gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
THE MITOGENIC EFFECT OF LIPOPOLYSACCHARIDE ON BONE MARROW-DERIVED MOUSE LYMPHOCYTES (1973)

Lipopolysaccharides with different structure, isolated from different mutant strains of Escherichia coli and Salmonella bacteria, and chemical degradation products of these lipopolysaccharides have been employed to investigate which part of the lipopolysaccharide molecule exerts mitogenic effects on bone marrow-derived mouse lymphocytes. Within the structure of lipopolysaccharide consisting of lipid A, a core polysaccharide, and the O-polysaccharide antigen, lipid A was found to be the mitogenic part. The mitogenic effect of lipid A, consisting of phosphorylated glucosamine disaccharide units with ester- and amide-linked fatty acids, was lost after alkali treatment, which removes ester-linked fatty acids. Insertion of the lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides into the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of bone marrow-derived lymphocytes is discussed as the initial mitogenic action.
Near-infrared light propagation in an adult head model I Modeling of low-level scattering in the cerebrospinal fluid layer (2003)

Adequate modeling of light propagation in a human head is important for quantitative near-infrared spectroscopy and optical imaging. The presence of a nonscattering cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that surrounds the brain has been previously shown to have a strong effect on light propagation in the head. However, in reality, a small amount of scattering is caused by the arachnoid trabeculae in the CSF layer. In this study, light propagation in an adult head model with discrete scatterers distributed within the CSF layer has been predicted by Monte Carlo simulation to investigate the effect of the small amount of scattering caused by the arachnoid trabeculae in the CSF layer. This low scattering in the CSF layer is found to have little effect on the mean optical path length, a parameter that can be directly measured by a time-resolved experiment. However, the partial optical path length in brain tissue that relates the sensitivity of the detected signal to absorption changes in the brain is strongly affected by the presence of scattering within the CSF layer. The sensitivity of the near-infrared signal to hemoglobin changes induced by brain activation is improved by the effect of a low-scattering CSF layer.
Numerical simulation of linear and nonlinear quantum optics as a design tool for free-space quantum communications and quantum imaging (2002)

A new quantum optics tool for simulating quantum probability density functions resulting from the linear and nonlinear interaction of photons with atoms and with other photons is developed and presented. It can be used to design and simulate quantum optics experiments used in quantum communications, quantum computing, and quantum imaging. Examples of a photon interacting with linears systems of mirrors and beamsplitters are simulated. Nonlinear simulations of the interaction of three photons resulting in photon momentum entanglement is presented. The wavefunction is expanded in Fock states. Fock states cannot be represented by classical modeling and therefore, the results of our modeling can in general represent phenomena in both the linear and nonlinear cases which cannot be modeled by classical linear optics. The modeling presented here is more general than the classical linear optics. Models of atmospheric turbulence and their simulations are presented and demonstrate the potential for first principles physics quantum optics simulations through turbulence in realistic environments.
Atomic layer deposition of hafnium oxide and hafnium silicate thin films using liquid precursors and ozone (2004)

Atomic layer deposition (ALD) processes for HfO2 and HfxSi1−xO2 high-k dielectric thin films using liquid precursors and ozone were evaluated. Tetrakis(ethylmethylamino)hafnium (TEMAHf) precursor provides HfO2 films with superior quality as compared to Hf(t-butoxide)4 precursor in terms of deposition rate, purity, and electrical properties of the films. ALD processes for hafnium silicate films have been developed by co-injection of TEMAHf and tetrakis(ethylmethylamino) silicon precursors. Alternating pulses of the Hf/Si precursor vapor mixture and ozone allow process temperatures below 400 °C to grow HfxSi1−xO2 film. The Hf and Si precursors can be converted to vapor for delivery to the deposition chamber either by bubbling an inert carrier gas separately through each liquid or by using a liquid vaporization unit. The co-injection process enables the formation of homogeneous single-layer hafnium silicate films as deposited.
Propagation of intense ultrashort laser pulses in a plasma filled capillary tube: Simulations and experiments (2001)

Recent experiments [F. Dorchies et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 82, 4655 (1999)] have demonstrated monomode guiding over 100 Rayleigh lengths (10 cm) of high intensity, ultrashort laser pulses in a dielectric capillary tube filled with low pressure He gas. A model for the propagation of femtosecond laser pulses in a capillary tube, coupled with the tunnel ionization of the gas filling the capillary tube, is derived and solved numerically using the parameters of these experiments. The simulations accurately reproduce experimentally measured damping lengths, transmitted pulse energy and spectrum at the output of the capillary tube. They show that a few cm long, homogeneous, plasma column with an electron density of the order of 1017 cm−3 is created for an incident intensity of 4×1015 W/cm2.
Interactions between Trabecular Meshwork Cells and Lens Epithelial Cells: A Possible Mechanism in Infantile Aphakic Glaucoma (2008)

Many of the changes observed in TM cells after exposure to LECs resemble alternations seen in primary open-angle glaucoma. This strengthens the suspected role of LECs in the development of aphakic glaucoma.
Spontaneous action potential activity in isolated dorsal root ganglion neurons from rats with a painful neuropathy (1996)

One of the physiological changes accompanying neuropathic pain from nerve injury is the spontaneous firing of primary afferent fibers. At least some of this activity is thought to arise from the dorsal root ganglion. We have investigated whether this activity is resident in the cell bodies of dorsal root ganglion neurons and if it is retained in vitro. Dorsal root ganglion neurons from rats with a chronic constriction injury (CCI) from 4 loose ligatures of chromic gut sutures around the sciatic nerve were used. Isolated neurons were studied using the whole cell patch technique in current clamp mode within 6 hours of preparation. Neurons from rats with CCI showed a significantly increased incidence of spontaneous action potential activity (18/88 vs. 1/36 neurons). Firing activity consisted of both random spikes and long trains of regular, rapid spikes, with random activity being the exclusive mode in most cells. Spontaneous resting potential fluctuations (up to 10 m V peak-to-peak) occurred in both control and CCI neurons, and triggered the spontaneous, random action potentials in neurons from CCI rats. Spontaneously firing neurons exhibited more negative action potential threshold (-34.8 mV) when compared to quiescent neurons from ganglia either after CCI (-18.7 mV) or controls (-20.5 mV). These findings show that spontaneous action potential activity after CCI is a property residing in the cell bodies of dorsal root ganglion neurons and is amenable to more detailed analysis using such an in vitro system, allowing better understanding of the cellular changes underlying neuropathic pain from nerve injury.
Antibacterial activity of antibiotics in acrylic bone cement (1977)

The release of various penicillins and other antibiotics from two brands of polymerised bone cement has been studied in vitro and in vivo in mice. Bone cement plugs containing antibiotics demonstrated antibacterial activity as a result of diffusion of antibiotic from the plugs into the surrounding medium. With all antibiotics tested, from 2-5 to 10 per cent of the antibiotic in the cement was released in vitro in active form within twenty-four hours. Most of the activity appeared within three hours of the start of the test, but in some cases low levels of activity were detected after four days. Antibiotic cement plugs implanted in mice and rats produced low concentrations of antibiotic in the blood up to two hours after implantation, but activity was seldom detected subsequently. In general, penicillins and non-penicillin antibiotics showed similar diffusion characteristics, and the pattern of release in vitro and in vivo was consistent with the leaching of antibiotic from, or near, the surface of the bone cement.
Physicochemical Aspects of Microemulsion Flooding (1973)

ABSTRACT Whenever water, an oil and a surfactant equilibrate at concentrations of surfactant in excess of critical micelle concentrations, one or more microemulsions form. In view of this, all surfactant flooding processes may involve microemulsions in situ. Ternary diagrams have been constructed for three specific microemulsion systems showing the effects of salinity and cosurfactant on phase behavior, viscosity, resistivity, optical birefringence and interfacial tension. Using these data, micellar structure maps were prepared for the single phase region. In this connection, Winsor's concept of intermicellar equilibrium was found consistent with microemulsion systems of interest for tertiary oil recovery. Experimental techniques are described for minimizing extent of the multiphase region and measuring low interfacial tensions that obtain there. INTRODUCTION General Considerations It is sometimes difficult to sort out the multiplicity of terminology concerning various kinds of micellar solutions and the structural states in which they. exist. For example, Schulman introduced the term micro emulsion. Winsor2 objects on the grounds that all emulsions are unstable and a microemulsion must be some kind of an emulsion. Tosch, et al.3 use the phrase "micelle-containing solutions" whereas Shinoda and Kunieda4 prefer "swollen micellar solution." Nevertheless, the term microemulsion is convenient, is in common use, and it is only necessary to understand precisely what is meant by the term.
Detection of damage to the mitochondrial genome in the oncocytic cells of Warthin's tumour (2000)

Warthin's tumour of the salivary glands is composed of oncocytic cells containing excessive numbers of mitochondria which show frequent structural abnormalities and reduced metabolic function. Recent evidence of a strong association between cigarette smoking and the occurrence of Warthin's tumour prompted this study, to look for evidence of damage to mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) that could be the result of an increase in oxidative stress; two-colour fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) was developed to show the distribution of mitochondria with deleted mtDNA in paraffin wax-embedded material. Approximately 10% of mtDNA bears the 'common' 4977 bp deletion. Using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the 4977 bp deletion was further quantified, in Warthin's tumour and age-matched normal parotid control tissue. Whilst the deletion was present in all parotid tissue, its presence was significantly higher in oncocytic tumour cells. In a small number of controls, there was a trend towards higher concentrations of the deletion in smokers.
Platinum and Palladium Complexes Containing Ethylenediamine Derivatives as Carrier Ligands and Their Antitumor Activity. (1994)

We prepared new antitumor active platinum complexes containing N,N'-bis(2-chloroethyl)ethylenediamine (ClEn) as an alkylating carrier ligand in order to obtain increased antitumor effects. Some of the platinum complexes synthesized showed enhanced antitumor activity. However, palladium(II) complexes containing ClEn were inactive against L1210 and P388.
IMAGE RECOGNITION AND RECONSTRUCTION USING ASSOCIATIVE MAGNETIC PROCESSING (1992)

This paper presents a technique for image recognition, reconstruction, and processing using a novel massively parallel system. This device is a physical implementation of a Boltzmann machine type of neural network based on the use of magnetic thin films and opto-magnetic control. Images or patterns in the form of pixel arrays are imposed on the magnetic film using a laser in an external magnetic field. These images are learned and can be recalled later when a similar image is presented. A stored image is recallable even when a partial, noisy, or corrupted version of that image is imposed on the film. The system can also be used for feature detection and image compression. The operation and construction of the physical system is described, together with a discussion of the physical basis for its operation. The authors have developed Monte Carlo style computer simulations of the system for a variety of platforms, including serial workstations and hypercube configured parallel systems. They describe here some of the factors involved in computer simulations of the system, which can be fast and relatively simple in implementation. Simulation results are presented and, in particular, the behavior of the model under simulated annealing in the light of statistical physics is discussed. The simulation itself can be used as a neural network model capable of the functions ascribed to the physical device.
Specificity in cholesterol regulation of gene expression by coevolution of sterol regulatory DNA element and its binding protein (1998)

When demand for cholesterol rises in mammalian cells, the sterol regulatory element (SRE) binding proteins (SREBPs) are released from their membrane anchor through proteolysis. Then, the N-terminal region enters the nucleus and activates genes of cholesterol uptake and biosynthesis. Basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) proteins such as SREBPs bind to a palindromic DNA sequence called the E-box (5'-CANNTG-3'). However, SREBPs are special because they also bind direct repeat elements called SREs. Importantly, sterol regulation of all promoters studied thus far is mediated by SREBP binding only to SREs. To study the reason for this we converted the direct repeat SRE from the sterol-regulated low-density lipoprotein receptor promoter into an E-box. In this report we show that SREBPs are still able to bind and activate this promoter however, sterol regulation is lost. The results are consistent with the mutant promoter being a target for promiscuous activation by constitutively expressed E-box binding bHLH proteins that are not regulated by cholesterol. Kim and coworkers [Kim, J. B., Spotts, G. D., Halvorsen, Y.-D., Shih, H.-M., Ellenberger, T., Towle, H. C. & Spiegelman, B. M. (1995) Mol. Cell. Biol. 15, 2582-2588] demonstrated that the dual DNA binding specificity of SREBPs is caused by a specific tyrosine in the conserved basic region of the DNA binding domain that corresponds to an arginine in all other bHLH proteins that recognize only E-boxes. Taken together the data suggest an evolutionary mechanism where a DNA binding protein along with its recognition site have coevolved to ensure maximal specificity and sensitivity in a crucial nutritional regulatory response.
The Use of EELS to Study the Urbach Edge of Silica (2005)

Silica, with its large band gap (~8 eV) and high transmission in the ultraviolet, is the material of choice for optical components in photolithography systems employing KrF (248 nm, 5.0 eV) and ArF (193 nm, 6.4 eV) lasers. Improved transmission is desired to improve efficiency and extend the range of usable laser wavelengths (e.g. to F 2 lasers which operate at 157 nm, 7.9 eV). It is well known that impurities influence transmission, and there is some evidence that transmission is influenced by structure In order to better understand the influence of structure, we undertook to study the relationships between the Urbach edge, transmission at 193 nm (%T i @193 nm) and fictive temperature (T f ), which is thought to be a measure of glass structure.
High-pressure treatment, a potential antimicrobial treatment for pharmaceutical preparations? A survey. (2009)

Sterilization by means of heat, irradiation and gas are methods universally used for the production of microbiologically safe pharmaceutical preparations, medical devices, and foods. However, in many cases limited chemical and physical stability, interaction with the sterilizing agent, and legal restrictions prohibit the use of these methods. About two decades ago high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) treatment was introduced as a commercially attractive alternative sterilizing method for the food industry. HHP is, under appropriate conditions, virucidal, bactericidal, sporicidal, and fungicidal. To achieve a sporicidal effect, the combined action of pressure and heat is necessary. The survival curves of both spores and vegetative cells often exhibit a biphasic or a sigmoid shape. Therefore, the development of reliable sterilization cycles requires detailed studies with individual products. So far the potential application of this relatively new technology has been studied only incidentally for pharmaceutical preparations. In this paper the HHP process, its mode of action, and its kinetics are reviewed. HHP's possible applications for pharmaceutical purposes are discussed.
Application of the Karhunen-Loeve transform for natural color images analysis (2002)

The current systems of image capture are based on red, green and blue (R,G,B) principles. But, this model of capturing color images is different from the human visual system. So, to obtain a representation which approaches the human system, one uses the intensity and chrominance space. As this representation is non-linear, it introduces color instability. Thus, to analyze natural color images, we use the Karhunen-Loeve space, which allows a large decorrelation of the color components, a high definition of colors and an increased compression ratio for very homogeneous images.
Ten-Year Performance Review of In Situ Hot-Mix Recycling in Ontario (1999)

In today’s climate of environmental and economic constraints coupled with a diminishing aggregate supply, in situ hot-mix recycling provides an important alternative to conventional pavement rehabilitation. In situ hot-mix recycling, including hot in-place recycling (HIR) and cold inplace recycling (CIR), is proving to be an economical rehabilitation technique that conserves granular materials and energy and results in zero waste. The Ministry of Transportation and the Regional Municipality of Ottawa–Carleton have rehabilitated in excess of 80 projects using in situ hot-mix recycling techniques since 1987. The HIR process is suitable for roadways exhibiting a variety of surficial nonstructural distresses. The HIR process involves heating the existing pavement surface, scarifying, adding rejuvenator, fine aggregates, or beneficiating hot-mix (admixture) as required, mixing, reprofiling, and compacting this hot mixture in a continuous operation. CIR is suitable for roadways with moderate to severe distresses where reflection cracking is a concern. CIR involves milling the existing pavement, screening for oversize, addition of asphalt emulsion, and mixing; then this cold renewed material is spread, reprofiled, and compacted on the roadway in one continuous operation. An overview on the design, construction procedures, test results, and pavement performance to date of in situ recycling is presented. Ten years of performance monitoring of the in situ recycling projects has resulted in the evolution of design strategies and performance specifications. Their effectiveness, limitations, and future utility on highway contracts are discussed.
Chromophore Content of Blue-Green Algal Phycobiliproteins (1973)

The chromophore content of blue-green algal phycocyanin and allophycocyanin, derived from a unicellular blue-green alga of Synechococcus sp., has been determined by quantitative spectrophotometry. Phycocyanin carries three covalently bound phycocyanobilin chromophores per monomer (molecular weight 36,700). Two of these chromophores are attached to the β subunit and one to the α subunit. Allophycocyanin has a single chromophore per polypeptide chain (molecular weight 16,500). Experiments with blue-green algae belonging to other taxonomic groups (Aphanocapsa sp. and Anabaena sp.) indicate that this chromophore distribution holds generally among cyanophytan phycobiliproteins. Bennett and Bogorad ((1971) Biochemistry 10, 3625) have reported earlier that 3 molecules of phycoerythrobilin are bound per monomer of cyanophytan phycoerythrin, two on the β subunit and one on the α subunit. The present work completes the assignment of the distribution of the chromophores among the blue-green algal phycobiliproteins and their subunits.
Polyanhydrides of Castor Oil–Sebacic Acid for Controlled Release Applications (2014)

A family of high molecular weight castor oil (CO)-based biodegradable polyanhydrides was synthesized by a catalyst-free melt–condensation reaction between prepolymers of CO and sebacic acid (SA). The structure of the polymers was characterized by 1H NMR and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, which indicated the formation of the anhydride bond along the polymer backbone. Thermal analysis and X-ray diffraction confirmed the semicrystalline nature of the polymers. Incorporation of SA enhanced the crystallinity of the polymer. The hydrophobic nature of these polymers was revealed by contact angle goniometry. Water wettability decreased with increase in SA content. Compressive tests demonstrated a sharp increase in strength and decrease in ductility with increasing SA content. In vitro hydrolytic degradation studies indicated surface-eroding behavior. The degradation rate decreased with an increase of SA content in the polymers because of increased crystallinity. The release studies of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic dyes followed zero-order kinetics. In vitro cell studies to assess the cytotoxicity of the polymer confirmed minimal toxicity of the degradation products. Thus, a family of CO-SA polyanhydrides have been synthesized and characterized for controlled release applications where the physical, mechanical, and degradation kinetics can be modulated by varying the weight fraction of the prepolymers.
Table of Abbreviations (2013)

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Quantum Computer as an Inference Engine (2000)

We propose a new family of quantum computing algorithms which generalize the Deutsch-Jozsa, Simon and Shor ones. The goal of our algorithms is to estimate conditional probability distributions. Such estimates are useful in applications of Decision Theory and Artificial Intelligence, where inferences are made based on uncertain knowledge. The family of algorithms that we propose is based on a construction method that generalizes a Fredkin-Toffoli (FT) construction method used in the field of classical reversible computing. FT showed how, given any binary deterministic circuit, one can construct another binary deterministic circuit which does the same calculations in a reversible manner. We show how, given any classical stochastic network (classical Bayesian net), one can construct a quantum network (quantum Bayesian net) which can perform the same calculations as the classical one, but in a (piecewise) reversible manner. Thus, we extend the FT construction method so that it can be applied to any stochastic circuit, not just binary deterministic ones.