gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Handwriting Segmentation of Unconstrained Oriya Text (2004)

Segmentation of handwritten text into lines, words and characters is one of the important steps in the handwritten recognition system. For the segmentation of unconstrained Oriya handwritten text into individual characters, a water reservoir-concept based scheme is proposed in this paper. Here, at first, the text image is segmented into lines, and then lines are segmented into individual words, and words are segmented into individual characters. For line segmentation the document is divided into vertical stripes. Analyzing the heights of the water reservoirs obtained from different components of the document, the width of a stripe is calculated. Stripe-wise horizontal histograms are then computed and the relationship of the peak-valley points of the histograms is used for line segment. Based on vertical projection profile and structural features of Oriya characters, text lines are segmented into words. For character segmentation, at first, isolated and connected (touching) characters in a word are detected. Using structural, topological and water-reservoir-concept based features touching characters of the word are then segmented.
Is Neisseria gonorrhoeae Initiating a Future Era of Untreatable Gonorrhea?: Detailed Characterization of the First Strain with High-Level Resistance to Ceftriaxone (2011)

Recently, the first Neisseria gonorrhoeae strain (H041) that is highly resistant to the extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC) ceftriaxone, the last remaining option for empirical first-line treatment, was isolated. We performed a detailed characterization of H041, phenotypically and genetically, to confirm the finding, examine its antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and elucidate the resistance mechanisms. H041 was examined using seven species-confirmatory tests, antibiograms (30 antimicrobials), porB sequencing, N. gonorrhoeae multiantigen sequence typing (NG-MAST), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), and sequencing of ESC resistance determinants (penA, mtrR, penB, ponA, and pilQ). Transformation, using appropriate recipient strains, was performed to confirm the ESC resistance determinants. H041 was assigned to serovar Bpyust, MLST sequence type (ST) ST7363, and the new NG-MAST ST4220. H041 proved highly resistant to ceftriaxone (2 to 4 μg/ml, which is 4- to 8-fold higher than any previously described isolate) and all other cephalosporins, as well as most other antimicrobials tested. A new penA mosaic allele caused the ceftriaxone resistance. In conclusion, N. gonorrhoeae has now shown its ability to also develop ceftriaxone resistance. Although the biological fitness of ceftriaxone resistance in N. gonorrhoeae remains unknown, N. gonorrhoeae may soon become a true superbug, causing untreatable gonorrhea. A reduction in the global gonorrhea burden by enhanced disease control activities, combined with wider strategies for general AMR control and enhanced understanding of the mechanisms of emergence and spread of AMR, which need to be monitored globally, and public health response plans for global (and national) perspectives are important. Ultimately, the development of new drugs for efficacious gonorrhea treatment is necessary.
Intestinal Assimilation of a Tetrapeptide in the Rat (1977)

The small intestine is capable of taking up peptide nutrients of two or three amino acid residues, but the mechanism of intestinal assimilation of larger oligopeptides has not been established. The amino-oligopeptidase of the intestinal brush border possesses high specificity for oligopeptides having bulky side chains and is a candidate for a crucial role in the overall assimilation of dietary protein. Rat jejunum was used for in vitro gut sac and in vivo perfusion experiments with Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly (2 mM) as the test substrate with analysis of parent peptide and products by automatic ion-exchange chromatography. In these experiments, the tetrapeptide disappeared rapidly from the test solution (20 mumol/s per cm(2) in vitro; 17 mumol/s per cm(2) in vivo) by sequential removal of amino acid residues from the N-terminus to yield amino acids and the C-terminal dipeptide. In gut sac experiments, 61-100% of these products of hydrolysis appeared in the incubation medium and the remainder in the tissue. In contrast, only small amounts of hydrolytic products were found within intestinal lumen in vivo.Gly-l-Pro (10 mM), a peptide known to be transported intact but not to be hydrolyzed by the brush border aminopeptidase, failed to inhibit Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly disappearance suggesting that the tetrapeptide does not utilize the known intact transport mechanism. Hypoxic conditions (N(2) atmosphere) in vitro markedly inhibited transport of glucose, leucine, and Gly-Gly but failed to impair Gly-l-Leu-Gly-Gly disappearance suggesting that the first step in assimilation of the tetrapeptide does not involve a transport process. Disappearance of the tetrapeptide was completely blocked by l-leucyl-beta-naphthylamide (10 mM), a specific substrate for brush border aminopeptidase and by the phthalimido derivative of l-leucine bromomethyl ketone, a potent peptidase inhibitor. Hence, the amino-oligopeptidase at the intestinal surface appears to be essential for the initial stages of assimilation of this model tetrapeptide.
Cooperative communication with network coding in GF(2 (2009)

In this paper, we propose a multi-users cooperative communication scheme based on the network coding in GF(2n). Through changing the implementation of network coding and designing the proper coding coefficients, this network-coded cooperation in GF(2n) (NCCG) can improve the solvability of decoding set of equations in the receiver effectively and make full use of the advantages taken by network coding. Compared with the cooperation by resending and cooperation based on network coding with XOR operation, the analysis and simulation results indicate that NCCG can yield higher system diversity gain, improve the efficiency of cooperation and the performance of system powerfully.
Noninvasive monitoring of acute and chronic rejection in heart transplantation (2017)

Noninvasive monitoring of acute and chronic rejection after cardiac transplantation is an unmet need and remains a challenge. Imaging techniques and peripheral blood biomarkers are the most commonly used approaches, and in recent years there has been great progress. Gene expression profiling seems to be useful for ruling out the presence of a moderate to severe acute cellular rejection in stable, low-risk patients. Newer monitoring tools, like donor-derived cell-free DNA or microRNA, seem to be promising for individualizing immunosuppressive therapies and better understanding the mechanisms of rejection.
Utility of high-density barium to improbve the quality of x-ray images (2005)

注腸X線検査におけるバリウム付着不良例の減少と更なる画質の向上を目的に，現行バリウムとほぼ同等の粘度でより高濃度化にした製剤を調合して，その有効性を画像評価から現行バリウムと対比することにより検討した。その結果，高濃度化製剤のグループは前処置の良否に関わらず，バリウム付着は有意に深部結腸で向上し，乾き評価では乾きにくい傾向を示した。以上の結果から，粘性を維持したままでの高濃度化は，濃度が上昇したことによる希釈化の低減，添加剤の相互作用等の影響により画質の向上がみられたため，有用であると考えられた。
Tailoring Macromolecular Expression at Polymersome Surfaces (2009)

Abstract A series of amphiphilic ABC triblock copolymers are synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization, wherein the ‘A’ and ‘C’ blocks are hydrophilic and the pH‐sensitive ‘B’ block can be switched from hydrophilic in acidic solution to hydrophobic at pH 7. Careful addition of base to the molecularly dissolved copolymer in acidic solution readily induces the self‐assembly of such triblock copolymers at around neutral pH to form pH‐sensitive polymersomes (a.k.a. vesicles) with asymmetric membranes. By systematic variation of the relative volume fractions of the ‘A’ and ‘C’ blocks, the chemical nature of the polymer chains expressed at the interior or exterior corona of the polymersomes can be selected. Treatment of primary human dermal fibroblast cells with these asymmetric polymersomes demonstrates the biological consequences of such spatial segregation, with both polymersome cytotoxicity and endocytosis rates being dictated by the nature of the polymersome surface chemistry. The pH‐sensitive nature of the polymersomes readily facilitates their dissociation after endocytosis due to the relatively low endosomal pH, which results in the rapid release of an encapsulated dye. Selective binding of anionic substrates such as DNA within the inner cationic polymersome volume, coupled with a biocompatible exterior, leads to potential gene delivery applications for these pH‐sensitive asymmetric nanovectors.
Proteolytic cleavage at arginine residues within the hydrophilic disulphide loop of the <i>Escherichia coli</i> Shiga‐like toxin I A subunit is not essential for cytotoxicity (1993)

Escherichia coli Shiga-like toxin I is a type II ribosome-inactivating protein composed of an A subunit with RNA-specific N-glycosidase activity, non-covalently associated with a pentamer of B subunits possessing affinity for galabiose-containing glycolipids. The A subunit contains a single intrachain disulphide bond encompassing a hydrophilic sequence containing two trypsin-sensitive arginine residues. By analogy with other bacterial toxins it has been proposed that proteolytic nicking, deemed essential for a cytotoxic effect, occurs within this disulphide-bonded loop to generate the A1 and A2 fragments. Reduced A1 is then believed to translocate an internal membrane to inactivate protein synthesis in the cytosol. In this report, the disulphide-loop arginines of the SLT I A subunit were mutated to block the specific proteolysis presumed to occur. However, the mutant generated remained an effective toxin having similar catalytic activity to wild-type toxin and only a marginally reduced cytotoxicity towards cultured cells. We conclude that the disulphide-loop arginine residues are not the unique and essential processing sites previously assumed, but that processing may occur at alternative accessible sites to compensate for loss of target sites within the loop.
Ultrafast Cleavage and Deprotection of Oligonucleotides Synthesis and Use of C<sup>Ac</sup>Derivatives (1997)

Abstract We have investigated the use of alkylamines as fast cleavage and deprotection reagents for the solid phase synthesis of oligonucleotides and found methylamine/ammonium hydroxide (or methylamine) as an efficient reagent. The transamination side product formed with the commonly used dCbz has been eliminated by the use of dCAc phosphoramidite. This system has successfully been used in the synthesis of oligonucleotides and oligonucleoside phosphorothioates. DMT dCAc hydrogen phosphonate and DMT ribo CAc-2′-O Me phosphoramidite also have been prepared and used in the synthesis of oligonucleotides.
The refractive index of helium (1965)

e refractive index of helium for wavelengths longer than 600 Å is calculated by a variational method from the ground state representation of Hart and Herzberg. The results agree very well with the observations which refer to wavelengths between 2700 Å and 9000 Å.
Automatic Ontology Generation for Musical Instruments Based on Audio Analysis (2013)

In this paper we present a novel hybrid system that involves a formal method of automatic ontology generation for web-based audio signal processing applications. An ontology is seen as a knowledge management structure that represents domain knowledge in a machine interpretable format. It describes concepts and relationships within a particular domain, in our case, the domain of musical instruments. However, the different tasks of ontology engineering including manual annotation, hierarchical structuring and organization of data can be laborious and challenging. For these reasons, we investigate how the process of creating ontologies can be made less dependent on human supervision by exploring concept analysis techniques in a Semantic Web environment. In this study, various musical instruments, from wind to string families, are classified using timbre features extracted from audio. To obtain models of the analysed instrument recordings, we use K-means clustering to determine an optimised codebook of Line Spectral Frequencies (LSFs), or Mel-frequency Cepstral Coefficients (MFCCs). Two classification techniques based on Multi-Layer Perceptron (MLP) neural network and Support Vector Machines (SVM) were tested. Then, Formal Concept Analysis (FCA) is used to automatically build the hierarchical structure of musical instrument ontologies. Finally, the generated ontologies are expressed using the Ontology Web Language (OWL). System performance was evaluated under natural recording conditions using databases of isolated notes and melodic phrases. Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) were conducted with the feature and classifier attributes as independent variables and the musical instrument recognition F-measure as dependent variable. Based on these statistical analyses, a detailed comparison between musical instrument recognition models is made to investigate their effects on the automatic ontology generation system. The proposed system is general and also applicable to other research fields that are related to ontologies and the Semantic Web.
A 3mW 12b 10MS/s sub-range SAR ADC (2009)

This paper presents a successive approximation analog-to-digital converter (SAR ADC) achieving high power efficiency by adopting sub-range concept. Overlapping range greatly relieves the accuracy requirement on the first 6 bit resolving in coarse conversion. The error made in the coarse conversion is recovered during the rest 7 bit resolving in fine conversion. Hence, it significantly reduces the capacitor array output settling time of most-significant-bit (MSB) capacitor switching, which is the speed bottleneck for traditional SAR ADC. A 3mW 12b 10MS/s sub-range SAR ADC is realized in 0.13-μm CMOS process. The prototype circuit reaches SNDR 59.7dB at Nyquist input frequency. It occupies an active chip area of 0.096 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
Voxel-based Path Planning for 3D Scanning of Mechanical Parts (2013)

Computer-Aided Design and Applications is an international journal on the applications of CAD and CAM. It publishes papers in the general domain of CAD plus in emerging fields like bio-CAD, nano-CAD, soft-CAD, garment-CAD, PLM, PDM, CAD data mining, CAD and the internet, CAD education, genetic algorithms and CAD engines. The journal is aimed at all developers and users of CAD technology to ptovide CAD solutions for various stages of design and manufacturing. The journal publishes all about Computer-Aided Design and Computer-Aided technologies.
Tunable structural color in organisms and photonic materials for design of bioinspired materials (2011)

In this paper, the key topics of tunable structural color in biology and material science are overviewed. Color in biology is considered for selected groups of tropical fish, octopus, squid and beetle. It is caused by nanoplates in iridophores and varies with their spacing, tilting angle and refractive index. These examples may provide valuable hints for the bioinspired design of photonic materials. 1D multilayer films and 3D colloidal crystals with tunable structural color are overviewed from the viewpoint of advanced materials. The tunability of structural color by swelling and strain is demonstrated on an example of opal composites.
An example of 3-D AVO for lithology discrimination in Widuri Field, Asri Basin, Indonesia (1996)

Drilling offshore Southeast Sumatra in the area of the Widuri Field, Asri Basin has demonstrated that the oil producing Upper Gita sandstones within the Lower Miocene Talang Akar Formation correlate with bright seismic amplitudes on 3-D stack data. Seismic amplitude maps at the Base Upper Gita horizon are interpreted as either a network of distributary channels or a meandering fluvial system. Channel fill lithologies vary considerably and are difficult to interpret from conventional seismic stack data. Carbonaceous shales, likely deposited during the abandonment phase of channeling, have acoustic impedances similar to sandstones. Dipole sonic log measurements of Poisson’s ratio are significantly higher in carbonaceous shales than sandstones. Based on raytraced models, carbonaceous shales have strong decreasing AVO while sand has a negligible AVO response. AVO attributes P and G inverted from 3-D prestack seismic data are used for detection of carbonaceous shale. Based on mapping, good correlation exists between well data and the AVO product attribute P*G. The stratigraphic model of shale abandonment fill in a meandering fluvial system is interpreted to be supported by the 3-D AVO data. This interpretation will be tested with future drilling.
The cell membrane‐shielding function of eicosapentaenoic acid for <i>Escherichia coli</i> against exogenously added hydrogen peroxide (2006)

The colony-forming ability of catalase-deficient Escherichia coli mutant genetically modified to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) showed less decrease than in a control strain producing no EPA, when treated with 0.3mM hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) under non-growth conditions. H(2)O(2)-induced protein carbonylation was enhanced in cells lacking EPA. The amount of fatty acids was decreased more significantly for cells lacking EPA than for those producing EPA. Much lower intracellular concentrations of H(2)O(2) were detected for cells with EPA than those lacking EPA. These results suggest that cellular EPA can directly protect cells against oxidative damage by shielding the entry of exogenously added H(2)O(2).
Multicolour emission in silica whispering gallery mode microspherical resonators (2014)

High quality factor whispering gallery mode microresonators are ideally suited for nonlinear optical interactions. We demonstrate x<sup>(3)</sup>-based nonlinear interactions in silica microspheres, consisting in third harmonic generation and Raman assisted TSFG in the visible. A tunable, CW multicolour emission has been quantitatively measured controlling the cavity mode dispersion by choosing suitable sized microspheres and exciting the proper modes for efficient frequency conversion.
Measurement of blade tip clearance using an ultrasonic sensor (1997)

This paper describes a development and evaluation of a blade tip clearance measurement system using an ultrasonic sensor. Special features of this system are; (i) it is adequate for metal and non-metal blade; (ii) it permits measurement without contact; (iii) it can work in dirty environment; and (iv) it is easy to install. Experimental results using a rotating blade test rig are described. Blade tip speed is restricted to Mach 0.18 due to the limitation of the test rig. It is concluded that the ultrasonic method is a promising candidate for an on-line clearance control of gas turbine engines.
Occupational dermatoses in hospital cleaning women (1983)

In an investigation of 541 members of a hospital cleaning department, a prevalence rate of occupational skin diseases of 15.3% was found. During their hospital employment, 39.1% had a skin disease. Higher prevalence in the younger age groups can be explained by the selection of those with skin diseases for work away from the cleaning department. A large number developed their disease shortly after employment began. This was an indication that the observed prevalent conditions were irritant diseases. The distribution by diagnosis confirms this conclusion in as much as 75% of the occupational skin diseases were irritant dermatitis, 21% allergic contact dermatitis, and 4% monilia of the finger webs. The causes of allergic contact dermatitis were found to be formaldehyde, glutaraldehyde and chloramine in addition to nickel and rubber. Among the causes of irritant dermatitis were detergents, alkaline substances, acids and sodium perborate as well as hypochlorite and hypobromite combinations. In order to reduce occupational skin diseases among cleaning personnel, it is necessary to extend both local and more general prophylactic measures.
Stabilization for loop isomers of c-myc G-quadruplex DNA and anticancer activity by ruthenium complexes (2014)

In this study, two similar ruthenium(II) complexes 1 and 2 were synthesized to explore their selectivity for binding loop isomers of the c-myc G-quadruplex. The results show that both complexes can efficiently bind the c-myc G-quadruplex DNA, although complex 2 exhibited higher binding affinity. Studies of G-quadruplex loop isomers revealed that the c-myc G-quadruplexes on complexes 1 and 2 may contribute to the selectivity of 1:2:1 loop isomers as well as the high affinity of complex 2. This work also found that complex 2 significantly inhibited HeLa cell proliferation and was considerably less toxic to normal cells (Hs-68). Flow cytometric analysis showed that complex 2 induced cell apoptosis by mitochondrial pathways and inhibited the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS).
Clusters, Functional Regions and Cluster Polices (2007)

This paper gives an overview of research on economic clusters and clustering and is motivated by the growing intellectual and political interest for the subject. Functional regions have the features that agglomeration of economic activities i.e. clusters, benefit from. Functional regions have low intra-regional transaction and transportation cost and has access to the local labour market. The features of spatial economic concentration were for a long time disregarded and it was first in the early 1990s that Krugman brought the subject into the stage light. The scientific interests of cluster and clustering phenomenon have after the “new” introduction rapidly increased in the last decade. Hence, the subject is being thought at various education levels. The importance of cluster and clustering has also been recognized at a national, regional and local level and cluster policies are becoming a major part of political thinking. These policies are however often based on a scarce analysis where no strict criterions are stated.
The development of mobile broadcasting TV: a socio-technical comparison of Singapore and Taiwan (2011)

Among studies on emerging mobile broadcasting TV, theories for cross-country comparisons have seldom been applied. This paper investigates market trials of mobile broadcasting TV in Singapore and Taiwan. It uses a socio-technical perspective to examine complex relations between the co-evolving subsystems of industry/market, policy, and technology. This paper advances the understanding of how this mobile technology will evolve by interviewing key stakeholders in industry players and regulators. After Taiwan announced its mobile TV policy in December 2009, Singapore has remained indecisive. The findings show that Singapore is likely to choose the DVB-H standard and adopt the subscription model, while Taiwan will adopt DVB-H and MediaFLO and apply a hybrid model. Industry pull is found to be the driving force in developing mobile broadcasting TV, while policy delays this technology-ready mobile service. The cultural factor is considered as the underlying shaping power of the three subsystems and subtly affects technological development.
Diamagnetic Corrections and Pascal's Constants (2008)

Measured magnetic susceptibilities of paramagnetic substances must typically be corrected for their underlying diamagnetism. This correction is often accomplished by using tabulated values for the diamagnetism of atoms, ions, or whole molecules. These tabulated values can be problematic since many sources contain incomplete and conflicting data. This article presents an explanation for the origin of the diamagnetic correction factors, organized tables of constants compiled from many sources, a simple method for estimating the correct order of magnitude for the diamagnetic correction for any given compound, a clear explanation of how to use the tabulated constants to calculate the diamagnetic susceptibility, and a worked example for the magnetic susceptibility of copper acetate.