gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dissociation of fibronectin from gelatin-agarose by amino compounds (1978)

Soluble fibronectin of human plasma was specifically dissociated at neutral pH from gelatin-agarose by several cationic amino compounds, notably the polyamines spermine, spermidine and putrescine, the basic amino acid arginine, and amino sugars. The neutral and acidic amino acids and the N-acetylated derivatives of amino sugars tested were ineffective. Gel-filtration experiments demonstrated that [14C]spermidine bound to fibronectin but not to gelatin.
Altering the level and regulation of the major sigma subunit of RNA polymerase affects gene expression and development in <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> (1996)

In Bacillus subtilis, the major sigma factor, sigma-A (rpoD), and the minor sigma factor, sigma-H (spo0H), are present during growth and are required for the initiation of sporulation. Our experiments indicate that sigma-A and sigma-H compete for binding to core RNA polymerase. We used a fusion of rpoD to the LacI-repressible IPTG-inducible promoter, Pspac, to vary the levels of sigma-A in the cell. Increasing the amount of sigma-A caused a decrease in expression of genes controlled by sigma-H, and a delay in the production of heat-resistant spores. Decreasing the amount of sigma-A, in a strain deleted for the chromosomal rpoD, caused an increase in expression of genes controlled by sigma-H. As rpoD itself is controlled by at least two promoters recognized by RNA polymerase that contains sigma-H, the effect of sigma-A levels on expression of sigma-H-controlled promoters represents a feedback mechanism that might contribute to maintaining appropriate levels of sigma-A. While the level of sigma-A was important for efficient sporulation, our results indicate that the normal transcriptional control of rpoD, in the context of the rpoD operon and the numerous promoters in that operon, is not required for efficient sporulation or germination, provided that the sigma-A level from a heterologous promoter is comparable to that in wild-type cells.
The Glucose Transporter of Mammalian Cells (1985)

Mitochondrial fatty acid β-oxidation (FAO) is the major pathway for the degradation of fatty acids and is essential for maintaining energy homeostasis in the human body. Fatty acids are a crucial energy source in the postabsorptive and fasted states when ...Read More
Cognition and depression: the effects of fluvoxamine, a sigma‐1 receptor agonist, reconsidered (2010)

Cognitive impairment is a primary feature of patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) and is characterised by stress-induced neural atrophy. Via alpha-adrenergic, anti-cholinergic and anti-histaminic activities, several antidepressants can cause significant counter-therapeutic cognitive impairment. Evidence is emerging of the involvement of sigma-1 receptor agonism in the mechanism of action of some antidepressants, notably fluvoxamine. Sigma-1 receptors are abundant in areas affected by depression/stress-induced cerebral atrophy and their ligands have a unique pharmacological profile; they may promote neurogenesis and initiate adaptive neural plasticity as a protection/reaction to stress. Fluvoxamine, as a potent sigma-1 receptor agonist, has shown ameliorating effects in animal models of psychosis, depression, stress, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and aggression and has been shown to improve cognitive impairments. In humans, fluvoxamine may repair central nervous system (CNS) atrophy and restore cognitive function. The current review explores the mechanisms through which sigma-1 receptors can modulate cognitive function and examines how antidepressant therapy with fluvoxamine may help improve cognitive outcomes in patients with depression.
Diffraction-limited circular single spot from phased array lasers (1989)

Anamorphic prism optics makes it possible to obtain a diffraction-limited (lambda/8) circular single spot from index guided phased array lasers. It served not only for beam shaping but also for astigmatism correction and spatial filtering. The optical path analysis based on the interferometric fringe scanning phase measurements both in the near and far fields indicates that the phased array lasers can be applied to such diffraction-limited precise optical systems as optical disk recording, laser beam printing, or second harmonics generation.
Turbinaric Acid, a Cytotoxic Secosqualene Carboxylic Acid from the Brown Alga Turbinaria ornata (1989)

A moderately cytotoxic secosqualene carboxylic acid designated turbinaric acid [1] has been isolated from the brown alga Turbinaria ornata, and it has been identified to be 4,8,13,17,21-pentamethyl-4,8,12,16,20-docosapentaenoic acid by means of spectral analysis and synthesis.
Breed Susceptibility for Developmental Orthopedic Diseases in Dogs (2002)

A large-scale epidemiological study was conducted to determine breeds at risk for 12 developmental orthopedic diseases (DODs). Developmental orthopedic diseases investigated included canine hip dysplasia (CHD); craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO); fragmented coronoid process; hypertrophic osteodystrophy; Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease; osteochondrosis of the medial humeral condyle, caudal humeral head, femoral condyles, and talar trochlear ridges; panosteitis; patella luxation; and ununited anconeal process. Dogs that were diagnosed with any one of the diseases of interest at any of 10 veterinary teaching hospitals participating in the Veterinary Medical Database from 1986 to 1995 were included as cases. Odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine risk. Frequency of diagnosis during the 10-year period ranged from 35 cases (CMO) to 10,637 cases (CHD). The number of breeds at increased risk for a disease ranged from one (CMO) to 35 (CHD). Breed susceptibility for a DOD may suggest a genetic component in the disease etiology. The results of this study serve to increase veterinarians' awareness of breeds susceptible to DODs and may facilitate the control of such diseases by identifying breeds that might benefit from breeding programs or environmental intervention such as dietary modification.
Concentration of terahertz radiation through a conically tapered aperture (2010)

We demonstrate that conically tapered cylindrical apertures can be used to efficiently concentrate broadband terahertz (THz) radiation. Keeping the aperture diameter on the input plane fixed, we show that as the diameter of the aperture on the exit plane is decreased, we obtain an increase in the magnitude of the transmitted electric field that varies inversely with the output aperture diameter. Correspondingly, the transmitted THz intensity concentration increases inversely with the square of the output aperture diameter. For the smallest aperture that we fabricated, we obtain a ~50 fold increase in the transmitted THz intensity. We expect further increases in the intensity concentration with smaller output apertures. As the output aperture diameter is decreased with a corresponding increase in the concentration factor, we directly measure an increase in the propagation time delay of a narrowband pulse through the structure. Finally, we demonstrate that further increase in the concentration factor can be achieved by engraving circular grooves around the input aperture.
Veterinary medicine. A textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses. (1994)

bos - ovis - capra - sus - equus.
Nonlinear guided waves coupled nonlinearly in a planar GaAs/GaAlAs multiple quantum well structure (1986)

A nonlinear guided-wave concept and nonlinear coupled-wave equations are used to study numerically the coupling characteristics of two planar waveguides in a GaAs/GaAlAs multiple quantum well structure with self-defocusing nonlinearities. Both the mode-intensity-dependent critical power and the coupling length are calculated for the first time using the nonlinear field distributions. An optically controlled modulation/switching behavior is predicted.
Influence of Sequential Modifications and Carbohydrate Variations in Synthetic AFGP Analogues on Conformation and Antifreeze Activity (2012)

Certain Arctic and Antarctic ectotherm species have developed strategies for survival under low temperature conditions that, among others, consist of antifreeze glycopeptides (AFGP). AFGP form a class of biological antifreeze agents that exhibit the ability to inhibit ice growth in vitro and in vivo and, hence, enable life at temperatures below the freezing point. AFGP usually consist of a varying number of (Ala-Ala-Thr)(n) units (n=4-55) with the disaccharide β-D-galactosyl-(1→3)-α-N-acetyl-D-galactosamine glycosidically attached to every threonine side chain hydroxyl group. AFGP have been shown to adopt polyproline II helical conformation. Although this pattern is highly conserved among different species, microheterogeneity concerning the amino acid composition usually occurs; for example, alanine is occasionally replaced by proline in smaller AFGP. The influence of minor and major sequence mutations on conformation and antifreeze activity of AFGP analogues was investigated by replacement of alanine by proline and glycosylated threonine by glycosylated hydroxyproline. The target compounds were prepared by using microwave-enhanced solid phase peptide synthesis. Furthermore, artificial analogues were obtained by copper-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC): propargyl glycosides were treated with polyproline helix II-forming peptides comprising (Pro-Azp-Pro)(n) units (n=2-4) that contained 4-azidoproline (Azp). The conformations of all analogues were examined by circular dichroism (CD). In addition, microphysical analysis was performed to provide information on their inhibitory effect on ice recrystallization.
Spectroscopic techniques for food analysis (1994)

This text provides a concise overview of the main spectroscopic methods used in food analysis laboratories. It is written by scientists actively involved in food analysis. The laboratories at which the authors work encompass academic, industrial and government research sites in the USA and the UK. This book aims to assist in the process of choosing the most appropriate food analysis technique by describing the analytical potential of each technique, using many examples of real food applications. It should be useful for the food scientist who routinely uses one or two spectroscopic techniques and needs to expand his or her range. It is aimed at food scientists, teachers and lecturers in food science programmes at college, chemistry students who are going into the food industry, quality-control analysts and process engineers in the food industry.
Understanding the Benefits of Acupuncture Treatment for Cancer Pain Management. (2018)

This article summarizes the current evidence regarding the use of acupuncture for pain management in cancer patients. It includes a description of how acupuncture is thought to work and what the intervention entails, data on acupuncture for managing pain caused by cancer or by cancer treatment (radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy), how acupuncture is practiced in the US medical system, discussion of safety issues, and practical tips on how to integrate acupuncture into cancer care.
Traffic of Botulinum Toxins A and E in Excitatory and Inhibitory Neurons (2006)

Botulinum neurotoxins (BoNTs), proteases specific for the SNARE proteins, are used to study the molecular machinery supporting exocytosis and are used to treat human diseases characterized by cholinergic hyperactivity. The recent extension of the use of BoNTs to central nervous system (CNS) pathologies prompted the study of their traffic in central neurons. We used fluorescent BoNT/A and BoNT/E to study the penetration, the translocation and the catalytic action of these toxins in excitatory and inhibitory neurons. We show that BoNT/A and BoNT/E, besides preferentially inhibiting synaptic vesicle recycling at glutamatergic relative to Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons, are more efficient in impairing the release of excitatory than inhibitory neurotransmitter from brain synaptosomes. This differential effect does not result from a defective penetration of the toxin in line with the presence of the BoNT/A receptor, synaptic vesicle protein 2 (SV2), in both types of neurons. Interestingly, exogenous expression of SNAP-25 in GABAergic neurons confers sensitivity to BoNT/A. These results indicate that the expression of the toxin substrate, and not the toxin penetration, most likely accounts for the distinct effects of the two neurotoxins at the two types of terminals and support the use of BoNTs for the therapy of CNS diseases caused by the altered activity of selected neuronal populations.
Trigonal‐Bipyramidal Technetium and Rhenium Complexes with Tetradentate NS<sub>3</sub> Tripod Ligands (1994)

Five-coordinate rhenium or technetium is found in the trigonal-bipyramidal complexes of type 2. Neutral MIII complexes with this geometry were prepared from the permetalates MO or from the octahedral MIII species with the tetradentate, tripodal ligand 1. The monodentate ligand R in the complexes 2 can be readily substituted.
Ultra Low Power SIMON Core for Lightweight Encryption (2018)

Security is a significant challenge for a variety of emerging applications within pervasive computing such as the deployment of IoT devices at a massive scale. SIMON, a lightweight cryptographic algorithm, is a promising candidate for encryption in a resource-constrained environment. An ultra low power hardware implementation of a SIMON block cipher is developed in this paper. The theory of adiabatic switching is leveraged in a bit-serialized SIMON core with 32-bit plaintext and 64-bit key. The proposed hardware-level innovations enable 27.5X higher energy efficiency (kilobit per second per Watt) at the expense of 18% less throughput as compared to conventional implementations.
Optical Principles Related to Optimizing Sclerostomy Procedures (1992)

A simple probe, consisting of a 200-micrometer uncladded silica optical fiber, advanced from a protecting 22-gauge hypodermic needle, was used to create sclerostomy fistulas both ab interno and ab externo by means of a combined radiation/mechanical effect. Perforation was achieved by exerting gentle forward pressure on the fiber in synchrony with the delivery of radiation pulses. An irradiation protocol suitable for producing such canals in cadaver porcine eyes was delineated using Ho:YAG, Nd:YAG, and diode laser energy sources. Despite significant differences in the pulse energy required for perforation (0.25, 7, and 8 J for the Ho:YAG, diode, and Nd:YAG lasers, respectively), the extent of collateral damage was comparable for each type of laser. The physical mechanisms underlying these findings are discussed.
Learning object detection from a small number of examples: the importance of good features (2004)

Face detection systems have recently achieved high detection rates and real-time performance. However, these methods usually rely on a huge training database (around 5,000 positive examples for good performance). While such huge databases may be feasible for building a system that detects a single object, it is obviously problematic for scenarios where multiple objects (or multiple views of a single object) need to be detected. Indeed, even for multi-viewface detection the performance of existing systems is far from satisfactory. In this work we focus on the problem of learning to detect objects from a small training database. We show that performance depends crucially on the features that are used to represent the objects. Specifically, we show that using local edge orientation histograms (EOH) as features can significantly improve performance compared to the standard linear features used in existing systems. For frontal faces, local orientation histograms enable state of the art performance using only a few hundred training examples. For profile view faces, local orientation histograms enable learning a system that seems to outperform the state of the art in real-time systems even with a small number of training examples.
Photochemical drug and gene delivery. (2004)

The utilization of macromolecules in the therapy of cancer and other diseases is becoming increasingly relevant. Recent advances in molecular biology and biotechnology have made it possible to improve the targeting and design of cytotoxic agents or DNA complexes for clinical applications. In many cases, to achieve the desired biological effect of these macromolecules, internalization to the cell cytosol is crucial. Although new delivery systems have improved the cellular uptake of macromolecules, tissue penetration, cellular uptake and efficient transfer of the molecules into the cytosol of target cells are still fundamental obstacles. At an intracellular level, the greatest obstruction for cytosolic release of the therapeutic molecule is the membrane barrier of endocytic vesicles. Photochemical activation and delivery of drugs and genes are novel technologies to overcome these obstacles. The background theory to these technologies is described in this review and recent data in this field are discussed.
Irritable bowel syndrome (1985)

Irritable bowel syndrome Edited by N W Read. (Pp 272; illustrated; £27.)London: Grune & Strat
Expression and Functional Characterization of the Adhesion Molecule Spermatogenic Immunoglobulin Superfamily in the Mouse Testis1 (2003)

Spermatogenic immunoglobulin superfamily (SgIGSF) is a mouse protein belonging to the immunoglobulin superfamily expressed in the spermatogenic cells of seminiferous tubules. We produced a specific polyclonal antibody against SgIGSF. Western blot analysis of the testes from postnatal developing mice using this antibody demonstrated multiple immunopositive bands of 80-130 kDa, which increased in number and size with the postnatal age. Enzymatic N-glycolysis caused reduction in the size of these bands to 70 kDa, indicating that SgIGSF is a glycoprotein and its glycosylation pattern and extent are developmentally regulated. Immunohistochemical analysis of the adult testis demonstrated that SgIGSF was present in the spermatogenic cells in the earlier steps of spermatogenesis and increased in amount from intermediate spermatogonia through zygotene spermatocytes but was diminished in the steps from early pachytene spermatocytes through round spermatids. After meiosis, SgIGSF reappeared in step 7 spermatids and was present in the elongating spermatids until spermiation. The immunoreactivity was localized primarily on the cell membrane. Consistent with the findings in adult testes, the analysis of the developing testes revealed that SgIGSF was expressed separately in the spermatogenic cells in earlier and later phases. Sertoli cells had no expression of SgIGSF, whereas both SgIGSF immunoprecipitated from the testis lysate and produced in COS-7 cells was shown to bind to the surface of Sertoli cells in primary culture. These results suggested that SgIGSF on the surface of spermatogenic cells binds to some membrane molecules on Sertoli cells in a heterophilic manner and thereby may play diverse roles in the spermatogenesis.
Y-Box Protein 1 Mediates PDGF-B Effects in Mesangioproliferative Glomerular Disease (2005)

The pivotal role of PDGF-B for mesangioproliferative glomerular disease is well established. Here, Y-box protein-1 (YB-1) was identified as a downstream signaling target of PDGF-B. In healthy kidney cells, YB-1 was located predominantly within the nuclear compartment. Subsequent to PDGF-B infusion and in the course of anti-Thy1.1-induced mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis, relocalization of YB-1 into the cytoplasm was observed. In experimental models that lack profound mesangial cell proliferation (e.g., Puromycin-nephrosis, passive Heyman nephritis, spontaneous normotensive nephrosclerosis, hyperlipidemic diabetic nephropathy), YB-1 remained nuclear. This translocation coincided with upregulation of YB-1 protein levels within the mesangial compartment. Increased YB-1 expression and subcellular shuttling was dependent on PDGF-B signaling via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway because these alterations were prevented by specific PDGF aptamers and the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway inhibitor U0126. Furthermore, PDGF-B strongly induced YB-1 expression in vitro. This induction was important because RNAi-dependent knockdown of YB-1 abolished the mitogenic PDGF-B effect. Taken together, YB-1 seems to represent a specific and necessary PDGF-B target in mesangioproliferative glomerular disease.
Soil phosphorus: its measurement, and its uptake by plants (1997)

Phosphorus (P) is the most important nutrient element (after nitrogen) limiting agricultural production in most regions of the world. It is extremely chemically reactive, and more than 170 phosphate minerals have been identified. In all its natural forms, including organic forms, P is very stable or insoluble, and only a very small proportion exists in the soil solution at any one time. Plant-available P may be considered in either its quantitative or intensive dimension. The quantity of available P is time-specific and crop-specific, because it is the amount of P that will come into the soil solution and be taken up by the crop during its life cycle. The intensity of available P (availability) is most easily identified with its concentration in the soil solution. The soil property controlling the relationship between the solid phase P and its concentration in solution is known as the buffering capacity. The solid phase P involved in this relationship is only a small proportion of the total P, and is known as labile P. It is usually measured by isotopic exchange, but this exchangeable P component does not include the sparingly soluble compounds that also replenish the soil solution as its concentration is depleted by plant uptake. The buffering capacity is the ability of the soil solution to resist a change in its P concentration as P is removed by plant uptake or added in fertilisers or organic materials. Buffering capacity is synonymous with sorptivity, which is a preferable term in the context of the reactivity of P fertiliser with soil. It is usually measured from an adsorption isotherm. By fitting a suitable equation, such as the Langmuir, the total sorption capacity as well as the sorption strength can be determined. Both parameters are important in understanding P availability in soils. Buffering capacity has a major effect on the uptake of labile P because it is inversely related to the ease of desorption of solid phase P and its diffusion. Available P therefore is a direct function of the quantity of labile P and an inverse function of buffering capacity. This has been demonstrated in plant uptake studies. Similarly, the most effective methods of measuring available P (soil tests) are those which remove a proportion of labile P that is inversely related to buffer capacity. Soil tests which measure the concentration of P in solution actually measure availability rather than available P, and their efficacy on a range of soils will depend on the uniformity of the soils" buffer capacities. The most effective soil test usually consists of an anionic extractant. Acidic lactate or fluoride have been found most effective in New South Wales, on a wide range of soils, except calcareous soils which neutralise the acidic component (usually hydrochloric or acetic acid) of the extractant. Sodium bicarbonate (pH 8 · 5) has been found effective on calcareous soils and is widely used throughout the world. It has proved unreliable on NSW soils, and may need more thorough evaluation on non-calcareous soils in other parts of Australia.