gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Photochemical Microcontact Printing by Thiol−Ene and Thiol−Yne Click Chemistry (2010)

This article describes the microstructured immobilization of functional thiols on alkene- and alkyne-terminated self-assembled monolayers on silicon oxide substrates by photochemical microcontact printing. A photochemical thiol-ene or thiol-yne “click” reaction was locally induced in the area of contact between stamp and substrate by irradiation with UV light (365 nm). The immobilization reaction by photochemical microcontact printing was verified by contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The reaction rate of photochemical microcontact printing by thiol-ene chemistry was studied using time dependent contact angle measurements. The selective binding of lectins to galactoside microarrays prepared by photochemical microcontact printing was also demonstrated. It was found that photochemical microcontact printing results in a high surface coverage of functional thiols within 30 s of printing even for dilute (mM) ink solutions.
Recent major improvement in long-term survival of younger patients with multiple myeloma (2007)

In the past, most patients with multiple myeloma (MM) died within 5 to 10 years after diagnosis. Within the past decade, several new therapeutic interventions have been introduced, including autologous stem-cell transplantation, thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bortezomib. We estimated trends in age-specific 5- and 10-year relative survival of patients with MM in the United States from 1990-1992 to 2002-2004 from the 1973-2004 database of the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) Program. Techniques of period analysis were used to show most recent developments. Overall, 5-year relative survival increased from 28.8% to 34.7% (P < .001), and 10-year relative survival increased from 11.1% to 17.4% (P < .001) between 1990-1992 and 2002-2004. Much stronger increases were seen in the age group younger than 50 years, leading to 5- and 10-year relative survival of 56.7% and 41.3% in 2002-2004, and in the age group 50 to 59 years, leading to 5- and 10-year relative survival of 48.2% and 28.6% in 200-2004. By contrast, only moderate improvement was seen in the age group 60 to 69 years, and essentially no improvement was achieved among older patients. Our period analysis discloses a major increase in long-term survival of younger patients with MM in recent years, which most likely reflects the effect of recent advances in therapy and their dissemination in clinical practice.
Determination of viscoelastic coefficients from the optical transmission of a planar liquid crystal cell with low-frequency modulated voltage (1993)

The viscoelastic response of the nematic director field to low-frequency modulations of the driving voltage was studied by means of optical transmission measurements. An external ac voltage above the critical field Uc was weakly amplitude modulated with frequencies in the range of 1 to 100 Hz. The viscosity coefficients α1, γ1, γ2, and ηb influence the time dependence of the director field. They were determined by fitting the phase and amplitude of theoretically calculated optical transmission curves to measured data.
Analysis of Competing Hypotheses using Subjective Logic (2005)

Intelligence analysis is a complicated task that requires a high degree of analytical judgement under conditions of considerable uncertainty. This judgement is used to fill in the gaps in knowledge and is the analyst's principal means of managing uncertainty. Much of intelligence analysis includes judging the relevance and the value of evidence to determine the likelihood of competing hypotheses. The challenge is to create better formal methods of analysis that can be used under a wider variety of circumstances and which can handle both empirical data and formally-expressed beliefs as evidence for or against each hypothesis. The authors have developed a formal approach to the evaluation of competing hypotheses that is based on the belief calculus known as Subjective Logic. The development of this formal approach allows for integration of empirical and statistical data, as well as for judgements made by analysts. Lastly, this formal approach makes redundant the separate analysis of "diagnosticity of evidence". Under this formal approach, diagnosticity is formally derived from the model and need not be considered as a separate input to the model, except as a means of limiting the initial set of evidence that should be formally considered.
Field trial potatoes (2007)

Field trial potatoes grow at the San Luis Valley Research Center near Center, Colorado, August 14, 2002.
Analysis of heart rate variability in a patient with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (1995)

Journal Article Analysis of heart rate variability in a patient with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation Get access M. P. VAN DEN BERG, M. P. VAN DEN BERG Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Hospital GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. HAAKSMA, J. HAAKSMA Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Hospital GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. BROUWER, J. BROUWER Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Hospital GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar H. J. G. M. CRIJNS, H. J. G. M. CRIJNS Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Hospital GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar K. I. LIE K. I. LIE Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, University Hospital GroningenGroningen, The Netherlands Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar European Heart Journal, Volume 16, Issue 12, December 1995, Pages 2011–2012, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a060869 Published: 01 December 1995
Salimyxins and Enhygrolides: Antibiotic, Sponge‐Related Metabolites from the Obligate Marine Myxobacterium <i>Enhygromyxa salina</i> (2013)

Unlike their terrestrial counterparts, marine myxobacteria are hardly investigated for their secondary metabolites. This study describes three new compounds (1-3), named salimyxins and enhygrolides, obtained from the obligate marine myxobacterium Enhygromyxa salina. These are the first natural products obtained from Enhygromyxa species. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, including NMR and CD spectroscopy. Enhygrolides are closely related to the nostoclides, which were initially isolated from a cyanobacterium of the genus Nostoc. The salimyxins, representing structurally most unusual degraded sterols, are close to identical to demethylincisterol from the sponge Homaxinella sp. Salimyxin B and enhygrolide A inhibit the growth of the Gram-positive bacterium Arthrobacter cristallopoietes (MIC salimyxin B, 8 μg mL⁻¹; enhygrolide A, 4 μg mL⁻¹).
Enhanced Homogeneous Catalysis in a Monopropellant Microthruster (2015)

The development of micropropulsion systems for small satellites is an active area of research within the aerospace community. One of the most promising technologies is the development of monopropellant-based systems, such as hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide is desirable for its high specific energy, modest specific impulse and “green” characteristics. A challenge for the development of MEMS-based hydrogen peroxide microthrusters is achieving complete decomposition over suitable length scales. In this work the potential for enhancing homogeneous catalysis through the introduction of an inert gas is investigated. By controlling the flow rate of the inert gas, an array of periodic monodisperse slugs containing an aqueous catalyst and the monopropellant are formed. As they travel downstream, the internal recirculation of the slugs improves mixing and decomposition. This study is a numerical investigation of this enhanced homogeneous catalysis. Simulations show that operating in the slug flow regime can increase the temperature rise by 888% when compared with lamellar flow, which would allow for complete decomposition over the intended length scales.
Differential induction of apoptosis in HER2 and EGFR addicted cancers following PI3K inhibition (2009)

Non-small cell lung cancers with activating mutations in the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are highly responsive to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs), such as gefitinib and erlotinib. Such cancers are "addicted" to EGFR, and treatment with a TKI invariably leads to down-regulation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and MEK-ERK signaling pathways, resulting in apoptosis. Using a dual PI3K-mTOR inhibitor, NVP-BEZ235, we evaluated whether PI3K-mTOR inhibition alone induced apoptosis in these cancers. In contrast to HER2-amplified breast cancers, we found that PI3K-mTOR inhibition did not promote substantial apoptosis in the EGFR mutant lung cancers. However, blocking both PI3K-mTOR and MEK simultaneously led to apoptosis to similar levels as the EGFR TKIs, suggesting that down-regulation of these pathways may account for much of the apoptosis promoted by EGFR inhibition. In EGFR mutant lung cancers, down-regulation of both intracellular pathways converged on the BH3 family of proteins regulating apoptosis. PI3K inhibition led to down-regulation of Mcl-1, and MEK inhibition led to up-regulation of BIM. In fact, down-regulation of Mcl-1 by siRNA was sufficient to sensitize these cancers to single-agent MEK inhibitors. Surprisingly, an AKT inhibitor did not decrease Mcl-1 levels, and when combined with MEK inhibitors, failed to induce apoptosis. Importantly, we observed that the combination of PI3K-mTOR and MEK inhibitors effectively shrunk tumors in a transgenic and xenograft model of EGFR T790M-L858R cancers. These data indicate simultaneous inhibition of PI3K-mTOR and MEK signaling is an effective strategy for treating EGFR mutant lung cancers, including those with acquired resistance to EGFR TKIs.
Ultrasound crack detection in a simulated human tooth (2005)

A unique ultrasound dental crack detection system using a novel transducer; a novel coupling agent; and customized electronic and digital signal processing (DSP) algorithms has been validated in a simulated tooth.
Mutational analysis of the mouse glucocorticoid receptor. (1989)

We have cloned the mouse glucocorticoid receptor (GR) from both wild-type and glucocorticoid-resistant variants of the mouse lymphoma cell lines WEHI-7 and S49. Mapping of the mutations present in the variant receptors, together with deletion analysis of wild-type receptor, reveals that the receptor has three clearly defined domains. The COOH-terminal domain contains the hormone-binding site. Within this domain is a small region which is important for the suppression of receptor activity in the absence of hormone. The large NH2-terminal domain is essential for full receptor activity and contains within it a highly acidic region that potentiates receptor activity. The presence of this acidic region reduces nonspecific DNA binding and may therefore be crucial in the discrimination between specific and nonspecific DNA-binding sites by the receptor. A small centrally located domain contains all the information necessary to bind specifically to DNA and to activate transcription. Although this region is absolutely conserved in the GR of different species, many mutations introduced in vitro give rise to functional receptor. In addition, part of this region in the GR can be substituted for by the corresponding sequence in the estrogen receptor to give a GR with the DNA-binding and transcriptional specificity of an estrogen receptor. Lastly, we have succeeded in obtaining stable high-level expression of wild-type and mutant GR in transfected Chinese hamster ovary cells.
[HIV infection and the elderly]. (2011)

HIV infection is becoming a chronic disease, due to decreased mortality induced by the introduction of combined antiviral treatments. The HIV positive population is aging progressively. HIV infection in the elderly has certain specificities, including a late initial diagnosis, a less marked immune response to treatment and the potential association of multiple comorbidities associated with HIV infection and aging. These factors may affect the quality of life of elderly patients and ultimately lead to increased functional dependence. Screening and specific treatment of comorbidities associated with HIV and aging are particularly recommended.
The philosophy and psychology of the scenographic house in multimedia theatre (2010)

ABSTRACTThe full-scale house has a long history in theatrical set design, and the addition of video projections and digital effects in recent multimedia theatre has resulted in some extraordinary productions that compress or reconfigure ideas of time, space and place, and interrogate the close interrelationships between the macro and micro, and the real and the unreal. Digitally enhanced house sets and facades in works by Heiner Goebbels, Keith Armstrong, the Builders Association, Uninvited Guests and La Fura Dels Baus/ENO are analysed in relation both to their psychological effects on audiences and to philosophical readings, from Gaston Bachelard's notions of childhood memory and ‘intimate immensity’ to Sigmund Freud's theories of the uncanny [unheimlichj. Heiner Goebbel's Eraritjaritjaka (2004) provides a central case study, where the initial familiarity and beauty of the white house facade draws the audience in with a wondrous, childlike anticipation that gives way to a vertiginous sense of haunting an...
Compact modeling of Double-Gate MOSFETs (2006)

Double-Gate (DG) MOSFET is a newly emerging device that can potentially further scale down CMOS technology owing to its excellent control of short channel effects. Currently, much research effort is devoted to the development of DG MOSFETs. This dissertation focuses on the compact modeling of DG MOSFETs, aiming to extract the physics of DG MOSFETs and provide a tool for simulating DG MOSFET circuits. We start from the basic Poisson's equation and current continuity equation to rigorously derive the long-channel drain current model without the charge sheet approximation. The model is based on an analytical solution to the potential distribution at any point in the DG MOSFET. It employs one single equation to cover all the operation regions: linear, saturation, and subthreshold, continuously with no fitting parameter. Volume inversion, a non-charge-sheet phenomenon in symmetric DG MOSFETs, is accurately captured by the model. For AC and transient simulations, analytical charge and capacitance models are developed. Both symmetric and asymmetric DG MOSFET models are verified by extensive two dimensional numerical simulations. For small-geometry devices, compact models of the physical phenomena such as short channel effects are developed. In the development of the compact models, special attention is paid to ensure the model is symmetric and continuous in all the operation regions. Quantum effect is also incorporated in the long channel core model. As body doping may be needed to adjust the threshold voltage, we also studied the body doping effect on DG MOSFET and concluded that lightly doped DG MOSFETs can be modeled by adding a threshold voltage shift to the undoped DG MOSFET model. The model has been implemented into SPICE3 and Verilog-A platforms so that it can be used by circuit designers. In the implementation, Newton method is used for solving an implicit equation in the calculation of drain current. We also calibrated the model with respect to the published hardware data to affirm its consistency with the experimental I-V curves. Finally, the model has been released in public domain http ://taur.ucsd.edu/̃hlu for circuit simulation
Enhanced Protein C Activation and Inhibition of Fibrinogen Cleavage by a Thrombin Modulator (1996)

A modulator of the enzymatic activity of human thrombin, designated LY254603, was identified that enhances the thrombin-catalyzed generation of the anticoagulant factor activated protein C, yet inhibits thrombin-dependent fibrinogen clotting. By means of mutant substrates, it was shown that LY254603 mediates the change in enzymatic substrate specificity through an alteration in thrombin's S3 substrate recognition site, a mechanism that appeared to be independent of allosteric changes induced by either sodium ions or by thrombomodulin. This compound may represent the prototype of a class of agents that specifically modulates the balance between thrombin's procoagulant and anticoagulant functions.
[Mechanism of G protein coupled receptor kinase interacting protein 1 RNA hairpin inhibiting osteoblasts migration]. (2007)

GIT1-RNAh inhibits osteoblasts migration by interfering paxillin distribution and decrease Paxillin phosphorylation.
Fast co-occurrence thesaurus construction for Chinese news (2002)

This paper reports an approach to automatic thesaurus construction for Chinese news articles. An effective Chinese word segmentation and keyword extraction algorithm is first presented. For each document, an average of 33% keywords unknown to a lexicon of 123,226 terms can be identified. The extraction error rate is 3.6%. Keywords extracted from each document are then further filtered for term association analysis by a modified Dice coefficient formula. Association weights larger than a threshold are then accumulated over all the documents to yield the final term pair similarities. Compared to previous studies, this method not only speeds up the thesaurus generation process drastically, but also achieves a similar percentage level of term relatedness.
Diffracted evanescent wave model for enhancement and suppression of optical transmission of subwavelength hole arrays (2005)

A new model of enhanced transmission of hole arrays accounts for both transmission suppression and modest enhancement, without a surface plasmon resonance; the model is valid for nonmetallic systems, and is supported by recent experiments.
A gene from the Xp22.3 region shares homology with voltage-gated chloride channels (1994)

In the framework of constructing a comprehensive transcript map of the human Xp22.3 region, we identified an evolutionary conserved CpG island and cloned the corresponding gene. The predicted 760 amino acid protein encoded by this gene contains 12 hydrophobic domains and shares significant sequence and structural similarities with all the previously isolated members of a recently identified family of voltage-gated chloride channels (the 'CIC family'). This gene, termed CICN4 (Chloride Channel 4), contains at least 10 exons spanning 60 to 80 kb on the X chromosome. In contrast to most genes isolated from the human Xp22.3 region, the CICN4 gene does not share homology with the Y chromosome and it is conserved in mouse and hamster. Expression studies revealed the presence of a 7.5 kb transcript which is particularly abundant in skeletal muscle and is also detectable in brain and heart. These data suggest that we have identified a new voltage-gated chloride channel which is encoded by a gene located in the distal short arm of the X chromosome.
Measuring Cloud Properties from Space: A Review (1989)

A brief review of observations of clouds using satellites highlights open issues and directions for future studies. The key one is improved treatment of the effects of small-scale spatial inhomogeneity in remote sensing data analyses and in the treatment of radiation in climate models, though studies and observations of the spectral dependence of cloud-radiation interactions are also limited. Significant progress in understanding the role of clouds in climate, especially regarding cloud-radiation budget relationships, is expected in the next several years because of an unprecedented suite of global and regional observation and analysis programs.
Semiconductor optical amplifier array coupled to uncoated flat-end fibers with integrated beam expanders and TiO/sub 2/ antireflection coatings (1997)

We present a novel coupling scheme consisting of an integrated beam expander, a specifically tailored TiO/sub 2/ antireflection coating, optical index matching gel, and uncoated flat-end single-mode fiber (SMF). This scheme was used to package four-channel semiconductor optical amplifier arrays. Far-field profiles for each discrete amplifier in the array are typically 80 and 150 FWHM, perpendicular and parallel to the junction plane, respectively. The TiO/sub 2/ AR coating overcomes the indices mismatching of fiber glass and InP based device, and reduce optical reflection to 0.002% at 1.55 /spl mu/m. Misalignment tolerance in the l-dB excess loss range, for a discrete channel, is typically 5 /spl mu/m vertically and 8 /spl mu/m laterally. The average coupling loss is 4.3 dB per facet for the devices measured. Fiber coupled small signal gain for the amplifiers is typically 11.6 dB and a saturation output power of 3.0 dBm. The method of characterization and optimization of the TiO/sub 2/ coating is discussed.
Protein immunosensor using single-wall carbon nanotube forests with electrochemical detection of enzyme labels (2005)

Vertically aligned arrays of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNT forests) on pyrolytic graphite surfaces were developed for amperometric enzyme-linked immunoassays. Improved fabrication of these SWNT forests utilizing aged nanotube dispersions provided higher nanotube density and conductivity. Biosensor performance enhancement was monitored using nanotube-bound peroxidase enzymes showing a 3.5-fold better sensitivity for H2O2 than when using fresh nanotubes to assemble the forests, and improved detection limits. Absence of improvements by electron mediation for detection of H2O2 suggested very efficient electron exchange between nanotubes and enzymes attached to their ends. Protein immunosensors were made by attaching antibodies to the carboxylated ends of nanotube forests. Utilizing casein/detergent blocking to minimize non-specific binding, a detection limit of 75 pmol mL(-1) (75 nM) was achieved for human serum albumin (HSA) in unmediated sandwich immunosensors using horseradish peroxidase (HRP) labels. Mediation of the immunosensors dramatically lowered the detection limit to 1 pmol mL(-1) (1 nM), providing significantly better performance than alternative methods. In the immunosensor case, the average distance between HRP labels and nanotube ends is presumably too large for efficient direct electron exchange, but this situation can be overcome by electron mediation.
Quadrupole Mass Spectrometers: An Intuitive Look at the Math (1996)

The equations that describe ion trajectories within quadrupole mass spectrometers are examined as certain limiting conditions are approached. At these limits the simplified forms of the equations can be examined at the intuitive level. This approach circumvents the need to solve a challenging differential equation, but still provides chemists with a basis for understanding how operating parameters are varied to obtain spectra. The approach used complements a prior publication in this Journal that intuitively examined the physics associated with the design and operation of quadrupoles. In addition, a set of mathematical examples related to the operation of quadrupoles is provided that: 1) establishes the relationship between the ac and dc potentials that must be maintained, 2) examines the relationship between instrumental parameters and the mass of the singly charged ions traversing the quadrupole, and 3) illustrates the logic associated with how systematically varying the ac and dc potentials produces a mass spectrum.