gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Depletion of Liver Adenosine Phosphates and Metabolic Effects of Intravenous Infusion of Fructose or Sorbitol in Man and in the Rat*<sup>,</sup>** (1973)

Summary. 1. The effect of parenteral administration of fructose and sorbitol on hepatic adenosine phosphates (AP) and intermediates of carbohydrate metabolism was examined in man and rat.—2. Intravenous injection of fructose rapidly decreases ATP, total adenosine phosphates (AP), and inorganic phosphate in the liver of fed male and female rats. The depletion in hepatic ATP and total AP is also observed in the regenerating rat liver following partial hepatectomy. Equimolar administration of sorbitol has the same effect on liver AP has that observed following fructose, while glucose administration produces no significant changes.—3. In man i.v. infusion of 0.6–0.8 g/kg body weight of fructose or sorbitol reduces hepatic ATP to about 50 %, and total AP to about 65 % of initial values. Glucose has no effect. Blood AP content is not affected by intravenous infusion of 500 ml of 10 % fructose in man.—‐4. Fructose distinctly increases the content of various hexose phosphates and triose phosphates in the liver of man. Fructose‐1‐phosphate accumulates 4‐to 5‐fold and α‐glycerophosphate 3‐fold during infusion of 0.6–0.8 g/kg body weight of fructose within 30 minutes.—5. RNA‐synthesis in the regenerating rat liver following partial hepatectomy as neasured by incorporation of 6‐ 14 C‐orotic acid is distinctly inhibited by i. v. injection of 1.6 g of fructose kg. The incorporation rate of 1‐ 14 C‐D, L‐leucine into rat liver protein drops to 35 % of initial levels within 10 minutes after the same amount of fructose, whereas glucose has no inhibitory effect.—6. Both ATP and Pi are important inhibitors of AMP degradation. Thus the drop in total AP content can be explained by the increased breakdown of the latter. This assumption is supported by the observation that injection of fructose plus equimolar amounts of Pi reduces the decrease in total AP, but not in ATP content. The concentration of the final product of AMP degradation, uric acid, increases distinctly following i. v. fructose administration in man.—7. These results indicate that in clinical medicine infusion of large doses of fructose or sorbitol have more disadvantages than advantages compared to glucose.
An Introduction to UML Profiles (2004)

GRADE is also published in Spanish (full issue printed, some articles online) by NOVATICA, and in Italian (abstracts and some articles online) by the Italian CEPIS society ALSI and the Italian IT portal Tecnoteca .UP GRADE was created in October 2000 by CEPIS and was first published by NOVATICA and INFORMATIK/INFORMATIQUE, bimonthly journal of SVI/FSI (Swiss Federation of Professional Informatics Societies, ).
Pharmacology of tetrandrine and its therapeutic use in digestive diseases (2001)

Tetrandrine (Tet) is a dibenzylisoquinoline alkaloid isolated from Stephania tetrandra S. Moore, a Chinese herbal medicine. In the past decade, lots of studies demonstrated that Tet has multiple bioactivities. It is promising to use Tet as an antifibrogenetic in liver or lung fibrosis with or without portal or pulmonary hypertension, as well as an immunomodulating and anticarcinoma drug.
Virtual Firewall Performance as a Waypoint on a Software Defined Overlay Network (2014)

Cloud computing environments face many unique security challenges. Location-based firewalls with static policies require long provisioning times relative to other cloud data center components, and are not well suited to dynamic, virtualized workloads. In this paper, we discuss the use of virtual firewalls facilitated by software defined network overlays with forwarding graphs. Experimental results and performance measurements will be presented using a variety of workloads running over a virtual firewall deployment with an industry standard virtual overlay network.
Mobility-Aware Performance Evaluation of Heterogeneous Wireless Networks With Traffic Offloading (2015)

Traffic offloading among coexisting heterogeneous radio access technologies (RATs), i.e., inter-RAT offloading, is considered to be an effective strategy for enhancing the capacity of wireless networks and reducing the power consumption of both base stations (BSs) and mobile stations (MSs). To fully utilize inter-RAT offloading advantages, a mobility-aware evaluation is needed, which takes into account the combined effects of mobility and MS and BS spatial distributions on the performance gains. This paper proposes a novel analytical model that accurately describes MS mobility dynamics in heterogeneous wireless networks, while conveying detailed information on its location. In addition, this paper derives an analytical expression for calculating the packet loss probability for orthogonal-frequency-division-multiple-access (OFDMA)-based networks. Taking users' mobility and spatial distribution into account, this paper develops a Markovian-based framework for evaluating inter-RAT offloading performance. The accuracy of the proposed mobility model and the efficacy of the proposed performance evaluation framework are validated. Results show that MS mobility and vertical handover (VHO) cost significantly affect inter-RAT offloading performance, and ignoring their effects could lead to an inaccurate evaluation. When the effects of MS mobility and VHO cost on the performance are ignored, utilizing inter-RAT offloading decreases the packet loss probability by 9% and saves energy by 6%. However, accounting for these effects results in a 32% increase in the packet loss probability evaluation and a 64% increase in the energy consumption evaluation.
Identifying a critical threat to privacy through automatic image classification (2011)

Image classification, in general, is considered a hard problem, though it is necessary for many useful applications such as automatic target recognition. Indeed, no general methods exist that can work in varying scenarios and still achieve good performance across the board. In this paper, we actually identify a very interesting problem, where image classification is dangerously easy. We look at the problem of image classification, in the specific context of accurately classifying images containing highly sensitive data such as drivers licenses, credit cards and passports. Our key contribution is to build a Hierarchical Temporal Memory (HTM) network that is able to classify many sensitive images with over 90% accuracy, and use this to develop a system to automatically derive and transcribe sensitive information from image data. Our system classifies images into two groups -- sensitive and non-sensitive. The group of sensitive images can then be further analyzed. This is a real world security issue that could easily lead to privacy problems such as identity theft, since scans of passports and drivers licenses are routinely emailed or kept in digital form, and many local documents are left unencrypted. Essentially, an attacker can use data mining and machine learning techniques very effectively to breach individual privacy. Thus, our main contribution is to demonstrate the efficacy of image classification for deriving sensitive information, which could also serve as a guide for other interesting applications such as document detection and analysis. Thus, it also serves as a warning against leaving data unencrypted and again proves that security through obscurity is simply not enough.
The magnitude of the global problem of diarrhoeal disease: a ten-year update. (1992)

In order to update global estimates of diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality in developing countries, we carried out a review of articles published from 1980 to the present and calculated median estimates for the incidence of diarrhoea and diarrhoeal mortality among under-5-year-olds. The incidence of diarrhoea obtained (2.6 episodes per child per year) was virtually the same as that estimated by Snyder & Merson in 1982, while the global mortality estimate was lower (3.3 million deaths per year; range, 1.5-5.1 million). The mortality estimate is based on a small number of active surveillance and prospective studies, and thus associated with a large degree of uncertainty, reflecting the weakness of the global database. However, many surveys reporting reductions in mortality in several locations are consistent with a decreased estimate for mortality. More accurate execution of WHO survey methods, including population-based sampling in representative locations, and repeat surveys every 5 years, are needed to monitor the progress of diarrhoeal disease control programmes and trends in diarrhoeal morbidity and mortality over time.
Sulfonylureas enhance exocytosis from pancreatic beta-cells by a mechanism that does not involve direct activation of protein kinase C. (1998)

Hypoglycemic sulfonylureas stimulate insulin release by binding to a regulatory subunit of plasma membrane ATP-sensitive K+ (K(ATP)) channels. The consequent closure of K(ATP) channels leads to depolarization, opening of voltage-dependent Ca2+ channels, Ca2+ influx, and a rise in intracellular [Ca2+]. Recently, however, it has been suggested that sulfonylureas may have an additional action on secretion, independent of changes in intracellular [Ca2+] but dependent on the activity of protein kinase C (PKC). We have investigated the mechanisms involved in the PKC-dependent effect of sulfonylureas on the secretion machinery in beta-cells. In MIN6 beta-cells permeabilized by streptolysin O, insulin release was stimulated by elevation of [Ca2+] from 10(-8) to 10(-5) mol/l. At a [Ca2+] of 10(-8) mol/l, insulin release from permeabilized beta-cells was stimulated by addition of GTP-gamma-S, or by addition of a phorbol ester, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). TPA, but not GTP-gamma-S, also increased insulin release when [Ca2+] was 10(-5) mol/l. Insulin release from permeabilized beta-cells was stimulated by tolbutamide (0.1-1 mmol/l) at 10(-8) but not at 10(-5) mol/l Ca2+. The effect of tolbutamide was blocked either by inhibition of PKC or when phorbol ester-sensitive PKC isoforms were maximally stimulated by TPA. Meglitinide and glibenclamide also stimulated insulin release from permeabilized beta-cells. To assess the possibility that direct activation of PKC mediates the exocytotic response to sulfonylureas, we studied the effect of tolbutamide and glibenclamide on PKC activity. Purified brain PKC was not activated by tolbutamide or glibenclamide, whether tested in the absence or presence of phosphatidylserine or TPA, or at low or high [Ca2+]; nor was the total PKC activity in extracts of MIN6 beta-cells affected by tolbutamide. Neither tolbutamide nor glibenclamide elicited translocation of any isoform of PKC in intact or permeabilized beta-cells under conditions in which TPA evoked a marked redistribution of PKC alpha- and epsilon-isoforms. We conclude that although the plasma membrane K(ATP) channel-independent stimulation of exocytosis by sulfonylureas may require functional PKC, the mechanism does not involve a direct activation of the enzyme.
Panoramic virtual stereo vision of cooperative mobile robots for localizing 3D moving objects (2002)

Flexible, reconfigurable vision systems can provide an extremely rich sensing modality for sophisticated multiple robot platforms. We propose a cooperative and adaptive approach of panoramic vision to the problem of finding and protecting humans by a robot team in an emergency circumstance (e.g., a rescue in an office building). A panoramic virtual stereo vision method is proposed for this cooperative approach, which features omni-directional visual sensors, cooperative mobile platforms, selected 3D matching, and real-time moving object (people) detection and tracking. The problems of dynamic self-calibration and robust 3D estimation of moving objects are discussed. A careful error analysis of the panoramic stereo triangulation is presented in order to derive rules for optimal view planning. Experimental results are given for detecting and localizing multiple moving objects using two cooperative robot platforms.
Sequence-based identification of microbial pathogens: a reconsideration of Koch's postulates (1996)

Over 100 years ago, Robert Koch introduced his ideas about how to prove a causal relationship between a microorganism and a disease. Koch's postulates created a scientific standard for causal evidence that established the credibility of microbes as pathogens and led to the development of modern microbiology. In more recent times, Koch's postulates have evolved to accommodate a broader understanding of the host-parasite relationship as well as experimental advances. Techniques such as in situ hybridization, PCR, and representational difference analysis reveal previously uncharacterized, fastidious or uncultivated, microbial pathogens that resist the application of Koch's original postulates, but they also provide new approaches for proving disease causation. In particular, the increasing reliance on sequence-based methods for microbial identification requires a reassessment of the original postulates and the rationale that guided Koch and later revisionists. Recent investigations of Whipple's disease, human ehrlichiosis, hepatitis C, hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, and Kaposi's sarcoma illustrate some of these issues. A set of molecular guidelines for establishing disease causation with sequence-based technology is proposed, and the importance of the scientific concordance of evidence in supporting causal associations is emphasized.
A High-Speed, Scalable, and Programmable Traffic Manager Architecture for Flow-Based Networking (2018)

In this paper, we present a programmable and scalable traffic manager (TM) architecture, targeting requirements of high-speed networking devices, especially in the software-defined networking context. This TM is intended to ease the deployability of new architectures through field-programmable gate array (FPGA) platforms and to make the data plane programmable and scalable. Flow-based networking allows treating traffic in terms of flows rather than as a simple aggregation of individual packets, which simplifies scheduling and bandwidth allocation for each flow. Programmability brings agility, flexibility, and rapid adaptation to changes, allowing to meet network requirements in real-time. Traffic management with fast queuing and reduced latency plays an important role to support the upcoming 5G cellular communication technology. The proposed TM architecture is coded in C++ and is synthesized with the Vivado High-Level Synthesis tool. This TM is capable of supporting links operating beyond 40 Gb/s, on the ZC706 board and XCVU440-FLGB2377–3-E FPGA device from Xilinx, while achieving 80 Gb/s and 100 Gb/s throughput, respectively. The resulting placed and routed design was tested on the ZC706 board with its embedded ARM processor controlling table updates.
Concentration of enteroviruses from estuarine water (1977)

Pleated cartridge filters readily adsorb viruses in estuarine water at low pH containing aluminum chloride. Adsorbed viruses are efficiently recovered by treating filters with glycine buffer at high pH. By using these procedures, it was possible to recover approximately 70% of the poliovirus added to 400 liters of estuarine water in 3 liters of filter eluate. Reconcentration of virus in the filter eluate in small volumes that are convenient for viral assays was more difficult. Reconcentration methods described previously for eluates from filters that process tap water or treated wastewater were inadequate when applied to eluates from filters used to process estuarine water containing large amounts of organic compounds. Two methods were found to permit efficient concentration of virus in filter eluates in small volumes. In both methods, virus in 3 liters of filter eluate was adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide flocs and then recovered in approximately 150 ml of buffered fetal calf serum. Additional reductions in volume were achieved by ultrafiltration or hydroextraction. By using these procedures 60 to 80% of the virus in 3 liters of filter eluate could be recovered in a final volume of 10 to 40 ml.
Congestion avoidance in ATM networks (1992)

The authors propose a new policy to prevent congestion phenomena in asynchronous transfer mode (ATM) networks. In particular, using a synthesis approach, they define and calculate the bandwidth which is assigned to every acceptable source from the ATM network. This bandwidth, which varies between the peak and the average bandwidth demands of the particular source, is called effective or virtual, and is mainly characterized from the burstiness of the source. In constant bit rate sources the effective bandwidth is equal to the peak rate. Based on the concept of effective bandwidth, a connection acceptance algorithm that leads to a very high utilization of network resources is formulated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Carbonylation of methanol in supercritical CO2 catalysed by a supported rhodium complex (1999)

A rhodium complex supported on polyvinylpyrrolidone catalyses the carbonylation of methanol to methyl ethanoate and ethanoic acid in supercritical CO2 at rates up to ca. 50% those in liquid solution but with minimal catalyst leaching.
Clinical Features of 69 Cases With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China (2020)

COVID-19 appears to show frequent fever, dry cough, and increase of inflammatory cytokines, and induced a mortality rate of 7.5%. Older patients or those with underlying comorbidities are at higher risk of death.
Sequential Update of Bayesian Network Structure (2013)

There is an obvious need for improving the performance and accuracy of a Bayesian network as new data is observed. Because of errors in model construction and changes in the dynamics of the domains, we cannot afford to ignore the information in new data. While sequential update of parameters for a fixed structure can be accomplished using standard techniques, sequential update of network structure is still an open problem. In this paper, we investigate sequential update of Bayesian networks were both parameters and structure are expected to change. We introduce a new approach that allows for the flexible manipulation of the tradeoff between the quality of the learned networks and the amount of information that is maintained about past observations. We formally describe our approach including the necessary modifications to the scoring functions for learning Bayesian networks, evaluate its effectiveness through an empirical study, and extend it to the case of missing data.
Development of an epitope‐specific analytical tool for the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 using a high‐density multiple‐antigenic peptide strategy (2004)

Using the major peanut allergen Ara h 2 as an example, an analytical tool enabling the determination of immunoglobulin E (IgE)-epitopes in processed food allergens was developed. We synthesized a multiple-antigenic peptide (MAP) of the IgE-reactive linear epitope 3 (amino acid positions 27-36) of Ara h 2 and raised a monospecific antiserum against this epitope to obtain a positive control for future epitope resolved diagnostics. First, a MAP of epitope 3, having a molecular mass of 7770 Da, was synthesized, purified, and its structure confirmed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (electrospray ionization) (LC-MS(ESI)), matrix assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF), and Edman sequencing. The MAP was then used to raise high titer antibodies in rabbits using the adjuvant Titermax and to characterize the specificity of IgE from allergenic patients sensitized to Ara h 2. The antiserum exclusively detects Ara h 2 in crude peanut extract with a titer of 10(7) by Western blot and reacts specifically with epitope 3 shown by epitope mapping for a library of solid-phase-bound synthetic 15-mer peptides covering the entire sequence of Ara h 2. Such IgE-reactive epitopes are of high analytical relevance as they could constitute the basis for epitope-specific detection systems for use in quality control in the food industry or for forensic purposes in cases of fatal reactions to otherwise undetected peanut proteins.
Force Spectroscopy on Dendronized Poly(<i>p</i>-phenylene)s:  Revealing the Chain Elasticity and the Interfacial Interaction (2005)

Single-chain manipulation of two second-generation dendronized polymers, hydrophobic and amphiphilic poly(p-phenylene), was performed by using single-molecule force spectroscopy on the basis of atomic force microscopy. In tetrahydrofuran (THF) buffer, the individual amphiphilic dendronized polymer chain exhibits larger elasticity than the corresponding hydrophobic dendronized polymer chain does. The larger elasticity of the single amphiphilic polymer chain is probably from the collapse of oligoethyleneoxy chains in THF, which is a poor solvent for them. While using CH2Cl2 as a buffer, all the side groups can be expanded; the elasticity of the amphiphilic polymer chain is therefore smaller than that in THF. The individual hydrophobic polymer exhibits the same elasticity in THF and CH2Cl2 because of the similar polymer chain conformation in the two buffers. Moreover, the adhesion−force measurements in a poor solvent at the interface reveal that the poor solubility of the polymer side groups as well as the hydrophobic interaction between the surface and the polymer side groups enhances the adhesion force.
Induction of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTL in rhesus macaques by vaccination with modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing SIV transgenes: influence of pre-existing anti-vector immunity (2001)

A major aim in AIDS vaccine development is the definition of strategies to stimulate strong and durable cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) responses. Here we report that simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-specific CTL developed in 4/4 macaques following a single intramuscular injection of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) constructs expressing both structural and regulatory/accessory genes of SIV. In two animals Nef-specific responses persisted, but other responses diminished and new responses were not revealed, following further vaccination. Vaccination of another two macaques, expressing Mamu A*01 MHC class I, with MVA constructs containing nef and gag-pol under the control of the moderate strength natural vaccinia virus early/late promoter P7.5, again induced an early Nef-specific response, whereas responses to Gag remained undetectable. Anti-vector immunity induced by this immunization was shown to prevent the efficient stimulation of CTL directed to the cognate Gag epitope, p11C C-M, following vaccination with another MVA construct expressing SIV Gag-Pol under a strong synthetic vaccinia virus-specific promoter. In contrast, vaccination of a previously unexposed animal resulted in a SIV-specific CTL response widely disseminated in lymphoid tissues including lymph nodes associated with the rectal and genital routes of SIV entry. Thus, despite the highly attenuated nature of MVA, repeated immunization may elicit sufficient anti-vector immunity to limit the effectiveness of later vaccination.
Ultraviolet generation at 266 nm in a novel organic nonlinear optical crystal: <scp>l</scp>-pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid (1994)

A novel organic nonlinear optical crystal, l-pyrrolidone-2-carboxylic acid (l-PCA), has been found to be phase matchable for second-harmonic generation (SHG) and sum-frequency mixing down to the UV range at room temperature. Tunable radiation down to 266 nm was obtained. The nonlinear coefficient d14 of l-PCA for the fundamental wavelength of 532 nm was determined to be 0.32 pm/V. The angular acceptance (the full width at half-maximum) of the type II phase-matched SHG has also been measured to be 3.03 mrad cm which agreed with the calculated value. This value is much larger than that of the type I phase-matched SHG in β-BBO.