gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Voltage‐gated proton channels: what's next? (2008)

This review is an attempt to identify and place in context some of the many questions about voltage-gated proton channels that remain unsolved. As the gene was identified only 2 years ago, the situation is very different than in fields where the gene has been known for decades. For the proton channel, most of the obvious and less obvious structure-function questions are still wide open. Remarkably, the proton channel protein strongly resembles the voltage-sensing domain of many voltage-gated ion channels, and thus offers a novel approach to study gating mechanisms. Another surprise is that the proton channel appears to function as a dimer, with two separate conduction pathways. A number of significant biological questions remain in dispute, unanswered, or in some cases, not yet asked. This latter deficit is ascribable to the intrinsic difficulty in evaluating the importance of one component in a complex system, and in addition, to the lack, until recently, of a means of performing an unambiguous lesion experiment, that is, of selectively eliminating the molecule in question. We still lack a potent, selective pharmacological inhibitor, but the identification of the gene has allowed the development of powerful new tools including proton channel antibodies, siRNA and knockout mice.
Perceptron-Based Branch Confidence Estimation (2005)

Pipeline gating has been proposed for reducing wasted speculative execution due to branch mispredictions. As processors become deeper or wider, pipeline gating becomes more important because the amount of wasted speculative execution increases. The quality of pipeline gating relies heavily on the branch confidence estimator used. Not much work has been done on branch confidence estimators since the initial work [6]. We show the accuracy and coverage characteristics of the initial proposals do not sufficiently reduce mis-speculative execution on future deep pipeline processors. In this paper, we present a new, perceptron-based, branch confidence estimator, which is twice as accurate as the current best-known method and achieves reasonable mispredicted branch coverage. Further, the output of our predictor is multi-valued, which enables us to classify branches further as "strongly low confident" and "weakly low confident". We reverse the predictions of "strongly low confident" branches and apply pipeline gating to the "weakly low confident" branches. This combination of pipeline gating and branch reversal provides a spectrum of interesting design options ranging from significantly reducing total execution for only a small performance loss, to lower but still significant reductions in total execution, without any performance loss.
Density profile of group B streptococci, type III, and its possible relation to enhanced virulence (1987)

The buoyant densities of virulent and colonizing group B streptococci, type III, were determined by centrifugation of bacteria on a linear, hypotonic density gradient. A total of 28 strains were investigated. Eleven strains were obtained from blood cultures of babies with early-onset disease, and eight strains were isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid of babies with late-onset septicemia and meningitis. Nine colonizing strains were genital isolates from pregnant women subsequently giving birth to healthy children. In each strain the buoyant density was determined before and after neuraminidase treatment. All strains showed an increase in the buoyant density after enzymatic removal of sialic acid, and the density differences before and after desialylation were calculated. The mean values of these differences for blood, cerebrospinal fluid, and colonizing isolates were 23.4, 25.3, and 10.6 mg/ml, respectively. The mean value for the colonizing strains differed significantly from the mean value for each group of virulent strains. All colonizing strains banded singly in the gradient, whereas five of the virulent strains divided into two density populations. Extracts of the low-density cells produced markedly more dense immunoprecipitates with type antiserum than did extracts of the high-density bacteria. One double-banding strain was positive for R protein. After separation of the two density populations, this antigen was detected only in the low-density population. The results indicate that bacterial buoyant density is inversely related to the amount of capsular polysaccharide enveloping the cell and that a determination of the density profile of the bacteria may be used for discriminating strains with an increased pathogenic potential.
Methods of Antibiotic Instillation in Porous Orbital Implants (2008)

Best penetration of fluid in all implants was achieved with aspiration or compression within a syringe. If an implant becomes infected, topical instillation of antibiotic is unlikely to reach the sites of infected pores. Direct injection of antibiotic may be helpful for porous implants providing the needle pore does not get blocked while penetrating the implant as it did with the 3 aluminum oxide implants tested in this study.
Solar radiation and illumination (1981)

The National Bureau of Standards' was established by an act of Congress on March 3, 1901. The Bureau's overall goal is
Virtual clothes, hair and skin for beautiful top models (2002)

Since 1986, we have led extensive research on simulating realistic looking humans. We have created Marilyn Monroe and Humphrey Bogart that met in a Cafe in Montreal. At that time, they did not wear any dress as such. Humphrey's body was made out of a plaster model that has the shape of a suit. Colours on Marilyn's body looked like a dress. Hairs were simulated as a global shape and skin was a colour. Since then, we have developed extensive research to simulate real virtual deformable clothes wearing by virtual humans. We also needed to have appropriate simulation of a skin and recently, we have developed new research on skin in order to decrease the plastic colour of our synthetic actors. Also there was a need to simulate hair in an efficient way. New methods have been developed, both for design and animation purpose that are compatible with the clothes module. In this paper, we introduce our most recent research results on these topics. We are now able to simulate top models that start to look like real ones. Our latest work, that shows Marilyn receiving a golden camera Award in Berlin, Germany, demonstrates the results of our research. This sequence has been shown in a ZDF television program that was seen by more than 15 million viewers.
Arm function after stroke: measurement and recovery over the first three months. (1987)

Four short, simple measures of arm function, suitable for use with patients recovering from acute stroke, are described. These tests are: the Frenchay Arm Test, the Nine Hole Peg Test, finger tapping rate and grip strength. Good interobserver and test-retest reliability was demonstrated for all tests, and the Frenchay Arm Test was shown to be valid. Normal values for all tests were established on 63 controls. It was found that the limited sensitivity of the Frenchay Arm Test could be improved using the Nine Hole Peg Test and grip strength. Recovery of arm function has been studied in a sample of 56 patients seen regularly over the first 3 months after their stroke, using these standard measures. The results demonstrated a wide variation in recovery curves between patients. The use of the Nine Hole Peg Test enabled further recovery to be detected after patients achieved a top score on the Frenchay Arm Test. Failure to recover measureable grip strength before 24 days was associated with absence of useful arm function at three months. Measurement of finger tapping rate was not useful.
Global Positioning System: The Mathematics of GPS Receivers (1998)

(1998). Global Positioning System: The Mathematics of GPS Receivers. Mathematics Magazine: Vol. 71, No. 4, pp. 260-269.
Virtual Systems: Aspects of the Air-Mobile Ground Security and Surveillance System Prototype (1996)

The Air-Mobile Ground Security and Surveillance System (AMGSSS) is being developed to provide a rapidly deployable, highly mobile, extended-range surveillance capability for force protection and tactical security. In order to rapidly develop a sensors package prototype, we used modular embedded PCs and the Internet TCP/IP protocol as the communication backbone between subsystems. This allowed all subsystems to be developed in parallel from geographically distant locations. The first-cut prototype was a virtual system residing on various desktop computers connected by the Internet. As embedded hardware became available, the desktop modules were gradually replaced. The result is an extremely flexible system, where modules can be added or replaced, swapped with desktop processors for debugging, or physically relocated to distant locations, with only a few changes in a text hosts-table file. Updated software can be downloaded to the embedded systems from their virtual counterpart via FTP. ...
Potent bombesin antagonists with C-terminal Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Tac-NH2 or its derivatives. (1994)

Various pseudononapeptide bombesin (BN)-(6-14) antagonists with a reduced peptide bond (CH2-NH) between positions 13 and 14 can suppress the mitogenic activity of BN or gastrin-releasing peptide in 3T3 fibroblast cells and small cell lung carcinoma. In the search for more potent BN antagonists, 10 modified nonapeptide BN antagonists containing N-terminal D-Phe, D-Cpa, and D- or L-Tpi and C-terminal Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Tac-NH2, Leu-psi(CH2-N)-MeTac-NH2, or Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Me2Tac-NH2 have been synthesized by incubating [13 psi 14,CH2-NH,Cys14]BN-(6-14) or [13 psi 14-CH2-NH,Pen14]BN-(6-14) with formaldehyde or acetaldehyde (Cpa = 4-chlorophenylalanine, Tac = thiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid, Tpi = 2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H- pyrido[3,4-b]indol-3-carboxylic acid, and Pen = penicillamine). The biological activities of these compounds were then evaluated. [D-Phe6,13 psi 14,CH2-N,Tac14]BN-(6-14) (RC-3950-II) and [D-Phe6,13 psi 14,CH2-N,Me2Tac14]BN-(6-14) (RC-3985-II) exhibited greater potency in inhibition of 125I-labeled [Tyr4]BN binding to Swiss 3T3 cells than their parent compounds [D-Phe6,13 psi 14,CH2-NH,Cys14]BN-(6-14) (RC-3950-I) and [D-Phe6,13 psi 14,CH2-NH,Pen14]BN-(6-14) (RC-3985-I). The order of binding affinities of these compounds was as follows: [13 psi 14,CH2-N,Tac14]BN-(6-14) > [13 psi 14,CH2-N,Me2Tac14]BN-(6-14) > [13 psi 14,CH2-N,MeTac14]BN-(6-14). In most cases, the analogs with C-terminal Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Tac-NH2 were also more potent growth inhibitors of 3T3 cells than compounds containing C-terminal Leu-psi(CH2-N)-Me2Tac-NH2 or Leu-psi(CH2-N)-MeTac-NH2. The best BN antagonists of this series, RC-3950-II and [D-Cpa6,13 psi 14,CH2-N,Tac14]BN- (6-14) (RC-3925-II), inhibited gastrin-releasing peptide-stimulated growth of Swiss 3T3 cells with IC50 values of 1 nM and 6 nM, respectively. Since antagonists of this class inhibit growth of various tumors in animal cancer models, some of them may have clinical applications.
Calibration of a portal imaging device for high‐precision dosimetry: A Monte Carlo study (1998)

Today electronic portal imaging devices (EPID's) are used primarily to verify patient positioning. They have, however, also the potential as 2D-dosimeters and could be used as such for transit dosimetry or dose reconstruction. It has been proven that such devices, especially liquid filled ionization chambers, have a stable dose response relationship which can be described in terms of the physical properties of the EPID and the pulsed linac radiation. For absolute dosimetry however, an accurate method of calibration to an absolute dose is needed. In this work, we concentrate on calibration against dose in a homogeneous water phantom. Using a Monte Carlo model of the detector we calculated dose spread kernels in units of absolute dose per incident energy fluence and compared them to calculated dose spread kernels in water at different depths. The energy of the incident pencil beams varied between 0.5 and 18 MeV. At the depth of dose maximum in water for a 6 MV beam (1.5 cm) and for a 18 MV beam (3.0 cm) we observed large absolute differences between water and detector dose above an incident energy of 4 MeV but only small relative differences in the most frequent energy range of the beam energy spectra. It is shown that for a 6 MV beam the absolute reference dose measured at 1.5 cm water depth differs from the absolute detector dose by 3.8%. At depth 1.2 cm in water, however, the relative dose differences are almost constant between 2 and 6 MeV. The effects of changes in the energy spectrum of the beam on the dose responses in water and in the detector are also investigated. We show that differences larger than 2% can occur for different beam qualities of the incident photon beam behind water slabs of different thicknesses. It is therefore concluded that for high-precision dosimetry such effects have to be taken into account. Nevertheless, the precise information about the dose response of the detector provided in this Monte Carlo study forms the basis of extracting directly the basic radiometric quantities photon fluence and photon energy fluence from the detector's signal using a deconvolution algorithm. The results are therefore promising for future application in absolute transit dosimetry and absolute dose reconstruction.
Non-Volatile Memory: The principles, the technologies, and their significance to the smart card integrated circuit (1999)

The success of smart card ICs is completely dependent on the memory technologies used in their implementation. The design and manufacture of non-volatile memory is a specialized field of semiconductor technology. Each design requires careful balancing of the physics and construction involved with producing the memory cell and the transistors that switch the various surrounding voltages used for read, write, and erase. The designs are invariably different from previous generations. As a result, the technology has developed a mystique and jargon of its own. The terms used are generally imprecise, and used incorrectly. For instance, what is a Flash memory? will yield answers from engineers that will confuse rather than help. The subject is immense and highly technical. This paper attempts to introduce the subject and define the terms for engineers within the smart card industry.
Temporally controlled modulation of FGF/ERK signaling directs midbrain dopaminergic neural progenitor fate in mouse and human pluripotent stem cells (2011)

Effective induction of midbrain-specific dopamine (mDA) neurons from stem cells is fundamental for realizing their potential in biomedical applications relevant to Parkinson's disease. During early development, the Otx2-positive neural tissues are patterned anterior-posteriorly to form the forebrain and midbrain under the influence of extracellular signaling such as FGF and Wnt. In the mesencephalon, sonic hedgehog (Shh) specifies a ventral progenitor fate in the floor plate region that later gives rise to mDA neurons. In this study, we systematically investigated the temporal actions of FGF signaling in mDA neuron fate specification of mouse and human pluripotent stem cells and mouse induced pluripotent stem cells. We show that a brief blockade of FGF signaling on exit of the lineage-primed epiblast pluripotent state initiates an early induction of Lmx1a and Foxa2 in nascent neural progenitors. In addition to inducing ventral midbrain characteristics, the FGF signaling blockade during neural induction also directs a midbrain fate in the anterior-posterior axis by suppressing caudalization as well as forebrain induction, leading to the maintenance of midbrain Otx2. Following a period of endogenous FGF signaling, subsequent enhancement of FGF signaling by Fgf8, in combination with Shh, promotes mDA neurogenesis and restricts alternative fates. Thus, a stepwise control of FGF signaling during distinct stages of stem cell neural fate conversion is crucial for reliable and highly efficient production of functional, authentic midbrain-specific dopaminergic neurons. Importantly, we provide evidence that this novel, small-molecule-based strategy applies to both mouse and human pluripotent stem cells.
Sensors and control systems for micro‐air vehicles: lessons from flies (2009)

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to provide an overview of the recent research on the interaction between flight mechanics and sensory/control systems in flies. It furthermore, explores the application to biomimetic micro‐air vehicles (MAVs). Design/methodology/approach A review of recent literature on flight in flies is given first, whereafter two biomimetic case studies are discussed; the optic flow sensor developed by a French team and the micro‐mechanical flying insect project at the University of Berkeley. Findings The paper discusses the many areas where biological knowledge on flight in flies can be used by designers of MAVs. Practical implications Fully autonomous MAVs, inspired by insect flight, could be useful in a wide range of areas including search‐and‐rescue, surveillance and for military purposes. Originality/value The paper gives an up to date overview of dipteran flight behaviour and points to ways in which this knowledge can be applied to MAVs. The paper should thus be useful for biologists wishing to collaborate with engineers as well as for engineers and sensor designers seeking inspiration from nature.
Identification and characterization of specific sequences encoding pathogenicity associated proteins in the genome of commensal Neisseria species (1995)

The distribution of distinct sequences in pathogenic and commensal Neisseria species was investigated systematically by dot blot analysis. Probes representing the genes of Rmp, pilin and IgA1 protease were found to hybridize exclusively to the chromosomal DNA of the pathogenic species, Neisseria gonorrhoeae and/or Neisseria meningitidis. In contrast, specific sequences for the genes of the porin protein Por and the opacity protein (Opa) were also detected in a panel of commensal Neisseria species such as N. lactamica, N. subflava, N, flava, N. mucosa and N. sicca. Using opa-specific oligonucleotides as probes in chromosomal blots, the genomes of the commensal Neisseria species show a totally reduced repertoire of cross-hybridizing loci compared to the complex opa gene family of N. gonorrhoeae. DNA sequence analysis of one opa-related gene derived from N. flava and N. sicca, respectively, revealed a large degree of homology with previously described gonococcal and meningococcal genes e.g., a typical repetitive sequence in the leader peptide and the distribution of the hypervariable and conserved regions. This observation, together with the finding, that the gene is constitutively transcribed, leads to the assumption that some of the commensal Neisseria species may have the potential for the expression of a protein harboring similar functions as the Opa proteins in pathogenic Neisseriae.
A nonlinear finite element model of the electrode-electrolyte-skin system (1994)

This study presents a two-dimensional finite element model of the electrode-electrolyte-skin system which takes into account the nonlinear behavior of the skin with respect to the amplitude of the voltage. The nonlinear modeling approach has practical value for studies related to transcutaneous stimulation (e.g. maximizing the dynamic range of sensory substitution systems, optimization of TENS, optimization of transcutaneous cardiac pacing, etc.). The model has three main regions: 1) the electrolyte; 2) the skin; and 3) the body. The model consists of 364 nodes, 690 elements and was generated on a MacIntosh II using a version of FEHT (Finite Element for Heat Transfer) adapted for electromagnetics. The electrodes are equipotential lines and the electrolyte is modeled as a pure resistive region with constant conductivity. Although the electrode-electrolyte interface can introduce nonlinearities, we did not take them into account because the skin displays a much higher impedance. The skin is modeled as a nonlinear material with the conductivity dependent on the applied voltage. To account for the mosaic structure of the skin, we used ten different nonlinear subregions of five different values of breakdown voltage. The region designated "body" models the effects of the resistance associated with the dermis and the tissues underneath the skin, and has a constant high conductivity. We studied the effects of two different electrolytes on the comfort of stimulation and found that there was less potential pain delivered when high-resistivity electrolytes were used. This was due to the larger nonuniformities in the current density distribution which appeared for low-resistivity electrolytes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
The effect of fibrinolysin and heparin on the formation of peritoneal adhesions. (1962)

T he problem of postoperative peritoneal adhesions is still unsolved, despite many advances in clinical surgery. In one postmortem study,s 90 per cent of patients with previous abdominal surgery were found to have peritoneal adhesions. Though most adhesions do not result in clinical morbidity, their role as a cause of small bowel obstruction (about 30 per cent)20 is well recognized. In those unfortunate patients who have multiple episodes of mechanical ileus and are subjected to repeated lyses of recurrent adhesions, surgery often seems to aggravate rather than alleviate the disease. Many methods of treatment based on varied concepts of the pathogenesis of adhesion formation have been investigated in experimental animals and in patients. Most have been directed at inhibiting or counteracting some phase in the organization of adhesions. These include the use of (1) membranes applied to abdominal viscera, (2) the intraperitoneal instillation of gases, lubricants, solutions of varying tonicity, and peptones, (3) methods to enhance intestinal peristalsis, (4) the instillation of enzymes such as pepsin, trypsin, and papain, and, finally, (5) amniotic fluid
Tradeoff Analysis for Conflicting Software Non-Functional Requirements (2019)

The need for particular software non-functional requirements (NFRs) leads a project team to use specific design strategies to fulfill these NFRs. However, some of the strategies may cause deficiencies in other software NFRs. These strategies are called conflicting strategies. Making the tradeoff decision of these conflicting strategies for NFRs is crucial. Therefore, a conflicting NFRs tradeoff framework (CNTF) and the corresponding method are proposed. Firstly, the NFRs are obtained from stakeholders. Fuzzy set theory is used to express stakeholder assessments on the importance of each NFR. The assessment results are ranked using a fuzzy ranking method. Then, adapting from production theory in microeconomics, the degree of satisfaction by which NFRs are affected by conflicting strategies are plotted as tradeoff curves. Borrowing the concept from the linear programming in management science, a tradeoff method is presented to help software project teams make the best tradeoff decision for conflicting NFRs. Finally, feasibility and limitations of the CNTF are elaborated in a case study.