gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gypsum, disodium pentacalcium sulfate, and anhydrite solubilities in concentrated sodium chloride solutions (1970)

The solubility of gypsum and anhydrite have been determined at 65 °C in aqueous 3.0 to 6.1 m NaCl solutions. Gypsum solubility at 30 °C has been determined in 5.9 m NaCl and in saturated sodium chloride. At 65 °C gypsum reacts with sodium chloride solutions more concentrated than 3.7 m NaCl to form disodium pentacalcium sulfate, Na 2 Ca 5 (SCO 4 ) 6• 3H 2 O, which is isomorphous with calcium sulfate hemihydrate. The solubility of this double salt has been determined at 65 °C in aqueous 4.0 to 6.3 m NaCl solutions.
Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones: a review. (2000)

Peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones is a critical component of the impact these hormones have on intracellular function. Thyroid hormones can be metabolized in peripheral tissue by deiodination, conjugation, deamination, and decarboxylation enzyme reactions. Therefore, alterations in these metabolic pathways might significantly impact the quantity of specific thyroid hormone metabolites influencing function at the cellular level. Available evidence also suggests that, under some circumstances, the activity of hepatic antioxidant enzyme systems and lipid peroxidation might influence the peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. Several syndromes, such as "euthyroid sick syndrome" and "low T3 syndrome," have been classified within the medical literature. The common feature of these disorders is a low level of circulating T3, with generally normal to slightly elevated blood T4 levels and either normal or slightly suppressed TSH levels. This pattern of altered thyroid hormone levels is generally agreed to be a result of impairment in extra-thyroidal peripheral metabolism. Hepatic and renal pathology, as well as catabolic states such as those induced subsequent to severe injury, illness, or trauma result in consistent shifts in the thyroid hormone profile, secondary to their impact on peripheral enzyme pathways. Lifestyle factors, such as stress, caloric restriction, and exercise, influence peripheral metabolism of thyroid hormones. Exposure to toxic metals, chemical poisons, and several drugs can also influence the peripheral fate of thyroid hormones. While the role of vitamins, minerals, and botanical extracts in thyroid hormone metabolism requires further elucidation, current evidence supports a role for selenium in the hepatic 5'-deiodination enzyme.
Optical trapping and rotational manipulation of microscopic particles and biological cells using higher-order mode Nd:YAG laser beams (1991)

A single-beam optical trapping of microscopic particles and biological cells is demonstrated by using higher-order mode Nd : YAG laser beams at 1.064 μm for the first known time. A stronger trapping force by a TEM01* beam than that by a TEM00 beam was observed and 360° rotation of a trapped red blood cell with a TEM0n beam was achieved.
Mathematical representation of the normal proximal human femur: Application in planning of cam hip surgery (2012)

Precise modelling of the proximal femur can be used for detecting and planning corrective surgery for subjects with deformed femurs using robotic technology or navigation systems. In this study, the proximal femoral geometry has been modelled mathematically. It is hypothesised that it is possible to fit a quadratic surface or combinations of them onto different bone surfaces with a relatively good fit. Forty-six computed tomography datasets of normal proximal femora were segmented. A least-squares fitting algorithm was used to fit a quadratic surface on the femoral head and neck such that the sum of distances between a set of points on the femoral neck and the quadratic surface was minimised. Furthermore, the position of the head-neck articular margin was also measured. The femoral neck was found to be represented as a good fit to a hyperboloid with an average root mean-squared error of 1.0 ± 0.13 mm while the shape of the femoral articular margin was a reproducible sinusoidal wave form with two peaks. The mathematical description in this study can be used for planning corrective surgery for subjects with cam-type femoroacetabular impingement.
The effect of folic acid supplementation on the toxicity of low‐dose methotrexate in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (1990)

Thirty-two patients with rheumatoid arthritis completed a 24-week, placebo-controlled, double-blind trial of folic acid (FA) supplementation during low-dose methotrexate (MTX) therapy. Administration of the daily FA supplement significantly lowered toxicity scores without affecting efficacy, as measured by joint counts, joint indices, and patient and physician evaluation of disease activity. Fifteen patients experienced some sort of toxicity; 67% were in the placebo group, and 33% were in the FA supplement group. Four patients in the placebo group had toxicity levels serious enough to require discontinuation of the MTX, while no patients in the FA supplement group discontinued MTX because of toxicity. Low-normal initial plasma and red blood cell folate levels were predictive of future toxicity with MTX therapy. We conclude that a daily supplement of 1 mg of FA during low-dose MTX therapy (median dose 7.5 mg/week [16.4 mumoles]) is usefull in lessening toxicity without altering efficacy during the first 6 months of treatment.
Collins’ integral for misaligned optical elements (2006)

The well known integral of Collins describes the propagation of electromagnetic fields through second-order optical elements, if the axis of the field propagation is aligned with respect to the axis of the optical element. It is shown that it holds for misaligned systems also, but an additional phase term ϕ appears, which depends on the shift and tilt vectors and on the 4 × 4 ABCD-matrix. Some examples are discussed.
The role of soluble cross-linked fibrin in D dimer immunoreactivity of plasmic digests. (1989)

Monoclonal antibody DD/3B6 reacts with a site near the gamma gamma isopeptide cross link and has been used to detect cross-linked fibrin degradation products in plasma as a marker for clot lysis. However, interpretation of the results is potentially complicated, because soluble cross-linked fibrin polymers contain a gamma gamma cross-link and may also react with the antibody before or after plasmic degradation. We have prepared plasmic digests of fibrinogen, soluble cross-linked fibrin polymers, and cross-linked particulate fibrin clot, have characterized their composition by electrophoresis, and have compared their D dimer immunoreactivities. Undegraded soluble cross-linked fibrin polymer showed no reactivity below 20 micrograms/ml, indicating that the epitope recognized by DD/3B6 is poorly reactive before plasmic degradation. The D dimer immunoreactivity of plasmic digests of particulate or of soluble cross-linked fibrin increased with progressive degradation, with stage 3 digests having 20-fold to 40-fold higher immunoreactivity than stage 1 digests. A stage 3 digest of fully cross-linked particulate fibrin reacted fourfold and 10-fold more than stage 3 digests of soluble fibrin polymers and untreated fibrinogen, which contained 21% and 8.5% soluble fibrin, respectively. Thus, D dimer immunoreactivity in stage 3 digests correlated with the amount of soluble cross-linked fibrin polymer in the undegraded starting material. These findings demonstrate that degradation of soluble or particulate cross-linked fibrin increases D dimer immunoreactivity progressively, with maximal reaction attained with stage 3 digests.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
Modified Annexin V/Propidium Iodide Apoptosis Assay For Accurate Assessment of Cell Death (2011)

Studies of cellular apoptosis have been significantly impacted since the introduction of flow cytometry-based methods. Propidium iodide (PI) is widely used in conjunction with Annexin V to determine if cells are viable, apoptotic, or necrotic through differences in plasma membrane integrity and permeability. The Annexin V/PI protocol is a commonly used approach for studying apoptotic cells. PI is used more often than other nuclear stains because it is economical, stable and a good indicator of cell viability, based on its capacity to exclude dye in living cells. The ability of PI to enter a cell is dependent upon the permeability of the membrane; PI does not stain live or early apoptotic cells due to the presence of an intact plasma membrane. In late apoptotic and necrotic cells, the integrity of the plasma and nuclear membranes decreases, allowing PI to pass through the membranes, intercalate into nucleic acids, and display red fluorescence. Unfortunately, we find that conventional Annexin V/ PI protocols lead to a significant number of false positive events (up to 40%), which are associated with PI staining of RNA within the cytoplasmic compartment. Primary cells and cell lines in a broad range of animal models are affected, with large cells (nuclear: cytoplasmic ratios <0.5) showing the highest occurrence. Herein, we demonstrate a modified Annexin V/ PI method that provides a significant improvement for assessment of cell death compared to conventional methods. This protocol takes advantage of changes in cellular permeability during cell fixing to promote entry of RNase A into cells following staining. Both the timing and concentration of RNase A have been optimized for removal of cytoplasmic RNA. The result is a significant improvement over conventional Annexin V/ PI protocols (< 5% events with cytoplasmic PI staining).
Chemical Stability of Carbonate- and Fluoride-Containing Apatites (1983)

Apatites containing CO3 and/or F were synthesized and exposed to acid buffer. The extent of dissolution was determined (as mM Ca/ml buffer solution) and the apatites characterized by X-ray diffraction, IR absorption, and chemical analyses before and after acid exposure. Results showed that: (i) the extent of dissolution was directly proportional to the CO3 contents but that the simultaneous presence of F in the apatite minimized the adverse CO3 effect; (ii) the extent of dissolution during the second exposure was much less than during the first exposure; (iii) the lattice parameters, crystal-Unity and CO3 and F contents of the apatites differed before and after exposure to the acid buffer, i.e., larger a-axis, initial decrease then increase in crystallinity, lower carbonate and higher fluoride contents of apatites after acid exposure. Results from this study suggest that the vulnerability of synthetic and biological apatites to acid dissolution is largely due to their carbonate constituent and that the caries process may involve a combination of dissolution of carbonate-rich/fluoride-poor apatites and reprecipitation of carbonate-poor/fluoride-rich enamel apatites and that the reprecipitated apatite is rendered more resistant to acid dissolution.
Introduction to Trinucleotide Repeat Diseases (2011)

Neurological diseases caused by trinucleotide repeat expansions typically involve the spinocerebellar, extrapyramidal or primary motor systems. The inheritance patterns of these disorders range from autosomal recessive, to autosomal dominant to X-linked. The common mechanism is an expanded tandem-repeat of a trinucleotide (rarely a tetra- or pentanucleotide) sequence. A number of these conditions, notably Huntington's disease, spinobulbar muscular atrophy and several of the dominantly inherited ataxias, are characterized by CAG-repeats coding for an expanded polyglutamine tract within the mutant protein. This expansion presumably causes the mutant protein to have a novel function different from the native protein. Other mechanisms include intronic expansions which impede splicing of message in Friedreich's ataxia, resulting in a relative loss of function of the frataxin protein. Diseases such as spinocerebellar ataxia 8, spinocerebellar ataxia 31 and the myotonic dystrophies appear to have a repeat-expansion in mRNA which sequesters splicing factors, thus altering the pattern of protein isoforms that are expressed.
The Rat Pyruvate Carboxylase Gene Structure (1997)

Pyruvate carboxylase (EC 6.4.1.1) is a biotin-containing enzyme that plays an important role in gluconeogenesis and lipogenesis. Here we report the structural organization of the rat pyruvate carboxylase gene, which spans over 40 kilobases and is composed of 19 coding exons and 4 5'-untranslated region exons. From this data, it is clear that alternative splicing of the primary transcripts from two promoters is responsible for the occurrence of the multiple mRNA species previously reported (Jitrapakdee, S., Walker, M. E., and Wallace, J. C. (1996) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 223, 695-700). The proximal promoter, which is active in gluconeogenic and lipogenic tissues, contains no TATA or CAAT boxes but includes a sequence that is typical of a housekeeping initiator protein 1 box while the distal promoter contains three CAAT boxes and multiple Sp1 binding sites. Several potential transcription factor binding sites are found in both promoters. A series of 5'-nested deletion constructs of both promoters were fused to a firefly luciferase reporter plasmid and transiently expressed in COS-1 cells. The results show that the 153 and 187 base pairs, preceding the transcription start sites of the proximal and distal promoters, respectively, are required for basal transcription. Insulin selectively inhibits the expression of the proximal promoter-luciferase reporter gene by 50% but not the distal promoter in COS-1 cells, suggesting the presence of an insulin-responsive element in the proximal promoter. A half-maximal effect was found at approximately 1 nM insulin.
Dynamic relocation of epigenetic chromatin markers reveals an active role of constitutive heterochromatin in the transition from proliferation to quiescence (2004)

Quiescent lymphocytes have small nuclei, filled with masses of facultative heterochromatin. Upon receiving mitogenic signals, these cells undergo nuclear enlargement, chromatin decondensation, the reactivation of cell proliferation, and changes in the intranuclear positioning of key genes. We examined the levels and intranuclear localization of major histone modifications and non-histone heterochromatin proteins in quiescent and reactivated mouse spleen lymphocytes. Dramatic and selective changes in localization of two heterochromatin-associated proteins, the histone variant macroH2A and HP1alpha occurred during lymphocyte reactivation. Reciprocal changes in the locations of these two proteins were observed in activated lymphocytes and cultured mouse fibroblasts induced into quiescence. We also describe a new apocentric nuclear compartment with a unique set of histone modifications that occurs as a zone of chromatin surrounding centromeric heterochromatin in differentiated lymphocytes. It is within this zone that the most significant changes occur in the transition from proliferation to quiescence. Our results suggest that constitutive centromeric heterochromatin plays an active role in cell differentiation and reactivation.
CO<sub>2</sub>‐induced chemo‐mechanical alteration in reservoir rocks assessed via batch reaction experiments and scratch testing (2017)

Abstract The injection of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) into geological formations results in a chemical re‐equilibration between the mineral assemblage and the pore fluid, with ensuing mineral dissolution and re‐precipitation. Hence, target rock formations may exhibit changes of mechanical and petrophysical properties due to CO 2 exposure. We conducted batch reaction experiments with Entrada Sandstone and Summerville Siltstone exposed to de‐ionized water and synthetic brine under reservoir pressure (9–10 MPa) and temperature (80°C) for up to four weeks. Samples originate from the Crystal Geyser field site, where a naturally occurring CO 2 seepage alters portions of these geologic formations. We conducted micro‐scratch tests on rock samples without alteration, altered under laboratory conditions, and naturally altered over geologic time. Scratch toughness and hardness decrease as a function of exposure time and water salinity up to 52% in the case of Entrada and 87% in the case of Summerville after CO 2 ‐induced alteration in the laboratory. Imaging of altered cores with SEM‐EDS and X‐ray microCT methods show dissolution of carbonate and silica cements and matrix accompanied by minor dissolution of Fe‐oxides, clays, and other silicates. Parallel experiments using powdered samples confirm that dissolution of carbonate and silica are the primary reactions. The batch reaction experiments in the autoclave utilize a high fluid to rock volume ratio and represent an end member of possible alteration associated with CO 2 storage systems. These types of tests serve as a pre‐screening tool to identify the susceptibility of rock facies to CO 2 ‐related chemical‐mechanical alteration during long‐term CO 2 storage. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Visceral obesity and breast cancer risk (1994)

Visceral obesity, as assessed by computed tomography, was a significant risk factor for breast cancer in women matched for age, weight, and waist circumference. Comparing the VT ratio for both groups, breast cancer patients had 45% more visceral fat compared with matched control subjects.
On the Preparation of Aryl Nitriles Using Tosyl Cyanide (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTOn the Preparation of Aryl Nitriles Using Tosyl CyanideKimberly J. Rutan, Frederick J. Heldrich, and Lawrence F. BorgesCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 9, 2948–2950Publication Date (Print):May 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 May 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00114a060https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00114a060research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views996Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Content Based Image Retrieval System (2001)

We analyzed the difficulties of traditional method of retrieval and introduced the highlights of content based image retrieval systems, its structure modules and general processing methods. Our emphases focused on three parts: the extraction and presentation of the visual feature of image, the optimization approaches for the performance of image retrieval systems and then introduction to the most famous retrieval systems in existence.At last, some open topics have been presented about content based image retrieval that we think need pay attention to and deserve further research.
GENES AND PROTEINS INVOLVED IN CELLULOSE SYNTHESIS IN PLANTS (2000)

In recent years, progress has been made in the identification of genes that encodeproteins critical for the process of cellulose synthesis in plants. CesA genes encodeproteins that are proposed to catalyze the glucan chain elongation step. CesA genes comprise a relatively large gene family in which some members may function in cell-type-specific expression, while others may serve as redundant genes mutually expressed within one cell type. In addition to CesA, evidence suggests the importance of other proteins in the process. For example, a cytoskeletal-anchored form of sucrose synthase may play a role in channeling substrate, and other cytoskeletal proteins may be involved in directing the orientation of microfibril deposition. Recent evidence suggests that a membrane-associated cellulase also plays somecritical role in the process of cellulose synthesis. While the power of molecularbiology, isolation of specific mutants, and genomics are certainly leading to new insights into the process, the major challenge still facing the field is to develop functional assays in which the entire process can be reconstituted and the specific roles played by each gene product clarified.
Induction of NKG2D Ligands by Gamma Radiation and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α May Participate in the Tissue Damage During Acute Graft-Versus-Host Disease (2008)

Immunopathology of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) involves secretion of proinflammatory cytokines with subsequent expression of danger signals by injured host tissues. This explanation, however, does not explain the cluster of aGVHD target organs (skin, gut, and liver). NKG2D ligands (MICA/B and ULBP1-3 proteins) are stress-induced molecules that act as danger signals to alert NK and alphabeta or gammadelta CD8 T cells through engagement of the activating NKG2D receptor. We observed a strong and reversible induction of MICA/B expression in skin and liver sections during aGVHD. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha and gamma-radiation up-regulated expression of MICA/B and ULBP proteins in vitro on skin and intestine epithelial cell lines and ex vivo in normal skin explants. This NKG2D-ligand induction was regulated by a complex interplay between NFkB and JNK activation pathways. Our data suggest that NKG2D ligand induction might participate in the amplification loop that leads to tissue damage during aGVHD.
Deep Learning-Based Pose Estimation of Apples for Inspection in Logistic Centers Using Single-Perspective Imaging (2019)

Fruit packaging is a time-consuming task due to its low automation level. The gentle handling required by some kinds of fruits and their natural variations complicates the implementation of automated quality controls and tray positioning for final packaging. In this article, we propose a method for the automatic localization and pose estimation of apples captured by a Red-Green-Blue (RGB) camera using convolutional neural networks. Our pose estimation algorithm uses a cascaded structure composed of two independent convolutional neural networks: one for the localization of apples within the images and a second for the estimation of the three-dimensional rotation of the localized and cropped image area containing an apple. We used a single shot multi-box detector to find the bounding boxes of the apples in the images. Lie algebra is used for the regression of the rotation, which represents an innovation in this kind of application. We compare the performances of four different network architectures and show that this kind of representation is more suitable than using state-of-the-art quaternions. By using this method, we achieved a promising accuracy for the rotation regression of 98.36%, considering an error range lower than 15 degrees, forming a base for the automation of fruit packing systems.
High-speed integrated circuit probing using a scanningforcemicroscope sampler (1994)

Using a scanning force microscope as a high-speed all-electrical sampler, the authors have probed voltages on internal nodes of integrated circuits. The authors have demonstrated non-invasive probing through a passivating layer and probing of an Intel 80486 microprocessor.