gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Vacuum Ultraviolet Photolysis of Methane (1962)

The photolysis of CH4—CD4 mixtures, CH2D2, and CHD3 with 1236 Å light shows that molecular elimination of hydrogen from methane is an important but not an exclusive primary photochemical process. The photolysis products are principally those expected from the insertion reaction of the methylene radical.
Exploring synchronization in complex oscillator networks (2012)

The emergence of synchronization in a network of coupled oscillators is a pervasive topic in various scientific disciplines ranging from biology, physics, and chemistry to social networks and engineering applications. A coupled oscillator network is characterized by a population of heterogeneous oscillators and a graph describing the interaction among the oscillators. These two ingredients give rise to a rich dynamic behavior that keeps on fascinating the scientific community. In this article, we present a tutorial introduction to coupled oscillator networks, we review the vast literature on theory and applications, and we present a collection of different synchronization notions, conditions, and analysis approaches. We focus on the canonical phase oscillator models occurring in countless real-world synchronization phenomena, and present their rich phenomenology. We review a set of applications relevant to control scientists. We explore different approaches to phase and frequency synchronization, and we present a collection of synchronization conditions and performance estimates. For all results we present self-contained proofs that illustrate a sample of different analysis methods in a tutorial style.
A mobile-agent based distributed intelligent control system architecture for home automation (2002)

The proposed system architecture presents a mobile-agent based three-tier distributed control architectural framework in order to provide QoS-driven, scalable system configuration, flexible integration of heterogeneous control systems and robust hierarchical distributed control system for home automation and intelligent control. In this architecture, CORBA and mobile agent technologies work together as a flexible middle layer to provide the distribution of service control and location-aware adaptability and achieve large accessibility and interoperability for distributed control. To satisfy real-time requirements of home automation, the priority queue scheduling, real time event dispatching mechanisms and HAN architecture are also presented.
Efficient expansion of regulatory T cells <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i> with a CD28 superagonist (2003)

CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells play a central role in the suppression of autoimmunity and inflammation, making their in vivo expansion a highly attractive therapeutic target. By phenotyping with a novel rat CTL antigen-4 (CTLA-4)-specific monoclonal antibody (mAb) and functional in vitro assays, we here first establish that rat CD4(+)CD25(+) T cells correspond to the regulatory T cells (Treg cells) described in mice and humans: they constitutively express CTLA-4, produce IL-10 but not IL-2, and are able to suppress the proliferation of costimulated CD25-negative indicator cells. Furthermore, we show that rat Treg cells respond less well than CD25(-) T cells to conventional costimulation, but are readily expanded in vitro with "superagonistic" CD28-specific mAb which are potent mitogens for all T cells without the need for TCR engagement. In vivo, functional Treg cells are preferentially expanded by CD28 stimulation over other T cell subsets, leading to a 20-fold increase within 3 days in response to a single antibody dose. These data suggest that CD28-driven activation of Treg cells may be highly effective in the treatment of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
The Synthesis of Phenylhydrazines from <i>bis</i>(2,2,2-Trichloroethyl) Azodicarboxylates and Electron-Rich Arenes (1997)

Abstract Phenylhydrazines are readily prepared in a two step sequences using electron rich arenes molecules and bis(2,2,2 trichloroethyl) azodicarboxylate (BTCEAD).
A NOTE ON HIDDEN GAINS AND LOSSES OF BUFFER STOCK SCHEMES FOR WOOL (1970)

This note is concerned with one aspect of the methodology for examining the gains and losses of a buffer stock scheme for wool. It is shown that it is incorrect to debit interest due on capital tied up in stocks of wool without, at the same time, crediting a portion of this to the grower. The errors that can occur in calculations that do not take account of the charged time distribution of growers' receipts are demonstrated.
Privacy, consent and authorization in IoT (2017)

Every potential consumer of an IoT product asks the same questions: Is it useful? Does it work? Can I trust it? IoT systems must handle personal data in a manner that benefits the consumers and, also, does not jeopardize their privacy. The keys to ensure this are consent and authorization. General Data Protection Regulation defines consent as a clear affirmative act, freely given, specific, informed and unambiguous. There are obvious challenges in implementing consent in IoT, which also have a direct impact on authorization. This talk discusses these challenges and reviews the standardization work on authorization.
Effect of perfusion pressure on cerebral blood flow during normothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. (1996)

This information, along with our previous data shows that autoregulation during CPB has a positive slope that is greater with normothermia than hypothermia. Although it is unlikely that these small changes in flow are an important primary effect in the development of hypoperfusion, increased metabolic rate with increased CBF may indicate pressure-dependent collateral flow potentially in regions embolized during CPB.
Selective Dry Etching of AlGaAs-GaAs Heterojunction (1981)

Selective dry etching of GaAs to Al x Ga 1- x As ( x =0.3) using an etching gas composed of CCl 2 F 2 and helium was studied. Etching was carried out at gas composition ratios of P CCl 2 F 2 / P He above 0.25, total pressures of 0.5 to 5.0 Pa, and power densities of 0.18 to 0.53 W/cm 2 . A high selectivity ratio exceeding 200 and a clean etch profile were obtained at a gas composition ratio of P CCl 2 F 2 / P He =1 operated at 5 Pa and 0.18 W/cm 2 . The etched profile of GaAs under the above conditions exhibited a nearly vertical-wall character.
Visual discrimination strategies of monkey and human observers for simple geometric shapes (2003)

During visually guided behavior relevant information must be extracted from the objects in the environment. Which information about particular stimuli is actually used can provide insights into strategies underlying behavior. Here we quantify which parts of simple geometric shapes humans and monkey observers used during a visual discrimination task. The stimulus set consisted of three rotated versions of a square with a single protrusion (left, up or right). Each shape was associated with a unique behavioral response (button press or eye movement). We determined relevant regions in each stimulus by presenting the shapes behind occluding surfaces with randomly placed windows, while the observers continued to perform the discrimination task. In this paradigm, the diagnostic value of a shape region is reflected in the way in which its occlusion affects the performance of the observer. While occlusion of an unimportant shape feature will leave discrimination performance unaffected, occlusion of the diagnostic features will render the observer unable to identify the shape correctly. For the human observers, each pattern had one diagnostic region consisting of the protrusion. Similar results were obtained in a monkey subject for two of the three shapes. Interestingly, no region was identifiable for the third shape, even though the monkey could identify the shape with about the same accuracy as the other two shapes. We suggest that the lack of a diagnostic region for the third shape reflects the strategy of the monkey, who tended to choose the third shape whenever neither of the protrusions corresponding to the first two shapes was visible. We conclude that although there was close agreement for the majority of stimuli, we also found strategy differences between human and monkey observers.
Detector for the VUV to the IR using sodium salicylate as a combined fluorescent and reflective coating (1985)

The spectral reflectance of sodium salicylate in the 360–1500-nm range and the angular distribution of the reflected and fluorescent radiation were investigated using sprayed and pressed samples with thicknesses between 5 and 220 mg/cm2. Reflectance is dependent on the surface structure and is >0.85 between 360 and 1500 nm for a pressed sample with a thickness of 186 mg/cm2. The angular distribution of reemitted radiation also depends on the surface structure. Based on these reflecting and fluorescent properties, an arrangement is proposed that covers the range from the VUV to the IR using a single conventional photomultiplier. Good sensitivity and long-term stability of this detector arrangement could be proved.
Leukemia Proto-Oncoprotein MLL Forms a SET1-Like Histone Methyltransferase Complex with Menin To Regulate <i>Hox</i> Gene Expression (2004)

MLL (for mixed-lineage leukemia) is a proto-oncogene that is mutated in a variety of human leukemias. Its product, a homolog of Drosophila melanogaster trithorax, displays intrinsic histone methyltransferase activity and functions genetically to maintain embryonic Hox gene expression. Here we report the biochemical purification of MLL and demonstrate that it associates with a cohort of proteins shared with the yeast and human SET1 histone methyltransferase complexes, including a homolog of Ash2, another Trx-G group protein. Two other members of the novel MLL complex identified here are host cell factor 1 (HCF-1), a transcriptional coregulator, and the related HCF-2, both of which specifically interact with a conserved binding motif in the MLL(N) (p300) subunit of MLL and provide a potential mechanism for regulating its antagonistic transcriptional properties. Menin, a product of the MEN1 tumor suppressor gene, is also a component of the 1-MDa MLL complex. Abrogation of menin expression phenocopies loss of MLL and reveals a critical role for menin in the maintenance of Hox gene expression. Oncogenic mutant forms of MLL retain an ability to interact with menin but not other identified complex components. These studies link the menin tumor suppressor protein with the MLL histone methyltransferase machinery, with implications for Hox gene expression in development and leukemia pathogenesis.
A theory crack healing in polymers (1981)

A theory of crack healing in polymers is presented in terms of the stages of crack healing, namely, (a) surface rearrangement, (b) surface approach, (c) wetting, (d) diffusion, and (e) randomization. The recovery ratio R of mechanical properties with time was determined as a convolution product, R = Rh (t)*φ(t), where Rh (t) is an intrinsic healing function, and φ(t) is a wetting distribution function for the crack interface or plane in the material. The reptation model of a chain in a tube was used to describe self-diffusion of interpenetrating random coil chains which formed a basis for Rh (t). Applications of the theory are described, including crack healing in amorphous polymers and melt processing of polymer resins by injection or compression molding. Relations are developed for fracture stress σ, strain ε, and energy E as a function of time t, temperature T, pressure P, and molecular weight M. Results include (i) during healing or processing at t&lt;t∞, σ,ε∼t1/4, E∼t1/2; (ii) at constant t&lt;t∞, σ,ε∼M−1/4, E∼M−1/2; (iii) in the fully interpenetrated healed state at t = t∞, σ,ε∼M1/2, E∼M; (iv) the time to achieve complete healing, t∞ ∼M3, ∼exp P, ∼exp 1/T. Chain fracture, creep, and stress relaxation are also discussed. New concepts for strength predictions are introduced.
Quantitative Estimation of the Degree of Cell Spreading on Different Surfaces and Cell Monolayers Using a Fluorescent Plate Scanner (1994)

A simple, rapid, and quantitative method for estimation of the degree of spreading of fluorescently labeled cells adherent to an artificial or biological surface has been designed, based on the principle that the medium between adherent cells and the surface of adhesion absorbs fluorescent light emitted by the adherent cells. Using the Beer-Lambert equation for extinction coefficient of monochromatic light, we have calculated the factor by which fluorescence signal actually emitted from cells adherent to the bottom of the microtiter well would differ from the fluorescence of these cells detected by a bottom-scanning plate reader. The physical nature of cell-cell ligand-receptor bridges depends on many parameters, such as the type of the receptor(s), the intensity and direction of a stress force, blockade of the receptors with monoclonal antibodies (MAb), and transfer of adhesion mediation to different ligand-receptor pairs. When employed in various adhesion models, this new technique has demonstrated quantitative changes of cellular spreading of human neutrophils adherent to different extracellular matrix protein-coated surfaces and to endothelial cells after neutrophil/endothelial cell activation or in the presence of MAb directed against neutrophil integrins. These measurements of spreading of adherent cells appear more sensitive than visual observation of cellular morphology on biological surfaces or cells.
Caffeic acid phenethyl ester induces E2F‐1‐mediated growth inhibition and cell‐cycle arrest in human cervical cancer cells (2013)

Caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE) has been identified as an active component of propolis, a substance that confers diverse activities in cells of various origins. However, the molecular basis of CAPE-mediated cellular activity remains to be clarified. Here, we show that CAPE preferentially induced S- and G2 /M-phase cell-cycle arrests and initiated apoptosis in human cervical cancer lines. The effect was found to be associated with increased expression of E2F-1, as there is no CAPE-mediated induction of E2F-1 in the pre-cancerous cervical Z172 cells. CAPE also up-regulated the E2F-1 target genes cyclin A, cyclin E and apoptotic protease activating of factor 1 (Apaf-1) but down-regulated cyclin B and induced myeloid leukemia cell differentiation protein (Mcl-1). These results suggest the involvement of E2F-1 in CAPE-mediated growth inhibition and cell-cycle arrest. Transient transfection studies with luciferase reporters revealed that CAPE altered the transcriptional activity of the apaf-1 and mcl-1 promoters. Further studies using chromatin immunoprecipitation assays demonstrated that E2F-1 binding to the apaf-1 and cyclin B promoters was increased and decreased, respectively, in CAPE-treated cells. Furthermore, E2F-1 silencing abolished CAPE-mediated effects on cell-cycle arrest, apoptosis and related gene expression. Taken together, these results indicate a crucial role for E2F-1 in CAPE-mediated cellular activities in cervical cancer cells.
Treatment of Cervical Spine Injuries with Anterior Plating (1991)

This study analyzed 86 patients who sustained a cervical spine injury and who had 93 anterior surgical interventions of the cervical spine. The average age of the patients was 39 years, the mean follow-up 40 months. Twenty-two patients had predominantly vertebral body fractures (burst or tear-drop fractures) and were treated by bisegmental anterior bone grafting and plating. Sixty-four patients had predominantly posterior lesions, either discoligamentous or osteoligamentous, and were treated by unisegmental bone grafting and plating. Forty-three patients were neurologically intact. There were no relevant complications except in one patient, who needed reoperation because of a secondary redislocation due to a technically insufficient osteosynthesis. The technique of anterior bone grafting and plating is shown to be straight-forward, atraumatic, and reliable for predominantly anterior lesions as well as for posterior injuries when performed properly. This clinical experiences does not support experimental data and earlier clinical work, which advocate posterior surgery over anterior surgery and assert that anterior surgery should not be done in predominantly posterior lesions.
Hydrolytic and Enzymatic Degradation of Nanoparticles Based on Amphiphilic Poly(γ-glutamic acid)-<i>graft</i>-<scp>l</scp>-Phenylalanine Copolymers (2005)

Amphiphilic graft copolymers consisting of poly(gamma-glutamic acid) (gamma-PGA) as the hydrophilic backbone and L-phenylalanine ethylester (L-PAE) as the hydrophobic side chain were synthesized by grafting L-PAE to gamma-PGA. The nanoparticles were prepared by a precipitation method, and about 200 nm-sized nanoparticles were obtained due to their amphiphilic properties. The hydrolytic and enzymatic degradation of these gamma-PGA nanoparticles was studied by gel permeation chromatography (GPC), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), dynamic light scattering (DLS) and (1)H NMR measurements. The hydrolysis ratio of gamma-PGA and these hydrophobic derivatives was found to decrease upon increasing the hydrophobicity of the gamma-PGA derivates. The pH had an effect on the hydrolytic degradation of the polymer. The hydrolysis of the polymer could be accelerated by alkaline conditions. The degradation of the gamma-PGA backbone by gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (gamma-GTP) resulted in a dramatic change in nanoparticle morphology. With increasing time, the gamma-PGA nanoparticles began to decrease in size and finally disappeared completely. Moreover, the gamma-PGA nanoparticles were degraded by four different enzymes (Pronase E, protease, cathepsin B and lipase) with different degradation patterns. The enzymatic degradation of the nanoparticles occurred via the hydrolysis of gamma-PGA as the main chain and L-PAE as the side chain. In the case of the enzymatic degradation of gamma-PGA nanoparticles with Pronase E, the size of the nanoparticles increased during the initial degradation stage and decreased gradually when the degradation time was extended. Nanoparticles composed of biodegradable amphiphilic gamma-PGA with reactive function groups can undergo further modification and are expected to have a variety of potential pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, such as drug and vaccine carriers.
Magnetometer Compensation Scheme and Experimental Results on ZDPS-1A Pico-satellite (2012)

In a pico-satellite with small volume, measurements from on-board three-axis magnetometer (TAM) are not accurate, as it can be easily disturbed by other electronic systems. To improve its accuracy, a scheme of compensation methods is introduced in this article. The scheme is based on an improved measurement model of pico-satellite TAM, and it mainly consists of three steps. First, in satellite design stage, several techniques are recommended to simplify the afterwards compensations. Then after satellite assembly, TAM ground tests and pre-launch calibration with least-square batch filter are introduced to improve magnetometer performance. At the end, a post-launch calibration with unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is implemented with in-orbit data. The compensation scheme is used in the development of Chinese pico-satellite ZDPS-1A made by Zhejiang University. Results show that with the introduced compensation scheme, the maximum error of ZDPS-1A TAM can be reduced from 80 mG to 6 mG (1 G=10−4T).
Hyperspectral Image Denoising Employing a Spatial–Spectral Deep Residual Convolutional Neural Network (2018)

Hyperspectral image (HSI) denoising is a crucial preprocessing procedure to improve the performance of the subsequent HSI interpretation and applications. In this paper, a novel deep learning-based method for this task is proposed, by learning a nonlinear end-to-end mapping between the noisy and clean HSIs with a combined spatial-spectral deep convolutional neural network (HSID-CNN). Both the spatial and spectral information are simultaneously assigned to the proposed network. In addition, multiscale feature extraction and multilevel feature representation are, respectively, employed to capture both the multiscale spatial-spectral feature and fuse different feature representations for the final restoration. The simulated and real-data experiments demonstrate that the proposed HSID-CNN outperforms many of the mainstream methods in both the quantitative evaluation indexes, visual effects, and HSI classification accuracy.
Up-Regulation of Bcl-2 in microvascular endothelial cells enhances intratumoral angiogenesis and accelerates tumor growth. (2001)

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been shown to be a potent mediator of angiogenesis that functions as a survival factor for endothelial cells by up-regulating Bcl-2 expression. We have recently reported that human dermal microvascular endothelial cells (HDMECs) seeded in biodegradable sponges and implanted into severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice organize into functional human microvessels that transport mouse blood cells. In this study, we implanted sponges seeded with OSCC-3 (oral squamous cell carcinoma) or SLK (Kaposi's sarcoma) together with endothelial cells into SCID mice to generate human tumors vascularized with human microvessels. This model system was used to examine the role of both endothelial cell Bcl-2 and the proangiogenic chemokine interleukin-8 (IL-8) on tumor growth and intratumoral microvascular density. Coimplantation of HDMECs overexpressing Bcl-2 (HDMEC-Bcl-2) and tumor cells resulted in a 3-fold enhancement of tumor growth when compared with the coimplantation of control HDMECs and tumor cells. This was associated with increased intratumoral microvascular density and enhanced endothelial cell survival. To determine whether the enhanced neovascularization mediated by Bcl-2 overexpression in endothelial cells was influenced by the synthesis of endogenous mediators of angiogenesis, we screened these cells for expression of VEGF, basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), and IL-8 by ELISA. HDMEC-Bcl-2 cells and VEGF-treated HDMECs exhibited a 15-fold and 4-fold increase, respectively, in the expression of the proangiogenic chemokine IL-8 in vitro, whereas the expression of VEGF and bFGF remained unchanged. Transfection of antisense Bcl-2 into HDMECs blocked VEGF-mediated induction of IL-8. Conditioned media from HDMEC-Bcl-2 induced proliferation and sprouting of endothelial cells in vitro and neovascularization in rat corneas. Anti-IL-8 antibody added to HDMEC-Bcl-2 conditioned media markedly reduced the potency of these responses. SCID mice bearing VEGF-producing tumor implants that were treated with anti-lL-8 antibody exhibited a 43% reduction in microvessel density and a 50% reduction in tumor weight compared with treatment with a nonspecific antibody. These results demonstrate that the up-regulation of Bcl-2 expression in endothelial cells that constitute tumor microvessels enhances intratumoral microvascular survival and density and accelerates tumor growth. Furthermore, endothelial cells that overexpress Bcl-2 have more angiogenic potential than control cells, and IL-8-neutralizing antibodies attenuate their angiogenic activity in vitro and in vivo.