gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Characterization of Carbon-Fiber Reinforced Polyetherimide Thermoplastic Composites Using Mechanical and Ultrasonic Methods (2014)

Continuous fiber-reinforced thermoplastics (CFRT) have the potential for being a mass-produced material for high-performance applications. The primary challenge of using CFRT is achieving fiber wet-out due to the high viscosity of thermoplastics. This results in higher temperatures and pressures required for processing the composites. Co-mingling thermoplastic fibers with a reinforcing fiber, potentially, can enable better wetting by reducing the distance the matrix needs to flow. This could result in shorter cycle times and better consolidation at lower temperatures and pressures. In this study, a polyetherimide (PEI) fiber was comingled with carbon fibers (CF). The resultant fibers were woven into fabrics and processed through a compression-molding technique to form laminates. Control specimens were also fabricated using films of PEI layered between plies of woven carbon-fiber materials. The manufactured CFRT panels were evaluated using ultrasonic C-scans (scans in two spatial dimensions) and then characterized for mechanical properties. The specimens produced using the co-mingled fibers had the cycle time reduced significantly compared to the film CFRT, although the results from the mechanical property evaluations were mixed. The behaviors in the co-mingled laminates can be attributed to the resin- and void-content distribution and the fiber-bundle orientations in the cured composite.
A Review on Manufacturing and Application of Open-cell Metal Foam (2014)

The present paper introduces the manufacturing process and industrial applications of Alantum metal foams having a complete open-pore structure. Wide spectrum of foam products, based on several distinguished properties of metal foams is described. Examples of Alantum foam products, transited to the industrial applications are provided with the roles of foams during their performances.
Inauguration and trend of development of discipline of vascular medicine in China (2014)

Vascular Medicine is a newly developed cross disciplinary discipline regarding blood vessel related diseases of human vascular system as a whole, including that of the heart, brain, kidney, lung, intestine and other organs, focusing on the early detection, prevention of its derangement and rehabilitation. The early detection technology for vascular lesion was approved by the Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China and propagated to entire China in 2004. China was the leading nation in proposing the early detection system for vascular lesions, and formulating the first guideline in 2005 which was renewed in 2011. The early detection technology for vascular lesion was popularized to hundreds of hospitals in more than 20 provinces from 2004 to 2013. The first session of international vascular medicine congress, Chinese International Congress of Vascular Medicine (CCVM), was organized and held, and a center for clinical diagnosis and treatment of vascular diseases was established in China, and course of vascular medicine was established in medical institutions. It has been proposed that the key step for prevention and treatment of vascular lesions is early detection and treatment. It has been also proposed that early detection, treatment and rehabilitation of vascular-related diseases should be emphasized in community health care and general medicine. Vascular medicine is also the link between basic science and clinical research. Many noninvasive technology of endothelial function based on laboratory research has been widely used in clinical diagnosis and treatment, and vascular medicine will hopefully become the main arena of translational medicine and integrated modern and traditional medicine.
		
		DOI: 10.11855/j.issn.0577-7402.07.01
Hammick Cyclizations Studies on the Mechanism of the Hammick Reaction (1994)

Heating of 3-hydroxypicolinic acid with the acetylketene precursor 2,2,4-trimethyldioxin-4-one, ethyl acetoacetate or ethyl 2-cyclopentanonecarboxylate leads via the 3-O-acylated 3-hydroxypicolinic acids, which cannot be isolated, and subsequent decarboxylation to the corresponding Hammick cyclization products in up to 25% yield besides 3-hydroxypyridine. In the case of 3-aminopicolinic acid the 3-(3-oxobutyrylamido)picolinic acid can be isolated but gives on heating only 3-aminopyridine and 3-(3-oxobutyrylamido)pyridine albeit none of the anticipated Hammick cyclization products. The Hammick cyclization reactions, side reactions and reaction mechanisms are discussed
Aromatic hydrocarbon derivatives of fullerences (1991)

Abstract The fullerences C 60 and C 70 form adducts with toluene, p‐xylene and other aromatic compounds when refluxed in these solvents in the presences of FeCl 3 . Benzene derivatives are produced only when bromine is also present. Mass spectra of the reaction mixtures indicate the presence of derivatives including 1:1 adducts, as well as products of multiple additions of the aromatic molecules and their dehydrogenation products. Tandem mass spectrometry provides evidence for CC bonds formation between the adducts and fullerences.
An Improved Algorithm for Computing the Singular Value Decomposition (1982)

The most well-known and widely used algorithm for computing the Singular Value Decomposition (SVD) A ---U ~V T of an m x n rectangular matrix A is the Golub-Reinsch algorithm (GR-SVD). In this paper, an improved version of the original GR-SVD algorithm is presented. The new algorithm works best for matrices with m >> n, but is more efficient even when m is only slightly greater than n (usually when m ~ 2n) and in some cases can achieve as much as 50 percent savings. If the matrix U ~s exphcltly desired, then n 2 extra storage locations are required, but otherwise no extra storage is needed. The two main modifications are: (1) first triangularizing A by Householder transformations before bldmgonahzing it (thin idea seems to be widely known among some researchers in the field, but as far as can be determined, neither a detailed analysis nor an lmplementatmn has been published before), and (2) accumulating the left Givens transformations in GR-SVD on an n x n array instead of on an m x n array. A PFORT-verified FORTRAN Implementation m included. Comparisons with the EISPACK SVD routine are given.
Regulation of myosin phosphorylation and myofilament Ca<sup>2+</sup> sensitivity in vascular smooth muscle (2004)

The Ca2+-dependent, reversible phosphorylation of the 20 kDa regulatory myosin light chain (MLC) plays a primary role in regulating the contraction of smooth muscle. However, it is well known that the Ca2+ signal is not the only factor which regulates such contraction, however, the alteration of the Ca2+ sensitivity in the contractile apparatus is also known to play an important role. The degree of MLC phosphorylation is determined by the balance of the activity between phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Either the Ca2+-independent activation of MLC phosphorylation or the inhibition of MLC dephosphorylation causes a greater MLC phosphorylation for a given level of Ca2+ signal and thereby potentiates the myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. The smooth muscle myosin light chain phosphatase (MLCP) consisting of three subunits was first isolated and cloned in the early '90s. The intensive investigation thereafter has uncovered the biochemical basis for regulating the activity of MLCP. The regulation of the MLCP activity is now considered to play a critical role in regulating the myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity. There are three major mechanisms in the regulation of MLCP; (1) the phosphorylation of a 110 kDa regulatory subunit of MLCP (2) the conformational change of the trimeric structure, and (3) the inhibition by a smooth muscle specific inhibitor protein, CPI-17. Furthermore, some kinases have been found to phosphorylate the MLC and activate the contraction of smooth muscle in a Ca2+-independent manner. Numerous protein kinases have been found to be involved in the regulation of MLC phosphorylation, and rho-kinase is one of the most frequently investigated kinases. The smooth muscle physiology is now asked to integrate the current understanding of the biochemical mechanisms and to clarify which kinases and/or proteins in the contractile apparatus play a physiological role in regulating the myofilament Ca2+ sensitivity and how such extracellular contractile stimulation modulates these mechanisms.
Imaging Intracellular pH in Live Cells with a Genetically Encoded Red Fluorescent Protein Sensor (2011)

Intracellular pH affects protein structure and function, and proton gradients underlie the function of organelles such as lysosomes and mitochondria. We engineered a genetically encoded pH sensor by mutagenesis of the red fluorescent protein mKeima, providing a new tool to image intracellular pH in live cells. This sensor, named pHRed, is the first ratiometric, single-protein red fluorescent sensor of pH. Fluorescence emission of pHRed peaks at 610 nm while exhibiting dual excitation peaks at 440 and 585 nm that can be used for ratiometric imaging. The intensity ratio responds with an apparent pK(a) of 6.6 and a >10-fold dynamic range. Furthermore, pHRed has a pH-responsive fluorescence lifetime that changes by ~0.4 ns over physiological pH values and can be monitored with single-wavelength two-photon excitation. After characterizing the sensor, we tested pHRed's ability to monitor intracellular pH by imaging energy-dependent changes in cytosolic and mitochondrial pH.
Evidence of Clutter Avoidance in Complex Scenes (2010)

Eye tracking results from a recent visual search experiment suggest 1) people avoid searching in highly cluttered regions of displays, and 2) people tend to start searching in regions with lower clutter and progress to regions with higher clutter as needed. Subjects searched for a symbol randomly placed in displays containing varying amounts of clutter, measured with the C3 clutter metric (Lohrenz et al., 2009). Displays were categorized as having low, medium, or high “global” clutter (average clutter for the display). Displays were gridded into 100 cells, and a “local” C3 value was calculated for each cell. An eye-tracker monitored search behavior. On average, with low and medium global-clutter displays, subjects searched in areas with local clutter similar to the displays' global clutter; with high global-clutter displays, subjects searched in areas with significantly lower local clutter (relative to global clutter). The average clutter of cells in which subjects searched plateaued at C3=6.4 (on a scale from 0 to 12), suggesting a measurable limit to the amount of clutter through which subjects are able (or willing) to search.
Simple, rapid method for direct isolation of nucleic acids from aquatic environments (1989)

Direct isolation of nucleic acids from the environment may be useful in several respects, including the estimation of total biomass, detection of specific organisms and genes, estimations of species diversity, and cloning applications. We have developed a method that facilitates the concentration of microorganisms from aquatic samples and the extraction of their nucleic acids. Natural water samples of 350 to greater than 1,000 ml are concentrated on a single cylindrical filter membrane (type SVGS01015; Millipore Corp., Bedford, Mass.), and cell lysis and proteolysis are carried out within the filter housing. Crude, high-molecular-weight nucleic acid solutions are then drawn off the filter. These solutions can be immediately analyzed, concentrated, or purified, depending on the intended application. The method is simple, rapid, and economical and provides high-molecular-weight chromosomal DNA, plasmid DNA, and speciated RNAs which comigrate with 5S, 16S, and 23S rRNAs. The methods presented here should prove useful in studying both the ecology and the phylogeny of microbes that resist classical culture methods.
Conducting polymer coatings in electrochemical technology Part 2 – Application areas (2008)

Conducting polymers can combine the electronic characteristics of metals with the engineering properties of polymers. Polypyrrole (PPy), polythiophene (PTh) and polyaniline (PAni) are common examples of conducting polymers which can be electrodeposited from their respective heterocyclic monomers. The applications of these and other electrodeposited polymer materials are considered in this review. Application areas include electronic and optical materials, sensors, bioimplants, actuators and corrosion protection together with electrical energy storage. Specialised coatings include composite and multilayer deposits consisting of a conducting polymer coating and a second phase of metal or ceramic.
Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells by Macrophages Is Impaired in Atherosclerosis (2005)

Our data demonstrate that phagocytosis of ACs is impaired in atherosclerotic plaques, which is at least partly attributed to oxidative stress and cytoplasmic saturation with indigestible material.
Electroconvulsive Therapy (With and Without Atropine) (1960)

Despite the introduction and wide use of psychopharmacologic agents, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) still is used extensively as the treatment of choice for depressive reactions. This use of ECT is entirely empirical and is not based upon any conclusive data as to the cause of such illness or as to the site of action of ECT. Acceptable evidence is lacking for most of the 50-odd theories of ECT action. One theory that has seemed amenable to investigation is that relating to the importance of the electrocortical response to ECT. This theory states that slow-wave activity is a requisite for ECT to be effective. To date, the data generally have not supported this belief .<sup>1-3,11</sup>However, Fink and Kahn<sup>6</sup>have reawakened interest in the therapeutic importance of slow waves by their report of a positive correlation between the degree of EEG slowing and improvement. In
Poly(ADP‐ribose) and carcinogenesis (2003)

Poly(ADP-ribose) and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) were discovered about 40 years ago, but their significance was not well elucidated until recently. In the early stage of the history of PARP, the presence of antibodies in the sera of human patients with lupus erythematosus indicated its natural occurrence. PARP, as well as the degrading enzyme, poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase (PARG), are present in most eukaryotes except for yeasts. Studies that used inhibitors of PARP indicated the involvement of PARP and poly(ADP-ribose) in DNA damage repair, and eventually PARP was purified and the gene was cloned. Molecular analysis then revealed various functional domains, such as the one for binding to strand breaks of DNA. Parp-1-deficient and Parg-deficient cells showed, in general, enhanced sensitivity to the lethal effects of ionizing radiation and alkylating agents. Parp-1 knockout mouse embryonic stem cells developed into teratocarcinoma-like tumors when injected subcutaneously into nude mice, these tumors featuring giant cells similar to syncytiotrophoblastic giant cells with hyperploidy. Parp-1 was also found in centrosomes, suggesting that poly(ADP-ribose) and PARP-1 are functionally involved in the maintenance of chromatin structure and the equal distribution of chromosomes into daughter cells. Intriguing findings on the real biological significance continue to be generated, with new light shed on mechanisms of carcinogenesis and pointing to novel cancer treatments. Highlights during the last four decades of studies by laboratories focusing on poly(ADP-ribose)/PARP, including our own, are condensed and summarized in this review.
Evaluation of human knee meniscus biopsies with near‐infrared, reflectance confocal microscopy. A pilot study (2005)

Knee cartilage biopsy is used to confirm the pathology in both clinical and experimental conditions and often guides diagnosis and therapeutic strategies. Current histopathological techniques are time consuming, induce tissue artefacts and often prevent further evaluation, once the tissue has been fixed. Hence, there is a potential need for a fast and nondestructive imaging technique for unfixed tissue. Near-infrared, reflectance confocal microscopy (CM) allows real-time, virtual sectioning of unstained, bulk tissue samples. This pilot study evaluates the use of CM in the assessment of meniscus histopathology in a series of 26 freshly-excised human meniscus samples compared to standard light microscopy of stained sections. CM images of the meniscus show cell and matrix detail, depicting morphologic features of collagen and elastic fibres, vessels and nerve endings. In addition, crystal deposits of gout and pseudogout are also demonstrable. Thus, CM is a novel imaging technique that could enable the pathologist to make a rapid microscopic evaluation of cartilage in a fresh and unfixed fashion.
Construction and Deconstruction of Hierarchical Event Streams with Multiple Hierarchical Layers (2008)

Compositional scheduling analysis couples local scheduling analysis via event streams. While local analysis has successfully been extended to include hierarchical scheduling strategies, event streams are still flat. In this paper, we formally define hierarchical event streams, which cannot only be constructed from flat event streams, but also from hierarchical streams allowing event streams with multiple hierarchical layers. We define an hierarchical event model and the operations to construct and deconstruct hierarchical events streams. Finally, we demonstrate how the model can be integrated in an existing analysis approach for distributed systems, enabling superior analysis results.
Charge detection mass spectrometry of bacteriophage P22 procapsid distributions above 20 MDa (2014)

The detection of empty capsids is unexpected and the process that leads to them is unknown. The average charge on the empty capsids is significantly lower than expected from the charge residue model, which probably indicates that the empty capsids have contracted in the gas phase. The scaffolding protein presumably limits the contraction of the procapsids. This work shows that electrospray CDMS can provide valuable information for masses greater than 20 MDa.
Master Regulator Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2/Human Interactome (2020)

The recent epidemic outbreak of a novel human coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2 causing the respiratory tract disease COVID-19 has reached worldwide resonance and a global effort is being undertaken to characterize the molecular features and evolutionary origins of this virus. In this paper, we set out to shed light on the SARS-CoV-2/host receptor recognition, a crucial factor for successful virus infection. Based on the current knowledge of the interactome between SARS-CoV-2 and host cell proteins, we performed Master Regulator Analysis to detect which parts of the human interactome are most affected by the infection. We detected, amongst others, affected apoptotic and mitochondrial mechanisms, and a downregulation of the ACE2 protein receptor, notions that can be used to develop specific therapies against this new virus.
Observing Grain Boundaries in CVD-Grown Monolayer Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (2014)

Two-dimensional monolayer transition metal dichalcogenides (TMdCs), driven by graphene science, revisit optical and electronic properties, which are markedly different from bulk characteristics. These properties are easily modified due to accessibility of all the atoms viable to ambient gases, and therefore, there is no guarantee that impurities and defects such as vacancies, grain boundaries, and wrinkles behave as those of ideal bulk. On the other hand, this could be advantageous in engineering such defects. Here, we report a method of observing grain boundary distribution of monolayer TMdCs by a selective oxidation. This was implemented by exposing directly the TMdC layer grown on sapphire without transfer to ultraviolet light irradiation under moisture-rich conditions. The generated oxygen and hydroxyl radicals selectively functionalized defective grain boundaries in TMdCs to provoke morphological changes at the boundary, where the grain boundary distribution was observed by atomic force microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This paves the way toward the investigation of transport properties engineered by defects and grain boundaries.
Effect of Li<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>5</sub>O<sub>12</sub> Particle Size on the Performance of Lithium Ion Battery Electrodes at High C-Rates and Low Temperatures (2015)

Two different Li4Ti5O12 materials were investigated: smaller primary particle size forming large secondary particle aggregates (LTO-SP, surface area 22 m2/g) and larger primary particle size with less secondary particle aggregates (LTO-LP, surface area 7 m2/g). Both samples were synthesized using the same high temperature solid state synthesis but different end processing, resulting in the same crystalline structure but different particle morphology. At 0.1C measured discharge capacities were close to the theoretical capacity of Li4Ti5O12 (175 mAh/g), and similar capacities were obtained at low C-rates and room temperature for both LTO-SP and LTO-LP. However, higher capacities were obtained with LTO-SP at high C-rates and −20 °C indicating beneficial effect of small particle size and large surface area. Shapes of the charge/discharge curves were different for LTO-SP and LTO-LP, and this is attributed to the large surface area of LTO-SP which affects the electrochemical performance because of different reaction potentials at surface sites versus bulk.
Algorithms for finding an optimal set of short disjoint paths in a communication network (2002)

The motives for seeking a set of short disjoint paths in a communication network are explained. A sequentially constructed optimal set is defined. Three efficient algorithms, one that constructs an optimal set and two that construct approximations, are presented. One of the latter algorithms not only constructs a larger set of short disjoint paths than an iterated version of the standard Dijkstra algorithm, but also offers a major reduction in computation time for large networks.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL DIURETICS: PART I ‐ SYNTHESIS OF SOME SUBSTITUTED 2,4‐DIHYDRO‐1‐OXO/THIOXO(1,2,4)TRIAZOLO(3,4‐C)(1,4)BENZOXAZINES, NOVEL DIURETIC AGENTS (1985)

Abstract Die Benzoxazinone (Ia) werden über die Thione (Ib) in die Hydrazin‐Derivate (III) übergeführt, die zu den Triazolobenzoxazinen (IV) cyclisiert werden.