gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Properties, synthesis, and growth mechanisms of carbon nanotubes with special focus on thermal chemical vapor deposition (2010)

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been extensively investigated in the last decade because their superior properties could benefit many applications. However, CNTs have not yet made a major leap into industry, especially for electronic devices, because of fabrication challenges. This review provides an overview of state-of-the-art of CNT synthesis techniques and illustrates their major technical difficulties. It also charts possible in situ analyses and new reactor designs that might enable commercialization. After a brief description of the CNT properties and of the various techniques used to synthesize substrate-free CNTs, the bulk of this review analyzes chemical vapor deposition (CVD). This technique receives special attention since it allows CNTs to be grown in predefined locations, provides a certain degree of control of the types of CNTs grown, and may have the highest chance to succeed commercially. Understanding the primary growth mechanisms at play during CVD is critical for controlling the properties of the CNTs grown and remains the major hurdle to overcome. Various factors that influence CNT growth receive a special focus: choice of catalyst and substrate materials, source gases, and process parameters. This review illustrates important considerations for in situ characterization and new reactor designs that may enable researchers to better understand the physical growth mechanisms and to optimize the synthesis of CNTs, thus contributing to make carbon nanotubes a manufacturing reality.
Property and Morphology Development in Nanocomposite Thermoplastic Elastomer Gels (2005)

Thermoplastic elastomer gels (TPEGs), molecular networks composed of a microphase-separated multiblock copolymer swollen to a large extent by a low-volatility midblock-selective solvent, are ubiquitous in a wide range of contemporary technologies, including home and office products, athletic equipment, and telecommunications devices. In this work, we investigate the effect of several network-forming nanoscale modifiers-two different silica nanoparticles, three different nanoclays, and a multiwalled carbon nanotube-on the property and morphology development of a TPEG prepared from a microphase-ordered poly(styrene-b-(ethylene-co-butylene)-b-styrene) (SEBS) triblock copolymer imbibed with an EB-compatible aliphatic mineral oil. Dynamic rheological measurements of the resultant nanocomposite TPEGs confirm that addition of these modifiers affects the linear viscoelastic threshold and increases, to different extents, the dynamic elastic modulus, the dynamic yield stress, and the maximum operating temperature of the parent TPEG. X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the nanoclays used to generate three series of modified TPEGs are generally swollen with copolymer and/or solvent.
Characterizing Morphology in Bulk Heterojunction Organic Photovoltaic Systems (2010)

Organic semiconductors are an alternative to inorganic materials in solar cell applications. While the efficiencies of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have been improving rapidly, they are currently below that required for widespread power generation. OPV performance is sensitive to the nanoscale texture, or film morphology, in the photovoltaic active layer, particularly in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) devices, and characterizing morphology across many length scales is currently a major experimental challenge. Here, we discuss several different experimental approaches for characterizing morphology in BHJ systems. These include techniques ranging from X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy to electron microscopy and scanning probe microscopy. These methods provide complementary information to guide future materials design and device optimization efforts.
A compact electrically-pumped hybrid silicon microring laser (2009)

A compact electrically-pumped hybrid silicon microring laser is realized on a hybrid silicon platform. A simplified, selfaligned, deep-etch process is developed to result in low-loss resonator with a high quality factor Q>15,000. Small footprint (resonator diameter=50 μm), electrical and optical losses all contribute to lasing threshold as low as 5.4 mA and up to 65 °C operation temperature in continuous-wave (cw) mode. Outcoupling- and bus waveguide width-dependent studies are conducted for optimizing device structure. A simple qualitative study in current-voltage (IV) characteristic shows that dry etching through active region leads to <3× more leakage current at the same reverse bias than wet etch counterpart. It indicates a relatively good interface with tolerable surface recombination from deep dry etch. The spectrum is single mode with large extinction ratio (>40 dB) and small linewidth (<0.04 nm) observed. The unique bistability operation in ring resonator structure is also demonstrated.
Security for Automated, Distributed Configuration Management (1999)

Installation, configuration, and administration of desktop software is a non-trivial process. Even a simple application can have numerous dependencies on hardware, device drivers, operating system versions, dynamically linked libraries, and even on other applications. These dependencies can cause surprising failures during the normal process of installations, updates and re-configurations. Diagnosing and resolving such failures involves detailed knowledge of the hardware and software installed in the machine, configuration manifests of particular applications, version incompatibilities, etc. This is usually too hard for end-users, and even for technical support personnel, specially in small businesses. It may be necessary to involve software vendors and outside consultants or laboratories. Employees working on sensitive, proprietary projects may even have to resort to calling the help line of an application vendor and discussing details of their desktop configuration. In order establish valid licensing, the user may be forced to disclose additional details such as the user’s identity, machine identification, software serial number, etc. This type of disclosure may reveal proprietary information or (worse) security vulnerabilities, and increase the risk of attack by hackers or
Implantable biodegradable polymeric device in the treatment of experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy (1995)

We investigated the use of a scleral plug of biodegradable polymer implanted at the pars plana to create a controlled drug-delivery system in the vitreous. We evaluated the efficacy of a plug containing doxorubicin hydrochloride to treat experimental proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in pigmented rabbits. An implantable device on the sclera, which imitates a scleral plug, containing 1% doxorubicin, was prepared with poly(lactic acid) (molecular weight, 20,000). The release of doxorubicin in phosphate-buffered saline was evaluated by spectro-photometry. After pars plana vitrectomy and plug implantation, concentrations of doxorubicin in the vitreous humor of the rabbits were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. The release profiles were evaluated during 5 weeks in vitro and 4 weeks in vivo. Cultured homologous fibroblasts were injected into the vitreous space to induce experimental PVR after gas compression of the vitreous. The scleral plugs were implanted at the pars plana in treatment animals (n = 11). Control rabbits (n = 11) were followed up without implantation after PVR induction. All eyes of the control group developed tractional retinal detachment at day 28, while the incidence of retinal detachment was decreased to 64% in the treated eyes. (P = 0.002). The implantation of the scleral plug effectively inhibited intravitreous proliferation of fibroblasts. This study demonstrated that the scleral plug of biodegradable polymers may have potential as a treatment modality for PVR.
A Model Based Background Adjustment for Oligonucleotide Expression Arrays (2004)

High density oligonucleotide expression arrays are widely used in many areas of biomedical research. Affymetrix GeneChip arrays are the most popular. In the Affymetrix system, a fair amount of further pre-processing and data reduction occurs following the image processing step. Statistical procedures developed by academic groups have been successful at improving the default algorithms provided by the Affymetrix system. In this paper we present a solution to one of the pre-processing steps, background adjustment, based on a formal statistical framework. Our solution greatly improves the performance of the technology in various practical applications.\nAffymetrix GeneChip arrays use short oligonucleotides to probe for genes in an RNA sample. Typically each gene will be represented by 11-20 pairs of oligonucleotide probes. The first component of these pairs is referred to as a perfect match probe and is designed to hybridize only with transcripts from the intended gene (specific hybridization). However, hybridization by other sequences (non-specific hybridization) is unavoidable. Furthermore, hybridization strengths are measured by a scanner that introduces optical noise. Therefore, the observed intensities need to be adjusted to give accurate measurements of specific hybridization. One approach to adjusting is to pair each perfect match probe with a mismatch probe that is designed with the intention of measuring non-specific hybridization. The default adjustment, provided as part of the Affymetrix system, is based on the difference between perfect match and mismatch probe intensities. We have found that this approach can be improved via the use of estimators derived from a statistical model that use probe sequence information. The model is based on simple hybridization theory from molecular biology and experiments specifically designed to help develop it.\nA final step in the pre-processing of these arrays is to combine the 11-20 probe pair intensities, after background adjustment and normalization, for a given gene to define a measure of expression that represents the amount of the corresponding mRNA species. In this paper we illustrate the practical consequences of not adjusting appropriately for the presence of nonspecific hybridization and provide a solution based on our background adjustment procedure. Software that computes our adjustment is available as part of the Bioconductor project (http://www.bioconductor.
Quasi-3D Modelling of Two-Phase Slug Flow in Pipes (2014)

In this paper, we present progress obtained by the Quasi 3-Dimensional (Q3D) model for pipe flows. This model is based on a multi-fluid multi-field formulation with construction and tracking of the large-scale interfaces (LSIs). The computational time is significantly reduced compared to full 3D by using a specially adopted slice-averaging technique. However, the slice-averaging generates new terms in the model equations. These terms are related to important mechanisms such as wall shear stress and turbulence production at side walls. We present some basic performance tests of the Q3D model, including single phase wall friction and the velocities of single Taylor bubbles at inclinations ranging from horizontal to vertical. Finally we report the performance of the model for slug flow in horizontal and 10° inclined pipes. The model reproduces the experimental data satisfactorily for both cases in a very short simulation time compared to full 3D.
Angiocrine Bmp2 signaling in murine liver controls normal iron homeostasis (2016)

Microvascular endothelial cells (ECs) display a high degree of phenotypic and functional heterogeneity among different organs. Organ-specific ECs control their tissue microenvironment by angiocrine factors in health and disease. Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are uniquely differentiated to fulfill important organ-specific functions in development, under homeostatic conditions, and in regeneration and liver pathology. Recently, Bmp2 has been identified by us as an organ-specific angiokine derived from LSECs. To study angiocrine Bmp2 signaling in the liver, we conditionally deleted Bmp2 in LSECs using EC subtype-specific Stab2-Cre mice. Genetic inactivation of hepatic angiocrine Bmp2 signaling in Stab2-Cre;Bmp2<sup>fl/fl</sup> (Bmp2<sup>LSECKO</sup>) mice caused massive iron overload in the liver and increased serum iron levels and iron deposition in several organs similar to classic hereditary hemochromatosis. Iron overload was mediated by decreased hepatic expression of hepcidin, a key regulator of iron homeostasis. Thus, angiocrine Bmp2 signaling within the hepatic vascular niche represents a constitutive pathway indispensable for iron homeostasis in vivo that is nonredundant with Bmp6. Notably, we demonstrate that organ-specific angiocrine signaling is essential not only for the homeostasis of the respective organ but also for the homeostasis of the whole organism.
Insecticidal activity of the pyrethrins and related compounds V. toxicity of the methylbenzyl chrysanthemates to houseflies (<i>Musca domestica</i>) and mustard beetles (<i>Phaedon cochleariae</i>) (1972)

Abstract The insecticidal activities to houseflies and to mustard beetles of the 19 methylbenzyl (±)‐ cis ‐ trans ‐chrysanthemates were measured to establish the patterns of substitution that produce the greatest toxicities to these insects. The two species of insect differ in their responses to the various compounds in the series. The most active compounds to houseflies and mustard beetles are, respectively, 2,4,6‐and 2,3,6‐trimethylbenzyl (±)‐ cis ‐ trans ‐chrysanthemates.
Spectra-Folding Feedback Architecture for Concurrent Dual-Band Power Amplifier Predistortion (2015)

This paper proposes a spectra-folding feedback (SFFB) architecture for digital predistortion (DPD) of concurrent dual-band power amplifiers (PAs). Conventional dual-band DPD contains a dual-branch feedback path to receive the PA output signals at respective bands. The proposed architecture, however, is constructed by a single-branch receiving path, so that the hardware expense (such as down converters, filters, or analog-to-digital converters) of the feedback path is significantly reduced. In this architecture, simple modifications are made to the down converter to allow the use of only one analog-to-digital converter. With the proposed signal processing in the baseband, the SFFB DPD can achieve comparative performance as the conventional dual-branch DPD. Experiments were performed using various configurations of LTE/LTE-Advanced (long-term evolution/long-term evolution advanced) signals of up to 80 MHz contiguous bandwidth and carrier spacing of 1 GHz. It is clearly shown by the experimental results that the proposed SFFB DPD can achieve satisfactory linearization performance, with significantly reduced hardware complexity.
TRILL: Multi-Topology (2015)

This document specifies extensions to the IETF TRILL (Transparent
Interconnection of Lots of Links) protocol to support multi-topology
routing of unicast and multi-destination traffic based on IS-IS
(Intermediate System to Intermediate System) multi-topology specified
in RFC 5120. It updates RFC 6325 and RFC 7177.
Growth and characterization of ferroelectric BaMgF4 films (1991)

Experimental data are presented that confirm ferroelectric thin films of BaMgF4 can be grown by ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) sublimation on semiconductor and metallized substrates at temperatures below 500 °C. Hysteresis properties of the films are shown to be qualitatively consistent with those measured on thinned single-crystal samples cut perpendicular to the ferroelectric (orthorhombic) a axis. Loops from weakly oriented films on Si(100) display a Pr/Ps ratio of approximately 0.84, with Ps =1.6 μC/cm2 and EC =150 kV/cm. These values are explained on the basis of the film orientation and the measured properties for the bulk crystals. Metal–insulator–semiconductor structures formed with fluoride layers grown on lightly doped Si substrates yielded C–V switching properties indicating their suitability for use in high-performance ferroelectric field-effect transistor memory structures. In particular, switching attributable to polarization charge reversal inside the ferroelectric layer, rather than by tunnel injection of carriers from the Si into the ferroelectric, has been achieved for the first time with this material.
Hypoglycaemic Agents. Part III (1962)

Abstract New variants of tolbutamide are described.
Acetoacetyl Coenzyme A Reductase and Polyhydroxybutyrate Synthesis in <i>Rhizobium</i> ( <i>Cicer</i> ) sp. Strain CC 1192 (1998)

Biochemical controls that regulate the biosynthesis of poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) were investigated in Rhizobium (Cicer) sp. strain CC 1192. This species is of interest for studying PHB synthesis because the polymer accumulates to a large extent in free-living cells but not in bacteroids during nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants. Evidence is presented that indicates that CC 1192 cells retain the enzymic capacity to synthesize PHB when they differentiate from the free-living state to the bacteroid state. This evidence includes the incorporation by CC 1192 bacteroids of radiolabel from [14C]malate into 3-hydroxybutyrate which was derived by chemically degrading insoluble material from bacteroid pellets. Furthermore, the presence of an NADPH-dependent acetoacetyl coenzyme A (CoA) reductase, which was specific for R-(-)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA and NADP+ in the oxidative direction, was demonstrated in extracts from free-living and bacteroid cells of CC 1192. Activity of this enzyme in the reductive direction appeared to be regulated at the biochemical level mainly by the availability of substrates. The CC 1192 cells also contained an NADH-specific acetoacetyl-CoA reductase which oxidized S-(+)-3-hydroxybutyryl-CoA. A membrane preparation from CC 1192 bacteroids readily oxidized NADH but not NADPH, which is suggested to be a major source of reductant for nitrogenase. Thus, a high ratio of NADPH to NADP+, which could enhance delivery of reductant to nitrogenase, could also favor the reduction of acetoacetyl-CoA for PHB synthesis. This would mean that fine controls that regulate the partitioning of acetyl-CoA between citrate synthase and 3-ketothiolase are important in determining whether PHB accumulates.
[Cholinergic chemical transmission. Mechanisms of control]. (1987)

The isolation of fractions of purified synaptic constituents has permitted to localize the enzymes involved in cholinergic mechanisms and to evaluate the acetylcholine concentration of vesicular stores and of the cytoplasmic pool where transmitter is synthetized. The isolation of cholinergic synaptosomes allowed study the mechanisms and regulations controlling the release process. The depletion of cytoplasmic acetylcholine elicited by stimulation is discussed in parallel to the role of synaptic vesicles. Presynaptic membrane proteins seem to be directly involved in the release of the transmitter.
Protease‐Activatable Hybrid Nanoprobe for Tumor Imaging (2014)

Tumor‐associated proteases (TAPs), such as legumain, are actively involved in cancer progression; they have been used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and drug targeting. As a result, in‐vivo detection and trafficking of TAPs have attracted a great deal of attention. TAP‐specific probes for in‐vivo imaging, however, remain rare. A TAP‐responsive hybrid nanoprobe system based on quantum dots (QD) and the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) effect is presented for the detection of legumain (asparaginyl endopeptidase), which is overexpressed in many tumors. A novel hybrid construction method is developed for fabricating the nanoprobe, by which the strong heparin–protamine affinity is used for conjugation. The hybrid comprises two components: 1) low‐molecular‐weight heparin (LH)‐modified QD, and 2) low‐molecular‐weight protamine (LMWP)‐conjugated fluorescence quencher QSY21, through a legumain‐cleavable linker. The hybrid nanoprobe (i.e., a FRET system) is self‐assembled via the LH–LMWP affinity. The linker between LMWP and QSY21 is selectively cleaved by legumain, leading to QSY21 detachment and fluorescence recovery in the tumor. In‐vivo imaging is successfully achieved in the colon tumor mouse model. Importantly, such a hybrid nanoprobe system is adaptable for the detection of other TAPs (e.g., matrix metalloproteinase ‐2) by using an established, corresponding substrate–peptide linker, thereby offering a universal platform for TAP detection and tumor imaging.
Liquid dielectrophoresis and surface microfluidics (2010)

Liquid dielectrophoresis (L-DEP), when deployed at microscopic scales on top of hydrophobic surfaces, offers novel ways of rapid and automated manipulation of very small amounts of polar aqueous samples for microfluidic applications and development of laboratory-on-a-chip devices. In this article we highlight some of the more recent developments and applications of L-DEP in handling and processing of various types of aqueous samples and reagents of biological relevance including emulsions using such microchip based surface microfluidic (SMF) devices. We highlighted the utility of these devices for on-chip bioassays including nucleic acid analysis. Furthermore, the parallel sample processing capabilities of these SMF devices together with suitable on- or off-chip detection capabilities suggest numerous applications and utility in conducting automated multiplexed assays, a capability much sought after in the high throughput diagnostic and screening assays.
A novel IF channel selection technique by analog-double quadrature sampling for complex low-IF receivers (2004)

This paper presents a novel IF channel selection technique for complex low-IF receivers. By utilizing the frequency-shifting characteristic of analog-double quadrature sampling (A-DQS), and setting the IF equal to half of the channel bandwidth, the desired channel and its image are neighbors and they can be selected to the baseband through simple control. Thus, the channel selection original performed by the front-end integer-N PLL frequency synthesizer can be partitioned to the A-DQS in the IF. The benefits of this partitioning channel selection method are 1) the step-size of the integer-N PLL frequency synthesizer can be doubled to two channels bandwidth in order to maintain low phase noise and fast settling time in very low-IF operation, 2) the locking position of the local oscillator in the entire frequency band is halved, since the frequency synthesizer only performs the frequency down-conversion of every two channels to the IF. Such technique is especially efficient in wireless receivers for 2.4 GHz 802.11b WLANs or Bluetooth that employ frequency-hopping to capture the signals.
Effects of Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems on Practitioner Performance and Patient Outcomes (2005)

Many CDSSs improve practitioner performance. To date, the effects on patient outcomes remain understudied and, when studied, inconsistent.
Constitutive activation of NF-kappa B in an animal model of aging (1997)

The pathophysiology of many disease states observed in aged individuals has been linked to the dysregulated production of several pleiotropic cytokines. We have demonstrated that NF-kappa B, a major transcriptional regulator of these aberrantly expressed cytokines, exists in a constitutively activated state in cells obtained from the major lymphoid organs of aged animals. Therapeutic treatment with dietary antioxidants or with agents capable of activating the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha was able to correct the abnormal nuclear NF-kappa B activity, reduce lipid peroxide levels, and eliminate the dysregulated expression of cytokines and other genes under NF-kappa B control. These results suggest that abnormal activation of NF-kappa B in aging contributes to the dysregulated expression of certain pleiotropic cytokines. Effective therapeutic regimens for aging and other inflammatory disease states might benefit from the administration of antioxidants or other agents which specifically activate PPAR-alpha.