gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Recent Studies in Automatic Text Analysis and Document Retrieval (1973)

Many experts in mechanized text processing now agree that useful automatic language analysis procedures are largely unavailable and that the existing linguistic methodologies generally produce disappointing results. An attempt is made in the present study to identify those automatic procedures which appear most effective as a replacement for the missing language analysis. A series of computer experiments is described, designed to simulate a conventional document retrieval environment. It is found that a simple duplication, by automatic means, of the standard, manual document indexing and retrieval operations will not produce acceptable output results. New mechanized approaches to document handling are proposed, including document ranking methods, automatic dictionary and word list generation, and user feedback searches. It is shown that the fully automatic methodology is superior in effectiveness to the conventional procedures in normal use.
Key factors help programs succeed. (1997)

The World Health Organization is coordinating a review (with the United Nations Population Fund and UNICEF) of key interventions designed to improve adolescent health services, focusing on the effectiveness of these efforts. Making services more available involves the attitude and training of providers, the logistics of clinic location and service, and the questions of privacy and confidentiality. Successful programs identify specific target groups defined by age, school status, marital status, and other social factors. In a recent evaluation of 70 projects focusing on adolescents, UNFPA found that almost none of them defined their target populations clearly. Marital status is particularly important, for the unmarried often face more obstacles to services. Providers should involve youth in planning and implementing reproductive health services and evaluating programs by working with youth focus groups and workshops. A review of the Family Health International's AIDS Control and Prevention (AIDSCAP) Project of 21 peer education projects in Africa, Asia, and Latin America showed that peer education is useful for providing HIV/AIDS information. In successful peer programming selection and training, skills building, effective provision of information and referrals, and minimal turnover are key elements. Involving community leaders, parents, teachers helps achieve the balance of needs and culture and traditions. A UNFPA analysis found that most projects did not involve parents and community groups. Sex education programs were particularly divisive. The accessibility of services depends on convenience of location, clinic hours, confidentiality, and style of services. The basic evaluation tool is simple observation. In 1992 an AIDS prevention project in Kenya used an outcome evaluation with interviews and found that the target audience had more positive behavior change. Sustaining good programs should also be included in the planning phase, as was done by the CORA project in Mexico City.
Asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene catalyzed by carbohydrate diphosphite-Rh(I) complexes (2002)

A series of new chelating diphosphite ligands with a furanoside backbone and axially chiral biphenyl or binaphthyl moieties have been synthesized. Their Rh(I) complexes have been tested as catalyst precursors for the asymmetric hydroformylation of styrene. Systematic variation in chirality at both chiral sugar backbone stereocenters (C-3 and C-5) and either the axial chiral biphenyl or binaphthyl substituents revealed a remarkable effect on the selectivity of the hydroformylation catalysts. In this way, by judicious choice of these elements, both regio- and enantioselectivities can be optimized. Thus, both high enantioselectivity (up to 93% S) and regioselectivity in 2-phenylpropanal (up to 98.8%) were found under mild reaction conditions (15–40 °C, 10 bar of syngas) for the ligand with a glucofuranoside backbone and bis(trimethylsilyl)-2,2′-biphenyl moiety. The solution structures of HRh(L–L)(CO)2 complexes have been studied by high pressure NMR and IR. Varying the configuration of the binaphthyl moieties revealed a remarkable effect on the diphosphite coordination modes on the intermediate HRh(L–L)(CO)2 species and, therefore, on enantioselectivity. Enantioselectivity was highest for ligands with a strong bis-equatorial coordination preference.
Prediction in Dynamic Environments for Autonomous On-Road Driving (2006)

We have developed PRIDE (prediction in dynamic environments), a hierarchical multi-resolutional framework for moving object prediction that incorporates multiple prediction algorithms into a single, unifying framework. PRIDE incorporates a long-term (LT) prediction approach based on situation recognition and a short-term (ST) prediction approach based on vehicle models. These two approaches provide for the prediction of the future location of moving objects at various levels of resolution at the frequency and level of abstraction necessary for planners at different levels within the hierarchy using sensory data. In this paper, we demonstrate the ability to use the results of the short-term prediction algorithms to strengthen/weaken the estimates of the long-term prediction algorithms via experimental results. We provide experimental results in an autonomous on-road driving scenario using AutoSim, a high-fidelity simulation tool that models details about road networks, including individual lanes, lane markings, intersections, legal intersection traversability, etc
Communications- The Reaction of N-Chlorobenzamide with Potassium Fluoride (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCommunications- The Reaction of N-Chlorobenzamide with Potassium FluorideLeon Rand and Marvin AlbinakCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1960, 25, 10, 1837Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01080a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01080a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views63Altmetric-Citations6LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
A DISTRIBUTED, REPLICATED, DATA-BALANCED SEARCH STRUCTURE (1994)

Many concurrent dictionary data structures have been proposed, but usually in the context of shared memory multiprocessors. In this paper, we present an algorithm for a concurrent distributed B-tree that can be implemented on message passing computer systems. Our distributed B-tree (the dB-tree) replicates the interior nodes in order to improve parallelism and reduce message passing. The dB-tree stores some redundant information in its nodes to permit the use of lazy updates to maintain replica coherency. We show how the dB-tree algorithm can be used to build an efficient implementation of a highly parallel, data-balanced distributed dictionary, the dE-tree.
Wandering the Witels : feature (2013)

Kloofing is a decidedly Cape pastime. The region boasts many rivers which tempt the explorer to savour offerings of narrow gorges, dense forests and inviting pools. Not all are accessible, and some might be considered too severe a challenge, such as Groothoekkloof which arises at the back of the Matroosberg, the tallest peak in the Western Cape, or Suicide Gorge in the Nuweberg Mountains near Grabouw, which has had its fair share of casualties over the years.
Reduced reactive O2 species formation and preserved mitochondrial NADH and [Ca2+] levels during short-term 17 °C ischemia in intact hearts (2003)

Hypothermic perfusion at 17 degrees C caused moderate and reversible changes in mitochondrial function. However, hypothermia protects during ischemia, as shown by preservation of mitochondrial NADH energy balance and prevention of deleterious increases in m[Ca2+] and ROS formation. The close temporal relations of these factors during cooling and during ischemia suggest a causal link between mCa2+, mitochondrial energy balance, and ROS production.
Asymmetric synthesis of .alpha.-amino acids. I. A new approach (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAsymmetric synthesis of .alpha.-amino acids. I. A new approachElias J. Corey, Ronald J. McCaully, and Harbans S. SachdevCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1970, 92, 8, 2476–2488Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00711a045https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00711a045research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views979Altmetric-Citations102LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Figure of merit for thermoelectrics (1989)

Theoretical calculations are presented for the figure of merit Z in thermoelectrics. The maximum values of Z are obtained in semiconductors which are doped so that the chemical potential is near the band edge. The highest Z is related to the B parameter of Chasmar and Stratton [J. Electron. Control 7, 52 (1959)].
Adherence of ion beam sputter deposited metal films on H-13 steel (1981)

An electron bombardment argon ion source was used to sputter deposit 17 different metal and metal oxide films ranging in thickness from 1 to 8 μm on H-13 steel substrates. A tensile test apparatus was used to quantitatively measure the film adherence to the substrate surface. Comparisons in bond strength were made between ion beam, ion plating and rf deposited films. This study was the first of a three phase program to find a protective coating to prevent heat checking in H-13 steel dies used for aluminum die casting. The results of exposing the coated substrates to temperatures up to 700 °C are also presented.
Overexpression of Id‐1 is associated with poor clinical outcome in node negative breast cancer (2003)

Id-1 is an important regulator of cellular growth and differentiation and controls malignant progression of breast cancer cells. The aim of our study was to assess the clinical impact of Id-1 expression in breast cancer, i.e., its potential impact on prognosis and prediction of treatment response. Id-1 protein expression was determined immunohistochemically in 191 patients with lymph-node negative breast cancer, and univariate and multivariate survival analysis was carried out. Fifteen (7.9%) specimens showed strong expression, 75 (39.3%) moderate, 55 (28.8%) weak expression and 46 (24.1%) cases no expression of Id-1. Patients with strong or moderate Id-1 expression had a significant shorter overall (p = 0.003, Cox regression) and disease-free survival (p = 0.01, Cox regression) compared to those with absent or low expression. Progesterone receptor density was significantly higher in breast cancers with absent/low Id-1 expression compared to those with moderate/strong expression (p < 0.001, t-test). Id-1 expression was significantly stronger in cases positive for p16(INK4a) expression compared to those negative for p16 (p = 0.049, Mann-Whitney test). The influence of Id-1 on clinical outcome seems much stronger in patients with negative estrogen receptor status compared to those with positive status, who received receptor antagonists as adjuvant therapy in most cases. Overexpression of Id-1 protein represents a strong independent prognostic marker in node negative breast cancer, and future therapies inhibiting Id-1 expression might be beneficial for these patients. Our results also suggest that due to the apparent interaction of Id-1 with the steroid-receptor system in breast cancer, hormonal therapies might influence Id-1 expression and its impact on clinical outcome.
SYNTHESIS OF SILVER NANOPARTICLES AND ITS CYTOTOXIC EFFECT AGAINST THP-1 CANCER CELL LINE (2013)

Nanotechnology is a field of science which involves the synthesis and applications of nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles (AgNp) have applications in various fields due to their unique optical, physical, electrical and medicinal properties. In this study, silver nanoparticles were synthesized by biophysical method. Silver nanoparticles were characterized by using UV#Visible absorption spectr oscopy (Surface Plasmon absorption at 418#420 nm), Energy Dispersive Spectr oscopy (EDX), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X# ray diffraction (XRD). The cytotoxic effect of silver nanoparticles on acute myeloid leukemia cell line (THP - 1 cell line) was studied in vitro. The activity of chemotherapeutic drugs Cyclophosphamide and Busulfan was enhanced in presence of silver nanoparticles whereas Mercaptopurine was found to be more effective when used individually against the THP# 1 cell line.
Intelligence Without Reason (2018)

The new approaches that have been developed recently for artificial intelligence (AI) arose from work with mobile robots. This chapter outlines the context within which this work arose and discusses some key realizations made by the researchers involved. It traces the development of the foundational ideas for AI, and how they were intimately linked to the technology available for computation. The chapter provides a brief overview of developments in the understanding of biological intelligence. It covers material from ethology, psychology, and neuroscience. The chapter also introduces the two cornerstones to the new approach to AI, situatedness and embodiment, and discusses both intelligence and emergence in these contexts. It outlines some details of the approach of group at Massachusetts Institute of Technology to building complete situated, embodied, artificially intelligent robots. This approach shares more heritage with biological systems than with what is usually called AI.
ASSIST: User's manual (1986)

Semi-Markov models can be used to compute the reliability of virtually any fault-tolerant system. However, the process of delineating all of the states and transitions in a model of a complex system can be devastingly tedious and error-prone. The ASSIST program allows the user to describe the semi-Markov model in a high-level language. Instead of specifying the individual states of the model, the user specifies the rules governing the behavior of the system and these are used by ASSIST to automatically generate the model. The ASSIST program is described and illustrated by examples.
Investigations on vitamin D esters synthesized in rats. Turnover and sites of synthesis (1968)

1. The tissue contents of vitamin D alcohol and ester were estimated in rats 5, 10, 24, 48 and 72hr. after peroral administration of [1-(3)H]cholecalciferol. 2. The total vitamin D in liver decreased in an exponential fashion from 19% of the dose at 5hr. to 0.6% at 72hr., but the ester content remained at a relatively constant low value from 5hr., so that by 72hr. it represented 67% of the total vitamin D. Vitamin D ester in kidney increased slowly to 48hr., but by 72hr. it was only 10% of the total vitamin D. 3. The small intestine, unlike liver and kidney, contained a higher content of vitamin D ester 10hr. after administration than at later times, and it is postulated that some vitamin D was esterified during absorption from the alimentary tract. 4. Plasma contained vitamin D ester at all time intervals, and it is suggested that ester found in liver and kidney could have been transported to these sites in the blood. 5. Thoracic-duct lymph was found to transport 43% of a peroral dose of vitamin D in 12hr., of which 1.4% was esterified. The fatty acid components of the lymph vitamin D ester, determined by two-dimensional thinlayer chromatography, were mainly palmitate (31%), stearate (25%), oleate (16%) and linoleate (16%). This pattern was similar to that previously found in liver.
An automated measure of P-wave duration from surface ECG maps (2004)

The aim of this paper is to introduce and statistically characterize an estimator of the P-wave duration. The estimator is based on the computation of the P-wave area of an average P-wave. No fiducial points are needed for the estimation of P-wave duration. The computation of the total area is performed by summing up the absolute value of the average P-wave. The absolute value is used since P-wave can be polyphasic. The estimator is not biased even when the signal is corrupted by 0-mean noise, as a corrective term is introduced. The corrective term represents the mean error due to have taken the absolute value of the signal. The error depends on the value of the original signal, thus the corrective term has to be calculated for each sample. The computation of the corrective term, under the hypothesis of Gaussian noise, is based on the computation of the residual noise after the averaging procedure. The proposed estimator is characterised in terms of confidence interval in order to be used in a prediction model of atrial fibrillation. The accuracy obtained for the estimation of P-wave duration was -3.8% +7.5%. This accuracy is lower than that obtained with previously proposed methods.
Angiogenesis: an update. (1994)

Angiogenesis is the neovascularization or formation of new blood vessels from the established microcirculation. It is particularly important and indispensable in a large number of normal and pathological processes during pre- and post-natal life, including neoplasia, inflammation, wound repair and collaterization in response to ischemic stimuli. The current interest in the role of neovascularization in the transition from hyperplasia to neoplasia, as well as in the tumour growth and metastasis, has brought about a large number of studies on angiogenesis. The complex processes of neovascularization, quiescent in the adult organism, may occur rapidly in several circumstances, with the implication of the following events: a) endothelial cell (EC) and pericyte activation; b) basal lamina degradation; c) migration and proliferation of EC and pericytes; d) formation of a new capillary vessel lumen; e) appearance of pericytes around the new capillaries; f) development of a new basal lamina; g) capillary loop formation; h) persistence or involution, and differentiation of the new vessels; and i) capillary network formation and, eventually, organization into larger microvessels. The use of numerous "in vivo" and "in vitro" systems has facilitated the assessment of angiogenesis control, in which angiogenic (fibroblast growth factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, platelet endothelial growth factor, E series prostaglandin, angiogenin, monobutyrin) and antiangiogenic (cartilage-derived angiogenic inhibitor, thrombospondin, protamine, platelet factor 4, interferon, angiostatic antibiotics, steroids) substances intervene. Heparin and heparin sulphate also play a key role in these mechanisms. A greater knowledge of angiogenesis control may lead to the development of a potential therapy in angiogenesis-related processes.
Perl How to Program (2001)

From the Publisher:
This new book by the world's leading programming language textbook authors carefully explains how to use Perl as a general-purpose programming language and how to program multi-tier, client/server, database-intensive, Internet-and-Web-based applications. 

Dr. Harvey M. Deitel and Paul J. Deitel are the principals of Deitel & Associates, Inc., the internationally recognized corporate training and content-creation organization specializing in C++, Java, C#, C, Visual Basic®, XML, Python, Perl, Internet, World Wide Web and object technologies. The Deitels are also the authors of the world's #1 Java and C++ textbooks, Java How to Program, 3/e and C++ How to Program, 3/e.

In Perl How to Program, the Deitels and their colleagues, Tem R. Nieto and David C. McPhie, discuss topics you need to build complete, Web-based applications including: 

CGI/HTML forms/XML/CGI.pm
Control Structures/Arrays/Hashes
Regular Expressions/Strings
Objects/Encapsulation
OOP/Inheritance/References
Database/DBI/SQL/Signals/Contexts
Security/Accessibility
Typeglobs/File Globbing
Networking/Sockts/Internet Protocols
Cookies/Session Tracking
Filehandles/Data Structures
Process Control/Forking/Piping
Subroutines/Modules/Packages/Overloading
Web Automation/OLE Automation
Server-Side Includes/Ties/Closures
Graphics/GUI/Perl/TK


Perl How to Program includes extensive pedagogic features:

Hundreds of LIVE-CODEprograms with screen captures that show exact outputs
Extensive World Wide Web and Internet resources to encourage further research
Hundreds of tips, recommended practices and cautionsall marked with icons


Perl How to Program is the centerpiece of a complete family of resources for teaching and learning Perl, including Web sites with the book's source-code examples (which are also on the enclosed CD) and other information for faculty, students and professionals; an optional interactive CD (Perl Multimedia Cyber Classroom) containing thousands of hyperlinks and audio walkthroughs of hundreds of code examples in the book
Can Obesity Be Controlled? (1987)

Antibodies to fat cell membranes have major effects on fat depots and body composition. In rats the use of such antibodies has resulted in a 30% reduction in body fat content. The success of this novel approach has major implications for the meat industry and may lead to a new approach to the control of human obesity.
X-ray image segmentation using active contour model with global constraints (2007)

This paper presents an image segmentation method that outlines fractured bones in an X-ray image of a patient's arm within cast materials, and displays the alignment between the fractured bones. The cast material overlaying on the fractured bones creates extra noises to the X-ray image and provides challenges to the segmentation method. Our segmentation method aims on outlining the objects from a low contrast and high noise ratio of the X-ray images. A geodesic active contour model with global constraints is applied to this segmentation task. A prior shape is collected and embedded into the active contour model as a global constraint. A maximum-likelihood function is derived and used as a feedback system for each evolving process to a decision making procedure. Mutual Information is employed to measure the difference or the likelihood between the prior shape and the evolving curve. Experimental results show that the method produces the outlines of the fractured bones on the low contrast X-ray images robustly and accurately. The computation of our segmentation method is fast and efficient