gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glatiramer Acetate Treatment Increases Stability of Spinal Synapses and Down Regulates MHC I during the Course of EAE (2011)

The recent discovery that the major histocompatibility complex of class I (MHC I) expression has a role in the synaptic elimination process, represented an insight into understanding the cross talk between neurons. In the present study, the possibility that glatiramer acetate (GA) treatment influences the MHC class I expression and the synaptic plasticity process in the spinal cord during the course of EAE was investigated. C57BL/6J mice were induced to EAE and submitted to treatment either with a placebo solution or with GA (0.05 mg/animal, subcutaneously, on a daily basis). All the animals were sacrificed at the peak disease (14 days after induction) or at the point of recovery of the clinical signs (21 days after induction). The spinal cords were removed and submitted to immunohistochemical examination, Western blotting and transmission electron microscopy analysis. The results showed that GA treatment was able to decrease synaptic loss during the course of EAE, which correlates with the downregulation of the MHC I complex. The present results reinforce the neuroprotective role of GA treatment, by reducing synaptic loss during the course of the disease. Such action may be associated with the recently described role of MHC I regulation during the synaptic plasticity process.
Fission of heavy hypernuclei formed in antiproton annihilation (1993)

Heavy hypernuclei are produced in the annihilation of antiprotons in $^{238}\mathrm{U}$. The delayed fission of heavy hypernuclei and hypernuclei of fission fragments are observed by using the recoil-distance method in combination with measurement of secondary electron multiplicity. The lifetime of hypernuclei in the region of uranium is found to be (1.25\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.15)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}10}$ sec. It is observed that \ensuremath{\Lambda} hyperons predominantly stick to the heavier fission fragments. The yield of hypernuclei is found to be (7.4\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}1.7)\ifmmode\times\else\texttimes\fi{}${10}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}3}$ per stopped antiproton. No coincidences with ${\mathit{K}}^{+}$ were found. Statistical and systematic errors on the number of events expected do not rule out this possibility.
Biresidue Error-Correcting Codes for Computer Arithmetic (1970)

In an earlier paper [11] a scheme for detecting errors in ADD, COMPLEMENT, SHIFT, and ROTATE operations using a residue check circuitry was presented. A scheme for error location and correction in those operations is derived by a suitable application of a code called biresidue arithmetic code described here. Any single error position can be located and also corrected by use of two residue checkers which work separately and in parallel with the arithmetic unit. The estimated cost of redundancy is approximately the same as that required for duplication of the arithmetic unit.
Classic models for dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (2013)

Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) is a functional MRI method where T1 -weighted MR images are acquired dynamically after bolus injection of a contrast agent. The data can be interpreted in terms of physiological tissue characteristics by applying the principles of tracer-kinetic modelling. In the brain, DCE-MRI enables measurement of cerebral blood flow (CBF), cerebral blood volume (CBV), blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability-surface area product (PS) and the volume of the interstitium (ve ). These parameters can be combined to form others such as the volume-transfer constant K(trans) , the extraction fraction E and the contrast-agent mean transit times through the intra- and extravascular spaces. A first generation of tracer-kinetic models for DCE-MRI was developed in the early 1990s and has become a standard in many applications. Subsequent improvements in DCE-MRI data quality have driven the development of a second generation of more complex models. They are increasingly used, but it is not always clear how they relate to the models of the first generation or to the model-free deconvolution methods for tissues with intact BBB. This lack of understanding is leading to increasing confusion on when to use which model and how to interpret the parameters. The purpose of this review is to clarify the relation between models of the first and second generations and between model-based and model-free methods. All quantities are defined using a generic terminology to ensure the widest possible scope and to reveal the link between applications in the brain and in other organs.
Composing Data-Driven Service Mashups with Tag-Based Semantic Annotations (2011)

Spurred by Web 2.0 paradigm, there emerge large numbers of service mashups by composing readily accessible data and services. Mashups usually address solving situational problems and require quick and iterative development lifecyle. In this paper, we propose an approach to composing data driven mashups, based on tag-based semantics. The core principle is deriving semantic annotations from popular tags, and associating them with programmatic inputs and outputs data. Tag-based semantics promise a quick and simple comprehension of data capabilities. Mashup developers including end-users can intuitively search desired services with tags, and combine several services by means of data flows. Our approach takes a planning technique to retrieving the potentially relevant composition opportunities. With our graphical composition user interfaces, developers can iteratively modify, adjust and refine their mashups to be more satisfying.
Inactivation and Elimination of Viruses during the Fractionationof an Intravenous Immunoglobulin Preparation:Liquid Heat Treatment and Polyethylene Glycol Fractionation (1989)

A method for the heat treatment of human IgG solution at 60 °C for 10 h was established. Human immunodeficiency, mumps, vaccinia and 4 other viruses were added to the IgG solution in 33% sorbitol and heated at 60 °C. Those viruses were inactivated within 1 h. Heat-treated intravenous IgG (IVIG-H) was prepared by heat treatment and polyethylene glycol (PEG) fractionation. Conventional nonheated intravenous IgG (IVIG-C) was prepared from the same source paste by the fractionation method. No physicochemical or biological difference was observed between the heated and control IVIG preparations.
High-Q microfluidic cavities in silicon-based two-dimensional photonic crystal structures (2008)

We demonstrate postprocessed microfluidic double-heterostructure cavities in silicon-based photonic crystal slab waveguides. The cavity structure is realized by selective fluid infiltration of air holes using a glass microtip, resulting in a local change of the average refractive index of the photonic crystal. The microcavities are probed by evanescent coupling from a silica nanowire. An intrinsic quality factor of 57,000 has been derived from our measurements, representing what we believe to be the largest value observed in microfluidic photonic crystal cavities to date.
Location Aware Question Answering Based Product Searching in Mobile Handheld Devices (2010)

In this research we present a question answering based searching technique for location based shopping. A user may ask a question to the system as they naturally ask to a human while the system retrieves the search results by analyzing the given question and the current GPS location. Based on the retrieved results, the system carry out conversation with the user to explicitly understand his/her needs and accordingly filters search results for display. The conversation between the system and the user is based on word co-occurrence keyword extraction and Artificial Intelligence Markup Language (AIML) technique. As per initial experimentation, we found out that the proposed approach of conversation based shopping is appealing and useful to the user.
Special Issue: Probabilistic models of cognition Probabilistic models of cognition: Conceptual foundations (2006)

Remarkable progress in the mathematics and computer science of probability has led to a revolution in the scope of probabilistic models. In particular, ‘sophisticated’ probabilistic methods apply to structured relational systems such as graphs and grammars, of immediate relevance to the cognitive sciences. This Special Issue outlines progress in this rapidly developing field, which provides a potentially unifying perspective across a wide range of domains and levels of explanation. Here, we introduce the historical and conceptual foundations of the approach, explore how the approach relates to studies of explicit probabilistic reasoning, and give a brief overview of the field as it stands today.
Analyzing mobile application usage (2018)

Logging mobile application usage on smartphones is limited to rather general system events unless one has access to the operating system's or applications' source code. In this paper, we present a method for analyzing mobile application usage in detail by generating log files based on mobile screen output. We are combining long-term log file analysis and short-term screen recording analysis by utilizing existing computer vision and machine learning methods. To validate the log results of our approach and implementation we collect 118 sample screen recordings of phone usage sessions and evaluate the resulting log file manually. Besides that, we explore the performance of our approach with different video quality parameters: frame rate and bit rate. We show that our method provides detailed data about application use and can work with low-quality video under certain circumstances.
Development of a Small Implantable Right Ventricular Assist Device (2005)

The purpose of this program is to design, develop, and clinically evaluate a new, implantable right ventricular assist device (RVAD) that can be used as a component of an implantable biventricular assist device for patients with severe biventricular heart failure. The initial phase of this program resulted in a prototype RVAD, named DexAide, a modified version of the CorAide left ventricular assist device. In vitro testing was performed in a stand-alone circuit and in a true RVAD mode to evaluate pump performance. Pump flow and power were measured under various afterload and pump speed conditions. The pump performance requirements of 2 to 6 l/min and a pressure rise of 20 to 60 mm Hg were successfully met with pump speeds between 1,800 and 3,200 rpm. The nominal design point of 4 l/min and 40 mm Hg pressure rise was achieved at 2,450 +/- 70 rpm with a power consumption of 3.0 +/- 0.2 W. The initial in vitro testing met the design criteria for the new DexAide RVAD. Initial in vivo testing is under way, which will be followed by preclinical readiness testing and a pilot clinical trial in this 5-year program.
Algorithm AS 183: An Efficient and Portable Pseudo-Random Number Generator (1982)

B. A. Wichmann, I. D. Hill, Algorithm AS 183: An Efficient and Portable Pseudo-Random Number Generator, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), Vol. 31, No. 2 (1982), pp. 188-190
Semi-Supervised Convolution Graph Kernels for Relation Extraction (2011)

Extracting semantic relations between entities is an important step towards automatic text understanding. In this paper, we propose a novel Semi-supervised Convolution Graph Kernel (SCGK) method for semantic Relation Extraction (RE) from natural language. By encoding English sentences as dependence graphs among words, SCGK computes kernels (similarities) between sentences using a convolution strategy, i.e., calculating similarities over all possible short single paths from two dependence graphs. Furthermore, SCGK adds three semi-supervised strategies in the kernel calculation to incorporate soft-matches between (1) words, (2) grammatical dependencies, and (3) entire sentences, respectively. From a large unannotated corpus, these semi-supervision steps learn to capture contextual semantic patterns of elements in natural sentences, which therefore alleviate the lack of annotated examples in most RE corpora. Through convolutions and multi-level semi-supervisions, SCGK provides a powerful model to encode both syntactic and semantic evidence existing in natural English sentences, which effectively recovers the target relational patterns of interest. We perform extensive experiments on five RE benchmark datasets which aim to identify interaction relations from biomedical literature. Our results demonstrate that SCGK achieves the state-of-the-art performance on the task of semantic relation extraction.
Nonlinear Enzymatic Cycling Systems: the Exponential Cycling System (1972)

Abstract A previously undescribed class of enzymatic cycling systems, the nonlinear cycling systems, is presented and mathematical models are derived for three examples of the simplest type of nonlinear cycling system, the exponential cycling system. In this system, the concentrations of the cycling intermediates and by-products increase exponentially with time, and, at any given time, are linear functions of the initial concentrations of the cycling intermediates. The systems may be useful as biochemical amplifiers in analytical techniques, and a simple modification of the systems gives systems that are potentially operative in vivo as components of some types of biochemical regulatory systems.
Ground-Based Detection of Aircraft Icing Conditions Using Microwave Radiometers (1986)

The potential role of ground-based remote sensors in the detection of atmospheric conditions conducive to aircraft icing is evaluated. Zenith measurements of liquid water and profiles of atmospheric temperature were made by microwave radiometers located at Stapleton International Airport, Denver, Colorado. Radiometer data and sky cover observations for a two-year period were correlated with icing occurrences reported by aircraft pilots in the area. Data limitations in this study include the following: 1) the radiometer observations were made at one location and in the zenith direction only, whereas icing conditions may be highly variable in space; 2) because pilot reports vary greatly with time of day, aircraft route, etc., the reports do not systematically verify the presence of icing conditions in all situations. Given these limitations, it is concluded that the liquid measurement makes a critical contribution to the detection of icing conditions. This measurement is not generally available (e. g., from radiosondes), except from sensors like the radiometer.
Dyeability and mechanical characteristics of Air-Flow Dyeing Machines (1996)

The air-flow dyeing machine is a new type of dyeing machine. Which is an energy saving type to be able to dye the fabrics with the lowest liquor ratio and in shorter time. This machine is operated with an aerodynamic system rather than a hyd raulic system for traditional jet or overflow dyeing. An air-flow dyeing machine(Green-flow) by the use of aerodynamic technology was developed and compared with the Luft-roto machine made by Thies Company, Germany, in this study. Three samples were dyed with both machines under the same dyeing conditions and color fastness, dyeing levelness, drapability, and mechanical properties of these samples were compared. The results were as follows; Both machines have almost the same dyeability. The dyeability was good at liquor ratio of 1: 3.5 and the speed of 450yds/min. The order for drapability was Crepe de Chine > Cool Peach > Charmeuse. Except for the color fastness of sublimation being below class 4, most color fastness of samples dyed with m/c were above class 4. The maximum speed was 510yds/min. for Crepe de Chine and the standard deviation of K/S value was lower for Charmeuse and Cool Peach when employed on the Green-flow machine and lower for Crepe de Chine when employed on the Luft-roto machine. Comparing with dyeing of the machine and that of the Luft-roto machine, the RT of the Charmeuse was found to be higher with the machine and thus the sample had an improved wrinkle recovery. LT and WT of Cool Peach were higher, and shear properties(G, 2HG, 2HGS) of Crepe de Chine were higher, both turning out as suitable for clothing. clothing.
Lacticin 3147, a Broad-Spectrum Bacteriocin Which Selectively Dissipates the Membrane Potential (1998)

Lacticin 3147 is a broad-spectrum bacteriocin produced by Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis DPC3147 (M. P. Ryan, M. C. Rea, C. Hill, and R. P. Ross, Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62:612-619, 1996). Partial purification of the bacteriocin by hydrophobic interaction chromatography and reverse-phase fast protein liquid chromatography revealed that two components are required for full activity. Lacticin 3147 is bactericidal against L. lactis, Listeria monocytogenes, and Bacillus subtilis; at low concentrations of the bacteriocin, bactericidal activity is enhanced when target cells are energized. This finding suggests that the presence of a proton motive force promotes the interaction of the bacteriocin with the cytoplasmic membrane, leading to the formation of pores at these low lacticin 3147 concentrations. These pores were shown to be selective for K+ ions and inorganic phosphate. The loss of these ions resulted in immediate dissipation of the membrane potential and hydrolysis of internal ATP, leading to an eventual collapse of the pH gradient at the membrane and ultimately to cell death. Our results suggest that lacticin 3147 is a pore-forming bacteriocin which acts on a broad range of gram-positive bacteria.
Two-photon polymerization initiators for efficient three-dimensional optical data storage and microfabrication (2003)

Summary form only given. Two-photon excitation provides a means of activating chemical or physical processes with high spatial resolution in three dimensions and has enabled the development of 3D fluorescence imaging, 3D optical data storage, and 3D lithographic microfabrication. We have developed a wide array of chromophores which hold great promise for 3D optical data storage and 3D microfabrication.
Haloacetylated enol ethers. 7 . Synthesis of 3‐aryl‐5‐trihalomethylisoxazoles and 3‐aryl‐5‐hydroxy‐5‐trihalomethyl‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles (1996)

Abstract β‐Aryl‐β‐methoxyvinyl trihalomethyl ketones 1a‐g, 2a‐g [aryl = p ‐YC 6 H 4 where Y= H, Me, OMe, F, Cl, Br, NO 2 ] are cyclocondensed with hydroxylamine hydrochloride to afford the 3‐aryl‐5‐hydroxy‐5‐trihalomethyl‐4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles 3a‐g, 4a‐f in good yield. The dehydratation of compounds 3a‐g with concentrated sulfuric acid, led the corresponding 3‐aryl‐5‐trichloromethylisoxazoles 5a‐g . An alternative one‐pot procedure yields 3‐aryl‐5‐trihalomethylisoxazoles 5,6a‐g directly by cyclocondesation of 1,2a‐g with hydroxylamine hydrochloride in the presence of an excess of concentrated hydrochloric acid.
On Distributed Rating Systems for Peer-to-Peer Networks (2007)

In recent years, many distributed rating systems have been proposed against the increasing misbehaviors of peers in peer-to-peer (P2P) networks. However, the low accuracy, long-response time and vulnerabilities under the adversary attacks of P2P rating systems have long been criticized and hindering the practical deployment of such a mechanism. There is also a lack of systematic analysis and evaluation for understanding the systems. In this paper, we first present a framework of stochastic analytical model for evaluating P2P rating systems. The performances of two representative designs, namely the unstructured self-managing rating (UMR) system and the structured supervising rating (SSR) system, are then studied with our model. We identify the positive features as well as the negative ones of the two designs with different design choices and under various network environments and adversary attacks. We also propose a configurable loosely supervising rating system, and show that this system works inexpensively, and could make trade-off between the false rating attack resistance of the UMR system and the accuracy, responsiveness, whitewashing attack resistance as well as a failure resilience of the SSR system, thus providing a better overall performance according to the application context.
Inhibition of Shp2 suppresses mutant EGFR-induced lung tumors in transgenic mouse model of lung adenocarcinoma (2015)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutants drive lung tumorigenesis and are targeted for therapy. However, resistance to EGFR inhibitors has been observed, in which the mutant EGFR remains active. Thus, it is important to uncover mediators of EGFR mutant-driven lung tumors to develop new treatment strategies. The protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) Shp2 mediates EGF signaling. Nevertheless, it is unclear if Shp2 is activated by oncogenic EGFR mutants in lung carcinoma or if inhibiting the Shp2 PTP activity can suppress EGFR mutant-induced lung adenocarcinoma. Here, we generated transgenic mice containing a doxycycline (Dox)-inducible PTP-defective Shp2 mutant (tetO-Shp2CSDA). Using the rat Clara cell secretory protein (CCSP)-rtTA-directed transgene expression in the type II lung pneumocytes of transgenic mice, we found that the Gab1-Shp2 pathway was activated by EGFRL858R in the lungs of transgenic mice. Consistently, the Gab1-Shp2 pathway was activated in human lung adenocarcinoma cells containing mutant EGFR. Importantly, Shp2CSDA inhibited EGFRL858R-induced lung adenocarcinoma in transgenic animals. Analysis of lung tissues showed that Shp2CSDA suppressed Gab1 tyrosine phosphorylation and Gab1-Shp2 association, suggesting that Shp2 modulates a positive feedback loop to regulate its own activity. These results show that inhibition of the Shp2 PTP activity impairs mutant EGFR signaling and suppresses EGFRL858R-driven lung adenocarcinoma.
Airway Wall Thickness in Asthma Assessed by Computed Tomography (2000)

Postmortem studies have shown that airway wall thickening is present in asthmatic patients and may play a pathophysiologic role. We investigated the presence and characteristics of airway wall thickening in patients with asthma, using helical computed tomography. Eighty-one asthmatic patients and 28 healthy control subjects were studied cross-sectionally. Airway wall thickness was assessed by a validated method on the basis of wall area (WA), WA corrected by body surface area (WA/BSA), and WA%, defined as (WA/total area) x 100 at the apical bronchus of the right upper lobe. Airway luminal area (Ai) and Ai/BSA were also examined. Asthma duration and severity, pulmonary function, and serum eosinophil cationic protein levels were evaluated. Intraobserver and interobserver reproducibility of WA, WA%, and Ai measurements were good. As compared with control, WA, WA/BSA, and WA% were significantly increased in patients with mild (n = 13), moderate (39), and severe persistent (22) asthma but not in patients with intermittent asthma (7). Comparison of the four asthmatic subgroups demonstrated thicker airways in more severe disease, but no difference in Ai or Ai/BSA. When all asthmatic patients were analyzed together, WA and WA/BSA correlated with the duration, although weakly, and severity of asthma. WA and WA/BSA negatively correlated with FEV(1) (percentage of predicted), FEV(1)/FVC (%), and FEF(25-75%) (percentage of predicted), whereas WA% negatively correlated with only FEV(1). We conclude that airway wall thickening occurs in patients with asthma and is not limited to those with severe disease. The degree of airway wall thickening may relate to the duration and severity of disease and the degree of airflow obstruction.
Giant nonlinearity and reflectivity hysteresis in metallic gallium at melting (1997)

Cubic optical nonlinearities of metals have recently attracted attention when a sharp increase in the nonlinearity of up to 10<sup>-8</sup> to 10<sup>-7</sup> esu was seen at the melting point of indium. Here we report on the first experimental observation of an even bigger nonlinearity of the reflection hysteresis from metallic gallium undergoing phase transitions from the solid to molten stage and back to solid. We found that the hysteresis loop can be considerably modified by a pump beam of intensity ~10-50 kWcm<sup>-2</sup> corresponding to <i>Im{χ<sup>(3)</sup>/n}</i> ≈ 0.01 esu.<br/><br/>