gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Preparation and characterization of gemcitabine liposome injections. (2012)

Gemcitabine liposome injection (stealth liposomes) has facilitated the targeting of gemcitabine for cancer treatment. We systemically review liposome-based drug-delivery systems, which can improve pharmacokinetics, reduce side effects and potentially increase tumor uptake, for pancreatic cancer therapy. A novel liposomal formulation, which allows for higher tumor targeting efficiencies and can be used in current clinical trials to treat this challenging disease, has gained great popularity and attention. In this study, since extrusion technology was used to make sterile preparation of liposomes, the process included aseptic production process and sterile filtration. During the preparation, it has been found that the lipid concentration, emulsification speed and time, the homogenization times and pattern, the lipid solution temperature are all critical parameters for the character of the gemcitabine liposome injection. The particle size method and zeta potential method to characterize a PEGylated liposomal drug formulation of the anti-cancer agent gemcitabine was developed. The methods are specific, precise, reproducible and sensitive, therefore they are suitable for the determination of particle size and zeta potential of gemcitabine liposome injection. Negative staining technology of transmission electron microscopy revealed that gemcitabine liposome injection has a typical morphology, which enables liposomal surfaces could be seen so additional visual information on the stealth liposome can be routinely obtained in a fast and reliable manner. Moreover, the above three methods are simple, fast and would be used for continuous quality control of gemcitabine liposome injection when it moves to cGMP production scale.
Microwave devices, circuits and their interaction (1994)

MICROWAVE CIRCUITS. Review of Transmission Lines, Waveguides, and Smith Chart Analysis. Linear Microwave Network Parameters. Waveguide and Transmission Line Parameters. Transmission Lines as Resonators and Circuit Elements. Microwave Networks and Components. MICROWAVE SOLID--STATE DEVICES. Solid--State Theory: Special Topics. Schottky Barrier Diodes. Microwave Transistors. IMPATT Diodes. Gunn Diodes. DEVICE--CIRCUIT INTERACTION. Transistor Amplifier Properties. Two--Terminal Negative--Resistance Amplifiers. Oscillators. Noise. Appendix. Index.
Selective Deposition of Insulating Metal Oxide in Perovskite Solar Cells with Enhanced Device Performance (2015)

We report a simple methodology for the selective deposition of an insulating layer on the nanoparticulate TiO2 (np-TiO2) mesoporous layer of perovskite solar cells. The deposited MgO insulating layer mainly covered the bottom part of the np-TiO2 layer with less coverage at the top. The so-called quasi-top-open structure is introduced to act as an efficient hole-blocking layer to prevent charge recombination at the physical contact of the transparent conducting oxide with the perovskite. This leads to an open-circuit voltage higher than that of the reference cell with a compact TiO2 hole-blocking layer. Moreover, such a quasi-top-open structure can facilitate the electron injection from perovskite into the np-TiO2 mesoporous layer and improve the spectral response at longer wavelength because of the less covered insulating layer at the top. This work provides an alternative way to fabricate perovskite solar cells without the need to use a conventional compact TiO2 layer.
An MHMIC K-Band Direct Conversion Demodulator in CPW (2003)

This paper presents results on a miniature hybrid microwave integrated circuit (MHMIC) direct frequency conversion demodulator in coplanar waveguide (CPW) for in-phase/quadrature (I/Q) applications at the 20 GHz radio-frequency (RF) band. The 4x7 mm2 converter was fabricated using flip-chip GaAs Schottky diodes in a single balanced configuration. It provides in-phase and quadrature outputs with an amplitude balance of better than 1 dB, and a phase balance better than 4.2n over the RF range (20.2 to 21.2 GHz) and the IF range (dc to 200 MHz). To the author's knowledge, the performance and size reached by this circuit is equal or better than comparable circuits of similar topology that use more expensive fabrication processes.
Metabolism and kinetics of amlodipine in man (1988)

1. The disposition of amlodipine, R,S,2-[(2-aminoethoxy)methyl]-4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-ethoxycarbonyl- 5- methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl-1,4-dihydropyridine has been studied in two human volunteers using single oral and intravenous doses of 14C-amlodipine. The drug was well absorbed by the oral route while the mean oral bioavailability for unchanged drug was 62.5%. 2. Renal elimination was the major route of excretion with about 60% of the dosed radioactivity recovered in urine. Mean total recovered radioactivity in urine and faeces amounted to 84% for both the oral and intravenous routes. 3. Apart from a small amount of unchanged amlodipine (10% of urine 14C), only pyridine metabolites of amlodipine were excreted in urine. The majority (greater than 95%) of the metabolites excreted in the 0-72 h post-dose period were identified; the major metabolite was 2-([4-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-ethoxycarbonyl-5-methoxycarbonyl-6-methyl- 2-pyridyl]methoxy) acetic acid and this represented 33% of urinary radioactivity. The data indicate that oxidation of amlodipine to its pyridine analogue is the principal route of metabolism with subsequent metabolism by oxidative deamination, de-esterification and aliphatic hydroxylation. 4. For the two volunteers, amlodipine concentrations in plasma declined with a mean half-life of 33 h, while slower elimination of total drug-related material from plasma was observed, consistent with prolonged excretion (up to 12 days) of metabolites in urine and faeces. Only amlodipine and pyridine metabolites were found in the circulation. As these pyridine derivatives have minimal calcium antagonist activity the efficacy of amlodipine in man can most probably be attributed to the parent drug.
Use of a Robotic Arm to Perform Remote Abdominal Telesonography (2007)

Robotic telesonography can be used for reliable diagnosis without moving the patient. No false diagnoses were made in this study. A bandwidth of 250 Kbps via integrated services digital network or satellite is required for reliable diagnosis. Such a system can provide diagnostic information that is currently unavailable in isolated or inaccessible areas and on rescue vehicles.
Correlation between dielectric properties and sintering temperatures of polycrystalline CaCu3Ti4O12 (2004)

() Dielectric properties of polycrystalline CaCu Ti O CCTO pellets sintered in the 34 12 temperature range 10001200C were evaluated with impedance spectroscopy at frequency range of 10 2 to 10 7 Hz from 90 K to 294 K. A correlation has been established between the pair values of low frequency limit dielectric constant and the total resistivity and the sintering temperature. For example, the sample sintered at 1100C demonstrates higher value of low frequency limit dielectric constant and lower value of total resistivity, while the sample sintered at 1000C demonstrates lower values of low frequency limit dielectric constant and higher value of total resistivity. This correlation has been successfully explained by relating with the difference in grain size and grain volume resistivities of these two polycrystalline CCTO samples. Further, it is suggested that donor doping of oxygen vacancies Vo and Vo may be the reason to cause the difference in the grain volume resistivities of these two samples.
Accurate pK<sub>a</sub> Determination for a Heterogeneous Group of Organic Molecules (2004)

Single-molecule studies that allow to compute pKa values, proton affinities (gas-phase acidity/basicity) and the electrostatic energy of solvation have been performed for a heterogeneous set of 26 organic compounds. Quantum mechanical density functional theory (DFT) using the Becke-half&half and B3LYP functionals on optimized molecular geometries have been carried out to investigate the energetics of gas-phase protonation. The electrostatic contribution to the solvation energies of protonated and deprotonated compounds were calculated by solving the Poisson equation using atomic charges generated by fitting the electrostatic potential derived from the molecular wave functions in vacuum. The combination of gas-phase and electrostatic solvation energies by means of the thermodynamic cycle enabled us to compute pKa values for the 26 compounds, which cover six distinct chemical groups (carboxylic acids, benzoic acids, phenols, imides, pyridines and imidazoles). The computational procedure for determining pKa values is accurate and transferable with a root-mean-square deviation of 0.53 and 0.57 pKa units and a maximum error of 1.0 pKa and 1.3 pKa units for Becke-half&half and B3LYP DFT functionals, respectively.
Steroid Therapy of Brain Edema (1972)

Ischemic brain injury was produced in rats by the intracarotid injection of microspheres. During a 72-hour period of study, large doses of dexamethasone did not favorably affect survival, severity of brain edema, brain electrolyte shifts, or alterations in cerebral red blood cell, albumin, and pertechnetate spaces. The role of steroid therapy in cerebral infarction requires critical clinical appraisal.
Elastin and Collagen Degradation Products in Urine of Smokers With and Without Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (1995)

It has been hypothesized that emphysema results from damage to the elastic fiber network of the lungs as a result of elastase-antielastase imbalance. We used a new assay for urinary desmosine (DES) and isodesmosine (IDES), specific markers for the degradation of mature crosslinked elastin, and hydroxylysyl-pyridinoline (HP) and lysylpyridinoline (LP), specific markers for the degradation of mature crosslinked collagen, in order to examine elastin and collagen degradation in relation to current cigarette smoking and the presence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study sample consisted of 22 never-smokers (NSM group), 13 current smokers without airflow obstruction (SM group), and 21 patients with COPD (COPD group), including both current and former smokers. The relation between the creatinine-height index and FEV1 was used to correct for possible loss of muscle mass and decreased excretion of creatinine in the COPD group. Mean urinary excretion of elastin-derived crosslinks in the COPD group (DES, 11.8 ± 5.1 [mean ± SD]; IDES, 11.3 ± 5.0 μg/g creatinine) and in the SM group (DES, 11.0 ± 4.2; IDES, 10.2 ± 2.5 μg/g creatinine) was significantly higher than in the NSM group (DES, 7.5 ± 1.4; IDES, 6.9 ±1.3 μg/g creatinine). In multivariate analysis, current smoking and the presence of COPD were significantly and independently associated with higher urinary excretion of elastin degradation products, and there was no significant interaction between current smoking and the presence of COPD. Urinary excretion of HP and LP in the COPD group was significantly higher than in the SM and the NSM groups (51.5 ± 24.9, 31.1 ± 8.3, and 24.9 ± 6.1 nmol/mmol creatinine, respectively, for HP and 12.9 ± 5.9, 7.0 ± 1.5, and 4.9 ± 2.0 nmol/mmol creatinine, respectively, for LP). After adjusting for the effect of sex, urinary HP excretion in the SM group was significantly greater than in the NSM group. Because urinary LP is almost exclusively derived from bone collagen degradation, urinary LP can be used to calculate the relative amounts of bone and soft-tissue-derived HP. The excess HP excretion in the SM and the COPD groups was derived from bone collagen turnover. We conclude that COPD and current smoking are independently associated with elevated elastin and collagen degradation. The excess elastin and collagen degradation associated with COPD appears to persist even after the cessation of smoking.
Exploration of Novel 3-Substituted Azetidine Derivatives As Triple Reuptake Inhibitors (2012)

Novel azetidines based on the 3-aryl-3-oxypropylamine scaffold were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as TRIs. Reduction of 1 followed by Swern oxidation and then Grignard reaction gave 3. The alkylation of 3 provided the corresponding azetidine derivatives 6, of which the two most promising, 6bd and 6be, were selected from 86 prepared analogues based on their biological profiles. Compound 6be showed activity in vivo in FST at 10 mg/kg IV or 20-40 mg/kg PO.
<i>In Vitro</i>Ischemic Tolerance Involves Upregulation of Glutamate Transport Partly Mediated by the TACE/ADAM17-Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Pathway (2004)

A short ischemic event [ischemic preconditioning (IPC)] can result in a subsequent resistance to severe ischemic injury (ischemic tolerance). Although tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) contributes to the brain damage found after cerebral ischemia, its expression and neuroprotective role in models of IPC have also been described. Regarding the role of TNF-alpha convertase (TACE/ADAM17), we have recently shown its upregulation in rat brain after IPC induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and that subsequent TNF-alpha release accounts for at least part of the neuroprotection found in this model. We have now used an in vitro model of IPC using rat cortical cultures exposed to sublethal oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) to investigate TACE expression and activity after IPC and the subsequent mechanisms of ischemic tolerance. OGD-induced cell death was significantly reduced in cells exposed to IPC by sublethal OGD 24 hr before, an effect that was inhibited by the TACE inhibitor BB3103 (1 microm) and anti-TNF-alpha antibody (2 microg/ml) and that was mimicked by TNF-alpha (10 pg/ml) preincubation. Western blot analysis showed that TACE expression is increased after IPC. IPC caused TNF-alpha release, an effect that was blocked by the selective TACE inhibitor BB-3103. In addition, IPC diminished the increase in extracellular glutamate caused by OGD and increased cellular glutamate uptake and expression of EAAT2 and EAAT3 glutamate transporters; however, only EAAT3 upregulation was mediated by increased TNF-alpha. These data demonstrate that neuroprotection induced by IPC involves upregulation of glutamate uptake partly mediated by TACE overexpression.
Understanding the Antibacterial Mechanism of CuO Nanoparticles: Revealing the Route of Induced Oxidative Stress (2012)

To date, there is still a lack of definite knowledge regarding the interaction of CuO nanoparticles with bacteria and the possible permeation of the nanoparticles into bacterial cells. This study was aimed at shedding light on the size-dependent (from the microscale down to the small nanoscale) antibacterial activity of CuO. The potent antibacterial activity of CuO nanoparticles was found to be due to ROS-generation by the nanoparticles attached to the bacterial cells, which in turn provoked an enhancement of the intracellular oxidative stress. This paradigm was confirmed by several assays such as lipid peroxidation and reporter strains of oxidative stress. Furthermore, electron microscopy indicated that the small nanoparticles of CuO penetrated the cells. Collectively, the results reported herein may reconcile conflicting concepts in the literature concerning the antibacterial mechanism of CuO nanoparticles, as well as highlight the potential for developing sustainable CuO nanoparticles-based devices for inhibiting bacterial infections.
Endocannabinoids and Their Role in Fatty Liver Disease (2010)

The endocannabinoid system comprises receptors, CB1 and CB2, their endogenous lipidic ligands and machinery dedicated to endocannabinoid synthesis and degradation. An overactive endocannabinoid system appears to contribute to the pathogenesis of several diseases, including liver diseases. With the increasing incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in parallel with the obesity epidemic, the development of effective therapies is gaining considerable interest. Several recent experimental lines of evidence identify CB receptors as potential novel therapeutic targets in the management of NAFLD. Endogenous activation of peripheral CB1 receptors is a key mediator of insulin resistance and enhances liver lipogenesis in experimental models of NAFLD. Moreover, we have shown that adipose tissue CB2 receptors are markedly upregulated and promote fat inflammation, thereby contributing to insulin resistance and liver steatosis. Data from our group also indicate that tonic activation of CB1 receptors is responsible for progression of liver fibrosis, whereas CB2 receptors display anti-fibrogenic properties. The clinical relevance of these findings is supported by studies in patients with chronic hepatitis C indicating that daily cannabis use is an independent predictor of both fibrosis and steatosis severity. Moreover, preliminary data derived from clinical trials strongly suggest that selective CB1 antagonism improves insulin resistance and reduces liver fat. Tempering these promises, the first generation of CB1 antagonists raised concern due to an alarming rate of mood disorders and the development program of these molecules was suspended. Current research efforts are therefore focused on developing formulations of CB1 antagonists that do not enter the central nervous system, and preliminary experimental data obtained with such molecules are encouraging.
Genetic Mapping of the <i>Tsw</i> Locus for Resistance to the <i>Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus</i> in <i>Capsicum</i> spp. and Its Relationship to the <i>Sw-5</i> Gene for Resistance to the Same Pathogen in Tomato (2000)

The Tsw gene conferring dominant resistance to the Tospovirus Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) in Capsicum spp. has been tagged with a random amplified polymorphic DNA marker and mapped to the distal portion of chromosome 10. No mapped homologues of Sw-5, a phenotypically similar dominant TSWV resistance gene in tomato, map to this region in C. annuum, although a number of Sw-5 homologues are found at corresponding positions in pepper and tomato. The relationship between Tsw and Sw-5 was also examined through genetic studies of TSWV. The capacity of TSWV-A to overcome the Tsw gene in pepper and the Sw-5 gene in tomato maps to different TSWV genome segments. Therefore, despite phenotypic and genetic similarities of resistance in tomato and pepper, we infer that distinct viral gene products control the outcome of infection in plants carrying Sw-5 and Tsw, and that these loci do not appear to share a recent common evolutionary ancestor.
Electrochemistry of La<sub>0.3</sub>Sr<sub>0.7</sub>Fe<sub>0.7</sub>Cr<sub>0.3</sub>O<sub>3−δ</sub> as an oxygen and fuel electrode for RSOFCs (2015)

The use of a single porous mixed ion-electron conducting (MIEC) material as both the oxygen and fuel electrodes in reversible solid oxide cells is of increasing interest, primarily due to the resulting simplified cell design and lower manufacturing costs. In this work, La(0.3)Sr(0.7)Fe(0.7)Cr(0.3)O(3-δ) (LSFCr-3) was studied in a 3-electrode half-cell configuration in air, pure CO2 and in a 1 : 1 CO2 : CO mixture, over a temperature range of 650-800 °C. A detailed analysis of the impedance (EIS) data, under both open circuit and polarized conditions, as well as the cyclic voltammetry response of LSFCr-3 has shown that it is very active in all of these environments, but with oxygen evolution being somewhat more facile that oxygen reduction, and CO2 reduction more active than CO oxidation. Evidence for a chemical capacitance, associated with the Fe(3+/4+) redox process in LSFCr-3, was also obtained from the EIS and CV data in all gas environments.
An S-Curve Model of the Start-Up Life Cycle Through the Lens of Customer Development (2015)

Using the S-curve model of entrepreneurship, start-up funding, and customer development as a theoretical foundation, researchers can go in several directions. First, they can take a case study approach by investigating young start-ups and, using their financial statements, plotting performance longitudinally. Next, qualitative assessments can be done to understand potential risks that occur at each phase. Third, researchers can develop a greater understanding of the antecedents of early problems and what corrective actions can be implemented to curb the onset of trouble. Finally, large-scale quantitative assessments can be conducted to understand whether certain control variables, such as industry, culture, level of industrial development of the country, and experience of the entrepreneurs, can influence the stages in the S-curve model of entrepreneurship, start-up funding, and customer development. <b>TOPICS:</b>Private equity, analysis of individual factors/risk premia, statistical methods, equity portfolio management
Drug—drug interaction through molecular structure similarity analysis (2012)

The proposed methodology is simple, efficient, allows the investigation of large numbers of drugs, and helps highlight the etiology of DDI. A database of 58 403 predicted DDIs with structural evidence is provided as an open resource for investigators seeking to analyze DDIs.
Twin-Tank Accelerator for High-Voltage Electron Microscopy (HVEM) (1973)

HVEM has become a useful method of research in metallurgy and biology. It was necessary to develop special electron accelerators for the supply of these high-voltage microscopes. In view of ac interference problems with air-insulated accelerators, a commercial 1 MV twin-tank accelerator was introduced in 1967. The voltage in this basic model was extended to 1.5 MV and stability improved from ± 1 x 10-5 to ± 1 x 10-6. The future requirements of the electron microscopists, which are directed towards even higher accelerating voltages and greater stability, can also be met by the principles of the symmetrical cascade generator and twin-tank accelerator.
Fundamentals of a Pulsewidth Modulated Power Circuit (1972)

This paper describes the practical design and operating principles of the pulsewidth modulated (PWM) inverter. The use of this power circuit in a variable voltage, variable frequency ac motor drive is emphasized. A comparison with the conventional adjustable voltage input inverter is made with respect to input-output characteristics as well as the effect of the unit on the input supply. This paper demonstrates the ability to design and produce a practical system using state of the arts components.
A speed identifier for induction motor drives using real-time adaptive digital filtering (1998)

A novel sensorless speed identifier for real-time application in induction motor drives under steady-state and transient conditions is proposed. It is based on the calculation of rotor slot harmonic (RSH) frequencies using an adaptive digital filter. It outperforms other analog or spectrum-based RSH speed identifiers in terms of accuracy and speed of response. The new identifier measures the speed with less than 0.1% error by processing the stator current on a sample-by-sample basis. It is also capable of tracking speed transients of high slew rates with high accuracy. The authors believe this to be the first effective tracking of RSHs during transients ever reported. The proposed algorithm is computationally very efficient and requires only a single processor for its real-time implementation. Simulated and experimental data were used to validate the algorithm.
Frequency-Agility Processing to Reduce Radar Glint Pointing Error (1974)

A technique to reduce radar pointing errors due to glint using frequency agility and amplitude weighting is presented. The reduction in rms tracking error is developed into an equation dependent upon the original glint tracking error, σg, and the number of returns weighted, N. The rms tracking error is thereby reduced approximately by a factor of N. Finally, the equation formulated allows one to evaluate the reduction in glint error versus the number of frequencies chosen for frequency agility.