gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microwave discharge as a remote source of neutral oxygen atoms (2011)

The late flowing afterglow of an oxygen plasma was used as a remote source of neutral oxygen atoms. Plasma was created via a microwave discharge in a narrow quartz glass tube with an inner diameter of 6 mm at powers between 50 W and 300 W. The tube was connected to a wider perpendicular tube with an inner diameter of 36 mm. The density of neutral oxygen atoms was measured in the wide tube about 70 cm from the discharge using a classical nickel catalytic probe. The oxygen atom density as a function of gas pressure had a well-defined maximum. The oxygen atom density can be as large as 11 × 1020 m-3. At the lowest power tested (50 W), the maximum was obtained at a pressure of about 30 Pa. However, at higher powers, the maximum shifted to higher pressures. As a result, at 300 W the maximum appeared at 60 Pa. The results can be explained through collision phenomena in gas phase and surfaces in both discharge and flowing afterglow regions, and strong pressure gradients along the narrow tube.
The effect of dietary fiber and other factors on insulin response: role in obesity. (1985)

Epidemiologic evidence favors the hypothesis that obesity may result from the fiber-depleted diet of industrialized societies. Since hyperinsulinemia is a universal characteristic and perhaps causal of obesity, the possibility is considered that dietary factors causing excess insulin secretion might lead to obesity. Dietary glucose causes a slightly greater insulin rise than cooked starch containing an equal amount of carbohydrate, and high fiber starchy foods cause a much lesser insulin response than does glucose in solution. Doubling the dose of carbohydrate in a meal causes only a small increase in glucose response but a large increase in insulin response. Dietary fiber could act by displacing some of the carbohydrate that would normally be absorbable in the small intestine, or could translocate the carbohydrate to a point lower in the intestinal tract where less effect on insulin secretion would be observed. Evidence is presented that a higher fiber diet is associated with a higher concentration of fasting circulating free fatty acids, a lesser post-cibal decrease in circulating free fatty acids and triglycerides and less chronic increase in fasting triglycerides than a low fiber diet. These differences are associated with a lesser insulin response to high fiber meals. The extreme fluctuations between the fed and fasted states seen with low fiber diets are thus dampened by high fiber diets. The less complete inhibition of lipolysis during the fed state, and more intense lipolysis during fasting, suggested by the above data, might tend to prevent obesity. The mechanisms of the lesser insulin response to high rather than low fiber meals are not known, but the possibility that dietary fiber decreases the GIP response is considered.
The mast cell stabiliser ketotifen decreases visceral hypersensitivity and improves intestinal symptoms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome (2010)

This study shows that ketotifen increases the threshold for discomfort in patients with IBS with visceral hypersensitivity, reduces IBS symptoms and improves health-related quality of life. Whether this effect is secondary to the mast cell stabilising properties of ketotifen or H(1) receptor antagonism remains to be further investigated. Trial Registration Number NTR39, ISRCTN22504486.
The Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Colonic Mucosal Health and Cancer Risk (2012)

Recent advances in our ability to identify and characterize the human microbiota have transformed our appreciation of the function of the colon from an organ principally involved in the reabsorption of secretory fluids to a metabolic organ on a par with the liver. High-throughput technology has been applied to the identification of specific differences in microbial DNA, allowing the identification of trillions of microbes belonging to more than 1000 different species, with a metabolic mass of approximately 1.5 kg. The close proximity of these microbes with the mucosa and gut lymphoid tissue helps explain why a balanced microbiota is likely to preserve mucosal health, whereas an unbalanced composition, as seen in dysbiosis, may increase the prevalence of diseases not only of the mucosa but also within the body due to the strong interactions with the gut immune system, the largest immune organ of the body. Such abnormalities have been pinpointed as etiological factors in a wide range of diseases, including autoimmune disorders, allergy, irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, and colon cancer. Recognition of the strong potential for food to manipulate microbiota composition has opened up new therapeutic strategies against these diseases based on dietary intervention.
Phospholipase A2 Modification of Low Density Lipoproteins Forms Small High Density Particles with Increased Affinity for Proteoglycans and Glycosaminoglycans (1999)

The presence of a lipoprotein profile with abundance of small, dense low density lipoproteins (LDL), low levels of high density lipoproteins (HDL), and elevated levels of triglyceride-rich very low density lipoproteins is associated with an increased risk for coronary heart disease. The atherogenicity of small, dense LDL is believed to be one of the main reasons for this association. This particle contains less phospholipids (PL) and unesterified cholesterol than large LDL, and the apoB-100 appears to occupy a more extensive area at its surface. Although there are experiments that suggest a metabolic pathway leading to the overproduction of small, dense LDL, no clear molecular model exists to explain its association with atherogenesis. A current hypothesis is that small, dense LDL, because of its higher affinity for proteoglycans, is entrapped in the intima extracellular matrix and is more susceptible to oxidative modifications than large LDL. Here we describe how a specific reduction of approximately 50% of the PL of a normal buoyant LDL by immobilized phospholipase A(2) (PLA(2)) (EC 3.1.1.4) produces smaller and denser particles without inducing significant lipoprotein aggregation (<5%). These smaller LDL particles display a higher tendency to form nonsoluble complexes with proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans than the parent LDL. Binding parameters of LDL and glycosaminoglycans and proteoglycans produced by human arterial smooth muscle cells were measured at near to physiological conditions. The PLA(2)-modified LDL has about 2 times higher affinity for the sulfated polysaccharides than control LDL. In addition, incubation of human plasma in the presence of PLA(2) generated smaller LDL and HDL particles compared with the control plasma incubated without PLA(2). These in vitro results indicate that the reduction of surface PL characteristic of small, dense LDL subfractions, besides contributing to its small size and density, may enhance its tendency to be retained by proteoglycans.
Effects of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Cognition on Parkinson’s Disease Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2015)

Introduction: Dementia is frequently associated with Parkinson’s disease, especially in later stages. Efficacy of cholinesterase inhibitors (ChI) in Alzheimer’s dementia is well established. However, treatment with ChI in Parkinson’s disease dementia (PDD) remains controversial. The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of ChI in PDD. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane library up to March 2014 using the descriptors “Parkinson’s disease”, “dementia in Parkinson’s disease”, “cognition”, “acetylcholinesterase inhibitors”, “cholinesterase inhibitors”, “anticholinesterase agents”, “rivastigmine”, “donepezil” and “galantamine” (Pubmed search strategy). All randomized, doubleblinded, placebo-controlled trials that met the eligibility criteria and assessed the effects of ChI in PDD were considered for analysis. There were no restrictions regarding paper language. Summary effect-sizes were presented as standardized mean differences (SMD) and the pooled analysis was performed with a fixed-effects model. Outcomes considered for analysis were the Mini Mental Status Exam (MMSE) score and the cognition scale for evaluation of dementia ADAS-Cog. The degree of heterogeneity between included studies was assessed through the I2 test. Results: After a comprehensive search, 175 references were retrieved. From these, five randomized trials involving 946PDD subjects were included in the review. Four studies used donepezil and only one study used rivastigmine. The pooled analysis of five studies that assessed the effects of ChI in MMSE total score showed a SMD of 0.24 (CI 95% 0.11 - 0.38). Three studies considered the effects of ChI on Adas-Cog and the pooled results showed a SMD of 0.21 (CI 95% 0.07 - 0.35). There was no significant heterogeneity between the studies. Conclusions: The results of this systematic review and meta- analysis suggest that ChI improves cognitive impairment in PDD subjects. Despite statistically significant, the translation of these results into relevant clinical improvement should be taken with caution, as the studies did not address what would be considered a clinically significant result.
Neutrophil activation by Helicobacter pylori. (1991)

Helicobacter pylori infection of the stomach is accompanied by a persistent polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltrate of the mucosa. The aim of this work was to study the activation of human PMNL by substances produced by H pylori. Filtered H pylori conditioned media stimulated a significant PMNL oxidative burst (p less than 0.002). This was equal to 26% of the maximal response stimulated by the PMNL chemotactic peptide N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (FMLP, 1 mumol/l). The response to FMLP was prolonged by the combined presence of complement inactivated human anti-H pylori plasma and conditioned medium (p less than 0.002). High pressure liquid chromatography of an extract of conditioned medium showed a fraction that stimulated PMNL, eluted, and antigenically cross reacted with FMLP. Washed H pylori cells, and those opsonised with complement inactivated human anti-H pylori plasma, did not induce a significant oxidative burst. Opsonized H pylori, however, prolonged the oxidative burst induced by FMLP (p less than 0.02). In conclusion, H pylori synthesizes and secretes a substance, probably FMLP, that may account for the PMNL accumulation that accompanies H pylori infections. Immune complexes composed of H pylori antigen and specific antibody potentiate the PMNL oxidative burst. This combination of H pylori derived products, and host PMNL and antibodies, may be involved in the mucosal damage observed in H pylori associated gastritis.
Microscopic studies of Mylar film and its low molecular weight extracts (1961)

Abstract Mylar polyester film has some low molecular weight material which may be extracted by various organic solvents as well as oil. This extract crystallizes in different crystal forms depending upon conditions of crystallization. Regardless of the crystal form, the Mylar extracts act alike on a hot stage, subliming without melting at 300°C. to form a sublimate which will melt sharply at 322°C. This characteristic behavior, as well as its crystallization from chloroform, forms a basis for microscopic identification of very small quantities of low molecular weight Mylar. The presence of a sublimate of low molecular weight material from raw Mylar film and the complete absence of any sublimate from extracted Mylar film makes possible rapid differentiation between raw and extracted films. This sublimate has characteristics similar to those of low molecular weight material obtained by solvent extraction. There exist in Mylar film minute areas of different refractive index which make a definite contribution to the haze level of the film. These areas are assumed to be different in crystallinity than the matrix in which they exist.
Software-Directed Techniques for Improved GPU Register File Utilization (2018)

Throughput architectures such as GPUs require substantial hardware resources to hold the state of a massive number of simultaneously executing threads. While GPU register files are already enormous, reaching capacities of 256KB per streaming multiprocessor (SM), we find that nearly half of real-world applications we examined are register-bound and would benefit from a larger register file to enable more concurrent threads. This article seeks to increase the thread occupancy and improve performance of these register-bound applications by making more efficient use of the existing register file capacity. Our first technique eagerly deallocates register resources during execution. We show that releasing register resources based on value liveness as proposed in prior states of the art leads to unreliable performance and undue design complexity. To address these deficiencies, our article presents a novel compiler-driven approach that identifies and exploits last use of a register name (instead of the value contained within) to eagerly release register resources. Furthermore, while previous works have leveraged “scalar” and “narrow” operand properties of a program for various optimizations, their impact on thread occupancy has been relatively unexplored. Our article evaluates the effectiveness of these techniques in improving thread occupancy and demonstrates that while any one approach may fail to free very many registers, together they synergistically free enough registers to launch additional parallel work. An in-depth evaluation on a large suite of applications shows that just our early register technique outperforms previous work on dynamic register allocation, and together these approaches, on average, provide 12% performance speedup (23% higher thread occupancy) on register bound applications not already saturating other GPU resources.
XLIV.—Quantitative reduction by hydriodic acid of halogenated malonyl derivatives. Part I. The amides and s.-di-alkyl- and- aryl-substituted amides of mono- and di-bromomalonic acid (1921)

IT was observed by one
Preparation and characterisation of ultrafine and uniform TiO<sub>2</sub> nanofibres (2008)

Ultrafine and uniform TiO 2 nanofibres were prepared by electrospinning. The morphology of the nanofibres was characterised by field emission scanning electron microscopy, which showed that the nanofibres were composed of ultrasmall nanoparticles. The structure was characterised by X-ray diffraction and resonant Raman spectrum. The optical properties of the nanofibres were characterised by photoluminescence spectrum and ultraviolet visible spectrum. The results showed that anatase phase of TiO 2 formed with the nanofibres annealed at 450°C for 3 h and showed good optical characteristics.
Prospects for Microtechnology and Nanotechnology in Bioengineering of Replacement Microvessels (2002)

While notable accomplishments have been identified in the field of tissue engineering of larger vessels, reports on purposeful assembly of microvascular structures with the ability to be transferred in vivo by implantation are still scarce. Under these circumstances, we suggest the development of a new class of implantable biomedical microdevices, that is, "angiogenesis assist devices" (or "angiochips"), and we indicate some of their conceivable applications.
Camera and LiDAR Fusion for On-road Vehicle Tracking with Reinforcement Learning (2019)

We formulate camera and LiDAR fusion tracking as a sequential decision-making process. With our deep reinforcement learning framework, we try to optimize the tracking trajectory to be as accurate, smooth, and long as possible. In contrast to traditional fusion algorithms involving complex feature and strategy design and hyperparameters tuned for different scenarios, our fusion agent can learn the confidence of each input by tracking the results from raw observation in a data-driven fashion. Given the input states of different sensors, our approach chooses one input with a higher expected cumulative reward as the observation of a Kalman filter to iteratively predict the target position. The expected cumulative reward is estimated with a convolutional neural network, trained with a modified DQN algorithm, which takes inputs from both LiDAR and a camera. Through case studies and quantitative result evaluation on our dataset from the 4th Ring Road in Beijing, our algorithm is validated to achieve more accurate and robust tracking performance.
Oligomeric States of Proteins Determined by Size-Exclusion Chromatography Coupled With Light Scattering, Absorbance, and Refractive Index Detectors (2006)

Size-exclusion chromatography (SEC), coupled with "on-line" static laser light scattering (LS), refractive index (RI), and ultraviolet (UV) detection, provides a universal approach for determination of the molar mass and oligomeric state in solution of native proteins as well as glycosylated proteins or membrane proteins solubilized in non-ionic detergents. Such glycosylated proteins or protein-detergent complexes show anomalous behavior on SEC, thus presenting a challenge to determination of molar mass and oligomeric state in solution. In the SEC-UV/LS/RI approach, SEC serves solely as a fractionation step, while the responses from the three detectors are utilized to calculate the molar mass for the polypeptide portion of the native or modified protein. The amount of sugar, lipid, or detergent bound to the polypeptide chain can also be estimated from the SEC-UV/LS/RI analysis.
ChemInform Abstract: UNUSUAL EFFECT OF A MIXED SOLVENT ON THE ASYMMETRIC REDUCTION OF CHIRAL α‐KETO AMIDES WITH SODIUM BOROHYDRIDE (1983)

Abstract Die α‐Ketocarbonsäurepyrrolidide (I) ergeben über die Reduktionsprodukte (II) die α‐Hydroxycarbonsäuren (III).
Expression Profiler: next generation--an online platform for analysis of microarray data (2004)

Expression Profiler (EP, http://www.ebi.ac.uk/expressionprofiler) is a web-based platform for microarray gene expression and other functional genomics-related data analysis. The new architecture, Expression Profiler: next generation (EP:NG), modularizes the original design and allows individual analysis-task-related components to be developed by different groups and yet still seamlessly to work together and share the same user interface look and feel. Data analysis components for gene expression data preprocessing, missing value imputation, filtering, clustering methods, visualization, significant gene finding, between group analysis and other statistical components are available from the EBI (European Bioinformatics Institute) web site. The web-based design of Expression Profiler supports data sharing and collaborative analysis in a secure environment. Developed tools are integrated with the microarray gene expression database ArrayExpress and form the exploratory analytical front-end to those data. EP:NG is an open-source project, encouraging broad distribution and further extensions from the scientific community.
Depth-enhanced integral imaging display system with electrically variable image planes using polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal layers (2007)

A depth-enhanced three-dimensional integral imaging system with electrically variable image planes is proposed. For implementing the variable image planes, polymer-dispersed liquid-crystal (PDLC) films and a projector are adopted as a new display system in the integral imaging. Since the transparencies of PDLC films are electrically controllable, we can make each film diffuse the projected light successively with a different depth from the lens array. As a result, the proposed method enables control of the location of image planes electrically and enhances the depth. The principle of the proposed method is described, and experimental results are also presented.
Basophils Promote Innate Lymphoid Cell Responses in Inflamed Skin (2014)

Type 2 inflammation underlies allergic diseases such as atopic dermatitis, which is characterized by the accumulation of basophils and group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in inflamed skin lesions. Although murine studies have demonstrated that cutaneous basophil and ILC2 responses are dependent on thymic stromal lymphopoietin, whether these cell populations interact to regulate the development of cutaneous type 2 inflammation is poorly defined. In this study, we identify that basophils and ILC2s significantly accumulate in inflamed human and murine skin and form clusters not observed in control skin. We demonstrate that murine basophil responses precede ILC2 responses and that basophils are the dominant IL-4-enhanced GFP-expressing cell type in inflamed skin. Furthermore, basophils and IL-4 were necessary for the optimal accumulation of ILC2s and induction of atopic dermatitis-like disease. We show that ILC2s express IL-4Rα and proliferate in an IL-4-dependent manner. Additionally, basophil-derived IL-4 was required for cutaneous ILC2 responses in vivo and directly regulated ILC2 proliferation ex vivo. Collectively, these data reveal a previously unrecognized role for basophil-derived IL-4 in promoting ILC2 responses during cutaneous inflammation.
Protecting the Interests of the Indigent Tenant: Two Approaches (1966)

THE PERSON WITH INADEQUATE MEANS, seeking a suitable family dwelling in the city, is often a hapless figure. Space can be had only on a short-term basis, and most available housing is run-down, dirty, and without adequate services.' Furthermore, if the community is progressive and in the throes of redevelopment, one never knows when the neighborhood will be slated for wholesale destruction.2 Hence, many poor families are little better than transients within the metropolis, resettling periodically in one blighted area or another. For some, public housing fills the need for shelter. It is secure from condemnation by the local planning authority and adequate in the sense that it is warm and dry and provides more creature comforts than private fare.4 It is also scarce.5 A great need exists for additional units, and many of the yearly contracts must be placed in an eligible pool until units are vacated.6 But even though the demand is high; the poor do not like
The Impact of Pharmacokinetic Interactions With Eslicarbazepine Acetate Versus Oxcarbazepine and Carbamazepine in Clinical Practice (2016)

Possible pharmacokinetic interactions have been studied for ESL as compared to OXC and CBZ. The pharmacokinetics of ESL is not affected by enzyme-inducing AEDs or VPA and does not affect the metabolism of LTG in contrast to OXC and CBZ. The study demonstrates the value of using TDM databases to explore the potential for pharmacokinetic interactions of new AEDs.
Kinetic Aspects of the Direct Electrochemical Oxidation of p-Xylene in Methanol using Graphite Electrodes (2004)

The kinetics of the electrochemical oxidation of p -xylene (A) in methanol solutions containing tetraethylammonium p-toluene sulphonate as supporting electrolyte using graphite electrodes were investigated. It was shown that p-xylene is first oxidized to the intermediate 4-methylbenzyl methyl ether (B), which is then further oxidized to the corresponding acetal, 4-methyl benzaldehyde dimethyl acetal (C). The stepwise reaction A->B->C was first tested for first order consecutive kinetics and this approach was shown to be invalid. A model based on parallel consecutive second order kinetics was then proposed in which solvent participation assists in the electrochemical oxidation of the substrate, through free radical reactions. Using the ratios of the relevant k values, instead of their absolute values, the concentrations of each reactant are expressed as ratios with respect to the initial concentration of A. These are calculated using expressions based on the fraction of A remaining at a particular time. It is shown that the calculated curves agree well with those based on the observed values, indicating that the proposed kinetic model is acceptable. Key words: p-xylene. Electrochemical oxidation, Parallel second order consecutive kinetics South African Journal of Chemistry Vol.57 2004: 53-56