gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
From folklore to scientific evidence: breast-feeding and wet-nursing in islam and the case of non-puerperal lactation. (2007)

Breast-feeding practice has an important medical and socio-cultural role. It has many anthropological aspects concerning the "power structures" that find their expression in breast-feeding and the practices that formed around it, both socially, scientifically, and legally-speaking. Breast-feeding has been given much attention by religions and taboos, folklore, and misconception abound around it making it a topic of genuine curiosity. This paper aims at expanding the spectrum of folklore associated with breast-feeding. The paper deals with historical, religious, and folkloristic aspects of breast-feeding, especially wet-nursing, in Islam and focuses on an intriguing Islamic tale on breast-feeding - lactation by non-pregnant women (or non-puerperal lactation). Apparently, accounts of non-puerperal lactation are not restricted to Islam but have been documented in various societies and religions throughout centuries. Two medical situations - hyperprolactinemia and induced lactation, appear as possible explanations for this phenomenon. This serves as an excellent example for the value of utilizing contemporary scientific knowledge in order to elucidate the origin, anthropology and evolvement of ancient myth and superstition.
Aqueous synthesis of color tunable Cu doped Zn–In–S/ZnS nanoparticles in the whole visible region for cellular imaging (2015)

Cu doped Zn-In-S quantum dots (CZIS QDs) were synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The absorption and fluorescence peaks of CZIS QDs shifted monotonically to longer wavelengths with the increase of the Cu precursor and the decrease of Zn and In precursors. The dopant emission wavelength can be easily tuned in the whole visible region ranging from 465 nm to 700 nm by changing the molar ratio of Cu/Zn/In/S. On the basis of experimental results, it was testified that the emission of CZIS QDs was the trap state emission rather than the excitonic emission. The emission mechanisms of CZIS QDs were attributed to three kinds of approaches: (i) photogenerated holes efficiently move to trap states induced by Cu defects and recombine with the electrons in the energy level of sulfur vacancies; (ii) the holes in Cu trap states recombine with the electrons in the surface defect state; (iii) the electrons in the conduction band recombine with the holes in levels caused by Zn vacancies. After coating the ZnS shell around the CZIS core, the fluorescence quantum yield of CZIS QDs can reach 25-35%. CZIS/ZnS QDs conjugated with antibodies were successfully applied for labeling Hep-G2 liver cancer cells. The cytotoxicity studies revealed that the viabilities of the cells incubated with different concentrations of CZIS/ZnS QDs and at different times all remained at a high level of more than 90%. Hence, the CZIS/ZnS nanoparticle is a promising material as the fluorescent probe for biological applications.
Radical Addition of a Conjugated Polymer to Multilayer Fullerenes (Carbon Nano-onions) (2007)

Multilayer fullerenes (carbon nano-onions, CNOs) represent a largely unexplored carbon allotrope due to their inherent insolubility. Expectations are that the properties of these nano-onions will be unique and potentially useful, as has been the case with the fullerenes and carbon nanotubes (CNTs). CNOs show diminished chemical reactivity; however, the established thermal diradical formation and reactivity of bis-o-diynyl arene (BODA) monomers afforded direct functionalization, solution processing, and de-functionalization of CNOs; and the first example of a radical addition of a conjugated polymer to CNOs. The functionalized and soluble CNOs were characterized by TEM, GPC, TGA, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS. A CNO defunctionalization method using oxidative TGA is also presented.
Broadband, high spectral resolution 2-D wavelength-parallel polarimeter for Dense WDM systems (2005)

A broadband wavelength-parallel polarimeter has been designed or polarization measurements of multiple Dense WDM channels in parallel, which is based on a 2-D spectral disperser via a diffraction grating and a virtually-imaged phased-array (VIPA). At a hyperfine 2.8 GHz sub-channel spacing, we have demonstrated spectral polarization measurements of ~1500 sub-channels (~32 nm spectral range), with a potential total measurement time of less than 5 ms.
Zur Kenntnis sauerstoffhaltiger Ringsysteme. Die Synthese des Oxa‐cycloheptanons‐(4) und des 4.4<sup>1</sup>‐Oxido‐4‐methyl‐tetrahydropyrans (1958)

Abstract Die Synthese des Oxa‐cycloheptanons‐(4) und des 4.4 1 ‐Oxido‐4‐methyltetrahydropyrans gelang durch Ringerweiterung des Tetrahydroγ‐pyrons mit Diazomethan. — Das Oxa‐cycloheptanon‐(4) wurde zum Oxa‐cycloheptanol‐(4) hydriert und dieses über das Acetat und das Oxa‐cyclohepten‐(3) in das bekannte Oxa‐cycloheptan übergeführt. Das 4. 4 1 ‐Oxido‐4‐methyl‐tetrahydropyran ließ sich zum 4‐Formyl‐tetrahydropyran umlagern, das sich leicht dimerisiert bzw. zum 4‐Carboxy‐tetrahydropyran autoxydiert.
Relative distribution of actin, myosin I, and myosin II during the wound healing response of fibroblasts. (1993)

Myosin I is present in Swiss 3T3 fibroblasts and its localization reflects a possible involvement in the extension and/or retraction of protrusions at the leading edge of locomoting cells and the transport of vesicles, but not in the contraction of stress fibers or transverse fibers. An affinity-purified polyclonal antibody to brush border myosin I colocalizes with a polypeptide of 120 kD in fibroblast extracts. Within initial protrusions of polarized, migrating fibroblasts, myosin I exhibits a punctate distribution, whereas actin is diffuse and myosin II is absent. Myosin I also exists in linear arrays parallel to the direction of migration in filopodia and microspikes, established protrusions, and within the leading lamellae of migrating cells. Myosin II and actin colocalize along transverse fibers in the lamellae of migrating cells, while myosin I displays no definitive organization along these fibers. During contractions of actin-based fibers, myosin II is concentrated in the center of the cell, while the distribution of myosin I does not change. Thus, myosin I is found at the correct location and time to be involved in the extension and/or retraction of protrusions and the transport of vesicles. Myosin II-based contractions in more posterior cellular regions could generate forces to separate cells, maintain a polarized cell shape, maintain the direction of locomotion, maximize the rate of locomotion, and/or aid in the delivery of cytoskeletal/contractile subunits to the leading edge.
Sonometric study of the normal tricuspid valve annulus in sheep. (2004)

The tricuspid valve undergoes continual and complex geometric changes during the cardiac cycle. In addition, the annulus expands significantly due to similar increases in length of the septal and free wall segments. The annulus is not in a single plane, but is saddle-shaped. The expansion and contraction of the tricuspid valve complex is stepwise, and sequential from base to apex.
Segmentation-Based Urban Traffic Scene Understanding (2009)

We propose a method to recognize the traffic scene in front of a moving vehicle with respect to the road topology and the existence of objects. To this end, we use a two-stage system, where the first stage abstracts from the underlying image by means of a rough super-pixel segmentation of the scene. In a second stage, this meta representation is then used to construct a feature set for a classifier that is able to distinguish between different road types as well as detect the existence of commonly encountered objects, such as cars or pedestrian crossings. We show that by relying on an intermediate stage, we can effectively abstract from any peculiarities of the underlying image data due to e.g. color abberrations. The method is tested on two long, challenging urban data sets, covering both day light and dusk conditions. Compared to a state-of-the-art descriptor, we show improved classification performance, especially for object classes. © 2009. The copyright of this document resides with its authors.
Adhesion of red cells to foreign surfaces in the presence of flow (1974)

Abstract A controlled surface shear stress produced by laminar flow in a rotating disk or parallel plate flow system has been used to study red cell adhesion to glass, siliconized glass, polythylene and Teflon. The results indicate that the shear stress at the surface must exceed a minimum critical value before cells will detach, and that this minimum critical shear stress increases as the time of cellsurface contact is increased. The results also indicate that the minimum critical shear stress for detachment from clean surfaces correlates with the critical surface tension of the material for the four materials studied. Studies with proteincoated surfaces indicate that albumin causes a moderate reduction in the strength of adhesion. The magnitude of the effect was found to be influenced significantly by the substratum material.
Bacteriostats. VI.<sup>1a</sup> Bacteriostatic Activities of Some Substituted Guanidines<sup>1b</sup> (1963)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTBacteriostats. VI.1a Bacteriostatic Activities of Some Substituted Guanidines1bA. F. McKay, D. L. Garmaise, H. A. Baker, L. R. Hawkins, V. Falta, R. Gaudry, and G. Y. ParisCite this: J. Med. Chem. 1963, 6, 5, 587–595Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1963Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1963https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm00341a028https://doi.org/10.1021/jm00341a028research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views294Altmetric-Citations11LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Wire-channel and wrap-around-gate metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors with a significant reduction of short channel effects (1997)

Metal–oxide–semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) with a wire-channel and wrap-around-gate (WW) structure were fabricated using electron beam lithography and reactive ion etching. The smallest devices have a 35 nm channel width, a 50 nm channel thickness, and a 70 nm channel length. Measurements showed that as the channel width of WW MOSFETs decreased from 75 to 35 nm short channel effects were significantly reduced: the subthreshold slope decreased from 356 to 80 mV/dec and the drain-induced barrier lowering decreased from 988 to 129 mV. Furthermore, the reduction of channel width increases the drive current per unit channel width. A multichannel WW MOSFET with a high current driving capability is discussed.
Training for attentional control in dual task settings: A comparison of young and old adults. (1995)

The authors examined whether the learning and performance of dual tasks by young and old adults could be enhanced through training. Adults were trained with either a fixed-priority or variable-priority training strategy on a monitoring task and an alphabet-arithmetic task and then transferred to a scheduling and a paired-associates running memory task. Participants in the variable priority condition learned the monitoring and alphabet-arithmetic tasks more quickly and achieved a higher level of mastery on these tasks than did those in the fixed-priority condition. Moreover, participants trained with the variable priority technique showed evidence of the development of automatic processing and a more rapid rate of learning and higher level of mastery of the transfer tasks than did the fixed-priority participants. These results are discussed in terms of the mechanisms that underlie learning and performance of dual tasks and with respect to potential applications.(PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) Keywords: Driver distraction; Language: en
Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Electrochemistry, Materials, and Prospects (2013)

With the increasing demand for efficient and economic energy storage, Li-S batteries have become attractive candidates for the next-generation high-energy rechargeable Li batteries because of their high theoretical energy density and cost effectiveness. Starting from a brief history of Li-S batteries, this Review introduces the electrochemistry of Li-S batteries, and discusses issues resulting from the electrochemistry, such as the electroactivity and the polysulfide dissolution. To address these critical issues, recent advances in Li-S batteries are summarized, including the S cathode, Li anode, electrolyte, and new designs of Li-S batteries with a metallic Li-free anode. Constructing S molecules confined in the conductive microporous carbon materials to improve the cyclability of Li-S batteries serves as a prospective strategy for the industry in the future.
Studies on immunological paralysis. V. The influence of molecular weight on the immunogenicity, tolerogenicity and antibody-neutralizing activity of the 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide. (1971)

Type 3 pneumococcal polysaccharide (SIII) with average molecular weight 220,000 was depolymerized by heating aqueous solutions under pressure. The immunogenicity and tolerogenicity of fractions with molecular weights of 121,000, 31,000 and 4000 were compared with the native antigen by means of direct splenic PFC and serum haemagglutinin assays. Fall in molecular weight was accompanied by progressive reduction in both immunizing and tolerance-inducing properties. The 4000 molecular weight preparation (ten glucuronosidoglucose units) was feebly immunogenic and non-tolerogenic, although known to contain intact determinants. Depolymerization was also correlated with loss of antibody-neutralizing activity. Paralysis with SIII involves `high-zone' tolerance in the B lymphocyte population. The proposition is discussed that immunogenicity is here a necessary characteristic of the inducing antigen.
949: The EGFR-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD-1839) as Potential Therapeutic in Bladder Cancer (2004)

You have accessJournal of UrologyDiscussed Poster, Monday, May 10, 2004, 1:00 - 5:00 pm1 Apr 2004949: The EGFR-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD-1839) as Potential Therapeutic in Bladder Cancer Jose L. Dominguez-Escrig, John D. Kelly, and Barry R. Davies Jose L. Dominguez-EscrigJose L. Dominguez-Escrig More articles by this author , John D. KellyJohn D. Kelly More articles by this author , and Barry R. DaviesBarry R. Davies More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(18)38186-2AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "949: The EGFR-Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor Gefitinib (‘Iressa’, ZD-1839) as Potential Therapeutic in Bladder Cancer." The Journal of Urology, 171(4S), pp. 251–252 © 2016 by American Urological AssociationFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 171Issue 4SApril 2004Page: 251-252 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 2016 by American Urological AssociationMetricsAuthor Information Jose L. Dominguez-Escrig More articles by this author John D. Kelly More articles by this author Barry R. Davies More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Intestinal barrier to large particulates in mice (1980)

Intestinal barrier function in mice was assessed after acute or chronic oral administration of 15.8- and 5.7-micron synthetic spherical particles. The results failed to confirm previous reports that ingested particles rapidly appear in blood. Furthermore, 15.8-micron particles did not accumulate in intestinal Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, or other organs of the reticuloendothelial system, even after the maximum dosage of 8 X 10(6) particles per day for 60 d. However, the 5.7-micron particles were demonstrated in Peyer's patches, mesenteric lymph nodes, and lungs after the maximum dosage of 4.5 X 10(8) particles per day for 60 d. At 77 d after the termination of ingestion, 5.7-micron particles were still present in these tissues. The 5.7-micron particles were not found in spleen; retention in liver was equivocal. The site of uptake of particles capable of penetrating the intestinal mucosa appears to be the Peyer's patches. It is suggested that most absorbed particles are sequestered in Peyer's patch macrophages. Particles that escape sequestration are transported by lymph rather than by portal blood. The findings indicate that hazards associated with intestinal uptake of large (> 5 micron) particulates exist, but that the frequency of such penetration is still unclear.
Optimal set of video representations in adaptive streaming (2014)

Adaptive streaming addresses the increasing and heterogenous demand of multimedia content over the Internet by offering several streams for each video. Each stream has a different resolution and bit rate, aimed at a specific set of users, e.g., TV, mobile phone. While most existing works on adaptive streaming deal with optimal playout-control strategies at the client side, in this paper we concentrate on the providers' side, showing how to improve user satisfaction by optimizing the encoding parameters. We formulate an integer linear program that maximizes users' average satisfaction, taking into account the network characteristics, the type of video content, and the user population. The solution of the optimization is a set of encoding parameters that outperforms commonly used vendor recommendations, in terms of user satisfaction and total delivery cost. Results show that video content information as well as network constraints and users' statistics play a crucial role in selecting proper encoding parameters to provide fairness among users and reduce network usage. By combining patterns common to several representative cases, we propose a few practical guidelines that can be used to choose the encoding parameters based on the user base characteristics, the network capacity and the type of video content.
Cooperativity between Al Sites Promotes Hydrogen Transfer and Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation upon Dimethyl Ether Activation on Alumina (2015)

The methanol-to-olefin (MTO) process allows the conversion of methanol/dimethyl ether into olefins on acidic zeolites via the so-called hydrocarbon pool mechanism. However, the site and mechanism of formation of the first carbon-carbon bond are still a matter of debate. Here, we show that the Lewis acidic Al sites on the 110 facet of γ-Al2O3 can readily activate dimethyl ether to yield CH4, alkenes, and surface formate species according to spectroscopic studies combined with a computational approach. The carbon-carbon forming step as well as the formation of methane and surface formate involves a transient oxonium ion intermediate, generated by a hydrogen transfer between surface methoxy species and coordinated methanol on adjacent Al sites. These results indicate that extra framework Al centers in acidic zeolites, which are associated with alumina, can play a key role in the formation of the first carbon-carbon bond, the initiation step of the industrial MTO process.
Linearization Strategies for a Class of Zero-One Mixed Integer Programming Problems (1990)

This paper is concerned with a new linearization strategy for a class of zero-one mixed integer programming problems that contains quadratic cross-product terms between continuous and binary variables, and between the binary variables themselves. This linearization scheme provides an equivalent mixed integer linear programming problem which yields a tighter continuous relaxation than that obtainable via the alternative linearization techniques available in the literature. Moreover, the proposed technique provides a unifying framework in the sense that all the alternate methods lead to formulations that are accessible through appropriate surrogates of the constraints of the new linearized formulation. Extensions to various other types of mixed integer nonlinear programming problems are also discussed.
The Clinical Role of Central Venous Pressure Measurements (2007)

Central venous pressure (CVP) is commonly measured, but its clinical use is still not clear. We argue that the interpretation of the CVP needs to be considered in conjunction with an assessment of cardiac output. The objective of this study was to define an elevated CVP as one in which there is a low probability for cardiac output to increase with a volume infusion through a Starling mechanism by relating the initial CVP (measured relative to a reference point 5 cm below the sternal angle) to the response in cardiac output with volume infusion. The authors studied consecutive patients who had pulmonary artery catheters in place and who had a volume challenge as part of routine management as ordered by the treating physician. To ensure an adequate test of the Starling mechanism, data were included only if the volume infusion increased CVP by > or = 2 mm Hg. Responders were defined a priori as those with an increase in cardiac index > or = 300 and nonresponders as < 300 mL/min/m2. Patients failed to respond to volume infusion at all CVP values, and even 25% of those with CVP < 5 mm Hg were nonresponders. However, when CVP was > 10 mm Hg, physicians prescribed less fluid challenges, and when they did, a positive response was much less likely. Change in blood pressure or changes in urine output with volume infusion correlated poorly with change in cardiac index. A CVP of > 10 mm Hg should be considered high, and the probability of an increase in cardiac output with volume infusion is low. This value is a reasonable upper limit for algorithms for empiric fluid challenges.
Transcriptional Activation by the Mouse Ah Receptor. (1995)

The aromatic hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-dependent transcription factor that mediates cellular responses to the environmental contaminant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD). We cloned AhR cDNA from C57BL/6 mouse liver and verified by transfection that it encodes a functional protein. Analyses of deletion mutants indicate that the carboxyl half of AhR contains several types of transactivation domain, which function independently of domains that mediate TCDD recognition, DNA binding, and heterodimerization with the Ah receptor nuclear translocator (Arnt) protein. The transactivation domains function independently of each other, display different levels of activity, and act synergistically when linked. In addition, AhR contains an 82-amino acid domain that inhibits transactivation. The inhibitory domain displays specificity, in that it blocks the transactivating functions of AhR and Arnt, but not that of the herpes simplex protein VP16. The inhibitory activity depends upon the cell type in which AhR is expressed, implying that a cell-specific protein mediates the effect.