gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
REM Sleep and Memory (1996)

After rapid eye movement(REM) sleep was idenified in 1953, a lively interest developed concerning a possible role of this kind of sleep in memory processes. The author reviewed studies relating REM to memory/learning. Many studies in animals and humans gave substantial evidence for relating REM sleep to memory function. The evidence supporting the position taken in this paper comes from experiments showing that : (1) learning session is followed by the significant augmentation of REM sleep : (2) REM sleep deprivation, prior to learning or immediately thereafter, impairs the formation of a permanent memory/learning : (3) there is a vulnerable period of time(eg, REM sleep window) following succussful learning, during which REM sleep deprivation results in memory impairment : (4) theta rhythm which develops during REM sleep induces long-term potentiation in hippocampus : (5) there are some evidences providing the relationship of neurotransmitter systems to the maintenance of REM sleep and memory storage processes.
Human 'testicular dysgenesis syndrome': a possible model using in-utero exposure of the rat to dibutyl phthalate (2003)

Abnormal development of Sertoli cells, leading to abnormalities in other cell types, is our hypothesized explanation for the abnormal changes in DBP-exposed animals. As the testicular and other changes in DBP-exposed rats have all been reported in human TDS, DBP exposure in utero may provide a useful model for defining the cellular pathways in TDS.
Survivability and β‐galactosidase activity of bifidobacteria stored at low temperatures (1998)

Abstract This work evaluated the ability of strains representing six species of Bifidobacterium with probiotic potential to survive and maintain β‐galactosidase activity through a two‐step, low‐temperature storage period. Cultures were also evaluated for their ability to ferment skim milk and retain viability during storage at 4°C. Bifidobacterium longum ATCC 15707, B. breve 15700, and B. bifidum 29521 maintained the greatest viabilities at > 1 x 107 CFU/mL, and B. infantis 15702 maintained the highest β‐galactosidase activity at > 1 U/ml (with < 1 × 105 CFU/mL) after ‐60 to 4°C storage. In fermented skim milk, B. breve 15700, B. bifidum 29521, and B. animalis 25527 tolerated a final product pH of 4.75 with > 1 × 108 CFU/mL remaining after 14 days of storage at 4°C. Overall, it was found that highest levels of β‐galactosidase activities did not necessarily correlate to the highest plate‐count populations.
EXPERIMENTAL GLOMERULONEPHRITIS (1961)

Daily injections of any one of several foreign serum proteins produced in rabbits functional and morphological alterations similar to those seen in acute, subacute, and chronic human glomerulonephritis. The critical factor determining whether a rabbit would develop renal disease and the type of disease developed was the amount of antibody the rabbit formed. Those responding with much antibody were likely to develop an acute, self-limited glomerulonephritis and to be subsequently immune to further renal damage. Those responding with antibody barely sufficient to neutralize the antigen injected developed subacute and chronic glomerulonephritis. In the circulation of the rabbits with chronic glomerulonephritis, there was a daily recurring antigen-antibody reaction in the region of near antigen excess to near antibody excess which presumably led to the disease. Antigen apparently in the form of antigen-antibody complexes was deposited along the renal capillary basement membranes coincident with the development of subacute and chronic glomerulonephritis. Once developed, the morphologic stigmata of chronic glomerulonephritis persisted even after injections of antigen were stopped. However, in milder instances the renal function recovered in part after stopping antigen. This experimental model has several implications: first, the renal injury is precipitated by antigens with no known affinity for, or immunologic relationship to, kidney; second, antigen antibody complexes localize in the kidney, apparently on the basis of non-immunologic factors, and may be an etiologic agent of renal injury; third, severe hypersensitivity disorders can be related specifically to relatively poor as well as to good antibody responses; and finally, the pathogenesis suggested here offers an alternative to that of nephrotoxic serum nephritis for the experimental approach to the study of human glomerulonephritis.
Dysfunction in Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling Pathway and Susceptibility to Schizophrenia, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Diseases (2018)

Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) is a dominant neurotrophic factor in the brain which plays a crucial role in differentiation, regeneration and plasticity mechanisms. Binding of the BDNF to its high-affinity Tropomyosin-related kinase B (TrkB) receptor leads to phosphorylation of TrkB, thus activating the three important downstream intracellular signaling cascades within the neural cells including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/protein kinase B (PI3K/AKT), Phospholipase C-γ (PLCγ), and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MAPK/ERK) pathways. Transcription of these pathways is regulated by cAMP Response Element-Binding protein (CREB) transcription factor, which can upregulate gene expression. In this review, we attempted to explore the role of BDNF and its associated pathways in susceptibility to Schizophrenia (Scz), Alzheimer's (AD), and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. Furthermore, we discuss dysfunction in BDNF signaling pathway and the therapeutic potential of BDNF in the treatment of these disorders. The review covers various therapeutic strategies including BDNF gene therapy, transplantation of BDNFexpressing cell grafts, epigenetic manipulation, and intraparenchymal BDNF protein infusion as well. This review seeks to achieve these goals by reviewing recent studies on BDNF and examining the details of BDNF pathway in any of the above-mentioned diseases.
Transmission resonances and zeros in quantum waveguide systems with attached resonators (1994)

Transmission phenomena in quantum waveguide structures are studied by examining the transmission amplitude in the complex-energy plane. We find that, similar to double-barrier resonant tunneling, there are transmission poles in the complex-energy plane for quantum waveguide structures which contain quasibound states in attached t-stub resonators. In contrast to double-barrier resonant tunneling, however, we find that the quantum-wire networks also possess transmission zeros (antiresonances), which always occur on the real-energy axis. The existence of transmission zeros is a characteristic feature of a quantum waveguide system with attached resonators, but is absent for double-barrier resonant tunneling, which contains the resonant cavity as part of the transmission channel. We demonstrate that each quasibound state of the resonantly coupled quantum waveguide system leads to a zero-pole pair of the transmission amplitude in the complex-energy plane. The previously noted resonance-antiresonance behavior of the transmission probability, which leads to its sharp variation as a function of energy, can be understood in terms of these zero-pole pairs.
Novel Amphiphilic Multi-Arm, Star-Like Block Copolymers as Unimolecular Micelles (2011)

A series of novel amphiphilic multiarm, star-like block copolymers, poly(acrylic acid)-b-polystyrene (PAA-b-PS) based on β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) with well-defined molecular architectures, molecular weight, and ratio of two dissimilar blocks were prepared by sequential atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). β-CD with 21 hydroxyl groups was esterified by the reaction of its hydroxyl end groups with 2-bromoisobutyryl bromide, producing star-like heptakis[2,3,6-tri-O-(2-bromo-2-methylpropionyl]-β-cyclodextrin) (denoted 21-Br-β-CD). Subsequently, 21-Br-β-CD was utilized to initiate sequential ATRP of tert-butyl acrylate (tBA) and styrene (St). A series of 21-arm, star-like diblock copolymers, poly(tert-butyl acrylate)-b-polystyrene (PtBA-b-PS) were thus obtained. Finally, the ester groups of tBA in star-like PtBA-b-PS were selectively hydrolyzed by trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), thereby yielding amphiphilic 21-arm, star-like diblock copolymer PAA-b-PS with narrow molecular weight distribution (polydispersity index, PDI < 1.2). The intermediate and final products were systematically characterized and confirmed by GPC, 1H NMR and FT-IR. The unimolecular micelles (i.e., composed of single copolymer molecule) formed from amphiphilic star-like PAA-b-PS were analyzed by dynamic light scattering, TEM, and AFM.
Concepten, perceptie en wetenschap : waarom we zonder concepten hopeloos verloren zouden zijn (2006)

Primary ciliary dyskinesia (PCD) is a rare genetic condition that causes impaired mucociliary clearance due to poorly functioning cilia. PCD is one disease manifestation of the many recently recognized associations with ciliary malfunction, referred to as "ciliopathies." Manifestations of PCD commonly begin in the neonatal period with cough, pneumonia, and chronic ear infections or effusions. Approximately half of the affected individuals have situs inversus totalis. The diagnosis is often made in later childhood or early adulthood, because symptoms mimic more common childhood illnesses and because the definitive diagnosis of PCD can be challenging. Treatment recommendations are largely based on therapies used for other conditions with impaired mucociliary clearance in the absence of evidence-based research specific for PCD. Early recognition and initiation of both otolaryngologic and pulmonary management might reduce potential long-term morbidities. The purpose of this article is to update primary care providers, allergists, and pediatric pulmonologists on recent advances in this interesting condition.
Consumer electronics [Technology 2000 analysis and forecast] (2000)

Most 20th-Century consumer electronic products have evolved predictably. A new technology proved feasible, a standard was set for it, and high-priced products were rolled out and snapped up by the ever-eager early adopter. Then, as production ramped up, prices dropped and the product became a mass-market item. This happened for television, radio, and audio compact disks. But that may not be the case in the 2lst century. Products launched in 1999 went from announcement to mass-market rollout in nearly the blink of an eye, issues like standards and copyrights have been left to be settled in their wake. The first 2lst-century product to follow this model was the downloadable digital audio player. These portable MP3 players, so called because they use the compression technology specified in Layer 3 of the MPEG-2 standard, are used to store downloaded digital music files from the Internet, and then play them back off line. Other developments include security, hard disk recorders, videogames, digital cameras, and digital TV.
Gas sensing using air-guiding photonic bandgap fibers (2004)

We demonstrate the high sensitivity of gas sensing using a novel air-guiding photonic bandgap fiber. The bandgap fiber is spliced to a standard single-mode fiber at the input end for easy coupling and filled with gas through the other end placed in a vacuum chamber. The technique is applied to characterize absorption lines of acetylene and hydrogen cyanide employing a tunable laser as light source. Measurements with a LED are also performed for comparison. Detection of weakly absorbing gases such as methane and ammonia is explored.
Enhanced zinc and cadmium tolerance and accumulation in transgenic <i>Arabidopsis</i> plants constitutively overexpressing a barley gene (<i>HvAPX1</i>) that encodes a peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase (2008)

Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) plays an important role in oxidative stress metabolism in higher plants. To determine the role of APX in protection against excessive-zinc-induced oxidative stress, transgenic Arabidopsis plants constitutively overexpressing a peroxisomal ascorbate peroxidase gene (HvAPX1) from barley were analyzed. In this study, we found that transgenic plants were more tolerant to zinc stress than wild-type plants. Under zinc stress, the concentration of hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde accumulation were higher in wild-type plants than in transgenic plants. Therefore, the mechanism of zinc tolerance in transgenic plants may be due to reduced oxidative stress damage. Under zinc stress, the activities of APX were significantly higher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants. We also found that the zinc accumulation in the shoots were much higher in transgenic plants than in wild-type plants under zinc stress. In addition, we found that compared with wild-type plants, transgenic plants were more tolerant to excessive cadmium stress and accumulated more cadmium in shoots. These results suggest that HvAPX1 plays an important role in zinc and cadmium tolerance, and might be a candidate gene for developing high-biomass tolerant plants for phytoremediation of zinc- and cadmium-polluted environments.
Methyl (<i>E</i>)-4-Chloro-3-methoxy-2-butenoate: An Extremely Versatile Four Carbon Building Block (1992)

Methyl (E)-4-chloro-3-methoxy-2-butenoate (3a) is inexpensively prepared from methyl 4-chloroacetoacetate using thionyl chloride and methanol on an industrial scale. Many nucleophilic substitution reactions of chloride, which are impossible with the unprotected parent compound proceed readily with 3a.
Multiline Addressing by Network Flow (2008)

We consider an optimization problem arising in the design of controllers for OLED displays. Our objective is to minimize amplitude of the electrical current through the diodes which has a direct impact on the lifetime of such a display. Modeling the problem in mathematical terms yields a class of network flow problems where we group the arcs and pay in each group only for the arc carrying the maximum flow. We develop (fully) combinatorial approximation heuristics suitable for being implemented in the hardware of a control device that drives an OLED display.
Growth of microprojections arising from sputter etching of Cu–Ag sandwich (1986)

It is demonstrated that the sputter etching of a Cu–Ag sandwich using a focused Ar+-ion beam creates a crater covered with densely distributed microprojections, offering a crater-edge profile poor in resolution. The projections grew in a variety of shapes, ranging from a rod to a wide-angle cone, and their number density reached ∼109/cm2. The dimensions of the projections were also not uniform, increasing discernibly with depth. It is believed that an enhanced surface mobility of Cu and Ag atoms during the sputtering played a role in growing the projections.
Isl1 Directly Controls a Cholinergic Neuronal Identity in the Developing Forebrain and Spinal Cord by Forming Cell Type-Specific Complexes (2014)

The establishment of correct neurotransmitter characteristics is an essential step of neuronal fate specification in CNS development. However, very little is known about how a battery of genes involved in the determination of a specific type of chemical-driven neurotransmission is coordinately regulated during vertebrate development. Here, we investigated the gene regulatory networks that specify the cholinergic neuronal fates in the spinal cord and forebrain, specifically, spinal motor neurons (MNs) and forebrain cholinergic neurons (FCNs). Conditional inactivation of Isl1, a LIM homeodomain factor expressed in both differentiating MNs and FCNs, led to a drastic loss of cholinergic neurons in the developing spinal cord and forebrain. We found that Isl1 forms two related, but distinct types of complexes, the Isl1-Lhx3-hexamer in MNs and the Isl1-Lhx8-hexamer in FCNs. Interestingly, our genome-wide ChIP-seq analysis revealed that the Isl1-Lhx3-hexamer binds to a suite of cholinergic pathway genes encoding the core constituents of the cholinergic neurotransmission system, such as acetylcholine synthesizing enzymes and transporters. Consistently, the Isl1-Lhx3-hexamer directly coordinated upregulation of cholinergic pathways genes in embryonic spinal cord. Similarly, in the developing forebrain, the Isl1-Lhx8-hexamer was recruited to the cholinergic gene battery and promoted cholinergic gene expression. Furthermore, the expression of the Isl1-Lhx8-complex enabled the acquisition of cholinergic fate in embryonic stem cell-derived neurons. Together, our studies show a shared molecular mechanism that determines the cholinergic neuronal fate in the spinal cord and forebrain, and uncover an important gene regulatory mechanism that directs a specific neurotransmitter identity in vertebrate CNS development.
3.5 A 1.0-to-2.5GHz beamforming receiver with constant-G<inf>m</inf> vector modulator consuming &#x003C; 9mW per antenna element in 65nm CMOS (2014)

Beamforming phased-array receivers aim to increase receiver sensitivity and reject interferers in the spatial domain [1,2]. A receiver with programmable phase shift and high linearity is crucial to cope with interference. Switched-capacitor vector modulators can provide adequate phase shift and linearity [3,4], but so far, at the cost of a high power consumption. As power consumption increases linearly with the number of antenna elements, it is one of the bottlenecks hindering commercialization of beamforming. In this paper, we demonstrate several design techniques on architectural and circuit levels, to reduce the power consumption per element, while still achieving competitive Spurious Free Dynamic Range (SFDR).
<i>Helicobacter mustelae</i> lipid A structure differs from that of <i>Helicobacter pylori</i> (2001)

The lipid A structure of the Gram-negative bacterium Helicobacter mustelae, a ferret gastric pathogen responsible for the onset of gastric diseases in its host, was investigated. Two variant lipid A structures were found in the same strain. One structure contained a bisphosphorylated beta-(1-->6)-linked D-glucosamine backbone disaccharide with hydroxytetradecanoic acid in amide linkages. Unlike the structure described for the lipid A of the related human Helicobacter pylori gastric pathogen, which contains a C1 phosphate moiety, this lipid A presented phosphate groups at both the C1 and C4' positions, and contained no octadecanoyl fatty acid, which is present in H. pylori. The second lipid A structure had a different fatty acid composition in that 3-OH C(16) replaced most of the amide-linked 3-OH C(14).
Tapping RNA silencing pathways for plant biotechnology (2010)

Summary Plants have evolved a variety of gene silencing pathways mediated by small RNAs. Mostly 21 or 24 nt in size, these small RNAs repress the expression of sequence homologous genes at the transcriptional, post‐transcriptional and translational levels. These pathways, also referred as RNA silencing pathways, play important roles in regulating growth and development as well as in response to both biotic and abiotic stress. Although the molecular basis of these complicated and interconnected pathways has become clear only in recent years, RNA silencing effects were observed and utilized in transgenic plants early in the plant biotechnology era, more than two decades ago. Today, with a better understanding of the pathways, various genetic engineering approaches have been developed to apply RNA silencing more effectively and broadly. In addition to summarizing the current models of RNA silencing, this review discusses examples of its potential uses and related issues concerning its application in plant biotechnology.
Digital Object Identifier: implementing a standard digital identifier as the key to effective digital rights management. (2000)

The future of the content industry is now clearly tied to the future of the Internet and its successors, requiring a fundamental shift from physical to electronic dissemination. All current varieties of intellectual property (e.g. books, music, journals, video, software), and those types yet to be invented, will be involved in this migration, and the boundaries that exist between current content types, especially at the level of supporting infrastructure, will be eliminated. Instead of (or in addition to) different physical formats requiring different content distribution infrastructures, all content will consist of streams of digital data moving over networks. Diverse content industries will increasingly find themselves sharing the same problems and opportunities in delivering their content to their consumers. One of the key issues in the move from physical to electronic distribution of content is the evolution of a common technical and procedural infrastructure to identify, or name, pieces of content in a digital environment. A common and well understood approach to referencing objects is essential to the evolution of services required for content providers to grow and prosper in the era of increasingly sophisticated computer networking. The referencing system must also work with existing systems for naming tangible and intangible intellectual property entities. In 1998 the International DOI Foundation (IDF) was established to address this challenge, assuming a leadership role in the development of a multi-tiered framework of infrastructure, policies and procedures to support multinational, multi-community content provider requirements. Membership in the IDF is open to all organisations (for-profit or not-for-profit) with an interest in electronic publishing and its related enabling technologies. Major components of the IDF mission involve stimulating interest in and understanding of this framework, encouraging alliances and collaborative activities designed to explore in depth the complex issues to be addressed, and influencing the development of standards which would ensure the appropriate level of value-added and quality control across the spectrum of participation. The main activity of the IDF is to encourage the implementation and use of a standard digital identifier: the Digital Object Identifier (DOI). The IDF was an early supporter of the INDECS (Interoperability of Data in E-Commerce) initiative, providing financial support and promoting the concept of well-formed interoperable metadata. It has used indecs as its metadata model.
설계기준자동차 유형별 회전교차로 사고분석 및 논의 (2018)

The goal of this study is to analyze the factors affecting the accidents based on design vehicle. The traffic accident data (from 2013 to 2015) are collected from the “traffic accident analysis system (TAAS)” data set of the Road Traffic Authority. Count data model is utilized in this study to develop the traffic accident models. 17 explanatory variables such as geometry and traffic volume factors are used. The main results are as follows. First, the null hypothesis that the design vehicle does not affect the number of accidents of roundabout is rejected. Second, 4 count data accident models are developed, which are all statistically significant. Third, the inscribed circle diameter, entering volume, mean entry lane width, mean exit lane width, the number of circulatory roadway, the entry radius, the number of bus stop, the number of leg and crosswalk, and circulatory roadway width are analyzed to see how the variables affect the accident of roundabout. Through the development of models by design vehicle, the fact that the accident factors at roundabout is different from design vehicle is revealed. Also the test results of fitness using RMSE and others show that Poisson model in the case of small size vehicle, and negative binomial model in the case of large size vehicle, and semitrailer and total model are appropriate to the given data.