gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Castration Restores Function and Neurofilament Alterations of Aged Symptomatic Males in a Transgenic Mouse Model of Spinal and Bulbar Muscular Atrophy (2004)

Transgenic models of neurodegenerative disease have proved uniquely powerful for delineating pathways of neuronal dysfunction and cell death. We have developed a transgenic model of the polyglutamine disease spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), an adult-onset, slowly progressive motor neuron disease caused by polyglutamine expansion in the androgen receptor (AR). Mice bearing a human AR with 112 glutamines reproduce many aspects of SBMA, including slowly progressive, gender-specific motor deficits, and neuronal intranuclear inclusions. Despite substantial motor deficits in male AR112Q mice, no motor neuron loss was observed, indicating that neuronal dysfunction, rather than neuronal death, is central to disease. Moreover, reduced levels of unphosphorylated neurofilament heavy chain (NF-H) were observed in motor neurons, suggesting a role for NF-H in SBMA neuronal dysfunction. The elimination of androgens by surgical castration of severely affected, aged 112Q male mice partially restored motor function as well as NF-H levels. These data suggest that hormone-based therapies designed to treat SBMA patients, even with advanced disease, are likely to be effective.
Overview of the key technical issues in Chinese largest uniaxial centrifuge shaker (2014)

Centrifuge shaker is deemed as one of the most advanced and effective experiment equipment in geotechnical anti-earthquake field. In this paper, we pay close attention to three key technical issues encountered in the construction process of Chinese largest uniaxial centrifuge shaker, including the dynamic coupling characteristic between light-flexible base, hydraulic power element and soil model, and the influence of centrifuge vibration synthesis environment to three stage servovalve's dynamic performance, as well as the servo control strategy aiming at better control performance. For these three issues, relevant research achievements of other scholars and our original efforts are briefly overviewed. Finally, the mechanical and hydraulic system, electronic control system, software system of the centrifuge shaker prototype is reported in detail.
Encryption on the Air: Non-Invasive Security for Implantable Medical Devices (2011)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 2011.
Simulating fire whirls (2000)

A numerical investigation of swirling fire plumes is pursued to understand how swirl alters the plume dynamics and combustion. One example is the ‘fire whirl’ which is known to arise naturally during forest fires. This buoyancy-driven fire plume entrains ambient fluid as heated gases rise. Vorticity associated with a mechanism such as wind shear can be concentrated by the fire, creating a vortex core along the axis of the plume. The result is a whirling fire. The current approach considers the relationship between buoyancy and swirl using a configuration based on fixing the heat release rate of the fire and imposing circulation. Large-eddy methodologies are used in the numerical analyses. Results indicate that the structure of the fire plume is significantly altered when angular momentum is imparted to the ambient fluid. The vertical acceleration induced by buoyancy generates strain fields which stretch out the flames as they wrap around the nominal plume centreline. The whirling fire constricts radially and stretches the plume vertically.(Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version; see www.iop.org)
Improved Foucault imaging of magnetic domains with a modified 400 kV transmission electron microscope (1993)

Modifications have been made to a 400 kV side-entry transmission electron microscope fitted with a low-field objective pole piece, in order to position apertures close to the back focal plane of the objective lens, as there is no direct access to the required position in the column. The modifications have facilitated developments in the imaging of magnetic domain structure in magnetic materials using the Foucault technique, for which the correct positioning of the objective aperture is crucial. All usual transmission electron microscopy facilities are retained, allowing a full range of specimen holders and imaging modes to be used along with TV recording and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Some initial results are presented from Fe/Cr and Co/Pt multilayer films, for which the Lorentz deflection angle is very small, and for which the Fresnel imaging mode is of limited use as the grain structure contrast masks the magnetic contrast. Initial results are also presented from NdFeB permanent magnet material for which the use of a high electron accelerating voltage is necessary.
Double blind randomized placebo control trial of controlled release codeine in the treatment of osteoarthritis of the hip or knee. (2000)

Single entity controlled release codeine is an effective treatment for pain due to OA of the hip or knee.
Olfactory Transfer of Analgesic Drugs After Nasal Administration (2007)

Nasal administration of analgesics for achieving rapid pain relief is currently a topic of great interest. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) restricts access to the central nervous system (CNS) for sev ...
Automatic Goal Generation for Reinforcement Learning Agents (2017)

Reinforcement learning is a powerful technique to train an agent to perform a task. However, an agent that is trained using reinforcement learning is only capable of achieving the single task that is specified via its reward function. Such an approach does not scale well to settings in which an agent needs to perform a diverse set of tasks, such as navigating to varying positions in a room or moving objects to varying locations. Instead, we propose a method that allows an agent to automatically discover the range of tasks that it is capable of performing. We use a generator network to propose tasks for the agent to try to achieve, specified as goal states. The generator network is optimized using adversarial training to produce tasks that are always at the appropriate level of difficulty for the agent. Our method thus automatically produces a curriculum of tasks for the agent to learn. We show that, by using this framework, an agent can efficiently and automatically learn to perform a wide set of tasks without requiring any prior knowledge of its environment. Our method can also learn to achieve tasks with sparse rewards, which traditionally pose significant challenges.
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of ertapenem: an overview for clinicians (2004)

Ertapenem, a Group 1 carbapenem, is a once-a-day parenteral beta-lactam antibiotic recently licensed in the USA and Europe. Monotherapy with ertapenem dosed as 1 g once a day has been shown to be highly effective in clinical trials for the treatment of complicated infections of skin and skin structures, complicated intra-abdominal infections, community-acquired pneumonia, acute pelvic infections and complicated urinary tract infections. Dosing modifications have not been recommended for adults on the basis of gender, age, weight or liver disease. Presently there are no data regarding the use of ertapenem in children. Dose reductions are indicated for patients with advanced renal insufficiency. Ertapenem is neither a substrate nor an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein or cytochrome P450 enzymes; significant drug interactions between ertapenem and drugs handled by these systems are not expected.
Reverse Genetics Systems of Segmented Double-Stranded RNA Viruses Including Rotavirus (2006)

The rotavirus genome is composed of 11 segments of double-stranded (ds)RNA. Recent studies have elucidated the precise mechanisms in transcription and replication of rotavirus RNA mainly by in vitro experiments. However, the ideal methodology for the molecular study of rotavirus replication is reverse genetics, which enables the viral genome to be artifically manipulated. Since the development of the first reverse genetics system for RNA virus in bacteriophage QB in 1978, the methodology has been developed for a variety of RNA viruses with plus-strand, minus-strand or dsRNA as a genome. However, there have been no reports on the reverse genetics of the viruses in the family Reoviridae with a genome of 10–12 segmented dsRNA, except for reovirus. This review describes the replication cycle of rotavirus with the aim of providing a general background to the development of rotavirus reverse genetics, and summarizes the reverse genetics system for dsRNA viruses, including rotavirus.
Constitutive activity of the melanocortin-4 receptor is maintained by its N-terminal domain and plays a role in energy homeostasis in humans (2004)

The melanocortin-4 receptor (MC4R), a centrally expressed G protein–coupled receptor (GPCR), is essential for the maintenance of long-term energy balance in humans. Mutations in MC4R are the most common genetic cause of obesity. Since activation of this receptor leads to a decrease in food intake, MC4R is also a major therapeutic target for the treatment of obesity. Control of MC4R activity in vivo is modulated by the opposing effects of the anorexigenic agonist α–melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) and the orexigenic antagonist agouti-related protein (AGRP). In addition, experiments in vitro have demonstrated that the human MC4R has an intrinsic constitutive activity on which AGRP also acts as an inverse agonist. The physiological role of this constitutive activity in the control of energy balance as well as the domain of the protein implicated in its maintenance are unknown. By systematically studying functional defects in naturally occurring MC4R mutations from obese patients, we defined a cluster of N-terminal mutations that selectively impair the constitutive activity of the receptor. Further characterization of this domain demonstrated that it functions as a tethered intramolecular ligand that maintains the constitutive activity of MC4R and may provide novel avenues for the design of drugs targeting this receptor. Our results also suggest that the tonic satiety signal provided by the constitutive activity of MC4R may be required for maintaining long-term energy homeostasis in humans.
Joint Optimization of Cache Placement and Bandwidth Allocation in Heterogeneous Networks (2018)

Content caching at edge of the network has been considered as an effective way to reduce latency and alleviate burden on backhaul. In this paper, cache placement and bandwidth allocation strategies are jointly investigated in a multi-user system of a heterogenous network consisting of one macro base station and multiple small base stations. With the goal of minimizing outage probability, a simulated annealing algorithm-aided cache placement scheme along with an optimized bandwidth allocation via a dual decomposition method is proposed while taking into account the constraints of total available bandwidth, storage capacity of caching nodes, and fairness among users. Unlike previous works, the optimizations of the cache placement and bandwidth allocation are jointly considered in this paper. Meanwhile, in order to guarantee performance of each individual user while optimizing outage probability of the entire system, user fairness is taken into account as well. Simulation results show that, compared with other cache placement and bandwidth allocation schemes, the proposed method can obtain lower outage probability and maintain user fairness.
Road pricing in practice (1992)

The urban transport problem is usually perceived as a disequilibrium, at peak times, between the supply of transport infrastructure and the demand for the use of this infrastructure by an increasing population for more journeys. Policy makers have responded to growing traffic congestion problems with a range of vehicle restraint measures including fuel taxes, parking controls, traffic management, etc. Transport economists have generally argued that the only comprehensive long-term solution lies with the introduction of road pricing. This article evaluates Singapore's unique experience in actually employing the price mechanism to ration more effectively the use of roads during periods of peak demand and considers some ramifications of such a policy.
Distribution of tetracycline in the conjunctiva of patients on long term systemic doses. (1985)

After oral administration of tetracycline fluorescence has been detected in biopsy specimens taken from human and animal conjunctiva. The fluorescence is not uniform but appears to be concentrated in the goblet cells, around the blood vessels, and in a thin film on the external surface of the epithelium. Immersion studies suggest there is a selective binding to the surface of the conjunctiva.
Prevention of Acute Vascular Rejection by a Functionally Blocking Anti-C5 Monoclonal Antibody Combined with Cyclosporine (2005)

Combination therapy of anti-C5 mAb and CsA achieves indefinite graft survival in a mouse cardiac allograft model. These data suggest that inhibition of terminal complement using anti-C5 mAb may be an effective therapeutic adjunct to prevent AVR in clinical transplantation.
Braille-based Text Input for Multi-touch Screen Mobile Phones (2011)

ABSTRACT: “The real problem of blindness is not the loss of eyesight. The real problem is the misunderstanding and lack of information that exist. If a blind person has proper training and opportunity, blindness can be reduced to a physical nuisance.”- National Federation of the Blind (NFB) Multi-touch screen is a relatively new and revolutionary technology in mobile phone industry. Being mostly software driven makes these phones highly customizable for all sorts of users including blind and visually impaired people. In this research, we present new interface layouts for multi-touch screen mobile phones that enable visionless people to enter text in the form of Braille cells. Braille is the only way for these people to directly read and write without getting help from any extra assistive instruments. It will be more convenient and interesting for them to be provided with facilities to interact with new technologies using their language, Braille. We started with a literature review on existing eyes-free text entry methods and also text input devices, to find out their strengths and weaknesses. At this stage we were aiming at identifying the difficulties that unsighted people faced when working with current text entry methods. Then we conducted questionnaire surveys as the quantitative method and interviews as the qualitative method of our user study to get familiar with users’ needs and expectations. At the same time we studied the Braille language in detail and examined currently available multi-touch mobile phone feedbacks. At the designing stage, we first investigated different possible ways of entering a Braille “cell” on a multi-touch screen, regarding available input techniques and also considering the Braille structure. Then, we developed six different alternatives of entering the Braille cells on the device; we laid out a mockup for each and documented them using Gestural Modules Document and Swim Lanes techniques. Next, we prototyped our designs and evaluated them utilizing Pluralistic Walkthrough method and real users. Next step, we refined our models and selected the two bests, as main results of this project based on good gestural interface principles and users’ feedbacks. Finally, we discussed the usability of our elected methods in comparison with the current method visually impaired use to enter texts on the most popular multi-touch screen mobile phone, iPhone. Our selected designs reveal possibilities to improve the efficiency and accuracy of the existing text entry methods in multi-touch screen mobile phones for Braille literate people. They also can be used as guidelines for creating other multi-touch input devices for entering Braille in an apparatus like computer.
Magnesium-doped GaAs and Al<i>x</i> Ga1−<i>x</i> As by molecular beam epitaxy (1972)

Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) of Mg-doped GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs layers was studied in situ by high-energy electron diffraction and Auger spectrometry. The analysis of the incorporation of Mg into the layers was studied with a Cameca (IMS 300) ion-sputtering mass spectrometer and by Hall-effect determination. It has been demonstrated that the sticking coefficient of Mg increases very rapidly (almost 3 orders of magnitude) under the specific conditions of this experiment when x increases from zero to 0.2, and that controlled p-type doping of GaAs and AlxGa1−xAs with Mg during MBE is possible. A new surface structure (001)−2×2-Mg is observed when a Mg beam impinges on a GaAs or AlxGa1−xAs surface.
Repatriation, Indigenous Peoples, and Development Lessons from Africa, North America, and Australia (2002)

Repatriation issues-those involving the return of human remains and cultural property of various societies-are a major concern of indigenous peoples world-wide. / Efforts have been made by indigenous peoples in places as far afield as Australia. Tasmania. southern Africa. Canada. the United States. Latin America. and the Pacific to get museums and universities to return biological and cultural materials that they believe belong to them.2 On September 1st, 1998, the Chancellor of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (UNL) signed an agreement with a number of American Indian tribes that allowed for the repatriation of all Indian remains in the possession of the University. This was a landmark decision in several ways. First, the agreement allowed for the return of both affiliated and unaffiliated remains (those remains not linked to a specific tribe). Second, the agreement provides for the return of human remains to a consortium of tribes (all of those tribes who are signatories to the September 1st agreement). Under the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990, museums, universities, and other institutions in the United States are required to report on the presence of Native American human remains and associated cultural materials to the tribes with
Estimation of the antileukemic potency of the antimetabolite aminopterin, administered alone and in combination with citrovorum factor or folic acid. (1953)

Summary A comparison has been made, with reference to drug dose mortality response, of the relative effectiveness of the following treatments in influencing the survival time of DBA male mice inoculated with a lymphoid leukemia: ( a ) aminopterin; ( b ) aminopterin plus concomitantly administered citrovorum factor; ( c ) aminopterin plus folic acid; where the folic acid was administered 1 hour early; ( d ) aminopterin plus concomitantly administered folic acid. To provide a basis for the analyses employed, the experiments, involving single dose administration of antimetabolite and metabolite, were designed to result in a temporal separation of drug mortality and tumor mortality. With all the treatments employed, as the dose of aminopterin was increased there was a progressive increase of both drug mortality and survival time of animals which succumbed to the leukemia. On concomitant administration of citrovorum factor or prior administration of folic acid, with a specified dose of aminopterin, both the mortality response and the increase in survival time ordinarily resulting from treatment with that dose of aminopterin were reduced. For equivalent cost in drug dose mortality, aminopterin was more effective in increasing the survival time of animals which succumbed to the leukemia than aminopterin plus concomitantly administered CF or aminopterin plus FA administered early. On simultaneous administration of FA with aminopterin, the FA did not alter the toxicity to the host or influence the antileukemic action of the aminopterin. These results are discussed with reference to the mode of action of aminopterin and the possible implications for therapy.
TRANSCONJUNCTIVAL SUTURELESS 23-GAUGE VITRECTOMY (2005)

From the Department of Ophthalmology, Staedtische Kliniken Frankfurt am Main-Hoechst, Frankfurt, Germany. The author has a proprietary interest in the microcannula/inserter system. Reprint requests: Claus Eckardt, Augenklinik Staedtische Kliniken Frankfurt am Main-Hoechst, Gotenstrasse 6–8, 65929 Frankfurt, Germany; e-mail: [email protected] RETINA®, The Journal of Retinal and Vitreous Diseases, encourages authors to submit Brief Reports describing unusual findings, new techniques, and new instruments. Material submitted for consideration in this section of the journal is done so with the assumption that the data provided do not duplicate previously published material and that the material has not been submitted for consideration elsewhere. Each author must sign a disclosure to this effect (see Instructions to Authors for complete wording of transfer letter). Brief Reports submitted for this section of the journal may be subjected to the standard review process that is applied to other material submitted to RETINA®. Brief Reports should follow the requirements listed in the Instructions to Authors, with the following caveats: Brief Reports should not exceed 4 pages in length; no more than 5 references should be cited; and each Brief Report should include no more than 4 figures.
Epidermal Growth Factor Abrogates Hypoxia-Induced Apoptosis in Cultured Human Trophoblasts through Phosphorylation of BAD Serine 112 (2008)

We tested the hypothesis that epidermal growth factor (EGF) limits hypoxia-induced apoptosis in cultured human trophoblasts by phosphorylation of the proapoptotic protein Bcl-2-associated death promoter (BAD). Cytotrophoblasts were isolated from placentas of uncomplicated pregnancies at 38-40 wk gestation. Primary trophoblasts or transfected JEG3 trophoblast cells were cultured in less than 1 or 20% oxygen in the presence or absence of EGF and signaling pathway inhibitors. BAD, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-BAD, 14-3-3, Bcl-X(L), and neoepitopes formed during apoptotic cleavage of cytokeratin 18 intermediate filaments were quantified using immunoblotting. Cultures immunostained by fluorescent antibodies were analyzed by confocal microscopy for BAD and GFP. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer was used to detect molecular interaction between endogenous BAD and GFP-BAD. We found EGF increased the phosphorylation of BADser112 under standard culture conditions. Whereas hypoxia enhanced apoptosis and increased phosphorylation of both BADser136 and BADser155, hypoxia diminished phosphorylation of BADser112, and this effect was reversible by EGF. Transfected GFP-BAD, which directly interacted with endogenous BAD by colocalization and fluorescence resonance energy transfer, enhanced hypoxia-induced apoptosis in JEG3 cells. EGF reduced apoptosis in hypoxic JEG3 cells that overexpressed GFP-BAD but not in cells overexpressing GFP-BAD that harbored a serine-to-alanine mutation at the 112 site. Coimmunoprecipitation studies showed that EGF reduced the proapoptotic interaction of BAD with Bcl-X(L). The effect of EGF on phosphorylation of BADser112 was dependent on the action of p38 MAPK. We conclude that EGF signals via p38 MAPK to increase phosphorylation of BADser112 and thereby limit trophoblast apoptosis.
Sub-Atmospheric Pressure Pool Boiling of Water on a Screen Laminate-Enhanced, Wavy-Fin Array (2010)

Saturated pool boiling on vertically oriented, copper, wavy-fin surfaces in water at reduced pressures is investigated. A lamination of fine-filament, wire mesh is an effective surface enhancement for boiling since the surface can be configured to provide a very high density of potential bubble nucleation sites. Two surfaces are considered: a 0.75mm thick 4-layer laminate with approximately 4000 pores per cm2 and a 0.42mm thick 8-layer laminate with approximately 26,000 pores per cm2. The results show that the 8-layer laminate outperforms the 4-layer laminate. At reduced pressures a reduction in performance is seen for both surfaces. A semi-empirical boiling model is developed. The model predicts the boiling performance of our data within an error of 30%. The model shows that shorter fins improve boiling performance.