gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface micromachined micro-diaphragm pressure sensors (2002)

A micro-diaphragm pressure sensor with a silicon nitride diaphragm of 100 mu m diameter has been developed using surface micromachining (type-C). To increase the yield in the diaphragm forming process, the generation of hydrogen bubbles is reduced by eliminating the anisotropic etching of the silicon substrate and adopting a flat vacuum chamber fabricated by undercut etching of a polysilicon sacrificial layer. The sacrificial layer etching is carried out with a concentric circle around a central etch hole to reduce the stress concentration in the etching process. A tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide solution compatible with the LSI process is utilized as an etchant for polysilicon sacrificial etching. The arrangement of the polysilicon piezoresistors is determined according to stress analysis using a finite element method. The yield of the diaphragm forming process is improved to more than 90%. The pressure sensitivity of approximately 10 mu V/V/kPa is five times that of the conventional micro-diaphragm pressure sensor (type V).< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Nonlinear ultrafast modulation of the optical absorption of intense few-cycle terahertz pulses in<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>n</mml:mi></mml:math>-doped semiconductors (2009)

We use an open-aperture $Z$ scan technique to show how intense few-cycle terahertz pulses can experience a nonlinear bleaching of absorption in an $n$-doped semiconductor due to terahertz-electric-field-driven intervalley scattering of electrons in the conduction band. Coherent detection of the transmitted terahertz pulse wave form also allows the nonlinear conductivity dynamics to be followed with subpicosecond time resolution. Both the $Z$ scan and time-domain results are found to be in agreement with our theoretical analysis.
Photocatalytic Membrane Reactors (PMRs) in Water Treatment: Configurations and Influencing Factors (2017)

The lack of access to clean water remains a severe issue all over the world. Coupling photocatalysis with the membrane separation process, which is known as a photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR), is promising for water treatment. PMR has developed rapidly during the last few years, and this paper presents an overview of the progress in the configuration and operational parameters of PMRs. Two main configurations of PMRs (PMRs with immobilized photocatalyst; PMRs with suspended photocatalyst) are comprehensively described and characterized. Various influencing factors on the performance of PMRs, including photocatalyst, light source, water quality, aeration and membrane, are detailed. Moreover, a discussion on the current problems and development prospects of PMRs for practical application are presented.
<i>Mycobacterium avium</i>complex augments macrophage HIV-1 production and increases CCR5 expression (1998)

Infection with HIV-1 results in pronounced immune suppression and susceptibility to opportunistic infections (OI). Reciprocally, OI augment HIV-1 replication. As we have shown for Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) and Pneumocystis carinii, macrophages infected with opportunistic pathogens and within lymphoid tissues containing OI, exhibit striking levels of viral replication. To explore potential underlying mechanisms for increased HIV-1 replication associated with coinfection, blood monocytes were exposed to MAC antigens (MAg) or viable MAC and their levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha) and HIV-1 coreceptors monitored. MAC enhanced TNFalpha production in vitro, consistent with its expression in coinfected lymph nodes. Using a polyclonal antibody to the CCR5 coreceptor that mediates viral entry of macrophage tropic HIV-1, a subset of unstimulated monocytes was shown to be CCR5-positive by fluorescence-activated cell sorter analysis. After stimulation with MAg or infection with MAC, CCR5 expression was increased at both the mRNA level and on the cell surface. Up-regulation of CCR5 by MAC was not paralleled by an increase in the T cell tropic coreceptor, CXCR4. Increases in NF-kappaB, TNFalpha, and CCR5 were consistent with the enhanced production of HIV-1 in MAg-treated adherent macrophage cultures as measured by HIV-1 p24 levels. Increased CCR5 was also detected in coinfected lymph nodes as compared with tissues with only HIV-1. The increased production of TNFalpha, together with elevated expression of CCR5, provide potential mechanisms for enhanced infection and replication of HIV-1 by macrophages in OI-infected cells and tissues. Consequently, treating OI may inhibit not only the OI-induced pathology, but also limit the viral burden.
Toward Sequencing Cotton (<i>Gossypium</i>) Genomes: Figure 1. (2007)

Despite rapidly decreasing costs and innovative technologies, sequencing of angiosperm genomes is not yet undertaken lightly. Generating larger amounts of sequence data more quickly does not address the difficulties of sequencing and assembling complex genomes de novo. The cotton ( Gossypium spp.)
Development and Characterization of Novel Monoclonal Antibodies Against Human DNAM-1 (2017)

DNAM-1 (CD226) is an activating immunoreceptor expressed on lymphocytes and myeloid cells. CD155 and CD112 are the ligands for DNAM-1. DNAM-1 plays an important role in tumor immunity mediated by CD8<sup>+</sup> T cells and NK cells. Moreover, the interaction of DNAM-1 with the ligands contributed to the development of acute graft versus host disease (GVHD) and treatment with anti-DNAM-1 monoclonal antibodies (mAb) dramatically improved acute GVHD in a mouse model, suggesting that DNAM-1 may be a good molecular target for therapy to acute GVHD in human. In this study, we generated and characterized five novel clones of anti-human DNAM-1 mAbs, named TX94, TX95, TX96, TX107, and TX108. Among these mAbs, TX94 is a unique neutralizing mAb that most efficiently blocked the interaction between DNAM-1 and CD155. Furthermore, TX94 inhibited NK cell-mediated cytotoxicity against a tumor cell line and suppressed CD8<sup>+</sup> T cell proliferation mediated by allogeneic mixed lymphocyte reaction. Thus, TX94 may be useful for molecular therapy targeting DNAM-1.
Parameter Extraction of a Solar Cell Compact Model usign Genetic Algorithms (2009)

We present a method to extract the model parameters of illuminated solar cells based on genetic algorithms. The solar cell model is the well known lumped parameter equivalent circuit containing four components. Its mathematical description has been made explicit using of the Lambert function. We have tested the ability of our method against a direct extraction method to give back some known results. The test consists in fitting I-V characteristics of an organic photovoltaic solar cell obtained from randomly generated parameters. The accuracy and the reliability of the results are much higher, particularly concerning the reverse saturation current. The time needed to perform the extraction of each set of parameter is around 100 s in a PC with a dual core processor, at 3.5 GHz with 2 GB RAM.
Ownership types for safe region-based memory management in real-time Java (2003)

The Real Time Specification for Java (RTSJ) allows a program to create real-time threads with hard real-time constraints. Real-time threads use region-based memory management to avoid unbounded pauses caused by interference from the garbage collector. The RTSJ uses runtime checks to ensure that deleting a region does not create dangling references and that real-time threads do not access references to objects allocated in the garbage-collected heap. This paper presents a static type system that guarantees that these runtime checks will never fail for well-typed programs. Our type system therefore 1) provides an important safety guarantee for real-time programs and 2) makes it possible to eliminate the runtime checks and their associated overhead.Our system also makes several contributions over previous work on region types. For object-oriented programs, it combines the benefits of region types and ownership types in a unified type system framework. For multithreaded programs, it allows long-lived threads to share objects without using the heap and without memory leaks. For real-time programs, it ensures that real-time threads do not interfere with the garbage collector. Our experience indicates that our type system is sufficiently expressive and requires little programming overhead, and that eliminating the RTSJ runtime checks using a static type system can significantly decrease the execution time of real-time programs.
Transmission Efficiency of an Aerodynamic Focusing Lens System: Comparison of Model Calculations and Laboratory Measurements for the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (2007)

The size-dependent particle transmission efficiency of the aerodynamic lens system used in the Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) was investigated with computational fluid dynamics (CFD) calculations and experimental measurements. The CFD calculations revealed that the entire lens system, including the aerodynamic lens itself, the critical orifice which defines the operating lens pressure, and a valve assembly, needs to be considered. Previous calculations considered only the aerodynamic lens. The calculations also investigated the effect of operating the lens system at two different sampling pressures, 7.8 × 104 Pa (585 torr) and 1.0 × 105 Pa (760 torr). Experimental measurements of transmission efficiency were performed with size-selected diethyl hexyl sebacate (DEHS), NH4NO3, and NaNO3 particles on three different AMS instruments at two different ambient sampling pressures (7.8 × 104 Pa, 585 torr and 1.0 × 105 Pa, 760 torr). Comparisons of the measurements and the calculations showqualitative agreement, but there are significant deviations which are as yet unexplained. On the small size end (30 nm to 150 nm vacuum aerodynamic diameter), the measured transmission efficiency is lower than predicted. On the large size end (>350 nm vacuum aerodynamic diameter)
Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathway Regulates Cell Proliferation in Venous Ulcer Fibroblasts (2006)

Venous ulcer fibroblasts have been demonstrated to have low growth rates in response to platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF). Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is an important signal transduction mechanism that regulates growth, differentiation, and apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. PDGF binds PDGF receptors that activate a multitiered signaling cascade involving MAPK. We hypothesize that the growth regulation in venous ulcer fibroblasts is dependent on the MAPK extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway in the presence of PDGF. Fibroblasts (fb) were isolated from 8 patients with venous ulcers (w-fb) and the normal skin (n-fb) of the ipsilateral thigh via punch biopsies. Fb were plated at 1,500 cells/dish and treated with PDGF-AB (10 ng/mL) for 15 days. Growth rates were determined. Immunoblot analysis of MAPK ERK for n-fb and w-fb were analyzed. To determine if PDGF-stimulated w-fb and n-fb utilized the MAPK ERK pathway in a dependent manner, the upstream kinase MAPK kinase 1 (MEK 1) was inhibited by PD 98059. In addition, fb were treated with chronic venous ulcer wound fluid (WF) to study its effect on MAPK ERK. In the presence of PDGF, growth rates were substantially lower in w-fb than in n-fb, and MAPK was activated in 6/8 w-fb and in only 2/8 n-fb. Fibroblasts expressing MAPK had significantly reduced cell proliferation compared to fibroblasts not expressing MAPK (p = 0.023). PD 98059 significantly inhibited w-fb and n-fb cell proliferation from basal level, which was reversible with addition of PDGF. In neonatal fibroblasts WF demonstrated inhibition of MAPK ERK over time and addition of PD98059 was not additive. This study suggests that the MAPK ERK pathway is important for cell proliferation in venous ulcer fibroblasts. In the presence of PDGF, fibroblasts with decreased growth rate express MAPK, and proliferation is further abrogated with addition of MEK 1 inhibitor, suggesting the importance of the MAPK ERK pathway regulating w-fb and n-fb proliferation. Although the majority of w-fb activated the MAPK ERK pathway in the presence of PDGF, proliferation was significantly attenuated, indicating that other MAPK inhibitory pathways are competing. Venous ulcer wound fluid directly inhibits the MAPK ERK pathway, suggesting that the venous ulcer wound environment has negative trophic factors that effect fibroblasts proliferation and ulcer healing.
Advanced Se–C nanocomposites: a bifunctional electrode material for both Li–Se and Li-ion batteries (2014)

A bifunctional nanostructured electrode material of a selenium/micro–mesoporous carbon sphere nanocomposite (Se/MPCS) is reported. With the unusual chain-like Sen molecules hosted in a MPCS substrate, the Se/MPCS nanocomposite presents impressive electrochemical performances in metallic Li secondary batteries, i.e. Li–Se batteries. Furthermore, a new Li-ion full battery with remarkable properties is constructed by coupling the Se/MPCS anode with the traditional layered cathode. The new design of the as-assembled lithium-ion cell with the Se/MPCS anode promises good security and high capacity as well as a long lifespan.
Programming .NET Components, 2nd Edition (2005)

Brilliantly compiled by author Juval Lowy, Programming .NET Components, Second Edition is the consummate introduction to the Microsoft .NET Framework--the technology of choice for building components on Windows platforms. From its many lessons, tips, and guidelines, readers will learn how to use the .NET Framework to program reusable, maintainable, and robust components. Following in the footsteps of its best-selling predecessor, Programming .NET Components, Second Edition has been updated to cover .NET 2.0. It remains one of the few practical books available on this topic. This invaluable resource is targeted at anyone who develops complex or enterprise-level applications with the .NET platform--an ever-widening market. In fact, nearly two million Microsoft developers worldwide now work on such systems. Programming .NET Components, Second Edition begins with a look at the fundamentals of component-oriented programming and then progresses from there. It takes the time to carefully examine how components can simplify and add flexibility to complex applications by allowing users to extend their capabilities. Next, the book introduces a variety of .NET essentials, as well as .NET development techniques. Within this discussion on component development, a separate chapter is devoted to each critical development feature, including asynchronous calls, serialization, remoting, security, and more. All the while, hazardous programming pitfalls are pointed out, saving the reader from experiencing them the hard way. A .NET expert and noted authority on component-oriented programming, Lowy uses his unique access to Microsoft technical teams to the best possible advantage, conveying detailed, insider information in easy-to-grasp, activity-filled language. This hands-on approach is designed to allow individuals to learn by doing rather than just reading. Indeed, after digesting Programming .NET Components, Second Edition, readers should be able to start developing .NET components immediately. Programming .NET Components, Second Edition is the consummate introduction to the Microsoft .NET Framework--the technology of choice for building components on Windows platforms. From its many lessons, tips, and guidelines, readers will learn how to use the .NET Framework to program reusable, maintainable, and robust components. Following in the footsteps of its best-selling predecessor, Programming .NET Components, Second Edition has been updated to cover .NET 2.0. This invaluable resource is targeted at anyone who develops complex or enterprise-level applications with the .NET platform--an ever-widening market.
Convergent synthetic methodology for the construction of self-adjuvanting lipopeptide vaccines using a novel carbohydrate scaffold (2014)

A novel convergent synthetic strategy for the construction of multicomponent self-adjuvanting lipopeptide vaccines was developed. A tetraalkyne-functionalized glucose derivative and lipidated Fmoc-lysine were prepared by novel efficient and convenient syntheses. The carbohydrate building block was coupled to the self-adjuvanting lipidic moiety (three lipidated Fmoc-lysines) on solid support. Four copies of a group A streptococcal B cell epitope (J8) were then conjugated to the glyco-lipopeptide using a copper-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction. The approach was elaborated by the preparation of a second vaccine candidate which incorporated an additional promiscuous T-helper epitope.
FreeGaze (2002)

In this paper we introduce a novel gaze tracking system called FreeGaze, which is designed for the use of everyday gaze interaction. Among various possible applications of gaze tracking system, Human-Computer Interaction (HCI) is one of the most promising elds. However, existing systems require complicated and burden-some calibration and are not robust to the measurement variations. To solve these problems, we introduce a geometric eyeball model and sophisticated image processing. Unlike existing systems, our system needs only two points for each individual calibration. When the personalization nishes, our system needs no more calibration before each measurement session. Evaluation tests show that the system is accurate and applicable to everyday use for the applications.
Density functional theory study of graphite oxide for different oxidation levels (2009)

Graphite oxide constitutes a hexagonal carbon network with oxygen atoms in carbon-oxide ether ring formations and hydroxyl molecules. We have studied graphite oxide with a first-principles density functional theory calculation for different oxidation levels. The oxygen atoms form 1,2-ether groups (epoxides) on the carbon grid, with on the adjacent carbon atoms, but at the opposite side of the carbon plane, the hydroxyl molecules. Graphite oxide cannot have 1,3-ether oxygens because of the higher formation energy. The transverse wrinkling of the carbon grid is about $0.5\text{ }\text{\AA{}}$, mostly due to the deformation around the hydroxyl bonds, yet the in-plane lattice axes retain the hexagonal features of graphene. A stable graphite oxide structure requires hydroxyl molecules to relax the tension on the carbon grid from the 1,2-ether oxygens. At a low degree of oxidation, graphite oxide is a semiconductor, but when the oxidation is saturated, it turns into an insulator.
Preparation Technology and Characterization of Naproxen Microspheres (2007)

A complex coacervation method was used to prepare Naproxen microspheres using chitosan and Gum-arabic as the matrix materials.The orthogonal experimental design using the standard of drug encapsulation was applied to optimize the preparation procedure of the microspheres.The result showed that optimal technology were C(chitosan:alginate)=1:1,pH=4.0,r=300 rpm,T=35 ℃.The release in vitro of the microspheres indicated that these microspheres may prove better sustained release of drugs.
Recruiting monomer for dimer formation: resolving the antagonistic mechanisms of novel immune check point inhibitors against Programmed Death Ligand-1 in cancer immunotherapy (2019)

The design of small molecule antagonists against Programmed Death Ligand-1 (PD-L1) has been the recent highlight of the immune checkpoint blockade therapy. This interventive approach has been potentiated by the development of BMS compounds; BMS-1001 and BMS-1166, which exert their therapeutic activities by inducing dimerisation of PD-L1; a molecular mechanism that has remained unclear. For the first time, we resolve the dynamical events that underlie the antagonistic mechanisms of BMS-1001 and BMS-1166 when bound to PD-L1 using an all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations approach and free binding energy Molecular Mechanics/Poisson-Boltzmann Surface Area (MM/PBSA) calculations. Time-scale dynamical findings revealed that upon binding a PD-L1 monomer, the BMS-compounds gradually facilitated the ‘inbound’ motion of another PD-L1 monomer in the same conformational phase space up till dimer formation. Moreover, the non-liganded PD-L1 monomer exhibited the highest structural flexibility and atomistic motions relative to the BMS-liganded monomer as revealed by post-MD trajectory analyses using root mean square deviation (RMSD) and root mean square fluctuations (RMSF) parameters. Trajectory investigations into ligand motions also revealed that the BMS compounds exhibited mechanistic transitions from the monomeric binding site (monomer A) where they were initially bound, to the second monomeric site (monomer B) where they were strongly bound, followed by eventual high-affinity interactions at the tunnel-like binding cleft formed upon the dimerisation of both PD-L1 monomers. These findings present a model that describes the mechanism by which the BMS compounds induce PD-L1 dimerisation and could further enhance the design of highly selective and novel monomeric recruiters of PD-L1 in cancer immunotherapy.
Recent trends in vaccine delivery systems: A review (2011)

Vaccines are the preparations given to patients to evoke immune responses leading to the production of antibodies (humoral) or cell-mediated responses that will combat infectious agents or noninfectious conditions such as malignancies. Alarming safety profile of live vaccines, weak immunogenicity of sub-unit vaccines and immunization, failure due to poor patient compliance to booster doses which should potentiate prime doses are few strong reasons, which necessitated the development of new generation of prophylactic and therapeutic vaccines to promote effective immunization. Attempts are being made to deliver vaccines through carriers as they control the spatial and temporal presentation of antigens to immune system thus leading to their sustained release and targeting. Hence, lower doses of weak immunogens can be effectively directed to stimulate immune responses and eliminate the need for the administration of prime and booster doses as a part of conventional vaccination regimen. This paper reviews carrier systems such as liposomes, microspheres, nanoparticles, dendrimers, micellar systems, ISCOMs, plant-derived viruses which are now being investigated and developed as vaccine delivery systems. This paper also describes various aspects of "needle-free technologies" used to administer the vaccine delivery systems through different routes into the human body.
New security threats against chips containing scan chain structures (2011)

Insertion of scan chains is the most common technique to ensure observability and controllability of sequential elements in an IC. However, when the chip deals with secret information, the scan chain can be used as back door for accessing secret (or hidden) information, and thus jeopardize the overall security. Several scan-based attacks on cryptographic functions have been described and showed the need for secure scan implementations. These attacks assume a single scan chain. However the conception of large designs and restrictions in terms of test costs may require the implementation of many scan chains and additional test infrastructures for test response compaction. In this paper, we present a new generic scan attack that covers a wide range of industrial test infrastructures, including spatial response compressors.