gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Feature induction by backpropagation (1994)

A method for investigating the internal knowledge representation constructed by neural net learning is described: it is shown how from a given weight matrix defining a feedforward artificial neural net, we can induce characteristic patterns of each of the classes of inputs classified by that net. These characteristic patterns, called prototypes, are found by a gradient descent search of the space of inputs. After an exposition of the theory, results are given for the well known LED recognition problem where a network simulates recognition of decimal digits displayed on a seven-segment LED display. Contrary to theoretical intuition, the experimental results indicate that the computed prototypes retain only some of the features of the original input patterns. Thus it appears that the indicated method extracts those features deemed significant by the net.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
DNA‐based species level detection of <i>Glomeromycota</i>: one PCR primer set for all arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (2009)

* At present, molecular ecological studies of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) are only possible above species level when targeting entire communities. To improve molecular species characterization and to allow species level community analyses in the field, a set of newly designed AMF specific PCR primers was successfully tested. * Nuclear rDNA fragments from diverse phylogenetic AMF lineages were sequenced and analysed to design four primer mixtures, each targeting one binding site in the small subunit (SSU) or large subunit (LSU) rDNA. To allow species resolution, they span a fragment covering the partial SSU, whole internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA region and partial LSU. * The new primers are suitable for specifically amplifying AMF rDNA from material that may be contaminated by other organisms (e.g., samples from pot cultures or the field), characterizing the diversity of AMF species from field samples, and amplifying a SSU-ITS-LSU fragment that allows phylogenetic analyses with species level resolution. * The PCR primers can be used to monitor entire AMF field communities, based on a single rDNA marker region. Their application will improve the base for deep sequencing approaches; moreover, they can be efficiently used as DNA barcoding primers.
Isolation and Characterization of a β-Primeverosidase-Like Enzyme from<i>Penicillium multicolor</i> (2006)

p-Nitrophenyl and eugenyl beta-primeveroside (6-O-beta-D-xylopyranosyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside) hydrolytic activity was found in culture filtrate from Penicillium multicolor IAM7153, and the enzyme was isolated. The enzyme was purified as a beta-primeverosidase-like enzyme by precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by successive chromatographies on Phenyl Sepharose, Mono Q, and beta-galactosylamidine affinity columns. The molecular mass was estimated to be 50 kDa by SDS-PAGE and gel filtration. The purified enzyme was highly specific toward the substrate p-nitrophenyl beta-primeveroside, which was cleaved in an endo-manner into primeverose and p-nitrophenol, but a series of beta-primeveroside as aroma precursors were hydrolyzed only slightly as substrates for the enzyme. In analyses of its hydrolytic action and kinetics, the enzyme showed narrow substrate specificity with respect to the aglycon and glycon moieties of the diglycoside. We conclude that the present enzyme is a kind of beta-diglycosidase rather than beta-primeverosidase.
Pose estimation of femur fracture segments for image guided orthopedic surgery (2009)

The widespread adoption of minimally invasive surgical techniques has driven the need for three dimensional (3D) intra-operative image guidance. Hence the pose estimation (position and orientation) performed through the registration of pre-operatively prepared 3D anatomical data to intra-operative two dimensional (2D) fluoroscopy images is one of the main research areas of image guided orthopedic surgery. This paper proposes a non-invasive anatomy-based method for intraoperative pose estimation. The registration is performed solely utilizing bony anatomical features extracted from bi-planar fluoroscopic images (frontal and lateral) without invasive external fiducial markers. The novelty of the proposed methodology is involved in the anatomical features utilized, which are unproblematic and robust to extract and facilitate near real-time pose estimation.
Loss of expression of theDRR 1 gene at chromosomal segment 3p21.1 in renal cell carcinoma (2000)

Consistent deletion of DNA sequences in chromosomal band 3p21 observed in a variety of human tumors suggests the presence of one or more tumor suppressor genes within this region. Previously, we reported on the construction of two distinct cosmid contigs and our identification of several new genes within 3p21.1. In our search for tumor suppressor genes from this region, we have cloned a gene that we have called DRR 1 (downregulated in renal cell carcinoma). The gene was first mapped to 3p21.1 by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Further analysis of yeast artificial chromosome clones in 3p14.2-p21.1 refined its localization. DRR 1 spans about 10 Kb of genomic DNA with a 3.5-Kb mature transcript. The putative protein encoded by this gene is 144 amino acids and includes a nuclear localization signal and a coiled domain. The gene showed loss of expression in eight of eight renal cell carcinoma cell lines, one of seven ovarian cancer cell lines, one of one cervical cancer cell line, one of one gastric cancer cell line, and one of one non-small-cell lung cancer cell line. Southern blot analysis did not show any altered bands, indicating that gross structural changes or deletions did not cause the loss of expression. This gene was also found to have reduced expression in 23 of 34 paired primary renal cell carcinomas. Mutational analysis detected three polymorphic sites within the gene, but no point mutations were identified in the 34 primary tumors. However, we did detect base substitutions in 4 of 12 cell lines that had undetectable expression of the gene. We also transfected the gene into DRR 1-negative cell lines and observed clear growth retardation. Our results suggest that loss of expression of the DRR 1 gene may play an important role in the development of renal cell carcinoma and possibly other tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 27:1-10, 2000.
Biological testing for drugs of abuse (2010)

Testing for drugs of abuse has become commonplace and is used for a variety of indications. Commonly employed testing methods include immunoassay and chromatography. Testing methods vary in their sensitivity, specificity, time, and cost. While urine remains the most common body fluid used for testing of drugs of abuse, over the last several decades the use of alternative matrices such as blood, sweat, oral fluids, and hair has increased dramatically. Each biological matrix offers advantages and disadvantages for drug testing, and the most appropriate matrix frequently depends on the indications for the drug test. Drugs of abuse that are most commonly tested include alcohol, amphetamines, cannabinoids, cocaine, opiates, and phencyclidine. Testing may involve detection of the parent compound or metabolites and sensitivity, specificity, and reliability of drug testing may vary depending on the drug being tested. Toxicologists have a responsibility to understand the strengths and limitations of testing techniques and matrices to be able to critically evaluate the results of a drug test.
High-quality MNS capacitors prepared by jet vapor deposition at room temperature (1992)

The properties of metal-nitride-Si (MNS) capacitors in which the silicon nitride layer is produced by the jet vapor deposition (JVD) technique at room temperature are reported. Despite the room-temperature deposition, the electrical properties of these devices are far better than any previously reported MNS capacitors. Especially remarkable is the low density of interface traps (D/sub it/<5*10/sup 10//cm/sup 2/-eV near midgap). In addition, these MNS capacitors are highly resistant to damage caused by hot electrons and ionizing radiation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
OPIATE MULTIPLE RECEPTOR BINDING ACTIVITY OF ENKEPHALIN ANALOGS (1983)

A series of enkephalin analogs have been synthesized by the solution method forstudying the relationship between the structure of enkephalin analogs and their bin-ding to multiple receptors. The guinea pig ileum has been mainly used as the modelfor the μ-receptor, and the mouse vas deferens for the δ-receptor. Studies involvingthe determination of affinity constants for opiate receptor sites and that of the analgesicpotency in the hot-plate method in mice were undertaken and the effects of thevarious enkephalin analogs on the activities of multiple receptors are discussed. The hydrophobic side chain and the free carboxyl group at the 5-position in en-kephalin were found to be very important for the binding to the δ-receptor. The fifthamino acid was found, however, not to be necessary for the μ-receptor. The freecarboxyl terminal is disadvantageous for the μ-receptor. The replacement of 2-Glycineby D-amino acid residues gave analogs with increasing potencies for both μ-and δ-receptors. The binding activity of this analog to the δ-receptor diminishes with theincrease in size of the side chain of the D-amino acid residue. The presence of 4-Pheis not quite necessary for binding to the μ-receptor, while the intactneas of theenkephalin molecule is more important for the δ-receptor than the μ-receptor. Ourresults also support the hypothesis that the analgesic effect is related to the μ-receptorbut has nothing to do with the δ-receptor. The new analog, Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-D-Ser(Bzl), shows higher activityon δ-receptor than the previously reported Tyr-D-Ala-Gly-Phe-Ser (Bzl), andTyr-D--Ala-Gly-(N-CH_3) Phe-D-Ser (Bzl), an analog therefrom, shows 300times the analgesic effect of morphine.
Streptozotocin‐Induced Diabetic Models in Mice and Rats (2008)

Streptozotocin (STZ) is an antibiotic that can cause pancreatic β-cell destruction, so it is widely used experimentally as an agent capable of inducing insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), also known as type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM). This unit describes protocols for the production of insulin deficiency and hyperglycemia in mice and rats, using STZ. These models for diabetes can be employed for assessing the mechanisms of T1DM, screening potential therapies for the treatment of this condition, and evaluation of therapeutic options.
Evaluation of novel oral vaccine candidates and validation of a caprine model of Johne's disease (2014)

Johne's disease (JD) caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) is a major threat to the dairy industry and possibly some cases of Crohn's disease in humans. A MAP vaccine that reduced of clinical disease and/or reduced fecal shedding would aid in the control of JD. The objectives of this study were (1) to evaluate the efficacy of 5 attenuated strains of MAP as vaccine candidates compared to a commercial control vaccine using the protocol proposed by the Johne's Disease Integrated Program (JDIP) Animal Model Standardization Committee (AMSC), and (2) to validate the AMSC Johne's disease goat challenge model. Eighty goat kids were vaccinated orally twice at 8 and 10 weeks of age with an experimental vaccine or once subcutaneously at 8 weeks with Silirum® (Zoetis), or a sham control oral vaccine at 8 and 10 weeks. Kids were challenged orally with a total of approximately 1.44 × 10(9) CFU divided in two consecutive daily doses using MAP ATCC-700535 (K10-like bovine isolate). All kids were necropsied at 13 months post-challenge. Results indicated that the AMSC goat challenge model is a highly efficient and valid model for JD challenge studies. None of the experimental or control vaccines evaluated prevented MAP infection or eliminated fecal shedding, although the 329 vaccine lowered the incidence of infection, fecal shedding, tissue colonization and reduced lesion scores, but less than the control vaccine. Based on our results the relative performance ranking of the experimental live-attenuated vaccines evaluated, the 329 vaccine was the best performer, followed by the 318 vaccine, then 316 vaccine, 315 vaccine and finally the 319 vaccine was the worst performer. The subcutaneously injected control vaccine outperformed the orally-delivered mutant vaccine candidates. Two vaccines (329 and 318) do reduce presence of JD gross and microscopic lesions, slow progression of disease, and one vaccine (329) reduced fecal shedding and tissue colonization.
Results on n-type IBC solar cells using industrial optimized techniques in the fabrication processing (2011)

Back-contact back-junction solar cell has the potential for high efficiency energy conversion due to the distinctive architecture of the device. The fabrication processing for these types of cells requires high material quality and complicated processing technology involving many masking and alignments steps which results in the increase of the manufacturing costs. Within the LIMA EU Project, we developed a novel process architecture for Interdigited-Back-Contact (IBC) front surface field (FSF) solar cells obtained by optimization of the fabrication process using only industrially feasible technology (i.e. screen-printing, laser ablation and conventional diffusion processes). With this process we have obtained cell efficiencies above 19% on n-type silicon 2x2 cm2 float zone (FZ) substrate. Moreover, we have integrated this process with innovative methodology which opens new possible solution to the already well established techniques. This approach allowed us to improve the front side with excellent proprieties of passivation and conductivity and to implement interdigitated phosphorous back surface field (BSF) and boron emitter in a single mask process. The solar cells results of this improved front side are presented in comparison to the solar cells with IBC-FSF architecture.
Massively Parallel Databases and MapReduce Systems (2013)

Timely and cost-effective analytics over “big data” has emerged as a key ingredient for success in many businesses, scientific and engineering disciplines, and government endeavors. Web clicks, social media, scientific experiments, and datacenter monitoring are among data sources that generate vast amounts of raw data every day. The need to convert this raw data into useful information has spawned considerable innovation in systems for large-scale data analytics, especially over the last decade. This monograph covers the design principles and core features of systems for analyzing very large datasets using massively-parallel computation and storage techniques on large clusters of nodes. We first discuss how the requirements of data analytics have evolved since the early work on parallel database systems. We then describe some of the major technological innovations that have each spawned a distinct category of systems for data analytics. Each unique system category is described along a number of dimensions including data model and query interface, storage layer, execution engine, query optimization, scheduling, resource management, and fault tolerance. We conclude with a summary of present trends in large-scale data analytics.
The structure and function of the ATP-sensitive K+ channel in insulin-secreting pancreatic beta-cells (1999)

ATP-sensitive K+ channels (KATP channels) play important roles in many cellular functions by coupling cell metabolism to electrical activity. The KATP channels in pancreatic beta-cells are thought to be critical in the regulation of glucose-induced and sulfonylurea-induced insulin secretion. Until recently, however, the molecular structure of the KATP channel was not known. Cloning members of the novel inwardly rectifying K+ channel subfamily Kir6.0 (Kir6.1 and Kir6.2) and the sulfonylurea receptors (SUR1 and SUR2) has clarified the molecular structure of KATP channels. The pancreatic beta-cell KATP channel comprises two subunits: a Kir6.2 subunit and an SUR1 subunit. Molecular biological and molecular genetic studies have provided insights into the physiological and pathophysiological roles of the pancreatic beta-cell KATP channel in insulin secretion.
Romantic Parasocial Attachments and the Development of Romantic Scripts, Schemas and Beliefs among Adolescents (2017)

From the Beatles to One Direction, adolescent crushes on media figures have fueled media industry success throughout the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. Adolescent girls turn to these media figures to practice romantic relationships via parasocial (perceived, mediated) attachments. This study examines recalled adolescent romantic parasocial attachments as they relate to the development of scripts, schemas, and normative beliefs about romance. In a survey of college women, more intense recalled romantic parasocial attachments in adolescence were associated with increased relationship-contingent self-esteem, increased negative evaluations of sexual experience, and an increased likelihood of experiencing passionate love. This analysis argues that parasocial romantic attachments are a common aspect of adolescent development, with potential implications for sexual socialization.
A Cooperative Management Scheme for Power Efficient Implementations of Real-Time Operating Systems on Soft Processors (2007)

A cooperative management scheme for power efficient implementations of real-time operating systems on field-programmable gate-array (FPGA)-based soft processors is presented. Dedicated power management hardware peripherals are tightly coupled to a soft processor by utilizing its configurability. These hardware peripherals manage tasks and interrupts in cooperation with the soft processor, while retaining the real-time responsiveness of the operating system. More specifically, the hardware peripherals perform the following power management functionalities: (1) control the on-chip clock distribution network for driving the soft processor, its hardware peripherals, and the bus interfaces between them; (2) perform task and interrupt management responsibilities of the operating system when the soft processor is turned off; and (3) selectively wake up the soft processor and its hardware components, and put them into proper activation states based on the hardware resource requirements of the tasks under execution. The implementations of two popular real-time operating systems on a state-of-the-art FPGA device are presented. Measurements on an experimental board show that the proposed power management scheme can lead to significant power savings.
Techniques for ensuring the correct length of new mitral chords. (2003)

Repair of degenerative mitral insufficiency has extensively been shown to be superior to replacement. In the majority of cases, the culprit lesion is limited to the posterior mitral leaflet (PML), which is treated with quadrangular resection of the prolapsing PML, annular plication of the corresponding segment of the annulus, and prosthetic annuloplasty. Anterior mitral leaflet (AML) prolapse is less common and is not always considered an indication for repair despite availability of a variety of surgical maneuvers specifically designed for its treatment. Although reliable if properly performed, chordal shortening at the papillary muscle level is technically demanding. Chordal transfer from the PML with the 'flip-over' technique is highly reproducible, but limited by the very frequent presence of an abnormal PML. Although feasible, transfer of an anterior basal chord to the prolapsing free edge assumes that the basal chords can be sectioned with impunity. More recently, chord replacement with expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) sutures has become increasingly popular because of its availability, theoretical simplicity, and demonstrated long-term durability. Although papillary and leaflet anchoring of the neo-chord has not been shown to be a problem, the determination of its appropriate length remains intuitive and based on personal experience. Here, simple surgical maneuvers designed to ensure safe and reproducible results of single or multiple chord replacement with PTFE sutures are described.
Selective Participation of Methane in Olefin Upgrading over Pd/ZSM‐5 and Ir/ZSM‐5: Investigation using Deuterium Enriched Methane (2017)

Abstract The upgrading of olefins under methane environment is a promising process. Not only is the olefin content reduced, which is critical for the storage and transportation of oil products, but also are high value‐added products produced from methane. The study on the reaction intermediates during this process is crucial for a better understanding of the involved catalytic reaction mechanism as well as catalyst development. Catalysts that displayed high selectivity towards olefin upgrading including Ir/ZSM‐5 and Pd/ZSM‐5 in our previous research are studied in this work. CD 4 is employed as the methane source in the reaction to track the evolution of hydrogen in the methane molecule. The significant change of the allylic hydrogen peak on 1 H NMR spectra upon CD 4 introduction demonstrates that the hydrogen sites on the carbon atoms adjacent to the double bond moieties are selectively occupied by deuterium atoms, suggesting that these sites are preferred by methane hydrogen atoms and may play a key role in the reaction pathway. The evolution of methane and the interaction between methane and olefin over the catalyst are observed in the DRIFT spectra. The IR resonance due to O−D stretching of the terminal silanol hydroxyl group at 2753 cm −1 is observed under CD 4 environment, while the O−D stretching of bridging hydroxyl group is not detected, indicating the interaction between methane and the catalyst is highly selective, which may contribute to the high selectivity in methane hydrogen evolution.
Self-Assembly-Induced Alternately Stacked Single-Layer MoS<sub>2</sub> and N-doped Graphene: A Novel van der Waals Heterostructure for Lithium-Ion Batteries (2016)

In this article, a simple self-assembly strategy for fabricating van der Waals heterostructures from isolated two-dimensional atomic crystals is presented. Specifically, dopamine (DOPA), an excellent self-assembly agent and carbon precursor, was adsorbed on exfoliated MoS2 monolayers through electrostatic interaction, and the surface-modified monolayers self-assembled spontaneously into DOPA-intercalated MoS2. The subsequent in situ conversion of DOPA to highly conductive nitrogen-doped graphene (NDG) in the interlayer space of MoS2 led to the formation of a novel NDG/MoS2 nanocomposite with well-defined alternating structure. The NDG/MoS2 was then studied as an anode for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). The results show that alternating arrangement of NDG and MoS2 triggers synergistic effect between the two components. The kinetics and cycle life of the anode are greatly improved due to the enhanced electron and Li(+) transport as well as the effective immobilization of soluble polysulfide by NDG. A reversible capacity of more than 460 mAh/g could be delivered even at 5 A/g. Moreover, the abundant voids created at the MoS2-NDG interface also accommodate the volume change during cycling and provide additional active sites for Li(+) storage. These endow the NDG/MoS2 heterostructure with low charge-transfer resistance, high sulfur reservation, and structural robustness, rendering it an advanced anode material for LIBs.
Predictive Impact of Circulating Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Four Phase III Trials Evaluating Bevacizumab (2012)

In this comprehensive evaluation, pretreatment total circulating VEGF-A was prognostic for outcome in metastatic colorectal, lung, and renal cell cancers, but it was not predictive for bevacizumab-based treatment benefit.