gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dose-Response Models in Biological Control of Plant Pathogens: An Empirical Verification (1996)

Two models, based on the hyperbolic saturation relationship and probit function, that relate the densities of the biocontrol agent and pathogen with disease response were developed. The hyperbolic saturation (HS) and probit (PB) models and a modification of the negative exponential (MNE) model recently proposed by Johnson were evaluated. In the NE model, parameters c and k supply information on the efficiency of the pathogen and biocontrol agent, respectively, and provide endpoint values such as the maximum proportion of pathogen inoculum inactivated by the biocontrol agent (B). The HS model gives information on the 50% effective dose (ED 50 ) for both the pathogen (K x ) and the biocontrol agent (K z ), asymptotic disease levels without biological control (Y max ), and the maximum proportion of pathogen the biocontrol agent can inactivate (I max ). The PB model provides information on the relative virulence of the pathogen (τ) and relative efficiency of the biocontrol agent (σ) and on the ED 50 for the pathogen (λ) and biocontrol agent (μ). Two pathosystems (an aerial and a root disease) and two types of biocontrol agent (antagonistic bacteria and nonpathogenic isolates of the pathogen) were compared. The data from Mandeel and Baker on biological control of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cucumerinum on cucumber with nonpathogenic isolates as well as our data on biological control of Stemphylium vesicarium on pear with selected isolates of Pseudomonas and Erwinia spp. were used. Data sets of the effect of several densities of the biocontrol agent and pathogen on disease levels were fitted to the models by nonlinear regression. Estimated parameters permitted quantitative comparisons among biocontrol-pathogen-host systems. The most valuable parameters obtained from the data sets that fitted adequately to the models were the proportion of pathogen potentially inactivated by the biocontrol agent, the relative efficiency and ED 50 of the biocontrol agent, and the ED 50 biocontrol/pathogen ratio. The values of B ranged from 0.79 to 0.98, and the values of I max ranged from 0.96 to 1.04, indicating that a high proportion of the pathogen inoculum was susceptible to inactivation by the biocontrol agents. The values of σ ranged from 0.7 to 1.4 and were consistent with the independent action of the biocontrol agents on the pathogen. The mean ED 50 for the biocontrol agent (HS and PB models) for the fungus-fungus pathogen-biocontrol system was 2 x 10 3 CFU/g of soil, and for the bacteria-fungus pathogen-biocontrol system, it was 6 x 10 6 CFU/ml. The ED 50 biocontrol/pathogen ratio ranged from 1 to 10 for the fungus-fungus biocontrol-pathogen system and from 77 to 435 for the antagonistic bacteria-fungus system, indicating the existence of a lower number of targets for fungus-fungus competition for common sites than with bacteria-fungus antagonism.
Effects of chronic bupropion on interstitial concentrations of dopamine in rat nucleus accumbens and striatum. (1992)

Bupropion is a novel atypical antidepressant that inhibits dopamine (DA) uptake. The present experiments investigated the effects of acute (10 mg/kg, twice daily for 2 days) and chronic (10 mg/kg, twice daily for 21 days) bupropion treatment on interstitial DA concentrations using simultaneous in vivo microdialysis in the nucleus accumbens (NAC) and striatum of awake freely moving rats. Compared to animals that had not previously been exposed to the drug, bupropion (25 mg/kg, IP) induced increases in extracellular DA were significantly enhanced in the NAC of the chronic but not the acute bupropion group. This effect was regionally selective, as it was not observed in the striatum. In accordance with previous reports, concurrent behavioral measurements indicated that the locomotor stimulant effects of bupropion were also enhanced in the chronic group. These results demonstrate that bupropion-induced behavioral sensitization is accompanied by a selective potentiation of the effects of this compound on interstitial DA concentrations in the NAC.
Haemodynamic effects of cigarette smoking during chronic selective and non‐selective beta‐adrenoceptor blockade in patients with hypertension. (1981)

1 Haemodynamic effects of cigarette smoking before and during chronic treatment with propranolol and metoprolol were studied in 16 patients with essential hypertension. 2 Smoking of cigarettes induced an increase in blood pressure of the same degree in all experimental sessions. Heart rate increased by 16 beats/min during smoking alone, but increased significantly less, when a beta-adrenoceptor blocker was used. Forearm blood flow decreased during smoking in both medication periods. 3 Plasma adrenaline rose significantly during smoking from 0.37 nmol/l to 0.77 nmol/l; plasma noradrenaline did not change. 4 It is concluded that the blood pressure changes induced by smoking are not essentially altered during chronic treatment with selective or non-selective beta-adrenoceptor blockade. Only the increase in heart rate is significantly less pronounced during treatment with both drugs.
Transcriptional Activation of the <i>Bacillus subtilis ackA</i> Gene Requires Sequences Upstream of the Promoter (1998)

Transcriptional activation of the Bacillus subtilis ackA gene, encoding acetate kinase, was previously shown to require catabolite control protein A (CcpA) and sequences upstream of the ackA promoter. CcpA, which is responsible for catabolite repression of a number of secondary carbon source utilization genes in B. subtilis and other gram-positive bacteria, recognizes a cis-acting consensus sequence, designated cre (catabolite response element), generally located within or downstream of the promoter of the repressed gene. Two sites resembling this sequence are centered at positions -116.5 and -56.5 of the ackA promoter and have been termed cre1 and cre2, respectively. Synthesis of acetate kinase, which is involved in the conversion of acetyl coenzyme A to acetate, is induced when cells are grown in the presence of an easily metabolized carbon source such as glucose. In this study, cre2, the site closer to the promoter, and the region upstream of cre2 were shown to be indispensable for CcpA-dependent transcriptional activation of ackA, whereas cre1 was not required. In addition, insertion of 5 bp between cre2 and the promoter disrupted activation, while 10 bp was tolerated, suggesting face-of-the-helix dependence of the position of cre2 and/or upstream sequences. DNase footprinting experiments demonstrated binding of CcpA in vitro to cre2 but not cre1, consistent with the genetic data. Activation of ackA transcription was blocked in a ptsH1/crh double mutant, suggesting involvement of this pathway in CcpA-mediated transcriptional activation.
Dependence of performance of variable speed wind turbines on the turbulence, dynamics and control (1990)

Variable speed operation of horizontal axis wind turbines is perceived to have several potential advantages, of which two frequently mentioned ones are the additional energy capture below rated windspeed and the additional powertrain compliance and associated load alleviation above rated windspeed. In judging the utility of a variable speed design, these advantages must be assessed against the disadvantages which include increased complexity and additional hardware costs. The purpose of the paper is to highlight that the extent to which the advantages may be realised is dependent on the system dynamics and the turbulence of the wind. If estimates of the benefits are based on static or quasistatic analysis, they may be too optimistic. The dynamics of the wind turbine are determined partly by the control system. The design goals for the control system and its role are clarified in relation to ensuring that maximum benefit is derived from variable speed operation.
Guanylate cyclase. Subcellular distribution in cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, cerebral cortex and liver (1976)

1. Guanylate cyclase of every fraction studied showed an absolute requirement for Mn2+ ions for optimal activity; with Mg2+ or Ca2+ reaction was barely detectable. Triton X-100 stimulated the particulate enzyme much more than the supernatant enzyme and solubilized the particulate-enzyme activity. 2. Substantial amounts of guanylate cyclase were recovered with the washed particulate fractions of cardiac muscle (63-98%), skeletal muscle (77-93%), cerebral cortex (62-88%) and liver (60-75%) of various species. The supernatants of these tissues contained 7-38% of total activities. In frog heart, the bulk of guanylate cyclase was present in the supernatant fluid. 3. Plasma-membrane fractions contained 26, 21, 22 and 40% respectively of the total homogenate guanylate cyclase activities present in skeletal muscle (rabbit), cardiac muscle (guinea pig), liver (rat) and cerebral cortex (rat). In each case, the specific activity of this enzyme in plasma membranes showed a five- to ten-fold enrichment when compared with homogenate specific activity. 4. These results suggest that guanylate cyclase, like adenylate cyclase, and ouabain-sensitive Na+ + K+-dependent ATPase (adenosine triphosphatase), is associated with the surface membranes of cardiac muscle, skeletal muscle, liver and cerebral cortex; however, considerable activities are also present in the supernatant fractions of these tissues which contain very little adenylate cyclase or ouabain-sensitive Na+ + K+-dependent ATPase activities.
Electrospun Carbon-Tin Oxide Composite Nanofibers for Use as Lithium Ion Battery Anodes (2011)

Composite carbon-tin oxide (C-SnO(2)) nanofibers are prepared by two methods and evaluated as anodes in lithium-ion battery half cells. Such an approach complements the long cycle life of carbon with the high lithium storage capacity of tin oxide. In addition, the high surface-to-volume ratio of the nanofibers improves the accessibility for lithium intercalation as compared to graphite-based anodes, while eliminating the need for binders or conductive additives. The composite nanofibrous anodes have first discharge capacities of 788 mAh g(-1) at 50 mA g(-1) current density, which are greater than pure carbon nanofiber anodes, as well as the theoretical capacity of graphite (372 mAh g(-1)), the traditional anode material. In the first protocol to fabricate the C-SnO(2) composites, tin sulfate is directly incorporated within polyacrylonitrile (PAN) nanofibers by electrospinning. During a thermal treatment the tin salt is converted to tin oxide and the polymer is carbonized, yielding carbon-SnO(2) nanofibers. In the second approach, we soak the nanofiber mats in tin sulfate solutions prior to the final thermal treatment, thereby loading the outer surfaces with SnO(2) nanoparticles and raising the tin content from 1.9 to 8.6 wt %. Energy-dispersive spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses confirm the formation of conversion of tin sulfate to tin oxide. Furthermore, analysis with Raman spectroscopy reveals that the additional salt soak treatment from the second fabrication approach increases in the disorder of the carbon structure, as compared to the first approach. We also discuss the performance of our C-SnO(2) compared with its theoretical capacity and other nanofiber electrode composites previously reported in the literature.
Investigating preprocessor-based syntax errors (2013)

The C preprocessor is commonly used to implement variability in program families. Despite the widespread usage, some studies indicate that the C preprocessor makes variability implementation difficult and error-prone. However, we still lack studies to investigate preprocessor-based syntax errors and quantify to what extent they occur in practice. In this paper, we define a technique based on a variability-aware parser to find syntax errors in releases and commits of program families. To investigate these errors, we perform an empirical study where we use our technique in 41 program family releases, and more than 51 thousand commits of 8 program families. We find 7 and 20 syntax errors in releases and commits of program families, respectively. They are related not only to incomplete annotations, but also to complete ones. We submit 8 patches to fix errors that developers have not fixed yet, and they accept 75% of them. Our results reveal that the time developers need to fix the errors varies from days to years in family repositories. We detect errors even in releases of well-known and widely used program families, such as Bash, CVS and Vim. We also classify the syntax errors into 6 different categories. This classification may guide developers to avoid them during development.
Mini Review of Canine Stifle Joint Anatomy (2000)

The stifle is a complex, condylar, synovial joint that allows motion in three planes. The complexity of the normal motion is directly related to the structure and functions of the anatomical components that form the joint. Alteration in any one of these components often leads to dysfunction as well as an increased risk of damage to other structures in the joint. Thus understanding of the normal anatomy and function of each stifle joint component is essential for proper diagnosis and treatment of any stifle joint injury. This review highlights the basic anatomy and function of the stifle joint components.
Identification of Orthopaedic Infections Using Broad-Range Polymerase Chain Reaction and Reverse Line Blot Hybridization (2007)

Background: Culture remains the gold standard in the diagnosis of bacterial infection, but molecular biological techniques have yielded promising results. In this study, we validated a combined polymerase chain reaction and reverse line blot hybridization protocol for identifying musculoskeletal infections. Methods: Samples were obtained from seventy-six patients undergoing orthopaedic surgery for various aseptic and septic indications. The diagnosis of infection was based on a review of all available clinical and culture data. In addition to routine culture for aerobic and anaerobic growth, samples were analyzed with a broad-range 16S rRNA polymerase chain reaction and subsequent reverse line blot hybridization with use of twenty-eight group, genus, and species-specific oligonucleotide probes. Results: An infection was diagnosed on the basis of patient data in thirty-one patients. All but one of the patients with a clinical diagnosis of infection had a positive result of the polymerase chain reaction-reverse line blot hybridization. Five of the forty-five patients in whom an infection was not suspected on the basis of patient data had at least one positive result of the polymerase chain reaction-reverse line blot hybridization. Cultures demonstrated microorganisms in twenty-five patients with an infection and in two patients in whom an infection was not suspected on the basis of the patient data. Staphylococcus aureus was the most common organism grown on culture. The species identified by the polymerase chain reaction-reverse line blot hybridization was in full accordance with that grown on culture in all but one patient. Conclusions: Polymerase chain reaction-reverse line blot hybridization performed well in detecting and identifying the various bacterial species and was more sensitive than routine culture. It identified Staphylococcus aureus as the most frequently found microorganism. Five patients in whom an infection was not suspected on the basis of the patient data had a positive result of the polymerase chain reaction, which may have been caused by contamination of the samples. However, three of these patients had aseptic loosening of a total hip prosthesis, suggesting the presence of a low-grade bacterial infection that remained undetected by the culture but was detected by the polymerase chain reaction-reverse line blot hybridization. Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level III. See Instructions to Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Why Trust is Bad for Security (2006)

We investigate how the term 'trust' has been used, and re-defined, in computer security, covering Trusted Computing Platforms, Trust Management, Trusted Computing, and Trusted Code. We conclude that trust is a dangerous word to use as it has manifold and sometimes contradictory meanings. There is no immediate problem when trust is used in a specific research area to denote some concept of interest. Difficulties arise when interfacing between communities that use this word differently, and with the general public which is unlikely to associate a word like trust with any specific technical definition adopted in a field of research.
Network Resource Allocation System for QoE-Aware Delivery of Media Services in 5G Networks (2018)

The explosion in the variety and volume of video services makes bandwidth and latency performance of networks more critical to the user experience. The media industry's response, HTTP-based Adaptive Streaming technology, offers media players the possibility to dynamically select the most appropriate bitrate according to the connectivity performance. Moving forward, the telecom industry's move is 5G. 5G aims efficiency by dynamic network optimization to make maximum use of the resources to get as high capacity and Quality of Service (QoS) as possible. These networks will be based on software defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV) techniques, enabling self-management functions. Here, machine learning is a key technology to reach this 5G vision. On top of machine learning, SDN and NFV, this paper provides a network resource allocator system as the main contribution which enables autonomous network management aware of quality of experience (QoE). This system predicts demand to foresee the amount of network resources to be allocated and the topology setup required to cope with the traffic demand. Furthermore, the system dynamically provisions the network topology in a proactive way, while keeping the network operation within QoS ranges. To this end, the system processes signals from multiple network nodes and end-to-end QoS and QoE metrics. This paper evaluates the system for live and on-demand dynamic adaptive streaming over HTTP and high efficiency video coding services. From the experiment results, it is concluded that the system is able to scale the network topology and to address the level of resource efficiency, required by media streaming services.
A Requirement for Sodium in the Growth of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides (1960)

It was shown by MacLeod and his co-workers that among bacteria only the true marine forms have a specific sodium requirement. These all require this ion in concentrations of the order of a few tenths of 1 %. The non-marine bacteria studied by MacLeod were distinguished from marine forms by their lack of any requirement for sodium (MacLeod, Onofrey & Norris, 1954; MacLeod & Onofrey, 1956). In view of these facts, the following observation, which I made in the course of studying the amino acid nutrition of Rhodopseudomonas spheroides, seemed significant. This bacterium can grow very well in media of ordinary ionic strength and thus is not obviously marine. I observed that it did not grow in a medium in which an artificial mixture of amino acids had replaced an acid hydrolysate of casein. Since almost 40 % of the hydrolysate used was sodium chloride, I added a little NaCl to the medium containing the artificial mixture of amino acids. I then found that the growth was as rapid as in the medium made with casein hydrolysate. It was easily shown that a very much simpler mixture of amino acids permitted rapid growth in the presence of as little as 100 μg. NaCl/ml. This requirement for a low concentration of sodium seemed to set this organism apart both from marine and from terrestrial bacteria and thus to merit a more detailed analysis, the first results of which are reported here.
Lower respiratory viral infections in immunocompetent children. (1994)

Viral lower respiratory disease causes a heavy burden on our society. Better understanding of the epidemiology of these viruses combined with new rapid diagnostic techniques will provide more rapid and more reliable diagnosis of these agents in the future. Two agents not commonly thought of as causes of LRI in children (rhinoviruses, coronaviruses) should now be added to an already long list. Effective drugs exist for prophylaxis against influenza virus type A and therapy for influenza virus type A, type B, and RSV. While no new antiviral drugs are near clinical use at this time, new antiviral agents are constantly being tested and developed. High-titer, specific antiviral IVIG appears promising for both therapy and prophylaxis. Over the next decade, improved influenza virus vaccines and safe and effective vaccines against HPIV and RSV are expected. Adenoviral vaccines for use in immunocompromised patients are possible, but a generally available vaccine for all children is less likely. Although the basic clinical epidemiology of these viruses has been well investigated over the last 30 years, new molecular techniques are greatly expanding our understanding of these agents. Antigenic and genetic variation is being found in many viruses previously thought homogeneous. The exact role and biologic significance of this variation is just beginning to be explored, but already there is evidence of differences in pathogenicity and immunogenicity in many of these substrains. All of this information will have an impact on future vaccine and antiviral drug development.
A New Design of a Thermionic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Detector for GC (1974)

Journal Article A New Design of a Thermionic Nitrogen and Phosphorus Detector for GC Get access B. Kolb, B. Kolb Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar J. Bischoff J. Bischoff Bodenseewerk Perkin-Elmer & Co. GmbH, Überlingen Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Chromatographic Science, Volume 12, Issue 11, November 1974, Pages 625–629, https://doi.org/10.1093/chromsci/12.11.625 Published: 01 November 1974
Variations in fracture system geometry and their implications for fluid flow in fractures hydrocarbon reservoirs (1999)

Studies assembling high quality datasets of fracture systems (joints and faults) from four reservoir analogues are described. These comprise limestones (Ireland), sandstones (Norway and Saudi Arabia) and chalk (Denmark). These are used with existing information from the literature to review the major controls and scaling behaviour of fracture systems expected in reservoir rocks. Lithological layering was found to be important and two end-member fracture systems have been identified. In "stratabound" systems, fractures are confined to single layers, sizes are scale restricted, and spacing is regular. In "non-stratabound systems", fractures show a wide range of sizes (often power-law), are spatially clustered and vertically persistent. In nature, variations between and combinations of these systems exist. These end-member systems have contrasting implications for fluid flow, including the scale of fracture that controls flow and the existence of a representative elementary volume, and thus on appropriate modelling approaches.
Genetic storms: investigating the Gulf War Syndrome (2002)

Exploratory data analysis problems involving lots of data, but few hypotheses about them, are modeled as search problems over large unstructured spaces. For example, following the 1991 Persian Gulf conflict, medical evaluations of participants-conducted due to reports of a "Gulf War Syndrome"-have produced large amounts of medical data. This data, the basis for our investigation of the syndrome, ranges over more than 150 attributes, making the search problem over the attribute space a hard one. We solve it with a genetic algorithm, intertwined with algorithms that operate on the detailed data. Computational results suggest the system has performed a comprehensive search at low cost. Our findings: no indication yet of a single syndrome or other medical entity, but numerous correlations of exposure/demographic information and associated symptoms/diagnoses exist and merit further medical research.