gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A microelectrode array for chronic in vivo single-unit recording in subthalamic nucleus of freely behaving rats (2012)

Objective To introduce a bundled microelectrode array of chronic in vivo single-unit recording in subthalamie nucleus (STN) of freely behaving rats. Methods STN single cell discharge was recorded by a self-designed bundled microelectrode array.Our microelectrode array design consisted of 3 parts:(1) a 29-guage stainless steel tube was served as a guide tube to facilitate the brain penetration of microwire tips,and as a ground electrode of the brain tissues as well. (2) Five 20μm platiniridium wires were used as recording electrodes and a 50.8 μm stainless steel wire with 1 mm bare tip was employed as local potential reference; all the above resembled a guiding-hand-shaped arrangement in microwire tips,and was fixed by trny plot of carbowax moreover.(3) A male connector with end screw receptors was employed to make the array connection more stable so as to minimize the movement artifacts; six normal rats were implanted with this kind of electrode arrays,and the stability of STN single-unit recording was evaluated in the following 5 weeks. Results Twenty-seven firing units were captured during operation,of which 70.4％ (19/27) survived more than 2 d,and 9 new units were acquired within 5 weeks.No significant linear correlation of peak-to-peak amplitude was noted between each 2 different recording sections (Pearson r=-0.047,P=0.655),and whilst signal-to-noise ratio was stable with significant correlation to peak-to-peak amplitude (r=0.934,P=0.000).More than half of the initial acquired STN units retained more than 3 weeks. And there were more than 75％ r values of waveform similarities large than 0.90 of the same units across different periods. Conclusion This methodology may be appreciated for STN long-term single-unit recording with stable recording quality and favorable cell retained rate.

Key words: 
Subthalamic nucleus; Microelectrode array; Single-unit recording; Freely behaving
An update on nonmelanoma skin cancer. (2011)

Estimates from the American Cancer Society suggest that there are more than two million cases of nonmelanoma skin cancer in the United States per year. The following review highlights the topics of actinic keratoses, basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and Merkel cell carcinoma. This update on the cutting-edge clinical and dermpathologic research will assist the dermatologist in approaching, diagnosing, and managing nonmelanoma skin carcinoma. Immunologic and genetic research into nonmelanoma skin carcinoma has paved the way for novel therapeutic options for patients who were previously without any viable treatment alternatives. While still in preliminary stages, agents, such as ingenol mebutate, vismodegib, and sirolumus, may become integral drugs in the armamentarium of managing cutaneous carcinoma.
Homotopy of exact coherent structures in plane shear flows (2003)

Three-dimensional steady states and traveling wave solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations are computed in plane Couette and Poiseuille flows with both free-slip and no-slip boundary conditions. They are calculated using Newton’s method by continuation of solutions that bifurcate from a two-dimensional streaky flow then by smooth transformation (homotopy) from Couette to Poiseuille flow and from free-slip to no-slip boundary conditions. The structural and statistical connections between these solutions and turbulent flows are illustrated. Parametric studies are performed and the parameters leading to the lowest onset Reynolds numbers are determined. In all cases, the lowest onset Reynolds number corresponds to spanwise periods of about 100 wall units. In particular, the rigid-free plane Poiseuille flow traveling wave arises at Reτ=44.2 for Lx+=273.7 and Lz+=105.5, in excellent agreement with observations of the streak spacing. A simple one-dimensional map is proposed to illustrate the possible nature of the “hard” transition to shear turbulence and connections with the unstable exact coherent structures.
Transcription terminates near the poly(A) site in the CYC1 gene of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. (1989)

A 38-base-pair region required for normal CYC1 mRNA 3' end formation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae was shown to be necessary for the termination of transcription in vivo by examining the stability of CEN3 plasmids. CEN3 plasmids were stably maintained during vegetative growth, unless a GAL1 transcript impinged on the CEN3 region. Transcription from the GAL1 promoter was terminated, and plasmid stability was restored by the insertion of a fragment containing the 38-base-pair region of CYC1. In contrast, a similar fragment lacking the 38-base-pair region had no such stabilizing effect. Furthermore, CYC1 mRNA transcription terminated in a region less than 100 nucleotides downstream from the normal poly(A) site, thus establishing that CYC1 mRNA 3' end formation does not involve overly extended precursors as are observed in higher eukaryotes.
Mechanisms of acquired resistance to Pasteurella multocida infection: a review. (1977)

Pasteurella multocida is an animal parasite of considerable economic and veterinary importance. The organism produces both capsular polysaccharide and somatic (lipopolysaccharide) antigens used to serotype the organisms. Correlations exist between antigenic structure, host susceptibility and strain virulence. The host response seems to be predominantly polymorphonuclear in nature, with little evidence of a mononuclear component in the host response to infection. In the absence of specific opsonins, phagocytosis rates are very slow, the organisms multiplying freely in an essentially extracellular environment. Passive transfer studies indicate that acquired resistance is humorally modiated, presumably by promoting phagocytosis withing the peritoneal cavity. There is, however, no sign of early increased local bactericidal action within the peritoneal cavity; protection seems rather to be due to an inhibition of the rapid spread by the organisms to the bloodstream and other reticuloendothelial organs. Viable attenuated oral vaccines are effective for chicken and turkey poults, both experimentally and under field conditions. The nature of the protective immunoglobulins and their mode of action against an orally induced infection has not been widely examined as yet. Effective protection can be achieved in birds, cattle and experimental animals with a variety of killed vaccines (especially when presented in a suitable adjuvant). The lack of quantitative growth data in suitably vaccinated animals and the absence of definitive studies of the bactericidal mechanisms involved in the expression of this acquired resistance continue to limit our present understanding of defense against this important animal disease.
Autologous Graft-Versus-Host Disease of the Gastrointestinal Tract in Patients With Multiple Myeloma and Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation (2018)

Multiple myeloma (MM) is the most common indication for autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in North America. Despite occurring in up to 50% of patients undergoing allogeneic HSCT, the incidence of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after autologous HSCT is reportedly only 5-20%. Gastrointestinal involvement with graft-versus-host disease (GI GVHD) is a common and serious complication of allogeneic HSCT. GI GVHD after autologous transplant, which is referred to as autologous GVHD (auto-GVHD), has also been described. Auto-GVHD is usually less severe than allogeneic GVHD, and it can be one of the manifestations of engraftment syndrome with release of inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of auto-reactive T cells into affected tissue. Seventy-nine percent of patients respond well to corticosteroids without evidence of recurrence. However, cases of severe auto-GVHD lacking good response to corticosteroids have been reported, most notably in MM patients. Here we present two cases of autologous GI GVHD in recipients of autologous HSCT for treatment of MM. Our cases demonstrate two distinct clinical and endoscopic presentations of this uncommon entity. In the first case, the patient had more severe clinical symptoms accompanied by radiographic, endoscopic, and pathologic findings. The hospital course was complicated by cryptosporidium enteritis and acute cholecystitis in the setting of increased immunosuppression with a corticosteroid for presumed auto-GVHD. In contrast, the second case presented a patient with normal radiologic and endoscopic findings. Pathology revealing frequent apoptotic bodies led to auto-GVHD as a diagnosis. Both our patients received similar courses of chemotherapy prior to autologous HSCT (four cycles of a proteasome inhibitor, lenalidomide, and dexamethasone). Our work highlights the importance of maintaining a high level of clinical suspicion for auto-GVHD in patients presenting with GI symptoms after autologous HSCT, as it is a potentially treatable pathology that may be easily confused with other conditions. Health care providers should be aware of the potential complications of auto-GVHD after autologous HSCT and should be suspicious of auto-GVHD if GI symptoms occur, especially in patients receiving immunomodulatory therapy for MM, even in the absence of gross endoscopic findings.
Quantum interference and correlation control of frequency-bin qubits (2018)

Frequency-bin quantum information encoding offers an intriguing synergy with classical optical networks, with the ability to support many qubits in a single fiber. Yet, coherent quantum frequency operations prove extremely challenging due to the difficulties in mixing frequencies arbitrarily and with low noise. In this paper, we address such challenges and implement distinct quantum gates in parallel on two entangled frequency-bin qubits in the same optical fiber. Our basic quantum operation controls the spectral overlap between adjacent spectral bins, allowing us to observe frequency-bin Hong–Ou–Mandel interference with a visibility of 0.971±0.007. By integrating this tunability with frequency parallelization, we synthesize independent gates on entangled qubits and flip their spectral correlations, allowing us to observe strong violation of the separability bound. Our realization of closed, user-defined gates on frequency-bin qubits in parallel should find application in the development of fiber-compatible quantum information processing and quantum networks.
Diffractive–refractive behavior of kinoform lenses (1997)

The connection between the diffractive behavior and the refractive behavior of kinoform lenses is investigated. The image-forming capabilities of the diffractive element are found to be expressed as an interference pattern that is due to a set of associated refractive lenses corresponding to each zone of the kinoform. The coefficient modulating the contribution of each refracting zone is determined. The term linking the point-spread function of a refractive lens and a diffractive lens is also obtained. Spectral and spatial aspects are compared as the diffractive element approaches the refractive limit.
The Biogeochemical Cycles of Trace Metals in the Oceans (2003)

Planktonic uptake of some essential metals results in extraordinarily low concentrations in surface seawater. To sequester or take up these micronutrients, various microorganisms apparently release strong complexing agents and catalyze redox reactions that modify the bioavailability of trace metals and promote their rapid cycling in the upper water column. In turn, the low availability of some metals controls the rate of photosynthesis in parts of the oceans and the transformation and uptake of major nutrients such as nitrogen. The extremely low concentrations of several essential metals are both the cause and the result of ultraefficient uptake systems in the plankton and of widespread replacement of metals by one another for various biochemical functions.
Preparation of PBI/H3PO4-PTFE Composite Membranes for High Temperature Fuel Cells (2010)

The poly(benzimidazole) (PBI)/ poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) composite membrane was prepared by impregnating a porous PTFE thin film in a PBI solution N,N’-dimethyl acetamide (DMAc) solution mixed with LiCl. LiCl was used as a stabilizer to avoid aggregations of PBI molecules in the DMAc solutions. In this paper, we report a 2 mg/ml PBI/ DMAc/ LiCl solution with a [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio of ~8.0 (i.e. the LiCl/PBI is ~ 1.1 in wt ratio, where [BI] is the concentration of benzimidazole repeat unit in the solution) has a lowest PBI polymer aggregations and thus a lowest solutions viscosity. The PBI membrane and PBI/PTFE composite membrane prepared from the PBI/DMAc/LiCl solution with a [LiCl]/[BI] molar ratio of ~8.0 were used to dop H 3 PO 4 and prepare membrane electrode assemblies (MEA). The unit cell performances of these MEAs were carried out at 150oC. Owing to the high mechanical strength of porous PTFE, the thickness of PBI/H 3 PO 4 -PTFE composite membrane is allowed to be lower than that of a PBI/H 3 PO 4 membrane. The lower thickness of PBI/H 3 PO 4 -PTFE membrane than that of PBI/H 3 PO 4 membrane results in a lower resistance of PBI/H 3 PO 4 -PTFE than PBI/H 3 PO 4 . Thus the MEA prepared from PBI/H 3 PO 4 -PTFE has a better fuel cell performance than that prepared from PBI.
Human Dendritic Cell Response Signatures Distinguish 1918, Pandemic, and Seasonal H1N1 Influenza Viruses (2015)

Continuously evolving influenza viruses present a global threat to human health; however, these host responses display strain-dependent differences that are incompletely understood. Thus, we conducted a detailed comparative study assessing the immune responses of human DC to infection with two pandemic and two seasonal H1N1 influenza strains. We identified in the immune response to viral infection both common and strain-specific features. Among the stain-specific elements were a time shift of the interferon-stimulated gene response, selective induction of NF-κB signaling by one of the seasonal strains, and massive RNA degradation as early as 4 h postinfection by the seasonal, but not the pandemic, viruses. These findings illuminate new aspects of the distinct differences in the immune responses to pandemic and seasonal influenza viruses.
Monte Carlo Simulation of Equilibrium Reactions at Vapor−Liquid Interfaces (2005)

Chemical reactions are known to behave differently, depending upon their local environment. While the interactions with neighboring molecules may alter both the kinetics of chemical reactions and the overall equilibrium conversion, we have performed simulations of the latter. The particular environment that we address is the vapor-liquid interface, since only a few, limited studies have explored the influence of an interface on equilibrium reaction behavior. Simple dimerization reactions are modeled, as well as more complex multicomponent reactions, using the reactive Monte Carlo (RxMC) simulation technique. We find that the conversion of a reaction can be markedly different at an interface as compared to the bulk vapor and liquid phases, and these trends are analyzed with respect to specific intermolecular interactions. In conjunction, we calculate the surface tension of the reacting fluids at the interface, which is found to have unusual scaling behavior, with respect to the system temperature.
Viral co-factors in liver cancer: lessons from hepatitis B virus. (1995)

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a co-factor in some hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC). Chronic infection with HBV is a risk factor for tumor development, suggesting the accumulation of cellular genetic changes. HBV DNA is frequently found integrated at random sites in HCC, with chromosomal deletions and rearrangements being common at the sites of viral integration. Tumor suppressor gene p53 is frequently altered in HCC. Environmental carcinogens are factors in HCC development in certain geographic locations. HBV encodes a protein (X) known to transactivate viral and cellular genes; the X gene is often retained in HCC. To learn more about X gene function. We employed the yeast two-hybrid genetic system to seek X-interactive proteins. A cellular protein, designated XAP-1, was recovered that interacts specifically with the X protein. XAP-1 is the human homologue of the monkey UV-damaged DNA-binding protein (UV-DDB); the UV-DDB protein functions in DNA repair and is defective in some xeroderma pigmentosum group E patients. The interaction between XAP-1 and HBV X protein was confirmed by several independent methods. This suggests that cellular DNA repair processes may be affected by HBV and that the resulting genetic instability may contribute to hepatocellular carcinogenesis. A unifying model of the molecular basis of HBV involvement in HCC development is presented. Fundamental components of the model are chronic infection by HBV and viral effects on cellular DNA repair. This model has implications for the possible role of HCV infection in the induction of HCV-associated HCC.
Increased Efficiency in Cross-Metathesis Reactions of Sterically Hindered Olefins (2008)

Efficiency in olefin cross-metathesis reactions is affected upon reducing the steric bulk of N-heterocyclic carbene ligands of ruthenium-based catalysts. For the formation of disubstituted olefins containing one or more allylic substituents, the catalyst bearing N-tolyl groups is more efficient than the corresponding N-mesityl catalyst. In contrast, the formation of trisubstituted olefins is more efficient using the N-mesityl-containing catalyst. A hypothesis to explain this dichotomy is described.
Vehicle concepts and technology requirements for buoyant heavy-lift systems (1981)

Several buoyant-vehicle (airship) concepts proposed for short hauls of heavy payloads are described. Numerous studies identified operating cost and payload capacity advantages relative to existing or proposed heavy-lift helicopters for such vehicles. Applications involving payloads of from 15 tons up to 800 tons were identified. The buoyant quad-rotor concept is discussed in detail, including the history of its development, current estimates of performance and economics, currently perceived technology requirements, and recent research and technology development. It is concluded that the buoyant quad-rotor, and possibly other buoyant vehicle concepts, has the potential of satisfying the market for very heavy vertical lift but that additional research and technology development are necessary. Because of uncertainties in analytical prediction methods and small-scale experimental measurements, there is a strong need for large or full-scale experiments in ground test facilities and, ultimately, with a flight research vehicle.
Actin-depolymerizing Factor and Cofilin-1 Play Overlapping Roles in Promoting Rapid F-Actin Depolymerization in Mammalian Nonmuscle Cells (2004)

Actin-depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilins are small actin-binding proteins found in all eukaryotes. In vitro, ADF/cofilins promote actin dynamics by depolymerizing and severing actin filaments. However, whether ADF/cofilins contribute to actin dynamics in cells by disassembling "old" actin filaments or by promoting actin filament assembly through their severing activity is a matter of controversy. Analysis of mammalian ADF/cofilins is further complicated by the presence of multiple isoforms, which may contribute to actin dynamics by different mechanisms. We show that two isoforms, ADF and cofilin-1, are expressed in mouse NIH 3T3, B16F1, and Neuro 2A cells. Depleting cofilin-1 and/or ADF by siRNA leads to an accumulation of F-actin and to an increase in cell size. Cofilin-1 and ADF seem to play overlapping roles in cells, because the knockdown phenotype of either protein could be rescued by overexpression of the other one. Cofilin-1 and ADF knockdown cells also had defects in cell motility and cytokinesis, and these defects were most pronounced when both ADF and cofilin-1 were depleted. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis and studies with an actin monomer-sequestering drug, latrunculin-A, demonstrated that these phenotypes arose from diminished actin filament depolymerization rates. These data suggest that mammalian ADF and cofilin-1 promote cytoskeletal dynamics by depolymerizing actin filaments and that this activity is critical for several processes such as cytokinesis and cell motility.
Synthetic absorable sutures. (1977)

Based on the many reports published in the past several years, the synthetic absorbable sutures have been recognized as an important step forward in the history of suture materials. Synthetic absorbable sutures have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration for almost all surgical uses with the exception of certain cardiovascular and neurologic surgical procedures in which nonabsorbable sutures are mandatory, as, for example, in the suturing of a prosthesis to tissue. They have been used in many thousands of surgical operations of many types and show prospects of replacing other absorbable suture materials traditionally used in surgical operations. Moreover, because of their retained strength and low tissue reactivity, the synthetic absorbable materials are being used in some procedures in place of nonabsorbable materials. Thus, instead of using several different suture materials during some operations, the surgeon may find himself using one synthetic absorbable suture in different sizes for an entire procedure.
The accelerator store (2012)

This paper presents the many-accelerator architecture, a design approach combining the scalability of homogeneous multi-core architectures and system-on-chip's high performance and power-efficient hardware accelerators. In preparation for systems containing tens or hundreds of accelerators, we characterize a diverse pool of accelerators and find each contains significant amounts of SRAM memory (up to 90% of their area). We take advantage of this discovery and introduce the accelerator store, a scalable architectural component to minimize accelerator area by sharing its memories between accelerators. We evaluate the accelerator store for two applications and find significant system area reductions (30%) in exchange for small overheads (2% performance, 0%--8% energy). The paper also identifies new research directions enabled by the accelerator store and the many-accelerator architecture.
DNA transfer of focus- and tumor-forming ability into nontumorigenic CHEF cells. (1982)

CHEF/18 fibroblastic cells derived from a Chinese hamster embryo are diploid and nontumorigenic and require multiple steps of chemical treatment and selection to produce tumorigenic derivatives. In this report, CHEF/18 cells and a mutant capable of growing in medium with a low concentration of serum, LS1-1, were recipients in DNA transfer experiments using the calcium phosphate coprecipitation method. Focus formation with donor DNAs from tumor-derived CHEF cells and from human bladder carcinoma cell line EJ gave yields of 0.02-0.59 focus per microgram of DNA per 10(6) recipients. In one experiment in which CHEF/18 cells were transfected with EJ DNA, the presence of human DNA was detected in five of seven foci by using a cloned Alu sequence. Cells from one of these foci gave rise to tumors in nude mice, and the DNA produced secondary CHEF/18 transfectants. Because normal human cells as well as CHEF/18 cells require multiple stages to become tumorigenic, these findings suggest that EJ cells contain tumor-inducing DNA as the result of prior changes that occurred during the development of this carcinoma.
Design and implementation of PL/I preprocessor-based systems (1972)

This paper describes and illustrates the type of simple application-oriented "language" that is easily implemented as a set of PL/I %procedure calls. A tool kit of % procedures designed to simplify the task is described. Finally, a general approach to the design and implementation of this type of system is discussed.