gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preliminary investigation of respiratory self‐gating for free‐breathing segmented cine MRI (2004)

Segmented cine MRI generally requires breath-holding, which can be problematic for many patients. Navigator echo techniques, particularly successful for free-breathing coronary MRA, are incompatible with the acquisition strategies and SSFP pulse sequences commonly used for cine MRI. The purpose of this work is to introduce a new self-gating technique deriving respiratory gating information directly from the raw imaging data acquired for segmented cine MRI. The respiratory self-gating technique uses interleaved radial k-space sampling to provide low-resolution images in real time during the free-breathing acquisition that are compared to target expiration images. Only the raw data-producing images with high correlation to the target images are included in the final high-resolution reconstruction. The self-gating technique produced cine series with no significant differences in quantitative image sharpness to series produced using comparable breath-held techniques. Because of the difficulties associated with breath-holding, the respiratory self-gating technique represents an important practical advance for cardiac MRI. , Inc.
Second generation tumour photosensitisers: the synthesis and biological activity of octaalkyl chlorins and bacteriochlorins with graded amphiphilic character (1992)

Routes to hydroxychlorin derivatives of two distinct categories (nuclear hydroxy substituent; side-chain hydroxy substituent) are developed. Such substances, covering a range of amphiphilic character depending on the number of hydroxy groups, are seen as potential sensitisers for photodynamic therapy. Osmylation of octaethylporphyrin gives the dihydroxyoctaethylchlorin 2 and the tetrahydroxybacteriochlorin 3. Pinacol–pinacolone rearrangement of 2 gives the octaethyl-β-oxochlorin 4, borohydride reduction of which gives the secondary alcohol 6. This is converted via the bromochlorin 7(prepared using 50% HBr/HOAc at room temperature) into a series of ethers, including those, 10, 11, 12, derived from glycerol, D-glucose, and D-mannitol respectively. Alkylation of these unprotected polyols with the highly hindered bromide 7 occurs preferentially at the primary alcohol functions in each case. Some of these hydroxychlorins are found in animal assays to be highly effective sensitisers of tumour photonecrosis. In this respect the most effective compounds in each category are the most highly hydroxylated. However, the D-glucose derivative 11 proves also to be an effective sensitiser of skin and muscle, i.e. it does not show the selectivity shown by 5,10,15,20-tetra(m-hydroxyphenyl)chlorin.
Electron traps and transfer efficiency of cerium-doped aluminate scintillators (1997)

Comparative measurements of thermoluminescence and scintillation light outputs of gamma-ray irradiated Ce;LuAlO3 (LuAP) and Ce:YAlO3 (YAP) reveal that electron trapping significantly depresses transfer efficiency in these scintillator materials, but fails to explain fully either their performance differential or their departures from ideal efficiency. In the limit of short radiation times, the ratio of integrated thermoluminescence light output to integrated scintillation light output is 0.14 in LuAP and 0.02 in YAP.
Organic reagents for the precipitation of nitrate ion. Part I. N-substituted 1-naphthylmethylamines (1966)

A series of N-substituted 1-naphthylmethylamines has been investigated as a source of possible new organic precipitants for the nitrate ion in aqueous solution. Several substituted N-benzyl-1-naphthylmethylamines, in particular, N-(4-chlorobenzyl)-1-naphthylmethylamine, are shown to possess analytically useful properties as precipitants for nitrate; gravimetric and titrimetric procedures have been developed based on these reagents. The new reagents are readily accessible and offer considerable advantages over the conventional reagent, nitron.
Next generation, sequentially assembled ultrathin films: beyond electrostatics (2007)

Over the last 15 years, the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technology has proven to be a versatile method for surface modification. This approach is likely to find widespread application because of its simplicity and versatility; however, the conventional use of highly charged materials with limited responsive behaviour presents some key limitations. In this tutorial review, the formation of multilayer thin films prepared through non-electrostatic interactions is reviewed. We discuss the assembly of films via a number of different methodologies, with particular emphasis on those that provide enhanced orientational control, stimuli-responsive behaviour, and improved film stability.
Oxidation of Heavy Oil and Their SARA Fractions: Its Role in Modeling In-Situ Combustion (2000)

Abstract In situ combustion is a thermal recovery technique where energy is generated by a combustion front that is propagated along the reservoir by air injection. Most of the previously conducted studies report thermal and fluid dynamics aspects of the process. Modeling in situ combustion process requires extensive knowledge of reservoir data as well as reaction kinetics data. Unfortunately, limited kinetic data are available on the rates and the nature of partial oxidation reactions and the high-temperature combustion reactions of crude oils and their saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) fractions. Moreover, the impact of such data on the modeling of the in situ combustion process has not been investigated thoroughly. Thus, we modeled in situ combustion experiments conducted on a 3D semi-scaled physical model that represents one fourth of a repeated five spot pattern. In all experiments a vertical injector is employed whereas, both vertical and horizontal producers have been installed to recover two different crude oils (heavy and medium). Several locations for the producers have been tried while keeping the length of the wells constant: vertical injector-vertical producer, vertical injector-horizontal side producer, and vertical injector-horizontal diagonal producer. In these experiments diagonal producers performed better than the others. We first simulated the experiments by incorporating a kinetic model that is based on grouping the products of cracking into six pseudo components as heavy oil, medium oil, light oil, two non-condensable gases and coke using a commercial thermal simulator (CMG’s STARS). Four chemical reactions were considered: cracking of heavy oil to light oil and coke, heavy oil burning, light oil burning, and coke burning. Most of the experiments were history matched successfully with the exception of ones where a diagonal horizontal producer was used. We then repeated the simulations using SARA kinetic parameters. We observed that all matches were somewhat improved. We finally present a discussion of application of the models to field scale.
Abel inversion of a holographic interferogram for determination of the density profile of a sheared-flow Z pinch (2006)

A holographic interferometer is used to determine the radial electron number density profile of a sheared-flow Z pinch. Chord-integrated density information is recorded during a plasma pulse using the expanded beam of a pulsed ruby laser and holographic techniques. An Interactive Data Language (IDL) computer routine that requires only minimal user interaction is used to measure the resulting fringe shift in the reconstructed interferogram. This chord-integrated density information is inverted using an Abel inversion to determine the radial electron density profile. The density profiles obtained show a radially symmetric plasma column with an electron density of 1016–1017cm−3 above the background plasma density. Holographic measurements are made at different times on separate plasma pulses to track the evolution of the density profile over time. These measurements are corroborated by time-dependent measurements made using a He–Ne interferometer.
T‐ LYMPHOCYTE RECOGNITION OF SPERM‐WHALE MYOGLOBIN. RECOGNITION OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES CARRYING ANTIGENIC SITE 5 BY MYOGLOBIN‐PRIMED T‐CELLS (1983)

Previous studies from this laboratory have resulted in the determination of the antigenic structure of sperm-whale myoglobin (Mb). In the present work, we have investigated the fine specificity requirements for T-cell recognition of one of the Mb antigenic sites (antigenic site 5). The antigenic site (peptide 145-153) and seven progressively longer peptides, increasing in length stepwise by two residues at a time, up to 22 residues in length (peptide 132-153), were synthesized. In addition, four truncated peptides were synthesized with intentional deletions at Tyr-151 and Ala-144. The T-cell recognition of these purified synthetic peptides was examined here in detail in three strains of mice (BALB/cByJ, B10.D2/n and SJL/J). Mb-primed mice afforded T-cells which proliferated to smaller peptides (two or four residues longer than the site; i.e. peptides 145-153 and 143-153) and more so to the longer peptides 135-153 and 132-153 and to Mb. No response was obtained to the truncated peptides, thus underscoring the fine specificity T-cells. No response was obtained also to intermediate-sized peptides. The latter result, due to an unfavourable mode of folding, suggested a conformational dependency in T-lymphocyte recognition.
Compact quasi-elliptic bandpass filter with a very wide stopband using quarter-wavelength stepped-impedance resonators (2012)

A new compact microstrip bandpass filter with a very-wide stopband is presented using dual λ/4 stepped impedance resonators with open-stub loaded at the ends. The filter offers a quasi-elliptic bandpass response with a pair of symmetric transmission zeros created at the proximity of the passband through the couplings among loading stubs and input/output feedlines. An example circuit is designed at 2.4 GHz has a size of 0.085 λ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> × 0.128 λ <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">g</inf> and gives a stopband of up to 7.5 f <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</inf> with overall rejection better than 20 dB.
Microsomal Synthesis of Fatty Acid Amides (1966)

Abstract A microsomal system is described which catalyzes the formation of fatty acid amides of ethanolamine and of several pharmacologically active amines. Although the system has no dependance on external energy sources and has a high Km for the amine substrate, it has several characteristics which differ markedly from an amide hydrolytic system in the microsomes. A possible mechanism for the formation of fatty acid amides is presented and its significance is discussed.
Description Method of Operation Logic for Discrete System Using Production Rule and It's Evaluation (1985)

Traditionally, control software for the discrete systems such as FMS and coal-handling system has been developed using general purpose language based on the heuristic algorithm obtained through experience. However, development and modification of the control software consume time and man-hours because of uncomprehensive experession. In order to resolve the problem, a new control method, named the Rule Based Control method, has emerged.In this method, as the control logics are described by the IF-THEN rules as data, maintainability and comprehensiveness of control software are extremely improved. However, this new method has following three problems: (1) the suitable domain for the rule description is not clear, (2) procedure of the rule development for multi-objective and multi-constraint control problem is not established, (3) the quantitative metrics for the rule expressions do not exist. This paper concerns with these problems.First we define the control problem of the discrete system as the problem selecting alternatives such as works and resources to satisfy many constraint conditions and objective conditions. For specification of this type of control problems, IF-THEN rules are suitable for expressing these conditions. Next, the Halstead's metrics, which is one of the metrics for the property of general purpose languages, is enhanced to deal with rule expression based on the mechanism of the inference system.The proposed method described above is successfully applied to the control rules development of a coal-handling system. The effectiveness of the procedure is shown by comparing the rule solution with Pareto optimal solutions. Furthermore, the enhanced metrics are validated through the comparison between rule expression and Fortran program.
<title>More stable algorithm for rigorous coupled wave analysis applied to topography simulation in optical lithography and its numerical implementation</title> (1996)

This paper discusses a more stable algorithm of rigorous coupled wave analysis applicable to 2-D exposure simulation in an optical lithography. This algorithm can resolve a divergence problem inherently and can easily be implemented as a full vector model. 2-D exposure simulator based on this algorithm is developed and applied successfully to a very thick photoresist system. Intensity distributions inside the photoresist are simulated and compared with those of other vector models. The adaptive layering technique is introduced to the simulation of bleaching process in order to reduce the computation time. It is found that the technique can greatly reduce memeory size and computation time with reasonable accuracy.
Investigations on the kinetics of the concentration of deoxynivalenol (DON) and on spoilage by moulds and yeasts of wheat grain preserved with sodium metabisulfite (Na<sub>2</sub>S<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub>, SBS) and propionic acid at various moisture contents (2010)

Unground wheat kernels contaminated with 2.09 mg deoxynivalenol (DON) per kg dry matter were stored for up to 56 days at moisture contents of 15, 17.5 and 20% to study the alterations of DON concentration when the wheat was stored either unsupplemented or supplemented with 5 g sodium metabisulfite (Na2S2O5, SBS), 10 g propionic acid (PA) or 5 g SBS plus 10 g PA per kg. SBS addition alone or in combination with PA reduced the DON contamination to 1.2-4.3% of the initial DON concentration while DON concentration of unsupplemented and wheat batches supplemented only with PA varied inconsistently or remained unchanged. The SBS-related DON reduction was paralleled by a concomitant increase in the concentration of the non-toxic reaction product DON sulfonate. In contrast to the unsupplemented wet-stored controls, SBS addition prevented the growth of moulds and yeasts when added alone or in combination with PA. In conclusion, for the conditions examined, the wet preservation of DON-contaminated wheat with SBS seems to be promising as an on-farm detoxification measure.
Individual Pattern Making Using Computerized Draping Method for Clothing (2006)

The consumer is demanding more variety and personalization in apparel products. Personalization includes creating clothing that not only takes into account of variations in size, but also variations of the body shape itself. The traditional grading method is the current standard sizing system in the apparel industry. It starts with a base size which is then proportionally graded to create a multiple set of sizes. Although it caters for a limited number of sizes, this method does not include variations in body shape. In our research, we have developed a method of individual pattern making by modifying a traditional draping system so that it can be used in conjunction with modern three-dimensional modeling techniques. Individualized pattern making means customized pattern making for individuals. This method uses a five-step draping process. The steps are: (1) defining the surface shape; (2) setting grainlines; (3) fitting the fabric to the surface shape; (4) cutting of the three-dimensional surfaces; and (5) developing the three-dimensionally fitted fabric into a two-dimensional pattern. Our fitting process prevents or controls buckling when the limit angle of a fabric’s ability to conform to a surface is exceeded. We do this entire process using computed geometrical models, rather than physically. Therefore we believe it has the potential to be more efficient and simple than other techniques. When we used this method to make a pattern for a tight skirt, we easily created complex curved lines automatically using this development method. When test subjects compared our skirt with a traditionally designed skirt, approximately 80% of the subjects indicated a preference for our skirt. Although this paper focuses on patterns made for dummies, our future research will focus on fitting to real human body shapes.
ChemInform Abstract: Multi‐Component Extracellular Matrices Based on Peptide Self‐Assembly (2010)

Abstract Review: 67 refs.
Reactions of diene-conjugated 1,3-dipolar intermediates: the formation of cyclopropa[c]isoquinolines from benzonitrile o-alkenylbenzyl ylides and their rearrangements to benzazepines (1992)

The diene-conjugsted nitrile ylides 19, generated by the 1,3-dehydrochlorination of imidoyl chlorides 18, cyclise at room temperature to give the cyclopropa[c]isoquinolines 21 in a stereospecific reaction. Thermal decomposition of the latter when R1 or R2= H involves an equilibration between exo and endo isomers (Scheme 4) accompanied by a slower ring expansion to give 1H-2-benzazepines. In cases where neither R1 or R2= H the thermal decomposition follows another path (Scheme 5) to give 5H-2-benzazepines. In contrast 32 and 38, the thiophene analogues of 19, do not give cyclopropa[b]thienopyridines 33 and 39, respectively but instead give the thienoazepines 35 and 41.
Influence of the Acceptor Composition on Physical Properties and Solar Cell Performance in Semi-Random Two-Acceptor Copolymers (2012)

Five novel semi-random poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) based donor-acceptor copolymers containing either thienopyrroledione (TPD) or both diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) and TPD acceptors were synthesized by Stille copolymerization, and their optical, electrochemical, charge transport, and photovoltaic properties were investigated. Poly(3-hexylthiophene-thiophene-thienopyrroledione) polymers P3HTT-TPD-10% and P3HTT-TPD-15% with either 10% or 15% acceptor content were synthesized as a point of reference. Two-acceptor polymers containing both TPD and DPP were synthesized with varying acceptor ratios to fine-tune electrooptical properties, namely, P3HTT-TPD-DPP (1:1) (7.5% TPD and 7.5% DPP), P3HTT-TPD-DPP (2:1) (10% TPD and 5% DPP), and P3HTT-TPD-DPP (1:2) (5% TPD and 10% DPP). The two-acceptor copolymers have broad and uniformly strong absorption profiles from 350-850 nm with absorption coefficients up to 8 × 10<sup>4</sup> cm<sup>-1</sup> at ∼700 nm for P3HTT-TPD-DPP (1:2). This is reflected in the photocurrent responses of polymer:fullerene bulk heterojunction solar cells with PC<sub>61</sub>BM as an acceptor where P3HTT-TPD-DPP (1:1) and P3HTT-TPD-DPP (1:2) have peak external quantum efficiency (EQE) values of 61% and 68% at 680 nm, respectively, and at 800 nm show impressive EQE values of 29% and 40%. Power conversion efficiencies in solar cells of P3HTT-TPD-10% and P3HTT-TPD-15% are moderate (2.08% and 2.22%, respectively), whereas two-acceptor copolymers achieve high efficiencies between 3.94% and 4.93%. The higher efficiencies are due to a combination of very large short-circuit current densities exceeding 16 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> for P3HTT-TPD-DPP (1:2), which are among the highest published values for polymer solar cells and are considerably higher than those of previously published two-acceptor polymers, as well as fill factors over 0.60. These results indicate that semi-random copolymers containing multiple distinct acceptor monomers are a very promising class of polymers able to achieve large current densities and high efficiencies due to favorable properties such as semicrystallinity, high hole mobility, and importantly broad, uniform, and strong absorption of the solar spectrum.
The genetics, evolution and expression of antibody molecules (1973)

The vertebrate immune system shares certain general properties with other complex systems in higher organisms and, accordingly, may serve as an ideal model for studying various aspects of differentiation and evolution in eukaryotes. I will discuss the general patterns which have emerged from genetic, molecular and cellular studies of this system. These observations will be related to three aspects of the problem of "information handling" in higher organisms; namely, how the information from a complex system is stored in the genome, how it is expressed during the differentiation of individual organisms, and how it changes during the evolution of eukaryotes.
Traffic and related self-driven many-particle systems (2001)

Since the subject of traffic dynamics has captured the interest of physicists, many surprising effects have been revealed and explained. Some of the questions now understood are the following: Why are vehicles sometimes stopped by ``phantom traffic jams'' even though drivers all like to drive fast? What are the mechanisms behind stop-and-go traffic? Why are there several different kinds of congestion, and how are they related? Why do most traffic jams occur considerably before the road capacity is reached? Can a temporary reduction in the volume of traffic cause a lasting traffic jam? Under which conditions can speed limits speed up traffic? Why do pedestrians moving in opposite directions normally organize into lanes, while similar systems ``freeze by heating''? All of these questions have been answered by applying and extending methods from statistical physics and nonlinear dynamics to self-driven many-particle systems. This article considers the empirical data and then reviews the main approaches to modeling pedestrian and vehicle traffic. These include microscopic (particle-based), mesoscopic (gas-kinetic), and macroscopic (fluid-dynamic) models. Attention is also paid to the formulation of a micro-macro link, to aspects of universality, and to other unifying concepts, such as a general modeling framework for self-driven many-particle systems, including spin systems. While the primary focus is upon vehicle and pedestrian traffic, applications to biological or socio-economic systems such as bacterial colonies, flocks of birds, panics, and stock market dynamics are touched upon as well.
Creating Individualized Data Sets for Student Exercises Using Microsoft Excel and Visual Basic (2006)

In this paper we describe an approach that utilizes Excel macros to help OR/MS instructors to enhance and assess their students' learning. We begin by explaining a specific macro, Data Generator, which mainly helps statistics instructors to create assignment questions where numbers or data sets used in the questions are randomly generated according to the instructions specified by instructors. Because of the potentially narrow application range of our particular macro, we also describe an approach that can be used for more general questions. For the most part, this more general approach requires simply recording a macro and then pasting a few other instructions into the resulting code to make the recorded macro more user-friendly. We also provide a suggested procedure to help instructors to grade the students' answers automatically.