gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<sup>1</sup>H NMR Spectra of Substituted Aminopyridines (1993)

Abstract Substituent effects on the 1H NMR spectra of forty four vicinally substituted 2-, 3- and 4-aminopyridines have been investigated. The results show that chemical shifts of the ortho and para protons with respect to the variable substituent follow well the dual substituent parameter treatment (DSP). It indicates their electronic origin.
Prospective comparison of mother-to-child transmission of HIV-1 and HIV-2 in Abidjan, Ivory Coast (1994)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To compare mother-to-child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus types 1 and 2 (HIV-1 and HIV-2, respectively) and to assess the impact of maternal HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections on child survival. <h3>Design.</h3> —Prospective cohort study. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Maternal and child health center in a lower socioeconomic class district of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. <h3>Participants.</h3> —A total of 18 099 women delivering between 1990 and 1992 were tested for HIV-1 and HIV-2 antibodies. A cohort of 613 pregnant women and their infants was followed prospectively (138 women reactive to HIV-1,132 reactive to HIV-2, 69 reactive to both viruses, and 274 HIV-seronegative). Main Outcome Measures.—Rates of perinatal transmission for HIV-1, HIV-2, and both viruses, determined from results of serological and polymerase chain reaction tests on children; survival of infants born to HIV-1—positive, HIV-2—positive, dually reactive, and HIV-seronegative women. <h3>Results.</h3> —Of the 18 099 women tested, 9.4% were reactive to HIV-1 alone, 1.6% to HIV-2 alone, and 1.0% to both viruses. The rate of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 was 24.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 15.8% to 33.7%), compared with 1.2% (95% CI, 0.0% to 3.5%) for HIV-2 (relative risk, 21.3; 95% CI, 2.9 to 154.3). Overall, 19.0% (95% CI, 9.0% to 29.0%) of infants of dually reactive women became infected; of the 11 children concerned, 10 were infected with HIV-1 and one with HIV-1 and HIV-2. Infants of HIV-seropositive mothers had a reduced survival; mortality rates were 15.1, 13.0, 6.5, and 3.4 deaths per 100 child-years, respectively, for children of HIV-1—positive, dually reactive, HIV-2—positive, and HIV-seronegative women. <h3>Conclusions.</h3> —The rate of perinatal transmission of HIV-2 (1.2%) was much lower than the rate of perinatal transmission of HIV-1 (24.7%), and this was associated with more favorable survival for infants of HIV-2—infected mothers. Dually reactive women could transmit both viruses, although transmission usually involved HIV-1 only. Public health guidelines should incorporate advice that perinatal transmission of HIV-2 is rare. (<i>JAMA</i>. 1994;272:462-466)
Analysis and modeling of photomask edge effects for 3D geometries and the effect on process window (2009)

Simulation was used to explore boundary layer models for 1D and 2D patterns that would be appropriate for fast CAD modeling of physical effects during design. FDTD simulation was used to compare rigorous thick mask modeling to a thin mask approximation (TMA). When features are large, edges can be viewed as independent and modeled as separate from one another, but for small mask features, edges experience cross-talk. For attenuating phase-shift masks, interaction distances as large as 150nm were observed. Polarization effects are important for accurate EMF models. Due to polarization effects, the edge perturbations in line ends become different compared to a perpendicular edge. For a mask designed to be real, the 90o transmission created at edges produces an asymmetry through focus, which is also polarization dependent. Thick mask fields are calculated using TEMPEST and Panoramic Technologies software. Fields are then analyzed in the near field and on wafer CDs to examine deviations from TMA.
Biochemical Characterization of Recombinant Human Nerve Growth Factor (1992)

Recombinant human nerve growth factor (rhNGF) was expressed and secreted by Chinese hamster ovary cells and purified to homogeneity using ion-exchange and reversed-phase (RP) chromatography. The isolated product was shown to be consistent with a 120-amino-acid residue polypeptide chain by amino acid composition, sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), RP-HPLC, and mass spectrometry and with an N-terminal sequence consistent with that expected from the cDNA for human nerve growth factor. By size-exclusion chromatography, rhNGF behaves like a noncovalent dimer. Limited enzymatic digests of the 120-residue monomer produced additional species of 118 (trypsin, removal of the C-terminal Arg119-Ala120 sequence) and 117 (trypsin plus carboxypeptidase B, removal of the C-terminal Arg118-Arg119-Ala120 sequence) residues. Each of these species was isolated by high-performance ion-exchange chromatography and characterized by amino acid and N-terminal sequence analyses, SDS-PAGE, RP-HPLC, and mass spectrometry. All three species were present in the digests as both homodimeric and heterodimeric combinations and found to be equipotent in both the chick dorsal root ganglion cell survival and rat pheochromocytoma neurite extension assays.
Optimal Mesh Algorithms for the Voronoi Diagram of Line Segments and Motion Planning in the Plane (1995)

The motion planning problem of an object with two degrees of freedom moving in the plane can be stated as follows: Given a set of polygonal obstacles in the plane, and a two-dimensional mobile object B with two degrees of freedom, determine if it is possible to move B from a start position to a final position while avoiding the obstacles. If so, plan a path for such a motion. Techniques from computational geometry have been used to develop exact algorithms for this fundamental case of motion planning. In this paper we obtain optimal mesh implementations of two different methods for planning motion in the plane. We do this by first presenting optimal mesh algorithms for some geometric problems that, in addition to being important substeps in motion planning, have numerous independent applications in computational geometry. In particular, we first show that the Voronoi diagram of a set of n nonintersecting (except possibly at endpoints) line segments in the plane can be constructed in O(√ n) time on a √ n × √ n mesh, which is optimal for the mesh. Consequently, we obtain an optimal mesh implementation of the sequential motion planning algorithm described by Ó′Dúlainy and Yap (J. Algorithms 6 (1985), 104-111); in other words, given a disc B and a polygonal obstacle set of size n, we can plan a path (if it exists) for the motion of B from a start position to a final position in O(√ n) time on a mesh of size n. We also show that the shortest path motion between a start position and a final position for a convex object B (of constant size) moving among convex polygonal obstacles of total size n can be found in O(n) time on an n × n mesh, which is worst-case optimal.
Organic ion exchangers as beads. Synthesis, characterization and applications (2006)

Abstract Two less explored strategies in the preparation of porous organic ion exchangers in bead form are presented in this paper: the preparation of macroporous strong base anion exchangers with N , N ‐diethyl‐2‐hydroxyethyl benzylammonium chloride units, a less explored chloromethylation reagent of the styrene‐divinylbenzene copolymers being used, and the preparation of anion exchangers with primary amine groups by the aminolysis‐hydrolysis reaction with 1,2‐diaminoethane of the nitrile groups, contained in some porous copolymers of acrylonitrile‐divinylbenzene, followed by the carboxymethylation of the primary amine groups to prepare chelating ion exchangers. The influence of porogen nature, monomers dilution and crosslinking degree on the properties of the ion exchangers was examined. Structural characterization, functionalization‐morphology correlations, the ion exchange properties, and potential applications for the ion exchangers thus prepared have been discussed. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stem cells in cancer therapy: From their role in pathogenesis to their use as therapeutic agents (2010)

Advances in the understanding of the intriguing properties of stem cells are prompting the development of new therapeutic approaches in oncology. Stemness is a crucial condition for the homeostasis of the human body. Nevertheless, pathways that regulate self-renewal and cell fate of normal stem cells, such as Wnt and hedgehog, are also involved in the regulation of cancer stem cells and tumor growth and progression, and may thus represent novel therapeutic targets in cancer treatment. In addition, the ability of stem cells to self-renew, migrate to tumor sites and differentiate into multiple cell types makes them perfect candidates for being used as tools for delivering therapeutic genes and proteins and as drug vectors to eliminate malignant cells.
Preligand assembly domain-mediated ligand-independent association between TRAIL receptor 4 (TR4) and TR2 regulates TRAIL-induced apoptosis (2005)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a cytokine with potential therapeutic value against cancers because of its selective cytotoxicity to many transformed, but not normal, cells. The "decoy receptors" TRAIL-R3 (TR3) and TRAIL-R4 (TR4) were believed to negatively regulate TRAIL-induced cytotoxicity by competing for ligand binding with TRAIL-R1 (TR1) and TRAIL-R2 (TR2). Here, we show that inhibition of TRAIL-induced apoptosis by TR4 critically depends on its association with TR2 via the NH(2)-terminal preligand assembly domain overlapping the first partial cysteine-rich domain of both receptors. By contrast, ligand binding by TR4 is dispensable for its apoptosis inhibitory function, thereby excluding the possibility that TR4 was a "decoy" to inhibit apoptosis by binding up TRAIL. In primary CD8(+) T cells, which express only TR2 and TR4 and are resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis, stimulation with phorbol myristate acetate abrogated the ligand-independent interaction between TR2 and TR4 and enhanced their sensitivity to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. Hence, whereas most TNF receptors normally form only homotrimeric complexes, the preligand assembly domains in TR2 and TR4 permit mixed complex formation as a means to regulate apoptosis induction. We propose that TR4 is a "regulatory" rather than "decoy" receptor that inhibits apoptosis signaling by TRAIL through this previously uncharacterized ligand-independent mechanism.
Imaging Enterobacteriaceae infection in vivo with <sup>18</sup> F-fluorodeoxysorbitol positron emission tomography (2014)

The Enterobacteriaceae are a family of rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria that normally inhabit the gastrointestinal tract and are the most common cause of Gram-negative bacterial infections in humans. In addition to causing serious multidrug-resistant, hospital-acquired infections, a number of Enterobacteriaceae species are also recognized as biothreat pathogens. As a consequence, new tools are urgently needed to specifically identify and localize infections due to Enterobacteriaceae and to monitor antimicrobial efficacy. In this report, we used commercially available 2-[(18)F]-fluorodeoxyglucose ((18)F-FDG) to produce 2-[(18)F]-fluorodeoxysorbitol ((18)F-FDS), a radioactive probe for Enterobacteriaceae, in 30 min. (18)F-FDS selectively accumulated in Enterobacteriaceae, but not in Gram-positive bacteria or healthy mammalian or cancer cells in vitro. In a murine myositis model, (18)F-FDS positron emission tomography (PET) rapidly differentiated true infection from sterile inflammation with a limit of detection of 6.2 ± 0.2 log10 colony-forming units (CFU) for Escherichia coli. Our findings were extended to models of mixed Gram-positive and Gram-negative thigh co-infections, brain infection, Klebsiella pneumonia, and mice undergoing immunosuppressive chemotherapy. This technique rapidly and specifically localized infections due to Enterobacteriaceae, providing a three-dimensional holistic view within the animal. Last, (18)F-FDS PET monitored the efficacy of antimicrobial treatment, demonstrating a PET signal proportionate to the bacterial burden. Therapeutic failures associated with multidrug-resistant, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli infections were detected in real time. Together, these data show that (18)F-FDS is a candidate imaging probe for translation to human clinical cases of known or suspected infections owing to Enterobacteriaceae.
Arc-heated magnetically trapped expanding plasma jet generator (1993)

For the purpose of new applications of thermal and recombining plasma, an apparatus is developed which continuously produces ‘‘arc-heated and magnetically trapped expanding plasma jet.’’ In this apparatus, arc-heated thermal helium plasma of atmospheric pressure is spouted from a nozzle of 1.2 mm inner diameter into a rarefied gas wind tunnel of about 3–20 Pa with a parallel magnetic field of 0.025–0.16 T. Investigations about the plasma are carried out and stationary inverted populations are observed downstream along this plasma jet. The magnetic field establishes stable arc discharge. Electron temperature Te, ion temperature Ti, and electron density ne of the plasma are about 0.1–1, 0.1–0.8 eV, and 1×1012–2×1013 cm−3, respectively. Two examples of applications of this apparatus are discussed. One is a potential active laser medium, and the other is a cluster preparer.
Context-sensitive query auto-completion (2011)

Query auto completion is known to provide poor predictions of the user's query when her input prefix is very short (e.g., one or two characters). In this paper we show that context, such as the user's recent queries, can be used to improve the prediction quality considerably even for such short prefixes. We propose a context-sensitive query auto completion algorithm, NearestCompletion, which outputs the completions of the user's input that are most similar to the context queries. To measure similarity, we represent queries and contexts as high-dimensional term-weighted vectors and resort to cosine similarity. The mapping from queries to vectors is done through a new query expansion technique that we introduce, which expands a query by traversing the query recommendation tree rooted at the query.
Transparent flexible resistive random access memory fabricated at room temperature (2009)

We report the room temperature fabrication of highly transparent and flexible resistive random access memory devices based on an ITO (indium tin oxide)/ZnO (zinc oxide)/ITO/Ag/ITO capacitor structure on a polyethersulfone flexible substrate. The ITO/Ag/ITO multilayered bottom electrode provides superior flexibility as well as high transparency compared to devices with ITO single bottom electrode during repetitive bending tests. The devices exhibit a high transmittance and the excellent reliability of data retention. Moreover, they show consistent memory performance, even under thermal stress. The results of this study provide a breakthrough solution for the era of transparent and flexible electronic systems in the near future.
Correlation of CdS Nanocrystal Formation with Elemental Sulfur Activation and Its Implication in Synthetic Development (2011)

Formation of CdS nanocrystals in the classic approach (with octadecene (ODE) as the solvent and elemental sulfur and cadmium carboxylate as the precursors) was found to be kinetically dependent on reduction of elemental sulfur by ODE, which possessed a critical temperature (~180 °C). After elemental sulfur was activated by ODE, the formation reaction of CdS followed closely. 2-tetradecylthiophene from the activation of S by ODE and fatty acids from the formation reaction of CdS were found to be the only soluble side products. The overall reaction stoichiometry further suggested that oxidation of each ODE molecule generated two molecules of H(2)S, which in turn reacted with two molecules of cadmium carboxylate molecules to yield two CdS molecular units and four molecules of fatty acids. In comparison to alkanes, octadecene was found to be substantially more active as a reductant for elemental sulfur. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of quantitative correlation between chemical reactions and formation of high-quality nanocrystals under synthetic conditions. To demonstrate the importance of such discovery, we designed two independent and simplified synthetic approaches for synthesis of CdS nanocrystals. One approach with its reaction temperature at the critical temperature of S activation (180 °C) used the same reactant composition as the classic approach but without any hot injection. The other approach performed at an ordinary laboratory temperature (≤100 °C) and in a common organic solvent (toluene) was achieved by addition of fatty amine as activation reagent of elemental sulfur.
A tradition of hopeful intelligence (2008)

overcome diffidence in the search for truth, and contribute more creatively to the common good.Christian intelligence, deriving from the wisdom of the cross, anticipates both an ultimate fulfilment and an ultimate judgment on evil.The article concludes with a reflection on Christopher Dawson's analysis of the modern cultural situation.
I. A Simple Accurate Film Balance of the Vertical Type for Biological and Chemical Work, and a Theoretical and Experimental Comparison with the Horizontal Type. II. Tight Packing of a Monolayer by Ions (1937)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTI. A Simple Accurate Film Balance of the Vertical Type for Biological and Chemical Work, and a Theoretical and Experimental Comparison with the Horizontal Type. II. Tight Packing of a Monolayer by IonsWilliam D. Harkins and Thomas F. AndersonCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1937, 59, 11, 2189–2197Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1937Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1937https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01290a031https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01290a031research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views130Altmetric-Citations117LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Bandwidth-rate-distortion optimized motion estimation (2009)

Motion estimation process is the most computational and memory intensive component in video encoders. However, traditional motion estimation algorithms focus on rate and distortion performance and do not take memory bandwidth into consideration. As a result, its performance will be degraded under bandwidth constraint environment. In this paper, a bandwidth-rate-distortion optimized motion estimation algorithm is introduced to solve the above issue. Simulation results show that the proposed method could achieve similar performance as the bandwidth unconstrained method with up to 70% bandwidth saving.
Formation of Reversible Shell Cross-Linked Micelles from the Biodegradable Amphiphilic Diblock Copolymer Poly(<scp>l</scp>-cysteine)-<i>block</i>-Poly(<scp>l</scp>-lactide) (2008)

A novel biodegradable diblock copolymer, poly(L-cysteine)-b-poly(L-lactide) (PLC-b-PLLA), was synthesized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) of N-carboxyanhydride of beta-benzyloxycarbonyl-L-cysteine (ZLC-NCA) with amino-terminated poly(L-lactide) (NH 2-PLLA) as a macroinitiator in a convenient way. The diblock copolymer and its precursor were characterized by (1)H NMR, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements. The length of each block polymer could be tailored by molecular design and the ratios of feeding monomers. The cell adhesion and cell spread on the PZLC-b-PLLA and PLC-b-PLLA films were enhanced compared to those on pure PLA film. PLC-b-PLLA can self-assemble to form micelles in aqueous media. A pyrene probe is used to demonstrate the micelle formation of PLC-b-PLLA in aqueous solution. Due to the ease of disulfide exchange with thiols, the obtained micelles are reversible shell cross-linked (SCL) micelles. The morphology and size of the micelles are studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM).
Sequential expressions of MMP‐1, TIMP‐1, IL‐6, and COX‐2 genes in induced periapical lesions in rats (2002)

To elucidate the pathogenesis of periapical lesion-associated bone resorption, a disease model of Wistar rat molar was employed. After lesion induction, the mRNAs encoding for matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1), tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in the developing lesions were detected by in situ hybridization at day 5, 10, 15 and 20, respectively. At day 5, MMP-1, IL-6 and COX-2 mRNAs appeared predominantly in macrophages. During day 15 to day 20, increased expressions of these mediators were also found in osteoblasts but to a lesser extent compared with those in macrophages. MMP-1 mRNA was also detected in osteoclasts. In contrast, expression of the TIMP-1 gene was noted primarily in osteoblasts and was less pronounced compared with that of MMP-1. The mediator-expressing cells aggregated in the vicinity of bone resorption areas and their numbers increased with time. These data suggest that macrophages and osteoblasts are involved in the development of periapical lesions, and that they promote bone resorption by producing MMP-1, IL-6 and COX-2. In addition, administration of a specific COX-2 inhibitor, meloxicam, reduced the extent of periapical bone resorption by 43% and simultaneously diminished the numbers of cells synthesizing MMP-1 and IL-6 mRNAs. These results further elucidate the significance of COX-2 in disease progression of periapical lesions as it modulates indirectly the production of MMP-1 and IL-6.
Direct hemoglobin measurement by monolithically integrated optical beam guidance (2005)

We present a concept for optical beam guidance by total internal reflection (TIR) at V-grooves as retro reflectors which are monolithically integrated on a microfluidic "lab-on-a-disk". This way, the optical path length through a measurement chamber and thus the sensitivity of colorimetric assays is massively enhanced compared to direct (perpendicular) beam incidence. With this rugged optical concept, we determine the concentration of hemoglobin (Hb) in human whole blood. Outstanding features are a high degree of linearity (R/sup 2/ = 0.993) between the optical signal and the Hb together with a reproducibility of CV= 2.9 %, and a time-to-result of 100 seconds, only.
Latin American Documentary Filmmaking: Major Works (2014)

Sobre Foster, David William. Latin American Documentary Filmmaking: Major Works . Tucson, Arizona: The University of Arizona Press, 2013, 232 pp., ISBN-13: 978-0816523894 Palabras clave: resena,  Foster, David William,  . Latin American Documentary Filmmaking: Major Works