gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Annexin A2 is regulated by ovarian cancer-peritoneal cell interactions and promotes metastasis (2013)

Our recent research identified the protein annexin A2 to be regulated by ovarian cancer-peritoneal cell interactions. This study investigated the role of annexin A2 in ovarian cancer metastasis and its potential utility as a novel therapeutic target, using in vitro and in vivo ovarian cancer models. Annexin A2 expression was examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting in ovarian cancer cell lines and immunohistochemistry in serous ovarian carcinoma tissues. Annexin A2 siRNAs were used to evaluate the effects of annexin A2 suppression on ovarian cancer cell adhesion, motility, and invasion. Furthermore, annexin A2 neutralizing antibodies were used to examine the role of annexin A2 in tumor invasion and metastasis in vivo using a chick chorioallantoic membrane assay and an intraperitoneal xenograft mouse model. Strong annexin A2 immunostaining was observed in 90% (38/42) of the serous ovarian cancer cells and was significantly increased in the cancer-associated stroma compared to non-malignant ovarian tissues. Annexin A2 siRNA significantly inhibited the motility and invasion of serous ovarian cancer cells and adhesion to the peritoneal cells. Annexin A2 neutralizing antibodies significantly inhibited OV-90 cell motility and invasion in vitro and in vivo using the chick chorioallantoic membrane assay. The growth of SKOV-3 cells and their peritoneal dissemination in nude mice was significantly inhibited by annexin A2 neutralizing antibodies. Annexin A2 plays a critical role in ovarian cancer metastasis and is therefore a potential novel therapeutic target against ovarian cancer.
Regulators and Regulation of Legume Root Nodule Development (2000)

Nitrogen is the nutrient plants require in the highest amount, and in agriculture nitrogen availability has a major influence on both yield and product quality. In nature plants acquire nitrogen by assimilation of nitrate and ammonium or from dinitrogen through association with nitrogen-fixing
A Principle for Learning Egocentric-Allocentric Transformation (2007)

Numerous single-unit recording studies have found mammalian hippocampal neurons that fire selectively for the animal's location in space, independent of its orientation. The population of such neurons, commonly known as place cells, is thought to maintain an allocentric, or orientation-independent, internal representation of the animal's location in space, as well as mediating long-term storage of spatial memories. The fact that spatial information from the environment must reach the brain via sensory receptors in an inherently egocentric, or viewpoint-dependent, fashion leads to the question of how the brain learns to transform egocentric sensory representations into allocentric ones for long-term memory storage. Additionally, if these long-term memory representations of space are to be useful in guiding motor behavior, then the reverse transformation, from allocentric to egocentric coordinates, must also be learned. We propose that orientation-invariant representations can be learned by neural circuits that follow two learning principles: minimization of reconstruction error and maximization of representational temporal inertia. Two different neural network models are presented that adhere to these learning principles, the first by direct optimization through gradient descent and the second using a more biologically realistic circuit based on the restricted Boltzmann machine (Hinton, 2002; Smolensky, 1986). Both models lead to orientation-invariant representations, with the latter demonstrating place-cell-like responses when trained on a linear track environment.
Effects of Adjuvants and Environment During Plant Development on Glyphosate Absorption and Translocation in Field Bindweed (<i>Convolvulus arvensis</i>) (1986)

Absorption and translocation of glyphosate [ N -(phosphonomethyl)glycine] with and without adjuvants were examined in field bindweed ( Convolvulus arvensis L. # CONAR) to develop an understanding of the influence of selected adjuvants and environment before application on glyphosate activity. Light intensity and humidity during plant development resulted in differences in 14 C-glyphosate absorption. When applied in water or with an oxysorbic (20 POE) (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monolaurate) adjuvant, an average of 9% of the glyphosate was absorbed in plants grown in high light intensity, low humidity (HLLH) before treatment, compared to an average of 21% in plants grown in low light, high humidity (LLHH) before treatment, respectively. Amounts of epicuticular wax on HLLH field bindweed were almost three times as great as on LLHH leaves and may explain absorption differences. No differences in glyphosate absorption were observed between glyphosate applied with oxysorbic or no adjuvant even though the oxysorbic adjuvant effectively reduces surface tension. Absorption was increased two- to threefold with a polyethoxylated tallow amine adjuvant (MON 0818) compared to no adjuvant. Unlike absorption without adjuvant or with oxysorbic adjuvant, there were few absorption differences in plants grown in different environments before application. Absorption continued for 24 to 36 h after application regardless of adjuvant. Reductions in MON 0818 concentration and subsequent necrosis resulted in increased movement of radioactivity away from the site of application.
Isotope-selective dissociation of the OsO_4 molecule by two pulses of infrared radiation at different frequencies (1977)

The dissociation of the OsO4 molecule in a two-frequency infrared laser field has been investigated. A twentyfold increase in the dissociation rate was obtained when the dissociation frequency was shifted to the “red” side of the linear absorption spectrum of OsO4. Osmium isotope separation was carried out by this two-frequency method. Optimal conditions for a scalable isotope separation process have been formulated.
[Maple syrup urine disease of neonates: report of two cases and review of literature]. (2010)

Newborns with MSUD often had early appeared non-specific symptoms with poor feeding and lethargy, most cases later showed an odor resembling maple syrup and neurologic signs. For patients who were suspected of having MSUD, blood and urine concentrations of BCAA should be tested for early diagnosis. Specific MRI edema signal from brain suggests the possibility of MSUD. Early intervention and treatment after diagnosis, with compliance of parents, would improve the patient's outcome.
IMU-Based Joint Angle Measurement for Gait Analysis (2014)

This contribution is concerned with joint angle calculation based on inertial measurement data in the context of human motion analysis. Unlike most robotic devices, the human body lacks even surfaces and right angles. Therefore, we focus on methods that avoid assuming certain orientations in which the sensors are mounted with respect to the body segments. After a review of available methods that may cope with this challenge, we present a set of new methods for: (1) joint axis and position identification; and (2) flexion/extension joint angle measurement. In particular, we propose methods that use only gyroscopes and accelerometers and, therefore, do not rely on a homogeneous magnetic field. We provide results from gait trials of a transfemoral amputee in which we compare the inertial measurement unit (IMU)-based methods to an optical 3D motion capture system. Unlike most authors, we place the optical markers on anatomical landmarks instead of attaching them to the IMUs. Root mean square errors of the knee flexion/extension angles are found to be less than 1° on the prosthesis and about 3° on the human leg. For the plantar/dorsiflexion of the ankle, both deviations are about 1°.
Epigenetic Regulation of Normal and Transformed Breast Epithelial Cell Phenotype (2009)

Abstract : Tumor phenotype is influenced by multiple factors, including genetic and epigenetic alterations, tumor stroma, and systemic environment. Because of this complexity, it has been difficult to investigate the influence of normal cell phenotype on the behavior of its tumorigenic derivatives. In our previously published work we have shown that 10 BPLER cells were capable of forming tumors in mice and these BPLER tumors were metastatic to the lungs. In contrast, 100,000 HMLER cells derived from the same individuals were required to form tumors in mice and these tumors were non metastatic. The results of our studies during the first year of the grant confirm that genetic differences between BPLER and HMLER cells can not account for the phenotypic differences between these tumor types. The initial round of epigenetic studies with chromatin modifying drugs as well as Chip-on-chip analysis of H3K79me2 indicates that there is a significant difference between BPLER and HMLER cells derived from the intrinsic differences between their normal sell-of-origins.
Preliminary environmental assessment of biomass conversion to synthetic fuels. Report for July--December 1976 (1978)

A preliminary evaluation of biomass production and conversion technologies, and their associated environmental consequences is presented. Five categories of biomass production were considered in detail. Thermochemical and biochemical technology were considered for conversion processes. Regionalized scenarios were prepared using commercial scale plants processing appropriate regionalized feedstock. Most processes use heterogeneous solid waste as a feed stock which are believed to pose more severe control requirements for emissions and effluents than other biomass feedstocks. The environmental and socio-economic effects of locating large conversion plants in rural environments need to be studied.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles with Co-Condensed Gadolinium Chelates for Multimodal Imaging (2011)

Several mesoporous silica nanoparticle (MSN) contrast agents have been synthesized using a co-condensation method to incorporate two different Gd<sup>3+</sup> complexes at very high loadings (15.5-28.8 wt %). These MSN contrast agents, with an MCM-41 type pore structure, were characterized using a variety of methods including SEM and TEM, nitrogen adsorption measurements, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), direct current plasma (DCP) spectroscopy, and powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD). The magnetic resonance (MR) relaxivities of these contrast agents were determined using a 3 T MR scanner. The <i>r</i><sub>1</sub> relaxivities of these nanoparticles range from 4.1 to 8.4 mM<sup>-1</sup>s<sup>-1</sup> on a per Gd basis. Additionally, the MSN particles were functionalized with an organic fluorophore and cancer cell targeting peptide to allow for demonstration of both the optical and MR contrast enhancing capabilities <i>in vitro</i>.
Meniscal Repair (2009)

The meniscus plays an important role in preventing osteoarthritis of the knee. Repair of a meniscal lesion should be strongly considered if the tear is peripheral and longitudinal, with concurrent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and in younger patients. The probability of healing is decreased in complex or degenerative tears, central tears, and tears in unstable knees. Age or extension of the tear into the avascular area are not exclusion criteria. Numerous repair techniques are available, and suture repair seems to provide superior biomechanical stability. However, the clinical success rate does not correlate well with the mechanical strength of the repair technique. Biologic factors might be of greater importance to the success of meniscal repair than the surgical technique. Therefore, the decision on the most appropriate repair technique should not rely on biomechanical parameters alone. Contemporary all-inside repair systems have decreased the operating time and the level of surgical skill required. Despite the ease of use, there is a potential for complications because of the close proximity of vessels, nerves, and tendons, of which the surgeon should be aware. There is no clear consensus on postoperative rehabilitation. Weight bearing in extension would most likely not be crucial in typical longitudinal lesions. However, higher degrees of flexion, particularly with weight bearing, give rise to large excursions of the menisci and to shear motions, and should therefore be advised carefully. Long-term studies show a decline in success rates with time. Further studies are needed to clarify the factors relevant to the healing of the menisci. Tissue engineering techniques to enhance the healing in situ are promising but have not yet evolved to a practicable level.
Holding the Door Open : Facilitating Access to Microcredit in the Benin Social Fund (2002)

During preparation of the Benin Social\n Fund Project, all levels of society indicated that lack of\n access to credit was a major problem for poor people. At the\n same time, there was reluctance to put in a micro-credit\n component, as an assessment of this type of component in\n social funds had yielded mixed results. The Bank was already\n supporting the Second Rural Credit Project, providing\n technical support to a national association of cooperative\n savings and credit societies to increase the availability of\n credit. Nonetheless, the Government, having identified\n micro-credit as a priority, was keen to have micro-credit\n activities. To balance the somewhat conflicting points of\n view, the project team decided to develop financial\n intermediation services for low-income groups, without\n providing the actual credit. To take into account the\n heterogeneity of institutions involved in microfinance at\n the time, the unequal distribution of financial services in\n the country (especially urban/rural), and the\n characteristics of different types of clients, the\n microfinance component was divided into three\n sub-components, two dealing with formal financial systems,\n the other with informal ones. The project has been able to\n fill a gap between poor households and formal credit\n sources. Critical for the success were the already-existing\n formal credit organizations that offered financial services\n relevant to the needs of poor groups. While expertise on\n microfinance is hard to find, results suggest that\n intermediation only works where credit is actually\n available, in a form usable by the target population.\n Notably, targets should be adjusted to focus on what is\n important to the beneficiaries.
CD4−CD8− T cells bearing invariant V<i>α</i>24J<i>α</i>Q TCR<i>α</i>-chain are decreased in patients with atopic diseases (2000)

Atopic disorders are caused by disregulated activation of T helper 2 (Th2) cells that produce IL-4 and IL-5. Because the presence of IL-4 potently augments the differentiation of naive T cells into Th2 cells, it is important to seek the cell population which provides IL-4 for naive T cells. Recently, a unique subpopulation of T cells, natural killer (NK) T cells, has been shown to produce a large amount of IL-4 upon activation, suggesting their regulatory role in initiation of Th2 cell differentiation. To determine whether NK T cells play a regulatory role in human Th2 cell-mediated atopic diseases, we analysed the frequency of invariant Valpha24JalphaQ CD4-CD8- double-negative (DN) T cells, human NK T cells, in patients with atopic asthma and atopic dermatitis. We also studied cytokine production from Valpha24+ Vbeta11+ DN T cells, which comprise most of Valpha24JalphaQ DN T cells. We found that the invariant Valpha24JalphaQ DN T cells were greatly diminished in patients with asthma and atopic dermatitis. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in Valpha24+ CD4+ T cells possessing invariant Valpha24JalphaQ TCR between healthy subjects and atopic patients. We also found that Valpha24+ Vbeta11+ DN T cells from healthy subjects predominantly produced interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) but not IL-4 upon activation. These results suggest that NK T cells may not be essential for human atopic disease and that the disappearance of NK T cells, most of which produce IFN-gamma, may be involved in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases.
Assessing Activation States in Microglia (2010)

Since the original identification of microglia as a principal player in the brain's innate immune response, microglial activation has been widely studied. Recent studies suggest that microglial responses are heterogeneous, requiring a more precise definition of the functional outcomes of their participation in disease. Similarly to other tissue macrophages, microglia respond to inflammatory or injurious stimuli in the CNS in a pre-programmed manner that is designed to both kill and to set the stage for repair and resolution of the disease. In vitro studies on acute immune responses have provided key information on the initiation, signaling pathways and products of activated macrophages. However, in chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease where in vivo analyses are critical to understanding the long-term disease processes, our knowledge of the integrated tissue immune response and the outcome of this immune activity to neurons and other glia over the extended course of disease is more limited. This is due in part to the complexity of microglial activation states and to the location of microglia in a dense neuronal network. Classical activation, alternative activation and acquired deactivation are each found in the brain during chronic neuroinflammatory diseases and may demonstrate regional differences in expression levels. This review will identify "markers" that can be used to explore inflammatory states in the brain and will discuss the likely functional outcomes when these cytoactive factors are expressed. A broad-based functional view is provided that is designed to more fully explore the balance between inflammo-toxic and inflammo-resolution factors that govern chronic disease progression.
Analysis of Polycyclic Hydrocarbons (1965)

Abstract A gas-chromatographic procedure using the electron-capture detector is presented. By fractionation of cigarette smoke on silica gel, followed by gas-chromatographic analysis of the fractions, fifteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were identified. Application of this procedure to quantitative analysis was demonstrated in the case of benzo[a]pyrene. An analysis for benzo[a]pyrene in cigarette smoke which utilizes paper-chromatographic separation and fluorescence measurements is also presented. This procedure, which gives good precision with a 20-cigarette sample, represents a great simplification of existing methods.
Boronate Affinity Chromatography (2000)

The use of boronate affinity chromatography for separation of nucleic acid components and carbohydrates was first reported by Weith and colleagues in 1970 (). Since then, the specificity of boronate has been exploited for the separation of a wide variety of cis-diol-containing compounds, including catechols, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, glycoproteins, and enzymes () (see Note 1). The basic interaction for boronate chromatography is esterification between boronate ligands and cis-diols. The major structural requirement for boronate/cis-diol esterification is that the two hydroxyl groups of a diol should be on adjacent carbon atoms and in an approximately coplanar configuration, that is, a 1,2-cis-diol. Although interaction of boronate with 1,3-cis-diols and trident interactions with cis-inositol or triethanolamine can also occur, 1,2-cis-diols give the strongest boronate ester bonds (). In aqueous solution, under basic conditions, boronate, which normally has a trigonal coplanar geometry, is hydroxylated, yielding a tetrahedral boronate anion, which can then form esters with cis-diols (Fig. 1). The resulting cyclic diester can be hydrolyzed under acidic conditions, reversing the reaction. The boronate diester bond strength has not been well studied and only a few dissociation constants for phenylboronic acid diesters have been reported. Those reported include adonitol, 2.2 × 10-3 M; dulcitol, 1.1 × 10-3 M (4); mannitol, 3.3 × 10-3 M (); and NADH, 5.9 × 10-3 M (). The dissociation constant of 4-(N-methyl)-carboxamido-benzeneboronic acid and D-fructose diester is 1.2 × 10-4 M (). These dissociation constants are relatively high compared to the constants of 10-4–10-8M observed in most affinity ligand/protein interactions. Open image in new window Fig. 1. The proposed mechanism of esterification between a phenylboronic acid and a cis-diol in aqueous solution.
A Study of Baseline Estimates (2006)

Baseline estimates are generated using the Box-Jenkins time series expectation of non-promoted volume calculated at the store/week/UPC level. The expectation of sales is a weighted moving average of weekly observations of normal non-promoted volume. The relationship between baseline volume and promotional activities was examined using the ordinary least squares method in this analysis.
Bio-inspired oxidation of methane in water catalyzed by N-bridged diiron phthalocyanine complex (2008)

A stable mu-nitrido diiron phthalocyanine activates H2O2 to oxidize CH4 in water at 25-60 degrees C to methanol, formaldehyde and formic acid as evidenced using 13C and 18O labelling.
New Calculations of ICDW Eigenmode Frequencies of 2H-TaSe2 (1999)

Using an extended expression for the Landau-Lifshitz free-energy density we have computed order-parameter fluctuation eigenmodes for the triple hexagonal incommensurate charge-density-wave (ICDW) phase in 2H-TaSe2. Phasons and amplitudons have been obtained for two particular directions and we have performed some numerical calculations.
Genetic overlap of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder in a high‐density linkage survey in the Portuguese Island population (2012)

Abstract Recent family and genome‐wide association studies strongly suggest shared genetic risk factors for schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BP). However, linkage studies have not been used to test for statistically significant genome‐wide overlap between them. Forty‐seven Portuguese families with sibpairs concordant for SZ, BP, or psychosis (PSY, which includes either SZ or psychotic BP) were genotyped for over 57,000 markers using the Affymetrix 50K Xba SNP array. NPL and Kong and Cox LOD scores were calculated in Merlin for all three phenotypes. Empirical significance was determined using 1,000 gene‐dropping simulations. Significance of genome‐wide genetic overlap between SZ and BP was determined by the number of simulated BP scans having the same number of loci jointly linked with the real SZ scan, and vice versa. For all three phenotypes, a number of regions previously linked in this sample remained so. For BP, chromosome 1p36 achieved significance (11.54–15.71 MB, LOD = 3.51), whereas it was not even suggestively linked at lower marker densities, as did chromosome 11q14.1 (89.32–90.15 MB, NPL = 4.15). Four chromosomes had loci at which both SZ and BP had NPL ≥ 1.98, which was more than would be expected by chance (empirical P = 0.01 using simulated SZ scans; 0.07 using simulated BP scans), although they did not necessarily meet criteria for suggestive linkage individually. These results suggest that high‐density marker maps may provide greater power and precision in linkage studies than lower density maps. They also further support the hypothesis that SZ and BP share at least some risk alleles. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.