gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Combination of Insulin and Metformin in the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes (2002)

Of the 390 subjects, 37 dropped out (12 in the placebo and 25 in the metformin group). Of those who completed 16 weeks of treatment, metformin use, as compared with placebo, was associated with improved glycemic control (mean daily glucose at 16 weeks 7.8 vs. 8.8 mmol/l, P = 0.006; mean GHb 6.9 vs. 7.6%, P < 0.0001); reduced insulin requirements (63.8 vs. 71.3 IU, P < 0.0001); reduced weight gain (-0.4 vs. +1.2 kg, P < 0.01); and decreased plasma LDL cholesterol (-0.21 vs. -0.02 mmol/l, P < 0.01). Risk of hypoglycemia was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS-In type 2 diabetic patients who are intensively treated with insulin, the combination of insulin and metformin results in superior glycemic control compared with insulin therapy alone, while insulin requirements and weight gain are less.
The inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles on the bacterial fish pathogens, Streptococcus iniae, Lactococcusgarvieae, Yersinia ruckeri and Aeromonashydrophila (2009)

isolates) the results showed that the MBCs were in a range from more than 10 µg/ml to 0.62 µg/ml 30-90 minutes post-inoculation. Also, the range of MBCs for was 0.31 µg/ml to less than 0.15 µg/ml, while the range of MBCs for was from 2.5 to 0.62 µg/ml 30 to 90 minutes post-inoculation, respectively. Generally, the bacterial growth for these bacterial species was reduced from 1 × 10 cells/ml to no growth compared to initial inoculums of 10 cells/ml during 90 minutes after exposure to silver nanoparticles. No remarkable change was found in the bacterial count for the control samples (PBS without silver nanoparticles) during the experiment. silver nanoparticles, , , , , MBC. Streptococcus iniae Lactococcus garvieae Yersinia ruckeri Aeromonas hydrophila.
Barat - a front end for java (1998)

This paper presents a front-end for Java, called Barat, that supports static analysis of Java programs. Barat builds a complete abstract syntax tree from Java source code files, enriched with name and type analysis information. It supports the complete Java language as of version 1.1. Barat is structured as a framework that supports traversals of abstract syntax trees using visitors and attributes, and provides additional features such as parsing comments as tags, access to parent nodes in the abstract syntax tree, and re-generation of source code. For users of Barat, there is no explicit distinction between phases of loading, parsing, and analyzing Java source code: All actions that need to be performed for building the AST of a Java program are transparent to clients of Barat and are triggered on demand.
Use of a Novel Modified TSI for the Evaluation of Controlled-Release Aerosol Formulations. I (2000)

When considering the development of potential controlled-release pulmonary drug delivery systems, there is at present no standard method available for the assessment of in vitro drug release profiles necessary to understand how the drug might release following deposition in the lungs. For this purpose, the twin-stage impinger (TSI), apparatus A of the BP, has been redesigned and tested. This modified TSI was found capable of discriminating between drug release rates from conventional and different dry powder formulations consisting of model controlled-release excipients, providing information related to (a) drug diffusion properties of controlled-release dry powder blends with different excipient components and (b) the effect of varying drug concentration within a given formulation.
Dense neural networks for predicting chromatin conformation (2018)

By carrying out sensitivity analysis on both networks, we are able to highlight the importance of chromatin contexts and neighborhoods for regulating long-range contacts, along with critical alterations that affect contact formation. Our analysis shows that the networks have learned physical insights that are informative and intuitive about this complex polymer problem.
Joint-transform correlator systems using deformable-mirror spatial light modulators (1989)

Two joint-transform correlator systems based on deformable-mirror-device (DMD) spatial light modulators and charge-coupled-device (CCD) video cameras are described. The system designs provide for real-time correlation between video-formatted input scenes and stored reference images. The DMD light modulators are used exclusively for inputting data in the optical stages of these systems, and the CCD cameras are used to provide the critical square-law detection required in joint-transform architectures. Experimental verification of the functionality of these DMD/CCD joint-transform systems is also presented.
Development of X-ray scanner using 450-kVp X-ray (2003)

The objective of this paper is to develop an X-ray scanner that consists of a 450-kVp X-ray generator, a linear detector array, an electric circuit for data acquisition, and image processing software. This work is composed of three main parts. First, Monte Carlo simulations and experiments have been performed to determine the scintillator geometry and its surface condition so that the light output from it can be maximized. According to the simulations and experiments, the CdWO/sub 4/ (CWO) of 1.7 mm/spl times/3.0 mm/spl times/10 mm with ground surface, which is treated with grinding material of 28-/spl mu/m grain size, gives the best light yield. Secondly, a PIN photodiode for this system is fabricated and its characteristic parameters are measured to compare with those of two commercial products, one from Detection Technology and the other from Hamamatsu. From experimental results, at zero bias where the system is operated, all three diodes have nearly identical leakage currents of a few pA, and junction capacitances of this study and DT are about 40 pF/mm/sup 2/ and that of Hamamatsu about 9 pF/mm/sup 2/. At 490 nm, the peak wavelength of the CWO light, the spectral responses of this work, DT, and Hamamatsu are 0.4, 0.3, and 0.2, respectively. It appears that the photodiode of this work gives excellent light sensitivity in the range of 400 to 900 nm. Thirdly, the spatial resolution of the system including our developed data acquisition system (DAS) shows 0.29 lp/mm at MTF of 10%, and this system satisfies the resolution of 4.75-mm objects that the U.S. Customs Service has suggested for cargo container inspection systems.
ChemInform Abstract: 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR Spectroscopy of Synthetic Monosulfated Methyl α‐ D‐Mannopyranosides (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Brewing characteristics of haploid strains isolated from sake yeast Kyokai No. 7 (2008)

Sake yeast exhibit various characteristics that make them more suitable for sake brewing compared to other yeast strains. Since sake yeast strains are Saccharomyces cerevisiae heterothallic diploid strains, it is likely that they have heterozygous alleles on homologous chromosomes (heterozygosity) due to spontaneous mutations. If this is the case, segregation of phenotypic traits in haploid strains after sporulation and concomitant meiosis of sake yeast strains would be expected to occur. To examine this hypothesis, we isolated 100 haploid strains from Kyokai No. 7 (K7), a typical sake yeast strain in Japan, and compared their brewing characteristics in small-scale sake-brewing tests. Analyses of the resultant sake samples showed a smooth and continuous distribution of analytical values for brewing characteristics, suggesting that K7 has multiple heterozygosities that affect brewing characteristics and that these heterozygous alleles do segregate after sporulation. Correlation and principal component analyses suggested that the analytical parameters could be classified into two groups, indicating fermentation ability and sake flavour.
Total work rate of breathing optimization in CO-2 inhalation and exercise (1975)

The hypothesis that respiratory frequency and the relative durations of inspiration and expiration are regulated according to a total cycle work rate minimization criterion was explored. Effects of negative work performed by the respiratory muscles and dead space variation as a function of tidal volume were included in a formulation which yielded a theoretically predictable optimal frequency and relative duration of inspiration and expiration at all levels of ventilation. Predicted cycle characteristics based on measured mechanical parameters were compared with data taken during CO-2 inhalation (3 and 5%) and moderate exercise (MRR = 3 and 6) in three normal human subjects. No major difference in breathing pattern was observed between CO-2 inhalation and exercise. Results suggest that conditions for minimization of total cycle work rate are achieved asympototically as the level of ventilation rises above the resting level. At rest and at low levels of hyperpnea complete work rate optimization is not achieved.
X-RAY ABSORPTION IN THE 2 TO 200 A REGION. (1967)

Abstract : Physical and chemical analysis, x-ray astronomy and high temperature plasma diagnostics which utilize the ultrasoft x-radiations have made evident a strong need for filling the gap in measured absorption coefficient data for the radiations between the conventional x-rays and the extreme ultraviolet. More than one hundred new coefficients have been recently measured in this laboratory on the gas state, atomic or molecular, containing He, C, N, O, F, Ne, S, Cl, Ar, Kr, and Xe using eleven fluorescent, characteristic wavelengths Al-K (8.34 A) through Be-K (113.8 A). The radiations were isolated by Bragg reflection from multilayer analyzers of the Langmuir-Blodgett type and by pulse height discriminating proportional counter intensity measurements. Using these data and data previously published, a complete table has been determined for He through Ar and for wavelengths below the L sub III edges and in the region 2-to- 200 A. Absorption cross sections have been calculated for many compound materials which are commonly encountered in low energy x-ray analysis. The transmission of x-rays from a source above the earth has been tabulated as a function of altitude and wavelength.
Effects of Salts on the Initial Thermal Degradation of Concentrated Aqueous Solutions of Sucrose<sup>1</sup> (1996)

Abstract The effects of salts and other solutes on the degradation of highly pure sucrose in concentrated aqueous solutions (∼65°Brix or % dissolved solids) at 100°C were investigated. Polarimetry and ion chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection (ICIPAD) were used to quantify sucrose degradation. Pseudo-first order kinetic constants of initial degradation rates were calculated. Salt and solute effects were first considered with relation to their effect on water structure around the sucrose molecule. Na+, Mg2+ and Ca2+, which act to enhance water structure, slightly increased initial degradation; the latter two ions significantly increased subsequent accelerated degradation. Highly charged, small cations, e.g., Al3+, significantly increased sucrose degradation through polarized hydrated ions/acidic pH effects. Larger cations, e.g., K+, which act to reduce water structure, significantly increased degradation. The Hofmeister (lyotropic) anion order was not followed for sucrose thermal degradation effects, which indicated that anion binding to hydrophobic sites on the sucrose molecule is not critical. Other possible mechanisms of salt-induced sucrose thermal degradation are discussed.
IPA - An intelligent personal assistant agent for task performance support (2009)

Assisting users in performing their tasks is an important issue in human computer interaction research. A solution to deal with this challenge is to build a personal assistant agent capable to discover the user's habits, abilities, preferences, and goals, ever more accurately anticipating the user's intentions. In order to solve in an intelligent manner this problem, the assistant agent has to continuously improve its behavior based on previous experiences. By endowing the agent with the learning capability, it will become able to adapt himself to the user's behavior. This paper proposes an intelligent personal assistant agent that learns by supervision to assist users in performing specific tasks. For evaluating the performance of the agent a case study is considered, and a neural network is used by the agent to learn by supervision from its experience. We also provide a comparison of our approach with other similar existing work.
A novel control strategy for optimization of power capacity based on railway power static conditioner (2008)

The railway static power conditioner (RPC) is used to compensate negative phase sequence (NPS) current, reactive current and harmonic current in electric railway. This paper, based on the decoupling of NPS current and reactive current, presents a novel control strategy which makes the PRC achieve flexible compensation targets for three-phase voltage unbalance and power factor drop in accordance with the corresponding power quality standards in railway. An optimum algorithm based on reactive current priority compensation control strategy is proposed to realize the optimal utilization of the power capacity of PRC. In the following part of the paper, the theoretical analysis is provided and the optimum compensation performance is verified by the simulation results in various track loads conditions.
Design of anion-selective membranes for clinically relevant sensors (1986)

Requirements for the applicability of anion-selective electrodes in clinical analysis are discussed in terms of selectivity, response time, lifetime and stability. Basically, classical anion-exchangers, electrically charged carriers and electrically neutral carriers may be used as anion-selective components in solvent polymeric membranes. While classical ion-exchanger-based membrane electrodes are only of limited practical relevance, sensors containing ion carriers seem to bear a broad potential with regard to the feasibility of realizing the required properties. The control of the selectivity determining properties of electrically neutral tin organic anion carriers probably allows the development of sufficiently selective membranes for the assay of clinically relevant anions. Furthermore, the incorporation of membrane technology into the design of such carrier membranes may lead to fully optimized sensors.
LXI. <i>Preliminary notice of the results accomplished in the manufacture and theory of gratings for optical purposes</i> (1882)

(1882). LXI. Preliminary notice of the results accomplished in the manufacture and theory of gratings for optical purposes. The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science: Vol. 13, No. 84, pp. 469-474.
The FYVE Domain of Early Endosome Antigen 1 Is Required for Both Phosphatidylinositol 3-Phosphate and Rab5 Binding (2000)

Early endosome antigen 1 (EEA1) is 170-kDa polypeptide required for endosome fusion. EEA1 binds to both phosphtidylinositol 3-phosphate (PtdIns3P) and to Rab5-GTP in vitro, but the functional role of this dual interaction at the endosomal membrane is unclear. Here we have determined the structural features in EEA1 required for binding to these ligands. We have found that the FYVE domain is critical for both PtdIns3P and Rab5 binding. Whereas PtdIns3P binding only required the FYVE domain, Rab5 binding additionally required a 30-amino acid region directly adjacent to the FYVE domain. Microinjection of glutathione S-transferase fusion constructs into Cos cells revealed that the FYVE domain alone is insufficient for localization to cellular membranes; the upstream 30-amino acid region required for Rab5 binding must also be present for endosomal binding. The importance of Rab5 in membrane binding of EEA1 is underscored by the finding that the increased expression of wild-type Rab5 increases endosomal binding of EEA1 and decreases its dependence on PtdIns3P. Thus, the levels of Rab5 are rate-limiting for the recruitment of EEA1 to endosome membranes. PtdIns3P may play a role in modulating the Rab5 EEA1 interaction.
Magnetic structure of Er6Fe23 (1984)

Analyses of neutron powder diffraction data for Er6Fe23 at several temperatures are described. We find that the Er and Fe moments are essentially collinear throughout the ordered temperature regime, in contrast to other Er-transition metal systems. Our results are compatible with molecular field theory analyses of the Er6Fe23 magnetization.
Anionic Synthesis of Chain-End and In-Chain, Cyano-Functionalized Polystyrenes by Hydrosilylation of Allyl Cyanide with Silyl Hydride-Functionalized Polystyrenes (2008)

ω-Cyano-functionalized polystyrene has been prepared in 87% isolated yield using the general functionalization methodology based on anionic polymerization, silyl hydride functionalization, and hydrosilylation with allyl cyanide. First, an ω-silyl hydride-functionalized polystyrene was prepared quantitatively from poly(styryl)lithium by reaction with dimethylchlorosilane in hydrocarbon solution. Then the silyl hydride-functionalized polystyrene was added to allyl cyanide using Karstedt’s Pt(0) hydrosilylation catalyst. This general functionalization methodology was also used to develop a new synthesis of in-chain functionalized polymers. First, an in-chain, silyl hydride-functionalized polystyrene was prepared quantitatively from the reaction of excess poly(styryl)lithium with dichloromethylsilane in hydrocarbon solution. The excess poly(styryl)lithium was reacted with ethylene oxide to form an easily separable, hydroxyl-functionalized polystyrene. Then the purified, in-chain silyl hydride-functionalized polystyrene was added to allyl cyanide using Karstedt’s Pt(0) hydrosilylation catalyst. The resulting in-chain, cyano-substituted polystyrene was isolated in 58% yield. The silyl hydride- and cyano-functionalized polystyrenes were characterized by SEC, FTIR, 1H and 13C NMR, and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
Energetics and kinetics of lactate fermentation to acetate and propionate via methylmalonyl-CoA or acrylyl-CoA (2002)

Fermentation balances and growth yields were determined with various bacteria fermenting lactate to acetate plus propionate either via methylmalonyl-CoA or via acrylyl-CoA. All strains fermented lactate to acetate plus propionate at approximately a 1:2 ratio. Growth yields of Propionibacterium freudenreichii were more than twice as high as those of Clostridium homopropionicum or Veillonella parvula. Hydrogen was formed as a side product to a significant extent only by V. parvula and Pelobacter propionicus; the latter formed hydrogen preferentially when using ethanol as substrate. Acrylyl-CoA reductase of C. homopropionicum and Clostridium neopropionicum was found nearly exclusively in the cytoplasm thus confirming that this reduction step is unlikely to be involved in energy conservation. C. homopropionicum exhibited higher K(S) and higher micro(max) values, as well as higher specific substrate turnover rates than P. freudenreichii. The results allow us to conclude that C. homopropionicum using the acrylyl-CoA pathway with low growth yield obtains its specific competitive advantage compared to P. freudenreichii not through higher substrate affinity or metabolic shift toward enhanced acetate-plus-hydrogen formation but through faster specific substrate turnover.
Geometry Unfolding Algorithm Based on Finite Element Mesh Surface with Mixed Elements (2007)

Aiming to unfold the flanged and locally bulged part on finite element mesh surface, a Geometry Unfolding (GU) algorithm is proposed in order to unfold the special part. This new algorithm improves the old flange geometry unfolding algorithm [1 Bao, Y. D., Lang, Z. K.Hu, P. 2004. Flange Geometry Unfolding Algorithm on One Step Inverse Forming. China Mechanical Engineering, vol. 15(10–11): 212–215. [Google Scholar]] and can automatically adapt the flanged and locally bulged part on both plane and surface. The 3-D graphics geometry transform method is used to unfold the flanged region, and then the implicit surface based on radical basis function is used to unfold the locally bulged region. GU algorithm can also deal with mixed meshes of elements, such as triangle and quadrangle elements. The program of the GU algorithm independently developed can identify the unfolding elements automatically, and unfold on finite mesh surface rapidly and effectively.
Treatment of a high‐strength, mixed phenolic waste in an SBR (1992)

ABSTRACT: Biological degradation of a synthetic mixture of several phenolic compounds typically found in coal conversion wastes was investigated in the sequencing batch reactor (SBR). The mixture contained phenol; o ‐, m ‐, and p ‐cresols; and 2,3and 3,4‐dimethylphenols and had a total chemical oxygen demand (COD) concentration of 7750 mg/L. A variety of aerobic and anoxic control strategies were tested. A strategy that included an extended anoxic period resulted in the accumulation of byproducts that adversely affected removal efficiency and overall performance. In general, however, COD removal efficiencies were greater than 99%, with effluent COD concentrations averaging between 30 and 52 mg/L. Overdesign of the SBR (that is, hydraulic retention times in excess of that required for COD removal) resulted in the development of filamentous bacteria and poor settling characteristics in the reactor. This problem was eliminated or controlled either by introducing a short anoxic fill period or increasing the organic load. Removal patterns indicative of diauxic growth were observed. Conventional design approaches based on overall COD removal patterns and organic load must be applied cautiously and in conjunction with the removal patterns for individual components when used to design facilities that treat multicomponent toxic wastes.
Adaptive scan rate up-conversion system based on human visual characteristics (2000)

Current NTSC systems employ an interlaced scan scheme where visually annoying artifacts, such as line flickers, large area flickers, and edge flickers, are inevitably generated and more objectionable with a larger display. With the development of HDTV systems, how an NTSC signal can be displayed in an HDTV system has also become a problem. Accordingly in order to solve these problems, many adaptive scan rate up-conversion systems have been proposed. The proposed system consists of a modified edge directional line averaging (ELA) interpolation module and contrast enhancement module. The modified ELA interpolation module reduces the visually annoying artifacts induced by an interlaced scan scheme whereas the degradation in the contrast and details due to interpolation processing is compensated by the contrast enhancement module. Moreover, the proposed system is easy to implement and the VLSI architecture is very simple. This new system was mainly developed for doubling the scan rate in an NTSC system; however, it can also be used in the format conversion in an HDTV system.
SIMPLE QUANTITATIVE TEST FOR ACUITY AND RELIABILITY OF BINOCULAR STEREOPSIS (1942)

Previously I have described three tests<sup>1</sup>for binocular stereopsis, each of which utilizes one or more new principles. These tests are essentially, only qualitative, although the kinetic test, the most useful of the three, does permit acuity to be estimated with considerable accuracy. About five years ago I devised a test based on an entirely different principle, that of presenting misleading monocular criteria so as to make binocular parallax the only correct evidence of relative depth and to cause perception of false depth when this correct evidence was not perceived. So far as I am aware this principle had never before been purposely employed. During the past year I have made the test accurately quantitative. One of its important advantages is that it reduces to a negligible factor the possibility of correct guessing. The test is simple and is made without the use of a stereoscope, amblyoscope or, in