gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of Well-Defined Polymer Brushes Grafted onto Silica Nanoparticles via Surface Reversible Addition−Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization (2005)

Reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) was used to prepare polymer brushes grafted onto silica nanoparticles. Novel RAFT-silane agents were prepared that contained both an active RAFT moiety and a silane coupling agent. RAFT agents were anchored to silica nanoparticles by the functionalization of colloidal silica with the RAFT-silane agents. RAFT polymerizations were then conducted from the particle surface to graft homopolymer and block copolymer brushes to the particles. The kinetics of styrene (St) and n-butyl acrylate (nBuA) surface RAFT polymerizations were investigated and compared with model polymerizations mediated by free RAFT agent. The molecular weights of grafted polymers increased linearly with conversions, and first-order kinetics were observed in the conversion range studied, indicating that the surface graft polymerization proceeded in a controlled manner. Well-defined PSt-block-PBuA copolymers attached to silica nanoparticles were also prepared.
<scp>l</scp>-Rhamnose Antigen: A Promising Alternative to α-Gal for Cancer Immunotherapies (2010)

The targeting of autologous vaccines toward antigen presenting cells (APCs) via the in vivo complexation between anti α-Gal (anti-Gal) antibodies and α-Gal antigens presents a promising cancer immunotherapy with enhanced immunogenicity. This strategy takes advantage of the ubiquitous anti-Gal antibody in human serum. In contrast to the α-Gal epitope, the recent identification of high titers of anti-l-rhamnose (anti-Rha) antibodies in humans reveals a new approach toward immunotherapy employing l-rhamnose (Rha) monosaccharides. In order to evaluate this simple antigen in preclinical applications, we have synthesized Rha-conjugated immunogens and successfully induced high titers of anti-Rha antibodies in wildtype mice. Moreover, our studies demonstrate for the first time that wildtype mice could replace α1,3galactosyltransferase knockout (α1,3GT KO) mice in such antigen/antibody-mediated vaccine design when developing cancer immunotherapies.
Liquid crystal fibers of bent-core molecules (2003)

Although the liquid-crystal research is well established in science, there are newly emerging exciting systems, that deserve extensive basic studies. One of these areas is the research of the bent-shaped molecules (so-called "banana liquid crystals"), which have delicate chirality and polarity properties. In this paper we show that these materials also have very unusual rheological features, such as the formation of stable fluid fibers and bridges. Under electric fields, these objects present striking mechanical effects, such as horizontal and transversal vibrations. Studies indicate that the research of banana-liquid-crystal fibers may lead to new type of artificial muscle systems.
Modular Multilevel Parallel Converter (M2PC) for electrically driven vehicles (2014)

The new Modular Multilevel Parallel Converter (M2PC) for electrically driven vehicles is presented in this paper. The new M2PC upgrades the advantages of common Modular Multilevel Converters (M2C) through the ability to connect capacitors of nearby Submodules (SM's) not only serially but also in parallel. This leads to some further advantages like the improved usage of electronic parts and higher redundancy. Besides these improvements the macro and micro topology and its new interconnections resulting from novel SM switching states are described in detail. The functionality of the concept is proven by a simulation and measurements with a converter arm consisting of several SM's. Furthermore, the redundancy, scalability and reliability of the converter are discussed.
A Review of the Common Models Used in Mechanistic Studies on Demineralization-Remineralization for Cariology Research (2017)

Mechanistic studies on demineralization-remineralization play a critical role in investigating caries pathogenicity, testing effects of new caries prevention methods, and developing new caries-preventing products. Simulating the cariogenic challenges in the mouth, various demineralization-remineralization models have been used for cariology research. This review aimed to provide an overview of the common mechanistic studies on demineralization-remineralization for cariology research in recent literature. Most mechanistic studies were in vitro studies (n = 294, 84%) among the 350 cariology studies indexed in the Web of Science from 2014 to 2016. Among these in vitro studies, most studies (257/294, 87%) used chemical models that could be classified as simple mineralization models (159/257, 62%) or pH-cycling models (98/257, 38%). In vitro studies consumed less expense and time than in vivo studies. Furthermore, in vitro conditions were easier to control. However, they could hardly imitate the complex structures of oral cavities, the microbiological effect of oral biofilm, and the hydrodynamic instability of saliva. The advantages of chemical models included simplicity of the study, low cost, efficiency (time saving), reproducibility, and stability of experiments. However, the “caries” generated were not biological. Moreover, the chemical models were generally basic and could not mimic a carious lesion in the complex oral environment.
Kinematics, dynamics and stability of the tubular film extrusion of various polyethylenes (1984)

Abstract A basic study of the kinematics, dynamics, and heat transfer occuring during tubular film extrusion of polyethylene is outlined. Three rheologically characterized polyethylenes, a low‐density polyethylene (LDPE), a linear‐low‐density polyethylene (L‐LDPE), and a high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) were used in this study. The kinematics and stability of the tubular film process were investigated over a wide range of blow‐up ratios, drawdown ratios, and frost‐line heights. Local deformation rates along the bubble have been determined. Regions of stability and instability are described. Tensions and inflation pressures have been measured and expressed in terms of locol elongational viscosities. Temperature profiles along the bubble were determined and interpreted in terms of local heat transfer coefficients. Positions of crystallization and temperature profiles have been noted and used to estimate rates of crystallization. The characteristics of the LDPE, LLDPE, and HDPE are contrasted.
α‐, γ‐ and δ‐Tocopherol Effects on Chlorophyll Photosensitized Oxidation of Soybean Oil (1991)

ABSTRACT The effects of 0, 1.0, 2.0 and 4.0 (x 10 −3 M) α‐, γ‐ or δ‐tocopherol on chlorophyll b photosensitized oxidation of soybean oil in methylene chloride were studied by peroxide values and headspace oxygen. As concentrations of tocopherols increased, peroxide values decreased and headspace oxygen increased (P < 0.05). At 1.0 × 10 −3 M, α‐tocopherol showed highest antioxidant effect, γ‐tocopherol second and then δ‐tocopherol. α‐ and ‐γ‐Tocopherols had similar effects and δ‐tocopherol had lower effect at 2.0 × 10 −3 M (P < 0.05). However, the three tocopherols were not different (P > 0.05) at 4.0 × 10 −3 M. α‐Tocopherol quenched singlet oxygen to reduce the photosensitized oxidation of oil. The quenching rate constants of α‐tocopherol were 2.7 × 10 7 M −1 sec −1 by peroxide value and 2.6 × 10 7 M −1 sec −1 by headspace oxygen.
Initiation of DNA replication on single-stranded DNA templates catalyzed by purified replication proteins of bacteriophage lambda and Escherichia coli. (1985)

Initiation of bacteriophage lambda DNA replication at the chromosomal origin depends on the lambda O and P replication proteins. These two viral initiators, together with an Escherichia coli protein fraction, promote the replication in vitro of single-stranded circular DNA chromosomes such as that of bacteriophage M13. This nonspecific strand initiation reaction, which we have termed the "lambda single-strand replication reaction," has now been established with eight purified proteins, each of which is also required for replication of the phage lambda chromosome in vivo. An early rate-limiting step in the overall reaction is the ATP-dependent assembly of an activated nucleoprotein prepriming complex. In this step the lambda O and P initiators cooperate with the E. coli dnaJ and dnaK proteins to transfer the bacterial dnaB protein onto M13 DNA that is coated with the single-stranded DNA-binding protein. Multiple RNA primers are synthesized on each DNA circle when isolated prepriming complex is incubated with primase and rNTPs. In the complete system, DNA polymerase III holoenzyme extends the first primer synthesized into full-length complementary strands. Because the properties of this system are closely analogous to those found for the replication of phi X174 viral DNA by E. coli proteins, we infer that a mobile prepriming or priming complex (primosome) operates in the lambda single-strand replication reaction.
Affordable Uplift: Supervised Randomization in Controlled Experiments (2019)

Customer scoring models are the core of scalable direct marketing. Uplift models provide an estimate of the incremental benefit from a treatment that is used for operational decision-making. Training and monitoring of uplift models require experimental data. However, the collection of data under randomized treatment assignment is costly, since random targeting deviates from an established targeting policy. To increase the cost-efficiency of experimentation and facilitate frequent data collection and model training, we introduce supervised randomization. It is a novel approach that integrates existing scoring models into randomized trials to target relevant customers, while ensuring consistent estimates of treatment effects through correction for active sample selection. An empirical Monte Carlo study shows that data collection under supervised randomization is cost-efficient, while downstream uplift models perform competitively.
The human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP expresses biologically active, specific receptors for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3. (1992)

The LNCaP prostatic carcinoma cell line was examined for the presence of specific receptors for 1 alpha,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1 alpha,25-(OH)2D3]. Whole cell binding studies identified approximately 2500 high-affinity (Kd = 1.4 x 10(-9) binding sites per cell. Competition studies revealed that these receptors are specific for the 1 alpha,25(OH)2 metabolite. Binding studies using the synthetic androgen R1881 indicate that separate androgen and vitamin D3 receptors exist in LNCaP cells. The vitamin D3 receptors sediment at approximately 3.5S on linear sucrose gradients. The sedimentation coefficient could be shifted with a monoclonal anti-vitamin D3 receptor antibody (9A7 gamma) but not with a monoclonal antibody to the androgen receptor (AN1-15). The receptor/ligand complex elutes from native DNA cellulose at 0.2 M KCl. Northern blot analysis identified an mRNA of approximately 4.6 kilobases which hybridized with a specific vitamin D3 receptor complementary DNA probe (hVDR). In the absence of androgens, 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 stimulated growth and prostate-specific antigen production by LNCaP cells in a dose-dependent fashion. Dose-response curves indicated that at physiological concentrations (10(-9) M) 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 was mitogenic, whereas at higher concentrations (10(-8) M) it promotes differentiation. These studies suggest that 1 alpha,25(OH)2D3 could play an important role in the natural history of and response to hormone therapy by prostatic cancer.
Models and Guidelines for Integrating Expert Systems and Neural Networks (2020)

A synergism is rapidly developing in the fields of expert systems and neural networks, and an understanding is starting to develop about the theoretical basis and methodology for integrating these two technologies. This chapter presents models and guidelines for integration for practical applications of hybrid intelligent systems. Expert systems and neural networks are each summarized to highlight their separate strengths and weaknesses. Then, different ways to combine the technologies are explained and illustrated with examples. Cases of actual systems are described to illustrate the guidelines for using the different models appropriately for practical applications.
Millimeter waveband semisymmetrical groove guide resonators (2004)

As an alternative to the classical waveguides, such as the H-waveguide and the rectangular waveguide, the groove waveguide has been used at millimetre wavelengths for the last couple of decades. Most of these properties are attributed to the open sides of the guide, which reduce the wall losses. This article describes a semisymmetrical groove guide resonator that is designed and analyzed analytically, numerically, and experimentally. The numerical simulations are performed via a powerful time-domain simulator based on the finite-difference, time-domain (FDTD) method. Both Cartesian- and cylindrical-coordinate FDTD packages are developed and used for the simulations. The purpose in using cylindrical-coordinate FDTD is to calibrate Cartesian-coordinate FDTD and to see the error introduced due to discretization. A measurement setup with an adjustable support platform in the frequency range of 20-40 GHz is used in the experiments.
Preparation of 2- and 4-Benzylpyridine (1948)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of 2- and 4-BenzylpyridineKenneth E. CrookCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1948, 70, 1, 416–417Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1948Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1948https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01181a507https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01181a507research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views247Altmetric-Citations7LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Performance considerations for TCP/IP in wide area networks (2002)

The transport control protocol (TCP) was introduced in the early 1970's to enhance the service of the Internet protocol (IP) and to provide reliable data transfer across heterogeneous packet switching networks. Since then it has probably become the most widely used transport protocol. Recently, several mechanisms, such as slow start and congestion avoidance, have been added to most TCP implementations to improve its performance and to help in controlling and avoiding congestion in high speed and long delay networks. This paper investigates the performance of TCP within wide area networks and quantifies the impact that the TCP built-in congestion control mechanisms, have on overall network performance. The results show that these mechanisms have improved overall network performance, minimized network vulnerability to congestion and made it possible for TCP to operate effectively in wide area networking environments. The results also show that although disabling the congestion control mechanisms may improve the application's end-to-end performance, it introduces a higher proportion of busty traffic onto the underlying networks. This, however, makes the network more vulnerable to congestion and presents a challenge for network planning and engineering.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electrical and thermal modeling of railguns (1984)

Electrical and thermal modeling of railguns at Los Alamos has been done for two purposes: (1) to obtain detailed information about the behavior of specific railgun components such as the rails, and (2) to predict overall performance of railgun tests. Detailed electrical and thermal modeling has concentrated on calculations of the inductance and surface current distribution of long parallel conductors in the high-frequency limit and on calculations of current and thermal diffusion in rails. Inductance calculations for various rail cross sections and for magnetic flux compression generators (MFCG) have been done. Inductance and current distribution results were compared with experimental measurements. Two-dimensional calculations of current and thermal diffusion in rail cross sections have been done; predictions of rail heating and melting as a function of rail size and total current have been made. An overall performance model of a railgun and power supply has been developed and used to design tests at Los Alamos. The lumped-parameter circuit model uses results from the detailed inductance and current diffusion calculations along with other circuit component models to predict rail current and projectile acceleration, velocity, and position as a function of time.
Talbot experiment re-examined: study of the chromatic regime and application to spectrometry (2003)

The original Talbot experiment in white light has been reconstituted, using an amplitude grating made of thin slits and a colour CCD camera and a model has been developed to describe the field diffracted by the grating illuminated in polychromatic light with a known spectral density. Above the historical interest of this study, the possibility of applying this effect to make spectral measurements is explored and a new concept of Talbot spectrometer is proposed.
6A, 1kV 4H-SiC Normally-Off Trenched-and-Implanted Vertical JFETs (2004)

This paper presents the design, fabrication and characterization of 4H-SiC trenched-and- implanted vertical JFETs (TI-VJFETs) (1). The design of TI-VJFETs with active areas of 9.38 ×10 -2 mm 2 and 2.03mm 2 and different vertical channel openings is presented based on a blocking layer of 9.4 μm, doped to n=7x10 15 cm -3 . Highly vertical channel defined by trench etching and angled implantation of Al makes it possible to accurately control the vertical channel dimension, resulting in TI-VJFETs with very low specific on-resistance. The TI-VJFET technology developed under this work is believed to be advantageous in comparison to other reported VJFET technologies because (a) it eliminates the need for epitaxial regrowth in middle of the device fabrication (2-5), (b) only one mask requires critical alignment throughout device fabrication, and (c) it provides intrinsically a much lower specific on-resistance due to the elimination of internal lateral JFET gates. Successful applications of the technologies to the development of single-cell TI-VJFETs with power level of 6A -1,000V are reported.
Single-Loop Current Sensorless Control for Single-Phase Boost-Type SMR (2009)

In this paper, the first single-loop current sensorless control (SLCSC) in continuous current mode (CCM) for single-phase boost-type switching-mode rectifiers (SMRs) is developed and digitally implemented in a DSP-based system. Compared to the conventional multiloop control with one inner current loop and one outer voltage loop, there is only one voltage loop in the proposed SLCSC, where the voltage loop's output is used to shift the nominal duty ratio pattern generated from the sensed input and output voltages. Because of no current loop, the efforts of sampling and tracking inductor current can be saved. It implies that the proposed SLCSC is simple and very adaptable to the implementation with mixed-signal ICs. First, the effects of shifting nominal duty ratio pattern on the input current waveform are analyzed and modeled by considering the inductor resistance and conduction voltages. The result of analysis shows that the pure sinusoidal current can be inherently generated by the nominal duty ratio pattern where the current amplitude is roughly proportional to the controllable phase of nominal duty ratio pattern. Then, a voltage controller is included to regulate the DC output voltage by tuning this controllable phase. Finally, some simulated and experimental results have been given to demonstrate the performance of the proposed SLCSC.
Affy exon tissues: exon levels in normal tissues in human, mouse and rat (2009)

Affy Exon Tissues track is freely available under the UCSC Genome Browser (http://genome.ucsc.edu/) for human (hg18), mouse (mm8 and mm9), and rat (rn4).
Ultra-high electro-optic activity demonstrated in a silicon-organic hybrid modulator (2018)

Efficient electro-optic (EO) modulators crucially rely on advanced materials that exhibit strong electro-optic activity and that can be integrated into high-speed and efficient phase shifter structures. In this paper, we demonstrate ultra-high in-device EO figures of merit of up to n3r33 = 2300 pm/V achieved in a silicon-organic hybrid (SOH) Mach-Zehnder Modulator (MZM) using the EO chromophore JRD1. This is the highest material-related in-device EO figure of merit hitherto achieved in a high-speed modulator at any operating wavelength. The {\pi}-voltage of the 1.5 mm-long device amounts to 210 mV, leading to a voltage-length product of U{\pi}L = 320 V{\mu}m - the lowest value reported for MZM that are based on low-loss dielectric waveguides. The viability of the devices is demonstrated by generating high-quality on-off-keying (OOK) signals at 40 Gbit/s with Q factors in excess of 8 at a drive voltage as low as 140 mVpp. We expect that efficient high-speed EO modulators will not only have major impact in the field of optical communications, but will also open new avenues towards ultra-fast photonic-electronic signal processing.
Simple Technique for Measuring Surface-Enhanced Fourier Transform Raman Spectra of Organic Compounds (1993)

A silver surface, suitable for Fourier transform surface-enhanced Raman scattering (FT-SERS), has been prepared by subjecting a polished silver surface to an oxidation-reduction cycle in an electrochemical cell with KCl solution as the electrolyte. The surface produced by this method is shown, by scanning electron microscopy, to be very rough. The preparation of this surface is quite reproducible because the significant parameters of starting surface, electrolyte concentration, and potential can all be well controlled. After removal from the cell followed by washing and drying, organic compounds can be placed on the surface as solutions in aqueous or organic solvents, or by exposure of the surface to vapor. Typically, good FT-SERS spectra are obtained from 0.1–2 μg of sample, after evaporation of the solvent. These experiments were not optimized for minimum detection limits. The technique is very simple, and spectra can be obtained with ease for a wide variety of compounds. Most compounds gave FT-SERS spectra which were similar to their solid Raman spectra; however compounds containing groups expected to interact strongly with the silver surface gave FT-SERS spectra very different from their normal Raman spectra.
Squamous Upper Tract Carcinoma Presenting as a Perinephric Abscess (2013)

Perinephric abscesses are life-threatening conditions, which are rarely associated with neoplasms of the kidney or upper tract collecting system. We report, to our knowledge, the first case of squamous carcinoma of the upper tract presenting as a perinephric abscess, diagnosed after radical nephrectomy.