gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Airborne remote sensing for detection of irrigation canal leakage (2009)

Abstract Traditional field survey methods for detection of water leaks in irrigation canal systems are costly and time‐ consuming. In this study, a rapid, cost‐effective method was developed for identifying irrigation canal locations likely to have leaks and/or seepage. The method involves the use of a multispectral imager equipped with red, near infrared, and thermal sensors which is mounted on an aircraft and flown at low altitude to collect the images. A three‐step process, image acquisition, image processing, and field reconnaissance, was developed for processing the imagery and identification of locations likely to have leaks. The method was evaluated in the Lower Rio Grande Valley of Texas, USA. Images were collected of 24 selected canal segments within 11 irrigation districts in this region. Evaluation of the imagery indicated that 140 sites had possible canal leakage problems (point leak and/or seepage). A field site evaluation form was developed and used to document the type and severity of the leaks at 28 of the sites. Twenty‐six sites were confirmed to have leaks, representing a success rate of 93%. The methods used in this study should have widespread application for detecting leaks and seepage in irrigation canals. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Smart Near-Infrared Fluorescence Probe for Selective Detection of Tau Fibrils in Alzheimer’s Disease (2016)

Development of a novel, tau-selective smart near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) probe was attempted by combining the previously identified core scaffold 3,5-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylaniline-4-yl moiety, with the characteristic donor-π-acceptor architecture of the smart NIRF Aβ probes DANIR-2c and MCAAD-3. A series of compounds (2 and 3) were prepared, which were identified as "turn-on" NIRF probes for the visual detection of tau aggregates and Aβ fibrils (λ<sub>em</sub> = 650 nm, Stokes shifts = 70-110 nm). In particular, combination of the 3,5-dimethoxy-N,N-dimethylanilin-4-yl moiety and the donor part of MCAAD-3 endowed the resulting probes, 3g and 3h, with significant selectivity toward tau aggregates (selectivity for tau over Aβ = 5.7 and 3.8); they showed much higher fluorescence intensities upon binding to tau aggregates (FI<sub>tau</sub> = 49 and 108) than when bound to Aβ fibrils (FI<sub>Aβ</sub> = 9 and 28). Quantitative analysis of binding affinities and fluorescence properties of 3g and 3h revealed that microenvironment-sensitive molecular rotor-like behavior, rather than binding affinity to the target, is responsible for their selective turn-on fluorescence detection of tau fibrils. Selective fluorescent labeling of tau fibrils by 3g and 3h was further demonstrated by immunofluorescence staining of human Alzheimer's disease brain sections, which showed colocalization of the probes (3g and 3h) and phosphorylated tau antibody.
A systematic approach to detecting OFDM signals in a fading channel (2000)

We derive the maximum a posteriori probability (MAP) receiver for orthogonal frequency-division multiplexed signals in a fading channel. As the complexity of the MAP receiver is high, we obtain a low-complexity, suboptimal receiver and evaluate its performance.
Near-diffraction-limited compensated imaging and laser wavefront control with programmable diffractive optics (2002)

A prototype programmable diffractive optics system demonstrates large aberration compensation and versatile laser wavefront control. This high-resolution phase modulator compensates large aberrations with high fidelity and high-optical efficiency via modulo-2π phase subtraction. Demonstrations include compensated imaging with monochromatic light, laser beam steering with aberration compensation, and both on-axis and off-axis aberration compensation in a telescope system. Compensated wavefront fidelities are near the diffraction limit.
Determining a diagnostic cut‐off on the Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) for cocaine dependence (2002)

The study statistically validated the utility of the SDS as a diagnostic measure of cocaine dependence and has determined an appropriate cut-off point. The SDS is recommended as a brief screening instrument for cocaine dependence that can be used in addition to more comprehensive measures, such as the CIDI.
A Review and Comparison of Methods for Detecting Outliers in Univariate Data Sets (2006)

Most real-world data sets contain outliers that have unusually large or small values when compared with others in the data set. Outliers may cause a negative effect on data analyses, such as ANOVA and regression, based on distribution assumptions, or may provide useful information about data when we look into an unusual response to a given study. Thus, outlier detection is an important part of data analysis in the above two cases. Several outlier labeling methods have been developed. Some methods are sensitive to extreme values, like the SD method, and others are resistant to extreme values, like Tukey's method. Although these methods are quite powerful with large normal data, it may be problematic to apply them to non-normal data or small sample sizes without knowledge of their characteristics in these circumstances. This is because each labeling method has different measures to detect outliers, and expected outlier percentages change differently according to the sample size or distribution type of the data. Many kinds of data regarding public health are often skewed, usually to the right, and lognormal distributions can often be applied to such skewed data, for instance, surgical procedure times, blood pressure, and assessment of toxic compounds in environmental analysis. This paper reviews and compares several common and less common outlier labeling methods and presents information that shows how the percent of outliers changes in each method according to the skewness and sample size of lognormal distributions through simulations and application to real data sets. These results may help establish guidelines for the choice of outlier detection methods in skewed data, which are often sen in the public health field.
Compensation for the effects of mutual coupling on direct data domain adaptive algorithms (2000)

This paper investigates the effects of mutual coupling between the elements of an array on direct data domain algorithms. Mutual coupling severely undermines the interference suppression capabilities of direct data domain algorithms. The method of moments (MoM) is used to evaluate the mutual coupling between the elements of a given array. The MoM admittance matrix is then used to eliminate the effects of mutual coupling.
Air Change Measurements Using Tracer Gases: Methods and Results. Significance of air change for indoor air quality (2011)

Quality 366 loss, but enhanced tightness includes the disadvantage of reduced air change, thereby increasing the indoor pollutant concentration. To evaluate the indoor air quality under conditions of natural ventilation, the air change rate (ACR) can be determined through standard tracer gas measurement. For this purpose, a small amount of the tracer gas is released in the room (or building) under study and its concentration is then recorded as a function of time. Subsequently, using appropriate evaluation algorithms the ACR can be calculated from the data obtained. The first section is introducing basic physical principles of air change processes between indoor and outdoor environment, followed by a description of tracer gases which are frequently used in daily routine, and methods determining the ACR. Moreover, the applicability of carbon dioxide as a tracer gas has been compared with results obtained by hexafluorobenzene or sulphur-hexafluoride. In addition, we are discussing the impact of weather conditions on ACR data obtained under natural ventilation. This section is followed by a review on ACR due to passive ventilation through facades in selected residences in Berlin. Finally, the relationship between air change and the concentration of selected volatile compounds under worst case conditions will be discussed.
Rate control for lossless region of interest coding in HEVC intra-coding with applications to digital pathology images (2015)

This paper proposes a rate control algorithm for lossless region of interest (RoI) coding in HEVC intra-coding. The algorithm is developed for digital pathology images and allows for random access to the data. Based on an input RoI mask, the algorithm first encodes the RoI losslessly. According to the bit rate spent on the RoI, it then encodes the background by using rate control in order to meet an overall target bit rate. In order to increase rate control accuracy, the algorithm uses an R-λ model to approximate the slope of the rate-distortion curve, and updates any related model parameters during the encoding process. Random access is attained by coding the data using independent tiles. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm attains the overall bit rate very accurately while providing lossless reconstruction of the RoI.
Intraocular Lens Power Calculations (1987)

How important is biometry? Most of us who perform intraocular lens (IOL) implantation have basically accepted it as the gospel truth without much discussion. Nobody wants to face the unhappy patient with aniseikonia or a markedly myopic or hyperopic refraction. It simply makes sense to do whatever is necessary to avoid these types of complications. Lo and behold, however, in this issue of theArchivesis an iconoclastic article by Singh and Sommer 1 suggesting that a standard 20-diopter (D) IOL for patients who have a preoperative refractive error of ± 4.5 D will produce a result just about as good. Their report is based on the results obtained by four experienced surgeons and, in my opinion, it simply cannot be dismissed out of hand. See also p 1046. So what do we do? Is it time to pitch A-scan apparatuses into the secondary junk market? There is no question
A Pollen Coat Protein, SP11/SCR, Determines the Pollen<i>S</i>-Specificity in the Self-Incompatibility of<i>Brassica</i> Species (2001)

Many flowering plants have evolved self-incompatibility (SI) systems to prevent inbreeding. In the Brassicaceae, SI is genetically controlled by a single polymorphic locus, termed the S-locus. Pollen rejection occurs when stigma and pollen share the same S-haplotype. Recognition of S-haplotype specificity has recently been shown to involve at least two S-locus genes, S-receptor kinase (SRK) and S-locus protein 11 or S-locus Cys-rich (SP11/SCR). SRK encodes a polymorphic membrane-spanning protein kinase, which is the sole female determinant of the S-haplotype specificity. SP11/SCR encodes a highly polymorphic Cys-rich small basic protein specifically expressed in the anther tapetum and in pollen. In cauliflower (B. oleracea), the gain-of-function approach has demonstrated that an allele of SP11/SCR encodes the male determinant of S-specificity. Here we examined the function of two alleles of SP11/SCR of B. rapa by the same approach and further established that SP11/SCR is the sole male determinant of SI in the genus Brassica sp. Our results also suggested that the 522-bp 5'-upstream region of the S9-SP11 gene used to drive the transgene contained all the regulatory elements required for the unique sporophytic/gametophytic expression observed for the native SP11 gene. Promoter deletion analyses suggested that the highly conserved 192-bp upstream region was sufficient for driving this unique expression. Furthermore, immunohistochemical analyses revealed that the protein product of the SP11 transgene was present in the tapetum and pollen, and that in pollen of late developmental stages, the SP11 protein was mainly localized in the pollen coat, a finding consistent with its expected biological role.
Porous Carbon Supports: Recent Advances with Various Morphologies and Compositions (2015)

Abstract The importance of porous carbon as the support material is well recognized in the catalysis community, and it would be even more attractive if several characteristics are considered, such as the stability in acidic and basic media or the ease of noble metal recovery through complete burn off. Because it is still difficult to obtain constant properties even from batch to batch, activated carbons are not popular in industrial catalysis now. During the past decade, the rapid development of nanotechnology has boosted the carbon field, and a number of novel carbons with unique morphologies (such as carbon nanospheres, graphene or sheet‐like carbon, and ordered mesoporous carbon) and composites (such as nitrogen‐doped carbon and carbon nitride) are emerging, which at the same time greatly benefit heterogeneous catalysis. Metal nanoparticles or metal oxides supported on those carbon supports resulted in interesting and exceptional performances in various catalytic processes, such as selective oxidations, hydrogenations, and oxygen reduction reactions. In this contribution, we review recent progress of porous carbon supports with different morphologies and compositions.
Characterization of CS4 and CS6 antigenic components of PCF8775, a putative colonization factor complex from enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli E8775 (1989)

PCF8775 is a putative colonization factor complex present on the surface of 10 to 20% of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli strains and has been reported to be composed of antigen CS6 (morphology undefined) expressed alone or together with either of the rigid fimbrial antigens CS4 and CS5. To better define the individual components of this complex and the determinants of their expression, we prepared antiserum to the PCF8775 complex as it was expressed on prototype strain E8775 and then used the antiserum to identify the subunit structure of the antigens, to study their morphology, and to detect expression of individual components of the complex after transfer of plasmids into laboratory strain HB101. CS4 was purified from strain E8775, confirmed to be fimbrial by electron microscopy, and found to be composed of a 22-kilodalton protein subunit whose N-terminal amino acid sequence (1 to 20) was similar to that of colonization factor antigen I. Transconjugants that express CS6 but not CS4 were obtained by mating prototype strain E8775 with HB101. CS6 expression was mediated by a 61-megadalton plasmid. Expression of CS6 in the transconjugants correlates with expression of a 16-kilodalton cell surface protein. The CS6 antigen was confirmed to be present on the cell surface by immunogold labeling, but its morphology was beyond the limits of resolution by electron microscopy.
Improving transient performance of adaptive control architectures using frequency-limited system error dynamics (2014)

Although adaptive control theory offers mathematical tools to achieve system performance without excessive reliance on dynamical system models, its applications to safety-critical systems can be limited due to poor transient performance and robustness. In this paper, we develop an adaptive control architecture to achieve stabilisation and command following of uncertain dynamical systems with improved transient performance. Our framework consists of a new reference system and an adaptive controller. The proposed reference system captures a desired closed-loop dynamical system behaviour modified by a mismatch term representing the high-frequency content between the uncertain dynamical system and this reference system, i.e., the system error. In particular, this mismatch term allows the frequency content of the system error dynamics to be limited, which is used to drive the adaptive controller. It is shown that this key feature of our framework yields fast adaptation without incurring high-frequency oscillations in the transient performance. We further show the effects of design parameters on the system performance, analyse closeness of the uncertain dynamical system to the unmodified (ideal) reference system, discuss robustness of the proposed approach with respect to time-varying uncertainties and disturbances, and make connections to gradient minimisation and classical control theory. A numerical example is provided to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed architecture.
RESOLVING THE INTEGRATION OF TRAFFIC MESSAGE LOCATION CODE AND NAVIGABLE ROAD DATABASES (1995)

During the past 3 years, the Swedish National Road Administration (SNRA) with the assistance of AB Volvo has created a radio data system/traffic message channel (RDS/TMC) location code database covering all of Sweden. This database was built according to procedures being adopted in Europe in conjunction with the ALERT-C protocol for traffic message encoding. In December 1994, the database began operating for all of Sweden as SNRA began traffic message broadcasts and Volvo introduced its first production system--the Dynaguide Info System. The RDS/TMC database will eventually be extended to cover all European countries broadcasting traffic messages. As part of the SOCRATES TANGO field trials, both SNRA and Volvo have been involved in the development of navigable road databases for dynamic route guidance. A critical component of the real-time route guidance information is the RDS/TMC traffic messages. Since RDS/TMC messages do not require exact geographic references, and no attempts were made during the initial creation of the database to associate the RDS/TMC locations with a corresponding precise physical position, it was necessary to address and solve a number of problems to provide for the integration of the two databases. This paper provides a practical evaluation of the problems and a recommended solution for integrating the RDS/TMC database coding and maintenance with the ongoing maintenance of highly detailed, large-scale, navigable road databases. Included in the paper are recommendations on how to accomplish the integration, and a proposed long-term strategy for the maintenance and distribution of the RDS/TMC location code database.
Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor is an endogenous regulator of cell proliferation in juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (1989)

Juvenile chronic myelogenous leukemia (JCML) is a rare myeloproliferative disorder of early childhood that is clinically and cytogenically distinct from the well-recognized adult type of chronic myeloid leukemia. Unlike the adult disease, growth of hematopoietic progenitors from peripheral blood (PB) occurs in the absence of exogenous stimulus even at low cell densities. This so-called "spontaneous" growth can be abrogated by adherent cell depletion and appears to depend on production of endogenous growth factors. We studied seven children with JCML to determine the nature of endogenous stimulators. With isolated PB mononuclear cells (PBMNCs) and a 3H-thymidine (3H-TdR) incorporation assay, JCML cells were shown to incorporate high levels of 3H-TdR when cultured in the absence of stimulus even at low cell densities. When neutralizing antisera prepared against each of the four known colony-stimulating factors (CSFs), GM-CSF, G-CSF, M-CSF, and interleukin-3 (IL-3), as well as antisera against interleukin-1 (alpha and beta) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were added to these cultures, only the antisera against recombinant human GM-CSF (rhGM-CSF) consistently resulted in significant inhibition of cell proliferation, achieving up to 72% inhibition of 3H-TdR incorporation in one case. Monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) against rhGM-CSF resulted in a similar and highly significant degree of inhibition. A marked inhibitory effect of rhGM-CSF antiserum on "spontaneous" growth of PB CFU-GM derived colonies in semisolid medium was also demonstrated in four of five patients studied (87% to 90% inhibition). Production of growth factors by highly enriched JCML monocytes was variable. When initially studied in five of the seven patients, the monocytes from three of the patients revealed increased release of IL-1-like activities; two patients had levels similar to those of controls. One patient with normal levels when initially studied was later shown to have markedly increased amounts of IL-1-like activities in a second preparation of monocyte-conditioned medium (MCM). High levels of GM-CSF were detected in the initial MCM from one patient, but this may have indirectly reflected elevated IL-1-like activities present in the MCM. IL-3 and M-CSF levels were either low or undetectable in the patients studied as compared with MCM prepared with normal adult monocytes. These results clearly implicate GM-CSF as the primary endogenous regulator of JCML cell proliferation in culture and suggest that this malignant myeloproliferative disease may in part result from paracrine stimulation of marrow progenitor cells by growth factors/cytokines secreted by the malignant monocytes.
Stabilization of Crystalline Acid Carboxypeptidase from<i>Penicillium janthinellum</i>by Nonionic Surfactants, and Inhibition of Enzyme Activity by Anionic Compounds (1977)

The crystalline acid carboxypeptidase from Penicillium janthinellum IFO-8070 was stabilized by the addition of nonionic surfactants, such as Triton X-100, Brij 35, Span 40, and Tween 20. In the presence of these stabilizers, extremely diluted enzyme (0.3 μg/ml of 50 mm sodium acetate buffer, pH 3.7) was almost completely stable after 2 days incubation at 25°C. About 35% and 20% of the enzyme activities were activated by the addition of Triton X-100 and Brij 35, respectively. Triton X-100 completely retarded inactivation at freezing (−15°C). On the other hand, anionic surfactants of SLS and LBSA, and cationic surfactant of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide strongly inactivated the enzyme. The inhibition of the fatty acid series was roughly proportional to the molecular weight of the inhibitor. Di-, and Tri-carboxylic acids also inhibited the enzyme activity.
Systemic injections of alpha-1 adrenergic agonists produce antinociception in the formalin test (1992)

The role of alpha 1 receptors in antinociception was investigated in the formalin test, a well established test of tonic pain. The effect of systemic injections of selective alpha 1-adrenergic agonists (phenylephrine and methoxamine), a mixed alpha agonist selective for alpha 2 receptors (ST-91), and 2 adrenergic antagonists (prazosin and idazoxan) was measured in groups of Long-Evans rats. All agonists tested produced significant antinociception in this test. Dose-response curves for each agonist were statistically parallel and equally efficacious (100% antinociception). Prior injection of 0.15 mg/kg prazosin (an alpha 1 antagonist) completely antagonized the antinociception produced by either an ED50 or a maximally effective dose of each agonist tested. Idazoxan (0.5 mg/kg), an alpha 2 antagonist, was without effect on the antinociception produced by phenylephrine or methoxamine. ST-91 produced significant antinociception in the presence of idazoxan although the response was different from that obtained with ST-91 alone. The observed antinociception in the formalin test was not due to drug-induced changes in peripheral inflammation as measured using plethysmometry. Moreover, none of the drugs tested produced significant changes in coordinated motor behavior (accelerated rotarod test) at doses that produced significant analgesia (ED50). We conclude that alpha 1 receptors contribute significantly to adrenergic analgesia in the formalin test by an undefined action on sensory processing mechanisms.
Microwave switching by picosecond photoconductivity (1975)

Bulk photoconductivity produced by the absorption of picosecond optical pulses in silicon transmission-line structures has been used to switch and gate microwave signals. The technique permits the generation of microwave and millimeter-wave pulses as short as a single cycle, and requires only a few microjoules of optical energy. The basic features of the device are illustrated with switching experiments at 1 GHz and 10 GHz, and the results are discussed with reference to the physical properties of the high-density plasma responsible for the switching.