gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Culture of Human Fetal Liver (1973)

A method for the preparation of collagen-substrate cultures of human fetal liver is described. The growth and long-term maintenance of differentiated hepatic parenchymal cells in these cultures from liver tissue from human fetuses of 8 to 18 wk gestation is described. Satisfactory outgrowth of hepatic parenchymal cells was obtained from fetuses of 12 to 18 wk gestation, while outgrowth of cells from an 8 wk fetus was less satisfactory and the cells degenerated within 2 wk. Outgrowing cells demonstrated the typical morphology and arrangement of hepatic parenchymal cells and glycogen formation was readily demonstrated. Mitotic figures were observed during the first 2 wk of culture and foci of cells in the granulocytic and erythrocytic series were prominent during this period. Addition of hydrocortisone to the media resulted in a marked reduction of fibroblastic growth surrounding the colonies of hepatic parenchymal cells, even after prolonged culture. Culture of human fetal liver in Gelfoam-sponge organ cultures is described. In these organ cultures the morphology of the hepatic parenchymal cells compared favorably with the parenchymal cells in fetal liver fixed immediately on receipt. A simple method for preparation of the collagen substrate is described.
Characterization of encephalomyocarditis virus isolated from aborted swine fetuses. (1991)

Characteristics of 2 encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) isolates (MN-25 and MN-30) recovered from aborted swine fetuses were examined along with 2 other swine isolates (NVSL-MDV and NVSL-PR) and a reference ATCC strain (VR-129). All 5 EMCV isolates were found to be serologically related by cross testing, using serum neutralization and fluorescent antibody assays. Hemagglutination (HA) properties of the 5 isolates were compared, using 5 diluents. The MN-25 and NVSL-MDV strains had HA activity with guinea pig RBC in all 5 diluents, whereas MN-30, NVSL-PR, and VR-129 had HA activity only in KCl-borate buffer. The HA ability with RBC of various animal species was examined, using KCl-borate diluent. All virus isolates had high HA titer (1:512 to 1:2,048) with guinea pig, rat, and horse RBC and lower HA titer (1:16 to 1:64) with sheep RBC. The MN-25 and NVSL-MDV isolates agglutinated dogs RBC, whereas MN-30, NVSL-PR, and VR-129 strains did not. Viral replication was evident in 8 of 10 cell lines tested, although infectivity titers of each virus varied by cell line used. Plaque-forming ability was similar for all 5 isolates, but plaque size was different by virus and cell culture used. Virus isolates were found to be stable after being heated at 56 C and subjected to a wide range of pH. A viral polypeptide pattern difference for all 5 isolates was not found by use of sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Monosodium Glutamate in the Diet Does Not Raise Brain Glutamate Concentrations or Disrupt Brain Functions (2018)

The non-essential amino acid glutamate participates in numerous metabolic pathways in the body. It also performs important physiologic functions, which include a sensory role as one of the basic tastes (as monosodium glutamate [MSG]), and a role in neuronal function as the dominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. Its pleasant taste (as MSG) has led to its inclusion as a flavoring agent in foods for centuries. Glutamate's neurotransmitter role was discovered only in the last 60 years. Its inclusion in foods has necessitated its safety evaluation, which has raised concerns about its transfer into the blood ultimately increasing brain glutamate levels, thereby causing functional disruptions because it is a neurotransmitter. This concern, originally raised almost 50 years ago, has led to an extensive series of scientific studies to examine this issue, conducted primarily in rodents, non-human primates, and humans. The key findings have been that (a) the ingestion of MSG in the diet does not produce appreciable increases in glutamate concentrations in blood, except when given experimentally in amounts vastly in excess of normal intake levels; and (b) the blood-brain barrier effectively restricts the passage of glutamate from the blood into the brain, such that brain glutamate levels only rise when blood glutamate concentrations are raised experimentally via non-physiologic means. These and related discoveries explain why the ingestion of MSG in the diet does not lead to an increase in brain glutamate concentrations, and thus does not produce functional disruptions in brain. This article briefly summarizes key experimental findings that evaluate whether MSG in the diet poses a threat to brain function.
Acute Limonene Toxicity in Escherichia coli Is Caused by Limonene Hydroperoxide and Alleviated by a Point Mutation in Alkyl Hydroperoxidase AhpC (2015)

Limonene, a major component of citrus peel oil, has a number of applications related to microbiology. The antimicrobial properties of limonene make it a popular disinfectant and food preservative, while its potential as a biofuel component has made it the target of renewable production efforts through microbial metabolic engineering. For both applications, an understanding of microbial sensitivity or tolerance to limonene is crucial, but the mechanism of limonene toxicity remains enigmatic. In this study, we characterized a limonene-tolerant strain of Escherichia coli and found a mutation in ahpC, encoding alkyl hydroperoxidase, which alleviated limonene toxicity. We show that the acute toxicity previously attributed to limonene is largely due to the common oxidation product limonene hydroperoxide, which forms spontaneously in aerobic environments. The mutant AhpC protein with an L-to-Q change at position 177 (AhpC(L177Q)) was able to alleviate this toxicity by reducing the hydroperoxide to a more benign compound. We show that the degree of limonene toxicity is a function of its oxidation level and that nonoxidized limonene has relatively little toxicity to wild-type E. coli cells. Our results have implications for both the renewable production of limonene and the applications of limonene as an antimicrobial.
Accurate Wide-Range Design Equations for the Frequency-Dependent Characteristic of Parallel Coupled Microstrip Lines (1984)

In this paper, closed-form expressions are presented which model the frequency-dependent even- and odd-mode characteristics of parallel coupled microstrip lines with hitherto unattained accuracy and range of validity. They include the effective dielectric constants, the characteristic impedances using the power-current formulation, as well as the open-end equivalent lengths for the two fundamental modes on coupled microstrip. The formulas are accurate into the millimeter-wave region. They are based on an extensive set of accurate numerical data which were generated by a rigorous spectral-domain hybrid-mode approach and are believed to represent a substantial improvement compared to the state-of-the-art and with respect to the computer-aided design of coupled microstrip filters, directional couplers, and related components.
Typed Table Transformations (2018)

Spreadsheet tables are often labeled, and these labels effectively constitute types for the data in the table. In such cases tables can be considered to be built from typed data where the placement of values within the table is controlled by the types used for rows and columns. We present a new approach to the transformations of spreadsheet tables that is based on transformations of row and column types. We illustrate the basic idea of type-based table construction and transformation and lay out a series of research questions that should be addressed in future work.
New syntheses of 6-deoxy-L-gulose and 6-deoxy-L-talose. (1986)

Treatment of methyl 2, 3, 4, -tri-O-benzoyl-6-deoxy-6-iodo-α-D-mannopyranoside (1) or methyl 4-O-acetyl-2, 3-di-O-benzoyl-6-deoxy-6-iodo-α-D-allopyranoside (11) with silver fiuoride in pyridine gave the corresponding D-lyxo- (2) or D-ribo-hex-5-enoside (12), respectively. Catalytic hydrogenation of these 5-enosides yielded preferentially the 6-deoxy-L-gulo derivative (4) from the D-lyxo-5-enoside (2) and the 6-deoxy-L-talo derivative (14) from the D-ribo-5-enoside (12). Zemplen deacylation followed by acid hydrolysis of the acylated glycosides afforded 6-deoxy-L-gulose and 6-deoxy-L-talose. The product ratios upon hydrogenation of the 5-enoside derivatives with several kinds of catalysts were measured by high-performance liquid chromatography and results are summarized in Tables I and II. The proton and carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectral data of the products are also discussed.
The cell cycle and pluripotency: Is there a direct link? (2010)

Comment on: Edel MJ, et al. Genes Dev. 2010; 24:561-73.
Protective effects of glycyrrhizic acid by rectal treatment on a TNBS-induced rat colitis model (2011)

Rectally administered glycyrrhizic acid has significant protective effects against TNBS-induced colitis in rats, and the rectal route may be a complementary treatment for inflammatory bowel disease.
Rapid Growth and Spontaneous Metastasis of Human Germinal Tumors Ectopically Transplanted into Scid (Severe Combined Immunodeficiency) and Scid‐nude<sup>streaker</sup> Mice (1991)

Xenograft acceptance, growth and spontaneous metastasis of ectopically transplanted human germinal tumors were compared among scid mice, athymic nude mice and F2 hybrids constructed from scid and nude mice, in relation to the impairments of T and B cell functions in these mice. In scid mice which are deficient in T and B cell functions, human yolk sac tumor (YST-2) that originated from the ovary grew to enormous sizes in 100% of the animals after both subcutaneous and intraperitoneal transplantation, while only half (59.1% and 51.9%) of the subcutaneous and none of the intraperitoneal transplants were accepted in usual athymic nude mice (BALB/c-nu/nu and CD1-nu/nu). The YST-2 grew rapidly in scid mice, developing 3 to 10 times larger tumors compared to nude-streaker (AKR/J-nustr/nustr) and usual nude mice, respectively. Furthermore, ectopically transplanted tumors spontaneously metastasized to distant organs (mostly to the lung) in scid mice (but less frequently in leaky scid mice), while metastases have never been found in nude mice. Although a xenograft of human classic (typical or pure) seminoma of the testis has never been established in nude mice, it grows slowly in one-third (36.4%) of scid mice and very rapidly in all of scid-nustr (scid/scid; nustr/nustr) double mutant mice. Spontaneous metastases of xenografted seminomas were also observed in distant organs (lymph node, lung, liver, spleen, and kidney). The metastastic distribution of the two human germinal tumors in scid and scid-nustr mice mimics that found in human. These results (xenograft acceptance, growth of transplanted tumors and degree of metastatic spread) were compatible with the level of T and B cell impairments indicated by FACS analysis, as well as mitogen responses, serum IgG and morphological features of the thymus.
Current status and future development of Chinese Government Public Information Online (2010)

<p align="justify">Since its launch last year, the Chinese Government Public Information Online (CGPIO) platform's basic construction has developed rapidly. This paper describes the tech-nology and service status of the platform, analyzes its problems, and details the future development of the alliance platform in the future.</p>
Medicinal Plants of the World: Volume 1: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses (2001)

Ivan Ross takes advantage of the significant growth in the amount of new data available to update and expand his much acclaimed Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses, Volume 1. This considerably enhanced second edition contains new research and references on the immunomodulatory activity present in Allium sativum, Mangifera indica, and Punica granatum, the antidiabetic effects of Momoridica charantia and Mucuna pruriens, the antiinflammatory activity found in Mangifera indica and Arbus precatorius, the cholesterol lowering effect of Allium sativum and Moringa pterygosperma, and the antitumor effect of Arbus precatorius and Moringa pterygosperma. There are also important new findings concerning the antiherpes simplex virus activity of Mangifera indica, the anti-Parkinson's activity of Mucuna pruriens, the antiviral activity in Phyllanthus niruri and Jatropha curcas, the hyperthyroid regulation properties of Moringa pterygosperma, and the antioxidant activity of Mangifera indica, Punica granatum, Psidium guajava, and Allium sativum. Allium sativum is highlighted for its treatment of unstable angina pectoris, sickle red blood cell dehydration inhibition, senescence ameliorative, chemoprotective, cardiovascular, antineoplastic, anticarcinogenic, and antiatherogenic effects. This revised and enhanced edition provides details on traditional medicinal uses, chemical constituents, pharmacological activities, clinical trials, color illustrations, Latin names, botanical descriptions, as well as providing an index and extensive bibliographies. Authoritative and exhaustively compiled, Medicinal Plants of the World: Chemical Constituents, Traditional and Modern Medicinal Uses, Volume 1, 2nd Edition offers pharmacists, physicians, medicinal chemists, toxicologists, and phytochemists a universal reference on twenty-six of the most widely used medicinal plants in the world
A Backlight Power Management Framework for Battery-Operated Systems (2004)

Editors’ note: Thin-film transistor liquid-crystal displays are systems widely used to support full-featured multimedia. For such systems, backlight is a major source of power dissipation. This article introduces a backlight power management framework and explores trade-offs in the extended dynamic-luminancescaling design space in terms of energy reduction, performance penalty, and image quality.
Multi-user detection under wireless channel (2009)

This paper gives a synchronized multi-user detection algorithm based on the ML(maximum likelihood) criterion, which is deduced from the standard VA (Viterbi algorithm). This algorithm can realize the recursive computation through the constructed metric recursive function and the renewed branch transferring metric. The algorithm can be used in the multi-user receiver when the channel information is known a prior. Simulation results show that the offered algorithm is the optimal algorithm, and can apparently reduce the bit error probability compared to the standard matrix detection algorithm under the condition that the decoding complexity is improved.
Introduction (1997)

'I do plead for the liberties of the people of England more than you do', King Charles I told his accusers. But there was no dissuading the makeshift court that had been assembled to engineer his execution. It took only a week for the judges to announce their predetermined verdict: 'that he, the said Charles Stuart, as a tyrant, traitor, murderer, and public enemy to the good people of this nation, shall be put to death by the severing of his head from his body'. Thus it was that on a cold January day in 1649, King Charles laid his head on the block, gave the signal to his executioner, and was beheaded with one blow of an axe in full public view. The crowd that had gathered for the spectacle did not burst out in cheers. A young man who stood among them reported only 'such a groan as I never heard before, and desire I may never hear again'.1
Modelled plasma concentrations of pemafibrate with co-administered typical cytochrome P450 inhibitors clopidogrel, fluconazole or clarithromycin predicted by physiologically based pharmacokinetic modelling in virtual populations (2020)

Oral antidyslipidaemic drug pemafibrate is cleared from human plasma via hepatic uptake by organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B1 and oxidation by cytochromes P450 (P450) 2C8, 2C9 and 3A4. The pharmacokinetic profiles of pemafibrate with virtual administrations of P450 inhibitors and/or disease interactions were generated using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model previously established for co-administration of pemafibrate with OATP1B1 inhibitors. This PBPK model was validated in the current study using reported maximum pemafibrate plasma concentrations and areas under the curve from interaction studies in healthy subjects co-administered with clopidogrel (P450 2C8 inhibitor), fluconazole (P450 2C9/3A4 inhibitor) or clarithromycin (P450 3A4 inhibitor). Virtual co-administrations of pemafibrate with clopidogrel, fluconazole or clarithromycin increased the predicted plasma exposures of pemafibrate 1.4-1.7-fold, 1.2-1.4-fold and 2.9-11-fold, respectively, in subjects with or without moderate or severe renal impairment or Child-Pugh A or B liver cirrhosis. Some of the exposure-enhancing effects of clarithromycin may originate from its inhibitory potential toward OATP1B1, because the estimated effects of itraconazole (a P450 3A4 inhibitor) were only minor. Simulations using the current PBPK model in groups of virtual subjects with or without renal or hepatic impairment revealed modified pharmacokinetic profiles for pemafibrate following co-administration of typical P450 inhibitors.
Examining the collision‐induced decomposition spectra of ammoniated triglycerides as a function of fatty acid chain length and degree of unsaturation. II. The PXP/YPY series (2005)

Abstract A series of positionally pure triglycerides (TAGs) of the form PXP and YPY, where P is the palmitate moiety and X and Y are large arrays of different fatty acid moieties, is synthesized and analyzed by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The intensities of the collision‐induced decomposition (CID) products of ammoniated TAGs were examined as a function of chain length, degree of unsaturation, double‐bond position, and cis/trans configuration of X and Y. The major CID products, the diglyceride (DAG) fragment ions and the MH + ions, are plotted as functions of chain length for the saturated and monounsaturated series of X and Y. Different trends for each of these series are observed. Trends in the intensities of these fragment ions are also characterized as a function of degree of unsaturation in the TAGs. In general, the fractional intensities of MH + increase with increasing degree of unsaturation in the TAGs. MH + is absent in the CID spectra of triglycerides containing three saturated fatty acid moieties, suggesting that the presence of double bonds fosters the formation of MH + . Double bonds positioned close to the carbonyl carbon along the fatty acid chain promote the formation of the DAG fragment ion corresponding to the loss of the fatty acid. The collection of PXP/YPY data produced in this work is used to test the mechanisms of the formation and decomposition of ammoniated TAGs that were previously presented. The YPY data are used to predict the intensities of the fragment ions in the CID spectra of YPX‐type TAGs. The limitations of the mathematical approach used in these predictions are discussed in context of a broader plan to develop a software platform for comprehensive analysis of complex TAG mixtures. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic and X-ray Diffraction Analyses of Asbestos in the World Trade Center Dust: Asbestos Content of the Settled Dust (2005)

On September 17 and 18, 2001, samples of settled dust and airfall debris were collected from 34 sites within a 1-km radius of the WTC collapse site, including a sample from an indoor location unaffected by rainfall, and samples of insulation from two steel beams at Ground Zero. Laboratory spectral and x-ray diffraction analyses of the field samples detected trace levels of serpentine minerals, including chrysotile asbestos, in about two-thirds of the dust samples at concentrations at or below ~1 wt%. One sample of a beam coating material contained up to 20 wt% chrysotile asbestos. Analyses indicate that trace levels of chrysotile were distributed with the dust radially to distances greater than 0.75 km from Ground Zero. The chrysotile content of the dust is variable and may indicate that chrysotile asbestos was not distributed uniformly during the three collapse events.
Endoplasmic reticulum stress occurs downstream of GluN2B subunit of<i>N</i>‐methyl‐D‐aspartate receptor in mature hippocampal cultures treated with amyloid‐β oligomers (2012)

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder affecting both the hippocampus and the cerebral cortex. Reduced synaptic density that occurs early in the disease process seems to be partially due to the overactivation of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) leading to excitotoxicity. Recently, we demonstrated that amyloid-beta oligomers (AβO), the species implicated in synaptic loss during the initial disease stages, induce endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in cultured neurons. Here, we investigated whether AβO trigger ER stress by an NMDAR-dependent mechanism leading to neuronal dysfunction and analyzed the contribution of GluN2A and GluN2B subunits of this glutamate receptor. Our data revealed that AβO induce ER stress in mature hippocampal cultures, activating ER stress-associated sensors and increasing the levels of the ER chaperone GRP78. We also showed that AβO induce NADPH oxidase (NOX)-mediated superoxide production downstream of GluN2B and impairs ER and cytosolic Ca2+ homeostasis. These events precede changes in cell viability and activation of the ER stress-mediated apoptotic pathway, which was associated with translocation of the transcription factor GADD153 / CHOP to the nucleus and occurred by a caspase-12-independent mechanism. Significantly, ER stress took place after AβO interaction with GluN2B subunits. In addition, AβO-induced ER stress and hippocampal dysfunction were prevented by ifenprodil, an antagonist of GluN2B subunits, while the GluN2A antagonist NVP-AAM077 only slightly attenuated AβO-induced neurotoxicity. Taken together, our results highlight the role of GluN2B subunit of NMDARs on ER stress-mediated hippocampal dysfunction caused by AβO suggesting that it might be a potential therapeutic target during the early stages of AD.
TAMS technology for simple and efficient in vitro site-directed mutagenesis and mutant screening (2003)

Site-directed mutagenesis is an invaluable tool for functional studies and genetic engineering. However, most current protocols require the target DNA to be cloned into a plasmid vector before mutagenesis can be performed, and none of them are effective for multiple-site mutagenesis. We now describe a method that allows mutagenesis on any DNA template (eg. cDNA, genomic DNA and plasmid DNA), and is highly efficient for multiple-site mutagenesis (up to 100%). The technology takes advantage of the requirement that, in order for DNA polymerases to elongate, it is crucial that the 3' sequences of the primers match the template perfectly. When two outer mutagenic oligos are incorporated together with the desired mutagenic oligos into the newly synthesised mutant strand, they serve as anchors for PCR primers which have 3' sequences matching the mutated nucleotides, thus amplifying the mutant strand only. The same principle can also be used for mutant screening.
On-axis computer-generated holograms based on centrosymmetric partitioning of the pixel (2001)

A novel, to our knowledge, configuration for the design and fabrication of zero-order computer-generated holograms in which each pixel is split into two centrosymmetric equal-sized regions is proposed and tested. In a manner similar to other approaches this configuration also permits the encoding and the reconstruction of a complex function that exhibits phase as well as amplitude variations by use of a phase-only filter. A detailed mathematical analysis is followed by evaluation of the error of the encoding approach, which is calculated and compared with the error exhibited by other approaches. Computer simulations as well as optical experiments demonstrate the capabilities of this novel configuration.