gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Parameter study to the interposer stress analysis of fine pitch 3-D stack package (2010)

Through-Silicon Vias (TSVs) have recently aroused much interest because it is a key enabling technology for three-dimensional (3-D) integrated circuit stacking and silicon interposer technology. In this study, a 3-D 1/8 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">th</sup> symmetrical nonlinear finite element model of a stack die TSV package was developed using ANSYS finite element simulation code. The model was used to optimize the package for robust design and to determine design rules to enhance TSV reliability in view of TSV stress. An L <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">9</sub> Taguchi matrix was developed to investigate the effects of dielectric thickness, TSV diameter, and interposer thickness on TSV stresses that could possibly occur during a temperature cycling test in the range of 0 °C to 100 °C. The TSV stress index was based on the end of high-dwell temperature in the third cycle due to a 75 °C temperature difference compared with room temperature of 25 °C. Three levels were chosen for each parameter to cover the ranges of interest. The results show that the best combination is 1 μm of insulation thickness, 50 μm of TSV diameter, and 400 μm of interposer thickness. The sensitivity degree order of system noise is interposer thickness, TSV diameter, and dielectric thickness. These could be used as guides for further similar 3-D stack packages design.
Quaterthiophenediphosphonic acid (QDP): a rigid, electron-rich building block for zirconium-based multilayers (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTQuaterthiophenediphosphonic acid (QDP): a rigid, electron-rich building block for zirconium-based multilayersHoward E. Katz, M. L. Schilling, C. E. D. Chidsey, T. M. Putvinski, and R. S. HuttonCite this: Chem. Mater. 1991, 3, 4, 699–703Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cm00016a025https://doi.org/10.1021/cm00016a025research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views340Altmetric-Citations80LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Evolutionary variation in bacterial RNase P RNAs (1998)

Sequences encoding RNase P RNAs from representatives of the last remaining classical phyla of Bacteria have been determined, completing a general phylogenetic survey of RNase P RNA sequence and structure. This broad sampling of RNase P RNAs allows some refinement of the secondary structure, and reveals patterns in the evolutionary variation of sequences and secondary structures. Although the sequences range from 100 to <25% identical to one another, and although only 40 of the nucleotides are invariant, there is considerable conservation of the underlying core of the RNA sequence. RNase P RNAs, like group I intron RNAs but unlike ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs or other highly conserved RNAs, are quite variable in secondary structure outside of this conserved structural core. Conservative regions of the RNA evolve by substitution of apparently interchangeable alternative structures, rather than the insertion and deletion of helical elements that occurs in the more variable regions of the RNA. In a remarkable case of convergent molecular evolution, most of the unusual structural elements of type B RNase P RNAs of the low G+C Gram-positive Bacteria have evolved independently in Thermomicrobium roseum , a member of the green non-sulfur Bacteria.
The Preparation and Antitumor Activity of Certain Derivatives of 6-Mercaptopurine (1962)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Preparation and Antitumor Activity of Certain Derivatives of 6-MercaptopurineLeland R. Lewis, C. Wayne. Noell, Alden G. Beaman, and Roland K. RobinsCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1962, 5, 3, 607–617Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1962Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1962https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm01238a018https://doi.org/10.1021/jm01238a018research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views122Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Comparison of acid ethanol extraction and acid gel filtration prior to IGF-I and IGF-II radioimmunoassays: Improvement of determinations in acid ethanol extracts by the use of truncated IGF-I as radioligand (1991)

Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins interfere in the IGF-I and -II radioimmunoassays. In an attempt to overcome this problem, we have compared the use of truncated IGF-I, with reduced IGFBP affinity, and IGF-I as radioligands for IGF-I RIA measurements in serum separated by acid gel filtration or acid ethanol extraction followed by cryo-precipitation. With truncated IGF-I as radioligand the IGF-I measurements in acid gel filtrates and acid ethanol extracts were significantly correlated in healthy subjects (N = 42, r = 0.91, p less than 0.001) and in patients with acromegaly (N = 10, r = 0.85, p less than 0.01), GH deficiency (N = 10, r = 0.88, p less than 0.001) or Type I diabetes mellitus (N = 10, r = 0.90, p less than 0.001). In contrast, the IGF-I concentrations in acid ethanol extracts determined with IGF-I as radioligand did not correlate with those in acid gel filtrates using truncated IGF-I radioligand in patients with acromegaly (r = 0.61, NS) or GH deficiency (r = 0.46, NS). In the latter group the mean IGF-I concentrations measured in acid ethanol extracts were erroneously elevated by 112%. Low-affinity antibodies used for IGF-II RIA determinations failed to give reliable results in acid ethanol extracts from patients with Type I diabetes mellitus or GH deficiency. In conclusion, erroneously high IGF-I concentrations owing to binding of the radioligand to IGFBPs not completely removed by acid ethanol extraction can be avoided by the use of truncated IGF-I as radioligand.
A new slant on photonic crystal fibers (2004)

We present the novel use of microstructured optical fibers not as "light-pipes", but in a transverse geometry to manipulate the light propagating across the fiber. Fundamental and higher-order bandgaps were observed experimentally in this geometry using a number of techniques. The comparison of the measured spectra with photonic band structure and Finite-Difference Time-Domain simulations provide strong evidence that the spectral features are a result of the periodic nature of the fiber microstructure in the transverse direction.
Automatic detection of motorcyclists without helmet (2013)

Motorcycle accidents have been rapidly growing throughout the years in many countries. Due to various social and economic factors, this type of vehicle is becoming increasingly popular. The helmet is the main safety equipment of motorcyclists, but many drivers do not use it. If an motorcyclist is without helmet an accident can be fatal. This paper aims to explain and illustrate an automatic method for motorcycles detection and classification on public roads and a system for automatic detection of motorcyclists without helmet. For this, a hybrid descriptor for features extraction is proposed based in Local Binary Pattern, Histograms of Oriented Gradients and the Hough Transform descriptors. Traffic images captured by cameras were used. The best result obtained from classification was an accuracy rate of 0.9767, and the best result obtained from helmet detection was an accuracy rate of 0.9423.
Photophysical characterization of polyelectrolytes in the form of polymerized micelles from an ionic surfactant with a terminal double bond (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPhotophysical characterization of polyelectrolytes in the form of polymerized micelles from an ionic surfactant with a terminal double bondDeh Ying Chu and J. K. ThomasCite this: Macromolecules 1991, 24, 9, 2212–2216Publication Date (Print):April 29, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 29 April 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00009a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00009a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views99Altmetric-Citations42LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Randomised study of six beta-blockers and a thiazide diuretic in essential hypertension (1978)

Atenolol was compared with five other beta-blockers and a thiazide diuretic in a randomised cross-over trial of once-daily treatment of essential hypertension. Atenolol was significantly better at reducing resting and exercise blood pressures at 24 hours than any of the other drugs and had a low incidence of side effects. Both timolol and acebutolol had a significant hypotensive effect at 24 hours and a low incidence of side effects, suggesting that further increases in dosage might be effective and well tolerated. Labetalol proved ineffective when given once daily, and the high incidence of side effects, equalled only by pindolol, would probably prohibit further increases in dosage. Bendrofluazide was equal or superior to all the beta-blockers except atenolol at reducing resting blood pressure, and its cheapness still makes it an agent of first choice in mild or moderate essential hypertension.
[SNC19/ST14 gene transfection and expression influence the biological behavior of colorectal cancer cells]. (2004)

SNC19/ST14 gene was successfully expressed into the RKO cell line, and could influence on the cell cytoskeletal protein (F-actin) organization and on cell adherence ability to ECM, but could not make the cell cycle, apoptosis and proliferation ability change significantly.
The conductivity of brain tissues: comparison of results in vivo and in vitro measurements (2005)

Electric properties of tissues depend on many factors, including measurement frequency and temperature. Properties differ also in vivo and in vitro situations. We have collected conductivity values from several studies and compared the values measured from living tissue and tissue samples. The results show that the resistivity ratio of grey and white matter increases 36% after death, and the resistivity values increase over 100%.
Adenosine A2a receptor activation delays apoptosis in human neutrophils (1997)

Adenosine has both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects on neutrophils. Exposure of cultured neutrophils to 2-chloroadenosine or 5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (NECA) decreased apoptosis after 16 h, with half-maximal responses for NECA and 2-chloroadenosine of 7.1 +/- 7.7 and 59.0 +/- 32.0 nM, respectively. Adenosine receptor agonists exhibited a rank order of potency for decreasing apoptosis of 2-p-(2-carboxyethyl)phenethylamino-5'-N-ethylcarboxamidoadenosine (CGS 21680) > NECA > or = 2-chloro-N6-cyclopentyladenosine >> 2-chloro-N6-(3-iodobenzyl)adenosine-5'-N-methyluronamide, which is consistent with the affinity order profile established for human A2a receptors. The reduction in apoptosis in cultured neutrophils at 16 h by CGS 21680 was due to a delay in apoptosis. The addition of CGS 21680 (100 nM) increased the half-life for the appearance of apoptosis from 10.9 +/- 3.1 to 21.0 +/- 1.0 h. Addition of the non-xanthine phosphodiesterase inhibitor 4-(3-butoxy-4-methoxybenzyl)-2-imidazalidinone (Ro-20-1724; 1 microM) enhanced the effects of CGS 21680 at all agonist concentrations. PGE1 (10 microM), PGE2 (0.1-10 microM), and dibutyryl cAMP (5-500 microM) all decreased apoptosis in cultured neutrophils. The enhancement of the effect of adenosine by a phosphodiesterase inhibitor and the similar actions of PGE2, PGE1, and dibutyryl cAMP suggest that this decrease in apoptosis may be mediated by a cAMP-dependent pathway.
Conformationally Constrained Analogues of Diacylglycerol (DAG). 31. Modulation of the Biological Properties of Diacylgycerol Lactones (DAG-lactones) Containing Rigid-Rod Acyl Groups Separated from the Core Lactone by Spacer Units of Different Lengths (2009)

Diacylglycerol lactones built with a rigid 4-[(methylphenyl)ethynyl]phenyl rod that is separated from the exocyclic acylcarbonyl of the DAG-lactone core by a spacer unit of variable length were synthesized and studied. Binding affinities for a panel of classical and novel PKC isozymes in two different phospholipid environments, one corresponding to the plasma membrane of cells, were determined. The kinetics and site of translocation for the PKC isozymes alpha and delta upon treatment with the compounds were also studied as well as the early response of ERK phosphorylation and the late response of induction of apoptosis in the human prostatic carcinoma cell line LNCaP. Finally, the compounds were evaluated in terms of their interaction with biomimetic lipid/polydiacetylene membranes by the associated chromatic response. The different spatial disposition of the rigid structural motif on the DAG-lactones contributes to differential activity.
Evidences of F-induced nanobubbles as sink for self-interstitials in Si (2006)

The beneficial effects of F implantation on the modification of extended defects in Si have been studied. Preamorphized Si samples were implanted with F (75keV, 6×1015F∕cm2) and regrown by solid phase epitaxy (SPE) at 700°C. The formation, just after SPE, of a band of bubbles overlapping the F enriched region has been evidenced, clearly demonstrating the formation of F-vacancy (V) complexes with determined stoichiometry. Moreover, the authors demonstrate that these F-V complexes inhibit the formation of extended defects, acting as efficient traps for Si interstitials. These results represent a promising route toward point defects engineering in microelectronic application.
Total Synthesis of Pederin (2007)

Blisteringly fast: The potent cytotoxic blistering agent pederin has been synthesized (see scheme). The synthesis is diastereoselective and concise (just 12 steps for the longest linear sequence), and features a formal hetero-Diels–Alder reaction of a hindered diene, a Mukaiyama–Michael reaction to set two additional stereocenters, and a Curtius rearrangement to stereospecifically introduce the aminal functionality. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2007/z701677_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Mechanical Properties of Graded Polydimethylsiloxane for Flexible Electronics (2019)

The extensive use of polydimethysiloxane (PDMS) in the context of flexible systems such as flexible display has up grown an issue of its flexibility upon high loadings and rupture. In previous study, PDMS substrates failed through the rupture and delaminated completely at 120% at global strain. Graded PDMS samples consisting five different layers of mixing ratios was designed to effectively fulfill the mechanical function. Each layer was differ in color to accentuate the difference of mixing ratios. The first layer had the mixing ratio of base polymer to curing agent 2:1, followed by 5:1, 10:1, 15:1 and 20:1 respectively. The graded PDMS samples were prepared using a simple casting, curing, stacking and cutting process. . This study presents the measurement of the mechanical properties of Graded PDMS based on the mixing ratio of base polymer to curing agent. A tensile test and fracture test were performed with a Universal Testing Machine at room temperature. The new finding is that when the graded PDMS were stacked together varying the layers from hardest (2:1) to softest (20:1) PDMS substrates, the range of flexibility is very wide. It can be seen from the stress-strain curves that the graded PDMS sample showed flexibility and yet can elongate up 170% strain before failing. It could be concluded that by designing and improving the graded PDMS combining the hardest (2:1) to the softest (20:1) PDMS substrates can vary its mechanical properties to approach the hardest biological materials such as bone and tooth enamel, whereas still can be reversibly stretchable up to 170% strain without failure. This study will be of use to all the technological communities who are in used of PDMS polymers for their specific investigations and applications in flexible system.
Energy-efficient noise-tolerant dynamic styles for scaled-down CMOS and MTCMOS technologies (2002)

A new high-speed domino circuit, called HS-Domino has been developed. HS-Domino resolves the tradeoff between performance and reliability in conventional CD-domino logic while dissipating low dynamic power with minimal area overhead. HS-Domino, therefore, extends domino's operation in the deep submicron regime. A multithreshold implementation of HS-Domino is also devised to achieve substantially low leakage values during standby, while maintaining high performance and low power during the active mode. Furthermore, the generic multithreshold scheme is applied to differential cascode voltage switch (DDCVS) logic.
Highly permeable chemically modified PIM-1/Matrimid membranes for green hydrogen purification (2013)

Polymers of intrinsic microporosity, e.g. PIM-1, are attractive materials for gas separation and energy development, which is ascribed mainly to their superior permeability. The H2 and CO2 permeability of PIM-1 is about 1300–4000 Barrer and 3000–8000 Barrer, respectively. However, it has a relatively low H2/CO2 selectivity of 0.4–0.8. Different from the previous UV rearrangement approach, for the first time we report here a viable method to tune the intrinsic properties of PIM-1 blend membranes from being CO2-selective to H2-selective via blending with Matrimid and subsequent cross-linking the mixed matrix membrane with diamines at room temperature. The ideal H2/CO2 selectivity of the membrane after modification by 2 h triethylenetetramine (TETA) improved dramatically from 0.4–0.8 to 9.6, with a H2 permeability of 395 Barrer. The modified membranes also show exceptional separation performance, surpassing the present upper bound for H2/CO2, H2/N2, H2/CH4 and O2/N2 separations. Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) and Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) revealed that the diamine cross-linking successfully alters the membrane morphology from a dense to a composite structure. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and sorption data confirmed that the modified membrane has a smaller d-spacing and a decrease in the diffusivity coefficient. Our results also affirmed that the spatial structure, rather than the pKa value, of the diamine is the prevailing factor which governs the reactivity of diamines towards the PIM-1/Matrimid membrane due to the low concentration of cross-linkable polyimides distributing randomly in the polymer matrix. The fundamentals and knowledge gained throughout this study may facilitate the development of polymeric membranes for green H2 enrichment processes.
The GROMOS Biomolecular Simulation Program Package (1999)

We present the newest version of the GROningen MOlecular Simulation program package, GROMOS96. GROMOS96 has been developed for the dynamic modelling of (bio)molecules using the methods of molecular dynamics, stochastic dynamics, and energy minimization as well as the path-integral formalism. An overview of its functionality is given, highlighting methodology not present in the last major release, GROMOS87. The organization of the code is outlined, and reliability, testing, and efficiency issues involved in the design of this large (73 000 lines of FORTRAN77 code) and complex package are discussed. Finally, we present two applications illustrating new functionality: local elevation simulation and molecular dynamics in four spatial dimensions.
Leading the way: canine models of genomics and disease (2010)

In recent years Canis familiaris, the domestic dog, has drawn considerable attention as a system in which to investigate the genetics of disease susceptibility, morphology and behavior. Because dogs show remarkable intrabreed homogeneity, coupled with striking interbreed heterogeneity, the dog offers unique opportunities to understand the genetic underpinnings of natural variation in mammals, a portion of which is disease susceptibility. In this review, we highlight the unique features of the dog, such as population diversity and breed structure, that make it particularly amenable to genetic studies. We highlight recent advances in understanding the architecture of the dog genome, which propel the system to the forefront of consideration when selecting a system for disease gene studies. The most notable benefit of using the dog for genetic studies is that dogs get many of the same diseases as humans, with a similar frequency, and the same genetic factors are often involved. We discuss two approaches for localizing disease genes in the dog and provide examples of ongoing studies.