gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Inhibition of Calcium Release-activated Calcium Current by Rac/Cdc42-inactivating Clostridial Cytotoxins in RBL Cells (2000)

Using large clostridial cytotoxins as tools, the role of Rho GTPases in activation of RBL 2H3 hm1 cells was studied. Clostridium difficile toxin B, which glucosylates Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 and Clostridium sordellii lethal toxin, which glucosylates Rac and Cdc42 but not Rho, inhibited the release of hexosaminidase from RBL cells mediated by the high affinity antigen receptor (FcepsilonRI). Additionally, toxin B and lethal toxin inhibited the intracellular Ca(2+) mobilization induced by FcepsilonRI-stimulation and thapsigargin, mainly by reducing the influx of extracellular Ca(2+). In patch clamp recordings, toxin B and lethal toxin inhibited the calcium release-activated calcium current by about 45%. Calcium release-activated calcium current, the receptor-stimulated Ca(2+) influx, and secretion were inhibited neither by the Rho-ADP-ribosylating C3-fusion toxin C2IN-C3 nor by the actin-ADP-ribosylating Clostridium botulinum C2 toxin. The data indicate that Rac and Cdc42 but not Rho are not only involved in late exocytosis events but are also involved in Ca(2+) mobilization most likely by regulating the Ca(2+) influx through calcium release-activated calcium channels activated via FcepsilonRI receptor in RBL cells.
Prognostic impact of tumor biological factors on survival in node-negative breast cancer. (1998)

Tumor biological factors uPA, PAI-1, cathepsin D, S-phase fraction (SPF), MIB1 (Ki-67), p53, and HER-2/neu were assessed in 100 node-negative breast cancer patients. Their prognostic impact on disease-free (DFS) as well as overall survival (OS) was compared to that of traditional factors tumor size, grading, and steroid hormone receptor status. Antigen levels of uPA, its inhibitor PAI-1, and cathepsin D were determined in tumor tissue extracts by immunoenzymatic methods. SPF was determined by flow cytofluorometry, MIB1, p53, and HER-2/neu by immunohistochemistry in adjacent routinely formalin-fixed paraffin sections. Median follow-up in all patients still alive at time of analysis was 76 months. Univariate analysis determined PAI-1 (p = 0.0001), uPA (p = 0.0437), MIB1 (p = 0.0214), and SPF (p = 0.0248) as statistically significant prognostic factors for DFS. In contrast, tumor size, steroid hormone receptor status, grading, p53, HER-2/neu, and cathepsin. D failed to be of prognostic value. In multivariate analysis, including the statistically significant prognostic factors PAI-1, uPA, MIB1, and SPF, only PAI-1 (p = 0.0003, relative risk: 4.7) proved to be of independent statistical significance for DFS. Regarding OS, PAI-1 was the only statistically significant prognostic factor in univariate (p = 0.0001) as well as multivariate analysis (p = 0.0000, relative risk: 7.1). Thus, factors describing the invasive and metastatic capacity of tumor cells (uPA, PAI-1) and factors related to their proliferative activity (SPF, MIB1) provide valuable prognostic information in node-negative breast cancer patients.
A simple and accurate method for white blood cells segmentation using K-means algorithm (2015)

White Blood Cells (WBCs) counting provides invaluable information for diagnosis of different disease. Automatic counting is helpful for improving the hematological procedure. First step in automation; segmentation; is crucial for subsequent steps; feature extraction and classification. In this paper, WBCs segmentation using K-means Clustering (KMC) is proposed. First, RGB image is converted to a*L*b*. Next, data in a* and b* are fed to KMC with proper Initial Seed Points (ISP) to extract nuclei. Then, nuclei are subtracted from prime image and data in L* is fed to KMC with suitable ISP to estimate the background. Next, both nuclei and background are subtracted from prime image and residual image is enhanced and converted to L*a*b*. Next, data in b* are fed to KMC with appropriate ISP to segment cytoplasm and finally entire cell. We achieved an average of 6.46% Segmentation Error and 93.71% Jaccard Similarity Index which are desired in segmentation.
Which type of tobacco product warning imagery is more effective and sustainable over time (2018)

Objective This study examined smokers’ responses to pictorial health warnings (PHWs) with different types of imagery under natural exposure conditions. Methods Adult smokers from online panels in Canada (n=2357), Australia (n=1671) and Mexico (n=2537) were surveyed every 4 months from 2012 to 2013. Participants were shown PHWs on packs in their respective countries and asked about: (1) noticing PHWs; (2) negative affects towards PHWs; (3) believability of PHWs; (4) PHW-stimulated discussions; and (5) quit motivation due to PHWs. Country-specific generalised estimating equation models regressed these outcomes on time (ie, survey wave), PHW imagery type (ie, symbolic representations of risk, suffering from smoking and graphic depictions of bodily harm) and interactions between them. Results In all countries, PHW responses did not significantly change over time, except for increased noticing PHWs in Canada and Mexico, increased negative affect in Australia and decreased negative affect in Mexico. For all outcomes, symbolic PHWs were rated lower than suffering and graphic PHWs in Canada (the only country with symbolic PHWs). Graphic PHWs were rated higher than suffering PHWs for negative affect (all countries), discussions (Canada) and quit motivation (Australia). Suffering PHWs were rated higher than graphic PHWs for noticing PHWs (Canada), believability (all countries), discussions (AustraliaandMexico) and quit motivation (Mexico). Changes in noticing, believability and discussions varied somewhat by imagery type across countries. Conclusions The different PHW imagery appears to have different pathways of influence on adult smokers. Reactions to specific PHWs are similar over 1–2 years, suggesting that wear-out of PHW effects is due to decreased attention rather than the diminishing effectiveness of content.
The Extraction of Total RNA by the Detergent and Phenol Method (2003)

Successful extraction of RNA depends on the quantitative recovery of pure nucleic acids in an undegraded form. In practice, this means that a selective extraction process is required to remove all the unwanted cellular material in a manner that minimizes degradation of the RNA by hydrolysis or ribonuclease activity. The method described here relies on cell homogenization in an aqueous medium containing a strong detergent (sodium tri-isopropylnaphthalene sulfonate) and a chelating agent (sodium 4-aminosalicylate) to solubilize the cell components. An immiscible solution of phenol is then added to selectively extract hydophobic components and to denature protein. Following phase separation, the RNA is recovered by precipitation from the aqueous phase by the addition of absolute alcohol, thereby separating the RNA from small molecular weight contaminants such as carbohydrates, amino acids, and nucleotides.
Inertia and gravitational effects in extrusion dies for non‐Newtonian fluids (1985)

Abstract An analysis is presented which allows the sheet or film die designer to estimate when inertial and gravitational effects are important. General theoretical equations are developed for end fed dies with arbitrary variation of the cavity cross sectional shape, cavity taper, slot length, and gap over the width. The method assumes viscous flow and a two dimensional approximation for the cavity flow. For fluid flow properties, it is assumed only that the apparent viscosity is a single valued function of the shear rate. In the important special case of constant die geometry and power law fluids, three dimensionless numbers plus the power law index are the parameters controlling the uniformity of flow from the die. Results are presented that illustrate when die orientations with respect to gravity and when fluid inertia are important. When they are not, simple expressions for die inlet pressure and uniformity index are given.
Ablation of metals by ultrashort laser pulses (2004)

Ablation of Fe by ultrashort laser pulses with durations 0.1, 1, and 5 ps were investigated experimentally. The laser fluence varied from the ablation threshold up to 100 J cm−2. Above 1 J cm−2, the ablation rate depended on the laser pulse duration, with the shortest pulse producing the highest value. A change in the ablation rate as the laser fluence increased was also observed. These results were analysed using molecular dynamics simulations. We show that the change in the ablation rate is connected to an overheating of the material above the critical point, which results in a steep rise of the pressure developed. Furthermore, due to the electron heat diffusion, the overheated volume increases and involves material located deeper than the skin depth. An increase in the pulse duration results in a decrease in the degree of overheating.
Scalable in-memory RDFS closure on billions of triples. (2010)

Abstract. We present an RDFS closure algorithm, specifically designed and implemented on the Cray XMT supercomputer, that obtains infer-ence rates of 13 million inferences per second on the largest system con-figuration we used. The Cray XMT, with its large global memory (4TB for our experiments), permits the construction of a conceptually straight-forward algorithm, fundamentally a series of operations on a shared hash table. Each thread is given a partition of triple data to process, a dedi-cated copy of the ontology to apply to the data, and a reference to the hash table into which it inserts inferred triples. The global nature of the hash table allows the algorithm to avoid a common obstacle for dis-tributed memory machines: the creation of duplicate triples. On LUBM data sets ranging between 1.3 billion and 5.3 billion triples, we obtain nearly linear speedup except for two portions: file I/O, which can be ameliorated with the additional service nodes, and data structure ini-tialization, which requires nearly constant time for runs involving 32 processors or more.
TOPical Imiquimod treatment of high-grade Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (TOPIC trial): study protocol for a randomized controlled trial (2016)

EU Clinical Trials Register EU-CTR2013-001260-34 . Registered 18 March 2013. Medical Ethical Committee approval number: NL44336.068.13 (Medical Ethical Committee Maastricht University Hospital, University of Maastricht). Affiliation: Maastricht University Hospital. Registration number ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT02329171.
The effect of silicon gate microstructure and gate oxide process on threshold voltage instabilities in p/sup +/-gate p-channel MOSFETs with fluorine incorporation (1992)

Several phenomena have been identified which significantly reduce boron penetration for boron difluoride-implanted or boron/fluorine-co-implanted gates The fluorine-induced threshold-voltage (V/sub TP/) shift is minimized by using an as-deposited amorphous silicon gate and a gate oxide process that excludes hydrogen chloride. The V/sub TP/ shift can be reduced to a level close to that of a boron-implanted gate, while maintaining the fluorine incorporation at the SiO/sub 2//Si interface to lower interface-state density. A model based on the fluorine atom distribution is proposed to explain the observed V/sub TP/ shift.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Ozonolysis of Canola Oil: A Study of Product Yields and Ozonolysis Kinetics in Different Solvent Systems (2010)

Abstract The use of ozonolysis has been proposed as a step in the production of vegetable‐oil‐based polyols as replacements for the equivalent petrochemicals. As part of an evaluation of the commercial viability of ozonolysis, the intermediates and products formed from the ozonolysis of canola oil using different protic and aprotic solvents and solvent mixtures were systematically studied by GC‐FID and size‐exclusion chromatography with refractive index detection (SEC‐RI). It was found that the use of an aprotic solvent (ethyl acetate) leads to the formation of oligomeric ozonolysis products whereas alcohols and/or mixtures of ethyl acetate with alcohols for the ozonolysis of canola oil do not form high molecular weight compounds. In addition, when ethyl acetate is used as the solvent, the formation of carboxylic acids is observed in the early stages of ozonolysis whereas the use of alcohols significantly reduces acid formation. As expected, extending the ozonolysis time led to extensive carboxylic acid formation, especially using ethyl acetate as a solvent. It was found that the optimum time for the complete ozonolysis of canola oil was largely independent of the solvent used for ozonolysis. However, the yield of ozonolysis products differs considerably depending on the solvents employed. Overall, a clear correlation between the ozonolysis time, product yields and the reaction exothermicity was observed.
Equalization concepts for EDGE (2002)

An equalization concept for the novel radio access scheme Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE) is proposed by which high performance can be obtained at moderate computational complexity. Because high-level modulation is employed in EDGE, optimum equalization as usually performed in Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) receivers is too complex and suboptimum schemes have to be considered. It is shown that delayed decision-feedback sequence estimation (DDFSE) and reduced-state sequence estimation (RSSE) are promising candidates. For various channel profiles, approximations for the bit error rate of these suboptimum equalization techniques are given and compared with simulation results for DDFSE. It turns out that a discrete-time prefilter creating a minimum-phase overall impulse response is indispensable for a favorable tradeoff between performance and complexity. Additionally, the influence of channel estimation and of the receiver input filter is investigated and the reasons for performance degradation compared to the additive white Gaussian noise channel are indicated. Finally, the overall system performance attainable with the proposed equalization concept is determined for transmission with channel coding.
Market Concentration and Wage Increases: U.S. Manufacturing, 1947–1964 (1968)

Discusses and analyzes the hypothesis that monopolistic or oligopolistic industries provide bigger wage increases than competitive industries. Relationship between annual earnings changes and concentration ratios by industry; Discussion of the slowness in concentrated industries to adjust to demand increases and its relevance to labor demand of monopolists and oligopolists. (Abstract copyright EBSCO.)
Iterative reengineering of legacy systems (2003)

During its life, a legacy system is subjected to many maintenance activities, which cause degradation of the quality of the system: When this degradation exceeds a critical threshold, the legacy system needs to be reengineered. In order to preserve the asset represented by the legacy system, the familiarity with it gained by the system's maintainers and users, and the continuity of execution of current operations during the reengineering process, the system needs to be reengineered gradually. Moreover, each program needs to be reengineered within a short period of time. The paper proposes a reengineering process model, which is applied to an in-use legacy system to confirm that the process satisfies previous requirements and to measure its effectiveness. The reengineered system replaced the legacy one to the satisfaction of all the stakeholders; the reengineering process also had a satisfactory impact on the quality of the system. Finally, this paper contributes to validate the cause-effect relationship between the reengineering process and overcoming the aging symptoms of a software system.
The multicellular tumor spheroid model for high-throughput cancer drug discovery (2012)

Substantial hurdles remain before we reach the ultimate goal of robust HTS of large compound libraries with MCTS models. Specifically, we can group these challenges into three categories: MCTS growth, data collection, and data analysis. The MCTS model should be utilized with fluorescent readouts and high-content imaging with a systems biology approach to model human tumors in vitro. Such models will be more predictive of in vivo efficacy, improving on the current success rates of cancer drug discovery from bench to bedside.
Snake Venom Toxins (1976)

Twelve low-molecular-weight proteins, of which eleven have subcutaneous LD50 values of less than 40 mug/g mouse, were purified from Dendroaspis polylepis polylepis venom. Ion-exchange chromatography on Amberlite CG-50 and ion-exchange chromatography on carboxymethyl-cellulose and/or phosphocellulose was used for the purification. The amino-terminal sequences of these proteins were determined and used to indicate that five groups of low-molecular-weight polypeptides are to be found in black mamba venom. Proteins from two of these groups which have low toxicity individually, when used together show synergism, in that their toxicity in combination is greater than the sum of their individual toxicities.
Frequency biases in a cold-atom coherent population trapping clock (2014)

A compact cold-atom clock based on coherent population trapping (CPT) has been developed. The clock typically demonstrates a short-term fractional frequency stability of 4×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">−11</sup> /√τ, limited by frequency noise on the interrogation lasers. The clock interrogates a sample of 2×10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">5</sup> atoms under free-fall with typical cycle and Ramsey periods of 50 ms and 16 ms, respectively. The largest two systematic frequency shifts that can limit the clock's long-term stability are the light shift and the Doppler shift.
Design and Optimization of Rivaroxaban Lipid Solid Dispersion for Dissolution Enhancement using Statistical Experimental Design (2016)

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to understand the effect of formulation variables of lipid solid dispersion on the dissolution of a model drug, rivaroxaban. Method: A three-factor, three-level Box–Behnken design was used to explore the main and interaction effect of several independent formulation variables including the amount of Gelucire 48/16 (X1), Compitrol HD5 ATO (X2), and Labrasol (X3). Particle size (Y1) and dissolution percentage of rivaroxaban (Y2) were the dependent variables. Statistical Analysis: A mathematical relationship was obtained to explain the effect of all factors and their colinearities on the dissolution of rivaroxaban. Results: A formulation optimization was then performed to maximize dissolution percentage of rivaroxaban (Y2). The optimized formulation was predicted to dissolution 62.4% of rivaroxaban at 5 min, when X1, X2, and X3 values were 20.0, 30.0, and 2.0 mg, respectively. Conclusion: In conclusion, the Box–Behnken experimental design allowed us to understand the effect of formulation variables on the dissolution of rivaroxaban from lipid solid dispersion, and optimize the formulation to obtain drug dissolution.
Evaluation of the Minitek gram-positive set for identification of staphylococci isolated from the bovine mammary gland (1986)

The Minitek Gram-Positive Set was evaluated as a means of identifying staphylococci isolated from bovine mammary glands. Initial accuracy was 79.2%. Misidentification of isolates due to data base deficiencies resulted with the animal-associated species Staphylococcus intermedius and S. hyicus. Minor modification to account for data base deficiencies permitted recognition of 87.7% of the isolates. Incorporation of additional veterinary isolates into the data base would improve the accuracy of the Minitek system and enhance acceptance by veterinary microbiologists.
Method of moments analysis of anisotropic artificial media composed of dielectric wire objects (1995)

The paper considers the periodic method of moments (PMM) analysis of anisotropic artificial media composed of a 3-D periodic array of identical scatterers. The method is based upon finding the complex wavenumber(s), and the eigenfunction currents and fields, for a plane wave propagating in the artificial medium. From these quantities, the effective tensor constitutive parameters are determined. It is shown that for a given direction of propagation through an artificial medium, there are two distinct modes of plane wave propagation, which may change with the direction of propagation. Examples are shown for the case where the periodic scatterers are thin dielectric wire structures.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Compositional effects on gas-oil interfacial tension and miscibility at reservoir conditions (2006)

Minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) is an important optimization parameter for an enhanced oil recovery process involving Carbon Dioxide or hydrocarbon gas injection. Therefore an accurate experimental measurement is required to determine the MMP. The MMP for a gas-oil system is directly related to the interfacial tension between the injected gas and the reservoir crude oil. When CO2 gas contacts the reservoir oil at reservoir temperature, the interfacial tension between the fluid-fluid phases reduces as the miscibility is approached and the interface between the fluid-fluid phases eventually disappears at miscibility i.e. the interfacial tension becomes zero. Hence, a pressure condition of zero interfacial tension at reservoir temperature is the minimum miscibility pressure for a CO2-reservoir crude oil system. The Vanishing Interfacial Technique (VIT) technique to determine MMP is based on this principle. Therefore, this research project involves the measurement of gas-oil interfacial tensions for a CO2-live reservoir oil system at reservoir conditions using the pendant drop and the capillary rise techniques to determine the minimum miscibility pressure through the VIT technique. Gas-oil interfacial tension, being a property of the interface between crude oil and gas, is strongly affected by the compositional changes induced by the counter-directional mass transfer (vaporizing, condensing or a combination of the two) of the various components taking place between the CO2 and reservoir oil. This study hence investigates the mass transfer mechanisms involved in these dynamic gas-oil interactions responsible for miscibility development by performing detailed compositional analyses, and density measurements. All the measurements were carried out at different ratios of fluid phases in the feed mixture (both molar and volumetric) for various pressures at the reservoir temperature in order to also study the effects of the initial feed composition on IFT and the phase compositions. This study has experimentally demonstrated that the gas-oil interfacial tension measured at varying feed compositions (i.e., initial gas-oil molar and gas-oil volume ratios) at reservoir temperature, although showing different relationships with pressure, converged to the same endpoint of zero-interfacial tension or similar minimum miscibility pressures. The effect of gas-oil molar ratios and gas- oil volume ratios on the compositions of the equilibrium phases for this CO2-reservoir fluid system proved that the mechanism involved in the mass transfer of hydrocarbon components between the fluid-fluid phases was a condensing gas drive mechanism. This study has demonstrated that the MMP determined from the VIT technique is independent of the compositional path followed by the fluids