gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Plasmonic Nanopillar Arrays for Large-Area, High-Enhancement Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering Sensors (2011)

Efforts to create reproducible surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based chemical and biological sensors has been hindered by difficulties in fabricating large-area SERS-active substrates with a uniform, reproducible SERS response that still provides sufficient enhancement for easy detection. Here we report on periodic arrays of Au-capped, vertically aligned silicon nanopillars that are embedded in a Au plane upon a Si substrate. We illustrate that these arrays are ideal for use as SERS sensor templates, in that they provide large, uniform and reproducible average enhancement factors up to ∼1.2 × 10(8) over the structure surface area. We discuss the impact of the overall geometry of the structures upon the SERS response at 532, 633, and 785 nm incident laser wavelengths. Calculations of the electromagnetic field distributions and intensities within such structures were performed and both the wavelength dependence of the predicted SERS response and the field distribution within the nanopillar structure are discussed and support the experimental results we report.
Laws of population growth (2008)

An important issue in the study of cities is defining a metropolitan area, because different definitions affect conclusions regarding the statistical distribution of urban activity. A commonly employed method of defining a metropolitan area is the Metropolitan Statistical Areas (MSAs), based on rules attempting to capture the notion of city as a functional economic region, and it is performed by using experience. The construction of MSAs is a time-consuming process and is typically done only for a subset (a few hundreds) of the most highly populated cities. Here, we introduce a method to designate metropolitan areas, denoted "City Clustering Algorithm" (CCA). The CCA is based on spatial distributions of the population at a fine geographic scale, defining a city beyond the scope of its administrative boundaries. We use the CCA to examine Gibrat's law of proportional growth, which postulates that the mean and standard deviation of the growth rate of cities are constant, independent of city size. We find that the mean growth rate of a cluster by utilizing the CCA exhibits deviations from Gibrat's law, and that the standard deviation decreases as a power law with respect to the city size. The CCA allows for the study of the underlying process leading to these deviations, which are shown to arise from the existence of long-range spatial correlations in population growth. These results have sociopolitical implications, for example, for the location of new economic development in cities of varied size.
Image Retrieval Based on Multi-wavelet Transform (2008)

This paper represents a method of Content Based Image Retrieval (CBIR) which uses multi-wavelet transform to improve the shape and texture feature extraction and decrease the operand. The theoretical analysis is represented first and the numerical verification and experimental validation using real CT image is showed behind. Both the theoretical analysis and the numerical and experimental results agree that the multi-wavelet transform based image retrieval can get good result for image retrieval.
Optimized cooling systems for high-power semiconductor devices (2001)

Straightforward air cooling of semiconductor devices has gradually been replaced by methods using liquid coolants, especially water cooling. In this paper, more advanced cooling devices for hockey-puck-type and module-type semiconductors are suggested. An established heat sink made of aluminum nitride for the water cooling of hockey-puck-type semiconductors has been used as a basis for the development of high-performance heat sinks for increased heat flux densities. By means of thermal and fluid dynamics simulation tools the internal geometry has been optimized with regard to improved heat transfer and reduced pressure drop. The simulation results have been confirmed by a number of experiments using various measuring techniques. As an alternative cooling method for semiconductor modules, a modified baseplate comprising a number of fins for direct water cooling has been suggested. For an intelligent temperature management control algorithms have been developed, resulting in a prototype application-specific integrated circuit which has been implemented for test purposes.
“Pariah States” & Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan, by Tim Niblock. (The Middle East in the International System) 241 pages, notes, bibliography, index. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. $49.95 (Cloth) ISBN 1-55587-962-4 (2001)

“Pariah States” & Sanctions in the Middle East: Iraq, Libya, Sudan, by Tim Niblock. (The Middle East in the International System) 241 pages, notes, bibliography, index. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2001. $49.95 (Cloth) ISBN 1-55587-962-4 - Volume 35 Issue 2
XII.—On Birds collected or observed in the Republic of Honduras, with a short Account of a Journey across that country from the Pacific to the Atlantic Ocean (Part II.)<sup>*</sup> (1860)

Birds collected others have fullcu on their route from Tartary is of course most probable ; it is to be hoped
Mutations of ephrin-B1 (<i>EFNB1</i>), a marker of tissue boundary formation, cause craniofrontonasal syndrome (2004)

Craniofrontonasal syndrome (CFNS) is an X-linked developmental disorder that shows paradoxically greater severity in heterozygous females than in hemizygous males. Females have frontonasal dysplasia and coronal craniosynostosis (fusion of the coronal sutures); in males, hypertelorism is the only typical manifestation. Here, we show that the classical female CFNS phenotype is caused by heterozygous loss-of-function mutations in EFNB1, which encodes a member of the ephrin family of transmembrane ligands for Eph receptor tyrosine kinases. In mice, the orthologous Efnb1 gene is expressed in the frontonasal neural crest and demarcates the position of the future coronal suture. Although EFNB1 is X-inactivated, we did not observe markedly skewed X-inactivation in either blood or cranial periosteum from females with CFNS, indicating that lack of ephrin-B1 does not compromise cell viability in these tissues. We propose that in heterozygous females, patchwork loss of ephrin-B1 disturbs tissue boundary formation at the developing coronal suture, whereas in males deficient in ephrin-B1, an alternative mechanism maintains the normal boundary. This is the only known mutation in the ephrin/Eph receptor signaling system in humans and provides clues to the biogenesis of craniosynostosis.
A new two-dimensional systolic array for image processing and neural network applications (1991)

Summary form only given. A new type of high-performance VLSI systolic array is considered that is able to perform two-dimensional convolution with kernels sized larger than the physical array of processing elements. This array is particularly well-suited for neural network image processing algorithms that use large connected neighborhoods to model the transformations between layers of neurons. This array can also perform the two-dimensional convolution with the small kernels that are often used in standard image processing. In addition, the array can perform one-dimensional convolution and matrix-vector multiplication. The interface of the array to external memory is designed such that a conventional linear memory architecture is used for accessing and storing data. No variable-length scan conversion shift registers are needed by the systolic array to access an image stored in a conventional raster-scan format. The VLSI array is extensible so that both a single-chip and a multiple-chip architecture system can be built.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Defending Malicious Script Attacks Using Machine Learning Classifiers (2017)

The web application has become a primary target for cyber criminals by injecting malware especially JavaScript to perform malicious activities for impersonation. Thus, it becomes an imperative to detect such malicious code in real time before any malicious activity is performed. This study proposes an efficient method of detecting previously unknown malicious java scripts using an interceptor at the client side by classifying the key features of the malicious code. Feature subset was obtained by using wrapper method for dimensionality reduction. Supervised machine learning classifiers were used on the dataset for achieving high accuracy. Experimental results show that our method can efficiently classify malicious code from benign code with promising results.
Synthesis, Characterization, and Thermal Rearrangement of Zirconium Tetraazadienyl and Pentaazadienyl Complexes (2012)

Reaction of the zirconium dichloro complex [Zr(N2TBSNpy)Cl2] (1) with 1 molar equiv of ArNHLi (Ar = Mes, DIPP) yielded the zirconium imido complexes [Zr(N2TBSNpy)(═NDIPP)(py)] (2; N2TBSNpy = [(2-C5H4N)C(CH3){CH2NSi(CH3)2tBu}2]2–, DIPP = 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) and [Zr(N2TBSNpy)(═NMes)(py)] (3; Mes = mesityl). The imido complexes are converted to the tetraazadienido complexes [Zr(N2TBSNpy)(NDIPPN2NPh)] (4) and Zr(N2TBSNpy)(NMesN2NPh)] (5) by addition of phenyl azide, whereas the reaction of 2 or 3 with mesityl azide gave the alternative product 7, in which the azide is coupled with the CH activated ancillary tripod ligand. Reaction of 1 molar equiv of trimethylsilyl azide or 1-adamantyl azide with the previously reported hydrazinediido complex [Zr(N2TBSNpy)(═NNPh2)(py)] (9) at ambient temperature resulted in the formation of the five-membered zirconaacacycles [Zr(N2TBSNpy)(NTMSN3NPh2)] (10) and [Zr(N2TBSNpy)(NAdN3NPh2)] (11). Complex 11 was thermally converted into the diazenido complex 12 via loss of 1 molar equiv of molecular N2. The direct formation of the analogous side-on-bonded diazenido analogue 13 was observed upon reaction of 9 with 1 equiv of mesityl azide at ambient temperature. On the basis of 15N labeling and DFT modeling (DFT(B3PW91/6-31 g(d))) a mechanism for the reaction pathway leading to 12 and 13 is proposed.
Cross‐talk between the insulin‐like growth factor (IGF) axis and membrane integrins to regulate cell physiology (2010)

The biology of cross-talk between activated growth factor receptors and cell-surface integrins is an area which has attracted much interest in recent years (Schwartz and Ginsberg, 2002). This review discusses the relationship between the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) axis and cell-surface integrin receptors in the regulation of various aspects of cell physiology. Key to these interactions are signals transmitted between integrins and the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) when either or both are bound to their cognate ligands and we will review the current state of knowledge in this area. The IGF axis comprises many molecular components and we will also discuss the potential role of these species in cross-talk with the integrin receptor. With respect to integrin ligands, we will mainly focus on the well-characterized interactions of the two extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoproteins fibronectin (FN) and vitronectin (VN) with cell-surface ligands, and, how this affects activity through the IGF axis. However, we will also highlight the importance of other integrin activation mechanisms and their impact on IGF activity.
Protonation of the isopropenylcyclopentadienyl anion (1970)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTProtonation of the isopropenylcyclopentadienyl anionJack Hine and David B KnightCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1970, 35, 11, 3946–3949Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1970Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1970https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00836a080https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00836a080research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views75Altmetric-Citations19LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Partial regeneration of the human hip via autologous bone marrow nucleated cell transfer: A case study. (2006)

This report describes partial by articular surface regeneration 8 weeks after intraarticular bone marrow transfer. Post-op 3.0T FGRE MRI showed neocortex formation when compared to immediate pre-op MRI and objective improvements were noted that coincided with subjective reports of improvement.
Effects of Hydroxylpropyl-β-Cyclodextrin on in Vitro Insulin Stability (2009)

The objective of this study was to elucidate the effects of hydroxylpropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HP-beta-CD) on the in vitro stability of insulin. It was found that HP-beta-CD had positive effects on the stability of insulin in acid and base and under high temperature conditions. Furthermore, use of HP-beta-CD could also increase the stability of disulfide bonds which are important to the conformation of insulin. Through (1)H-NMR experiments it was found that the protective effect of HP-beta-CD was due to complexation with insulin. The results suggest that the presence of HP-beta-CD could improve the stability of insulin in different environments.
The Potential of IGF-1 and TGFβ1 for Promoting “Adult” Articular Cartilage Repair: An <i>In Vitro</i> Study (2008)

Research into articular cartilage repair, a tissue unable to spontaneously regenerate once injured, has focused on the generation of a biomechanically functional repair tissue with the characteristics of hyaline cartilage. This study was undertaken to provide insight into how to improve ex vivo chondrocyte amplification, without cellular dedifferentiation for cell-based methods of cartilage repair. We investigated the effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFbeta1) on cell proliferation and the de novo synthesis of sulfated glycosaminoglycans and collagen in chondrocytes isolated from skeletally mature bovine articular cartilage, whilst maintaining their chondrocytic phenotype. Here we demonstrate that mature differentiated chondrocytes respond to growth factor stimulation to promote de novo synthesis of matrix macromolecules. Additionally, chondrocytes stimulated with IGF-1 or TGFbeta1 induced receptor expression. We conclude that IGF-1 and TGFbeta1 in addition to autoregulatory effects have differential effects on each other when used in combination. This may be mediated by regulation of receptor expression or endogenous factors; these findings offer further options for improving strategies for repair of cartilage defects.
Administration of a Multi-Strain Probiotic Product to Women in the Perinatal Period Differentially Affects the Breast Milk Cytokine Profile and May Have Beneficial Effects on Neonatal Gastrointestinal Functional Symptoms. A Randomized Clinical Trial (2016)

High-dose multi-strain probiotic administration to women during pregnancy influences breast milk cytokines pattern and sIgA production in newborns, and seems to improve gastrointestinal functional symptoms in infants.
Evolution of Order During Vacuum-Assisted Self-Assembly of Graphene Oxide Paper and Associated Polymer Nanocomposites (2011)

Three mechanisms are proposed for the assembly of ordered, layered structures of graphene oxide, formed via the vacuum-assisted self-assembly of a dispersion of the two-dimensional nanosheets. These possible mechanisms for ordering at the filter-solution interface range from regular brick-and-mortar-like growth to complete disordered aggregation and compression. Through a series of experiments (thermal gravimetric analysis, UV-vis spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction) a semi-ordered accumulation mechanism is identified as being dominant during paper fabrication. Additionally, a higher length-scale ordered structure (lamellae) is identified through the examination of water-swelled samples, indicating that further refinements are required to capture the complete formation mechanism. Identification of this mechanism and the resulting higher-order structure it produces provide insight into possibilities for creation of ordered graphene oxide-polymer nanocomposites, as well as the postfabrication modification of single-component graphene oxide papers.
Application of Acoustic Wavefield Imaging to Non-Contact Ultrasonic Inspection of Bonded Components (2006)

Through transmission ultrasonic (TTU) methods are widely used for inspection of critical aerospace structural components because of their simplicity and the high sensitivity of TTU methods to bonding and delamination type defects. TTU inspection requires access to both sides of a component, which is generally not a problem before components are installed in final assemblies. However, limited access to the back side of a component on final assemblies usually precludes using TTU methods. Pulse echo (PE) methods are often used when only single side access is available, but PE ultrasonic methods have a limited penetration range from the outer surface, and do not have the sensitivity of TTU, particularly when surfaces are non‐parallel. Thus, structural assemblies are often disassembled when a thorough TTU inspection is required. The work presented here addresses the need for a field deployable ultrasonic inspection method which has the sensitivity of TTU methods, is non‐contact, i.e., couplant is not required, and does not require access to the back side of the part. These goals are accomplished by attaching a sparse array of ultrasonic transducers to the back side of a component or embedding them within the component. These transducers are excited to generate ultrasonic waves which propagate through the structure, and the resultant acoustic wavefields are imaged using a non‐contact, air‐coupled transducer. This ultrasonic wavefield imaging method is referred to as Acoustic Wavefield Imaging (AWI). Results are presented for a bonded aluminum plate specimen demonstrating that recorded wavefield images clearly show bonding flaws at internal interfaces.
Complex angular central Gaussian mixture model for directional statistics in mask-based microphone array signal processing (2016)

Microphone array signal processing based on time-frequency masks has been applied successfully to various tasks including source separation, denoising, source localization, and source counting. Aiming to improve the performance of these techniques, here we propose a mask estimation method based on a complex Angular Central Gaussian Mixture Model (cACGMM) for multichannel observed signals. Compared to a conventional complex Watson Mixture Model (cWMM), the proposed cACGMM can model not only rotationally symmetrical but also elliptical distributions. Therefore, the cACGMM can better approximate the distribution of observed data, which is generally not rotationally symmetrical. In source separation simulations with real recorded impulse responses, the cACGMM resulted in an average 1.2 dB improvement of the Signal-to-Distortion Ratio (SDR) over the cWMM.
<sup>223</sup>Ra for endoradiotherapeutic applications prepared from an immobilized<sup>227</sup>Ac/<sup>227</sup>Th source (2001)

A method is described for the production of 223 Ra ( t 1/2 =11.4 d) in a quality useful for endoradiotherapeutic applications. The method is based on a long term operating generator with a source of 227 Ac ( t 1/2 =21.7 years), from which 223 Ra is eluted. The 227 Ac was isolated from a 231 Pa source using the f-element selective extraction chromatographic material TRU-resin. The purified 227 Ac/ 227 Th source was subsequently applied to another extraction chromatographic resin, containing the extractant P,P ′ -di(2-ethylhexyl)methanediphosphonic acid on silica (Dipex-2) and used as a generator for 223 Ra. From the generator column, the yield of 223 Ra was about 60 kBq per 100 kBq of 227 Ac with a highly effective separation of 223 Ra from the precursors. In production runs, the activity of 227 Ac was found to be 6×10 -6 relative to the eluted activity of 223 Ra. By using a second column of Dipex-2 for additional purification, the activity of Ac was reduced to below 7×10 -8 relative to 223 Ra with nearly quantitative recovery of 223 Ra. The described procedure resulted in a high purity 223 Ra preparation, potentially useful in, e.g ., targeted radiotherapy of tumors.
Double grating interferometer with large lateral shear (1990)

A double-grating interferometer capable of determining the spherical aberration of the optics is described. Two Ronchi rulings of 19.69 lines/mm have been used in the setup to generate large shear among the diffracted wavefronts. Three zero-order diffracted wavefronts will then be collected to interfere by means of spatial filtering
Properties of dc-magnetron-sputtered NiSiO x films (1990)

Transparent and durable thin films of NiSiO were prepared by reactive d.c. magnetron sputtering at room temperature. The target materials used were Si, Ni, NiSi2 and NiSi alloys with 20/80 and 40/60 wt % for nickel and silicon, respectively. With a suitable composition of Ar, N2 and 02 we were able to obtain a stable sputtering process for NiSiO-films without any arcing and flickering. The stable sputtering process formed non-absorbing layers with a deposition rate of 20 A/sec. This is approximately 2 to 3 times higher than the deposition rate for Si02 at the same deposition parameters. The optical transmission and reflection were measured in the wavelength region from 0.28 itm to 2.5 rim. The index of refraction n and the extinction coefficient k were calculated in the same range. The "theoretical" index of refraction was determined by Effective Medium Approximation (ENA).
A Review of the MCA Disco-Vision System (1974)

The MCA Disco-Vision system records audio-video information on a disc, replicates this disc accurately and inexpensively on plastic and finally plays the replicas on home television screens by means of a disc-player attachment. The production of a video record begins with a mastering process where the original program from any video source is recorded in real time as a geometrical pattern on the master disc. After mastering, this pattern is reproduced in the various replication steps leading to the production of multiple inexpensive plastic video records. Specifically, the mastering process uses a laser beam to cut holes in the coating of a master disc and thereby record information. After processing, this master is used to produce replica playback discs. The player reads the information on the playback disc by sensing the reflection of a 1-mW laser beam and recreating an electrical signal corresponding to the original information. The signal is then used to modulate an RF carrier on an unused TV channel and this modulated signal is connected to the TV set where it is processed within the set in the usual manner to produce a color picture and sound.