gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Positron emission tomography probe demonstrates a striking concentration of ribose salvage in the liver (2014)

PET is a powerful technique for quantifying and visualizing biochemical pathways in vivo. Here, we develop and validate a novel PET probe, [(18)F]-2-deoxy-2-fluoroarabinose ([(18)F]DFA), for in vivo imaging of ribose salvage. DFA mimics ribose in vivo and accumulates in cells following phosphorylation by ribokinase and further metabolism by transketolase. We use [(18)F]DFA to show that ribose preferentially accumulates in the liver, suggesting a striking tissue specificity for ribose metabolism. We demonstrate that solute carrier family 2, member 2 (also known as GLUT2), a glucose transporter expressed in the liver, is one ribose transporter, but we do not know if others exist. [(18)F]DFA accumulation is attenuated in several mouse models of metabolic syndrome, suggesting an association between ribose salvage and glucose and lipid metabolism. These results describe a tool for studying ribose salvage and suggest that plasma ribose is preferentially metabolized in the liver.
Study of the conformity of post-chemotherapy retroperitoneal lymph-node dissection (RPLND) to standard recommendations in patients with testicular (T) and primary retroperitoneal (PR) non-seminomatous germ-cell tumor (NSGCT): impact on outcome (2004)

4584 Background: Post-chemotherapy RPLND is a major part of the initial treatment of T-PR NSGCT patients. The aim of the study was to determine whether its conformity to standard recommendations had an impact on pts outcome. Methods: We reviewed the clinical, surgical and histological charts of 533 T-PR NSGCT patients who were treated between 01/93 to 12/00 in our center. RPLND was performed in 153 patients after first-line chemotherapy by 69 different surgeons. One surgeon and 68 surgeons operated 49 patients and less than 8 patients respectively. We reviewed the distribution of involved lymph-node according to Donohue et al (J Urol 1982, 128:315). Recommendations used to define conformity to RPLND standards were: indication based on initial and residual lymph-node sizes and shrinkage (Toner, J Clin Oncol, 1990, 8: 1683), extension of dissection (Wood et al, J Urol 1992, 148: 1812 and Aprikian et al, Cancer 1994, 74: 1329) and completeness of exeresis. Criteria for outcome were relative risk (RR) of relapse and death. Results: RPLND was in conformity to standard recommendations in 71/153 (46%) patients (indication: 149/153, extension: 76/153, completeness of exeresis 129/153). Conformity was 100% for the surgeon who operated 49 patients and 26% for the others. Median follow-up was 3.08 years (0.42–11). There were 26 (17%) relapses (12 in the retroperitoneum) and 14 deaths. Patients who had not conformable RPLND had a 4.33 and 3.17 RR of retroperitoneal relapse and death respectively when compared to patients who had RLNPD performed according to standard recommendations. Conclusions: Conformity of RLNPD procedure to standard recommendation has an impact on outcome. Patients should be treated in reference centers. No significant financial relationships to disclose.
The configuration management for version control in an object-oriented VHDL design environment (2002)

The authors present a constraint-driven, object-oriented approach to configuration management within a VHDL design environment called SDE. A configuration is generated from a generic design in such a way that technology-specific cells are bound to the generic components of the design. In the approach, user-defined constraints are exploited to efficiently organize versions and to generate workable configurations. They are also used for providing the formal definitions of various relationships between cells, making it possible to easily explore versions of a configuration by substituting other cells with a certain relationship, e.g., replaceability, for its already bound cells. To retrieve cells that satisfy constraints for a configuration to be generated, the authors suggest an object-oriented query model based on a graph model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Basic Application Technologies of Bifacial Photovoltaic Solar Modules (2003)

In order to realize a photovoltaic(PV) solar power system which is low cost and flexible on its installation, authors have studied on vertical installations of bifacial solar modules. Simulation studies and field tests were made to evaluate daily and yearly output energies when bifacial modules are vertically installed with various azimuth angles. It is clarified that the yearly generated energies by a vertically installed bifacial module is equivalent to that of a mono-facial module faced to the south with an optimum tilt, regardless the azimuth angles. According with the above results, some applications have been successfully demonstrated including a fence-integrated PV system and a pole mounted PV system.
Low temperature Pyrex/silicon wafer bonding via a single intermediate parylene layer (2011)

We introduce a new low temperature (280°C) parylene-C wafer bonding technique, where parylene-C bonds directly a Pyrex wafer to a silicon wafer with either a Si, SiO <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> or Si <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> N <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sub> surface with a bonding strength up to 23 MPa. The technique uses a single layer of parylene-C deposited only on the Pyrex wafer. Moreover, the process is compatible for bonding any type of wafer with small-sized micropatterned features, or containing microfluidic channels and electrodes. This technique can be an alternative for conventional bonding methods like anodic bonding in applications requiring a low temperature and diverse bonding interfaces.
Rat‐Liver Acyl‐CoA: Cholesterol Acyltransferase (1978)

The activity of acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase was measured in rat‐liver microsomes from the rate of incorporation of [1‐ 14 C]oleate into cholesteryl esters, in the presence of ATP and coenzyme A. Endogenous cholesterol in the microsomal fraction and exogenously added cholesterol are available as susbstrate for acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase. The kinetics of cholesterol esterification in the absence and in the presence of exogenously added cholesterol suggest that there is, in liver microsomes, a relatively small pool of cholesterol acting as substrate for acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase that may support a constant rate of esterification for the assay of acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity. The activity of acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase at theendogenous cholesterol concentration was measured in preparations from rats in various experimental conditions, associated with changes in hepatic cholesterol metabolism, together with the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA reductase, of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase and the microsomal concentration of free and of esterified cholesterol. Feeding rats with a diet supplemented with cholesterol for 12 h resulted in a 2–3‐fold increase in the activity of acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase, a decrease in K m value of the enzyme for oleate and an increase in the concentration of cholesteryl esters. There was also an increase in the activity of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase while the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA reductase declined considerably following the treatment. The diversion of bile acids from the enterohepatic circulation, achieved by feeding rats a diet supplemented with cholestyramine, resulted in a several‐fold increase in the activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA reductase and of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase in the microsomal fraction, while there was no change in the activity of acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase or in the concentration of cholesteryl esters. Moreover, there are considerable changes in the microsomal activity of hydroxymethylglutaryl‐CoA reductase and of cholesterol 7α‐hydroxylase associated with the light cycle, while the activity of acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase and the concentration of cholesteryl esters did not exhibit a diurnal variation. These results are discussed in relation to the physiological mechanism underlying the regulation of acyl‐CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase activity.
Simple Purification of Lactoperoxidase from Goat Milk. (1999)

山羊乳の高度利用に資することを目的とし,山羊乳ラクトペルオキシダーゼ(LPO)の精製を試みた.レンネットホエーの陽イオン交換クロマトグラフィーによって,高活性のLPOを比較的簡単な操作で精製することができた.
Role of the (acyloxy)methyl moiety in eliciting the adrenergic .beta.-blocking activity of 3-(acyloxy)propanolamines (1987)

Some totally aliphatic 3-(acyloxy)propanolamines were synthesized with the aim of testing whether beta-blocking activity could be obtained from this class of drugs, even in the absence of an aromatic group. The significant and, in most cases, competitive beta-blocking activity shown by the compounds under examination, together with the results of a theoretical study in which their reactivity was compared with that of other adrenergic beta-blocking drugs, seems to confirm a hypothesis previously advanced on the basis of knowledge about the action mechanism of adrenergic beta-blocking drugs and of the results of structural studies. It was also possible to suggest some considerations about the role played by the (acyloxy)methyl portion of 3-(acyloxy)propanolamines in eliciting their adrenergic beta-blocking activity.
Trends and needs in programming for independent living. (1989)

This report, from a national survey, pictures what presently exists on this important part of the foster care continuum, and sets forth the specifics of policy and practice that should characterize preparation for independent living.
Signal-selective time-difference of arrival estimation for passive location of man-made signal sources in highly corruptive environments. II. Algorithms and performance (1992)

For pt.I see ibid., vol.40, no.5 p.1168 (1992). For the problem of estimating time difference of arrival (TDOA) of radio waves impinging on a pair of antennas for the purpose of passively locating the source of a communications or telemetry signal in the presence of interfering signals and noise, a new class of signal-selective algorithms that are highly tolerant to interference and noise is introduced. By virtue of the fact that the multiple-signal resolution problem is essentially eliminated by the signal selectivity of the algorithms, performance advantages are gained. The new algorithms exhibit their signal selectivity regardless of the extent of temporal, spectral, or spatial overlap among received signals, yet their computational complexity is no more than that of conventional algorithms. Algorithmic implementations of some of the new methods are given, and theoretical arguments given in pt.I of this work are corroborated by quantitative evaluation of their performance.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
[Sand-desert tenebrionid beetle Trigonoscelis gigas reitter: a promising biological model for space chronobiology]. (2000)

The beetle proposed for studying has a unique feature: unusually precise and reliable circadian clock that evolved as an advanced adaptation to extreme arid environment. Consequently this clock became functionally similar to that of vertebrates, i.e. it has a narrow range of entrainment, stable free-running period, strong endogenous component of rhythm. This beetle is also using due to its high viability, good tolerance to housing and handling, small size and safety in use. Space flight experiments with beetles on BION, PHOTON satellites and on MIR orbital station proved that parameters of circadian rhythms are dependent upon gravity. Future studies will focus on electrophysiology and comparative ecology of these beetles. This biological species together with developed methods represent a new promising technology of research in gravitational chronobiology.
Efficacy of vaccine Ac NFU1 (S-) MRC 5 given after an initial clinical episode in the prevention of herpes genitalis. (1983)

A subunit antigenoid vaccine, Ac NFU1 (S-) MRC 5, was used in patients who had had a clinical episode of herpes genitalis. The rate of recurrence was compared with that in unvaccinated patients to determine the efficacy of vaccination in preventing recurrence and spread of the virus in the community. Seven of 22 (31%) vaccinated patients had eight recurrences after the initial clinical episode; in contrast there were 51 recurrences in 17 of 20 (85%) unvaccinated patients. Although further studies are needed, the results indicate that the vaccine may prevent recurrent episodes of herpes genitalis and thereby reduce the dissemination of this virus in the population.
Mitochondrial complex I mutations in Caenorhabditis elegans produce cytochrome c oxidase deficiency, oxidative stress and vitamin-responsive lactic acidosis (2003)

Mitochondrial dysfunction, with an estimated incidence of 1 in 10 000 live births, is among the most common genetically determined conditions. Missense mutations in the human NDUFV1 gene, which encodes the 51 kDa active site subunit of the NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase or complex I, can lead to severe neurological disorders. Owing to the rare and often sporadic nature of mitochondrial disorders, the mechanisms of pathogenesis of most mutations remain poorly understood. We have generated transgenic strains of Caenorhabditis elegans that express disease-causing mutations in the nuo-1 gene, the C. elegans homolog of the NDUFV1 gene. The transgenic strains demonstrate hallmark features of complex I dysfunction such as lactic acidosis and decreased NADH-dependent mitochondrial respiration. They are also hypersensitive to exogenous oxidative stress, suggesting that cellular defense mechanisms against reactive oxygen species are already taxed by an endogenous stress. The lactic acidosis induced by the NDUFV1 mutations could be partially corrected with the vitamins riboflavin and thiamine or with sodium dichloroacetate, an activator of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex, resulting in significant increases in animal fitness. Surprisingly, cytochrome c oxidase activity and protein levels were reduced, establishing a connection between complexes I and IV. Our results indicate that complex I mutations exert their pathogenic effects in multiple ways: by impeding the metabolism of NADH, by increasing the production of reactive oxygen species, and by interfering with the function or assembly of other mitochondrial respiratory chain components.
The Analysis of First-Order Coupling Patterns in NMR Spectra (1995)

Many students find the analysis of non-overlapping first-order coupling patterns in NMR spectra difficult. To a large extent, this is a result of the way that they are presented in NMR texts. The student is presented with a singlet that is then progressively split into multiplets to give the desired coupling pattern. In order to interpret a real spectrum, the student needs to interpret each multiplet and frequently tries to do this as taught by starting with a singlet and thinking of how to construct the multiplet. This is a very difficult task for any but the simplest of multiplets. The analysis of any well resolved first-order multiplet is actually a trivial exercise. There are some very simple rules that make the analysis a simple exercise.
Neutralization of endogenous tumor necrosis factor ameliorates the severity of myosin-induced myocarditis. (1992)

Tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and interferon gamma (IFN-gamma) are pluripotent cytokines and have multiple functions during the inflammatory response. Using a murine model of autoimmune myocarditis, we studied the role of TNF and IFN-gamma in myocardial inflammation. Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies against TNF-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma were administered to myosin-immunized A/J mice to assess the effect on the severity of myocardial inflammation. Anti-TNF treatment significantly reduced the severity of myocarditis compared with rat immunoglobulin G or saline controls (p less than 0.0007) when given before myosin immunization. Myosin-specific lymph node T-cell proliferation studies showed no difference in the proliferative response between the anti-TNF-treated mice and controls. Administration of anti-TNF to mice after myosin immunization had no effect on the severity of inflammation. This suggests that TNF is an important mediator early in the pathogenesis of myocardial inflammation in this model of myocarditis. Neutralization of IFN-gamma significantly increased the severity of myocarditis compared with rat immunoglobulin G and saline controls (p less than 0.0065), suggesting that IFN-gamma may function as an important regulatory cytokine early in the pathogenesis of myocardial inflammation. Understanding the functions of cytokines during the inflammatory response to myocardial injury may provide important information on possible methods to limit myocardial damage.
Experimental diabetes mellitus in a teleost fish. II. Roles of insulin, growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I, and hepatic GH receptors in diabetic growth inhibition in the goby, Gillichthys mirabilis (1993)

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM), when untreated or poorly controlled in mammals, results in growth retardation. To determine whether the same relationship exists in an ectothermic vertebrate, IDDM-like symptoms were induced in a teleost fish, the goby Gillichthys mirabilis, by surgical removal of its pancreatic endocrine (islet) organ. Isletectomized (Ix) gobies lost body weight, their skeletal growth was retarded, as measured by changes in body length, and they exhibited a 50% reduction in cartilage 35SO4 incorporation in vitro, consistent with changes that occur in mammals with IDDM. Injections of bovine insulin into the Ix fish restored body growth parameters to control levels and stimulated cartilage 35SO4 incorporation in a dose-related manner. In contrast to mammals with IDDM, which are resistant to GH action, injection of teleost GH stimulated cartilage 35SO4 incorporation in the Ix fish. Furthermore, whereas cartilage from rats with IDDM is resistant to stimulation by insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in vitro, cartilage explants from the Ix fish were highly responsive to recombinant bovine IGF-I, exhibiting a dose-dependent stimulation of 35SO4 incorporation. As far as we are aware, these results represent the first demonstration of diabetic growth inhibition in an ectothermic vertebrate. This inhibition is similar to that which occurs in mammals with IDDM in some respects, but is different in others, as the diabetic fish did not develop resistance to growth stimulation by either GH or IGF-I. While these results support a role for insulin in maintaining the GH-IGF-I-growth axis in this ectothermic vertebrate, there may be important differences in the role of insulin in the promotion of anabolic processes.
The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly: A Theoretical Framework for the Assessment of Continuous Colormaps (2017)

A myriad of design rules for what constitutes a "good" colormap can be found in the literature. Some common rules include order, uniformity, and high discriminative power. However, the meaning of many of these terms is often ambiguous or open to interpretation. At times, different authors may use the same term to describe different concepts or the same rule is described by varying nomenclature. These ambiguities stand in the way of collaborative work, the design of experiments to assess the characteristics of colormaps, and automated colormap generation. In this paper, we review current and historical guidelines for colormap design. We propose a specified taxonomy and provide unambiguous mathematical definitions for the most common design rules.
Voltage-lift-type switched-inductor cells for enhancing DC–DC boost ability: principles and integrations in Luo converter (2011)

The concepts of voltage-lift-type switched-inductor cells have been proposed. The proposed circuit cells can be used to improve the boost abilities of those traditional transformerless DC–DC converters. More importantly, they can be fabricated as integrated cells and inserted into all the basic converters easily. All newly developed converters are applicable to those situations where high voltage transfer gains are required. The four-order Luo converter is taken as an example and integrated with the proposed switched-inductor cells. Both continuous conduction mode and discontinuous conduction mode operations are analysed. All theoretical results are supported by the corresponding simulation and experimental results.
Mouse Grueneberg ganglion neurons share molecular and functional features with C. elegans amphid neurons (2013)

The mouse Grueneberg ganglion (GG) is an olfactory subsystem located at the tip of the nose close to the entry of the naris. It comprises neurons that are both sensitive to cold temperature and play an important role in the detection of alarm pheromones (APs). This chemical modality may be essential for species survival. Interestingly, GG neurons display an atypical mammalian olfactory morphology with neurons bearing deeply invaginated cilia mostly covered by ensheathing glial cells. We had previously noticed their morphological resemblance with the chemosensory amphid neurons found in the anterior region of the head of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). We demonstrate here further molecular and functional similarities. Thus, we found an orthologous expression of molecular signaling elements that was furthermore restricted to similar specific subcellular localizations. Calcium imaging also revealed a ligand selectivity for the methylated thiazole odorants that amphid neurons are known to detect. Cellular responses from GG neurons evoked by chemical or temperature stimuli were also partially cGMP-dependent. In addition, we found that, although behaviors depending on temperature sensing in the mouse, such as huddling and thermotaxis did not implicate the GG, the thermosensitivity modulated the chemosensitivity at the level of single GG neurons. Thus, the striking similarities with the chemosensory amphid neurons of C. elegans conferred to the mouse GG neurons unique multimodal sensory properties.
A Review of Types 1 and 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Their Treatment with Insulin (2006)

Diabetes is a chronic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, and the prevalence of type 2 diabetes is growing to epidemic proportions in certain populations. Type 1 diabetes is primarily the result of autoimmune destruction of beta cells. Type 2 diabetes is found in those with resistance to the action of insulin, usually as a result of obesity, and deficient insulin secretion. Insulin use not only prevents hyperglycemic emergencies, but also is the best safeguard to prevent the long-term complications of diabetes by correcting fasting and postprandial hyperglycemia. Intensive glycemic control can lead to a substantial decrease in the development of microvascular changes found in patients with diabetes. Human insulin analogs, insulins manufactured by recombinant technology which contain substituted or rearranged amino acids, allow more physiological patterns of insulin replacement, termed the basal-bolus approach. Serious hypoglycemia is the biggest obstacle for patients with diabetes treated with intensive insulin programs. Insulin is now available in prefilled pens or can be delivered by a programmable pump to allow greater flexibility in use and to improve glycemic control. Whereas hyperglycemic emergencies are usually treated with intravenous fluids and an intravenous continuous insulin infusion, patients who are less critically ill can be treated with fluid and subcutaneous insulin analogs.
Synthesis and characterization of poly(p-phenylenephosphine)s (2000)

P-Substituted poly(p-phenylenephosphine)s were prepared via palladium catalyzed carbon–phosphorus bond formation.