gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Addressing thrombogenicity in vascular graft construction (2006)

Thrombosis is a major cause of poor patency in synthetic vascular grafts for small diameter vessel (< 6 mm) bypass. Arteries have a host of structural mechanisms by which they prevent triggering of platelet activation and the clotting cascade. Many of these are present in vascular endothelial cells. These mechanisms act together with perpetual feedback at different levels, providing a constantly fine-tuned non-thrombogenic environment. The arterial wall anatomy also serves to promote thrombosis as a healing mechanism when it has been severely injured. Surface modification of synthetic graft surfaces to attenuate the coagulation cascade has reduced thrombosis levels and improved patency in vitro and in animal models. Success in this endeavor is critically dependent on the methods used to modify the surface. Platelets adhere to positively charged surfaces due to their own negative charge. They also preferentially attach to hydrophobic surfaces. Therefore synthetic graft development is concerned with hydrophilic materials with negative surface charge. However, fibrinogen has both hydrophilic and hydrophobic binding sites-amphiphilic materials reduce its adhesion and subsequent platelet activation. The self-endothelializing synthetic graft is an attractive proposition as a confluent endothelial layer incorporates many of the anti-thrombogenic properties of arteries. Surface modification to promote this has shown good results in animal models. The difficulties experienced in achieving spontaneous endothelialisation in humans have lead to the investigation of pre-implantation in vitro endothelial cell seeding. These approaches ultimately aim to result in novel synthetic grafts which are anti-thrombogenic and hence suitable for coronary and distal infrainguinal bypass.
A Solution‐Processed Hole Extraction Layer Made from Ultrathin MoS<sub>2</sub> Nanosheets for Efficient Organic Solar Cells (2013)

Room-temperature solution-processed ultrathin 2D MoS2 nanosheets are integrated into organic solar cells as an efficient hole extraction layer. An enhanced power conversion efficiency of 8.11% is achieved, which is superior to that of traditional vacuum-evaporated molybdenum oxide. As a service to our authors and readers, this journal provides supporting information supplied by the authors. Such materials are peer reviewed and may be re-organized for online delivery, but are not copy-edited or typeset. Technical support issues arising from supporting information (other than missing files) should be addressed to the authors. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Multichannel Wavelength Multiplexing In Single Mode Optical Fibers (1988)

Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), a method for combining a multiplicity of different wavelength signals onto a single optical fiber, is finding increasing usage in optical fiber communications systems. Most commonly, WDM's are used in long haul communications to increase the transmission capacity on trunks, and in datacomm applications where high-isolation, bi-directional transmission is required.
Electroencephalography during functional echo-planar imaging: Detection of epileptic spikes using post-processing methods (2000)

EEG has been used to trigger functional MRI of patients with focal epilepsy, but EEG can be obscured by artifacts during MR data acquisition, and no continuous correlation of EEG and MRI has been possible without limiting the image time. Artifacts caused by an MRI sequence were investigated in five healthy subjects, and an EEG of five patients with epileptic discharges was recorded during echo-planar imaging. All interfering frequencies in the EEG were discrete and defined by loop structures in the MRI sequence. In post-processing of the EEG interfering frequencies were automatically detected by comparing the frequency spectra of the EEG recorded before and during imaging. After elimination of interfering frequencies by filters in the time domain or by Fourier transform, reliable spike detection in the EEG recorded during MR data acquisition became feasible, without loss of EEG quality.
NK Cells Eliminate <i>Cryptococcus neoformans</i> by Potentiating the Fungicidal Activity of Macrophages Rather than by Directly Killing Them upon Stimulation with IL‐12 and IL‐18 (2000)

In the present study, we examined whether natural killer (NK) cells have direct fungicidal activity against Cryptococcus neoformans. Splenic NK cells were obtained from SCID mice and stimulated with a combination of interleukin (IL)-12 and IL-18 in flat culture plates or round tubes. They were then or at the same time cultured with the yeast cells and the number of viable yeast cells was examined. We could not detect direct fungicidal activity by NK cells under any culture condition, although they produced a large amount of IFN-gamma and exerted marked cytotoxic activity against YAC-1 cells. On the other hand, NK cells significantly potentiated the nitric oxide-mediated cryptococcocidal activity of thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages obtained from SCID mice upon stimulation with IL-12 and IL-18. The culture supernatants of NK cells stimulated with IL-12 and IL-18 provided similar results when used in place of NK cells. The induction of macrophage anticryptococcal activity by NK cells and NK cell culture supernatants were both mediated by IFN-gamma because the specific mAb almost completely abrogated such effect. Considered collectively, our results suggested that NK cells may play a regulatory role in potentiating macrophage-mediated fungicidal mechanisms in host resistance to infection with C. neoformans rather than exerting a direct killing activity against the fungal pathogen.
5 GHz Bow-tie-shaped Meander Slot Antenna (2002)

In this paper, we propose a bow-tie-shaped meander slot antenna fed by a microstrip line to achieve compact size as well as wideband characteristic. While conventional bow-tie slot antennas exhibit wide band characteristic, they have relatively large. On the other hand, the meander slot antennas are very small, but they reveal quite narrow bandwidth (typically less than 1%). To realize miniaturized antennas having large bandwidth, combination of the bow-tie slot and the meander slot geometries is proposed in the paper. Theoretical results show that the proposed antenna with uniform slot width is 65.5% smaller than that of the conventional bow-tie antenna in size, while the bandwidth is 3 times larger than that of the meander slot antenna. Moreover, the non-uniform slot width antenna shows 60% smaller in size and about 3.5 times wider in bandwidth than the previous antennas. Measured antenna performance reveals excellent agreement with the predicted values.
Creation and Manipulation of Three-Dimensional Optically Trapped Structures (2002)

An interferometric pattern between two annular laser beams is used to construct three-dimensional (3D) trapped structures within an optical tweezers setup. In addition to being fully translatable in three dimensions, the trapped structure can be rotated controllably and continuously by introducing a frequency difference between the two laser beams. These interference patterns could play an important role in the creation of extended 3D crystalline structures.
18F-FET PET compared with 18F-FDG PET and CT in patients with head and neck cancer. (2006)

18F-FET may not replace 18F-FDG in the PET diagnostics of head and neck cancer but may be a helpful additional tool in selected patients, because 18F-FET PET might better differentiate tumor tissue from inflammatory tissue. The sensitivity of 18F-FET PET in SCC, however, was inferior to that of 18F-FDG PET because of lower SUVs.
Crystallization and Oxidation of Kilauea Basalt Glass: Processes during Reheating Experiments (2001)

Crystallization and oxidation are usually considered as a consequence of cooling and emplacement of a magma, whereas little is known about crystallization upon reheating. However, the common eruption of basalt on the Earth and other rocky planetary bodies results in reheating at the interface. To explore the range of possible processes of crystallization and oxidation, reheating experiments were carried out on basalt glass from Kilauea in air and in argon atmosphere. In air, interface-controlled crystallization starts with the formation of pyroxene dendrites and Fe–Ti oxides at their apices below 840°C. Above 920°C, crystallization of the bulk glass occurs and includes in addition growth of plagioclase. In argon, the growth of only pyroxene is observed between 850 and 936°C. Crystallization is interface controlled below 890°C, and occurs within the bulk above 890°C. On the basis of T-dependent studies of the formation of Fe3+ (detected by Mössbauer spectroscopy), ΔG of oxidation is estimated to −105 and −67 kJ/mol (± 7 kJ/mol) for glass chunks and powder, respectively. The activation energy is 100 kJ/mol for glass chunks, and 32 and 20 kJ/mol for powders, below and above the glass transition temperature, respectively. However, oxidation does not involve an exchange with the environmental atmosphere, as shown by the constant δ18O (4·6–5·8 ± 0·2‰) for any reheating below the liquidus. Significant cation diffusion of mainly Ca2+ to the sample–air interface forming lime (rather than anion diffusion of O2− into the sample), may account for the charge balance and explain at least the high rate of surface oxidation. Although the extent of diffusion processes to the sample’s interior cannot be observed (but is at least 80 μm) because of overlapping effects by crystallization, an increase in cationic mobility, dependent on the oxygen gradient between sample and environmental atmosphere, might be the reason for an increasing degree of crystallization observed.
CU Splitting on Frame Boundary for Arbitrary Resolution Video in HEVC (2011)

A highly flexible quadtree structure has been introduced in the latest high efficient video coding (HEVC) to efficiently represent video content. However, the performance of the quadtre structure would be impaired when the video resolution is not an integral multiply of the largest coding unit (CU). To address this, a new CU splitting method on the frame boundary for arbitrary resolution video is proposed to improve the coding efficiency of HEVC. This method introduces the non-square CU to extend the CU candidate set on the frame boundary when the video resolution is not an integral multiple of the largest CU size. Simulation results show that the proposed method can reduce the coding bit rate by up to 0.76% compared with the original TMuC 0.9 reference software.
Growth and characterization of dilute nitride GaNxP1−x nanowires and GaNxP1−x/GaNyP1−y core/shell nanowires on Si (111) by gas source molecular beam epitaxy (2014)

We have demonstrated self-catalyzed GaNxP1−x and GaNxP1−x/GaNyP1−y core/shell nanowire growth by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy. The growth window for GaNxP1−x nanowires was observed to be comparable to that of GaP nanowires (∼585 °C to ∼615 °C). Transmission electron microscopy showed a mixture of cubic zincblende phase and hexagonal wurtzite phase along the [111] growth direction in GaNxP1−x nanowires. A temperature-dependent photoluminescence (PL) study performed on GaNxP1−x/GaNyP1−y core/shell nanowires exhibited an S-shape dependence of the PL peaks. This suggests that at low temperature, the emission stems from N-related localized states below the conduction band edge in the shell, while at high temperature, the emission stems from band-to-band transition in the shell as well as recombination in the GaNxP1−x core.
A pipelined architecture for partitioned DWT based lossy image compression using FPGA's (2001)

Discrete wavelet transformations (DWT) followed by embedded zerotree encoding is a very efficient technique for image compression \cite{TenLectures, Shapiro, Spiht}. However, the algorithms proposed in literature assume random access to the whole image. This makes the algorithms unsuitable for hardware solutions because of extensive access to external memory. Here, we present an efficient architecture for computing DWT of images, which is based on a partitioned approach for lossy image compression~\cite{Ritter}. The architecture achieves its computational power by using pipelining and taking advantage of the flexible memory configurations available in FPGA's.
Large Inverted Duplications in the Human Genome Form via a Fold-Back Mechanism (2014)

Inverted duplications are a common type of copy number variation (CNV) in germline and somatic genomes. Large duplications that include many genes can lead to both neurodevelopmental phenotypes in children and gene amplifications in tumors. There are several models for inverted duplication formation, most of which include a dicentric chromosome intermediate followed by breakage-fusion-bridge (BFB) cycles, but the mechanisms that give rise to the inverted dicentric chromosome in most inverted duplications remain unknown. Here we have combined high-resolution array CGH, custom sequence capture, next-generation sequencing, and long-range PCR to analyze the breakpoints of 50 nonrecurrent inverted duplications in patients with intellectual disability, autism, and congenital anomalies. For half of the rearrangements in our study, we sequenced at least one breakpoint junction. Sequence analysis of breakpoint junctions reveals a normal-copy disomic spacer between inverted and non-inverted copies of the duplication. Further, short inverted sequences are present at the boundary of the disomic spacer and the inverted duplication. These data support a mechanism of inverted duplication formation whereby a chromosome with a double-strand break intrastrand pairs with itself to form a "fold-back" intermediate that, after DNA replication, produces a dicentric inverted chromosome with a disomic spacer corresponding to the site of the fold-back loop. This process can lead to inverted duplications adjacent to terminal deletions, inverted duplications juxtaposed to translocations, and inverted duplication ring chromosomes.
Concepts about Diet and Cancer of Highly Educated Korean Young Parents Residing America (1992)

This study examined Korean young parents' current concept about diet and cancer to plan a proper communication strategy about nutrition education for cancer risk reduction. The naturalistic study using in-depth open ended interviews was conducted to identify Korean young parents' concepts about diet and cancer. Fourteen Korean husbands and wives were interviewed, All interviews were tape recorded and concept maps were developed from their tape-recordings for analysis. Most interviewees believed that certain kinds of food or diet increase or decrease cancer risk. However some interviewees did not believe that food or diet can prevent cancer. most interviewees believed that KIorean's salty and hot diet was related to the prevalence of stomach cancer,. They also believed that meat fresh smoked or cured processed food and excessive fat intake increase the risk for cancer but vegetables and fruits decrease it They believed that grilling and barbecuing increase cancer risk Some interviewees believed that certain nutrients (Zn. Se) and food(soybean paste mushroom garlic ginseng and so on) have cancer preventive effect. Most interviewees though twenties or early thirties are important ages for cancer preven-tion. Newspapers woman's magazines radio TV were the primary source of information on diet and cancer.
A neutralizing monoclonal antibody previously mapped exclusively on human immunodeficiency virus type 1 gp41 recognizes an epitope in p17 sharing the core sequence IEEE (1997)

We report here that a human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibody (MAb 1575) mapped to the conserved putative intracellular region from amino acid residues 735 to 752 (735-752 region) of gp41 also recognizes a region in an extracellular portion of p17. Both epitopes have a core recognition sequence (IEEE) in a nonhomologous context. The IEEE motif found in HIV-1 p17 is located in a region known as HGP-30 (residues 86 to 115) which has been previously associated with virus neutralization, cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity, and mother-to-child transmission. An analysis of available gp41 and p17 sequences demonstrates that in these regions both IEEE sequences are highly conserved in different HIV-1 clades. The presence of the IEEE epitope in p17 allows us to explain some unexpected neutralizing characteristics of MAb 1575. In addition, the gp41 735-752 region has been previously reported both in intra- and extracellular locations. Our results suggest that the extracellular location was the result of cross-reactivity with p17.
Coaxially Coupled Ridge Waveguide Tunable Oscillator (2005)

A coaxially coupled ridged waveguide oscillator circuit using a pulsed IMPATT diode is described. Mechanical tuning bandwidths of 800 MHz (8%) at X-band, instantaneous locking bandwidths greater than 5 percent at 10 dB gain, and a circuit efficiency of 95 to 100 percent have been realized with a silicon pulsed double drift IMPATT diode under large signal conditions.
A correct, zero-overhead protocol for network updates (2013)

In this paper, we describe a new protocol for the safe up- date of OpenFlow networks. This protocol meets the packet consistency and weak flow consistency conditions, requires neither on-switch resources nor the diversion of packets to refuges during updates, and alls into the family of Trace- based update protocols. The feature of this protocol is a se- quence of per-switch rule updates. We derive a logic circuit for the update sequence, such that there exists a consistency- preserving update for the switch network if and only if the circuit is satisfiable subject to unsatisfiability of invariant violations; further, each satisfying minterm of the circuit yields a consistency-preserving update sequence.
Selecting the Correct Nozzle to Reduce Spray Drift (2001)

Nozzle selection is the most important factor in reducing pesticide drift. Get details here on matching your application needs to the nozzle best suited to the situation.
Genes and genetics in eye diseases: a genomic medicine approach for investigating hereditary and inflammatory ocular disorders (2018)

Past 25y have witnessed an exponential increase in knowledge and understanding of ocular diseases and their respective genetic underpinnings. As a result, scientists have mapped many genes and their variants that can influence vision and health of our eyes. Based on these findings, it is becoming clear that an early diagnosis employing genetic testing can help evaluate patients' conditions for instituting treatment plan(s) and follow-up care to avoid vision complications later. For example, knowing family history becomes crucial for inherited eye diseases as it can benefit members in family who may have similar eye diseases or predispositions. Therefore, gathering information from an elaborate examination along with complete assessment of past medical illness by ophthalmologists followed by consultation with geneticists can help create a roadmap for making diagnosis and treatment precise and beneficial. In this review, we present an update on ocular genomic medicine that we believe has tremendous potential towards unraveling genetic implications in ocular diseases and patients' susceptibilities. We also discuss translational aspects of genetic ophthalmology and genome engineering that may help advance molecular diagnostics and therapeutics.
Au nanoparticle-decorated porous SnO2 hollow spheres: a new model for a chemical sensor (2010)

Au nanoparticle-decorated porous SnO2 hollow spheres, which are different from the conventional noble metal-doped thick or thin semiconductor films, are prepared and systematically investigated as a new model for chemical gas sensors. The synthesized Au-decorated porous SnO2 hollow spheres are characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy. The Au content in the SnO2 support was determined as 5.63 wt% by XPS and 5.90 wt% by ICP, respectively, indicating the homogeneous dispersion of Au nanoparticles on SnO2 hollow spheres. Experimental results show that, by using ethanol as a probe molecule, this new model exhibits excellent sensing performances in terms of high response, fast response-recovery, superior selectivity and good stability. The enhanced sensing features are attributed to the improved gas diffusion and mass transport induced by the unique porous structure, the formation of conjugated electron depletion layers on both the outer and inner surfaces of the SnO2 hollow spheres and the catalytic effect of the Au nanoparticles. It is believed that the strategy of combining the porous nanostructure and catalytic activity of noble metals can further provide potential for other applications.
High-Performance, Parallel, Stack-Based Genetic Programming (1996)

HiGP is a new high-performance genetic programming system. This system combines techniques from string-based genetic algorithms, S-expression-based genetic programming systems, and high-performance parallel computing. The result is a fast, flexible, and easily portable genetic programming engine with a clear and efficient parallel implementation. HiGP manipulates and produces linear programs for a stack-based virtual machine, rather than the tree-structured S-expressions used in traditional genetic programming. In this paper we describe the HiGP virtual machine and genetic programming algorithms. We demonstrate the system's performance on a symbolic regression problem and show that HiGP can solve this problem with substantially less computational effort than can a traditional genetic programming system. We also show that HiGP's time performance is significantly better than that of a well-written S-expression-based system, also written in C. We further show that our parallel version of HiGP achieves a speedup that is nearly linear in the number of processors, without mandating the use of localized breeding strategies.
Knowledge, Technological Catch-up and Economic Growth (2003)

Knowledge, Technological Catch-up and Economic Growth investigates the relationship between knowledge diffusion and economic growth. Using a broad definition of knowledge – encompassing technology, production skills, know-how and firm capabilities – the central argument of the book is that the extent of knowledge diffusion is an important determinant of economic growth.
A Simple and Efficient Synthesis of N-Protected Imidazole-4-carbaldehyde (1994)

Successive addition of BuLi, triethylsilyl chloride, s-BuLi and DMF to 1-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)imidazole (1) yields pure 1-(N,N-dimethylsulfamoyl)-2-(triethylsilyl)imidazole-4-carbaldehyde (2) as judged by 1H NMR spectroscopy. Treatment of 2 with 2 N HCl leads to free imidazole-4-carbaldehyde (3) (overall yield 70.2%)
Entwicklung eines betriebswirtschaftlichen Investitionsbegriffes als Grundlage dieser Arbeit (1959)

Es wurde bisher versucht, eine Reihe von Investitionsbegriffen zur Darstellung zu bringen. Dabei wurden mit Absicht solche gewählt, die auf verschiedener Ebene liegen. Damit war es möglich, von vielen verschiedenen Standpunkten aus einen Einblick in den hier anstehenden Problemkomplex zu erhalten. Diesen Einblick wollte der Verfasser dem Leser nicht vorenthalten, da er ihm selbst die wohl wertvollste Hilfe beim Erarbeiten des betriebswirtschaftlichen Phänomens "Investition" war, Von jedem der zitierten Autoren konnten wertvolle Fingerzeige gewonnen werden, die im folgenden bei der Entwicklung eines Investitionsbegriffes als Arbeitsgrundlage berücksichtigt werden können.