gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neocognitron: A neural network model for a mechanism of visual pattern recognition (1983)

A recognition with a large-scale network is simulated on a PDP-11/34 minicomputer and is shown to have a great capability for visual pattern recognition. The model consists of nine layers of cells. The authors demonstrate that the model can be trained to recognize handwritten Arabic numerals even with considerable deformations in shape. A learning-with-a-teacher process is used for the reinforcement of the modifiable synapses in the new large-scale model, instead of the learning-without-a-teacher process applied to a previous model. The authors focus on the mechanism for pattern recognition rather than that for self-organization.
Interfacial Polycondensation Encapsulation in Miniemulsion (2005)

Oily core polyurethane nanocapsules with a mean diameter of 200 nm were formulated in miniemulsion by interfacial polycondensation. The encapsulation process in miniemulsion was optimized by the choice of the surfactant type (anionic, cationic, or nonionic) and concentration; hexadecane was the costabilizer. Size distribution was studied by dynamic laser light scattering, and ζ potential was also determined. The size distribution appeared relatively narrow. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy experiments attested for the submicrometer size, the spherical shape of the capsules, and a smooth external wall. The thermal properties of the polyurethane wall were determined by DSC and TGA, with a fusion temperature around 40 °C, suggesting the presence of defaults in the macromolecular backbone such as irregular bounds of urethane and urea functions. The chemical structure of the polymer wall was studied by 13C NMR and MALDI−TOF mass spectrometry. Both methods attested for the presence of urethane and urea units in the macromolecular chain. MALDI−TOF experiments allowed the investigation of the microstructure of the polymer wall and proved the presence of urethane and urea homopolymer and urethane−urea copolymer. Although the determination of the molecular weight was not possible because of the high polydispersity of the sample, the mass range was comprised between 500 and 3000 Da, in accordance with the number-average molecular weight determined by size exclusion chromatography (PS standards).
Mesenteric fat in Crohn’s disease: a pathogenetic hallmark or an innocent bystander? (2006)

n the first half of the 20th century, white adipose tissue (WAT) was mainly viewed as an isolated tissue protecting the organism from heat loss and a passive energy storage compartment. Similarly to other species such as Drososophila melanogaster, it is now well recognised that mammalian fat tissue is not solely a reservoir for excess nutrients but also an active and dynamic organ involved in the development of metabolic syndromes and the regulation of immunity and inflammation. The older anatomical literature repeatedly mentions a close association between adipose tissue and lymphoid organs in various mammals including humans, suggesting a potential role of WAT in the host immune response. Several recent studies indicate that adipocytes could function as macrophage-like cells 1 as they express receptors related to the innate immune system and secrete major mediators of inflammation, such as tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNFa). Consistent with this hypothesis, 2 the biology of adipocytes is particularly implicated in chronic diseases, such as obesity 3 and atherosclerosis. 4 This review will focus on the normal and pathophysiological functions of mesenteric WAT (mWAT), which may play an important role in the inflammatory and fibrotic processes in Crohn's disease, a frequent and complex form of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
An N.M.R. study of some esters and lactones derived from cineolic anhydride (1974)

Cineolic anhydride is attacked by nucleophiles exclusively at its more exposed carbonyl group. The dimethyl ester of cineolic acid has been studied by proton N.M.R. spectroscopy and its conformation assigned. Similar assignments have been made for cineolic anhydride and two lactones derived from it, examples of the 3,6-dioxabicyclo[3,2,2]nonane ring system. In each case the N.M.R. signal of the methine proton is simplified by the use of a lanthanide shift reagent so that the conformation can be deduced. The shift reagent removes the effect of virtual coupling to the methine proton.
Initiation of DNA replication at the human  -globin 3' enhancer (2005)

The origin of DNA replication in the human beta-globin gene contains an initiation region (IR) and two flanking auxiliary elements. Two replicator modules are located within the upstream auxiliary sequence and the IR core, but the functional sequences in the downstream auxiliary element are unknown. Here, we use a combination of benzoylated-naphthoylated DEAE (BND) cellulose purification and nascent strand abundance assays to show that replication initiation occurs at the beta-globin 3' enhancer on human chromosome 11 in the Hu11 hybrid murine erythroleukemia (MEL) cell line. To examine replicator function, 3' enhancer fragments were inserted into an ectopic site in MEL cells via an optimized FRT/EGFP-FLP integration system. These experiments demonstrate that the 1.6 kb downstream auxiliary element is a third replicator module called bGRep-E in erythroid cells. The minimal 260 bp 3' enhancer is required but not sufficient to initiate efficient replication, suggesting cooperation with adjacent sequences. The minimal 3' enhancer also cooperates with elements in an expressing HS3beta/gamma-globin construct to initiate replication. These data indicate that the beta-globin replicator has multiple initiation sites in three closely spaced replicator modules. We conclude that a mammalian enhancer can cooperate with adjacent sequences to create an efficient replicator module.
[Heterocomplex formation between high and low affinity FGF receptors is mediated by the formation of a FGF dimer]. (1993)

Interactions between the two classes of fibroblast growth factor receptors 1) the high affinity receptors (HAR) a membrane glycoprotein containing an intrinsic tyrosine kinase activity, 2) low affinity receptors (LAR) cell surface proteoglycans containing heparan sulfate side chains (HSPG), and aFGF (MW: 15.5 kDa) were studied in bovine lens epithelial (BEL) cells. By Scatchard analysis of the aFGF binding to the BEL cell surface, we show that heparin at 10 micrograms/ml abolishes completely aFGF binding to LAR and reduces by half the number of aFGF HAR. By using cross-linking experiments, aFGF-HAR complexes are present in two forms (150 kDa and 135 kDa). Addition of heparin at 10 micrograms/ml abolishes the formation of the 150 kDa complex and does not affect the 135 kDa complex. Furthermore, binding of aFGF to LAR induces the spontaneous formation of a 31 kDa aFGF dimer. The dimerization process of aFGF on LAR is abolished by addition of heparin. During aFGF internalization at 37 degrees C, we have shown that aFGF-dimer is internalized, accumulated and degraded in the cell as is the 15.5 kDa native form. Heparin at 10 micrograms/ml suppresses specifically aFGF dimer internalization and reduces by half the total amount of internalized aFGF native form. Moreover, after aFGF binding and internalization, the affinity of HAR for aFGF increases concomitantly with its downregulation. Heparin does not seem to affect this phenomenon. All these results strongly suggest that an heteroreceptor dimer-aFGF complex (150 kDa) is formed by one molecule of HAR associated to one molecule of LAR through their respective interaction with a very stable homodimer of aFGF. Such a three component receptor complex induced by FGF dimerization may be a general process of FGF receptor activation which could explain the diversity of the biological response to FGF of different cell type expressing different HAR and LAR or HSPG.
BİR KÖPEKTE RASTLANAN KALSİFİYE EPİTELYOMA (1970)

Buna, Malherbe tümörü veya Calcifying epithelioma da denir. İnsanlarda olduğu gibi evcil hayvanlrda da çok nadir görülen bir tümördür. Head (2) tarafından yapılan bir çalışmada i2 sene içerisinde 3647 köpek biopsi ve otopsi materyali incelenmiş ve bunlardan 1732 adedine tümör teşhisi konmuştur. 709 u, deri ve deri altı dokusu ile ilgili bulunan bu tümörlerden ancak 14 ü Malherbe tümörü olara,k kabul edilmiştir. AraştırıcıllIn daha fazla dişi köpeklerde rastladığı bu tümörlerden 2 tanesi dışında diğerlerinin soliter olduğu görülmüştür. Bu tümör, insan, kedi ve köpekte daha çok baş ve boyun üzerinde görülür. Fakat vücudun herhangi bir yerinde de bulunabilir. Birkaç milimetreden ıo cm. ye kadar değişen büyüklükte olabilir. Malherbe tümörü yağ bezleri ve daha az olarakta ter bezleri kistlerinin epitel tabakasından gelişir. Buradaki epitel hücre proliferasyonu basal hücreli karsinom karakterindedir. Bu hücre odaklarının orta kısımlarının önce nekrozlaşması ve sonra da kireçlenmesiyle kalsifiye epitelyoma oluşur
What is the best converter for low voltage fuel cell applications- a Buck or Boost? (2009)

Among many converter topologies that have been proposed and developed for low voltage fuel cell applications, isolated full-bridge Buck and Boost converters appear to be the most popular. Although the Buck topology is considered to be superior in performance, particularly for being more efficient, this claim has never been proved with a `proper' comparison to the Boost topology. This paper presents a comprehensive comparison between Buck and Boost topologies, which are designed for the same specifications and tested under the same and stringent operating conditions using precision measuring equipment. Experimental results of two 1.5 kW prototype Buck and Boost converter units are presented with detailed discussions, and the paper explains why, in contrary to the popular belief, a properly designed Boost topology is superior in performance to Buck topology and more appropriate for low voltage fuel cell applications, as indicated by measured results.
Vectored gene delivery for lifetime animal contraception: Overview and hurdles to implementation (2017)

There is a need for permanent, non-surgical methods of contraception for many animal species. Here we discuss the hypothesis that transgene-mediated expression of fertility inhibiting molecules such as monoclonal antibodies, ligands for cell surface receptors, receptor decoys, or small RNAs can provide such a method, which we term vectored contraception. We outline the technologies involved, progress made, and discuss challenges to implementation.
Surface Runoff Losses of Phosphorus from Virginia Soils Amended with Turkey Manure Using Phytase and High Available Phosphorus Corn Diets (2004)

Many states have passed legislation that regulates agricultural P applications based on soil P levels and crop P uptake in an attempt to protect surface waters from nonpoint P inputs. Phytase enzyme and high available phosphorus (HAP) corn supplements to poultry feed are considered potential remedies to this problem because they can reduce total P concentrations in manure. However, less is known about their water solubility of P and potential nonpoint-source P losses when land-applied. This study was conducted to determine the effects of phytase enzyme and HAP corn supplemented diets on runoff P concentrations from pasture soils receiving surface applications of turkey manure. Manure from five poultry diets consisting of various combinations of phytase enzyme, HAP corn, and normal phytic acid (NPA) corn were surface-applied at 60 kg P ha(-1) to runoff boxes containing tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) and placed under a rainfall simulator for runoff collection. The alternative diets caused a decrease in manure total P and water soluble phosphorus (WSP) compared with the standard diet. Runoff dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations were significantly higher from HAP manure-amended soils while DRP losses from other manure treatments were not significantly different from each other. The DRP concentrations in runoff were not directly related to manure WSP. Instead, because the mass of manure applied varied for each treatment causing different amounts of manure particles lost in runoff, the runoff DRP concentrations were influenced by a combination of runoff sediment concentrations and manure WSP.
Thermal Degradation of Short Nylon-6 Fiber–Reinforced Styrene Butadiene Rubber Composite (2005)

ABSTRACT The thermal properties of short Nylon-6 fiber–reinforced Styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) composites were studied by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). The effect of epoxy-based bonding agent on thermal degradation of the gum and the composites was also studied. The thermal stability of the SBR was enhanced in the presence of Nylon-6 fibers and the stability of the composites increased in the presence of bonding agent. The epoxy resin did not significantly change the thermal stability of SBR gum vulcanizate. Results of kinetic studies showed that the degradation of SBR and the short nylon fiber–reinforced composites with and without bonding agents followed first-order kinetics.
Influence of cardiac fiber orientation on wavefront voltage, conduction velocity, and tissue resistivity in the dog. (1979)

When the canine epicardium is stimulated, the spread of epicardial excitation is 2.4 times faster parallel to the long axes of the cardiac fibers than perpendicular to them. Likewise, gross tissue resistivity is lower parallel to fibers by a factor of 3.2, and the voltage across the depolarization wave is approximately three times as great in the longitudinal direction. Equations are presented which relate these variables. Theoretical considerations confirm the experimental finding that the potentials around a wave of depolarization cannot be accounted for by the conventional hypothesis that the wavefront is a uniform double-layer current source.
Alpha: An extension of relational algebra to express a class of recursive queries (1987)

An alpha (α) operator is proposed which when added to relational algebra allows a large class of natural and useful recursive queries to be expressed, and yet has the property of being efficiently implementable.
Field-free switching of perpendicular magnetic tunnel junction by the interplay of spin orbit and spin transfer torques (2018)

Spin-orbit torque and spin-transfer torque are leading the pathway to the future of spintronic memories. However, both of the mechanisms are suffering from intrinsic limitations. In particular, an external magnetic field is required for spin-orbit torque to execute deterministic switching in perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions; the demand for reduced spin-transfer torque switching current to realize ultralow power is still remaining. Thus, a more advanced switching mechanism is urgently needed to move forward spintronics for wide applications. Here, we experimentally demonstrate the field-free switching of three-terminal perpendicular-anisotropy nanopillar devices through the interaction between spin-orbit and spin-transfer torques. The threshold current density of spin-transfer torque switching is reduced to 0.94 MA.cm-2, which is a significant decrease compared to that in other current-induced magnetization switching mechanisms. In addition, thanks to the interplay of spin-orbit and spin-transfer torques, lower current-induced switching in the conventional two-terminal perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions is also achieved.
The Enantiospecific Synthesis of an Isoxazoline. A RGD Mimic Platelet GPIIb/IIIa Antagonist (1997)

A convergent, large-scale, chiral synthesis of isoxazoline 1 has been achieved in 37% overall yield and >99.6% optical purity, starting from L-asparagine and 4-cyanobenzaldehyde. Hofmann reaction of N(alpha)-n-Boc-L-asparagine with iodosobenzene diacetate provides optically pure N(alpha)-n-Boc-L-alpha,beta-diaminopropionic acid (8) in 75% yield. A process of lipase resolution-base catalyzed epimerization gives the single enantiomer 5. Reaction of acid 5 with amine 9 in the presence of thionyl chloride forms the framework of 1. A Pinner reaction of intermediate 4 in methyl acetate or anisole, followed by an amidination with ammonium acetate, gives optically pure product 1.
Analysis of buffer-impurity and field-plate effects on breakdown characteristics in small-sized AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors (2012)

The two-dimensional analysis of breakdown characteristics in field-plate AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistors with a relatively short gate length and short gate-to-drain distances is performed by considering a deep donor and a deep acceptor in a buffer layer. It is shown that when the acceptor density in the buffer layer is high, the breakdown voltage is determined by the impact ionization of carriers, and it can decrease with increasing the field-plate length. This is because the distance between the field-plate edge and the drain becomes very short and the electric field there becomes very high. On the other hand, when the acceptor density in the buffer layer is relatively low, the buffer leakage current becomes very large and this can determine the breakdown voltage, which becomes very low. In this case, the breakdown voltage increases with increasing the field-plate length.
Protecting 3d graphics content (2005)

The digital rights management problem of protecting data from theft and misuse has been addressed for many information types, including software code, digital images, and audio files. Few technological solutions are designed specifically to protect interactive 3D graphics content.Demand for ways to protect 3D graphical models is significant and growing. Contemporary 3D digitization technologies allow the efficient creation of accurate 3D models of many physical objects. For example, our Stanford Digital Michelangelo Project [3] has developed a high-resolution digital archive of 10 of Michelangelo's large statues, including the David (see the sidebar "Generating a Replica of Michelangelo's David "). These statues represent the artistic patrimony of Italy's cultural institutions, and our contract with the Italian authorities permits distribution of the 3D models only to established scholars for noncommercial use. Though everyone involved would like the models to be available for any constructive purpose, the digital 3D model of the David would quickly be pirated if it were distributed without protection; simulated marble replicas would be manufactured outside the provisions of the parties authorizing creation of the model.
The Nuclear Receptor Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter Transcription Factor Interacts with HIV-1 Tat and Stimulates Viral Replication in Human Microglial Cells (2000)

Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infects the central nervous system and plays a direct role in the pathogenesis of AIDS dementia. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying HIV-1 expression in the central nervous system are poorly understood. We have recently reported that the nuclear receptor chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter transcription factor (COUP-TF), an orphan member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, is an activator of HIV-1 gene transcription. Here, our results show that COUP-TF stimulates HIV-1 transcription in primary cultured human microglial cells, the primary target for HIV-1 infection in brain. Run-on assays indicated that COUP-TF acts on the initiation step of transcription. Results from reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunocytochemistry analysis further revealed the importance of this factor by demonstrating that overexpression of COUP-TF leads to initiation of viral replication in primary HIV-infected human microglia. In addition, COUP-TF is able to physically interact and cooperate with the viral transactivator Tat. The combination of COUP-TF and Tat leads to NF-kappaB- and Sp1-independent enhanced transcriptional stimulation. In vitro binding studies showed that COUP-TF interacts with Tat through amino acids within the N-terminal DNA-binding domain of COUP-TF. Amino acids 48-72 in the basic and C-terminal regions of Tat are required for the binding of Tat to COUP-TF. These results suggest that COUP-TF is an essential transcription factor involved in HIV-1 expression in microglia and reveal a novel interplay of Tat and COUP-TF during regulation of viral expression.
Prospects for single molecule information processing devices (2001)

Present information technologies use semiconductor devices and magnetic/optical discs; however, they are all foreseen to face fundamental limitations within a decade. Therefore, superseding devices are required for the next paradigm of high-performance information technologies. "Single molecule devices" have been expected to be the most probable candidate; however, they have not been made practical since they were first proposed more than a quarter of a century ago. The major obstacles are the extreme difficulty in accessing a single molecule, and the very complicated electron states of a molecule connected to electrodes. With the advancements in scanning tunneling microscope (STM) and simulation technologies, the design and demonstration of single molecule devices are close to reality. This paper first reviews the architectures suitable for single molecule information processing, in which it is claimed that the performances of information processing is higher, if speed and element number product is larger in almost all architectures. Then, prospects for single molecule devices, including switching devices, wires, diodes, nanotubes, optical devices, storage devices and sensing devices for future information technologies and other advanced applications are described. Four milestones for realizing the peta/exa-floating operations per second (FLOPS) personal molecular supercomputer are proposed. Current status and necessary technologies of the first milestone are described and necessary technologies for the next three milestones are also discussed.
Ovine submaxillary mucin. Primary structure and peptide substrates of UDP-N-acetylgalactosamine:mucin transferase. (1977)

Tryptic digests of ovine submaxillary apomucin were fractionated by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography to give 14 peptide fractions. Three purified tryptic peptides, representing 106 of the 650 residues in apomucin, were submitted to automated sequence analysis. The NH2-terminal 50 of the 74 residues in one peptide and the entire sequence of the other two hexadecapeptides were established. These studies suggest that purified ovine submaxillary, mucin is chemically homogeneous, containing a unique primary structure without substantial repeating sequences in its polypeptide chain. The sequences adjacent to 28 known O-glycosidically substituted seryl and threonyl residues were compared. No homologies were apparent around the glycosylated seryl and threonyl residues which might define the specificity of the UDP-N-acetylgalactosaminyl:mucin polypeptide transferase that incorporates N-acetylgalactosamine into O-glycosidic linkage in glycoproteins. However, there appears to be a minimum size requirement for glycosylation, because the transferase catalyzes glycosylation of tryptic peptides efficiently, while chymotryptic and thermolytic peptides were much poorer substrates for the transferase.