gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Nonuniform conduction in B-doped chemical vapor deposited diamond studied by intra- and intergrain measurements (1997)

Current–voltage (I–V) measurements are performed on a B-doped polycrystalline diamond film chemically vapor deposited on commercially available 170-μm-thick undoped and polished polycrystalline diamond. Four-probe resistivity measurements in the temperature range of 7–200 °C, potential profile measurements across a few grains in the current range of 10−6–10−4 A, and two-probe I–V measurements within a single grain and across an individual grain boundary show that: (i) current flow is nonuniform and is affected by current level, (ii) potential barriers exist at the grain boundaries, and (iii) the probe contacts are Ohmic when the probes are placed on rough microstructures. Based on the grain size distribution, a simple model that distinguishes between conduction paths made of large grains and small grains is used to interpret these results.
Ultrastructural Change of Enamel Exposed to a Normal Pulsed IMd-YAG Laser (1995)

The ultrastructural changes of the enamel surface occurring due to normal pulsed Nd-YAG laser irradiation were examined by scanning electron microscopy. The melted and recrystallized enamel in the lased enamel surface was observed. A coalescence of enamel globules was caused by 10 pulses of laser irradiation. In the case of excessively repeated irradiation (3 applications of 10 pulses), new particles of enamel crystal were produced which had a larger size than the original and measured about 0.2-1.0 microns in diameter. In some portions, large-sized hexagonal particles were also observed. In fractured surfaces of enamel, the shapes of the new particles of enamel crystal varied and included granules, needles and columns. The column structure had various appearances such as being well packed, along with piled granules and hollow columns, as well as having intercrystal or intracrystal voids. It was suggested that a distinctive polygonal column shape of more than 2 microns in length might be formed in the process of homogeneous melting at high temperatures followed by uniform cooling and contraction. The recrystallized layer demonstrated significant acid resistance but was a little fragile. These results greatly support the hypothesis that a larger crystal size may cause acid resistance in enamel exposed to pulsed laser.
Light-induced wettability changes on polymer surfaces (2014)

Altering the surface wettability by external stimulation has received great attention recently. While different stimuli, such as temperature, pH, etc. can be applied for this purpose, light combines several advantages. It is a contact-free stimulation, which can be applied locally, thereby allowing a versatile patterning. This review article summarizes recent developments in the area of polymers that allow a light-induced change in surface wettability. For this purpose, different photochromic dyes have been incorporated into polymers, which enable a photo-isomerization upon light irradiation resulting in a change in polarity. Several examples based on azobenzene or spiropyran will be discussed, but also some more exotic examples, such as those based on salicylideneaniline, will be highlighted. The different approaches how to apply these photochromic dyes to various surfaces are presented and discussed. Additionally, the combination with other stimuli-responsive moieties will be explored and the paper will be concluded by mentioning the remaining challenges and by providing a future perspective.
Plasma polymerized methylsilane. III. Process optimization for 193 nm lithography applications (2000)

New photoresists and processes are required for sub 0.15 μm design rules, and currently an important effect is on-going for single layer resist optimization at 193 nm. Top surface imaging can be an interesting alternative approach. An all dry chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process based on plasma polymerized methylsilane (PPMS) or plasma polymerized dimethylsilane (PP2MS) provides a thin conformal and photosensitive layer at 193 nm. A thin amorphous film of Si–Si bonded material is deposited using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) with methylsilane or dimethylsilane as the gas precursor. Upon 193 nm exposure under air, photoinduced oxidation of the CVD resist occurs, generating a latent image. The image is then developed in a chlorine-based plasma (which removes the unexposed areas), providing a negative tone process. This mask can be used to pattern a thick organic underlayer to provide a general bilevel process. Lithographic results on both a 193 microstepper as well as a full field production stepper are presented: resolution down to 0.10 μm equal L/S was obtained. A preliminary comparison between PPMS and PP2MS materials is presented, including Fourier-transform infrared results, stability of the films in air and lithographic performance including line edge roughness.
Aprepitant: An oral NK1 antagonist for the prevention of nausea andvomiting induced by highly emetogenic chemotherapy (2004)

This paper reviews the clinical profile of aprepitant, the first neurokinin-1 (NK(1)) receptor antagonist to be approved for use in the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting. When given to patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy, aprepitant in combination with a 5-hydroxytryptamine type-3 (5HT(3)) receptor antagonist and a corticosteroid provides significantly improved protection from chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting over that which has been previously achievable with current antiemetics.
1,000 structures and more from the MCSG (2011)

Although the focus of the PSI was structural coverage, many of the structures solved by the MCSG can also be associated with functional classes and biological roles of possible biomedical value.
Synthesis of CdSe and CdTe Nanocrystals without Precursor Injection (2005)

With high quality and in high yield: The synthesis presented here affords CdSe and CdTe semiconductor nanocrystals without the need of a precursor injection. It allows the detailed control of the size and shape of the nanocrystals, as can be seen from the tetrahedral CdSe nanocrystals that have been prepared (TEM image). The method is suitable for industrial-scale preparations.
Surveillance Network for Herpes Simplex Virus Resistance to Antiviral Drugs: 3-Year Follow-Up (2004)

Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections are very common in the general population and among immunocompromised patients. Acyclovir (ACV) is an effective treatment which is widely used. We deemed it essential to conduct a wide and coordinated survey of the emergence of ACV-resistant HSV strains. We have formed a network of 15 virology laboratories which have isolated and identified, between May 1999 and April 2002, HSV type 1 (HSV-1) and HSV-2 strains among hospitalized subjects. The sensitivity of each isolate to ACV was evaluated by a colorimetric test (C. Danve, F. Morfin, D. Thouvenot, and M. Aymard, J. Virol. Methods 105:207-217, 2002). During this study, 3900 isolated strains among 3357 patients were collected; 55% of the patients were immunocompetent. Only six immunocompetent patients excreted ACV-resistant HSV strains (0.32%), including one female patient not treated with ACV who was infected primary by an ACV-resistant strain. Among the 54 immunocompromised patients from whom ACV-resistant HSV strains were isolated (3.5%), the bone marrow transplantation patients showed the highest prevalence of resistance (10.9%), whereas among patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus, the prevalence was 4.2%. In 38% of the cases, the patients who excreted the ACV-resistant strains were treated with foscarnet (PFA), and 61% of them developed resistance to PFA. The collection of a large number of isolates enabled an evaluation of the prevalence of resistance of HSV strains to antiviral drugs to be made. This prevalence has remained stable over the last 10 years, as much among immunocompetent patients as among immunocompromised patients.
Augmentation of Natural Killer Cell and Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity in BALB/c Mice by Sulforaphane, a Naturally Occurring Isothiocyanate from Broccoli through Enhanced Production of Cytokines IL-2 and IFN-γ (2006)

Effect of sulforaphane on cell-mediated immune (CMI) response was studied in normal as well as Ehrlich ascites tumor-bearing BALB/c mice. Administration of sulforaphane significantly enhanced natural killer (NK) cell activity in both normal as well as tumor-bearing animals, and the activity was observed earlier than in tumor-bearing control animals. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) also was enhanced significantly in both normal as well as tumor-bearing animals after sulforaphane administration compared with untreated control tumor-bearing animals. An early antibody-dependent complement-mediated cytotoxicity (ACC) also was observed in sulforaphane-treated normal and tumor-bearing animals. Administration of sulforaphane significantly enhanced the production of Interleukin-2 and Interferon-gamma in normal as well as tumor-bearing animals. In addition, sulforaphane significantly enhanced the proliferation of splenocytes, bone marrow cells, and thymocytes by stimulating the mitogenic potential of various mitogens such as concanavalin A, phytohaemagglutinin, poke weed mitogen, and lipopolysaccharide.
Integrin-linked kinase in renal disease: connecting cell–matrix interaction to the cytoskeleton (2005)

Integrin-linked kinase has emerged as a key player at the interface between extracellular matrix, integrins, actin-based cytoskeleton and cellular phenotype in kidney diseases. Future studies focusing on interacting molecules and modification of integrin-linked kinase function in vivo will better define the role of cell matrix signalling in progressive renal failure.
Ubiquitin protein ligase 3 mediates the proteasomal degradation of <scp>GLABROUS</scp> 3 and <scp>ENHANCER OF GLABROUS</scp> 3, regulators of trichome development and flavonoid biosynthesis in <scp>A</scp>rabidopsis (2013)

Ubiquitin/26S proteasome (UPS)-dependent proteolysis of a variety of cellular proteins plays an essential role in many basic cellular processes. UPS impacts transcriptional regulation by controlling the stability, and thus the activity, of numerous transcription factors (TFs). In Arabidopsis, trichome development and flavonoid metabolism are intimately connected, and several TFs have been identified that simultaneously control both processes. Here we show that UPS-dependent proteolysis of two of these TFs, GLABROUS 3 (GL3) and ENHANCER OF GL3 (EGL3), is mediated by ubiquitin protein ligase 3 (UPL3). Cell-free degradation and in planta stabilization assays in the presence of MG132, an inhibitor of proteasome activity, demonstrated that the degradation of GL3 and EGL3 proteins is 26S UPS-dependent. Yeast- or protoplast-based two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescent complementation assays showed that GL3 and EGL3 interact via their C-terminal domains with the N-terminal portion of UPL3. Moreover, both TFs are stabilized and show increased activities in a upl3 mutant background. Gene expression analyses revealed that UPL3 expression is negatively affected by mutation in the gl3 locus, but is moderately upregulated by the overexpression of GL3, suggesting the presence of a regulatory loop involving GL3 and UPL3. Our findings underscore the importance of post-translational controls in epidermal cell differentiation and flavonoid metabolism.
Potential of silver pomfret (Pampus argenteus) as a new candidate species for aquaculture (2008)

Research on developing the culture technology for the silver pomfret Pampus argenteus Euphrasen was initiated for the fi rst time during 1998 by the Mariculture and Fisheries Department (MFD) of Kuwait Institute for Scientifi c Research (KISR) and succeeded in larval rearing of this species with the eggs collected from the wild (Almatar et al., 2000). Since then several investigations have been carried out at MFD, Kuwait, relevant to hatchery larval rearing (Al-Abdul-Elah 2001), feed requirement and growth under tank culture conditions (Cruz et al., 2000; Almatar and James 2007), breeding under domesticated culture conditions (James and Almatar 2007) and health management (Azad et al., 2007) of this species. In more recent years, during 2005, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute and Shanghai Fisheries University in China have initiated research on the culture of silver pomfret and has succeeded in the larval rearing of this species based on the eggs collected from the wild (personal communication, Huang Xu-xiong, Shanghai Fisheries University, China). Other countries in Asia are also showing interest in developing the culture technology for this species because of its depleting wild stock, market demand and high price.
Lipophilic 2,5-Disubstituted Pyrroles from the Marine Sponge <i>Mycale</i> sp. Inhibit Mitochondrial Respiration and HIF-1 Activation (2009)

The lipid extract of the marine sponge Mycale sp. inhibited the activation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) in a human breast tumor T47D cell-based reporter assay. Bioassay-guided isolation and structure elucidation yielded 18 new lipophilic 2,5-disubstituted pyrroles and eight structurally related known compounds. The active compounds inhibited hypoxia-induced HIF activation with moderate potency (IC50 values <10 microM). Mechanistic studies revealed that the active compounds suppressed mitochondrial respiration by blocking NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase (complex I) at concentrations that inhibited HIF-1 activation. Under hypoxic conditions, reactive oxygen species produced by mitochondrial complex III are believed to act as a signal of cellular hypoxia that leads to HIF-1alpha protein induction and activation. By inhibiting electron transport (or delivery) to complex III under hypoxic conditions, lipophilic Mycale pyrroles appear to disrupt mitochondrial ROS-regulated HIF-1 signaling.
Design criteria for Kapuni field facilities (1969)

This paper describes the major design criteria for the facilities at the Kapuni gas field, including the low temperature separators and well-site facilities, the Kapuni production station and tank farm, pumping facilities, the condensate pipeline, the New Plymouth terminal, the Paritutu tank farm, the tanker loading line, the deballasting facility, and firefighting equipment.
A Functional Full-Scale Heat Exchanger Coated with Aluminum Fumarate Metal–Organic Framework for Adsorption Heat Transformation (2017)

Metal–organic frameworks represent a class of microporous adsorbents with high application potential for adsorption heat transformation. Here, we present a functional, full-scale heat exchanger coated with the microporous aluminum fumarate MOF Basolite A520 using a polysiloxane-based binding agent. The function of the heat exchanger was evaluated resulting in a gross cooling power of 2900 W (at the beginning of the adsorption cycle) or, respectively an average cooling power of 690 W (up to a limit of 90% equilibrium loading in 7 min) under the working conditions of a realistic adsorption chiller of 90 °C – 30 °C – 18 °C (temperature level of heat source, heat rejection/condenser, and evaporator).
A DRM SYSTEM FOR GRADING AND PARTIALLY USABLE CONTENTS BASED ON INTERVAL TWO-DIMENSIONAL HASH CHAIN (2007)

One-way chain is an important cryptographic primitive in many security applications. Advantages of one-way chain are that can be generated by low-powered processors within milliseconds using one-way function, and processors can compute a sequence by means of starting value. However, the drawback of one-way chain is that this cannot control to compute interval values of one-way chain. That is, when hash values in one-way chain are used as encryption keys, if one hash value in one-way chain is compromised to an attacker, then the attacker can compute other encryption keys from the compromised key (hash value) using hash function. Therefore, one-way chain hardly applies to encryption scheme, such as pay per view system and DRM system. In this paper, we propose a new concept which is called interval hash chain using a hash function. In particular, proposed hash chain is made for only computing interval hash values by using two different hash chains. We then proceed to use contents encryption scheme to get grading and partial using contents in DRM system.
Determination of the Thermal Conductivity of Dielectric Thin Films through Experimental Measurement and Crystallographic Analysis (2013)

The prediction and measurement of the thermal conductivity, k, of crystalline materials, particularly in those with nano-scaled structural features, continues to pose a challenge to the heat transfer community. One difficulty arises in the correlation of experimental data with the theoretically calculated, direction-specific phonon dispersion characteristics that determine thermal conductivity, such as heat capacity and group velocity. k is often considered a scalar quantity, which implicitly assumes three-dimensional isotropic behavior, e.g., k of wurtzite (hexagonal) aluminum nitride at room temperature is considered to be 320 W/m.K. Although, simultaneously, it is acknowledged that the phonon transport characteristics within crystalline materials varies non- negligibly with direction; we calculate the a-axis and c- axis heat capacity and group velocity at room temperature to be different by approximately a factor of 10 and 2.5, respectively, favoring basal-plane heat conduction. Experimental measurements may elucidate these phenomena, but fabrication of large single crystals in multiple orientations is impractical for most materials, and in those samples which are commonly single crystal, such as thin films, nanowires, or nanodots, it is difficult to measure the full thermal conductivity tensor. This dissertation then develops two experimental techniques to measure k anisotropy of two substrate-supported thin film systems. An optical technique called thermoreflectance thermometry was utilized to measure the heat transport that takes place only within the plane of Si films, ranging in thickness from 70 nm to 255 nm, atop thermally insulating substrates. The use of an optical method was deployed to preclude possible heat losses from contacted thermometer structures and enabled temperature measurements with sub-miliKelvin resolution, with 4 um spatial resolution. Additionally, heater/thermometer structures, in a 3w measurement configuration, were used to simultaneously probe the cross-plane and in-plane heat transport characteristics of aluminum nitride thin films, between 500 nm and 750 nm thick, deposited by molecular beam epitaxy on sapphire substrates. Finite element models were applied to fit the measured data, using the thin film thermal conductivity as a free parameter. Finally, the results are discussed with respect to calculations of the heat capacity and group velocity based on phonon dispersion relations, and scattering mechanisms specific to the thin film samples
Fluorinated Metal Oxide-assisted Oligomerization of Olefins (2013)

Fluorinated alumina is an efficient catalyst for hex-1-ene, cyclohexene and isobutene oligomerization, whereas fluorinated titania and zirconia are inactive.
Fast Amperometric Assay for E. coli O157:H7 Using Partially Immersed Immunoelectrodes (1998)

A novel amperometric immunoelectrode for fast and sensitive assay of E. coli O157:H7 is presented. Antibodies against E. coli O157:H7 were immobilized on the surface of carbon rods, which acted as both working electrode and sorbent surface. A sandwich scheme of immunoassay was used and 5-aminosalicylic acid was employed as a redox mediator for the amperometric detection of the enzyme-label (horseradish peroxidase). The immunoelectrodes were operated while being partly immersed in the detection cell which resulted in the acceleration of the diffusion-controlled rates of immunological, enzymatic and electrochemical reactions. The amperometric immunoelectrode allows the achievement of significantly lower detection limits (40 times lower) than that achievable with standard spectrophotometric detection ELISA method using the same immunochemicals. The immunoelectrode allows determination of E. coli cell concentrations in the range from 200 to 7000 cells/mL with an overall analysis time of 40 min. This immunoelectrode can be easily adapted for assay of other microorganisms and may be a basis for creating a new class of highly sensitive and rapid immunosensors.
Bidirectional Heuristic Search Reconsidered (1997)

The assessment of bidirectional heuristic search has been incorrect since it was first published more than a quarter of a century ago. For quite a long time, this search strategy did not achieve the expected results, and there was a major misunderstanding about the reasons behind it. Although there is still wide-spread belief that bidirectional heuristic search is afflicted by the problem of search frontiers passing each other, we demonstrate that this conjecture is wrong. Based on this finding, we present both a new generic approach to bidirectional heuristic search and a new approach to dynamically improving heuristic values that is feasible in bidirectional search only. These approaches are put into perspective with both the traditional and more recently proposed approaches in order to facilitate a better overall understanding. Empirical results of experiments with our new approaches show that bidirectional heuristic search can be performed very efficiently and also with limited memory. These results suggest that bidirectional heuristic search appears to be better for solving certain difficult problems than corresponding unidirectional search. This provides some evidence for the usefulness of a search strategy that was long neglected. In summary, we show that bidirectional heuristic search is viable and consequently propose that it be reconsidered.
Numerical Simulation of the Fouling on Structured Heat Transfer Surfaces (Fouling) (2003)

In a preliminary calculation the simple case of parallel flow past flat plates is investigated. Using this simplification numerous fouling experiments under different conditions were performed. The measurements were taken using aqueous solutions of CaSO4 and serve for the verification of the numerical simulation. The objective of this work is to make a contribution to a good and fast prediction of the crystal growth on flat and structured heat transfer surfaces. For the numerical simulation the CFD code Fluent is used. The simulation enables an unsteady calculation of the fouling process and a realistic description of the temporal modification of the flow and temperature fields due to the continuous crystal growth. EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP The numerical simulation of the crystal growth is based on models for the calculation of the deposition (Krause, 1993) and removal (Bohnet, 1990) mass rates. Based on experimental results of Hirsch (Bohnet et. al., 1999), a model was developed which enables the calculation of the density of the fouling layer not only as a function of the local position within the fouling layer, but also as a function of the time-dependent total thickness of the fouling layer. In addition a model was developed, that enables a realistic distribution of the heat flux along the heat transfer surface during the simulation. All models are implemented into the simulation with the help of the programming user interface of the CFD code. During the experimental and numerical investigations the operating parameters like flow rate, surface temperature, concentration of the salt solution and geometry of the flow channel are varied. The induction period and the effects of aging which occur with almost all fouling processes are not considered. Result of the numerical simulation is the prediction of the fouling resistance as function of time. In view of the complexity of the fouling process during the incrustation of heat transfer surfaces and the fact that not all influences from the used models could be considered the agreement between calculated and experimentally obtained data is satisfactory.