gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Si/W Ratio Changes and Film Peeling during Polycide Annealing (1990)

Tungsten silicide has found wide applications in VLSI device fabrications; nontheless, peeling has been a major problem in manufacturing. Adhesion of tungsten silicide films is strongly related to the film compositions, Si/W atomic ratios, which in turn can be altered by oxidation conditions. In this work, we investigated the tungsten polycide peeling mechanism and explored the causes for peeling. RBS, XRD and Auger were used to correlate the silicide adhesion to its composition changes due to oxidation. It is found that during the first oxidation of the polycide films, the silicon atoms in the silicide films are driven out of the silicide bulk toward both the surface and polysilicon-silicide interface. Bared oxidized polycide films would peel upon further oxidation. The peeling mechanism is illustrated. Solutions to the film peeling prevention will also be proposed.
Social transition and adolescent development (1987)

When investigating the impact of social transition on deprived and nondeprived adolescents, one should consider the abruptness of the change, other simultaneous transitions, and the availability of at least one unchanging arena of comfort. More research is needed on the short- and long-term effects of impersonality in the social context and on the effects of the proximate environment.
Coping with the Curse of Dimensionality by Combining Linear Programming and Reinforcement Learning (2021)

Reinforcement learning techniques offer a very powerful method of finding solutions in unpredictable problem environments where human supervision is not possible. However, in many real world situations, the state space needed to represent the solutions becomes so large that using these methods becomes infeasible. Often the vast majority of these states are not valuable in finding the optimal solution. This work introduces a novel method of using linear programming to identify and represent the small area of the state space that is most likely to lead to a near-optimal solution, significantly reducing the memory requirements and time needed to arrive at a solution. An empirical study is provided to show the validity of this method with respect to a specific problem in vehicle dispatching. This study demonstrates that, in problems that are too large for a traditional reinforcement learning agent, this new approach yields solutions that are a significant improvement over other nonlearning methods. In addition, this new method is shown to be robust to changing conditions both during training and execution. Finally, some areas of future work are outlined to introduce how this new approach might be applied to additional problems and environments.
Behavior control for a mobile robot by multihierarchical neural network (2003)

A mobile robot with behavior controlled by a neural network, and its learning method are presented. The robot has four wheels and travels with two motors; it has twelve sensors for detecting internal conditions and changes in environment. The sensor signals are fed into the input layer of the network, and the network outputs motor control commands. The network model is divided into two subnetworks connected to each other with a short-term memory to process time-dependent data. The robot can learn various habits by changing the patterns to be taught. One example, the habits to play a cops-and-robbers game, was taught. Through training, the robots learned habits such as capture and escape.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Definition of Genetically Distinct Attenuation Mechanisms in Naturally Virulence-Attenuated <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> by Comparative Cell Culture and Molecular Characterization (2005)

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen able to cause serious disease in humans and animals. Not all isolates are equally pathogenic, however, and several isolates have been characterized as naturally virulence attenuated. We sought to identify the genetic basis of natural virulence attenuation using cell culture assays and molecular techniques. By comparing the phenotypes of naturally virulence-attenuated isolates to those of defined virulence gene mutants in plaque, cytotoxicity, and hemolysis assays and by characterizing selected virulence genes and their expression using DNA sequencing and TaqMan reverse transcriptase PCR, we classified virulence-attenuated isolates into four categories. Both group A and group B isolates were noncytotoxic and nonhemolytic; however, group A isolates underexpressed listeriolysin O (LLO, encoded by hlyA), while group B isolates produced LLO proteins that were inactive. The single isolate in group C was fully cytotoxic, had higher than wild-type hemolytic activity, and was, therefore, likely virulence attenuated due to overexpression of LLO. Group D isolates were characterized by normal cytotoxicity, hemolytic activity, and hlyA expression but had reduced intracellular growth. The genetic mechanisms causing virulence-attenuated phenotypes among the group D isolates could not be determined definitively but may involve defects in the expression of actA or the function of the ActA protein. Our results show (i) that the combination of cell culture assays and molecular techniques used in this study allows for identification and characterization of naturally virulence-attenuated isolates and (ii) that multiple distinct genetic mechanisms are responsible for natural virulence attenuation in L. monocytogenes.
Polymyositis associated with AIDS retrovirus (1986)

Two homosexual men were initially seen with polymyositis as the only manifestation of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) retrovirus infection. They developed AIDS-related complex a few weeks later and typical AIDS two to six months after onset of muscle weakness. By use of anti-human T-cell lymphotropic virus type III antiserum and monoclonal antibodies to lymphocyte subsets in an immunofluorescence technique, viral antigens were found in the OKT4-positive lymphoid cells surrounding muscle fibers and invading the endomysia septa. We concluded that an initial infection with the AIDS retrovirus can be associated with polymyositis, which may be the first clinical manifestation of an impending AIDS-related complex or AIDS. (<i>JAMA</i>1986;256:2381-2383)
Refractures After Forearm Plate Removal (1990)

Debate continues over the need for removal of internal fixation devices. Nowhere has this been more intense than in the area of forearm fractures. Although basic biologic principles would dictate that fixation interferes with bone physiology, clinical experience has taught surgeons that every reoperation has potential complications. We therefore retrospectively reviewed all patients undergoing forearm plate removal during a 5 1/2-year period. There were four subsequent refractures in 63 patients, for an incidence of 6%. Factors that appeared to influence the refracture rate were degree of initial displacement and comminution, physical characteristics of the plate, early removal, and lack of postremoval protection.
Hyaluronic acid-stimulating activity in sera from the bovine fetus and from breast cancer patients. (1989)

The sine qua non of malignancy is the ability of tumor cells to migrate and invade surrounding tissue. There are many substances that have been described that enhance cell motility and hyaluronic acid is prominent among these. Hyaluronic acid is a high molecular weight alternating disaccharide polymer found in abundance in extracellular matrices whenever rapid cell proliferation or tissue regeneration and repair occur. It creates a permissive environment for cell motility during embryogenesis, and high levels of hyaluronic acid also correlate with increased tumor cell invasion and aggressiveness. Little is known about the regulation of hyaluronic acid production, either in normal tissue or in malignancy. In this study, we characterize a hyaluronic acid-stimulating activity in fetal calf serum and describe a similar activity in the sera of breast cancer patients. The stimulating activity was measured by placing aliquots of test substance on fibrosarcoma cells. These indicator cells, which synthesize copious quantities of hyaluronic acid, respond to stimulation in a time- and dose-dependent fashion. The fetal calf serum hyaluronic acid-stimulating activity is maximum early in gestation and then falls rapidly to essentially no activity at term. This activity was partially purified from 120-day fetal calf serum by concanavalin A-Sepharose affinity and ion exchange chromatography and is accounted for by a glycoprotein with a molecular weight of 150,000 on gel filtration under native conditions. The sera of breast cancer patients with measurable burden of disease also contained hyaluronic acid-stimulating activity, which was not present in normal serum donors or in breast cancer patients without evidence of disease. The production of this stimulating activity may contribute to the development of the malignant phenotype by inducing hyaluronic acid-rich microenvironments that are permissive to tumor cell invasion and metastases.
Reduced intermodulation distortion in 1300 nm gain-clamped MQW laser amplifiers (1995)

A 1300 nm gain-clamped DFB multiple quantum well laser amplifier with negligible pass band ripple, 20 dB fiber to fiber gain, and 10 dB reduction in gain saturation is demonstrated. The remaining gain saturation is attributed to longitudinal hole burning. After some modifications the reduction in gain saturation is improved to more than 30 dB for an input signal having the same polarization state as the lasing mode. From these experiments and a theoretical analysis it is concluded that there is a potential for realizing highly linear 1300 nm CATV semiconductor laser amplifiers using gain-clamping with less intermodulation distortion than today's directly modulated linear semiconductor lasers.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Simulator Sickness Amongst Older Drivers With and Without Dementia (2006)

Driving tasks may be safely and cost effectively mimicked through simulator use. Simulator sickness is a side effect which simulation can induce, despite simulation being ideal for most driving research types and real world driving approximation. The authors studied how prevalent simulator sickness was in older drivers referred for driving evaluation, whether they were cognitively impaired or healthy. Past research agrees with study results that simulator sickness is more likely to be experienced by females. Further study may be merited through results which suggest that the incidence of symptoms may be reduced with the assistance of changes in the visual presentation of information to drivers during simulation exposure.
Switching Clozapine Responders to Olanzapine (2000)

The successful conversion from clozapine to olanzapine has the potential to provide great benefits for the patient, including reducing drug-induced side effects while maintaining symptom control. These preliminary results suggest that further research on converting clozapine responders to olanzapine is warranted.
Avalanche Breakdown in Germanium (1955)

It is shown that all germanium junctions studied break down as the result of the same avalanche process found in silicon. An empirical expression for the multiplication inherent in this breakdown process is given for step junctions. Ionization rates for holes and electrons in Ge are derived with the use of this expression. The ionization rate for holes is larger than that for electrons by about a factor of two. The agreement between these ionization rates as a function of field and the theory of Wolff is excellent. It is determined that the threshold for electron-hole pair production is about 1.50 ev and the mean free path for electron (or hole)-phonon collisions is about 130 A.
Characterization of Odorants in Chardonnay Marc Skins (2021)

Chardonnay marc, consisting of grape skins, seeds, and stems, is a coproduct of grape juice production for Chardonnay wine making. The discovery that marc contains a rich source of health-promoting molecules has led to its growing popularity as a flavorful healthy food ingredient. However, the odorants responsible for its pleasant fruity aroma remain unknown. In this study, 35 odorants were identified in Chardonnay marc skins using solvent-assisted flavor evaporation (SAFE) and aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA). Thirteen odorants were quantitated employing stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs), and odor activity values (OAVs) were calculated. Odorants with OAVs >1 included 3-methylnonane-2,4-dione (hay, OAV 5800), β-ionone (floral, violets, OAV 2900), (2<i>E</i>,4<i>E</i>)-nona-2,4-dienal (fatty, OAV 1200), β-damascenone (cooked apple, OAV 370), hexanal (green, OAV 260), oct-1-en-3-one (mushroom, OAV 200), linalool (floral, citrus, OAV 61), (2<i>E</i>,4<i>E</i>)-deca-2,4-dienal (fatty, OAV 60), 2-phenylethanol (floral, rose, OAV 16), 3-(methylsulfanyl)propanal (potato, OAV 3.7), HDMF (caramel, OAV 2.0), and ethyl octanoate (fruity, OAV 1.1). An odor simulation model prepared using odorants with OAVs >1 sensorially matched the aroma of the Chardonnay marc skins. This investigation establishes a foundation for future studies aimed at determining the contribution of individual Chardonnay marc components (skins, seeds, and stems) to the aroma profile of Chardonnay marc powder and aiding producers in delivering optimal and consistent aroma profiles by region.
No Detectable Transfer of Dietary Lactoferrin or Its Functional Fragments to Portal Blood in Healthy Adult Rats (2004)

We investigated the transfer of dietary bovine lactoferrin (LF) and its functional lactoferricin (LFcin) B-containing fragments to the portal blood of healthy adult rats by using several techniques. After a single administration of (125)I-labeled LF, radioactive bands were detected in autoradioluminograms of the portal blood, but similar bands were also observed after the administration of [(125)I]NaI. Although ovalbumin was detected by ELISA at 3-18 ng/ml in the portal blood plasma after an overnight administration, no LF was detected (< or =1.5 ng/ml). The antibody-captured ovalbumin fragments, but not the LF fragments, were detected in the plasma by surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization affinity mass spectrometry (SELDI affinity MS). We finally attempted to detect the LFcin B-containing fragments by SELDI affinity MS with on-chip LFcin B-conversion, but could not detect them (< or =1 ng/ml) in the portal blood after the LF ingestion. The level of LF or its functional fragments transferred to the portal blood was therefore extremely low, if any.
Comprehensive Mutation Analysis in Colorectal Flat Adenomas (2012)

The lower APC mutation rate in flat adenomas compared to polypoid adenomas suggests that disruption of the Wnt-pathway may occur via different mechanisms in these two phenotypes. Furthermore, in contrast to previous observations our results in this large well-defined sample set indicate that there is no significant association between the different morphological phenotypes and mutations in key genes of the RAS-RAF-MAPK pathway.
On the performance of adaptive Gram-Schmidt algorithm for interference cancelling arrays (1991)

A detailed performance analysis of the least mean square (LMS) algorithm to update each stage of an adaptive Gram-Schmidt processor in interference cancelling adaptive arrays is presented. It is shown that although the number of adaptive weights in the processor is proportional to M/sup 2/. the total misadjustment contributed by weight jittering is proportional to only M, where M is the size of the processor. In absolute terms, the weight jittering noises do not accumulate as would be expected, but cancel one another out and decrease in magnitude as the optimal powers become smaller from one processing stage to the next. For optimal performance, the feedback factors used in the individual LMS loops should be normalized so that the amount of misadjustment contributed and the convergence time constant are the same for all processing stages. All the weights belonging to one processing stage must be adjusted in a synchronous manner with the same input vector. This synchronous updating requirement is essential for the cancellation of the jittering noises, although in situations where the weights are adaptively updated in a time-multiplexed manner, it may appear more efficient to update each weight based on the most current inputs.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bees Up Close (2003)

The “Imagery” section of Spine is devoted to the artistic and imaginative qualities of our readers. Spine invites you to submit your drawings, illustrations, or photographs, along with appropriate explanatory information, for consideration of publication within this section. Please forward two 5″ × 7″ copies of your work to: Dr. William A. Abdu, Coordinating Editor “Imagery,” c/o Spine, Dartmouth College, 7254 Strasenburgh Hall, Hanover, NH 03755-3863. Tel: 603-650-1122 or 800-934-9379; Fax 603-650-1500. FIGUREFigure: Bees Up Close Joel Press, Chicago, Illinois
A Comparative Study of Effects on Characteristic Properties of FRP Composites When Exposed to Distilled Water, Nacl-Water Solution and Sea Water Separately (2008)

A comparative study of effects on characteristic properties of FRP composites when exposed to Distilled water, NaCl- water solution and sea water separately was done.Composite of E- glass fiber reinforced in epoxy resin (araldite LY556) in 40:60 weight ratios was used. Samples were immersed for 2, 4, and 8 days in the three mediums separately at 60°C and 95% humidity in a humid chamber. ILSS values were calculated using INSTRON 1195. It was found that all solutions marginally degraded the mechanical property this was mainly the result of polymer hydrolysis. The diffusivity was found to be maximum in case of 3.2% NaCl solution and minimum in sea water. The immersion in sea water had least affect on mechanical properties. As evidenced by SEM micrographs, the worst case of damage involved large amount of debonding and fiber pullout in case of 3.2% NaCl solution, while sea water least affecting the matrix.
Electro-optically<i>Q</i>-switched pulse-periodic YAG:Nd<sup>3+</sup>laser (1978)

A theoretical analysis is made of the operation of an electro-optic switch for unpolarized light and the results are checked experimentally. It is shown that this electro-optic device provides efficient Q switching of a laser whose active element is characterized by a strong initial or induced birefringence. The minimum theoretical transmission coefficient of the switch is ∼5%.
Goitre prevalence in indigenous population of Evenkia. (1994)

Representatives of indigenous northern peoples (the Evenks and the Kets) living in a large Siberian territory named Evenkia were studied. There were children 6-14 years of age and adults aged 18-45 years. Thyroid volumes were determined by ultrasound. Iodine excretion was estimated. Normal thyroid volumes were found in 27.5% of the children. A high prevalence of goitre was detected in the adults. 55.4% of the women and 29.1% of the men had thyroid volumes above normal upper limits. Nodular goitres were found in 10.8% of the adults. 58.8% of the subjects had urinary iodine excretion below 10 micrograms/dl. Data show that the territory of Evenkia, settled by northern aborigines, is iodine deficient. The usage of the iodinated salt is ineffective. The preservation of the iodine content in salt remains the main problem in this area. In addition, some other goitrogenic agents may contribute to the high goitre prevalence in the indigenous population in Evenkia.
Accelerated Memory Decline in Alzheimer's Disease With Apolipoprotein ϵ4 Allele (2003)

To investigate a possible effect of the apolipoprotein (APOE) epsilon4 allele on memory decline in Alzheimer's disease (AD), we examined 64 AD patients with the APOE epsilon3/3, epsilon3/4, or epsilon4/4 allele using the Alzheimer Disease Assessment Scale-Cognitive subscale (ADAS-Cog) and its subtests at the initial examination and at the 1-year follow-up visit. One-year changes in the scores of the Word Recall subtest, Word Recognition subtest, and total ADAS-Cog were significantly correlated with the number of APOE epsilon4 alleles after controlling for the effects of age, sex, education, test interval, and baseline scores. Findings revealed that APOE epsilon4 allele is related to an accelerated memory decline in AD.
Purified Pseudomonas aeruginosa PA-I lectin induces gut growth when orally ingested by rats (1995)

The effects of PA-I lectin isolated from the human pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa upon cellular metabolism in vivo have been studied using the rat gut as a model system.Orally ingested PA-I lectin stimulated metabolic activity and induced polyamine accumulation and growth in the small intestine, caecum and colon.The nature and extent of the changes induced by PA-I lectin were similar to those caused by dietary kidney bean lectin and were likely to lead to impaired epithelial cell function and integrity.This finding contributes to our understanding of the possible roles of these lectins in Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection.
The use of deuterated phenylalanine for the<i>in vivo</i> assay of phenylalanine hydroxylase activity in children (1982)

Fifteen children, five with phenylketonuria (PKU), five with hyperphenylalaninaemia, and five phenotypically normal but at risk of being carriers for PKU, were given [ring 2H5]phenylalanine orally in amounts ranging from 75 mg/kg to 10 mg/kg. Plasma was assayed for [2H5]phenylalanine and [2H4]tyrosine at hourly intervals, the amino acids being measured as the N-acetyl, n-propyl esters by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy. The results obtained were calculated as the log of the ratio [2H5]phenylalanine: [2H4]tyrosine in the plasma. The five patients with PKU had ratios of infinity because no [2H4]tyrosine was measured in their plasma during the experimental period. The patients with hyperphenylalaninaemia had log ratios over 2.00 throughout the assay period. Among the five normal children three are considered to be carriers for PKU as the logarithms of the [2H5]phenylalanine: [2H4]tyrosine ratios were 1.77, 1.73, and 1.33 and remained over 1.00 during the assay period. The other children had log ratios of 1.16 and 1.00 at the first hour which dropped below 1.00 subsequently, suggesting normal activity of phenylalanine hydroxylase.
Studies on the Synthesis of Di‐ and Trisaccharide Analogues of Moenomycin A. Modifications in Unit E and in the Lipid Part (2004)

Abstract Routes allowing the synthesis of moenomycin analogues with one modified sugar component and with new lipid parts were developed (see 10c, 12c, 16b , and 20b in Schemes 2 – 4 ). It is anticipated that such analogues will be useful for studying the mode of action of the moenomycin‐type transglycosylase inhibitors in detail and for preparing analogues with improved pharmacokinetic properties.