gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The effect of the stimulation pattern on the fatigue of single motor units. (1991)

The aims of this research were: (1) to examine the effect of subtle changes in the stimulation pattern on the fatigability (force decline) of single motor units during repetitive activation; and (2) to determine the relationship between the magnitude of submaximal force developed and the subsequent fatigue within these units. The experiments were performed on motor units of the tibialis posterior muscle in deeply anesthetized cats. Preliminary experiments revealed that fast-twitch motor units remained fatigued for several hours following short periods of repetitive stimulation, such that sequential testing of a single motor unit with different stimulation protocols was not feasible. Hence, a new fatigue test was developed to compare the effects of two stimulation patterns during fatigue. Two different stimulation patterns were pseudo-randomly delivered at 1 train/second for 360 seconds to single motor axons. One pattern (regular) was composed of a 500-millisecond duration train with constant interpulse intervals customized to the twitch contraction time of each unit (stimulus interval range, 27-51 ms). The other pattern (optimized) was designed to increase the amount of force produced in the control (pre-fatigue) state. It consisted of three initial stimuli with short (10 ms) interpulse intervals, followed by a constant-interpulse interval train that was adjusted to have the same number of pulses and duration as the regular train (stimulus interval range, 29-62 ms). The force elicited during the fatigue test was decomposed to reveal a force profile attributable to each stimulation pattern. The results showed that the optimized pattern produced significantly more force during both control and fatiguing contractions. This suggested that force optimization is a potential mechanism by which the CNS might counteract fatigue. The association between the magnitude or submaximal force produced by an individual motor unit and its subsequent fatigue was tested within the same population of units. The results showed that the increased force due to optimized stimulation was associated with decreased fatigue, and that the cumulative force produced during fatiguing contractions could be predicted from the units' pre-fatigue force. It is concluded that an inverse relationship between force and fatigability does not exist at the level of the individual motor unit under these conditions. Rather, the results showed that the amount of force a unit can develop over time during fatiguing contractions is dependent, in part, on the pattern of stimulation.
Security and Authentication Primer (2006)

Although information technology security or cryptography generally is a well established area in computer science this is not true for RFID. With the upcoming large-scale introduction of RFID in the supply chain a number of security and privacy concerns arise. Among them are the traceability of tags without knowledge of their owner, and the ability to clone tags allowing persons to create tags for counterfeits. The possibility to securely authenticate readers and tags would solve a majority of the threats. However, obstacles like very restricted operating power and the requirement to keep tags as cheap as possible and therefore save silicon area impede a straightforward implementation of most of the known cryptographic primitives. There arises a demand for new, lightweight cryptographic primitives that offer security services tailored to the requirements of RFID systems while considering their resource constraints. This paper first presents a comprehensive overview of state-of-the-art cryptography, followed by a discussion of privacy and security threats in RFID, and includes a research survey of works conducted in this area. As the title of this paper suggests this paper is a primer, and provides such information that can assist other researchers in developing security mechanisms, suitable for inclusion on low cost RFID tags, such as lightweight cryptographic techniques, or one-time codes, to protect the supply chain against illicit trade. If such RFID devices become available and are deployed as anti-counterfeiting solutions, hopefully they will economically secure future supply chains.
A Taxonomy of Social Networking Data (2010)

Bruce Schneier presents a taxonomy of social networking data-as we continue our conversations about what sorts of fundamental rights people have with respect to their data, and more countries contemplate regulation on social networking sites and user data, it will be important to keep this taxonomy in mind. The sorts of things that would be suitable for one type of data might be completely unworkable and inappropriate for another.
Vascularisation of porous scaffolds is improved by incorporation of adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments (2012)

In tissue engineering, the generation of tissue constructs comprising preformed microvessels is a promising strategy to guarantee their adequate vascularisation after implantation. Herein, we analysed whether this may be achieved by seeding porous scaffolds with adipose tissue-derived microvascular fragments. Green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive microvascular fragments were isolated by enzymatic digestion from epididymal fat pads of male C57BL/6-TgN(ACTB-EGFP)1Osb/J mice. Nano-size hydroxyapatite particles/poly(ester-urethane) scaffolds were seeded with these fragments and implanted into the dorsal skinfold chamber of C57BL/6 wild-type mice to study inosculation and vascularisation of the implants by means of intravital fluorescence microscopy, histology and immunohistochemistry over 2 weeks. Empty scaffolds served as controls. Vital microvascular fragments could be isolated from adipose tissue and seeded onto the scaffolds under dynamic pressure conditions. In the dorsal skinfold chamber, the fragments survived and exhibited a high angiogenic activity, resulting in the formation of GFP-positive microvascular networks within the implants. These networks developed interconnections to the host microvasculature, resulting in a significantly increased functional microvessel density at day 10 and 14 after implantation when compared to controls. Immunohistochemical analyses of vessel-seeded scaffolds revealed that >90 % of the microvessels in the implants' centre and ~60 % of microvessels in the surrounding host tissue were GFP-positive. This indicates that the scaffolds primarily vascularised by external inosculation. These novel findings demonstrate that the vascularisation of implanted porous scaffolds can be improved by incorporation of microvascular fragments. Accordingly, this approach may markedly contribute to the success of future tissue engineering applications in clinical practice.
White blood cell count poor predictor of bacterial infection in febrile children (2014)

♦ [De S, et al. Arch Dis Child. Jan. 9, 2014][1].

Total white blood cell and absolute neutrophil counts are not accurate triage tests for determining the likelihood of serious bacterial infection in febrile children, according to a prospective study of 3,893 children ages 0-5 years.

Physicians
Practical Multi-Projector Display Design (2007)

Large-area high-resolution displays are essential for scientific visualization, entertainment, and defense applications. A popular way to realize such displays is to tile multiple projectors together to create one large display. As opposed to a 19” diagonal monitor with a resolution of 60 pixels per inch, tiled multi-projector displays are often 10’ x 8’ and have a resolution of 100-300 pixels per inch. The research in this area spans several traditional areas in computer science, including computer vision, computer graphics, image processing, human-computer interaction, and visualization tools. This book shows how to make such displays inexpensive, flexible, and commonplace by making them both perceptually and functionally seamless. In addition, the use of multi-projector techniques in large-scale visualization, virtual reality, computer graphics, and vision applications is discussed.
Mineral Formation in Joints Caused by Complete or Joint-Specific Loss of ANK Function (2006)

These studies show that ANK function is required locally in joints to inhibit mineral formation and that the Ank gene plays a key role in postnatal maintenance of joint mobility and function.
Performance of Portable Radio Telephone Using Spread Spectrum (1984)

A 2 GHz band portable radio telephone has been fabricated using the spread-spectrum technique. We describe the fundamental performance, bit error rates with and without interference, measured using the experimental telephone. The telephone system's user density is estimated by computer simulation under relatively realistic conditions.
Analysis of constrained LMS algorithm with application to adaptive beamforming using perturbation sequences (1986)

Adaptive antenna array processing employing a constrained least mean square (LMS) algorithm requires an unbiased estimate of the gradient of the output power with respect to the array weights. There are a number of schemes for obtaining an unbiased estimate of this gradient. Though in each case the estimated gradient is unbiased, the covariance of the estimated gradient with each method is different and thus the transient and the steady state behavior of the constrained algorithm is different in each case. The transient and the steady state behavior of the weight covariancc matrix is analyzed, exact expressions for the misadjustment are derived, and a comparison of the performance of the algorithm is presented when the required gradient is estimated by different schemes. The schemes considered include gradient estimation when all the array signals are accessible as well as gradient estimation using perturbation sequences for eases when the array signals are inaccessible. The necessary and the sufficient condition for the diagonlization of the weight covarience matrix is also derived.
Validation of Nonradioactive Chemiluminescent Immunoassay Methods for the Analysis of Thyroxine and Cortisol in Blood Samples Obtained from Dogs, Cats, and Horses (1997)

The performances of a radioimmunoassay method, a chemiluminescent immunoassay method, and a chemiluminescent-enzyme immunoassay method were evaluated for the analysis of cortisol and total thyroxine in blood samples obtained from dogs, cats, horses, and humans (reference samples). The analysis of cortisol in human and animal samples exhibited good precision, linearity, and recovery. The 3 methods gave comparable values for the ACTH-induced increase and the dexamethasone-induced decrease in cortisol concentrations in animal samples. The recoveries of total thyroxine from human samples, analyzed by the 3 methods, were comparable. However, the basal total thyroxine concentrations determined by the chemiluminescent immunoassay method were 30-40% lower than those determined by the radioimmunoassay and the chemiluminescent-enzyme immunoassay methods in animal samples. In both human and animal samples, the plot of thyroxine values obtained by the radioimmunoassay method against those obtained by the chemiluminescent immunoassay method or the chemiluminescent-enzyme immunoassay method was linear. However, although the slope of the radioimmunoassay versus chemiluminescent-enzyme immunoassay curve was close to unity, the slope of the radioimmunoassay versus chemiluminescent immunoassay curve was 0.6. This result suggests that, compared with the radioimmunoassay method, the chemiluminescent immunoassay method underestimated thyroxine values in animal samples but not in human samples. Although all 3 methods yielded comparable changes in thyroxine concentrations in response to thyroid stimulating hormone, they did not yield comparable thyroxine concentrations in response to T3 suppression in dogs and cats.
An Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA5) partly encoded by the transformation-associated Bam WYH region of EBV DNA: preferential expression in lymphoblastoid cell lines. (1986)

Four peptides were synthesized on the basis of amino acid sequences deduced from a highly spliced transcript encoded by the Bam W, Y, and H fragments of the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) genome [Bodescot, M., Chambraud, J. B., Farrell, P. J. & Perricaudet, M. (1984) EMBO J. 3, 1913-1917]. Rabbit antisera against three of the four peptides identified a nuclear polypeptide that varied between 22 and 70 kDa in molecular size. Four of 20 EBV-positive human sera contained antibodies against this polypeptide. Since this is the fifth EBV-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA) discovered in growth-transformed cells, it is designated EBNA5. The antigen was detected in virus nonproducer lines (less than 0.01% EBV early antigen expression) and is thus not dependent on the viral cycle. It was differentially expressed depending on the origin of the lines. All 10 lymphoblastoid cell lines tested expressed EBNA5, but it could not be detected in 10 of 11 EBV-carrying Burkitt lymphoma lines. Infection of tonsillar lymphocytes with the B95-8 strain of EBV induced six EBNA5-specific polypeptides that varied between 41 and 70 kDa in molecular size with regular increments of 6 kDa. This may be due to the fact that the EBNA5 coding sequence includes the Bam W internal repeat. Parallel infection of the EBV-negative Burkitt lymphoma line Ramos with the same viral substrain did not induce detectable levels of EBNA5, nor was this antigen present in permanently EBV-converted Ramos sublines. These findings imply that the expression of the viral genome varies among B cells having different phenotypes.
NanoSelect Pd Catalysts: What Causes the High Selectivity of These Supported Colloidal Catalysts in Alkyne Semi‐Hydrogenation? (2012)

Abstract In recent years, many articles describing the preparation of supported colloidal catalysts have been published. The semi‐hydrogenation of alkynes to yield cis ‐alkenes is often used as a test reaction in these publications. Many highly selective catalysts are described. However, a satisfactory explanation for the high reported selectivity has never been shown. Here we report a study on the possible effects that lead to the large selectivity differences between current commercial Pd/C catalysts and our newly developed NanoSelect catalysts. The focus is on differences in chemical composition as well as catalyst characteristics. We use a focused ion beam scanning electron microscope (FIB‐SEM) to locate the metal particle with respect to the surface of the support. FIB‐SEM analysis clearly shows the absence of the active component inside the support material, which could explain the high observed selectivity. Nevertheless, an effect of the stabilizer cannot be ruled out.
Defending Against the Unknown Enemy: Applying FlipIt to System Security. (2012)

Abstract. Most cryptographic systems carry the basic assumption that entities are able to preserve the secrecy of their keys. With attacks today showing ever increasing sophistication, however, this tenet is eroding. “Advanced Persistent Threats ” (APTs), for instance, leverage zero-day exploits and extensive system knowledge to achieve full compromise of cryptographic keys and other secrets. Such compromise is often silent, with defenders failing to detect the loss of private keys critical to protection of their systems. The growing virulence of today’s threats clearly calls for new models of defenders ’ goals and abilities. In this paper, we explore applications of FL I PIT, a novel game-theoretic model of system defense introduced in [14]. In FL I PIT, an attacker periodically gains complete control of a system, with the unique feature that system compromises are stealthy, i.e., not immediately detected by the system owner, called the defender. We distill out several lessons from our study of FL I PIT and demonstrate their application to several real-world problems, including password reset policies, key rotation, VM refresh and cloud auditing. 1
THE ANTIBACTERIAL COMPONENTS OF DAN-SHEN (1976)

From the neutral fraction of the ethereal extract of the Chinese drug Dan-Shen,the root of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge,tanshinone I,tanshinone II-A,cryptotan-shinone,methyltanshinate,hydrotanshinone II-A,tanshinone II-B and dihydrotan-shinone I were isolated through silica gel column chromatography and preparativethin layer chromatography and identified by physical chemical measurements.Fromthe 5％ sodium carbonate-soluble fraction of the same extract,three new tanshinoneswhich were named danshexinkun A,danshexikun B and danshexikun C were isoIated,and thier struetures determined.Bacterial inhibition in vitro of the above chemical components demonstrated thatcrypototanshinone,dihydrotanshinone I,hydroxtanshinone II-A,methyl tanshinateand tanshinone II-B exhibited stronger inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus andits drug-resistant species.Tablets and ointment with total tanshinones as major ingre-dient showed satisfactory clinical results in tonsilitis,furuncle of the external audi-tory canal,carbuncle,burn and osteomyelitis as well as other diseases elicited by thesame bacteria.
Monosomy X in Female Mice Influences the Regional Formation and Augments the Severity of Angiotensin II–Induced Aortopathies (2020)

The absence of a second X chromosome promotes diffuse Ang II-induced aortopathies in females.
Methods for Removing Uranium From Drinking Water (1988)

The US Environmental Protection Agency has both sponsored several extramural research projects and conducted in‐house research on uranium removal treatment. This article summarizes recent information on the effectiveness of various treatment methods to remove uranium from drinking water supplies. Because uranium is found in both surface water and groundwater, a variety of methods has been studied. Most of the information presented here, however, was developed from either laboratory or pilot‐plant studies because only limited data exist on full‐scale treatment systems.
Blind synchronization with enhanced sum-product algorithm for low-density parity-check codes (2003)

We propose a blind synchronization scheme with soft phase error canceller using the sum-product algorithm for LDPC codes. Our scheme can perform frame synchronization, timing recovery, and carrier recovery without a phase lock loop (PLL). Furthermore, our scheme does not use a training signal and/or a preamble signal. The paper proposes the enhanced sum-product algorithm for the situations when the phase error is given by sample timing offset and carrier frequency offset. We show it is possible to perform the synchronization blindly, since the parameters of phase error can be estimated by the minimization of mean square error (MMSE) calculation with soft bits output of the sum-product algorithm.
Cylindroma of the Nose: Striking Incongruity of the Macroscopical and Histological Extension of the Tumour (1957)

At the XIIth Nordic Oto-laryngologic Congress, held in Helsinki 1954, Berdal and Mylius reported interesting experiences of “cylindromas of the respiratory tract, the upper part of the digestive tract, and adjoining organs” (Acta Oto-Laryngologica, Suppl. 118, 1954). One of their most important observations was that “clinical evaluation of the local extension of the cylindroma is insufficient, and should be supplemented by biopsies during the operation”. In the discussion of their paper I described a case of cylindroma nasi, in which the tentative diagnosis was “carcinoma basocellulare” but which no doubt corresponds exactly to the tumour they classified as cylindroma of “epithelial type”. In my case recurrence necessitated additional operations in September 1955, and the observations at the time abundantly confirmed the accuracy of Berdal and Mylius' statements regarding the extension of cylindroma.
Probabilistic model for discovering topic based communities in social networks (2011)

Social graphs have received renewed interest as a research topic with the advent of social networking websites. These online networks provide a rich source of data to study user relationships and interaction patterns on a large scale. In this paper, we propose a generative Bayesian model for extracting latent communities from a social graph. We assume that community memberships depend on topics of interest between users and the link relationships between them in the social graph topology. In addition, we make use of the nature of interaction to gauge user interests. Our model allows communities to be related to multiple topics and each user in the graph can be a member of multiple communities. This gives an insight into user interests and topical distribution in communities. We show the effectiveness of our model using a real world data set and also compare our model with existing community discovery methods.
Cytotoxic Effects of Cytokines on Islet β-Cells: Evidence for Involvement of Eicosanoids* (1990)

Arachidonic acid metabolites (eicosanoids) have been implicated in mediating actions of cytokines in different tissues. In this study, we tested inhibitors of arachidonate metabolism for possible protection against the toxic effects of the cytokine combination of tumor necrosis factor (TNF, 100 U/ml) and interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma, 100 U/ml) in rat islet cell monolayer cultures, using a 51Cr release cytotoxicity assay to measure islet cell lysis (% 51Cr release). The toxic effect of TNF/IFN-gamma (26.6 +/- 3.7%) was inhibited partially by both a cyclooxygenase inhibitor, indomethacin and a lipoxygenase inhibitor, nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), and combination of maximally effective concentrations of Indo and NDGA (30 microM) produced further protection against TNF/IFN-gamma-induced lysis (3.5 +/- 0.9%). Also, the combined cyclo/lipoxygenase inhibitors, oxyphenbutazone and eicosa 5,8,11,14 tetrynoic acid, as well as the phospholipase A2 inhibitor, bromophenacyl bromide, significantly inhibited the cytotoxic effect of TNF/IFN-gamma. Whereas indomethacin and NDGA did not prevent TNF/IFN-gamma-induced inhibition of insulin release, this recovered after cytokine removal from cultures protected by the cyclo/lipoxygenase inhibitors. These results suggest that arachidonate metabolites may be involved in mediating the cytotoxic and not the functional inhibitory effects of TNF and IFN-gamma in islet cells.
FFTF (Fast Flux Test Facility) cesium trap design, installation, and operating experience (1988)

The Fast Flux Test Facility (FFTF) is a 400-MWt, sodium-cooled reactor located on the Hanford Site near Richland, Washington, USA. The FFTF is owned by the U.S. Department of Energy and is operated by the Westinghouse Hanford Company. The FFTF was designed to test fuels and materials for use in liquid metal reactors. Since initial operation in 1982, anticipated breaches of experimental fuel pins have released fission products, including cesium, into the primary sodium. Because of its high volatility, cesium vaporizes into the cover gas space, where it condenses on components and equipment and is transported into the cover gas outlet. Because of the long half-life of /sup 137/Cs, these deposits result in long-term, local radiation levels that make contact maintenance difficult. Thus, a cesium trap was installed in FFTF to reduce the cesium level in the sodium. The trap could also permit a Run Beyond Cladding Breach (RBCB) program without compromising the sodium purity. Approximately 12 years of operating experience with a cesium trap at the Experimental Breeder Reactor II (EBR-II), located at Idaho Falls, Idaho provided the design basis for the FFTF cesium trap. 2 refs., 8 figs., 3 tabs.
Relative neighborhood graphs and their relatives (1992)

Results of neighborhood graphs are surveyed. Properties, bounds on the size, algorithms, and variants of the neighborhood graphs are discussed. Numerous applications including computational morphology, spatial analysis, pattern classification, and databases for computer vision are described.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>