gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Role of 5-HT1A Receptors in The Treatment of Schizophrenia and Parkinson's Disease (2010)

5-HT(1A) receptors have long been implicated in the pathogenesis and treatment of anxiety and depressive disorders. Recently, several lines of studies have revealed new insights into the therapeutic role of 5-HT(1A) receptors in treating schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease. Specifically, 5-HT(1A) receptors seem to be a promising target for alleviating antipsychotic-induced extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) and cognitive/affective disorders in schizophrenia. In the treatment of patients with Parkinson's disease, 5-HT(1A) agonists are expected to improve not only affective symptoms (e.g., anxiety and depression), but also the core parkinsonian symptoms as well as antiparkinsonian agents-induced side effects (e.g., L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia). Here, the therapeutic mechanisms mediated by 5-HT(1A) receptors in schizophrenia and Parkinson's disease are reviewed. This evidence should encourage discovery of new 5-HT(1A) ligands, which can resolve the unmet clinical needs in the current therapy.
Assessing undergraduate experience of continuous integration and test-driven development (2006)

A number of agile practices are included in software engineering curricula, including test-driven development. Continuous integration often is not included, despite it becoming increasingly common in industry to code, test, and integrate at the same time. This paper describes a study whereby software engineering undergraduates were given a short intensive experience of test-driven development with continuous integration using an environment that imitated a typical industrial circumstance. Assessment was made of students' agile experience rather than of project deliverables, using a novel set of process measures that examined students' participation and performance in agile testing. Results showed good participation by student pairs, and clear understanding of agile processes and configuration management. Future work will investigate automation of the assessment of continuous integration and configuration management server data.
Opposite Effects on <i>Spodoptera littoralis</i> Larvae of High Expression Level of a Trypsin Proteinase Inhibitor in Transgenic Plants (1998)

This work illustrates potential adverse effects linked with the expression of proteinase inhibitor (PI) in plants used as a strategy to enhance pest resistance. Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. cv Xanthi) and Arabidopsis [Heynh.] ecotype Wassilewskija) transgenic plants expressing the mustard trypsin PI 2 (MTI-2) at different levels were obtained. First-instar larvae of the Egyptian cotton worm (Spodoptera littoralis Boisd.) were fed on detached leaves of these plants. The high level of MTI-2 expression in leaves had deleterious effects on larvae, causing mortality and decreasing mean larval weight, and was correlated with a decrease in the leaf surface eaten. However, larvae fed leaves from plants expressing MTI-2 at the low expression level did not show increased mortality, but a net gain in weight and a faster development compared with control larvae. The low MTI-2 expression level also resulted in increased leaf damage. These observations are correlated with the differential expression of digestive proteinases in the larval gut; overexpression of existing proteinases on low-MTI-2-expression level plants and induction of new proteinases on high-MTI-2-expression level plants. These results emphasize the critical need for the development of a PI-based defense strategy for plants obtaining the appropriate PI-expression level relative to the pest's sensitivity threshold to that PI.
Ozone precursor monitor for investigating air pollution. (1982)

Ozone is designated by the Environmental Protection Agency as one of six principal air pollutants. Of the six, ozone alone is classified as a secondary pollutant since it is not emitted by a specific source. Ozone is formed in the lower atmosphere by photochemical reactions involving the precursors of ozone: gaseous organic compounds (mostly hydrocarbons), nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide. This paper describes a new automated method for quantifying the precursors of ozone. An ozone analyzer is coupled to a reaction vessel contained in an irradiation chamber. At timed intervals discrete samples of outside air are drawn into the reaction vessel and irradiated with ultraviolet light. The amount of ozone produced is a measure of the photochemical reactivity potential of the precursor blend. The ozone precursor monitor (OPM) is designed for urban air sampling stations where analyzers for the principal air pollutants are routinely operated. The monitor, however, has other uses. Among special applications of the method that are discussed are its use as an early warning device for forecasting elevated ozone concentrations, a screening system for assessing the photoreactivity of solvents, and a procedure for investigating the transport of ozone precursors from urban to rural areas.
LC Method for Determination of Rasagiline Mesylate in Different Plasma Matrices and its Application to Oral Pharmacokinetic Study in Rabbits (2012)

A simple, rapid and sensitive reverse-phase liquid chromatographic method is developed and validated for estimation of rasagiline mesylate in different plasma matrices (rat, rabbit and human plasma). The method employs an isocratic elution technique with a Kromasil C18 column and has an optimized mobile phase composition of 10 mM ammonium acetate buffer-acetonitrile (40:60 v/v). The plasma samples displayed linear detector responses in the concentration range of 0.5-20 µg/mL in all plasma matrices when monitored at 265 nm using an ultraviolet detector. Because the simple protein precipitation method yields over 95% recovery of rasagiline mesylate from all plasma matrices, no internal standard was used in this method. A detailed validation study of the method proves the accuracy, precision and selectivity (in estimating rasagiline mesylate) in all plasma matrices. The drug is also stable under various processing and storage conditions in all plasma matrices, as evident from the study. The present method was applied to determine the drug-protein binding ratio in all the plasma matrices. The use of this method in determining pharmacokinetic parameters of rasagiline mesylate by non-compartmental analysis after oral dosing in rabbits is also discussed.
Synthesis of Indan-Based Unusual α-Amino Acid Derivatives under Phase-Transfer Catalysis Conditions (2000)

Conformationally constrained cyclic alpha-amino acid derivatives were synthesized under solid-liquid phase-transfer catalysis conditions. This methodology involves the bis-alkylation of ethyl isocyanoacetate with various alpha,alpha'-dibromo-o-xylene derivatives [alpha,alpha'-dibromo-o-xylene 5, 2,3-bis(bromomethyl)-1, 4-dimethoxybenzene 6, 1,2-bis(bromomethyl)-4,5-dibromobenzene 7, 2, 3-bis(bromomethyl)naphthalene 8, 1,8-bis(bromomethyl)-naphthalene 9, 6,7-bis(bromomethyl)-2,2-dimethyl-1H-phenalene-1,3(2H)-dione 10, 2, 3-bis(bromomethyl)-1,4-anthraquinone 11, 6, 7-bis(bromomethyl)quinoxaline 12, 3,4-bis(bromomethyl)furan 13, 1,2, 4,5-tetrakis(bromomethyl)benzene 28, and hexakis(bromomethyl)benzene 30] using potassium carbonate as a base and tetrabutylammonium hydrogensulfate as a phase-transfer catalyst to give corresponding isonitrile derivatives, which upon hydrolysis with HCl in ethanol gave amino esters. Using this method electron-deficient as well as electron-rich and halogen-substituted indan-based alpha-amino acids were prepared. The preparation of bis-indan as well as tris-indan alpha-amino esters is also described.
SDF-1 Inhibition Targets the Bone Marrow Niche for Cancer Therapy (2014)

Bone marrow (BM) metastasis remains one of the main causes of death associated with solid tumors as well as multiple myeloma (MM). Targeting the BM niche to prevent or modulate metastasis has not been successful to date. Here, we show that stromal cell-derived factor-1 (SDF-1/CXCL12) is highly expressed in active MM, as well as in BM sites of tumor metastasis and report on the discovery of the high-affinity anti-SDF-1 PEGylated mirror-image l-oligonucleotide (olaptesed-pegol). In vivo confocal imaging showed that SDF-1 levels are increased within MM cell-colonized BM areas. Using in vivo murine and xenograft mouse models, we document that in vivo SDF-1 neutralization within BM niches leads to a microenvironment that is less receptive for MM cells and reduces MM cell homing and growth, thereby inhibiting MM disease progression. Targeting of SDF-1 represents a valid strategy for preventing or disrupting colonization of the BM by MM cells.
The potential usefulness of taurine on diabetes mellitus and its complications (2011)

Taurine (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid) is a free amino acid found ubiquitously in millimolar concentrations in all mammalian tissues. Taurine exerts a variety of biological actions, including antioxidation, modulation of ion movement, osmoregulation, modulation of neurotransmitters, and conjugation of bile acids, which may maintain physiological homeostasis. Recently, data is accumulating that show the effectiveness of taurine against diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and its complications, including retinopathy, nephropathy, neuropathy, atherosclerosis and cardiomyopathy, independent of hypoglycemic effect in several animal models. The useful effects appear due to the multiple actions of taurine on cellular functions. This review summarizes the beneficial effects of taurine supplementation on diabetes mellitus and the molecular mechanisms underlying its effectiveness.
Duplicating RTP Streams (2014)

Packet loss is undesirable for real-time multimedia sessions but can
occur due to a variety of reasons including unplanned network outages.
In unicast transmissions, recovering from such an outage can be
difficult depending on the outage duration, due to the potentially
large number of missing packets. In multicast transmissions, recovery
is even more challenging as many receivers could be impacted by the
outage. For this challenge, one solution that does not incur unbounded
delay is to duplicate the packets and send them in separate redundant
streams, provided that the underlying network satisfies certain
requirements. This document explains how Real-time Transport Protocol
(RTP) streams can be duplicated without breaking RTP or RTP Control
Protocol (RTCP) rules.
Treatment with imatinib improves drug delivery and efficacy in NSCLC xenografts (2007)

Imatinib, an inhibitor of PDGF-Rbeta and other tyrosine kinase receptors, has been shown to decrease microvessel density and interstitial fluid pressure in solid tumours, thereby improving subsequent delivery of small molecules. The purpose of this study was to test whether pretreatment with imatinib increases the efficacy of traditional chemotherapy in mice bearing non-small cell lung carcinoma xenografts, and to investigate the effects of imatinib on liposomal drug delivery. Efficacy treatment groups included (n=9-10): saline control, imatinib alone (oral gavage, 100 mg kg(-1) x 7 days), docetaxel alone (10 mg kg(-1) i.p. 2 x /week until killing), and imatinib plus docetaxel (started on day 7 of imatinib). Tumours were monitored until they reached four times the initial treatment volume (4 x V) or 28 days. A separate experiment compared tumour doxorubicin concentrations (using high performance liquid chromatography) 24 h after treatment with liposomal doxorubicin alone (6 mg kg(-1) i.v., n=9) or imatinib plus liposomal doxorubicin (n=16). Imatinib plus docetaxel resulted in significantly improved antitumour efficacy (0/10 animals reached 4 x V by 28 days) when compared to docetaxel alone (3/9 reached 4 x V, P=0.014) or imatinib alone (9/10 reached 4 x V, P=0.025). Pretreatment with imatinib also significantly increased tumour concentrations of liposomal doxorubicin. Overall, these preclinical studies emphasise the potential of imatinib as an adjunct to small molecule or liposomal chemotherapy.
Adrenal and intestinal secretion of catecholamines and neuropeptides during splanchnic artery occlusion shock. (1988)

Plasma levels of catecholamines and neuropeptides (met-enkephalin, ME; neurotensin, NT; neuropeptide Y, NPY; peptide YY, PYY; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, VIP; cholecystokinin, CCK; bombesin, BMB) were examined in the femoral artery (FA), adrenal vein (AD), and portal vein (PV), in eight cats under halothane anesthesia at baseline (S1), at the end of a 2-hr ligation period of the major splanchnic arteries (celiac trunk, superior and inferior mesenteric arteries) (S2), immediately (S3) and 30 min (S4) after splanchnic reperfusion, and after the administration of naloxone (1 mg/kg, i.v.) (S5). During S2, there was a significant increase in portal vein VIP levels, while the other variables (hemodynamics, hormone levels) remained unchanged. During early shock (S3), significant (10- to 30-fold) increases in adrenal secretion of all catecholamines, ME, NT, NPY, and PYY occurred, while VIP and PYY were significantly released into the PV, and two- to tenfold increases in femoral artery catecholamine and ME levels were observed. Later shock (S4) led to a further fivefold increase, compared to S3, in adrenal release of norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), and ME. Following naloxone administration (S5), the adrenal medullary release of NE, epinephrine (EPI), DA, NT, and NPY was significantly (twofold) increased; however, the animals' hemodynamic situation did not improve.
Differential phosphorylation activities of CDK‐activating kinases in <i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> (2002)

Activation of cyclin-dependent kinases (CDKs) requires phosphorylation of a threonine residue within the T-loop by a CDK-activating kinase (CAK). Here we isolated an Arabidopsis cDNA (CAK4At) whose predicted product shows a high similarity to vertebrate CDK7/p40(MO15). Northern blot analysis showed that expressions of the four Arabidopsis CAKs (CAK1At-CAK4At) were not dependent on cell division. CAK2At- and CAK4At-immunoprecipitates of Arabidopsis crude extract phosphorylated CDK and the carboxy-terminal domain (CTD) of the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II with different preferences. These results suggest the existence of differential mechanisms in Arabidopsis that control CDK and CTD phosphorylation by multiple CAKs.
Fluorene-Based Hydroxide Ion Conducting Polymers for Chemically Stable Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (2015)

Three novel fluorene-based polymers with pendant alkyltrimethylammonium groups were synthesized and characterized. The polymers were soluble in dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide at room temperature and methanol at 40 °C while remaining insoluble in water. The polymeric membranes were transparent and flexible and exhibited hydroxide ion conductivities above 100 mS/cm at 80 °C. The results of <sup>1</sup>H NMR and titration measurements demonstrated an excellent chemical stability of the synthesized polyfluorene, even after treatment in 1 M NaOH solution at 80 °C for 30 days. The results of this study suggest a feasible approach to the synthesis and practical applications of a new class of alkaline anion exchange membranes.
Epidermal growth factor receptor number decreases during rat liver regeneration. (1981)

The potential role of epidermal growth factor (EGF) in the regulation of rat liver regeneration was examined by assessing the binding of 125I-EGF to hepatic membranes isolated at various times after partial hepatectomy. The results demonstrated a fall in 125I-EGF binding detectable as early as 8 h after partial hepatectomy. The nadir in EGF binding, less than 40% of that observed in sham-operated control rats, was seen 36 and 48 h after partial hepatectomy. Scatchard analysis showed that the decrease in binding capacity was due to a fall in receptor number. The specificity of the observed loss of EGF receptors was substantiated in parallel studies of 125I-insulin and 125I-wheat germ lectin binding; the binding of these ligands did not decrease appreciably during liver regeneration. The data are consistent with the hypothesis that EGF or a similar substance is one component of the complex humoral signal that regulates liver regeneration.
Neutralizing antibodies inhibit HIV-1 transfer from primary dendritic cells to autologous CD4 T lymphocytes (2012)

Dendritic cells (DCs) support only low levels of HIV-1 replication, but have been shown to transfer infectious viral particles highly efficiently to neighboring permissive CD4 T lymphocytes. This mode of cell-to-cell HIV-1 spread may be a predominant mode of infection and dissemination. In the present study, we analyzed the kinetics of fusion, replication, and the ability of HIV-1-specific Abs to inhibit HIV-1 transfer from immature DCs to autologous CD4 T lymphocytes. We found that neutralizing mAbs prevented HIV-1 transfer to CD4 T lymphocytes in trans and in cis, whereas nonneutralizing Abs did not. Neutralizing Abs also significantly decreased HIV-1 replication in DCs, even when added 2 hours after HIV-1 infection. Interestingly, a similar inhibition of HIV-1 replication in DCs was detected with some nonneutralizing Abs and was correlated with DC maturation. We suggest that the binding of HIV-1-specific Abs to FcγRs leads to HIV-1 inhibition in DCs by triggering DC maturation. This efficient inhibition of HIV-1 transfer by Abs highlights the importance of inducing HIV-specific Abs by vaccination directly at the mucosal portal of HIV-1 entry to prevent early dissemination after sexual transmission.
Transgenic Tobacco Plants Expressing a Mutant VU-4 Calmodulin Have Altered Nicotinamide Co-Enzyme Levels and Hydrogen Peroxide Levels (1999)

In order to understand the biological role of calmodulin in plants, transgenic tobacco plants expressing a calmodulin mutant (VU-4 calmodulin, lys to ile-115) gene have been analyzed. SDS-PAGE and Western-blot analyses showed that the foreign calmodulin mutant is stably and highly expressed in the transgenic tobacco plants. The levels of were elevated approximately 2-fold in the transgenic plants. Furthermore, the transgenic tobacco plants have more than 6-fold higher levels of NADPH compared to control tobacco plants. The present findings, combined with previous data showing differences in the susceptibility of the transgenic tobacco seeds and normal tobacco seeds to fungal contamination (Oh and Yang, 1996), suggest that the expression of the calmodulin derivative gene in tobacco plants could increase resistance to infection by fungal pathogens.
Confined photoactive substructures on a chiral scaffold: the design of an electroluminescent polyimide as material for PLED** (2005)

The optical and electroluminescent properties of a new chiral electroluminescent polyimide consisting of alternating conjugated segments and chiral units is described. The synthesized polymer exhibited high thermal stability (Td = 350 °C), high electron affinity, and good thin-film forming ability. The C2 symmetry of the chiral unit induces a secondary structure which reduces all types of intra and interchain interactions. The incorporation of a well-defined phenyleneethynylene substructure within the chiral backbone allowed the fabrication of a monolayer electroluminescent polymeric diode with high performance which compares most favorably to related poly-phenyleneethynylene.
The Role of Hypoxia and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1Alpha in Preeclampsia Pathogenesis (2012)

Preeclampsia affects 5%-8% of pregnancies and is the leading worldwide cause of maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Preeclampsia is associated with shallow trophoblast invasion and inadequate spiral artery remodeling, which are widely believed to lead to placental hypoxia, the putative culprit initiating the cascade of events that ultimately results in the maternal manifestations of the disease. Despite extensive research, however, the pathophysiology of this disease remains poorly understood, no effective prevention exists, and treatment is limited to symptomatic therapy. Recent research has introduced exciting new theories regarding the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Clinical and experimental evidence implicating the circulating antiangiogenic molecules soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 (sFLT-1) and soluble endoglin (sENG), as well as endothelin-1 and the angiotensin II receptor type I autoimmune antibody (AT-1AA), have been especially promising. This review collates evidence for a role of hypoxia and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF1A; referred to as HIF-1α throughout) in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia and discusses possible molecular links between hypoxia and the newly reported potential mediators of the disease's manifestations.
Fail-safe Approach for the V-22 Composite Proprotor Yoke (2001)

The V-22 proprotor yoke is fabricated from filament-wound unidirectional glass/epoxy belts that react to centrifugal force (CF) loads and beam and chord bending loads. Fiberglass tape is laid up at off-axis orientation between the unidirectional belts to react shear loads. The structural criteria for both metallic and composite V-22 dynamically loaded rotor components specify that these components be fatigue tested and analyzed to show a “safe life” of 30 000 h. Based on the fatigue test results of prototype and production proprotor yokes, a safe life of 30 000 h for the composite proprotor yoke could not be substantiated. However, testing of the yoke was continued beyond delamination initiation. The V-22 proprotor yoke continued to carry load in the fatigue tests with significant delaminations within the composite structure. These results, in addition to similar test results produced by Bell Helicopter Textron on composite proprotor yokes for commercially produced aircraft, indicate that it will be possible to substantiate this component using a “fail-safe” methodology.
Biopsy of focal hepatic lesions. Comparison of 18 and 22 gauge needles. (1983)

One hundred consecutive patients underwent CT-guided percutaneous biopsy of focal non-cystic hepatic lesions using 18 and 22 gauge needles. The overall accuracy rate was 98% for the 18 gauge needle (92 true positives, 6 true negatives, 2 false negatives) and 84% for the 22 gauge needle (79 true positives, 5 true negatives, 4 false negatives, 12 with inadequate cellular material). There were no complications with either needle. The major advantage of the 18 gauge needle was its more consistent retrieval of adequate cellular material. CT with bolus contrast enhancement and rapid-sequence scanning facilitates avoidance of hypervascular lesions and hemangiomas, thereby adding to the safety of the technique.
Development outreach 12 (2) : south opportunity (2010)

Contents of the development outreach newsletter are as follows: the south-south opportunity; south meets south: enriching the development menu; rise of the global south and its impact on south-south cooperation; AID effectiveness; south-south mutual learning; south-south knowledge exchange as a tool for capacity development; south-south learning in the Trifinio region; China's international poverty reduction center as a platform for south-south learning; developing the capacity of post-conflict countries through south-south partnerships; the power of parliamentary south-south learning; helping Latin America help itself; Asia's deepening regionalism brings shared prosperity; the Bogota spirit.