gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Junction Properties and Gap States in Nb-Doped TiO<sub>2</sub>Thin Films (1993)

Nb-doped TiO 2 thin films were successfully prepared on p-type crystalline Si substrates using the sol-gel process. The current-voltage ( I-V ) characteristics of the heterojunctions between TiO 2 and Si show a rectification and the capacitance-voltage ( C-V ) characteristics an approximate linear C -2 - V relationship in the reverse-bias condition. By application of an isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy (ICTS) method on these junction diodes, it is found that two gap states are located at 0.027 eV and 0.22 eV below the conduction band edge ( E c ).
Is craving the source of compulsive drug use? (1998)

Compulsive drug use, which is typically portrayed as a defining quality of addictive behavior, has been described as a pattern of drug consumption that is stimulus bound, stereotyped, difficult to regulate and identified by a loss of control over intake. It is widely assumed that compulsive drug use is caused by drug craving. This assumption is supported by numerous findings of a general correspondence between measures of craving and drug-use behavior. A more focussed analysis of the available data, however, reveals that craving and drug use are not coupled to the degree required by the hypothesis that craving is the source of all drug use in the addict. As an alternative to this craving-based view, compulsive drug use could be characterized as a form of automatized behavior. Automatic performance is assumed to develop over the course of repeated practice of motor and cognitive skills. Automatized behavior, like compulsive drug use, tends to be stimulus bound, stereotyped, effortless, difficult to control and regulated largely outside of awareness. The formulation of drug compulsion as a manifestation of automaticity rather than craving allows addiction researchers to apply methods and measures derived from cognitive sciences to investigate the fundamental organization of compulsive drug-use behavior.
Green light: a signal to slow down or stop (2007)

Light has a profound effect on plant growth and development. Red and blue light best drive photosynthetic metabolism, so it is no surprise that these light qualities are particularly efficient in advancing the developmental characteristics associated with autotrophic growth habits. Photosynthetically inefficient light qualities also impart important environmental information to a developing plant. For example, far-red light reverses the effect of phytochromes, leading to changes in gene expression, plant architecture, and reproductive responses. Recent evidence shows that green light also has discrete effects on plant biology, and the mechanisms that sense this light quality are now being elucidated. Green light has been shown to affect plant processes via cryptochrome-dependent and cryptochrome-independent means. Generally, the effects of green light oppose those directed by red and blue wavebands. This review examines the literature where green light has been implicated in physiological or developmental outcomes, many not easily attributable to known sensory systems. Here roles of green light in the regulation of vegetative development, photoperiodic flowering, stomatal opening, stem growth modulation, chloroplast gene expression and plant stature are discussed, drawing from data gathered over the last 50 years of plant photobiological research. Together these reports support a conclusion that green light sensory systems adjust development and growth in orchestration with red and blue sensors.
A search for the best buffer to use in assaying human lactate dehydrogenase with the lactate-to-pyruvate reaction. (1976)

Highly purified human lactate dehydrogenases I and V were assayed in 17 different buffers, at a variety of reaction pH's. Diethanolamine and 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol provided the best measurements of the enzyme, assayed lactate-to-pyruvate. However, the commercial preparation of 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol contained insoluble matter and was relatively expensive. All of the four buffers nowmost commonly used were found to present difficulties. Glycine and pyrophosphate were inhibotory tolactate dehydrogenase activity with increasing buffer concentration. 2-Amino-2-methyl-1-propanol had three major disadvantages: it is chemically unstable during reagent preparation; activity is dependent on buffer concentration; and the pH optima for isoenzymes I and V are vastly different. The pKa of tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane is 8.0 at 30 degrees C, whereas to measure total activity the reaction pH should be greater than 8.5; thus tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane has limited buffering capacity at the reaction pH.
HW/SW partitioning and code generation of embedded control applications on a reconfigurable architecture platform (2002)

This paper studies the use of a reconfigurable architecture platform for embedded control applications aimed at improving real time performance. The hw/sw codesign methodology from POLIS is used. It starts from high-level specifications, optimizes an intermediate model of computation (Extended Finite State Machines) and derives both hardware and software, based on performance constraints. We study a particular architecture platform, which consists of a general purpose processor core, augmented with a reconfigurable function unit and data-path to improve run time performance. A new mapping flow and algorithms to partition hardware and software are proposed to generate implementations that best utilize this architecture. Encouraging preliminary results are shown for automotive electronic control examples.
Web-Based Training in Early Autism Screening: Results from a Pilot Study (2011)

Background: Lack of familiarity with early signs of autism by community service providers has resulted in significant delays in children receiving early intervention services necessary to improve long-term outcomes. The Screening Tool for Autism in Toddlers and Young Children (STAT) was specifically developed to identify early behavioral features of autism. Although STAT training has been available for years, access is limited because of few STAT trainers and geographic concerns. This study evaluated the efficacy and acceptability of Web-based training of the STAT as a means of increasing accessibility to this training. Materials and Methods: Thirty professionals from three geographic areas participated. Roughly 1 of 3 had little or no training on autism assessment. The tutorial contains a general overview, administration and scoring conventions, and item-specific content and concepts. Participants completed a pretest and then completed the STAT tutorial at their own pace, followed by a post-test and a user satisfaction questionnaire. Results: Mean scores on STAT concepts significantly improved after taking the tutorial (p<0.001). At pretest, only 1 person (3%) obtained correct scores on at least 80% of the items (a priori cutoff for a “pass”), compared with 22 (73%) at post-test (p<0.001). The majority of trainees enjoyed taking the tutorial, thought it was well organized, relevant, interesting, and useful, and felt it was easy to understand and operate. Discussion: Results support Web-based training as a promising method for promoting early identification of autism and may help overcome problems associated with the critical shortage of autism-screening professionals.
Zur Aminolyse von trans‐3‐Phenylglycidsäure‐Derivaten, 5. Mitt. Unterscheidung N‐substituierter 3‐Phenylserin‐ und 3‐Phenylisoserin‐Derivate (1979)

Abstract Aminolysen von trans‐3‐Phenylglycidsäure‐Derivaten mit primären und sekundären aliphatischen Aminen führen zu Derivaten des erythro‐3‐Phenylisoserins. Den einzig zuverlässigen chemischen Strukturbeweis sehen wir in der Hydrogenolyse der Benzyl‐N‐Gruppierung bei 3‐Phenylisoserinen bzw. der Benzyl‐O‐Gruppierung bei 3‐Phenylserinen. Das Ergebnis des unter 5) mitgeteilten Strukturbeweises ist falsch.
<title>Static lightpath design by heuristic methods in multifiber WDM networks</title> (2000)

We present a new approach to WDM multifiber network design and optimization under static traffic aimed to minimize the number of fibers in the network. The heuristic optimization comprises an initial setup of all the demanded lightpaths and an iteration during which the network is progressively improved by rerouting lightpaths and consequently eliminating fibers with a high number of unused wavelengths. In our approach static traffic is actually managed with the same techniques as dynamic traffic by suitably sorting the static connection demands and offering them in sequence to the network. The employment of the multifiber layered graph as a template to represent the network states allows to compare a very wide range of routing, fiber and wavelength assignment criteria, link metrics, wavelength-conversion environments and so on. In this paper we will show and discuss the optimization of a particular case-study network and we will analyze the influence of various design parameters on the final results.
Serum Pepsinogens in Patients with Gastric Diseases or after Gastric Surgery (1994)

As no comparative study is available on the categorized serum pepsinogen A and C concentrations, we have measured serum pepsinogens in patients with gastric diseases and after gastric surgery. Hyperpepsinogenemia A (> 120 micrograms/l) occurred frequently in patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (71%) and hypertrophic gastropathy (100%), whereas hypopepsinogenemia A (< 17 micrograms/l) was found mostly in patients with achlorhydria (87%) and after total gastrectomy (100%). Patients with the Zollinger-Ellison syndrome frequently (58%) had hyperpepsinogenemia C (> 40 micrograms/l), which was also the case in all patients with hypertrophic gastropathy who had in addition a low pepsinogen A:C ratio (< 1.6). Patients with achlorhydria, hypertrophic gastropathy, or after total gastrectomy fell into an aberrant category. From this study we conclude that measurement of serum pepsinogen A and C and calculation of their ratio yield information useful for differentiation of gastric abnormalities.
A study of tabbed browsing among mozilla firefox users (2010)

We present a study which investigated how and why users of Mozilla Firefox use multiple tabs and windows during web browsing. The detailed web browsing usage of 21 participants was logged over a period of 13 to 21 days each, and was supplemented by qualitative data from diary entries and interviews. Through an examination of several measures of their tab usage, we show that our participants had a strong preference for the use of tabs rather than multiple windows. We report the reasons they cited for using tabs, and the advantages over multiple windows. We identify several common tab usage patterns which browsers could explicitly support. Finally, we look at how tab usage affects web page revisitation. Most of our participants switched tabs more often than they used the back button, making tab switching the second most important navigation mechanism in the browser, after link clicking.
Handling flash crowds from your garage (2008)

The garage innovator creates new web applications which may rocket to popular success – or sink when the flash crowd that arrives melts the web server. In the web context, utility computing provides a path by which the innovator can, with minimal capital, prepare for overwhelming popularity. Many components required for web computing have recently become available as utilities. We analyze the design space of building a loadbalanced system in the context of garage innovation. We present six experiments that inform this analysis by highlighting limitations of each approach. We report our experience with three services we deployed in “garage” style, and with the flash crowds that each drew. 1
Collagenase Clostridium Histolyticum versus Limited Fasciectomy for Dupuytren’s Contracture (2015)

Therapeutic, III.
Optimal Beamforming Schemes and its Capacity Behavior for Downlink Distributed Antenna Systems (2013)

In this paper, we investigate the outage and ergodic capacity of downlink distributed antenna systems (DAS) where each distributed antenna unit (DAU) has multiple antennas with per-DAU power constraint. We first derive the optimal beamforming vector in a closed form by applying a matrix minor condition to relax the positive semi-definite constraint. We observe that our derived solution has a form of maximum ratio transmission per each DAU with full power. Based on the derived optimal beamforming, the outage and ergodic capacity under Rayleigh fading channels are analyzed. To this end, we show that a distribution of the received signal-to-noise ratio is characterized as a Gamma distribution by approximating a sum of non-identical independent Nakagami-m random variables as a single Nakagami-m random variable based on the moment matching method. Then, we present an accurate formula of the outage and ergodic capacity in a closed form which matches well with the simulation results. Furthermore, we derive an upper bound of an achievable average rate of DAS with limited feedback. We then propose a new feedback bit allocation algorithm to maximize the derived metric. Simulation results confirm the accuracy of the derived outage and ergodic capacity expressions and the efficiency of the proposed bit allocation method.
Long-Acting Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists (2011)

Targeting the incretin system has become an important therapeutic approach for treating type 2 diabetes. Two drug classes have been developed: glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 receptor agonists and dipeptidyl peptidase 4 (DPP-4) inhibitors. Clinical data have revealed that these therapies improve glycemic control while reducing body weight (GLP-1 receptor agonists, specifically) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in patients with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, incidence of hypoglycemia is relatively low with these treatments (except when used in combination with a sulfonylurea) because of their glucose-dependent mechanism of action. There are currently two GLP-1 receptor agonists available (exenatide and liraglutide), with several more currently being developed. This review considers the efficacy and safety of both the short- and long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists. Head-to-head clinical trial data suggest that long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists produce superior glycemic control when compared with their short-acting counterparts. Furthermore, these long-acting GLP-1 receptor agonists were generally well tolerated, with transient nausea being the most frequently reported adverse effect.

Careful consideration should be given to the selection of therapies for managing type 2 diabetes. In particular, antidiabetic agents that offer improved glycemic control without increasing cardiovascular risk factors or rates of hypoglycemia are warranted. At present, many available treatments for type 2 diabetes fail to maintain glycemic control in the longer term because of gradual disease progression as β-cell function declines. Where sulfonylureas or thiazolidinediones (common oral antidiabetic drugs) are used, the risk of hypoglycemia and weight gain can increase (1,2). The development of new therapies for the treatment of type 2 diabetes that, in addition to maintaining glycemic control, could reduce body weight and hypoglycemia risk (3,4), may help with patient management. Indeed, guidelines have been developed that support the consensus that blood pressure, weight reduction, and avoidance of hypoglycemic events should be targeted in …
Letters (1997)

PRESSURE SORE PROTOCOL TEA TREE BURN GELS.
Effect of the notochord on proliferation and differentiation in the neural tube of the chick embryo (1989)

After implantation of a notochord fragment lateral to the neural tube in a 2-day chick embryo, at 4 days the ipsilateral neural tube half was increased in size and axons left the neural tube in a broad dorsoventral area (van Straaten et al. 1985). This enlargement appears to coincide with an increased area of AChE-positive basal plate neuroblasts, as determined with scan-cytophotometry. The effect was ipsilateral and local: clear effects were seen only when the implant was localized less than 80 microns from the neural tube and over 120 microns from the ventral notochord. In order to investigate the expected enhancement of proliferation, the mitotic density and the number of cells at the site of the implant at 3 days was determined and the mitotic index calculated. All three parameters showed an increase. It was concluded that the cell cycle was shorter in the implant area relative to the control area, at least during the third day. At 4 days the number of cells was still increased, predominantly in the basal plate. It appeared that the numerical increase was for the larger part due to neuroblasts. The synergism of two notochords thus resulted in enhancement of proliferation and differentiation in the neural tube. It is suggested that the notochord merely regulates and arranges the surrounding sclerenchymal cells, which are the effective cells in the regulation of neural tube development.
Asymptotic Analysis on Secrecy Capacity in Large-Scale Wireless Networks (2013)

Since wireless channel is vulnerable to eavesdroppers, the secrecy during message delivery is a major concern in many applications such as commercial, governmental, and military networks. This paper investigates information-theoretic secrecy in large-scale networks and studies how capacity is affected by the secrecy constraint where the locations and channel state information (CSI) of eavesdroppers are both unknown. We consider two scenarios: 1) noncolluding case where eavesdroppers can only decode messages individually; and 2) colluding case where eavesdroppers can collude to decode a message. For the noncolluding case, we show that the network secrecy capacity is not affected in order-sense by the presence of eavesdroppers. For the colluding case, the per-node secrecy capacity of Θ([1/(√n)]) can be achieved when the eavesdropper density ψe(n) is O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-β</sup> ), for any constant β > 0 and decreases monotonously as the density of eavesdroppers increases. The upper bounds on network secrecy capacity are derived for both cases and shown to be achievable by our scheme when ψe(n)=O(n <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-β</sup> ) or ψe(n)=Ω(log <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">[(α-2)/(α)]</sup> n), where α is the path-loss gain. We show that there is a clear tradeoff between the security constraints and the achievable capacity. Furthermore, we also investigate the impact of secrecy constraint on the capacity of dense network, the impact of active attacks and other traffic patterns, as well as mobility models in the context.
The CRIPTO/FRL‐1/CRYPTIC (CFC) domain of human Cripto (2003)

The disulfide structure of the CRIPTO/FRL-1/CRYPTIC (CFC) domain of human Cripto protein was determined by a combination of enzymatic and chemical fragmentation, followed by chromatographic separation of the fragments, and characterization by mass spectrometry and N-terminal sequencing. These studies showed that Cys115 forms a disulfide bond with Cys133, Cys128 with Cys149, and Cys131 with Cys140. Protein database searching and molecular modeling revealed that the pattern of disulfide linkages in the CFC domain of Cripto is the same as that in PARS intercerebralis major Peptide C (PMP-C), a serine protease inhibitor, and that the EGF-CFC domains of Cripto are predicted to be structurally homologous to the EGF-VWFC domains of the C-terminal extracellular portions of Jagged 1 and Jagged 2. Biochemical studies of the interactions of ALK4 with the CFC domain of Cripto by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis indicate that the CFC domain binds to ALK4 independent of the EGF domain. A molecular model of the CFC domain of Cripto was constructed based on the nuclear magnetic resonance structure of PMP-C. This model reveals a hydrophobic patch in the domain opposite to the presumed ALK4 binding site. This hydrophobic patch may be functionally important for the formation of intra or intermolecular complexes.
Introduction: Internationalization, Firm Strategies and Management (2003)

This volume of the Academy of International Business (AIB) series is organized broadly around the theme of internationalization and is based on a selection of the best papers presented at the 29th Academy of International Business UK Chapter Conference. The book is divided into four parts or sub-themes. Part One focuses on subsidiary location and performance and begins with the study that won the Best Paper Award at the conference. Part Two deals with internationalization and firm strategy and Part Three examines practices and policies associated with the internationalization of small and medium-sized enterprises. The contributions in Part Four focus on the role of the Internet and e-commerce in international business and internationalization.
Development of FI Catalyst Systems and Their Applications to New Polyolefin-Based Materials (2003)

The olefin polymerization behavior of bis (phenoxy-imine) group 4 transition metal complexes (named FI Catalysts) is described. In association with methylalumoxane (MAO) or iBu3Al/Ph3CB (C6F5)4, FI Catalysts display unique catalytic performance and have created a variety of polyolefin-based materials. For example, FI Catalysts are capable of producing vinyl-terminated low molecular weight polyethylenes (Mv < 2000), well-defined multimodal polyethylenes, ultra-high molecular weight amorphous ethylene-propylene copolymers (Mw > 10, 000, 000), highly syndiotactic polypropylenes with extremely high peak melting temperatures (Tm > 150°C), various block copolymers from ethylene and propylene and stereo- and regio-irregular high molecular weight poly (1-hexene)s. Many of these polymers were unavailable prior to the development of FI Catalysts. Additionally, studies on new cocatalysts for FI Catalysts have resulted in the discovery of FI Catalyst/MgCl2-based compound systems, which represent the first examples of MAO- and fluoroarylborate-free highly active single-site catalyst systems based on group 4 transition metal complexes.
Occurrence of Branched-Chain Hydroxy Fatty Acids in Pseudomonas maltophilia (1973)

Three branched-chain hydroxy acids not previously reported in other bacteria were found in extracts from saponified whole cells of Pseudomonas maltophilia. On the basis of evidence from mass spectrometry, infrared spectroscopy, and gas chromatographic procedures, they were identified as 2-hydroxy-9-methyldecanoic acid, 3-hydroxy-9-methyldecanoic acid, and 3-hydroxy-11-methyldodecanoic acid. These acids appeared to be tightly bound to other cellular components since they were not extracted from lyophilized cells with a chloroform-methanol (3:1) mixture.
Interphylal Product Splicing:  The First Total Syntheses of Cephalostatin 1, the North Hemisphere of Ritterazine G, and the Highly Active Hybrid Analogue, Ritterostatin G<sub>N</sub>1<sub>N</sub><sup>1</sup> (1998)

Convergent total syntheses of the extremely potent cell growth inhibitor cephalostatin 1 and two hybrid analogues, ritterostatins GN1N and GN1S, have been achieved. Ritterostatin GN1N displays sub-nanomolar activity in the 60 cell line human tumor panel of the National Cancer Institute. The North hemisphere of ritterazine G was efficiently constructed from hecogenin acetate in 15% yield over 13 steps. Extension of a key photolysis/Prins sequence to intermediates 19 and 32 proceeded in excellent yield, leading to installation of the Δ14 moiety in the North G and South 1 steroidal subunits. Application of a method for directed unsymmetrical coupling furnished the natural and analogue pyrazines in good yield from the cephalostatin and ritterazine components.