gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suboptimal filter design with pseudomeasurements for target tracking (1988)

A suboptimal Kalman filter design method is presented for the problem of tracking a maneuvering target. The design method is essentially based on linear target dynamics and linear-like structured measurements called pseudomeasurements. The pseudomeasurements are obtained by manipulating the original nonlinear measurements algebraically. The resulting filter has computational advantages over other filters with similar performance. Also, a variant of the Berg model is proposed as a target acceleration model under the assumption of a coordinated turn maneuver. The proposed model is consistent with the underlying assumption. Monte Carlo computer simulation results are included to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed suboptimal filter associated with the target acceleration model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Evaluation of Combined Spinal-Epidural Anesthesia Using Two Different Techniques (1994)

Combined spinal-epidural provides satisfactory surgical and postoperative analgesia for total knee arthroplasty. An improved needle set for the needle-through-needle technique would be one with a modified Tuohy needle having an aperture at the back and a spinal needle protruding more than 13 mm beyond the Tuohy needle.
Optically Disaggregated Data Centers With Minimal Remote Memory Latency: Technologies, Architectures, and Resource Allocation [Invited] (2018)

Disaggregated rack-scale data centers have been proposed as the only promising avenue to break the barrier of the fixed CPU-to-memory proportionality caused by main-tray direct-attached conventional/traditional server-centric systems. However, memory disaggregation has stringent network requirements in terms of latency, energy efficiency, bandwidth, and bandwidth density. This paper identifies all the requirements and key performance indicators of a network to disaggregate IT resources while summarizing the progress and importance of optical interconnects. Crucially, it proposes a rack-and-cluster scale architecture, which supports the disaggregation of CPU, memory, storage, and/or accelerator blocks. Optical circuit switching forms the core of this architecture, whereas the end-points (IT resources) are equipped with on-chip programmable hybrid electrical packet/circuit switches. This architecture offers dynamically reconfigurable physical topology to form virtual ones, each embedded with a set of functions. It analyzes the latency overhead of disaggregated DDR4 (parallel) and the proposed hybrid memory cube (serial) memory elements on the conventional and the proposed architecture. A set of resource allocation algorithms are introduced to (1) optimally select disaggregated IT resources with the lowest possible latency, (2) pool them together by means of a virtual network interconnect, and (3) compose virtual disaggregated servers. Simulation findings show up to a 34% resource utilization increase over traditional data centers while highlighting the importance of the placement and locality among compute, memory, and storage resources. In particular, the network-aware locality-based resource allocation algorithm achieves as low as 15 ns, 95 ns, and 315 ns memory transaction round-trip latency on 63%, 22%, and 15% of the allocated virtual machines (VMs) accordingly while utilizing 100% of the CPU resources. Furthermore, a formulation to parameterize and evaluate the additional financial costs endured by disaggregation is reported. It is shown that the more diverse the VM requests are, the higher the net financial gain is. Finally, an experiment was carried out using silicon photonic midboard optics and an optical circuit switch, which demonstrates forward error correction free 10−12 bit error rate performance on up to five-tier scale-out networks.
Tivantinib: A New Promising Mesenchymal–Epithelial Transition Factor Inhibitor in the Treatment of Hepatocellular Carcinoma (2013)

Tivantinib (ARQ 197) is an orally administered, selective small molecule that inhibits mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (MET) via a novel, ATP-independent binding mechanism. Preclinical studies demonstrated that tivantinib has a broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity, especially in cells expressing high levels of MET. A randomized Phase II study in second-line hepatocellular carcinoma showed statistically significant improvement in time to progression with tivantinib compared to a placebo. Noteworthy, a significant pronounced benefit in time to progression and overall survival was observed in MET-high patients. In addition, MET expression was defined as a negative prognostic factor. The most frequent adverse events were hematologic events. A Phase III study in the MET-high hepatocellular carcinoma is actively recruiting patients. Phase II and III studies in non-small-cell lung cancer and colorectal cancer are ongoing.
Synthesis and photopolymerization of trifunctional methacrylates and their application as dental monomers (2002)

1,1,1-Tris[4-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]ethane (THMPE) and tris[4-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloyloxypropoxy)phenyl]methane (THMPM) were synthesized and evaluated as base monomers in a dental composite system. The photopolymerization reactivity of the trifunctional methacrylates was similar to that of conventional 2,2-bis[4-(2'-hydroxy-3'-methacryloyloxy-propoxy)phenyl]propane (bis-GMA). Of the three monomers (THMPE, THMPM, and bis-GMA), THMPE has the greatest molecular volume, and its composite showed the lowest photopolymerization shrinkage of the composites derived from the three monomers. The water-solubility values for the light-activated composite resins formulated with THMPE and THMPM were much lower than that for a control bis-GMA composite. The trimethacrylates were not leached out into water from their corresponding photo-cured composites whereas the difunctional bis-GMA was eluted from its composite. The water sorption and flexural strength of the composite resins based on THMPE and THMPM were comparable to those of the bis-GMA composite. THMPE is promising for application as a photocurable dental monomer because of its good polymerization reactivity along with relatively low curing shrinkage and water-solubility of its photo-cured composite.
Purification and general properties of glutamate decarboxylase from <i>Clostridium perfringens</i> (1970)

1. A seven-step procedure for preparing highly purified glutamate decarboxylase from Clostridium perfringens is described. 2. The homogeneity of the pure enzyme was established by sucrose-density-gradient centrifugation and starch-gel electrophoresis. 3. The isoelectric point of the pure enzyme is about pH4.5 and the molecular weight is 290000. 4. The pH optimum for activity is 4.7. The pure enzyme is specific for l-glutamate; beta-hydroxyglutamate is decarboxylated at a lower rate. 5. Evidence is presented that each mol of enzyme contains 2mol of firmly bound pyridoxal 5-phosphate. 6. Resolution does not occur at acid pH; by dilution with neutral or alkaline buffers the enzyme is inactivated and the coenzyme is released. 7. Reconstitution of active enzyme was obtained by protecting the apoenzyme with thiol compounds.
Simultaneous inference of phylogenetic and transmission trees in infectious disease outbreaks (2017)

Whole-genome sequencing of pathogens from host samples becomes more and more routine during infectious disease outbreaks. These data provide information on possible transmission events which can be used for further epidemiologic analyses, such as identification of risk factors for infectivity and transmission. However, the relationship between transmission events and sequence data is obscured by uncertainty arising from four largely unobserved processes: transmission, case observation, within-host pathogen dynamics and mutation. To properly resolve transmission events, these processes need to be taken into account. Recent years have seen much progress in theory and method development, but existing applications make simplifying assumptions that often break up the dependency between the four processes, or are tailored to specific datasets with matching model assumptions and code. To obtain a method with wider applicability, we have developed a novel approach to reconstruct transmission trees with sequence data. Our approach combines elementary models for transmission, case observation, within-host pathogen dynamics, and mutation, under the assumption that the outbreak is over and all cases have been observed. We use Bayesian inference with MCMC for which we have designed novel proposal steps to efficiently traverse the posterior distribution, taking account of all unobserved processes at once. This allows for efficient sampling of transmission trees from the posterior distribution, and robust estimation of consensus transmission trees. We implemented the proposed method in a new R package phybreak. The method performs well in tests of both new and published simulated data. We apply the model to five datasets on densely sampled infectious disease outbreaks, covering a wide range of epidemiological settings. Using only sampling times and sequences as data, our analyses confirmed the original results or improved on them: the more realistic infection times place more confidence in the inferred transmission trees.
Chordoma: clinical characteristics, management and prognosis of a case series of 25 patients (2010)

Despite progress of surgical techniques and the results obtained with targeted therapy, more effort is needed for better disease control. Specific experience of the multi-disciplinary therapeutic team is, however, essential to succeed in improving patients' outcome.
Expression Cloning of Mouse cDNA of CMP-NeuAc:Lactosylceramide α2,3-Sialyltransferase, an Enzyme That Initiates the Synthesis of Gangliosides (1999)

Expression cloning of a cDNA for the alpha2,3-sialyltransferase (GM3 synthase) (EC 2.4.99.-) gene was performed using a GM3-lacking mouse fibroblast line L cell and anti-GM3 monoclonal antibody. Plasmids from a cDNA library generated with poly(A)+ RNA of a mouse fibrosarcoma line CMS5j and pdl3027 (polyoma T antigen) were co-transfected into L cells. The isolated cDNA clone pM3T-7 predicted a type II membrane protein with 13 amino acids of cytoplasmic domain, 17 amino acids of transmembrane region, and a large catalytic domain with 329 amino acids. Introduction of the cDNA clone into L cells resulted in the neo-synthesis of GM3 and high activity of alpha2,3-sialyltransferase. Among glycosphingolipids, only lactosylceramide showed significant activity as an acceptor, indicating that this gene product is a sialyltransferase specific for the synthesis of GM3. An amino acid sequence deduced from the cloned cDNA showed the typical sialyl motif with common features among alpha2,3-sialyltransferases. Among various mouse tissues, brain, liver, and testis showed relatively high expression of a 2.3-kilobase mRNA, whereas all tissues, more or less, expressed this gene.
THE RARE-EARTH METALS AND THEIR USES IN INDUSTRY (1960)

The rare-earth metals which constitute 0.01% of the Earth's crust, are 10 to 100 fold more common than Zn, Cu, Pb, or Sn. Being extracted from 250 commercial ores, they form the basis of a new industry in the Soviet Union. Research on their industrial application is in progress at the Bafkov Institute of Metallurgy of the Academy. The pure metals are not quite refractory and their microhardness is strongly infuenced by their O content or by other impurities. They form refractory oxides and sulfides and in view of their reaction with H, they are used as H absorbers. As it has no affinity toward U and Pu and because of its low thermal neutron capture cross section, Y is a useful component in the construction of nuclear reactors. On the other hand elements with high capture cross sections, such as Gd, Sm, Eu, and In have potential applications as alloying additions or as cermet components for the fabrication of control rods. The ferromagnetic Gd is also useful for the manufacture of magnets, while Pr/sup 147/ finds application in small atomic batteries, Tm/sup 170/ as a gamma source, LaB/sub 6/ as cathode material in electron tubes, and Y/sup 90/ inmore » medical uses. The elements also have great potentialities for use in metallurgy as alloying additions as they improve the chemical and mechanical properties of many alloys. (TTT)« less
Preparation and Characterization of a Poly(β-hydroxyoctanoate) Latex Produced by <i>Pseudomonas </i><i>o</i><i>leovorans</i> (1998)

A latex of poly(β-hydroxyoctanoate) was obtained from Pseudomonas oleovorans grown at high cell density on sodium octanoate. A fermentation using a pH-stat control of octanoate concentration as well as the purification steps using sodium hypochlorite were described. It was observed that latex stabilization occurred spontaneously due to the persistence around the polymer granules of the murein sacculus, which envelopes the bacterial cell. Films were processed by casting and evaporating the polymeric aqueous suspension and were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, wide-angle X-ray scattering, dynamic mechanical analysis, and tensile tests. It was shown that the optimal conditions for the bacteria digestion correspond to a hypochlorite concentration between 21 and 26 mmol of NaOCl/g of biomass. These conditions enable latex stabilization and satisfactory mechanical properties of the resulting film.
Differentiation of the Yolk Sac of the Chick Studied by Electron Microscopy (1963)

ABSTRACT The marginal cells of the area opaca and early yolk sac are extended distally into long processes which may measure up to 500μ in length by as little as μ in depth. In whole mounts of blastoderms, examined by fight microscopy, these processes can be seen forming a clear rim to the blastoderm. They possess cytoplasmic granules, but no mitochondria or endoplasmic reticulum. It is suggested that these processes enable the blastoderm to migrate under the vitelline membrane. The endoderm of the region lying immediately proximal to the edge has been found to be composed of cells and not of a syncytium as is generally supposed. These cells are frequently separated by patches of modified yolk, consisting of a meshwork of membranes. These membranes possess a fine structure similar to that of myelin figures and it is suggested that they are formed by hydration of yolk lipids by water drawn through the vitelline membrane from the egg white. This meshwork corresponds with the region known at this stage as the periblast by some light microscopists. No evidence about the nature of the periblast in early cleavage is presented. The incidence of desmosomes in the area opaca appears to increase between 1 and 2 days of incubation. It is shown that each cell membrane retains its anatomical identity throughout the desmosome. Structural changes begin to take place in the intracellular yolk drops of the area vasculosa just before the establishment of the yolk sac circulation. These changes are considered to be the result of enzyme activity and it is suggested that partly digested yolk is carried in the blood stream to the area pellucida. These events exemplify the nicety of timing involved in many embryonic processes, for just as the intracellular yolk drops of the area pellucida become used up, so, it seems, new supplies of yolk start to arrive from the area vasculosa. Other changes which take place as the area opaca becomes colonized by mesoderm are described. They include: the re-arrangement of the ectoderm cells and changes in their shape; the loss of dorsal villi from the ectoderm cells and the appearance of more desmosomes and to nofilaments in them; changes in shape and arrangement of the endoderm cells, which become epithelial, acquiring desmosomes and tonofilaments. Pinocytic-like indentations appear at the lower border of the endoderm cells. The mesenchyme cells are described and it is noted that collagen-like fibrils appear at the same time.
The fate of striatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea (2006)

The striatum harbours a population of dopaminergic neurons that is thought to act as a local source of dopamine (DA). This neuronal population increases in size in animal models of Parkinson's disease, where striatal DA levels are low, but its fate in idiopathic Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea is poorly known. In this study, we used antibodies raised against the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase (TH), a faithful marker of dopaminergic neurons, to compare, by means of stereological counting methods, the number of striatal TH+ neurons on post-mortem brain sections from Parkinson's disease patients, Huntington's disease patients and age-matched controls. Propidium iodide nuclear staining was also performed to avoid counting short TH+ axonal segments that bear a large swollen varicosity and resemble small bipolar neurons. In normal subjects, TH+ neurons were scattered throughout the striatum, but they abounded preferentially in the ventral portion of the structure and were more numerous in the putamen than in the caudate nucleus. They displayed a multipolar cell body of medium size (10-20 mum in diameter) that emitted 3-5 smooth dendrites, a typical characteristic of striatal interneurons. These TH+ cells were rarely found in the small TH-poor striosomes, most of them being embedded in the large TH-rich extrastriosomal matrix. The number of striatal TH+ neurons was also found to vary according to an inverse relation with the age of the subjects. In pathological brains, the morphological characteristics of the striatal TH+ neurons were relatively unaltered, but the number of such neurons was markedly reduced compared with controls. The striatum of Parkinson's disease patients was found to contain six times less TH+ neurons than that of controls, whereas the striatum of Huntington's disease patients was largely devoid of such neurons. These findings are at odds with the results obtained in rodent and monkey models of Parkinson's disease, in which the number of striatal TH+ neurons is reported to increase markedly following DA denervation. Since Parkinson's disease patients examined in this study were all treated with l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine to compensate for the loss of striatal DA and that levels of striatal DA are reportedly higher in the striatum of Huntington's disease patients compared with controls, we hypothesize that local DA concentrations exert a negative feedback on the expression of TH phenotype by striatal interneurons. A better knowledge of factors governing the in vivo state of this ectopic neuronal population could open new therapeutic avenues for the treatment of Parkinson's disease and Huntington's chorea.
Some investigations on the effective short time outgassing depth of metals (1998)

Outgassing rates of aluminium samples coated with Al, Fe, and B were studied as a function of the surface composition at and near room temperature. The surface was changed by diffusion processes caused by heating in argon at atmospheric pressure and in vacuum. Achieved effects of these preparations were studied by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy depth profiling, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy measurements. It can be shown that the outgassing rate is independent on the atomic concentration of O, C, Al, Fe, and B in the nanometer range for many 105 s, when the samples were prepared in this way. The samples coated and heated at 500 °C in vacuum and the aluminum surface cleaned with ethanol have nearly the same outgassing behavior after air exposure. Therefore it can be concluded that the short time outgassing is only controlled by contamination and desorption.
Birch Reduction of Graphite. Edge and Interior Functionalization by Hydrogen (2012)

The Birch reduction (lithium in liquid ammonia) of graphite gives a highly reduced, exfoliated product that is free of lithium. Edge and interior hydrogenation were demonstrated by solid-state (13)C NMR spectroscopy. Elemental analysis of a carefully purified sample allows the chemical composition to be expressed as (C(1.3)H)(n). Atomic force microscopy images showed that the reduced graphene was highly exfoliated. Hydrogen mapping by electron energy loss spectroscopy showed that the entire surface of the reduced sample was covered by hydrogen, consistent with the NMR studies also indicating that hydrogen was added in interior positions of the graphene lattice as well as along the edge. A large band gap (4 eV) further establishes the high level of hydrogenation.
Narrowing the Gap between Readers and Books (2005)

So much hinges on putting the right book in a students’ hands. Motivation to read is the foundation from which knowledge, reading competency, and comprehension grow. But how do we do it? Here, Hinton and Dickinson offer practical advice for how to reach kids through a partnership with library media specialists and a commitment to promoting books across subjects, locations, and seasons.
Sites of Hydroxyl Radical Reaction with Amino Acids Identified by <sup>2</sup>H NMR Detection of Induced <sup>1</sup>H/<sup>2</sup>H Exchange (2001)

Hydroxyl radical reacts with the aliphatic C-H bonds of amino acids by H atom abstraction. Under anaerobic conditions inclusion of a (2)H atom donor results in (1)H/(2)H exchange into these C-H bonds [Goshe et al. Biochemistry 2000, 39, 1761--1770]. The site of (1)H/(2)H exchange can be detected and quantified by (2)H NMR. Integration of the (2)H NMR resonances within a single spectrum permits the relative rate of H atom abstraction from each position to be determined. Analysis of the aliphatic amino acid spectra indicates that the methine and methylene positions were more reactive than the methyl positions. The (2)H NMR spectra of isoleucine and leucine show that H-atom abstraction distal to the alpha-carbon occurs preferentially. Significant (1)H/(2)H exchange was observed into the delta positions of proline and arginine and into the epsilon-methylene of lysine, indicating that a positive charge on a geminal N does not inhibit the (1)H/(2)H exchange. Comparisons of (2)H NMR integrations between amino acid spectra indicated that (1)H/(2)H exchange occurred in the following descending order: L > I > V > R > K > Y > P > H > F >M> T > A > [C, S, D, N, E, Q, G, W]. The extent of (1)H/(2)H exchange into methionine, N-glycyl-methionine, and methionine sulfoxide suggests that a prominent solvent exchange pathway involving hydroxyl radical mediated oxidation of methionine exists to account for the large (2)H incorporation into the gamma-methylene of methionine sulfoxide that is absent for N-glycyl-methionine. Analysis of the (1)H NMR spectra of the reactions with phenylalanine and tyrosine indicated that hydroxyl radical addition to the phenyl ring under the anaerobic reductive reaction conditions did not result in either exchange or hydroxylation.