gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Invited review: Detoxifying endotoxin: time, place and person (2005)

Animals that cannot sense endotoxin may die if they are infected by Gram-negative bacteria. Animals that sense endotoxin and respond too vigorously may also die, victims of their own inflammatory reactions. The outcome of Gram-negative bacterial infection is thus determined not only by an individual's ability to sense endotoxin and respond to its presence, but also by numerous phenomena that inactivate endotoxin and/or prevent harmful reactions to it. Endotoxin sensing requires the MD-2/TLR4 recognition complex and occurs principally in local tissues and the liver. This review highlights the known detoxification mechanisms, which include: (i) proteins that facilitate LPS sequestration by plasma lipoproteins, prevent interactions between the bioactive lipid A moiety and MD-2/TLR4, or promote cellular uptake via non-signaling pathway(s); (ii) enzymes that deacylate or dephosphorylate lipid A; (iii) mechanisms that remove LPS and Gram-negative bacteria from the bloodstream; and (iv) neuroendocrine adaptations that modulate LPS-induced mediator production or neutralize pro-inflammatory molecules in the circulation. In general, the mechanisms for sensing and detoxifying endotoxin seem to be compartmentalized (local versus systemic), dynamic, and variable between individuals. They may have evolved to confine infection and inflammation to extravascular sites of infection while preventing harmful systemic reactions. Integration of endotoxin sensing and detoxification is essential for successful host defense.
Stable cycling of lithium sulfide cathodes through strong affinity with a bifunctional binder (2013)

Rechargeable lithium–sulfur batteries have attracted great interest in recent years because of their high theoretical specific energy, which is several times that of current lithium-ion batteries. Compared to sulfur, fully-lithiated Li2S represents a more attractive cathode material because it enables pairing with safer, lithium metal-free anodes. Here, we demonstrate stable and high-performance Li2S cathodes by using ab initio simulations to guide our rational selection of poly(vinylpyrrolidone) binder which exhibits strong affinity with both Li2S and lithium polysulfides. A high discharge capacity of 760 mA h g−1 of Li2S (∼1090 mA h g−1 of S) was achieved at 0.2 C with stable cycling over prolonged 500 charge/discharge cycles.
Surface Acoustic Wave Characteristics of Grain-Oriented Bismuth Layer-Structured Ferroelectric Ceramics (1984)

A layer-structure type of ferroelectric ceramic, Pb 0.15 (NaBi) 0.425 Bi 4 Ti 4 O 15 , is described as a new group of surface acoustic wave materials, which is produced by a hot-forging technique. The ceramic has a large anisotropy in the electromechanical coupling factor. This property restricts the mode selection of the surface acoustic wave propagating On the substrate material. The most favorable mode is of Bleustein-Gulyaev-Shimizu type with the velocity of 2812 m/s. A delay line oscillator using the Bleustein-Gulyaev-Shimizu wave is demonstrated.
Performance Analysis of Web Service under DDoS Attacks (2009)

The essential services such as banking, transportation, medicine, education and defense are being progressively replaced by cheaper and more efficient Internet-based web applications. Therefore, the availability of Web services is very critical for the socio-economic growth of the society. Distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks pose an immense threat to the availability of these services. The services are severely degraded and hence lot of business loses are incurred due to these attacks. To objectively evaluate DDoS attack's impact, its severity and the effectiveness of a potential defense, we need precise, quantitative and comprehensive DDoS impact metrics that are applicable to web services. In this paper an attempt has been made to analyze impact of DDoS attacks on the Web services. The experiments are conducted in NS-2. The attack traffic is mixed with legitimate traffic at different strengths and impact of DDoS attacks are measured in terms of throughput, response time, ratio of average serve to request rate, percentage link utilization, and normal packet survival ratio (NPSR). electronic document is a "live" template. The various components of your paper [title, text, heads, etc.] are already defined on the style sheet, as illustrated by the portions given in this document.
Heliox for asthma in the emergency department: a review of the literature (2004)

January 2002 saw the relaunch by BOC of Heliox, a gaseous mixture of helium and oxygen, for the use in a wide range of respiratory conditions. Despite a lapse of over 65 years since it was first used, and a large number of studies and case reports advocating its use, it remains an enigma, its use sporadic, and its role undefined. This paper reviews the discovery of helium and early medical use of helium oxygen mixtures and outlines areas where Heliox already has confirmed benefit as well as one or two areas that are currently under investigation. It will also look specifically at the use of Heliox in acute exacerbations of asthma and perform a thorough review of the current literature.
The multisubunit structure of synaptophysin. Relationship between disulfide bonding and homo-oligomerization. (1990)

Synaptophysin, a major membrane protein of synaptic vesicles, contains four transmembrane regions and two intravesicular loops. Synaptophysin monomers associate into homopolymers that have the potential to form channels in the synaptic vesicle membrane. Here we show that in native synaptophysin, homopolymers are linked by noncovalent forces. The molecule contains unstable intramolecular disulfide bonds that undergo disulfide exchange during solubilization, thereby covalently cross-linking neighboring synaptophysin molecules. The locations of the intramolecular disulfide bonds in synaptophysin were determined, revealing that each of the two intravesicular loops of synaptophysin is circularized by a single disulfide bond. Cross-linking of synaptophysin by disulfide bonds can be triggered in synaptic vesicles and in intact cells by a cycle of reduction and oxidation, suggesting that native synaptophysin is a homomultimer in situ. In addition, chemical cross-linking of native synaptophysin demonstrates that a low molecular weight protein is specifically associated with synaptophysin complexes and is lost upon reduction of the intramolecular disulfide bonds. These data suggest that native synaptophysin forms a noncovalent homomultimeric complex whose structure and interaction with other proteins are dependent on the integrity of its intramolecular disulfide bonds and phospholipid environment.
Color Television-U.S.A. Standard (1951)

With the advent of commercial color television, the invitation of The Institute of Radio Engineers to present an up-to-date picture of the officially adopted system seemed most timely. This paper is divided into four sections. The first deals with the actual standards as established by the Federal Communications Commission and discusses their colorimetric significance. Section II discusses the design and performance of typical commercial color-television receivers. Section III will be of special interest to the broadcaster as it describes the conversion of existing black-and-white studio equipment for color-television use. Some data on studio installation and lighting are also furnished. Section IV deals with nonbroadcast uses of color television and describes industrial color-television equipment known under the name "Vericolor." Other advances such as a method of increasing picture sharpness are presented in an accompanying paper (pp. 1314-1322) under the heading of "A new technique for improving the sharpness of television pictures."
Functional three-dimensional nonlinear nanostructures in a gold ion nanocomposite (2011)

We developed a novel nanocomposite consisting of an organic-inorganic hybrid polymer and gold ion nanoparticles. The nanocomposite has been proven to be suitable for functional three-dimensional nanostructure fabrication due to the fact that dominant formation of the nanoparticles is triggered in the post bake process after nanofabrication. The nanocomposite has high third-order nonlinearity due to the local field enhancement of the gold nanoparticles.
Investigation of boron penetration through decoupled plasma nitrided gate oxide using backside secondary ion mass spectrometry depth profiling (2003)

High drive-in temperature during dopant activation of p+-poly metal-oxide-semiconductor field effect transistors causes boron penetration through the thin gate oxide, which degrades the device performance. Conventional secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) depth profiling is unable to accurately analyze boron penetration under rapid thermal annealing conditions due to ion knock-on and mixing effects. With the development of backside SIMS depth profiling technique using SOI wafers [Yeo et al., Surf. Interface Anal. 33, 373 (2002); Runsheim et al., J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 20, 448 (2002)], quantification of the amount of boron penetration becomes possible. In this article, boron penetration through decoupled plasma nitridation silicon dioxide was studied by performing both front and backside depth profiling using 0.5 keV O2+ with oxygen flooding and 2 keV Cs+ primary ions at oblique incidence in a Cameca IMS-6f SIMS instrument.
The Color of Organic Substances. (1939)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleThe Color of Organic Substances.Gilbert N. Lewis and Melvin. CalvinCite this: Chem. Rev. 1939, 25, 2, 273–328Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1939Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1939https://doi.org/10.1021/cr60081a004RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views1974Altmetric-Citations289LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (3 MB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
Excretion of GSSG and Glutathione Conjugates Mediated by MRP1 and CM0AT/MRP2 (1998)

It has been shown that both multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP1) and canalicular multispecific organic anion transporter (cMOAT/MRP2) have the ability to extrude glutathione conjugates (GS-X pump activity)from cells. Therefore, they play an important role in the detoxification of xenobiotics. Using mrp1-knockout mice, it has recently been shown that MRP1/mrp1 has an important role in the export of leukotriene C4 (LTC4), a mediator of inflammation, and in protecting the body from a number of toxins, including several antitumor drugs. A comparison of the transport properties across the bile canalicular membrane in normal and mutant rats, whose cMOAT function is hereditarily defective, has shown that the physiologic role of cMOAT is to excrete LTC4, bilirubin glucuronides, 171-estradiol-170-D-glucuronide, and reduced folates. In the present review article, we summarize the substrate specificity and mechanism for the transport of these GS-X pumps, focusing on the pharmacologic and physiologic aspects. The transport activity mediated by cMOAT is also discussed in terms of a comparison between membrane vesicles from hepatocytes and cMOAT-transfected cells, and we also briefly examine the possible role of MRPI and cMOAT in the extrusion of reduced glutathione.
Catecholamine Neurotransmitters and the Heart (1982)

The possible role of adrenaline as a cardiac neurotransmitter was studied following its infusion in 6 healthy volunteers. After the end of the infusion, heart rate remained elevated for several hours despite a rapid fall in plasma adrenaline concentration. Stimulation of sympathetic activity by standing caused a further marked increase in heart rate, which was greater than that found on a control occasion. These effects were abolished or reduced by pretreatment with either desipramine or (in the dog) alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, suggesting that they depend both on uptake of the adrenaline into sympathetic nerve endings during infusion and on increased release of endogenous noradrenaline. These results are consistent with stimulation of the beta-presynaptic receptor by adrenaline when re-released from sympathetic nerves.
Ketens<i>in situ</i>and Cycloaddition to Them (1969)

The review deals with the methods of generation of ketens in situ, particularly their reaction behaviour, mainly in cycloaddition to compounds containing multiple bonds. The ways in which ketens are polymerised in situ, associated both with the structure of the ketens themselves and the methods of their preparation, are also discussed. The bibliography incorporates 102 references.
Reducing Wave-Based Teleoperator Reflections for Unknown Environments (2009)

Wave variables guarantee stability for delayed teleoperation. They also introduce reflections which can prove very disorientating for an operator. This paper presents a new method for reducing the wave reflections when operating in unknown environments. The new method does not only guarantee stability but also laboratory experiments show it also reduces wave reflections allowing for improved velocity tracking and force feedback in complex and unknown operating environments.
HGVbase: a human sequence variation database emphasizing data quality and a broad spectrum of data sources (2002)

HGVbase (Human Genome Variation database; http://hgvbase.cgb.ki.se, formerly known as HGBASE) is an academic effort to provide a high quality and non-redundant database of available genomic variation data of all types, mostly comprising single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Records include neutral polymorphisms as well as disease-related mutations. Online search tools facilitate data interrogation by sequence similarity and keyword queries, and searching by genome coordinates is now being implemented. Downloads are freely available in XML, Fasta, SRS, SQL and tagged-text file formats. Each entry is presented in the context of its surrounding sequence and many records are related to neighboring human genes and affected features therein. Population allele frequencies are included wherever available. Thorough semi-automated data checking ensures internal consistency and addresses common errors in the source information. To keep pace with recent growth in the field, we have developed tools for fully automated annotation. All variants have been uniquely mapped to the draft genome sequence and are referenced to positions in EMBL/GenBank files. Data utility is enhanced by provision of genotyping assays and functional predictions. Recent data structure extensions allow the capture of haplotype and genotype information, and a new initiative (along with BiSC and HUGO-MDI) aims to create a central repository for the broad collection of clinical mutations and associated disease phenotypes of interest.
Dynamic and Static Light Scattering Studies on Self-Aggregation Behavior of Biodegradable Amphiphilic Poly(ethylene oxide)−Poly[(<i>R</i>)-3-hydroxybutyrate]−Poly(ethylene oxide) Triblock Copolymers in Aqueous Solution (2006)

The self-aggregation behavior of two amphiphilic poly(ethylene oxide)-poly[(R)-3-hydroxybutyrate]-poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO-PHB-PEO) triblock copolymer samples with nearly identical PHB block lengths but different PEO block lengths, PEO-PHB-PEO(2000-810-2000) and PEO-PHB-PEO(5000-780-5000), was studied with dynamic and static light scattering (DLS and SLS), in combination with fluorescence spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The formation of polymeric micelles by the two PEO-PHB-PEO triblock copolymers was confirmed with fluorescence technique and TEM. DLS analysis showed that the hydrodynamic radius (R(h)) of the monodistributed polymeric micelles increased with an increase in PEO block length. The relative thermostability of the triblock copolymer micelles was studied by SLS and DLS at different temperatures. The aggregation number and the ratio of the radius of gyration over hydrodynamic radius were found to be independent of temperature, probably due to the strong hydrophobicity of the PHB block. The combination of DLS and SLS studies indicated that the polymeric micelles were composed of a densely packed core of hydrophobic PHB blocks and a corona shell formed by hydrophilic PEO blocks. The aggregation numbers were found to be approximately 53 for PEO-PHB-PEO(2000-810-2000) micelles and approximately 37 for PEO-PHB-PEO(5000-780-5000) micelles. The morphology of PEO-PHB-PEO spherical micelles determined by DLS and SLS measurements was further confirmed by TEM.
Factor VIII:E113A Represents a High Specific Activity Factor VIII Arising from a Single Point Mutation within a Ca2+ Binding Site. (2004)

Abstract We recently identified an acidic-rich segment in the A1 domain of factor VIII (residues 110-126) that functions in the coordination of Ca2+, an ion necessary for cofactor activity (Wakabayashi et al., J. Biol. Chem.279:12677–12684, 2004). Using Ala-scanning mutagenesis, it was determined that replacement of residue E113 with Ala yielded a factor VIII point mutant that possessed an ~2-fold increased affinity for Ca2+ as compared with wild type, suggesting that this residue did not directly contribute to Ca2+ coordination but rather modulated the affinity of the ion at this site. Furthermore, the E113A factor VIII possessed twice the specific activity of wild type as determined by a one-stage clotting assay. This increased activity was not likely a result of increased affinity for Ca2+, since assays were performed at saturating Ca2+ levels. Saturation mutagenesis at position 113 revealed that substitution at this position with relatively small, nonpolar residues were well-tolerated, whereas replacement with a number of polar or charged residues was detrimental to activity. Ala-substitution yielded the greatest activity increase of ~2-fold and this level was observed over a wide range of factor VIII concentrations. Time course experiments of factor VIII activation following reaction with thrombin revealed similar rates of activation and inactivation of E113A as observed for the wild type. Interestingly, results from factor Xa generation assays using purified reactants showed the mutant possessed <10% greater specific activity than wild type and yielded similar values for Km for substrate factor X, kcat for factor Xa generation and Kd for factor IXa. Thus the single amino acid substitution minimally altered cofactor structure or inter-molecular interactions relating to its participation in factor Xase. These results indicate that mutations within this Ca2+ coordination site may selectively enhance cofactor specific activity as measured in a plasma-based assay compared to activity determined in a purified system. The enhanced activity observed for E113A factor VIII may derive from a subtle alteration in conformation affecting a yet to be identified functional parameter.
Trading storage for bandwidth - a simulation study of optical circuit switching with massive storage at network edge (2017)

The network with massive storage at the switching nodes can store and forward bulk data from delay-insensitive applications. Increasing storage capacity can, under some circumstances, improve network throughput, like bandwidth does. In this paper, the effects of storage and bandwidth on OCS network performance and the principles of trading storage for bandwidth are discussed. Our research indicates that bandwidth is fair to flows with different sizes and is insensitive to different mean flow durations under the same load. On the contrary, the networks with massive storage are tend to discard larger flows and have favourable blocking rate to flows with smaller mean size. These results suggest that to achieve better performance in networks with mass storage, large flows should be split before transmitted to the network. Our research also suggests that the storage is particularly useful in handling bursty traffic.
Optimizing Collective Communications on SMP Clusters (2005)

We describe a generic programming model to design collective communications on SMP clusters. The programming model utilizes shared memory for collective communications and overlapping inter-node/intra-node communications, both of which are normally platform specific approaches. Several collective communications are designed based on this model and tested on three SMP clusters of different configurations. The results show that the developed collective communications can, with proper tuning, provide significant performance improvements over existing generic implementations. For example, when broadcasting an 8 MB message our implementations outperform the vendor's MPl/spl I.bar/Bcast by 35% on an IBM SP system, 51% on a G4 cluster, and 63% on an Intel cluster, the latter two using MPICH's MPl/spl I.bar/Bcast. With all-gather operations using 8 MB messages, our implementation outperform the vendor's MPI/spl I.bar/Allgather by 75% on the IBM SP, 60% on the Intel cluster, and 48% on the G4 cluster.
CELL SHEET DETACHMENT FROM POLY (N-VINYLCAPROLACTAM-CO-N-ISOPROPYLACRYLAMIDE) GRAFTED ONTO TISSUE CULTURE POLYSTYRENE DISHES (2007)

Fabrication of functional tissue constructs using sandwiched layers of cultured cells could prove to be an attractive approach to tissue engineering. Rapid detachment of cultured cell sheets is a very important recovery method that permits facile manipulation of the sheet and prevents functional damage. To induce hydrophilic and hydrophobic structural changes on the required culture substrate in response to a culture temperature alteration, poly(N-vinylcaprolactam-co-N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNVCL-co-PNIPAAm) was grafted onto tissue culture polystyrene (TCPS) dishes through electron beam irradiation. Chemical analyses using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy revealed that PNVCL-co-PNIPAAm was successfully grafted onto the surfaces of the TCPS dishes. The TCPS dishes grafted with PNVCL-co-PNIPAAm were utilized for the cell sheet detachment experiments. Approximately 150 min was required to detach most of the cell sheets from the PNVCL- co-PNIPAAm-grafted TCPS surfaces.