gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Excess Potassium and Microstructure Control for Producing Dense KNbO<sub>3</sub> Ceramics (2012)

Potassium niobate, K(1+x)NbO3 (KN-10000x, 10000x = 0-40), ceramics were fabricated using KHCO3 powder as a starting material to improve their density, microstructure homogeneity and piezoelectric properties. The KN-7.2 ceramic has the highest density ratio of approximately 97% among the KN-10000x ceramics, showing excess K ions are very effective for the densification. The KN-7.2 ceramics also has homogeneous microstructure with small grains with a size of about 1-3 μm. On the other hand, grains of stoichiometric KN-0 are larger than those of the KN-7.2 ceramic. Also, each grain of the KN-0 ceramic has a faceted structure. Therefore, there are many pores between the grains. Our results show the strong effect of excess K on grain growth.
Dislocation images in the high resolution scanning electron microscope (1972)

Abstract Dislocation images from thin molybdenite crystals showing apparent depth-dependent black-white contrast in qualitative agreement with theoretical predictions, have been observed in transmission, back-scattering and secondary electron emission modes using a high resolution scanning microscope with conventional filament.
CONSTRUCTING A VIRTUAL BEHAVIOR CHANGE SUPPORT SYSTEM: A MOBILE INTERNET HEALTHCARE SOLUTION FOR PROBLEM DRINKERS (2002)

Currently there is no effective pharmacological method for treating problem drinkers without having negative side effects. Although previous studies indicate that brief office technique has positive effects on decreasing drinking. Problem drinkersâ behavior change is still the most effective âcureâ. With Wireless Application Protocol (WAP) enabled, cellular phones with access to Internet provide a great opportunity to adopt mobile Internet as a means to support behavior change. This paper presents an innovative approach to target this issue and provide a solution based on interdisciplinary cooperation between health and information technology professionals. There are three phases in this study. The first phase is to implement a preliminary assessment to explore problem drinkersâ physical and psychological needs. Then in the second phase a WAP Web site will be constructed to provide alcohol related information tailored to their needs and also trying to use other functions such as on-screen icons, chat etc. to support behavior change. Finally a feasibility study will be implemented to evaluate the effectiveness of applying mobile Internet to addictive behavior change in comparison with traditional brief office techniques.
[Thermostability of DNA and its connection with the glassing process]. (1999)

Using differential scanning calorimetry, the thermal denaturation of calf thymus DNA with different content of water (from 12 to 92%) was investigated. Dependences of melting temperature and enthalpy on the biopolymer hydration degree were established. Within the range of water concentrations from 92 to 50% the values of thermodynamic parameters of denaturation were obtained being in good agreement with the published data. Besides, a calorimetric manifestation of renaturation process at different cooling conditions after denaturation was studied. Special attention was paid to thermal properties of denatured and native DNA in the samples containing only the bound water. The temperature dependence of heat capacity in the denatured samples, which have completely lost their renaturation ability due to the proper thermal treatment, demonstrated a characteristic jump of thermal capacity. The value of this jump has been determined to be equal to 1.0 cal/g. degree C, related to dry weight, and almost not dependent on humidity. Temperature position of the jump (Tg) depends on the content of water which serves as a plasticizer. It is shown that the observed anomaly demonstrates all the properties characteristic of vitrification process in synthetic polymers and proteins. General similarity of thermal properties of the samples of native DNA, containing only the bound water, with those of denatured DNA also indicates a transition from the glassy into the rabber-like state. A possibility of existence of both native and denatured DNA in the glassy state at room temperature for the samples with low humidity (about 25%) has been demonstrated experimentally. It can be suggested that the formation of glassy state at dehydration of native DNA ensures its thermostability and the ability of restoration of its functional properties at a subsequent dehydration.
Developmental Activation of the Rb–E2F Pathway and Establishment of Cell Cycle-regulated Cyclin-dependent Kinase Activity during Embryonic Stem Cell Differentiation (2005)

To understand cell cycle control mechanisms in early development and how they change during differentiation, we used embryonic stem cells to model embryonic events. Our results demonstrate that as pluripotent cells differentiate, the length of G(1) phase increases substantially. At the molecular level, this is associated with a significant change in the size of active cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) complexes, the establishment of cell cycle-regulated Cdk2 activity and the activation of a functional Rb-E2F pathway. The switch from constitutive to cell cycle-dependent Cdk2 activity coincides with temporal changes in cyclin A2 and E1 protein levels during the cell cycle. Transcriptional mechanisms underpin the down-regulation of cyclin levels and the establishment of their periodicity during differentiation. As pluripotent cells differentiate and pRb/p107 kinase activities become cell cycle dependent, the E2F-pRb pathway is activated and imposes cell cycle-regulated transcriptional control on E2F target genes, such as cyclin E1. These results suggest the existence of a feedback loop where Cdk2 controls its own activity through regulation of cyclin E1 transcription. Changes in rates of cell division, cell cycle structure and the establishment of cell cycle-regulated Cdk2 activity can therefore be explained by activation of the E2F-pRb pathway.
The Reaction of Atomic Hydrogen with Carbon (1974)

A thermally produced beam of atomic hydrogen was allowed to react on a carbon target at temperatures between 30° and 950°C. The reaction products were isolated on a liquid helium cold finger and then analyzed by gas chromatography. Over the temperature range examined the major reaction products were: 91% CH4, 8.4% C2H6, 0.6% C3H8. C2H4, C3H6, and C4 hydrocarbons were minor constituents, if formed at all. Hydrocarbon formation increased with temperature; there was no maximum in the yield occurring at about 770°K as reported in previous studies. The temperature dependence of the methane yield showed three distinct phases, and activation energies were obtained. At 30° and 950°C, about 1 and 3%, respectively, of the available H atoms reacted with carbon to form hydrocarbons.
Photogrammetry--an alternative to conventional impressions in implant dentistry? A clinical pilot study. (2000)

The clinical experiences with try-in of the 4 different frameworks indicated that the photogrammetric technique could be a valid option for conventional impressions when using CNC milling fabrication in implant dentistry. The different results from the model and oral examinations also imply the difficulties of assessing clinical fit when testing fit at the master cast level only.
Using tool abstraction to compose systems (1992)

The tool abstraction paradigm, which supports the evolution of large-scale software systems by easing design changes in the system functions, is discussed. Systems that support tool abstraction are structured as a pool of abstract data structures shared by a collection of cooperating 'toolies', where each toolie provides a piece of the overall system function. When one toolie updates the shared data, other toolies must be notified: otherwise, cooperating-but-independent toolies may not execute, and the overall system function may be compromised. The KWIC (key word in context) index production system is used to illustrate the idea of tool abstraction. The relationship of tool abstraction to other concepts is examined.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extracellular vesicles, especially derived from Gram‐negative bacteria, in indoor dust induce neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation associated with both Th1 and Th17 cell responses (2013)

Summary Background Many bacterial components in indoor dust can evoke inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Bacteria secrete nanometre‐sized vesicles into the extracellular milieu, but it remains to be determined whether bacteria‐derived extracellular vesicles in indoor dust are pathophysiologically related to inflammatory pulmonary diseases. Objective To evaluate whether extracellular vesicles ( EV ) in indoor air are related to the pathogenesis of pulmonary inflammation and/or asthma. Methods Indoor dust was collected from a bed mattress in an apartment. EV were prepared by sequential ultrafiltration and ultracentrifugation. Innate and adaptive immune responses were evaluated after airway exposure of EV . Results Repeated intranasal application of indoor‐dust‐induced neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation accompanied by lung infiltration of both Th1 and Th17 cells. EV 50–200 nm in diameter were present (102.5 μg protein concentration/g dust) in indoor dust. These vesicles were internalized by airway epithelial cells and alveolar macrophages, and this process was blocked by treatment of polymyxin B (an antagonist of lipopolysaccharide, an outer‐membrane component of Gram‐negative bacteria). Intranasal application of 0.1 or 1 μg of these vesicles for 4 weeks elicited neutrophilic pulmonary inflammation. This phenotype was accompanied by lung infiltration of both Th1 and Th17 cells, which were reversed by treatment of polymyxin B. Serum dust EV ‐reactive IgG1 levels were significantly higher in atopic children with asthma than in atopic healthy children and those with rhinitis or dermatitis. Conclusion & Clinical Relevance Indoor dust EV , especially derived from Gram‐negative bacteria, is a possible causative agent of neutrophilic airway diseases.
Chemical and Biological Sensor Standards Study (2005)

Abstract : The Department of Defense (DoD) has an urgent need for the development of sensors for early warning and protection of military forces against potential chemical and biological (C/B) attacks. Unfortunately, the current standards and protocols used to evaluate C/B sensors are not adequate; and, this inadequacy hampers the development of new sensors as well as the proper evaluation of current sensors. In order to address these shortcomings, there is a need for a set of sensor metrics and measurement protocols by which the efficacy of C/B sensors can be properly judged. Following a simplified vulnerability and threat analysis, the Study found that there is an extremely large uncertainty in the required sensitivity for C/B sensors. This uncertainty in the required detection sensitivity strongly suggests that there is not a single ideal sensor sensitivity for C/B agent detection and that, depending on the acceptable false positive rates and other sensor attributes, different sensors with widely different sensitivity capabilities may have useful roles in the defense against C/B agents. In addition to identifying C/B sensor metrics and measurement protocols, the Study Panel produced ve key findings, which are: 1. Sensor testing and characterization is inadequate. 2. Potential threats span a very wide dynamic range (> 10 (exp 5) in concentration). 3. ROC curves are essential for sensor development, testing and evaluation. 4. Sensors should allow for multiple operating modes. 5. Sensor requirements are not well defined. The report details these key findings and makes subsequent recommendations.
Differences in soil aggregate, microbial biomass carbon concentration, and soil carbon between <i>Pinus rigida</i> and <i>Larix kaempferi</i> plantations in Yangpyeong, central Korea (2012)

This study was conducted to examine the soil aggregate distributions and their relationship with microbial biomass carbon (C) concentration and soil C in Pinus rigida and Larix kaempferi plantations. Soil samples of 0–10 cm, 10–20 cm, and 20–30 cm depth were collected and the microbial biomass C concentration was measured. The soils were then classified into four aggregate size classes by wet-sieving procedure [large macroaggregate (>2000 μm), small macroaggregate (250–2000 μm), microaggregate (53–250 μm), and silt-plus-clay (<53 μm)] and the C content of each aggregate size class was analyzed. The L. kaempferi plantation contained more macroaggregate over 250 μm than the P. rigida plantation did. The mean weight diameter (MWD) of the soil aggregate up to 30 cm depth was 1.26 mm and 1.45 mm in the P. rigida and L. kaempferi plantations, respectively, and it decreased with soil depth. The microbial biomass C concentration up to 30 cm depth was 510 μg C g soil−1 for the P. rigida plantation and 764μg C g soil−1 for the L. kaempferi plantation, and it was greatest in the surface soil in both plantations. The mean soil C concentration up to 30 cm depth was 2.00% for the P. rigida plantation and 2.88% for the L. kaempferi plantation. In both plantations, the soil C concentration was higher in the surface soil than in the deep soil. However, there was no significant difference of C concentration among the soil aggregate size classes. The soil C content up to 30 cm depth in the P. rigida and L. kaempferi plantations were 47.69 Mg ha−1 and 61.49 Mg ha−1, respectively, and were also higher in the surface soil than in the deep soil. In both plantations, macroaggregate contained more Ccontent than microaggregate did. The microbial biomass C and soil C concentrations were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the L. kaempferi plantation than in the P. rigida plantation due to the effect of species difference. The MWD and C content tended to be greater in the L. kaempferi plantation than in the P. rigida plantation, but the differences were not significant. In this study, the soil aggregate size, microbial biomass C and soil C concentrations were positively correlated with one another.
Why Make Monofilament Sutures Out of Polyvinylidene Fluoride? (1994)

In recent years some clinical reports have associated suture failures with polypropylene monofilaments. Therefore there is interest in developing an alternative suture material that is less thrombogenic than polyester and similar in handling characteristics but less prone to mechanical failure than polypropylene. To this end, Peters Laboratoire Pharmaceutique has developed a new monofilament suture material from polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), which has been subjected to a special treatment to modify its crystalline form and level of crystallinity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate its mechanical, chemical, and biologic properties and to compare its performance, in a peripheral vascular application, to that of a polypropylene control. A series of in vitro tests were performed to study the morphology, tensile properties, creep, surface chemistry, thermal characteristics, and resistance to iatrogenic trauma. In addition, an in vivo trial was undertaken in which vascular prostheses anastomosed with either PVDF or polypropylene sutures were implanted as a thoracoabdominal bypass for 6 months in the dog. Histologic and degradation analyses were performed on the explants. The results from the mechanical tests on 4-0, 5-0, and 6-0 PVDF and polypropylene sutures demonstrated that although both materials have similar breaking strengths, the PVDF has a higher extension at break, has less delayed extension when under tensile creep testing, and suffers less trauma than the polypropylene when compressed by a standard needle holder. While chemical analyses found evidence of surface oxidation on both types of sutures, thermal analysis confirmed that the level of crystallinity of the PVDF polymer is higher than that of the polypropylene control. During the pilot study in animals, PVDF sutures were found to have good handling and frictional characteristics that facilitated the tying of knots. Histologic analysis of the explants found no inflammatory cells in the tissue surrounding either the PVDF or polypropylene sutures, and scanning electron microscopic examination of the cleaned suture surfaces found no evidence of degradation during 6 months in vivo. Though preliminary in nature, these findings indicate that monofilament sutures made from PVDF provide an attractive alternative to those made from polypropylene for use in cardiovascular surgery. In addition to providing acceptable in vivo behavior and being easy to manipulate and more resistant to iatrogenic injury, PVDF materials can be sterilized by beta or gamma radiation and so can reduce dependence upon ethylene oxide and chlorofluorohydrocarbons.
Limit of gate oxide thickness scaling in MOSFETs due to apparent threshold voltage fluctuation induced by tunnel leakage current (2001)

We report on a new roadblock which will limit the gate oxide thickness scaling of MOSFETs. It is found that statistical distribution of direct tunnel leakage current through 1.2 to 2.8 nm thick gate oxides induces significant fluctuations in the threshold voltage and transconductance when the gate oxide tunnel resistance becomes comparable to gate poly-Si resistance. By calculating the measured tunnel current based on multiple scattering theory, it is shown that the device characteristics fluctuations will be problematic when the gate oxide thickness is scaled down to less than 1 nm.
Botulinum Toxin Type A Therapy and Human Serum Albumin (2006)

This letter is in reference to the recent article on the use of botulinum toxin type A (Botox®; Allergan Inc., Irvine, CA) in the role of chronic myofascial pain and the corresponding editorial.1,2Although the use of Botox® is regarded as a safe therapy for many patients,3,4it is our concern that Botox® contains 0.5 mg human serum albumin per 100-U vial and that this is not often discussed in the literature despite increasing usage.5Other preparations of botulinum toxin used in the world today also contain some amount of human serum albumin (Dysport®; Ipsen Ltd., Berkshire, United Kingdom, and Myobloc®; Elan Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, MA).6The human albumin used in Botox® is purchased from a division of the Bayer Corporation (Leverkusen, Germany). Measures taken to prevent disease transmission to humans include screening of donors, plasma testing for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B, and pasteurization of the albumin preparation. Therefore, the risk of transmitting viruses such as hepatitis A, B, and C, non-A non-B hepatitis (NANB), and HIV is considered extremely remote. There still exists an extremely remote possibility that some prion causing disease such as Creutzfeldt-Jakob or variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob may be transmitted in the preparation because prions are not inactivated by current sterilization methods.6Bayer corporation also produces Plasbumin® (human albumin) as a plasma substitute, and there is a clear statement on its product monograph that no case of viral or prion disease transmission has ever been documented with its use.With the injection of human albumin, there is a possibility of inducing a hypersensitivity reaction resulting in symptoms such as fever, chills, urticaria, malaise, nausea, rash, and asthenia. The product monograph for Botox® indicates that the drug is contraindicated if a patient has a “… known hypersensitivity to any ingredient in the formulation,”7and therefore, patients should be questioned about previous exposure to human albumin or albumin transfusions.A survey of four other clinicians in our pain clinic indicated that although most knew there was albumin in each vial of Botox®, none knew exactly how much was in each vial, nor were any of the clinicians informing their patients of its presence. Obviously, a Jehovah’s Witness patient would want to know about the human albumin and would likely refuse treatment with this product. Further, we believe that all patients should be informed about the presence of human albumin in botulinum toxin therapy as part of their informed consent. Some non–Jehovah’s Witness patients may have a psychological and emotional reaction to the knowledge they are being injected with a blood product, although it is unlikely to create any adverse effect by its presence. We propose that this concern should be addressed before therapy with botulinum toxin and that medical literature should highlight this issue because dissemination of this information is vital to ethical practice.*Toronto Western Hospital, University Health Network, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. paul.tumber@uhn.on.ca
Autoantigenic posttranslational modifications of proteins: does it apply to rheumatoid arthritis? (2002)

There are many posttranslational modifications of proteins of which all are homeostatically important either to carry out a particular structural or functional role or to allow efficient recycling of the amino acid constituents. An important feature of the modified proteins is the acquisition of autoantigenicity. That notion should have been recognized for years with the modifications of immunoglobulin G that constitute new targets for rheumatoid factors. Citrullination or the deimination of arginine residues in proteins creates epitopes that are targeted by rheumatoid autoantibodies with a diagnostic sensitivity and specificity of 40% to 70% and 92% to 99%, respectively. The how, when, and why of the responsible break in tolerance are largely speculative but apoptosis, multiple genetic and environmental influences are likely required. Identifying citrullinated proteins as autoantigens has resulted in new diagnostic and prognostic autoantibody markers for RA and studying the citrullination process and its nature and role in cell biology has provided new insights into its pathogenesis.
A normally closed PDMS (polydimethylsiloxane) microvalve (2000)

This paper describes a newly developed, normally closed microvalve composed of a molded polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microchannel (width 140μm × height 25μm) and a spin-coated PDMS membrane (350μm square), which is deflected by external negative air pressure. By adopting replica molding technique and deep reactive ion etching (DRIE), the fabrication process has been largely simplified in comparison with previously reported microvalves. Load-deflection data of the membrane and flow characteristics of the microvalve are presented. The microvalve works in an on-off style with hysteresis. No leakage has been observed in the closed state.