gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Targeting of Several Glycolytic Enzymes Using RNA Interference Reveals Aldolase Affects Cancer Cell Proliferation through a Non-glycolytic Mechanism (2012)

In cancer, glucose uptake and glycolysis are increased regardless of the oxygen concentration in the cell, a phenomenon known as the Warburg effect. Several (but not all) glycolytic enzymes have been investigated as potential therapeutic targets for cancer treatment using RNAi. Here, four previously untargeted glycolytic enzymes, aldolase A, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, triose phosphate isomerase, and enolase 1, are targeted using RNAi in Ras-transformed NIH-3T3 cells. Of these enzymes, knockdown of aldolase causes the greatest effect, inhibiting cell proliferation by 90%. This defect is rescued by expression of exogenous aldolase. However, aldolase knockdown does not affect glycolytic flux or intracellular ATP concentration, indicating a non-metabolic cause for the cell proliferation defect. Furthermore, this defect could be rescued with an enzymatically dead aldolase variant that retains the known F-actin binding ability of aldolase. One possible model for how aldolase knockdown may inhibit transformed cell proliferation is through its disruption of actin-cytoskeleton dynamics in cell division. Consistent with this hypothesis, aldolase knockdown cells show increased multinucleation. These results are compared with other studies targeting glycolytic enzymes with RNAi in the context of cancer cell proliferation and suggest that aldolase may be a useful target in the treatment of cancer.
The propeptide of subtilisin BPN′ as a temporary inhibitor and effect of an amino acid replacement on its inhibitory activity (1997)

The propeptide of subtilisin-family proteases is known to exhibit inhibitory activity toward a cognate protease in addition to its function as an intramolecular chaperone. For detailed investigation of its inhibitory properties, the propeptide of subtilisin BPN' was produced in Escherichia coli. Inhibitory activity measurements and electrophoresis showed that the propeptide was a temporary inhibitor, which was initially potent but was gradually degraded by subtilisin BPN' through specific intermediates. The main cleavage site was identified as Glu53-Lys54, with minor sites at Thr17-Met18 and Met21-Ser22, which were located in turn regions of the propeptide in the complex with subtilisin BPN'. Since the isolated propeptide has been shown not to form a tertiary structure, these results indicate that main digestions proceed through proteolytic attack of subtilisin toward the accessible sites of the propeptide in the complex with subtilisin. Therefore, replacement of Glu53 at the main cleavage site by Asp, which is a less favorable amino acid than Glu for subtilisin, makes the propeptide a more resistant temporary inhibitor.
A statistical analysis of copper bottom coverage of high-aspect-ratio features using ionized physical vapor deposition (2002)

Ionized physical vapor deposition (IPVD) is a new method for depositing metal into high-aspect-ratio features used as interconnects in microelectronic fabrication. It is similar to sputtering except that a portion of the metal flux to the substrate is ionized. We show how a high ionized-metal-flux fraction (IMFF) at the deposition location improves the bottom coverage of deposited metal films. To measure IMFF, a tool was developed, that biased the front surface of a microbalance crystal directly so as to repel ions. Cu IMFFs to the substrate of greater than 90 % along with deposition rates of 1000 /spl Aring//min can be achieved. A statistical model for both IMFF and total metal flux as a function of four control variables, chamber height, Ar pressure, ionizer power, and sputter power, was developed.
Antibiotic Synergism of Enterococci (1970)

Not all enterococci show synergism between penicillin and streptomycin or kanamycin, but most patients receive combined therapy empirically since tests for synergism are difficult to perform. Enterococci showing synergism are considered "resistant" to streptomycin and kanamycin, but usually have not been tested with concentrations higher than 100μ/ml. We had found that strains not showing synergism are actually highly resistant to these antibiotics, in contrast to strains that do show synergism. Of 30 strains where synergism occurred between penicillin G potassium and streptomycin sulfate when killing curves were performed, 27 were inhibited by 250μg/ml. Seventeen strains not showing synergism required 6,000μg/ml or more for inhibition and 11 grew in 50,000μg/ml Forty-four strains showing synergism between penicillin and kanamycin sulfate were inhibited by 250μg/ml or less of kanamycin sulfate, and 5 strains not showing synergism had minimal inhibitory concentrations of 25,000μg/ml or higher.
RENIN GENE EXPRESSION IN VARIOUS TISSUES DETERMINED BY SINGLE‐STEP POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION (1991)

1. Renin mRNA is present in the kidney and, in lower concentrations, in many extrarenal tissues and serves as an index of renin gene activity, as well as potential renin or prorenin synthesis in cell populations within those tissues. Unfortunately the quantity can be very low. 2. A new, highly sensitive technique is described for detection of renin mRNA that involves the enzyme Taq polymerase for both reverse transcription of renin mRNA into renin cDNA and for amplification of the 769-1099 nucleotide segment by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), all of which involves a single reaction mixture. 3. In this way renin mRNA was detected in kidney and several extrarenal tissues as a PCR product of approximately 330 base pairs on agarose gels by ethidium-bromide staining or hybridization probing. The region of renin mRNA chosen for amplification spanned several intron sites in the coding sequence so that the presence of amplicants derived from genomic DNA could be readily discriminated, as a band of approximately 1.5 kilobases. 4. Thus single-step PCR offers a powerful new approach to detection of renin mRNA.
Toughened Plastics I (1993)

A toughened thermoset generally contains elastic or thermoplastic domains dispersed in discrete form throughout the matrix resin to increase the resistance to crack-growth initiation. Fracture behavior is governed by characteristics of viscoelasticity, shear yielding, and dilatational deformation involving cavitation. In recent years, concepts of theoretical developments of failure mechanisms based on fracture mechanics have been advanced, although controversy over details still exists. The aim of this chapter is to review in detail some of the recent developments in toughening mechanisms and the relationships between microstructure and fracture behavior as illustrated by rubber-toughened epoxy resins. This review considers the behavior of bulk resin, adhesive joints, and matrices of composites. Recent modeling efforts for toughening mechanisms that give a quantitative description of the microstructure-fracture property relationships are also reviewed.
Estimation (2010)

One of the most important applications of probability in science and engineering is to the theory of statistical inference, wherein the problem is to draw defensible conclusions from experimental evidence. The three main branches of statistical inference are parameter estimation, hypothesis testing, and time-series analysis. Or, as we say in the engineering sciences, the three main branches of statistical signal processing are estimation, detection, and signal analysis.
Synthetic studies on the dioxepane region of brevetoxin B. New synthetic technology for the construction of oxepanes and synthesis of a model for the CDEF ring skeleton of brevetoxin B (1989)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSynthetic studies on the dioxepane region of brevetoxin B. New synthetic technology for the construction of oxepanes and synthesis of a model for the CDEF ring skeleton of brevetoxin BK. C. Nicolaou, C. K. Hwang, and D. A. NugielCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1989, 111, 11, 4136–4137Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1989Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1989https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja00193a076https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00193a076research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views950Altmetric-Citations92LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Redox Properties of Porphycenes and Metalloporphycenes as Compared with Porphyrins. (1991)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Application of the responsive regulation theory in the food safety regulatory regime in Bangladesh (2013)

Bangladesh, a developing country of the South Asian region, has been suffering from a rampant food adulteration problem for the last couple of decades. Recent studies revealed that numerous deaths along with countless physical illness are happening as the consequences of this ongoing food adulteration. Several attempts have been through to change the food safety regulatory regime (FSRR) of Bangladesh to combat this alarming issue. Unfortunately the situation has hardly been changed. Rather it is getting worse day by day. However, Bangladesh has never changed the regulatory enforcement philosophy of its FSRR to combat this severe food safety concern. The current study will be an endeavour to apply the responsive regulation theory in the FSRR of Bangladesh as an attempt to make the current FSRR of Bangladesh more effective and updated. It has been demonstrated in this paper that responsive regulation can be successfully applied in the FSRR of Bangladesh having some changes and modifications.
Oxygen transport to tissue by persistent bubbles: theory and simulations (1994)

Persistent gas bubbles able to traverse capillaries can be prepared from a slowly permeating gas or with a mechanical structure surrounding a gas phase. If they are permeable to gases, such bubbles will carry O2 from the lungs to the tissues via the blood stream. Using a mathematical model based on physical laws, we present simulations of the behavior of bubbles stabilized by a slowly permeating gas (gas X). We show that the bubble persists longer if the tissue and venous blood contain N2 to dilute gas X and slow its outward diffusion. A 6-microns -diam bubble carries 0.11 pl of O2 during the breathing of pure O2, so 4.6 x 10(8) bubbles/ml in the blood will supply a normal arteriovenous difference. In conditions used for hyperbaric O2 therapy, a bubble carries approximately 0.26 pl of O2. Stabilized bubbles have the potential to transport O2 efficiently; they release O2 to tissue at high PO2 and require injection of only small amounts of a foreign substance.
Tuning of Binding Selectivity:  Metal Control of Organic Guest Binding and Allosteric Perturbation of Fluorescent Metal Sensor (1999)

Ligand 1, bearing two ethylenediamine groups, was designed to form a hydrophobic cavity upon binding to metals. The shape of its nonpolar cavity depends on the metal: a reversal in binding preference for naphthalene or biphenyl groups is found when the metal is changed from zinc to copper, with a selectivity change of 260-fold. In the presence of dansylated amino acids, the new ligand constitutes a fluorescent sensor for zinc ion. Variations are seen in affinity for dansylamino acid with minor structural changes, and organic selectivity changes with complexes of variant metals. These findings suggest that sensor tuning of affinity and selectivity for metal is possible by choice of simple organic guest and for organic guest by choice of metal.
POLYMORPHIC SITES AND THE MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION IN HUMAN MITOCHONDRIAL DNA (1984)

Twelve restriction enzymes were used to screen for the presence or absence of cleavage sites at 441 locations in the mitochondrial DNA of 112 humans from four continents. Cleavage maps were constructed by comparison of DNA fragment sizes with those expected from the published sequence for one human mtDNA. One hundred and sixty-three of the sites were polymorphic, i.e., present in some individuals but absent from others, 278 sites being invariant. These polymorphisms probably result from single base substitutions and occur in all functional regions of the genome.--In 77 cases, it was possible to specify the exact nature and location (within a restriction site) of the mutation responsible for the absence of a restriction site in a known human mtDNA sequence and its presence in another human mtDNA. Fifty-two of these 77 gain mutations occur in genes coding for proteins, 34 being silent and 18 causing amino acid replacements; moreover, nine of the replacements are radical.--Notable also is the anomalous ratio of transitions to transversions required to account for these 77 restriction site differences between the known human mtDNA sequences and other human mtDNAs. This ratio is lower for most groups of restriction sites than has been reported from sequence comparisons of limited parts of the mtDNA genome in closely related mammals, perhaps indicating a special functional role or sensitivity to mutagenesis for palindromic regions containing high levels of guanine and cytosine.--From the genomic distribution of the 163 polymorphic sites, it is inferred that the level of point mutational variability in tRNA and rRNA genes is nearly as high as in protein-coding genes but lower than in noncoding mtDNA. Thus, the functional constraints operating on components of the protein-synthetic apparatus may be lower for mitochondria than for other systems. Furthermore, the mitochondrial genes for tRNAs that recognize four codons are more variable than those recognizing only two codons.--Among the more variable of the human mitochondrial genes coding for proteins is that for subunit 2 of cytochrome oxidase; this polypeptide appears to have been evolving about five times faster in primates than in other mammals. Cytochrome c, a nuclearly encoded protein that interacts directly with the oxidase 2 subunit in electron transport, has also evolved faster in primates than in rodents or ungulates. This example, along with that for the mitochondrial rRNA genes and the nuclear genes coding for mitochondrial ribosomal proteins, provides evidence for coevolution between specific nuclear and mitochondrial genes.
Optical pumping and hyperpolarized spin relaxation (2003)

Optical pumping is to use light photons to polarize the atomic electron spins first and then the nuclear spins of noble gases get polarized through the spin exchange between atomic electron spins and nuclear spins. Using optical pumping nuclear spins of noble gases such as <sup>3</sup>He and <sup>129</sup>Xe can be polarized to 50% or higher, hundred thousand times higher than the proton polarization in conventional MRI. It has been found in this theoretical work that the conventional spin relaxation equations are not valid for the hyperpolarized spins. We find that hyperpolarization and spin coupling result in the multipole spin orders. These multipole spin orders cross-relax each other. New longitudinal relaxation equations for the dipole-dipole coupled hyperpolarized spins at room temperature have been derived. These new equations predict that the longitudinal magnetization relaxation of hyperpolarized spins is, in general, bi-exponential decay instead of single exponential decay. The potential applications of the findings in quantifying the paramagnetic source in lung and other tissue and in modeling hyperpolarized spin relaxation in bio-compatible media are pointed out as well.
Crystal structure of dehydrated potassium-exchanged Zeolite A. Absence of supposed zero-coordinated potassium. Refinement of silicon, aluminum-ordered superstructure (1979)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCrystal structure of dehydrated potassium-exchanged Zeolite A. Absence of supposed zero-coordinated potassium. Refinement of silicon, aluminum-ordered superstructureJoseph J. Pluth and Joseph V. SmithCite this: J. Phys. Chem. 1979, 83, 6, 741–749Publication Date (Print):March 1, 1979Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 March 1979https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/j100469a021https://doi.org/10.1021/j100469a021research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views271Altmetric-Citations87LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
A multibeam feed for the Parkes radio-telescope (2002)

The Parkes radio-telescope is as busy as it ever was in its more than 30-year lifetime. To improve the telescope further, a multiple beam capability is being investigated. This would have considerable impact on a proposed detailed study of the southern sky in the frequency range 1.27 to 1.47 GHz. With the present, single, prime-focus feed, this would take about 10 years to complete, but by using multiple beams, each with two orthogonal linear polarizations, the survey time would be reduced to a more manageable observing period. A combination of reflector scan-gain loss, as the feeds are displaced from the focus, and the limited number of available correlator units, restricts a practical array to about nine elements which, nevertheless, gives a substantial order of magnitude reduction in observing time. We describe here a preliminary study of the Parkes antenna performance with a cluster of nine feed horns, where each horn in the cluster is responsible for two orthogonal linear polarizations within a beam.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Firewall Policies and VPN Configurations (2006)

A firewall is as good as its policies and the security of its VPN connections. The latest generation of firewalls offers a dizzying array of powerful options; they key to success is to write concise policies that provide the appropriate level of access while maximizing security.
	
	This book covers the leading firewall products: Cisco PIX, Check Point NGX, Microsoft ISA Server, Juniper’s NetScreen Firewall, and SonicWall. It describes in plain English what features can be controlled by a policy, and walks the reader through the steps for writing the policy to fit the objective. Because of their vulnerability and their complexity, VPN policies are covered in more depth with numerous tips for troubleshooting remote connections.
	
	· The only book that focuses on creating policies that apply to multiple products.
	· Included is a bonus chapter on using Ethereal, the most popular protocol analyzer, to monitor and analyze network traffic.
	· Shows what features can be controlled by a policy, and walks you through the steps for writing the policy to fit the objective at hand
Effect of Tantalum in Crystal Growth of Silicon Carbide by Sublimation Close Space Technique (2001)

Investigation into the effect of tantalum on silicon carbide, grown by the sublimation close space technique, was carried out. It was established that in the presence of a small piece of tantalum in the reaction space during the crystal growth process, the surface of the epitaxial layer became extremly smooth and high-crystal-quality epitaxial layers were obtained. It was also shown that the concentrations of aluminum and titanium are different in epitaxial layers grown with and without tantalum. High-quality epitaxial layers, which were comparable to epitaxial layers grown by chemical vapor deposition, could be obtained at a high growth rate by the sublimation close space technique.
Measurement of Dabigatran in Serum and Urine and As Point of Care Method in Urine, (2011)

Abstract Abstract 3352 The oral direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran prevents development of arterial and venous thromboembolism. Dabigatran is determined in plasma by coagulation and chromogenic methods. Renal excretion plays an important role in the metabolism. We aimed to determine dabigatran in urine by means of a quantitative measurement in serum and urine and as qualitative determination in urine as point of care method. Serum and urine (patent pending) from healthy donors were spiked with dabigatran (50ng/ml to 1000 ng). Thrombin inhibition was determined by means of a chromogenic substrate method comparing the results obtained from plasma. The reagents were lyophilized on mini-strips and incubated with urine (patent pending). The concentration of dabigatran was determined from plasma, serum, and urine and qualitatively by the mini-strips from 15 patients on treatment with dabigatran. The concentrations of dabigatran spiked to plasma, serum and urine were independent of the medium (correlation between r=0.80 and 0.93). Patients on treatment with dabigatran showed a high correlation of plasma and serum values (r=0.9). The correlation to urine samples was lower do to the time dependence of drug intake. The qualitative mini-strips detected dabigatran in all samples independently of drug intake. There were no false positive or false negative detections of dabigatran by the mini-strips. Detection of dabigatran in serum avoids separate blood sampling to obtain plasma. Detection in urine avoids blood sampling at all and allows point of care testing also by the patient him/herself. Control of intake and early detection of low urinary excretion leading to increased plasma levels of dabigatran may improve and facilitate patient care. Disclosures: No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
78. The anhydrides of polyhydric alcohols. Part V. 2 : 5-Diamino 1 : 4–3 : 6-dianhydro mannitol and sorbitol and their sulphanilamide derivatives (1946)

R. Montgomery and L. F. Wiggins, J. Chem. Soc., 1946, 393 DOI: 10.1039/JR9460000393
Mesh Smoothing Using A Posteriori Error Estimates (1997)

We develop a simple mesh-smoothing algorithm for adaptively improving finite-element triangulations. The algorithm makes use of a posteriori error estimates which are now widely used in finite-element calculations. In this paper we derive the method, present some numerical illustrations, and give a brief analysis of the issue of uniqueness.