gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A retinex-based enhancing approach for single underwater image (2014)

Since the light is absorbed and scattered while traveling in water, color distortion, under-exposure and fuzz are three major problems of underwater imaging. In this paper, a novel retinex-based enhancing approach is proposed to enhance single underwater image. The proposed approach has mainly three steps to solve the problems mentioned above. First, a simple but effective color correction strategy is adopted to address the color distortion. Second, a variational framework for retinex is proposed to decompose the reflectance and the illumination, which represent the detail and brightness respectively, from single underwater image. An effective alternating direction optimization strategy is adopted to solve the proposed model. Third, the reflectance and the illumination are enhanced by different strategies to address the under-exposure and fuzz problem. The final enhanced image is obtained by combining use the enhanced reflectance and illumination. The enhanced result is improved by color correction, lightens dark regions, naturalness preservation, and well enhanced edges and details. Moreover, the proposed approach is a general method that can enhance other kinds of degraded image, such as sandstorm image.
Randomized phase II study of picoplatin in combination with 5-fluorouracil and leucovorin (FOLPI) as a neuropathy-sparing alternative to modified FOLFOX-6 as first-line therapy for colorectal cancer (CRC) (2009)

4026 Background: Picoplatin (Pico) was designed to overcome platinum resistance and has the potential for improved safety compared to other platinum agents. FOLFOX (5-FU, LV, oxaliplatin [oxali]) treatment for advanced CRC has dose-limiting oxali- related neurotoxicity. The incidence of grade (G) 3–4 neurotoxicity with single-agent Pico across studies was <2%, suggesting that Pico may provide a neuropathy-sparing alternative to oxali. A Phase I trial identified the Pico MTD at 150 mg/m 2 when infused Q4W with Q2W FU/LV. The present study evaluates Pico when administered Q4W with Q2W FU and LV (FOLPI) vs. modified (m) FOLFOX-6 (FOLFOX) as 1st line treatment for patients (pts) with advanced CRC. Methods: Each pt received LV and infusional FU per mFOLFOX-6 Q2W. Pts with no prior chemotherapy for advanced CRC received Pico Q4W (150 mg/m 2 ) or oxali Q2W (85 mg/m 2 ). Tumor response was assessed by RECIST using CT scans. Adverse events (AEs) were assessed with CTCAE. Neuropathy was assessed using the FACT-Neurotoxicity questionnaire and by a neurologist blinded to treatment. Results: 101 pts were randomized (50 to FOLPI, 51 to FOLFOX). Pts have received 213 (median 4, max 11) 4-week cycles of FOLPI and 414 (median 8, max 21) 2-week cycles of FOLFOX. Median dose intensity of Pico = 28 mg/m 2 /wk (range 19–44); mean relative dose intensity = 77%. Median dose intensity of oxali = 36 mg/m 2 /wk (range 28–43); mean relative dose intensity = 86%. Neurotoxicity was observed in 65% of pts on FOLFOX (10% G 3/4) and 28% of pts on FOLPI (no G 3/4). Most frequent G 3/4 AEs on FOLPI were neutropenia (60%), thrombocytopenia (40%) and anemia (14%). In the FOLFOX arm, other than neuropathy, the most frequent G 3/4 AEs were neutropenia (20%) and thrombocytopenia (12%). Disease control (CR+PR+SD) was 76% for FOLPI and 76% for FOLFOX. In the FOLPI arm there were 1 CR (2%) and 11 PR (22%). In the FOLFOX arm there were no CRs and 13 PR (26%). Conclusions: In this ongoing trial, FOLPI with Pico Q4W shows comparable disease control as measured by RECIST compared to FOLFOX. Neurotoxicity was less frequent and less severe in the FOLPI arm compared to the FOLFOX arm. Pico therefore may be a neuropathy-sparing alternative to oxaliplatin in CRC. [Table: see text]
Oligomerisierung von n-Butenen (2005)

Die bei thermischen und katalytischen Spaltprozessen anfallenden n-Butengemische werden u. a. als Edukt für Verfahren der Oligomerisierung eingesetzt. Dabei entstehen beim Einsatz von Festkörpersäurekatalysatoren Oligomerisate mit hohen Anteilen an verzweigten Olefinen, die nach Stabilisierung als Vergaserkraftstoff- und als Heizölkomponenten eingesetzt werden. In Gegenwart von Nickelverbindungen enthaltenden Katalysatoren entstehen aus den n-Butenen bevorzugt Octene mit geringem Verzweigungsgrad, die als Rohstoff für die Herstellung von PVC-Weichmachern dienen. Beschrieben werden die etablierten Verfahren und die Eigenschaften der Katalysatoren für die Oligomerisierung der n-Butene. Weiterhin wird zusammenfassend über Ergebnisse von Untersuchungen an NiO-Al2O3-SiO2-Katalysatoren für die Oligomerisierung von n-Butenen berichtet.
Induction of Connective Tissue Growth Factor by Activation of Heptahelical Receptors (2000)

Expression of connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) was induced in renal mesangial cells by activation of heptahelical receptors by serotonin (5-HT) and lysophosphatidic acid (LPA). Induction of CTGF mRNA was transient with maximal expression after 1 to 2 h, whereas induction of CTGF by transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) increased over time. In contrast to the induction of other early response genes (Egr-1 and cyclooxygenase-2), LPA-mediated induction of CTGF was pertussis toxin-insensitive and independent of p42/44 MAP kinase activation. 5-HT-mediated CTGF induction was due to activation of 5-HT(2A) receptors and likewise independent of p42/44 MAP kinase activation. Upon stimulation, enhanced levels of CTGF protein were detected in cellular homogenates, whereas no protein was detectable in cell culture supernatants. Inhibition of proteins of the Rho family by toxin B abrogated basal as well as CTGF expression stimulated by LPA, 5-HT, and TGF-beta. Inhibition of the downstream mediator of RhoA, the Rho kinase by Y-27632 partially reduced induction of CTGF by LPA and TGF-beta. Toxin B not only affected gene expression, but disrupted the actin cytoskeleton similarly as observed after treatment with cytochalasin D. Disassembly of actin stress fibers by cytochalasin D partially reduced basal and stimulated CTGF expression. These data indicate that an intact actin cytoskeleton is critical for the expression of CTGF. Elimination of the input of Rho proteins by toxin B, however, was significantly more effective and their effect on CTGF expression thus goes beyond disruption of the cytoskeleton. These findings thus establish activation of heptahelical receptors coupled to pertussis toxin-insensitive G proteins as a novel signaling pathway to induce CTGF. Proteins of the Rho family and an intact cytoskeleton were identified as critical determinants of CTGF expression induced by LPA and 5-HT, and also by TGF-beta.
Advances in Silicones and Silicone-Modified Materials (2010)

Silicon, silica and silicones are all related and each of them have important but separate technological roles to play for mankind in this millennium. All three have the element silicon (Si) in common but they have unique and distinctive chemistries, properties and applications. This overview describes some of the themes that continue to attract the attention of those of us with an interest in advanced materials which are based on the siloxane bond (Si-O). Materials based on the siloxane bond have been the main theme of the various ACS ‘Silicones and Silicone-Modified Materials Symposia’ and the resulting books that have been our pleasure to assemble from them. The siloxane bond is therefore the common factor that threads through this overview.
Rapid analgesic onset of intra-articular hyaluronic acid with ketorolac in osteoarthritis of the knee (2011)

Intra-articular HA with ketorolac showed more rapid analgesic onset than intra-articular HA alone and did not induce any serious complications.
Chemical-Shift-Selective Acquisition of Multiple-Quantum-Filtered23Na Signal (1996)

Equations describing the multiple-quantum (MQ) signal produced by an MQ pulse sequence are systematically derived in both absence and presence of refocusing RF pulses. When the RF pulses in an MQ pulse sequence satisfy certain conditions, these equations may be arranged in a factorized form. The off-resonance effects on the MQ signal due to chemical shift can then be analyzed separately during the preparation and evolution times. Using the reformulated equations, the dependence of the amplitude of an MQ signal on the phase shift induced by the resonance offset during the preparation and evolution times is demonstrated. By use of the new equations, it is shown that the off-resonance effects, occurring during both the preparation and evolution times, may be described in terms of the same physical process, i.e., interference between echo and antiecho. In applying the off-resonance effects for the elimination of the MQ signal in the presence of chemical shift, it is possible to suppress the MQ signal over a wider off-resonance bandwidth by use of the nonrefocused preparation and evolution times than by use of a single time. Furthermore, by taking an alternative approach in deriving the equations, the interference between echo and antiecho due to the resonance offset is shown to be insensitive to the flip angle of the creation RF pulse (usually the second pi/2 RF pulse). The theoretical findings were experimentally verified by use of a phantom containing sodium in agarose.
Surface modifying oligomers used to functionalize polymeric surfaces: Consideration of blood contact applications (2014)

ABSTRACT The surface modification of existing polymeric biomaterials represents a key strategy for improving the hemocompatibility in long‐ and short‐term biomedical materials without altering their bulk properties. Several techniques have been widely explored to generate surfaces that can prevent the activation of the coagulation system and lead to subsequent clot formation on the surfaces of polymeric blood contacting devices. In particular, strategies whereby the base polymer is blended with surface additives (SMAs) and surface modifying macromolecules (SMMs) are now recognized as practical and effective methods to improve surface polymeric materials. This review highlights the more recent advances in the synthesis of such additives and their blending with base polymers, with a specific focus on SMAs and SMMs with a molecular weight in the oligomeric range (< M n ∼12 kDa). The surface characterization of these modified materials is discussed in terms of water contact angle, X‐ray photoelectron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and the blood compatibility behavior, with specific attention to coagulation proteins and platelet adhesion. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2014 , 131 , 40328.
Implementation of current source inverter for power line conditioning (1991)

A current source inverter (CSI) designed to operate as a power line conditioner (PLC) is presented. Only six power switches are required for the CSI. A 5 kVA test model of the CSI has been built using insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) controlled by a digital signal processor (DSP). To determine system performance, experimental results are compared with computer simulations of an innovative adaptive frequency domain control for pulse width modulated (PWM) switching of the CSI. The adaptive frequency domain control algorithm performs quite well in both steady-state and transient conditions. The steady-state distortion factor of the line current is reduced from 28% to 5% or less. The displacement power factor is corrected from 0.5 lagging to unity. Single cycle PLC response time to a step change in load is demonstrated.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Prediction of Production Performance of Refractured Shale Gas Well considering Coupled Multiscale Gas Flow and Geomechanics (2020)

Production simulation is an important method to evaluate the stimulation effect of refracturing. Therefore, a production simulation model based on coupled fluid flow and geomechanics in triple continuum including kerogen, an inorganic matrix, and a fracture network is proposed considering the multiscale flow characteristics of shale gas, the induced stress of fracture opening, and the pore elastic effect. The complex transport mechanisms due to multiple physics, including gas adsorption/desorption, slip flow, Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion, stress sensitivity, and adsorption layer are fully considered in this model. The apparent permeability is used to describe the multiple physics occurring in the matrix. The model is validated using actual production data of a horizontal shale gas well and applied to predict the production and production increase percentage (PIP) after refracturing. A sensitivity analysis is performed to study the effects of the refracturing pattern, fracture conductivity, width of stimulated reservoir volume (SRV), SRV length of new and initial fractures, and refracturing time on production and the PIP. In addition, the effects of multiple physics on the matrix permeability and production, and the geomechanical effects of matrix and fracture on production are also studied. The research shows that the refracturing design parameters have an important influence on the PIP. The geomechanical effect is an important cause of production loss, while slippage and diffusion effects in matrix can offset the production loss.
Preliminary investigation of electrodynamic charged droplet processing to couple capillary liquid chromatography with matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (2004)

Charged droplet processing methodology, that utilizes electrodynamic levitation technology to control the trajectories of picoliter volume charged droplets and deliver them to a target plate at atmospheric pressure, has been developed. Termed wall-less sample preparation (WaSP), this methodology offers several features that could prove beneficial to the preparation of sample spots from separation column effluents for matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) analysis. These features include solute pre-concentration factors of 10(1) to 10(3) due to volatile solvent evaporation prior to droplet deposition onto the target plate, high spatial accuracy of the deposition position of each processed droplet (+/-5 microm), and the ability to prepare sample spots as small as 20 microm in diameter from a single droplet. Here a new mode of operation of this methodology is described and used as an offline post-column pre-concentrating interface between capillary liquid chromatography (capLC) and a target plate for offline MALDI-MS. Using a fraction from the capLC separation of peptides produced by the proteolytic digestion of the protein cytidine 5'-triphosphate:phosphocholine cytidylyltransferase, MALDI sample spots were prepared using the dried-droplet method, direct piezoelectric droplet dispensing, and the processing of piezo-dispensed droplets by WaSP. The sample spot morphology was investigated using light microscopy, and peptide ion abundances produced by MALDI were measured using time-of-flight (TOF) MS. The advantages of developing an online capLC/WaSP interface with MALDI-MS in the future are discussed along with some of the challenges that may be encountered in such an endeavor.
'Brachial/basilic vein' transposition for vascular access. (1995)

Permanent vascular access for haemodialysis usually involves the use of autogenous or prosthetic grafts when standard fistula sites and procedures are not available. We wish to present technique and results using a transposed upper arm deep vein for vascular access.
Microstructure Modulation in Copper Interconnects (2014)

Modulation of Cu interconnect microstructure in a low- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$k$ </tex-math></inline-formula> dielectric was achieved at an elevated anneal temperature of 250 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$^{\circ}{\rm C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> . In contrast to the unpassivated conventional structure, a TaN metal passivation layer was deposited on the plated Cu overburden surface before annealing at the elevated temperature to prevent stress migration reliability degradation. As compared with the conventional structure annealed at 100 <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="TeX">$^{\circ}{\rm C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> , the elevated annealing process enabled further Cu grain growth, which then resulted in an increased Cu grain size and improved electromigration resistance in the interconnects.
Effects of Post-Session Administration of Methylene Blue on Fear Extinction and Contextual Memory in Adults With Claustrophobia (2014)

Methylene blue enhances memory and the retention of fear extinction when administered after a successful exposure session but may have a deleterious effect on extinction when administered after an unsuccessful exposure session.
Progressive Color Transfer With Dense Semantic Correspondences (2019)

We propose a new algorithm for color transfer between images that have perceptually similar semantic structures. We aim to achieve a more accurate color transfer that leverages semantically meaningful dense correspondence between images. To accomplish this, our algorithm uses neural representations for matching. Additionally, the color transfer should be spatially variant and globally coherent. Therefore, our algorithm optimizes a local linear model for color transfer satisfying both local and global constraints. Our proposed approach jointly optimizes matching and color transfer, adopting a coarse-to-fine strategy. The proposed method can be successfully extended from one-to-one to one-to-many color transfer. The latter further addresses the problem of mismatching elements of the input image. We validate our proposed method by testing it on a large variety of image content.
Interpreting Adversarial Examples by Activation Promotion and Suppression (2019)

It is widely known that convolutional neural networks (CNNs) are vulnerable to adversarial examples: images with imperceptible perturbations crafted to fool classifiers. However, interpretability of these perturbations is less explored in the literature. This work aims to better understand the roles of adversarial perturbations and provide visual explanations from pixel, image and network perspectives. We show that adversaries have a promotion-suppression effect (PSE) on neurons' activations and can be primarily categorized into three types: i) suppression-dominated perturbations that mainly reduce the classification score of the true label, ii) promotion-dominated perturbations that focus on boosting the confidence of the target label, and iii) balanced perturbations that play a dual role in suppression and promotion. We also provide image-level interpretability of adversarial examples. This links PSE of pixel-level perturbations to class-specific discriminative image regions localized by class activation mapping (Zhou et al. 2016). Further, we examine the adversarial effect through network dissection (Bau et al. 2017), which offers concept-level interpretability of hidden units. We show that there exists a tight connection between the units' sensitivity to adversarial attacks and their interpretability on semantic concepts. Lastly, we provide some new insights from our interpretation to improve the adversarial robustness of networks.
The purification of the trypsin inhibitor from human pregnancy urine. (1972)

Abstract A trypsin inhibitor (UTI) was isolated from pooled urine from pregnant women by DEAE (diethylaminoethyl)-cellulose chromatography with a yield of 30 per cent and purified to a nearly homogeneous preparation. The majority of the antitrypsin activity in urine appears to be due to a single inhibitor which is a glycoprotein containing approximately 12 per cent carbohydrate with an estimated molecular weight of 70,000. The original crude fractions contained a heat-labile enzyme which under acid conditions rapidly modified UTI to a less anionic form without affecting the trypsin inhibitor activity. The inhibitor isolated in the present study has a significantly larger molecular weight than inhibitors prepared by other investigators. The procedures used by previous workers included an initial exposure of the crude inhibitor to acid conditions. Our results suggest that the UTI obtained in earlier studies probably represented the isolation of the modified inhibitor(s). From the results of this investigation, it is not yet possible to interrelate UTI to any of the known plasma trypsin inhibitors. The origin of UTI in urine remains a project of future research.
Development of translucent aluminum nitride ceramics (1989)

On decrit les proprietes des poudres requises pour la production de ceramiques d'AlN translucides et a haute conductivite thermique. On discute du frittage sans adjuvant ou a l'aide de 3CaO•Al 2 O 3 . On presente les proprietes et applications de ces ceramiques
Carcinoma de células de Merkel em extremidade inferior (2012)

Merkel cells carcinoma is a rare cutaneous neoplasia. Studies revealed an increase in the occurrence from 0.15 to 0.44 cases for every 100.000 inhabitants between 1986 and 2001. Around 50% of the patients, eventually, develop systemic disease, being the most common sites the liver, the bones and the brain. The etiology is still unknown. The present study presents a new case of Merkel cells carcinoma in extremity, treated with local resection and adjuvant radiotherapy.
QAInfomax: Learning Robust Question Answering System by Mutual Information Maximization (2019)

Yi-Ting Yeh, Yun-Nung Chen. Proceedings of the 2019 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing and the 9th International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing (EMNLP-IJCNLP). 2019.
Graft copolymerization by a preirradiation method (1960)

Abstract Free radicals as well as peroxides are formed when irradiation of polyethylene is accomplished with the use of cobalt‐60 or a Van de Graaff electron accelerator, as radiation sources, even in the presence of air. The free radicals are able to induce graft copolymerization under low temperatures, in which peroxide grafting cannot occur. When the irradiated polymer is stored in air, the trapped free radicals disappear monomolecularly, probably combining with oxygen. The activation energy for this reaction is 20 kcal./mole. In graft copolymerization by free radicals, the percent grafting is proportional to the square root of the free radical content, and the higher the grafting temperature, the faster the initial rate of graft copolymerization. There occurs, however, a saturation phenomenon of the per cent grafting with a grafting time, especially in high temperatures, and the higher the grafting temperature, the smaller the saturation value. It is believed that the kinetic theory of vinyl polymerization in a homogeneous system is applicable for graft reaction in spite of its apparent heterogeneous character.
Abnormal treating pressures in MHF (massive hydraulic fracturing) treatments (1983)

Abnormal treating pressures are observed during massive hydraulic fracturing (MHF) treatments in the Mesa Verde Formation of the Piceance Basin, Colorado. Data from 3 widely separated wells and in several zones per well all show a pressure increase during MHF treatments, called pressure growth. This pressure growth is at least semi-permanent. The elevated instantaneous shut-in pressures do not return to initial values over periods of several days. The magnitude of this pressure growth is highly variable. One possible cause of pressure growth is fracture branching. Pressure growth seems to be dependent on both pumping rate and fluid viscosity. 16 references.