gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical neural net architectures for feature extraction in ASR (2010)

This paper presents the use of neural net hierarchy for feature extraction in ASR. The recently proposed Bottle-Neck feature extraction is extended and used in hierarchical structures to enhance the discriminative property of the features. Although many ways of hierarchical classification/feature extraction have been proposed, we restricted ourselves to use the outputs of the first stage neural network together with its inputs. This approach is evaluated on meeting speech recognition using RT’05 and RT’07 test sets. The evaluated hierarchical feature extraction brings consistent improvement over the use of just the first level neural net. Index Terms: Speech recognition, Feature extraction, Neural network architecture
Effect of non-uniform current distribution in the via patterns on microelectronics reliability (2002)

A lifetest experiment performed on ECL (emitter coupled logic) ring oscillators, to establish the reliability of circuits fabricated with an oxide-isolated Si bipolar process, displayed an unusual failure mode. Even though the metal current density was well below the electromigration-limited current density specified by MIL-M-38510, electromigration type failures were observed in a standard current-distributing via pattern at a specific location of the circuit. The metal deposition and etch process were carefully monitored and metal quality did not indicate any abnormality. A very careful data analysis showed that, at higher currents, the current crowding through a single via explained the low median time to failure. A uniform current distribution pattern is necessary to maintain quality circuit reliability. If multiple vias are required, each via chain should be placed in a separate routing path, with properly adjusted metal line widths between the vias to account for the via resistance and the metal line resistance ratio.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Optical and Surface Structural Properties of Mn<sup>2+</sup>-Doped ZnSe Nanoparticles (2003)

Mn2+-doped ZnSe nanoparticles were synthesized from molecular cluster precursors. Four ZnSe nanoparticle samples, one with low Mn2+ concentration (A), one with an intermediate Mn2+ concentration (B), one with a high Mn2+ concentration (C), and one with no Mn2+, were prepared and characterized using UV−vis, luminescence, electron spin resonance (ESR), and X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) techniques. The sample with no Mn2+ had a sharp ZnSe band edge emission peak and a quantum yield of ∼2%. The samples with Mn2+ had a significant decrease in band edge emission. Sample A had no Mn2+ 4T1 → 6A1 emission but showed some ZnSe band edge emission and trap state emission. Sample B had Mn2+ 4T1 → 6A1 emission and a further reduction in ZnSe band edge emission and trap state emission. Sample C showed an increase in the Mn2+ 4T1 → 6A1 emission, a dramatic increase in trap state emission, and essentially no ZnSe band edge emission. The overall emission from all four samples was quenched with time. To better understand these observations, XAFS and ESR data were taken to characterize the local structural and chemical environment of the Mn2+ ions. The XAFS data indicated that there was a reduction in the Zn and Mn first neighbor Se coordination from the bulk value but a lack of a reduction in the Se first neighbor coordination. This suggests that the core of the nanoparticles resembles that of bulk ZnSe, and the surface of the particle has a higher concentration of metal atoms. We propose that the surface Mn2+ possessed an octahedral geometry due to significant OH-/O2- coordination and the interior Mn2+ occupied the Zn2+ tetrahedral site. The overall low Mn2+ emission quantum yield (>0.1%) is primarily due to the presence of Mn2+ on the particle surface, and the decrease in Mn2+ emission overtime is attributed to the quenching of the luminescence by OH-/O2- coordinated to the surface metal ions. In sample C, which had the highest Mn2+ concentration, the surface Mn2+ enhanced the disorder of the nanoparticle surface structure, resulting in an increase in trap state emission.
Enhancement of apoptotic damage of squamous cell carcinoma cells by inhibition of the mitochondrial DNA repairing system (2008)

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) repair systems are thought to be associated with the susceptibility of cancer cells to anticancer agents. The present study investigated the relationship between the susceptibility to gamma-rays and the mtDNA repair ability of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSC) cell lines. The levels of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and mtDNA common deletion in both nuclear and mitochondrial DNA of OSC-2, OSC-3 and OSC-6 cells (radio-sensitive cell lines) after gamma-ray-irradiation were higher than those of OSC-1, OSC-4 and OSC-5 cells (radio-resistant cell lines). Compared with OSC-2, OSC-3 and OSC-6 cells, OSC-1, OSC-4 and OSC-5 cells had higher levels of activity of phosphoinositide-3 kinase (PI-3K)/Akt and more strongly expressed 8-hydroxyguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), DNA polymerase gamma (POLG) and mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam). Down-regulation of these mtDNA-repair-associated molecules by the RNA interference technique enhanced the susceptibility of OSC-2 and OSC-5 cells to gamma-rays, and the expression of Tfam and POLG was down-regulated by inhibitors of PI-3K/Akt signaling. These results indicate that the inhibition of mtDNA repair capacity by PI-3K/Akt signal inhibitors and OGG1 down-regulator in cancer cells may be a useful strategy for cancer treatment when combined with ionizing irradiation and chemotherapeutic drugs.
Model Order Reduction for Dynamic Electro-Thermal Simulation of Microsystems (2006)

The modeling of electro-thermal processes, for example Joule heating,
is becoming increasingly important in MEMS development.
As the spatial discretisation of the temperature field results in large
ODE systems (100,000 equations is an engineering standard),
the reduction of the problem size is the first
milestone of efficient MEMS modeling and system-level simulation.
We present the application of mathematical model order reduction (MOR)
methods (preferably Arnoldi algorithm) to the automatic generation of
accurate dynamic compact thermal models of electro-thermal microsystems.
The reduced order models can be formally converted into Hardware
Description Language form and directly used in system-level simulation.

[ DOI : 10.1685/CSC06018] About DOI
Invasion percolation on self-affine topographies (1997)

Invasion percolation (IP) with trapping was studied on two-dimensional substrates with a correlated distribution of invasion thresholds. The correlations were induced by using the heights of (2+1)-dimensional self-affine rough surfaces with Hurst exponents in the range 01 to assign the threshold values. The resulting IP clusters consist of ``blobs'' with sizes up to the entire cluster size that are connected by fine ``threads.'' The fractal dimensionality ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{H}}$ of the IP clusters is dominated by the blobs. The blob size distribution is is related to H and ${\mathrm{D}}_{\mathrm{H}}$.
Photoactivation of Caged Compounds in Single Living Cells: An Application to the Study of Cell Locomotion (1997)

Caged compounds are molecules whose biological function is masked until UV light induces a photo-chemical reaction that converts the molecules into a biologically active state. These probes provide very powerful tools in cell biology research, since the activation can be precisely controlled temporally and spatially by limiting their exposure to light. This report describes a simple caged compound illuminator that can be attached to an inverted microscope; it can simultaneously provide both sufficient UV illumination for photoactivation and epifluorescence excitation to monitor indicator fluorescence. As an example, we show that the cytoplasmic calcium level can be raised very rapidly by the photoactivation of a new caged compound, caged calcium ionophore DMNPE-A23187, and that this [Ca2+]i increase is associated with tail retraction of motile keratocytes.
Unconventional Low-Cost Fabrication and Patterning Techniques for Point of Care Diagnostics (2010)

The potential of rapid, quantitative, and sensitive diagnosis has led to many innovative 'lab on chip' technologies for point of care diagnostic applications. Because these chips must be designed within strict cost constraints to be widely deployable, recent research in this area has produced extremely novel non-conventional micro- and nano-fabrication innovations. These advances can be leveraged for other biological assays as well, including for custom assay development and academic prototyping. The technologies reviewed here leverage extremely low-cost substrates and easily adoptable ways to pattern both structural and biological materials at high resolution in unprecedented ways. These new approaches offer the promise of more rapid prototyping with less investment in capital equipment as well as greater flexibility in design. Though still in their infancy, these technologies hold potential to improve upon the resolution, sensitivity, flexibility, and cost-savings over more traditional approaches.
Preparation and properties of an immobilized cellulase on the reversibly soluble matrix Eudragit L-100 (2010)

To prepare a smart biocatalyst, cellulase was immobilized on the reversibly soluble matrix Eudragit L-100 by non-covalent and covalent methods. Covalent immobilization using carbodiimide coupling exhibited superior enzyme loading and reusability compared with non-covalent immobilization, and the covalent loading was increased by almost 20% through the addition of N-hydroxysuccinimide. The temperature optimum of the cellulase was not improved apparently by immobilization but the pH optimum increased from 4.75 to 5.25. Immobilized cellulase was more active than free cellulase above pH 5.0. Immobilized cellulase was more stable than free cellulase during storage at 4°C, room temperature and 50°C. Km values of immobilized and free cellulase were 85.55 and 73.84 g L−1, respectively. About 50% productivity was retained after five cycles for hydrolysis of steam-exploded straw.
Rivulobirins C and D, Two Novel New Spirobicoumarins, from the Underground Part of Pleurospermum rivulorum. (1998)

Two new spirobicoumarins, rivulobirins C and D (1 and 2), were isolated from the underground part of Pleurospermum rivulorum.They are characterized as two stereoisomers having a different configuration at the C-2 position resulting from the condensation of two heraclenol units, respectively, on the basis of spectral analysis.
Visual relationship detection with object spatial distribution (2017)

Recently, object recognition techniques have been rapidly developed. Most of existing object recognition focused on recognizing several independent concepts. The relationship of objects is also an important problem, which shows in-depth semantic information of images. In this work, toward general visual relationship detection, we propose a method to integrate spatial distribution of object to facilitate visual relation detection. Spatial distribution can not only reflect positional relation of object but also describe structural information between objects. Spatial distributions are described with different features such as positional relation, size relation, shape relation, and so on. By combing spatial distribution features with visual and concept features, we establish a modeling method to make these three aspects working together to facilitate visual relationship detection. To evaluate the proposed method, we conduct experiments on two datasets, which are the Stanford VRD dataset, and a newly proposed larger new dataset which contains 15k images. Experimental results demonstrate that our approach is effective.
Soft error tolerance using Horizontal-Vertical-Double-Bit Diagonal parity method (2015)

The likelihood of soft errors increase with system complexity, reduction in operational voltages, exponential growth in transistors per chip, increases in clock frequencies and device shrinking. As the memory bit-cell area is condensed, single event upset that would have formerly despoiled only a single bit-cell are now proficient of upsetting multiple contiguous memory bit-cells per particle strike. While these error types are beyond the error handling capabilities of the frequently used error correction codes (ECCs) for single bit, the overhead associated with moving to more sophisticated codes for multi-bit errors is considered to be too costly. To address this issue, this paper presents a new approach to detect and correct multi-bit soft error by using Horizontal-Vertical-Double-Bit-Diagonal (HVDD) parity bits with a comparatively low overhead.
Interactions (2004)

This chapter discusses the various aspects of interactions. The focus is on the messages that pass back and forth between objects during system execution.
CCR5 HIV-1 Coreceptor Activity (1999)

Human (H-) CCR5 is the primary coreceptor for ENV-mediated fusion by R5 strains of human immunodeficiency virus type 1, whereas mouse (M-) CCR5 lacks this function. An array of 23 H/M-CCR5 hybrids containing increasing amounts of H-CCR5 extending from the N terminus generated by random chimeragenesis had a biphasic pattern of coreceptor activity with JRFL and 89.6, revealing active regions in the N-terminal extracellular domain (N-ED) and at the junction of cytoplasmic loop 3. The M-CCR5 mutant in which divergent residues were replaced with the corresponding H-CCR5 N-ED sequence (NyYTsE) gained coreceptor function in fusion but not infection experiments. A M-CCR5 double mutant with substitution of human sequences for divergent residues from the N-ED and cytoplasmic loop 3 had augmented coreceptor activity in fusion assays and gain of function in infection experiments. The SIV-251 ENV utilized H- and M-CCR5 and variants. Flow cytometric analysis of M-CCR5 mutants and bifunctional receptors composed of CD4 domains fused to M-CCR5 mutants excluded the possibility that differences in coreceptor activity resulted from variations in cell surface expression. These results demonstrate that the coreceptor activity of the H-CCR5 N-ED is modulated by intracellular residues, illustrating the complexity of CCR5 requirements for interaction with ENV.
Suppression of phase segregation during molecular-beam epitaxial growth of GaMnN using nitrogen–hydrogen plasma (2002)

Epitaxial growth of GaMnN by electron-cyclotron-resonance plasma-assisted molecular-beam epitaxy using nitrogen–hydrogen plasma was studied by reflection high-energy electron diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and x-ray diffraction. The electron diffraction pattern changed from streaky to spotty when hydrogen was added to the nitrogen plasma, indicating that the effective group V/III ratio was increased. Films grown with nitrogen plasma are phase segregated into GaN and manganese nitrides. In contrast, when nitrogen–hydrogen plasma was used, the films are single phase Ga1−xMnxN, and x can be as high as 0.06. These results indicate that phase segregation can be suppressed by adding hydrogen to the nitrogen plasma during growth.
Microbial Contamination of Toothbrushes (1977)

Abstract : The degree of bacterial contamination of toothbrushes after contamination and storage in vented containers or in air was studied. The capacity of toothbrush containers to exclude microorganisms of the environment from the toothbrush was also investigated. Results showed that fewer viable organisms were found on the toothbrushes hanging in air and that sterile toothbrushes were better protected from bacterial contamination by test containers than by conventional containers. Air storage is recommended in normal environments and containerized storage in contaminated environments such as shared hospital rooms. (Author)
Location based services using android (2009)

Initially mobile phones were developed only for voice communication but now days the scenario has changed, voice communication is just one aspect of a mobile phone. There are other aspects which are major focus of interest. Two such major factors are web browser and GPS services. Both of these functionalities are already implemented but are only in the hands of manufacturers not in the hands of users because of proprietary issues, the system does not allow the user to access the mobile hardware directly. But now, after the release of android based open source mobile phone a user can access the hardware directly and design customized native applications to develop Web and GPS enabled services and can program the other hardware components like camera etc. In this paper we will discuss the facilities available in android platform for implementing LBS services (geoservices).
Assessment of Cognitive Functioning of Methadone-Maintenance Patients (2006)

The purpose of this study was to determine if methadone-maintained patients (MMP) with cocaine dependence (CD) and/or adult Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) exhibited compounded cognitive dysfunction associated with their poly-substance use and/or co-morbid psychiatric diagnoses. The sample consisted of 79 MMP (59% male, 51% Caucasian), maintained on methadone doses ranging from 40-130 mg/day, who were placed into one of four diagnostic categories: (1) a control group (no ADHD, no CD) (n = 24), (2) CD alone (n = 18), (3)ADHDalone (n = 18), and (4)ADHD+ CD(n = 19). The California Computerized Assessment Package (CalCAP) was administered to assess cognitive functioning requiring focused and sustained attention in a standardized fashion. There were no group differences on Simple Reaction tasks. Compared to the control group, the ADHD+ CD group was slower and less accurate on 33% of the Choice Reaction (CR) tasks. Specifically, individuals in the ADHD + CD group and the ADHD alone group performed significantly worse on tasks measuring attention and psychomotor responding. These tasks are associated with broader cognitive skills in working memory, language discrimination and flexibility of cognitive sets that may have implications for treatment outcome. Diagnostic services capable of identifying cognitive deficits among MMP with ADHD and/or CD are needed to maximize the likelihood of treatment success and to serve as an indicator for the efficacy of therapeutic approaches.
Enhanced Laminar Mixing in Multifluid Droplets via Multiphase Flow in a Microchannel (2013)

Laminar flow mixing remains an active area of research within the microfluidics community. Traditional mixing methods often rely upon turbulent flow, which is generally not present on the micro-scale and so alternative approaches must be sought. This work studies enhanced laminar mixing for use in a proposed monopropellant microthruster based upon homogeneous catalysis in a flow with Re < 10. The enhancement is realized through the introduction of an inert gas at a channel junction, which can lead to the formation of discrete liquid slugs. These slugs contain the monopropellant and the catalyst and have an internal recirculation that is found to enhance mixing. The focus of this study is on the numerical investigation of this process with the goal of minimizing the mixing length and characterizing the dependence of mixing on inlet conditions. The slug formation process is found to decrease the minimum mixing length by a factor of up to 7.2, with much of the benefit of the multiphase flow occurring shortly after slug formation. As minimizing the dimensions of the microthruster is a key design consideration, this reduction in mixing length demonstrates the value of the enhanced laminar mixing for the proposed micropropulsion application.
Evolutionary erosion of yeast sex chromosomes by mating-type switching accidents (2011)

We investigate yeast sex chromosome evolution by comparing genome sequences from 16 species in the family Saccharomycetaceae, including data from genera Tetrapisispora, Kazachstania, Naumovozyma, and Torulaspora. We show that although most yeast species contain a mating-type (MAT) locus and silent HML and HMR loci structurally analogous to those of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, their detailed organization is highly variable and indicates that the MAT locus is a deletion hotspot. Over evolutionary time, chromosomal genes located immediately beside MAT have continually been deleted, truncated, or transposed to other places in the genome in a process that is gradually shortening the distance between MAT and HML. Each time a gene beside MAT is removed by deletion or transposition, the next gene on the chromosome is brought into proximity with MAT and is in turn put at risk for removal. This process has also continually replaced the triplicated sequence regions, called Z and X, that allow HML and HMR to be used as templates for DNA repair at MAT during mating-type switching. We propose that the deletion and transposition events are caused by evolutionary accidents during mating-type switching, combined with natural selection to keep MAT and HML on the same chromosome. The rate of deletion accelerated greatly after whole-genome duplication, probably because genes were redundant and could be deleted without requiring transposition. We suggest that, despite its mutational cost, switching confers an evolutionary benefit by providing a way for an isolated germinating spore to reform spores if the environment is too poor.
Enzymatic rate assay of creatinine in serum and urine (1993)

A two-step method for assaying creatinine in serum and urine samples, suitable with automated analyzers, is reported. Reagent 1, for the first step, contains a blanking system [creatine amidinohydrolase (CRTase), urease, glutamate dehydrogenase, NADPH, and 2-oxoglutarate] and a NADPH-regenerating system [Mg(2+)-dependent isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICD), MgCl2, and excess isocitrate]. Reagent 2, for the second step, contains the metal-chelating reagent trans-1,2-cyclohexanediamine-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid (CyDTA) and a trigger system [creatinine amidohydrolase (CRNase)]. When a specimen is mixed with reagent 1, all the creatine, urea, and NH3 present are removed by the blanking and NADPH systems. On adding reagent 2, CyDTA inactivates ICD to inhibit the NADPH system. Simultaneously, the creatinine (1 mol) in the specimen is hydrolyzed into creatine by CRNase, and then releases NADP+ (2 mol) through the blanking system. Our optimized method can determine creatinine linearly up to 500 mg/L, with within-day CVs < 1.2% and day-to-day CVs < 2.7%.
Atenolol versus Losartan in Children and Young Adults with Marfan's Syndrome (2014)

Among children and young adults with Marfan's syndrome who were randomly assigned to losartan or atenolol, we found no significant difference in the rate of aortic-root dilatation between the two treatment groups over a 3-year period. (Funded by the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00429364.).