gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Programming pearls (1985)

Anthropological studies have shown that one's language has a profound effect on one's view of the world. That observation, usually known as Whorf's hypothesis, is often summarized as "man's thought is shaped by his tongue."
Modulation format identification in heterogeneous fiber-optic networks using artificial neural networks (2012)

We propose a simple and cost-effective technique for modulation format identification (MFI) in next-generation heterogeneous fiber-optic networks using an artificial neural network (ANN) trained with the features extracted from the asynchronous amplitude histograms (AAHs). Results of numerical simulations conducted for six different widely-used modulation formats at various data rates demonstrate that the proposed technique can effectively classify all these modulation formats with an overall estimation accuracy of 99.6% and also in the presence of various link impairments. The proposed technique employs extremely simple hardware and digital signal processing (DSP) to enable MFI and can also be applied for the identification of other modulation formats at different data rates without necessitating hardware changes.
Thickness Induced Structural Phase Transition of Gold Nanofilm (1999)

Transition of gold (001) nanofilm to a (111) was observed in an ultrahigh vacuum electron microscope. The critical thickness of the nanofilm was measured by electron holography to be eight atom layers. These nanofilms ranged from 2 to 20 nm in length. Analyzing the nanofilms by high resolution electron microscopy and electron diffraction, the lattice spacing of the film was isotropically compressed by $3.1%$-- $3.6%$, similar to a hexagonal lattice in $5\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}20$ surface reconstruction. The experiments show that the nanofilm structure is dominated by surfaces.
1.55-μm picosecond all-optical switching by using intersubband absorption in InGaAs-AlAs-AlAsSb coupled quantum wells (2002)

We report on the first all-optical switching operation of intersubband absorption at an optical communication wavelength (/spl sim/1.55 μm). The 1.55-μm intersubband absorption was achieved by InGaAs-AlAs-AlAsSb coupled quantum wells. A switching operation on an ultrafast signal (equivalent to 1 THz) was successfully demonstrated with a control pulse energy as low as 27 pJ.
[Acute-phase proteins in inflammation]. (1995)

The acute phase proteins (APPs) have been empirically defined as those whose plasma concentration changes following inflammatory reaction. Those proteins whose concentrations increase are referred to as positive APP, while those whose levels decline are termed negative APP. In man, positive APP are: alpha 1 acid glycoprotein, alpha 1 protease inhibitor, alpha 1 antichymotrypsin, haptoglobin, ceruloplasmin, fibrinogen, C-reactive protein, serum amyloid A. Great variability in the APP response between different species is observed. The principal functions of APP, result from the interaction of these proteins with ligands of various origins which give "protein-ligands" complexes. These complexes are cleared by the RES or by the hepatocyte. The results are protease inhibition, neutralization of toxic molecules such as hemoglobin or the superoxide anion, clearance of cell membranes and chromatin. The drop of the plasma concentration of negative APP during an inflammatory reaction carries a rise of free ligands (fatty acids, hormones, vitamins, trace elements). IL6 has been recognized as the principal regulator of most APP genes. The response of the hepatic cell to IL6 is characterized by the enhanced production of type 2 or IL6 specific APPs. The biochemical process of signal transduction is IL6--JAK2--APRF The set of APP genes regulated by IL1 type cytokines (type 1 APPs) is distinct from that regulated by IL6 type cytokine. IL1 and TNF alpha mediated stimulation of type 1 APP genes is synergistically enhanced by IL6 type cytokines. The biochemical process of signal transduction is IL1, IL6--Ras--MAP kinase--NFIL6 The targeted inflammatory proteic profile including the assay of C-reactive protein, haptoglobin and alpha 1 acid glycoprotein produces a "biological tool" to the clinician in order to manage an inflammatory response. IL6, a proteic marker for the future, connected with CRP, will be assayed during early inflammatory reaction.
On the thickness of the red cell membrane skeleton: quantitative electron microscopy of maximally narrowed isthmus regions of intact cells. (1986)

The thickness of the red cell membrane skeleton was deduced from measurements of the isthmus zones of intact cells that were maximally narrowed by one of two independent methods. The first method involved application of viscous drag to red cells entrapped between spider web fibers. The second method utilized cellular dehydration followed by spectrin denaturation at 49.5 degrees C. Measurements on thin sections showed that the isthmus is narrowed to approximately 120 nm by either method, suggesting that the membrane skeleton occupies a zone beneath the lipid bilayer that is up to 60 nm in thickness. The tertiary and quarternary structure of band 3, a major integral membrane protein that anchors the membrane skeleton to the lipid bilayers may be a critical determinant of the location of the membrane skeleton within the red cell.
[Synthesis and anticholinergic activity of some derivatives of substituted glycolates]. (1985)

In the present paper a total of 20 derivatives of substituted piperidyl glycolate as anticholinergic agent were synthesized. preliminary pharmacological results showed that some of them possessed potent anticholinergic activity inmice both in central and peripheral nervous systems. Compouod Ⅲ was found to be the most potent anticholinergic agent in this series. Its central anticholinergic ED_(50) value was 0.173mg/kg (in mice). It was somewhat more potent than or equal to the famous anticholinergic agent QNB.
A Fuel Spiking Test for the Surge Margin Measurement in Gas Turbine Engines (2004)

A fuel spiking test was performed to measure the surge margin of the compressor in a gas turbine engine. During the test, fuel spiking signal is superposed on the engine controller demand signals and the combined signals are used to control a fuel control valve. For the superposition, a subsystem composed of a fuel controller and a function generator is used. The real engine test was performed at the Altitude Engine Test Facility (AETF) in Korea Aerospace Research Institute (KARI). In the preliminary test, the fuel spiking signals are in good agreement with the dynamic pressure at the fuel line and at the compressor discharge point. After the preliminary test, a fuel spiking test to measure the surge point at a specific engine speed was performed. The test results show that the fuel spiking test is very effective in the measurement of surge.
Unstable resonators and their applications (review) (1972)

A review is given of the investigations of the principal properties of unstable resonators. Applications of these resonators in various laser systems are considered
A novel trench planarization technique using polysilicon refill, polysilicon oxidation, and oxide etchback (1993)

Planarization of polysilicon trench refill by the method of sequential oxidation and oxide etchback is reported. It is shown to result in an excellent wafer surface topography and improved wafer yield compared to the conventional planarization process that utilizes a blanket reactive ion etch removal of the refill. Trench capacitors with varying aspect ratios were fabricated and tested for gate yield, MOS interface characteristics, and gate oxide reliability. The measured MOS interface properties were excellent for trench capacitors planarized using the technique. The wafer yield was in excess of 90%, as compared to less than 65% for the conventional process. The uniformity of the planarization process across 4-in-diameter silicon wafers was also significantly improved. These results demonstrate that the process is attractive for fabricating high-density trench MOS structures in a manufacturing environment.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Lipases of the euphorbiaceae family: purification of a lipase from Euphorbia characias latex and structure-function relationships with the B chain of ricin. (1994)

A lipase from the latex of Euphorbia characias was purified using a method involving extraction with apolar solvent and adsorption chromatography on silica gel. The lipase (specific activity, 1500 international units/mg of protein) was eluted from silica gel complexes with a lipid. The main protein fraction, which had a molecular mass of 38 kDa, was inactive when dissociated from the lipid fraction. When the lipid and protein fractions were reassociated, 72% of the lipolytic activity was recovered. This lipolytic activity was inhibited by diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, which was shown to bind the lipase with a molar ratio of 0.75. High specific activities (1000 international units/mg) were measured for the lipase of E. characias on lipid extracts rich in galactosyl diacylglycerols. The apolipase was sequenced up to residue 23. The B chain of ricin has a strong homology (43.5%) with that sequence and cross-reacted with antibodies raised against the purified lipase from E. characias. The activity of the B chain of ricin was comparable (54 international units/mg) to that of the apolipase of E. characias (100 international units/mg) mixed with the same lipid cofactor complex. The primary structure (residues 68-72) of the B chain of ricin contains the lipase consensus sequence Gly-Xaa-Ser-Xaa-Gly. Its reactivity with diethyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate indicates the presence of an activated serine that, in addition to its well-documented lectin activity for galactosides, suggests that the B chain of ricin may be a galactosyl diacylglycerol lipase, closely analogous to the lipase from E. characias.
Criteria for essential fatty acid deficiency in plasma as assessed by capillary column gas-liquid chromatography. (1987)

To develop criteria for deficiency of essential fatty acids (EFA), we used capillary-column gas-liquid chromatography to determine fatty acids (percentage of total fatty acids) in plasma obtained in the fasting state from 56 reference subjects and from 10 patients with intestinal fat malabsorption and suspected EFA deficiency. Fatty acid evaluations (percentage of total fatty acids) that allowed for a clear distinction (P less than 0.01) between reference subjects and patients, based on values two standard deviations below or above the reference mean, included values for linoleic acid (18:2w6) below 27%, and values for palmitic acid (16:0), palmitoleic acid (16:1w7), oleic acid (18:1w9), vaccenic acid (18:1w7), and Mead acid (20:3w9) exceeding 21%, 2.6%, 23.3%, 2.1%, and 0.21%, respectively. Ratios of total EFA to total non-EFA of less than 0.60 and of Mead acid to arachidonic acid of greater than 0.025 also served to identify patients, and were not found in reference subjects. Significant inverse correlations between percentages of plasma EFA and plasma mono-unsaturated fatty acids were noted. Our reference-interval data can be used to assess normality of plasma EFA status.
Modulation of Integrin α4β1 (VLA-4) in Dry Eye Disease (2008)

Topical blockade of VLA-4 may be a novel therapeutic approach to treat the clinical signs and inflammatory changes accompanying dry eye disease.
VHDL: Analysis and Modeling of Digital Systems (1997)

From the Publisher:
Here's the new second edition of the authoritative reference engineers need to guide them through the use of VHDL hardware description language in the analysis, simulation, and modeling of complicated microelectronic circuits. You'll find extensive new material to bring the guide fully up to date with the new VHDL93 standard, including new chapters on design flow, interfacing, modeling, and timing. Extensive appendixes, including ones on logic synthesis and CPU description styles, provide up-to-date information on the use of VHDL in design. The number and depth of its relevant and practical examples and problems is what sets this edition apart from other VHDL texts.
Application of microwaves and millimeter waves for tooth (2002)

There are different characteristics between normal tooth and caries for microwaves and millimeter waves. These differences may be applied for diagnosis and treatment for caries using microwaves and millimeter waves. In order to reveal the differences, complex permittivity, temperature distribution of heated tooth have been measured. Furthermore, simulations of SAR distribution have been performed using the finite difference time domain (FD-TD) method.
Electronic Fuel Injection Systems Utilizing Corona Discharge Air Mass Flow Transducers (1977)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Accurate control of electronic fuel injection systems primarily requires a knowledge of the mass flow of air into the engine under all circumstances. The corona discharge air flow meter is one of the few transducers capable of measuring this quantity directly and this paper describes the application of such transducers to EFI control utilizing both digital and analogue electronic techniques. Problems of transducer accuracy and vehicle driveability encountered during extensive operating tests are also discussed.</div>
A monoclonal antibody to murine CD45R distinguishes CD4 T cell populations that produce different cytokines (1989)

CD4 T cell clones have been shown to be functionally heterogeneous in the mouse. However, it is not known if normal CD4 T cells are also functionally heterogeneous, or whether functional specialization is a result of cloning and long-term culture. To approach this question, a monoclonal antibody reacting with a subset of CD4 T cells has been prepared by immunization of rats with different cloned T cell lines all sharing the same functional activity. This monoclonal antibody reacts with a subset of CD45 (T200) molecules by binding to a determinant requiring the expression of the second variable exon of the CD45 molecule. Some CD4 T cells bear high levels of this marker, while others react only weakly. This antibody was used to separate CD4 T cells into two subpopulations. The brightly staining population was found to produce interleukin (IL) 2 and not IL 4, while the weakly staining population produced IL 4 and not IL 2. These data demonstrate that CD4 T cells in normal mice are already functionally committed, and that they differentially express forms of CD45 that contain the second variable exon.
An Excellent Nickel Boride Catalyst for the Selective Hydrogenation of Olefins (1996)

Nickel boride prepared on borohydride exchange resin (BER) in methanol is an excellent catalyst for the selective hydrogenation of olefins. Thus, monosubstituted olefins and norbornene were hydrogenated quantitatively at 0°C in 1 hour in the presence of disubstituted olefins and trisubstituted α,β-unsaturated acid derivatives, the disubstituted olefins in turn were hydrogenated at 65°C in 1 hour without affecting trisubstituted olefins, benzene, and heteroaromatic compounds
Case 42-1971 (1971)

Presentation of CaseA 74-year-old woman was admitted to the hospital because of abdominal distress.She had been well until 13 years previously, when cutaneous lesions developed on the chest. Physical examination disclosed no other abnormality; biopsy of one of the lesions revealed lymphoma cutis. Radiation therapy was administered to the thoracic lesions and to purplish cutaneous plaques that developed subsequently on the face and the upper dorsal area. Six years before entry splenomegaly was found, although the patient remained asymptomatic; the platelet count was 150,000. One year later Paget's disease of the right nipple was detected. X-ray films of . . .
S-band 300kW T.W.T. (1976)

This paper describes the development of a high power, grid pulsed T.W.T. being developed for a mobile radar system requiring high efficiency, minimum size and weight. The T.W.T. uses a single section cloverleaf r.f. structure giving good pushing and linearity performance for pulse compression systems and is novel in having a compact P.P.M. focussing system incorporated in the structure. It will be capable of a minimum peak power of 300kW and saturated gain of 20dB in a 9% 1 dB bandwidth. Efficiency should be at least 45% mid-band using collector depression and a frequency dependent velocity taper. The first tubes produced over 300kW with 90% beam transmission when 40% collector depression was used.
Confounding Effects in “A Six-Gene Signature Predicting Breast Cancer Lung Metastasis” (2009)

The majority of breast cancer deaths result from metastases rather than from direct effects of the primary tumor itself. Recently, Landemaine and colleagues described a six-gene signature purported to predict lung metastasis risk. They analyzed gene expression in 23 metastases from breast cancer patients (5 lung, 18 non-lung) identifying a 21-gene signature. Expression of 16 of these was analyzed in primary breast tumors from 72 patients with known outcome, and six were selected that were predictive of lung metastases: DSC2, TFCP2L1, UGT8, ITGB8, ANP32E, and FERMT1. Despite the value of such a signature, our analysis indicates that this analysis ignored potentially important confounding factors and that their signature is instead a surrogate for molecular subtype.
Thermal conductivity of germanium, silicon, and carbon nitrides (2002)

We present a model calculation of the thermal conductivity of germanium nitride, silicon nitride, and carbon nitride in a temperature range in which intrinsic phonon scattering is dominant. We show that, in spite of the rather complex crystal structure of these nitrides, thermal conductivities exceeding 100 W m−1 K−1 can be attained in some of these compounds due to the combination of high Debye temperature and small Grüneisen constant.
The antioxidant activity of standardized extract of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i> (EGb 761) in rats (2001)

The standardized extract of Ginkgo biloba (EGb 761) has been widely employed for its significant benefit in neurodegenerative disorders. Although antioxidative actions have been attributed to this extract, the mechanisms of the multiple principles involved in this pharmacological activity are not completely established. Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases are frequently associated with oxidative stress and defects in the cellular protective mechanisms. In this study, the lipid peroxidation (LPO) and the activity of the antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were evaluated in the hippocampus, striatum and substantia nigra (SN) of rats treated with EGb 761. An increase in the CAT and SOD activities in the hippocampus, striatum and SN, and a decrease of the LPO in the hippocampus were observed. These data are additional to the antioxidant properties of EGb 761 reported in the literature and indicate a possible role for the extract in the treatment of diseases involving free radicals and oxidative damage.
Is fever suppression involved in the etiology of autism and neurodevelopmental disorders? (2003)

1) The use of antipyretics during pregnancy or in young children may be reserved for more severe fevers. 2) The perplexing genetic findings in autism may be better understood by categorizing genes along functional pathways. 3) New treatments based on immune, cell, pharmacological or even heat therapies may be developed.
Sensorless torque control scheme of induction motor for hybrid electric vehicle (2007)

在这篇论文，无传感器的转矩为混合电的车辆(HEV ) 的正式就职马达的柔韧的追踪问题应用被探讨。因为在 HEV 应用程序的马达参数变化比在工业驱动器系统大，常规面向地的控制(FOC ) 提供差的性能。因此， FOC 控制器的新柔韧的基于 PI 的延期和一个速度流动观察员基于滑动模式和 Lyapunov 理论被开发以便改进全面表演。模拟结果证明建议无传感器的转矩控制计划关于马达参数变化和装载骚乱是柔韧的。另外，马达的操作流动最佳地被选择最小化电能的消费，它在模拟显示出的精力损失导致重要减小。关键词混合电的车辆 - 正式就职马达 - 追踪的转矩 - 滑动模式这个工作被追求中国(号码 2001BA204B01 ) 的工程的州的科技部分地支持。刘燕是 Dalian 大学的信息工程的学校的一个教授。她在 Dalian 工业大学在控制理论和应用程序为工业科学度的医生正在完成要求， Dalian。她的研究兴趣包括控制并且建模，参数评价，电的机器的失败察觉，和为正式就职马达的 faulttolerant 控制在汽车的应用程序开车。邵成是先进控制技术的研究院的一个教授， Dalian 工业大学。他的研究兴趣为工业过程包括柔韧的适应控制，聪明的学习控制，和优化控制。
Viral hepatitis B and hepatocellular carcinoma. (2011)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer in the world, some 630,000 new cases being diagnosed each year. 82% of cases are related to viral hepatitis, 55% to hepatitis B virus (HBV), 89% of those in regions where HBV is endemic. There is a striking parallel between the geographical distribution of the rates of chronic HBV infection and that of HCC. In the majority of HCC cases (70-90%) there is underlying liver cirrhosis. However, because HBV is an oncogenic virus, it can cause HCC in the absence of cirrhosis. The annual risk of HBV-induced HCC varies according to the presence or absence of concomitant cirrhosis. In HBV carriers without cirrhosis, the risk is 0.02-03% in Caucasians and 0.4-0.6% per year in Asians. In those with cirrhosis, the risk is 2.2% and 3.7% respectively in Caucasians and Asians. HBV likely causes HCC via both indirect (necro-inflammation and regeneration injury) and direct (by integration of its DNA in the host genome) pathways. During recent years it has become evident that HBV viral load >2000 IU/mL is associated with a high risk of malignant transformation. The most effective measure of prevention of HBV-related HCC is prevention of HBV infection by vaccination. A universal vaccination program in Taiwan was shown to be effective in reducing the rate of childhood and early adulthood HCC. In patients already infected with HBV, antiviral therapy remains the best strategy. Interferon-alfa therapy appears to be effective in preventing HCC in cirrhosis in Asia but not in Europe. Medium-term nucleos/tide-analogue therapy significantly reduces but does not eliminate the risk of HCC, especially in patients with pre-existing cirrhosis. Maintenance of virological remission is important for the reduction of HCC risk. With more potent antiviral drugs currently available (entecavir, tenofovir), long-term HBV DNA suppression is now possible with very low risk of drug resistance.
A probabilistic solution to the selection and fusion problem in distributed information retrieval (1999)

A model for optimal information retrieval over a distributed document collection is described and experimentally evaluated. The fusion of retrieval results corresponding to document subcollections is performed according to the Probability Ranking Principle. Part of the model is a selection criterion for e ectively limiting the ranking process to a subset of subcollections.
Suppression of malignancy in hybrid cells: The mechanism (1985)

When malignant cells, defined by their ability to grow progressively in genetically compatible hosts, are fused with diploid fibroblasts of the same species, the resulting hybrid cells, so long as they retain certain specific chromosomes donated by the diploid parent cell, are non-malignant. When these particular chromosomes are eliminated from the hybrid, the malignant phenotype reappears, and the segregant cell is again able to grow progressively in vivo. In the present experiments the histological character of the lesions produced by the inoculation of crosses between malignant and non-malignant cells was examined. It was found, in a wide range of material, and without exception, that where one or other of the parent cells in the cross was of fibroblastic lineage, malignancy was suppressed when the hybrid cells produced a collagenous extracellular matrix in vivo; and it reappeared when genetic segregants were produced that had lost the ability to produce this matrix. These results are interpreted in terms of a general model in which it is proposed that the progressive multiplication of malignant cells in vivo is a secondary consequence of a genetically stable impairment of terminal differentiation.