gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of User Posture and Device Size on the Performance of Touch-Based Authentication Systems (2015)

Touch dynamics is a behavioral biometric that authenticates users by analyzing the characteristics of the touch gestures they execute on devices such as tablets and smartphones. The current research in this field has focused on identifying the best algorithms and the most effective attributes to improve authentication performance. However, a robust touch dynamics based authentication system for mobile devices must also be resilient against environmental variables such as user posture, movement, device size, device manufacturer, etc. In this work, we focus on two critical environmental variables that affect touch based authentication systems. We demonstrate that the user's posture and device size have a significant impact on the performance of touch based authentication systems. Our results indicate that authentication performance is proportional to the device size. Furthermore, we conclude that using a device's 3-D orientation is necessary to attain better authentication performance. Our findings indicate that the features used in state-of-the-art touch-based authentication systems are insufficient to provide constant, reliable performance when either the device size or user posture change. The effect of environmental variables on touch dynamics has not been explored. The results presented in this work are the first of its kind and important in the development of robust touch-based authentication systems. This study has immediate, applicable benefits to develop better authentication approaches touch dynamics.
Enhanced Peptide Stability Against Protease Digestion Induced by Intrinsic Factor Binding of a Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> Conjugate of Exendin-4 (2015)

Peptide digestion from proteases is a significant limitation in peptide therapeutic development. It has been hypothesized that the dietary pathway of vitamin B12 (B12) may be exploited in this area, but an open question is whether B12-peptide conjugates bound to the B12 gastric uptake protein intrinsic factor (IF) can provide any stability against proteases. Herein, we describe a new conjugate of B12 with the incretin peptide exendin 4 that demonstrates picomolar agonism of the glugacon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP1-R). Stability studies reveal that Ex-4 is digested by pancreatic proteases trypsin and chymotrypsin and by the kidney endopeptidase meprin β. Prebinding the B12 conjugate to IF, however, resulted in up to a 4-fold greater activity of the B12-Ex-4 conjugate relative to Ex-4, when the IF-B12-Ex-4 complex was exposed to 22 μg/mL of trypsin, 2.3-fold greater activity when exposed to 1.25 μg/mL of chymotrypsin, and there was no decrease in function at up to 5 μg/mL of meprin β.
Evidence that des-Asp1 angiotensin II mediates the renin-angiotensin response. (1976)

Studies were undertaken to compare and evaluate the influence of angiotensin II and its heptapeptide fragments, des-Asp-1-angiotensin II, at various receptor sites for angiotensin in both dogs and rats. Receptor sites evaluated were those which are found in the glomerulosa, reticularis, and fasiculata of the adrenal cortex, in the renal arterioles and the juxtaglomerular cells of the kidney, and in the peripheral arterioles. Both peptides produced similar changes in the steriod secretion profiles for aldosterones, corticosterone, and cortisol in the dog. In the rat, both peptides similarly increased aldosterone and corticosterone secretion; however, a larger dose of the competitive antagonist Sar-1,Ala-8-angiotensin II was required to block the steroid response to the heptapeptide. This finding suggests that receptor affinity for des-Asp-1-angiotensin II may be greater than its affinity for angiotensin II. Both peptides also decreased renin secretion and renal blood flow similarly in the dog. The pressor response to the heptapeptide was only about one-half the pressor response to angiotensin II in both the rat and dog studies. Collectively, these observations in dogs and rats suggest that des-Asp-1-angiotensin II may mediate the response to the renin-angiotensin system at both adrenal and renal receptors.
Feedback Regulation of Kinase Signaling Pathways by AREs and GREs (2016)

In response to environmental signals, kinases phosphorylate numerous proteins, including RNA-binding proteins such as the AU-rich element (ARE) binding proteins, and the GU-rich element (GRE) binding proteins. Posttranslational modifications of these proteins lead to a significant changes in the abundance of target mRNAs, and affect gene expression during cellular activation, proliferation, and stress responses. In this review, we summarize the effect of phosphorylation on the function of ARE-binding proteins ZFP36 and ELAVL1 and the GRE-binding protein CELF1. The networks of target mRNAs that these proteins bind and regulate include transcripts encoding kinases and kinase signaling pathways (KSP) components. Thus, kinase signaling pathways are involved in feedback regulation, whereby kinases regulate RNA-binding proteins that subsequently regulate mRNA stability of ARE- or GRE-containing transcripts that encode components of KSP.
Learning preferences for manipulation tasks from online coactive feedback (2015)

We consider the problem of learning preferences over trajectories for mobile manipulators such as personal robots and assembly line robots. The preferences we learn are more intricate than simple geometric constraints on trajectories; they are rather governed by the surrounding context of various objects and human interactions in the environment. We propose a coactive online learning framework for teaching preferences in contextually rich environments. The key novelty of our approach lies in the type of feedback expected from the user: the human user does not need to demonstrate optimal trajectories as training data, but merely needs to iteratively provide trajectories that slightly improve over the trajectory currently proposed by the system. We argue that this coactive preference feedback can be more easily elicited than demonstrations of optimal trajectories. Nevertheless, theoretical regret bounds of our algorithm match the asymptotic rates of optimal trajectory algorithms. We implement our algorithm on two high-degree-of-freedom robots, PR2 and Baxter, and present three intuitive mechanisms for providing such incremental feedback. In our experimental evaluation we consider two context rich settings, household chores and grocery store checkout, and show that users are able to train the robot with just a few feedbacks (taking only a few minutes).
Beyond Additions and Exceptions: The Category of Transgender and New Pedagogical Approaches for Women's Studies (2012)

The article argues that while introductory women and gender studies courses typically take social construction theory as foundational, their textbooks, supplemental materials, and teaching strategies simultaneously rely on a definition of "woman" that assumes particular body parts. Such a linkage elides the existence and particularities of transgender and gender-nonconforming bodies and subjects on the one hand, yet posits them as exceptions on the other. This combination stabilizes the normativity of hegemonic sex and gender embodiments by naturalizing nontransgender bodies. Rather than simply arguing for greater inclusion of trans subjects under the sign of woman or man, the article suggests that careful attention to the positioning of transgender bodies necessitates a broad theoretical reframing of how women's studies textbooks and curriculum are designed, and how gendered bodies more broadly are taught and conceptualized.
Photodiode-integrated microstrip antenna array for subterahertz radiation (2006)

The radiation characteristics of subterahertz (sub-THz) electromagnetic waves emitted from an antenna array integrated with photodiodes are investigated. The element of the fabricated array antenna was a 300-GHz microstrip antenna integrating a uni-traveling carrier photodiode. It was observed that the beamwidth of a 3 × 1 antenna array is about half that of the single microstrip antenna. We also confirmed that the radiation direction changed by 20/spl deg/ when 2/spl pi//5 of phase difference was added to the input optical signal for each antenna element. These results demonstrated that sub-THz waves emitted by each element of the array were coherently superimposed and the power combining of the sub-THz radiation occurred in the microstrip antenna array. The measured output power of each radiation element is about 120 μW, and a total output power of 1 mW can be estimated for a fabricated 3 × 3 array in an ideal radiation condition.
Chemische synthese verzweigter polysaccharide, 10. Polymere mit amidartig gebundenen mono‐ und oligosaccharid‐seitenketten (1983)

Abstract Binding of mono‐, di‐, and oligosaccharides by amide linkage to polymers carrying carboxylic or amino groups was studied with synthetic polymers (poly(acrylic acid), poly(vinylamine)) and polysaccharide derivatives (e.g. chitosan). Suitable methods are described which allow a variation of the number and lenght of the attached saccharide branches. In the absence of salt, all products with a degree of substitution (DS) < 1 show polyelectrolyte behaviour. Compared with the unsubstituted polyelectrolytes, for the branched polymers a substantial increase of the viscosity was observed within a certain range of branch density. In the case of glucose side chains, the maximum viscosity was found near DS = 0,1. In the case of maltose side chains, this maximum of the viscosity occurred at higher DS. A similar but smaller increase in the viscosity was observed in 0,1 M NaCl solution. The results are explained by a shielding of the backbone charges from the counterions and by an additional chain stiffening effect resulting from hydrogen bonds, i.e., ring formation between the amide linkage and adjacent free carboxylic or amino groups.
Circular Dichroism Investigation of Dess–Martin Periodinane Oxidation in the Organic Chemistry Laboratory (2005)

Using circular dichroism, organic laboratory students investigated the change in absolute stereochemistry upon oxidation of menthol to menthone. In the first laboratory period, the oxidation was performed with DessMartin periodinane, which is a facile and less toxic oxidizing agent. Half the laboratory group performed the oxidation with (–)-menthol and the other half used (+)-menthol to produce (–)-menthone and (+)-menthone, respectively. The products were analyzed in the second laboratory period using infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry to determine the fraction of starting alcohol converted to ketone. Comparison was made between CD spectra both for the menthol reactant and menthone product and for the (+)- and (–)-menthone enantiomers. A large change in the CD spectrum from reactant to product was diagnostic of successful oxidation. Additionally, the students observed that the circular dichroism spectra of the two enantiomeric products, (–)-menthone and (+)-menthone, are identical in shape but opposite in sign owing to the distinct optical activity of these molecules. Pre- and post-evaluations, completed by the students showed that the learning goal of exposure to CD spectroscopy theory and methods for study of optically active molecules was successful overall.
OmpF assembly mutants of Escherichia coli K-12: isolation, characterization, and suppressor analysis (1993)

This paper describes a novel genetic method used to isolate mutations that alter proper assembly of OmpF in the outer membrane. The thermolabile nature of assembly intermediates allowed selection of temperature-sensitive mutations within the ompF gene. A variant allele of ompF (ompF-Dex) was used because it provided a convenient selectable phenotype (Dex+). Assembly mutants were isolated in two steps. First, amber mutations were obtained that mapped in ompF-Dex. This resulted in a Dex- phenotype. Starting with these Dex- strains, Dex+ revertants were isolated. Mutants that displayed a temperature-sensitive Dex+ phenotype were further characterized. Three such mutants possessed a single substitution within ompF that reverted the nonsense codon to a sense codon which replaced W214 with either an E or Q and Y231 with a Q residue in the mature OmpF protein. All three mutant OmpF proteins showed an assembly defect. This defect led to a substantial reduction in the amount of stable OmpF trimers with the concomitant increase of a high-molecular-weight form of OmpF which migrated at the top of the gel. Suppressor mutations were sought that corrected the assembly defect of OmpF. These extragenic suppressor mutations were mapped at 45 min on the Escherichia coli chromosome. The suppressor mutations displayed no allele specificity and were recessive to the wild-type allele. In the presence of a suppressor, mutant stable trimers appeared in an almost normal manner. The appearance of stable trimers concurred with a substantial loss of the high-molecular-weight OmpF species. At this stage, it is not clear whether the high-molecular-weight species of OmpF is a normal assembly intermediate or a dead-end assembly product. The results presented in this study raise the intriguing possibility of a chaperone-like activity for the wild-type suppressor gene product.
Does BERT Make Any Sense? Interpretable Word Sense Disambiguation with Contextualized Embeddings (2019)

Contextualized word embeddings (CWE) such as provided by ELMo (Peters et al., 2018), Flair NLP (Akbik et al., 2018), or BERT (Devlin et al., 2019) are a major recent innovation in NLP. CWEs provide semantic vector representations of words depending on their respective context. Their advantage over static word embeddings has been shown for a number of tasks, such as text classification, sequence tagging, or machine translation. Since vectors of the same word type can vary depending on the respective context, they implicitly provide a model for word sense disambiguation (WSD). We introduce a simple but effective approach to WSD using a nearest neighbor classification on CWEs. We compare the performance of different CWE models for the task and can report improvements above the current state of the art for two standard WSD benchmark datasets. We further show that the pre-trained BERT model is able to place polysemic words into distinct 'sense' regions of the embedding space, while ELMo and Flair NLP do not seem to possess this ability.
Three studies on the neuroeconomics of decision-making when payoffs are real and negative (2008)

Previous experimental economic studies in the domain of losses have typically used monetary rewards. Here, we report behavioral effects and neural correlates using pain.
Mobility Enhancement in Modulation‐Doped Si ‐ Si1 − x   Ge x Superlattice Grown by Molecular Beam Epitaxy (1986)

We report the first observation of enhanced electron mobility in strained layer superlattices grown on Si substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. A alloy layer between substrate and superlattice provides for a strain distribution on both the Si and the layers in the superlattice. The superlattice layers are modulation doped by Sb. At an average doping level of , a mobility enhancement at room temperature of more than a factor 5 is obtained compared to equivalently doped bulk Si. Maximum mobility is achieved with modulation doping of just the lower gap . Temperature dependent Hall measurements show a clearly reduced impurity scattering of the electrons, indicating the existence of a two‐dimensional electron gas.
Evaluation of the effect of oritavancin on Clostridium difficile spore germination, outgrowth and recovery (2013)

Oritavancin may adhere to spores, potentially causing early inhibition of germinated cells, preventing subsequent vegetative outgrowth and spore recovery. This may prevent some recurrences of symptomatic C. difficile infection that are due to germination of residual spores following antibiotic therapy.
FGF-2 protects small cell lung cancer cells from apoptosis through a complex involving PKC epsilon, B-Raf and S6K2 (2006)

Patients with small cell lung cancer (SCLC) die because of chemoresistance. Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2) increases the expression of antiapoptotic proteins, XIAP and Bcl-X(L), and triggers chemoresistance in SCLC cells. Here we show that these effects are mediated through the formation of a specific multiprotein complex comprising B-Raf, PKCepsilon and S6K2. S6K1, Raf-1 and other PKC isoforms do not form similar complexes. RNAi-mediated downregulation of B-Raf, PKCepsilon or S6K2 abolishes FGF-2-mediated survival. In contrast, overexpression of PKCepsilon increases XIAP and Bcl-X(L) levels and chemoresistance in SCLC cells. In a tetracycline-inducible system, increased S6K2 kinase activity triggers upregulation of XIAP, Bcl-X(L) and prosurvival effects. However, increased S6K1 kinase activity has no such effect. Thus, S6K2 but not S6K1 mediates prosurvival/chemoresistance signalling
A Gibberellin-Mediated DELLA-NAC Signaling Cascade Regulates Cellulose Synthesis in Rice (2015)

Cellulose, which can be converted into numerous industrial products, has important impacts on the global economy. It has long been known that cellulose synthesis in plants is tightly regulated by various phytohormones. However, the underlying mechanism of cellulose synthesis regulation remains elusive. Here, we show that in rice (Oryza sativa), gibberellin (GA) signals promote cellulose synthesis by relieving the interaction between SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1), a DELLA repressor of GA signaling, and NACs, the top-layer transcription factors for secondary wall formation. Mutations in GA-related genes and physiological treatments altered the transcription of CELLULOSE SYNTHASE genes (CESAs) and the cellulose level. Multiple experiments demonstrated that transcription factors NAC29/31 and MYB61 are CESA regulators in rice; NAC29/31 directly regulates MYB61, which in turn activates CESA expression. This hierarchical regulation pathway is blocked by SLR1-NAC29/31 interactions. Based on the results of anatomical analysis and GA content examination in developing rice internodes, this signaling cascade was found to be modulated by varied endogenous GA levels and to be required for internode development. Genetic and gene expression analyses were further performed in Arabidopsis thaliana GA-related mutants. Altogether, our findings reveal a conserved mechanism by which GA regulates secondary wall cellulose synthesis in land plants and provide a strategy for manipulating cellulose production and plant growth.
Isolation and characterization of the apical surface of polarized Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. (1988)

We have developed a fast and efficient method to isolate the apical surface of Madin-Darby canine kidney epithelial cells. After confluent cell monolayers were coated with alternate layers of cationized colloidal silica and a polyanion, 60% of the apical surface was recovered as large membrane sheets through the application of a polylysine-coated glass surface. Scanning electron microscopy of the cytoplasmic aspect of the apical surface revealed a honeycomb pattern given by the cell borders fractured at or above the level of the tight junctions. By transmission electron microscopy, the apical preparation appeared to be composed of plasma membrane and a thin layer of cytoplasm. Enzyme assays and immunoblots demonstrated a 6- to 7-fold enrichment of an apical marker and a low level of contamination by cytoplasmic and basolateral markers. After removal of cytosolic contaminants and peripheral membrane proteins by alkaline extraction, apical integral membrane proteins were characterized by sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (NaDodSO4/PAGE). Lectin blotting and [3H]glucosamine labeling identified two major sialoglycoproteins of apparent Mr 200,000 and 100,000. The apical membrane sheets here described provide a useful model for systematic characterization of the molecular components of the membrane, for reconstitution of lipid and protein transport in cell-free systems, and for study of the interactions of submembranous cytoskeletal proteins with the apical plasma membrane domain.
Chlamydia pneumoniae infection of the central nervous system (2001)

Chlamydia pneumoniae is a common respiratory pathogen that is now being implicated in a number of chronic diseases. That the organism can infect vascular endothelium, macrophages and smooth muscle cells suggests that it may play a role in many systemic diseases. The present review focuses on the possibility that the central nervous system can also be a target of this agent. The tropism of C. pneumoniae to the neural tissue suggests it may play a role in diverse neurologic diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis and giant-cell arteritis.
Image processing of interpreted 3D seismic data to enhance subtle structural features/lineations (1991)

With the ever increasing number of 3D surveys being acquired, it is essential that 3D interpretation be both effective and efficient to ensure that maximum information is derived from the data. In this context, Woodside has put considerable effort into the development and application of novel techniques in seismic interpretation over recent years to assist in the optimal interpretation of its existing and planned 3D seismic data sets. These studies have included comprehensive analysis of seismic horizon attributes, coupled with the application of image processing techniques, to enhance subtle features not readily discernible by other means.Image processing, commonly applied in mineral exploration to enhance Landsat images and potential field data, has been applied to interpreted seismic horizons from 3D data sets with outstanding results. Two aspects of image processing which have been utilised with good effect are data illumination and combined displays.The illumination technique involves artificially illuminating the horizon by a ‘sun’ and varying the ‘sun’ angle (azimuth and elevation). This tends to enhance features normal to the ‘sun’ direction. Combined displays have allowed the integration of different attributes onto one map using both a black/white scale and an overlay colour scale.Application of these techniques in the Goodwyn South/Tidepole area has provided new insights into the nature of subtle features of the seismic data. For example small faults, barely discernible using conventional mapping techniques, are clearly revealed and can be traced with confidence along their strike. Moreover, the dip direction of these faults is readily apparent. In particular, the illumination and dip displays enhance the fault trends, while the azimuth displays combined with other attributes highlight the inter-relationship of faults and direction of fault throw. Integration of all these attributes/displays during interpretation has allowed a clearer understanding of this structurally complex region.Potential also exists to highlight even more subtle features such as cuestas associated with the subcrop of resistant beds. This response was utilised recently to assist in targetting development wells in the North Rankin Field.Further development and application of these image processing techniques, coupled with horizon attribute mapping (dip and azimuth) will result in more confident and better interpretations, and hence will assist the orderly and optimum development of Goodwyn and other fields during the 1990s.
Stepwise monolayer growth of GaAs by switched laser metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy (1986)

Growth of GaAs by repeated deposition of single atomic layers using the switched laser metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy technique is reported. Suspension of Ga deposition at 100% coverage is an essential part of the growth mechanism for stepwise epitaxy—the ideal atomic layer epitaxy. This is achieved by suppressing pyrolytic decomposition and favoring photocatalytic decomposition of trimethylgallium (TMG). A growth model for stepwise monolayer epitaxy is proposed which suggests that photocatalytic decomposition of TMG occurs only at surface As atoms and not at Ga atoms.