gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dry electrode design and performance evaluation for EEG based BCI systems (2013)

For the design of electroencephalography (EEG) based BCI systems, crucial issues are to acquire high fidelity EEG signals and to provide convenient installation to users. Electrodes are the key components which measure EEG signals from user's scalp. In this paper, we introduce a design of dry electrodes for BCI systems. The proposed electrodes are equipped with six spring loaded probes. They are capable of acquiring EEG signals of good enough quality without usage of conductive gels. To verify the performance of proposed electrodes, we measure contact impedance and compare them with those of conventional wet electrodes and G.tec Sahara dry electrodes. From the results, the impedance of proposed electrodes is shown to be satisfied without conductive gels. In future research, we will improve the design of proposed electrodes by adding active circuits.
A Fused Floating-Point Four-Term Dot Product Unit (2016)

This paper presents a novel design for a fused floating-point four-term dot product unit. The dot product is one of the most frequently used operations for a wide variety of graphics, digital signal processing (DSP) and statistical applications. The proposed design computes the four-term dot product in a single unit to achieve better performance and accuracy compared to a network of traditional floating-point multipliers and adders, which is referred to as a discrete design. In order to further improve the performance of the fused floating-point four-term dot product unit, a new exponent compare and significand alignment scheme, dual-reduction, early normalization, four-input Leading Zero Anticipation (LZA), and compound addition and rounding are applied. The proposed design is implemented for both single and double precision and synthesized with a 45 nm CMOS standard-cell library. In order to evaluate the improvement of the proposed design, the area, latency, and power consumption are investigated. The proposed design reduces the area, power consumption and latency by about 40% compared to the discrete design.
Hemagglutinin Linear Epitope Presentation on Monolayer-Protected Clusters Elicits Strong Antibody Binding (2005)

Immunoreactive, multicomponent nanoclusters were assembled through the controlled presentation of a known, synthetic peptide epitope. The epitope comes from the hemagglutanin protein of influenza and is known to bind to a monoclonal anti-HA antibody. Antibody affinity for the immunoreactive MPC was compared to the affinity for traditionally used peptide arrays using the quartz crystal microbalance. The two systems had comparable affinities (Ka), ranging from 0.41 x 10(7) M(-1) to 1.8 x 10(7) M(-1), though the nanocluster used a much lower density of peptide relative to that of the peptide array. These results suggest that functionalized nanoclusters have potential in nanostructure assembly and medical applications. Water-soluble nanoparticles that present known neutralizing peptide epitopes of protein antigens might be used in antiviral influenza vaccines.
Comparative oxidation studies of SiC(0001) and SiC(0001) surfaces (1986)

A comparison of the kinetics of oxidation at 995 and 1345 K of the SiC(0001̄) and SiC(0001) crystal faces is made. The oxidation rate on the SiC(0001̄) (C-rich face) is higher at both temperatures. SiO2 is formed. At 1345 K, the initial oxidation process is retarded by excess surface carbon. When the excess carbon is volatilized by either CO or CO2 formation, the oxidation rate is higher at 1345 K than at 995 K.
Improved Catalytic Lifetime of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> for Isobutane Alkylation with Trace Amount of Ionic Liquids Buffer (2015)

Trace amounts of ionic liquids have been mixed in sulfuric acid to enhance the catalytic performance for the alkylation of isobutane with butene. The experimental results from batch reactors indicated that the reaction efficiency was significantly improved. The effective catalytic lifetime of concentrated H2SO4 mixed with [Bmim][SbF6] was twice compared with pure H2SO4. Under the optimal conditions, the alkylate research octane (RON) reached 98, and the selectivity of C8 was 90%. The ionic liquids with SbF6 anion worked similar to buffer agents, which were in favor of keeping the acid strength of catalytic system, slowing the growth of acid soluble oil, and reducing acid consumption. In conclusion, the new catalytic system of acid and trace amounts of ionic liquids is very promising to substitute the old catalytic system of concentrated H2SO4 alone for the alkylation.
(<i>Z</i>)‐4,7‐Octadiensäure‐äthylester und (<i>Z</i>)‐Buttersäure‐3,5‐hexadienylester, zwei neue Aromastoffe der roten Passionsfrucht (1979)

Ethyl ( Z )‐4,7‐Octadienoate and ( Z )‐3,5‐Hexadienyl Butyrate, two New Aroma Components of the Purple Passionfruit The isolation of ethyl ( Z )‐4,7‐octadienoate ( 1 ) and ( Z )‐3,5‐hexadienyl butyrate ( 2 ), two new and important aroma constituents of the purple passionfruit ( Passiflora edulis S IMS ) is reported. Ester 1 was synthesized by two different routes: (1) via a Wittig reaction between the known 4‐oxobutyrate 4 and 3‐butenylidenephosphorane, and (2) by thermolysis of ( Z )‐8‐acetoxy‐4‐octenoate 7 which was readily accessible from ( Z , Z )‐1,5‐cyclooctadiene. Ester 2 was prepared from the known hex‐3‐yn‐5‐en‐1‐ol ( 8 ) by a stereoselective ( Z )‐reduction of the triple bond to 9 , using Rieke 's active metallic zinc, followed by esterification. The organoleptic properties and the taste threshold values of 1 and 2 are given.
Enhanced solubility of proteins and peptides in nonpolar solvents through hydrophobic ion pairing (1993)

Abstract A new technique for enhancing the solubility of peptides and proteins in organic solvents is described. Complexation of polypeptides with stoichiometric amounts of an anionic detergent, such as sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), produces diminished aqueous solubility, but enhanced solubility in organic solvents. Consequently, the partitioning of a polypeptide into a nonpolar solvent can be increased by two to four orders of magnitude. In the case of an insulin–SDS complex, the solubility in 1‐octanol is more than tenfold greater than in water. In 1‐octanol, the native structure of insulin remains intact, as determined by CD spectroscopy, and the thermal denaturation temperature (T m ) is increased by approximately 50°C relative to unfolding in water. Finally, peptides and proteins can be extracted back into an aqueous phase provided the chloride concentration is sufficient to displace bound detergent molecules. © 1993 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Erythrocyte Sedimentation Rate, C-Reactive Protein, or Rheumatoid Factor Are Normal at Presentation in 35%–45% of Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis Seen Between 1980 and 2004: Analyses from Finland and the United States (2009)

A majority of patients with RA seen between 1980 and 2004 had abnormal ESR, CRP, or RF. However, more than 37% of patients had ESR < 28 mm/h, normal CRP, or all negative RF tests. Similarities of laboratory test data at 2 sites on different continents with different duration of disease suggest generalizability of the findings. Normal ESR, CRP, and RF are seen in a substantial proportion of patients with RA at this time.
Neuro-Fuzzy Control of a Robotic Exoskeleton With EMG Signals (2004)

We have been developing robotic exoskeletons to assist motion of physically weak persons such as elderly, disabled, and injured persons. The robotic exoskeleton is controlled basically based on the electromyogram (EMG) signals, since the EMG signals of human muscles are important signals to understand how the user intends to move. Even though the EMG signals contain very important information, however, it is not very easy to predict the user's upper-limb motion (elbow and shoulder motion) based on the EMG signals in real-time because of the difficulty in using the EMG signals as the controller input signals. In this paper, we propose a robotic exoskeleton for human upper-limb motion assist, a hierarchical neuro-fuzzy controller for the robotic exoskeleton, and its adaptation method.
Universal serial bus (USB) power management (2002)

Micrel's logic-controlled high-side power switch integrated circuits are ideal for USB power switching applications. Each offers superior protection and performance relative to polyfuses. In addition, proper PCB layout techniques are highly recommended to ensure that both USB voltage regulation and transient regulation specifications are satisfied.
Anti-Stokes Raman spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes (2000)

An analysis of the Stokes and anti-Stokes resonant Raman spectra of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT's) using different laser energies in the range $1.49<~{E}_{\mathrm{laser}}<~2.19$ eV shows major differences in the tangential band spectra for the Stokes and anti-Stokes processes for selected ${E}_{\mathrm{laser}}$ values. These differences arise from the differences in the one-dimensional density of electronic states for metallic and semiconducting nanotubes. This observation allows selection of ${E}_{\mathrm{laser}}$ to excite only semiconducting or only metallic nanotubes in the Stokes and anti-Stokes spectra.
Application of parallel computing techniques to a large-scale reservoir simulation (2001)

Even with the continual advances made in both computational algorithms and computer hardware used in reservoir modeling studies, large-scale simulation of fluid and heat flow in heterogeneous reservoirs remains a challenge. The problem commonly arises from intensive computational requirement for detailed modeling investigations of real-world reservoirs. This paper presents the application of a massive parallel-computing version of the TOUGH2 code developed for performing large-scale field simulations. As an application example, the parallelized TOUGH2 code is applied to develop a three-dimensional unsaturated-zone numerical model simulating flow of moisture, gas, and heat in the unsaturated zone of Yucca Mountain, Nevada, a potential repository for high-level radioactive waste. The modeling approach employs refined spatial discretization to represent the heterogeneous fractured tuffs of the system, using more than a million 3-D gridblocks. The problem of two-phase flow and heat transfer within the model domain leads to a total of 3,226,566 linear equations to be solved per Newton iteration. The simulation is conducted on a Cray T3E-900, a distributed-memory massively parallel computer. Simulation results indicate that the parallel computing technique, as implemented in the TOUGH2 code, is very efficient. The reliability and accuracy of the model results have been demonstrated by comparing them to those of small-scale (coarse-grid) models. These comparisons show that simulation results obtained with the refined grid provide more detailed predictions of the future flow conditions at the site, aiding in the assessment of proposed repository performance.
<title>Space-based optical system performance evaluation with integrated modeling tools</title> (2004)

As the complexity of telescope systems have increased, system engineering trades related to cost and performance issues have become correspondingly more difficult. Many of the proposed space-based systems cannot be tested at the system level prior to launch and precursor technology missions are too expensive and do not fully duplicate the actual hardware. Therefore, industry is increasingly reliant upon modeling to predict end-to-end system performance from sub-system validation through laboratory testing. The increase of computational speed has enabled the development of integrated modeling tools which compliments the subsystem design process while facilitating system performance modeling. With integrated modeling, the optical design, structural dynamics, controls, disturbances, and sensor models are contained in a single environment. The challenge is to maintain computational speed and accurate computations while managing the complexity of multiple models, interfaces and hundreds of parameters. This paper discusses the issues involved with system modeling including architectural decisions, integration of subsystem models and disturbance modeling.
Aptamers as affinity ligands for downstream processing (2012)

Aptamers are single‐stranded synthetic oligonucleotides that are able to capture their target molecule with high affinity and specificity. Therefore, they can be thought of as nucleic acid‐based alternative to antibodies, which have several advantages over their amino acid‐based counterparts. Consequently, aptamers can be used in different applications based on molecular recognition including affinity separations. This review will summarize the state‐of‐the‐art in aptamer‐based affinity separations; will discuss the current limitations and will highlight possible future prospects. The first part will point out the advantages of aptamers in downstream processing. Here, the properties of aptamers will be discussed along with their implications on downstream processing from a user's point of view. In the second part, a brief summary of the literature is given with focus on aptamer‐based separation of proteins. Finally, some drawbacks of aptamers will be illustrated and possibilities to overcome these limitations will be suggested. New technologies in the fields of aptamer selection and synthesis are expected to further promote the use of aptamers as affinity ligands in downstream processing.
A Wide Dynamic Range CMOS Laser Radar Receiver With a Time-Domain Walk Error Compensation Scheme (2016)

This integrated receiver channel designed for a pulsed time-of-flight (TOF) laser rangefinder consists of a fully differential transimpedance amplifier channel and a timing discriminator. The amplitude-dependent timing walk error is compensated by measuring the width and rise time of the received pulse echo and using this information for calibration. The measured bandwidth, transimpedance and minimum detectable signal (SNR ~10) of the receiver channel are 230 MHz, 100 kQ and ~1 μA respectively. The single-shot precision of the receiver is ~3 cm at an SNR of 13 and the measurement accuracy is ±4 mm with compensation within a dynamic range of ~1:100000. The receiver circuit was realized in a 0.35 μm CMOS process and has a power consumption of 150 mW. The functionality of the receiver channel was verified over a temperature range of -20 °C to +50 °C.
Anionic block polymerization. II. Preparation and properties of block copolymers (1964)

Abstract Block copolymers were prepared by anionic polymerization and their dynamic mechanical properties and thermal stability were compared with those of random copolymers and mechanical blends of similar composition. The block copolymers were prepared by means of Na‐naphthalene as the initiator, under conditions leading in most cases to almost complete absence of contaminating homopolymers. The composition, structure, and molecular weight of the block copolymers were determined by ( a ) molecular weight determinations of the polymers before and after addition of the second monomer to the preformed polymeric anions, and ( b ) by fractionation and chemical analysis of the resulting fractions. The block copolymers prepared were of the type: poly(α‐methyl styrene) ‐ polystyrene ‐ poly(α‐methylstyrene), polystyrene ‐ poly(α‐methylstyrene)‐polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate)‐polystyrene‐poly(α‐methyl methacrylate), and poly(ethylene oxide)‐polystyrene‐poly(ethylene oxide). The various block copolymer systems showed considerable differences in dynamic mechanical properties among themselves; they also had properties differing from those of copolymers and blends.
A novel fatty acid-binding protein 5-estrogen-related receptor α signaling pathway promotes cell growth and energy metabolism in prostate cancer cells (2018)

Epidermal or cutaneous fatty acid-binding protein is an intracellular lipid-binding protein, also known as FABP5, and its expression level is closely related to cancer cell proliferation and metastatic activities in various types of carcinoma. However, the molecular mechanisms of FABP5 in cancer cell proliferation and its other functions have remained unclear. In the present study, we have clearly revealed that FABP5 activated expression of metabolic genes (ATP5B, LCHAD, ACO2, FH and MFN2) via a novel signaling pathway in an ERRα (estrogen-related receptor α)-dependent manner in prostate cancer cell lines. To clarify the novel function of FABP5, we examined the activation mechanisms of the ERRα target genes via FABP5. A direct protein-protein interaction between FABP5 and ERRα was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation and GST pull-down assays. We have clearly revealed that FABP5 interacted directly with transcriptional complex containing ERRα and its co-activator PGC-1β to increase expression of the ERRα target genes. In addition, we have shown that FABP5 knockdown induced high energy stress leading to induction of apoptosis and cell cycle arrest via AMPK-FOXO3A signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells, suggesting that FABP5 plays an important role in cellular energy status directing metabolic adaptation to support cellular proliferation and survival.
Comparative Analysis of Traditional and Object-Oriented Software Testing (2015)

Software testing is an important phase of the software development life cycle. Testing is the process of executing the program with the goal of finding errors. The purpose of testing is not only to find the bugs in software but also to improve the quality of software. This paper compares traditional and object-oriented software testing. Today, object-oriented concepts are used throughout software engineering. Testing of object-oriented software is different from testing of traditional software. Object-oriented software testing offers new challenges to the software testing team, because the object-oriented approach supports several new and powerful features. This paper focuses on the need for adopting an object-oriented software-testing approach and the challenges that occur in object-oriented testing.
Synthetic data generation for the internet of things (2014)

The concept of Internet of Things (IoT) is rapidly moving from a vision to being pervasive in our everyday lives. This can be observed in the integration of connected sensors from a multitude of devices such as mobile phones, healthcare equipment, and vehicles. There is a need for the development of infrastructure support and analytical tools to handle IoT data, which are naturally big and complex. But, research on IoT data can be constrained by concerns about the release of privately owned data. In this paper, we present the design and implementation results of a synthetic IoT data generation framework. The framework enables research on synthetic data that exhibit the complex characteristics of original data without compromising proprietary information and personal privacy.
ATP-dependent regulation of rabbit myocardial cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 (1991)

We report here that rabbit myocardial cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 exists as a high molecular weight complex comprised of catalytic and regulatory polypeptides whose activity and stability are influenced by specific interactions with ATP. Multiple lines of evidence document the functional significance of interactions between the catalytic complex and ATP including: 1) adenine nucleotide triphosphates attenuate the rate of thermal denaturation of native cytosolic phospholipase A2; 2) ATP augments the initial rate of phospholipid hydrolysis in a manner independent of the concentration, interfacial properties, and physical state of aggregated substrate; 3) adenine nucleotide triphosphates attenuate the reactivity of an essential thiol residue to covalent modification by 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid); and 4) the catalytic complex specifically and reversibly binds to ATP affinity matrices, although the purified 40-kDa catalytic subunit neither binds to ATP affinity matrices nor is subject to ATP-dependent activation and stabilization. The catalytic and regulatory elements were functionally resolved by differential thermal inactivation and the ATP-regulatable phospholipase A2 catalytic complex was reassembled by reconstitution of highly purified catalytic and partially purified regulatory proteins. Thus, alterations in ATP concentration influence the activity and longevity of the myocardial cytosolic calcium-independent phospholipase A2 catalytic complex, thereby potentially modulating the release of lipidic second messengers and facilitating adaptive alterations in membrane physical properties.
The Monofunctional Catalase KatE of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri Is Required for Full Virulence in Citrus Plants (2010)

Our results confirmed that in contrast to other Xanthomonas species, Xac catalase-specific activity is induced during the stationary phase of growth in parallel with the bacterial resistance to peroxide challenge. Moreover, Xac catalases expression pattern is modified in response to any stimuli associated with the plant or the microenvironment it provides. The catalase KatE has been shown to have an important function for the colonization and survival of the bacterium in the citrus plant during the pathogenic process. Our work provides the first genetic evidence to support a monofunctional catalase as a virulence factor in Xac.
Binary character/graphics image extraction: a new technique and six evaluation aspects (2003)

Deals with the extraction of binary character/graphics images from grayscale document images with background pictures, shadows, highlight, smear and smudge. The authors review four published extraction techniques, and present a new technique. They then propose speed, memory requirement, stroke width restriction, parameter number, parameter setting and human subjective evaluation of result images as six aspects for evaluating and analysing extraction techniques. The result of systematically evaluating and analyzing both new and published techniques with experiments on images of typical check images and poor-quality text documents with respect to these six aspects is reported.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Differential Geometry of a Surface at a Planar Point (1936)

at a planar point of third order has at least four-point contact with its tangent line at the point.
Cryogenic ultra low power CMOS (2002)

This paper reports 7-stage 1.5 /spl mu/m zeroVt CMOS ring oscillators operating at 170 MHz/V down to V/sub dd/=70 mV at room temperature, and 360 MHz/V down to V/sub dd/=27 mV at 77 K.
14 Mev NEUTRON ACTIVATION ANALYSIS USING A NEW ANALYTICAL INSTRUMENT (1963)

Mechanisms of particle selectivity controlling agglutination within the agglomerated tintinnid genus Stenosemella spp. Jörgensen were studied during two iron fertilisation experiments (EisenEx and EIFEX) conducted in the Southern Ocean in austral spring 2000 and late austral summer to early autumn 2004. Representative SEM pictures of Stenosemella spp. loricae were taken on the day of fertilisation, during the middle and at the end of both experiments. Whereas during EisenEx particles used for agglutination were unambiguously dominated by coccoliths of Emiliania huxleyi (Lohmann) Hay & Mohle, agglutinated particles during EIFEX mainly consisted of broken diatom frustules (BF) of heavily silicified species. This observation is supported by the ratio of E. huxleyi (Eh)/BF abundances in the water column during both experiments. During EisenEx we observed an Eh/BF ratio which was an order-of-magnitude higher compared to the EIFEX experiment. Thus, our results clearly indicated that particle availability seems to be the driving mechanism in the agglutination of Southern Ocean tintinnids. Furthermore, possible implications for the vertical flux of agglutinated biogenic particles to deep ocean waters and sediments are discussed.