gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical and variational Bayesian approaches to least-squares migration (2014)

Summary Within the context of least-squares migration (LSM), we describe a methodology for using surface seismic data to infer the spatial smoothness structure of the subsurface in addition to the subsurface reflectivity model (or seismic image). In LSM (and other geophysical inverse problems), smoothness assumptions about the subsurface are commonly invoked to regularize the inversion procedure. The regularization serves to mitigate the effects of poor resolution and noise in the data and improve the quality of the inferred subsurface parameters. Viewing the problem from the perspective of Bayesian inference, a priori assumptions about the probabilistic structure of the model parameters impose this regularization. We generalize this by considering a hierarchical Bayesian formulation of the LSM problem in which parameters controlling the regularization, in addition to the reflectivity model itself, are treated as problem unknowns. Hence, rather than fixing the regularization parameters prior to inverting for the image, we allow the data to dictate where and how strongly to smooth the image. In order to construct our prior model of the subsurface and regularization parameters, we define an undirected graphical model (or Markov random field) on the subsurface model in which vertices of the graph represent reflectivity values, and edge strengths, defined on the edges of the graph, capture the degree of correlation (or lack thereof) between the vertices. Inferring the edge strengths from the data should produce an estimate of the image which preserves sharpness at the true discontinuities in the image while still allowing for smoothing of noise where appropriate. We solve the inference problem using a powerful approximation methodology known as variational Bayes, which produces marginal posterior distributions for the image and regularization parameters. Our inference framework is verified on the Marmousi model, where the hierarchical Bayesian imaging results significantly outperform standard LSM imaging.
Planning, Learning and Coordination in Multiagent Decision Processes (1996)

There has been a growing interest in AI in the design of multiagent systems, especially in multiagent cooperative planning. In this paper, we investigate the extent to which methods from single-agent planning and learning can be applied in multiagent settings. We survey a number of different techniques from decision-theoretic planning and reinforcement learning and describe a number of interesting issues that arise with regard to coordinating the policies of individual agents. To this end, we describe multiagent Markov decision processes as a general model in which to frame this discussion. These are special n-person cooperative games in which agents share the same utility function. We discuss coordination mechanisms based on imposed conventions (or social laws) as well as learning methods for coordination. Our focus is on the decomposition of sequential decision processes so that coordination can be learned (or imposed) locally, at the level of individual states. We also discuss the use of structured problem representations and their role in the generalization of learned conventions and in approximation. 1
Problemas y perspectivas sociohistóricas en el norte chileno: análisis sobre la "chilenización" de Tacna y Arica (2003)

Este trabajo trata de analizar críticamente las conceptualizaciones que se han generado y construido por historiadores e investigadores entorno al término "chilenización". Se discuten sus orientaciones y perspectivas para elaborar una historia social centrada en los actores más que en los problemas diplomáticos.
Response times in N-user replicated, centralized, and proximity-based hybrid collaboration architectures (2006)

We evaluate response times, in N-user collaborations, of the popular centralized (client-server) and replicated (peer-to-peer) architectures, and a hybrid architecture in which each replica serves a cluster of nearby clients. Our work consists of definitions of aspects of these architectures that have previously been unspecified but must be resolved for the analysis, a formal evaluation model, and a set of experiments. The experiments are used to define the parameters of and validate the formal analysis. In addition, they compare the performances, under the three architectures, of existing data-centric, logic-centric, and stateless shared components. We show that under realistic conditions, a small number of users, high intra-cluster network delays, and large output processing and transmission costs favor the replicated architecture, large input size favors the centralized architecture, high inter-cluster network delays favor the hybrid architecture, and high input processing and transmission costs, low think times, asymmetric processing powers, and logic-intensive applications favor both the centralized and hybrid architectures. We use our validated formal model to make useful predictions about the performance of the three kinds of architectures under realistic scenarios we could not create in lab experiments.
Optical Switching in Chiropticenes (2003)

Chiropticenes are a novel class of predesigned chiral molecular switches that are triggered and controlled by a combination of both light and electric field. Chiropticenes contain an optically active (chiral) center and, as a consequence, provide two accessible equal energy bistable states resembling the molecular elements of binary logic. Structural engineering of the basic switch design is investigated to modulate the thermal and optical switching behavior of the resulting compounds. A simple screening methodology is presented to detect switching behavior in the solid state employing standard NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. Validation of this method is demonstrated by the switching properties of newly synthesized anthraquinone dye based Chiropticenes. Functioning as a chiroptical dipole switch, Chiropticenes promise broad applications in emerging optoelectronic and molecular electronic technologies.
Characterization of Hematopoietic Cell Expansion, Oxygen Uptake, and Glycolysis in a Controlled, Stirred-Tank Bioreactor System (1998)

Cultures of umbilical cord blood and mobilized peripheral blood mononuclear cells were carried out in a stirred bioreactor with pH and dissolved oxygen control. Expansion of total cells and colony-forming units granulocyte-macrophage was greatly enhanced by the use of a cell-dilution feeding protocol (as compared to a cell-retention feeding protocol). The specific oxygen consumption rate (qO2) for these cultures ranged from 1.7 x 10(-8) to 1.2 x 10(-7) micromol/(cell.h). The maximum in qO2 for each culture closely corresponded with the maximum percentage of progenitor or colony-forming cells (CFCs) present in the culture. The maximum qO2 values are slightly less than those reported for hybridomas, while the lowest qO2 values are somewhat greater than those reported for mature granulocytes. Examination of the ratio of lactate production to oxygen consumption in these cultures suggests that post-progenitor cells of the granulomonocytic lineage obtain a greater portion of their energy from glycolysis than do CFCs. The different metabolic profiles of CFCs and more mature cells suggest that monitoring the uptake or production of oxygen, lactate, and other metabolites will allow estimation of the content of several cell types in culture.
A laser-triggered mini-Marx for low-jitter, high-voltage applications (2003)

A relatively simple method for generating high-voltage (/spl sim/200 kV) trigger pulses with low jitter (/spl sim/1 ns) has been developed at the Nike KrF Laser Facility. The output pulse (/spl sim/10 mJ) from a frequency-quadruple Nd:YAG laser is focused between the electrodes of a spark gap, which acts as the first-stage switch in a compact, eight-stage Marx generator. The spark gap is pressurized with a mixture of sulfur hexafluoride and air. The UV (266 nm) laser energy ionizes the SF/sub 6/, creating a spark which triggers the switch. A 20-cm focal length lens is used. The defocusing laser light then illuminates the remaining, self-breaking spark-gap switches in the Marx, pre-ionizing them. The Marx output is approximately 200 kV into 50 ohms, with a risetime of 2 ns. A single Marx is capable of triggering six 100-kV spark gaps via six 65-ohm cables in parallel, with an overall jitter of /spl plusmn/1 ns. A single laser triggers three Marxes; the trigger timing of each can be adjusted independently by changing the laser path lengths. The system uses off-the-shelf components throughout.
An Adaptive Intent Resolving Scheme for Service Discovery and Integration (2020)

Service discovery and integration is an important research area with efforts invested to explore the potential advantages of collaborative computing in general and service-oriented computing in particular. However, current technologies still limit their application within the reach of enterprise systems or privately available services. Intents is an emerging and innovative technique aimed to discover and integrate publically available services. In Intents, intent message resolving is a critical step which is deemed to decide the quality of the whole system. However, existing schemes applied in intent resolving adopt the exact-matching strategy which may rule out services desired by the user. This paper brings in information retrieval techniques and applies them to intent resolving. We take an empirical approach through extensive experiments and analyses on a real dataset to obtain guiding principles. Based on the resulting principles, an adaptive intent resolving scheme is designed. Afterwards, we integrate the scheme into the Intents user agent developed in a previous project.
<title>Noninvasive measurement of regional cerebrovascular oxygen saturation in humans using optical spectroscopy</title> (1991)

Noninvasive diffuse IR transmission spectroscopy is used to measure the attenuation of hemoglobin in the human cerebrovasculature. Experimental data demonstrating the intracranial, cerebrovascular source of the IR signal is presented. An algorithm to quantify per-cent hemoglobin oxygen saturation in the brain from these transmission spectra is outlined. The spectroscopic cerebrovascular hemoglobin saturation measured correlates well with the best clinical reference measurement of brain hemoglobin saturation (n equals 68, r equals 0.74, s equals 3.5), and IR spectroscopy is more sensitive to reduced brain oxygen than analogue or processed electroencephalography (EEG) data (p < .05).
Sporotrichosis In A Mule (1947)

An aged mule entered the clinic on Jan. 27, 1947, presenting a history of having been cut on the plantar surface of the left hind leg at the middle of the metatarsal- region. The mule had been injured some 3 or 4 weeks previously and home remedies of an unknown origin had been employed as the only treatment. Extensive granulation tissue had formed at the site of injury and the owner asked to "do what you can for him." As a matter of second thought the owner mentioned that he thought the mule had been shot with a shotgun, because of the numerous "little bumps in the skin" of the shoulder region. Little thought was given at the time to the lesions of the shoulder but later they proved quite interesting. The exhuberant granulation tissue of the hind leg was treated in the usual manner with poor results as is so often the case, but since this report is more concerned with the lesions of the shoulder rather than the mule in general, we will confine ourselves to that area.
Bioflocculation: Implications for Activated Sludge Properties and Wastewater Treatment (1998)

Studies were conducted to determine the role of bioflocculation in the activated sludge unit processes. Laboratory and full-scale studies revealed that bioflocculation is important in determining settling, dewatering, effluent and digested sludge properties (activated sludge properties) and may be vital to the function of all processes related to the above properties. In these studies, it was shown that divalent cations such as calcium and magnesium improved activated sludge properties, whereas monovalent cations such as sodium, potassium and ammonium ions were detrimental to these properties. The divalent cations promoted bioflocculation through charge bridging mechanisms with negatively charged biopolymers (mainly protein and polysaccharide). It was found that oxidized iron plays a major role in bioflocculation and determination of activated sludge properties through surface interactions between iron and biopolymers. Oxidized iron was effective in removing colloidal biopolymers from solution in coagulation and conditioning studies. The research included experiments evaluating effects of potassium and ammonium ions on settling and dewatering properties; effects of magnesium on
Dystroglycan glycosylation and its role in alpha-dystroglycanopathies. (2007)

Glycosylation is the most common post-translational modification of proteins. The protein sequence data suggested that more than half of all proteins produced in mammalian cells are glycoproteins. Glycans of secreted glycoproteins affect many protein properties such as solubility, stability, protease sensitivity, and polarity, while glycans on cell surface glycoproteins are involved in various cellular functions including cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions during embryogenesis, immune reactions, and tumor development. The past decade of research on glycan function has revealed the etiology of a growing number of human genetic diseases with aberrant glycan formation. This review focuses upon the involvement of O-mannosylglycan in the molecular and cellular mechanisms of muscular dystrophies. Advances in glycobiology are expected to result in a better understanding and in improved treatments of a class of muscular dystrophies called alpha-dystroglycanopathies.
Vascular smooth muscle cell polyploidy: An adaptive or maladaptive response? (2008)

Polyploidy is a state in which a cell contains multiple copies of its entire genome, while a normal diploid cell contains only two sets of homologous chromosomes. Although widely studied and pervasive in nature, the signals and mechanisms of polyploidization and its accompanying operational consequences are still unclear. This review focuses on relevant questions in deciphering the regulation of polyploidization of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) in mammals and the role of polyploidy in various vascular pathologies, such as hypertension and aging. Additionally, we will explore new investigations in polyploidization of VSMCs involving the rapidly expanding fields of oxidative stress and senescence. J. Cell. Physiol. 215: 588-592, 2008. (c) 2008 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
A two-reflection divergent differentiating critical angle refractometer (2011)

A new critical angle refractometer (CAR) for high accuracy refractive index measurement of liquid has been developed. The instrument improves the accuracy by two reflections in an elongated parallelogram prism, and acquires the angular reflectivity without any angle scanning parts through introduction of a point source with a divergent beam and a charge coupled device. In addition, it employs a simple and robust measurement method that gets the critical angle by differentiating the angular reflectivity. Through investigating absorbing media with absorption index κ (the imaginary part of refractive index) from 0 to 10(-2.1), the theoretical calculation shows that the proposed two-reflection CAR would outperform the traditional one-reflection CAR on lowering the principal error from the differentiation method and improving the ability of getting the critical angle. By testing two typical liquids-salt-water solution and milk, the preliminary experiment indicates that this two-reflection divergent differentiating critical angle refractometer is feasible and of high accuracy.
The angiogenesis inhibitor beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate inhibits ecto-protein kinase activity. (1992)

The growth of new blood vessels plays an important role in the pathogenesis of several diseases including cancer, diabetes, and arthritis. Beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate, when administered with an appropriate steroid inhibits angiogenesis, and can stimulate angiogenesis when given alone. The regulation of angiogenesis is not well understood, and the mechanism of action of beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate is similarly not well defined. Ecto-protein kinase activity that utilizes extracellular ATP has recently been reported on several types of cells. Human neutrophils appear to possess two distinct ecto-protein kinase activities; one that phosphorylates exogenous substrates including vitronectin and basic fibroblast growth factor, and one that phosphorylates endogenous cell-surface proteins. This report shows that beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate inhibits the phosphorylation of the exogenous substrates casein, vitronectin (the major ecto-protein kinase substrate in serum), and basic fibroblast growth factor by human neutrophil ecto-protein kinase activity. In contrast, beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate had no effect on the phosphorylation of endogenous cell-surface proteins by the neutrophil ecto-protein kinase activity. Ecto-protein kinase activity that was inhibited by beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate was also detected on porcine aortic and human umbilical vein endothelial cells. The effects of beta-cyclodextrin tetradecasulfate on ecto-protein kinase activities may play a role in its effects on angiogenesis.
Polyoxyethylenated Bisphenol-A for Breaking Water-in-oil Emulsions (1996)

Polyethylene glycol (PEG) of different molecular weights, namely, 600, 1000 and 4000 g/mol was reacted with bisphenol A to form compounds having different hydrophile–lipophile balances and hence different surface activities. The interfacial tension at the aqueous/benzene interface was determined. It was found that the concentrations of demulsifiers required to cause a minimum interfacial tension are always less than those inducing a maximum demulsification efficiency. The demulsification efficiency of the prepared surfactants in breaking synthetic water in benzene emulsions stabilized by petroleum asphaltenes was evaluated. The data revealed that the demulsification efficiency increases with increasing demulsifier concentration, contact time and hydrophilicity.
Genetic uncoupling of the dsRNA‐binding and RNA cleavage activities of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> endoribonuclease RNase III — the effect of dsRNA binding on gene expression (1998)

RNase III, a double-stranded RNA-specific endonuclease, is proposed to be one of Escherichia coli's global regulators because of its ability to affect the expression of a large number of unrelated genes by influencing post-transcriptional control of mRNA stability or mRNA translational efficiency. Here, we describe the phenotypes of bacteria carrying point mutations in rnc, the gene encoding RNase III. The substrate recognition and RNA-processing properties of mutant proteins were analysed in vivo by measuring expression from known RNase III-modulated genes and in vitro from the proteins' binding and cleavage activities on known double-stranded RNA substrates. Our results show that although the point mutation rnc70 exhibited all the usual rnc null-like phenotypes, unlike other mutations, it was dominant over the wild-type allele. Multicopy expression of rnc70 could suppress a lethal phenotype of the wild-type rnc allele in a certain genetic background; it could also inhibit the RNase III-mediated activation of lambdaN gene translation by competing for the RNA-binding site of the wild-type endonuclease. The mutant protein failed to cleave the standard RNase III substrates in vitro but exhibited an affinity for double-stranded RNA when passed through poly(rI):poly(rC) columns. Filter binding and gel-shift assays with purified Rnc70 showed that the mutant protein binds to known RNase III mRNA substrates in a site-specific manner. In vitro processing reactions with purified enzyme and labelled RNA showed that the in vivo dominant effect of the mutant enzyme over the wild-type was not necessarily caused by formation of mixed dimers. Thus, the rnc70 mutation generates a mutant RNase III with impaired endonucleolytic activity but without blocking its ability to recognize and bind double-stranded RNA substrates.
Position of Coordination of the Lithium Ion Determines the Regioselectivity of Demethylations of 3,4-Dimethoxymorphinans with L-Selectride (2005)

[reaction: see text] L-Selectride is an efficient agent for the 3-O-demethylation of opioids and is known to cleave the least hindered methoxyl group in a molecule. The treatment of a 3,4-dimethoxymorphinan containing a 6-ketal with L-Selectride gave selective 4-O-demethylation, rather than cleavage of the less hindered 3-methoxyl. In contrast, a 3,4-dimethoxymorphinan lacking a 6-ketal gave selective 3-O-demethylation, suggesting that the regiochemistry of L-Selectride-mediated O-demethylation can be manipulated through altering the position of coordination of the lithium ion.
Coactivators for the Orphan Nuclear Receptor RORα (1999)

A mutation in the nuclear orphan receptor RORalpha results in a severe impairment of cerebellar development by unknown mechanisms. We have shown previously that RORalpha contains a strong constitutive activation domain in its C terminus. We therefore searched for mammalian RORalpha coactivators using the minimal activation domain as bait in a two-hybrid screen. Several known and putative coactivators were isolated, including glucocorticoid receptor-interacting protein-1 (GRIP-1) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-binding protein (PBP/TRAP220/DRIP205). These interactions were confirmed in vitro and require the intact activation domain of RORalpha although different requirements for interaction with GRIP-1 and PBP were detected. Even in the absence of exogenous ligand, RORalpha interacts with a complex or complexes of endogenous proteins, similar to those that bind to ligand-occupied thyroid hormone and vitamin D receptors. Both PBP and GRIP-1 were shown to be present in these complexes. Thus we have identified several potential RORalpha coactivators that, in contrast to the interactions with hormone receptors, interact with RORalpha in yeast, in bacterial extracts, and in mammalian cells in vivo and in vitro in the absence of exogenous ligand. GRIP-1 functioned as a coactivator for the RORalpha both in yeast and in mammalian cells. Thus, GRIP-1 is the first proven coactivator for RORalpha.