gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
3D evolution of sand fracture under 1D compression (2014)

Three-dimensional (3D) synchrotron microtomography (SMT) and the discrete-element method (DEM) were used to investigate the evolution of particle fracture and deformation behaviour of a granular assembly subjected to the k 0 -loading condition. A series of one-dimensional (1D) compression laboratory experiments were first conducted to better understand the effect of specimen aspect ratio (height-to-diameter ratio, H/D) on deformation behaviour, which demonstrated that changing the specimen aspect ratio influences the stress–strain response of sand. 1D compression was simulated using a 3D DEM model by mapping particle positions from SMT images. Crushable sand particles were modelled in DEM using agglomerates of spherical sub-particles that were bonded by parallel bonds. The DEM model successfully predicted the compressive behaviour of specimens with different aspect ratios. The experimental and DEM results show that the onset of particle fracture and specimen yielding occur at the same strain level. The evolution and distribution of particle fracture were analysed non-destructively at the particle and specimen scales using SMT images and the DEM model. The SMT images revealed that the majority of the particle fracture occurred in particles close to the loading platen. The onset of the fracture pattern of individual sand particles within the granular assembly was also examined at consecutive strain levels using SMT images and DEM simulation results. The development and collapse of force chains were investigated using the DEM model and it was observed that the agglomerates that are part of a strong force chain mostly experience bond breakages. Combining SMT imaging technique and DEM simulations provided valuable insight into complex micromechanical processes occurring during the compression of crushable granular materials.
Identification of variant alleles at AmpFlSTR SGM Plus STR loci in a sample population of Bangladesh (2008)

DNA profiles obtained from 442 individuals using AmpFlSTR® SGM Plus™ PCR amplification kit (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA, USA) were screened for variant alleles not included within allelic ladder provided by the manufacturer. A total of 5 distinct variants were identified at 3 of the 10 European core STR loci tested. This study identified one variant at D16S539 locus (allele 7), two variants at D21S11 locus (allele 29.3 and 34.1) and two other rare variants at D19S433 locus (allele 11.2 and 18). Of these 5 alleles, variant 29.3 and 34.1 found at D21S11 have been previously reported in Caucasians and African Americans. The rest three variants (allele 7 at D16S539, allele 11.2 and 18 at D19S433) have been separately reported in STRBase (http://www.cstl.nist.gov/biotech/strbase), but no published reports are available. All these alleles fell within the allelic range of the allelic ladder except allele 18 at D19S433 locus, which fell outside the range.
Surface characterization and stability phenomena in Li<sub>2</sub>FeSiO<sub>4</sub>studied by PES/XPS (2006)

Photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) has been used to characterise the surface of Li2FeSiO4 cathodes extracted from lithium-ion batteries. Pristine, uncycled, air-exposed electrodes were first analysed and found to carry significantly greater amounts of Li2CO3 on their surfaces than electrodes stored under inert atmosphere. The surface film formed on electrochemical cycling of Li2FeSiO4 electrodes at 60 °C using a LiN(SO2CF3)2 salt based electrolyte revealed high salt stability and only small amounts of solvent reaction products. These were mainly of Li-carboxylate type; neither carbonates nor LiF were found. The excellent capacity retention (<3% over 120 cycles) and minimal irreversible capacity during the first cycle are probably a direct result of this very thin surface film. Li2FeSiO4 must therefore be seen as a most promising (and potentially cheap) positive electrode material for future large-scale Li-ion battery applications.
Reflective ghost imaging through turbulence (2011)

Recent work has indicated that ghost imaging may have applications in standoff sensing. However, most theoretical work has addressed transmission-based ghost imaging. To be a viable remote-sensing system, the ghost imager needs to image rough-surfaced targets in reflection through long, turbulent optical paths. We develop, within a Gaussian-state framework, expressions for the spatial resolution, image contrast, and signal-to-noise ratio of such a system. We consider rough-surfaced targets that create fully developed speckle in their returns and Kolmogorov-spectrum turbulence that is uniformly distributed along all propagation paths. We address both classical and nonclassical optical sources, as well as a computational ghost imager.
Titanium Nitride/Carbon Coatings on Graphite Fibers (1997)

Titanium nitride (TiN) coatings were applied to graphite‐fiber tows by dip coating desized (900°C in nitrogen) fibers in hexane solutions containing 0.5, 1, or 2 equivalent wt% TiN as the precursor, [Ti(NMe 2 ) x (μ–NCHMe 2 ) 4−2x ] n . The precursor was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), chemical analysis, and nuclear magnetic resonance. Bulk samples of precursor were heated to selected temperatures in argon. Based on microstructural and chemical analyses, two pyrolysis temperatures— 900°C and 1200°C— were selected for more‐detailed studies predicated on fiber oxidation‐resistance behavior. At 900°C, the bulk material exhibited a powder X‐ray diffractometry (XRD) pattern consistent with microcrystalline TiN, although some free carbon remained. XRD analysis of the samples pyrolyzed to 1200°C indicated a higher degree of crystallinity and some carbon incorporation in the TiN lattice; e.g., a TiCN solid solution forms, as supported by chemical and TGA analyses. Fibers coated with precursor were heated at a rate of 10°C/min in argon to selected temperatures, followed by a hold for 1 h, and the resulting coatings were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy, and oxidation resistance at 700°C for 2 h in air. Coated fibers pyrolyzed to 900° and 1200°C were studied in detail. Fibers heat treated at 900°C exhibited better oxidation resistance than fibers pretreated at 1200°C, as determined by mass loss. Uncoated fiber tows fully oxidized after 80 min. The oxidation‐resistance studies on fiber tows pretreated at 900°C and coated with 0.5, 1, and 2 equivalent wt% TiN indicated that the sample with a coating of 1 wt%, with thicknesses of 0.1–0.2 μm, was the most stable. The coatings of 0.5 equivalent wt% TiN were irregular, whereas the coatings of 2 equivalent wt% TiN exhibited process‐related cracking, leading to poor oxidation resistance.
Genome-Wide Association Analysis of Blood Biomarkers in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (2012)

Distant genetic loci and biomarker-coding genes affect circulating levels of COPD-related pneumoproteins. A subset of these protein quantitative trait loci may influence their gene expression in the lung and/or COPD susceptibility. Clinical trial registered with www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT 00292552).
Bimodal expression of heparin-binding EGF-like growth factor in colonic neoplasms. (2001)

Our results demonstrated the bimodal expression of HB-EGF in colonic neoplasms and suggested that HB-EGF may play a role in colonic carcinogenesis and at an early phase of the progression of colonic adenocarcinoma.
Detecting outliers using transduction and statistical testing (2006)

Outlier detection can uncover malicious behavior in fields like intrusion detection and fraud analysis. Although there has been a significant amount of work in outlier detection, most of the algorithms proposed in the literature are based on a particular definition of outliers (e.g., density-based), and use ad-hoc thresholds to detect them. In this paper we present a novel technique to detect outliers with respect to an existing clustering model. However, the test can also be successfully utilized to recognize outliers when the clustering information is not available. Our method is based on Transductive Confidence Machines, which have been previously proposed as a mechanism to provide individual confidence measures on classification decisions. The test uses hypothesis testing to prove or disprove whether a point is fit to be in each of the clusters of the model. We experimentally demonstrate that the test is highly robust, and produces very few misdiagnosed points, even when no clustering information is available. Furthermore, our experiments demonstrate the robustness of our method under the circumstances of data contaminated by outliers. We finally show that our technique can be successfully applied to identify outliers in a noisy data set for which no information is available (e.g., ground truth, clustering structure, etc.). As such our proposed methodology is capable of bootstrapping from a noisy data set a clean one that can be used to identify future outliers.
Assigning modules to processors in linear arrays and rings (2003)

The authors concentrate on linear arrays and unidirectional rings of distributed processors. They are able to derive a modeling technique that transforms the assignment problem for a linear array into a minimum-cut maximum-flow problem. They also show that the assignment problem for a unidirectional ring is equivalent to the assignment problem for an appropriately defined linear array. Thus, the authors are able to solve the assignment problem in time bounded by a polynomial in the number of processors in the linear array or the unidirectional ring. >
Construct three-dimensional route from blueprint image of building (2008)

A method of route retrieving in the three-dimensional building is introduced in this paper. With the method, a single pixel width hallway path is computed from blue print image, and then a weighted route graph is generated by segmenting the path into edges and integrating the compartments as nodes. The prototype system has verified the method is effective and pragmatic in the route retrieving application.
An algal photoenzyme converts fatty acids to hydrocarbons (2017)

Although many organisms capture or respond to sunlight, few enzymes are known to be driven by light. Among these are DNA photolyases and the photosynthetic reaction centers. Here, we show that the microalga <i>Chlorella variabilis</i> NC64A harbors a photoenzyme that acts in lipid metabolism. This enzyme belongs to an algae-specific clade of the glucose-methanol-choline oxidoreductase family and catalyzes the decarboxylation of free fatty acids to n-alkanes or -alkenes in response to blue light. Crystal structure of the protein reveals a fatty acid-binding site in a hydrophobic tunnel leading to the light-capturing flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) cofactor. The decarboxylation is initiated through electron abstraction from the fatty acid by the photoexcited FAD with a quantum yield >80%. This photoenzyme, which we name fatty acid photodecarboxylase, may be useful in light-driven, bio-based production of hydrocarbons.
Receptor-Binding Properties of a Soluble Form of Human Cytomegalovirus Glycoprotein B (1998)

The human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) glycoprotein B (gB) (also known as gpUL55) homolog is an important mediator of virus entry and cell-to-cell dissemination of infection. To examine the potential ligand-binding properties of gB, a soluble form of gB (gB-S) was radiolabeled, purified, and tested in cell-binding experiments. Binding of gB-S to human fibroblast cells was found to occur in a dose-dependent, saturable, and specific manner. Scatchard analysis demonstrated a biphasic plot with the following estimated dissociation constants (Kd): Kd1, 4.96 x 10(-6) M; Kd2, 3.07 x 10(-7) M. Cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) were determined to serve as one class of receptors able to facilitate gB-S binding. Both HSPG-deficient Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells and fibroblast cells with enzymatically removed HSPGs had 40% reductions in gB-S binding, whereas removal of chondroitin sulfate had no effect. However, a significant proportion of gB-S was able to associate with the cell surface in the absence of HSPGs via an undefined nonheparin component. Binding affinity analysis of gB-S binding to wild-type CHO-K1 cells demonstrated biphasic binding kinetics (Kd1, 9.85 x 10(-6) M; Kd2, 4.03 x 10(-8) M), whereas gB-S binding to HSPG-deficient CHO-677 cells exhibited single-component binding kinetics (Kd, 7.46 x 10(-6) M). Together, these data suggest that gB-S associates with two classes of cellular receptors. The interaction of gB with its receptors is physiologically relevant, as evidenced by an inhibitory effect on HCMV entry when cells were pretreated with purified gB-S. This inhibition was determined to be manifested at the level of virus attachment. We conclude that gB is a ligand for HCMV that mediates an interaction with a cellular receptor(s) during HCMV infection.
Spin pumping and inverse spin Hall voltages from dynamical antiferromagnets (2017)

The real benefit of antiferromagnets is that they can enable terahertz spintronic circuits. Spin pumping is a versatile tool for generating pure spin currents and probing spin dynamics. The high antiferromagnetic resonance frequencies represent a challenge for experimental detection, but magnetic fields can reduce these resonance frequencies. The authors compute the inverse spin Hall voltages resulting from dynamical spin excitations. They suggest practical opportunities that will significantly enhance the spin pumping and inverse spin Hall voltage for the uniaxial antiferromagnets MnF${}_{2}$ and FeF${}_{2}$.
cis andtrans Forms of a Binuclear Subphthalocyanine (2002)

The structures of cis and trans forms of a binuclear subphthalocyanine (SubPc) have been determined by X-ray crystallography (see pictures). Electronic absorption and magnetic circular dichrosim spectra of these dimers are similar in shape, but the Q band of the trans isomer appears at longer wavelength than that of the cis isomer by about 3–4 nm.
Synthesis of the diborylated ferrocene 1,1'-bis-(bis-pentafluorophenylboryl)ferrocene and the X-ray structure of its trimethylphosphine adduct (2001)

The diborylated ferrocene compound 1,1'-Fc[B(C 6 F 5 ) 2 ] 2 (2) was prepared via a transmetallation reaction involving 1,1'-Fc(HgCl) 2 and two equivalents of ClB(C 6 F 5 ) 2 . Although this reaction is very clean spectroscopically, isolated yields of 2 were never greater than 40% owing to the high solubility of the compound in non-donor solvents. Compound 2 is similar in its properties to the related monoborylated complex FcB(C 6 F 5 ) 2 (1) reported previously, particularly the UVvis spectrum, which exhibits an intense charge transfer absorption (λ max = 233 nm, ε = 1.64 × 10 4 ) assignable to an Fe dz 2 / dx 2  y 2 [Formula: see text] B p transition. However, 2, is significantly more Lewis acidic than 1, reacting with weak donors such as acetonitrile at room temperature, and effecting methide abstraction from Cp 2 ZrMe 2 under mild conditions. Complex 2 also forms a bis(trimethylphosphine) adduct (3), which was structurally characterized via X-ray crystallography.Key words: organoboranes, ferrocene derivatives, multidentate Lewis acids.
Synthesis of Piperoyl Coenzyme A Thioester (1987)

Piperoyl-CoA, a potential intermediate in the biosynthesis of piperine. the pungent principle of pepper, was synthesized via N-succinimidyl piperate and subsequent transesterification with CoA- SH. UV-spectrophotometry of the HPLC-purified compound revealed, besides a maximum at 260 nm, a pronounced second absorption maximum at 368 nm due to the thioester linkage for which, as determined via the Fe 3+ -complex of piperoyl hydroxamate and with [ 14 C]piperoyl-CoA, a molar extinction coefficient of 30.8 × 10 6 [cn 2 mol -1 ] was calculated.
Application of Recursive Estimation and Kalman Filtering to Doppler Tracking (1970)

The techniques of recursive estimation and Kalman filtering are applied to the problem of estimation of space vehicle orbits and trajectories using only measurements of the Doppler shifts in radio signals transmitted by or reflected from the target. Two approaches are described. One is a global fit technique in which the parameters of an assumed trajectory model are estimated. The second is a pointwise mapping technique in which the trajectory estimate is extrapolated as the target tracking data is received. The paper provides a tutorial illustration of the direct application of recursive optimization techniques to a class of engineering problems.
A regional registration method to find corresponding mass lesions in temporal mammogram pairs (2005)

In this paper we develop an automatic regional registration method to find corresponding masses on prior and current mammograms. The method contains three steps. In the first, we globally align both images. Then, for each mass lesion on the current view, we define a search area on the prior view, which is likely to contain the same mass lesion. Third, at each location in this search area we calculate a registration measure to quantify how well this location matches the mass lesion on the current view. Finally we select the best location. To determine the performance of our method we compare it to several other registration methods. On a dataset of 389 temporal mass pairs our method correctly links 82% of prior and current mass lesions, whereas other methods achieve at most 72%.
Stereoselective pharmacokinetics of ketamine: R(–)-Ketamine inhibits the elimination of S(+)-ketamine (2001)

These results demonstrate that R(-)-ketamine inhibits the elimination of S(+)-ketamine.
<title>Efficient end-to-end feature-based system for SAR ATR</title> (1998)

In this paper we discuss an end-to-end system for SAR automatic target recognition (ATR), giving particular emphasis to the discrimination and classification stages. The ATR system employs a three sequential stage approach to reduce complexity: a detection stage, a discrimination stage, and a classification stage. Details of the detection stage were presented previously. The target discrimination and classification methods, which we present here, involve extracting rotationally and translationally invariant features from the Radon transform of target chips. The methods are applied in both isolated and complete end-to-end systems on the TESAR baseline SAR database distributed by the U.S. Army Research Laboratory and in isolation using the public MSTAR database. The performance results on these SAR datasets are presented.
Investigation of plasma-induced damage in silicon trench etching (2016)

In this study, we investigated the plasma-induced damage in silicon trench etching. The damage was measured by detecting the dark current, which was a very small leakage current thermally generated from silicon crystal defects. The results indicated that both the amount and depth of the sidewall damage in the trenches were almost the same as those of the bottom damage. From the results of analysis and simulation, we considered that the crystal defects inducing isotropic damage were mainly formed by hydrogen ions diffusing in the silicon trenches.
Demonstration of blazing effect in second ordergratings under resonant condition (1994)

Surface-emitting InGaAs/AlGaAs lasers with a second order blazed surface grating as one feedback element were fabricated using electron beam lithography and chemically assisted ion beam etching. A strong dependence of the surface emission efficiency on the grating orientation was observed.
Antibacterial Strategies for Titanium Biomaterials (2015)

Titanium and titanium based alloys are widely used in dentistry and orthopedics to replace hard tissue and to mend broken bones. It has become a material of choice due to its low density, high strength, good biocompatibility and its capacity to integrate closely with the bone. Today, modern materials and surgical techniques can enable patients to live longer, and aid in maintaining or regaining mobility for a more fulfilling life. There are, however, instances where implants fail, and one of the primary causes for implant failure is infection. This thesis deals with two possible ways of reducing or eliminating implant associated infections; TiO2 photocatalysis, where a surface can become antibacterial upon irradiation with UV light; and incorporation of silver, where a subsequent release of silver metal ions result in an antibacterial effect. For the TiO2 photocatalysis strategy, a simple and cost effective chemical oxidation technique, using hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and water, was used to create an active TiO2 surface on titanium substrates. This surface was shown to effectively degrade an organic model substance (rhodamine B) by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) under UV illumination. However, it was shown that Ti-peroxy radical species remaining in the surface after the H2O2-oxidation process, rather than generation of ROS from a heterogeneous photocatalytic process, was responsible for the effect. This discovery was further exploited in a TiO2/H2O2/UV system, which demonstrated synergy effects in both rhodamine B degradation tests and in antibacterial assays. For the silver ion release strategy, a combinatorial materials science approach was employed. Binary Ag-Ti oxide gradients were co-deposited in a reactive (O2) environment using a custom built physical vapor deposition system, and evaluated for antibacterial properties. The approach enabled synthesis and composition-structure-property evaluation unlikely to have been achieved by traditional means, and the gradient coatings demonstrated antibacterial properties against both S. aureus and S. epidermidis according to silver ion release. The release was shown to depend more on structural features, such as surface area, crystallinity and oxidation state, than on composition. Ag-Ti oxide gradients were also evaluated under UV illumination, as Ag deposits on crystalline TiO2 can enhance photocatalytic properties. In this work, however, the TiO2 was amorphous and UV illumination caused a slight reduction in the antibacterial effect of silver ions. This was attributed to a UV-induced SOS response in the S. epidermidis bacteria. The results of this thesis demonstrate that both TiO2 photocatalysis, or UV induced activation of Ti-peroxy radical species, as well as incorporation of silver are viable antibacterial strategies for titanium biomaterials. However, their clinical applications are still pending risk-benefit analyses of potential adverse host tissue responses.
Access algorithms for packetized transmission in the presence of co-channel interference (2002)

Packetized access has some potential advantages over conventional circuit-switched based access methods because several signal sources can share the same radio channel using statistical multiplexing. We consider radio resource assignment algorithms for packetized access in the presence of co-channel interference. It is found that the advantage of packetized access is significantly limited by frequency reuse. We propose measurement-based adaptive MAC (medium access control) algorithms to improve packet-access efficiency. Computer simulations based on the example of packetized voice have confirmed that the proposed packet access protocols can support at least twice as many active users per radio port as that supported by circuit access under the same interference conditions.