gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Reputation Formalization for an Information–Sharing Multi–Agent System (2002)

We propose that through the formalization of concepts related to trust, a more accurate model of trust can be implemented. This paper presents a new model of trust that is based on the formalization of reputation. A multidisciplinary approach is taken to understanding the nature of trust and its relation to reputation. Through this approach, a practical definition of reputation is adopted from sociological contexts and a model of reputation is designed and presented. Reputation is defined as role fulfillment. To formalize reputation, it is necessary to formalize the expectations placed upon an agent within a particular multi–agent system (MAS). In this case, the agents are part of an information–sharing society. Five roles are defined along with the ways in which these roles are objectively fulfilled. Through the measurement of role fulfillment, a vector representing reputation can be developed. This vector embodies the magnitude of the reputation and describes the patterns of behavior associated with the direction of the vector. Experiments are conducted to verify the sensibility of the proposed models for role fulfillment and overall reputation. The simulation results show that the roles, defined for building reputation in an information–sharing MAS environment, react to different agent and user actions in a manner consistent with the formal definitions.
Synergistic Effects of Fluid Shear Stress and Cyclic Circumferential Stretch on Vascular Endothelial Cell Morphology and Cytoskeleton (1995)

The development of atherosclerosis is thought to be initiated by a dysfunctional state of the vascular endothelium. The proposal that mechanical forces play a role in the localization of this disease has led researchers to develop in vitro models to assess their effects on cultured endothelial cells. The arterial endothelium is exposed simultaneously to circumferential hoop stretch and wall shear stress, yet previous investigations have focused on the isolated effects of either cyclic stretch or shear stress. The influence of physiological levels of combined shear stress and hoop stretch on the morphology and F-actin organization of bovine aortic endothelial cells was investigated. Cells subjected for 24 hours to shear stresses higher than 2 dyne/cm2 or to hoop stretch greater than 2% elongated significantly compared with unstressed controls and oriented along the direction of flow and perpendicular to the direction of stretch. Exposure to more than 4% stretch significantly enhanced the responses to shear stress. Both shear stress and hoop stretch induced formation of stress fibers that were aligned with the cells' long axes. Simultaneous exposure to both stimuli appeared to enhance stress fiber size and alignment. These results indicate that shear stress and hoop stretch synergistically induce morphological changes in endothelial cells, which suggests that circumferential strain might modulate sensitivity of endothelial cells towards shear stress.
The origin of hyaluronectin in human tumors (1997)

The origin of tumor stroma hyaluronectin (HN), a glycoprotein that binds to hyaluronan (HA), has long remained unknown. Histological observations of human tumors suggest that tumor HN could originate from stroma fibroblasts, and in some cases from inflammatory cells. The fibroblast origin was confirmed by the discovery of HN-like antigen along with hyaluronan in culture medium of tumor-derived fibroblasts. An HA-binding protein was characterized in the culture medium of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in both normal subjects and tumor-bearing patients and was found to be human HN. Cultivated monocytes did not produce HA. HN was not related to the HA-binding site CD44. Sequencing of brain HN-derived peptides demonstrated that each determined peptide sequence was similar to a sequence of the proteoglycan PG-M/versican, suggesting that HN is the HA-binding moiety of the proteoglycan. One probe was synthesized from human PBMC by polymerase chain reaction with primers derived from HN sequences also found in versican. Northern blots were positive only with HN-producing cells. The main RNAs were in the 6-8 kb range, and there was a limited proportion of smaller RNA, which was compatible with the size expected from the HN molecular mass. Southern blotting of monocytes and tumor cells demonstrated that the gene was limited to a unique band. We conclude that HN, an extracellular component of brain, connective embryonic, inflammatory and tumoral tissues, is a PG-M/versican-derived molecule. Our results suggest that tumor HN, which originates from fibroblasts and monocytes of tumor stroma, is a molecular component of the host-tumor relationship and could play a role in the regulation of HA activity in oncogenesis.
Covalent Entrapment of Cobalt–Iron Sulfides in N-Doped Mesoporous Carbon: Extraordinary Bifunctional Electrocatalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions (2014)

To alleviate the kinetic barriers associated with ORR (oxygen reduction reaction) and OER (oxygen evolution reaction) in electrochemical systems, efficient nonprecious electrocatalysts are urgently required. Here we report a facile soft-template mediated approach for fabrication of nanostructured cobalt-iron double sulfides that are covalently entrapped in nitrogen-doped mesoporous graphitic carbon (Co0.5Fe0.5S@N-MC). Notably, with a positive half-wave potential (0.808 V) and a high diffusion-limiting current density, the composite material delivers unprecedentedly striking ORR electrocatalytic activity among recently reported nonprecious late transition metal chalcogenide materials in alkaline medium. Various characterization techniques, including X-ray absorption spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction, are conducted to elucidate the correlation between structural features and catalytic activities of the composite. Moderate substitution and well-dispersion of iron in bimetallic sulfide composites are believed to have positive effect on the adsorption and activation of oxygen-containing species, thus leading to conspicuous ORR and OER catalytic enhancement compared to their monometallic counterparts. Besides, the covalent bridge between active sulfide particles and mesoporous carbon shells provides facile pathways for electron and mass transport. Beneficially, the intimate coupling interaction renders prolonged electrocatalytic performances to the composite. Our results may possibly lend a new impetus to the rational design of bi- or multimetallic sulfides encapsulated in porous carbon with improved performance for electrocatalysis and energy storage applications.
Continuous-time estimation for dynamic obstacle tracking (2015)

This paper reports on a system for dynamic obstacle tracking for autonomous vehicles. In this work, we seek to simultaneously estimate both the trajectory of the obstacle and the obstacle's shape. These two tasks are inherently coupled-given only noisy partial views, one cannot accurately estimate the trajectory of an obstacle if its shape is unknown, nor can one estimate its shape without knowing its trajectory. To address this challenge, we note that simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), where a robot must build a map of the environment while localizing itself within the map, presents similar challenges. By treating the obstacle's shape as a “map” in the obstacle's moving reference frame, we can formulate the obstacle tracking and shape estimation similarly to SLAM. Additionally, we use a continuous time estimation framework to incorporate sensor data that is collected at a fast rate (e.g., light detection and ranging (LIDAR)). Using these methods, we are able to obtain smooth trajectories and crisp point clouds for tracked obstacles. We test our proposed tracker on real-world data collected by our autonomous vehicle platform and demonstrate that it produces improved results when compared to a standard centroid-based extended Kalman filter (EKF) tracker.
Maximum‐Likelihood Estimation (2003)

Abstract This article addresses different facets of maximum likelihood estimation. Starting with the likelihood function, the Cramér‐Rao inequality and properties of maximum likelihood estimators are described. Another estimator, namely, the conditional mean estimator, is discussed. An iterative algorithm, known as the Expectation‐Maximization (EM) algorithm, for computing the maximum likelihood estimate is described.
Signal Recovery from Incomplete and Inaccurate Measurements via Regularized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (2007)

We demonstrate a simple greedy algorithm that can reliably recover a d-dimensional vector v from incomplete and inaccurate measurements x. Here our measurement matrix is an N by d matrix with N much smaller than d. Our algorithm, Regularized Orthogonal Matching Pursuit (ROMP), seeks to close the gap between two major approaches to sparse recovery. It combines the speed and ease of implementation of the greedy methods with the strong guarantees of the convex programming methods. For any measurement matrix that satisfies a Uniform Uncertainty Principle, ROMP recovers a signal with O(n) nonzeros from its inaccurate measurements x in at most n iterations, where each iteration amounts to solving a Least Squares Problem. The noise level of the recovery is proportional to the norm of the error, up to a log factor. In particular, if the error vanishes the reconstruction is exact. This stability result extends naturally to the very accurate recovery of approximately sparse signals.
Identification of Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Methylthiotransferase for Biosynthesis of 2-Methylthio-N6-threonylcarbamoyladenosine in tRNA (2010)

Bacterial and eukaryotic transfer RNAs have been shown to contain hypermodified adenosine, 2-methylthio-N(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine, at position 37 (A(37)) adjacent to the 3'-end of the anticodon, which is essential for efficient and highly accurate protein translation by the ribosome. Using a combination of bioinformatic sequence analysis and in vivo assay coupled to HPLC/MS technique, we have identified, from distinct sequence signatures, two methylthiotransferase (MTTase) subfamilies, designated as MtaB in bacterial cells and e-MtaB in eukaryotic and archaeal cells. Both subfamilies are responsible for the transformation of N(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine into 2-methylthio-N(6)-threonylcarbamoyladenosine. Recently, a variant within the human CDKAL1 gene belonging to the e-MtaB subfamily was shown to predispose for type 2 diabetes. CDKAL1 is thus the first eukaryotic MTTase identified so far. Using purified preparations of Bacillus subtilis MtaB (YqeV), a CDKAL1 bacterial homolog, we demonstrate that YqeV/CDKAL1 enzymes, as the previously studied MTTases MiaB and RimO, contain two [4Fe-4S] clusters. This work lays the foundation for elucidating the function of CDKAL1.
Selective Secondary Face Modification of Cyclodextrins by Mechanosynthesis (2015)

α-, β-, and γ-cyclodextrins (CDs) were modified on their secondary face by mechanosynthesis at room temperature using a laboratory-scale ball-mill. Mono-2-tosylated α-, β-, and γ-CDs were obtained in good yield from mixtures of native α-, β-, and γ-CDs, respectively, N-tosylimidazole, and an inorganic base, with each of them being in the solid state. The yields appeared to be dependent upon the nature of the base and the reaction time. A kinetic monitoring by (1)H NMR spectroscopy demonstrated that the highest yields in mono-2-tosyl-CDs were measured using KOH as a base in very short reaction times (up to 65% in 80 s). Mono-(2,3-manno-epoxide) α-, β-, and γ-CDs were subsequently synthesized by ball-milling a mixture of monotosylated α-, β-, and γ-CDs, respectively, and KOH. The characterization of the modified CDs was carried out by X-ray diffraction, mass spectrometry, solid-state NMR, and diffuse reflectance UV-vis (DR UV-vis) spectroscopies. Clues to the supramolecular arrangement of the molecules in the solid state provide information on the reaction mechanism.
Death-associated Protein 4 Binds MST1 and Augments MST1-induced Apoptosis (2002)

The protein kinase MST1 is proapoptotic when overexpressed in an active form, however, its physiologic regulation and cellular targets are unknown. An overexpressed inactive MST1 mutant associates in COS-7 cells with an endogenous 761-amino acid polypeptide known as "death-associated protein 4" (DAP4). The DAPs are a functionally heterogeneous array of polypeptides previously isolated by Kimchi and colleagues (Kimchi, A. (1998) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1377, F13-F33 in a screen for elements involved in the interferon gamma-induced apoptosis of HeLa cells. DAP4, which is encoded by a member of a vertebrate-only gene family, contains no identifiable domains, but is identical over its amino-terminal 488 amino acids to p52(rIPK), a putative modulator of protein kinase R. DAP4 is a widely expressed, constitutively nuclear polypeptide that homodimerizes through its amino terminus and binds MST1 through its carboxyl-terminal segment. MST1 is predominantly cytoplasmic, but cycles continuously through the nucleus, as evidenced by its rapid accumulation in the nucleus after addition of the Crm1 inhibitor, leptomycin B. Overexpression of DAP4 does not cause apoptosis, however, coexpression of DAP4 with a submaximal amount of MST1 enhances MST1-induced apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion. DAP4 is not significantly phosphorylated by MST1 nor does it alter MST1 kinase activity in vivo or in vitro. MST1-induced apoptosis is suppressed by a dominant interfering mutant of p53. MST1 is unable to directly phosphorylate p53, however, DAP4 binds endogenous and recombinant p53. DAP4 may promote MST1-induced apoptosis by enabling colocalization of MST with p53.
Creating Safe Environments in the Museum Profession (1995)

(1995). Creating Safe Environments in the Museum Profession. Journal of Museum Education: Vol. 20, The National Conversation, pp. 16-19.
An unusual ring expansion from the Zav’yalov pyrrole synthesis: formation of oxacino[2,3-c]pyrroles (1999)

Enamino acids 2 and 5 undergo a facile cyclisation to afford the pyrrole 3 and isoindole 6 ring systems; a novel two atom ring expansion ensues when derivatives 5b,d are subjected to the cyclisation conditions, resulting in the formation of the new oxacino[2,3-c]pyrrole system, the structure of which is confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
Transit-Time Considerations in <i>p—i—n</i> Diodes (1964)

Linear equations for the carrier concentrations and photocurrent density in the i region of a p—i—n photodiode have been obtained. The frequency response of this photodiode has been calculated taking account of the difference in mobility of the carriers, and of the nonuniform generation of carriers in the i region. For high frequencies, the frequency response of the diode is largely dependent on the faster moving of the two carriers. For a Si p—i—n photodiode using ruby laser light, a transit-time limitation of 5 Gc/sec has been previously estimated by the authors. On the basis of the above analysis, the transit time limitation is estimated to be 15 Gc/sec. In both cases these estimates refer to the frequency of the half-power point.
Magnetic plasma confinement for laser ion source (2010)

A laser ion source (LIS) can easily provide a high current beam. However, it has been difficult to obtain a longer beam pulse while keeping a high current. On occasion, longer beam pulses are required by certain applications. For example, more than 10 micros of beam pulse is required for injecting highly charged beams to a large sized synchrotron. To extend beam pulse width, a solenoid field was applied at the drift space of the LIS at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The solenoid field suppressed the diverging angle of the expanding plasma and the beam pulse was widened. Also, it was observed that the plasma state was conserved after passing through a few hundred gauss of the 480 mm length solenoid field.
All-Solid-State Lithium Battery with LiCo[sub 0.3]Ni[sub 0.7]O[sub 2] Fine Powder as Cathode Materials with an Amorphous Sulfide Electrolyte (2002)

An all-solid-state battery was fabricated with fine powder as cathode materials. The fine powder was synthesized with oxalate decomposition methods and the average particle size of the powder was 2 μm diam. In the all-solid-state battery, powder, which was prepared by a mechanical milling process, was used as the solid electrolyte. The anode was metallic indium foil 0.127 mm thick. The charge-discharge cycling test of the battery was carried out under a constant current density of 64 μA cm−2 with a 3.8 and 2.0 V charge-discharge criteria. The battery showed a rechargeable specific capacity of 98 mAh g−1 based on the cathode materials. The charge-discharge cycle efficiency of the battery was almost unity after the second cycle. © 2002 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Basics of Enzymatic Assays for HTS (2012)

Four different approaches to Alzheimer disease changes have been successively applied, and allowed a permanent feed forward-feed back enrichment of knowledge: morphologists described neurofibrillary tangles, senile plaques, amyloid angiopathy; with the help of immunohistochemical and biochemical techniques, they recognised A beta- and tau-associated pathologies; this, in turn, allowed more precise analysis of the lesions, and permitted recognising new ones such as neuropil threads; molecular genetics and molecular biology provided new insights, allowing the discovery of additional pathologic proteins, the relevance of which to physiology and pathology of the nervous system has now to be settled down. The increasingly intricate complex of lesions of Alzheimer syndrome is reviewed. A more comprehensive understanding is urgently needed for initiating efficient therapeutic researches. It will require together continuing a multidisciplinary approach, and a renewal of research in neuropathology.
High-dose etoposide and cyclophosphamide without bone marrow transplantation for resistant hematologic malignancy (1990)

Seventy-five patients with resistant acute leukemia or lymphoma received high-dose cyclophosphamide and etoposide to explore the activity of this combination in resistant hematologic malignancies, and to determine the maximum doses of these drugs that can be combined without bone marrow transplantation. Etoposide was administered over 29 to 69 hours by continuous infusion corresponding to total doses of 1.8 g/m2 to 4.8 g/m2. Cyclophosphamide, 50 mg/kg/d, was administered on 3 or 4 consecutive days total 150 to 200 mg/kg ideal body weight). At all dose levels myelosuppression was severe but reversible. Mucosal toxicity was dose-limiting with the maximum tolerated dose level combining etoposide 4.2 g/m2 with cyclophosphamide 200 mg/kg. Continuous etoposide infusion produced stable plasma levels that were lower than would be achieved after administration by short intravenous infusion, and this could explain our ability to escalate etoposide above the previously reported maximum tolerated dose. There were 28 complete (35%) and 12 partial (16%) responses. Median duration of complete response (CR) was 3.5 months (range 1.1 to 20+). Seventeen of 40 patients (42%) with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) achieved CR, including 6 of 20 (30%) with high-dose cytosine arabinoside resistance. We conclude that bone marrow transplantation is not required after maximum tolerated doses of etoposide and cyclophosphamide. This regimen is active in resistant hematologic neoplasms, and the occurrence of CR in patients with high-dose cytosine arabinoside-resistant AML indicates a lack of complete cross-resistance between these regimens.
Everting versus Inverting Gastrointestinal Anastomoses (1969)

Rusca, John A. M.D.; Bornside, George H. Ph.D.; Cohn, Isidore Jr. M.D. Author Information
Bi<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:math>Te<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.6</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>S<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:msub><mml:mrow/><mml:mrow><mml:mn>1.4</mml:mn></mml:mrow></mml:msub></mml:math>: A topological insulator in the tetradymite family (2012)

We describe the crystal growth, crystal structure, and basic electrical properties of Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{1.6}$S${}_{1.4}$, which incorporates both S and Te in its tetradymite quintuple layers in the motif -[Te${}_{0.8}$S${}_{0.2}$]-Bi-S-Bi-[Te${}_{0.8}$S${}_{0.2}$]-. This material differs from other tetradymites studied as topological insulators due to the increased ionic character that arises from its significant S content. Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{1.6}$S${}_{1.4}$ forms high quality crystals from the melt and is the S-rich limit of the ternary Bi-Te-S \ensuremath{\gamma}-tetradymite phase at the melting point. The native material is $n$ type with a low resistivity; Sb substitution, and with adjustment of the Te to S ratio, results in a crossover to $p$ type and resistive behavior at low temperatures. An angle-resolved photoemission study shows that topological surface states are present, with the Dirac point more exposed than it is in Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{3}$ and similar to that seen in Bi${}_{2}$Te${}_{2}$Se. Single crystal structure determination indicates that the S in the outer chalcogen layers is closer to the Bi than the Te, and therefore that the layers supporting the surface states are corrugated on the atomic scale.
Influence of normal aging on oral-pharyngeal and upper esophageal sphincter function during swallowing (1995)

The influence of aging on oral-pharyngeal swallowing was assessed by simultaneous manometry and videoradiography in 14 nondysphagic elderly individuals (mean age 76 yr) and 11 healthy, young controls (mean age 21 yr). Sphincter opening was diminished significantly in the elderly (P = 0.0001), but trans-sphincteric bolus flow rates were preserved. The increased impedance to trans-sphincteric bolus flow from reduced sphincter opening in the aged was reflected in a significant increase in hypopharyngeal intrabolus pressure (P = 0.003). Oral transit time was significantly prolonged in the aged (P = 0.01). The timing of upper esophageal sphincter (UES) manometric relaxation and of opening was significantly delayed in the aged (P = 0.0001), and this delay was comparable in magnitude to the prolongation in oral transit. Coordination of UES relaxation and opening with midpharyngeal contraction was not significantly affected by age. Deglutitive hyolaryngeal motion was not affected by age but was delayed by a duration equivalent to the prolongation in oral transit. We conclude that normal aging prolongs the oral-pharyngeal swallow that impairs UES opening but does not influence pharyngo-sphincteric coordination.
Parapapillary atrophy and retinal vessel diameter in nonglaucomatous optic nerve damage. (1991)

Parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy and decreased retinal vessel diameter occur in glaucomatous eyes. To evaluate the frequency and degree of these signs in nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy, the authors evaluated morphometrically and compared 47 patients with nonglaucomatous optic nerve atrophy from extraocular causes with 292 patients with primary open-angle glaucoma and 179 normal subjects. Eyes with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy were excluded. The parapapillary atrophy was differentiated into a central zone (beta) with sclera and large choroidal vessels visible by ophthalmoscopy and a peripheral zone (alpha) with irregular pigmentation. Both zones did not differ significantly in the eyes with nonglaucomatous optic neuropathy and the normal eyes. In the glaucomatous eyes, they were significantly larger and occurred more frequently. The retinal vessel diameter was significantly smaller in both groups with optic nerve atrophy than in the normal group. It was concluded that decreased retinal vessel diameters unspecifically suggest optic nerve atrophy. Evaluation of parapapillary chorioretinal atrophy can be helpful in differentiating nonglaucomatous from glaucomatous optic neuropathy.