gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Theoretical study of a GaAs lateral p-i-n photodetector (1998)

We present a numerical study of a high speed GaAs lateral p-i-n (LPIN) photodiode. The LPIN is a planar structure composed of interdigitated p+ and n+ wells. A metal–semiconductor–metal (MSM) photodiode with identical finger spacing and geometry is simulated for comparison. When pulsed with an 827 nm optical source at 0.68 mW/cm2, the lateral p-i-n exhibited improved frequency performance and responsivity compared to the MSM. The dark current and capacitance are similar in magnitude between the two devices. Based on these results, it is concluded that a lateral p-i-n can be an attractive alternative to standard MSM photodetectors.
Recent Cases: Bills and Notes — Separate Instruments Read as One and Affecting Status as Holder in Due Course and Negotiability of Promissory Note (1953)

Plaintiff finance company followed a policy of refusing to take up negotiable notes from appliance dealers unless the notes were accom­panied by a statement signed by the maker of the note that all mer­chandise had been installed. A dealer forged the signature of defendant maker on the certificate, warranting that all merchandise had been installed. Plaintiff finance company sued the maker on the note. Held: the finance company forfeited its status as a holder in due course by requiring the additional instrument as a condition precedent to acceptance of the note. The court reasoned that since the finance com­pany required the certificate of installation, it was to be held as an original party not only to the certificate but also to the note which accompanied it, and would be subject to all defenses maker could set up on either instrument.
A Lane Departure Warning System Based on Machine Vision (2008)

Lane departure warning system based on machine vision is a human decision-make like solution to avoid lane departure fatalities with low cost and high reliability. In this paper, the model of vision-based lane departure warning system and the realization is described at first. Then the method of lane detection is illustrated, which is composed of three steps: image preprocessing, binary processing and dynamical threshold choosing, and linear-parabolic model fitting. After that, the solution of how to perform the departure decision-making is proposed and demonstrated. Unlike the usual TLC and CCP methods, the angles between lanes and the horizontal axis in captured image coordinate are used as the criterion for lane departure decision-making. At last the experiments are implemented by use of all the steps; the results indicate the efficiency and feasibility of the solution.
Low power and high performance vlsi circuits for clocking systems (2005)

The clock frequency of Very Large Scaled Integrated (VLSI) Systems keep increasing with technology scaling, and System on Chip (SoC) designs will integrate tens of millions of transistors on one chip, whereas packaging and cooling designs have only a limited ability to remove the excess heat produced by the systems. All these factors result in power consumption being considered as one of the main problems in achieving high performance designs. 
The power break down of a microprocessor reveals that the clocking system is one of the largest power dissipating components. It consumes 33% of the overall power of the microprocessor. The clocking system consists of flip-flops and a clock tree. 
In this dissertation, low power circuit techniques including reducing the switching activity of flip flops, using dual Vdd, and using double clock edge triggering are surveyed extensively. New circuit techniques, including the conditional discharge technique, pseudo-NMOS level converting schemes, as well as the shared clocked branch technique are proposed. 
Other than the clock tree, domino circuits employ the clock for precharge. The keeper for high fan in domino circuits are one of the design challenges to maintain high performance of domino while resisting the leakage. We survey the related keeper designs, and propose the differential controlled keeper technique. 
With voltage scaling and threshold voltage scaling, leakage increases exponentially. We propose the external-internal dual switch leakage control scheme. 
Our research methodologies consist of: SCAN (1) Survey existing research; (2) Categorize them into groups; (3)  Analyze advantage and drawback; (4) New design proposal.
Fluorescence Aptameric Sensor for Strand Displacement Amplification Detection of Cocaine (2010)

A new fluorescence method based on aptamer-target interactions has been developed for cocaine detection with target-induced strand displacement. Here we describe new probes, the hairpin-probe and the single strand-probe (ss-probe), that possess two recognition sequences of cocaine aptamer. In the presence of cocaine, both probes would associate with the target to form a tripartite complex. The conformational change in the hairpin-probe causes the opening of a hairpin structure and the hybridization to primer. With polymerase and the dNTPs, the replication of the single-stranded domain of hairpin-probe triggers the process of primer extension. When the hairpin-probe is converted into a fully double-stranded form, the ss-probe and cocaine are displaced to bind another hairpin-probe and initiate new amplification cycles. Fluorescence signal generation would be observed upon SYBR Green I intercalating into the new DNA double helix. The new protocol design permits detection of as low as 2 nM cocaine in a closed tube, offering a convenient approach for a homogeneous assay. Compared with previously reported cocaine aptameric sensors, our new method is highly sensitive, selective, and economical.
Facilitation of addition–elimination reactions in pyrimidines and purines using trifluoroacetic acid in trifluoroethanol (2003)

SNAr displacement reactions of 6-cyclohexylmethoxy-2-fluoropurine, 6-amino-2-butylsulfonyl-4-cyclohexylmethoxypyrimidine and 2-amino-6-chloropurine with substituted anilines (e.g. the weakly nucleophilic 4-aminobenzenesulfonamide) are dramaticallyaccelerated in the presence of trifluoroacetic acid and occur especially efficiently in 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol solvent.
Efficient mixing of polymer blends of extreme viscosity ratio: Elimination of phase inversion via solid‐state shear pulverization (2000)

Abstract A novel, continuous process, solid‐state shear pulverization (S 3 P), efficiently mixes blends with different component viscosities. Melt mixing immiscible polymers or like polymers of different molecular weight often requires long processing times. With a batch, intensive melt mixer, a polyethylene (PE)/polystyrene (PS) blend with a viscosity ratio (low to high) of 0.019 required up to 35 min to undergo phase inversion. Phase inversion is associated with a morphological change in which the majority component, the high‐viscosity material in these blends, transforms from the dispersed to the matrix phase, and may be quantified by a change from low to high mixing torque. In contrast, such blends subjected to short‐residence‐time (∼3 min) S 3 P yielded a morphology with a PS matrix and a PE dispersed phase with phase diameters ≤ 1 μm. Thus, S 3 P directly produces matrix and dispersed phases like those obtained after phase inversion during a melt‐mixing process. This assertion is supported by the similarity in the near‐plateaus in torque obtained in the melt mixer at short times with the pulverized blend and at long times with the non‐pulverized blend. The utility of S 3 P to overcome problems associated with melt mixing like polymers of extreme viscosity ratio is also shown.
Enhancement of the affinity of 2′-O-Me-oligonucleotides for complementary RNA by incorporating a stereoregulated boranophosphate backbone (2014)

<italic>P</italic>-stereodefined boranophosphate 2′-<italic>O</italic>-Me-oligoribonucleotides (2′-<italic>O</italic>-Me-PB-ORNs) were synthesized and we revealed that an all-(<italic>S</italic>p)-PB-backbone largely stabilized the duplex with RNA.
Chemistry of N-haloamines. XX. Relative migratory aptitudes in the rearrangement of N,N-dichlorocarbinamines by aluminum chloride (1973)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTChemistry of N-haloamines. XX. Relative migratory aptitudes in the rearrangement of N,N-dichlorocarbinamines by aluminum chlorideRonald E. White, Myrna B. Nazareno, Michael R. Gleissner, and Peter KovacicCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 22, 3902–3908Publication Date (Print):November 1, 1973Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 November 1973https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00962a017https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00962a017research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views123Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Infection competition against grouper nervous necrosis virus by virus-like particles produced in Escherichia coli (2003)

Dragon grouper (Epinephelus lanceolatus) nervous necrosis virus (DGNNV) comprises 180 copies of capsid protein that encapsulate a bipartite genome of single-stranded (+)-RNAs. This study reports that virus-like particles (VLPs) are formed in Escherichia coli expressing the full-length ORF encoding the DGNNV capsid protein. Two sizes of VLPs are observed. The heavier particles resemble the native piscine nodavirus in size and stain permeability, while the lighter ones are approximately two-thirds of the full size. The recombinant VLPs block attachment of native virus to the surface of cultured fish nerve cells, blocking infection by the native virus.
Palladium-catalysed cascade ring expansion reaction of cyclobutanols that have a propargylic moiety with nucleophiles (2004)

Cascade ring rearrangement of four-membered ring systems containing various propargylic components by a palladium catalyst is described. The reactions of cyclobutanols that have a propargylic carbonate moiety with phenols as nucleophiles produce phenoxy-induced cyclopentanones in high yields. The reactions proceed in a regio- and diastereoselective manner to afford the substituted cyclopentanones with high selectivities. Imides also act as nucleophiles to produce the imidyl-induced products. Propargylic bromide successfully reacts with sodium alkoxides to produce the corresponding products in good yields.
Measured pressure broadening and shift rates of the 1.73 μm (5<i>d</i>[3/2]1–6<i>p</i>[5/2]2) transition of xenon (1991)

Pressure broadening and line center shift rates as a function of helium, neon, and argon pressure have been measured for the 1.73 μm (5d[3/2]1–6p[5/2]2) transition in xenon. The pressure broadening rates are 20.3±6.4, 12.7± 3.5, and 19.7±2.9 MHz/Torr for helium, neon, and argon buffers, respectively.
Increase in viscosity and its influence on polymerization processes (1989)

Abstract In the course of polymerization in homogeneous systems, the viscosity of the reaction mass increases by several orders of magnitude. The viscosity increase is affected by reaction conditions, concentration and properties of the formed polymer. Empirical correlations for homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations are given. Viscosity significantly affects the polymerization kinetics as well as heat, mass and momentum balances of the polymerization reactor. The influence of viscosity and its increase on conductive heat transfer, stirrer power input and cooling capacity, molecular diffusion and mass transfer coefficients, mixing time and residence time distribution in homogeneous and heterogeneous polymerizations in stirred tank and tubular reactors is reviewed.
Band Structure Parameters Deduced from Tunneling Experiments (1961)

Measurements of the voltage and temperature dependence of tunneling in Ge and GaSb are presented which confirm the close proximity of the (000) and (111) conduction band edges in these materials. In the case of Ge, the energy separation of these edges is found to increase with increasing donor concentration. Tunneling in the indirect semiconductor GaP shows no evidence for indirect (phonon-assisted) tunneling transitions. It is believed that tunneling in the junctions which we studied proceeds via deep-level impurities rather than between conduction and valence bands directly, thereby eliminating the requirement of wave number conservation. Revised values for the zone-center longitudinal optical phonon energies as deduced from tunneling data in 3–5 and lead salt semiconductors are presented.
Hyperlipidemia-Associated Renal Damage Decreases Klotho Expression in Kidneys from ApoE Knockout Mice (2013)

Background: Klotho is a renal protein with anti-aging properties that is downregulated in conditions related to kidney injury. Hyperlipidemia accelerates the progression of renal damage, but the mechanisms of the deleterious effects of hyperlipidemia remain unclear.
Role of Leukotrienes in Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness and Cellular Responses in Airways (2000)

Among constitutively present cells, bronchoactive leukotrienes are produced predominantly by mast cells (1) and macrophages (2). A unique characteristic of asthmatic inflammation is the migration of leukocytes from the peripheral blood to the conducting airways of the lung. This is especially true of the eosinophil, which is not present in the airways of normal individuals, but may be found in massive numbers during periods of airway hyperresponsiveness in asthmatic individuals [Figure 1 (3)] (4-6). Most experimental models indicate that eosinophils are an invariable component of asthmatic hyperresponsiveness, although some studies suggest that bronchoconstriction can occur in the relative absence of these cells. For the purposes of this discussion, the eosinophil is viewed as a leukotriene transport system capable of providing a substantial reservoir of bronchoactive leukotrienes to airways in a relatively short time. They may be delivered to conducting airways in large numbers and have the capacity to produce cysteinyl-leukotriene C 4 (Cys-LTC 4 ), which cannot be produced by neutrophils, but also migrate into conducting airways in some circumstances (7, 8). This discussion deals first with the mechanism by which eosinophils, a minority constituent of the circulating blood, are homed selectively to the conducting airways of the lung in human asthma. The mechanism by which the recruitment process of cellular adhesion primes migrating eosinophils for augmented leukotriene synthesis is discussed with particular reference to interactions between surface integrins on eosinophils and their counterligands, the immunoglobulin supergenes on the endothelial surface (9, 10) and fibronectin within the airway wall (11). The potential physiological significance of augmented secretion caused by adhesive interactions is suggested by experiments elucidated in this discussion. Finally, some new preliminary evidence for an autocrine mechanism of eosinophil recruitment that is mediated through the secretion of Cys-leukotrienes is considered.
Assembly of the mitochondrial membrane system: isolation of mitochondrial transfer ribonucleic acid mutants and characterization of transfer ribonucleic acid genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (1980)

A method is described for isolating cytoplasmic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae with lesions in mitochondrial transfer ribonucleic acids (tRNA's). The mutants were selected for slow growth on glycerol and for restoration of wild-type growth by cytoplasmic "petite" testers that contain regions of mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) with tRNA genes. The aminoacylated mitochondrial tRNA's of several presumptive tRNA mutants were analyzed by reverse-phase chromatography on RPC-5. Two mutant strains, G76-26 and G76-35, were determined to carry mutations in the cysteine and histidine tRNA genes, respectively. The cysteine tRNA mutant was used to isolate cytoplasmic petite mutants whose retained segments of mitochondrial DNA contain the cysteine tRNA gene. The segment of one such mutant (DS504) was sequenced and shown to have the cysteine, histidine, and threonine tRNA genes. The structures of the three mitochondrial tRNA's were deduced from the DNA sequence.
Influence of Application Amount on Sunscreen Photodegradation in <i>in vitro</i> Sun Protection Factor Evaluation: Proposal of A Skin‐Mimicking Substrate (2011)

Widely used polymethylmethacrylate substrates for in vitro sun protection factor (SPF) testing of sunscreens do not mimic the rough surface structure of skin, and in addition, sample loading is less than that used in in vivo SPF testing (2.00 mg cm(-2)). We have developed a skin-mimicking substrate (SMS), which has furrows and ridges on its surface, like human skin. A comparison of the photodegradation profiles of sunscreens on commercially available substrates (including SMS) at the recommended application amounts, and on SMS at various application amounts showed that the photodegradation rate of photounstable sunscreen was dependent on the application amount being higher at lower application amounts. SMS at the recommended application amount of 2.00 mg cm(-2) provided in vitro SPF values that were comparable with in vivo SPF values. Our results confirm that, in order to develop a reliable in vitro SPF method, which is consistent with in vivo SPF determination, it is important to use the same application amount of sample as in the in vivo method, in order to take proper account of sunscreen photostability.
The Biology of Toxoplasma (1953)

SummaryInformation on the biology of Toxoplasma has been summarized. Lack of host specificity, together with morphological and immunological criteria, indicate that the toxoplasmas of different hosts, avian and mammalian, are the same species, T. gondii. The manifestations of strain differences are discussed and data are presented on latent infections and immunity. An analysis of present information relative to transmission is given.
The role of 14,15-dihydroxyeicosatrienoic acid levels in inflammation and its relationship to lipoproteins (2013)

Increased plasma 14,15-DHET levels reflect the decreased of 14,15-EET levels in an indirectly way. Indicated that decreased plasma 14,15-EET levels might be involved in the inflammatory reaction process in atherosclerosis.
Supramolecular Behavior of an Isomorphous Series of Five Bis(2-methylimidazolium 2,6-dicarboxypyridine) M(II) Complexes (2004)

The supramolecular chemistry and crystal structures of five bis(2-methylimidazolium 2,6-dicarboxypyridine) M(II) complexes, where M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and 7:3 Mn/Cu (1−5, respectively), are reported. These complexes form building blocks with nearly identical molecular structures that crystallize in the same packing pattern. Anions of 2,6-dicarboxypyridine and cations of 2-methylimidazole form N−H···O and O−H···O hydrogen bonds that dominate crystal packing by forming linear ribbons of molecules. Thus, complexes 1−5 form an isomorphous series with a single robust crystalline architecture that accommodates five different transition metals without altering molecular packing. The growth of crystals from solutions that contain two different metal complexes produces mixed crystals in which mixtures of the different metal complexes are incorporated in the same relative molar ratio present in solution. This technique was used to grow crystals of 5 with Mn and Cu complexes in a 7:3 molar ratio. Complexes 1−5 form crystalline solids that represent a novel class of modular materials in which the organic ligands serve as a structural component that defines a single packing arrangement that persists over a range of structures and in which the metal serves as an interchangeable component with which to vary the physical properties of the material. The molecular and crystal structures of bis(2-methylimidazolium 2,6-dicarboxypyridine) M(II) complexes 1−5 are reported and compared to those of a related family of bis(imidazolium 2,6-dicarboxypyridine) M(II) dihydrate complexes 1‘−5‘ (M = Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, and Mn) reported previously. We show that complexes 1−5 and 1‘−5‘ have similar packing arrangements and that introducing a methyl substituent (similar in size to water) at the C2 position of imidazole displaces water and prevents it from being incorporated into the lattice of 1−5.
EL FÚTBOL COMO INSTRUMENTO SOCIOPOLÍTICO: UN ARMA DE DOBLE FILO (2014)

El fútbol no es una práctica deportiva aislada del contexto social y político donde se desarrolla. Con frecuencia, ha sido sometido a una utilización política por parte del poder establecido, reproduciendo así los valores sociales dominantes. No obstante, también encontramos la vertiente contraria, casos en los que el fútbol se ha convertido en una herramienta de lucha contra el poder hegemónico. El presente trabajo analiza algunos de los casos más relevantes de utilización política del fútbol por parte de regímenes autoritarios a lo largo del siglo XX, para posteriormente presentar otros casos en los que el fútbol ha sido una herramienta de contrapoder utilizada por grupos desfavorecidos u oprimidos.
Regulation of Trafficking Receptor Expression in Human Forkhead Box P3+ Regulatory T Cells (2006)

Forkhead Box P3(+) (FOXP3(+)) T cells are regulatory cells important for maintaining immune tolerance. While chemokine- and other homing-receptors are important for T cell migration, it has been unclear how they are regulated in FOXP3(+) T cells. We thoroughly investigated, ex vivo and in vitro, the regulation of chemokine receptor expression on human FOXP3(+) T cells in neonatal cord blood, adult peripheral blood, and tonsils. We found that human FOXP3(+) T cells undergo changes in trafficking receptors according to their stages of activation and differentiation. FOXP3(+) T cells are divided into CD45RA(+) (naive type) and CD45RO(+) (memory type) FOXP3(+) T cells in neonatal blood, adult blood, and tonsils. CD45RA(+)FOXP3(+) T cells mainly express lymphoid tissue homing receptors (CD62L, CCR7, and CXCR4), while CD45RO(+)FOXP3(+) T cells highly express both Th1 and Th2-associated trafficking receptors along with the lymphoid tissue homing receptors at reduced frequencies. Up-regulation of Th1/Th2-associated trafficking receptors begins with activation of CD45RA(+)FOXP3(+) T cells and is completed after their differentiation to CD45RO(+) cells. Some chemokine receptors such as CXCR5 and CXCR6 are preferentially expressed by many FOXP3(+) cells at a specific stage (CD69(+)CD45RO(+)) in tonsils. Our in vitro differentiation study demonstrated that CD45RA(+)FOXP3(+) T cells indeed undergo chemokine receptor switch from CD45RA(+) (secondary lymphoid tissue homing) to CD45RO(+) type (lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissue homing). The orderly regulation of trafficking receptors in FOXP3(+) T cells according to stages of differentiation and activation is potentially important for their tissue-specific migration and regulation of immune responses in humans.