gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Demand-Aware Erasure Coding for Distributed Storage Systems (2018)

Distributed storage systems provide cloud storage services by storing data on commodity storage servers. Conventionally, data are protected against failures of such commodity servers by replication. Erasure coding consumes less storage overhead than replication to tolerate the same number of failures and thus has been replacing replication in many distributed storage systems. However, with erasure coding, the overhead of reconstructing data from failures also increases significantly. Under the ever-changing workload where data accesses can be highly skewed, it is challenging to deploy erasure coding with appropriate values of parameters to achieve a well trade-off between storage overhead and reconstruction overhead. In this paper, we propose Zebra, a framework that encodes data by their demand into multiple tiers that deploy erasure codes with different values of parameters. Zebra automatically determines the number of such tiers and dynamically assigns erasure codes with optimal values of parameters into corresponding tiers. With Zebra, a flexible trade-off between storage overhead and reconstruction overhead is achieved with multiple tiers. When demand changes, Zebra adjusts itself with a marginal amount of network transfer. We demonstrate that Zebra can work with two representative families of erasure codes in distributed storage systems, Reed-Solomon codes and local reconstruction codes.
Stereoselective hydrogenation of model compounds and preparation of tailor‐made glycerides with chromium tricarbonyl complexes (1970)

Abstract Studies on the mechanism of stereoselectivity of chromium tricarbonyl catalysts with model compounds provided the basis for the preparation of simulated fats. These synthetic fats were prepared by taking advantage of the unique property of chromium carbonyl complexes to catalyze hydrogenation of polyunsaturates to cis ‐monounsaturates. Oils simulating the composition of peanut oil were produced by hydrogenating soybean oil stereoselectively to an IV of 94. Simulated olive oil was made the same way from either soybean or safflower oil hydrogenated to an IV of 82–84. Stereoselective 1,4‐reduction of eleostearate in tung oil produced oils that had a high proportion of linoleate and that simulated safflower oil. The oleo‐disaturated glyceride structure of cocoa butter was also simulated by selectively hydrogenating linoleate in cottonseed oil stearines and in fractionated high‐palmitate stearines. Dilatometric and chromatographic studies showed that the cis ‐monoene‐disaturated glyceride is the major component (60–70%) in the synthetic cocoa butter.
A Novel Element Upstream of the Vγ2 Gene in the Murine T Cell Receptor γ Locus Cooperates with the 3′ Enhancer to Act as a Locus Control Region (1999)

Transgenic expression constructs were employed to identify a cis-acting transcription element in the T cell receptor (TCR)-gamma locus, called HsA, between the Vgamma5 and Vgamma2 genes. In constructs lacking the previously defined enhancer (3'E(Cgamma1)), HsA supports transcription in mature but not immature T cells in a largely position-independent fashion. 3'E(Cgamma1), without HsA, supports transcription in immature and mature T cells but is subject to severe position effects. Together, the two elements support expression in immature and mature T cells in a copy number-dependent, position-independent fashion. Furthermore, HsA was necessary for consistent rearrangement of transgenic recombination substrates. These data suggest that HsA provides chromatin-opening activity and, together with 3'E(Cgamma1), constitutes a T cell-specific locus control region for the TCR-gamma locus.
Short model peptides having a high α‐helical tendency: Design and solution properties (1989)

Secondary structure is not typically observed for small peptides in solution. Several of the properties of alpha-helical peptides are known which lead to the stabilization of the structure. The utilization of all the known factors important for alpha-helical stabilization in the design of model alpha-helical peptides (MAP) is reported. The peptides are based on the repeating eleven amino acid sequence, Glu-Leu-Leu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Leu-Glu-Lys-Leu-Lys (MAP1-11). The CD spectra of these peptides give evidence for more alpha-helical content than has been reported for any short peptide (less than 18 amino acids) to date. This alpha-helical tendency does not require the presence of lipid or reduced temperature. For instance, Suc-[Trp9]MAP9-3'' amide (5), a seventeen amino acid peptide has 100% and 80% alpha-helical contents at 1.7 x 10(-4) M and 1.7 x 10(-5) M, respectively. Suc-[Trp9]MAP2-11 amide (3), merely ten amino acids in length, is 51% alpha-helical at 1.7 x 10(-4) M in 0.1 M phosphate buffer at room temperature. In the presence of lipid or trifluoroethanol, the alpha-helical content of these peptides is increased. This series of peptides demonstrates the complimentarity of various secondary structure design principles and the extent to which structure can be induced in small linear peptides.
Synergistic Prevention of Biofouling in Seawater Desalination by Zwitterionic Surfaces and Low‐Level Chlorination (2013)

Smooth, durable, ultrathin antifouling layers are deposited onto commercial reverse osmosis membranes without damaging them and they exhibit a fouling reduction. A new synergistic approach to antifouling, by coupling surface modification and drinking-water-level chlorination is enabled by the films' unique resistance against chlorine degradation. This approach substantially enhances longer-term fouling resistance compared with surface modification or chlorination alone, and can reduce freshwater production cost and its collateral toxicity to marine biota.
Calculation of the electron and hole impact ionization rate for wurtzite AlN and GaN (2010)

The interband impact ionization transition rate (IIR) of electrons and holes in wurtzite GaN and AlN is calculated using full local density approximation (LDA) band structures under the scissor approximation. The IIR of AlN is first calculated and the results show a large difference between the IIR of electrons and holes. The IIR of electrons grows from zero to 1014 at energies of ~6.6–10 eV, while the IIR of holes is zero below 12.2 eV. The difference is interpreted by the energy gap between the sixth and the seventh valence bands. Analysis shows that it is hard for holes in AlN to tunnel through the large energy gap between the sixth and the seventh valence bands; as a result, holes can hardly get enough energy for impact ionization in the electrical field of several MV cm−1. This indicates that AlN is a good material for avalanche photodetectors of controllable gain, low noise and wide bandwidth with a cutoff wavelength of 210 nm. To further facilitate Monte Carlo simulation, the AlN and GaN IIR are fitted to the Keldysh formula.
Zur Theorie der Hochstrombogensäule (1947)

Abstract Durch die Wechselwirkung der Elektronen mit den positiven Ionen wird entgegen den bisher allgemein gemachten Annahmen die Elektronenbeweglichkeit im Plasma der Hochstrombogensäule entscheidend beeinflußt. Der Gesamtquerschnitt aller positiven Ionen im cm 3 gegenüber den Elektronen übertrifft den entsprechenden Atomquerschnitt um mehr als das Dreißigfache. Die Elektronenwärmeleitung, die nach Höcker und Finkelnburg im Ilochstrombogen den praktisch allein ins Gewicht fallenden Energieverlust verursacht, wird hierdurch wesentlich herabgesetzt. Klassische Wärmeleitung und Elektronenwärmeleitung haben nunmehr vergleichbare Werte. Eine quantitativ sehr merkliche Diskrepanz zwischen experimentellen und berechneten Daten wird durch Berücksichtigung des Einflusses der positiven Ionen beseitigt,
Public key cryptography (1996)

The RSA algorithm can be used for a kind of unforgeable digital signature. In this application, the secret key is used to encrypt a message, which can then itself be decrypted by anyone possessing the public key. Digital signatures can play a role in many activities that do not require secrecy but require sender authentication and guaranteed message integrity. Because it offers the possibility of true privacy and secrecy, public key cryptography has become a cause celebre among many computer users. Nevertheless, the RSA algorithm, developed in 1977, remained the stuff of academic curiosity for nearly 20 years and did not enjoy widespread use. Three factors combined to delay the spread of public key cryptography: the speed disparity between low-cost and high-cost computers, intellectual property law, and the US government's export control laws, which remain a problem to this day.
NOTE ON PRIME NUMBERS (1921)

will get a more lasting impression and a better command of these phrases by studying them from as many points of view as possible it would seem worth while to study the algebraic and fche geo- metric treatment together.The pupil can then understand his own words when he says "the segments on one side are propor- tional to the segments on the other?? or ^the altitudes vary inversely as the sides to which they are drawn.
Therapeutic potential for mesenchymal stem cell transplantation in critical limb ischemia (2012)

The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation for the treatment of ischemic conditions such as coronary artery disease, peripheral arterial disease, and stroke has been explored in animal models and early-phase clinical trials. A substantial database documents the safety profile of MSC administration to humans in a large number of disease states. The mechanism of the therapeutic effect of MSC transplantation in ischemic disease has been postulated to be due to paracrine, immunomodulatory, and differentiation effects. This review provides an overview of the potential role of MSC-based therapy for critical limb ischemia (CLI), the comparison of MSC cellular therapy with angiogenesis gene therapy in CLI, and the proposed mechanism of action of MSC therapy. Preclinical efficacy data in animal models of hindlimb ischemia, current early-phase human trial data, and considerations for future MSC-based therapy in CLI will also be discussed.
Velocity analysis using weighted semblance (2010)

Increasing the resolution of semblance‐based velocity spectra, or semblance spectra, can improve the accuracy of normal moveout velocity estimates. The resolution of semblance spectra depends on the sensitivity of semblance to changes in velocity. By weighting terms in the semblance calculation that are more sensitive to changes in velocity, we can increase resolution. Our implementation of weighted semblance is a straightforward extension of conventional semblance. Somewhat surprisingly, we increase resolution by using a weighting function to minimize semblance. Compared to conventional semblance, weighted semblance better distinguishes semblance peaks for interfering events.
Full emission color tuning in luminogens constructed from tetraphenylethene, benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole and thiophene building blocks (2011)

Full color luminogens are constructed from tetraphenylethene, benzo-2,1,3-thiadiazole and thiophene building blocks. OLED fabricated using one of the luminogens exhibits orange-red electroluminescence with high luminance and efficiencies of 8330 cd m(-2), 6.1 cd A(-1) and 3.1%, respectively.
Selenium yeast: Composition, quality, analysis, and safety (2006)

Abstract Selenium yeast, produced by growing select strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Se-rich media, is a recognized source of organic food-form Se, but the determination of its exact composition with respect to the Se species present produced conflicting results. Improved methods of analysis have since revealed it to contain 90+ % of its Se in the form of selenomethionine, the principal organic nutritional form of Se for higher animals and humans. The safety record of Se yeast is excellent: During the three decades of its world-wide use as a source of supplemental Se, no cases of Se poisoning have occurred due to dosage or formulation errors.
N,N-Dialkyl-1,1-dimethyl-2-butynylamines by the Reaction of Propyne with Secondary Aliphatic Amines (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTN,N-Dialkyl-1,1-dimethyl-2-butynylamines by the Reaction of Propyne with Secondary Aliphatic AminesC. W. Kruse and R. F. KleinschmidtCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83, 1, 216–220Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1961https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ja01462a042https://doi.org/10.1021/ja01462a042research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views125Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Ag/Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>for glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2-propanediol: activity, selectivity and deactivation (2011)

A series of γ-Al2O3 supported silver catalysts (Ag/Al2O3) prepared with various Ag loadings and calcination temperatures were used to convert glycerol to 1,2-propanediol. A catalyst with 2 mmol Ag per gram Al2O3 and calcined at 400–500 °C presented the highest activity (glycerol conversion 46 mol%) and selectivity (96 mol%) at 220 °C, glycerol/Ag (molar ratio) = 100/2, 1.5 MPa initial H2 pressure and 10 h. Optimal prereduction, elevated reaction temperature and hydrogen pressure promote the activity, but the selectivity deteriorates at higher reaction temperatures. Excessive water is detrimental to the performance. Catalyst deactivation was observed, mainly due to Ag sintering under reducing environment. The spent catalyst could be calcined to fully recover the activity.
Fake News (2019)

The explosive growth of fake news and its erosion to democracy, justice, and public trust increased the demand for fake news detection. As an interdisciplinary topic, the study of fake news encourages a concerted effort of experts in computer and information science, political science, journalism, social science, psychology, and economics. A comprehensive framework to systematically understand and detect fake news is necessary to attract and unite researchers in related areas to conduct research on fake news. This tutorial aims to clearly present (1) fake news research, its challenges, and research directions; (2) a comparison between fake news and other related concepts (e.g., rumors); (3) the fundamental theories developed across various disciplines that facilitate interdisciplinary research; (4) various detection strategies unified under a comprehensive framework for fake news detection; and (5) the state-of-the-art datasets, patterns, and models. We present fake news detection from various perspectives, which involve news content and information in social networks, and broadly adopt techniques in data mining, machine learning, natural language processing, information retrieval and social search. Facing the upcoming 2020 U.S. presidential election, challenges for automatic, effective and efficient fake news detection are also clarified in this tutorial.
Thermoluminescence for nonlinear heating profiles with application to laser heated emissions (2001)

A general formula is found to predict thermoluminescence emission over a wide range of heating profiles. This is particularly useful for rapid laser heating which generates very nonlinear temperature–time profiles. Special cases of the general formula are considered for power-law and logarithmic temperature–time curves. The results compare well to previous CO2 laser heated thermoluminescence experiments. The agreement between theory and experiment extends over several orders of magnitude change in the heating rate.
Coherent octave spanning near-infrared and visible supercontinuum generation in all-normal dispersion photonic crystal fibers (2011)

We present the first detailed demonstrations of octave-spanning SC generation in all-normal dispersion photonic crystal fibers (ANDi PCF) in the visible and near-infrared spectral regions. The resulting spectral profiles are extremely flat without significant fine structure and with excellent stability and coherence properties. The key benefit of SC generation in ANDi PCF is the conservation of a single ultrashort pulse in the time domain with smooth and recompressible phase distribution. For the first time we confirm the exceptional temporal properties of the generated SC pulses experimentally and demonstrate their applicability in ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy. The experimental results are in excellent agreement with numerical simulations, which are used to illustrate the SC generation dynamics by self-phase modulation and optical wave breaking. To our knowledge, we present the broadest spectra generated in the normal dispersion regime of an optical fiber.
A Study on Analysis and Improvement of Current Korean Army's Mine Detector (2013)

Abstract Mine detector of troops is different from other equipments. It is a base of a miner branch's combat, combat support and mission. But its notion is too obsucure and each troops' model and maker of it is so different and most of it is old type so there are a lot of malfunctions. Hence, I will define management of mine detector and figure out these days miner troops' mine detector situation. I will collect experts' opinions too. Through a discussion we could found improvement plan and develop it adequate for future operational environment. Proceeding all these courses and finally making it weaponize are the points of this writing. Key Word : metal and nonmetal mine detection, increase of detecting distance, automatic detection angle control,, headset bluetooth mode, built-in wireless mode * 정회원, 서울과학기술대학교 NID융합기술대학원접수일자 : 2013년 4월 18일, 수정완료 : 2013년 7월 15일게재확정일자 : 2013년 8월 16일Received: 18 April, 2013 / Revised: 15 July, 2013Accepted: 16 August, 2013 * Corresponding Author: kimchiwook@hanmail.net NID Graduate School, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Korea
Pathophysiology of nocturnal scratching in childhood atopic dermatitis: the role of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and substance P (2007)

Serum levels of BDNF and substance P correlate with the clinical score and quality of life score in patients with AD. The strong correlations with nocturnal wrist movements suggest that they may be the pathogenic factors of the annoying symptoms of scratching.
Phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, releases intracellular Ca2+, potentiates Ins(1,4,5)<i>P</i>3-mediated Ca2+ release and directly activates ion channels in mouse pancreatic acinar cells (1997)

It is recognized in many cellular systems that the receptor/G-protein activation of phospholipase C and Ins(1,4,5)P3 production is the transduction pathway regulating the release of Ca2+ from internal stores. Ca2+ signals can now be monitored at the level of single cells but the biochemical detection of Ins(1,4,5)P3 cannot match this resolution. It is often difficult or impossible to directly attribute responses evoked in single cells by putative phospholipase C-coupled agonists to changes in Ins(1,4,5)P3 levels. U73122 is an aminosteroid that is reported to act as a specific inhibitor of phospholipase C and it has become an important tool in establishing the link between phospholipase C activation and cellular Ca2+ signalling. In the present study we use both patch-clamp electrophysiology and the imaging of fluorescent Ca2+ indicators to investigate the effect of U73122 in mouse pancreatic acinar cells. The study reveals that U73122 has effects other than the inhibition of phospholipase C. U73122 can directly activate ion channels. It can itself promote the release of Ca2+ from intracellular stores in permeabilized cells and in intact cells it triggers a release of Ca2+ that is initiated specifically at the secretory pole of these morphologically and functionally polarized cells. We also present evidence that U73122 can potentiate the response to Ins(1,4,5)P3; this is seen both in permeabilized cells and in patch-clamp protocols in which cells are internally dialysed with submaximal concentrations of Ins(1,4,5)P3. The effects of U73122 are therefore multiple and not specific for the inhibition of phospholipase C. Importantly, all the effects described influence Ca2+ signalling yet in many experimental protocols some of these effects can go unnoticed and might in error be attributed simply to the inhibition of Ins(1,4,5)P3 production.
Localization and Developmental Regulation of a Dispersed Gene Family 1 Protein in <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> (2009)

The dispersed gene family 1 (DGF-1) is the fifth largest gene family in the Trypanosoma cruzi genome, with over 500 members (11). Many of the predicted DGF-1 protein products have several transmembrane domains and N-glycosylation and phosphorylation sites and were thought to localize in the plasma membrane. Here, we report that affinity-purified antibodies against a region of one of these proteins (DGF-1.2) localized it intracellularly in different stages of the parasite. DGF-1.2 is more abundant in the amastigote stage than in trypomastigotes and epimastigotes, as detected by immunofluorescence and Western blot analyses. The protein changed localization during intracellular or extracellular differentiation from the trypomastigote to the amastigote stage, where it finally localized to small bodies in close contact with the inner side of the amastigote plasma membrane. DGF-1.2 did not colocalize with markers of other subcellular organelles, such as acidocalcisomes, glycosomes, reservosomes, lipid droplets, or endocytic vesicles. During extracellular differentiation, the protein was detected in the culture medium from 0 to 22 h, peaking at 14 h. The presence of DGF-1.2 in the differentiation culture medium was confirmed by mass spectrometry analysis. Finally, when epimastigotes were subjected to starvation, there was a decrease in the labeling of the cells and, in Western blots, the appearance of bands of lower molecular mass, suggesting its cleavage. These results represent the first report of direct immunodetection and developmental expression and secretion of a DGF-1 protein.
Nonlinear recursive filters and applications to image processing (2003)

Stability conditions for nonlinear recursive filters are established. The results are applied to nonlinear recursive filters of the form y(n)=f(x(n), y(n-1)). In the case of image filtering by incorporating with a multi-directional scheme, a two-dimensional nonlinear recursive image filter, satisfying these conditions, with combined edge-sharpening and noise-smoothing characteristics has been developed. It can be used for image enhancement or restoration, or as a pre-processor for coding techniques.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>