gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Thickness and conductivity of metallic layers from eddy current measurements (1992)

A robust method that uses eddy current measurements to determine the conductivity and thickness of uniform conductive layers is described. The method was tested by estimating the conductivity and thickness of aluminum and copper layers on various substrate metals, and the thickness and conductivity of free-standing foils of aluminum. The electrical impedance was measured for air-core and ferrite-core coils in the presence and absence of the layer for frequencies ranging from 1 kHz to 1 MHz. The thickness and conductivity of the metal layers were inferred by comparing the data taken with air-core coils to the exact theoretical solution of Dodd and Deeds [J. Appl. Phys. 39, 2829 (1968)] using a least-squares norm. The inferences were absolute in the sense that no calibration was used. We report experimental tests for eight different thicknesses of aluminum (20–500 μm) in free space and on four different substrates: Ti-6Al-4V, 304 stainless steel, copper, and 7075 aluminum, and for five different thicknesses of copper (100–500 μm) on 304 stainless steel. Both the thickness and conductivity could be determined accurately (typically within 10%) and simultaneously if the ratio of the layer thickness to the coil radius was between 0.20 and 0.50. For thinner samples either the thickness could be found if the conductivity were known, or vice versa.
Bioinformatics in Gel‐Based Proteomics (2008)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction and Brief Bibliographic Review Methodology and Strategy Experimental Results and Applications Conclusions Five-Year Viewpoint References
A Th1-associated increase in tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in the spleen correlates with resistance to blood-stage malaria in mice (1996)

We investigated the kinetics of tissue-specific mRNA expression and systemic production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) and the kinetics of splenic expression of mRNAs of gamma interferon (INF-gamma) and interleukin-4 (IL-4), cytokines that may regulate TNF-alpha production, during the early phase of blood-stage infection with Plasmodium chabaudi AS. Northern blot analysis revealed that resistant C57BL/6 mice, which clear the infection by 4 weeks, had higher levels of TNF-alpha mRNA in the spleen and liver early during infection that did susceptible A/J mice, which succumb to the disease 10 days after initiation of infection. Treatment of resistant mice with a polyclonal anti-TNF-alpha antibody confirmed the protective role of TNF-alpha early during the course of infection. Furthermore, resistant C57BL/6 mice also expressed high levels of mRNA of IFN-gamma (a Th1 marker) and low levels of mRNA of IL-4 (a Th2 marker) in the spleen, whereas susceptible A/J mice had low levels of IFN-gamma mRNA but high levels of TNF-alpha mRNA in the liver and had high levels of TNF-alpha protein in serum, as measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, later during infection just before death occurred. These results demonstrate that a Th1-associated increase in TNF-alpha mRNA expression in the spleen early during infection correlates with resistance to P. chabaudi AS, whereas increased TNF-alpha mRNA levels in the liver and excessive levels of the TNF-alpha protein in serum later during infection correlate with susceptibility. Thus, the role of the TNF-alpha during malaria appears to depend on the timing and site of its expression and the presence of cytokines regulating its production.
Detection of epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations on CT images of patients with lung adenocarcinoma using radiomics and/or multi-level residual convolutionary neural networks (2018)

Both of the M<sub>Radiomics</sub> and the M<sub>CNNs</sub> could predict <i>EGFR</i> mutations on CT images of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. The M<sub>MCNNs</sub> outperformed the M<sub>Radiomics</sub> in the detection of <i>EGFR</i> mutations. The combination of these two models, even added with clinical features, is not significantly more efficient than M<sub>MCNNs</sub> alone.
Sound equalization tips and tricks (2009)

* Clear easy to understand explanations * Diagrams, graphs and charts * All types of EQs and processes used * Before and after audio examples * EQ treatment for drums, voice and the mix * Audio files available for download Sound Equalization Tips and Tricks is a clear, concise and detailed guide for all aspects of equalisation. Written in laymen s terms, this book contains detailed explanations for all types of EQ, what they are used for, when they are to be used, why and how to use them. From beginner to advanced, this book journeys through the concept of sound, the understanding of frequencies and the application of EQ, in such clear detail that all can benefit. Throughout the book, before and after audio and visual examples are provided, from actual processing projects, to help you to clearly and simply understand the content both visually and aurally. Broken into definition and explanation chapters, followed by working case examples , the book s content is clearly laid out for easy referencing. If you have been struggling with the concept of EQ, both in terms of understanding what it is and in terms of application, then this book will demystify this cloaked dynamic and offer you a simple working structure to help you master EQ.
Titanium-Reinforced Polytetrafluoroethylene Membrane Combined with Inorganic Polyphosphate Induces Exophytic Bone Formation in Rabbit Calvaria (2007)

The purpose of this study was to examine if the application of titanium-reinforced expanded polytetrafluoroethylene(TR-ePTFE) membrane combined with bovine bone mineral(BBM) soaked in inorganic polyphosphate promotes exophytic bone formation in rabbit calvaria. For this purpose, a total of 8 rabbits were used, and rectangular decorticated calvaria sites were created using a round carbide bur. In the control group, rectangular parallelepiped-shaped TR-ePTFE membranes (RPTPMs) were filled with BBM soaked in saline and placed on the decorticated sites and fixed with metal pins. In the experimental groups, RPTPMs were filled with BBM soaked in 4%, 8% and 16% inorganic polyphosphate prior to fixing with metal pins. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 8 weeks after surgery, and new bone formation was assessed by histomorphometric as well as statistical analysis. The results indicated that at 8 weeks, all the experimental groups demonstrated exophytic bone formation. At 8 weeks, the 8% polyphosphate group revealed the most new bone formation (p<0.05). On the basis of these findings, we conclude that inorganic polyphosphate has a promoting effect on bone regeneration, possibly by enhancing osteoinductivity of the decorticated wound area and osteoconductivity of the carrier material, but not much as we expected.
Directional Modulation Technique for Phased Arrays (2009)

A directional modulation (DM) technique using a phased array to produce the modulation is presented. By phase shifting each element correctly, the desired amplitude and phase of each symbol in a digital modulation scheme can be produced in a given direction with data rates determined by the switching speed of the phase shifters. Because this signal is direction-dependent, the technique offers security, as the signal can be purposely distorted in other directions. DM also enables an array to send independent data in multiple directions. When using an array with driven elements, the phase shifts can be determined from simple calculations rather than time-consuming simulations or measurements. Mathematical analysis and experimental results are presented.
<emph type="ital">Ginkgo biloba</emph> for Prevention of Dementia<subtitle>A Randomized Controlled Trial</subtitle> (2008)

In this study, G. biloba at 120 mg twice a day was not effective in reducing either the overall incidence rate of dementia or AD incidence in elderly individuals with normal cognition or those with MCI. Trial Registration clinicaltrials.gov Identifier: NCT00010803.
Studies on the transmembrane disposition of the neural cell adhesion molecule N‐CAM (1984)

The transmembrane orientation of the polypeptide chains present in preparations of adult and neonatal mouse N-CAM was studied using, as a model system, liposome-inserted purified N-CAM preparations. N-CAM purified from adult or neonatal mouse brain was 125I-labeled and reconstituted into artificial lipid vesicles. After trypsin digestion, the peptides that remained associated with the liposomes were isolated by floatation of the vesicles on sucrose gradients. In control experiments the liposomes were lysed before trypsin treatment. Large, overlapping peptides were obtained after this treatment, several of which were protected by the liposome membrane. Sialic-acid-bearing peptides were revealed by their sensitivity to neuraminidase. To distinguish between peptides corresponding to intracellular or extracellular domains use was made of the P61 and H28.123 monoclonal antibodies, which recognize determinants located on the cytoplasmic and the extracellular part of the molecules respectively. There was no indication that the N-CAM chains were inserted in an inside-out configuration. Peptides protected from trypsin attack by the liposomes and recognized only by P61 had Mr values of 92 000, 42 000 and 35 000. The H28.123 determinant could be mapped to a 32 000-Mr peptide located close to the membrane at the vesicle's exterior. The bulk of the sialic acid seemed to be carried by a rather short sequence distal to the H28.123-reactive peptide but at some distance from the N terminus. Fragments of very similar Mr were generated from young and adult material. However, a 45 000-Mr peptide from neonatal N-CAM appeared to migrate in the higher-Mr region of sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gels in its fully sialylated form. It is concluded that (a) identical polypeptide chains are present in young and adult preparation, (b) the 180 000-Mr, 140 000-Mr and 120 000-Mr chains differ by the length of their cytoplasmic extensions and (c) the largest cytoplasmic sequences have a Mr close to 90 000. A tentative linear model of the transmembrane topography of the N-CAM polypeptides is presented.
Inter-Core Skew Measurements in Temperature Controlled Multi-Core Fiber (2018)

We investigate propagation delay (skew) between cores of an MCF and 2 spans of SMF in a temperature controlled environment. Temperature variations increase measured skew fluctuations with skew variation in SMF orders of magnitude larger than between MCF cores.
Effects of calcium and magnesium acetates on the carcinogenicity of cadmium chloride in Wistar rats. (1983)

The effects of calcium and magnesium acetates on the formation of injection site and testicular tumors in male Wistar rats over 2 years following s.c. injections of cadmium chloride (CdCl2) were determined. The rats (25/group) received a single s.c. dose of CdCl2 (0.02 or 0.04 mmol/kg; 0.9% NaCl solutions). Calcium and magnesium acetates were administered as 3% dietary supplements for 2 weeks prior to and 2 weeks after the CdCl2 injection, or as three daily s.c. injections (0.16 mmol calcium acetate per kg, 4 mmol magnesium acetate per kg; 0.9% NaCl solutions) at the same site as CdCl2 on the day before, the day of, and the day after CdCl2 dosing. Control groups were given 0.9% NaCl solution instead of CdCl2 plus s.c. or dietary calcium and magnesium acetates. In rats given injections of CdCl2 alone, the final tumor yields were 33 and 34% of rats at risk at the injection site (mostly fibrosarcomas) and 86 and 85% of rats at risk in the testes (mostly interstitial cell tumors), respectively, for the low- and high-CdCl2 doses. In control rats, the corresponding tumor yields were 0% at the site of 0.9% NaCl solution injection and 30% in the testes. Dietary calcium and magnesium acetates or s.c. calcium acetate did not affect significantly the tumor yields and latent periods. Simultaneous injections of magnesium acetate at the same site completely prevented the development of injection site tumors for both CdCl2 doses but had no effect on the final yields of testicular tumors. CdCl2 injection also caused significant elevation of incidence of the pancreatic islet cell tumors (8.5 versus 2.2%) regardless of any other experimental treatment. These results provide further evidence that the divalent carcinogenic metals may exert their activity through an antagonism with the physiologically essential divalent metals.
Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrasubstituted (Z)-Alkenes from Aryl Alkyl Ketones Utilizing the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons Reaction. (2002)

Tetrasubstituted (Z)-alkenes were readily prepared through the Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reactions of methyl 2-[bis(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)phosphono]propionate with aryl alkyl ketones by employing Sn(OSO(2)CF(3))(2) and N-ethylpiperidine.
On the Use of Structural Vibrations to Release Stiction Failed MEMS (2007)

This paper identifies dynamic excitation parameters that promote decohesion of stiction-failed microcantilevers. The dynamic response of "s-shaped" adhered beams subjected to harmonic loading is described using modal analysis; this model is then used to predict the onset of debonding in the context of a critical interface energy. These theoretical results are used to rationalize preliminary experiments, which illustrate that dynamic excitation may be used to affect partial or complete repair of stiction-failed microcantilevers. The theoretical results provide fundamental insight regarding regimes where resonant effects trigger debonding and can serve as a potential mechanism for stiction repair. The models illustrate that driving a structure at resonance is usually beneficial with regards to debonding. However, this is not universally true; there is no benefit to driving a device at frequencies with unfavorable mode-shapes. Thus, these results provide a reasonable physical and mathematical explanation for the preliminary experimental results, while providing a roadmap for identifying parameters in future tests
Lipoteichoic Acid-Deficient <i>Lactobacillus Acidophilus</i> Regulates Downstream Signals (2011)

The trillions of microbes residing within the intestine induce critical signals that either regulate or stimulate host immunity via their bacterial products. To better understand the immune regulation elicited by lipoteichoic acid (LTA)-deficient Lactobacillus acidophilus NCFM in steady state and induced inflammation, we deleted phosphoglycerol transferase gene, which synthesizes LTA in L. acidophilus NCFM. In vitro and in vivo experiments were conducted in order to compare the immune regulatory properties of the L. acidophilus strain deficient in LTA (NCK2025) with its wild-type parent (NCK56) in C57BL/6, C57BL/6 recombination-activation gene 1-deficient (Rag1 (-/-)) and C57BL/6 Rag1(-/-)IL-10(-/-) mice. We demonstrate that NCK2025 significantly activates the phosphorylation of Erk1/2 but downregulates the phosphorylation of Akt1, cytosolic group IV PLA2 and p38 in mouse dendritic cells. Similarly, mice treated orally with NCK2025 exhibit decreased phosphorylation of inflammatory signals (Akt1, cytosolic group IV PLA2 or P38) but upregulate Erk1/2-phosphorylation in colonic epithelial cells in comparison with mice treated with NCK56. In addition, regulation of pathogenic CD4+ T cell induced colitis by NCK2025 was observed in Rag1 (-/-) but not Rag1(-/-)IL-10 (-/-) mice suggests a critical role of IL-10 that may be tightly regulated by Erk1/2 signaling. These data highlight the immunosuppressive properties of NCK2025 to deliver regulatory signals in innate cells, which results in the mitigation of T-cell-induced colitis in vivo.
Spectrochemical Techniques in the Analysis of Copper and Copper base Alloys (1946)

The use of the spectrograph as a production tool has resulted in the rapid development of the use of this instrument and applied techniques within the past ten years.
TDAG51 mediates epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in human proximal tubular epithelium (2012)

Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to renal fibrosis in chronic kidney disease. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, a feature of many forms of kidney disease, results from the accumulation of misfolded proteins in the ER and leads to the unfolded protein response (UPR). We hypothesized that ER stress mediates EMT in human renal proximal tubules. ER stress is induced by a variety of stressors differing in their mechanism of action, including tunicamycin, thapsigargin, and the calcineurin inhibitor cyclosporine A. These ER stressors increased the UPR markers GRP78, GRP94, and phospho-eIF2α in human proximal tubular cells. Thapsigargin and cyclosporine A also increased cytosolic Ca(2+) concentration and T cell death-associated gene 51 (TDAG51) expression, whereas tunicamycin did not. Thapsigargin was also shown to increase levels of active transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 in the media of cultured human proximal tubular cells. Thapsigargin induced cytoskeletal rearrangement, β-catenin nuclear translocation, and α-smooth muscle actin and vinculin expression in proximal tubular cells, indicating an EMT response. Subconfluent primary human proximal tubular cells were induced to undergo EMT by TGF-β1 treatment. In contrast, tunicamycin treatment did not produce an EMT response. Plasmid-mediated overexpression of TDAG51 resulted in cell shape change and β-catenin nuclear translocation. These results allowed us to develop a two-hit model of ER stress-induced EMT, where Ca(2+) dysregulation-mediated TDAG51 upregulation primes the cell for mesenchymal transformation via Wnt signaling and then TGF-β1 activation leads to a complete EMT response. Thus the release of Ca(2+) from ER stores mediates EMT in human proximal tubular epithelium via the induction of TDAG51.
Aberrant Splicing in the Presenilin-1 Intron 4 Mutation Causes Presenile Alzheimer's Disease by Increased A 42 Secretion (1999)

We previously described a splice donor site mutation in intron 4 of presenilin-1 (PSEN1) in two patients with autopsy-confirmed early-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here we provide evidence that the intron 4 mutation is present in four additional unrelated early-onset AD cases, that the mutation segregates in an autosomal dominant manner and that all cases have one common ancestor. We demonstrate that the intron 4 mutation produces three different transcripts, two deletion transcripts (Delta4 and Delta4cryptic) and one insertion transcript (insTAC), by aberrant splicing. The deletion transcripts result in the formation of C-truncated (approximately 7 kDa) PSEN1 proteins while the insertion transcript produces a full-length PSEN1 with one extra amino acid (Thr) inserted between codons 113 and 114 (PSEN1 T113-114ins). The truncated proteins were not detectable in vivo in brain homogenates or lymphoblast lysates of mutation carriers. In vitro HEK-293 cells overexpressing Delta4, Delta4cryptic or insTACPSEN1 cDNAs showed increased Abeta42 secretion (approximately 3.4 times) only for the insertion cDNA construct. Increased Abeta42 production was also observed in brain homogenates. Our data indicate that in the case of intron 4 mutation, the AD pathophysiology results from the presence of the PSEN1 T113-114ins protein comparable with cases carrying dominant PSEN1 missense mutations.
Syntheses of isotopically labelled L-α-amino acids with an asymmetric centre at C-3 (2000)

Approaches are described to the synthesis of a series of isotopically labelled L-α-amino acids each with an asymmetric centre at C-3, including isoleucine, allo-isoleucine, threonine and allo-threonine. The methods may be simply adapted for the selective incorporation of an isotopic label at each site of L-valine including the selective labelling of either diastereotopic methyl group with carbon-13 and/or deuterium and labelling of the amine with nitrogen-15.
Preserving the big picture: visual network traffic analysis with TNV (2005)

When performing packet-level analysis in intrusion detection, analysts often lose sight of the big picture while examining these low-level details. In order to prevent this loss of context and augment the available tools for intrusion detection analysis tasks, we developed an information visualization tool, the time-based network traffic visualizer (TNV). TNV is grounded in an understanding of the work practices of intrusion detection analysts, particularly foregrounding the overarching importance of context and time in the process of intrusion detection analysis. The main visual component of TNV is a matrix showing network activity of hosts over time, with connections between hosts superimposed on the matrix, complemented by multiple, linked views showing port activity and the details of the raw packets. Providing low-level textual data in the context of a high-level, aggregated graphical display enables analysts to examine packet-level details within the larger context of activity. This combination has the potential to facilitate the intrusion detection analysis tasks and help novice analysts learn what constitutes normal on a particular network.
Amino acids and peptides. VIII. The synthesis and some properties of L-cystine diamide (1962)

L-Cystine diamide has been synthesized by several different routes and isolated as its crystalline di(trifluor0acetate) and dihydrochloride. The compound has a molecular rotation [M]D21 -630° in 1N HCl, compared to [M]D20 -537° for L-cystine ; the rotation is strongly dependent on pH in the range 5-8, the value of [M]D20 at pH 8 being -120°. The polarographic behaviour of L-cystine diamide is very similar to that of cystine. The amino groups in cystine diamide are only weakly basic, the pK?A values being 5.93 and 6.90 for the successive ionizations of the two NH3+ groups. The latter result is in accordance with the known acigenic properties of both amide and disulphide groups. A possible relation between optical rotation of cystine compounds and the pK? values of ionizable groups present in the molecule is discussed.
Enhanced Cancer-Targeted Delivery Using Engineered High-Density Lipoprotein-Based Nanocarriers (2007)

One of the greatest obstacles nanoscale drug delivery systems face is the high nonspecific uptake by the reticular endothelial system (RES). Currently, PEGylation is the method of choice to address this problem. Herein we introduce an engineered high density lipoprotein-based nanocarrier (eHDL) as an enhanced cancer-targeted delivery system. eHDLs are high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-like nanoparticles consisting of a tumor ligand-conjugated apoA-I scaffold capable of carrying versatile payloads of cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. Similar to native HDL, eHDLs are biocompatible, precisely controlled ultra small particles (∼10 nm) with RES mitigating properties. In this study, we describe the preparation and characterization of eHDL and confirm that incorporation of exogenous agents do not compromise the structural or functional integrity of the particle. We further demonstrate both in vitro and in vivo that eHDL can be efficiently targeted to cancer cells. Proof of the efficacy of this procedure was demonstrated using a proto-type near-infrared (NIR) fluorescentlabeled folate receptor-targeted eHDL. This eHDL displayed exceptional in vivo performance in tumor-bearing mice. High levels of the particles were selectively localized within the targeted tumor while minimal uptake by RES was detected. This study demonstrates that eHDL particles are highly efficient carriers that provide a viable non-PEGylated approach for addressing the non-specific uptake of most nanoparticle-based delivery systems.