gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
LIBS system with compact fiber spectrometer, head mounted spectra display and hand held eye-safe erbium glass laser gun (2010)

LIBS (Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy) systems are capable of real-time chemical analysis with little or no sample preparation. A Q-switched laser is configured such that laser induced plasma is produced on targeted material. Chemical element line spectra are created, collected and analyzed by a fiber spectrometer. Line spectra emission data is instantly viewed on a head mounted display. "Eye-safe" Class I erbium glass lasers provide for insitu LIBS applications without the need for eye-protection goggles. This is due to the fact that Megawatt peak power Q-switched lasers operating in the narrow spectral window between 1.5um and 1.6um are approximately 8000 times more "eye-safe" than other laser devices operating in the UV, visible and near infrared. In this work we construct and demonstrate a LIBS system that includes a hand held eye-safe laser gun. The laser gun is fitted with a micro-integrating sphere in-situ target interface and is designed to facilitate chemical analysis in remote locations. The laser power supply, battery pack, computer controller and spectrophotometer components are packaged into a utility belt. A head mounted display is employed for "hands free" viewing of the emitted line spectra. The system demonstrates that instant qualitative and semi-quantitative chemical analyses may be performed in remote locations utilizing lightweight commercially available system components ergonomically fitted to the operator.
Precipitates and intermetallic phases in precipitation hardening Al–Cu–Mg–(Li) based alloys (2005)

The present study contains a critical review of work on the formation of precipitates and intermetallic phases in dilute precipitation hardening Al–Cu–Mg based alloys with and without Li additions. Although many suggestions for the existence of pre-precipitates in Al–Cu–Mg alloys with a Cu/Mg atomic ratio close to 1 have been made, a critical review reveals that evidence exists for only two truly distinct ones. The precipitation sequence is best represented as: supersaturated solid solution->co-clusters->GPB2/S"->S where clusters are predominantly Cu–Mg co-clusters (also termed GPB or GPB I zones), GPB2/S" is an orthorhombic phase that is coherent with the matrix (probable composition Al10Cu3Mg3) for which both the term GPB2 and S" have been used, and S phase is the equilibrium Al2CuMg phase. GPB2/S" can co-exist with S phase before the completion of the formation of S phase. It is further mostly accepted that the crystal structure of S’ (Al2CuMg) is identical to the equilibrium S phase (Al2CuMg). The Perlitz and Westgren model for S phase is viewed to be the most accepted structure. 3DAP analysis showed that Cu–Mg clusters form within a short time of natural and artificial aging. Cu–Mg clusters and S phase contribute to the first and second stage hardening during aging. In Al–Cu alloys, the theta phase (Al2Cu) has I4/mcm structure with a=0.607 nm and c=0.487 nm, and theta’ phase with tetragonal structure and a=0.404 nm, c=0.58 nm, the space group is I4¯m2. Gerold’s model for theta" (or GPII) appears to be favourable in terms of free energy, and is consistent with most experimental data. The transformation from GPI to GPII (or theta") seems continuous, and as Cu atoms will not tend to cluster together or cluster with vacancies, the precipitation sequence can thus be captured as: supersaturated solid solution->theta" (Al3Cu)-> theta’ (Al2Cu)->theta (Al2Cu). The Omega phase (Al2Cu) has been variously proposed as monoclinic, orthorhombic, hexagonal and tetragonal distorted theta phase structures. It has been shown that Omega phase forms initially on {111}Al with c=0.935 nm and on further aging, the c lattice parameter changes continuously to 0.848 nm, to become identical to the orthorhombic structure proposed by Knowles and Stobbs (a=0.496 nm, b=0.858 nm and c=0.848 nm). Other models are either wrong (for example, monoclinic and hexagonal) or refer to a transition phase (for example, the Garg and Howe model with c=0.858 in a converted orthorhombic structure). For Al–Li–Cu–Mg alloys, the L12 ordered metastable delta’ (Al3Li) phase has been observed by many researchers. The Huang and Ardell model for T1 phase (space group P6/mmm, a=0.496 nm and c=0.935 nm), appears more likely than other proposed structures. Other proposed structures are perhaps due to the T1 phase forming by the dissociation of 1/2<110> dislocations into 1/6<211> Shockley partials bounding a region of intrinsic stacking fault, in which copper and lithium enrichment of the fault produces a thin layer of the T1 phase.
Conductivities in Thionyl Chloride (1981)

Conductivity measurements in thionyl chloride are reported for dilute solutions of , , and the tetrapropylammonium salts ,, . The data for electrolyte solutions having concentrations in the range of were fitted empirically to an equation of the Fuoss‐Hsia type. In all cases except for ion pair formation was found to be extensive. solutions in thionyl chloride appear to be complex possibly owing to the formation of complex species such as and . The effect of ionic strength on the solubility of is discussed.
TWO-PHASE FORMATION IN SOLUTIONS OF TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS AND THE PROBLEM OF LONG-RANGE FORCES (1950)

In a nearly salt-free medium, a dilute tobacco mosaic virus solution of rod-shaped virus particles of uniform length forms two phases; the bottom optically anisotropic phase has a greater virus concentration than has the top optically isotropic phase. For a sample containing particles of various lengths, the bottom phase contains longer particles than does the top and the concentrations top and bottom are nearly equal. The longer the particles the less the minimum concentration necessary for two-phase formation. Increasing the salt concentration increases the minimum concentration. The formation of two phases is explained in terms of geometrical considerations without recourse to the concept of long-range attractive forces. The minimum concentration for two-phase formation is that concentration at which correlation in orientation between the rod-shaped particles begins to take place. This concentration is determined by the thermodynamically effective size and shape of the particles as obtained from the concentration dependence of the osmotic pressure of the solutions measured by light scattering. The effective volume of the particles is introduced into the theory of Onsager for correlation of orientation of uniform size rods and good agreement with experiment is obtained. The theory is extended to a mixture of non-uniform size rods and to the case in which the salt concentration is varied, and agreement with experiment is obtained. The thermodynamically effective volume of the particles and its dependence on salt concentration are explained in terms of the shape of the particles and the electrostatic repulsion between them. Current theories of the hydration of proteins and of long-range forces are critically discussed. The bottom layer of freshly purified tobacco mosaic virus samples shows Bragg diffraction of visible light. The diffraction data indicate that the virus particles in solution form three-dimensional crystals approximately the size of crystalline inclusion bodies found in the cells of plants suffering from the disease.
Fast and Stable Tracking for AR fusing Video and Inertial Sensor Data (2006)

Accurate acquisition of camera position and orientation is crucial for realistic augmentations of camera images. Computer\nvision based tracking algorithms, using the camera itself as sensor, are known to be very accurate but also time-consuming. The\nintegration of inertial sensor data provides a camera pose update at 100 Hz and therefore stability and robustness against rapid\nmotion and occlusion. Using inertial measurements we obtain a precise real time augmentation with reduced camera sample\nrate, which makes it usable for mobile AR and See-Through applications.\nThis paper presents a flexible run-time system, that benefits from sensor fusion using Kalman filtering for pose estimation. The\ncamera as main sensor is aided by an inertial measurement unit (IMU). The system presented here provides an autonomous initialisation\nas well as a predictive tracking procedure and switches between both after successfull (re)-initialisation and tracking\nfailure respectively. The computer vision part performs 3D model-based tracking of natural features using different approaches\nfor yielding both, high accuracy and robustness. Results on real and synthetic sequences show how inertial measurements\nimprove the tracking.
Lubricating Condition between Swashplate and Shoe in Swashplate Compressor (2010)

The severest lubrication portion in a swashplate compressor is a sliding surface between a swashplate and a shoe. It is important to measure the shoe behavior to clarify the lubricating condition between them. In this study, a model experimental apparatus which simulates a relative motion of the swashplate and the shoe is used to measure the shoe behavior. The shoe behavior is measured by observing optical interference fringes formed in an oil film between the swashplate and the shoe. It is found that an inclination of the shoe changes steeply at the instant that load on the shoe becomes zero while shearing force acts on an piston-side surface of the shoe by precession of a piston. This unstable shoe behavior probably causes metal contact between the swashplate and the shoe which occurs at the beginning of a suction process in a practically operating compressor.
Toxicokinetics of Amphetamines: Metabolism and Toxicokinetic Data of Designer Drugs, Amphetamine, Methamphetamine, and Their N-Alkyl Derivatives (2002)

This paper reviews the toxicokinetics of amphetamines. The designer drugs MDA (methylenedioxy-amphetamine, R,S-1-(3;,4;-methylenedioxyphenyl)2-propanamine), MDMA (R,S-methylenedioxymethamphetamine), and MDE (R,S-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine), as well as BDB (benzodioxolylbutanamine; R,S-1-(1;,3;-benzodioxol-5;-yl)-2-butanamine or R,S-1-(3;,4;-methylenedioxyphenyl)-2-butanamine) and MBDB (R,S-N-methyl-benzodioxolylbutanamine), were taken into consideration, as were the following N-alkylated amphetamine derivatives: amphetaminil, benzphetamine, clobenzorex, dimethylamphetamine, ethylamphetamine, famprofazone, fencamine, fenethylline, fenproporex, furfenorex, mefenorex, mesocarb, methamphetamine, prenylamine, and selegiline. English-language publications from 1995 to 2000 were reviewed. Papers describing identification of metabolites or cytochrome P450 isoenzyme-dependent metabolism and papers containing pharmacokinetic/toxicokinetic data were considered and summarized. The implications of toxicokinetics for toxicologic assessment or for interpretation in forensic cases are discussed.
Confidence measure and incremental adaptation for the rejection of incorrect data (2002)

This paper deals with the problem of incorrect data rejection in a large vocabulary directory task. Two different strategies are investigated to improve the rejection of noises and OOV data. An incremental adaptation algorithm is first proposed to adapt word models and a garbage model to field data. The second method consists in post-processing the recogniser hypotheses by computing for each of them a confidence measure based on frame level likelihood ratios. Both methods yield a noticeable reduction in the false alarm rate on noises and OOV data. Their combination leads to a further false alarm rate reduction.
Report of AAPM TG 135: Quality assurance for robotic radiosurgery (2011)

The task group (TG) for quality assurance for robotic radiosurgery was formed by the American Association of Physicists in Medicine's Science Council under the direction of the Radiation Therapy Committee and the Quality Assurance (QA) Subcommittee. The task group (TG-135) had three main charges: (1) To make recommendations on a code of practice for Robotic Radiosurgery QA; (2) To make recommendations on quality assurance and dosimetric verification techniques, especially in regard to real-time respiratory motion tracking software; (3) To make recommendations on issues which require further research and development. This report provides a general functional overview of the only clinically implemented robotic radiosurgery device, the CyberKnife. This report includes sections on device components and their individual component QA recommendations, followed by a section on the QA requirements for integrated systems. Examples of checklists for daily, monthly, annual, and upgrade QA are given as guidance for medical physicists. Areas in which QA procedures are still under development are discussed.
Induction of protective immunity against a <i>Chlamydia trachomatis</i> genital infection in three genetically distinct strains of mice (2003)

Summary To establish the feasibility of inducing a protective immune response against a chlamydial genital infection in animals with different genetic backgrounds, groups of C3H/HeN (H‐2 k ), BALB/c (H‐2 d ) and C57BL/6 (H‐2 b ) mice, were immunized intranasally with elementary bodies (EB) of the Chlamydia trachomatis mouse pneumonitis biovar. Following the intranasal immunization strong Chlamydia ‐specific humoral and cell‐mediated immune (CMI) responses were detected in the three strains of mice. Eight weeks following immunization the animals were challenged with C. trachomatis in the genital tract. Vaginal cultures showed that the three strains of mice immunized with EB were significantly protected in comparison to the sham immunized animals. To determine the ability of this immunization protocol to protect against infertility six weeks after the genital challenge the animals were mated. Mice of the three strains immunized with EB showed significant protection as demonstrated by the number of animals that were fertile, and the number of embryos present in their uterine horns, in comparison to the sham immunized mice.
Two-phase commit optimizations and tradeoffs in the commercial environment (2002)

Eleven two-phase commit (2PC) protocol variations that optimize towards the normal case are described and compared with a baseline 2PC protocol. Environments in which they are most effective are discussed. The variations are compared and contrasted in terms of number of message flows, number of log writes (both forced and non-forced), probability of heuristic damage, how damage is reported, and other tradeoffs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Compressive sensing of foot-gait signals by enhancing group block-sparse structure on the first-order difference (2016)

A new technique for improving the signal reconstruction performance for compressive sensing of gait signals is proposed. The algorithm is based on the minimization of a pseudo-norm which promotes group-block-sparse structure on the first-order difference of the signal. Signal blocks in foot gait signals occur as groups, and the locations of the group are estimated based on the regularization promoting block-sparse structure. The group locations are used for minimizing the pseudonorm for promoting group-block-sparse structure. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed technique yields upto 0.76dB improvement in the reconstruction performance for foot-gait signals relative to the algorithms promoting block-sparse structure.
Tension patterns of the anteromedial and posterolateral grafts in a double‐bundle anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (2008)

The two functional bundles of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL), namely, the anteromedial (AM) and posterolateral (PL) bundles, must work in concert to control displacement of the tibia relative to the femur for complex motions. Thus, the replacement graft(s) for a torn ACL should possess similar tension patterns. The objective of the study was to examine whether a double-bundle ACL reconstruction with the semitendinosus-gracilis autografts could replicate the tension patterns of those for the intact ACL under controlled in vitro loading conditions. By means of a robotic/universal force moment sensor (UFS) testing system, the in situ force vectors (both magnitude and direction) for the AM and PL bundles of the ACL, as well as their respective replacement grafts, were determined and compared on nine human cadaveric knees. It was found that double-bundle ACL reconstruction could closely replicate the in situ force vectors. Under a 134-N anterior tibial load, the resultant force vectors for the intact ACL and the reconstructed ACL had a difference of 5 to 11 N (p > 0.05) in magnitude and 1 to 13 degrees (p > 0.05) in direction. Whereas, under combined rotatory loads of 10-N-m valgus and 5-N-m internal tibial torques, the corresponding differences were 10 to 16 N and 4 degrees to 11 degrees, respectively. Again, there were no statistically significant differences except at 30 degrees of flexion where the force vector for the AM graft had a 15 degrees (p < 0.05) lower elevation angle than did the AM bundle.
Cost‐Effective, High‐Performance Porous‐Organic‐Polymer Conductors Functionalized with Sulfonic Acid Groups by Direct Postsynthetic Substitution (2016)

We demonstrate the facile microwave-assisted synthesis of a porous organic framework 1 and the sulfonated solid (1S) through postsubstitution. Remarkably, the conductivity of 1S showed an approximately 300-fold enhancement at 30 °C as compared to that of 1, and reached 7.72×10<sup>-2</sup> S cm<sup>-1</sup> at 80 °C and 90 % relative humidity. The superprotonic conductivity exceeds that observed for any conductive porous organic polymer reported to date. This material, which is cost-effective and scalable for mass production, also revealed long-term performance over more than 3 months without conductivity decay.
<title>Terrain objects: their dynamics and their monitoring by the integration of GIS and remote sensing</title> (1994)

A structural analysis of the representation of terrain objects in GIS leads to the identification of several types of object dynamics. Remote sensing can play an important role in object monitoring; a prerequisite is that the analysis of r.s. data is embedded in a GIS environment. Object knowledge can then support the extraction of information from r.s. data. Several examples of how this information can be used are explained.
Shīʿī theological literature (1990)

The pioneers of Shīʿī theology seem to have begun to propagate theological views during the middle of the second/eighth century. By that time, distinct branches of the Shīʿah had emerged. All of these believed that ʿAlī b. abī Ṭālib (reigned 35-40/656–61) was the most excellent (afḍal) after the Prophet and that he should have been the caliph or imam. The party which supported his claims and the claims of his family (abl al-bayt) for the leadership of the community became known as the Shīʿah (originally shīʿat ʿAlī, the party of ʿAlī). ʿAlī did eventually attain the caliphate and was succeeded briefly by his elder son al-Hasan, whose mother was Fāṭimah, daughter of the Prophet. When al-Hasan, who was forced to abdicate by Muʿāwiyah b. abī Sufyān (reigned 41–60/661–80), died, the Shīʿah called on his brother al-Ḥusayn to lead them in revolution against Muʿāwiyah. Al-Ḥusayn did not embark on action until after the death of Muʿāwiyah, when he answered the call of his supporters in Kufa to lead them in revolution against Muʿāwiyah's son Yazīd (reigned 60–4/680–3). The revolution proved a catastrophe and al-Ḥusayn and many of his close relatives were tragically killed at Karbalāʾ by vastly superior forces as they were on their way to Kufa (61/680). Only one son of al-Ḥusayn, ʿAlī b. al-Ḥusayn (d. 95 / 713–4), survived this disaster, and for the rest of his life he seems to have followed a quiescent policy towards the Umayyad authorities.
Predictive energy management strategy for fully electric vehicles based on hybrid model predictive control (2017)

Limited travelling range is a major concern for fully electric vehicles (FEVs), and enlarging the total driving range is a main research topic of FEVs. Recently, with the development of intelligent transportation systems, traffic information can be available for the vehicle control systems, like terrain profile and velocity and acceleration of preceding vehicles. With such information, energy-efficient control for FEVs could further prolong the total driving range. In this paper, a hybrid model predictive control method is introduced to control an FEV considering the road terrain profile ahead and preceding vehicle movement information. With the vehicle-to-vehicle wireless communication technology, the movement of preceding vehicle can be predicted in each control cycle. While keeping a suitable distance from the preceding vehicle, the driving energy consumption is optimized. Simulation results show that this method has a better energy saving performance than the traditional methods under various driving conditions even with communication packet losses.
The multi-item newsvendor problem with a budget constraint and fixed ordering costs (2000)

This paper deals with a multi-item newsvendor problem subject to a budget constraint on the total value of the replenishment quantities. Fixed costs for non-zero replenishments have been explicitly considered. Dynamic programming procedures are presented for two situations: (i) where the end item demand distributions are assumed known (illustrated for the case of normally distributed demand) and (ii) a distribution free approach where only the first two moments of the distributions are assumed known. In addition, simple and efficient heuristic algorithms have been developed. Computational experiments show that the performance of the heuristics are excellent based on a set of test problems.
A Geometric Transversal Approach to Analyzing Track Coverage in Sensor Networks (2008)

This paper presents a new coverage formulation addressing the quality of service of sensor networks that cooperatively detect targets traversing a region of interest. The problem of track coverage consists of finding the positions of n sensors such that a Lebesgue measure on the set of tracks detected by at least k sensors is optimized. This paper studies the geometric properties of the network, addressing a deterministic track-coverage formulation and binary sensor models. It is shown that the tracks detected by a network of heterogeneous omnidirectional sensors are the geometric transversals of non-translates families of circles. A novel methodology based on cone theory is presented for representing and measuring sets of transversals in closed-form. Then, the solution of the track-coverage problem can be formulated as a nonlinear program (NLP). The numerical results show that this approach can improve track coverage by up to two orders of magnitude compared to grid and random deployments. Also, it can be used to reduce the number of sensors required to achieve a desired detection performance by up to 50%, and to optimally replenish or reposition existing sensor networks.