gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hydrocarbon Renewable and Synthetic Diesel Fuel Blendstocks: Composition and Properties (2012)

We examined the chemical composition and properties of several diesel fuels and blendstocks derived from Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis, hydroisomerization of lipids, and fermentation of sugar via the terpenoid metabolic pathway. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatographic analysis with nonpolar and polar columns, 13C NMR, GC-MS, and elemental analysis were used to assess fuel chemistry. Performance properties included density, heat of combustion, cetane number, and cloud point, as well as other properties. The fuels consisted almost entirely of normal and iso-paraffins. Three samples contained residual oxygen below 0.1 mass %. All of the renewable and synthetic diesel fuels have significantly lower density than is typical for a petroleum-derived diesel fuel. As a result, they have slightly higher net heat of combustion on a mass basis (2%–3% higher), but lower heat of combustion on a volume basis (3%–7% lower). Two critical diesel performance properties, cetane number and cloud point, were correlated with iso-paraffin content and chain length. The results confirm that properties of hydroisomerized fats and oils, as well as FT diesel, can be tuned by increasing the degree of isomerization to lower cloud point which also lowers the cetane number. In spite of this trade-off between cloud point, and cetane number, the cetane numbers were still over 70 for fuels with cloud points as low as −27 °C. The terpenoid biofuel exhibited a cloud point below −70 °C and a cetane number of 58.
Static and dynamic effects due to electrostriction in GaN/AlN (2007)

A one-dimensional model accounting for electrostriction, lattice mismatch, piezoelectricity, and strain is presented with special emphasis on GaN/AlN heterostructures recently examined extensively in the literature. It is shown that electrostriction, being a second-order effect in the strain–electric field relation, plays a significant, sometimes dominant, contribution subject to DC voltage conditions and externally imposed hydrostatic pressure or AC conditions. It is argued that electrostriction, examined in a three-dimensional model, may give important contributions to the total strain at DC conditions even in the absence of hydrostatic pressure. Model results are based on experimentally reported values for electrostriction coefficients in GaN.
YBa ( Cu , Fe ) O 계에서 철 첨가에 의한 사방정 - 정방정 저온 상전이 (1991)

The low temperature phase transition of high-Tc superconducting phase has been investigated in Fe-doped YBaCuO systems by X-ray diffraction analysis, optical microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and electrical resistivity measurement. The phase transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal in YBa₂(Cu_(1-x) Fe_x)₃O_(7-y) superconductor is induced by replacing Cu with Fe. A mixture of the orthorhombic and tetragonal phases exists in specimens containing Fe of about x=0.03. In orthorhombic platelike grains are observed striations which are related to the formation of twins in the grains. The phase transition can be easily identified by the disappearance of the striations in platelike grains under polarized light. As Fe content increases, the twin spacing in orthorhombic phase becomes narrow. In the tetragonal phase at x$gt;0.03, the fine tweed structure is observed instead of the twin structure of the orthorhombic phase. The c parameter does not change even though the phase change occurs, implying that the tetragonal phase in Fe-doped specimen contains more oxygen than that in undoped specimen. The zero resistance temperature(Tc) and oxygen content decrease with Fe content. Nevertheless, the specimen containing Fe up to 2 at% shows high Tc of 84K, suggesting that the super conductivity in YBa₂(Cu_(1-x), Fe_x)₃O_(7-y) is more related to the oxygen content than the crystal structure.
Structural, electronic, and vibrational properties of (4,4) picotube crystals (2005)

The picotube molecule is a highly symmetric hydrocarbon, closely related to a very short (4,4) carbon nanotube. We present a thorough experimental and theoretical study of the physical properties of picotube crystals. In x-ray diffraction experiments we find the picotube molecules to display ${D}_{2d}$ symmetry. We identify the most intense Raman peaks as ${A}_{1}$ modes with polarization-dependent Raman measurements. Ab initio calculations of the structural, electronic, and vibrational properties of picotubes are in excellent agreement with our experiments. We assign the measured vibrations to displacement eigenvectors including those analogous to the nanotube high-energy mode, the $D$ mode, and the radial-breathing mode.
The β–δ phase transition in the energetic nitramine-octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine: Kinetics (2002)

In this paper we present second harmonic generation (SHG) experiments designed to confirm the mechanism and quantify the transformation kinetics of the β–δ solid state phase transition in the organic nitramine molecule octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). The β phase adopts a centrosymmetric crystallographic configuration (P21/c) while the δ phase adopts a noncentrosymmetric one (P61(P65)). As expected, this results in a very poor generation of SHG intensity from the β phase, while the δ phase is very efficient, rivaling KH2PO4 in absolute efficiency. SHG thus provides a very high sensitivity zero background probe of the δ phase. We discuss the use of this signal as a quantitative measure of the δ phase mole fraction in ensembles of free HMX crystals and crystals embedded in a visco–elastic polymer matrix. We report imaging experiments where the spatial characteristics of the transformation are shown to be consistent with nucleation from a low density of initial sites, followed by rapid growth. We also report experiments where the total integrated SHG is measured and used to infer the transition progress as a function of time in a series of isothermal experiments on both β–δ conversion and δ–β reversion. Additionally, reversibility experiments are reported which are used to verify both the volumetric mechanism of SHG generation in this system and the independence of these results to the internal stress state of the polycrystalline samples. We compare the measured SHG intensity as a function of time for a range of temperatures with predictions of the two state kinetic model presented in the accompanying paper [B. F. Henson et al., J. Chem. Phys. 117, 3780 (2002)]. We perform a set of parameter optimization calculations based on agreement with the predictions of the model. Optimization does not significantly change the kinetic parameters that are thermodynamically constrained by the model, but there is a distribution of parameters necessary to reproduce the nucleation kinetics observed. In particular, a striking difference in nucleation kinetics is observed between samples of free crystals and crystals embedded in a visco–elastic polymer matrix.
THE TREATMENT OF EPILEPSY (1935)

This article is one of a series on the nmantagement of some diseases of the nervous system met with in general practice.
A simple approach for coupling liquid chromatography and electron ionization mass spectrometry (2002)

A miniaturized, aerosol based interface for directly coupling a liquid chromatograph with a mass spectrometer is presented. The interface is entirely within the electron ionization (EI) source of the mass spectrometer and no additional, external devices are needed. This simple and effective approach exploits micro-flow nebulization technology providing a new interface suitable for a variety of applications of environmental and biological interest. The new interface provides necessary linearity, ruggedness, sensitivity, and reproducibility of response for trace level analysis, and readily interpretable mass spectra for unambiguous identification of unknown compounds of small to medium molecular weight.
Human airway measurement from CT images (2008)

A wide range of pulmonary diseases, including common ones such as COPD, affect the airways. If the dimensions of airway can be measured with high confidence, the clinicians will be able to better diagnose diseases as well as monitor progression and response to treatment. In this paper, we introduce a method to assess the airway dimensions from CT scans, including the airway segments that are not oriented axially. First, the airway lumen is segmented and skeletonized, and subsequently each airway segment is identified. We then represent each airway segment using a segment-centric generalized cylinder model and assess airway lumen diameter (LD) and wall thickness (WT) for each segment by determining inner and outer wall boundaries. The method was evaluated on 14 healthy patients from a Weill Cornell database who had two scans within a 2 month interval. The corresponding airway segments were located in two scans and measured using the automated method. The total number of segments identified in both scans was 131. When 131 segments were considered altogether, the average absolute change over two scans was 0.31 mm for LD and 0.12 mm for WT, with 95% limits of agreement of [-0.85, 0.83] for LD and [-0.32, 0.26] for WT. The results were also analyzed on per-patient basis, and the average absolute change was 0.19 mm for LD and 0.05 mm for WT. 95% limits of agreement for per-patient changes were [-0.57, 0.47] for LD and [-0.16, 0.10] for WT.
Gap maintenance system using near-field optics and piezoelectric materials for near-field recording (2002)

In this paper, our aim is to develop a system that can not only maintain stable gap distance under 100nm but also compensate the tilting between a pick-up head and disk surface for near-field recording (NFR), which is known as a key technology for a next generation optical storage. Applying total internal reflection (TIR) to the air gap measurement, we design an optical sensor to measure the gap distances at three points. Stack and bimorph piezoelectric actuators are utilized for high precision control with nanometer resolution. To understand dynamic characteristics of the system, an analytical method for boundary coupled beam model is performed and verified by comparison with the results of the finite element method (FEM).
Comparative pharmacokinetics, safety, and tolerability of two sources of ch14.18 in pediatric patients with high-risk neuroblastoma following myeloablative therapy (2016)

Equivalent actual ch14.18-UTC and ch14.18-NCI doses produced comparable exposures, with no notable safety or tolerability differences.
Size dependence of the surface plasmon enhanced second harmonic response of gold colloids: towards a new calibration method (1999)

Hyper Rayleigh scattering in solution is used for the determination of the first order hyperpolarizability β colloid of gold colloids in the size range 5–22 nm; these hyperpolarizabilities are found to range from 0.60 × 10–25 esu for 5 nm diameter colloids to up to 16.6 × 10–25 esu for 22 nm diameter colloids at the second harmonic wavelength of 532 nm; the strong size dependence of the hyperpolarisabilities reported here suggests that hyper Rayleigh scattering experiments can efficiently be used to calibrate the particle diameter of colloidal suspensions.
Fluorinated Interfaces Drive Self‐Association of Transmembrane α Helices in Lipid Bilayers (2006)

An increased tendency to self-assemble is exhibited by helical peptides with a highly fluorinated interface embedded in phospholipid membranes. A simultaneously hydrophobic and lipophobic surface obtained by replacing all interface leucine residues with hexafluoroleucine results in a significant increase in the ability of transmembrane helices to form higher-order ensembles. A=fluorescence acceptor; D=fluorescence donor.
Intergenotic Transformation of the <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Genospecies (1972)

A multiple auxotrophic derivative of Bacillus subtilis 168 (strain BR151 carrying lys-3, trpC2, metB10) was transformed with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) isolated from B. subtilis 168, Bacillus amyloliquefaciens H, B. subtilis HSR, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus licheniformis. Transformation with heterologous DNA occurred at a very low frequency for the three auxotrophic markers. Heterologous transformation to rifampin resistance was 100 to 1,000 times more efficient than transformation to prototrophy. Transformants from the various heterologous exchanges were used to prepare donor DNA. The fragment of integrated DNA from the heterologous (foreign) species, termed the "intergenote," was capable of transforming BR151 with an efficiency almost equal to that of homologous DNA. When BR151 DNA contained the Rfm(R) (rifampin resistance) intergenote from B. amyloliquefaciens H, the frequency of transformation was frequently greater than that of the homologous DNA. Accompanying this increased efficiency was a marked change in the physiology of the cells. The growth rate of the transformants carrying this intergenote was approximately one-half that of either parental strain. Thus, in a prokaryotic transformation system, adverse side effects can occur after incorporation of a segment of foreign DNA.
Antiexudative and capillaritonic effects of procyanidines isolated from grape seeds (V. Vinifera). (1990)

A purified and enriched fraction, containing procyanidines, was isolated from grape seeds of Bulgarian sorts of Vitis Vinifera. The effects of procyanidines on the local oedema, produced by subplantar injection of carrageenin and dextran in the hind rat paw, were studied. We also tested their effect on the capillary permeability using intravenous injection of Evans blue and local irritation by xylene. Procyanidines at a dose of 2 mg/kg applied orally three times daily for 6 days inhibited the carrageenin-induced hind paw oedema. On the same schedule of administration these compounds inhibited the dextran-induced oedema 4 hours after the development of the process. Procyanidines stabilized the capillary wall and prevented the increase of capillary permeability caused by local cutaneous application of xylene.
A microcontroller-based system for intelligent telephony (1992)

The design of a microcontroller-based system for intelligent telephony is presented. In addition to providing the ability to play different messages in response to distinct calling parties, the system combines calling number identification with digital recording and playback capabilities to permit audible announcement of the calling party between rings, using the calling party's voice. Implementation issues and plans for future prototypes using newer technologies are discussed. An overview of system functionality, including basic subcomponents and their interaction, is presented. Software and hardware are described, along with suggestions for future work.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
De novo mutations in MED13, a component of the Mediator complex, are associated with a novel neurodevelopmental disorder (2018)

Many genetic causes of developmental delay and/or intellectual disability (DD/ID) are extremely rare, and robust discovery of these requires both large-scale DNA sequencing and data sharing. Here we describe a GeneMatcher collaboration which led to a cohort of 13 affected individuals harboring protein-altering variants, 11 of which are de novo, in MED13; the only inherited variant was transmitted to an affected child from an affected mother. All patients had intellectual disability and/or developmental delays, including speech delays or disorders. Other features that were reported in two or more patients include autism spectrum disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, optic nerve abnormalities, Duane anomaly, hypotonia, mild congenital heart abnormalities, and dysmorphisms. Six affected individuals had mutations that are predicted to truncate the MED13 protein, six had missense mutations, and one had an in-frame-deletion of one amino acid. Out of the seven non-truncating mutations, six clustered in two specific locations of the MED13 protein: an N-terminal and C-terminal region. The four N-terminal clustering mutations affect two adjacent amino acids that are known to be involved in MED13 ubiquitination and degradation, p.Thr326 and p.Pro327. MED13 is a component of the CDK8-kinase module that can reversibly bind Mediator, a multi-protein complex that is required for Polymerase II transcription initiation. Mutations in several other genes encoding subunits of Mediator have been previously shown to associate with DD/ID, including MED13L, a paralog of MED13. Thus, our findings add MED13 to the group of CDK8-kinase module-associated disease genes.
Survival motor neuron (SMN) protein: role in neurite outgrowth and neuromuscular maturation during neuronal differentiation and development (2002)

Childhood spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common neuromuscular disorder caused by absent or deficient full-length survival motor neuron (SMN) protein. Clinical studies and animal models suggest that SMA is a developmental defect in neuromuscular interaction; however, the role of SMN in this process remains unclear. In the present study, we have determined the subcellular localization of SMN during retinoic-acid-induced neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonal teratocarcinoma P19 cells as well as in skeletal muscle during the critical period of neuromuscular maturation. We demonstrate, for the first time, SMN accumulation in growth-cone- and filopodia-like structures in both neuronal- and glial-like cells, identifying SMN as a new growth cone marker. Indeed, SMN was present at the leading edge of neurite outgrowths, suggesting that SMN may play a role in this process. In addition, SMN was detected as small dot-like particles within the cytoplasm of skeletal muscle during the first 2 weeks after birth, but their number peaked by P6. Intense SMN staining in neuromuscular junctions was observed throughout the entire postnatal period examined. Taken together, these results suggest that SMN may indeed fulfill neuronal- and muscle-specific functions, providing a more plausible mechanism explaining motor neuron degeneration and associated denervation atrophy of skeletal muscles in SMA. The primary SMA pathology most likely initiates in the peripheral axon--the result of deficient neurite outgrowth and/or neuromuscular maturation.
A Reflective Runtime Environment for Dynamic Adaptation of Streaming Media on Resource Constrained Devices (2005)

Over the past few years, a considerable amount of effort has been made in improving the QoS in computer networks. The associated problems become further complicated when the applications are resource intensive, links involved are wireless and the applications are required to execute on small mobile devices (e.g; PDAs). In such scenarios, the applications are desired to adapt to changing network/environmental conditions to give a relatively stable user perceived QoS or in the worst case, go for a graceful degradation. In this paper we describe the architecture, implementation and evaluation of our adaptive runtime environment (ARE) which runs on top of JVM. We exploit application-side adaptation and our approach is based around aspect oriented programming (AOP) to design a reflective runtime environment, spatially and temporally optimized for small foot-print devices. A key feature of this environment is that it is completely free of any user involvement for QoS specification, even then, intelligent enough to make any a/v application adaptive.
In vivo Relationships of the Dextran-Degrading Oral Microbiota to Streptococcus mutans and Caries Experience (1982)

Several dextranase-producing (DP) microorganisms indigenous to ths oral cavity reduce in vitro adherence of Streptococcus mutans to smooth surfaces. In this report, the DP microorganisms were studied to determine if they had an influence on the in vivo S. mutans population and the development of carious lesions in children. The epidemiological investigation showed that the oral cavity of all children sampled harbored dextranolytic microbes and that the highest concentrations were recovered from saliva. Estimates of correlation calculated from the data produced no significant antagonistic relationships between the DP bacteria found in saliva, smooth surface plaque and interproximal plaque and either the DMFS index or the S. mutans population. It was concluded that dextranase-producing microorganisms did not detectably influence the in vivo ecology of S. mutans, possibly because recent evidence indicates a nonglucan molecule may be responsible for initial attachment of S. mutans to smooth surfaces.
Guided bone regeneration next to osseointegrated implants in humans. (1991)

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the technique of guided tissue regeneration on a clinical and histologic level for generating new bone adjacent to osseointegrated implants. Cylindrical, press-fitted, titanium plasma flame-coated implants were modified by a disk screwed onto the implant. After implant insertion, the disk-implant assembly was covered by an expanded polytetrafluorethylene membrane. In one group, the space underneath the membrane was filled with hydroxylapatite granules; in the control group, no membrane was used. Clinical and histologic results demonstrate that the principle of guided tissue regeneration is applicable to osteogenesis in humans.
All-dielectric metasurface circular dichroism waveplate (2017)

We propose and experimentally demonstrate a high efficient circularly polarizing dichroism waveplate (CPDW) using a Si-based all-dielectric 2Dchiral metasurface. We demonstrate that the CPDW exhibits a unique dichroism in that it functions as a transmissive quarter waveplate for one of either left-or right-handed circularly polarized incident lightand a reflective mirror for the opposite polarization. The circular polarization dichroism (CPD = I<sub>RCP</sub> - I<sub>LCP</sub>) in transmission at wavelength ~1.5 μm reaches 97% and the extinction ratio (ER = I<sub>RCP</sub>/I<sub>LCP</sub>) is as high as 345:1. Experimental fabrications and measurements of the proposed all-dielectric metasurface are implemented and found to be in excellent agreement with the simulations. The proposed all-dielectric chiral metasurface is of advantages of high-dichroism, easy-fabrication and standard semiconductor fabrication techniques compatible, which could lead to enhanced security in fiber and free-space communications, as well as imaging and sensing applications for circularly polarized light with a highly integrated photonic platform.
Pile-of-Plates Polarizers for the Infrared: Improvement in Analysis and Design (1959)

The history of the transmission-type pile-of-plates polarizer has been dominated by two equations which make different assumptions as to the fate of the unwanted, multiply-reflected rays. Both equations assume that the polarizer consists of parallel-sided plates mounted parallel to one another and inserted in the beam at Brewster’s angle. The present article shows that better results are obtained if the plates are slightly wedge-shaped, are mounted in “fanned” manner, and are mounted at an angle slightly exceeding Brewster’s angle. A performance better than that implied by either equation is achievable.