gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Comparison of the standards for high and ultrahigh vacuum at three national standards laboratories (1997)

A preliminary phase of an international comparison of standards for high and ultrahigh vacuum was carried out by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the National Physical Laboratory-Teddington (NPL-UK), and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). A spinning rotor gauge (SRG), a Bayard-Alpert gauge (BAG) and an extractor gauge (EXG) were chosen as transfer standards. The comparison was carried out in a star-like pattern with PTB as pilot laboratory. The argon pressures generated by the standards at 9×10−4 Pa were compared by measuring the accommodation coefficient of the SRG, the argon pressures from 3×10−7 Pa to 9×10−4 Pa by measuring the sensitivity of the two ionization gauges. The accommodation coefficients determined at NIST and PTB indicate a difference between the pressures generated by the NIST and PTB standards of (PNIST−PPTB)/PPTB=(0.09±0.11)% (standard or one-sigma uncertainty). For the pressures between 3×10−7 Pa and 9×10−4 Pa the results obtained at NIST and PTB had a mean difference of 〈(PNIST−PPTB)/PPTB〉=(0.24±0.12)%, with a maximum difference of (1.2±0.6) at the lowest pressure. The NIST-PTB differences are all within the combined uncertainties of the two standards. Large transfer standard instabilities and inconsistent results in a first NPL-PTB comparison prompted a repeat set of measurements. An average of the two sets of SRG measurements indicates a significant difference between NPL and PTB standards of (PNPL−PPTB)/PPTB=(1.31±0.14)%. The two sets of ionization gauge measurements effectively repeated, but the results for the individual gauges are inconsistent. The EXG results indicate no significant pressure dependence in the difference between the standards for pressures below 9×10−4 Pa. The BAG results indicate a significant increase in the difference between the standards as the pressure is reduced, with (PNPL−PPTB)/PPTB becoming as large as 5% or 6% at the lower pressures. Several potential problems with the BAG operation were identified, which might indicate that more confidence should be placed in the EXG results. However, there is no reliable evidence that the BAG comparison results were actually affected, and the results for each gauge are so internally consistent that neither can be rejected. Further work should be directed towards resolving this discrepancy.
In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As heterojunction bipolar transistor on GaAs by molecular beam epitaxy (1988)

We report on the first In0.52Al0.48As/In0.53Ga0.47As heterojunction bipolar transistors grown on a GaAs substrate. In order to suppress the propagation of threading dislocations to the surface, a ten-period AlAs/In0.52Al0.48As (20 Å/20 Å) strained-layer superlattice was repeated twice with intervening undoped In0.52Al0.48As layers. The typical common emitter current gain in 50×50 μm2 emitter area devices was 50, with a maximum of 63, at a collector current density of 2×103 A/cm2.
From one to many: Unsupervised traversable area segmentation in off-road environment (2017)

Traversable area segmentation is important for safe navigation of mobile robot in outdoor environment. To address this problem, we propose a unified framework to register data across sessions, on which an unsupervised method is presented for traversable area segmentation intended for unstructured environments. With data collected on a vehicle equipped with camera and laser, the proposed method can generate massive label images for traversable and obstacle area without any human intervention, which are fed as training samples of a pixel-wise semantic neural network. In deployment, only a monocular camera is needed to work with the trained network, without structured assumption of the road such as lanes and traffic signs. The proposed method is validated on 4 datasets to demonstrate performance on traversable area segmentation. Moreover, it is shown that our method can be generalized to varied appearance at different location and time with distinct sensors.
Studying databases of intentions (2009)

Access to knowledge about common human goals has been found critical for realizing the vision of intelligent agents acting upon user intent on the web. Yet, the acquisition of knowledge about common human goals represents a major challenge. In a departure from existing approaches, this paper investigates a novel resource for knowledge acquisition: The utilization of search query logs for this task. By relating goals contained in search query logs with goals contained in existing commonsense knowledge bases such as ConceptNet, we aim to shed light on the usefulness of search query logs for capturing knowledge about common human goals. The main contribution of this paper consists of an empirical study comparing common human goals contained in two large search query logs (AOL and Microsoft Research) with goals contained in the commonsense knowledge base ConceptNet. The paper sketches ways how goals from search query logs could be used to address the goal acquisition and goal coverage problem related to common-sense knowledge bases.
Intradermal transgenic expression of granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor induces neutrophilia, epidermal hyperplasia, Langerhans' cell/macrophage accumulation, and dermal fibrosis. (1997)

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), a pleiotropic cytokine, is up-regulated in a number of chronic skin inflammatory diseases, particularly atopic dermatitis. However, its role in these conditions remains largely unclear. To explore its function, we have established a rat intradermal transgene model by using a replication-deficient adenoviral vector expressing GM-CSF. Intradermal GM-CSF gene transfer led to a prolonged compartmentalized expression of transgene protein in the dermis. This expression induced an unexpectedly wide spectrum of pathologies in both epidermis and dermis, including neutrophilia, epidermal hyperplasia (acanthosis), an increased number of epidermal Langerhans' cells, accumulation of MHC II-positive macrophages, as well as mild eosinophilia in the dermis at earlier stages and upper dermal fibrosis at later stages. These findings thus identify GM-CSF as a potent multifunctional cytokine at skin site that is capable of evolving numerous inflammatory processes ranging from the early acute neutrophilia to later chronic fibrotic responses, and also suggest the important role of this cytokine in the development and perpetuation of pathologic changes in chronic skin inflammatory conditions including chronic atopic dermatitis. In addition, our study presents a novel model of adult normal animals that is useful for identifying and studying key cytokines involved in inflammatory skin diseases.
Effects of ethanolamine (ETN) Administration on etn and choline (CH) levels in plasma, brain extracellular fluid (ECF) and brain tissue, and on brain phospholipid levels in rats: An in vivo study (1996)

The sources and fates of brain ethanolamine (Etn) are poorly known and the effects of its administration have not been investigated, even though cortical levels are known to be reduced in certain neurodegenerative diseases. We studied the effect of different Etn doses (10(-3), 5 x 10(-3) and 10(-2) mol/kg, i. p.) on its and choline's (Ch) levels in arterial plasma and brain extracellular fluid (ECF) of awake rats. We also studied its effects on brain levels of Etn, Ch, and their respective major phospholipids. Etn administration caused dose dependent increases in Etn levels within both plasma and brain ECF. For the 10(-2) mol/kg dose, Etn levels were significantly (p<0.01) greater than pre-injection values in both the plasma and ECF. Whole brain Etn and phosphatidylethanolamine were also significantly (p<0.05) increased by 10(-2) mol/kg Etn. Exogenous Etn significantly (p<0.05) increased Ch levels in plasma and whole brain; Etn also increased brain ECF Ch levels. Our data show for the first time that circulating Etn can act as a source of brain Ch. Metabolic pathways that might mediate the increases in Etn and Ch are discussed, as are possible mechanisms of the decreases in brain Eth seen in Alzheimer's disease.
Type IV pili‐mediated secretion modulates <i>Francisella</i> virulence (2006)

Francisella tularensis are the causative agent of the zoonotic disease, tularaemia. Among four F. tularensis subspecies, ssp. novicida (F. novicida) is pathogenic only for immunocompromised individuals, while all four subspecies are pathogenic for mice. This study utilized proteomic and bioinformatic approaches to identify seven F. novicida secreted proteins and the corresponding Type IV pilus (T4P) secretion system. The secreted proteins were predicted to encode two chitinases, a chitin binding protein, a protease (PepO), and a beta-glucosidase (BglX). The transcription of F. novicida pepO and bglX was regulated by the virulence regulator MglA. Intradermal infection of mice with F. novicida mutants defective in T4P secretion system or PepO resulted in enhanced F. novicida spread to systemic sites. Infection with F. novicida pepO mutants also resulted in increased neutrophil infiltration into the mouse airways. PepO is a zinc protease that is homologous to mammalian endothelin-converting enzyme ECE-1. Therefore, secretion of PepO likely results in increased production of endothelin and increased vasoconstriction at the infection site in skin that limits the F. novicida spread. Francisella human pathogenic strains contain a mutation in pepO predicted to abolish its secretion. Loss of PepO function may have contributed to evolution of highly virulent Francisellae.
Dependence of the in vitro antiproliferative activity of recombinant human gamma-interferon on the concentration of tryptophan in culture media. (1988)

In addition to its antiviral and antibacterial activities, recombinant human gamma-interferon (rHuIFN-gamma) can exert an antiproliferative effect on human cell lines. The mechanisms involved in this antiproliferative activity are poorly understood, but it is known that IFN-gamma can induce indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase, which enhances tryptophan metabolism and thus depletes the cellular pool of this amino acid. In the present study we have examined the effect of different tryptophan concentrations on the antiproliferative activity of rHuIFN-gamma on four human tumor cell lines, HeLa 229, HEp-2, A549, and T24. Cells were grown in the presence of rHuIFN-gamma (0.01 to 100 ng/ml) and/or tryptophan (10 to 400 micrograms/ml) for 7 days at which time they were counted. rHuIFN-gamma (4 ng/ml) inhibited the growth of A549 and T24 cells by 50%. Hep-2 and HeLa 229 cells were more sensitive to the rHuIFN-gamma induced antiproliferative effects, requiring only 0.4 ng/ml for a 50% inhibition. Addition of tryptophan to the media at concentrations from 10 to 100 micrograms/ml resulted in a significant blockage of the antiproliferative activity of rHuIFN-gamma. For example, when 50 micrograms/ml of tryptophan were added to the media, 10 times more rHuIFN-gamma (4 ng/ml) was needed to inhibit HeLa 229 cells by 50% of the control. The A549 was the most sensitive cell line to the modulatory activity of the tryptophan. Addition of 10 micrograms/ml of tryptophan changed the amount of rHuIFN-gamma needed to produce a 50% inhibition from 4 ng/ml to 100 ng/ml. In summary, in the four human tumor cell lines tested, the antiproliferative activity of rHuIFN-gamma could be modulated by the concentration of tryptophan in the media.
Reduction of Single-Neuron Firing Uncertainty by Cortical Ensembles during Motor Skill Learning (2004)

Motor skill learning is usually characterized by shortening of response time and performance of faster, more stereotypical movements. However, little is known about the changes in neural activity that underlie these behavioral changes. Here we used chronically implanted electrode arrays to record neuronal activity in the rat primary motor cortex (MI) as animals learned to execute movements in two directions. Strong modulation of MI single-neuron activity was observed while movement duration of the animal decreased. Despite many learning-induced changes, the precision with which single neurons fire did not improve with learning. Hence, prediction of movement direction from single neurons was bounded. In contrast, prediction of movement direction using neuronal ensembles improved significantly with learning, suggesting that, with practice, neuronal ensembles learn to overcome the uncertainty introduced by single-neuron stochastic activity.
Energy Management and Optimization of a PV/Diesel/Battery Hybrid Energy System Using a Combined Dispatch Strategy (2019)

In recent years, the concept of hybrid energy systems (HESs) is drawing more attention for electrification of isolated or energy-deficient areas. When optimally designed, HESs prove to be more reliable and economical than single energy source systems. This study examines the feasibility of a combined dispatch (CD) control strategy for a photovoltaic (PV)/diesel/battery HES by combining the load following (LF) strategy and cycle charging (CC) strategy. HOMER software is used as a tool for optimization analysis by investigating the techno-economic and environmental performance of the proposed system under the LF strategy, CC strategy, and combined dispatch CD strategy. The simulation results reveal that the CD strategy has a net present cost (NPC) and cost of energy (COE) values of $110,191 and $0.21/kWh, which are 20.6% and 4.8% lower than those of systems utilizing the LF and CC strategies, respectively. From an environmental point of view, the CD strategy also offers the best performance, with CO2 emissions of 27,678 kg/year. Moreover, the results show that variations in critical parameters, such as battery minimum state of charge, time step, solar radiation, diesel price, and load growth, exert considerable effects on the performance of the proposed system.
Characteristic Complications after Autologous Chondrocyte Implantation for Cartilage Defects of the Knee Joint (2008)

A major proportion of complications after ACI can be summarized by 4 major diagnoses (symptomatic hypertrophy, disturbed fusion, delamination, and graft failure). Among those, the overall complication rate and incidence of hypertrophy of the transplant were higher for periosteum-covered ACI. Furthermore, an increased rate of symptomatic hypertrophy was found for patellar defects. Therapeutic concepts need to be developed to treat these typical complications of ACI.
Spin separation in diluted magnetic semiconductor quantum well systems (invited) (1991)

Heterostructures containing diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) layers offer the possibility of magnetically tuning the heterojunction band alignment due to the extraordinarily large spin-splitting of the DMS bands (large effective g-factor). This field-dependent band alignment has significant consequences for spin-dependent carrier confinement as evidenced in magnetooptic or magneto-transport experiments. We have examined two wide-gap DMS quantum well systems in which the band alignment is dominated by the DMS spin-splitting rather than by the more commonly observed effects of differences in bandgap, natural band offset, and strain. Quantum well structures with (Zn,Fe)Se or (Zn,Mn)Se barriers and ZnSe wells have been grown to investigate magnetically tuned, spin-dependent quantum confinement. In these systems, the band offset appears almost entirely in the conduction band, so that the electrons are confined to the ZnSe wells. However, the hole confinement is continuously tunable by an external magnetic field applied normal to the layer plane, since the valence band spin-splitting is approximately an order of magnitude larger at modest fields (1 T) than the zero field VB offset. This produces a field-induced spin dependent type I/type II band alignment and a consequent spatial spin separation of the holes. The quantum well structure exhibits a type I ‘‘straddling’’ alignment for the mj=+3/2 level, with the spin ‘‘up’’ holes localized in the ZnSe wells, and a type II ‘‘staggered’’ alignment for the mj=−3/2 level in which the spin ‘‘down’’ holes are localized in the barriers. The observed exciton splittings, intensities and temperature dependence are consistent with this model. In the Zn0.91Mn0.09Se/ZnSe system, a second bound state is observed in the conduction band in the σ− polarization in magnetoreflectivity measurements. A quantitative fit to the data yields a value of approximately 1 meV for the zero field valence band offset. These systems represent the first DMS-based heterostructures in which such field-dependent confinement has been observed.
Stimulation of β1-Integrin Function by Epidermal Growth Factor and Heregulin-β Has Distinct Requirements for erbB2 but a Similar Dependence on Phosphoinositide 3-OH Kinase (1999)

Integrins and growth factor receptors are important participants in cellular adhesion and migration. The EGF receptor (EGFR) family of tyrosine kinases and the beta1-integrin adhesion receptors are of particular interest, given the implication for their involvement in the initiation and progression of tumorigenesis. We used adhesion and chemotaxis assays to further elucidate the relationship between these two families of transmembrane signaling molecules. Specifically, we examined integrin-mediated adhesive and migratory characteristics of the metastatic breast carcinoma cell line MDA-MB-435 in response to stimulation with growth factors that bind to and activate the EGFR or erbB3 in these cells. Although ligand engagement of the EGFR stimulated modest beta1-dependent increases in cell adhesion and motility, heregulin-beta (HRGbeta) binding to the erbB3 receptor initiated rapid and potent induction of breast carcinoma cell adhesion and migration and required dimerization of erbB3 with erbB2. Pharmacologic inhibitors of phosphoinositide 3-OH kinase (PI 3-K) or transient expression of dominant negative forms of PI 3-K inhibited both EGF- and HRGbeta-mediated adhesion and potently blocked HRGbeta- and EGF-induced cell motility. Our results illustrate the critical role of PI 3-K activity in signaling pathways initiated by the EGFR or erbB3 to up-regulate beta1-integrin function.
The Reliability of A Colorimetric Test in Determining Gingival Inflammation (1978)

This investigation was undertaken to compare the Gindex saliva test scores with the Gingival Index scores and crevicular fluid flow scores, as proposed by Löe and Holm-Pedersen. Eighty-one patients were tested using the Gindex chemical analysis kit. Crevicular fluid was collected from the six teeth advocated by Ramfjord, followed by a clinical assessment of these teeth using the G.I. Of the original 81 subjects tested, 11 were given a prophylaxis consisting of scaling, root planing, polishing, and oral hygiene instruction; and were retested 14 days later. Results of the two-sample t test show that there were no significant differences between males and females in any of the three tested parameters. The sample was pooled and tested for multiple correlations between the G.I., crevicular fluid, and Gindex scores. Nonparametric rank correlation coefficient tests indicated a statistically significant correlation between the three parameters. A pair wise "t" test for the pre- and post-treatment sample demonstrated a significant reduction in the three parameters. A pair wise rank analysis also showed a significant reduction in the G.I., crevicular fluid, and Gindex scores.
A concurrent fault detection method for superscalar processors (2003)

The authors describe a method for the concurrent detection of faults in instruction level parallel (ILP) processors. This method makes use of the No Operation (NOP) instruction's slots that sometimes fill some of the pipelines (stages) in an ILP processor. The authors show the practical application of this method to a superscalar RISC processor. For this processor, branch addresses, execution of certain instructions (store/load) and resource conflicts that force the inclusion of NOPs are the cases exploited to test its pipelines. The NOPs are replaced by an effective instruction running in another pipeline. This allows the checking of the processor's pipelines by the comparison of the outputs of their stages during the execution of the replicated instruction.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Genomic Structure of the Mouse 2',5'-Oligoadenylate Synthetase Gene Family (2002)

2',5'-Oligoadenylate synthetase (2-5OAS) is one of the interferon (IFN)-induced proteins and mediates the antiviral action of IFN. In human, three classes of 2-5OAS genes (OAS1, OAS2, and OAS3) and one OAS-like gene (OASL) are reported. In mice, however, OAS genes corresponding to human OAS2 and OAS3 have not been identified. In this report, we identified six novel OAS family genes in mice by screening mouse genomic library and expressed sequence tag (EST) database. These genes include three homologs of the human OAS1 and each homologous gene of the human OAS2, OAS3, and OASL, respectively. Each gene displays 52%-65% amino acid identity to the corresponding human homologs. Nine 2-5OAS genes, except for two OASL genes, locate within the 210-kb genomic region and form a cluster. Each novel 2-5OAS gene showed a characteristic expression pattern among different tissues, and all of them were induced by polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid. Biochemical analyses using recombinant proteins produced in Escherichia coli showed that all the novel mouse 2-5OAS molecules have double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) binding ability, but they do not have 2-5OAS activity except for the OAS2 and OAS3 mouse homologs. These results show that there are at least 11 OAS genes, which are classified into four groups, in the mouse.
MOLECULAR CONJUGATE-MEDIATED GENE TRANSFER INTO ISOLATED HUMAN KIDNEYS1 (1996)

Advances in systemic immunosuppressive therapy for solid organ transplantation have done little to decrease the percentage of allografts that eventually will develop chronic rejection. However, one of the promises of modern molecular biology includes the ability to introduce new genetic information into mammalian hosts. The ability to deliver genes and control their expression in the adult kidney has been described in appropriate animal models. Consequently, gene transfer technology represents a realistic therapeutic approach to modify the allogeneic kidney before engraftment in an effort to decrease the incidence of posttransplant dysfunction. To bridge the gap between animal studies and the clinical application of this technology, we report the first genetic transfection of isolated human kidneys under conditions of organ preservation. Polymerase chain reaction, reversed transcription polymerase chain reaction, and in situ hybridization techniques demonstrated that an adenovirus-polylysine-deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) complex can be used to insert a complementary DNA expression vector encoding beta-galactosidase into the intact human kidney. Immunohistochemical and in situ enzymatic analyses determined further that gene delivery and expression were localized in proximal tubular epithelial cells. Consequently, targeting of genes to perturb mediators of the local inflammatory response may represent a rational therapeutic interventional strategy in chronic rejection of the kidney.