gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
MIDEX advanced modular and distributed spacecraft avionics architecture (2002)

MIDEX (Medium Class Explorer) is the newest line in NASA's Explorer spacecraft development program. As part of the MIDEX charter, the MIDEX spacecraft development team has developed a new modular, distributed, and scaleable spacecraft architecture that pioneers new spaceflight technologies and implementation approaches, all designed to reduce overall spacecraft cost while increasing overall functional capability. This resultant "plug and play" system dramatically decreases the complexity and duration of spacecraft integration and test, providing a basic framework that supports spacecraft modularity and scalability for missions of varying size and complexity. Together, these subsystems form a modular, flexible avionics suite that can be modified and expanded to support low-end and very high-end mission requirements with a minimum of redesign, as well as allowing a smooth, continuous infusion of new technologies as they are developed without redesigning the system. This overall approach has the net benefit of allowing a greater portion of the overall mission budget to be allocated to mission science instead of a spacecraft bus. The MIDEX scaleable architecture is currently being manufactured and tested for use on the Microwave Anisotropy Probe (MAP), an in-house program at GSFC.
Low-voltage operation of metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor diodes incorporating a ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride copolymer Langmuir-Blodgett film (2006)

We report the electrical characteristics of metal-ferroelectric-insulator-semiconductor structures, where the ferroelectric layer is a Langmuir-Blodgett film of a copolymer of 70% vinylidene fluoride and 30% trifluoroethylene. The 36-nm thick copolymer films were deposited on thermally oxidized (10nm SiO2) p-type silicon and covered with a gold gate electrode. Polarization-field hysteresis loops indicate polarization switching in the polymer film. The device capacitance shows hysteresis when cycling the applied voltage between ±3V, exhibiting a zero-bias on/off capacitance ratio of over 3:1 and a symmetric memory window 1V wide, with little evidence of bias that can arise from traps in the oxide. Model calculations are in good agreement with the data and show that film polarization was not saturated. The capacitance hysteresis vanishes above the ferroelectric-paraelectric transition temperature, showing that it is due to polarization hysteresis. The retention time of both the on and off states was approximately 15min at room temperature, possibly limited by leakage or by polarization instability in the unsaturated film. These devices provide a basis for nonvolatile data storage devices with fast nondestructive readout.
Electron Diffraction of Wet Proteins: Catalase (1972)

Electron diffraction patterns having 3500 reflections out to 2 angstromns were obtained from wet microcrystals of catalase. No diffraction was obtained if the water vapor pressure was set below 90 percent of the equilibrium value.
Experimental Observation of and Comments on Optical Parametric Oscillation Internal to the Laser Cavity (1970)

The theory of an optical parametric oscillator located internal to the cavity of the pump laser has recently been presented by Oshman and Harris. An oscillator of this type has been constructed and the details of its operation are presented here. Several features predicted by the theory have been observed; in particular a form of relaxation oscillation peculiar to the internal oscillator has been observed for the first time. In addition to the experimental results the question of the stability of the various modes of operation and factors affecting the pulse repetition rate of the pulsing solution are considered.
Lymphoedema of the rabbit ear following partial and complete lymphatic blockade; its effects on fibrotic development, enzyme types and their activity levels. (1978)

The dorsal surface of the rabbit ear was found to be a suitable place for the production of long-lasting lymphoedema. Its major tissues (skin and sub cutaneous) are those to which secondary lymphoedema is confined in clinical situations. After 32 weeks of partial lymphatic blockade total tissue activity levels of neutral proteinase and beta-glucuronidase were depressed while alkaline phosphatase was elevated. Subsequent complete lymphatic blockade for a further 5 weeks resulted in severe fibrosis of the s.c. tissues. The total tissue activity levels of 3 characteristic lysosomal macrophage hydrolases--acid protease, beta-glucuronidase and acid phosphatase--were significantly increased. There were strong correlations between the activity levels of these enzymes and the extent of fibrosis, increased fibrosis being characterized by higher activity levels. This, together with other evidence, suggested--as fibrosis became more severe--the total number of macrophages increased, but a high proportion of these were non-stimulated. Since these cells (when stimulated) are normally responsible for the lysis of collagen and removal of fibrotic tissue the impairment of their function as occurs in chronic lymphoedema results in further fibrosis and the continuation of the vicious circle.
PERFORMANCE OF COMBINED FREE/DEMAND ASSIGNMENT MULTIPLE‐ACCESS SCHEMES IN SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (1996)

By combining free assignment with demand assignment, the combined free/demand assignment multiple-access (CFDAMA) protocol offers a much shorter delay at low and medium traffic loads while maintaining the high channel utility of the demand-assignment multiple-access (DAMA) technique. In these schemes, reservation can be made using pre-assigned (PA) or random-access (RA) request slots, or piggy-backing (PB) the request on a data packet. This paper presents a performance analysis of CFDAMA schemes in packet satellite communications. Illustrative examples are given. They show a good agreement between analytical and simulation results. For low and medium sizes of terminal population, the CFDAMA-PA scheme has an excellent delay-throughput performance. As the terminal population increases, its performance is gradually degraded due to the long waiting time for a request. For a very large number of terminals, the CFDAMA-RA becomes more effective than CFDAMA-PA. This indicates that a CFDAMA scheme using a hybrid PB/RA requesting protocol can provide the best performance for a wide range of terminal population sizes.
Targeting GRP78 to enhance melanoma cell death (2010)

Targeting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis may offer an alternative therapeutic strategy for metastatic melanoma. Fenretinide and bortezomib induce apoptosis of melanoma cells but their efficacy may be hindered by the unfolded protein response, which promotes survival by ameliorating endoplasmic reticulum stress. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that inhibition of GRP78, a vital unfolded protein response mediator, increases cell death in combination with endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agents. Down-regulation of GRP78 by small-interfering RNA increased fenretinide- or bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Treatment of cells with a GRP78-specific subtilase toxin produced a synergistic enhancement with fenretinide or bortezomib. These data suggest that combining endoplasmic reticulum stress-inducing agents with strategies to down-regulate GRP78, or other components of the unfolded protein response, may represent a novel therapeutic approach for metastatic melanoma.
Guanidine-resistant poliovirus mutants produce modified 37-kilodalton proteins (1984)

Eighteen spontaneous, guanidine-resistant mutants of poliovirus were obtained by plaque selection. Isoelectric focusing demonstrated charge changes in a 37-kilodalton protein, pX, among three of the mutants. The precursor of pX, NCVP5b , also exhibited charge changes among the three mutants. pX of 12 mutants was also examined by peptide mapping with Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease. Nine of the mutants presented modified maps, and seven of these maps were identical. The demonstration of mutational changes in pX in 12 of 18 mutants suggests a role for this protein in determining the guanidine trait of poliovirus and corroborates studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus.
Pretreatment with follicle stimulating hormone promotes the numbers of human oocytes reaching metaphase II by in-vitro maturation (1998)

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) priming on the in-vitro maturation (IVM) of human oocytes from healthy ovaries using a chemically defined culture system. Seventeen patients donating oocytes for research received a truncated course of 600 IU FSH over 5 days and a further control group of nine patients received no FSH treatment. Mid-follicular phase cumulus-enclosed oocytes (n = 160) were aspirated from follicles < or =4 mm diameter under transvaginal ultrasound guidance and were cultured for 48 h in microdrops of medium containing 10 mIU/ml FSH and 100 mIU/ ml human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG). The results demonstrated that human oocytes will efficiently undergo IVM under serum-free conditions. After mild FSH stimulation, a greater number of cumulus-enclosed oocytes was collected, and following culture, a lower rate of degeneration was observed. Significantly more oocytes completed nuclear maturation to metaphase II following FSH stimulation (71.1 versus 43.5%). In conclusion, a truncated course of FSH stimulation in vivo improved the oocyte maturation rate in vitro, giving a mean of 4.8+/-0.7 metaphase II oocytes per patient compared with only 2.1+/-0.7 from control patients, thus yielding more mature oocytes for future IVF treatment.
Lanthanide(III) Dodecanoates: Structure, Thermal Behaviour, and Ion-Size Effects on the Mesomorphism (2000)

Rare-earth salts of dodecanoic acid (lauric acid) have been prepared and characterized. The compounds have the stoichiometry Ln(C11H23COO)3, where Ln = Y, La, Ce−Lu (except Pm). The thermal behaviour of these rare-earth dodecanoates has been investigated by hot-stage polarized optical microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetry (TG), and high-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis. The compounds have a lamellar bilayer structure in the solid state, with the alkyl chains in an all-trans conformation normal to the ionic sublayer. The size of the trivalent lanthanide ion has proved to be a critical factor with regard to the existence of mesophases of this type of metallomesogens bearing carboxylate ligands. Thus, it was found that a mesophase can only be formed with the light lanthanide ions having large ionic radii. The mesophase stability range decreases rapidly on traversing the lanthanide series. Whereas a smectic A phase has been observed for the LaIII, CeIII, PrIII, and NdIII dodecanoates, no mesomorphism is apparent for the other lanthanide complexes.
Current Instability for Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Sensors Operating in Electrolyte with Platinum Gate Electrodes (2011)

Current instability is observed for silicon nanowire field-effect transistors operating in electrolytes with Pt gate electrodes. A comparative study involving an Ag/AgCl-reference gate electrode reveals that the effect results from a drift in the potential at the Pt-electrode/electrolyte interface. In a phosphate buffer saline of pH 7.4, the stabilization of the potential of the Pt electrode was found to require approximately 1000 s. A concurrent potential drift, with a comparable time constant, occurring at the electrolyte/oxidized-nanowire interface rendered a complex device current response which complicated the interpretation of the results.
CW seeded optical parametric amplifier providing wavelength and pulse duration tunable nearly transform limited pulses (2010)

An optical parametric amplifier that delivers nearly transform limited pulses is presented. The center wavelength of these pulses can be tuned between 993 nm and 1070 nm and, at the same time, the pulse duration is varied between 206 fs and 650 fs. At the shortest pulse duration the pulse energy was increased up to 7.2 microJ at 50 kHz repetition rate. Variation of the wavelength is achieved by applying a tunable cw seed while the pulse duration can be varied via altering the pump pulse duration. This scheme offers superior flexibility and scaling possibilities.
Analysis and reduction of quadrature errors in the material point method (MPM) (2008)

Abstract The material point method (MPM) has demonstrated itself as a computationally effective particle method for solving solid mechanics problems involving large deformations and/or fragmentation of structures, which are sometimes problematic for finite element methods (FEMs). However, similar to most methods that employ mixed Lagrangian (particle) and Eulerian strategies, analysis of the method is not straightforward. The lack of an analysis framework for MPM, as is found in FEMs, makes it challenging to explain anomalies found in its employment and makes it difficult to propose methodology improvements with predictable outcomes. In this paper we present an analysis of the quadrature errors found in the computation of (material) internal force in MPM and use this analysis to direct proposed improvements. In particular, we demonstrate that lack of regularity in the grid functions used for representing the solution to the equations of motion can hamper spatial convergence of the method. We propose the use of a quadratic B‐spline basis for representing solutions on the grid, and we demonstrate computationally and explain theoretically why such a small change can have a significant impact on the reduction in the internal force quadrature error (and corresponding ‘grid crossing error’) often experienced when using MPM. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Computer Generated/Synthesized Imagery (CGSI), (1982)

Abstract : Feasibility has been demonstrated for a hybrid simulation approch which merges two technologies. Computer Generated Imagery (CGI) and Computer Synthesized Imagery (CSI), to form Computer Generated Synthesized Imagery (CGSI). This approach holds promise as a cost-effective, attainable method of providing real-time, high detail imagery for visual and/or other sensors, such as FLIR. A videotape for a nap-of-the-earth flight was generated, demonstrating the fidelity and mobility that can be achieved using this CGSI hybrid approach. A description of the approach will be provided along with selected video frames. Critical features which were demonstrated include: merging of the two technologies, vertical movement for target acquisition and landing, horizontal movement towards and away from objects, dynamic occlting of 3-D objects, dynamic smoke and dust, and color visual and IR imagery.
Volatile Constituents of Fermented Sugar Baits and Their Attraction to Lepidopteran Species (2005)

The volatile compounds emanating from four fermented sugar baits, palm sugar, golden cane syrup, port wine, and molasses, were isolated by headspace sampling and analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Three classes of compounds including esters, alcohols, and aromatic compounds were identified in the headspace of the four fermented sugar baits. There was a high degree of qualitative similarity between the headspace contents of the four fermented sugar baits, although quantitatively they varied considerably. Ethyl acetate, 3-methylbutanol, ethyl hexanoate, 2-phenylethanol, ethyl octanoate, ethyl (E)-4-decenoate, ethyl decanoate, and ethyl dodecanoate were the major compounds identified in the headspace of the four fermented sugar baits. The efficacy of the four fermented sugar baits was investigated in field trapping experiments. Fermented palm sugar and golden cane syrup were superior in attracting significant numbers of moths as compared to port wine and molasses. Fermented molasses was the least attractive among the four baits. Over 90% of the insects caught were noctuids with Graphania mutans and Tmetolophota spp. being the main noctuids captured (over 55%) in the four fermented sugar baits. Male and female G. mutans were equally attracted to the four sugar baits. A number of tortricid species were also trapped.
Novel γ‐ and X‐ray scintillator research: on the emission wavelength, light yield and time response of Ce<sup>3+</sup> doped halide scintillators (2008)

Abstract This work reviews the scintillation properties of many Ce 3+ doped halide compounds studied during the past two decades with the aim to find new relationships between scintillation performance and materials properties. Three major types of compounds are reviewed; lanthanide trihalides LnX 3 , (pseudo)‐elpasolites M 2 ALnX 6 and ternary halides A m Ln n X o where M and A are alkali cations, Ln is a rare earth cation and X is a halide anion. We will address the relationship of the emission wavelength of Ce 3+ and its Stokes shift with the structure, type of anions, coordination number, band gap etc. A comparison between the observed absolute scintillation yield with the fundamental limits will be made. Scintillation losses due to thermal ionization processes and the relationship between Stokes shift, self absorption, and decay time lengthening are treated. Various trends will be identified that may guide us in the continuing quest for better scintillators. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Graphene‐Based Nanohybrids for Advanced Electrochemical Sensing (2015)

Abstract A ‘gold rush’ has been triggered for functionalization of graphene and application of graphene‐based nanohybrids. The application fields involve physics, chemistry, biology and medicine as well as their interdisciplinarities. In this review, we highlight the recent progress of graphene based nanohybrids for electrochemical sensing applications toward a few representative biological analytes including DNA, glucose, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide and biological metal ions. The specific interactions of these substances with graphene and the transduction of target recognition are illustrated. Future challenges and prospects of graphene based nanohybrids applications in electrochemical sensing are discussed.
Chemo-enzymatic synthesis of valrubicin using Pluronic conjugated lipase with temperature responsiveness in organic media (2013)

A novel synthetic route for valrubicin, an anti-cancer drug, was proposed using a temperature-responsive lipase–Pluronic conjugate which gave an overall yield of 82% and a purity of 98% under mild conditions (50 °C, 6–8 h). The high activity, stability, selectivity and reusability of this new lipase catalyst hold great promise for practical applications.
Highly Potent Chimeric Inhibitors Targeting Two Steps of HIV Cell Entry (2011)

Blocking HIV-1 cell entry has long been a major goal of anti-HIV drug development. Here, we report a successful design of two highly potent chimeric HIV entry inhibitors composed of one CCR5-targeting RANTES (regulated on activation normal T cell expressed and secreted) variant (5P12-RANTES or 5P14-RANTES (Gaertner, H., Cerini, F., Escola, J. M., Kuenzi, G., Melotti, A., Offord, R., Rossitto-Borlat, I., Nedellec, R., Salkowitz, J., Gorochov, G., Mosier, D., and Hartley, O. (2008) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 105, 17706-17711)) linked to a gp41 fusion inhibitor, C37. Chimeric inhibitors 5P12-linker-C37 and 5P14-linker-C37 showed extremely high antiviral potency in single cycle and replication-competent viral assays against R5-tropic viruses, with IC(50) values as low as 0.004 nm. This inhibition was somewhat strain-dependent and was up to 100-fold better than the RANTES variant alone or in combination with unlinked C37. The chimeric inhibitors also fully retained the antiviral activity of C37 against X4-tropic viruses, and this inhibition can be further enhanced significantly if the target cell co-expresses CCR5 receptor. On human peripheral blood mononuclear cells, the inhibitors showed very strong inhibition against R5-tropic Ba-L strain and X4-tropic IIIB strain, with IC(50) values as low as 0.015 and 0.44 nm, which are 45- and 16-fold better than the parent inhibitors, respectively. A clear delivery mechanism requiring a covalent linkage between the two segments of the chimera was observed and characterized. Furthermore, the two chimeric inhibitors are fully recombinant and are easily produced at low cost. These attributes make them excellent candidates for anti-HIV microbicides. The results of this study also suggest a potent approach for optimizing existing HIV entry inhibitors or designing new inhibitors.
Absolute Positioning of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle Using GPS and Acoustic Measurements (2005)

Kinematic global positioning system (GPS) positioning and underwater acoustic ranging can combine to locate an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) with an accuracy of /spl plusmn/30cm (2-/spl sigma/) in the global International Terrestrial Reference Frame 2000 (ITRF2000). An array of three precision transponders, separated by approximately 700 m, was established on the seafloor in 300-m-deep waters off San Diego. Each transponder's horizontal position was determined with an accuracy of /spl plusmn/8 cm (2-/spl sigma/) by measuring two-way travel times with microsecond resolution between transponders and a shipboard transducer, positioned to /spl plusmn/10 cm (2-/spl sigma/) in ITRF2000 coordinates with GPS, as the ship circled each seafloor unit. Travel times measured from AUV to ship and from AUV to transponders to ship were differenced and combined with AUV depth from a pressure gauge to estimate ITRF2000 positions of the AUV to /spl plusmn/1 m (2-/spl sigma/). Simulations show that /spl plusmn/30 cm (2-/spl sigma/) absolute positioning of the AUV can be realized by replacing the time-difference approach with directly measured two-way travel times between AUV and seafloor transponders. Submeter absolute positioning of underwater vehicles in water depths up to several thousand meters is practical. The limiting factor is knowledge of near-surface sound speed which degrades the precision to which transponders can be located in the ITRF2000 frame.
Optical beamsteering using integrated optical modulators (1997)

A device has been designed and fabricated to demonstrate the principle of using the interference pattern of a number of coherent optical sources to form and steer an optical beam. Steering of the beam can be accomplished by varying the relative phase of the constituent sources. The effect of relative source phase variation and source separation variation has beers considered and optimized using a multiple source interference model. In this case the constituent sources are the outputs of integrated optical waveguides, excited by a common optical source to maintain relative coherence. In order to demonstrate the principle of beamsteering, a device with two constituent sources (waveguides) has been fabricated, and the resultant output interference pattern has been laterally translated by varying the phase of the output of one waveguide with respect to the other, via a novel optical phase modulator.