gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using cumulants and spectra to model nuclear radiation detectors (2006)

A general mathematical methodology is presented to model a nuclear radiation detector. This is accomplished by using a proposed generalization of Campbell's theorem, which employs nth-order cumulants and spectra analysis and a vector of random parameters to describe the current pulses. This allows a more elaborate, higher order statistical characterization of the radiation detection process, as compared to the usual second order treatment. To demonstrate the method, it is applied to a neutron ionization chamber (fission or /sup 10/B). A deterministic model for the chamber current pulses is developed and their probability density functions are used to define the characteristics of the vector of random parameters. Computer simulations of the proposed theoretical methodology are presented and potential applications suggested.
Role of Glucuronidation and P450 Oxidation in the Bioactivation of Bromfenac (2018)

Bromfenac is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug that was approved in the United States in 1997. It was withdrawn from clinical use less than one year later, in 1998, due to hepatotoxicity. We investigate the potential of bromfenac to be metabolized to reactive intermediates to further the current understanding of bromfenac bioactivation. Incubations were conducted with hepatocytes and human, rat, and cynomolgus liver microsomes fortified with cofactors and N-acetylcysteine. One thioether adduct of hydroxylated bromfenac and three thioether adducts of hydroxylated bromfenac indolinone were detected in extracts following incubations in liver microsomes fortified with NADPH and UDPGA. These findings demonstrate a bioactivation pathway for bromfenac and contribute to the body of evidence that could advance the understanding of the toxicity associated with bromfenac.
Interleukin-22 (2004)

Interleukin (IL)-22 is a member of the human type I interferon family, which includes IL-10. IL-22 has the potential to interact with IL-10 because it binds to the IL-10R2c chain with IL-22R1 in its receptor complex. Binding can be blocked by the soluble receptor, IL-22 binding protein (IL-22BP). We hypothesize that IL-22 and IL-22BP are involved in inflammatory regulation and its subsequent role in the pathogenesis of inflammatory lung disease. We have demonstrated IL-22 mRNA expression in alveolar macrophages (AM), monocytes, and alveolar epithelial (AE) cells. IL-22BP mRNA is expressed in AM, AE cells, and neutrophils. In contrast, IL-22R1 is expressed in AE only. Immunohistochemistry on normal and interstitial lung disease lung sections has confirmed IL-22 protein expression. Western blotting for IL-22 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid demonstrated that lower levels of IL-22 were present in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and sarcoidosis relative to control subjects (P = 0.0152 and P = 0.0213). Levels of IL-22 in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis were not different than those of the control subjects (P = 0.5838). IL-22 did not affect IL-10 inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-alpha in monocytes, which do not express IL-22R1. By contrast, we demonstrated synergy between IL-10 and IL-22 in terms of IL-8 inhibition in IL-22R1-expressing A549 cells. These data suggest a role for IL-22 in the regulation of pulmonary inflammation.
The transition from dilute aluminum δ structures to an AlAs monolayer in GaAs and a comparison with Si δ doping (1994)

Superlattices of Al δ layers embedded in GaAs have been grown by molecular beam epitaxy at 400 °C on (001) GaAs. Infrared absorption measurements revealed a shift of the Al localized vibrational mode (LVM) from 361.4 to 358.3 cm−1 as the doping was increased from 0.25 monolayers (ML) to 1.4 ML per δ plane, while Raman scattering demonstrated a clear transition from the TO-like LVM to a longitudinal LO-like mode. X-ray measurements showed that the Al atoms were confined to a thickness of 6 Å for the highest areal concentrations. The LVM behavior is compared with that of Si δ layers where the absorption tends to zero as the areal concentration increases up to 0.5 ML. It is concluded that SiGa atoms move off their lattice sites and/or change their charge states as the coverage approaches 0.5 ML.
Estimation of fracture parameters from reflection seismic data—Part I: HTI model due to a single fracture set (2000)

Abstract The simplest effective model of a formation containing a single fracture system is transversely isotropic with a horizontal symmetry axis (HTI). Reflection seismic signatures in HTI media, such as NMO velocity and amplitude variation with offset (AVO) gradient, can be conveniently described by the Thomsen-type anisotropic parameters ∊(V), δ(V), and γ(V). Here, we use the linear slip theory of Schoenberg and co-workers and the models developed by Hudson and Thomsen for penny-shaped cracks to relate the anisotropic parameters to the physical properties of the fracture network and to devise fracture characterization procedures based on surface seismic measurements. Concise expressions for ∊(V), δ(V), and γ(V), linearized in the crack density, show a substantial difference between the values of the anisotropic parameters for isolated fluid-filled and dry (gas-filled) penny-shaped cracks. While the dry-crack model is close to elliptical with ∊(V) ≈ δ(V), for thin fluid-filled cracks ∊(V) ≈ 0 and the absolute value of δ(V) for typical VS/VP ratios in the background is close to the crack density. The parameters ∊(V) and δ(V) for models with partial saturation or hydraulically connected cracks and pores always lie between the values for dry and isolated fluid-filled cracks. We also demonstrate that all possible pairs of ∊(V) and δ(V) occupy a relatively narrow triangular area in the [∊(V), δ(V)]-plane, which can be used to identify the fracture-induced HTI model from seismic data. The parameter δ(V), along with the fracture orientation, can be obtained from the P-wave NMO ellipse for a horizontal reflector. Given δ(V), the NMO velocity of a dipping event or nonhyperbolic moveout can be inverted for ∊(V). The remaining anisotropic coefficient, γ(V), can be determined from the constraint on the parameters of vertically fractured HTI media if an estimate of the VS/VP ratio is available. Alternatively, it is possible to find γ(V) by combining the NMO ellipse for horizontal events with the azimuthal variation of the P-wave AVO gradient. Also, we present a concise approximation for the AVO gradient of converted (PS) modes and show that all three relevant anisotropic coefficients of HTI media can be determined by the joint inversion of the AVO gradients or NMO velocities of P- and PS-waves. For purposes of evaluating the properties of the fractures, it is convenient to recalculate the anisotropic coefficients into the normal (ΔN) and tangential (ΔT) weaknesses of the fracture system. If the HTI model results from penny-shaped cracks, ΔT gives a direct estimate of the crack density and the ratio ΔN/ΔT is a sensitive indicator of fluid saturation. However, while there is a substantial difference between the values of ΔN/ΔT for isolated fluid-filled cracks and dry cracks, interpretation of intermediate values of ΔN/ΔT for porous rocks requires accounting for the hydraulic interaction between cracks and pores.
Pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) Seed Proteins: Sequential Extraction Processing and Fraction Characterization (2013)

Seed proteins extracted from Tunisian pumpkin seeds ( Cucurbita maxima ) were investigated for their solubility properties and sequentially extracted according to the Osborne procedure. The solubility of pumpkin proteins from seed flour was greatly influenced by pH changes and ionic strength, with higher values in the alkaline pH regions. It also depends on the seed defatting solvent. Protein solubility was decreased by using chloroform/methanol (CM) for lipid extraction instead of pentane (P). On the basis of differential solubility fractionation and depending on the defatting method, the alkali extract (AE) was the major fraction (42.1 (P), 22.3% (CM)) compared to the salt extract (8.6 (P), 7.5% (CM)). In salt, alkali, and isopropanol extracts, all essential amino acids with the exceptions of threonine and lysine met the minimum requirements for preschool children (FAO/WHO/UNU). The denaturation temperatures were 96.6 and 93.4 °C for salt and alkali extracts, respectively. Pumpkin protein extracts with unique protein profiles and higher denaturation temperatures could impart novel characteristics when used as food ingredients.
Tensile Deformation Behavior and Work Hardening Mechanism of Fe&ndash;28Mn&ndash;9Al&ndash;0.4C and Fe&ndash;28Mn&ndash;9Al&ndash;1C Alloys (1997)

Tensile properties and deformation microstructures of duplex Fe–28Mn–9Al–0.4C and austenitic Fe–28Mn–9Al–1C alloys have been investigated under various temperatures and strain rates. In a temperature range of 573–873 K, both alloys exhibit serrated flow, negative strain rate sensitivity and high work hardening, which are typical manifestations of the dynamic strain aging. The characteristics of the serrations as well as the dependence of the critical strain for the onset serrated flow on strain rate and temperature are examined. Five different types of serrations (A, B, C, D, E) are identified in the flow curves. In addition, anomalous temperature and strain rate dependence of the critical strain is observed and is attributed to the precipitation of the κ-phase. The deformation mode shifts from extensive strain-induced twinning at room temperature to massive slipping at 873 K and to grain boundary sliding at 1073 K. Based on the above results and other studies reported in literature, a schematic diagram showing possible work hardening mechanisms for the Fe–Mn–Al–C alloys is proposed.
Gingival attachment level measurements with an automated periodontal probe (1987)

The accurate and reproducible measurement of gingival attachment level is essential for studying the progression of periodontitis in human populations. An automated periodontal probe has been developed which measures gingival attachment level using the occlusal or incisal surface of the tooth as a fixed landmark and which transfers data directly to a computer. The probing force is adjustable and is regulated by changing the air pressure. A mercury level switch maintains uniform probe angulation during measurements. The reproducibility of measurements obtained with the automated periodontal probe was examined by making duplicate gingival attachment level measurements at 784 sites in 9 patients 1 week apart and comparing the difference between the paired values. A probing force of 0.30 N was used. There was no significant difference in the frequency distributions of measurement differences between either maxillary versus mandibular teeth or anterior versus posterior teeth. The data demonstrate that this device can be used to measure gingival attachment level without the need for stents or estimation of the level of the cementoenamel junction and that reproducible data can be obtained and automatically stored in a computer for subsequent analysis.
SOME EFFECTS OF HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE ON GROWTH AND MITOCHONDRIA OF ALLOMYCES MACROGYNUS (1962)

Abstract not available
Mass flow measurement of multi-phase mixtures by means of tomographic techniques (2002)

This thesis investigates the use of a dual-plane impedance tomography system to calculate the individual mass flow rates of the components in an air-gravel-seawater mixture. The long-term goal of this research is to develop a multi-phase flowmeter for the on-line monitoring of an airlift used in an offshore mining application. This requires the measurement of both the individual component volume fractions and their velocities. Tomography provides a convenient non-intrusive technique to obtain this information. Capacitance tomography is used to reconstruct the dielectric distribution of the material within a pipeline. It is based on the concept that the capacitance of a pair of electrodes depends on the dielectric distribution of the material between the electrodes. By mounting a number of electrodes around the periphery of the pipeline, and measuring the capacitances of the different electrode combinations, it is possible to reconstruct the distribution of the phases within the pipeline, provided the phases have different dielectric constants. Resistance tomography is used to reconstruct the resistivity distribution within the cross-section of the pipeline and operates in a similar way to capacitance tomography. Impedance tomography can be described as a dual-modal approach since both the capacitance and conductance of the different electrode combinations are measured to reconstruct the omplex impedance of the material distribution. Previous research has shown that impedance tomography can be used to reconstruct a three-phase air-gravelwater mixture [3,4]. In addition, it has been shown that neural networks can be used to perform this reconstruction task [3,4]. In particular, a single-layer feed-forward neural network with a 1-of-C output encoding can be trained to perform a three-phase image reconstruction. Further, a double-layer feed-forward neural network can be trained to predict the volume fractions of the three phases within the flow directly, based on the capacitance and conductance readings obtained from the data acquisition system. However, these tests were only for static configurations. This thesis will readdress this problem from the dynamic viewpoint. In addition, the individual component velocities will be calculated using the cross-correlation of the volume fraction predictions from two impedance tomography systems spaced a certain distance apart.
Lysine Acetyltransferase GCN5 Potentiates the Growth of Non-small Cell Lung Cancer via Promotion of E2F1, Cyclin D1, and Cyclin E1 Expression (2013)

The lysine acetyltransferases play crucial but complex roles in cancer development. GCN5 is a lysine acetyltransferase that generally regulates gene expression, but its role in cancer development remains largely unknown. In this study, we report that GCN5 is highly expressed in non-small cell lung cancer tissues and that its expression correlates with tumor size. We found that the expression of GCN5 promotes cell growth and the G1/S phase transition in multiple lung cancer cell lines. Further study revealed that GCN5 regulates the expression of E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1. Our reporter assays indicated that the expression of GCN5 enhances the activities of the E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 promoters. ChIP experiments suggested that GCN5 binds directly to these promoters and increases the extent of histone acetylation within these regions. Mechanistic studies suggested that GCN5 interacts with E2F1 and is recruited by E2F1 to the E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 promoters. The function of GCN5 in lung cancer cells is abrogated by the knockdown of E2F1. Finally, we confirmed that GCN5 regulates the expression of E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 and potentiates lung cancer cell growth in a mouse tumor model. Taken together, our results demonstrate that GCN5 specifically potentiates lung cancer growth by directly promoting the expression of E2F1, cyclin D1, and cyclin E1 in an E2F1-dependent manner. Our study identifies a specific and novel function of GCN5 in lung cancer development and suggests that the GCN5-E2F1 interaction represents a potential target for lung cancer treatment.
Influence of Polymorphism in the Genes for the Interleukin (IL)-1 Receptor Antagonist and IL-1β on Tuberculosis (1999)

Several lines of evidence suggest that host genetic factors controlling the immune response influence infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-1beta and its antagonist, IL-1Ra (IL-1 receptor agonist), are strongly induced by M. tuberculosis and are encoded by polymorphic genes. The induction of both IL-1Ra mRNA and secreted protein by M. tuberculosis in IL-1Ra allele A2-positive (IL-1Ra A2(+)) healthy subjects was 1.9-fold higher than in IL-1Ra A2(-) subjects. The M. tuberculosis-induced expression of mRNA for IL-1beta was higher in subjects of the IL-1beta (+3953) A1(+) haplotype (P = 0.04). The molar ratio of IL-1Ra/IL-1beta induced by M. tuberculosis was markedly higher in IL-1Ra A2(+) individuals (P < 0.05), with minor overlap between the groups, reflecting linkage between the IL-1Ra A2 and IL-1beta (+3953) A2 alleles. In M. tuberculosis-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the addition of IL-4 increased IL-1Ra secretion, whereas interferon gamma increased and IL-10 decreased IL-1beta production, indicative of a differential influence on the IL-1Ra/IL-1beta ratio by cytokines. In a study of 114 healthy purified protein derivative-reactive subjects and 89 patients with tuberculosis, the frequency of allelic variants at two positions (-511 and +3953) in the IL-1beta and IL-1Ra genes did not differ between the groups. However, the proinflammatory IL-1Ra A2(-)/IL-1beta (+3953) A1(+) haplotype was unevenly distributed, being more common in patients with tuberculous pleurisy (92%) in comparison with healthy M. tuberculosis-sensitized control subjects or patients with other disease forms (57%, P = 0.028 and 56%, P = 0. 024, respectively). Furthermore, the IL-1Ra A2(+) haplotype was associated with a reduced Mantoux response to purified protein derivative of M. tuberculosis: 60% of tuberculin-nonreactive patients were of this type. Thus, the polymorphism at the IL-1 locus influences the cytokine response and may be a determinant of delayed-type hypersensitivity and disease expression in human tuberculosis.
Vomiting in Pregnancy (1954)

Summary Twenty pregnant women, admitted to the hospital for vomiting of pregnancy, were studied by clinical interview method and Rorschach technique. The life histories of these patients revealed a ready pattern of gastrointestinal disturbance with vomiting in response to emotional stress. The patients all presented serious disorder of sexual life, with frigidity as its consistent expression. A remarkable immaturity of personality is common to the entire group, although there is considerable diversity in its psychopathological elaboration. Pregnancy had occasioned in these women markedly increased anxiety and tension most prominent during the period of their vomiting.
Randomized, multicenter, phase 2 study (EVOLUTION) of combinations of bortezomib, dexamethasone, cyclophosphamide, and lenalidomide in previously untreated multiple myeloma (2012)

Combinations of bortezomib (V) and dexamethasone (D) with either lenalidomide (R) or cyclophosphamide (C) have shown significant efficacy. This randomized phase 2 trial evaluated VDC, VDR, and VDCR in previously untreated multiple myeloma (MM). Patients received V 1.3 mg/m2 (days 1, 4, 8, 11) and D 40 mg (days 1, 8, 15), with either C 500 mg/m2 (days 1, 8) and R 15 mg (days 1-14; VDCR), R 25 mg (days 1-14; VDR), C 500 mg/m2 (days 1, 8; VDC) or C 500 mg/m2 (days 1, 8, 15; VDC-mod) in 3-week cycles (maximum 8 cycles), followed by maintenance with V 1.3 mg/m2 (days 1, 8, 15, 22) for four 6-week cycles (all arms)≥very good partial response was seen in 58%, 51%, 41%, and 53% (complete response rate of 25%, 24%, 22%, and 47%) of patients (VDCR, VDR, VCD, and VCD-mod, respectively); the corresponding 1-year progression-free survival was 86%, 83%, 93%, and 100%, respectively. Common adverse events included hematologic toxicities, peripheral neuropathy, fatigue, and gastrointestinal disturbances. All regimens were highly active and well tolerated in previously untreated MM, and, based on this trial, VDR and VCD-mod are preferred for clinical practice and further comparative testing. No substantial advantage was noted with VDCR over the 3-drug combinations. This trial is registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov (NCT00507442).
Duchenne muscular dystrophy: genome editing gives new hope for treatment (2018)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a progressive wasting disease of skeletal and cardiac muscles, representing one of the most common recessive fatal inherited genetic diseases with 1:3500-1:5000 in yearly incidence. It is caused by mutations in the DMD gene that encodes the membrane-associated dystrophin protein. Over the years, many have been the approaches to management of DMD, but despite all efforts, no effective treatment has yet been discovered. Hope for the development of potential therapeutics has followed the recent advances in genome editing and gene therapy. This review gives an overview to DMD and summarises current lines of evidence with regard to treatment and disease management alongside the appropriate considerations.
Evaluation of Ionic Mobilities by Coupling the Scattering on Atoms and on Electron Density (2000)

A recently developed method to calculate gas-phase mobilities by scattering on electron density isosurfaces (SEDI) has been applied to carbon cluster ions. The investigation has covered species belonging to all major structural families identified in drift tube studies (chains, monocyclic and bicyclic rings, graphite sheets, and fullerenes). Relative cross sections of Cn- and Cn+ predicted by SEDI are in excellent agreement with the measurements across a wide range of cluster sizes and shapes. However, absolute values could not be fit for either charge state. This happens because SEDI ignores the long-range ion−buffer gas interaction known to be important for many systems including carbon clusters. To overcome this problem, we propose a new technique to evaluate mobilities by coupling SEDI with trajectory calculations. This approach allows one to introduce the repulsive interaction accurately and still account for the attractive part of the potential. This hybrid SEDI−TC treatment has been found substantially superior to all models previously described in reproducing both absolute and relative mobilities of Cn anions and cations.
Verification of Pointer Programs (2009)

With this dissertation we present an abstraction and verification framework for pointer programs operating on unbounded heaps. To this end, we introduce two different abstraction methods for pointer-manipulating programs: an abstraction technique for singly-linked structures that guarantees a finite abstract semantics for any given program and a more general approach, employing context-free hyperedge replacement graph grammars to model the data structures and compute the abstraction mappings. The graph grammars are user defined and therefore this approach can handle a variety of different data structures. By means of partial concretization steps we avoid the necessity for explicitly defining the effect of pointer-manipulating operations on abstracted parts of the heap: it is obtained "for free" by combining partial concretization, the concrete pointer operation, and re-abstraction of the transformed state. Besides the possibility to check for pointer safety, assuring the absence of null dereferences, and shape safety, the preservation of the data structure, we establish an expressive pointer logic that is based on LTL. It allows to specify safety as well as liveness properties for the executions of the system. We show that the corresponding model checking problem can be reduced to an LTL model checking problem enabling the application of existing, highly optimized model checkers. We show the practical feasibility of our approach by applying it to the well-known Deutsch-Schorr-Waite traversal algorithm for binary trees – a stackless traversal algorithm that uses destructive updates. Finally, we introduce an extension of our framework to concurrent pointer programs with unbounded thread creation. For that purpose we model the control-flow and heap semantics separately as Petri nets. Abstracting the heap only, we obtain a data-abstract semantics for which we can show that the model checking problem is decidable. To obtain practically feasible results, however, we are forced to apply in a second step abstraction to the control-flow semantics as well. It turns out that the resulting Petri net can be represented as a finite transition system, to that our model checking method can be applied.