gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effects of spinal cord injury on body composition and metabolic profile – Part I (2014)

Several body composition and metabolic-associated disorders such as glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and lipid abnormalities occur prematurely after spinal cord injury (SCI) and at a higher prevalence compared to able-bodied populations. Within a few weeks to months of the injury, there is a significant decrease in total lean mass, particularly lower extremity muscle mass and an accompanying increase in fat mass. The infiltration of fat in intramuscular and visceral sites is associated with abnormal metabolic profiles. The current review will summarize the major changes in body composition and metabolic profiles that can lead to comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases after SCI. It is crucial for healthcare specialists to be aware of the magnitude of these changes. Such awareness may lead to earlier recognition and treatment of metabolic abnormalities that may reduce the co-morbidities seen over the lifetime of persons living with SCI.
Effect of live weight gain of steers during winter grazing: III. Blood metabolites and hormones during feedlot finishing12 (2004)

Two experiments were conducted using 48 Angus x Angus-Hereford steers in each experiment to determine the effect of previous winter grazing BW gain on jugular concentrations of metabolites and hormones during feedlot finishing. In each experiment, steers were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: 1) high rate of BW gain grazing winter wheat (HGW), 2) low rate of BW gain grazing winter wheat (LGW), or 3) grazing dormant tallgrass native range (NR) with 0.91 kg/d of a 41% CP (DM basis) supplement. Steers grazed for 120 or 144 d in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Plasma and serum were collected from all steers before placement into a feedlot, and six or seven times during finishing in Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. In Exp. 1, before steers entered the feedlot, concentrations of insulin, triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroxine (T4) were greater (P < 0.05) in HGW than in LGW or NR steers, and concentrations of IGF-I and plasma urea-N were greater (P < 0.05) in steers that grazed wheat pasture than in NR steers. In Exp. 2, concentrations of glucose, T3, T4, and IGF-I were greater (P < 0.05) in steers that grazed wheat pasture than NR steers. In Exp. 1 (P < 0.19) and 2 (P < 0.86), glucose concentration did not differ among treatments during finishing. In Exp. 1, insulin concentration across days on feed was greater for HGW than LGW steers, which were greater than for NR steers (treatment x day interaction, P < 0.03). In Exp. 2, insulin concentration increased (P < 0.001) as days on feed increased. Concentrations of IGF-I were greater in steers that had grazed wheat pasture, whereas the increase in IGF-I with increasing days on feed was greater for NR steers (treatment x day interaction, P < 0.003). Concentrations of T3 and T4 during finishing were greater (P < 0.001) in HGW and LGW than in NR steers in Exp. 1. In Exp. 2, T4 concentration also differed (P < 0.009) among treatments (HGW > LGW > NR). In Exp. 2, final concentration of glucose was greater (P < 0.01) in NR than in HGW and LGW steers, and serum insulin concentration was greater (P < 0.04) in NR than LGW steers. Final concentrations of T3 (P < 0.01) and T4 (P < 0.004) were greater in NR than in HGW steers. Our data show that previous BW gain can affect blood metabolites and hormones in steers entering the feedlot. However, lower concentrations of T3, T4, and IGF-I in steers when they entered the feedlot did not inhibit the growth response of previously restricted steers.
Coherent Citation-Based Summarization of Scientific Papers (2011)

In citation-based summarization, text written by several researchers is leveraged to identify the important aspects of a target paper. Previous work on this problem focused almost exclusively on its extraction aspect (i.e. selecting a representative set of citation sentences that highlight the contribution of the target paper). Meanwhile, the fluency of the produced summaries has been mostly ignored. For example, diversity, readability, cohesion, and ordering of the sentences included in the summary have not been thoroughly considered. This resulted in noisy and confusing summaries. In this work, we present an approach for producing readable and cohesive citation-based summaries. Our experiments show that the proposed approach outperforms several baselines in terms of both extraction quality and fluency. 1
Paclitaxel‐Initiated, Controlled Polymerization of Lactide for the Formulation of Polymeric Nanoparticulate Delivery Vehicles (2008)

Taxol-Polylactid-Nanokonjugate wurden durch ortsspezifische, von einem Taxol-Metall-Komplex vermittelte Polymerisation von Lactid und anschließende Nanofällung erhalten (siehe Schema). Die Taxoleinschluss-Effizienz dieser Nanokonjugate beträgt fast 100 %, ihre Wirkstoffbeladung ist vorgegeben, sie haben einen Durchmesser von weniger als 100 nm, und bei ihnen tritt der anfänglich steile Anstieg der Wirkstoff-Freisetzung nicht auf. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2001/2008/z800491_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Recurring bug fixes in object-oriented programs (2010)

Previous research confirms the existence of recurring bug fixes in software systems. Analyzing such fixes manually, we found that a large percentage of them occurs in code peers, the classes/methods having the similar roles in the systems, such as providing similar functions and/or participating in similar object interactions. Based on graph-based representation of object usages, we have developed several techniques to identify code peers, recognize recurring bug fixes, and recommend changes for code units from the bug fixes of their peers. The empirical evaluation on several open-source projects shows that our prototype, FixWizard, is able to identify recurring bug fixes and provide fixing recommendations with acceptable accuracy.
Tailored disorder: a self-organized photonic contact for light trapping in silicon-based tandem solar cells (2020)

We present a process development leading to efficient rear side light trapping structures with the purpose of enhancing the infrared response of a silicon-based tandem solar cell. To this end, we make use of phase separation effects of two immiscible polymers, polystyrene and poly(methyl methacrylate), resulting in a non-periodic polystyrene structure on silicon with a well-defined size distribution. Onto this pattern, we evaporate silver as a scattering rear side mirror and contact layer. Average feature sizes and periods can be tuned by varying material properties (e.g. molar weights or ratios of the polymers) as well as processing conditions during the spin coating. This way a favorable pseudo period of approx. 1 µm for these disordered structure features was realized and successfully implemented into a silicon solar cell. The structure shows a ring-shaped scattering distribution which is beneficial for light trapping in solar cells. External quantum efficiency measurements show that a gain in short circuit current density of 1.1 mA/cm<sup>2</sup> compared to a planar reference can be achieved, which is in the same range as we achieved using nanoimprint lithography in a record triple-junction III/V on a silicon device.
High Serum Pepsinogen I and Low Seroprevalence of Helicobacter Pylori in Chinese Patients with Nonerosive Reflux Disease (2007)

The prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), including nonerosive reflux disease (NERD), is increasing in Asia where H. pylori infection is highly endemic. The role of H. pylori and pepsinogen (PG) has not been evaluated in most studies of NERD, and whether they play a role in GERD remains controversial. This study aimed to determine the demographic and serologic characteristics of Chinese patients with NERD. We prospectively enrolled 69 consecutive NERD patients, and as controls, 69 age- and gendermatched subjects who received endoscopy as a part of their annual health check-up. Rate of H. pylori IgG seropositivity, and serum levels of pepsin precursors (PGⅠ and PGⅡ) and gastrin were measured for each subject. Differences were analyzed using the Chi-square and Mann-Whitney U-test. The H. pylori IgG seropositive rate was lower in NERD patients than in controls (26/69, 37.7% vs. 41/69, 59.4%; p＜0.05). PGⅠ level was higher (144.7±10.7ng/ml vs. 75.4±6.4ng/ml; p＜0.001) and PGⅠ/Ⅱ ratio (14.4±10.7 vs. 9.1±0.7; p＜0.001) was higher in NERD patients than in controls, but both groups had similar PGⅡ (12.0±0.8ng/ml vs. 10.5±1.1ng/ml, p=0.466) and gastrin levels (69.1±7.1pg/ml vs. 81.8±9.6pg/ml, p=0.3l8). Chinese patients with NERD exhibit hyperpepsinogenemia I and a lower seropositive rate of H. pylori than age-matched controls. These results indicate a pivotal role of hyperacidity and possible protective role of H. pylori in this subset of GERD patients.
Learning Service Experience from the Service Encounter of a Retailing Chain Storefront (2010)

In this explorative research, we seek to find the most important service experience variables determining the customer purchase decision and the clerks' influence on customers' purchase. This study conducted a case study of a children's apparel company, denoted L, which has 243 retailing stores. Company L has implemented Point of Sale (POS) systems in its retailing stores, and the management wanted to know what functions can be added in facilitating storefront employees achieve better customer service experience. We, therefore, focus on observing the services provided by storefront employees and their reflection on customer's purchasing decision in a retailing store. The study generated decision trees via WEKA to analyze multiple data sources in order to (1) understand what makes good service experience in service encounter, (2) get explicit knowledge from service encounter information, and (3) learn about customers for clerks to internalize tacit knowledge. The findings can be used to add into company L's POS system in order to guide storefront employees to learn from trained decision rules. Moreover, the company can internalize service experience knowledge by aggregating learned rules from all retailing stores of the company.
The Mobility of Argon and Hydrogen Ions in Air (1925)

The apparatus and method are the same as previously used to measure the mobilities of air, C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$ and other ions in air, the freshly formed ions being driven across a stream of air by means of an electric field. Two positive ions and one negative ion were found in both argon and hydrogen as in the case of air. The initial positive hydrogen ion was found to transform into the second, and this is doubtless also true in the case of argon, though it was not proved. The mobilities are also the same as obtained for the air ions except in the case of the negative hydrogen ion which has a higher mobility than the negative air ion. It is thus found that the following monomolecular ions all have the same mobility in air at normal pressure: monatomic A, initial + and -; diatomic air, initial + and -; diatomic ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$, initial +; triatomic C${\mathrm{O}}_{2}$, initial + and -. Thus the mobility of these ions seems to be independent of the masses. The only exception so far found is the negative ${\mathrm{H}}_{2}$ ion.
Refactoring using type constraints (2011)

Type constraints express subtype relationships between the types of program expressions, for example, those relationships that are required for type correctness. Type constraints were originally proposed as a convenient framework for solving type checking and type inference problems. This paper shows how type constraints can be used as the basis for practical refactoring tools. In our approach, a set of type constraints is derived from a type-correct program P . The main insight behind our work is the fact that P constitutes just one solution to this constraint system, and that alternative solutions may exist that correspond to refactored versions of P . We show how a number of refactorings for manipulating types and class hierarchies can be expressed naturally using type constraints. Several refactorings in the standard distribution of Eclipse are based on our work.
X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy Studies of the Local Atomic and Electronic Structure of Iron Incorporated into Electrodeposited Hydrous Nickel Oxide Films (2000)

We have utilized X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy to investigate the local atomic and electronic structure of iron incorporated into electrodeposited nickel hydroxide films. We found that cathodic codeposition from a solution containing Fe(II) and Ni(II) ions results in iron occupying Ni lattice sites in α-Ni(OH)2. The X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) shows that Fe is present as Fe(III) ions in the cathodically codeposited film. Analysis of the extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) shows that Fe is coordinated to oxygen at ∼2.00 Å and to Ni at ∼3.11 Å. This Fe−O bond length is smaller than the Fe(II)−O bond distance found in Fe(OH)2 (∼2.10 Å) but is in good agreement with the average Fe(III)−O bond distance found in FeOOH (α, γ). The Fe−Ni bond distance is in agreement with that of the Ni(II)−Ni(II) bond distance found in α-Ni(OH)2. Moreover, the radial structure function (RSF) around Fe shows a distinct peak at ∼5.8 Å, which is a fingerprint of the brucite (α-Ni(OH)2) structure. On anodic oxidation of the codeposited film in KOH, we found that the Fe ions occupied Ni lattice sites in γ-NiOOH. The XANES shows that the Fe edge shifts to higher energy values, indicating an increase in the oxidation state of Fe on charging. Analysis of the EXAFS data shows that Fe is coordinated to oxygen at ∼1.94 Å and to Ni at ∼2.84 Å. The latter value is in good agreement with the Ni(IV)−Ni(IV) bond length found in γ-NiOOH. The RSF around Fe in the oxidized film shows a distinct peak at ∼5.4 Å, just as in the RSF of Ni in γ-NiOOH. The Fe−O bond distance of ∼1.94 Å is in good agreement with the Fe(IV)−O bond distance found in SrFeO3. Our results strongly suggest that the Fe ions in the oxidized film is nominally tetravalent but with the Fe−O bond possessing a high degree of covalency.
HEAT SHOCK PROTEINS, ANTI-HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN REACTIVITY AND ALLOGRAFT REJECTION (2001)

Heat shock proteins are families of highly conserved immunodominant molecules, reactivity to which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of a number of autoimmune and vascular disease states. However, heat shock proteins are cytoprotective, and in clinical and experimental arthritis, anti-heat shock protein reactivity can down modulate immune responses via a self-Hsp reactive, Th2-type mechanism. Despite a number of studies associating heat shock protein expression and anti-heat shock protein reactivity with allograft rejection, the balance between protective and damaging effects and the precise influence of these responses on graft outcome is unclear. This article reviews current knowledge surrounding heat shock proteins, autoimmunity, and allograft rejection and presents a perspective on the potential influence of these proteins and the stress response on allograft outcome.
A panel of epitope-specific antibodies detects protein domains distributed throughout human ?-synuclein in lewy bodies of Parkinson's disease (2000)

To facilitate studies of the normal biology of alpha-synuclein, a member of a family of neuronal proteins of unknown function, and to elucidate the role of alpha-synuclein pathologies in neurodegenerative diseases, we generated and characterized a panel of anti-synuclein antibodies. Here we demonstrate that these antibodies recognize defined epitopes spanning the entire length of human alpha-synuclein, and that some of these antibodies also cross-react with zebra finch and rodent synucleins. Since alpha-synuclein has been reported to be a major component of Lewy bodies (LBs) in Parkinson's disease (PD), dementia with LBs and common variants of Alzheimer's disease, we performed immunohistochemical studies showing that these antibodies label numerous LBs in the PD substantia nigra, thereby localizing protein domains throughout human alpha-synuclein in LBs. Taken together, our data indicate that this panel of antibodies can be exploited to probe the normal biology of alpha-synuclein as well as the role of pathological forms of this protein in PD and related neurodegenerative synucleinopathies.
Electrochemical Performance of Porous Carbon/Tin Composite Anodes for Sodium‐Ion and Lithium‐Ion Batteries (2012)

Abstract The electrochemical performance of mesoporous carbon (C)/tin (Sn) anodes in Na‐ion and Li‐ion batteries is systematically investigated. The mesoporous C/Sn anodes in a Na‐ion battery shows similar cycling stability but lower capacity and poorer rate capability than that in a Li‐ion battery. The desodiation potentials of Sn anodes are approximately 0.21 V lower than delithiation potentials. The low capacity and poor rate capability of C/Sn anode in Na‐ion batteries is mainly due to the large Na‐ion size, resulting in slow Na‐ion diffusion and large volume change of porous C/Sn composite anode during alloy/dealloy reactions. Understanding of the reaction mechanism between Sn and Na ions will provide insight towards exploring and designing new alloy‐based anode materials for Na‐ion batteries.
La<sup>3+</sup>-Catalyzed Methanolysis of Phosphate Diesters. Remarkable Rate Acceleration of the Methanolysis of Diphenyl Phosphate, Methyl <i>p</i>-Nitrophenyl Phosphate, and Bis(<i>p</i>-nitrophenyl) Phosphate (2001)

The interaction of La(3+) with diphenyl phosphate, methyl p-nitrophenyl phosphate, and bis(p-nitrophenyl) phosphate (4, 5, and 3) and the ensuing catalysis of methanolysis has been studied in methanol under completely homogeneous conditions of known pH. (31)P NMR shows that phosphates 3 and 4 are each associated with La(3+) as a rapidly interconverting mixture of complexes having 2:1, 1:1 (or 2:2), and 1:2 stoichiometry. At [La(3+)] > 2 x 10(-4) M, the kinetically dominant species in the pH regions of interest are phosphate-bound La(3+) dimers having 2-5 associated methoxides. Potentiometric titration reveals that 4 mM La(3+) alone in MeOH exhibits two apparent pK(a)s at 7.86 and 10.44 consuming 1 and 1.5 CH(3)O(-) per metal, the suggested structures being La(3+) dimers with first two and then five associated methoxides. In the presence of 0.5 equiv of 4 the potentiometric titration reveals strong complexation of 4 to La(3+) and a profile with apparent pK(a)s at 7.8 and 11.1 consuming 1 and 1.5 CH(3)O(-) per metal corresponding to phosphate-bridged La(3+) dimers with first two and then five associated methoxides. Methanolysis of 3-5 is strongly accelerated by La(3+). At pH 8.9 or 11.1, respectively, as little as 5 x 10(-4) M La(OTf)(3) accelerates the methanolysis of 3 or 4 by 10(10)-fold relative to the background reaction. Detailed kinetic studies of the methanolysis of 5 at varying [La(3+)] and pH indicate that both La(3+) monomers and dimers with associated methoxides are reactive species. The rate constants for La(3+) monomer and dimer catalysis of the methanolysis of 5 are dependent on pH, the slopes of the log plots being 0.35 and 0.5, respectively. A scheme is proposed to account for the non-first-order dependence on [CH(3)O(-)] wherein the La(3+)(CH(3)O(-))(x) + 5 <--> La(3+)(CH(3)O(-))(x):5 and (La(3+))(2)(CH(3)O(-))(y) + 5 <--> 5:(La(3+))(2)(CH(3)O(-))(y) equilibria are driven to the left with increasing numbers of associated methoxides and that attack on these complexes, whether by external or metal-associated methoxide, is slower due to the reduced net positive charge on the complex.
Link-Based Similarity Search to Fight Web Spam (2006)

We investigate the usability of similarity search in fighting Web spam based on the assumption that an unknown spam page is more similar to certain known spam pages than to honest pages.
Preventing the capture of sensitive information (2005)

Protecting sensitive information (credit card information, social security number ...etc) and copyrighted materials (images, e-books, videos...etc) from being captured is of utmost importance as it can lead to serious repercussions if the collected data lands into unscrupulous hands. Despite tremendous advances in security, plenty of security problems still afflict systems. Also existing security approaches do not prevent processes running in the background from capturing sensitive information on the screen. This paper introduces three security levels that can be used to protect sensitive information and copyrighted materials. First level (low security) prevents capturing of sensitive data by users that do not have administration privileges. Second level (medium security) protects many attacks such as replacing the display driver. For the third level (high security), the paper proposes a no-capture hardware security feature and uses this feature for designing the third security level that prevents capturing of sensitive data by users that have administration privileges.
Virulence Potential of <i>Ehrlichia chaffeensis</i> Strains of Distinct Genome Sequences (2007)

Human monocytic ehrlichiosis, one of the most frequent life-threatening tick-borne zoonoses, is caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis that lacks endotoxin and peptidoglycan. While sequence polymorphisms in several genes in E. chaffeensis strains have been reported, global genomic divergence and biological differences among strains are unknown. The objectives of the present study were to compare the genome sequences of strains of E. chaffeensis and to examine the virulence potentials of the strains with defined genome sequences. Genomic DNA was extracted from purified E. chaffeensis strains Wakulla and Liberty, and comparative genome hybridization was performed using a densely tiled microarray of 147,027 chromosome positions of the E. chaffeensis strain Arkansas genome. The results revealed that 4,663 and 5,325 positions in the chromosomes of strains Wakulla and Liberty, respectively, were different from those in the chromosome of strain Arkansas, including three common major polymorphic chromosomal regions. Of various functional categories, the differences were most concentrated in genes predicted to encode cell envelope proteins. Of all the open reading frames (ORFs), 21 omp-1 (p28 gene) paralogs, nine genes encoding hypothetical proteins, two genes encoding ankyrin repeat proteins, and hemE contained the most differences. Several highly polymorphic ORFs were confirmed by sequencing. When the E. chaffeensis strains were inoculated into severe combined immunodeficiency mice, the order of the severity of clinical signs and the bacterial burden detected in mice was Wakulla > Liberty > Arkansas. Severe diffuse inflammation and granulomatous inflammation were evident in the livers of mice infected with strains Wakulla and Arkansas, respectively, but not in the livers of mice infected with strain Liberty. These results revealed distinct virulence phenotypes of E. chaffeensis strains with defined genome sequences.