gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Rapid and Simple Kinetics Screening Assay for Electrophilic Dermal Sensitizers Using Nitrobenzenethiol (2010)

The need for alternatives to animal-based skin sensitization testing has spurred research on the use of in vitro, in silico, and in chemico methods. Glutathione and other select peptides have been used to determine the reactivity of electrophilic allergens to nucleophiles, but these methods are inadequate to accurately measure rapid kinetics observed with many chemical sensitizers. A kinetic spectrophotometric assay involving the reactivity of electrophilic sensitizers to nitrobenzenethiol was evaluated. Stopped-flow techniques and conventional UV spectrophotometric measurements enabled the determination of reaction rates with half-lives ranging from 0.4 ms (benzoquinone) to 46.2 s (ethyl acrylate). Rate constants were measured for seven extreme, five strong, seven moderate, and four weak/nonsensitizers. Seventeen out of the 23 tested chemicals were pseudo-first order, and three were second order. In three out of the 23 chemicals, deviations from first and second order were apparent where the chemicals exhibited complex kinetics whose rates are mixed order. The reaction rates of the electrophiles correlated positively with their EC3 values within the same mechanistic domain. Nonsensitizers such as benzaldehyde, sodium lauryl sulfate, and benzocaine did not react with nitrobenzenethiol. Cyclic anhydrides, select diones, and aromatic aldehydes proved to be false negatives in this assay. The findings from this simple and rapid absorbance model show that for the same mechanistic domain, skin sensitization is driven mainly by electrophilic reactivity. This simple, rapid, and inexpensive absorbance-based method has great potential for use as a preliminary screening tool for skin allergens.
User-separating demodulation for code-division multiple-access systems (1994)

A user-separating (US) demodulator for a multiple-access system with digital transmission is defined to be a demodulator that, without knowledge of the channel codes of the various users, provides the decoder for each user with a scalar-valued output for each symbol period that permits maximum-likelihood decoding of that user's data. It is shown that such a US demodulator exists in general only for approximations to the true statistics of the modulator-input sequences of the interfering users. It is argued that approximating the interfering modulator-input sequences as independent, white Gaussian processes is the practical compromise between accuracy and simplicity in code-division multiple-access (CDMA) systems. The US demodulator for this approximation is shown to consist of a kind of matrix whitening fitter followed by a kind of matched-filter for the user in question. It is further shown that this US demodulator can often be well approximated as the symbol-by-symbol demodulator that makes the linear minimum mean-squared error estimate of each modulator-input symbol for the user in question. Simulation results are presented to confirm the theory of US demodulation and to illustrate its practical utility.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
CDK1 Inactivation Regulates Anaphase Spindle Dynamics and Cytokinesis In Vivo (1997)

Through association with CDK1, cyclin B accumulation and destruction govern the G2/M/G1 transitions in eukaryotic cells. To identify CDK1 inactivation-dependent events during late mitosis, we expressed a nondestructible form of cyclin B (cyclin BDelta90) by microinjecting its mRNA into prometaphase normal rat kidney cells. The injection inhibited chromosome decondensation and nuclear envelope formation. Chromosome disjunction occurred normally, but anaphase-like movement persisted until the chromosomes reached the cell periphery, whereupon they often somersaulted and returned to the cell center. Injection of rhodamine-tubulin showed that this movement occurred in the absence of a central anaphase spindle. In 82% of cells cytokinesis was inhibited; the remainder split themselves into two parts in a process reminiscent of Dictyostelium cytofission. In all cells injected, F-actin and myosin II were diffusely localized with no detectable organization at the equator. Our results suggest that a primary effect of CDK1 inactivation is on spindle dynamics that regulate chromosome movement and cytokinesis. Prolonged CDK1 activity may prevent cytokinesis through inhibiting midzone microtubule formation, the behavior of proteins such as TD60, or through the phosphorylation of myosin II regulatory light chain.
Efficient Neutrophil Extracellular Trap Induction Requires Mobilization of Both Intracellular and Extracellular Calcium Pools and Is Modulated by Cyclosporine A (2014)

Excessive or aberrant generation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) has recently become implicated in the underlying aetiology of a number of human pathologies including preeclampsia, systemic lupus erythromatosus, rheumatoid arthritis, auto-antibody induced small vessel vasculitis, coagulopathies such as deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary complications. These results imply that effective pharmacological therapeutic strategies will need to be developed to counter overt NETosis in these and other inflammatory disorders. As calcium flux is implicated in the generation of reactive oxygen species and histone citrullination, two key events in NETosis, we analysed the roles of both extra- and intracellular calcium pools and their modulation by pharmacological agents in the NETotic process in detail. Interleukin-8 (IL-8) was used as a physiological stimulus of NETosis. Our data demonstrate that efficient induction of NETosis requires mobilisation of both extracellular and intracellular calcium pools. Since modulation of the calcineurin pathway by cyclosporine A has been described in neutrophils, we investigated its influence on NETosis. Our data indicate that IL-8 induced NETosis is reduced by ascomycin and cyclosporine A, antagonists of the calcineurin pathway, but not following treatment with rapamycin, which utilizes the mTOR pathway. The action of the G protein coupled receptor phospholipase C pathway appears to be essential for the induction of NETs by IL-8, as NETosis was diminished by treatment with either pertussis toxin, a G-protein inhibitor, the phospholipase C inhibitor, U73122, or staurosporine, an inhibitor of protein kinase C. The data regarding the calcineurin antagonists, ascomycin and cyclosporine A, open the possibility to therapeutically suppress or modulate NETosis. They also provide new insight into the mechanism whereby such immune suppressive drugs render transplant patients susceptible to opportunistic fungal infections.
Detecting Differential and Correlated Protein Expression in Label-Free Shotgun Proteomics (2006)

Recent studies have revealed a relationship between protein abundance and sampling statistics, such as sequence coverage, peptide count, and spectral count, in label-free liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) shotgun proteomics. The use of sampling statistics offers a promising method of measuring relative protein abundance and detecting differentially expressed or coexpressed proteins. We performed a systematic analysis of various approaches to quantifying differential protein expression in eukaryotic Saccharomyces cerevisiae and prokaryotic Rhodopseudomonas palustris label-free LC-MS/MS data. First, we showed that, among three sampling statistics, the spectral count has the highest technical reproducibility, followed by the less-reproducible peptide count and relatively nonreproducible sequence coverage. Second, we used spectral count statistics to measure differential protein expression in pairwise experiments using five statistical tests: Fisher's exact test, G-test, AC test, t-test, and LPE test. Given the S. cerevisiae data set with spiked proteins as a benchmark and the false positive rate as a metric, our evaluation suggested that the Fisher's exact test, G-test, and AC test can be used when the number of replications is limited (one or two), whereas the t-test is useful with three or more replicates available. Third, we generalized the G-test to increase the sensitivity of detecting differential protein expression under multiple experimental conditions. Out of 1622 identified R. palustris proteins in the LC-MS/MS experiment, the generalized G-test detected 1119 differentially expressed proteins under six growth conditions. Finally, we studied correlated expression of these 1119 proteins by analyzing pairwise expression correlations and by delineating protein clusters according to expression patterns. Through pairwise expression correlation analysis, we demonstrated that proteins co-located in the same operon were much more strongly coexpressed than those from different operons. Combining cluster analysis with existing protein functional annotations, we identified six protein clusters with known biological significance. In summary, the proposed generalized G-test using spectral count sampling statistics is a viable methodology for robust quantification of relative protein abundance and for sensitive detection of biologically significant differential protein expression under multiple experimental conditions in label-free shotgun proteomics.
Sensor-Actuator Supported Implicit Interaction in Driver Assistance Systems (2010)

Nicht nur in klassischen Computersystemen, auch in der Automobildomane hat der technologische Fortschritt Einzug gefunden und die Entwicklung verschiedenartigster Fahrerassistenz und -informationssysteme vorangetrieben. Die Integration derselben in immer groserer Zahl resultiert in zunehmender Interaktionskomplexitat, und fuhrt in weiterer Folge zu einer sich daraus fur den Fahrer direkt ableitbaren (moglichen) Informationsuberlastung. Eine weitere Fehlerquelle stellt der Schnittstellenentwurf dar, der die Kooperation der Gerate untereinander sowie einen geordneten Datenaustauch zueinander sicherstellen muss. Damit fuhrt der Betrieb dieser Hilfssysteme, die ursprunglich als Unterstutzung fur den Fahrer zur Erleichterung der Bedienung des Fahrzeuges entwickelt wurden, heutzutage oft selbst zu Beeintrachtigungen und Gefahrensituationen bis hin zu Unfallen. Mehrere Ansatze waren denkbar um diese Probleme zu losen – im Vordergrund dieser Arbeit stand die experimentelle Untersuchung von impliziten Interaktionsmechanismen. Der Fokus lag dabei (i) auf dem Einsatz des Tastsinnes als zusatzlichem Informationskanal im Fahrzeug zur Entlastung von visueller und auditiver “UberInformation” und (ii) auf implizitem Informationsaustausch zwischen Fahrer und Fahrzeug, u.a. unter Verwendung von Multianstatt von Unimodalitat.
FcCH<sub>2</sub>P(CH<sub>2</sub>OH)<sub>2</sub>: a new, reactive yet air-stable ferrocene-derived phosphine [Fc =(η-C<sub>5</sub>H<sub>5</sub>)FeC<sub>5</sub>H<sub>4</sub>] (1996)

Reaction of FcCH2NMe3+I– with an excess of P(CH2OH)3 gives the air stable ferrocenylphosphine FcCH2P(CH2OH)2, characterised by an X-ray structure determination; reactivity towards reagents such as MeI, acrylonitrile and amines allows the synthesis of a range of new ferrocene-phosphine derivatives.
Performance comparison of indoor positioning techniques based on location fingerprinting in wireless networks (2005)

Appropriate and correct indoor positioning in wireless networks could provide interesting services and applications in many domains. There are time of arrival (TOA), time difference of arrival (TDOA), angle of arrival (AOA), and location fingerprinting schemes that can he used for positioning. We focus on location fingerprinting in this paper since it is more applicable to complex indoor environments than other schemes. Location fingerprinting uses received signal strength to estimate locations of mobile nodes or users. Probabilistic method, k-nearest-neighbor, and neural networks are previously proposed positioning techniques based on location fingerprinting. However, most of these previous works only concentrate on accuracy, which means the average distance error. Actually, it is not enough to measure the performance of a positioning technique by the accuracy only. A comprehensive performance comparison is also critical and helpful in order to choose the most fitting algorithm in real environments. In this paper, we compare comprehensively various performance metrics including accuracy, precision, complexity, robustness, and scalability. Through our analysis and experiment results, k-nearest-neighbor reports the best overall performance for the indoor positioning purpose.
Quaternion kinematics for the error-state Kalman filter (2017)

This article is an exhaustive revision of concepts and formulas related to quaternions and rotations in 3D space, and their proper use in estimation engines such as the error-state Kalman filter. The paper includes an in-depth study of the rotation group and its Lie structure, with formulations using both quaternions and rotation matrices. It makes special attention in the definition of rotation perturbations, derivatives and integrals. It provides numerous intuitions and geometrical interpretations to help the reader grasp the inner mechanisms of 3D rotation. The whole material is used to devise precise formulations for error-state Kalman filters suited for real applications using integration of signals from an inertial measurement unit (IMU).
Scanning and Escape during Protein-disulfide Isomerase-assisted Protein Folding (1997)

During oxidative protein folding, efficient catalysis of disulfide rearrangements by protein-disulfide isomerase is found to involve an escape mechanism that prevents the enzyme from becoming trapped in covalent complexes with substrates that fail to rearrange in a timely fashion. Protein-disulfide isomerase mutants with only a single active-site cysteine catalyze slow disulfide rearrangements and become trapped in a covalent complex with substrate. Escape is mediated by the second, more carboxyl-terminal cysteine at the active site. A glutathione redox buffer increases the kcat for single-cysteine mutants by 20-40-fold, but the presence of the second cysteine at the active site in the wild-type enzyme increases the kcat by over 200-fold. A model is developed in which kinetic scanning for disulfides of increasing reactivity is timed against an intramolecular clock provided by the second cysteine at the active site. This provides an alternative, more efficient mechanism for rearrangement involving the reduction and reoxidation of substrate disulfides.
Recovery of Lithium Hydroxide from Spent Lithium Carbonate using Crystallizations (2008)

Abstract Recovery of LiOH from the spent Li2CO3 used as absorbent for carbon dioxide in breathing apparatus was successfully explored by precipitation and crystallization. A lithium hydroxide solution was prepared by precipitation of calcium carbonate using reaction of spent Li2CO3 and calcium hydroxide. The effects of the operating conditions on the reaction were investigated. Conversion of calcium carbonate was about 95%. Lithium hydroxide monohydrate from lithium hydroxide solution was obtained in batch evaporative crystallization. The effect of the evaporation rate on crystal morphology was investigated. The evaporation rates were affected to control size and yield of crystals. Eventually, the purity of crystals was above 99 wt% and yield was about 80%. Keywords: Crystallizationseparationlithiumrecovery
Experiments with interactive question-answering (2005)

This paper describes a novel framework for interactive question-answering (Q/A) based on predictive questioning. Generated off-line from topic representations of complex scenarios, predictive questions represent requests for information that capture the most salient (and diverse) aspects of a topic. We present experimental results from large user studies (featuring a fully-implemented interactive Q/A system named FERRET) that demonstrates that surprising performance is achieved by integrating predictive questions into the context of a Q/A dialogue.
Regulation of Interleukin-5–Induced β2-Integrin Adhesion of Human Eosinophils by Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase (2005)

We examined the role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) in integrin-mediated eosinophil adhesion. Deltap85, a dominant-negative form of the class IA PI3K adaptor subunit, was fused to an HIV-TAT protein transduction domain (TAT-Deltap85). Recombinant TAT-Deltap85 inhibited interleukin (IL)-5-stimulated phosphorylation of protein kinase B, a downstream target of PI3K. beta(2)-Integrin-dependent adhesion caused by IL-5 to the plated intracellular adhesion molecule-1 surrogate, bovine serum albumin, was inhibited by TAT-Deltap85 in a concentration-dependent manner. Similarly, two PI3K inhibitors, wortmannin and LY294002, blocked eosinophil adhesion to plated bovine serum albumin. By contrast, beta(1)-integrin-mediated eosinophil adhesion to vascular cell adhesion moelcule-1 was not blocked by TAT-Deltap85, wortmannin, or LY294002. Rottlerin, a protein kinase C (PKC)-delta inhibitor, also blocked beta(2)-integrin adhesion of eosinophils caused by IL-5, whereas beta(1) adhesion to vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 was not affected. IL-5 caused translocation of PKCdelta from the cytosol to cell membrane; inhibition of PI3K by wortmannin blocked translocation of PKCdelta. Western blot analysis demonstrated that extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation, a critical intermediary in adhesion elicited by IL-5, was blocked by inhibition of either PI3K or PKC-delta. These data suggest that extracellular signal-regulated kinase-mediated adhesion of beta(2)-integrin caused by IL-5 is mediated in human eosinophils by a class IA PI3K through activation of a PKCdelta pathway.
Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Triacetin (2003)

Triacetin, also known as Glyceryl Triacetate, is reported to function as a cosmetic biocide, plasticizer, and solvent in cosmetic formulations, at concentrations ranging from 0.8% to 4.0%. It is a commonly used carrier for flavors and fragrances. Triacetin was affirmed as a generally recognized as safe (GRAS) human food ingredient by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Triacetin was not toxic to animals in acute oral or dermal exposures, nor was it toxic in short-term inhalation or parenteral studies, and subchronic feeding and inhalation studies. Triacetin was, at most, slightly irritating to guinea pig skin. However, in one study, it caused erythema, slight edema, alopecia, and desquamation, and did cause some irritation in rabbit eyes. Triacetin was not sensitizing in guinea pigs. Triacetin was not an irritant or a sensitizer in a clinical maximization study, and only very mild reactions were seen in a Duhring-chamber test using a 50% dilution. In humans, Triacetin reportedly has caused ocular irritation but no injury. Triacetin was not mutagenic. Although there were no available reproductive and developmental toxicity data, Triacetin was quickly metabolized to glycerol and acetic acid and these chemicals were not developmental toxins. Reports of 1,2-glyceryl diesters, which may be present in Triacetin, affecting cell growth and proliferation raised the possibility of hyperplasia and/or tumor promotion. The Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) Expert Panel concluded, however, that the effects of 1,2-glyceryl diesters on cell growth and proliferation require longer ester chains on the glycerin backbone than are present when acetic acid is esterified with glycerin, as in Triacetin. On the basis of the available information, the CIR Expert Panel concluded that Triacetin is safe as used in cosmetic formulations.
V. Prenatal and Perinatal Care, Pediatrics, and Nutrition Surveillance: Analysis of Fetal Heart Rate and Uterine Activity Signals by Using Apple II Plus Microcomputer (1981)

Intrapartum electronic fetal monitoring has been used widely for over a decade in obstetric practice. Its main purpose is to provide information about the labor and fetal conditions so that better obstetrical care can be provided. However, there is certain information obtained from monitoring which needs electronic or computer aids to make them useful clinically. This study describes the experience of using the Apple II plus microcomputer in obtaining and analyzing fetal heart rate and uterine activity signals from the intrapartum clinical monitor. This was done by building an analog-to-digital converting board and by using 6502 microprocessor machine language routines. Approximately 60 to 80 minutes of tracings can be processed before 30 kilobytes of memory are filled. The data is then transferred to a 5¼″ diskette for permanent storage and for future data reduction. With this approach, uterine activity units and fetal heart rate variability indices are calculated.
A Comparative Assessment of Flue Gas Treatment Processes Part II—Environmental and Cost Comparison (1981)

The developmental status, projected costs, and environmental effects of 14 flue gas treatment processes are compared on a common basis in two consecutive issues of JAPCA. Part I summarized the background and study basis and Part II compares environmental impact and relative costs. Each process is assumed to be associated with a grass roots installation that includes a modern 800 MW power plant burning Illinois No. 6 coal. Also considered is the effectiveness of these processes to control particulate matter, NOx, trace inorganics, and polyorganic matter. The processes are divided into those operating once-through (Limestone, Lime, Limestone and Lime, Dual-Alkali), and with regeneration (Magnesia, Wellman-Lord, Citrate, Aqueous Carbonate, IFP-Catalytic Inc., Copper-Dry Bed, and Carbon-Dry Bed). Also analyzed are NOx control processes that are compatible with scrubbers or dry processes, and include the Exxon Thermal DeNOx, Ozone NO Oxidation, and Copper and Carbon-Dry Bed.
Dynamics of pulsed-power chlorine plasmas (1999)

Characteristics of chlorine, transformer-coupled pulsed plasmas are reported. Time dependencies of electron (ne), positive ion (ni+), and negative ion (ni−) densities and electron temperatures (Te) were measured with a Langmuir probe and microwave interferometry at 240 and 500 W input powers, and pressures between 3 and 20 mTorr. During the OFF portion of the power modulation, ne decreases rapidly as Cl− is formed by dissociative attachment of Cl2. The formation of Cl− is accelerated at high Cl2 densities (at high pressures and low powers). At 10 mTorr and higher pressures, an ion–ion plasma forms near the end of the OFF portion of the cycle, the sheath collapses, and Cl− reaches the wafer. Te decays rapidly in the OFF period and increases with a similar time constant at the beginning of the ON cycle if electrons are present at a sufficiently high level. If ne is very low at the beginning of the ON cycle, such as at high pressure (10 mTorr), then Te exhibits a spike at the beginning of the ON period. In a comparison study, plasma induced damage is reduced when aluminum is etched under similar source power modulation conditions.