gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-frequency noise measurements in spin-valve devices (2003)

High-frequency magnetic noise in magnetoresistive devices being developed for read-sensor and magnetic random access memory applications may present fundamental limitations on the performance of submicrometer magnetic devices. High-frequency magnetic noise (HFN) arises from intrinsic thermal fluctuations of the device magnetization. High-frequency noise spectroscopy provides a powerful tool to characterize the dynamics and response of small multilayer magnetic devices. In this study, the noise characteristics of micrometer-dimension spin valves have been investigated at frequencies in the range 0.1–6 GHz. At frequencies below this range 1/f noise dominates. HFN measurements, as a function of bias current and longitudinal magnetic field, are obtained for IrMn exchange-biased spin valves using a 50 GHz spectrum analyzer, low-noise amplifier, and a microwave probing system. The magnetic noise is obtained by taking the difference between the noise spectrum of the device in a saturated and unsaturated state. The data can be fit to simple models that predict the noise power to be proportional to the imaginary part of the free-layer magnetic susceptibility. There are some important differences between the high-frequency noise measurements and direct measurements of the device susceptibility (both at the device and wafer level). The noise measurements show a smaller damping parameter (a smaller ferromagnetic resonance linewidth) and additional features due to the presence of nonuniform modes.
Preparation of a Solid Superacid of Sulfated Tin Oxide with Acidity Higher Than That of Sulfated Zirconia and Its Applications to Aldol Condensation and Benzoylation<sup>1</sup> (2001)

A highly active solid superacid of sulfated tin oxide was prepared from tin oxide gel, which was precipitated by the hydrolysis of SnCl4 and washed with aqueous ammonium acetate solution, followed by exposure to aqueous sulfuric acid and calcining. Differencial thermal analysis suggested that the acetate ion remaining on the surface was replaced with sulfate ion. The acid strength of the sulfated tin oxide estimated by temperature-programmed desorption using argon was higher than that of sulfated zirconia, a well-known solid superacid, the activation energy of Ar desorption by the former being 10.6 kJ mol-1 in comparison with 9.3 kJ mol-1 by the latter. The sulfated tin oxide showed activities much higher than those of the sulfated zirconia for the skeletal isomerization of n-pentane, the Mukaiyama aldol condensation of 1-trimethylsilyloxy-1-cyclohexene with benzaldehyde, and the benzoylation of toluene with benzoic anhydride.
Contextual knowledge representation, retrieval and interpretation in multimedia e-learning (2004)

In highly interactive modern multimedia e-learning environments, current e-learning support products based on basic information management technologies are not able to support semantic-based knowledge management and communication beyond heterogeneous multimedia learning resources. Much of desired intelligent e-learning functionality needs further research and technical developments with semantic context-awareness. Proposed framework in this paper is expected to improve the current isolated learning management status, by making the most use of related learning information, and enabling flexible knowledge retrieval, communication and transfer between instructors and learners. To work with related existing e-learning content description standards and enable a semantic-based interactive learning environment, this paper explores a set of novel contextual knowledge discovery and reuse techniques. Based on knowledge communication model analysis in university e-learning, a contextual knowledge representation model is presented. Corresponding knowledge retrieval and semantic knowledge interpretation techniques are presented afterwards towards supporting pedagogical learning approaches such as scenario-based learning.
Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (1965)

Copolymerization of vinyl chloride with trans-1,2-dichloroethylene was carried out at various temperatures, and the properties of the copolymers obtained by the emulsion copolymerization at low temperature were examined. In the case of bulk copolymerization at temperatures higher than room temperature, the rate of polymerization, the equilibrium conversion, and [η] were lowered with increasing content of trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in the initial monomer mixture, but the Tg and softening point of the copolymers containing about 15% of 1,2-dichloroethylene unit were about 10°C. higher than these of conventional PVC resin, in spite of their inability to form films. The monomer reactivity ratios at 50°C. were 5.39 (VC) and 0.072 (trans-DCE). Emulsion copolymerization was carried out at −30°C. with the use of a redox initiator system (hydrogen peroxide–ferrous sulfate–ascorbic acid), in order to increase both the [η] and the rate of polymerization. The copolymers prepared at low temperature had higher Tg and better solubility than the VC homopolymer polymerized at the same condition or conventional PVC resin. The results of the infrared absorption spectra, the solubilities, and the calculation of sequence length of VC monomer unit in the polymer chain indicated that the stereoregularity and the crystallinity of the low temperature copolymers were lower than those of the low temperature VC homopolymers. It was concluded that higher Tg and good solubility of the low temperature copolymer were brought about by the prevention of the free rotation of the polymer chain by the random distribution of 1,2-dichloroethylene units in the polymer chain.
A New Lane Departure Warning Algorithm Considering the Driver’s Behavior Characteristics (2015)

In order to meet the driving safety warning required for different driver types and situations, a new lane departure warning (LDW) algorithm was proposed. Its adaptability is much better through setting the different thresholds of time to lane crossing (TLC) using fuzzy control method for driver with different driving behaviors in different lanes and different vehicle movements. To ensure the accuracy of computation of TLC under the different actual driving scenarios, the algorithm was established based on vehicle kinematics and advanced mathematics compared to other ways of computation of TLC. On this basis, a LDW strategy determining driver's intentions was presented by introducing identifying vehicle movements. Finally, a vast quantity of the real vehicle experiments was given to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed LDW algorithm. The results of the tests show that the algorithm can decrease false alarm rate effectively because of distinguishing from unconscious by real-time vehicle movements, and promote the adaptability to the driver behavior characteristics, so it has favorable driver acceptance and strong intelligence.
Evidence That Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein-mediated Reductions in Reconstituted High Density Lipoprotein Size Involve Particle Fusion (1997)

It is well established that cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) changes the size of high density lipoproteins (HDL) during incubation in vitro. It has been suggested that HDL.CETP.HDL ternary complex formation is involved in these changes. The present results, which are consistent with CETP changing the size of spherical reconstituted HDL (rHDL) by a mechanism involving fusion, support the ternary complex hypothesis. When rHDL containing a core of cholesteryl esters and either three molecules of apolipoprotein (apo) A-I/particle, (A-I)rHDL, or six molecules of apoA-II/particle, (A-II)rHDL, were incubated individually with CETP, their respective diameters decreased from 9.4 to 7.8 nm and from 9.8 to 8.8 nm. The small (A-I)rHDL and (A-II)rHDL contained, respectively, two molecules of apoA-I/particle and four molecules of apoA-II/particle. As all of the rHDL lipids and apolipoproteins were quantitatively recovered at the end of the incubations, it was apparent that there was a 50% increase in the number of particles. This increase in the number of particles can be explained as follows: (i) sequential binding of two rHDL to CETP to generate a ternary complex, (ii) fusion of the rHDL in the ternary complex, and (iii) rearrangement of the fusion product into three small particles. Various spectroscopic techniques were used to show that the small rHDL were structurally distinct from the original rHDL. These results provide the first evidence that CETP mediates the fusion of spherical rHDL.
Mechanical Properties and Rheological Behavior of Injection Moulded Foaming Bamboo Powder–Polypropylene Composites (2011)

Foamed composites of polypropylene containing bamboo powder were prepared using an injection moulding process. Measurement of density, flexural, tensile and notched impact properties of the prepared composites was carried out. Water absorption of the composites was investigated. The rheological behavior of composites was also investigated by rotary rheometer. The density of microfoamed composites was reduced by about 14%.When the bamboo powder was 50 phr (33.3% by weight), the integrated property was best ; the density was 0.886 g·cm -3 and the flexural, tensile and notched impact strength were 58.72 MPa, 30.86 MPa and 5.246 KJ·m -2 respectively; and the thickness swelling and water absorption were 1.31% and 0.7% after duration of 240 h. The results pointed out the composites showed a flow behavior of pseudoplastic fluid; the storage modulus and loss modulus increased and loss tangent decreased with the increase of bamboo powder content. The composite had a typical shear thinning characteristic and the complex viscosity increased with the content of bamboo powder increased.
Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Observer Error-Rates Using the EM Algorithm (1979)

A. P. Dawid, A. M. Skene, Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Observer Error-Rates Using the EM Algorithm, Journal of the Royal Statistical Society. Series C (Applied Statistics), Vol. 28, No. 1 (1979), pp. 20-28
THE CONDENSATION OF GLYOXAL WITH <i>p</i>-CRESOL (1960)

not available
Generalized Hierarchical All-to-All Exchange Patterns (2013)

The personalized all-to-all collective exchange is one of the most challenging communication patterns in HPC applications in terms of performance and scalability. We present a framework for the design of optimized collective patterns for generic hierarchical topologies. Our proposal can be applied, among others, to two types of topologies of great importance today: (i) the family of extended generalized fat tree networks (including k-ary n-trees and their variations) which are extensively used today in both HPC and commercial data centers, and (ii) direct low-diameter scalable hierarchical architectures such as the recently proposed dragonfly networks. We argue that exchange patterns that are congruent with the underlying structure of the network have inherent advantages compared to patterns that are oblivious to this structure. However, the current commonly used hierarchical pattern, the XOR exchange, has limited applicability, because it requires that the number of communicating nodes equals an integral power of two, making it suitable only for few tree designs and unsuitable for any dragonfly network. We propose several new, generic, universally applicable approaches to perform such exchanges in a hierarchical fashion that outperform current state of the art approaches. We support our claims by means of both mathematical proofs and simulation results that show that we can achieve an improvement of almost two-fold in dragonflies, and a twoto three-fold improvement in fat tree networks in cases where the XOR exchange cannot be applied.
Polyurethanes as a viable route to valorise lignin (2010)

This work presents a study concerning the use of lignin as a macromonomer in polyurethane (PU) synthesis based on four lignin samples (Sarkanda (Granit SA), Indulin AT (MeadWestvaco), Curan 27-11P (BorregaardLigno Tech) and Alcell (Repap Enterprises)). The work started with lignin characterization, giving particular emphasis to hydroxyl groups’ determination. Therefore, lignin was used as a macromonomer in polyurethane synthesis, following two different approaches, namely: (i) its use as such without any purification or modification procedure and (i) its use after chemical modification (oxypropylation). A wide range of polyurethane materials (elastomers and rigid polyurethane foams) were prepared presenting properties which depended on the lignin type and content introduced. Briefly, for polyurethane synthesis purposes Alcell and Indulin AT were found to be the most viable raw-materials to be used as macromonomers. Alcell lignin presents high purity coupled with low molecular weight, while Indulin AT has the highest total hydroxyl content together with modest impurity content. Sarkanda and Curan 27-11P impurities and structural features constitute the main drawback for its application.
Chemical warfare agent detection using MEMS-compatible microsensor arrays (2005)

Microsensors have been fabricated consisting of TiO/sub 2/ and SnO/sub 2/ sensing films prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on microelectromechanical systems array platforms. Response measurements from these devices to the chemical warfare (CW) agents GA (tabun), GB (sarin), and HD (sulfur mustard) at concentrations between 5 nmol/mol (ppb) and 200 ppb in dry air, as well as to CW agent simulants CEES (chloroethyl ethyl sulfide) and DFP (diisopropyl fluorophosphate) between 250 and 3000 ppb, are reported. The microsensors exhibit excellent signal-to-noise and reproducibility. The temperature of each sensor element is independently controlled by embedded microheaters that drive both the CVD process (375/spl deg/C) and sensor operation at elevated temperatures (325/spl deg/C-475/spl deg/C). The concentration-dependent analyte response magnitude is sensitive to conditions under which the sensing films are grown. Sensor stability studies confirm little signal degradation during 14 h of operation. Use of pulsed (200 ms) temperature-programmed sensing over a broad temperature range (20/spl deg/C-480/spl deg/C) enhances analyte selectivity, since the resulting signal trace patterns contain primarily kinetic information that is unique for each agent tested.
MnO<sub>2</sub>catalysts uniformly decorated on polyphenylene sulfide filter felt by a polypyrrole-assisted method for use in the selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH<sub>3</sub> (2014)

A manganese dioxide (MnO2)/polypyrrole (PPy) nanocoating was uniformly decorated on the surface of polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) filter felt via an in situ synthesis method to fabricate a catalytic filter material. The pyrrole functioned as a dispersant for the MnO2 catalysts and the PPy generated acted as a binder to adhere the MnO2 catalysts and filter felt together. The catalytic filter material obtained, had a high adhesive strength between that of the MnO2/PPy nanocoating and the PPS filter felt, and was used for the selective catalytic reduction of nitric oxide (NO) with ammonia under model conditions without any sulfur dioxide or water vapor in the gas. More than 70% conversion of NO was achieved at 160–180 °C at a high space velocity of 38 000 h−1.
Respiratory syncytial virus infection enhances neutrophil and eosinophil adhesion to cultured respiratory epithelial cells. Roles of CD18 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (1996)

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections in children precipitate acute episodes of respiratory obstruction that are associated with influx of inflammatory cells into the airway. Since RSV can induce the expression of adhesion molecules, particularly intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1), by the respiratory epithelium, the hypothesis has been proposed that ICAM-1 expression contributes to airway inflammation by supporting adhesion and retention of infiltrating inflammatory leukocytes. To test this hypothesis, A549 cells (an immortalized human alveolar epithelial type II cell-like fine) were infected with RSV, and the ability of these infected monolayers to support adhesion by human neutrophils (NEUT) and eosinophils (EOS) was measured. RSV infection significantly increased ICAM-1 expression by A549 monolayers (p < 0.001). Although NEUT adhesion to A549 monolayers was significantly enhanced following RSV infection (p < 0.001), infection alone resulted in little change in EOS adherence. However, if EOS were first activated with phorbol ester (PMA), adhesion to both control and RSV-infected A549 cells was enhanced, with greater levels of adhesion supported by RSV-infected cultures (p < 0.001). The requirement for EOS activation (but not for NEUT activation) before adhesion remained when NEU and EOS were prepared and compared from the same donor. Despite this difference, NEUT and EOS adhesion was reduced by blocking Abs to epithelial ICAM-1 or granulocyte CD18 adhesion proteins (p < 0.01). However, only NEUT adhesion was blocked by Ab to CD11a. Our results show that RSV infections of respiratory epithelial monolayers can promote inflammatory cell adherence which could, in turn, potentially contribute to the airway injury and obstruction that accompanies bronchiolitis.
Glycogen and its metabolism: some new developments and old themes (2012)

Glycogen is a branched polymer of glucose that acts as a store of energy in times of nutritional sufficiency for utilization in times of need. Its metabolism has been the subject of extensive investigation and much is known about its regulation by hormones such as insulin, glucagon and adrenaline (epinephrine). There has been debate over the relative importance of allosteric compared with covalent control of the key biosynthetic enzyme, glycogen synthase, as well as the relative importance of glucose entry into cells compared with glycogen synthase regulation in determining glycogen accumulation. Significant new developments in eukaryotic glycogen metabolism over the last decade or so include: (i) three-dimensional structures of the biosynthetic enzymes glycogenin and glycogen synthase, with associated implications for mechanism and control; (ii) analyses of several genetically engineered mice with altered glycogen metabolism that shed light on the mechanism of control; (iii) greater appreciation of the spatial aspects of glycogen metabolism, including more focus on the lysosomal degradation of glycogen; and (iv) glycogen phosphorylation and advances in the study of Lafora disease, which is emerging as a glycogen storage disease.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CRIBELLATE SILK OF NINE SPECIES I N EIGHT FAMILIES AND POSSIBLE TAXONOMIC IMPLICATION S (ARANEAE : AMAUROBIIDAE, DEINOPIDAE, DESIDAE , DICTYNIDAE, FILISTATIDAE, HYPOCHILIDAE, STIPHIDIIDAE, TENGELLIDAE) (1993)

The ultrastructure of cribellum silk and associated fibers is described for nine species in eigh t families, and data from studies of 22 other species are summarized . Possible synapomorphies for filistatids (flattened cribellum fibers), for all cribellates other than hypochilids + filistatids (nodules on cribellum fibers) , for deinopids + uloborids + dictynids, and for uloborids + dictynids (loss of reserve warp fibers) are described . Filistatid silk is distinctive and especially complex, and the spatial arrangement of different components i s described for the first time.
State aggregation and discrete-state Markov chains embedded in point processes (2005)

One result of both theoretic and practical importance regarding point processes is the method of thinning. The basic idea of this method is that under some conditions, there exists an embedded Poisson process in any point process such that all its arrival points form a subsequence of the Poisson process. The authors extend this result by showing that on the embedded Poisson process a Markov chain can be defined with a discrete state that characterizes the stage of the interarrival times. This implies that embedded Markov chains can be constructed with countable state spaces for the state processes of many practical systems that can be modeled by point processes.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Electrocardiographic Changes during Hemodiafiltration with Different Potassium Removal Rates (2003)

The present study confirms the large impact of HD therapy on ECG. The analysis of the spatial T wave complexity points out the intrinsic arrhythmogenic implications of the K removal rate.
Nonaqueous electrolyte solutions: New materials for devices and processes based on recent applied research (1995)

Abstract
Effects of Lactobacillus amylovorus and Bifidobacterium breve on cholesterol (2000)

To determine the validity of the hypothesis of assimilation and/or precipitation of cholesterol by Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium species, culture were undertaken in TPY medium containing oxgall or taurocholic acid. In the case of growing cells, both strains were able to remove cholesterol in the presence of bile salts. Nevertheless, the behaviour was different according to the kind of bile salt. In the presence of taurocholic acid, the removal of cholesterol was due to both bacterial uptake and precipitation. In the presence of Oxgall, bacterial uptake and precipitation were observed for Lactobacillus but only precipitation occurred for Bifidobacterium.
Does wearing two pairs of gloves protect operating theatre staff from skin contamination? (1988)

radiographs of the hips yielded normal results.Computerised tomography of the pelvis and hips, a hip aspiration, and an arthrogram also yielded normal results.For three months there was no clinical improvement but one year after onset the pain had settled and full function had returned despite mild restriction of range.All three patients were followed up for over one year after resolution and none developed any other joint disorder.
QUALITY CONTROL SYSTEM OF XML BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORDS (2004)

The aim of this paper was not only to define the XML biblio- graphic records format, but also to describe the use of dierent XML stan- dards and o-the-shelf tools in library automation. The quality control system of bibliographic records within the BISIS library software system has been implemented using XML Schema, XSLT and XPath languages, according to UNIMARC bibliographic format. The paper describes the possibility of using XML in bibliographic record control. The categoriza- tion of UNIMARC bibliographic records verifications, that could help to determine record quality, is discussed. Additionally, it describes XML schema for XML format used in the BISIS system. The XML schema and XSLT expressions for additional control of bibliographic records present the basis of XML bibliographic record quality control system. A proto- type of this system is implemented in the Java programming environment, independently from bibliographic format, using XML validation, parsing and transformation tools. Thus, it may be used for performing XML bibliographic record quality control, which have dierent bibliographic formats, using XML schema and XSLT expressions specified in the paper.
Homopolymerization and copolymerization of isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (2006)

Abstract This article describes the homopolymerization of isocyanatoethyl methacrylate (IEM) and its copolymerization with methyl methacrylate (MMA) in acetonitrile in the presence of 2,2′‐azobisisobutyronitrile. The constant characteristic of IEM polymerizability ( k p 2 / k te = 128 × 10 −3 L mol −1 s −1 , where k p is the propagation constant and k te is the termination constant) was determined. The study of IEM reactivity toward MMA gave ratios of 0.88 and 1.20 for IEM and MMA, respectively. The physicochemical properties of the IEM homopolymer and IEM/MMA copolymers were also studied. The glass‐transition temperature of poly(isocyanatoethyl methacrylate) was found to be 47 °C. From the thermogravimetric analysis of the weight‐loss percentage corresponding to the first wave of the thermogram, it was shown that the degradation mechanism of the IEM/MMA copolymers started from the isocyanate group. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 4762–4768, 2006