gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Effect of Thermal Pretreatment on the Thermoluminescence of KCl Crystals (1959)

Thermal pretreatment was found to enhance the thermoluminescence of x-colored KCl crystals. The effect was found to penetrate into the crystal by diffusion from the outer surfaces. It is affected by the atmosphere surrounding the heated crystal, and it seems also to be structure sensitive. For some crystals the enhancement in the thermoluminescence was by a factor as high as 4000 when the number of quanta emitted during the thermoluminescence was about the same as the number of $F$ electrons bleached during this process.
Graphene: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications (2014)

Since the breakthrough work by Geim and Novosolov in 2004, the investigation on graphene has grown as a result of graphene's unique electronic, mechanical, and chemical properties. To characterize single‐layer graphene, interfacial diffraction‐induced color difference was the first milestone in the graphene adventure, and then Raman spectroscopy, scanning probe microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy were used to identify the graphene layers. Apart from the Scotch tap legend, the massive production of graphene is important for graphene research and applications. The current preparation methods can be classified into top‐down (eg, chemical intercalation and liquid exfoliation) and bottom‐up (eg, chemical vapor deposition and, chemical total synthesis) strategies. The massive production of graphene has enabled researchers to explore graphene in a variety of applications, for instance, energy conversion and storage, sensor, reinforcement, catalysis, separation, and so on. Meanwhile, inspired by the legend of graphene, other layered materials are being investigated. Challenges and future perspectives in the studies of graphene and other quasi‐two‐dimensional nanomaterials are discussed.
Rubber toughening of polystyrene through reactive blending (1988)

Abstract Acrylonitrile‐butadiene rubber having carboxylic acid groups (XNBR) and polystyrene having oxazoline groups, were melt blended in a Rheomix mixer under optimized conditions, The ratio of rubber to polystyrene phase was kept constant at 1:4 by weight. The concentration of the reactive oxazoline groups in the polystyrene phase was varied by mixing polystyrene (PS) with a copolymer of styrene and vinyl oxazoline (OPS). A torque rise observed during blending was found to be related to the concentration of oxazoline‐carboxylic acid pairs. This torque rise, and independently measured increases in viscosity, both indicate inter‐polymer crosslinkihg. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the morphology of the blends. Improved rubber phase dispersion was observed with increasing oxazoline concentration. Instrumented impact strength measurements were made using an unnotched Charpy technique. The plastic yielding was then quantified with the use of a ductility ratio. The impact strengths and ductility of the reactive blends are found to be up to 73% greater than those of the corresponding non‐reactive blends. Increasing the OPS concentration beyond 5% results in decreasing impact strength, for as the compatibility increases, the rubber particle size decreases below an effective size for rubber toughening. Similar impact improvement is observed when the major PS phase is substituted with high impact polystyrene (HIPS) containing some OPS.
Effects of vitamin D metabolites on proliferation and differentiation of cultured human epidermal keratinocytes grown in serum-free or defined culture medium. (1994)

We examined the effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3], 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 (25OHD3), and vitamin D3 on human keratinocyte proliferation and differentiation in a serum-free or defined culture system. Concentrations greater than 10(-8) M 1,25-(OH)2D3 or 10(-7) M 25(OH)2D3 caused marked inhibition of cell growth. Growth inhibition with high doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 was not stringent, but was mainly exerted in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. Early release from the cell cycle block restored the proliferation of human keratinocytes. The calcium concentration in the medium had no significant effect on the antiproliferative action of 1,25-(OH)2D3, 25OHD3, and vitamin D3. We also show that human keratinocyte proliferation is enhanced at doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 and 25OH2D3 of 10(-9) M or less. Enhanced proliferation of human keratinocytes with physiological concentrations of 1,25-(OH)2D3 could only be shown in fully defined medium that contained no vitamin D3, related sterols, or bovine pituitary extract. Human keratinocyte differentiation was enhanced with higher doses of 1,25-(OH)2D3 when cells were grown in the presence of high calcium concentrations. These studies demonstrate that the lower, physiological concentrations of vitamin D3 metabolites are capable of stimulating the proliferation of epidermal keratinocytes grown under selected conditions that eliminate confounding or unidentified medium culture factors. Vitamin D3 metabolites are shown to exert mitogenic trophic effects in cultured human epithelial cells similar to their established activities in vivo.
Role of nitric oxide in renal medullary oxygenation. Studies in isolated and intact rat kidneys. (1991)

We investigated the role of the endothelial-derived relaxing factor nitric oxide (NO) in the homeostasis of O2 supply to the renal medulla, a region normally operating on the verge of hypoxia. Sensitive Clark-type O2 microelectrodes were inserted into renal cortex and medulla of anesthetized rats. The inhibitor of NO formation, L-NG-monomethylarginine (LNMMA), while increasing blood pressure and reducing renal blood flow, decreased medullary pO2 from 23 +/- 3 mmHg to 12 +/- 3 (P less than 0.001), with no change in the cortex. These responses were promptly reversed by L-arginine, which bypasses the LNMMA blockade. In isolated rat kidneys, LNMMA reduced perfusion flow without altering glomerular filtration rate, and augmented deep medullary hypoxic injury to thick ascending limbs from 68 to 90% of the tubules (P less than 0.02). These changes were prevented by L-arginine. Nitroprusside had a protective effect upon thick limb injury. Finally, in a previously reported model of radiocontrast nephropathy (1988. J. Clin. Invest. 82:401), LNMMA increased the severity of renal failure (final plasma creatinine from 2.3 +/- 2 mg% to 3.4 +/- 3, P less than 0.005) and the proportion of damaged thick limbs (from 24 +/- 6% to 53 +/- 9, P less than 0.01). Nitrovasodilatation may participate in the balance of renal medullary oxygenation and play an important role in the prevention of medullary hypoxic injury.
Antihypertensive efficacy of Omapatrilat, a vasopeptidase inhibitor, compared with lisinopril. (1999)

Valsartan (VAL) is an angiotensin II receptor blocker used as an antihypertensive agent.Dig&n (DIG) is a frequently prescribed drug to patients with congestive heart failure.Currently VAL is being evaluated clinically in CHF patients.It is likely that both VAL and DIG may be wadministered in clinical practice.It is, therefore.important to examine the potential for a drug-drug interaction.especially for DIG. which has a narrow therapeutic range (0.52 ng/ml).The present trill examined a pharmacokinetic (PK) interaction between VAL and DIG in healthy volunteers following single doses of one 160 mg VAL capsule, one 0.25 mg DIG tablet and a combination of the two.The subjects received the three treatments in a randomized.three-way crossover fashion with a two week washout between doses.Seventeen subjects completed the trial.Following the dose administration.serial blood samples were obtained up to 40 h and 168 h for VAL and DIG, respectively for PK assessment.Plasma concentrations of VAL and DIG were determined by validated HPLC and RIA methods, respectively.Area under the plasma concentration curve (AUC), maximum concentration (Cm& and time to Cmax (Tmax) were determined.AUC and Cmax parameters were evaluated statistically based on 90% confidence intervals (Cl) for the ratios of the means using the log transformed parameter values.The mean * SD of PK parameters are listed below: Treatment VALSARTAN AUC(O-1) (ng*h/ml) Cmax ,tnglml)
Filtering for texture classification: a comparative study (1999)

In this paper, we review most major filtering approaches to texture feature extraction and perform a comparative study. Filtering approaches included are Laws masks (1980), ring/wedge filters, dyadic Gabor filter banks, wavelet transforms, wavelet packets and wavelet frames, quadrature mirror filters, discrete cosine transform, eigenfilters, optimized Gabor filters, linear predictors, and optimized finite impulse response filters. The features are computed as the local energy of the filter responses. The effect of the filtering is highlighted, keeping the local energy function and the classification algorithm identical for most approaches. For reference, comparisons with two classical nonfiltering approaches, co-occurrence (statistical) and autoregressive (model based) features, are given. We present a ranking of the tested approaches based on extensive experiments.
Emission Enhancement of Sound Emitters using an Acoustic Metamaterial Cavity (2014)

The emission enhancement of sound without electronic components has wide applications in a variety of remote systems, especially when highly miniaturized (smaller than wavelength) structures can be used. The recent advent of acoustic metamaterials has made it possible to realize this. In this study, we propose, design, and demonstrate a new class of acoustic cavity using a double-walled metamaterial structure operating at an extremely low frequency. Periodic zigzag elements which exhibit Fabry-Perot resonant behavior below the phononic band-gap are used to yield strong sound localization within the subwavelength gap, thus providing highly effective emission enhancement. We show, both theoretically and experimentally, 10 dB sound emission enhancement near 1060 Hz that corresponds to a wavelength approximately 30 times that of the periodicity. We also provide a general guideline for the independent tuning of the quality factor and effective volume of acoustic metamaterials. This approach shows the flexibility of our design in the efficient control of the enhancement rate.
A Hybrid Body Sensor Network for Continuous and Long-term Measurement of Arterial Blood Pressure (2007)

Continuous and long-term measurement of arterial blood pressure (BP) and its variability is an important but unsolved topic in physiological monitoring. A possible solution is to use an approach that estimate BP based on pulse transit time. Since the method requires information collected from sensors placed at various body locations, a network could be setup to connect the different sensors effectively and securely. In this paper, we propose using multiple modes of communication, including communication via wired, wireless and/or biological channels (bio-channels) of the human body, to network the various sensors, i.e. the idea of hybrid body sensor network (h-BSN). Preliminary results show that h-BSN is potentially useful for monitoring BP over extensive periods of time and the idea can be extended to other applications that employ multiple on-body or in-body sensors.
Human T Cell L-Plastin Bundles Actin Filaments in a Calcium Dependent Manner1 (1992)

The amino acid sequences deduced from cDNA analyses revealed that human leucocyte L-plastin phosphorylated in response to interleukin 1, 2 closely resembles a chicken intestinal microvilli protein, fimbrin, that bundles actin filaments [de Arruda et al. (1990) J. Cell Biol. 111, 1069-1079]. In the present work, it was observed that unphosphorylated L-plastin isolated from human T cells bundled F-actin just as fimbrin does. L-Plastin acted on T cell beta-actin, but hardly acted on muscle alpha-actin or chicken gizzard gamma-actin, whereas fimbrin bundled muscle alpha-actin. Unlike fimbrin, L-plastin's actin-bundling action was strictly calcium-dependent: the bundles were formed at pCa 7, but not at pCa 6. Under suitable conditions, approximately one molecule of L-plastin bound to 8 molecules of actin monomer in the actin filament.
In‐Situ Kinetic Pursuit of Emulsion Crosslinking Copolymerizations of Monomethacrylate and Dimethacrylate by Means of ReactIR® (2001)

The usefulness of the ReactIR® reaction analysis system as a powerful tool to in-situ monitor the kinetics of the emulsion polymerization of vinyl monomers was verified by comparison with the conventional gravimetric method and by checking the rate dependencies on initiator and surfactant concentrations in the emulsion polymerization of butyl methacrylate (BMA). The system was then applied to the kinetic monitoring of emulsion crosslinking copolymerizations of monomethacrylate and dimethacrylate, including methyl methacrylate/ethylene dimethacrylate and BMA/1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate systems of different hydrophilicities.
Crystal Structure of<i>S</i>-Adenosylhomocysteine Hydrolase from Rat Liver<sup>,</sup> (1999)

The crystal structure of rat liver S-adenosyl-l-homocysteine hydrolase (AdoHcyase, EC 3.3.1.1) which catalyzes the reversible hydrolysis of S-adenosylhomocysteine (AdoHcy) has been determined at 2.8 Å resolution. AdoHcyase from rat liver is a tetrameric enzyme with 431 amino acid residues in each identical subunit. The subunit is composed of the catalytic domain, the NAD+-binding domain, and the small C-terminal domain. Both catalytic and NAD+-binding domains are folded into an ellipsoid with a typical α/β twisted open sheet structure. The C-terminal section is far from the main body of the subunit and extends into the opposite subunit. An NAD+ molecule binds to the consensus NAD+-binding cleft of the NAD+-binding domain. The peptide folding pattern of the catalytic domain is quite similar to the patterns observed in many methyltransferases. Although the crystal structure does not contain AdoHcy or its analogue, there is a well-formed AdoHcy-binding crevice in the catalytic domain. Without introducing any major structural changes, an AdoHcy molecule can be placed in the catalytic domain. In the structure described here, the catalytic and NAD+-binding domains are quite far apart from each other. Thus, the enzyme appears to have an “open” conformation in the absence of substrate. It is likely that binding of AdoHcy induces a large conformational change so as to place the ribose moiety of AdoHcy in close proximity to the nicotinamide moiety of NAD+. A catalytic mechanism of AdoHcyase has been proposed on the basis of this crystal structure. Glu155 acts as a proton acceptor from the O3‘-H when the proton of C3‘-H is abstracted by NAD+. His54 or Asp130 acts as a general acid−base catalyst, while Cys194 modulates the oxidation state of the bound NAD+. The polypeptide folding pattern of the catalytic domain suggests that AdoHcy molecules can travel freely to and from AdoHcyase and methyltransferases to properly regulate methyltransferase activities. We believe that the crystal structure described here can provide insight into the molecular architecture of this important regulatory enzyme.
Intelligent traffic light control based on clustering using Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (2015)

As urbanization grows and the cost of vehicle production decreases, urban traffic has become a major problem of modern life. Developing intelligent vehicles alongside standardizing inter-vehicle communications promises that this technology will be a part of future life. In this research, we propose a method in which clustering is used to gather vehicles' movements information in a vehicle ad-hoc network. This method is based on extending green wave using road-side units as a fixed agent and on board units (OBU) in vehicles as a mobile agent. This information is then transmitted to traffic lights for decision making. This algorithm evaluated using Monte Carlo simulation. The simulation results show this method has a positive effect on reducing the average waiting time and overall stop of the vehicles behind the traffic lights.
Real-time implementation of a 9.6 kbit/s ACELP wideband speech coder (2003)

The real-time implementation of a wideband ACELP speech coder at 9.6 kb/s is presented. The coder is implemented on a TMS320C30 floating-point DSP chip. The attempt to implement an ACELP coder for wideband speech in real time results in 3-4 times more complexity than that for narrowband speech. Very efficient algorithms for searching the pitch and codebook parameters have been introduced. The pitch search was brought down to 20% of real time by the combination of an efficient open-loop approach and a decimation procedure. The excitation search complexity was significantly reduced by using two codebooks. The first models the main features in the excitation and is very efficiently searched using focused search. The second has a simple structure and does not need exhaustive search. The quality of the encoded wideband speech at 9.6 kb/s was judged vastly superior to that of the original narrowband speech.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
2020년 상법 개정안의 주요 쟁점 검토 -다중대표소송제와 감사위원 분리선임제의 도입을 중심으로- (2020)

정부는 2020년 상법개정안을 국회에 제출하였다. 동 개정안에 들어 있는 여러 가지 사항 중 논란이 가열되고 있는 다중대표소송제와 감사위원 1인의 분리선임제의 도입에 관하여 심층적으로 살펴보았다. 먼저 다중대표소송제의 도입은 과거에 이미 수러 차례에 걸쳐 정부와 국회가 입법을 시도하였지만 성공을 거두지 못한 바 있다. 20대 국회에서 이미 소송남용을 우려한 나머지 대안을 모색하기 위하여 상당히 노력하였음에도 불구하고 그러한 노력이 금번의 상법 개정안에 반영되지 않았다. 또한 상법 개정안상의 다중대표소송제는 자회사의 주주에 비하여 모회사 주주를 우대하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 모회사 주주가 모회사의 의사를 묻지 않고서도 자회사에게 제소청구할 수 있는 길을 열어두고 있는 것에 수긍하기 어렵다. 게다가 다중대표소송제의 도입으로 인하여 그동안 정립하여 왔던 법인격에 관한 법리와의 관계에서 발생하는 모순을 어떻게 극복할지가 문제이다.
다음으로, 일원화된 3% 의결권제한을 바탕으로 최소 1인의 감사위원을 분리하여 선임하자는 금번의 상법 개정안은 감사위원 전원을 분리선임하고자 하였던 과거의 상법개정안 보다 규제가 완화된 측면이 있다. 그러나 감사위원을 선임하는 것은 이사를 선임하는 것을 전제로 한다는 점에서 감사위원의 분리선임은 사실상 주주의 이사선임권을 침해한다는 점을 간과할 수 없다. 특히 최대주주와 그 특수관계인 및 다른 주주의 의결권을 각각 3%로 규제하다 보니 같은 이사임에도 불구하고 감사위원은 다른 이사와는 달리 소수의 득표만으로 이사회의 구성원이 될 수 있다는 점에서 주주 전체를 대표하지 못하는 문제점이 발생한다. 이미 금융회사지배구조법에 최소 1인의 감사위원을 분리선임하는 것이 제도화되었다고 하더라도 영리법인인 상장회사에 그대로 적용하자는 주장에 대해서는 동의할 수 없다.
Dynamic matrix and model predictive control for a semi-auto pilot car (2013)

Dynamic matrix and model predictive control in a car aims at vehicle localization in order to avoid collisions by providing computational control for driver assistance which prevents car crashes by taking control of the car away from the driver on incidences of driver's negligence or distraction. This paper provides ways in which the vehicle's position with reference to the surrounding objects and the vehicle's dynamic movement parameters are synchronized and stored in dynamic matrices with samples at regular instants and hence predict the behavior of the car's surrounding to provide the drivers and the passengers with a driving experience that eliminates any reflex braking or steering reactions and tedious driving in traffic conditions or at junctions.It aims at taking corrective action based on the feedback available from the closed loop system which is recursively accessed by the central controller of the car and it controls the propulsion and steering and provides a greater restoring force to move the vehicle to a safer region.Our work is towards the development of an application for the DSRC framework (Dedicated Short Range Communication for Inter-Vehicular Communication) by US Department of Traffic (DoT) and DARPA (Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency) and European Commission- funded Project SAVE-U (Sensors and System Architecture for Vulnerable road Users Protection) and is a step towards Intelligent Transportation Systems such as Autonomous Unmanned Ground and Aerial Vehicular systems.
Propulsion of droplets on non-piezoelectric substrates via mode conversion of Lamb waves (2009)

The mode conversion of acoustic surface waves contacted by liquid droplets has been utilized for the propulsion of nanoliter droplets with respect to lab-on-a-chip applications. In this case, however, piezoelectric substrates equipped with interdigital transducers on the surface on which the droplets are moving have been used for the excitation of surface acoustic waves. Our approach is aiming at the acceleration of comparatively large droplets such as raindrops on non-piezoelectric substrates, e. g. glass plates. Following this approach, we have excited Lamb waves on glass plates by piezoelectric interdigital transducers attached at the rear side of the substrate, which are not in contact with the liquid. A propulsive action on water droplets of ¿l size has been observed, which could be improved by hydrophobic surface coatings. With continuous wave excitation at a frequency of 1 MHz and an amplitude of 200 V <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">pp</sub> an acceleration of about 1 m/s <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> has been achieved so far with water droplets of 10 ¿l on a 1 mm thick glass plate. This concept allows numerous technical applications, including two-dimensional droplet relocation or ¿intelligent¿ droplet removal from glass panels in combination with droplet detection via a Lamb wave transmission line established by a second interdigital transducer.
Cellular Compartments of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Replication In Vivo: Determination by Presence of Virion-Associated Host Proteins and Impact of Opportunistic Infection (2000)

Antigens derived from host cells are detectable in the envelope of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and result in a distinctive viral phenotype reflecting that of the host cell. An immunomagnetic capture assay targeting discriminatory host proteins was developed to differentiate between HIV-1 derived from macrophages and lymphocytes. HIV-1 propagated in macrophages or lymphocytes in vitro was selectively captured by monoclonal antibodies directed against the virally incorporated cell-type-specific host markers CD36 (macrophages) and CD26 (lymphocytes). Furthermore, by targeting these markers, virus of defined cellular origin was selectively captured from a mixed pool of in vitro-propagated viruses. This technique was further refined in order to determine the impact of opportunistic infection on HIV-1 expression from these cellular compartments in vivo. Analysis of cell-free virus purified from plasma of patients with HIV-1 infection suggested that in those with an opportunistic infection, viral replication occurred in activated lymphocytes. Interestingly, there was also significant replication in activated macrophages in those patients with untreated pulmonary tuberculosis. Thus, in addition to lymphocytes, the macrophage cellular pool may serve as an important source of cell-free HIV-1 in patients with opportunistic infections that lead to marked macrophage activation. This novel viral capture technique may allow researchers to address a wide range of important questions regarding virus-host dynamics.
Pegasus: A Framework for Mapping Complex Scientific Workflows onto Distributed Systems (2005)

This paper describes the Pegasus framework that can be used to map complex scientific workflows onto distributed resources. Pegasus enables users to represent the workflows at an abstract level without needing to worry about the particulars of the target execution systems. The paper describes general issues in mapping applications and the functionality of Pegasus. We present the results of improving application performance through workflow restructuring which clusters multiple tasks in a workflow into single entities. A real‐life astronomy application is used as the basis for the study.