gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Measuring Presence in Virtual Environments: A Presence Questionnaire (1998)

The effectiveness of virtual environments (VEs) has often been linked to the sense of presence reported by users of those VEs. (Presence is defined as the subjective experience of being in one place or environment, even when one is physically situated in another.) We believe that presence is a normal awareness phenomenon that requires directed attention and is based in the interaction between sensory stimulation, environmental factors that encourage involvement and enable immersion, and internal tendencies to become involved. Factors believed to underlie presence were described in the premier issue of Presence: Teleoperators and Virtual Environments. We used these factors and others as the basis for a presence questionnaire (PQ) to measure presence in VEs. In addition we developed an immersive tendencies questionnaire (ITQ) to measure differences in the tendencies of individuals to experience presence. These questionnaires are being used to evaluate relationships among reported presence and other research variables. Combined results from four experiments lead to the following conclusions: the PQ and ITQ are internally consistent measures with high reliability; there is a weak but consistent positive relation between presence and task performance in VEs; individual tendencies as measured by the ITQ predict presence as measured by the PQ; and individuals who report more simulator sickness symptoms in VE report less presence than those who report fewer symptoms.
Simulating content in traffic for benchmarking intrusion detection systems (2011)

Deep-packet inspection Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) compare the headers and payload of network packets against a set of known malicious signatures. The composition of the packets combined with the number of known signatures determines the time required by the IDS for matching. Most IDS evaluation techniques employ on/off models where a packet is either malicious or not. Such evaluation ignores the case where the content of a benign packet partially intersects with one or many signatures, causing more processing for the IDS. To address this hole in evaluation we propose a traffic model that uses the target IDS signature set to create partially-matching traffic. This partially-matching traffic then allows the systematic examination of the IDS across multiple scenarios. Such evaluation provides insight into the idiosyncrasies of an IDS that would remain hidden if evaluated under current methodologies.
Synthetic MRI for Clinical Neuroimaging: Results of the Magnetic Resonance Image Compilation (MAGiC) Prospective, Multicenter, Multireader Trial (2017)

Overall synthetic MR imaging quality was similar to that of conventional proton-density, STIR, and T1- and T2-weighted contrast views across neurologic conditions. While artifacts were more common in synthetic T2 FLAIR, these were readily recognizable and did not mimic pathology but could necessitate additional conventional T2 FLAIR to confirm the diagnosis.
Display Week 2013 Review: Touch Technology (2013)

2013 was a year of evolution and maturation for touch technology, with projected‐capacitive dominating the exhibit floor like never before. This article takes a close look at the state of p‐cap at the Vancouver show, as well as at the “Touch‐Gesture‐Motion” Market Focus Conference at Display Week.
Attenuation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons in Smear Zones: A Case Study (2001)

Soil and ground water in a shallow aquifer were contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons, mostly comprised of toluene. The degrees of soil and ground-water contamination were closely correlated. The vertical profile of soil contamination showed an exponential or semilinear decrease both upward and downward from the mean water table, and this was closely related to water table fluctuation. Vertical and seasonal variations in the concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbon contaminants and their degradation products were analyzed in detail. Total natural attenuation rate and the contribution of biodegradation to the rate were estimated. Biodegradation was found to be an effective attenuation process at this site.
Highly sensitive imaging of renal microcirculation in vivo using ultrahigh sensitive optical microangiography (2011)

Studying renal microcirculation and its dynamics is of great importance for understanding the renal function and further aiding the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of renal pathologies. In this paper, we present a potentially useful method to provide high-sensitive volumetric imaging of renal microcirculations using ultrahigh-sensitive optical microangiography (UHS-OMAG). The UHS-OMAG image system used here is based on spectral domain optical coherence tomography, which uses a broadband light source centered at 1300 nm with an imaging speed of 150 frames per second that requires ~6.7 sec to complete one 3D scan of ~2.5 × 2.5 mm(2) area. The technique is sensitive enough to image capillary networks, such as peritubular capillaries within renal cortex. We show the ability of UHS-OMAG to provide depth-resolved volumetric images of capillary level renal microcirculation. We also show that UHS-OMAG is capable of monitoring the changes of renal microcirculation in response to renal ischemia and reperfusion. Finally, we attempt to show the capability of OMAG to provide quantitative analysis about velocity changes in a single capillary vessel (down to tens of microns per second) in response to the ischemic event.
Ultrapurification of water for electrochemical and surface chemical work by catalytic pyrodistillation (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTUltrapurification of water for electrochemical and surface chemical work by catalytic pyrodistillationB. E. Conway, H. Angerstein-Kozlowska, W. B. A. Sharp, and E. E. CriddleCite this: Anal. Chem. 1973, 45, 8, 1331–1336Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1973https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60330a025RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views888Altmetric-Citations347LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (638 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Growth, Serum Biochemistries, and Amino Acids of Term Infants Fed Formulas with Amino Acid and Protein Concentrations Similar to Human Milk (1989)

We tested the hypothesis that amino acid intake from infant formulas modified to be similar to human milk would result in indices of protein metabolism more like those in human milk-fed infants. Formula-fed infants received for 12 weeks one of three isocaloric formulations of a whey-adapted formula that differed in protein concentration: 11, 13, or 15 g/L. Infants consumed similar volumes of formula or human milk. Serum urea nitrogen concentrations reflected the protein content of the diets. Plasma indices of protein nutritional status were normal and did not differ among groups. Growth rates of all infants were normal and similar. Serum indicators of protein nutritional status varied with age, which made comparisons of formula-fed infants with human milk-fed infants difficult. Plasma concentrations of leucine and isoleucine at 4 weeks of age were higher in infants fed the formula containing 15 g protein/L when compared with those of infants fed the other two formulas or human milk. At 8 and 12 weeks of age, all formula-fed infants had plasma amino acid profiles that did not differ significantly from each other except for isoleucine, which was lower in the 11-g/L group. We found that providing formulas with an amino acid pattern similar to that of human milk did not produce a plasma amino acid pattern identical to that of the breast-fed infant. This observation suggests that other factors, such as the hormonal response to feeding, differing nutritional bioavailability of amino acids from human and bovine milk proteins, and the changing quantity and type of amino acids with advancing lactation, influence plasma amino acid concentrations.
Comparison of laser vascular welding, interrupted sutures, and continuous sutures in growing vascular anastomoses (1995)

Vascular anastomosis using the argon laser offers advantages over the conventional procedure in growing vessels.
Theory for optical heterodyne narrow-deviation FSK receivers with delay demodulation (1988)

A theoretical model is presented that includes the effects of laser phase noise, receiver noise, imperfect modulation, IF bandwidth, and postdetection filtering. Detailed numerical results for 140-Mb/s and 400-Mb/s systems are presented, showing excellent agreement with independent published experimental results and strongly supporting the theoretical analysis. It is found that an IF linewidth of less than 0.25% of bit rate is required to avoid degrading the receiver sensitivity by more than 1 dB in a system with a strong local oscillator and modulation index of 0.7. A larger modulation index allows a larger linewidth to be accommodated. If the demodulation is not optimal, a narrower linewidth is necessary.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Possible mechanisms by which repeated clozapine administration differentially affects the activity of two subpopulations of midbrain dopamine neurons (1985)

Extracellular single-cell recording techniques were employed to study the mechanism of action of repeated oral clozapine administration on the in vivo spontaneous activity of substantia nigra (A9) and ventral tegmental area (A10) dopamine (DA)-containing neurons in the rat. Clozapine was observed to affect DA neurons differentially within these two regions when compared to haloperidol. Acute treatment (1 hr) with both drugs increased the number of spontaneously firing neurons in both A9 and A10. Chronic (21 day) treatment with haloperidol decreased the number of cells encountered in both regions, whereas repeated treatment with clozapine reduced the number of DA cells per track only in A10. In all cases, the silent DA neurons were inferred to be in a state of depolarization inactivation since they could be induced to discharge normally by the microiontophoretic application of the inhibitory neurotransmitter gamma-aminobutyric acid. These effects were not due to an effect of chloral hydrate anesthesia since they were also observed in gallamine-paralyzed, artificially respired animals. Chronic co-administration with haloperidol of either an anticholinergic (trihexyphenidyl) or the alpha 1-norepinephrine (NE) receptor antagonist, prazosin, but not an alpha 2-NE antagonist, RX781094, resulted in a differential effect on A9 and A10 DA neurons identical to that observed with repeated clozapine administration alone. Thus, chronic treatment with these combinations of drugs resulted in the depolarization inactivation of only A10 cells. These data suggest that anticholinergic and/or alpha 1-NE-blocking properties of clozapine may, in part, mediate its differential effects on A9 and A10 midbrain DA neurons.
The vertical horopter is not adaptable, but it may be adaptive (2011)

Depth estimates from disparity are most precise when the visual input stimulates corresponding retinal points or points close to them. Corresponding points have uncrossed disparities in the upper visual field and crossed disparities in the lower visual field. Due to these disparities, the vertical part of the horopter--the positions in space that stimulate corresponding points--is pitched top-back. Many have suggested that this pitch is advantageous for discriminating depth in the natural environment, particularly relative to the ground. We asked whether the vertical horopter is adaptive (suited for perception of the ground) and adaptable (changeable by experience). Experiment 1 measured the disparities between corresponding points in 28 observers. We confirmed that the horopter is pitched. However, it is also typically convex making it ill-suited for depth perception relative to the ground. Experiment 2 tracked locations of corresponding points while observers wore lenses for 7 days that distorted binocular disparities. We observed no change in the horopter, suggesting that it is not adaptable. We also showed that the horopter is not adaptive for long viewing distances because at such distances uncrossed disparities between corresponding points cannot be stimulated. The vertical horopter seems to be adaptive for perceiving convex, slanted surfaces at short distances.
Compact ellipsometer employing a static polarimeter module with arrayed polarizer and wave-plate elements (2007)

A portable ellipsometer with a compact static polarimeter using an arrayed polarizer, an arrayed wave plate, and a CCD image sensor is developed. A high level of repeatability at a measurement speed of 0.3 s is demonstrated by measurement of SiO(2) films ranging from 2 to 300 nm in thickness deposited on an Si wafer. There is the potential to realize an ultracompact ellipsometer module by integrating the optical source and receiver, suitable for deployment in a variety of manufacturing equipment and measurement instruments.
An Enhanced Luminescence Dot-Immunobinding Assay For Cytomegalovirus Antibody Monitored Using Instant Photographic Film (1985)

Abstract A dot-immunobinding assay for cytomegalovirus antibody in serum has been developed using a nitrocellulose sheet as the solid support and a protein A-horseradish peroxidase conjugate. Bound conjugate was detected using a para-iodophenol enhanced luminescent assay. Light emission from the glowing dots on the membrane were recorded using high speed instant photographic film (ASA 20,000). Photographic results of CMV antibody assays were assessed visually by comparison with results of standards run on each membrane.
Isolation and Characterization of a <i>Pseudomonas</i> Strain Producing Glutaryl-7-Aminocephalosporanic Acid Acylase (1993)

Several screening methods were developed for the selection of Pseudomonas strains capable of hydrolyzing glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid. An isolate exhibiting high acylase activity, designated BL072, was identified as a strain of Pseudomonas diminuta. It grew optimally at pH 7 to 8 and at a temperature of 32 to 40 degrees C, but acylase activity was highest when the strain was grown at 28 degrees C. Mutants of BL072 were generated by nitrosoguanidine treatment and screened for increased production of glutaryl-7-aminocephalosporanic acid acylase. A superior mutant gave a fourfold increase in acylase titer. The cell-associated acylase had similar activities against various glutaryl-cephems but had undetectable activity against cephalosporin C. This acylase may prove useful for the conversion of cephalosporin C to 7-aminocephalosporanic acid.
Principles and applications of flow injection analysis in biosensors (1996)

In practical applications biosensors are often forced to operate under less than optimal conditions. Because of their construction, and the physical processes and chemical reactions involved in their operation, compromise conditions are frequently required to synchronize all events taking place. Therefore, and in order to implement functions such as periodic calibration, conditioning and possible regeneration of the biosensor, and, very importantly, to yield the freedom to select the optimum detection means, it is advantageous to use these devices in a flow-through mode, particularly by employing the flow injection (FI) approach. The capacity of FI, as offering itself as a complementary facility to augment the performance of biosensors, and in many cases as an attractive alternative, is demonstrated by reference to selected examples, comprising assays based on enzymatic procedures with optical and thermal detection procedures, and via description of a recently introduced technique for immunoassays, termed flow injection renewable surface immunoassays, which promises to entail powerful potentials and to yield compatible or better economy of operation than existing approaches.
The Formation of the Hexagonal Pyramid Facets on Wet Etching Patterned Sapphire Substrate (2013)

Currently, the wet etching patterned sapphire substrate (PSS) has attracted much attention for its high production yield. After etching in hot mixed H 2 SO 4 and H 3 PO 4 solution, the several etched facets were exposed on sapphire substrate. In this study, a series of etching process was used to investigate the formation. As shown in Fig. 1, when SiO 2 mask still remained, the structure of PSS comprised of six facets {3-417}. When SiO 2 mask were etched away, beside six facets, there were three extra facets {1-105} exposed on the top.
New radio frequency technique for deposition of hard carbon films (1985)

We have developed a new technique to produce diamondlike carbon films in an rf system with water-cooled electrodes. Hydrocarbon gas is leaked into the experimental chamber through the upper electrode which is a Pyrex cylinder inside a coil forming an rf oven. The gas (CH4) undergoes ionization/dissociation in one rf field, within an axial magnetic field. A circular water-cooled electrode supports the substrate to be coated, and is powered from a second rf generator, developing a negative self-bias on the substrate. Thus dissociation and ion production at the upper electrode and ion acceleration by the lower electrode could be separately controlled to optimize the film properties. It is shown that low stress, highly dense carbon films can be deposited by this method. Information is also given on bulk and surface properties as well as modification of these properties by the deposition conditions.
Antigenic cross‐reactivity among <i>Porphyromonas gingivalis</i> serotypes (2000)

The goal of our research program is to develop a Porphyromonas gingivalis vaccine. Vaccine development requires identification of antigenic components shared by the many clonal types of P. gingivalis. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the extent and nature of antigenic cross-reactivity among serotypes of P. gingivalis and to identify shared antigenic components. Strains selected to represent serotypes A-D were 33277, A7A1-28 W50 and 381, respectively. Using intact cells, antibodies were raised in rabbits. Titers were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) using intact cells as antigen, Western blots were prepared and biologic activity was measured as opsonization (chemiluminescence expressed as mV) and enhancement of phagocytosis and killing by polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Extensive cross-reactivity that varied greatly among serotypes was observed by ELISA. The Western blots showed an even greater extent of cross-reactivity, with shared protein components at approximately 140, 130, 37, 32 and 28 kDa and a shared variable molecular mass smear considered to be lipopolysaccharide and other carbohydrate. Additional protein components at 110, 85, 35 and 20 kDa appeared to be shared by some but not all serotypes. In the functional assays, strains 33277 and 381 were equally well opsonized by anti-33277 and anti-381 (500-650 mV) but opsonized to a much lesser extent by anti-A7A1-28 and anti-W50 (roughly 125 mV and 350 mV respectively). A7A1-28 and W50 were opsonized by all four immune sera almost equally but to a much lower extent (roughly 400 mV and 250 mV respectively). Enhancement of phagocytosis and killing in the presence of active complement mirrored opsonization with the exception that 381 was reasonably well opsonized by anti-A7A1-28 (400 mV) and anti-W50 (350 mV), but poorly killed. The protein components at 140, 130, 37 and 28 kDa shared by all of the four serotypes appear to have potential as vaccine candidate antigens.
Subkilohertz fluctuations and mode hopping in high-power grating-stabilized 980-nm pumps (2002)

The behavior of fiber Bragg grating (FBG)-stabilized 980-nm pump lasers is experimentally and theoretically investigated. The subkilohertz noise in the emitted power is related to the coexistence and oscillation between coherence collapsed state and narrow linewidth single-mode (SM) operation. These findings are theoretically discussed by using a multimode time-domain model that accounts for spatial harmonics and includes nonlinear gain. One additional result is an indication that kinks in the L-I curve can be explained by nonlinear mode competition.
Preparing for Chemical Terrorism: Stability of Injectable Atropine Sulfate (2004)

Objective: A massive nerve agent attack may rapidly deplete in‐date supplies of atropine. The authors considered using atropine beyond its labeled shelf life. The objective was to determine the stability of premixed injectable atropine sulfate samples with different expiration dates. Methods: This was an in‐vitro study using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Four atropine solutions (labeled concentration of 400 μ g/mL) ranging from in date to 12 years beyond expiration (exp) and an additional sample of atropine sulfate (labeled concentration of 2,000 μ g/mL) obtained from a World War II era autoinjector were assayed for atropine stability. Standards of atropine sulfate and tropine were prepared and quantified by GC/MS. Study samples were prepared by adding a buffer solution to free the base, extracting with an isopropanol/methylene chloride mixture and followed by evaporating the organic layer to dryness. Pentafluoropropionic anhydride and pentafluoropropanol were then added as derivatization reagents. Study samples were heated, the derivitization reagents were evaporated, and the remaining compound was reconstituted in ethyl acetate for injection into the GC/MS. Results: All solutions were clear and colorless. Atropine concentrations were as follows: in date, 252 μ g/mL; 2001 exp, 290 μ g/mL; 1999 exp, 314 μ g/mL; 1990 exp, 398 μ g/mL; and WW II specimen, 1,475 μ g/mL. Tropine was found in concentrations of <10 μ g/mL in all study samples. Conclusions: Significant amounts of atropine were found in all study samples. All samples remained clear and colorless, and no substantial amount of tropine was found in any study sample. Further testing is needed to determine clinical effect.
Review Paper: A Review of the Cellular Response on Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering (2008)

Electrospinning has been employed extensively in tissue engineering to generate nanofibrous scaffolds from either natural or synthetic biodegradable polymers to simulate the cellular microenvironment. Electrospinning rapidly produces fibers of the nanolength scale and the process offers many opportunities to tailor the physical, chemical, and biological properties of a material for specific applications and cellular environments. There is growing evidence that nanofibers amplify certain biological responses such as contact guidance and differentiation, however this has not been fully exploited in tissue engineering. This review addresses the cellular interactions with electrospun scaffolds, with particular focus on neural, bone, cartilage, and vascular tissue regeneration. Some aspects of scaffold design, including architectural properties, surface functionalization and materials selection are also addressed.