gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Performance criteria for EM rail launchers with solid or transition armatures and laminated rails (1991)

Velocity limitations of electromagnetic (EM) rail launchers with solid armatures due to the velocity skin-effect are assessed for a range of homogeneous materials (copper, aluminium, molybdenum, and tungsten). Performance criteria, as limited by armature melting in the region adjacent to the rail/armature contact surface and by rail-surface melting, are deduced analytically based on defined electrothermal reference conditions. The performance criteria predict the reference transition velocity at which the solid contact surface changes to mainly a melted contact surface, which is shown to be a fundamental property of the materials. The analysis shows that the critical factors in obtaining a high-transition velocity are a relatively high-resistivity armature material combined with high-temperature rail-surface coatings. For example, a transition velocity of >2.0 km/s for a molybdenum armature and a tungsten rail-surface coating on a copper rail are predicted, compared with <0.5 km/s for the aluminium/copper combination frequently used. Such increases in transition velocity could be important in the development of a solid armature as the first stage of a multistage launcher with transition, hybrid, and possibly plasma armatures as the later stages.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Full-duplex, 25 km analogue fibre transmission at120 Mbit/s with simultaneous modulation and detection in an electroabsorptionmodulator (1997)

Analogue fibre-optic transmission of full-duplex 120 Mbit/s QPSK data, plus multichannel video, is demonstrated over 25 km using a single electroabsorption modulator as simultaneous optical transmitter and receiver at the remote terminal.
Loss of leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 causes impairment of protein degradation pathways, accumulation of α-synuclein, and apoptotic cell death in aged mice (2010)

Mutations in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) are the most common genetic cause of Parkinson's disease. LRRK2 is a large protein containing a small GTPase domain and a kinase domain, but its physiological role is unknown. To identify the normal function of LRRK2 in vivo, we generated two independent lines of germ-line deletion mice. The dopaminergic system of LRRK2(-/-) mice appears normal, and numbers of dopaminergic neurons and levels of striatal dopamine are unchanged. However, LRRK2(-/-) kidneys, which suffer the greatest loss of LRRK compared with other organs, develop striking accumulation and aggregation of alpha-synuclein and ubiquitinated proteins at 20 months of age. The autophagy-lysosomal pathway is also impaired in the absence of LRRK2, as indicated by accumulation of lipofuscin granules as well as altered levels of LC3-II and p62. Furthermore, loss of LRRK2 dramatically increases apoptotic cell death, inflammatory responses, and oxidative damage. Collectively, our findings show that LRRK2 plays an essential and unexpected role in the regulation of protein homeostasis during aging, and suggest that LRRK2 mutations may cause Parkinson's disease and cell death via impairment of protein degradation pathways, leading to alpha-synuclein accumulation and aggregation over time.
How Safe is Halothane (1972)

Halothane (2-bromo-2-chloro-1, 1, 1-trifluoro-ethane) is the most popular inhalation agent in today's anesthetic practice. Its desirable properties include high potency, nonflammabilty, patient acceptance, a low incidence of nausea and vomiting, ability to produce bronchodilation, and ease of maintenance. Prior to its introduction in 1956, it was subjected to an intense examination for both general and hepatic toxicity. Although these investigations disclosed no evidence of adverse effects, reports of liver dysfunction after halothane administration have appeared constantly in the literature. Thus, although the general safety of this drug continues to be excellent, the clinician is confronted with a dilemma each time he elects to use this agent. I hope to give some perspective to this question.
Automated quantum programming via reinforcement learning for combinatorial optimization (2019)

We develop a general method for incentive-based programming of hybrid quantum-classical computing systems using reinforcement learning, and apply this to solve combinatorial optimization problems on both simulated and real gate-based quantum computers. Relative to a set of randomly generated problem instances, agents trained through reinforcement learning techniques are capable of producing short quantum programs which generate high quality solutions on both types of quantum resources. We observe generalization to problems outside of the training set, as well as generalization from the simulated quantum resource to the physical quantum resource.
Use of the relative position signal for microactuators in hard disk drives (2004)

A practical technique for measuring the relative position of a secondary actuator in a hard disk drive is described. Experimental results verify that it is able to measure and compensate for the first microactuator resonance. Many different techniques for introducing secondary actuators into hard disk drives to improve performance have been proposed in the past, but the majority of these have relied on the standard position signal for controlling both actuators. Alternative control loops that use the relative position signal are also described. A comparison of these configurations and the effects of noise on the relative position signal are presented.
Photoluminescence and minority carrier diffusion length imaging in silicon and GaAs (1992)

The correlation between the distribution of minority carrier diffusion lengths monitored using surface photovoltage measurements and the distribution of photoluminescence intensity has been investigated in silicon and III-V semiconductor materials. Photovoltage measurements have been performed using a non-contact probe and constant photon flux method at room temperature, while the scanning photoluminescence measurements have been done in the room to liquid helium temperature range. To demonstrate the combined capabilities of the two methods, assessments of a liquid phase electroepitaxial InxGa1-xAs single crystal and 450 degrees C annealed silicon have been performed. The discussion emphasises the effects of non-uniform carbon distribution in InGaAs and oxygen-related defects in silicon.
Reductive alkylation of imines and esters with sodium in ammonia (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTReductive alkylation of imines and esters with sodium in ammoniaM. Winn, D. A. Dunnigan, and H. E. ZauggCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 6, 2388–2392Publication Date (Print):June 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 June 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01270a047https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01270a047research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views370Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Analysis of Nasal Consonants (1962)

The sound spectra of nasal murmurs in various vowel contexts have been studied by use of an analysis-by-synthesis scheme. The acoustic characteristics are described in terms of format-antiformant distributions (pole-zero locations of the transfer function for the articulatory system) in the frequency domain. It is shown that the location of the antiformant characterizes the murmur of each consonant within the class. The spectral structures are discussed with reference to the articulatory features, and acoustical interpretations of the observed characteristics of the formants and antiformant are given. Also suggested is the existence of certain gross spectral features that are characteristic of nasals as a class.
Anodic oxidation of amides and lactams using N-hydroxyphthalimide as a mediator. (1986)

Indirect electrochemical oxidation of amides and N-alkyllactams was performed using N-hydroxyphthalimide as a mediator. A carbonyl group was introduced in good yield at the α-carbon to the nitrogen of the compounds.
Measuring Similarity of Graphs and their Nodes by Neighbor Matching (2010)

The problem of measuring similarity of graphs and their nodes is important in a range of practical problems. There is a number of proposed measures, some of them being based on iterative calculation of similarity between two graphs and the principle that two nodes are as similar as their neighbors are. In our work, we propose one novel method of that sort, with a refined concept of similarity of two nodes that involves matching of their neighbors. We prove convergence of the proposed method and show that it has some additional desirable properties that, to our knowledge, the existing methods lack. We illustrate the method on two specific problems and empirically compare it to other methods.
Investigation of the chiral surfactantN-dodecoxycarbonylvaline in electrokinetic chromatography: Improvements in elution range and pH stabilityvia mixed micelles and vesicles, and the hydrophobicity determination of basic pharmaceutical drugs (2000)

The chiral surfactant dodecoxycarbonylvaline (DDCV) has proven to be an effective pseudostationary phase for the separation of many enantiomeric pharmaceutical compounds. In this study the elution range and the prediction of octanol-water partitioning for the DDCV micellar system was examined. Through incorporation of DDCV in mixed micelles and unilamellar vesicles, enhancement of the elution range was observed. The mixed micelles contained a second anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), while the vesicles were composed of DDCV and the cationic surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). Enantioselectivity, as well as other chromatographic and electrophoretic parameters, were compared between the mixed micelles, vesicles, and DDCV micelles. The hydrophobicity of the DDCV system was also evaluated as a predictor of n-octanol-water partition coefficients for 15 beta amino alcohols. The correlation between the logarithm of the retention factor (log k) and log P(ow) for seven hydrophobic beta-blockers and eight beta-agonists were r2 = 0.964 and r2 = 0.814, respectively.
Oral Manifestations of Sjögren’s Syndrome (2008)

Sjögren's syndrome is a common autoimmune rheumatic disease. The most common symptoms of Sjögren's syndrome are extreme tiredness, along with dry eyes (keratoconjunctivitis sicca) and dry mouth (xerostomia). Saliva plays an essential role in numerous functions of the mouth. Xerostomia can be caused by medications, chronic diseases like Sjögren's syndrome, and medical treatments, such as radiation therapy and bone marrow transplant. Xerostomia can eventually lead to difficulty in swallowing, severe and progressive tooth decay, or oral infections. Despite having excellent oral hygiene, individuals with Sjögren's syndrome have elevated levels of dental caries, along with the loss of many teeth, early in the disease. Sjögren's syndrome alters the protein profile and brings about a change in the composition of saliva. There is an increase in the levels of lactoferrin, beta(2)-microglobulin, sodium, lysozyme C, and cystatin C, and a decrease in salivary amylase and carbonic anhydrase. Up to 90% of individuals with Sjögren's syndrome have antibodies targeting the Ro 60 and La autoantigens. Natural aging, regardless of Sjögren's syndrome, is also another factor that brings about a significant change in the composition of saliva. The most prevailing cause of xerostomia in elderly persons is the use of anticholinergic medications. Currently, there is no cure for Sjögren's syndrome, and treatment is mainly palliative.
Dynamic test compaction for synchronous sequential circuits using static compaction techniques (2002)

Short test sequences for synchronous sequential circuits are important in reducing test application time and memory requirements. In addition, dynamic test compaction, where heuristics to generate short test sequences are incorporated into the test generation process, may also reduce test generation time. This is due to the fact that a smaller number of test vectors needs to be generated. We present a dynamic test compaction procedure. The compaction heuristics we use are based on previously proposed static compaction techniques. Conventionally, static compaction is applied as a postprocessing step, after the test sequence has been generated. In the proposed procedure, static compaction techniques are used while the test sequence is being generated, to reduce the need for postprocessing, or static compaction. Compared to other dynamic compaction procedures that generate very short test sequences, the computational overhead involved in the proposed procedure is significantly lower, yet short test sequences are obtained. The proposed techniques can be incorporated into other test generation procedures, to reduce the test lengths they produce.
Der Einfluß von Cystein und Winterschlaf auf die Überlebensrate röntgenbestrahlter Siebenschläfer (Glis glis) (1957)

Es wurde die Überlebensrate hibernisierter Siebenschläfer nach Röntgen-Ganzbestrahlung geprüft. Hierbei zeigte sich, daß der Strahlenschaden während des Winterschlafs latent vorhanden ist, aber erst nach dem Erwachen der Tiere manifest wird. Appliziert man den Tieren zum Zeitpunkt des Aufwachens (21 Tage nach Bestrahlung) Cystein i. p., so zeigt sich hier überraschenderweise noch eine Schutzwirkung dieses SH-Körpers.
Thickness-Shear Vibration Mode Characteristics of SrBi<sub>4</sub>Ti<sub>4</sub>O<sub>15</sub>-Based Ceramics (2000)

Dielectric and piezoelectric properties have been investigated in bismuth layer-structure compounds SrBi 4 Ti 4 O 15 (SBT) and BaBi 4 Ti 4 O 15 (BBT)-based solid solutions. Lanthanum-substituted and manganese-added SBT and BBT form solid solutions for all levels of Ba substitution. The Curie temperature and coercive field strength decrease monotonously with the amount of Ba substitution. The mechanical quality factor, Qm , of the thickness-shear vibration mode also decreases. The value of elastic compliance increases with the amount of Ba substitution, but conversely its temperature dependency decreases.
Late-onset preeclampsia is associated with an imbalance of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in patients with and without placental lesions consistent with maternal underperfusion (2011)

Nearly half of the patients with late-onset PE have placental lesions consistent with maternal underperfusion. These lesions are associated with an imbalance in the maternal concentration of angiogenic/anti-angiogenic factors. We propose that there is a link between maternal underperfusion and an anti-angiogenic state characterized by the changes in the concentrations of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in women with late onset PE.
A potential pathophysiologic role for <i>α</i> <sub>2</sub> <i>β</i> <sub>1</sub> integrin in human eye diseases involving vitreoretinal traction (1993)

Cell-mediated contraction of tissues containing fibrillar collagens can lead to organ compromise and loss of function. The same process that is biologically advantageous during the contraction phase of wound healing can be subverted in diseases such as hepatic cirrhosis, pulmonary fibrosis, and scleroderma, although the cellular and molecular mechanism of matrix tissue contraction is difficult to study in such chronic diseases. However, certain human eye diseases that result in tractional detachment of the retina and loss of vision are characterized by acute cell-mediated contraction of collagenous tissue in the vitreous cavity. In this study, we demonstrate that human cells can contract vitreous, a complex biological gel containing type II collagen, in vitro. This cell-mediated contraction can be blocked by antibodies and peptides that antagonize the function of alpha 2 beta 1 integrin, and the potential for contraction can be conferred upon noncontracting cells by stable transfection of cells with alpha 2 cDNA. We also show that this contractile process, if focally resisted, can result in remodeling vitreous from a gel to a structure that resembles a planar membrane, and that substantial isometric forces can be measured across this tissue. We propose that in diseases such as proliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative vitreoretinopathy, alpha 2 beta 1 integrin-mediated contraction of the vitreous and tension at the site of vitreoretinal attachments contribute to the terminal event of tractional retinal detachment. By extension, we propose that alpha 2 beta 1 integrin is a centrally important molecule in human diseases characterized by remodeling and contraction of collagenous tissue (i.e., fibrocontractive diseases).
A wafer-scale 170000-gate FFT processor with built-in test circuits (1988)

The wafer-scale 170000-gate fast Fourier transform (FFT) processor described consists of individual repeatable building blocks, each of which contains a processing element (PE) and interconnection wiring. The PE consists of a multiplier accumulator and its built-in self-test circuits. The wafer system is reconfigured by connected active blocks after block self-diagnosis. Blocks are connected using a programmable contact-hole mask. The processor performs parallel 16-bit, eight-point complex FFTs and is implemented with 725 I/O pads in triple-metal 2.3- mu m p-well CMOS technology on a 4-in. wafer. It is mounted by controlled-collapse bonding facedown on a 11.8*11.8-cm/sup 2/ substrate.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Object-oriented simulation (1991)

Object-oriented simulation languages provide simulationists with the tools to produce modular, reusable simulation models. In this tutorial, the authors discuss the major features of object-oriented languages and their application in simulation. They also discuss some of the problems with and areas of special potential for object-oriented simulation. >
Synthesis of optically active .BETA.-methyltryptophans from aziridine-2-carboxylates. (1990)

Some (αR, βR) -1, β-dimethyltryptophans (5__∼) were prepared by the reaction of aziridine-2-carboxylates (4__∼), derived from D-threonine, and N-alkylindoles in the presence of BF3·OEt2.
Multistage Cocurrent Contacting Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium Unit (1971)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTMultistage Cocurrent Contacting Vapor-Liquid Equilibrium UnitCharles C. Peiffer, Robert H. McCormick, and Merrell R. FenskeCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. Process Des. Dev. 1971, 10, 3, 380–384Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1971Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1971https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/i260039a017https://doi.org/10.1021/i260039a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views36Altmetric-Citations-LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access options Get e-Alerts
Three-dimensional imaging and scanning range finders using the parallax principle (2003)

A technique, for obtaining accurate, high resolution, three-dimensional range maps of scenes called the parallax principle, is discussed. Distances are obtained by measuring the separation of nearest-neighbor spots on the image plane of a camera produced by illuminating a scene with parallel beams of lines, planes, or hollow cylinders. The parallax method does not require knowledge of the location or orientation of the beam projector, nor does it suffer from the correspondence problem that plagues methods based on triangulation. Calibration and data reduction using the parallax method are considerably easier than with triangulation. A radar-type range finder for mobile robots that measures distances for all azimuths simultaneously without any mechanical motion is presented.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>