gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Influence of Three-Dimensional Roughness on Pressure-Driven Flow Through Microchannels (2003)

Surface roughness is present in most of the microfluidic devices due to the microfabrication techniques or particle adhesion. It is highly desirable to understand the roughness effect on microscale flow. In this study, we developed a three-dimensional finite-volume-based numerical model to simulate pressure-driven liquid flow in microchannels with rectangular prism rough elements on the surfaces. Both symmetrical and asymmetric roughness element arrangements were considered, and the influence of the roughness on pressure drop was examined. The three-dimensional numerical solution shows significant effects of surface roughness in terms of the rough elements’ height, size, spacing, and the channel height on both the velocity distribution and the pressure drop. The compression-expansion flow around the three-dimensional roughness elements and the flow blockage caused by the roughness in the microchannel were discussed. An expression of the relative channel height reduction due to roughness effect was presented.
Case 1 (2011)

Abstract A 76-year-old widow presented to the Emergency Department with a mid-shaft right femoral fracture after a low-impact fall outside a supermarket. She had a past history of ischaemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease, intermittent claudication, and mechanical right knee pain. She had been reviewed in rheumatology outpatients 3 months prior to admission for investigation of a painful swollen right elbow. She lived alone and had moved from County Durham where her husband had been a coal miner. Her usual medication included aspirin, bendroflumethiazide, and simvastatin.
Nonlinear model based coordinated adaptive robust control of electro-hydraulic systems (2001)

The dynamics of hydraulic systems are highly nonlinear. Aside from the nonlinear nature of hydraulic dynamics, hydraulic systems also have large extent of model uncertainties, either due to parametric uncertainties or uncertain nonlinearities. These nasty characteristics make the precision motion control of hydraulic systems rather difficult. As a stepping stone toward the systematic design of high performance control algorithms for hydraulic systems, a nonlinear model based adaptive robust control approach is presented and carefully examined through both rigorous theoretical analysis and experimental verifications. Specifically, nonlinear physical model based analysis and design is used to address the inherent nonlinearities of hydraulic dynamics. Adaptive robust control (ARC) is applied to deal with various model uncertainties effectively. The dissertation starts from the precision motion control of one DOF hydraulic servosystem driven by either a double-rod/double-actuating or a single-rod/double-actuating hydraulic cylinder with constant or time-varying unknown inertia. The stability proof of zero tracking error dynamics associated with single-rod hydraulic cylinders is given. Swing motion control of a three DOF robot arm driven by single-rod hydraulic actuators with the other two joints fixed or actuated simultaneously are used as experimental case studies. For systems that use cheaper proportional directional valves instead of servo valves, addressing strategies are presented to deal with the nonlinear valve characteristics such as deadband and nonlinear flow gain coefficients. Different methods are presented to improve the response of sluggish proportional directional control valves. The coordinated motion control of multi-DOF electro-hydraulic robotic arm is then studied. Two methods are proposed to avoid the need of acceleration feedback for ARC backstepping designs; one uses a nonlinear ARC observer to recover the state needed for the ARC backstepping design, and the other makes full use of the physical property that the adjoint matrix and the determinant of the inertial matrix could be linearly parametrized by certain suitably selected parameters and employs overparametrizing method. An integrated direct/indirect ARC algorithm is also constructed to meet the dual objectives of good tracking performance and parameter estimations. The resulting accurate parameter estimates may be used for other purposes such as machine and component health monitoring and fault detection.
Crucell: Biopharmaceuticals-As Human as They Get (2003)

The production of recombinant insulin in genetically engineered bacteria in the 1970s marked the beginning of a new era in the pharmaceutical industry. Since then, biopharmaceuticals have become far more sophisticated, and more often than not the demands of producing complex drugs overtax the lowly prokaryotes. Today, producer cell lines derived from animal cells are used for large-scale production of vaccines, virus-based gene therapy vectors, and monoclonal antibodies and other bioactive proteins.
Cocaine: Plasma Concentrations After Intranasal Application in Man (1976)

Cocaine (1.5 milligrams per kilogram) was applied to the nasal mucosa of human subjects. The cocaine persisted in the plasma for 4 to 6 hours and reached peak concentrations of 120 to 474 nanograms per milliliter at 15 to 60 minutes. In that residual cocaine was detectable on the nasal mucosa for 3 hours, continuous absorption secondary to its vasoconstrictive action might explain its persistence in the plasma.
Co-existence of Zigbee and WLAN - a performance study (2006)

Wireless local area networking standard (Wi-Fi) and the WPAN standard (Bluetooth and Zigbee) products utilize the same unlicensed 2.4 GHz ISM band. Co-existence between such wireless technologies within the same frequency spectrum is crucial to ensure that each wireless technology maintains and provide its desired performance requirements. In this paper, we investigate the co-existence of WLAN (IEEE 802.11g) with Zigbee (IEEE 802.15.4) standard. The paper focuses on quantifying potential interferences between Zigbee and IEEE 802.11g by examining the impact on the throughput performance of IEEE 802.11g and Zigbee devices when co-existing within a particular environment. In addition, the effect of Zigbee on IEEE 802.11g was compared with the effect of Bluetooth under the same operating conditions
Distributed operating system for NASA ground stations (1987)

NASA ground stations are characterized by ever changing support requirements, so application software is developed and modified on a continuing basis. A distributed operating system was designed to optimize the generation and maintenance of those applications. Unusual features include automatic program generation from detailed design graphs, on-line software modification in the testing phase, and the incorporation of a relational database within a real-time, distributed system.
Studies on the relation of a prior immune response to immunogenicity. (1967)

(1) Two polymers of D-glutamic acid, one synthetic (poly-α-D-glutamic) and the other the capsular polypeptide of Bacillus anthracis (poly-γ-D-glutamic), which did not induce detectable antibody when injected in saline, elicited precipitating antibody in rabbits when complexed with methylated bovine serum albumin (MBSA). (2) Animals that had made an immune response to either of the polypeptides did not produce detectable anti-hapten antibodies when subsequently immunized with the homologus polypeptide conjugated with p-amino-ṕ-dimethylaminoazobenzene (PDA) groups. Neither was there an observable response to the polypeptide carrier. (3) Hapten-specific antibody was elicited with an immunogenic carrier, hen egg albumin, and with the polypeptide—PDA conjugates complexed with MBSA, demonstrating that PDA could act as a determinant under the appropriate conditions. (4) Rabbits that had made PDA-specific antibody were entirely refractory to polypeptide—PDA conjugate, inasmuch as their levels of anti-PDA antibody remained unchanged. (5) It is concluded that the formation of antibody against a weakly immunogenic molecule does not alter the state of responsiveness of the animal upon subsequent contact with that molecule. Such a molecule cannot serve as a carrier for another structural determinant, either in animals that have made a prior immune response to the carrier or to the determinant.
Fast image completion (2005)

We propose a new algorithm that efficiently fills the unknown regions of an image caused by replacement or removal of part of the foreground. Previous approaches to inpainting and texture synthesis are either fast, but not applicable for small-scale regions, or slow, but fills large regions with good quality, but is slow. The algorithm in this paper is based on the patch-based best-fit searching strategy, in which a partly-known patch is filled by searching the known part of the image for a patch of pixels closely matching the known neighbors. This keeps the linear structure and texture of the image. We found that the exhaustive searching strategies used in previous work are the main source of inefficiency; most matches are located in the neighborhood of the target patch. Inspired by this spatial continuity, we introduce a more efficient searching strategy.
RETENTION OF FISSION PRODUCTS IN CERAMIC GLAZE-TYPE FUSIONS (1958)

Archaeological evidence has indicated the stability of directed toward the fixation of fission products from high-aluminum-content fuel reprocessing wastes in a highly stable fused ceramic from which the fission products cannot be leached by water. Cesium is the most readily leached of non-volatile fission prodcomposition parameters in the ceramic glaze systems: 3/ and CaO:Al/sub 2/O/ sub 3/: SiO/sub 2/:B/sub 2/O/sub 3/. The process advantage lies in the fact that aluminum (normally an interfering ion in many proposed waste treatment processes) is a necessary constituent of the solid product formed. The ceramic glaze can in fact, be produced from the calcined product formed in the are easily leached from the latter. A new leaching test, which involves refluxing the product in distilled water, has been developed and adopted as a more sensitive e ceramic. Volatility of fission products has been determined as a function of ceramic composition parameters and firing conditions with the objective of minimizing stability of various ceramic products has been investicharacteristics have been used to develop conceptual process and storage facility designs. Extension of this cussed.(auth)
Muscle power and metabolism in maximal intermittent exercise (1986)

Muscle power and the associated metabolic changes in muscle were investigated in eight male human subjects who performed four 30-s bouts of maximal isokinetic cycling at 100 rpm, with 4-min recovery intervals. In the first bout peak power and total work were (mean +/- SE) 1,626 +/- 102 W and 20.83 +/- 1.18 kJ, respectively; muscle glycogen decreased by 18.2 mmol/kg wet wt, lactate increased to 28.9 +/- 2.7 mmol/kg, and there were up to 10-fold increases in glycolytic intermediates. External power and work decreased by 20% in both the second and third exercise periods, but no further change occurred in the fourth bout. Muscle glycogen decreased by an additional 14.8 mmol/kg after the second exercise and thereafter remained constant. Muscle adenosine triphosphate (ATP) was reduced by 40% from resting after each exercise period; creatine phosphate (CP) decreased successively to less than 5% of resting; in the recovery periods ATP and CP increased to 76 and 95% of initial resting levels, respectively. Venous plasma glycerol increased linearly to 485% of resting; free fatty acids did not change. Changes in muscle glycogen, lactate, and glycolytic intermediates suggested rate limitation at phosphofructokinase during the first and second exercise periods, and phosphorylase in the third and fourth exercise periods. Despite minimal glycolytic flux in the third and fourth exercise periods, subjects generated 1,000 W peak power and sustained 400 W for 30 s, 60% of the values recorded in the first exercise period.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Signal-to-solar clutter calculations of AK-47 muzzle flash at various spectral bandpasses near the potassium D1/D2 doublet (2010)

An analysis was performed, using MODTRAN, to determine the best filters to use for detecting the muzzle flash of an AK-47 in daylight conditions in the desert. Filters with bandwidths of 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 nanometers (nm) were analyzed to understand how the optical bandwidth affects the signal-to-solar clutter ratio. These filters were evaluated near the potassium D1 and D2 doublet emission lines that occur at 769.89 and 766.49 nm respectively that are observed where projectile propellants are used. The maximum spectral radiance, from the AK-47 muzzle flash, is 1.88 x 10<sup>-2</sup> W/cm<sup>2</sup> str micron, and is approximately equal to the daytime atmospheric spectral radiance. The increased emission, due to the potassium doublet lines, and decreased atmospheric transmission, due to oxygen absorption, combine to create a condition where the signal-to-solar clutter ratio is greater than 1. The 3 nm filter, has a signal-to-solar clutter ratio of 2.09 when centered at 765.37 nm and provides the best combination of both cost and signal sensitivity.
Interferon-γ Inhibits Transforming Growth Factor-β Production in Human Airway Epithelial Cells by Targeting Smads (2004)

Abstract Because interferon (IFN)-γ may attenuate pulmonary fibrosis, we hypothesized that IFN-γ may regulate transforming growth factor (TGF)-β production by airway epithelial cells. Human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) were incubated with IFN-γ ± TGF-β1, -β3, or interleukin (IL)-1β, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), epidermal growth factor, and IL-4. TGF-β2 protein was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and mRNA expression for TGF-β2, Smad 2, 3, 4, and 7 was evaluated by real-time reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction. Localization of Smads 2, 3, 4, and 7 was evaluated by immunostaining. Exogenous TGF-β1 and 3, IL-1β, PDGF, and IL-4 enhanced TGF-β2 release by HBECs (P &lt; 0.01). IFN-γ reduced basal and TGF-β or IL-4–augmented TGF-β2 release, but had little effect on IL-1β– or PDGF-augmented TGF-β2 release. IFN-γ stimulated Smad 7 protein and mRNA expression. Smad 7–specific siRNA decreased Smad 7 protein expression both in control and IFN-γ–treated cells. The inhibitory effect of IFN-γ on TGF-β2 production was abrogated when the HBECs were treated with Smad 7 siRNA. These results suggest that IFN-γ downregulates TGF-β2 production by HBECs by regulating Smad 7. Through this mechanism, IFN-γ may play an important role in tissue remodeling.
Stress-Induced Hsp70 Gene Expression and Inactivation of <i>Cryptosporidium parvum</i> Oocysts by Chlorine-Based Oxidants (2010)

Our research on the mechanisms of action of chlorine-based oxidants on Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in water revealed a dual-phase effect: (i) response to oxidative stress, which was demonstrated by induced expression of the Hsp70 heat shock gene, and (ii) oocyst inactivation as a result of long-term exposure to oxidants. The relative biocidal effects of sodium hypochlorite (bleach) and electrolytically generated mixed oxidant solution (MOS) on C. parvum oocysts were compared at identical free chlorine concentrations. Oocyst inactivation was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) amplification of the heat-induced Hsp70 mRNA and compared with tissue culture infectivity. According to both assays, within the range between 25 and 250 mg/liter free chlorine and with 4 h contact time, MOS exhibits a higher efficacy in oocyst inactivation than hypochlorite. Other RNA-based viability assays, aimed at monitoring the levels of beta-tubulin mRNA and 18S rRNA, showed relatively slow decay rates of these molecules following disinfection by chlorine-based oxidants, rendering these molecular diagnostic viability markers inappropriate for disinfection efficacy assessment.
Phase I Trial of a Therapeutic HIV Type 1 Vaccine, Vacc-4x, in HIV Type 1-Infected Individuals with or without Antiretroviral Therapy (2002)

Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) can effectively suppress HIV-1 replication but, as soon as the drugs are withdrawn, there is a rapid rebound of replicating virus. Severe metabolic toxicities and therapy failures due to the appearance of resistant virus are becoming an increasing problem that precludes long-term continuous medication. Therapeutic immunizations represent a feasible and attractive means of supplementing or, alternatively, replacing current therapies, thereby reducing the potential for emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1 strains. We have performed an open, single-center, phase I safety study of a candidate therapeutic HIV-1 vaccine, Vacc-4x, given to 11 HIV-1-infected individuals with or without antiretroviral therapy. The immunogen consists of four synthetic peptides based on the major core protein p24. To ensure optimal exposure of the immunogen to the antigen-presenting cells (APCs), the vaccine was given intradermally together with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Responses to the immunization protocol were determined by delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, interferon gamma-secreting cells in the enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assay, and antibody production to the p24 protein and the peptides. The vaccine was safe and in general well tolerated. Plasma HIV RNA levels and CD4(+) cell counts did not change appreciably during the study. All patients showed a positive DTH response. For two of the patients, the immunization protocol induced responses to one or two of the tested peptides whereas a third patient showed reactivity to one of the peptides before immunization. A weak antibody response in the peptide-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay could be seen in seven patients.
Static and dynamic tactile directional cues experiments with VTPlayer mouse (2006)

Braille cells have good potential to provide information. Users don’t have to know the braille alphabet to be able to use them. In this study we show that it is possible to create 4×4 patterns to give the users some directional information. Two kinds of icons have been designed: static patterns and dynamic ones (animations). It appears that users rather like, and recognize better static icons.
Development of an in-fiber white-light interferometric distance sensor for absolute measurement of arbitrary small distances (2008)

The fabrication, implementation, and evaluation of an in-fiber white-light interferometric distance sensor that is capable of measuring the absolute value of an arbitrary small distance are presented. Taking advantage of the mode-coupling effect of a long-period fiber grating, an additional cavity distance is added to the optical path difference of the distance sensor; therefore, it can generate a sufficient number of fringes for distance demodulation even if the free-space cavity distance is very small. It is experimentally verified that the distance sensor is capable of measuring small distances that are beyond the capability of a Fabry-Perot interferometric distance sensor.
Stability issues of conjugated polymer/fullerene solar cells from a chemical viewpoint (2000)

The efficiency of energy conversion and the stability or lifetime of ‘plastic’ photovoltaic cells, based on conjugated polymer/ fullerene blends, are the two main issues to be improved for this type of devices. The stability of these PV cells depends potentially on a large number of factors. A brief layer-by-layer overview of these factors is given, with main emphasis on the factors possibly playing a role in the active photovoltaic layer consisting of the interpenetrating network of a conjugated polymer and a fullerene derivative. Complicated sets of photochemical processes can take place in the pure materials and in the donor-acceptor blends, both in the absence and in the presence of oxygen. Especially, photochemical [2+2] cycloaddition and cycloreversion processes have been observed for fullerene derivatives and in certain mixtures containing an oligomer and a fullerene derivative. These and other (photo) chemical processes are very likely to have an influence on the performance of the photovoltaic cell.
Towards Continuous Security Certification of Software-as-a-Service Applications Using Web Application Testing Techniques (2017)

Continuous security certification of software-asa-service (SaaS) aims at continuously, i.e. repeatedly and automatically validating whether a SaaS application adheres to a set of security requirements. Since SaaS applications make heavy use of web application technologies, checking security requirements with the help of web application testing techniques seems evident. However, these techniques mainly focus on conducting discrete security tests, that is, mostly manually triggered tests whose results are interpreted by human experts. Thus these techniques are not per se suited to support continuous security certification of SaaS applications and have to be adapted accordingly. In this paper, we report on our current status of developing methods and tools to support testbased, continuous security certification of SaaS applications which make use of web application testing techniques. To that end, we describe major challenges to overcome and present experimental test results of using SQLMap to continuously test for SQL injection vulnerabilities.
[Le Quercinois, Guillaume Jacob, physician and surgeon at the Montpellier School, artisan of the reform of medical sciences in Spain the the 18th century]. (1999)

Guillaume Jacob born in Castelnau-Montratier at the dawn of the XVIIIth century, physician of the School of Medicine of Montpellier was attracted by Spain during the reign of Philip V grand-son of Louis XIV. Nominated Professor of Anatomy at the Royal Society of Medicine of Sevilla, later Royal Academy, he worked during seventeen years to improve Spanish medical science: he informed himself in Paris of the discoveries of French scientists, obtained modern surgical instruments, books to enrich the library, laid the foundations of a botanical garden for medical plants and established links between the Royal Society of Sevilla and various European Royal Academies in order to allow exchanges.
Genes Determining Rind Pattern Inheritance in Watermelon: A Review (2005)

The inheritance of rind pattern and color in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.) Matsum. & Nakai) has been studied since the 1930s. The most common rind (or skin) colors in watermelon are solid green (dark, medium, and light), striped (narrow, medium, and wide dark green stripes on a light green background), and gray (a light green background with a medium or dark green network of reticulations). Gray is sometimes spelled grey, but the watermelon names have been standardized to the gray spelling. Gene expression for rind color and pattern does not appear to be consistent in all genetic backgrounds. Furthermore, the inheritance of gray or medium green rind colors has not been published, even though these have been two of the more common rind colors throughout the last century of watermelon breeding. The inheritance of rind pattern has been described from different perspectives in different publications and the gene names and symbols have been changed over time, thus generating confusion on the proper naming of genes and their trait descriptions. The original type lines used to describe some of these genes are not available any more. Thus, it is not possible to verify the inheritance of those genes, to improve the description of their phenotypes, or to identify alternative type lines through tests of allelism. Watermelon breeders and geneticists are often confused about the terminology describing basic rind colors and the proper description of some rind patterns that are less common, thus making it diffi cult to coordinate cooperative studies. This review was aimed at presenting the available information concerning the inheritance of rind color and pattern in watermelon, clarifying the description of uncommon phenotypes, and highlighting questions that remain unanswered.