gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Direct Force Measurements and Kinking under Elastic Deformation of Individual Multiwalled Boron Nitride Nanotubes (2007)

Individual multiwalled boron nitride nanotubes of different diameters (40−100 nm) were bent inside a 300 kV high-resolution transmission electron microscope (TEM) using a new fully integrated TEM−atomic force microscope (AFM) piezodriven holder under continuous recording of force−piezodisplacement curves. The tubes were gently compressed in situ (i.e., inside the electron microscope) between a piezomovable aluminum wire and a silicon cantilever. Typically, bending stress values ranging from ∼100 to ∼260 MPa, and corresponding to elastic moduli of 0.5−0.6 TPa, were estimated. Tube gross failures were absent up to very large bending angles (in excess of 115°). Extending the bending angles beyond 30−40° resulted in the elastic deformation of BN nanotubes, which proceeded through the propagation of consecutive momentary kinks. These had the effect of accumulating a bending curvature rather then uniformly curl the tube under the compression load. These kinks were found to be entirely reversible on reloading with no (or marginal) traces of residual plastic deformation.
CEO Tenure, Independent Directors and Corporate Innovation (2013)

The separation of ownership and managerial control in public corporations increases the organizational implications of the CEO-Board relationship. Boards of Directors and CEOs play an integral role in shaping firm strategies; therefore, this study examines the effect of CEO tenure and the moderating influence of independent directors on corporate innovation. Using a data set of electronics firms listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange Corporations, this study finds an inverted-U relationship between CEO tenure and corporate innovation (i.e., R&D intensity and patents), supporting the view that CEOs experience life cycles. Additionally, independent director ratio exerts a positive moderating influence on the relationship between CEO tenure and corporate innovation, supporting the view that independent directors influence managerial choices by monitoring effectively and providing important resources. The findings provide one important managerial implication that firms competing on innovation may consider giving considerable weight to the nomination of more independent directors to the board because independent directors may serve as effective guardians and resource providers to encourage CEOs to focus on innovation.
Polarity effects of polymer on the 193-nm resist performance (2003)

Hydrophilicity of a resist film is a major property to determine the compatibility of resist film and substrates. By incorporation of polar groups in the side chain of polymer, the hydrophilicity of polymer, eventually, the hydrophilicity of a resist film can be modified. Since most developer for photoresist is aqueous alkaline solution, the polar side groups control not only interaction with a substrate but also dissolution rate of the resist film. We have synthesized model polymers having various polar groups, and investigated the effect of the polarity on the 193nm resist photographic behavior. Acid, lactone, ether, and alcohol were selected as polar groups. Among them, various lactone and alcohol functional groups were selected for further study on the effect of the side group bulkiness. Hydrophilicity of each functional group was estimated by Log P, which can be calculated using simulation program. From the calculation, aliphatic alcohol and lactone have the highest polarity and ether has the lowest. However, the bulkiness of alcohol increases, the polarity is getting lower than that of ether. Polarity and bulkiness of the polar monomers (acid, lactone, ether, and alcohol group) affect wettability against developer, collapse in 1:1 L/S patterns and adhesion to substrates. The resist films have different contact angles by polarity, bulkiness and content of these monomers in polymer. The polymer including lactone group shows excellent lithographic performance and minimizes pattern collapse in 1:1 L/S. Furthermore, we investigated contrast, pattern profile and process margin of 193nm resist according to the polymer polarity.
Homograft Aortic Valve Replacement in Aortic Incompetence and Stenosis (1964)

case 15) for ventricular septal defect with severe aortic incom- petence. In case 12 the surgery was undertaken else- 131 on July 16,
Politics in the Age of Dante (1973)

Dante Alighieri was born in Florence in 1265 and died at Ravenna in 1321. The greatest poet not only of communal Italy but of the whole of the Middle Ages, his lifetime is generally considered to have coincided with the golden age of the Italian medieval city. Because of this, and because the historian's source materials for this time are usually near the golden mean between the scarcity of the earlier and the daunting fullness of the later periods, the age of Dante has been much studied. There exists a fair number of up-to-date books on particular cities or regions in English as well as in Italian and other languages, so that it is comparatively easy to find information about the internal developments within the various states. It is much more difficult to form an accurate idea of the general political atmosphere and the currents which affected the policies of the cities in their relations with their neighbours and the outside world. The period of the eclipse of the Empire beginning in 1250, or more accurately in 1266–8, is usually regarded as one of extreme political decentralisation in Italy, and indeed, the wealth and freedom of the communes after the elimination of the Hohenstaufen threat allowed them to express their cultural and political individuality to the full.KeywordsPapal StateThirteenth CenturyFourteenth CenturyGreat FamilyMajor CommuneThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Spo0A binds to a promoter used by sigma A RNA polymerase during sporulation in Bacillus subtilis. (1991)

Examination of the effects of 56 single-base-pair substitutions in the spoIIG promoter and studies of the interaction of the spo0A product (Spo0A) with this promoter in vitro demonstrated that Spo0A acts directly to enable this promoter to be used by sigma A-associated RNA polymerase (EC 2.7.7.6). The spoIIG operon from Bacillus subtilis is transcribed during sporulation by a form o RNA polymerase containing sigma A, the primary sigma factor in vegetative cells. The spoIIG promoter is unusual in that it contains sequences that are similar to those found at the -10 and -35 regions of promoters that are used by sigma A-associated RNA polymerase, but these sigma A-like recognition sequences are separated by 22 base pairs rather than the typical 17 or 18 base pairs. We found that single-base-pair substitutions in the around the -35-like sequence, and substitutions in a region upstream from this position, around position -87, reduced promoter activity. DNase I protection and electrophoretic gel mobility shift assays were used to demonstrate that Spo0A binds specifically to these regions in vitro. Evidently, the -35-like sequence is part of a Spo0A binding site and therefore is possibly not a sigma A-recognition sequence. These results support a model in which Spo0A activates the spoIIG promoter after the onset of endospore formation.
Model reference adaptive control via the minimisation of output error and weighting control input (1989)

In the paper, a cost function of the output error (i.e. the difference between the reference model output and the plant output) and weighting control input is minimised in the model reference adaptive control, without the assumption that the unstable plant zeros must be the zeros of the reference model. There are two reasons for minimising this cost function: first, to avoid the cancellations of stable plant zeros in the poorly damped region by the closed-loop system poles, for the purpose of preventing a large ripple control input [1], and, secondly, to reduce the effect of disturbance by a suitable choice of weighting function to control input [2]. Two simulation examples are presented to show the good behaviour of this algorithm.
Thrust Measurement of a Multicycle Partially Filled Pulse Detonation Rocket Engine (2009)

journal article
ChemInform Abstract: Thermodynamics of CaO—Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>—SiO<sub>2</sub> and CaF<sub>2</sub>—CaO—Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>—SiO<sub>2</sub> Melts. (1997)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
An automatic evaluation system for technical education at the University level (2002)

A Web-based automatic evaluation system for students of engineering faculties is described. The system, named Test on Line (ToL), can verify the possession of ideas, the ability to combine them into deductions, and the capability to make simple numerical calculations for otherwise practical exercises. ToL has been extensively in use for basic physics courses at the engineering faculties of the Turin Politecnico since the beginning of 1999. Consequently, the accumulated statistical data amount to approximately four thousand individual tests and show the credibility both of the method and of its results. ToL generates, for each student, a proposed mark (which can be verified by an oral colloquium on demand by the candidate) and a simple cognitive profile showing possible cognitional, logical, or practical weaknesses in the different topics of the study matter. The core of the platform consists of a database of questions, a selection algorithm, and an evaluation procedure. The instrument and the method are being refined; the major improvements under construction are listed.
Automatic Ear Landmark Localization, Segmentation, and Pose Classification in Range Images (2015)

Multibiometric systems using face and ear features are increasingly adopted for forensic and civilian applications to address the challenges of facial expressions and occlusions. Although numerous ear and face recognition techniques have been proposed, not much work has been conducted in the field of 3-D fiducial points localization and 3-D ear detection. This paper presents an effective and efficient system of ear landmark localization, ear detection, and pose classification based on 3-D ears captured under large yaw variations. By utilizing the symmetrical property of human heads and classifying the ear with respect to its pose, all three tasks can be fulfilled given either left or right ears, without any prior pose information. A novel ear tree-structured graph (ETG) is proposed to represent the 3-D ear, after which a 3-D flexible mixture model is trained to locate the landmarks automatically. Then, the ear region is segmented based on them and the pose of the ear, i.e., whether it is a left or right ear, is classified based on the detected ETG. To the best of our knowledge, this paper is the first to present automatic landmark localization of 3-D ears extracted from facial scans with significant pose variations. Experiments were conducted at the University of Notre Dame collection F, G and J2, which contain large occlusion and pose variations, validating the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Genes, Receptors, Signals and Responses to Lipopolysaccharide Endotoxin (2000)

C3H/HeJ inbred mice have been very useful for identifying genetic elements responsible for endotoxin mediated responses. Depending on the type of assays employed, Tlr-2, Tlr-4 and Lps/Ran have been shown to be important in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated responses. The concept of a single LPS gene being responsible for the genetic defect found in C3H/HeJ mice should therefore be re-examined more closely. Given the most recent discoveries, it is probable that more than one signal transduction pathway is involved. One is a CD14-dependent pathway, the other a CD14-independent pathway. Identification of the genetic elements involved in these pathways will be beneficial in designing therapeutic strategies for treating patients with endotoxic or septic shock.
Robust Decoupled Control of Direct Field-Oriented Induction Motor Drive (2005)

This paper focuses on the development of a decoupling mechanism and a speed control scheme based on total sliding-mode control (TSMC) theory for a direct rotor field-oriented (DRFO) induction motor (IM). First, a robust decoupling mechanism including an adaptive flux observer and a sliding-mode current estimator is investigated to decouple the complicated flux and torque dynamics of an IM. The acquired flux angle is utilized for the DRFO object such that the dynamic behavior of the IM is like that of a separately excited dc motor. However, the control performance of the IM is still influenced seriously by the system uncertainties including electrical and mechanical parameter variation, external load disturbance, nonideal field-oriented transient responses, and unmodeled dynamics in practical applications. In order to enhance the robustness of the DRFO IM drive for high-performance applications, a TSMC scheme is constructed without the reaching phase in conventional sliding-mode control (CSMC). The control strategy is derived in the sense of Lyapunov stability theorem such that the stable tracking performance can be ensured under the occurrence of system uncertainties. In addition, numerical simulations as well as experimental results are provided to validate the effectiveness of the developed methodologies in comparison with a model reference adaptive system flux observer and a CSMC system.
55GHz CMOS frequency divider with 3.2GHz locking range (2004)

LC-resonator frequency dividers are used for high-speed operation. In particular a differential injection locking frequency divider is promising as a millimeter-wave-band divider However, its locking range is narrow and insufficient for practical use. In this paper, several layout techniques are described to improve the performance of the frequency divider, and the performance improvement is verified using a five-layer-metal and 0.2-/spl mu/m-gate CMOS process. Measurement results reveal the minimum and maximum operating frequencies to be 52.7 GHz and 55.9 GHz with 10.1 mW at a supply voltage of 1.0 V.
Tattoo ink darkening of a yellow tattoo after Q-switched laser treatment (2002)

The popularity of tattoos is burgeoning with 20-30 million tattooed individuals in the Western World. Requests for removal can be expected to rise concurrently with increased applications. Laser removal of tattoos is potentially a more cosmetically acceptable method of removing tattoos than surgical excision or dermabrasion. Nevertheless, complications and side-effects can result from laser treatment and include scarring, hypopigmentation, hyperpigmentation, partial removal, infection, bleeding and tattoo ink darkening. The latter has been reported for flesh-toned and red tattoos. Such a complication has never been reported for the laser treatment of a yellow tattoo in the dermatological literature. We describe a case of tattoo ink darkening of a yellow tattoo after treatment with the 532 nm quality-switched Neodymium : Ytrrium-Aluminium Garnet laser to highlight clinicopathological features. The mechanism by which some tattoos darken after laser treatment is not clearly understood. We review darkening of tattoos after laser treatment to raise awareness of this important complication. This paper will help to facilitate discussions with the patient and in obtaining informed consent prior to commencing treatment. Tattoo ink darkening of a yellow tattoo adds to the growing list of complications resulting from attempts at tattoo removal.
Pyrolytic Chemistry of Benzyl Benzoate (1994)

Abstract Flash vacuum pyrolysis of benzyl benzoate ( 3 ) at temperatures in the range 750–900 °C and at 10 2 torr gave diphcnylmethane ( 5 ) as the major product with toluene ( 6 ) and eight other trace products, namely bipbenyl ( 7 ), dibenzyl ( 8 ), 2‐, 3‐, 4‐phenyltoluenes ( 9,10,11 , respectively), fluorcne ( 12 ), benzyl alcohol ( 4 ) and benzaldehyde ( 13 ). The mechanism of formation of these products is proposed to involve benzyl and phenyl radicals.
Dietary luteolin attenuates chronic liver injury induced by mercuric chloride via the Nrf2/NF-κB/P53 signaling pathway in rats (2017)

Mercury exposure is a common cause of metal poisoning which is biotransformed to highly toxic metabolites thus eliciting biochemical alterations and oxidative stress. Luteolin, a phenolic compound found in many natural products, has multiple biological functions. Our study was aimed to explore the biological effects of luteolin in a liver injury model induced in rats by mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Criteria for injury included liver enzyme, glutathione and malondialdehyde levels, histopathology, TUNEL assay, hepatocyte viability and reactive oxygen species levels. The results showed that luteolin protected against HgCl2-induced liver injury. Luteolin increased total nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) levels in the presence of HgCl2. Upregulation of its downstream factors, heme oxygenase-1 and NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1, was also observed. This suggested that protection by luteolin against HgCl2-induced liver injury involved Nrf2 pathway activation. Luteolin also decreased expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and P53. HgCl2 exposure led to increased Bcl-associated X protein (Bax), and decreased Bcl-2-related protein long form of Bcl-x (Bcl-xL) and B-cell leukemia/lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) expression, leading to an increased Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. Taken together, our data suggested that decreasing oxidative stress is a protective mechanism of luteolin against development of HgCl2-induced liver injury, through the Nrf2/NF-κB/P53 signaling pathway in rats.
The Effect of Stimulus Frequency on the Analgesic Response to Percutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain (1999)

The frequency of electrical stimulation seems to be an important determinant of the analgesic efficacy of percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Mixed low- and high-frequency stimulation was more effective than either low or high frequencies alone in the treatment of patients with low back pain.
Disproportionating enzyme (4-alpha-glucanotransferase; EC 2.4.1.25) of potato. Purification, molecular cloning, and potential role in starch metabolism. (1993)

Disproportionating enzyme (D-enzyme, 4-alpha-glucanotransferase; EC 2.4.1.25) has been purified to homogeneity from potato tubers and its activity characterized. The enzyme catalyzes the transfer of maltooligosaccharides from one 1,4-alpha-D-glucan molecule to another, or to glucose. Maltooligosaccharides are effective donor molecules, but short chain amylose and amylopectin may also function as donors. Enzyme activity is not affected by inorganic phosphate, 3-phosphoglycerate, or hexose phosphates. A cDNA clone encoding the enzyme was isolated using oligonucleotide probes derived from partial peptide sequences of the purified enzyme. The identity of the cDNA clone was confirmed by expression in Escherichia coli resulting in D-enzyme activity. The amino acid sequence deduced from the cDNA shows significant homology with a 4-alpha-glucanotransferase from Streptococcus. The deduced sequence indicates the presence of an amino-terminal plastid transit peptide of 52 amino acid residues and a mature polypeptide of 524 residues. D-enzyme mRNA is present in leaves, stems, roots, and stolons but is most abundant in developing and mature tubers. The amount of mRNA in leaves increases in response to light and to sucrose added to the medium. These results are discussed in terms of the function of D-enzyme in potato starch metabolism.
An evaluative tool for preoperative planning of brain tumor resection (2010)

A patient specific finite element biphasic brain model has been utilized to codify a surgeon's experience by establishing quantifiable biomechanical measures to score orientations for optimal planning of brain tumor resection. When faced with evaluating several potential approaches to tumor removal during preoperative planning, the goal of this work is to facilitate the surgeon's selection of a patient head orientation such that tumor presentation and resection is assisted via favorable brain shift conditions rather than trying to allay confounding ones. Displacement-based measures consisting of area classification of the brain surface shifting in the craniotomy region and lateral displacement of the tumor center relative to an approach vector defined by the surgeon were calculated over a range of orientations and used to form an objective function. The objective function was used in conjunction with Levenberg-Marquardt optimization to find the ideal patient orientation. For a frontal lobe tumor presentation the model predicts an ideal orientation that indicates the patient should be placed in a lateral decubitus position on the side contralateral to the tumor in order to minimize unfavorable brain shift.
SCTXPF: Scalable Context Delivery Platform (2011)

This paper describes a Scalable Context Delivery Platform (SCTXPF) which acts as a component of CUBIQ (Cross UBIQuitous platform Architecture). The SCTXPF accommodates a large number of event sources and services/applications and mediates among them by detecting the context of users and things from events and notifying the services/applications of them. The SCTXPF achieves high throughput and scalable event processing by separating the processing into state-full processing and stateless processing, distributing the processing to multiple CPUs. We implemented the SCTXPF and evaluated its scalability. The results show that the platform can scale to the event increase by extending the system configuration.
Rapid isothermal processing of Pt/Ti contacts to p-type III-V binary and related ternary materials (1992)

Results of an extensive study of the interfacial intermixing and interaction of the Pt/Ti bilayer metallization to seven III-V binary and related ternary compound semiconductor systems, as well as the contact electrical properties, are given. Pt/Ti contact to InAs and In/sub 0.53/Ga/sub 0.47/As were ohmic as deposited, while the same metallization scheme on GaAs, GaP, InP, In/sub 0.52/Al/sub 0.48/As, and Ga/sub 0.7/Al/sub 0.3/As provided a rectifying contact as-deposited. The latter group of contacts, with the exception of InP and GaP, were transformed to an ohmic contact as a result of rapid thermal processing (RTP) at the temperature range of 300 to 450 degrees C. A linear correlation between the semiconductor bandgap value and the Schottky-barrier height, measured in the Pt/Ti contacts, was observed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>