gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Abstract LB-445: Reappraisal of breast cancer incidence in the United States (2011)

Abstract Breast cancer incidence in the United States rose until 1999 then fell. This decline was most apparent among older women with easier-to-treat estrogen receptor (ER) positive tumors; reported incidence of more aggressive ER negative cancers was stable. However, these analyses did not account for missing ER data, which can reduce statistical power and more importantly bias the observed trends. We, therefore, developed an imputation method to correct for missing ER using a national sample of 379,323 breast cancers diagnosed from 1992 through 2007. After correction, current incidence of ER positive tumors was surprisingly similar to pre-1999 incidence, whereas ER negative cancers fell steadily by 1.8% per year. We show for the first time that the recent national decline in breast cancer overall reflects an unexpected drop in ER negative rates more than any changes in ER positive rates. These refined results challenge past interpretations and have the potential to better gauge breast cancer trends. Citation Format: {Authors}. {Abstract title} [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 102nd Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2011 Apr 2-6; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2011;71(8 Suppl):Abstract nr LB-445. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2011-LB-445
Ganglions in the sinus tarsi. (1991)

The contents of the sinus tarsi are reviewed along with an analysis of ganglions. The possibility of ganglions as a cause of sinus tarsi syndrome is supported by the case reports. The formation of ganglions in the sinus tarsi and their role in the etiology for this condition are emphasized.
Towards Visually Explaining Variational Autoencoders (2020)

Recent advances in Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) model interpretability have led to impressive progress in visualizing and understanding model predictions. In particular, gradient-based visual attention methods have driven much recent effort in using visual attention maps as a means for visual explanations. A key problem, however, is these methods are designed for classification and categorization tasks, and their extension to explaining generative models, e.g., variational autoencoders (VAE) is not trivial. In this work, we take a step towards bridging this crucial gap, proposing the first technique to visually explain VAEs by means of gradient-based attention. We present methods to generate visual attention from the learned latent space, and also demonstrate such attention explanations serve more than just explaining VAE predictions. We show how these attention maps can be used to localize anomalies in images, demonstrating state-of-the-art performance on the MVTec-AD dataset. We also show how they can be infused into model training, helping bootstrap the VAE into learning improved latent space disentanglement, demonstrated on the Dsprites dataset.
Resonance Raman spectrum of crystal violet (1979)

Abstract The preresonance Raman spectra, taken under various conditions, of crystal violet have been obtained using the exciting lines of an Ar + laser. The analysis of the Raman data and of the IR and UV visible absorption spectra allowed us to determine the structure of the ion (propeller‐like in shape with D 3 symmetry), to characterize the unstable single protonated dye cation, and to propose a detailed vibrational assignment in terms of coupled vibrations of the substituted benzenes. In addition, the measurements of the Raman excitation profiles furnished information on the vibronic couplings and provided evidence for a close correlation in the resonance mechanisms between crystal violet and benzene and its monosubstituted derivatives.
An investigation of the influence of low-temperature annealing treatments on the interface state density at the Si-SiO<sub>2</sub> (1975)

The three different interface state annealing processes widely used in MOS technology have been investigated using both quasistatic capacitance-voltage measurements and MOST characteristics. It appears that annealing in a hydrogen-nitrogen and a wet nitrogen ambient is found to produce a more rapid reduction of the interface state density. The latter process is, however, more likely to cause ionic contamination of the oxide. For the achievement of the minimum interface state density with any of the three annealing treatments a 1000 degrees C anneal in dry nitrogen after oxidation is found to be essential.
A modular braodband (ATM) switch architecture with optimum performance (2005)

This paper focuses on the generic problem of designing a large NxN (N 1000) high-performance, broadband packet (or ATM) switch. Despite recent advances in switch architectures, practical switch dimensions continue to be severely limited by both the technological and physical constraints of packaging (e.g., chip or board sizes). Here, we focus on switch growability: we provide ways to construct arbitrarily large switches out of modest-size packet switches, without sacrificing overall delay/throughput performance. We propose and study a growable switch architecture based on three key principles: (a) a Generalized Knockout Principle exploits the statistical behavior of packet arrivals and thereby reduces the interconnect complexity; (b) output queueing yields the best possible delay/throughput performance; and (c) distributed intelligence in routing packets through the interconnect fabric eliminates internal path conflicts. Other attractive features of the proposed architecture include the guarantee of first-infirst-out packet sequence, and broadcast and muldcast capabilities. In a Broadband ISDN example, we show a 2048x2048 switch configuration with building blocks of 42x16 packet switch modules and 128x128 interconnect modules, both of which fall within existing hardware capabilities. We present an upper bound on the cell loss probability for arbitrary patterns of independent cell arrivals, and show that the cell loss can be made negligibly small. For example, to guarantee less than 10/sup -9/ cell loss probability, this growable architecture requires packet switch modules ofilimension 47x16,45x16, 42xl6, and 39x16 for 100%, 90%, 80%, and 70% traffic loads, respectively.
Preparation and Characterization of langmuir-Blodgett Films of Poly(<i>p</i>-(methyl)phenylmethacrylates) (1993)

Abstract The behavior of poly(p-(methyl)phenyl methacrylate) monolayer at the air-water interface was investigated. The surface pressure-area isotherms are dependent on a series of parameters such as molecular weight, temperature and compression-expansion cycle. The multilayer LB films are X- or Z-types and their packing and conformation are characterized by UV, FTIR and ellipsometry.
La pléthysmographie de l'oxymètre de pouls : un ancien tracé plein d'avenir ? Principes et applications cliniques The pulse oxymetry plethysmographic curve: an old signal with a great future? Principles and clinical applications (2007)

r © 200 .010 Resume L’oxymetrie de pouls permet de surveiller la saturation « plethysmographique » en O2 (SpO2), une approximation validee de la saturation arterielle en O2 (SaO2). Un deuxieme parametre est issu de la technique : la plethysmographie. Apres un rappel sur les principes de l’oxymetrie de pouls, ce travail souligne l’interet de la plethysmographie en tant qu’outil d’evaluation hemodynamique. En effet, la plethysmographie de l’oxymetre de pouls permet d’analyser la vascularisation distale par l’indice de perfusion peripherique. La ressemblance entre les courbes de pression arterielle invasive et celles obtenues par la plethysmographie de l’oxymetre de pouls, permet de creer des indices plethysmographiques issus de la variabilite respiratoire des signaux. Ainsi, les equivalents plethysmographiques des variations de la pression systolique (ΔSPV) ou de ΔDDown ont demontre leur interet dans l’evaluation de la volemie. Les equivalents Plethysmographiques des variations respiratoires de la Pression Pulsee (ΔPPleth) et du Temps de Preejection (ΔPEPpleth) ont demontre leur interet en tant qu’indices predictifs de la reponse au remplissage vasculaire chez des patients sous ventilation mecanique. La courbe de plethysmographie de l’oxymetre de pouls, est donc un outil hemodynamique non invasif, fiable, facile a utiliser et disponible instantanement. © 2007 Societe de reanimation de langue francaise. Publie par Elsevier Masson SAS. Tous droits reserves.
Circulating Autoantibodies Recognize and Bind Dying Neurons Following Injury to the Brain (2002)

While it is known that autoimmune cells can protect against cell damage following traumatic injury of the brain, the role of autoantibodies in brain injury is less clear. Here we present evidence in adult rats that following a cortical lesion of the brain, circulating IgG autoantibodies bind to dying neurons in the vicinity of the lesion. At intervals that ranged from 4 h to 7 days after making a unilateral lesion of visual cortex, we observed neurons near the lesion that were immunopositive for rat IgG. Many of these IgG-positive neurons were in advanced stages of degeneration. The magnitude of the immunostaining observed was directly proportional to the percent reactivity to rat IgG of the antibodies that were used. Preadsorption of the antibodies with rat serum eliminated the immunostaining. In addition, immunostaining for serum albumin in sections through the cortical lesion was negative, supporting the conclusion that the positive staining for IgG does not result from the passive diffusion of serum proteins into injured cells. Instead, the evidence presented here strongly suggests that naturally occurring IgG autoantibodies bind specifically to dying neurons in the injured brain. We propose that this autoantibody binding may participate in the phagocytosis and removal of injured neurons.
The Practical Synthsis of N-Protected Allylamine: The Isoxazoline Route to Statine Analogue (1989)

The facile, practical synthesis of optically active N-protected allylamine from α-amino acid is described. The evolution of this work in the synthesis of statine analogue using [3+2] cycloaddition reaction is detailed
The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein Biosynthesis, Structure, Function, and Antigenicity: Implications for the Design of Spike-Based Vaccine Immunogens (2020)

The ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), poses a grave threat to global public health and imposes a severe burden on the entire human society. Like other coronaviruses, the SARS-CoV-2 genome encodes spike (S) glycoproteins, which protrude from the surface of mature virions. The S glycoprotein plays essential roles in virus attachment, fusion and entry into the host cell. Surface location of the S glycoprotein renders it a direct target for host immune responses, making it the main target of neutralizing antibodies. In the light of its crucial roles in viral infection and adaptive immunity, the S protein is the focus of most vaccine strategies as well as therapeutic interventions. In this review, we highlight and describe the recent progress that has been made in the biosynthesis, structure, function, and antigenicity of the SARS-CoV-2 S glycoprotein, aiming to provide valuable insights into the design and development of the S protein-based vaccines as well as therapeutics.
Learning Dense Facial Correspondences in Unconstrained Images (2017)

We present a minimalistic but effective neural network that computes dense facial correspondences in highly unconstrained RGB images. Our network learns a per-pixel flow and a matchability mask between 2D input photographs of a person and the projection of a textured 3D face model. To train such a network, we generate a massive dataset of synthetic faces with dense labels using renderings of a morphable face model with variations in pose, expressions, lighting, and occlusions. We found that a training refinement using real photographs is required to drastically improve the ability to handle real images. When combined with a facial detection and 3D face fitting step, we show that our approach outperforms the state-of-the-art face alignment methods in terms of accuracy and speed. By directly estimating dense correspondences, we do not rely on the full visibility of sparse facial landmarks and are not limited to the model space of regression-based approaches. We also assess our method on video frames and demonstrate successful per-frame processing under extreme pose variations, occlusions, and lighting conditions. Compared to existing 3D facial tracking techniques, our fitting does not rely on previous frames or frontal facial initialization and is robust to imperfect face detections.
X-ray Reflectometer for the Diagnostics of Thin Films During Growth (1997)

A new experimental set-up is described that allows the measurement of the X-ray reflectivity of thin layers that are contained in a growth chamber (in situ). The X-ray reflectivity measured with our angular dispersive glancing incidence reflectometer is identical, within experimental error, to that measured with a conventional high-resolution diffractometer.
Development of Microwave and Millimeter-Wave Traveling-Wave Electro-Optical Devices Using Substrate Integrated Circuit Concept (2007)

This paper begins with an overview of conventional microwave and millimetre-wave (mmW) traveling-wave (TW) electro-optical devices with emphasis on mmW characteristics. In particular, TW electrodes in the form of microstrip line (MS) and coplanar waveguide (CPW) are discussed with respect to guided-wave properties (loss, transmission, impedance) as well as electrical/optical field interactions. Then, the concept of substrate integrated circuits (SICs) is presented for optoelectronic device design. A number of TW electro-optical devices are examined, which include waveguide photodetectors (WGPDs), TW photodetectors (TWPDs) and modulators. It is anticipated that those mmW waveguides exhibiting a high transmission loss can effectively be replaced by the new substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) concept. A comparison of basic properties between MS, CPW and SIW structures is presented. It is found that the proposed SIC's including substrate non-radiative dielectric (SINRD) guide present very promising candidates for designing low-loss and high-efficient TW electro-optical devices for in mmW photonics and broadband radio-over-fibre applications.
30-nm-Gate InP-Based Lattice-Matched High Electron Mobility Transistors with 350 GHz Cutoff Frequency (1999)

The device characteristics and fabrication of 30-nm-gate InAlAs/InGaAs high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) lattice-matched to InP substrates are reported. The gate length of 30 nm is achieved for a T-shaped gate geometry, which is necessary to minimize gate resistance for short-gate HEMTs, by using fullerene-incorporated nanocomposite resist in the electron beam direct writing of the bottom of the gate. In addition, the two-step-recess gate technology is used to minimize the extension of effective gate length. The devices provide excellent RF characteristics; a record cutoff frequency of 350 GHz is achieved.
Electronic Poetry: Student-Constructed Hypermedia (2000)

These hypermedia projects grew out of my interest in using computer technology as a tool for instruction. One of my colleagues, who teaches German and biology, shared my interests. As literature and language teachers, we believed that computer technology has largely been misapplied in the classroom. Indeed, when we attended a seminar on computer-based instruction, we were shocked that the examples presented were so primitive. There was very little intellectual rigor, interactivity, or complexity in the software we saw; in fact, most of the programs presented students with true-orfalse and multiple-choice formats that rewarded them with a smiley face and a mechanical voice saying, Correct! In contrast, we believe that students-asproducers-of-technologies engage in much more meaningful learning than students-as-receiversfrom-instructional-technologies (Jonassen, Peck, and Wilson 112). Consequently, we decided to teach our poetry units using multimedia and hypermedia. Following the thinking of Jonassen, our approach to this multimedia project was based on using computers as cognitive learning tools or Mindtools (3). We wanted to move away from using computers as teaching machines. We agreed that computers in the classroom could be much more than screens that
Crystal Structures of <i>Pasteurella multocida</i> Sialyltransferase Complexes with Acceptor and Donor Analogues Reveal Substrate Binding Sites and Catalytic Mechanism<sup>,</sup> (2007)

Sialyltransferases are key enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of biologically and pathologically important sialic acid-containing molecules in nature. Binary X-ray crystal structures of a multifunctional Pasteurella multocida sialyltransferase (Delta24PmST1) with a donor analogue CMP-3F(a)Neu5Ac or CMP-3F(e)Neu5Ac were determined at 2.0 and 1.9 A resolutions, respectively. Ternary X-ray structures of the protein in complex with CMP or a donor analogue CMP-3F(a)Neu5Ac and an acceptor lactose have been determined at 2.0 and 2.27 A resolutions, respectively. This represents the first sialyltransferase structure and the first GT-B-type glycosyltransferase structure that is bound to both a donor analogue and an acceptor simultaneously. The four structures presented here reveal that binding of the nucleotide-activated donor sugar causes a buried tryptophan to flip out of the protein core to interact with the donor sugar and helps define the acceptor sugar binding site. Additionally, key amino acid residues involved in the catalysis have been identified. Structural and kinetic data support a direct displacement mechanism involving an oxocarbenium ion-like transition state assisted with Asp141 serving as a general base to activate the acceptor hydroxyl group.
<i>Helicobacter pylori</i> Stimulates a Mixed Adaptive Immune Response with a Strong T‐Regulatory Component in Human Gastric Mucosa (2007)

The cytokine profile of H. pylori-infected gastric mucosa shows a mixed Th1-Th2 profile. Furthermore, a high IL10 expression may indicate that also regulatory T cells play a role in the chronic phase of H. pylori infection.
Section 1, What Makes Intelligence Analysis Difficult? A Cognitive Task Analysis of Intelligence Analysts (2007)

Intelligence analysts engage in information seeking, evaluation, prediction, and reporting behavior in an extremely information-intensive work environment. A Cognitive Task Analysis (CTA) was conducted on intelligence analysts to capture data that will provide input to support development of a computational model of the analyst's processes and analytic strategies. A hybrid method was used to conduct the CTA, including a modified version of the critical decision method. Participants were asked to describe an example of a critical analysis assignment where they had to collect, analyze, and produce a report on intelligence of a strategic nature. Procedures used to conduct the CTA are described in this chapter along with initial results. Several factors contribute to making the analyst's task challenging: (i) time pressure, (ii) a high cognitive workload, and (iii) difficult human judgments. Human judgments are involved in considering the plausibility of information, deciding what information to trust, and determining how much weight to place on specific pieces of data. Intelligence analysis involves a complex process of assessing the reliability of information from a wide variety of sources and combining seemingly unrelated events. This problem is challenging because it involves aspects of data mining, data correlation and human judgment. Section 1: Cognitive Task Analysis of Intelligence Analysts 8
A 100-MHz 4-Mb cache DRAM with fast copy-back scheme (1992)

A 4-Mb cache dynamic random access memory (CDRAM), which integrates 16-kb SRAM as a cache memory and 4-Mb DRAM into a monolithic circuit, is described. This CDRAM has a 100-MHz operating cache, newly proposed fast copy-back (FCB) scheme that realizes a three times faster miss access time over with the conventional copy-back method, and maximized mapping flexibility. The process technology is a quad-polysilicon double-metal 0.7- mu m CMOS process, which is the same as used in a conventional 4-Mb DRAM. The chip size of 82.9 mm/sup 2/ is only a 7% increase over the conventional 4-Mb DRAM. The simulated system performance indicated better performance than a conventional cache system with eight times the cache capacity.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
美国铁路股票从高油价中获利 铁路运输节约能耗成本——公路货运股票反之丧失基础 (2005)

纽约／柏林——交易所和铁路。这个议题看起来是已经过时的，但事实不然，正如一百多年前那样．铁路股票在美国证券交易所和当时一样处于领先地位。其结果是更多的市场战略家由此出现。例如Leuthold Core投资基金（ISIN：US5272891020）的管理者Steven Leuthold。过去的三年呈它在美国混合型基金（Mischfonds）取得了最好的表现。
Fabrication of micropatterned mesoporous silica film on a flexible polymer substrate through pattern transfer and subsequent photocalcination (2006)

A microfabrication method for mesoporous silica (MPS) film on a flexible polymer substrate is proposed. The method consists of three processes. First, by using a spatially defined microtemplate consisting of dual self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) with alternating trifluorocarbon (CF3) and amino (NH2) groups, a mesostructured silica/surfactant composite (MSSC) film was site-selectively deposited on the CF3-terminated SAM regions through hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions between the surfactant molecules and the hydrophobic SAM surface. Next, in order to transfer these prefabricated MSSC micropatterns to a poly(ethyleneterephthalate) (PET) substrate, the sample was pressed firmly against the PET surface for 60min at 90°C under a pressure of 4MPa. Due to the weak adhesion between the MSSC film and the CF3-terminated SAM surface, the deposited MSSC micropatterns readily peeled off the SAM surface and were transferred to the PET substrate while preserving both the morphology and the nanostructures of the micropatterns, as evidenced by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersion x-ray spectroscopy, and x-ray diffractometry (XRD). Finally, to remove the surfactant molecules and obtain well-defined nanopores, a photochemical approach, known as “photocalcination,” using UV light of 185 and 254nm wavelengths was employed. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy XRD, and AFM confirmed that the surfactant molecules were completely eliminated from the MSSC micropatterns without distorting either their finely patterned microstructures or their well-ordered periodic nanostructures. Through this technique, well-shaped 5μm wide MPS micropatterns were fabricated on the flexible PET substrates. These embedded MPS micropatterns adhered tightly to the PET substrates and no peeling was observed in a Scotch® tape peeling test.
Laser Power Effects in SERS Spectroscopy at Thin Metal Films (2001)

SERS spectroscopy requires the illumination of delicate metal structures with intense laser light. In the present paper, the effect of laser illumination on these structures is investigated for silver island films and silver films over alumina particles in focused laser beams and at the tip of fiber-optic SERS sensors. Less than proportional increases of SERS intensities with increasing laser powers indicate a reduction of SERS enhancement above intensities of 4.5 kW/cm2 at the focus and around 54 W/cm2 at the end face of fiber SERS sensors. The reduction of SERS enhancement has been attributed to irreversible changes of optical properties of the metal structures at elevated temperatures by comparison with transmission measurements. Anti-Stokes/Stokes ratios of SERS band intensities already show noticeable heating at laser powers of about 1 mW and also indicate changes in optical properties above a few milliwatts.