gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multistage sigma-delta modulation (1989)

A theoretical basis is provided for multistage sigma-delta modulation (MSM), which is a cascade realization of several single-loop sigma-delta modulators with a linear combinatorial network. Equations are derived describing the output and the quantization noise of MSM for an arbitrary input signal, and the noise-shaping characteristic of MSM is investigated. The spectral characteristics of an m-stage sigma-delta modulator with both DC and sinusoidal inputs are developed. For both types of inputs the binary quantizer noise of the mth (m>or=3) quantizer, which appears at the output as an mth order difference, is asymptotically white, uniformly distributed, and uncorrelated with the input level. It is also found that for an m-stage sigma-delta quantizer with either an ideal low-pass filter or a sinc/sup m+1/ filter decoder, the average quantization noise of the system is inversely proportional to the (2m+1)th power of the oversampling ratio. This implies that the high-order systems are favourable in terms of the trade-off between the quantization noise and oversampling ratio. Simulation results are presented to support the theoretical analysis.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
miRSeq: A User-Friendly Standalone Toolkit for Sequencing Quality Evaluation and miRNA Profiling (2014)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) present diverse regulatory functions in a wide range of biological activities. Studies on miRNA functions generally depend on determining miRNA expression profiles between libraries by using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) platform. Currently, several online web services are developed to provide small RNA NGS data analysis. However, the submission of large amounts of NGS data, conversion of data format, and limited availability of species bring problems. In this study, we developed miRSeq to provide alternatives. To test the performance, we had small RNA NGS data from four species, including human, rat, fly, and nematode, analyzed with miRSeq. The alignments results indicate that miRSeq can precisely evaluate the sequencing quality of samples regarding percentage of self-ligation read, read length distribution, and read category. miRSeq is a user-friendly standalone toolkit featuring a graphical user interface (GUI). After a simple installation, users can easily operate miRSeq on a PC or laptop by using a mouse. Within minutes, miRSeq yields useful miRNA data, including miRNA expression profiles, 3' end modification patterns, and isomiR forms. Moreover, miRSeq supports the analysis of up to 105 animal species, providing higher flexibility.
3D RGB image compression for interactive applications (2001)

This paper presents a new 3D RGB image compression scheme designed for interactive real-time applications. In designing our compression method, we have compromised between two important goals: high compression ratio and fast random access ability, and have tried to minimize the overhead caused during run-time reconstruction. Our compression technique is suitable for applications wherein data are accessed in a somewhat unpredictable fashion, and real-time performance of decompression is necessary. The experimental results on three different kinds of 3D images from medical imaging, image-based rendering, and solid texture mapping suggest that the compression method can be used effectively in developing real-time applications that must handle large volume data, made of color samples taken in three- or higher-dimensional space.
A Multi-Channel Pulse-Coded Multiplexing and Demodulating Telemetry System (1970)

A multiplexing, demodulating, and recording telemetry system designed to process multiple pulse-coded temperature channels is described. The system provides complete control of recording and multiplexing sequences and timing, and gives a single analog signal in response to each sample of pulse-coded data. It identifies all channels and indicates to a computer when a new data sample is to be processed. The system is self-calibrating to maintain accuracy over extended data collection periods, and is inexpensive.
Patterns of <i>Haemophilus influenzae</i> type b Invasive Disease in New York State, 1987 to 1991: The Role of Vaccination Requirements for Day-Care Attendance (1994)

Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is the most common cause of bacterial meningitis in young children and is a major cause of other invasive bacterial disease.1 The case fatality rate for Hib meningitis is 1.0% to 3.4%.2,3 Also, 14% of meningitis cases result in persisting neurologic sequelae and 10% to 11% result in sensorineural hearing loss.4,5 With the introduction of Hib vaccines in 1985, what was once a potentially devastating disease is now preventable by vaccination.6 The risk of Hib in day-care centers (DCCs) is highest for younger children (≤23 months of age), during the first month of enrollment in day care, and for those children who attend larger day-care centers as opposed to home day-care settings.7 The incidence of Hib disease is higher for blacks, Hispanics, native Alaskans, American Indians, and children of lower socioeconomic status.8 Increasing enrollment in licensed DCCs throughout the country has provided an opportunity, through entrance requirements, to ensure that these children receive public health preventive measures such as vaccinations. Most states have laws requiring certain vaccinations before entry into DCCs; however, many states do not have a specific DCC entry requirement for Hib vaccination.9 The purposes of this article are to examine patterns of Hib incidence in New York State by gender, race, and age and to evaluate Hib disease within the DCC setting in New York State in relation to changing Hib vaccine requirements for DCCs. METHODS We conducted a retrospective study of invasive Hib disease in New York State outside New York City.
Task-Action Grammars: A Model of the Mental Representation of Task Languages (1986)

Abstract A formal model of the mental representation of task languages is presented. The model is a metalanguage for defining task-action grammars (TAG): generative grammars that rewrite simple tasks into action specifications. Important features of the model are (a) Identification of the "simple-tasks" that users can perform routinely and that require no control structure; (b) Representation of simple-tasks by collections of semantic components reflecting a categorization of the task world; (c) Marking of tokens in rewrite rules with the semantic features of the task world to supply selection restrictions on the rewriting of simple-tasks into action specifications. This device allows the representation of family resemblances between individual task-action mappings. Simple complexity metrics over task-action grammars make predictions about the relative learnability of different task language designs. Some empirical support for these predictions is derived from the existing empirical literature on command language learning, and from two unreported experiments. Task-action grammars also provide designers with an analytic tool for exposing the configural properties of task languages.
Postprocessing technique for blocking artifacts reduction in DCT domain (2004)

An effective post-processing technique is proposed to reduce the blocking artifacts in the block discrete cosine transform (BDCT)-coded images. Simulation results indicate that the proposed scheme outperforms conventional post-processing techniques in both PSNR and visual quality.
Pituitary pro-opiomelanocortin gene expression requires synergistic interactions of several regulatory elements. (1991)

The pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) gene is expressed very early during pituitary development, before expression of the other pituitary hormone genes, growth hormone and prolactin, and before expression of the Pit-1/GHF-1 transcription factor which activates those genes. Thus, analysis of the POMC promoter should provide markers of the early stages of pituitary development at the time when cells are being committed to expression of one or the other pituitary hormone. We have previously localized the rat POMC promoter to a 543-bp 5'-flanking DNA fragment of the gene using transfection and transgenic mice experiments. We have now used mutagenesis and in vitro protein-DNA binding studies to define three domains of the promoter which have distinct and complementary activities. Within these domains which require each other for full activity, at least nine regulatory elements were defined by in vitro footprinting and replacement mutagenesis. Each element appeared equally important for promoter activity, as mutagenesis of any element had similar effect on promoter activity. Most of the elements bound different AtT-20 nuclear proteins in gel mobility shift experiments. Whereas only two elements appeared to be binding sites for the known transcription factors AP-1 and chicken ovalbumin upstream promoter, the seven other elements appeared to bind nuclear proteins with novel properties. Thus, in contrast to the predominant role of Pit-1/GHF-1 in transcription of the growth hormone and prolactin genes, the control of an early pituitary gene, POMC, appears to depend on the synergistic interaction of several regulatory elements which bind different nuclear proteins.
Software construction using components (1980)

It is the thesis of this work that many computer software systems being built today are similar and should be built out of reusable software components. The appropriate use of software components is investigated by analogy to the classical engineering question of whether to build an object out of custom-made parts or standard parts and assemblies. The same analogy is used to explain some of the problems with previous work on reusable software. The result of reasoning with the engineering analogy is that the reuse of software results only from the reuse of analysis, design, and code; rather than just the reuse of code. The concept of domain analysis is introduced to describe the activity of identifying the objects and operations of a class of similar systems in a particular problem domain. A domain analysis is represented by a domain-specific language, a prettyprinter, source-tosource transformations, and software components. A domain&apos;s software components map statements from the domain into other domains which are used to model the objects and operations of the domain. Software components represent implementation choices. The components are managed using a module interconnection language to insure usage constraints. The source-to-source transformations represent domain-specific optimizations, independent of any implementation, which are used to optimize statements in the domain. The transformations are useful primarily when the domain is used as a modeling domain. A method of automatically producing metarules for a set of transformations is described. The metarules remove the burden of having to suggest individual transformations from the user. A formal model of the usage constraints and modeling possibilities of a set of domains is presented. It is shown that the reusa...
Wind and Solar Energy Curtailment: Experience and Practices in the United States (2014)

This report examines U.S. curtailment practices, with a particular emphasis on utilities in the Western states. The information presented here is based on a series of interviews conducted with utilities, system operators, wind energy developers, and non-governmental organizations. The report provides case studies of curtailment experience and examines the reasons for curtailment, curtailment procedures, compensation, and practices that can minimize curtailment.
A learning method for system identification (1967)

A method for system identification is proposed which is based on the error-correcting training procedure in learning machines, and is referred to as "learning identification." This learning identification is nondisturbing, is applicable to cases where the input signal is random and nonstationary, and can be completed within a short time, so that it may be used to identify linear quasi-time-invariant systems in which some parameters vary slowly in comparison with the time required for identification. This merit also makes it possible to eliminate noise disturbances by means of the moving average method. Computer simulation of the learning identification was carried out and the times required for identification were obtained for various cases. Some modifications of the learning identification were also investigated together with their computer simulations.
Molecular genetics of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (1986)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disease the development of which is influenced by genetic factors (Cahill & McDevitt, 1981). As concordance for IDD is less than 50% in identical twins, environmental factors are also required for the development of IDD. Although viral agents have been implicated in the past, the specific environmental components leading to IDD remain unknown. This paper reviews current research focused on the genetic factors that influence susceptibility to IDD.
Dynamic Channel Pruning: Feature Boosting and Suppression (2018)

Making deep convolutional neural networks more accurate typically comes at the cost of increased computational and memory resources. In this paper, we reduce this cost by exploiting the fact that the importance of features computed by convolutional layers is highly input-dependent, and propose feature boosting and suppression (FBS), a new method to predictively amplify salient convolutional channels and skip unimportant ones at run-time. FBS introduces small auxiliary connections to existing convolutional layers. In contrast to channel pruning methods which permanently remove channels, it preserves the full network structures and accelerates convolution by dynamically skipping unimportant input and output channels. FBS-augmented networks are trained with conventional stochastic gradient descent, making it readily available for many state-of-the-art CNNs. We compare FBS to a range of existing channel pruning and dynamic execution schemes and demonstrate large improvements on ImageNet classification. Experiments show that FBS can respectively provide $5\times$ and $2\times$ savings in compute on VGG-16 and ResNet-18, both with less than $0.6\%$ top-5 accuracy loss.
Embedding visible video watermarks in the compressed domain (2002)

Digital visible or invisible watermarks are increasingly in demand for protecting or verifying the original image or video ownership. We propose a novel compressed-domain approach to embedding visible watermarks in MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 video streams. Our algorithms operate on the DCT coefficients which are obtained with minimal parsing of input video. The embedded watermarks adapt to the local video features such as brightness and complexity to achieve consistent perceptual visibility. The embedded watermarks are robust against attempts of removal since clear artifacts remain after the possible attacks.
Myosin light-chain 1 and 3 gene has two structurally distinct and differentially regulated promoters evolving at different rates. (1985)

DNA fragments located 10 kilobases apart in the genome and containing, respectively, the first myosin light chain 1 (MLC1f) and the first myosin light chain 3 (MLC3f) specific exon of the rat myosin light chain 1 and 3 gene, together with several hundred base pairs of upstream flanking sequences, have been shown in runoff in vitro transcription assays to direct initiation of transcription at the cap sites of MLC1f and MLC3f mRNAs used in vivo. These results establish the presence of two separate, functional promoters within that gene. A comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the rat MLC1f/3f gene with the corresponding sequences from mouse and chicken shows that: the MLC1f promoter regions have been highly conserved up to position -150 from the cap site while the MLC3f promoter regions display a very poor degree of homology and even the absence or poor conservation of typical eucaryotic promoter elements such as TATA and CAT boxes; the exon/intron structure of this gene has been completely conserved in the three species; and corresponding exons, except for the regions encoding most of the 5' and 3' untranslated sequences, show greater than 75% homology while corresponding introns are similar in size but considerably divergent in sequence. The above findings indicate that the overall structure of the MLC1f/3f genes has been maintained between avian and mammalian species and that these genes contain two functional and widely spaced promoters. The fact that the structures of the alkali light chain gene from Drosophila melanogaster and of other related genes of the troponin C supergene family resemble a MLC3f gene without an upstream promoter and first exon strongly suggests that the present-day MLC1f/3f genes of higher vertebrates arose from a primordial alkali light chain gene through the addition of a far-upstream MLC1f-specific promoter and first exon. The two promoters have evolved at different rates, with the MLC1f promoter being more conserved than the MLC3f promoter. This discrepant evolutionary rate might reflect different mechanisms of promoter activation for the transcription of MLC1f and MLC3f RNA.
Side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes (1971)

abstract – The side effects of chlorhexidine mouth washes have been evaluated in a group of 50 soldiers during a period of 4 months. Previous publications have shown the effects on plaque formation and gingival conditions. The present paper discusses unfavorable side effects. When rinsing with 0.2 and 0.1 % chlorhexidine gluconate and acetate, some desquamations and soreness in the oral mucosa were observed. Twelve per cent of the tooth surfaces and 62 % of the silicate fillings were discolored, while 36 % of the test persons developed discolored tongues in the experimental period. Because of the side effects, there. are some objections to uncritical use of chlorhexidine in preventive dentistry. A close control is necessary; and until more information is gained, the use of chlorhexidine mouth washes is recommended for short periods only. Other methods of application must be studied.
문제중심학습(PBL) 수업이 예비유아교사의 교사효능감 및 문제해결력에 미치는 영향 (2018)

본 연구는 문제중심학습(PBL) 수업이 예비유아교사의 교사효능감 및 문제해결력에 미치는 영향을 살펴보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 J지역의 S대 유아교육과 3학년 35명이다. 연구도구는 교사효능감, 문제해결력 도구를 사용하였으며 실험처치는 PBL 관련 문헌 연구 후, “유아교과교재 연구 및 지도법” 과목에 문제중심학습(PBL) 수업을 진행하였다. 먼저, 수업에 필요한 문제를 개발하고 이를 토대로 12주차에 걸쳐 PBL 수업 단계에 맞춰 모둠별, 개인별 토론을 하며 결과물을 완성하고 이에 대하여 발표하고 평가하는 과정으로 진행되었다. 연구결과, 문제중심학습(PBL) 수업은 예비유아교사의 교사효능감 및 문제해결력 증진에 긍정적 영향을 주는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 이에 본 연구의 결과는 교원양성교육 현장에서 예비유아교사의 교사효능감 증진과 문제해결력 강화를 위한 효율적인 교수·학습방법의 방안 모색에 필요한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.
Porous Fiber Optic for a High Sensitivity Humidity Sensor (1988)

Several approaches have been previously investigated which utilize fiber optic sensors to determine the relative humidity of air. Such devices typically have the advantage of higher sensitivity and quantitative precision compared to traditional chemical indicators. For example, the use of an optical fiber evanescent sensor for humidity measurements has been described by Russell and Fletcher1. In their device, a moisture sensitive cobalt chloride/gelatin film is immobilized on a 12cm long silica optical fiber as the humidity probe. Ballantine and Wohltjen described an optical waveguide humidity sensor that employed the same calorimetric reagent/polymer system on a glass capillary2. Zhu and Hieftje utilized a fluorescent fiber optic sensor for atmospheric humidity3 based on a dye entrapped within a polymer matrix. However, all of these sensors can only determine the relative humidity above 40% because of sensitivity limitations.
The H19 Non-Coding RNA Is Essential for Human Tumor Growth (2007)

Background. Mutations and epigenetic aberrant signaling of growth factors pathways contribute to carcinogenesis. Recent studies reveal that non-coding RNAs are controllers of gene expression. H19 is an imprinted gene that demonstrates maternal monoallelic expression without a protein product; although its expression is shut off in most tissues postnatally, it is reactivated during adult tissue regeneration and tumorigenesis. Moreover, H19 is highly expressed in liver metastasis derived from a range of carcinomas. The objective of this study is to explore the role of H19 in carcinogenesis, and to determine its identification as an anti-tumor target. Methodology/ Principle Findings. By controlling oxygen pressure during tumor cell growth and H19 expression levels, we investigated the role of H19 expression in vitro and in vivo in hepatocellular (HCC) and bladder carcinoma. Hypoxia upregulates the level of H19 RNA. Ablations of tumorigenicity of HCC and bladder carcinomas in vivo are seen by H19 knockdown which also significantly abrogates anchorage-independent growth after hypoxia recovery, while ectopic H19 expression enhances tumorigenic potential of carcinoma cells in vivo. Knocking-down H19 message in hypoxic stress severely diminishes p57 kip2 induction. We identified a number of potential downstream targets of H19 RNA, including angiogenin and FGF18. Conclusions. H19 RNA harbors pro-tumorigenic properties, thus the H19 gene behaves as an oncogene and may serve as a potential new target for anti-tumor therapy.
A 144 Mb 8-level NAND flash memory with optimized pulse width programming (2003)

Recently, the demand for high density flash memory for mass storage applications has grown. The most effective approach to improve memory density is a multi-level cell, however, the precise Vth control, which is indispensable to the multi-level cell, leads to the decrease of programming throughput. We have developed a 144 Mb 8-level NAND flash memory with 0.5 MB/s programming throughput which is 1.7 times faster than the conventional simultaneous programming scheme used in NAND flash memory. This high throughput has been attained by optimized pulse width programming. This chip employs the compact latch layout, which four adjacent 3-bit latches share one unit of the read/verify control circuit.
Matrix Metalloproteinase-8 Is Expressed in Rheumatoid Synovial Fibroblasts and Endothelial Cells (1997)

Neutrophil collagenase (matrix metalloproteinase-8 or MMP-8) is regarded as being synthesized exclusively by polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN). However, in vivo MMP-8 expression was observed in mononuclear fibroblast-like cells in the rheumatoid synovial membrane. In addition, we detected MMP-8 mRNA expression in cultured rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts and human endothelial cells. Up-regulation of MMP-8 was observed after treatment of the cells with either tumor necrosis factor-alpha (10 ng/ml) or phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (10 nM). Western analysis showed a similar regulation at the protein level. The size of secreted MMP-8 was 50 kDa, which is about 30 kDa smaller than MMP-8 from PMN. Conditioned media from rheumatoid synovial fibroblasts contained both type I and II collagen degrading activity. However, degradation of type II collagen, but not that of type I collagen, was completely inhibited by 50 microM doxycycline, suggesting specific MMP-8 activity. In addition, doxycycline down-regulated MMP-8 induction, at both the mRNA and protein levels. Thus MMP-8 exerts markedly wider expression in human cells than had been thought previously, implying that PMN are not the only source of cartilage degrading activity at arthritic sites. The inhibition of both MMP-8 activity and synthesis by doxycycline provides an incentive for further studies on the clinical effects of doxycycline in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis.