gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Somatic antigens of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> (1986)

Lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas aeruginosa O1 (Lányi classification), O3 (Habs classification), O13 and O14 (Wokatsch classification), and strain NCTC 8505, which is also related to serogroup O3 (Habs), have structurally similar O-specific polysaccharide chains built up of tetrasaccharide repeating units involving L-rhamnose (Rha), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucose (GlcNAc), 2-acetamido-2-deoxy-L-galacturonic acid (GalNAcA), and a di-N-acyl derivative of bacillosamine (BacN): 2,4-diacetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-D-glucose or 2-acetamido-2,4,6-trideoxy-4-[(S)-3-hydroxybutyramido]-D-glucose. The latter derivative was obtained free by solvolysis with hydrogen fluoride of carboxyl-reduced Habs O3 polysaccharide, and was identified by 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and by mass spectrometry of the corresponding methylated alditol. Habs O3, Lányi O1, and Wokatsch O14 polysaccharides contained O-acetyl groups. Solvolysis with hydrogen fluoride of the native Habs O3 polysaccharide resulted in selective cleavage of the glycosidic linkages of 6-deoxy sugars to give the trisaccharide fragment involving all three N-acylated amino sugars. Similar solvolysis of NCTC 8505 polysaccharide afforded a mixture of disaccharide and trisaccharide with N,N'-diacetylbacillosamine at the reducing end. Smith degradation of Habs O3 polysaccharide resulted in selective oxidation of rhamnose to give a glycoside of a trisaccharide with glyceraldehyde as the aglycone. Smith degradation of NCTC 8505 polysaccharide was complicated by the formation of the glycoside of a trisaccharide with an aglycone of unknown structure. A trisaccharide with rhamnose at the reducing end was also isolated after Smith degradation of the latter polysaccharide. Analysis of the composition and structure of all oligosaccharides obtained, and detailed examination of the 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra of these oligosaccharides, and of both intact and modified polysaccharides, revealed the following structures of the repeating units. The structure for the NCTC 8505 polysaccharide differs from that proposed previously [Tahara, Y. and Wilkinson, S.G. (1983) Eur. J. Biochem. 134, 299-304] in the configurations assigned to the glycosidic linkages of rhamnose and bacillosamine. The results obtained show the P. aeruginosa strains studied to represent three different O-serotypes in a single O-serogroup (Formula: see text).
A New Computational Model for Deposition of Aerosol Particles Inhaled in Human Respiratory Systems (1974)

A new computational model for deposition of particles inhaled in human respiratory systems were proposed. Weibel's model was used as a standard human lung. The calculations were performed by the similar method to Landahl's, Beeckmans' and others', with the exception of newly proposed equations for the particle deposition by impaction in the diverged parts and by tranquil diffusion in the straight parts. The calculated results were somewhat different from the ICRP's, and some examples of regional distributions of particle deposition in human lung were shown.
A simple single-fiber CWDM metro/access ring network with unidirectional OADM and automatic protection (2005)

We propose and demonstrate a simple and effective CWDM metro/access network architecture using unidirectional OADM for optical protection in a hub/access-node single-fiber ring. This physical-ring/logical-star architecture provides greater simplicity over previous designs requiring bidirectional ADM.
Reverse Bias Behavior of Surface Mount Solid Tantalum Capacitors. (2002)

Solid tantalum capacitors are polarized devices designed to operate only under forward voltage bias conditions. Application of reverse voltage may produce high leakage currents with potentially destructive results. Such misapplications of these devices sometimes occur during bench testing, troubleshooting of engineering modules and/or during some malfunctions in operating systems. However, more serious consequences of reverse bias application are caused by incorrect installation of the capacitor on the board.
Multilayer 3-D display by multidirectional beam splitter (1982)

This paper describes a method of displaying 3-D images composed of several layers. Each layer image is placed at a different optical path length position from a viewing window and stacked by a multidirectional beam splitter to synthesize a composite 3-D image. Each layer image is overlapped at the corresponding depth. This display presents a real 3-D image and is fitted to show serial sectional images, multilayer wiring diagram, piping diagram, etc.
A new implementation of the Ziv-Lempel incremental parsing algorithm (1991)

Combining a note by J. Rissanen (1983) and an idea of enumerative coding, the authors obtain a new implementation of the Ziv-Lempel incremental parsing algorithm for coding and decoding discrete data sequences. The space and the time complexities are linear for both the encoder and the decoder. The authors describe the algorithm.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Preparation and characterisation of calcium phosphate–hyaluronic acid nanocomposite bone cement (2011)

AbstractIn this study, calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) were prepared by using hyaluronic acid (HA) solutions with two different molecular weights. The physical, physicochemical and structural properties of these cements were characterised and compared with those of conventional CPC as control group. Results revealed that the long setting time and the low compressive strength of the CPC could be improved drastically by using HA in the cement composition, in a molecular weight dependent manner. The HA polymer has also a promising effect on cement injectability, which is more considerable in high molecular weight HA. The X-ray diffraction patterns of set cements showed that, in both control group and HA containing cements, primary reactant components were completely converted to nanostructured apatite after soaking in simulated body fluid. This study suggests that calcium phosphate nanocomposite cement obtained by HA solution can be successfully used as injectable bone filler material.
Convection and segregation in a flat rotating sandbox (2012)

A flat box, almost completely filled with a mixture of granulate, is rotated slowly about its horizontal central axis. In this experiment, a regular vortex flow of the granular material is observed in the cell plane. These vortex structures have a superficial analogy to convection rolls in dissipative structures of ordinary liquids. Whereas in the latter, the origin of the convection can often be attributed to gradients e.g. of densities or surface tensions, there is no trivial explanation at present for the convection of the granulate in the rotating container. Despite the simplicity of the experiment, the underlying mechanisms for convection and segregation are difficult to extract. Here, we present a comprehensive experimental study of the patterns under various experimental conditions and propose a mechanism for the convection.
Siliconization of 60 GHz (2010)

Silicon-based RF and microwave technology has had a dramatic impact on the world of wireless technology. We can now access voice/data and entertainment in virtually every corner of the globe - with everything from short range Bluetooth and WiFi networks to cellular and satellite networks - to meet different range and throughput requirements. A laptop computer without wireless capability is unthinkable today, whereas, ten years ago, these technologies were in their infancy.What do the next ten years hold? What gaps in wireless technology exist even today? Perhaps the most obvious missing link is between the various devices that we carry with us, such as cellular phones or personal digital assistants (or smart phones if you prefer), digital cameras, music and video players (such as the ubiquitous iPod), laptops, and peripherals such as external hard drives and monitors. The case of the mobile smart phone is particularly important since the existing wireless connectivity is either too slow and power hungry (Bluetooth) or designed and optimized for longer ranges (WiFi). What is missing is a wireless universal connectivity that can support high data rates demanded by large data rate multimedia applications. Wireless technology has been conspicuously absent from MP3 music players (such as Apple's iPod), which are ideal candidates for downloading music and video. While ultrawideband (UWB) technology using the 3-0 GHz band promised to fulfill these needs, it fell short in many ways, and, today, most of the start-up companies pursuing UWB have folded.
Water absorption in epoxy resins by electronic energy transfer (2002)

Abstract Water absorption of an epoxy resin was studied by steady‐state fluorescence spectroscopy and gravimetry. It was found that the intrinsic emission of the epoxy resin could be modified selecting an adequate excitation wavelength. The epoxy component of the resin was labelled with a trans ‐4‐nitro‐4′‐aminostilbene fluorescent probe. Using an excitation wavelength of 340 nm it was possible to induce energy transfer to the suitable acceptor trans ‐4‐nitro‐4′‐dialkylaminostilbene (NDAS). The relative fluorescence intensity I 433 / I 596 was used as a convenient means to follow the quenching effect of water on the emission of NDAS when excited via energy transfer. It was found that both the relative intensity and the water content increase linearly with the square root of diffusion time in the early stages of the process. The apparent Stern–Volmer constants for the quenching of the fluorophore, when excited directly in a fluid THF solution or in the polymer matrix, were very similar but lower than when the fluorophore was excited via energy transfer. It was concluded that, at least in the early stages of the water diffusion process, the interchromophoric distance should increase. © 2002 Society of Chemical Industry
2013년 12월 : 대학생의 노동시장 이행에서 외국어와 직업훈련의 연관효과 (2013)

2011 대졸자 직업이동 경로조사(2010GOMS1) 결과를 이용하여 외국어 학습과 직업훈련 참여가 대학생의 노동시장 이행에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이 연구에서 발견한 사항은 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 대졸자의 노동시장 이행에서 외국어 학습과 직업훈련 참여는 상호보완적인 성격이 큰 것으로 판단된다. 두 활동 가운데 한 가지만 하는 경우에 노동시장 이행에서 부정적인 성과를 보이기도 하지만, 모두 참여하게 되면 전반적으로 정규직 취업 가능성은 물론 임금 상승효과가 발생하고 있기 때문이다. 둘째, 전문대학과 4년제 대학 졸업자로 분리된 노동시장보다 통합된 대졸 노동시장에서 외국어 학습과 직업훈련 참여가 주는 영향이 크다. 이는 전문직을 중심으로 입직을 위한 자격이나 면허가 다르거나 요구하는 전문성의 수준이 높아 전문대학 혹은 4년제 대학 졸업생으로 노동시장이 명확하게 분리된 경우보다, 판매와 서비스직처럼 미분리된 노동시장의 참가자가 외국어 학습과 직업훈련 동시 참여로 인한 효과를 얻고 있음을 암시한다. 셋째, 외국어 학습은 학력수준에 따른 개별 노동시장과 통합 노동시장 모두에서 전공분야 취업을 강화시키는 방향으로 작용하고, 직업훈련 참여는 전문대학 졸업자와 통합 노동시장에서 전공분야 취업을 강화시키고 있다. 이에 비하여 외국어 학습과 직업훈련을 동시에 참여하는 것은 전체적으로 전공분야 이외의 취업을 강화시키는 방향으로 작용하고 있다. 재학 중 전공분야를 바꾸고자 할 때, 외국어 학습과 직업훈련 참여를 병행하는 것이 노동시장 이행에서 유리하다는 것으로 해석된다. 요약하면 대학생 스펙(SPEC) 쌓기 일환으로 이루어지는 외국어 학습과 직업훈련의 동시 참여는 정규직 취업가능성과 임금상승을 위한 합리적인 활동으로 확인된다. 그러므로 현재와 같은 서류전형을 포함하는 기업의 단계적인 채용관행이 유지되는 한, 스펙 쌓기를 줄이기 위한 정책적인 노력은 효과를 얻기 어려울 것으로 판단된다. 이는 직무 중심의 새로운 채용방식 도입이 ‘불필요한 스펙 쌓기’를 줄이는 선결 요건임을 시사한다.
Cytokines and Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Review (1999)

The etiology and pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) remains an area under intense investigation. Cytokine secretion, which is important in the regulation of normal gastrointestinal immune responses, appears to be dysregulated in IBD. In Crohn's disease, there appears to be an excessive T(H)1 T-cell response to an antigenic stimulus, leading to increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines, such as interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma), interleukin (IL)-12, IL-1, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). In ulcerative colitis, a T(H)2 T-cell response appears to be the pathological process responsible for the inflammatory disease. New and innovative therapeutic strategies targeting cytokines, such as TNF-alpha, are producing some promising results in animal and human studies. As more is learned about the complex cytokine interactions in IBD, more effective treatments will undoubtedly ensue.
CO_2 Pressure Drop and Heat Transfer Characteristics in Micro-Channel Gas Cooler (2010)

The pressure drop and heat transfer characteristics of a micro-channel gas cooler were studied with the trans-critical CO2cycle.The influence of the CO2mass flowrate and the pressure difference of the inlet and the outlet on the heat transfer performance of the gas cooler was experimentally investigated.The results show that the thermal physical properties of carbon dioxide were affected significantly by the fluid pressure and temperature near the critical temperature,and the heat transfer coefficient was 7-9times that at the other area far from the critical area.The Reynolds number in the micro-channels increased with the increase in CO2mass flowrate,leading to the increase in the turbulent diffusion rate and the increase in the temperature gradient inside the tube.The region edge with relative higher refrigerant temperature near the entrance extended,indicating that the inlet refrigerant temperature increased with the CO2mass flowrate at the same system inlet pressure.At a certain mass flowrate or inlet pressure,there was an optimum pressure value or CO2mass flowrate value to generate a minimum pressure drop in the system.The results obtained by correlation formulas were compared,and then a new heat transfer correlation and a new pressure drop correlation were proposed.
Identification of Molecular Intermediates in the Assembly Pathway of the MUC5AC Mucin (2004)

MUC5AC mucins secreted by HT-29 cells in culture are oligomeric glycoproteins with characteristics similar to the MUC5AC mucins isolated from human airway sputum (Sheehan, J. K., Brazeau, C., Kutay, S., Pigeon, H., Kirkham, S., Howard, M., and Thornton, D. J. (2000) Biochem. J. 347, 37-44). Therefore we have used this cell line as a model system to investigate the biosynthesis of this major airway mucin. Initial experiments showed that the MUC5AC mucins isolated from the cells were liable to depolymerization depending on the conditions used for their solubilization. Prevention against reduction resulted in large oligomers associated with the cells, similar to those secreted into the medium. Using a combination of density gradient centrifugation and agarose gel electrophoresis coupled with probes specific for different forms of the mucin we identified five major intracellular populations of the MUC5AC polypeptide (unglycosylated monomer and dimer, GalNAc-substituted dimer, fully glycosylated dimer, and higher order oligomers). Pulse-chase studies were performed to follow the flow of radioactivity through these various intracellular forms into the mature oligomeric mucin secreted into the medium (a process taking approximately 2-4 h). The results show that the mucin polypeptide undergoes dimerization and then becomes substituted with GalNAc residues prior to glycan elaboration to produce a mature mucin dimer, which then undergoes multimerization. These data indicate that this oligomeric mucin follows a similar assembly to the von Willebrand factor glycoprotein to yield long linear disulfide-linked chains.
<title>Fiber optic Bragg grating strain sensor in large-scale concrete structures</title> (1993)

Fiber optic Bragg gratings were used and evaluated as strain gauges. An expression describing the relationship of the strain to relative spectral shift was derived from the phase index of refraction of the waveguide and it was experimentally verified. The application of these sensors in large scale concrete structures was evaluated.
Open pit numerical model calibration using a pseudo three-dimensional radar monitoring technique (2013)

Slope monitoring plays an important role in the calibration of numerical models created to investigate the mechanics of large open pit slopes. Geodetic prisms are often relied upon to delineate the boundaries of potential slope hazards; however the data can be limited by its point-measurement nature. Localised displacements at each prism may be misinterpreted when extended to the behaviour of the entire slope, and important displacements between prisms may be overlooked. A novel experiment was conducted in which two ground-based synthetic aperture radar systems were simultaneously deployed to record continuous, line-of-sight displacement of an open pit slope in ‘stereo’. The displacement vectors were combined to create a pseudo 3D displacement map of the pit slope consisting of over 25,000 monitoring points. The data collected demonstrated that an improved understanding of the 3D kinematics of a large rock slope can be achieved using advanced state-of-the-art monitoring techniques to aid mine design. The displacement data as well as the understanding of the slope kinematics were then used to calibrate a numerical model of the current pit slope created using 3DEC, a 3D distinct element modelling code. Rock mass and fault properties were modified until the response observed in the model was more representative to that of the monitoring data throughout the slope face. Rock mass response to mining-induced stress was shown to vary over several different parts of slope, including the areas adjacent to the main faults within the slope.
Ammonia Absorption on Alkaline Earth Halides as Ammonia Separation and Storage Procedure (2004)

Abstract For the low pressure ammonia synthesis (∼1 MPa, 573–623 K), 40–80 kPa of ammonia produced must be separated. For this purpose, the absorption behavior of five kinds of alkaline earth metal halides (MgCl2, CaCl2, CaBr2, SrCl2, and SrBr2) and their hydrated forms were studied under 0 to 80 kPa of ammonia at 298 to 473 K. Although the equilibrium data of the ammine complex formation of these materials are known, the absorption started at higher pressure than the equilibrium data, due to the presence of enough chemical potential Δμ for ammonia absorption. Initial absorption (to low numbers of coordinated ammonia) was slow and depended on the sample specific surface area. The successive absorption (beyond 1 or 2 of ammonia coordination) occurs easily and reversibly. The “quasi” absorption and desorption isotherms studied here were useful for the design of ammonia separation materials. MgCl(OH), CaCl2, and CaBr2 were found to be practical for TSA (Temperature Swing Absorption) material working between 298 and 473 K at 40 kPa. Especially, the ammonia separation capacity of MgCl(OH) (26.1 mmol g−1) was 5.5 times as high as that of Na exchanged Y-zeolite.
Thrombin Upregulates Tissue Transglutaminase in Endothelial Cells (2001)

Atherosclerosis is characterized by thickening of the vessel wall, smooth muscle cell proliferation, macrophage infiltration, and deposition of a fibrin network. Transglutaminases are a family of enzymes catalyzing the formation of stable covalent cross-links between proteins. Here, we show that tissue transglutaminase (tTG) synthesis by human umbilical vein endothelial cells is upregulated by thrombin, the serine protease that causes fibrin formation and many cellular inflammatory effects. Thrombin upregulated tTG 2-fold at the mRNA and protein level. Cellular cross-linking activity was increased to an even greater extent; antibody to tTG neutralized the increased activity. The effect on tTG expression required active thrombin and was mediated mainly through protease-activated receptor-1, a thrombin receptor. Increased tTG antigen and activity were evident in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and extracellular matrix in situ. Thrombin treatment also led to a cellular redistribution of tTG. Normal vessel wall stained positively for tTG in the smooth muscle cells and in the subendothelium. The intensity of staining increased in vessel walls with plaque, where there was a striking increase in tTG in the smooth muscle cells immediately below the plaque. These studies indicate a role for tTG in the stabilization of atherosclerotic plaques and suggest that its local expression can be controlled by thrombin.
Stall Recovery Guidance Using Fast Model Predictive Control (2017)

Based on a detailed analysis of recent loss-of-control events, the Aircraft State Awareness Joint Safety Analysis Team has identified the need to develop algorithms and display strategies to provide control guidance for recovery from approach-to-stall or stall. In order to be effective, such guidance should enhance the pilots ability to execute the Federal Aviation Administrations recommended stall recovery procedure. This paper explores the use of a fast model predictive control algorithm that determines near optimal recovery guidance, which quantifies the aircraft configuration and situation dependent recovery information required to maximize the effectiveness of the recovery. This information includes the magnitude of the initial pitch down maneuver, the specific amount of airspeed and thrust needed before pulling out of the recovery dive, as well as the maximum pitch-up rate that can be sustained without causing a secondary stall. The algorithm was integrated and tested with an in-house desktop simulator that implements the General Transport Aircraft model and the associated stall aircraft dynamics. Preliminary results are presented to demonstrate the use of the proposed approach as a recovery aid for pilots.
Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidative Addition of Alkoxycarbonyl Radicals to Alkenes with Carbazates and Air (2010)

Clean and simple: Alkoxycarbonyl radicals generated from carbazates by iron catalysis in air underwent addition to a variety of alkenes to give the corresponding β-hydroxyesters (see scheme). The simple experimental procedure for this transformation has the added advantage that the reagents are environmentally friendly. R1,R2=alkyl, alkynyl, aryl, CO2Et; [Fe(Pc)]=iron phthalocyanine. Detailed facts of importance to specialist readers are published as ”Supporting Information”. Such documents are peer-reviewed, but not copy-edited or typeset. They are made available as submitted by the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Synthesis and cationic photopolymerization of 1-butenyl glycidyl ether (1998)

1-Butenyl glycidyl ether was prepared in high yield by the ruthenium-catalyzed isomerization of crotyl glycidyl ether. This ambifunctional monomer underwent facile photoinitiated cationic polymerization using diaryliodonium salts as photoinitiators. The progress of the polymerizations was followed using Fourier transform real-time infrared spectroscopy, and the reactivity of this monomer under various experimental conditions determined. A comparison of the rates of polymerization of the epoxy and vinyl ether groups suggested that the polymerization may take place by an intramolecular cyclization process that generates cyclic acetal units in the backbone of the polymer. It was further shown that crotyl glycidyl ether undergoes regioselective cationic ring-opening polymerization to give a polyether, and then isomerization was carried out to give an oligomer bearing reactive pendant 1-butenyl ether groups. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Polym Sci A: Polym Chem 36: 1179–1187, 1998
Nonlinear transform coding: polar coordinates revisited (2006)

Summary form only given. We designed a family of integer-to-integer (i2i) approximations to the Cartesian-to-polar transformation and analyzed its behavior for high-rate transform coding. Denoting (ordinary, continuous) polar coordinates by (r, 0), our precise high-rate analysis relates the performance to the differential entropies of r <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and 0, which are often easy to evaluate. One may thus predict when there is an improvement over linear transform coding. The analysis matches our simulations for coding of Gaussian scale mixtures and other polar-separable sources. The advantage over the best linear transform coder can be large. Our hope is to extend the polar-coordinate results to a general theory for nonlinear transform coding based on i2i implementations of arbitrary nonlinear transformations