gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CT Dosimetry: Comparison of Measurement Techniques and Devices (2008)

In x-ray computed tomography (CT), the most common parameter used to estimate and minimize patient dose is the CT dose index (CTDI). The CTDI is a volume-averaged measure that is used in situations where the table is incremented in conjunction with the tube rotation. Variants of the CTDI correct for averaging across the field of view and for adjacent beam overlaps or gaps. CTDI is usually measured with a pencil-shaped ionization chamber, although methods have been developed that use alternative detectors, including an optically stimulated luminescence probe and a solid-state real-time dosimeter. Because the CTDI represents an averaged dose to a homogeneous cylindrical phantom, the measurements are only an approximation of the patient dose. Furthermore, dose from interventional or perfusion CT, in which the table remains stationary between multiple scans, is best evaluated with point dose measurements made with small detectors. CTDI and point dose values are nearly the same for measurement of surface dose from spiral CT. However, for measurement of surface dose from perfusion CT, the dose is overestimated by a factor of two or more with CTDI values in comparison with point dose values. Both CTDI and point dose measurement are valuable for evaluating CT scanner output and estimating patient dose.
Large scale simulation of parallel molecular dynamics (2003)

This paper aims to describe the implementation of TAKAKAW, an efficient parallel application for the simulation of molecular dynamics designed to handle large proteins in biology. The implementation is based on the multi-threading parallel programming environment, called ATHAPASCAN which allows to implement and evaluate easily several load-balancing strategies. Some experiments run on one of the largest molecule ever simulated (a hydrated /spl beta/-galactosidase with 413039 atoms) show the interest of such a parallel programming environment.
Scribbles to vectors (2007)

This paper describes the work carried out on off-line paper based scribbles such that they can be incorporated into a sketch-based interface without forcing designers to change their natural drawing habits. In this work, the scribbled drawings are converted into a vectorial format which can be recognized by a CAD system. This is achieved by using pattern analysis techniques, namely the Gabor filter to simplify the scribbled drawing. Vector line are then extracted from the resulting drawing by means of Kalman filtering.
Vaccine platforms to control Lassa fever (2016)

LASV vaccine development is hampered by high cost of biocontainment requirement, the absence of appropriate small animal models, genetic diversity of LASV species, and by high HIV-1 prevalence in LASV endemic areas. Over the past 15 years several vaccine platforms have been developed. Natural history of LASV and pathogenesis of the disease provide strong justification for replication-competent (RC) vaccine as one of the most feasible approaches to control LF. Development of LASV vaccine candidates based on reassortant, recombinant, and alphavirus replicon technologies is covered in this review. Expert commentary: Two lead RC vaccine candidates, reassortant ML29 and recombinant VSV/LASV, have been successfully tested in non-human primates and have been recommended by international vaccine experts for rapid clinical development. Both platforms have powerful molecular tools to further secure safety, improve immunogenicity, and cross-protection. These platforms are well positioned to design multivalent vaccines to protect against all LASV strains citculatrd in West Africa. The regulatory pathway of Candid #1, the first live-attenuated arenaviral vaccine against Argentine hemorrhagic, will be a reasonable guideline for LASV vaccine efficacy trials.
Triangulated Wireframe Structures Assembled Using Single-Stranded DNA Tiles (2019)

The field of structural DNA nanotechnology offers a wide range of design strategies with which to build structures with a desired aspect ratio, size, and shape. Compared with traditional close-packed DNA structures, triangulated wireframe structures require less material per surface or volume unit and improve the stability in biologically relevant conditions due to the reduced electrostatic repulsion. Herein, we expand the design space of the DNA single-stranded tile method to cover a range of anisotropic, finite, triangulated wireframe structures as well as a number of one-dimensional crystalline assemblies. These structures are composed of six-arm junctions with a single double helix as connecting edges that assemble in physiologically relevant salinities. For a reliable folding of the structures, single-stranded spacers 2-4 nucleotides long have to be introduced in the junction connecting neighboring arms. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations using the oxDNA model suggests that the spacers prevent the stacking of DNA helices, thereby facilitating the assembly of planar geometries.
The application of quantitative polymerase chain reaction to therapeutic monitoring (1993)

A rapid and simple quantitative assay for HIV RNA in plasma or sera has been developed that should prove valuable in determining the natural history of infection, dissecting viral pathogenesis and monitoring the efficacy of therapeutic intervention.
Compliance With Stimulant Medications in Patients with Narcolepsy (1997)

The goals of this descriptive study were to determine what percentage of our treated narcoleptic subjects took their stimulant medications as prescribed and to examine the relationship between compliance and response to stimulant medications. Data obtained from a screening questionnaire, sleep diaries, and medical records showed that 22 of our 43 treated narcoleptic subjects reduced their dosage of stimulant medications or had not taken any stimulant medications during a 24-hour monitoring period during which they were expected to be on medication. Although we had expected better compliance among subjects who responded to stimulant medications (day-wake subjects), statistical testing revealed no significant differences between the two groups. Nor were there any significant differences in age, gender, or educational level when compliant and noncompliant subjects were compared. Only the type of drug prescribed (short versus long-acting stimulant) affected compliance; 39.4% of the subjects with prescriptions for dextroamphetamine or methylphenidate took the amount of medication prescribed compared to 87.5% of the subjects with prescriptions for pemoline.
Carbon Dioxide Fixation within Mine Wastes of Ultramafic-Hosted Ore Deposits: Examples from the Clinton Creek and Cassiar Chrysotile Deposits, Canada (2009)

Abstract Carbon dioxide (CO2) is sequestered through the weathering and subsequent mineralization of the chrysotile mine tailings at Clinton Creek, Yukon Territory, and Cassiar, British Columbia, Canada. Accelerated weathering is attributed to a dramatic increase in surface area, which occurs during the milling of ore. We provide a detailed account of the natural process of carbon trapping and storage as it occurs at Clinton Creek and Cassiar, including mineralogy, modes of occurrence, methods of formation for carbonate alteration, light stable isotope geochemistry, and radiocarbon analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction data were used to identify weathering products as the hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals nesquehonite [MgCO3·3H2O], dypingite [Mg5(CO3)4 (OH)2·5H2O], hydromagnesite [Mg5(CO3)4(OH)2·4H2O], and less commonly lansfordite [MgCO3·5H2O]. Textural relationships suggest that carbonate precipitates formed in situ after milling and deposition of tailings. Samples of efflorescent nesquehonite are characterized by δ13C values between 6.52 and 14.36 per mil, δ18O values between 20.93 and 26.62 per mil, and F14C values (fraction of modern carbon) between 1.072 and 1.114, values which are consistent with temperature-dependent fractionation of modern atmospheric CO2 during mineralization. Samples of dypingite ± hydromagnesite collected from within 0.2 m of the tailings surface give δ13C values between −1.51 and +10.02 per mil, δ18O values between +17.53 and +28.40 per mil, and F14C values between 1.026 and 1.146, which suggests precipitation from modern atmospheric CO2 in a soil-like environment. Field observations and isotopic data suggest that hydrated magnesium carbonate minerals formed in two environments. Nesquehonite formed in an evaporative environment on the surface of tailings piles, and dypingite and hydromagnesite formed in the subsurface environment with characteristics similar to soil carbonate. In both cases, these minerals have been trapping and storing the greenhouse gas, CO2, directly from the atmosphere. Combined use of δ13C, δ18O, and F14C data has been applied effectively as a tool for verifying and monitoring sequestration of atmospheric CO2 within mine tailings. A number of other deposit types produce tailings suitable for CO2 sequestration, including Cu-Ni-PGE deposits, diamondiferous kimberlite pipes, and podiform chromite deposits. Our results suggest that conversion of about 10 wt percent of tailings to carbonate minerals could offset the greenhouse gas emissions from many ultramafic-hosted mining operations.
Fluorine-enhanced boron diffusion in amorphous silicon (2003)

Silicon wafers were preamorphized with 70 keV Si+ at a dose of 1×1015 atoms/cm2, generating a deep amorphous layer of 1800 Å. Implants of 500 eV B+11, with and without 6 keV F+, followed at doses of 1×1015 atoms/cm2 and 2×1015 atoms/cm2, respectively. After annealing at 550 °C, secondary ion mass spectroscopy determined that the diffusivity of boron in amorphous silicon is significantly enhanced in the presence of fluorine. Ellipsometry and cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy indicate the enhanced diffusion only occurs in the amorphous layer. Fluorine increases the boron diffusivity by approximately five orders of magnitude at 550 °C. It is proposed that the ability of fluorine to reduce the dangling bond concentration in amorphous silicon may reduce the formation energy for mobile boron, enhancing its diffusivity.
Optimization and Assessment of the In Vivo Efficacy of a Heparin Removing Bio-Reactor Using Mathematical Modeling (1996)

The authors previously reported an approach that could be used to simultaneously control both heparin and protamine induced complications during extracorporeal perfusion. The approach consists of placing a hollow fiber based bio-reactor containing immobilized protamine (defined as the "protamine bio-reactor") at the distal end of the blood perfusion circuit for extracorporeal heparin removal. Preliminary in vitro and in vivo studies have successfully demonstrated the feasibility of the proposed approach. The authors present an in vivo theoretical model for this extracorporeal heparin removal approach. This model, which consists of a two compartment model for the metabolic clearance of heparin and a plug flow reactor model for the protamine bio-reactor, can be used to optimize and assess the required size of the bio-reactor for effective clinical heparin removal. To examine the utility of such a model, 14 female mongrel dogs (six dogs were used as controls and eight dogs were used to test the bio-reactor) were included in the in vivo study. The femoral artery and femoral vein of the dog were cannulated, and the bio-reactor was attached. Heparin was given intravenously at a dose of 150 IU/kg body weight, and its activity was measured using the aPTT assay. Preliminary studies show that the experimental data fits remarkably well with the theoretical model. The model indicates that the protamine bio-reactor can remove heparin efficiently, even in the presence of competitive binding between heparin and plasma proteins. Under clinical situations, such as hemodialysis and open heart operations, a protamine bio-reactor containing approximately 45,000 hollow fibers is necessary to reduce heparin to less than 10% of its initial concentration. The time required to saturate the protamine bio-reactor with heparin is dependent upon the blood flow rate which, as predicted by the model, is 10 min for open heart surgery (flow rate = 2,000 ml/min) and 60 min for hemodialysis (flow rate = 200 ml/min). A detailed description of the in vivo model, as well as future directions envisioned in the design of a clinically useful heparin removing system are discussed.
INSULIN IN MALNUTRITION (1926)

During the last two years, the use of insulin in various degrees of malnutrition in infancy has been studied with increasing interest and with varying results. Viewing their own work with a critical eye, all authors are not agreed as to the value of this procedure. <h3>REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE</h3> Pitfield<sup>1</sup>was the first to work with insulin in infants. He tried injections in two babies, aged 4 and 5 months respectively, who were suffering from malnutrition. In each case the child was receiving a formula with an energy quotient of 80 calories per pound, without gain. Following minute doses of insulin with every bottle, there was a gain in weight, with better digestion and great improvement in the color and general condition of the child. Later, Marriott<sup>2</sup>reported uniformly successful results in malnourished infants by using injections of a solution of glucose, to which insulin had been
Target tracking using interacting multipattern probabilistic data association (IMP-PDA) (1999)

A theoretical development of a novel approach for target tracking based on multiple patterns extracted from measurement sequences is presented in this paper. The introduction of patterns leads to a new paradigm of developing high performance algorithms. An interacting multipattern probabilistic data association (IMP-PDA) algorithm is developed, taking advantage of clever formulation of the interacting multiple model (IMM) approach. The IMP-PDA algorithm employs distance, directional and manoeuvre information for data association, which enhances significantly the capability of discriminating correct measurements from false measurements.
Matrix effect in bio-analysis of illicit drugs with LC-MS/MS: Influence of ionization type, sample preparation, and biofluid (2003)

The purpose of the present work was to evaluate the synergistic effect of ionization type, sample preparation technique, and bio-fluid on the presence of matrix effect in quantitative liquid chromatography (LC)-MS/MS analysis of illicit drugs by post-column infusion experiments with morphine (10-microg/mL solution). Three bio-fluids (urine, oral fluid, and plasma) were pretreated with four sample preparation procedures [direct injection, dilution, protein precipitation, solid-phase extraction (SPE)] and analyzed by both LC-electrospray ionization (ESI)-MS/MS and LC-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI)-MS/MS. Our results indicated that both ionization types showed matrix effect, but ESI was more susceptible than APCI. Sample preparation could reduce (clean up) or magnify (pre-concentrate) matrix effect. Residual matrix components were specific to each bio-fluid and interfered at different time points in the chromatogram. We evaluated matrix effect in an early stage of method development and combined optimal ionization type and sample preparation technique for each bio-fluid. Simple dilution of urine was sufficient to allow for the analysis of the analytes of interest by LC-APCI-MS/MS. Acetonitrile protein precipitation provided both sample clean up and concentration for oral fluid analysis, while SPE was necessary for extensive clean up of plasma prior to LC-APCI-MS/MS.
Sensitive detection of lysosomal membrane permeabilization by lysosomal galectin puncta assay (2015)

Lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) contributes to tissue involution, degenerative diseases, and cancer therapy. Its investigation has, however, been hindered by the lack of sensitive methods. Here, we characterize and validate the detection of galectin puncta at leaky lysosomes as a highly sensitive and easily manageable assay for LMP. LGALS1/galectin-1 and LGALS3/galectin-3 are best suited for this purpose due to their widespread expression, rapid translocation to leaky lysosomes and availability of high-affinity antibodies. Galectin staining marks individual leaky lysosomes early during lysosomal cell death and is useful when defining whether LMP is a primary or secondary cause of cell death. This sensitive method also reveals that cells can survive limited LMP and confirms a rapid formation of autophagic structures at the site of galectin puncta. Importantly, galectin staining detects individual leaky lysosomes also in paraffin-embedded tissues allowing us to demonstrate LMP in tumor xenografts in mice treated with cationic amphiphilic drugs and to identify a subpopulation of lysosomes that initiates LMP in involuting mouse mammary gland. The use of ectopic fluorescent galectins renders the galectin puncta assay suitable for automated screening and visualization of LMP in live cells and animals. Thus, the lysosomal galectin puncta assay opens up new possibilities to study LMP in cell death and its role in other cellular processes such as autophagy, senescence, aging, and inflammation.
Conclusion (2004)

British involvement in whaling lasted for three and a half centuries. It began with the expansion of Europe, when the whale was located in Arctic waters, and ended only when the virtual extinction of the whale made the trade unprofitable. Those in the last stages of the trade argued, when conscience pricked, that the extermination of the whale was impossible because the cost/yield ratio would prevent the catching of "too many" of the last specimens. It proved, in the event, to be a false argument based, perhaps, on too optimistic a view of human nature, or perhaps on a misunderstanding of the economics of whaling. When Europeans could no longer make whaling pay there were still those - the Russians and Japanese - who worked on different principles, and between them the various whaling nations have brought stocks so low that there are serious doubts if they can ever revive. With such mobile migratory marine animals there has to be a fairly large number before effective breeding can take place and nobody at the moment knows if the surviving specimens can provide for the future. Certainly the Right whale which has been protected throughout the modern phase of whaling has shown no appreciable increase in numbers. The abundance of food may encourage a revival of the blue and fin whales, but it has not yet done so, and scientists are pessimistic. One thing is absolutely clear: whatever happens to the survival of the whales, there can be no whaling in the foreseeable future among the baleen whales. Any attempt to revive the free-for-all slaughter would simply return the species involved to the threshold of extinction....
MALIGNANT DEGENERATION OF BENIGN CYSTIC TERATOMAS OF THE OVARY. A COLLECTIVE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE (1957)

The Department of Gynecology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, Maryland * Present Address: Obstetrical and Gynecological Service, 1100th USAF Hospital, Bolling Air Force Base, Washington, 25, D. C.
Hydrozirconation. Organic synthesis via organozirconium intermediates. Synthesis and rearrangement of alkylzirconium(IV) complexes and their reaction with electrophiles (1974)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrozirconation. Organic synthesis via organozirconium intermediates. Synthesis and rearrangement of alkylzirconium(IV) complexes and their reaction with electrophilesDonald W. Hart and Jeffrey SchwartzCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1974, 96, 26, 8115–8116Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1974Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1974https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00833a048https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00833a048research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views5190Altmetric-Citations387LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Lyotropic mesophases of hydroxypropylcellulose in pure acetic acid, in water, and in mixed solvents (1984)

Abstract Photomicrographys of concentrated lyotropic hydroxypropylcellulose solutions confirm the cholesteric nature of the anisotropic phases in acetic acid and water. They reveal the existence of biphasic separation. Typical liquid‐crystal solvent‐dependent textures are observed. The behavior of liquid‐crystalline phases in mixed solvents is also studied, and the cholesteric pitch of the twist structure is measured for various relative concentrations of solvents. Spherical droplets, or “spherulites,” in well‐defined relative concentrations of solvents have been observed.
Measurement of phase difference between the diffracted orders of relief gratings using two-wave mixing (2003)

Summary form only given. Surface relief gratings in both resonant and subwavelength domain present interesting polarisation properties. The phase of the diffracted orders, in deep relief gratings, depends on the polarization and on the grating parameters. In this paper we propose the use of a two-wave mixing experiment to measure the phase difference between the first and the zero diffracted orders of holographic relief gratings.
Post‐synaptic calcium influx at the giant synapse of the squid during activation by glutamate. (1985)

Changes in free calcium were monitored in the post-synaptic axon of the giant synapse of the squid, using the calcium indicators aequorin and Arsenazo III. The peak size of the calcium-dependent optical signals recorded from aequorin and Arsenazo III both showed a linear relation with the amount of calcium injected ionophoretically into the axon, but the Arsenazo signal had a slower time course than the aequorin. Ionophoretic application of glutamate to the post-synaptic axon depolarized the axon and caused a rise in intracellular free calcium. Aequorin signals were detected in natural sea water, and their size increased when the calcium concentration in the sea water was raised. Arsenazo signals could be detected only in high-calcium (55 mM) sea water. Intracellular calcium signals were detected also during bath application of several glutamate analogues, including kainate, ibotenate, and aspartate. The peak amplitude of the intracellular calcium signal, monitored with both indicators, increased with increasing ionophoretic glutamate dose, and varied linearly with the integral of the glutamate-induced membrane depolarization. No calcium signals were detected when depolarizations, similar to those produced by glutamate, were induced by current injection in the absence of glutamate. We conclude that glutamate increases the calcium permeability of the post-synaptic membrane, independently of the glutamate-induced depolarization. The glutamate-induced depolarization and the rise in intracellular free calcium increased roughly linearly as the membrane potential was made more negative. Extrapolation of these data indicated that the glutamate depolarization would reduce to zero at about -30 mV, while the calcium signals would be suppressed at about +50 mV.