gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
An Overview of Thermal Challenges and Opportunities for Monolithic 3D ICs (2019)

Monolithic 3D (Mono3D) is a three-dimensional integration technology that can overcome some of the fundamental limitations faced by traditional, two-dimensional scaling. This paper analyzes the unique thermal characteristics of Mono3D ICs by simulating a two-tier flip-chip Mono3D IC and highlights the primary differences in comparison to a similarly-sized flip-chip TSV-based 3D IC. Specifically, we perform architectural-level thermal simulations for both technologies and demonstrate that vertical thermal coupling is stronger in Mono3D ICs, leading to lower upper tier temperatures. We also investigate the significance of lateral versus vertical flow of heat in Mono3D ICs. We simulate different hot spot scenarios in a two-tier Mono3D IC and show that although the lateral heat flow is limited as compared to TSV-based 3D ICs, ignoring this mechanism can cause nonnegligible error (~4°C) in temperature estimation, particularly for layers farther from the heat sink. In addition, we show that with increasing interconnect utilization (due to the contribution of Joule heating to overall temperature), the on-chip temperatures and the significance of lateral heat flow within the two-tier Mono3D IC also increase. Finally, we discuss potential opportunities in Mono3D ICs to enhance their thermal integrity.
IP Forwarding Table MIB (1992)

This RFC specifies an IAB standards track protocol for the Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "IAB Official
GB Virus C Viremia Is Associated With Higher Levels of Double-Negative T Cells and Lower T-Cell Activation in HIV-Infected Individuals Receiving Antiretroviral Therapy (2012)

Double-negative T cells (DNTCs; ie, CD3(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells) play a role in limiting chronic immune activation. GB virus C (GBV-C) infection is associated with reduced T-cell activation in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals. T-cell activation and DNTCs were measured in HIV-infected subjects with a nondetectable HIV load. GBV-C-viremic subjects had significantly reduced CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell activation (P = .003 and .034, respectively) and significantly increased DNTCs (P = .038), compared with nonviremic subjects. GBV-C load correlated with DNTC percentage (P = .004). Thus, GBV-C infection is associated with an increase in DNTCs, which may contribute to reduced immune activation during HIV infection.
INEXPENSIVE AND EASY FABRICATION OF MULTI-MODE TAPERED DIELECTRIC CIRCULAR PROBES AT MILLIMETER WAVE FREQUENCIES (2012)

Tapered dielectric fibers are widely used in the near field microscopy to focus the incident beam or collect near field signal. Single mode is always required so that the geometrical dimension of the waveguide is smaller than the wavelength. This paper proposes an inexpensive and easy fabrication of multimode tapered Teflon probe which has bigger dimensions than the wavelength. The field distribution in and outside the probe is analyzed by the total internal reflection theorem and solid core circular dielectric waveguide theory. Simulations are carried out in Microwave Studio CST. Novel applications based on focal points in and outside the probe are discussed, especially dielectric permittivity sensing of biomolecules using a capillary tube is emphasized by the simulations and experiments.
The effect of high hydrostatic pressure on anthocyanins and ascorbic acid in blackcurrants (<i>Ribes nigrum</i>) (2004)

Abstract The stability of two anthocyanins and ascorbic acid present in fruit juices made from blackcurrants that were subjected to high‐pressure processing (HHP) was studied. HHP is a non‐thermal food preservation method and its impact on the nutritionally important anthocyanins, cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside, delphinidin‐3‐rutinoside and also ascorbic acid (vitamin C), in blackcurrants was assessed. Fruit samples were treated at 200, 400, 600 and 800 MPa for 15 min under controlled temperature (20–22.5 °C). After high‐pressure treatment the samples were stored at fridge temperature (5 °C), room temperature (20 °C) and at 30 °C. The analysis of the anthocyanin and ascorbic acid contents were carried out by using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The best stability for cyanidin‐3‐rutinoside pigment was found when blackcurrants were treated at a HP of 600 MPa and were stored at 5 °C. Delphinidin‐3‐rutinoside had the lowest losses when treated at 800 MPa and stored at 5 °C. High pressure at 600 MPa gave the best preservation for all the samples stored at 5 °C and 20 °C. The rates of losses observed for anthocyanins were linked to those observed for the ascorbic acid and these results are discussed. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Road texture influence on tyre rolling resistance (2016)

AbstractTyre performance, one of the critical factors for vehicle users, is strongly related to the road surface characteristics, most notably to the pavement texture. Phenomena that occur at the tyre/road interface affect tyre friction (skid resistance), rolling resistance, tyre wear and tyre/road noise. This article deals with relationship between surface texture and rolling resistance of light and heavy vehicle tyres. Mean profile depth (MPD) is one of the most common descriptors of road surfaces and in many studies it is correlated with rolling resistance of tyres. Results of measurements performed by the Technical University of Gdańsk show that although the correlation exists, it is not very strong and regression between MPD and rolling resistance is not linear. The key reason for this is partial enveloping of the tyre tread interacting with pavement texture. The article presents results of laboratory and road measurements of rolling resistance performed on road surfaces characterised by MPD from 0.20 up to 4.75 mm and the correlation of the rolling resistance coefficient with MPD. Certain aspects of texture enveloping and influence of this phenomenon on rolling resistance are discussed.Keywords: tyresrolling resistancetexturemeasurements ORCIDJerzy A. Ejsmont http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5280-2185Additional informationFundingResearch work reported in this article was sponsored by the Polish National Centre for Research and Development (NCBR) within the SPB project ROLRES [Grant Agreement PBS1/A6/1/2012] and by NCBR and the European Commission within 7th FP 'ROSANNE' [Grant Agreement 605368].
<i>CRABS CLAW</i>, a gene that regulates carpel and nectary development in <i>Arabidopsis</i>, encodes a novel protein with zinc finger and helix-loop-helix domains (1999)

Studies of plants with mutations in the CRABS CLAW gene indicate that it is involved in suppressing early radial growth of the gynoecium and in promoting its later elongation. It is also required for the initiation of nectary development. To gain further insight, the gene was cloned by chromosome walking. CRABS CLAW encodes a putative transcription factor containing a zinc finger and a helix-loop-helix domain. The latter resembles the first two helices of the HMG box, known to bind DNA. At least five other genes of Arabidopsis carry the same combination of domains, and we have named them the yabby family. The new helix-loop-helix domain itself we call the yabby domain. Consistent with the mutant phenotype, CRABS CLAW expression is mostly limited to carpels and nectaries. It is expressed in gynoecial primordia from their inception, firstly in lateral sectors where it may inhibit radial growth, and later in the epidermis and in four internal strips. The internal expression may be sufficient to support longitudinal growth, as carpels are longer in a crabs claw promoter mutant where expression is now confined to these regions. The patterns of expression of CRABS CLAW in ectopic carpels of floral homeotic mutants suggest that it is negatively regulated by the A and B organ identity functions, but largely independent of C function. CRABS CLAW expression occurs in nectaries throughout their growth and maturation. It is also expressed in their presumptive anlagen so it may specify cells that will later develop as nectaries. Nectaries arise from the floral receptacle at normal positions in all A, B and C organ identity mutants examined, and CRABS CLAW is always expressed within them. Thus CRABS CLAW expression is regulated independently in carpels and nectaries.
Cellular Toxicity Induced by the Photorelease of a Caged Bioactive Molecule: Design of a Potential Dual-Action Ru(II) Complex (2013)

The series [Ru(tpy)(CH3CN)3](2+) (1), cis-[Ru(tpy)(CH3CN)2Cl](+) (2), and [Ru(tpy)(5CNU)3](2+) (3), where tpy = 2,2':6',2″-terpyridine and 5CNU = 5-cyanouracil, was synthesized, and their photochemical properties were investigated for use as potential photodynamic therapy (PDT) agents. When irradiated with visible light, 1-3 exhibit efficient exchange of the axial CH3CN or 5CNU ligand with H2O solvent molecules. Complexes 1-3 also exhibit photoinitiated binding to DNA when irradiated with λirr ≥ 395 nm light, and DNA binding can be accessed for 2 with λirr > 645 nm, well within the PDT window. Since 3 binds DNA and simultaneously releases biologically active 5CNU, it has the potential to be a dual-action therapeutic agent. Indeed, 3 is cytotoxic upon irradiation with visible light, whereas 1 is not under similar experimental conditions. The lack of toxicity imparted by 1 is explained by the exchange of only one CH3CN ligand in the complex under the irradiation conditions used for the cellular studies. Strategies are being sought to increase the quantum yields of ligand exchange and the cellular penetration of these compounds.
A Measure of Similarity of Time Series Containing Missing Data Using the Mahalanobis Distance (2015)

The analysis of time series data is of interest to many application domains. But this analysis is challenging due to many reasons such as missing data in the series, unstructured nature of the data and errors in the data collection procedure, measuring equipment, etc. The problem of missing data while matching two time series is dealt with either by predicting a value for the missing data using the already collected data, or by completely ignoring the missing values. In this paper, we present an approach where we make use of the characteristics of the Mahalanobis Distance to inherently accommodate the missing values while finding the best match between two time series. Using this approach, we have designed two algorithms which can find the best match for a given query series in a candidate series, without imputing the missing values in the candidate. The initial algorithm finds the best nonwarped match between the candidate and the query time series, while the second algorithm is an extension of the initial algorithm to find the best match in the case of warped data using a Dynamic Time Warping (DTW) like algorithm. Thus, with experimental results we go on to conclude that the proposed warping algorithm is a good method for matching between two time series with warping and missing data.
优化带VCO的锁相环在13.6 GHz处的整数边界杂散 (2015)

锁相环（PLL）和压控振荡器（VCO）输出特定频率的RF信号,理想情况下此信号应当是输出中的唯一信号。但事实上,输出中存在干扰杂散信号和相位噪声。本文讨论最麻烦的杂散信号之一——整数边界杂散——的仿真与消除。
Sequence analysis of the Marburg virus nucleoprotein gene: comparison to Ebola virus and other non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses (1992)

The first 3000 nucleotides from the 3' end of the Marburg virus (MBG) genome were determined from cDNA clones produced from genomic RNA and mRNA. Identified in the sequence was a short putative leader sequence at the extreme 3' end, followed by the complete nucleoprotein (NP) gene. The 5' end of the NP mRNA was determined as was the polyadenylation site for the NP gene. The transcriptional start (3' UUCUUCUUAUAAUU..) and termination (3' ..UAAUUCUUUUU) signals of the MBG NP gene are very similar to those seen with Ebola virus (EBO). In comparison to other non-segmented negative-strand RNA viruses, filovirus transcriptional signals are most similar to members of the Paramyxovirus and Morbillivirus genera. In vitro translation of a run-off transcript containing the entire MBG NP coding region produced an authentic NP. Sequence comparisons of the 3' end of the MBG and EBO genomes revealed weak nucleotide sequence similarity, but the predicted sequence of the first 400 amino acids of these viruses showed a high degree. This homology is encoded in divergent nucleotide sequences through different codon usages and substitutions of similar amino acids. A small region in the middle of the MBG and EBO NP sequences was found to contain a significant amino acid homology with NPs of paramyxoviruses and to a lesser extent with rhabdoviruses. Specific sites of conserved sequence are contained in hydrophobic domains and may have a common function. Alignments of the entire NP amino acid sequences of these viruses also suggest that filoviruses are more closely related to paramyxoviruses than to rhabdoviruses.
Mouse Oct-1 contains a composite homeodomain of human Oct-1 and Oct-2 (1993)

Members of the Oct family of transcription factors specifically interact with the octamer motif, ATGC-AAAT, a regulatory element important for tissue- and cell-specific transcription as well as for the expression of housekeeping genes. Except for Oct-1, all Oct factors are expressed in a temporally and spatially restricted mode during murine development and their number varies in a given cell type. Despite its ubiquitous expression pattern Oct-1 may play a role in murine development. As a first step towards elucidating the role of Oct-1 we report the complementary DNA cloning of the mouse Oct-1 gene. Two large transcripts of 5 and 14 kb are derived from a single gene. The expression patterns of three splicing products of Oct-1 are similar in a number of cells and tissues. In the POU region murine Oct-1 differs in four amino acids from the human homologue and these differences are restricted to helices 1 and 2. Interestingly, two of the four variant amino acids are identical to those in human and mouse Oct-2 and thus the murine Oct-1 homeodomain is intermediary in sequence between human Oct-1 and Oct-2. These two amino acids together with a third one have been shown to be relevant for the interaction between human Oct-1 and herpes simplex virus transactivator VP16. Nevertheless, VP16 interacts albeit weakly with murine Oct-1. We speculate that the differences in the human and mouse Oct-1 homeodomains reflect host-specific differences in protein-protein interactions.
Wide dynamic range vision sensor for vehicles (2002)

The dynamic range of brightness on road scenes is very wide, because the lighting condition dynamically varies with various weather and road conditions. Therefore, the dynamic range of conventional TV cameras is insufficient to input the images of road scenes. The authors have developed a method for expanding the dynamic range of TV cameras. Also, they have developed an experimental vision sensor system with a wide dynamic range based on the method applicable to the vision systems for vehicles. The effectiveness of the sensor in comparison with conventional TV cameras was confirmed from the experiments on highways under various lighting conditions.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structurally diverse chitolipooligosaccharide Nod factors accumulate primarily in membranes of wild-type Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii (1995)

The general view on Rhizobium chitolipooligosaccharides (CLOS) is that they are made in very low levels as diffusible molecules and are primarily secreted by the bacteria into the extracellular milieu where they interact with the host. However, the structural and predicted physicochemical properties of these amphiphilic molecules led us to postulate that they should normally be targeted to bacterial membranes after synthesis. Thus, we analyzed membrane lipid extracts of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii wild-type strain ANU843 cells and the corresponding culture supernatants for CLOS-type glycolipids. As predicted, fractionation of the membrane extracts from pelleted cells led to the isolation of a diverse family of CLOS in high yield (> or = 15 mg/L of culture), whereas all attempts to isolate CLOS from the corresponding culture supernatant failed. Structural analyses reveal that the membrane CLOS of ANU843 consist of a complex mixture of O-acetylated or non-O-acetylated chito- tri-, -tetra-, and pentasaccharides bearing an N-acyl moiety at the nonreducing glucosamine residue. cis-Vaccenic acid was the predominant acyl substituent (> 70%), but several other saturated, unsaturated, and 3-hydroxy fatty acids were found in the CLOS glycolipids. Membrane accumulation of CLOS in ANU843 is promoted by the presence of 4',7-dihydroxyflavone and pSym nod genes. Potential host-selective biological activity host-selective biological activity of the purified membrane CLOS fraction from ANU843 was indicated by its ability to elicit meristems resembling rudimentary nodule primordia in the root cortex of axenic seedlings of the host legume, white clover, but not of the nonhost legumes hairy vetch or alfalfa.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Inhibitory and Stimulatory Regulation of Rac and Cell Motility by the G<sub>12/13</sub>-Rho and G<sub>i</sub> Pathways Integrated Downstream of a Single G Protein-Coupled Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Receptor Isoform (2003)

The G protein-coupled receptors S1P2/Edg5 and S1P3/Edg3 both mediate sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) stimulation of Rho, yet S1P2 but not S1P3 mediates downregulation of Rac activation, membrane ruffling, and cell migration in response to chemoattractants. Specific inhibition of endogenous Galpha12 and Galpha13, but not of Galphaq, by expression of respective C-terminal peptides abolished S1P2-mediated inhibition of Rac, membrane ruffling, and migration, as well as stimulation of Rho and stress fiber formation. Fusion receptors comprising S1P2 and either Galpha12 or Galpha13, but not Galphaq, mediated S1P stimulation of Rho and also inhibition of Rac and migration. Overexpression of Galphai, by contrast, specifically antagonized S1P2-mediated inhibition of Rac and migration. The S1P2 actions were mimicked by expression of V14Rho and were abolished by C3 toxin and N19Rho, but not Rho kinase inhibitors. In contrast to S1P2, S1P3 mediated S1P-directed, pertussis toxin-sensitive chemotaxis and Rac activation despite concurrent stimulation of Rho via G12/13. Upon inactivation of Gi by pertussis toxin, S1P3 mediated inhibition of Rac and migration just like S1P2. These results indicate that integration of counteracting signals from the Gi- and the G12/13-Rho pathways directs either positive or negative regulation of Rac, and thus cell migration, upon activation of a single S1P receptor isoform.
A rotatable cryogenic target for use with molecular beams (1973)

A metal target of 50 mm diameter which can be cooled to 3 K and rotated about two perpendicular axes in a high vacuum system has been designed for use in an aerodynamic molecular beam apparatus. The problems of a compact low heat support for the target, and a means of rotating the target that does not interfere with molecules which are incident on or scattered from the target at glancing angles, have been overcome.
Physicochemical and electrochemical properties of sulfolane solutions of lithium salts (2008)

The physicochemical and electrochemical properties (electrical conductivity, viscosity, density, and electrochemical stability) of sulfolane solutions of various lithium salts are studied. The nature of the anion considerably affects the physicochemical and electrochemical properties of the electrolyte systems considered. Sulfolane solutions of lithium salts have moderate electrical conductivity and high electrochemical stability, and can be used as electrolytes in lithium batteries.
Quantitative Models Characterizing Seed Germination Responses to Abscisic Acid and Osmoticum (1992)

Mathematical models were developed to characterize the physiological bases of the responses of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv T5) seed germination to water potential (psi) and abscisic acid (ABA). Using probit analysis, three parameters were derived that can describe the germination time courses of a seed population at different psi or ABA levels. For the response of seed germination to reduced psi, these parameters are the mean base water potential ( psi(b), MPa), the standard deviation of the base water potential among seeds in the population (sigma(psib), MPa), and the "hydrotime constant" (theta(H), MPa.h). For the response to ABA, they are the log of the mean base ABA concentration ([unk]ABA(b), m), the standard deviation of the base ABA concentration among seeds in the population (sigma(ABA) (b), log[m]), and the "ABA-time constant" (theta(ABA), log[m].h). The values of psi(b) and [unk]ABA(b) provide quantitative estimates of the mean sensitivity of germination rate to psi or ABA, whereas sigma(psi) (b) and sigma(ABA) (b) account for the variation in sensitivity among seeds in the population. The time constants, theta(H) and theta(ABA), indicate the extent to which germination rate will be affected by a given change in psi or ABA. Using only these parameters, germination time courses can be predicted with reasonable accuracy at any medium psi according to the equation probit(g) = [psi - (theta(H)/t(g)) - psi(b)]/sigma(psib), or at any ABA concentration according to the equation probit(g) = [log[ABA] - (theta(ABA)/t(g)) - log[[unk]ABA(b)]]/sigma(ABA) (b), where t(g) is the time to radicle emergence of percentage g, and ABA is the ABA concentration (m) in the incubation solution. In the presence of both ABA and reduced psi, the same parameters can be used to predict seed germination time courses based upon strictly additive effects of psi and ABA in delaying the time of radicle emergence. Further analysis indicates that ABA and psi can act both independently and interactively to influence physiological processes preparatory for radicle growth, such as the accumulation of osmotic solutes in the embryo. The models provide quantitative values for the sensitivity of germination to ABA or psi, allow evaluation of independent and interactive effects of the two factors, and have implications for understanding how ABA and psi may regulate growth and development.
Evaluation of the long-term stability of critical-dimension measurement scanning electron microscopes using a calibration standard (1997)

In critical-dimension measurement using critical-dimension measurement scanning electron microscopes (CD-SEMs), measurement variation due to a long-term instability of CD-SEM cannot be disregarded to achieve a measurement reproducibility of 3 nm, which is required for next-generation subquarter-micron large scale integrations. We have evaluated the long-term stability of the Hitachi S-8820 CD-SEM by using a calibration standard, which has 0.24 μm pitch structures. The results of our evaluation have demonstrated that the use of the calibration standard for CD-SEMs was effective for checking the instability of instruments, which might produce inaccuracy and imprecision of CD measurements, and measurement error due to instrumentation of 1 nm can be achieved by precise control of instrumental parameters using the calibration standard.