gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Selective expression of rat pancreatic genes during embryonic development. (1986)

We present the developmental profiles of the mRNAs of 10 selectively expressed pancreatic exocrine genes and of insulin. The mRNA profiles fall into three related classes, but each profile is in some respect unique. The data on gene expression suggest there are four developmental states of the exocrine pancreas: early morphogenesis and low-level gene expression (the protodifferentiated state), the embryonic differentiated state, a modulated state in neonatal animals, and the adult differentiated state. Each state is characterized by distinct ratios of the exocrine mRNAs and presumably involves a distinct regulatory transition. This complex differentiative program must involve multiple regulatory molecules.
WE‐C‐BRC‐03: Evaluating Extent of Cell Death in 3D Mid‐To‐High Frequency Ultrasound by Registration with Whole‐Mount Tumor Histopathology (2009)

Purpose: In this study, we investigate the precision and accuracy of mid‐to‐high frequency ultrasound imaging to assess non‐invasively cell death for incorporation of this method in pre‐clinical and clinical practice to characterize tumor response to radiotherapy. Method and Materials: Tumor xenografts (n=8) of head and neck cancer were exposed to radiation doses of 2, 4 and 8Gy. Ultrasound images were collected with an ultrasound scanner using frequencies of 15–35MHz before and 24 hours after exposure to radiation. Irradiated tumors exhibited large hyperechoic regions in ultrasounds images 24 hours after exposure to radiation that corresponded to areas of cell death in histology. The ultrasound images were registered with the histological images of the tumor slices taken at regular intervals. The tumor was contoured on histological slices and ultrasound images, the regions of cell death were contoured on histological slices and the hyperechoic regions were contoured on ultrasound images. Each set of contours was converted to a surface mesh. The volume and center of mass were calculated for each representation determined by a surface mesh. Results: The average difference between the relative (to histology) volume representations in histology and ultrasound were 10.7%±8.9% for tumor and 21.7%±12.2% for cell death. The average differences between the relative (to the maximum dimension of the tumor) center of mass of volume representations in histology and ultrasound images were 2.7%±2.0% for tumor and 15.5%±8.9 % for cell death. Conclusion: The method provides the correspondence between the volumes of cell death assessed from histology and from ultrasound imaging and can be used to assess early tumor response to radiotherapy. Part of the differences associated with cell death representation in histological and ultrasound images (21.7%) was caused by the differences in tumor representation (10.7%) in these images. The effect of these uncertainties is the subject of ongoing investigation.
Clonal variation in expression of a human melanoma antigen defined by a monoclonal antibody. (1981)

Previous work established 3 monoclonal mouse antibodies, 3.1, 3.2, and 3.3, which define an antigenic determinant that is expressed by a human melanoma, M1804, and, in smaller amounts, by another melanoma, M1801. In the present study we first investigated the expression of this determinant, which we refer to as 3.1, by cells from different melanomas, using membrane immunofluorescence techniques. We found that some tumors, such as M1801, appeared to be mixtures of cells that varied in their expression of 3.1. Clones were established from cultures of M1801 and M1804, and their expression of 3.1 was studied by a variety of serologic techniques, including membrane immunofluorescence, complement-dependent cytotoxicity, and absorption. Some of the clones expressed determinant 3.1, and others did not. By recloning a late passage of a 3.1-positive clone from M1801, a negative subclone was established, proving that 3.1-positive cells can yield 3.1-negative progeny. A clone that had lost 3.1 was tested and found to still express p97, an antigen defined by a different monoclonal antibody. We conclude that since some melanomas are heterogeneous with respect to the expression of antigenic determinant 3.1, and since 3.1 negative progeny can be derived from 3.1-positive cells, there is the potential for selection of 3.1-negative cells. The implications of this, for antigenic determinant 3.1 and possibly for other tumor antigens, must be taken into account when considering using monoclonal antibodies for tumor therapy.
The bandwidth guaranteed prioritized queuing and its implementations (2002)

The bandwidth guaranteed prioritized queuing (BGPQ) algorithm provides both the advantages of priority and weighted fair queuing. The BGPQ provides minimum bandwidth guarantees to different traffic classes and then priority class services on the residual bandwidth. However, this functionality cannot be achieved by simple hierarchical combination of fair and priority queuing. We ran some simulations to verify the performance of the BGPQ algorithm. We also present two methods of implementations: one for quick prototyping and one for implementations with low complexity.
Fundamentals of magnet-actuated droplet manipulation on an open hydrophobic surface (2009)

We systematically investigate droplet movement, coalescence, and splitting on an open hydrophobic surface. These processes are actuated by magnetic beads internalized in an oil-coated aqueous droplet using an external magnet. Results are organized into an 'operating diagram' that describes regions of droplet stable motion, breakage, and release from the magnet. The results are explained theoretically with a simple model that balances magnetic, friction, and capillary-induced drag forces and includes the effects of particle type, droplet size, surrounding oil layer, surface tension, and viscosity. Finally, we discuss the implications of the results for the design of magnet-actuated droplet systems for applications such as nucleic acid purification, immunoassay and drug delivery.
Transcranial color-coded duplex sonography in unilateral flow-restrictive extracranial carotid artery disease. (1996)

Our findings suggest that typical abnormalities of basal cerebral artery flow velocities occur in patients with unilateral 70% to 100% obstruction of the internal carotid arteries resulting in different patterns of cross flow through the circle of Willis.
Human monoclonal antibody BT32/A6 and a cell cycle—independent glioma-associated surface antigen (1995)

The purpose of this study was to ascertain how various growth parameters may influence the labeling of SK-MG-1, a human glioma cell line, by BT32/A6, a human immunoglobulin M monoclonal antibody (MAb). By growing SK-MG-1 cells at different culture split ratios, significant trends in cell growth rate, culture viability, and cell cycle state were produced. Labeling of SK-MG-1 cells by BT32/A6, however, was shown to be unaffected by culture split ratio (p > 0.05) and is therefore independent of cell growth rate, culture viability, and cell cycle state. Using flow cytometry and fluorescence-activated cell sorting, BT32/A6 was shown to label a cell surface antigen on viable, clonogenic cells of SK-MG-1. Approximately 100% of SK-MG-1 cells were shown by flow cytometry to express the BT32/A6 antigen. The recognition of a glioma-associated, cell cycle-independent surface antigen by MAb BT32/A6 makes it a promising candidate for further studies aimed at elucidating its usefulness as an adjunct in the treatment of human malignant gliomas.
Freund's Adjuvants (2003)

Freund’s adjuvants are water-in-mineral oil emulsions (W/O emulsions) without heat-killed mycobacteria added (Freund’s incomplete adjuvant) or with heat-killed mycobacteria added (Freund’s complete adjuvant). Freund’s adjuvants are, in a way, historic adjuvants and for many researchers the first and most obvious association to the word adjuvant at all. The adjuvants have been used extensively in experimental immunology owing to their high efficacy, and Freund’s incomplete adjuvant has been used for decades in practical veterinary vaccination. Vaccination of humans with Freund’s incomplete adjuvant was undertaken in the 1950s and was stopped because of adverse reactions in the mid-1960s.
Drilling Rig Sensor Data Validation in the Presence of Real-Time Process Variations (2013)

Abstract The safe and efficient construction of a well requires close attention to how the well and the rig equipment behave as the well is drilled. This primarily involves monitoring and correctly interpreting all the data collected at the rig site. In the past, this was primarily accomplished with an experienced drilling crew. While we still continue to use mostly antiquated rig sensors that were introduced decades ago, there has also been an "explosion" in the number of new advanced sensors used on a rig. The argument put forward for the additional sensors is that they increase safety and help reduce non-productive time and invisible lost time. Many of these new sensors provide data at high(er) sampling rates. This has made human monitoring of the data very difficult, if not impossible, and has led to a variety of event detection algorithms. The primary function of these event detection algorithms is to bring the driller's attention to anomalies in the system, based on data collected from all the rig sensors. However, the frequent occurrences of false and missed alarms, when using automated event detection software, can lead to significant downtime, and also reduce safety at the rig. One reason for these false alarms is bad data due to either sensor failure or data communication failure. Having sophisticated sensors, but not knowing whether the data can be trusted, defeats the very purpose of having additional sensors. This paper explores a methodology that can greatly reduce these false and missed alarms by validating the data coming from the sensors. The data validation methodology described in this paper utilizes a Bayesian network model of the sensed parameters, to maximize the number of analytical redundancies among the parameters. Also, data is collected and aggregated from multiple sources within and outside the rig, such as the well plan, morning reports and real-time data, to obtain increased certainty in the prediction of sensor / process anomalies. The algorithm allows for the detection and isolation of sensor faults and process faults, and does not impose unrealistic assumptions of process invariance. For any type of drilling operation, the parameters in a drilling model are constantly changing. Here, we briefly discuss how the model can be updated in real-time, depending on whether the fault is in the sensor or in the process. The approach is very flexible and easily accommodates the widely varying number of sensors from rig to rig. The methodology can also be easily scaled to be applied on a small subsystem (top drive, hydraulic unit, etc.) or the entire rig (all surface and sub-surface sensors). The proposed methodology is applied on sample scenarios that are typical of the unconventional shale drilling operations conducted in North America.
A 675 Mbps, 4 $\times$ 4 64-QAM K-Best MIMO Detector in 0.13 $\mu{\rm m}$ CMOS (2010)

This paper introduces a novel scalable pipelined VLSI architecture for a 4 × 4 64-QAM hard-output multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) detector based on K-best lattice decoders. The key contribution is a means of expanding the intermediate nodes of the search tree on-demand, rather than exhaustively, along with three types of distributed sorters operating in a pipelined structure. The proposed architecture has a fixed critical path independent of the constellation size, on-demand expansion scheme, efficient distributed sorters, and is scalable to higher number of antennas. Fabricated in 0.13 μm CMOS, it occupies 0.95 mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> core area. Operating at 282 MHz clock frequency, it dissipates 135 mW at 1.3 V supply with no BER performance loss. It achieves an SNR-independent throughput of 675 Mbps satisfying the requirements of IEEE 802.16m and long term evolution (LTE) systems. The measurements confirm that this design consumes 3.0 × less energy/bit and operates at a significantly higher throughput compared to the best previously published design.
The Radiological Features of Rheumatoid Arthritis (1952)

The radiological features of rheumatoid arthritis have been investigated at the Manchester Royal Infirmary by a survey of 200 cases of the disease and by the application of an enlargement technique to this and other conditions affecting the extremities. The various abnormal findings in rheumatoid arthritis are discussed. The diagnosis may be made from a consideration of joint space changes and erosions of articular bone. These features are of paramount importance when osteoporosis is absent or equivocal. Bone erosions are considered in detail and the earliest changes demonstrable in the articular cortex are described and illustrated. Osteoporosis is usually regarded as the earliest and most frequent finding, but we believe that less emphasis should be placed upon it. The lesser degrees are difficult to recognise and all the types which occur can be found in various other conditions. The metatarsophalangeal joints of the feet provide the most diagnostic information in those cases in which they are clinically affected. It is important to take radiographs specifically exposed for this region and not for the foot as a whole. An application for routine use of the principle of the enlargement technique is mentioned. It is recommended that for the radiography of the extremities fine-grain industrial film should be used and processed for a reduced time in ordinary X-ray developer to obtain better detail.
Effective Suppression of Class I Major Histocompatibility Complex Expression by the US11 or ICP47 Genes Can Be Limited by Cell Type or Interferon- <i>γ</i> Exposure (2003)

An impediment encountered in many viral-based gene therapy clinical trials has been the rapid destruction of the transgene by the host's immune response. The processing and presentation of antigens through the class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) pathway is the initial specific response to viral infection. Disruption of the class I MHC pathway by herpes simplex virus (HSV) or the human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) results in a decrease of the CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) response and prolongs survival of infected cells in the host. Two viral immune suppression genes that interfere with the class I MHC presentation pathway, the HSV type I ICP47 gene and HCMV US11 gene, were cloned and each incorporated into a retroviral vector. HSV ICP47 and HCMV US11 transgenes were expressed in multiple cells lines and compared for their abilities to reduce antigen presentation on the cell surface by class I MHC. Retroviral supernatants were used to transduce human, canine, and rat cell lines. Fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) analysis of US11- and ICP47-transduced cell lines demonstrated substantial reductions in class I MHC cell surface expression in most cell lines except in rodent cells where ICP47 is nonfunctional. The decrease in the level of class I MHC expression for ICP47 transduced cell lines ranged from 31-98% relative to negative controls. US11 decreased class I cell surface MHC by 67-96%. When both ICP47 and US11 are expressed in human cells, a further reduction of class I MHC was observed. Next, human A375 melanoma cells were tested to determine if the resulting reduction in cell surface class I MHC would reduce in vitro cytotoxicity by CTL. A375 cells expressing either ICP47 or US11 demonstrated a twofold to threefold reduction of specific lysis by primed CD8(+) CTL. These data clearly establish an ability to convey immune protection to human cells by viral genes. However, further analysis demonstrated that interferon (IFN)-gamma could reverse part or all of the downregulation of class I MHC induced by the ICP47 or US11 genes. The ICP47 and US11 genes, when expressed in target cells, decrease class I MHC presentation and as such might be used in strategies to create local immunosuppression against transgenes or allografts.
Contribution of BAT and skeletal muscle to thermogenesis induced by ephedrine in man (1985)

This investigation was performed to examine the role of brown adipose tissue (BAT) in thermogenesis induced by ephedrine in man. Light microscopy of biopsies from necropsy cases showed BAT to occur most frequently in the perirenal fat. Perirenal BAT thermogenesis was investigated in five lean men before and during stimulation with 1 mg ephedrine orally X kg body wt-1. Perirenal BAT thermogenesis was assessed by continuous measurements of local temperature and blood flow with the 133xenon clearance method. In the same study the effect of ephedrine on skeletal muscle oxygen consumption was estimated by measurements of leg blood flow and arteriovenous oxygen difference. The perirenal adipose tissue blood flow increased approximately twofold, whereas the local temperature increased approximately 0.1 degrees C on an average. Assuming that man possesses 700 g of BAT with a similar thermogenic capacity, this tissue contributed only 10 ml X min-1 to the 40 ml X min-1 increase in oxygen consumption in the subject whose perirenal BAT showed the most pronounced response to ephedrine. The leg oxygen consumption increased on an average 60% after ephedrine. By extrapolation of this value to whole body skeletal muscle, approximately 50% of the increase in oxygen consumption induced by ephedrine may take place in skeletal muscle. It is concluded that skeletal muscle is a tissue of importance with respect to the thermogenic effect of sympathomimetics in man, whereas the results do not support a major role for perirenal BAT.
Modulation of lipopolysaccharide binding to human granulocytes. (1994)

Using flow cytometry and fluorescein-labelled lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Salmonella minnesota R595 (FITC-ReLPS), we studied the role of membrane proteins in the recognition of LPS by human polymorphonuclear granulocytes (PMN) in the absence of serum. Treatment of PMN with trypsin, pronase E or proteinase K reduced both the binding of FITC-ReLPS to PMN at 4 degrees and the response of PMN to LPS at 37 degrees, as measured by luminol-enhanced chemiluminescence. Neuraminidase treatment enhanced both activities. Trypsin treatment of PMN after the binding of FITC-ReLPS effectively reduced fluorescence when cells were kept at 4 degrees, while further incubation of FITC-ReLPS-labelled PMN at 37 degrees rendered fluorescence insensible to trypsin. These results indicate a protein structure of the LPS binding site, association of FITC-ReLPS with the cell membrane at 4 degrees and subsequent internalization at 37 degrees. The binding of FITC-ReLPS was not inhibited by the anti-CD14 monoclonal antibody (mAb) 3C10, which recognizes a functional epitope of CD14. Furthermore, binding of FITC-ReLPS was observed to PMN obtained from a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria who lacked membrane-bound CD14. Stimulation of PMN with tumour necrosis factor (TNF) or LPS enhanced the binding of FITC-ReLPS at 4 degrees. This was not observed after activation of PMN devoid of granules (cytoplasts), indicating that the binding of LPS at the cell surface is enhanced by mobilization of LPS-binding proteins from intracellular granules. These studies provide evidence that LPS binding and activation of PMN involves protein structures at the cell surface different from CD14, and that granules constitute a pool of LPS-binding proteins that can be translocated to the cell surface upon stimulation.
Influence of Bath Composition to Via-Filling by Copper Electroplating. (2000)

近年, 電子機器の急速な小型化に伴い, プリント配線板の小径化の要求が高まってきた。これに対応して, 従来の多層配線板ではいずれ高配線密度に限界が生じる。このため, ビルドアップ工法が新しい多層プリント配線板として採用されてきた。この新しい技術には, 微小なビアホールめっきが導体層間の接続に適用されている。金属銅で埋めた微小なビアホールは, ビアオンビア接続構造により信号伝達の遅延を最小限にできる。そこで, 電気めっきにより微小穴をフィリングする手法が, 今後平坦化の有効な手法になると考えられる。適切な添加剤を使用することによって, 電気めっきによりフィリングが可能であった。添加剤として, SPSとPEG-4000を用いることでフィリング率が向上した。われわれは, 電気銅めっきの浴組成と添加剤の添加濃度および添加剤の組み合わせを検討することによって, 一般浴およびハイスロー浴においてもフィリングが可能であることを確認した。
CSI-MIMO: Indoor Wi-Fi fingerprinting system (2014)

Wi-Fi based fingerprinting systems, mostly utilize the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI), which is known to be unreliable due to environmental and hardware effects. In this paper, we present a novel Wi-Fi fingerprinting system, exploiting the fine-grained information known as Channel State Information (CSI). The frequency diversity of CSI can be effectively utilized to represent a location in both frequency and spatial domain resulting in more accurate indoor localization. We propose a novel location signature CSI-MIMO that incorporates Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) information and use both the magnitude and the phase of CSI of each sub-carrier. We experimentally evaluate the performance of CSI-MIMO fingerprinting using the k-nearest neighbor and the Bayes algorithm. The accuracy of the proposed CSI-MIMO is compared with Finegrained Indoor Fingerprinting System (FIFS) and a simple CSI-based system. The experimental result shows an accuracy improvement of 57% over FIFS with an accuracy of 0.95 meters.
J2EE Web Services (2003)

J2EE(TM) Web Services is written in the tradition of the great books people have come to expect from author Richard Monson-Haefel. More than a complete and concise Web services reference, this essential guide is the way for J2EE developers to quickly master Web services architecture and development. -Floyd Marinescu, Author, EJB Design Patterns; Director, TheServerSide.comWeb services are revolutionizing the way enterprises conduct business, as they allow disparate applications to communicate and exchange business data. Now, Java 2, Enterprise Edition (J2EE(TM)) delivers a complete Web services platform. But how do you make sense of the sea of acronyms in this emerging area? Richard Monson-Haefel comes to the rescue with this essential guide for Java developers who need to understand J2EE APIs for Web services and the Web services standards.J2EE(TM) Web Services is a comprehensive guide to developing and deploying Web services using J2EE technology. Concentrating on standards sanctioned by the Web Services Interoperability Organization (WS-I) for maximum interoperability, the author delves into Web-service standards and the J2EE 1.4 Web-service APIs and components with clear and engaging discussions.Key topics covered include: XML (eXtensible Markup Language) and XML Schema SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) WSDL (Web Services Description Language) UDDI (Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration) JAX-RPC (Java API for XML-based RPC) SAAJ (SOAP with Attachments API for Java) JAXR (Java API for XML Registries) JAXP (Java API for XML Processing)The appendices complement this wealth of information with coverage of XML regular expressions, Base 64 encoding, DTDs (document type definitions), SOAP Messages with Attachments (SwA), RCP/Encoded SOAP messaging, and references to other resources. In short, this accessible reference will give Java developers the tools they need to use J2EE technologies and APIs to integrate both enterprise applications and Web-based applications.