gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
On Approximation of Orientation Distributions by Means of Spherical Ridgelets (2009)

Visualization and analysis of the micro-architecture of brain parenchyma by means of magnetic resonance imaging is nowadays believed to be one of the most powerful tools used for the assessment of various cerebral conditions as well as for understanding the intracerebral connectivity. Unfortunately, the conventional diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) used for estimating the local orientations of neural fibers is incapable of performing reliably in the situations when a voxel of interest accommodates multiple fiber tracts. In this case, a much more accurate analysis is possible using the high angular resolution diffusion imaging (HARDI) that represents local diffusion by its apparent coefficients measured as a discrete function of spatial orientations. In this note, a novel approach to enhancing and modeling the HARDI signals using multiresolution bases of spherical ridgelets is presented. In addition to its desirable properties of being adaptive, sparsifying, and efficiently computable, the proposed modeling leads to analytical computation of the orientation distribution functions associated with the measured diffusion, thereby providing a fast and robust analytical solution for q-ball imaging.
Analysis of Optical Coupling for SOI Waveguides (2009)

Optical coupling loss and alignment tolerance between SOI waveguides and laser diodes were investigated. It was found that the minimum optical coupling loss was about 1.6 dB and alignment tolerance was about ±0.7 μm. An optical input/output interface for optical fibers was also proposed and investigated the coupling loss characteristics.
Predicting online media effectiveness based on smile responses gathered over the Internet (2013)

We present an automated method for classifying “liking” and “desire to view again” based on over 1,500 facial responses to media collected over the Internet. This is a very challenging pattern recognition problem that involves robust detection of smile intensities in uncontrolled settings and classification of naturalistic and spontaneous temporal data with large individual differences. We examine the manifold of responses and analyze the false positives and false negatives that result from classification. The results demonstrate the possibility for an ecologically valid, unobtrusive, evaluation of commercial “liking” and “desire to view again”, strong predictors of marketing success, based only on facial responses. The area under the curve for the best “liking” and “desire to view again” classifiers was 0.8 and 0.78 respectively when using a challenging leave-one-commercial-out testing regime. The technique could be employed in personalizing video ads that are presented to people whilst they view programming over the Internet or in copy testing of ads to unobtrusively quantify effectiveness.
Protein conjugates purification and characterization (2009)

Methods for separation and characterization of PEGylated proteins are reviewed in this chapter. It is explained that these methods are challenging because PEG itself is a relatively inert, neutral, hydrophilic polymer and the starting point for PEGylation is a pure protein. Other than changes to molecular weight and size, differences between the properties of the PEGylated forms of a pure protein are relatively small, since they arise only from the addition to the protein of relatively inert, neutral polymer chains, which tend to shield interactions. Physicochemical properties that are routinely used to characterize and purify proteins are discussed with regard to their applications for PEGylated proteins, including molecular mass, size and shape (mass spectrometry, size exclusion chromatography, membranes, capillary electrophoresis, gel electrophoresis), electrostatic charge (cation and anion exchange chromatography, isoelectric point gel electrophoresis, capillary electrophoresis) and relative hydrophobicity (hydrophobic interaction, reversed phase).
MOEMS pressure sensors for geothermal well monitoring (2013)

The technology for enhanced geothermal systems (EGS), in which fractures connecting deep underground wells are deliberately formed through high pressure stimulation for energy generation, is projected to enormously expand the available reserves of geothermal energy in the U.S. EGS could provide up to 100,000 MWe within the U.S. by the next 50 years. Pressure measurements, in particular, are important for determining the state of the fluid, i.e., liquid or steam, the fluid flow, and the effectiveness of the well stimulation. However, it has been especially difficult to accurately measure pressure at temperatures above ~200°C at a distance of 10 km below ground. MEMS technology has been employed for many years for extremely accurate pressure measurements through electrical readout of a MEMS fabricated resonator. By combining optical readout and drive at the end of a fiber optical cable with a MEMS resonator, it is possible to employ these highly accurate sensors within the harsh environment of a geothermal well. Sensor prototypes based on two beam and four beam resonator designs have been designed, fabricated and characterized for pressure response and accuracy. Resonant frequencies of the sensors vary between ~15 kHz and 90 kHz depending on sensor design, and laboratory measurements yielded sensitivities of frequency variation with external pressure of 0.9-2.2 Hz/psi. An opto-electronic feedback loop was designed and implemented for the field test. The sensors were packaged and deployed as part of a cable that was deployed at a geothermal well over the course of 2½ weeks. Error of the sensor versus the reference gage was 1.2% over the duration of the test. There is a high likelihood that this error is a result of hydrogen darkening of the fiber that is reducing the temperature of the resonator and, if corrected, could reduce the error to less than 0.01%.
Deuda externa y riesgo de pais (1984)

This paper investigates to what extent the international financial community has taken into account the risk characteristics of borrowing less developed countries when granting loans. Specifically, this study analyzes the determinants of the spread betwee
A 3-D self-reconfigurable structure (2002)

A three-dimensional, self-reconfigurable structure is proposed. The structure is a fully distributed system composed of many identical 3-D units. Each unit has functions of changing local connection, information processing, and communication among neighborhood units. Groups of units cooperate to change their connection so that the shape of the whole solid structure transforms into an arbitrary shape. Also, the structure can repair itself by rejecting faulty units, replacing them with spare units. This kind of self-maintainability is essential to structure's longevity in hazardous or remote environments such as space or deep sea where human operators cannot approach. We have designed and built a prototype unit to examine the feasibility of the 3-D self-reconfigurable concept. The design of the unit, method of reconfiguration, hardware implementation, and results of preliminary experiments are shown. In the last part of the paper, distributed software for self-reconfiguration is discussed.
<title>University of Hawaii adaptive optics system: II. Computer simulation</title> (1991)

A review of computer simulation of a low-order adaptive system based on curvature sensing and a bimorph mirror is given. The system was designed to accurately follow the lowest order Karhunen Loeve modes of the atmosphere. The purpose of the simulation was system design improvement and the determination of system performance limits. The four main areas of the simulation are described; atmospheric simulation, Fresnel propagation, bimorph model, and sensor feedback model. Results are presented and discussed.
NANOWIRES ON STEPPED METAL SURFACES (1997)

The electronic properties of solids can be tailored by structuring them on the nanometer scale. Such a program is becoming reality as surface analysis techniques and sophisticated growth methods are merging. Here, we present results of a venture into one-dimensional nanostructures, grown by decoration of steps at metal surfaces. The growth modes and electronic states are studied using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) and inverse photoemission. Two-dimensional analogs of Stranski–Krastanov and layer-by-layer growth are found for Cu on stepped Mo(110) and W(110), respectively. Contrast between different metals is achieved in STM pictures by resonant tunneling via surface states and image states, with the latter providing a map of the work function. The limit of single atomic rows decorating step edges is studied by inverse photoemission, and an energy shift of 0.4 eV is found for electronic states of step atoms. Stripe structures are attractive for the study of two- versus one-dimensional magnetism, for magnetoresistive sensors, and in the design of anisotropic materials.
Family history facilitates the early diagnosis of prostate carcinoma (1997)

Hereditary prostate carcinoma is estimated to be associated with 43% of men in whom the diagnosis of prostate carcinoma is made at age <55 years, 34% of men in whom the diagnosis is made at age <70 years, and only 9% of men diagnosed before age 85 years. Hereditary prostate carcinoma should be suspected in families with an early age at onset of the disease and/or multiple affected family members. Because hereditary prostate carcinoma is characterized by an early age at onset, first-degree relatives in high risk families should begin screening before age 50 years.
Controlled Assembly of Magnetic Nanoparticles from Magnetotactic Bacteria Using Microelectromagnets Arrays (2004)

Controlled assembly of magnetic nanoparticles was demonstrated by manipulating magnetotactic bacteria in a fluid with microelectromagnets. Magnetotactic bacteria synthesize a chain of magnetic nanoparticles inside their bodies. Microelectromagnets, consisting of multiple layers of lithographically patterned conductors, generate versatile magnetic fields on micrometer length scales, allowing sophisticated control of magnetotactic bacteria inside a microfluidic chamber. A single bacterium was stably trapped and its orientation was controlled; multiple groups of bacteria were assembled in a fluid. After positioning the bacteria, their cellular membranes were removed by cell lysis, leaving a chain and a ring of magnetic nanoparticles on a substrate.
2  MHz multi-wavelength pulsed laser for functional photoacoustic microscopy (2017)

Fast functional photoacoustic microscopy requires multi-wavelength pulsed laser sources with high pulse repetition rates, short wavelength switching time, and sufficient pulse energies. Here, we report the development of a stimulated-Raman-scattering-based multi-wavelength pulsed laser source for fast functional photoacoustic imaging. The new laser source is pumped with a 532 nm 1 MHz pulsed laser. The 532 nm laser beam is split into two: one pumps a 5 m optical fiber to excite a 558 nm wavelength via stimulated Raman scattering; the other goes through a 50 m optical fiber to delay the 532 nm pulse by 220 ns. The two beams are combined and coupled into an optical fiber for photoacoustic excitation. As a result, the new laser source can generate 2 million pulses per second, switch wavelengths in 220 ns, and provide hundreds of nanojoules pulse energy for each wavelength. Using this laser source, we demonstrate optical-resolution photoacoustic imaging of microvascular structures and oxygen saturation in the mouse ear. The ultrashort wavelength switching time enables oxygen saturation imaging of flowing red blood cells, which is valuable for high-resolution functional imaging.
The interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 axis in ankylosing spondylitis: new advances and potentials for treatment (2015)

Ankylosing spondylitis (AS), the most common form of spondyloarthropathy, is a chronic, progressive multi-system inflammatory disorder characteristically affecting the sacroiliac joints and axial skeleton. Although the exact mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of AS remain to be elucidated, the presence of human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-B27 is known to markedly increase its risk of development. Current treatments include non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF) blockers. In recent years, the interleukin (IL)-23/IL-17 pathway has been shown to have significance in the pathogenesis of AS and treatment modalities targeting this pathway have been shown to be beneficial in various other inflammatory conditions. This review provides an overview of the IL-23/IL-17 pathway in the pathogenesis of AS and summarizes new potential treatments for AS and related inflammatory diseases.
Cytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated cytolysis (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCytotoxic T lymphocyte mediated cytolysisJuerg Tschopp and C. Victor JongeneelCite this: Biochemistry 1988, 27, 8, 2641–2646Publication Date (Print):April 19, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 19 April 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00408a001https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00408a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views77Altmetric-Citations67LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Dual-state systolic architectures for up/downdating RLS adaptive filtering (1992)

A dual-state systolic structure to perform joint up/down-dating operations encountered in windowed recursive least-squares, (RLS) estimation problems is proposed. It is based on successively performing Givens rotations for updating and hyperbolic rotations for downdating. Due to data independence, a series of Givens and hyperbolic rotations can be interleaved and parallel processing can be achieved by alternatively performing updating and downdating both in time and space. This flip-flop nature of up/down-dating characterizes the feature of the dual-state systolic triarray. Efficient implementation on the evaluation of optimal residuals is also considered. This systolic architecture is promising for the VLSI implementation of fixed size sliding-window recursive least-squares estimations.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
OXRAM based ELM architecture for multi-class classification applications (2015)

In this paper, we show how metal-oxide (OxRAM) based nanoscale memory devices can be exploited to design low-power Extreme Learning Machine (ELM) architectures. In particular we fabricated HfO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and TiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> based OxRAM devices, and exploited their intrinsic resistance spread characteristics to realize ELM hidden layer weights and neuron biases. To validate our proposed OxRAM-ELM architecture, full-scale learning and multi-class classification simulations were performed for two complex datasets: (i) Land Satellite images and (ii) Image segmentation. Dependence of classification performance on neuron gain parameter and OxRAM device properties was studied in detail.
Zinc as a Gatekeeper of Immune Function (2017)

After the discovery of zinc deficiency in the 1960s, it soon became clear that zinc is essential for the function of the immune system. Zinc ions are involved in regulating intracellular signaling pathways in innate and adaptive immune cells. Zinc homeostasis is largely controlled via the expression and action of zinc "importers" (ZIP 1-14), zinc "exporters" (ZnT 1-10), and zinc-binding proteins. Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties of zinc have long been documented, however, underlying mechanisms are still not entirely clear. Here, we report molecular mechanisms underlying the development of a pro-inflammatory phenotype during zinc deficiency. Furthermore, we describe links between altered zinc homeostasis and disease development. Consequently, the benefits of zinc supplementation for a malfunctioning immune system become clear. This article will focus on underlying mechanisms responsible for the regulation of cellular signaling by alterations in zinc homeostasis. Effects of fast zinc flux, intermediate "zinc waves", and late homeostatic zinc signals will be discriminated. Description of zinc homeostasis-related effects on the activation of key signaling molecules, as well as on epigenetic modifications, are included to emphasize the role of zinc as a gatekeeper of immune function.
Metasurfaces‐based holography and beam shaping: engineering the phase profile of light (2016)

Abstract The ability to engineer and shape the phase profile of optical beams is in the heart of any optical element. Be it a simple lens or a sophisticated holographic element, the functionality of such components is dictated by their spatial phase response. In contrast to conventional optical components which rely on thickness variation to induce a phase profile, metasurfaces facilitate the realization of arbitrary phase distributions using large arrays with sub‐wavelength and ultrathin (tens of nanometers) features. Such components can be easily realized using a single lithographic step and is highly suited for patterning a variety of substrates, including nonplanar and soft surfaces. In this article, we review the recent developments, potential, and opportunities of metasurfaces applications. We focus primarily on flat optical devices, holography, and beam‐shaping applications as these are the key ingredients needed for the development of a new generation of optical devices which could find widespread applications in photonics.
Thioredoxin/Glutaredoxin System of <i>Chlorella</i> (1981)

Using the thioredoxin/glutaredoxin-dependent adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate reductase coupled assay system, the Chlorella thioredoxin/glutaredoxin system has been partially purified and characterized. A NADPH-thioredoxin reductase and two thioredoxin/glutaredoxin activities, designated as Chlorella thioredoxin/glutaredoxin protein I and II (CPI and CPII), were found in crude extracts of Chlorella. Similar to their counterparts from Escherichia coli, both CPI and CPII are heat-stable low molecular proteins of approximately 14,000. While CPI (but not CPII) is a substrate for its homologous NADPH-thioredoxin reductase as well as for E. coli NADPH-thioredoxin reductase, CPII is better than CPI as a substrate for reduction by the glutathione system. Based on these properties, CPI and CPII may be classified as Chlorella thioredoxin and Chlorella glutaredoxin, respectively. The Chlorella NADPH-thioredoxin reductase (M(r) = 72,000, with two 36,000-dalton subunits) resembles E. coli-thioredoxin reductase in size. Besides Chlorella thioredoxin, the Chlorella thioredoxin reductase will also use E. coli thioredoxin, but not glutaredoxin, as a substrate. Although a thioredoxin-like protein has been implicated in higher plant light-dependent sulfate reaction, neither Chlorella thioredoxin nor glutaredoxin can stimulate the thiol-dependent adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate-sulfotransferase reaction. Furthermore, Chlorella thioredoxin and glutaredoxin, in conjunction with an appropriate reductase system, cannot replace the thiol requirement of Chlorella adenosine 5'-phosphosulfate-sulfotransferase. The exact physiological roles and subcellular localization of the Chlorella thioredoxin and glutaredoxin systems remain to be determined.
A Distinctive Resonance: Multiband Bandpass Filter Design Techniques Using Multimode Resonators (2015)

It has been over a decade since stepped-impedance resonators (SIRs) first carved a niche in applications for multiband bandpass filter (BPF) design. This was the first class of resonator within the broad category of multimode resonator (MMR). Multiband filter design has seen subsequent development in other forms of MMRs, including stub-loaded resonators (SLRs), ring-loaded resonators, and the newly introduced fractal-shape resonators. In this article, we describe the different types of MMRs, along with their variations, that have led to emerging innovative design techniques for multiband BPFs.
Glioblastoma-Associated Microglia Reprogramming Is Mediated by Functional Transfer of Extracellular miR-21 (2019)

Gliomas are primary, diffusely infiltrating brain tumors. Microglia are innate immune cells in the CNS and make up a substantial portion of the tumor mass. Glioma cells shape their microenvironment, communicating with and reprogramming surrounding cells, resulting in enhanced angiogenesis, immune suppression, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. Glioma cells communicate with microglia, in part by releasing extracellular vesicles (EVs). Mouse glioma cells stably expressing a palmitoylated GFP to label EVs were implanted intracranially into syngeneic miR-21-null mice. Here, we demonstrate functional delivery of miR-21, regulating specific downstream mRNA targets in microglia after uptake of tumor-derived EVs. These findings attest to EV-dependent microRNA delivery as studied in an in vivo-based model and provide insight into the reprograming of microglial cells by tumor cells to create a favorable microenvironment for cancer progression.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Naphthoquinone Derivatives. Part 2. Synthesis of Shikalkin (.+‐.)Shikonin and Related Compounds. (1987)

Abstract A three‐step procedure leads from the naphthalenediol (I) to the aldehyde (III).
Mining Sensor Streams for Discovering Human Activity Patterns over Time (2010)

In recent years, new emerging application domains have introduced new constraints and methods in data mining field. One of such application domains is activity discovery from sensor data. Activity discovery and recognition plays an important role in a wide range of applications from assisted living to security and surveillance. Most of the current approaches for activity discovery assume a static model of the activities and ignore the problem of mining and discovering activities from a data stream over time. Inspired by the unique requirements of activity discovery application domain, in this paper we propose a new stream mining method for finding sequential patterns over time from streaming non-transaction data using multiple time granularities. Our algorithm is able to find sequential patterns, even if the patterns exhibit discontinuities (interruptions) or variations in the sequence order. Our algorithm also addresses the problem of dealing with rare events across space and over time. We validate the results of our algorithms using data collected from two different smart apartments.