gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Si/Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/Si heterojunction bipolar transistors (2002)

Recently great interest in silicon-based heterojunction devices has been caused by high-speed Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/ base HBTs with f/sub t/ exceeding I00 GHz. To extend silicon heterojunction technology beyond strained Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/,, several groups have pursued Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/ alloys, which are ofinterest because carbon is expected to allow the possibility of strain-free silicon heterostructures which will eliminate a major constraint on device design. Several groups have succeeded in growing strain compensated Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/ layers on silicon, but to date there have been no Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/ electrical devices of any kind or experimental bandgap studies reported. In this paper we present the first electrical devices of any kind containing Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/ alloys and present preliminary measurements of Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/ bandgaps. Temperature studies of these HBT devices indicate that the partially strain compensated Si/sub 1-x-y/Ge/sub x/C/sub y/ bandgap remains comparable to the bandgap of strained Si/sub 1-x/Ge/sub x/, a most surprising and fortuitous result.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Photoluminescence-free photoreflectance spectra using dual frequency modulation (2007)

Photoreflectance (PR) spectra are usually obtained by measuring the relative change on the reflectivity of a semiconducting sample induced by a chopped laser beam. The laser beam can also produce photoluminescence (PL) emission at the sample surface which, detected at its same frequency, could appear as an offset distorting the PR spectrum. This parasitic and intrinsically noisy PL signal, not easily discriminated electronically nor optically filtered, can become the dominant part of the PR spectrum at low sample temperatures, hiding spectrum features under its associated noise, or even avoiding data acquisition. An alternative method for PL signal discrimination is proposed in this work, using a different chopping frequency for each light beam: PL and reflected signals will appear each one at its own chopping frequency, while PR signal will be detected at its frequency sum, allowing signal separation by frequency. Both experimental setups are compared using a highly luminescent quantum well structure at low temperatures. While the standard setup suffers the PL limitation, the proposed method overcomes this constraint, allowing good quality spectra to be measured at temperatures as low as 12K.
Packet Transactions: High-level Programming for Line-Rate Switches (2015)

Many algorithms for congestion control, scheduling, network measurement, active queue management, security, and load balancing require custom processing of packets as they traverse the data plane of a network switch. To run at line rate, these data-plane algorithms must be in hardware. With today's switch hardware, algorithms cannot be changed, nor new algorithms installed, after a switch has been built. This paper shows how to program data-plane algorithms in a high-level language and compile those programs into low-level microcode that can run on emerging programmable line-rate switching chipsets. The key challenge is that these algorithms create and modify algorithmic state. The key idea to achieve line-rate programmability for stateful algorithms is the notion of a packet transaction : a sequential code block that is atomic and isolated from other such code blocks. We have developed this idea in Domino, a C-like imperative language to express data-plane algorithms. We show with many examples that Domino provides a convenient and natural way to express sophisticated data-plane algorithms, and show that these algorithms can be run at line rate with modest estimated die-area overhead.
A Shutter-Illumination Device for the Study of Phototropic Dyes* (1952)

In order to study the phototropism exhibited by certain monoazo dyes more completely, a shutter and a sample illuminator were constructed for use with a Cary Recording Quartz Spectrophotometer. By use of this device the dye solutions can be exposed to a strong light source during the dark periods of the chopping shutter of the instrument. In this way solutions which show a very rapid phototropic change can be studied.
Tense Use and Move Analysis in Journal Article Abstracts. (2014)

There has long been a growing interest in journal article (JA) abstract writing, and this pervading interest has boosted the exigency for further research. This current study therefore aims to investigate both the various applications of verb tense and the rhetorical structure within JA abstracts. A corpus of 1,000 JAs was collected from four prestigious journals related to applied linguistics at the SSCI level. Quantitative analysis indicates the tendency of tense use for the commonly applied reporting verbs. For example, the ANOVA test shows that the frequency of present tense use is significantly higher (p＜ .05) in the Journal of Pragmatics abstracts. On the other hand, qualitative analysis shows the prevailing adoption of the three-, four-, and five-move theories of the CARS model, the IMRD structure, and the IPMPrC structure, respectively. The results suggest a distinct occurrence of the IMRD structure over other models. These findings present a more systematic pattern within JA abstracts and also show the potential for enlightening further pedagogy-oriented writing instruction for JA abstracts.
SARS-CoV-2 induced diarrhoea as onset symptom in patient with COVID-19 (2020)

We read with great interest the recent publication by Kumar et al , concerning gastrointestinal tract (GIT) symptoms (vomiting, diarrhoea and abdominal pain) among hospitalised children admitted with H1N1 influenza A virus infection.1 They have concluded that patients with GIT symptoms should not be ignored for the virus infectivity, especially during the outbreak period. Now the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) beginning in Wuhan has rapidly spread around China and other countries.2 According to the latest reports, the most common symptoms at onset of illness included fever, fatigue, dry cough, myalgia and dyspnoea, and the less common symptoms were headache, abdominal pain, diarrhoea, nausea and vomiting.3 Few patients initially presented with only GIT symptoms were reported.

On 29 January 2020, a 22-year-old man presented himself to the local fever clinic, with a 4-day history of diarrhoea and low-grade fever. The highest temperature was 38.3°C, and diarrhoea was …
Polarization bistable characteristics of mesa structure 980 nm VCSELs (2006)

In this paper, we experimentally study polarization bistable characteristics of simplified mesa structure VCSELs. A distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) mirror is processed in a rectangular mesa structure waveguide and buried with polyimide. The almost square mesa structure VCSEL lases in two orthogonal linear polarization states. We demonstrate stable polarization switching by light injection.
Efficacy of Pneumococcal Vaccine in High-Risk Patients (1986)

We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to test the efficacy of the 14-valent pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide vaccine in 2295 high-risk patients (patients with one or more of the following: age above 55 years and the presence of chronic cardiac, pulmonary, renal, or hepatic disease, alcoholism, or diabetes mellitus). Seventy-one episodes of proved or probable pneumococcal pneumonia or bronchitis occurred among 63 of the patients (27 placebo recipients and 36 vaccine recipients). Vaccine-serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae strains were recovered in association with 11 infections in the placebo group and 14 infections in the vaccine group. Pneumococcal infections occurred most frequently among patients with chronic pulmonary, cardiac, or renal diseases. Among vaccine recipients who subsequently had vaccine-type pneumonia or bronchitis, the majority did not make or sustain serum antibodies against their infecting organism in concentrations that were twice as high as the base-line values, or more than 400 ng of antibody nitrogen per milliliter, although their base-line levels were higher than those in subjects in whom infection did not develop. We were unable to demonstrate any efficacy of the pneumococcal vaccine in preventing pneumonia or bronchitis in this population. Our data suggest that chronically ill patients, who are most susceptible to infection, may have an impaired immune response to the pneumococcal vaccine.
64-APSK Constellation and Mapping Optimization for Satellite Broadcasting Using Genetic Algorithms (2015)

DVB-S2 and DVB-SH satellite broadcasting standards currently deploy 16- and 32-amplitude phase shift keying (APSK) modulation using the consultative committee for space data systems (CCSDS) mapping. Such standards also include hierarchical modulation as a mean to provide unequal error protection in highly variable channels over satellite. Foreseeing the increasing need for higher data rates, this paper tackles the optimization of 64-APSK constellations to minimize the mean square error between the original and received symbol. Optimization is performed according to the sensitivity of the data to the channel errors, by means of genetic algorithms, a well-known technique currently used in a variety of application domains, when close form solutions are impractical. Test results show that through non-uniform constellation and asymmetric symbol mapping, it is possible to significantly reduce the distortion while preserving bandwidth efficiency. Tests performed on real signals based on perceptual quality measurements allow validating the proposed scheme against conventional 64-APSK constellations and CCSDS mapping.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of N‐Aminoheterocycles and Their Reactions. (1976)

Abstract Aus den Indolen (I) werden die N‐Amino‐indole (II) hergestellt und diese mit Säurechloriden, Sulfonylhalogeniden, Carbonsäuren, Isocyanaten, Pyrylium‐Salzen, 1,3‐ und 1,4‐Diketonen, Aldehyden, Ketonen, α,β‐ungesättigten Ketonen, Epoxiden oder Ribose umgesetzt.
Humanized chimeric uPA mouse model for the study of hepatitis B and D virus interactions and preclinical drug evaluation (2011)

We established an efficient model of HBV/HDV infection to exploit mechanisms of viral interference in human hepatocytes and to test the efficacy of an HDV-entry inhibitor in vivo.
Radical Scavenging by Flavonoid Antioxidants (1987)

Aroxyl radicals of fifteen structurally distinct flavonoids were generated by attack of azide radicals (N3.) on the parent compounds dissolved in aqueous solution at pH 11.5. Generation rate constants were all found to be very high (2.4-8.8 x 10(9) dm3mol-1 s-1), whereas the decay rates differed considerably, ranging from 10(5) to 10(8) dm3mol-1 s-1. In most cases the spectral characteristics of the transient aroxyl radicals relate to structural features of the parent compounds and according to spectral similarities they can be classed in three distinct groups (with only two exceptions). Although the data do not conclusively prove that the biological function of flavonoids might be the scavenging of radicals, the very high rate constants of formation and the relative stability of some of the aroxyl radicals, are in support of such a hypothesis.
Plaque formation and lactic acid production after the use of amine fluoride/stannous fluoride mouthrinse (2007)

The aim of this study was to determine the effects of 3 wk of daily rinsing with amine fluoride/stannous fluoride (AmF/SnF(2)) mouthrinse on plaque formation at buccal and interproximal sites, and on the acid production in plaque, in a randomized clinical trial with 30 participants. The amount of plaque was scored according to Turesky's modification of the Quigley and Hein index. Plaque samples were collected, before and after sucrose rinsing, from the buccal and interproximal surfaces of upper (pre)molars at two baseline visits and on days 2 and 7 after the discontinuation of 3 wk of daily rinsing. Metabolic acid ions were determined by capillary electrophoresis. The results at baseline showed higher lactic acid concentrations in resting interproximal plaque than in buccal plaque, and a higher acid production in response to sucrose challenge in buccal plaque than in interproximal plaque. After 3 wk of use of the AmF/SnF(2) mouthrinse, no significant differences in plaque scores were observed, and the alleged reduction in acidogenicity of dental plaque was not significant on the second day after the last mouthrinse. We conclude that 3 wk of use of AmF/SnF(2) rinse once daily does not result in a reduction of plaque formation or in a reduction of sucrose metabolism in buccal and interproximal plaque after discontinuing the rinse.
On the Interplay between SVCs and Smart Inverters for Managing Voltage on Distribution Networks (2019)

Adoption of solar Photovoltaic (PV) is on the rise in different parts of the world. Till date, most solutions proposed to mitigate voltage problems caused by high PV penetration on distribution network have hovered around smart inverters. As new control technologies at the grid-edge such as Secondary VAr Controllers (SVCs) become ubiquitous, the need to understand the interplay between smart inverters and SVCs is felt. This paper addresses the interaction between smart inverters and SVCs through QSTS simulations. The field results collected from a pilot project performed at Hawaiian electric are taken as the basis for conducting these simulations and creating future scenarios. Using SVCs, Smart Inverters and optimized settings of the LTC, it is demonstrated that the PV hosting capacity of the distribution system can be doubled from (4.8MW <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PV</sub> to 9.6 MW <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">PV</sub> ) without causing voltage problems. Further, using a dynamic coordinated control of the LTC with SVCs, it is shown that the ramp rate of real power flow at the substation during evening time (duck curve effect) can be reduced by 10.8%. Finally, it is conjectured that the dynamic control of LTC can eliminate the need for extensive DER interconnection studies by naturally achieving optimized settings under varying operating conditions.
Lactoferrin upregulates the expression of CD4 antigen through the stimulation of the mitogen‐activated protein kinase in the human lymphoblastic T Jurkat cell line (2000)

The main biological properties of lactoferrin are thought to concern inflammation and immunomodulation processes, including maturation of immature B and T cells. Lactoferrin accelerates T-cell maturation by inducing the expression of the CD4 surface marker. In this report, using the Jurkat T-cell line, we have shown that lactoferrin upregulates the expression of CD4 antigen through the activation of a transduction pathway. Using an anti-phosphotyrosine antibody, lactoferrin was demonstrated to induce a cascade of phosphorylation of numerous proteins on their tyrosine residues. This tyrosine-phosphorylation was transient, reaching maxima between 5 and 10 min. We also identified the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAP kinase) which presented an enhanced catalytic activity, reaching a maximum at 10 min of incubation with lactoferrin. Moreover, the use of inhibitors such as genistein and PD98059, tyrosine kinases and MAP kinase kinase (or MEK) inhibitors respectively, allowed us to correlate the activation of MAP kinase with the upregulation of CD4 expression. Finally, using Lck-defective Jurkat cells, our results showed that the p56lck (Lck) kinase is necessary for MAP kinase activity and CD4 expression. This paper demonstrates that lactoferrin activates transduction pathway(s) in lymphoblastic T-cells, and that Lck and the Erk2 isoform of MAP kinase are implicated in the upregulation of CD4, induced by lactoferrin in these cells. J. Cell. Biochem. 79:583–593, 2000. © 2000 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Second‐order convected particle domain interpolation (CPDI2) with enrichment for weak discontinuities at material interfaces (2013)

SUMMARY Convected particle domain interpolation (CPDI) is a recently developed extension of the material point method, in which the shape functions on the overlay grid are replaced with alternative shape functions, which (by coupling with the underlying particle topology) facilitate efficient and algorithmically straightforward evaluation of grid node integrals in the weak formulation of the governing equations. In the original CPDI algorithm, herein called CPDI1, particle domains are tracked as parallelograms in 2‐D (or parallelepipeds in 3‐D). In this paper, the CPDI method is enhanced to more accurately track particle domains as quadrilaterals in 2‐D (hexahedra in 3‐D). This enhancement will be referred to as CPDI2. Not only does this minor revision remove overlaps or gaps between particle domains, it also provides flexibility in choosing particle domain shape in the initial configuration and sets a convenient conceptual framework for enrichment of the fields to accurately solve weak discontinuities in the displacement field across a material interface that passes through the interior of a grid cell. The new CPDI2 method is demonstrated, with and without enrichment, using one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional examples. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Epithelial-mesenchymal interactions in prostatic development. II. Biochemical observations of prostatic induction by urogenital sinus mesenchyme in epithelium of the adult rodent urinary bladder. (1983)

Adult bladder epithelium (BLE) is induced to differentiate into glandular epithelium after association with urogenital sinus mesenchyme (UGM) and subsequent in vivo growth in syngeneic male hosts. Alteration of epithelial cytodifferentiation is associated with the expression of prostate-specific antigens, histochemical and steroid metabolic activities. These observations suggest that the inductive influence of the UGM has reprogrammed both the morphological and functional characteristics of the urothelium. In this report, differences regarding the mechanisms and effects of androgenic stimulation of prostate and bladder are exploited to determine the extent to which UGM plus BLE recombinants express a prostatelike, androgen-dependent phenotype. Results from cytosolic and autoradiographic binding studies suggest that androgen binding is induced in UGM plus BLE recombinants and that this activity is accounted for by the induced urothelial cells. In UGM plus BLE recombinants, androgen-induced [3H]thymidine or [35S]-methionine uptake analyzed by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis was qualitatively and quantitatively similar to that of prostate as opposed to bladder. These studies indicate that expression within BLE of prostatic phenotype is associated with a loss of urothelial characteristics and that androgen sensitivity is presumably a function of the inductive activities of the stroma.
Molecular beacons as probes of RNA unfolding under native conditions (2005)

Hybridization of fluorescent molecular beacons provides real-time detection of RNA secondary structure with high specificity. We used molecular beacons to measure folding and unfolding rates of the Tetrahymena group I ribozyme under native conditions. A molecular beacon targeted against 15 nt in the 5' strand of the P3 helix specifically hybridized with misfolded forms of the ribozyme, without invading the native tertiary structure. The beacon associated with the misfolded ribozyme 300 times more slowly than with an unstructured oligonucleotide containing the same target sequence, suggesting that the misfolded ribozyme core remains structured in the absence of Mg2+. The rate of beacon hybridization under native conditions revealed a linear relationship between the free energy of unfolding and Mg2+ concentration. A small fraction of the RNA population unfolded very rapidly, suggesting parallel unfolding in one step or through misfolded intermediates.
The 4-[<i>N</i>-Methyl-<i>N</i>-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)amino]butyl Group as an Alternative to the 2-Cyanoethyl Group for Phosphate Protection in the Synthesis of Oligodeoxyribonucleotides (1999)

The 4-[N-methyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)amino]butyl group for phosphate protection in the synthesis of oligodeoxyribonucleotides has been developed to completely prevent nucleobase alkylation by acrylonitrile that could potentially occur upon deprotection of the traditional 2-cyanoethyl phosphate protecting group. The properties of this new phosphate protecting group were evaluated using the model phosphotriester 9. The mechanism of phosphate deprotection was studied by treating 9 with concentrated NH4OH. NMR analysis of the deprotection reaction demonstrated that cleavage of the N-trifluoroacetyl group is rate-limiting. The resulting phosphotriester intermediate 13 was also shown to undergo rapid cyclodeesterification to produce O,O-diethyl phosphate 15 and N-methylpyrrolidine 16 (Scheme 2). Given the facile removal of the 4-[N-methyl-N-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)amino]butyl phosphate protecting group under mild basic conditions, its utilization in oligonucleotide synthesis began with the preparation of the deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites 4a−d (Scheme 3). The coupling efficiency of 4a−d and conventional 2-cyanoethyl deoxyribonucleoside phosphoramidites 24a−d was then compared in the solid-phase synthesis of the 20-mer d(ATCCGTAGCTAAGGTCATGC). As previously observed in the deprotection of 9, the 4-[N-methyl,N-(2,2,2-trifluoroacetyl)amino]butyl phosphate protecting groups were easily and completely removed from the oligonucleotide by using either concentrated NH4OH or pressurized ammonia gas. Analysis of the deprotected oligomer by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (Figure 3) indicated that the phosphoramidites 4a−d are as efficient as the 2-cyanoethyl phosphoramidites 24a−d in the synthesis of the 20-mer. Furthermore, following digestion of the crude 20-mer by snake venom phosphodiesterase and bacterial alkaline phosphatase, HPLC analysis showed complete hydrolysis to individual nucleosides and no detectable nucleobase modification.
Deoxyribonucleic Acid Relationships of "Histophilus ovis/Haemophilus somnus," Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus, and "Actinobacillus seminis" (1986)

Three Australian isolates of “Histophilus ovis,” ten strains of “Haemophilus somnus” from North America, Australia, and Europe, and two American strains of “Haemophilus agni” were investigated by the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-DNA hybridization (renaturation) method to determine their genetic interrelationships and their levels of relatedness to recognized members of the family Pasteurellaceae Pohl 1981. Our results confirmed that “Haemophilus somnus,” “Histophilus ovis,” and one of the “Haemophilus agni” strains studied represent one genetically homogeneous species. This species exhibited up to 41% DNA relatedness to Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus, whereas only insignificant levels of relatedness or no measurable DNA binding was observed with the type species of the genera Actinobacillus, Haemophilus, and Pasteurella and with Haemophilus aphrophilus, Haemophilus ducreyi, Haemophilus paragallinarum, Haemophilus parainfluenzae, Haemophilus segnis, Pasteurella avium, Pasteurella ureae, and “Actinobacillus seminis.” On the other hand, one of the “Haemophilus agni” strains studied (Hoerlein strain M650-1343) was included in the species “Actinobacillus seminis” (DNA binding value, 91%). So far, only low levels of genetic relatedness with “Actinobacillus seminis” and currently recognized members of the family Pasteurellaceae have been detected. The problems of the generic affiliation of the “Histophilus ovis” group, Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus, and “Actinobacillus seminis” and the phenotypic differentiation of these organisms are discussed.