gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Neurosteroids: oligodendrocyte mitochondria convert cholesterol to pregnenolone. (1987)

Oligodendrocyte mitochondria from 21-day-old Sprague-Dawley male rats were incubated with 100 nM [3H]cholesterol. It yielded [3H]pregnenolone at a rate of 2.5 +/- 0.7 and 5-[3H]pregnene-3 beta, 20 alpha-diol at a rate of 2.5 +/- 1.1 pmol per mg of protein per hr. Cultures of glial cells from 19- to 21-day-old fetuses (a mixed population of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes) were incubated for 24 hr with [3H]mevalonolactone. [3H]Cholesterol, [3H]pregnenolone, and 5-[3H]pregnene-3 beta, 20 alpha-diol were characterized in cellular extracts. The formation of the 3H-labeled steroids was increased by dibutyryl cAMP (0.2 mM) added to the culture medium. The active cholesterol side-chain cleavage mechanism, recently suggested immunohistochemically and already observed in cultures of C6 glioma cells, reinforces the concept of "neurosteroids" applied to delta 5-3 beta-hydroxysteroids previously isolated from brain.
Inhibitory Receptors and Pathways of Lymphocytes: The Role of PD-1 in Treg Development and Their Involvement in Autoimmunity Onset and Cancer Progression (2018)

Regulatory T (Treg) cells represent a subpopulation of suppressor CD4+ T cells critically involved in the establishment of peripheral tolerance through the inhibition of effector T (Teff) cells and the suppression of the immune-mediated tissue destruction towards self-antigens. Treg generation, their suppressive properties and also Treg-Teff cell interactions could be modulated at least in part by programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) expression on their surface and through binding between PD-1 and programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1). Defects involving PD-1 and Tregs can lead to the development of pathological conditions, including autoimmune disorders or promote cancer progression by favoring tumor evasion from the host immune response. At the same time, PD-1 and Tregs could represent attractive targets for treatment, as demonstrated by the therapeutic blockade of PD-L1 applied for the management of different cancer conditions in humans. In the present Review, we focus specifically the role of PD-1/PD-L1 on Treg development and activity.
Distribution of Pentamidine in Patients with AIDS (1988)

We used a bioassay to measure pentamidine concentrations in autopsy specimens from 22 patients with AIDS. Patients received pentamidine isethionate (approximately 4 mg/kg per day) parenterally for Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; one received monthly prophylaxis. We found that lung levels of 30 micrograms/g were achieved only after the fifth dose; tissue accumulation was usually greater in the liver, kidney, adrenal, and spleen than in the lung; detectable levels were present in some tissues as late as one year after the last dose; and low but detectable levels were present in the brain of six of 17 patients. Two patients had no detectable lung levels after two days of therapy; one had a level of 17.5 micrograms/g after four doses, and two had levels of 30 micrograms/g after five doses. A more rapid and effective method of delivery, such as aerosol, should achieve higher concentrations earlier. Because pentamidine persists in lung tissue over days to weeks, daily administration may not be necessary.
A comprehensive method for evaluating the design of air guns and air gun arrays (1984)

Since the early days of marine seismic exploration, geophysicists have had to contend with the seismic effects of underwater gas bubbles generated by their energy sources. To hope to control the pressure waves emanating from the oscillating bubbles, geophysicists need to understand the physics of the bubbles, including not only the motions themselves but also the mechanisms that can create them. This need has persisted for all types of underwater sources, particularly so for the air gun array — the source most widely used today. Even though air guns have been in use for many years, the physics of their behavior is still undergoing research.
Space multiplexed multiphoton microscopy by temporal focusing of ultrashort pulses (2005)

The ability to perform optical sectioning is one of the great advantages of laser-scanning microscopy. This introduces, however, a number of difficulties due to the scanning process, such as lower frame rates due to the serial acquisition process. Here we show that by introducing spatiotemporal pulse shaping techniques to multiphoton microscopy it is possible to obtain full-frame depth resolved imaging completely without scanning. Our method relies on temporal focusing of the illumination pulse. The pulsed excitation field is compressed as it propagates through the sample, reaching its shortest duration at the focal plane, before stretching again beyond it. Combining temporal focusing with line-scanning microscopy results in an enhanced depth resolution, equivalent to that achieved by point scanning. Both the scanningless and the line-scanning techniques are applied to obtain depth-resolved two-photon excitation fluorescence (TPEF) images of drosophila egg-chambers.
Efficient Mobility-Aware Task Offloading for Vehicular Edge Computing Networks (2019)

Vehicular networks are facing the challenges to support ubiquitous connections and high quality of service for numerous vehicles. To address these issues, mobile edge computing (MEC) is explored as a promising technology in vehicular networks by employing computing resources at the edge of vehicular wireless access networks. In this paper, we study the efficient task offloading schemes in vehicular edge computing networks. The vehicles perform the offloading time selection, communication, and computing resource allocations optimally, the mobility of vehicles and the maximum latency of tasks are considered. To minimize the system costs, including the costs of the required communication and computing resources, we first analyze the offloading schemes in the independent MEC servers scenario. The offloading tasks are processed by the MEC servers deployed at the access point (AP) independently. A mobility-aware task offloading scheme is proposed. Then, in the cooperative MEC servers scenario, the MEC servers can further offload the collected overloading tasks to the adjacent servers at the next AP on the vehicles’ moving direction. A location-based offloading scheme is proposed. In both scenarios, the tradeoffs between the task completed latency and the required communication and computation resources are mainly considered. Numerical results show that our proposed schemes can reduce the system costs efficiently, while the latency constraints are satisfied.
A New Real-Time Centralized Energy Management Strategy for Modular Electric Vehicles (2018)

This paper presents a novel real-time Centralized energy management strategy (EMS) for modular electric vehicles. The EMS is based on a local optimization procedure composed of a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and a restricted rule-based search space for a modular energy system (MES - several fuel cell systems). The FLC is mainly used to determine the required power from four fuel cell systems (FCSs). The rule base is responsible for distributing the power among the FCs by means of a defined cost function, which is based on the required power, hydrogen consumption, and state of charge (SOC) of the battery. The suggested method can be considered as the combination of rule-based and optimization-based strategies, which tries to use the FCS efficiently. The proposed control strategy can be easily implemented into a real- time controller. The results of this work show noticeable improvement in the fuel economy and efficiency of the system.
Stretch-activated $K^+$ Channels in Rat Atrial Myocytes (2003)

Mechanical stimuli to the cardiac myocytes initiate many biochemical and physiological events. Stretch-activated cation channels have been suggested to mediate these events. In this study, cell-attached and inside-out excised-patch clamp methods were used to identify stretch-activated cation channels in adult rat atrial myocytes. Channel openings were increased in cell-attached configuration when negative pressure was applied to the pipette, and also in inside-out excised patches by negative pressure. The channel was not permeable to , and , but selectively permeable to , and the degree of activation was dependent on the magnitude of negative pressure (full activation at -50 mmHg). In symmetrical 140 mM KCl, the slope conductance was pS between the potentials of -80 and 0 mV and pS between 0 and +80 mV (n=5). Glibenclamide () or ATP (2 mM) failed to block the channel openings, indicating that it is not ATP-sensitive channel. Arachidonic acid (), which has been shown to activate a channel cooperatively with membrane stretch, did not affect the channel activity. () also did not alter the activity. These results demonstrate that the mechanical stretch in rat atrial myocytes activates a novel -selective cation channel, which is not associated with other channels such as ATP-sensitive and arachidonic acid-activated channel.
Buckling behavior of piezoelectric diaphragms for highly sensitive structures of ultrasonic microsensors controlled through intrinsic stress of PZT films (2015)

Buckling behavior of silicon-micro machined diaphragm structures was investigated for highly sensitive structures of piezoelectric ultrasonic microsensors from the viewpoint of intrinsic stress of sol-gel derived lead-zirconate-titanate (PZT) films. Since upward buckled diaphragm structures yield higher sensitivity than flat or downward ones, intrinsic PZT stress should be controlled adequately to realize the upward buckling. Calcination temperature in the sol-gel PZT deposition process was varied to control the stress, from 300°C to 400°C for various thickness up to full-thickness of 1 μm, and diaphragm structures with the PZT films were fabricated and their buckling deflections were evaluated. The full-thick PZT films calcined at 300°C or 350°C show rather large tensile stress and the diaphragms with the films showed all flat or even spontaneously broke. The PZT films calcined at 400°C had an adequate stress and the diaphragms with the full-thick PZT showed all upward buckling with large enough buckling deflection for the high sensitivity structures.
RADIATION EXPOSURE AND THE UROLOGIST: WHAT ARE THE RISKS? (2005)

Fluoroscopic screening results in radiation exposure of medical personnel. The estimate of maximum scatter radiation exposure to the surgeon for 50 PCNL procedures a year did not exceed 10 mGy. This amount is less than 2% of permissible annual limits of equivalent dose to the extremities. Medical personnel should be aware of scatter radiation risks and minimize radiation exposure when involved in fluoroscopic screening procedures.
I-<i>Ppo</i>I, the Endonuclease Encoded by the Group I Intron PpLSU3, Is Expressed from an RNA Polymerase I Transcript (1998)

PpLSU3, a mobile group I intron in the rRNA genes of Physarum polycephalum, also can home into yeast chromosomal ribosomal DNA (rDNA) (D. E. Muscarella and V. M. Vogt, Mol. Cell. Biol. 13:1023-1033, 1993). By integrating PpLSU3 into the rDNA copies of a yeast strain temperature sensitive for RNA polymerase I, we have shown that the I-PpoI homing endonuclease encoded by PpLSU3 is expressed from an RNA polymerase I transcript. We have also developed a method to integrate mutant forms of PpLSU3 as well as the Tetrahymena intron TtLSU1 into rDNA, by expressing I-PpoI in trans. Analysis of I-PpoI expression levels in these mutants, along with subcellular fractionation of intron RNA, strongly suggests that the full-length excised intron RNA, but not RNAs that are further cleaved, serves as or gives rise to the mRNA.
Restenosis after Angioplasty (2002)

Over the past two decades, percutaneous coronary intervention has revolutionized the treatment of symptomatic coronary artery disease, sparing countless patients the need for surgical revascularization. This year, up to a million procedures are likely to be performed in North America alone.The success of percutaneous coronary intervention has been due largely to an explosion in technology development, with the introduction of a broad array of balloon catheters, atherectomy devices, lasers, and stents. The impetus for the development of such devices has been the occurrence — noted soon after the introduction of balloon angioplasty — of intimal tears, arterial recoil, and . . .
Nicotine metabolism in nonsmokers (1990)

Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics (1990) 48, 473; doi:10.1038/clpt.1990.177
Functional and structural analysis of the human SLO3 pH- and voltage-gated K <sup>+</sup> channel (2012)

The activation of eukaryotic SLO K(+) channels by intracellular cues, mediated by a cytoplasmic structure called the gating ring, is central to their physiological roles. SLO3 channels are exclusively expressed in mammalian sperm, where variations of intracellular pH are critical to cellular function. Previous studies primarily focused on the mouse SLO3 orthologue and revealed that, in murine sperm, SLO3 mediates a voltage- and alkalization-activated K(+) current essential to male fertility. Here we investigate the activation of the human SLO3 channel by intracellular pH at the functional and structural level. By using electrophysiology in a heterologous system, we show that human SLO3 opens upon intracellular pH increase and that its expression and functional properties are modulated by LRRC52, a testis-specific accessory subunit. We next present the crystal structure of the human SLO3 gating ring. Comparison with the known structures of the corresponding domain from SLO1, a Ca(2+)-activated homologue, suggests that the SLO3 gating ring structure may represent an open state. Together, these results present insights into the function of a protein expected to be critical for human reproduction and provide a framework to study the mechanism of pH gating in SLO3 channels.
Chitosan Derivatives/Calcium Carbonate Composite Capsules Prepared by the Layer-by-Layer Deposition Method II Stabilization of the Shell by Crosslinking (2011)

The layer-by-layer deposition method is utilized to prepare rodlike core/shell capsules. Chitosan (polycation) and chitosansulfate (polyanion) were alternatively deposited on the surface of calcium carbonate whisker (rodlike particle). The thickness of the obtained shells ranged from 26 to 42 nm. After the deposition, the shell was treated with diisocyanate to form crosslink between the chitosan or chitosansulfate chains in order to stabilize the deposited shell. The obtained shell crosslinked rodlike capsules were successfully converted to hollow particles by immersing them into hydrochloric acid due to the enhanced shell stability, whereas from noncrosslinked shells, no hollow capsules were yielded: the shell was removed by dissolution in hydrochloric acid. It is revealed that the crosslinking reactivity is higher for 1,6-diisocyanatehexane than for tolylene 2,4-diisocyanate, suggesting that the reactivity depends on the size and flexibility of the crosslinking molecule.
Bozsoky (Paul G.) Lukacs (Laszlo) De l'oppression à la liberté. L'Eglise en Hongrie, 1945-1992. Chronique des événements ordinaires et extraordinaires. Témoins et témoignages (1994)

Michel Patrick. Bozsoky (Paul G.) Lukacs (Laszlo) De l'oppression à la liberté. L'Eglise en Hongrie, 1945-1992. Chronique des événements ordinaires et extraordinaires. Témoins et témoignages. In: Archives de sciences sociales des religions, n°88, 1994. pp. 53-54.
Human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I) expression in fresh peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (1991)

Tropical spastic paraparesis/human T-cell leukemia-lymphoma virus type I (HTLV-I)-associated myelopathy (TSP/HAM) is a chronic neurological illness epidemiologically associated with HTLV-I infection. We investigated the role of HTLV-I in the pathogenesis of this disease by studying viral expression in fresh uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of six patients of Caribbean origin with TSP/HAM. The PBMC genomic DNA of all the patients studied carried HTLV-I provirus, but viral expression was not detected by Northern (RNA) blot analysis of total cellular PBMC RNA. When the reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction technique was used with primers specific for the tax-rex mRNA, all of the samples were positive for this viral mRNA species, regardless of the duration of the illness (range, 2 to 13 years). The splice junctions for the tax-rex mRNA described in cases of HTLV-I-induced adult T-cell leukemia (position 5183 of the envelope and position 7302 of the pX region) were identical in three TSP/HAM cases studied. To ascertain whether viral expression occurred at a low level in many cells or at a high level in a few permissive cells, we performed in situ hybridization on fresh PBMCs from two patients (2 and 7 years after clinical diagnosis), seeking HTLV-I RNA sequences. Our finding indicated that in vivo HTLV-I expression occurred at a high level in a few cells (1 of every 5,000 PBMCs) in both cases studied. The fact that cells of all six patients with TSP/HAM were positive for viral expression, regardless of the time lag from diagnosis, suggests that persistent expression of a viral product(s) may be pivotal in the pathogenesis of TSP/HAM.
Improved temperature response functions for models of Rubisco‐limited photosynthesis (2001)

ABSTRACT Predicting the environmental responses of leaf photosynthesis is central to many models of changes in the future global carbon cycle and terrestrial biosphere. The steady‐state biochemical model of C 3 photosynthesis of Farquhar et al. ( Planta 149, 78–90, 1980) provides a basis for these larger scale predictions; but a weakness in the application of the model as currently parameterized is the inability to accurately predict carbon assimilation at the range of temperatures over which significant photosynthesis occurs in the natural environment. The temperature functions used in this model have been based on in vitro measurements made over a limited temperature range and require several assumptions of in vivo conditions. Since photosynthetic rates are often Rubisco‐limited (ribulose, 1‐5 bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) under natural steady‐state conditions, inaccuracies in the functions predicting Rubisco kinetic properties at different temperatures may cause significant error. In this study, transgenic tobacco containing only 10% normal levels of Rubisco were used to measure Rubisco‐limited photosynthesis over a large range of CO 2 concentrations. From the responses of the rate of CO 2 assimilation at a wide range of temperatures, and CO 2 and O 2 concentrations, the temperature functions of Rubisco kinetic properties were estimated in vivo . These differed substantially from previously published functions. These new functions were then used to predict photosynthesis in lemon and found to faithfully mimic the observed pattern of temperature response. There was also a close correspondence with published C 3 photosynthesis temperature responses. The results represent an improved ability to model leaf photosynthesis over a wide range of temperatures (10–40 °C) necessary for predicting carbon uptake by terrestrial C 3 systems.
SNIPER: Few-shot Learning for Anomaly Detection to Minimize False-negative Rate with Ensured True-positive Rate (2019)

In anomaly detection systems, overlooking anomalies may result in serious incidents. Thus, when a system overlooks an anomaly, we need to update the system to never overlook the observed type of anomalies twice. There are roughly two possible approaches to solve this problem; re-training the whole system using all training data, or cascading a new specific detector for the overlooked anomaly. The first approach is the most effective solution; however, a huge computational cost and an amount of anomalous training data are required to re-train the system when it consists of a deep-learning-based anomaly detector. We focused on the latter approach and propose a training method for a cascaded specific anomaly detector using few-shot (just 1 to 3) samples. To suppress the false-negative rate of the overlooked anomaly, the proposed method works to decrease the false-positive rate under the constraint of true-positive rate equaling 1. Experimental results show that the proposed method outperformed conventional cross-entropy-based few-shot learning methods.
Monitoring of Free Valproic Acid Levels? (1980)

Valproic acid exhibits three unique pharmacological and pharmacokinetic characteristics: (a) a nonreversible pharmacologic effect, (b) a nonlinear level-dose relationship, and (c) a high and variable degree of plasma protein binding. These properties and their clinical implications are discussed and a case is made for monitoring free vs total plasma levels in specific circumstances.
Intake Rate: Sprinkler Infiltrometer (1986)

For several decades researchers have tried to develop sprinkling infiltrometers that duplicate the rainfall characteristics of a natural storm. Impact velocity, drop-size distribution, and intensity level are the basic design parameters which must be considered in the design or selection of a rainfall simulator. Several parameters, such as kinetic energy per unit of rainfall or per unit drop area, and momentum per unit rainfall or drop impact area, have been developed using these basic parameters. The median drop size and the drop-size distribution of natural rainfall are dependent upon rainfall intensity. The simplest of the nozzles that have been used for rainfall simulation were a sprinkling can, rose flares, and shower heads that are common in garden and household use. The runoff measuring system consists of a runoff accumulation tank, a leveling stand, and a portable water stage recorder.
Time-Bounded Authentication of FPGAs (2011)

This paper introduces a novel technique to authenticate and identify field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs). The technique uses the reconfigurability feature of FPGAs to perform self-characterization and extract the unique timing of the FPGA building blocks over the space of possible inputs. The characterization circuit is then exploited for constructing a physically unclonable function (PUF). The PUF can accept different forms of challenges including pulsewidth, digital binary, and placement challenges. The responses from the PUF are only verifiable by entities with access to the unique timing signature. However, the authentic device is the only entity who can respond within a given time constraint. The constraint is set by the gap between the speed of PUF evaluation on authentic hardware and simulation of its behavior. A suite of authentication protocols is introduced based on the time-bounded mechanism. We ensure that the responses are robust to fluctuations in operational conditions such as temperature and voltage variations by employing: 1) a linear calibration mechanism that adjusts the clock frequency by a feedback from on-chip temperature and voltage sensor readings, and 2) a differential PUF structure with real-valued responses that cancels out the common impact of variations on delays. Security against various attacks is discussed and a proof-of-concept implementation of signature extraction and authentication are demonstrated on Xilinx Virtex 5 FPGAs.