gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of vehicle and route of administration of letrozole on ovarian function in a bovine model (2013)

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of vehicle and route of administration of letrozole on ovarian function in sexually mature beef heifers. On Day 3 (Day 0=ovulation), heifers were assigned randomly to four treatment groups and given 1mgkg(-1) letrozole intravenously (iv, n=10) or intramuscularly (im, n=10) or given a placebo iv (control iv, n=5) or im (control im, n=5). The interwave interval was longer in heifers treated with letrozole im than in im and iv controls (11.7±0.30 vs 9.5±0.50 and 10±0.43, respectively; P<0.05). Corpus luteum diameter profiles and plasma progesterone concentrations were greater (P<0.03 and P<0.05, respectively) in heifers treated with letrozole im compared with control im. Plasma oestradiol concentrations were lower in both letrozole-treated groups compared with controls (P≤0.03). Plasma LH concentrations tended to be elevated at the time of wave emergence in heifers treated with letrozole im compared with other groups (group-by-day interaction, P=0.06) and plasma FSH concentrations tended to be greater (P<0.09) in heifers treated with letrozole by either route compared with a single control group. We conclude that intramuscular administration of letrozole in oil is a feasible route and vehicle for the development of a letrozole-based treatment protocol for herd synchronisation in cattle.
Crosses among Homokaryons from Commercial and Wild-Collected Strains of the Mushroom <i>Agaricus brunnescens</i> (= <i>A. bisporus</i> ) (1988)

A new technique for the production of hybrid strains of the cultivated mushroom Agaricus brunnescens is described. Homokaryons were recovered from regenerated protoplasts obtained from several heterokaryotic strains. A total of 16 novel hybrids were produced in 63 attempted crosses between paired homokaryons. Recovery of both homokaryons and hybrids was verified by analysis of restriction fragment length polymorphisms. Three of four hybrids fruited in small-scale tests, further confirming that the isolates were true hybrids. Colony morphology alone was found to be a poor indicator of hybrid status. In two instances, three homokaryons crossed successfully in all combinations, suggesting that there are at least three alleles at the putative mating-type locus. Crosses between homokaryons from commercial and wild-collected isolates indicated that these strains belong to the same biological species.
<i>O</i>-Acetylation of<i>Arabidopsis</i>Hemicellulose Xyloglucan Requires AXY4 or AXY4L, Proteins with a TBL and DUF231 Domain   (2011)

In an Arabidopsis thaliana forward genetic screen aimed at identifying mutants with altered structures of their hemicellulose xyloglucan (axy mutants) using oligosaccharide mass profiling, two nonallelic mutants (axy4-1 and axy4-2) that have a 20 to 35% reduction in xyloglucan O-acetylation were identified. Mapping of the mutation in axy4-1 identified AXY4, a type II transmembrane protein with a Trichome Birefringence-Like domain and a domain of unknown function (DUF231). Loss of AXY4 transcript results in a complete lack of O-acetyl substituents on xyloglucan in several tissues, except seeds. Seed xyloglucan is instead O-acetylated by the paralog AXY4like, as demonstrated by the analysis of the corresponding T-DNA insertional lines. Wall fractionation analysis of axy4 knockout mutants indicated that only a fraction containing xyloglucan is non-O-acetylated. Hence, AXY4/AXY4L is required for the O-acetylation of xyloglucan, and we propose that these proteins represent xyloglucan-specific O-acetyltransferases, although their donor and acceptor substrates have yet to be identified. An Arabidopsis ecotype, Ty-0, has reduced xyloglucan O-acetylation due to mutations in AXY4, demonstrating that O-acetylation of xyloglucan does not impact the plant's fitness in its natural environment. The relationship of AXY4 with another previously identified group of Arabidopsis proteins involved in general wall O-acetylation, reduced wall acetylation, is discussed.
B Cell Development Arrest Upon Insertion of a <i>neo</i> Gene Between JH and Eμ: Promoter Competition Results in Transcriptional Silencing of Germline JH and Complete V(D)J Rearrangements (2002)

Previous targeting experiments within the IgH locus have shown that V(D)J recombination was affected by an insertion of a neo gene within E(mu) upstream of the core enhancer, but not by insertions downstream of the enhancer. Similarly, class switch recombination to a given (C) gene was affected only by interposition of neo in between that gene and the 3' IgH enhancers. Here we show that insertion of neo upstream E(mu) only marginally impairs V(D)J recombination, but results in an altered D and J(H) gene usage and completely blocks transcription of the germline J(H) region and the rearranged VDJ segments. Although transcriptional silencing of J(H) occurs upstream of the insertion and results in the lack of mature B cells in homozygous mutant animals, IgH transcription is maintained downstream of the insertion together with neo transcription and can be up-regulated by LPS stimulation or upon fusion with plasmacytoma cells. Altogether these data argue for a polarized "neo effect" involving promoter competition and further show that V(D)J rearrangement can be uncoupled from transcription.
Formation of Hybrid Perovskite Tin Iodide Single Crystals by Top‐Seeded Solution Growth (2016)

Hybrid perovskites have generated a great deal of interest because of their potential in photovoltaic applications. However, the toxicity of lead means that there is interest in finding a nontoxic substitute. Bulk single crystals of both cubic CH3NH3 SnI3 and CH(NH2)2 SnI3 were obtained by using the top-seeded solution growth method under an ambient atmosphere. Structural refinement, band gap, thermal properties, and XPS measurements of CH3NH3 SnI3 and CH(NH2)2 SnI3 single crystals are also reported in detail. These results should pave the way for further applications of CH3NH3 SnI3 and CH(NH2)2 SnI3.
Toward the development of true “off‐the‐shelf” synthetic T‐cell immunotherapy (2018)

Recent outstanding clinical results produced by engineered T cells, including chimeric antigen receptors, have already facilitated further research that broadens their applicability. One such direction is to explore new T cell sources for allogeneic "off-the-shelf" adoptive immunotherapy. Human pluripotent stem cells could serve as an alternative cell source for this purpose due to their unique features of infinite propagation ability and pluripotency. Here, we describe the current state of engineered T cell transfer with the focus on cell manufacturing processes and the potentials and challenges of induced pluripotent stem cell-derived T cells as a starting material to construct off-the-shelf T-cell banks.
Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulation of electro-osmotic flow in a charged nanopore (2003)

Nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations were performed for Poiseuille and electro-osmotic flow in a charged cylindrical nanopore. The goal was to examine any deviations from continuum flow behavior and to compare and contrast the Poiseuille and electro-osmotic flow situations. The fluid was composed of cationic counterions and nonpolar monatomic solvent molecules. The cylindrical surface of the pore wall was represented by a stochastic scattering boundary condition. The lack of any surface roughness and the computational efficiency of the fluid model enabled the velocity profile near the wall to be measured at very high spatial resolution. The simulation results indicate that both Poiseuille and electro-osmotic flow conform to continuum transport theories except in the first monolayer of fluid at the pore wall. The apparent viscosity in this region was highly nonuniform and exhibited singularities. Despite this, the viscosity profiles obtained from Poiseuille and electro-osmotic flow were in good mutual agreement at all locations. The singularities were caused by a local maximum in the solvent and counterion velocity profiles occurring at the edge of the first monolayer of liquid. This apparent channeling of fluid near the pore wall has been observed in previous studies of Poiseuille flow. The exact cause is not clear, but it may be due to cooperative transport of the fluid molecules facilitated by two-dimensional ordering at the wall.
Insights from unifying modern approximations to infections on networks (2010)

Networks are increasingly central to modern science owing to their ability to conceptualize multiple interacting components of a complex system. As a specific example of this, understanding the implications of contact network structure for the transmission of infectious diseases remains a key issue in epidemiology. Three broad approaches to this problem exist: explicit simulation; derivation of exact results for special networks; and dynamical approximations. This paper focuses on the last of these approaches, and makes two main contributions. Firstly, formal mathematical links are demonstrated between several prima facie unrelated dynamical approximations. And secondly, these links are used to derive two novel dynamical models for network epidemiology, which are compared against explicit stochastic simulation. The success of these new models provides improved understanding about the interaction of network structure and transmission dynamics.
Heterotopic Ossification Following Traumatic Brain Injury and Spinal Cord Injury (2009)

Heterotopic ossification associated with neurologic injury, or neurogenic heterotopic ossification, tends to form at major synovial joints surrounded by spastic muscles. It is commonly associated with traumatic brain or spinal cord injury and with other causes of upper motor neuron lesions. Heterotopic ossification can result in a variety of complications, including nerve impingement, joint ankylosis, complex regional pain syndrome, osteoporosis, and soft-tissue infection. The associated decline in range of motion may greatly limit activities of daily living, such as positioning and transferring and maintenance of hygiene, thereby adversely affecting quality of life. Management of heterotopic ossification is aimed at limiting its progression and maximizing function of the affected joint. Nonsurgical treatment is appropriate for early heterotopic ossification; however, surgical excision should be considered in cases of joint ankylosis or significantly decreased range of motion before complications arise. Patient selection, timing of excision, and postoperative prophylaxis are important components of proper management.
Low density cellular plastics : physical basis of behaviour (1994)

Physical behaviour of polymeric foams - an overview. Polyurethane flexible foam formation. Characterization of polymeric cellular structures. The morphology of flexible polyurethane matrix polymers. Heat transfers in foams. Thermal ageing. The elastic behaviour of low density cellular plastics. Hysteresis and energy loss in flexible polyurethane foams. Impact response. Acoustical characteristics of low density foams.
VALUE: Large Scale Voting-Based Automatic Labelling for Urban Environments (2018)

This paper presents a simple and robust method for the automatic localisation of static 3D objects in large-scale urban environments. By exploiting the potential to merge a large volume of noisy but accurately localised 2D image data, we achieve superior performance in terms of both robustness and accuracy of the recovered 3D information. The method is based on a simple distributed voting schema which can be fully distributed and parallelised to scale to large-scale scenarios. To evaluate the method we collected city-scale data sets from New York City and San Francisco consisting of almost 400k images spanning the area of 40 km <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and used it to accurately recover the 3D positions of traffic lights. We demonstrate a robust performance and also show that the solution improves in quality over time as the amount of data increases.
Picosecond photoluminescence decay of Si-doped chemical-vapor-deposited diamond films (1996)

Photoluminescence decay times and quantum yields were measured at 77 K in the spectra of two Si-doped diamond films grown by the chemical-vapor deposition technique. A decay time of 950 ps for both films and a quantum yield of 0.05 for one film were determined for the Si center zero-phonon optical transition at 737 nm (1.6823 eV). Two broad subbands with decay times of 55 and 650 ps and yields of 8\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}4}$ were observed in the luminescence at 600, 650, and 720 nm and ascribed to an ${\mathit{sp}}^{2}$ nondiamond carbon phase. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Phase control of cubic boron nitride thin films (1992)

Ion beam assisted evaporation was used to deposit cubic and hexagonal boron nitride thin films. Boron was evaporated and bombardment was by argon and nitrogen ions. The effect of preparation conditions on the resulting phase was studied, and the relationship between the phase and the energy and momentum transferred into the film through ion bombardment was examined. It is shown that for a given temperature, the controlling factor in the resulting thin film phase is the momentum transferred into the film per depositing boron atom. At 300–400 °C a sharp threshold value of momentum-per-atom exists below which films are hexagonal and above which they are cubic. For 400 °C this threshold occurred at 200 (eV×amu)1/2 which is equal to 3.3×10−21 m kg s−1. Depositions performed using krypton and xenon instead of argon as the second bombarding gas confirmed this momentum-per-atom value. A second threshold was also observed, which was bombarding species dependent, above which either complete resputtering of the deposited material or reversion to the hexagonal phase occurred. Cubic boron nitride deposition was seen to occur in a window of momentum-per-atom values between these two thresholds. Using this information it was possible to grow cubic boron nitride using only nitrogen bombardment, although the window of momentum-per-atom values for nitrogen is very narrow. The effect of substrate temperature was studied, and it was found to be difficult to grow predominantly cubic phase films below 300–400 °C. The relationship between intrinsic stress and phase of the films is also discussed. A diagram is presented showing film phase as a function of bombardment, substrate temperature, and system chemistry. The parameter of momentum-per-atom is shown to combine into a single value the variables of ion beam assisted deposition: deposition rate, ion energy, ion flux, and ion species. It is suggested that, in general, for properties affected by ion bombardment the momentum-per-atom transferred into the film is the controlling factor. The results are shown to support momentum transfer as the dominant process in cubic boron nitride thin film formation.
Respiratory airflow estimation from lung sounds based on regression (2017)

The aim of this work is the estimation of respiratory flow from lung sound recordings, i.e. acoustic airflow estimation. With a 16-channel lung sound recording device, we simultaneously record the respiratory flow and the lung sounds on the posterior chest from six lung-healthy subjects in supine position. For the recordings of four selected sensor positions, we extract linear frequency cepstral coefficient (LFCC) features and map these on the airflow signal. We use multivariate polynomial regression to fit the features to the airflow signal. Compared to most of the previous approaches, the proposed method uses lung sounds instead of trachea sounds. Furthermore, our method masters the estimation of the airflow without prior knowledge of the respiratory phase, i.e. no additional algorithm for phase detection is required. Another benefit is the avoidance of time-consuming calibration. In experiments, we evaluate the proposed method for various selections of sensor positions in terms of mean squared error (MSE) between estimated and actual airflow. Moreover, we show the accuracy of the method regarding a frame-based breathing-phase detection.
Murrah Building Collapse: Reassessment of the Transfer Girder (2011)

The bombing of the Alfred P. Murrah Federal Building caused a progressive collapse that consumed nearly one-half of the building, killing 168 people. The use of a transfer girder along the front face of the building is often cited as the prime reason for the severity of the incident, although this paper provides evidence that suggests the transfer girder may not have been responsible. A method of predicting column failures attributable to blast is introduced and used to accurately predict the column failure pattern observed during the forensic investigation. The frame was adjusted with the transfer girder replaced with a conventional beam column arrangement. The failure pattern of the reconfigured building indicates that the extent of the collapse would be largely unchanged. This finding has important implications for the design of buildings that may be subjected to accidental or malicious damage. It is argued that the other buildings have demonstrated an ability to survive similar incidents and that the Murrah Building was vulnerable because it combined a glazed facade with open-plan architecture, in addition to lacking alternative load paths capable of redistributing loads after multiple column failures.
Theoretical and Experimental Studies on Reaction Mechanism for Aerobic Alcohol Oxidation by Supported Ruthenium Hydroxide Catalysts (2010)

The experimentally proposed reaction mechanism for the aerobic alcohol oxidation by supported ruthenium hydroxide catalysts (Ru(OH)x/support, support = TiO2 or Al2O3) is theoretically investigated by means of ab initio quantum chemistry calculations with model catalysts “Ru(OH)3(OH2)3” and “RuCl3(OH2)3” for Ru(OH)x/support and RuClx/support, respectively. The experimentally proposed alcoholate formation and β-hydride elimination steps can be verified. In the case of 2-butanol (as a model substrate), the calculated activation energy for the alcoholate formation step with Ru(OH)3(OH2)3 (27.7 kJ mol−1) is much smaller than that with RuCl3(OH2)3 (123.2 kJ mol−1), showing that the alcoholate formation with Ru(OH)x/support much more easily proceeds than that with RuClx/support. The Ru(OH)x/support catalysts possess both Lewis acid (Ru center) and Brønsted base (OH− species) sites on the same metal site. Therefore, the alcoholate formation step can be promoted by the “concerted activation” of an alcohol by the Lewis acid (electron transfer from an alcohol to Ru) and Brønsted base (electron transfer from OH− to a hydroxyl proton) sites on Ru(OH)x/support. For the reaction of the hydride species with O2, the coordination of the electron-donating ligands (in particular, an alcohol and OH2) to form the six-coordinated ruthenium monohydride (Ru−H) species is a key to promote the O2 insertion to the hydride species. The electron donation from the ligands to the hydride species can make the Ru−H bond weaker, resulting in lowering the activation energy for the O2 insertion step. Finally, the alcoholate or hydroxide species is regenerated with the formation of H2O2, and the catalytic cycle is completed.
Plasma α-atrial natriuretic peptide concentrations in acute respiratory failure associated with sepsis (1990)

Plasma alpha-atrial natriuretic peptide (alpha-ANP) concentrations were measured during mechanical ventilation in nine patients with acute respiratory failure (ARF) associated with sepsis. The relationships between alpha-ANP and pulmonary hemodynamic variables were examined. A total of 22 measurements of alpha-ANP and other variables were obtained. The mean plasma alpha-ANP concentration of 22 measurements was 120.1 +/- 79.8 pg/ml (normal 31.7 +/- 12.0, mean +/- SD). Plasma alpha-ANP concentrations correlated with mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) (r = .703, p less than .01) and pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) (r = .606, p less than .01), but not with other variables. These findings suggest that alpha-ANP elevation may be related to the increases in MPAP and PVR in ARF associated with sepsis.
Chronic viral infection promotes sustained Th1-derived immunoregulatory IL-10 via BLIMP-1 (2014)

During the course of many chronic viral infections, the antiviral T cell response becomes attenuated through a process that is regulated in part by the host. While elevated expression of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL-10 is involved in the suppression of viral-specific T cell responses, the relevant cellular sources of IL-10, as well as the pathways responsible for IL-10 induction, remain unclear. In this study, we traced IL-10 production over the course of chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infection in an IL-10 reporter mouse line. Using this model, we demonstrated that virus-specific T cells with reduced inflammatory function, particularly Th1 cells, display elevated and sustained IL-10 expression during chronic LCMV infection. Furthermore, ablation of IL-10 from the T cell compartment partially restored T cell function and reduced viral loads in LCMV-infected animals. We found that viral persistence is needed for sustained IL-10 production by Th1 cells and that the transcription factor BLIMP-1 is required for IL-10 expression by Th1 cells. Restimulation of Th1 cells from LCMV-infected mice promoted BLIMP-1 and subsequent IL-10 expression, suggesting that constant antigen exposure likely induces the BLIMP-1/IL-10 pathway during chronic viral infection. Together, these data indicate that effector T cells self-limit their responsiveness during persistent viral infection via an IL-10-dependent negative feedback loop.
Powders and Grains 2005, Two Volume Set (2005)

An explicit relation is developed to describe the capillary force in a doublet of two grains of different sizes as a function of the physical and geometrical characteristics. In particular, it depends on the inter-particle distance and on the volume of the liquid bridge. The modeling of capillary force is validated by experiments performed over a capillary doublet. From this theoretical modeling, we propose a local law of interaction by capillary force taking into account contact and friction between particles as well as the rupture of the liquid bridge. This local law is then implemented in a 3D code based on Discrete Element Method (DEM). This code is used to compute the macroscopic behavior of granular materials involving local interactions as capillary forces.