gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Future Opportunities in Cancer Nanotechnology—NCI Strategic Workshop Report (2014)

There has been significant progress in utilizing nanotechnology in several areas of cancer care, including in vitro diagnostics, imaging, and therapy. The National Cancer Institute, which currently supports an array of research activities in cancer nanotechnology, convened a strategic workshop to explore the most promising directions and areas for future resource investment. The major discussion points as well as the opportunities identified are presented herein.
Novel Back-EMF Detection Technique of Brushless DC Motor Drives for Wide Range Control Without Using Current and Position Sensors (2008)

This paper presents a new back-electromotive force (EMF) detection technique which provides wide range control for brushless dc motor (BLDCM) drives. As compared with previous techniques which can be used either for low duty-ratio control or for high duty-ratio control only, the proposed technique deals with the above-mentioned problem to give both low and high duty-ratio control while not invoking any position and current sensors. The zero crossing point of back-EMF which is used for generating proper commutation control of inverter is calculated by sampling the voltage of floating phase. Therefore, no current and position sensors are required for the implementation. The presented method can be easily implemented using digital controller. An field programmable gate array-based BLDCM driver system is set up to demonstrate that the presented technique works well from standstill to rated speed.
Transmural myocardial perfusion during restricted coronary inflow in the awake dog (1977)

Phasic coronary flow and transmural myocardial perfusion were studied during coronary artery constriction in 10 dogs with electromagnetic flowmeters and hydraulic occluders on the left circumflex coronary artery. Regional blood flow was estimated using left atrial injections of radionuclide-labeled microspheres 9 micron in diameter. During control conditions, 14+/-0.7% of coronary flow occurred in systole and subendocardial (endo) flow exceeded subepicardial (epi) flow in the region of the posterior papillary muscle (endo/epi=1.16). Immediately following partial inflation of the occluder to reduce coronary inflow 39+/-3%, systolic flow was unchanged while diastolic flow fell 42+/-3%, thereby increasing the portion of flow in systole to 22+/-1.4%. At this time blood flow was reduced nearly uniformly across the wall of the left ventricle. When coronary constriction was maintained for 30 s, an additional shift of flow from diastole to systole occurred (systolic flow=29+/-2.3% of total inflow), and transmural perfusion was redistributed from subendocardium to subepicardium (endo/epi=0.37). This redistribution of flow was accompanied by a fall in coronary pressure distal to the occluder, indicating vasodilation of the distal coronary vasculature.
Efficient organization of large multidimensional arrays (2002)

Large multidimensional arrays are widely used in scientific and engineering database applications. The authors present methods of organizing arrays to make their access on secondary and tertiary memory devices fast and efficient. They have developed four techniques for doing this: (1) storing the array in multidimensional "chunks" to minimize the number of blocks fetched, (2) reordering the chunked array to minimize seek distance between accessed blocks, (3) maintaining redundant copies of the array, each organized for a different chunk size and ordering and (4) partitioning the array onto platters of a tertiary memory device so as to minimize the number of platter switches. The measurements on real data obtained from global change scientists show that accesses on arrays organized using these techniques are often an order of magnitude faster than on the unoptimized data.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Novel optical sensor for the measurement of surface texture (2001)

In this article we describe a novel optical sensor designed to measure surface texture, i.e., the roughness and waviness. The system integrates a surface profiler and a light scattering unit in a compact setup suitable for industrial applications. This sensor could represent a unique surface inspection tool to be integrated in grinding stations used for reconditioning rolls for milling. The spatial wavelength measuring range for waviness is 1–100 mm, whereas the amplitudes of the measured defects can be in the range 200 nm–5 μm for waviness and 100 nm–1.5 μm for roughness. The system exhibits a measurement uncertainty of less than 2% of the measuring range. The industrial version of the sensor has been realized and characterized in field.
Conformational effects on complex formation in polymeric systems and matrix polymerization (1980)

Abstract Kabanov et al. reported that a complex could be formed between poly-L-lysine (I) and poly(acrylic acid) (II) which stabilizes the α-helix of I. In order to confirm this important result, the complex formation between I and various dicarboxylic acids of different chain lengths has been examined. Glutaric acid, whose extended chain length coincides with the distance between the adjacent amino groups of the I chain in the α-helix form was found to stabilize the α-helix. The structures of the complexes of I with oligo-and poly(acrylic acid)s were also studied by ORD in aqueous solutions and by x-ray analysis in the crystalline state. The results showed that the β-structure is preferred over the α helical conformation. This might be attributable to the fact that the distance between the neighboring carboxylic groups along II is shorter than that between the adjacent amino group of I in the α-helical form but coincides with the distance in the β-structure. On the basis of the structural information obtained, the polymerization of acrylic acid and potassium p-vinylbenzene sulfonate in the presence of poly-L-lysine was examined in terms of the polymerization kinetics and the structure of resultant polymer complexes. It was found that the polymerization was accelerated in the presence of poly-L-lysine only when it has a β-structure in the beginning or in the final stages of polymerization.
Dialysate content and risk of sudden cardiac death (2015)

Dialysate content plays an important role in the risk of SCD in hemodialysis patients on hemodialysis. There is a need for further studies designed to identify patients at risk and to determine what strategies can be used to lower this risk.
Oral application of bacterial lysate in infancy diminishes the prevalence of atopic dermatitis in children at risk for atopy (2013)

Numerous interventions such as avoidance of food allergens, prolonged breast feeding and supplementation of pro-and/or prebiotics have been tried as primary prevention of atopic dermatitis. Recent data suggest that prevention of infantile eczema is possible in a subgroup of children by feeding bacterial lysates early in life. Bacterial lysates of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis were found to impair allergic immune responses in rats. An interventional trial in 606 infants at risk for atopy showed a reduction of atopic dermatitis at the end of the treatment phase (month 2 until month 7) of 50% in a subgroup of children with single heredity for atopy. This was even more pronounced in the group of children with paternal heredity for atopy. This effect was still seen at age 1 year. There was no effect on food sensitisation. In conclusion, an immune modulation in terms of prevention of atopic dermatitis in infancy if single atopic family history is present seems to be possible by feeding bacterial lysates early in life.
Laser Engine Ignition (2014)

The mechanism of air breakdown for engine ignition was investigated with the high-brightness giantpulse lasers. After the conformation of double pulses and ultrafast short pulse effects for laser-induced breakdown, we have designed a giant-pulse microchip laser for engine ignition. The output energy of 3 mJ per pulse and totally 12 mJ (sum of 4 pulses) were obtained at the pump duration of 500 μs with the optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 19%. The pulse width and M2 value were 500‒700 ps and 1.2 ‒1.4, respectively. The brightness of the microchip laser was calculated to be > 0.3 PW/sr-cm2 and the optical power intensity of 5 TW/cm2 was estimated at the focal point of ignition. The enhanced combustion by the microchip laser ignition was successfully demonstrated in a thermo stated constantvolume chamber with room temperature with atmospheric pressure, and ignition tests for a real automobile engine were performed. A single laser pulse with energy of 2.3 mJ could ignite and drive the engine stably. It should be lowest energy ever reported for laser ignition of a real automobile engine. Finally, the world first microchip laser ignited self-consisted gasoline engine vehicle has been demonstrated by “Giant Micro-photonics”. Advantages of lean-mixture combustion should also show benefits in realization of an efficient and clean electric power cogeneration system.
Three-dimensional transfer-function analysis of the tomographic capability of a confocal fluorescence microscope (1990)

The three-dimensional optical transfer function of a confocal fluorescence microscope is derived. It has no missing cone and provides tomographic images of the sample. The derivation is based on the dispersion equation of spherical waves and the diffraction limitation by an objective lens. Experimental results are shown to verify the derivation.
Polymer Brush-Modified Electrode with Switchable and Tunable Redox Activity for Bioelectronic Applications (2008)

A new signal-responsive interface with switchable/tunable redox properties based on a pH-responding polymer brush was studied. Poly(4-vinyl pyridine), P4VP, functionalized with Os-complex redox units was grafted to an indium tin oxide (ITO) conductive support in the form of a polymer brush. The modified electrode surface was responsive to the changes of the pH value of the electrolyte solution: at acidic pH = 4.0 the redox-polymer film demonstrated the reversible electrochemical process, E° = 0.29 V (vs Ag/AgCl), while at neutral pH > 6, the polymer was not electrochemically active. The reversible transformation between the active and the inactive state originated from the structural changes of the polymer support. The protonation of the pyridine units of the polymer backbone at the acidic pH resulted in the swelling of the polymer brush allowing quasi-diffusional translocation of the flexible polymer chains, thus providing direct contact of the polymer-bound redox units and the conducting electrode support. The uncharged polymer formed at the neutral pH values existed in the shrunk state, when the mobility of the polymer chains was restricted and the polymer-bound redox units were not electrically accessible from the conducting support, thus resulting in the nonactive state of the modified electrode. The reversible changes of the electrochemical activity of the modified electrode and the respective structural changes of the polymer-brush were characterized in details by electrochemistry, AFM, and ellipsometry. The stepwise changes of the pH value between 3.0 and 7.0 resulted in the reversible switching on and off of the electrode redox activity, respectively. The redox activity of the modified electrode was also tunable upon precise titration of the electrolyte solution between pH 3.0 and 7.0 demonstrating a titration-like curve for the amount of the redox-active group because of the smooth transition between the swollen and the shrunk states. The primary electrochemical activity of the modified electrode was coupled with a biocatalytic oxidation of glucose in the presence of soluble glucose oxidase (GOx), thus allowing reversible activation of the bioelectrocatalytic process. The modified electrode with the pH-controlled switchable/tunable redox activity was proposed as a “smart” interface for a new generation of electrochemical biosensors and biofuel cells with a signal-controlled activity.
Antibodies against testicular germinal cells in lepromatous leprosy. (1974)

Testicular germinal cell antibodies were found in 44 of 59 patients with lepromatous leprosy and in 4 of 10 patients with tuberculoid disease. A similar pattern was found in 12 of 262 controls and normal subjects. The antibody was found to be of the IgG class and 40 of 49 of these antibodies were shown to be complement fixing. Spermatozoal antibodies were detected in 12 patients, but no ovarian antibodies were found in any specimen. There was no close correlation between erythema nodosum leprosum and testicular antibodies. It was found that the characteristic of the testicular antibody in leprosy was its ability to be absorbed by Mycobacterium BCG suspension suggesting that this is another antibody induced by infection. A similar fluorescent pattern was seen in some patients who did not have leprosy, but in these cases, it could not be abolished with BCG. It is concluded that autoimmunity may be 1 of the factors involved in the pathogenesis of orchitis in leprosy.
L1 adaptive control theory : guaranteed robustness with fast adaptation (2010)

This book presents a comprehensive overview of the recently developed L1 adaptive control theory, including detailed proofs of the main results. The key feature of the L1 adaptive control theory is the decoupling of adaptation from robustness. The architectures of L1 adaptive control theory have guaranteed transient performance and robustness in the presence of fast adaptation, without enforcing persistent excitation, applying gain-scheduling, or resorting to high-gain feedback. The book covers detailed proofs of the main results and also presents the flight test results that have used this theory and contains results not yet published in technical journals and conference proceedings. The material is organized into six chapters and concludes with an appendix that summarizes the mathematical results used to support the proofs. Software is available on a supplementary Web page. Audience: L1 Adaptive Control Theory is intended for graduate students; researchers; and aerospace, mechanical, chemical, industrial, and electrical engineers interested in pursuing new directions in research and developing technology at reduced costs. Contents: Foreword; Preface; Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: State Feedback in the Presence of Matched Uncertainties; Chapter 3: State Feedback in the Presence of Unmatched Uncertainties; Chapter 4: Output Feedback; Chapter 5: L1 Adaptive Controller for Time-Varying Reference Systems; Chapter 6: Applications, Conclusions, and Open Problems; Appendix A: Systems Theory; Appendix B: Projection Operator for Adaptation Laws; Appendix C: Basic Facts on Linear Matrix Inequalities; Bibliography
The Importance of Geometry Combined with New Techniques for Augmented Reality (2013)

Abstract From the field of the “Geomatics Engineering”[1], better known as “Topographic Engineering” and other fields as “surveyors”, has always driven the knowledge of our environment in order to capture it on a support then allow other users to work, taking decisions on where you’ve never been, and are known early nautical charts, the world map, the cartographic maps of cities and countries, orthophotos and more recently around the digital medium, satellite images, google earth, etc... Augmented reality allows us to make visible developing products that take years but it was very difficult to bring them to the general public (requiring knowledge of cartographic techniques, knowledge of graphic expression, heritage documentation methods, ....) in this article want to show the techniques that allow us to make measurements of complete geometric precision to ensure that the final product is not only attractive but strictly accurate to the real model. We explain how we use robotic total stations with reflectorless measurement, centimeter GPS, 3D scanner, close range photogrammetry[2], all so that our model is strictly accurate. There are models that have intrinsic value in their own actions, no escape ancient Egyptian pyramid is not enough just to model it in an attractive way, but measurements have to be geometrically accurate if you want to test any hypothesis about their mathematical knowledge, astronomical, etc. For all this we believe that both techniques can support each other in achieving the best possible models, augmented reality will showcase showing geometrically exact elements obtained with geomatics techniques that can be displayed to the general public or even to researchers who know they are working real and exact values (an archaeological dig, a pyramid, a sculpture, caves, ...).
Calcium sulfate hemihydrate in statoliths of deep-sea medusae (2002)

We report on the examination of the statoliths of the coronate medusa Periphylla periphylla. The statoliths are single crystals of calcium sulfate hemihydrate of about 60 μm length and 15 μm diameter, as identified by powder and single-crystal diffractometry at the synchrotron. This is most surprising, as this phase (gypsum plaster, the mineral bassanite) can not usually be precipitated from aqueous solutions and easily takes up water to yield the dihydrate of calcium sulfate (hardening reaction of gypsum). As it is sensible to use the considerably more dense hemihydrate instead of the dihydrate as a gravity sensor (32% higher density after buoyancy correction), it can be concluded that this biological system actively induces the crystallisation of this phase far away from chemical equilibrium. As a biomineral, calcium sulfate hemihydrate has not been found in living organisms before. The results are complemented by a discussion of histology and evolutionary aspects.
Advancing Acoustic-to-Word CTC Model with Attention and Mixed-Units (2018)

The acoustic-to-word model based on the Connectionist Temporal Classification (CTC) criterion is a natural end-to-end (E2E) system directly targeting word as output unit. Two issues exist in the system: first, the current output of the CTC model relies on the current input and does not account for context weighted inputs. This is the hard alignment issue. Second, the word-based CTC model suffers from the out-of-vocabulary (OOV) issue. This means it can model only frequently occurring words while tagging the remaining words as OOV. Hence, such a model is limited in its capacity in recognizing only a fixed set of frequent words. In this study, we propose addressing these problems using a combination of attention mechanism and mixed-units. In particular, we introduce Attention CTC, Self-Attention CTC, Hybrid CTC, and Mixed-unit CTC. First, we blend attention modeling capabilities directly into the CTC network using Attention CTC and Self-Attention CTC. Second, to alleviate the OOV issue, we present Hybrid CTC which uses a word and letter CTC with shared hidden layers. The Hybrid CTC consults the letter CTC when the word CTC emits an OOV. Then, we propose a much better solution by training a Mixed-unit CTC which decomposes all the OOV words into sequences of frequent words and multi-letter units. Evaluated on a 3400 hours Microsoft Cortana voice assistant task, our final acoustic-to-word solution using attention and mixed-units achieves a relative reduction in word error rate (WER) over the vanilla word CTC by 12.09\%. Such an E2E model without using any language model (LM) or complex decoder also outperforms a traditional context-dependent (CD) phoneme CTC with strong LM and decoder by 6.79% relative.
Administration of mushroom extract to broiler chickens for bifidobacteria enhancement and Salmonella reduction (2009)

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the administration of mushroom extract on bifidobacteria and Salmonella populations in broiler chicken feces. In the first experiment, a total of 100 female broiler chicks were assigned to 1 of the following treatment conditions, with 20 chicks per treatment: 1) control (no additive), 2) mushroom extract, 3) vinegar via water, 4) mushroom substrate extract, or 5) milk + water. In experiment 2, a total of 120 female broiler chicks were assigned to 1 of 4 treatment groups, with 30 chicks per treatment: 1) control (no additive), 2) experimental human bifido-strain, 3) mushroom extract, or 4) PrimaLac (probiotic). Fecal samples were collected from 5 pastured birds per treatment on d 49. Results of experiment 1 showed that broilers receiving the mushroom extract had a significant increase in the population of bifidobacteria in the fecal samples and no significant reduction in Salmonella fecal populations. Results of the second experiment showed that significantly higher bifidobacteria and lower Salmonella populations were observed after mushroom extract was withdrawn at d 21 from pastured broilers evaluated at d 49. Overall, continual administration of mushroom extract to broiler chickens enhanced fecal shedding of bifidobacteria and early intermittent administration of the extract decreased Salmonella populations.
Conjugated polyelectrolytes: A new class of semiconducting material for organic electronic devices (2013)

This feature article presents a short review of the recent developments in the synthesis of conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs) along with their applications in organic optoelectronic devices with particular focus on the molecular structures of CPEs with ionic functionality, synthetic approaches, and their utilization as an interfacial layer. The orthogonal solubility of the CPEs allows the simple preparation of multilayer organic devices by solution casting on top of a nonpolar organic photoactive layer without disturbing the interfaces, showing their effectiveness in tuning the electronic structures at the interfaces for improving the charge carrier transport and resulting device properties. These achievements highlight the dynamic nature of CPEs and their applicability to a wide range of optoelectronic devices.
s-l-g (solid-liquid-gas) phase transition of cocoa butter in supercritical co2 (1999)

Phase equilibrium data (solid-liquid-gas) for cocoa butter and carbon dioxide were determined in view if their importance in design of PGSS (particles from gas saturated solutions) micronization process. The mutual solubility in the system cocoa butter/CO2 was measured by the static-analytic method in the temperature range of 30-80 °C and pressure range of 1-30 MPa. The experiments on solid-liquid (S-L) transition for cocoa butter in the presence of carbon dioxide were performed by the modified capillary method in a high pressure optical cell. For the production of finely dispersed cocoa butter by expanding CO2-saturated solutions, the initial guess indicates that the starting conditions should be near the liquefaction curve in order to allow the solid-liquid region to be reached after expansion.
The TMDL Program Results Analysis Project (2008)

The TMDL Program Results Analysis ProjectUSEPA is self-evaluating its Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) program, which plays a prominent role in the Clean Water Act's identification, restoration, and recovery tracking of impaired waters. First, we clarified TMDL program expectations and identified measurable results concepts that relate to program goals. We reviewed recent analyses of the TMDL program to identify possible results patterns...Author(s)Douglas J. NortonDwight AtkinsonValentina Cabrera-StagnoBruce ClelandSarah FurtakCary McElhinneyEric MonscheinSourceWater PracticeSubjectArticlesDocument typeConference PaperPublisherWater Environment FederationPrint publication date Jan, 2008ISSN1933-1770SICI1933-1770(20080123)2:1L.1;1-DOI10.2175/193317708X281415Volume / Issue2 / 1Content sourceWater PracticeFirst / last page(s)1 - 13Copyright2008Word count156Subject keywordsRESULTS ANALYSISTMDLCLEAN WATER ACT SECTION 303(D)USEPA