gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multi-Scale Imaging Process for Computations of Porosity and Permeability from Carbonate Rocks (2010)

Reservoir rock material collected during drilling is one of the main sources used to derive reservoir fluid<br>transport and rock mechanics properties. Carbonate reservoir may have heterogeneities that create<br>multi porosity/permeability systems that are very difficult to describe, and to determine their flow<br>properties. Conventional methods use laboratory procedures to perform experiments that yield directly<br>or indirectly required rock properties. Some of these procedures, such as the determination of relative<br>permeabilities, may take several months to perform.<br>Also, in some cases, it is very difficult, or impractical to perform the experiments in the first place. Yet,<br>as reservoir characterization is becoming ever more important for oil and gas production, a much<br>larger portion of reservoir rocks, from cuttings to full cores, will need to be analyzed than what are<br>currently evaluated. This paper offers an example of the use of digital rock physics to determine<br>porosity, permeability, and relative permeabilities for a carbonate sample using multi-scale imaging.<br>Digital rock physics using the Lattice Boltzmann (LBM) for fluid dynamic calculations is at a point where<br>for a proper digital pore space the resulting flow properties calculated are reasonably correct. The main<br>issue facing digital rock physics is the need to up scale the computed properties to the scale of the core.<br>The process presented in this paper includes sample preparation, imaging, image processing, property<br>computations, and property integration to the core scale. The sample is subjected to a descending<br>scale of x-ray CT imaging, along with physical sub-sampling of the core. The descending size of<br>scanning leads to increased resolution of the three-dimensional digital core, keeping the sample<br>volumes registered in place. The resulting digital rocks are segmented and the pore structure is<br>determined on the x-ray CT grid system. The resulting three-dimensional pore structure, that is the<br>same as the actual pore structure subjected to resolution limits, is used as the input grid system for<br>direct fluid dynamic computations that are second order accurate representation of the Navier-Stokes<br>fluid flow equations. These computations yield porosity, absolute permeability, relative permeabilities,<br>and capillary pressure. In this paper we focus only on porosity and permeabilities. Multiple scale<br>imaging permits the estimation of permeability at the core scale.
Incidence of Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity and Postoperative Neurologic Symptoms Associated With 12,668 Ultrasound-Guided Nerve Blocks (2012)

In the setting of a surgical procedure, ultrasound-guided regional anesthesia is associated with the risk of long-term postoperative neurologic symptoms. Local anesthetic systemic toxicity, however, is extremely uncommon.
OCC: Banks can sell crop insurance (1998)

Abstract The OCC declared that crop iiisirrance is incidental to banking hecairse it protects loans to farmers.
Cloning and Elucidation of the FR901464 Gene Cluster Revealing a Complex Acyltransferase-less Polyketide Synthase Using Glycerate as Starter Units (2011)

FR901464, an antitumor natural product, represents a new class of potent anticancer small molecules targeting spliceosome and inhibiting both splicing and nuclear retention of pre-mRNA. Herein we describe the biosynthetic gene cluster of FR901464, identified by degenerate primer PCR amplification of a gene encoding the 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA synthase (HCS) postulated to be involved in the biosynthesis of a β-branched polyketide from Pseudomonas sp. No. 2663. This cluster consists of twenty open reading frames (ORFs) and was localized to 93-kb DNA segment, and its involvement in FR901464 biosynthesis was confirmed by gene inactivation and complementation. FR901464 is biosynthesized by a hybrid polyketide synthase (PKS)/nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), HCS, and acyltransferases (AT)-less system. The PKS/NRPS modules feature unusual domain organization including multiple domain redundancy, inactivation, and tandem. Biochemical characterization of a glyceryl transferase and an acyl carrier protein (ACP) in the start module revealed that it incorporates D-1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, which is dephosphorylated and transferred to ACP as the starter unit. Furthermore, an oxidative Baeyer-Villiger reaction followed by chain release was postulated to form a pyran moiety. On the basis of in silico analysis and genetic and biochemical evidances, a biosynthetic pathway for FR901464 was proposed, which sets the stage to further investigate the complex PKS biochemically and engineer the biosynthetic machinery for the production of novel analogues.
Coalescence microseismic mapping (2013)

Earthquakes are commonly located by linearized inversion of discrete arrival time picks made from signals recorded at a network of seismic stations. If mis-picks are made, these will contribute to the location, therefore causing potential bias. For data recorded by a dense seismic array, direct imaging methods can be applied instead. We describe the ‘coalescence microseismic mapping’ method, which is a bridge between the two approaches and will operate with seismic data recorded continuously on a sparse array. By continuously mapping scalar signals derived from the envelope of seismic arrivals we derive robust estimates of the spatio-temporal coordinates of the origins of seismic events. Noisy data are migrated away from the correct origin, so do not contribute to errors in location. The method is rooted in a Bayesian formulation of event location traveltime inversion, allows imaging of source locations and has the capacity to handle errors in modelled traveltimes. It has the advantage of working with any 3-D velocity model, which therefore may include anisotropy. It also automatically incorporates both P- and S-wave data. A multiresolution grid search leads to an efficient implementation, with a search over a larger domain including joint inversion for location and velocity structure possible where warranted by the data quality. We discuss the theory and implementation of this method and illustrate it with real data from microseismic events in Iceland caused by melt intrusion in the crust.
Modular co-evolution of metabolic networks (2007)

The correlation between functional, evolutionary and topological modularity suggests that the evolutionary history and functional requirements of metabolic systems have been imprinted in the architecture of metabolic networks. Such systems level analysis could demonstrate how the evolution of genes may be placed in a genome-scale network context, giving a novel perspective on molecular evolution.
The effect of communication modality on cooperation in online environments (2000)

One of the most robust findings in the sociological literature is the positive effect of communication on cooperation and trust. When individuals are able to communicate, cooperation increases significantly. How does the choice of communication modality influence this effect? We adapt the social dilemma research paradigm to quantitatively analyze different modes of communication. Using this method, we compare four forms of communication: no communication, text-chat, text-to-speech, and voice. We found statistically significant differences between different forms of communication, with the voice condition resulting in the highest levels of cooperation. Our results highlight the importance of striving towards the use of more immediate forms of communication in online environments, especially where trust and cooperation are essential. In addition, our research demonstrates the applicability of the social dilemma paradigm in testing the extent to which communication modalities promote the development of trust and cooperation.
Alterations in ubiquitin ligase Siah-2 and its corepressor N-CoR after P-MAPA immunotherapy and anti-androgen therapy: new therapeutic opportunities for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. (2015)

The present study describes the role of the ubiquitin ligase Siah-2 and corepressor N-CoR in controlling androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptors (ERα and ERβ) signaling in an appropriate animal model (Fischer 344 female rats) of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC), especially under conditions of anti-androgen therapy with flutamide. Furthermore, this study describes the mechanisms of a promising therapeutic alternative for NMIBC based on Protein aggregate magnesium-ammonium phospholinoleate-palmitoleate anhydride (P-MAPA) intravesical immunotherapy combined with flutamide, involving the interaction among steroid hormone receptors, their regulators and Toll-like receptors (TLRs). Our results demonstrated that increased Siah-2 and AR protein levels and decreased N-CoR, cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and estrogen receptors levels played a critical role in the urothelial carcinogenesis, probably leading to escape of urothelial cancer cells from immune system attack. P-MAPA immunotherapy led to distinct activation of innate immune system TLRs 2 and 4-mediated, resulting in increase of interferon signaling pathway, which was more effective in recovering the immunosuppressive tumor immune microenvironment and in recovering the bladder histology features than BCG (Bacillus Calmette-Guerin) treatments. The AR blockade therapy was important in the modulating of downstream molecules of TLR2 and TLR4 signaling pathway, decreasing the inflammatory cytokines signaling and enhancing the interferon signaling pathway when associated with P-MAPA. Taken together, the data obtained suggest that interferon signaling pathway activation and targeting AR and Siah-2 signals by P-MAPA intravesical immunotherapy alone and/ or in combination with AR blockade may provide novel therapeutic approaches for NMIBC.
One-pot solvent-free synthesis of quinolines by C–H activation/C–C Bond formation catalyzed by recyclable iron(iii) triflate (2012)

A novel application of highly stable Fe(OTf)3 as an efficient catalyst for carbon–carbon bond formation via the activation of a terminal alkyne C–H bond under solvent-free conditions is described. Notably, this protocol of green synthesis, which produced quinolines from the reaction of amines, aldehydes and terminal aryl alkynes, shows attractive characteristics including concise one-pot conditions, high atom economy, very limited energy consumption, and the sequential catalytic process requires only a catalytic (5 mol%) amount of Fe(OTf)3 with short reaction periods (3 h). Meanwhile, the catalyst was easily recovered from the reaction system and reused smoothly with only a little loss of activity.
Data-Driven Fault Detection Based on Process Monitoring using Dimension Reduction Techniques (2008)

One goal of integrated vehicle health management (IVHM) for commercial airplane customers is to monitor sensor data to anticipate problems before flight deck effects (FDEs) ground the airplane for unplanned maintenance. Airplane subsystems - such as flight and environmental control systems, electrical and hydraulic power - can have a high number of associated parameters. Monitoring sensor data streams individually can be inefficient, and fail to detect problems. A research effort at The Boeing Company is investigating anomaly detection algorithms for multivariate time series of parametric data. The multivariate process monitoring techniques account for correlation between parameters, and therefore alert when relationships between parameters change, as well as when mean levels of individual parameters change. Since many traditional multivariate process monitoring techniques are not suited for the high number of parameters in airplane subsystems, this paper discusses using dimension reduction techniques. One example is principal component analysis (PCA). If the assumptions behind PCA are not met, then monitoring charts based on conventional PCA alone can show false alarms and bad detectability. Independent component analysis (ICA) is a recently developed method in which the goal is to decompose observed data into linear combinations of statistically independent components. ICA can be considered an extension of PCA since it uses PCA as an initial pre-whitening stage. Like projection pursuit density estimation, ICA searches for projections of the data that are most non-Gaussian.
A new planar double-double balanced MMIC mixer structure (2002)

Coplanar waveguides, slot lines, and coplanar strips were combined to realize a monolithic microwave integrated circuit (MMIC) double-double balanced mixer (DDBM) in which all circuitry is on the top side of the substrate and no via holes are required. The DDBM exhibits RF, local oscillator (LO), and intermediate frequency (IF) bandwidths of 6-20 GHz, 8-18 GHz and 2-7 GHz, respectively, with conversion loss ranging between 6.2 and 9.8 dB and RF to IF, LO to IF, and LO to RF isolations all greater than 20 dB. The mixer was designed analytically using the harmonic balance method to assess key performance parameters.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Catalytic Enantioselective [3 + 2]-Cycloadditions of Diazoketone-Derived Aryl-Substituted Carbonyl Ylides (2002)

An evaluation of alpha-aryl-alpha-diazodiones in tandem carbonyl ylide formation-enantioselective [3 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions is described. Such substrates were designed to allow investigation of the electronic characteristics of the dipole upon asymmetric induction. Intramolecular cycloadditions (with a tethered alkene dipolarophile) were found to occur in good to quantitative yields, with a difference in ee exhibited by the two electronically different diazodiones 8 and 9. Intermolecular cycloadditions using diazodiones 12 and 13 with DMAD and arylacetylenes 16-18 again demonstrated that electronics play a key role in determining the outcome of the cycloaddition reactions. Enantioselectivities of up to 76% were observed.
Leishmaniasis and Kaposi's Sarcoma in an HIV-Infected Patient (1997)

To the Editor: The presence of Kaposi sarcoma and leishmaniasis in the same cutaneous lesion, which has been observed in six cases (1-6), often reveals infection of peritumoral skin (1,3,4) (i.e., within the noninvolved areas immediately surrounding the abnormal portion of the skin biopsy). Subsequent to our previous report (4), we have seen two additional instances of leishmaniasis in perineoplastic dermis of Kaposi's sarcoma. A similar situation was described in the letter of Abajo et al. In contrast, the presence of Leishmania in clinically uninvolved skin (i.e., within a biopsy specimen taken distant from lesional skin) of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patient with visceral leishmaniasis (VL) has not been looked for. As we mentioned in our article (4), only one patient had Leishmania in such "normal" skin documented with the technique of split-skin smear. However, with this procedure, a sharp distinction cannot be made between simple peripheral blood infestation of the dermis versus actual cutaneous involvement. Since our previous report (4), we have seen one additional case of "silent" leishmaniasis in two normal skin biopsy specimens of a HIV-infected patient with a prolonged fever, who had refused bone marrow aspiration. All cases demonstrating Leishmania in "normal" skin showed an extravascular pattern of infestation. This finding demonstrates, in HIV-infected patients with VL, a widespread involvement of skin by Leishmania, which differs from a simple peripheral blood dissemination. In comparison to bone marrow aspirate, the diagnostic value of peripheral blood smears for discovery of VL in HIV-infected subjects remain low (7). As with both marrow aspiration, normal results on skin biopsy could be useful in confirming the diagnosis of VL. On the other hand, in HIV-infected patients with Mediterranean VL the skin could act as a reservoir of infection and allow human-to-human transmission. Abajo et al. mention a new example of presumed "silent" leishmaniasis (E. F. Dandén, P. Penas, L. Rios, J. Fraga, J. Alvar, A. Garcia-Diez, unpublished observations). Although their report is not yet published, on the basis of their letter, two questions still remain to be answered. First, are their cases best categorized as cutaneous leishmaniasis or VL with a cutaneous involvement? The other unknown is whether or not the biopsy specimens demonstrating the "silent" leishmaniasis were obtained adjacent to or distant from the clinically apparent cutaneous lesion. C. Perrin, M.D. P. Del Giudice, M.D. B. Taillan, M.D. Y. Lefichoux, M.D. JF. Michiels, M.D. Departments of Pathology, Infectious Disease, Internal Medicine, and Parasitology Laboratory; University of Nice; Nice, France
Structure and Functional Relationships of Hsp90 (2003)

Understanding the mode of action of Hsp90 requires that molecular detail of its interactions with client proteins and co-chaperones are known. The structure determination of the N-terminal domain of Hsp90/Hsp90beta, proof that it is an ATPase, that this activity is regulated and the identification of co-chaperones that facilitate Hsp90 function were landmarks towards understanding conformational changes in Hsp90 brought about by ATP, co-chaperones and client proteins. Sti1 and Cdc37/p50, which associate with early Hsp90 complexes, were shown to be inhibitors of Hsp90 ATPase activity and therefore promote its 'open' state, whereas Sba1/p23, which associates with mature complexes, inhibits ATPase activity and stabilises the 'closed' state. The isolation and characterisation of Aha1, the only known strong activator of Hsp90 ATPase activity, which promotes the 'closed' state of Hsp90, will also be of major importance in understanding Hsp90 function. The structure determination of the middle region of Hsp90 has shed further light on the complex ATP-cycle of Hsp90, identifying a catalytic loop, with key residues that are essential for ATP hydrolysis. These studies, together with biochemical ones, suggest that ATP hydrolysis, is dependent on a complex rate-limiting step, involving N-terminal dimerization and association of the middle region, and therefore the catalytic loop, of Hsp90 with the N-terminal domains. The structure of the middle region of Hsp90 will also accelerate our understanding of client protein interactions since this region is implicated in their recognition and in particular their active-site openings.
Ice structuring proteins - a new name for antifreeze proteins. (2002)

Antifreeze proteins (AFPs) have been reported in the academic literature for many years, and are increasingly arousing interest in the technical and popular media, particularly because of their potential applications. However, the term "antifreeze" does not always accurately describe their natural function, or their application in frozen systems, where they do not prevent freezing, but control the size, shape and aggregation of ice crystals. We survey the properties and applications of AFPs and propose a more generally applicable name based on the fact that all AFPs bind to ice and consequently influence crystal growth and interactions: "Ice Structuring Proteins".
EcoExpress—Highly Efficient Construction and Expression of Multicomponent Protein Complexes in <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2016)

The bacterium Escherichia coli remains the leading host for protein expression in large quantity for the purpose of crystallization or other biochemical studies. However, expression of multicomponent protein complexes remains a challenge, and is often laborious and time-consuming. Here we developed a method named EcoExpress, which allows efficient construction of plasmids to express individual protein with user-defined epitope-tag, followed by one-pot assembly of a single vector to express the entire protein complex for copurification. A versatile set of vectors was designed to provide various choices to control the expression of a protein with different promoters, and to accept different number of components for coexpression. Using EcoExpress, we demonstrated that each subunit within a protein complex could be expressed individually or simultaneously, and the entire complex could be copurified. In addition, to overcome the decreased assembly efficiency with the increasing number of components, a novel oligonucleotides blocking method was designed and tested. EcoExpress provides the scientific community with a toolbox to rapidly investigate the function of protein complexes.
p16 INK4a andp15INK4b gene methylations in plasma cells from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (2001)

p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) proteins are cell cycle regulators involved in the inhibition of G1 phase progression. High frequency of methylation of both genes has been reported in multiple myeloma (MM), but it remains to be determined how and when these alterations contribute to tumorigenesis. Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) represents an early disease stage in a fraction of MMs. Plasma cells from 33 patients with MGUS and 33 patients with MM were isolated and analyzed for p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) methylation by methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction. Selective methylation was found in 19% for p16(INK4a), 36% for p15(INK4b), and 6.5% for both genes in MGUS, and frequencies were similar in MM suggesting that methylation of these genes is an early event, not associated with transition from MGUS to MM. p15(INK4b) and p16(INK4a) gene methylation might contribute to immortalization of plasma cells rather than malignant transformation in the natural history of MM.
Sulfur-Selective Detection with the FPD: Current Enigmas, Practical Usage, and Future Directions (1986)

This article assesses flame-photometric (FPD) sulfur-selective detectors with respect to: known sulfur flame chemistry, response classifications, non-linear response models, response quenching, background sulfur doping effects, capillary column compatibility, suggestions for improvements in current FPDs, and potential alternatives to the FPD available now or in the future. Also described is a phenomenological sulfur-response model that incorporates contributions from sulfur analyte, background sulfur, analyte-derived non-sulfur emissions, background flame species, and quenching effects. Certain common FPD idiosyncrasies are also examined and explained in view of present information.
Convention and Design in Drayton's <i>Heroicall Epistles</i> (1968)

Drayton's Epistles are imitations of Ovid's Heroides only in a limited sense, for they were strongly influenced by the vogue of complaint poems (like Daniel's Rosamond ), popular during the 1590's. The Epistles resemble both the Heroides and the complaint poems in their rhetorical embellishment and their moral sententiousness. In a few cases, Drayton clearly intended some parallels between Ovid's characters and his own (Hero and Leander-Queen Mary and Charles Brandon; Paris and Helen-Edward IV and Jane Shore). However, unlike Ovid, he informed his poems with a unifying purpose: to show how Providence had guided England through its turbulent past into the glorious age of Queen Elizabeth. Although Elizabeth does not appear in the Epistles , it is clear that Drayton selected his historical events so as to anticipate the greatness of her reign. The patriotic tone of these poems is typical of much historical literature of the 1590's; their concern with Providence evolves from the concept of Fortune in the Mirror for Magistrates . The Epistles , then, are far more Elizabethan than Ovidian, and contemporary praise of Drayton as “the English Ovid” can be misleading.