gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Mediators of Inflammation in Chronic Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1996)

A distinguishing feature of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is its apparently spontaneous, chronic relapsing course. Despite extensive research over several decades the etiology of IBD remains unknown, but evidence has accumulated to suggest that the mucosal inflammatory response may be caused by (i) a defective mucosal barrier function resulting in an abnormally increased exposure to luminal antigens and toxins, (ii) an appropriate immunologic response to an unusual infection, antigen or toxin, or (iii) an inappropriate immunological response to ubiquitous antigens or stimuli. In recent years, the identification of established and potential mediators of inflammation has expanded to include eicosanoids, platelet activating factor, biogenic amines, kinins, complement-derived peptides, chemotactic peptides, cytokines, neuropeptides, and reactive metabolites of oxygen and nitrogen. Thus, the study of the inflammatory process has become ever more complex. Until the predisposing and trigger factors have been identified the achievement of a more rational and effective approach to therapy in IBD relies on interruption of the mechanisms responsible for excess mediator formation. As summarized in this review on the role of soluble mediators of inflammation, several Danish gastroenterologists have been profoundly engaged in basic and clinical research in the past 25 years to place some pieces of the confusing puzzle of IBD.
Does Thermophoretic Mobility Depend on Particle Size? (2008)

Thermophoresis is particle drift induced by a temperature gradient. By measuring the full temperature dependence of this effect for polystyrene latex suspensions, we show that the thermophoretic mobility (or "thermal diffusion coefficient") D(T) is basically independent on particle size, in particular, when the interfacial properties of the colloidal particles are carefully standardized by adsorbing a surfactant layer on the particle surface. Even more, all investigated systems show values of D(T) which are very close to those measured for simple micellar solutions of the adsorbed surfactant. Our findings could be of relevance for downsizing microfluidics to the nanometric range.
Assay to Measure Oxidized and Reduced Forms of CoQ by LC–MS/MS (2011)

The redox status of mitochondrial coenzyme Q (CoQ) is an important marker for oxidative stress associated with several disorders such as Parkinson disease and Alzheimer disease. Altered redox status may be present in mitochondrial electron transport complex disorders. Intracellular CoQ levels reflect the functional status of the mitochondrial electron transport complex better than plasma levels. Here, we describe the method to determine the reduced and oxidized form of CoQ in white blood cells using LC-MS/MS.
Actin in plants (1988)

ABSTRACT It has been known for some time that actin exists in lower plants, the most familiar examples being provided by certain algae in which actin constitutes the cytoplasmic cables along which particles and organelles stream. The choice of material was an important part of determining the identity of the filaments because these giant filamentous cells were capable of being broken open to expose cytoplasmic strands, which could then be decorated with heavy meromyosin (HMM) (reviewed by Williamson, 1986).
Teratology in the <i>Macaca mulatta</i> (1968)

Abstract The effects of acetylsalicylic acid, meclizine hydrochloride, methamphetamine hydrochloride, clomiphene citrate, vincristine sulfate, and 6‐aminonicotinamide on fetal development of the Macaca mulatta were studied. Two monkeys administered acetylsalicylic acid 40 mg/kg/day from the 25th day of gestation to term produced normal young. Seven pregnant monkeys given meclizine hydrochloride 10 mg/kg/day during various five‐day intervals had normal progeny. Five monkeys given methamphetamine hydrochloride 0.5 mg/kg/day from implantation to term had four normal young and one abortion. Clomiphene citrate administered to 18 pregnant monkeys during various stages of organogenesis resulted in 16 normal offspring and two stillbirths. Two of the five monkeys that received vincristine sulfate produced offspring with congenital malformations. One, given a single injection of 0.175 mg/kg on the twenty‐ninth day of gestation, had an offspring with encephalocele. One administration of 0.15 mg/kg on the twenty‐seventh day of gestation produced syndactyly in the offspring of another. The other monkeys, which received 0.15 or 0.20 mg/kg on the twenty‐eighth, thirty‐third, or thirty‐fourth day of gestation, produced normal offspring. Seven monkeys were treated with 6‐aminonicotinamide at different stages of gestation. Four, treated from the twenty‐sixth to twenty‐ninth days, aborted, the other three had normal young. Retrospective studies of therapeutic agents used at various times during pregnancy in monkeys in the colony have shown that hydroxyprogesterone caproate (Delalutin), chloramphenicol succinate (Chloromycetin), lincomycin hydrochloride (Lincocin), and benzathine penicillin G and procaine penicillin G (Longicil) have no apparent effect on the developing monkey fetus.
Mutual Inductance in Wave Filters with an Introduction on Filter Design (1925)

Principles of Generalized Dissymmetrical Networks. We shall consider first the impedance and propagation characteristics of certain generalized networks, It can be shown that any passive network having one pair of input and one pair of output terminals may, at any frequency, be completely and adequately represented by an equivalent T or π network. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">1</sup> The impedance and propagation characteristics of any such network may be expressed in terms of its equivalent T or π network. These characteristics are defined by (1) the image impedances, and (2) the transfer constant, the latter including the attenuation constant. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and the phase constant. <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> In the case of a symmetrical network, the image impedances and the transfer constant are, respectively, the iterative impedances (or characteristic impedances) and the propagation constant employed by Campbell, Zobel, and others. The terms involved will be subsequently defined.
Expression pattern, subcellular localization and structure–function relationship of rat Tpx‐1, a spermatogenic cell adhesion molecule responsible for association with Sertoli cells (1999)

The gene for a testicular cell adhesion protein called Tpx-1, which mediates the binding of spermatogenic cells to Sertoli cells of the rat in primary culture, was previously cloned. Here the characterization of Tpx-1 is reported. Tpx-1 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) became detectable in pachytene spermatocytes and continued to be present throughout development into elongated spermatids, while the amount of Tpx-1 protein seemed to increase some time after the increment of mRNA. Tpx-1 protein was also present, although less abundantly, in spermatozoa prepared from the epididymis. Tpx-1 contains a cluster of hydrophobic amino acid residues near the amino terminus and a cysteine-rich region in the carboxyl-terminal half. Tpx-1 fused with green fluorescence protein was secreted into the medium when expressed in a cultured cell line, depending on the presence of the amino-terminal hydrophobic region. Moreover, Tpx-1 was present in the medium of testicular cell primary culture. Structure-function analysis revealed that the amino-terminal 101 amino acid residues were sufficient for cell adhesion activity, whereas the carboxyl-terminal cysteine-rich region was dispensable. In conclusion, Tpx-1 is produced and secreted from spermatogenic cells at various differentiation stages, and mediates the interaction of those cells with Sertoli cells.
Comments on "An O(n) Parallel Multiplier with Bit-Sequential Input and Output" (1982)

For the realization of a bit-sequential multiplier with operands of length n, Chen and Willoner1 suggest a circuitry consisting of 2n identical modules. It is shown that if a slightly different arrangement of the modules is taken, the number of modules is reduced to n. Furthermore, the implementation in circuit form can be made more simple.
Crowd Effects in Unfamiliar Face Matching (2013)

Summary Psychological research shows that humans can not reliably match unfamiliar faces. This presents a practical problem, because identity verification processes in a variety of occupational settings depend on people to perform these tasks reliably. In this context, it is surprising that very few studies have attempted to improve human performance. Here, we investigate whether distributing face matching tasks across groups of individuals might help to solve this problem. Across four studies, we measure the accuracy of the ‘crowd’ on a standard test of face matching ability and find that aggregating individual responses produces substantial gains in matching accuracy. We discuss the practical implications of this result and also suggest ways in which this approach might be used to improve our understanding of face perception more generally. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
İç Anadolu’da Yarıkurak Alanların Rehabilitasyonu (2016)

Turkiye‘nin iklimi; cografi konumu, uc tarafinin denizlerle cevrili olmasi ve jeomorfolojik yapisi nedeniyle oldukca degiskenlik gosterir. Deniz etkisinden uzak Ic Anadolu,  Dogu Anadolu ve ic Trakya’da karasal ve kurak/ yarikurak bir iklim hâkimdir. Kurak ve yarikurak alanlarda yagis azligi, buharlasmanin ve gece ile gunduz arasindaki sicaklik farklarinin yuksek ve bagil nemin dusuk olmasi bitki gelisimini sinirlandiran onemli faktorlerdir. Yarikurak ozellik gosteren Orta-Kuzey Anadolu’da farkli ana materyallerden oldukca farkli ozelliklerde topraklar gelismistir. Alanlardaki topraklarin cogunda asiri otlatma sonucunda bitki ortusu tahrip olmus ve verimli ust toprak erozyonla tasinmistir.  Ic Anadolu Bolgesi’nde yukseltisi 1.000 m’nin altinda bulunan alanlar genellikle Anadolu’nun Bozkir bolumu icerisinde olup otsu turler ve agacciklar bu alanlarin hâkim arazi ortusunu teskil etmektedir.  Bin m’ den yuksek alanlarda ise kurakcil karakterde mese, karacam ve ardic ormanlarinin tahribi ile olusmus antropojen bozkirlar yer almaktadir. Bu yarikurak alanlarda yer alan mevcut kalinti ormanlar, agac topluluklari,  gruplar ve bireyler, gecmisin orman durumu hakkinda bize onemli bilgiler verebilmektedir. Rehabilitasyon amacli calismalarin yapilacagi ekosistemlerde mevcut bozulmanin (degradasyonun) derecesi ve calismanin hedefi tur seciminde ozellikle belirleyici bir faktordur. Dogru ve isabetli tur secimi ekosistemin rehabilitasyon surecinin yorungesi ve rehabilitasyonun gerceklesme hizinda onemli bir etmendir. Bu amacla soz konusu alanlarin agaclandirilmasinda,  tur seciminin genis alanlar olceginde yapilmamasi, sahaya ozgu ekolojik kosullari goz onune alacak sekilde yapilmasi gerekmektedir. Yarikurak ekosistemlerin agaclandirilmasinda mevcut ekstrem kosullara uyum saglamis dogal tur ve yerel kokenlere oncelik verilmesi gerektirmektedir. Uygulamalarda yoresel turlere oncelik vermekle beraber farkli cografyalarda yetismesine ragmen evrimsel olarak benzer stres unsurlari (yetersiz nem ve besin elementleri, yuksek sicaklik ve evaporasyon vb.) altinda sekillenmis ve basari ile denenmis yabanci turler de goz ardi edilmemelidir. Bu alanlarin agaclandirmasinda ister dogal ister yabanci turlerle calisilacak olsun, yalanci akasya ve gladicya gibi azot baglama kapasitesi yuksek olan agac turlerinin secilmesi besin bakimindan fakir bu sahalarin orta ve uzun vadede zenginlesmesine katki saglayarak bu sahalardaki azot dongusu ve dogal bitki ortusunun gelisimini hizlandiracaktir.  Yarikurak alanlarin agaclandirilmasinda onemli bir sorun da kaliteli fidan teminidir. Bu sorunun cozumunde, kurak ve yarikurak sahalara ozgu agaclandirmalar icin ozel ihtisas fidanliklarinin kurulmasi onemli bir katki saglayabilir. Kurak ve yarikurak alanlarda kullanilacak bitki turlerinin seciminde yore ekonomisine katki saglayabilecek turlere (hayvan yemi, aricilik, tibbi bitki, gelir getirici, peyzaj degeri vb.) oncelik verilmelidir.
Design evaluation of A-PET: A high sensitivity animal PET camera (2003)

In recent years it has been shown that PET is capable of obtaining in vivo metabolic images of small animals. These serve as models to study the development and progress of diseases within humans. Imaging small animals requires not only image resolution better than 2 mm, but also high sensitivity in order to image ligands with low specific activity or radiochemical yields. Toward achieving these goals, we have developed a discrete 2 /spl times/ 2 /spl times/ 10 mm/sup 3/ GSO Anger-logic detector for use in a high resolution, high sensitivity, and high count-rate animal PET scanner. This detector uses relatively large 19 mm diameter photomultiplier tubes (PMT), but nevertheless achieves good spatial and energy resolution. The scanner (A-PET) has a port diameter of 21 cm, transverse field-of-view of 12.8 cm, axial length of 11.6 cm, and operates in 3-D volume imaging mode. The absolute coincidence sensitivity is 1.3% for a point source. Due to the use of large PMTs in an Anger design, the encoding ratio (number of crystals/PMT) is high, which reduces the complexity and leads to a cost-effective scanner. Simulation results show that this scanner can achieve high NEC rates for small cylindrical phantoms due to its high sensitivity and low dead-time. Initial measurements show that our design goals for spatial resolution and sensitivity were realized in the prototype scanner.
Blunt Trauma: The Pathophysiology of Hemodynamic Injury Leading to Erectile Dysfunction (1995)

A 9 1/2-year pharmaco-cavernosometry/pharmaco-cavernosography and pharmaco-arteriography study was performed in 131 men with persistent changes in erectile function following blunt pelvic or perineal trauma. The goal was to determine the incidence of hemodynamic impairment, and to characterize the location and pattern of abnormal venous drainage. Corporeal veno-occlusive dysfunction was identified in 62% of the cases and cavernous artery insufficiency in 70%. Pharmaco-cavernosography revealed abnormal venous drainage confined to the proximal corpora in 91% of the cases. Patients with pelvic trauma had significantly more abnormal sites of venous drainage (3 or more sites in 61%) and more severe degrees to which venous structures filled with contrast medium (23% had 3+ degree of luminal filling) than did patients with perineal trauma (61% had 1 or 2 sites of venous drainage and 92% had 1+ or 2+ degree of luminal filling). Pharmaco-arteriography revealed site specific arterial occlusive lesions consistent with the site of impact. Traumatic vasculogenic impotence is hypothesized as being the result of direct impact injury to the fixed proximal corpora and its arterial inflow bed. The exerted perineal impact force is estimated to range from 50 to 500 pounds, depending on the weight of the individual, height of the fall, speed at contact and surface hardness. Traumatic veno-occlusive dysfunction is theorized to be the consequence of focal intracavernous wound repair and permanent focal alterations in erectile tissue compliance. Traumatic vasculogenic impotence afflicts an estimated 600,000 American men of whom 250,000 have sports-related injuries. Future consideration should be given to the development of appropriate protective perineal equipment.
Chemical consequences of mechanical bonding in catenanes and rotaxanes: isomerism, modification, catalysis and molecular machines for synthesis (2014)

Research on mechanically interlocked molecules has advanced substantially over the last five decades. A large proportion of the published work focusses on the synthesis of these challenging targets, and the subsequent control of the relative position of the covalent sub-components, to generate novel molecular devices and machines. In this Feature Article we instead review some of the less discussed consequences of mechanical bonding for the chemical behaviour of catenanes and rotaxanes, and their application in synthesis, including striking recent examples of molecular machines which carry out complex synthetic tasks.
Effect of Agmatine on Electrically and Chemically Induced Seizures in Mice (2003)

Agmatine, an amine and organic cation, is formed by the decarboxylation of L-arginine by arginine decarboxylase. It binds to alpha(2)-adrenergic and imidazoline receptors. It blocks N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of glutamate receptors and inhibits nitric oxide (NO) synthase. Because the importance of NMDA receptors and the NO system are well known in seizure activity, this study was designed to investigate the effect of agmatine on electrically and chemically induced seizures by using maximal electroshock (MES) and pentilentetrazole (PTZ) models in mice. Initial studies established convulsive current 50 (CC(50)) for MES and effective dose 50 (ED(50)) for PTZ to produce seizures. Agmatine (20, 40, 80, and 100 mg/kg intraperitoneally) increased the threshold of seizures in MES dose dependently. In PTZ-induced convulsions, the highest dose of agmatine (100 mg/kg) increased the seizure onset time and decreased percent survival. The percentage of grade V seizures was found to be increased by agmatine doses greater than 20 mg/kg.
The year that's gone and the year to come... : editor's forum (2011)

It's the last issue of the year and how time has flown. It's been an incredible year and, despite the economic recession, SA printers were upgrading their printrooms, suppliers were selling equipment and they were all trying to do it smarter and better. Then there were the mergers and collaborative agreements, with digital and litho printers bridging the divide and finishing equipment striving to keep up. And we covered all of it in Graphix. We take great pride in the fact that between the monthly magazine, our website (www.graphixmag.co.za) and our fortnightly e-newsletters, we cover every single development that is relevant to our readers as and when it happens.
Adaptive Routing Algorithm for Joint Cloud Video Delivery (2017)

As the Internet keeps growing, online video has become a great part of the current Internet data traffic, which will take over 80% of Internet traffic according to Cisco's report. Also, new and more heavyweight applications keep developing to fulfill people's growing requirements, like 4k resolution and visual reality videos. However, one single service provider, like a Content Delivery Network (CDN), can not meet the performance requirements completely. To employ the potential of Joint Cloud, this paper designs and implements a new request routing algorithm that can make video delivery utilize multiple clouds and servers. On the premise of guaranteeing the quality of video playing, this algorithm minimizes the cost of service resources based on different infrastructures' service quality, cost, and cover areas. Based on this algorithm, we implement a practical video delivery system using light-weight, flash-based terminals. And this system provides live video and video-on-demand delivery service for China Future Networks Industry Summit 2014 on June 4th. The actual user data was gathered and analyzed to verify the effectiveness of this algorithm. 90.2% of the total VOD requests were completed smoothly without pause, and the video traffic was optimized by the algorithm.
Mechanisms of glycosylation and sulfation in the Golgi apparatus: evidence for nucleotide sugar/nucleoside monophosphate and nucleotide sulfate/nucleoside monophosphate antiports in the Golgi apparatus membrane. (1984)

The mechanism of translocation in vitro of sugar nucleotides and adenosine 3'-phosphate 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) into the lumen of rat liver Golgi apparatus vesicles has been studied. It has been previously shown that the Golgi apparatus membrane has specific carrier proteins for PAPS and sugar nucleotides. We now report that translocation of the above nucleotide derivatives across Golgi membranes occurs via a coupled equimolar exchange with the corresponding nucleoside monophosphates. An initial incubation of Golgi vesicles with GDP-fucose radiolabeled in the guanidine ring resulted in accumulation within the lumen of radiolabeled GMP. Exit of GMP from these vesicles was specifically dependent on the entry of (additional) GDP-fucose into the vesicles (GDP-mannose and other sugar nucleotides had no effect). GDP-fucose-stimulated exit of GMP was temperature dependent, was blocked by inhibitors of GDP-fucose transport, such as 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid, and appeared to be equimolar with GDP-fucose entry. Preliminary evidence for specific, equimolar exchange of CMP-N-acetylneuraminic acid with CMP, PAPS with 3'-AMP, and UDP-galactose and UDP-N-acetylglucosamine with UMP was also obtained. These results strongly suggest the existence of different antiport proteins within the Golgi membrane that mediate the 1:1 exchange of sugar nucleotides or PAPS with the corresponding nucleoside monophosphate. Such proteins may have a regulatory role in glycosylation and sulfation reactions within the Golgi apparatus.
Open-source platform to benchmark fingerprints for ligand-based virtual screening (2013)

: Similarity-search methods using molecular fingerprints are an important tool for ligand-based virtual screening. A huge variety of fingerprints exist and their performance, usually assessed in retrospective benchmarking studies using data sets with known actives and known or assumed inactives, depends largely on the validation data sets used and the similarity measure used. Comparing new methods to existing ones in any systematic way is rather difficult due to the lack of standard data sets and evaluation procedures. Here, we present a standard platform for the benchmarking of 2D fingerprints. The open-source platform contains all source code, structural data for the actives and inactives used (drawn from three publicly available collections of data sets), and lists of randomly selected query molecules to be used for statistically valid comparisons of methods. This allows the exact reproduction and comparison of results for future studies. The results for 12 standard fingerprints together with two simple baseline fingerprints assessed by seven evaluation methods are shown together with the correlations between methods. High correlations were found between the 12 fingerprints and a careful statistical analysis showed that only the two baseline fingerprints were different from the others in a statistically significant way. High correlations were also found between six of the seven evaluation methods, indicating that despite their seeming differences, many of these methods are similar to each other.
Development and validation of vectors containing multiple siRNA expression cassettes for maximizing the efficiency of gene silencing (2006)

The vectors containing multiple siRNA expression cassettes can serve as useful tools for maximizing the efficiency of gene silencing.