gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Synthesis of Controlled-Structure Primary Amine-Based Methacrylic Polymers by Living Radical Polymerization (2007)

We report the direct homopolymerization and copolymerization of a primary amine-based methacrylic monomer, 2-aminoethyl methacrylate (AMA), in its hydrochloride salt form by living radical polymerization. Linear PAMA homopolymer and AB diblock copolymers (where A = AMA and B = 2-(diisopropylamino)ethyl methacrylate, or DPA) were prepared with reasonably narrow polydispersities (Mw/Mn ∼ 1.2−1.3) in either DMSO or DMSO/1,4-dioxane mixtures at 70 °C using cumyl dithiobenzoate (CDB) as a reversible addition−fragmentation transfer (RAFT) chain transfer agent. AMA monomer is highly unstable in its nonprotonated form, undergoing rapid internal rearrangement to afford 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylamide. PAMA homopolymer proved to be significantly more stable than AMA monomer, but nevertheless slow chemical degradation occurred over long time scales (days) in alkaline solution. Initial 1H NMR studies confirm that (i) this PAMA degradation involves the elimination of 2-aminoethanol and (ii) at least some of its repeat units are converted into 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylamide units. AMA was also polymerized by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) in methanol, water, and either 95:5 or 80:20 2-propanol/water mixtures. Polymerization was slow and incomplete in methanol at both 20 and 50 °C. Using water gave a fast, poorly controlled polymerization at 50 °C, while the 95:5 2-propanol/water mixture proved to be an inadequate solvent for PAMA at this temperature. However, an 80:20 2-propanol/water mixture gave slower, well-controlled polymerizations at 50 °C with relatively low final polydispersities (Mw/Mn &#60; 1.25). Thus, this solvent mixture was used to prepare well-defined AMA-based diblock copolymers using poly(ethylene oxide)-based ATRP macroinitiators. Furthermore, statistical copolymerizations of AMA with either 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), glycerol monomethacrylate (GMA), 2-hydroxypropyl methacrylate (HPMA), or 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMA) were conducted using ATRP in methanol at 20 °C. Selected copolymers were cross-linked in aqueous solution at pH 9 by Michael addition using poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA), as confirmed by 1H NMR studies. Shell cross-linked micelles with pH-responsive cores were also prepared from a RAFT-synthesized PAMA−PDPA diblock copolymer in water using PEGDA, as confirmed by dynamic light scattering studies.
The properties of small Ag clusters bound to DNA bases (2010)

We study the binding of neutral silver clusters, Ag(n) (n=1-6), to the DNA bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and thymine (T) and the absorption spectra of the silver cluster-base complexes. Using density functional theory (DFT), we find that the clusters prefer to bind to the doubly bonded ring nitrogens and that binding to T is generally much weaker than to C, G, and A. Ag(3) and Ag(4) make the stronger bonds. Bader charge analysis indicates a mild electron transfer from the base to the clusters for all bases, except T. The donor bases (C, G, and A) bind to the sites on the cluster where the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital has a pronounced protrusion. The site where cluster binds to the base is controlled by the shape of the higher occupied states of the base. Time-dependent DFT calculations show that different base-cluster isomers may have very different absorption spectra. In particular, we find new excitations in base-cluster molecules, at energies well below those of the isolated components, and with strengths that depend strongly on the orientations of planar clusters with respect to the base planes. Our results suggest that geometric constraints on binding, imposed by designed DNA structures, may be a feasible route to engineering the selection of specific cluster-base assemblies.
Multiclass learning, boosting, and error-correcting codes (1999)

We focus on methods to solve multiclass learning problems by using only simple and efficient binary learners. We investigate the approach of Dietterich and Bakiri [2] based on error-correcting codes (which we call ECC). We distill ermr COTrelation as one of the key parameters influencing the performance of the ECC approach, and prove upper and lower bounds on the training error of the final hypothesis in terms of the error-correlation between the various binary hypotheses. Boosting is a powerful and well-studied learning technique that appears to annul error correlation disadvantages by cleverly weighting training examples and hypotheses. An interesting algorithm called ADABOOST.OC [12] combines boosting with the ECC approach and gives an algorithm that has the performance advantages of boosting and at the same time relies only on simple binary weak leamers. We propose a variant of this algorithm, which we call ADABoosT.ECC, that, by using a different weighting of the votes of the weak hypotheses, is able to improve on the performance of ADA-BoosT.OC, both theoretically and experimentally, and in addition is arguably a more direct reduction of multiclass learning to binary learning problems than previous multiclass boosting algorithms.
Maximal-Ratio-Combining Array Beamformer Assisted by a Training Sequence for Space Division Multiple Access in power-Limited Channels (2000)

This paper describes an extended maximal-ratiocombining (MRC) beamformer for ur in SDMA with large-scale receiving array antennas. MRC is one of the simplest techniquI a digital beamforming (DBF) array Manuscript
Fermentation of hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate byPachysolen tannophilus, candida shehatae andPichia stipitis (1990)

Hardwood hemicellulose hydrolysate has been utilized as a substrate for ethanol production. Among the three different yeasts tested, the best performances have been obtained, in decreasing order, using Pachysolen tannophilus, Candida shehatae and Pichia stipitis.
Magnetic resonance imaging and modeling of flow in hollow‐fiber bioreactors (1990)

Abstract Nuclear magnetic resonance flow imaging (MRFI) was used to measure fluid flow noninvasively in the extracapillary space (ECS) of a hollow‐fiber bioreactor without cells. Agreement between these axial flow measurements in a single hollow‐fiber module and predicted axial velocity contour plots at various image planes along the path length was good. Flow in a solid‐wall tube (phantom) was first used to calibrate pixel intensities with axial velocities. Flow images at several locations along the permeable hollow fiber length were then obtained in order to observe the well‐known leakage or Starling flow in the ECS. These quantitative spatially dependent velocity measurements were then compared to theoretically derived velocities obtained from a solution of Poisson's equation with a constant pressure gradient and no slip at the solid surfaces. A mathematical transformation was used to simplify the numerical methods. Leakage flow through the ECS of a multifiber bioreactor (40 fibers) was also measured by MRFI, illustrating the applicability of this method for optimizing operational procedures and design of membrane bioreactors and filtration devices.
A 100 kHz 9.6 mW multi bit ΔΣ DAC and ADC using noise shaping dynamic elements matching with tree structure (2002)

A multi-bit /spl Delta//spl Sigma/ modulator (/spl Delta//spl Sigma/M) is an attractive means for realizing a high-speed low-power data converter. A loss in dynamic range occurs if stabilization of the feedback loop for a higher-order DSM uses a 1b feedback signal. The classical 1b ADC and/or DAC do not follow the theoretical SNR of (8+6 N)L(dB), where N is the order of the DSM, and 2/sup L/ is the oversampling ratio. In contrast, multi-bit feedback stabilizes a higher-order DSM with little loss of dynamic range. As the internal signal swing is reduced with increase in number of feedback signal bits, the multi-bit DSM requires a lower slew rate and thus less power for analog circuits than the 1b case. There is an increase in SNR due to use of a multi-bit internal DAC to reduce the oversampling ratio and hence to reduce power consumption of the analog portion.
The Effects of Breastfeeding and Presence of Antibody to p40<sup>tax</sup> Protein of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type-I on Mother to Child Transmission (1992)

We examined the effects of various factors, including duration of breastfeeding, the status of mother's anti-p40tax, and titre of mother's anti-human T cell lymphototropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) on mother to child transmission of HTLV-I in 76 HTLV-I carrier mothers and 175 of their children. The overall prevalence of anti-HTLV-I among children was 16.0%. The prevalence of anti-HTLV-I among children breastfed for over 3 months was significantly higher (27.6%) than that of those breastfed for under 3 months (5.1%; P = 0.012). Of the 78 bottle-fed children, 10 (12.8%) were positive for anti-HTLV-I. In the children breastfed for over 3 months, the prevalence of anti-HTLV-I among 37 children of anti-p40tax positive mothers was 37.8% and that of 21 children of anti-p40tax negative mothers was 9.5%, a significant difference (P = 0.044). These data suggest that about 13% of bottle-fed children born to carrier mothers are infected with HTLV-I by routes other than breast milk, and that the mother's anti-p40tax can serve as a marker of infectivity of HTLV-I in the case of breastfeeding for over 3 months.
Design of an apparatus for cathode sputtering (1933)

Details of the construction and operation of an apparatus for the preparation of thin metallic films on glass or on collodion by sputtering are given, also references to previous papers on this subject.
Thermal and Impact Reaction Initiation in Ni/Al Heterogeneous Reactive Systems (2010)

Reaction initiation in the Ni−Al heterogeneous gasless system due to thermal and mechanical stimuli was investigated. Reactive systems with different microstructures, including micro- and nanoscaled powder mixtures, as well as composite particles formed during short-term (15 min) high-energy ball milling (HEBM) of Al/Ni clad particles were examined. Thermal and mechanical responses were tested by differential thermal analysis and shear impact testing, respectively. It was shown that nanomixtures and HEBM samples thermally self-ignited at temperatures (Tig) well below eutectics for Ni−Al (Teut = 913 K), while the ignition temperature for conventional microscale mixtures is at least Teut. Moreover, Tig for HEBM samples is typically lower than that for nanomixtures. For the HEBM system, the apparent activation energy (EHEBM = 28 ± 2 kcal/mol) appeared to be half of the nanosystem’s measured value (Enano = 55 ± 5 kcal/mol). Oppositely, it was shown that nanomixtures were mechanically ignitable through shear impacts of the investigated energy range, while HEBM samples were not. Thus, the HEBM samples were comparatively more sensitive to thermal initiation, while the nanomixtures were more sensitive to mechanical initiation. It is believed that the different microstructures contribute to this phenomenon; HEBM material has larger interfacial areas between active materials, which reduces its activation energy and increases thermal sensitivity. The nanomaterials consist of small, hard particles which allow for increased contact stresses during impact and increasing mechanical sensitivity.
Prenatal Immunization by the Oral Route: Stimulation of <i>Brucella</i> Antibody in Fetal Lambs (1972)

No simple means exists for immunizing infants and large animals in utero. The feasibility of stimulating immune response by the oral route was investigated by using the fetal lamb as experimental model and Brucella as prototype antigen. Antigenic stimulation was assessed by serum agglutinin levels. Primary and secondary responses were elicited in fetal lambs by Brucella antigen introduced into the amniotic fluid 10 to 50 days prenatally. One lamb born 75 days after primary exposure in utero mounted a secondary response to antigen at 2 days of age. The evidence of immunization by the oral route suggests that local intestinal immunity also might be acquired in fetal life by this route.
Mega-electron-volt ultrafast electron diffraction at SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory (2015)

Ultrafast electron probes are powerful tools, complementary to x-ray free-electron lasers, used to study structural dynamics in material, chemical, and biological sciences. High brightness, relativistic electron beams with femtosecond pulse duration can resolve details of the dynamic processes on atomic time and length scales. SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory recently launched the Ultrafast Electron Diffraction (UED) and microscopy Initiative aiming at developing the next generation ultrafast electron scattering instruments. As the first stage of the Initiative, a mega-electron-volt (MeV) UED system has been constructed and commissioned to serve ultrafast science experiments and instrumentation development. The system operates at 120-Hz repetition rate with outstanding performance. In this paper, we report on the SLAC MeV UED system and its performance, including the reciprocal space resolution, temporal resolution, and machine stability.
Managing opioid addiction with buprenorphine. (2006)

Legislation has enabled physicians to treat opioid-dependent patients with an office-based maintenance program using buprenorphine, a partial mu-opioid receptor agonist. Clinical studies indicate buprenorphine effectively manages opioid addiction. Buprenorphine is more effective than placebo for managing opioid addiction but may not be superior to methadone if high doses are needed. It is comparable to lower doses of methadone, however. Treatment phases include induction, stabilization, and maintenance. Buprenorphine therapy should be initiated at the onset of withdrawal symptoms and adjusted to address withdrawal symptoms and cravings. Advantages of buprenorphine include low abuse potential and high availability for office use. Disadvantages include high cost and possible lack of effectiveness in patients who require high methadone doses. Most family physicians are required to complete eight hours of training before they can prescribe buprenorphine for opioid addiction.
On the Interplay between Data Overlay and Real-World Context using See-through Displays (2015)

The recent availability of affordable see-through wearable displays has fostered the development of several new interfaces and applications. Some of them take the augmented reality path, by seeking the blending of physical objects with overlaid 3D models or textual information. Some, on the other hand, are much simpler and follow a rather basic paradigm where the spatial integration between real world and data overlay is dropped. This is the case, for instance, with most applications based on Google Glass hardware, where textual data and images partially share the field of view of the user, but are not pinpointed to physical features. This is a rather important difference, since it marks the shift from a cooperative see-through mode, that characterizes proper augmented reality, to a competitive overlay, where the user attention is actually contended between real objects and displayed data. To this end, the user focus must continuously shift from one context to the other, possibly leading to both reduced productivity and usage strain. With this paper we are addressing exactly this issue. Specifically, we are assessing the role of different properties of the overlay, including the level of occlusion, the depth of the data layer, the position of the view frustum and the impact of stereo vision. Such study has been implemented by mean of a real-world evaluation which has been performed using a general purpose see-through device in a practical application scenario.
PASS: Peer-Aware Silence Suppression for Internet Voice Conferences (2006)

A novel tandem-free solution for multiparty VoIP conferences called PASS (peer-aware silence suppression) is presented. Similar to traditional tandem-free solutions, PASS introduces a limit on the number of concurrent speakers in a conference. But in contrast to traditional solutions, PASS silence suppression and speaker selection are completely distributed, running on each client. No speaker selection is performed at the bridge at all. This configuration leads to better scalability, lower bandwidth occupation and jitter buffer delay, and higher compatibility with a wide variety of network topologies. The key component of PASS, distributed silence suppression and speaker selection, is realized through a robust approach proposed in this paper. Based on a voice activity measure derived using machine learning techniques, this approach is able to reliably suppress silence in complex environments, and perform accurate and transparent speaker selection as well
30am2-PN-42 Biofouling of micro channel in implantable artificial kidney (2015)

Implantable artificial kidney can drastically improve the quality of life of the renal disease patients. In previous study, our group developed a multi-layered micro dialysis device which is composed of micro stainless steel channels and nano-porous PES membranes. In this study, we investigate the relation between the shape of channels and biofouling to provide long-term performance. And we evaluate the aged deterioration of the channel's surface for 1 week using human whole blood in reflux system. The result of this experiment indicated the relation between radius of curvature and biofouling. To optimize the shape of channels is crucial in order to implant this device in medium-sized animal in near future.
A high pressure autocollimating refractometer for determining coexisting liquid and vapor phase densities (1971)

Abstract A high pressure apparatus has been developed for measuring refractive indices and compositions of coexisting phases in vaporliquid equilibrium. The refractive index is determined by measuring the angle of minimum deviation of a 30° prism with an autocollimating telescope mounted on a precision rotary table. The composition is determined by chromatographic analysis. The refractive indices and compositions of the coexisting liquid and vapor phases in the carbon dioxide‐n‐butane system were obtained at 37.7°C and pressures up to 80 atm. The densities of the phases were calculated using the molar average refractivity and these compared favorably with previously published data obtained by direct volumetric measurements.
Xenobiotic Monitoring in Plants by <sup>19</sup>F and <sup>1</sup>H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Spectroscopy (1989)

(19)F and (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy have been used to monitor the uptake of trifluoroacetic acid in stems and leaves of Lycopersicon esculentum. The movement and location of a xenobiotic have been demonstrated in vivo by a noninvasive technique.
The American Law Institute and the Triumph of Modernist Jurisprudence (1997)

In most studies of the early twentieth-century emergence of a modern conception of law in America, the formation of the American Law Institute in 1923 is not highlighted. One might point to academic literature advocating a “sociological” approach to judicial decision making, or a behavioralist approach to the work of judges, or the reorganization of law school casebooks to include “functional” legal categories or social science materials. One might unpack the work of an early twentieth-century lawyer, or even a judge, and find a jurisprudential perspective that could be labeled modernist. Finally, one might note the appearance of litigation strategies—encapsulated in the term “Brandeis brief”—designed to incorporate into case decisions arguments that legal rules should reflect their social context. But one would not associate the arrival of modernist jurisprudence in America with the early history of an organization of elite lawyers and judges whose stated purpose was to commission “restatements” of black-letter common law rules.
Smart E-O targets as versatile, self-contained instruments (2002)

Current Electro-Optical (E-O) testing requirements have demanded a shift to reduced cost, off-the-shelf technology. While Hughes Technical Services Company (HTSC) has worked toward developing downsized collimators to meet this demand, this proves to be only part of the solution. Highly versatile, self-contained, replaceable E-O targets are also required to meet this need. The Depot and Test Systems Division within HTSC has developed a standard for replaceable E-O targets. These Integrated Target Assemblies (ITA) must test such various systems as: FLIR, Near Infrared (NIR) tracker, Visual Telescope, TV Video, and Laser LRF/LTD. Smart targets have been designed which are interchangeable; can perform built in tests (BITs); contain their own calibration data stored electronically; correct their performance using sophisticated DSP algorithms; as well as automatically correct their own boresight alignment. A suite of such targets would be invisible to the user and would act in concert as versatile instruments containing all the functionality required for testing any number of prime systems.
cAMP induces cell apoptosis in multiple myeloma and overcomes bortezomib resistance. (2018)

The acquired resistance to bortezomib represents a major obstacle for multiple myeloma (MM) treatment. Studies revealed that the treatment with cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) may be a promising strategy for MM therapy. Therefore, the present study aimed to explore the mechanism of action of cAMP in MM cells. Our results showed that 8-CPT-cAMP and bortezomib synergistically induced growth inhibition and apoptosis in MM bortezomib-resistant cell lines and primary MM cells, in which protein kinase A (PKA) activation was involved. Furthermore, 8-CPT-cAMP induced the degradation of cyclinD1 and downregulation of myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1). Moreover, 8-CPT-cAMP enhanced endoplasmic reticulum stress caused by bortezomib. A synergy between bortezomib and cAMP was also revealed in a murine MOPC315 xenograft model, which was evidenced by the significantly inhibited tumor growth and the improved multiple cancer-related parameters by the combination of the cAMP-elevating compound forskolin and bortezomib. Taken together, this study suggests that the treatment with cAMP may be a promising strategy for enhancing the therapeutic efficacy of bortezomib in MM treatment.
Reversed-phase High Performance Liquid Chromatography Study of Peptides and Proteins——Diversity of Chromatographic Behavior (2000)

The Chromatographic retention behaviors of two peptides(peptide 1 and peptide 2) from microtubule _ associated protein 2(MAP2) and porcine insulin in C8 hydrophobic ligand were studied. Under isocratic elution conditions with aquo _ methanol mobile phases, the plots of logarithmic capacity factor (ln K′) of porcine insulin versus the volume fraction of the organic solvent modifier(φ) are highly linear. The plots of ln K′ of peptide 1 versus φ are well fitted with quadratic equations when isocratically eluted by aquo _ acetonitrile mobile phases. The Van't Hoff plots (plots of ln K′ versus 1/T) of the two peptides from microtubule _ associated protein 2 were also determined under isocratic elution conditions with aquo _ acetonitrile mobile phases. The results showed that the Van't Hoff plots of these two peptides were fitted with quadratic and cubic equations respectively with correlation coefficients r2≥0.998. The results all demonstrated the diversity of chromatographic retention behaviors for peptides and proteins.onitrilemobilephase