gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
CSI-EPT: A Contrast Source Inversion Approach for Improved MRI-Based Electric Properties Tomography (2015)

Electric properties tomography (EPT) is an imaging modality to reconstruct the electric conductivity and permittivity inside the human body based on B1(+) maps acquired by a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system. Current implementations of EPT are based on the local Maxwell equations and assume piecewise constant media. The accuracy of the reconstructed maps may therefore be sensitive to noise and reconstruction errors occur near tissue boundaries. In this paper, we introduce a multiplicative regularized CSI-EPT method (contrast source inversion-electric properties tomography) where the electric tissue properties are retrieved in an iterative fashion based on a contrast source inversion approach. The method takes the integral representations for the electromagnetic field as a starting point and the tissue parameters are obtained by iteratively minimizing an objective function which measures the discrepancy between measured and modeled data and the discrepancy in satisfying a consistency equation known as the object equation. Furthermore, the objective function consists of a multiplicative Total Variation factor for noise suppression during the reconstruction process. Finally, the presented implementation is able to simultaneously include more than one B1(+) data set acquired by complementary RF excitation settings. We have performed in vivo simulations using a female pelvis model to compute the B1(+) fields. Three different RF excitation settings were used to acquire complementary B1(+) fields for an improved overall reconstruction. Numerical results illustrate the improved reconstruction near tissue boundaries and the ability of CSI-EPT to reconstruct small tissue structures.
Wide-field-of-view solar occultation gas filter correlation radiometer for stratospheric methane measurements from a sounding rocket (2003)

A wide field of view Gas Filter Correlation Radiometer (GFCR) has been developed to make solar occultation measurements of the vertical methane distribution in the stratosphere from a sounding rocket platform. The GFCR has demonstrated a 50° solar acceptance angle that allows for a GFCR measurement during every rotation of the payload without active orientation control. The flat surface of a plano-convex ZnSe lens was etched to diffuse the projected image of the sun. By diffusing the incident solar radiation through a wide angle, sufficient radiation could be directed to the collimating GFCR optics even when the optical axis points as far as ± 25° away from the Sun. The system can be configured to measure other gaseous species with spectral bands in the 2 - 6 μm region by simply changing the bandpass filter and the correlation gas. In a laboratory calibration, the optical density of methane in a test cell was varied from 10^-4 to 10<sup>-2</sup> atm·m as the GFCR correlation cell optical density was held at 2.5×10<sup>-3</sup> atm-m. The process showed that measurements with a signal to noise ratio > 30:1 can be expected when the system operates in altitudes from 25 to 40 km. The GFCR performed with a correlation of 99.7% to the prediction of a theoretical model created with the HITRAN database. Sensitivity to gas distributions at other altitudes can be optimized by changing the gas pressure in the correlation cell. The payload featuring the GFCR is scheduled to be launched on an Enhanced Orion sub-orbital sounding rocket from NASA Wallops Flight Facility in April 2003. Future applications include validation and truthing for space-born remote sensing systems.
Calculation of the ac to dc resistance ratio of conductive nonmagnetic straight conductors by applying FEM simulations (2015)

This paper analyzes the skin and proximity effects in different conductive nonmagnetic straight conductors’ configurations subjected to applied alternating currents and voltages. These effects have important consequences, including a rise of the ac resistance, which in turn increases power loss, thus limiting the rating for the conductor. The alternating current (ac) resistance is important in power conductors and bus bars for line frequency applications as well as in smaller conductors for high frequency applications. Despite the importance of this topic, it is usually not analyzed in detail in undergraduate and even in graduate studies. For this purpose, this paper compares the results provided by available exact formulas for simple geometries with those obtained by means of two-dimensional finite element method (FEM) simulations and experimental results. The paper also shows that FEM results are very accurate and more general than those provided by the formulas, since FEM models can be applied in a wide range of electrical frequencies and configurations
Family Care: The Critical Variable in Community-based Long-Term Care (1988)

A Doctoral candidate at the Florence Heller School of Social Welfare, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; and a member of the nursing faculty, Division of Nursing, Regis College, Weston, Massachusetts
Sensitivity of<i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>Strains to Broadband Visible Light (2008)

The phototoxic effect of illumination with broadband visible light on the viability of two Staphylococcus aureus strains was examined in the present study. A difference in the light sensitivity of the two strains was found. Illumination of the tested strains with a fluence rate of 180 J cm(-2) caused a reduction of up to 99.8% in the colony count of one of the strains (the "sensitive" strain). Illumination of the other strain (the "resistant" strain) resulted in a 55.5% reduction in viability. Proliferation of both strains was observed at low fluence rates of light. The phototoxic effect was found to be dependent on oxy radical production. The light-sensitive strain produced higher amounts of hydroxyl and superoxide radicals than the "resistant" strain. Adaptation to oxidative stress was exhibited only by the "resistant" strain. The "sensitive" strain produced ten times more endogenous porphyrins and secreted almost nine times more porphyrins than the resistant strain. Furthermore, the "resistant" strain produced twice as many carotenoids that protect the strain from illumination than the "sensitive" strain. These results indicate that high intensities of visible light cause bacterial photoeradication, a reaction which may assist wound healing by killing the infecting bacteria. On the other hand, low intensities of white light were found to enhance bacterial proliferation and thus prolong wound infection.
Root Zone Temperature Effects on Growth and Phosphate Absorption in Rape<i>Brassica napus</i>cv. Emerald (1985)

Solution culture experiments with fodder rape (Brassica napus cv. Emerald) show that reduced root temperatures appear to have little effect on phosphate inflow over a wide range of P concentration. At a cool root temperature (10 °C) plant growth rate was reduced but this was compensated for by a low root: shoot ratio, so that inflow remained relatively steady. An increased inflow per unit length of root was only achieved at an elevated root temperature of 35 °C. The minimum phosphate concentration to which plants could lower the culture solution (Cmln) ranged from 0.15 to 2.5 mmol m−3 according to whether roots were at a low (5 °C) or high (35 °C) temperature respectively. The total phosphorus concentration in tissues was affected by root zone temperature and at low root temperatures this could be a growth limiting factor. The organic (assimilated) fraction of P in shoot tissues was smaller in low temperature plants. These showed visual symptoms of apparent P deficiency. Levels of inorganic P in roots may also be a factor in feedback of control of inflow.
Sandbox: scientists assessing necessary data based on experimentation (1995)

article Free Access Share on Sandbox: scientists assessing necessary data based on experimentation Authors: Andrew Johnson Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago Univ. of Illinois at Chicago, ChicagoView Profile , Farshad Fotouhi Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MIView Profile Authors Info & Claims InteractionsVolume 2Issue 3July 1995 pp 34–45https://doi.org/10.1145/208666.208678Online:01 July 1995Publication History 3citation447DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations3Total Downloads447Last 12 Months6Last 6 weeks5 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my AlertsNew Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
On the nature of commits (2008)

Information contained in versioning system commits has been frequently used to support software evolution research. Concomitantly, some researchers have tried to relate commits to certain activities, e.g., large commits are more likely to be originated from code management activities, while small ones are related to development activities. However, these characterizations are vague, because there is no consistent definition of what is a small or a large commit. In this paper, we study the nature of commits in two dimensions. First, we define the size of commits in terms of number of files, and then we classify commits based on the content of their comments. To perform this study, we use the history log of nine large open source projects.
A fast efficient computation of cubic-spline interpolation in image codec (2001)

It is shown that cubic-spline interpolation (CSI) can be performed by a fast and efficient computation for the encoding and decoding processes of image coding. It requires substantially fewer additions and multiplications than the original CSI algorithm. Furthermore, a new type of overlap-save scheme is utilized to solve the boundary-condition problems that occur between two neighboring subimages in the actual image. It is also shown that a very efficient nine-point Winograd discrete Fourier transform (WDFT) can be used to replace the fast Fourier transform (FFT) needed to implement the CSI scheme in the modified JPEG encoder. Finally, the proposed fast new CSI algorithm with a compression ratio of 9:1 is used along with the JPEG standard to speed up the modified JPEG encoder-decoder and still obtain a better quality of reconstructed image for higher compression ratios.
A targeted mutational landscape of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (2013)

The genetics of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL) are very poorly understood. We defined the mutational landscape of AITL across 219 genes in 85 cases from the United States and Europe. We identified ≥2 mutations in 34 genes, nearly all of which were not previously implicated in AITL. These included loss-of-function mutations in TP53 (n = 4), ETV6 (n = 3), CCND3 (n = 2), and EP300 (n = 5), as well as gain-of-function mutations in JAK2 (n = 2) and STAT3 (n = 4). TET2 was mutated in 65 (76%) AITLs, including 43 that harbored 2 or 3 TET2 mutations. DNMT3A mutations occurred in 28 (33%) AITLs; 100% of these also harbored TET2 mutations (P < .0001). Seventeen AITLs harbored IDH2 R172 substitutions, including 15 with TET2 mutations. In summary, AITL is characterized by high frequencies of overlapping mutations in epigenetic modifiers and targetable mutations in a subset of cases.
Cross-reactivity of surface-exposed epitopes of outer membrane antigens of Haemophilus influenzae type b (1987)

The cross-reactivity of exposed surface epitopes of outer membrane proteins from a spectrum of Haemophilus influenzae type b isolates that varied in their evolutionary distance from each other and in their outer membrane protein composition was analyzed by using an immunoblot assay. The results for outer membrane proteins a, n, and b/c were as follows. (i) A total of 13 of 14 strains possessing a protein a with similar mobilities on gels (i.e., the same apparent molecular weight) as protein a of strain Eag absorbed antibodies to protein a of strain Eag. These strains represented a broad spectrum on a scale of evolutionary distance. (ii) In contrast, only one of seven strains possessing a protein a with different mobilities absorbed these antibodies. (iii) Of five isolates close to strain Eag on the evolutionary scale, the four with a protein n with the same mobility as protein n of strain Eag absorbed antibodies to protein n of strain Eag. (iv) In contrast, of five isolates distant from strain Eag on the evolutionary scale, none absorbed antibodies to protein n, including one strain that had a protein n of the same mobility as that of strain Eag. (v) All strains that absorbed antibodies to protein b/c also absorbed antibodies to lipopolysaccharide, and the reverse of this was also true. Evolutionary distance and mobility of protein b/c on gels were not factors. Control experiments indicated that this result was an artifact due to the strong association of lipopolysaccharide with protein b/c on the gel and subsequent blot. The important conclusions from these experiments, especially pertinent for consideration of these proteins in either whole or peptide vaccines, are that proteins with apparently identical molecular weights can possess different surface-exposed epitopes, that proteins with different molecular weights can possess cross-reactive surface-exposed epitopes, and that some surface-exposed epitopes have been conserved even though the bacterium has undergone evolutionary divergence. In addition, experiments were also performed to determine whether H. influenzae type b strains maintained their integrity during the absorption step, i.e., incubation in antiserum. Strain Eag, which was used as a prototype type b strain, released a small proportion of its membrane (0.13%), but this did not result in exposure of epitopes that were usually buried. In contrast, strain S2, an unencapsulated mutant of strain Eag, was quite unstable, releasing three times as much membrane and a large proportion of its periplasmic proteins.
Preparation of 2-Hydroxymethylated Aldose by the Stereospecific Rearrangement of Ketose (1995)

Abstract A simple one-stage reaction system which yields 2-C hydroxymethylated aldopentose has been investigated. Four different 2-C branched aldopentoses (2-C hydroxymethylated d-arabinose, d-ribose (Hamamelose), l-lyxose, and d-xylose) were prepared from the corresponding ketoses (d-psicose, d-fructose, l-sorbose, and d-tagatose, respectively). These branched sugars were synthesized by a similar mechanism to the 2-C epimerization of aldose using a nickel complex. It was confirmed that the isomerization of ketose to the side-branched sugar proceeded in the ternary nickel complex through a sequence of stereospecific rearrangements in the sugar. The yields were dependent upon the structure of the substrate ketose and the nickel-ethylenediamine complex. N,N′-Dialkylated cyclohexanediamines were the most suitable ligands for preparing the 2-C hydroxymethylated branched chain sugar.
Pilot evaluation of venlafaxine hydrochloride for the therapy of hot flashes in cancer survivors. (1998)

Venlafoxine appears to represent an efficacious new method to alleviate hot flashes. Further evaluation of this compound for alleviating hot flashes is indicated.
Modeling of III-Nitride Multiple-Quantum-Well Light-Emitting Structures (2013)

Spatial inhomogeneity of carrier injection across the multiple-quantum-well (MQW) active region of a semiconductor light emitter can impose severe limitations on the device efficiency. In III-nitride-based devices, the large disparity of electron and hole transport and the excessive depth of active QWs trigger the process of inhomogeneous QW injection which is further aggravated by strong dependence of QW radiative characteristics on the QW injection conditions due to 1) intra-QW screening of polarization fields in polar and semipolar materials, 2) phase-space filling effect in lowest QW subbands at higher levels of carrier injection, and 3) exceedingly nonequilibrium character of the electron and hole populations in deep QWs. All these tendencies become more pronounced in longer wavelength emitters. The residual QW charges provide strong feedback to the QW injection conditions, thus requiring a high level of self-consistency between the active region transport simulation and the QW emission modeling.
Particle removal from silicon wafer surface in wet cleaning process (1993)

Particle removal from silicon wafer surfaces was studied using acid and alkaline solutions employed in wet cleaning processes found in semiconductor manufacturing. It was demonstrated that alkaline solutions are superior to acid solutions in terms of particle removal efficiency. The following particle removal mechanism in the alkaline solutions was confirmed: the solutions etch the wafer surfaces to lift off particles, and the particles are then electrically repelled by the wafer surfaces. It was determined experimentally that an etch rate of 0.25 nm/min or more is required to lift off the particles adsorbed on the wafer surfaces. It was also confirmed that when the pH value of NH/sub 4/OH-H/sub 2/O/sub 2/-H/sub 2/O solution becomes higher, polystyrene latex spheres and natural organic particles are oxidized, with their surface turning into a gel and their shape changing. The particle removal efficiency was demonstrated to be degraded by the oxidation of organic particles. The results suggest that the mixing ratio of the NH/sub 4/OH-H/sub 2/O/sub 2/-H/sub 2/O solution should be set at 0.05:1:5.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
IFN-Induced Protein with Tetratricopeptide Repeats 2 Inhibits Migration Activity and Increases Survival of Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma (2008)

The function of the IFN-stimulated gene family protein, IFN-induced protein with tetratricopeptide repeats 2 (IFIT2), is poorly understood. Here, we report that IFIT2 colocalizes with cytokeratin 18 in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. Treatment of OSCC cells with IFN-beta significantly increased the expression of IFIT2 and remarkably inhibited cell migration. To further explore the effect of IFIT2 on cell migration, IFIT2 expression was either silenced with a small interfering RNA or increased by ectopic expression. IFIT2 knockdown in OSCC cells led to a significantly higher level of migration in vitro (P < 0.05) compared with control cells; by contrast, IFIT2 overexpression led to a significantly lower level of migration in vitro (P < 0.05). Immunohistochemically, 71.4% of OSCC tissues had elevated IFIT2 protein levels compared with noncancerous matched tissues. Elevated IFIT2 protein expression was positively associated with tumor differentiation status and inversely associated with nodal stage in OSCC specimens (P < 0.05). Higher IFIT2 protein levels in tumor tissues were also associated with better patient survival (P < 0.01). Our present study shows an inverse correlation between IFIT2 expression and cell migration, suggesting that IFIT2 plays an important role in inhibiting this process and that its expression may be associated with better prognosis in patients with OSCC.
Abstract 5551: Apelin is Necessary for the Maintenance of Insulin Sensitivity (2009)

BACKGROUND: The recently discovered cardioactive peptide apelin has been shown to be involved in the maintenance of insulin sensitivity. However, questions persist regarding its precise role and molecular mechanism of action. METHODS: Insulin (0.75 U/kg) tolerance testing (ITT) was performed on mice with generalized deficiency of the apelin gene (APKO). Additionally, fasting glucose, insulin, free fatty acid (FFA), and adiponectin levels were determined. To assess the impact of exogenously delivered apelin on insulin sensitivity, osmotic pumps containing pyroglutamated apelin-13 or saline were implanted in APKO mice for 4 weeks. Following the infusion, ITTs were repeated and the animals sacrificed. In selected animals, insulin (0.75 U/kg) was delivered 30 minutes prior to sacrifice; soleus muscles were then harvested, homogenized in lysis buffer, and insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation determined by Western blotting. Apelin-13 infusion, ITTs, and serum insulin, glucose, FFA, and adiponectin measurements were also performed in obese diabetic db/db mice. To probe the underlying mechanism for apelin’s effects, apelin-13 (1 μ M) was also delivered to cultured C2C12 myotubes. 2-[ 3 H]-deoxyglucose uptake and Akt phosphorylation were assessed. RESULTS: APKO mice had significantly decreased insulin sensitivity by ITT, increased insulin (0.70±0.033 vs. 0.55±0.098 pg/mL; p < 0.05) and FFA (231±11 vs. 172±14 μ mol/L; p < 0.01) levels, and decreased adiponectin levels (64±3.3 vs. 80±8.0 μ g/mL; p < 0.05). Soleus lysates had decreased insulin-induced Akt phosphorylation. Administration of apelin to both APKO and db/db mice resulted in improvements in insulin sensitivity. No changes in body weight were observed in either animal model with or without apelin. In C2C12 myotubes, apelin increased glucose uptake (10.6±0.70 vs. 6.01±0.18 pmol/mg protein/min; p < 0.01) and Akt phosphorylation. These events were fully abrogated by inhibitors of G i (pertussis toxin) and AMPK (Compound C), but only partially by phosphoinositide 3-kinase inhibition (LY294002). CONCLUSIONS: Apelin is necessary for the maintenance of insulin sensitivity in vivo . Apelin’s effects on glucose uptake and Akt phosphorylation may be mediated by a G i and AMPK-dependent pathway.
Pupillary block due to reverse implantation of a sulcus intraocular lens (2016)

An 88-year-old woman with a history of complicated cataract extraction by phacoemulsification with sulcus intraocular lens (IOL) placement developed pseudophakic pupillary block after reverse implantation of the IOL. In the postoperative period, she had persistently elevated intraocular pressures (IOP) and was diagnosed with chronic angle-closure glaucoma that was treated medically. She presented 5 years later with acute pupillary block. The diagnosis of reverse IOL implantation was confirmed by ultrasound biomicroscopy. An IOL repositioning, anterior synechialysis, and Baerveldt tube shunt placement led to resolution of the pupillary block and a well-controlled IOP.
Nanospheres of Biodegradable Polymers: A System for Clinical Administration of an Anticancer Drug Paclitaxel (Taxol®) (2000)

Nanospheres of biodegradable polymers can be an ideal carrier for pacitaxel to eliminate the side effects caused by the excipient currently used in clinical administration. The technique developed can also be applied to other anticancer drugs.
Medical Applications of Zeolites (2003)

A particular structural feature of zeolites relative to other aluminosilicate materials, and other crystalline materials in general, is the existence of channels and/or cavities linked by channels. One of the characteristics that distinguishes zeolites from other porous materials is their variety of pore sizes and shapes. The size and shape of channels/cavities in zeolites therefore define the structural parameters of a given type of zeolite (1). Properties of zeolites, such as ion exchange, intercrystalline pores that discriminate between molecules of different dimension, strong acidic sites, and active reservoirs for metal-catalyzed reactions, have earned them extensive industrial uses. Consequently, fundamental zeolite research has become an area of great interest (2). The remarkable applicability of zeolites ranges from uses in biochemistry, the agroindustry, detergents, soil improvements, the nuclear industry, energy storage, and the textile industry (3).