gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Design and fabrication of free-standing structures as off-chip interconnects for microsystems packaging (2008)

It is projected by the Semiconductor Industry Association in their International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) that by the year 2019, with the IC feature size shrinking to about 10nm, off-chip interconnects in an area array format will require a pitch of 95 µm. Also, as the industry adopts porous low-K dielectric materials, it is important to ensure that the stresses induced by the off-chip interconnects and the package do not crack or delaminate the low-K material. Compliant free-standing structures used as off-chip interconnects are a potential solution. However, there are several design, fabrication, assembly and integration research challenges and gaps with the current suite of compliant interconnects. Accordingly, as part of this research a unique parallel-path approach has been developed which enhances the mechanical compliance of the compliant interconnect without compromising the electrical parasitics. It also provides for redundancy and thus results in more reliable interconnects. Also, to meet both electrical and mechanical performance needs, as part of this research a variable compliance approach has been developed so that interconnects near the center of the die have lower electrical parasitics while the interconnects near the corner of the die have higher mechanical compliance. Furthermore, this work has developed a fabrication process which will facilitate cost-effective fabrication of free-standing compliant interconnects and investigated key factors which impact assembly yield of free-standing compliant interconnects. Ultimately the proposed approaches are demonstrated by developing an innovative compliant interconnect called FlexConnects. Hence, through this research it is expected that the developed compliant interconnect would address the needs of first level interconnects over the next decade and eliminate a bottleneck that threatens to impede the exponential growth in microprocessor performance. Also, the concepts developed in this research are generic in nature and can be extended to other aspects of electronic packaging.
Genetic basis for expression of the major globotetraose-containing lipopolysaccharide from H. influenzae strain Rd (RM118) (2001)

A genetic basis for the biosynthetic assembly of the globotetraose containing lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Haemophilus influenzae strain RM118 (Rd) was determined by structural analysis of LPS derived from mutant strains. We have previously shown that the parent strain RM118 elaborates a population of LPS molecules made up of a series of related glycoforms differing in the degree of oligosaccharide chain extension from the distal heptose residue of a conserved phosphorylated inner-core element, L--D-Hepp-(12)-L-- D-Hepp-(13)-[-D-Glcp-(14)-]-L--D-Hepp-(15)--Kdo. The fully extended LPS glycoform expresses the globotetraose structure, -D-GalpNAc-(13)--D-Galp-(14)--D-Galp-(14)--D-Glcp.
<title>Lucent Microstar micromirror array technology for large optical crossconnects</title> (2000)

Electrostatically actuated, 500micrometers diameter, Si surface micromachined 2-axis tilting micromirrors were designed and fabricated in a 2 structural + 1 interconnect layer polysilicon process. The mirrors are capable of large, continuous, controlled, DC tilt in any direction at moderate actuation voltages. The lowest-mode resonance frequency is sufficiently high to decouple from the ambient vibration noise and allow setting times of less than a few milliseconds. The Au- coated reflectors, suspended in gimbal mounts via torsional springs and bearings, are tilted by applying voltage to four electrically independent sets of fixed electrodes on the substrate. The electrodes and the springs are designed to optimize actuation voltages, resonance frequencies and the deflection range. To achieve the range, the mounts are lifted and fixed fifty microns above the substrate surface during the release process by a self-assembly mechanism powered by tailored residual stress in a separate metalization layer. Square arrays with 1 mm pitch containing independently addressable identical 16, 64 and 256 mirrors were fabricated and hermetically packaged. Based on these devices, fully functional, bitrate and wavelength independent, single stage, low insertion loss, single mode fiber optical crossconnect system are built.
Continuous non‐invasive monitoring of energy expenditure, oxygen consumption and alveolar ventilation during controlled ventilation: validation in an oxygen consuming lung model (1996)

The overall performance of the device is satisfactory and well comparable with any equipment tested. It allows near-continuous non-invasive monitoring of EE, VO2, VCO2, VA, VD/VT in ventilated, critically ill patients, providing a rationale for ventilator settings and nutritional support.
Let us help smokers, not deny them care (2012)

Does our periodic angst about current and future funding of the NHS justify the very particular kind of bullying that we reserve for recalcitrant smokers when we threaten to deny them health care should they attempt to encumber the NHS with their inevitable smoking-related diseases?
Current concepts in laser tattoo removal. (2010)

Today, more than 10% of the Western population has at least 1 tattoo, with prevalence of up to one-fourth in the cohort younger than 30 years of age. Many of these individuals come to regret their decision within months due to several reasons, often socially-related, and seek medical treatment. The discovery of selective photothermolysis has enabled the targeted destruction of tattoo pigments with only minimal damage to the surrounding tissue and limited risk of adverse effects, which contrasts previously used nonspecific methods. This treatment modality requires laser pulses of short durations (nanoseconds) and high intensities. However, the inappropriate use of laser parameters, such as inadequate pulse duration, can unnecessarily increase the incidence of permanent adverse effects. This article provides an overview of applicable laser systems and therapeutic strategies for optimized tattoo removal.
IP multicast extensions for mobile internetworking (2002)

This paper deals with multicasting in an internetwork with mobile hosts, particularly with regard to mobile-IP and distance vector multicast routing (DVMRP) protocols. When the source of a multicast datagram is a mobile host (MH), the datagram may not reach all group members to which the datagram is addressed, including other mobile hosts. When the source is a static host and the multicast group includes mobile hosts, a mobile group member may receive datagrams in one cell but not in another. Further when a MH enters a cell which contains no other member of the same group, the MH will experience a delay before it starts receiving datagrams addressed to that group. Mobility between campuses which result in a MH acquiring an additional unicast address, also has an effect on multicast routing. We propose enhancements to DVMRP executed at the mobility support routers (MSR) that ensure correct forwarding of multicast datagrams to and from mobile hosts. Our solutions do not require any change at hosts and routers unaware of mobility, i.e. the modifications are limited to MSRs and MHs. We also describe an implementation incorporating a subset of our proposals. Lastly, we show that alternate styles of multicasting or mobile networking, viz. link-state (MOSPF) and IETF proposal, will face similar problems and our proposed solutions are still valid in their context.
Differential regulation of MyoD and myogenin mRNA levels by nerve induced muscle activity (1991)

The levels of mRNAs coding for the myogenic factors MyoD and myogenin were measured during synapse formation in developing muscle and in adult muscle, after denervation and reinnervation and after muscle paralysis induced by blocking of neuromuscular transmission by neurotoxins known to alter the density and localization of synaptic proteins such as the acetylcholine receptor (AChR). The mRNA levels of both factors depend on usage of the neuromuscular synapses, but they change to different extents. Myogenin mRNA levels decrease drastically with innervation and increase strongly following blocking of transmission whereas the level of MyoD mRNA showed only a small decrease in response to innervation, denervation or muscle paralysis by neurotoxins. Neither mRNA showed a synapse-related cellular distribution. The results suggest that nerve-induced electrical muscle activity determines the cellular ratio of MyoD and myogenin mRNAs in adult muscle.
Non‐motile mutants of Helicobacter <i>pylori</i> and <i>Helicobacter mustelae</i> defective in flagellar hook production (1994)

Flagellar hooks were purified from Helicobacter pylori and Helicobacter mustelae. The 70 x 16 nm H. pylori hook was composed of FlgE subunits of 78kDa, while the 72 x 16 nm H. mustelae hook was composed of 87 kDa subunits. N-terminal sequence was obtained for the FlgE proteins of both species, and for an internal H. mustelae FlgE peptide. Degenerate oligonucleotide primers allowed amplification of a 1.2 kb fragment from the H. mustelae chromosome, which carried part of the flgE gene. The corresponding H. pylori gene was cloned by immunoscreening of a genomic library constructed in lambda ZAP Express. The translated H. pylori flgE sequence indicated a protein with limited homology with the hook proteins from Salmonella typhimurium and Treponema phagedenis. Mutants of H. pylori and H. mustelae defective in hook production generated by allele replacement were non-motile and devoid of flagellar filaments but produced both flagellin subunits, which were localized in the soluble fraction of the cell. The level of flagellin production was unchanged in the mutants, indicating that the regulation of flagellin expression in Helicobacter differs from that in the Enterobacteriaceae.
Nonlinear Regression Analysis and Its Applications (1988)

Wiley-Interscience Paperback Series Wiley-Interscience Paperback Series consists of selected books that have been made more accessible to consumers in an effort to increase global appeal and general circulation. With these new unabridged softcover volumes, Wiley hopes to extend the lives of these works by making them available to future generations of statisticians, mathematicians, and scientists. The authors have put together an extraordinary presentation of concepts and methods concerning the use and analysis of nonlinear regression models ...highly recommend[ed] ...for anyone needing to use and/or understand issues concerning the analysis of nonlinear regression -Technometrics [This book] provides a good balance of relevant theory and application with many examples ...[and it] provides the most balanced approach to theory and application appropriate for a first course in nonlinear regression modeling for graduate statistics students. -Mathematical Reviews [This book] joins a distinguished list of publications with a reputation for balancing technical rigor with readability, and theory with application. [It] upholds tradition ...[and is] a worthwhile reference for the marketing researcher with a serious interest in linear models. -Journal of Marketing Research This book offers a balanced presentation of the theoretical, practical, and computational aspects of nonlinear regression and provides background material on linear regression, including the geometrical development for linear and nonlinear least squares. authors employ real data sets throughout, and their extensive use of geometric constructs and continuing examples makes the progression of ideas appear very natural. book also includes pseudocode for computing algorithms.
Ultra-High-Speed Multichannel Data Transmission Using Hybrid Substrate Integrated Waveguides (2008)

Hybrid substrate integrated waveguides (SIWs) are proposed as an alternative low-cost interconnect solution to enable ultra-high-speed signal transmission. The SIW serves as a bandpass data transmission channel providing 15-GHz bandwidth. The hybrid structure utilizes the available low-pass frequency region below the cutoff frequency by adding striplines inside the waveguide. This technique of substrate reuse allows several independent data channels to be transmitted simultaneously through the hybrid structure. Hence, the channel capacity is increased without changing the overall waveguide footprint. Transition structures for routing striplines in the waveguide are designed and optimized through full-wave simulations. A number of test structures are fabricated to investigate data transmission using single and hybrid SIW interconnects. Experiments, as well as system simulations, demonstrate the capability of these interconnects for achieving ultra-high-speed data transmission. The hybrid waveguide system yields 15-Gb/s aggregate data transmission with excellent signal integrity characteristics. The proposed hybrid structure suggests an alternative solution for implementation of parallel data transmission systems with significant increase in the total channel throughput.
Internal Movement in Myosin Subfragment 1 Detected by Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (1995)

We have determined intersite distances from Cys374 of actin to Cys707 (SH1) and Cys697 (SH2) of myosin subfragment 1 (S1) in actosubfragment 1 (A.S1) by fluorescence resonance energy transfer for rigor complex A.S1 and complexes containing bound ADP and ADP plus orthovanadate (Vi), A.S1.ADP, and A.S1.ADP.Vi. A single energy acceptor (4-dimethylaminophenylazophenyl-4'-maleimide, DABMI) was attached to Cys374, and two different energy donors [(5-(iodoacetamideothyl)aminonaphthalene-1-sulfonic acid (IAEDANS) and 2-(4'-maleimidylanilino)naphthalene-6-sulfonic acid (MIANS)] were each attached to SH1 and SH2 for the distance determination. The two sites SH1 and SH2 of S1 were approximately equidistant (ca. 45 A) from actin Cys374 in rigor A.S1 when MIANS was the energy donor attached to the two thiols. The Cys374-SH1 distance decreased by 7-8 A in the presence of ADP plus Vi, but the distance Cys374-SH2 was essentially unaltered under identical conditions. Slightly different but similar distance results were obtained with AEDANS as energy donor. If the structure of actin monomer in A.S1 is assumed to be rigid [Miki, M. (1991) Biochemistry 30, 10878-10884], the present results indicate that MgADP plus Vi induced a movement of SH1 toward the actin site and that SH2 was insensitive to saturation of the active site pocket of S1 and relatively immobile. These results suggest that during the steady-state hydrolysis of ATP or in the weak-binding state of actomyosin, the short helical segment of S1 heavy chain containing SH1 moves closer to the COOH-terminal end of actin, while the adjacent helical segment containing SH2 remains stationary. The emission spectrum of MIANS attached to SH2 experienced a large red spectral shift (6-10 nm) in the presence of MgADP, MgADP + Vi, MgADP + beryllium fluoride, and ATP. A crude model of S1 based on the C alpha coordinates suggests that SH2 is located in a hydrophobic cage surrounded by three hydrophobic residues. Reorientation of one of these side chains could expose SH2 to the solvent. The observed red spectral shift of MIANS attached to SH2 could be explained by such a nucleotide-induced exposure, and this explanation would be consistent with the interpretation that SH2 is stationary.
Paroxysmal Motor Disorders of Sleep: The Clinical Spectrum and Differentiation from Epilepsy (2006)

The diagnosis of paroxysmal events in sleep represents a significant challenge for the clinician, with the distinction of nocturnal epilepsy from nonepileptic sleep disorders often the primary concern. Diagnostic error or uncertainty is not uncommon in this situation, particularly with respect to nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy (NFLE), which has a variable and often unusual presentation. Such errors can be minimized if the range of nonepileptic disorders with motor activity in sleep is fully appreciated. Here we review these disorders, before discussing the important clinical and electrographic features that allow their accurate differentiation from seizures. Particular emphasis is placed on the differentiation of nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy from non-rapid eye movement (NREM) arousal disorders and other parasomnias. The value of recording episodes with video EEG polysomnography is discussed.
Radar reflectivity of land and sea (1983)

Preface. Acknowledgments. Remote Sensing by Radar - State of the Art. Surface Effects and Emerging Techniques. Basic Concepts and Definitions - Radar Reflectivity. The Earth and Its Effects on Radar. Polarization, Depolarization and Theories of Scattering - Polarization and Depolarization. Theories for Radar Cross Section of Rough Surfaces. Effects of the Earth's Surface - Fundamental Concepts. Echo from Targets that are Above a Flat, Smooth Earth. Effects of Surface Roughness on Forward-Scattered Fields. Echo from Targets That Are Above a Physically Rough Earth. Multipath Effects on Echo from Land and Sea. Echo Fluctuations and Doppler Spectra - Introduction. Ground Echo Fluctuations. Visual Observations of Sea Echo. Sea Echo Statistics and Spectra. Space-Time Clutter Amplitude Statistics. Average and Median Cross Sections - Introduction. Radar Cross Section for Land. Radar Cross Section for Sea. Interdepence of Polarization Characteristics - Introduction. Echo from Land Principally Trees. Sea Echo. Bistatic Land and Sea Clutter - Bistatic RCS. Effective Illuminated Area. Depolarization and Reduction in RCS. In-Plane (? = 0 and 180?) Clutter. The Baron Model. Ulaby et al. Indoor Measurements.
An infra-red cell for gas adsorption studies (1964)

This note describes an infra-red cell which can be used at temperatures up to 650°C, either under vacuum to a pressure of 10 μtorr, or in any controlled atmosphere.
Feature selection for discrete and numeric class machine learning (1999)

Algorithms for feature selection fall into two broad categories: wrappers use the learning algorithm itself to evaluate the usefulness of features, while filters evaluate features according to heuristics based on general characteristics of the data. For application to large databases, filters have proven to be more practical than wrappers because they are much faster. However, most existing filter algorithms only work with discrete classification problems. This paper describes a fast, correlation-based filter algorithm that can be applied to continuous and discrete problems. Experiments using the new method as a preprocessing step for naive Bayes, instance-based learning, decision trees, locally weighted regression, and model trees show it to be an effective feature selector---it reduces the data in dimensionality by more than sixty percent in most cases without negatively affecting accuracy. Also, decision and model trees built from the pre-processed data are often significantly small...
Inhibition of the novel immune checkpoint CEACAM1 to enhance anti-tumor immunological activity. (2016)

3044 Background: Blockade of co-inhibitory immune receptors has become a promising approach for cancer immunotherapy. Carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 1 (CEACAM1) is a recently characterized immune checkpoint. Expression of CEACAM1 on tumors induces a co-inhibitory signal to CEACAM1-positive T and NK cells through homophilic interactions. Methods: CM-24 (MK-6018) is a humanized anti-CEACAM1 IgG4 antibody with high affinity and selectivity for CEACAM1. The effect of CM-24 alone or in combination was examined in vitro using tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The anti-tumor efficacy of CM-24 was studied in vivo in subcutaneous xenograft and lung metastasis models of melanoma treated with IV injection of mlanoma-reactive TIL. Gene expression analysis of CEACAM1 and other genes of potential relevance to patient response to CEACAM1 were examined in a large cohort of human tumor samples. Results: CM-24 was demonstrated to be a potent blocker of intercellular CEACAM1-CEACAM1 interactions and reversed the inhibition of activated lymphocytes by restoring the phosphorylation of ZAP70. In addition, CM-24 enhanced the anti-tumor activity of TIL in the melanoma xenograft and lung metastasis models. CM-24 also showed synergistic activity with immune checkpoint blockers targeting PD-1 or PD-L1. The gene expression analysis of CEACAM1 and other genes in 18,000+ solid tumor samples allowed us to identify tumor types which represent potential indications for CM-24 therapy and to identify gene expression profiles as candidate biomarkers of response to CM-24 as monotherapy or in combination with a PD-1 or PD-L1 antagonist. Conclusions: CM-24 increases the cytotoxic activity of lymphocytes against malignant cells and has shown effective anti-tumor activity in various in vitro and in vivo models. Treatment with CM-24 either as monotherapy or in combination with anti-PD-1 treatment such as pembrolizumab may be beneficial. First-in-man clinical trial with CM-24 is ongoing.
Neurogenesis in the rat primary olfactory cortex (1986)

Neurogenesis in the rat primary olfactory cortex was examined with [3H]thymidine autoradiography. The experimental animals were the offspring of pregnant females given an injection of [3H]thymidine on two consecutive gestation days. Nine groups of embryos were exposed to [3H]thymidine on E13-E14, E14-E15....E21-E22, respectively. On P60, the percentage of labeled cells and the proportion of cells originating during 24 hr periods were quantified at selected anatomical levels of the anterior and posterior piriform cortex, dorsal lateral peduncular cortex, and posterior two-thirds of the ventral agranular insular cortex. Throughout most of the primary olfactory cortex, deep cells are generated earlier than superficial cells: the 'inside-out' pattern. Neurons in the anterior (prepiriform) cortex are located lateral to the caudal anterior olfactory nucleus and olfactory tubercle, and are generated mainly between E14 and E18 in a caudal (older) to rostral (younger) neurogenetic gradient. Neurons in the posterior (periamygdaloid) cortex are located lateral to the caudal olfactory tubercle and amygdala, and are generated mainly between E14 and E17 simultaneously along the rostrocaudal plane. Superficial cells in the piriform cortex have some additional neurogenetic gradients; ventromedial cells forming transition zones with either the olfactory tubercle or amygdala originate earlier than cells located dorsally and laterally. In the posterior piriform cortex, younger neurons are located at middle dorsoventral levels while older neurons lie above and below. Neurons in the dorsolateral peduncular cortex originate between E14 and E20 in a caudal to rostral gradient of neurogenesis; caudal parts also have a lateral to medial neurogenetic gradient. The most lateral part of the dorsolateral peduncular cortex is unique and does not have the typical 'inside-out' cortical neurogenetic gradient. Neurons in the ventral agranular insular cortex (area 13) originate mainly between E15 and E17 in combined caudal to rostral and ventral to dorsal neurogenetic gradients. The neurogenetic gradients in the primary olfactory cortex, along with patterns of neurogenesis throughout the olfactory projection field are related to the termination patterns of afferents from the main olfactory bulb.