gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oral bovine lactoferrin improves bone status of ovariectomized mice (2009)

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of dietary lactoferrin on bone metabolism in vivo using a postmenopausal animal model. We investigated whether bovine lactoferrin (bLF) ingestion could prevent bone loss in ovariectomized mice. Twelve-week-old female C3H mice either ovariectomized or sham operated were fed for 27 wk with the control diet (AIN-93M with 140 g of total milk protein as a protein source per kg of diet). Four groups of ovariectomized mice received diets including different concentrations of bLF (1, 5, 10, or 20 g of total milk protein were replaced by bLF). Ovariectomy induced a decreased uterine weight and a smaller gain of bone mineral density. Immunoreactive bLF was detected in the peripheral blood, and its concentration was related to the amount of bLF ingestion. bLF supplementation to the diet improved bone mineral density (BMD) and femoral failure load in a dose-dependent manner. We confirmed the direct effects of bLF in vitro using established and primary cultures of murine bone cells. Addition of bLF to the culture medium at a concentration of between 1 and 1,000 microg/ml stimulated both cell growth and differentiation of osteoblastic MC3T3 cells while inhibiting the growth of preosteoclastic RAW 267.4 cells. In primary culture of mixed bone cells, an enhanced osteoblast differentiation was associated with an inhibition of osteoclast differentiation at lower bLF concentrations (1-10 microg/ml). In conclusion, these findings suggest that dietary lactoferrin supplementation can have a beneficial effect on postmenopausal bone loss by modulating bone formation and resorption.
K252a inhibits proliferation of glioma cells by blocking platelet-derived growth factor signal transduction. (1997)

Growth factors are known to regulate glioma proliferation. The glioma cell lines U87 and T98G were examined for evidence of an autocrine stimulatory loop involving the neurotrophin family of growth factors. Although neurotrophin-3 and TrkC RNA were detected by reverse transcription-PCR, there was no evidence of significant interaction between neurotrophin-3 and its cognate receptor TrkC. The microbial alkaloid K252a has been described to inhibit both Trk tyrosine kinase activity and neuroblastoma cell proliferation. K252a inhibited proliferation in U87 (IC50 = 1170 nM) and T98G (IC50 = 529 nM) but induced apoptosis in U87 cells only. At concentrations of 500 nM to 1 microM, K252a blocked only platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-mediated receptor autophosphorylation. These results suggest that an autocrine loop involving PDGF is functional and important for maintaining tumor growth. There is no evidence to support the existence of a neurotrophin-mediated autocrine loop. K252a, through inhibition of PDGF signal transduction, may be a novel therapeutic agent in the treatment of human gliomas.
High-Performance Mixed-Precision Linear Solver for FPGAs (2008)

Compared to higher-precision data formats, lower-precision data formats result in higher performance for computational intensive applications on FPGAs because of their lower resource cost, reduced memory bandwidth requirements, and higher circuit frequency. On the other hand, scientific computations usually demand highly accurate solutions. This paper seeks to utilize lower-precision data formats whenever possible for higher performance without losing the accuracy of higher-precision data formats by using mixed-precision algorithms and architectures. First, we analyze the floating-point performance of different data formats on FPGAs. Second, we introduce mixed-precision iterative refinement algorithms for linear solvers and give error analysis. Finally, we propose an innovative architecture for a mixed-precision direct solver for reconfigurable computing. Our results show that our mixed-precision algorithm and architecture significantly improve the performance of linear solvers on FPGAs.
Distributed Control for a Variable Length Message Store-and-Forward System (1978)

This paper describes the performance of a store-store-and-forward communications network with an adaptive routing strategy. The network chosen is a simplification of the AUTODIN network (described below) and the strategy is a modification of the routing of ARPANET. The objective is to make a network such as AUTODIN, with its wide variation in message length, effectively responsive for computercomputer and terminal-computer messages as well as record traffic. A second objective is to increase survivability following isolated equipment failures. A simulation study is used to show that improved performance is achieved.
Signal Peptide Peptidase and γ-Secretase Share Equivalent Inhibitor Binding Pharmacology (2007)

The enzyme gamma-secretase has long been considered a potential pharmaceutical target for Alzheimer disease. Presenilin (the catalytic subunit of gamma-secretase) and signal peptide peptidase (SPP) are related transmembrane aspartyl proteases that cleave transmembrane substrates. SPP and gamma-secretase are pharmacologically similar in that they are targeted by many of the same small molecules, including transition state analogs, non-transition state inhibitors, and amyloid beta-peptide modulators. One difference between presenilin and SPP is that the proteolytic activity of presenilin functions only within a multisubunit complex, whereas SPP requires no additional protein cofactors for activity. In this study, gamma-secretase inhibitor radioligands were used to evaluate SPP and gamma-secretase inhibitor binding pharmacology. We found that the SPP enzyme exhibited distinct binding sites for transition state analogs, non-transition state inhibitors, and the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug sulindac sulfide, analogous to those reported previously for gamma-secretase. In the course of this study, cultured cells were found to contain an abundance of SPP binding activity, most likely contributed by several of the SPP family proteins. The number of SPP binding sites was in excess of gamma-secretase binding sites, making it essential to use selective radioligands for evaluation of gamma-secretase binding under these conditions. This study provides further support for the idea that SPP is a useful model of inhibitory mechanisms and structure in the SPP/presenilin protein family.
Determination of the Best CRC Codes with up to 10-Bit Redundancy (2008)

All binary polynomials of degree up to 10 which are suitable to be used as generator polynomials of CRC codes are classified and all the necessary data for the evaluation of the error control performance of the CRC codes generated by the classified polynomials is calculated. A procedure, based on the computed data, for choosing the best CRC code is suggested.
Fsh and Lh have common and distinct effects on gene expression in rainbow trout testis (2012)

The general rules established from mammalian species for the regulation of spermatogenesis by gonadotropins may not be fully relevant in fish. Particularly, Fsh is as potent as Lh to stimulate steroidogenesis and the Fsh receptor is expressed in Leydig cells. In seasonal breeders, Fsh is likely the major gonadotropin involved in spermatogenesis onset and Lh is required to support spermatogenesis progression and gamete release. However, the genes that relay the action of Fsh and Lh have been poorly investigated in fish. The present study was aimed at identifying gonadotropin-dependent genes expressed in the testis during fish puberty. We cultured pubertal trout testicular explants for 96 h, with or without gonadotropin, and analyzed transcriptome variations using microarrays. Fsh and Lh had similar effects on a large group of genes while other genes were preferentially regulated by one or the other gonadotropin. We showed that most of the responsive genes were expressed in somatic cells and exhibited relevant patterns during the seasonal reproductive cycle. Some genes preferentially modulated by Lh could be involved in testicular cell fate (pvrl1 and bty) or sperm maturation (ehmt2 and racgap1) and will deserve further examination. Besides Fsh's effects on the steroidogenic pathway, our study demonstrates that Fsh coordinates relevant stimulatory and inhibitory paracrine factors known to regulate early germ cell proliferation and differentiation. Some of these genes belong to major regulatory pathways including the Igf pathway (igf1b/igf3 and igfbp6), the Tgfb pathway (amh, inha, inhba, and fstl3), the Wnt pathway (wisp1), and pleiotrophin (mdka).
A Novel Form of Short QT Syndrome (SQT3) Is Caused by a Mutation in the <i>KCNJ2</i> Gene (2005)

Short QT syndrome (SQTS) leads to an abbreviated QTc interval and predisposes patients to life-threatening arrhythmias. To date, two forms of the disease have been identified: SQT1, caused by a gain of function substitution in the HERG (I(Kr)) channel, and SQT2, caused by a gain of function substitution in the KvLQT1 (I(Ks)) channel. Here we identify a new variant, "SQT3", which has a unique ECG phenotype characterized by asymmetrical T waves, and a defect in the gene coding for the inwardly rectifying Kir2.1 (I(K1)) channel. The affected members of a single family had a G514A substitution in the KCNJ2 gene that resulted in a change from aspartic acid to asparagine at position 172 (D172N). Whole-cell patch-clamp studies of the heterologously expressed human D172N channel demonstrated a larger outward I(K1) than the wild-type (P<0.05) at potentials between -75 mV and -45 mV, with the peak current being shifted in the former with respect to the latter (WT, -75 mV; D172N, -65 mV). Coexpression of WT and mutant channels to mimic the heterozygous condition of the proband yielded an outward current that was intermediate between WT and D172N. In computer simulations using a human ventricular myocyte model the increased outward I(K1) greatly accelerated the final phase of repolarization, and shortened the action potential duration. Hence, unlike the known mutations in the two other SQTS forms (N588K in HERG and V307L in KvLQT1), simulations using the D172N and WT/D172N mutations fully accounted for the ECG phenotype of tall and asymmetrically shaped T waves. Although we were unable to test for inducibility of arrhythmia susceptibility due to lack of patients' consent, our computer simulations predict a steeper steady-state restitution curve for the D172N and WT/D172N mutation, compared with WT or to HERG or KvLQT1 mutations, which may predispose SQT3 patients to a greater risk of reentrant arrhythmias.
Human Polymerized Hemoglobin for the Treatment of Hemorrhagic Shock when Blood Is Unavailable: The USA Multicenter Trial (2008)

Patients resuscitated with PolyHeme, without stored blood for up to 6 U in 12 hours postinjury, had outcomes comparable with those for the standard of care. Although there were more adverse events in the PolyHeme group, the benefit-to-risk ratio of PolyHeme is favorable when blood is needed but not available.
Investment Behavior, Observable Expectations, and Internal Funds (1999)

We use earnings forecasts from securities analysts to construct more accurate measures of the fundamentals that affect the expected returns to investment. We find that investment responds significantly -- in both economic and statistical terms -- to our new measures of fundamentals. Our estimates imply that the elasticity of the investment-capital ratio with respect to a change in fundamentals is generally greater than unity. In addition, we find that internal funds are uncorrelated with investment spending, even for selected subsamples of firms -- those paying no dividends and those without bond ratings -- that have been found to be "liquidity constrained" in previous studies. Our results cast doubt on the evidence for liquidity constraints from the many studies that have used Tobin's Q to control for the expected returns to investment.
A 2-million-pixel CCD image sensor overlaid with an amorphous silicon photoconversion layer (1991)

A highly sensitive 2-million-pixel high-definition charge-coupled device (CCD) image sensor was developed that features an overlaid amorphous silicon photoconversion layer on an interline transfer-type CCD scanner. The device is adapted to the 16:9 aspect ratio. 1125 scanning lines and 2:1 interlace high-definition TV system. A dual-channel horizontal CCD register is used to reduce the operating frequency to one half of the 74.25-MHz readout frequency. A horizontal period signal storage memory (1H line memory) is provided between the vertical CCD register and the horizontal CCD register to provide the signal distribution from the vertical CCD to the horizontal CCD register during the 3.77- mu s short horizontal blanking interval. This device realized a 1000 TV line horizontal limiting resolution 210 nA/1x high sensitivity. Total random noise was found to be 52 electrons RMS and a 72-dB dynamic range was achieved.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Moxibustion plus pharmacotherapy for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (2016)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally. Moxibustion has been used for respiratory diseases such as asthma however, there are few clinical studies of moxibustion for COPD. The aim of this report is to examine the efficacy and safety of moxibustion in combination with pharmacotherapy for the treatment of COPD. Five English databases and four Chinese databases were searched. Studies of moxibustion plus pharmacotherapy which reported on the outcomes of symptom severity (e.g. Borg or Medical Research Council scales), lung function (FEVI or FVC, L or percent predicted). Health-related quality of life (e.g. St George's Respiratory Questionnaire), exercise capacity (six minute walk test), acute exacerbations, BODE index, effective rate of adverse events, Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's risk of bias assessment tool. Data were analysed with RevMan 5.2 software. Fives studies (514 participants) were included. Lung function was higher after treatment in those who received moxibustion plus pharmacotherapy compared with pharmacotherapy alone. A similar finding was seen for the outcome effective rate. No adverse events were reported. However, the reporting of study detail was poor and methodological weakness was noted. While benefit of combining moxibustion with pharmacotherapy was seen for some outcomes, the clinical relevance of the findings remains uncertain. Moxibustion combined with pharmacotherapy may increase lung function and effective rate more than pharmacotherapy alone and was well tolerated. Further research through large and rigorously designed clinical trials is needed to confirm the potential benefit of moxibustion plus pharmacotherapy for COPD.
Contraction of the positive column of discharges in noble gases (2011)

This review describes the experimental studies of contraction in neon, argon and helium, discussing the basic regularities of the phenomenon. These studies, extended over a long time, are still urgent. For pressures that are not too high a noticeable contraction of the plasma glow and a smooth non-monotonic dependence of the degree of contraction on the current are observed. Above a critical pressure the plasma immediately contracts into a bright thin cord, if the current reaches a critical value. A hysteresis phenomenon is observed during the transition from the diffuse state to the contracted state and vice versa. Experiments that show the secondary role of non-homogeneous gas heating for contraction in neon and argon, and the main role for contraction in helium, are described. Studies of the ionization waves (the strata), which propagate as pulses of the current cord area, are reviewed showing the close relationship between contraction and stratification. The roles of various mechanisms leading to the contraction and describing the general picture of the observed phenomena are analysed. For heavy noble gases the main role is played by ionization non-linearity as a function of electron concentration, which is related to the competition of electron–atom and electron–electron collisions. This non-linearity leads to plasma shrinkage and the development of ionization instability in the radial (contraction) and longitudinal (stratification) directions. For helium such non-linearity does not play a leading role, since the frequency of the elastic electron–atom collisions is considered to be constant over a large energy range, and this yields a Maxwellian distribution function. The contraction in helium is defined by thermal effects. In addition, recent studies on the numerical modelling of the contraction are discussed.
WAP and Push Technology Integrated into Mobile Commerce Applications (2006)

The Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) is an industry wide standard defining a communication protocol and application environment that allows users to access Internet content and services from mobile phones. WAP push is a mobile technology that automatically sends information from service providers to the service subscribers. Over the recent years, the trend toward smaller and faster mobile devices, coupled with the need for information access on the move, has paved the way for new business applications that bring together the two technologies of the Web and the mobile phone. This paper studies WAP and push and investigates possible WAP-push applications. We propose an approach of integrating push technology with WAP. The integrated framework provides company executives with useful insights into mobile commerce push applications and their commercial potentials.
Anticipating and controlling mask costs within EDA physical design (2003)

For low k1 lithography, more aggressive OPC is being applied to critical layers, and the number of mask layers with OPC treatments is growing rapidly. The 130 nm, process node required, on average, 8 layers containing rules- or model-based OPC. The 90 nm node will have 16 OPC layers, of which 14 layers contain aggressive model-based OPC. This escalation of mask pattern complexity, coupled with the predominant use of vector-scan e-beam (VSB) mask writers contributes to the rising costs of advanced mask sets. Writing times for OPC layouts are several times longer than for traditional layouts, making mask exposure the single largest cost component for OPC masks. Lower mask yields, another key factor in higher mask costs, is also aggravated by OPC. Historical mask set costs are plotted below. The initial cost of a 90 nm-node mask set will exceed one million dollars. The relative impact of mask cost on chip depends on how many total wafers are printed with each mask set. For many foundry chips, where unit production is often well below 1000 wafers, mask costs are larger than wafer processing costs. Further increases in NRE may begin to discourage these suppliers' adoption to 90 nm and smaller nodes. In this paper we will outline several alternatives for reducing mask costs by strategically leveraging dimensional margins. Dimensional specifications for a particular masking layer usually are applied uniformly to all features on that layer. As a practical matter, accuracy requirements on different features in the design may vary widely. Take a polysilicon layer, for example: global tolerance specifications for that layer are driven by the transistor-gate requirements; but these parameters over-specify interconnect feature requirements. By identifying features where dimensional accuracy requirements can be reduced, additional margin can be leveraged to reduce OPC complexity. Mask writing time on VSB tools will drop in nearly direct proportion to reduce shot count. By inspecting masks with reference to feature-dependent margins, instead of uniform specifications, mask yield can be effectively increased further reducing delivered mask expense.
A Collaborative Augmented Reality System Based On Real Time Hand Gesture Recognition (2012)

Human computer interaction is a major issue in research industry. In order to offer a way to enable untrained users to interact with computer more easily and efficiently gesture based interface has been paid more attention. Gesture based interface provides the most effective means for non-verbal interaction. Various devices like head mounted display and hand glove could be used by the user but they may be cumbersome to use and they limits the user action and make them tired. This problem can be solved by the real time bare hand gesture recognition technique for human computer interaction using computer vision Computer vision is becoming very popular now a days since it can hold a lot of information at a very low cost. With this increasing popularity of computer vision there is a rapid development in the field of virtual reality as it provides an easy and efficient virtual interface between human and computer. At the same time much research is going on to provide more natural interface for human-computer interaction with the power of computer vision .The most powerful and natural interface for human-computer interaction is the hand gesture. In this project we focus our attention to vision based recognition of hand gesture for personal authentication where hand gesture is used as a password. Different hand gestures are used as password for different personals.
Surface-adaptable all-metal micro-four-point probe with unique configuration (2015)

In this paper, we propose a surface-adaptable all-metal micro-four-point probe (μ4PP) with a unique configuration. The μ4PP consists of four independent metallic sub-cantilevers with sharp Cu tips, and an SU-8 body structure to support the sub-cantilevers. The tip height is approximately 15 μm, and the tips are fabricated by anisotropic wet-etching of silicon followed by Cu electroplating. Each metallic cantilever connected to the SU-8 body structure acts as a flexible spring, so that the conducting tip can make gentle, non-destructive contact with fragile surfaces. To enhance the adhesion between the metallic sub-cantilevers and the SU-8 body, mushroom-shaped Cu structures were fabricated using an under-baked and under-exposed photolithography process. Various μ4PPs were designed and fabricated to verify their diverse range of applications, and preliminary experiments were performed using these fabricated μ4PPs. The resultant flexibility and reliability were experimentally confirmed on several samples, such as a polymer cantilever, a graphene flake, and curved metallic surfaces. We also expect that the proposed μ4PP will be suitable for measuring the anisotropic characteristics of crystal materials or the Hall effect in semiconductors.
Porous silicon-based quantum dot broad spectrum radiation detector (2011)

Silicon is a convenient and inexpensive platform for radiation detection, but has low stopping power for x-rays and gamma-rays with high energy (e.g., 100 keV, as used in computed tomography and digital radiography, or 1 MeV, as desired for detection of nuclear materials). We have effectively increased the stopping power of silicon detectors by producing a layer of porous or micro-machined silicon, and infusing this layer with semiconductor quantum dots made of electron-dense materials. Results of prototype detectors show sensitivity to infrared, visible light, and x-rays, with dark current of less than 1 nA/mm<sup>2</sup>.
Functional diversity of HIV-1 envelope proteins expressed by contemporaneous plasma viruses (2008)

These findings demonstrate the marked functional heterogeneity of HIV-1 Env proteins expressed by contemporaneous circulating viruses, and underscore the advantage of clonal analyses in characterizing the spectrum of functional properties of the genetically diverse viral populations present in a given patient.