gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Treatment of<i>Clostridium difficile</i>Infection (2008)

Recent outbreaks of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) in North America have been due to a more virulent, possibly more resistant strain that causes more-severe disease, making prompt recognition of cases and optimal management of infection essential for a successful therapeutic outcome. Treatment algorithms are presented to help guide the management of patients with CDI. Metronidazole has been recommended as initial therapy since the late 1990s and continues to be the first choice for all but seriously ill patients and those with complicated or fulminant infections or multiple recurrences of CDI, for whom vancomycin is recommended. Other options for recurrent CDI, such as probiotics and currently available anion-exchange resins, have limited efficacy and are potentially harmful. Intravenous immunoglobulin may benefit patients with refractory, recurrent, or severe disease, but no controlled data are available. Two antimicrobials available in the United States for other indications, nitazoxanide and rifaximin, have been used successfully for CDI treatment but, like metronidazole, lack United States Food and Drug Administration approval for this indication. Experimental treatments currently in clinical development include a toxin-binding polymer, tolevamer; 2 poorly absorbed antimicrobials, OPT-80 (formerly known as Difimicin) and ramoplanin; monoclonal antibodies; and a C. difficile vaccine.
Obstructive sleep apnea (1994)

Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome may be just an annoyance to an affected person's bed partner, or it can be a more serious and even dangerous condition for the person involved. One clue to the condition is daytime somnolence, although not all sleepy patients have the syndrome. If obstructive sleep apnea syndrome is confirmed by a polysomnogram, a trial of nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) is warranted. If daytime somnolence is unaffected, then it is unlikely that the syndrome is the sole cause of the patient's sleepiness. Alternative diagnoses (eg, narcolepsy, atypical depression) should then be considered. Surgery, orthodontic devices, and pharmacotherapy are generally less effective than NCPAP and are usually reserved for patients who cannot tolerate NCPAP. Surgical techniques may be best suited for patients who have clearly defined craniofacial abnormalities and those who cannot tolerate NCPAP. Weight reduction to near ideal body weight and avoidance of benzodiazepines, opiates, and alcohol should be emphasized in all patients with suspected or confirmed sleep apnea.
Neoteric signal: method for linearising narrow-bandamplifiers or signal paths up to their peak powers (2000)

A constant amplitude carrier is phase modulated in a special way so that the spectrum contains a replica of the signal to be amplified. The carrier drives an amplifier (to saturation, if required) and the replica, which can equal the peak amplifier power, is selected by a simple filter. In principle, there is absolute linearity. The same technique can linearise a signal path with amplitude distortion.
Liveness Checking as Safety Checking (2002)

Temporal logic is widely used for specifying hardware and software systems. Typically two types of properties are distinguished, safety and liveness properties. While safety can easily be checked by reachability analysis, and many efficient checkers for safety properties exist, more sophisticated algorithms have always been considered to be necessary for checking liveness. In this paper we describe an efficient translation of liveness checking problems into safety checking problems. A counter example is detected by saving a previously visited state in an additional state recording component and checking a loop closing condition. The approach handles fairness and thus extends to full LTL.
Bismuth(III) Trifluoromethanesulfonate Catalyzed Ring-Opening Reaction of Mono Epoxy Oleochemicals To Form Keto and Diketo Derivatives (2012)

Using a catalytic system, methyl oleate is transformed into long-chain keto and diketo derivatives via an epoxide route. Methyl 9(10)-oxooctadecanoate and methyl 9,10-dioxooctadecanoate were made by a ring-opening reaction of epoxidized methyl oleate using bismuth(III) trifluoromethanesulfonate (bismuth triflate) catalyst. Lower reaction temperatures favor the ketone, whereas higher temperatures are required to produce the diketone. The second synthesis also requires the use of dimethylsulfoxide to serve as an oxygen atom donor and that reagent also is needed to keep the catalyst in its active form. The ketone was also evaluated as a lubricity additive in soybean oil, where it was found that it had a minimal effect in reducing wear and did not improve oxidative stability. This drawback, while not good in lubricant formulations, is desirable in many applications such as paint and linoleum production. Also, the structure of the ketone could make it a desirable dielectric fluid, where the water sequestering ability of the carbonyl group would be desirable. Overall, this is an effective synthesis of promising materials, with high biobased content, useful for industries of the future.
Axial resolution beyond the diffraction limit of a sheet illumination microscope with stimulated emission depletion (2015)

Planar illumination imaging allows for illumination of the focal plane orthogonal to the imaging axis in various light forms and is advantageous for high optical sectioning, high imaging speed, low light exposure, and inherently deeper imaging penetration into small organisms and tissue sections. The drawback of the technique is the low inherent resolution, which can be overcome by the incorporation of a dual-sheet stimulated emission depletion (STED) beam to the planar illumination excitation. Our initiative is the implementation of STED into the planar illumination microscope for enhanced resolution. We demonstrate some of our implementations. The depletion of STED in the microscope follows an inverse square root saturation for up to 2.5-fold axial resolution improvements with both high and low numerical aperture imaging objectives.
Topographic imaging of veins using reflectance images at isosbestic wavelengths (2004)

To image the local blood region embedded in a skin tissue, we propose a method using diffuse reflectance images at two isosbestic wavelengths of hemoglobin (420 and 585 nm). The possibility of the method was confirmed by experiments with skin tissue phantoms. A topographic image of veins was successfully reconstructed from diffuse reflectance images of in vivo human skin.
The Disintegrins ADAM10 and TACE Contribute to the Constitutive and Phorbol Ester-regulated Normal Cleavage of the Cellular Prion Protein (2001)

We showed previously that PrPc undergoes constitutive and phorbol ester-regulated cleavage inside the 106-126 toxic domain of the protein, leading to the production of a fragment referred to as N1. Here we show by a pharmacological approach that o-phenanthroline, a general zinc-metalloprotease inhibitors, as well as BB3103 and TAPI, the inhibitors of metalloenzymes ADAM10 (A disintegrin and metalloprotease); and TACE, tumor necrosis factor alpha-converting enzyme; ADAM17), respectively, drastically reduce N1 formation. We set up stable human embryonic kidney 293 transfectants overexpressing human ADAM10 and TACE, and we demonstrate that ADAM10 contributes to constitutive N1 production whereas TACE mainly participates in regulated N1 formation. Furthermore, constitutive N1 secretion is drastically reduced in fibroblasts deficient for ADAM10 whereas phorbol 12,13-dibutyrate-regulated N1 production is fully abolished in TACE-deficient cells. Altogether, our data demonstrate for the first time that disintegrins could participate in the catabolism of glycosyl phosphoinositide-anchored proteins such as PrPc. Second, our study identifies ADAM10 and ADAM17 as the protease candidates responsible for normal cleavage of PrPc. Therefore, these disintegrins could be seen as putative cellular targets of a therapeutic strategy aimed at increasing normal PrPc breakdown and thereby depleting cells of the putative 106-126 "toxic" domain of PrPc.
Escherichia coli RecQ protein is a DNA helicase. (1990)

The Escherichia coli recQ gene, a member of the RecF recombination gene family, was set in an overexpression plasmid, and its product was purified to near-homogeneity. The purified RecQ protein exhibited a DNA-dependent ATPase and a helicase activity. Without DNA, no ATPase activity was detected. The capacity as ATPase cofactor varied with the type of DNA in the following order: circular single strand greater than linear single strand much greater than circular or linear duplex. As a helicase, RecQ protein displaced an annealed 71-base or 143-base single-stranded fragment from circular or linear phage M13 DNA, and the direction of unwinding seemed to be 3'----5' with respect to the DNA single strand to which the enzyme supposedly bound. Furthermore, the protein could unwind 143-base-pair blunt-ended duplex DNA at a higher enzyme concentration. It is concluded that RecQ protein is a previously unreported helicase, which might possibly serve to generate single-stranded tails for a strand transfer reaction in the process of recombination.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the X‐Ray Analysis of Cyclodextrin Complexes (1992)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Molecular Basis for the Aromatization Reaction and Exemestane-Mediated Irreversible Inhibition of Human Aromatase (2006)

Aromatase converts androgens to aromatic estrogens. Aromatase inhibitors have been used as first-line drugs in the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer. Structural basis of the aromatization reaction and drug recognition by aromatase has remained elusive because of its unknown three-dimensional structure. In this study, recombinant human aromatase was expressed and purified from Escherichia coli. Using this purified and active preparation, the three-dimensional folding of aromatase was revealed by proteomic analysis. Combined with site-directed mutagenesis, several critical residues involved in enzyme catalysis and suicide inhibition by exemestane were evaluated. Based on our results, a new clamping mechanism of substrate/exemestane binding to the active site is proposed. These structure-function studies of aromatase would provide useful information to design more effective aromatase inhibitors for the prevention and the treatment of hormone-dependent breast cancer.
Failure Modes in Textile Interconnect Lines (2012)

Many commercially available photonic textile products are made by integrating conductive yarns into textiles and attaching light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to them. Mechanical fatigue due to repeated bending at the LED attachment sites is the main cause of failure in such products. Here, we present a novel encapsulation method to reduce failure in photonic textiles that results in a more gradual transition from stiff to compliant regions. We present the result of accelerated aging tests including a mechanical failure model. The results show that we are able to reduce failure at the attachment site through our new encapsulation process and double the lifetime.
A Dialogue-based MAC Protocol for Efficient Broadcasting in Ad Hoc Networks (2007)

This paper proposes a MAC protocol for efficient broadcasting in ad hoc networks. Since pure flooding leads to serious redundant rebroadcasts, packet contention and packet collision, known as the broadcast storm problem, this paper focuses on how to reduce redundant rebroadcasts. Several broadcast protocols periodically exchange hello packets to predetermine effective sets of rebroadcasting nodes, e.g., multipoint relay (MPR) flooding. On the other hand, we propose an on-demand broadcast protocol, which is referred as dialogue-based protocol in order to reduce the redundancy with less overheads and maintaining high reachability. The dialogue-based scheme employs alternative overheads, e.g., request packets and reply signals, instead of hello packets. Request packets and reply signals are exchanged in an on-demand manner in order that relay nodes recognize its neighbor nodes state whether they have already received broadcast packets. Finally, this paper presents some simulation results to show the efficiency of the dialogue-based protocol compared to the pure flooding and the MPR flooding using hello packet.
<b>Investigations on myelinogenesis in vitro</b>: Regulation of 5′‐nucleotidase activity by thyroid hormone in cultures of dissociated cells from embryonic mouse brain (1984)

The developmental pattern of the myelin-associated 5'-nucleotidase and its regulation by L-3,3',5,-triiodothyronine (T3) have been demonstrated in a culture system of cells dissociated from embryonic mouse brain. Hypothyroid calf serum containing low levels of T3 (31 ng/100 ml), and thyroxine, T4 (less than 1 microgram/ml), was used in the culture medium in place of normal calf serum (T3, 103 ng/100ml; T4, 5.7 micrograms/ml) to render the cultures responsive to exogenously added T3. By means of T3 supplementation, the lower levels of enzyme activity observed in the cultures grown in the presence of hypothyroid calf-serum containing medium could be restored to a considerable extent although not completely to normal values. Half-maximal stimulatory effect was obtained at 3.9 X 10(-8)M T3 concentration. Among the various substrates tested, 5'-AMP, 5'-UMP and 5'-CMP were equally good, while 5'-GMP yielded approximately half the activity.
Enhancing Interoperability in Cross-Platform Enterprise Mashups through Data Aggregation and Extraction (2011)

Enterprise Mashups usually comprise services from different service domains that often differ vastly from each other regarding their protocols, data or programming models. This fact poses a challenge especially for non-professional developers who want to quickly create a complex service composition because they are required to know the technical details of the involved service domains in order to use them in their composite application. In this paper we describe an extensible framework that allows for enhanced interoperability of arbitrary service types by introducing a unified way to interact with disparate Web services and an intuitive model for handling heterogeneous data types within a composition. Our framework forms the basis for building extensive tool support for end-users that allows easy creation of Mashups with diversified services, collaboration with other users and distributed execution of a service composition.
Azithromycin Maintains Airway Epithelial Integrity during <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Infection (2009)

Tight junctions (TJs) play a key role in maintaining bronchial epithelial integrity, including apical-basolateral polarity and paracellular trafficking. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and cystic fibrosis (CF) often suffer from chronic infections by the opportunistic Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which produces multiple virulence factors, including rhamnolipids. The macrolide antibiotic azithromycin (azm) has been shown to improve lung function in patients with CF without reducing the bacterial count within the lung. However, the mechanism of this effect is still debated. It has previously been shown that azm increased transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) in a bronchial epithelial cell line. In this study we used an air-liquid interface model of human airway epithelia and measured TER, changes in TJ expression and architecture after exposure to live P. aeruginosa PAO1, and PAO1-Deltarhl which is a PAO1 mutant lacking rhlA and rhlB, which encode key enzymes for rhamnolipid production. In addition, the cells were challenged with bacterial culture medium conditioned by these strains, purified rhamnolipids, or synthetic 3O-C(12)-HSL. Virulence factors secreted by P. aeruginosa reduced TER and caused TJ rearrangement in the bronchial epithelium, exposing the epithelium to further bacterial infiltration. Pretreatment of the bronchial epithelium with azm attenuated this effect and facilitated epithelial recovery. These data suggest that azm protects the bronchial epithelium during P. aeruginosa infection independent of antimicrobial activity, and could explain in part the beneficial results seen in clinical trials of patients with CF.
Case Study: Completion Design Optimization for Barnett Oil Producing Area (2014)

Abstract Throughout the past several years, economic and technological advancements in the North American shale market with respect to drilling and hydraulic fracturing operations have helped create a "typical" operating scheme for producing from the multiple shale formation reservoirs currently being exploited. This typical scheme focuses on operational efficiency and cost reduction to drive profitability in these markets. While operational efficiency and effective cost control have led to more profitable operations in these shale reservoirs, the unknowns regarding the subsurface of these highly complex formations can often create situations of operating without sufficient information to optimally design drilling and completions strategies to produce larger volumes of hydrocarbon from the reservoir. Opposed to conventional operations, the amount of basin and asset knowledge being collected and developed in most of these shale plays is much lower, and thus can result in poor development decisions, leading to less than optimum economic performance. Focus on subsurface knowledge as well as collaboration between the various aspects of developing an asset is essential to helping discover and produce more oil and gas from these complex reservoir systems. This paper examines a case study of three wells in Wise County, Texas, in the Barnett shale, where a collaborative subsurface insight investigation and drilling and completions optimization process were used to illustrate the production benefit achieved through improved reservoir understanding. Within this process, an asset earth model was created using the collected information from wireline logging, logging while drilling (LWD), core testing, mechanical rock and fluid properties, formation mineralogy, and wellbore image logging. Additionally, for the completions design strategy, microseismic measurement and image log fracture matching and complex fracture modeling software tools were used to define and model the growth of the stimulated fracture network during hydraulic fracturing completions. This paper presents an overview of "typical" previous completions and subsurface information collected before implementation of the new process in comparison to changes made to the drilling and completions designs used on three wells, as well as an overview of the types of information collected to supply the earth model. Examples of the fracture matching and complex fracture modeling for the wells helps illustrate the design and optimization of hydraulic fracturing treatments in a complex shale reservoir. Finally, a production results comparison is presented to illustrate a significant increase to production of hydrocarbon through better reservoir understanding and drilling and completion designs.
Single Stage Flyback Micro-Inverter for Solar Energy Systems (2013)

ABSTRACT\nSolar energy systems based on photovoltaic (PV) cells have attracted considerable interest in recent years due to their promise of clear and seemingly limitless generated energy. Solar energy systems based on micro-inverter architectures are gaining in popularity as they are less prone to shading and PV cell malfunction since each solar panel in a system has its own low power inverter.\nA number of micro-inverters are single stage flyback inverters that are based on the DC-DC flyback topologies. There have been numerous papers on the topic of how to improve the efficiency of dc-dc flyback converters but as far as improving the efficiency of dc-ac flyback micro-inverter is concerned, comparatively less investigation on efficiency improvement has been performed.\nA low cost technique for improving the efficiency of a basic dc-ac flyback micro-inverter is proposed in the paper. The proposed efficiency improving technique is based on a simple snubber, consisting of just a few passive elements. In the thesis, the flyback micro-inverter with the passive snubber is presented; the modes of operation of the converter are discussed as well as the design of the converter with the passive snubber. Experimental results obtained from a lab prototype are presented as well.\nA second novel technique for improving the efficiency of a single stage flyback micro-inverter is also proposed. The technique is based on combining the simple passive snubber with a variable frequency control zero-voltage switching (ZVS) technique. In the thesis, the operation of the micro-inverter with both the passive snubber and the ZVS technique is explained and the design of the converter is discussed. Experimental results obtained from a lab prototype are presented to confirm the effectiveness of the both the techniques.
A New Approach for Election Algorithm in Distributed Systems (2009)

Leader election is an important problem in distributed computing systems. In this problem, when the leader is crashed, other nodes must elect another leader. Garcia-Molinapsilas Bully Algorithm is a classic solution to cope with this problem. In this paper we introduce a new method based on electing a leader and alternatives. If the leader crash, the alternative takes, care of the leader's responsibilities. Our results revealed that often, after a leader crash, leader alternative elect as a leader and continue to work. increases. We show that our proposed algorithm is more efficient than the Garcia Molinapsilas one in term of time, message complexity and in the fewer stages.
Validation of the applied biosystems Prism™ 377 automated sequencer for forensic short tandem repeat analysis (1996)

The Applied Biosystems (ABI) Prism 377 DNA sequencer has been evaluated in an attempt to increase the throughput of samples for short tandem repeat (STR) analysis, in both forensic casework and the UK National Criminal Intelligence DNA Database. The gel system assessed consisted of 0.2 mm, 4% acrylamide 6 M urea gels, with a well-to-read distance of 36 cm. Gels were run at a constant voltage of 3 kV and constant temperature of 51 degrees C. The run time of our second generation multiplex (SGM) STR system was achieved in less than 2 h. Rigorous validation has been performed on the instrument hardware and software. Complete resolution of 1 base differences was obtained, up to and beyond 350 bases; sizing precision across gels was more than 2-fold higher than the 373A and the sensitivity was increased by one third.
Passive electronic identification and temperature monitoring system. Progress report, January--December 1976. [For monitoring temperature in livestock] (1977)

A six-digit microwave telemetry system is described in which a passively powered transponder can be remotely interrogated to report temperature and identification. This preprototype system was developed to be used to identify livestock and monitor temperature by implanting the transponder unit under the skin of each animal. Expected benefits include early warning of disease or other stress conditions and improved animal management.