gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Why and how of requirements tracing (1994)

While requirements traceability is explicitly required in US Department of Defense software contracts, it is often hard to sell in other situations. This article explains how Abbott Laboratories Diagnostics Division approaches traceability. To illustrate our program, we describe how we applied it to an R&D project to develop an embedded, real-time in vitro diagnostic instrument. The software is part of a system to test human body fluids for conditions such as cancer or hepatitis. We learned a great deal from this application and continue to experiment with and evolve the traceability-analysis process. In particular, we found that we must establish documentation rules and formats much earlier in the life cycle. Another lesson we learned is that traceability does cost. You need staff to support formal inspections or reviews. For most projects, you need some type of tool to assist in managing the trace matrices. We developed a relatively low-cost tool to handle our needs. Whatever the cost, it is important to include it as well as the costs for developing and maintaining procedures for documentation formats and generation, traceability analysis, and formal inspections. Our biggest lesson is that traceability is critical to project success. We believe it was one of the key factors in releasing our diagnostic instrument on time. Finally, we determined the conditions under which some type of traceability program is necessary.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The prevalence of celiac disease among family members of celiac disease patients. (2004)

The prevalence of CD among first-degree relatives is much higher than the prevalence of the disease in the general population. Most of these patients have an atypical form of the disease and would therefore be overlooked without an active search. Serological testing is recommended for all first-degree relatives of CD patients; they should also undergo HLA typing to detect those whose HLA phenotype is consistent with CD. This approach can also help in excluding individuals who do not need further diagnostic procedures for CD.
Tradeoffs in displaying peripheral information (2000)

Peripheral information is information that is not central to a person's current task, but provides the person the opportunity to learn more, to do a better job, or to keep track of less important tasks. Though peripheral information displays are ubiquitous, they have been rarely studied. For computer users, a common peripheral display is a scrolling text display that provides announcements, sports scores, stock prices, or other news. In this paper, we investigate how to design peripheral displays so that they provide the most information while having the least impact on the user's performance on the main task. We report a series of experiments on scrolling displays aimed at examining tradeoffs between distraction of scrolling motion and memorability of information displayed. Overall, we found that continuously scrolling displays are more distracting than displays that start and stop, but information in both is remembered equally well. These results are summarized in a set of design recommendations.
Regioselective Synthesis of Fused Imidazo[1,2-<i>a</i>]pyrimidines via Intramolecular C–N Bond Formation/6-<i>Endo-Dig</i>Cycloisomerization (2014)

An efficient regioselective cascade synthesis of N-fused imidazo heterocycles has been developed. This cascade transformation proceeds via a transition-metal (copper/silver) catalyzed coupling reaction between 2-aminobenzimidazole, aldehydes, and alkynes leading to the formation of propargylamine intermediate, which regioselectively undergoes 6-endo-dig cyclization through intramolecular N-H bond activation interceded C-N bond formation leading to highly functionalized imidazo[1,2-a]pyrimidines in good to excellent yields.
Synthesis and NMR Structure of Peptidomimetic α4β7-Integrin Antagonists (2002)

Anti-inflammatory drug candidates could result from efforts to reduce the peptidic character of integrin antagonists such as the compound shown in the scheme. Synthesis and NMR spectroscopy structural analysis of peptidomimetics that act as α4β7-integrin antagonists provided important information about the structural and functional requirements of the Leu-Asp-Thr recognition sequence for α4β7 integrins.
Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Bis(imidoyl)dichlorides of Oxalic Acid. (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and reactions of dinitrated amino and diaminopyridines (1995)

Abstract Nitration of amino‐ and diaminopyridines and ‐picolines led, in unexpected one‐step reactions, to dinitrated derivatives. Dinitropicolines gave styrylpyridines, and 2‐amino‐6‐hydroxy‐3,5‐dinitropyridine was transformed by the thermolysis of its azido derivative into 5‐amino‐6‐nitro[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4‐ b ]pyridine. Using 1 H and 13 C nmr spectroscopy, azido‐tetrazole tautomerism of 2‐amino‐6‐azido‐3,5‐dinitropyridine and intramolecular hydrogen bonding at 20° for several 2‐amino‐3,5‐dinitro‐6‐ R ‐pyridines have been proved.
High current gain (&gt;2000) of GaN/InGaN double heterojunction bipolar transistors using base regrowth of p-InGaN (2003)

GaN/InGaN double heterojunction bipolar transistors with a regrown p-InGaN extrinsic base have been fabricated on SiC substrates. The maximum common-emitter current gain exceeds 2000 at the collector current of 15 mA for a 50 μm×30 μm device. In addition, the offset voltage in the common-emitter current–voltage characteristics was reduced from 5 to 1 V. This indicates that the large offset voltage reported previously was mainly due to the degraded base ohmic characteristics. The regrowth of p-InGaN is effective for improving the characteristics of nitride heterojunction bipolar transistors.
Observations on rheumatic disease in Polynesia and the Philippines. (1983)

Two different types of study of rheumatic disease in the southwest Pacific are outlined. The Philippines study of a rural developing population is primarily oriented to intervention rather than causation, but before intervention can be effectively planned, information on the frequency and causes of rheumatic complaints is necessary. The Tokelauan investigation is a comprehensive prospective study of the total population with full medical examination of each subject allowing hypotheses to be tested concerning genetic and environmental variables.
Presence of specific viruses in the middle ear fluids and respiratory secretions of young children with acute otitis media (2003)

The purpose of the study was to investigate the presence of different viruses in middle ear fluids and nasopharyngeal aspirates in young children with acute otitis media. Two cohorts of children (N = 329 and 611) were followed from 2 to 24 months of age in Finland in two prospective studies (Finnish Otitis Media Cohort Study and Finnish Otitis Media Vaccine Trial). During the study period, nasopharyngeal and middle ear fluid specimens for each acute otitis media event were examined for eight (Cohort Study) or ten (Vaccine Trial) common respiratory viruses; adenoviruses, influenza viruses A and B, parainfluenza viruses 1, 2, and 3, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), enteroviruses, parechoviruses, and rhinoviruses. Picornaviruses (rhinoviruses, enteroviruses, and parechoviruses) were determined by reverse transcription PCR while antigen detection was used for the other viruses. A virus was present in either nasopharyngeal or middle ear specimen in 54% of events in the first cohort and in 67% of events in the second. Rhinoviruses formed the most common virus group detected (41-32%), followed by enteroviruses (25%, sought in the second cohort only) and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) (10%). All the other viruses represented jointly 8-10% of the events. In conclusion, using the methods described in this study, a specific virus infection was diagnosed in two thirds of all acute otitis media events in young children. Picornavirus RNA was detected in association with more than a half of all acute otitis media events. The use of PCR-based methods for the other respiratory viruses might have increased further the overall virus detection rate in acute otitis media.
The role of network architecture on the glass transition temperature of epoxy resins (1997)

A series of epoxy networks were synthesized in which the molecular weight between crosslinks (Mc) and crosslink functionality were controlled independent of the network chain backbone composition. The glass transition temperature (Tg) of these networks was found to increase as Mc decreased. However, the rate at which Tg increased depended on crosslink functionality. The dependency of Mc on Tg is well described by two models, one based on the concept of network free volume while the other model is based on the principle of corresponding states. Initially, neither model could quantitatively predict the effect of crosslink functionality in our networks. However, our tests indicated that both the glass transition and the rubbery moduli of our networks were dependent on Mc and crosslink functionality, while the glassy state moduli were independent of these structural variables. The effect of crosslink functionality on the rubbery modulus of a network has been addressed by the front factor in rubber elasticity theory. Incorporation of this factor into the glass transition temperature models allowed for a quantitative prediction of Tg as a function of Mc and crosslink functionality. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 66: 387–395, 1997
Characterization of Gastric Mucosal Blood Flow Response Induced by Intragastric Capsaicin in Rats (1991)

Gastric mucosal blood flow (GMBF) was measured in the ex vivo stomachs of anesthetized rats simultaneously with mean arterial blood pressure (MBP), luminal pH and transmucosal potential difference (PD) in an attempt to characterize these responses induced by capsaicin. The stomach was mounted on a Lucite chamber, perfused with saline at the flow rate of 1 ml/min, and GMBF was measured by Laser flowmetry. Under these conditions, the pH, PD and GMBF were 3.5 to 4.0, -30 to -35 mV and 8-12 ml/min/100 g, respectively. Mucosal application of capsaicin (0.03 - 1 mg/ml for 10 min) increased GMBF in a concentration-dependent manner, without any change in PD, pH and MBP. The increased GMBF response caused by capsaicin was abolished by chemical deafferentation following systemic capsaicin injections (total dose: 100 mg/kg), significantly attenuated by pretreatment with indomethacin (5 mg/kg, s.c.) or ruthenium red (300 micrograms/kg, i.v.), but was not affected by spantide (100 micrograms/kg, i.v.), atropine (300 micrograms/kg, i.p.) or disodium cromoglycate (30 mg/kg, i.p.). In addition, when the mucosa was exposed to capsaicin repeatedly, this response showed a marked tachyphylaxis at a high concentration (6 mg/ml). These results suggest that intragastric capsaicin increased GMBF selectively through capsaicin-sensitive sensory neurons, and this action may involve endogenous prostaglandins.
Infrared and raman spectroscopy of stressed polyethylene (1986)

Abstract Polyethylene films were stressed in uniaxial tension at room temperature while the infrared (FTIR) or Raman spectra were simultaneously measured. The purpose of these experiments was to gain an understanding of the molecular origins of the stress‐induced vibrational frequency shifts Δν and determine the mechanisms of molecular deformation and fracture of PE molecules with stress σ. The PE samples consisted of ultradrawn, high‐density, ultrahigh‐molecular‐weight, solid‐state‐extruded films and the stress was applied parallel to the nearly perfectly oriented orthorhombic crystal c ‐axis direction. The experimental frequency shifting coefficients α = (∂ν/∂σ) σ→0 were compared with calculated α values determined from a vibrational analysis of an isolated PE chain using conformational energy minimization methods in which both harmonic and anharmonic (Morse) potential energy functions were used for the CC stretching modes in the valence force field. The following α values were obtained and are compared with theory (anharmonic case in parentheses, in cm −1 /GPa): CC symmetric stretch, α(1127) = −5.9 (−5.3); CC asymmetric stretch, α(1059) = −11.2 to −5.7 (−5.8); CH 2 rock, α(730/720) = −2.0 to −3.0 (−2.2); CH 2 scissors, α(1472/1462) = −1.0 to −1.2 (−1.1); CH 2 twist, α(1295) ≃ 0(0.8); CH 2 wag, α(1370) undetermined owing to weak bands (−4.6); CH 2 stretch α(3000) ≈ 0. The largest negative frequency shifts were observed for the CC stretching modes, in agreement with the calculations using the Morse potential. The harmonic potential for CC stretching resulted in small positive α values for both the CC stretching and CH 2 wagging modes, while the other modes were unaffected by this choice of potential. The relative contribution of CC bond stretching and CĈC valence angle bending to the c ‐axis strain was about 1:1, in agreement with experiment. The Young's tensile modulus of a PE chain was calculated as E c = 267 GPa.
Hydraulic Fracture Propagation from Infill Horizontal Wells (2013)

Abstract As pressure increases or decreases non-uniformly as a result of well injection/production, stresses vary anisotropically in the reservoir. The principal stresses, which govern the propagation direction of hydraulic fractures, are thus modified not only in magnitude but also in direction. Previous modeling efforts and field observations have demonstrated the impact of stress reorientation on the refracturing of vertical wells and the multi-stage fracturing of horizontal wells. Using a state-of-the-art coupled symmetric Galerkin boundary-element method (SGBEM) and finite-element method (FEM) model, we simulate the impact of prior production from offset wells on the propagation direction of fractures initiated from an infill horizontal well. Geomechanical calculations demonstrate the occurrence of stress reversal in the infill region following a period of production from the offset wells in the order of years. The numerically simulated hydraulic fracture network in the infill well is shown to contact a smaller reservoir area past the onset time of stress reversal, as the induced fractures gradually turn to orient parallel to the infill well. The risk is to see the performance of the infill well drop compared to the offset wells. On the other hand, a window of opportunity exists when the horizontal stress contrast is reduced compared to in-situ, thus favoring the interaction with natural fractures and enhancing fracture complexity. These new observations have significant implications for field development strategies, hydraulic fracturing design, well placement and spacing, as well as the timing of infill-well stimulation, especially in shale plays where poroelastic stress reorientation is sustained over the life of the reservoir.
Syntheses and evaluation as antifolates of MTX analogs derived from 2,.omega.-diaminoalkanoic acids (1985)

Methotrexate (MTX) analogues 27a-c bearing 2, omega-diaminoalkanoic acids (ornithine and its two lower homologues) in place of glutamic acid were synthesized by routes proceeding through N2-[4-(methylamino)benzoyl]-N omega-[(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl]-2, omega-diaminoalkanoic acid ethyl esters and N2-[4-(methylamino)benzoyl]-N5-[(1,1-dimethylethoxy)carbonyl]-2, 5-diaminopentanoic acid followed by alkylation with 6-(bromomethyl)-2, 4-pteridinediamine hydrobromide. Reactions at the terminal amino group of 27-type analogues or of appropriate precursors led to other MTX derivatives whose side chains terminate in ureido, methylureido, N-methyl-N-nitrosoureido, N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureido, and 4-chlorobenzamido groups. Also prepared were unsymmetrically disubstituted ureido types resulting from addition of ethyl isocyanatoacetate and diethyl 2-isocyanatoglutarate to the ethyl esters of 27a,b. Of these ureido adducts (32a,b and 33a,b, respectively), only 33a was successfully hydrolyzed to the corresponding pure acid, in this instance the tricarboxylic acid 34, a pseudo-peptide analogue of the MTX metabolite MTX-gamma-Glu. Biological evaluations of the prepared compounds affirmed previous findings that the gamma-carboxyl is not required for tight binding to dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR) but is operative in the carrier-mediated transport of classical antifolates through cell membranes. High tolerance levels observed in studies against L1210 leukemia in mice suggest the reduced potency may be due not only to lower transport efficacy but also to loss of the function of intracellular gamma-polyglutamylation. The N-nitrosoureas 30 and 31 showed appreciable activity in vivo vs. L1210, but the activity did not appear to be due to antifolate action as evidenced by their poor inhibition of both L1210 DHFR and cell growth in vitro.
Aluminum Extrusions for Automotive Crash Applications (2017)

<div class="section abstract"><div class="htmlview paragraph">One of the main applications for aluminum extrusions in the automotive sector is crash structures including crash rails, crash cans, bumpers and structural body components. The objective is usually to optimize the energy absorption capability for a given structure weight. The ability to extrude thin wall multi-void extrusions contributes to this goal. However, the alloy used also plays a significant role in terms of the ability to produce the required geometry, strength - which to a large extent controls the energy absorption capability and the “ductility” or fracture behavior which controls the strain that can be applied locally during crush deformation before cracking. This paper describes results of a test program to examine the crush behavior of a range of alloys typically supplied for automotive applications as a function of processing parameters including artificial ageing and quench rate.</div></div>
A simple kit for detection of plant viruses by the latex serological test (1980)

SUMMARY Serological tests were made using a simple kit consisting of dropper bottles filled with latex sera or buffer, a plastic mixing plate, plastic pipettes, wooden cocktail sticks, a black glass reaction plate and polythene bags, packed in a plastic sandwich box. Potato viruses X, S and Y were readily detected in infected potato leaves in tests done both in the laboratory and in the field. Results were obtained in 4–10 min.
From comparison to choices. The voice of the voiceless. (1994)

The International Planned Parenthood Federation [IPPF] was established in 1952. It promotes and supports family planning services in more than 130 countries worldwide. It also educates people and governments about the benefits of family planning. IPPF's Assistant Secretary General, Dr. Pramilla Senanayake, will be chairing the FIGO symposium entitled From Comparison to Choices. An advantage of her chairing the symposium is that, being a pediatrician, she approaches family planning from the child's point of view, while obstetrician/gynecologists approach it from the woman's point of view. Contraceptive choice is very important since no method is ideal for all couples and one's contraceptive needs change at each life stage. New contraceptive methods and improved service delivery of both existing and new methods are essential to bring effective contraceptives to everyone who needs them. The newer oral contraceptives (OCs) provide better cycle control and efficacy and fewer side effects than the most recent older OCs. Breast feeding women need a contraceptive 4-6 months after childbirth and one that does not decrease lactation. No current contraceptive fits the lifestyle of female teens because they have intercourse irregularly and are most in need of contraception. No really effective reversible method exists for men. Family planning methods are crucial to women and children's health and to achieving zero population growth. They are essential to avert environmental catastrophe, since population growth is straining natural and social resources. IPPF is a pioneer in targeting marginalized populations (refugees, males, migrants, and adolescents). IPPF serves as an advisor to local staff and volunteers who know the problems and needs of their own people, so they develop programs that are culturally sensitive and culture-specific. People in the US consume 15 times more natural resources than do Indians. Family planning is a way to prevent war, famine, and disease.
Simulated Annealing Without Rejected Moves (1986)

The customary need for rejection of candidate moves in simulated annealing is eliminated by biasing the selection of moves according to their effect on the cost function. An efficient implementation can offer a significant speed-up, though with increased memory. The logic partitioning problem is used as an illustration; both simple moves and pairwise interchanges are considered.
A 32.75-Gb/s Voltage-Mode Transmitter With Three-Tap FFE in 16-nm CMOS (2017)

This paper describes a 32.75-Gb/s voltage-mode transmitter (TX) with three-tap feed forward equalization that is fabricated in a 16-nm FinFET CMOS technology. The TX uses a dual regulator architecture to allow independent control of output swing, output common-mode, and equalization. A hybrid impedance control scheme is presented where the total number of driver slices is used for coarse impedance control, and analog loop-based voltage control is used for fine impedance control of the TX. A finite-impulse response compensation circuit to compensate for the data dependent current due to equalization is also presented. The TX consumes 120.8 mW with 0.9- and 1.2-V supplies, provides 0.25-0.9 Vpp output swing, and achieves total jitter of 6.49 ps-pp and random jitter of 220 fs-rms at 32.75 Gb/s with bit error rate of 1e-12.
193-nm lithography (1995)

The trend in microelectronics toward printing features 0.25 /spl mu/m and below has motivated the development of lithography at the 193-nm wavelength of argon fluoride excimer lasers. This technology is in its early stages, but a picture is emerging of its strengths and limitations. The change in wavelength from 248 to 193 nm will require parallel progress in projection systems, optical materials, and photo-resist chemistries and processes. This paper reviews the current status of these various topics as they have been engineered under a multiyear program at MIT Lincoln Laboratory.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>