gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
INCREASING DIFFICULTIES.—THE END (2011)

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Stereo-Micrographs of Conductivity (1957)

The paper deals with the utilization of electron mirror microscopy for pictorial representation of the distribution of electrical conductivity. Previously described conductivity pictures obtained by this novel kind of electron microscopy have been of the normal two-dimensional type; this paper reports three-dimensional display of conductivity distributions. It discusses the concept of ``stereo-micrographs of conductivity.'' It is shown that a three-dimensional display of the conductivity distribution of thin films is possible by combining two electron mirror micrographs to a stereo-pair. The two micrographs are distinguished solely by the amount of current passing through the specimen. As experimental evidence of the feasibility of three-dimensional ``conductivity pictures'' a stereo-micrograph of a test sample with artificially prepared areas of different conductivities is shown. Limitations and precautions to be observed are briefly discussed.
BLER Performance Evaluation of LTE Device-to-Device Communications (2016)

Long-Term Evolution (LTE) supporting Device-to-Device (D2D) communication is a feature introduced in 3 rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) release 12. D2D communication is critical in public safety applications, which enables communication among first responders when the network infrastructure may not be available. In order to characterize the performance of D2D communications using network simulation tool (e.g. ns-3), accurate physical layer error model is important. In this document, we present our D2D physical channel simulations to study the BLock Error Rate (BLER) performance of the physical channels. We also demonstrate how to integrate the simulation results into network simulator to perform system level simulation.
A Retrospective Review of 130 Years of Equine Disease in Sudan (2017)

Sudan’s equines are important in pastoralism and agriculture as riding, work and transport animals and in urban areas for transport. In 2010 Sudan had 7.5 million donkeys and 0.8 million horses. All donkeys and most horses are local types. Rudimentary health services were provided to British and Egyptian military units from 1884, followed by officers of the Army Veterinary Service from the mid-1890s. National veterinary services were staffed at low levels for transport and food producing animals by military personnel until 1924. Limited disease diagnosis and treatment was then assured by the civilian Sudan Veterinary Service and a research arm was established in the 1920s. Disease diagnosis, treatment and control are now assured by public and private services acting within laws governing diseases and welfare. Sudan is a Member State of the Office International des Epizooties (OIE) and contributes–not always fully–to the international reporting system. Not all Notifiable OIE diseases are Notifiable in Sudan. Most major equine diseases or ausative organisms have been found in the country, often in isolated investigations and in subclinical form. Internal parasites cause major economic loss and external parasites are vectors of many diseases. Clinical services are essentially limited to urban transport animals: field services are understaffed and have limited equipment and funding. Equines continue to contribute to national and household economies but do not and will probably not in the future receive services commensurate with their inputs. This paper reviews equine diseases via a bibliography of 105 references.
Apocynin attenuates diaphragm oxidative stress and protease activation during prolonged mechanical ventilation (2009)

Our results suggest that the protective effects of apocynin on the diaphragm during prolonged MV seem to be linked to both its functions as an antioxidant and role in cellular signaling regulating the cysteine protease inhibitor calpastatin.
Optimizing Rock Climbing Performance Through Sport-Specific Strength and Conditioning (2012)

SUMMARY RECREATIONAL AND COMPETITIVE ROCK CLIMBING HAS RAPIDLY INCREASED IN POPULARITY THROUGHOUT THE PAST FEW DECADES. BECAUSE ROCK CLIMBING HAS BECOME A MAINSTREAM ACTIVITY AND COMPETITIVE SPORT, SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH EXPLORING THE PHYSIOLOGY OF ROCK CLIMBING PERFORMANCE HAS EXPANDED, YET THERE IS LIMITED INFORMATION AVAILABLE TO THE GENERAL STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING COMMUNITY REGARDING TRAINING PRACTICES TO HELP CLIMBERS OPTIMIZE PERFORMANCE. THE PURPOSE OF THIS ARTICLE IS TO EQUIP THE STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING SPECIALIST WITH THE BASIC KNOWLEDGE OF THE SPORT, DESCRIBE THE PHYSIOLOGICAL DEMANDS OF CLIMBING, AND PROVIDE A FRAMEWORK OF RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DEVELOPING STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING PROGRAMS TO ENHANCE ROCK CLIMBING PERFORMANCE.
A fast positioning method with pattern tracking for automatic wafer alignment (2010)

The applicable wafer bonding process for semiconductor industry is usually administered in a three-dimensional oxides structure design. The bonding technology of the silicon-silicon wafer is an important process because the mechanical structure and the circuit layout of the wafer surface must be positioned accurately. This study focuses on the automatic alignment algorithms for the wafer bonding system, in which the crisscross marks on the surfaces of the two wafers aligned by pattern recognition and image processing technology and a fast positioning system with feedback control to achieve a fast and accurate wafer bonding process.
Inversion problem for the dimension of fractal rough surface (2005)

In the present paper, the fractal rough surface is described by a band-limited Weierstrass-Mandelbrot function. By using the Monte Carlo method and optimal method,a minimal target function method is applied to inverting the fractal dimension of the fractal rough surface. Numerical simulations show that the method can avoid the influence of the fractal characteristic scale, and that the method is of high precision.
Measuring the extent of linkage disequilibrium in commercial pig populations (2006)

To evaluate the extent of linkage disequilibrium in domestic pigs, we genotyped 33 and 44 unrelated individuals from two commercial populations for 29 and five microsatellite markers located on chromosomes 15 and 2 respectively. A high proportion of marker pairs up to 40 cM apart exhibited significant linkage disequilibrium in both populations. Pair-wise r(2) values averaged between 0.15 and 0.50 (depending on chromosome and population) for markers <1 cM apart and declined to values of 0.05 for more distant syntenic markers. Our results suggest that both populations underwent a bottleneck approximately 20 generations ago, which reduced the effective population size from thousands to <200 animals.
Novel mesenchymal and haematopoietic cell isoforms of the SHP-2 docking receptor, PZR: identification, molecular cloning and effects on cell migration (2003)

SHP-2 (Src homology phosphatase type-2) is essential for haematopoietic skeletal and vascular development. Thus the identification of its binding partners is critically important. In the present study, we describe a unique monoclonal antibody, WM78, which interacts with PZR, a SHP-2 binding partner. Furthermore, we identify two novel isoforms of PZR, PZRa and PZRb, derived by differential splicing from a single gene transcription unit on human chromosome 1q24. All are type 1 transmembrane glycoproteins with identical extracellular and transmembrane domains, but differ in their cytoplasmic tails. The PZR intracellular domain contains two SHP-2 binding immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motifs (VIY(246)AQL and VVY(263)ADI) which are not present in PZRa and PZRb. Using the WM78 monoclonal antibody, which recognizes the common extracellular domain of the PZR isoforms, we demonstrate that the PZR molecules are expressed on mesenchymal and haematopoietic cells, being present on the majority of CD34(+)CD38(+) and early clonogenic progenitors, and at lower levels on CD34(+)CD38(-) cells and the hierarchically more primitive pre-colony forming units. Interestingly, we show by reverse transcriptase-PCR that the PZR isoforms are differentially expressed in haematopoietic, endothelial and mesenchymal cells. Both PZR and PZRb are present in CD133(+) precursors and endothelial cells, PZRb predominates in mesenchymal and committed myelomonocytic progenitor cells, and all three isoforms occur in erythroid precursor cell lines. Importantly, using SHP-2 mutant (Delta 46-110) and SHP-2 rescue of embryonic fibroblasts stably expressing the PZR isoforms, we demonstrate for the first time that PZR, but not PZRa or PZRb, facilitates fibronectin- dependent migration of cells expressing a competent SHP-2 molecule. These observations will be instrumental in determining the mechanisms whereby PZR isoforms regulate cell motility.
Unleashing Tabular Content to Open Data (2017)

Portable Document Format (PDF) has been a popular way to exchange data in documents since Adobe introduced the format in 1993. Its report-like characteristic which preserves and prioritizes graphical visualization was part of the main publishing concerns among several segments including government agencies. In this way, tabular data started to be enclosed within PDF documents and disclosed in government portals. This situation, apart being surprisingly contradictory to data openness, is still found even in the major open data initiatives. It is estimated that roughly 13% of published files in some main open data portals around the world have their data made available in PDF. Thus, there is a need for effective tools capable of extracting tabular content (a main placeholder for data) from PDF to allow its data to be published in more open formats such as the well-known CSV which complies with accessible and machine processable open data principles.
Metrics for machine learning evaluation methods in cloud monitoring systems (2022)

During the machine learning pipeline development, engineers need to validate the efficiency of the machine learning methods in order to assess the quality of the made forecast.
Immune Response to Pneumococcal Polysaccharides 4 and 14 in Elderly and Young Adults: Analysis of the Variable Light Chain Repertoire (2005)

ABSTRACT Streptococcus pneumoniae is a human bacterial pathogen responsible for serious infections including pneumonia. The currently licensed polysaccharide vaccine provides 60 to 80% protection in young adults, but in the elderly the vaccine efficacy is drastically reduced despite normal antibody levels. We hypothesized that the reduced vaccine efficacy in the elderly results from altered variable gene family usage. We have analyzed the light chain gene usage in 20 young (20 to 30 years of age) and 20 elderly (65 to 86 years of age) adults in response to pneumococcal polysaccharide 4 (PPS4) and PPS14. We generated a variable light chain library using B cells specific for PPS4 and PPS14 from each vaccinated individual. We determined complete sequences and somatic mutation frequencies in all isolated variable light chain fragments. Six gene families, κ1, κ2, κ3, κ4, λ1, and λ3, were identified in response to PPS4 and PPS14 in both age groups. Comparison of young and elderly adults demonstrated significant differences in κ4, λ1, and λ3 gene usage in response to PPS4 and PPS14. With aging, there was a significant increase in κ4 gene usage and a significant decrease in λ1 and λ3 gene usage in response to both PPS4 and PPS14. Although both Vκ1 and Vλ3 gene products demonstrated extensive mutations, there was no age-related difference in mutational frequency per gene family. These findings suggest an age-related change in light chain gene usage in response to PPS4 and PPS14.
A Search Engine SISI Based on Usage Information in WWW (2004)

This paper provides a new search engine SISI (Similar Interest, Similar access on Internet), which based on analyzing Web usage information. The input of SISI is the URL of a Web document. The retrieval model of SISI tried to mine related Web documents based on frequency of users access in Web logs, and it takes full advantage of latent human judgment in related documents. The assumption of the model is that if a group of users who have the same interest trend, those documents they have accessed are probably related. Compared with traditional search engines, SISI has low time cost on initialization and low space cost, and especially SISI can find those related documents which have least common keywords, and SISI treats text documents and multimedia documents equally without discrimination.
Competition between sympathetic vasoconstriction and metabolic vasodilation in the canine coronary circulation. (1978)

The role of a-receptor constriction of coronary vessels in response to cardiac sympathetic activation was evaluated in closed-chest, chloralose-anesthetized dogs. Cardiac sympathetic activation was produced (1) directly by intracoronary norepinephrine infusion at several different rates and (2) reflexly by carotid sinus hypotension. The resulting changes in coronary blood flow and myocardial oxygen consumption were recorded before and after a-receptor blockade with dibozane (3.0 mg/kg, iv) or phenoxybenzamine (0.5 mg/kg, intracoronary). The changes in coronary blood flow were normalized to changes in myocardial metabolism by division of the oxygen delivery (coronary flow times arterial oxygen content) by the change in myocardial oxygen consumption per 100 g of myocardium. Before a-receptor blockade, either intracoronary norepinephrine infusion or reflex sympathetic activation from the carotid sinus resulted in an increase of only 0.85 ml/100 g mirr' in oxygen delivery for each increase of 1 ml/100 g min" 1 in cardiac oxygen consumption. Under these circumstances, myocardial oxygen extraction increased and coronary venous oxygen content fell. After a-receptor blockade, either intracoronary norepinephrine infusion or a carotid sinus reflex resulted in an increase of 1.23 ml/100 g min ' in oxygen delivery for each increase of 1 ml/100 g min' 1 in cardiac oxygen consumption. Myocardial oxygen extraction and coronary venous oxygen content changed only slightly after a-receptor blockade. The greater coronary vasodilation and lesser change in cardiac oxygen extraction after a-receptor blockade were significantly different (P < 0.001) from the values before blockade. It is concluded that the coronary a-receptor constrictor mechanism competes with metabolic vasodilation during sympathetic activation even when there are large increases in myocardial metabolism. The net effect of the a-receptor constrictor influence is to restrict the metabolically related flow increase by about 30%, thus increasing oxygen extraction and decreasing coronary venous oxygen content.
Testing controls to mitigate fatigue loads in the controls Advanced Research Turbine (2009)

Wind turbines are complex, nonlinear, dynamic systems forced by aerodynamic, gravitational, centrifugal, and gyroscopic loads. The aerodynamics of wind turbines is nonlinear, unsteady, and complex. Turbine rotors are subjected to a complicated three-dimensional (3D) turbulent wind inflow field with imbedded coherent vortices that drive fatigue loads and reduce lifetime. Design of control algorithms for wind turbines must account for multiple control objectives. Future large multi-megawatt turbines must be designed with lighter weight structures, using active controls to mitigate fatigue loads, maximize energy capture, and add active damping to maintain stability for these dynamically active structures operating in a complex environment. Researchers at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory are designing, implementing, and testing advanced controls to maximize energy extraction and reduce structural dynamic loads. These control designs are based on a linear model of the turbine that is generated by specialized modeling software. This paper describes testing of a control algorithm to mitigate blade, tower, and drivetrain loads using advanced state-space control methods. The controller uses independent blade pitch to regulate the turbine's speed in Region 3, mitigate the effects of shear across the rotor disk, and add active damping to the tower's first fore-aft bending mode. Additionally, a separate generator torque control loop is designed to add active damping to the tower's first side-side mode and the first drivetraintorsion mode. This paper discusses preliminary implementation and field tests of this controller in the Controls Advanced Research Turbine at the National Renewable Energy Laboratory. Also included are preliminary comparisons of the performance of this controller to results from a typical baseline Proportional-Integral-Derivative controller designed with just Region 3 speed regulation as the goal.
Pretesting Advertising with the Differential Attitude Technique (1963)

The results obtained with the advertising pretest procedure presented in this article indicate that the differential effect on readers' attitudes of print ads (and probably other types of advertising as well) can be satisfactorily measured by a fairly simple scalar technique. Thus, an ad can be evaluated prior to publication in terms of its impact on attitudes rather than in terms of the recall of specific aspects of the ad.
Ineffective triggering predicts increased duration of mechanical ventilation* (2009)

Ineffective triggering is a common problem early in the course of MV and is associated with increased morbidity, including longer MV duration, shorter VFS, longer length of stay, and lower likelihood of home discharge.
PRE‐ AND POSTJUNCTIONAL ADRENO‐ AND MUSCARINIC RECEPTOR FUNCTIONS IN THE ISOLATED HUMAN CORPUS SPONGIOSUM URETHRAE (1984)

In isolated tissue from the human corpus spongiosum urethrae (CS) the effects of adrenoreceptor and muscarinic receptor active drugs on release of 3H-noradrenaline (NA) from noradrenergic nerves and on isometric tension were investigated. The electrically induced release of 3H was reduced by clonidine (alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonist), increased by rauwolscine (alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist), and little affected by phenylephrine (alpha 1-adrenoreceptor agonist) and prazosin (alpha 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist). Isoprenaline (beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoreceptor agonist) and procaterol (beta 2-adrenoreceptor agonist) increased the release, propranolol (beta 1- and beta 2-adrenoreceptor antagonist) reduced it, and prenalterol (beta 1-adrenoreceptor agonist) and atenolol (beta 1-adrenoreceptor antagonist) had no effect. Carbachol (muscarinic receptor agonist) decreased and scopolamine (muscarinic receptor antagonist) increased stimulation-induced efflux of 3H. NA, phenylephrine and clonidine contracted isolated CS preparations, clonidine being less potent and having less intrinsic activity than phenylephrine. Prazosin was more effective than rauwolscine for inhibition of NA-induced contractions, and prazosin, but not rauwolscine, abolished electrically induced contractions. Isoprenaline and procaterol, but not prenalterol, relaxed NA-contracted preparations. These relaxations could be blocked by propranolol but not by atenolol. Acetylcholine and carbachol relaxed NA-contracted preparations but had no contractant effect on any of the preparations tested. The results suggest that prejunctionally in the human CS, the alpha-adrenoreceptors are of alpha 2-type and the beta-adrenoreceptors of beta 2-type. Postjunctionally, the main alpha-adrenoreceptor function seems to be of alpha 1-type and the beta-adrenoreceptor function of beta 2-type. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors may inhibit the effects of NA both by decreasing its release from noradrenergic nerves and by counteracting its postjunctional effects.
Effect of the Magnetic Perturbation on Magnetostatic Surface-Wave Propagation (1976)

This paper discusses the propagation of the magnetostatic surface wave in two ferrite slabs (namely, YIG and Ga-YIG) with different magnetic saturations, and considers a weak coupling in between them. The theoretical results are obtained by using the conventional perturbation technique which is subsequently supported by experiment. Further, the time delay in group velocity affected by the magnetic perturbation is treated theoretically.
Ion‐pair high‐performance liquid chromatography of bile salt conjugates: Application to pig bile (1991)

The high-performance liquid chromatographic separation and quantitation of conjugated bile salts from pig bile is reported. Synthetic standards and bile samples were chromatographed on a C18 reversed phase column using acetonitrile/water/tetrabutyl ammonium phosphate as an isocratic mobile phase at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Detection of the ion-pairs was at 214 nm. The method permits efficient separation of all conjugated pig biliary bile salts without prior modification or treatment of the samples. Analysis of 12 pig biles showed that 85% of the bile salts are conjugated to glycine. The three main conjugated bile salts were glyco-3 alpha,6 alpha,7 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (GHC), glyco-3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (GCDC), and glyco-3 alpha,6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (GHDC). Glyco-3 alpha-hydroxy-6-oxo-5 beta-cholanoic acid (G3 alpha 6oxo), tauro-3 alpha,7 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (TCDC), tauro-3 alpha,6 alpha,7 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (THC), and tauro-3 alpha,6 alpha-dihydroxy-5 beta-cholanoic acid (THDC) were found to contribute each for 4 to 5% to the total. An excellent correlation was found between the sum of conjugated bile salts quantitated by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and values obtained by conventional enzymatic assay. Simplicity, efficiency and relative rapidity of the method render it suitable for routine analyses.
A framework for the delivery of contents in RFID-driven smart environments (2011)

The increasing availability of sophisticated mobile network appliances, such as smartphones and PDAs (Personal Digital Assistants), jointly with the maturity and cost-effectiveness of Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) technology, allow the rapid development of smart environments. This can dramatically increase the users experience enabling new interaction models. In this perspective, we present a framework to deploy RFID-driven smart environments to provide ad-hoc and personalized contents, to visitors in cultural settings (e.g., museums). The work showcases the architectural choices, from both the viewpoint of the needed hardware and the related interaction paradigm. Lastly, it also presents a preliminary performance evaluation to quantify the produced network traffic.
Hybrid error concealment schemes for broadcast video transmission over ATM networks (1999)

Two hybrid error concealment schemes based on application of forward error control (FEC) coding in combination with passive error concealment techniques to different layers of coded data in a video transmission system are evaluated. It is shown that use of passive error concealment schemes alone generally does not provide sufficient protection against channel errors, especially in the case of video sequences with significant motion or scene changes. Motivated by these observations, a third hybrid scheme is introduced; this scheme involves adaptive application of FEC codes to high-priority information depending on the level of motion in a sequence. It is shown that through application of this adaptive motion-based scheme, significant savings in bandwidth may be obtained at the expense of only a negligible decrease in reconstructed image quality. Implementation of adaptive motion-based FEC coding in a multiresolution asynchronous transfer mode framework is discussed, and metrics for computing motion in both a subband and an MPEG-2 coding system are introduced.