gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fermentation in a fluidized-bed reactor (1983)

A laboratory-scale fluidized-bed bioreactor system for the production of ethanol from a glucose solution using flocculating Zymomonas mobilis was studied. Although the results are preliminary, 2.5- to 3.8-cm-diameter systems were operated for more than 300 h using fluidized floc particles that are 1-2 mm in diameter. The ethanol production rate in the lower portion of the fluidized bed operating at 30/sup 0/C routinely exceeded 200 g/L x h and under some conditions was as high as 400 g/ L x h with a reactor residence time of a few minutes. This far surpasses the results obtained with a batch, stirred-tank reactor using yeast. Ethanol productivity based on the total reactor volume approached 100 g/L x h, and glucose conversion exceeded 95%. With continued research, even higher production rates will be possible as conditions are optimized and scale-up to larger systems will allow the establishment of technical feasibility.
Omnidirectional gap and defect mode of one-dimensional photonic crystals containing negative-index materials (2003)

We show theoretically that a one-dimensional photonic crystal containing a negative-index material has an omnidirectional gap, owing to the mechanism of zero (volume) averaged refractive index. In contrast to the Bragg gap, the edge of such a zero-n̄ gap is insensitive to incident angle and polarization. When an impurity is introduced, a defect mode appears inside the zero-n̄ gap with a very weak dependence on incident angle and invariant with scaling.
Evaluation of mitigation methods for distributed denial of service attacks (2012)

Distributed Denial of Service attacks of today present a difficult challenge to the network administrators as well as to the users of the Internet. Distributed Denial of Service war field launched by hackers using malicious botnets are evolving day by day. As new countermeasures are developed or mitigate Distributed Denial of Service attacks, attackers are constantly developing new methods to circumvent them. The threats and consequences presented by denial of service attacks are analyzed in this paper. The nature of the attacks, and an attempt to explain what the true motives behind these attacks have been done. The different mitigation processes of Distributed Denial of Service attacks in different situations have been analyzed to explore the power of methods using Hop-Count Filtering and probabilistic approaches.
<i>O</i>-Alkyl dioleoylphosphatidylcholinium Compounds:  The Effect of Varying Alkyl Chain Length on Their Physical Properties and in Vitro DNA Transfection Activity (2000)

1,2-Dioleoyl-sn-3-ethylphosphocholine (EDOPC) has been previously shown be a highly effective DNA transfection reagent in vitro. To assess the effect of alkyl chain length on transfection efficiency, the O-methyl, O-propyl, O-hexyl, O-decyl, and O-octadecyl derivatives have been prepared from dioleoylphosphatidylcholine using the corresponding alkyl trifluoromethylsulfonate. The methyl, ethyl, and propyl derivatives formed liposomes which were very large and unilamellar. The ethyl and propyl derivatives were equally efficient at mediating transfection (even in the presence of serum) of BHK cells, but the chemically labile methyl derivative was a much weaker transfection agent. The O-decyl and O-octadecyl compounds, which assume the inverted hexagonal phase in excess water (as determined by X-ray diffraction), were almost inactive after manual agitation in both water and in saline; however, after sonication, these compounds exhibited good transfection activity. The O-hexyl derivative displayed novel behavior, assuming the lamellar phase at low and a cubic phase at high ionic strength. All compounds, whether lamellar or not, formed lamellar structures when complexed with DNA. In water, where the hexyl compound dispersed well, sonication diminished transfection activity, whereas at physiological ionic strength, which led to poor manual dispersion, sonication was essential for good transfection. These results emphasize the importance of optimal dispersion of a cationic lipid: too little, and interaction with DNA is handicapped, too much, and the resultant particle transfects poorly. Lipid dispersibility is thus an important variable in assessing lipid transfection agents, and caution is advised in attributing too much significance to chemical structure until interaction with DNA has been optimized.
Nitrogen-driven<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>sp</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>to<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mrow><mml:msup><mml:mrow><mml:mi>sp</mml:mi></mml:mrow><mml:mrow><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msup></mml:mrow></mml:math>transformation in carbon nitride materials (1998)

The coordination of carbon as a function of nitrogen concentration in energetically deposited carbon nitride films has been systematically studied. A structural transformation from primarily ${\mathrm{sp}}^{3}$-bonded to ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$-bonded carbon and a density decrease from 3.3 to $2.1 {\mathrm{g}/\mathrm{c}\mathrm{m}}^{3}$ were observed as the nitrogen concentration increases from 11 to 17 %. Calculations on nitrogen-substituted carbon clusters indicate that there is a preference to form ${\mathrm{sp}}^{2}$-bonded carbon when the nitrogen concentration is larger than 12%. The implications for these results to the synthesis of superhard carbon nitride materials are discussed.
The influence factors on temperature response in outside wall (2005)

In this study we use finite deference method to solve the distribution of temperature in the wall under different conditions.The study domain is two-dimensional solid wall.Various parameters are: humidity in the wall(30%,70%),wind speed near the outer boundary(1m/s,3m/s),solar radiation reception on the outer boundary.It is found that heat transfer and the delay time of reaching high temperature in a section against the outer boundary are increasing functions of the humidity and decreasing functions of wind speed near the outer boundary.The relationship between delay time and position are also studied.
SSFP signal with finite RF pulses (2009)

The theoretical description of steady state free precession (SSFP) sequences is generally well accepted and unquestioned, although it is based on instantaneously acting radiofrequency (RF) pulses. In practice, however, all excitation processes are finite, thereby questioning the overall validity of the common SSFP signal description for use with finite RF pulses. In this paper, finite RF pulse effects on balanced SSFP signal formation are analyzed as a function of the RF time, the pulse repetition time, the flip angle (alpha) and relaxation times (T(1,2)). The observed signal modulations from finite RF pulses (compared to infinitesimal ones) can range from only a few percent (for RF time/pulse repetition time << 1, alpha << 90 degrees, T(2)/T(1) approximately 1) to over 10% (for RF time/pulse repetition time << 1, alpha approximately 90 degrees, T(2)/T(1) << 1) and may even exceed 100% in the limit of RF time/pulse repetition time --> 1 (for alpha approximately 90 degrees, T(2)/T(1) << 1). As a result, a revision of SSFP signal theory is indicated not only for reasons of completeness but also seems advisable, e.g., for all quantitative SSFP methods. A simple modification for the common balanced SSFP equation is derived that provides an accurate framework for SSFP signal description over a wide variety of practical and physiologic parameters.
Hetero Diels−Alder Synthesis of 3-Hydroxypyridines:  Access to the Nosiheptide Core (2007)

The 1-azadiene hetero Diels-Alder reaction of silylated enol oximes with alkynes was investigated and was optimized to furnish 2,5,6-trisubstituted 3-hydroxypyridines in high yields in one simple operation. Importantly, monosubstituted alkynyl ketones were found to lead to the formation of the 6-isomer with exceptional regioselectivity (>95:5). This methodology was applied to a scaleable synthesis of the core structure of the potent antibiotic nosiheptide. Protecting groups were optimized, which led to a racemization-free seven-step synthesis of the key building block.
Analysis of Pressure Distribution on Head Disk Air Bearing Slider Involved Van der Waals Force (2013)

This paper focuses on the pressure distribution on the surface of slider in hard disk drive when its flying height is in nanoscale. The gas rarefaction effect and van der Waals force are involved in the analysis process. Here the air bearing force model is based on F-K model and we establish the equation of van der Waals force between the head and disk. Using the finite element method, the modified Reynolds equation and the van der Waals force were obtained. The air bearing force on slider before and after the van der Waals force involved were compared. The results illustrate that the effect of van der Waals force on the air bearing force is different according to the slider shapes and flying heights. As a result, van der Waals force plays an important role when the flying height of slider is below 10 nm.
Development of a Novel Finder Pattern for Effective Color 2D-Barcode Detection (2008)

With a camera mobile phone, which has become a "must-have" device, 2D-barcode works as an interface to bridge the physical and digital world. As the notion of ubiquitous computing has permeated, developing a new 2D-barcode and its applications has been a growing trend worldwide. A 2D-barcode symbol consists of two broad areas: data area and guide area. The components of the latter is collectively called "finder pattern" and used in locating the 2D-barcode symbol. The failure of finding the target symbol prevents a barcode reader from successfully decoding the barcode. Hence, designing a functional finder pattern is one of the key for improving the robustness of barcode reading, and thus, the entire 2D-barcode system. We have designed a novel finder pattern integrated with a color 2D-barcode for camera mobile phone applications. Through the development and evaluation of the finder pattern for effective color 2D-barcode detection, this paper discusses keys to improve the functionality and reliability of finder patterns, which should be kept in mind when designing a finder pattern for any 2D-barcode symbol.
Compact Wideband Bandpass Filters With Wide Upper Stopband (2007)

In this letter, a T-shaped microstrip feeding arrangement is proposed to design wideband bandpass filter (BPF) using shorted slot-line resonators. This feed line produces frequency selective external coupling which is utilized to suppress unwanted harmonics. Up to sixth order harmonics are suppressed. Other advantages are low passband group delay variation, ease of fabrication, low insertion loss (IL), and compact size. A fabricated BPF of fractional bandwidth 56.3% at midband frequency 2.3 GHz has a maximum IL of 1.2 dB in its passband and 30-dB upper stopband extends over 11.53 GHz
Analysis of viscous losses in the chemical interface layer of Love wave sensors (2000)

Love waves have been introduced as highly effective devices for liquid-sensing applications. For chemical sensors, a microacoustic delay line featuring a multilayered waveguide supporting a generalised Love wave mode can be used in an oscillator setup. The top layer of the waveguide is a chemical interface, which selectively adsorbs certain target molecules in the adjacent liquid. The increase in mass density caused by adsorption can be detected as changes in the oscillation frequency. Commonly used interface materials show viscoelastic losses leading to an unwanted damping of the wave. To keep the signal-to-noise ratio high, the total insertion loss of the delay line should be kept as low as possible. Furthermore, it must not exceed a certain value to allow the electronic circuitry to sustain the oscillation. We analyzed the viscoelastic losses, which strongly depend on the frequency being used. By means of the proposed theoretical approach, the maximum thickness of the interface layer can be determined not to exceed the losses that can be handled by the driving electronics.
Lethal Effect of Nitrite on <i>Metapenaeus ensis</i> Larvae (1991)

Abstract Metupenaeus ensis larvae at different stages were exposed to a series of nitrite‐N (nitrite as nitrogen) concentrations in static renewal toxicity tests. Larvae at zoea stage were the most susceptible, and postlarvae were the most tolerant to nitrite among the larvae tested. The 24 h LC 50 s were 31.29, 16.05, 47.60 and 70.06 mg/L nitrite‐N for third nauplius substage (N3). second zoea substage (Z2), second mysis stage (M2), and first postlarva substage (PL1), respectively, in 33 ppt seawater at a pH of 8.20 and a water temperature of 30 C. The 48 h LC 50 for M2 and PL1 were 20.67 and 27.10 mg/L nitrite‐N, respectively. The “threshold time” was 108 h, and the “incipient LC 50 ” for M. ensis PL1 was 7.06 mg/L nitrite‐N. A “safe level” for rearing M. ensis larvae was estimated to be 0.71 mg/L nitrite‐N in the hatchery.
A bidirectional beam propagation method for multiple dielectric interfaces (1999)

A novel approach to the bidirectional beam propagation method, which can treat multiple dielectric interfaces, is developed and implemented using iterative methods. Comparisons with two previously published results demonstrate its accuracy, as well as its efficiency in computation time and memory. Finally, its capability in simulating and designing complex structures is also demonstrated via a three-channel add-drop multiplexer.
Augmented Lung Adenocarcinoma Cytotoxicity by the Combination of a Genetically Modified Anti‐Lewis Y Antibody and Antibodies to Complement Regulatory Proteins (1995)

Complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) mediated by a chimeric anti-Lewis Y monoclonal antibody (cH18A; human IgG1) was investigated in this study. Human lung adenocarcinoma cell lines (PC7, PC9, and PC14) were used as the target cells. PC7 and PC9 cells, expressed Lewis Y antigen and were lysed by cH18A as effectively as by the parent mouse anti-Lewis Y antibodies (mH18A) in a concentration-dependent manner. PC14 cells did not express Lewis Y antigen and were not lysed by either cH18A or mH18A. cH18A mediated CDC activity against PC7 and PC9 cells was enhanced by the combined use of monoclonal antibodies directed against CD46(MCP), CD55(DAF), and CD59. These molecules are complement-regulatory proteins which protect host cells from CDC. PC7 and PC9 cells, showed high levels of surface expression of these proteins, PC7 cells were more susceptible to cH18A-mediated CDC than PC9 cells. Use of multiple blocking antibodies to the complement-regulatory proteins produced more enhancement of cH18A-mediated CDC than a single antibody. Moreover, expression of CD55 and CD59 by PC7 and PC9 cells was decreased after treatment with PI-PLC, resulting in increased susceptibility to cH18A-mediated CDC. Although the reason is unknown, PC7 cells became more susceptible to CDC than PC9 cells after PI-PLC treatment even in the absence of cH18A. These data suggest that chimeric monoclonal antibodies can be used to induce CDC against lung adenocarcinoma, and that such CDC is potentiated by a variety of antibodies blocking compliment-regulatory proteins on the tumour cell surface.
An integrated analysis tool for analyzing hybridization intensities and genotypes using new-generation population-optimized human arrays (2016)

ALICE and the used genomic reference databases, which can be downloaded from http://hcyang.stat.sinica.edu.tw/software/ALICE.html , are useful resources for analyzing genomic data from the Axiom and other SNP arrays.
Oxidized low density lipoproteins and lactosylceramide both stimulate the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells. (1997)

We have previously shown that oxidized low density lipoproteins (Ox-LDL) at low concentrations (10 micrograms/ml) via activating a UDP-galactose: glucosylceramide, beta 1-->4 galactosyl-transferase (GalT-2) and producing lactosylceramide can stimulate the proliferation of aortic smooth muscle cells. In this report, we present evidence that Ox-LDL and LacCer, both can induce the expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (cyclin). Ox-LDL and LacCer both exerted a time-dependent stimulation of cyclin expression. Maximum increase (3-fold) in cyclin expression occurred between 30-120 min after Ox-LDL/LacCer addition and decreased thereafter. D-threo-l-phenyldecanoylamino-3-morpholino-1-propanol (D-PDMP), an inhibitor of GalT-2, inhibited cell proliferation as well as cyclin expression. This inhibitor also abrogated the Ox-LDL mediated expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (cyclin). In contrast, the L-enantiomer of PDMP (L-PDMP) stimulated the expression of cyclin and augmented the Ox-LDL mediated expression of cyclin in these cells. Maximum increase in the expression of cyclin occurred with 20 mumole of L-PDMP and 10 micrograms of Ox-LDL. This overall pattern of Ox-LDL and LacCer mediated regulation is similar to that of the c-fos protooncogenes reported previously by us. We hypothesize that the early induction of GalT-2 may serve as an "Immediate early gene" that plays a role in the signalling cascade by LacCer and involves the kinase c-fos induction and subsequent expression of cyclins. Thus, GalT-2 may play a role in the proliferative response in aortic smooth muscle cells by Ox-LDL.
Some Recent Results in Heuristic Search Theory (1984)

The paper summarizes recent analytical investigations of the mathematical properties of heuristics and their influence on the performance of common search techniques. The results are reported without proofs together with discussions of motivations and interpretations. The highlights include the following: the optimality of A*; relations between the precision of the heuristic estimates and the average complexity of the search; comparisons of the average complexities of A* and BACKTRACKING; procedures for comparing and combining nonadmissible heuristic functions; the influence of the weight w (in f = (l - w) g + wh) on the complexity of A*; the pruning power of alphabeta, SSS*, and SCOUT; the effect of successor ordering on search complexity, and the effect of search depth of the quality of decisions in game-playing.
Synthesis and Cytotoxicity of Novel Benzofuran Neolignan Derivatives (2010)

A series of 10 related benzofuran neolignan derivatives were obtained by utilising a biomimetic reaction sequence involving oxidative dimerisation of methyl ferulate, followed by derivatisation reactions. The structures of the new compounds were confirmed by 1 H NMR, elemental analysis, MS and IR. All compounds were evaluated for their cytotoxic potential against five human cancer cell lines (HL-60, SMMC-7721, A-549, SK-BR-3 and PAN-1) by the standard MTT method. The results showed that most of them exhibit potent cytotoxicity.
Atomic layer deposition of Ru onto organic monolayers: Shifting metal effective work function using monolayer structure (2012)

Organic thin films are integrated with metal atomic layer deposition metallization to adjust and tune the electronic properties of metal/dielectric junctions. Specifically, 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) and undecenyltrichlorosilane (UDTS) self-assembled monolayers on hafnia-based dielectrics produce a shift in the effective work function of ruthenium metal deposited by atomic layer deposition at 325 °C onto the monolayer/oxide heterostructure. Based on infrared analysis, the molecular monolayer is relatively stable upon heating above 300 °C. The effective work function extracted from measurements of flat band voltage versus oxide thickness shift by +0.1 and −0.6 V when the metal is deposited on APTES and UDTS, respectively, consistent with expected organic interface dipoles on the dielectric surface. Results suggest various nucleation mechanisms for ALD growth on organic monolayers, and demonstrate that low temperature ALD is useful for metallization of organic modified surfaces for a range of applications.
Improved Arterial Oxygenation After Oleic Acid Lung Injury in the Pig Using a Computer-Controlled Mechanical Ventilator (1996)

We compared computer-controlled mechanical ventilation programmed for biologic variability of respiratory rate (RR) and tidal volume (VT) with conventional intermittent positive-pressure ventilation (IPPV) in an oleic acid (OA) lung injury model. Seventeen pigs were ventilated with an Ohio 7000 anesthesia ventilator. Minute ventilation (VE) was adjusted to maintain PaCO2 at 30 to 35 mm Hg at baseline and was not altered further. OA was infused at 0.2 ml/kg/h until PaO2 decreased to < 125 mm Hg (F(I)O2 = 0.5). Animals were randomly assigned to continue with conventional IPPV (control group; n = 8) or had IPPV computer-controlled (computer group; n = 9). Hemodynamic, respiratory gas, airway pressure, and volume data were obtained at baseline (before OA infusion), at Time 30 (after infusion), and at 30-min intervals for 240 min after OA. At experiment completion, the lungs were removed to determine the wet:dry weight ratios. The control group had RR fixed at 20 breaths/min. The computer group had a RR of 20 +/- 2.3 breaths/min (range, 15 to 27 breaths/min), comprising 369 different RR values with reciprocal changes in VT over 1,089 s before the program looped to repeat itself. There was no difference between groups in the volume of OA infused. By 120 min after lung injury, animals in the computer group had significantly greater PaO2, associated with a lower Qs/QT. Mean airway pressures and mean peak airway pressures were not different in the two groups. By 180 min, respiratory system compliance (Crs) was significantly lower in the control group. The wet:dry lung weight ratios were greater in the control group. Thus, in a porcine model of OA lung injury, computer-controlled mechanical ventilation, which is programmed for biologic variability, resulted in improved blood oxygenation without increasing mean airway pressures when compared with conventional IPPV.
New Targets in Pain, Non-Neuronal Cells, and the Role of Palmitoylethanolamide (2012)

Persistent pain in neuropathic conditions is often quite refractory to conventional analgesic therapy, with most patients obtaining, at best, only partial relief of symptoms. The tendency still exists to treat these complex pains with one or a combination of two analgesics at the most. Given the complex nature of the underlying pathogenesis, this approach more often than not fails to produce a meaningful improvement. New targets are therefore badly needed. In this regard non-neuronal cells – glia and mast cells in particular - are emerging as new targets for the treatment of neuropathic pain. An extensive preclinical database exists showing that the naturally occurring fatty acid amide palmitoylethanolamide is endowed with anti-inflammatory activity, and clinical trials assessing the efficacy and safety of palmitoylethanolamide in neuropathic pain have been successful in generating proof-of-concept for treatment in man. Here I will review salient preclinical and clinical evidence supporting non-neuronal cells as viable targets in the treatment of neuropathic pain. This will be followed by a discussion of recent proof-of-concept clinical trials demonstrating the efficacy and safety of palmitoylethanolamide in the treatment of various neuropathic pain states.