gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
UV-radiation Protecting Efficacy of Thiols, Studied with UVA-induced Binding of 8-MOP and CPZ to Rat Epidermal Biomacromolecules<sub>in Vivo</sub> (1993)

The following topically-applied thiols were investigated with regard to their possible UV-radiation protective properties: captopril, cysteamine, ergothioneine, mesna, mercaptopropionylglycine, N-acetyl-cysteine and penicillamine. As a measure for protection the inhibition of in vivo irreversible photobinding of the labelled phototoxic drugs chlorpromazine (CPZ) and 8-methoxypsoralen (8-MOP) to rat epidermal biomacromolecules was used. Ergothioneine, mesna and penicillamine did not show any effect; probably, as a result of their charge they are not able to enter the stratum corneum. Captopril, cysteamine, mercaptopropionylglycine and N-acetylcysteine showed a considerable inhibition of CPZ and 8-MOP photobinding. Captopril and N-acetylcysteine were clearly the most potent whereas cysteamine was the least effective. Captopril, mercaptopropionylglycine and N-acetylcysteine appeared to have a wider action range and to be a more effective protector than dl-alpha-tocopherol and di-butyl-hydroxytoluene. Cysteamine and mercaptopropionylglycine were only capable of protecting the stratum corneum. Captopril and N-acetylcysteine on the other hand showed an additional dose-dependent inhibition of photobinding to the viable epidermis. Gradually with increasing time after application, the protecting efficacy with regard to the viable layer of the epidermis decreased; the duration of protection depending on the dose.
Periodic Arrays of Cu-Phthalocyanine Chains on Au(110) (2008)

The structure of ultrathin Cu-phthalocyanine (Cu-Pc) films on the (1 × 2)-Au(110) surface has been studied. The overlayer deposition has been monitored in real time by helium atom scattering (HAS) and low energy electron diffraction (LEED). Throughout the monolayer regime the Cu-Pc molecules are systematically observed to line-up edge-to-edge along the [11̅0] direction of the Au substrate, yielding a commensurate 5-fold periodicity (14.4 Å). Cu-Pc chains deconstruct the 2-fold Au missing row order in the early stage of deposition. A set of higher order periodicities (5-, 7-, and 3-fold) are progressively observed along [001] with increasing Cu-Pc deposition, the 3-fold phase appearing at the monolayer saturation coverage. The corresponding molecular orientation has been studied by variable polarization absorption spectroscopy (XAS), whereas the Au substrate structure has been determined by out-of-plane surface X-ray diffraction. The (5 × 5) phase is found to be rather corrugated, and it exhibits a high degree of long-range order yielding the most prominent diffraction pattern. In the (5 × 5) phase, the Cu-Pc chains are found to lift the underneath missing row reconstruction, being separated by residual Au rows. Similarly, in the more compressed 3-fold monolayer phase, the Cu-Pc molecules were formerly found to lie within a shallow (1 × 3) Au reconstruction [Cossaro, A.; et al. J. Phys. Chem. B 2004, 108, 14671]. From comparison of the different deposition stages, as measured in real time by HAS, we can draw a comprehensive picture of the system evolution. In fact, the observed periodicities at different coverage are always formed by an array of Cu-Pc chains in shallow troughs that are equally spaced by a number of uncovered Au rows, as dictated by the Cu-Pc coverage. The growth of Cu-Pc arrays in the submonolayer range is thus driven by an interchain repulsion mechanism.
Exosome-delivered microRNAs promote IFN-α secretion by human plasmacytoid DCs via TLR7 (2018)

The excessive production of type I IFNs is a hallmark and a main pathogenic mechanism of many autoimmune diseases, including systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In these pathologies, the sustained secretion of type I IFNs is dependent on the improper activation of plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs) by self-nucleic acids. However, the nature and origin of pDC-activating self-nucleic acids is still incompletely characterized. Here, we report that exosomes isolated from the plasma of SLE patients can activate the secretion of IFN-α by human blood pDCs in vitro. This activation requires endosomal acidification and is recapitulated by microRNAs isolated from exosomes, suggesting that exosome-delivered microRNAs act as self-ligands of innate single-stranded endosomal RNA sensors. By using synthetic microRNAs, we identified an IFN induction motif that is responsible for the TLR7-dependent activation, maturation, and survival of human pDCs. These findings identify exosome-delivered microRNAs as potentially novel TLR7 endogenous ligands able to induce pDC activation in SLE patients. Therefore, microRNAs may represent novel pathogenic mediators in the onset of autoimmune reactions and potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of type I IFN-mediated diseases.
Synthesis of self-healing Smart Epoxy and Polyurethane Coating by Encapsulation of Olive Leaf Extract as Corrosion Inhibitor (2018)

Self-healing coatings with the ability of recovering damaged areas, have a high potential application in corrosion prevention, because of high reliability and cost reductions. In this research, fabrication and characterization of epoxy and urethane based self-healing coatings by encapsulation of olive leaf extract as corrosion inhibitor are investigated. HOPDMS and PDES were used as healing agents in urethane shelled capsules. Moreover, olive leaf extract was added to the healing capsules to further increase the corrosion protection of the coating. By means of polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy tests, it was proved that the olive leaf extract is an effective corrosion inhibitor for steel in chloride solutions, with an inhibition efficiency of about 80% for ethanol extracted inhibitor at 300 ppm. Submicron capsules containing inhibitor and healing agents were fabricated by simultaneous agitation and sonication, and were characterized by SEM, EDS and FTIR analyzes. Finally, the self-healing ability of the coatings containing 3,4, and 5 percent of capsules were studied, and it was found out that with increasing of capsules content of the coating, the corrosion protection improves, so that in a coating with 5 wt% of capsules, no evidence of corrosion was observed in the adjacent area of a damage.
Adjustable Bracket For Entry Of Welding Wire (1993)

Wire-entry bracket on welding torch in robotic welding system provides for adjustment of angle of entry of welding wire over range of plus or minus 30 degrees from nominal entry angle. Wire positioned so it does not hide weld joint in view of through-the-torch computer-vision system part of robot-controlling and -monitoring system. Swiveling bracket also used on nonvision torch on which wire-feed-through tube interferes with workpiece. Angle simply changed to one giving sufficient clearance.
Activation of the second promoter of the transforming growth factor-β1 gene by transforming growth factor-β1 and phorbol ester occurs through the same target sequences (1989)

Two distinct regions of the transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-beta 1) promoter are responsive to autoregulation and activation by phorbol ester (12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate): sequences located between nucleotides -454 to -323 (first promoter) and between the two transcriptional start sites. We have now characterized in detail the induction of the second promoter (sequences between nucleotides + 1 to +271) of the TGF-beta 1 gene by both TGF-beta 1 and phorbol ester. By assaying progressively deleted mutations in the second promoter, we have found two regions responsible for the induction; each contains a phorbol ester-responsive element. In vitro transcription of the second promoter-chloramphenicol acetyltransferase chimeric genes using nuclear extracts of A-549 cells showed that deletion of the putative phorbol ester-responsive elements results in a 70-80% decrease in activity. DNase I footprinting and gel mobility shift assays showed that binding to an Sp1 site and the putative TRE elements are required for maximal expression of the second promoter region of the TGF-beta 1 gene. These results suggest that AP-1, which is capable of conferring phorbol ester or TGF-beta 1 responsiveness, is the major transcription factor involved in the second promoter-derived transcription of the TGF-beta 1 gene.
Bluetooth adaptive frequency hopping and scheduling (2004)

In this paper, we investigate the use of adaptive frequency hopping (AFH) techniques aimed at modifying the Bluetooth frequency hopping sequence in the presence of WLAN direct sequence spread spectrum devices. We examine the conditions such as the applications, topologies, and scenarios under which AFH techniques improve performance that is measured in terms of packet loss, TCP delay, and channel efficiency. We also compare the results obtained with AFH to others obtained using a scheduling technique that consist in delaying the transmission of a Bluetooth packet until the medium is "idle". Our results show that an obvious performance improvement with AFH is in terms of delay and throughput. AFH brings the delay down to the same level than when no interference is present. On the other hand, AFH is rather slow in responding to changes in the environment and the packet loss is more significant than with the scheduling. This is probably due to the limitations imposed by the communication overhead. The main difficulty for AFH is having to dynamically communicate the changes to all slaves in the piconet in order to keep the synchronization.
Chondrocyte apoptosis increases with age in the articular cartilage of adult animals (1998)

These results suggest that apoptosis plays a role in some aspect of maintenance, remodeling, or turnover of mature articular cartilage. In addition, the increase in apoptosis associated with aging could contribute to the greater risk for cartilage degeneration.
Hypusine, a polyamine-derived amino acid critical for eukaryotic translation (2018)

The natural amino acid hypusine (<i>N</i><sup>ϵ</sup>-4-amino-2-hydroxybutyl(lysine)) is derived from the polyamine spermidine, and occurs only in a single family of cellular proteins, eukaryotic translation factor 5A (eIF5A) isoforms. Hypusine is formed by conjugation of the aminobutyl moiety of spermidine to a specific lysine residue of this protein. The posttranslational synthesis of hypusine involves two enzymatic steps, catalyzed by deoxyhypusine synthase (DHPS) and deoxyhypusine hydroxylase (DOHH). Hypusine is essential for eIF5A activity. Inactivation of either the eIF5A or the DHPS gene is lethal in yeast and mouse, underscoring the vital role of eIF5A hypusination in eukaryotic cell growth and animal development. The long and basic side chain of the hypusine residue promotes eIF5A-mediated translation elongation by facilitating peptide bond formation at polyproline stretches and at many other ribosome-pausing sites. It also enhances translation termination by stimulating peptide release. By promoting translation, the hypusine modification of eIF5A provides a key link between polyamines and cell growth regulation. eIF5A has been implicated in several human pathological conditions. Recent genetic data suggest that eIF5A haploinsufficiency or impaired deoxyhypusine synthase activity is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders in humans.
Influence of ammonium ions on mechanical and electrophysiological responses of skeletal muscle (1975)

Substitution of ammonium ions for sodium ion initially potentiated and then depressed twitch tension of the frog sartorius muscle. The extent of potentiation and the rate of depression of the twitch were dependent upon the concentration of ammonium ions. Ammonium ion depolarized individual muscle fibers in proportion to concentration. Maximum depolarization (33 mV) occurred in muscles equilibrated in 120 mM ammonium-Ringer for 30 min. At the higher concentration of ammonium (72--120 mM), the potentiation was quickly reversed and the tension response was eliminated completely. The gradual loss of twitch tension was accompanied by progressive decrease in the electrical excitability of individual muscle fibers. Raising the extracellular calcium concentration fivefold reduced the twitch-depressant effect of ammonium ions by maintaining excitability of the muscle fibers. Caffeine contractures (3 and 10 mM) in muscles preequilibrated in 72 mM ammonium-Ringer developed similar tensions to paired controls muscles, but the onset of tension was more rapid in the ammonium-treated muscle. It was concluded that the depression of tension could be accounted for by the loss of membrane excitability and that the evidence did not support the hypothesis that ammonium ions acted at other sites in the excitation contraction coupling.
Analysis, Prototyping, and Experimental Characterization of an Adaptive Hybrid Electromagnetic Damper for Automotive Suspension Systems (2016)

In this paper, the concept of hybrid electromagnetic damping is explored and experimentally evaluated. The aim of the hybrid electromagnetic damping concept is to address the adaptive damping problem in vehicle suspension systems. In order to reach optimal performance, the damping characteristics of the vehicle suspension system must be capable of adaptively increasing or decreasing the amount of energy being absorbed by the system. For the sake of having the requisite functionality of variable damping, a multitude of solutions have been implemented, proposed, and evaluated at both the commercial and academic research levels. These solutions have met the variable damping requirements, but still, there are several crucial drawbacks associated with them. To overcome the shortcomings associated with the aforementioned variable damping solutions, a hybrid design consisting of a conventional hydraulic damper and a linear motor topology is fused together to build a hybrid variable damper. In the proposed hybrid electromagnetic design, the oil in the system acts as bias to provide fail-safe operation for the system, and the linear motor topology allows the requisite variable damping requirement to be achieved with the additional capacity for recovering energy from the system. We present an extended analysis of the electromagnetic damping component of the hybrid damper that can serve as a potent tool for the designers who seek to maximize the adaptability (and regeneration capacity) of the hybrid damper. Afterwards, based on the proposed hybrid electromagnetic concept, the design and fabrication of the first prototype are illustrated. An experimental setup and a test protocol are prepared, and different experiments are conducted to characterize the damping properties of hydraulic and electromagnetic components. Furthermore, friction forces, as well as power capacities, are scrutinized. The results indicate that the hybrid electromagnetic damper prototype is capable of providing a variable damping coefficient in a range of 1302-1540 N·s/m.
Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5-negative Allosteric Modulators for the Treatment of Psychiatric and Neurological Disorders (2009–July 2013) (2013)

Negative allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu5) have been actively pursued for over a decade as a potential treatment for anxiety, depression, substance abuse, pain, levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease, fragile X Syndrome, autism, gastroesophageal reflux disease and lower-urinary-tract disorders. This article begins with an introduction of preclinical validation of potential therapies for psychiatric and neurological disorders, and of clinical results, followed by a comprehensive overview of the mGlu5-negative allosteric modulator patent applications published between 2009 and July 2013, with a focus on the analysis of structure and in silico CNS drug-like properties of example compounds and disclosed data. Given positive results in proof-of-concept studies in humans for certain indications such as levodopa-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease, fragile X Syndrome, gastroesophageal reflux disease, migraine and anxiety, and the soaring chemical diversity among the mGlu5-negative allosteric modulators, there is reason to believe that a drug will emerge from this therapeutic class in the near future.
Cat scratch disease (1994)

"Cat scratch disease." Veterinary Quarterly, 16(sup1), pp. 11–12 Notes Laboratory of Bacteriology and Antimicrobial Agents, National Institute for Public Health and Environmental Protection, PO Box 1. NL‐3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
Relationship Between Dopamine D<sub>2</sub> Occupancy, Clinical Response, and Side Effects: A Double-Blind PET Study of First-Episode Schizophrenia (2000)

The study confirms that D(2) occupancy is an important mediator of response and side effects in antipsychotic treatment. The data are consistent with a "target and trigger" hypothesis of antipsychotic action, i.e., that the D(2) receptor specificity of antipsychotics permits them to target discrete neurons and that their antagonist properties trigger within those neurons intracellular changes that ultimately beget antipsychotic response. While limited to haloperidol, the relationship between D(2) occupancy and side effects in this study helps explain many of the observed clinical differences between typical and atypical antipsychotics.
Identification of the annexin A2 heterotetramer as a receptor for the plasmin-induced signaling in human peripheral monocytes (2005)

We have previously demonstrated that plasmin acts as a potent proinflammatory activator of human peripheral monocytes. Here we identify the annexin A2 heterotetramer, composed of annexin A2 and S100A10, as a receptor for the plasmin-induced signaling in human monocytes. Monocytes express the annexin A2 heterotetramer on the cell surface as shown by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and coimmunoprecipitation of biotinylated cell surface proteins. Binding of plasmin to annexin A2 and S100A10 on monocytes was verified by biotin transfer from plasmin labeled with a trifunctional cross-linker. Antibodies directed against annexin A2 or S100A10 inhibited the chemotaxis elicited by plasmin, but not that induced by fMLP. Further, down-regulation of annexin A2 or S100A10 in monocytes by antisense oligodeoxynucleotides impaired the chemotactic response to plasmin, but not that to fMLP. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotides similarly decreased the TNF-alpha release by plasmin-stimulated, but not by LPS-stimulated, monocytes. At the molecular level, stimulation with plasmin, but not with catalytically inactivated plasmin, induced cleavage of annexin A2 and dissociation of the heterotetramer complex. Substitution of lysine to alanine in position 27 abolished the cleavage of recombinant annexin A2 in vitro. Together, these data identify the annexin A2 heterotetramer as a signaling receptor activated by plasmin via proteolysis.
Enlarging a photonic band gap by using insertion (2000)

We propose a simple, systematic, and efficient method to enlarge the gap of a photonic crystal. In this method, we add a small fraction of a third component into the existing photonic crystal. The dielectric property of the third component as well as its insertion position in a unit cell are chosen according to the field-energy distribution of two Bloch states at the band edges. The method is very general. It can be applied to any microstructure and is independent of the dimensionality of the original photonic crystal. Thus, it opens up a way to engineer photonic band gaps. Here, we demonstrate the validity of this method explicitly in two dimensions for both s and p waves. We show that, for certain microstructures, absolute gaps can be significantly enlarged. The method is also demonstrated in microwave experiments.
A Synthesis-Parameter Tuning System for Autonomous Design-Space Exploration (2016)

Advanced logic and physical synthesis tools provide a vast number of tunable parameters that can significantly impact physical design quality, but the complexity of the parameter design space requires intelligent search algorithms. To fully utilize the optimization potential of these tools, we propose SynTunSys, a system that adds a new level of abstraction between designers and design tools for managing the design space exploration process. SynTunSys takes control of the synthesis-parameter tuning process, i.e., job submission, results analysis, and next-step decision making, by automating a key portion of a human designer's decision process. We present the overall organization of SynTunSys, describe its main components, and provide results from employing it for the design of an industrial chip, the IBM z13 22nm high-performance server chip. During this major design, SynTunSys provided significant savings in human design effort and achieved a quality of results beyond what human designers alone could achieve, yielding on average a 36% improvement in total negative slack and a 7% power reduction.
THE FORMATION OF SPHERULITES IN PELLICLES OF BACTERIAL CELLULOSE (1965)

Two-dimensional analogues of spherulites are formed in the pellicle of bacterial cellulose produced by static cultures of Acetobacter xylinum. These spherulites are much larger (sometimes more than 1 cm diameter) than those usually observed in other natural or synthetic polymers. They are due to the radial orientation of bacterial cellulose microfibrils in limited regions of the plane of the pellicle. These spherulites interact to form characteristic, dendritic structures of great complexity which resemble leaves of higher plants.
Multichannel infrared receiver performance (1979)

The performance of an optical receiver designed to detect a target by taking advantage of the target's spectral signature is presented. The receiver processes the signal in several narrow frequency bands and is based upon a statistical model which represents the field in each band as a Gaussian random process whose moments depend upon the target and background characteristics. The optimal Bayes/Neyman-Pearson receiver structure for an M spectral channel, N sequential look receiver is presented, and practical suboptimal receiver structures are developed. Numerical methods are used to calculate the probability of false alarm and the probability of detection using identical parameters for each processor. The results indicate that the approximate receiver structures and the ad hoc receiver structures all have the same performance. The results also show that performance depends only upon the difference in the square root of the mean to variance ratios under each hypothesis and the ratio of the variances.
Cavitation in water: a review (2006)

Liquid water can be brought beyond the liquid–vapor equilibrium line into a metastable state, before nucleation of bubbles (cavitation) occurs. We review the experimental work on cavitation in water, focusing on the determination of the ultimate degree of metastability at which liquid water can exist. We also present practical applications of metastability and cavitation.