gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Patient-reported Outcomes in Cystic Fibrosis (2007)

Over the past 20 years, there has been tremendous progress in the area of patient-reported outcomes (PROs). A PRO instrument is defined as any measure of a patient's health status that is elicited directly from the patient and assesses how the patient "feels or functions with respect to his or her health condition." The advances seen in clinical research regarding PROs has been mirrored in research in cystic fibrosis (CF). A large number of instruments have been used for both therapeutic and nontherapeutic clinical research for many chronic conditions. This review will summarize a history of the development of PROs and how PROs are viewed by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. We will then review the current state of the art of patient-reported outcomes in CF, specifically addressing the evaluation of different PRO instruments in terms of their reliability and validity. Finally, we will delineate further areas for development of PROs in CF. We believe that the future of CF research will incorporate a more diverse selection of PRO outcome measures; these outcome measures ultimately may be incorporated into clinical care to standardize symptom assessment and provide information regarding the need for specific clinical interventions to improve the quality of care delivered to these patients.
Epitaxial graphene: a new material (2008)

Abstract Graphene, a two‐dimensional sheet of sp 2 ‐bonded carbon arranged in a honeycomb lattice, is not only the building block of fullerenes, carbon nano tubes (CNTs) and graphite, it also has interesting properties, which have caused a flood of activities in the past few years. The possibility to grow graphitic films with thicknesses down to a single graphene layer epitaxially on SiC{0001} surfaces is promising for future applications. The two‐dimensional nature of epitaxial graphene films make them ideal objects for surface science techniques such as photoelectron spectroscopy, low‐energy electron diffraction, and scanning probe microscopy. The present article summarizes results from recent photoemission studies covering a variety of aspects such as the growth of epitaxial graphene and few layer graphene, the electronic and structural properties of the interface to the SiC substrate, and the electronic structure of the epitaxial graphene stacks. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Use of Light‐Emitting Diode Fluorescence Microscopy to Detect Acid‐Fast Bacilli in Sputum (2008)

LED fluorescence microscopy provides a reliable alternative to conventional methods and has many favorable attributes that facilitate improved, decentralized, diagnostic services.
A digital fountain approach to asynchronous reliable multicast (2002)

The proliferation of applications that must reliably distribute large, rich content to a vast number of autonomous receivers motivates the design of new multicast and broadcast protocols. We describe an ideal, fully scalable protocol for these applications that we call a digital fountain. A digital fountain allows any number of heterogeneous receivers to acquire content with optimal efficiency at times of their choosing. Moreover, no feedback channels are needed to ensure reliable delivery, even in the face of high loss rates. We develop a protocol that closely approximates a digital fountain using two new classes of erasure codes that for large block sizes are orders of magnitude faster than standard erasure codes. We provide performance measurements that demonstrate the feasibility of our approach and discuss the design, implementation, and performance of an experimental system.
Network virtualization and software defined networking for cloud computing: a survey (2013)

Network virtualization is the key to the current and future success of cloud computing. In this article, we explain key reasons for virtualization and briefly explain several of the networking technologies that have been developed recently or are being developed in various standards bodies. In particular, we explain software defined networking, which is the key to network programmability. We also illustrate SDN¿s applicability with our own research on OpenADN - application delivery in a multi-cloud environment.
Time-varying filtering for removal of baseline wander in exercise ECGs (2002)

Time-varying filtering techniques were applied to the problem of baseline correction by letting the cut-off frequency of a linear filter be controlled by the low-frequency properties of the electrocardiogram signal. The time-varying filter was implemented as a bank of linear lowpass filters, in which each filter has a slightly differing cut-off frequency. All filters have a linear phase response. Sampling rate decimation and interpolation were used for efficient implementation of the filter. The performance of the technique was studied on ECG signals with different types of simulated baseline wander. The results are compared to the performance of linear, time-invariant filtering and to that of cubic spline interpolation. The results show that a substantial improvement in performance can be achieved when using time-varying filtering, especially at low heart rates or during episodes with excessive baseline wander.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A prioritized multi-channel multi-time slot MAC protocol for large-scale wireless sensor networks (2009)

This paper addresses a new prioritized multichannel multi-time slot MAC protocol (PMCMTP) for large-scale WSNs especially for Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) based networks. To reduce the complexity of resource sharing, the global network is composed of a set of Personal Area Networks (PANs) or cells. According to available resource and PANs duty cycle, PMCMTP can dynamically assign several data channels per PAN and efficiently allocate time slots to each PAN's members. This significantly decreases delay and increases throughput. Through some simulations, we evaluate the performance of the proposed protocol. The results show that PMCMTP ensures an efficient and fair channels allocation between cells permitting, on the one hand, an enhancement of quality-of-service inside each PAN and, on the other hand, a maximization of channel utility.
Efficient Synthesis of (<i>R</i>)‐2‐Chloro‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)ethanol with a Ketoreductase from <i>Scheffersomyces stipitis</i> CBS 6045 (2017)

Abstract By enzyme screening, a ketoreductase cloned from Scheffersomyces stipitis CBS 6045 and named Ss CR was identified that could catalyze the asymmetric hydrogenation of a variety of aromatic ketones. Ss CR exhibited a specific activity of 65 U mg −1 protein and excellent enantioselectivity (99.9% ee ) towards the hydrophobic substrate 2‐chloro‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)ethanone, which is an intermediate in the synthesis of common antifungal agents such as miconazole, econazole and sertaconazole. The kinetic parameter k cat / K m was 4.51×10 3 s −1 mM −1 , showing the great catalytic efficiency of Ss CR towards this substrate. Molecular dynamic simulation results shed light on the higher substrate binding free energy change for this substrate relative to other substrates. Based on the good catalytic properties of Ss CR, ( R )‐2‐chloro‐1‐(2,4‐dichlorophenyl)ethanol could be obtained with a space‐time yield (STY) of up to 268 g L −1 d −1 without any additional cofactor required in the reductive reaction process. On scaling up the bioreaction, the ( R )‐alcohol was isolated with 88.2% yield and 99.9% ee . The environmental factor (E factor) of this reaction was 7.25 when process water was excluded. magnified image
L-myc polymorphism in cancer patients, healthy blood donors and elderly, tumor-free individuals in Russia (2000)

L-myc polymorphism was investigated in 95 breast cancer (BC), 63 colorectal cancer (CC) and 58 lung cancer (LC) patients, as well as in 122 healthy, middle-aged blood donors (HBDs) and 184 elderly, tumor-free individuals. The occurrence of the S allele in the BC cohort (57%) was significantly higher than that in middle-aged, healthy females (41%) and elderly, non-affected women (47%), implying involvement of the L-myc genotype in BC susceptibility (age-adjusted OR = 1.74, 95% CI 1.11-2.73, p = 0.016). L-myc allele distribution in CC and LC was similar to that in controls. Contrary to earlier reports, L:S allele frequencies ratio in elderly blood donors (EBDs) did not significantly differ from that in HBDs (0.49:0. 51 and 0.54:0.46, respectively). However, the S allele had a tendency to be over-represented among elderly compared with middle-aged smokers (55% vs. 44%; OR = 1.57, 95% CI 0.98-2.50, p = 0. 059), which implies that it may be linked with tolerance to smoking effects.
Chopper-stabilized high-pass sigma delta modulator utilizing a resonator structure. (2003)

A chopper-stabilized high-pass sigma delta modulator (SDM) utilizing a resonator structure for the reduction of low-frequency noise, such as dc offset, thermal drift, and 1/f noise, is presented. The high-pass SDM has a zero of a noise transfer function at half of the sampling frequency and is stabilized by chopper modulation. Since the first integrator of the proposed modulator has a large closed-loop gain, no pre-amplifier is required even when the input signal is small, which is suitable for low-power applications. The signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs) and power dissipations of a high-pass modulator and a conventional modulator have been numerically analyzed.
Modulated Differential Scanning Calorimetry of Ultrathin Adsorbed PS-<i>r</i>-PMMA Copolymers on Silica (2003)

A series of polystyrene-random-poly(methyl methacrylate) (PS-r-PMMA) copolymers with different compositions, adsorbed from toluene onto silica, were studied with modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC). The equilibrium adsorbed amount increased monotonically with an increase in the methyl methacrylate (MMA) content in the copolymers. From the derivative MDSC curves, dCp/dT vs T, the thermal transitions of the adsorbed chains were found to be dependent on the composition of the copolymers and representative of films with chain segments which were spatially heterogeneous. The intensities of the thermal transitions associated with more-mobile fractions in the polymer films decreased, and those associated with the more-rigid fractions increased when the MMA content in the copolymers increased. These changes were attributed to the strong interaction between MMA units and silanol groups on the silica surface. In addition, for the polymers studied, the relative intensities of the transitions associated with the more-mobile segments increased with increases in the adsorbed amounts.
Phenolic Analogs of Amino Carboxylic Acid Ligands for 99mTc. II. Synthesis and Characterization of N,N'-Ethylenebis[N-(o-Hydroxybenzyl)-glycines] (ehbg) (1988)

Ten N,N,- ethylenebis [N-(o- hydroxybenzyl ) glycines ] ( ehbg ), eight of them new, have been synthesized and characterized by their i.r ., 1H n.m.r . and f.a.b, mass spectra and by conversion of their dimethyl ester dihydrochlorides.
Pluralism and Proceduralism (1994)

Cohen on Hampshire's take on Rawls
Cellular OFDM/CDMA downlink performance in the link and system levels (2002)

The link and system level performance of a cellular OFDM/CDMA downlink is evaluated. A system level simulator is built to utilise the link level simulation results and to derive the actual network capacity. Three service transmission rates, i.e., 12 kbits/s, 144 kbits/s and 2 Mbits/s have been studied in the evaluation of the suitability of OFDM/CDMA as an UMTS multiple access method. The work has been performed within the European Union ACTS program in the FRAMES project.
Bioorthogonal Profiling of Protein Methylation (BPPM) Using an Azido Analog of <i>S</i>‐Adenosyl‐<scp>L</scp>‐Methionine (2013)

Protein methyltransferases (PMTs) utilize S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) as a cofactor and transfer its sulfonium methyl moiety to diverse substrates. These methylation events can lead to meaningful biological outcomes, from transcriptional activation/silencing to cell cycle regulation. This article describes recently developed technology based on protein engineering in tandem with SAM analog cofactors and bioorthogonal click chemistry to unambiguously profile the substrates of a specific PMT. The protocols encapsulate the logic and methods of selectively profiling the substrates of a candidate PMT by (1) engineering the selected PMT to accommodate a bulky SAM analog; (2) generating a proteome containing the engineered PMT; (3) visualizing the proteome-wide substrates of the designated PMT via bioorthogonal labeling with a fluorescent tag; and finally (4) pulling down the proteome-wide substrates for mass spectrometric analysis.
The O:34-antigen lipopolysaccharide as an adhesin in Aeromonas hydrophila (1996)

We compared the ability of different Aeromonas hydrophila strains from serogroup O:34 grown at different temperatures to adhere to Hep-2 cells. We found a high level of adhesion when the strains were grown at 20 °C but not when they were grown at 37 °C. We previously described that these strains were able to form the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide when they grow at low temperature but not at high temperature. We also obtained by transposon mutagenesis mutants only devoid of the O-antigen lipopolysaccharide (rfb mutants), and they showed significantly lower levels of adhesion to Hep-2 cells than the smooth strains. All these results prompted us to conclude that the O-antigen LPS, in these strains, is an important adhesin.
Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha Effects on Rat Gastric Enterochromaffin-Like Cells (2002)

Gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells are histamine-producing cells in the gastric epithelium which are responsible for the peripheral regulation of acid secretion. The gastric mucosa is frequently infected with <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>, leading to increased levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). The aim of our current study was to identify the effect of TNF-α on programmed cell death. ECL cells were isolated from the rat corpus mucosa to a purity >90%. TNF receptor and adapter protein presence were determined using RT-PCR, Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Apoptosis was measured by Tdt-mediated dUTP nick end labeling reaction and by DNA fragmentation based ELISA. Isolated ECL cells were found to express the TNF receptor p55 and IFN-γ receptor, but not the TNF receptor p75 or CD95. TNF-α (25 ng/ml) increased apoptosis in ECL cells approximately 4-fold, IFN-γ had no effect. Western blot analysis revealed that TNF-α caused degradation of IĸBα within 10 min. EMSA demonstrated that TNF-α led to increased DNA-binding activity of NFĸB and that proteasome inhibitors counteracted NFĸB activation. Proteasome inhibitors, specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotides against the p65 subunit of the NFĸB complex and the NO synthase inhibitor N<sup>G</sup>-monomethyl-<i>L</i>-arginine completely prevented TNF-α-induced apoptosis. Our data suggest that TNF-α induces apoptosis of isolated gastric ECL cells via activation of NFĸB and the generation of NO.
Preparation of Micron-Sized Monodispersed Thermoresponsive Core−Shell Microcapsules (2002)

We have successfully prepared monodispersed thermoresponsive core−shell microcapsules with a mean diameter of about 4 μm with a porous membrane and with linear-grafted poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) chains in the membrane pores acting as thermoresponsive gates. The preparation was carried out by using a Shirasu porous glass (SPG) membrane emulsification technique to prepare small-sized monodispersed oil-in-water emulsions and using interfacial polymerization to prepare the core−shell microcapsules with porous membranes. Plasma-graft pore-filling polymerization was used to graft linear PNIPAM chains into the pores of the microcapsule membranes. In the SPG membrane emulsification process, the optimum surfactant sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) concentration and poly(vinyl alcohol) stabilizer concentration could be selected by solely considering the monodispersity of the emulsion droplets. However, before the interfacial polymerization process was started, these two concentrations needed to be monitored to avoid any aggregation of the microcapsules and, if necessary, the appropriate quantity of SDS or Tween 80 needed to be added to prevent the microcapsules from aggregating in the interfacial polymerization stage. The prepared PNIPAM-grafted monodispersed microcapsules with a mean diameter of about 4 μm showed satisfactory reversible and reproducible thermoresponsive release characteristics. The release of both NaCl and vitamin B12 (VB12) from the PNIPAM-grafted microcapsules was slow at 25 °C and fast at 40 °C, which is due to the closed/open state of the grafted “gates”. The “on/off” ratio of the release rate of VB12 from the PNIPAM-grafted microcapsules was much larger than that of NaCl.
Far-Infrared Absorption of Silver-Particle Composites (1985)

The far-infrared absorption of oxide-coated small Ag particles in a Teflon insulating host has been measured. Excellent agreement between the experimental absorption and the Maxwell-Garnett theory is obtained when the particle size distribution and oxide coating are taken into account. We show for the first time experimental evidence that a highly absorbing oxide coating will enhance the electric-dipole absorption. Moreover, we explicitly show that the anomalous absorption of oxide-coated Ag particles is mainly due to clustering.
Natural and Artificial Intelligence in Neurosurgery: A Systematic Review (2017)

We conclude that ML models have the potential to augment the decision-making capacity of clinicians in neurosurgical applications; however, significant hurdles remain associated with creating, validating, and deploying ML models in the clinical setting. Shifting from the preconceptions of a human-vs-machine to a human-and-machine paradigm could be essential to overcome these hurdles.
An algorithmic technique for protocol verification (1988)

An algorithmic procedure for protocol verification is presented. A protocol is described as a collection of processes interacting with one another using CSP-type input/output operations. The safety properties of each process are described by a finite-state machine and the liveliness properties of each process by a collection of temporal logic formulas. The required behavior of the protocol is then specified in the same formalism, and the verification procedure can check the description of the protocol for correctness. An experimental implementation of the verification algorithm has been applied to the alternating-bit protocol.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
In vivo <sup>13</sup>carbon metabolic imaging at 3T with hyperpolarized <sup>13</sup>C‐1‐pyruvate (2007)

We present for the first time dynamic spectra and spectroscopic images acquired in normal rats at 3T following the injection of (13)C-1-pyruvate that was hyperpolarized by the dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) method. Spectroscopic sampling was optimized for signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and for spectral resolution of (13)C-1-pyruvate and its metabolic products (13)C-1-alanine, (13)C-1-lactate, and (13)C-bicarbonate. Dynamic spectra in rats were collected with a temporal resolution of 3 s from a 90-mm axial slab using a dual (1)H-(13)C quadrature birdcage coil to observe the combined effects of metabolism, flow, and T(1) relaxation. In separate experiments, spectroscopic imaging data were obtained during a 17-s acquisition of a 20-mm axial slice centered on the rat kidney region to provide information on the spatial distribution of the metabolites. Conversion of pyruvate to lactate, alanine, and bicarbonate occurred within a minute of injection. Alanine was observed primarily in skeletal muscle and liver, while pyruvate, lactate, and bicarbonate concentrations were relatively high in the vasculature and kidneys. In contrast to earlier work at 1.5 T, bicarbonate was routinely observed in skeletal muscle as well as the kidney and vasculature.
Chloroquine potentiates the anti-cancer effect of 5-fluorouracil on colon cancer cells (2010)

Our findings suggest that the combination therapy with CQ should be a novel therapeutic modality to improve efficacy of 5-FU-based chemotherapy, possibly by inhibiting autophagy-dependent resistance to chemotherapy.
Cardioprotection With Adenosine-Regulating Agent, GP531: Effects on No-Reflow, Infarct Size, and Blood Flow Following Ischemia/ Reperfusion in the Rabbit (2010)

GP531, a potent, second-generation adenosine-regulating agent, is pharmacologically silent under basal conditions but increases localized endogenous adenosine during ischemia. GP531 improves functional recovery after myocardial ischemia, but its effects on infarct size and no-reflow have not been reported. The objective was to determine whether GP531 reduces necrosis and the anatomic no-reflow defect and to evaluate its effects on regional myocardial blood flow (RMBF). GP531 was given as a loading dose plus infusion at 2 doses (700 microg/kg and 10 microg/kg per minute or 2100 microg/kg and 30 microg/kg per minute) or vehicle, starting 12 minutes before a 30-minute coronary occlusion and throughout 3 hours reperfusion in rabbits. Risk zone was delineated by blue dye, necrosis by tetrazolium staining, RMBF by radioactive microspheres, and no-reflow defect by thioflavin S. The extent of the ischemic risk zone was similar in all groups. Low-dose GP531 reduced infarct size by 34% (0.33 +/- 0.4 of the risk zone) compared with vehicle (0.50 +/- 0.4, P < .01) and reduced the extent of the anatomic no-reflow zone by 31% compared with vehicle (0.25 +/- 0.3 of the risk zone vs 0.36 +/- 0.4 in the vehicle group, P < .05). Infarct size and zone of no-reflow in the high dose were reduced by 22% and 16%, respectively (P = NS vs the other 2 groups). GP531 did not affect hemodynamics or blood flow. Thus, GP531 was effective at the lower dose evaluated in this study, reducing the severity of ischemic/reperfusion injury, without inducing the adverse hemodynamic effects associated with adenosine administration such as bradycardia and hypotension.
Short-Term Traffic Flow Prediction Based on EMD and Artificial Neural Network (2009)

An approach to short-term traffic flow prediction based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and artificial neural network (ANN) is proposed. The traffic flow is decomposed into different modes by EMD, and these different modes are predicted by appropriate ANNs. The predictive traffic flow is obtained by adding up all predictive values. This method is used to predict traffic flow with the actual measurement data. The results show that the proposed method has high predictive accuracy, and is more successful than the outcome of directly using ANN prediction.
Correction of Simple Contrast Loss in Color Images (2007)

This paper is concerned with the mitigation of simple contrast loss due to added lightness in an image. This added lightness has been referred to as "airlight" in the literature since it is often caused by optical scattering due to fog or mist. A statistical model for scene content is formulated that gives a way of detecting the presence of airlight in an arbitrary image. An algorithm is described for estimating the level of this airlight given the assumption that it is constant throughout the image. This algorithm is based on finding the minimum of a global cost function and is applicable to both monochrome and color images. The method is robust and insensitive to scaling. Once an estimate of airlight is achieved, then image correction is straightforward. The performance of the algorithm is explored using the Monte Carlo simulation with synthetic images under different statistical assumptions. Several examples of before and after color images are given. Results with real video data obtained in poor visibility conditions indicate frame-to-frame consistency of better than 1% of maximum level.