gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reliable Crowdsourcing and Deep Locality-Preserving Learning for Unconstrained Facial Expression Recognition (2018)

Facial expression is central to human experience, but most previous databases and studies are limited to posed facial behavior under controlled conditions. In this paper, we present a novel facial expression database, Real-world Affective Face Database (RAF-DB), which contains approximately 30 000 facial images with uncontrolled poses and illumination from thousands of individuals of diverse ages and races. During the crowdsourcing annotation, each image is independently labeled by approximately 40 annotators. An expectation-maximization algorithm is developed to reliably estimate the emotion labels, which reveals that real-world faces often express compound or even mixture emotions. A cross-database study between RAF-DB and CK+ database further indicates that the action units of real-world emotions are much more diverse than, or even deviate from, those of laboratory-controlled emotions. To address the recognition of multi-modal expressions in the wild, we propose a new deep locality-preserving convolutional neural network (DLP-CNN) method that aims to enhance the discriminative power of deep features by preserving the locality closeness while maximizing the inter-class scatter. Benchmark experiments on 7-class basic expressions and 11-class compound expressions, as well as additional experiments on CK+, MMI, and SFEW 2.0 databases, show that the proposed DLP-CNN outperforms the state-of-the-art handcrafted features and deep learning-based methods for expression recognition in the wild. To promote further study, we have made the RAF database, benchmarks, and descriptor encodings publicly available to the research community.
Instant Volume Visualization using Maximum Intensity Difference Accumulation (2009)

Abstract It has long been recognized that transfer function setup for Direct Volume Rendering (DVR) is crucial to its usability. However, the task of finding an appropriate transfer function is complex and time‐consuming even for experts. Thus, in many practical applications simpler techniques which do not rely on complex transfer functions are employed. One common example is Maximum Intensity Projection (MIP) which depicts the maximum value along each viewing ray. In this paper, we introduce Maximum Intensity Difference Accumulation (MIDA), a new approach which combines the advantages of DVR and MIP. Like MIP, MIDA exploits common data characteristics and hence does not require complex transfer functions to generate good visualization results. It does, however, feature occlusion and shape cues similar to DVR. Furthermore, we show that MIDA – in addition to being a useful technique in its own right – can be used to smoothly transition between DVR and MIP in an intuitive manner. MIDA can be easily implemented using volume raycasting and achieves real‐time performance on current graphics hardware.
Formation and evolution of luminescent Si nanoclusters produced by thermal annealing of SiOx films (2004)

Si nanoclusters embedded in SiO2 have been produced by thermal annealing of SiOx films prepared by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. The structural properties of the system have been investigated by energy filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM). EFTEM has evidenced the presence of a relevant contribution of amorphous nanostructures, not detectable by using the more conventional dark field transmission electron microscopy technique. By also taking into account this contribution, an accurate quantitative description of the evolution of the samples upon thermal annealing has been accomplished. In particular, the temperatures at which the nucleation of amorphous and crystalline Si nanoclusters starts have been determined. Furthermore, the nanocluster mean radius and density have been determined as a function of the annealing temperature. Finally, the optical and the structural properties of the system have been compared, to demonstrate that the photoluminescence properties of the system depend on both the amorphous and crystalline clusters.
Motility and chemotaxis of three strains of <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> used for virulence studies (1981)

The motility and chemotaxis of three strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa were examined by electron microscopy, soft agar migration, and the capillary assay test. Strain M2, which is highly virulent in the burned mouse model, was vigorously motile and highly chemotactic. The avirulent strains tested, PA103 and WR5, were defective in motility and chemotaxis, respectively. These results suggest that considerable heterogeneity in chemotactic capacity exists among the P. aeruginosa strains that are used for virulence studies, and further, that chemotaxis should be examined as a possible virulence factor for P. aeruginosa.
Complex impedance spectroscopy for monitoring tissue responses to inserted neural implants (2007)

A series of animal experiments was conducted to characterize changes in the complex impedance of chronically implanted electrodes in neural tissue. Consistent trends in impedance changes were observed across all animals, characterized as a general increase in the measured impedance magnitude at 1 kHz. Impedance changes reach a peak approximately 7 days post-implant. Reactive responses around individual electrodes were described using immuno- and histo-chemistry and confocal microscopy. These observations were compared to measured impedance changes. Several features of impedance changes were able to differentiate between confined and extensive histological reactions. In general, impedance magnitude at 1 kHz was significantly increased in extensive reactions, starting about 4 days post-implant. Electrodes with extensive reactions also displayed impedance spectra with a characteristic change at high frequencies. This change was manifested in the formation of a semi-circular arc in the Nyquist space, suggestive of increased cellular density in close proximity to the electrode site. These results suggest that changes in impedance spectra are directly influenced by cellular distributions around implanted electrodes over time and that impedance measurements may provide an online assessment of cellular reactions to implanted devices.
InGaAsP 1.3 μm optical amplifier-modulator integrated with a fibre-resonator mode-locked laser (1984)

An InGaAsP 1.3 μm amplifier-modulator integrated with a laser which is mode locked in a fibre resonator is demonstrated. Transform limited pulses with 25 ps duration were gated by the amplifier-modulator at a bit rate of 1.05 Gbit/s with an on/off ratio of 20 dB.
Multiple local minima in radiotherapy optimization problems with dose–volume constraints (1997)

The cause of multiple local minima in beam weight optimization problems subject to dose-volume constraints is analyzed. Three objective functions were considered: (a) maximization of tumor control probability (TCP), (b) maximization of the minimum target dose, and (c) minimization of the mean-squared-deviation of the target dose from the prescription dose. It is shown that: (a) TCP models generally result in strongly quasiconvex objective functions; (b) maximization of the minimum target dose results in a strongly quasiconvex objective function; and (c) minimizing the root-mean-square dose deviation results in a convex objective function. Dose-volume constraints are considered such that, for each region at risk (RAR), the volume of tissue whose dose exceeds a certain tolerance dose (DTol) is kept equal to or below a given fractional level (VTol). If all RARs lack a "volume effect" (i.e., VTol = 0 for all RARs) then there is a single local minimum. But if volume effects are present, then the feasible space is possibly nonconvex and therefore possibly leads to multiple local minima. These conclusions hold for all three objective functions. Hence, possible local minima come not from the nonlinear nature of the objective functions considered, but from the "either this volume or that volume but not both" nature of the volume effect. These observations imply that optimization algorithms for dose-volume constraint types of problems should have effective strategies for dealing with multiple local minima.
Sliding Density-Wave in Sr_{14}Cu_{24}O_{41} Ladder Compounds (2002)

We used transport and Raman scattering measurements to identify the insulating state of self-doped spin 1/2 two-leg ladders of Sr_{14}Cu_{24}O_{41} as a weakly pinned, sliding density wave with non-linear conductivity and a giant dielectric response that persists to remarkably high temperatures.
Biomimetic behavior of synthetic particles: from microscopic randomness to macroscopic control (2009)

Randomness is an inherent property of biological systems. In contrast, randomness has been mostly avoided in designing synthetic or artificial systems. Particularly, in designing micro/nano-motors, some researchers have successfully used external fields to gain deterministic control over the directionality of the objects, which otherwise move in completely random directions due to Brownian motion. However, a partial control that preserves a certain degree of randomness can be very useful in certain applications of micro/nano-motors. In this Perspective we review the current progress in establishing autonomous motion of micro/nano-particles that possess controlled randomness, provide insight into the phenomena where macroscopic order originates from microscopic disorder and discuss the resemblance between these artificial systems and biological emergent/collective behaviors.
Thermal reactions of B-alkyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN). Evidence for unusually facile dehydroboration with B-pinanyl-9-BBN (1982)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThermal reactions of B-alkyl-9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane (9-BBN). Evidence for unusually facile dehydroboration with B-pinanyl-9-BBNM. Mark Midland, Janet E. Petre, Stephen A. Zderic, and Aleksander KazubskiCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1982, 104, 2, 528–531Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1982Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1982https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00366a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00366a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views608Altmetric-Citations31LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Liquisolid systems and aspects influencing their research and development (2013)

Abstract Many modern drugs are poorly water soluble substances, which causes difficulties in the development of solid dosage forms with sufficient bioavailability. Preparation of liquisolid systems (LSS) is a novel technique for improving solubility, dissolution and bioavailability of such drugs. The basic principle of LSS preparation is conversion of the drug in liquid state into a free-flowing, compressible, dry powder through its absorption into suitable excipients - porous carriers (aluminometasilicates, microcrystalline cellulose), subsequently coated with material having high absorption capacity (silicon dioxide commonly known as colloidal silica). LSS exhibit advantages such as lower production costs compared to soft capsules, simple processing and enhanced drug release. The main benefit is higher bioavailability of the liquid drug, caused by a large surface area available for absorption. The article tries to clarify specific aspects connected with the formulation of LSS: properties of excipients (surface area, absorption capacity), variables related to the processing (solubility, liquid load factor) and dosage form evaluation.
Expression of complement system components during aging and amyloid deposition in APP transgenic mice (2009)

Early but not late components of the mouse complement system show an age-dependent increase in expression. The response to amyloid deposition is comparatively smaller. The low expression of C3 and C5 and failure to upregulate C5 and downstream components differs from human AD brain and likely contributes to the lack of full complement activation in APP transgenic mice.
A Synthesis of 4-Phenylpiperidines (1943)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTA Synthesis of 4-PhenylpiperidinesC. F. KoelschCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1943, 65, 12, 2459–2460Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1943Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1943https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01252a069https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01252a069research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views136Altmetric-Citations8LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
DegU-P Represses Expression of the Motility<i>fla-che</i>Operon in<i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (2004)

Bacillus subtilis implements several adaptive strategies to cope with nutrient limitation experienced at the end of exponential growth. The DegS-DegU two-component system is part of the network involved in the regulation of postexponential responses, such as competence development, the production of exoenzymes, and motility. The degU32(Hy) mutation extends the half-life of the phosphorylated form of DegU (DegU-P); this in turn increases the production of alkaline protease, levan-sucrase, and other exoenzymes and inhibits motility and the production of flagella. The expression of the flagellum-specific sigma factor SigD, of the flagellin gene hag, and of the fla-che operon is strongly reduced in a degU32(Hy) genetic background. To investigate the mechanism of action of DegU-P on motility, we isolated mutants of degU32(Hy) that completely suppressed the motility deficiency. The mutations were genetically mapped and characterized by PCR and sequencing. Most of the mutations were found to delete a transcriptional termination signal upstream of the main flagellar operon, fla-che, thus allowing transcriptional readthrough from the cod operon. Two additional mutations improved the sigmaA-dependent promoter sequence of the fla-che operon. Using an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, we have demonstrated that purified DegU binds specifically to the PA promoter region of the fla-che operon. The data suggest that DegU represses transcription of the fla-che operon, and they indicate a central role of the operon in regulating the synthesis and assembly of flagella.
Requirement of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 nef for in vivo replication and pathogenicity (1994)

The role of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) accessory genes in pathogenesis has remained unclear because of the lack of a suitable in vivo model. The most controversial of these genes is nef. We investigated the requirement for Nef for in vivo replication and pathogenicity of two isolates of HIV-1 (HIV-1JR-CSF and HIV-1NL4-3) in human fetal thymus and liver implants in severe combined immunodeficient mice. HIV-1JR-CSF and HIV-1NL4-3 differ in their in vitro phenotypes in that HIV-1JR-CSF does not induce syncytia and is relatively noncytopathic, while HIV-1NL4-3 is highly cytopathic and readily induces syncytia. The nef mutants of both isolates grew with kinetics similar to those of parental virus strains in stimulated peripheral blood lymphocytes but demonstrated attenuated growth properties in vivo. HIV-1NL4-3 induced severe depletion of human thymocytes within 6 weeks of infection, whereas its nef mutant did not. Thus, HIV-1 Nef is required for efficient in vivo viral replication and pathogenicity.
Embryoid body formation from human pluripotent stem cells in chemically defined E8 media (2014)

Embryoid bodies (EB) are the three-dimensional aggregates formed in suspension by pluripotent stem cells (PSC), including embryonic stem cells (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC). EB differentiation is a common platform to generate specific cell lineages from PSCs. However, most EB formation protocols contain undefined components, such as Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS), Knock-Out Serum Replacement (KOSR) or albumin product. These animal-sourced components significantly limit the application of EB formation to generate potentially clinically relevant cell products. At the same time, the undefined composition of the above components can lead to inconsistent outcomes in experiments due to batch differences in their production. This inconsistency also severely affects researchers’ ability to further improve procedure and its final products. Meanwhile, unlike their mouse counterparts, human PSCs usually cannot survive in suspension unless in aggregates or under ROCK inhibitor treatment. As such, it is essential that EB formation and further differentiation can be conducted in chemically defined, animal product-free conditions. This will allow better consistency as well as an easier route to translate into clinically relevant production. We previously developed a fully chemically defined medium Essential 8 (or E8) for the maintenance and expansion of human pluripotent stem cells in the clinical grade environment. In this protocol, we describe a set of optimized procedures to produce EBs from human PSCs in E8 or E8-based media.
IL-9 and IL-13 Induce Mucous Cell Metaplasia That Is Reduced by IFN-γ in a Bax-Mediated Pathway (2007)

One of the major aspects of airway remodeling in asthma is the development of mucous cell metaplasia (MCM). The role of cytokines in the generation and resolution of MCM has been studied in mice and in isolated airway epithelial cells in culture. However, studies using organ cultures that keep the tubular structure of the airways intact and allow studies in the absence of inflammatory cells have not been reported. We established an organ culture system that replicates the allergen-induced MCM in mice and analyzed the role of Bax in the IFN-gamma-induced resolution of MCM. IL-9 or IL-13 induced MCM independently, but a combined IL-9/IL-13 treatment enhanced MCM synergistically. Addition of IFN-gamma at 0.1 ng/ml concentration further increased MCM to levels observed in allergen-exposed mice in vivo. However, MCM was reduced when explants were treated with 50 ng/ml IFN-gamma after MCM was established. While IL-9/IL-13 induced MCM in bronchioles microdissected from bax(+/+) and bax(-/-) mice to a similar extent, IFN-gamma treatment reduced MCM only in bronchioles from bax(+/+) but not in bax(-/-) bronchioles. Restoration of Bax expression in bax(-/-) bronchioles using an adenoviral expression system reduced IL-9/IL-13-induced MCM while MCM was similar in noninfected or adenoviral green fluorescent protein-infected bax(-/-) bronchioles. Furthermore, expressing Bax using an adenoviral expression system reduced allergen-induced MCM in mice. These studies show that allergen-induced MCM is a response to a combination of various cytokines at defined concentrations and that IFN-gamma requires Bax for the resolution of MCM.
Fabry disease: six gene rearrangements and an exonic point mutation in the alpha-galactosidase gene. (1989)

Fabry disease, an X-linked recessive disorder of glycosphingolipid catabolism, results from the deficient activity of the lysosomal hydrolase, alpha-galactosidase. Southern hybridization analysis of the alpha-galactosidase gene in affected hemizygous males from 130 unrelated families with Fabry disease revealed six with different gene rearrangements and one with an exonic point mutation resulting in the obliteration of an Msp I restriction site. Five partial gene deletions were detected ranging in size from 0.4 to greater than 5.5 kb. Four of these deletions had breakpoints in intron 2, a region in the gene containing multiple Alu repeat sequences. A sixth genomic rearrangement was identified in which a region of about 8 kb, containing exons 2 through 6, was duplicated by a homologous, but unequal crossover event. The Msp I site obliteration, which mapped to exon 7, was detected in an affected hemizygote who had residual enzyme activity. Genomic amplification by the polymerase chain reaction and sequencing revealed that the obliteration resulted from a C to T transition at nucleotide 1066 in the coding sequence. This point mutation, the first identified in Fabry disease, resulted in an arginine356 to tryptophan356 substitution which altered the enzyme's kinetic and stability properties. The detection of these abnormalities provided for the precise identification of Fabry heterozygotes, thereby permitting molecular pedigree analysis in these families which revealed paternity exclusions and the first documented new mutations in this disease.
DNA Markers Associated with Resistance to Javanese Root‐Knot Nematode in Soybean (1997)

Javanese root‐knot nematode [ Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood] (Mj) is a pathogen of soybean [ Glycine max (L). Merr.] in the southern USA. Although breeding for root‐knot nematode resistance is an important objective in many plant breeding programs, progress in selection for nematode resistant lines is hampered by laborious screening procedures. The inheritance of resistance to Mj is quantitative and has a moderate to high heritability (0.48‐0.76). The objectives of this study were to use restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) conditioning resistance to Mj and to determine the genomic location and the relative contribution to resistance of each QTL. Eighty‐four F 2 progeny from a cross between “CNS” and a root‐knot nematode resistant soybean plant introduction, PI230977, were used to map 86 RFLP markers and three morphological traits. The 89 markers converged on 18 linkage groups spanning a total of 1053 centimorgan (cM). Sixty‐eight of the 84 F 2:3 families were assayed for Mj galling in the greenhouse. Analysis of variance and interval mapping were used to identify QTL associated with galling. Two QTL with alleles derived from PI230977 conditioning resistance to Mj were identified on two Linkage Groups (LG). Marker B212‐1 on LG‐F accounted for 46% of the variation in gall number, whereas A725‐2 on LG‐D1 accounted for 13%. The additive model best fit the data, and together the two markers accounted for 54% of the variation in gall number. Marker B212‐1 is within a cluster of seven other disease resistance loci that span a 5‐ to 10‐cM region on LG‐F.