gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Explaining the Behavior of Black-Box Prediction Algorithms with Causal Learning (2020)

Causal approaches to post-hoc explainability for black-box prediction models (e.g., deep neural networks trained on image pixel data) have become increasingly popular. However, existing approaches have two important shortcomings: (i) the "explanatory units" are micro-level inputs into the relevant prediction model, e.g., image pixels, rather than interpretable macro-level features that are more useful for understanding how to possibly change the algorithm's behavior, and (ii) existing approaches assume there exists no unmeasured confounding between features and target model predictions, which fails to hold when the explanatory units are macro-level variables. Our focus is on the important setting where the analyst has no access to the inner workings of the target prediction algorithm, rather only the ability to query the output of the model in response to a particular input. To provide causal explanations in such a setting, we propose to learn causal graphical representations that allow for arbitrary unmeasured confounding among features. We demonstrate the resulting graph can differentiate between interpretable features that causally influence model predictions versus those that are merely associated with model predictions due to confounding. Our approach is motivated by a counterfactual theory of causal explanation wherein good explanations point to factors that are "difference-makers" in an interventionist sense.
Controlling a Web-based workflow system (2002)

An experimental workflow system is controlled so that its performance may be brought into line with strategic goals. This system is based on a single intelligent agent that manages the workflows. This single component represents both organisational rules and cultural factors, as well as the state of the decision making environment. This experimental system manages the processing of applications received by a university department from potential research students. This workflow involves decision making by the majority of its users. These decisions are recorded together with a confidence factor in that decision. These confidence factors are combined to give an overall confidence to the end product of a workflow that is either "accept the applicant" or "reject the applicant". The performance of the system is brought into line with strategic goals by adjusting the thresholds for the confidence values. Overall performance measures include the quality of processing and the cost of processing. This particular application was selected because it involves decision making in a range of different types of interaction with the players that interact with the system. This experimental system uses no physical documents. Interactive documents are available on the World Wide Web; 'read only' documents are sent by electronic mail. Principles for designing intelligent workflow systems have emerged from this experiment. As a result of this experiment a second version of this intelligent workflow system is being constructed in a distributed, multi-agent environment. Workflow systems admit considerable flexibility in the formation of decision making structures including structures that cannot be realised in traditional systems.
Micro- and nanoengineering approaches to control stem cell-biomaterial interactions. (2011)

As our population ages, there is a greater need for a suitable supply of engineered tissues to address a range of debilitating ailments. Stem cell based therapies are envisioned to meet this emerging need. Despite significant progress in controlling stem cell differentiation, it is still difficult to engineer human tissue constructs for transplantation. Recent advances in micro- and nanofabrication techniques have enabled the design of more biomimetic biomaterials that may be used to direct the fate of stem cells. These biomaterials could have a significant impact on the next generation of stem cell based therapies. Here, we highlight the recent progress made by micro- and nanoengineering techniques in the biomaterials field in the context of directing stem cell differentiation. Particular attention is given to the effect of surface topography, chemistry, mechanics and micro- and nanopatterns on the differentiation of embryonic, mesenchymal and neural stem cells.
PV Water Pumping System Using a Current-Fed Parallel Resonant Push-Pull Inverter for Rural Area Applications (2004)

This paper presents the analysis of a water pumping system from photovoltaic cells using a current-fed parallel resonant push-pull inverter, for residential applications in rural areas. The structure of the power circuit is particularly simple and robust. It works in a ZVS commutation. Its main features are: one power processing stage, simple control strategy, low harmonic distortion of the load voltage, and natural isolation. The principle of operation, design procedure and experimental results are presented.
Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Biaryl Cyclic Peptides Containing a 3‐Aryltyrosine (2012)

Abstract A concise and efficient solid‐phase synthesis of biaryl cyclic peptides containing a Phe–Tyr or a Tyr–Tyr linkage has been accomplished. The key steps include a Miyaura borylation of a resin‐bound 3‐iodotyrosine and a microwave‐assisted Suzuki–Miyaura reaction for the formation of the macrocycle. First, the feasibility of the solid‐phase Miyaura borylation of a 3‐iodotyrosyltripeptide was established. Then, the Suzuki–Miyaura reaction was applied to the cross‐coupling of linear 3‐boronotyrosine‐containing peptidyl resins with iodobenzene and with halogenated aromatic amino acids. Finally, this methodology was extended to the synthesis of biaryl cyclic peptides through the preparation of a linear peptidyl resin containing both the required boronate and halogenated derivatives, followed by a microwave‐assisted Suzuki–Miyaura macrocyclization.
Support vector machine regression (SVR/LS-SVM)—an alternative to neural networks (ANN) for analytical chemistry? Comparison of nonlinear methods on near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy data (2011)

In this study, we make a general comparison of the accuracy and robustness of five multivariate calibration models: partial least squares (PLS) regression or projection to latent structures, polynomial partial least squares (Poly-PLS) regression, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and two novel techniques based on support vector machines (SVMs) for multivariate data analysis: support vector regression (SVR) and least-squares support vector machines (LS-SVMs). The comparison is based on fourteen (14) different datasets: seven sets of gasoline data (density, benzene content, and fractional composition/boiling points), two sets of ethanol gasoline fuel data (density and ethanol content), one set of diesel fuel data (total sulfur content), three sets of petroleum (crude oil) macromolecules data (weight percentages of asphaltenes, resins, and paraffins), and one set of petroleum resins data (resins content). Vibrational (near-infrared, NIR) spectroscopic data are used to predict the properties and quality coefficients of gasoline, biofuel/biodiesel, diesel fuel, and other samples of interest. The four systems presented here range greatly in composition, properties, strength of intermolecular interactions (e.g., van der Waals forces, H-bonds), colloid structure, and phase behavior. Due to the high diversity of chemical systems studied, general conclusions about SVM regression methods can be made. We try to answer the following question: to what extent can SVM-based techniques replace ANN-based approaches in real-world (industrial/scientific) applications? The results show that both SVR and LS-SVM methods are comparable to ANNs in accuracy. Due to the much higher robustness of the former, the SVM-based approaches are recommended for practical (industrial) application. This has been shown to be especially true for complicated, highly nonlinear objects.
Theoretical Study of the CH···O Interaction in Fluoromethanes·H<sub>2</sub>O and Chloromethanes·H<sub>2</sub>O Complexes (2001)

MP2/6-31+G(d,p) calculations are used to analyze the CH···O interaction between XnH 3-nCH (n = 1, 2, 3, X = F, Cl) as proton donors and H2O as acceptor. Only the constrained linear structures are considered, although they do not correspond, for the CH3X and CH2X2 complexes, to any global minima on the potential energy surface. The interaction energies range from 0.29 to 3.68 kcal mol-1 and are correlated to the intermolecular H···O distances and the acidities of the proton donors, similar to conventional OH···O hydrogen bonds. Interaction with H2O results in a contraction of the CH bond and an elongation of the external CH and CX ones. The CH stretching vibrations are analyzed for the fully or partially deuterated isotopomers in order to decouple them from the other vibrational modes. The CH(D) stretching vibrations are blue-shifted and the CH(D) stretching vibrations of the external CH bonds are red-shifted. Linear correlations are established between the shifts of the CH(D) stretching vibrations and the variations of the distances in the corresponding CH bonds. Complex formation results in a substantial decrease in intensity of the CH(D) stretching vibrations in the methane or fluoromethanes complexes and an increase in intensity in the chloromethanes complexes. In all the studied complexes, the charge transfer from the proton acceptor to the proton donor goes mainly to the lone pair of the X atom(s). By analogy with the conventional hydrogen bonds, there is also an increase in the population of the recipient antibonding molecular orbital, in the present case the σ*(CH) orbital. The interaction energies are correlated to the percentage of s character of the CH bonds in the isolated monomers. The results suggest that the interaction in the CH···O and OH···O systems is characterized by several similar properties, in relatively good agreement with the statements of Gu, Kar and Scheiner (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1999, 121, 9411). In many aspects, the CHCl3·H2O complex appears as a precursor of the standard hydrogen bonds.
<i>TRICHOME BIREFRINGENCE</i>and Its Homolog<i>AT5G01360</i>Encode Plant-Specific DUF231 Proteins Required for Cellulose Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis     (2010)

The Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) trichome birefringence (tbr) mutant has severely reduced crystalline cellulose in trichomes, but the molecular nature of TBR was unknown. We determined TBR to belong to the plant-specific DUF231 domain gene family comprising 46 members of unknown function in Arabidopsis. The genes harbor another plant-specific domain, called the TBL domain, which contains a conserved GDSL motif known from some esterases/lipases. TBR and TBR-like3 (TBL3) are transcriptionally coordinated with primary and secondary CELLULOSE SYNTHASE (CESA) genes, respectively. The tbr and tbl3 mutants hold lower levels of crystalline cellulose and have altered pectin composition in trichomes and stems, respectively, tissues generally thought to contain mainly secondary wall crystalline cellulose. In contrast, primary wall cellulose levels remain unchanged in both mutants as measured in etiolated tbr and tbl3 hypocotyls, while the amount of esterified pectins is reduced and pectin methylesterase activity is increased in this tissue. Furthermore, etiolated tbr hypocotyls have reduced length with swollen epidermal cells, a phenotype characteristic for primary cesa mutants or the wild type treated with cellulose synthesis inhibitors. Taken together, we show that two TBL genes contribute to the synthesis and deposition of secondary wall cellulose, presumably by influencing the esterification state of pectic polymers.
Polyethylene Glycolated Recombinant TNF Receptor I Improves Insulitis and Reduces Incidence of Spontaneous and Cyclophosphamide-Accelerated Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice (2002)

We have conducted three studies to examine the role of TNFalpha in islet destruction in female nonobese diabetic mouse (NOD) mice, a model of human autoimmune diabetes, using polyethylene glycolated (PEGylated) soluble TNF receptor type I (PEG sTNF-RI) as TNFalpha antagonist. PEG sTNF-RI (3 mg/kg, sc) was given every other day to NOD mice from age wk 8 for 12 wk (study 1), from age wk 12 for 8 wk (study 2), or from age wk 8 for 3 wk, with cyclophosphamide (6 mg/mouse) injected at wk 9 to accelerate the onset of diabetes (study 3). Diabetic incidence was reduced (control vs. PEG sTNF-RI) from 68.7% (11 of 16) to 18.3% (3 of 16) in study 1, from 84.6% (11 of 13) to 28.5% (4 of 14) in study 2, and from 66.6% (8 of 12) to 23.1% (3 of 13) in study 3, respectively. The incidence of insulitis was also reduced from 91.6% (11 of 12) to 12.5% (2 of 16) in study 1 and from 100% (7 of 7) to 16.6% (2 of 12) in study 2 by PEG sTNF-RI. PEG sTNF-RI also largely preserved islet insulin content, reduced mRNA of inducible nitric oxide synthase and IL-6 in pancreases, and lowered plasma corticosterone, glycerol, and free fatty acid levels. These results confirm a pathogenic role of TNFalpha in mediating insulitis in NOD mice and suggest the prophylactic and therapeutic potential of PEG sTNF-RI for human autoimmune diabetes.
Transvenous Pulmonary Embolectomy by Catheter Device (1971)

Creenfield, Lazar J. M.D.; Bruce, Thomas A. M.D.; Nichols, Ned B. M.D. Author Information
Hybrid Quantum Well/Quantum Dot Structure for Broad Spectral Bandwidth Emitters (2012)

We report a hybrid quantum well (QW)/quantum dot active element for an application in broadband sources. These structures consist of an InGaAs QW and six InAs dot-in-well (DWELL) layers. The single QW is designed to emit at a wavelength coincident with the second excited state of the quantum dot. We compare two hybrid QW/quantum dot samples where the QW position is changed, and show that carrier transport effects make QW placement very important through current-voltage, capacitance-voltage, photocurrent, and temperature-dependent spontaneous emission measurements. Using the optimal structure, due to the combined effects of quantum dot ground states, first excited state, and QW emission, a positive modal gain spanning ~300 nm is achieved for the segmented contact device. The values for modal gain are further confirmed by simultaneous three-state lasing, which is studied spectroscopically. Finally, a hybrid QW/quantum dot superluminescent diode (SLD) is reported; the device exhibits a 3 dB emission spectrum of 213 nm, centered at 1230 nm with a corresponding output power of 1.1 mW. The hybrid SLD is then assessed for an application in an optical coherence tomography system; an axial resolution of ~4 μm is predicted.
The four-carbon elongation of aldehydo sugars using 2-(trimethylsiloxy)furan: a butenolide route to higher monosaccharides (1990)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe four-carbon elongation of aldehydo sugars using 2-(trimethylsiloxy)furan: a butenolide route to higher monosaccharidesGiovanni Casiraghi, Lino Colombo, Gloria Rassu, and Pietro SpanuCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 9, 2565–2567Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1990Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1990https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00296a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00296a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views257Altmetric-Citations36LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (1)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Behavioural evidence for polarization vision in crickets (1987)

ABSTRACT. Tethered field crickets, Gryllus campestris L., walking on an air‐suspended bail exhibit a spontaneous response to the e‐vector of polarized light presented from above: E‐vector orientation controls strength and direction of turning tendency. Experiments in which different eye regions are covered with paint suggest that this response is mediated by the anatomically and physiologically specialized dorsal rim area of the compound eye. We conclude that crickets have polarization vision and that the dorsal rim area of the eye plays a key role in this sensory capacity.
A Microtransceiver for UHF Proximity Links Including Mars Surface-to-Orbit Applications (2007)

A low-volume low-mass low-power ultra-high-frequency radio transceiver for future planetary missions is described. The project targets a volume of less than 10 , mass of less than 50 grams, and power consumption of 50 mW on receive and 100 mW, 300 mW, or 3 W on transmit (for 10 mW, 100 mW, and 1 W output options). The transmitter design supports convolutionally coded binary phase-shift keying (BPSK), RC-BPSK, and quadrature phase-shift keying transmission from 1 to 256 kbps. Command/control instructions can be received at 2 or 8 kbps, with a sensitivity of better than 120 dBm. In addition to its low volume/mass/power features, temperature compensation to 100 C and radiation tolerance to 100 krad allow operation outside of thermally controlled, shielded enclosures, further reducing the mass and complexity of exploration vehicles. The design is described in a top-down format, beginning with system requirements and proceeding through digital modem algorithm development, discussion of the silicon-on-sapphire CMOS process used and elaboration of key blocks in the radio-frequency (RF) integrated circuit design. Techniques to address coupling between high-sensitivity RF and on-chip digital circuits are also presented, and test results are given for prototypes of all major functions. Although designed for the Martian environment, the transceiver is expected to be useful in other proximity links where a small low-power radio compatible with Prox-1 space-link protocols is desired.
Solvent-Dictated Lithium Sulfur Redox Reactions: An Operando UV–vis Spectroscopic Study (2016)

Fundamental understanding of solvent's influence on Li-S redox reactions is required for rational design of electrolyte for Li-S batteries. Here we employ operando UV-vis spectroscopy to reveal that Li-S redox reactions in high-donor-number solvents, for example, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), undergo multiple electrochemical and chemical reactions involving S8(2-), S6(2-), S4(2-), and S3(•-), where S3(•-) is the most stable and dominant reaction intermediate. In low-donor-number solvents, for example, 1,3-dioxolane:1,2-dimethoxyethane, the dominant reaction intermediate, is found to be S4(2-). The stability of these main polysulfide intermediates determines the reaction rates of the disproportionation/dissociation/recombination of polysulfides and thereby affects the reaction rates of the Li-S batteries. As an example, we show that dimethylformamide, a high-donor-number solvent, which exhibits stronger stabilization of S3(•-) compared with DMSO, significantly reduces Li-S cell polarization compared with DMSO. Our study reveals solvent-dependent Li-S reaction pathways and highlights the role of polysulfide stability in the efficiency of Li-S batteries.
General features of resource-Renewable BWR (RBWR) and scenario of long-term energy supply (1995)

A Resource-Renewable BWR (RBWR) secures long-term energy supply by proven BWR technology under the condition that power generation cost and safety are at current BWR level. The RBWR attaining a breeding ratio of 1.0 and negative void coefficient is realized by the combination of a hexagonal tight lattice fuel bundle, a core-average void fraction of 65 %, a reduction in a core height and so on. Since the steam quality at exit of the core is kept to 40 % or less, the materials to be used is made same to those of BWR and a distillation function by boiling can be maintained to confine radio-activated materials within a pressure vessel. The RBWR is efficient in ensuring actinide transmutation and nuclear non-proliferation. (authors) 7 refs.
Safety and Pharmacology of Ponezumab (PF-04360365) After a Single 10-Minute Intravenous Infusion in Subjects With Mild to Moderate Alzheimer Disease (2013)

Administration of ponezumab as a 10-minute infusion was safe and well tolerated and produced effects on plasma Aβ species comparable with a 2-hour infusion. Shorter infusions may provide more flexibility, comfort, and convenience for patients and caregivers.
Demineralization of Saline Water with Solar Energy (1954)

It is entirely logical that solar radiation has been considered a
promising source of energy for the production of fresh water from salt
water. In the first place, substantially all the fresh water which
exists on the earth's surface is produced by solar evaporation of sea
water in the familiar natural process. Water, vaporized from the seas
by the absorption of solar energy on the ocean's surface, is carried by
the wind over the surface of the earth, condensed to rain or snow as a
result of temperature changes, and deposited on the ground where it
eventually drains back to the sea.
Promotion of Development of Bovine Embryos Produced In Vitro by Addition of Cysteine and β-Mercaptoethanol to a Chemically Defined Culture System (1998)

The aim of this research was to determine the effects of L-cysteine and beta-mercaptoethanol on the in vitro development of bovine embryos that had been produced in vitro. A 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to evaluate the effect of 0.63 or 6.9 microM L-cysteine and 0, 10, or 100 microM beta-mercaptoethanol on the development of bovine embryos in a chemically defined medium. Embryos containing 6 to 8 cells were randomly allocated to one of the six treatment combinations and were cultured for 7 d. Both beta-mercaptoethanol and L-cysteine increased the number of embryos that reached the blastocyst stage of development, although no interaction was observed between the compounds. Embryos that were cultured in the presence of beta-mercaptoethanol had more cells at the blastocyst stage than did embryos cultured in medium without beta-mercaptoethanol. These findings provide evidence that beta-mercaptoethanol and L-cysteine promote increased embryonic development and that beta-mercaptoethanol increases the number of cells in bovine embryos produced in vitro and cultured in a cell-free, protein-free culture system.
A mood-based music classification and exploration system (2007)

Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, School of Architecture and Planning, Program in Media Arts and Sciences, 2007.
Photometric Procedure for Determining Esterase Activity (1957)

Abstract A procedure for determining the esterase content of biologic tissues and fluids has been presented. Fatty acid esters of 2-naphthol are employed as substrates. The 2-naphthol liberated by hydrolysis is coupled with a diazonium salt to form an azo dye, the concentration of which is estimated photometrically. Distinctive features of this method are (1) the use of Brij 35 to prepare nonopalescent solutions of substrate,(2) the adjustment of pH to ensure complete formation of the azo dye, and (3) the solubilizing of the azo dye by adding sodium hydroxide. This assay procedure is sensitive to very small amounts of esterase, and the stability of its color is excellent if proper precautions are taken.