gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The stress system in a suspension of force-free particles (1970)

The purpose of the paper is to consider in general terms the properties of the bulk stress in a suspension of non-spherical particles, on which a couple (but no force) may be imposed by external means, immersed in a Newtonian fluid. The stress is sought in terms of the instantaneous particle orientations, and the problem of determining these orientations from the history of the motion is not considered. The bulk stress and bulk velocity gradient in the suspension are defined as averages over an ensemble of realizations, these averages being equal to integrals over a suitably chosen volume of ambient fluid and particles together when the suspension is statistically homogeneous. Without restriction on the type of particle or the concentration or the Reynolds number of the motion, the contribution to the bulk stress due to the presence of the particles is expressed in terms of integrals involving the stress and velocity over the surfaces of particles together with volume integrals not involving the stress. The antisymmetric part of this bulk stress is equal to half the total couple imposed on the particles per unit volume of the suspension. When the Reynolds number of the relative motion near one particle is small, a suspension of couple-free particles of constant shape is quasi-Newtonian; i.e. the dependence of the bulk stress on bulk velocity gradient is linear. Two significant features of a suspension of non-spherical particles are (1) that this linear relation is not of the Newtonian form and (2) that the effect of exerting a couple on the particles is not confined to the generation of an antisymmetrical part of the bulk stress tensor. The role of surface tension at the particle boundaries is described. In the case of a dilute suspension the contributions to the bulk stress from the various particles are independent, and the contributions arising from the bulk rate of strain and from the imposed couple are independent for each particle. Each particle acts effectively as a force doublet (i.e. equal and opposite adjoining ‘Stokeslets’) whose tensor strength determines the disturbance flow far from the particle and whose symmetrical and antisymmetrical parts are designated as a stresslet and a couplet. The couplet strength is determined wholly by the externally imposed couple on the particle; but the stresslet strength depends both on the bulk rate of strain and, for a non-spherical particle, on the rate of rotation of the particle relative to the fluid resulting from the imposed couple. The general properties of the stress system in a dilute suspension are illustrated by the specific and complete results which may be obtained for rigid ellipsoidal particles by use of the work by Jeffery (1922).
Rapid, noncontact, damage free shaping of optical and other surfaces with plasma assisted chemical etching (2003)

Experimental results are presented demonstrating that plasma-assisted chemical etching (PACE) can rapidly and controllably figure (shape) and smooth optical surfaces without mechanical contact. This process, for example, significantly reduces the constraints on the design of quartz optical elements imposed by mechanical processes, such as the requirement of substrate rigidity and the limitation of sphericity of the resulting surface. The pertinent chemistry and physics of this process is summarized to provide a basis for understanding its characteristics. A theory of surface evolution applicable to PACE is used to show the range of surface topographies predicted for PACE. It is shown, among other things, that both isotropic and anisotropic etch processes intrinsically microsmooth features smaller than 0.1 mm, and that removal smooths while deposition roughens.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Extending the cleavage rules for the hammerhead ribozyme: Mutating adenosine15.1 to inosine15.1 changes the cleavage site specificity from N16.2U16.1H17 to N16.2C16.1H17 (1998)

In this paper, we show that an adenosine to inosine mutation at position 15.1 changes the substrate specificity of the hammerhead ribozyme from N16.2U16.1H17to N16.2C16.1H17(H represents A, C or U). This result extends the hammerhead cleavage triplet definition from N16.2U16.1H17to the more general N16.2Y16.1H17. Comparison of cleavage rates using I15.1ribozymes for NCH triplets and standard A15.1 ribozymes for NUH triplets under single turnover conditions shows similar or slightly enhanced levels of reactivity for the I15. 1-containing structures. The effect of I15.1 substitution was also tested in nuclease-resistant 2'- O -alkyl substituted derivatives (oligozymes), showing a similar level of activity for the NUH and NCH cleaving structures. The availability of NCH triplets that can be targeted without loss of efficiency increases the flexibility of ribozyme targeting strategies. This was demonstrated by an efficient cleavage of an HCV transcript at a previously inaccessible GCA site in codon 2.
Autosomal dominant leukoencephalopathy and subcortical ischemic stroke. A clinicopathological study. (1993)

We recently described an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized mainly by recurrent strokes and neuroimaging evidence of leukoencephalopathy. We now report the pathological findings in one of the affected subjects. A 40-year-old woman experienced her first grand mal seizure in 1971. From 1983 on she suffered recurrent strokes, seizures, and psychiatric disturbances with depressions, manic episodes, and dementia. In 1988, after her fourth stroke, she became tetraplegic with a severe pseudobulbar palsy, and she died in 1990. Pathological examination disclosed a recent capsulolenticular hematoma, multiple small deep infarcts, a diffuse myelin loss and pallor of the hemispheric white matter, and a widespread vasculopathy of the small arteries penetrating the white matter. The arterial wall was markedly thickened with an extensive nonamyloid eosinophilic deposit in the media and reduplication of the internal elastic lamella. The underlying lesion of this hereditary disorder is located in the small arteries and is of unknown etiology. It differs from arteriosclerotic and amyloid angiopathies but is similar to that described in some cases of hereditary multi-infarct dementia.
Discovery of Allosteric, Potent, Subtype Selective, and Peripherally Restricted TrkA Kinase Inhibitors (2018)

Tropomyosin receptor kinases (TrkA, TrkB, TrkC) are activated by hormones of the neurotrophin family: nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 (NT3), and neurotrophin 4 (NT4). Moreover, the NGF antibody tanezumab has provided clinical proof of concept for inhibition of the TrkA kinase pathway in pain leading to significant interest in the development of small molecule inhibitors of TrkA. However, achieving TrkA subtype selectivity over TrkB and TrkC via a Type I and Type II inhibitor binding mode has proven challenging and Type III or Type IV allosteric inhibitors may present a more promising selectivity design approach. Furthermore, TrkA inhibitors with minimal brain availability are required to deliver an appropriate safety profile. Herein, we describe the discovery of a highly potent, subtype selective, peripherally restricted, efficacious, and well-tolerated series of allosteric TrkA inhibitors that culminated in the delivery of candidate quality compound 23.
Einleitung (1996)

Im Rahmen der Internationalisierung von Unternehmen kommt es zu einer wachsenden Anzahl an gescheiterten Auslandsentsendungen von Managern.1 Ein Großteil der erfolglosen oder abberufenen Mitarbeiter scheitert an den kulturell bedingten Unterschieden im Gastland.2 Die subjektive Interpretation beispielsweise französischer Denk- und Verhaltensweisen mit der Logik einer anderen Kultur führt zu falschen Schlußfolgerungen und schließlich zu Spannungen mit den Interaktionspartnern der fremden Kultur.3 Ursächlich für die Konfliktpotentiale in der interkulturellen Kommunikation ist die fir Europa typische “Begriffswirre”, die durch die mangelnde “Übersetzung” der verschiedenen inhaltlichen Bewertung unserer kulturellen Schlüsselwörter hervorgerufen wurde.4 Um nun das Verständnis und die Sensibilität für die Erfordernisse der fremden Kultur zu fördern, wird verstärkt eine interkulturelle Ausbildung von Managern gefordert, bevor sie im Ausland eingesetzt werden.s Falls dagegen erst vor Ort die Notwendigkeit eines interkulturellen Trainings erkannt wird, kann dies zu hohen Kosten durch den unvorbereiteten Transfer des Managers führen und zu einem peinlichen Prestigeverlust des Mitarbeiters beitragen.6 In diesem Kontext birgt die Globalisierung der Weltmärkte Wettbewerbsvorteile fir solche Unternehmen, die sich mit der kulturellen Problematik rechtzeitig auseinandersetzen.? Die Kenntnis von fremden Kulturen wird zur Voraussetzung für die erfolgreiche Bewältigung der interkulturellen Zusammenarbeit bzw. für das Aufspüren interkultureller Synergiepotentiale.8
Virtual Simulation of Statewide Intermodal Freight Traffic (2004)

While freight transportation needs are growing, there is a concern that planning tools available today will be insufficient to provide a systemwide view that is needed to examine all modes of transportation, including intermodal. Many existing tools are either mode oriented or too microscopic in scope. No comprehensive tool considers the level of performance of the total system—an important consideration because of the many interdependencies between resources. In some cases, optimizing just a particular component of the transportation network could result in suboptimization of the entire transportation system. A prototype Virtual Intermodal Transportation System (VITS) is presented; it simulates the movement of freight via all modes on a statewide level. Detailed submodels can be designed to enable planners to analyze the overall impact of decisions made on critical transportation resources such as ports and their connectors. The general processes of building the VITS prototype, the results from a hypothetical case study, and potential improvements to the methodology are also discussed.
PHOTOSENSITIZATION BY SYNTHETIC DIPORPHYRINS AND DICHLORINS <i>in vivo</i> AND <i>in vitro</i> (1991)

A group of polycarboxylic diporphyrins, two dichlorins and a porphyrin-chlorine dimer, with rings linked by methylene groups, were examined to help identify structures which can mediate photodynamic tumor eradication in vivo. Among the features sought were short persistence of normal tissue photosensitization and substantial absorbance at wavelengths longer than 630 nm. Both objectives were achieved, with pertinent structure-activity relationships partly characterized. The relative hydrophobicity of the different sensitizers was an important determinant of their accumulation in cell culture, but not of in vivo effectiveness. These compounds showed affinity for protein and high-density lipoprotein components of serum. Their distribution may be mediated by a different mechanism than that which occurs with more hydrophobic sensitizers like hematoporphyrin derivative which have greater affinity for low-density lipoproteins and less for protein components of serum, as compared with the products examined in this study.
Characterization of a maize G‐box binding factor that is induced by hypoxia (1995)

G-box cis-acting DNA sequence elements are present in the promoter region of a number of signal-inducible plant genes. In many cases this motif is essential for gene expression. Maize nuclear extracts contain a protein complex that binds specifically to the G-box sequence. Previously, a protein called GF14 was described that is physically associated with the G-box binding complex, but is not a DNA-binding factor in and of itself. This paper reports the isolation of a cDNA encoding a maize G-box binding factor (GBF). The deduced amino acid sequence indicates that maize GBF1 is a basic region-leucine zipper protein. GBF1 binds to the G-box element with specificity similar to that of the binding activity in nuclear extracts. Furthermore, maize GBF1 and the factor detected in nuclear extract are identical in their molecular weight and are immunologically related. GBF1 mRNA accumulates rapidly in hypoxically induced maize cells prior to the increase in Adh1 mRNA levels. Taken together with results that indicate that GBF1 binds to the hypoxia-responsive promoter of maize Adh1, these observations suggest that GBF1 may be one of the factors involved in the activation of Adh1.
Novel mucus-penetrating liposomes as a potential oral drug delivery system: preparation, in vitro characterization, and enhanced cellular uptake (2011)

PF127-inlaid liposomes with improved intestinal mucus-penetrating ability and enhanced cellular uptake might be a potential carrier candidate for oral drug delivery.
Turbulent upwelling of the mid‐latitude ionosphere: 2. Theoretical framework (1991)

In a companion paper, data from the MU radar have been presented which show that during sunspot minimum conditions in Japan the mid‐latitude ionosphere is sometimes characterized by regions of rapid and turbulent upwelling. In this paper we explore possible mechanisms for these events. The most likely process seems to be the instability of the equilibrium which occurs when the mid‐latitude plasma is supported against gravity either by an eastward electric field component or by a southward neutral wind, as was proposed by Perkins (1973). We show, for example, that the growth rate determined by Perkins is considerably higher in sunspot minimum conditions than at sunspot maximum for comparable altitudes of the ionospheric F layer. The growth rate is not very large, however, and we argue here that the observed structures must evolve from preexisting undulations of the bottomside of the F region which are generated by gravity waves. That is, the gravity waves create finite amplitude structures which are amplified by the plasma instability. An intriguing feature of the gravity wave role in this process is that the echoing patches detected by the MU radar and the height bands detected by the Arecibo radar, which we believe to be related phenomena, all seem to propagate to the west. This is the same direction reported for the angle‐of‐arrival measurements of classic mid‐latitude spread F by a number of researchers using ionosonde techniques. Since the MU radar detects the upwelling regions from nonthermal 3‐m irregularities there must be mechanism to create such tracers. We propose that secondary structures are created at intermediate scales via the E×B instability operating on the dome of the upwelling structure and by the neutral wind‐driven process on either the west or the east wall of the structure, depending on the direction of the zonal wind. The 3‐m waves are then created in a cascade process which brings energy into a range of k space in which the structures are linearly damped. Finally, we discuss the fine structure of the echoing patches and suggest several plausible mechanisms, two of which involve E region coupling and one which deals with the vertical structure of the gravity wave seeding process.
Design of an instrument for measuring the spectral bidirectional scatter distribution function (2008)

The spectral bidirectional scatter distribution function (BSDF) offers a complete description of the spectral and spatial optical characteristics of a material. Any gloss and color measurement can be related to a particular value of the BSDF, while accurate luminaire design with ray tracing software requires the BSDF of reflectors and filters. Many measuring instruments, each having particular advantages and limitations, have been reported in the literature, and an overview of these instruments is included. A measuring instrument that allows for an absolute determination of the spectral BSDF with a full three dimensional spatial coverage in both reflectance and transmittance mode, a broadband spectral coverage, a large dynamic range, a reasonable acquisition time, and a large sample illumination area is presented. The main instrument characteristics are discussed, and the measurement capabilities are illustrated.
Preventing accidental data disclosure in modern operating systems (2013)

Modern OSes such as Android, iOS, and Windows 8 have changed the way consumers interact with computing devices. Tasks are often completed by stringing together a collection of purpose-specific user applications (e.g., a barcode reader, a social networking app, a document viewer). As users direct this workflow between applications, it is difficult to predict the consequence of each step. Poor selection may result in accidental information disclosure when the target application unknowingly uses cloud services. This paper presents Aquifer as a policy framework and system for preventing accidental information disclosure in modern operating systems. In Aquifer, application developers define secrecy restrictions that protect the entire user interface workflow defining the user task. In doing so, Aquifer provides protection beyond simple permission checks and allows applications to retain control of data even after it is shared.
Signal amplification and transduction by photo-activated catalysis (2006)

A simple flavin-based catalytic system is able to transform light into chemical output with amplified response utilizing a Cu(I)-catalyzed cycloaddition reaction.
Mechanisms of electrorheology: the effect of the dielectric property (1998)

The effect of the dielectric properties of electrorheological fluids on electrorheology was investigated in DC electric fields by using both hydrous and anhydrous electrorheological fluids. The relaxation frequency, which is defined by a local maximum of the dielectric loss factor of an electrorheological fluid, was in the range from 100- whenever the electrorheological fluid had a large electrorheological effect. This effect increased with increasing difference between the dielectric constants below and above the relaxation frequency both for hydrous and anhydrous electrorheological fluids, when the relaxation frequency was in the range 100-. For the electrorheological fluid containing microcrystalline cellulose, the change of the rheology curve, namely the shear rate versus shear stress ( versus ) curve, with increasing adsorbed water content could be interpreted in terms of the relation between the shear rate and the polarization rate. The mechanism of electrorheology could also explain the effect of the current density on the ER effect.
Semi-Analytical Modeling of the Performance of Intelligent Well Completions (2001)

Abstract Complex well configurations coupled with intelligent completions offer great potential for the efficient production of oil reservoirs. One application of this technology is the use of surface adjustable downhole chokes. This allows wells to be divided into separate inflow zones, with each zone produced under a different pressure drawdown, but with production commingled. Chokes can be set to provide a more uniform inflow profile, which acts to delay the breakthrough of water and gas. The practical benefits of this technology have been demonstrated in several North Sea installations. Despite the large technical and economic risks associated with these complex wells, little work has been presented on the detailed modeling of their performance. While it is possible to apply existing finite difference reservoir simulators, such models can be time consuming to build and the accuracy of the results depends on the grid and the well model. Here, we apply semi-analytical solution methods (based on Green’s functions), appropriate for modeling the performance of non-conventional wells operating under single phase flow conditions, to these complex well configurations. The approach entails a fully coupled nonlinear formulation that accounts for pressure drops in the annulus, tubing and downhole chokes. Numerical results for a variety of cases are presented. The high degree of accuracy of the semi-analytical approach is first demonstrated through comparison to results from established methods for model problems. Then, using a geostatistical description of a highly heterogeneous fluvial reservoir, we demonstrate how the method can be used to model the performance of wells with intelligent completions. We show how the technique can be applied to determine downhole choke settings that provide optimal inflow profiles.
Dyslipidemia and atypical antipsychotic drugs. (2004)

Dyslipidemia is an increasing problem in most industrialized societies and is a risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD). Imbalances in individual lipid components, including total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, and serum triglycerides, have each been shown to contribute to this increased risk. Certain psychiatric patient populations, such as those afflicted with schizophrenia, are of particular concern. Psychiatric patients with schizophrenia are naturally at increased risk for dyslipidemia and obesity, in part due to poor diet and sedentary lifestyle, but these conditions can be exacerbated by some antipsychotic medications. Clozapine and olanzapine, for example, appear to be associated with hyperlipidemia, which may be associated with changes in body weight. Other, newer antipsychotic agents may exhibit less liability for weight gain and the development of dyslipidemia. This review is intended to briefly highlight the association between dyslipidemia and cardiovascular disease, the changes in serum lipids associated with some antipsychotic agents, and how these changes in serum lipids affect the monitoring of schizophrenia patients.
Exploring the Correlation Between Lipid Packaging in Lipoplexes and Their Transfection Efficacy (2011)

Whilst there is a large body of evidence looking at the design of cationic liposomes as transfection agents, correlates of formulation to function remain elusive. In this research, we investigate if lipid packaging can give further insights into transfection efficacy. DNA lipoplexes composed of 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DOPE) or 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine (DSPE) in combination with 1,2-dioleoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DOTAP) or 1,2-stearoyl-3-trimethylammonium-propane (DSTAP) were prepared by the lipid hydration method. Each of the formulations was prepared by hydration in dH2O or phosphate buffer saline (PBS) to investigate the effect of buffer salts on lipoplex physicochemical characteristics and in vitro transfection. In addition, Langmuir monolayer studies were performed to investigate any possible correlation between lipid packaging and liposome attributes. Using PBS, rather than dH2O, to prepare the lipoplexes increased the size of vesicles in most of formulations and resulted in variation in transfection efficacies. However, one combination of lipids (DSPE:DOTAP) could not form liposomes in PBS, whilst the DSPE:DSTAP combination could not form liposomes in either aqueous media. Monolayer studies demonstrated saturated lipid combinations offered dramatically closer molecular packing compared to the other combinations which could suggest why this lipid combination could not form vesicles. Of the lipoplexes prepared, those formulated with DSTAP showed higher transfection efficacy, however, the effect of buffer on transfection efficiency was formulation dependent.
Resveratrol Tetramers from <i>Vatica</i> <i>diospyroides</i> (1999)

Vatdiospyroidol (1), a novel cytotoxic resveratrol tetramer, was isolated from the stems of Vatica diospyroides Sym. (Dipterocarpaceae) by bioassay-guided fractionation monitored with a human oral epidermoid carcinoma (KB) cell line. Another novel resveratrol tetramer, vaticaphenol A (2), was obtained as a noncytotoxic constituent, along with the known compounds, bergenin, betulin, betulinic acid, mangiferonic acid, and (E)-resveratrol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside. The structures of compounds 1 and 2 were elucidated by spectral analysis, including 1D and 2D NMR experiments, and by molecular modeling.