gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of anIn Vivo Raman Spectroscopic System for Diagnostic Applications (1997)

In recent studies, the diagnostic potential of Raman spectroscopy has been investigated. The majority of this work has been done on tissue in vitro with laboratory-based near-infrared Fourier transform (FT) Raman systems. In vivo Raman spectroscopy is hindered by tissue fluorescence, which is several orders of magnitude greater than the Raman signal, and by the spectral contribution of the delivery and collection fiber optics. An in vivo Raman system (IVRS) is described which can obtain spectra in vivo from tissue in less than 30 s. The system is compact and mobile, making it suitable for clinical applications. Major system components, such as the spectrograph, CCD detector, laser diode and fiber-optic probes, are described in detail. The methods of wavenumber calibration, intensity correction and baseline subtraction are outlined. Spectra which were collected in vivo from human skin, buccal cheek epithelium, fingernail and a tooth are presented and major peaks are assigned. The performance of the IVRS was compared with that of an FT-Raman system. With similar collection parameters, the IVRS spectra had superior signal-to-noise ratios owing to the shorter excitation wavelength (785 nm versus 1064 nm) and the high transmission (>50%) of the IVRS spectrograph. Planned system upgrades are discussed together with the anticipated improvements in system performance. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design, development and evaluation of a compact telerobotic catheter navigation system (2015)

The proposed telerobotic system allows the interventionalist to use conventional steerable catheters; while maintaining a safe distance from the radiation source, he/she can remotely navigate the catheter and deliver ablation lesions. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local Elasticity Imaging of Vulnerable Atherosclerotic Coronary Plaques (2006)

The material composition and morphology of vulnerable atherosclerotic plaque components are considered to be more important determinants of acute coronary syndromes than the degree of stenosis. Rupture of a plaque causes thrombogenic material to contact the blood, resulting in a thrombus. Rupture-prone plaques contain an inflamed thin fibrous cap covering a large soft lipid pool. Mechanically, rupture occurs when plaques cannot withstand the internal stresses induced by the pulsating blood. These stresses concentrate within/around the cap/edge, since the lipid pool cannot bear much stress. During plaque development these stresses further increase when caps become thinner, lipid pools become larger, or the difference in stiffness (modulus) between the cap and the lipid pool increases. Intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) strain elastography/palpography and IVUS modulus elastography are imaging techniques that assess local plaque elasticity (strain and modulus) based on the principle that tissue deformation (strain) by a mechanical stress is a function of its elastic properties (modulus). Combined use of these techniques provides clinicians an all-in-one modality for detecting plaques, assessing their rupture proneness and imaging their elastic material composition. This chapter describes the terminology and pathophysiology of vulnerable plaques and discusses the techniques behind, the methods for and the validations of the elasticity imaging techniques.
Extending procedural task models by systematic explicit integration of objects, knowledge and information (2013)

Task analysis can be considered as a fundamental component of user centered design methods as it provides a unique way of analyzing in a systematic way users' roles and activities. A widely used way of storing the information gathered during that phase in a structured and exhaustive way is to build task models which are then amenable to verification of properties or to performance evaluation. In widely used notations such as Hierarchical Task Analysis (HTA) or CTT (Concur Task Tree), information or objects manipulated by the users while performing the tasks does not receive a similar treatment as the sequencing of tasks which is usually carefully and exhaustively described. This paper proposes a systematic account for the various concepts manipulated by the users while performing tasks. Such concepts include different types of knowledge (declarative, situational, procedural and strategic), objects (manipulated by the user) and information. These concepts are systematically represented in a set of extensions of the HAMSTERS notation allowing the analysis of concepts-related properties such as learning curve, complexity, information workload,... We demonstrate the application of the approach on the example of a two players game making explicit the connection between these extended task models and the user interface of the game.
Test structures for MCM-D technology characterization (1999)

In this paper we present a set of classic and novel test structures addressed to fully characterize multichip module (MCM) technologies. The structures have been implemented and fabricated in our D-type, flip-chip, ball grid array, silicon substrate technology. In this technology, a silicon chip is used as a substrate on which other commercial chips are flipped and soldered by a screen-printing method. These complex technologies have specific test problems that are solved with this approach. We have specially focused on the measurement of the effects of wafer rerouting on CMOS parameters, the chip-to-chip ball contact resistance, thermal behavior, yield, and reliability of the technology. Experimental results are shown, proving that this methodology is suitable for our technology and can also be applied to other different MCM technologies.
Polarisation-insensitive arrayed-waveguide gratingsusing dopant-richsilica-based glass with thermal expansion adjusted to Sisubstrate (1997)

A polarisation-insensitive arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer is successfully fabricated on an Si substrate by adjusting the thermal expansion of dopant-rich silica-based glass to that of Si. The change in wavelength due to polarisation was kept to within 0.03 nm in a 1 × 8 arrayed-waveguide grating multiplexer with a flat and wide passband having a 3 dB bandwidth of 0.9 nm and a wavelength spacing of 1.6 nm.
Role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the NGF response (1989)

The role of protein tyrosine phosphorylation in the response of PC12 cells to NGF was investigated by using a variety of agents which affect NGF-induced neurite outgrowth. K-252a, a kinase inhibitor, was previously found to selectively inhibit many of the actions of NGF on PC12 cells. In the present study, it was shown to inhibit NGF-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation. However, sphingosine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C and NGF-induced differentiation of PC 12 cells, did not alter the phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine stimulated by NGF. Disruption of either actin microfilaments or microtubules also had no effect on NGF-induced protein tyrosine phosphorylation in PC12 cells. The effect of vanadate, an inhibitor of phosphotyrosyl phosphatases, on the differentiation of PC12 cells was also examined. Vanadate did not promote neurite outgrowth but did stimulate protein tyrosine phosphorylation. Taken together, these results suggest that protein tyrosine phosphorylation is one of the first events in the NGF pathway in PC12 cells but alone is not sufficient to induce morphological differentiation. Finally, the distribution of phosphotyrosine-containing proteins in untreated and NGF-treated cells was examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. The distribution of these proteins was altered by treatment of the cells with NGF and appeared to correlate with the distribution of actin filaments, particularly in growth cones.
Tumor necrosis factor‐α‐induced caspase‐1 gene expression (2007)

Tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is a cytokine that is involved in many functions, including the inflammatory response, immunity and apoptosis. Some of the responses of TNF-alpha are mediated by caspase-1, which is involved in the production of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta, interleukin-18 and interleukin-33. The molecular mechanisms involved in TNF-alpha-induced caspase-1 gene expression remain poorly defined, despite the fact that signaling by TNF-alpha has been well studied. The present study was undertaken to investigate the mechanisms involved in the induction of caspase-1 gene expression by TNF-alpha. Treatment of A549 cells with TNF-alpha resulted in an increase in caspase-1 mRNA and protein expression, which was preceded by an increase in interferon regulatory factor-1 and p73 protein levels. Caspase-1 promoter reporter was activated by the treatment of cells with TNF-alpha. Mutation of the interferon regulatory factor-1 binding site resulted in the almost complete loss of basal as well as of TNF-alpha-induced caspase-1 promoter activity. Mutation of the p53/p73 responsive site resulted in reduced TNF-alpha-induced promoter activity. Blocking of p73 function by a dominant negative mutant or by a p73-directed small hairpin RNA reduced basal as well as TNF-alpha-induced caspase-1 promoter activity. TNF-alpha-induced caspase-1 mRNA and protein levels were reduced when p73 mRNA was down-regulated by small hairpin RNA. Caspase-5 gene expression was induced by TNF-alpha, which was inhibited by the small hairpin RNA-mediated down-regulation of p73. Our results show that TNF-alpha induces p73 gene expression, which, together with interferon regulatory factor-1, plays an important role in mediating caspase-1 promoter activation by TNF-alpha.
The diversity of dolichol-linked precursors to Asn-linked glycans likely results from secondary loss of sets of glycosyltransferases (2005)

The vast majority of eukaryotes (fungi, plants, animals, slime mold, and euglena) synthesize Asn-linked glycans (Alg) by means of a lipid-linked precursor dolichol-PP-GlcNAc2Man9Glc3. Knowledge of this pathway is important because defects in the glycosyltransferases (Alg1-Alg12 and others not yet identified), which make dolichol-PP-glycans, lead to numerous congenital disorders of glycosylation. Here we used bioinformatic and experimental methods to characterize Alg glycosyltransferases and dolichol-PP-glycans of diverse protists, including many human pathogens, with the following major conclusions. First, it is demonstrated that common ancestry is a useful method of predicting the Alg glycosyltransferase inventory of each eukaryote. Second, in the vast majority of cases, this inventory accurately predicts the dolichol-PP-glycans observed. Third, Alg glycosyltransferases are missing in sets from each organism (e.g., all of the glycosyltransferases that add glucose and mannose are absent from Giardia and Plasmodium). Fourth, dolichol-PP-GlcNAc2Man5 (present in Entamoeba and Trichomonas) and dolichol-PP- and N-linked GlcNAc2 (present in Giardia) have not been identified previously in wild-type organisms. Finally, the present diversity of protist and fungal dolichol-PP-linked glycans appears to result from secondary loss of glycosyltransferases from a common ancestor that contained the complete set of Alg glycosyltransferases.
Depth-Dependent Hemoglobin Analysis From Multispectral Transillumination Images (2010)

Multispectral transillumination imaging is a promising modality for noninvasive imaging of living tissue. Multispectral Nevoscope imaging is directed toward the imaging of skin lesions for the detection and characterization of skin cancers through the volumetric analysis of selected chromophores, such as melanin, oxy-, and deoxyhemoglobin. In this letter, we present a novel method of recovering depth-dependent measurements from transillumination images obtained through the Nevoscope. A method for estimating the depth-dependent point spread function is presented and used in recovering multispectral transillumination images of a skin phantom or lesion through blind deconvolution. A method for ratiometric analysis for the quantification of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin is then presented and evaluated on a skin phantom. The presented methods would allow reliable quantitative analysis of multispectral Nevoscope images for early detection of angiogenesis leading to early diagnosis of skin cancers.
A Quasi-Optical Free-Space Method for Dielectric Constant Characterization of Polymer Materials in mm-wave Band (2007)

Polymers attract more and more attention as low loss dielectric materials in RF and millimeter wave field, because of their inte rest properties at high frequencies. In this work, we report a Quasi-Optical free-space met hod to derive W-band dielectric constant of some common-used polymers including Pol ymethylmethacrylate, polyvinylchloride, Nylon66, Mylar, polytetra-fluore thylene, polypropylene, high and low density polyethylene, kapton and polyethersulfo ne. Free-space transmission/ reflection coefficients of the aforementioned mater ials are measured with a millimeter wave network analyzer. Genetic algorithm (GA) is em ployed to compute the complex dielectric constant. The results are compared with those in other previously published works. Introduction are materials of interest to a wide range of applications including the millimeter-wave package. Their excellent electrical insulation properties and high temperature resistance, make them excellent candida tes as low dielectric materials for millimeter wave applications such as lenses, windows, power supplies, connectors, industrial controls and dielectric waveguides (1). The use of polymeric, rather than glass offers number of advantages: polymeric devices can be produced from a master template, thus improving device-to-device reproduci bility; the wide range of polymeric materials available means that devices can be produ ced which have specific physical and chemical properties tailored to meet the requir ements of a particular separation technique. Processes such as injection moulding or hot embossing can be used to produce large numbers of polymeric devices at a low cost (2). The knowledge of dielectric properties is necessary to know if the material is suitable for a specific application. These properties includ e the complex permittivity and the dissipation factor. Many publications have reported the dielectric constant of polymers (examples (3) and (4)), however in which majority o f the data are in frequency range lower than w-band. In millimeter frequency range a few methods are recently proposed: Afsar uses broad-band technique based on Fourier tr ansform, in (1) and (5), to compute the permittivity data of polymers in frequency rang e 40-300 GHz. It is well known that this method exhibits sufficient accuracy only above 100 GHz (6). Therefore (6) uses the same technique but in the range of 75-95 GHz for so me nonpolar polymers. In this paper we use the Quasi-optical free space t echnique in the frequency range 70- 110 GHz. Transmission/Reflection method is employed with baseline calibration. The complex permittivity is computed from the measured S 11 , S 21 using Genetic algorithm (GA). We study two different classifications of pol ymers; on the one hand polar polymers, such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), polyvinylchloride (PVC) and wavon Nylon66 (ZBF AG, CH-8803 Ruschlikon); and on the other hand non-polar polymers such as Mylar, polytetrafluorethylene (PTFE), polypropylene (PP), high
A Serial shRNA Screen for Roadblocks to Reprogramming Identifies the Protein Modifier SUMO2 (2016)

The generation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from differentiated cells following forced expression of OCT4, KLF4, SOX2, and C-MYC (OKSM) is slow and inefficient, suggesting that transcription factors have to overcome somatic barriers that resist cell fate change. Here, we performed an unbiased serial shRNA enrichment screen to identify potent repressors of somatic cell reprogramming into iPSCs. This effort uncovered the protein modifier SUMO2 as one of the strongest roadblocks to iPSC formation. Depletion of SUMO2 both enhances and accelerates reprogramming, yielding transgene-independent, chimera-competent iPSCs after as little as 38 hr of OKSM expression. We further show that the SUMO2 pathway acts independently of exogenous C-MYC expression and in parallel with small-molecule enhancers of reprogramming. Importantly, suppression of SUMO2 also promotes the generation of human iPSCs. Together, our results reveal sumoylation as a crucial post-transcriptional mechanism that resists the acquisition of pluripotency from fibroblasts using defined factors.
Carbon Fiber Subwoofer Enclosure (2010)

This project addressed a gap between consumer demand and market supply for performance car audio systems. It was recognized that there is a current desire for products made with carbon fiber due to its aesthetic appeal, strength to weight qualities, and general popularity. And this desire for such products applies to audio systems, and more specifically to aftermarket subwoofer systems. The projects main goal was to develop a product to meet the largely unmet demand for a carbon fiber subwoofer enclosure. This project centered on the best way to manufacture a carbon fiber subwoofer enclosure, with a focus on materials, design, and process. The main deliverables of the project were: a product design for the subwoofer enclosure, a design for manufacturing processes, a prototype of the enclosure, and a production costs analysis.
Phase III Trial of Alvimopan, a Novel, Peripherally Acting, Mu Opioid Antagonist, for Postoperative Ileus After Major Abdominal Surgery (2005)

In patients undergoing major abdominal surgery, alvimopan accelerated gastrointestinal recovery and time to the hospital discharge order written compared with placebo and was well tolerated.
Characterization of a Novel 99mTc-Carbonyl Complex as a Functional Probe of MDR1 P-Glycoprotein Transport Activity (2002)

Multidrug resistance (MDR) mediated by overexpression of MDR1 P-glycoprotein (Pgp) is one of the best characterized barriers to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Furthermore, the protective function of Pgp-mediated efflux of xenobiotics in various organs has a profound effect on the bioavailability of drugs in general. Thus, there is an expanding requirement to noninvasively interrogate Pgp transport activity in vivo. We herein report the Pgp recognition properties of a novel 99mTc(I)-tricarbonyl complex, [99mTc(CO)3(MIBI)3]+ (Tc-CO-MIBI). Tc-CO-MIBI showed 60-fold higher accumulation in drug-sensitive KB 3-1 cells compared to colchicine-selected drug-resistant KB 8-5 cells. In KB 8-5 cells, tracer enhancement was observed with the potent MDR modulator LY335979 (EC50 = 62 nM). Similar behavior was observed using drug-sensitive MCF-7 breast adenocarcinoma cells and MCF-7/MDR1 stable transfectants, confirming that Tc-CO-MIBI is specifically excluded by overexpression of MDR1 Pgp. By comparison, net accumulation in control H69 lung tumor cells was 9-fold higher than in MDR-associated protein (MRP1)-expressing H69AR cells, indicating only modest transport by MRP1. Biodistribution analysis following tail vein injection of Tc-CO-MIBI showed delayed liver clearance as well as enhanced brain uptake and retention in mdr1a/1b(-/-) gene deleted mice versus wild-type mice, directly demonstrating that Tc-CO-MIBI is a functional probe of Pgp transport activity in vivo.
Intrusion detection in wireless ad hoc networks (2004)

Intrusion detection has, over the last few years, assumed paramount importance within the broad realm of network security, more so in the case of wireless ad hoc networks. These are networks that do not have an underlying infrastructure; the network topology is constantly changing. The inherently vulnerable characteristics of wireless ad hoc networks make them susceptible to attacks, and it may be too late before any counter action can take effect. Second, with so much advancement in hacking, if attackers try hard enough they will eventually succeed in infiltrating the system. This makes it important to constantly (or at least periodically) monitor what is taking place on a system and look for suspicious behavior. Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) do just that: monitor audit data, look for intrusions to the system, and initiate a proper response (e.g., email the systems administrator, start an automatic retaliation). As such, there is a need to complement traditional security mechanisms with efficient intrusion detection and response. In this article we present a survey on the work that has been done in the area of intrusion detection in mobile ad hoc networks.
Structure-Based Thermodynamic Analysis of HIV-1 Protease Inhibitors (1997)

A structural parametrization of the binding and folding energetics previously developed in this laboratory accounts quantitatively for the binding of 13 HIV-1 protease inhibitors for which high-resolution structures are available (A77003, A78791, A76928, A74704, A76889, VX478, SB203386, SB203238, SB206343, U100313, U89360, A98881, CGP53820). The binding free energies for the inhibitors are predicted with a standard deviation of +/- 1.1 kcal/mol or +/- 10%. Furthermore, the formalism correctly predicts the observed change in inhibition constant for the complex of A77003 and the resistant protease mutant V82A, for which the high-resolution structure is also available. The analysis presented here provides a structural mapping of the different contributions to the binding energetics. Comparison of the binding map with the residue stability map indicates that the binding pocket in the protease molecule has a dual character: half of the binding site is defined by the most stable region of the protein, while the other half is unstructured prior to inhibitor or substrate binding. This characteristic of the binding site accentuates cooperative effects that permit mutations in distal residues to have a significant effect on binding affinity. These results permit an initial assessment of the effects of mutations on the activity of protease inhibitors.
Adiabatic charging of capacitors by Switched Capacitor Converters with multiple target voltages (2012)

A method for adiabatic charging of a capacitor by Switched Capacitor Converters (SCC) with multiple target voltages is presented, analyzed and verified experimentally. The SCC automatically changes the target voltages from low to high and back, thereby emulating voltage steps. This reduces the energy losses due to small voltage deviations between the SCC output and the charged capacitor and by enabling the stored energy to be recovered back into the power supply. In comparison with the previous method a considerable economy in hardware is achieved by replacing a set of voltage sources by a single SCC. It is shown that the voltage source and the switch resistance in the regular charging circuit can be emulated by the SCC equivalent circuit. Furthermore, such emulation provides the same step response if the SCC is operated close to the no-charge (NC) mode. This theoretical prediction was approved experimentally using the binary SCC.
Neural Network-Based Estimation for OFDM Channels (2015)

In this paper, an Neural network based channel estimation algorithm is proposed in the orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) systems. The adoption of Functional Link Neural Fuzzy Network (FLNFN) algorithm is used for channel estimation. Experimental results indicate that the performance of the proposed channel estimation can improve the system performance, compared to the traditional channel estimation such as least square (LS), minimum mean square error (MMSE) algorithms.