gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Link Between <i>mhc</i> Polymorphism, T Cell Avidity, and Diversity in Immune Defense (2002)

Major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-encoded molecules govern immune responses by presenting antigenic peptides to T cells. The extensive polymorphism of genes encoding these molecules is believed to enhance immune defense by broadening the array of antigenic peptides available for T cell recognition, but direct evidence supporting the importance of this mechanism in combating pathogens is limited. Here we link mhc polymorphism-driven diversification of the cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) repertoire to the generation of high-avidity, protective antiviral T cells and to superior antiviral defense. Thus, much of the beneficial effect of the mhc polymorphism in immune defense may be due to its critical influence on the properties of the selected CTL repertoire.
Topical Dermatological Drug Delivery: Quo Vadis? (2010)

Skin disease (dermatological conditions') affects at least one-third of the US population and has been cited as one of the top 15 medical conditions for which prevalence and healthcare spending increased in the last decade. The outcome of topical dermatological drug treatment is significantly influenced by the choice of vehicle or delivery system. Advancements in the life sciences coupled with a growing market for dermatologicals have facilitated the emergence of improved topical formulations and drug delivery systems. The current and emerging approaches of optimizing the topical delivery of dermatological agents (small and large molecules) include the use of chemical enhancers, bio-polymers (e.g. sodium hyaluronate), liposomes, particulate carriers (microspheres and lipid nanoparticles), topical sprays and foams, occlusion (via dressings and patches) topical peels, temperature (heat), iontophoresis, and ultrasound. These delivery approaches (when used solely or in a synergistic manner) are a significant improvement over conventional systems (creams, lotions, ointments and pastes) and have the potential to enhance efficacy and tolerability, improve patient compliance (including dermatology life quality), and also fulfil other unmet needs of the topical dermatological market.
Fat Infusions (1961)

During the past 10 years much effort has been directed toward developing a fat emulsion for intravenous use. These efforts have been hampered by the high incidence of side-effects occurring during the infusion itself or shortly thereafter.1-4With the development of newer fat emulsions, such as cottonseed oil emulsion (Lipomul-I.V.; Upjohn Company), these acute side-effects associated with its administration have been reduced to an acceptable minimum,5-10and its use has recently been recommended as a caloric supplement in situations where oral feeding is not adequate to meet requirements.8,9,14Though many papers have dealt with the chronic effects of fat infusions, and much valuable information has resulted,5-13
Superoxide Dismutases (1977)

Superoxide dismutase was purified from pea (Pisum sativum L., cv. Wando) seeds and corn (Zea mays L., cv. Michigan 500) seedlings. The purified pea enzyme eluting as a single peak from gel exclusion chromatography columns contained the three electrophoretically distinct bands of superoxide dismutase characterizing the crude extract. The purified corn enzyme eluted as the same peak as the pea enzyme, and contained five of the seven active bands found in the crude extract. The similar molecular weights and the cyanide sensitivities of these bands indicated that they are probably isozymes of a cupro-zinc superoxide dismutase. One of the remaining corn bands was shown to be a peroxidase.Superoxide dismutase accounted for 1.6 to 2.4% of the water-soluble protein in seedlings of corn, peas, and oats (Avena sativa L., cv. Au Sable). The superoxide dismutase activity per plant and per milligram water-soluble protein considerably increased during germination of oats and during greening and hook opening of peas.
High-Density Three-Dimension Graphene Macroscopic Objects for High-Capacity Removal of Heavy Metal Ions (2013)

The chemical vapor deposition (CVD) fabrication of high-density three-dimension graphene macroscopic objects (3D-GMOs) with a relatively low porosity has not yet been realized, although they are desirable for applications in which high mechanical and electrical properties are required. Here, we explore a method to rapidly prepare the high-density 3D-GMOs using nickel chloride hexahydrate (NiCl₂·6H₂O) as a catalyst precursor by CVD process at atmospheric pressure. Further, the free-standing 3D-GMOs are employed as electrolytic electrodes to remove various heavy metal ions. The robust 3D structure, high conductivity (~12 S/cm) and large specific surface area (~560 m²/g) enable ultra-high electrical adsorption capacities (Cd²⁺ ~ 434 mg/g, Pb²⁺~ 882 mg/g, Ni²⁺ ~ 1,683 mg/g, Cu²⁺ ~ 3,820 mg/g) from aqueous solutions and fast desorption. The current work has significance in the studies of both the fabrication of high-density 3D-GMOs and the removal of heavy metal ions.
On the efficiency of parallel backtracking (1993)

Analytical models and experimental results concerning the average case behavior of parallel backtracking are presented. Two types of backtrack search algorithms are considered: simple backtracking, which does not use heuristics to order and prune search, and heuristic backtracking, which does. Analytical models are used to compare the average number of nodes visited in sequential and parallel search for each case. For simple backtracking, it is shown that the average speedup obtained is linear when the distribution of solutions is uniform and superlinear when the distribution of solutions is nonuniform. For heuristic backtracking, the average speedup obtained is at least linear, and the speedup obtained on a subset of instances is superlinear. Experimental results for many synthetic and practical problems run on various parallel machines that validate the theoretical analysis are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Longitudinal vortices imbedded in turbulent boundary layers. Part 1. Single vortex (1985)

Detailed mean-flow and turbulence measurements have been made in a low-speed turbulent boundary layer in zero pressure gradient with an isolated, artificially generated vortex imbedded in it. The vortex was generated by a half-delta wing on the floor of the wind-tunnel settling chamber, so that the vortex entering the working section had the same circulation as that originally generated, while axial-component velocity variations were very much reduced, relative to the local mean velocity, from values just behind the generator. The measurements show that the circulation around the vortex imbedded in the boundary layer is almost conserved, being reduced only by the spanwise-component surface shear stress. Therefore the region of flow affected by the vortex continues to grow downstream, its cross-sectional dimensions being roughly proportional to the local boundary-layer thickness. The behaviour of the various components of eddy viscosity, deduced from measured Reynolds stresses, and of the various triple products, suggests that the simple empirical correlations for these quantities used in present-day turbulence models are not likely to yield flow predictions which are accurate in detail.
Impact of isotonic and hypertonic saline on mucociliary activity in various nasal pathologies (2014)

The nasal mucociliary clearance system transports the mucus layer that covers the nasal epithelium towards the nasopharynx by ciliary beating. Its function is to protect the respiratory system from damage by inhaled substances. Impairment of nasal mucociliary clearance can result in diseases of the upper airways. Therefore, it is important to study the effects of drugs on nasal mucociliary clearance. The present study consists of nasal mucociliary clearance(NMC) in allergic, acute and chronic rhinosinusitis and the effect of hypertonic and isotonic saline nasal irrigations on them.We studied a total of 90 patients with either of the 3 nasal pathologies. There were 20 healthy subjects as controls. NMC was determined using saccharine test pre and post treatment with isotonic and hypertonic saline. We found that Hypertonic saline when added to the standard treatment of the respective nasal pathologies improved the NMC in all groups. The possible mechanism in hypertonic saline is that in addition to mechanically washing out the inspissated mucus, it also reduced the mucosal oedema due to its strong osmotic property and by inhibiting the neutrophil chemotaxis.We concluded that addition of hypertonic saline nasal irrigation to the standard line of treatment can be a simple, inexpensive and safe modality to treat above mentioned nasal pathologies.
Effect of Polyether Linkages on the Carboxylation of Sodium Phenoxide (1980)

Abstract In the carboxylation of sodium phenoxide under mild conditions, the crown compound or polyethers with three to five ether linkages caused carboxylation to give o- and p-hydroxybenzoic acids, but not ethers with one or two linkages. The chelation of sodium phenoxide with polyethers changed the formation ratio of isomers.
Work Function of Gold (1959)

The work functions of sixteen gold surfaces have been determined by measurement of their contact differences of potential with respect to barium reference surfaces of known work function. The gold surfaces were prepared by subjecting spectroscopic standard gold to repetitive fusion-solidification outgassing followed by fractional distillation and condensation on tantalum; the barium surfaces by a similar technique which yields surfaces reproducible and constant to 0.01 ev. Measurement was by the Kelvin method with a time interval of 15 seconds between deposition and measurement of a fresh surface.The contact difference of potential Au-Ba is found to be 2.31\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 volts and the work function of gold 4.83\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.02 ev, referred to a barium work function of 2.52 ev.
Generation and Characterization of Inorganic and Organic Nanotubes on Bioengineered Flagella of Mesophilic Bacteria (2007)

Three types of rationally designed peptide loops were genetically engineered for display on the surface of the FliTrx E. coil flagella scaffold, a type of bacterial bionanotube adapted for the multivalent display of peptide loops. The resulting three types of loop flagella fibers were used to demonstrate the feasibility of templating synthesis of inorganic nanotubes and nanoparticles and organic nanotubes. Purified flagella fibers displaying a cationic arginine-lysine loop peptide with three guanidine and three amine functional groups were used to form silica bionanotubes, using two types of silicate ion precursors. Purified flagella fibers displaying a tyrosine-serine-glycine loop peptide with six phenolic and three aliphatic hydroxyl groups were used to initiate formation of titania bionanotubes. Purified flagella fibers displaying an anionic aspartate-glutamate loop peptide with 18 carboxylate groups were used to initiate formation of polyaniline nanotubes and hydroxyapatite nanoparticles, a key component of bones. The resulting nanomaterials were mainly characterized by transmission electron microscopy and additionally by scanning electron microscopy, in the case of polyaniline nanotubes. The studies demonstrate the versatility of employing bioengineered flagella for the generation of a variety of nanoparticle arrays and nanotubes.
Estimation of respiratory signal from thoracic impedance cardiography in low electrical current (2013)

A new method to estimate respiratory signal from thoracic impedance is proposed. To realize battery powered, wearable respiratory monitoring devices, low current impedance measurement techniques are desired. However, under low current conditions, conventional methods to separate cardiac and respiratory signals do not work well as the cardiac signal is much larger than the respiratory signal. In the proposed method, respiratory signal is estimated by calculating an envelope curve from the detected T waves of cardiac component. The results of the experiments show that the accuracy of proposed method is greater than conventional method.
Nile Blue-Based Nanosized pH Sensors for Simultaneous Far-Red and Near-Infrared Live Bioimaging (2013)

Diblock copolymer vesicles are tagged with pH-responsive Nile Blue-based labels and used as a new type of pH-responsive colorimetric/fluorescent biosensor for far-red and near-infrared imaging of live cells. The diblock copolymer vesicles described herein are based on poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl phosphorylcholine-block-2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate) [PMPC-PDPA]: the biomimetic PMPC block is known to facilitate rapid cell uptake for a wide range of cell lines, while the PDPA block constitutes the pH-responsive component that enables facile vesicle self-assembly in aqueous solution. These biocompatible vesicles can be utilized to detect interstitial hypoxic/acidic regions in a tumor model via a pH-dependent colorimetric shift. In addition, they are also useful for selective intracellular staining of lysosomes and early endosomes via subtle changes in fluorescence emission. Such nanoparticles combine efficient cellular uptake with a pH-responsive Nile Blue dye label to produce a highly versatile dual capability probe. This is in marked contrast to small molecule dyes, which are usually poorly uptaken by cells, frequently exhibit cytotoxicity, and are characterized by intracellular distributions invariably dictated by their hydrophilic/hydrophobic balance.
A method for profiling classes of plant hormones and their metabolites using liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry: an analysis of hormone regulation of thermodormancy of lettuce (<i>Lactuca sativa</i> L.) seeds (2003)

A highly selective and sensitive method for the simultaneous analysis of several plant hormones and their metabolites is described. The method combines high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with positive and negative electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS) to quantify a broad range of chemically and structurally diverse compounds. The addition of deuterium-labeled analogs for these compounds prior to sample extraction permits accurate quantification by multiple reaction monitoring (MRM). Endogenous levels of abscisic acid (ABA), abscisic acid glucose ester (ABA-GE), 7'-hydroxy-abscisic acid (7'-OH-ABA), phaseic acid (PA), dihydrophaseic acid (DPA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), indole-3-aspartate (IAAsp), zeatin (Z), zeatin riboside (ZR), isopentenyladenine (2iP), isopentenyladenosine (IPA), and gibberellins (GA)1, GA3, GA4, and GA7 were determined simultaneously in a single run. Detection limits ranged from 0.682 fmol for Z to 1.53 pmol for ABA. The method was applied to the analysis of plant hormones and hormonal metabolites associated with seed dormancy and germination in lettuce (Lactuca sativa L. cv. Grand Rapids), using extracts from only 50 to 100 mg DW of seed. Thermodormancy was induced by incubating seeds at 33 degrees C instead of 23 degrees C. Germinating seeds transiently accumulated high levels of ABA-GE. In contrast, thermodormant seeds transiently accumulated high levels of DPA after 7 days at 33 degrees C. GA1 and GA3 were detected during germination, and levels of GA1 increased during early post-germinative growth. After several days of incubation, thermodormant seeds exhibited a striking transient accumulation of IAA, which did not occur in seeds germinating at 23 degrees C. We conclude that hormone metabolism in thermodormant seeds is surprisingly active and is significantly different from that of germinating seeds.
Effect of Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) on melanocytic proliferation, melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity in vitro. (2003)

Angelica sinensis (Oliv.) promotes melanocytic proliferation, melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, which may be the mechanism for validating its clinical use in the treatment of skin pigmentation.
Single-phase neutral-point diode-clamped rectifier with high input power factor (2002)

A new control scheme for a single-phase diode-clamped rectifier is proposed to achieve a unity power factor, balanced neutral-point voltage and constant DC-bus voltage. Four power switches are used in the rectifier to generate a three-level PWM waveform on the rectifier terminal voltage. The line current command is derived from a DC-link voltage regulator and an output power estimator. The hysteresis current controller is used to track the line current command. To balance the neutral-point voltage, a capacitor voltage compensator is employed. The main advantages of using a three-level instead of a two-level PWM scheme are that the blocking voltage of each power switch is clamped to half the DC-bus voltage (if the off-state resistance of power switches is equal), and the voltage harmonic on the AC side of rectifier is reduced. The effectiveness of the proposed control algorithm is verified by software simulations and experimental results from a 1 kW laboratory prototype.
Regression Analysis: Theory, Methods, and Applications (1991)

An up-to-date, rigorous, and lucid treatment of the theory, methods, and applications of regression analysis, and thus ideally suited for those interested in the theory as well as those whose interests lie primarily with applications. It is further enhanced through real-life examples drawn from many disciplines, showing the difficulties typically encountered in the practice of regression analysis. Consequently, this book provides a sound foundation in the theory of this important subject.
An automatic image recognition system for winter road surface condition classification (2010)

This paper investigates the feasibility of classifying winter road surface conditions using images from low cost cameras mounted on regular vehicles. RGB features along with gradients have been used as feature vectors. A Support Vector Machine (SVM) is trained using the extracted features and then used to classify the images into their respective categories. Different training schemes and their effect on the classification rate are also discussed along with the possibility of developing an automated winter road surface classification system in future.
Performance analysis of speed detection in Bus Detection Devices (BDD) (2012)

This paper introduces the performance analysis of speed detection in Bus Detection Devices (BDD) for blind people. BDD is a device that could assist the blind to detect bus route information independently at the particular bus stop. The device was not replacing the existing blind travel aid but to support them. For that basis, BDD was designed and developed using RFID technology. RFID are new merging technology that offers low cost, wide applicability and friendlier services. The speed of the moving bus may give effect to the device developed. Therefore, the aim of this research is to verify the appropriate speed of bus for optimum detection at the bus stop. The measurement of speed detection and validation method was covered in this paper. The discussion on analysis made also describe in this paper. The significant result may improve the quality of research developed.
Caught red-handed: uric acid is an agent of inflammation (2010)

Inflammation occurs in response to both pathogenic insult and tissue damage under sterile conditions, with the latter contributing to the pathogenesis of many diseases. Although several endogenous substances, including uric acid, have been suggested to alert the body to danger and to stimulate inflammation, little is known about their contribution to such responses in vivo. In this issue of the JCI, Kono et al. use newly generated mice with reduced levels of uric acid to investigate its role as an endogenous signal of tissue damage in inflammatory responses to hepatic injury. They find that uric acid is released from dying tissues and induces inflammation to cell death but is not involved in the response to microbial molecules or sterile irritant particles. I believe this to be the first report of an endogenous danger signal acting as a physiological regulator of inflammation.
Multi-chip packaging technology for VLSI-based systems (1987)

A multichip packaging technology using silicon substrate and solder bump bonding will be presented. Compared to conventional packaging it affords three times the operating frequency. Additionally, packaged size and power dissipation are reduced by a factor of 7 and 30%, respectively.
The role of medullary ischemia in acute renal failure. (1995)

The introduction of new techniques for the determination of renal parenchymal oxygenation and intrarenal microcirculation has elucidated some important aspects in the pathophysiology of acute renal failure (ARF). Data accumulated over the last decade with these techniques, together with improved morphologic evaluation of the kidney, indicate that medullary damage may play a pivotal role in various forms of acute and chronic renal hypoxic and toxic insults. The outer medulla functions normally under hypoxic conditions, as a result of limited regional oxygen supply and high oxygen consumption for urinary concentration. Outer medullary oxygenation is critically balanced by mechanisms designed to adjust oxygen demand and supply, and their insufficiency may lead to ARF with hypoxic medullary damage. In this article, we outline our current concept of the physiologic control of medullary oxygenation and review the clinical conditions that predispose to hypoxic medullary damage, including rhabdomyolysis, hypercalcemia, or the exposure to endotoxin, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, radiologic contrast agents, cyclosporine, FK506, and amphothericin. We shall indicate a possible role for medullary oxygen insufficiency in clinical conditions known to predispose to ARF, such as preexisting renal disease, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, atherosclerosis, effective volume depletion, urinary obstruction, or aging, and suggest potential strategies to preserve medullary oxygenation and integrity.
<i>Clostridium difficile</i> and Methicillin-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus:</i> Emerging Concepts in Vaccine Development (2010)

Both Clostridium difficile and Staphylococcus aureus asymptomatically colonize a significant percentage of humans, particularly during the first year of life. The epidemiology of both has been and continues to be quite dynamic; presently, we are in the midst of epidemics of infections by C. difficile and S. aureus. These ancient microbes are now armed with more potent virulence factors, which have extended their reach from the hospital into community settings, and from the elderly and debilitated hosts into the younger and otherwise healthy population. This review presents some emerging concepts that will likely shape efforts to develop active and passive immunization interventions in response to the reemergence of these bacterial pathogens.
Single image super-resolution by approximated Heaviside functions (2015)

Image super-resolution is a process to enhance image resolution. It is widely used in medical imaging, satellite imaging, target recognition, etc. In this paper, we conduct continuous modeling and assume that the unknown image intensity function is defined on a continuous domain and belongs to a space with a redundant basis. We propose a new iterative model for single image super-resolution based on an observation: an image is consisted of smooth components and non-smooth components, and we use two classes of approximated Heaviside functions (AHFs) to represent them respectively. Due to sparsity of the non-smooth components, a $L_{1}$ model is employed. In addition, we apply the proposed iterative model to image patches to reduce computation and storage. Comparisons with some existing competitive methods show the effectiveness of the proposed method.