gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Single-electron pass-transistor logic: operation of its elemental circuit (2002)

An elemental circuit for single-electron pass-transistor logic is fabricated on a silicon-on-insulator substrate. The circuit consists of two nearly-identical single-electron transistors, each with an individual input gate. By inputting pass signals to the sources and complementary signals to the gates, basic logic operations, including half sum and carry out of the half adder, are successfully achieved at 25 K. This is an experimental demonstration of an arithmetic operation by single-electron transistors.
Forward Genetics Screening of Medicago truncatula Tnt1 Insertion Lines (2013)

A large population of Medicago truncatula insertion lines has been generated using the Tnt1 retrotransposon. More than 21,000 insertion lines have been generated, representing more than 500,000 insertion events. This mutant population is being used by the legume research community to screen for various different mutants using a forward genetics approach. Some of the phenotypes that have been screened using this population include developmentally abnormal phenotypes in leaves, stem, flowers, and roots. In addition to these, mutants with defects in symbiosis with Rhizobium and mycorrhiza, mutants with altered nonhost resistance against Asian Soybean Rust and switch grass rust pathogens, mutants with altered lignin content, mutants with altered cell wall structure, etc. have been identified. Here, we describe the high throughput methodology that is being used to identify these M. truncatula mutants.
Effect of the benzodiazepine derivative estazolam in patients with auditory hallucinations (1982)

The main aim of this study was to test the effect of the triazolobenzodiazepine, estazolam, on auditory hallucinations. Fifty-eight patients (28 male, 30 female) with auditory hallucinosis that had responded poorly to neuroleptics alone, were included; most patients were chronic schizophrenics, and most patients were maintained on previous neuroleptic treatment during the trial. Each patient was treated for three consecutive 3-week periods, and randomly allocated to receive estazolam (1 + 1 + 4 mg) either in the first and third, or in the second period. Similar-looking placebo tablets were given in the control periods. These were seven drop-outs, three of them due to somnolence on estazolam. In both treatment groups there was a significant (but not significantly different) improvement during the first 3-week period, with regard to both global clinical state and auditory hallucinations. During the second and third periods, however, the two groups differed significantly, in that improvement of global state and hallucinosis was seen on estazolam, and deterioration on placebo. It is concluded that estazolam (as an addition to neuroleptics) had a significantly better effect than placebo on the global clinical state, on the frequency of, and attitude towards the hallucinations, and also on the single symptoms "Compulsive thoughts" and "Visual hallucinations" (items in the Comprehensive Psychopathological Rating Scale). There were few side effects except drowsiness. Possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions between benzodiazepines and neuroleptics are discussed briefly.
O3–06–01: A clinical phase II study of Lu AE58054 added to stable donepezil treatment in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease (2013)

Lu AE58054 is a novel selective 5-HT 6 receptor antagonist currently in development for treatment of Alzheimer's disease. In previous clinical studies with healthy subjects and patients with schizophrenia, Lu AE58054 has been found safe and well tolerated. This study was a 24-week phase II multi-centre, randomised, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled trial exploring the efficacy and safety of Lu AE58054 (90 mg/day) as add-on to donepezil (10 mg/day) in 278 patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease (MMSE 12–19). After a 2-week screening period, patients entered the 24-week double-blind treatment period, which was followed by a 4-week safety follow-up period. Efficacy evaluations were performed at baseline and after 4, 12, and 24 weeks of treatment. The primary efficacy variable was the change from baseline in ADAS-Cog. Secondary efficacy assessments were the ADCS-CGIC, ADCS-ADL 23, NPI, neuropsychological test battery (NTB), and Zarit Burden Interview (ZBI). Safety and tolerability were evaluated at all visits. The primary statistical analysis assessed the treatment efficacy as the mean difference in ADAS-Cog at week 24 estimated based on MMRM analysis of all post-baseline measurements. Addition of Lu AE58054 (90 mg/day) to stable donepezil treatment resulted in improved cognitive performance as measured by the ADAS-Cog after 24 weeks (p=0.0040). The mean difference in ADAS-Cog at week 24 was -2.16 (95% confidence interval -3.62 to -0.69). The effect was already apparent after 12 weeks. Secondary efficacy parameters, including measures of global status and activities of daily living, showed numerical improvements. The difference in ADCS-CGIC reached statistical significance at 12 weeks (p=0.020) but not at 24 weeks (p=0.12). Treatment with Lu AE58054 was generally well tolerated. Transaminase (ALT and AST) elevations observed in a minority of patients were asymptomatic and normalised whether the patients continued on treatment or were withdrawn. The incidence of cholinergic-like side effects (diarrhoea, nausea, vomiting) was comparable in the two groups. Add-on therapy for 6 months with Lu AE58054 was effective in improving cognitive performance in patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease on stable donepezil treatment. Lu AE58054 was generally safe and well tolerated.
Spin-coated and PECVD low dielectric constant porous organosilicate films studied by 1D and 2D solid-state NMR (2009)

In the research field of the sub-65 nm semiconductor industry, organosilicate SiOCH films with low dielectric constant (k < 2.4) need to be developed in order to improve the performance of integrated circuits [International Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS), San Jose, CA, 2004]. One way to produce SiOCH films of low dielectric constant is to introduce pores into the film. This is usually obtained in two steps. Firstly, co-deposition of a matrix precursor, with a sacrificial organic porogen, either by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) or spin-coating. Secondly, application of a specific thermal treatment to remove the porogen and create the porosity. This last step can be improved by adding to the thermal process a super-critical CO(2) treatment, an UV irradiation or an electronic bombardment (e-beam). In this study, the two deposition processes as well as the various treatments applied to eliminate the porogens were evaluated and compared using high-resolution solid-state NMR. For this purpose, hybrid (containing porogens) and porous films were extensively characterized on the basis of their (1)H, (13)C and (29)Si high-resolution NMR spectra. Information was obtained concerning the crosslinking of the Si skeleton. Spectral features could be correlated to the processes used. Isotropic chemical shift analyses and 2D correlation NMR experiments were used to show the existence and nature of the interactions between the matrix precursor and the organic porogen.
A millimeter-wave transformer between microstrip line and flexible post-wall waveguide on liquid crystal polymer substrates (2013)

We propose a simple transformer between microstrip line and flexible post-wall waveguide fabricated on liquid-crystal polymer substrates. Matching to 50 Ω impedance is accomplished by a combination of blind-via and microstrip-elements. The estimated loss of the transformer associated with the mode conversion and the measured loss of the PWW is 0.6 dB and 0.9 dB/mm at 60 GHz, respectively. We also found out that the transmission property of the PWW for bending remains unchanged.
On The Possibility To Use A Hybrid Synchronous Machine As An Integrated Starter-Generator (2006)

The hybrid and mild hybrid cars require high performance integrated starter-generators (ISG). Several electrical machines were designed and used as ISGs up today. A hybrid synchronous machine (HSM) to be employed for such purpose is proposed in this paper. The HSM has the excitation field produced both by permanent magnets and auxiliary excitation winding. Three construction variants of the HSM were studied comparatively. A prototype was designed, constructed and tested. The background of the HSM, operating as a generator is discussed, too. All the obtained results, by tests or by computer simulations, emphasise that HSM could be an excellent ISG for a hybrid car.
Radiographic mottle and patient exposure in mammography. (1982)

Radiographic mottle has been analyzed in mammography using a comprehensive theory that takes into account fluctuations in absorbed x-ray energy and in phosphor light-photon yield, as well as film granularity and random variations in phosphor coating. Density fluctuations, signal-to-noise ratios, and quantum-efficiencies are presented for two screen/film systems as functions of density and viewing-aperture size. For sampling apertures of less than 500 micrometers in diameter, film granularity is the dominant source of noise for a Kodak Min-R screen/film system. This implies that quantum mottle can be increased and patient exposure reduced with little or no loss in imaged information. Such is the case for the second combination, a Min-R screen combined with Ortho-M film.
Elevated activity and increased mannose-6-phosphate in the carbohydrate moiety of cathepsin D from human hepatoma. (1988)

A significant elevation of cathepsin D activity was observed in six human hepatoma tissues as compared to 12 normal human livers. In isoelectric focusing experiments, cathepsin D purified from normal liver exhibited three different forms, with isoelectric points of 5.6, 6.1, and 6.7, while cathepsin D purified from hepatoma contained another five to six more acidic forms in addition to the forms observed in normal liver cathepsin D. When the tumor enzyme was treated with endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase H followed by isoelectric focusing, the acidic components disappeared and were converted to forms identical to those of the normal liver cathepsin D. Determination of the mannose-6-phosphate content showed that hepatoma cathepsin D contains twice as much mannose-6-phosphate as normal liver cathepsin D. Peptide mapping and amino acid analysis showed that the protein moiety of cathepsin D from hepatoma is almost identical with that from normal liver. These findings indicate that the appearance of acidic variants in hepatoma cathepsin D is mainly due to changes in the oligosaccharide chains of the enzyme, which are closely associated with the increase of mannose-6-phosphate in the tumor enzyme.
Silencing of ErbB3/ErbB2 Signaling by Immunoglobulin-like Necl-2 (2009)

ErbB2 and ErbB3, members of the EGF receptor/ErbB family, form a heterodimer upon binding of a ligand, inducing the activation of Rac small G protein and Akt protein kinase for cell movement and survival, respectively. The enhanced ErbB3/ErbB2 signaling causes tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. We found here that the ErbB3/ErbB2 signaling is regulated by immunoglobulin-like Necl-2, which is down-regulated in various cancer cells and serves as a tumor suppressor. The extracellular region of ErbB3, but not ErbB2, interacted in cis with that of Necl-2. This interaction reduced the ligand-induced, ErbB2-catalyzed tyrosine phosphorylation of ErbB3 and inhibited the consequent ErbB3-mediated activation of Rac and Akt, resulting in the inhibition of cancer cell movement and survival. These inhibitory effects of Necl-2 were mediated by the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTPN13 which interacted with the cytoplasmic tail of Necl-2. We describe here this novel mechanism for silencing of the ErbB3/ErbB2 signaling by Necl-2.
Lateral Growth Process of GaAs over Tungsten Gratings by Metalorganic Chemical Vapor Deposition (1985)

Lateral epitaxial growth of over tungsten gratings with 5 μm wide lines and spaces on (001) substrates is performed using metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. A study is made of the dependence of facet shapes and growth rates of the overgrown layers on grating direction, growth temperature, and arsine and trimethylgallium (TMG) flow rates. From the perspective of crystallography, all the facets observed in the overgrown layers were found to be classified into four individual groups: {110}, {111}As, {12}As, and {113}Ga faces. The opening direction on the (001) substrate surface is found to be the most essential parameter for determining the crystallographic planes of the facets. Other important controlling parameters for the facet formation are the growth temperature and partial pressure of. The partial pressure of TMG has no influence on the faceting growth. On the other hand, the overall growth rate of the overgrown layer is limited only by the TMG flow rate. These results can be qualitatively explained by the Langmuir‐Rideal model.
Research and validation of global skin friction measurement techniques based on fluorescent oil film (2015)

The Skin friction, along with skin pressure and temperature, is one of the most important skin factors in aerodynamics and fluid dynamics, meanwhile, but also the most difficult measurement skin factor. Compared with single point and indirect characters of traditional ways, global skin friction direct measurement method based on fluorescent oil film was developed. By investigation and research, the governing equation of fluorescent oil film, which expresses the relationship between the oil film thickness and skin friction, was established. Furthermore, this equation was solved by introducing additional constraint and using integral minimization approach and variation approach which was similar to the solution of Optical Flow proposed by Horn et al. Then a specific fluorescent indicator excited by ultraviolet light was chosen to develop the fluorescent oil film and a 2K 2K resolution CCD camera was used to record the oil film image. At last, delta wing skin friction measurement experiment was carried out, and high resolution skin friction distribution was acquired and consistent with the theoretical analysis.
C5a induced tracheal contraction: a histamine independent mechanism. (1980)

C5a, a peptide derived from the fifth component of complement, caused significant prolonged smooth muscle contraction in isolated guinea pig trachea. Diphenhydramine, a histamine receptor antagonist of the H1 type, had no effect on either the rate, amplitude or duration of C5a induced tracheal contraction, whereas it significantly inhibited the tracheal response to exogenous histamine. Diphenhydramine also caused a significant delay in the response to compound 48/80 in normal guinea pig trachea and to antigen in actively sensitized trachea, indicating that the antihistamine was capable of inhibiting tracheal contractions to endogenously released histamine. C5a induced tracheal smooth muscle contraction was also unaffected by antagonists of H2, muscarinic cholinergic and alpha adrenergic receptors. These results indicate that C5a induced tracheal contraction is independent of histamine and is potentially a mediator of allergic bronchospasm.
Interpreting SWRL Rules in RDF Graphs (2006)

An unresolved issue in SWRL (the Semantic Web Rule Language) is whether the intended semantics of its RDF representation can be described as an extension of the W3C RDF semantics. In this paper we propose to make the model-theoretic semantics of SWRL compatible with RDF by interpreting SWRL rules in RDF graphs. For dealing with SWRL/RDF rules, we regard ‘Implies’ as an OWL class, and extract all ‘Implies’ rules from an RDF database that represents a SWRL knowledge base. Each ‘Implies’ rule is grounded through mappings built into the semantic conditions of the model theory. Based on the fixpoint semantics, a bottom-up strategy is employed to compute the least Herbrand models.
Renal cell carcinoma: treatment with recombinant interleukin-2 plus beta-interferon. (1990)

Preclinical data have demonstrated synergy between interleukin-2 (IL-2) and beta-interferon (IFN-beta) in stimulating natural-killer (NK) cell activity and in increasing expression of IL-2 receptors. Based on results of a phase I trial, a combination of IL-2 and IFN-beta was administered three times weekly by intravenous (IV) bolus injection with 5 x 10(6) Cetus U/m2 of IL-2 and 6 x 10(6) U/m2 of IFN-beta to 24 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Of 22 assessable patients there were six (27%) objective responses including one complete remission (CR) and five partial responses (PRs). There were three minor responses (MRs), 11 stable disease (SD), and two progressive disease (PD). Two of the objective responses have continued for almost 2 years. Response sites include lymph nodes, lungs, and bone. Toxicities requiring dose reduction include arthralgia, weight loss, fatigue, decreased performance status, depression, and hypotension. Five of 10 patients who had a prior nephrectomy without local recurrence achieved an objective response as compared with only one of 12 without a prior nephrectomy or with a local recurrence (P = .04). Mean peak lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell activity of the objective responders was 88 lytic units (LU) as compared with 4 LU in the nonresponders (P = .01). Mean peak NK cell activity was 288 LU in the objective responders as compared with 100 LU in the nonresponders (P = .10).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Scanning tunneling microscope lithography: a viable lithographic technology? (1992)

A steered beam lithography will represent an essential part of the technology to meet the future need for ultra-high resolution mask making and direct write. Conventional high voltage e-beam lithography is being developed to meet these challenges. However, there are a number of physical limitations (proximity effects, resist sensitivity) which must be overcome. To do so will prove to be extremely expensive if in fact these problems can be overcome. There are significant advantages in going to extremely low energies in e-beam lithography. Proximity effects are eliminated although the electron-optics become more exacting. The need to focus a low energy e-beam can be eliminated by maintaining a sharp tip close to a surface as in a scanning tunneling microscope (STM). We have demonstrated technologically useful lithography with the STM operated with 4 - 50 V between tip and sample. Patterns have been defined in e-beam resists and by selective oxidation of semiconductor substrates under the action of the STM tip. In both cases the pattern can be transferred into the substrate with a dry etch. Sub 50 nm resolution is routine on a variety of substrates. A viable lithographic technology has been demonstrated in the research laboratory. However, several key issues must be addressed to develop a technologically viable lithography system compatible with existing microfabrication practice. These issues include: registration using the imaging properties of the STM for alignment, pattern accuracy and throughput. Advances in STM speed are described and suggestions made for improving lithographic performance with multiple sharp tips (each with an independent servo loop). The potential pay-off is high as a low voltage lithography tool will involve significantly less capital investment (and support cost) than the next generations of high voltage e-beam lithography tools.
Activity of bulbar respiratory neurons during fictive coughing and swallowing in the decerebrate cat. (1994)

1. The behaviour of medullary respiratory neurons was studied during fictive coughing and swallowing evoked by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve (SLN) in decerebrate, paralysed and artificially ventilated cats. Fictive coughing, swallowing and respiration were monitored by recording activities of the phrenic, hypoglossal and abdominal nerves. 2. Extracellular recordings were made from respiratory neurons in the ventral respiratory group (VRG) and in the Bötzinger complex (BOT). The neuronal types analysed included decrementing inspiratory neurons (I-DEC), augmenting expiratory neurons (E-AUG) and decrementing expiratory neurons (E-DEC) from the BOT area, and augmenting inspiratory neurons (I-AUG) and augmenting expiratory neurons (E-AUG) from the VRG area. 3. During fictive coughing, all the inspiratory and expiratory neurons were active during the inspiratory and expiratory phases of coughing, respectively. The firing of both I-DEC and I-AUG neurons was increased and prolonged in association with the augmented inspiratory activity of the phrenic nerve. The activity of E-AUG neurons of the VRG did not parallel the abdominal nerve activity, suggesting the existence of additional neurons which participate in the generation of abdominal nerve activity during fictive coughing. 4. During fictive swallowing, half of I-DEC neurons fired transiently at the onset of hypoglossal bursts associated with swallowing; the firing was suppressed during the rest of the hypoglossal bursts. Other I-DEC neurons were silent during hypoglossal bursts. Some I-AUG neurons fired during the initial half of hypoglossal bursts, and others were silent. The brief phrenic activity accompanying the swallowing might have originated from this activity in I-AUG neurons. The discharges of all E-AUG neurons (BOT and VRG) and the majority of E-DEC BOT neurons were suppressed during swallowing. 5. We conclude that these five types of respiratory neurons of the BOT and VRG are involved in the generation of the spatiotemporally organized activity of coughing and swallowing, and that at least a part of the neuronal network for respiration is shared by networks for these non-respiratory activities.
Network pharmacology of JAK inhibitors (2016)

Small-molecule inhibitors of the Janus kinase family (JAKis) are clinically efficacious in multiple autoimmune diseases, albeit with increased risk of certain infections. Their precise mechanism of action is unclear, with JAKs being signaling hubs for several cytokines. We assessed the in vivo impact of pan- and isoform-specific JAKi in mice by immunologic and genomic profiling. Effects were broad across the immunogenomic network, with overlap between inhibitors. Natural killer (NK) cell and macrophage homeostasis were most immediately perturbed, with network-level analysis revealing a rewiring of coregulated modules of NK cell transcripts. The repression of IFN signature genes after repeated JAKi treatment continued even after drug clearance, with persistent changes in chromatin accessibility and phospho-STAT responsiveness to IFN. Thus, clinical use and future development of JAKi might need to balance effects on immunological networks, rather than expect that JAKis affect a particular cytokine response and be cued to long-lasting epigenomic modifications rather than by short-term pharmacokinetics.
Progressive motor neuron impairment in an animal model of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (1997)

Mutations of Cu,Zn superoxide dismutase cause an autosomal dominant form of familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. An animal model of the disease has been produced by expressing mutant human SOD1 in transgenic mice (G93A). In order to quantify the dysfunction of the motor unit in transgenic mice, electromyographic recordings were performed during the course of the disease. The first alterations in neuromuscular function appeared between P63 and P90. The deficits became even more striking after P100; compound muscle action potentials in the hindlimb decreased by 80% of initial value. Spontaneous fibrillation potentials were measured in more than 50% of transgenic mice. The number of motor units in the gastrocnemius muscle was progressively reduced over time, down to 18% of the control value at P130. Moreover, distal motor latencies increased after P120. These data suggest that the initial dysfunctions of motor unit are related to a severe motor axonal degeneration, which is followed at later periods by myelin alteration.