gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fecal Incontinence: Etiology, Evaluation, and Treatment (2011)

Fecal incontinence is a debilitating problem facing ~2.2% of the U.S. general population over 65 years of age. Etiologic factors include traumatic, neurologic, congenital, and iatrogenic. Most commonly, obstetric trauma causes fecal incontinence as well as poorly performed anorectal surgery or pelvic radiation. Several severity scores and quality of life indexes have been developed to quantify incontinent symptoms. There are several nonsurgical and surgical options for the treatment of fecal incontinence. Biofeedback is among the most successful nonoperative strategies. Depending on the cause, anal sphincter repair, artificial bowel sphincter, and sacral nerve stimulation are used to treat fecal incontinence with some success. Unfortunately, fecal incontinence is an extremely difficult problem to manage: there has not been one, single treatment option that has proven to be both safe and effective in long-term studies.
A New Variety of Polygonum from Washington (1938)

(Uploaded by Plazi from the Biodiversity Heritage Library) No abstract provided.
Strontium ranelate and alendronate have differing effects on distal tibia bone microstructure in women with osteoporosis (2010)

The structural basis of the antifracture efficacy of strontium ranelate and alendronate is incompletely understood. We compared the effects of strontium ranelate and alendronate on distal tibia microstructure over 2 years using HR-pQCT. In this pre-planned, interim, intention-to-treat analysis at 12 months, 88 osteoporotic postmenopausal women (mean age 63.7 +/- 7.4) were randomized to strontium ranelate 2 g/day or alendronate 70 mg/week in a double-placebo design. Primary endpoints were changes in microstructure. Secondary endpoints included lumbar and hip areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and bone turnover markers. This trial is registered with http://www.controlled-trials.com, number ISRCTN82719233. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. Treatment with strontium ranelate was associated with increases in mean cortical thickness (CTh, 5.3%), cortical area (4.9%) and trabecular density (2.1%) (all P < 0.001, except cortical area P = 0.013). No significant changes were observed with alendronate. Between-group differences in favor of strontium ranelate were observed for CTh, cortical area, BV/TV and trabecular density (P = 0.045, 0.041, 0.048 and 0.035, respectively). aBMD increased to a similar extent with strontium ranelate and alendronate at the spine (5.7% versus 5.1%, respectively) and total hip (3.3% versus 2.2%, respectively). No significant changes were observed in remodeling markers with strontium ranelate, while suppression was observed with alendronate. Within the methodological constraints of HR-pQCT through its possible sensitivity to X-ray attenuation of different minerals, strontium ranelate had greater effects than alendronate on distal tibia cortical thickness and trabecular volumetric density.
Improving Attention-Based End-to-End ASR Systems with Sequence-Based Loss Functions (2018)

Acoustic model and language model (LM) have been two major components in conventional speech recognition systems. They are normally trained independently, but recently there has been a trend to optimize both components simultaneously in a unified end-to-end (E2E) framework. However, the performance gap between the E2E systems and the traditional hybrid systems suggests that some knowledge has not yet been fully utilized in the new framework. An observation is that the current attention-based E2E systems could produce better recognition results when decoded with LMs which are independently trained with the same resource. In this paper, we focus on how to improve attention-based E2E systems without increasing model complexity or resorting to extra data. A novel training strategy is proposed for multi-task training with the connectionist temporal classification (CTC) loss. The sequence-based minimum Bayes risk (MBR) loss is also investigated. Our experiments on SWB 300hrs showed that both loss functions could significantly improve the baseline model performance. The additional gain from joint-LM decoding remains the same for CTC trained model but is only marginal for MBR trained model. This implies that while CTC loss function is able to capture more acoustic knowledge, MBR loss function exploits more word/character dependency.
Ab Initio Multiple Spawning:  Photochemistry from First Principles Quantum Molecular Dynamics (2000)

The ab initio multiple spawning (AIMS) method is a time-dependent formulation of quantum chemistry, whereby the nuclear dynamics and electronic structure problems are solved simultaneously. Quantum mechanical effects in the nuclear dynamics are included, especially the nonadiabatic effects which are crucial in modeling dynamics on multiple electronic states. The AIMS method makes it possible to describe photochemistry from first principles molecular dynamics, with no empirical parameters. We describe the method and present the application to two molecules of interest in organic photochemistryethylene and cyclobutene. We show that the photodynamics of ethylene involves both covalent and ionic electronic excited states and the return to the ground state proceeds through a pyramidalized geometry. For the photoinduced ring opening of cyclobutene, we show that the disrotatory motion predicted by the Woodward−Hoffmann rules is established within the first 50 fs after optical excitation.
Visual assessment of human skin irritation: a sensitive and reproducible tool (1997)

Human volunteer studies of skin irritation have been carried out for decades, both for research and for safety evaluation purposes. For the majority of this time, and consequently for the majority of the studies, assessment of the skin reactions has been made visually. Typical endpoints include erythema, oedema, dryness and scaling, some or all of which would be rated on a simple scale, eg 0, +/-, +, ++, + + +. Such approaches can be criticized as subjective, of poor reproducibility, lacking in sensitivity and highly variable between observers and/or institutions. In consequence, instrumental methods of assessment have been strongly promoted and do indeed offer several advantages, not least their objectivity. However, it is possible to use the human eye, which is a very sensitive tool, to make detailed, accurate and reproducible descriptions of skin irritation reactions. To achieve this, it is necessary to give prolonged and thorough training to each observer. In this paper, 3 examples of human volunteer studies, in which different pairs of trained observers independently carried out double blinded scoring of the irritation reactions, are reported. The grading patterns produced were almost identical; statistical analysis showed that properly trained observers are in fact able to reliably measure a grade of erythema to within +/- 1 on a 10 point scale; 97.6% of scores were within 2 grade points on this scale. These results provide evidence that visual scoring can be sensitive, reliable and reproducible within a testing institution.
Molecular Design of Barnacle Cement in Comparison with Those of Mussel and Tubeworm (2010)

Abstract Various organisms are known to attach themselves to a wide range of foreign materials in water as one of their essential physiological functions. To accomplish this, these organisms have acquired their specialized molecular systems in the process of their evolution. The molecular systems of sessile organisms are excellently designed for the purpose of underwater adhesion from the macroscopic scale to the molecular level. This review focuses on the unique sessile crustacean, the barnacle, in which a molecular system called cement was found for the underwater adhesion, which is completely different from the molecular system found in the mussel and tubeworm. The components, properties, and unique functions of the cement proteins from barnacles in comparison with those of the mussel and tubeworm are discussed. Keywords: BarnacleCementMolecular designProtein based materialsSessile organismsUnderwater adhesive ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I greatly appreciate Prof. J.-R. Shen of Okayama University for his careful correction of the manuscript. Notes 1Some barnacle genus have a membranous base. They do not have a calcareous base, and the membranous bases with chitinous lining is directly attached to foreign materials. No reports have been published on their cement proteins. One of a Collection of papers honoring J. Herbert Waite, the recipient in February 2009 of The Adhesion Society Award for Excellence in Adhesion Science, Sponsered by 3 M.
Projection structure of frog rhodopsin in two crystal forms. (1995)

Rhodopsin is the G protein-coupled receptor that upon light activation triggers the visual transduction cascade. Rod cell outer segment disc membranes were isolated from dark-adapted frog retinas and were extracted with Tween detergents to obtain two-dimensional rhodopsin crystals for electron crystallography. When Tween 80 was used, tubular structures with a p2 lattice (a = 32 A, b = 83 A, gamma = 91 degrees) were formed. The use of a Tween 80/Tween 20 mixture favored the formation of larger p22(1)2(1) lattices (a = 40 A, b = 146 A, gamma = 90 degrees). Micrographs from frozen hydrated frog rhodopsin crystals were processed, and projection structures to 7-A resolution for the p22(1)2(1) form and to 6-A resolution for the p2 form were calculated. The maps of frog rhodopsin in both crystal forms are very similar to the 9-A map obtained previously for bovine rhodopsin and show that the arrangement of the helices is the same. In a tentative topographic model, helices 4, 6, and 7 are nearly perpendicular to the plane of the membrane. In the higher-resolution projection maps of frog rhodopsin, helix 5 looks more tilted than it appeared previously. The quality of the two frog rhodopsin crystals suggests that they would be suitable to obtain a three-dimensional structure in which all helices would be resolved.
A Vacuum Tube Potentiometer (1927)

Get PDF Email Share Share with Facebook Tweet This Post on reddit Share with LinkedIn Add to CiteULike Add to Mendeley Add to BibSonomy Get Citation Copy Citation Text A. L. Fitch, "A Vacuum Tube Potentiometer," J. Opt. Soc. Am. 14, 348-353 (1927) Export Citation BibTex Endnote (RIS) HTML Plain Text Citation alert Save article
A novel zwitterionic HILIC stationary phase based on “thiol-ene” click chemistry between cysteine and vinyl silica (2011)

A novel zwitterionic stationary phase with high hydrophilicity was facilely synthesized based on the "thiol-ene" click reaction between cysteine and vinyl silica, which exhibited great potential in the separation of oligosaccharides, peptides and basic compounds, as well as in the enrichment of glycopeptides.
P‐78: Design and Characterization of Organic Light Emitting Diodes with Microcavity Structure (2003)

Abstract An organic light emitting diode with a microcavity structure has been fabricated. The intensity enhancement at the resonance wavelength is 2.3 compared to a non‐cavity device. The emission color is also modified from a yellow‐green of non‐cavity device to a primary green for the microcavity device. The experimental results compared well to theoretically calculations.
Sequence complexity of polyadenylated ribonucleic acid from soybean suspension culture cells (1979)

The sequenc complexity of total poly(A) RNA from a higher plant system, soybean cultured cells, was determined. Labeled cDNA synthesized from the poly(A) RNA hybridized exclusively with the unique sequence component of total soybean DNA. Analysis of the hybridization reaction between cDNA and the poly(A) RNA template revealed three abundance classes in the poly(A) RNA. These classes represent 18, 44, and 38% of the poly(A) RNA and contain information for approximately 60, 1900 and 30,000 different 1400-nucleotide RNA molecules. From these results, the total sequence complexity of poly(A) RNA was estimated to be 4.5 X 10(7) nucleotides. Saturation hybridization of labeled unique DNA with RNA showed that the total cell RNA represents 12.4% of the unique DNA sequence complexity, or 6.4 X 10(7) nucleotides, while poly(A) RNA respresent 8.7% of the unique DNA sequence complexity, or 3.3 X 10(7) nucleotides. Thus, it is estimated that 50--70% of total RNA sequence complexity is contained in poly(A) RNA in these cells.
The Clinical Impact of a High Resolution PET/CT Scanner (2004)

1999 年の米国核医学会 (SNM) 総会において, Townsend ら発表による PET/CT 像が “Image of the Year” を受賞したのは未だ記憶に新しい.その後 メーカー各社より独自の装置が発表され,今や PET/CT は腫瘍 PET の世界標準となりつつある. 日本でもついに動き始めた PET/CT ではあるが,従 来の PET と比較して 一体何が優れているのか? シーメンス PET/CT Biograph LSO では,PET と CT 双方に技術の粋が結集され,3D PET と MD CT の組み合わせにより,検査時間が大幅に短縮され た.UCLA の Czernin らによると,一人あたりの検 査時間は平均 15 分以下に短縮されたとのことで, 従来の PET が 30 分程度を要することを考えると 約 2 倍のスループットの向上である.この撮像の 短時間化に,CT を用いた吸収補正データの取得が 大きく貢献していることも忘れてはならない. 診断面に関して言えば,PET と CT が一体化した ことにより 同一断面の鮮明な PET, CT, 重ね合 わせ PET/CT 像が撮像直後から得られることが非常 に大きく,まさに画像診断の革命である.異常集 積の正確な位置の同定が可能となり,集積の良悪 性の判定も容易となったことにより,病変の検出 や病期の判定に正確性が増した症例も多数経験さ れるようになった.また,撮像から最終的な画像 診断に至るまでのプロセスも大いに短縮,簡素化 され,比較のために行われる他の画像検査を抑制 できる可能性も考えられる. 武田病院画像診断センターでは,2 台の Biograph LSO PET/CT 装置を駆使し,検診から実際の癌の診 断に至るまで,装置の特徴を最大限に利用した, きめの細かい診療を予定している. 日本における導入がやや遅かったために,宣伝 が少し先行している感のある PET/CT であるが,本 セミナーでは米国で豊富な経験を有するユーザー の立場から,シーメンス PET/CT Biograph の実際の 診療現場における有用性をじっくりと検証したい.
Suppression of pulsatile luteinizing hormone secretion by gonadotrophin-releasing hormone antagonist does not affect episodic progesterone secretion or corpus luteum function in ewes (1992)

Progesterone secretion has been observed to be episodic in the late luteal phase of the oestrous cycle of ewes and is apparently independent of luteinizing hormone (LH). This study investigated the effects of suppressing the pulsatile release of LH in the early or late luteal phase on the episodic secretion of progesterone. Six Scottish Blackface ewes were treated i.m. with 1 mg kg-1 body weight of a potent gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) antagonist on either day 4 or day 11 of the luteal phase. Six ewes received saline at each time and acted as controls. Serial blood samples were collected at 10 or 15 min intervals between 0 and 8 h, 24 and 32 h, and 48 and 56 h after GnRH antagonist treatment and daily from oestrus (day 0) of the treatment cycle for 22 days. Oestrous behaviour was determined using a vasectomized ram present throughout the experiment. Progesterone secretion was episodic in both the early and late luteal phase with a frequency of between 1.6 and 3.2 pulses in 8 h. The GnRH antagonist abolished the pulsatile secretion and suppressed the basal concentrations of LH for at least 3 days after treatment. This suppression of LH, in either the early or late luteal phase, did not affect the episodic release of progesterone. Daily concentrations of progesterone in plasma showed a minimal reduction on days 11 to 14 after GnRH antagonist treatment on day 4, although this was significant (P < 0.05) only on days 11 and 13. There was no effect of treatment on day 11 on daily progesterone concentration, and the timing of luteolysis and the duration of corpus luteum function was unaffected by GnRH antagonist treatment on either day 4 or day 11. These results indicate that the episodic secretion of progesterone during the luteal phase of the oestrous cycle in ewes is independent of LH pulses and normal progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum can be maintained with minimal basal concentrations of LH.
<i>Streptococcus pneumoniae</i> Causes Experimental Meningitis following Intranasal and Otitis Media Infections via a Nonhematogenous Route (2001)

Using two different animal models of Streptococcus pneumoniae infection, we have demonstrated that this organism is able to spread to the central nervous system and cause meningitis by bypassing the bloodstream. Following respiratory tract infection induced via intranasal inoculation, bacteria were rapidly found in the bloodstream and brains in the majority of infected mice. A similar pattern of dissemination occurred following otitis media infection via transbullar injection of gerbils. However, a small percentage of animals infected by either route showed no bacteria in the blood and yet did have significant numbers of bacteria in brain tissue. Subsequent experiments using a galU mutant of S. pneumoniae, which is impaired in its ability to disseminate to the bloodstream following infection, showed that this organism is able to spread to the brain and cerebrospinal fluid. These results demonstrate that, unlike many bacterial pathogens that cause meningitis, S. pneumoniae is able to do so independent of bloodstream involvement upon different routes of infection. This may address the difficulty in treating human infections caused by this organism.
Overload control for Machine-Type-Communications in LTE-Advanced system (2012)

As Machine-Type-Communications (MTC) continues to burgeon rapidly, a comprehensive study on overload control approach to manage the data and signaling traffic from massive MTC devices is required. In this work, we study the problem of RACH overload, survey several types of RAN-level contention resolution methods, and introduce the current development of CN (core network) overload mechanisms in 3GPP LTE. Additionally, we simulate and compare different methods and offer further observations on the solution design.
Ultra-high vacuum compatible preparation chain for intermetallic compounds (2016)

We report the development of a versatile material preparation chain for intermetallic compounds, which focuses on the realization of a high-purity growth environment. The preparation chain comprises an argon glovebox, an inductively heated horizontal cold boat furnace, an arc melting furnace, an inductively heated rod casting furnace, an optically heated floating-zone furnace, a resistively heated annealing furnace, and an inductively heated annealing furnace. The cold boat furnace and the arc melting furnace may be loaded from the glovebox by means of a load-lock permitting to synthesize compounds starting with air-sensitive elements while handling the constituents exclusively in an inert gas atmosphere. All furnaces are all-metal sealed, bakeable, and may be pumped to ultra-high vacuum. We find that the latter represents an important prerequisite for handling compounds with high vapor pressure under high-purity argon atmosphere. We illustrate the operational aspects of the preparation chain in terms of the single-crystal growth of the heavy-fermion compound CeNi<sub>2</sub>Ge<sub>2</sub>.
Prevalence of subjects with progressive bone loss at implants (2005)

It is suggested that the prevalence of progressive bone loss at implants assessed from subject-based data is higher than that evaluated from implant-based data.
Quantitative Microstructural Analysis (1968)

This paper is presented as a review, not of the literature, but of the techniques of quantitative microstructural analysis. It contains all of the important relationships which permit the estimation of the geometric properties of three-dimensional structures from measurements made upon both sections (reflection microscopy) and slices (transmission microscopy) taken through the structure. The emphasis is upon what geometric properties are accessible to quantitative determination and upon the nature of the assumptions that underlie their measurement. An appreciable part of the content is devoted to semiquantitative methods, that is, to the analysis of systems in which one or more simplifying geometric assumptions are permissible. The inclusion of a section on the statistics of microstructural analysis, which deals with methods for estimating the number of measurements required to obtain a given level of accuracy, makes this paper selfcontained.
Splicing promotes rapid and efficient mRNA export in mammalian cells (2008)

The numerous steps in protein gene expression are extensively coupled to one another through complex networks of physical and functional interactions. Indeed, >25 coupled reactions, often reciprocal, have been documented among such steps as transcription, capping, splicing, and polyadenylation. Coupling is usually not essential for gene expression, but instead enhances the rate and/or efficiency of reactions and, physiologically, may serve to increase the fidelity of gene expression. Despite numerous examples of coupling in gene expression, whether splicing enhances mRNA export still remains controversial. Although splicing was originally reported to promote export in both mammalian cells and Xenopus oocytes, it was subsequently concluded that this was not the case. These newer conclusions were surprising in light of the observations that the mRNA export machinery colocalizes with splicing factors in the nucleus and that splicing promotes recruitment of the export machinery to mRNA. We therefore reexamined the relationship between splicing and mRNA export in mammalian cells by using FISH, in combination with either transfection or nuclear microinjection of plasmid DNA. Together, these analyses indicate that both the kinetics and efficiency of mRNA export are enhanced 6- to 10-fold (depending on the construct) for spliced mRNAs relative to their cDNA counterparts. We conclude that splicing promotes mRNA export in mammalian cells and that the functional coupling between splicing and mRNA export is a conserved and general feature of gene expression in higher eukaryotes.
Sequential phase II trials of fluorouracil and interferon beta ser with or without sargramostim in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma. (1998)

The combination of 5-FU and IFN beta ser was active in patients with advanced colorectal carcinoma, and survival with this regimen was comparable to or better than that with other modulating regimens. The intermittent schedule of IFN beta ser was better tolerated than than the daily schedule.
Evaluation of lensing in photonic crystal slabs exhibiting negative refraction (2003)

We systematically investigate lensing of electromagnetic waves by a negative refractive-index material slab constructed from a two-dimensional photonic crystal with properly designed equifrequency-surface configuration [Luo et al., Phys. Rev. B 65, 201104 (2002)]. We find that a point source placed in the vicinity of the slab can form a good-quality image in the opposite side of the slab. However, the image is strongly confined in the near-field region of the slab and gradually degrades and disappears when moved beyond the near-field domain. In addition, the image-slab distance has little dependence on the source-slab distance and the slab thickness. On the other hand, the image can also form by a slab with a positive effective refractive index. We have analyzed the equifrequency-surface contour configuration of this photonic crystal and found that the overall imaging properties of this photonic crystal slab are dominantly governed by the self-collimation effect and complex near-field wave scattering effect, rather than by the all-angle negative-refraction effect.