gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
New technique for quadrilateral distance relay (1974)

A new technique for the development of a quadrilateral distance relay for transmission-line protection is reported. The modus operandi consists in continuously monitoring the coincidence period of four suitably derived relaying quantities, and the relay is made to develop trip output if the coincidence period is zero, whereas if the coincidence period is finite, the relay develops restraining output. Such a simple criterion results in extreme simplicity of the relay circuitry.
Polarized light scattered from rough surfaces (1992)

A facet model is used to predict the polarization states of light scattered from rough surfaces. The states are compared with experimentally determined elements from various types of rough substrates. The experimental data are found to be quite similar to what is predicted by the model.
A study by computer simulation of the generation and evolution of the Earth`s magnetic field (1995)

Until recently very little has been known about the maintenance of the Earth`s magnetic field. The general consensus was that some type of convective motion edits in the Earth`s liquid iron alloy core that is affected by rotational forces in a way that continually generates new magnetic field to replace that which diffuses away. Magnetic-field reversals and secular variation have long been measured but no theory existed to explain these phenomena. To gain an understanding of the basic physical mechanisms of the ``geodynamo,`` we produced the first self-consistent computer simulation of convection and magnetic field generation in a rotating three-dimensional spherical fluid shell as an anologue to the Earth`s convective dynamo. This is a final report of a three-year Laboratory-Directed Research and Development (LDRD) project at the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL).
Targeting SKCa Channels in Cancer: Potential New Therapeutic Approaches (2012)

Many studies have reported changes in potassium channel expression in many cancers and the involvement of these channels in various stages of cancer progression. By contrast, data concerning SKCa channels (small conductance calcium-activated potassium channels) have only recently become available. This review aims i) to present the structure and physiology of SKCa channels, ii) to provide an overview of published data concerning the SKCa proteins produced in tumor cells, and, whenever possible, the biological function assigned to them and iii) to review previous and novel modulators of SKCa channels. SKCa channels are activated by low concentrations of intracellular calcium and consist of homo- or heteromeric assemblies of α-subunits named SK1, SK2 and SK3. SK2-3 channels are expressed in tumors and have been assigned a biological function in cancer cells: the enhancement of cell proliferation and cell migration by hijacking the functions of SK2 and SK3 channels, respectively. Two major classes of SKCa modulators have been described: toxins (apamin) and small synthetic molecules. Most SKCa blockers are pore blockers, but some modify the calcium sensitivity of SKCa channels without interacting with the apamin binding site. In this review, we present edelfosine and ohmline as atypical anticancer agents and novel SK3 inhibitors. Edelfosine and ohmline are synthetic alkyl-lipids with structures different from all previously described SKCa modulators. They should pave the way for the development of a new class of migration-targeted anticancer agents. We believe that such blockers have potential for use in the prevention or treatment of metastasis.
Structure-Processing-Property Relationship of Poly(Glycolic Acid) for Drug Delivery Systems 1: Synthesis and Catalysis (2010)

Till date, market is augmented with a huge number of improved drug delivery systems. The success in this area is basically due to biodegradable polymers. Although conventional systems of drug delivery utilizing the natural and semisynthetic polymers so long but synthetic polymer gains success in the controlled drug delivery area due to better degradation profile and controlled network and functionality. The polyesters are the most studied class group due the susceptible ester linkage in their backbone. The Poly(glycolic Acid) (PGA), Poly(lactic acid) (PLA), and Polylactide-co-glycolide (PLGA) are the best profiled polyesters and are most widely used in marketed products. These polymers, however, still are having drawbacks which failed them to be used in platform technologies like matrix systems, microspheres, and nanospheres in some cases. The common problems arose with these polymers are entrapment inefficiency, inability to degrade and release drugs with required profile, and drug instability in the microenvironment of the polymers. These problems are forcing us to develop new polymers with improved physicochemical properties. The present review gave us an insight in the various structural elements of Poly(glycolic acid), polyester, with in depth study. The first part of the review focuses on the result of studies related to synthetic methodologies and catalysts being utilized to synthesize the polyesters. However the author will also focus on the effect of processing methodologies but due some constraints those are not included in the preview of this part of review.
The Synthesis and Bioactivities of Isoxazole Derivatives (2007)

The nitrogen-containing heterocyclic isoxazole derivatives play important roles in pesticide chemistry. Many of these derivatives have been developed into herbicides, insecticides, bactericides and many other agrochemicals. In this paper, the pyridine was introduced into isoxazole ring system, and the corresponding two series of compounds with different substituents were synthesized and conformed by 1H NMR,13C NMR,HR-EI,IR. And the second series exhibited some inhibition activities in Sphaerotheca fuliginea.
Administration of BMP2/7 in utero partially reverses Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome–like skeletal defects induced by Pdk1 or Cbp mutations in mice (2011)

Mutations in the coactivator CREB-binding protein (CBP) are a major cause of the human skeletal dysplasia Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS); however, the mechanism by which these mutations affect skeletal mineralization and patterning is unknown. Here, we report the identification of 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1) as a key regulator of CBP activity and demonstrate that its functions map to both osteoprogenitor cells and mature osteoblasts. In osteoblasts, PDK1 activated the CREB/CBP complex, which in turn controlled runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2) activation and expression of bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP2). These pathways also operated in vivo, as evidenced by recapitulation of RTS spectrum phenotypes with osteoblast-specific Pdk1 deletion in mice (Pdk1 osx mice) and by the genetic interactions observed in mice heterozygous for both osteoblast-specific Pdk1 deletion and either Runx2 or Creb deletion. Finally, treatment of Pdk1 osx and Cbp +/-embryos with BMPs in utero partially reversed their skeletal anomalies at birth. These findings illustrate the in vivo function of the PDK1-AKT-CREB/CBP pathway in bone formation and provide proof of principle for in utero growth factor supplementation as a potential therapy for skeletal dysplasias.
[Determinations of the carbon monoxide diffusion at the early stages of chronic obstructive lung disease]. (1975)

The determinations of the diffusion capacity of lungs for carbon monoxide (DLco) with single breath or steady state methods find their elective indication in the diseases affecting electively the alevolar-capillar membrane, particularly in the cases of fibrosis. In the course of chronic obstructive bronchopneumopathies, they are more or less disturbed by the anomalies in the distribution of lung ventilation and perfusion that coexist with them in a constant mood. Nevertheless, it has been proved that the fall in DLco and in the relation DLco/alveolar volume is one of the elements that contribute to recognize lung emphysema and to make the distinction between the same and chronic bronchitis or asthma. It is also well established that DLco is lowered in the smokers, but the meaning of this fact is presently bad known: artefact due to the presence of carboxic-hemoglobin; lesion of the alveolar-capillar membrane or anomaly in the bronchiolar permeability. DLco is also diminished in some asymptomatic subjects bearers of a deficiency in alpha-l-antitrypsin and may be also encountered in the course of beginning lung emphysema with anatomic authentication. In some cases, the fall in DLco might therefore bear witness, prior to any spirographic alteration, of the involvement of the alveolar-capillar membrane, but not of the true bronchial obstruction.
Instrument engineers' handbook (2012)

Unsurpassed in its coverage, usability, and authority since first published in 1969, the three-volume Instrument Engineers' Handbook continues to be the premier reference for instrument engineers around the world. It helps users select and implement hundreds of measurement and control instruments and analytical devices and design the most cost-effective process control systems to optimize production and maximize safety.
A note on splitting errors for advection-reaction equations (1994)

In this note we consider proper ways to combine numerical schemes for advective transport and nonlinear chemistry. Obvious combinations are obtained with splitting in a so-called fractional step approach. We shall discuss for this approach correct implementations of source terms and inflow boundary conditions. Further we consider the use of multistep methods with explicit treatment of the advection terms and implicit chemistry. 1991 Mathematics Subject Classification: 65M06, 65M12, 65M25. Keywords &amp; Phrases: hyperbolic PDEs, linear advection, operator splitting. 1. Introduction Advective transport of chemically reacting species can be described by equations of the type @ @t c + u(t; x) \\Delta rc = f(t; x; c) for t ? 0; x 2\\Omega ae IR d ; (1:1) where c(t; x) is a vector of scaled chemical concentrations (mixing ratios), u(t; x) is a given velocity field with dimension d, and f(t; x; c) describes the chemical reactions together with source and sink terms. In our notation c will b...
The Hypothalamic‐Pituitary‐Adrenal Axis in Obesity (1995)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis normally maintains the concentration of cortisol within a narrow range with a diurnal variation characterized by higher cortisol concentrations in the morning and reduced levels in the evening. Excessive or deficient secretion of cortisol is associated with pathologic changes. Obesity has been linked with age, sex and racial alterations in the functioning of the HPA axis which are reviewed. The possible relationship of altered HPA axis activity with the long-term complications of obesity are considered.
Use of Kriging Models to Approximate Deterministic Computer Models (2005)

The use of kriging models for approximation and metamodel-based design and optimization has been steadily on the rise in the past decade. The widespread usage of kriging models appears to be hampered by (1) the lack of guidance in selecting the appropriate form of the kriging model, (2) computationally efficient algorithms for estimating the model’s parameters, and (3) an effective method to assess the resulting model’s quality. In this paper, we compare (1) Maximum Likelihood Estimation (MLE) and Cross-Validation (CV) parameter estimation methods for selecting a kriging model’s parameters given its form and (2) and an R 2 of prediction and the corrected Akaike Information Criterion for assessing the quality of the created kriging model, permitting the comparison of different forms of a kriging model. These methods are demonstrated with six test problems. Finally, different forms of kriging models are examined to determine if more complex forms are more accurate and easier to fit than simple forms of kriging models for approximating computer models.
Novel technique for enhancement of diesel fuel: Impact of aqueous alumina nano-fluid on engine's performance and emissions (2017)

Nanofluids are suspensions of nanoparticles mixed in liquids and show significant enhancement in some thermophysical and combustion properties of the resulting suspension. In this study, the changes in the performance and emissions characteristics of a conventional diesel engine are verified experimentally using the combustion of a mixture of nanofluid (water and Al2O3) and conventional Iraqi diesel fuel. The nano-Al2O3 (51 nm diameter) was used in this study; multiple weight ratios of this nanoparticle were mixed with water to form a nanoparticle suspension. The weight fractions used were 1%, 3%, 5%, 7%, and 10%. After that, a fixed volume ratio of the resulting suspension (10%) was added to the diesel and completely mixed. The results indicate that the addition of the nano-alumina-water suspension has increased the brake thermal efficiency up to 5.5%, and reduced the relative fuel consumption up to 3.94%, compared to diesel fuel. In the analysis of emitted exhaust emissions, CO, HC, NOx, PM and noise emissions, they were found to be lower than diesel fuel, while CO2 emissions increased.
NEW SOLDER BUMPING TECHNOLOGY AND ADAPTED ASSEMBLY PROCESSES FOR 100 µm PITCH FLIP-CHIP-TECHNOLOGY USING CAPILLARY FLOW OR NO FLOW UNDERFILL (2009)

In this paper we will present new cost-efficient solder bumping and adapted assembly technologies for the processing of flip-chips with a pitch of 100 µm or less and solder ball diameters of 60 µm or 50 µm, respectively. The wafer bumping has been realized using a highly efficient Wafer Level Solder Sphere Transfer (WLSST) process. This technology uses a patterned vacuum plate in order to simultaneously pick up all of the preformed solder spheres, optically inspect for yield, and then transfer them to the wafer at once. This paper will discuss this technology and the process parameters for producing fine pitch solder bumps. The flip-chips were assembled on special BT- and FR4-material using reflow soldering. Due to the large thermal expansion mismatch between substrate and chip, special epoxy based underfill has to be used in order to increase the long term reliability of the lead-free solder joints. The use of capillary flow as well as of no flow underfill and applicable design rules for these highly miniaturized structures will be discussed. For cost efficiency reasons all processes investigated base upon standard processes of the surface mount technology, but are adapted to the requirements of highly miniaturized components. Results of the reliability tests will be discussed additionally. An analysis of the failure mechanism will be given and recommendations for further miniaturizations will be presented.
Temperature response of carbon isotope discrimination and mesophyll conductance in tobacco (2012)

The partial pressure of CO2 at the sites of carboxylation within chloroplasts depends on the conductance to CO2 diffusion from intercellular airspace to the sites of carboxylation, termed mesophyll conductance (gm ). We investigated the temperature response of gm in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) by combining gas exchange in high light, ambient CO2 in either 2 or 21% O2 with carbon isotope measurements using tuneable diode laser spectroscopy. The gm increased linearly with temperature in 2 or 21% O2 . In 21% O2 , isotope discrimination associated with gm decreased from 5.0 ± 0.2 to 1.8 ± 0.2‰ as temperature increased from 15 to 40 °C, but the photorespiratory contribution to the isotopic signal is significant. While the fractionation factor for photorespiration (f = 16.2 ± 0.7‰) was independent of temperature between 20 and 35 °C, discrimination associated with photorespiration increased from 1.1 ± 0.01 to 2.7 ± 0.02‰ from 15 to 40 °C. Other mitochondrial respiration contributed around 0.2 ± 0.03‰. The drawdown in CO2 partial pressure from ambient air to intercellular airspaces was nearly independent of leaf temperature. By contrast, the increase in gm with increasing leaf temperature resulted in the drawdown in CO2 partial pressure between intercellular airspaces and the sites of carboxylation decreasing substantially at high temperature.
Laser writing (1969)

An application of the high power/energy density available from a focused laser beam is presented as a means of transferring an ink-like substance from a substrate onto a recording medium. This technique will permit wide-band recording with instant readout.
Residual DPCM for lossless coding in HEVC (2013)

Incorporating sample-based prediction during lossless coding can significantly improve coding performance. However, its use within a codec designed for lossy coding requires a modification of the available prediction scheme. When implementing the codec, two different prediction processes will have to be implemented. This paper describes a lossless coding scheme that delays the sample-based prediction till the residue coding stage of the codec and carries out prediction in the residual domain. In this way, the prediction scheme of the lossy coder can be retained while realizing the coding gains associated with sample-based prediction. The proposed scheme improves lossless intra coding performance in HEVC Main Profile by an average of 6.5%.
A machine learning based system for the automatic evaluation of aphasia speech (2017)

Aphasia is an acquired language disorder resulting from damage to language related networks of the brain, most often as a result of ischemic stroke or traumatic brain injury. Within the European Union, over 580000 people are affected each year. Both assessment and treatment of aphasia require the analysis of language, in particular of spontaneous speech. Factoring in therapy and diagnosis sessions, which require the presence of a speech therapist and a physician, aphasia is a resource intensive condition: It has been estimated that in Germany alone, there are 70000 new cases of stroke-related aphasia every year, 35000 of which persist over more than six months - all of which should receive formal diagnostic testing at some point. Having an automatic system for the detection and evaluation of aphasic speech would be of great benefit for the medical domain by immensely speeding up diagnostic processes and thus freeing up valuable resources for, e.g., therapy. As a first step towards building such a system, it is necessary to identify the vocal biomarkers which characterize aphasic speech. Furthermore, a database is needed which maps from recordings of aphasic speech to the type and severity of the disorder. In this paper, we present the vocal biomarkers and a description of the existing Aachen Aphasia database containing recordings and transcriptions of therapy sessions. We outline how the biomarkers and the database could be used to construct a recognition system which automatically maps pathological speech to aphasia type and severity.
Integration of thermochemical water splitting with CO <sub>2</sub> direct air capture (2019)

Renewable production of fuels and chemicals from direct air capture (DAC) of CO<sub>2</sub> is a highly desired goal. Here, we report the integration of the DAC of CO<sub>2</sub> with the thermochemical splitting of water to produce CO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, and electricity. The produced CO<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub> can be converted to value-added chemicals via existing technologies. The integrated process uses thermal solar energy as the only energy input and has the potential to provide the dual benefits of combating anthropogenic climate change while creating renewable chemicals. A sodium-manganese-carbonate (Mn-Na-CO<sub>2</sub>) thermochemical water-splitting cycle that simultaneously drives renewable H<sub>2</sub> production and DAC of CO<sub>2</sub> is demonstrated. An integrated reactor is designed and fabricated to conduct all steps of the thermochemical water-splitting cycle that produces close to stoichiometric amounts (∼90%) of H<sub>2</sub> and O<sub>2</sub> (illustrated with 6 consecutive cycles). The ability of the cycle to capture 75% of the ∼400 ppm CO<sub>2</sub> from air is demonstrated also. A technoeconomic analysis of the integrated process for the renewable production of H<sub>2</sub>, O<sub>2</sub>, and electricity, as well as DAC of CO<sub>2</sub> shows that the proposed scheme of solar-driven H<sub>2</sub> production from thermochemical water splitting coupled with CO<sub>2</sub> DAC may be economically viable under certain circumstances.
Mechanism Design with Collusive Supervision: A Three-tier Agency Model with a Continuum of Types ◆ (2007)

We apply the "Monotone Comparative Statics" method ala Topkis (1978), Edlin and Shannon (1998), and Milgrom and Segal (2002)'s generalized envelope theorem to the three-tier agency model with hidden information and collusion ala Tirole (1986, 1992), thereby provide a framework that can address the issues treated in the existing literature, e.g., Kofman and Lawarree (1993)''s auditing application, in a much simpler fashion. In addition to such a technical contribution, the paper derives some clear and robust implication applicable to corporate governance reform (Propositions 1 (2) and 3).
Beta Cells within Single Human Islets Originate from Multiple Progenitors (2008)

The detection of both labeled and unlabeled beta cells in single islets demonstrates that beta cells present in a human islet are derived from multiple progenitors thus providing the first dynamic analysis of human islet formation during development. This human transgenic-like tool can be widely used to elucidate dynamic genetic processes in human tissue formation.
Formation and Absorption Spectrum of Copper Nanoparticles from the Radiolytic Reduction of Cu(CN)<sub>2</sub><sup>-</sup> (2000)

Colloidal copper particles (20−100 nm) are formed in the γ-irradiation of aqueous solutions of KCu(CN)2, which also contain methanol or 2-propanol as OH scavenger. The radiation chemical yield is of the order of 0.1 Cu atoms formed per 100 eV absorbed radiation energy and decreases with increasing concentration of excess KCN. A reduction mechanism is proposed, in which the hydrated electron reacts with Cu(CN)2-, whereas organic radicals attack a copper-I species, possibly colloidal Cu2O, present in low concentration by partial hydrolysis of Cu(CN)2-. Free copper atoms do not appear as intermediates in this mechanism. The optical absorption spectrum of Cu particles of different size is also reported; it contains the plasmon band in the 560−580 nm region and a UV band at 222 nm and becomes flatter with increasing particle size. The copper particles have almost spherical shape when formed at high irradiation dose rates but exhibit very pronounced polyhedra and rodlike contributions at low-dose rates.
ETosis: A Microbicidal Mechanism beyond Cell Death (2012)

Netosis is a recently described type of neutrophil death occurring with the release to the extracellular milieu of a lattice composed of DNA associated with histones and granular and cytoplasmic proteins. These webs, initially named neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), ensnare and kill microorganisms. Similarly, other cell types, such as eosinophils, mast cells, and macrophages, can also dye by this mechanism; thus, it was renamed as ETosis, meaning death with release of extracellular traps (ETs). Here, we review the mechanism of NETosis/etosis, emphasizing its role in diseases caused by protozoan parasites, fungi, and viruses.
Vector neural networks for digital satellite communications (2002)

Conventional techniques used for identification and equalization of nonlinear M-ary PSK digital satellite channels are based on linear or nonlinear filtering devices (e.g. tapped delay line equalizers, Volterra series approaches). This paper uses a new technique based on the vector neural network (VNN) and Kohonen (1989) self organizing feature map. We have used a VNN for adaptive equalization and identification of the satellite channel. The decision process is performed by a Kohonen map.