gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Delta routing: improving the price-performance of hybrid private networks (2004)

Large enterprises connect their locations together by building a corporate network out of private communication channels, such as leased lines, frame relay and ATM links, called physical private networks or PPNs. PPNs provide good quality of service, but they are expensive. On the other hand, Internet-based virtual private networks (VPNs) can provide speedy deployment of multisite corporate networks at a small fraction of the cost of private lines. However, Internet-based VPNs do not offer the same accountability and predictability as PPNs do, since the Internet is not administrated by a single provider. In order to build a hybrid network that is both reliable and affordable, we have developed the delta routing protocol, which allows nodes on a corporate network to communicate with each other using both PPN and Internet-based VPN. The delta routing protocol works with the existing routing protocol on the PPN and allows each node to determine the best routes on the hybrid network using local information only. We have simulated and compared the delta routing protocol and the alternatives using the ns-2 simulator. The results show that the delta routing protocol outperforms the alternatives in a variety of scenarios.
The Effects of a Constitutive Expression of Transforming Growth Factor-α on the Growth of MCF-7 Human Breast Cancer Cells<i>in Vitro</i>and<i>in Vivo</i> (1989)

It has been suggested that transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF-alpha) is a mitogenic autocrine growth factor for human breast cancer cells, responsible for mediating the mitogenic effects of 17 beta-estradiol (E2) in responsive cells. To test this hypothesis we have introduced eukaryotic expression vectors directing the expression of TGF-alpha mRNA into E2-responsive MCF-7 human breast cancer cells. Transfected cells produce levels of TGF-alpha equivalent to or greater than those produced by both E2-stimulated MCF-7 cells and hormone-independent MDA-MB-231 cells. One transfected clone (H8) secretes sufficient TGF-alpha to fully down-regulate EGF-R expression. However, both of the transfected clones that constitutively secrete elevated levels of TGF-alpha (A8 and H8) respond to E2 stimulation in vitro by increasing the rate of cellular proliferation and inducing PGR synthesis. The basal proliferative capacity of H8 and A8 cells is equivalent to that of the parental cells and to cells transfected only with the G418 (neomycin) resistance gene. Furthermore, the TGF-alpha cDNA-transfected clones do not form tumors in ovariectomized athymic nude mice without E2 supplementation. Thus, the precise role of TGF-alpha in mediating either the in vivo or the in vitro mitogenic effects of E2 in MCF-7 human breast cancer cells remains unclear. While TGF-alpha expression may be essential, it is not sufficient alone to induce the fully E2-independent phenotype. Thus, TGF-alpha may function in combination with other E2-induced growth factors to control breast cancer proliferation and tumorigenesis.
Intrinsic Optical Absorption in Single-Crystal Germanium and Silicon at 77°K and 300°K (1955)

The intrinsic absorption spectra of high-purity single-crystal germanium and silicon have been measured at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The spectral regions studied encompassed a range of absorption coefficient from 0.1 ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ to ${10}^{5}$ ${\mathrm{cm}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ for each material. The germanium data may be interpreted as indicating a threshold for direct transitions at 0.81 ev at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and at 0.88 ev at 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K. The threshold for indirect transitions was placed at 0.62 ev and 0.72 ev for 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively. For silicon the data were not as readily interpreted However, there is an indication that the threshold for direct transitions should be placed at about 2.5 ev and the threshold for indirect transitions at 1.06 ev and 1.16 ev at 300\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K and 77\ifmmode^\circ\else\textdegree\fi{}K, respectively.
1,2,3-Triazole Rings as a Disulfide Bond Mimetic in Chimeric AGRP-Melanocortin Peptides: Design, Synthesis, and Functional Characterization (2017)

The melanocortin system is involved in the regulation of complex physiological functions, including energy and weight homeostasis, feeding behavior, inflammation, sexual function, pigmentation, and exocrine gland function. The five melanocortin receptors that belong to the superfamily of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are regulated by endogenously expressed agonists and antagonists. The aim of this study was to explore the potential of replacing the disulfide bridge in chimeric AGRP-melanocortin peptide Tyr-c[Cys-His-d-Phe-Arg-Trp-Asn-Ala-Phe-Cys]-Tyr-NH<sub>2</sub> (1) with 1,2,3-triazole moieties. A series of 1,2,3-triazole-bridged peptidomimetics were designed, synthesized, and pharmacologically evaluated at the mouse melanocortin receptors. The ligands possessed nanomolar to micromolar agonist cAMP signaling potency. A key finding was that the disulfide bond in peptide 1 can be replaced with the monotriazole ring with minimal effect on the functional activity at the melanocortin receptors. The 1,5-disubstituted triazole-bridged peptide 6 showed equipotent functional activity at the mMC3R and modest 5-fold decreased agonist potency at the mMC4R compared to those of 1. Interestingly, the 1,4- and 1,5-disubstituted isomers of the triazole ring resulted in different selectivities at the receptor subtypes, indicating subtle structural features that may be exploited in the generation of selective melanocortin ligands. Introducing cyclic and acyclic bis-triazole moieties into chimeric AGRP template 1 generally decreased agonist activity. These results will be useful for the further design of neuronal chemical probes for the melanocortin receptors as well as in other receptor systems.
Concentration-Time Profiles of Gamma-Hydroxybutyrate in Blood After Recreational Doses are Best Described by Zero-Order Rather Than First-Order Kinetics (2009)

The recreational drug gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) has a short plasma elimination half-life (t(1/2)) reported to be about 30-50 min. However, this represents a terminal half-life and therefore might not necessarily apply after large (abuse) doses are taken. Clinical studies with sodium oxybate (sodium salt of GHB) suggest that zero-order rather than first-order kinetics are more appropriate to describe post-peak concentration-time (C-T) profiles. We report the case of a 23-year-old male found unconscious by the police and a blood sample contained 100 mg/L GHB and 0.14 g% ethanol. On regaining consciousness the man admitted drinking alcohol about 6 h earlier but claimed that his drink must have been spiked with GHB. The police wanted to know how much GHB had been administered to account for the man's clinical condition. A back-calculation for 6 h, assuming a GHB half-life of 40 min, gives a very high concentration in blood of approximately 900 mg/L, which would probably have proven fatal. Back-calculating using zero-order kinetics and a proposed elimination rate of 18 mg/L per hour leads to a GHB concentration of 208 mg/L, which is much more realistic. Toxicologists should not arbitrarily apply the principles of first-order kinetics after abuse doses of drugs, when zero-order or saturation kinetics (Michaelis-Menten) are more appropriate.
Tumor Cell Apoptosis Induced after Treatment with Adenovirally Expressed TRAIL in Vivo. (2004)

Abstract Tumor necrosis factor -related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) is a naturally occurring death inducing ligand that induces apoptosis preferentially in malignant cells as normal cells are protected by expression of decoy receptors. Activation of TRAIL-R1 and R2 leads to the recruitment of procaspase-8 to the receptor, through an adaptor protein FADD, leading to formation of the death inducing complex (DISC), which leads to activation of caspase 8 followed by caspase 3 activation resulting in apoptosis. Our previous in vitro studies indicated that TRAIL induces apoptosis in tumor cells but not in normal cells. In order to improve the delivery of TRAIL to tumor cells, we constructed a recombinant adenovirus pAd5CMV-NpA- TRAIL vector, the TRAIL transgene was placed under the control of the CMV promoter. Ad-CMV-EGFP was constructed and used as control. They were amplified in HEK 293 cells and the titer of both was 1–1.5x1010pfu/ml. C57 mice were injected with the adenoviral vectors (200ul) in the tail vein. We examined the expression of EGFP in mice tissues from animals administered adenoviral pAd5CMV-NpA-EGFP vector, and the presence of the EGFP gene was examined in the heart, lung, liver, and kidney of the animals. The results showed that EGFP was detectable in these tissues. Positive signals were obtained 1 and 2 weeks after injection of adenoviral- EGFP construct, the highest tissue levels of EGFP were obtained 1 week after EGFP gene transfer. Western blots revealed strong EGFP expression in the tissues 5 days after Ad-CMVEGFP injection. In a model for metastatic cancer, tail vein infusion of pAd5CMV-NpA- TRAIL (200ul) resulted in elimination of preestablished liver metastases. Intravenous injection of this vector caused increased TRAIL expressions in tissues in tumor-bearing melanoma C57 mice, which we attributed to factors released from apoptotic tumor cells. Liver histology analyzed at day 7–14 after virus injection did not show signs of hepatocellular damage. This new oncolytic vector represents a potentially efficient means for gene therapy of metastatic cancer. We found that TRAIL can systemically inhibit tumor growth and reduce the size of tumors. In addtion, we also investigated whether pretreatment of TRAIL can prevent the tumor formation in mice treated with B16 melanoma. Normal C57 mice that received 5 days of treatment of TRAIL prior to implanting tumors resulted in the inhibitoty effect on tumor growth when compared to control mice.
Maximum margin planning (2006)

Imitation learning of sequential, goal-directed behavior by standard supervised techniques is often difficult. We frame learning such behaviors as a maximum margin structured prediction problem over a space of policies. In this approach, we learn mappings from features to cost so an optimal policy in an MDP with these cost mimics the expert's behavior. Further, we demonstrate a simple, provably efficient approach to structured maximum margin learning, based on the subgradient method, that leverages existing fast algorithms for inference. Although the technique is general, it is particularly relevant in problems where A* and dynamic programming approaches make learning policies tractable in problems beyond the limitations of a QP formulation. We demonstrate our approach applied to route planning for outdoor mobile robots, where the behavior a designer wishes a planner to execute is often clear, while specifying cost functions that engender this behavior is a much more difficult task.
Fragmentation of the Golgi Apparatus: An Early Apoptotic Event Independent of the Cytoskeleton (2007)

The Golgi apparatus undergoes irreversible fragmentation during apoptosis, in part as a result of caspase-mediated cleavage of several Golgi-associated proteins. However, Golgi structure and orientation is also regulated by the cytoskeleton and cytoskeletal changes have been implicated in inducing apoptosis. Consequently, we have analyzed the role of actin filaments and microtubules in apoptotic Golgi fragmentation. We demonstrate that in Fas receptor-activated cells, fragmentation of the Golgi apparatus was an early event that coincided with release of cytochrome c from mitochondria. Significantly, Golgi fragmentation preceded major changes in the organization of both the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules. In staurosporine-treated cells, actin filament organization was rapidly disrupted; however, the Golgi apparatus maintained its juxtanuclear localization and underwent complete fragmentation only at later times. Attempts to stabilize actin filaments with jasplakinolide prior to treatment with staurosporine did not prevent Golgi fragmentation. Finally, in response to Fas receptor activation or staurosporine treatment the levels of beta-actin or alpha-tubulin remained unaltered, whereas several Golgi proteins, p115 and golgin-160, underwent caspase-mediated cleavage. Our data demonstrate that breakdown of the Golgi apparatus is an early event during apoptosis that occurs independently of major changes to the actin and tubulin cytoskeleton.
Protein Phosphorylation during the Process of Prestalk‐to‐Stalk Conversion in <i>Dictyostelium discoideum</i> (1993)

We have previously shown that 8-bromo cAMP (Br-cAMP) efficiently induces prestalk-to-stalk conversion in in vitro cultures of the cellular slime mold Dictyostelium discoideum, and that protein kinase A (PKA) plays an important role(s) in the conversion process (Kubohara et al. Exp. Cell Res. vol. 207, pp. 107-114, 1993). In the present study, we analyzed protein phosphorylation during the Br-cAMP-induced process, and identified two phosphoproteins, p60 and p40, that were specifically induced (phosphorylated) by Br-cAMP. The protein kinase inhibitors, staurosporine and K252a, which blocked the Br-cAMP-induced stalk cell formation, also inhibited the phosphorylations of these proteins. These results suggest that p60 and p40 may be the target proteins of PKA and thus be involved in the prestalk-to-stalk conversion.
Regeneration of Plants from Peach Embryo Cells Infected with a Shooty Mutant Strain of Agrobacterium (1991)

Immature `Redhaven' peach [ Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] embryos were infected with a shooty mutant strain of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, tms 328::Tn5, which carries an octopine-type Ti plasmid with a functional cytokinin gene and a mutated auxin gene. Shoots were regenerated from embryo-derived callus that was initiated on MS medium lacking phytohormones. Shoots exhibited increased frequency of branching and were more difficult to root than the noninfected. Transcripts of the tms 328::Tn5-cytokinin gene were detected using northern analyses of total plant RNA. Polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA and cDNA resulted in amplification of DNA fragments specific for the cytokinin gene, as determined by restriction enzyme and Southern analyses. The concentrations of the cytokinins zeatin and zeatin riboside in the leaves of regenerated plants were on the average 51-fold higher than in leaves taken from nontransformed plants. None of the shoots or callus tissues were postive for octopine. The expression of the T-DNA encoded cytokinin gene promotes growth of peach cells in the absence of phytohormones, thus serving as a marker for transformation. In addition, this gene appears to promote morphogenesis without an auxin inductive step.
Bistatic backscatter radio for power-limited sensor networks (2013)

For applications that require large numbers of wireless sensors spread in a field, backscatter radio can be utilized to minimize the monetary and energy cost of each sensor. Commercial backscatter systems such as those in radio frequency identification (RFID), utilize modulation designed for the bandwidth limited regime, and require medium access control (MAC) protocols for multiple access. High tag/sensor bitrate and monostatic reader architectures result in communication range reduction. In sharp contrast, sensing applications typically require the opposite: extended communication ranges that could be achieved with bitrate reduction and bistatic reader architectures. This work presents non-coherent frequency shift keying (FSK) for bistatic backscatter radio; FSK is appropriate for the power limited regime and also allows many RF tags/sensors to convey information to a central reader simultaneously with simple frequency division multiplexing (FDM). However, classic non-coherent FSK receivers are not directly applicable in bistatic backscatter radio. This work a) carefully derives the complete signal model for bistatic backscatter radio, b) describes the details of backscatter modulation with emphasis on FSK and its corresponding receiver, c) proposes techniques to overcome the difficulties introduced by the utilization of bistatic architectures, such as the carrier frequency offset (CFO), and d) presents bit error rate (BER) performance for the proposed receiver and carrier recovery techniques.
A Small Fan and a Small Handful of Fans Exploring the Acquisition of Count-mass Distinction in Mandarin (2005)

The count-mass distinction often served as a test case for asking how syntax and semantics are related, whether knowledge of one helps the acquisition of the other. Virtually no studies examined this distinction in classifier languages which supposedly lack the distinction. However, Cheng and Sybesma (1998) argued Mandarin as a classifier language encodes this distinction at the classifier level: classifiers can be categorized as “mass-classifiers ” or “count-classifiers, ” which categories denote different semantic meanings and occur in different syntactical constructions. The current study undertook Cheng and Sybesma’s framework to compare Mandarin adults ’ and children’s interpretation of classifiers. Experiment 1 and 2 asked whether count-classifiers select individuals and mass classifiers non-individuals and sets of individuals. Adult data indicated that there is indeed such distinction in Mandarin, but 4- to 6-year-olds had not fully mastered the distinction. Experiment 3 tested participant’s syntactic sensitivity. Participants saw two contrasting pictures and had to match the “one-ADJ-CL-de-N ” mass phrase to one and the “one-CL-ADJ-N ” neutral phrase to the other. Adults were near perfect whereas six-year-old children were evenly split between those who were at-chance and those who knew the syntax. Our experimental data with children suggests that the mastery of the distinction appears quite late (6- or 7-years of age) relative to English-speaking children. 1.
The medicinal action of androgens and green tea epigallocatechin gallate. (2001)

Unorthodox (non-traditional or alternative) medicinal practices have been expanding very rapidly in western countries. Modern physicians, scientists, and non-traditional medicine practitioners now must join forces to promote evidence-based medicine to benefit patients. Green tea extracts are among the most widely used ancient medicinal agents, while androgens are probably the oldest drugs used in a purified form in traditional Chinese medicine. It is now clear that a specific green tea catechin, (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate, can modulate the production and biological actions of androgens and other hormones. Modulation of androgenic activity and administration of (-)epigallocatechin-3-gallate may be useful for the treatment of various hormone-related abnormalities, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia, baldness, and acne, as well as androgen-dependent and -independent prostate cancers. (-)Epigallocatechin-3-gallate has also been shown to modulate appetite and control obesity in animals.
Wnt Signaling Exerts an Antiproliferative Effect on Adult Cardiac Progenitor Cells Through IGFBP3 (2011)

Our study identifies canonical Wnt signaling and the novel downstream mediator, IGFBP3, as key regulators of adult cardiac progenitor self-renewal in physiological and pathological states.
Obesity and the human microbiome (2009)

Large-scale alterations of the gut microbiota and its microbiome (gene content) are associated with obesity and are responsive to weight loss. Gut microbes can impact host metabolism via signaling pathways in the gut, with effects on inflammation, insulin resistance, and deposition of energy in fat stores. Restoration of the gut microbiota to a healthy state may ameliorate the conditions associated with obesity and help maintain a healthy weight.
High-throughput isotopic analysis of RNA microarrays to quantify microbial resource use (2011)

Most microorganisms remain uncultivated, and typically their ecological roles must be inferred from diversity and genomic studies. To directly measure functional roles of uncultivated microbes, we developed Chip-stable isotope probing (SIP), a high-sensitivity, high-throughput SIP method performed on a phylogenetic microarray (chip). This approach consists of microbial community incubations with isotopically labeled substrates, hybridization of the extracted community rRNA to a microarray and measurement of isotope incorporation--and therefore substrate use--by secondary ion mass spectrometer imaging (NanoSIMS). Laboratory experiments demonstrated that Chip-SIP can detect isotopic enrichment of 0.5 atom % (13)C and 0.1 atom % (15)N, thus permitting experiments with short incubation times and low substrate concentrations. We applied Chip-SIP analysis to a natural estuarine community and quantified amino acid, nucleic acid or fatty acid incorporation by 81 distinct microbial taxa, thus demonstrating that resource partitioning occurs with relatively simple organic substrates. The Chip-SIP approach expands the repertoire of stable isotope-enabled methods available to microbial ecologists and provides a means to test genomics-generated hypotheses about biogeochemical function in any natural environment.
A Biomechanical Evaluation of Femoroplasty Under Simulated Fall Conditions (2010)

This study showed that 1) femoroplasty significantly increased fracture load and energy to fracture when osteoporotic femora were loaded in simulated fall conditions, and 2) cement filling in the femoral neck may have an important role in the extent to which femoroplasty affects mechanical strength of the proximal femur.
Text-independent speaker verification using speaker clustering and support vector machines (2003)

In this paper, we propose a novel approach to speaker verification. One of the problems in conventional speaker verification techniques is that constructing good speaker background models is difficult. In this paper, the background speakers are clustered into groups using a speaker clustering technique and the background model is constructed based on those groups. The support vector machine based speaker verification models are trained on the enrolled speaker and the background model: Preliminary results on text-independent speaker verification are provided to demonstrate the effectiveness of such systems.
Development of anticancer agents targeting the Wnt/β-catenin signaling. (2015)

Wnt/β-catenin signaling plays indispensable roles in both embryonic development and adult homeostasis. Abnormal regulation of this pathway is implicated in many types of cancer. Consequently, substantial efforts have made to develop therapeutic agents as anticancer drugs by specifically targeting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Here we systematically review the potential therapeutic agents that have been developed to date for inhibition of the Wnt/β-catenin cascade as well as current status of clinical trials of some of these agents.
Mortality trends in rheumatoid arthritis: the role of rheumatoid factor. (2008)

The widening in the mortality gap between RA subjects and the general population is confined to RF+ RA subjects and largely driven by cardiovascular and respiratory deaths.
Brillouin scattering study of Gd2(MoO4)3 using a double fabry-perot interferometer (1974)

Brillouin spectra of longitudinal phonons which represent elastic constants c11, c22 and 11 have been measured as a function of temperature using a double Fabry-Perot interferometer. The observed phonons show softening and an anomalous increase in damping near the phase transition point.