gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
English and multilingualism in the South African engineering workplace (2002)

The engineering profession in South Africa is an interesting language environment to investigate because it operates from a knowledge base and a global business network dominated by English but in conjunction with a workforce which is most often multilingual. Against this background a survey of the language practices of 58 engineering personnel working on the Witwatersrand was conducted. These personnel included students with site‐work experience, Engineers‐in‐Training and experienced professionals. The information was gathered using focus groups, interviews, questionnaire and observation. It was found that a high standard of English is indeed crucial for professionals in a field with a policy of “English only” at management and inter‐departmental level and in written communication. However, Afrikaans and indigenous African languages were both perceived by more than 40 per cent of those surveyed to be important languages in the workplace to “get the work done” and it was found that black engineers function more efficiently if they use Afrikaans and other African languages on site. The research concludes that multilingual accommodation using English and other languages is a positive force for co‐operation in engineering and that multilingualism is a significant professional resource.
Cell Wall Polysaccharides Are Specifically Involved in the Exclusion of Aluminum from the Rice Root Apex (2007)

Rice (Oryza sativa) is the most aluminum (Al)-resistant crop species among the small-grain cereals, but the mechanisms responsible for this trait are still unclear. Using two rice cultivars differing in Al resistance, rice sp. japonica 'Nipponbare' (an Al-resistant cultivar) and rice sp. indica 'Zhefu802' (an Al-sensitive cultivar), it was found that Al content in the root apex (0-10 mm) was significantly lower in Al-resistant 'Nipponbare' than in sensitive 'Zhefu802', with more of the Al localized to cell walls in 'Zhefu802', indicating that an Al exclusion mechanism is operating in 'Nipponbare'. However, neither organic acid efflux nor changes in rhizosphere pH appear to be responsible for the Al exclusion. Interestingly, cell wall polysaccharides (pectin, hemicellulose 1, and hemicellulose 2) in the root apex were found to be significantly higher in 'Zhefu802' than in 'Nipponbare' in the absence of Al, and Al exposure increased root apex hemicellulose content more significantly in 'Zhefu802'. Root tip cell wall pectin methylesterase (PME) activity was constitutively higher in 'Zhefu802' than in 'Nipponbare', although Al treatment resulted in increased PME activity in both cultivars. Immunolocalization of pectins showed a higher proportion of demethylated pectins in 'Zhefu802', indicating a higher proportion of free pectic acid residues in the cell walls of 'Zhefu802' root tips. Al adsorption and desorption kinetics of root tip cell walls also indicated that more Al was adsorbed and bound Al was retained more tightly in 'Zhefu802', which was consistent with Al content, PME activity, and pectin demethylesterification results. These responses were specific to Al compared with other metals (CdCl(2), LaCl(3), and CuCl(2)), and the ability of the cell wall to adsorb these metals was also not related to levels of cell wall pectins. All of these results suggest that cell wall polysaccharides may play an important role in excluding Al specifically from the rice root apex.
Serial Changes in Highly Sensitive Troponin I Assay and Early Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction (2011)

Among patients with suspected acute coronary syndrome, hsTnI or cTnI determination 3 hours after admission may facilitate early rule-out of AMI. A serial change in hsTnI or cTnI levels from admission (using the 99th percentile diagnostic cutoff value) to 3 hours after admission may facilitate an early diagnosis of AMI.
High-Throughput Screening for Known Mutations by Automated Analysis of Single Sequencing Reactions (1998)

This work shows that single sequencing reactions analyzed on an automated DNA sequencer can be an efficient way of screening PCR products for known mutations. We have analyzed a mutation in exon 10 of the human aromatase gene and show that an unambiguous genotype could be elucidated in more than 90% of the analyzed samples. Compared to analysis by full sequencing, 4 times more samples can be analyzed per gel, so that the sample capacity of the gel is approaching that of alternative gel-based methods for genotype analysis. Unlike many of these, the method offers direct identification of the variant sequence position and on-line analysis without the need of post-electrophoretic processing of the gel.
Frequency-selective surfaces with multiple apertures within a periodic cell (1998)

We discuss a method for analyzing frequency-selective surfaces (FSS’s) consisting of an array of multiple apertures or patches per unit periodic cell. Based on the modal method, our method is unique in that the multiple apertures or patches within a unit cell need not be identical in size or shape. Applying our technique to thin perfectly conducting sheets perforated with patterns of varying-length narrow rectangular apertures, we demonstrate a pattern of slot apertures that produces a double-resonance spectral transmission profile.
Lutein improves visual function in some patients with retinal degeneration: a pilot study via the Internet. (2000)

Short-term vision improvements after lutein supplementation--previously reported in age-related macular degeneration--also occur in RP, especially in blue-eyed individuals; vitamin A may increase visual field benefits.
The Niagara Internet Query System. (2001)

: Many projections envision a future in which the Internet is populated with a vast number of Web-accessible XML files---a &quot;World-Wide Database&quot;. Recently, there has been a great deal of research into XML query languages to enable the execution of database-style queries over these XML files. However, merely being an XML query-processing engine does not render a system suitable for querying the Internet. A truly useful system must provide mechanisms to (a) find the XML files that are relevant to a given query, and (b) deal with remote data sources that either provide unpredictable data access and transfer rates, or are infinite streams, or both. The Niagara Internet Query System was designed from the bottom-up to provide these mechanisms. It finds relevant XML documents by using a novel collaboration between the Niagara XML-QL query processor and the Niagara &quot;text-in-context&quot; XML search engine. To handle infinite streams and data sources with unpredictable rates, it supports a...
Development of an automated screwdriver for use with industrial robots (1988)

Presented is a description of the development process undertaken in the design, construction, implementation, and evaluation of an automated screwdriver. The screwdriver, which was developed for use with an IBM 7565 Industrial Robot, was fed screws automatically, and had provisions for error sensing and recovery. The initial design parameters, along with a chronological discussion of the design and development, are presented and discussed.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Effect of Acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) on the Pulse Spectrum (1995)

Effect of acupuncture at Tsu San Li (St-36) was examined by investigating the pulse variation of the radial artery. Our results indicated that acupuncture at Tsu San Li has a specific effect on the Fourier components of the pulse. The harmonic proportions were redistributed (C2, C4 decreased, C5, C6, C8 and C9 increased), and the phase angle of the 5th and 8th harmonic waves were decreased (propagating faster). This specific frequency effect was not found when acupuncture needle was applied on a non-acupuncture point. These results can be explained by the resonance theory, which provides a scientific explanation of the acupuncture effect from the hemodynamic view point.
Signal processing in pulsed photoacoustic detection of traces by means of a fast Fourier transform-based method (2003)

This work describes a simple numerical procedure which, applied to a digitally recorded signal, allows the recovery of a spectrum of higher-frequency resolution than the direct use of the fast Fourier transform alone. The advantages of the method and its limitations are analyzed in applications to theoretical functions. The particular use in pulsed photoacoustic spectroscopy is shown when a low concentration (5 ppmV) NO2–air mixture is monitored upon irradiation with visible laser pulses (∼8 ns full width at half maximum). This way, the shape of the resonance peak is determined with high precision.
A Refined Hilbert–Huang Transform With Applications to Interarea Oscillation Monitoring (2009)

This paper focuses on the refinement of standard Hilbert-Huang transform (HHT) technique to accurately characterize time varying, multicomponents interarea oscillations. Several improved masking techniques for empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and a local Hilbert transformer are proposed and a number of issues regarding their use and interpretation are identified. Simulated response data from a complex power system model are used to assess the efficacy of the proposed techniques for capturing the temporal evolution of critical system modes. It is shown that the combination of the proposed methods result in superior frequency and temporal resolution than other approaches for analyzing complicated nonstationary oscillations.
Therapeutic and toxic blood concentrations of more than 800 drugs and other xenobiotics. (2003)

In order to assess the significance of drug levels measured in clinical and forensic toxicology as well as for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) it is essential that good collections of data are readily available. For more than 800 substances, therapeutic ('normal') and, if data was available, toxic, and fatal plasma concentrations as well as elimination half-lives were compiled in a table. The compilation includes data for hypnotics, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, antidepressants, sedatives, analgesics, anti-inflammatory agents (e.g., NSAIDs), antihistamines, antiepileptics, betaadrenergic antagonists, antibiotics (penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, gyrase inhibitors), diuretics, calcium-channel blockers, cardiac glycosides, antiarrhythmics, antiasthmatics, ACE-inhibitors, opiate agonists, and local anesthetics, among others. In addition, toxicologically relevant xenobiotics were listed. Data have been abstracted from published information, both compilations and primary sources and have been completed with data collected in our own forensic and clinical toxicology laboratories. Wherever possible, ranges for therapeutic plasma concentrations are expressed as trough concentration at steady state. The half-life values given for each drug are chosen to represent the terminal log-linear phase at most. It is the purpose to rapidly assess the significance of drug levels for the therapeutic monitoring of patients, and to facilitate the diagnostic and clinical assessment in case of intoxications.
ChemInform Abstract: EXTENDED X‐RAY ABSORPTION FINE STRUCTURE STUDY OF THE COBALT‐MOLYBDENUM HYDRODESULFURIZATION CATALYSTS (1982)

Abstract Aus der erweiterten Röntgen‐Absorptionsfeinstruktur (EXAFS) der Absorptionskante des Mo geht hervor, daß das Mo in calcinierten Mo/Al 2 O 3 ‐ und Co‐ Mo/Al 2 O 3 ‐Katalysatoren in Form hochgradig ungeordneter Strukturen vorliegt, während durch Sulfidieren eine Ordnung der Mo‐haltigen Phase erfolgt; und zwar zu M082‐ artigen Strukturen, die in sehr kleinen Domänen angeordnet sind.
Identification of multivariable linear parameter-varying systems based on subspace techniques (2002)

Presents a subspace type of identification method for multivariable linear parameter-varying systems in state space representation with affine parameter dependence. It is shown that a major problem with subspace methods for this kind of systems is the enormous dimensions of the data matrices involved. To overcome the curse of dimensionality, we suggest to use only the most dominant rows of the data matrices in estimating the model. An efficient selection algorithm is discussed that does not require the formation of the complete data matrices, but can process them row by row.
Mass-transport fabrication of large-numerical-aperture micro-optics (1995)

A promising approach for efficient microlenses and compact diode laser systems is reviewed. Development of one-step etching of the lens preform and effective wafer protection in mass transport has led to a considerably simplified process and increased reproducibility. Anamorphic microlenses have been fabricated and demonstrate capability for simple compact optics for tapered high-power diode lasers, with coupling of 347 mW into a single-mode fiber. GaAs microlenses have been developed as a first step toward monolithic laser/lens integration. Simple hybrid integration has been demonstrated with a direct mounting of microlenses on packaged lasers.
Liposomes in Immunology: Further Evidence for the Adjuvant Activity of Liposomes (1978)

The immune response to HSA-phosphatidylcholine complexes administered to rabbits was not markedly enhanced when compared with the response to unmodified HSA. It was found in earlier work that HSA entrapped in liposomes (mainly composed of phosphatidylcholine) evoked a strong immune response under conditions where no response was detected to free HSA. The present results exclude the possibility that HSA-phosphatidylcholine complexes which may arise from liposome-encapsulated HSA may be responsible for the adjuvant activity of the liposome. The adjuvant activity of liposomes could also be established after administration of a liposome-associated strong antigen (BGG).
Human endogenous retrovirus K (HML-2) RNA and protein expression is a marker for human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells (2013)

HERV-K(HML-2) RNA and protein expression is a marker for pluripotent human stem cells. Initiation of differentiation results in rapid down-regulation. Further studies are needed to explore a putative functional role of HERV-K(HML-2) RNA and proteins in pluripotent stem cells.
Rapid and efficient generation of oligodendrocytes from human induced pluripotent stem cells using transcription factors (2017)

Rapid and efficient protocols to generate oligodendrocytes (OL) from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) are currently lacking, but may be a key technology to understand the biology of myelin diseases and to develop treatments for such disorders. Here, we demonstrate that the induction of three transcription factors (SOX10, OLIG2, NKX6.2) in iPSC-derived neural progenitor cells is sufficient to rapidly generate O4<sup>+</sup> OL with an efficiency of up to 70% in 28 d and a global gene-expression profile comparable to primary human OL. We further demonstrate that iPSC-derived OL disperse and myelinate the CNS of <i>Mbp</i><sup><i>shi/shi</i></sup><i>Rag</i><sup><i>-/-</i></sup> mice during development and after demyelination, are suitable for in vitro myelination assays, disease modeling, and screening of pharmacological compounds potentially promoting oligodendroglial differentiation. Thus, the strategy presented here to generate OL from iPSC may facilitate the studying of human myelin diseases and the development of high-throughput screening platforms for drug discovery.
Phenylephrine hypertrophy, Ca<sup>2+</sup>-ATPase (SERCA2), and Ca<sup>2+</sup> signaling in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (2007)

We endeavored to use a basic and well-controlled experimental system to characterize the extent and time sequence of sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) involvement in the development of cardiac hypertrophy, including transcription, protein expression, Ca(2+) transport, and cytoplasmic Ca(2+) signaling. To this end, hypertrophy of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in culture was obtained after adrenergic activation with phenylephrine (PE). Micrographic assessment of myocyte size, rise of [(14)C]phenylalanine incorporation and total protein expression, and increased transcription of atrial natriuretic factor demonstrated unambiguously the occurrence of hypertrophy. An early and prominent feature of hypertrophy was a reduction of the SERCA2 transcript, as determined by RT-PCR with reference to a stable marker such as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. Reduction of Ca(2+)-ATPase protein levels and Ca(2+) transport activity to approximately 50% of control values followed with some delay, evidently as a consequence of a primary effect on transcription. Cytosolic Ca(2+) signaling kinetics, measured with a Ca(2+)-sensitive dye after electrical stimuli, were significantly altered in hypertrophic myocytes. However, the effect of PE hypertrophy on cytosolic Ca(2+) signaling kinetics was less prominent than observed in myocytes subjected to drastic SERCA2 downregulation with small interfering RNA or inhibition with thapsigargin (10 nM). We conclude that SERCA2 undergoes significant downregulation after hypertrophic stimuli, possibly due to lack of SERCA gene involvement by the hypertrophy transcriptional program. The consequence of SERCA2 downregulation on Ca(2+) signaling is partially compensated by alternate Ca(2+) transport mechanisms. These alterations may contribute to a gradual onset of functional failure in long-term hypertrophy.
Tropism-modified AAV Vectors Overcome Barriers to Successful Cutaneous Therapy (2014)

Autologous human keratinocytes (HK) forming sheet grafts are approved as skin substitutes. Genetic engineering of HK represents a promising technique to improve engraftment and survival of transplants. Although efficacious in keratinocyte-directed gene transfer, retro-/lentiviral vectors may raise safety concerns when applied in regenerative medicine. We therefore optimized adeno-associated viral (AAV) vectors of the serotype 2, characterized by an excellent safety profile, but lacking natural tropism for HK, through capsid engineering. Peptides, selected by AAV peptide display, engaged novel receptors that increased cell entry efficiency by up to 2,500-fold. The novel targeting vectors transduced HK with high efficiency and a remarkable specificity even in mixed cultures of HK and feeder cells. Moreover, differentiated keratinocytes in organotypic airlifted three-dimensional cultures were transduced following topical vector application. By exploiting comparative gene analysis we further succeeded in identifying αvβ8 integrin as a target receptor thus solving a major challenge of directed evolution approaches and describing a promising candidate receptor for cutaneous gene therapy.
Experimental evidence for a [2 + 2] mechanism in the Lewis acid-promoted formation of α,β-unsaturated esters from ethoxyacetylene and aldehydes. Synthesis and characterisation of 4-ethoxyoxetes. (1998)

4-Ethoxy-2H-oxetes 3a–c were prepared from ethoxyacetylene and alkoxy aldehydes 1a–c through MgBr2–Et2O promoted [2 + 2] cycloaddition reaction and were characterized at room temperature; their synthesis, which could occur via the formation of a chelate, establishes cycloaddition as the initial step in the formation of α,β-unsaturated esters 4a–c.
Malarial parasites induce TNF production by macrophages. (1988)

Mouse peritoneal macrophages incubated with erythrocytes infected with non-lethal or lethal variants of Plasmodium yoelii or with P. berghei, in the presence of polymyxin B to exclude the effects of any contaminating endotoxin, secreted a cytotoxic factor into the supernatant that was shown to be tumour necrosis factor (TNF). No differences were observed in the ability of the three types of parasite to induce TNF production, which was maximal in the range of 0.2-5 infected erythrocytes per macrophages. TNF production was equivalent to that induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and was enhanced by pretreatment of the macrophages with interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma) or with indomethacin. Culture media containing parasite products also induced macrophages to secrete TNF. The activity withstood boiling and was inhibited by malaria-specific antisera. Since heat-stable antigens are present in the circulation of patients with malaria, they may induced the secretion of TNF, a mediator of endotoxic shock, which could contribute to the pathology of the disease.
Antimicrobial Drug Delivery to the Eye (1985)

A major obstacle in the treatment of ocular infections is the difficulty in obtaining adequate antimicrobial drug concentration at the site of infection. This article reviews the pharmacokinetic principles of ophthalmic drug delivery as it pertains to antimicrobial therapy. The administration of antimicrobials by topical application, subconjunctival injection, intravitreal injection, vitreous replacement fluid, and systemic administration are addressed. Representative data on the intraocular penetration of antimicrobials as well as recommended doses of drugs for ocular infections are presented.
Roadmap for future research on plant pathogen effectors (2009)

Bacterial and eukaryotic plant pathogens deliver effector proteins into plant cells to promote pathogenesis. Bacterial pathogens containing type III protein secretion systems are known to inject many of these effectors into plant cells. More recently, oomycete pathogens have been shown to possess a large family of effectors containing the RXLR motif, and many effectors are also being discovered in fungal pathogens. Although effector activities are largely unknown, at least a subset suppress plant immunity. A plethora of new plant pathogen genomes that will soon be available thanks to next-generation sequencing technologies will allow the identification of many more effectors. This article summarizes the key approaches used to identify plant pathogen effectors, many of which will continue to be useful for future effector discovery. Thus, it can be viewed as a 'roadmap' for effector and effector target identification. Because effectors can be used as tools to elucidate components of innate immunity, advances in our understanding of effectors and their targets should lead to improvements in agriculture.
Delayed development and lifespan extension as features of metabolic lifestyle alteration in<i>C. elegans</i>under dietary restriction (2006)

Studies of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans have almost exclusively utilized growth on a bacterial diet. Such culturing presents a challenge to automation of experimentation and introduces bacterial metabolism as a secondary concern in drug and environmental toxicology studies. Axenic cultivation of C. elegans can avoid these problems, yet past work suggests that axenic growth is unhealthy for C. elegans. Here we employ a chemically defined liquid medium to culture C. elegans and find development slows, fecundity declines, lifespan increases, lipid and protein stores decrease, and gene expression changes relative to that on a bacterial diet. These changes do not appear to be random pathologies associated with malnutrition, as there are no developmental delays associated with starvation, such as L1 or dauer diapause. Additionally, development and reproductive period are fixed percentages of lifespan regardless of diet, suggesting that these alterations are adaptive. We propose that C. elegans can exist as a healthy animal with at least two distinct adult life histories. One life history maximizes the intrinsic rate of population increase, the other maximizes the efficiency of exploitation of the carrying capacity of the environment. Microarray analysis reveals increased transcript levels of daf-16 and downstream targets and past experiments demonstrate that DAF-16 (FOXO) acting on downstream targets can influence all of the phenotypes we see altered in maintenance medium. Thus, life history alteration in response to diet may be modulated by DAF-16. Our observations introduce a powerful system for automation of experimentation on healthy C. elegans and for systematic analysis of the profound impact of diet on animal physiology.