gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Gene Silencing-mediated Resistance in Transgenic Tobacco Plants Carrying Potato Virus Y Coat Protein Gene (1999)

Unlike other pathogens, plant viruses are hardly controlled by chemical agents. Potato virus Y (PVY) is distributed around the world, and causes a great loss economically. In an attempt to minimize the damage by viruses, the PVY coat protein (CP) gene was introduced into tobacco by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. A significant proportion of the transgenic plants displayed resistance to PVY and showed substantially decreased CP transgene expression at both protein and steady-state mRNA levels compared to susceptible transgenic or nontransgenic plants. A resistant plant was selected and self-fertilized for several generations until T4 progenitor lines were obtained. Most of these T4 plants accumulated extremely low levels of CP protein and steady-state mRNA, and exhibited almost complete resistance to PVY. DNA gel blot analysis revealed that the transgenic plants typically had two or three copies of the transgene. These results are characteristic of pathogen-derived resistance, in which the resistance against virus is the consequence of post-transcriptional gene silencing directed by homologous transgenes. To uncover factors that may play roles in gene silencing, sequences in the 3' part of the transcribed region of the CP gene were transcribed in vitro and the RNA fragments were incubated with cell extracts from transgenic plants. A ribonuclease activity was detected that appeared to be specific for this transcript in the PVY-resistant transgenic plants.
Sex in Prison (2013)

Abstract Prison policies prohibit sexual relationships in prisons; however, sexual relationships occur between inmates and between inmates and staff. Most prisoners, males and females, meet sexual needs through masturbation and consensual sexual relationships. Even so, some inmates use force or coercion to engage in nonconsensual sexual relations with weaker inmates. Although rape in prison is not as widespread as the media portray, it is evident in all prisons.
First-Principle Determination of Electronic Coupling and Prediction of Charge Recombination Rates in Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (2016)

In the study of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSCs), developing computational predictions of key properties of the dyes is highly desirable for identifying promising candidates. In this work, we report first-principle-based, theoretically estimated charge-recombination (CR) rates from TiO2 to the cationic dye for 2 pairs of organic dye molecules. A recently developed multistate fragment charge difference (msFCD) scheme, together with long-range-corrected time-dependent density functional theory, was used to calculate the electronic coupling. The msFCD scheme removes the local excitation components in the charge-transfer states, and generates acceptable diabatic states. The range-separated ωPBE and BNL functionals were useful for the charge-transfer problem, and results were largely independent of TiO2–dye binding modes. The rates obtained for CR to oxidized dye (CRD) followed a trend similar to experimental results. In general, a difference in the reorganization energy (λ) and the free energy (ΔG0) had a large effect on electron transfer rates. However, electronic coupling strength could also have a dominant role over (λ+ΔG0) in the CRD rate. We report a generally applicable ab initio approach to predict CRD rate and explored the potential roles of coupling factors in the performance of DSCs.
Method for electrical detection of bond wire lift-off for power semiconductors (2004)

A novel approach is presented for detecting bond wire lift-off in power semiconductor devices while they are in operation. The aim is to improve the reliability of power electronic systems. The method comprises a specific bond assembly and an integrated subcircuit as part of the gate driver, and serves to detect bond wire lift-off in parallel switched power devices, a typical end-of-life phenomenon encountered in modules, which results in loss of contact and therefore of controllability. The former is detected and the system is prevented from going abruptly into failure mode, so that the destruction of devices is safely avoided.
Analysis Of Wallboard Containing A Phase Change Material (2005)

Phase change materials (PCMs) used on the interior of buildings hold the promise for improved thermal performance by reducing the energy requirements for space conditioning and by improving thermal comfort by reducing temperature swings inside the building. Efforts are underway to develop a gypsum wallboard containing a hydrocarbon PCM. With a phase change temperature in the room temperature range, the PCM wallboard adds substantially to the thermal mass of the building while serving the same architectural function as conventional wallboard. To determine the thermal and economic performance of this PCM wallboard, the Transient Systems Simulation Program (TRNSYS) was modified to accommodate walls that are covered with PCM plasterboard, nd to apportion the direct beam solar radiation to interior surfaces of a building. The modified code was used to simulate the performance of conventional and direct-gain passive solar residential-sized buildings with and without PCM wallboard. Space heating energy savings were determined as a function of PCM wallboard characteristics. Thermal comfort improvements in buildings containing the PCM were qualified in terms of energy savings. The report concludes with a present worth economic analysis of these energy savings and arrives at system costs and economic payback based on current costs of PCMs under study for the wallboard application. 5 refs., 4 figs., 4 tabs.
Requirement of Activation of JNK and p38 for Environmental Stress-Induced Erythroid Differentiation and Apoptosis and of Inhibition of ERK for Apoptosis (1999)

C-Jun amino terminal kinase/stress-activated protein kinases (JNK/SAPK) and p38 subgroups of mitogen-activated protein kinases have been suggested to play a critical role in apoptosis, cell growth, and/or differentiation. We found that a short exposure of SKT6 cells, which respond to erythropoietin (Epo) and induce erythroid differentiation, to osmotic or heat shock induced transient activation of JNK/SAPK and p38 and inactivation of ERK and resulted in erythroid differentiation without Epo, whereas long exposure of the cells to these stresses induced prolonged activation/inactivation of the same kinases and caused apoptosis. Inhibition of JNK/SAPK and p38 resulted in inhibition of stress-induced erythroid differentiation and apoptosis. Inhibition of ERK had no effect on stress-induced erythroid differentiation, but stimulated apoptosis. Activation of p38 and/or JNK/SAPK for a short time caused erythroid differentiation without Epo, although its prolonged activation induced apoptosis. Activation of ERK suppressed stress-induced apoptosis. These results indicate that short cellular stresses, inducing transient activation of JNK/SAPK and p38, lead to cell differentiation rather than apoptosis. Furthermore, activation of JNK/SAPK and p38 is required for both cell differentiation and apoptosis, and the duration of their activation may determine the cell fate, cell differentiation, and apoptosis. In contrast, inactivation of ERK is required for stress-induced apoptosis but not cell differentiation.
Method for measuring coincidences in the presence of a high level of accidental coincidences (1975)

An electronic system was developed for coincidence measurements in the presence of a high level of accidental coincidences, assuming the true coincidence rate is constant. This system eliminates the distortions produced by the use of two independent coincidence modules for measuring accidental coincidences na and the sum of accidental and real coincidences ns. The two quantities are measured by the same coincidence module during successive periods of 40 msec. The system was tested under conditions such that the accidental coincidence counts exceeded the number of real coincidences by a factor of 102. The accuracy of the measurement of real coincidences was limited only by statistical fluctuations of accidental coincidences.
Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-dependent and -independent Cell-signaling Pathways Originating from the Urokinase Receptor (2003)

Urokinase-type plasminogen activator (uPA) and vitronectin activate cell-signaling pathways by binding to the uPA receptor (uPAR). Because uPAR is glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored, the signaling receptor is most likely a uPAR-containing multiprotein complex. This complex may be heterogeneous within a single cell and among different cell types. The goal of this study was to elucidate the role of the EGF receptor (EGFR) as a component of the uPAR-signaling machinery. uPA activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in COS-7 cells and in COS-7 cells that overexpress uPAR, and this response was blocked by the EGFR inhibitor, tyrphostin AG1478, implicating the EGFR in the pathway that links uPAR to ERK. By contrast, Rac1 activation, which occurred as a result of uPAR overexpression, was EGFR-independent. COS-7 cell migration was stimulated, in an additive manner, by uPAR-dependent pathways leading to ERK and Rac1. AG1478 inhibited only the ERK-dependent component of the response. CHO-K1 cells do not express EGFR; however, these cells demonstrated ERK activation in response to uPA, indicating the presence of an EGFR-independent alternative pathway. As anticipated, this response was insensitive to AG1478. When CHO-K1 cells were transfected to express EGFR or a kinase-inactive mutant of EGFR, ERK activation in response to uPA was unchanged; however, the EGFR-expressing cells acquired sensitivity to AG1478. We conclude that the EGFR may function as a transducer of the signal from uPAR to ERK, but not Rac1. In the absence of EGFR, an alternative pathway links uPAR to ERK; however, this pathway is apparently silenced by EGFR expression.
Cardiovascular Effects of Ketanserin During Cold Pressure and During Isometric and Dynamic Exercise in Hypertensive Patients (1987)

Ketanserin is an arteriolar vasodilator, acting on serotoninergic (5-HT2) and adrenergic (α1) receptors. In animals, ketanserin exerts a centrally mediated inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity. In humans it is not established whether ketanserin reduces basal or reflex increases in sympathetic out-flow. In different groups of patients, we have investigated the cardiovascular response as well as plasma noradrenaline (pNA) during rest, during the cold pressure test (0 °C for 3 min), and during isometric (handgrip), and/or dynamic exercise in order to see whether ketanserin reduces the normal increase in sympathetic tone during these maneuvers. Twenty-one patients with essential hypertension were given oral ketanserin (40 mg) once or twice daily for 4 weeks after a 2–4-week single-blind control period. Ketanserin significantly lowered systolic and diastolic blood pressure as well as heart rate during rest. Resting pNA was not signiflcantly reduced, but the change in pNA was significantly correlated to the reduction in blood pressure and heart rate. During exercise, blood pressure and heart rate remained reduced. Moreover, the relative increase in systolic blood pressure during handgrip and the relative increase in heart rate during bicycle ergometry were significantly reduced during ketanserin therapy. During isometric exercise the relative reduction in blood pressure was significantly correlated to the relative reduction in pNA.
Regiochemical Trends in Intramolecular [2 + 2] Photocycloadditions of 6‐(prop‐2‐enyl)cyclohex‐2‐enones and 5‐(prop‐2‐enyl)cyclopent‐2‐enones (1990)

Abstract The effect of substituents (X  H, Me, or F at C(6), R  H or Me at C(2′) of the allyl side chain) on the photoisomerization (λ = 350 nm) of 6‐allylcyclohex‐2‐enones 1 in MeCN is studied. Substituents X control the overall efficiency of intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloadduct formation (Φ: Me > F > H) but do not exercise an influence on the orientation of addition of the exocyclic double bond to the enone CC bond. In contrast, replacement of the prop‐2‐enyl (R  H) by a 2‐methylprop‐2‐enyl (R  Me) side chain causes a change in the tricyclo[3.3.1.0 2,7 ]nonan‐6‐one 4 vs. tricyclo[4.2,1.0 3,8 ]nonan‐7‐one ( 5 ) product ratio from 100:0 (R  H) to roughly 2:1 (R  Me) but has almost no bearing on the relative rates of conversion of 1 to products. For C(6)‐unsubstituted enones 1aa and 1ba (X  H), the efficiency of cyclization becomes low enough so that lumiketone rearrangement to bicyclohexanones 6 and 3‐isopropylcyclopent‐2‐enones 9 becomes competitive. Enones 9 undergo consecutive intramolecular [2 + 2] photocycloaddition to tricyclo[3.2.1.0 3,6 ]octan‐2‐ones 7 and to tricyclo[3.2.1.0 3,6 ]octan‐7‐ones 8 , compounds 8 only being formed when R  Me.
From Direct Bonding Mechanism to 3D Applications (2018)

Nowadays Silicon direct wafer bonding is a mass production technology in many different applications. Starting around the sixties for industrial optical system elaboration, its major development is now in the microelectronic, microtechnology and optoelectronic fields. Obviously to reach such a mature level, the direct bonding mechanisms have to be established. The silicon or silicon dioxide direct bonding is now well established and direct bonding using metallic surfaces starts also to be investigated. For instance, copper or titanium direct bonding mechanism are established. The behavior of hybrid direct bonding using surfaces composed of both materials can then be understood. This hybrid bonding paves the way to high-density interconnection bonding for 3D applications.
Recognizing Variables from Their Data via Deep Embeddings of Distributions (2019)

A key obstacle in automated analytics and meta-learning is failing to recognize when different datasets contain measurements of the same variable. Because provided attribute labels are often uninformative in practice, this task may be more robustly addressed by leveraging the data values themselves, rather than relying on their arbitrarily selected variable names. Here, we present a computationally efficient method to identify high-confidence variable matches between a given set of data values and a large repository of previously encountered datasets. Our approach enjoys numerous advantages over distributional similarity based techniques because we leverage learned vector embeddings of datasets which adaptively account for natural forms of data variation encountered in practice. Based on the neural architecture of deep sets, our embeddings can be computed for both numeric and string data, and empirically outperform standard statistical techniques for dataset search.
Response of Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm to 5 days of moxifloxacin treatment (2010)

Polymicrobial communities are often recalcitrant to antibiotics. We tested whether the polymicrobial Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm can be eradicated with moxifloxacin. Twenty women with bacterial vaginosis were treated with 400 mg moxifloxacin for 5 days. The changes in the occurrence and proportions of Gardnerella, Atopobium and Lactobacillus spp. were assessed using FISH. The bacterial biofilm was investigated using desquamated epithelial cells of spontaneously voided urine and sections of vaginal biopsies. Fifteen of 20 women showed a significant and sustained clinical response to moxifloxacin according to Amsel and Nugent criteria. The concentrations of adherent bacteria decreased significantly. The incidence and proportion of Atopobium declined sustainably. The proportions of Lactobacillus in the biofilm mass increased following therapy. Initially, Gardnerella was the main component of the polymicrobial biofilm. Following treatment, Gardnerella was not accessible to FISH in the urine and vaginal samples of 75% of all women. Ten to 12 weeks after the end of therapy, Gardnerella biofilm was cumulatively present in 40%. This was not due to newly acquired disease, but due to reactivation of the persisting, but biochemically inactive biofilm. Despite clear clinical efficacy, and initially definite suppression of the biofilm, moxifloxacin was, similar to metronidazole, not able to eradicate the Gardnerella vaginalis biofilm in all patients.
Automated Loaded Transmission-Line Testing Using Pattern Recognition Techniques (1975)

A pattern recognition approach to the automatic testing of loaded transmission lines is investigated. The pattern recognition technique selected allows automatic testing of a loaded line requiring, as data, only the magnitude of the input impedance of the line over the frequencies of interest. For standard voice quality lines, these frequencies lie between 200-4000 Hz. Thirty-two features are automatically extracted from the input impedance and used as the input to a minimum-mean-square weighted distance classifier. The classifier determines the nature and location of the line fault, if any, for the line under test. Twenty different line configurations or classes are experimentally investigated. A training set of five lines for each line class is used to obtain statistical data for each class. Thirty-six transmission lines are then tested. All 36 of these transmission lines were correctly identified as to the configuration of the line and the nature and location of any existing fault.
Recombinant Human Activated Protein C, Drotrecogin Alfa (activated): A Novel Therapy for Severe Sepsis (2001)

Sepsis remains a major cause of death in hospitalized patients. Despite a massive research effort over the past 2 decades to identify innovative therapies for sepsis, current treatment strategies consist primarily of antiinfective agents and a variety of supportive measures. Activated protein C, an endogenous protein that inhibits thrombosis and inflammation while promoting fibrinolysis, plays an important role in the pathogenesis of sepsis. Recombinant human activated protein C, drotrecogin alfa (activated), when compared with placebo in a randomized, double-blind study of 1690 patients with severe sepsis (Recombinant Human Activated Protein C Worldwide Evaluation in Severe Sepsis [PROWESS] trial), decreased the relative risk of death at 28 days by 19.4% (95% confidence interval 6.6-30.5%, p=0.005), although there was a trend for more serious bleeding (3.5% vs 2.0%, p=0.06) with its use. Drotrecogin alfa is the first antisepsis drug found to have a mortality benefit. It should be administered only to patients with severe sepsis who meet the PROWESS study inclusion criteria and should be avoided when risk factors for bleeding are present. Ongoing research will help determine the cost-effectiveness of drotrecogin alfa, as well as its role in critically ill populations not studied in the PROWESS trial.
Effects of phosphate and other anions on the reaction between ferrous ion and cytochrome c (1972)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTEffects of phosphate and other anions on the reaction between ferrous ion and cytochrome cGeorge TaborskyCite this: Biochemistry 1972, 11, 5, 729–735Publication Date (Print):February 29, 1972Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 29 February 1972https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/bi00755a009https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00755a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views73Altmetric-Citations10LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Saliency detection using regional histograms (2013)

We propose an efficient regional histogram (RH)-based computation model for saliency detection in natural images. First, the global histogram is constructed by performing an adaptive color quantization on the original image. Then multiple RHs are built on the basis of the region segmentation result, and the color-spatial similarity between each pixel and each RH is calculated accordingly. Two efficient measures, distinctiveness and compactness of each RH, are evaluated based on the color difference with the global histogram and the color distribution over the whole image, respectively. Finally, the pixel-level saliency map is generated by integrating the color-spatial similarity measures with the distinctiveness and compactness measures. Experimental results on a dataset containing 1000 test images with ground truths demonstrate that the proposed saliency model consistently outperforms state-of-the-art saliency models.
Quantization effects in the conductance of metallic contacts at room temperature (1996)

We present measurements on conductance quantization in atomic scale metallic constrictions at room temperature. Conductance measurements as a function of constriction size reveal pronounced horizontal plateaus separated by sharp discrete steps. Most individual conductance plateaus are close to integer multiples of the fundamental conductance unit but definite deviations are also present. After averaging over many contact configurations, conductance quantization is seen clearly and more prominently than in similar recent low temperature measurements on the same metals. \textcopyright{} 1996 The American Physical Society.
Monoclonal autoantibodies with interleukin 3-like activity derived from a MRL/lpr mouse. (1988)

Hybridomas that secrete monoclonal antibodies with interleukin 3 (IL-3)-like activity were established from spleen cells of a nonimmunized autoimmune MRL/lpr mouse. Five of the monoclonal antibodies thus obtained bound selectively to IL-3-dependent cells and supported their growth. These monoclonal antibodies inhibited the binding of IL-3 to FDC-P2 cells and vice versa. Thus, these antibodies were probably directed to IL-3 receptor sites, or at least to some cell surface proteins related to the growth of the IL-3-dependent cells. These MRL/lpr-derived monoclonal antibodies reacted strongly with cells from bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node of MRL/lpr mice, but minimally with such cells of MRL/+ or BALB/c mice. The findings were consistent with our earlier suggestion that the IL-3-like activity in MRL/lpr sera is not caused by IL-3 itself but is associated with IgG that is probably an autoantibody directed to the IL-3 receptor.