gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design, Fabrication and Testing of Conformal, Localized Wafer-level Packaging for RF MEMS Devices (2006)

A low-cost, low-temperature packaging concept is proposed for localized sealing and control of the ambient of a device cavity appropriate for Radio-Frequency (RF) Micro- Electro-Mechanical (MEMS) devices, such as resonators and switches. These devices require application specific packaging to facilitate their integration, provide protection from the environment, and control interactions with other circuitry. In order to integrate these devices into standard integrated circuit (IC) process flows and minimize damage due to post-fabrication steps, packaging is performed at the wafer level. In this work Indium and Silver are used to seal a monolithic localized hermetic pack- age. The cavity protecting the device is formed using standard lithography-based processing techniques. Metal walls are built up from the substrate and encapsulated by a glass or silicon lid to create a monolithic micro-hermetic package surrounding a predefined RF microsystem. The bond for the seal is then formed by rapid alloying of Indium and Silver using a temperature greater than that of the melting point of Indium. This ensures that the seal formed can subsequently function at temperatures higher than the melting temperature of pure Indium. This method offers a low-temperature bonding technique with thermal robustness suitable for wafer-level process integration. The ultimate goal is to create a seal in a vacuum environment. In this dissertation, design trade-offs made in wafer-level packaging are explained using thermo-mechanical stress and electrical performance simulations. Prototype passive microwave circuits are packaged using the developed packaging process and the performance of the fabricated circuits before and after packaging is analyzed. The effect of the package on coplanar waveguide structures are characterized by measuring scattering parameters and models are developed as a design tool for wafer-level package integration. The small scale of the localized package is expected to provide greater reliability over conventional full chip packages.
New roots to formation of nanostructures on glass surface through anodic oxidation of sputtered aluminum (2003)

New processes for the preparation of nanostructure on glass surfaces have been developed through anodic oxidation of sputtered aluminum. Aluminum thin film sputtered on a tin doped indium oxide (ITO) thin film on a glass surface was converted into alumina by anodic oxidation. The anodic alumina gave nanometer size pore array standing vertically on the glass surface. Kinds of acids used in the anodic oxidation changed the pore size drastically. The employment of phosphoric acid solution gave several tens nanometer size pores. Oxalic acid cases produced a few tens nanometer size pores and sulfuric acid solution provided a few nanometer size pores. The number of pores in a unit area could be changed with varying the applied voltage in the anodization and the pore sizes could be increased by phosphoric acid etching. The specimen consisting of a glass substrate with the alumina nanostructures on the surface could transmit UV and visible light. An etched specimen was dipped in a TiO2 sol solution, resulting in the impregnation of TiO2 sol into the pores of alumina layer. The TiO2 sol was heated at ~400 °C for 2 h, converting into anatase phase TiO2. The specimens possessing TiO2 film on the pore wall were transparent to the light in UV–Visible region. The electro deposition technique was applied to the introduction of Ni metal into pores, giving Ni nanorod array on theglass surface. The removal of the barrier layer alumina at the bottom of the pores was necessary to attain smooth electro deposition of Ni. The photo catalytic function of the specimens possessing TiO2 nanotube array was investigatedin the decomposition of acetaldehyde gas under the irradiation of UV light, showing that the rate of the decomposition was quite large.
Strategy of laparoscopic suprapancreatic lymph node dissection for advanced gastric cancer (2016)

The lymph nodes (LNs) that distribute along the celiac artery (CA) system in the suprapancreatic area include LNs around the root of the left gastric vessels (No. 7, No. 8a, No. 9 and No. 11p) and the right gastric vessels (No. 5 and No. 12a). Due to the high rate of LNs metastasis and the various vascular anatomies in this area, the suprapancreatic LN dissection is a crucial and demanding procedure for radical resection in the treatment of patients with advanced gastric cancer (AGC). Laparoscopic gastrectomy with D2 LN dissection has not yet been widely adopted for advanced stages because it is technically complicated. The initial segment of the splenic artery (SpA) approach is recommended as the ideal approach for laparoscopic suprapancreatic LN dissection in AGC.
Improved near-field scanning microwave microscope combined with electrical transport measurement for characterizing nonuniformity of electrical dissipation in YBa2Cu3O7−δ films of variable thickness (2010)

An improved near-field scanning microwave microscope (NSMM) combined with electrical transport measurement was applied for characterizing nonuniformity of electrical dissipation in YBa2Cu3O7−δ (YBCO) films. We demonstrate identification of the current-obstructing defects in thin (thickness below 300nm) YBCO films by mapping microwave-induced electrical voltage (ΔV) and reflected microwave power on the sample. In addition, the technique was also found to be suitable for characterizing electrical dissipation in thick YBCO films of a few micrometer thick. In order to improve the spatial resolution to submicron regime, we have employed a hybrid probe tip with a submicron tip diameter and operate the NSMM to its second harmonic frequency to increase hot spot microwave absorption. A much improved spatial resolution in the submicrometer range for the microwave maps was achieved while maintaining the sensitivity in the ΔV measurement.
The influence of tensile and compressive damage on bending fatigue of human cortical bone (2003)

Age-related non-traumatic fractures are a major health problem. Historically, only bone mass was considered to predict fracture risk but other factors, including accumulation of microdamage, may also affect bone quality and contribute to bone fragility. The relationship between microdamage and bone fragility is, however, not completely understood. Microdamage formation is a combined function of local strain and tissue properties. Linear microcracks form under compressive loading and run through the cement lines. In contrast, diffuse damage forms under tensile loading as submicroscopic cracks in the interstitial bone. The objective of this study was to understand the effects of damage morphology on bone fragility by determining the relationships between damage morphology, nanoindentation-determined local tissue properties and fatigue behavior of bone obtained from two different age groups. The results of this study demonstrate that the predisposition of bone to form linear microcracks and not diffuse damage is a significant contributor to bone quality and age-related increase in bone fragility. During fatigue loading, younger bone lost local tissue stiffness on the tensile side and had a longer fatigue life. Older bone, in contrast, formed linear microcracks and lost local tissue stiffness on the compressive side and had a shorter fatigue life.
Discovery of a High Molecular Weight Complex of Calcium, Phosphate, Fetuin, and Matrix γ-Carboxyglutamic Acid Protein in the Serum of Etidronate-treated Rats (2002)

In the present study we report the discovery of a novel protein-mineral complex in the serum of rats treated with doses of the bone-active bisphosphonate etidronate that inhibit normal bone mineralization. The composition of this high molecular mass protein-mineral complex consists of about 18% mineral, 80% fetuin, and 2% matrix Gla protein (MGP) by weight, and the presence of the complex in serum after an injection of 8 mg etidronate/100 g of body weight elevates calcium by 1.8-fold (to 4.3 mm), phosphate by 1.6-fold (to 5.6 mm), and MGP by 25-fold (to 12 microg/ml). The serum mineral complex reaches maximal levels at 6 h after subcutaneous injection of etidronate and is subsequently cleared from serum by 24 h. This highly specific complex of fetuin, MGP, and mineral prevents the growth, aggregation, and precipitation of the mineral component, which indicates that the previously reported calcification inhibitory activities of fetuin and MGP may be related to their ability to form stable complexes with nascent mineral nuclei. Treatment with the vitamin K-antagonist warfarin prevents the increase in serum MGP after etidronate injection, which shows that the increase in serum MGP is due to new synthesis and that the gamma-carboxylation of MGP is necessary for its binding to the serum mineral complex.
Synthesis of sesquiterpene allylic alcohols and sesquiterpene dienes from Cupressus bakeri and Chamaecyparis obtusa (2000)

Five muurolane (1–5), one nor-seco-muurolane (6) and one nor-muurolane (7) sesquiterpene natural products recently reported from Cupressus bakeri have been obtained by chemical synthesis together with the unnatural 7-epimeric amorphane analogues of four of these sesquiterpenes (15, 16, 18 and 19). The conversion of sesquiterpene allylic tertiary alcohols 1, 2, 15 and 16 into regioisomeric sesquiterpene dienes 3–5 and 17–20 was investigated in vitro by NMR and the mechanism for such dehydrations and their relevance to the origins of sesquiterpene dienes which have been reported as natural products (such as 3–5) is discussed.
HIV protease inhibitors provide neuroprotection through inhibition of mitochondrial apoptosis in mice (2008)

Neuroprotection can be achieved by preventing apoptotic death of postmitotic cells. Apoptotic death can occur by either a caspase-dependent mechanism, involving cytochrome c, apoptosis protease-activating factor-1 (Apaf-1), and caspase-9, or a caspase-independent mechanism, involving apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). HIV protease inhibitors (PIs) avert apoptosis in part by preventing mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP), but the precise mechanism by which they work is not known. Here, we evaluated the impact of the PIs in a mouse model of retinal detachment (RD) in vivo and in murine primary retinal cell cultures in vitro. Oral administration of the PIs nelfinavir and ritonavir significantly inhibited photoreceptor apoptosis, while preventing the translocation of AIF from mitochondria to the nucleus as well as the activation of caspase-9. RD-induced photoreceptor apoptosis was similarly inhibited in mice carrying hypomorphic mutations of the genes encoding AIF or Apaf-1. Nelfinavir attenuated apoptosis as well as mitochondrial release of AIF and cytochrome c, and subsequent activation of caspase-9 in vitro, in photoreceptor cultures exposed to starvation or monocyte chemoattractant protein-1-stimulated (MCP-1-stimulated) macrophages. Our results suggest that the MOMP inhibition by PIs involved interruption of both caspase-dependent and caspase-independent apoptosis pathways and that PIs may be clinically useful for the treatment of diseases caused by excessive apoptosis.
Finite-length scaling of irregular LDPC code ensembles (2005)

We investigate the finite-length scaling methodology for irregular LDPC code ensembles when transmission takes place over the binary erasure channel (BEC). We first show how the necessary computations, namely the covariance evolution and the computation of the finite-length shift, can be accomplished in the irregular case. We then investigate how the obtained approximation can be used to predict the performance of irregular code ensembles and to optimize the degree distributions for finite-length codes.
Robocasting Periodic Lattices for Advanced Filtration (2001)

Ceramic filters used in the casting of molten metals are commonly created by slurry impregnation of polymeric foams, yielding a fired ceramic foam structure. These foam structures have high part-to-part standard deviation in flow rates (~25%) and have weak sections which can fragment into the melt. In contrast, periodic lattice filters (PLF’s) made by robocasting have a cross-hatched face-centered-cubic arrangement of rods.. As such, the robocast filters have high strength and may be easily tailored to offer a specific internal pore structure to control the flow rate and pressure drop across the filters. Standard deviation of flow rates among PLF’s are less than 1%. This paper describes the methodology of creating PLF’s as possible foam filter replacements.
Pulsed Ultra High Pressure Treatments for Pasteurization of Pineapple Juice (1996)

ABSTRACT Sinusoidal and step‐pressure pulses were compared with static pressure treatments for the inactivation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae 2407‐1a in pineapple juice. No inactivation was observed after 40–4,000 fast sinusoidal pulses (10 cycles/s) at 4–400 sec in the 235–270 MPa range. Static 270 MPa treatments at 40 and 400 sec resulted in 0.7 and 5.1 decimal reductions, respectively. Slower 0–270 MPa step pulses at 0.1 (10 pulses), 1 (100 pulses), and 2 (200 pulses) cycles/s with 100 sec total on‐pressure time resulted in 3.3, 3.5, and 3.3 decimal reductions, respectively. A comparable static pressure treatment resulted in 2.5 decimal reductions. Changing the on‐pressure/off‐pressure time ratio (3:1, 3:3 and 1:3) showed that treatments with longer on‐pressure time, e.g., 0.6 sec on‐pressure and 0.2 sec off‐pressure were significantly more effective showing nearly a 4 decimal reduction in 100 sec.
FaceRubbing (2018)

With the emergence of the wearable devices, the method to make use of the limited input space is required. This paper presents an input technique to a computer by rubbing face using optical sensors on smart eyewear. Since rubbing gesture occurs in daily life, our system enables a subtle interaction between the user and a computer. We used the smart eyewear based on the work by [5]. Although the device is developed for facial expression recognition, our method can recognize rubbing gesture independent from facial expression recognition.
Treatment Response Assessment in IDH-Mutant Glioma Patients by Noninvasive 3D Functional Spectroscopic Mapping of 2-Hydroxyglutarate (2016)

Purpose: Measurements of objective response rates are critical to evaluate new glioma therapies. The hallmark metabolic alteration in gliomas with mutant isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) is the overproduction of oncometabolite 2-hydroxyglutarate (2HG), which plays a key role in malignant transformation. 2HG represents an ideal biomarker to probe treatment response in IDH-mutant glioma patients, and we hypothesized a decrease in 2HG levels would be measureable by in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) as a result of antitumor therapy. Experimental Design: We report a prospective longitudinal imaging study performed in 25 IDH-mutant glioma patients receiving adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy. A newly developed 3D MRS imaging was used to noninvasively image 2HG. Paired Student t test was used to compare pre- and posttreatment tumor 2HG values. Test-retest measurements were performed to determine the threshold for 2HG functional spectroscopic maps (fSM). Univariate and multivariate regression were performed to correlate 2HG changes with Karnofsky performance score (KPS). Results: We found that mean 2HG (2HG/Cre) levels decreased significantly (median=48.1%; 95% confidence interval=27.3%-56.5%; P=0.007) in the posttreatment scan. The volume of decreased 2HG correlates (R2=0.88, P=0.002) with clinical status evaluated by KPS. Conclusions: We demonstrate that dynamic measurements of 2HG are feasible by 3D fSM, and the decrease of 2HG levels can monitor treatment response in patients with IDH-mutant gliomas. Our results indicate that quantitative in vivo 2HG imaging maybe used for precision medicine and early response assessment in clinical trials of therapies targeting IDH-mutant gliomas.
Community: The Concept of Community in the Risk and Emergency Management Context (2001)

'Community' is an important element of Victoria's emergency management arrangements as well as of those of, in greater or lesser degree, other States and Territories and the Commonwealth. Therefore understanding the concept of community is of obvious importance within the context of risk, emergency management and community recovery; but it is a most abused and misunderstood term. The purpose of this article is to start the debate on the manner in which the term community is used within these circles.
A new method for venous interposition grafts using fibrin glue (1985)

We developed a new technique of venous interposition graft where the principle of sleeve anastomosis was applied at the proximal suture site and fibrin glue was used at both suture sites to prevent leakage. An advantage of this procedure was a reduction in the number of stitches, which reduced operative time and obtained good vascular healing. Since in an animal experiment a high patency rate of 97% was obtained, we applied the procedure to a clinical case with complete amputation at the PIP joint level of a long finger. Good recirculation was seen on angiography 6 weeks postoperatively.
Electrochemical Performance of Activated Carbons/Mn<sub>3</sub>O<sub>4</sub>-Carbon Blacks for Supercapacitor Electrodes (2013)

In this work, manganese dioxide (<TEX>$Mn_3O_4$</TEX>)/carbon black (CB) composites (Mn-CBs) were prepared by an in situ coating method as electrical fillers and the effect of the Mn-CBs on the electrical performance of activated carbon (AC)-based electrodes was investigated. Structural features of Mn-CBs produced via in situ coating using a <TEX>$KMnO_4$</TEX> solution were confirmed by XRD and TEM images. The electrical performances, including cv curves, charge-discharge behaviors, and specific capacitance of the ACs/Mn-CBs, were determined by cyclic voltammograms. It was found that the composites of <TEX>$Mn_3O_4$</TEX> and CBs were successfully formed by in situ coating method. ACs/Mn-CBs showed higher electrical performance than that of AC electrodes fabricated with conventional CBs due to the pesudocapacitance reaction of manganese oxides in the aqueous electrolyte. Consequently, it is anticipated that the incorporation of <TEX>$Mn_3O_4$</TEX> into CBs could facilitate the utilization of CBs as electrical filler, leading to enhanced electrochemical performance of AC electrodes for supercapacitors.
Treating Exposure to Chemical Warfare Agents: Implications for Health Care Providers and Community Emergency Planning (1990)

Current treatment protocols for exposure to nerve and vesicant agents found in the U.S. stockpile of unitary chemical weapons are summarized, and the toxicities of available antidotes are evaluated. The status of the most promising of the new nerve agent antidotes is reviewed. In the U.S. atropine and pralidoxime compose the only approved antidote regimen for organophosphate nerve agent poisoning. Diazepam may also be used if necessary to control convulsions. To avoid death, administration must occur within minutes of substantial exposure together with immediate decontamination. Continuous observation and repeated administration of antidotes are necessary as symptoms warrant. Available antidotes do not necessarily prevent respiratory failure or incapacitation. The toxicity of the antidotes themselves and the individualized nature of medical care preclude recommending that autoinjectors be distributed to the general public. In addition, precautionary administration of protective drugs to the general population would not be feasible or desirable. No antidote exists for poisoning by the vesicant sulfur mustard (H, HD, HT); effective intervention can only be accomplished by rapid decontamination followed by palliative treatment of symptoms. British anti-Lewisite (BAL) (2,3-dimercapto-1-propanolol) is the antidote of choice for treatment of exposure to Lewisite, another potent vesicant. Experimental water-soluble BAL analogues have been developed that are less toxic than BAL. Treatment protocols for each antidote are summarized in tabular form for use by health care providers.
A memory efficient FPGA-based pattern matching engine for stateful NIDS (2013)

Pattern matching task plays an important role in network security applications especially Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS). The limitation of matching throughput on general purpose processor gives rise to implementation of the task on FPGA. In this paper, we introduce a memory efficient FPGA-based pattern matching engine. We bases on Deterministic Finite Automata (DFA) and propose some modifications to reduce redundant logic. The proposed design, with better memory utilization, is capable of dynamic update and compatible to stateful NIDS. The analysis of memory efficiency and the hardware implementation of proposed design are also provided in this paper. We experiment our approach on contemporary NIDS pattern sets and build a prototype to test on real network environment. The results show that our design could save up to 90% hardware resources compare to traditional approach. The matching engine is compatible to gigabit network and could achieve 2.7–3.2x speed up to software-based matching engine.
Mineral carbonation process for CO2 sequestration (2009)

The most promising route for mineral carbonation is the aqueous process using naturally occurring silicate minerals. The overall carbonation reaction consists of the dissolution of MgO- or CaO-bearing silicates such as olivine, serpentine, and wollastonite, followed by the precipitation of carbonates such as magnesite and calcite. In this paper, we report the experiments to investigate both the dissolution and the precipitation processes, separately. Olivine dissolution kinetics has been studied under several temperature and CO2 pressure, and by varying the solution composition. The experiments were performed in a flow-through reactor at 90–120–150 ∘C. The pH was adjusted using either acids (e.g., HCl, citric acid) or LiOH, and by changing the CO2 pressure while the salinity was varied by adding NaCl and NaNO3. To estimate the dissolution rate for each experiment, a population balance equation (PBE) model coupled with a mass balance was applied. The obtained values were regressed over a pH range from 2 to 8, using a linear model of the form log(r)=−npH−B, where r is the specific dissolution rate (mol cm−2 s−1). The experiments to study the kinetics of magnesite precipitation were performed in batch using the H2O–CO2–Na2CO3–MgCl2 system at 90, 120, and 150 ∘C and at 100 bar of CO2 pressure. The solution composition and solid phases were monitored with insitu Raman spectroscopy. At the conditions applied, we observed two mechanisms: direct precipitation of magnesite and simultaneous precipitation of magnesite and hydromagnesite followed by the transformation of the latter into the former.
Optical band gap of the filled tetrahedral semiconductor LiZnN (1994)

The optical band gap of the filled tetrahedral semiconductor LiZnN [viewed as a hypothetical zinc-blende (ZnN${)}^{\mathrm{\ensuremath{-}}}$ lattice partially filled with He-like ${\mathrm{Li}}^{+}$ interstitials] was studied. The band-gap nature of LiZnN predicted theoretically by an ``interstitial insertion rule'' is confirmed to be direct with a forbidden gap of 1.91 eV at room temperature. The band gap is closer to a value calculated using a nonrelativistic augmented-spherical-wave method rather than that predicted from the empirical trend of band gaps between the filled tetrahedral (LiZnAs and LiZnP) and zinc-blende (GaAs and GaP) structures. The difference on the bonding character between the filled tetrahedral and zinc-blende compounds is discussed.