gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Impact of local variability on defect-aware process windows (2019)

CD-based process windows have been an analysis workhorse for estimating and comparing the robustness of semiconductor microlithography processes for more than 30 years. While tolerances for variation of CD are decreasing in step with the target CD size, the acceptable number of printed defects has remained flat (Hint: Zero) as the number of features increases quadratically. This disconnect between two key process estimators, CD variability and defect rate, must be addressed. At nodes that require EUV lithography, estimating the printed defects based solely on a Mean CD (“Critical Dimension”) process window is no longer predictive. The variability / distribution of the printed CDs must be engineered so that there are no failures amongst the billions of instances, rendering the Mean CD, often measured on just hundreds or thousands of instances, a poor predictor for outliers. A “defect-aware” process window, where the count of printed defects is considered in combination with more advanced statistical analysis of measured CD distributions can provide the needed predictability to determine whether a process is capable of sufficient robustness. Determining process robustness where stochastics and defects are taken into account can be simplified by determining the CD process margin. In this work we study dense contact hole arrays exposed with 0.33NA single exposure EUV lithography after both the lithography and etch steps. We describe a methodology for expanding the analysis of process windows to include more than the mean and 3σ of the data. We consider the skew and kurtosis of the distribution of measured CD results per focus-exposure condition and compare / correlate the measured CD process window results to the CD process margin.
Comparison of bioavailability and pharmacodynamics of diltiazem from two pharmaceutical preparations. (1992)

Diltiazem, a calcium channel blocker, is used in multiple divided doses daily, due to its short elimination half-life. Hence, administration as a modified release (MR) formulation is suggested. In this double blind cross-over trial, the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of diltiazem was studied in eight healthy Indian adults. Diltiazem was administered as single dose (60 mg) of the two formulations viz immediate release (IR) and MR. Venous blood samples, for estimation of diltiazem by HPLC, were collected at frequent intervals and BP, HR and ECG were monitored during the 12h study period. With MR formulation, plasma half-life was significantly (P < 0.05) prolonged (6.25 +/- 1.2 h vs. 2.69 +/- 0.2 h), the extent of alterations in BP, HR and PR interval was significantly less, while the duration of prolongation of PR interval was significantly more as compared to IR formulation. Therefore, MR formulation of diltiazem has better pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profile as compared to IR formulation.
A secondary air kerma strength standard for Yb-169 interstitial brachytherapy sources (1995)

Ytterbium-169 (169Yb) is a promising new intermediate low-energy isotope for interstitial implantation. To date, no air kerma strength (SK) standard for this source exists that can serve as a sound foundation for comparing various dose measurements and theoretical calculations. We have solved this problem by adapting the free air measurement technique of Goetsch et al, originally developed for 192Ir. Using a 100 cm3 spherical ion chamber with NIST traceable external beam calibrations in a free air geometry, we have measured the air kerma strength of six different source batches (two type 6 batches, three type 8 batches, and one experimental high-intensity source). Room scatter corrections, derived from an empirical fit to the data (following Goetsch et al) and/or directly by Monte Carlo simulation, yielded identical results with a reproducibility of 1%. The ratio [SK/Avendor] of measured SK to the vendor's contained activity assay averaged 1.554 cGy cm2 mCi-1 h-1 (0.0420 microGy m2 MBq-1 h-1), in conflict with the expected value of 1.34 (0.0362), derived from Monte Carlo calculations. The measured [SK/Avendor] for the type 8 seeds varies by as much as 10% whereas the SK/dose calibrator reading ratio varies by no more than 0.3%, suggesting that the reproducibility of Avendor is relatively poor. These discrepancies may help explain the variation (as large as 28%) in published dose rate constants for 169Yb.
Language Modeling by Clustering with Word Embeddings for Text Readability Assessment (2017)

We present a clustering-based language model using word embeddings for text readability prediction. Presumably, an Euclidean semantic space hypothesis holds true for word embeddings whose training is done by observing word co-occurrences. We argue that clustering with word embeddings in the metric space should yield feature representations in a higher semantic space appropriate for text regression. Also, by representing features in terms of histograms, our approach can naturally address documents of varying lengths. An empirical evaluation using the Common Core Standards corpus reveals that the features formed on our clustering-based language model significantly improve the previously known results for the same corpus in readability prediction. We also evaluate the task of sentence matching based on semantic relatedness using the Wiki-SimpleWiki corpus and find that our features lead to superior matching performance.
Codoping effects in fibers for active applications (2003)

The influence of codopants on the optical and thermal properties of ytterbium- and neodymium-doped fibers for high-power applications was investigated concerning absorption, spectral and time-dependent fluorescence, loss, crystallization behaviour and diffusion interplay of the dopants.
Engineering and Economic Analyses of a Coal-Fueled Solid Oxide Fuel Cell Hybrid Power Plant (2005)

An advanced coal based power plant system that has an electrical efficiency of 60% on an HHV basis is defined. The solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) hybrid has been shown to be an essential requirement in order to achieve such a high efficiency. The coal is gasified utilizing a high pressure air-blown advanced transport reactor (ATR). A thermo-economic analysis of this integrated gasification fuel cell (IGFC) plant is performed by comparing it to an integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plant that utilizes a gas turbine combined cycle for power generation. Results of this thermo-economic analysis indicate that the required “break even” cost of the SOFC system is $400/kW on an installed cost basis such that the cost of electricity of IGFC plant is the same as that of the IGCC plant. Coproduction of H2 and capture of carbon emissions may be incorporated in the design without causing a major thermal penalty on the system performance when high temperature separation membranes are employed. An O2-blown gasifier is required for such applications. The technology development needs are addressed.
Preterm infant massage elicits consistent increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that are associated with greater weight gain (2007)

Preterm infant massage is consistently associated with increases in vagal activity and gastric motility that may underlie the effects of massage therapy on preterm infant weight gain.
Reactive arthritis and serum levels of mannose binding lectin – lack of association (2003)

The purpose was to evaluate the possible association of serum mannose binding lectin (s-MBL) levels on type of triggering microbe, duration of diarrhoea, incidence and course of reactive arthritis (ReA) caused by Salmonella, Yersinia and Campylobacter. Sixty patients with ReA of 1-228 months duration, 173 patients with ReA or uncomplicated enterocolitis caused by Campylobacter, 226 sera from patients with elevated antibody levels against Salmonella, Yersinia or Campylobacter, and 114 blood donors were tested for s-MBL using ELISA technique, both direct mannan binding assay and sandwich ELISA. s-MBL was compared with C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and with the ability of activating complement C4. Among the 114 donors 9% had s-MBL <50 microg/l, 16% had from 50-500 microg/l and 75% had >500 microg/l. The distribution of s-MBL levels in the three-patient groups did not differ significantly from the controls. There were no indications that low s-MBL was associated with prolonged duration of arthritis, diarrhoea or individual bacterial infections. The two MBL assays were comparable with respect to serum concentrations, indicating that the actual circulating MBL was also functionally active. s-MBL exhibited acute phase reactant behaviour and correlated to CRP level, but only in patients with s-MBL concentrations exceeding 1000 microg/l. MBL in 10 randomly selected ReA sera were tested for the ability to activate complement C4. The results did not differ from those of donor controls. This study demonstrates that the distributions of s-MBL levels in serum among patients with ReA are not different from donor controls. The course, outcome or triggering bacteria are not associated with a particular level of s-MBL.
Robust Lane-Mark Extraction for Autonomous Driving Under Complex Real Conditions (2017)

Lane marks on roads are among the most important items of road scene information in the process of autonomous driving, and lane-mark extraction based on visual cognitive computing is one of the most important components of advanced driving assistance systems in intelligent transportation system. Onboard cameras mounted on the front of autonomous vehicles capture road scene images from which lane marks are extracted. This paper proposes a new lane-mark extraction algorithm with four major parts. First, this paper handles the road images captured from onboard cameras by grayscale and fast median filter. Then, we exploit the characteristics of lane marks in road images as constraints to propose lane-features filter based on multi-constraints used to extract lane marks. Then, a clustering algorithm based on the double point removal of a p-least squares algorithm is proposed to cluster features, and recursive dichotomy algorithm is used to fit the candidate lane marks. Finally, we carry out verification and optimization on candidate lane marks to obtain more accurate and stable extraction results. In our experiment, we divide the common complex road scenes into four categories. The results show that the proposed method can robustly extract lane marks under various complex real conditions. This paper also proposes forward a method to evaluate the results of lane-mark extraction, and partial test results are evaluated.
A Case-Based New Financial Product Screening System (1994)

Initial screening is one of the most important and difficult processes in new product development. Many new product screening models have been developed in management and marketing. However practical applications of these models have been limited in part due to their complexity and inflexibility, and in part due to their excessive data requirements. Thus simple judgment models have been popular in practice. However, these models suffer from inaccuracy and inconsistency originating form human cognitive limitations. In light of the problem swith traditional screening methods, we propose a new approach for screening based on managers' past experience and intuitive judgments-screening by analogy, and develop a computerized case-based system for screening new financial service concepts. Using the system, managers can predict the potential performance of a new product concept based on the performance of past products that are similar to it in terms of product characteristics, firm's resources, and market conditions. Based on this prediction, managers make a screening decision.
The Machinery of Life (2004)

A joint effort of bioengineers at the University College London Center for Bioengineering and orthopaedic surgeons at the Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital in Stanmore, the device—formally called an extendable—was 11 years in the making. The field, known officially as limb salvage, has begun helping young bone cancer patients whose prognosis, only a decade ago, would have been amputation. The Wright prosthesis—invented by French engineer Arnaud Soubeiran—and the Stanmore design both embody machines that literally stand in for Jiving tissue, which had gone bad. They practically duplicate growing cells. The Repiphysis line up of implantable, growing prostheses relies on the release of spring energy within a softening polymer for adding length to a child’s limb. The article also highlights that distinct from the Stanford degrees in biomechanical engineering, the MS and PhD programs in bioengineering will combine courses in biology, engineering, and medicine in such areas as regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, biomedical computation, cellular and molecular systems, and quantitative biology.
Quasi-optical power amplifier using TEM waveguide concept (2001)

A new E-plane quasi-optical waveguide power amplifier with an innovative low-loss integrated transition array of finline and microstrip is presented, which employs a concept of TEM mode waveguide. This TEM waveguide was proposed on a patterned surface or usually called uniplanar compact photonic bandgap (UC-PBG) structure. Our Ku-band back-to-back transition array demonstrates a return loss better than -17.5 dB and an insertion loss better than -0.65 dB. The TEM waveguide is found to have a 1 GHz bandwidth centered at 14.5 GHz. The use of such a frequency-selective surface has showed that one could implement more power cards inside this TEM waveguide. The space power combiner is used to combine the output powers of twelve 20 mW MMIC amplifier chips. The power module yields a 21.08 dBm output power including the loss of transition and a combining efficiency of 89% is observed in this work.
DNA methylation biomarkers discovered <i>in silico</i> detect cancer in liquid biopsies from non-small cell lung cancer patients (2019)

Identification of cancer-specific methylation of DNA released by tumours can be used for non-invasive diagnostics and monitoring. We previously reported <i>in silico</i> identification of DNA methylation loci specifically hypermethylated in common human cancers that could be used as epigenetic biomarkers. Using DNA methylation specific qPCR we now clinically tested a group of these cancer-specific loci on cell-free DNA (cfDNA) extracted from the plasma fraction of blood samples from healthy controls and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients. These DNA methylation biomarkers distinguish lung cancer cases from controls with high sensitivity and specificity (AUC = 0.956), and furthermore, the signal from the markers correlates with tumour size and decreases after surgical resection of lung tumours. Presented observations suggest the clinical value of these DNA methylation biomarkers for NSCLC diagnostics and monitoring. Since we successfully validated the biomarkers using independent DNA methylation data from multiple additional common carcinoma cohorts (bladder, breast, colorectal, oesophageal, head and neck, pancreatic or prostate cancer) we predict that these DNA methylation biomarkers will detect additional carcinoma types from plasma samples as well.
Executing serializable transactions within a hard real-time database system (2002)

A number of factors contribute to delays in transaction execution. In a real-time database system, delays due to deadlocks, data accessing, and transaction commit must reduce to enable a transaction to complete successfully. In this report, a model of transaction execution is presented that permits execution and commit of any hard real-time transaction. The execution proceeds without the incidence of deadlock, or other blocking delays such as, due to denial of lock or commit approvals. The proposed technique is based on transaction classification and implementation of a precedence management scheme. The scheme provides an instantaneous execution opportunity to a serializable transaction within a hard real-time database system.
Discrete projection methods for integral equations (1996)

Discrete projection methods are analyzed for a variety of integral equations which arise from the reformulation of boundary value problems for partial differential equations. The theory is illustrated by applying it to a variety of integral equations: Fredholm, Volterra, Cauchy singular, hypersingular and boundary integral. The material should be of interest to a large audience of graduate students, practising researchers in engineering and the sciences and applied mathematicians.
Transcription Factor AP-2 Functions as a Repressor That Contributes to the Liver-specific Expression of Serum Amyloid A1 Gene (2001)

We previously identified transcription factor AP-2 as the nuclear factor that interacts with the tissue-specific repressor element in the rat serum amyloid A1 (SAA1) promoter. In this report, we provide evidence for a second AP-2-binding site and show that both AP-2 sites participate in mediating the transcription repression of SAA1 promoter. This proximal AP-2 site overlaps with the NFkappaB-binding site known to be essential for SAA1 promoter activity. Protein binding competition experiments demonstrated that AP-2 and NFkappaB binding to these overlapping sites were mutually exclusive. Furthermore, the addition of AP-2 easily displaced prebound NFkappaB, whereas NFkappaB could not displace AP-2. These results thus suggest that one mechanism by which AP-2 negatively regulates SAA1 promoter activity may be by antagonizing the function of NFkappaB. Consistent with a repression function, transient expression of AP-2 in HepG2 cells inhibited conditioned medium-induced SAA1 promoter activation. This inhibition was dependent on functional AP-2-binding sites, since mutation of AP-2-binding sites abolished inhibitory effects of AP-2 in HepG2 cells as well as resulted in derepression of the SAA1 promoter in HeLa cells. In addition to SAA1, we found that several other liver gene promoters also contain putative AP-2-binding sites. Some of these sequences could specifically inhibit AP-2.DNA complex formation, and for the human complement C3 promoter, overexpression of AP-2 also could repress its cytokine-mediated activation. Finally, stable expression of AP-2 in hepatoma cells significantly reduced the expression of endogenous SAA, albumin, and alpha-fetoprotein genes. Taken together, our results suggest that AP-2 may function as a transcription repressor to inhibit the expression of not only SAA1 gene but also other liver genes in nonhepatic cells.
Detection of asymptomatic Clostridium difficile carriage by an alcohol shock procedure (1989)

Direct inoculation to cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar and broth was compared with alcohol shock-chopped meat broth inoculation for optimal detection of Clostridium difficile in fecal samples. Alcohol shock is significantly more sensitive than cefoxitin-cycloserine-fructose agar or broth and may be the method of choice to detect C. difficile in asymptomatic carriers.
Loop Stability Analysis of Voltage Mode Buck Regulator With Different Output Capacitor Types - Continuous and (2008)

The buck dc/dc converter is probably the single most common voltage converter in use. Many design resources are available: application reports, text books, and many data sheets contain comprehensive design procedures for the continuous-conduction mode of operation. For discontinuous mode, however, the same solutions do not exist in a single-source, useful format. The purpose of this application report is to provide a complete set of design equations for calculating the buck converter loop gain and phase in both continuous and discontinuous modes. Because most modern systems use more than one type of output capacitor, and because this can affect the power system stability, solutions are presented for up to three different types of capacitors.
Expression of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus in transformed nonproducer and revertant NIH/3T3 cells: evidence for cell-mediated resistance to a viral oncogene in phenotypic reversion (1984)

Expression of the provirus in a clonally related series of Kirsten murine sarcoma virus-transformed NIH/3T3 nonproducer cell lines was examined at both the transcriptional and translational levels. All cells expressed high levels of genome-sized viral RNA with little variation between cell lines despite differences in provirus integration site and copy number. Expression of K-ras RNA was estimated to be at least 10- to 20-fold higher than that of the mouse cellular homolog of the viral transforming gene. Levels of the virus-coded transforming protein, p21, were similarly elevated, with little variation between nonproducer cells. In two revertant cell lines containing a normal provirus and a rescuable transforming gene, no impairment in expression at either the transcriptional or translational level was found. After superinfection with Kirsten murine sarcoma virus, one revertant became more tumorigenic, whereas the other remained nontumorigenic. These results show that cell transformation by Kirsten murine sarcoma virus is invariably associated with elevated expression of the virus-coded oncogene and that one of the revertants is resistant to the action of the viral transforming gene.
Palladium-catalyzed air-based oxidative coupling of arylboronic acids with H-phosphine oxides leading to aryl phosphine oxides (2014)

We present a novel and highly efficient methodology that allows for the construction of C-P bonds via the palladium-catalyzed air-based oxidative coupling of various commercially available arylboronic acids with easily oxidized H-phosphine oxides leading to valuable aryl phosphine oxides, particularly triarylphosphine oxides, with the use of air as the green oxidant, broad substrate applicability and good to excellent yields. The described catalytic system should be an efficient complement to the Chan-Lam type reaction and be useful in synthetic programs.
Design and implementation of an ATM segmentation engine with PCI interface (2002)

This paper describes the design and implementation of an ATM segmentation engine including PCI interface. This engine, which was designed for an ASIC called ASAH-NIC, contains DMA read machine and segmentation machine. It uses local memory where control information is stored in schedule table, VC table, buffer descriptor and status queue. It has several special features like processing split packet buffers and automatic alignment and packing of transmit data.
<i>SRC</i> gene expression in human cancer: the role of transcriptional activation (2004)

Human pp60c-Src (or c-Src) is a 60 kDa nonreceptor tyrosine kinase encoded by the SRC gene and is the cellular homologue to the potent transforming v-Src viral oncogene. c-Src functions at the hub of a vast array of signal transduction cascades that influence cellular proliferation, differentiation, motility, and survival. c-Src activation has been documented in upwards of 50% of tumors derived from the colon, liver, lung, breast, and pancreas. Therefore, a major focus has been to understand the mechanisms of c-Src activation in human cancer. Early studies concentrated on post-translational mechanisms that lead to increased c-Src kinase activity, which often correlated with overexpression of c-Src protein. More recently, the discovery of an activating SRC mutation in a small subset of advanced colon tumors has been reported. In addition, elevated SRC transcription has been identified as yet another mechanism contributing significantly to c-Src activation in a subset of human colon cancer cell lines. Interestingly, histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors, agents with well-documented anti-cancer activity, repress SRC transcription in a wide variety of human cancer cell lines. Analysis of the mechanisms behind HDAC inhibitor mediated repression could be utilized in the future to specifically inhibit SRC gene expression in human cancer.