gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Estimating CT Image From MRI Data Using Structured Random Forest and Auto-Context Model (2015)

Computed tomography (CT) imaging is an essential tool in various clinical diagnoses and radiotherapy treatment planning. Since CT image intensities are directly related to positron emission tomography (PET) attenuation coefficients, they are indispensable for attenuation correction (AC) of the PET images. However, due to the relatively high dose of radiation exposure in CT scan, it is advised to limit the acquisition of CT images. In addition, in the new PET and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging scanner, only MR images are available, which are unfortunately not directly applicable to AC. These issues greatly motivate the development of methods for reliable estimate of CT image from its corresponding MR image of the same subject. In this paper, we propose a learning-based method to tackle this challenging problem. Specifically, we first partition a given MR image into a set of patches. Then, for each patch, we use the structured random forest to directly predict a CT patch as a structured output, where a new ensemble model is also used to ensure the robust prediction. Image features are innovatively crafted to achieve multi-level sensitivity, with spatial information integrated through only rigid-body alignment to help avoiding the error-prone inter-subject deformable registration. Moreover, we use an auto-context model to iteratively refine the prediction. Finally, we combine all of the predicted CT patches to obtain the final prediction for the given MR image. We demonstrate the efficacy of our method on two datasets: human brain and prostate images. Experimental results show that our method can accurately predict CT images in various scenarios, even for the images undergoing large shape variation, and also outperforms two state-of-the-art methods.
Excitation Energy Transfer in Cellulosics: Indications of Inter-fibre Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (2005)

The photochemical behaviour of lignocellulosic pulps remains a vigorous field of study due in part to the practical benefits that could be incurred if this process was significantly retarded or halted. The contribution of excitation energy transfer to the overall photochemical process is largely unknown. This work investigates the potential for inter-fibre energy transfer using a model system incorporating viscose fibres functionalized with a well-known coumarin-fluorescein dye pair. Steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy is used to investigate the occurrence of Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer between fibres. The resultant emission spectra correlate well with sheet consolidation as measured by wet pressing pressure. The technique presented here has applications to studying lignocellulosic photochemistry as well as fundamental paper and fibre physics due to the potential for direct probing of the fibre-fibre interface.
Proof of concept for AAV2/5-mediated gene therapy in iPSC-derived retinal pigment epithelium of a choroideremia patient (2014)

Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRDs) comprise a large group of genetically and clinically heterogeneous diseases that lead to progressive vision loss, for which a paucity of disease-mimicking animal models renders preclinical studies difficult. We sought to develop pertinent human cellular IRD models, beginning with choroideremia, caused by mutations in the CHM gene encoding Rab escort protein 1 (REP1). We reprogrammed REP1-deficient fibroblasts from a CHM (-/y) patient into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which we differentiated into retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). This iPSC-derived RPE is a polarized monolayer with a classic morphology, expresses characteristic markers, is functional for fluid transport and phagocytosis, and mimics the biochemical phenotype of patients. We assayed a panel of adeno-associated virus (AAV) vector serotypes and showed that AAV2/5 is the most efficient at transducing the iPSC-derived RPE and that CHM gene transfer normalizes the biochemical phenotype. The high, and unmatched, in vitro transduction efficiency is likely aided by phagocytosis and mimics the scenario that an AAV vector encounters in vivo in the subretinal space. We demonstrate the superiority of AAV2/5 in the human RPE and address the potential of patient iPSC-derived RPE to provide a proof-of-concept model for gene replacement in the absence of an appropriate animal model.
Orthogonal injection of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization ions into a time-of-flight spectrometer through a collisional damping interface (1998)

Ions are produced from a conventional matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) target by irradiation with a nitrogen laser pulsed at 20 Hz. After being cooled by collisions in an RF-quadrupole ion guide, the ions enter an orthogonal-injection TOF mass spectrometer, already used for electrospray. The collisional cooling spreads the ions out along the axis of the quadrupole to produce a quasi-continuous beam, which is then pulsed into the mass spectrometer at a repetition rate of about 4 kHz. Approximately five ions enter the mass spectrometer with each injection pulse, and these are detected using single-ion counting and registered in a TDC with 0.5 ns resolution. The performance of the instrument is similar to that obtained with an ESI source. A uniform mass resolution of about 5000 (full width at half maximum definition) is routinely obtained for molecular weights up to about 6000 Da, with mass accuracy around 30 ppm. The sensitivity for peptides is in the low femtomole range. The mass range is currently limited by the low energy (5 keV) of the ions at the detector, although ions of cytochrome C (12 359 Da) have been detected. The performance of the instrument for peptides is competitive with delayed-extraction MALDI in the usual axial geometry, but with the advantage of mass-independent focusing conditions, and a simple two-point calibration procedure. However, the most important advantages result from the nearly complete decoupling of the ion production from the mass measurement. In the usual MALDI experiment the instrument must be carefully adjusted for optimum performance, and the optimum parameters depend on the matrix and the method of sample preparation. As a result of the decoupling, the performance of the instrument is independent of source conditions. This allows much greater flexibility to experiment with different matrices, different substrates (including insulating substrates), and different laser wavelengths, pulse widths and fluences. Because of the decoupling, the design also allows convenient use of both ESI and MALDI sources (and possibly others) on the same spectrometer. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Telomerase Activity: A Biomarker of Cell Proliferation, Not Malignant Transformation (1998)

No AccessJournal of UrologyUrological Survey: Abstracts: Principles of Oncology, and Tumors of Bladder, Penis and Urethra1 Aug 1998Telomerase Activity: A Biomarker of Cell Proliferation, Not Malignant Transformation C.D. Belair, T.R. Yeager, P.M. Lopez, and C.A. Reznikoff C.D. BelairC.D. Belair More articles by this author , T.R. YeagerT.R. Yeager More articles by this author , P.M. LopezP.M. Lopez More articles by this author , and C.A. ReznikoffC.A. Reznikoff More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(01)62976-8AboutFull TextPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "Telomerase Activity: A Biomarker of Cell Proliferation, Not Malignant Transformation." The Journal of Urology, 160(2), pp. 620–621 Department of Human Oncology, Environmental Toxicology Center, Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, and Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin Medical School, Madison, Wisconsin© 1998 by American Urological Association, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 160Issue 2August 1998Page: 620-621 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1998 by American Urological Association, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information C.D. Belair More articles by this author T.R. Yeager More articles by this author P.M. Lopez More articles by this author C.A. Reznikoff More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement Loading ...
Tumor Tissue-Derived Formaldehyde and Acidic Microenvironment Synergistically Induce Bone Cancer Pain (2010)

Our data suggest that cancer tissues directly secrete endogenous formaldehyde, and this formaldehyde at low concentration induces metastatic bone cancer pain through TRPV1 activation especially under tumor acidic environment.
Telomerase reverse transcriptase gene amplification in hepatocellular carcinoma (2004)

Based on these results, it is thought that hTERT gene amplification is a cancer-specific event, and may furthermore contribute to the dedifferentiation and development of HCC. However, hTERT gene overexpression was rarely due to an increased hTERT gene copy number in HCC.
High-temperature operation of 1.55 μm InGaAsP double-channel buried-heterostructure lasers grown by LPE (1984)

High-temperature operation of InGaAsP double-channel buried-heterostructure (DCBH) lasers emitting at 1.55 μm is reported. The 1.55 μm InGaAsP DCBH lasers have threshold currents as low as 18 mA at 20°C. The threshold current temperature sensitivity between 10°C and 75°C is characterised by a T0 value of 55–66 K. Electro-optical derivative measurements show that the 1.55 μm InGaAsP DCBH laser does not have substantial above-threshold leakage current for junction temperatures as high as 75°C. Finally, these devices were operated at temperatures as high as 110°C, the highest CW operating temperature obtained to date for a 1.55 μm InGaAsP laser.
Characterisation of Anisotropic Resistivity from Marine CSEM Data (2008)

We present a method for interpreting marine controlled source electromagnetic data taking into account the vertical resistivity anisotropy which is commonly observed in earth structures based on an inversion approach to simultaneously derive both horizontal and vertical components of resistivity.
Controlling the biodegradation rate of magnesium using biomimetic apatite coating (2008)

Magnesium is light, biocompatible and has similar mechanical properties to natural bone, so it has the potential to be used as a biodegradable material for orthopedic applications. However, pure magnesium severely corrodes in a physiological environment, which may result in fracture prior to substantial tissue healing. Hydroxyapatite (HA) is the main composition of natural bone. It has excellent bioactivity and osteoconductivity. In this study, HA coating with two different thicknesses was applied onto the surface of pure magnesium substrates using a biomimetic technique. The corrosion rate of the surface-treated substrates was tested. It was found that both types of coatings substantially slowed down the corrosion of the substrate, and the dual coating was more effective than the single coating in hindering the degradation of the substrate. Thus, the corrosion rate of magnesium implants can be closely tailored by adjusting apatite coating thickness and thereby monitoring the release of magnesium ions into the body.
Effects of Heat Processing and Storage on Flavanols and Sensory Qualities of Green Tea Beverage (2000)

This research was conducted to understand the effects of heat processing and storage on flavanols and sensory qualities of green tea extract. Fresh tea leaves were processed into steamed and roasted green teas by commercial methods and then extracted with hot water (80 degrees C) at 1:160 ratio (tea leaves/water by weight). Green tea extracts were heat processed at 121 degrees C for 1 min and then stored at 50 degrees C to accelerate chemical reactions. Changes in flavanol composition and sensory qualities of green tea extracts during processing and storage were measured. Eight major flavanols (catechin, epicatechin, gallocatechin, epigallocatechin, epicatechin gallate, catechin gallate, epigallocatechin gallate, and gallocatechin gallate) were identified in the processed tea extract. Among them, epigallocatechin gallate and epigallocatechin appeared to play the key role in the changes of sensory qualities of processed green tea beverage. The steamed tea leaves produced a more desirable quality of processed green tea beverage than the roasted ones.
Identification of a Novel Specific Cucurbitadienol Synthase Allele in Siraitia grosvenorii Correlates with High Catalytic Efficiency (2019)

Mogrosides, the main bioactive compounds isolated from the fruits of <i>Siraitia grosvenorii</i>, are a group of cucurbitane-type triterpenoid glycosides that exhibit a wide range of notable biological activities and are commercially available worldwide as natural sweeteners. However, the extraction cost is high due to their relatively low contents in plants. Therefore, molecular breeding needs to be achieved when conventional plant breeding can hardly improve the quality so far. In this study, the levels of 21 active mogrosides and two precursors in 15 <i>S. grosvenorii</i> varieties were determined by HPLC-MS/MS and GC-MS, respectively. The results showed that the variations in mogroside V content may be caused by the accumulation of cucurbitadienol. Furthermore, a total of four wild-type cucurbitadienol synthase protein variants (50R573L, 50C573L, 50R573Q, and 50C573Q) based on two missense mutation single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were discovered. An in vitro enzyme reaction analysis indicated that 50R573L had the highest activity, with a specific activity of 10.24 nmol min<sup>-1</sup> mg<sup>-1</sup>. In addition, a site-directed mutant, namely, 50K573L, showed a 33% enhancement of catalytic efficiency compared to wild-type 50R573L. Our findings identify a novel cucurbitadienol synthase allele correlates with high catalytic efficiency. These results are valuable for the molecular breeding of luohanguo.
Continuous transfer of liquid helium to a rotating dewar (1970)

Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, 1970.
Enhanced thermoelectric properties of SnSe thin films grown by pulsed laser glancing-angle deposition (2017)

SnSe single crystals have been demonstrated to possess excellent thermoelectric properties. In this work, we demonstrate a grain size control method in growing nanocrystalline SnSe thin films through a glancing angle pulsed-laser deposition approach. Structural characterization reveals that the SnSe film deposited at a normal angle has a preferred orientation along a axis, while by contrast, the SnSe film deposited at an 80 glancing angle develops a nanopillar structure with the growth direction towards the incident atomic flux. The glancing angle deposition greatly reduces the grain size of the thin film due to a shadowing effect to the adatoms, resulting in significantly increased power factor for more than 100%.
User identification design by fusion of face recognition and speaker recognition (2012)

Intelligent human-robot interface helps a mobile robot to extract external information and interact with a user. User identification information allows a robot to generate appropriate behaviors and make personalized human-robot interaction (PHRI) more natural and safe. Most of service robots move around in various application settings, and biometric features always change during relative movements. In this work, a fusion recognition system based on face and speaker classifiers is designed to achieve the user recognition in various environments. We propose a method to fuse face and speech recognition results based on the concept of confidence indices. Through the derived confidence indices, the system combines the two classifiers and gives improved recognition results. Experiments on a laboratory home service robot show that person recognition rates in 15 environmental situations all outperform those of using single modality.
Pharmacology and Therapeutics in Respiratory Care (1994)

PART I SCIENTIFIC BASIS FOR THERAPY: Basic Drug Science Applied to Respiratory Care Delivery of Drugs by Aerosol Pulmonary Smooth Muscle Mucus and Its Clearance in Health and Disease Airway Immunology in Health and Disease. PART 2 RESPIRATORY CARE DRUGS: Adrenergic Agents Antimuscarinic Drugs Theophylline and Other Methylxanthines Corticosteroids Agents That Affect Mucus and Cough Antihistamines and Other Mediator Modifying Drugs Antimicrobial Agents New, Emerging, and Experimental Therapies. PART 3 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY AND APPLIED RESEARCH: Respiratory Function: Assessing the Response to Therapy Airway Challenge Testing Critical Care Pharmacology. APPENDICES: Medical Abbreviations Commonly Used in Respiratory Care Some Useful Equivalents Multiples and Submultiples of the Metric System Describing Solutions: Percentage Concentrations, Ratios, and Weight in Volume Equivalents Compendium of Respiratory Care Drugs Administered by Inhalation American Association of Poison Control Centers: Certified Regional Centers.
New Antifolate 4,4′‐Diaminodiphenyl Sulfone Substituted 2,4‐Diamino‐5‐benzylpyrimidines. Proof of Their Dual Mode of Action and Autosynergism (1996)

New 4,4'-diaminodiphenylsulfone substituted 2,4-diamino-5-benzylpyrimidines were synthesized. These compounds are highly active inhibitors of both bacterial dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) and dihydropteroic acid synthase (SYN). The simultaneous inhibition of both enzymes leads to autosynergism in whole cells in the same way as known for combinations of sulfonamides with trimethoprim. The inhibitory activity is demonstrated in cell-free systems of DHFR and SYN derived from various species (M. lufu, E. coli, C. albicans) and in whole cell systems of the mycobacterial strain M. lufu. The compounds are rare examples for the combination of two mechanisms of action in one molecule.
New Definitions of the Recursive Functions (2002)

Four new definitions are given of the recursive functions. They are proven equivalent with Kleene's definition.
Induction of Enzymes Involved in Phthalate Esters Metabolism in<i>Nocardia erythropolis</i>and Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Phthalate Esters by Commercial Lipases (1980)

The formation of enzymes, such as ester-degrading enzyme that hydrolyzes phthalate esters, phthalate oxygenase and protocatechuate 3, 4-dioxygenase, that are involved in phthalate ester metabolism, appeared to be inducible in Nocardia erythropolis capable of rapidly degrading phthalate esters. Esterase hydrolyzing phthalate ester was induced by phthalate ester, and phthalate and protocatechuate oxidizing activities were also induced in medium containing phthalate ester and former intermediate of phthalate ester degradation besides direct substrates, such as phthalate and protocatechuate, respectively. That is, the formation of enzymes in the metabolic pathway of phthalate ester appeared to be successively induced by former intermediates. Phthalate esters were degraded by hydrolysis of ester-bonds to free phthalic acid in and out of cells of N. erythropolis, and then was metabolized in the cells. The first step enzyme was also induced by olive oil, as well as phthalate ester. Furthermore, di-2-ethyl hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was hydrolyzed by various kinds of commercial liapses and esterases.
Neural network architecture for control (1988)

Two important computational features of neural networks are associative storage and retrieval of knowledge, and uniform rate of convergence of network dynamics independent of network dimension. It is indicated how these properties can be used for adaptive control through the use of neural network computation algorithms, and resulting computational advantages are outlined. The neuromorphic control approach is compared to model reference adaptive control on a specific example. It is shown that the utilization of neural networks for adaptive control offers definite speed advantages over traditional approaches for very-large-scale systems.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Injury Severity and Causes of Death From Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2003–2004 Versus 2006 (2008)

In the time periods of the war studied, deaths per month has doubled, with increases in both injury severity and number of wounds per casualty. Truncal hemorrhage is the leading cause of potentially survivable deaths. Arguably, the success of the medical improvements during this war has served to maintain the lowest case fatality rate on record.
The effects of zeranol on performance and carcass characteristics of young bulls (1986)

Kirk and Cooper (1983) reported two experiments in which the growth performance and carcass conformation of intensively fed dairy-bred bulls was improved by sequential implantation with Zeranol®. Two further studies have been conducted in which there has been repeat implantation of Zeranol® and detailed carcass dissection to measure precisely the effects on carcass quality. In trial A, 16 Holstein bull calves were purchased from pedigree breeders and weaned at eight weeks of age, when they were divided into two groups of eight, balanced by weight. From 8 to 12 weeks they were given commercial rearing pellets followed by a. commercial pencil and hay was given ad libitum. From 12 weeks onwards a cereal mix was offered ad libitum, formulated to give 13 MJ/kg dry matter, 160 g/kg crude protein. Hay was withdrawn from 14 weeks of age. At eight weeks of age, half the animals were implanted with 36 mg Zeranol® (Ralgro, Crown Chemical Company, Kent), and re-implanted a further three times every 70 days. Five blood samples were taken from all animals over a 15h period at about 8, 14, 33 and 43 weeks of age.
Combination of alpha‐1 antitrypsin and doxycycline suppresses collagen‐induced arthritis (2009)

The results obtained in the present study indicate that a combination therapy using AAT and doxycycline holds promising potential as a new therapy for RA.
A Practical Synthesis of (+)‐Biotin from <scp>L</scp>‐Cysteine (2004)

Alpha-amino aldehyde 4, which is readily derived from L-cysteine through cyclization and elaboration of the carboxy group, was subjected to the Strecker reaction, which, via sodium bisulfite adduct 16, afforded alpha-amino nitrile 5 with high diastereoselectivity (syn/anti=11:1) and in high yield. Amide 6, derived from 5, was converted to thiolactone 8, a key intermediate in the synthesis of (+)-biotin (1), by a novel S,N-carbonyl migration and cyclization reaction. The Fukuyama coupling reaction of 8 with the zinc reagent 21, which has an ester group, in the presence of a heterogeneous Pd/C catalyst allowed the efficient installation of the 4-carboxybutyl chain to provide 9. Compound 9 was hydrogenated and the protecting groups removed to furnish 1 in 10 steps and in 34 % overall yield from L-cysteine.
Treatment Options for Carbapenem-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infections (2015)

This article provides a comprehensive review of currently available treatment options for infections due to carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE). Antimicrobial resistance in Gram-negative bacteria is an emerging and serious global public health threat. Carbapenems have been used as the "last-line" treatment for infections caused by resistant Enterobacteriaceae, including those producing extended spectrum ß-lactamases. However, Enterobacteriaceae that produce carbapenemases, which are enzymes that deactivate carbapenems and most other ß-lactam antibiotics, have emerged and are increasingly being reported worldwide. Despite this increasing burden, the most optimal treatment for CRE infections is largely unknown. For the few remaining available treatment options, there are limited efficacy data to support their role in therapy. Nevertheless, current treatment options include the use of older agents, such as polymyxins, fosfomycin, and aminoglycosides, which have been rarely used due to efficacy and/or toxicity concerns. Optimization of dosing regimens and combination therapy are additional treatment strategies being explored. Carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae infections are associated with poor outcomes and high mortality. Continued research is critically needed to determine the most appropriate treatment.