gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A fuzzy case based reasoning system for the legal inference (2002)

In legal case-based reasoning(CBR), there exist problems concerning fuzziness, e.g., representation of precedents, their retrieval and similarity measures. In the proposed fuzzy legal CBR system, the issues and features of precedent are characterized on the basis of the facts of precedent and statute rule. The case rule that is used for interpreting the court judgement, which can not be obtained from the statute rule directly, is made by experts. Fuzziness is represented by membership functions. Features and case rules, written in terms of frame, are stored in a case base. Cases similar to a new case are retrieved by issues and features, inference is made by case rules. A user interface is devised for this system. The system proposed here will be used for education of law, where the target law of the system is contract, especially as it relates to the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG).
ChemInform Abstract: Reinvestigation of Reactions of Thiazolium and Benzothiazolium N‐ Phenacylides with Electron‐Deficient Acetylenes. (1996)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Heat shock proteins functioning as molecular chaperones: their roles in normal and stressed cells (1993)

In response to either elevated temperatures or several other metabolic insults, cells from all organisms respond by increasing the expression of so-called heat shock proteins (hsp or stress proteins). In general, the stress response appears to represent a universal cellular defence mechanism. The increased expression and accumulation of the stress proteins provides the cell with an added degree of protection. Studies over the past few years have revealed a role for some of the stress proteins as being intimately involved in protein maturation. Members of the hsp 70 family, distributed throughout various intracellular compartments, interact transiently with other proteins undergoing synthesis, translocation, or higher ordered assembly. Although not yet proven, it has been suggested that members of the hsp 70 family function to slow down or retard the premature folding of proteins in the course of synthesis and translocation. Yet another family of stress proteins, the hsp 60 or GroEL proteins (chaperonins), appear to function as catalysts of protein folding. Here I discuss the role of those stress proteins functioning as molecular chaperones, both within the normal cell and in the cell subjected to metabolic stress.
Requirement of Both the Second and Third BIR Domains for the Relief of X-linked Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (XIAP)-mediated Caspase Inhibition by Smac (2003)

The inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAP) are endogenous caspase inhibitors in the metazoan and characterized by the presence of baculoviral IAP repeats (BIR). X-linked IAP (XIAP) contains three BIR domains and directly inhibits effector caspases such as caspase-7 via a linker_BIR2 fragment and initiator caspases such as caspase-9 via the BIR3 domain. A mitochondrial protein Smac/DIABLO, which is released during apoptosis, antagonizes XIAP-mediated caspase inhibition by interacting directly with XIAP. Here, using glutathione S-transferase pulldown and caspase activity assay, we show that Smac is ineffective in relieving either caspase-7 or caspase-9 inhibition by XIAP domain fragments. In addition, Smac forms a ternary complex with caspase-7 and linker_BIR2, suggesting that Smac/linker_BIR2 interaction does not sterically exclude linker_BIR2/caspase-7 interaction. However, Smac is effective in removing caspase-7 and caspase-9 inhibition by XIAP fragments containing both the BIR2 and BIR3 domains. Surface plasmon resonance measurements show that Smac interacts with the BIR2 or BIR3 domain in micromolar dissociation constants. On the other hand, Smac interacts with an XIAP construct containing both BIR2 and BIR3 domains in a subnanomolar dissociation constant by the simultaneous interaction of the Smac dimer with the BIR2 and BIR3 domains of a single XIAP molecule. This 2:1 Smac/XIAP interaction not only possesses enhanced affinity but also sterically excludes XIAP/caspase-7 interaction, demonstrating the requirement of both BIR2 and BIR3 domains for Smac to relieve XIAP-mediated caspase inhibition.
Identity of PSA purified from seminal fluid by different methods: Comparison by amino acid analysis and assigned extinction coefficients (1995)

To determine the true extinction coefficient of prostate specific antigen (PSA) and to measure any differences in PSA when isolated from seminal fluid by four different published methods, we studied 10 different lots of PSA by quantitative amino acid analysis. Despite an expected PSA concentration of 1 mg/ml based on gravimetric analysis at an average optical density of 1.45 at 280 nm, we recovered only 0.79 mg/ml by quantitative amino acid analysis (range 0.752 to 0.820 mg/ml with a coefficient of variation [C.V.] of 3.3% among the 10 lots). The concentration of 0.79 mg/ml was based on a molecular weight of 28,430 daltons for glycosylated PSA determined by ion spray mass spectroscopy [Bélanger et al: Prostate, 27:187-197, 1995]. From these 10 amino acid analyses, we calculated the extinction coefficient of PSA at 280 nm as 1.84 +/- 0.04 ml x mg-1 x cm-1 (range 1.78 to 1.90 with a C.V. of 2.2%). Similar concentrations of PSA were obtained by amino acid analysis regardless of the method of purification. These observations support the presence of a single form of PSA in seminal fluid and are consistent with the molecular evidence that PSA is transcribed from a single gene locus on the long arm of chromosome 19 [Riegman et al.: Genomics 14:6-11, 1992]. They do not support the recent contention by the Roswell Park group that the PSA they isolated in 1979 [Wang et al.: Invest Urol 17:159-163, 1979; Wang et al.: Prostate 24:107-108, 1994] is different from p30 reported a year earlier [Sensabaugh: J Forensic Sci 23:106-115, 1978].
Aspect-Based Sentiment Analysis of Drug Reviews Applying Cross-Domain and Cross-Data Learning (2018)

Online review sites and opinion forums contain a wealth of information regarding user preferences and experiences over multiple product domains. This information can be leveraged to obtain valuable insights using data mining approaches such as sentiment analysis. In this work we examine online user reviews within the pharmaceutical field. Online user reviews in this domain contain information related to multiple aspects such as effectiveness of drugs and side effects, which make automatic analysis very interesting but also challenging. However, analyzing sentiments concerning the various aspects of drug reviews can provide valuable insights, help with decision making and improve monitoring public health by revealing collective experience. In this preliminary work we perform multiple tasks over drug reviews with data obtained by crawling online pharmaceutical review sites. We first perform sentiment analysis to predict the sentiments concerning overall satisfaction, side effects and effectiveness of user reviews on specific drugs. To meet the challenge of lacking annotated data we further investigate the transferability of trained classification models among domains, i.e. conditions, and data sources. In this work we show that transfer learning approaches can be used to exploit similarities across domains and is a promising approach for cross-domain sentiment analysis.
The promoter and transcriptional unit of a novel herpes simplex virus 1 alpha gene are contained in, and encode a protein in frame with, the open reading frame of the alpha 22 gene (1996)

The herpes simplex virus type 1 genome encodes a set of genes (alpha genes) expressed in the absence of de novo viral protein synthesis. Earlier studies have shown that the product of the alpha 22 gene, a member of this set, is nucleotidylylated by casein kinase II and phosphorylated by viral protein kinases encoded by UL13 and US3. Mutants lacking the carboxyl-terminal domain starting with amino acid 200 exhibit reduced capacity to replicate in primary human cell strains or in cells of rodent derivation and also exhibit reduced expression of a subset of gamma or late genes. We report that the domain of the alpha 22 gene is transcribed by two 3'-coterminal mRNAs. The longer transcript reported encodes the 420-amino-acid alpha 22 protein, whereas the shorter transcript reported here encodes a protein containing the carboxyl-terminal 273 amino acids of the alpha 22 protein. The shorter gene is designated US1.5. The US1.5 mRNA is synthesized in cells infected and maintained in the presence of cycloheximide and under other conditions which restrict viral gene expression to alpha genes. In-frame insertion of linkers encoding 18, 21, or 22 amino acids after codon 200 or 240 of the alpha 22 protein did not affect the known functions or phenotype associated with the wild-type alpha 22 gene or its product. Earlier studies have placed the nucleotidylylated sequences in the amino-terminal portion of the protein. The results of these studies indicate that the US1.5 gene encodes the functions associated with replication in human primary or rodent cells and optimal expression of alpha 0 and gamma genes. This finding brings the number of genes known to map in the unique short region of the herpes simplex virus type 1 DNA to 14 and the total number of different genes to 78.
Plasmid-Based Expression Technology Using Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone: A Novel Method for Physiologically Stimulating Long-Term Growth Hormone Secretion (2006)

Novel DNA-based technologies were recently introduced for various purposes, such as screening of targets identified from genomic projects, shuffled molecules for vaccination, or to direct the in vivo production of hormones and other peptides for therapeutic or preventative applications. We have used a plasmid-based technology to deliver growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH) to various animal species for screening, toxicology and therapy. A single intramuscular injection of a low dose of plasmid followed by electroporation can ensure that the target species will produce physiological levels of GHRH for extended periods of time, which would replace costly, frequent injections of the recombinant hormone and improve the quality of life and compliance of patients. This therapeutic modality is of particular importance in circumstances requiring long-term administration of small molecules with naturally short half-life (e.g. treatment of anemia and cachexia associated with renal failure, cancer or other chronic disability). A similar technique was used to create, test and validate protease-resistant analogs of GHRH with significantly longer half-life. Analysis of the characteristics of each of the plasmid components and tissue-specific transcription factors and the choice of target tissue is imperative when designing plasmids for therapeutic applications. Using the species-specific sequences of GHRH or other molecule along with the appropriate choice of plasmid backbone and expression cassette components can result in long and steady expression of the transgene product.
Resistivity‐Dopant Density Relationship for Boron‐Doped Silicon (1980)

New data for the resistivity‐dopant density relationship for boron‐doped silicon have been obtained for boron densities between 1014 and 1020 cm−3and temperatures of 296°K (23°C) and 300°K. For dopant densities less than 1018 cm−3, results were calculated from resistivity and junction capacitance‐voltage measurements on processed wafers. For more heavily doped material, boron densities were obtained from the nuclear track tecnnique and from Hall effect measurements on specimens cut from bulk silicon slices. The Hall factor was assumed to be 0.8 in the calculation of hole density. The results differ significantly from the commonly used Irvin curve for boron densities greater than 1016 cm−3 with a maximum deviation of 45% at . The data are in better agreement with the Wagner curve, but for boron densities less than 1017 cm−3, the measured resistivities were always higher than those predicted by the Wagner expression. Least squares fits to analytical expressions were determined for the resistivity‐dopant density product as a function of resistivity and of dopant density for temperatures of 23°C and 300°K. Similar fits were obtained for the calculated hole mobility as a function of resistivity and of hole density.
Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter (2019)

Ultrastrong coupling between light and matter has, in the past decade, transitioned from a theoretical idea to an experimental reality. It is a new regime of quantum light–matter interaction, which goes beyond weak and strong coupling to make the coupling strength comparable to the transition frequencies in the system. The achievement of weak and strong coupling has led to increased control of quantum systems and to applications such as lasers, quantum sensing, and quantum information processing. Here we review the theory of quantum systems with ultrastrong coupling, discussing entangled ground states with virtual excitations, new avenues for nonlinear optics, and connections to several important physical models. We also overview the multitude of experimental setups, including superconducting circuits, organic molecules, semiconductor polaritons, and optomechanical systems, that have now achieved ultrastrong coupling. We conclude by discussing the many potential applications that these achievements enable in physics and chemistry.
The Condensin I Subunit Barren/CAP-H Is Essential for the Structural Integrity of Centromeric Heterochromatin during Mitosis (2005)

During cell division, chromatin undergoes structural changes essential to ensure faithful segregation of the genome. Condensins, abundant components of mitotic chromosomes, are known to form two different complexes, condensins I and II. To further examine the role of condensin I in chromosome structure and in particular in centromere organization, we depleted from S2 cells the Drosophila CAP-H homologue Barren, a subunit exclusively associated with condensin I. In the absence of Barren/CAP-H the condensin core subunits DmSMC4/2 still associate with chromatin, while the other condensin I non-structural maintenance of chromosomes family proteins do not. Immunofluorescence and in vivo analysis of Barren/CAP-H-depleted cells showed that mitotic chromosomes are able to condense but fail to resolve sister chromatids. Additionally, Barren/CAP-H-depleted cells show chromosome congression defects that do not appear to be due to abnormal kinetochore-microtubule interaction. Instead, the centromeric and pericentromeric heterochromatin of Barren/CAP-H-depleted chromosomes shows structural problems. After bipolar attachment, the centromeric heterochromatin organized in the absence of Barren/CAP-H cannot withstand the forces exerted by the mitotic spindle and undergoes irreversible distortion. Taken together, our data suggest that the condensin I complex is required not only to promote sister chromatid resolution but also to maintain the structural integrity of centromeric heterochromatin during mitosis.
Supersonic Flow Aerodynamic Windows for High-Power Lasers (1973)

The extraction of a laser beam from the cavity of a high-power laser through a solid window is difficult due to excessive heating of the window material by the absorbed laser flux. A class of devices is discussed and analyzed which uses the momentum of a supersonic jet to support the pressure difference between the laser cavity and the ambient atmosphere and permits the extraction of the laser beam through a nonabsorbing gas medium. The mass flow required for the operation of these devices and the optical quality of the window medium have been investigated as a function of operating conditions and the window design. Measurements of aerodynamic performance and optical quality have been made with a window of this type. This window has operated at a pressure ratio of 10 and measurements show that the beam quality degradation introduced by the window is small, in agreement with theoretical predictions.
Quantitative Measurement of Zinc Secretion from Pancreatic Islets with High Temporal Resolution Using Droplet-Based Microfluidics (2009)

We assayed glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) from live, murine islets of Langerhans in microfluidic devices by the downstream formation of aqueous droplets. Zinc ions, which are cosecreted with insulin from beta-cells, were quantitatively measured from single islets with high temporal resolution using a fluorescent indicator, FluoZin-3. Real-time storage of secretions into droplets (volume of 0.470 +/- 0.009 nL) effectively preserves the temporal chemical information, allowing reconstruction of the secretory time record. The use of passive flow control within the device removes the need for syringe pumps, requiring only a single hand-held syringe. Under stimulatory glucose levels (11 mM), bursts of zinc as high as approximately 800 fg islet(-1) min(-1) were measured. Treatment with diazoxide effectively blocked zinc secretion, as expected. High temporal resolution reveals two major classes of oscillations in secreted zinc, with predominate periods at approximately 20-40 s and approximately 5-10 min. The more rapid oscillation periods match closely with those of intraislet calcium oscillations, while the slower oscillations are consistent with insulin pulses typically measured in bulk islet experiments or in the bloodstream. This droplet sampling technique should be widely applicable to time-resolved cellular secretion measurements, either in real-time or for postprocessing.
<b>Thyroid Autoimmunity in Patients on Long Term Therapy with Leukocyte-Derived Interferon*</b> (1986)

Among 49 patients with carcinoid tumors given long term therapy (mean, 8 months; range, 3-36) with human leukocyte-derived interferon-alpha (huLe-IFN alpha), hypothyroidism occurred in 5 and thyrotoxicosis in 2. Antibodies against thyroid microsomal antigen and/or thyroglobulin were found in 13 patients. In 7 of these, 3 of whom developed hypothyroidism, the antibodies appeared after the start of therapy. During treatment, an increase in the proportions of circulating activated surface HLA-DR-positive T-helper and T-suppressor cells occurred after 3-4 days, and the proportions remained elevated at 3 and 6 months. Incubation of T cells of normal individuals in vitro with the huLe-IFN alpha preparation induced a rise in activated T-helper and T-suppressor cells. This effect was mimicked by recombinant IFN gamma (r-IFN gamma), but not by r-IFN alpha. Further, the huLe-IFN alpha preparation employed induced HLA-DR expression on human thyroid cells in tissue culture as did r-IFN gamma, but not r-IFN alpha, suggesting the presence of bioactive IFN gamma in the huLe-IFN alpha preparation. The results demonstrate that thyroid autoimmune disease can occur as a side-effect of treatment with huLe-IFN alpha and suggest that IFNs may play important regulatory roles, at both the effector and target cell levels, in the development of human autoimmune disorders.
Study of H− beams for ion-projection lithography (1995)

The desired properties of ion sources used in ion-projection lithography are high brightness and low energy spread. Due to a very stringent demand in many other applications, the state of the art of negative hydrogen ion (H−) beams has advanced significantly in recent years. H− ion beams with the transverse ion temperature of about 0.3 eV have been obtained from surface plasma sources in pulsed mode operation [V. G. Dudnikov and G. E. Derevyankin, AIP Conf. Proc. 287, 239 (1994)]; a design for a cw source to achieve a comparable, or even lower energy spread and high brightness has been reported [S. K. Guharay, M. Reiser, and V. G. Dudnikov, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 65, 1745 (1994)]. The energy spread of H+ ion beams now in use is in the range of about 6–10 eV. This renders the H− ion beams an attractive alternative to the H+ ion beams for ion-projection lithography. No data of H− ion exposure of resists are available, and we have carried out experiments illuminating PMMA resists with various doses of H− ions and H+ ions at 24 keV. Within experimental accuracy the exposure characteristics (e.g., sensitivity and contrast) are identical for both H− and H+ ions.
Meßverfahren mit kohärentem Licht (1992)

Kohärenz ist die Eigenart von Lichtbündeln, die gleiche Wellenlänge und übereinstimmende Schwingungsart haben; sie hat also die Interferenzfähigkeit der Lichtwellen zur Folge. Mit ihr werden die Beziehungen zwischen den Phasen sich überlagernder Wellen (Bild 2.1) ausgedrückt. Anders als das natürliche Licht, bei dem infolge seiner spontanen Entstehung die Emission nicht kohärent ist (Phase und Amplitude der einzelnen Wellenzüge ändern sich nicht regelmäßig), sind Strahlenbündel von einer Lichtquelle, insbesondere das Licht eines Lasers, weitgehend kohärent.
The Pathogenesis of Acute Pulmonary Edema Associated with Hypertension (2001)

In patients with hypertensive pulmonary edema, a normal ejection fraction after treatment suggests that the edema was due to the exacerbation of diastolic dysfunction by hypertension--not to transient systolic dysfunction or mitral regurgitation.
Full‐Press Oil Extraction of <i>Cuphea</i> (PSR23) Seeds (2007)

Abstract Cuphea PSR23, a semi‐domesticated, high‐capric‐acid hybrid from Cuphea viscosissima × Cuphea lanceolata , is being developed as a potential commercial alternative source of medium‐chain fatty acids. The present study evaluated the effects of initial seed moisture and final moisture contents of cooked flaked seed on Cuphea’s pressing characteristics and the quality of the extracted oil. Seeds with 9 and 12% initial moisture contents (MC) were flaked and cooked at different residence times to produce cooked seeds with MC of 3.0–5.5%. Cooked seeds were pressed using a laboratory screw press. Eighty and 84% oil were extracted from cooked seeds with 5.5 and 3.0% MC, respectively. The seeds with 9% initial MC exhibited lower pressing load increase (9.1 per 1% decrease in MC) than the seeds with 12% initial MC (16.4 per 1% decrease in MC). The pressing rate decreased by 3% as the cooked flaked seed MC decreased. The amount of foots in the oil increased from 3 to 6.6% and chlorophyll content increased from 200 to 260 ppm as cooked flaked seed MC decreased from 5.5 to 3.0%. FFA contents were 2.5% for all treatments MC studied. The phosphatide content increased as the cooked flaked seed MC decreased but the amounts were still within the levels of water‐degummed oil.