gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dynamic scheduling of voter checks in FPGA-based TMR systems (2016)

SRAM-based Field-Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) are susceptible to radiation-induced Single Event Upsets (SEUs). Techniques for partially reconfiguring corrupted modules of Triple Modular Redundant (TMR) FPGA-based designs have been described in the literature. Most of these techniques require some form of network-on-chip for aggregating voter error messages from the system's TMR components to a central reconfiguration controller in order to trigger the partial reconfiguration of modules when they become faulty. The frequency at which TMR components fail in the system depends on their soft-error vulnerability. However, most error recovery techniques adopt a static voter error checking schedule, which leads to delays in checking TMR components with high failure probability. In this paper we propose a Voter Scheduling Engine (VSE) for dynamically prioritizing and managing TMR voter checks so as to minimize the error detection time in the system and to thereby maximize the system's reliability. Software and hardware implementations of the VSE are proposed. Moreover, we have implemented the classic static voter checking schedule and the VSE on a real TMR system and evaluated the reliabilities of both approaches for varying radiation environments. Results demonstrate that the likelihood of system failure can be decreased by up to 50% when the VSE, rather than static voter checking, is incorporated into the TMR system.
Implant-Related Fractures of the Femur Following Hip Fracture Surgery (2002)

Background: Most hip fractures are treated surgically, with use of either internal fixation or prosthetic replacement of the femoral head. The presence of these implants increases the risk of a later femoral fracture in susceptible osteoporotic patients. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence of and risk factors for implant-related fractures of the femur after previous hip fracture surgery. Methods: Over a ten-year period from January 1988 to December 1997, 6230 patients (median age, eighty-two years; male:female ratio, 1247:4983) who sustained a total of 6696 hip fractures were admitted to the Edinburgh Orthopaedic Trauma Unit. Demographic information on the patients and details of the original treatment of the hip fracture were prospectively coded and entered into a trauma database. All subsequent readmissions due to a femoral fracture related to the implant were prospectively audited and extracted for the purposes of this study. Results: One hundred and forty-one patients sustained an ipsilateral fracture of the femur at a median of twenty-four weeks following the original hip fracture surgery. Survivorship analysis of the hip fracture population revealed an overall rate of subsequent femoral fracture of 2.9% at five years, which increased to 5.1% at ten years. The median age and gender distribution of the patients who sustained a subsequent femoral fracture were similar to those of the hip fracture population as a whole. Two-thirds of the fractures propagated from the tip of the implant. Analysis of the subsequent fractures according to the type of implant used to treat the original fracture revealed considerable differences in incidence. The incidence was relatively high in the patients initially treated with a Gamma nail (18.74 fractures per 1000 person-years) or a cementless hemiarthroplasty (11.72 per 1000 person-years) and was relatively low in those treated with a compression hip screw (4.46 per 1000 person-years), cannulated screws (4.50 per 1000 person-years), or a primary arthroplasty with cement (6.2 per 1000 person-years). The highest incidence of fracture was seen in the patients who had required an arthroplasty with cement as a revision procedure following failure of a primary implant (22.39 per 1000 person-years). Conclusions: Implant-related fractures following hip fracture surgery are more common than has previously been appreciated. The risk of later ipsilateral femoral fracture is increased by the use of a Gamma nail or a cementless hemiarthroplasty to treat the original hip fracture.
Mania following deep brain stimulation for Parkinson’s disease (2002)

Three patients with PD developed manic behavior after bilateral implantation of electrodes for deep-brain stimulation (DBS). Common to all three patients were manic symptoms unremitting after levodopa reduction or stimulation "off," lower electrodes positioning caudal to the subthalamic nucleus area, postoperative DBS with the lower contacts (0) of the quadripolar electrodes, and resolution of the manic episodes coinciding with stimulation through higher contacts.
Section Review: Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Disorders of sexual response: Pioneering new pharmaceutical and therapeutic opportunities (1995)

(1995). Section Review: Central & Peripheral Nervous Systems: Disorders of sexual response: Pioneering new pharmaceutical and therapeutic opportunities. Expert Opinion on Investigational Drugs: Vol. 4, No. 7, pp. 621-636.
Fence Removal from Multi-focus Images (2010)

When an image of a scene is captured by a camera through a fence, a blurred fence image interrupts objects in the scene. In this paper, we propose a method for a fence removal from the image using multiple focusing. Most of previous methods interpolate the interrupted regions by using information of surrounding textures. However, these methods fail when information of surrounding textures is not rich. On the other hand, there are methods that acquire multiple images for image restoration and composite them to generate a new clear image. The latter approach is adopted because it is robust and accurate. Multi-focus images are acquired and "defocusing'' information is utilized to generate a clear image. Experimental results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Analyses in zebrafish embryos reveal that nanotoxicity profiles are dependent on surface-functionalization controlled penetrance of biological membranes (2017)

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) are extensively explored as drug delivery systems, but in depth understanding of design-toxicity relationships is still scarce. We used zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos to study toxicity profiles of differently surface functionalized MSNs. Embryos with the chorion membrane intact, or dechoroniated embryos, were incubated or microinjected with amino (NH<sub>2</sub>-MSNs), polyethyleneimine (PEI-MSNs), succinic acid (SUCC-MSNs) or polyethyleneglycol (PEG-MSNs) functionalized MSNs. Toxicity was assessed by viability and cardiovascular function. NH<sub>2</sub>-MSNs, SUCC-MSNs and PEG-MSNs were well tolerated, 50 µg/ml PEI-MSNs induced 100% lethality 48 hours post fertilization (hpf). Dechoroniated embryos were more sensitive and 10 µg/ml PEI-MSNs reduced viability to 5% at 96hpf. Sensitivity to PEG- and SUCC-, but not NH<sub>2</sub>-MSNs, was also enhanced. Typically cardiovascular toxicity was evident prior to lethality. Confocal microscopy revealed that PEI-MSNs penetrated into the embryos whereas PEG-, NH2- and SUCC-MSNs remained aggregated on the skin surface. Direct exposure of inner organs by microinjecting NH<sub>2</sub>-MSNs and PEI-MSNs demonstrated that the particles displayed similar toxicity indicating that functionalization affects the toxicity profile by influencing penetrance through biological barriers. The data emphasize the need for careful analyses of toxicity mechanisms in relevant models and constitute an important knowledge step towards the development of safer and sustainable nanotherapies.
The Geometry of Statistical Efficiency and Matrix Statistics (2007)

We will place certain parts of the theory of statistical efficiency into the author's operator trigonometry (1967), thereby providing new geometrical understanding of statistical efficiency. Important earlier results of Bloomfield and Watson, Durbin and Kendall, Rao and Rao, will be so interpreted. For example, worse case relative least squares efficiency corresponds to and is achieved by the maximal turning antieigenvectors of the covariance matrix. Some little-known historical perspectives will also be exposed. The overall view will be emphasized.
Speciation in the<i>Rana pipiens</i>Complex (1973)

The long held view that leopard frogs (Rana pipiens complex) are a single widely distributed species is not correct. Five sibling species are currently recognizable. These findings have important implications on the use of leopard frogs in experimental research.
General System Theory and the Use of Process Mining to Improve Care Pathways (2019)

General System Theory was proposed in the post-war period as a unifying framework for interdisciplinary science based on the idea that systems have a set of similar properties and characteristics regardless of discipline. General System Theory laid the foundations for talking about things in terms of systems, many of its terms are now embedded in everyday language and it underpins a broad range of systems approaches and systems thinking. This chapter will describe the key elements of the original General System Theory (GST) including control, feedback, emergence, holism and the notion of a hierarchy of systems within systems. It will review the origin, content and foundational role of systems theory in biology, medicine, computer science, organizational theory and its central contribution to health informatics. In recent years, healthcare organizations have been encouraged to see themselves within the context of learning health systems (LHS) and to use emerging big data analytics techniques such as process mining to develop better, integrated and personalized pathways of care for patients. We use GST to reflect on these emerging approaches through a discussion and case study on recent work in urgent and emergency care. Our aim is to trace the influence of GST through emerging LHS ideas and use the framework of GST to reflect on the opportunities and limitations of our process mining approach. In particular, we will reflect on how GST can explain successes and failure in the application of process mining to care pathways and the challenges and opportunities ahead.
Some observations on local uniform boundedness principles. II (1993)

The field of automatic continuity has for more than a quarter of a century been a rich one, generating results that are not only interesting, but sometimes deep and surprising, as well as having practical applications.Because of the fundamental
Guided-mode resonance elements fabricated by microcontact printing method (2006)

Guided-mode resonance devices fabricated by microcontact printing methods are described. This fabrication process using elastomeric molds and UV curable polymers is simple and cost-effective. Initial results provide resonant elements useful in sensor applications.
Electromagnetic analysis of a wound-field generator with flux-barrier rotor for AC generator sets (2015)

This paper proposes a synchronous-reluctance rotor structure for stand-alone power generators. The structure under analysis includes flux-barriers in order to improve saliency, leading to a reduction of the excitation field needed. Different design aspects like the number of barriers and the shape of the poles are discussed. The steady-state performances of the machine and transient parameters are investigated. A comparison with a conventional generator is presented to highlight the benefits and limitations of this rotor structure.
Low Doses of Diallyl Disulfide, a Compound Derived From Garlic, Increase Tissue Activities of Quinone Reductase and Glutathione Transferase in the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Rat (1999)

Diallyl disulfide (DADS), a substance that is formed from the organosulfur compounds present in garlic, is known to increase tissue activities of the phase II detoxification enzymes quinone reductase (QR) and glutathione transferase (GT) in animals. In previous experiments, however, high doses of DADS were employed and only a limited range of tissues were examined. In the present studies, increased activities of QR and GT were recorded in the forestomach, glandular stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, colon, liver, kidneys, spleen, heart, lungs, and urinary bladder of rats given DADS over a wide range of dose levels. Large variations in response were recorded among the different organs, with forestomach, duodenum, and jejunum being the most sensitive to enzyme induction by DADS. In these organs, significant increases in QR activity were observed at a dose of only 0.3 mg/kg/day. Such a dose level is close to that which may be achieved through human consumption of garlic, suggesting that induction of phase II enzymes may contribute to the protection that is afforded by this vegetable against cancer of the gastrointestinal tract in humans.
A High‐Yield Synthesis of Chalcopyrite CuInS<sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles with Exceptional Size Control (2009)

We report high‐yield and efficient size‐controlled syntheses of Chalcopyrite CuInS 2 nanoparticles by decomposing molecular single source precursors (SSPs) via microwave irradiation in the presence of 1,2‐ethanedithiol at reaction temperatures as low as 100°C and times as short as 30 minutes. The nanoparticles sizes were 1.8 nm to 10.8 nm as reaction temperatures were varied from 100°C to 200°C with the bandgaps from 2.71 eV to 1.28 eV with good size control and high yields (64%–95%). The resulting nanoparticles were analyzed by XRD, UV‐Vis, ICP‐OES, XPS, SEM, EDS, and HRTEM. Titration studies by 1 H NMR using SSP 1 with 1,2‐ethanedithiol and benzyl mercaptan were conducted to elucidate the formation of Chalcopyrite CuInS 2 nanoparticles.
Development and Application of Two Multiplex Real-Time PCR Assays for the Detection of <i>Mycobacterium ulcerans</i> in Clinical and Environmental Samples (2007)

Mycobacterium ulcerans is a slow-growing environmental bacterium that causes a severe skin disease known as Buruli ulcer. PCR has become a reliable and rapid method for the diagnosis of M. ulcerans infection in humans and has been used for the detection of M. ulcerans in the environment. This paper describes the development of a TaqMan assay targeting IS2404 multiplexed with an internal positive control to monitor inhibition with a detection limit of less than 1 genome equivalent of DNA. The assay improves the turnaround time for diagnosis and replaces conventional gel-based PCR as the routine method for laboratory confirmation of M. ulcerans infection in Victoria, Australia. Following analysis of 415 clinical specimens, the new test demonstrated 100% sensitivity and specificity compared with culture. Another multiplex TaqMan assay targeting IS2606 and the ketoreductase-B domain of the M. ulcerans mycolactone polyketide synthase genes was designed to augment the specificity of the IS2404 PCR for the analysis of a variety of environmental samples. Assaying for these three targets enabled the detection of M. ulcerans DNA in soil, sediment, and mosquito extracts collected from an area of endemicity for Buruli ulcer in Victoria with a high degree of confidence. Final confirmation was obtained by the detection and sequencing of variable-number tandem repeat (VNTR) locus 9, which matched the VNTR locus 9 sequence obtained from the clinical isolates in this region. This suite of new methods is enabling rapid progress in the understanding of the ecology of this important human pathogen.
[Mortality rate and causes of death of premature and low-birth-weight infants in 18 cities]. (1993)

The investigation at 19 hospitals in 18 cities showed that the incidence of premature and low-birth-weight (LBW) infant in live births was 4.9% and 5.1% respectively. The mortality rate was as high as 85.5/1000 and 97.7/1000 and the deaths accounted for 45.9% and 54.5% of total neonatal deaths respectively. The male infant's mortality rate was higher than the female; the twins' and triplets' was higher than the single births'. The mortality was mainly attributed to the preterm, LBW and related diseases. The first six causes of deaths were respiratory diseases, prenatal asphyxia, infection, scleredema congenital malformation and intracranial hemorrhage. The approaches for reducing the mortality rate of premature and LBW infants were discussed.
Factors Affecting Infection of <i>Scenedesmus obliquus</i> by a <i>Chytridium</i> sp. in Sewage Oxidation Ponds (1977)

In a high-rate oxidation pond, 0.1 to 1.0% of the algal population of Scenedesmus obliquus was found to be infected by a chytrid. When suitable conditions developed, these infections burst into massive epidemics that killed most of the algae. The major factors triggering massive infections were optimal oxygen concentration and low concentrations of potassium and magnesium cations. The fungicide Benomyl was effective in preventing infection at a concentration of 1 mg/liter.
Characterization of cultured rat oligodendrocytes proliferating in a serum-free, chemically defined medium. (1985)

A serumless, chemically defined medium has been developed for the culture of oligodendrocytes isolated from primary neonatal rat cerebral cultures. Combined together, insulin, transferrin, and fibroblast growth factor synergistically induced an essentially homogenous population (95-98%) of cells expressing glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.8) activity to undergo cell division. Proliferating cels were characterized by several criteria: (i) ultrastructural analysis by transmission electron microscopy identified the cell type as an oligodendrocyte; (ii) biochemical assays showed expression of three oligodendrocyte biochemical markers, induction of both glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase and lactate dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.27), and presence of 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (EC 3.1.4.37); and (iii) immunocytochemical staining showed cultures to be 95-98% positive for glycerol phosphate dehydrogenase, 90% for myelin basic protein, 60-70% for galactocerebroside, and 70% for A2B5. Few cells (less than 5%) stained positive for glial fibrillary acidic protein, and none were detected positive for fibronectin.
Multidimensional Incremental Parsing for Universal Source Coding (2008)

A multidimensional incremental parsing algorithm (MDIP) for multidimensional discrete sources, as a generalization of the Lempel-Ziv coding algorithm, is investigated. It consists of three essential component schemes, maximum decimation matching, hierarchical structure of multidimensional source coding, and dictionary augmentation. As a counterpart of the longest match search in the Lempel-Ziv algorithm, two classes of maximum decimation matching are studied. Also, an underlying behavior of the dictionary augmentation scheme for estimating the source statistics is examined. For an m-dimensional source, m augmentative patches are appended into the dictionary at each coding epoch, thus requiring the transmission of a substantial amount of information to the decoder. The property of the hierarchical structure of the source coding algorithm resolves this issue by successively incorporating lower dimensional coding procedures in the scheme. In regard to universal lossy source coders, we propose two distortion functions, the local average distortion and the local minimax distortion with a set of threshold levels for each source symbol. For performance evaluation, we implemented three image compression algorithms based upon the MDIP; one is lossless and the others are lossy. The lossless image compression algorithm does not perform better than the Lempel-Ziv-Welch coding, but experimentally shows efficiency in capturing the source structure. The two lossy image compression algorithms are implemented using the two distortion functions, respectively. The algorithm based on the local average distortion is efficient at minimizing the signal distortion, but the images by the one with the local minimax distortion have a good perceptual fidelity among other compression algorithms. Our insights inspire future research on feature extraction of multidimensional discrete sources.
Keratinocyte Gene Therapy (1993)

Keratinocytes have many advantages as a target cell in gene therapy, and progress has been made using animal models. However, the sustained and efficient delivery of factors to the bloodstream by keratinocytes expressing a transgene has not yet been accomplished. Future goals are to obtain adequate levels of the desired factors, hormones, or enzymes for sustained periods of time, either in keratinocytes or in the vascular system.
Enzymatic extraction of galactan-rich rhamnogalacturonan I from potato cell wall by-product (2014)

Potato cell wall was used as low-value source for the enzymatic extraction of galactan-rich rhamnogalacturonan I (RG I). The effects of selected reaction parameters of endo-polygalacturonase from Aspergillus niger-catalyzed isolation of RG I and their interactions were investigated by response surface methodology. Models were developed to relate independent parameters (cell wall concentration, enzyme amount, reaction time) to responses (yield, neutral sugar content, saccharide molar composition, weak acidic fraction proportion). The most significant parameters that affected extracted polysaccharide yield and its galactose (Gal) and arabinose (Ara) contents were the cell wall concentration and enzyme amount. The interaction between the cell wall concentration and the reaction time was the most determinant for the yield. However, the cell wall concentration and the enzyme amount exhibited significant interaction effect on Gal and Ara contents. Comparison of predicted and experimental values validated the established predicted models, which can be used to identify the conditions for the isolation of RG I-type pectic polysaccharides with selected structural and saccharide composition properties. The monosaccharide composition and the linkage patterns confirmed the isolation of galactan-rich RG I type pectic polysaccharides. The present study is expected to increase the capability to generate RG I targeting specific composition and functional properties.
Influence of Graft Density on Kinetics of Surface-Initiated ATRP of Polystyrene from Montmorillonite (2009)

Here we report the kinetics of the surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of styrene from the surface of functionalized montmorillonite clay as a function of graft density. Compared with analogous ATRP reactions with free initiator, we observe a seven-fold increase in the polymerization rate at the highest graft density, ∼1 chain/nm2, whereas bulk kinetics are recovered as the graft density is reduced. We hypothesize that this phenomenon is a consequence of local concentration heterogeneities that shift the ATRP equilibrium in favor of the active state and present a simple phenomenological kinetic model that accounts for our data. These findings present an important consideration relevant to the design of precisely defined molecular architectures from surfaces via surface-initiated ATRP.