gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dendritic Cell-Derived IL-12 Is Not Required for the Generation of Cytotoxic, IFN-γ-Secreting, CD8+ CTL In Vivo (2001)

By using adoptive transfer of Ag-loaded bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDC), we have established an in vivo model of CTL priming. Activation of CTL in these experiments required both CD4(+) T cells and CD154, demonstrating that this model reflects CD4(+) T cell-dependent dendritic cell (DC) licensing. Because IL-12 has been suggested to play an important role in CTL activation by DC, we examined the ability of BMDC to prime CTL in the complete absence of IL-12 using p40-deficient mice. We observed that the absence of IL-12 does not affect the phenotype or allostimulatory function of BMDC after in vitro maturation. Moreover, there was no difference in the ability of Ag-loaded DC to elicit CTL cytotoxicity, whether the Ag was delivered by virus infection or peptide pulsing. Equal frequencies of Ag-specific, IFN-gamma-secreting CD8(+) T cells developed in both wild-type and IL-12-deficient backgrounds. Finally, CTL generated in the IL-12-deficient environment were capable of protecting immunized mice against tumor challenge, demonstrating that these CTL were fully functional, despite the absence of IL-12 during the maturation process in vivo. These results indicate that IL-12 is not critical for the development of IFN-gamma secreting, CD8(+) T cells and that another mechanism must be used by licensed DC to prime and activate CTL.
Influence of atopic heredity on IL-4-, IL-12- and IFN-<i>γ</i>-producing cells in<i>in vitro</i>activated cord blood mononuclear cells (2001)

Several reports have claimed that there is a greater risk for a child with an atopic mother to develop allergy as compared to a child with an atopic father. This suggests that the fetal environment during pregnancy might be of importance for the development of atopic disease. Both proliferative and cytokine responses have been detected in cord blood mononuclear cells (CBMC) after stimulation with allergens, suggesting allergen priming already in utero. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the atopic status of the mother influences cytokine production by CBMC. We compared interleukin (IL)-4, IL-12 and interferon (IFN)-gamma-producing CBMC from children with double atopic heredity (dh), maternal atopic heredity only (mh) or no atopic heredity (nh). CBMC were stimulated in vitro with allergens (birch, ovalbumin and cat), phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) or purified protein derivative (PPD) and cytokine-producing cells were measured by the enzyme-linked immunospot assay. In response to PHA, the frequency of IL-4-producing cells, as well as the ratio of IL-4/IFN-gamma-producing cells, were significantly higher in the dh group compared to the nh group. High numbers of IL-12-producing cells in response to allergens were detected, significantly highest in the nh group, followed by the dh and mh groups. Our results suggest that there is a stronger Th2 bias after in vitro stimulation of CBMC from children with atopic heredity, as reflected by higher IL-4/IFN-gamma ratios in response to PHA, and lower numbers of IL-12-producing cells after allergen stimulation. Whether these differences influence later allergy development will be evaluated when the atopic status of the children is assessed at 2 years of age.
In-situ composite based on polypropylene and nylon6 (1997)

Polypropylene (PP) and Nylon6 were extruded with a single screw extruder. Nylon6 could form microfibrils in a PP matrix. When the blends were compression-molded at the temperature between the melting temperature of PP and that of Nylon6, these fibrils could be maintained in the matrix. The existence of Nylon6 microfibrils could improve the impact strength, but the tensile strength of the composites decreased. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis show that Nylon6 microfibrils could affect the crystallization of PP slightly. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Adv Polym Techn 16: 331–336, 1997
Spin-exchange optical pumping as a source of spin-polarized atomic deuterium (1992)

Optical pumping of potassium atoms followed by spin-exchange scattering with deuterium atoms in a high magnetic field was found to produce an intense, highly spin-polarized beam of atomic deuterium. In particular, the atomic polarization of deuterium was determined to be (73\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}3)% at an intensity of 2.1\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{17}$ atoms/s.
Surface structuring by remelting of titanium alloy Ti6Al4V (2015)

Conventional surface structuring processes often share two crucial disadvantages. First, after the structuring process itself, some kind of surface finishing is often needed, based on another technology, which means a substantial additional expense. Second, all conventional surface structuring processes are based on the removal of material, which is wasted without any further use during processing. A new approach of structuring metallic surface structuring by laser remelting (WaveShape). In this process, no material is removed but reallocated while molten. This structuring process is based on the new active principle of remelting. The surface structure and the microroughness result from a laser-controlled self-organization of the melt pool due to surface tension. Up to now, basic research has been focused on hot work steel 1.2343 (AISI: H11), and promising results have been achieved for this material. Current research and development are now seeking to expand the spectrum of processable materials. Since remelting is a thermally driven process, significant differences between metallic materials are expected due to their thermo physical properties such as thermal conductivity, absorption coefficient, viscosity, and heat capacity. The titanium alloy Ti6Al4V has a wide range of industrial applications, especially for aviation, aerospace, and medical engineering. The WaveShape process for this material will be investigated within this paper. The procedural principle of surface structuring by remelting is based upon a sinusoidal modulation of laser power while the laser beam is moved over the surface. The lower process limit of laser power is the power required to melt material and, therefore, create a melt pool. In this context, the upper process limit of laser power is the point just before substantial amounts of the molten material are evaporated. We used metallographic cross sections to measure the dimensions of melt pool depth and width as they depend on procedural parameters, such as laser beam diameter (125–500 μm), scanning velocity (25–200 mm/s), and laser power (20–400 W). We also investigated basic interdependencies between structural characteristics (e.g., height) and procedural parameters used, such as laser beam diameter, laser power, and wavelength of modulation. The results show that the WaveShape process is well suited to process titanium alloy Ti6Al4V since structures and process velocities achieved are significantly higher than for the previously investigated hot work steel.
In vitro selection of RNA aptamers that can bind specifically to Tat protein of HIV-1. (1995)

The Tat protein of human immunodeficiency virus interacts specifically with its target RNA sequence, TAR, and activates viral gene expression at the early stage of infection. Here, we have used in vitro genetic selection strategy to determine what sequence or structural motifs might exist between RNA's that interact specifically with the Tat protein. Starting from a RNA pool that has a 120 base random sequence core, aptamers that bind specifically to the Tat protein were selected by repeating 11 rounds of selection and amplification. A comparative analysis of 64 aptamers that were isolated from the 11th generation revealed two main sequence classes. Interestingly, one of these two classes of aptamers had minimum of one U residues in bulge loop and 2 specific adjacent base pairs. This region is very much homologous to the core sequence of TAR RNA that is essential for the specific Tat-TAR interactions. Further analyses of the sequences from the 11th generation should reveal what kind of RNA structures are required in order to show a high affinity for the Tat protein.
A novel imaging‐based high‐throughput screening approach to anti‐angiogenic drug discovery (2009)

The successful progression to the clinic of angiogenesis inhibitors for cancer treatment has spurred interest in developing new classes of anti-angiogenic compounds. The resulting surge in available candidate therapeutics highlights the need for robust, high-throughput angiogenesis screening systems that adequately capture the complexity of new vessel formation while providing quantitative evaluation of the potency of these agents. Available in vitro angiogenesis assays are either cumbersome, impeding adaptation to high-throughput screening formats, or inadequately model the complex multistep process of new vessel formation. We therefore developed an organotypic endothelial-mural cell co-culture assay system that reflects several facets of angiogenesis while remaining compatible with high-throughput/high-content image screening. Co-culture of primary human endothelial cells (EC) and vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMC) results in assembly of a network of tubular endothelial structures enveloped with vascular basement membrane proteins, thus, comprising the three main components of blood vessels. Initially, EC are dependent on vSMC-derived VEGF and sensitive to clinical anti-angiogenic therapeutics. A subsequent phenotypic VEGF-switch renders EC networks resistant to anti-VEGF therapeutics, demarcating a mature vascular phenotype. Conversely, mature EC networks remain sensitive to vascular disrupting agents. Therefore, candidate anti-angiogenic compounds can be interrogated for their relative potency on immature and mature networks and classified as either vascular normalizing or vascular disrupting agents. Here, we demonstrate that the EC-vSMC co-culture assay represents a robust high-content imaging high-throughput screening system for identification of novel anti-angiogenic agents. A pilot high-throughput screening campaign was used to define informative imaging parameters and develop a follow-up dose-response scheme for hit characterization. High-throughput screening using the EC-vSMC co-culture assay establishes a new platform to screen for novel anti-angiogenic compounds for cancer therapy.
Flying low with Maglev (1973)

A new transportation system is on the horizon--the first in the history of man in which electrical and electronics engineering seems destined to play the dominant role. Successful magnetic-levitation (Maglev) high-speed ground transportation now appears almost certain for a variety of reasons. There is no fundamental flaw in using magnetic forces for both suspension and propulsion, and various technological options are available for optimizing system design. The system can operate with a relatively soft large-clearance suspension that has no contact with the ground, not even for power pickup. Energy consumption can be less than that for jet aircraft, even at Maglev speeds of 500 km/h (311 mi/h).
Language @ Education: A Personal Welcome and Some Research Issues (2021)

I explore the many ways in which linguistics in general, and applied linguistics in particular, can inform the study of language in educational settings. I pay special attention to its role in the training of teachers; the grading of linguistic information in educational settings; the incorporation of guidance about teaching into introductory accounts; linguist/teacher collaboration; continuing professional development in businesses and other organizations; advisory roles in relation to the development of language policy; and the provision of resources to meet the interests and curiosity about language found among the general public. As an illustration of collaboration, I describe a project developed for the teaching of reading to avoid line-breaks that would interfere with easy reading or prompt miscues.
Higher-Order Statistical Properties Arising from the Non-Stationarity of Natural Signals (2000)

We present evidence that several higher-order statistical proper-ties of natural images and signals can be explained by a stochastic model which simply varies scale of an otherwise stationary Gaus-sian process. We discuss two interesting consequences. The first is that a variety of natural signals can be related through a com-mon model of spherically invariant random processes, which have the attractive property that the joint densities can be constructed from the one dimensional marginal. The second is that in some cas-es the non-stationarity assumption and only second order methods can be explicitly exploited to find a linear basis that is equivalent to independent components obtained with higher-order methods. This is demonstrated on spectro-temporal components of speech. 1
A Chromosome 21 Critical Region Does Not Cause Specific Down Syndrome Phenotypes (2004)

The "Down syndrome critical region" (DSCR) is a chromosome 21 segment purported to contain genes responsible for many features of Down syndrome (DS), including craniofacial dysmorphology. We used chromosome engineering to create mice that were trisomic or monosomic for only the mouse chromosome segment orthologous to the DSCR and assessed dysmorphologies of the craniofacial skeleton that show direct parallels with DS in mice with a larger segmental trisomy. The DSCR genes were not sufficient and were largely not necessary to produce the facial phenotype. These results refute specific predictions of the prevailing hypothesis of gene action in DS.
Respiratory infections caused by non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae (2003)

Non-typeable H. influenzae is an important cause of respiratory tract infections in children and adults. Most strains are susceptible to amoxicillin/clavulanate, fluoroquinolones and the newer macrolides. Research in the next decade promises substantial progress in the challenge of developing vaccines for nontypeable H. influenzae.
Traffic monitoring in a network of PBXs (2002)

Monitoring traffic flow in a network of PBXs (private branch exchanges) of arbitrary size and configuration is studied. Two alternative monitoring architectures which differ primarily in the mode of generating call detail records (CDRs) are proposed. In architecture A the CDRs are generated in a manner similar to that now used for supporting billing functions. ln architecture B a single CDR is generated by making full use of common-channel signaling. It is shown that architecture B results in greatly reduced requirements for storage space and processing at the monitoring center, and in the transmission bandwidth required to deliver CDRs to the center. Algorithms that can be used with either architecture to provide both real-time and retrospective traffic monitoring are presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Dispersion of Liquids Using Centrifugal and Electrostatic Forces (1984)

A 5-cm diameter aluminum disk which may be spun at speeds of up to 10 000 r/min is used to disperse hydrocarbon oils. An electrostatic field may be set up at the edge of the disk by ralsing the potential of a concentric ring elctrode to several kilovolts. The liquid dispersion process from the edge of the disk is studied in the presence of dominant electrostatic forces, dominant centrifugal forces, and a combination of both forces. The duality of the electrostatic and the centrifugal dispersion processes is discussed.
Erythropoietic protoporphyria with eye complications (2007)

We herein report a case of erythropoietic protoporphyria (EPP) complicated by a decrease in eyesight that occurred in a Japanese male. An ophthalmologist initially thought that the eyesight loss might be the result of idiopathic optic nerve atrophy due to a vascular obstruction in the fundus. There are no previous reports of EPP cases with eye complications. However, an eye abnormality has been reported in an animal model of protoporphyria after long-term, low-level exposure to blue light. As a result, in our case, it is therefore possible that a relationship may have existed between EPP and the onset of eye complications.
A Snapshot of Global Internet Worm Activity (2001)

Atrial tachycardia (AT) and atrial fibrillation (AF) were observed in a 21-year old male who had a history of patch closure for an atrial septal defect (ASD) at the age of 5 and a persistent left superior vena cava (LSVC). During electrophysiologic study, atrial extrastimuli reproducibly induced AT which spontaneously terminated or changed into AF. Electroanatomical mapping revealed focal AT arising from the floor of the proximal LSVC. Radio- frequency applications within LSVC targeted to the earliest activation site of AT as well as the complex fractionated potential eliminated both AT and AF without trans-septal puncture.
Acyclopyrimidine <i>C</i>‐nucleosides. Synthesis of acyclopseudoisocytidine and its derivatives (1984)

Abstract Acyclopseudouridine (IV), acyclopseudoisocytidine (VII), and their 1‐methyl derivatives (V and VIII) were synthesized from 5‐hydroxymethyluracil (I). Acyclopseudouridine (IV) was conveniently prepared from the condensation of 5‐hydroxymethyluracil ( I ) with ethylene glycol under acidic condition. Compound IV also could be prepared from 5‐chloromethyluracil, however, this procedure was found to be inferior to the direct condensation method. Methylation of IV with dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal gave 1,3‐dimethylacyclopseudouridine (VI) which was subsequently converted to acyclopseudoisocytidine (VII). 1‐Methyl derivatives V and VIII were obtained from the selective methylation of IV and VII, respectively. 5‐Hydroxymethyluracil also reacted with 2‐mercaptoethanol to give the sulfide derivative (IX).
<i>Drosophila</i> Rtf1 functions in histone methylation, gene expression, and <i>Notch</i> signaling (2006)

The Rtf1 subunit of the Paf1 complex is required for proper monoubiquitination of histone H2B and methylation of histone H3 on lysines 4 (H3K4) and 79 in yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Using RNAi, we examined the role of Rtf1 in histone methylation and gene expression in Drosophila melanogaster. We show that Drosophila Rtf1 (dRtf1) is required for proper gene expression and development. Furthermore, we show that RNAi-mediated reduction of dRtf1 results in a reduction in histone H3K4 trimethylation levels on bulk histones and chromosomes in vivo, indicating that the histone modification pathway via Rtf1 is conserved among yeast, Drosophila, and human. Recently, it was demonstrated that histone H3K4 methylation mediated via the E3 ligase Bre1 is critical for transcription of Notch target genes in Drosophila. Here we demonstrate that the dRtf1 component of the Paf1 complex functions in Notch signaling.
<i>Solanum lycopersicum</i> cv. Heinz 1706 chromosome 6: distribution and abundance of genes and retrotransposable elements (2009)

We studied the physical and genetic organization of chromosome 6 of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) cv. Heinz 1706 by combining bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) sequence analysis, high-information-content fingerprinting, genetic analysis, and BAC-fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping data. The chromosome positions of 81 anchored seed and extension BACs corresponded in most cases with the linear marker order on the high-density EXPEN 2000 linkage map. We assembled 25 BAC contigs and eight singleton BACs spanning 2.0 Mb of the short-arm euchromatin, 1.8 Mb of the pericentromeric heterochromatin and 6.9 Mb of the long-arm euchromatin. Sequence data were combined with their corresponding genetic and pachytene chromosome positions into an integrated map that covers approximately a third of the chromosome 6 euchromatin and a small part of the pericentromeric heterochromatin. We then compared physical length (Mb), genetic (cM) and chromosome distances (microm) for determining gap sizes between contigs, revealing relative hot and cold spots of recombination. Through sequence annotation we identified several clusters of functionally related genes and an uneven distribution of both gene and repeat sequences between heterochromatin and euchromatin domains. Although a greater number of the non-transposon genes were located in the euchromatin, the highly repetitive (22.4%) pericentromeric heterochromatin displayed an unexpectedly high gene content of one gene per 36.7 kb. Surprisingly, the short-arm euchromatin was relatively rich in repeats as well, with a repeat content of 13.4%, yet the ratio of Ty3/Gypsy and Ty1/Copia retrotransposable elements across the chromosome clearly distinguished euchromatin (2:3) from heterochromatin (3:2).
연구논문 : 물리학에서 이론적 설명과 실험에 포함된 이상조건에 대한 고등학생과 과학교사의 이해 조사II - 이상화가 물리학습에 주는 시사점을 중심으로 - (1998)

본 연구는 물리학에서 중요한 역할을 하는 이상화가 물리학습에 주는 시사점을 세가지 측면에서 논의하였다. 첫째, 이상화에 대한 이해는 물리세계에 대한 이해에 도움을 준다. 이것은 물리학에서 사용되는 용어나 개념, 물리 법칙이나 공식을 유도하는 과정, 그리고 자연현상을 설명하거나 문제를 해결과는 활동 속에 여러 가지 이상조건이 포함되어 있기 때문이다. 둘째, 이상화는 실제 세계와 물리 세계와의 관계를 이해하는 데 도움을 준다. 즉, 이상화의 적용범위와 한계를 이해함으로써 물리 세계와 실제 세계와의 격차를 이해할 수 있으며, 나아가 이상조건을 조정하거나 제거하면서 물리세계에서의 예측이 어떻게 달라지는지를 이해함으로써 실제 세계에 대한 이해의 폭을 넓힐 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 이러한 측면을 돕기 위한 하나의 학습 전략으로 컴퓨터 시뮬레이션의 활용을 제안하였다. 셋째로, 창의적인 탐구 활동에서 이상화는 중요한 역할을 한다. 탐구 활동에서 중요한 출발점 중의 하나는 탐구하고자 하는 변인을 설정하고, 나머지 변인들을 통제하는 활동인데, 이때 이상조건의 설정이 필요하게 된다. 또한 실제 실험에서는 가능하지 않은 극한 상황의 분석을 위해서나, 사고 실험을 위해서도 이상조건의 사용이 필요하게 된다. 본 연구에서는 위의 3가지 측면을 구체적인 예와 함께 논의하였으며, 박종원 등(1988)의 연구와 함께 이상조건에 대한 학생과 교사의 이해조사를 위한 이론적 근거를 제시하고 있다.
Single nanoparticle as photonic switch and optical memory element (2006)

We review the concept of using nanoparticles undergoing light-induced transformations between structural phases with different optical properties as key components of optical gate and memory elements, with the potential to operate on picosecond timescales at femtojoule energy levels.
Blockade of Dendritic Cell Development by Bacterial Fermentation Products Butyrate and Propionate through a Transporter (Slc5a8)-dependent Inhibition of Histone Deacetylases (2010)

Mammalian colon harbors trillions of bacteria, yet there is no undue inflammatory response by the host against these bacteria under normal conditions. The bacterial fermentation products acetate, propionate, and butyrate are believed, at least in part, to be responsible for these immunosuppressive effects. Dendritic cells play an essential role in presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes and initiation of adaptive immune responses. Here we report that butyrate and propionate block the generation of dendritic cells from bone marrow stem cells, without affecting the generation of granulocytes. This effect is dependent on the Na(+)-coupled monocarboxylate transporter Slc5a8, which transports butyrate and propionate into cells, and on the ability of these two bacterial metabolites to inhibit histone deacetylases. Acetate, which is also a substrate for Slc5a8 but not an inhibitor of histone deacetylases, does not affect dendritic cell development, indicating the essential role of histone deacetylase inhibition in the process. The blockade of dendritic cell development by butyrate and propionate is associated with decreased expression of the transcription factors PU.1 and RelB. Butyrate also elicits its biologic effects through its ability to activate the G-protein-coupled receptor Gpr109a, but this mechanism is not involved in butyrate-induced blockade of dendritic cell development. The participation of Slc5a8 and the non-involvement of Gpr109a in butyrate effects have been substantiated using bone marrow cells obtained from Slc5a8(-/-) and Gpr109a(-/-) mice. These findings uncover an important mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory functions of the bacterial fermentation products butyrate and propionate.