gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Generation of an error set that emulates software faults based on field data (2002)

A significant issue in fault injection experiments is that the injected faults are representative of software faults observed in the field. Another important issue is the time used, as we want experiments to be conducted without excessive time spent waiting for the consequences of a fault. An approach to accelerate the failure process would be to inject errors instead of faults, but this would require a mapping between representative software faults and injectable errors. Furthermore, it must be assured that the injected errors emulate software faults and not hardware faults. These issues were addressed in a study of software faults encountered in one release of a large IBM operating system product. The key results are: A general procedure that uses field data to generate a set of injectable errors, in which each error is defined by: error type, error location and injection condition. The procedure assures that the injected errors emulate software faults and not hardware faults. The faults are uniformly distributed (1.37 fault per module) over the affected modules. The distribution of error categories in the IBM operating system and the distribution of errors in the Tandem Guardian90 operating system reported previously were compared and found to be similar. This result adds a flavor of generality to the field data presented in the current paper.
‘Prolonged coasting’: an effective method for preventing severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome in patients undergoing in-vitro fertilization (1995)

Over a 4 year period ending 1 January 1995, 51 women scheduled for in-vitro fertilization (IVF) and embryo transfer were inadvertently severely overstimulated with menotrophins, as evidenced by the development of > 29 ovarian follicles in association with peak plasma oestradiol concentrations of > 6000 pg/ml. Accordingly, these women were at great risk of developing life-endangering complications associated with severe ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). Treatment involved withholding the administration of both menotrophins and human chorionic gonadotrophin for a number of days, while continuing gonadotrophin-releasing hormone agonist until the plasma oestradiol concentration fell to < 3000 pg/ml ('prolonged coasting'). The mean number of oocytes retrieved was 21.0, while the mean number of embryos transferred per procedure was 5.4. There were 21 clinical pregnancies (i.e. pregnancy rate of 41% per oocyte retrieval), 19 of which resulted in live births (i.e. a live birth rate of 37% per oocyte retrieval). Two pregnancies miscarried and there were four multiple gestations (three sets of twins and one set of triplets). None of the women developed severe OHSS. Prolonged coasting is an effective method of preventing the occurrence of severe OHSS without necessitating the cancellation of the IVF cycle or compromising success rates.
Selected peripheral blood cell parameters in twelve inbred strains of laboratory mice. (2009)

1 Department of Genetics and Laboratory Animal Breeding, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland 2 Department of Clinical Chemistry, The Maria Sklodowska-Curie Memorial Cancer Centre and Institute of Oncology in Warsaw, Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland 3 Department of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Warsaw Agricultural University, Ciszewskiego 8, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
New Single-Step Radioiodination Technique for Peptides: Cu(I)-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Nonisotopic Displacement Reaction. Synthesis of Radioiodinated Deltorphin and Dermorphin Analogs (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Single-Step Radioiodination Technique for Peptides: Cu(I)-Catalyzed Nucleophilic Nonisotopic Displacement Reaction. Synthesis of Radioiodinated Deltorphin and Dermorphin AnalogsMarc Ceusters, Dirk Tourwe, Jan Callaerts, John Mertens, and A. PeterCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 25, 8324–8326Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00130a041https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00130a041research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views190Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Uptake in supraclavicular area fat ("USA-Fat"): description on 18F-FDG PET/CT. (2003)

So-called muscle uptake in the supraclavicular region may be caused in a significant proportion of cases by an unrelated process we call the USA-fat finding, with (18)F-FDG uptake in tissues of low-Hounsfield (fat) density. This finding most likely reflects an underlying nonpathologic process that we hypothesize to be in foci of brown fat. This intense supraclavicular uptake should be recognized and should not be misinterpreted as a malignant metastatic process or as muscle uptake.
Distribution of Insulin-Like Growth Factor-Binding Proteins(IGFBPs) and IGFBP-3 Proteolysis in Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus Serum (1997)

The insulin-like growth factors(IGFs) are bound to several binding proteins(IGFBPs) that appear to regulate IGF transport, receptor binding, and its action. The concentration of these peptides are altered by catabolic conditions. To determine IGF-I and IGFBP levels in noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), sera was obtained from 5 patients and 7 controls. Serum levels of IGF-I in NIDDM were lower than those in either of the controls. By western immunoblot analysis, especially IGFBP-1 levels are increased, whereas IGFBP-3 levels decreased and their fragments was increased in NIDDM serum. IGFBP-3 proteolytic activity in NIDDM sera was inhibited by phenylmethylsulfonylfluoride (PMSF), aprotinin, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid(EDTA). This pattern of inhibition was consistent with a metal-dependent serine protease. By gelatin zymography, these proteolytic enzymes were identified as the size of 97 and 69 kDa. IGFBP-1, which is primarily insulin regulated, was increased in NIDDM and may modulate circulating IGF-I levels by regulating capillary passage of IGF-I. IGFBP-3 proteolysis markedly reduces its affinity for the IGFs, particularly for IGF-I. This accelerates their kinetics of dissociation, thereby increasing the proportions of IGF-I in free form and its availability to the cells.
<i>In Vitro</i> Activity of Sulopenem, an Oral Penem, against Urinary Isolates of <i>Escherichia coli</i> (2018)

The <i>in vitro</i> activity of sulopenem was assessed against a collection from 2014 to 2016 of 539 urinary isolates of <i>Escherichia coli</i> from Canadian patients by using CLSI-defined broth microdilution methodology. A concentration of sulopenem 0.03 µg/ml inhibited both 50% (MIC<sub>50</sub>) and 90% (MIC<sub>90</sub>) of isolates tested; sulopenem MICs ranged from 0.015 to 0.25 µg/ml. The <i>in vitro</i> activity of sulopenem was unaffected by nonsusceptibility to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and/or ciprofloxacin, multidrug-resistant phenotypes, extended-spectrum β-lactamases, or AmpC β-lactamases.
Extraadrenal Effects of Metyrapone in Man* (1978)

[14C]Cortisol was injected iv into three subjects during a control period and while receiving metyrapone. The plasma kinetics of the tracer cortisol and the patterns of its urinary metabolites were measured. Metyrapone caused an increase in the volume of distribution of cortisol (34%) and in the MCR (75%); the half-life was decreased by 25%. There were marked changes in the urinary metabolite pattern: 3 alpha,11 beta,17,21-tetrahydroxy-5 alpha-pregnan-20-one, 3 alpha,17,21-trihydroxy-pregnane-11,20-dione(THE), pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,17,20 alpha,21-pentol, plus pregnane-3 alpha,11 beta,17,20 beta-21-pentol (cortol), and 3 alpha,17,20 alpha,21-tetrahydroxypregnan-11-one (cortolone) all decreased by an average of 62%, 44%, 38%, 45%, and 25% respectively. In contrast, there was an increase of 296% in 3 alpha,17,20 beta,21-tetrahydroxypregnan-11-one (beta-cortolone). To account for these effects it is postulated that metyrapone has the following extraadrenal actions: 1) it inhibits the back reduction of cortisone to cortisol and 2) it stimulates the 20-ketosteroid reductase that converts THE to beta-cortolone.
Progression of rat mammary development with age and its relationship to carcinogenesis by a chemical carcinogen (1983)

Abstract The progression of mammary gland development in Sprague‐Dawley rats between 5 and 440 days of age was studied. Tumorigenesis of the mammary gland after administration of 7,12‐dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) was also investigated during different prepubertal and postpubertal stages. The mammary gland starts as a single primary duct on day 5 and with age branches and grows into a complete gland. The growth of the gland was observed to start from the nipple area and progress into the empty fat pad. This growth was in the form of club‐shaped end‐buds which, after the onset of puberty, became gradually transformed into alveolar buds. [ 3 H]‐thy‐midine labelling index (LI.) was high (19%) in prepubertal glands, but it eventually declined to 8% at 60‐65 days. The postpubertal gland at the age of 150 days was determined to be practically mitotically static, but at 440 days, there was another increase in LI. There was a direct relationship between mammary tumorigenesis by DMBA and LI. in the mammary gland at the time of treatment with the carcinogen. Up to 55 days of age, tumorigenesis was 90‐100%, and LI. was also high during this period. The carcinogen was practically ineffective at 150 days, when the mammary gland was non‐proliferative. Though the total tumor induction was high in the prepubertal rats, the majority of the tumors (up to 84%) were benign fibro‐adenomas, while almost all the tumors in postpubertal rats were adenocarcinomas. Thus, a relationship was observed between the presence of ovarian hormones and the induction of malignant tumors. It was concluded that cell proliferation index at the time of carcinogen treatment is important for tumor induction, but whether or not the tumor is malignant is determined by the presence or absence of ovarian hormones.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sub-10 nm Platinum Hollow Spheres as Electrocatalyst of Direct Methanol Fuel Cell (2006)

Platinum Hollow Spheres (PHSs) with diameters less than 10 nm were successfully synthesized by using Co as a sacrificial template and H2PtCl6 as an oxidizing agent at 95 degrees C. The formation of PHSs at this temperature was not affected by citrate reduction and mainly depended on the pH. The results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the platinum hollow sphere was mainly constructed by fcc (face cubic center) platinum with tiny crystallites on the shell. The performance of PHSs for methanol electro-oxidation was evaluated and compared with commercial E-TEK platinum black. Electrochemical measurement by cyclic voltammetry (CV) demonstrated that the electrochemical surface area of PHSs was about twice higher than E-TEK platinum black. Therefore, the synthesized PHSs had higher electrocatalytic activity for methanol electro-oxidation.
Uncoupling Protein-2 and the Potential Link Between Metabolism and Longevity (2010)

The discovery of novel uncoupling proteins (UCP2 and UCP3) over 10 years ago heralded a new era of research in mitochondrial uncoupling in a diverse range of tissues. Despite the research vigor, debate stills surrounds the exact function of these uncoupling proteins. For example, the level of uncoupling, the mechanism and mode of action are all under-appreciated at this point in time. Our recent work has used genetic mouse models to focus on the physiological relevance of UCP2. We have used these mouse models to better appreciate the role UCP2 in human health and disease. In this review we focus on new research showing that UCP2 promotes longevity by shifting a given cell towards fatty acid fuel utilization. This metabolic hypothesis underlying UCP2-dependent longevity suggests that UCP2 is critically positioned to maintain fatty acid oxidation and restrict subsequent oxidative damage allowing sustained mitochondrial oxidative capacity and mitochondrial biogenesis. These mechanisms converge within the cell to boost cell function and metabolism and the net result promotes healthy aging and increased lifespan. Finally, UCP2 is a useful dietary and therapeutic target to promote lifespan and is an important mitochondrial protein connecting longevity to metabolism.
Characterization and Control of Domain Structure in SrBi<sub>2</sub>Ta<sub>2</sub>O<sub>9</sub>Thin Films by Scanning Force Microscopy (1998)

We used the piezoresponse mode of scanning force microscopy (SFM) to perform the first nanoscale observation of ferroelectric domain structure in as-grown SrBi 2 Ta 2 O 9 films. By lowering the loading force down to approximately 1 nN and by keeping the imaging voltage just below the coercive voltage, we managed to obtain a sufficiently high contrast between opposite 180° domains without affecting the original domain structure. Local and large-scale ferroelectric switching with subsequent readout in areas of about 0.01 µm 2 and 1.5 µm 2 , respectively, were carried out by applying pulsed- and dc-voltage bias through the conductive tip.
Melting and solidification characteristics of confectionery fats: Anhydrous milk fat, cocoa butter and palm kernel stearin blends (1994)

Abstract Differential scanning calorimetry measurements of crystallization and melting characteristics of commercial samples of anhydrous milk fat (AMF), cocoa butter (CB) and hydrogenated palm kernel stearin (PKS) in ternary blends were studied. Results showed that stabilization at 26°C (either for 40 h or 7 d) did not greatly affect the melting thermogram trace of PKS. However, the effect of stabilization became prominent as CB was added into the system. Deviation of measured enthalpy from the corresponding values, calculated for thermodynamically ideal blends, showed clear interaction between all three fats. At 20°C, the strongest deviation occurred at about the AMF/CB/PKS (1∶1∶1) blend, whereas at 30°C the deviation moved toward the CB/MF (1∶1) blend. The presence of 25% AMF in PKS had little effect on its solidification capability, but solidification was adversely affected with inclusion of CB.
Addition of S−H Bonds across Electron-Deficient Olefins Catalyzed by Well-Defined Copper(I) Thiolate Complexes (2007)

A series of monomeric (NHC)Cu(SR) (R = Ph or CH2Ph; NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) complexes have been synthesized and fully characterized including single-crystal X-ray diffraction studies. These complexes catalyze the addition of S-H bonds across electron-deficient olefins to regioselectively produce "anti-Markovnikov" products.
Improved transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt patency with PTFE-covered stent-grafts: experimental results in swine. (1995)

PTFE-covered stent-grafts significantly improved TIPS patency in swine (P < .01). However, stenosis in the hepatic vein led to late shunt malfunction in selected cases.
c-erbB-2 oncoprotein: A potential biomarker of advanced prostate cancer (1997)

The results suggest that c-erbB-2 can be used as a biomarker to identify a malignant subgroup in prostate cancer.
Investigation of the Dynamic Characteristics of a Piezohydraulic Actuator (2005)

A piezohydraulic actuator is a hybrid device consisting of a hydraulic pump driven by piezo stacks, that is coupled to a conventional hydraulic cylinder via a set of fast-acting valves. Because the performance of the actuator is strongly related to the pumping frequency, a good understanding of the dynamics of the system is essential for designing a high-efficiency actuator. This article describes the development of a frequency domain model to quantify the dynamics of a piezohydraulic hybrid actuator. The analysis treats the hydraulic circuit as a series of fluid transmission lines, each represented by a transfer matrix that determines the relationship between the pressure and velocity at the inlet and at the outlet. The model includes the effects of fluid compressibility, inertia and viscosity. An experimental procedure to measure the frequency response of the device is described, and is used to validate the analysis. The effect of tubing length and fluid viscosity on the dynamic characteristics of the system is investigated. Longer tubing lengths result in lower resonant frequencies of the system, while increasing fluid viscosity results in a decrease in the magnitude of the resonant peak.
Inflammation and Cancer V. Chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer (2004)

Pancreatic inflammation appears to increase the risk of pancreatic cancer. This observation is striking in the hereditary pancreatitis kindreds but also occurs in alcoholic, idiopathic, and tropical chronic pancreatitis and cystic fibrosis. However, the mutations associated with hereditary pancreatitis or cystic fibrosis are not found in sporadic pancreatic adenocarcinomas, suggesting that the effects are indirect by causing recurrent pancreatitis and chronic inflammation. The process of mutation accumulation and clonal expansion that is required for development of invasive pancreatic adenocarcinoma must therefore be accelerated in chronic pancreatitis to account for the high incidence of pancreatic cancer in these patients.
Pramlintide as an Adjunct to Insulin Therapy Improves Long-Term Glycemic and Weight Control in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes (2003)

Mealtime amylin replacement with pramlintide 120 microg BID, as an adjunct to insulin therapy, improves long-term glycemic and weight control in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Growth of spindle‐shaped silver nanoparticles in SDS solutions (2009)

Abstract Spindle‐shaped silver nanoparticles were successfully prepared in high yield by a simple wet chemical approach using citric acid (CA) as reducant in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at room temperature. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) have been used to characterize the obtained products. It is found that the spindle‐shaped architecture of siver nanoparticles is drastically influenced by the mass ratio of SDS to CA and the concentration of silver nitrate (AgNO 3 ). It is revealed that SDS is not as a template but as a capping agent. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Retrograde locked nailing of humeral shaft fractures. A review of 39 patients (1995)

We treated 39 patients with fractures of the humeral shaft by closed retrograde locked intramedullary nailing, using Russell-Taylor humeral nails. The mean healing time of all fractures was 13.7 weeks. After consolidation, shoulder function was excellent in 92.3% and elbow function excellent in 87.2%. Functional end-results were excellent in 84.6% of patients, moderate in 10.3% and bad in 5.1%. One patient had a postoperative radial nerve palsy, which recovered within three months. There was additional comminution at the fracture site in three patients (7.7%) which did not affect healing, and slight nail migration in two older patients (5.1%). Two patients (5.1%) needed a second procedure because of disturbed fracture healing. One screw breakage was seen in a patient with delayed union. Retrograde locked humeral nailing appears to be a better solution for the stabilisation of fractures of the humeral shaft than anterograde nailing or plate and screw fixation. We found the complication rate to be acceptable and shoulder and elbow function to recover rapidly in most cases.
Analysis of Single-Trap-Induced Random Telegraph Noise on FinFET Devices, 6T SRAM Cell, and Logic Circuits (2012)

This paper analyzes the impacts of single-charged-trap-induced random telegraph noise (RTN) on FinFET devices in tied- and independent-gate modes, 6T static random access memory (SRAM) cell stability, and several basic logic circuits. The dependence of RTN on trap location, EOT, and temperature is evaluated through 3-D atomistic TCAD simulation. It is observed that the charged trap located near the bottom of sidewall (gate) interface and in the middle region between the source and drain will result in the most significant impact. EOT scaling and higher operating temperature improve the immunity to RTN. RTN degradation in independent-gate mode and the dependence on the location of the trap and bias-dependent current-conduction path are analyzed. We show that the planar BULK device, with larger subthreshold swing ( <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$S.S.$</tex></formula> ) and comparable trap-induced <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$V_{T}$</tex></formula> shift, exhibits less nominal RTN degradation than FinFET for traps placed in the worst position. However, the larger variability and surface conduction characteristic of the planar BULK device lead to broader dispersion and larger worst case RTN degradation than the FinFET device with smaller variability and volume conduction. For traps randomly placed across the interface, similar RTN amplitude dispersions are observed for FinFET and planar BULK devices except in the vicinity of distribution tail due to the strong interaction between the charged trap and discrete random dopants in planar BULK devices. For 6T FinFET SRAM cell, the READ static noise margin of 64 possible combinations from trapping/detrapping in each cell transistor is examined. Because of reduced carriers with decreasing supply voltage <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$(V_{\rm dd})$</tex></formula> , the importance of RTN on subthreshold cell stability increases. Moreover, the leakage and delay of FinFET inverters, two-way nand, and two-to-one multiplexer are investigated using 3-D TCAD mixed-mode simulations. The RTN is found to cause <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$\sim$</tex></formula> 24%–27% and <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex Notation="TeX">$\sim$</tex></formula> 13%–15% variations in leakage and delay at <formula formulatype="inline" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><tex Notation="TeX">$V_{ \rm dd} = \hbox{0.4}\ \hbox{V}$</tex></formula> , respectively, for the logic circuits evaluated.