gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development of In-Browser Simulators for Medical Education: Introduction of a Novel Software Toolchain (2019)

Bodylight.js enables us to effectively develop teaching simulators. Armed with this technology, we intend to focus on the development of new simulators and interactive textbooks for medical education. Bodylight.js usage is not limited to developing simulators for medical education and can facilitate the development of simulators for teaching complex topics in a variety of different fields.
16S rRNA characterization of a Bacillus isolate and its tolerance profile after subsequent subculturing (2007)

The isolation of microorganisms from different highly contaminated environments offers novel bacteria of unique functionality and potential applications in different biotechnological processes. It also entails a variety of genes responsible for microbial tolerance or defense against extreme conditions or xenobiotics present in the media. In a previous work, Bacillus spp. isolated from textile wastewater was exploited in terms of characterization, tolerance to pH, salinity, cold temperature and hydrogen peroxide, and the mechanism of resistance against hydrogen peroxide (Gomaa and Momtaz, 2006). This isolate was phenotypically identified as Bacillus maroccanus/Bacillus simplex. In this study, the primary aim was to characterize this strain using 16S rRNA partial gene amplification and sequencing. It was assigned as Bacillus simplex TWW-04. DNA-DNA hybridization showed 96% relatedness to Acinetobacter. The tolerance profile of this strain was examined in regard to the four traits previously mentioned. A 36-month subculturing of this strain showed no change in tolerance to pH, salinity and cold temperature, whereas the tolerance to hydrogen peroxide was lost. A sample, frozen for the same duration, showed no change in any of the tested traits. The tolerance alleviation was evident after 24 months of subculturing. Testing the KatA gene responsible for hydrogen peroxide tolerance in the two samples showed higher band intensity in the frozen sample when compared to the subcultured sample. This indicates that the hydrogen peroxide tolerance trait is extrachromosomal and has been lost during successive cell division, while the other traits are chromosomal. Genbank/NCBI/accession number for this 16S rRNA strain EF025542.
Phase II, Randomized, Multicenter, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of a Polyclonal Anti- <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Capsular Polysaccharide Immune Globulin in Treatment of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Bacteremia (2007)

New treatment modalities are needed for the treatment of infections due to multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. S. aureus capsular polysaccharide immune globulin (Altastaph) is a polyclonal immune globulin preparation that is being developed as adjunctive therapy for persons with S. aureus infections complicated by bacteremia. In a phase II, multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, 40 subjects with documented S. aureus bacteremia received standard therapy plus either Altastaph at 200 mg/kg of body weight in each of two infusions 24 h apart or placebo. During the 42-day observation period, antibody pharmacokinetics and safety were the primary characteristics studied. Information regarding the resolution of bacteremia and fever was also analyzed. Anti-type-5 and anti-type-8 capsular antibody levels peaked after the second infusion at 550 mug/ml and 419 mug/ml, respectively, and remained above 100 mug/ml at day 28. A total of 316 adverse events were noted in 39 of 40 subjects. Infusion-related adverse events in Altastaph recipients were infrequent and similar to those among recipients of commercial intravenously administered immunoglobulin G products. Five of 21 (23%) subjects in the Altastaph group died, whereas 2 of 18 (11%) subjects in the placebo group died (P = 0.42). Compared to the control patients, the Altastaph recipients had a shorter median time to the resolution of fever (2 days and 7 days, respectively; P = 0.09) and a shorter length of hospital stay (9 days and 14 days, respectively; P = 0.03). However, these findings are exploratory, and there were few differences in the other variables measured. High levels of opsonizing antibodies were maintained for the initial 4 weeks. Although the study was not powered to show efficacy, these preliminary findings and safety profile suggest that Altastaph may be an effective adjunct to antibiotics and warrants further investigation (ClinicalTrials.gov number NCT00063089).
FGF-23 Associates with Death, Cardiovascular Events, and Initiation of Chronic Dialysis (2011)

Concentrations of the phosphate-regulating hormone fibroblast growth factor-23 (FGF-23) are elevated in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), but whether higher plasma FGF-23 concentrations associate with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, or initiation of chronic dialysis is not completely understood. Here, we measured FGF-23 concentration in stored plasma samples from 1099 patients with advanced CKD who participated in The Homocysteine in Kidney and End Stage Renal Disease study. Mean serum phosphorus concentration was 4.3 mg/dl, median FGF-23 concentration was 392 RU/ml, and mean GFR was 18 ml/min/1.73 m(2). During a median follow-up of 2.9 yr, 453 (41%) patients died from any cause, 215 (20%) had a cardiovascular event, and 615 (56%) initiated chronic dialysis. Compared with the lowest quartile of FGF-23, each subsequent quartile associated with a progressively higher risk for death, adjusted for confounders (HR [95% CI] of 1.24 [0.91 to 1.69], 1.76 [1.28 to 2.44], and 2.17 [1.56 to 3.08] for the second through fourth quartiles, respectively). In addition, compared with the lowest quartile, the two highest quartiles of FGF-23 also associated with a significantly elevated risk for cardiovascular events and initiation of chronic dialysis. In conclusion, in advanced CKD, FGF-23 strongly and independently associates with all-cause mortality, cardiovascular events, and initiation of chronic dialysis.
The non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway controls the fermentation rate of xylulose but not of xylose in<i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i>TMB3001 (2002)

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to ferment xylose, when engineered with the enzymes xylose reductase (XYL1) and xylitol dehydrogenase (XYL2). However, xylose fermentation is one to two orders of magnitude slower than glucose fermentation. S. cerevisiae has been proposed to have an insufficient capacity of the non-oxidative pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) for rapid xylose fermentation. Strains overproducing the non-oxidative PPP enzymes ribulose 5-phosphate epimerase (EC 5.1.3.1), ribose 5-phosphate ketol isomerase (EC 5.3.1.6), transaldolase (EC 2.2.1.2) and transketolase (EC 2.2.1.1), as well as all four enzymes simultaneously, were compared with respect to xylose and xylulose fermentation with their xylose-fermenting predecessor S. cerevisiae TMB3001, expressing XYL1, XYL2 and only overexpressing XKS1 (xylulokinase). The level of overproduction in S. cerevisiae TMB3026, overproducing all four non-oxidative PPP enzymes, ranged between 4 and 23 times the level in TMB3001. Overproduction of the non-oxidative PPP enzymes did not influence the xylose fermentation rate in either batch cultures of 50 g l(-1) xylose or chemostat cultures of 20 g l(-1) glucose and 20 g l(-1) xylose. The low specific growth rate on xylose was also unaffected. The results suggest that neither of the non-oxidative PPP enzymes has any significant control of the xylose fermentation rate in S. cerevisiae TMB3001. However, the specific growth rate on xylulose increased from 0.02-0.03 for TMB3001 to 0.12 for the strain overproducing only transaldolase (TAL1) and to 0.23 for TMB3026, suggesting that overproducing all four enzymes has a synergistic effect. TMB3026 consumed xylulose about two times faster than TMB30001 in batch culture of 50 g l(-1) xylulose. The results indicate that growth on xylulose and the xylulose fermentation rate are partly controlled by the non-oxidative PPP, whereas control of the xylose fermentation rate is situated upstream of xylulokinase, in xylose transport, in xylose reductase, and/or in the xylitol dehydrogenase.
The Polarization Defect of Wiskott-Aldrich Syndrome Macrophages Is Linked to Dislocalization of the Arp2/3 Complex (2000)

Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome (WAS) is an X-linked recessive disorder originally characterized by the clinical triad eczema, thrombocytopenia, and severe immunodeficieny, with recurrent bacterial and viral infections, indicating a profound immune cell defect. Such altered immune cells include monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells, which were reported to display disturbed cell polarization or chemotaxis. WAS is caused by mutations in the WAS protein (WASp), which is thought to organize the actin cytoskeleton through the Arp2/3 complex. Here we show that the Arp2/3 complex is an integral part of podosomes, actin-rich adhesion structures of macrophages, and that WAS macrophages fail to organize the Arp2/3 complex into podosomes. We also demonstrate that microinjection of a C-terminal acidic stretch of WASp into normal macrophages displaces Arp2/3 from podosomes and, in combination with chemoattractant stimulation of cells, induces a phenotype resembling the polarization-defective phenotype of stimulated WAS macrophages. These findings point to an important role of the Arp2/3 complex in polarization and migration of immune cells.
Static and dynamic imaging of alveoli using optical coherence tomography needle probes (2012)

Imaging of alveoli in situ has for the most part been infeasible due to the high resolution required to discern individual alveoli and limited access to alveoli beneath the lung surface. In this study, we present a novel technique to image alveoli using optical coherence tomography (OCT). We propose the use of OCT needle probes, where the distal imaging probe has been miniaturized and encased within a hypodermic needle (as small as 30-gauge, outer diameter 310 μm), allowing insertion deep within the lung tissue with minimal tissue distortion. Such probes enable imaging at a resolution of ∼12 μm within a three-dimensional cylindrical field of view with diameter ∼1.5 mm centered on the needle tip. The imaging technique is demonstrated on excised lungs from three different species: adult rats, fetal sheep, and adult pigs. OCT needle probes were used to image alveoli, small bronchioles, and blood vessels, and results were matched to histological sections. We also present the first dynamic OCT images acquired with an OCT needle probe, allowing tracking of individual alveoli during simulated cyclical lung inflation and deflation.
Detectability of CMOS stuck-open faults using random and pseudorandom test sequences (1988)

An analysis is presented of CMOS stuck-open faults tested with a pseudorandom test sequence, i.e. a test sequence consisting of some or all of the 2/sup N/ test patterns generated by a modified N-bit linear-feedback shift register (LFSR). Such a scheme is viewed as testing without replacement. When all 2/sup N/ test patterns are applied, then such a test sequence is called a pseudorandom exhaustive test sequence (PRETS). The alternative scheme is called random testing, which corresponds to sampling the population of test vectors with replacement. It is shown that some stuck-open faults require a single test vector of their detection, while most require an ordered pair of test vectors. A PRETS will detect all stuck-open faults that require a single test vector, but may not necessarily detect all faults that require an ordered pair of test vectors. The results obtained under pseudorandom testing are compared with results obtained under random testing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Laboratory Evaluation of Several Bait Factors Against the German Cockroach, Blattella germanica (L.). (1970)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the efficacy of an established attractant (methylmyristate) and feeding stimulants (starch, maltose, and sucrose), and the iesecticidal activity of boric acid as the constituents of baits for cockroach control. Starch (25 to 70%) and soluble starch (10 to 25%) were used as the basic constituents of the baits. The experiments were done at a constant temperature of 25±1℃. The results with the German conckroach were as follows. 1) When administered orally, boric acid showed no chemical repellency against the insects. 2) A single-day exposure of the insects to baits containing boric acid was enough to kill most of them, though the fed amount of boric acid was slowly effective. In a continuous exposure of the insects to the baits, 6.6mg of boric acid taken by 30 female adults could kill them all within a month, and the more the intake of boric acid was the shorter the duration necessary for killing the insects. Thus it is likely that all or at least most of the insects respond to their food every night. 3) When the water solutions were delivered from the needle of a syringe directly on to the mouthparts of young adults, (LD)_<50> values of about 150μg of boric acid per male insect and 200μg per female were expected. In this case mortality did not increase from the 11th day after the application. 4) The addition of methylmyristate to the bait clearly increased the amount of bait ingested by the insects at the optimum dose from 0.02 to 0.2%. The insects preferred the maltose-containing bait much more than the sucrose-contatining one especially at the higher concentrations of 10 and 15%. 5) Mortality by the bait with 0.5% lindane or fenitrothion in addition to 20% boric acid initially increased at a much more rapid rate than those without these insecticides, but especially with fenitrothion complete mortality resulted Afferward. 6) A wide distribution of the bait was more effectual for rapid control of the insect populations even in small test containers, and the baits were effective for controlling the insects even when there was a greater amount of another food which the insects could feed freely.
A 3-ns GaAs 4K &#215; 1-bit static RAM (1985)

A 3-ns 700-mW GaAs 4K × 1-bit static RAM has been developed using tungsten-silicide-gate self-aligned technology with a minimum design rule of 1.5 µm. A GaAs 1K × 1-bit static RAM, developed using the same technology, affords 1.0-ns minimum address access time and 300-mW power dissipation.
Deconvolution Analysis of Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced Data Based on Singular Value Decomposition Optimized by Generalized Cross Validation (2004)

Given an improved SNR, TSVD-G is useful for quantification of CBF with deconvolution analysis of DCE-MRI data.
Elevated Serum Triglyceride Levels and Long-Term Mortality in Patients With Coronary Heart Disease (1999)

Elevated triglyceride levels were associated with a small, independent increased mortality risk in CHD patients. This risk may be increased among subgroups of patients with elevated total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol levels.
Artificial neural network classification of pharyngeal high‐resolution manometry with impedance data (2012)

Classification models show high accuracy in classifying swallows from dysphagic patients as safe or unsafe. HRM-impedance with ANN represents one method that could be used clinically to screen for patients at risk for penetration or aspiration.
Seismic reservoir characterization in resource shale plays: Stress analysis and sweet spot discrimination (2011)

Surface seismic data have proven to be an invaluable asset for organizations producing hydrocarbons from unconventional resource plays. Initially, a primary benefit of surface seismic was the ability to locate and avoid drilling into zones with faults, fractures, and karsting which adversely affected the ability to complete the well successfully. More recent advances in prestack seismic data analysis yield attributes that appear to be correlated to formation lithology, rock strength, and stress fields. Knowledge and proper utilization of these attributes may prove valuable in the optimization of drilling and completion activities.
Community policing in the Vaalrand (2001)

African Police played a primary role in upholding apartheid (Fourie 1998:166). The Police became a symbol of oppression for the greater part of the community as the strategy of the police was characterised by a strong emphasis on the military style of policing (Stevens &amp; Yach 1995:2). New reforms, which had a major influence
Interleukin-27 Receptor Limits Atherosclerosis in <i>Ldlr</i> <sup>−/−</sup> Mice (2012)

Rationale: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the arterial wall. Several proinflammatory cytokines are known to promote atherosclerosis, but less is known about the physiological role of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin (IL)-27 is a recently discovered member of the IL-6/IL-12 family. The IL-27 receptor is composed of IL-27 receptor A (WSX-1) and gp130 and is required for all established IL-27 signaling pathways. The expression of the IL-27 subunit Ebi3 is elevated in human atheromas, yet its function in atherosclerosis remains unknown. Objective: The aim of this study was to test the role of IL-27 receptor signaling in immune cells in atherosclerosis development. Methods and Results: Atherosclerosis-prone Ldlr −/− mice transplanted with Il27ra −/− bone marrow and fed Western diet for 16 weeks developed significantly larger atherosclerotic lesions in aortic roots, aortic arches, and abdominal aortas. Augmented disease correlated with increased accumulation of CD45 + leukocytes and CD4 + T cells in the aorta, which produced increased amounts of IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor. Several chemokines, including CCL2, were upregulated in the aortas of Ldlr −/− mice receiving Il27ra −/− bone marrow, resulting in accumulation of CD11b + and CD11c + macrophages and dendritic cells in atherosclerotic aortas. Conclusions: The absence of anti-inflammatory IL-27 signaling skews immune responses toward T-helper 17, resulting in increased production of IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor, which in turn enhances chemokine expression and drives the accumulation of proatherogenic myeloid cells in atherosclerotic aortas. These findings establish a novel antiatherogenic role for IL-27 receptor signaling, which acts to suppress the production of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and to curb the recruitment of inflammatory myeloid cells into atherosclerotic aortas.
Fully automated shim mapping method for spectroscopic imaging of the mouse brain at 9.4 T (2005)

For spectroscopic imaging studies of the mouse brain, it is critical to obtain optimal B(0) homogeneity over a large region of interest (ROI). In this paper, a fully automated shimming method for mouse brain at 9.4 T, based on B(0) mapping, is described. B(0) maps were obtained using a multislice gradient echo sequence with multiple phase evolution time delays with a novel unwrapping scheme. The unwrapping method allows phase maps with large bandwidths (+/-1 kHz) but with high resolution (0.3 Hz/ degrees ) to be acquired in a single acquisition, thereby minimizing the number of iterations required. The SD of the B(0) over the ROI (8 x 5 x 1 mm) was less than 10 Hz after shimming. Application of this method to the in vivo mouse brain allowed reproducible, high-quality spectroscopic data to be collected with 1-microl voxels.
Mutant <i>GBA1</i> Expression and Synucleinopathy Risk: First Insights from Cellular and Mouse Models (2012)

Heterozygous mutations in the glucocerebrosidase gene (GBA1) are associated with increased risk for α-synuclein aggregation disorders ('synucleinopathies'), which include Parkinson's disease (PD) and dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). Homozygous GBA1 mutations lead to reduced GBA1 lysosomal activity underlying three variants of Gaucher disease (GD). Despite the wealth of clinical and genetic evidence supporting the association between mutant genotypes and synucleinopathy risk, the precise mechanisms by which GBA1 mutations lead to PD and DLB remain unclear. Here, we summarize recent findings that highlight the complexity of this pathogenetic link. In neural cells, both gain and loss of function mechanisms, as conferred by mutant GBA1 expression and activity loss, respectively, seem to promote aberrant α-synuclein processing. In addition, we draw attention to recent insights gleaned from GD animal models regarding axonal pathology, brain inflammation and memory dysfunction. From a translational perspective, we discuss the concepts of neural enzyme replacement therapy and pharmacological agents as potential treatment strategies for GBA1-associated synucleinopathies. Finally, we touch on the issue whether aberrant α-synuclein species may coregulate GBA1 activity in the vertebrate brain, thereby providing a reverse link, i.e., between an important synucleinopathy risk factor and the enzyme's lysosomal function. In summary, several leads connecting GBA1 mutations with α-synuclein misprocessing have emerged as potential targets for the treatment of GBA1-related synucleinopathies, and possibly, for non-GBA1-associated neurodegenerative diseases.
PEAK EXPIRATORY FLOW RATE IN AN ELDERLY POPULATION (1989)

A population survey was conducted in 1982-1983 among 3,812 persons aged 65 years and older residing in East Boston, Massachusetts, a geographically defined urban community. Three measurements of peak expiratory flow rate were obtained by using calibrated mini-Wright meters. Peak expiratory flow rate was strongly related to age, sex, smoking, and years smoked. After adjustment for these factors, low peak expiratory flow rate was associated with chronic respiratory symptoms (cough, wheeze, shortness of breath, exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, and paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea; p less than 0.0001) and with certain cardiovascular variables (history of stroke, p = 0.0014; angina, p = 0.05; and high pulse rate, p = 0.004). No significant associations were found with history of myocardial infarction or systolic and diastolic blood pressures. Peak expiratory flow rate was positively related to education (p less than 0.0001) and income (p less than 0.0001). Peak expiratory flow rate also was strongly related (p less than 0.0001) to measures of functional ability and physical activity, self-assessment of health, and simple measures of cognitive function. The correlations of peak expiratory flow rate with pulmonary symptoms and other indices of chronic disease raise the possibility that peak expiratory flow rate will predict mortality in an elderly population.
Simple Preparation of Hydroxylated Nylons—Polyamides Derived from Aldaric Acids (1994)

The large scale availability of D-glucose (dextrose) from starch hydrolysis makes this sugar an attractive starting material for industrial scale polymer syntheses. With that prospect in mind we developed a simple and versatile process for the preparation of "Hydroxylated Nylons" (polyhydroxypolyamides) from D-glucaric acid, the aldaric acid from D-glucose oxidation. A number of such polyamides have been prepared by our newly modified process, which utilizes the monopotassium salt of D-glucaric acid as the starting material for the carbohydrate diacid monomer. The process, representative polymers prepared using the process, and some notable property differences within this family of polyamides are described.