gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct holographic imaging of ultrafast laser damage process in thin films (2014)

Dynamic process of femtosecond laser-induced damage formation in dielectric thin films is reconstructed from a series of time-resolved images. Ta2O5 single-layer coatings of four different thicknesses have been investigated in transmission mode by means of time-resolved off-axis digital holography. Different processes overlapped in time were found to occur; namely, the Kerr effect, free-electron generation, ultrafast lattice heating, and shockwave generation. The trends in contribution of these effects are qualitatively reproduced by numerical models based on electron-rate equations and Drude theory, which take into account transient changes in the films and interference effects of the pump and probe pulses.
Activation of endogenous factor V by a homocysteine-induced vascular endothelial cell activator. (1986)

Vascular endothelium possesses multiple procoagulant properties, including synthesis and expression of Factor V. We studied the effects of homocysteine on the regulation of endothelial cell Factor V activity. Elevated levels of homocysteine are associated with the congenital thrombotic disorder homocystinuria. Treatment of cultured endothelial cells with 0.5-10 mM homocysteine had no effect on cell morphology, but did increase Factor V activity and prothrombin activation by Factor Xa. A radioimmunoassay for endothelial cell Factor V demonstrated that homocysteine treatment did not increase Factor V antigen levels. 125I-prothrombin was activated by treated endothelial cells and Factor Xa in the presence of thrombin inhibitors. Exogenous 125I-Factor V was cleaved by homocysteine-treated but not control endothelial cells. 125I-Factor V cleavage products distinct from those generated by thrombin and Factor Xa were identified. These data provide evidence for regulation of endothelial cell Factor V activity, and indicate that increased Factor V activity associated with homocysteine-treated vascular endothelium results primarily from induction of an activator of Factor V.
K-19 mRNA RT-PCR in detecting micrometastasis in regional lymph nodes of gastric cancer. (2006)

K19 mRNA RT-PCR is sensitive and specific in testing micrometastasis in regional lymph nodes of gastric cancer, and it is superior to routine histopathology.
8‐Oxo‐7,8‐dihydroguanine and uric acid as efficient predictors of survival in colon cancer patients (2013)

The aim of this work was to answer the question whether the broad range of parameters which describe oxidative stress and oxidatively damaged DNA and repair are appropriate prognosis factors of colon cancer (CRC) patients survival? The following parameters were analyzed for 89 CRC patients: concentration of uric acid and vitamins A, E, C in plasma; levels of 8-oxodGuo (8-oxo-7,8-dihydro-2'-deoxyguanosine) in DNA of leukocyte and colon tissues; urinary excretion rates of 8-oxodGuo and 8-oxoGua (8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine); the activity and mRNA or protein level of repair enzymes OGG1, APE1, ANPG, TDG and PARP1. All DNA modifications and plasma antioxidants were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) or HPLC/gas chromatography-mass spectrometry techniques. Expression of repair proteins was analyzed by QPCR, Western or immunohistochemistry methods. Longer survival coincided with low levels of 8-oxodGuo/8oxoGua in urine and 8-oxodGuo in DNA as well as with high concentration of uric acid plasma level. In contrast to expectations, longer survival coincided with lower mRNA level in normal colon tissue of the main 8-oxoGua DNA glycosylase, OGG1, but no association was found for PARP-1 expression. When analyzing simultaneously two parameters the discriminating power increased significantly. Combination of low level of urinary 8-oxoGua together with low level of 8-oxodGuo in leukocyte (both below median value) or high concentration of plasma uric acid (above median value) have the best prediction power. Since prediction value of these parameters seems to be comparable to conventional staging procedure, they could possibly be used as markers to predict clinical success in CRC treatment.
Atmospheric Pressure Sampling for Laser Ablation Based Nanoscale Imaging Mass Spectrometry: Ions or Neutrals? (2010)

Although the ratio of neutrals-to-ions in a typical laser ablation event was reported to be on the order of 1000 or greater, most imaging mass spectrometry (IMS) studies collect the minor ionic component instead of the abundant neutrals for subsequent mass analysis. In this report, we present a fundamentally different strategy, sampling neutrals from atmospheric pressure laser ablation into the vacuum of the mass spectrometer, followed by postionization, and mass spectrometric analysis. We compare its overall sampling efficiency (transfer efficiency + ionization efficiency) with that of ion sampling. The products from many single ablation events (creating a crater of ∼1 μm in diameter each) were deposited on a collection plate placed on the vacuum side of the sampling capillary. The sample surface and the collection plate were carefully examined both prior to and after laser ablation with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and scanning probe microscopy (SPM). Volumetric measurements gave an estimate of the sampling efficiency of (1 ± 0.7) × 10−4 overall. It was found that with a proper collection geometry, ablated neutral molecules can be efficiently directed to the inlet of the sampling capillary: several % are available for further MS analysis. We observed that the fraction of the ablated mass that leaves the sample in the form of particles was not sampled into the vacuum but was instead deposited between the ablation site and the capillary inlet. By comparing our results with those of other IMS techniques using ion sampling, we conclude that the overall sampling efficiencies are similar. Advantages provided by the neutral sampling approach include a large amount of analyte available for collection, the potential for improving the ionization efficiency, and the elimination of sample pretreatment steps.
U-Net-Id, an Instance Segmentation Model for Building Extraction from Satellite Images—Case Study in the Joanópolis City, Brazil (2020)

Currently, there exists a growing demand for individual building mapping in regions of rapid urban growth in less-developed countries. Most existing methods can segment buildings but cannot discriminate adjacent buildings. Here, we present a new convolutional neural network architecture (CNN) called U-net-id that performs building instance segmentation. The proposed network is trained with WorldView-3 satellite RGB images (0.3 m) and three different labeled masks. The first is the building mask; the second is the border mask, which is the border of the building segment with 4 pixels added outside and 3 pixels inside; and the third is the inner segment mask, which is the segment of the building diminished by 2 pixels. The architecture consists of three parallel paths, one for each mask, all starting with a U-net model. To accurately capture the overlap between the masks, all activation layers of the U-nets are copied and concatenated on each path and sent to two additional convolutional layers before the output activation layers. The method was tested with a dataset of 7563 manually delineated individual buildings of the city of Joanópolis-SP, Brazil. On this dataset, the semantic segmentation showed an overall accuracy of 97.67% and an F1-Score of 0.937 and the building individual instance segmentation showed good performance with a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 0.582 (median IoU = 0.694).
Study of Supercapacitor Utilization on Regenerative Braking System: Design and Simulation (2018)

The development of electric vehicles and regenerative braking are dependent on energy storage development. Battery's low lifecycle always be a concern to be overcome which electric vehicle requires a charging and discharging cycle. The development of Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) is increasing., which combined the supercapacitor to a battery which has a high cycle life. In this paper., the HESS system and motor current driver controller are proposed. This system is to eliminate the charging current to the battery and surge battery current that can damage the battery. In this paper., the controller is designed for Mr. Jackie's Electric Bicycle that controls into four modes., starting., motoring and accelerating., braking., and supercapacitor charging. This system also tested with NYCC and UC/ECE driving behavior that represents the big city and the freeway driving behavior. The controller successfully follows the reference current. It found that the higher braking force is applied., the less efficient the system will be. However., it also found that the applied braking current is lower than a certain number., the system will be less efficient. The utilization of supercapacitor makes the Depth of Discharge of the battery is decreasing.
Ligand Activation of TAM Family Receptors-Implications for Tumor Biology and Therapeutic Response (2016)

The TAM family of receptors (i.e., Tyro3, Axl, and Mertk), and their ligands Growth arrest specific factor 6 (Gas6) and Protein S (Pros1) contribute to several oncogenic processes, such as cell survival, invasion, migration, chemo-resistance, and metastasis, whereby expression often correlates with poor clinical outcomes. In recent years, there has been great interest in the study of TAM receptors in cancer, stemming both from their roles as oncogenic signaling receptors, as well as their roles in tumor immunology. As a result, several classes of TAM inhibitors that include small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies, decoy receptors, as well as novel strategies to target TAM ligands are being developed. This paper will review the biology of TAM receptors and their ligands with a focus on cancer, as well as evidence-based data for the continued pursuit of TAM/Gas6 inhibitors in clinical practice.
Adding reinforcement learning features to the neural-gas method (2000)

We propose a new neural approach for approximating function using a reinforcement-type learning: each time the network generates an output, the environment responds with the scalar distance between the delivered output and the expected one. Thus, this distance is the only information the network can use to modify the estimation of the multi-dimensional output. This reinforcement feature is embedded in a neural-gas method, taking advantages of the different facilities it offers. We detail the global algorithm and we present some simulation results in order to show the behaviour of the developed method.
Near Infrared Photonic Finger Imager for Prostate Cancer Screening (2011)

A portable rectal near infrared (NIR) scanning polarization imaging unit with an optical fiber-based rectal probe, designated as a Photonic Finger (PF), was designed, developed, built and tested. PF was used to image and locate the three dimensional (3D) positions of abnormal prostate tissue embedded inside normal prostate tissue. An inverse image reconstruction algorithm, namely Optical Tomography using Independent Component Analysis (OPTICA) was developed to unmix the signal from targets (cancerous tissue) embedded in a turbid media (normal tissue) in the backscattering imaging geometry. The Photonic Finger combined with OPTICA was ex vivo tested to characterize different target(s) inside different tissue medium, including cancerous prostate tissue embedded inside large pieces of normal tissue. This new developed instrument, Photonic Finger, may provide an alternative imaging technique, which is accurate, of high spatial resolution and non-or-less invasive for prostate cancers screening.
Noninvasive Measurements of Infarct Size After Thrombolysis With a Necrosis-Avid MRI Contrast Agent (1999)

In this animal model, in vivo gadophrin-2-enhanced MRI could precisely determine infarct size after thrombolytic therapy. This technique may be very useful for the noninvasive evaluation of infarct size after reperfusion for AMI.
The effect of oxygen tension on the radiosensitivity of the chick embryo. (1961)

The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between oxygen tension at the time of exposure and the amount of radiation damage induced in a vertebrate species. Chick embryos were exposed to Co/sup 60/ gamma radiation at three different oxygen tensions. Subsequent growth, development, and pathological effects were examined and assessed quantitatively where possible. Embryos of 22 hrs total incubation age irradiated in 100% oxygen at 3 atm pressure showed a greater degree of growth retardation than groups similarly treated in dir at 1 atm and N at 3 atm, respectively. If the number of differentiated somites at 22.5 hrs post treatment is used as a measure of effect, then the amount of radiation required to reduce the number of somites to 50% of that found in control embryos is three times greater when oxygen tension is reduced from 2258 mm Hg to zero. Similar studies with the 4-day embryo also showed an oxygen dependent response when the LD/sub 50//7 hrs is used as the criterion of effect. Gross pathological examination of whole embryos disclosed a radiation response which paralleled the results obtained with quantitative measurements. (auth)
Role of the endoplasmic reticulum in shaping calcium dynamics in human lens cells. (2001)

Human lens cells normally have very low Ca2+ permeability. Depletion of intracellular stores by agonists or thapsigargin initiates a Ca2+ entry pathway that is not required for the Ca2+ oscillations induced by low concentrations of agonist. This potentially provides a signal transduction mechanism with minimal risk of Ca2+ overload to the lens, whereas overactivation of the store-operated channel is a possible way of increasing calcium in the lens and could explain the distribution found in localized cataracts.
Mechanism of CO Tolerance at Pt-Alloy Anode Catalysts for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells (2000)

We have found an excellent CO tolerance at Pt anodes alloyed with the second metals in spite of the formation of Pt skin layer (ca. 1-2 nm in thickness) over the alloy surfaces due to the dissolution of the second metals and proposed a new mechanism for the catalysis. In this study, ATR-SEIRAS, coupled with CV measurement, was used to observe the oxidation process of adsorbed CO on the typical Pt-Fe alloy. The alloy anode exhibits a lower saturated coverage with CO than that of pure Pt. Linear CO is observed predominantly on the alloy electrode, differing from both of linear and bridged CO besides COOH on the pure Pt. The negative-shift of the wavenumber for the linear CO stretching and the broadening of the half-wave width at the alloy also indicate the weakening of metal-CO bonding and the increased mobility of the adsorbed CO, respectively. As a presumable effect of the electronic structure change at the Pt skin, the dissociation/oxidation of adsorbed water as well as a formation of adsorbed HOOH species are clearly observed beyond 0.6 V in the electrolyte solution without CO. The mechanism of CO tolerance at the Pt skin on top of the alloy surface with an increased d-band vacancy, proposed previously by us, is supported by the present SEIRAS data as the “detoxification mechanism”, featured by an increased mobility of the adsorbed CO with suppressed coverage.
Intellectual Property Law: (2017)

All books in this flagship series contain carefully selected substantial extracts from key cases, legislation, and academic debate, providing able students with a stand-alone resource. <italic>Intellectual Property Law: Text, Cases, and Materials</italic> provides a complete resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students of intellectual property (IP) law. The first text of its kind in the field, it combines extracts from major cases and secondary materials with critical commentary from experienced teachers in the field. The book deals with all areas of IP law in the UK: copyright, trade marks and passing off, personality and publicity rights, character merchandising, confidential information and privacy, industrial designs, patent, procedure, and enforcement. It also tackles topical areas, such as the application of IP law to new technologies and the impact of the internet on trade marks and copyright. All chapters now include relevant legal developments relating to the internet and digital technologies. While the focus of the book is on IP law in a domestic context, it provides international, EU, and comparative law perspectives on major issues, and also addresses the wider policy implications of legislative and judicial developments in the area. The book is an ideal resource for all students of IP law who need cases, materials, and commentary in a single volume.
A graphical editor for the conceptual design of business rules (2002)

At the conceptual level, business rules are formulated from an external observation perspective according to the event-condition-action structure of rules in active database systems. Situation/activation diagrams homogeneously extend object/behavior diagrams to a graphical notation for the conceptual design of business objects and their associated business rules. Situation diagrams provide a high-level representation of logical events. Activation diagrams specify graphically which activities have to be performed upon some triggering event if an associated condition is satisfied. The developed editor supports both object/behavior diagrams and situation/activation diagrams. The editor performs syntactic consistency checks during the interactive design process. Moreover, by building the logical model in parallel with the diagrams, the editor guarantees that local semantic consistency checks can be performed incrementally, too. The editor clearly separates between schema data and pure visualization data describing the location of diagram elements. This separation facilitates the reuse of the generated data for further processing. Both schema data and visualization data are stored in the commercial object-oriented database system GemStone. Alternatively, those data may be stored in a file. The editor has been implemented using VisualWorks and MetaDoME, a framework for building graphical editors with VisualWorks.
Part VI — PWM and FM/FM automatic data reduction with AKT-14 telemetering components (1956)

The problem of rapidly processing and reducing large amounts of data is a prime concern of all activities involved in the testing of aircraft and guided missiles. With the ever-increasing volume of data to be handled it is apparent that reduction of the data by humans is not only extremely slow and inefficient but also very expensive in terms of time in getting test results in the hands of cognizant test engineers.
A Convenient, One-Pot Azulene Synthesis from Cyclohepta[b]furan-2-ones and Vinyl Ether and Its Analogues. (II). Acetals as Reagent (1990)

Variously functionalized azulene derivatives were synthesized in one-pot and by the reaction of cyclohepta[l?lfuran-2-ones with acetals of several aldehydes and ketones on heating at 160-190 "C in neat or aprotic solvent.Recently, we have reported1 that variously functlonalized azulene derivatives 1 and 2 were synthesized in one-pot and by the reaction of cylohepta[blfuran-2ones ( 3 ) and its 5-isopropyl derivatives 4 with vinyl ether, vinyl acetates, dihydrofurans, and dihydropyrans as reagent.1n this communication we wish to report another convenient method to prepare similar azulenes 1 and 2 by the reaction of 3 and 4 with acetals 5 of some HETEROCYCLES.Voi 3 1, N o 1, 1990 HETEROCYCLES, Val 3 1, No I , 1990 Table.
Targeted Lipidomics in Drosophila melanogaster Identifies Novel 2-Monoacylglycerols and N-acyl Amides (2013)

Lipid metabolism is critical to coordinate organ development and physiology in response to tissue-autonomous signals and environmental cues. Changes to the availability and signaling of lipid mediators can limit competitiveness, adaptation to environmental stressors, and augment pathological processes. Two classes of lipids, the N-acyl amides and the 2-acyl glycerols, have emerged as important signaling molecules in a wide range of species with important signaling properties, though most of what is known about their cellular functions is from mammalian models. Therefore, expanding available knowledge on the repertoire of these lipids in invertebrates will provide additional avenues of research aimed at elucidating biosynthetic, metabolic, and signaling properties of these molecules. Drosophila melanogaster is a commonly used organism to study intercellular communication, including the functions of bioactive lipids. However, limited information is available on the molecular identity of lipids with putative biological activities in Drosophila. Here, we used a targeted lipidomics approach to identify putative signaling lipids in third instar Drosophila larvae, possessing particularly large lipid mass in their fat body. We identified 2-linoleoyl glycerol, 2-oleoyl glycerol, and 45 N-acyl amides in larval tissues, and validated our findings by the comparative analysis of Oregon-RS, Canton-S and w1118 strains. Data here suggest that Drosophila represent another model system to use for the study of 2-acyl glycerol and N-acyl amide signaling.
Is Porter's diamond applicable to developing countries? A case study of the broiler industry in Uruguay (2011)

This study focuses on the analysis and assessment of competitiveness of the Uruguayan broiler industry within MERCOSUR union. Porter’s (1990) ‘national diamond’ was selected as the appropriate framework for analysis and was applied to the six major Uruguayan broiler firms. This research reveals that the unique characteristics of the Uruguayan broiler industry are successfully accommodated within the selected framework to explain the success of the broiler industry against other meat substitutes. These results are consistent with those found in the existing literature, lending support to the view that Porter’s (1990) model seems to be applicable to developing countries such as Uruguay. However, some modifications of the model are required to fully explain the progress of this industry. This research project presents an adaptation of Porter’s ‘diamond’ to the singularities of the firms investigated in this study.
The use of categorization information in language models for question retrieval (2009)

Community Question Answering (CQA) has emerged as a popular type of service meeting a wide range of information needs. Such services enable users to ask and answer questions and to access existing question-answer pairs. CQA archives contain very large volumes of valuable user-generated content and have become important information resources on the Web. To make the body of knowledge accumulated in CQA archives accessible, effective and efficient question search is required. Question search in a CQA archive aims to retrieve historical questions that are relevant to new questions posed by users. This paper proposes a category-based framework for search in CQA archives. The framework embodies several new techniques that use language models to exploit categories of questions for improving question-answer search. Experiments conducted on real data from Yahoo! Answers demonstrate that the proposed techniques are effective and efficient and are capable of outperforming baseline methods significantly.