gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Growth of CuAl intermetallic compounds in Cu and Cu(Pd) wire bonding (2011)

In this study, Cu wire bonds are aged at 150, 175, 250, and 350°C for time ranging from 5 min to 2000 h. The top temperature of 350°C is chosen to have the fastest kinetics, while maintaining the same types of stable intermetallics (IMCs) according to the Al-Cu binary phase diagram. Two types of Cu wire are used, including bare Cu wire and Pd coated Cu wire. To avoid possible damages from conventional mechanical polishing processes, all cross-sections are carried out by using an Ar ion beam cross-section polisher. Observations are carried out using a field-emission scanning electron microscope. The compositions of IMCs are determined by using a state-of the-art field-emission electron microprobe. According to the results of this study, in the as-bonded condition, the IMC formed is CuAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . Its morphology is island-type and covers only a small percentage of the interface. During aging, the growth directions of IMCs are both lateral and perpendicular to the interface. At the lowest temperature (150°C), the growth of IMCs is very slow. Even after 2000 h of aging, a large portion of Al remains un-consumed, and the IMCs formed are CuAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> and CuAl. The growth rate increases very rapidly with temperature. At the highest temperature (350°C), most of the Al is consumed after only 30 min of aging, and a thick layer of Cu <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Al <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> form over CuAl and CuAl <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sub> . Detailed morphological evolutions of IMCs for all temperatures are described. The Pd atoms in Pd-coated Cu wire do not participate in the interfacial reaction, and have no marked effect on the growth rate of IMCs. There is no detectable Pd signal in the IMCs. With the formation of IMCs, the Pd atoms are rejected into Cu in front of the IMCs.
A Linear Time Algorithm for Triangulating a Point-Visible Polygon (1985)

In the pulmonate snail Lymnaea stagnalis the neurosecretory caudo-dorsal cells (CDC) produce an ovulation hormone (CDCH) which is released at the periphery of the cerebral commissure (COM). Time schedules of the successive stages of the egg mass production following CDCH injection (COM extract) were determined at 20 degrees. Ovulation is performed rapidly, within 10 to 20 min. The latencies of the other stages are: egg formation, 20-30 min; egg mass formation, 60-90 min; and oviposition, about 120 min. The duration of oviposition is dependent on the size of the egg mass and varies from 5 to 20 min. At a 16-hr photoperiod all stages start 10 min earlier than at a 12-hr photoperiod. It is suggested that the effect of the photoperiod is achieved by a change of release activities of dorsal bodies and/or of CDC. The possibility that a nervous mechanism is involved in the control of the packaging of the egg cells is discussed.
Metal–Nitrogen–Carbon Electrocatalysts for CO<sub>2</sub> Reduction towards Syngas Generation (2020)

Shifting syngas (an H<sub>2</sub> /CO mixture) production away from fossil-fuel-dependent processes (e.g., steam methane reforming and coal gasification) is mandatory, as syngas is of interest as both a fuel and as a value-added chemical precursor. With appropriate electrocatalysts, such as silver-based and metal-nitrogen-carbon (M-N-C) materials, the electrochemical CO<sub>2</sub> reduction reaction (CO<sub>2</sub> RR) allows for the production of CO alongside H<sub>2</sub> (from the hydrogen evolution reaction), and thus leads to syngas generation. In this Minireview, the application of M-N-C electrocatalysts for syngas generation is discussed. The mechanisms leading to different faradaic selectivities for CO are reviewed as a function of the nature of the metal, by using both computational and experimental approaches. The role played by the metal-free moieties in the M-N-C electrocatalysts is underlined. Since M-N-C electrocatalysts only recently entered the CO<sub>2</sub> RR field (as opposed to Cu-, Ag-, or Au-based nanostructures), they have been mainly characterized in static liquid environments, in which the reaction rate is significantly hampered by CO<sub>2</sub> -dissolution/diffusion limitations. Therefore, the design of CO<sub>2</sub> RR electrolyzers for M-N-C electrocatalysts is addressed, and designs such as zero-gap electrolyzers with anionic membranes and humidified CO<sub>2</sub> gas feed at the cathode are highlighted.
Very Fast Electron Migrations within p-Doped Aromatic Cofacial Arrays Leading to Three-Dimensional (Toroidal) π-Delocalization (2006)

The charge-resonance phenomenon originally identified by Badger and Brocklehurst lies at the core of the basic understanding of electron movement and delocalization that is possible within p-doped aromatic (face-to-face) arrays. To this end, we now utilize a series of different aryl-donor groups (Ar) around a central platform to precisely evaluate the intramolecular electron movement among these tethered redox centers. As such, the unique charge-resonance (intervalence) absorption bands observed upon the one-electron oxidation or p-doping of various hexaarylbenzenoid arrays (Ar6C6) provide quantitative measures of the reorganization energy (lambda) and the electronic coupling element (H(ab)) that are required for the evaluation of the activation barrier (deltaG(ET)) for electron-transfer self-exchange according to Marcus-Hush theory. The extensive search for viable redox centers is considerably aided by the application of a voltammetric criterion that has led in this study to Ar = N,N-dialkyl-p-anilinyl, in which exceptionally low barriers are shown to lie in the range deltaG(ET) = 0.3-0.7 kcal mol(-1) for very fast electron hopping or peregrination around the hexagonal circuit among six equivalent Ar sites. Therefore, at transition temperatures T(t) > 0.5/R or roughly -20 degrees C, the electron-transfer dynamics become essentially barrierless since the whizzing occurs beyond the continuum of states and effectively achieves complete pi-delocalization.
Axillary lymph node dissection for t1a breast carcinoma. Is it indicated? (1994)

Axillary node positivity increases as the size of the invasive component increases and is an excellent predictor of DSF and breast cancer-specific survival. Consideration should be given to eliminating axillary node dissection for T1a lesions because of the low yield of positive nodes. Axillary node dissection should be performed routinely for T1b lesions and larger.
Vertical InGaN‐based blue light emitting diode with plated metal base fabricated using laser lift‐off technique (2003)

A vertical InGaN-based blue light emitting diode (LED) with a reflective metal electrode and thick gold plated base free from insulating sapphire is demonstrated. A 50 μm-thick gold plated layer on a highly reflective platinum p-side ohmic contact is formed on the InGaN-based LED epi-structure, followed by irradiation with high power ultra-violet pulsed laser from the backside of the original sapphire substrate. The laser processing, so called laser lift-off technique, enables the separation of sapphire by decomposition of interfacial GaN layer. No transparent electrode is necessary for the LED because the current can spread well through the highly conductive n-GaN layer so that uniform blue light is emitted through the n-GaN layer. The electroluminescence (EL) spectra show small multi peaks due to the resonance within the formed vertical cavity. In addition, the measured thermal resistance of the vertical LED is smaller than that of the conventional LED on poor heat-conductive sapphire. The vertical LED would increase the brightness together with smaller chip size and lower series resistance. This would be advantageous espacially for high power and highly efficient LEDs applicable to future solid state lighting. (© 2003 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Real-time and accurate segmentation of moving objects in dynamic scene (2004)

Fast and accurate segmentation of moving objects in video sequences is a basic task in many computer vision and video analysis applications. It has a critical impact on the performance of object tracking and classification and activity analysis. This paper presents effective methods for solving this problem. Firstly, a fast and efficient algorithm is presented for background update to handle various sources of scene changes, including ghosts, left objects, camera shaking, and abrupt illumination changes. This is done by analyzing properties of object motion in image pixels and temporal frames, and combining both levels of constraints. Moreover, the algorithm does not need training sequence. Secondly, a real-time and accurate moving object segmentation algorithm is presented for moving object localization. Here, a novel filtering method is presented based on multiple scale and fast connected blob extraction. An intelligent video surveillance system is developed to test the performance of the algorithms. Experiments are performed using long video sequences under different conditions indoor and outdoor. The results show that the proposed algorithm is effective and efficient in real-time and accurate background update and moving object segmentation.
Highly Fluorinated Poly(arylene alkylene ether sulfone)s:  Synthesis and Thermal Properties (2007)

A simple procedure has been developed for the preparation of highly fluorinated poly(arylene alkylene ether sulfone)s using a nucleophilic polycondesation reaction of decafluorodiphenyl sulfone (DPSO) with a series of fluorinated linear or branched alkylene diols containing 4−12 carbon atoms. The reactions are activated using cesium fluoride (CsF) or potassium fluoride (KF) as a base in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) at room temperature and are completed in a few hours or a few days, respectively. Polymers with number-average molecular weights (Mn) around 50 000 Da have been prepared. A broad molecular weight distribution and a low dependence of the reaction rate on temperature are observed and attributed to the heterogeneous nature of the reactions. Because of low solubility, CsF and KF exist in the reaction solution mainly in the form of solid particles, and the adsorption of the polymer on the surface of the particles hinders the diffusion of CsF and KF from solid into solution. This effect causes the polymers close to the solid surface to have greater growth rates and higher molecular weights than those in solution. Polymers with linear alkylene spacers display a marked tendency to crystallize, which increases with the length of the alkylene spacer. In fact, the polymer with the longest alkylene spacers (P12CFSO) crystallizes during the polymerization reaction, preventing the polymer chains from growing, resulting in a low molecular weight (Mn < 8000 Da). Raising the reaction temperature to 70 °C slightly decreases the crystallization tendency and allows the Mn to increase to 17 000 Da. The crystallization of P12CFSO is fast enough to be completed during a quenching process induced by immersing the molten sample in liquid nitrogen. However, the polymer with branched alkylene spacers does not show any crystalline structure even when annealed at a temperature slightly higher than its glass transition temperature (Tg). A secondary crystal peak is also found in the DSC curves of the crystalline polymers with linear alkylene spacers. The position of this peak can be shifted to higher temperatures by annealing and has been attributed to incomplete crystallites formed between the primary lamellar crystals.
CONTINUOUS HIDDEN MARKOV MODELING FOR SPEAKER-INDEPENDENT (1989)

We present a word spotting system using Gaussian hidden Markov models. Several aspects of this problem are investigated. Specifically, we present results on the use of various signal processing and feature transformation techniques. We have observed that performance can be greatly affected by choice of features used, the covariance structure of the Gaussian models, as well as transformations based on energy and feature distributions. Also, due to the open-set nature of the problem, the specific techniques for modeling out-of-vocabulary speech and the choice of scoring metric can have a significant effect on performance. In this paper, we present a word spotting system using Gaussian likelihood, hidden Markov models (HMM). In the next section, the hasic HMM model is presented as well as a discussion of novel aspects of the HMM techniques that deal with the open-set nature of word spotting. In the following section, we describe the various feature transformations considered. The experimental results are then presented, followed by an overall discussion.
Improved Multi-objective Evolutionary Algorithm for Multi-agent Coalition Formation (2013)

one of the key problems in multi-agent coalition formation is to optimally assign and schedule resources. An improved multi-objective evolutionary Algorithm (IMOEA) is proposed to solve this problem. Compared with several well-known algorithms such as NSGA、MOEA, experimental results show the algorithm is very suitable for coalition formation problem.
Discovering Phone Patterns in Spoken Utterances by Non-Negative Matrix Factorization (2008)

We present a technique to automatically discover the (word-sized) phone patterns that are present in speech utterances. These patterns are learnt from a set of phone lattices generated from the utterances. Just like children acquiring language, our system does not have prior information on what the meaningful patterns are. By applying the non-negative matrix factorization algorithm to a fixed-length high-dimensional vector representation of the speech utterances, a decomposition in terms of additive units is obtained. We illustrate that these units correspond to words in case of a small vocabulary task. Our result also raises questions about whether explicit segmentation and clustering are needed in an unsupervised learning context.
Demonstration of highly efficient flat-gain L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers by incorporating a fiber Bragg grating (2002)

A flat-gain output of 13.5 (15.5) dBm is obtained over 30 nm in the L-band with only a 97 (130)-mW pumping of a 980-nm laser diode. Such highly efficient flat-gain L-band erbium-doped fiber amplifiers are achieved by simply adding a regular fiber Bragg grating. An efficient and simple gain-clamping operation is also demonstrated.
Fabrication and Characterization of High Temperature Electrostatic Chucks (1999)

It was suggested that tape casting method can be used to fabricate high-temperature electrostatic chucks (HTESC) based on a metal substrate coated with a glass-ceramic insulating layer. The adhesion of the coating was excellent such that is was able to withstand temperature cycling to over 300℃ without spalling. the electrostatic clamping pressure reached a very high value of about 9 torr at 600 V and generally followed the theoretical voltage-squared curve. Based on these results, we believe that we successfully developed a viable technique for manufacturing low cost HTESC.
Neue Wirkstoffe zur GERD-Behandlung: Innovationen in der Pipeline (2005)

Protonenpumpeninhibitoren (PPI) stellen zurzeit die effektivsten Wirkstoffe zur Behandlung von gastro-ösophagealen Refluxerkrankungen (GERD) dar. Ungeachtet der guten Wirksamkeit und Verträglichkeit dieser Wirkstoffklasse besteht weiterhin Bedarf an Verbesserungen in der Pharmakotherapie der GERD.
Administrative Ability; Its Discovery and Development (Book Review) (1940)

but continuous income.Finally, security "enables a scholar ... to devote himself single-mindedly to the advancement of knowledge unharassed by one of the major anxieties of life."Library workers may well ponder this analysis of the value of tenure in connection with their own jobs.While the librarian apparently does not need the safeguard of tenure for freedom of thought, since his activities occur within the framework of institutional policy, it should be observed that, as he assumes broader interests and responsibilities of professional and community nature, he
Field emission from polymer-converted carbon films by ultraviolet radiation (2001)

A polymer, poly(phenylcarbyne) (PPC), was converted to carbon film by ultraviolet pulsed-laser (KrF, λ=248 nm) irradiation in nitrogen atmosphere at room temperature. The irradiated PPC consisted of fine graphitic carbon particles of several tens of nm in size, and exhibited good field emission properties. Low turn-on emission field of 2 V/μm (at 1 nA/cm2), high emission current density of 20 mA/cm2 (at 12 V/μm), and high emission luminescent spots density of 104/cm2 were observed for the polymer film irradiated by a pulsed-laser fluence of 40 mJ/cm2. We demonstrate multiple-lines and 2×5 array field emission patterns using the laser irradiation of PPC.
Pericardial-esophageal fistula complicating cryoballoon ablation for refractory atrial fibrillation (2017)

Atrial fibrillation affects an estimated 2.7–6.1 million people in the United States and accounts for more than 750,000 hospitalizations per year.1 Pulmonary vein isolation (PVI) has been well established as the most effective ablation treatment available for patients with symptomatic and medication-refractory atrial fibrillation.2 Previously, radiofrequency (RF) ablation was the mainstay for PVI. However, this was not without complications, which have been well documented,3,4 the most feared complication being atrioesophageal fistula formation, which carries an estimated 0.01%–0.25% risk and an estimated mortality of 60%–75%.
Specific <i>trans</i>-acting proteins interact with auxiliary RNA polyadenylation elements in the COX-2 3′-UTR (2007)

Two cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes, COX-1 and COX-2, are present in human cells. While COX-1 is constitutively expressed, COX-2 is inducible and up-regulated in response to many signals. Since increased transcriptional activity accounts for only part of COX-2 up-regulation, we chose to explore other RNA processing mechanisms in the regulation of this gene. Previously, we showed that COX-2 is regulated by alternative polyadenylation, and that the COX-2 proximal polyadenylation signal contains auxiliary upstream sequence elements (USEs) that are very important in efficient polyadenylation. To explore trans-acting protein factors interacting with these cis-acting RNA elements, we performed pull-down assays with HeLa nuclear extract and biotinylated RNA oligonucleotides representing COX-2 USEs. We identified PSF, p54(nrb), PTB, and U1A as proteins specifically bound to the COX-2 USEs. We further explored their participation in polyadenylation using MS2 phage coat protein-MS2 RNA binding site tethering assays, and found that tethering any of these four proteins to the COX-2 USE mutant RNA can compensate for these cis-acting elements. Finally, we suggest that these proteins (p54(nrb), PTB, PSF, and U1A) may interact as a complex since immunoprecipitations of the transfected MS2 fusion proteins coprecipitate the other proteins.
Gene Coding Assignments for growth Restriction, Neutralization and Subgroup Specificities of the W and DS-1 Strains of Human Rotavirus (1983)

Gene coding assignments for growth restriction, neutralization and subgroup specificities were determined for two human rotavirus strains, DS-1 and W, which represent two distinct serotypes. The 4th gene segment of both viruses was associated with restriction of growth in cell culture. The 9th gene segment of W virus and 8th segment of DS-1 were associated with serotype specificity, while the 6th gene segment of W virus was associated with subgroup specificity.
Multiple-constraint adaptive filtering (1971)

Abstract An algorithm is derived for multichannel time-series data processing, which maintains specified initial multiple filter constraints for known signal or noise sources while simultaneously adapting the filter to minimize the effect of the unknown noise field. Problems of implementing the technique such as convergence, determination of a starting filter, and comparison of results with conventional filters are discussed and illustrated with data from a vertical seismic array.The procedure is shown to be stable and obtains approximately 3-4 db gain in S/N improvement over conventional Wiener filtering in the band 1 to 3 hz.
<i>Maillard Products as Biomarkers in Cancer</i> (2008)

Because tumors exert increased glycolysis rates, a high intracellular carbonyl stress with the formation of Maillard products may evolve. Therefore, we studied the presence of N epsilon-(carboxymethyl)lysine (CML) modification in breast cancer tissues from 20 patients and found significant cytoplasmatic staining in tumor cells that was independent of the tumor stage, tumor type, and microanatomic localization. Studying breast cancer cell lines, we also found strong cytoplasmatic CML staining that was again independent of their invasive or metastatic behavior. Our results reveal that tumor cells show a strong cytoplasmatic immunoreactivity to CML without evident association with breast carcinoma type, differentiation, tumor stage, or intratumoral localization. We conclude that CML formation is a general tumor cell-associated process.
Biochemical and Biophysical Analysis of a Chiral PqsD Inhibitor Revealing Tight-binding Behavior and Enantiomers with Contrary Thermodynamic Signatures (2013)

Antivirulence strategies addressing bacterial pathogenicity without exhibiting growth inhibition effects represent a novel approach to overcome today's crisis in antibiotic development. In recent studies, we examined various inhibitors of PqsD, an enzyme involved in formation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa cell-to-cell signaling molecules, and observed desired cellular effects for 2-nitrophenyl derivatives. Herein, we investigated the binding characteristics of this interesting compound class using several biochemical and biophysical methods. The inhibitors showed time-dependent activity, tight-binding behavior, and interactions with the catalytic center. Furthermore, isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) experiments with separated enantiomers revealed contrary thermodynamic signatures showing either enthalpy- or entropy-driven affinity. A combination of site-directed mutagenesis and thermodynamic profiling was used to identify key residues involved in inhibitor binding. This information allowed the proposal of experimentally confirmed docking poses. Although originally designed as transition state analogs, our results suggest an altered position for both enantiomers. Interestingly, the main difference between stereoisomers was found in the orientation of the hydroxyl group at the stereogenic center. The predicted binding modes are in accordance with experimental data and, thus, allow future structure-guided optimization.
Multi-Stage Document Ranking with BERT (2019)

The advent of deep neural networks pre-trained via language modeling tasks has spurred a number of successful applications in natural language processing. This work explores one such popular model, BERT, in the context of document ranking. We propose two variants, called monoBERT and duoBERT, that formulate the ranking problem as pointwise and pairwise classification, respectively. These two models are arranged in a multi-stage ranking architecture to form an end-to-end search system. One major advantage of this design is the ability to trade off quality against latency by controlling the admission of candidates into each pipeline stage, and by doing so, we are able to find operating points that offer a good balance between these two competing metrics. On two large-scale datasets, MS MARCO and TREC CAR, experiments show that our model produces results that are either at or comparable to the state of the art. Ablation studies show the contributions of each component and characterize the latency/quality tradeoff space.