gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
PCS implementation-a merger of American and European mobile systems (1994)

Personal communication services (PCS) are gaining momentum in the United States of America. The FCC ruling to auction the PCS licences in 1994 gives a tremendous boost. Air-interface standards are under definition or already defined by the Joint Technical Committee of ANSI T1 and TIA. The European GSM and DCS1800 cellular radio standards provide most of the elements needed to create PCS networks. Two important elements are the air-interface standard, including the signalling which is reflected at the radio/switching interface as well (A-I/F) and the network subsystem elements and functions. Specific functions beyond or different from GSM are needed to interface with existing mobile radio networks and the PSTN/ISDN. But PCS at the end are more than just another radio standard. PCS will combine fixed and mobile networks to create personal mobility, single number services for all its customers, whether they are using radio or cable access to the network. After some considerations on PCS, the paper describes the GSM/DCS1800 system A1800. Secondly the D-AMPS/E-TDMA system GMH2000 is reviewed. Thirdly, the merged PCS system A1900 is explained.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Retinal engineering: engrafted neural cell lines locate in appropriate layers. (1996)

A major question in central nervous system development, including the neuroretina, is whether migrating cells express cues to find their way and settle at specific locations. We have transplanted quail neuroretinal cell lines QNR/D, a putative amacrine or ganglion cell, and QNR/K2, a putative Müller cell into chicken embryo eyes. Implanted QNR/D cells migrate only to the retinal ganglion and amacrine cell layers and project neurites in the plane of retina; in contrast, QNR/K2 cells migrate through the ganglion and amacrine layers, locate in the inner nuclear layer, and project processes across the retina. These data show that QNR/D and QNR/K2 cell lines represent distinct neural cell types, suggesting that migrating neural cells express distinct address cues. Furthermore, our results raise the possibility that immortalized cell lines can be used for replacement of specific cell types and for the transport of genes to given locations in neuroretina.
Ascl1 defines sequentially generated lineage-restricted neuronal and oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the spinal cord (2006)

The neural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor Ascl1 (previously Mash1) is present in ventricular zone cells in restricted domains throughout the developing nervous system. This study uses genetic fate mapping to define the stage and neural lineages in the developing spinal cord that are derived from Ascl1-expressing cells. We find that Ascl1 is present in progenitors to both neurons and oligodendrocytes, but not astrocytes. Temporal control of the fate-mapping paradigm reveals rapid cell-cycle exit and differentiation of Ascl1-expressing cells. At embryonic day 11, Ascl1 identifies neuronal-restricted precursor cells that become dorsal horn neurons in the superficial laminae. By contrast, at embryonic day 16, Ascl1 identifies oligodendrocyte-restricted precursor cells that distribute throughout the spinal cord. These data demonstrate that sequentially generated Ascl1-expressing progenitors give rise first to dorsal horn interneurons and subsequently to late-born oligodendrocytes. Furthermore, Ascl1-null cells in the spinal cord have a diminished capacity to undergo neuronal differentiation, with a subset of these cells retaining characteristics of immature glial cells.
Noncovalent Control of the Electrostatic Potential of Quantum Dots through the Formation of Interfacial Ion Pairs (2017)

This paper describes the role of tetraalkylammonium counterions [NR<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>, R = -CH<sub>3</sub>, -CH<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>, -(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>, or -(CH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>3</sub>CH<sub>3</sub>] in gating the electrostatic potential at the interface between the 6-mercaptohexanoate (MHA) ligand shell of a PbS quantum dot (QD) and water. The permeability of this ligand shell to a negatively charged anthraquinone derivative (AQ), measured from the yield of electron transfer (eT) from the QD core to AQ, increases as the steric bulk of NR<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> increases (for a given concentration of NR<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup>). This result indicates that bulkier counterions screen repulsive interactions at the ligand/solvent interface more effectively than smaller counterions. Free energy scaling analysis and molecular dynamics simulations suggest that ion pairing between the ligand shell of the QD and NR<sub>4</sub><sup>+</sup> results from a combination of electrostatic and van der Waals components, and that the van der Waals interaction promotes ion pairing with longer-chain counterions and more effective screening. This work provides molecular-level details that dictate a nanoparticle's electrostatic potential and demonstrates the sensitivity of the yield of photoinduced charge transfer between a QD and a molecular probe to even low-affinity binding events at the QD/solvent interface.
Romania food and agriculture from a european perspective (2006)

Policymakers in Romania will need to make a series of important decisions in order to prepare the country for accession to the European Union and adoption of the EU Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) in 2007. This report identifies the key challenges and suggests possible options for meeting them. It focuses on four main issues: completing preparations for implementing the CAP, determining how best to structure the CAP direct payments, facilitating structural adjustment to increase competitiveness, and accelerating reforms in agro-processing, input supply, and marketing.
Hepatocyte-derived cell lines express a functional receptor for cardiotrophin-1. (1997)

Cardiotrophin-1 (CT-1) is a recently isolated cytokine belonging to the interleukin-6 cytokine family. In the present study, we show that CT-1 binds to hepatocyte-derived cell lines of rat and human origin with high (Kd = 600-800 pM) and low (Kd approximately 3-6 nM) binding affinities. Treatment of HepG2 cells with CT-1 resulted in the induction of tyrosine phosphorylation of both transducing receptor subunits, gp130 and LIF receptor, and this phosphorylation was completely inhibited by a neutralizing anti-gp130 mAb. Addition of CT-1 to HepG2 or H35 cell cultures induced a dose-dependent production of several acute phase proteins (haptoglobin, fibrinogen, alpha1-acid glycoprotein, alpha2-macroglobulin). Moreover, the use of a neutralizing mAb to gp130 in cultures of HepG2 cells grown in the presence of CT-1, inhibited the induction of acute phase protein secretion, indicating an absolute requirement of gp130 in the formation of a functional CT-1 receptor. Altogether, these results suggest that CT-1 could play an important role in the regulation of hepatocyte metabolism in inflammatory responses.
Euthanasia and the Slippery Slope (1998)

Although those with liberal attitudes towards voluntary euthanasia are often castigated as crude consequentialists who give overriding value to social utility, two common arguments against permitting active voluntary euthanasia even in the most desperate of cases, the slippery‐slope argument and the argument that further research into terminal care and pain control will be discouraged, are entirely consequentialist, and to invoke them to justify withholding assistance in these desperate cases is to fail to respect patients as ends in themselves.
Improving Cooperative Positioning for Vehicular Networks (2011)

Cooperative positioning (CP) can potentially improve the accuracy of vehicle location information, which is vital for several road safety applications. Although concepts of CP have been introduced, the efficiency of CP under real-world vehicular communication constraints is largely unknown. Our simulations reveal that the frequent exchange of large amounts of range information required by existing CP schemes not only increases the packet collision rate of the vehicular network but reduces the effectiveness of the CP as well. To address this issue, we propose simple easily deployable protocol improvements in terms of utilizing as much range information as possible, reducing range broadcasts by piggybacking, compressing the range information, tuning the broadcast frequency, and combining multiple packets using network coding. Our results demonstrate that, even under dense traffic conditions, these protocol improvements achieve a twofold reduction in packet loss rates and increase the positioning accuracy of CP by 40%.
Bundle Design in Robust Combinatorial Auction Protocol against False-name Bids (2001)

This paper presents a method for designing bundles in a combinatorial auction protocol that is robust against false-name bids. Internet auctions have become an integral part of Electronic Commerce and a promising field for applying AI technologies. However, the possibility of a new type of cheating called a false-name bid, i.e., a bid submitted under a fictitious name, has been pointed out. A protocol called Leveled Division Set (LDS) protocol that is robust against false-name bids has been developed. However, this protocol requires the auctioneer to define a leveled division set. A leveled division set is a series of division sets, where a division set is a set of divisions and a division is a combination of bundles of goods. We need to solve a very complicated optimization problem to construct a leveled division set in order to obtain a good social surplus. We have developed a heuristic method for overcoming this problem. In this method, we first find a good division with a winner determination algorithm, and then construct a leveled division set by using this division as a seed. Through a simulation, we show that our method can obtain a social surplus that is very close to optimal. 1
Synthesis and Antitumor Activity of a Novel Series of 6-Substituted Pyrrolo[2,3-<i>d</i>]pyrimidine Thienoyl Antifolate Inhibitors of Purine Biosynthesis with Selectivity for High Affinity Folate Receptors and the Proton-Coupled Folate Transporter over the Reduced Folate Carrier for Cellular Entry (2010)

2-Amino-4-oxo-6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines with a thienoyl side chain and four to six carbon bridge lengths (compounds 1-3) were synthesized as substrates for folate receptors (FRs) and the proton-coupled folate transporter (PCFT). Conversion of acetylene carboxylic acids to alpha-bromomethylketones and condensation with 2,4-diamino-6-hydroxypyrimidine afforded the 6-substituted pyrrolo[2,3-d]pyrimidines. Sonogashira coupling with (S)-2-[(5-bromo-thiophene-2-carbonyl)-amino]-pentanedioic acid diethyl ester, followed by hydrogenation and saponification, afforded 1-3. Compounds 1 and 2 potently inhibited KB and IGROV1 human tumor cells that express FR alpha, reduced folate carrier (RFC), and PCFT. The analogs were selective for FR and PCFT over RFC. Glycinamide ribonucleotide formyltransferase was the principal cellular target. In SCID mice with KB tumors, 1 was highly active against both early (3.5 log kill, 1/5 cures) and advanced (3.7 log kill, 4/5 complete remissions) stage tumors. Our results demonstrate potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor activity for 1 due to selective transport by FRs and PCFT over RFC.
Searching Online Resources in New Discovery Environment: A State- of-the-Art Review (2011)

The universe of libraries has evolved and expanded from repository of books, journals and other non-print materials in physical format to knowledge repositories that contain collections in physical as well as electronic and multimedia format. With this changing environment of collection of library resources, the greatest challenge in front of libraries is to find out the best way to present, promote and make accessible the growing collections of heterogeneous resources. Libraries are required to look for search and discovering tools to provide seamless access to their resources. This article introduces basic philosophy of federated search and discovery tools. It elaborates on technological tools, techniques and protocols that are used for developing federated search and discovery tools. The article narrates disadvantages of federated search solutions and discovery tools as compared to conducting a search directly on the interface of primary database. The Concept of open URL as a technology used f or link-resolving and finding “appr opriate cop y” is discussed briefly . Last ly, the
Position of the lacZX90 mutation and hybridization between complete and incomplete beta-galactosidase (1981)

The position of the termination codon in lacZX90 was determined by isolation of a lac+ revertant. Lysine was found to replace tyrosine at position 1,012 of beta-galactosidase, indicating that X90 protein lacked the carboxyl-terminal 10 residues. A heat- and urea-sensitive hybrid enzyme was formed in vivo when supC, which supplies tyrosine to the position in the polypeptide corresponding to the nonsense codon, was used to suppress lacZX90. This result shows that suppression that adds back the original amino acid may not lead to the production of the wild-type enzyme if the latter is multimeric, because incomplete chains can be incorporated into the oligomer.
A compact Brewster-angle microscope for use in Langmuir–Blodgett deposition (1998)

A Brewster-angle microscope designed for use in the preparation of Langmuir–Blodgett films has been constructed. The microscope has a compact vertical design and makes use of inexpensive optics.
A selective and sensitive chemiluminescence reaction of 4,4′(5′)-bis[2-(9-anthryloxy)ethylthio]tetrathiafulvalene with singlet oxygen (2004)

4,4'(5')-Bis[2-(9-anthryloxy)ethylthio]tetrathiafulvalene bearing an electron-rich tetrathiafulvalene unit and a luminophore of anthracene shows a highly selective and sensitive chemiluminescence response to singlet oxygen.
Sampling Errors of Tipping-Bucket Rain Gauge Measurements (2001)

In this study we investigated sampling-related errors of tipping-bucket (TB) rain gauge measurements, focusing on the gauge's ability to represent the small-scale rainfall temporal variability. We employed a simple TB simulator that used ultra-high-resolution measurements from an experimental optical rain gauge. The simulated observations were used to provide TB rain rate estimates on time scales as low as one minute. The simulation results showed that the TB estimates suffer from significant errors if based on time scales less than 10 to 15 minutes. We provide the approximate formulas used to characterize the TB sampling errors at several time scales. Our results show the importance of using fine resolution of both the sampling time interval and the bucket size so that the TB rain rate estimates have minimum levels of uncertainty.
The Synthesis of Amino Mercaptans from Olefin Sulfides<sup>1</sup> (1947)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of Amino Mercaptans from Olefin Sulfides1H. R. Snyder, John M. Stewart, and J. B. ZieglerCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1947, 69, 11, 2672–2674Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1947Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1947https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01203a033https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01203a033research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1062Altmetric-Citations88LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Schmelzgranulierung ‐ ein neues Verfahren zur Bildung fester Kügelchen mit definiertem Korn aus Schmelzen (1967)

Abstract Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, mit dem gleichmäßige Kügelchen definierter Größe aus Schmelzen hergestellt werden. Der Aufbau und die Arbeitsweise einer bereits erstellten Anlage werden erläutert sowie Berechnungsmethoden für die Auslegung und Dimensionierung mitgeteilt. Die Anwendung wird an Hand eines Beispieles gezeigt.
Loss of GSH and thiol enzymes in endothelial cells exposed to sublethal concentrations of hypochlorous acid (1999)

We investigated the effect of sublethal concentrations of hypochlorous acid (HOCl) on intracellular thiol groups. Exposure of human umbilical vein endothelial cells to HOCl caused a decrease in cell viability, with concentrations of </=25 microM HOCl being sublethal. At these concentrations, we saw a loss of glutathione and total protein thiol groups. Of the thiol enzymes we investigated, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) was particularly susceptible to inactivation, creatine kinase was moderately susceptible, and lactate dehydrogenase was unaffected by HOCl at the concentrations used. Similar results were obtained with HOCl generated over 30 min by myeloperoxidase. GAPDH activity could be regenerated on reincubation of cells in Hanks' balanced salt solution or reduction with dithiothreitol. In contrast, glutathione loss was not reversible, and further decreased with time. Cellular ATP levels decreased with sublethal HOCl concentrations and this appeared to be unrelated to the inactivation of GAPDH. Our results demonstrate that intracellular thiol groups differ in their reactivity with HOCl and suggest that HOCl may be able to regulate specific cellular functions.
Retrieval-based neural source code summarization (2020)

Source code summarization aims to automatically generate concise summaries of source code in natural language texts, in order to help developers better understand and maintain source code. Traditional work generates a source code summary by utilizing information retrieval techniques, which select terms from original source code or adapt summaries of similar code snippets. Recent studies adopt Neural Machine Translation techniques and generate summaries from code snippets using encoder-decoder neural networks. The neural-based approaches prefer the high-frequency words in the corpus and have trouble with the low-frequency ones. In this paper, we propose a retrieval-based neural source code summarization approach where we enhance the neural model with the most similar code snippets retrieved from the training set. Our approach can take advantages of both neural and retrieval-based techniques. Specifically, we first train an attentional encoder-decoder model based on the code snippets and the summaries in the training set; Second, given one input code snippet for testing, we retrieve its two most similar code snippets in the training set from the aspects of syntax and semantics, respectively; Third, we encode the input and two retrieved code snippets, and predict the summary by fusing them during decoding. We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate our approach and the experimental results show that our proposed approach can improve the state-of-the-art methods.
Mental retardation locus in Xp21 chromosome microdeletion (1993)

Xp21 microdeletion syndrome is associated with variable size Xp21 deletions that usually include the glycerol kinase locus. The clinical phenotypes we studied in this chromosome region include: Xpter - Aland Island eye disease (AIED) -adrenal hypoplasia (AH) -glycerol kinase (GKD) -Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) -retinitis pigmentosa (RP) -ornithine transcarbamylase (OTC) -centromere. In a compilation of 18 individuals in 14 families with the AH, GKD, and DMD loci deleted, 17 were male and all were developmentally delayed. In contrast, we report mentally retarded female carriers in two Xp21 deletion syndrome families with DMD, GKD, and AH in affected males. In the first family with normal karyotypes, a submicroscopic deletion was associated with DMD in the retarded male and with retardation in carrier females. In the second family an X chromosome with a cytogenetically deleted Xp21 distal to the OTC and RP genes segregated in the affected male and retarded female carriers. DNA analysis at the DMD locus verified the cytogenetic findings. This report of mental retardation in otherwise asymptomatic female carriers of Xp21 deletion classifies one form of mental retardation in females.
Analytical Solution of the Elastic Boltzmann Transport Equation in an Infinite Uniform Medium Using Cumulant Expansion (2000)

We study the analytical solution of the time-dependent elastic Boltzmann transport equation in an infinite uniform isotropic medium with an arbitrary phase function. We calculate (1) the exact distribution in angle, (2) the spatial cumulants at any angle, exact up to an arbitrary high order n. At the second order, n = 2, an analytical, hence extremely useful combined distribution in position and angle, is obtained as a function of time. This distribution is Gaussian in position, but not in angle. The average center and spread of the half-width are exact. By the central limit theorem the complete distribution approaches this Gaussian distribution as the number of collisions (or time) increases. The center of this distribution advances in time, and an ellipsoidal contour that grows and changes shape provides a clear picture of the time evolution of the particle migration from near ballistic, through snake-like, and into the final diffusive regime. This second-order cumulant approximation also provides the correct ballistic limit. Algebraic expressions for the nth order cumulants are provided. The number of terms grows rapidly with n, but our expressives are recursive and easily automated.
Synergism from combinations of infection-blocking malaria vaccines (2013)

Plasmodium falciparum infections present novel challenges for vaccine development, including parasite replication dynamics not previously encountered for viral pathogens, and enormous diversity in target antigens. These challenges are illustrated by using a mathematical model to describe the association between the proportion of pre-erythrocytic or blood-stage parasites eliminated by vaccine-induced immune responses and the proportion of infections prevented. It is hypothesized that due to the requirement for all sporozoites to be eliminated to prevent infection, combining infection-blocking vaccines that confer protection through different biological mechanisms could lead to synergistic combinations of efficacy. Vaccines targeting blood-stage parasites may also combine synergistically if they combine to reduce the parasite multiplication rate to below the threshold of 1.