gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Hyperproperties of real-valued signals (2017)

A hyperproperty is a property that requires two or more execution traces to check. This is in contrast to properties expressed using temporal logics such as LTL, MTL and STL, which can be checked over individual traces. Hyperproperties are important as they are used to specify critical system performance objectives, such as those related to security, stochastic (or average) performance, and relationships between behaviors. We present the first study of hyperproperties of cyber-physical systems (CPSs). We introduce a new formalism for specifying a class of hyperproperties defined over real-valued signals, called HyperSTL. The proposed logic extends signal temporal logic (STL) by adding existential and universal trace quantifiers into STL's syntax to relate multiple execution traces. Several instances of hyperproperties of CPSs including stability, security, and safety are studied and expressed in terms of HyperSTL formulae. Furthermore, we propose a testing technique that allows us to check or falsify hyperproperties of CPS models. We present a discussion on the feasibility of falsifying or verifying various classes of hyperproperties for CPSs. We extend the quantitative semantics of STL to HyperSTL and show its utility in formulating algorithms for falsification of HyperSTL specifications. We demonstrate how we can specify and falsify HyperSTL properties for two case studies involving automotive control systems.
A hydrogen maser at temperatures below 1 K (1987)

We describe a hydrogen maser oscillator that has been designed to operate as a highly stable clock operating at temperatures below 1 K using a film of superfluid helium 4 as a storage volume wall coating. We derive the expressions that predict the statistically determined frequency stability of the maser in terms of the maser's internal parameters. Our design follows conventional atomic beam state selection techniques for supplying atoms in the F = 1, m <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">F</inf> = 0 hyperfine sublevel to the oscillating region, which is located inside a sapphire dielectrically loaded TE <inf xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">011</inf> -mode cavity resonator. Measurements of the Hydrogen-Helium wallshift and the line Q of the maser oscillator have been made with unsaturated superfluid helium films at temperatures between 0.475 and 0.575 K. These show that the wallshift depends strongly on film thickness and that the Q of the maser oscillator improves very rapidly as film thickness is increased.
PBS: proven Boolean simplification (1994)

We describe PBS, a formally proven implementation of multi-level logic synthesis based on the weak division algorithm. We have proved that for all legal input circuits, PBS generates an output circuit that is functionally correct and has minimal size. PBS runs on large examples in reasonable time for a prototype system. PBS, was verified using the Nuprl proof development system. The proof of PBS, which required several months, was well worth the effort since the benefits are realized every time the program is run. When engineers use a verified synthesis tool, they get the increased confidence of applying formal methods to their designs without the cost of varying each design produced.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
AGE AND ERROR IN A ROTE LEARNING TASK (1965)

An experiment in spaced learning of paired associates by an ‘ activity ’ method is described in which the amount of specific hand/arn movement adjunctive to the task was varied during learning and in which both the amount and type of movement were varied during testing. Compared with 14/12-15/ years old school leavers the performance of-40-50 year old trainee G.P.O. letter sorters was significantly poorer in all groups. It was especially poor in the older group in which the conflict between the information to and from visual and positional sources was maximal. An analysis of errors indicated that the difficulties of the older groups were for the most part related to errors which, although central as distinct from peripheral in origin, nevertheless appeared to persist in an involuntary way. Implications for training and programmed instruction are discussed briefly.
Characterization of the arfA Gene from Bacillus stearothermophilus No. 236 and Its Protein Product, $\alpha$ -L-Arabinofuranosidase (2004)

The a-L-arabinofuranosidase (Arfase) gene of Bacillus stearothermophilus No. 236 was cloned and sequenced. The ORF of the gene, designated arfA, encoded a 507-residue polypeptide with calculated molecular mass of 57 kDa. The Arfase produced by a recombinant Escherichia coli strain containing the arfA gene was purified to apparent homogeneity and characterized. The molecular mass of the Arfase determined by SDS-PAGE was 60 kDa. However, according to gel filtration, it was estimated to be approximately 190 kDa. These results indicated that the functional form of the Arfase is trimeric. The optimal pH and temperature for the enzyme activity were pH 6.5 and 55°C, respectively. The half-life of the enzyme at 60°C was about 6 h. Kinetic experiments at 45C with pNPAf (p-nitrophenyl α-L-arabinofuranoside) as a substrate gave the K m and V max values of 1.19 mM and 26.1 U/ mg, respectively. When the enzyme was combined with Bacillus stearothermophilus No. 236 endoxylanase and β-xylosidase, it hydrolyzed arabinoxylan into L-arabinose and xylose more efficiently than Arfase alone. This synergistic effect suggested that the complete hydrolysis of xylan with large amounts of arabinose side chains required Arfase as well as endoxylanase and β-xylosidase.
Evaluation of herbal essential oil as repellents against Aedes aegypti (L.) and Anopheles dirus Peyton & Harrion (2011)

To investigate the repellent activity of herbal essential oils from garlic (Allium sativum), clove (Syzygium aromaticum), lemon grass (Cybopogon citratus), citronella grass (Cymbopogon nardus), peppermint (Mentha piperita), eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus), orange (Citrus sinensis) and sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and their combinations against Aedes aegypti (Ae. aegypti) (L.) and Anopheles dirus (An. dirus) Peyton & Harrion under laboratory conditions. In laboratory condition, 0.1 mL of each essential oil was applied to 3-10 cm of exposed area on a volunteer's forearm. The test was carried out every 30 min until fewer than two mosquitoes bit or land during the 3 min study period and then the repellency test was stopped. Essential oil from lemon grass exhibited protection against biting from two mosquito species, for Ae. aegypti [(98.66±11.56) min protection time and 0.97% biting rate] and for An. dirus [(98.00±15.28) min protection time and 0.80% biting rate]. The combinations from eucalyptus oil and sweet basil oil were effective as repellents and feeding deterrents against Ae. aegypti [(98.87±10.28) min protection time and 0.90% biting rate] and An. dirus [(210±10.70) min protection time and 0.93% biting rate]. All herbal repellents exhibited the period of protection time against Ae. aegypti which was lower than 120 min. It can be concluded that oils of lemon grass and combination from eucalyptus-sweet basil are the most effective in repellent activity.
Choline metabolism provides novel insights into nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and its progression (2011)

Choline influences liver function, and the dietary requirement for this nutrient varies depending on an individual's genotype and estrogen status. Understanding these individual differences is important for gastroenterologists seeking to understand why some individuals develop NAFLD and others do not, and why some patients tolerate total parenteral nutrition and others develop liver dysfunction.
Analyzing and Mitigating the Impact of Permanent Faults on a Systolic Array Based Neural Network Accelerator (2018)

Due to their growing popularity and computational cost, deep neural networks (DNNs) are being targeted for hardware acceleration. A popular architecture for DNN acceleration, adopted by the Google Tensor Processing Unit (TPU), utilizes a systolic array based matrix multiplication unit at its core. This paper deals with the design of fault-tolerant, systolic array based DNN accelerators for high defect rate technologies. To this end, we empirically show that the classification accuracy of a baseline TPU drops significantly even at extremely low fault rates (as low as $0.006\%$). We then propose two novel strategies, fault-aware pruning (FAP) and fault-aware pruning+retraining (FAP+T), that enable the TPU to operate at fault rates of up to $50\%$, with negligible drop in classification accuracy (as low as $0.1\%$) and no run-time performance overhead. The FAP+T does introduce a one-time retraining penalty per TPU chip before it is deployed, but we propose optimizations that reduce this one-time penalty to under 12 minutes. The penalty is then amortized over the entire lifetime of the TPU's operation.
DETERMINATION OF MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF AL2O3, MG (OH)2 AND SIC FILLED E-GLASS/EPOXY COMPOSITES (2012)

In this research work, mechanical behavior of E-glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites filled with varying concentration of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)2) and silicon carbide( SiC) were studied. Composites were fabricated by standard method. The objective of this work was to study the mechanical properties like ultimate tensile strength, impact strength, flexural strength and hardness of the fabricated composites. The experimental results show that composites filled by (10% Vol.) Mg(OH)2 exhibited maximum ultimate tensile strength and SiC filled composites exhibited maximum impact strength, flexural strength and hardness.
MEC architectural implications for LTE/LTE-A networks (2016)

Towards 5G mobile networks, the low-latency and high-bandwidth services are highly anticipated; however, legacy 3G and 4G networks now suffers from the mobile data surge. In this sense, pushing network services to the network edge has the potential to improve the traffic latency, user experience, and offload Internet traffic. Although the LTE/LTE-A network can highly benefit from the Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) principle, a detailed MEC architecture is not currently in place. In this work, we propose a modular architecture for the Mobile Edge Host that is ETSI compliant and describe the functional mapping of the architecture to LTE systems. Proof-of-concept demonstrations based on the OpenAirInterface (OAI), a software implementation of LTE/LTE-A systems, present significant benefits of adopting the MEC concept in data caching use case.
On decimal sequences (Corresp.) (1981)

The properties of decimal sequences of rational numbers are investigated with the idea of using them as random sequences and error-correcting codes, and in other applications in communications. Several structural properties of decimal sequences are presented with special attention being given to binary decimal sequences and reciprocals of primes. For a certain class of decimal sequences of <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">l/q, q</tex> prime, it is shown that the digits spaced half a period apart add up to <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r - 1</tex> , where r is the base in which the sequence is expressed. Also for the same class all subsequences of length <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">m</tex> , where <tex xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">r^{m} > q</tex> , are distinct. These underlying structural properties have made it possible to establish a lower bound on the Hamming distance between a given sequence and its cyclic shifts and also to obtain an upper bound on the autocorrelation function. A condition for the cross correlation of two decimal sequences being zero has also been obtained. The outcome of the calculations on decimal sequences of several primes is presented, and the results indicate that the autocorrelation function approximates that obtained for sequences of independent, equally likely random digits.
Concatenated QC-LDPC and SPC Codes for 100 Gbps Ultra Long-Haul Optical Transmission Systems (2010)

We propose and investigate a novel FEC coding scheme based on a concatenation of QC-LDPC with single-parity-check codes. High performance of a Q-limit of 5.8 dB with 20.5% overhead has been achieved with FPGA-based simulations.
Melatonin in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders (2006)

Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been identified as common pathophysiological phenomena associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD) and Huntington's disease (HD). As the age-related decline in the production of melatonin may contribute to increased levels of oxidative stress in the elderly, the role of this neuroprotective agent is attracting increasing attention. Melatonin has multiple actions as a regulator of antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, radical scavenger and antagonist of mitochondrial radical formation. The ability of melatonin and its kynuramine metabolites to interact directly with the electron transport chain by increasing the electron flow and reducing electron leakage are unique features by which melatonin is able to increase the survival of neurons under enhanced oxidative stress. Moreover, antifibrillogenic actions have been demonstrated in vitro, also in the presence of profibrillogenic apoE4 or apoE3, and in vivo, in a transgenic mouse model. Amyloid-beta toxicity is antagonized by melatonin and one of its kynuramine metabolites. Cytoskeletal disorganization and protein hyperphosphorylation, as induced in several cell-line models, have been attenuated by melatonin, effects comprising stress kinase downregulation and extending to neurotrophin expression. Various experimental models of AD, PD and HD indicate the usefulness of melatonin in antagonizing disease progression and/or mitigating some of the symptoms. Melatonin secretion has been found to be altered in AD and PD. Attempts to compensate for age- and disease-dependent melatonin deficiency have shown that administration of this compound can improve sleep efficiency in AD and PD and, to some extent, cognitive function in AD patients. Exogenous melatonin has also been reported to alleviate behavioral symptoms such as sundowning. Taken together, these findings suggest that melatonin, its analogues and kynuric metabolites may have potential value in prevention and treatment of AD and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Recovery of metal values from spent CoMo/Al/sub 7/O/sub 3/ (1982)

The largest catalytic application for molybdenum is in petroleum hydroprocessing. In addition to petroleum hydroprocessing, molybdenum catalysts have excellent future potential in upgrading heavy oil, tar sands, shale oil, and in both the liquefaction of coal and upgrading of coal liquids. In this paper, spent hydrodesulfurization (HDS) catalysts were obtained from several petroleum refineries for the purpose of evaluating various metal recovery techniques. One process is described in which the HDS catalyst is ground to approximately -100 mesh, roasted in air at 600 degrees C in a direct fired rotary kiln or fluid bed calciner and then mixed with soda ash (Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/). The Na/sub 2/CO/sub 3/ product is then water leached in a continuous stirred tank reactor at 100 degrees C to solubilize the molybdenum and vanadium. Insoluble Co-Ni-Al/sub 2/O/sub 3/ residue and the Na/sub 2/O/sub 3/MoO-VO/sub 3/ solution are then separated by filtration. The filter cake, after washing, is ready for caustic digestion, while the filtrate is transferred to a Mo-V recovery circuit. In processing spent coal liquefaction catalysts, the process steps are identical, except that the vanadium recovery is less complex. An economic analysis of the coal liquefaction catalyst recovery process is also presented. (JMT)
Context-aware Semantics-based Information Retrieval (2010)

Information retrieval can benefit from contextual information to adapt the results to a user’s current situation and personal preferences. In this respect, semantics-based information retrieval is especially challenging because a change in context may require modifications to the knowledge base at hand, such as updates to or reclassifications of individuals. This thesis introduces a novel approach for context-aware semantics-based information retrieval that covers two aspects.<br/>First, context-aware system design requires an identification of rel- evant contextual information. For information retrieval, the impact of a contextual aspect on the query results determines its relevance. Per- forming the same query in different contexts often leads to different result rankings. The comparison of such rankings can provide insights into the effects of context changes on the information retrieval results. While numerous methods exist for assessing the result relevance with respect to a query, the question how different two result rankings are has not been tackled yet. The first part of this thesis is therefore concerned with the definition of a cognitively plausible dissimilarity measure for information retrieval results (DIR). It is based solely on the results and thus applicable independent of the retrieval method. The DIR measure supports cognitive engineering tasks, such as work flow and user in- terface design: Using DIR, developers can identify which contextual aspects strongly influence the outcome of the retrieval task and should therefore be in the user’s focus. DIR’s purpose is to reflect how human users quantify the changes in information retrieval result rankings. Its cognitive plausibility has been evaluated in two human participants tests, which show a strong correlation with user judgments.<br/>Second, the relevant contextual aspects have to be modeled in a way that supports interaction with semantics-based knowledge bases. The Semantic Web is based on nominal data and it is therefore inherently difficult to integrate information from the Sensor Web, which is an increasingly important source of contextual information. The second part of this thesis introduces an approach based on semantic rules that bridge these two worlds to enable context-aware information retrieval from the Semantic Web. It demonstrates how user preferences can be modeled in the Semantic Web Rule Language (SWRL). SWRL’s support for rules with free variables allows for reasoning on the individuals in an ontology – in the running scenario, the current conditions at surf spots in California are compared against a user model and ranked on the basis of their deviation from a user’s preferences. Moreover, novel SWRL built-ins are introduced to dynamically read observations from the Sensor Web during rule execution, and to perform queries by example on individuals’ data type values. This approach allows for a strict separation of static knowledge about individuals in an ontology and any dynamic information through an explicit link to sensors.<br/>
Towards adaptive rendering of smooth primitives on GPUs (2009)

Higher order surface primitives enable artists to create smooth, complex objects by manipulating only a few control points and allow for the generation of smooth surfaces from a very compact representation. The implementation of higher order primitives on Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) has the potential to significantly reduce the bandwidth requirements across the graphics bus. Unfortunately, the GPU support for higher order primitives is still rudimentary. We present an adaptive, depth-first tessellation algorithm for smooth surfaces. The algorithm takes a set of Bezier control points and tessellates them according to criteria such as screen-space edge length. Other representations, such as subdivision surfaces, can be handled through preprocessing. The algorithm is designed to provide consistent, hole-free tessellations of adjacent patches. In addition, the polygons generated by the tessellator reside on a space filling curve on the 2D manifold of the surface. This guarantees the good memory coherence for both framebuffer and texture memory access. While the current implementation of the method is purely CPU-based, we believe it is suitable for hardware implementation on future generations of GPUs.
Valencia orange size and 2,4-D: Adequate soil moisture important for increasing fruit sizes with 2,4-D sprays applied when fruits are 4–12 weeks old (1955)

Soil moisture plays an important part in the successful use of 2,4-D for increasing Valencia orange fruit sizes.
Using supercapacitors to improve battery performance (2003)

There are many loads that create current pulses yet require a small voltage droop. This can be very demanding on battery sources. The battery voltage and current can be filtered with a capacitor. The capacitor must have sufficient energy storage to deliver the current pulse for the required time, and its equivalent series resistance (ESR) must be small enough to minimise the voltage droop. Supercapacitors meet these requirements. This paper examines performance improvement when a supercapacitor is used with a battery.
Arrhenius Parameters for the Thermal Decomposition of Trichloroethylene (1983)

A thermal decomposition of trichloroethylene was studied in the temperature range of 440- by using the conventional static system. In order to investigate the pressure dependence of reaction and to eliminate free radical process, propylene was used as the bath gas. The pressure range investigated was 10∼900 Torr. The decomposition was the unimolecular dehydrochlorination and the reaction products were hydrogen chloride and dichloroacetylene. Results were interpreted in terms of the Ric-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM) unimolecular rate theory and the Arrhenius parameters were determined from fall-off behaviors. The Arrhenius parameters are found to be log and E = kcal/mole, respectively.