gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
In neonates S100A8/S100A9 alarmins prevent the expansion of a specific inflammatory monocyte population promoting septic shock (2016)

The high susceptibility of newborn infants to sepsis is ascribed to an immaturity of the neonatal immune system, but the molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Newborn monocytes massively release the alarmins S100A8/S100A9. In adults, these are major regulators of immunosuppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). We investigated whether S100A8/S100A9 cause an expansion of monocytic MDSCs (Mo-MDSCs) in neonates, thereby contributing to an immunocompromised state. Mo-MDSCs have been assigned to CD14<sup>+</sup>/human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR<sup>-</sup><sup>/low</sup>/CD33<sup>+</sup> monocytes in humans and to CD11b<sup>+</sup>/Gr-1<sup>int</sup>/Ly6G<sup>-</sup>/Ly6C<sup>hi</sup> cells in mice. We found monocytes with these phenotypes significantly expanded in their respective newborns. Functionally, however, they did not prove immunosuppressive but rather responded inflammatorily to microbial stimulation. Their expansion did not correlate with high S100A8/S100A9 levels in cord blood. Murine studies revealed an excessive expansion of CD11b<sup>+</sup>/Gr-1<sup>int</sup>/Ly6G<sup>-</sup>/Ly6C<sup>hi</sup> monocytes in S100A9<sup>-/-</sup> neonates compared to wild-type neonates. This strong baseline expansion was associated with hyperinflammatory responses during endotoxemia and fatal septic courses. Treating S100A9<sup>-/-</sup> neonates directly after birth with S100A8/S100A9 alarmins prevented excessive expansion of this inflammatory monocyte population and death from septic shock. Our data suggest that a specific population of inflammatory monocytes promotes fatal courses of sepsis in neonates if its expansion is not regulated by S100A8/S100A9 alarmins.-Heinemann, A. S., Pirr, S., Fehlhaber, B., Mellinger, L., Burgmann, J., Busse, M., Ginzel, M., Friesenhagen, J., von Köckritz-Blickwede, M., Ulas, T., von Kaisenberg, C. S., Roth, J., Vogl, T., Viemann, D. In neonates S100A8/S100A9 alarmins prevent the expansion of a specific inflammatory monocyte population promoting septic shock.
A Coupled Encoder-Decoder Network for Joint Face Detection and Landmark Localization (2017)

Face detection and landmark localization have been extensively investigated and are the prerequisite for many face applications, such as face recognition and 3D face reconstruction. Most existing methods achieve success on only one of the two problems. In this paper, we propose a coupled encoder-decoder network to jointly detect faces and localize facial key points. The encoder and decoder generate response maps for facial landmark localization. Moreover, we observe that the intermediate feature maps from the encoder and decoder have strong power in describing facial regions, which motivates us to build a unified framework by coupling the feature maps for multi-scale cascaded face detection. Experiments on face detection show strongly competitive results against the existing methods on two public benchmarks. The landmark localization further shows consistently better accuracy than state-of-the-arts on three face-in-the-wild databases.
<title>Advanced nonrotationally symmetric reflector for efficient and uniform illumination of rectangular apertures</title> (1999)

A requirement for a uniformly illuminated rectangular aperture is common in optical design, particularly for projection applications. We have previously presented an all-reflective design that provides high flux-transfer efficiency from a cylindrical source to a 1.5:1-aspect-ratio rectangular target, with target etendue equal to that of the source. That design used a numerically optimized nonrotationally symmetric reflector having a star-like cross-section combined with a light tunnel having a constant rectangular cross-section. In this paper we present a more advanced design in which the constant-cross-section light tunnel is replaced with one having a numerically optimized cross-sectional geometry that varies as a function of position along its length.
A simple method for the compensation of the nonlinearity in the heterodyne interferometer (2002)

The accuracy of a heterodyne interferometer is often limited by the periodic nonlinearity that arises mainly from imperfect separation of the two optical frequencies. This paper describes a new method for compensation of the nonlinearity in the heterodyne laser interferometer using the quadrature mixing technique for the phase measurement. The compensation technique is based on the elliptical fitting of two phase-quadrature signals obtained by a lock-in amplifier. The brief analysis and compensation scheme of the nonlinearity in the heterodyne interferometer, and the experimental result using a Zeeman stabilized He-Ne laser, have been presented. The results show that the suggested method can compensate for the nonlinearity of the heterodyne interferometer with sub-nanometre accuracy.
Robust Security Updates for Connected Devices (2016)

We are emerging into the IoT (Internet of Things) era as the IoT market is quickly increasing, giving us connected devices everywhere, from personal accessories to smart homes and even whole city infrastructures. The manufacturing companies need to stay competitive in this rapidly evolving market, so they need to minimize the price and optimize the Time to Market (TTM). When new versions of a product are released, they get higher priorities than their predecessors. Still there are many devices based on the old version in use. With all these old devices connected to the Internet, problems are raised when software vulnerabilities are found because they will be more exposed to attackers. This may have severe consequences, not only for users' privacy, but also for the security of the society. In this thesis we try to overcome some of these problems by providing a thorough vulnerability assessment as well as a secure update mechanism. An in-depth analysis on how to assess vulnerabilities is presented. We provide an implementation to deploy updates in a robust way. We consider security aspects such as confidentiality, integrity and non-repudiation, but also the need for failure recovery of the system and distribution of data in an efficient way. A camera is being attacked to demonstrate the need for a secure update mechanism.
Vegetable Drugs Regulating Fat Metabolism in Caraka<i>(Lekhaniya Dravyas)</i> (1972)

Obesity or corpulency is receiving attention of a large number of research workers. Its predominance in certain anthropological groups has attracted special investigations. The handicaps of overweight are well known as exhibited by well denned symptoms in fat loading in heart and liver and therefore there is a constant search for the drugs capable of correcting the lipide mechanism. Obesity is attributed to malfunctioning of the thyroid, suprarenal, pitutary and testis. Sedentary habits, insufficiency of output in the way of work, excess intake of high calorific diet are the established auxiliary causes. Two theories are held out now viz.: I) that correct oxidation of acetoacetic acid can only proceed with a definite phase of carbohydrate oxidation (an interlocked reaction) and II) normal fat catabolism is to proceed out in specified maximum rate and it can be deficient carbohydrate oxidation, the fat is to be burned up at a greater rate than the maximum to meet body needs which tends to make the combustion faulty. The handicaps resulting from obesity or corpulency were perhaps for the first time reported in medical literature in Caraka Samhita (3,000 B.C.). Caraka traced the origin of corpulency broadly to the predominance of one dosa i.e. kapha 1), 2) Caraka has classified the drugs capable of removing fat under the group Lekhaniya. These drugs have been attributed the properties of correcting the malfunctioning of the glands in the modern sense as well as playing a substantial role in the cure of obesity due to auxiliary causes.
A randomized controlled trial of thymosin-alpha1 versus interferon alfa treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antigen antibody-and hepatitis B virus DNA-positive chronic hepatitis B (1996)

It has recently been shown that thymosin-alpha1(T-alpha1), a synthetic polypeptide of thymic origin, is able to promote disease remission and inhibition of hepatitis B virus (HBV) replication in patients affected by hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)-positive chronic active hepatitis. We evaluated the efficacy and safety of T-alpha1 treatment in patients with hepatitis B e antibody (anti-HBe) and HBV-DNA-positive chronic hepatitis. Thirty-three patients were randomly assigned to receive either T-alpha1 900 microg/m2 body surface area twice weekly (17 patients) or 5 MU of interferon alfa (IFN-alpha) three times weekly (16 patients) for 6 months. At baseline, both groups were comparable concerning age, sex, liver histology, and alanine transaminase (ALT) levels. At the end of treatment, complete response (defined as ALT normalization and HBV-DNA loss) occurred in 5 of 17 (29.4%) in the T-alpha1 group and in 7 of 16 (43.8%) in the IFN-alpha group (P = not significant). After a follow-up period of 6 months, a complete response was observed in 7 of 17 (41.2%) in the T-alpha1 group and in 4 of 16 (25%) in the IFN-alpha group (P = n.s.). Compared with the results observed in a group of 15 patients never treated with IFN-alpha and followed for 12 months, the rate of complete response was significantly higher in the IFN-alpha group at the end of therapy (1 of 15 vs. 7 of 16, respectively; P < .05) and in the T-alpha1 group at the end of follow-up (1 of 15 vs. 7 of 17, respectively; P < .05). Unlike IFN- alpha, T-alpha1 was well tolerated by all patients. The only side effect, reported by some, was local discomfort at injection sites. The results of this trial suggest that T-alpha1 is able to reduce HBV replication in patients affected by anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis. Furthermore, compared with IFN-alpha, T-alpha1 is better tolerated and seems to induce a gradual and more sustained ALT normalization and HBV-DNA loss. In conclusion, T-alpha1 appears to be a safe and effective alternative treatment for anti-HBe-positive chronic hepatitis. The benefit of this agent in producing long-term inhibition of HBV replication must be confirmed by future trials. (Hepatology 1996 Oct;24(4):774-7)
Diamond-a new high thermal conductivity substrate for multichip modules and hybrid circuits (2002)

Sandia National Laboratories is developing diamond substrate technology to meet the requirements of high thermal conductivity. Thin-film processes were developed and characterized to delineate conductor-resistor networks on free-standing diamond substrates having fine line gold conductors and low and high sheet resistivity resistors. Thin-film hybrid circuit technology was developed on CVD (chemical vapor deposition)-processed, polycrystalline diamond substrates having as-deposited surface finishes as well as those with polished surfaces. Conductors were defined by pattern plating gold and resistors were processed from sputtered tantalum nitride films which were deposited to sheet resistivities of 5 and/or 100 ohms per square. Resistor films on diamond substrates were evaluated for temperature coefficient of resistance (TCR), stability with time and temperature, and trimmability using YAG laser processing. Plated gold conductors were patterned on diamond to feature sizes of 25 microns and successfully tested for adhesion and bondability. Advanced YAG laser trimming techniques were developed to allow resistor trims on both low and high value resistors to within 1% of design value while maintaining required resistor stability.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
OS Mechanism for Continuation-based Fine-grained Threads on Dedicated and Commodity Processors (2007)

Fine-grained multithreading based on a natural model, such as dataflow model, is promising in achieving high efficiency and high programming productivity. In this paper, we discuss operating system issues for fine-grained multithread programs. We are developing an operating system called CEFOS based on a dataflow based computation model. A program on CEFOS consists of zero-wait threads which run to completion without suspension once started. Firing control among such threads is performed in a dataflow manner along with continuation relations in the program. Target platforms include fuce processor, which is dedicated to fine-grained multithreading, and commodity processors such as Intel x86. In this paper, after introducing our basic model and our operating system model, we discuss implementation issues on fuce and commodity platforms. The evaluation results indicate that our approach on commodity platforms is effective in reducing overheads while our approach on a special architecture naturally exploit parallelism even in I/O handling.
A new fabrication method for microactuators with piezoelectric thin film using precision cutting technique (2002)

A new fabrication method for microactuators and microstructures is presented. It is based on a precision cutting technique and hydrothermal method to make piezoelectric thin film. It is generally considered that the cutting technique is not suitable for microparts fabrication because the cutting force is too large compared to the size of the structure. The authors have used a four axis ultra precision machine tool to prevent the problem of cutting force and were successful in fabricating three dimensional microstructures. Even a 10 /spl mu/m shaft or 100 /spl mu/m screw were possible to fabricate. On the surface of the microstructures, piezoelectric thin film is plated through hydrothermal method. Electrode pattern is produced through direct laser beam ablation. Fabrication examples of each process are presented and an application to a micro vibration gyro is proposed.
DNS in Computer Forensics (2012)

The Domain Name Service (DNS) is a critical core component of the global Internet and integral to the majority of corporate intranets. It provides resolution services between the human-readable name-based system addresses and the machine operable Internet Protocol (IP) based addresses required for creating network level connections. Whilst structured as a globally dispersed resilient tree data structure, from the Global and Country Code Top Level Domains (gTLD/ccTLD) down to the individual site and system leaf nodes, it is highly resilient although vulnerable to various attacks, exploits and systematic failures.
Trends over a decade of pediatric liver transplantation in the United States (2006)

During the last 10 to 15 years, medical and surgical innovations have established pediatric liver transplantation as the optimal therapy for children suffering acute and chronic liver disease. We hypothesized that the profile of current pediatric liver transplant recipients would differ significantly from that of an earlier era. We collected and compared data regarding the characteristics of children undergoing liver transplantation alone in 2 eras separated by more than a decade from the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network/United Network for Organ Sharing database. Transplant recipients from March 1, 2002 to December 31, 2004, compared to those from January 1, 1990, to December 31, 1992, tended to be more evenly distributed across age, race/ethnicity, and disease etiology. There was a major shift toward utilization of partial grafts from both deceased and living donors to achieve transplantation for the youngest children (<1 and 1-5 yr) in particular. However, in spite of these innovative transplant strategies and only a modest increase in demand for pediatric liver transplantation, wait list times for both pediatric candidates and recipients have still increased between eras. In conclusion, the sobering reality that mortality on the waiting list remains highest for the youngest pediatric liver candidates frames our challenge for the next decade.
Induction of CTL <i>in vivo</i> by major histocompatibility complex class I‐peptide complexes covalently associated on the cell surface (1995)

The identification of endogenously produced antigenic peptides presented by MHC class I molecules has opened the way to peptide-based strategies for CTL induction in vivo. Here we demonstrate that the induction in vivo of CTL directed against naturally processed antigens can be triggered by injection of syngeneic cells expressing covalent major histocompatibility complex class I-peptide complexes. In the model system used, the induction of HLA-Cw3 specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) in mice by cell surface-associated, covalent H-2Kd (Kd)-Cw3 peptide complexes was investigated. The Kd-restricted Cw3 peptide 170-179 (RYLKNGKETL), which mimics the major natural epitope recognized by Cw3-specific CTL in H-2d mice, was converted to a photoreactive derivative by replacing Arg-170 with N-beta-(4-azidosalicyloyl)-L-2,3-diaminopropionic acid. This peptide derivative was equivalent to the parental Cw3 peptide in terms of binding to Kd molecules and recognition by Cw3-specific CTL clones and could be cross-linked efficiently and selectively to Kd molecules on the surface of Con A-stimulated spleen cells from H-2d mice. Photocross-linking prevented the rapid dissociation of Kd-peptide derivative complexes that takes place under physiological conditions. Cultures of spleen cells or peritoneal exudate cells from mice inoculated i.p. with peptide-pulsed and photocross-linked cells developed a strong CTL response following antigenic stimulation in vitro. The cultured cells efficiently lysed not only target cells sensitized with the Cw3 170-179 peptide but also target cells transfected with the Cw3 gene. Moreover, their TCR preferentially expressed V beta 10 and J alpha pHDS58 segments as well as conserved junctional sequences, as has been observed previously in Cw3-specific CTL responses. In contrast, no Cw3-specific CTL response could be obtained in cultures derived from mice injected with Con A-stimulated spleen cells pulsed with the peptide derivative without photocross-linking.
Evidence that paraventricular nucleus oxytocin neurons link hypothalamic leptin action to caudal brain stem nuclei controlling meal size (2004)

Hindbrain projections of oxytocin neurons in the parvocellular paraventricular nucleus (pPVN) are hypothesized to transmit leptin signaling from the hypothalamus to the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS), where satiety signals from the gastrointestinal tract are received. Using immunocytochemistry, we found that an anorectic dose of leptin administered into the third ventricle (3V) increased twofold the number of pPVN oxytocin neurons that expressed Fos. Injections of fluorescent cholera toxin B into the NTS labeled a subset of pPVN oxytocin neurons that expressed Fos in response to 3V leptin. Moreover, 3V administration of an oxytocin receptor antagonist, [d-(CH2)5,Tyr(Me)2,Orn8]-vasotocin (OVT), attenuated the effect of leptin on food intake over a 0.5- to 4-h period (P < 0.05). Furthermore, to determine whether oxytocin contributes to leptin's potentiation of Fos activation within NTS neurons in response to CCK, we counted the number of Fos-positive neurons in the medial NTS (mNTS) after 3V administration of OVT before 3V leptin and intraperitoneal CCK-8 administration. OVT resulted in a significant 37% decrease (P < 0.05) in the potentiating effect of leptin on CCK activation of mNTS neuronal Fos expression. Furthermore, 4V OVT stimulated 2-h food intake by 43% (P < 0.01), whereas 3V OVT at the same dose was ineffective. These findings suggest that release of oxytocin from a descending pPVN-to-NTS pathway contributes to leptin's attenuation of food intake by a mechanism that involves the activation of pPVN oxytocin neurons by leptin, resulting in increased sensitivity of NTS neurons to satiety signals.
Memory array protection: check on read or check on write? (2013)

This work introduces Check-on-Write: a memory array error protection approach that enables a trade-off between a memory array's fault-coverage and energy. The presented approach checks for error in a value stored in an array before it is overwritten rather than, as currently done, when it is read (check-on-read). This aims at reducing the number and energy of error code checks. This lazy protection approach can be used for caches in systems that support failure-atomicity to recover from corrupted state due to a fault. The paper proposes and evaluates an adaptive memory protection scheme that is capable of both check-on-read and check-on-write and switches between the two protection modes depending on the energy to be saved and fault coverage requirements. Experimental analysis shows that our technique reduces the average dynamic energy of the L1 instruction cache tag and data arrays by 18.6% and 17.7% respectively. For the L1 data cache, this is 17.2% and 2.9%, and the savings are 13.4% for the L2 tag array. The paper also quantifies the implications of the proposed scheme on fault-coverage by analyzing the mean-time-to-failure as a function of the transient failure rate.
Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: Instrumentation and Technique (1990)

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is rapidly evolving as a therapeutic modality for the treatment of gallstone disease. The technical details of this procedure and the method by which the gallbladder is dissected and removed are critical to the safe, effective execution of the procedure. Our technique has been developed through extensive practice in porcine models and through experience with more than 250 patients. To perform laparoscopic cholecystectomy we employ a high-resolution video endoscopy system, two high-resolution color monitors, a high-flow CO2 insufflator, a 300 W Xenon light source, electrocautery and/or lasers, and an endoscopic suction-irrigation system. This equipment permits the surgeon to obtain a clear field of view within the abdomen. With these tools, appropriately designed for laparoscopic surgery, including a laparoscope, graspers, dissectors, cholangiography equipment, scissors, and clip appliers, the surgeon can remove the gallbladder without opening the abdomen. The procedure requires the induction of a CO2 pneumoperitoneum, insertion of four trocars, and placement of a grasping retractor to set the operative field. An additional retractor placed on Hartmann's pouch provides countertraction for dissection of the hilum. Careful dissection around the cystic duct and cystic artery with a combination of electrocautery and blunt dissection allows the surgeon to skeletonize the cystic duct and artery. After intraoperative cholangiography confirms the anatomy, the cystic artery and cystic duct are clipped and divided. Electrocautery or laser techniques can be used to perform retrograde dissection of the gallbladder from the liver bed and insure hemostasis. The gallbladder is detached and removed intact through the large trocars. This basic technique can be applied in a wide variety of patients with cholelithiasis. The surgeon proficient in this technique may apply it to a broad range of patients with gallbladder disease.
Lasers and beam delivery options for polycrystalline thin-film scribing (1999)

We have investigated the use of several different types of lasers for scribing of the thin film materials: CdTe, CuInGaSe2, ZnO, SnO2, Mo, Al, and Au. The lasers included several types of Nd: YAG (1064 and 532 nm wavelengths), Cu vapor (511/578 nm), XeCl excimer (308 nm), and KrF excimer (248 nm). Pulse durations ranged from ∼0.1 nsec to ∼250 ns. We found that the Nd: YAG systems work well for almost all of the above materials except for the transparent conductor ZnO, for which the two excimer lasers showed good performance. Pulse duration was found generally not to be critical except for the case of CIGS on Mo where longer pulse durations appear advantageous.