gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Explaining the Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Degussa P25 Mixed-Phase TiO<sub>2</sub> Using EPR (2003)

Charge separation characteristics of a high-activity, mixed-phase titania photocatalyst (Degussa P25) are probed by EPR spectroscopy. While previous proposals consider rutile as a passive electron sink hindering recombination in anatase, this research details the critical and active role of rutile in TiO2 formulations. The inactivity of pure-phase rutile is due in part to rapid rates of recombination. Yet, in mixed-phase TiO2, charges produced on rutile by visible light are stabilized through electron transfer to lower energy anatase lattice trapping sites. These results suggest that within mixed-phase titania (P25) there is a morphology of nanoclusters containing atypically small rutile crystallites interwoven with anatase crystallites. The transition points between these two phases allow for rapid electron transfer from rutile to anatase. Thus, rutile acts as an antenna to extend the photoactivity into visible wavelengths and the structural arrangement of the similarly sized TiO2 crystallites creates catalytic “hot spots” at the rutile−anatase interface.
Isoform-specific functions of protein kinase C: the platelet paradigm (2007)

Platelets are central to haemostasis and thrombosis. Many key steps in platelet activation and aggregation are regulated by members of the PKC (protein kinase C) family. Multiple isoforms of PKC are expressed in platelets, and evidence is emerging that different isoforms play distinct roles in the platelet activation process. This may, in part, be regulated by isoform-specific interactions between PKC family members and other intracellular signalling molecules, such as tyrosine kinases, or the actin cytoskeleton regulator, VASP (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein). The contributions of individual PKC isoforms can be addressed directly in platelets from knockout mouse models, which are providing key insights into the physiological function of PKC isoform diversity and can be a valuable complimentary approach to more commonly used pharmacological analyses. Using knockout mouse models, recent reports have demonstrated the importance of PKCbeta and PKCtheta in integrin-dependent platelet spreading, and also a novel role for PKCdelta in regulating filopodial formation, highlighting the utility of such models to investigate the functions of specific PKC isoforms in a physiological process that is significant to our understanding of cardiovascular disease.
Precisely Tailored DNA Nanostructures and their Theranostic Applications (2017)

A critical challenge in nanotechnology is the limited precision and controllability of the structural parameters, which brings about concerns in uniformity, reproducibility and performance. Self-assembled DNA nanostructures, as a newly emerged type of nano-biomaterials, possess low-nanometer precision, excellent programmability and addressability. They can precisely arrange various molecules and materials to form spatially ordered complex, resulting in unambiguous physical or chemical properties. Because of these, DNA nanostructures have shown great promise in numerous biomedical theranostic applications. In this account, we briefly review the history and advances on construction of DNA nanoarchitectures and superstructures with accurate structural parameters. We focus on recent progress in exploiting these DNA nanostructures as platforms for quantitative biosensing, intracellular diagnosis, imaging, and smart drug delivery. We also discuss key challenges in practical applications.
Nanowire‐Templated Epitaxial Growth: Nanowire‐Templated Lateral Epitaxial Growth of Low‐Dislocation Density Nonpolar <i>a</i>‐Plane GaN on <i>r</i>‐Plane Sapphire (Adv. Mater. 23/2009) (2009)

George Wang and co-workers report on p. 2416 that low dislocation density a-plane GaN films can be grown by the coalescence of vertically-aligned, single-crystalline GaN nanowires on lattice-mismatched r-plane sapphire. In this technique, shown by the artists' rendering on the inside cover, the nanowires facilitate dramatic strain relaxation in the suspended GaN film, leading to a large reduction in defects.
Resins and Gums in Historical Iatrosophia Texts from Cyprus – A Botanical and Medico-pharmacological Approach (2011)

This study explores historical iatrosophia texts from Cyprus from a botanical and medico-pharmacological point of view focusing on remedies containing resins and gums. The iatrosophia are a genre of Greek medical literature of Byzantine origin and can be described as medicine handbooks which serve as therapeutic repositories containing recipes or advice. To extract and analyze information on plant usage in such sources - which are largely unedited texts and so far have not been translated - we investigate (i) the relationship of the iatrosophia to Dioscorides' De Materia Medica as well as historic pharmaceutical books or standard texts on modern phytotherapy and (ii) the validity of the remedies by comparing them to modern scientific data on reported biological activities. In the six texts investigated 27 substances incorporating plant exudates are mentioned. They are obtained from over 43 taxa of higher plants and in particular are used to treat dermatological, gastrointestinal, and respiratory tract conditions. The comparison to historic pharmaceutical books and phytotherapy texts reflects the gradual decline of the use of plant exudates in Western medicine. While remarkable parallels to Dioscorides' text exist, the non-Dioscoridean influence suggests a complex pattern of knowledge exchange. Overall, this resulted in an integration of knowledge from so far poorly understood sources. The comparison with bioscientific data reveals a fragmentary picture and highlights the potential of these unexplored substances and their uses. Where relevant bioscientific data are available, we generally found a confirmation. This points to a largely rational use of the associated remedies. Taken together, the iatrosophia are a valuable resource for ethnopharmacological and natural product research. Most importantly they contribute to the understanding of the development of herbal medicines in the (Eastern) Mediterranean and Europe.
Aiming at Higher Network Security through Extensive Penetration Tests (2012)

Modern enterprise infrastructures adopt multilayer network architectures and heterogeneous server environments in order to efficiently fulfill each organization's goals and objectives. These complex network architectures have resulted in increased demands of information security measures. Each organization needs to effectively deal with this major security concerns, forming a security policy according to its requirements and objectives. An efficient security policy must be proactive in order to provide sufficient defense layers against a variety of known and unknown attack classes and cases. This proactive approach is usually interpreted wrongly in only up-to-date software and hardware. Regular updates are necessary, although, not enough, because potential mis-configurations and design flaws cannot be located and patched, making the whole network vulnerable to attackers. In this paper we present how a comprehensive security level can be reached through extensive Penetration Tests (Ethical Hacking). We present a Penetration Test methodology and framework capable to expose possible exploitable vulnerabilities in every network layer. Additionally, we conducted an extensive analysis of a network penetration test case study against a network simulation lab setup, exposing common network mis-configurations and their security implications to the whole network and its users.
Antigenically variable Borrelia burgdorferi isolated from cottontail rabbits and Ixodes dentatus in rural and urban areas (1989)

Spirochetes were isolated from 71 subadult Ixodes dentatus removed from cottontail rabbits captured in Millbrook, N.Y., and in New York, N.Y. Spirochetes were also cultured from kidney tissues of six rabbits. While all isolates reacted with monoclonal antibody H9724, which identifies the spirochetes as borreliae, more than half did not bind with antibody H5332 and even fewer reacted with H3TS, both of which were produced to outer surface protein A of Borrelia burgdorferi. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis protein profiles of three isolates differed from one another and from all previously characterized B. burgdorferi strains from humans, ticks, and wildlife in North America. The 12 periplasmic flagella that originated subterminally from each pointed end of a rabbit Borellia isolate contrasted with the 11 or fewer flagella for B. burgdorferi reported previously from North America. Although DNA homology and restriction endonuclease analysis also revealed differences among a rabbit kidney isolate, an I. dentatus isolate, and B. burgdorferi B31, similarities were sufficient to lead us to conclude that the borreliae in rabbits and I. dentatus are B. burgdorferi. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay titers of sera from humans with diagnosed Lyme disease to rabbit tick B. burgdorferi were often similar to one another and to those recorded for a reference B. burgdorferi strain.
On-the-fly data integration models for biological databases (2007)

The web is a universal repository of information where there is an excellent opportunity to exploit the integration of online biological resources for knowledge discovery. A major challenge is to support the effective flow of information among the sources and services on the web and their interconnection with legacy systems that are designed to operate with traditional relational databases. To address this problem, a possible strategy is to combine information from disparate data sources and display it in a single integrated framework to the user without having to populate local databases. This is called online or on-the-fly data integration. BioXBase is a user-centric biological query system which extracts user requested query information over internet from multiple biological sources and organizes a wide variety of information into a homogeneous unified view to the user after data is cleaned, processed and integrated. BioXBase system has improved the results retrieved approximately by 30% compared to a system that has only a local database. The BioXBase system is further enhanced by 20% while combining the results of both BioMap (a local database) and BioXBase (on the fly system), making the results more significant in biological domain. The results were validated by statistical methods such as precision, recall and power-law degree distribution analysis.
Quantitative Determination of Hirudin in Blood and Body Fluids (1996)

Recent clinical studies using hirudin as anticoagulant have demonstrated that an efficient method to determine the current blood level of hirudin is imperative for exact dose finding and adjustment. Only the exact determination of the hirudin content in blood, performed within a few minutes, prevents overdosage involving side effects or, otherwise, a subtherapeutic dose regimen. Therefore, a method for rapid, sensitive, and reproducible measurement of hirudin in blood, plasma, and other body fluids has been developed. The method, which is based on coagulation measurement, is called ecarin clotting time (ECT). In this test, ecarin, a purified enzyme of the Echis carinatus snake venom, acts as a prothrombin activator. In contrast to the "solid phase" prothrombin activation by prothrombinase, the ecarin-induced prothrombin activation proceeds in an alternative way, i.e., without the need of cofactors, resulting in intermediates such as meizothrombin. Compared to thrombin, meizothrombin has a lower procoagulant activity, but it still binds hirudin, which leads to the inhibition of meizothrombin. Depending on the sample's concentration of hirudin, ecarin forms a residual, nonhirudin-bound amount of intermediates of the prothrombin-thrombin conversion that are able to concentration-dependently convert fibrinogen to fibrin. There is an excellent linear correlation between ECT prolongation and the hirudin content of the sample in a range from 50 to 5,000 ng/mL blood or plasma. This allows immediate measurement not only of the therapeutic blood level of hirudin, but also of its concentration in blood following under- or overdosage. The ECT method is nearly independent of variations in the sample's content of fibrinogen (from 60% to 100%) and prothrombin (from 20% to 100%.) Heparin is not able to catalyze the very low antithrombin inhibition of meizothrombin. Therefore, it is also possible to determine hirudin in blood containing varying amounts of heparin. Another advantage of the method is that it can be applied to different mechanical measuring systems used in coagulation diagnostics.
Effectiveness of pH measurements in predicting feeding tube placement: an update. (1994)

This paper reports further findings from an ongoing clinical study designed to evaluate the extent to which pH values of aspirates from feeding tubes can be used to differentiate between gastric and intestinal tube placement and gastric and respiratory tube placement. The sample consisted of 405 aspirates from small-bore nasogastric tubes and 389 aspirates from nasointestinal tubes, which were obtained from 605 subjects ranging in age from 18 to 94 years. Data were collected at the time of initial placement and again, when possible, after feedings were initiated. A total of 794 pH-meter readings were made concurrently with X-rays to determine feeding tube position. Gastric placement was successfully distinguished from intestinal placement of the feeding tubes on the basis of pH-meter readings (p < .0001). Approximately 85% of the 405 pH-meter readings from gastric fluid were between 0 and 6.0, while over 87% of the 389 pH-meter measurements performed on intestinal aspirates were greater than 6.0. Four aspirates from feeding tubes inadvertently placed in the respiratory tract (two in the pleural space and two in the tracheobronchial tree) were tested with a pH-meter, all had pH values greater than 6.5.
Late Quaternary biomes of Canada and the eastern United States (2000)

Abstract Pollen data have been used to construct biome maps for today, 6000 14 C yr bp and 18,000 14 C yr bp for Canada and the eastern United States. The inferred modern biome distributions agree well with independent reconstructions of North American vegetation prior to European settlement. Some discrepancies between the pollen data and the modern potential vegetation are caused by post‐settlement clearing of the landscape and the consequent increase of herbaceous types in the recent pollen record. Biome distributions at 6000 14 C yr bp reflected the warmer and drier conditions then prevalent in the continental interior, but the overall position of biomes was similar to that of today. The boreal treeline in North America was not significantly north of its present position, in contrast to the 100–200 km shift reported for Siberia. At the last glacial maximum (18,000 14 C yr bp ), steppe and tundra were prevalent in the Midwest and north‐western Canada, and coniferous forests and woodlands grew in eastern North America. The open vegetation at 18,000 14 C yr bp was probably due to drier conditions and/or lower concentrations of atmospheric CO 2 . The composition and physical structure of biomes is not constant over time. Mid‐Holocene biomes were similar in structure to those of today, but shifts in the relative importance of individual plant functional types are large enough that the physical properties of biomes, such as albedo, canopy conductance and surface roughness, are likely to have varied even during the Holocene. Last glacial maximum biomes were structurally different from their modern counterparts. The biome maps therefore may obscure significant vegetational changes in space and time during the late Quaternary. The difference between the highest and next highest affinity scores for each sample measures how strongly affinity scores discriminate among biomes. For many biomes, the difference is not large, and affinity score ties are not uncommon, highlighting the importance of tie‐break procedures when using the biomization method.
Video sequence matching (2002)

We present a novel scheme to match a video clip against a large database of videos. Unlike previous schemes that match videos based on image similarity, this scheme matches videos based on similarity of temporal activity, i.e., it finds similar "actions". Furthermore, it provides precise temporal localization of the actions in the matched videos. Video sequences are represented as a sequence of feature vectors called fingerprints. The fingerprint of the query video is matched against the fingerprints of videos in a database using sequential matching. The fingerprints are computed directly from compressed MPEG videos. The matching is much faster than real-time. We have used this scheme to find similar actions in sporting events, such as diving and baseball.
The Thermal Diffusivity of the Organic Material of a Mound of Formica Polyctena Foerst. in Relation To the Thermoregulation of the Brood (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) (1979)

The thermal diffusivity of the organic material of a mound of the red wood ant (Formica polyctena Foerst.) in its early stage of development is estimated and compared with the thermal diffusivity of the surrounding sand. It is shown that it is the structuring activity of the ants that gives the mound its typical thermal property. By the construction of the mound the ants primarily generate a temperature-gradient during the day that provides them with better opportunities for the selection of the optimum temperatures of the various developmental stages of the brood, especially the pupae, than by nesting in the sand. The importance of the position of the mound in relation to the surrounding vegetation is discussed in view of the shading effect.
A monoclonal antibody reacting with distinct adhesion molecules defines a transition in the functional state of the receptor CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1). (1988)

CD11b/CD18 (Mac-1) is a member of the leukocyte integrin family, a group of receptors that have been implicated in various effector functions and cellular collaboration in the immune response. It has been shown previously that CD11b/CD18 on cells of monocyte and myeloid lineage appears to undergo rapid activation and acquire new functional receptor specificities after exposure to selected agonists such as adenosine diphosphate (ADP). We now show that ADP induces a reconformation of the CD11b/CD18 receptor with exposure of new epitopes characteristics of this activated state. By direct binding studies, flow cytometry, and immunoprecipitation experiments, it has been found that the mAb 7E3 reacts with CD11b/CD18 only after ADP-stimulation of the cell suspension. The activated state of CD11b/CD18 induced by ADP and recognized by 7E3 can also be recapitulated by agonists inducing transients in cytosolic Ca2+ such as the chemoattractant FMLP. Moreover, this process of receptor activation does not involve quantitative mobilization of the subcellular storage pool of CD11b/CD18 to the plasma membrane. Because 7E3 also recognizes a qualitative, ADP-mediated activated state of the platelet adhesion receptor GP IIb/IIIa, it is suggested that transients in cytosolic Ca2+ might represent early secondary events for a general pathway of rapid activation of integrin receptors and, as such, represent important signals for cellular interactions in the immune response.
Hydrothermal synthetic strategies of inorganic semiconducting nanostructures (2013)

Because of their unique chemical and physical properties, inorganic semiconducting nanostructures have gradually played a pivotal role in a variety of research fields, including electronics, chemical reactivity, energy conversion, and optics. A major feature of these nanostructures is the quantum confinement effect, which strongly depends on their size, shape, crystal structure and polydispersity. Among all developed synthetic methods, the hydrothermal method based on a water system has attracted more and more attention because of its outstanding advantages, such as high yield, simple manipulation, easy control, uniform products, lower air pollution, low energy consumption and so on. Precise control over the hydrothermal synthetic conditions is a key to the success of the preparation of high-quality inorganic semiconducting nanostructures. In this review, only the representative hydrothermal synthetic strategies of inorganic semiconducting nanostructures are selected and discussed. We will introduce the four types of strategies based on exterior reaction system adjustment, namely organic additive- and template-free hydrothermal synthesis, organic additive-assisted hydrothermal synthesis, template-assisted hydrothermal synthesis and substrate-assisted hydrothermal synthesis. In addition, the two strategies based on exterior reaction environment adjustment, including microwave-assisted and magnetic field-assisted hydrothermal synthesis, will be also described. Finally, we conclude and give the future prospects of this research area.
Motion of Guest Molecules in Clathrates (1976)

Abstract First the term clathrates is explained and illustrated more precisely on the three examples Ice Clathrate, Urea Clathrate, and Quinol Clathrate. Then a review of experimental results, which exist in the literature in the following domains, is given: Thermodynamic studies, dielectric relaxation, far infrared, infrared, and Raman spectroscopic studies, nuclear magnetic and nuclear quadrupole resonance, electron paramagnetic resonance, magnetic susceptibility, and neutron scattering. Emphasis is laid on the informations of the dynamical behaviour. The results given by several methods for the same inclusion and the results given by one method for different systems are compared. Finally a model is developed, which describes the movements of the guest molecules, assuming in a first step, that there is no interaction between molecules of the neighbouring cages. After this the forces between molecules in neighbouring cages are taken into account.
Classical and quantum plasmas (1961)

A brief survey is given of the different theoretical approaches to the study of the low-density, high-temperature `classical' plasma and of the high-density, low-temperature `quantum' plasma. The random phase approximation, collective-variables method is shown to yield the same result as the collisionless Boltzmann equation combined with the self-consistent field method. Dynamic behaviour is studied in the classical plasma, with particular attention to the relationship between individual particle and collective behaviour. The frequency and wave number dependent longitudinal dielectric constant of the plasma is used to establish the many similarities in behaviour of quantum and classical plasmas in the random phase approximation; the validity of the random phase approximation is discussed. Applications of the theory are made to the ground state energy of the quantum plasma and to the explanation of the characteristic energy losses in solids. The generalizations required to take into account the ionic motion are indicated and the results are described.