gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemical Composition of Tobacco Leaves Altered by Near-Ultraviolet and Intensity of Visible Light (1973)

Low energies of near-ultraviolet radiation (300-400 nanometers), applied simultaneously with visible radiation to Nicotiana tabacum L. during daily illumination periods, increased levels of chlorogenic acid isomers, total soluble phenolics, alkaloids, and soluble sugars in expanding leaf lamina compared with controls that had near-ultraviolet filtered out. However, total nitrogen concentrations decreased. The responses to near-ultraviolet were interrelated with intensity of visible light. The presence of near-ultraviolet (which accounted for less than 4% of the total light energy) along with visible light resulted in component concentration differences similar to those caused by much greater increases of visible light without near-ultraviolet.
Dynamic Fusion With Intra- and Inter-Modality Attention Flow for Visual Question Answering (2019)

Learning effective fusion of multi-modality features is at the heart of visual question answering. We propose a novel method of dynamically fuse multi-modal features with intra- and inter-modality information flow, which alternatively pass dynamic information between and across the visual and language modalities. It can robustly capture the high-level interactions between language and vision domains, thus significantly improves the performance of visual question answering. We also show that, the proposed dynamic intra modality attention flow conditioned on the other modality can dynamically modulate the intra-modality attention of the current modality, which is vital for multimodality feature fusion. Experimental evaluations on the VQA 2.0 dataset show that the proposed method achieves the state-of-the-art VQA performance. Extensive ablation studies are carried out for the comprehensive analysis of the proposed method.
Active Alignment of Microtubules with Electric Fields (2006)

The direction of translocation of microtubules on a surface coated with kinesin is usually random. Here we demonstrate and quantify the rate at which externally applied electric fields can direct moving microtubules parallel to the field by deflecting their leading end toward the anode. Effects of electric field strength, kinesin surface density, and microtubule translocation speed on the rate of redirection of microtubules were analyzed statistically. Furthermore, we demonstrated that microtubules can be steered in any desired direction via manipulation of externally applied E-fields.
A Central Role for HER3 in <i>HER2</i> -Amplified Breast Cancer: Implications for Targeted Therapy (2008)

Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and HER3 each form heterodimers with HER2 and have independently been implicated as key coreceptors that drive HER2-amplified breast cancer. Some studies suggest a dominant role for EGFR, a notion of renewed interest given the development of dual HER2/EGFR small-molecule inhibitors. Other studies point to HER3 as the primary coreceptor. To clarify the relative contributions of EGFR and HER3 to HER2 signaling, we studied receptor knockdown via small interfering RNA technology across a panel of six HER2-overexpressing cell lines. Interestingly, HER3 was as critical as HER2 for maintaining cell proliferation in most cell lines, whereas EGFR was dispensable. Induction of HER3 knockdown in the HER2-overexpressing BT474M1 cell line was found to inhibit growth in three-dimensional culture and induce rapid tumor regression of in vivo xenografts. Furthermore, preferential phosphorylation of HER3, but not EGFR, was observed in HER2-amplified breast cancer tissues. Given these data suggesting HER3 as an important therapeutic target, we examined the activity of pertuzumab, a HER2 antibody that inhibits HER3 signaling by blocking ligand-induced HER2/HER3 heterodimerization. Pertuzumab inhibited ligand-dependent morphogenesis in three-dimensional culture and induced tumor regression in the heregulin-dependent MDA-MB-175 xenograft model. Importantly, these activities of pertuzumab were distinct from those of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody currently used for treatment of HER2-amplified breast cancer patients. Our data suggest that inhibition of HER3 may be more clinically relevant than inhibition of EGFR in HER2-amplified breast cancer and also suggest that adding pertuzumab to trastuzumab may augment therapeutic benefit by blocking HER2/HER3 signaling.
Test token driven acoustic balancing for sparse enrollment data in cohort GMM speaker recognition (2010)

In this study, we address the problem of sparse train/test data for in-set/out-of-set speaker recognition. Sparse enrollment data presents a unique challenge due to a lack of acoustic space coverage. The proposed algorithm focuses on filling acoustic holes and fortifying the acoustic information using the claimed speaker's test token histogram. This scheme is possible by using a GMM model to classify the speaker phone information at the feature level. Parallel GMM training with EM using the most occurring (top) and least occurring (bottom) acoustic feature is called “Top-Down Bottom-Up (TDBU)”, and the method employing the acoustic token histogram of test token using the TDBU is called “TDBU using Test Token Histogram (TTH)”. Since TTH provides test data histogram information, the most occurred (top) parts in test data fortify the its discriminating ability using same acoustic tokens in enrollment data. The less occurred (bottom) part in test data provide acoustic hole information so that the mismatched acoustic hole between enrollment and test data can be filled in chance. The TDBU-TTH method is evaluated using telephone conversation speech from the FISHER corpus with 5 second train sets. The TDBU-TTH improves on average 2.17% absolute EER over the TDBU, and an average 4.03% absolute EER improvement over GMM-UBM baseline using 2 second test data. The proposed algorithm improvement is a noteworthy stage to compensate for both sparse enrollment data and limited test data.
Important Attribute Identification in Knowledge Graph (2018)

The knowledge graph(KG) composed of entities with their descriptions and attributes, and relationship between entities, is finding more and more application scenarios in various natural language processing tasks. In a typical knowledge graph like Wikidata, entities usually have a large number of attributes, but it is difficult to know which ones are important. The importance of attributes can be a valuable piece of information in various applications spanning from information retrieval to natural language generation. In this paper, we propose a general method of using external user generated text data to evaluate the relative importance of an entity's attributes. To be more specific, we use the word/sub-word embedding techniques to match the external textual data back to entities' attribute name and values and rank the attributes by their matching cohesiveness. To our best knowledge, this is the first work of applying vector based semantic matching to important attribute identification, and our method outperforms the previous traditional methods. We also apply the outcome of the detected important attributes to a language generation task; compared with previous generated text, the new method generates much more customized and informative messages.
Hyperthermophilic flavin reductase from <i>Sulfolobus solfataricus</i> P2: Production and biochemical characterization (2019)

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)H)-flavin oxidoreductases (flavin reductases) catalyze the reduction of flavin by NAD(P)H and provide the reduced form of flavin mononucleotide (FMN) to flavin-dependent monooxygenases. Based on bioinformatics analysis, we identified a putative flavin reductase gene, sso2055, in the genome of hyperthermophilic archaeon Sulfolobus solfataricus P2, and further cloned this target sequence into an expression vector. The cloned flavin reductase (EC. 1.5.1.30) was purified to homogeneity and characterized further. The purified enzyme exists as a monomer of 17.8 kDa, free of chromogenic cofactors. Homology modeling revealed this enzyme as a TIM barrel, which is also supported by circular dichroism measurements revealing a beta-sheet rich content. The optimal pH for SSO2055 activity was pH 6.5 in phosphate buffer and the highest activity observed was at 120 °C within the measurable temperature. We showed that this enzyme can use FMN and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) as a substrate to generate their reduced forms. The purified enzyme is predicted to be a potential flavin reductase of flavin-dependent monooxygenases that could be involved in the biodesulfurization process of S. solfataricus P2.
Overexpression of MEF2D contributes to oncogenic malignancy and chemotherapeutic resistance in ovarian carcinoma. (2019)

The transcription factor MEF2 promotes survival in various cell types and a number of studies indicate that abnormal regulation of MEF2 is linked to oncogenicity in several carcinomas. We have found that MEF2D, a member of the MEF2 family, is upregulated in Ovarian Cancer (OC). Immunohistochemistry analysis of tumor sections of 402 OC patients revealed that MEF2D is significantly elevated at the protein level. We have also found that the expression level of MEF2D is associated with cisplatin-resistance and poor prognosis by a retrospective analysis. Furthermore, Downregulation of MEF2D by siRNA reduces proliferation and invasiveness of OC cells SKOV3 and OVCAR3, induces apoptosis in vitro, and abolishes OVCAR3 tumorigenicity in xenograft model. Mechanistic study via ChIP analysis identified two of MEF2D-targeted genes, HPSE and IKBKE, which are associated with tumor invasion and chemotherapy-resistance, in accord with MEF2D expression in OC. Remarkably, knock-down of MEF2D invariably lead to the downregulation of IKBKE and reversed cisplatin (DDP)-resistance in cisplatin-resistant cells SKOV3-DDP. Our results suggest that MEF2D promotes malignant biological behaviors and cisplatin-resistance in OC and establish MEF2D as a new therapeutic target in OC treatment.
Genetic Similarities Within and Between Human Populations (2007)

The proportion of human genetic variation due to differences between populations is modest, and individuals from different populations can be genetically more similar than individuals from the same population. Yet sufficient genetic data can permit accurate classification of individuals into populations. Both findings can be obtained from the same data set, using the same number of polymorphic loci. This article explains why. Our analysis focuses on the frequency, omega, with which a pair of random individuals from two different populations is genetically more similar than a pair of individuals randomly selected from any single population. We compare omega to the error rates of several classification methods, using data sets that vary in number of loci, average allele frequency, populations sampled, and polymorphism ascertainment strategy. We demonstrate that classification methods achieve higher discriminatory power than omega because of their use of aggregate properties of populations. The number of loci analyzed is the most critical variable: with 100 polymorphisms, accurate classification is possible, but omega remains sizable, even when using populations as distinct as sub-Saharan Africans and Europeans. Phenotypes controlled by a dozen or fewer loci can therefore be expected to show substantial overlap between human populations. This provides empirical justification for caution when using population labels in biomedical settings, with broad implications for personalized medicine, pharmacogenetics, and the meaning of race.
TGF-β1 down-regulates Th2 development and results in decreased IL-4-induced STAT6 activation and GATA-3 expression (2000)

TGF-beta plays an important role in immune regulation in vivo and affects T cell differentiation in vitro. Here we describe how TGF-beta modulates Th2 development in vitro and investigate its mechanisms of action. TGF-beta down-regulated Th2 development of naive CD4+ Mel-14high T cells derived from the DO11.10 ovalbumin-specific TCR-transgenic mouse, and this was observed both in cultures driven with anti-CD3 and anti-CD28 and with splenic APC and antigen. TGF-beta down-regulated GATA-3 expression in developing Th2 and these cells showed a diminished IL-4-induced STAT6 activation. We found, however, that naive cells driven in Th2 conditions with TGF-beta did not show a significantly decreased STAT6 activation, suggesting that TGF-beta inhibits Th2 development via a STAT6-independent mechanism.
Preliminary evidence that both blue and red light can induce alertness at night (2009)

These results support previous findings that alertness may be mediated by the circadian system, but it does not seem to be the only light-sensitive pathway that can affect alertness at night.
Introduction (1996)

In the centre of the Burgundian town of Beaune is a marvellously preserved medieval hospital, The Hôtel Dieu de Beaune. In the fifteenth century, it contained just one huge ward, the far end of which comprised a chapel dominated by an altar painting of the Last Judgement. Christ is seated in glory; below him is the archangel, weighing the souls of the dead; to his left, the damned descend in terror to hell; to his right, the saved ascend to glory. For those dying in the Beaune hospital there was no getting away from this vision; each time they opened their eyes, there it was. But what did it mean for them? Did some die fearing they might go to the wrong place? Did all assume they were going to heaven? Did the poorer patients feel vindicated by a knowledge that lords and bishops numbered among those going to hell? Were they comforted to know that after death they would not be forgotten by the living who would still be praying for their souls? We can never know what the occupants of the hospice made of this picture, but we can be sure that the surroundings of the patient in the modern hospital ward, or even in a modern Christian hospice, are strikingly secular by comparison. A recent study of a hundred and thirty modern British hospice logos found only two that confidently affirm that death is not the end, and none that so much as hint that there may be any choice of postmortem destinations (Froggatt and Walter, forthcoming).
Fish gonadotropin-releasing hormone gene and molecular approaches for control of sexual maturation: development of a transgenic fish model. (1993)

The prepro-GnRH gene and mRNA primary structure were fully established from Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) and partially from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Results show that the GnRH coding region of 30 base pairs is well conserved during evolution. In contrast, the GnRH-associated peptide (GAP) sequence shows very limited homology when the GnRH genes from mammalian and teleost species are compared. A simple method for selecting transgenic fish after transfer of the firefly luciferase gene was developed. The method involves bioluminescent measurement of live animals in a scintillation counter.
Quantum circuit structure learning (2019)

We propose an efficient method for simultaneously learning both the structure and parameter values of quantum circuits with only a small computational overhead. Shallow circuits trained using structure learning perform significantly better than circuits trained using parameter updates alone, making this method particularly suitable for use on noisy intermediate-scale quantum computers. We demonstrate the method for training a variational quantum eigensolver for finding the ground states of Lithium Hydride and the Heisenberg model in simulation, and for finding the ground state of Hydrogen gas on the IBM Melbourne quantum computer.
MK2: a novel molecular target for anti-inflammatory therapy (2008)

Inhibition of the p38 MAPK pathway may have therapeutic uses for inflammatory diseases. However, blocking p38 MAPK activation in vivo is not advisable due to toxicity, significant off-target effects, and lack of oral bioavailability. This concern may be countered by the use of MK2 inhibitors that can dissect the pathways downstream of p38 without affecting additional cellular functions.
Development of Image Processing System Based on DSP and FPGA (2007)

Real-time image processing system is widely used in many field, it is required to have high speed. In order to satisfy the demand, an image processing system structure based on DSP and FPFA is presented, that is DSP is used as advanced image processing unit and FPGA as logic unit for image sampling and display. The hardware configuration and working principle is introduced firstly, and then some key problems which include of image data stored mode, color space conversion and image transmission based on EDMA are described. Finally the program flowchart for developing image processing software is given. The developed system can acquire image, display image and make some image processing operations which include of geometry transform, orthographic transform, operations based on pixels, image compression and color space conversion. The developed system can meet the real-time requirement and has been used in our teaching.
The synergistic action of the anterior cruciate ligament and thigh muscles in maintaining joint stability (1987)

The synergistic action of the ACL and the thigh muscles in maintaining joint stability was studied experimentally. The EMG from the quadriceps and hamstring muscle groups was recorded and analyzed in three separate experimental procedures in which the knee was stressed. The test revealed that direct stress of the ACL has a moderate inhibitory effect on the quadriceps, but simultaneously it directly excites the hamstrings. Similar responses were also obtained in patients with ACL damage during loaded knee extension with tibia subluxation, indicating that an alternative reflex arc unrelated to ACL receptors was available to maintain joint integrity. The antagonist muscles (hamstrings) were clearly demonstrated to assume the role of joint stabilizers in the patient who has a deficient ACL. The importance of an appropriate muscle-conditioning rehabilitation program in such a patient is substantiated.
The peer education support program and consumer participation (2012)

There are many models of consumer participation and different models will work for different organisations and consumers. I will focus on some of the specific elements of the PESP model which PESP members and graduates have highlighted as being transformative for them.
Control of Actin Assembly at Filament Ends (1995)

Actin filament polymerization involves exchange of subunits of filament ends, which can be controlled in vitro and in vivo by other proteins that bind actin filaments and inhibit subunit addition or loss at the ends. Proteins that bind to the barbed end, including capping protein, the gelsolin super-family, tensin, and profilin are discussed, as are proteins that bind to the pointed end, including tropomodulin and spectrin/band 4.1. Some proteins that bind along the sides of filaments and influence assembly at ends are also discussed. Functional roles in vivo are emphasized.
Iterative Answer Prediction with Pointer-Augmented Multimodal Transformers for TextVQA (2019)

Many visual scenes contain text that carries crucial information, and it is thus essential to understand text in images for downstream reasoning tasks. For example, a deep water label on a warning sign warns people about the danger in the scene. Recent work has explored the TextVQA task that requires reading and understanding text in images to answer a question. However, existing approaches for TextVQA are mostly based on custom pairwise fusion mechanisms between a pair of two modalities and are restricted to a single prediction step by casting TextVQA as a classification task. In this work, we propose a novel model for the TextVQA task based on a multimodal transformer architecture accompanied by a rich representation for text in images. Our model naturally fuses different modalities homogeneously by embedding them into a common semantic space where self-attention is applied to model inter- and intra- modality context. Furthermore, it enables iterative answer decoding with a dynamic pointer network, allowing the model to form an answer through multi-step prediction instead of one-step classification. Our model outperforms existing approaches on three benchmark datasets for the TextVQA task by a large margin.
Minimizing outputs: treatment (1994)

Many methods are available for the treatment of industrial wastewaters. The pollutant concentrations from aquaculture facilities are often low, but occur in high flow rates. Consequently, much care must be taken to transfer suitable technology. Of the four main types of treatment unit processes, i.e. biological, chemical, mechanical and gravitational, the latter two types are most commonly employed in flow-through aquaculture facilities in Europe. This paper identifies the properties of the wastewater upon which the units operate, the efficiency of selected examples and their suitability for various applications. Relevant strategies are recommended. A combination of screening to remove suspended particles, followed by sedimentation to thicken the resulting sludge appears, at resent, to be the most appropriate primary treatment strategy for flow-through facilities. Various other secondary or even tertiary techniques can be employed to further treat tie main effluent. These can, however, prove prohibitively expensive in high flow situations and can produce negligible improvements in environmental protection.
Wideband phased array radiator (2004)

Raytheon has developed a novel wide-band, dual-polarized, element with excellent cross-polarization isolation to populate the AMRFC high band transmit array. The electrically short crossed notch (ESCN) element consists of an orthogonal pair of tapered crossed-notch radiators with a balanced feed to increase polarization purity. The ECSN provides excellent polarization performance vs. scan (better than current notch capabilities). The measured co-pol and x-pol performance of the embedded element in the E-, H-, and diagonal planes and the swept gain performance will be discussed. Also discussed will be the modeling techniques used to design this wideband radiator.
MicroRNA and 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation (2006)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been suggested to play important roles in cell proliferation, apoptosis, and differentiation. In this study, we examined miRNA expression profiles during 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation. We constructed miRNA libraries from pre- and post-differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, and identified the expression of 77 previously reported miRNAs and 3 new miRNAs. Next, we investigated the expression levels of 102 miRNAs, including those identified in the libraries, during adipogenesis by Northern blot analysis. Sixty-five miRNAs were detected and the expression of 21 miRNAs was up- or down-regulated during adipogenesis. Intriguingly, changes in the miRNA expression pattern were observed at day 9, when lipid droplets were visible, but not at days 1, 2, or 5 after the induction of differentiation. Antisense inhibition of the up-regulated miRNAs did not affect 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation. Although these miRNAs may be involved in modulating adipocyte function, mild down-modulations of the up-regulated miRNAs do not appear to affect 3T3-L1 pre-adipocyte differentiation.
Self-Adaptive Role-Based Access Control for Business Processes (2017)

We present an approach for dynamically reconfiguring the role-based access control (RBAC) of information systems running business processes, to protect them against insider threats. The new approach uses business process execution traces and stochastic model checking to establish confidence intervals for key measurable attributes of user behaviour, and thus to identify and adaptively demote users who misuse their access permissions maliciously or accidentally. We implemented and evaluated the approach and its policy specification formalism for a real IT support business process, showing their ability to express and apply a broad range of self-adaptive RBAC policies.