gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Arginine vasopressin produces renal vasodilation via V2 receptors in conscious dogs (1993)

In conscious dogs, 36-h water deprivation induced a significant increase in renal blood flow (RBF) with elevation of the plasma arginine vasopressin (AVP) concentration to 9.6 +/- 1.8 pg/ml. To simulate such a condition, a mild elevation of plasma AVP was produced by infusing AVP intravenously at a dose of 0.1 ng.kg-1.min-1 for 20 min. The plasma AVP concentration then increased to 6.8 +/- 0.7 pg/ml. This dose of AVP increased the RBF by 21.7 +/- 2.6% and decreased the renal vascular resistance by 18.1 +/- 2.3% without significant changes in mean arterial pressure, cardiac output, or heart rate. The mechanism of this renal vasodilatory action was examined using newly developed, orally effective, selective AVP antagonists OPC-21268 (a V1-receptor antagonist) and OPC-31260 (a V2-receptor antagonist). In 36-h water-deprived dogs, V2-receptor blockade with OPC-31260 significantly decreased the RBF by 20.5 +/- 2.6% without significant changes in cardiac output. The exogenous AVP-induced renal vasodilatory response tended to be augmented when V1 receptors were blocked by pretreatment with OPC-21268, but the change did not achieve statistical significance. On the other hand, V2-receptor blockade by either pretreatment with OPC-31260 or simultaneous infusion of OPC-31260 inhibited this vasodilatory response. Furthermore, intravenous infusion of 1-desamino-8-D-arginine vasopressin (DDAVP) at a dose of 0.3 ng.kg-1 x min-1 for 20 min significantly increased the RBF by 36.5 +/- 1.7%, and this DDAVP-induced renal vasodilation was inhibited by simultaneous infusion of V2-receptor antagonist.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Smartphone Detection of <italic>Escherichia coli</italic> From Field Water Samples on Paper Microfluidics (2014)

Smartphone detection of Escherichia coli from field water samples is successfully demonstrated using paper microfluidics. A three-channel paper chip is designed and fabricated, with a negative control channel preloaded with bovine serum albumin (BSA)-conjugated beads and two E. coli detection channels preloaded with anti-E. coli-conjugated beads, for low- and high-concentration detection. Field water samples are introduced to the paper chip by dipping or pipetting, and the antigens from E. coli travel through the paper fibers by capillary action while the dust/soil or algae particles are effectively filtered. Antibody-conjugated beads, confined within the paper fibers, immunoagglutinate in the presence of E. coli antigens, while BSA-conjugated beads do not. The extent of immunoagglutination is quantified by evaluating Mie scatter intensity from the digital images taken at an optimized angle and distance using a smartphone. The assay results show excellent agreement with the MacConkey plate results, i.e., the count of viable E. coli. The scatter simulation procedure is introduced to substitute for experimental optimization, such that the proposed method can be easily adapted to the other types of samples. A smartphone application is developed, incorporating the internal gyroscope of a smartphone, to allow the user to position the smartphone at an optimized angle of scatter detection. The detection limit is single-cell-level and the total assay time is 90 s.
Proliferation and Hepatic Differentiation of Adult-Derived Progenitor Cells (2003)

Hepatic progenitor cells, capable of maturing into hepatocytes and biliary cells, are hypothesized to be involved in all forms of liver regeneration and may prove clinically useful at reconstituting damaged livers. A murine hepatic progenitor cell population from young adult liver tissue has been isolated and characterized to establish a model for the development of liver cell therapies and for analysis of immune responses after transplantation. Hepatic progenitor cells were isolated from 3- to 6-week-old C57BL/6 mice using modifications of a two-stage liver perfusion technique followed by low speed centrifugation. Cellular analysis by phase contrast, fluorescent and confocal microscopy demonstrated that the hepatic progenitors (1) formed ex vivo colonies with a morphological appearance similar to committed hepatocytic progenitors isolated from embryonic mice and rats; (2) they are smaller than mature hepatocytes; (3) in culture they demonstrated peak expression of an oval cell marker at day 14, whereas albumin expression continued to increase beyond day 21 of culture, and (4) a subset of the progenitors phenotypically differentiated into mature hepatocytes or biliary cells. The unique antigenic profile of these hepatic progenitor cells and their ability to differentiate suggests that purification of the cells should allow for their potential use in transplantation.
Microcavity LED-based parallel data link using small-diameter (125 m) plastic optical fibres (1999)

Parallel optical data links using high-efficiency microcavity LEDs (MCLEDs) and small-diameter plastic optical fibre ribbons are proposed. MCLED performance, coupling efficiencies, alignment tolerances, plastic optical fibre end-facet termination techniques and first link experiments are studied.
A Novel Isolation Power Supply for Gating Multiple Devices in FACTS Equipment (2007)

A new kind of power supply with multiple isolated outputs for gating semiconductor devices in FACTS equipments is developed. The main parts of the power supply include a DC current source, a bridge-type inverter, a series of output transformers and shunt voltage regulators. A single turn primary winding is used in output transformers. The isolation voltage among all outputs and input can be considerable high if the primary winding is made by high-voltage cable. The number and locations of the transformers can be arranged quite easily to meet the requirements of the main system. Compared with other power supply used in same purpose, the proposal one has the advantage in size, weight, cost, convenience, efficiency and reliability. With the increase of voltage level and number of devices in the FACTS equipment, the proposal power supply will be more advantageous.
A New Alternatively Spliced Exon between v9 and v10 Provides a Molecular Basis for Synthesis of Soluble CD44 (1996)

The numerous isoforms of murine CD44 contain a common peptide region that is encoded by exons 1-5, 16-18, and 20 and variant regions derived from exons 6-15, usually referred to as v1-v10. We have obtained evidence for expression of an additional exon between v9 (or exon 14) and the exon previously termed v10 (or exon 15). Thus, we now number the variant exons as follows: v1-v9 (exons 6-14), v10 (exon 15), and v11 (exon 16); the remaining 3'-exons become exons 17-21 (newly numbered exons are underlined). The new exon, now termed exon v10, contains 93 base pairs and can be internally spliced; the 5'-region is termed v10a, and the 3'-region, v10b. Stop codons are positioned in v10a such that translated protein would be truncated prior to the transmembrane domain and secreted as a soluble protein. We have also found that the previously described v9 exon (now termed v9a), which is 90 base pairs in length, is actually the 5'-region of a longer exon of 142 base pairs (the 3'-region is termed v9b) and thus arises by internal splicing of the longer exon. Using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, four different cDNAs for CD44 isoforms that use different combinations of the new exonic sequences have been found. The mRNAs containing the new exonic sequences are restricted in their expression; to date, we have demonstrated their presence in murine G8 myoblasts in culture and in embryonic muscle and cartilage tissues in vivo. Of these new isoforms, the predominant, full-length amplified product is encoded by exons 1-5, exon 13 (v8), the 5'-part of exon 14 (v9a), exon 15 (v10), exon 16 (v11), exons 17-19, and exon 21. When COS-7 cells were transfected with v10-containing cDNA constructs, the cells secreted low molecular weight soluble CD44 into their medium. Thus, the stop codons within the new exon v10 provide a molecular basis for de novo synthesis of soluble CD44 isoforms.
Effects of term segmentation on Chinese/English cross-language information retrieval (2003)

The majority of recent Cross-Language Information Retrieval (CLIR) research has focused on European languages. CLIR problems that involve East Asian languages such as Chinese introduce additional challenges, because written Chinese texts lack boundaries between terms. The paper examines three Chinese segmentation techniques in combination with two variants of dictionary-based Chinese to English query translation. The results indicate that failure to segment terms, particularly technical terms and names, can have a cascading effect that reduces retrieval effectiveness. Task-tuned segmentation algorithms and alternative term weighting strategies are suggested as productive directions for future work.
Changes in Nicotinic and Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptors in Alzheimer‐Type Dementia (1986)

Nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors were studied in autopsied brains from four histologically normal controls and five histopathologically verified cases of Alzheimer-type dementia (ATD), using ligand binding techniques. Nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors were assessed by (-)-[3H]nicotine and [3H]quinuclidinyl benzilate [( 3H]QNB), respectively. Compared with the controls, (-)-[3H]nicotine binding sites in the ATD brain regions examined were significantly reduced in the putamen and the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NbM). [3H]QNB binding was significantly reduced in the hippocampus and NbM. These findings suggest that there are significant changes of nicotinic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors in selected regions of ATD brains.
Energy, the global challenge, and materials (2008)

After some definitions to establish common ground and illustrate the issues in terms of orders of magnitude, we note that meeting the Energy challenge will require suitable materials. Luckily, we can count on the availability of natural resources for most materials. We briefly illustrate the connection between materials and energy and review the past and the present situations, to focus on the future. We wrap up by arguing that more than bare economics is required to use the fruits of science and technology towards a world order, built on sustainable energy (and materials) resources.
Reasons Why the Appellate Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court in Patent Causes Should be Restored (1899)

i.While occasionally there may be found a disappointed patent owner, or a defeated patent lawyer, or a federal judge without mechanical perception and little experience in patent practice, who has recently collided with a patent case and is ready, as the result, to denounce our whole patent system as a failure and to favor its utter abolishment, the fact remains, and is generally recognized by the most profound students of our institutions, both at home and abroad, that no one thing has contributed more to the preeminence of this country in the industrial arts and in manufactures than the encouragement given by our Constitution and laws to inventors and to investors in patent property.This stimulus undoubtedly accounts in large measure for the birth and extraordinary development, in this country, of the telegraph, the sewing machine, the cotton gin, the mowing machine, the harvester binder, the telephone, the systems of electric lighting, the electric railway, the phonograph, the typewriter, and other epoch making inventions of the nineteenth century, all of which have received the protection of patents.So pervasive, indeed, have patented inventions become that not a single thriving industry can be pointed out that is not actually founded upon, or largely sustained and protected by, patents.The subject of patents being, then, of such transcendent importance to the material prosperity of the country, it would seem that cases involving the validity of patents should go by appeal to the Supreme Court, as a matter of right, because of that importance.
Insertional Gene Activation by Lentiviral and Gammaretroviral Vectors (2008)

Gammaretroviral and lentiviral vectors are promising tools for gene therapy, but they can be oncogenic. The development of safer vectors depends on a quantitative assay for insertional mutagenesis. Here we report a rapid, inexpensive, and reproducible assay which uses a murine cell line to measure the frequency of interleukin-3 (IL-3)-independent mutants. Lentiviral and gammaretroviral vectors cause insertional mutagenesis at similar frequencies; however, they use different mechanisms. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-based vectors generate mutants by insertion only into the growth hormone receptor (Ghr) locus. The HIV enhancer/promoter is active in the absence of the HIV Tat protein in this locus, and an HIV/Ghr spliced transcript expresses GHR and cells respond to GH. Deletion of the enhancer/promoter in a self-inactivating HIV-based vector prevents this mechanism of insertional mutagenesis. In contrast, gammaretroviral vectors insert into other loci, including IL-3 and genes identified as common insertion sites in the Retroviral Tagged Cancer Gene Database (RTCGD).
Rehydration after Exercise with Common Beverages and Water (1992)

This study assessed the effectiveness of two common rehydration beverages (a caffeinated diet cola (DC) and a 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte (CE) solution) compared with water (W) for whole body rehydration, gastric emptying and blood volume (BV) restoration during a 2 h rehydration period following exercise-induced dehydration. Subjects (mean VO2max = 4.2 +/- 0.6 l.min-1.min-1; n = 19) exercised at 60-80% VO2max in the heat (32 degrees C; 40% rh) until approximately 2.5% (1.95 +/- 0.12 kg) of their body weight (BW) was lost. After exercise, the subjects sat for 2 h in a thermoneutral environment (21 degrees C; 60% rh) and drank a volume of DC, W and CE equal to the fluid lost. Fluids were consumed in two boluses averaging 1,046 +/- 198 and 912 +/- 186 ml at 0 and 45 min of the 2 h rehydration period, respectively. At the end of the rehydration period, no fluid remained in the stomach during any of the trials as indicated by epigastric impedance. However, in all the trials the subjects were somewhat hypohydrated (range 0.6-0.9 kg BW below euhydrated BW; p less than 0.05) after the 2 h rehydration period since additional water and BW were lost as a result of urine formation, respiration, sweat and metabolism. The percentage of body weight loss that was regained (used as an index of % rehydration) during DC (54 +/- 5%) was significantly lower than that of W and CE (64 +/- 5% and 69 +/- 5%, respectively; p less than 0.05; n = 10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
A cAMP response element in the beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene confers transcriptional autoregulation by cAMP. (1990)

The rate of transcription of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene is increased in response to beta-adrenergic agonist stimulation of the receptor at the cell surface. This effect is mediated by stimulation of adenylyl cyclase and elevation of intracellular cAMP levels. We have previously shown that this responsiveness to cAMP resides in the 5'-flanking region of the human beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene (Collins, S., Bouvier, M., Bolanowski, M. A., Caron, M. G., and Lefkowitz, R. J. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 86, 4853-4857). A 34-base pair sequence derived from the beta 2-adrenergic receptor promoter region (-70 to -37 base pairs), containing the sequence GTACGTCA, confers responsiveness to cAMP when present in either orientation 5' to the thymidine kinase promoter on the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter gene. Overexpression of the catalytic subunit of protein kinase A fully substituted for forskolin in inducing expression through this sequence, indicating that the cAMP induction is mediated through this kinase. Mutations within the GTACGTCA sequence completely abolished the stimulation. A 43-kDa transcription factor (cAMP response element-binding protein) confers cAMP responsiveness through binding to specific sequences. In gel mobility shift assays, purified cAMP response element-binding protein bound to the 34-base pair oligonucleotide from the beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene with an affinity similar to that for the well-characterized cAMP response element from the human glycoprotein hormone alpha-subunit gene, and failed to bind to mutated elements. Thus, positive autoregulation of the beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene appears to occur through receptor-mediated stimulation of adenylyl cyclase, with consequent activation of cAMP response element-binding protein and stimulation of beta 2-adrenergic receptor gene transcription. These results demonstrate a novel mechanism by which a receptor (beta 2-adrenergic receptor) stimulatory for adenylyl cyclase can exert positive feedback regulation on its own expression.
Bortezomib Added to Daunorubicin and Cytarabine During Induction Therapy and to Intermediate-Dose Cytarabine for Consolidation in Patients With Previously Untreated Acute Myeloid Leukemia Age 60 to 75 Years: CALGB (Alliance) Study 10502 (2012)

The addition of bortezomib to standard 3 + 7 daunorubicin and cytarabine induction chemotherapy for AML resulted in an encouraging remission rate. The maximum tested dose of bortezomib administered in combination with Int-DAC for remission consolidation was 1.3 mg/m(2) and proved tolerable. Further testing of this regimen is planned.
Sympathetic Activation and Loss of Reflex Sympathetic Control in Mild Congestive Heart Failure (1995)

These results demonstrate that in mild CHF patients the baroreceptor inhibitor influence on heart rate and MSNA is already markedly impaired. This impairment may be responsible for the early sympathetic activation that occurs in the course of CHF.
Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against a type SAT 2 foot-and-mouth disease virus (1993)

This paper is the first to describe characterization of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against a South African Territories 2 (SAT 2) foot-and-mouth disease virus (isolate Rho 1/48). Twelve MAbs which neutralized homologous virus were characterized in indirect and sandwich ELISA using purified Rho 1/48 virus particles, subunits, trypsin-treated, and chemically denatured virus. All the MAbs inhibited haemagglutination by parental virus. Binding of the MAbs to 73 SAT 2 field isolates was measured in a sandwich ELISA and defined four distinct antigenic regions. Preliminary characterization of escape mutants selected with some of the MAbs using virus neutralization tests, ELISA, and amino acid sequencing is included. MAbs 2, 25, 40, 48 and 64, reacted with a linear epitope on the VP1 loop region. An amino acid change at position 149 (valine to glutamic acid) was detected in mutants selected by MAb 2 and 40 and this eliminated binding and neutralization by all the other MAb. This epitope was conformation-dependent and was conserved in all 73 isolates of SAT 2 examined. Escape mutants isolated with MAb 41 and 44, had changes at positions 156 (glycine to aspartic acid), or 158 (serine to leucine) respectively. These MAbs bound with Rho 1/48 only out of 73 field strain viruses studies and the reactions of MAbs from the other groups was unaltered. MAb 27, 28 and 37 reacted with a conformation-dependent epitope on VP1 which was not conserved in field isolates. All mutants selected by these MAbs had a single amino acid substitution at position 149 (valine to alanine). The same change was always found in field isolates which did not bind MAbs from this group. MAb 11 reacted with a linear epitope associated with amino acids 147 or 148 on VP1 and showed similar binding characteristics to a conformation dependent MAb 7, no amino acid residue changes were found within VP1 for monoclonal antibody 7 mutants.
Hourly Scheduling of DC Transmission Lines in SCUC With Voltage Source Converters (2010)

This paper presents the modeling of high-voltage direct current (dc) transmission systems with voltage-source converters (VSCs) in security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC). The impact of VSC-DC transmission system on the economics and the security of integrated ac/dc transmission systems is discussed. The nonlinear ac/dc equations are linearized and the Newton-Raphson method is utilized to solve the linearized network in the base case and contingencies. The SCUC solution will determine the optimal hourly schedule of controllable VSC-DC transmission systems in electricity markets. Numerical examples show the efficiency of the proposed model.
Comparison of Dengue Virus and HCV: From Impact on Global Health to their RNA-dependent RNA Polymerases (2014)

Upon the discovery of HCV, dengue virus (DENV) and other flaviviruses have served as models to unravel the biology and mechanisms at play during HCV replication. HCV research has rapidly become a well-established field. Recently, several specific anti-HCV antiviral drugs have been discovered and approved for use in the clinic. Now, the strong emergence of DENV in the world and the associated increasing burden is casting light back to dengue virology and anti-dengue drug discovery. HCV polymerase (NS5B) is a prime target in antiviral therapies, and the analogous DENV polymerase (NS5) is also becoming one. Although both enzymes share common fold and function to some extent, a significant amount of unique structural and functional features have to be clearly delineated to efficiently translate drug design potential between these two essential enzymes.
Small intestinal stem cell identity is maintained with functional Paneth cells in heterotopically grafted epithelium onto the colon (2014)

To develop stem cell therapy for small intestinal (SI) diseases, it is essential to determine whether SI stem cells in culture retain their tissue regeneration capabilities. By using a heterotopic transplantation approach, we show that cultured murine SI epithelial organoids are able to reconstitute self-renewing epithelia in the colon. When stably integrated, the SI-derived grafts show many features unique only to the SI but distinct from the colonic epithelium. Our study provides evidence that cultured adult SI stem cells could be a source for cell therapy of intestinal diseases, maintaining their identity along the gastrointestinal tract through an epithelium-intrinsic mechanism.