gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
TGF-β regulates <i>in vivo</i> expansion of Foxp3-expressing CD4 <sup>+</sup> CD25 <sup>+</sup> regulatory T cells responsible for protection against diabetes (2004)

CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells are essential in the protection from organ-specific autoimmune diseases. In the pancreas, they inhibit actions of autoreactive T cells and thereby prevent diabetes progression. The signals that control the generation, the maintenance, or the expansion of regulatory T cell pool in vivo remain poorly understood. Here we show that a transient pulse of transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) in the islets during the priming phase of diabetes is sufficient to inhibit disease onset by promoting the expansion of intraislet CD4+CD25+ T cell pool. Approximately 40-50% of intraislet CD4+ T cells expressed the CD25 marker and exhibited characteristics of regulatory T cells including small size, high level of intracellular CTLA-4, expression of Foxp3, and transfer of protection against diabetes. Results from in vivo incorporation of BrdUrd revealed that the generation of a high frequency of regulatory T cells in the islets is due to in situ expansion upon TGF-beta expression. Thus, these findings demonstrate a previously uncharacterized mechanism by which TGF-beta inhibits autoimmune diseases via regulation of the size of the CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell pool in vivo.
Spin to Charge Conversion at Room Temperature by Spin Pumping into a New Type of Topological Insulator:<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:mi>α</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:math>-Sn Films (2016)

We present results on spin to charge current conversion in experiments of resonant spin pumping into the Dirac cone with helical spin polarization of the elemental topological insulator (TI) α-Sn. By angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy (ARPES), we first check that the Dirac cone (DC) at the α-Sn (0 0 1) surface subsists after covering Sn with Ag. Then we show that resonant spin pumping at room temperature from Fe through Ag into α-Sn layers induces a lateral charge current that can be ascribed to the inverse Edelstein effect by the DC states. Our observation of an inverse Edelstein effect length much longer than those generally found for Rashba interfaces demonstrates the potential of TIs for the conversion between spin and charge in spintronic devices. By comparing our results with data on the relaxation time of TI free surface states from time-resolved ARPES, we can anticipate the ultimate potential of the TI for spin to charge conversion and the conditions to reach it.
PacGAN: The power of two samples in generative adversarial networks (2018)

Generative adversarial networks (GANs) are innovative techniques for learning generative models of complex data distributions from samples. Despite remarkable recent improvements in generating realistic images, one of their major shortcomings is the fact that in practice, they tend to produce samples with little diversity, even when trained on diverse datasets. This phenomenon, known as mode collapse, has been the main focus of several recent advances in GANs. Yet there is little understanding of why mode collapse happens and why existing approaches are able to mitigate mode collapse. We propose a principled approach to handling mode collapse, which we call {\\em packing}. The main idea is to modify the discriminator to make decisions based on multiple samples from the same class, either real or artificially generated. We borrow analysis tools from binary hypothesis testing---in particular the seminal result of Blackwell \\cite{Bla53}---to prove a fundamental connection between packing and mode collapse. We show that packing naturally penalizes generators with mode collapse, thereby favoring generator distributions with less mode collapse during the training process. Numerical experiments on benchmark datasets suggests that packing provides significant improvements in practice as well.
Physical properties and reactivity of pozzolans, and their influence on the properties of lime–pozzolan pastes (2010)

This paper studies how pozzolan properties including particle size, specific surface, chemical and mineral composition, amorphousness and water demand, affect their reactivity as well as the strength of lime–pozzolan pastes. Reactivity was evaluated with chemical, mechanical and mineralogical methods. A number of artificial pozzolans were investigated including Ground Granulated Blastfurnace Slag (GGBS); Leca; Pulverised Fuel Ash (PFA); Calcined Clay (Metastar); Microsilica (MS); Rice Husk Ash (RHA); Red Brick Dust (RBD); Tile and Yellow Brick Dust (YBD). The paper concludes that the pozzolan’s specific surface has a much greater influence on the water demand of the paste than its particle size or the lime:pozzolan ratio. It was evidenced that each pozzolan has a particular water demand for a given workability that increased with its specific surface; and that the replacement of lime by pozzolan lowers the water demand of the paste except for Metastar, on account of its greater fineness and specific surface. There is a good correlation between the chemical and physical activity indices and the rate of portlandite consumption. These evidenced that the most amorphous pozzolans (Metastar, GGBS, RHA and MS) are the most active. Finally, it also appears from the results, that the amount of lime combined by reactive crystalline phases in the pozzolans is insignificant when compared to that bound by their amorphous fraction. The paper concludes that amorphousness determines pozzolan reactivity to a much greater extent than any other pozzolan property. It also concludes that the specific surface area of the pozzolan governs the water demand of the paste, while amorphousness largely determines the strength of the paste. In contrast, the chemical composition of the pozzolan is not instrumental as a variable affecting neither pozzolan reactivity nor the strength of the paste.
BOP Shear Rams for Hydrogen Sulfide Service (1989)

Summary The shear rams in a blowout preventer (BOP) are critical components of the drilling system, which is expected to shear drillpipe and to seal the wellbore in all types of drilling fluids. The brittleness of high-strength tool steels when exposed to wellbore fluids containing H2S has been recognized for many years by the drilling industry. The development in recent years of high-strength materials that are resistant to hydrogen embrittlement has made possible the manufacture of H2S-resistant shear rams. This paper describes the fabrication of such shear rams. The cutting edge is made from a cobalt base (UNS R30035) and an iron-based superalloy (UNS S66286) joined by an electron-beam (EB) welding process. The discussion continues with the shearing tests of API 5A Grades E, G, and S-135 drillpipe of two wall thicknesses with a 13%-in. [346-mm], 10,000-psi [69-MPa] working-pressure (WP) ram BOP.
Sobre derivaciones de álgebras de Lie (1973)

Este trabajo expositorio se basa en numerosos artículos sobre derivaciones de álgebras de Lie. Si L es un algebra de Lie, entonces las derivaciones de L forman un álgebra de Lie, D(L). A! comenzar se introduce n las nociones de nilpotencia característica y solubilidad característica, Ias cuales se usan mas tarde para discutir las relaciones entre las estructuras de L y D(L). Entre las derivaciones de L están las interiores, que son las únicas de algebras de Lie semisimples. Para completar el trabajo deberían estudiarse las derivaciones exteriores y determinar donde se encuentran en D(L). Sobre estas derivaciones exteriores existe otro trabajo que por su longitud debe presentarse separado del presente.
An MPEG-4 video codec SOC for mobile multimedia applications (2003)

Mobile multimedia is foreseen as one of the major applications for the upcoming broadband mobile networks like UMTS. Besides pure streaming applications for uni-directional communication, bi-directional applications like video teleconferencing and multimedia messaging will become increasingly popular. The paper aims to provide an overview about the implementation of an ASIC suited for mobile multimedia applications. The ASIC features a complete single chip solution for MPEG-4 video coding and decoding, using picture resolutions of up to QCIF @ 15 fps and data rates up to 128 kbit/s based on several hardware acceleration components and an embedded processor. After an introduction of the incorporated MPEG-4 video standard and the targeted applications of the ASIC, the paper gives a overview of the structure of the encoder and the decoder.
Improving Electrical Safety in the Workplace: Applying Prevention Through Design to Voltage Testing (2017)

Fundamental to an electrical safety program is establishing electrically safe work conditions. De-energizing equipment, following adequate lockout/tagout procedures, and verifying the absence of voltage are key to accomplishing this. As industry strives to make the practice of de-energizing equipment before performing electrical work standard practice, verifying the absence of voltage has become one of the most frequent tasks performed by qualified electrical workers.
Mott Relation for Anomalous Hall and Nernst Effects in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mi>Ga</mml:mi><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1</mml:mn><mml:mo>−</mml:mo><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:mrow></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>Mn</mml:mi><mml:mi>x</mml:mi></mml:msub><mml:mi>As</mml:mi></mml:math>Ferromagnetic Semiconductors (2008)

The Mott relation between the electrical and thermoelectric transport coefficients normally holds for phenomena involving scattering. However, the anomalous Hall effect (AHE) in ferromagnets may arise from intrinsic spin-orbit interaction. In this work, we have simultaneously measured AHE and the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE) in Ga1-xMnxAs ferromagnetic semiconductor films, and observed an exceptionally large ANE at zero magnetic field. We further show that AHE and ANE share a common origin and demonstrate the validity of the Mott relation for the anomalous transport phenomena.
Detection of Homocysteine and C-Reactive Protein in the Saliva of Healthy Adults: Comparison with Blood Levels (2010)

Inflammation and cardiovascular disease are associated with elevated serum levels of C-Reactive Protein (CRP) and homocysteine. The presence of both molecules in saliva provides an opportunity for development of non-invasive assessments of disease risk. However, salivary CRP and homocysteine reference ranges and their correlation with serum levels are unknown. This study investigated if CRP and homocysteine could be routinely detected in the saliva of healthy adults and the relationship between salivary and blood levels. CRP and homocysteine concentrations were determined using ELISA and enzymatic assays respectively. Homocysteine was detected in only two saliva samples (n = 55). CRP was measurable in all saliva samples (range: 0.05 to 64.3 mug/L; median = 1.2 mug/L) and plasma samples (range: 0.14 to 31.1 mg/L; median = 2.0 mg/L). Regression analysis demonstrated no relationship between CRP concentration in saliva and plasma (R(2) = 0.001). Generalized linear models including variables such as saliva flow rate and time since eating or drinking also did not pass lack of fit testing. Therefore, a relationship between CRP concentration in saliva and blood could not be established in this group of subjects. More sensitive detection methods are needed to determine if a correlation between salivary and serum homocysteine levels exists.
Feasibility of Veno-Venous Bypass Surgery Using Leukocyte Adhesion Filters during Abdominal Surgery in a Porcine Model (2004)

During oncologic surgery, manipulation of tumour tissue is almost unpreventable; liver resection even carries a higher risk of tumour cell dissemination into venous blood. Under in vitro conditions, a tumour cell reducing effect of some leukocyte adhesion filter systems has been shown. In a preclinical porcine model, these filters were used as integrated parts of a veno-venous bypass system used for liver surgery, run by a biopump. Practicability, handling and safety aspects of the filter system were analysed; the system was easy and safe to handle, and treated animals survived without any complications. For the future, effectiveness of the tumour cell depletion has to be examined in further experimental and clinical studies.
Use of a pitot-static probe for determining wing section drag in flight at Mach numbers from 0.5 to approximately 1.0 (1974)

The use of a pitot-static probe to determine wing section drag at speeds from Mach 0.5 to approximately 1.0 was evaluated in flight. The probe unit is described and operational problems are discussed. Typical wake profiles and wing section drag coefficients are presented. The data indicate that the pitot-static probe gave reliable results up to speeds of approximately 1.0.
Nano‐scale topography of bearing surface in advanced alumina/zirconia hip joint before and after severe exposure in water vapor environment (2010)

The aim of this study was to perform a surface morphology assessment with nanometer scale resolution on femoral heads made of an advanced zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA) composite. Femoral heads were characterized to a degree of statistical accuracy in the as-received state and after exposures up to 100 h in severe vapor-moist environment. Surface screening was made using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Scanning was systematically repeated on portions of surface as large as several tens of micrometers, randomly selected on the head surface, to achieve sufficient statistical reliability without lowering the nanometer-scale spatial resolution of the roughness measurement. No significant difference was found in the recorded values of surface roughness after environmental exposure (at 134 degrees C, under 2 bar), which was always comparable to that of the as-received head. Surface roughness safely lay <10 nm after environmental exposures up to 100 h, which corresponded to an exposure time in vivo of several human lifetimes (i.e., according to an experimentally derived thermal activation energy). In addition, the roughness results were significantly (about one order of magnitude) lower as compared to those recorded on femoral heads made of monolithic zirconia tested under the same conditions.
Rapid and reliable protocol for direct sequencing of material amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. (1990)

A simple and reliable method is described for direct sequencing of material generated by the polymerase chain reaction. The protocol is based on the purification of the amplified double-stranded product by polyethylene glycol precipitation, annealing of primer with template by a "snap-cooling" procedure and sequencing by the dideoxy chain termination method with the use of Klenow fragment or Taq polymerase. The limit of the size of PCR products that can be sequenced is also discussed.
Regulation of the Differentiation of Teratocarcinoma Cells into Primitive Endoderm by Gβ <sub>i2</sub> (1992)

The amount of the heterotrimeric G protein subunit G alpha i2 decreases after the induction of F9 teratocarcinoma cells to become primitive endoderm in the presence of retinoic acid (RA). The reduction of the G alpha i2 protein in F9 cells by antisense RNA expression was associated with (i) loss of receptor-mediated inhibition of adenylyl cyclase; (ii) decreased cell doubling time; (iii) induction of a primitive, endoderm-like phenotype in the absence of RA; and (iv) production of the differentiation marker tissue-type plasminogen activator. Expression of a constitutively active, mutant G alpha i2 blocked RA-induced differentiation. These data suggest the involvement of G alpha i2 in the control of stem cell differentiation and provide insight into the involvement of G proteins in growth regulation.
Generation and characterization of urokinase receptor-deficient mice. (1996)

Mice homozygously deficient for the urokinase-type plasminogen activator (u-PA) receptor (u-PAR-1-) were generated by homologous recombination in D3, embryonic stem cells. The genomic sequences comprising exon 2 through 5 of the u-PAR gene were replaced by the neomycin resistance gene, resulting in inactivation of both u-PAR splice variants. The inactivated u-PAR allele was transmitted via mendelian inheritance, and fertility. Inactivation of u-PAR was confirmed by the absence of binding of rabbit anti-murine u-PAR or of an aminoterminal fragment of murine u-PA (mu-PA.1-48) to u-PAR-1- embryonic fibroblasts and macrophages. u-PAR-1- mice displayed normal lysis of a murine plasma clot injected via the jugular vein. Invasion of macrophages into the peritoneal cavity after thioglycollate stimulation was similar in u-PAR-1- and u-PAR-1- mice. u-PAR-1- peritoneal macrophages had a threefold decreased initial rate of u-PA-mediated plasminogen activation in vitro but degraded extracellular matrix proteins in vitro as efficiently as u-PAR-1- macrophages.
Brønsted Acidic Ionic Liquids and Their Zwitterions: Synthesis, Characterization and p<i>K</i><sub>a</sub> Determination (2004)

Imidazolium chlorides with one or two carboxylic acid substituent groups, 1-methyl-3-alkylcarboxylic acid imidazolium chloride, [Me[(CH2)nCOOH]im]Cl (n=1, 3), and 1,3-dialkylcarboxylic acid imidazolium chloride, [[(CH2)nCOOH]2im]Cl (n=1, 3), have been synthesized via their corresponding acid esters. Deprotonation of the carboxylic acid functionalized imidazolium chlorides with triethylamine affords the corresponding zwitterions [Me[(CH2)nCOO]im] (n=1, 3) and [[(CH2)nCOOH][(CH2)nCOO]im] (n=1, 3). Subsequent reaction of the zwitterions with strong acids gives the new imidazolium salts [Me[(CH2)nCOOH]im]X (n=1, 3; X=BF4, CF3SO3) and [[(CH2)nCOOH]2im]X (n=1, 3; X=BF4, CF3SO3), which exhibit melting points as low as -61 degrees C. The solid-state structures of two of the carboxylic acid functionalized imidazolium salts have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Extensive hydrogen bonding is present between the chloride and the imidazolium, with eight Cl.H interactions below 3 A. The pK(a) values of all the salts, determined by potentiometric titration, lie between 1.33 and 4.59 at 25 degrees C.
Isolation of immunogenic neuraminidases of human influenza viruses by a combination of genetic and biochemical procedures (1984)

Neuraminidases were purified from reassortant viruses (H6N1 and H6N2) containing the two antigenic subtypes (N1 and N2) found in human influenza viruses. Surface glycoproteins were solubilized with octylglucoside, and the neuraminidase was isolated by chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex. Neuraminidase isolated by this technique coeluted with viral lipids and spontaneously formed liposomes on dialysis. The purified neuraminidase was immunogenic in rabbits, producing a significant antibody response at dose levels as low as 1 microgram.
Metal ions and complexes in organic reactions. Part XX. Copper-catalysed reactions of aromatic bromo-carboxylates with carbanions, giving oxo-acids, isocoumarins, and related products (1975)

Depending upon choice of solvent and other conditions, copper-catalysed reactions of sodium o-bromobenzoate with sodium acetylacetonate gave o-(diacetylmethyl)benzoic acid (1), o-acetonylbenzoic acid (2), or 3-methylisocoumarin (3), whereas reactions with ethyl sodioacetoacetate gave compound (2) or (3) or o-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)benzoic acid (5); analogously, the products o-CO2H·C6H4·CH(CO2Et)2[or (5)], o-CO2H·C6H4·CH(CN)·CO2H, and o-CO2H·C6H4·CH(CN)2 were obtained with the corresponding nucleophiles. Sodium 1-bromo-2-, 3-bromo-2-, and 8-bromo-1-naphthoate gave similar substitution products, including, in the first two cases, naphthopyranones. Nucleophilic substitution by the carbanions was ineffective with substrates not containing a carboxylate-salt group adjacent to the halogen. Reductive substitution of halogen competed to a varying extent. Copper could be introduced as metal, or CuI or CuII species, but the effective reaction intermediates are considered to be copper(II) complexes incorporating the halogeno-carboxylate substrate and the carbanionic nucleophile.
Analyzing Sequence Architecture and Reservoir Quality of Isolated Carbonate Platforms with Forward Stratigraphic Modeling (2008)

Carbonate platforms and reefs emerge, grow and die in response to intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms forced primarily by tectonics, oceanography, climate, ecology and eustasy. These mechanisms, or controls, create the physical, biological and chemical signals accountable for the myriad of carbonate depositional responses that, together, form the complex depositional systems present in the modern and ancient settings. If we are to fully comprehend these systems, it is critical to ascertain which controls ultimately govern the "life cycle" of carbonate platforms and reefs and understand how these signals are recorded and preserved. Deciphering which signals produce a dominant sedimentological response from the plethora of physical and biological information generated from superimposed regional to global-scale controls is critical to achieving this goal. With this understanding, it may be possible to extract common time- and space-independent depositional responses to specific mechanisms that may, ultimately, be used in a productive sense. Extensive research on a wide variety of carbonate platform and reefal systems in the past few decades has provided the foundation and understanding necessary to take carbonate research to a new level. With assistance from rapidly advancing computer software and an increasing use of cross-disciplinary integration, carbonate research is shifting from description and morphological analysis towards a science that is more focused on the assessment of process and genetic relationships. The aim of this special publication is to present a cross section of recent research that shows this evolution from a variety of perspectives and scales using examples distributed throughout the Phanerozoic.
Wet effluent denuder coupled liquid/ion chromatography systems: annular and parallel plate denuders (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTWet effluent denuder coupled liquid/ion chromatography systems: annular and parallel plate denudersPoruthoor K. Simon and Purnendu K. DasguptaCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 9, 1134–1139Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00057a006https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00057a006research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views401Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts