gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Formation of 2-Propyl-5-methyl- and 2-Propyl- 4-methyl-Δ<sup>2</sup>-oxazolines from the Thermal Decomposition of Phosphoric Amides Derived from 1-Amino-2-propyl and 2-Amino-l-propyl Butyrates (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFormation of 2-Propyl-5-methyl- and 2-Propyl- 4-methyl-Δ2-oxazolines from the Thermal Decomposition of Phosphoric Amides Derived from 1-Amino-2-propyl and 2-Amino-l-propyl ButyratesRogers F. Lambert, Grant Thompson, and Clifford E. KristoffersonCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 10, 3116–3118Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01033a536https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01033a536research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views99Altmetric-Citations4LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Transcranial direct current stimulation for the treatment of Parkinson's disease (2010)

tDCS of the motor and prefrontal cortices may have therapeutic potential in PD but better stimulation parameters need to be established to make the technique clinically viable. This study was publicly registered (clinicaltrials.org: NCT00082342).
Trade-off decision making in user interface design (1997)

The way in which designers choose between alternatives in user interface design can affect both the design process and also the quality of the outcome, i.e., the user interface. However, little is known about the knowledge drawn on during, or the processes that guide, the choice between design alternatives. This paper presents the results of an empirical study aimed at modelling 'trade-off decision making' in user interface design. It is argued that a single abstract vocabulary can capture important aspects of the rich knowledge drawn on during design problem solving. It is also argued that designers' reasoning during 'choice episodes' is not sophisticated. In choosing between alternatives in design, designers invariably limit the range, or nature, of the alternatives considered. The implications of this finding are discussed.
Optical and thermal properties of BeO thin films prepared by reactive ionized-cluster beam technique (1980)

Preparation of BeO thin films is successfully achieved by the reactive ionized-cluster beam technique developed by the authors. Transparent BeO films with the c-axis preferential orientation which is peculiar to a hexagonal structure are obtained on glass substrates, and single-crystal epitaxial films are formed on sapphire substrates at low substrate temperatures up to 400 °C. Optical and thermal transport properties of films are investigated in detail. A strong reststrahlen reflection peak is observed in the vicinity of wavelength 13.5 μm, from which the frequencies of the transverse and longitudinal vibration modes are determined. Anisotropic lattice thermal conductivities parallel and perpendicular to the c axis of the films are measured, and the values of κ∥ph ?2.6 W/cm deg and κ⊥ph ?0.6 W/cm deg at 300 K are obtained. It is also shown that the thermal conductivities of BeO films are proportional to T−2 below Debye temperature ϑD?1053 K of this material.
Inhibition of rat liver steroid 5.alpha.-reductase by 3-androstene-3-carboxylic acids: mechanism of enzyme-inhibitor interaction (1990)

The interactions of a series of newly discovered inhibitors of delta 4-3-oxo-steroid 5 alpha-reductase (SR; EC 1.3.1.30), the 3-androstene-3-carboxylic acids (steroidal acrylates), have been studied by using a solubilized rat liver enzyme preparation. As exemplified by one member of this series, 17 beta-[N,N-diisopropyl-carbamoyl)androst-3,5-diene-3-carboxylic acid (1a), the dead-end inhibition patterns of selected compounds in this class are best evaluated by a linear uncompetitive kinetic model versus either substrate, testosterone (T) or NADPH. These results were interpreted within the context of the preferentially ordered kinetic mechanism for rat liver SR to arise from the association of inhibitor to the binary complex of enzyme and NADP+. This proposed inhibition mechanism was supported by data from double-inhibition experiments implicating the synergistic binding of steroidal acrylate and NADP+ to SR. Further evidence for the preferential formation of this ternary complex was obtained from filtration binding assays with [3H]-1a, where radioligand association to protein was greatly enhanced in the presence of NADP+. The amount of [3H]-1a binding to protein was proportional to the specific activity of SR in the enzyme preparations, and the estimated dissociation constant from binding data by Scatchard analysis (Kd = 25 nM) was comparable to the inhibition constants estimated for SR activity (Ki = 12-26 nM). From the pH profile for inhibition of the solubilized liver SR with 1a, it is proposed that the anion of the steroidal acrylate (pK1 = 4.7 +/- 0.2) is the active inhibitory species, coordinating to a protonated active site functionality (pK2 = 7.5 +/- 0.1). On the basis of data from similar experiments with structural analogues of 1a, the determinants for binding recognition and inhibitory potency are compared to structural features of the putative enzyme-bound intermediate states. These compounds represent a potential therapeutic alternative in the treatment of 5 alpha-dihydrotestosterone specific androgen dependent disease states.
Human Thyroid Tumor Cell Lines Derived from Different Tumor Types Present a Common Dedifferentiated Phenotype (2007)

Cell lines are crucial to elucidate mechanisms of tumorigenesis and serve as tools for cancer treatment screenings. Therefore, careful validation of whether these models have conserved properties of in vivo tumors is highly important. Thyrocyte-derived tumors are very interesting for cancer biology studies because from one cell type, at least five histologically characterized different benign and malignant tumor types can arise. To investigate whether thyroid tumor-derived cell lines are representative in vitro models, characteristics of eight of those cell lines were investigated with microarrays, differentiation markers, and karyotyping. Our results indicate that these cell lines derived from differentiated and undifferentiated tumor types have evolved in vitro into similar phenotypes with gene expression profiles the closest to in vivo undifferentiated tumors. Accordingly, the absence of expression of most thyrocyte-specific genes, the nonresponsiveness to thyrotropin, as well as their large number of chromosomal abnormalities, suggest that these cell lines have acquired characteristics of fully dedifferentiated cells. They represent the outcome of an adaptation and evolution in vitro, which questions the reliability of these cell lines as models for differentiated tumors. However, they may represent useful models for undifferentiated cancers, and by their comparison with differentiated cells, can help to define the genes involved in the differentiation/dedifferentiation process. The use of any cell line as a model for a cancer therefore requires prior careful and thorough validation for the investigated property.
Tumor markers in advanced nonseminomatous testicular cancer (1981)

The serum levels of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG), alphafetoprotein (AFP), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH), and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) were measured in 62 men with advanced nonseminomatous germ-cell testicular tumors. The HCG level was elevated in 64%, the AFP level in 67%, and the LDH level in 62%, including three of the six men with normal levels of the other two markers. At least one of these three markers was elevated in 91% of patients. Sustained or rising levels of HCG or AFP always were accompanied by persistent or recurrent tumor. Carcinoembryonic antigen was found not to be a useful marker in testicular cancer. Patients whose tumors contained yolk-sac elements always had elevated AFP levels, and patients with choriocarcinoma always had elevated levels of HCG. However, absence of these histologic types did not preclude elevations of the respective markers. Tumor markers are indispensable in the management of patients with testicular cancer, and several markers must be measured repeatedly if the greatest percentage of patients is to benefit.
Blastic Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cell Neoplasm: Update on Molecular Biology, Diagnosis, and Therapy (2014)

BPDCN is a rare aggressive disease that typically affects elderly patients. The most commonly affected nonhematopoietic organ is the skin. Although BPDCN is initially sensitive to conventional chemotherapy regimens, this response is relatively short and long-term prognosis is poor. In the near future, novel targeted therapies may improve outcomes for patients with BPDCN.
A bipartite graph approach to generate optimal test sequences for protocol conformance testing using the Wp-method (2005)

Conformance testing using test sequences is used to ensure that a protocol implementation conforms to its specification. A commonly used technique to generate test sequences for specifications described by the finite state machines is the Wp-method with the reset technique, which frequently results in long test sequences. In this paper, we propose a bipartite graph approach to generate optimal test sequences for protocol conformance testing. Our approach significantly reduces the length of the test sequences required for conformance testing while maintaining the same fault detection capability.
Autonomous Vehicle Control using Image Processing (1997)

This thesis describes the design of an inexpensive autonomous vehicle system using a small scaled model vehicle. The system is capable of operating in two different modes: telerobotic manual mode and automated driving mode. In telerobotic manual mode, the model vehicle is controlled by a human driver at a stationary remote control station with full-scale steering wheel and gas pedal. The vehicle can either be an unmodified toy remote-control car or a vehicle equipped with wireless radio modem for communication and microcontroller for speed control. In both cases the vehicle also carries a video camera capable of transmitting video images back to the remote control station where they are displayed on a monitor. In automated driving mode, the vehicle's lateral movement is controlled by a lateral control algorithm. The objective of this algorithm is to keep the vehicle in the center of a road. Position and orientation of the vehicle are determined by an image processing algorithm identifying a white middle marker on the road. Two different algorithm for image processing have been designed: one based on the pixel intensity profile and the other on vanishing points in the image plane. For the control algorithm itself, two designs are introduced as well: a simple classical P-control and a control scheme based on H-Infinity. The design and testing of this autonomous vehicle system are performed in the Flexible Low-cost Automated Scaled Highway (FLASH) laboratory at Virginia Tech.
In Vivo Tumor Delivery of a Recombinant Single-Chain Fv::Tumor Necrosis Factor:  A Fusion Protein (2001)

Locoregional and intratumoral administration of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha) has been successful in obtaining inhibition or regression of tumor growth in the clinic. This potent antitumor activity of TNF alpha has not yet been exploited as a systemic agent in cancer therapy, mainly due to high levels of toxicity to normal tissues before a therapeutic dose of TNF alpha in the tumor has been achieved. To address this, we have targeted TNF alpha using antitumor antibodies. We have used a genetic fusion of human recombinant TNF alpha with MFE-23, a single-chain Fv antibody fragment directed against carcinoembryonic antigen. MFE-23::TNF alpha fusion protein is isolated in high yields (28 mg/L) from bacterial inclusion bodies and purified to homogeneity by affinity chromatography. It is a 144 kDa trimer in native form and possesses the antigen-binding activity of the sFv and the cytotoxicity to both WEHI 164 and a human adenocarcinoma cell line (LoVo) of rhTNF alpha. Radiolabeled MFE-23::TNF alpha binds both human and mouse TNF receptor 1 in vitro and is able to localize effectively in nude (nu/nu) mice bearing human LS174T xenografts; tumor/tissue ratios of 21:1 and 60:1 are achieved 24 and 48 h after intravenous injection. These studies indicate that MFE-23::TNF alpha will provide an effective means for systemically administered cancer therapy with TNF alpha.
Activation and Suppression of the TRAIL Death-Receptor Pathway in Chemotherapy Sensitive and Resistant Follicular Lymphoma Cells (2003)

Aberrant expression of the apoptosis inhibitor bcl-2 provides a survival advantage throughout oncogenesis and can facilitate chemotherapeutic resistance in a variety of human cancers. Follicular lymphoma (FL) for example, is characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(14;18), which results in bcl-2 overexpression and initiates lymphomagenesis. Although FL cells possess ample amounts of bcl-2, they respond remarkably well to standard first-round chemotherapy. However, the vast majority of patients relapses and becomes progressively resistant to therapy. We obtained cell lines derived from chemosensitive and chemoresistant FL patients, that are characterized by the chromosomal translocation t(14;18) and expression of bcl-2, to investigate how chemotherapeutic drugs can circumvent bcl-2 anti-apoptotic function and to identify alterations in those pathways that may facilitate resistance to DNA damaging drugs. In chemosensitive FL cells, we found that DNA damaging drugs promote apoptosis through p53-dependent upregulation of the TRAIL-DR5 receptor, resulting in activation of caspase-8 and downstream executioner caspases, thereby evading bcl-2 mediated suppression of apoptosis. Examination of drug resistant FL cell lines revealed that at least two defects in this pathway can contribute to chemotherapeutic resistance: 1. p53 gene mutations that disable the transcriptional response to DNA damaging drugs, including expression of the TRAIL-DR5 receptor, and 2. transcriptional repression of the cell-death executioner enzyme caspase-3.
Pedagogical Agents as Social Models to Influence Learner Attitudes (2007)

Based on social-cognitive theory, we describe the role of pedagogical agents as “social models.” In several experimental studies we have found that pedagogical agents as social models can effectively persuade and motivate learners. We briefly describe two on-going projects where agents as social models are employed to enhance young women’s motivation and attitudes toward math and engineering.
A Naturally Occurring Plant Compound, 6-Methoxybenzoxazol inone, Stimulates Reproductive Responses in Rats1 (1985)

A nonestrogenic component of young, rapidly growing plants, 6-methoxybenzoxazolinone (6-MBOA), was examined to determine its effect on the reproductive responses of prepubertal and mature female rats. Prepubertal animals treated with a single injection of 6-MBOA or with Silastic capsules implanted for 3 days showed a significant increase in both ovarian and uterine weight. Serum luteinizing hormone was unaffected by 6-MBOA treatment for 3 days in 32-day-old animals, whereas serum follicle-stimulating hormone was elevated. Silastic capsule treatment of mature animals showed the following results. Extended treatment for 6 estrous cycles had no influence on the timing of vaginal cyclicity; despite this, 6-MBOA treatment for 2 cycles caused an increase in ovarian weight resulting from an increase in the number of corpora lutea per ovary. Animals treated for 1 cycle showed a significant increase in the number of ova shed. Uterine weight in mature animals did not increase. This study indicates that 6-MBOA has a stimulatory effect on the reproductive system of young and mature female rats. It is the first attempt to relate the effects of the compound on the endocrine system of any animal. That nonestrogenic plant compounds can trigger reproduction has important ecologic and physiologic significance.
Pathological Changes During Aging in, Barrier-Reared Fischer 344 Male Rats (1977)

Pathology, microbiology, and selected serum chemistries were evaluated in 144 male Fischer rats from 4 to 33 mo of age. The rats were reared and maintained under barrier conditions, which successfully excluded the introduction of major infectious disease agents throughout the entire study, including Mycoplasma pulmonis. A wide variety of pathology was found and tabulated, and many lesions were found to increase in severity and incidence with age. There was a high correlation of renal disease severity with increasing age, while alpha-1 globulin and cholesterol increased.
Radioimmunoassay of Myelin Basic Protein in Spinal Fluid (1976)

With a sensitive radioimmunoassay that can measure as little as 2 ng of basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid we studied 303 patients with a variety of neurologic diseases. Patients with active demyelinating diseases had high levels (17 to 100 ng per milliliter) of basic protein. Moreover, patients with multiple sclerosis in acute exacerbation had these high levels, those with slowly progressive multiple sclerosis had lower levels (6 to 16 ng per milliliter), and those in remission had less than 4 ng per milliliter, comparable to the control population. Thus, the assay appears to be a useful index of active demyelination.
Discrimination of steel types by sparks: applying neural network (2002)

Very many product inspection processes depend on human senses, visual mostly. Generally, such inspections are called Kannou Kensa in Japanese, which means sensory inspections. Neuro-fuzzy control is coming to function increasingly like human senses, and these techniques have come to be used for automating or mechanizing the sensory inspections. This paper discloses an experimental model for discriminating steel types resorting to image processing technique and neural network based on the method of spark test for steels (JIS G 0556) in the simplified test for identifying the material out of different material tests executed in iron and steel fields.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Understanding the Mysterious M2 Macrophage through Activation Markers and Effector Mechanisms (2015)

The alternatively activated or M2 macrophages are immune cells with high phenotypic heterogeneity and are governing functions at the interface of immunity, tissue homeostasis, metabolism, and endocrine signaling. Today the M2 macrophages are identified based on the expression pattern of a set of M2 markers. These markers are transmembrane glycoproteins, scavenger receptors, enzymes, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, and cytokine receptors with diverse and often yet unexplored functions. This review discusses whether these M2 markers can be reliably used to identify M2 macrophages and define their functional subdivisions. Also, it provides an update on the novel signals of the tissue environment and the neuroendocrine system which shape the M2 activation. The possible evolutionary roots of the M2 macrophage functions are also discussed.
Review (1995)

Degradation of the extracellular matrix plays a crucial role in cancer invasion. This degradation is accomplished by the concerted action of several enzyme systems, including generation of the serine protease plasmin by the urokinase pathway of plasminogen activation, different types of collagenases and other metalloproteinases, and other extracellular enzymes. The degradative enzymes are involved also in tissue remodelling under non-malignant conditions, and the main difference appears to be that mechanisms which regulates these processes under normal conditions are defective in cancer. Specific inhibitors have been identified for most of the proteolytic enzymes, e.g. plasminogen activator inhibitors (PAI's) and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMP's). It has been contemplated that these inhibitors counteracted the proteolytic activity of the enzymes, thereby inhibiting extracellular tissue degradation which in turn should prevent tumor cell invasion. This review focuses on plasminogen inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1). It is described that PAI-1 is not produced by the epithelial cancer cell but by the stromal cells in the tumors, suggesting a concerted action between stroma and tumor cells in the processes controlling proteolysis in cancer. The specific localization of PAI-1 to the tumor stroma and in many cases to areas surrounding the tumor vessels has lead us to suggest that PAI-1 serves to protect the tumor stroma from the ongoing uPA-mediated proteolysis. This hypothesis is supported by recent clinical data showing increased levels of PAI-1 in metastases as compared to the primary tumor as well as data demonstrating that high levels of PAI-1 in tumor extracts from breast, lung, gastric and ovarian cancer is associated with a shorter overall survival.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Cache cookies for browser authentication (2006)

Like conventional cookies, cache cookies are data objects that servers store in Web browsers. Cache cookies, however, are unintentional byproducts of protocol design for browser caches. They do not enjoy any explicit interface support or security policies. In this paper, we show that despite limitations, cache cookies can play a useful role in the identification and authentication of users. Many users today block conventional cookies in their browsers as a privacy measure. The cache-cookie tools we propose can help restore lost usability and convenience to such users while maintaining good privacy. As we show, our techniques can also help combat online security threats such as phishing and pharming that ordinary cookies cannot. The ideas we introduce for cache-cookie management can strengthen ordinary cookies as well. The full version of this paper may be referenced at www.ravenwhite.com.
An instance mapping ontology for the semantic web (2005)

Semantic data transformation plays an important role in realizing the vision of the semantic web. It supports the transformation of data in different representations into ontologies. In order to allow the task to be achieved effectively, the instructions on how to realize transformation should be well specified, preferably in a declarative and re-usable format, thus allowing the construction of robust tools which on the one hand assist users to generate and maintain mappings at design time and on the other hand perform semantic data transformation at run time. Furthermore, the transformation instructions should not only allow the generation of semantic data objects but also allow the creation of rich semantic relations between them. In this context, we developed a comprehensive instance mapping ontology. One distinctive feature of the instance mapping ontology is that it provides comprehensive support for the specification of complex mappings. Another feature is that the instance mapping ontology is representation independent, which does not limit itself to data sources in particular representations. This ontology has been applied in generating a semantic layer for the web site of the Knowledge Media Institute (KMi) at the Open University.