gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Use of Metronidazole to Isolate Nif- Mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, and the Identification of a Mutant with Altered Regulatory Properties of Nitrogenase (1982)

Metronidazole (2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole-l-ethanol) was used to select nitrogen fixation (Nif−) mutants of Rhodopseudomonas capsulata, either by enrichment with metronidazole, or by direct selection on agar medium containing the drug. By the latter method, approximately 50% of the isolates obtained were Nif−. Several Nif− mutants showed the phenotype expected for mutants defective in electron transport to nitrogenase: their nitrogenase activity (determined as rate of acetylene reduction) relative to that of the wild-type strain was higher when assayed in toluene-treated cells in the presence of dithionite, than when assayed in resting cell suspensions with dl-malate as source of electrons. Glutamate-grown cells of one such mutant (RC5) resembled N-starved cells of the wild-type, and differed from glutamate-grown cells of the wild type in that nitrogenase activity in toluene-treated cells was unaffected by the addition of Mn2+ and the rate of H2 production by resting cell suspensions was significantly higher than the rate of acetylene reduction. These observations implied that glutamate-grown cells of the mutant contained predominantly nitrogenase A, the form of nitrogenase which is independent of the Mn2+-dependent membrane-bound activating factor, suggesting that the mutant may be affected in the interconversion of nitrogenase between the regulatory forms A and R.
Binding of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin to receptors on rat intestinal cells (1983)

This study was performed to determine whether receptors for Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin (ST) exist on intestinal epithelial cells. Binding sites for 125I-ST were found on rat jejunal and ileal villus cells. Binding was rapid, reversible, linear with cell number, saturable, and temperature dependent. Significant degradation of 125I-ST occurred when incubated with cells at 37 degrees C but not at 25 degrees C. Binding was specific to ST since binding of 125I-ST was competitively inhibited by increasing concentrations of human or porcine ST but not by E. coli heat-labile, cholera, or staphylococcal enterotoxins. Addition of excess unlabeled ST to cells preincubated with 125I-ST resulted in dissociation of much but not all of the bound 125I-ST. Binding of 125I-ST to jejunal and ileal cells occurs with two affinities, and this is due to the phenomenon of negative cooperativity. The potency of ST for inhibiting the binding of 125I-ST was identical to the potency of ST in stimulating cGMP production. These data support the existence of receptors for ST on intestinal cells, and these receptors may be involved in the action of ST.
Mind Your Own Business: A Longitudinal Study of Threats and Vulnerabilities in Enterprises (2019)

Enterprises own a significant fraction of the hosts connected to the Internet and possess valuable assets, such as financial data and intellectual property, which may be targeted by attackers. They suffer attacks that exploit unpatched hosts and install malware, resulting in breaches that may cost millions in damages. Despite the scale of this phenomenon, the threat and vulnerability landscape of enterprises remains under-studied. The security posture of enterprises remains unclear, and it's unknown whether enterprises are indeed more secure than consumer hosts. To address these questions, we perform the largest and longest enterprise security study so far. Our data covers nearly 3 years and is collected from 28K enterprises, belonging to 67 industries, which own 82M client hosts and 73M public-facing servers.
Biological control of <i>Botrytis cinerea</i> on chickpea seed with <i>Trichoderma</i> spp. and <i>Gliocladium roseum</i> : indigenous versus non‐indigenous isolates (1997)

Establishment of chickpea seedlings from seed inoculated with Botrytis cinerea was increased under controlled environmental conditions by treatment of seed with Gliocladium roseum or Trichoderma virens . An isolate of G. roseum (GrH) from Horsham in the chickpea‐growing region of western Victoria outperformed T. virens in three soil types, including one to which T. virens was indigenous. There was no effect of soil moisture on seedling establishment from seed treated with GrH, but recovery of G. roseum from seed in continuously wet soil was lower than from wet/dry soil. A factorial assay with three isolates of G. roseum and the soils from which they were isolated showed no interaction between isolate and soil type and no difference between isolates for establishment or recovery. In a field trial at Horsham sown in winter (July), seed treatment with GrH increased establishment from 26.0% (control) to 37.5%. Biocontrol by GrH was ineffective in a winter‐sown field trial at Bundoora, but all three isolates increased establishment from 47.5% (control) to up to 87.5% in a trial at the same location sown in spring (October). The commercial implications of these observations are discussed.
Role of the CDR1 region of the TCR β chain in the binding to purified MHC-peptide complex (1994)

Single alanine substitutions were introduced into the CDR1 region of the beta chain of a Kd-restricted TCR. Mutants and wild-type TCR were attached to the zeta chain of the CD3 complex and expressed at the surface of a rat basophil cell line. Transfectants were tested for the binding of purified soluble Kd-peptide complexes. With this experimental system, accessory molecules are unlikely to play a major role and the contribution of each residue to the interaction can be addressed. Results show that all positions in the CDR1 region are involved in the binding to the Kd-peptide complex but at varying degrees. These effects are discussed in relation to a molecular model of the TCR. Comparison of these results with previous data obtained in a T cell hybridoma system suggests the existence of a threshold in the TCR affinity necessary for mature T cell activation.
Nanopaper as an Optical Sensing Platform (2015)

Bacterial cellulose nanopaper (BC) is a multifunctional material known for numerous desirable properties: sustainability, biocompatibility, biodegradability, optical transparency, thermal properties, flexibility, high mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, high porosity, broad chemical-modification capabilities and high surface area. Herein, we report various nanopaper-based optical sensing platforms and describe how they can be tuned, using nanomaterials, to exhibit plasmonic or photoluminescent properties that can be exploited for sensing applications. We also describe several nanopaper configurations, including cuvettes, plates and spots that we printed or punched on BC. The platforms include a colorimetric-based sensor based on nanopaper containing embedded silver and gold nanoparticles; a photoluminescent-based sensor, comprising CdSe@ZnS quantum dots conjugated to nanopaper; and a potential up-conversion sensing platform constructed from nanopaper functionalized with NaYF4:Yb(3+)@Er(3+)&SiO2 nanoparticles. We have explored modulation of the plasmonic or photoluminescent properties of these platforms using various model biologically relevant analytes. Moreover, we prove that BC is and advantageous preconcentration platform that facilitates the analysis of small volumes of optically active materials (∼4 μL). We are confident that these platforms will pave the way to optical (bio)sensors or theranostic devices that are simple, transparent, flexible, disposable, lightweight, miniaturized and perhaps wearable.
Advances in 4D radiation therapy for managing respiration: Part II – 4D treatment planning (2012)

The development of 4D CT imaging technology made possible the creation of patient models that are reflective of respiration-induced anatomical changes by adding a temporal dimension to the conventional 3D, spatial-only, patient description. This had opened a new venue for treatment planning and radiation delivery, aimed at creating a comprehensive 4D radiation therapy process for moving targets. Unlike other breathing motion compensation strategies (e.g. breath-hold and gating techniques), 4D radiotherapy assumes treatment delivery over the entire respiratory cycle - an added bonus for both patient comfort and treatment time efficiency. The time-dependent positional and volumetric information holds the promise for optimal, highly conformal, radiotherapy for targets experiencing movements caused by respiration, with potentially elevated dose prescriptions and therefore higher cure rates, while avoiding the uninvolved nearby structures. In this paper, the current state of the 4D treatment planning is reviewed, from theory to the established practical routine. While the fundamental principles of 4D radiotherapy are well defined, the development of a complete, robust and clinically feasible process still remains a challenge, imposed by limitations in the available treatment planning and radiation delivery systems.
Dramatic Antitumor Effects of the Dual MET/RON Small-Molecule Inhibitor LY2801653 in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer (2013)

Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease encompassing a wide array of genetic abnormalities. The MET receptor tyrosine kinase is altered in many lung cancers, especially non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), and clinical trials of MET inhibitors that are under way are documenting cases of acquired resistance. On the basis of the evidence that the RON tyrosine kinase receptor can also be overexpressed in NSCLC, we evaluated the potent MET/RON dual kinase inhibitor LY2801653 in this setting. LY2801653 was more efficacious than the MET/ALK/RON/ROS inhibitor crizotinib with a distinct pattern of downstream signaling effects. Using the PamGene platform, we found that inhibition of MET and RON was associated with decreased phosphorylation of CBL, PI3K, and STAT3. In classic and orthotopic mouse xenograft models of lung cancer, LY2801653 decreased tumor growth, dramatically inhibiting mitotic events and angiogenesis. Taken together, our results argued that specific targeting of the MET/RON kinases could provide robust inhibition of cell proliferation and tumor outgrowth in multiple in vitro and in vivo models of NSCLC. These findings offer a robust preclinical proof of concept for MET/RON targeting by LY2801653 as a promising small-molecule modality to treat NSCLC.
Sexual health promotion and adult retail stores (2004)

To explore the extent to which adult retail stores may contribute to a community's sexual health promotion infrastructure, we collected data from 294 customer service employees of 80 adult retail stores in 61 U.S. cities. Findings indicated that these stores and their employees do possess at least a baseline level of characteristics that indicate they are serving, or have the potential to serve, as sexual health resources in their communities. As researchers and practitioners continue to explore new and effective mechanisms for responding to sexual health issues, they should consider outlets such as adult stores. Enhancing the capacity of these stores to contribute to sexual health may require strategic collaborations between sexual health researchers, sexual health practitioners, and the adult retail industry in order to develop initiatives that are responsive to the unique goals and cultures of each.
The Efficiency of Sequential Estimates and Wald's Equation for Sequential Processes (1947)

Let $n$ successive independent observations be made on the same chance variable whose distribution function $f(x, \theta)$ depends on a single parameter $\theta$. The number $n$ is a chance variable which depends upon the outcomes of successive observations; it is precisely defined in the text below. Let $\theta^\ast(x_1, \cdots, x_n)$ be an estimate of $\theta$ whose bias is $b(\theta)$. Subject to certain regularity conditions stated below, it is proved that $\sigma^2(\theta^\ast) \geq \big(1 + \frac{db}{d\theta}\big)^2\big\lbrack EnE\big(\frac{\partial\log f}{\partial\theta}\big)^2\big\rbrack^{-1}.$ When $f(x, \theta)$ is the binomial distribution and $\theta^\ast$ is unbiased the lower bound given here specializes to one first announced by Girshick [3], obtained under no doubt different conditions of regularity. When the chance variable $n$ is a constant the lower bound given above is the same as that obtained in [2], page 480, under different conditions of regularity. Let the parameter $\theta$ consist of $l$ components $\theta_1, \cdots, \theta_l$ for which there are given the respective unbiased estimates $\theta^\ast_1(x_1, \cdots, x_n), \cdots, \theta^\ast_1(x_1, \cdots, x_n)$. Let $\|\lambda_{ij}\|$ be the non-singular covariance matrix of the latter, and $\|\lambda^{ij}\|$ its inverse. The concentration ellipsoid in the space of $(k_1, \cdots, k_l)$ is defined as $\sum_{i,j} \lambda^{ij}(k_i - \theta_i)(k_j - \theta_i) = l + 2.$ (This valuable concept is due to Cramer). If a unit mass be uniformly distributed over the concentration ellipsoid, the matrix of its products of inertia will coincide with the covariance matrix $\|\lambda)_{ij}\|$. In [4] Cramer proves that no matter what the unbiased estimates $\theta^\ast_1, \cdots, \theta^\ast_l$, (provided that certain regularity conditions are fulfilled), when $n$ is constant their concentration ellipsoid always contains within itself the ellipsoid $\sum_{i,j} \mu_{ij}(k_i - \theta_i)(k_j - \theta_j) = l + 2$ where $\mu_{ij} = nE\big(\frac{\partial\log f}{\partial\theta_i}\frac{\partial\log f}{\partial\theta_i}\big).$ Consider now the sequential procedure of this paper. Let $\theta^\ast_1, \cdots, \theta^\ast_l$ be, as before, unbiased estimates of $\theta_1, \cdots, \theta_l$, respectively, recalling, however, that the number of $n$ of observations is a chance variable. It is proved that the concentration ellipsoid of $\theta^\ast_1, \cdots, \theta^\ast_l$ always contains within itself the ellipsoid $\sum_{i,j} \mu'_{ij}(k_i - \theta_i)(k_j - \theta_j) = l + 2$ where $\mu'_{ij} = EnE\big(\frac{\partial\log f}{\partial\theta_i}\frac{\partial\log f}{\partial\theta_j}\big).$ When $n$ is a constant this becomes Cramer's result (under different conditions of regularity). In section 7 is presented a number of results related to the equation $EZ_n = EnEX$, which is due to Wald [6] and is fundamental for sequential analysis.
Integrating demand into the U.S. electric power system : technical, economic, and regulatory frameworks for responsive load (2005)

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Engineering Systems Division, 2005.
Polymerization of olefins through heterogeneous catalysis. VII. Particle ignition and extinction phenomena (1987)

Abstract The possibility of multiple steady states for a polymer particle is examined for propylene and ethylene, liquid and gas phase polymerizations. It is shown that multiple steady states should not occur in conventional diluent slurry polymerizations, but are always a possibility for gas phase and bulk propylene slurry reactions. Simulations to determine particle temperatures as a function of particle diameter show that polymer melting is predicted immediately upon catalyst injection for many cases in a gas phase reactor and for some cases in bulk polymerization. The practical implications of this result are discussed.
Complementation of a methotrexate uptake defect in Chinese hamster ovary cells by DNA-mediated gene transfer. (1989)

A methotrexate-resistant Chinese hamster ovary cell line deficient in methotrexate uptake has been complemented to methotrexate sensitivity by transfection with DNA isolated from either wild-type Chinese hamster ovary or human G2 cells. Primary and secondary transfectants regained the ability to take up methotrexate in a manner similar to that of wild-type cells, and in the case of those transfected with human DNA, to contain human-specific DNA sequences. The complementation by DNA-mediated gene transfer of this methotrexate-resistant phenotype provides a basis for the cloning of a gene involved in methotrexate uptake.
Soil Testing and Plant Analysis (Revised). Ed. L. M. Walsh and J. D. Beaton. Madison, Wis.: Soil Science Society of America (1973), pp. 512, $10.00. (1975)

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Characterization of Some Liquid Phases (1970)

Journal Article Characterization of Some Liquid Phases Get access W. O. McReynolds W. O. McReynolds Celanese Chemical Company, Bishop, Texas Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 8, Issue 12, December 1970, Pages 685–691, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/8.12.685 Published: 01 December 1970 Article history Received: 26 October 1970 Published: 01 December 1970
Engineering factors in single‐cell protein production. II. Spray drying and cell viability (1970)

Abstract One important economical method for producing singlecell protein is to spray dry the cultured cells. This study presents some preliminary data on the effects of spray drying on cell viability. Under conditions similar to those for the production of spray‐dried milk, 4–5 log cycles destruction occurred. The results indicate that, the activation energy for thermal destruction of yeast was reduced from the normal heat treatment value of 84 kcal/°K mole to about 38 kcal/°K mole.
Tackling the Defect Conundrum in UiO-66: A Mixed-Linker Approach to Engineering Missing Linker Defects (2017)

© 2017 American Chemical Society. Over the past decade, the zirconium-terephthalate UiO-66 has evolved into one of the most intensely studied metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) to date. Among the most fascinating and pervasive features of this material are defects, and their influence on a multitude of its properties. However, the simultaneous occurrence of two defect types, missing linkers and missing nodes, limits the extent to which certain material properties can be accurately matched to the framework's defect structure. In this contribution, we present a strategy to unequivocally create missing linker defects in UiO-66, by first synthesizing terephthalate frameworks doped with a thermolabile linker, trans-1,4-cyclohexane-dicarboxylate (cdc), followed by postsynthetic thermal decomposition of the latter. Characterization of the mixed-linker materials before and after cdc removal by powder X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, N2 physisorption, and NMR spectroscopy confirmed a homogeneous distribution of cdc, and thus also of the formed defects, throughout the materials. The UiO-66 structure is shown to tolerate up to 4.3 missing linker defects per [Zr6O4(OH)4]12+ node, with higher defect densities compromising the framework's structural integrity and porosity. Importantly, no increase in specific surface area was seen after additional missing linker defects were formed, providing compelling evidence that high porosity often observed in modulated UiO-66 samples should rather be attributed to missing cluster defects.
Inactivation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27 upon loss of the tuberous sclerosis complex gene-2 (1998)

Tuberous sclerosis is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by the development of aberrant growths in many tissues and organs. Linkage analysis revealed two disease-determining genes on chromosome 9 and chromosome 16. The tuberous sclerosis complex gene-2 (TSC2) on chromosome 16 encodes the tumor suppressor protein tuberin. We have shown earlier that loss of TSC2 is sufficient to induce quiescent cells to enter the cell cycle. Here we show that TSC2-negative fibroblasts exhibit a shortened G1 phase. Although the expression of cyclin E, cyclin A, p21, or Cdc25A is unaffected, TSC2-negative cells express much lower amounts of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor p27 because of decreased protein stability. In TSC2 mutant cells the amount of p27 bound to CDK2 is diminished, accompanied with elevated kinase activity. Ectopic expression studies revealed that the aforementioned effects can be reverted by transfecting TSC2 in TSC2-negative cells. High ectopic levels of p27 have cell cycle inhibitory effects in TSC2-positive cells but not in TSC2-negative counterparts, although the latter still depend on CDK2 activity. Loss of TSC2 induces soft agar growth of fibroblasts, a process that cannot be inhibited by high levels of p27. Both phenotypes of TSC2-negative cells, their resistance to the activity of ectopic p27, and the instability of endogenous p27, could be explained by our observation that the nucleoprotein p27 is mislocated into the cytoplasm upon loss of TSC2. These findings provide insights into the molecular mechanism of how loss of TSC2 induces cell cycle entry and allow a better understanding of its tumor suppressor function.
Optical interconnections in digital systems—Status and prospects (1990)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text D. Z. Tsang, "Optical interconnections in digital systems—Status and prospects," Optics & Photonics News 1(10), 23-29 (1990) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
Inflammatory bowel disease: past, present, and future (2007)

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, collectively known as the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), are largely diseases of the twentieth century, and are associated with the rise of modern, Westernized industrial society. Although the causes of these diseases remain incompletely understood, the prevailing model is that the intestinal flora drives an unmitigated intestinal immune response and inflammation in the genetically susceptible host. A review of the past and present of these diseases shows that detailed description preceded more fundamental elucidation of the disease processes. Working out the details of disease pathogenesis, in turn, has yielded dividends in more focused and effective therapy for IBD. This article highlights the key descriptions of the past, and the pivotal findings of current studies in disease pathogenesis and its connection to medical therapy. Future directions in the IBD will likely explicate the inhomogeneous causes of these diseases, with implications for individualized therapy.
Vascular Abnormalities in Mice Deficient for the G Protein-Coupled Receptor GPR4 That Functions as a pH Sensor (2006)

GPR4 is a G protein-coupled receptor expressed in the vasculature, lung, kidney, and other tissues. In vitro ectopic overexpression studies implicated GPR4 in sensing extracellular pH changes leading to cyclic AMP (cAMP) production. To investigate its biological roles in vivo, we generated GPR4-deficient mice by homologous recombination. Whereas GPR4-null adult mice appeared phenotypically normal, neonates showed a higher frequency of perinatal mortality. The average litter size from GPR4(-/-) intercrosses was approximately 30% smaller than that from GPR4(+/+) intercrosses on N3 and N5 C57BL/6 genetic backgrounds. A fraction of knockout embryos and neonates had spontaneous hemorrhages, dilated and tortuous subcutaneous blood vessels, and defective vascular smooth muscle cell coverage. Mesangial cells in kidney glomeruli were also significantly reduced in GPR4-null neonates. Some neonates exhibited respiratory distress with airway lining cell metaplasia. To examine whether GPR4 is functionally involved in vascular pH sensing, an ex vivo aortic ring assay was used under defined pH conditions. Compared to wild-type aortas, microvessel outgrowth from GPR4-null aortas was less inhibited by acidic extracellular pH. Treatment with an analog of cAMP, a downstream effector of GPR4, abolished microvessel outgrowth bypassing the GPR4-knockout phenotype. These results suggest that GPR4 deficiency leads to partially penetrant vascular abnormalities during development and that this receptor functions in blood vessel pH sensing.