gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Probabilistic localization for outdoor wireless sensor networks (2007)

Recent advances in wireless communication, low power sensors and microcontrollers enable the deployment of large-scale wireless sensor networks. Localization is a fundamental service required by many wireless sensor network applications. We consider a distributed, probabilistic approach, suitable for outdoor systems with inaccurate range measurements. The approach restricts the possible locations of the nodes by using a combination of positive and negative constraints. We reduce the computational complexity of the algorithm by using two-dimensional fast Fourier transforms (FFTs). We evaluated the proposed probabilistic approach through simulations based on real-world measurements; the results are compared with two other localization schemes and the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB). The results show that, for inaccurate range measurements, the proposed probabilistic approach outperforms existing methods and approaches the CRLB.
Acoustic modeling for speech recognition based on spotting of phonetic units (2002)

A two stage approach to acoustic modeling for speech recognition is presented. First, a set of phoneme-like units are spotted in the continuous speech stream, then the outputs of the spotters are modeled as the observations generated by an HMM. The motivation is that this model allows overlap and/or gaps in the acoustic realizations of the phonetic units upon which recognition is based. This is in contrast to conventional HMM-based approaches, which model continuous speech as a concatenation of models for the individual phonetic units, and which therefore assume that the acoustic realizations also concatenate. We argue that phenomena such as coarticulation can be viewed as temporal overlap of the acoustic realizations of adjacent phonetic units. Some TIMIT-phone recognition experiments are presented, in which the new model has an error rate approximately 8% higher than a conventional context-independent HMM-based recognizer using standard CEP-based features. Some possible improvements to the model are discussed, and experiments are continuing.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and total phenol of exotic fruits occurring in Brazil (2008)

The antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid and phenolic content were studied in 10 exotic fruits from Brazil: abiu, acerola, wax jambu, cashew, mamey sapote, carambola or star fruit, Surinam cherry, longan, sapodilla and jaboticaba. The ascorbic acid was determined by 2,6-dichloroindophenol titrimetic methods and total phenols were measured colorimetrically using the Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. The antioxidant activity was investigated with three different methods: hypochlorous acid scavenging activity, 2,2-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) radical cation decolorization assay, and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging method. The highest content of vitamin C (1,525.00 mg/100 g pulp) occurred in acerola. The total phenol content was higher in abiu, acerola, Surinam cherry and sapodilla. In relation to antioxidant activity, acerola has showed the great values in all three different methods tested. It was found that the fruits have a significant antioxidant effect when tested by each method, respectively, and these antioxidant capacities are promising. The sample concentration also influenced its antioxidant power.
Landscape-level stream fragmentation caused by hanging culverts along roads in Alberta’s boreal forest (2008)

Hanging culverts (i.e., outfall elevated above the stream surface) can fragment fish communities in streams by creating upstream movement barriers. We conducted a retrospective study of culvert stream crossings along industrial roads in Alberta’s boreal forest to describe factors relating to the occurrence of hanging culverts and to quantify watershed fragmentation. One-half (50%; 187/374) of culverts surveyed in four watersheds during 2002 and 2003 were hanging. Logistic regression showed that the occurrence of a hanging culvert was positively and significantly related to culvert age and reach slope. We quantified fragmentation in the watersheds as the length-based percentage of stream reaches above hanging culverts. In three watersheds, stream fragmentation was approximately 5%, whereas one watershed showed 20% fragmentation. Extrapolating our results to Alberta’s entire boreal forest, we estimated that several thousand hanging culverts were fragmenting tens of thousands of kilometres of streams in 2003. These numbers are likely increasing as a result of continued road development and ageing culverts. We conclude that the traditional management approach of road builders and regulatory agencies has failed to prevent the development of hanging culverts and fragmentation of small boreal streams in Alberta. We provide recommendations for future study and management of this growing problem.
The Definition and Implementation of a Computer Programming Language Based on Constraints (1980)

The constraint paradigm is a model of computation in which values are deduced whenever possible, under the limitation that deductions be local in a certain sense. One may visualize a constraint'program'as a network of devices connected by wires. Data values may flow along the wires, and computation is performed by the devices. A device computes using only locally available information (with a few exceptions), and places newly derived values on other, locally attached wires. In this way computed values are propagated. An advantage of the constraint paradigm (not unique to it) is that a single relationship can be used in more than one direction. The connections to a device are not labelled as inputs and outputs, a device will compute with whatever values are available, and produce as many new values as it can. General theorem provers are capable of such behaviour, but tend to suffer from combinatorial explosion, it is not usually useful to derive all the possible consequences of a set of hypotheses. The constraint paradigm places a certain kind of limitation on the deduction process. The limitations imposed by the constraint paradigm are not the only one possible. It is argued, however, that they are restrictive enough to forestall combinatorial explosion in many interesting computational situations, yet permissive enough to allow useful computations in practical situations. Moreover, the paradigm is intuitive: It is easy to visualize the computational effects of these particular limitations, and the paradigm is a natural way of expressing programs for certain applications, in particular relationships arising in computer-aided design. A number of implementations of constraint-based programming languages are presented. A progression of ever more powerful languages is described, complete implementations are presented and design difficulties and alternatives are discussed. The goal approached, though not quite reached, is a complete programming system which will implicitly support the constraint paradigm to the same extent that LISP, say, supports automatic storage management.
MEMS spatial light modulators for controlled optical transmission through nearly opaque materials (2012)

A reflective microelectromechanical mirror array was used to control the intensity distribution of a coherent beam that was propagated through a strongly scattering medium. The controller modulated phase spatially in a plane upstream of the scattering medium and monitored intensity spatially in a plane downstream of the medium. Optimization techniques were used to maximize the intensity at a single point in the downstream plane. Intensity enhancement by factors of several hundred were achieved within a few thousand iterations using a MEMS segmented deformable mirror (e.g. a spatial light modulator) with 1020 independent segments. Experimental results are reported for alternate optimization approaches and for optimization through dynamically translating scattering media.
Patch antennas with switchable slots (PASS) in wireless communications: concepts, designs, and applications (2005)

This feature article describes, in a comprehensive and unified fashion, the authors' work on the development of novel kinds of reconfigurable microstrip antennas: patch antennas with switchable slots (PASS). PASS are versatile for wireless communication systems, and their structure is very simple. This article introduces the operational mechanism of PASS, as well as their frequency-ratio control and input impedance tuning. Various PASS designs are presented to demonstrate the capability of PASS in wireless communication. These designs demonstrate the functions of dual-frequency operation, dual-band circular-polarization performance, and circular-polarization diversity with only one layer and a single feed. A practical PASS application for future Mars rover missions is also highlighted: a compact, dual-band, circularly polarized antenna for the UHF band was designed, fabricated, and measured, based on the PASS concept.
The statistics of PMD-induced chromatic fiber dispersion (1999)

This paper presents a statistical description of polarization dependent chromatic dispersion (PCD) in optical fibers due to second-order polarization mode dispersion (PMD). This chromatic dispersion is the cause of pulse broadening and compression of the signal components propagating in the principal states of polarization. We show here that, remarkably, the probability density function of PCD has the form of the energy density of a first-order optical soliton. We report measurements that are in agreement with the prediction of this soliton density. Moreover, since a large number of independent experimental samples are difficult to obtain, we also report simulations of the experimental process and these serve to underscore the agreement between theory and measurement. The probability density functions of first and second-order PMD vectors are spherically symmetric. However, these vectors are not statistically independent. The mean square depolarization with respect to wavelength of a launched pulse is revealed to be 33% stronger than expected for spherical symmetry in the absence of dependence, while the mean square PCD is weaker by 67%.
Research on Anticipatory Route Guidance (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">This paper describes the industry-relevant basic research focus of the Michigan IVHS Program in the last two years, with an emphasis on the linkage among the various projects related to anticipatory route guidance. Future direction of this research focus will also be discussed.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The critical test for Advanced Traveler Information Systems (ATIS) is whether an individual driver with an appropriately equipped vehicle will get intelligent and safe advice on traffic diversion from his originally chosen route after a congestion-causing incident is detected and verified. Such advice should take into account not only current traffic conditions but also anticipated delay that may occur before the driver reaches his destination. Therefore, the Michigan IVHS research on traffic modeling and route optimization has focused on anticipatory route guidance. The anticipatory guidance system routes the vehicles by minimizing time-dependent link costs incurred by the driver. A novel dynamic programming approach has been used to take advantage of the time-dependent characteristics of the minimal travel-time solution to reduce computation load.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The computation of routes is accomplished in the vehicle so that the driver will have complete and private control of not only the objective function, but also the constraints, in the computation for his optimum route. The information to be provided from the infrastructure is a set of anticipated link costs, updated periodically, to reflect current system demand and unexpected traffic incidents. Preliminary analysis has suggested that, to minimize communication load, under certain conditions, all link costs (not just exceptional ones) should be transmitted and appropriate data compression techniques should be used.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Since diversion recommendations are generated within the vehicle, no matter where the vehicle happens to be, these recommendations may arise after the driver has passed the location for safe maneuver to divert. Human factors research has been conducted to assess the safe distance before the junction for recommended diversion that should be allowed for safe diversion. This safe distance would depend on the driver characteristics, as well as on the vehicle and road characteristics (including the lane location). The guidance system should be designed so that only safe diversion advice will be given to the driver.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Extension of research on anticipatory route guidance includes 1) the projection of link costs through traffic modeling and simulation, 2) inclusion of multiple transportation modes, and 3) coordination with traffic light controls. The research strategy is to generate practical guidelines for ATIS product development, which can be upgraded incrementally as additional research results become available, and as component costs change.</div>
Image reconstruction (2006)

We give an overview of the role of Physics in Medicine and Biology in the development of tomographic reconstruction algorithms. We focus on imaging modalities involving ionizing radiation, CT, PET and SPECT, and cover a wide spectrum of reconstruction problems, starting with classical 2D tomography in the 1970s up to 4D and 5D problems involving dynamic imaging of moving organs.
Increased Expression of Mineralocorticoid Effector Mechanisms in Kidney Biopsies of Patients With Heavy Proteinuria (2005)

These studies support animal data linking aldosterone/MR activation to renal inflammation and proteinuria. Further studies are urgently required to assess the potential beneficial effects of MR antagonism in patients with renal disease.
Photoluminescence and recombination radiation in cadmium sulphide (1965)

The spectral emission distribution of the luminescence at 77°K of cadmium sulphide crystals excited by ultra-violet radiation (λ = 0.365 μm) has been examined. The structure of the edge emission spectra obtained depends on the manner in which the crystals are prepared. `Pure' crystals are compared with samples grown in the presence of oxygen, chlorine, iodine or indium. The results indicate that in many samples the emission spectrum is a superposition of two separate spectra, associated with two distinct recombination routes. The results are interpreted to indicate that sulphur vacancies introduce an energy level 0.14 eV from a band edge, and sulphur interstitials a level at 0.17 eV. Substitutional indium gives rise to a level 0.15 eV from a band edge.
A nuclear cap-binding complex facilitates association of U1 snRNP with the cap-proximal 5' splice site. (1996)

The mechanism by which intron-containing RNAs are recognized by the splicing machinery is only partly understood. A nuclear cap-binding complex (CBC), which specifically recognizes the monomethyl guanosine cap structure carried by RNA polymerase II transcripts, has previously been shown to play a role in pre-mRNA splicing. Using a combination of splicing complex and psoralen cross-linking analysis we demonstrate that CBC is required for efficient recognition of the 5' splice site by U1 snRNP during formation of E (early) complex on a pre-mRNA containing a single intron. However, in a pre-mRNA containing two introns, CBC is not required for splicing of the cap distal intron. In this case, the presence of an intact polypyrimidine tract in the cap-proximal intron renders splicing of the cap-distal intron independent of CBC. These results support models in which the splice sites in a pre-mRNA are originally recognized by interactions spanning exons. The defects in splicing and U1 snRNP binding caused by CBC depletion can be specifically reversed by recombinant CBC. In summary, efficient recognition of the cap-proximal 5' splice site by U1 snRNP is facilitated by CBC in what may be one of the earliest steps in pre-mRNA recognition. Data in Colot et al. (this issue) indicate that this function of CBC is conserved in humans and yeast.
Promotion of cyclic electron transport around photosystem I during the evolution of <scp>NADP</scp>–malic enzyme‐type <scp>C</scp><sub>4</sub> photosynthesis in the genus <i><scp>F</scp>laveria</i> (2013)

Summary C 4 plants display higher cyclic electron transport activity than C 3 plants. This activity is suggested to be important for the production of ATP s required for C 4 metabolism. To understand the process by which photosystem I ( PSI ) cyclic electron transport was promoted during C 4 evolution, we conducted comparative analyses of the functionality of PSI cyclic electron transport among members of the genus F laveria , which contains several C 3 , C 3 – C 4 intermediate, C 4 ‐like and C 4 species. The abundance of NDH ‐ H , a subunit of NADH dehydrogenase‐like complex, increased markedly in bundle sheath cells with the activity of the C 4 cycle. By contrast, PROTON GRADIENT REGULATION 5 ( PGR 5) and PGR 5‐ LIKE 1 increased in both mesophyll and bundle sheath cells in C 4 ‐like F laveria palmeri and C 4 species. Grana stacks were drastically reduced in bundle sheath chloroplasts of C 4 ‐like F . palmeri and C 4 species; these species showed a marked increase in PSI cyclic electron transport activity. These results suggest that both the expression of proteins involved in PSI cyclic electron transport and changes in thylakoid structure contribute to the high activity of cyclic electron flow in NADP –malic enzyme‐type C 4 photosynthesis. We propose that these changes were important for the establishment of C 4 photosynthesis from C 3 – C 4 intermediate photosynthesis in F laveria .
Effect of Er: YAG laser holes on osteoinduction in demineralized rat calvarial allografts (1996)

Massive cortical autografts and allografts have been found to incorporate into host bone very slowly and thus are subject to complications such as fatigue fracture and infection. In order to understand and improve the process of osteogenesis in these types of bone grafts, a new experimental model was developed using bone discs from rat calvaria prepared by demineralization and drilling of 0.5 mm diameter holes with a pulsed, 2.94 microns wavelength Erbium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet laser. Four types of bone discs were analyzed: untreated (Type I), demineralized (Type II), laser-ablated (Type III), and laser-ablated then demineralized (Type IV). The discs were transplanted into a subcutaneous site in adult Sprague-Dawley rats and followed for as long as 6 weeks. Histologic analysis of the discs at weekly intervals with use of hematoxylin and eosin staining confirmed the presence of new bone growth in Type-II and Type-IV discs. The amount of new bone growth in each disc was estimated by determining the mineral x-ray attenuation coefficient, which is proportional to mineral density, from digitized radiographs of the discs. The results showed that the processes of demineralization (P < 0.001) and laser ablation with demineralization (p < 0.05) were both significant in enhancing new bone growth in this model. This study demonstrated that osteoinduction can be fostered in cortical bone through the processes of demineralization and laser ablation. To the extent that laser ablation may allow maintenance of structural integrity while altering the surface geometry in such a way as to promote ingrowth of new bone, this experimental model represents an advance in understanding how osteogenesis in cortical bone grafts might be improved.
Design and realization of a discretely loaded resistive vee dipole for ground‐penetrating radars (2004)

A discretely loaded resistive vee dipole (RVD) is designed and realized for use in ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) applications. The RVD is a good antenna for GPR applications because it can radiate a temporally short pulse into a small spot on the ground, and its low radar cross section mostly eliminates the multiple reflections between the surface of the ground and the antenna. The antenna presented in this paper is printed on a circuit board and is discretely loaded with off‐the‐shelf surface‐mount chip resistors. The resulting structure is easy and inexpensive to manufacture and is mechanically stable. The realized antenna is measured in terms of the radiated field and the reflected voltage in the feeding transmission line. The results are compared with those of the antenna with the same resistive loading without substrate. The effects of the transmission line impedance on the performance of the antenna are also presented.
Patterned planar array immunosensor for multianalyte detection (1997)

A fluorescence-based immunosensor using a charge-coupled device (CCD) as a detector has been developed for detecting multiple analytes within small (150 ml) sample volumes. Wells approximately 2 mm in diameter were patterned onto glass coverslips using a photoactivated optical adhesive. In a model detection system, four different antigens were covalently attached to the bottoms of these wells, and the polymer subsequently removed to form the sensing surface. The coverslips were mounted over a scientific grade CCD operating at ambient temperature in inverted (multipin phasing) mode. A two-dimensional graded index of refraction (GRIN) lens array was used to focus the sensing surface onto the CCD. Solutions of fluorescently labeled antibodies were then placed on the coverslip, and the amount of antibody bound at each location on the coverslip was determined by quantitative image analysis. Concentrations as low as 50 ng/ml of Cy5-labeled antibodies could be detected using the sensor. The small footprint and minimal system requirements of the design should facilitate its incorporation into portable biosensors.
Horizontal Cracking in Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavements (2004)

Report of the findings on a study to identify the mechanism of horizontal cracking (HC) in continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP) due to environmental loading (temperature and moisture variations).
ACE: building interactive graphical applications (1993)

article Free Access Share on ACE: building interactive graphical applications Authors: Jeff A. Johnson Hewlett-Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CA Hewlett-Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CAView Profile , Bonnie A. Nardi Hewlett-Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CA Hewlett-Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CAView Profile , Craig L. Zarmer Hewlett-Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CA Hewlett-Packard Labs, Palo Alto, CAView Profile , James R. Miller Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, CA Apple Computer, Inc., Cupertino, CAView Profile Authors Info & Claims Communications of the ACMVolume 36Issue 4April 1993 pp 40–55https://doi.org/10.1145/255950.153576Published:01 April 1993Publication History 39citation781DownloadsMetricsTotal Citations39Total Downloads781Last 12 Months6Last 6 weeks2 Get Citation AlertsNew Citation Alert added!This alert has been successfully added and will be sent to:You will be notified whenever a record that you have chosen has been cited.To manage your alert preferences, click on the button below.Manage my Alerts New Citation Alert!Please log in to your account Save to BinderSave to BinderCreate a New BinderNameCancelCreateExport CitationPublisher SiteeReaderPDF
DeltaGrad: Rapid retraining of machine learning models (2020)

Machine learning models are not static and may need to be retrained on slightly changed datasets, for instance, with the addition or deletion of a set of data points. This has many applications, including privacy, robustness, bias reduction, and uncertainty quantifcation. However, it is expensive to retrain models from scratch. To address this problem, we propose the DeltaGrad algorithm for rapid retraining machine learning models based on information cached during the training phase. We provide both theoretical and empirical support for the effectiveness of DeltaGrad, and show that it compares favorably to the state of the art.