gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sound Localization with Phase Audiometry (1976)

A 500 Hz pure tone is presented binaurally with earphones. The tone is adjusted to give a midline impression at confortable loudness level. An electronic variable time delay line unit and a generator for randomizing the shift of the phase lag of the signal to the right or to the left ear, respectively, are used. By shortening the time delay the threshold of the recognition of the phase difference is reached. At every test sequence the tone is first presented in the center of the head without delay and then with delay. The patient runs the test by indicating in which ear the tone is heard. The phase difference is thus gradually reduced from 500 musec down to a threshold value of about 48 musec equal on right and left ears in normal-hearing subjects. The results of phase audiometry on subjects with normal hearing and with different types of hearing losses are in good agreement with the results of sound localization tests in free field. Phase audiometry seems to be of especial value in diagnosing retrocochlear lesions.
Detection of differentially methylated gene promoters in failing and nonfailing human left ventricle myocardium using computation analysis (2013)

Human dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is characterized by congestive heart failure and altered myocardial gene expression. Epigenetic changes, including DNA methylation, are implicated in the development of DCM but have not been studied extensively. Clinical human DCM and nonfailing control left ventricle samples were individually analyzed for DNA methylation and expressional changes. Expression microarrays were used to identify 393 overexpressed and 349 underexpressed genes in DCM (GEO accession number: GSE43435). Gene promoter microarrays were utilized for DNA methylation analysis, and the resulting data were analyzed by two different computational methods. In the first method, we utilized subtractive analysis of DNA methylation peak data to identify 158 gene promoters exhibiting DNA methylation changes that correlated with expression changes. In the second method, a two-stage approach combined a particle swarm optimization feature selection algorithm and a discriminant analysis via mixed integer programming classifier to identify differentially methylated gene promoters. This analysis identified 51 hypermethylated promoters and six hypomethylated promoters in DCM with 100% cross-validation accuracy in the group assignment. Generation of a composite list of genes identified by subtractive analysis and two-stage computation analysis revealed four genes that exhibited differential DNA methylation by both methods in addition to altered gene expression. Computationally identified genes (AURKB, BTNL9, CLDN5, and TK1) define a central set of differentially methylated gene promoters that are important in classifying DCM. These genes have no previously reported role in DCM. This study documents that rigorous computational analysis applied to microarray analysis of healthy and diseased human heart samples helps to define clinically relevant DNA methylation and expressional changes in DCM.
Recognition of non-native accents (1997)

This paper deals with the problem of non-native accents in speech recognition. Reference tests were performed using whole-word and sub-word models trained either with a native accent or a pool of native and non-native accents. The results seem to indicate that the use of phonetic transcriptions for each speci c accent may improve recognition scores with sub-word models. A data-driven process is used to derive transcription lattices. The recognition scores thus obtained were encouraging.
Lack of Hypertonia in Thumb Muscles After Stroke (2010)

Despite the importance of the thumb to hand function, little is known about the origins of thumb impairment poststroke. Accordingly, the primary purpose of this study was to assess whether thumb flexors have heightened stretch reflexes (SRs) following stroke-induced hand impairment. The secondary purpose was to compare SR characteristics of thumb flexors in relation to those of finger flexors since it is unclear whether SR properties of both muscle groups are similarly affected poststroke. Stretch reflexes in thumb and finger flexors were assessed at rest on the paretic side in each of 12 individuals with chronic, severe, stroke-induced hand impairment and in the dominant thumb in each of eight control subjects also at rest. Muscle activity and passive joint flexion torques were measured during imposed slow (SS) and fast stretches (FS) of the flexors that span the metacarpophalangeal joints. Putative spasticity was then quantified in terms of the peak difference between FS and SS joint torques and electromyographic changes. For both the hemiparetic and control groups, the mean normalized peak torque differences (PTDs) measured in thumb flexors were statistically indistinguishable (P = 0.57). In both groups, flexor muscles were primarily unresponsive to rapid stretching. For 10 of 12 hemiparetic subjects, PTDs in thumb flexors were less than those in finger flexors (P = 0.03). Paretic finger flexor muscle reflex activity was consistently elicited during rapid stretching. These results may reflect an important difference between thumb and finger flexors relating to properties of the involved muscle afferents and spinal motoneurons.
5.2 mW single-mode power from a coupled-resonator vertical-cavity laser (2002)

Vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSELs) which emit into a single optical mode are increasingly sought for emerging VCSEL applications. We have achieved a record high fundamental-mode power of 5.2 mW from our coupled-resonator vertical-cavity lasers. The coupled-resonator is composed of a bottom p-type distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) with 35 periods, a middle n-type DBR with 11.5 periods, and a top p-type DBR with 22 periods. The top and bottom one-wavelength cavities each contain five 8 nm GaAs quantum wells.
The <i>Notch</i> locus of <i>Drosophila</i> is required in epidermal cells for epidermal development (1990)

The Notch locus of Drosophila plays an important role in cell fate decisions within the neurogenic ectoderm, a role thought to involve interactions at the cell surface. We have assayed the requirement for Notch gene expression in epidermal cells by two kinds of genetic mosaics. First, with gynandromorphs, we removed the wild-type gene long before the critical developmental events to produce large mutant clones. The genotype of cells in large clones was scored by means of an antibody to the Notch protein. Second, using mitotic recombination, we removed the gene at successively later times after completion of the mitotically active early cleavage stages, to produce small clones. These clones were detected by means of a linked mutation of cuticle pattern, armadillo. The results of both experiments demonstrate a requirement for Notch expression by epidermal cells, and thus argue against the model that the Notch product acts as a signal required only in the neuroblast to influence neighboring epidermal cells. The mitotic recombination experiment revealed that Notch product is required by epidermal cells subsequent to neuroblast delamination. This result implies that the Notch gene functions to maintain the determined state of epidermal cells, possibly by mediating cell surface interactions within the epidermis.
Single-Anchor 2-D Magnetoquasistatic Position Sensing for Short to Long Ranges Above Ground (2015)

Recent developments in long-range magnetoquasistatic position sensing have enabled the decoupling of one-dimensional (1-D) range and orientation of the mobile device to be sensed. By advancing the theory, we demonstrate accurate two-dimensional (2-D) position sensing using a single-anchor system through the decoupling of azimuthal-direction angle of the mobile device. The result is 2-D positioning with a mean geometrical 2-D position error of 0.26 m for ranges up to 30 m using a single-anchor receiver system—not relying on triangulation/trilateration.
ChemInform Abstract: A GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF 3‐(SUBSTITUTED BENZOYL)‐3‐SUBSTITUTED ALKANOIC ACIDS (1974)

Abstract Im Zusammenhang mit der Herstellung von pharmakologisch interessanten Pyridazinonen (II) aus den Ketocarbonsäuren (I) und Hydrazin wird die Synthese von Verbindungen der Art (I) untersucht.
Extraction of ketamine from urine using a miniature silica monolithic cartridge followed by quantification with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) (2011)

The high surface area monolith with reactive hydroxyl group on its surface enables it to function as a miniature solid-phase extraction (SPE) cartridge in size of 1 cm in diameter and 0.5 cm in length. The prepared silica monolith was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller method, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Ketamine was selected as model analyte to validate the extraction efficiency of the prepared cartridge. The extracted ketamine from urine sample was quantitated by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using positive electrospray ionization. The limit of detection and quantification for ketamine was found to be 0.5 and 1.6 ng/mL, respectively. The analysis exhibited linearity in the range of 10-500 ng/mL with coefficient of correlation >0.99. The recovery was found to be in the range of 89-107% with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 10%. The prepared cartridge was found robust in extracting ketamine efficiently and repeatedly without any significant deterioration in its performance. Moreover, the batch-to-batch variations in the performance of the prepared cartridges in terms of % ion suppression of the extracts and recoveries of samples were small, suggesting the consistency in the properties of the monolith.
Use of Horizontal Drains for Slope Stabilisation in Hong Kong (1996)

In a review completed recently by the Geotechnical Engineering Office, information was gathered on horizontal drains installed at 87 sites in Hong Kong, of which eight cases were selected for detailed assessment. Although a number of design theories exist, in practice the design of horizontal drains in soil slopes is based on modified precedent using general experience and knowledge of site conditions to select an initial drainage layout and the observational method to finalise the layout during construction. This is in keeping with the variable near-surface hydrogeological conditions encountered in typical Hong Kong slopes. Analysis of piezometric and drain discharge data shows that the drains at the eight selected sites have caused significant lowering of main groundwater levels; also that clogging of drains does not appear to be a major concern for the longer-term. Various investigation, design and construction aspects are discussed, including the use of different drain types and materials, grouting of drain inverts, contractual arrangements and installation costs. Recommendations are given for good practice in monitoring and maintenance. There are good prospects for greater use of such drains for slope stabilisation in Hong Kong.
Computerized Hospital On-Line Resources Allocation Link (CHORAL): A Mechanism to Monitor and Establish Policy for Hospital Ambulance Diversions (1991)

Ongoing monitoring of the availability of hospital critical care resources is necessary to assure patients in the emergency medical services (EMS) system reach appropriate care. In this densely populated area Multnomah County, Oregon, ambulances have been diverted by radio from several hospitals before finding one that would accept the patient. Dispatch centers and base-stations had no reliable method to monitor the availability of hospital resources. Data were not available for use in establishing policy. In response, this community developed an on-line, computerized system known as Computerized Hospital On-Line Resources Allocation Link (CHORAL) that visually displays the resource status of all hospitals to the 911 center, base station, and participating hospitals. A change of status requires simple keystrokes for entry into the computer which in turn transmitted automatically to all other CHORAL computers. Six patient care resources are monitored: Adult Ward (AW); Computerized Axial Tomography Scan (CT); Critical Care (CC); Labor and Delivery (LD); Pediatric (PEDS); and Psychiatric Secure Beds (PSB). Paramedics use protocol to determine if a particular patient fits one of these categories. Availability is relayed to paramedics by the 911 center and the base-station. During the first three months of system operation, there were 337 diversions representing 4,527 hours among 10 of the 12 participating hospitals. The most common resource resulting in diversion was PSB, which was unavailable for 2,195 hours (48.5%). Unavailability of CT resulted in the lowest number of diversions (1.3%, 60.3 hours).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Parallel Optical Interconnections Using Surface-emitting Microlasers And A Hybrid Imaging System (2005)

Abstract The use of microoptical imaging systems in combination with vertical cavity surface emitting laser arrays for parallel optical interconnects is described. Three generic interconnection systems are discussed: a conventional 4f system, a lenslet array based system, and a hybrid system which combines the former two. The hybrid system breaks up the imaging task in a favorable way. It relaxes the performance requirements of the single elements and some of the alignment tolerances of the whole system. Furthermore, the choice of different types of microlenses, that are particulary suited for the different sub-tasks in the hybrid system. allows one to optimize the system performance. Theoretical considerations are complemented with experimental results obtained with a 4 × 4 array of microlasers.
MO/Ti bilayer metallization for a self-aligned TiSi2 process (1984)

During the TiSi2 formation from Ti/Si couples, Ti is often found to oxidize appreciably by reacting with residual oxygen in annealing ambients. A bilayer of Mo/Ti replacing a single layer of Ti has been evaluated for application to a self-aligned process. Due to the presence of the thin overlayer Mo, a reduced internal oxidation of Ti increased the overall oxidation resistance during the silicide-formation cycle. We also found that the Mo/Ti bilayer was incorporating an appreciable amount of nitrogen along with the formation of TiSi2 layer in a flowing nitrogen forming-gas (N2+8–10% H2) ambient when the structure was subjected to heat treatment at 590 °C±10 °C. The thin-film rections of Mo/Ti/Si structures will be discussed and compared with that of Ti/Si couples. Due to the uniform TiSi2 formation with minimized oxidation, a very homogeneous etching across a wafer resulted during an excess-metal etch step. This bilayer was applied to fabricate MOSFET’s giving 3–4 Ω/⧠ of sheet resistance with good reproducibility.
Mining ventilation control : a new industrial case for wireless automation (2008)

This paper describes a new industrial case on wireless automation, for a large scale system with high environmental impact: the mining ventilation. We do not pretend to solve the global control problem but rather propose a novel approach based on distributed sensing/actuation capabilities, which can be allowed by the installation of an heterogeneous network in the underground process. Several key issues, such as the centralized vs. decentralized control, the macroscopic physical models for the main components and the network structure, are introduced to motivate future research along this line. We particularly highlight new grounds for the development of global control strategies that would allow for the energy consumption optimization of this large-scale system.
Outcomes of pregnancy in insulin dependent diabetic women: results of a five year population cohort study (1997)

In an unselected population the infants of women with pre-existent insulin dependent diabetes mellitus have a 10-fold greater risk of a congenital malformation and a fivefold greater risk of being stillborn than infants in the general population. Further improvements in the management of pregnancy in diabetic women are needed if target of the St Vincent declaration of 1989 is to be met.
Procyanidins are potent inhibitors of LOX-1: a new player in the French Paradox (2011)

Lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor-1 (LOX-1) is an endothelial receptor for oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and plays multiple roles in the development of cardiovascular diseases. We screened more than 400 foodstuff extracts for identifying materials that inhibit oxLDL binding to LOX-1. Results showed that 52 extracts inhibited LOX-1 by more than 70% in cell-free assays. Subsequent cell-based assays revealed that a variety of foodstuffs known to be rich in procyanidins such as grape seed extracts and apple polyphenols, potently inhibited oxLDL uptake in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells expressing LOX-1. Indeed, purified procyanidins significantly inhibited oxLDL binding to LOX-1 while other ingredients of apple polyphenols did not. Moreover, chronic administration of oligomeric procyanidins suppressed lipid accumulation in vascular wall in hypertensive rats fed with high fat diet. These results suggest that procyanidins are LOX-1 inhibitors and LOX-1 inhibition might be a possible underlying mechanism of the well-known vascular protective effects of red wine, the French Paradox.
Influence of Conjugation Chemistry and B Epitope Orientation on the Immune Response of Branched Peptide Antigens (2013)

Multimeric presentation, a well-proven way of enhancing peptide immunogenicity, has found substantial application in synthetic vaccine design. We have reported that a combination of four copies of a B-cell epitope with one of a T-cell epitope in a single branched construct results in a peptide vaccine conferring total protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in swine, a natural host (Cubillos et al. (2008) J. Virol. 82, 7223-7230). More recently, a downsized version of this prototype with only two copies of the B epitope has proven as effective as the tetravalent one in mice. Here we evaluate three approaches to bivalent platforms of this latter type, involving different chemistries for the conjugation of two B epitope peptides to a branching T epitope. Comparison of classical thioether, "reverse" thioether (Monsó et al. (2012) Org. Biomol. Chem. 10, 3116-3121) and thiol-ene conjugation chemistries in terms of synthetic efficiency clearly singles out the latter, maleimide-based strategy as most advantageous. We also examine how minor structural differences among the conjugates--including the N- or C-terminal attachment of the B epitope to the branching T epitope--bear on the immunogenicity of these vaccine candidates, with the maleimide-based conjugate again emerging as the most successful.
Structural models and design rules for on-chip micro-channels with sacrificial cores (2005)

This paper provides a structural analysis of hollow silicon dioxide micro-channels that have applications in microfluidics and photonics. A specific fabrication method is highlighted that uses aluminum as a sacrificial material. Possible causes of failures that occur during fabrication are investigated, and internal pressure produced during the fabrication process is identified as the most likely failure mechanism. Three models are developed for the fabricated micro-channels. Models based on elementary beam theory and energy methods verify a nonlinear finite element model. Design parameters in the finite element model are varied to investigate which have the greatest effect on structural strength and ultimate failure. Experimental results are used with the model to estimate the pressure at failure. Finally, based on the model and experimental results, a rule is developed for the design of the hollow micro-channels described in the paper: maintain the width-to-thickness ratio below 35.
Efficient Viral Gene Transfer to Rodent Hearts In Vivo (2003)

Targeting genes to the heart through somatic gene transfer is allowing investigators to manipulate specific molecules and signal transduction pathways in both in vitro and in vivo models of cardiovascular disease (1,2). This approach permits us to test the role of these molecules and pathways of disease pathogenesis and progression (1).
Avian virulence and thermostable replication of the North American strain of West Nile virus (2006)

The NY99 genotype of West Nile virus (WNV) introduced into North America has demonstrated high virulence for American crows (AMCRs), whilst a closely related WNV strain (KEN-3829) from Kenya exhibits substantially reduced virulence in AMCRs [Brault, A. C., Langevin, S. A., Bowen, R. A., Panella, N. A., Biggerstaff, B. J., Miller, B. R. & Nicholas, K. (2004). Emerg Infect Dis 10, 2161-2168]. Viruses rescued from infectious cDNA clones of both the NY99 and KEN-3829 strains demonstrated virulence comparable to that of their parental strains in AMCRs. To begin to define parameters that might explain the different virulence phenotypes between these two viruses, temperature-sensitivity assays were performed for both viruses at the high temperatures experienced in viraemic AMCRs. Growth curves of the two WNV strains were performed in African green monkey kidney (Vero; 37-42 degrees C) and duck embryonic fibroblast (DEF; 37-45 degrees C) cells cultured at temperatures that were tolerated by the cell line. Unlike the NY99 virus, marked decreases in KEN-3829 viral titres were detected between 36 and 120 h post-infection (p.i.) at temperatures above 43 degrees C. Replication of KEN-3829 viral RNA was reduced 6500-fold at 72 h p.i. in DEF cells incubated at 44 degrees C relative to levels of intracellular virus-specific RNA measured at 37 degrees C. In contrast, replication of virus derived from the NY99 infectious cDNA at 44 degrees C demonstrated only a 17-fold reduction in RNA level. These results indicated that the ability of WNV NY99 to replicate at the high temperatures measured in infected AMCRs could be an important factor leading to the increased avian virulence and emergence of this strain of WNV.
Transient electromagnetic behaviour in inductive oxygen and argon–oxygen plasmas (2016)

In order to develop inductive electric propulsion as a flexible, throttleable technology for future space operations, a greater understanding of discharge transitions within the inductive plasma generator discharge chamber is required. This paper presents a non-intrusive method to determine the conditions under which transitions between the capacitive, low inductive, and high inductive regimes occur with greater accuracy, as well as determining the proportion of a single discharge cycle the plasma spends in either capacitive or inductive regime. Such a method allows a more robust method of classification of inductive discharges than previously available and can be applied to numerous gases. This approach presents an advantage over previous methods which relied on strongly radiating or thermally reactive gases to exhibit certain behaviour (due to the restriction of classical diagnostics on such high power sources) before a transition could be confirmed. This paper presents results from the proposed method applied to a pure oxygen plasma as well as two combinations of argon and oxygen (at 1:1 and 3:2 Ar:O2 volumetric ratios) in order to assess the tunability of electromagnetic regime transitions through modifications of gas composition rather than mechanical alterations. Transitions to the higher inductive mode were observed for much lower input powers for the argon–oxygen blends, as was expected, allowing final discharge conditions to occupy the inductive regime for 94% and 85% of a single discharge cycle for the 3:2 and 1:1 Ar:O2 mixtures, respectively. Pure oxygen achieved a maximum inductive proportion of 71% by comparison.