gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Sub-Poissonian photon statistics in resonance fluorescence (1979)

Expressions are derived for the probability p(n) that n photons are emitted in a given time in the steady state by a two-level atom, when it is placed in a resonant, coherent, exciting field. The distribution p(n) is shown to be narrower than Poissonian. The ratio [<(Deltan)(2)> - <n>]<n> is negative and has an absolute maximum value of 3/4. The possibility of observing the sub-Poissonian statistics is discussed briefly.
Introduction: Understanding War and Violence (2007)

Practices of violence permeate the global arena. They take form in diverse locations, from the complex decision-making structures of governments to the most clandestine and informal processes associated with networks to the invisible private location of the individual planning a destructive act. Violence in late modernity has this wide span of operations, manifest at times in inter-state conflicts, but mostly involving practices that are transnational in their locations. Just as the spatial terrain of violence can be global in reach, so too the temporal element of political violence transcends the immediacy of the battlefield. The late modern condition, with its intensified social relations, renders proximate distant events so that practices of violence are almost immediately brought forth into the global space, rendering war in late modernity immediately accessible to the judgement of this arena in all its diverse manifestations, public and private. The use of violence as a form of political practice is situated in contests over interests, values and resources; however, its enabling conditions stem from discursive and institutional continuities that are deep-rooted in social relations.
Automated segmentation of optic disc and optic cup in fundus images for glaucoma diagnosis (2012)

The vertical Cup-to-Disc Ratio (CDR) is an important indicator in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Automatic segmentation of the optic disc (OD) and optic cup is crucial towards a good computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) system. This paper presents a statistical model-based method for the segmentation of the optic disc and optic cup from digital color fundus images. The method combines knowledge-based Circular Hough Transform and a novel optimal channel selection for segmentation of the OD. Moreover, we extended the method to optic cup segmentation, which is a more challenging task. The system was tested on a dataset of 325 images. The average Dice coefficient for the disc and cup segmentation is 0.92 and 0.81 respectively, which improves significantly over existing methods. The proposed method has a mean absolute CDR error of 0.10, which outperforms existing methods. The results are promising and thus demonstrate a good potential for this method to be used in a mass screening CAD system.
<i>In situ</i> calibration of miniature sensors implanted into the anterior cruciate ligament. Part I: Strain measurements (1998)

The goals of this study were to (a) evaluate the differential variable reluctance transducer as an instrument for measuring tissue strain in the anteromedial band of the anterior cruciate ligament, (b) develop a series of calibration curves (for simple states of knee loading) from which resultant force in the ligament could be estimated from measured strain levels in the anteromedial band of the ligament, and (c) study the effects of knee flexion angle and mode of applied loading on output from the transducer. Thirteen fresh-frozen cadaveric knee specimens underwent mechanical isolation of a bone cap containing the tibial insertion of the anterior cruciate ligament and attachment of a load cell to measure resultant force in the ligament. The transducer (with barbed prongs) was inserted into the anteromedial band of the anterior cruciate ligament to record local elongation of the instrumented fibers as resultant force was generated in the ligament. A series of calibration curves (anteromedial bundle strain versus resultant force in the anterior cruciate ligament) were determined at selected knee flexion angles as external loads were applied to the knee. During passive knee extension, strain readings did not always follow the pattern of resultant force in the ligament; erratic strain readings were often measured beyond 20 degrees of flexion, where the anteromedial band was slack. For anterior tibial loading, the anteromedial band was a more active contributor to resultant ligament force beyond 45 degrees of flexion and was less active near full extension; mean resultant forces in the range of 150-200 N produced strain levels on the order of 3-4%. The anteromedial band was also active during application of internal tibial torque; mean resultant forces on the order of 180-220 N produced strains on the order of 2%. Resultant forces generated by varus moment were relatively low, and the anteromedial band was not always strained. Mean coefficients of variation for resultant force in the ligament (five repeated measurements) ranged between 0.038 and 0.111. Mean coefficients of variation for five repeated placements of the strain transducer in the same site ranged from 0.209 to 0.342. Insertion and removal of this transducer at the anteromedial band produced observable damage to the ligament. In our study, repeatable measurements were possible only if both prongs of the transducer were sutured to the ligament fibers.
Synthesis of Thiolate-Stabilized Platinum Nanoparticles in Protolytic Solvents as Isolable Colloids (2001)

Water-dispersible, isolable thiolate-stabilized platinum nanoparticles are synthesized by two one-phase methods: one is conducted in water; another mainly in methanol, through the reduction of chloroplatinic acid with sodium borohydride, using mercaptosuccinic acid (MSA) as the stabilizer. The well-separated particles with mean diameter of 2.5 nm are obtained in water when the initial molar ratio of MSA to chloroplatinic acid (S/Pt) is 0.7. High-resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that most particles are fcc single crystals of cuboctahedral or truncated octahedral morphology with cell parameter similar to that of bulk Pt. The average particle diameter increases from 2.5 nm to around 4.7 nm upon decreasing the S/Pt ratio from 0.7 to 0.1; at the same time, particle aggregation occurs due to the incomplete coverage of thiolate molecules on the particle surface. The particles with mean diameter of 2.3 nm are also obtained while using methanol as the solvent at an initial S/Pt ratio of 0.5. Experiments through changing the concentration of sodium borohydride show that the reaction is thermodynamically controlled; the final Pt particle size is dictated by the initial S/Pt ratio.
Glutathione protects metastatic melanoma cells against oxidative stress in the murine hepatic microvasculature (1998)

Calcein-labeled B16 melanoma (B16M) cells were injected intraportally, and in vivo video microscopy was used to study the distribution and damage of cancer cells arrested in the liver microvasculature over a period of 4 hours. The contribution of glutathione (GSH)-dependent antioxidant machinery to the possible oxidative stress-resistance mechanism of B16M cell was determined by in vitro incubation with the selective inhibitor of GSH synthesis L-buthionine (S,R)-sulphoximine (BSO) before B16M cell injection in untreated and 0.5-mg/kg lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated mice. In addition, untreated and LPS-treated isolated syngeneic hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells (HSE) were used to determine in vitro their specific contribution to B16M cell damage. Trauma inherent to intrasinusoidal lodgement damaged 35% of B16M cells in both normal and LPS-treated mouse liver. The rest of the arrested B16M cells remained intact in normal liver for at least 4 hours, although their damaged cell percentage significantly (P < .05) increased since the second hour in normal mice injected with BSO-treated cells and since the first hour in LPS-treated mice given untreated cells. Recombinant human interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (rHuIL-1-Ra) given to mice 15 minutes before LPS significantly (P < .05) abrogated B16M cell damage. On the other hand, 40% of the B16M cells co-cultured with unstimulated HSE and 70% of the co-cultured with LPS-treated HSE became sensitive to endothelial cell-mediated damage after BSO treatment. These results demonstrate that a high intracellular level of GSH protects B16M cells from possible in vivo and in vitro sinusoidal cell-mediated oxidative stress, contributing to the mechanism of metastatic cell survival within the hepatic microvasculature.
Effects of Constraint-Induced Movement Therapy on Patients With Chronic Motor Deficits After Stroke (1999)

Results replicate in Germany the findings with CI therapy in an American laboratory, suggesting that the intervention has general applicability.
Neighbor Table Based Shortcut Tree Routing in ZigBee Wireless Networks (2014)

The ZigBee tree routing is widely used in many resource-limited devices and applications, since it does not require any routing table and route discovery overhead to send a packet to the destination. However, the ZigBee tree routing has the fundamental limitation that a packet follows the tree topology; thus, it cannot provide the optimal routing path. In this paper, we propose the shortcut tree routing (STR) protocol that provides the near optimal routing path as well as maintains the advantages of the ZigBee tree routing such as no route discovery overhead and low memory consumption. The main idea of the shortcut tree routing is to calculate remaining hops from an arbitrary source to the destination using the hierarchical addressing scheme in ZigBee, and each source or intermediate node forwards a packet to the neighbor node with the smallest remaining hops in its neighbor table. The shortcut tree routing is fully distributed and compatible with ZigBee standard in that it only utilizes addressing scheme and neighbor table without any changes of the specification. The mathematical analysis proves that the 1-hop neighbor information improves overall network performances by providing an efficient routing path and distributing the traffic load concentrated on the tree links. In the performance evaluation, we show that the shortcut tree routing achieves the comparable performance to AODV with limited overhead of neighbor table maintenance as well as overwhelms the ZigBee tree routing in all the network conditions such as network density, network configurations, traffic type, and the network traffic.
Pulmonary Hypertension (2017)

BACKGROUND: About 1% of adults suffer from pulmonary hypertension (PH). The various types of PH differ widely with respect to their incidence, clinical significance, and treatment. METHODS: Selective review of the literature in association with a consensus conference. RESULTS: Pulmonary hypertension is divided into five major categories. Those that are of particular clinical relevance are pulmonary arterial hypertension, chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension due to left heart and lung diseases. Ten drugs from five different substance classes are now available for the treatment of PH and are often given in combination. The treatment strategy is determined by risk stratification based on the severity of disease, along with the clinical phenotype and possible accompanying illnesses. The preferred treatment for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is surgical pulmonary endarterectomy; inoperable patients are treated with drugs and endovascular interventions. PH due to left heart and lung diseases generally calls for specific treatment of pulmonary hypertension only if there is severe right-heart strain. CONCLUSION: The diagnosis and treatment of severe forms of PH, in particular, pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension, are complex and are best carried out in close cooperation between the local physician and specialized centers.
The effect of a newly developed ointment containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in the treatment of atopic dermatitis. (1999)

While various therapeutic modalities have been tried for atopic dermatitis (AD), numerous obstinate cases exist in which sufficient effects cannot be obtained. Therefore, we developed and prepared an ointment containing docosahexaenoic acid and eicosapentaenoic acid as a topical therapeutics for AD. We applied this ointment to 64 patients with AD (aged between 2 months and 29 years) who showed poor responses to conventional therapies and obtained satisfactory results. This ointment is considered a new topical preparation for AD.
The non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase: biochemistry, structure, occurrence and evolution. (1997)

The non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase catalyses the irreversible reaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 3-phosphoglycerate by the reduction of NADP to NADPH. This is in contrast to the extensively analysed phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases which catalyse the reversible reaction of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. Sequence analysis revealed that the non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase is not related to the phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases but a member of the aldehyde dehydrogenase superfamily. The aldehyde dehydrogenases are of ancient origin and they have already existed in the progenote as indicated by phylogenetic analysis. Thus the non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase can be found in all three domains, archaea, bacteria and eukarya. The catalytic mechanism of the non-phosphorylating glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and the other aldehyde dehydrogenases resembles a thioester mechanism involving the universally conserved cysteine 298 (pea GAPN). The cofactor of the aldehyde dehydrogenases is bound in a new mode to a structure described as beta-alpha,beta-fold.
A wide‐field arrangement for single‐shot CARS imaging of living cells (2012)

This paper demonstrates a new arrangement for wide‐field CARS imaging. The setup using nanosecond dye lasers in a non‐phase‐matching illumination is presented. The chemical selectivity of the signal is demonstrated on polystyrene beads. Moreover, the experimental arrangement has enabled the acquisition of images of living cells in suspension with a satisfactory signal‐to‐background ratio by using only a single pair of laser shots. Therefore, each image can be acquired using a total duration of 3 ns, which is the pulse duration of the laser used in this study. Finally, lack of damage on cells has been demonstrated in conditions leading to strong CARS signal generation. In particular, no cell morphological changes were observed and cell membrane integrity (assessed by trypan blue test) was preserved. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Studies on lysergic acid diethylamide and related compounds. IX. Microbial transformation of amides related to lysergic acid diethylamide by Streptomyces roseochromogenes. (1979)

Microbial transformation of the amide congeners of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) by Streptomyces roseochromogenes was examined. Derivatives having no methylene group at the (ω-1) position of the amine alkyl chain of the amide function, lysergic acid dimethylamide (LDM) and lysergic acid diallylamide (LDA), were oxidized at the α-position of the amide nitrogen to give the corresponding N-dealkylated products, lysergic acid methylamide (LAM) and lysergic acid allylamide (LAA). On the other hand, derivatives having a methylene group at the (ω-1) position, lysergic acid di-n-propylamide (LDP) and lysergic acid di-n-butylamide (LDB), were oxidized at the (ω-1) position to give pairs of (ω-1) hydroxylation products, 2-hydroxy-LDP and epi-2-hydroxyLDP, and 3-hydroxyLDB and epi-3-hydroxyLDB, together with the corresponding ketomethyl products, 2-oxoLDP and 3-oxoLDB. The predominant formation of 2-hydroxyLDP in the case of LDP indicated that (ω-1) hydroxylation occurred stereospecifically.
Conductivity of Seeded Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas (1961)

The electrical conductivity is calculated for some typical seeded gases of magnetohydrodynamic interest. The electron density is obtained using Saha's equation. A method is developed for calculating electron mobility in gas mixtures, taking account of the variation of the scattering cross section with energy. Scattering by ions is also considered. Results are presented for several gases seeded with small amounts of Cs or K in the temperature range from 2000° to 4000°K.
Individual and organizational predictors of depression in general practitioners. (1998)

Interventions can be made throughout training, targeting self-criticism and recognizing early depression, while later addressing the organizational stressors, particularly work relationships and sleep patterns.
Core/shell pH‐sensitive micelles self‐assembled from cholesterol conjugated oligopeptides for anticancer drug delivery (2009)

Abstract A doxorubicin (DOX) delivery system of pH‐sensitive micelles self‐assembled from cholesterol conjugated His 5 Arg 10 (HR15‐Chol) and His 10 Arg 10 (HR20‐Chol) has been described in this article. The amphiphilic molecules have low critical micelle concentrations of 17.8 and 28.2 μg/mL for HR15‐Chol and HR20‐Chol, respectively, even at a low pH of 5.0. The pH‐sensitive histidine segment of the polypeptide block is insoluble at pH 7.4 but becomes positively charged and soluble via protonation at pH lower than 6.0. The size and zeta potential of DOX‐loaded micelles increases with the decrease in pH. Coarse‐grained simulations were performed to verify the structure of DOX‐loaded micelles and pH sensitivity of HR15/20‐Chol. The in vitro DOX release from the micelles is significantly accelerated by decreasing pH from 7.4 to 5.0. Furthermore, DOX release from the micelles is controlled by a Fickian diffusion mechanism. These micelles have great potential applications in delivering hydrophobic anticancer drugs for improved cancer therapy. © 2009 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2010
Gandhi, Spinner of a Nation's Destiny (1932)

ACCLAIMED, alIpost as a demig04~y ~il~ons of.hisfel w-, ~countrymen, and for years ~accorded the title of ahatma (great s~irit), a title ot hqnor acc~rded ~o,!the a~,ent riskis (seers) Who communicate" divine knowledge to en;. ' _execra~e~as a~enemy of the Brttish para~oun~P?wer and , arch dIsturber lof the peace by the Tory ImperIalIsts" ho i today ,hold the'lreins of power al-,,'\Vmtehall; la~glied .by 1 the convention~l "blood and iroq" militarist who scorn the tl> program ~f "~~n-vi?lentnO'n-cof0peration"; 'misuItd~r~ood 4' by the OCClden~"alplutocrat, gr0"/II powerful bYtb,.eWIt~,'erYt of machhle ma$s production; a jbke to the conventional,' olitician, 'in wh~~e' pbilosophy a ~eeklY day' of silence' d a life ofvoluntari poverty are u,thinkable; a man of .any: , inco~sistencies,r who proclaims .tim~elf a !Ii?du.Y~,t.a oPt,St,' a chIld of the lilntouchable outcaBts Into hIS Im-rnedlate' am-' ii/and reserve,','s, to himself the ~,ght to i~terpretithean,' ient.tscrip~ures, th~?gh ~e is himse~ot a Sanskri~~~ndt ; t.o .. ~ltItudes of l~dealIsts a new l?rqphets of th~, ir~t 3' gnI-l' ~, tude; to other, a .stobe of stumbling and a rock of offe , e ;-, " Mahatma Galldhi is today oneJof ~he most potent a ' ,f ent; ig~atic figUr~,:,s that Gontempoc l ;ary-, society has to I ~kon wIth ' f , " , " .Whether ~~reade rconsi~br;hi~prophet'or chaldtan, no ,explanation 'is adequate th~leaves out of the' sto yt'the i " , , , early religiou~development of ~his unigue character.:Ip.dia is .aland of r~ligions, and life ~t every point is condi i~ned by and infltiehced by religion.~From birth,to death~:every act in the lifeiof the r~gular Hipdu is tinged with are' gious coloring,\ and/has its religio~s ~plication.s.Under~'nding this, the stuqent of human n~ture can "at least atte pt to f appreciate G~ndhi's statemen~that he is primarily, ' man I of Jr~1igiQn, ard only secondar"r,'ly a politician.' Som gO, to.
Clathration of ferrocene and nickelocene in a thiourea host lattice (1974)

R. Clement, R. Claude and C. Mazieres, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1974, 654 DOI: 10.1039/C39740000654
Au Decorated Zinc Oxide Nanowires for CO Sensing (2009)

We present the room temperature detection of carbon monoxide using Au decorated zinc oxide (ZnO) nanowires. Zinc oxide nanowires were grown via the vapor liquid solid method whereas the gold nanoparticles were prepared by the solution growth method. The surface of the ZnO nanowires was decorated by Au nanoparticles. Gas sensing properties of such nanowires were studied at room temperature for various concentrations of CO (100 to 1000 ppm) in synthetic air. Enhancement in gas sensing response by Au decoration on ZnO nanowires was observed. Au nanoparticles act as a catalyst in chemical sensitization and improve the reaction and response time. The improvement in gas sensing behavior is attributed to the change in conductivity of the metal decorated ZnO nanowires on CO exposure due to the transfer of electrons resulting from gas oxidation at the ZnO nanowire surface.
Phylogenetic lineages in the Botryosphaeriaceae (2006)

Botryosphaeria is a species-rich genus with a cosmopolitan distribution, commonly associated with dieback and cankers of woody plants. As many as 18 anamorph genera have been associated with Botryosphaeria, most of which have been reduced to synonymy under Diplodia (conidia mostly ovoid, pigmented, thick-walled), or Fusicoccum (conidia mostly fusoid, hyaline, thin-walled). However, there are numerous conidial anamorphs having morphological characteristics intermediate between Diplodia and Fusicoccum, and there are several records of species outside the Botryosphaeriaceae that have anamorphs apparently typical of Botryosphaeria s.str. Recent studies have also linked Botryosphaeria to species with pigmented, septate ascospores, and Dothiorella anamorphs, or Fusicoccum anamorphs with Dichomera synanamorphs. The aim of this study was to employ DNA sequence data of the 28S rDNA to resolve apparent lineages within the Botryosphaeriaceae. From these data, 12 clades are recognised. Two of these lineages clustered outside the Botryosphaeriaceae, namely Diplodia-like anamorphs occurring on maize, which are best accommodated in Stenocarpella (Diaporthales), as well as an unresolved clade including species of Camarosporium/Microdiplodia. We recognise 10 lineages within the Botryosphaeriaceae, including an unresolved clade (Diplodia/Lasiodiplodia/Tiarosporella), Botryosphaeria s.str. (Fusicoccum anamorphs), Macrophomina, Neoscytalidium gen. nov., Dothidotthia (Dothiorella anamorphs), Neofusicoccum gen. nov. (Botryosphaeria-like teleomorphs, Dichomera-like synanamorphs), Pseudofusicoccum gen. nov., Saccharata (Fusicoccum- and Diplodia-like synanamorphs), "Botryosphaeria" quercuum (Diplodia-like anamorph), and Guignardia (Phyllosticta anamorphs). Separate teleomorph and anamorph names are not provided for newly introduced genera, even where both morphs are known. The taxonomy of some clades and isolates (e.g. B. mamane) remains unresolved due to the absence of ex-type cultures.
Local Heating of Specimen with Laser Diode in TEM (1989)

In order to heat the specimen in a transmission electron microscope locally at high temperature, we inserted a laser diode (LD) and an optical lens system in the vacuum space on the specimen holder. The diameter of the irradiation area is 6 μm and the maximum power density is 30 kW/cm2. The temperature of the irradiation area is calculated with a simplified model as a function of the irradiation time and it is seen that the attainable temperature sufficiently exceeds 1,000°C for some materials such as amorphous semiconductors. As examples, the crystallization of amorphous Ge films and TeOχ films is shown.