gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Why do patients fail to follow long term treatment? (2011)

To enhance their understanding of issues around adherence to treatment, eight health professionals adhered to a randomly selected six-week treatment regimen suitable for patients with type 1 diabetes. These regimens are designed to promote optimal diabetes control and promote patients' health and wellbeing. The participants were expected to undertake a number of invasive tasks, including blood-glucose monitoring and the administration of placebo injections. The extent to which members of the team felt able to manage their care was measured using self-reported questionnaires and their reflections were documented throughout the trial. The trial forced the team to question their expectations of children and young people with diabetes, and those of their parents. It also gave them an insight into factors that influence adherence to treatment.
Think Fast: A Tensor Streaming Processor (TSP) for Accelerating Deep Learning Workloads (2020)

In this paper, we introduce the Tensor Streaming Processor (TSP) architecture, a functionally-sliced microarchitecture with memory units interleaved with vector and matrix deep learning functional units in order to take advantage of dataflow locality of deep learning operations. The TSP is built based on two key observations: (1) machine learning workloads exhibit abundant data parallelism, which can be readily mapped to tensors in hardware, and (2) a simple and deterministic processor with producer-consumer stream programming model enables precise reasoning and control of hardware components, achieving good performance and power efficiency. The TSP is designed to exploit parallelism inherent in machine-learning workloads including instruction-level, memory concurrency, data and model parallelism, while guaranteeing determinism by eliminating all reactive elements in the hardware (e.g. arbiters, and caches). Early ResNet50 image classification results demonstrate 20.4K processed images per second (IPS) with a batch-size of one— a $4 \times$ improvement compared to other modern GPUs and accelerators [44]. Our first ASIC implementation of the TSP architecture yields a computational density of more than 1 TeraOp/s per square mm of silicon for its $25 \times 29$ mm 14nm chip operating at a nominal clock frequency of 900 MHz. The TSP demonstrates a novel hardware-software approach to achieve fast, yet predictable, performance on machine-learning workloads within a desired power envelope.
Crystal Structure of Unautoprocessed Precursor of Subtilisin from a Hyperthermophilic Archaeon (2007)

The crystal structure of an active site mutant of pro-Tk-subtilisin (pro-S324A) from the hyperthermophilic archaeon Thermococcus kodakaraensis was determined at 2.3 A resolution. The overall structure of this protein is similar to those of bacterial subtilisin-propeptide complexes, except that the peptide bond linking the propeptide and mature domain contacts with the active site, and the mature domain contains six Ca2+ binding sites. The Ca-1 site is conserved in bacterial subtilisins but is formed prior to autoprocessing, unlike the corresponding sites of bacterial subtilisins. All other Ca2+-binding sites are unique in the pro-S324A structure and are located at the surface loops. Four of them apparently contribute to the stability of the central alphabetaalpha substructure of the mature domain. The CD spectra, 1-anilino-8-naphthalenesulfonic acid fluorescence spectra, and sensitivities to chymotryptic digestion of this protein indicate that the conformation of pro-S324A is changed from an unstable molten globule-like structure to a stable native one upon Ca2+ binding. Another active site mutant, pro-S324C, was shown to be autoprocessed to form a propeptide-mature domain complex in the presence of Ca2+. The CD spectra of this protein indicate that the structure of pro-S324C is changed upon Ca2+ binding like pro-S324A but is not seriously changed upon subsequent autoprocessing. These results suggest that the maturation process of Tk-subtilisin is different from that of bacterial subtilisins in terms of the requirement of Ca2+ for folding of the mature domain and completion of the folding process prior to autoprocessing.
A fast image segmentation algorithm for interactive video hotspot retrieval (2002)

This paper presents a fast image segmentation algorithm for extracting areas-of-interest ("hotspots") from video sequences. Because video hotspots, which are the visual analogues of HTML hyperlinks, highly depend on a user's interest, it is very difficult to automatically extract the exact outlines of objects of interest in videos. Our approach to interactive video hotspot retrieval is to provide candidate hotspots with segmented regions of video frames when requested, and a Web designer using the tool for Web site creation may select the area (or areas) he is interested in as a video hotspot. This segmentation algorithm follows a three step coarse-to-fine scheme. The original image is first divided into blocks and a block-merging process is applied to get a coarse segmentation. Then we represent the pre-segmented image as a graph where the value of edges in this graph are evaluated based on multi features, and by using a minimum spanning tree searching algorithm, we merge the vertices in the graph to generate the segmented regions of the image. Finally, we refine the boundary of segmented regions on the pixel level using an improved K-means clustering algorithm. This segmentation algorithm is fast and efficient and our final segmentation results compare favorably with the results obtained using manual outlining. We also provide a convenient way for the Web page designer to select multiple regions as a video hotspot. Our method allows the designer to click on an image during video playback and to get a segmented image almost instantly. The extracted video hotspots can then be used for video hyperlinks, an extension of the general concept of hyperlink to interactive videos.
Effects of competitive sodium-like antagonists on Na,K-ATPase suggest that cation occlusion from the cytoplasmic surface occurs in two steps (1993)

Information on cation occlusion sites of renal NA,K-ATPase has been obtained by comparing the ability of competitive Na-like antagonists (David, P., Mayan, H., Cohen, H., Tal, D. M., and Karlish, S. J. D. (1992) J. Biol. Chem. 267, 1141-1149) with that of transported alkali metal cations to protect against covalent modification and structural perturbations of the protein. Sodium antagonists include p- or m-xylylenebisguanidium, guanidinium ions, and ethylenediamine. Experiments with proteoliposomes reconstituted with Na,K-ATPase demonstrate that p-xylylenebisguanidium has pronounced selectivity for the cytoplasmic surface. Tryptic digestion of Na,K-ATPase leading to "19-kDa membranes," a specifically truncated enzyme with intact cation occlusion sites, requires the presence of alkali metal cations. Sodium antagonists do not protect 19-kDa membranes against further digestion, and occlusion is destroyed. Incubation of 19-kDa membranes at 37 degrees C, in the absence of occluded ions, leads rapidly to loss of ability to occlude rubidium ions. Rubidium, sodium, or other alkali metal cations protect fully, whereas sodium antagonists do not protect against this thermal inactivation. Like the alkali metal cations, sodium antagonists protect Na,K-ATPase and, somewhat less effectively, 19-kDa membranes against inactivation by the carboxyl reagent N,N'-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide. Cation occlusion from the cytoplasmic surface is suggested to occur in two steps. In an initial recognition, either transported cations or sodium antagonists interact with carboxyl groups. The second step is selective for transported cations and involves occlusion of cations (either potassium or sodium ions) and a conformational change to a compact structure, which is resistant to proteolysis and thermal inactivation. Sodium antagonists are sterically hindered from becoming occluded and block Na,K-ATPase activity. Implications for the structural basis of cation specificity of the Na/K pump are discussed.
Allele-Specific Mechanisms of Activation of MEK1 Mutants Determine Their Properties (2018)

Abstract Mutations at multiple sites in MEK1 occur in cancer, suggesting that their mechanisms of activation might be different. We analyzed 17 tumor-associated MEK1 mutants and found that they drove ERK signaling autonomously or in a RAS/RAF-dependent manner. The latter are sensitive to feedback inhibition of RAF, which limits their functional output, and often cooccur with RAS or RAF mutations. They act as amplifiers of RAF signaling. In contrast, another class of mutants deletes a hitherto unrecognized negative regulatory segment of MEK1, is RAF- and phosphorylation-independent, is unaffected by feedback inhibition of upstream signaling, and drives high ERK output and transformation in the absence of RAF activity. Moreover, these RAF-independent mutants are insensitive to allosteric MEK inhibitors, which preferentially bind to the inactivated form of MEK1. All the mutants are sensitive to an ATP-competitive MEK inhibitor. Thus, our study comprises a novel therapeutic strategy for tumors driven by RAF-independent MEK1 mutants. Significance: Mutants with which MEK1 mutants coexist and their sensitivity to inhibitors are determined by allele-specific properties. This study shows the importance of functional characterization of mutant alleles in single oncogenes and identifies a new class of MEK1 mutants, insensitive to current MEK1 inhibitors but treatable with a new ATP-competitive inhibitor. Cancer Discov; 8(5); 648–61. ©2018 AACR. See related commentary by Maust et al., p. 534. This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 517
Evidence for a Ligand-Mediated Positive Selection Signal in Differentiation to a Mature B Cell (2003)

Positive selection is required for B cell differentiation, as indicated by the requirement for expression of the pre-B cell receptor (pre-BCR) and the BCR at the pre-B and immature B cell stages, respectively. Positive selection mediated by a tonic signal from these receptors is sufficient to drive B cell differentiation beyond the pre-B and immature B cell stages, but it is unclear whether additional positive selection signals are required for differentiation to a mature B-2 cell. We have identified a population of Ig transgenic B cells that differentiatively arrest at a transitional B cell stage in the spleen. They exhibit no evidence of Ag encounter or negative selection and can differentiate to mature B-2 cells in vivo upon weak BCR stimulation or adoptive transfer to irradiated hosts. These data are consistent with a requirement for a ligand-mediated BCR signal for differentiation to a mature B-2 cell.
Multiple BH3 Mimetics Antagonize Antiapoptotic MCL1 Protein by Inducing the Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response and Up-regulating BH3-only Protein NOXA (2011)

BH3 mimetics are small molecules designed or discovered to mimic the binding of BH3-only proteins to the hydrophobic groove of antiapoptotic BCL2 proteins. The selectivity of these molecules for BCL2, BCL-X(L), or MCL1 has been established in vitro; whether they inhibit these proteins in cells has not been rigorously investigated. In this study, we used a panel of leukemia cell lines to assess the ability of seven putative BH3 mimetics to inhibit antiapoptotic proteins in a cell-based system. We show that ABT-737 is the only BH3 mimetic that inhibits BCL2 as assessed by displacement of BAD and BIM from BCL2. The other six BH3 mimetics activate the endoplasmic reticulum stress response inducing ATF4, ATF3, and NOXA, which can then bind to and inhibit MCL1. In most cancer cells, inhibition of one antiapoptotic protein does not acutely induce apoptosis. However, by combining two BH3 mimetics, one that inhibits BCL2 and one that induces NOXA, apoptosis is induced within 6 h in a BAX/BAK-dependent manner. Because MCL1 is a major mechanism of resistance to ABT-737, these results suggest a novel strategy to overcome this resistance. Our findings highlight a novel signaling pathway through which many BH3 mimetics inhibit MCL1 and suggest the potential use of these agents as adjuvants in combination with various chemotherapy strategies.
Plan of New York. (1860)

Map shows New York railroads, street names, parks, some buildings, military facilities, and the ferry routes and distances for New York City, parts of Hoboken, Jersey City, Greenpoint, Williamsburg, and Brooklyn. Scale not given.
Combining Multilevel Visual Features for Medical Image Retrieval in ImageCLEFmed 2005 (2005)

In this paper we report our work on the fully automatic medical image retrieval task in ImageCLEFmed 2005. First, we manually identify visually similar sample images by visual perception for each query topic. These help us understand the variations of the query topic and form templates for similarity measure. To achieve higher performance, two similarity measuring channels are used with each using different sets of features and operating in parallel. Their results are then combined to form a final score for similarity ranking. To improve efficiency, a pre-filtering process using other features is utilized to act as a coarse topic image filtering before the two similarity measures for fine topic retrieval. During retrieval, no relevance feedback is used. Only visual features are used in our experiments for all the topics including visually possible queries (topics 1–11), mixed visual/semantic queries (topics 12-22) and semantic (rather textual) queries (topics 23-25). Over 50,000 medical images our approach achieved a mean average precision of 14.6 % for all 25 topics, ranked as the best-performance run for the automatic medical image retrieval task in the ImageCLEFmed 2005.
The murine dilute suppressor gene dsu suppresses the coat-color phenotype of three pigment mutations that alter melanocyte morphology, d, ash and ln. (1988)

The murine dilute suppressor gene, dsu, was identified because of its ability to suppress the dilute coat color of mice homozygous for the retrovirally induced allele (dv) of the dilute locus (d). dsu is unlinked to the d locus and has recently been shown to be semidominantly inherited. The dilute phenotype of d/d mice is the consequence of abnormal melanocyte morphology. While wild-type melanocytes are dendritic, d/d melanocytes are adendritic. dsu apparently suppresses the dilute phenotype by restoring normal melanocyte morphology. In addition to d, two other loci, ashen (ash) and leaden (ln), have been identified that produce a diluted coat color associated with adendritic melanocytes. Interestingly, d and ash are closely linked on chromosome 9 while dsu and ln are located on chromosome 1. In experiments described here, we present genetic mapping data between ash and d indicating that, despite their identical phenotypes, they are separate genes and are not intragenic complementing alleles of the same locus. We also show that dsu is only loosely linked to ln (approximately 9 cM proximal) and that dsu can suppress, at least partially, the coat color of ln/ln mice and ash/ash mice. The partial suppression of ln and ash coat colors is associated with the partial restoration of normal melanocyte morphology. These studies provide new insights into the mechanism of action of dsu and into the interrelationships between members of a family of pigment genes.
Carboxylation of C−H Bonds Using <i>N</i>-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold(I) Complexes (2010)

A highly efficient [(NHC)Au(I)]-based (NHC = N-heterocyclic carbene) catalytic system for the carboxylation of aromatic and heteroaromatic C-H bonds was developed. The significant base strength of the Au-OH species is at the origin of the activation process and permits the facile functionalization of C-H bonds without the use of other organometallic reagents.
THz Detection Using p<sup>+</sup>/n-Well Diodes Fabricated in 45-nm CMOS (2016)

Electronic-detection up to ~0.9 THz using p±/n-well junction diodes in a 45-nm bulk CMOS process is demonstrated. Because the 1/f noise corner frequency is ~1 kHz instead of ~10 MHz common to Schottky and diode-connected nMOS transistor detectors, despite lower responsivity, detectors using a p <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> /n-well diode with an optimized transit time achieve competitive noise equivalent power (NEP) while exhibiting smaller variations. The junction diode has a measured zero-bias cutoff frequency ( fT) of ~1.8 THz. The direct-antenna matched structure can reach a peak optical responsivity (Rv) of 558 V/W at 0.781 THz with a minimum optical NEP of 56 pW/Hz <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0.5</sup> at a modulation frequency of 100 kHz.
A Val-25-to-Ile substitution in the envelope precursor polyprotein, gPr80env, is responsible for the temperature sensitivity, inefficient processing of gPr80env, and neurovirulence of ts1, a mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB (1990)

ts1 is a neurovirulent spontaneous temperature-sensitive mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus TB which causes hindlimb paralysis in mice. Previously, it had been shown that the temperature-sensitive defect resided in the env gene. At the restrictive temperature, the envelope precursor polyprotein, gPr80env, is inefficiently processed intracellularly into two cleavage products, gp70 and Prp15E. This inefficient processing of gPr80env is correlated with neurovirulence. In this study, it was shown that a single amino acid substitution, Val-25----Ile in gPr80env, is responsible for the temperature sensitivity, inefficient processing of gPr80env at the restrictive temperature, and neurovirulence of ts1. At the restrictive temperature, a steady-state level of nonprocessed, endoglycosidase H-sensitive gPr80env remained in the endoplasmic reticulum of cells infected by ts1, but no endoglycosidase H-resistant gPr80env and only trace amounts of gp70 were detected in the infected cells. Since the host cell-encoded processing protease resides in the cis cisternae of the Golgi apparatus, inefficient processing of gPr80env at the restrictive temperature is most likely due to inefficient transport of gPr80env from the endoplasmic reticulum to the cis cisternae of the Golgi apparatus rather than due to misfolded gPr80env being a poor substrate for the processing protease at the restrictive temperature.
Intracerebral administration of interleukin-1β and induction of inflammation, apoptosis, and vasogenic edema (2000)

Intracerebral inflammation, death of intrinsic CNS cells, and vasogenic edema can be mediated by IL-1beta, and TNFalpha can cause vasogenic edema. Suppression of these cytokines in the clinical setting may improve outcome.
Forward link capacity of spectrally overlaid narrowband and wideband CDMA systems (2002)

Spectral overlay of narrowband and wideband CDMA systems is considered and forward link capacity of the overlaid system is provided. Capacity tradeoffs between the narrowband system and the wideband system are also examined for different mobile environments.
The effects of repeated administration of various chelating agents on the removal of strontium from the mouse. (1991)

The effects of repeated ip administration of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), Kryptofix 222, 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane (18-crown-6), ethylenglycol-bis-(beta-amino-ethylether)-N,N'-tetraacetic acid (EGTA), and Kryptofix 5 on the distribution and excretion of sc-injected strontium were investigated in male Swiss mice. Groups of 20 animals received 95 mg strontium nitrate/kg, and 10 min later ip treatment with one of the chelators or 0.9% saline was initiated and continued for 10 d. The animals were housed in plastic metabolism cages, and urine and feces were collected daily during the period of treatment. At the end of this period, the animals were killed and the concentration of strontium determined in their tissues. Only Kryptofix 5 and EGTA significantly increased the amount of strontium excreted into feces, whereas none of the chelators significantly enhanced the urinary elimination of strontium. Treatment with Kryptofix 5 significantly decreased the concentration of strontium in all tissues analyzed. Kryptofix 5 was the most effective agent of those tested in the removal of strontium after a single dose of strontium nitrate.
Bottom Ash: An Engineering Material (1972)

The properties and uses of bottom ash, a by-product from burning coal in power plants, are discussed. Selected samples of bottom ash from the State of West Virginia and the surrounding area were subjected to engineering identification, classification, and property tests. Identification tests that were conducted included: (1) grain size distribution, (2) specific gravity, and (3) chemical analyses. Tests conducted to evaluate bottom ash as an aggregate and construction material included: (1) sulphate soundness, (2) Los Angeles abrasion, (3) relative density, (4) Standard Proctor compaction, (5) constant head permeability, (6) one dimensional compression, and (7) shear strength. It was found that bottom ash from several of the sources satisfied specifications related to the use of the material as an aggregate. In comparing the behavior of bottom ash to that of sand, it was found that the characteristics were quite similar.
ARRAYS WITH UNEQUAL ELEMENTS; PARASITIC AND LOG-PERIODIC ANTENNAS (1968)

The general theory of curtain arrays which is developed in the preceding chapter requires all N elements to be identical geometrically, but allows them to be driven by arbitrary voltages or loaded by arbitrary reactors at their centres. If some of these voltages are zero, the corresponding elements are parasitic and their currents are maintained entirely by mutual interaction. In arrays of the well-known Yagi-Uda type, only one element is driven so that the importance of an accurate analytical treatment of the inter-element coupling is increased. In a long array the possible cumulative effect of a small error in the interaction between the currents in adjacent elements must not be overlooked. As an added complication, the tuning of the individual parasitic elements is accomplished by adjustments in their lengths and spacings. This introduces the important problem of arrays with elements that are different in length and that are separated by different distances. In the Yagi- Uda array the range of these differences is relatively small. On the other hand, in frequency-independent arrays of the log-periodic type the range of lengths and distances between adjacent elements is very great.
What is the most relevant standard of success in assisted reproduction? The singleton, term gestation, live birth rate per cycle initiated: the BESST endpoint for assisted reproduction (2003)

Assisted reproduction programmes do not report success consistently. Rates vary with the definition used. Success must reflect delivery of healthy babies, and the burden of treatment to couples. We report the singleton, term gestation, live birth rate of a baby per assisted reproductive technology cycle initiated for a large IVF programme. We defined assisted reproductive technology cycles as those initiated with the intention of oocyte collection. We examined cycles conducted through Monash IVF in 2001. All women with positive pregnancy tests had first trimester ultrasonography. Obstetric outcomes were recorded. All babies had neonatal examinations conducted by paediatricians. A total of 644 positive pregnancy tests were recorded in 2600 cycles; 509 showed fetal heart motion. Of 448 deliveries, 328 were singleton and 120 were multiple. There were 290 singleton deliveries at term gestation. In 2001, a couple had an 11.1% chance of delivering a singleton, term gestation, live baby per assisted reproductive technology cycle begun. We suggest that delivery of a single, term gestation, live baby per cycle initiated is the most relevant standard of success. This statistic was 11.1% at Monash IVF. We encourage programmes to report this BESST (Birth Emphasizing a Successful Singleton at Term) outcome.