gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Write buffer design for on-chip cache (2002)

Write strategy is an important part of cache design. The buffering scheme is frequently used to reduce the overhead associated with write operations. Although it is a common feature in cache design, there is no quantitative analysis on the effect of the write buffer. This study investigates the impact of the write buffer, particularly on a small on-chip cache. Five configurations, including write-through, write-through with unconditional-flush write buffer, write-through with conditional-flush write buffer, write-back and write-back with write buffer, are considered. Benchmark traces from both RISC and CISC machines are used to simulate the performance of different buffer configurations. Based on the simulation results, we provide a quantitative analysis on the write buffer, discuss the relative benefits of various features, and suggest a general design guideline for small on-chip cache.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
The Barbeque Market (2008)

The growth of the market for barbeque-related products is described. The growth projections for the period ahead are set forth. The role of porcelain enamel in this market is discussed.
TRANSIT (2013)

With the maturing of technology for model checking and constraint solving, there is an emerging opportunity to develop programming tools that can transform the way systems are specified. In this paper, we propose a new way to program distributed protocols using concolic snippets. Concolic snippets are sample execution fragments that contain both concrete and symbolic values. The proposed approach allows the programmer to describe the desired system partially using the traditional model of communicating extended finite-state-machines (EFSM), along with high-level invariants and concrete execution fragments. Our synthesis engine completes an EFSM skeleton by inferring guards and updates from the given fragments which is then automatically analyzed using a model checker with respect to the desired invariants. The counterexamples produced by the model checker can then be used by the programmer to add new concrete execution fragments that describe the correct behavior in the specific scenario corresponding to the counterexample. We describe TRANSIT, a language and prototype implementation of the proposed specification methodology for distributed protocols. Experimental evaluations of TRANSIT to specify cache coherence protocols show that (1) the algorithm for expression inference from concolic snippets can synthesize expressions of size 15 involving typical operators over commonly occurring types, (2) for a classical directory-based protocol, TRANSIT automatically generates, in a few seconds, a complete implementation from a specification consisting of the EFSM structure and a few concrete examples for every transition, and (3) a published partial description of the SGI Origin cache coherence protocol maps directly to symbolic examples and leads to a complete implementation in a few iterations, with the programmer correcting counterexamples resulting from underspecified transitions by adding concrete examples in each iteration.
The European quantum technologies flagship programme (2017)

Quantum technologies, such as quantum communication, computation, simulation as well as sensors and metrology, address and manipulate individual quantum states and make use of superposition and entanglement. Both companies and governments have realised the high disruptive potential of this technology. Consequently, the European Commission has announced an ambitious flagship programme to start in 2018. Here, we sum up the history leading to the quantum technologies flagship programme and outline its envisioned goals and structure. We also give an overview of the strategic research agenda for quantum communication, which the flagship will pursue during its 10-year runtime.
One-pot catalytic selective synthesis of 1,4-butanediol from 1,4-anhydroerythritol and hydrogen (2018)

A physical mixture of ReO<sub>x</sub>–Au/CeO<sub>2</sub> and carbon-supported rhenium catalysts effectively converted 1,4-anhydroerythritol to 1,4-butanediol with H<sub>2</sub> as a reductant.
Prediction of Bivariate Molecular Property Distributions in Free-Radical Polymerization Systems Using Monte Carlo and Sectional Grid Methods (2008)

An efficient Monte Carlo (MC) algorithm and a two-dimensional fixed pivot technique (2-D FPT) are described for the calculation of the average and distributed molecular properties of polymers in batch free-radical polymerization and copolymerization reactors. Simulations are carried out, under different reactor conditions, to calculate the individual monomer conversions, the leading moments of the 'live' and 'dead' polymer chain length distributions as well as the dynamic evolution of the distributed molecular properties (i.e., molecular weight distribution (MWD), long chain branching distribution (LCBD), copolymer composition distribution (CCD), joint LCB-MW and CC-MW distributions, etc.). The validity of the numerical calculations is examined via a direct comparison of the simulation results, obtained by the two numerical methods, with experimental data on the styrene-methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate batch free-radical polymerization systems. Additional comparisons between the MC and the 2-D FPT methods are carried out for both polymerization systems, under different polymerization conditions. It is clearly shown that both numerical methods are capable of predicting the distributed molecular, branching and copolymer properties, with high accuracy, up to very high monomer conversions.
Recurrent perceptron learning algorithm for completely stable cellular neural networks (2002)

A supervised learning algorithm for obtaining the template coefficients in completely stable cellular neural networks (CNNs) is presented. The proposed algorithm resembles the well-known perceptron learning algorithm and hence is called as recurrent perceptron learning algorithm (RPLA) as applied to a dynamical network, CNN. The RPLA can be described as the following set of rules: (i) increase each feedback template coefficient which defines the connection to a mismatching cell from its neighbor whose steady-state output is same with the mismatching cell's desired output. On the contrary, decrease each feedback template coefficient which defines the connection to a mismatching cell from its neighbor whose steady-state is different from the mismatching cell's desired output. (ii) Change the input template coefficients according to the rule stated in (i) by only replacing the word of "neighbor" with "input". (iii) Retain the template coefficients unchanged if the actual outputs match the desired outputs. The proposed algorithm RPLA has been applied for training CNNs to perform several image processing tasks such as edge detection, hole filling and corner detection. The performance of the templates obtained for the chosen input-(desired)output training pairs has been tested on a set of images which are different from the input images used in the training phase.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Cross‐talk between the VEGF‐A and HGF signalling pathways in endothelial cells (2009)

Background information . Endothelial cells play a major role in angiogenesis, the process by which new blood vessels arise from a pre‐existing vascular bed. VEGF‐A (vascular endothelial growth factor‐A) is a key regulator of angiogenesis during both development and in adults. HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) is a pleiotropic cytokine that may promote VEGF‐A‐driven angiogenesis, although the signalling mechanisms underlying this co‐operation are not completely understood. Results . We analysed the effects of the combination of VEGF‐A and HGF on the activation of VEGFR‐2 (VEGF receptor‐2) and c‐met receptors, and on the stimulation of downstream signalling pathways in endothelial cells. We found that VEGFR‐2 and c‐met do not physically associate and do not transphosphorylate each other, suggesting that co‐operation involves signalling events more distal from receptor activation. We demonstrate that the VEGF isoform VEGF‐A 165 and HGF stimulate a similar set of MAPKs (mitogen‐activated protein kinases), although the kinetics and strengths of the activation differ depending on the growth factor and pathway. An enhanced activation of the signalling was observed when endothelial cells were stimulated by the combination of VEGF‐A 165 and HGF. Moreover, the combination of VEGF‐A and HGF results in a statistically significant synergistic activation of ERK1/2 (extracellular‐signal‐regulated kinase 1/2) and p38 kinases. We demonstrated that VEGF‐A 165 and HGF activate FAK (focal adhesion kinase) with different kinetics and stimulate the recruitment of phosphorylated FAK to different subsets of focal adhesions. VEGF‐A 165 and HGF regulate distinct morphogenic aspects of the cytoskeletal remodelling that are associated with the preferential activation of Rho or Rac respectively, and induce structurally distinct vascular‐like patterns in vitro in a Rho‐ or Rac‐dependent manner. Conclusions . Under angiogenic conditions, combining VEGF‐A with HGF can promote neovascularization by enhancing intracellular signalling and allowing more finely regulated control of the signalling molecules involved in the regulation of the cytoskeleton and cellular migration and morphogenesis.
Leucine Catabolism and Incorporation into Tissue Proteins in Thyroparathyroidectomized Rats (1988)

We investigated parameters of leucine metabolism in thyroparathyroidectomized (TPX) and pair-fed control rats using a technique of continuous infusion of [l-14C]leucine. The rate of leucine turnover was significantly smaller in TPX than in control rats (42.5 +/- 2.6 vs 35.1 +/- 1.9 mumole/hr/100 g, mean +/- SEM, six rats). There was no significant difference between rates of alpha-decarboxylation of leucine by the two groups of rats. The protein incorporation of leucine was significantly smaller in the muscle of TPX than control rats (39 +/- 5 vs 24 +/- 4 pmole/mg protein, mean +/- SEM, six rats) but in liver it was not significantly different. Thyroparathyroidectomy also had no significant effect on concentration of either leucine or its ketoacid (alpha-ketoisocaproate) in plasma, liver, and muscle. We conclude that hypothyroidism does not alter catabolism of leucine but reduces its incorporation into muscle protein.
Optimization with Experimental Design of Nonionic, Anionic, and Amphoteric Surfactants in a Mixed System (1997)

AbstractIn a mixture experiment the response depends only on the relative proportions of material present in the mixture. In this study, we consider shampoo formulations with three different classes of surface-active agents: amphoteric, nonionic, and anionic mild sufactants. A major purpose of this study is to help the formulator with a strategy using a three-component simplex-centroid design. This methodology offers the maximum return in terms of information about the interplay of multiple factors while requiring the minimum investment.Key Words:: Experimental designFormulationOptimizationShampooSurfactant
M-Phase-Specific Phosphorylation of the POU Transcription Factor GHF-1 by a Cell Cycle-Regulated Protein Kinase Inhibits DNA Binding (1995)

GHF-1 is a member of the POU family of homeodomain proteins. It is a cell-type-specific transcription factor responsible for determination and expansion of growth hormone (GH)- and prolactin-expressing cells in the anterior pituitary. It was previously suggested that cyclic AMP (cAMP)-responsive protein kinase A (PKA) phosphorylates GHF-1 at a site within the N-terminal arm of its homeodomain, thereby inhibiting its binding to the GH promoter. These results, however, are inconsistent with the physiological stimulation of GH production by the cAMP pathway. As reported here, cAMP agonists and PKA do not inhibit GHF-1 activity in living cells and although they stimulate the phosphorylation of GHF-1, the inhibitory phosphoacceptor site within the homeodomain is not affected. Instead, this site, Thr-220, is subject to M-phase-specific phosphorylation. As a result, GHF-1 DNA binding activity is transiently inhibited during the M phase. This activity is regained once cells enter G1, a phase during which GHF-1 phosphorylation is minimal. Thr-220 of GHF-1 is the homolog of the mitotic phosphoacceptor site responsible for the M-phase-specific inhibition of Oct-1 DNA binding Ser-382. As this site is conserved in all POU proteins, it appears that all members of this group are similarly regulated. A specific kinase activity distinct in its substrate specificity and susceptibility to inhibitors from the Cdc2 mitotic kinase or PKA was identified in extracts of mitotic cells. This novel activity could be involved in regulating the DNA binding activity of all POU proteins in a cell cycle-dependent manner.
Dynamic MR Imaging of the Pelvic Floor in Asymptomatic Subjects (2000)

The normal range of pelvic organ descent in asymptomatic subjects seen on dynamic MR imaging included cystocele, uterocervical prolapse, and excessive anorectal junction descent. Although we encountered pelvic prolapse in seven volunteers, it was infrequent and low grade, suggesting that criteria for abnormality derived from proctography are generally applicable to MR imaging.
Status of paratyphoid fever vaccine research and development (2016)

Salmonella enterica serovars Typhi and Paratyphi (S. Paratyphi) A and B cause enteric fever in humans. Of the paratyphoid group, S. Paratyphi A is the most common serovar. In 2000, there were an estimated 5.4 million cases of S. Paratyphi A worldwide. More recently paratyphoid fever has accounted for an increasing fraction of all cases of enteric fever. Although vaccines for typhoid fever have been developed and in use for decades, vaccines for paratyphoid fever have not yet been licensed. Several S. Paratyphi A vaccines, however, are in development and based on either whole cell live-attenuated strains or repeating units of the lipopolysaccharide O-antigen (O:2) conjugated to different protein carriers. An O-specific polysaccharide (O:2) of S. Paratyphi A conjugated to tetanus toxoid (O:2-TT), for example, has been determined to be safe and immunogenic after one dose in Phase I and Phase II trials. Two other conjugated vaccine candidates linked to diphtheria toxin and a live-attenuated oral vaccine candidate are currently in preclinical development. As promising vaccine candidates are advanced along the development pipeline, an adequate supply of vaccines will need to be ensured to meet growing demand, particularly in the most affected countries.
Analogue versus digital solution for motor control (2013)

Saab has an analogue solution which is used to drive small motors in aircrafts. The motor is a brushless DC-motor and uses a resolver and hall sensors to control it. As sensorless control is something that has been expanding and attracting more interest over the last decade, Saab is considering the possibility of using a digital sensorless system depending on its performance on the control compared to their analogue system. There is little documentation of performance for a digital sensorless solution compared to an analogue solution. Therefore the question to be answered in this research is: How is the performance of the digital solution compared to the existing analogue solution? It was answered by finding a complete sensorless system on the market and then compare its performance to a digital system with sensors that resembles the analogue solution. Performance wise, InstaSPIN does not perform as well as EPOS2 which represent the sensorless system respective the system with sensors. InstaSPIN needs a startup sequence, can not run at the same low velocities, has a longer rise time, settling time and greater ripple. An examination of the software should be done before using the disadvantages that was found as a reason for not considering a sensorless system. Especially the startup sequence in the software should be examined as it is InstaSPINs greatest weakness compared to EPOS2.
Metabolism-enhanced tumor localization by fluorescence imaging: in vivo animal studies (2003)

We present a high-sensitivity near-infrared optical imaging system for noninvasive cancer detection and localization based on molecularly labeled fluorescent contrast agents. This frequency-domain system utilizes the interferencelike pattern of diffuse photon density waves to achieve high detection sensitivity and localization accuracy for the fluorescent heterogeneity embedded inside the scattering media. A two-dimensional localization map is obtained through reflectance probe geometry and goniometric reconstruction. In vivo measurements with a tumor-bearing mouse model by use of the novel Cypate-mono-2-deoxy-glucose fluorescent contrast agent, which targets the enhanced tumor glycolysis, demonstrate the feasibility of detection of a 2-cm-deep subsurface tumor in the tissuelike medium, with a localization accuracy within 2-3 mm.
A sensor guided parallel parking system for nonholonomic vehicles (2002)

A parallel parking system for nonholonomic vehicles with embedded microprocessor and ultrasonic sensors is described. A general four-wheel vehicle is modelled as a nonholonomic system to reflect the motion constraints applied to the vehicle. Then automated environment detection is discussed. Using the ultrasonic scanning data acquired, a collision-free path is generated. The path may require a few backward and forward manoeuvres if the parking space is tight or the range of steering angle is narrow. Speed control during the manoeuvre is discussed and a scheme of speed variation is presented. The parking system has been installed on a mobile robot, and experiments have been carried out, which proves that parking spaces are detected correctly, and the path thus produced are feasible. The robot followed these paths into parking spaces safely. The system shows the potential to be integrated into automobiles.
Synthetic Models of Weak Attractive Ligand‐Polymer Interactions in Olefin Polymerization Catalysts (2007)

Abstract The subject of extremely weak hydrogen bonds such as CH···FC remains a contentious and topical area of research. The design and synthesis of a family of Group‐4 post‐metallocene catalysts supported by F‐functionalized tridentate ligands that impose the fluorine substituent(s) in close proximity to the metal center is described, and for the first time, the elusive CH···FC interaction is characterized by a neutron diffraction study. The nature of the weak intramolecular CH···FC contacts in these complexes in solution and in the solid state is probed using multinuclear NMR spectroscopy in tandem with neutron and X‐ray crystallography. These CH···FC interactions are important with regards to design implications and potential applications in olefin polymerization catalysts because they corroborate the proposed ortho‐F···H(β) ligand–polymer contacts derived from density functional theory calculations for the Group 4 fluorinated phenoxyimine catalysts. Compared with the established agostic and cocatalyst–metal contacts, weak attractive non‐covalent interactions between a ‘non‐innocent’ ligand and the polymer chain is a novel concept in polyolefin catalysis. magnified image
Role of endothelial cell-substrate contact area and fibronectin-receptor affinity in cell adhesion to HEMA/EMA copolymers (1999)

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of substrate hydrophobicity on cell-substrate contact area and the affinity between adsorbed fibronectin (Fn) and its receptor. Homo- and copolymer films of hydrophobic ethyl methacrylate (EMA) and hydrophilic hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) were spun-cast onto glass slides. Bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAEC) were plated for 2 h in serum-free medium onto polymers preadsorbed with Fn. Cells were fixed, labeled, and examined by total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy (TIRFM) to determine the topography of the basal surface as a function of distance from the substrate. Phase contrast microscopy was used to examine the total projected area of adherent cells. The cumulative contact area was greatest on cells attached to surfaces prepared from 0% HEMA and lowest on surfaces with the highest HEMA content. An equilibrium adhesion model used these data together with the critical force for detachment and the Fn density (Burmeister et al., J Biomed Mater Res 1996;30:13-22) to determine the affinity between Fn and its receptor and the bond strength. The affinity and force per bond decreased with increasing HEMA content. These results indicate that differences in the strength of endothelial cell adhesion to polymers are influenced by the conformation of the adsorbed adhesion proteins.
Demystifying the development of dendritic cell subtypes, a little (2008)

The broadest definition of dendritic cells (DCs) is white blood cells that can take up antigen, process it and then present antigen-derived peptides to activate cognate naive T cells. Although this definition is by no means perfect, it is nevertheless now textbook. The source of frustration more recently has focused on other issues, including the distinction of the DC subtypes, their differential roles in the immune system, their lineage relationship to each other (and other leukocytes) and whether the mouse and human DC findings overlap. Here, I condense the classification of DCs in both the steady state versus infection, with primary focus in the mouse. Emphasis is then given to debates surrounding the in vivo pathways of DC differentiation in different conditions, which culture models best represent these processes (fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 ligand versus granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor), and what the human and mouse DC subtype equivalents might be. In addition, a model termed 'graded' commitment is proposed that, as a departure from the classic binary models of hematopoiesis, attempts to explain the recent clonal data where subtype-specific DC precursors branch from this pathway.
Design and implementation of a block storage multi-protocol converter (2003)

We present the Block Storage Multi-Protocol Converter (BSMC) software architecture, which is able to translate and manage SCSI commands carried by different SCSI transport protocols, such as SCSI, Fibre Channel, and iSCSI, to a variety of storage devices. We discuss the internal organization of BSMC and present some performance testing results. We describe the variety of applications in Storage Area Networking that can benefit from products based on the BSMC architecture, such as a multi-protocol storage router and a multi-protocol, multi-RAID-level disk array.
A few deg/hr resolvable low noise lateral microgyroscope (2003)

A 4.68/spl deg//hr equivalent noise level microgyroscope is fabricated and tested with a conventional electronic circuits on a PCB (printed circuit board). The rate resolution is improved by reduced noise with field coupling compensation and a large oscillation amplitude of the driven mode. The unbalanced capacitance variation due to the fringing field is compensated with a mirrored anchor structure. The driven oscillation with enhanced amplitude is mechanically decoupled using a folded spring structure, which is independent of the oscillation of the sensed mode. The sensing electronic circuit is realized on a PCB using a DIP IC, and capacitance variation in the atto-farad range is shown through driven and sensed mode measurement. The fabricated gyroscope was tested by applying 0.01/spl deg//sec amplitude with 1 Hz sinusoidal input, and showed an equivalent noise level of 4.68/spl deg//hr (0.0013/spl deg//sec). The microgyroscope is characterized by a linearity error of less than 0.8% FSO for a measured range of /spl plusmn/200/spl deg//sec.