gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Activation of Cell Adhesion Kinase β by Mechanical Stretch in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells (2003)

We have studied whether activation of cell adhesion kinase beta (CAKbeta) is involved in stretch-induced signaling pathway in cultured rat vascular smooth muscle cells. Cyclic stretch (1 Hz) induced a rapid (within 1 min) phosphorylation of CAKbeta, whose effect was time and strength dependent. Both Ca(2+) and Na(+) ionophores (A23187 and monensin) stimulated phosphorylation of CAKbeta in a similar fashion to mechanical stretch. The stretch-induced phosphorylation of CAKbeta was inhibited completely by an intracellular Ca(2+) chelator [1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid tetrakis(acetoxymethyl ester)] and largely by gadolinium, but only partially by an extracellular Ca(2+) chelator (EGTA). An angiotensin type 1 receptor antagonist (CV11974) abolished the phosphorylation of CAKbeta stimulated by angiotensin II, but not by mechanical stretch. Mechanical stretch rapidly (within 1 min) increased the association of CAKbeta with c-Src, but not pp125(focal adhesion kinase). Stretch-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 was inhibited by EGTA and an inhibitor of the Src kinase family [4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine], but not by cytochalasin D, to disrupt actin polymerization. 4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or cytochalasin D did not affect stretch-induced phosphorylation of CAKbeta. These data suggest that mechanical stretch stimulates activation of CAKbeta, followed by its association with c-Src, which requires ion influx mainly via stretch-activated nonselective ion channels, thereby leading to activation of the p21(Ras)/ERK1/2 cascade in vascular smooth muscle cells.
Nonspiking and Spiking Proprioceptors in the Crab: Nonlinear Analysis of Nonspiking TCMRO Afferents (2003)

The proprioceptor that signals the position and movement of the first joint of crustacean legs provides an excellent system for investigating information processing and transmission in neurons that function in a graded (nonspiking) manner in the context of a simple motor system. The thoracic-coxal muscle receptor organ (TCMRO) spans the thoracic-coxal joint and transmits graded signals to the CNS via two large nonspiking axons. The response characteristics and nonlinear models of the input-output relationship for the two nonspiking TCMRO afferents (S and T fibers) were determined using white noise analysis (Wiener kernel) methods. The best-fitting linear responses of these neurons was similar, as were their second-order kernels. The gains of the afferents slowly increased with increasing frequency and reached a maximum at approximately 40-60 Hz for the S fiber and 60-80 Hz for the T fiber. Above this corner frequency, the gains of both afferents decreased at approximately 20 dB/decade for the remainder of the 220-Hz stimulus bandwidth. The shape of the first-order kernels, and hence the corresponding (linear) gain functions, of both afferents were similar when driven with different amplitudes of noise, covering a 40-fold amplitude range. Predictions of the S fiber response based on the first two Wiener kernels were accurate, with the second-order model producing a mean square error of 6-8%. Second-order Wiener models for the T fiber were less accurate with a mean square error of approximately 22-26%, but this accuracy improved to 10-16% with the incorporation of the third-order term in the Wiener expansion. The effect of cable properties on the transmission of the sensory potentials to the CNS was evaluated by determining the system characteristics using membrane potentials 5-7 mm distal to the transduction site. The major change after transmission along the axon was a low-pass filtering of the sensory signals and consequent reduction in signal bandwidth.
Synthesis of the 2-chloro analogs of 3'-deoxyadenosine, 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine, and 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine as potential antiviral agents (1989)

2-Chloro-3'-deoxyadenosine (2-chlorocordycepin), 2-chloro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (2-ClddAdo), and 2-chloro-2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (2-ClddeAdo) were synthesized from 2-chloroadenosine (2-ClAdo) as candidate antiretroviral agents on the basis that 2-chloro substitution would prevent enzymatic deamination and increase efficacy relative to 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddAdo). Reduction of 2-chloro-5'-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2',3'-O-thiocarbonyladenosine with n-Bu3SnH, followed by detritylation with AcOH, unexpectedly gave a mixture of 2-chlorocordycepin and 2-chloroadenine. Treatment of the crude n-Bu3SnH reduction product with 1,1'-thiocarbonyldiimidazole, followed by another cycle of n-Bu3SnH reduction and detritylation with silica gel afforded 2-ClddAdo and a byproduct identified as 2-chloro-2',3'-O-methyleneadenosine. Treatment of 2-chloro-5'-O-(4,4'-dimethoxytrityl)-2',3'-thiocarbonyladenosine with 1,3-dimethyl-2-phenyl-1,3,2-diazaphospholidine followed by silica gel detritylation afforded 2-ClddeAdo. 2-ClddAdo and 2-ClddeAdo were tested for activity against human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in a cultured human T4+ lymphocyte cell line. At a concentration of 100 microM, 2-ClddAdo inhibited reverse transcriptase (RT) production by 97%, while 2',3'-dideoxyadenosine (ddAdo) gave greater than 99% inhibition. In growth assays against uninfected T4+ cells, however, 100 microM 2-ClddAdo gave 23% inhibition while 100 microM ddAdo was nontoxic. At a nontoxic concentration of 20 microM, RT production was 75% inhibited by ddAdo but only 43% inhibited by 2-ClddAdo. Thus, a 2-chloro substituent increased host cell toxicity but decreased antiretroviral activity. The unsaturated analogue 2-ClddeAdo was more cytotoxic than 2-ClddAdo, and antiviral effects could not be measured above 20 microM, where there was only 75% inhibition of RT production. Because of the decreased therapeutic index of 2-ClddeAdo relative to 2-ClddAdo and ddAdo, greater than 90% inhibition of viral protein synthesis at a noncytotoxic concentration could not be achieved. In growth assays with cultured human T and B lymphocytes, 100 microM 2-chlorocordycepin gave 60-70% growth inhibition, while the IC50 against mouse fibroblasts was only 30 microM. The high cytotoxicity of 2-chlorocordycepin precluded consideration of this compound as an antiviral agent.
Characterization of the Promoter Region of the Human Transforming Growth Factor-β1 Gene (1989)

The 5'-end of the human transforming growth factor-beta 1 gene (TGF-beta 1) was isolated from a human leukocyte genomic DNA library. Analysis of the transcriptional start sites of human TGF-beta 1 mRNAs by S1 mapping and primer extension revealed two major start sites 271 nucleotides from one another; several minor sites were also identified. DNA sequence analysis showed that the promoter region contains neither a "TATA" box nor a "CAAT" box, is very G+C rich, and contains 11 CCGCCC repeats. Seven putative binding sites for the transcription factor Sp1 were also identified. To determine the location of sites that may be important for the function of the TGF-beta 1 promoter, we joined the 5'-end of the TGF-beta 1 gene to the coding region for chloramphenicol acetyltransferase. The chimeric gene produced high levels of chloramphenicol acetyltransferase activity in transfected HT-1080, AKR-2B, and A-549 cells. Sequences responsible for both promotion and inhibition of transcription were located in the region extending from 1400 to 300 base pairs upstream of the first major TGF-beta 1 transcriptional start site. The 130-base pair fragment located between 453 and 323 base pairs upstream of this start site contains positive regulatory activity in all cells tested. A second promoter activity was identified in the region between the two major transcriptional start sites. These findings revealed a complex pattern of regulation of human TGF-beta 1 gene expression.
A 3D display with a linearly moving mirror to reflect a series of 2D cross sections and its application to noninvasive angiography (1988)

A 3D display equipped with a linearly moving mirror reflecting a series of 2D cross sections pictures has been devised. The pictures were displayed by a CRT in perfect synchronization with the back-and-forth movements of the mirror. The 80x80x80 mm(3) 3D space contained 128x128 pixels; with each pixel having 256 grades of intensity, enough to produce a satisfactory 3D image of an ultrasonic echogram of hepatic vessels. The images can be observed from different angles by changing the observer's position or by prompt rotation of the image through a console. Mechanical problems inherent in using moving parts have been solved.
MHC haplotype-dependent regulation of MOG-induced EAE in rats. (1998)

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) induced in the rat by active immunization with myelin-oligodendrocyte-glycoprotein (MOG) is mediated by synergy between MOG-specific T cells and demyelinating MOG-specific antibody responses. The resulting disease is chronic and displays demyelinating central nervous system (CNS) pathology that closely resembles multiple sclerosis. We analyzed major histocompatibility complex (MHC) haplotype influences on this disease. The MHC haplotype does not exert an all-or-none effect on disease susceptibility. Rather, it determines the degree of disease susceptibility, recruitment of MOG-specific immunocompetent cells, clinical course, and CNS pathology in a hierarchical and allele-specific manner. Major haplotype-specific effects on MOG-EAE map to the MHC class II gene region, but this effect is modified by other MHC genes. In addition, non-MHC genes directly influence both disease and T cell functions, such as the secretion of IFN-gamma. Thus, in MOG-EAE, allelic MHC class II effects are graded, strongly modified by other MHC genes, and overcome by effects of non-MHC genes and environment.
Shifts in Search Engine Development: A Review of Past, Present and Future Trends in Research on Search Engines (2004)

The World Wide Web has developed fast and many people use search engines to capture information from the Web. This article reviews past, present and future of search engines. Papers published in four major Web and information management conferences were surveyed to track research interests in the last five years. Web search and information retrieval topics such as ranking, filtering and query formulation are still hot topics among researchers. The most important shifts and issues of the future of search engines are mentioned too. Search engine companies are trying to capture the Deep Web and extract structured data to offer high quality results. Using Web page structure, shared search engines, expert recommendations and different mobile search facilities seem to be features of the next generation of search engines.
Metabolic characterization of breast tumors with positron emission tomography using F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose. (1996)

PET imaging allowed accurate differentiation between benign and malignant breast tumors providing a high specificity. Sensitivity for detection of small breast cancer ( < 1 cm) was limited due to partial volume effects. Quantitative image analysis combined with partial volume correction may be necessary to exploit fully the diagnostic accuracy. PET imaging may be helpful as a complimentary method in a subgroup of patients with indeterminate results of conventional breast imaging.
Tumorigenicity conferred to lymphoma mutant by major histocompatibility complex-encoded transporter gene. (1993)

Presentation of antigenic peptides by major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules requires MHC-encoded molecules of the adenosine triphosphate binding cassette (ABC) family. Defects in these proteins represent a potential risk, since they are essential links in the machinery of T cell-mediated surveillance which continuously scrutinizes peptide samples of cellular proteins. Nevertheless, transfection of the mouse lymphoma mutant RMA-S with the rat ABC gene mtp2a (homologue to mouse HAM2 and human RING11), commonly termed TAP-2 genes, led to a marked increase in tumor outgrowth potential in vivo. This occurred despite restored antigen presentation and sensitivity to cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and was found to be due to escape from natural killer (NK) cell-mediated rejection. It has previously been proposed that adequate expression of self-MHC class I is one important mechanism to avoid elimination by NK cells. Our data argue that a defect in the machinery responsible for processing and loading of peptides into MHC class I molecules is sufficient to render cells sensitive to elimination by NK cells. The latter thus appear to function as a surveillance of the peptide surveillance machinery.
METAL‐INDUCED REACTIVE OXYGEN SPECIES PRODUCTION IN <i>CHLAMYDOMONAS REINHARDTII</i> (CHLOROPHYCEAE)<sup>1</sup> (2009)

Toxic effects of metals appear to be partly related to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause oxidative damage to cells. The ability of several redox active metals [Fe(III), Cu(II), Ag(I), Cr(III), Cr(VI)], nonredox active metals [Pb(II), Cd(II), Zn(II)], and the metalloid As(III) and As(V) to produce ROS at environmentally relevant metal concentrations was assessed. Cells of the freshwater alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii P. A. Dang. were exposed to various metal concentrations for 2.5 h. Intracellular ROS accumulation was detected using an oxidation-sensitive reporter dye, 5-(and-6)-carboxy-2',7'-dihydrodifluorofluorescein diacetate (H2 DFFDA), and changes in the fluorescence signal were quantified by flow cytometry (FCM). In almost all cases, low concentrations of both redox and nonredox active metals enhanced intracellular ROS levels. The hierarchy of maximal ROS induction indicated by the increased number of stained cells compared to the control sample was as follows: Pb(II) > Fe(III) > Cd(II) > Ag(I) > Cu(II) > As(V) > Cr(VI) > Zn(II). As(III) and Cr(III) had no detectable effect. The effective free metal ion concentrations ranged from 10(-6) to 10(-9) M, except in the case of Fe(III), which was effective at 10(-18) M. These metal concentrations did not affect algal photosynthesis. Therefore, a slightly enhanced ROS production is a general and early response to elevated, environmentally relevant metal concentrations.
Chiral Synthesis via Organoboranes. 40. Selective Reductions. 55. A Simple One-Pot Synthesis of the Enantiomers of Trifluoromethyloxirane. A General Synthesis in High Optical Purities of .alpha.-Trifluoromethyl Secondary Alcohols via the Ring-Cleavage Reactions of the Epoxide (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChiral Synthesis via Organoboranes. 40. Selective Reductions. 55. A Simple One-Pot Synthesis of the Enantiomers of Trifluoromethyloxirane. A General Synthesis in High Optical Purities of .alpha.-Trifluoromethyl Secondary Alcohols via the Ring-Cleavage Reactions of the EpoxideP. Veeraraghavan Ramachandran, Baoqing Gong, and Herbert C. BrownCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 1, 41–46Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00106a012https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00106a012research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1297Altmetric-Citations93LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
The Synthesis of N-Substituted Isomaleimides (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Synthesis of N-Substituted IsomaleimidesROBERT J. COTTER, CAROL K. SAUERS, and JOHN M. WHELANCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1961, 26, 1, 10–15Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01060a003https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01060a003research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views927Altmetric-Citations105LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
GLRT-Based Spectrum Sensing for Cognitive Radio (2008)

In this paper, we propose several spectrum sensing methods designed using the generalized likelihood ratio test (GLRT) paradigm, for application in a cognitive radio network. The proposed techniques utilize the eigenvalues of the sample covariance matrix of the received signal vector, taking advantage of the fact that in practice, the primary signal in a cognitive radio environment will either occupy a subspace of dimension strictly smaller than the dimension of the observation space, or have a spectrum that is non-white. We show that by making various assumptions on the availability of side information such as noise variance and signal space dimension, several feasible algorithms result which all outperform the standard energy detector.
Towards the development of antimicrobial drugs acting by inhibition of pathogen attachment to host cells: A need for polyvalency (1989)

The development of inhibitors of microbial attachment to target cells has been proposed recently as a possible novel approach to antimicrobial chemoprophylaxis and treatment. In this paper an attempt is made to contend that such artificial inhibitors must be polyvalent, i.e. capable of binding to the pathogen or its target by multiple bonds.
BWR performance for longevity (1987)

Good performance is essential for boiling water reactor (BWR) plant life extension (PLEX). Economic evaluations show that the benefits attributable to extended service of a typical BWR depend on maintaining a high capacity factor. Plant reliability as measured by forced outage rate must also be managed to recover the investments made for longevity. In addition to economic factors, technical evaluations suggest that sustained high availability is a reliable indicator of sound equipment and operating procedures, both necessary elements for long BWR life. Many performance improvements that are made to reach short- or medium-term goals also enhance longevity. Examples include hydrogen water chemistry to avoid stress corrosion cracking (SCC), predictive maintenance, enhanced feedwater control, and scram reductions. From a regulatory perspective, the good performance of a BWR usually implies a high safety margin. This paper illustrated the relation between performance and longevity for BWR plants in the economic, technical, and regulatory areas.
General patterns of tag usage among university groups in Flickr (2008)

Purpose The purpose of this research is to investigate general patterns of tag usage and determines the usefulness of the tags used within university image groups to the wider Flickr community. There has been a significant rise in the use of Web 2.0 social network web sites and online applications in recent years. One of the most popular is Flickr, an online image management application. Design/methodology/approach This study uses a webometric data collection, classification and informetric analysis. Findings The results show that members of university image groups tend to tag in a manner that is of use to users of the system as a whole rather than merely for the tag creator. Originality/value This paper gives a valuable insight into the tagging practices of image groups in Flickr.
The picornaviral 3C proteinases: Cysteine nucleophiles in serine proteinase folds (1995)

The 3C proteinases are a novel group of cysteine proteinases with a serine proteinase-like fold that are responsible for the bulk of polyprotein processing in the Picornaviridae. Because members of this viral family are to blame for several ongoing global pandemic problems (rhinovirus, hepatitis A virus) as well as sporadic outbreaks of more serious pathologies (poliovirus), there has been continuing interest over the last two decades in the development of antiviral therapies. The recent determination of the structure of two of the 3C proteinases by X-ray crystallography opens the door for the application of the latest advances in computer-assisted identification and design of anti-proteinase therapeutic/chemoprophylactic agents.
Surgical reduction of the renal mass in rats: morphologic and functional analysis on the remnant kidney (2006)

The compensatory renal hypertrophy, as well as the glomerular injury translated in the form of proteinuria and sclerosis, are closed related to the volume of the remnant kidney, thus they are more evident when a greater fraction of the renal tissue is excised.
A Phase I First-in-Human Study of Nesvacumab (REGN910), a Fully Human Anti–Angiopoietin-2 (Ang2) Monoclonal Antibody, in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors (2015)

Nesvacumab safety profile was acceptable at all dose levels tested. Preliminary antitumor activity was observed in patients with treatment-refractory advanced solid tumors. On the basis of cumulative safety, antitumor activity, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data, the 20 mg/kg dose was determined to be the RP2D.