gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Suprathreshold contrast perception across differences in mean luminance: effects of stimulus size, dichoptic presentation, and length of adaptation (1995)

Contrast constancy across changes in mean luminance was reported to hold over a wide range of luminances in a few studies and to be limited to approximately 1 log unit in another. The studies reporting contrast constancy over a wide luminance range used extended grafting stimuli presented dichoptically (bright stimulus to one eye and dim stimulus to the other) with long adaptation periods. The study reporting only limited constancy used narrow (1-octave-wide) Gabor patches presented side by side to both eyes with only a short (up to 5 s) period of adaptation. The current study was designed to determine whether differences in stimulus bandwidth, presentation format, or adaptation time could account for the different results reported. It was found that increasing stimulus size had no effect on the results. Dichoptic presentation with either a filter in front of one eye or calibrated screen luminance could account for the differences between the studies. When dichoptic presentation was combined with short adaptation periods (of a few seconds) an intermediate deviation from constancy was demonstrated. This effect suggests that the deviations from constancy demonstrated under free viewing are due to a lack of fast local adaptation and not to long-distance interactions across the retina.
Additive manufacturing of ZrO<sub>2</sub>‐Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> ceramic components by selective laser melting (2013)

Purpose The purpose this paper is to develop an additive manufacturing (AM) technique for high‐strength oxide ceramics. The process development aims at directly manufacturing fully dense ceramic freeform‐components with good mechanical properties. Design/methodology/approach The selective laser melting of the ceramic materials zirconia and alumina has been investigated experimentally. The approach followed up is to completely melt ZrO 2 /Al 2 O 3 powder mixtures by a focused laser beam. In order to reduce thermally induced stresses, the ceramic is preheated to a temperature of at least 1,600°C during the build up process. Findings It is possible to manufacture ceramic objects with almost 100 percent density, without any sintering processes or any post‐processing. Crack‐free specimens have been manufactured that have a flexural strength of more than 500 MPa. Manufactured objects have a fine‐grained two‐phase microstructure consisting of tetragonal zirconia and alpha‐alumina. Research limitations/implications Future research may focus on improving the surface quality of manufactured components, solving issues related to the cold powder deposition on the preheated ceramic, further increasing the mechanical strength and transferring the technology from laboratory scale to industrial application. Practical implications Potential applications of this technique include manufacturing individual all‐ceramic dental restorations, ceramic prototypes and complex‐shaped ceramic components that cannot be made by any other manufacturing technique. Originality/value This new manufacturing technique based on melting and solidification of high‐performance ceramic material has some significant advantages compared to laser sintering techniques or other manufacturing techniques relying on solid‐state sintering processes.
Randomized Scheduler for Temporally-Correlated Channels (2007)

In a slowly time-varying fading broadcast channel, a proposed randomized scheduler achieves multi-user diversity gain while reducing the amount of feedback. The scheduler requests feedback of signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) from a random subset of users in conjunction with the previously scheduled user, and then selects the user with the largest SNR. With temporal correlation, this scheduler achieves near optimal sum-rate even with feedback from a small subset of users, which considerably reduces the amount of feedback.
Electrochemistry of chlorinated ferrocenes: stability of chlorinated ferrocenium ions (1993)

The cyclic voltammetries of 1,2,3,4,5-pentachloro- and decachloro-ferrocene have been studied in acetonitrile. The complexes undergo an irreversible two-electron oxidation consistent with an electrochemical–chemical–electrochemical mechanism at scan rates up to 10 V s–1. However, at the faster scan rates (up to 160 V s–1) available to electrodes of small radius and microelectrodes, chemically reversible one-electron oxidations to the chlorinated ferrocenium ions, [C10H10–xClxFe]+ are obtained under ambient conditions. The reversible [C10H10–xClxFe]+/0 couples when x= 10,5,2 and 1 are observed at + 1.246, +0.774, +0.315 and +0.168 V vs. ferrocenium–ferrocene, respectively. A plot of Efvs.Σσp(σp= Hammett para coefficient for the chloro substituent) shows that the neutral molecules are stabilised with respect to the corresponding ferrocenium cations by 0.16–0.12 V per Cl. The rate constants of decomposition of the [Fe(η-C5Cl5)2] and [Fe(η-C5H5)(η-C5Cl5)]+ cations were calculated by both digital simulation and the method of Nicholson and Shain to be 40 ± 20 and 200 ± 50 s–1, respectively, at room temperature (ca. 20 °C). The complexes [Fe(η-C5H4Cl)2] and [Fe(η-C5H5)(η-C5H4Cl)] exhibit reversible oxidations at all scan rates down to 0.100 V s–1 under the same conditions. Both [Fe(η-C5Cl5)2] and [Fe(η-C5H5)(η-C5Cl5)] undergo a series of irreversible two-electron reductions at potentials negative of –1.8 V, which lead to reductive dechlorination consistent with an electrochemical–chemical–electrochemical–chemical reaction.
Lipid‐lowering therapy in patients with type 2 diabetes: the case for early intervention (2008)

Chronic complications of type 2 diabetes, in particular, macrovascular complications, confer substantial morbidity and mortality and adversely affect a patient's quality of life. Early intensive intervention to control cardiovascular risk factors is essential in clinical management. Atherogenic dyslipidaemia characterized by elevated triglycerides, a low level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and an increase in the preponderance of small, dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, is a key modifiable risk factor for macrovascular diabetic complications. Lowering low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) with a statin (or the combination of statin and ezetimibe) is the main focus for reducing cardiovascular risk in patients with diabetes. However, statins fail to address the residual cardiovascular risk associated with low HDL-C. Fibrates are effective against all components of the atherogenic dyslipidaemia associated with type 2 diabetes. Secondary analyses of the Fenofibrate Intervention and Event Lowering in Diabetes (FIELD) study suggest a role for early treatment with fenofibrate in improving cardiovascular risk reduction in type 2 diabetes and provide safety data supporting the use of fenofibrate in combination with a statin. Data from the FIELD study suggest that fenofibrate may also have potential to impact on microvascular diabetic complications associated with type 2 diabetes. Data are awaited from the ongoing Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study to evaluate the outcome benefits of combining fenofibrate with a statin in patients with type 2 diabetes. Finally, in view of divergent study results and outstanding data, assessment of the risk of the individual with type 2 diabetes is mandatory to assist clinical decision-making when initiating lipid therapy.
Developments in autostereoscopic displays using holographic optical elements (1997)

The use of holographic optical elements (HOEs) in conjunction with LCDs to make high performance economical autostereoscopic displays is a new and promising development. The very first demonstrators showed that the technique can be used to produce very good quality 3D and 2D images. Our current work is directed at improving performance and exploring other opportunities opened up by the basic concept. These include improved optical design of the HOE and, possibility of using LEDs as light sources and that of using the HOE to generate 3D and at the same time provide color separation to allow the display of full color images on a monochrome LCD without the use of conventional color filters. In addition the use of this technology to display two or more images on the LCD such that two viewers will each see different images on the one display.
Neutrophil-mediated antibody-dependent killing of herpes-simplex-virus- infected cells (1979)

The ability of neutrophils to serve as effectors of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) was studied using herpes-simplex-virus-infected (HSV-infected) human embryonic lung cells as targets. Killing of infected cells by neutrophils required HSV-immune serum and did not take place in the presence of nonimmune serum or in the absence of serum. Uninfected cells were not killed. ADCC was evident by 30 min and reached a value of 66% by 4 hr at an effector:target ratio of 100:1. Cells from patients with chronic granulomatous disease were as effective as normal cells, and this indicates that ADCC could be mediated by processes that are independent of the respiratory burst.
A Note on the Translation of Two Technical Terms in Chinese Science: <u>Wu-Hsing</u> and <u>Hsiu</u> (1976)

(A recent conversation between the author and Prof. Nathan Sivin of MIT on the correct translation of the term hsiu was followed up by a thoughtful letter from Prof. Sivin which is quoted at length below. It seemed appropriate to broaden the discussion to include the term wu-hsing , to provide some lexical-historical background, and to share the sense of the conversation with our colleagues.) Technical terms in any language cannot be understood correctly when rendered in another language unless commonly accepted and precise translations, which evoke neither more nor less than the meaning of the original term, can be achieved. Yet that is a difficult task, bounded by prior connotations of the translations chosen, and by differences in general cultural context that may be very great. The task is made more difficult still because any scholarly discipline that relies heavily on translation as one of its methods is often heir to “standard” translations of technical terms. Some of these have achieved general currency through long use, but might not have been, when they were first proposed, well thought out or based on adequate scholarly understanding. Others may be, in some cases, just plain wrong. An example of a standard translation that is not well thought out is “five elements” for wu-hsing ; one that is clearly wrong is “lunar mansion” for hsiu .
ChiMerge: discretization of numeric attributes (1992)

Many classification algorithms require that the training data contain only discrete attributes. To use such an algorithm when there are numeric attributes, all numeric values must first be converted into discrete values--a process called discretization. This paper describes ChiMerge, a general, robust algorithm that uses the χ2 statistic to discretize (quantize) numeric attributes.
Alternative Splicing of <i>LYT1</i> Transcripts in <i>Trypanosoma cruzi</i> (2002)

As a result of alternative trans splicing, three distinct LYT1 mRNAs are produced in Trypanosoma cruzi, two encoding the full-length LYT1 protein and the third encoding a truncated LYT1 protein lacking a possible signal sequence. Analysis of the three mRNAs in different developmental forms of the parasite revealed that the alternative processing events were regulated differently during the parasite life cycle.
Safety studies of post-surgical buprenorphine therapy for mice (2014)

The use of appropriate analgesia in laboratory mice may be suboptimal because of concerns about adverse events (AE). Target Animal Safety trials were conducted to determine the safety of an extended-release suspension of buprenorphine. Drug or control suspensions were injected subcutaneously in surgically-treated BALB/c mice anesthetized with ketamine-xylazine to mimic post-operative conditions in which the compound might commonly be administered. Single and repeat five-fold (5×) excesses of the 3.25 mg/kg intended dose were used to provoke potential AE. Trials included prospective measurements of weight changes, blood chemistry, hematology, and histopathology. Clinical and histopathology findings were similar in drug-treated and control mice in a four-day trial using a single 16.25 mg/kg, 5× overdose of the drug. In a 12-day trial, which used a total buprenorphine dose of 48.75 mg/kg, clinical and histopathology values were also similar in control and drug-treated female mice. In the male arm of the repeat-overdose trial, two of eight mice died on the morning of day 12, three days following the third 16.25 mg/kg overdose administration. Histopathology did not reveal a cause of death. In a 14-month trial using a single 3.25 mg/kg dose of the drug, no significant findings identified potential AE. These findings indicate a high tolerance to an extended-release buprenorphine suspension administered post-operatively in mice with appropriate husbandry.
Hand and wrist problems in general practice patient characteristics and factors related to symptom severity (2007)

Primary care patients with hand or wrist problems report pain and reduced function. Impact on other aspects of perceived health is limited. Severity seems to be associated with socio-demographic, physical and psychosocial factors, more than with medical diagnosis.
Single-longitudinal-mode metalorganic chemical-vapor-deposition self-aligned GaAlAs-GaAs double-heterostructure lasers (1980)

Single-mode self-aligned GaAlAs-GaAs double-heterostructure lasers have been fabricated by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. These devices operate at low current thresholds on a single longitudinal mode and require only a single photolithographic processing step.
Proximity as a security property in a mobile enterprise application context (2004)

M-commerce will not prosper without reliable and usable security concepts. Concepts which are not prone to scare users away from utilizing mobile applications, secured by complicated and cryptic mechanisms are the essential building blocks of m-commerce. This publication specifies a highly usable security solution for a mobile worker by introducing a so-called proximity device. It is a physically small device, for instance unobtrusively wearable as a ring, cryptographically proving its presence to a security module in order to facilitate use of critical functionality. The paper introduces an architecture based on a security module which is implemented as tamper resistant hardware such as a smart card. The security module operates as expected if the proximity device can cryptographically prove its presence within a safe physical proximity. The user benefits from the proximity device in many ways, for instance it is no longer necessary to perform frequent activation processes for the security module and one stolen device alone is no longer usable for a thief.
Kinetics and Transport at AMTEC Electrodes: I . The Interfacial Impedance Model (1990)

Mixed mass‐transport and kinetic control of sodium ion reduction at porous, inert electrodes on sodium beta' alumina solid electrolyte (BASE) ceramic in a high‐temperature electrochemical cell has been observed and modeled.The high ionic conductivity of BASE and the reversibility of the liquid sodium/BASE anodic half‐cell led to assignment of potential‐dependent (nonohmic) resistances to kinetic and mass‐transport processes associated with the porous electrode. The morphology of these electrodes and typical sodium gas pressures are consistent with Knudsen, or free‐molecular, flow through the electrode. Equations for effusion of a gas through a cylindrical pore and equivalent pressure for a condensed phase evaporating irreversibly describe the pressure of sodium gas in the porous electrode. These equations and the current‐overpotential equation combine to yield equations for the cell's current‐voltage curve and its apparent charge‐transfer resistance in terms of rate and transport parameters. Inclusion of ohmic resistance losses including electrode sheet resistance via an iterative finite elements method results in a fairly complete model for the dc response of alkali metal thermoelectric converter cells.
Scientific Considerations of Pharmaceutical Solid Polymorphism in Regulatory Applications (2006)

This chapter contains sections titled: Introduction General Principles of Pharmaceutical Solid Polymorphs Influence of Polymorphism on Product Quality and Performance Effect on Bioavailability (BA)/Bioequivalence (BE) Effect on Stability Effect on Manufacturability Pharmaceutical Solid Polymorphism in Drug Substance Polymorph Screening Control of Polymorphism in Drug Substance Acceptance Criterion for Polymorph Content in Drug Substance Pharmaceutical Solid Polymorphism in Drug Product Polymorphism Issues in Drug Product Manufacturing Control of Polymorphism in Drug Product Process Analytical Technology Process Analytical Technology and the Crystallization of Polymorphic Forms Process Analytical Technology and Polymorphs in Drug Products Summary References Subject Index
Feeding patients after abdominal surgery (2002)

Nutrition in hospital has been the focus of negative attention in recent years. Apart from the issues surrounding older people and nutrition (Odlund-Olin et al 1996), patients undergoing surgery might still be subject to inappropriate nutritional care and practice. Many are still fasted for long periods of time before surgery, and experience inappropriate regimes designed to wean them back onto normal eating and drinking patterns. This can lead to malnourishment and delayed healing. The author examines good practice in perioperative nutritional practice, designed to ensure that the patient recovers as quickly and as well as possible following abdominal surgery.
An Improved Control Algorithm for an Artificial B-Cell (1976)

With the successful implementation of a computer analog for (ß-cell function to restore normal glucose tolerance in diabetic patients, one of the major obstacles to the ultimate development of an implantable ``artificial pancreas'' was overcome. The next step was to optimize the original algorithm and simplify the operation of the blood sugar control system to make it more amenable to miniaturization.
Increased Probability of GABA Release during Withdrawal from Morphine (1997)

Opioid receptors located on interneurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) inhibit GABA(A)-mediated synaptic transmission to dopamine projection neurons. The resulting disinhibition of dopamine cells in the VTA is thought to play a pivotal role in drug abuse; however, little is known about how this GABAA synapse is affected after chronic morphine treatment. The regulation of GABA release during acute withdrawal from morphine was studied in slices from animals treated for 6-7 d with morphine. Slices containing the VTA were prepared and maintained in morphine-free solutions, and GABAA IPSCs were recorded from dopamine cells. The amplitude of evoked IPSCs and the frequency of spontaneous miniature IPSCs measured in slices from morphine-treated guinea pigs were greater than placebo-treated controls. In addition, activation of adenylyl cyclase, with forskolin, and cAMP-dependent protein kinase, with Sp-cAMPS, caused a larger increase in IPSCs in slices from morphine-treated animals. Conversely, the kinase inhibitors staurosporine and Rp-CPT-cAMPS decreased GABA IPSCs to a greater extent after drug treatment. The results indicate that the probability of GABA release was increased during withdrawal from chronic morphine treatment and that this effect resulted from an upregulation of the cAMP-dependent cascade. Increased transmitter release from opioid-sensitive synapses during acute withdrawal may be one adaptive mechanism that results from prolonged morphine treatment.
Duckweed as a Feed Ingredient in Laying Hen Diets and its Effect on Egg Production and Composition (2010)

Duckweed, a prolific aquatic plant, can be used for products including: biofuels (ethanol) and animal feeds. Researchers at North Carolina State University have worked for a decade to develop a system to produce high-protein duckweed biomass utilizing the nutrient-rich effluent from anaerobic digestion of swine wastewater. This aspect of the project was to evaluate a feeding trial utilizing duckweed materials as a protein source in laying hen feed. The nutrient and energy composition of the Duckweed grown in these conditions was determined, then the impact of duckweed in a commercial layer diet on egg production and feed conversion was evaluated. The duckweed samples analyzed contained 29.05% CP, 25.08% C Fiber and 695 kcal/kg AMEn based on a feeding trial with marker. The analysis was used to formulate a layer diet containing 12.6% duckweed. Both the Control (C) and Duckweed (D) diets were formulated to be Iso- nitrogenous (18.1% Crude Protein) and Iso-caloric (2930 kcal/kg). Sixty Hy-Line, w-36 hens were randomly divided into 4 replicates each containing 15 hens from 76-88 wks of age, 2 replicates were placed on the C Diet and the remaining 2 were fed the D diet. Feed consumption and egg production monitored daily and each wk one days collection was analyzed for USDA Grades, haugh unit, shell strength, vitelline membrane strength and yolk color. On wks 3, 7 and 11 whole 6 egg pooled samples were collected and sent in for nutrient composition laboratory analysis. The D diet had no impact on the hen performance over that of the C diet group, 71.1 and 69.5% hen-day production, respectively. There was a significant increase in th e percent Grade B eggs in the hens fed the D by 2% over the C hens. Surprisingly, there was no difference in the nutrient composition of the eggs except for Omega 3 levels which were 0.06 % higher (P<0.0001) than in the C hens. The results indicate that duckweed can be fed at a 12.6% inclusion rate and not impact the performance of laying hens and may be a means of enhancing Omega 3 levels in eggs.
The Arabidopsis defense component EDM2 affects the floral transition in an FLC-dependent manner (2010)

Arabidopsis thaliana EDM2 was previously shown to be specifically required for disease resistance mediated by the R protein RPP7. Here we provide additional data showing that the role of EDM2 in plant immunity is limited and does not include a function in basal defense. In addition, we found that EDM2 has a promoting effect on the floral transition. We further found that the protein kinase WNK8 physically interacts with EDM2 in the nucleus. Unlike EDM2, which serves as a substrate of this kinase, WNK8 appears not to be required for RPP7-mediated defense. As reported previously, however, WNK8 does affect flowering time. Epistasis analyses suggested that EDM2 acts upstream of the floral repressor FLC (AT5G10140) and downstream of WNK8 (AT5G41990) in a regulatory module that resembles the autonomous floral promotion pathway, comprising a set of mechanisms that are known to affect the floral transition by regulating FLC transcript levels.
Polarization-independent optical guided- wave devices (1981)

Optical guided-wave devices offer great potential for single-mode lightwave communication applications. However, typical integrated-optic devices function effectively for a single linear polarization, while available low-loss single-mode fibers do not maintain linear polarization.1 Although specially fabricated fibers with stress-induced birefringence that maintain linear polarization have been demonstrated,2 the losses are typically high, and questions concerning cabling and splicing ease are yet to be answered. Thus to be compatible, available single-mode fiber, integrated optic devices must operate effectively for arbitrary polarization.