gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A distributed overload control algorithm for delay-bounded call setup (2001)

As communication networks provide newer services, signaling is becoming more and more compute intensive compared to present day networks. It is known that under overload conditions, the call throughput (goodput) and the network revenue drops to zero even when transport resources are available. A distributed overload control algorithm for delay-bounded call setup is proposed. The end-to-end delay bound is budgeted among the switching nodes involved in call setup, and these nodes apply a local overload control with a deterministic delay threshold and drop call requests experiencing higher delays. This algorithm does not depend on feedback on network conditions and makes use of only parameters that can be instrumented locally by the switching node. Using an M/M/1 queueing model with first-in-first-out (FIFO) service discipline at a switching node, two optimized control schemes are considered for local overload control and compared their performance through analysis: one with arrival rate limit and the other with buffer size limit. Though both the schemes minimize the unproductive call processing at heavy load, the latter is found to yield higher call throughput and lower average call setup delays compared to the former. Also, the buffer size required for the scheme with buffer size limit is typically small and call throughput close to the server capacity can be achieved during overload. The performance of the distributed overload control algorithm in a network is evaluated through simulation experiments, using the scheme with buffer size limit for the local overload control. It shows that the average end-to-end delay could be much less than the end-to-end delay bound, providing room for overprovisioning of the delay bounds. The tradeoff between the number of nodes, call throughput, and average end-to-end delay needs to be considered while deciding the route budgeting the end-to-end delay bound among different nodes along the route. These performance results are expected to serve as lower bounds to more sophisticated local call rejection mechanisms such as push-out or time-out along with a last-in-first-out (LIFO) service discipline.
REVIEW OF PALEOMAGNETISM (1960)

Research Article| June 01, 1960 REVIEW OF PALEOMAGNETISM ALLAN COX; ALLAN COX U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar RICHARD R DOELL RICHARD R DOELL U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA Search for other works by this author on: GSW Google Scholar Author and Article Information ALLAN COX U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA RICHARD R DOELL U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, MENLO PARK, CALIFORNIA Publisher: Geological Society of America Received: 01 Feb 1960 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Online ISSN: 1943-2674 Print ISSN: 0016-7606 Copyright © 1960, The Geological Society of America, Inc. Copyright is not claimed on any material prepared by U.S. government employees within the scope of their employment. GSA Bulletin (1960) 71 (6): 645–768. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[645:ROP]2.0.CO;2 Article history Received: 01 Feb 1960 First Online: 02 Mar 2017 Cite View This Citation Add to Citation Manager Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Search Site Citation ALLAN COX, RICHARD R DOELL; REVIEW OF PALEOMAGNETISM. GSA Bulletin 1960;; 71 (6): 645–768. doi: https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1960)71[645:ROP]2.0.CO;2 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Refmanager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentBy SocietyGSA Bulletin Search Advanced Search Abstract This review is an attempt to bring together and discuss relevant information concerning the magnetization of rocks, especially that having paleomagnetic significance. All paleomagnetic measurements available to the authors are here compiled and evaluated, with a key to the summary table and illustrations in English and Russian. The principles upon which the evaluation of paleomagnetic measurements is based are summarized, with special emphasis on statistical methods and on the evidence and tests for magnetic stability and paleomagnetic applicability.Evaluation of the data summarized leads to the following general conclusions: (1) The earth's average magnetic field, throughout Oligocene to Recent time, has very closely approximated that due to a dipole at the center of the earth oriented parallel to the present axis of rotation.(2) Paleomagnetic results for the Mesozoic and early Tertiary might be explained more plausibly by a relatively rapidly changing magnetic field, with or without wandering of the rotational pole, than by large-scale continental drift.(3) The Carboniferous and especially the Permian magnetic fields were relatively very "steady" and were vastly different from the present configuration of the field.(4) The Precambrian magnetic field was different from the present field configuration and, considering the time spanned, was remarkably consistent for all continents. This content is PDF only. Please click on the PDF icon to access. First Page Preview Close Modal You do not have access to this content, please speak to your institutional administrator if you feel you should have access.
Potential SARS-CoV-2 Preimmune IgM Epitopes (2020)

While studying the human public IgM igome as represented by a library of 224,087 linear mimotopes, three exact matches to peptides in the proteins of SARS-CoV-2 were found: two in the open reading frame 1ab and one in the spike protein. Joining the efforts to fast track SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development, here we describe briefly these potential epitopes in comparison to mimotopes representing peptides of SARS-CoV, HCoV 229E and OC43.
Stress Analysis of PS Type Knee Prostheses under Deep Flexion (2007)

3-D finite element models of two kinds of Stryker's PS type knee prostheses, Scorpio Superflex and NRG, were constructed using their CAD data with use of a nonlinear spring model and an analytical load data for deep squatting. Superflex model was formerly used in TKA, and NRG model is the latest version with a modified design of Post. Stress analysis was then performed by an explicit finite element method under continuous flexion motion from 0 to 135 degree. It was shown that only the condylar surfaces of the femoral component and the tibial insert contacted each other from 0 to 60 degree flexion for both the models, and the stress concentration in NRG was a little higher than that in Superflex. The simulation results also exhibited that severe stress concentration was generated at Post of the tibial UHMWPE insert due to Post/Cam contact. This kind of stress concentration may result in damage and failure of Post. It was shown that the design modification applied to NRG effectively reduced the stress concentration of Post.
Theory of TEM Diode Switching (1961)

The theory of TEM diode switching is presented for purpose of understanding and designing TEM microwave diode switches. A few experimental results are reported for the purpose of supporting the theory and demonstrating the exceptional bandwidth possible. An analysis is given of the switching action of one and of two or more diodes as well as the biasing of the center conductor of a TEM transmission line over broad-frequency bandwidths without interacting the RF signal. The use of point-contact germanium, and gold-bonded germanium diodes for TEM switching is discussed. Some considerations of switching speed and maximum power-handling capacity are given. A coaxial transmission line switch has been constructed in which two gold-bonded diodes provide 26-db or greater isolation and insertion ranging from 1.6 db to less than 1 db from 40 Mc to 4000 Mc. The addition of a bias lead should increase the insertion loss 0.4 db or less over the 100-to-1 bandwidth, the maximum increase being at the upper and lower bounds.
A Mechanism for Selectivity Loss during Tungsten CVD (1989)

We have investigated possible mechanisms for the loss of selectivity (i.e., deposition on silicon dioxide) during tungsten CVD by reduction of tungsten hexafluoride and found strong evidence that selectivity loss is initiated by desorption of tungsten subfluorides formed by the reaction of with metallic tungsten surfaces. Adsorption and disproportionation of the tungsten subfluorides on the silicon dioxide surface produces a reactive state of tungsten that can lead directly to selectivity loss. The key feature of the experimental setup is the ability to independently heat a tungsten foil and a nearby oxide‐covered silicon sample in the presence of tungsten hexafluoride. With the tungsten foil at 600°C and the sample at ∼30°C under a ambient, a tungsten subfluoride was found to deposit on the surface. Auger electron spectroscopy was used to measure a F/W ratio of . Heating this tungsten subfluoride overlayer resulted in disproportionation to yield gas‐phase and metallic tungsten which remained on the surface. With the tungsten foil at 600°C and the sample at 300°C in the presence of , metallic tungsten deposited directly on the without stopping at the subfluoride adsorption step. The net effect of this tungsten subfluoride desorption‐disproportionation mechanism is the transport of tungsten from tungsten surfaces to silicon dioxide surfaces as well as other regions in the deposition chamber. Extrapolated rates for this process are high enough to explain the magnitude of the selectivity loss seen at normal CVD temperatures.
Surface diffusion of Sb on Ge(111) monitored quantitatively with optical second harmonic microscopy (1992)

Surface diffusion of Sb on Ge(111) has been measured with the newly developed technique of optical second harmonic microscopy. In this method, concentration profiles at submonolayer coverage are imaged directly by surface second harmonic generation with 5 μ spatial resolution. A Boltzmann–Matano analysis yields the coverage dependence of the diffusivity D without parametrization. Experiments were performed at roughly 70% of the bulk melting temperature Tm. In the coverage range 0≤θ≤0.6, the activation energy Ediff remains constant at 47.5±1.5 kcal/mol, but the pre-exponential factor D0 decreases from 8.7×103±0.4 to 1.6×102±0.4 cm2/s. Both Ediff and D0 are quite large, which is consistent with high-temperature measurements in other systems. The inadequacies of current theories for high-temperature surface diffusion are outlined, and a new vacancy model is proposed for low-coverage diffusion. The model accounts semiquantitatively for the large values of Ediff and D0, and suggests that these quantities may be manipulated using doping levels and photon illumination. An islanding mechanism is proposed to explain the decrease in D0 with θ.
Effects of fasting on hematologic and clinical chemical values in cynomolgus monkeys (<i>Macaca fascicularis</i>) (2010)

These results suggested that clinical pathology data would vary after fasting. The decision to feed or fast before blood collection for clinical pathology tests should be made based on careful consideration.
Analysis of natural killer cells in patients with aplastic anemia (1986)

We have analyzed natural killer (NK) cells in 43 patients with severe aplastic anemia, using cytotoxicity assays and microfluorometry with monoclonal antibodies, prior to and after treatment with antithymocyte globulin (ATG). Before treatment, natural killer cell activity (NKa) in both peripheral blood and bone marrow was markedly decreased in 76% of patients as compared with normal controls. Although we have measured low NKa in patients receiving large numbers of blood transfusions (means = 150 U of RBCs), six aplastic patients had low NKa in the absence of transfusions, and the average number of transfusions in the total population was low (means = 24). Purification of larger granular lymphocytes (LGLs) from peripheral blood of aplastic anemia patients failed to recover significant NKa. Most of these large granular lymphocytes showed few azurophilic granules. NKa was appropriately enhanced in these patients samples by exposure of mononuclear cells to either interleukin 2 (IL-2) or interferon (IFN). Analysis of peripheral blood phenotypic markers showed that cells bearing Leu 7 antigen were in the normal range in aplastic anemia (means = 12% +/- 2%; normal = 16% +/- 2%), but there was a deficiency of Leu 11+ cells (means = 8% +/- 2%; normal = 15% +/- 2%). The number of Leu 11+ cells was well correlated with NKa. In 13 of 22 patients treated with ATG, NKa returned to the normal range, and recovery of NKa was correlated to hematopoietic recovery. Our results suggest that deficient NKa is an intrinsic feature of aplastic anemia, and that the circulating cells in this disease are of the pre-NK cell stage.
Compressive Stress Generation in Sn Thin Films and the Role of Grain Boundary Diffusion (2009)

Stress evolution in high mobility Sn thin films was measured during electrodeposition and electrochemical etching to understand the roles of grain boundary diffusion and surface conditions in controlling stress. During deposition, the stress reaches a steady-state compressive value that depends on the growth rate. When the deposition or etching conditions were changed abruptly, reversible transients were observed that depend on the film thickness. The results are interpreted in terms of a model based on diffusion of atoms into the grain boundary driven by the chemical potential at the surface.
Needle-like instruments for steering through solid organs: A review of the scientific and patent literature (2017)

High accuracy and precision in reaching target locations inside the human body is necessary for the success of percutaneous procedures, such as tissue sample removal (biopsy), brachytherapy, and localized drug delivery. Flexible steerable needles may allow the surgeon to reach targets deep inside solid organs while avoiding sensitive structures (e.g. blood vessels). This article provides a systematic classification of possible mechanical solutions for three-dimensional steering through solid organs. A scientific and patent literature search of steerable instrument designs was conducted using Scopus and Web of Science Derwent Innovations Index patent database, respectively. First, we distinguished between mechanisms in which deflection is induced by the pre-defined shape of the instrument versus mechanisms in which an actuator changes the deflection angle of the instrument on demand. Second, we distinguished between mechanisms deflecting in one versus two planes. The combination of deflection method and number of deflection planes led to eight logically derived mechanical solutions for three-dimensional steering, of which one was dismissed because it was considered meaningless. Next, we classified the instrument designs retrieved from the scientific and patent literature into the identified solutions. We found papers and patents describing instrument designs for six of the seven solutions. We did not find papers or patents describing instruments that steer in one-plane on-demand via an actuator and in a perpendicular plane with a pre-defined deflection angle via a bevel tip or a pre-curved configuration.
Human Circadian Rhythms in Continuous Darkness: Entrainment by Social Cues (1971)

Three groups of two subjects each were kept in underground chambers, first for 4 days in an artificial light-dark cycle, and thereafter for 4 days in complete darkness. They lived on a rigorous time schedule. Physiological as well as psychological functions were measured at 3-hour intervals. There were no differences in the results between the two sections of the experiment. Social cues are sufficient to entrain human circadian rhythms, and absence of light has no immediate effect on the functions measured.
Waste Heat Recovery In Truck Engines (1978)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">Truck engines currently reject up to 40% of the total fuel energy in the exhaust. Because of increasing petroleum costs there is growing interest in techniques that can utilize this waste heat to improve overall system efficiency. This paper examines and compares improvement in fuel economy for a broad spectrum of truck engines and waste heat utilization concepts.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The engines considered are the Diesel, spark ignition, gas turbine, and Stirling. Principal emphasis is placed on the turbocharged four-stroke Diesel engine. Because of increased exhaust energy and a large potential improvement in performance, the still-to-be-developed “adiabatic” Diesel is also examined.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The waste heat utilization concepts include preheating, regeneration, turbocharging, turbocompounding, and Rankine engine compounding. Predictions are based on fuel-air cycle analyses, computer simulation, and engine test data. All options are compared on the basis of maximum theoretical improvement. The Diesel and adiabatic Diesel are also evaluated in terms of maximum</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">expected improvement and expected improvement over a driving cycle.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">The results indicate that Diesels should be turbocharged and aftercooled to the maximum possible level. Based on current design practices fuel economy improvements of up to 6% might be possible. It is also revealed that Rankine engine compounding can provide about three times as much improvement in fuel economy as turbocompounding, but perhaps only the same improvement per dollar. By turbocharging, turbocompounding, and Rankine engine compounding, driving cycle performance could be increased by up to 20% for a Diesel and by up to 40% for an adiabatic Diesel. The study also indicates that Rankine engine compounding can provide significant fuel economy improvement for gas turbine and spark ignition engines and regeneration could significantly enhance the performance of spark ignition engines. Because of the low heat content in the exhaust of a Stirling engine it has only a small potential for further waste heat recovery.</div>
Synthesis and Characterization of BaTiO <sub>3</sub> ‐Based Foams with a Controlled Microstructure (2009)

BaTiO 3 foams were synthesized via the direct foaming method using commercial powders. In order to control the microstructure and by extension the properties, synthesis parameters such as foaming agent, composition, sintering time, and sintering temperature were varied to determine their influence. The effect of each parameter on the microstructure was measured and characterized using scanning electron microscopy, image analysis, helium pycnometry, and mercury porosimetry. Microstructure was classified in terms of strut characteristics, average grain size, average cell window size, porosity, and grain boundary integrity. For example, foams with 30% ceramic volume were synthesized using a laboratory‐developed and a commercial polyurethane (PU) system, both silicon (Si) free. When sintered at 1400°C for 8 h, they produced thick, dense struts and uniform pore‐size distributions, although with different characteristics. The foam prepared with the laboratory‐synthesized PU had a porosity of 90%, an average grain size of 44.4 μm, and an average cell window size of 66.7 μm, while the foam prepared with the commercial PU had a porosity of 87%, an average grain size of 20 μm, and an average cell window size of 99 μm.
Ubiquitous computing for firefighters (2004)

In this paper, we demonstrate how field studies, interviews, and low-fidelity prototypes can be used to inform the design of ubiquitous computing systems for firefighters. We describe the artifacts and processes used by firefighters to assess, plan, and communicate during emergency situations, showing how accountability affects these decisions, how their current Incident Command System supports these tasks, and some drawbacks of existing solutions. These factors informed the design of a large electronic display for supporting the incident commander, the person who coordinates the overall response strategy in an emergency. Although our focus was on firefighters, our results are applicable for other aspects of emergency response as well, due to common procedures and training.
Repopulation in Human Tumors: A Biological Back-Ground for Fractionation in Radiotherapy (1988)

Tumor repopulation plays a major role in the response of tumors to radiotherapy or chemotherapy but its degree varies widely among human tumors. Its mechanism has not been elucidated, however it is unlikely that repopulation can be simply explained by the greater availability of oxygen and nutrients resulting from the reduction in tumor mass. In normal tissues, such as bone marrow, treated cells release stimulating factors which are able to recruit quiescent cells into proliferation. Similar mechanisms have been observed in experimental tumors and their existence is probable in human tumors. A low pretreatment proliferation index and low cell density indicate that the control mechanisms which regulate cell proliferation in normal tissues are still partially operating in these tumors. In such tumors an increase in the level of cell proliferation during or after treatment has often, but not always, been observed. There is not yet a clear guide for predicting tumor proliferation rate under treatment and further investigations are needed.
Rosemary Extract as a Potential Anti-Hyperglycemic Agent: Current Evidence and Future Perspectives (2017)

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), a disease on the rise and with huge economic burden to health care systems around the globe, results from defects in insulin action (termed insulin resistance) combined with impaired insulin secretion. Current methods of prevention and treatments for insulin resistance and T2DM are lacking in number and efficacy and, therefore, there is a need for new preventative measures and targeted therapies. In recent years, chemicals found in plants/herbs have attracted attention for their use as functional foods or nutraceuticals for preventing and treating insulin resistance and T2DM. Rosemary is an evergreen shrub indigenous to the Mediterranean region and South America, which contains various polyphenols. Rosemary extract and its polyphenolic constituents have been reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, and anti-hyperglycemic properties. The current review summarizes the existing in vitro and in vivo studies examining the anti-diabetic effects of rosemary extract and its polyphenolic components and highlights the known mechanism of action.
A taxonomy for modelling discretionary decision making in the legal domain (2005)

In attempting to model how legal discretion is exercised, we have previously discussed the notion of open texture and introduced the notion of boundedness of legal domains. Through a series of case studies we have noticed that an important factor has been overlooked: namely whether the decisions made in a given domain are binary. We develop a set of three criteria for computer modeling of legal discretion and discuss the eight octants that arise from the three-dimensional space formed by these criteria.