gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Brassinosteroids Antagonize Gibberellin- and Salicylate-Mediated Root Immunity in Rice    (2012)

Brassinosteroids (BRs) are a unique class of plant steroid hormones that orchestrate myriad growth and developmental processes. Although BRs have long been known to protect plants from a suite of biotic and abiotic stresses, our understanding of the underlying molecular mechanisms is still rudimentary. Aiming to further decipher the molecular logic of BR-modulated immunity, we have examined the dynamics and impact of BRs during infection of rice (Oryza sativa) with the root oomycete Pythium graminicola. Challenging the prevailing view that BRs positively regulate plant innate immunity, we show that P. graminicola exploits BRs as virulence factors and hijacks the rice BR machinery to inflict disease. Moreover, we demonstrate that this immune-suppressive effect of BRs is due, at least in part, to negative cross talk with salicylic acid (SA) and gibberellic acid (GA) pathways. BR-mediated suppression of SA defenses occurred downstream of SA biosynthesis, but upstream of the master defense regulators NONEXPRESSOR OF PATHOGENESIS-RELATED GENES1 and OsWRKY45. In contrast, BR alleviated GA-directed immune responses by interfering at multiple levels with GA metabolism, resulting in indirect stabilization of the DELLA protein and central GA repressor SLENDER RICE1 (SLR1). Collectively, these data favor a model whereby P. graminicola coopts the plant BR pathway as a decoy to antagonize effectual SA- and GA-mediated defenses. Our results highlight the importance of BRs in modulating plant immunity and uncover pathogen-mediated manipulation of plant steroid homeostasis as a core virulence strategy.
Human and<i>E.Coli</i>excinucleases are affected differently by the sequence context of acetylaminofluorene-guanine adduct (1995)

The publishers wish to apologise for printing a typegraphical error in the author list of the above paper. The correct authornames are as printed above.
The effects of topical nasal steroids on rat respiratory mucosa <i>in vivo</i>, with special reference to benzalkonium chloride (1997)

Fifty rats were treated with topical nasal steroids with and without the preservative benzalkonium chloride in their right nostril twice daily for 21 days, while the left nostrils were exposed to 0.9% NaCl. By cutting the noses serially in frontal sections, the structure of the mucosal lining of all parts of the nose could be investigated. Areas with squamous cell metaplasia were observed in all nostrils exposed to topical steroids containing benzalkonium chloride. Such alterations were not observed in any nasal cavities exposed to the topical nasal steroid without the preservative or to 0.9% NaCl. In conclusion, benzalkonium chloride appears to be potentially toxic to the mucosa in vivo.
Elastocaloric effect of a Ni-Ti plate to be applied in a regenerator-based cooling device (2016)

The aim of this article is to analyze the elastocaloric effect of a commercial Ni-Ti plate for its application in a cooling device. In the first part, the article shows numerical results of the cooling characteristics of a regenerator-based elastocaloric cooling device with different thickness of the Ni-Ti plates based on a previously developed numerical model. It is shown that such a device (with a plate thickness of 0.1 mm) can produce a specific cooling power up to 7 kW/kg and coefficient of performance values up to 5 at the 30 K of the temperature span. In the second part of the article, a testing and analysis of the elastocaloric effect of the Ni-Ti plate using infrared thermography is shown. Prior to the elastocaloric testing, the sample was mechanically polished and subjected to 200 loading–unloading cycles at a slow strain-rate and 10,000 loading–unloading cycles at high strain-rate to stabilize its superelastic behavior and evaluate its fatigue life. When the functional and structural stability was reached and relatively good fatigue resistance was proven, the elastocaloric effect of the sample was studied with an infrared camera as a function of strain-rate and applied strain. It is shown that the adiabatic conditions are well approximated at strain-rates above 0.1 s−1. The largest adiabatic temperature change of 14 K during loading and 12.5 K during unloading were measured at the applied strain of 4.2% (at a strain-rate of 0.33 s−1). The homogeneity of the elastocaloric effect and the temperature irreversibilities during unloading are presented and discussed. It can be concluded that thin Ni-Ti plates with suitable austenitic finish temperature are good candidates to be applied in a proof-of-concept regenerator-based cooling device.
Probing the Cybotactic Region in Gas-Expanded Liquids (GXLs) (2006)

Gas-expanded liquids (GXLs) are a new and benign class of liquid solvents, which may offer many advantages for separations, reactions, and advanced materials. GXLs are intermediate in properties between normal liquids and supercritical fluids, both in solvating power and in transport properties. Other advantages include benign nature, low operating pressures, and highly tunable properties by simple pressure variations. The chemical community has only just begun to exploit the advantages of these GXLs for industrial applications. This Account focuses on the synergism of experimental techniques with theoretical modeling resulting in a powerful combination for exploring chemical structure and transport in the cybotactic region of GXLs (at the nanometer lengthscale).
ReverX: Reverse Engineering of Protocols (2011)

Communication protocols determine how network components interact with each other. Therefore, the ability to derive a speci cation of a protocol can be useful in various contexts, such as to support deeper black-box testing or e ective defense mechanisms. Unfortunately, it is often hard to obtain the speci cation because systems implement closed (i.e., undocumented) protocols, or because a time consuming translation has to be performed, from the textual description of the protocol to a format readable by the tools. To address these issues, we propose a new methodology to automatically infer a speci cation of a protocol from network traces, which generates automata for the protocol language and state machine. Since our solution only resorts to interaction samples of the protocol, it is well-suited to uncover the message formats and protocol states of closed protocols and also to automate most of the process of specifying open protocols. The approach was implemented in ReverX and experimentally evaluated with publicly available FTP traces. Our results show that the inferred speci cation is a good approximation of the reference speci cation, exhibiting a high level of precision and recall. 1
Cavity-enhanced mid-infrared absorption in perforated graphene (2014)

Graphene’s unique electronic structure due to its two-dimensional nature results in numerous advantageous properties, such as highly tunable chemical potential and the ability to support highly confined surface plasmons with exceptionally long lifetimes. In the context of optical absorbers, we theoretically calculate, using both analytical and numerical techniques, that the coupling of a continuous monolayer of perforated graphene to simple optical cavities results in greatly enhanced absorption in the mid-infrared regime due to graphene surface plasmons, with tunability of the resonance peak by more than its full width at half maximum. We identified and studied two distinct cases: quarter wavelength Fabry–Perot cavities which result in near-unity absorption, and deeply subwavelength cavities which enhance the universal graphene absorption approximately fourfold. The structural simplicity and large spectral tunability of the proposed designs render them applicable to infrared modulators, sensors, and bolometers.
Overexpressing 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme A Reductase (HMGR) in the Lactococcal Mevalonate Pathway for Heterologous Plant Sesquiterpene Production (2012)

Isoprenoids are a large and diverse group of metabolites with interesting properties such as flavour, fragrance and therapeutic properties. They are produced via two pathways, the mevalonate pathway or the 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol-4-phosphate (MEP) pathway. While plants are the richest source of isoprenoids, they are not the most efficient producers. Escherichia coli and yeasts have been extensively studied as heterologous hosts for plant isoprenoids production. In the current study, we describe the usage of the food grade Lactococcus lactis as a potential heterologous host for the production of sesquiterpenes from a local herbaceous Malaysian plant, Persicaria minor (synonym Polygonum minus). A sesquiterpene synthase gene from P. minor was successfully cloned and expressed in L. lactis. The expressed protein was identified to be a β-sesquiphellandrene synthase as it was demonstrated to be functional in producing β-sesquiphellandrene at 85.4% of the total sesquiterpenes produced based on in vitro enzymatic assays. The recombinant L. lactis strain developed in this study was also capable of producing β-sesquiphellandrene in vivo without exogenous substrates supplementation. In addition, overexpression of the strain's endogenous 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme-A reductase (HMGR), an established rate-limiting enzyme in the eukaryotic mevalonate pathway, increased the production level of β-sesquiphellandrene by 1.25-1.60 fold. The highest amount achieved was 33 nM at 2 h post-induction.
Scheduling of Voice Packets in a Low-Bandwidth Shared Medium Access Network (2003)

This paper addresses the schedulability of VoIP packets in a low-bandwidth shared medium broad-band access network. We show that EDF (Earliest Deadline First) without preemption is an optimal scheduling algorithm for the case where the size of the packets and the tolerated jitter are equal for all the packets, in the sense that no other algorithm, with or without preemption, may schedule more packets on time. We then employ this algorithm in order to concentrate upon two issues related to the effect of VoIP codec functionality on the schedulability of VoIP packets: packetization delay and silence suppres-sion. We show that in both cases there are two counter-forces affecting the schedulability of the VoIP packets, and we use simulations in order to get in-depth understanding of these counter-forces under different conditions. 1
An Enantioselective Synthesis of Cis Perhydroisoquinoline LY235959 (1998)

A novel synthesis of NMDA receptor antagonist LY235959 (1) has been achieved in 13% overall yield and 17 steps from (R)-pantolactone (7). Highlights of the synthesis include (a) use of a chiral auxiliary controlled asymmetric Diels-Alder reaction to provide the desired absolute and relative stereochemistry at C-4a, C-6, and C-8a, (b) an efficient alkylation of hindered iodide 13 using a novel amide benzophenone imine, (c) oxidative ring opening of the [2.2.2] bicyclic system to simultaneously functionalize the molecule for intramolecular cyclization and phosphonate introduction, and (d) an increased understanding of how the C-3 stereochemistry may be controlled by thermodynamic equilibration. Synthesis of epimer 20 in high overall yield makes this synthetic route attractive for future development efforts.
Long-chain<i>n</i>−3 PUFA: plant<i>v</i>. marine sources (2006)

Increasing recognition of the importance of the long-chain n-3 PUFA, EPA and DHA, to cardiovascular health, and in the case of DHA to normal neurological development in the fetus and the newborn, has focused greater attention on the dietary supply of these fatty acids. The reason for low intakes of EPA and DHA in most developed countries (0.1-0.5 g/d) is the low consumption of oily fish, the richest dietary source of these fatty acids. An important question is whether dietary intake of the precursor n-3 fatty acid, alpha-linolenic acid (alphaLNA), can provide sufficient amounts of tissue EPA and DHA by conversion through the n-3 PUFA elongation-desaturation pathway. alphaLNA is present in marked amounts in plant sources, including green leafy vegetables and commonly-consumed oils such as rape-seed and soyabean oils, so that increased intake of this fatty acid would be easier to achieve than via increased fish consumption. However, alphaLNA-feeding studies and stable-isotope studies using alphaLNA, which have addressed the question of bioconversion of alphaLNA to EPA and DHA, have concluded that in adult men conversion to EPA is limited (approximately 8%) and conversion to DHA is extremely low (<0.1%). In women fractional conversion to DHA appears to be greater (9%), which may partly be a result of a lower rate of utilisation of alphaLNA for beta-oxidation in women. However, up-regulation of the conversion of EPA to DHA has also been suggested, as a result of the actions of oestrogen on Delta6-desaturase, and may be of particular importance in maintaining adequate provision of DHA in pregnancy. The effect of oestrogen on DHA concentration in pregnant and lactating women awaits confirmation.
Metabolic fate of luteolin and its functional activity at focal site (2000)

Luteolin has been shown to possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory/anti-allergic activities. In order to evaluate a chemopreventive role of luteolin in inflammatory responses involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and cancer etc., the metabolic fate of luteolin in rats and humans was investigated by HPLC analysis, and its effect on cell surface expression of adhesion molecules in human umbilical vein endothelial cells(HUVECs) was examined by ELISA. Luteolin monoglucuronide, which was a main metabolite, and free luteolin were detected in rat plasma and human serum. Luteolin monoglucuronide was hydrolyzed to free luteolin by beta-glucuronidase released from neutrophils stimulated with lonomycin and Cytocharasine B. Luteolin suppressed the TNF-alpha induced ICAM-1 expression significantly. Among nine flavonoids (40 microM) examined, chrysin, apigenine, quercetin and galangin also demonstrated suppressive effct on it. These results suggest the posssibility that deconjugation of luteolin monoglucuronide occurs and that free luteolin showed functional acyivities such as suppression of TNF-alpha induced ICAM- 1 expression at inflammation site.
Sandwich Assay for Tacrolimus Using 2 Antitacrolimus Antibodies (2014)

This work demonstrates that a highly specific sandwich assay using 2 antihapten antibodies is feasible for the measurement of a hapten drug.
The Influence of Water on the Cycleability of Lithium in 2‐Methyltetrahydrofuran‐Based Electrolytes (1993)

The cycling efficiency of lithium in solutions of and in 2‐methyltetrahydrofuran was investigated by galvanostatic experiments and cyclic voltammetry. Traces of water lower the cycling efficiency of solutions, but produce an increase of the cycling efficiency of solutions, diminishing at water content above 500 ppm. Addition of 2‐methylfuran shows no effect. An increase of the lithium cycling efficiency of was observed after addition of small amounts of .
Performance of 10-kW class xenon ion thrusters (1988)

Presented are performance data for laboratory and engineering model 30 cm-diameter ion thrusters operated with xenon propellant over a range of input power levels from approximately 2 to 20 kW. Also presented are preliminary performance results obtained from laboratory model 50 cm-diameter cusp- and divergent-field ion thrusters operating with both 30 cm- amd 50 cm-diameter ion optics up to a 20 kW input power. These data include values of discharge chamber propellant and power efficiencies, as well as values of specific impulse, thruster efficiency, thrust and power. The operation of the 30 cm- and 50 cm-diameter ion optics are also discussed.
Lignans and related phenols. Part XII. Application of nuclear magnetic double resonance to the aryltetrahydronaphthalene class (1972)

Use of double resonance and particularly of the INDOR method has provided the first complete assignment of proton signals from aryltetrahydronaphthalenes. The information has been applied to the conformational analysis of these biologically active lignans.
Estimation of Missing Values in Multimodal Biometric Fusion (2008)

The computation of any similarity score will be precluded by missing values. Missing values can be attributed to poor quality biometric data, poor data capture, or classifier error from computing the similarity scores. The presence of missing values in biometric systems can be inconvenient to the user, as the system will reject the submitted biometric data and request for another. It is therefore important for a biometric system to be prepared for, and able to deal with missing values. Currently methods for dealing with missing values can be categorised into: 1) (deletion) - deleting missing values; 2) (maximum likelihood) - computing maximum likelihood of observed data, while integrating out the missing values; 3) (imputation) - replacing missing values with estimated values. This paper adapts the popular k-nearest neighbour (k-NN) imputation method to produce three imputation methods for dealing with missing values in classification. We also introduces a forth category for dealing with missing values, called the exhaustive fusion framework. This method eliminates the need to predict or delete missing values. We show experimentally that our proposed methods provide an improved performance over the original k-NN and the widely used mean method for predicting missing data. These experiments were carried out using the newly developed BioSecure database and the popular XM2VTS database.
Mechanical properties of aligned long glass fiber reinforced polypropylene. I: Tensile strength (1999)

Abstract Long‐fiber reinforced thermoplastic composites were made from 9 mm long glass fiber reinforced PP pellets by alternative procedures of roll‐mill and hot‐press molding. The severe problem of fiber breaking during the process could be avoided by this method. The average fiber length of this composite was ∼7 mm long. More than 80% of fibers in the composite were aligned within the 20° range. In the major fiber‐oriented direction, at 25°C, the tensile strength of this composite was 205 MPa. At elevated temperatures in the range of 25°C to 125°C, the tensile strength was inversely proportional to the temperature. The two‐parameter Weibull distribution function was used to simulate the strength distribution of the composite. Results showed that the strength distribution curve shifted from high to low as the temperature increased.
Investigating stress-strain properties of in-vivo human skin using multiaxial loading experiments and finite element modeling (2005)

A multiaxial testing rig has been designed to investigate mechanical properties of soft tissue membranes. This approach has the advantage over biaxial loading in that it can be used to investigate soft tissue membranes with complex structural architecture. A finite element model of tissue mechanics has been used to analyze the experimental data in order to evaluate the stress-strain relationship, and a forward solve algorithm developed to estimate material parameters values for a given constitutive law. The multiaxial testing rig and the finite element analysis have been used to evaluate the constitutive properties of in-vivo human skin.
Effect of butanol on lipid composition and fluidity of Clostridium acetobutylicum ATCC 824 (1984)

Butanol, at sub-growth-inhibitory levels, caused a ca. 20 to 30% increase in fluidity of lipid dispersions from Clostridium acetobutylicum. When grown in the presence of butanol or into stationary phase, C. acetobutylicum synthesized increased levels of saturated acyl chains at the expense of unsaturated chains.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Models for Residual Covariance in Spatial Regression (1984)

We describe the maximum likelihood method for fitting the linear model when residuals are correlated and when the covariance among the residuals is determined by a parametric model containing unknown parameters. Observations are assumed to be Gaussian. We give conditions which ensure consistency and asymptotic normality of the estimators. Our main concern is with the analysis of spatial data and in this context we describe some simulation experiments to assess the small sample behaviour of estimators. We also discuss an application of the spectral approximation to the likelihood for processes on a lattice.
High-harmonic generation in plasmas from relativistic laser-electron scattering (2003)

Results are presented on the generation of high harmonics through the scattering of relativistic electrons from high-intensity laser light. The characteristic signatures of this process are found to be the emission of even-order harmonics, linear dependence on the electron density, significant amount of harmonics with circular polarization, and small spatial extent of the source. The harmonics are emitted as a forward-directed beam with a divergence of 2°–3°. The measured spatial profile of the harmonics is in excellent agreement with calculations that assume that relativistic electrons play a significant part in the scattering process.
Delivery of bioactive, gel‐isolated proteins into live cells (2003)

The delivery of proteins into live cells is a promising strategy for the targeted modulation of protein-protein interactions and the manipulation of specific cellular functions. Cellular delivery can be facilitated by complexing the protein of interest with carrier molecules. Recently, an amphipatic peptide was identified, Pep-1 (KETWWETWWTE WSQPKKKRKV), which crosses the plasma membrane of many cell types to carry and deliver proteins as large as antibodies. Pep-1 effectively delivers proteins in solution; but Pep-1 is not suitable for delivering sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) isolated proteins because Pep-1 complexes with cargo proteins are destroyed by SDS. Here, we report cellular delivery of SDS-PAGE-isolated proteins, without causing cellular damage, by using a nonionic detergent, Triton X-100, as carrier. To determine the specificity of our method, we separated antibodies against different intracellular targets by nonreducing SDS-PAGE. Following electrophoresis, the antibody bands were detected by zinc-imidazole reverse staining, excised, in-gel refolded with Triton X-100, and eluted in detergent-free phosphate-buffered saline. When overlaid on cultured NIH 3T3 cells, the antibodies penetrated the cells localizing to their corresponding intracellular targets. These results are proof-of-principle for the delivery of gel-isolated bioactive proteins into cultured cells and suggest new ways for experimental protein therapy and for studying protein-protein interactions using gel-isolated protein.
Modelling of nanoparticles: approaches to morphology and evolution (2010)

As we learn more about the physics, chemistry and engineering of materials at the nanoscale, we find that the development of a complete understanding is not (in general) possible using one technique alone. Computer simulations provide a very valuable addition to our scientific repertoire, but it is not immediately intuitive which of the many methods available are right for a given problem. In this paper, various computational approaches are described as they apply to the study of the structure and formation of discrete inorganic nanoparticles. To illustrate how these methods are best used, results of studies from many research groups are reviewed, and informal case studies are constructed on carbon, titania and gold nanoparticles.
The clinical utility of measuring free‐to‐total prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) ratio and PSA density in differentiating between benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer (1998)

The measurement of f/tPSA and PSA density increase the specificity of the differential diagnosis between BPH and prostate cancer.