gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Differential Multiphoton Laser Scanning Microscopy (2010)

Multifocal multiphoton microscopy (MMM) in the biological and medical sciences has become an important tool for obtaining high resolution images at video rates. While current implementations of MMM achieve very high frame rates, they are limited in their applicability to essentially those biological samples that exhibit little or no scattering. In this paper, we report on a method for MMM in which imaging detection is not necessary (single element point detection is implemented), and is therefore fully compatible for use in imaging through scattering media. Further, we demonstrate that this method leads to a new type of MMM wherein it is possible to simultaneously obtain multiple images and view differences in excitation parameters in a single shot.
A Distance-Based Dynamic Random Testing with Test Case Clustering (2019)

One goal of software testing strategies is to detect faults faster. Dynamic Random Testing (DRT) strategy uses the testing results to guide the selection of test cases, which have shown to be effective in the fault detection process. However, the effectiveness of DRT still can be improved. In this paper, a distance-based DRT (D-DRT) strategy is proposed. The vectorized test cases are partitioned with k-means clustering method to obtain better classification, and the distance information are used to guide the test case selection, then the test cases that are close to failure-causing test cases are more likely to be selected, thus the testing process can be optimized. In the case study, the performance of D-DRT and other testing strategies are compared. The experiment results show that the proposed D-DRT strategy has better fault detection effectiveness than the others without significant increase in computational cost.
Chromogenic Materials, Photochromic (2000)

Abstract Photochromism has been defined as a reversible change in the color, or darkening, of a material caused by absorption of ultraviolet or visible light. The change in color implies a change in the absorption spectrum in the visible range of light (400–700 nm). The reversion of the system to its original state can be driven either by thermal or photochemical energy (photobleaching), or both. Photochromic systems are naturally separated into two broad categories, inorganic and organic. Within the inorganic category, the most well‐studied and commercially utilized systems are those containing silver halide crystallites dispersed throughout a glass matrix. The mechanism of the silver halide photochromism is the reversible formation of silver metal. Both the photochemical formation of silver and the thermal reformation of silver halide are catalyzed by copper ions. The silver halide glass systems have been used commercially in photochromic eyewear. There are several types of organic photochromic systems involving a multitude of mechanisms. Most common are those that involve electrocyclic reactions and within this class, the indolino spiropyrans and spiroxazines have received the most attention. Indolino spiroxazines were the first photochromic compounds utilized in the preparation of commercially acceptable organic photochromic lenses for ophthalmic applications.
High performance stereo bit-stream DAC with digital filter (1989)

A bit-stream converter is described whose main functions are digital filtering and oversampling, noise shaping, and code conversion to generate a 1-b data stream, and 1-b D-to-A (digital-to-analog) conversion to generate an analog signal from the 1-b stream. Four operational amplifiers for the third-order low-pass filter are also integrated (two for each channel). Inherent in the multibit D/A conversion system is nonlinearity due to mismatching of conversion elements. The bit-stream conversion technique overcomes this by using a 1-b converter. The number of bits in a sample can be reduced to a single bit without loss of resolution by means of oversampling and noise shaping. The bit-stream D/A conversion technique can be implemented in standard CMOS technology. Inherent in the bit-stream conversion concept is the ability to achieve very high-quality sound. It is also well suited for total integration of DACs with other system functions using VLSI technologies.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Condensed pyrimidine systems. XXIV. The condensation of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine with malondialdehyde derivatives (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCondensed pyrimidine systems. XXIV. The condensation of 2,4,6-triaminopyrimidine with malondialdehyde derivativesB. S. Hurlbert and B. F. ValentiCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1968, 11, 4, 708–710Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00310a016https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00310a016research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views182Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Electrokinetic Fluid Control in Two-Dimensional Planar Microfluidic Devices (2007)

We present microfluidic device designs with a two-dimensional planar format and methods to facilitate efficient sample transport along both dimensions. The basic device design consisted of a single channel for the first dimension which orthogonally intersected a high-aspect ratio second-dimension channel. To minimize dispersion of sample moving into and through the sample transfer region, control channels were placed on both sides of the first-dimension channel, and the electrokinetic flow from these control channels was used to confine the sample stream. We used SIMION and COMSOL simulations of the electric fields and fluid flow to guide device design. First, devices with one, two, and four control channels were fabricated and tested, and four control channels provided the most effective sample confinement. The designs were evaluated by measuring the sample stream widths and concentration to width ratios as a function of the electric field strength ratio in the control channels and first-dimension (1D) channel (EC/E1D). Next, both a single open channel and an array of parallel channels were tested for the second dimension, and improved performance was observed for the parallel channel design, with stream widths as narrow as 120 microm. The ease with which fluids could be introduced into both the first and second dimensions was also illustrated. Sample plugs injected into the planar region were confined as effectively as sample streams and were easily routed into the planar region by reconfiguring the applied potentials.
REAL-TIME LOCATION SYSTEMS TAKE ASSET TRACKING TO NEW LEVEL (2001)

SUBTITLE: TECHNOLOGY THAT USES RADIO FREQUENCY IDENTIFICATION DEVICES AND REMOTE READERS TO TRACK INVENTORY AND OTHER ASSETS IN REAL TIME IS JUST BEGINNING TO GAIN TRACTION WITHIN LARGE COMPANIES, BUT REAL-TIME LOCATION SYSTEMS HAVE MANY USES WITHIN THE SUPPLY CHAIN AND MAY EVENTUALLY BECOME A STANDARD PART OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE.
Click Chemistry in Materials Science (2014)

Despite originating only a little more than a decade ago, click chemistry has become one of the most powerful paradigms in materials science, synthesis, and modification. By developing and implementing simple, robust chemistries that do not require difficult separations or harsh conditions, the ability to form, modify, and control the structure of materials on various length scales has become more broadly available to those in the materials science community. As such, click chemistry has seen broad implementation in polymer functionalization, surface modification, block copolymer and dendrimer synthesis, biomaterials fabrication, biofunctionalization, and in many other areas of materials science. Here, the basic reactions, approaches, and applications of click chemistry in materials science are highlighted, and a brief look is taken into the future enabling developments in this field.
Incidence, risk factors and prevention of mild traumatic brain injury: results of the who collaborating centre task force on mild traumatic brain injury (2004)

Strong evidence supports helmet use to prevent mild traumatic brain injury in motorcyclists and bicyclists. The mild traumatic brain injury literature is of varying quality, and the studies are very heterogeneous. Nevertheless, there is evidence that mild traumatic brain injury is an important public health problem, but we need more high-quality research into this area.
Extracellular nucleotides are potent stimulators of human hematopoietic stem cells in vitro and in vivo (2004)

Although extracellular nucleotides support a wide range of biologic responses of mature blood cells, little is known about their effect on blood cell progenitor cells. In this study, we assessed whether receptors for extracellular nucleotides (P2 receptors [P2Rs]) are expressed on human hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), and whether activation by their natural ligands, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and uridine triphosphate (UTP), induces HSC proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Our results demonstrated that CD34(+) HSCs express functional P2XRs and P2YRs of several subtypes. Furthermore, stimulation of CD34(+) cells with extracellular nucleotides caused a fast release of Ca(2+) from intracellular stores and an increase in ion fluxes across the plasma membrane. Functionally, ATP and, to a higher extent, UTP acted as potent early acting growth factors for HSCs, in vitro, because they strongly enhanced the stimulatory activity of several cytokines on clonogenic CD34(+) and lineage-negative CD34(-) progenitors and expanded more primitive CD34(+)-derived long-term culture-initiating cells. Furthermore, xenogenic transplantation studies showed that short-term preincubation with UTP significantly expanded the number of marrow-repopulating HSCs in nonobese diabetic/severe combined immunodeficiency mice. Our data suggest that extracellular nucleotides may provide a novel and powerful tool to modulate HSC functions.
Formation of nanogratings in a porous glass immersed in water by femtosecond laser irradiation (2015)

Irradiation of intense ultrafast laser pulses in glasses can lead to formation of nanogratings whose periods are significantly smaller than the incident irradiation wavelength. The mechanism of the exotic phenomenon is still under hot debate. Here, we access the snapshots of morphologies in the laser affected regions in a porous glass which reveal the evolution of the formation of nanogratings with increasing number of laser pulses. Combined with further theoretical analyses, our observation provides important clues which suggest that excitation of standing plasma waves at the interfaces between areas modified and unmodified by the femtosecond laser irradiation plays a crucial role for promoting the growth of periodic nanogratings. The finding indicates that the formation of volume nanogratings induced by irradiation of femtosecond laser pulses is initiated with a mechanism similar to the formation of surface nanoripples.
X‐Ray Phase‐Contrast Imaging with Three 2D Gratings (2008)

X-ray imaging is of paramount importance for clinical and preclinical imaging but it is fundamentally restricted by the attenuation-based contrast mechanism, which has remained essentially the same since Roentgen's discovery a century ago. Recently, based on the Talbot effect, groundbreaking work was reported using 1D gratings for X-ray phase-contrast imaging with a hospital-grade X-ray tube instead of a synchrotron or microfocused source. In this paper, we report an extension using 2D gratings that reduces the imaging time and increases the accuracy and robustness of phase retrieval compared to current grating-based phase-contrast techniques. Feasibility is demonstrated via numerical simulation.
Stereoselective Synthesis of 2‐Amino‐2‐deoxysugars: N‐Alkyl‐D‐allosamines. (2003)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Does Oral Coenzyme Q <sub>10</sub> Plus NADH Supplementation Improve Fatigue and Biochemical Parameters in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome? (2014)

Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a chronic and extremely debilitating illness characterized by prolonged fatigue and multiple symptoms with unknown cause, diagnostic test, or universally effective treatment. Inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and CoQ10 deficiency have been well documented in CFS. We conducted an 8-week, randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the benefits of oral CoQ10 (200 mg/day) plus NADH (20 mg/day) supplementation on fatigue and biochemical parameters in 73 Spanish CFS patients. This study was registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT02063126). A significant improvement of fatigue showing a reduction in fatigue impact scale total score (p<0.05) was reported in treated group versus placebo. In addition, a recovery of the biochemical parameters was also reported. NAD+/NADH (p<0.001), CoQ10 (p<0.05), ATP (p<0.05), and citrate synthase (p<0.05) were significantly higher, and lipoperoxides (p<0.05) were significantly lower in blood mononuclear cells of the treated group. These observations lead to the hypothesis that the oral CoQ10 plus NADH supplementation could confer potential therapeutic benefits on fatigue and biochemical parameters in CFS. Larger sample trials are warranted to confirm these findings.
Drug evaluation: VX-702, a MAP kinase inhibitor for rheumatoid arthritis and acute coronary syndrome. (2006)

Vertex Pharmaceuticals Inc, in collaboration with Kissei Pharmaceutical Co Ltd, is developing VX-702, one of a series of second-generation, orally active p38 MAP kinase inhibitors, for the potential treatment of inflammation, rheumatoid arthritis and cardiovascular diseases. In June 2005, a phase II clinical trial of VX-702 was initiated in rheumatoid arthritis. In July 2006, Vertex was planning to file an IND in the second half of 2006.
Characteristics of Rapidly Solidified Cast Iron and High Carbon Steel (1986)

After the energy crisis the steel industry is required to minimize its energy consumption. Direct connection with a hot rolling process in continuous casting is one of the solutions for this problem. Furthermore along with the developments of the continuous casting process, new casting processes are presently under development with the objective of eliminating most parts of the rolling and heating processes. As the solidification rate of the rapidly solidified plate in the new casting processes is 100103°C/s, the properties of the cast plate are expected to be improved. As the first step in our experiment, the properties of cast iron and high carbon steel were investigated. Thin sheets of cast iron were made by the twin roll test caster and cold rolling. Cold rolling was attainable due to the fine spheroidal graphite structure formed by the rapid solidification and the following annealing. Furthermore, rapid solidification of high carbon steel was investigated by using the water-cooled chill block apparatus, which was supposed to function similarly to a caterpillar type caster. The rapid solidification promoted less macrosegregation and finer MnS inclusions. It is well known that in the high carbon steel, the heat treatment is necessary for spheroidizing the cementite structure. It was proved, however, by the rapid cooling at eutectoid temperature, the spheroidal cementite structure was obtained in a relatively shortened annealing time.
Studies on fixed-time ovulation induction in the pig. (2009)

A technology that allows for manipulating of oestrus and ovulation, and would then also allow for fixed-time insemination, can be of great benefit for swine farms that operate using sow batch management due, at least in part, to savings in labour and the production of large batches of evenly developed pigs. Thanks to the current knowledge on endocrine regulation of follicle development and ovulation, and the availability of numerous reproductively active substances such a technology is now available. It covers procedures for synchronising oestrus based on the use of altrenogest in gilts and of batch-wise weaning in sows, for stimulating follicle development using eCG and for inducing of ovulation using hCG or LH as well as GnRH analogues. While the procedures for oestrus synchronisation stand alone, other procedures require additional treatments. If fixed-time insemination is the goal, oestrus needs to be synchronised and follicular development and ovulation induced by the use of GnRH analogues and hCG with ovulation occurring within 36-42 hrs. It is a general recommendation to inseminate those animals twice, i.e. 24 and 40 hrs after ovulation induction. However, the aforementioned technology requires healthy animals and a solid management and cannot be used to compensate for poor management.
Experimental Characterization of a Chip-Level 3-D Printed Microjet Liquid Impingement Cooler for High-Performance Systems (2019)

The chip-level bare die direct liquid impingement jet cooling is regarded as a highly efficient cooling solution for high-performance applications. Furthermore, it shows potential to be integrated inside the chip package. In previous studies, we demonstrated this cooling concept using a prototype fabricated with mechanical micromachining using polymers. With the improvement of fabrication resolution, additive manufacturing or 3-D printing technology enables the fabrication of low-cost polymer microjet coolers with complex internal 3-D geometries and allows easy customization of the cooler design. In this paper, a chip-level impingement jet cooler with a 4 × 4 jet array and 575-μm nozzle diameter is fabricated with highresolution stereolithography, and assembled directly on the top of the bare die. The modeling study shows that the pressure drop in the 3-D printed cooler is reduced by 24% compared to the micromachined (MM) cooler with the same nozzle dimensions thanks to an improved more complex internal geometry. The fabrication quality and tolerances of the printed cooler are evaluated using optical measurements, scanning acoustic microscope (SAM) inspection, and cross-sectional analysis, showing a measured average nozzle diameter of 575 μm compared to the designed nozzle diameter of 600 μm. Moreover, the 3-D computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations used in this paper are experimentally validated by chip temperature measurements. The achieved minimal thermal resistance of 3-D printed 4×4 cooler is 0.16 cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> ·K/W for a flow rate of 1000 mL/min. The benchmarking study shows the cooler size can be reduced by a factor of 6.5 by using the 3-D printing technology compared to the MM cooler.
Biosynthesis of the unusual amino acid (4R)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine of cyclosporin A. Identification of 3(R)-hydroxy-4(R)-methyl-6(E)-octenoic acid as a key intermediate by enzymatic in vitro synthesis and by in vivo labeling techniques. (1993)

The biosynthesis of (4R)-4-[(E)-2-butenyl]-4-methyl-L-threonine (abbreviation: Bmt, systematic name: 2(S)-amino-3(R)-hydroxy-4(R)-methyl-6(E)-octenoic acid) is proposed to involve two principal phases: the formation of a polyketide backbone and a subsequent transformation process to the final product. Here we report on the identification of 3(R)-hydroxy-4(R)-methyl-6(E)-octenoic acid as the end product of the first phase. The primary indication of 3(R)-hydroxy-4(R)-methyl-6(E)-octenoic acid as the key intermediate in the proposed biosynthetic route came from in vivo labeling studies with [1-13C,18O2]acetate, demonstrating retention of 18O in the 3-hydroxy group. Final identification of this intermediate in in vitro polyketide assays with enriched enzyme fractions of Tolypocladium niveum was achieved after development of highly sensitive and specific detection methods and by use of synthetic reference substances. Two additional methylated in vitro products could be detected and characterized as 4(R)-methyl-(E,E)-2,6-octadienoic acid and 4(R)-methyl-6(E)-octenoic acid by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis and comparison with synthetic reference samples. Their relevance for Bmt biosynthesis is discussed. Bmt polyketide synthase shows optimal activity at substrate concentrations of 200 microM acetyl-CoA, 150 microM malonyl-CoA, and 200 microM S-adenosylmethionine, around pH 7 and at 35 degrees C. Interestingly the Bmt backbone is released from the enzyme as a coenzyme A thioester, suggesting that subsequent transformation to Bmt takes place upon this activated intermediate.
Variable digital filters (1980)

IIR prototype filters cannot be used for the design of variable filters through Schüssler's all-pass transformation because of the occurrence of delay-free loops; no such problem arises with FIR prototypes. In this paper, the drawbacks of the latter type, with regard to computational efficiency and output roundoff noise, have been brought out, An approach is suggested, wherein the delay-free loops with IIR prototypes are eliminated by modifying the coefficients of the first- and second-order sections of the prototype filter. The computation of modified coefficients In this approach requires fewer multiplications as compared to an existing method.
Comparison of shaking versus baking: further understanding the energetics of a mechanochemical reaction (2014)

Using a mechanically driven Diels–Alder reaction we were able to characterize the chemical energetics of a SPEX 8000M mixer/mill. Our results demonstrate that the conditions produced by this type of mill are similar to those produced when performing the same reaction at 90 °C in solution. Discrete element models and in situ temperature logging were used to analyse the energetics of this system. These models indicate that the yields obtained using a SPEX 8000M mill are best correlated to the velocity of the media and number of non-zero force collisions.