gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In vivo investigation of human cone photoreceptors with SLO/OCT in combination with 3D motion correction on a cellular level (2010)

We present a further improvement of our SLO/OCT imaging system which enables to practically eliminate all eye motion artifacts with a correction accuracy approaching sub-cellular dimensions. Axial eye tracking is achieved by using a hardware based, high speed tracking system that consists of a rapid scanning optical delay line in the reference arm of the interferometer. A software based algorithm is employed to correct for transverse eye motion in a post-processing step. The instrument operates at a frame rate of 40 en-face fps with a field of view of approximately 1 degrees x 1 degrees. Dynamic focusing enables the recording of 3D volumes of the human retina with cellular resolution throughout the entire imaging depth. Several volumes are stitched together to increase the total field of view. Different features of the three dimensional structure of cone photoreceptors are investigated in detail and at different eccentricities from the fovea.
Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen: negative effect of disaccharides in vitrification solution. (2003)

Given that it has been possible to successfully cryopreserve human ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen, this study was designed to establish the future direction to be taken in this line of research. Bovine oviductal epithelial fragments (as a tissue model) and large biopsy fragments (approximately 2.0 cubic mm) of human ovarian tissue were used for cryopreservation. Two protocols were tested: with permeable cryoprotectants (dimethyl sulphoxide, propylene glycol, glycerol) + egg yolk + sucrose or trehalose + a synthetic blocker of ice nucleation, Supercool X-1000; and using only permeable cryoprotectants (glycerol and ethylene glycol) + egg yolk + Supercool X-1000. The cryopreserved tissue specimens were subsequently thawed and the cryoprotectants removed by dilution in graded sucrose solutions. Both the dynamic growth and hormonal activity of the ovarian tissue pieces, vitrified using only permeable cryoprotectants, were greater than after vitrification in a mixture of permeable cryoprotectants and sucrose. Unlike the case for other reproductive tissue (spermatozoa, oocytes, embryos), these findings suggest that the cryopreservation of ovarian tissue by direct plunging into liquid nitrogen must be achieved by vitrification using only permeable cryoprotectants and agents that prevention ice formation.
Rare-gas halide lasers (1978)

The rare-gas monohalides are simple diatomic molecules whose properties and emission spectra were essentially unknown as recently as four years ago. Now they are the active media for gas lasers that could provide overall electrical efficiency as high as 10%. These lasers operate in the ultraviolet and vacuum-ultraviolet spectral regions and are the first lasers outside the infrared region that appear to be scalable to high single-pulse energy (greater that 100 joules per pulse) with high average power and efficiency. Not surprisingly in light of the species' novelty and the laser's promised utility (for example, in photochemical-separation schemes), research and development in this area has grown remarkably since the first laser demonstration three years ago.
Polarising fibre coupler with high extinction ratio (1984)

Fused polarising fibre couplers have been fabricated using single-polarisation single-mode fibres. When circularly polarised light is fed into the coupler, one of the two orthogonal polarisation modes suffers strong attenuation, and only one polarisation mode couples in the fused biconical taper region. The extinction ratio of the coupler is 41 dB at a wavelength λ = 1.3 μm with a coupling ratio of 48:52.
Multi-Method Evaluation of Distress Tolerance Measures and Construct(s): Concurrent Relations to Mood and Anxiety Psychopathology and Quality of Life (2011)

Despite the growing theoretical and clinical interest in distress tolerance (DT) and its role(s) in psychopathology vulnerability, we lack knowledge regarding the: (1) nature and degree of associations between putatively related measures of DT, and (2) universal/differential nature of associations between these DT measures and psychopathological syndromes. Accordingly, the purpose of the current multi-method study was thus to investigate the relations between and among various self-report and behavioral DT measures, as well as to examine the measures' differential relations to multiple forms of mood and anxiety psychopathology and quality of life. Participants were 149 adults (61.3% women; M age = 23.4, SD = 8.8) who completed self-report [Distress Tolerance Scale (DTS; Simons & Gaher, 2005), Discomfort Intolerance Scale (DIS; Schmidt, Richey, & Fitzpatrick, 2006)] and behavioral (mirror-tracing, breath-holding, and CO 2 -enriched air tolerance tasks) measures of DT, as well as a structured clinical interview and quality of life measure. As hypothesized, the self-report DT measures were significantly related to one another and the behavioral DT measures were significantly related to one another, though the self-report and behavioral DT measures were orthogonal. Furthermore, DTS scores evidenced significant transdiagnostic relations to psychopathology and quality of life; lower levels of perceived tolerance of emotional distress were related to mood and anxiety disorder diagnostic status, greater levels of co/multi-morbidity, and poorer quality of life. In contrast, the behavioral DT measures were not related to any of the clinical outcomes studied. Implications of the present study for conceptualizing the nature of individual differences in DT construct(s), and the role(s) of these individual differences for psychopathology vulnerability, are discussed.
The output power spectrum produced by correlated double sampling (1991)

Correlated double sampling (CDS) provides an excellent method for the reduction of kTC noise in analog signal processing. The authors derive the CDS output power for two-circuit realizations of the double sampling procedure. One realization employs two MOSFET switches while the other replaces one switch with a delay element. Although the methods are not identical in function, they both produce equivalent output power spectra. For arbitrary input power, the output exhibits aliasing in multiples of the frequency with which the switch (switches) of the CDS circuit closes (close). White noise on the input, therefore, may lead to large low-frequency output spectrum values if the system bandwidth is appreciable. The general results are used to derive of both the power spectrum and its integral for the special case of an input signal of first-order low-pass filtered white noise. The authors plot the output power spectrum for two typical cases in which the input may be described as the combination of a (white) Johnson noise and 1/f noise. A comparison of this effort with previously reported research is given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Learning From EEG Error-Related Potentials in Noninvasive Brain-Computer Interfaces (2010)

We describe error-related potentials generated while a human user monitors the performance of an external agent and discuss their use for a new type of brain-computer interaction. In this approach, single trial detection of error-related electroencephalography (EEG) potentials is used to infer the optimal agent behavior by decreasing the probability of agent decisions that elicited such potentials. Contrasting with traditional approaches, the user acts as a critic of an external autonomous system instead of continuously generating control commands. This sets a cognitive monitoring loop where the human directly provides information about the overall system performance that, in turn, can be used for its improvement. We show that it is possible to recognize erroneous and correct agent decisions from EEG (average recognition rates of 75.8% and 63.2%, respectively), and that the elicited signals are stable over long periods of time (from 50 to > 600 days). Moreover, these performances allow to infer the optimal behavior of a simple agent in a brain-computer interaction paradigm after a few trials.
Parallel Concatenation (Turbo Codes) (2004)

This chapter addresses turbo codes, or parallel concatenated convolutional codes (PCCCs) in detail. We begin with a simple example of turbo encoder in order to introduce the fundamental structure of parallel concatenated convolution codes. This is followed by a detailed performance and structural comparison of the MFD code with a specific turbo code based on the original Berrou code. We then present a more general analysis of turbo codes using transfer functions and the notion of a probabilistic “uniform” interleaver. We then proceed to the turbo cliff region, followed by a discussion of the details of the iterative decoding algorithm that makes these codes implementable. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the application of turbo codes to the channel coding in various new standards.
Integer convolution via split-radix fast Galois transform (1999)

Integer convolution can be eected, as is well known, via certain number-theoretical transforms. One particular transform, which we call a discrete Galois transform (DGT), can be used eciently for either cyclic or negacyclic integer convolution. The DGT has the feature that, if an appropriate prime p for the field GF(p 2 ) be specified, the allowed power-of-two signal lengths can be quite large. Though the DGTs we consider involve complex arithmetic (amongst Gaussian integers a + bi mod p), it turns out that the run lengths can, in certain settings, be halved. Thus, the fact of real-valued, integer input signals can be exploited along such lines, to enhance the performance of a resulting fast Galois transform (FGT) algorithm. Furthermore, split-radix FFT structure can be bestowed upon the FGT, again boosting eciency for integer convolution.
Antibacterial Nanomedicine (2008)

Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology led several groups to recognize the promise of recruiting nanomaterials to the ongoing battle against pathogenic bacteria. A large battery of newly discovered and developed nanomaterials has been accumulating during the last decade, therefore, it could be anticipated that it should only be a matter of time until such preliminary nanomedicine applications are presented. We review some of these pioneering studies in which nanomaterials have been evaluated as potential therapeutics, antiseptics or disinfectants. These studies can be divided roughly into two groups. The first are studies of antibacterial nanomedicines that are based solely on synthetic (artificial) materials. The second group comprises studies of antibacterial nanomaterials that are based on biological substances used in their natural or in a modified form. We will discuss the physicochemical and antibacterial highlights of each material and present the future perspectives of this emerging field.
Recognition of similar epitopes on varicella-zoster virus gpI and gpIV by monoclonal antibodies (1988)

Two monoclonal antibodies, MAb43.2 and MAb79.0, prepared against varicella-zoster virus (VZV) proteins were selected to analyze VZV gpIV and gpI, respectively. MAb43.2 reacted only with cytoplasmic antigens, whereas MAb79.0 recognized both cytoplasmic and membrane antigens in VZV-infected cells. Immunoprecipitation of in vitro translation products with MAb43.2 revealed only proteins encoded by the gpIV gene, whereas MAb79.0 precipitated proteins encoded by the gpIV and gpI genes. Pulse-chase analysis followed by immunoprecipitation of VZV-infected cells indicated reactivity of MAb43.2 with three phosphorylated precursor species of gpIV and reactivity of MAb79.0 with the precursor and mature forms of gpI and gpIV. These results indicated that (i) MAb43.2 and MAb79.0 recognize different epitopes on VZV gpIV, (ii) glycosylation of gpIV ablates recognition by MAb43.2, and (iii) gpIV is phosphorylated. To map the binding site of MAb79.0 on gpI, the pGEM transcription vector, containing the coding region of the gpI gene, was linearized, and three truncated gpI DNA fragments were generated. RNA was transcribed from each truncated fragment by using SP6 RNA polymerase, translated in vitro in a rabbit reticulocyte lysate, and immunoprecipitated with MAb79.0 and human sera. The results revealed the existence of an antibody-binding site within 14 amino acid residues located between residues 109 to 123 on the predicted amino acid sequences of gpI. From the predicted amino acid sequences, 14 residues on gpI (residues 107 to 121) displayed a degree of similarity (36%) to two regions (residues 55 to 69 and 245 to 259) of gp IV. Such similarities may account for the binding of MAb79.0 to both VZV gpI and gpIV.
A CADMIUM SULFIDE SOLAR ENERGY GENERATOR (1956)

Abstract : Variously doped cadmium sulfide was grown in single crystal and polycrystalline form, contacted on one side with indium and a barrier electrode formed on the opposite face. The barrier electrode, while its exact nature is unknown, consisted of copper and cuprous oxide, which was processed to give a photovoltaic response. Such cells were used as solar energy converters. Energy conversion efficiencies up to 1% were obtained and batteries of cells were constructed which delivered about 100 milliwatts when illuminated with light equivalent to sunlight outside the earth's atmosphere.
Multifunctional Coatings With Carbon Nanotubes for Electrostatic Charge Mitigation and With Controllable Surface Properties (2009)

Electrostatic charge dissipation presents a major problem for applications ranging from electronics to space exploration. A novel method to control both the bulk and the surface electrical conductivity of polymeric films is presented. By dispersing small amounts of multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in the polymeric material, the electrical bulk resistivity decreased by seven orders of magnitude. Also, nanolayers of single and multiwall CNTs were electrosprayed on the surface of the polymeric films, and the surface resistivity was monitored as a function of nanotube loading. The films with CNT-modified surfaces were found to have the highest charge dissipation rates with decay times in seconds.
The CaPiTo Approach to Protocol Validation - (Invited Talk). (2010)

We show how to model service-oriented applications using the process algebra CaPiTo so that, on the one hand, we can achieve an abstract specification without being overwhelmed by the underlying implementation details and, on the other hand, we can obtain a concrete specification respecting the industrial standards used for ensuring security. We consider this development important in order to get a good agreement between the protocols analysed by formal tools and the applications developed by practitioners. We then show how to transform the concrete specification into the LySa analysis framework, used in the SENSORIA EU project and originally developed in the DEGAS EU project, for analysing cryptographic protocols under a Dolev-Yao attacker. This allows us to perform a control flow analysis for ensuring the authenticity (as well as confidentiality) of messages exchanged between services. The LySa analysis framework is implemented in polynomial time in the size of the protocol specification using the Succinct Solver, that can solve a superset of Datalog clauses. A. Armando and G. Lowe (Eds.): ARSPA-WITS 2010, LNCS 6186, p. 1, 2010. c © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010
Investigation of keyhole and melt pool dynamics during laser butt welding of sheet steel using a high speed camera (1992)

An investigation was undertaken using a high power carbon dioxide laser into the butt welding of mild sheet steel, addressing the problem of variable weld quality as a result of keyhole and thus melt pool stability. Using a high speed video camera the temporal behaviour of the keyhole and melt pool are monitored. Experimentation is centred around the effect of various interface geometries; guillotine, milled and angled edges on the weld quality. The range of processing conditions with respect to speed/power used varies from 140 to 260mm/s AT 3.5KW. When the processing speed approaches a critical level, related to the type of interface profile, the onset of high speed weld defects occurs particularly the humping phenomenon and weld porosity. From the pictures obtained using the video equipment the extent to which and at what speed this occurs is largely dependent on the capillary flow conditions within the melt pool. The onset of this defect can be prolonged by carrying out the welding operation on samples with guillotined edges angled perpendicular to the direction of welding with the laser beam slightly offset from the welding line. This process improvement offers increased penetration and more importantly increased reliability for the welding operation at a processing speed of 15.5m/min. with the added advantage of no special edge preparation.
Improved treatment of uncertainty in hydrologic modeling: Combining the strengths of global optimization and data assimilation (2005)

Hydrologic models use relatively simple mathematical equations to conceptualize and aggregate the complex, spatially distributed, and highly interrelated water, energy, and vegetation processes in a watershed. A consequence of process aggregation is that the model parameters often do not represent directly measurable entities and must therefore be estimated using measurements of the system inputs and outputs. During this process, known as model calibration, the parameters are adjusted so that the behavior of the model approximates, as closely and consistently as possible, the observed response of the hydrologic system over some historical period of time. In practice, however, because of errors in the model structure and the input (forcing) and output data, this has proven to be difficult, leading to considerable uncertainty in the model predictions. This paper surveys the limitations of current model calibration methodologies, which treat the uncertainty in the input‐output relationship as being primarily attributable to uncertainty in the parameters and presents a simultaneous optimization and data assimilation (SODA) method, which improves the treatment of uncertainty in hydrologic modeling. The usefulness and applicability of SODA is demonstrated by means of a pilot study using data from the Leaf River watershed in Mississippi and a simple hydrologic model with typical conceptual components.
A bulk-micromachined fully-differential MEMS accelerometer with interdigitated fingers (2012)

This paper proposes a novel bulk-micromachined MEMS accelerometer employing interdigitated sense fingers that provide a fully-differential (FD) signal interface, where the accelerometer can be fabricated by a modified Silicon-on-Glass (M-SOG) process utilizing a <;111>; Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) wafer. The accelerometer combines the feasibility of fabricating large mass and high aspect ratio structures using bulk-micromachining together with the high sensitive interdigitated sense finger triplets that are connected with multi-layer metal interconnects on an SOI-glass bonded wafer. The fabricated accelerometer is packaged for system level tests with a 4 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> order Σ-Δ readout circuitry to evaluate its performance. The measurement results show that the accelerometer achieves a bias instability of 66.1 μg and a velocity random walk of 17.5 μg/√Hz, while operating in a range of ±8 g.
Knowledge Representation in Sanskrit and Artificial Intelligence (1985)

In the past twenty years, much time, effort, and money has been expended on designing an unambiguous representation of natural language to make them accessible to computer processing, These efforts have centered around creating schemata designed to parallel logical relations with relations expressed by the syntax and semantics of natural languages, which are clearly cumbersome and ambiguous in their function as vehicles for the transmission of logical data. Understandably, there is a widespread belief that natural languages are unsuitable for the transmission of many ideas that artificial languages can render with great precision and mathematical rigor. But this dichotomy, which has served as a premise underlying much work in the areas of linguistics and artificial intelligence, is a false one. There is at least one language, Sanskrit, which for the duration of almost 1000 years was a living spoken language with a considerable literature of its own. Besides works of literary value, there was a long philosophical and grammatical tradition that has continued to exist with undiminished vigor until the present century. Among the accomplishments of the grammarians can be reckoned a method for paraphrasing Sanskrit in a manner that is identical not only in essence but in form with current work in Artificial Intelligence. This article demonstrates that a natural language can serve as an artificial language also, and that much work in AI has been reinventing a wheel millenia old. First, a typical Knowledge Representation Scheme (using Semantic Nets) will be laid out, followed by an outline of the method used by the ancient Indian grammarians to analyze sentences unambiguously. Finally, the clear parallelism between the two will be demonstrated, and the theoretical implications of this equivalence will be given.
Principles of inertial navigation (1961)

Principles of inertial navigation , Principles of inertial navigation , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی
The serotonin axis: Shared mechanisms in seizures, depression, and SUDEP (2011)

There is a growing appreciation that patients with seizures are also affected by a number of comorbid conditions, including an increase in prevalence of depression (Kanner, 2009), sleep apnea (Chihorek et al., 2007), and sudden death (Ryvlin et al., 2006; Tomson et al., 2008). The mechanisms responsible for these associations are unclear. Herein we discuss the possibility that underlying pathology in the serotonin (5-HT) system of patients with epilepsy lowers the threshold for seizures, while also increasing the risk of depression and sudden death. We propose that postictal dysfunction of 5-HT neurons causes depression of breathing and arousal in some epilepsy patients, and this can lead to sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). We further draw parallels between SUDEP and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), which may share pathophysiologic mechanisms, and which have both been linked to defects in the 5-HT system.
Magnetic Suspension Performance of a Bearingless Brushless DC Motor for Small Liquid Pumps (2010)

This paper presents the experiment results from the testing of a magnetic suspension system in a bearingless brushless dc motor. This machine is suitable for use in small liquid pumps. The bearingless motor structure, the principle of the suspension force generation, and the magnetic suspension control strategy are proposed by the author. A prototype bearingless brushless dc motor is designed using computed results from a finite-element method simulation of the system. The simulation is experimentally verified using a prototype machine where the rotor is successfully suspended without mechanical contact when it drives a liquid pump at the maximum rotational speed of 2200 r/min and the maximum fluid flow of 8.2 L/min. This result shows that the proposed bearingless brushless dc motor is suitable as the drive for small liquid pumps.