gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Cyclopropylmethylsilane Terminated Prins Reaction: Stereoelectronic Controlled Formation of (E)-Skipped Dienes (2001)

The reaction of 1-phenyldimethylsilylmethyl-2-vinyl cyclopropane with acetals under the influence of TMSOTf proceeds smoothly to provide skipped dienes with exclusive E-olefin geometry regardless of the initial cis/trans configuration of the starting cyclopropane. The reaction is under stereoelectronic control where the intermediate Prins cation formed is stabilised by the adjacent cyclopropane grouping in a bisected conformation before undergoing silyl-directed collapse.
Design of an embedded Bi-planar coil-based integrated current sensor for power module integration (2005)

An embedded bi-planar coil-based integrated current sensor is designed for the application of power factor correction (PFC) integrated power electronics modules (IPEMs). The detailed design procedure and implementation of this current sensor are presented. Experimental results show that the designed current sensor has good general switching-current performance. The high-frequency performance of this current sensor is good even though it cannot detect the DC current directly.
The Role of Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress in Human Pathology (2014)

Numerous genetic and environmental insults impede the ability of cells to properly fold and posttranslationally modify secretory and transmembrane proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), leading to a buildup of misfolded proteins in this organelle--a condition called ER stress. ER-stressed cells must rapidly restore protein-folding capacity to match protein-folding demand if they are to survive. In the presence of high levels of misfolded proteins in the ER, an intracellular signaling pathway called the unfolded protein response (UPR) induces a set of transcriptional and translational events that restore ER homeostasis. However, if ER stress persists chronically at high levels, a terminal UPR program ensures that cells commit to self-destruction. Chronic ER stress and defects in UPR signaling are emerging as key contributors to a growing list of human diseases, including diabetes, neurodegeneration, and cancer. Hence, there is much interest in targeting components of the UPR as a therapeutic strategy to combat these ER stress-associated pathologies.
Deformable Cardiovascular Image Registration via Multi-Channel Convolutional Neural Network (2019)

Vascular image registration is an essential approach to combine the advantages of preoperative 3D computed tomography angiography images and intraoperative 2D X-ray/digital subtraction angiography (DSA) images together. Cardiovascular deformation caused by heartbeat and respiration is one of the most vital factors that affect vascular image registration accuracy. Traditional optimized-based registration methods suffer severely from high computational complexity, which hinders the clinical applications of these methods seriously. To overcome these challenges, we developed a novel multi-channel convolutional neural network (MCNN) that combines a CNN with a periodic vascular diameter variation model. Our method is capable of registering simulated DSA images or real DSA images with their corresponding 3D models in a matter of milliseconds. Our presented MCNN model achieves excellent registration results of three different kinds of cardiovascular patients. The mean absolute error of all six transformation parameters of the MCNN model presented in this paper is less than 1 mm or 1°. The improvement to our MCNN model in registration accuracy is larger than 75% over a single-channel CNN model. Our MCNN method performs more effectively and stable than the state-of-the-art intensity-based methods, especially when vascular deformations occur.
Inter-esterified palm products as alternatives to hydrogenation. (2005)

Inter-esterification is one of the processes used to modify the physico-chemical characteristics of oils and fats. Inter-esterification is an acyl-rearrangement reaction on the glycerol molecule. On the other hand, hydrogenation involves addition of hydrogen to the double bonds of unsaturated fatty acids. Due to health implications of trans fatty acids, which are formed during hydrogenation, the industry needs to find alternatives to hydrogenated fats. This paper discusses some applications of inter-esterified fats, with particular reference to inter-esterified palm products, as alternatives to hydrogenation. Some physico-chemical properties of inter-esterified fats used in shortenings are discussed. With inter-esterification, more palm stearin can be incorporated in vanaspati. For confectionary fats and infant formulations, enzymatic inter-esterification has been employed.
Contrast optimization in matrix-addressed liquid crystal displays (1975)

In a fast-scan mode of addressing a matrix of m rows and n columns, in which the columns are scanned, contrast is optimized by maximizing the ratio of the rms voltage at a selected intersection to that at a nonselected one. A simple derivation shows that the address-pulse amplitude should be taken proportional to n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1/2</sup> . We apply this result to the twisted nematic case.
Characterization of the binding activities of proteinase-adhesin complexes from Porphyromonas gingivalis (1996)

Adhesins from oral bacteria perform an important function in colonizing target tissues within the dentogingival cavity. In Porphyromonas gingivalis certain of these adhesion proteins exist as a complex with either of two major proteinases referred to as gingipain R (arginine-specific gingipain) and gingipain K (lysine-specific gingipain) (R. N. Pike, W. T. McGraw, J. Potempa, and J. Travis, J. Biol. Chem. 269:406-411, 1994). With specific proteinase inhibitors, it was shown that hemagglutination by either proteinase-adhesin complex could occur independently of proteinase activity. Significantly, low concentrations of fibrinogen, fibronectin, and laminin inhibited hemagglutination, indicating that adherence to these proteins and not the hemagglutination activity was a primary property of the adhesin activity component of complexes. Binding studies with gingipain K and gingipain R suggest that interaction with fibrinogen is a major function of the adhesin domain, with dissociation constants for binding to fibrinogen being 4 and 8.5 nM, respectively. Specific association with fibronectin and laminin was also found. All bound proteins were degraded by the functional proteinase domain, with gingipain R being more active on laminin and fibronectin and gingipain K being more effective in the digestion of fibrinogen. Cumulatively, these data suggest that gingipain R and gingipain K, acting as proteinase-adhesin complexes, progressively attach to, degrade, and detach from target proteins. Since such complexes appear to be present on the surfaces of both vesicles and membranes of P. gingivalis, they may play an important role in the attachment of this bacterium to host cell surfaces.
Differences in Aortic Arch Geometry, Hemodynamics, and Plaque Patterns Between C57BL/6 and 129/SvEv Mice (2009)

Atherosclerotic plaques are distributed differently in the aortic arches of C57BL/6 (B6) and 129/SvEv (129) apolipoprotein E (apoE)-deficient mice. It is now recognized that hemodynamic wall shear stress (WSS) plays an important role in the localization of atherosclerotic development. Since the blood flow field in the vessel is modulated by the vascular geometry, we quantitatively examined the difference in the aortic arch geometry and hemodynamic WSS between the two corresponding wild-type mouse strains. The three-dimensional (3D) geometry of 14 murine aortic arches, seven from each strain, was characterized using casts and stereo microscopic imaging. Based on the geometry of each cast, an average 3D geometry of the aortic arch for each mouse strain was obtained, and computational fluid dynamic calculations were performed in the two average aortic arches. Many geometric features, including aortic arch shape, vessel diameter, and branch locations, were significantly different at p<0.05 between the two mouse strains. Lower shear stress was found at the inner curvature of the aortic arch in the 129 strain, corresponding to greater involvement in the corresponding apoE-deficient mice relative to the B6 strain. These results support the notion that heritable features of arterial geometry can contribute to individual differences in local susceptibility to arterial disease.
Microwave plasma generation by the fast rotation and slow pulsation of resonant fields in a cylindrical cavity (2017)

A digitally controlled solid-state microwave generator allowing variable frequency operation and precise phase control is adopted for plasma generation. In this study, a resonant cylindrical cavity is used as a microwave applicator in place of conventional waveguides. In order to improve the plasma uniformity, the TE111 mode is agitated by injecting microwaves into the cavity from two spatially orthogonal directions, with a temporal phase difference ϕ. Theoretical analyses and finite-difference time-domain simulations derive the following effects of the phase control. In the case of ϕ = ±π/2, fast rotation of the cavity field takes place with a rotational frequency of ω/2π (= 2.4–2.5 GHz), where ω denotes the microwave angular frequency. On the other hand, when ϕ is linearly modulated in time with a low frequency of Ω/2π (= 0.1–1000 Hz), slow pulsation takes place, in which the cavity field alternately excites a circular rotation and a standing oscillation at the modulation frequency. These effects are experimentally confirmed in microwave discharges in argon at 0.1–20 Torr with total injection powers from 50 to 800 W. Two-dimensional images of the optical emission from the generated plasma show that both the fast rotation and slow pulsation improve azimuthal plasma uniformity.
Therapeutic Interventions in the Complement System (2000)

Complement as a Regulatory and Effector Pathway in Human Diseases, V. Michael Holers. The Regulation of C1 Activation and its Role in Disease, C. Erik Hack. Inhibition of Complement Serine Proteases as a Therapeutic Strategy, Sthanam V.L. Narayana, Y. Sudhakara Babu, and John E. Volanakis. Complement Inhibitors Targeting C3, C4, and C5, Arvind Sahu, Dimitrios Morikis, and John D. Lambris. Complement Anaphylatoxins (C3a, C4a, C5a) and Their Receptors (C3aR, C5aR/CD88) as Therapeutic Targets in Inflammation, Rick A. Wetsel, Jens Kildsgaard, and David L. Haviland. Modulation of Disease Using Recombinant Human Endogenous Complement Inhibitors, Richard J. Quigg. Roles of the Integrins CR3 and CR4 in Disease and Therapeutic Strategies, Yu Xia and Gordon D. Ross. Inhibition of Complement at the Membrane Attack Pathway, B. Paul Morgan. Evaluation of Complement Inhibitors, Patricia C. Giclas. Use of Animal Models to Define Complement Functions, Peter A. Ward, Boris J. Czermak, Markus Huber-Lang, Katherine Diehl, and Hans P. Friedl.
Endoscopic brush cytology for diagnosis of malignant biliary stricture (2011)

Objective To evaluate brush cytology under endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography （ERCP） for malignant biliary strictures, and to analyze the factors influencing the diagnosis yield.Methods Brush cytology was applied in 144 patients with suspected malignant biliary strictures at ERCP.Brushing in bile duct was performed for 10 times from 2004 to 2006, while at least 20 times of brushing and repeated manipulation were performed at biliary strictures from 2007 to 2009. Cytological samples were processed immediately after brushing and analyzed by the same pathologist. Efficacy of brush diagnosis was evaluated based on reference to histopathology after surgery and/or clinical diagnostic criteria. Results Malignant stricture was finally diagnosed in 96 patients, and benign diseases in other 48. Brush cytology was positive in 78 of 96 patients with malignant stricture （ sensitivity 81.3% ）, and negative in all patients without malignancy （ specificity 100. 0% ）. Overall accuracy of diagnosis was 87.5%. Positive rate of malignancy by brush between 2007 and 2009 was 87.7% （50/57）, while that between 2004 and 2006 was 71.8%, which were significantly different （ P 〈 0. 05 ）. The positive rate was not correlated with stricture location or tumor type. No major complications occurred, except for 4 moderate acute pancreatitis, 3 cholangiolitis and 2 biliary bleeding. Conclusion Brush cytology is of high sensitivity and specificity for malignant biliary stricture.Repeated brushing and manipulation can facilitate diagnosis yield.

Key words: 
Biliary duct neoplasns;  Brushing cytology;  Cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde
Functional Analysis of the <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Collagen Adhesin B Domain (1999)

The Staphylococcus aureus collagen adhesin (CNA) occurs in at least four forms that differ in the number (one, two, three, or four) of B domains. The B domains contain 187 amino acids and are located between the domains that anchor CNA to the cell envelope and the ligand-binding A domain. To determine whether a B domain is required for functional expression of CNA, we cloned the 2B cna gene from S. aureus strain Phillips and then eliminated both B domains by overlapping PCR. The absence of a B domain did not affect processing of the collagen adhesin to the cell surface or the ability to bind collagen. Based on our recent demonstration that the capsule can mask CNA on the surface of S. aureus cells (A. F. Gillaspy et al., Infect. Immun. 66:3170-3178, 1998), we also investigated the possibility that multiple B domains can extend the ligand-binding A domain outward from the cell surface and thereby overcome the inhibitory effect of the capsule. Specifically, we cloned the naturally occurring 4B CNA variant from S. aureus UAMS-639 and, by successive elimination of B domains, generated 1, 2, and 3B variants that are isogenic with respect to the 4B clone. After introducing each variant into microencapsulated and heavily encapsulated strains of S. aureus and growing cells under conditions known to affect capsule production (e.g., growth on Columbia agar), we correlated capsule production with exposure of CNA on the cell surface and the ability to bind collagen. Under no circumstance was the masking effect of the capsule reduced by the presence of multiple B domains. These results indicate that the B domains do not extend the ligand-binding A domain outward in a fashion that can overcome the inhibition of collagen binding associated with capsule production.
Conductivity Scaling Relationships for Nanostructured Block Copolymer/Ionic Liquid Membranes (2012)

To optimize the properties of membranes composed of mixtures of block copolymers with ionic liquids, it is essential to understand universal scaling relationships between composition, structure, temperature, and ionic conductivity. In this work, we demonstrate the universality of relationships developed to describe the temperature and concentration dependence of ionic conductivity in such membranes by comparing the conductivity behavior of mixtures of ionic liquid with two block copolymer chemistries. The conductivities of all the mixtures are described by a single expression, which combines percolation theory with the Vogel-Tamman-Fulcher (VTF) equation. Percolation theory describes the power law dependence of conductivity on the overall volume fraction of ionic liquid, while the VTF equation takes into account the effect of the glass transition temperature of the conducting phase on the temperature dependence. The dominance of the overall volume fraction of ionic liquid in determining conductivity indicates that there is incredible flexibility in designing highly conductive block copolymer/ionic liquid membranes.
Chiral Diselenides from Benzylamines: Catalysts in the Diethylzinc Addition to Aldehydes (1996)

Abstract A series of new chiral diselenides with a N‐atom in the side chain was prepared by a short synthetic sequence ( Scheme 1 ). Only 1 mol‐% of these diselenides catalyzed very effectively the diethylzinc addition to various aromatic and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes yielding the secondary alcohols in up to 98% ee ( Scheme 2 and Tables 1 and 2 ). An asymmetric amplification was observed with these catalysts. Detailed NMR studies were performed to characterize the catalytically active species.
The syntaxin SYP132 contributes to plant resistance against bacteria and secretion of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (2007)

In contrast to many mammalian pathogens, potential bacterial pathogens of plants remain outside the host cell. The plant must, therefore, promote an active resistance mechanism to combat the extracellular infection. How this resistance against bacteria is manifested and whether similar processes mediate basal, gene-for-gene, and salicylate-associated defense, however, are poorly understood. Here, we identify a specific plasma membrane syntaxin, NbSYP132, as a component contributing to gene-for-gene resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana. Silencing NbSYP132 but not NbSYP121, the apparent orthologue of a syntaxin required for resistance to powdery mildew fungus, compromised AvrPto-Pto resistance. Because syntaxins may play a role in secretion of proteins to the extracellular space, we performed a limited proteomic analysis of the apoplastic fluid. We found that NbSYP132-silenced plants were impaired in the accumulation of at least a subset of pathogenesis-related (PR) proteins in the cell wall. These results were confirmed by both immunoblot analysis and imunolocalization of a PR protein, PR1a. These results implicate NbSYP132 as the cognate target soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor for exocytosis of vesicles containing antimicrobial PR proteins. NbSYP132 also contributes to basal and salicylate-associated defense, indicating that SYP132-dependent secretion is a component of multiple forms of defense against bacterial pathogens in plants.
Resolution beyond the diffraction limit in the acoustic microscope: A nonlinear effect (1984)

By operating the reflection mode scanning acoustic microscope at nonlinear power levels, resolution beyond the linear diffraction limit can be achieved. To demonstrate this effect, imaging experiments were performed in liquid nitrogen, liquid argon, and water at frequencies between 2000 and 2800 MHz. The spatial frequency response of the nonlinear imaging system was found to have a cutoff frequency which is at least 1.4 times higher than the cutoff frequency of the linear system. It is proposed that the resolution improvement is the result of interaction between the transmitted fundamental beam and harmonics. The harmonics are generated in the converging portion of the beam and have focal spots which are significantly smaller than the focal spot of the fundamental beam. The harmonic power reflected by the object influences the detected fundamental power due to nonlinear (parametric) interaction and results in the improved imaging resolution. A simple physical model and a gaussian beam analysis are presented to elucidate energy exchange between the focused fundamental beam and the higher harmonics.
Microphotometric measurements by means of a projector (1931)

A new method of microphotometry is described, which involves the use of an N.P.L. Projector and Photo-electric Cells. A bridge arrangement of the cells is adapted to secure a more effective working of the electrometer. As an example of the possible applications of this method darkenings, such as spectral lines, produced on a photographic plate, have been investigated, and the absorption of a deci-normal solution of silver nitrate in the ultra-violet region has been measured and found to agree satisfactorily with results obtained previously by other workers.
The Effect of Systemic Lidocaine on Pain and Secondary Hyperalgesia Associated with the Heat/Capsaicin Sensitization Model in Healthy Volunteers (2000)

The efficacy of systemic lidocaine in nonneuropathic pain remains uncertain. This study investigates the effect of systemic lidocaine on experimental-induced hyperalgesia in 25 volunteers. Hyperalgesia was induced by using an experimental pain model that uses heat and capsaicin in combination. Systemic lidocaine showed a selective effect on secondary hyperalgesia.
Piebaldism, waardenburg syndrome, and related disorders of melanocyte development (1997)

Recent years have seen the identification of a complex network of interacting genes that regulates embryonic development of melanocytes, and many different genetic disorders of melanocyte development of both humans and the laboratory mouse have now been associated with abnormalities of these regulatory genes. Disorders of melanocyte development are characterized by heterogeneous distribution of pigmentation, so-called 'white spotting,' typified by piebaldism and Waardenburg syndrome. It is now clear that these disorders of pigment cell development represent a subgroup of the neurocristopathies, involving defects of various neural crest cell lineages that include melanocytes, but also involving many other tissues derived from the neural crest.
Experience with a performance analyzer for multithreaded applications (1990)

Determining the effectiveness of parallelization requires performance data about elapsed process time and total CPU time. Furthermore, it is desirable not to have to run a parallel application in a stand-alone environment in order to obtain the profile. This paper describes the CONVEX performance analyzer, CXpa, with the capability to monitor parallel regions of code, in particular loops, executed in a time-sharing environment. The means by which profiling information is measured for a parallel region is described along with the operating system facilities required to support it. The effectiveness of the approach is evaluated and suggestions for improvement made.The profiling of parallel regions is implemented on the CONVEX C200 Series™ computers, a tightly coupled, shared-memory, parallel/multiprocessor systems running ConvexOS™ V8.0, a UNIX® based operating system.
Cleft-Type Diamidinium Receptors for Dicarboxylate Binding in Protic Solvents (2000)

A series of potential cleft-type receptors for dicarboxylate substrates were prepared by attachment of two phenylamidinium ions to either naphthalene or 1,1′-binaphthalene scaffolds. Their synthesis (Schemes 1 – 4) involved the Pd0-catalyzed cross-coupling of aryl nitriles to the central scaffold, followed by transformation of the nitrile into amidinium groups using the Garigipati reaction. The 1,1′-binaphthalene derivative (±)-1 with phenylamidinium residues attached to the 6,6′-positions in the major groove was found to be a highly efficient receptor for dicarboxylate guests, such as glutarate and isophthalates, even in competing protic solvents such as CD3OD (Table 1). The van't Hoff analysis of variable-temperature 1H-NMR (VT-NMR) titrations (Table 2 and Fig. 3) and isothermal microcalorimetry (ITC; Table 3 and Fig. 4) revealed that complexation in MeOH is strongly entropically driven with an unfavorable enthalpic change, which partially compensates the entropic gain. These thermodynamic quantities are best explained by a particularly favorable solvation of the binding partners in the unbound state and the release of the MeOH molecules, which solvate the free ions into the bulk upon complexation. Receptor (±)-1 binds flexible glutarate and rigid isophthalates with similar association strength. This lack in response to guest preorganization and reduced guest selectivity is explained with the non-directionality of the coulombic charge-charge interactions in the complexes.