gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fysieke belasting van brandweerwerk in relatie tot gezondheid, fitheid en inzetbaarheid van brandweermensen (2012)

Physical aspects of firefighting in relation to health, fitness and deployability of firefighters Based on state-of-the-art scientific knowledge, this article reviews the physical aspects of firefighting in relation to physical safety. Firefighting is known to be one of the most demanding occupations. Based on the ‘Occupational Demands Model’ the (physical) strain of firefighting is described. The physical demands of firefighting are determined by a combination of firefighting-specific efforts, the use of personal protective equipment and enviromental and climatological conditions. The effects on the firefighter depend on his/her health and fitness status as well as on his/her hydration and nutrition status and influences the repressive job performance. If the demands and the effects are not in balance, personal safety, health and effectivity of the firefighter’s deployment are in jeopardy and hence his/her physical safety. In the second part of the paper, the relationship between the physical demands of firefighting and health, fitness and deployability of firefighters are described. Finally, a method of maintaining deployability prior to, during and post firefighting activities or training through active recovery is described to improve the preparedness of the individual firefighter.
Tissue-Specific KO of ECM Proteins (2009)

Nearly 20 years after its first description, gene targeting and generation of transgenic mice by homologous recombination in embryonic stem cells still are cutting edge tools for the postgenomic era. Understanding the function of the large number of genes encoding extracellular matrix proteins and their cellular receptors appears a daunting task that can very much profit from a genetic approach. The generation of new mutant alleles remains essential to define the different biochemical properties of such proteins. While in the past, gene targeting represented a complex procedure, restricted to few laboratories, recent breakthroughs, such as the publication of the mouse genome sequence and the perfection of recombineering techniques in bacteria, made generation of transgenic mice faster and easier. This chapter will thus focus on the recent advances in gene-targeting technology with a special eye on the study of genes involved in cell adhesion and migration.
A Simple but Effective Demineralizing Method for Osteogenic Allograft Preparation (2005)

Bone regeneration with demineralized bone preparations has demonstrated its potential in grafting procedures in surgical disciplines of both medicine and dentistry. To improve the effectiveness in preparation and osteogenic regeneration, we developed a simple and rapid demineralizing method for osteogenic allograft preparation and evaluated its osteogenic effect using an ectopic bone formation assay. The rat diaphyseal cortical bones were demineralized in heated 0.6N HCl at 60° C for 10 to 30 mins using a controlled-heat ultrasonic cleaner, washed with sterilized distill water, and dehydrated with graded alcohol after 30% H2O2 treatment. The prepared grafts were implanted in rat dorsal subcutaneous pouches for 1-3 weeks and then the harvested tissue samples were prepared for routine light microscopic observation. The allografts demineralized with 60°C HCl for more than 20 mins in an ultrasonic condition were completely demineralized and effectively induced ectopic formation without specific pathologic findings. These findings suggest that demineralization with 60°C HCl for around 20 mins using a controlled-heat ultrasonic cleaner and dehydration with graded alcohol after short treatment with 30% H2O2 is a very simple but effective osteogenic allograft preparation method with minimal antigenicity and sterilizing effects.
Should negative electron affinities be used for evaluating the chemical hardness? (2010)

Despite recent advances in computing negative electron affinities using density-functional theory, it is an open issue as to whether it is appropriate to use negative electron affinities, instead of zero electron affinity, to compute the chemical hardness of atoms and molecules with metastable anions. We seek to answer this question using the accepted empirical rules linking the chemical hardness to the atomic size and the polarizability; we also propose a new correlation with the C6 London dispersion coefficient. For chemical reactivity in the gas phase, it seems to make no difference whether negative, or zero, electron affinities are used for systems with metastable anions. For reactions in solution the evidence that is presently available is insufficient to establish a preference. In addressing this issue, we noted that electron affinity data from which atomic chemical hardness values are computed are out of date; an update to Pearson's classic 1988 table [Inorg. Chem., 1988, 27, 734-740] is thus provided.
X-Ray Induced Photodynamic Therapy: A Combination of Radiotherapy and Photodynamic Therapy (2016)

Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT)'s clinical application is limited by depth of penetration by light. To address the issue, we have recently developed X-ray induced photodynamic therapy (X-PDT) which utilizes X-ray as an energy source to activate a PDT process. In addition to breaking the shallow tissue penetration dogma, our studies found more efficient tumor cell killing with X-PDT than with radiotherapy (RT) alone. The mechanisms behind the cytotoxicity, however, have not been elucidated. In the present study, we investigate the mechanisms of action of X-PDT on cancer cells. Our results demonstrate that X-PDT is more than just a PDT derivative but is essentially a PDT and RT combination. The two modalities target different cellular components (cell membrane and DNA, respectively), leading to enhanced therapy effects. As a result, X-PDT not only reduces short-term viability of cancer cells but also their clonogenecity in the long-run. From this perspective, X-PDT can also be viewed as a unique radiosensitizing method, and as such it affords clear advantages over RT in tumor therapy, especially for radioresistant cells. This is demonstrated not only in vitro but also in vivo with H1299 tumors that were either subcutaneously inoculated or implanted into the lung of mice. These findings and advances are of great importance to the developments of X-PDT as a novel treatment modality against cancer.
RELAXATION OF THE 10.6 μ CO2 LASER LEVELS BY COLLISIONS WITH H2 (1967)

Time characteristics of the afterglow gain of a pulsed CO2:H2 laser amplifier were investigated. Evidence shows that a rapid nonradiative transfer of population from the upper to the lower CO2 laser levels occurs at higher H2 pressures (P ≥ 2 torr). An absorption pulse on the order of 1 msec in duration following the initial gain period is attributed to population accumulation (or a bottleneck) at the 0101 level.
Status of high efficiency and high power ThinGaN<sup>®</sup>‐LED development (2009)

Abstract In this paper we report on the improvement of ThinGaN ® ‐PowerLED structures in epitaxy, chip design, phosphor efficiency and package design. The brightness of these devices increased by a factor of 4 over the last 4 years. We demonstrate 604 mW blue (440 nm; 3,24 V; 53% WPE), 129 lm cool‐white light (5000 K; 3,25 V, 113 lm/W) and 88.2 lm warm‐white (3200 K; 74.4 lm/W; CRI 80) emission for 1mm 2 ‐chip Dragon power LEDs at 350 mA operation. In an advanced device we realized values of 643 mW blue (440 nm; 3,24 V; 350 mA; WPE: 57%) and 155 lm white (5000 K, 350 mA, 3,24 V, 136 lm/W) emission. To our knowledge these are the highest brightness and efficacy values reported in literature. Also at 1.4 A operation current the performance of these multi quantum well epitaxy based structures is superior to the values reported for double heterostructure epitaxy based structures. By combination of phosphor converted white and red 1 mm 2 chip LEDs we realized a 3000 K warm white emitting device with 100 lm/W, CRI 90 and 850 lm emission. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Spatial, Temporal, and Species Variation in Prevalence of Influenza A Viruses in Wild Migratory Birds (2007)

Although extensive data exist on avian influenza in wild birds in North America, limited information is available from elsewhere, including Europe. Here, molecular diagnostic tools were employed for high-throughput surveillance of migratory birds, as an alternative to classical labor-intensive methods of virus isolation in eggs. This study included 36,809 samples from 323 bird species belonging to 18 orders, of which only 25 species of three orders were positive for influenza A virus. Information on species, locations, and timing is provided for all samples tested. Seven previously unknown host species for avian influenza virus were identified: barnacle goose, bean goose, brent goose, pink-footed goose, bewick's swan, common gull, and guillemot. Dabbling ducks were more frequently infected than other ducks and Anseriformes; this distinction was probably related to bird behavior rather than population sizes. Waders did not appear to play a role in the epidemiology of avian influenza in Europe, in contrast to the Americas. The high virus prevalence in ducks in Europe in spring as compared with North America could explain the differences in virus-host ecology between these continents. Most influenza A virus subtypes were detected in ducks, but H13 and H16 subtypes were detected primarily in gulls. Viruses of subtype H6 were more promiscuous in host range than other subtypes. Temporal and spatial variation in influenza virus prevalence in wild birds was observed, with influenza A virus prevalence varying by sampling location; this is probably related to migration patterns from northeast to southwest and a higher prevalence farther north along the flyways. We discuss the ecology and epidemiology of avian influenza A virus in wild birds in relation to host ecology and compare our results with published studies. These data are useful for designing new surveillance programs and are particularly relevant due to increased interest in avian influenza in wild birds.
Combined Vemurafenib and Cobimetinib in <i>BRAF</i> -Mutated Melanoma (2014)

The addition of cobimetinib to vemurafenib was associated with a significant improvement in progression-free survival among patients with BRAF V600-mutated metastatic melanoma, at the cost of some increase in toxicity. (Funded by F. Hoffmann-La Roche/Genentech; coBRIM ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01689519.).
PMAC motor control strategy, based on the instantaneous active and reactive power, for ripple-torque and copper-losses minimization (2002)

A new strategy, based on the instantaneous reactive power theory, to control a permanent magnet AC motor (PMACM) is proposed. This strategy allows controlling the motoring torque and, simultaneously, minimizing ripple torque and copper-losses. Its practical implementation can be accomplished with a simple software and hardware scheme. To exemplify the proposal, the case of an axial-flux PMACM with a quasi-trapezoidal back-EMF is presented and some simulation results are shown.
Single- and Dual-Band Power Dividers Integrated With Bandpass Filters (2012)

This paper presents a novel device integrating a power divider with two bandpass filters. It is capable of splitting power and selecting frequency at the same time. The phase shift of the filter is found to be ±90° at the center frequency. Therefore, when it is matched to 70.7 Ω, it can replace the conventional quarter-wave length transmission line in the power divider. The isolation elements are loaded at the filters' open ends to get a good isolation between the output ports. As a result, both the transmission and isolation property are satisfied. The equivalent even- and odd-mode circuits of the proposed structure are analyzed and design equations are derived. They are used to guide the design of the devices. For demonstration, filter-integrated power dividers with single- and dual-band operation are implemented, respectively. Comparisons of the measured and simulated results are presented to verify the theoretical predications.
Promoter-glutathione S-transferase Ya cDNA hybrid genes. Expression and conferred resistance to an alkylating molecule in mammalian cells. (1987)

Promoter-glutathione S-transferase Ya cDNA hybrid genes were constructed and analyzed to determine the efficiency with which the Ya coding sequence was transcribed and also to determine the associated levels of Ya-specific enzyme activity in mammalian cells which had received the hybrid gene constructs via electroporation. Promoter-containing fragments from either the SV40 early region or the herpes simplex thymidine kinase gene were positioned 5' to the Ya cDNA present in the pGTB38 plasmid. Both promoters supported transcription in in vitro run-off incubations containing a rat cell extract. Efficient transcription was also observed in both monkey Cos cells and mouse C3H/10T1/2 cells. Constructs containing the SV40 promoter and a residual portion of the homopolymeric G tail used in the original Ya cDNA cloning consistently gave 4-50-fold higher levels of transcript than other promoter-cDNA configurations. Associated with transcription of the hybrid gene was the appearance of a glutathione S-transferase YaYa-specific enzyme activity (delta 5-androstene-3,17-dione isomerization) in cytosols of cells electroporated with the hybrid genes. 50-260-fold increases in Ya-specific enzyme activity were found in Cos or C3H/10T1/2 cells containing multiple, episomal copies of the plasmid constructs; enzyme levels dropped in cells containing fewer, integrated plasmid copies. When a mixed population of Cos cells containing YaYa overexpressing cells was treated with benzo(a)pyrene (+/-)-anti-diol epoxide, a cytotoxic alkylating molecule and known YaYa substrate, a 20-30-fold enrichment in clones of YaYa overexpressing cells was seen among those cells which survived the treatment. The results clearly indicate that glutathione S-transferase isozymes can be overexpressed in mammalian cells and that this is accompanied by significant biological resistance to a known alkylating molecule.
Molecular Aspects of Boundary Lubrication by Human Lubricin:  Effect of Disulfide Bonds and Enzymatic Digestion (2007)

Lubricin (LUB) is a glycoprotein of the synovial cavity of human articular joints, where it serves as an antiadhesive, boundary lubricant, and regulating factor for the cartilage surface. It has been proposed that these properties are related to the presence of a long, extended, heavily glycosylated and highly hydrated mucinous domain in the central part of the LUB molecule. In this work, we show that LUB has a contour length of 220 +/- 30 nm and a persistence length of < or =10 nm. LUB molecules aggregate in oligomers where the protein extremities are linked by disulfide bonds. We have studied the effect of proteolytic digestion by chymotrypsin and removal of the disulfide bonds, both of which mainly affect the N- and C- terminals of the protein, on the adsorption, normal forces, friction (lubrication) forces, and wear of LUB layers adsorbed on smooth, negatively charged mica surfaces, where the protein naturally forms lubricating polymer brush-like layers. After in situ digestion, the surface coverage was drastically reduced, the normal forces were altered, and both the coefficient of friction and the wear were dramatically increased (the COF increased to mu = 1.1-1.9), indicating that the mucinous domain was removed from the surface. Removal of disulfide bonds did not change the surface coverage or the overall features of the normal forces; however, we find an increase in the friction coefficient from mu = 0.02-0.04 to mu = 0.13-1.17 in the pressure regime below 6 atm, which we attribute to a higher affinity of the protein terminals for the surface. The necessary condition for LUB to be a good lubricant is that the protein be adsorbed to the surface via its terminals, leaving the central mucin domain free to form a low-friction, surface-protecting layer. Our results suggest that this "end-anchoring" has to be strong enough to impart the layer a sufficient resistance to shear, but without excessively restricting the conformational freedom of the adsorbed proteins.
Darlington's contributions to transistor circuit design (1999)

Darlington is credited with the discovery and initial demonstration in the early 1950's of what ever since has been known as the Darlington transistor pair, or simply the Darlington transistor or Darlington pair. This article provides examples of Darlington's wide-ranging technical interests and his creativity addressed to the solution of real engineering problems.
High-mobility poly-Si TFT's fabricated by a novel excimer laser crystallization method (1992)

High-mobility poly-Si TFTs (thin-film transistors) were fabricated by a novel excimer-laser crystallization method using dual-beam irradiation. The field effect mobility of the TFT was as high as 380 cm/sup 2//V-s. The origin of high mobility was the large grain size (2 mu m) of poly-Si film obtained by the method used. Si(50 nm)/SiO/sub 2/(80 nm)/Si(100 nm) structure was deposited over a quartz substrate and irradiated by an ArF excimer laser at 300 mJ/cm/sup 2/ on both front and back surfaces at the same time. Bottom-gate TFTs were fabricated using the top Si layers as active layer; SiO/sub 2/ and bottom Si layers were used as gate insulator and gate electrode, respectively; aluminum as source/drain electrodes were directly deposited over the active layer.
Complement (C3b) interaction with the human granulocyte receptor: correlation of binding of fluid-phase radiolabeled ligand with histaminase release. (1982)

The interaction of C3b, the major cleavage product of C3, with its receptor on human granulocytes results in important biological functions, including phagocytosis, superoxide generation, and release of a variety of enzymes, including histaminase. We have determined the binding kinetics and isotherm of trypsin-generated fluid-phase dimeric C3b at both 0 degrees C and 37 degrees C using human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN). At 37 degrees C the apparent number of receptors per cell was threefold greater than number at 0 degrees C (66,000 vs 21,000), and the affinity (Ka) was slightly less (3.5 X 10(7) M-1 vs 6 x 10(7) M-1). C3b dimer binding was specifically inhibited by a F(ab,)2 anti-C3b receptor antibody. C3b dimer induced histaminase release in a dose-dependent fashion at a concentration of 1 to 4 X 10(7) molecules/cell, whereas at lower concentrations a dose-dependent inhibition of opsonized zymosan-induced release was noted. These effects were independent of IgG. In contrast, C3b monomer failed to demonstrate measurable direct binding or to induce histaminase release. Histaminase release, however, did occur after incubation of PMN with affinity-linked monomer (anti-C3 F(ab')2-C3b complexes). Monovalent complexes did not affect release. Monomeric C3, C3c, and C3d were without effect; however, affinity-linked C3 and C3c did cause release.
Synthesis of macrocyclic and medium-ring dithia compounds using caesium thiolates (1980)

J. Buter and R. M. Kellogg, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., 1980, 466 DOI: 10.1039/C39800000466
Conductive polymer blends prepared by in situ polymerization of pyrrole: A review (1997)

Abstract Electrically conductive polymer blends can be prepared by in situ polymerization of pyrrole within another polymer matrix. This may be accomplished using either electrochemical or chemical oxidative polymerization. This paper reviews the literature on this subject.
mTOR Activation, Lymphangiogenesis, and Estrogen-Mediated Cell Survival: The “Perfect Storm” of Pro-Metastatic Factors in LAM Pathogenesis (2010)

Research interest in lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) has grown dramatically in the past decade, particularly among cancer biologists. There are at least two reasons for this: first, the discovery in the year 2000 that LAM cells carry TSC2 gene mutations, linking LAM with cellular pathways including the PI3K/Akt/mTOR axis, and allowing the Tuberous Sclerosis Complex (TSC)-regulated pathways that are believed to underlie LAM pathogenesis to be studied in cells, yeast, Drosophila, and mice. A second reason for the rising interest in LAM is the discovery that LAM cells can travel to the lung, including repopulating a donor lung after lung transplantation, despite the fact that LAM cells are histologically benign. This "benign metastasis" underpinning suggests that elucidating LAM pathogenesis will unlock a set of fundamental mechanisms that underlie metastatic potential in the context of a cell that has not yet undergone malignant transformation. Here, we will outline the data supporting the metastatic model of LAM, consider the biochemical and cellular mechanisms that may enable LAM cells to metastasize, including both cell autonomous and non-cell autonomous factors, and highlight a mouse model in which estrogen promotes the metastasis and survival of TSC2-deficient cells in a MEK-dependent manner. We propose a multistep model of LAM cell metastasis that highlights multiple opportunities for therapeutic intervention. Taken together, the metastatic behavior of LAM cells and the involvement of tumor-related signaling pathways lead to optimism that cancer-related paradigms for diagnosis, staging, and therapy will lead to therapeutic breakthroughs for women living with LAM.
A new perspective on behavioral inconsistency and neural noise in aging: compensatory speeding of neural communication (2012)

This paper seeks to present a new perspective on the aging brain. Here, we make connections between two key phenomena of brain aging: (1) increased neural noise or random background activity; and (2) slowing of brain activity. Our perspective proposes the possibility that the slowing of neural processing due to decreasing nerve conduction velocities leads to a compensatory speeding of neuron firing rates. These increased firing rates lead to a broader distribution of power in the frequency spectrum of neural oscillations, which we propose, can just as easily be interpreted as neural noise. Compensatory speeding of neural activity, as we present, is constrained by the: (A) availability of metabolic energy sources; and (B) competition for frequency bandwidth needed for neural communication. We propose that these constraints lead to the eventual inability to compensate for age-related declines in neural function that are manifested clinically as deficits in cognition, affect, and motor behavior.
Factors Influencing Glucoraphanin and Sulforaphane Formation in Brassica Plants: A Review (2012)

Sulforaphane is a type of sulfur-containing isothiocyanates hydrolyzed from glucosinolates by myrosinase found in Brassica plants. Sulforaphane is a naturally occurring inducer of phase II enzymes in human and animal bodies to detoxify cancer-causing chemicals. Glucoraphanin is the precursor of sulforaphane and its content is greatly influenced by plant species and genotype, plant organs, pre-harvest factors, and post-harvest processing, thus sulforaphane formation is also directly influenced. Here, we review the formation mechanism of sulforaphane and the factors influencing sulforaphane formation. In the end, the future directions are also discussed.
Personalization of interactive objects in the GMF4iTV project (2004)

Abstract. This paper describes the personalization mechanism that is being implemented in the GMF4iTV Project. GMF4iTV is a European project which aims at developing the techniques to create television programs with interactive objects using the DVB-MHP platform. Interactive objects are moving areas of the TV screen (generally superposed to characters, objects in the scene, or specific spots) with associated metadata. When the user selects one of these objects, the associated metadata is displayed. Personalization is used for both object and associated metadata selection. This paper describes the current version of the GMF4iTV prototype. 1