gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
[Family planning as a determinant of individual and community health]. (1991)

The most recent contraceptive prevalence survey in Colombia indicated that over 2/3 of couples at risk of conception used some contraceptive method in 1990. This figure is close to the 80% or over common in developed countries and far exceeds the rates of 10% or even less in sub-Saharan African countries. Colombia's prevalence rate of around 15% in 1965, the 1st year of institutionalized family planning programs, included many users of ineffective traditional methods. Family planning, the possibility of determining the number and spacing of children, can be analyzed from various perspectives including its legal foundation as a human right and the demographic benefits of reproductive moderation. A stable population size would substantially simplify the problems of health, education, housing, and employment faced by developing countries. From a humanitarian perspective, family planning satisfies the ancient desire of human beings to separate reproduction and sex and also opens the door to different techniques of medically assisted conception. Some of the most significant benefits of family planning are those in the area of health. The positive effects on maternal and infant health and survival of avoiding pregnancy at the extremes of the reproductive period as well as pregnancies that are too numerous or closely spaced are now recognized. Colombia's infant mortality rate has fallen from 100/1000 live births in 1965 to 24 in 1990. Many factors besides family planning were involved, and the exact contribution of higher educational levels of mothers, use of oral rehydration therapy, promotion of breastfeedings, greater availability of potable water, and vaccination programs as well as of family planning are difficult to assess. But it is clear that child survival programs that neglect to include modern contraception as a principal component are shortsighted. Infants of adolescent mothers face mortality rates that are 15-40% higher than those of mothers over 20. Beyond 35 years, the risk of producing offspring with genetic disorders or other serious pathologies begins to rise sharply. The mortality risk of these infants is 20% higher than among those of younger mothers. Too close spacing of infants increases the risk of mortality through 2 principal mechanisms; the mother's body has insufficient time to recover from the 1st birth, consequently increasing the risk of low-birth weight and associated morbidity and mortality, and the older child is prematurely weaned and otherwise displaced by the younger child. The maternal risk of death in developing countries is estimated to increase by 30% with each succeeding pregnancy. Simply avoiding births before 20 years and after 35 would lead to decline of 20-25% in the maternal death rate.
A new dimension for the Unix® file system (1990)

This paper describes the two primary components of what we refer to as the 3-D file system. The first component is version files, which allows multiple versions of a single file to coexist. The concept of viewpathing is introduced followed by a description of the second component of the 3-D file system, transparent viewpathing. Finally, we describe our implementation and future directions.
Structural and optical properties of methylammonium lead iodide across the tetragonal to cubic phase transition: implications for perovskite solar cells (2015)

We report optical measurements on MAPbI<sub>3</sub>solar cells, together with<italic>ab initio</italic>simulations, to investigate the material property changes across the tetragonal to cubic phase transition.
A Direct Synthesis of Aromatic Nitriles from Methylaromatic Compounds by Ammoxidation on DC-108 Catalyst (1999)

Abstract Aromatic nitriles were prepared from corresponding methylaromatic compounds by ammoxidation on DC-108 catalyst, giving 51-89% in yield. This method is simple and convenient without pollution.
An epigenetic biomarker combination of PCDH17 and POU4F2 detects bladder cancer accurately by methylation analyses of urine sediment DNA in Han Chinese (2015)

To develop a routine and effectual procedure of detecting bladder cancer (BlCa), an optimized combination of epigenetic biomarkers that work synergistically with high sensitivity and specificity is necessary. In this study, methylation levels of seven biomarkers (EOMES, GDF15, NID2, PCDH17, POU4F2, TCF21, and ZNF154) in 148 individuals-which including 58 urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) patients, 20 infected urinary calculi (IUC) patients, 20 kidney cancer (KC) patients,20 prostate cancer (PC) patients, and 30 healthy volunteers (HV)-were quantified by qMSP using the urine sediment DNA. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated for each biomarker. The combining predictors of possible combinations were calculated through logistic regression model. Subsequently, ROC curves of the three best performing combinations were constructed. Then, we validated the three best performing combinations and POU4F2 in another 72 UCC, 21 IUC, 26 KC and 22 PC, and 23 HV urine samples. The combination of POU4F2/PCDH17 has yielded the highest sensitivity and specificity of 90.00% and 93.96% in all the 312 individuals, showing the capability of detecting BlCa effectively among pathologically varied sample groups.
Track-before-detect performance for a high PRF search mode (2002)

The performance of a four-stage track-before-detect algorithm used for an X-band high pulse repetitive frequency (PRF) search mode is evaluated. A dynamic programming algorithm is used to noncoherently integrate over resolution cells lying along each potential target path, and path sums are compared to a threshold to determine if a target is present. Given a threshold setting that results in a false track generation rate of 10/sup 6/ per resolution cell, track detections are obtained with probability 0.5 at a signal-to-noise ratio of about 8.7 dB for a target closing at 2.5 nmi per revisit time, assuming a Swerling I or II Rayleigh signal plus noise model as measured after transforming to Doppler-range space. For the same threshold setting, 90% of the tracks were detected at signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) of 9.6 dB or smaller. If the closing range is decreased to 0.25 nmi per revisit time, then track detections occur with probability 0.5 at a SNR of 8.1 dB, and 90% of the tracks were detected at SNRs of 5.5 dB smaller.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Stability of Hydrocarbon Fuel Cell Membranes: Reaction of Hydroxyl Radicals with Sulfonated Phenylated Polyphenylenes (2019)

The perceived poor durability of hydrocarbon polymer electrolyte membranes remains a significant hurdle for the integration of nonfluorous, solid polymer electrolytes into electrochemical systems such as fuel cells. In order to elucidate the mechanism of free radical degradation in a promising class of hydrocarbon polymer electrolyte membranes based on sulfonated phenylated polyphenylenes (sPPP), we synthesized and studied the degradation of a structurally analogous oligophenylene model compound in the presence of hydroxyl radicals using NMR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. Degradation is demonstrated to be initiated by the oxidation of pendant phenyl rings to carboxylic acids, which form fluorenone substructures via intramolecular reaction with a juxtaposed phenyl ring. Upon further oxidation, these substructures can lead to ring-opening of a core phenyl ring which, if occurring in sPPP, leads to chain-scission of the polymer backbone. In keeping with this hypothesis, molecular weights of sPPP are found to decrease when subject to hydroxyl radicals. Although degraded polymer NMR spectra remain unchanged, resonances consistent with the elimination of sulfobenzoic acid emerge.
The importance of plasmin in Swiss-type cheese ripening. (1990)

Analyse in vitro de l'hydrolyse des proteines du lait par la presure, le levain et la plasmine au cours de l'affinage. On identifie les caseines-γ et les proteoses-peptones comme molecules caracteristiques de l'hydrolyse par la plasmine
Friction compensation in low and high-reversal-velocity manipulators (2004)

In this paper, friction compensation in robotic manipulators is studied. An observer based model of the friction force is utilized for the friction compensation algorithm. In order to evaluate the efficiency of this method two different manipulators with different friction characteristics are examined. A 2-DOF manipulator used for high-speed, micro-meter precision manipulation and a 4-DOF macro manipulator used for long reach positioning task are examined. These manipulators are characterized, according to compensation task classifications (Armstrong, B. et al., 1994), as high-reversal-velocity and low-reversal-velocity tracking tasks, respectively. In each case a steady-state model of friction is experimentally obtained. This model is further utilized in dynamic equations of the friction force during manipulation. It is shown that despite the different nature of the two manipulators the same method can effectively improve the speed and performance of the manipulation in both cases.
AmbientDB: P2P data management middleware for ambient intelligence (2004)

The future generation of consumer electronics devices is envisioned to provide automatic cooperation between devices and run applications that are sensitive to people's likings, personalized to their requirements, anticipatory of their behavior and responsive to their presence. We see this 'ambient intelligence' as a key feature of future pervasive computing. We focus here on one of the challenges in realizing this vision: information management. This entails integrating, querying, synchronizing and evolving structured data, on a heterogeneous and ad-hoc collection of (mobile) devices. Rather than hard-coding data management functionality in each individual application, we argue for adding high-level data management functionalities to the distributed middleware layer. Our ambientDB P2P database management system addresses this by providing a global database abstraction over an ad-hoc network of heterogeneous peers.
Essential Roles of COUP-TFII in Leydig Cell Differentiation and Male Fertility (2008)

Chicken Ovalbumin Upstream Promoter-Transcription Factor II (COUP-TFII; also known as NR2F2), is an orphan nuclear receptor of the steroid/thyroid hormone receptor superfamily. COUP-TFII-null mice die during the early embryonic development due to angiogenesis and cardiovascular defects. To circumvent the early embryonic lethality and investigate the physiological function of COUP-TFII, we knocked out COUP-TFII gene in a time-specific manner by using a tamoxifen inducible Cre recombinase. The ablation of COUP-TFII during pre-pubertal stages of male development results in infertility, hypogonadism and spermatogenetic arrest. Homozygous adult male mutants are defective in testosterone synthesis, and administration of testosterone could largely rescue the mutant defects. Notably, the rescued results also provide the evidence that the major function of adult Leydig cell is to synthesize testosterone. Further phenotypic analysis reveals that Leydig cell differentiation is arrested at the progenitor cell stage in the testes of null mice. The failure of testosterone to resumption of Leydig cell maturation in the null mice indicates that COUP-TFII itself is essential for this process. In addition, we identify that COUP-TFII plays roles in progenitor Leydig cell formation and early testis organogenesis, as demonstrated by the ablation of COUP-TFII at E18.5. On the other hand, when COUP-TFII is deleted in the adult stage after Leydig cells are well differentiated, there are no obvious defects in reproduction and Leydig cell function. Taken together, these results indicate that COUP-TFII plays a major role in differentiation, but not the maintenance of Leydig cells.
Freezing of plasma and recovery of factor VIII (1986)

The freezing procedure and its influence on the plasma quality was studied with a new plasma container and freezing bath and compared with the results from those obtained with commonly used equipment. Cryoprecipitation was performed on plasma pools frozen at three different rates, and quality and recovery of the cryoprecipitates were determined by analysis of factor VIII, factor VIII-related antigen (vWF:Ag), and fibrinogen. The plasma freezing time was 95 and 65 percent shorter with a new -40 degrees C freezing bath as compared to -25 and -80 degrees C freezing boxes, respectively. A further 30 percent reduction of the plasma freezing time was gained by the introduction of a new flat 750-ml plasma container. Rapid plasma freezing prevented substantial loss of factor VIII in frozen plasma. Cryoprecipitate purity measured as factor VIII-to-fibrinogen ratio increased from 0.50 to 0.82 (IU/mg) when the freezing time was decreased from 10 hours to 45 minutes, although the recovery of factor VIII increased less. In summary, freezing of plasma in small flat containers in an effective ethanol bath resulted in rapid freezing with high recovery of factor VIII in plasma, and increased purity and recovery of subsequently processed cryoprecipitate. This freezing concept, adapted at Swedish blood banks, has contributed to higher source plasma quality and increased self-sufficiency.
Carbon-13 NMR determination of poly(propylene oxide) microstructure (1986)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTCarbon-13 NMR determination of poly(propylene oxide) microstructureFrederic C. Schilling and Alan E. TonelliCite this: Macromolecules 1986, 19, 5, 1337–1343Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1986Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1986https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ma00159a010https://doi.org/10.1021/ma00159a010research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1096Altmetric-Citations94LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Differential Thermal Analysis of Epoxide Reactions (1960)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDifferential Thermal Analysis of Epoxide ReactionsH. C. AndersonCite this: Anal. Chem. 1960, 32, 12, 1592–1595Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1960Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1960https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60168a013https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60168a013research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views184Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
PROCESSED PSEUDOGENES: CHARACTERISTICS AND EVOLUTION (1985)

The processed pseudogenes reported to date fall into three categories: those that are a complete copy of the mRNA transcribed from the functional gene, those that are only a partial copy of the corresponding mRNA, and those that contain sequences in addition to those expected to be present in the mRNA. The general structural characteristics of these processed pseudogenes include the complete lack of intervening sequences found in the functional counterparts, a poly A tract at the 3' end, and direct repeats flanking the pseudogene sequence. In all the cases studied, these pseudogenes have been found to be on a different chromosome from their functional counterpart. These characteristics have led investigators to suggest that an RNA intermediate, in many cases the mRNA of the functional gene, is involved in the production of these pseudogenes. The mechanism by which processed pseudogenes arose involves the integration of the mRNA, or its cDNA copy, into a staggered chromosome break, followed by DNA synthesis and repair. I suggest that all the transcripts that gave rise to these pseudogenes were actually produced in the germ line cell. The transcripts that gave rise to the processed pseudogenes that are direct copies of the corresponding mRNA resulted from RNA polymerase II transcription of the functional counterpart. Pseudogenes that are not a direct copy of the corresponding mRNA may have resulted from RNA polymerase III transcription. If this is indeed the case, one need not postulate the involvement of retroviruses to explain the presence of processed pseudogenes corresponding to genes that are not expressed in the germ line. Following the integration event, processed pseudogenes can no longer be transcribed to produce the functional mRNA from which they arose. This inability to be transcribed by RNA polymerase II is not surprising considering that processed pseudogenes seem to be randomly integrated into the genome. Therefore, integration of a processed pseudogene such that RNA polymerase II transcriptional promoters are correctly positioned 5' to the resultant pseudogene is an unlikely event. The presence of processed pseudogenes seems peculiar to mammals. In fact, evolutionary studies indicate that processed pseudogenes are of relatively recent origin. In fact, at least one processed pseudogene, the human DHFR psi 1, has been formed so recently that it is polymorphic.
Upregulation of <i>ERG</i> Genes in <i>Candida</i> Species by Azoles and Other Sterol Biosynthesis Inhibitors (2000)

Infections due to Candida albicans are usually treated with azole antifungals such as fluconazole, but treatment failure is not uncommon especially in immunocompromised individuals. Relatedly, in vitro studies demonstrate that azoles are nonfungicidal, with continued growth at strain-dependent rates even at high azole concentrations. We hypothesized that upregulation of ERG11, which encodes the azole target enzyme lanosterol demethylase, contributes to this azole tolerance in Candida species. RNA analysis revealed that ERG11 expression in C. albicans is maximal during logarithmic-phase growth and decreases as the cells approach stationary phase. Incubation with fluconazole, however, resulted in a two- to fivefold increase in ERG11 RNA levels within 2 to 3 h, and this increase was followed by resumption of culture growth. ERG11 upregulation also occurred following treatment with other azoles (itraconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, and miconazole) and was not dependent on the specific medium or pH. Within 1 h of drug removal ERG11 upregulation was reversed. Azole-dependent upregulation was not limited to ERG11: five of five ERG genes tested whose products function upstream and downstream of lanosterol demethylase in the sterol biosynthetic pathway were also upregulated. Similarly, ERG11 upregulation occurred following treatment of C. albicans cultures with terbinafine and fenpropimorph, which target other enzymes in the pathway. These data suggest a common mechanism for global ERG upregulation, e.g., in response to ergosterol depletion. Finally, azole-dependent ERG11 upregulation was demonstrated in three additional Candida species (C. tropicalis, C. glabrata, and C. krusei), indicating a conserved response to sterol biosynthesis inhibitors in opportunistic yeasts.
Design of CX-3543, a novel multi-targeting antitumor agent (2005)

2530 Selective targeting of cell signaling pathways has gained favor as a therapeutic strategy, as evidenced by the dramatic successes of molecular-targeting cancer drugs that are now known to act on a cluster of related targets (such as related tyrosine kinase enzymes). In a novel targeted therapeutic approach, a G-quadruplex DNA motif in the promoter regions of many well characterized oncogenes is targeted by a drug-like small molecule, CX-3543, which demonstrates in vivo efficacy in multiple solid tumor xenograft models. The design of CX-3543 utilized a fluoroquinolone core having DNA recognition properties. Medicinal chemistry efforts introduced drug-like moieties to achieve desirable molecular recognition and ADMET properties and to remove undesired activity against bacterial Gyrase and eukaryotic Topoisomerase enzymes. Using customized screening and molecular selectivity assays, CX-3543 was designed and optimized to bind to a parallel-type quadruplex with significant molecular selectivity relative to other types of quadruplex conformations or other forms of DNA. CX-3543 selectively binds to the quadruplex structures that form in the promoter regions of several major oncogenes including VEGF, PDGF-A, HIF-1a, H-Ras, c-Myc and others. CX-3543 displays no significant inhibition of liver CYP450 enzymes, demonstrates metabolic stability with human hepatocytes, and is non-mutagenic in the Ames genotoxicity test. Moreover, CX-3543 displays favorable pharmacokinetic properties in mice, rats and dogs, and is well tolerated in murine xenograft models at doses substantially above those needed to demonstrate an antitumor effect. In in vivo tests, CX-3543 inhibits tumor growth in pancreatic cancer (MiaPaCa), refractory prostate cancer (PC-3), and colorectal cancer (HCT-116) xenograft models. Clinical development is planned to test the safety and efficacy of CX-3543 in cancers with significant unmet medical needs, specifically in tumors driven by relevant oncogenes, including certain lymphomas and colorectal, renal, lung, prostate, ovarian, pancreatic and breast cancers.