Fundamentals and technology of SQUIDs and SQUID systems (2004)

Volume I.Preface.1 Introduction.1.1 The Beginning.1.2 Subsequent Developments.1.3 The dc SQUID: A First Look.1.4 The rf SQUID: A First Look.1.5 Cryogenics and Systems.1.6 Instruments: Amplifiers, Magnetometers and Gradiometers.1.7 Applications.1.8 Challenges and Perspectives.1.9 Acknowledgment.2 SQUID Theory.2.1 Josephson Junctions.2.2 Theory of the dc SQUID.2.3 Theory of the rf SQUID.3 SQUID Fabrication Technology.3.1 Junction Electrode Materials and Tunnel Barriers.3.2 Low-temperature SQUID Devices.3.3 High-temperature SQUID Devices.3.4 Future Trends.4 SQUID Electronics.4.1 General.4.2 Basic Principle of a Flux-locked Loop.4.3 The dc SQUID Readout.4.4 The rf SQUID Readout.4.5 Trends in SQUID Electronics.5 Practical DC SQUIDS: Configuration and Performance.5.1 Introduction.5.2 Basic dc SQUID Design.5.3 Magnetometers.5.4 Gradiometers.5.5 1/f Noise and Operation in Ambient Field.5.6 Other Performance Degrading Effects.6 Practical RF SQUIDs: Configuration and Performance.6.1 Introduction.6.2 Rf SQUID Magnetometers.6.3 Rf SQUID Gradiometers.6.4 Low-Frequency Excess Noise in rf SQUIDs.6.5 Response of rf SQUIDs to High-frequency Electromagnetic Interference.6.6 Characterization and Adjustment of rf SQUIDs.6.7 The rf SQUID versus the dc SQUID.6.8 Concluding Remarks and Outlook.7 SQUID System Issues.7.1 Introduction.7.2 Cryogenics.7.3 Cabling and Electronics.7.4 Data Acquisition and Rudimentary Signal Processing.7.5 Characterization, Calibration and Testing.7.6 Conditions Imposed on SQUID Systems by the Environment and Applications.7.7 Noise Suppression.7.8 Signal and Noise Implications forthe SQUID System Design.7.9 Concluding Remarks and System Trends.Appendix 1: Basic Properties of Superconductivity.Appendix 2: Abbreviations, Constants and Symbols.Index.Volume II.Preface.List of Contributors.8 SQUID Voltmetersand Amplifiers (J. Clarke, A. T. Lee, M. Mck and P. L. Richards).8.1 Introduction.8.2 Voltmeters.8.3 The SQUID as a Radiofrequency Amplifier.8.4 Microstrip SQUID Amplifier.8.5 SQUID Readout of Thermal Detectors.8.6 NuclearM agnetic and Quadrupole Resonance and Magnetic Resonance Imaging.8.7 The Axion Detector.9 SQUIDsfor Standardsand Metrology (J. Gallop and F. Piquemal).9.1 Introduction.9.2 SQUIDs in Voltage Metrology.9.3 Cryogenic Current Comparator (CCC).9.4 Other Current Metrological Applications of SQUIDs.9.5 Future Trends and Conclusion.10 The Magnetic Inverse Problem (E. A. Lima, A. Irimia and J. P. Wikswo).10.1 The Peculiarities of the Magnetic Inverse Problem.10.2 The Magnetic Forward Problem.10.3 The Magnetic Inverse Problem.10.4 Conclusions.11 Biomagnetism (J. Vrba, J. Nenonen and L. Trahms).11.1 Introduction.11.2 Magnetoencephalography.11.3 Magnetocardiography.11.4 Quasistatic Field Magnetometry.11.5 Magnetoneurography.11.6 LiverS usceptometry.11.7 Gastromagnetometry.11.8 Magnetic Relaxation Immunoassays.12 Measurements of Magnetism and Magnetic Properties of Matter (R. C. Black and F. C. Wellstood).12.1 Introduction.12.2 The SQUID Magnetometer-Susceptometer.12.3 Scanning SQUID Microscopy.13 Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials and Structuresus ing SQUIDs (H.-J. Krause and G. Donaldson).13.1 Introduction.13.2 Detection of Magnetic Moments.13.3 Magnetic Flux Leakage Technique.13.4 Static Current Distribution Mapping.13.5 Eddy Current Technique.13.6 Alternative Excitation Techniques.13.7 Conclusion and Prospects.14 SQUIDsfor Geophysical Survey and Magnetic Anomaly Detection (T. R. Clem, C. P. Foley, M. N. Keene).14.1 Introduction.14.2 Magnetic Measurements in the Earth's Field.14.3 Operation of SQUIDs in Real World Environments.14.4 Data Acquisition and Signal Processing.14.5 Geophysical Applications of SQUIDs.14.6 Magnetic Anomaly Detection Systems using SQUIDs.14.7 Future Prospects.15 Gravity and Motion Sensors (Ho J. Paik).15.1 Introduction.15.2 The Superconducting Accelerometer.15.3 Superconducting Transducer for Gravitational-Wave Detectors.15.4 Superconducting Gravity Gradiometers (SGGs).15.5 Applications of the SGG Technology.15.6 Outlook.Appendix: Physical Constants, Abbreviations and Symbols.Index.