solid dispersion prepared with other water soluble
Development of a Highly Selective and Efficient Catalyst for 1,3-Butadiene Dimerization (2005)

A selective dimerization reaction of 1,3-butadiene in the presence of 2-propanol to give 1,3,7-octatriene has been developed. By modification of palladium carbene catalysts an unexpected selectivity switch from the telomerization to the dimerization product occurred. In applying the 1,3-bis(2,6-diisopropylphenyl)-4,5-dimethyl-3H-imidazolidenylpalladium(0) complex 9, unprecedented catalyst efficiency (TON > 80 000 and TOF > 5000 h(-1)) has been obtained for this transformation. [reaction: see text]
Precise <i>in situ</i> thickness analysis of epitaxial graphene layers on SiC(0001) using low-energy electron diffraction and angle resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy (2008)

We demonstrate an easy and practical method for the thickness analysis of epitaxial graphene on SiC(0001) that can be applied continuously during the preparation procedure. Fingerprints in the spot intensity spectra in low energy electron diffraction (LEED) allow for the exact determination of the number of layers for the first three graphene layers. The LEED data have been correlated with the electronic bandstructure around the K¯-point of the graphene Brillouin zone as investigated by laboratory based angle resolved ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy using He II excitation. The morphology and homogeneity of the graphene layers can be analyzed by low energy electron microscopy.
Morningness–eveningness and sleep patterns of adolescents attending school in two rotating shifts (2013)

School system in which classes are scheduled 1 week in the morning and the other in the afternoon, and in which students rotate schedule every week, fosters sleep irregularity. In this study, we examined morningness–eveningness of adolescents who were involved in such schedule of school time and explored relationship between their circadian preferences and sleep characteristics. A large sample of 2287 students between the ages 11 and 18 years (52% girls) from 24 schools in Croatia was studied. The School Sleep Habits Survey was modified to enable differentiation of sleep patterns between the two school schedules and weekends. Two measures of ME were used: the Morningness–Eveningness Scale for Children (MESC) and mid-sleep time on weekends (MSFsc). Both measures showed a shift to eveningness starting between the ages 12 and 13 (MESC), or 13 and 14 (MSFsc). However, MESC demonstrated a plateau in the shift in older adolescent whereas MSFsc indicated further progress of phase delay. Significant differences in sleep timing and duration were found between three chronotype groups (Morning, Intermediate, and Evening). Generally, Evening types went to bed and woke up the latest in all situations. Their sleep duration was the shortest on school week with morning schedule. On weekends Morning types slept shorter than other two chronotype groups. On school week with afternoon schedule all chronotype groups slept close to the recommended 9 h. All three chronotype groups delayed their bedtimes and wake-up times, and extended their sleep in situations with fewer constraints on sleep timing (i.e. afternoon school schedule, and weekends versus morning school schedule). Expectedly, the evening types showed the greatest sleep irregularity. The findings of this study suggest that the Croatian school system fosters sleep irregularity, but provides more opportunity for fulfilling sleep need of all chronotype groups of adolescents. Age effects on morningness–eveningness observed in Croatian adolescent do not seem to be different from those observed in adolescents from other countries involved in a regular morning school schedule. Further studies are necessary to explore differences in the trend of shift towards eveningness found between the two measures of morningness–eveningness in this, as well as in other studies.
A spatial model to predict the incidence of neural tube defects (2012)

Environmental exposure may play an important role in the incidences of neural tube defects (NTD) of birth defects. Their influence on NTD may likely be non-linear; few studies have considered spatial autocorrelation of residuals in the estimation of NTD risk. We aimed to develop a spatial model based on generalized additive model (GAM) plus cokriging to examine and model the expected incidences of NTD and make the inference of the incidence risk. We developed a spatial model to predict the expected incidences of NTD at village level in Heshun County, Shanxi Province, China, a region with high NTD cases. GAM was used to establish linear and non-linear relationships between local covariates and the expected NTD incidences. We examined the following village-level covariates in the model: projected coordinates, soil types, lithodological classes, distance to watershed, rivers, faults and major roads, annual average fertilizer uses, fruit and vegetable production, gross domestic product, and the number of doctors. The residuals from GAM were assumed to be spatially auto-correlative and cokriged with regional residuals to improve the prediction. Our approach was compared with three other models, universal kriging, generalized linear regression and GAM. Cross validation was conducted for validation. Our model predicted the expected incidences of NTD well, with a good CV R2 of 0.80. Important predictive factors included the fertilizer uses, locations of the centroid of each village, the shortest distance to rivers and faults and lithological classes with significant spatial autocorrelation of residuals. Our model out-performed the other three methods by 16% or more in term of R2. The variance explained by our model was approximately 80%. This modeling approach is useful for NTD epidemiological studies and intervention planning.
A multimedia synchronization protocol for ATM networks (2002)

The media streams of a multimedia communication application may traverse through different communication channels. Because of the network delay and jitter, data in these streams sent at the same time may not arrive at a destination simultaneously. In this paper a multimedia synchronization protocol that resynchronizes the media streams is proposed. The protocol inserts extra control cells into the media streams, and aligns the cells at the receiver site. Three synchronization policies, namely, the Drop-Old, the Transmit-Old and the Delayed-Transmit, are introduced to align the control cells. To satisfy the Quality of Service (QOS) specified by an application, the protocol must negotiate an appropriate QOS with the underlying ATM network. For each of the three synchronization policies, the relationship between the specified QOS and the negotiated QOS is derived.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Sinusoidal Frequency Doublers Circuit With Low Voltage 1.5 Volt CMOS Inverter (2010)

This paper is present sinusoidal frequency doublers circuit with low voltage 1.5 volt CMOS inverter. Main structure of circuit has three parts that is CMOS inverter circuit, differential amplifier circuit, and square root circuit. This circuit has designed to receive input voltage and give output voltage use few MOS transistor, easy to understand, non complex of circuit, high precision, low error and low power. The Simulation of circuit has MOS transistor functional in active and saturation period. PSpice programmed has used to confirmation of testing and simulation.