gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Microstructure and Optical Properties of Hot Isostatically Pressed Nd:YAG Ceramics (1996)

Neodymium‐doped transparent yttrium‐aluminum garnet (Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , YAG) (Nd:YAG) ceramics for solid‐state laser material were fabricated by a solid‐state reaction method using high‐purity powders (Al 2 O 3 , Y 2 O 3 , and Nd 2 O 3 ) as starting materials and capsule‐free hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The mixed powder compacts were presintered at 1600°C for 3 h under vacuum, hot isostatically pressed at 1500°–1700°C for 3 h under 9.8 or 196 MPa of argon gas pressure, and then sintered again at 1750°C for 20 h under vacuum. Although the presintered specimen approached full density after HIP, its optical transmittance was quite low (∼5% at 1000 nm) because of lack of grain growth. Grain growth was observed in the specimens that were hot isostatically pressed and vacuum sintered at 1750°C for 20 h, but numerous pores occurred around the surface of these specimens. Consequently, the optical transmittance of Nd:YAG ceramics that were treated by HIP was inferior to that of the same ceramics that were sintered under vacuum only because of light scattering that was caused by the pores (at the grain boundaries) that were produced during the HIP treatment.
Hydrates of Trisodium Orthophosphate (1949)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTHydrates of Trisodium OrthophosphateRussell N. BellCite this: Ind. Eng. Chem. 1949, 41, 12, 2901–2905Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1949Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1949https://doi.org/10.1021/ie50480a059RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views133Altmetric-Citations13LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (925 KB) Get e-Alerts
Development of two-color focal-plane arrays based on HDVIP (Invited Paper) (2005)

An overview of DRS' development of a very unique two-color infrared photodiode architecture for two-color infrared focal-plane arrays based on Hg<sub>1-x</sub>Cd<sub>x</sub>Te is given. One unique feature of this architecture is that it requires only a mono-color based on Hg<sub>1-x</sub>Cd<sub>x</sub>Te material growth technique for its implementation. Some data from this development are presented.
B-cell tolerance in transplantation: is repertoire remodeling the answer? (2009)

T lymphocytes are the primary targets of immunotherapy in clinical transplantation; however, B lymphocytes and their secreted alloantibodies are also highly detrimental to the allograft. Therefore, the achievement of sustained organ transplant survival will likely require the induction of B-lymphocyte tolerance. During development, acquisition of B-cell tolerance to self-antigens relies on clonal deletion in the early stages of B-cell compartment ontogeny. We contend that this mechanism should be recapitulated in the setting of alloantigens and organ transplantation to eliminate the alloreactive B-cell subset from the recipient. Clinically feasible targets of B-cell-directed immunotherapy, such as CD20 and B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), should drive upcoming clinical trials aimed at remodeling the recipient B-cell repertoire.
VALIDATION OF OPTICAL-FLOW FOR QUANTIFICATION OF MYOCARDIAL DEFORMATIONS ON SIMULATED RT3D ULTRASOUND (2007)

Quantitative analysis of cardiac motion is of great clinical interest in assessing ventricular function. Real-time 3-D (RT3D) ultrasound transducers provide valuable four-dimensional information, from which quantitative measures of cardiac function can be extracted. Previously, we presented a method based on four-dimensional optical flow motion estimation for anatomical tracking of myocardium in RT3D ultrasound, from which myocardial displacement fields and dynamic cardiac metrics were computed. In this paper, in order to quantitatively validate our method, we build a truly 3D mathematical phantom of cardiac tissue and blood. Distinguished from previous studies, our work further decomposes tissue impedance into cell kernels and processes all functions in 3D. Instead of simply modeling the myocardium, a "quasi-LV" phantom is built including myocardium and blood. Also all ultrasound probe parameters used in this work are directly estimated from clinical RT3D data instead of using common parameters from 2D transducers. Based on this phantom, simulated RT3D ultrasound data sets are generated for validation to assess the performance of an optical flow based method in tracking myocardial tissues.
Incidence and Characteristics of Facial Nerve Stimulation in Children With Cochlear Implants (2006)

1) Facial nerve potentials can be recorded using EMG in a large proportion of cochlear implant users at high levels of stimulation. 2) The EABR can be obscured in the presence of facial nerve stimulation and care should be taken to distinguish it from the EMG response, particularly when auditory brainstem activity is in question. 3) Use of surface EMG provides an additional objective measure to ensure the safe and comfortable use of cochlear implants.
A new mild and selective method for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols and amines, as well as amino acids, using a modification of Swern, Pfitzner-Moffatt and Corey-Kim (2010)

A new mild and selective method for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols and amines, as well as amino acids, using a modification of Swern, Pfitzner-Moffatt and Corey-Kim: The paper reveals the successful and efficient, wide functional group tolerate and selective method for oxidation of primary and secondary alcohols, amines and amino acids, using TBTU/DMSO/triethylamine as reagents for the synthesis and dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) as a solvent. The specific conditions, employing in the synthetic procedure has been described. The results will enable to develop and apply the methodology for successful and convenient sugar-, nucleoside- and nucleotide- aldehydes and ketones preparation. Moreover the protocols will allow for the selective and elegant production of imines of natural amino acids to be used as structural units for the synthesis of modified peptides and peptidomimetics.
Next stop for the CRISPR revolution: RNA‐guided epigenetic regulators (2016)

Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPRs) and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins offer a breakthrough platform for cheap, programmable, and effective sequence-specific DNA targeting. The CRISPR-Cas system is naturally equipped for targeted DNA cutting through its native nuclease activity. As such, groups researching a broad spectrum of biological organisms have quickly adopted the technology with groundbreaking applications to genomic sequence editing in over 20 different species. However, the biological code of life is not only encoded in genetics but also in epigenetics as well. While genetic sequence editing is a powerful ability, we must also be able to edit and regulate transcriptional and epigenetic code. Taking inspiration from work on earlier sequence-specific targeting technologies such as zinc fingers (ZFs) and transcription activator-like effectors (TALEs), researchers quickly expanded the CRISPR-Cas toolbox to include transcriptional activation, repression, and epigenetic modification. In this review, we highlight advances that extend the CRISPR-Cas toolkit for transcriptional and epigenetic regulation, as well as best practice guidelines for these tools, and a perspective on future applications.
Noise (2015)

Abstract Noise occurs when the recipient of a message devises a meaning different from that intended by the communicator.
Vacuum Line Techniques for Handling Air-Sensitive Organometallic Compounds (1987)

Vacuum line techniques for handling air sensitive oganometallic compounds are described. The vacuum line is discussed in six sections: (i) the pumps and main traps, (ii) the main manifold with pressure gauges, (iii) work stations, (iv) the cryogenic traps and Toepler pump, (v) the inert gas purifiers and inlet system, and (vi) the specialty gas inlet system. Use of a swivel frit assembly in the synthesis of air sensitive compounds is described along procedures for the addition of gases, volatile and nonvolatile liquids and solutions to reaction mixtures. High temperature and pressure reactions are discussed in terms of the use of sealed NMR tubes and heavy walled reaction vessels. The procedure for molecular weight determination using the Signer method is also included.
Complete Development of <i>Isospora suis</i> of Swine in Chicken Embryos1 (1984)

Development of the swine coccidium , Isospora suis, in embryonated chicken eggs is described. The allantoic cavities of eight-to-ten-day-old white Leghorn embryos were inoculated with either 100,000 or 200,000 sporozoites. Developmental stages morphologically similar to those found in the intestines of piglets were present in the endodermal layer of the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), beginning three days post inoculation (PI). No stages were found in the mesodermal or ectodermal layers of the CAM and none were observed in heart, lung, liver, or spleen. Type I meronts and merozoites were found on days 3 through 10 PI. Type II meronts and merozoites were found days 4 through 10 PI. Mature microgamonts , macrogamonts, and oocysts were found on days 7 through 10 PI. Oocysts appeared to be retained in the endodermal cells and in ovo sporulation did not occur. Attempts to sporulate CAM-derived oocysts were not successful. Isospora suis was not pathogenic for embryos under the conditions of this study. This study represents the first fully documented report of complete development of a mammalian coccidium in chicken embryos.
Design of a 3D field emission electron source with improved emission current density and cathode life (2013)

Field emission electron sources have been increasingly investigated and practiced as cold electron sources for many Xray generation mechanisms especially in certain medical imaging applications, such as computed tomography (CT). In a field emission electron source, the emission current and cathode life are the two key performance parameters of interests. Conventional field emission electron source in the form of a 2-dimensional single surface cathode design is often undergoing the bottleneck of limited emission current. Higher current can be obtained by increasing the strength of driving electric field. However this is at the expense of a reduced cathode life. In this paper we present a novel field emission electron source design based on a 3-dimensional semi-enclosed cavity structure, by utilizing the cavity’s multiple inner faces as electron emission surfaces. The cavity has one bottom inner face open for electron ejection, the area of which was kept the same as a conventional single surface cathode to maintain the same initial electron beam cross section. The extended emission area of the new cathode design due to its 3-dimensional structure provides a higher electron emission current while maintaining the same beam cross section, resulting in an improved effective emission current density. We have demonstrated a significantly increased electron emission current from this 3-dimensional cathode under a constant electric field, without over-driving the cathode field emitters. Alternatively this new cathode design can also achieve the same total emission current with a lower electric field compared with a conventional 2- dimensional cathode, which will significantly extend its life.
Measurements of modal noise in single- mode lightwave systems (1985)

Modal noise can be introduced in single-mode fibers with depressed-index cladding by the time varying interference between the LP01 and LP11 modes.1 The purpose of this study was to measure the modal noise in actual lightwave systems and to provide a model for properly choosing the fiber cutoff wavelength λc that reduces the noise to an acceptable level. Noise measurements were made using regenerators at 90, 420, and 1700 Mbit/sec.
The Relative Fertility of an Isolated Coral Tree, Erythrina indica (1990)

Three of the four Coral trees in a row were cut down and removed to investigate the relative productivity of the lone tree. There were altogether 463 inflorescences With 1032 fruits containing 4756 seeds. Four seeded fruits Were more numerous than the fruits with less or more seeds. The occurrence of a fruit with eleven seeds is indicatory of the genetic potentiality of the species. The enhanced efficiency in seed production is attributed to the activity of the three-striped squirrels. The floral prolificity is deemed a compensatory pre-adaptation for the enormous loss that occurs.
A Multifunctional Silicon-based Microscale Surgical System (2000)

In this paper we report our progress on the development of silicon-based surgical tools. We report on the integration of piezoresistive sensors in noise insensitive Wheatstone configuration, silicon nitride/platinum composite overhanging blades, fluid channels, and electrical packaging features to make the device highly multifunctional. Multiple polysilicon piezoresistors were integrated onto bulk micromachined ultrasonic transducers, that were characterized for measuring the ultrasonic strain and the force applied to the cutting tip. The use of thin film silicon nitride/metal composites for cutting swine retinas at the cellular level is demonstrated.
Combinatorial Library Enumeration and Lead Hopping using Comparative Interaction Fingerprint Analysis and Classical 2D QSAR Methods for Seeking Novel GABA<sub>A</sub> α<sub>3</sub> Modulators (2009)

Selective modulators of GABA(A) alpha(3) (gamma amino butyric acid alpha(3)) receptor are known to alleviate the side effects associated with nonspecific modulators. A follow up study was undertaken on a series of functionally selective phthalazines with an ideological credo of identifying more potent isofunctional chemotypes. A bioisosteric database enumerated using the combichem approach endorsed mining in a lead-like chemical space. Primary screening of the massive library was undertaken using the "Miscreen" toolkit, which uses sophisticated bayesian statistics for calculating bioactivity score. The resulting subset, thus, obtained was mined using a novel proteo-chemometric method that integrates molecular docking and QSAR formalism termed CoIFA (comparative interaction fingerprint analysis). CoIFA encodes protein-ligand interaction terms as propensity values based on a statistical inference to construct categorical QSAR models that assist in decision making during virtual screening. In the absence of an experimentally resolved structure of GABA(A) alpha(3) receptor, standard comparative modeling techniques were employed to construct a homology model of GABA(A) alpha(3) receptor. A typical docking study was then carried out on the modeled structure, and the interaction fingerprints generated based on the docked binding mode were used to derive propensity values for the interacting atom pairs that served as pseudo-energy variables to generate a CoIFA model. The classification accuracy of the CoIFA model was validated using different metrics derived from a confusion matrix. Further predictive lead mining was carried out using a consensus two-dimensional QSAR approach, which offers a better predictive protocol compared to the arbitrary choice of a single QSAR model. The predictive ability of the generated model was validated using different statistical metrics, and similarity-based coverage estimation was carried out to define applicability boundaries. Few analogs designed using the concept of bioisosterism were found to be promising and could be considered for synthesis and subsequent screening.
Roles for the galactose-/N-acetylgalactosamine-binding lectin of Entamoeba in parasite virulence and differentiation (2005)

Entamoeba histolytica, an intestinal protozoan parasite, is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. The pathology of the disease is caused by the colonization of the large intestine by the amoebic trophozoites and the invasion of the intestinal epithelium. Some of the trophozoites will eventually differentiate into the infectious cyst form, allowing them to be transmitted out of the bowel and into water supplies to be passed from person to person. Both the virulence of the organism and the differentiation process relies on a galactose-/N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc)-binding lectin that is expressed on the surface of trophozoites. The functional activity of this lectin has been shown to be involved in host cell binding, cytotoxicity, complement resistance, induction of encystation, and generation of the cyst wall. The role of the lectin in both differentiation and virulence suggests that it may be a pivotal molecule that determines the severity of the infection from a commensal state resulting from increased encystation to an invasive state. The lectin-glycan interactions that initiate these diverse processes are discussed with emphasis on comparing the binding of host ligands and the interactions involved in encystation.
Soft cup vacuum extraction: a comparison of outlet delivery. (1985)

One hundred eighteen nulliparous patients delivered under conduction anesthesia who met the standard criteria for low forceps delivery were randomly assigned to one of three groups to be delivered by low Tucker-McLane forceps, Silastic vacuum extraction system, or Mityvac vacuum extractor. Significant maternal soft tissue trauma was identified in 48.9% of the forceps group, 36.1% of the Silastic group, and 21.6% of the Mityvac group. Superficial fetal scalp changes were found in 71% of the forceps group, 44% of the Silastic group, and 46% of the Mityvac group. Of these, cephalhematomatas were noted in 2.2% of the forceps group, 13.9% of the Silastic group, and 16.2% of the Mityvac group. All three instruments were considered effective outlet delivery instruments.
<i>HTML: The Definitive Guide</i>, Second Edition (1998)

First Page
Heart rate recovery as a guide to monitor fatigue and predict changes in performance parameters (2010)

Determining the optimal balance between training load and recovery contributes to peak performance in well-trained athletes. The measurement of heart rate recovery (HRR) to monitor this balance has become popular. However, it is not known whether the impairment in performance, which is associated with training-induced fatigue, is accompanied by a change in HRR. Therefore, the aim of this study was to retrospectively analyze the relationship between changes in HRR and cycling performance in a group of well-trained cyclists (n=14) who participated in a 4-week high-intensity training (HIT) program. Subjects were assigned to either a group that continuous had a increase in HRR (G(Incr)) or a group that showed a decrease in HRR (G(Decr)) during the HIT period. Both groups, G(Incr) and G(Decr), showed improvements in the relative peak power output (P=0.001 and 0.016, respectively) and endurance performance parameters (P=0.001 and <0.048, respectively). The average power during the 40-km time trial (40-km TT), however, improved more in G(Incr) (P=0.010), resulting in a tendency for a faster 40-km TT time (P=0.059). These findings suggest that HRR has the potential to monitor changes in endurance performance and contribute to a more accurate prescription of training load in well-trained and elite cyclists.
Catalytically active geometry in the reversible circularization of ‘mini-monomer’ RNAs derived from the complementary strand of tobacco ringspot virus satellite RNA (1993)

The less abundant polarity of the satellite RNA of tobacco ringspot virus, designated sTobRV(-)RNA, contains a ribozyme and its substrate. We demonstrate that the ribozyme can catalyze the ligation of substrate cleavage products and that oligoribonucleotides, termed 'mini-monomers' and containing little more than covalently attached ribozyme and substrate cleavage products, circularized spontaneously, efficiently and reversibly. The kinetics of ligation and cleavage of one such mini-monomer was consistent with a simple unimolecular reaction at some temperatures. Evidence suggests that the circular ligation product includes a 5 bp stem that is connected to a 4 bp stem by a bulge loop. Reduction of the bulge loop to one nt is expected to place the 4 and 5 bp helices in a nearly coaxial, rather than an angled or parallel, orientation. Such molecules did not circularize in a unimolecular reaction but did when incubated with second, trans-acting oligoribonucleotides that had either the original or a substituted 4 bp helix. These results suggest that a bulge loop that is too small prevents formation of geometry essential for unimolecular ligation. We suggest the term 'paperclip' to represent the arrangement of RNA strands in the region of sTobRV(-)RNA that participates in the cleavage and ligation reactions.
Poly-ADP ribose polymerase activates nuclear proteasome to degrade oxidatively damaged histones (1999)

The 20S proteasome has been shown to be largely responsible for the degradation of oxidatively modified proteins in the cytoplasm. Nuclear proteins are also subject to oxidation, and the nucleus of mammalian cells contains proteasome. In human beings, tumor cells frequently are subjected to oxidation as a consequence of antitumor chemotherapy, and K562 human myelogenous leukemia cells have a higher nuclear proteasome activity than do nonmalignant cells. Adaptation to oxidative stress appears to be one element in the development of long-term resistance to many chemotherapeutic drugs and the mechanisms of inducible tumor resistance to oxidation are of obvious importance. After hydrogen peroxide treatment of K562 cells, degradation of the model proteasome peptide substrate suc-LLVY-MCA and degradation of oxidized histones in nuclei increases significantly within minutes. Both increased proteolytic susceptibility of the histone substrates (caused by modification by oxidation) and activation of the proteasome enzyme complex occur independently during oxidative stress. This rapid up-regulation of 20S proteasome activity is accompanied by, and depends on, poly-ADP ribosylation of the proteasome, as shown by inhibitor experiments, 14C-ADP ribose incorporation assays, immunoblotting, in vitro reconstitution experiments, and immunoprecipitation of (activated) proteasome with anti-poly-ADP ribose polymerase antibodies. The poly-ADP ribosylation-mediated activated nuclear 20S proteasome is able to remove oxidatively damaged histones more efficiently and therefore is proposed as an oxidant-stimulatable defense or repair system of the nucleus in K562 leukemia cells.
Iron Plating (1943)

An improved chloride iron plating solution is described. Grain size is controlled by the addition to the solution of relatively small amounts of manganese chloride. Pitting is eliminated by the use of the proper wetting agent. Temperature and pH ranges are considerably widened for the production of good deposits by the use of the manganese addition. Current efficiency is more than 95% in uncontaminated solutions. Physical properties of the plate are given.