gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Experimental and analytical estimation of damping in beams and plates with damping treatments (2008)

The research presented in this dissertation is devoted to the problem of damping estimation in engineering structures, especially beams and plates with passive damping treatments. In structural design and/or optimization, knowledge about damping is essential. However, due to the complexity of the dynamic interaction of system components, the determination of damping, by either analysis or experiments, has never been straightforward. In this research, currently-used methods are reviewed and gaps are identified first. Then both analytical and experimental studies on the damping estimation are conducted and possibilities of improvement are explored. Various passive damping treatments using ViscoElastic Materials (VEMs) are designed, manufactured and then added to aluminum and composite beams and plates. Experiments on these damped structures are conducted. Currently used experimental methods, namely, the free-decay method, the modal curve-fitting method and the Power Input Method (PIM), are used to process the experimental data and investigate the damping characteristics. Especially, 1) experimental procedures of the power input method are carefully identified and investigated; 2) the power input method is applied to non-uniformly damped structures; 3) the power input method is applied in an extended frequency range (from 0 to 5000 Hz) to meet emerging needs of the transportation industries. A new analytical power input method is proposed for evaluating the loss factor of builtup structures, based on the finite element model with assigned properties of the constituents. Finite Element (FE) models of beams and plates with various damping configurations are developed so a frequency response solution suffices to provide mobility and energy results needed by the new analytical power input method. The analytical power input method is evaluated by comparison with the commonly used Modal Strain Energy (MSE) method. Instead of making an approximate correction of the constant material properties, this analytical power input method directly takes into account the frequency-dependent material properties of the viscoelastic material using the MSC/NASTRAN direct frequency response solution. Features of each method are compared and summarized. Especially, 1) the complex frequency-dependency of viscoelastic materials used in constrained layer damping is modeled using MSC Patran/NASTRAN; 2) a new procedure of estimating loss factors is presented, using the concept of the power input method. Particle damping is also investigated. A fluid analogy is proposed and applied to composite beams and metallic plates. Results show that the fluid analogy can effectively estimate peak damping frequencies and peak damping levels. Both experimental and analytical loss factor results for various engineering structures are presented and discussed.
Etherspaltungen mit Organoalkalimetall-Verbindungen und Alkalimetallen (1987)

Reaktionen mit Organoalkalimetall-Verbindungen werden meist in Ethern als Solventien durchgeführt. Daß dabei Etherspaltungen auftreten, weiß man schon lange. Der Mechanismus der Spaltung und vor allem die Tatsache, daß ein und derselbe Dialkylether oft nach verschiedenen Mechanismen zersetzt wird, wurden erst bei neueren Untersuchungen erkannt. Bemerkenswert ist die Beobachtung, daß auch bei rein aliphatischen Ethern ein beachtlicher Anteil an Wittig-Etherumlagerung auftreten kann. Zu Überraschungen können Sekundärreaktionen führen, bei denen aus Alkyl- und Aryllithium-Verbindungen in Diethylether oder Tetrahydrofuran — manchmal unter Umlagerung — neue Organolithium-Verbindungen entstehen. Vielfältig sind auch die Reaktionen von Alkyl-aryl-ethern mit Alkalimetallen, für die fünf von sechs denkbaren Mechanismen diskutiert werden. Die Spaltung von Anisol läßt sich z. B. schon durch Variation des Lösungsmittels so steuern, daß einmal ausschließlich die Aryl-Sauerstoff-Bindung, das andere Mal zu fast 100% die Alkyl-Sauerstoff-Bindung gespalten wird. Verwirrung stiftete auch das Auftreten von Biphenyl als Nebenprodukt bei der Spaltung der Alkyl-Sauerstoff-Bindung von Anisol. Es ließ sich zeigen, daß Biphenyl nicht durch Dimerisierung von Phenyl-Radikalen entsteht, sondern über 2-Methoxybiphenyl. Die Vielzahl der Spaltungsmechanismen reduziert sich auf zwei, wenn man für die kinetisch kontrollierte Reaktion zwei verschiedene σ*-Radikalanionen als Zwischenstufe annimmt. Beim Vergleich der Reaktivität von Thioethern und Ethern ergeben sich nicht nur graduelle, sondern prinzipielle Unterschiede — die Spaltung der Thioether ist thermodynamisch kontrolliert.
JlICOOSCOPlC AND MACROSCOPIC ASPECTS OF SINGLE LANE TRAFFIC FLOW (1962)

A number of specific car following models for single lane flow without passing have been analyzed using a large sample of speed, con­ centration and flow data obtained at a single observation point in the Holland Tunnel. The results obtained have been compared with actual car following experiments conducted in the same tunnel. It is interesting to note that it is possible to relate the specific car following behavior to the overall flow characteristics although it is not possible to discriminate too well among the various car following models. A comparison is made regarding the flow-concentration characteristics of the Lincoln and Holland Tunnels. In addition an (dispersion of the acceleration distribution function) study is reported and results are given concerning the build up of noise in platoons of vehicles, Fina!ly it is pointed out that the or average of the absolute relative speed between adjacent vehicles is a minimum when the flow is a maximum.
Anti-Tamper Databases: Processing Aggregate Queries over Encrypted Databases (2006)

This paper is about anti-tamper databases, where the database contents are encrypted for security in a way to allow efficient query processing directly on the encrypted database without decrypting it. We use a family of openform and closed-form homomorphism encryption/decryption functions and a computing architecture where (a) the database is encrypted a priori, and (b) for SQL queries expressible in relational algebra, there is no extra query processing cost except for the decryption of the final query output. For complex aggregate queries and nested queries that require extra query processing over the encrypted database, we present query execution strategies. We quantify the additional costs incurred when executing aggregate nested SQL queries over encrypted relational databases, and present detailed experimental results. We observe the crossover points as to when processing a query over an encrypted database is still more advantageous than shipping it over the internet to a secure server housing the original, non-encrypted database, evaluating it and returning the query output to the user.
Mechanism of Trialkylborane Promoted Adhesion to Low Surface Energy Plastics (2004)

Excellent adhesion to low surface energy substrates such as polypropylene, polyethylene, poly(vinyl difluoride), and poly(tetrafluoroethylene) is obtained with acrylic polymerization initiated by trialkylboranes at room temperature and without need for surface pretreatment. The mechanism of adhesion is a consequence of a series of radical processes resulting from the initial oxidation of the trialkylborane followed by the production of alkoxy and alkyl radicals. This paper will elucidate the mechanism of adhesion using both experiment and theory.
Lethality of the covalent linkage between mislocalized major outer membrane lipoprotein and the peptidoglycan of Escherichia coli (1997)

The major outer membrane lipoprotein (Lpp) of Escherichia coli possesses serine at position 2, which is thought to function as the outer membrane sorting signal, and lysine at the C terminus, through which Lpp covalently associates with peptidoglycan. Arginine (R) is present before the C-terminal lysine in the wild-type Lpp (LppSK). By replacing serine (S) at position 2 with aspartate (D), the putative inner membrane sorting signal, and by deleting lysine (K) at the C terminus, Lpp mutants with a different residue at either position 2 (LppDK) or the C terminus (LppSR) or both (LppDR) were constructed. Expression of LppSR and LppDR little affected the growth of E. coli. In contrast, the number of viable cells immediately decreased when LppDK was expressed. Prolonged expression of LppDK inhibited separation of the inner and outer membranes by sucrose density gradient centrifugation, whereas short-term expression did not. Pulse-labeled LppDK and LppDR were localized in the inner membrane, indicating that the amino acid residue at position 2 functions as a sorting signal for the membrane localization of Lpp. LppDK accumulated in the inner membrane covalently associated with the peptidoglycan and thus prevented the separation of the two membranes. Globomycin, an inhibitor of lipoprotein-specific signal peptidase II, was lethal for E. coli only when Lpp possessed the C-terminal lysine. Taken together, these results indicate that the inner membrane accumulation of Lpp per se is not lethal for E. coli. Instead, a covalent linkage between the inner membrane Lpp having the C-terminal lysine and the peptidoglycan is lethal for E. coli, presumably due to the disruption of the cell surface integrity.
Analysis of Immune Responses against a Wide Range of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Antigens in Patients with Active Pulmonary Tuberculosis (2012)

Characterizing host immune responses to molecular targets of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is essential to develop effective immunodiagnostics and better vaccines. We investigated the immune response against a large series of M. tuberculosis antigens, including 5 classical and 64 nonclassical (39 DosR regulon-encoded, 4 resuscitation-promoting factor [RPF], and 21 reactivation-associated) antigens in active-pulmonary-tuberculosis (TB) patients. Whole blood from TB patients (n = 34) was stimulated in vitro with M. tuberculosis antigens. Gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was measured after 7 days of stimulation, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The majority of the study participants responded to the classical M. tuberculosis antigens TB10.4 (84.8%), early secreted antigenic target-6 kDa (ESAT-6)/CFP-10 (70.6%), and purified protein derivative (PPD) (55.9%). However, only 26.5% and 24.2% responded to HSP65 and Ag85A/B, respectively. Of the 64 nonclassical antigens, 23 (33.3%) were immunogenic (IFN-γ levels, >62 pg/ml) and 8 were strong inducers of IFN-γ (IFN-γ levels, ≥100 pg/ml). The RPF antigens were the most immunogenic. In addition, we observed distinct cytokine expression profiles in response to several M. tuberculosis antigens by multiplex immunoassay. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 10 (IL-10), and IL-6 were commonly detected at high levels after stimulation with 4/15 latency antigens (Rv0081, Rv2006, Rv2629, and Rv1733c) and were found especially in supernatants of the three strong IFN-γ inducers (Rv2629, Rv1009, and Rv2389c). IL-8, IL-6, and IL-17 were exclusively detected after stimulation with Rv0574c, Rv2630, Rv1998, Rv054c, and Rv2028c. In conclusion, in active-pulmonary-TB patients, we identified 23 new immunogenic M. tuberculosis antigens. The distinct expression levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-10 in response to specific subsets of M. tuberculosis antigens may be promising for the development of immunodiagnostics.
P3‐388: Differential processing of amyloid‐β precursor protein directs the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (2008)

The amyloid-β precursor protein (AβPP) is a ubiquitously expressed transmembrane protein whose cleavage product, the amyloid-β (Aβ) protein, deposits in amyloid plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD). AβPP expression has been reported in the human fetus, but not during early human embryogenesis. Using human embryonic stem cells (hESC), we show here for the first time the expression of AβPP, secretases and Aβ in hESC and hESC-derived neuroectodermal cells (rosettes) and that the differential processing of AβPP regulates the proliferation and differentiation of hESC. The hESC were cultured on MEF or in mTeSR1 media. The expression of AβPP, secretases, nestin, Oct-3/4, tau and P-tau were assessed by immunoblot using different antibodies. Aβ was measured by ELISA. Cells were treated with secretase inhibitors or Aβ and the cell proliferation was measured using trypan blue assay. Immunoblot analyses demonstrated the variable expression of the mature and immature forms of full-length AβPP and its cleavage products including 72-kDa, 58-kDa, 47-kDa, 42-kDa, 29-kDa and 20-kDa variants (N-terminal antibody); 78-kDa, 67-kDa, 53-kDa, 47-kDa, 41-kDa, 25-kDa and ∼10-kDa (CT99) variants (C-terminal antibodies). The processing of AβPP increased with neuroectodermal differentiation of hESC. Non-amyloidogenic and amyloidogenic secretases were also variably expressed during hESC differentiation into neuroectoderm. Soluble AβPPα markedly decreased proliferation of hESC. Quantitation of Aβ generated showed that Aβ×–40 was the predominant Aβ species produced and secreted by hESC and rosettes (16.9 and 10.6pg Aβ×–40/mg vs. 2.9 and 0.8pg Aβ×–42/mg of cellular protein, respectively). Exogenous Aβ1–40 and Aβ1–42 (soluble and fibrillized) significantly increased, while oligomeric Aβ decreased hESC proliferation. Blocking Aβ production with β- or γ-secretase inhibitors decreased cell proliferation and increased neuroectodermal differentiation. Tau and phosphorylated tau were detected only during neuroectoderm formation. Our results suggest that the differential processing of AβPP by either amyloidogenic or non-amyloidogenic pathways could modulate the growth and neuroectodermal differentiation of hESC. These results also demonstrate that differential processing of AβPP and tau phosphorylation are normally required for neurogenesis; any dysregulation in these processes could lead to altered Aβ production and microtubule disassembly and consequent aberrant re-entry of neurons into the cell cycle as observed in AD brain.
Wage and Salary Income: A “Big Crop” for People with Farm Earnings (1974)

Historically, farm families relied primarily on income from farming for family living needs. Income from off-farm sources was usually of minor importance to the family. However, as mechanical and technological revolutions reduced total labor requirements needed in farming, many farmers combined farming with a nonfarm job to stabilize or increase their family income and improve their overall economic situation. The purpose of this paper is to examine the importance of off-farm income among people with farm earnings, especially the wage and salary component of off-farm income.
Anti-Atherogenic Effect of Nuts: Is the Answer NO? (1993)

We read with great interest the article by Fraser and colleagues1regarding a putative protective effect of nut consumption against the risk of coronary heart disease. These investigators obtained extensive dietary information from over 30 000 individuals; these data were related to the risk of morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease. They found that frequent consumption of nuts reduced the risk of experiencing fatal or nonfatal myocardial infarctions by 50%. The mechanism of this protective effect is a matter of speculation. The investigators proposed that the favorable polyunsaturated to saturated fat ratio may be responsible for the protective effect. They also noted that nuts are enriched with vitamin E, and that this antioxidant may interfere with the process of atherogenesis. Nuts and legumes are also enriched in arginine.2This basic amino acid is the precursor of endothelium-derived relaxing factor, now known to be nitric oxide (NO).3-5
Acoustic detection of DNA conformation in genetic assays combined with PCR (2013)

Application of PCR to multiplexing assays is not trivial; it requires multiple fluorescent labels for amplicon detection and sophisticated software for data interpretation. Alternative PCR-free methods exploiting new concepts in nanotechnology exhibit high sensitivities but require multiple labeling and/or amplification steps. Here, we propose to simplify the problem of simultaneous analysis of multiple targets in genetic assays by detecting directly the conformation, rather than mass, of target amplicons produced in the same PCR reaction. The new methodology exploits acoustic wave devices which are shown to be able to characterize in a fully quantitative manner multiple double stranded DNAs of various lengths. The generic nature of the combined acoustic/PCR platform is shown using real samples and, specifically, during the detection of SNP genotyping in Anopheles gambiae and gene expression quantification in treated mice. The method possesses significant advantages to TaqMan assay and real-time PCR regarding multiplexing capability, speed, simplicity and cost.
Hole Mobilities of 2,7- and 2,2′-Disubstituted 9,9′-Spirobifluorene-Based Triaryldiamines and Their Application as Hole Transport Materials in OLEDs (2007)

Hole mobilities of up to 2 × 10−3 cm2 V−1 s−1 of 2,7- and 2,2′-disubstituted spirobifluorene-based triaryldiamine derivatives have been measured using time-of-flight (TOF) techniques. Among these derivatives, 27DPSF (possessing diphenylamino groups attached onto the same biphenyl branch of spirobifluorene) and 22DPASF (possessing extended π-conjugation of the chromophore) exhibited the highest hole mobilities because of their greater intermolecular interactions. The charge transport parameters were extracted, using a Gaussian disorder model (GDM), from detailed temperature- and field-dependent hole mobility measurements. For 2,2′-disubstituted systems possessing different diarylamino groups, the hole mobilities decreased in the order 22DPSF > 22DTSF > 22DBPSF, indicating that spatial hindrance had a crucial effect on the hole transport behavior. To verify these disubstituted spirobifluorene-based amines can be used as HTLs in OLED devices. A standard device was fabricated with the configuration ITO/m-MTDATA (20 nm)/triaryldiamine derivative (40 nm)/Alq3 (60 nm)/LiF (0.5 nm)/Al (150 nm), which gave a relatively high current density (ca. 5200 mA/cm2), impressive maximum brightness (1.3 × 105 cd/m2), and high external quantum efficiency (1.8%). The device performances are strongly correlated to the charge transporting behavior of such disubstituted spirobifluorene-based amines.
Segmentation and classification of tuberculosis bacilli from ZN-stained sputum smear images (2009)

Quality of tuberculosis (TB) diagnosis by manual observation varies depending on the quality of the smear and skill of the pathologist. To overcome this problem, a method for diagnosis of TB from ZN-stained sputum smear images is presented in this paper. Hue color component based approach is proposed to segment the bacilli by adaptive choice of the hue range. The bacilli are declared to be valid or invalid depending on the presence of beaded structure inside them. The beaded structure is segmented by thresholding the saturation component of the bacilli pixels. Clumps of bacilli and other artifacts are removed by thresholding the area, thread length and thread width parameters of the bacilli. Results presented for several images taken from different patients show that the scheme detects the presence of TB accurately.
Evaluating and combining digital video shot boundary detection algorithms (2000)

. The development of standards for video encoding coupled with the increased power of computing mean that content-based manipulation of digital video information is now feasible. Shots are a basic structural building block of digital video and the boundaries between shots need to be determined automatically to allow for content-based manipulation. A shot can be thought of as continuous images from one camera at a time. In this paper we examine a variety of automatic techniques for shot boundary detection that we have implemented and evaluated on a baseline of 720,000 frames (8 hours) of broadcast television. This extends our previous work on evaluating a single technique based on comparing colour histograms. A description of each of our three methods currently working is given along with how they are evaluated. It is found that although the different methods have about the same order of magnitude in terms of effectiveness, different shot boundaries are detected by the different methods...
Statistical Models for Time Series and Life Testing with Applications in Engineering Systems (1977)

Abstract : Over the period of this grant 5 papers have been accepted for publication, 1 paper has been published, 5 technical reports have been written, and 4 theses have been completed. Over the period 1 April 1972 to June, 1978 35 papers have been published, 9 papers have been accepted for publication, 41 technical reports have been written, one book has been written and another revised, all of these have received support from the present and preceeding Air Force grants. Many of the publications have reflected our continuing interest in the topics of stochastic systems (especially with discrete control) in model building, smoothing and curve estimation, methods of approximation with noisy data, inferences with censored data, and life testing and reliability with applications to systems. (Author)
Fc function of a new intravenous immunoglobulin product: IGIV 10% triple virally inactivated solution (2006)

All tested lots of the new product demonstrated a high level of Fc activity and met the requirements of the EP for Fc function.
Phosphorylation of Rap1 by cAMP-dependent Protein Kinase (PKA) Creates a Binding Site for KSR to Sustain ERK Activation by cAMP (2016)

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is an important mediator of hormonal stimulation of cell growth and differentiation through its activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) cascade. Two small G proteins, Ras and Rap1 have been proposed to mediate this activation. Using HEK293 cells as a model system, we have recently shown that both Ras and Rap1 are required for cAMP signaling to ERKs. However, cAMP-dependent Ras signaling to ERKs is transient and rapidly terminated by PKA phosphorylation of the Raf isoforms C-Raf and B-Raf. In contrast, cAMP-dependent Rap1 signaling to ERKs and Rap1 is potentiated by PKA. We show that this is due to sustained binding of B-Raf to Rap1. One of the targets of PKA is Rap1 itself, directly phosphorylating Rap1a on serine 180 and Rap1b on serine 179. We show that these phosphorylations create potential binding sites for the adaptor protein 14-3-3 that links Rap1 to the scaffold protein KSR. These results suggest that Rap1 activation of ERKs requires PKA phosphorylation and KSR binding. Because KSR and B-Raf exist as heterodimers within the cell, this binding also brings B-Raf to Rap1, allowing Rap1 to couple to ERKs through B-Raf binding to Rap1 independently of its Ras-binding domain.
Photosynthetic carbon partitioning: its regulation and possibilities for manipulation (1989)

The regulation of photosynthetic sucrose synthesis and partitioning is reviewed with particular emphasis on the role of fructose‐2,6‐bisphosphate and sucrose phosphate synthase. It is concluded that a hierachy of regulatory mechanisms exist, which allows partitioning to be changed without this necessarily leading to a reduction in the rate of photosynthesis. Nevertheless, experimental conditions can be defined in which photosynthesis is limited by the rate of end‐product synthesis. These systems can be used to screen for genetic mutants or specific inhibitors, and to investigate a shift in sink demand or environmental factors that specifically act on carbon partitioning and/or the rate of endproduct synthesis.
Polymeric materials from natural resources - emerging as the times require (2007)

This is a revised manuscript submitted to the the Editorial Corner.