gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
El Método Sísmico. Un Ejemplo de Matemática Aplicada en Exploración Petrolera (1990)

  La sísmica se basa en la propagación de las ondas clásticas en la tierra y su reflexión y refracción debidas a cambios en la distribución de la densidad y la velocidad. En un modo simplista el método se puede representar así: Todo comienza con la generación de un pulso acústico al interior de la tierra, el cual penetra profundizando dentro de las rocas encontrando interfases en las que hay cambios en las propiedades (densidad y velocidad) o en la resistencia de la roca a ser comprimida. En tales interfases se genera una "replica" de la onda descendente que rebota hacia la superficie. El pulso que logra pasar, continúa descendiendo, debilitándose gradualmente y enviando "ecos" hacia la superficie cada vez que haya cambios en el medio. A mayor dicho cambio, más fuerte será la onda reflejada relativamente.   Encargados de "oír" los ecos provenientes del subsuelo están los detectores (geófonos en tierra e hidrófonos en el agua), los cuales se distribuyen a lo largo de la superficie y cuya duración de registro es usualmente de unos 5 a 6 segundos. En el método de reflexión se miden los tiempos de llegada de eventos atribuibles a reflexión de las ondas interfases donde ocurren cambios en impedancia acústica, los cuales se espera están relacionados a la geología del subsuelo. A continuación, los datos registrados se procesan. Cada milla registrada puede llegar a contener SO millones de bitios (bits) de información. De aquí, que se hagan necesarias las computadoras de alta velocidad y el desarrollo de algoritmos asociados. Como se verá en este articulo, las tónicas de procesamiento que se aplican a la señal sísmica se basan en principios matemáticos de diversos niveles. Estos van desde la aplicación de transformadas de Fourier para convertir los datos del dominio del tiempo al de la frecuencia, hasta el uso de distribuciones con las cuales se extienden las operaciones algebraicas de funciones.
A new model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in the rat utilizing total enteral nutrition to overfeed a high-polyunsaturated fat diet (2007)

We have used total enteral nutrition (TEN) to moderately overfeed rats high-polyunsaturated fat diets to develop a model for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Male Sprague-Dawley rats were fed by TEN a 187 kcal.kg(-3/4).day(-1) diet containing 5% (total calories) corn oil or a 220 kcal.kg(-3/4).day(-1) diet in which corn oil constituted 5, 10, 25, 35, 40, or 70% of total calories for 21 or 65 days. Rats fed the 5% corn oil, 220 kcal.kg(-3/4).day(-1)diet had greater body weight gain (P < or = 0.05), fat mass (P < or = 0.05), and serum leptin and glucose levels (P < or = 0.05), but no liver pathology. A dose-dependent increase in hepatic triglyceride deposition occurred with increase in percent corn oil in the 220 kcal.kg(-3/4).day(-1) groups (P < or = 0.05). Steatosis, macrophage infiltration, apoptosis, and focal necrosis were present in the 70% corn oil group, accompanied by elevated serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels (P < or = 0.05). An increase in oxidative stress (thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances) and TNF-alpha expression (P < or = 0.05) was observed in the 70% corn oil group, as well as an increase in hepatic CYP2E1 and CYP4A1 expression (P < or = 0.05). Significant positive correlations were observed between the level of dietary corn oil and the degree of pathology, ALTs, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Liver pathology was progressive with increased necrosis, accompanied by fibrosis, observed after 65 days of TEN. Increased expression of CD36 and l-fabp mRNA suggested development of steatosis was associated with increased fatty acid transport. These data suggest that intragastric infusion of a high-polyunsaturated fat diet at a caloric level of 17% excess total calories results in pathology similar to clinical NASH.
Oligonucleotide-directed mutagenesis screen to identify pathogenic Lynch syndrome-associated <i>MSH2</i> DNA mismatch repair gene variants (2016)

Single-stranded DNA oligonucleotides can achieve targeted base-pair substitution with modest efficiency but high precision. We show that "oligo targeting" can be used effectively to study missense mutations in DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes. Inherited inactivating mutations in DNA MMR genes are causative for the cancer predisposition Lynch syndrome (LS). Although overtly deleterious mutations in MMR genes can clearly be ascribed as the cause of LS, the functional implications of missense mutations are often unclear. We developed a genetic screen to determine the pathogenicity of these variants of uncertain significance (VUS), focusing on mutator S homolog 2 (MSH2). VUS were introduced into the endogenous Msh2 gene of mouse embryonic stem cells by oligo targeting. Subsequent selection for MMR-deficient cells using the guanine analog 6-thioguanine allowed the detection of MMR-abrogating VUS. The screen was able to distinguish weak and strong pathogenic variants from polymorphisms and was used to investigate 59 Msh2 VUS. Nineteen of the 59 VUS were identified as pathogenic. Functional assays revealed that 14 of the 19 detected variants fully abrogated MMR activity and that five of the detected variants attenuated MMR activity. Implementation of the screen in clinical practice allows proper counseling of mutation carriers and treatment of their tumors.
Gas-Liquid Partition Chromatography of Sulfur Compounds with Beta,Beta´ -Iminodipropionitrile (1959)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTGas-Liquid Partition Chromatography of Sulfur Compounds with Beta,Beta´ -IminodipropionitrileJ. H. KarchmerCite this: Anal. Chem. 1959, 31, 8, 1377–1379Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1959Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1959https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60152a041https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60152a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views20Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Swelling and network parameters of high oil‐absorptive network based on 1‐octene and isodecyl acrylate copolymers (2005)

Abstract Crosslinked 1‐octene‐isodecyl acrylate copolymers were synthesized and evaluated for oil‐absorbency applications. The copolymer was crosslinked at different concentrations of ethylene glycol diacrylate (EGDA) and EG dimethacrylate (EGDMA) crosslinkers via catalytic initiation or by electron‐beam irradiation at a dose rate 80 kGy. The concentration of both crosslinkers was varied from 0.5 to 2%. The effects of the crosslinking conditions such as crosslinker concentration, method of polymerization and monomer concentrations on the conversion and gel fraction were examined through oil‐ absorption tests using petroleum crude oil. It was found that the oil absorbency was influenced mainly by the degree of crosslinking and the hydrophobicity of the copolymer units. The final equilibrium oil content, volume fraction of the polymer, and swelling capacity were determined at 298 K. The effective crosslinking density, average molecular weight between the crosslinks, and polymer–toluene interaction parameter were determined from stress–strain measurements. The crosslinking efficiencies of EGDA and EGDMA toward copolymers were determined. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 80–91, 2005
A 3.6mW differential common-gate CMOS LNA with positive-negative feedback (2009)

A common-gate (CG) LNA has been widely investigated because it features superior bandwidth, linearity, stability, and robustness to PVT variations compared to a common-source (CS) topology. In spite of these advantages, the dependence of gain and NF on the restricted transconductance (gm) renders this topology unsuitable for various wireless applications. The input impedance of a CG LNA is simplified as Mgm, and the noise factor is inversely proportional to gm. In order to achieve high gain and low NF, gm should be increased, which deteriorates the 50Omega input impedance matching for a conventional CG LNA.
Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) for the Treatment of Advanced Melanoma (2015)

Melanoma often spreads to cutaneous or subcutaneous sites that are amenable to direct, intralesional injection. As such, developing effective injectable agents has been of considerable interest. Talimogene laherperepvec (T-VEC) is an injectable modified oncolytic herpes virus being developed for the treatment of advanced melanoma. Pre-clinical studies have shown that T-VEC preferentially infects melanoma cells and exerts antitumor activity through directly mediating cell death and by augmenting local and even distant immune responses. T-VEC has now been assessed in Phase II and III clinical trials and has demonstrated a tolerable side-effect profile and promising efficacy, showing an improved durable response rate and a trend toward superior overall survival compared to granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Despite these promising results, responses have been uncommon in patients with visceral metastases. T-VEC is currently being evaluated in combination with other immune therapies (ipilimumab and pembrolizumab) with early signs of activity. In this review, we discuss the preclinical rationale, the clinical experience, and future directions for T-VEC in advanced melanoma.
Stage-specific effects of bone morphogenetic proteins on the oligodendrocyte lineage (2000)

Oligodendrocyte maturation is regulated by multiple secreted factors present in the brain during critical stages of development. Whereas most of these factors promote oligodendrocyte proliferation and survival, members of the bone morphogenetic protein family (BMPs) recently have been shown to inhibit oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Oligodendrocyte precursors treated with BMPs differentiate to the astrocyte lineage. Given that cells at various stages of the oligodendrocyte lineage have distinct responses to growth factors, we hypothesized that the response to BMP would be stage-specific. Using highly purified, stage-specific cultures, we found that BMP has distinct effects on cultured oligodendrocyte preprogenitors, precursors, and mature oligodendrocytes. Oligodendrocyte preprogenitors (PSA-NCAM+, A2B5-) treated with BMP2 or BMP4 developed a novel astrocyte phenotype characterized by a morphological change and expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) but little glutamine synthetase expression and no labeling with A2B5 antibody. In contrast, treating oligodendrocyte precursors with BMPs resulted in the accumulation of cells with the traditional type 2 astrocyte phenotype (GFAP+, A2B5+). However, many of the cells with an astrocytic morphology did not express GFAP or glutamine synthetase unless thyroid hormone was present in the medium. The addition of fibroblast growth factor along with BMP to either oligodendrocyte preprogenitor or the oligodendrocyte precursor cells inhibited the switch to the astrocyte lineage, whereas platelet-derived growth factor addition had no effect. Treatment of mature oligodendrocytes with BMP elicited no change in morphology or expression of GFAP. These data suggest that as cells progress through the oligodendrocyte lineage, they show developmentally restricted responses to the BMPs.
Molecular Encapsulation of Anions in a Neutral Receptor (2002)

Anions can be “isolated” along with one or two solvent molecules through reversible encapsulation. Cations and anions such as Et4N+ and PF6− can be further separated in solution by placement in different capsules (see picture).
Exploring Transformers in Natural Language Generation: GPT, BERT, and XLNet (2021)

Recent years have seen a proliferation of attention mechanisms and the rise of Transformers in Natural Language Generation (NLG). Previously, state-of-the-art NLG architectures such as RNN and LSTM ran into vanishing gradient problems; as sentences grew larger, distance between positions remained linear, and sequential computation hindered parallelization since sentences were processed word by word. Transformers usher in a new era. In this paper, we explore three major Transformer-based models, namely GPT, BERT, and XLNet, that carry significant implications for the field. NLG is a burgeoning area that is now bolstered with rapid developments in attention mechanisms. From poetry generation to summarization, text generation derives benefit as Transformer-based language models achieve groundbreaking results.
Short-term effects of recombinant human insulin-like growth factor I on bone turnover in normal women. (1993)

Because insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is a potent stimulator of osteoblast proliferation, it has potential in the treatment of osteoporosis. However, IGF-I affects multiple organ systems, and it is unclear whether treatment can stimulate bone formation without producing unacceptable side effects. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of treatment with recombinant human IGF-I in 18 postmenopausal women who received various dosages (30, 60, 120, or 180 micrograms/kg.day) by sc injections for 6 days. Serum IGF-I concentrations increased by 2- to 4-fold during treatment. There were dose-dependent increases in serum type I procollagen carboxyl-terminal propeptide concentration (r = 0.85, P < 0.001), an index of collagen synthesis, and of urinary excretion of deoxypyridinoline (r = 0.75, P = 0.001), an index of bone collagen breakdown. At the two higher dosages, recombinant human IGF-I caused orthostatic hypotension, sinus tachycardia, bilateral parotid discomfort, weight gain, and edema in some women. Hypoglycemia did not occur. However, treatment at the 2 lower dosages increased serum type I procollagen carboxyl-terminal propeptide significantly and produced minimal or no side effects. Long-term studies on the effects and the safety of low dosage recombinant human IGF-I on bone mass should now be undertaken in osteoporotic women.
Electrochemistry and Photoetching of n-GaN (2000)

The (photo)electrochemical behavior of n‐GaN[0001] in various aqueous solutions was studied using rotating‐disk voltammetry, cyclic voltammetry, and electrical impedance measurements. It was found that the bandedges of the semiconductor shift over 60 mV/pH unit, indicating acid‐base equilibria at the interface. In and KOH solutions, the photocurrent under anodic bias is associated with the oxidation of the semiconductor according to a three‐equivalent reaction, leading to dissolution and roughening of the surface. In 1.2 M HCl solutions, n‐GaN is stabilized for anodic decomposition due to the competing oxidation of ions. In the presence of oxalic acid and citric acid, anodic photocurrent multiplication was observed. Under cathodic polarization in the dark, , , , in acid medium and in alkaline medium are electrochemically reduced at a diffusion‐limited rate. In 1 M KOH a high reactivity for reduction is observed, explaining why n‐GaN can be photoetched under open‐circuit conditions in this solution. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Separation speed, retention, and dispersion in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation as functions of channel dimensions and flow rates (1993)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSeparation speed, retention, and dispersion in asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation as functions of channel dimensions and flow ratesAnne. LitzenCite this: Anal. Chem. 1993, 65, 4, 461–470Publication Date (Print):February 15, 1993Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 15 February 1993https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac00052a025https://doi.org/10.1021/ac00052a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views681Altmetric-Citations134LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Functional Domains within Fusion Proteins: Prospectives for Development of Peptide Inhibitors of Viral Cell Fusion (2000)

The entry of enveloped viruses into host cells is accomplished by fusion of the viral envelope and target plasma membrane and is mediated by fusion proteins. Recently, several functional domains within fusion proteins from different viral families were identified. Some are directly involved in conformational changes after receptor binding, as suggested by the recent release of crystallographically determined structures of a highly stable core structure of the fusion proteins in the absence of membranes. However, in the presence of membranes, this core binds strongly to the membrane's surface and dissociates therein. Other regions, besides the N-terminal fusion peptide, which include the core region and an internal fusion peptide in paramyxoviruses, are directly involved in the actual membrane fusion event, suggesting an "umbrella" like model for the membrane induced conformational change of fusion proteins. Peptides resembling these regions have been shown to have specific antiviral activity, presumably because they interfere with the corresponding domains within the viruses. Overall, these studies shed light into the molecular mechanism of membrane fusion induced by envelope glycoproteins and suggest that fusion proteins from different viral families share common structural and functional motifs.
A Directional, Low Energy Electron Detector Employing Channel Electron Multipliers (1968)

A directional, low energy electron detector has been developed for flight aboard the Modular Auroral Probe sounding rocket. Low energy electrons incident in an aperture with a half-angle of 5° are observed at pitch angles of 50° and 130°. At each pitch angle the electron flux is measured as a function of electron energy in the range 1-16 kev. This energy discrimination is accomplished by sweeping the voltage of an electromagnet through values which focus the electrons at 160° into channel electron multipliers. In order to calibrate the instrument, an extensive experimental investigation of the fundamental properties of the recently-developed channel electron multiplier was made. The results of this investigation include values of electron detection efficiency as a function of (1) incident electron energy, (2) pumping time after vacuum conditions have been reached, and (3) orientation of the electron beam on the multiplier aperture. Effects such as variation of count rate and gain as a function of high voltage applied to the multiplier are discussed. Also presented are proton detection efficiencies as a function of incident proton energy in the range 0.1-3.5 kev.
SPAM: a microcode based tool for tracing operating sytsem events (1988)

We have developed a tool called SPAM ( for System Performance Analysis using Microcode), based on microcode modifications to a VAX 8600, that traces operating system events as a side-effect to normal execution. This trace of interrupts, exceptions, system calls and context switches can then be processed to analyze operating system behavior for the purpose of debugging, tuning or development. SPAM allows measurement to be made on a fully operating UNIX system with little perturbation (typically less than 10%) and without the need for modifying the kernel.
Effects of sodium on electrical properties in Cu2ZnSnS4 single crystal (2014)

We have studied the effect of sodium on the electrical properties of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) single crystal by using temperature dependence of Hall effect measurement. The sodium substitution on the cation site in CZTS is observed from the increasing of unit-cell size by powder X-ray diffraction. Sodium increases the effective hole concentration and makes the thermal activation energy smaller. The degree of compensation decreases with sodium incorporation, thus the hole mobility is enhanced. We revealed that sodium is important dopant in CZTS to control the electrical properties.
Sol–gel deposition and luminescent properties of oxyapatite Ca2(Y,Gd)8(SiO4)6O2 phosphor films doped with rare earth and lead ions (2001)

Rare-earth and lead ions (Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, Pb2+) doped Ca2Y8(SiO4)6O2 and Ca2Gd8(SiO4)6O2 thin films have been dip-coated on silicon and quartz glass substrates through the sol–gel route. X-Ray diffraction (XRD), TG–DTA, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), FT-IR and luminescence excitation and emission spectra as well as luminescence decays were used to characterize the resulting films. The results of XRD reveal that these films remain amorphous below 700 °C, begin to crystallize at 800 °C and crystallize completely around 1000 °C with an oxyapatite structure. The grain structure of the film can be seen clearly from SEM and AFM micrographs, where particles with various shapes and average size of 250 nm can be resolved. Eu3+ and Tb3+ show their characteristic red (5D0–7F2) and green (5D4–7F5) emission in the films with a quenching concentration of 10 and 6 mol% (of Y3+), respectively. The lifetime and emission intensity of Eu3+ increase with the temperature treatment from 700 to 1100 °C, while those of Tb3+ show a maximum at 800 °C. Energy transfer phenomena have been observed by activating the oxyapatite film host-lattice Ca2Gd8(SiO4)6O2 with Tb3+ (Dy3+). In addition, Pb2+ can sensitize the Gd3+ sublattice in Ca2Gd8(SiO4)6O2.
Traumatic injury results in prolonged circulation of ultralarge von Willebrand factor and a reduction in <scp>ADAMTS13</scp> activity (2020)

Traumatic injury is associated with acute coagulopathy that is characterized by increased UL-VWF multimers and reduction in ADAMTS13, which correlates with blood loss, transfusion requirement, and injury severity. These findings suggest the potential for future trials targeting ADAMTS13 repletion to enhance clearance of VWF multimers.