gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Postural Hand Synergies for Tool Use (1998)

Subjects were asked to shape the right hand as if to grasp and use a large number of familiar objects. The chosen objects typically are held with a variety of grips, including "precision" and "power" grips. Static hand posture was measured by recording the angular position of 15 joint angles of the fingers and of the thumb. Although subjects adopted distinct hand shapes for the various objects, the joint angles of the digits did not vary independently. Principal components analysis showed that the first two components could account for >80% of the variance, implying a substantial reduction from the 15 degrees of freedom that were recorded. However, even though they were small, higher-order (more than three) principal components did not represent random variability but instead provided additional information about the object. These results suggest that the control of hand posture involves a few postural synergies, regulating the general shape of the hand, coupled with a finer control mechanism providing for small, subtle adjustments. Because the postural synergies did not coincide with grip taxonomies, the results suggest that hand posture may be regulated independently from the control of the contact forces that are used to grasp an object.
Assembly of the phagocyte NADPH oxidase: molecular interaction of oxidase proteins (1996)

Phagocytes such as neutrophils play a key role in the body's innate immune response to infection. These cells travel throughout the body in search of pathogens and are rapidly mobilized to sites of inflammation where they phagocytose these pathogens and subsequently release a variety of toxic oxygen radical species and proteolytic enzymes to directly destroy the engulfed particle. The generation of microbicidal oxidants by neutrophils results from the action of a multi-protein enzymatic complex known as the NADPH oxidase. Altogether, there are currently seven proteins reported to be associated with the NADPH oxidase assembly. In resting neutrophils, these NADPH oxidase protein components are segregated into cytoplasmic and plasma membrane compartments. However, during assembly and activation of the NADPH oxidase, the cytosolic protein components translocate to the plasma membrane or phagosomal membrane where they assemble around a central membrane-bound protein known as flavocytochrome b. This assembly process is highly regulated and involves multiple binding interactions between the individual NADPH oxidase proteins, resulting in an active oxidase complex. Over the past few years, a number of these sites of binding interaction between the oxidase proteins have been identified, leading to a clearer understanding of the intermolecular interactions occurring among protein components during the assembly process. In addition, this information has contributed to our understanding of the roles played by each protein during the activation and assembly process. In this review, we describe the key features of each NADPH oxidase protein and then summarize our current understanding of the specific molecular interactions occurring between these proteins, focusing on the role these protein:protein binding interactions play in the NADPH oxidase assembly process.
Nuclear Matrix Attachment Regions and Transgene Expression in Plants (1996)

DNA sequences called matrix attachment regions (MARs) or scaffold attachment regions (SARs) have recently attracted much attention because of their perceived capacity to increase levels of transgene expression and reduce transformant-to-transformant variation of transgene expression in both plants and animals. Work with these sequences is in its early stages and data that seem to be contradictory have been presented. We do not intend to resolve these controversies here (this will be accomplished by further research). Rather, we will discuss the hypothesized role of MARs in chromatin structure, how MARs are isolated and characterized, what effects MARs have had on the expression of transgenes and the models that have been evoked to explain those effects.
REVIEW: An overview of the environmental risks posed by neonicotinoid insecticides (2013)

Summary Neonicotinoids are now the most widely used insecticides in the world. They act systemically, travelling through plant tissues and protecting all parts of the crop, and are widely applied as seed dressings. As neurotoxins with high toxicity to most arthropods, they provide effective pest control and have numerous uses in arable farming and horticulture. However, the prophylactic use of broad‐spectrum pesticides goes against the long‐established principles of integrated pest management ( IPM ), leading to environmental concerns. It has recently emerged that neonicotinoids can persist and accumulate in soils. They are water soluble and prone to leaching into waterways. Being systemic, they are found in nectar and pollen of treated crops. Reported levels in soils, waterways, field margin plants and floral resources overlap substantially with concentrations that are sufficient to control pests in crops, and commonly exceed the LC 50 (the concentration which kills 50% of individuals) for beneficial organisms. Concentrations in nectar and pollen in crops are sufficient to impact substantially on colony reproduction in bumblebees. Although vertebrates are less susceptible than arthropods, consumption of small numbers of dressed seeds offers a route to direct mortality in birds and mammals. Synthesis and applications . Major knowledge gaps remain, but current use of neonicotinoids is likely to be impacting on a broad range of non‐target taxa including pollinators and soil and aquatic invertebrates and hence threatens a range of ecosystem services.
Rifting and lower crustal reflectivity: A case study of the intracratonic Dniepr‐Donets rift zone, Ukraine (2007)

Intracratonic rifting, caused by late Devonian extensional stresses in the East European Craton, created the largest rift zone in Europe, the Pripyat‐Dniepr‐Donets rift (southeast Ukraine). The rift basin is approximately 2000 km long, up to 170 km wide, and 22 km deep. Wide‐angle refraction and reflection seismic data from the Donbas Basin deep seismic Refraction and Reflection Experiments (DOBRE'99) project together with gravity and magnetic data are analyzed for the structure and evolution of the Donbas Fold Belt, which is the uplifted and deformed part of the Dniepr‐Donets Basin. The seismic data are used for identification of large‐scale crustal structures and modeling of the seismic velocities of the crust and uppermost mantle. A ray‐trace‐based velocity and density model is derived by joint inversion of gravity and traveltime data. The inversion result reveals a zone of high density and velocity beneath the basin at middle to lower crustal levels, slightly offset to the NE of the rift axis. Full waveform synthetic seismograms, matching the observed data, show high‐amplitude and low‐frequency arrivals from this high‐density body as well as from the Moho. We interpret the high‐amplitude, low‐frequency signals as reflections from layered magmatic rocks, which intruded into the ductile lower crust during the main rift phase and subsequently were sorted by fractional crystallization. The intrusive material thickened the lower crust by approximately 50%. This may explain the enigmatic flat Moho topography across the rift zone which has been significantly stretched ( β = 1.3). The rifting initiated in the late Devonian (Frasnien) as a consequence of back‐arc extension in relation to subduction of the Paleo‐Tethys Ocean. The subducting oceanic slab may have enriched the mantle with volatiles and created convection, leading to strong partial melting, upwelling, and continued rifting in the Famennien. We interpret the asymmetrical rift geometry as a combination of pure and simple shear tectonic processes.
The form of the reflection operator and extended image gathers for a dipping plane reflector in two space dimensions (2011)

ABSTRACT The reflection operator for a simple flat‐lying interface can be thought of as the set of all its plane‐wave reflection coefficients or as the set of virtual surveys with sources and receivers along the interface. When there is dip, however, it is necessary to include the varying effects of propagation between the virtual‐survey level and the interface. Hence, step one in this paper is to derive the reflection operator for a dipping plane interface as observed at a datum level some distance away. The key assumption is that the aperture at the datum level is sufficient to characterize the reflector properties around a particular point. This translates into an assumption that the dip is moderate, though no explicit small‐angle approximation is required. The second step is to find the apparent reflection operator that would relate data that have been extrapolated from the datum towards and possibly beyond the reflector using an assumed migration velocity. This apparent reflection operator is closely related to extended common‐image gathers. The apparent reflection operator may be analysed asymptotically in terms of rays and other signals, shedding light on the structure of extended image gathers. In keeping with the virtual‐survey idea, the results are considered in a subsurface space‐time or slowness‐time domain at various extrapolation levels around the interface. An important distinction is drawn between using subsurface midpoint‐offset coordinates and the wavefield coordinates of the incident and reflected waves. The latter reveal more clearly the effects of dip, because they lead to a more asymmetric apparent reflection operator. Properties such as an up‐dip shift of a traveltime minimum and its associated curvature theoretically provide information about the reflector location and dip and the migration‐velocity error. The space‐time form of the reflection operator can be highly intricate around the offset‐time origin and it was described for a simple flat interface in a background paper. To avoid a layer of mathematics, the reflection‐operator formulas presented here are in the intermediate space‐frequency domain. They are analysed by considering their stationary‐phase and branch‐point high‐frequency contributions. There is no Born‐like assumption of weak reflector contrast and so wide‐angle, total reflection and head‐wave effects are included. Snell’s law is an explicit part of the theory. It is hoped that the work will therefore be a step towards the goal of unifying amplitude‐versus‐offset, imaging and waveform inversion.
Cord atrophy separates early primary progressive and relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis (2006)

Grey matter and white matter of the brain are abnormal in both early RRMS and PPMS, but cord atrophy is present only in PPMS. This is concordant with myelopathy being the usual clinical presentation of PPMS. Measurement of cord atrophy seems to be clinically relevant in PPMS treatment trials.
A Novel Approach to the Modeling of the Indoor Power Line Channel Part I: Circuit Analysis and Companion Model (2005)

Multiconductor Transmission Line (MTL) theory is utilized here for modeling the transfer function of power cables in the indoor environment. This approach allows us to determine a circuit model that well characterizes the underlying physics of signal propagation over power-line (PL) cables and that also allows us to account for particular wiring practices common in residential and business environments. In Part II of this work, we will show how the proposed approach allows one to compute a priori and in a deterministic fashion the transfer function of any PL link by using two-port transmission matrices, as commonly done for telephone channel modeling. In this two-part work we will cross several layers of abstraction following a bottom-up approach: starting from the definition of circuit models in this paper, we will arrive at a method for the computation of the transfer function of an indoor PL link in Part II of this work. Moreover, as discussed in Part II, the approach followed here allows us to unveil some special properties of the PL channel that were never reported earlier, such as the symmetry of the transfer function.
Growth of Polycrystalline GaAs for Solar Cell Applications (1978)

Films of polycrystalline GaAs have been grown on foreign substrates by the metal-organic process. The main objective was to produce films with as large a grain size as possible, so that high-efficiency photovoltaic devices may eventually be fabricated from such thin film/substrate structures. At 973 K the average grain size was less than 1 µm, and was unaffected by the choice of substrate. Increasing the deposition temperature to 1123 K, while maintaining all other conditions the same, resulted in grains as large as 10 to 20 µm in diameter. Grain sizes as large as 10 µm could be obtained by precoating the substrates with thin films of evaporated gold or tin. However, both of these methods gave films that were discontinuous. A two-step procedure in which the films were nucleated at 873 K prior to growth at 1123 K yielded continuous films with an average grain size of 5 µm. Schottky barrier solar cells fabricated from these films exhibited short-circuit current densities as high as 15.7 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , even though the highest conversion efficiency (AM0, uncoated) was only 1.3 percent because of the low fill factor (0.28).
Hybrid waveform inversion technique for coupled acoustic‐elastic media (2011)

Most full waveform inversion algorithms have been developed assuming that the governing equation of the wave‐propagation phenomenon is the acoustic wave equation. However, the majority of geophysical targets are generally situated in elastic media. For this reason, waveform inversion using an acoustic wave equation has its limitations with regard to building submarine geophysical features. Accordingly, we have proposed a full waveform inversion algorithm for coupled acoustic‐elastic media with irregular submarine topography that is comparable to submarine geology systems. We developed a hybrid (Laplace‐Fourier domain) waveform inversion technique that uses both frequency‐ and Laplace‐domain wavefields properly. The frequency‐domain wavefield has a short‐wavelength component which can describe detailed velocity models. On the other hand, the employed Laplace coefficients have a long‐wavelength component which can describe macro velocity structures. In addition, we proposed a strategy for selecting frequency bands, comprising selected real frequencies and Laplace coefficients. From numerical tests, using a synthetic model (2D AA profile of the SEG/EAGE salt model) and a field dataset (North‐East Atlantic), our new hybrid waveform inversion strategy provided much higher resolution images than conventional hybrid inversion schemes.
Digital signal processing with an adaptive delay element (1979)

A new element, the adaptive delay, is developed as a means for synchronizing two signals that are highly correlated. An LMS error function derived and gradient techniques are used to determine an adaptive delay algorithm. Like Widrow's adaptive filter coefficient algorithm, this adaptive delay algorithm does not explicitly utilize a priori statistics on the input signals. However, unlike the LMS error function for the adaptive filter, the LMS error function for the adaptive delay is not quadratic. Thus, the error function will be required to be unimodal in order to assure convergence of the adaptive delay to its optimum value. Further analysis of the adaptive algorithm determines when the gradient estimate is biased and gives bounds for the convergence parameter. Applications presented include delay-lock loops, frequency tracking, and seismic noise­cancelling. This new adaptive element is significant in that, in certain situations, it can either replace entire adaptive filters or be used with a small adaptive filter and still minimize the error. In some configurations, the adaptive delay yields information not easily discernable from either adaptive filters or Wiener filters. Furthermore, while the simple adaptive algorithm requires a small amount of memory storage, it does not require squaring, differentiating, averaging, or the use of transforms, thus making it very attractive for use in microprocessor-based systems.
DNA Double-Strand Breaks Trigger Genome-Wide Sister-Chromatid Cohesion Through Eco1 (Ctf7) (2007)

Faithful chromosome segregation and repair of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) require cohesin, the protein complex that mediates sister-chromatid cohesion. Cohesion between sister chromatids is thought to be generated only during ongoing DNA replication by an obligate coupling between cohesion establishment factors such as Eco1 (Ctf7) and the replisome. Using budding yeast, we challenge this model by showing that cohesion is generated by an Eco1-dependent but replication-independent mechanism in response to DSBs in G(2)/M. Furthermore, our studies reveal that Eco1 has two functions: a cohesive activity and a conserved acetyltransferase activity, which triggers the generation of cohesion in response to the DSB and the DNA damage checkpoint. Finally, the DSB-induced cohesion is not limited to broken chromosomes but occurs also on unbroken chromosomes, suggesting that the DNA damage checkpoint through Eco1 provides genome-wide protection of chromosome integrity.
Models for the histologic study of the skin interface with percutaneous biomaterials (2008)

Percutaneous devices are critical for health care. Access to tissue, vessels and internal organs afforded by these devices provides the means to treat and monitor many diseases. Unfortunately, such access is not restricted, and infection may compromise the usefulness of the device and even the life of the patient. New biomaterials offer the possibility of maintaining internal access while limiting microbial access, but understanding of the cutaneous/biomaterial interface and models to study this area are limited. This paper focuses on models useful for studying the morphology and biology of the intersection of skin and percutaneous biomaterials. An organ culture and a mouse model are described that offer promising possibilities for improved understanding of this critical interface.
A Laboratory Study of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Relaxation and its Relation to Depositional Texture and Petrophysical Properties — Carbonate Thamama Group, Mubarraz Field, Abu Dhabi (1995)

ABSTRACT We performed laboratory measurements to deter= mine whether NMR logging would improve log evaluation of the Mubarraz Field. The Mubarraz Field is a carbonate field in offshore Abu Dhabi, that produces from the Cretaceous Thamama Group. Existing log evaluation using classical logs has some shortcomings. Some zones that are not highly resistive actually produce water-free oil. This is because Mubarraz samples often have a large amount of mi-croporosity. The microporosity occurs because samples are highly micritized, and grain-sized particles are generally peloidal with internal microporosity. The microporosity holds a large volume of capillary-bound water, which results in low resistivities in zones that still have producible oil in large pores. An additional evaluation problem is that permeability varies widely while porosity remains almost constant. As a result, permeability vs. porosity correlations are less valuable than normal. In laboratory measurements on Mubarraz samples, we found that NMR relaxation measurements can provide: good estimation of the capillary-bound water volume at an air/water capillary pressure of 25 psi, using a cutoff on NMR T2 relaxation time of 190 ms.good identification of the grainstones as opposed to the lower-permeability textures (packstone … mudstone) with a T2 threshold of about 225 milliseconds.estimates of permeability that are significantly better than can be obtained from porosity alone. NMR relaxation measurements contain information about the pore size distribution, and it is this information that permits estimation of production-governing parameters. The estimators are based on parameters that can be obtained from continuous NMR logging. We compared NMR measurements with a synthesis of laboratory measurements that characterize micro-geometry. The synthesis is based on modeling wackestones as packed near-spherical particles of equal size. Values computed from this model for permeability, surface area and mercury injection agree with measured values. This model is a useful starting point for more complex models. We also observed that lower values of cementation exponent m were associated with higher dolomitexalcite ratios and shorter NMR relaxation time T2. The variations in m are large enough to affect interpretation of water saturation from resistivity logs. We tentatively ascribe these associations to the presence or absence of dolomite rhombs which fill solution pores. Solution pores are generally accompanied by high cementation exponents. When they are large, solution pores exhibit NMR relaxation times that are large. Their long relaxation times make interpretation of NMR logs more difficult, because they are indistinguishable from the long relaxation times of intergranular pores that are associated with high permeability.
A Convenient Regiospecific Synthesis of Isothiazol-4-yl Derivatives (1995)

Abstract Synthesis of derivatives resulting from the formation of a carbon-carbon bond in 4-position of the isothiazole is easily obtained by using the 4-magnesioisothiazole prepared via metal halogen exchange.
Ground moving target engagement by cooperative UAVs (2005)

The purpose of this tutorial paper is to present an application example for the MultiUAV cooperative control simulation. MultiUAV has been used to simulate a cooperative moving target engagement (CMTE) scenario, with a team of UAVs acting as a sensor and communication network to cooperatively track and attack moving ground targets. This scenario illustrates the utility of MultiUAV for cooperative control applications requiring heterogeneous vehicles with varied sensor, communication, dynamic, and weapon capabilities. A human supervisor designates one or more moving ground targets for the vehicles to attack. The vehicle agents must then autonomously and cooperatively determine which vehicles perform the required tasks, when the tasks are performed, and what flight paths are used. This requires assigning time-dependent cooperative and joint tasks, where multiple sub-elements of the primary task must be accomplished by different vehicles, for any of the tasks to have value. This paper focuses on the unique requirements of the CMTE scenario and how they are addressed in the MultiUAV simulation.
Studies on Lettuce Seed Quality: I. Effect of Seed Size and Weight on Vigor1,2 (1973)

Abstract Seed weight in lettuce was more important than seed width or thickness in predicting vigor. An air column separator was an effective way to separate seeds varying in weight. A biological assay called the slant test was developed to test vigor. The average root length after 3 days was used as a measure of vigor.
Sickling and steroid hormones (1970)

The anti-sickling activities of testosterone and progesterone were investigated by administering these agents by injection to 6 patients, 2 with sickle cell anaemia and 4 with sickle cell trait. No change in the in vitro sickling phenomenon was demonstrated. The possible effect upon sickling of the sphering action of fatty substances is mentioned.