gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Porphyrin and phthalocyanine glycodendritic conjugates: synthesis, photophysical and photochemical properties (2012)

Synthesis of water soluble porphyrin and phthalocyanine derivatives with, respectively, eight and sixteen galactose units has been carried out. The combined preliminary photophysical and photochemical features of the new products suggest that they might be promising photodynamic therapeutic agents.
Use of Pipe Flow Correlations to Predict Turbulent Skin Friction for Drag-Reducing Fluids (1970)

Experimental data are used to determine the effective limits of the Meyer correlation for interpreting turbulent pipe flow experiments with drag-reducing additives. Definition of these limits is necessary in order to design pipe flow experiments suitable for measuring the universal drag-reducing properties of these fluids. Data from various sources for 10 different pipe sizes are used in the study. The results show that the correlation is suitable for generalization if the ratio of the velocity profile shift function AB to the dimensionless pipe radius VR is greater than 0.033. This specifies a minimum pipe size to be used for a given additive solution to obtain results which can be generalized. This minimum pipe diameter effect, first suggested by Granville, can be used to explain anomalous drag reduction measurements in small pipes and thin boundary layers. The results of this study also suggest that degradation of the additive solution occurs in single-pass pipe flow systems at a given friction velocity for a particular solution, independent of pipe length. In addition, degradation occurs in poly(ethylene oxide) solutions at about the same value of friction velocity as in acrylamide copolymers. The basic correlation is suitable for the solutions studied up to a friction velocity of about 1 fps, when degradation occurs.
Leucine and Calcium Regulate Fat Metabolism and Energy Partitioning in Murine Adipocytes and Muscle Cells (2007)

Dietary calcium modulation of adiposity is mediated, in part, by suppression of calcitriol, while the additional effect of dairy products is mediated by additional components; these include the high concentration of leucine, a key factor in the regulation of muscle protein turnover. We investigated the effect of leucine, calcitriol and calcium on energy metabolism in murine adipocytes and muscle cells and on energy partitioning between adipocytes and skeletal muscle. Leucine induced a marked increase in fatty acid oxidation in C2C12 muscle cells (P<0.001) and decreased FAS expression by 66% (P<0.001) in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Calcitriol decreased muscle cell fatty acid oxidation by 37% (P<0.001) and increased adipocyte FAS gene expression by threefold (P<0.05); these effects were partially reversed by either leucine or calcium channel antagonism with nifedipine. Co-culture of muscle cells with adipocytes or incubation with 48-h adipocyte conditioned medium decreased muscle fatty acid oxidation by 62% (P<0.001), but treating adipocytes with leucine and/or nifedipine attenuated this effect. Leucine, nifedipine and calcitriol also modulated adiponectin production and thereby exerted additional indirect effects on fatty acid oxidation in C2C12 myotubes. Adiponectin increased IL-15 and IL-6 release by myotubes and partially reversed the inhibitory effects of calcitriol. Comparable effects of leucine, calcitriol and adiponectin were found in myotubes treated with conditioned medium derived from adipocytes or co-cultured with adipocytes. These data suggest that leucine and nifedipine promote energy partitioning from adipocytes to muscle cells, resulting in decreased energy storage in adipocytes and increasing fatty acid utilization in muscle.
Precision Dosimetry System Suited for Low Temperature Radiation Damage Experiments (1967)

A calorimetric system for dosimetry on a beam of charged particles is described. The calorimeter works at liquid helium temperature. The total dose may be measured with an accuracy of 0.3%, and the dose per area with 0.4%. No theoretical corrections are needed.
Slices Have More Synapses than Perfusion-Fixed Hippocampus from both Young and Mature Rats (1999)

Hippocampal slices have long been used to investigate properties of synaptic transmission and plasticity. Here, for the first time, synapses in slices have been compared quantitatively with synapses occurring in perfusion-fixed hippocampus, which is presumed to represent the natural in vivo state. Relative to perfusion-fixed hippocampus, a remarkable 40-50% increase in spine number occurs in adult hippocampal slices, and a 90% increase occurs in slices from postnatal day 21 rats. Serial EM shows that all of the dendritic spines have normal synapses with presynaptic and postsynaptic elements; however, not all spine types are affected uniformly. Stubby and mushroom spines increase in the adult slices, and thin, mushroom, and branched spines increase in the immature slices. More axonal boutons with multiple synapses occur in the slices, suggesting that the new synapses form on preexisting axonal boutons. The increase in spine and synapse number is evident within a couple of hours after preparing the slices. Once the initial spine induction has occurred, no further change occurs for up to 13 hr in vitro, the longest time investigated. Thus, the spine increase is occurring during a period when there is little or no synaptic activity during the first hour, and the subsequent stabilization in spine synapse numbers is occurring after synaptic activity returns in the slice. These findings suggest that spines form in response to the loss of synaptic activity when slices are removed from the rest of the brain and during the subsequent 1 hr recovery period.
A theoretical bilevel control scheme for power networks with large-scale penetration of distributed renewable resources (2016)

In this paper, we present a bilevel control framework to achieve a highly-reliable smart distribution network with large-scale penetration of distributed renewable resources (DRRs). We assume that the power distribution network consists of several residential/commercial communities. In the first level of the proposed control scheme, distributed community-level controllers are designed based on the stochastic model of demand and generation. These controllers utilize the local storage units and DRRs to maintain a certain level of reliability for the community. In order to formulate the residential demand and DRRs, we use the Gaussian white noise added to some periodic signals, formulated as a stochastic process. In the second level of the proposed control framework, we take the advantage of bulk generation units to improve the reliability by a global flow controller. In other words, we get help from a few number of bulk power plants in the grid to improve its reliability in the context of satisfying the residential demand with high probability. The global controller dispatches the available non-renewable power plants between communities to enhance the reliability of each community. Using our stochastic model, we obtain a theoretical low-threshold for the certainty of the demand satisfaction in the smart power distribution network.
Influence of dietary fiber on bile acid metabolism (1978)

Fiber, when fed to animals or man, will generally cause increased excretion of bile acids. The level of bile acid excretion appears to be a function of the structure of the fiber. Fiber binds bile acids and bile salts in vitro. The extent of binding is characteristic for each type of fiber and each substrate. Bile acid binding may be one mechanism of the physiological action of fiber.
Phase I Clinical Trial of STA-4783 in Combination with Paclitaxel in Patients with Refractory Solid Tumors (2007)

The STA-4783/paclitaxel combination was well tolerated with a toxicity profile similar to single-agent paclitaxel. Enhanced systemic exposure to paclitaxel resulting from a dose-dependent interaction with STA-4783 was associated with increased toxicity. Objective responses in two heavily pretreated patients, both with taxane exposure, have encouraged further clinical evaluation of this regimen.
Counting Sets of Lattice Points in the Plane with a Given Diameter under the Manhattan and Chebyshev Distances (2014)

In this paper we present new algorithms for counting the sets of lattice points in the plane whose diameter is agiven value D, under the Manhattan (L1) and Chebyshev (L∞) distances. We consider two versions of the problem:counting all sets within a given lattice U X V, and counting all sets that are not equivalent under translations.
An Assessment of the Malignant Potential of Actinic Keratoses and Bowen's Disease: p53 and PCNA Expression Pattern Correlate with the Number of Desmosomes (2002)

Actinic keratoses (AK) and Bowen's disease (BD), both intraepidermal skin tumors, have a potential progression to squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). To evaluate the malignant potential of AK and BD, the expression pattern of p53 protein and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) were examined in five types of AK and BD by immunohistochemistry. The ultrastructural difference of epidermal cells between AK and BD lesions was investigated. In the study of p53 and PCNA expression, the atrophic and acantholytic types of AK showed lower positive rates compared to others. These two types did not demonstrate all layers expression pattern. The number of desmosomes of the epidermal cells was significantly reduced in BD, and in the bowenoid and hypertrophic types of AK compared with other types of AK The number of hemi-desmosomes showed greatest reduction in BD and the bowenoid type of AK On the basis of our findings, it is hypothesized that atrophic and acantholytic types of AK may have the lowest, and the bowenoid type of AK and BD may have the highest, malignant potential.
Lanthanides: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (2012)

Abstract Among the different lanthanide ions, gadolinium is the most commonly used to prepare stable complexes for MRI. These paramagnetic complexes are well known as contrast agents (CAs) for MRI. The most widely used ligands for complexation are derivatives of DTPA and DOTA. New CAs are continuously being developed to target specific organs and to allow applications in cellular and molecular MRI. Gd‐complexes with high thermodynamic and kinetic stability are required for in vivo applications, giving appropriate biodistribution and safety profiles. The efficiency of MRI CAs is measured in terms of their r 1 and r 2 relaxivity values.
Electron-injection Detectors for Swept Source Optical Coherence Tomography (2015)

Electron-injection detectors are used in an OCT system for the first time. Compared to a commercial p-i-n detector, electron-injection detectors show ~20 dB higher SNR. This could lead to OCT systems without the need for balanced-detection.
Mobile Internet telephony: mobile extensions to H.323 (1999)

Internet telephony realizes the transmission of two-way and real-time traffic over IP-based networks. The dominant standard for Internet telephony is ITU-T Rec. H.323. With the current version of H.323, Internet telephony allows interoperability with circuit-switched telephone, but IP host mobility is not supported. In this paper, mobile extensions to H.323 that enable mobile Internet telephony service are proposed. The proposed approach combines the characteristics of both cellular phone system and mobile IP mechanism with Internet telephony, and therefore realizes the transmission of real-time voice traffic for both stationary and mobile hosts over IP-based networks. The most striking feature of the proposed approach is that the complicated mobility management functions are handled by the procedures for dynamically joining and departing from a conference, functions already defined in H.323. Therefore, our approach allows mobility support without the need for additional new entities, and with minimal modifications to existing H.323 standard. Such mobility extensions can serve as an add-on feature for the existing Internet telephony systems compliant to the H.323 standard.
Fibrinogen gamma-chain mRNA is not detected in human megakaryocytes (1991)

Human megakaryocytes and platelets contain counterparts of several plasma proteins. The origin of most of these alpha-granule proteins is unclear. Fibrinogen represents one of those molecules, being essential in hemostasis, thrombosis, and platelet aggregation. To study whether fibrinogen is endocytosed by megakaryocytes and packaged into alpha- granules or newly synthesized by these cells, we established a highly sensitive nested primer polymerase chain reaction for the detection of human fibrinogen gamma-chain mRNA. In enriched megakaryocyte fractions, as well as fluorescence-activated cell sorter-purified megakaryocytes from bone marrow samples of healthy volunteers, no fibrinogen gamma- chain mRNA could be detected, despite the presence of the corresponding fibrinogen gamma-chain DNA. We conclude that fibrinogen gamma-chain mRNA, as detectable by our amplification system, is missing in megakaryocytes. This finding suggests that fibrinogen might be acquired from plasma by endocytosis and sequestered in alpha-granules before reentering the circulation after platelet activation.
Adipose Tissue Transcriptome by Serial Analysis of Gene Expression (2004)

To our knowledge, the present results provide for the first time a quantitative description of the transcriptome in adipose tissue.
Characterization of desnutrin functional domains: critical residues for triacylglycerol hydrolysis in cultured cells (2009)

Murine desnutrin/human ATGL is a triacylglycerol (TAG) hydrolase with a predicted catalytic dyad within an alpha-beta hydrolase fold in the N-terminal region. In humans, mutations resulting in C-terminal truncation cause neutral lipid storage disease with myopathy. To identify critical functional domains, we measured TAG breakdown in cultured cells by mutated or truncated desnutrin. In vitro, C-terminally truncated desnutrin displayed an even higher apparent V(max) than the full-length form without changes in K(m), which may be explained by our finding of an interaction between the C- and N-terminal domains. In live cells, however, C-terminally truncated adenoviral desnutrin had lower TAG hydrolase activity. We investigated a role for the phosphorylation of C-terminal S406 and S430 residues but found that these were not necessary for TAG breakdown or lipid droplet localization in cells. The predicted N-terminal active sites, S47 and D166, were both critical for TAG hydrolysis in live cells and in vitro. We also identified two overlapping N-terminal motifs that predict lipid substrate binding domains, a glycine-rich motif (underlined) and an amphipathic alpha-helix (bold) within amino acid residues 10-24 (ISFAGCGFLGVYHIG). G14, F17, L18, and V20, but not G16 and G19, were important for TAG hydrolysis, suggesting a potential role for the amphipathic alpha-helix in TAG binding. This study identifies for the first time critical sites in the N-terminal region of desnutrin and reveals the requirement of the C-terminal region for TAG hydrolysis in cultured cells.
Second malignancies after breast cancer: the impact of different treatment modalities (2008)

Treatment for non-metastatic breast cancer (BC) may be the cause of second malignancies in long-term survivors. Our aim was to investigate whether survivors present a higher risk of malignancy than the general population according to treatment received. We analysed data for 16 705 BC survivors treated at the Curie Institute (1981–1997) by either chemotherapy (various regimens), radiotherapy (high-energy photons from a 60Co unit or linear accelerator) and/or hormone therapy (2–5 years of tamoxifen). We calculated age-standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for each malignancy, using data for the general French population from five regional registries. At a median follow-up 10.5 years, 709 patients had developed a second malignancy. The greatest increases in risk were for leukaemia (SIR: 2.07 (1.52–2.75)), ovarian cancer (SIR: 1.6 (1.27–2.04)) and gynaecological (cervical/endometrial) cancer (SIR: 1.6 (1.34–1.89); P<0.0001). The SIR for gastrointestinal cancer, the most common malignancy, was 0.82 (0.70–0.95; P<0.007). The increase in leukaemia was most strongly related to chemotherapy and that in gynaecological cancers to hormone therapy. Radiotherapy alone also had a significant, although lesser, effect on leukaemia and gynaecological cancer incidence. The increased risk of sarcomas and lung cancer was attributed to radiotherapy. No increased risk was observed for malignant melanoma, lymphoma, genitourinary, thyroid or head and neck cancer. There is a significantly increased risk of several kinds of second malignancy in women treated for BC, compared with the general population. This increase may be related to adjuvant treatment in some cases. However, the absolute risk is small.
THE PISTON CREVICE VOLUME EFFECT ON EXHAUST HYDROCARBON EMISSION (1971)

Abstract Exhaust hydrocarbon concentration reductions were determined for a revised design of spark ignition engine piston having a much narrower top land. Hydrocarbon concentrations with the revised design were 47 to 74 % lower than the production design, depending on engine speed and load. These results demonstrate the sizable reductions in exhaust hydrocarbon emission that are possible when the piston-bore-ring crevice volume is essentially eliminated. However, durability of the present design, while adequate for laboratory experiments, would be un-satisfactory in passenger car service.
Satellite spacing and frequency sharing for communication and broadcast services (1971)

Satellite relays complicate the problem of sharing a limited frequency spectrum that is in great demand. This paper reviews the problem and outlines a general approach for efficient use of orbits and spectrum. The protection of received signals, the equipment capabilities, and systems considerations pertinent to the problem are reviewed before systematically examining the principal direct and scatter modes of interference. Conclusions derived include the following. The full potential use of orbits and spectrum for satellite systems can provide enormous capacities greatly exceeding any current proposals, but it requires careful coordination of many system parameters. The use of spectrum for microwave or satellite relays to fixed terminals could evolve to intense full sharing by both types of service without seriously limiting either one or requiring unreasonable accommodation. The satellite down links for area coverage to small terminals (e.g., mobile and broadcast services) can share fully and intensively the spectrum above VHF that is used for terrestrial mobile and broadcast services without seriously limiting the potential of any of the services. Although the greatest potential capacity of the spectrum lies above 16 GHz, for most down-link applications propagation factors make it more attractive to share the spectrum below about 16 GHz much more intensively before making extensive use of the higher frequencies. Providing the satellite down-link spectrum for area coverage to small terminals deserves priority consideration. For this purpose the UHF band is most attractive; the merit of the spectrum rapidly diminishes for higher frequencies.
Ductile Fe-Based Bulk Metallic Glass with Good Soft-Magnetic Properties (2007)

We report a ductile Fe-Mo-P-C-B bulk metallic glass (BMG) with good soft-magnetic properties. The Fe-Mo-P-C-B BMG with high Poisson’s ratio of 0.325 and low glass transition temperature of 708 K exhibits plastic strain up to 5.5% before final failure and high fracture strength of 3280 MPa in compression. The Fe-based BMG possesses high saturation magnetization of 1.1 T, low coercive force of 1.8 Am−1 and high permeability of 55300. The Fe-Mo-P-C-B BMG with this combination of noticeable ductility, high strength and good soft-magnetic properties previously not observed simultaneously in Fe-based glassy alloys has promising potential in functional and structural applications.
Picornaviridae: Rhinoviruses—Common Cold Viruses (1988)

Disease: Common cold. Etiologic Agents: Rhinoviruses (over 115 serotypes). Source: Infected individuals excreting virus in nasal secretions; airborne transmission over short distances; enter via nasal epithelium or conjunctiva; transmission via contaminated fingers and fomites also possible. Clinical Manifestations: Rhinorrhea, nasal obstruction, some element of pharyngitis and cough; usually acute; subclinical infections occur. Pathology: Rhinitis probably due mainly to direct cytocidal effect of virus replication in the nasal epithelium; edema and cellular infiltration occur; there is narrowing of the nasal cavities with excessive mucus secretion. Laboratory Diagnosis: Virus isolation in cell or organ culture; seroconversion or four-fold or greater increases in neutralizing antibody; direct virus detection with cDNA probes is being clinically evaluated. Epidemiology: Worldwide distribution with two main seasonal peaks, spring and early autumn; infection is most common in early life and generally decreases with increase in age. Treatment: No specific treatment is yet available. Prevention: No vaccine available, but intranasal interferon prophylaxis may be used in some circumstances.
Customer Preference-Based Information Retrieval to Build Module Concepts (2013)

Preference is viewed as an outer feeling of a product, also as a reflection of human's inner thought. It dominates the designers' decisions and affects our purchase intention. In the paper, a model of preference elicitation from customers is proposed to build module concepts. Firstly, the attributes of customer preference are classified in a hierarchy and make the surveys to build customer preference concepts. Secondly, the documents or catalogs of design requirements, perhaps containing some textual description and geometric data, are normalized by using semantic expressions. Some semantic rules are developed to describe low-level features of customer preference to construct a knowledge base of customer preference. Thirdly, designers' needs are used to map customer preference for generating module concepts. Finally, an empirical study of the stapler is surveyed to illustrate the validity of module concept generation.
Synthesis of Thiacrownophanes Exhibiting High Ag+ Selectivities on the Liquid-Liquid Extraction (1995)

Thiacrownophanes (6-8) were prepared by means of intramolecular [2 + 21 photocycloaddition.Thiacrownophane (6) with two sulfur and three oxygen atoms showed the most efficient extractability toward Ag+ with high selectivity even if the extraction system did not contain any special lipophilic counter anion.TEXT Thiacrown compoun have been prepare d by various me tho d used as bin ders ( )f heavy and transition metals.1-6In general, many synthetic steps are required for the preparation of the compounds and the cyclization yields are often low.Recently, we have succeeded in the preparation of crown compounds fused in cyclophane skeletons by means of intramolecular [2 + 21 photocycloaddition of styrene derivatives.The yields7-11 were excellent, compared with those of Okahara's cyclization12 which is one of the most efficient and convenient method for crown ether syntheses.These compounds were .+named "crownophanes."7It was also found that the crownophanes showed high LIselectivities due to their unique phane structures.7.8The potential complexing specificity led us to examine the cation-binding properties of thiacrownophanes, sulfide analogs of the crownophanes, toward some heavy and transition metals.In this paper, we would like to report the synthesis and properties of the noble crown compounds, i.e., thiacrownophanes having sulfur atom(s) in the polyether moiety.