gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Construction of the Bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane Template of a Conformationally Locked Carbocyclic Adenosine via an Olefin Keto-Carbene Cycloaddition (2000)

An intramolecular olefin keto-carbene cycloaddition reaction created the bicyclo[3.1.0]hexane template 10 that was necessary for the synthesis of carbocyclic amine 15. This amine is a direct precursor to a family of rigid nucleosides that are conformationally locked in the Southern hemisphere of the pseudorotational cycle. The synthesis of the conformationally locked adenosine analogue is reported herein as an illustrative example of the methodology. The racemic (South)-methanocarba adenosine analogue (+/-)-4 is the first example of a conformationally locked ribonucleoside version in the Southern hemisphere.
Recombinant His-tagged DNA polymerase. I. Cloning, purification and partial characterization of Thermus thermophilus recombinant DNA polymerase. (1998)

The Tth DNA polymerase gene from the thermophilic Thermus thermophilus (strain HB8) was amplified, cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli. The recombinant DNA polymerase containing a polyhistidine tag at the N-terminus was isolated in a single step by Ni2+ affinity chromatography. The purified recombinant enzyme, showing high polymerase activity contained 43 additional amino-acid residues (including a cluster of six histidine residues inserted for purification of the recombinant protein by metal-affinity chromatography) at N-terminus. The applied overexpression system was very efficient giving 700,000 u of DNA polymerase activity from 1 liter of induced culture. The enzyme was characterized and displayed high DNA polymerase and reverse transcriptase activities and high thermostability as compared to the native Tth DNA polymerase.
Preparation and properties of alkoxy(methyl)silsesquioxanes as coating agents (2004)

Abstract Polysilsesquioxanes were prepared through the acid‐catalyzed hydrolytic polycondensation of triethoxy(methyl)silane, triisopropoxy(methyl)silane, or triisobutoxy(methyl)silane and subjected to dip coating to form coating films. The film formation depended on the polarity and crystallinity of the substrate, and a correlation was found between the substrate and polysilsesquioxane solubility parameters. When the coating film was heated, thermal condensation occurred at about 500 °C between hydroxy groups or between hydroxy and alkoxy groups. The methyl group attached to silicon decomposed, and siloxane bonding formed at about 800 °C. The adhesion and hardness of the coating films were evaluated with the Japanese Industrial Standard K5400 protocol, and they increased with increases in the heating time and heat‐treatment temperature. The refractive index of the coating films decreased when the heat‐treatment temperature was increased to 500 °C because of the combustion of organic groups. In contrast, the surface electric resistance increased with the heat‐treatment temperature up to 500 °C. The dielectric constant was 2.6–2.8 and decreased with an increases in the molecular weight and the degree of crosslinking of the polysilsesquioxanes. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3676–3684, 2004
Prevention of Hormone-Related Cancers: Prostate Cancer (2005)

Androgens are known to play an important role in normal prostate development, benign prostatic hyperplasia, established prostate cancer, and in prostate carcinogenesis. However, despite convincing experimental and clinical evidence, the epidemiologic data correlating sex steroid levels with disease risk is inconsistent. More recent work has focused on studies of polymorphisms in germ-line DNA in an effort to develop polygenic models of prostate cancer susceptibility and prognosis. Such models have the potential to aid in the selection of men for specific chemopreventive interventions and to help determine which men with localized prostate cancer are most likely to benefit from aggressive therapy. In this review, we will provide a brief summary of androgen metabolic pathways followed by an assessment of the epidemiology literature addressing the relationship between androgens and prostate cancer. Finally, we will address the two major questions that have arisen in response to the recently published results from the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial: Who are the best candidates for finasteride chemoprevention, and what are the clinical implications of the high prevalence of prostate cancer that was detected in men with prostate-specific antigen levels in the so-called "normal" range?
BIIB021, an orally available, fully synthetic small-molecule inhibitor of the heat shock protein Hsp90 (2009)

Inhibition of heat shock protein 90 (Hsp90) results in the degradation of oncoproteins that drive malignant progression, inducing cell death, making Hsp90 a target of substantial interest for cancer therapy. BIIB021 is a novel, fully synthetic inhibitor of Hsp90 that binds competitively with geldanamycin in the ATP-binding pocket of Hsp90. In tumor cells, BIIB021 induced the degradation of Hsp90 client proteins including HER-2, AKT, and Raf-1 and up-regulated expression of the heat shock proteins Hsp70 and Hsp27. BIIB021 treatment resulted in growth inhibition and cell death in cell lines from a variety of tumor types at nanomolar concentrations. Oral administration of BIIB021 led to the degradation of Hsp90 client proteins measured in tumor tissue and resulted in the inhibition of tumor growth in several human tumor xenograft models. Studies to investigate the antitumor effects of BIIB021 showed activity on both daily and intermittent dosing schedules, providing dose schedule flexibility for clinical studies. Assays measuring the HER-2 protein in tumor tissue and the HER-2 extracellular domain in plasma were used to show interdiction of the Hsp90 pathway and utility as potential biomarkers in clinical trials for BIIB021. Together, these data show that BIIB021 is a promising new oral inhibitor of Hsp90 with antitumor activity in preclinical models.
Modelling Adversarial Noise for Adversarial Defense. (2021)

Deep neural networks have been demonstrated to be vulnerable to adversarial noise, promoting the development of defenses against adversarial attacks. Traditionally, adversarial defenses typically focus on directly exploiting adversarial examples to remove adversarial noise or train an adversarially robust target model. Motivated by that the relationship between adversarial data and natural data can help infer clean data from adversarial data to obtain the final correct prediction, in this paper, we study to model adversarial noise to learn the transition relationship in the label space for using adversarial labels to improve adversarial accuracy. Specifically, we introduce a transition matrix to relate adversarial labels and true labels. By exploiting the transition matrix, we can directly infer clean labels from adversarial labels. Then, we propose to employ a deep neural network (i.e., transition network) to model the instance-dependent transition matrix from adversarial noise. In addition, we conduct joint adversarial training on the target model and the transition network to achieve optimal performance. Empirical evaluations on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method could significantly improve adversarial accuracy in comparison to state-of-the-art methods.
Very low bit rate video codec using rearrangement of DCT coefficients and band-adaptive preprocessing (2003)

This paper proposes a novel very low bit rate video codec using the wavelet restructure of DCT and band-adaptive preprocessing. The resulting design provides enhancements in coding efficiency, rate control precision, scalability, and error robustness.
Technical Report: Stateful Fuzzer (2007)

With the recent evolution in the VoIP market, where more and more devices and services are being pushed on a very promising market, assuring their security becomes crucial. Among the most dangerous threats to VoIP, failures and bugs in the software implementation will still rank high on the list of vulnerabilities. In this paper we address the issue of detecting such vulnerabilities using a stateful fuzzer. We describe an automated attack approach capable to self-improve and to track the state context of a target device. We implemented our approach and were able to discover vulnerabilities in market leading and well known equipments and software.
Uniform and Sampled Bragg Gratings in SOI Strip Waveguides with Sidewall Corrugations (2011)

We have demonstrated uniform and sampled Bragg gratings in silicon-on-insulator strip waveguides with symmetric sidewall corrugations. The fabrication is based on 193-nm deep ultraviolet lithography using a single mask. The measured reflection spectra of sampled gratings exhibit ten usable peaks spaced by 4.2 nm, and show good agreement with theoretical predictions.
Merging OT and CRDT algorithms (2014)

Nowadays, a large number of collaborative editing applications have been developed. Some of them are deployed on the cloud such as Google Drive and Microsoft Office at SkyDrive. Massively used editing systems make use of operational transformation (OT), a traditional replication mechanism for concurrent document editing. Such algorithms do not scale well in peer-to-peer environments with dynamic groups. Recently, Commutative Replicated Data Types (CRDTs) were introduced as a new class of replication mechanisms whose concurrent operations are designed to be natively commutative. They ensure consistency of highly dynamic contents on peer-to-peer networks.
Influence of Physicochemical Properties on Pharmacokinetics of Non-viral Vectors for Gene Delivery (2002)

The influence of physicochemical properties on the in vivo pharmacokinetics of gene delivery vectors after systemic administration is reviewed based on our studies. We have been studying the development of DNA delivery systems, such as plasmid DNA complexed with cationic polymers (polyplexes) and cationic liposomes (lipoplexes). Even if target-recognizable ligand is incorporated into the system, the overall physicochemical properties, notably size and charge, are predominant factors influencing in vivo disposition characteristics of the vector. Based on this consideration, liver cell-specific carrier systems via receptor-mediated endocytosis were successfully developed by optimizing physicochemical characteristics. In conclusion, rational design of gene delivery vectors requires an understanding of their pharmacokinetics in relation to the physicochemical properties. Optimization of the physicochemical properties is important for successful in vivo gene delivery by non-viral vectors.
AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF THE BEHAVIOR AND DETECTION OF HAZARDOUS RADON RELEASES IN AIR (1962)

A series of experiments are described involving airborne concentrations of Rn-222 up to 10/sup -4/ c/cm/sup 3/. The response of a variety of standard health physics instruments to the alpha and BETA / gamma emissions from the Rn-222 and its daughter products was evaluated. An assessment was made of the physical form of the airborne daughter products. Free-ion fractions of RaAr were found which suggest that the maximum permissible exposure to Rn-222 and its daughter products, under accident conditions, should be reduced from 6 x 10/ sup -5/ to 8 X 10/sup -6/ c-hrs/cm/sup 3/. Effective deposition velocities were evaluated separately for free-ion RaAr and for particulate-carried daughters. (auth)
Heterogeneous microring and Mach-Zehnder modulators based on lithium niobate and chalcogenide glasses on silicon (2015)

Thin films of lithium niobate are wafer bonded onto silicon substrates and rib-loaded with a chalcogenide glass, Ge(23)Sb(7)S(70), to demonstrate strongly confined single-mode submicron waveguides, microring modulators, and Mach-Zehnder modulators in the telecom C band. The 200 μm radii microring modulators present 1.2 dB/cm waveguide propagation loss, 1.2 × 10(5) quality factor, 0.4 GHz/V tuning rate, and 13 dB extinction ratio. The 6 mm long Mach-Zehnder modulators have a half-wave voltage-length product of 3.8 V.cm and an extinction ratio of 15 dB. The demonstrated work is a key step towards enabling wafer scale dense on-chip integration of high performance lithium niobate electro-optical devices on silicon for short reach optical interconnects and higher order advanced modulation schemes.
Inhibition of macrophage function prevents intestinal inflammation and postoperative ileus in rodents (2006)

Resident intestinal muscularis macrophages are initially involved in inflammatory responses resulting in postoperative ileus. Depletion and inactivation of the muscularis macrophage network prevents postoperative ileus.
Solvent effects during reactions in supercritical water (1988)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSolvent effects during reactions in supercritical waterSusan H. Townsend, Martin A. Abraham, Gilbert L. Huppert, Michael T. Klein, and Stephen C. PaspekCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 1988, 27, 1, 143–149Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1988Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1988https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ie00073a026https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00073a026research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views910Altmetric-Citations165LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ferranti Effect in Transmission Line (2012)

A temporary overvoltage is an oscillatory phase to ground or phase to phase over voltage that is relatively long duration and is undamped or only weakly damped.Temporary over voltages usually originate from faults, sudden charge of load, Ferranti effect, linear resonance, ferroresonance, open conductor, induced resonance from coupled circuits and so forth.The steady voltage at the open end of an uncompensated transmission line is always higher than the voltage at the sending end.This phenomenon is known as the Ferranti effect. This paper presents a study of Ferranti effect in electrical transmission line.The study is based on both software and hardware.The MATLAB program gives the locus of sending end voltage with line length which shows that receiving end voltage is greater than sending end voltage.From the experiment with transmission line simulator the values of three phase voltages at  sending end and receiving end were found which proves the Ferranti effect.These two methods were used to give the idea about the Ferranti effect. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v2i4.451
Nicotine partially protects against paraquat‐induced nigrostriatal damage in mice; link to α6β2* nAChRs (2006)

Epidemiological studies indicate that smoking is a negative, and exposure to pesticides, a positive risk factor for Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to assess the interplay between these two factors in a rodent model of nigrostriatal damage. To approach this, mice were administered nicotine, the agent in smoke implicated in neuroprotection. They were then treated for 3 weeks with the pesticide, paraquat, while nicotine was continued. Paraquat treatment decreased (25%) nigral dopaminergic neurons, consistent with previous results. Chronic nicotine administration significantly protected against nigral cell damage, with only a 16% decline in mice treated with both nicotine and paraquat. Paraquat treatment also decreased (14%) the striatal dopamine transporter, an effect that was partially prevented by nicotine. These changes in the striatal dopamine transporter paralleled those in a select striatal alpha6beta2* nicotinic receptor (nAChR) subtype. In contrast, striatal alpha4beta2* nAChRs were not decreased with paraquat treatment, suggesting they are on a differential subset of dopaminergic terminals. The results show that nicotine treatment partially protects against paraquat-induced declines in nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons to which a select population of alpha6beta2* nAChRs are localized. Moreover, these data support epidemiological findings that environmental influences can elicit opposing effects on nigrostriatal dopaminergic integrity.
Study on effects of different organic matter concentration and carbon nitrogen ratio on denitrifying dephosphatation (2012)

Used actual domestic wastewater as test samples, spread comparative study using batch of static test. The results show that: the efforts of denitrifying phosphorus enrichment bacteria nitrogen and phosphorus removal are all better when COD concentration is 150 mg/L, the removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus are 81% and 88% respectively. When COD concentration is too high or low, the effort of denitrifying phosphorus enrichment bacteria nitrogen and phosphorus removal is difficult to achieve the best at the same time. The effort of denitrifying phosphorus enrichment bacteria nitrogen phosphorus removal achieve to the best when C/N of water samples is 3 ∼ 5, the removal rate of nitrogen and phosphorus are 91% and 84% respectively, it will cause decline in removal of nitrogen phosphorus to some degree when C/N is too high or low . Research shows that, in denitrifying phosphorus removal system, controlling the COD concentration is 150 mg/L, C/N is 3 ∼ 5, system denitrification and dephosphatation achieve to the best respectively.
Oxidants from nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase are involved in triggering cell proliferation in the liver due to peroxisome proliferators. (2000)

It was shown that 4-chloro-6-(2,3-xylidino)-2-pyrimidinylthio acetic acid (Wy-14,643), a potent peroxisome proliferator, caused rapid oxidant-dependent activation of nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) in Kupffer cells in vivo and activated superoxide production by isolated Kupffer cells. Here, we tested the hypothesis that NADPH oxidase (NADPH OX) is the source of oxidants increased by Wy-14,643. Indeed, both activation of NF-kappaB and increases in cell proliferation due to a single dose of Wy-14,643 (100 mg/kg) were prevented completely when rats were pretreated with diphenyleneiodonium (1 mg/kg), an inhibitor of NADPH OX. p47phox is a critical subunit of NADPH OX; therefore, p47phox knockout mice were used to specifically address the hypothesis of NADPH OX involvement. In livers of wild-type mice, Wy-14,643 activated NF-kappaB, followed by an increase in mRNA for tumor necrosis factor a. Importantly, these changes did not occur in p47phox knockouts. Moreover, when Kupffer cells were treated with Wy-14,643 in vitro, superoxide production was increased in cells from wild-type but not p47phox-null mice. Finally, when mice were fed a Wy-14,643-containing (0.1%) diet for 7 days, the increase in liver weight and cell proliferation caused by Wy-14,643 in wild-type mice was blocked in p47phox-null mice. Combined, these results are consistent with the hypothesis that Wy-14,643 activates NADPH OX, which leads to NF-kappaB-mediated production of mitogens that causes hepatocellular proliferation characteristic of this class of nongenotoxic carcinogens.
Inducing self-rotation of cells with natural and artificial melanin in a linearly polarized alternating current electric field (2013)

The phenomenon of self-rotation observed in naturally and artificially pigmented cells under an applied linearly polarized alternating current (non-rotating) electrical field has been investigated. The repeatable and controllable rotation speeds of the cells were quantified and their dependence on dielectrophoretic parameters such as frequency, voltage, and waveform was studied. Moreover, the rotation behavior of the pigmented cells with different melanin content was compared to quantify the correlation between self-rotation and the presence of melanin. Most importantly, macrophages, which did not originally rotate in the applied non-rotating electric field, began to exhibit self-rotation that was very similar to that of the pigmented cells, after ingesting foreign particles (e.g., synthetic melanin or latex beads). We envision the discovery presented in this paper will enable the development of a rapid, non-intrusive, and automated process to obtain the electrical conductivities and permittivities of cellular membrane and cytoplasm in the near future.
Optical imaging of cervical precancerous lesions based on active stereo vision and motion tracking (2008)

A 3-D optical imaging system based on active stereo vision and motion tracking is built to track the motion of patient and to register the time-sequenced images of cervix recorded during colposcopy. The imaging system is evaluated by examining human subjects in vivo before routine colposcopy examination procedures. The system tracks the motion of patient accurately. The temporal kinetics of the acetowhitening process in the area of interest can be quantitatively measured. The results demonstrate that the kinetics of acetowhitening may be potentially used for accurately differentiating the precancerous lesions from the normal and benign lesions, and grading the precancerous lesions.
20 GHz optical waveguide sampler (1983)

Picosecond pulses have been produced from the CW output of a He-Ne laser using a microwave-modulated optical waveguide interferometer formed in Ti-indiffused LiNbO <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</inf> . An experimental frequency spectrum demonstrating 97 percent modulation is presented along with theoretical predictions for the spectral components of signals produced by both ideal nonideal devices. A device modulated with 1 W of power at 10 GHz exhibited a spectrum corresponding to a train of 19 ps FWHM pulses produced at a repetition rate of 20 GHz. Applications of the device in signal processing operations utilizing sampling and demultiplexing schemes are discussed.
Can High-Risk Fungicides be Used in Mixtures Without Selecting for Fungicide Resistance? (2013)

Fungicide mixtures produced by the agrochemical industry often contain low-risk fungicides, to which fungal pathogens are fully sensitive, together with high-risk fungicides known to be prone to fungicide resistance. Can these mixtures provide adequate disease control while minimizing the risk for the development of resistance? We present a population dynamics model to address this question. We found that the fitness cost of resistance is a crucial parameter to determine the outcome of competition between the sensitive and resistant pathogen strains and to assess the usefulness of a mixture. If fitness costs are absent, then the use of the high-risk fungicide in a mixture selects for resistance and the fungicide eventually becomes nonfunctional. If there is a cost of resistance, then an optimal ratio of fungicides in the mixture can be found, at which selection for resistance is expected to vanish and the level of disease control can be optimized.