gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Development, parallelization, and automation of a gas‐inducing milliliter‐scale bioreactor for high‐throughput bioprocess design (HTBD) (2005)

A novel milliliter-scale bioreactor equipped with a gas-inducing impeller was developed with oxygen transfer coefficients as high as in laboratory and industrial stirred-tank bioreactors. The bioreactor reaches oxygen transfer coefficients of >0.4 s(-1). Oxygen transfer coefficients of >0.2 s(-1) can be maintained over a range of 8- to 12-mL reaction volume. A reaction block with integrated heat exchangers was developed for 48-mL-scale bioreactors. The block can be closed with a single gas cover spreading sterile process gas from a central inlet into the headspace of all bioreactors. The gas cover simultaneously acts as a sterile barrier, making the reaction block a stand-alone device that represents an alternative to 48 parallel-operated shake flasks on a much smaller footprint. Process control software was developed to control a liquid-handling system for automated sampling, titration of pH, substrate feeding, and a microtiter plate reader for automated atline pH and atline optical density analytics. The liquid-handling parameters for titration agent, feeding solution, and cell samples were optimized to increase data quality. A simple proportional pH-control algorithm and intermittent titration of pH enabled Escherichia coli growth to a dry cell weight of 20.5 g L(-1) in fed-batch cultivation with air aeration. Growth of E. coli at the milliliter scale (10 mL) was shown to be equivalent to laboratory scale (3 L) with regard to growth rate, mu, and biomass yield, Y(XS).
On the Absolute Configuration of 19‐Hydroxy‐Prostaglandin B<sub>1</sub> (1968)

19‐Hydroxy‐prostaglandin B 1 , isolated from human seminal plasma, was treated with tritiumlabeled acetic anhydride and degraded by oxidation with permanganate in acetone. Tritiumlabeled 3‐acetoxybutanoic acid was isolated from the oxidation product and diluted with unlabeled dl ‐3‐acetoxybutanoic acid. The morphine salt of the acid was resolved. These experiments showed that the tritium‐labeled 3‐acetoxybutanoic acid had the d ‐configuration and consequently the parent 19‐hydroxy‐prostaglandin B 1 has the d ‐configuration at C‐19. The configuration at C‐15 is discussed.
Tuberculin tests during the course of sarcoidosis in 350 patients. (1971)

Tuberculin sensitivity was determined in 350 patients with tissue-confirmed sarcoidosis during a period of one to 22 years. At first presentation, 190 patients (54 per cent) were completely nonreactive to 100 TU to 250 TU, 111 (32 per cent) reacted only to 100 TU to 250 TU, and 49 (14 per cent) reacted to 1 TU to 10 TU. Nonreactors and weak reactors comprised 301 patients (86 per cent). The ratio of nonreactors and weak reactors to strong reactors remained at a similar level in each of three time periods during a span of one year to 22 years. In 91 of the patients in whom serial tuberculin tests were done, reactivity to tuberculin did not change in more than two thirds. In the total group of 350 patients, differences in the degree of tuberculin reactivity among patients with subacute and chronic sarcoidosis were not significant. When sarcoidosis stabilized or became clinically inactive, tuberculin reactivity showed little change from that present during the active phase of sarcoidosis among 69 patients wh...
Detection and Classification of Acoustic Signals from Fixed-Wing Aircraft (1991)

The acoustic emission from a twin propellor aircraft is analyzed in the frequency domain. The time-varying power spectrum estimate of the signal is generated using the Welch method. Several stationary spectral peaks are identified in the power spectrum. An algorithm is proposed to detect and classify the aircraft based on these spectral peaks.
Shared resource matrix methodology (1983)

Recognizing and dealing with storage and timing channels when performing the security analysis of a computer system is an elusive task. Methods for discovering and dealing with these channels have mostly been informal, and formal methods have been restricted to a particular specification language.
Integrating III-V compound semiconductors with silicon for advanced multijunction solar cells. (2015)

Abstract not provided.
Gene expression within a chromatin domain: the role of core histone hyperacetylation (1994)

Scaffold-attached regions (SAR elements) increase transcriptional rates for integrated but not episomal templates, and this effect can be potentiated by using an epigenetically active reagent, butyrate. The action of butyrate is a direct one, not involving de novo protein synthesis, and can be mimicked by using a novel and highly specific inhibitor of histone deacetylases, (R)-trichostatin A. This leads to a model in which SAR elements serve to stabilize the chromosomal topology arising as a consequence of hyperacetylation of histone cores. The synergistic effects of histone hyperacetylation and SARs are mediated by promoter upstream elements since, for a simple TATA box, the response to both parameters is an additive one.
Invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease (2011)

The most important remaining gap in our knowledge is probably an understanding of how NTS is transmitted, and the nature of the relationship between diarrhoeal disease, carriage and invasive disease in Africa, so that diagnostic and prevention tools can be appropriately directed.
Heterologous Expression and Functional Characterization of a Mouse Renal Organic Anion Transporter in Mammalian Cells (1999)

Organic anion transporters play an essential role in eliminating a wide range of organic anions including endogenous compounds, xenobiotics, and their metabolites from kidney, thereby preventing their potentially toxic effects within the body. The goal of this study was to extend our previous study on the functional characterization and post-translational modification of a mouse kidney organic anion transporter (mOAT), in a mammalian cell system, COS-7 cells. The transporter-mediated p-aminohippurate (PAH) uptake was saturable, probenecid-sensitive, and inhibited by a wide range of organic anions including vitamins, anti-hypertensive drugs, anti-tumor drugs, and anti-inflammatory drugs. Tunicamycin, an inhibitor of asparagine-linked glycosylation, significantly inhibited the transport activity. Immunofluorescence provided evidence that most of the protein remained in the intracellular compartment in tunicamycin-treated cells. Diethyl pyrocarbonate (DEPC), a histidine residue-specific reagent, completely blocked PAH transport. The inhibitory effect by DEPC was significantly protected (90%) by pretreating the cells with excess unlabeled PAH, suggesting that the histidine residues may be close to the PAH binding sites. Finally, in situ mRNA localization was studied in postnatal mouse kidney. The expression was observed in proximal tubules throughout development. We conclude that COS-7 cells may be useful in pharmacological and molecular biological studies of this carrier. The carbohydrate moieties are necessary for the proper trafficking of mOAT to the plasma membrane, and histidine residues appear to be important for the transport function.
State Estimation for the Individual and the Population in Mean Field Control With Application to Demand Dispatch (2016)

This paper concerns state estimation problems in a mean field control setting. In a finite population model, the goal is to estimate the joint distribution of the population state and the state of a typical individual. The observation equations are a noisy measurement of the population. The general results are applied to demand dispatch for regulation of the power grid, based on randomized local control algorithms. In prior work by the authors it is shown that local control can be designed so that the aggregate of loads behaves as a controllable resource, with accuracy matching or exceeding traditional sources of frequency regulation. The operational cost is nearly zero in many cases. The information exchange between grid and load is minimal, but it is assumed in the overall control architecture that the aggregate power consumption of loads is available to the grid operator. It is shown that the Kalman filter can be constructed to reduce these communication requirements, and to provide the grid operator with accurate estimates of the mean and variance of quality of service (QoS) for an individual load.
Commentary (2009)

The story in Freeman and Kydland (2000) is this: A modern version of the Friedman and Schwartz (1963) idea is that because the business cycle component of money is positively correlated with the business cycle component of output, we have evidence that money shocks cause business cycles. But if you build a model that captures the reality that consumers can choose between two means of payment, money and deposits, you can get that output and (the sum of) money (and deposits) both rise following a positive productivity shock. When productivity rises, agents want to consume more largeticket goods; for that reason, it becomes more economical to buy things with deposits rather than money (because larger purchases reduce the per-unit costs of using deposits), and banks respond to that demand by creating more deposits. A model with no frictions and no monetary shocks can generate the supposed evidence that money shocks cause output fluctuations.
Multilingual Named Entity Recognition using Parallel Data and Metadata from Wikipedia (2012)

In this paper we propose a method to automatically label multi-lingual data with named entity tags. We build on prior work utilizing Wikipedia metadata and show how to effectively combine the weak annotations stemming from Wikipedia metadata with information obtained through English-foreign language parallel Wikipedia sentences. The combination is achieved using a novel semi-CRF model for foreign sentence tagging in the context of a parallel English sentence. The model outperforms both standard annotation projection methods and methods based solely on Wikipedia metadata. 1
Effective Schottky Barrier Height Lowering by TiN Capping Layer for TiSi<sub><italic>x</italic></sub>/Si Power Diode (2015)

The TiSi <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">x</sub> /n-Si(100) Schottky power diode is fabricated by Ti silicidation, and the Schottky barrier height (SBH) is found to be ~ 0.69 eV. For the first time, it is demonstrated that an 80 meV SBH reduction can be achieved by a TiN capping layer, which can lower ~15% self power consumption of the diode at a forward current of 20 A. It is revealed that the nitrogen atoms' diffusion into the TiSix results in the SBH lowering, which is discovered by X-ray diffraction measurement, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Uplink and downlink user pairing in full-duplex multi-user systems: Complexity and algorithms (2017)

In this paper, we consider a wireless network with one full-duplex (FD) base station (BS) and a set of half-duplex (HD) user equipments (UEs). In such scenario, in addition to the self-interference, the co-channel interference from uplink UEs to downlink UEs is the main bottleneck for the network performance. To overcome this, we consider the problem of maximizing the minimum fairness rate among all UEs by jointly determining the UE uplink/downlink directions and pairing the UEs over different resource blocks. We first show that the UE pairing problem is NP-hard in general. To develop efficient suboptimal algorithms, we formulate the considered problem as a mixed integer linear program and handle it by the iterative reweighted ℓ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">q</sub> -norm minimization (IRM) method. In particular, we propose a two-stage IRM algorithm that determines the UE transmission directions in the first stage followed by optimizing the UE pairs in the second stage. Simulation results are presented to show the efficacy of the proposed algorithm over some heuristic methods.
Engineering Maintenance: A Modern Approach (2002)

Of the more than $300 billion spent on plant maintenance and operations, U.S. industry spends as much as 80 percent of this amount to correct chronic failures of machines, systems, and people. With machines and systems becoming increasingly complex, this problem can only worsen, and there is a clear and pressing need to establish comprehensive equi
Toward Higher Order Control Modalities in Mammalian Cells‐Independent Adjustment of Two Different Gene Activities (2003)

Heterologous higher order control modalities will be important tools for targeted multigene interventions in next-generation gene therapy, tissue engineering, and sophisticated gene-function studies. In this study, we present the design and rigorous quantitative analysis of a variety of different dual-regulated gene transcription control configurations combining streptogramin- and tetracycline-responsive expression systems in a one-vector format. Quantitative assessment of dual-regulated expression performance in various mammalian and human cell lines is based on two compatible secreted reporter genes, SEAP, the human placental secreted alkaline phosphatase, and the recently developed SAMY, the secreted alpha-amylase. Assembly of streptogramin- and tetracycline-responsive transgene control units in consecutive (--> -->), divergent (<-- -->), and convergent (--> <--) orientation showed excellent regulation characteristics in most genetic arrangements exemplified by neglectable interference and high transgene induction ratios in all four control settings (ON/ON, OFF/ON, ON/OFF, OFF/OFF). The overall regulation performance of divergent dual-regulated expression configurations could be substantially increased when placing noncoding stuffer fragments or insulator modules between the divergently oriented antibiotic-responsive promoters. Dual-regulated expression technology pioneers artificial higher order gene control networks that will likely enable new opportunities in multigene metabolic engineering and generate significant therapeutic impact.
Silicon Carbide Optics for Space Situational Awareness and Responsive Space Needs (2008)

Over the past 10 years the application of Silicon Carbide (SiC) materials to space based imaging systems has expanded. The aerospace community has long recognized the technical, cost, and schedule benefits associated with the material, and adoption of the technology is facilitated as more successful flight systems are demonstrated. SiC provides a number of technical advantages, as a result of superior material properties. The material can also be manufactured using near-net-shape fabrication processes which provide significant cost and schedule advantages compared with competing material technologies. These technical and manufacturing advantages make SiC uniquely well suited to address the needs associated with Space Situational Awareness (SSA) and Responsive Space (RS) applications. The material has a low coefficient of thermal expansion, and a high thermal conductivity, allowing visible quality imaging in the presence of stressing, and changing, thermal loads. The material’s specific stiffness is high, approximately 70% of Beryllium, allowing stiff, lightweight optical systems to be produced. Passively athermal systems have been produced, demonstrating the ability of the material to provide visible quality imaging, without the need for actively controlled focus adjust mechanisms. In addition, SiC structural elements do not outgas, and have no issues with moisture absorption, allowing rapid on-orbit data acquisition. From the manufacturing perspective the material offers dramatic schedule benefits, these come primarily from L-3 SSG’s near-net-shape manufacturing process which allows complex, lightweighted optical and structural elements to be produced without the need for costly/time-consuming machining processes. These schedule advantages become more dramatic as the aperture of the system increases, and/or as the number of units increases. In this paper we provide an overview of the technical and manufacturing advantages associated with SiC, provide background with respect to the material’s flight heritage, and illustrate the advantages that can be obtained in applying the material to SSA and RS mission scenarios.
3D Weather – Towards a Real-time 3D Simulation of Localised Weather (2011)

Weather forecasts are nearly always portrayed from either a satellite view perspective, a numerical or symbol based representation. None of these methods actually portray weather visually from the point of view of the observer, that is, they do not represent our experience of weather. This problem presents a challenge to displaying weather using real-time 3D computer graphics. 3D Weather is a proposed method to solve this problem, to create more believable representations of the weather using real weather data. By employing computer graphic techniques and computer game concepts the project intends to create a localized display of weather using mapping and weather data. Started in 2010, the project has been exploring existing techniques, scoping out the needs of stakeholders (such as the Met Office), and creating a prototype to explore the issues. The paper concludes that the quest for realism with computer graphics can be a double-edged sword. It can lead to expectations of accuracy in the data its meant to represent, which can be desired, but in the case of the weather forecast the representation is not necessary what the weather will be, its what the weather might be. The continuing project will explore the balance of issues when representing the weather for past events as well as for forecasts.
Prediction and Creativity (1968)

It is not difficult to look back and see how man's view of his position in the Universe relates to his ability to change those parts of it which become accessible to him and how new insights which spring either directly or obliquely from scientific advances may affect his understanding both of his nature and of the direction of human responsibility.The City of Heaven fell before the telescope. The Industrial Revolution exhumed the fossils from its canal beds; one of its ships enabled Darwin to investigate island fauna: the theory of evolution was propounded and man's divinity and his moral nature were no longer secure. The divine origin of conscience was undermined by Freud.We can see how loyalties have shifted during recorded history yet we still find difficulties in grasping that our own views will be superseded.Once, the future was determined by God's will. Today we see it as springing directly from our technologies and our choices. How can we understand the nature of this responsibility?
New developments in the multi-site phosphorylation and integration of stress signalling at p53 (1998)

A picture is now emerging of the p53 protein as an integration point for stress signals. Different signals impinge on different domains of the protein and may cooperate in modulating the type of p53 response, depending on the nature of the incoming signal.
On the structure of charged interfaces (1963)

Abstract Former models of the electric double layer, and several alternative possibilities, lack consistency with six well-known facts. The paper attempts to adduce models which allow interpretation of these. The potential, not the charge, is the dependent variable in the double layer. The distortion dielectric constant of the water adsorbed on an electrode is six, not n∞2. The constant minimum capacity on the negative branch is interpreted in terms of a model in which Gouy adsorption begins outside the first layer of water molecules. Super-equivalent adsorption is purely electrostatic in nature and becomes appreciable if the ionic radius is &gt; 1.4 Å. The isotherm for this type of adsorption is treated in terms of lateral repulsion. The model is shown to give rise to a correct dependence of amount adsorbed on charge. The ‘capacitance hump’ arises from the slowing down of the rate of increase of the charge on the anions in the Helmholtz layer with increasingly positive charge on the metal due to repulsion among the anions. Some properties of the oriented dipole layer on electrodes are treated. The capacitance contributions due to change in the potential contribution of such dipoles to the Galvani p.d. with change in electrode charge is negligible. There is no unique value of Xdipole, for this is potential dependent. The maximum value, calculated for extreme values of charge on the electrode, is &lt; 100 mV. The adsorption of aliphatic substances in terms of numerous models is discussed. Some newly available facts are inconsistent with theories previously discussed. They are consistent with a ‘competition with water’ model in which the essential feature is the turning over of water molecules on the negative side of the e.c.m.
Ordered Deletions Using Exonuclease III (2003)

An important manipulation in molecular genetics is to make ordered deletions into a cloned piece of DNA. The most widely used application of this method is in DNA sequencing. Ordered deletions can also be used in delineating sequences that are important for the function of a gene, such as those required for transcription. The principle behind using deletions for sequencing is that consecutive parts of a fragment cloned into a plasmid vector are brought adjacent to a sequencing primer site in the vector. Deletions are generated by digesting DNA unidirectionally with Escherichia coli exonuclease III (ExoIII) (1). ExoIII digests one strand of double-stranded DNA by removing nucleotides from 3′ ends if the end is blunt or has a 5′ protrusion. A 3′ protrusion of 4 bases or more is resistant to ExoIII digestion.
The Cystic Fibrosis-causing Mutation ΔF508 Affects Multiple Steps in Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator Biogenesis (2010)

The deletion of phenylalanine 508 in the first nucleotide binding domain of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is directly associated with >90% of cystic fibrosis cases. This mutant protein fails to traffic out of the endoplasmic reticulum and is subsequently degraded by the proteasome. The effects of this mutation may be partially reversed by the application of exogenous osmolytes, expression at low temperature, and the introduction of second site suppressor mutations. However, the specific steps of folding and assembly of full-length cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) directly altered by the disease-causing mutation are unclear. To elucidate the effects of the ΔF508 mutation, on various steps in CFTR folding, a series of misfolding and suppressor mutations in the nucleotide binding and transmembrane domains were evaluated for effects on the folding and maturation of the protein. The results indicate that the isolated NBD1 responds to both the ΔF508 mutation and intradomain suppressors of this mutation. In addition, identification of a novel second site suppressor of the defect within the second transmembrane domain suggests that ΔF508 also effects interdomain interactions critical for later steps in the biosynthesis of CFTR.