gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Off-screen visualization techniques for class diagrams (2010)

Visual representations of node-link diagrams are very important for the software development process. In many situations large diagrams - probably consisting of hundreds of nodes and edges - have to be edited and explored. In state-of-the-art modeling tools these activities are often accompanied by time consuming panning and zooming. In this paper we contribute the application of off-screen visualization techniques to the domain of node-link diagrams in general and to UML class diagrams in particular. The basic idea of the approach is to give a contextual view of all nodes which are clipped from the current viewport. Nodes are represented by proxy elements located within an interactive border region. The proxies show information of the associated off-screen nodes and can be used to quickly navigate to the respective node. However, there are several challenges when this technique is adapted to node-link diagrams, for example concerning the change of edge routing or scalability. We describe the design space of this approach and present different visualization and interaction techniques in detail. Furthermore, we conducted a formative evaluation of our first prototype. Based on the observations made during the evaluation, we came to final suggestions how particular techniques should be combined.
Nuclear bromination in the kojic acid series (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNuclear bromination in the kojic acid seriesLuisito Tolentino and Jacques KaganCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1974, 39, 15, 2308–2309Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00929a047https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00929a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views178Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
How does the injection protocol influence the attenuation-time curve in CT perfusion measurements: Comparison of measured and simulated data (2009)

In this study the authors compared a computer simulation that models bolus dispersion during the first pass to patient PCT data acquired with three different types of injection protocols. PCT was performed in 27 patients with one of the three injection protocols: (1) Monophasic bolus injection with saline flush, (2) monophasic bolus injection without saline flush, and (3) biphasic bolus injection with saline flush. They performed computer simulation to model bolus dispersion in the three injection protocols. Finally, they compared the simulated attenuation-time curves to the measured ones. The simulated attenuation-time curves corresponded well to the measured data for protocol 1. With protocol 2 they found that simulation predicts bolus kinetics correctly but overestimates the concentration by about 31%. They attributed this to the missing saline flush. By comparing the simulated and measured data, they could show that without saline flush about 1/3 of the contrast agent does not contribute to the first pass. For the biphasic injection (protocol 3), they found that the first part of the attenuation-time curve can be modeled by simulating the bolus dispersion of only the high-flow portion of the injected bolus. Although the simulation model does only take into account of the first pass of the bolus, it is a useful tool to analyze and predict effects of modified injection protocols.
Differential Privacy Has Disparate Impact on Model Accuracy (2019)

Differential privacy (DP) is a popular mechanism for training machine learning models with bounded leakage about the presence of specific points in the training data. The cost of differential privacy is a reduction in the model's accuracy. We demonstrate that in the neural networks trained using differentially private stochastic gradient descent (DP-SGD), this cost is not borne equally: accuracy of DP models drops much more for the underrepresented classes and subgroups. For example, a gender classification model trained using DP-SGD exhibits much lower accuracy for black faces than for white faces. Critically, this gap is bigger in the DP model than in the non-DP model, i.e., if the original model is unfair, the unfairness becomes worse once DP is applied. We demonstrate this effect for a variety of tasks and models, including sentiment analysis of text and image classification. We then explain why DP training mechanisms such as gradient clipping and noise addition have disproportionate effect on the underrepresented and more complex subgroups, resulting in a disparate reduction of model accuracy.
Ring opening or rearrangement versus N-oxidation in the action of peracids upon pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines, pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazines, and triazolo[1,5-a]- and triazolo[4,3-a]-pyrazine. Some chemical and spectroscopic properties of the triazolopyrazines and their N-oxides (1980)

Peracid oxidation of the title heterocycles has shown a variety of reaction pathways. 1-Methyl-2,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine (8) gave a ring-opened product (13), while 3-methyl-2-phenyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyrazine gave N-benzoylurea. In contrast, triazolo[1,5-a]pyrazine (36) undergoes smooth N-oxidation to the 7-oxide (37), triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine (41) gives the N-oxide (42) less efficiently, and the pyrrolopyrazine (26) undergoes rearrangement and N-oxidation to give the spiro-compound (28). Triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine 7-oxide (42) is readily obtained from 2-hydrazinopyrazine 4-oxide (45). The N-alkylation of the 2,3-diphenyl-1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridines (5) and (6), certain useful features of the n.m.r. spectra of the triazolopyrazines, (36) and (41), and their N-oxides, and some reactions of these N-oxides are reported.
Recent advances in the development of new treatments for celiac disease (2012)

Non-dietary treatment options are warranted either as adjunctive therapy together with dieting or to replace the gluten-free diet. The key question is whether the envisaged novel drug is able to prevent gluten-induced small intestinal mucosal injury as efficiently as a strict gluten-free diet, alleviating symptoms and signs of the disease. Furthermore, the gluten dose that can be detoxified, if at all, must be established. The new drug should also be as safe as dietary treatment. Several novel treatment options are under development.
Dual Effect of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition on Angiogenesis in Type 1 Diabetic Mice (2004)

ACE inhibition improved neovascularization in the diabetic ischemic leg through activation of bradykinin signaling, whereas it reduced vessel growth in the diabetic retina through inhibition of overacting Ang II pathway.
Proposal of chaotic steepest descent method for neural networks and analysis of their dynamics (1992)

Abstract Most of the neural network models based on the Lyapunov stability contain various problems such as the trap of the local minimum, and the limit of their dynamic performances has been pointed out. This paper attempts to provide a new dynamic performance to such a neural network model by introducing chaos dynamics. The features of the chaotic dynamic model proposed here is that the dynamical equation describing the trajectory on the energy curve has a periodically varying nonlinear resistance in the dissipation term. By iterating the stable and unstable phases, the chaotic transitions of the state can be realized. The proposed dynamic model is applied to the error backpropagation learning and the memory recall in the Hopfield‐type network, and the chaotic minimum transitions in the dynamic process are verified, it is verified further that the intermittent chaos generated by an appropriate parameter manipulation can introduce useful dynamic behaviors into the network, e.g., the flexible learning and the memory recall with a structure containing both stability and plasticity.
Genotypic Variability in the Frequency of Plant Regeneration from Leaf Protoplasts of Four Brassica spp. and of Raphanus sativus (1989)

Abstract More than 65 different genotypes, including cultivars and inbred lines, from five cruciferous species ( Brassica oleracea L., B. campestris L., B. napus L., B. juncea L., and Raphanus sativus L.) were tested for their in vitro response of leaf protoplasts. Protoplasts were cultured in three liquid media and the resulting colonies were placed on seven test regeneration media. Significant differences among the species were found in plating efficiency in the frequency of shoot regeneration. Two broad response groups were identified: 1) Cultivars from B. oleracea and B. napus— these generally yielded protoplasts that were able to divide, form colonies at high frequencies, and regenerate shoots at variable frequencies; and 2) cultivars of the other species evaluated, which typically exhibited low plating efficiencies and little, if any, shoot regeneration. Evaluation for the effect of the cytoplasmic constitution of a few B. oleracea breeding lines on in vitro performance indicated that protoplasts carrying the Ogura (R1) male-sterile cytoplasm regenerated shoots at slightly lower frequencies than the corresponding alloplasmic-fertile lines. Genotypes exhibiting high frequency of shoot formation in one medium also had efficient shoot regeneration in other media as well, while genotypes with low shoot regeneration responded consistently in the different media used. This consistency in response indicates that genotype plays a critical role in determining the success of leaf protoplast culture in the crucifers.
<title>Volume-phase holographic gratings and their potential for astronomical applications</title> (1998)

A diffraction grating technology based upon volume-phase holograms shows promise of enhanced performance for many applications in astronomical spectroscopy over classical surface-relief grating technology. We present a discussion of the underlying physics of a volume-phase grating, give some theoretical performance characteristics, present performance data for a real volume-phase grating, and discuss some potential applications for this grating technology.
Practical enhancement of photoluminescence by metal nanoparticles (2009)

We develop a simple yet rigorous theory of the photoluminescence (PL) enhancement in the vicinity of metal nanoparticles. The enhancement takes place during both optical excitation and emission. The strong dependence on the nanoparticle size enables optimization for maximum PL efficiency. Using the example of InGaN quantum dots (QDs) positioned near Ag nanospheres embedded in GaN, we show that strong enhancement can be obtained only for those QDs, atoms, or molecules that are originally inefficient in absorbing as well as in emitting optical energy. We then discuss practical implications for sensor technology.
Light and electron microscopic demonstration of methylene blue accumulation sites in the murine cornu Ammonis after supravital staining. (1996)

The distribution pattern of methylene blue in the murine hippocampus after supravital dye application was studied light and electron microscopically. The characteristic, selective staining of nerve cell subpopulations occurred only in the presence of oxygen. Solitary or grouped polymorph neurons, i.e. non-pyramidal nerve cells, mainly located in the stratum pyramidale and stratum oriens of the cornu Ammonis were intensely stained. Ultrastructurally, the dye could easily be identified as an electron dense precipitate. MB had accumulated within the cytoplasm with no apparent association with cell organelles and was additionally also found within the nucleus. Precipitate was also detected within profiles of nerve cell processes. MB seemed to accumulate at the plasma membrane in the early phase of staining. The ultrastructure of the stained cells was significantly damaged by the intracellularly bound dye. This oxygen-dependent selective staining is probably followed by the generation of reactive oxygen species and subsequent oxidative stress for the neurons; this phenomenon suggests a strong affinity of a subpopulation of non-pyramidal cells in the cornu Ammonis to oxygen and therefore a high vulnerability to hypoxia.
Engineered biosynthesis of hybrid macrolide polyketides containing d-angolosamine and d-mycaminose moieties (2008)

The glycosylation of natural product scaffolds with highly modified deoxysugars is often essential for their biological activity, being responsible for specific contacts to molecular targets and significantly affecting their pharmacokinetic properties. In order to provide tools for the targeted alteration of natural product glycosylation patterns, significant strides have been made to understand the biosynthesis of activated deoxysugars and their transfer. We report here efforts towards the production of plasmid-borne biosynthetic gene cassettes capable of producing TDP-activated forms of D-mycaminose, D-angolosamine and D-desosamine. We additionally describe the transfer of these deoxysugars to macrolide aglycones using the glycosyl transferases EryCIII, TylMII and AngMII, which display usefully broad substrate tolerance.
Lithium Migration in Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Studied Using in Situ Neutron Powder Diffraction (2014)

We used in situ neutron powder diffraction (NPD) to study the migration of Li in Li4Ti5O12 anodes with different particle sizes during battery cycling. The motivation of this work was to uncover the mechanism of the increased capacity of the battery made with a smaller-particle-sized anode. In real time, we monitored the anode lattice parameter, Li distribution, and oxidation state of the Ti atom, and these suggested an increase in the rate of Li incorporation into the anode rather than a change in the migration pathway as a result of the particle size reduction. The lattice of these anodes during continuous lithiation undergoes expansion followed by a gradual contraction and then expansion again. The measured lattice parameter changes were reconciled with Li occupation at specific sites within the Li4Ti5O12 crystal structure, where Li migrates from the 8a to 16c sites. Despite these similar Li-diffusion pathways, in larger-particle-sized Li4Ti5O12 the population of Li at the 16c site is accompanied by Li depopulation from the 8a site, which is in contrast to the smaller-particle-sized anode where our results suggest that Li at the 8a site is replenished faster than the rate of transfer of Li to the 16c site. Fourier-difference nuclear density maps of both anodes suggest that 32e sites are involved in the diffusion pathway of Li. NPD is again shown to be an excellent tool for the study of electrode materials for Li-ion batteries, particularly when it is used to probe real-time crystallographic changes of the materials in an operating battery during charge–discharge cycling.
Hexameric Palladium(II) Terpyridyl Metallomacrocycles: Assembly with 4,4′‐Bipyridine and Characterization by TWIM Mass Spectrometry (2010)

TWIM peaks: A macrocycle containing 12 PdII terpyridyl centers was assembled using 4,4′-bipyridyl ligands and characterized by NMR and traveling wave ion mobility mass spectrometry (TWIM-MS). The macrocyclic architecture was also examined by tandem mass spectrometry and collisionally activated dissociation (CAD) experiments (see picture; C gray, N blue, Pd orange), and the resulting fragments were monitored by time-of-flight mass analysis. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Efficacy of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids after myocardial infarction: Results of GISSI‐prevenzione trial (2001)

Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto Miocardio (GISSI)-Prevenzione was conceived as a population, pragmatic trial on patients with recent myocardial infarctions conducted in the framework of the Italian public health system. In GISSI-Prevenzione, patients were invited to follow Mediterranean dietary habits, and were treated with up-to-date preventive pharmacological interventions. Long-term n-3 PUFA (1 g daily) but not vitamin E (300 mg daily) was beneficial for death and for combined death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, and stroke. All the benefit, however, was attributable to the decrease in risk for overall, cardiovascular, cardiac, coronary, and sudden death. At variance with the orientation of a scientific scenario largely dominated by the "cholesterol-heart hypothesis," GISSI-Prevenzione results indicate n-3 PUFA (virtually devoid of any cholesterol-lowering effect) as a relevant pharmacological treatment for secondary prevention after myocardial infarction. As to the relevance and comparability of GISSI-Prevenzione results, up to 5.7 lives could be saved every 1000 patients with previous myocardial infarction treated with n-3 PUFA (1 g daily) per year. Such a result is comparable to that observed in the Long-Term Intervention with Pravastatin in Ischaemic Disease (LIPID) trial, where 5.2 lives could be saved per 1000 hypercholesterolemic, coronary heart disease patients treated with pravastatin for 1 yr. The choice of a relatively low-dose regimen (1-g capsule daily) more acceptable for long-term treatment in a population of patients following Mediterranean dietary habits, and the pattern of effects seen in GISSI-Prevenzione (namely, reduction of overall mortality with no decrease in the rate of nonfatal myocardial infarction) all strongly suggest that n-3 PUFA treatment should be considered a recommended new component of secondary prevention. The importance of this combined/additive effect is further suggested by the analyses of the interplay between diet and n-3 PUFA: There is an interesting direct correlation between size of the effect and "correctness" of background diets. It can be anticipated that a conceptual barrier must be overcome: A "dietary drug" should be added to "dietary advice," which remains fundamental to allow this statement to become true in clinical practice.
A novel antibody–drug conjugate targeting SAIL for the treatment of hematologic malignancies (2015)

Although several new therapeutic approaches have improved outcomes in the treatment of hematologic malignancies, unmet need persists in acute myeloid leukemia (AML), multiple myeloma (MM) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Here we describe the proteomic identification of a novel cancer target, SAIL (Surface Antigen In Leukemia), whose expression is observed in AML, MM, chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL). While SAIL is widely expressed in CLL, AML, MM, DLBCL and FL patient samples, expression in cancer cell lines is mostly limited to cells of AML origin. We evaluated the antitumor activity of anti-SAIL monoclonal antibodies, 7-1C and 67-7A, conjugated to monomethyl auristatin F. Following internalization, anti-SAIL antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) exhibited subnanomolar IC50 values against AML cell lines in vitro. In pharmacology studies employing AML cell line xenografts, anti-SAIL ADCs resulted in significant tumor growth inhibition. The restricted expression profile of this target in normal tissues, the high prevalence in different types of hematologic cancers and the observed preclinical activity support the clinical development of SAIL-targeted ADCs.
Pre-Integrated Volume Rendering for Multi-Dimensional Transfer Functions (2008)

This work presents an efficient extension of pre-integrated volume rendering for multi-dimensional transfer functions. Since even two-dimensional transfer functions can result in strong rendering artifacts that cannot be resolved by standard ray casting, we propose a space-covering volume sampling scheme that does not require additional samples of the volume data. Based on this sampling scheme, our approach computes box integrals of the transfer functions, which are evaluated with the help of a small number of texture lookups in tabulated integral functions. We demonstrate the achieved performance and improvements in image quality with a prototypical GPU (graphics processing unit) implementation.
Integration of InP-based optoelectronics with silicon waveguides (2009)

Compound semiconductors provide state-of-the-art performance in optoelectronics, while silicon-on-insulator (SOI) is an ideal platform for many passive functions in integrated optics. By combining them one can realise optical devices with high performance and low cost. This paper discusses the various applications and technologies for integrating InP chips with SOI waveguides. Bonding of lasers, SOA arrays and detectors for practical applications is described. Experimental results are given for visually aligned thermo-compression bonding and self-aligned flip-chip bonding with Indium bumps. Flip-chip bonding is reported directly on SOI chips, as well as on a separate silicon-optical-bench.
Digitally tunable channel dropping filter/equalizer based on waveguide grating router and optical amplifier integration (1994)

We demonstrate a novel and powerful device that permits individual and simultaneous control of all the wavelength channels in a WDM system. The device is based on the monolithic integration of two identical waveguide grating routers with semiconductor optical amplifiers. By biasing appropriately the individual amplifier, each WDM channel can be amplified, detected or modulated. The device exhibits a channel bandwidth of 60 GHz, a channel spacing of 195 GHz and a crosstalk of /spl minus/19 dB.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
An Implementation of a Mentoring Community System focused on Dynamic Communication (2008)

Recently, The E-Learning becames popular in modern education society, and the education of E-Learning form increased. among them, the leadership education which cultivate the leader who is a present community leader role is more important. The Leadership-activity give effects to consultant and consulters through the relationship each other. However, the leadership-activity is difficult to be reified because it differs from concepts of E-learning that is one-direction teaching mechanism. Beside, the restriction in time and space and considered as important factors because of offline characteristics. The paper presents an online mentoring community form unities among professors, student, and managers having the same subjects in virtual spaces. The community is based on the Leadership-activity. The community system contributes in aspects to a new evaluation mechanism and a new method to communication between mentors and mentees. The paper introduces the system architectures and the implementation method for the presenting community system in details.