gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Metal dusting of nickel‐base alloys (1996)

Abstract Metal dusting, the disintegration of metallic materials into fine metal particles and graphite was studied on nickel, FeNi alloys and commercial Ni‐base alloys in COH 2 H 2 O mixtures at temperatures between 450–750°C. At carbon activities a c > 1 all metals can be destroyed into which carbon ingress is possible, high nickel alloys directly by graphite growth into and in the material, steels via the intermediate formation of instable carbide M 3 C. Protection is possible only by preventing carbon ingress. Chromium oxide formation is the best way of protection which is favoured by a high chromium concentration of the alloy and by a surface treatment which generates fast diffusion paths for the supply of chromium to the surface. The metal dusting behaviour of Alloy 600 is described in detail. A ranking of the metal dusting resistance of different commercial nickel‐base alloys was obtained by exposures at 650°C and 750°C.
Mannose-binding lectin and maladies of the bowel and liver (2006)

Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a pattern-recognition molecule that binds to characteristic carbohydrate motifs present on the surface of many different pathogens. MBL binding stimulates the immune system via the lectin pathway of complement activation. In certain clinical situations, often characterized by pre-existing immune compromise, MBL deficiency increases the risk of infectious and other disease-specific complications. Many of the key pathogenic processes inherent to common gastroenterological diseases, such as infection, immunological damage, and carcinogenesis, have been linked to MBL. This editorial reviews the biology of MBL, outlines key disease associations to document the breadth of influence of MBL, and finally, highlights the relevance of MBL to both gastroenterological health and disease.
Micromachined negative thermal expansion thin films (2004)

Materials with low coefficients of thermal expansion (CTE) are critically important in thin film design to create efficient bimorph actuators and to thermally stabilize structures of low stiffness. We report the first negative thermal expansion (NTE) material (zirconium tungstate) evaporated as a thin film and probe its CTE using a tunable curvature micromirror. The measured CTE of different films are a function of stoichiometry and annealing conditions and CTEs as low as -10/spl times/10/sup -6/ K/sup -1/ were measured. The measurements show no hysteresis after several annealing cycles. Additionally, data on optical constants, elastic modulus, film stoichiometry, and micromirror deflection have been obtained.
[Effects of anti-heparanase antibody on the growth and invasion of HCCLM6 human hepatocellular carcinoma cells]. (2009)

The P1 and P2 anti-heparanase polypeptide antibodies can effectively inhibit the invasion ability and heparanase activity of liver cancer HCCLM6 cells. However, All the three antibodies have no effects on its growth, cell cycle and clone formation.
Thermodynamics of DNA−RNA Heteroduplex Formation:  Effects of Locked Nucleic Acid Nucleotides Incorporated into the DNA Strand (2008)

A locked nucleic acid (LNA) monomer is a conformationally restricted nucleotide analogue exhibiting enhanced hybridization efficiency toward complementary strand. The potential of LNA-based oligonucleotides has been sought to improve the selectivity and specificity of probe sets employed in detection and specific targeting of nucleic acids. We have evaluated the influence of "locked nucleic acid" residues on hybridization thermodynamics, counterions and hydration of DNA.RNA heteroduplex using spectroscopic and calorimetric techniques. One to three LNA substitutions have been introduced either at the adenine (5'-AGCACCAG) or thymine (5'-TGCTCCTG) residues of the DNA strand. A complete thermodynamic profile for heteroduplex formation suggested that LNA-induced stabilization results from a favorable increase in the enthalpy of hybridization that compensates for the unfavorable entropy change. Analysis of differential scanning calorimetry data indicated a nonzero heat capacity change, DeltaCp, accompanying the heteroduplex formation. Isothermal titration calorimetry measurements indicated an increase in binding affinity of the two strands as the LNA content of the heteroduplex is increased. Overall our result demonstrated that the effect of LNA-substitution at the thymine residue is more pronounced compared to the adenine residue. Furthermore, optical melting studies showed that, compared to an unmodified duplex, the formation of LNA-modified duplex is accompanied by a higher uptake of counterions and a lower uptake of water molecules. Our result, thus, presents a preliminary attempt toward the characterization of hybridization thermodynamics of the LNA-based probe-target sets, which will in turn aid in the selection of optimal conditions for hybridization experiments, and evaluation of the minimum probe-length required for hybridization and cloning experiments.
Degradation of Vitamin E, Vitamin C, and Lutein in Soybean Homogenate: A Comparison of Normal Soybean and Lipoxygenase- Lacking (Triple-Null) Soybean (1998)

The degradation of antioxidative compounds such as vitamin E, vitamin C, and lutein in aqueous homogenate prepared from normal soybean seeds (L123) or lipoxygenase-lacking soybean seeds (triple-null mutant, L0) was investigated. In the normal soybean, these natural antioxidants decreased rapidly after homogenization. On the contrary, in the L0 soybean, vitamin E was hardly degraded, and vitamin C and lutein were slowly degraded in comparison with normal soybean. The radical [1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH)] scavenging activity of each soybean was determined using an ESR spectrometer, and it was shown that the scavenging activity of normal soybean was weakened after homogenization with water, whereas this reduction was not observed in L0 soybean. These results suggested that lipoxygenase-lacking soybean could become a superior food ingredient which improves not only the flavor of soybean products but also its nutritional quality and functionality. Keywords: Soybean; lipoxygenase; vitamin E; radical scavenging activity; Glycine max
Status Epilepticus: Risk Factors and Complications (2000)

Status epilepticus is common and associated with significant mortality and complications. It affects approximately 50 patients per 100,000 population annually and recurs in >13%. History of epilepsy is the strongest single risk factor for generalized convulsive status epilepticus. More than 15% of patients with epilepsy have at least one episode of status epilepticus and low antiepileptic drug levels are a potentially modifiable risk factor. Other risks include young age, genetic predisposition, and acquired brain insults. Fever is a very common risk in children, as is stroke in adults. Mortality rates are 15% to 20% in adults and 3% to 15% in children. Acute complications result from hyperthermia, pulmonary edema, cardiac arrhythmias, and cardiovascular collapse. Long-term complications include epilepsy (20% to 40%), encephalopathy (6% to 15%), and focal neurologic deficits (9% to 11%). Neuronal injury leading to temporal lobe epilepsy is probably mediated by excess excitation via activation of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors and consequent elevated intracellular calcium that causes acute necrosis and delayed apoptotic cell death. Some forms of nonconvulsive status epilepticus may also lead to neuronal injury by this mechanism, but others may not. Based on clinical and experimental observations, complex partial status epilepticus is more likely to result in neuronal injury similar to generalized convulsive status epilepticus. Absence status epilepticus is much less likely to result in neuronal injury, and complications because it may be mediated primarily through excess inhibition. Future research strategies to prevent complications of status epilepticus include the study of new drugs (including NMDA antagonists, new drug delivery systems, and drug combinations) to stop seizure activity and prevent acute and delayed neuronal injury that leads to the development of epilepsy.
Compressed sensing for OFDM/MIMO radar (2008)

In passive radar, two main challenges are: mitigating the direct blast, since the illuminators broadcast continuously, and achieving a large enough integration gain to detect targets. While the first has to be solved in part in the analog part of the processing chain, due to the huge difference of signal strength between the direct blast and weak target reflections, the second is about combining enough signal efficiently, while not sacrificing too much performance. When combining this setup with digital multicarrier waveforms like orthogonal frequency division multiplex (OFDM) in digital audio/video broadcast (DAB/DVB), this problem can be seen to be a version of multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) radar. We start with an existing approach, based on efficient fast Fourier transform (FFT) operation to detect target signatures, and show how this approach is related to a standard matched filter approach based on a piece-wise constant approximation of the phase rotation caused by Doppler shift. We then suggest two more applicable algorithms, one based on subspace processing and one based on sparse estimation. We compare these various approaches based on a detailed simulation scenario with two closing targets and experimental data recorded from a DAB network in Germany.
Pentylpyridinium Tribromide: A Vapor Pressure Free Room Temperature Ionic Liquid Analogue of Bromine (2004)

The synthesis and characterization of the room temperature ionic liquid pentylpyridinium tribromide (2) is described. Tribromide 2 was used as a vapor pressure free bromine analogue for the bromination of ketones, aromatics, alkenes, and alkynes. The brominations were carried out in the absence of organic solvents and in most cases the only extraction solvent needed was water. Selectivities and reactivities were shown to be superior to current protocols. The spent reagent pentylpyridinium bromide (1) was easily recycled.
Plasticity of pain. (2001)

The insistent signal of pain is a warning to the body of a threatening event. Painful sensations in the limbs and internal organs signal illness or injury, causing us to rest and thereby give the body's defence system a chance to eliminate the source of harm. On the other hand, prolonged tissue damage or injury often leads to chronic pain states such that noxious stimuli evoke hyperalgesia and innocuous tactile stimuli evoke pain or pain-related behavior (allodynia). The underlying mechanisms for these pathological conditions involve plastic changes in synaptic transmission in the spinal cord.
Differential Staining of DNA and RNA (1997)

Abstract Cell cycle analysis by means of differential staining of RNA and DNA permits determination of RNA content, which in turn allows one to discriminate G0 versus G1 cells and to detect cell differentiation. This unit presents two protocols for differential staining, one using the metachromatic dye acridine orange (AO) and the other a combination of pyronin Y (PY) and Hoechst 33342. Each method has its advantages and limitations, and the Hoechst‐PY method is not applicable to single‐laser instruments.
The optic flow field: the foundation of vision (1980)

As a basis for understanding the visual system, we need to consider the functions that vision has to perform, which are pre-eminently in the service of activity, and the circumstances in which it normally operates, namely when the head is moving. The fundamental ecological stimulus for vision is not a camera-like time-frozen image but a constantly changing optic array or flow field, the description of which must be in spatio-temporal terms. A mathematical analysis of the optic flow field is presented, revealing the informamtion that it affords for controlling activity - information both about the topography of the environment and about the movement of the organism relative to the environment. Results of human behavioral experiments are also reported. It is suggested that the optic flow field should be the starting point in attempting to discover the physiological workings of the visual system.
<title>Bootstrapping structured page segmentation</title> (2003)

In this paper, we present an approach to the bootstrap learning of a page segmentation model. The idea evolves from attempts to segment dictionaries that often have a consistent page structure, and is extended to the segmentation of more general structured documents. In cases of highly regular structure, the layout can be learned from examples of only a few pages. The system is first trained using a small number of samples, and a larger test set is processed based on the training result. After making corrections to a selected subset of the test set, these corrected samples are combined with the original training samples to generate bootstrap samples. The newly created samples are used to retrain the system, refine the learned features and resegment the test samples. This procedure is applied iteratively until the learned parameters are stable. Using this approach, we do not need to initially provide a large set of training samples. We have applied this segmentation to many structured documents such as dictionaries, phone books, spoken language transcripts, and obtained satisfying segmentation performance.
Power combiner for LINC amplifier (2005)

A power combiner for nonlinear amplifiers based on the Wilkinson circuit method using lumped elements is presented. Compared to existing designs, the third harmonics of the two different signals, fed into the two input ports of the circuit, are matched and decoupled as well. The circuit is described and theoretical and measured results are presented.
Mass spectrometry in biodefense (2008)

Potential agents for biological attacks include both microorganisms and toxins. In mass spectrometry (MS), rapid identification of potential bioagents is achieved by detecting the masses of unique biomarkers, correlated to each agent. Currently, proteins are the most reliable biomarkers for detection and characterization of both microorganisms and toxins, and MS-based proteomics is particularly well suited for biodefense applications. Confident identification of an organism can be achieved by top-down proteomics following identification of individual protein biomarkers from their tandem mass spectra. In bottom-up proteomics, rapid digestion of intact protein biomarkers is again followed by MS/MS to provide unambiguous bioagent identification and characterization. Bioinformatics obviates the need for culturing and rigorous control of experimental variables to create and use MS fingerprint libraries for various classes of bioweapons. For specific applications, MS methods, instruments and algorithms have also been developed for identification based on biomarkers other than proteins and peptides.
Role of the Testa in Preventing Cellular Rupture During Imbibition of Legume Seeds (1981)

Studies with the seeds of soybean, navy bean, pea, and peanut were made to determine the extent of leakage of intracellular enzymes during imbition. Embryos with intact testae from all four species were found to leak detectable activities of either intracellular enzymes of the cytosol (glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase) or enzymes found in both the cytosol and organelles (malate dehydrogenase, glutamate dehydrogenase, glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase, and NADP-isocitrate dehydrogenase) after 6 hours imbition at 25 C. Pea and peanut embryos with testae leaked considerably lower levels of activity for these enzymes than did those of soybean and bean. Leakage of mitochondrial marker enzymes (fumarase, cytochrome c oxidase, and adenylate kinase) was not detected from embryos with testae, suggesting that a differential diffusion of intracellular components out of cells occurred. Soybean and bean embryos without testae leaked high, and proportionally (per cent dry seed basis) similar, levels of all cytosol, cytosol-organelle, and mitochondrial marker enzymes and protein during imbibition, indicating that cell membranes were not differential to leakage and that they had ruptured. Pea and peanut embryos without testae leaked detectable activities of all cytosol and cytosol-organelle enzymes, although fumarase was the only detectable mitochondrial marker enzyme leaked, suggesting that some degree of differential leakage may have occurred in these species. The outermost layers of embryo cells of seeds without testae of all four species absorbed and sequestered the nonpermeating pigment Evan's blue after 5 to 15 minutes imbibition, indicating that membranes had ruptured. This occurred to a much lesser extent in seeds with intact testae. Both soybean and bean embryos without testae were observed to disintegrate during imbibition, whereas those of pea and peanut did not. These data indicate that seeds of certain legumes are susceptible to cellular rupture during imbibition when seed coats are damaged or missing.
[Rapid serodiagnosis of influenza by a modified radial haemolysis test: immune response (author's transl)]. (1980)

A modification of the single radial haemolysis test by treatment with Cl3Cr of the virus coated red blood cells is proposed for a rapid, more sensitive and reproducible serodiagnosis of Influenza infections. The reagents "red blood cells-virus-Cl3Cr" is stable at 4 degrees C for at least 1 month: the modified test gives results within 3 hours, in measuring the H-anti-H specific reactions. The anti-influenza A immune response was studied in patients of different age, bled at different time after exposure. The IgM do not diffuse in the agarose and do not haemolyse. A clear haemolytic area is produced by IgG, partially haemolysed areas occur when there is a competition between specific IgM and IgG and in the case of reactions involving cross-reacting antigenic determinants.
Smart ATM surveillance system (2016)

This paper presents an Automated Teller Machine (ATM) surveillance system which is a smart system based on embedded technology and incorporates various sensors to continuously monitor its surroundings for suspicious activities like physical attack, fraud and theft that might jeopardize the ATM and people nearby. Also discussed is the security and safety measures that can be implemented to prevent such raids by proper surveillance. This paper analyses the different forms of physical attacks on ATM's and discusses the methods that are used to detect the foray, commence proactive measures and tip-off officials through GSM network. We also discuss about the implementation of the proposed system, the sensors and the other supporting hardware that are being used to deploy this system. The proposed system thus heightens the security of ATM's against imminent attacks effectively.
Covalent binding of hydroxy-alkenals 4-HDDE, 4-HHE, and 4-HNE to ethanolamine phospholipid subclasses (2003)

Lipid oxidation is implicated in a wide range of pathophysiogical disorders, and leads to reactive compounds such as fatty aldehydes, of which the most well known is 4-hydroxy-2E-nonenal (4-HNE) issued from 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15-HpETE), an arachidonic acid (AA) product. In addition to 15-HpETE, 12(S)-HpETE is synthesized by 12-lipoxygenation of platelet AA. We first show that 12-HpETE can be degraded in vitro into 4-hydroxydodeca-(2E,6Z)-dienal (4-HDDE), a specific aldehyde homologous to 4-HNE. Moreover, 4-HDDE can be detected in human plasma. Second, we compare the ability of 4-HNE, 4-HDDE, and 4-hydroxy-2E-hexenal (4-HHE) from n-3 fatty acids to covalently modify different ethanolamine phospholipids (PEs) chosen for their biological relevance, namely AA- (20: 4n-6) or docosahexaenoic acid- (22:6n-3) containing diacyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (diacyl-GPE) and alkenylacyl-glycerophosphoethanolamine (alkenylacyl-GPE) molecular species. The most hydrophobic aldehyde used, 4-HDDE, generates more adducts with the PE subclasses than does 4-HNE, which itself appears more reactive than 4-HHE. Moreover, the aldehydes show higher reactivity toward alkenylacyl-GPE compared with diacyl-GPE, because the docosahexaenoyl-containing species are more reactive than those containing arachidonoyl. We conclude that the different PE species are differently targeted by fatty aldehydes: the higher their hydrophobicity, the higher the amount of adducts made. In addition to their antioxidant potential, alkenylacyl-GPEs may efficiently scavenge fatty aldehydes.
Analysis of Reduced Phosphorus in Samples of Environmental Interest (2005)

The combination of ion chromatography (IC) and inductively coupled plasma emission spectroscopy (ICP-ES) was used forthe sensitive and specific detection of hypophosphite (PO2), phosphite (PO3), methylphosphonic acid (MPA), and phosphate (PO4). Application of this technique to a wide range of environmental samples proved that reduced phosphorus was present in some situations including process water from thermal phosphorus plants, drinking water contacting cast iron, and phosphorus corrosion inhibitor used in water treatment and in sewage wastewater. Preliminary testing did not detect high concentrations of reduced phosphorus and phosphine in situations where it was previously reported to be very important, including anaerobic digesters in wastewater treatment plants. The new IC-ICP-ES technique is a promising tool for use in corrosion and soil research where phosphites are likely to be present.
Applications of rf fields and collision dynamics in atomic mass spectrometryThe opinions expressed in the following article are entirely those of the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the Royal Society of Chemistry, the Editor or the Editorial Board of JAAS. (2004)

Today, inhomogeneous, time dependent electric fields, created with suitable electrode arrangements, are used routinely in sophisticated machines for studying the structure and reactivity of atomic and molecular ions, clusters, and charged nanoparticles. This contribution first illustrates recent progress made in this field by briefly reviewing some fundamental experiments, performed with radiofrequency (rf) based electrode arrangements. The examples have been selected according to their potential relevance for mass spectrometry. They cover the study of integral and differential cross sections in octopoles, the determination of low temperature rate coefficients in multi-electrode systems, and laser induced reactions in traps. In addition to applications in basic research, the past decades have seen many activities in integrating ion guides and traps into instruments developed for analytical purposes. In early applications, rf fields were mainly utilized for confinement, transfer, mass selection, and phase space compression, while currently inelastic or reactive collisions with suitable neutral buffer gases are used in addition for improving the sensitivity and versatility of the instruments. In the field of atomic mass spectrometry the method is called the collision and reaction cell technique or mass spectrometry with a dynamic reaction cell. The strategy is to systematically utilize ion–molecule reactions for changing the mass of isobaric species or polyatomic ions interfering with the element of interest. It is the aim of this paper to tentatively analyze some of the related applications and to evaluate the potential of reaction dynamics and rf-based devices for improving the sensitivity in elemental and isotope analysis. It is concluded that for processes where energy is required (e.g., for collision induced dissociation or endothermic reactions), one should make use of a guided ion beam with well defined kinetic energy, while in the case of exothermic reactions, a thermalized ensemble, especially at cryogenic temperatures, is probably the best choice. Generally applicable methods are the change of mass by deuteration or ternary association reactions with rare gases.