gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mouse homeo-genes within a subfamily, Hox-1.4, -2.6 and -5.1, display similar anteroposterior domains of expression in the embryo, but show stage- and tissue-dependent differences in their regulation (1989)

By use of in situ hybridization experiments on mouse embryo sections, we compare the transcript patterns of three homeo-genes from the Hox-1.4 subfamily (Hox-1.4, -2.6 and -5.1). Genes within a subfamily are true homologues, present in the genome as a result of duplication of an ancestral homeo-gene cluster. We show that Hox-1.4, -2.6 and -5.1 are similar, although apparently not identical, in the limits of their transcript domains along the anteroposterior axis. Within the prevertebral column of the 12 1/2 day embryo, for example, the anterior boundary of transcripts for each of the three genes was most obvious at the junction of the first and second prevertebrae. Similarly, all three genes showed an anterior boundary of transcripts within the central nervous system that was located in the mid-myelencephalon of the hindbrain. Both in the prevertebral column and hindbrain, however, Hox-2.6 and Hox-5.1 transcripts extended slightly anterior to the anteriormost limits detected for Hox-1.4. In spite of close similarities in the positions of their transcript domains, Hox-1.4, -2.6 and -5.1 displayed striking stage- and tissue-dependent differences in the relative abundance of their transcripts. For example, Hox-5.1 transcripts were abundant within mesoderm and ectoderm of early stages (8 1/2 and 9 1/2 days), yet were detected only weakly in mesodermal components of the lung and stomach at 10 1/2 days, and were apparently absent from these tissues at 12 1/2 days. In contrast, Hox-1.4 and Hox-2.6 transcripts were relatively weakly detected at 8 1/2 and 9 1/2 days, but were abundant within the lung and stomach at 12 1/2 days. Our findings suggest, but do not prove, that genes within the Hox-1.4 subfamily might be coordinately regulated in their expression. We discuss the patterns of mouse homeo-gene expression now observed in terms of models originally devised for Drosophila. We also propose how our new findings may help to explain any selective advantage to the vertebrates of homeo-gene duplication to form subfamilies.
Thermal Spraying of Cylinder Bores With the PTWA Internal Coating System (2007)

A major goal for the automotive industry over the next years is the reduction in CO2 emissions. This can be accomplished by reducing fuel consumption for new production vehicles and by increased remanufacturing of old worn engines. Both of these objectives can be addressed with the use of PTWA (Plasma Transferred Wire Arc) thermal spray of cylinder bores. Key factors in this development relating to new production engines focus on the reduction in overall vehicle weight and also the improvement of engine efficiency by reducing the internal friction losses. Substantial weight savings can be achieved with the use of aluminum engines. However, most aluminum engines require cast iron liners to be used as the wear surface. Additional weight savings and potential friction reduction can be achieved by replacing these heavy cast iron liners with a low friction, wear resistant PTWA coatings on the cylinder bores. In addition to being applied to new engines for automotive production, this same process can also be used to repair worn cylinder bores in both aluminum and cast iron engine blocks. This technology makes it possible to salvage engine blocks that would otherwise be scrapped. In addition, PTWA thermal spray can be used to reduce costs for engines that are already remanufactured using expensive over-sized pistons. With reduced costs and salvaging previously scrapped components, the use of the thermal spray technology can increase the amount of remanufacturing for critical engine components. The reduced CO2 emissions results from remanufactured components requiring 50% to 80% less energy to produce than the new production manufactured equivalents [1].
How Can We Use Carbon Dioxide as a Solvent (2011)

This article describes the work being undertaken to make more use of supercritical carbon dioxide as a green solvent. lt discusses how the use of surfactants can address the limitations of supercritical CO2 in dissolving solutes that are polar and of higher molecular weight. The design of appropriate hydrocarbon CO2-philic surfactant molecules is outlined. The future of this research in making clever use of an environmentally undesirable waste material is also considered.
Precoder Design for MIMO Broadcast Channels (2006)

This paper considers precoder designs in downlink MIMO broadcast channels. We present a MMSE feedback precoding scheme, which is analogue to the MMSE generalized decision feedback equalizer (GDFE) in the uplink MIMO multiple access channel. The proposed scheme obtains the same level of total mean-square error as the MMSE-GDFE in the dual uplink with perfect decision, and it achieves a sum capacity that is very close to the sum capacity of MIMO BC. It can also offer a significant gain over the linear precoding techniques in term of average error probability.
Parenteral dexamethasone for acute severe migraine headache: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials for preventing recurrence (2008)

When added to standard abortive therapy for migraine headache, single dose parenteral dexamethasone is associated with a 26% relative reduction in headache recurrence (number needed to treat=9) within 72 hours.
The Architectural Elements of a Symmetric Fault-Tolerant Multiprocessor (1975)

A hybrid-redundant multiprocessor is proposed in which each processing unit and each memory module is triplicated for purposes of error detection and momentary error masking Reconfiguration allows spare units to replace failed units and allows surviving units to regroup after spares have been exhausted. An arbitrary number of processing units and memory modules can be accommodated. A hybrid-redundant bus system interconnects the processors and memories, where the initial redundancy of the buses is a design parameter. A specialized circuit called a bus guardian unit (BGU) is employed in numerous places to control reconfiguration and testing in such a way as to eliminate susceptibility to failure events that occur in one module at a time. Considerable emphasis is placed on dynamic testing. This approach is briefly compared to other fault-tolerant computer systems.
Latent effects due to ESD in CMOS integrated circuits: review and experiments (1993)

A review of the current information published on the subject of EOS/ESD latent failures is presented. In order to gain a better understanding of the phenomena involved in the input protection networks of CMOS integrated circuits, measurements were performed on both commercially available integrated circuits and a set of custom designed and fabricated devices. The tests investigated the effects of electrical stress, thermal shock, exposure to ultraviolet light, and thermal annealing. The results demonstrate the presence of latent failures in CMOS integrated circuits following exposure to ESD. The cumulative effect of repeated discharge can be partially alleviated using thermal annealing or exposure to light. A charge injection model is proposed to interpret the results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
1. Basic sciences (1991)

Abstract This learning module highlights the basic sciences of brain disorders and their relevance to the rehabilitation process. It is part of the chapter on rehabilitation in brain disorders for the Self-Directed Medical Knowledge Program Study Guide for practitioners and trainees in physical medicine and rehabilitation. The chapter is composed of four articles, and each builds on principles established in the others. This article contains essential information on the hierarchy and integration of cerebral neural processes, functional anatomy, and neurochemistry. It also highlights newer advances in brain plasticity and response to injury, at a cellular level and with reference to acute and secondary processes, which will likely be at the forefront of medical management and functional damage control in the near future. The learner is directed to articles 2, 3, and 4 in this chapter for supporting information.
1964 computer run on a laser-imploded capsule (1973)

WAZER Alchemy 7b (WA-7b) is a WAZER calculation of a laser-driven micro-implosion of a spherical capsule consisting of a thin gold pusher surrounded by a thick (frozen) deuterium ablator. The properties of the target capsule and the shape of the laser pulse used to irradiate it are described.
In vivo glycosylation of mucin tandem repeats (2001)

The biochemical and biophysical properties of mucins are largely determined by extensive O-glycosylation of serine- and threonine-rich tandem repeat (TR) domains. In a number of human diseases aberrant O-glycosylation is associated with variations in the properties of the cell surface-associated and secreted mucins. To evaluate in vivo the O-glycosylation of mucin TR domains, we generated recombinant chimeric mucins with TR sequences from MUC2, MUC4, MUC5AC, or MUC5B, which were substituted for the native TRs of epitope-tagged MUC1 protein (MUC1F). These hybrid mucins were extensively O-glycosylated and showed the expected association with the cell surface and release into culture media. The presence of different TR domains within the chimeric mucins appears to have limited influence on their posttranslational processing. Alterations in glycosylation were detailed by fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry and reactivity with antibodies against particular blood-group and tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens. Future applications of these chimeras will include investigations of mucin posttranslational modification in the context of disease.
Conformational Analysis of oligo-1,3-Dioxanylmethanes (2002)

Stereoselective synthesis of a series of 1,3-dioxan-4-ylmethanes 1−9 has been achieved by use of solely substrate-based asymmetric induction. The simple C2-symmetric bis(dioxanyl)methane 1 has a greater than 99% conformational preference at the two inter-ring bonds for the conformation 1a. The homologous structures 3−9 contain up to five dioxanylmethane units, maintaining a high conformational preference in each of the bis(dioxanyl)methane units. Thus, these flexible compounds reach a conformational preference in excess of 90% over up to eight rotatable inter-ring bonds. (© Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2002)
Self-starting mode locking in a Cr:forsterite laser by use of non-epitaxially-grown semiconductor-doped silica films (2002)

We demonstrate RF sputtered, non-epitaxially-grown semiconductor nanocrystallite-doped silica films for mode locking a Cr:forsterite laser. We controlled the size and the optical properties of the nanocrystallites by varying the ratio of InAs to SiO(2) during fabrication. Femtosecond pump-probe measurements were performed to characterize the nonlinear optical properties of these films, revealing their lower saturation fluences. Using the InAs-doped silica films as saturable absorbers permitted self-starting Kerr-lens mode locking (KLM), generating pulses of 25-fs duration with 91-nm spectral bandwidth at 1.3 microm . We also describe saturable-absorber mode-locked operation without KLM and investigate its dependence on intracavity dispersion.
Perfluorocarbon for organ preservation before transplantation1 (2002)

Perfluorocarbons (PFC) are hydrocarbons in which all or most of the hydrogen atoms have been replaced with fluorine. PFC have a very high capacity for dissolving oxygen (O2 ), and a negligible oxygen-binding constant allows them to release O2 more effectively than hemoglobin into the surrounding tissue. As a result of this unique property, PFC-based solutions have been examined as oxygen carriers. PFC was first used for organ preservation as a component of the two-layer method (TLM) (University of Wisconsin [UW] solution-perfluorochemical plus oxygen) of pancreas preservation. Pancreata preserved in the TLM are oxygenated through the PFC and substrates are supplied by the UW solution. This allows pancreata stored in the TLM to generate adenosine triphosphate during storage and prolong the preservation period. In the canine model, TLM has been shown to repair and resuscitate warm ischemically injured pancreata during preservation, improve pancreas graft survival after transplantation, and improve islet yields after isolation. Current clinical trials using the TLM of pancreas preservation before whole-pancreas transplantation and islet isolation show promising results. The TLM has also been shown to be beneficial for preserving other difficult organs, such as heart and small bowel.
Structure Activity Relationship of Dendrimer Microbicides with Dual Action Antiviral Activity (2010)

Dendrimers can be engineered with optimized potency against HIV and HSV representing a unique platform for the controlled synthesis of chemically defined multivalent agents as viral entry inhibitors. SPL7013 is formulated as VivaGel(R) and is currently in clinical development to provide protection against HIV and HSV. SPL7013 could also be combined with other microbicides.
Simulations of multipactor thresholds in shielded microstrip lines (2009)

A particular software 'MuSLi' has been developed and applied for simulations of the multipactor effect in shielded microstrip lines with cross-sections that are partially filled with dielectric material. The software combines an electromagnetic field solver, determining the electric field structure in the microstrip line, and a Monte Carlo algorithm, calculating the corresponding electron trajectories taking into account a spread of the electron initial velocity and different secondary emission properties of the metal and dielectric surfaces. The simulations were carried out for a number of structures of interest for communication systems, currently being discussed for application in coming space missions. The microstrip line system is shown to be strongly resistant to multipactor growth and the main reason for this is identified as the ponderomotive (or Miller) force, which governs the average electron motion in non-uniform rf fields and which tends to push the electrons out of regions with strong rf fields.
Polarisation optical time domain reflectometry for statistical evaluation of polarisation mode dispersion (1993)

The Letter shows that a commercial optical time domain reflectometer can be modified to measure the statistical nature of polarisation mode dispersion along the length of a communications grade fibre with short-length PMDs > 4 ps/km.
Genetics of schizophrenia: from animal models to clinical studies (2002)

Genetic epidemiological studies strongly suggest that additive and interactive genes, each with small effects, mediate the genetic vulnerability for schizophrenia. With the human genome working draft at hand, candidate gene (and ultimately large-scale genome-wide) association studies are gaining renewed interest in the effort to unravel the complex genetics of schizophrenia. In the absence of an unequivocally established biological theory for schizophrenia, identifying candidate genes to be tested in an association paradigm remains a challenging task. We maintain that it is possible to use animal models to map genes or loci involved in behavioural traits that are relevant to schizophrenia. The human genes (or syntenic loci) homologous to those identified in mice can subsequently be tested in patients with schizophrenia who have been carefully phenotyped for traits "isomorphic" to the ones modelled in mice. If confirmed in humans, these genes may be further analyzed in the animal model to identify their role and the biological network they are involved in. To tackle the complex and intimidating problem of the genetics of schizophrenia, it may be necessary to go from animal models to human studies and vice versa; this strategy has been proven to be efficient in less complicated, though complex, human diseases.
Down-regulation of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3B in 3T3-L1 adipocytes induced by tumour necrosis factor α and cAMP (2000)

We have used murine 3T3-L1 cells, which differentiate in culture and acquire morphological and biochemical features of mature adipocytes, as a model for studying the expression of cyclic-nucleotide phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3B activity, protein and mRNA during differentiation and during long-term treatment of the cells with tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), a cytokine associated with insulin resistance, and a cAMP analogue, N(6),2'-O-dibutyryl cAMP (dbcAMP). PDE3B activity, protein and mRNA could be detected 4 days after the initiation of differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Treatment of 3T3-L1 adipocytes with 10 ng/ml TNF-alpha for 24 h produced a maximal (50%) decrease in PDE3B activity, protein and mRNA, which was well correlated with both activation of protein kinase A (PKA) and stimulation of lipolysis, presumably reflecting an increase in intracellular cAMP concentration. To investigate the effect of cAMP on PDE3B we treated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with dbcAMP. After 4 h with 0.5 mM dbcAMP, PDE3B activity was decreased by 80%, which was also correlated with a decrease in PDE3B protein and mRNA. This effect was abolished in the presence of N-[2-(bromocinnamylamino)ethyl]-5-isoquinolinesulphonamide] (H-89), a specific PKA inhibitor. We conclude that the lipolytic effect of TNF-alpha involves the down-regulation of PDE3B, which is associated with increased activation of PKA, presumably owing to increased levels of cAMP. In addition, the PKA activation induced by dbcAMP resulted in the down-regulation of PDE3B. These results, which suggest that PDE3B is a novel target for long-term regulation by TNF-alpha and cAMP, could contribute to the understanding of the mechanisms of insulin resistance.
A Fructofuranan from the Roots of Rudbeckia fulgida, var. sullivantii (BOYNTON et BEADLE) (1997)

From the roots of Rudbeckia fulgida , var. sullivantii (BOYNTON et BEADLE), a homogeneous polysaccharide has been isolated by water extraction and subsequent ion-exchange chromatography and gel filtration of the crude mixture of polysaccharides. Its molar composition determined by NMR and HPLC analyses was found to be D-fructose and D-glucose in the ratio 26 : 1. The results of methylation analysis and 1 H and 13 C NMR spectral measurements showed that the polysaccharide is a (2 → 1)-β-D-fructofuranan of the inulin type.
Robust critical data recovery for MPEG-4 AAC encoded bitstreams (2010)

This paper presents a bandwidth-efficient method for improved decoding of critical data generated by the MPEG-4 AAC audio coder when encoded bitstreams are transmitted over noisy channels. The critical data of each encoded frame is estimated using the redundancy due to the correlation between successive frame headers and using an optional CRC as an error-correcting code. Simulation results for an AWGN channel show a substantial link budget improvement (more than 5 dB) compared to a classical hard-decoding method. Once critical data are efficiently estimated, the work of previously proposed joint source-channel decoding techniques to recover the remaining parts of the MPEG4 AAC frames is significantly facilitated.
Evaluation of training and development programs: A review of the literature (1989)

<span>This paper outlines some of the findings of a research project on evaluation, which involved a review of the Training and Development (journal) literature for the period 1970-1986. An annotated bibliography was produced by the author as part of the project.</span>
Evaluating therapeutic targets for reperfusion‐related brain hemorrhage (2006)

This model is ideal for studying ischemia/reperfusion-induced vascular injury and secondary brain hemorrhage and offers a unique opportunity to evaluate antioxidant-based neurovascular protective strategies as potential adjunct treatments to currently approved stroke therapies such as thrombolysis and endovascular clot retrieval.
Synergistic interaction in zinc/epoxy/phosphite stabilization of polyvinyl chloride (1973)

Abstract Zinc laurate was a powerful but short‐lived primary stabilizer. Epoxidized soybean oil, catalyzed by a trace of zinc, was a fairly good primary stabilizer. Organic phosphite ester served primarily to prevent premature failure due to zinc; phosphite/zinc mol ratio of 4.5/1 was optimum. These combined effects are consistent with present theories of stabilizer synergism, and also suggest some further possible mechanisms. Practically, the 3‐component system offers a low‐cost, efficient, non‐toxic stabilizer for plasticized polyvinyl chloride.
Effect of Organic Acids on Suppression of Fishy Odor in Salted Clam Pickle (1982)

To investigate the effect of organic acids on suppression of fishy odor, the change of the odor and the remaining amount of trimethyamine (TMA), selected as the representative component of fishy odor in clam pickle (15.5% NaCl) were examined by sensory evaluation and gas chromatography. The fishy odor linearly decreased as the amount of vinegar increased at , but there was no significant difference of fishness score for the changes of storage period and kinds of acid. Overall acceptability score was found to be the best when 8 ml vinegar added to 100g clam pickle. The remaining amount of TMA showed the tendency to decrease as the amount of acetic acid and storage time increased and kinds of acid were changed in order of acetic, malic and citric acid. However when acetic acid (=8 ml vinegar/100g clam pickle) was added, the percentage of the remaining amount of TMA showed little decrease from about 95% for 72 hours of storage time. From the results of sensory evaluation and gas chromatography, it was considered that acids have the effect on suppression of fishy odor by producing non-volatile salts by combining with TMA chemically and that the effect of acids on suppression of fishy odor is mainly due to the masking effect at the concentration commonly used.
Demystifying the selection of mist eliminators. (1993)

In any process where gases and liquids come in intimate contact, mists are generated by the entrainment of liquid droplets into the gas streams. The formation of such mists often results in process inefficiencies and product loss in evaporators, knockout drums, distillation columns, and environmental scrubbers. Besides, these mists can cause serious damage to rotating equipment. hence the need to know how best to remove the liquid droplets from a misty gas stream. Today, one can select from many classes of equipment, known as mist eliminators or entrainment separators, designed to remove the liquid droplets along with any solid particles from the gas stream. Before arriving at a selection, one must weigh several important factors: The sizes of droplets that the separator must remove; The pressure drop that can be tolerated in achieving the required level of mist removal; Susceptibility of the separator to plugging by solids, if solids are present; Liquid handling capability of the separator; Whether the mist eliminator can be installed inside existing equipment, or if it requires a stand alone vessel instead; The availability of the materials of construction that are compatible with the process; and Costs of the mists eliminator itself and other required vessels,more » piping, instrumentation, and utilities.« less