gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
KDD CUP-2005 report (2005)

The KDD-Cup 2005 Competition was held in conjunction with the Eleventh ACM SIGKDD International Conference on Knowledge Discovery and Data Mining. The task of the KDD-Cup 2005 competition was to classify 800,000 internet user search queries into 67 predefined categories. This task is easy to understand, but the lack of straightforward training set, subjective user intents of queries, poor information in short queries, and high noise level make the task very challenge.In this paper, we summarize the competition task, the evaluation method, and the results of the competition. Here we only highlight some key techniques used in submitted solutions. The technical details of the solutions from the three award winning teams are available in their papers separately in this issue of SIGKDD Explorations. At the end, we also share the results of a survey conducted with this year's Cup participants. To facilitate research in this area, the task description, data, answer set, and related information of this KDD-Cup are published at the KDD-Cup 2005 web site: http://www.acm.org/sigs/sigkdd/kdd2005/kddcup.html.
Investigation of an Unusual Thin Layer Descending Through the Upper Stratosphere (2018)

Lidar observations on the night of 19-20 February 2004 at Logan, Utah (41.74 N, 111.81 W) revealed a strange thin layer which descended from roughly 55 km to 30 km over seven hours. Approximations are made for the dimensions and descent rate of the layer. Although the particle radius and density are unknown, a range can be determined from the descent rate and reference to the sizes of known particles. Several possible sources for the layer are explored, concluding that an object entering the Earth’s atmosphere was the most probable cause.
Metatranscriptomic Approach to Analyze the Functional Human Gut Microbiota (2011)

The human gut is the natural habitat for a large and dynamic bacterial community that has a great relevance for health. Metagenomics is increasing our knowledge of gene content as well as of functional and genetic variability in this microbiome. However, little is known about the active bacteria and their function(s) in the gastrointestinal tract. We performed a metatranscriptomic study on ten healthy volunteers to elucidate the active members of the gut microbiome and their functionality under conditions of health. First, the microbial cDNAs obtained from each sample were sequenced using 454 technology. The analysis of 16S transcripts showed the phylogenetic structure of the active microbial community. Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Bacteroidaceae, Prevotellaceae, and Rickenellaceae were the predominant families detected in the active microbiota. The characterization of mRNAs revealed a uniform functional pattern in healthy individuals. The main functional roles of the gut microbiota were carbohydrate metabolism, energy production and synthesis of cellular components. In contrast, housekeeping activities such as amino acid and lipid metabolism were underrepresented in the metatranscriptome. Our results provide new insights into the functionality of the complex gut microbiota in healthy individuals. In this RNA-based survey, we also detected small RNAs, which are important regulatory elements in prokaryotic physiology and pathogenicity.
The primary structure of hevamine, an enzyme with lysozyme/chitinase activity from <i>Hevea brasiliensis</i> latex (1991)

The primary structure of hevamine, an enzyme with lysozyme/chitinase activity from Hevea brasiliensis latex, has been determined predominantly with conventional non‐automatic methods. The positions of three disulfide bridges have been determined. The sequence has about 60% identity with that of a chitinase from cucumber and 95% with the N‐terminal sequence of the lysozyme/chitinase of Parthenocissus quinquefolia . The half‐cystine residues in hevein and cucumber chitinase are located at identical positions. Hevamine is a basic protein from the lutoids (vacuoles) of rubber latex and may have a role in plugging the latex vessels and cessation of latex flow. The differences in cellular location, charge properties and sequence between hevamine and cucumber chitinase are similar to those between class I and class II chitinases from tobacco and other plant species.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Super Duplex Stainless Steel (2010)

A study was made to investigate the precipitation behavior of sigma phase via various heat treatments and corresponding mechanical properties of super duplex stainless steels. Isothermal heat treatment was performed at temperature range of 600~1000°C to draw TTT diagram for sigma phase. Tensile and Charpy impact tests were performed at room temperature and the results were analyzed in relation with the microstructure. The effect of lattice misfit strains due to the precipitation of sigma phase on the mechanical properties was also discussed.
Possible Involvement of Stress-Activated Protein Kinase Signaling Pathway and Fas Receptor Expression in Prevention of Ischemia/Reperfusion-Induced Cardiomyocyte Apoptosis by Carvedilol (1998)

Abstract —Carvedilol, a new vasodilating β-adrenoceptor antagonist and a potent antioxidant, produces a high degree of cardioprotection in a variety of experimental models of ischemic cardiac injury. Recent clinical studies in patients with heart failure have demonstrated that carvedilol reduces morbidity and mortality and inhibits cardiac remodeling. The present study was designed to explore whether the protective effects of carvedilol on the ischemic myocardium include inhibition of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes and, if so, to determine its mechanism of action. Anesthetized rabbits were subjected to 30 minutes of coronary artery occlusion followed by 4 hours of reperfusion. Detection of apoptosis of cardiomyocytes was based on the presence of nucleosomal DNA fragments on agarose gels (DNA ladder) and in situ nick end labeling. Carvedilol (1 mg/kg IV), administered 5 minutes before reperfusion, reduced the number of apoptotic myocytes in the ischemic area from 14.7±0.4% to 3.4±1.8% (77% reduction, P <.001). Propranolol, administered at equipotent β-blocking dosage, reduced the number of apoptotic myocytes to 8.9±2.1% (39% reduction, P <.05). DNA ladders were observed in the hearts of all six vehicle-treated rabbits but only one of six carvedilol-treated rabbits ( P <.01). Immunocytochemical analysis of rabbit hearts demonstrated an upregulation of Fas protein in ischemic cardiomyocytes, and treatment with carvedilol reduced both the intensity of staining as well as the area stained. Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion led to a rapid activation of stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) in the ischemic area but not in nonischemic regions. SAPK activity was increased from 2.1±0.3 mU/mg (basal) to 8.9±0.8 mU/mg after 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 20 minutes of reperfusion. Carvedilol inhibited the activation of SAPK by 53.4±6.5% ( P <.05). Under the same conditions, propranolol (1 mg/kg) had no effect on SAPK activation. Taken together, these results suggest that carvedilol prevents myocardial ischemia/reperfusion–induced apoptosis in cardiomyocytes possibly by downregulation of the SAPK signaling pathway, by inhibition of Fas receptor expression, and by β-adrenergic blockade. The former two actions represent novel and important mechanisms that may contribute to the cardioprotective effects of carvedilol.
Industry trends in power integrated circuits (2003)

The authors consider some of the recent trends in power integrated circuits. They discuss the novel processes and device configurations which the semiconductor industry is developing to meet the needs of customers. Also included is a qualitative look at the design tradeoffs which influence the choice of technology for a particular application. The movement toward high-performance and higher-density circuitry, which demands smaller geometries and sophisticated processing, is also discussed. Particular attention is given to smart power (smart discrete devices and integrated circuits), multiple-output technology, high-voltage junction isolation, and high-voltage dielectric isolation.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Serine 257 Phosphorylation Regulates Association of Polyomavirus Middle T Antigen with 14-3-3 Proteins (1998)

Polyomavirus middle T antigen (MT) is phosphorylated on serine residues. Partial proteolytic mapping and Edman degradation identified serine 257 as a major site of phosphorylation. This was confirmed by site-directed mutagenesis. Isoelectric focusing of immunoprecipitated MT from transfected 293T cells showed that phosphorylation on wild-type MT occurred at near molar stoichiometry at S257. MT was previously shown to be associated with 14-3-3 proteins, which have been connected to cell cycle regulation and signaling. The association of 14-3-3 proteins with MT depended on the serine 257 phosphorylation site. This has been demonstrated by comparing wild-type and S257A mutant MTs expressed with transfected 293T cells or with Sf9 cells infected with recombinant baculoviruses. The 257 site is not critical for transformation of fibroblasts in vitro, since S257A and S257C mutant MTs retained the ability to form foci or colonies in agar. The tumor profile of a virus expressing S257C MT showed a striking deficiency in the induction of salivary gland tumors. The basis for this defect is uncertain. However, differences in activity for the wild type and mutant MT lacking the 14-3-3 binding site have been observed in transient reporter assays.
Behaviour of [4-(3',4'-Dichlorophenyl)-1-(2H)-phthalazinone-2-yl]-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-2-propen-1-one towards Different Nucleophiles (1993)

In our previous paper we reported on the behaviour of α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds toward active methylene compounds. In the present paper we report the results of further studies in this area in which carbonyl compounds bear a heterocyclic moiety.
Comparison of two methods to detect carbapenemase & metallo-beta- lactamase production in clinical isolates. (2005)

Pseudomonas aeruginosa was found to be the predominant NFGNB in our hospital setting and EDTA disk synergy could detect more carbapenemase and metallo-beta- lactamase producers compared to modified Hodge test.
High-Q double-disk microcavities for cavity optomechanics (2009)

We design a double-disk microcavity consisting of a pair of silica microdisks separated by a nanoscale gap region on a silicon chip for cavity optomechanics. We show that this type of photonic structure can provide a per-photon gradient force with a magnitude much larger than for scattering-force-based structures. Moreover, this device provides for nearly independent optimization of optical and mechanical properties. We present the processing details of fabricated devices.
Sanglifehrins A, B, C and D, Novel Cyclophilin-binding Compounds Isolated from Streptomyces sp. A92-308110. I. Taxonomy, Fermentation, Isolation and Biological Activity. (1999)

A novel class of macrolides for which the name sanglifehrins is proposed, has been discovered from actinomycete strains based on their high affinity binding for cyclophilin A (CypA), an immunophilin originally identified as a cytosolic protein binding cyclosporin A (CsA). The sanglifehrins were produced by Streptomyces sp. A92-308110. They were isolated and purified by extraction and several chromatographic, activity-guided steps. Sanglifehrins A and B exhibit a 10 to approximately 20 fold higher affinity for CypA than CsA, whereas the affinity of sanglifehrins C and D for CypA is comparable to that of CsA. Sanglifehrins exhibit a lower immunosuppressive activity than CsA when tested in the mixed lymphocyte reaction. Their in vitro activity indicates that they belong to a novel class of immunosuppressants.
The deoxygenation of NN-dialkylaminothiocarbonyloxyalkanes (1981)

A. G. M. Barrett, P. A. Prokopiou and D. H. R. Barton, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1981, 1510 DOI: 10.1039/P19810001510
Feed for a four-horn monopulse tracking radar (2002)

A pyramidal horn for a four-horn feed and a perfectly conducting parabolic reflector of circular aperture minimizing the angular tracking error have been considered. A nominal frequency of 10 GHz and a focal length to distance ratio of unity were chosen for purposes of numerical evaluation. The analysis of the pyramidal horn is approached from the sectoral horn approximation which is usually used in practice. Following the analysis of the horn, the aperture distribution is decomposed into the horn eigenfunctions, and the waveguide aperture excitations are found. The monopulse sums and difference signals are then defined, and the variance of their ratio is calculated. From this variance, the root-mean-square angular tracking error is calculated which provides the criterion for the design of the pyramidal horn aperture dimensions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Single Mode Wavelength Control Of Modulated AIGaAs Lasers With External And Internal Etalon Feedback (1989)

Control of the longitudinal mode of a laser diode is necessary in any wavelength dependent beam combining system. External and internal etalons can provide periodic optical feedback to a laser diode which modifies the laser diode gain curve, resulting in improved control of the lasing mode. We have obtained single mode lasing without mode hops for VSIS and CSP laser diodes with an external etalon attached to the laser's front facet for up to an 8°C range CW and a 4°C range pulsed, with .07 nm/°C tuning. Our tests of thin tapered-thickness (TT I) laser diodes show CW and pulsed single mode lasing over 10°C and 2°C ranges, respectively, with .08 nm/°C tuning. An analysis of the TTT structure reveals the equivalent of an internal etalon. The time resolved pulsed behavior for both types of lasers show single mode lasing within the proper temperature ranges with minor modes present only early in the optical pulse, if at all. The external etalon produces noticeable interference fringes in the farfield pattern, while those of the TTT lasers are smooth. Ongoing CW lifctest results indicate stability to within one longitudinal mode after a few hundred hours of operation, along with at least several thousand hours lifetime.
Causality between performance and traffic: an investigation with Indian ports (2003)

This paper attempts to find out the causal relationship between port performance and port traffic by using Indian data. The use of cointegration analysis has come out with the result that performance precedes traffic in most of the ports of India. Hence, government policy towards performance augmenting facilities should be given priority so that higher efficiency induces higher traffic
Tubal Surgery from the Inside Out (1992)

*Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California †Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina Correspondence: John F. Kerin, MD, PhD, Director, Reproductive Medicine Program, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Flinders Medical Center, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia 5042.
A new synthetic aperture imaging method using virtual elements on both transmit and receive (2015)

The research for improving the performance of the beamformer in a medical ultrasound imaging system while maintaining the hardware complexity properly has been steadily going on. One example of such research is the synthetic aperture sequential beamforming. This method uses fixed-point receive focusing and all-point transmit focusing through synthetic aperture imaging. Thus, the hardware complexity is greatly reduced in this method, but the performance of this method is similar to that of the conventional B-mode imaging that uses dynamic receive focusing and fixed-point transmit focusing. In this paper, we propose a novel full virtual synthetic aperture imaging method which improves the performance of the synthetic aperture sequential beamforming in terms of the lateral resolution and signal-to-noise ratio. We found that many fixed-point receive focusing blocks working in parallel can be regarded as virtual receive elements and that dynamic receive focusing can be done with these virtual receive elements. We achieve performance improvement by employing this dynamic receive focusing in the proposed method. The efficacy of the proposed method is verified through the Field II simulation.
Identification of continuous systems (1987)

Introduction. Continuous-Time Models of Dynamical Systems. Nonparametric Models. Parametric Models. Stochastic Models of Linear Time-Invariant Systems. Models of Distributed Parameter Systems (DPS). Signals and their Representations. Functions in the Ordinary Sense. Distribution or Generalized Functions. Identification of Linear Time-Invariant (LTIV) Systems via Nonparametric Models. The Role of Nonparametric Models in Continuous System Identification. Test Signals for System Identification. Identification of Linear Time-Invariant Systems - Time-Domain Approach. Frequency-Domain Approach. Methods for Obtaining Transfer Functions from Nonparametric Models. Numerical Transformations between Time- and Frequency-Domains. Parameter Estimation for Continuous-Time Models. The Primary Stage. The Secondary Stage: Parameter Estimation. Identification of Linear Systems Using Adaptive Models. Gradient Methods. Frequency-Domain. Stability Theory. Linear Filters. Identification of Multi-Input Multi-Output (MIMO) Systems, Distributed Parameter Systems (DPS) and Systems with Unknown Delays and Nonlinear Elements. MIMO Systems. Time-Varying Parameter Systems (TVPS). Lumped Systems with Unknown Time-Delays. Identification of Systems with Unknown Nonlinear Elements. Identification of Distributed Parameter Systems. Determination of System Structure. Index.
Rational design of a metal–organic framework host for sulfur storage in fast, long-cycle Li–S batteries (2014)

Unlike an intercalation cathode, which has an intrinsic host structure made of redox metal sites allowing the transport of Li+/e−, sulfur as a conversion cathode requires an additional host to store and immobilize the mobile redox centers, polysulfides. Metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) as a class of highly porous and well-defined crystalline materials are a promising platform to search for an effective host through rational design. With the appropriate selection of an electrolyte and a cutoff voltage range, sulfur stored in an appropriate MOF host can take advantage of both intercalation (fast and stable) and conversion (high energy density) cathodes. Herein, we describe a fast cathode with long cycle life based on sulfur and ZIF-8 nanocrystals. With 30 wt% sulfur loading in the electrode, it achieves remarkable discharge capacities of 1055 mA h g−1 (based on sulfur) at 0.1 C and 710 mA h g−1 at 1 C. The decay over 300 cycles at 0.5 C is 0.08% per cycle, prominent in long-cycle Li–S batteries. By comparing with another three distinct MOFs, MIL-53 (Al), NH2-MIL-53 (Al) and HKUST-1, as well as two sets of ZIF-8 with particle sizes in the micrometer range, it reveals that (i) the small particle size of the MOF host is appreciable to achieve a high capacity and (ii) small apertures, associated with functionalities in the open framework that have affinity with the polysulfide anions, can help achieve a stable cycling. We believe that the findings are general and applicable for the rational design of new hosts for sulfur in other porous material families to produce more effective and stable Li–S batteries.
Entropy Measurements for Nonadaptive and Adaptive, Frame-to-Frame, Linear-Predictive Coding of Videotelephone Signals (1975)

Linear predictive coding is an efficient method for transmitting the amplitudes of moving-area picture elements (pels) in a conditional replenishment coder for video-telephone signals. It has been conjectured that if the linear predictor can dynamically adapt to the speed and direction of motion in the scene, then greatly improved performance should result. To test this conjecture and to get a first-order estimate of the possible saving, computer simulations were carried out using pairs of video-telephone frames stored on digital discs. Using this data, picture quality could not be studied. However, differential signal entropies could be estimated, and this was done for several nonadaptive and adaptive linear predictors. Entropies (in bits per moving-area pel) for adaptive linear predictors were significantly lower than for nonadaptive predictors, indicating that substantial bit-rate savings should be possible. However, simpler implementations will have to be devised before adaptive prediction becomes practicable.
The Core Structure of X Generated in the Assembly of the Diiron Cluster of Ribonucleotide Reductase:  <sup>17</sup>O<sub>2</sub> and H<sub>2</sub><sup>17</sup>O ENDOR (1998)

The intermediate, designated X, formed during the self-assembly reaction of the tyrosyl radical/μ-oxo-bridged diferric cofactor in the R2 subunit of Escherichia coli ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) is directly involved in the oxidation of Y122 to the catalytically essential ·Y122. Earlier rapid freeze-quench (RFQ) Q-band ENDOR studies led to the formulation of X as a spin-coupled FeIII/FeIV center, with an S = 1/2 ground state, and showed that X contains a single terminal aqua ligand (water molecule or 2-fold disordered hydroxyl) bound to FeIII but does not contain an hydroxyl bridge. That ENDOR data, coupled with RFQ-EXAFS data, plus the strong spin coupling between the iron ions constrain the structure of X to a di- or tribridged species whose inorganic core (defined as iron and exogenous ligands) contains the [(HxO)FeIIIOFeIV] fragment. To determine whether the core contains a second oxo bridge and to establish the fate of the atoms derived from O2, we have now performed CW and pulsed Q-band 17O ENDOR experiments on samples of X prepared in both H217O and 17O2, using a uniformly 15N-labeled protein, [U-15N]-R2. These measurements, along with kinetic studies on the formation of X in both wild-type and Y122F R2, as monitored by both ENDOR and S-band EPR spectroscopies, reveal that X contains two oxygen atoms. Both are initially derived from O2, with one present as a μ-oxo bridge and one as the terminal aqua ligand; with time the latter of these atoms exchanges with solvent. These and our previous studies indicate that X does not contain a di-μ-oxo- or μ-oxo,hydroxo-bridged core structure. A structure for X is proposed that contains a single oxo bridge, one terminal aqua ligand bound to the FeIII, and one or two additional mono-oxo bridges provided by the carboxylate oxygens of E115 and/or E238. In addition, the time course of the formation of X in the presence of 17O2 provides important insights into the dynamics of cluster assembly.