gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Multistage carcinogenesis in the skin. (1996)

The multistage evolution of squamous cell cancer on mouse skin has provided a model to dissect the biological and genetic changes that contribute to specific stages of carcinogenesis. Keratinocyte cell culture models have been developed that reproduce the genetic and epigenetic events in multistage skin carcinogenesis, and these provide insights into the biochemistry of the process. When the v-rasHa oncogene is transduced into normal mouse keratinocytes, the resultant papilloma phenotype is characterized by a high rate of cell proliferation, an aberrant program of differentiation marker expression, and resistance to terminal differentiation. These changes are attributed to differential effects on isoforms of protein kinase C coupled to activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor. Premalignant progression requires additional genetic changes in the v-rasHa-transduced cells. The acquisition of these changes is suppressed by transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta), and the absence of TGF beta in premalignant tumors indicates a high risk for malignant progression. Keratinocytes that are genetically null for the TGF beta 1 gene rapidly progress to squamous cell carcinomas when transduced with the v-rasHa oncogene. In culture, TGF beta 1 null keratinocytes exhibit a high rate of gene amplification that can be suppressed by concentrations of exogenous TGF beta well below those required to inhibit proliferation. This model is well-suited to identifying critical genetic changes that contribute to premalignant progression.
Comparison of spermatozoal movement and semen characteristics with fertility in stallions: 64 cases (1987-1988) (1992)

Information pertaining to evaluation of single ejaculates of semen and records for 2 consecutive breeding seasons were obtained. In all, data for 99 individual breeding seasons (n = 43 Standardbreds and 56 Thoroughbreds) were evaluated. Included in each semen evaluation was examination of semen characteristics and computer-aided analysis of spermatozoal movement characteristics. On the basis of the analysis of breeding records for 4,175 mares (7,017 estrous cycles), a per-estrous cycle fertility rate was calculated from data for 96 of the breeding seasons. Stallions with lower fertility than the mean overall season fertility had significantly (P less than 0.01) lower mean values for subjective appraisal of the percentage of motile and progressively motile spermatozoa and for percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa. Lower mean values were obtained for computer-aided movement analysis of the percentage of motile and progressively motile spermatozoa, and for mean velocity of motile spermatozoa. Semen characteristics, including spermatozoal movement characteristics, and fertility were significantly (P less than 0.05) correlated for Thoroughbred and Standardbred stallions when analyzed individually and when data for both breeds were combined. Characteristics most highly correlated (P less than 0.01) with fertility data for both breeds combined were: subjective appraisal of the percentage of motile (r = 0.40) and progressively motile (r = 0.46) spermatozoa; percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa (r = 0.36); and computer-aided analysis of percentage of motile spermatozoa (r = 0.34). However, on the basis of evaluation of a single ejaculate for each stallion, the variation in these characteristics only accounted for approximately 20% of the observed variation in fertility rate.
Effects of endothelin and nitric oxide on organ injury, mesenteric ischemia, and survival in experimental models of septic shock. (2003)

The development of potent drugs to treat cardiopulmonary failure in sepsis, such as antibiotics and new immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches have not prevented sepsis from being a major health problem. Dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is an early event in septic shock. The recognition of endothelium-derived substances, such as nitric oxide and endothelin, important mediators of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, led to the proposal that pharmacological inhibition of nitric oxide and endothelin production could represent a useful strategy in the treatment of septic shock. Splanchnic ischemia and translocation of endotoxin from the gut to the circulation contributes significantly to the high mortality rate in sepsis-related syndromes. This vasoconstriction in the splanchnic circulation can be partially blocked by inducible nitric oxide synthase inhibitor aminoguanidine or endothelin receptor antagonist bosentan in experimental models of septic shock. It can be suggested that endothelin and nitric oxide may affect survival. Although septic shock is a highly complex pathophysiological state, the course of septic shock has different phases with different characteristics which need different (special) treatment strategy. The inhibition of nitric oxide production during hyperdynamic, earlier phase of sepsis combined with the blockade of endothelin receptors at a later stage during the hypodynamic, late phase appears to be a novel promising strategy for the therapy of septic shock. The aim of this review is to discuss the role of nitric oxide and endothelin in sepsis and the potential therapeutic implications of blockade of nitric oxide and endothelin as a target in treatment of human septic shock. Briefly the importance of timing of intervention is also emphasized.
Microentrapment of probiotic bacteria in a Ca<sup>2 +</sup>-induced whey protein gel and effects on their viability in a dynamic gastro-intestinal model (2005)

Entrapping probiotic bacteria in gels with ionic cross-linking is typically achieved with polysaccharides (alginate, pectin, carraghenan). In this study, whey proteins were used for this purpose by carrying out the Ca(2+)-induced gelation of pre-heated whey protein isolate (WPI). A Lactobacillus rhamnosus cell suspension was added in a denatured WPI solution in a 30 : 70 volume ratio. Gelation was carried out by extrusion of the cell suspension in a CaCl(2) solution. Beads of approximately 3 mm diameter were formed. The population in the beads was 8.0 x 10(8) cells g(-1). Entrapment efficiency in gel beads was 96%, with a survival level of 23%. Scanning electron microscopy of beads before freeze-drying showed a tight protein network containing encapsulated Lb. rhamnosus cells homogeneously distributed throughout the matrix. The survival to freeze-drying of the bead-entrapped cells was 41%. Viability of microentrapped cells in a dynamic gastro-intestinal (GI) model was studied and the results were compared to free cells freeze-dried in a milk-based cryoprotective solution, as well as in a pre-denatured WPI solution. Results showed that protein gelation provided protection against acidic conditions in the stomach after 90 min, as well as against bile after 30, 60 and 90 min in the duodenum. Moreover, the milk-based cryoprotective solution was equally effective after 90 min in the duodenum. It is concluded that the gelation of whey proteins induced by Ca(2+) ions can protect the cells against adverse conditions of the GI system. However, certain stages in the entrapment process, particularly extrusion in the solution of CaCl(2), still need to be optimized in order to reduce the mortality of the cells during gelation.
Mechanism for formation of whiskers on a flying magnetic recording slider (1994)

When large amounts of contaminant particles exist in magnetic hard disk drives, whiskers can form at the trailing end of the air bearing of the sliders. Through whisker formation, small particles can accumulate to form a mass comparable to the slider dimensions. Redeposition of these whiskers on the tapers of the slider can lead to a loss of air bearing and head crash. We present a systematic study of the whisker formation mechanism. By injecting fluorescent, spherical polystyrene-latex particles we find that virtually all particles in whiskers are deformed from the original spherical shape. This deformation indicates that particles must pass through the interface before they are collected in the whiskers. Whiskers grow at the tip and not at the base, and form an extension of the air bearing surface. Presence of liquid lubricant on the disk is necessary to form whiskers. The viscosity of the lubricant significantly affects whisker morphology and growth rate. The lower the viscosity, the faster the whisker growth, the shorter the life of the whisker, and the longer and thinner the whisker.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Complementary split ring resonator arrays for electromagnetic energy harvesting (2015)

This work demonstrates the viability of Ground-backed Complementary Split-Ring Resonator (G-CSRR) arrays with significant power conversion efficiency and bandwidth enhancement in comparison to the technology used in current electromagnetic energy harvesting systems. Through numerical full-wave analysis, we demonstrated correlation between either the resonance frequency or the input impedance of G-CSRR cells with the periodicity of the array. A comparative study of power harvesting efficiency through numerical analysis and laboratory measurement was presented where an array of G-CSRRs is compared to an array of microstrip patch antennas. We demonstrated that a G-CSRR array yields power conversion efficiency of 92%, which represents a significant improvement in comparison to the single G-CSRR reported in our earlier work.
The Diagnosis of Low-Grade Dysplasia in Barrett's Esophagus and Its Implications for Disease Progression (2000)

A high degree of interobserver variability is seen in the histological diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus-related LGD. Although the number of observations is low, a consensus diagnosis of LGD among GI pathologists suggests an increased risk of progression from LGD to HGD or carcinoma.
Benzobisthiazole‐Based Semiconducting Copolymers Showing Excellent Environmental Stability in High‐Humidity Air (2010)

New semiconducting copolymers based on benzobisthiazole show excellent environmental stability in high-humidity air, which is an unusual performance for semiconducting polymers, along with OFET mobilities of as high as 0.26 cm2/Vs, even with disordered thin-film structures. With these unique features, these new copolymers are fascinating materials with high processability, mobility, and stability as active layers for printable electronics.
Rostaporfin (Miravant Medical Technologies). (2002)

Pharmacia Corp, under license from Miravant Medical Technologies (formerly PDT Inc), is developing rostaporfin (SnET2, Purlytin), a light-activated cytotoxic drug developed as part of Miravant's PhotoPoint photodynamic therapy (PDT) program, for the potential treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration (AMD) [180314]. In January 2002, results of phase III trials indicated that rostaporfin had not met the primary efficacy endpoint for the wet form of AMD. At this time, a full review of the data was to be undertaken, and decisions about future development of the drug were to be made after additional analyses had been completed [435577]. The original licensing agreements included the development of rostaporfin for several ophthalmology, oncology and urology indications [289078], and for dermatological applications including certain skin cancers [267521]. However, in August 1998, Miravant reported that it no longer intended to pursue cutaneous metastatic breast cancer (CMBC), in order to focus on AMD [439372], [439384]. Also in 1998, studies in basal cell carcinoma and AIDS-related Kaposi's sarcoma were discontinued because of business considerations [439372]. Rostaporfin is activated by red light with a wavelength of 664 nm. It is injected into the patient, where it distributes and selectively binds to plasma lipoproteins, which are produced in high concentrations by hyperproliferating cells such as cancer cells. After 24 h, the targeted cells are stimulated by red light to activate the compound. This triggers the formation of toxic free radical species that destroy the cells without affecting the surrounding normal tissue [85236]. In January 2002, Credit Suisse First Boston estimated sales for Pharmacia of 40 million US dollars in 2003 and 80 million US dollars in 2004 [436118], while in the same month, Argus Research predicted peak annual sales for Pharmacia of less than 250 million US dollars[436279].
Self-Healing Polymeric Materials Using Epoxy/Mercaptan as the Healant (2008)

A self-healing system based on conventional epoxy resin was successfully developed in this work. Epoxy and its hardener mercaptan were microencapsulated as two-component healing agent, and then the microcapsules were embedded in epoxy matrix. Attractive healing effect can be acquired at low capsule content (e.g., 43.5% healing efficiency with 1 wt % capsules and 104.5% healing efficiency with 5 wt % capsules at 20 °C for 24 h). Since only a few healant proves to be sufficient for crack repairing, a better balance between strength and toughness restoration can thus be achieved. As a result of high flowability, fast consolidation, and molecular miscibility of the released healing agent consisting of epoxy and mercaptan, self-healing was allowed to proceed rapidly offering satisfactory repair effectiveness.
Role of T Lymphocytes in the Pathogenesis of<i>Chlamydia</i>Disease (2009)

Vaccines are needed to prevent the oculogenital diseases of Chlamydia trachomatis. Infected hosts develop immunity, although temporary, and experimental vaccines have yielded significant protective immunity in animal models, fueling the impetus for a vaccine. Because infections cause sequelae, the functional relationship between infection- and vaccine-induced immunity is unclear. We hypothesized that infection- and vaccine-induced immunity are functionally distinct, particularly in the ability to prevent sequelae. Chlamydia-immune mice, with immunity generated by either a previous infection or vaccination, exhibited a significant degree of protective immunity, marked by a lower-intensity, abbreviated course of infection. However, vaccinated mice were protected from infertility, whereas preinfected mice were not. Thus, infection-induced immunity does not prevent the pathologic process leading to infertility. Furthermore, T cell subsets, especially CD8 T cells, play a major role in Chlamydia-induced infertility. The results have important implications for the immunopathogenesis of chlamydial disease and new vaccine strategies.
Wnt5a Regulates Midbrain Dopaminergic Axon Growth and Guidance (2011)

During development, precise temporal and spatial gradients are responsible for guiding axons to their appropriate targets. Within the developing ventral midbrain (VM) the cues that guide dopaminergic (DA) axons to their forebrain targets remain to be fully elucidated. Wnts are morphogens that have been identified as axon guidance molecules. Several Wnts are expressed in the VM where they regulate the birth of DA neurons. Here, we describe that a precise temporo-spatial expression of Wnt5a accompanies the development of nigrostriatal projections by VM DA neurons. In mice at E11.5, Wnt5a is expressed in the VM where it was found to promote DA neurite and axonal growth in VM primary cultures. By E14.5, when DA axons are approaching their striatal target, Wnt5a causes DA neurite retraction in primary cultures. Co-culture of VM explants with Wnt5a-overexpressing cell aggregates revealed that Wnt5a is capable of repelling DA neurites. Antagonism experiments revealed that the effects of Wnt5a are mediated by the Frizzled receptors and by the small GTPase, Rac1 (a component of the non-canonical Wnt planar cell polarity pathway). Moreover, the effects were specific as they could be blocked by Wnt5a antibody, sFRPs and RYK-Fc. The importance of Wnt5a in DA axon morphogenesis was further verified in Wnt5a-/- mice, where fasciculation of the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) as well as the density of DA neurites in the MFB and striatal terminals were disrupted. Thus, our results identify a novel role of Wnt5a in DA axon growth and guidance.
Fluoro Compounds. II.<sup>1</sup> Reactions and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Some Fluorobromo Esters (1964)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTFluoro Compounds. II.1 Reactions and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Studies of Some Fluorobromo EstersAjay K. Bose, K. G. Das, and Phillip T. FunkeCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1964, 29, 5, 1202–1206Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1964Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1964https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01028a052https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01028a052research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views123Altmetric-Citations20LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Stance and gait in the hindlimb of a therocephalian mammal‐like reptile (1978)

The ilium, femur, tibia, fibula, astragalus and calcaneum of the therocephalian therapsid Regisaurus jacobi Mendrez are described. Functional consideration of the bones and particularly the nature of the hip, knee and ankle joints indicate that this animal was capable of at least two distinct gaits, a primitive, sprawling type and an advanced upright type. The ankle joint had a moveable articulation between the astragalus and the calcaneum analogous to that of the crocodiles. The possibility of such a multi‐gaited intermediate stage having occurred in the course of the evolution of the mammalian locomotory pattern is suggested.
Ribonucleotide reductase inhibitors as anticancer and antiviral agents (1987)

In all procaryotic and eucaryotic cells the synthesis of DNA requires a continuous supply of doexyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs). The formation of dNTPs can be either through the ‘de novo’ pathway utilizing ribonucleotides as precursors, or using preformed deoxyribonucleotides via the ‘salvage’ pathway [1,2] (see fig. 1). However, due to the limited pool size of the deoxyribonucleotides in mammalian cells, rapid synthesis is necessary for proper cell replication. In the early 1950’s, in vivo experiments with C14-labelled nucleosides in rats revealed that deoxyribonucleotides were formed by a direct reduction of ribonucleotides [3]. De novo synthesis of dNTPs requires the action of the redox enzyme ribonucleotides reductase (RR) (EC 1.17.4.1).
On the holographic 3D tracking of in vitro cells characterized by a highly-morphological change (2012)

Digital Holography (DH) in microscopic configuration is a powerful tool for the imaging of micro-objects contained into a three dimensional (3D) volume, by a single-shot image acquisition. Many studies report on the ability of DH to track particle, microorganism and cells in 3D. However, very few investigations are performed with objects that change severely their morphology during the observation period. Here we study DH as a tool for 3D tracking an osteosarcoma cell line for which extensive changes in cell morphology are associated to cell motion. Due to the great unpredictable morphological change, retrieving cell's position in 3D can become a complicated issue. We investigate and discuss in this paper how the tridimensional position can be affected by the continuous change of the cells. Moreover we propose and test some strategies to afford the problems and compare it with others approaches. Finally, results on the 3D tracking and comments are reported and illustrated.
Mesoporous Titanosilicate Molecular Sieves Prepared at Ambient Temperature by Electrostatic (S<sup>+</sup>I<sup>-</sup>, S<sup>+</sup>X<sup>-</sup>I<sup>+</sup>) and Neutral (S°I°) Assembly Pathways:  A Comparison of Physical Properties and Catalytic Activity for Peroxide Oxidations (1996)

Hexagonal mesoporous titanosilicates with distinguishable framework charges and textural mesoporosity, namely, Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-HMS, were prepared at ambient temperature by electrostatic and neutral assembly processes, respectively. Titanium incorporation at the 2 mol % level for both materials was accompanied by increases in lattice parameters and wall thicknesses, but the framework pore sizes remained unaffected. Cross-linking of the anionic framework of as-synthesized Ti-substituted MCM-41 prepared by electrostatic S+I- and S+X-I+ assembly pathways (where S+ is a quaternary ammonium surfactant and I- and I+ are ionic silicon precursors) was enhanced significantly by Ti substitution, as judged by 29Si MAS NMR. The neutral framework of as-synthesized Ti-HMS formed by S°I° assembly (where S° is a primary amine and I° is a neutral silicon precursor) exhibited the same high degree of cross-linking as the unsubstituted silica analog. UV−vis and XANES spectra for the calcined forms of Ti-MCM-41 and Ti-HMS indicated (i) the presence of site-isolated Ti species in the framework, (ii) predominantly tetrahedral coordination for Ti, along with some rehydrated five- and six-coordinated sites, and (iii) Ti siting that was virtually independent of the framework assembly pathway. All mesoporous molecular sieves exhibited catalytic activities superior to that of titanium silicalite for the liquid phase peroxide oxidations of methyl methacrylate, styrene, and 2, 6-di-tert-butylphenol. The exceptional catalytic activity in the case of Ti-HMS, especially toward larger substrates, was attributable to the small crystallite size and complementary textural mesoporosity that facilitates substrate access to framework Ti sites.
Gene and protein expression profile of naive and osteo-chondrogenically differentiated rat bone marrow-derived mesenchymal progenitor cells (2009)

Adult mesenchymal progenitor cells (MPCs) are adherent stromal cells of non-haematopoietic origin derived from bone marrow and other tissues. Upon limited in vitro expansion, they retain their self-renewal capacity as well as their potential to differentiate into tissues of mesenchymal lineage, such as bone, cartilage, muscle, tendon and connective tissues. Amongst these tissues, cartilage is the only one with insufficient self-renewal capacity, thus MPCs would qualify as an excellent tool for therapeutic regeneration of focal cartilage lesions. However, optimal in vitro manipulation of MPCs is a prerequisite; identification and a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms regulating their differentiation pathways are needed. Despite wide usage of rats as a mammalian experimental model for preclinical fracture healing and orthopaedic tissue regeneration studies, basal gene and protein expression profiles of the osteo-chondrogenic differentiation lineages of adult rat MPCs have rarely been investigated. Therefore, this study was carried out for a quantitative RT-PCR based time-course profiling of osteo- and chondrogenesis related gene expression in undifferentiated and differentiated rat adult MPCs. In addition, with an antibody array analysis TIMP-1, MCP-1 and VEGFalpha-164 were detected in the culture supernatant and CINC-2 and beta-NGF in the cell lysate of MPCs according to their differentiation commitment. Identification of differentially expressed genes and proteins along the osteo-chondrogenic lineage provides a foundation for a more reproducible and reliable quality and differentiation control of rat bone marrow-derived MPCs used for osteochondrogenic differentiation studies.