gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Regulation of axonal growth in the vertebrate nervous system by interactions between glycoproteins belonging to two subgroups of the immunoglobulin superfamily. (1992)

T H~ mechanism of formation of connections between neurons by axons and dendrites is one of the crucial and interesting aspects of neural development. To reach their intended targets, extending axons depend on a complex pattern of guidance cues present in their local environment (Dodd and Jessell, 1988). Several distinct mechanisms have been postulated for such guidance functions. (a) Neurite growth-promoting proteins exposed either at the surface of neuronal or nonneuronal cells, or localized in the extracellular matrix (ECM) ~ provide pathways along which axons can preferentially elongate (Rathjen and Jessell, 1991; Grumet, 1991; Reichardt and Tomaselli, 1991; Takeichi, 1991). (b) Repulsive molecules may block axonal extension into certain territories; e.g., by contact inhibition of the mobility of growth cones. In spatial and temporal concert with molecules favorable to axon growth, such molecules may be involved in guidance (Caroni and Schwab, 1988; Stahl et al., 1990; Raper and Kapfhammer, 1990; Keynes et al., 1991; Chiquet-Ehrismann, 1991). (c) Soluble chemoattractants, released by intermediate or final cellular targets, might guide axons by the establishment of concentration gradients (Lumsden and Davies, 1986; Tessier-Lavigne et al., 1988; Heffner et al., 1990; Placzek et al., 1990). Axon growth on favorable substrata involves specific interactions with cell surface glycoproteins. Three major structural classes of axonal membrane proteins have been described so far to undergo specific interactions with neurite growth-promoting ECM or cell surface molecules, and thus, have been implicated as axonal receptors in the growthgenerating machinery: (a) integrins of the 13~ and/33 subfamilies (Reichardt and Tomaselli, 1991), (b) cadherins (Takeichi, 1991), and (c) axonal membrane proteins of the Ig superfamily (Rathjen and Jessell, 1991; Grumet, 1991; Hortsch and Goodman, 1991). Ig-like proteins concentrated on axons can be further classified by the expression of both Igand fibronectin type III (FNIII)-related repeats (referred to as Ig/FNIII-like proteins in the following), or Ig-like domains alone. According to the overall domain organization and primary sequence, the group of Ig/FNIII-like proteins in vertebrates can be further divided into subgroups (Fig. 1).
Polarization selection and sensitivity of external cavity vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser diodes (1998)

A theoretical analysis has been undertaken of the polarization properties of birefringent vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) subject to weak optical feedback in an external cavity configuration. Attention is focussed on the competition between two orthogonal polarizations of the fundamental (LP/sub 01/) transverse mode of the device. It is shown that control of the emission polarization can be exercised even for very small external reflectivities (10/sup -4/%) by appropriate choice of optical feedback delays. The polarization selectivity is shown to be dependent upon the strength of optical feedback. Polarization is also shown to be highly sensitive to small changes in optical feedback delay. Thermally induced wavelength shift is shown to affect polarization behaviour.
Automatic P and S velocity determination from full waveform digital acoustic logs (1983)

Abstract The suggested P-wave method is an event detector which is based on threshold detection in a window near the previous picks and fine adjustment by a semblance correlation. The most reliable method for S waves is the P-correlated S-method. It consists of correlating the P waveform with the rest of the record to find the S arrival. The S waveform is then correlated with the next record to determine the S velocity. This method proves more stable and reliable.--Modified journal abstract.
Thickness-shear mode quartz crystal resonators in viscoelastic fluid media (2000)

An extended Butterworth–Van Dyke (EBVD) model to characterize a thickness-shear mode quartz crystal resonator in a semi-infinite viscoelastic medium is derived by means of analysis of the lumped elements model described by Cernosek et al. [R. W. Cernosek, S. J. Martin, A. R. Hillman, and H. L. Bandey, IEEE Trans. Ultrason. Ferroelectr. Freq. Control 45, 1399 (1998)]. The EBVD model parameters are related to the viscoelastic properties of the medium. A capacitance added to the motional branch of the EBVD model has to be included when the elastic properties of the fluid are considered. From this model, an explicit expression for the frequency shift of a quartz crystal sensor in viscoelastic media is obtained. By combining the expressions for shifts in the motional series resonant frequency and in the motional resistance, a simple equation that relates only one unknown (the loss factor of the fluid) to those measurable quantities, and two simple explicit expressions for determining the viscoelastic properties of semi-infinite fluid media have been derived. The proposed expression for the parameter Δf/ΔR is compared with the corresponding ratio obtained with data computed from the complete admittance model. Relative errors below 4.5%, 3%, and 1.2% (for the ratios of the load surface mechanical impedance to the quartz shear characteristic impedance of 0.3, 0.25, and 0.1, respectively), are obtained in the range of the cases analyzed. Experimental data from the literature are used to validate the model.
Changes in thyroid function during development of thyroid hyperplasia induced by kojic acid in F344 rats (1999)

To clarify the mechanism of tumorigenesis by kojic acid (KA), dose and time dependence of iodine uptake in the thyroid gland and serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and thyroid hormone levels were investigated in F344 rats fed a diet containing 2% KA. After 4 weeks, thyroid hyperplasia was apparent in males, associated with a decrease in (125)I uptake into the thyroid gland to only 3% of that in controls. The serum triiodothyronine (T(3)) and thyroxine (T(4)) levels dropped to 0.36 ng/ml, 1.7 micrograms/dl from the initial values of 0.61 ng/ml, 4.0 micrograms/dl and TSH increased seven times to 15 ng/ml. In females, the effects on thyroid weight and (125)I uptake were less prominent, although the changes in serum T(3), T(4) and TSH levels were similar to those in males. Time-dependent changes in serum T(3), T(4) and TSH levels correlated with the inhibition of iodine uptake in the thyroid. Inhibition of organic iodine formation was only observed after 3 weeks treatment. On return to the control diet, normal serum T(3), T(4) and TSH levels became evident within 48 h in both sexes. These data suggest that KA interrupts thyroid function, primarily by inhibiting iodine intake, consequently causing a decrease in serum T(3) and T(4). Increased TSH from the pituitary gland in turn stimulates thyroid hyperplasia, which is reversible on withdrawal of KA.
Identification of NAE Inhibitors Exhibiting Potent Activity in Leukemia Cells: Exploring the Structural Determinants of NAE Specificity (2011)

MLN4924 is a selective inhibitor of the NEDD8-activating enzyme (NAE) and has advanced into clinical trials for the treatment of both solid and hematological malignancies. In contrast, the structurally similar compound 1 (developed by Millennium: The Takeda Oncology Company) is a pan inhibitor of the E1 enzymes NAE, ubiquitin activating enzyme (UAE), and SUMO-activating enzyme (SAE) and is currently viewed as unsuitable for clinical use given its broad spectrum of E1 inhibition. Here, we sought to understand the determinants of NAE selectivity. A series of compound 1 analogues were synthesized through iterative functionalization of the purine C6 position and evaluated for NAE specificity. Optimal NAE specificity was achieved through substitution with primary N-alkyl groups, while bulky or secondary N-alkyl substituents were poorly tolerated. When assessed in vitro, inhibitors reduced the growth and viability of malignant K562 leukemia cells. Through this study, we have successfully identified a series of sub-10 nM NAE-specific inhibitors and thereby highlighted the functionalities that promote NAE selectivity.
Cribrarione B, a New Naphthoquinone Pigment from the Myxomycete <i>Cribraria </i><i>c</i><i>ancellata</i> (2003)

Cribrarione B (1), a new naphthoquinone pigment, has been isolated from the myxomycete Cribrariacancellata, and its structure was elucidated as 2,5,8-trihydroxy-6-(1-hydroxyethyl)-[1,4]-naphthoquinone by NMR and mass spectral data.
A phase III study evaluating the efficacy and safety of MBP8298 in secondary progressive MS (2011)

This study provides Class 1 evidence that MBP8298 is not effective in patients with SPMS who are HLA DR2(+) or DR4(+).
Immunoreactive Trypsin in Serum and Peritoneal Fluid in Acute Pancreatitis (1978)

High levels of immunoreactive cathodal trypsin are shown to be present in serum and peritoneal fluid in acute pancreatitis. The immunoreactive material is contained in two fractions with different molecular weights: free trypsinogen and trypsin in complex with protease inhibitors, mainly alpha1-antitrypsin. The presence of trypsin in complex with protease inhibitors indicates the formation of active trypsin during acute pancreatitis.
A priority-expression-based burst scheduling of memory reordering access (2008)

The performance of modern computer system is greatly limited by the bandwidth of DRAM-based memory. Altering the sequence of main memory accesses can reduce observed access latency, therefore improve bus utilization. While previous reordering mechanisms consider factors related to memory access separately, this paper groups several factors together to build a priority expression for bank arbitration based on burst scheduling. The expression considers three factors: wait time of a burst, burst length, and priority of read or write accesses. To make the expression suitable for both read and write accesses, write queue in a bank is designed to buffer bursts, which are defined to be clusters of row hits, other than single write accesses. Experiment results from a modified M5 simulator running selected SPEC CPU2000 and Stream benchmarks show that the priority-expression-based burst scheduling improves the bus utilization about 74% and reduces the execution time 41% over the conventional in-order memory scheduling. It also outperforms burst scheduling 9% and 5% in bus utilization and execution time reduction respectively. The priority-expression-based burst scheduling is proved to be feasible.
The APOE locus and the pharmacogenetics of lipid response (2002)

Genetic variation at the APOE locus has been associated with plasma lipoprotein concentrations in the fasting (low-density, and high-density lipoproteins and triglycerides), and in the postprandial (triglyceride-rich lipoproteins) states. Resulting from these associations, the APOE locus has been found to be a significant genetic determinant of cardiovascular disease in the general population. Beyond the traditional association studies, APOE genetic variation has been shown to play a significant role, which explains some of the individual variations in therapies aimed at normalizing plasma lipid concentrations. Thus, the APOE E4 allele has been shown in some studies to be associated with increased response to dietary intervention. Conversely, APOE E2 carriers appear to be more responsive to statin therapy. The mechanisms behind these observations, however, have not been elucidated. Moreover, several other gene:environment and gene:therapy interactions have recently been demonstrated, thus further increasing the interest in this remarkable apolipoprotein.
Free and Metal‐Coordinated (<i>N</i>‐Isocyanimino)triphenylphosphorane: X‐ray Structures and Selected Reactions (2005)

Abstract An improved procedure for the synthesis of ( N ‐isocyanimino)triphenylphosphorane, C≡N–N=PPh 3 ( 3 ), is described. The X‐ray structure analysis reveals an unusually small N–N=P angle [115.2(2)°] and an N–N bond order of only about 1.5, which indicates considerable C≡N–N – –P + participation and electronically more‐isolated functional groups (CN, P=N) in the isocyanide than, for example, in the isomeric N≡C–N=PPh 3 ( 4 ) [C–N=P = 123.0(4)°, C–N bond order = 2.0]. In order to gain insight into the stereochemical consequences of metal coordination of 3 , an X‐ray structural study of [Cr(CO) 5 C≡N–N=PPh 3 ] ( 5 ) was also undertaken. Surprisingly, the central bond lengths (C–N, N–N) and angles (C–N–N) remain practically unchanged with noticeable coordination effects occurring only at the periphery of 5 , with the N–N–P angle [112.3(2)°] further decreased by 15σ, the elongated (by 7σ) P–N bond, the somewhat shortened (by 4σ) P–C(Ph) bonds and even shorter C–H(Ph) bonds on the one side, and the well‐known Cr–C(O) trans contraction on the other. Treatment of 5 or its tungsten derivative with anhydrous Brønstedt and Lewis acids such as CF 3 COOH, HCl, COS, phosgene or, most efficiently, [PdCl 2 (1,5‐COD)] causes CN→NC isomerisation to give [M(CO) 5 N≡C–N=PPh 3 ] [M = Cr ( 6 ), W ( 7 )]. In solution, [PdCl 2 (CNNPh 3 ) 2 ] and Ph 3 BCNNPPh 3 ( 8 ) slowly isomerize even without additional acid to give both free and Pd‐coordinated 4 and Ph 3 BNCNPPh 3 ( 9 ), respectively. In the presence of catalytic amounts of [PdCl 2 (1,5‐COD)], 3 is converted into 4 and the dimer Ph 3 PN–C(CN)=N–NPPh 3 ( 10 ) in an almost 1:1 ratio. The optimised geometries of the methyl derivatives of 3 and 4 , namely Me 3 P=N–N≡C ( 3c ) and Me 3 P=N–C≡N ( 4c ), are in excellent agreement with the experimental data; major differences between the isomers (P–N–N angle, N–N bond length) are explained by the higher electronegativity of the isocyano group as compared to the CN substituent, which, in turn, is a better π‐acceptor). The reaction path of the isomerisation of 3 to 4 ( 3c to 4c ) has also been studied computationally and been found to proceed via an [(P)=N A –N≡C A ( N A – C A )] cyclic transition state. The overall process is exothermic by 50 kcal mol –1 . (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The effects of forskolin on cyclic AMP, intraocular pressure and aqueous humor formation in rabbits (1987)

Forskolin was used to study cyclic AMP-mediated regulation of aqueous humor dynamics in rabbits. Crystalline forskolin was solubilized in oil and its pharmacological effects were studied both in vitro and following topical ocular administration. In vitro, using cultured corneal epithelial cells, forskolin rapidly stimulated cyclic AMP production and in vivo increased cyclic AMP concentration in the aqueous humor 10-fold following topical administration. The effect of topical forskolin on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor formation was determined in vivo using pneumatonometry and fluorophotometry, respectively. Forskolin caused a prolonged reduction of intraocular pressure and decreased aqueous humor formation. The ability of forskolin to potentiate the ocular hypotensive effect of epinephrine was investigated. Forskolin in combination with epinephrine caused a decrease in intraocular pressure of longer duration than either 0.1% epinephrine or 1% forskolin administered separately. Forskolin caused a small but significant increase in the permeability of the blood-aqueous barrier at the time of maximal intraocular pressure reduction. This effect on the blood-aqueous barrier may explain the inhibitory effect of forskolin on aqueous humor formation.
Ionization Constants of Fluorinated Acids. III. Unsaturated Acids (1954)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTIonization Constants of Fluorinated Acids. III. Unsaturated AcidsAlbert L. Henne and Charles J. FoxCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1954, 76, 2, 479–481Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1954Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1954https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01631a043https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01631a043research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views275Altmetric-Citations34LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lung Volumes, Mechanics, and Oxygenation during Spontaneous Positive-Pressure Ventilation (1981)

To determine if continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) or expiratory positive airway pressure (EPAP) is superior for achieving or maintaining effective lung volume in spontaneously breathing critically ill patients in acute respiratory failure, the authors measured functional residual capacity (FRC), airway and esophageal pressures, and arterial oxygen tensions when CPAP and EPAP were 5 and 10 cm H2O. Arterial oxygenation, FRC, and transpulmonary pressure at end-expiration were greatest when CPAP was 10 cm H2O. Lung compliance did not change. The authors conclude that CPAP at 10 cm H2O is the more effective technique, either because it allows relaxation of chest wall musculature on expiration, or because EPAP at 10 cm H2O increases chest wall muscle tone.
Syntheses and Biological Evaluation of (±)-3a-Phenyl Congeners of Physostigmine and Phenserine (1998)

3a-Phenyl congeners of physostigmine and phenserine, synthesized for the first time by a modification of the Julian total synthesis of physostigmine, were evaluated for anticholinesterase action against human acetyl-and butyrylcholinesterase.These analogues were found to lack
Toward an Active and Stable Catalyst for Oxygen Evolution in Acidic Media: Ti‐Stabilized MnO<sub>2</sub> (2015)

Catalysts are required for the oxygen evolution reaction, which are abundant, active, and stable in acid. MnO 2 is a promising candidate material for this purpose. However, it dissolves at high overpotentials. Using first‐principles calculations, a strategy to mitigate this problem by decorating undercoordinated surface sites of MnO 2 with a stable oxide is developed here. TiO 2 stands out as the most promising of the different oxides in the simulations. This prediction is experimentally verified by testing sputter‐deposited thin films of MnO 2 and Ti–MnO 2 . A combination of electrochemical measurements, quartz crystal microbalance, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry measurements, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy is performed. Small amounts of TiO 2 incorporated into MnO 2 lead to a moderate improvement in stability, with only a small decrease in activity. This study opens up the possibility of engineering surface properties of catalysts so that active and abundant nonprecious metal oxides can be used in acid electrolytes.
<b>Nocturnal Bird Migration Over an Appalachian Ridge at a Proposed Wind Power Project</b> (2006)

Characteristics of nocturnal bird migration are poorly understood for many regions of the United States. This information will be critical in areas where wind power projects are proposed. We used portable marine radar to conduct a nocturnal bird migration study at multiple sites along the Allegheny Front, West Virginia, on 45 nights during autumn 2003, to document migration characteristics at a proposed wind power project. Nocturnal passage rates were highly variable among nights, ranging from 8 to 852 targets/km/hour, with a seasonal mean of 241 ± 33 targets/km/hour at the primary (central) study site and 199 targets/km/hour for the entire proposed development. Mean flight altitudes also were highly variable among nights, ranging from 214 to 769 m above ground level (agl), with a mean flight altitude of 410 ± 2 m agl. Flight directions indicated that most migrants crossed, rather than followed, the Allegheny Front ridgeline. We believe portable marine radars, when coupled with a rigorous study design, can collect important baseline information on avian migration and address site specific questions posed at proposed developments. Concurrent collection of low-altitude migration and avian fatality data could help elucidate which metrics are most useful for predicting avian fatalities at wind power developments.
Rheological Properties of 1,4-Polyisoprene over a Large Molecular Weight Range (2004)

The dynamic viscoelastic properties of anionically polymerized model 1,4-polyisoprene (PI) with 6−8% 3,4 microstructure and in the range of molecular weights between 1.5 × 103 and 3.2 × 106 g/mol were reanalyzed using linear rheology. Viscosities obtained in the zero shear-rate limit, η0, up to sufficiently high molecular weight PI samples indicated a clear transition to the pure reptation regime. All characteristic molecular weights, dividing the [η0,M]-interval in three different regimes could be obtained in high accuracy and a new “triangle” is proposed. The experimental data were analyzed in terms of the empirical Winter-relaxation BSW-model description for both dynamic moduli. The BSW parameters are determined and interpreted in terms of the packing model where possible. Limitations of the packing model are detected and discussed. Additionally, the parameters of the assumed distribution of relaxation times are compared to predictions of microscopic dynamic theories and useful correlations made. The publication deals, in part, with a misconception in the literature for estimates of the constraint release contribution. The monomeric friction coefficient ζ0, determined in this study for the first time rheologically for anionic PI itself agrees with the natural rubber analogue.
HLA-G Orchestrates the Early Interaction of Human Trophoblasts with the Maternal Niche (2015)

Extravillous trophoblasts (EVTs) play a central role in educating maternal leukocytes, endometrial stromal and endothelial cells to generate a receptive decidual microenvironment tailored to accept the semi-allogeneic fetus. HLA-G, a non-classical HLA class I molecule endowed with immune-regulatory functions, is primarily expressed on EVTs lining the placenta and on the naturally occurring tolerogenic dendritic cells, named DC-10, which are enriched in the human first trimester decidua. Decidual DC-10 are involved in HLA-G-mediated tolerance at the maternal-fetal interface. EVTs not only establish a tolerogenic microenvironment through the interaction with maternal innate and adaptive cells but also orchestrate placenta vascular and tissue remodeling, leading to a successful pregnancy. Here, we discuss the potential implications of the HLA-G-mediated cross-talk among the cells present at the maternal-fetal interface, and its role in maintaining a positive relationship between the mother and the fetus.
Single‐Crystalline Tungsten Oxide Quantum Dots for Fast Pseudocapacitor and Electrochromic Applications (2014)

Tungsten oxide quantum dots (QDs) with an average size down to 1.6 nm are developed, serving as a new class of promising electrode materials, which yield efficient and fast electron/ion transport in the charge/discharge process. With a visually impressive display, the QDs present coloration/bleaching times within 1 s, which is much superior to inorganic analogues and even competitive to organic-related materials.