gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Toward a Distributed Control Plane Architecture for Next Generation Routers (2007)

As networks become more and more pervasive and broadband access technologies evolve to provide affordable broadband solutions for both homes and offices, one needs to rethink the architecture design for next generation routers in order to be able to deliver multiple services over high-speed interfaces and perform fast switching capabilities (e.g., multi-petabit). The size and complexity of next generation networks requires a protocol transition from its classical centralized approach to a fully distributed and scalable paradigm. In this paper, we propose a new control plane architecture that is resilient and scalable where we distribute the OSPF/IS-IS, MPLS and BGP protocols using IETF-approved inter-protocol interfaces. In such architecture, forwarding tables will be updated by OSPF, IS-IS, RTM, BGP and MPLS routing protocols distributed onto multiple processors, in the interface cards themselves. We therefore revisit each of these protocols and redraw their implementation within an efficient, scalable, distributed, resilient, and fault tolerant scheme. As a proof of concept, we present the Hyperchip router (PBR1280) that has been built on these grounds and discuss the performance of the proposed distributed architecture. Although some features (e.g., resiliency) still need further development, it is shown that the proposed distributed routing protocol scheme already offers a new generation of routers with significant higher switching capacity.
Waveform Relaxation Technique for Longitudinal Partitioning of Transmission Lines (2006)

Recently, the classical waveform relaxation (WR) approach was shown to be quite effective in solving the excessive runtime problem for multiple coupled transmission lines by a so-called transverse partitioning technique. The WR approach yields a remarkable linear increase in run time with respect to the number of lines. For some problems with more complex circuit topologies, additional splittings are desirable besides the transverse TL partitioning. This paper presents a new approach for the efficient longitudinal splitting for TEM mode transmission line problems. Previous longitudinal partitioning work using the classical WR for transmission lines led to limited solutions this resulted in too many WR iterations and challenging partitioning problems. Here, we demonstrate a new optimized longitudinal WR algorithm for a single transmission line and determine an optimal choice of parameters. We give numerical examples to show the drastically improved convergence behavior
Increasing endothelial cell permeability improves the efficiency of myocyte adenoviral vector infection (2001)

In our model, the endothelial cell monolayer represents a major impediment to myocyte adenovector-mediated gene transfer which can be partially improved by pharmacologically increasing endothelial permeability. The Transwell model is therefore particularly useful for testing the efficiency of pharmacological agents in modulating adenovector passage through the endothelial barrier.
Introduction (2006)

Gilles Deleuze observed in Difference and Repetition that, in Paul Patton's translation, 'the worst literature produced sottisiers, while the best (Flaubert, Baudelaire, Bloy) was haunted by the problem of stupidity'.1 The best writers are not bête, stupid, but fascinated by the problem of bêtise, as Deleuze puts it in the original French. Bêtise, often translated as stupidity as it is here by Patton, is not quite simply this, however. It is stupidity that has an element of complacency. It is stupidity that masquerades as wisdom, or at least as truth-the complacency of cliché.KeywordsSeventeenth CenturyEveryday LanguageFigurative LanguageWilled IgnorancePleasure PrincipleThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of novel N, N′-disubstituted urea and thiourea derivatives as potential anti-melanoma agents (2011)

Two series of urea and thiourea derivatives (1a-11a, 1b-11b) have been synthesized; all the 22 compounds were reported for the first time. Their anti-proliferative activities against the melanoma cell line B16-F10 were evaluated. Among the compounds tested, compound 6b exhibited the most potent activity in melanoma cells growth inhibition (IC(50) = 0.33 μM). The bioassay tests showed that anti-proliferative activities of these novel compounds were possibly caused by inhibition of ERK1/2 phosphorylation level. Therefore, compound 6b can be a potential anti-melanoma agent and an inhibitor of ERK1/2 phosphorylation deserving further research.
CO<sub>2</sub>/CH<sub>4</sub> separation by facilitated transport in amine‐polyethylene glycol mixtures (1993)

Abstract In this work, the separation of carbon dioxide from methane by reactive liquid membranes consisting of the secondary amines, diethanolamine, and diisopropanolamine in polyethylene glycol with an average molecular weight of 400 was studied. A mathematical model was developed to describe the transport process. This model employs the zwitterion mechanism for the CO 2 amine reaction kinetics. Membrane flux experiments utilizing a flat plate device were carried out to verify the model predictions. It was found that large permeabilities and separations were achieved for low CO 2 feed concentrations. The results also show that DEA based solutions give better separation than DIPA based solutions.
Tetramer‐dimer equilibrium of oxyhemoglobin mutants determined from auto‐oxidation rates (1998)

One of the main difficulties with blood substitutes based on hemoglobin (Hb) solutions is the auto-oxidation of the hemes, a problem aggravated by the dimerization of Hb tetramers. We have employed a method to study the oxyHb tetramer-dimer equilibrium based on the rate of auto-oxidation as a function of protein concentration. The 16-fold difference in dimer and tetramer auto-oxidation rates (in 20 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.0, 37 degrees C) was exploited to determine the fraction dimer. The results show a transition of the auto-oxidation rate from low to high protein concentrations, allowing the determination of the tetramer-dimer dissociation coefficient K4,2 = [Dimer] 2/[Tetramer]. A 14-fold increase in K4,2 was observed for addition of 10 mM of the allosteric effector inositol hexaphosphate (IHP). Recombinant hemoglobins (rHb) were genetically engineered to obtain Hb with a lower oxygen affinity than native Hb (Hb A). The rHb alpha2beta2 [(C7) F41Y/(G4) N102Y] shows a fivefold increase in K4,2 at pH 7.0, 37 degrees C. An atmosphere of pure oxygen is necessary in this case to insure fully oxygenated Hb. When this condition is satisfied, this method provides an efficient technique to characterize both the tetramer-dimer equilibrium and the auto-oxidation rates of various oxyHb. For low oxygen affinity Hb equilibrated under air, the presence of deoxy subunits accelerates the auto-oxidation. Although a full analysis is complicated, the auto-oxidation studies for air equilibrated samples are more relevant to the development of a blood substitute based on Hb solutions. The double mutants, rHb alpha2beta2 [(C7) F41Y/(G4) N102A] and rHb alpha2beta2 [(C7) F41Y/(E10) K66T], show a lower oxygen affinity and a higher rate of oxidation than Hb A. Simulations of the auto-oxidation rate versus Hb concentration indicate that very high protein concentrations are required to observe the tetramer auto-oxidation rate. Because the dimers oxidize much more rapidly, even a small fraction dimer will influence the observed oxidation rate.
Resistance Mechanisms to Arsenicals and Antimonials (1995)

Salts and organic derivatives of arsenic and antimony are quite toxic. Living organisms have adapted to this toxicity by the evolution of resistance mechanisms. Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells develop resistance when exposed to arsenicals or antimonials. In the case of bacteria resistance is conferred by plasmid-encoded arsenical resistance (ars) operons. The genes and gene products of the ars operon of the clinically-isolated conjugative R-factor R773 have been identified and their mechanism of action elucidated. The operon encodes an ATP-driven pump that extrudes arsenite and antimonite from the cells. The lowering of their intracellular concentration results in resistance. Arsenate resistance results from the action of the plasmid-encoded arsenate reductase that reduces arsenate to arsenite, which is then pumped out of the cell.
T-Cell Targeted Immunofusion Proteins from <i>Escherichia coli</i> (1995)

Fusion proteins between cell-targeting domains and cytotoxic proteins may be particularly effective therapeutic reagents. We constructed a family of immunofusion proteins linking the humanized Fab, F(ab')2 or single-chain antibody forms of the H65 antibody (which recognizes the CD5 antigen on the surface of human T cells) with the plant ribosome-inactivating protein gelonin. We reasoned that an immunofusion could be identified that killed human target cells at least as efficiently as a chemical conjugate of H65 and gelonin. Each immunofusion protein was produced in E. coli as a secreted protein and was recovered directly from the bacterial culture supernatant in an active form. All of the immunofusion proteins were purified by a common process and each immunofusion protein was tested for cytotoxicity toward antigen-positive human cells. Interestingly, a wide range of cytotoxic activity was seen among the fusion family members, and several fusion proteins were identified which are approximately as active as the most effective chemical conjugates.
Neutrophil elastase activates near-silent epithelial Na<sup>+</sup>channels and increases airway epithelial Na<sup>+</sup>transport (2005)

Neutrophil elastase is a serine protease that is abundant in the airways of individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), a genetic disease manifested by excessive airway Na(+) absorption and consequent depletion of the airway surface liquid layer. Although endogenous epithelium-derived serine proteases regulate epithelial Na(+) transport, the effects of neutrophil elastase on epithelial Na(+) transport and epithelial Na(+) channel (ENaC) activity are unknown. Low micromolar concentrations of human neutrophil elastase (hNE) applied to the apical surface of a human bronchial cell line (16HBE14o-/beta gamma) increased Na(+) transport about twofold. Similar effects were observed with trypsin, also a serine protease. Proteolytic inhibitors of hNE or trypsin selectively abolished the enzyme-induced increase of epithelial Na(+) transport. At the level of the single channel, submicromolar concentrations of hNE increased activity of near-silent ENaC approximately 108-fold in patches from NIH-3T3 cells expressing rat alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ENaC subunits. However, no enzyme effects were observed on basally active ENaCs. Trypsin exposure following hNE revealed no additional increase in amiloride-sensitive short-circuit current or in ENaC activity, suggesting these enzymes share a common mode of action for increasing Na(+) transport, likely through proteolytic activation of ENaC. The hNE-induced increase of near-silent ENaC activity in CF airways could contribute to Na(+) hyperabsorption, reduced airway surface liquid height, and dehydrated mucus culminating in inefficient mucociliary clearance.
The Sphingolipid Transporter Spns2 Functions in Migration of Zebrafish Myocardial Precursors (2008)

Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a secreted lipid mediator that functions in vascular development; however, it remains unclear how S1P secretion is regulated during embryogenesis. We identified a zebrafish mutant, ko157, that displays cardia bifida (two hearts) resembling that in the S1P receptor-2 mutant. A migration defect of myocardial precursors in the ko157 mutant is due to a mutation in a multipass transmembrane protein, Spns2, and can be rescued by S1P injection. We show that the export of S1P from cells requires Spns2. spns2 is expressed in the extraembryonic tissue yolk syncytial layer (YSL), and the introduction of spns2 mRNA in the YSL restored the cardiac defect in the ko157 mutant. Thus, Spns2 in the YSL functions as a S1P transporter in S1P secretion, thereby regulating myocardial precursor migration.
The NIH Extracellular RNA Communication Consortium (2015)

The Extracellular RNA (exRNA) Communication Consortium, funded as an initiative of the NIH Common Fund, represents a consortium of investigators assembled to address the critical issues in the exRNA research arena. The overarching goal is to generate a multi-component community resource for sharing fundamental scientific discoveries, protocols, and innovative tools and technologies. The key initiatives include (a) generating a reference catalogue of exRNAs present in body fluids of normal healthy individuals that would facilitate disease diagnosis and therapies, (b) defining the fundamental principles of exRNA biogenesis, distribution, uptake, and function, as well as development of molecular tools, technologies, and imaging modalities to enable these studies,
Board level thermal analysis via Large Eddy Simulation (LES) tool (2004)

Large Eddy Simulation (LES) is a step beyond widely used Reynolds Averaged Navier Stokes formulation (RANS) with turbulence model. LES is unsteady, therefore, predicts evolution of turbulent eddies in time. The only physic that is not resolved is the evolution of so-called sub-grid eddies, these are turbulent eddies smaller then local grid resolution. These eddies are modeled mainly by increasing local dissipation via so-called sub-grid model. LES has widely used as research tool rather then design tool due to its computational intensity. There are two factors that make LES appealing as design tool in air-cooling thermal management. First, those flow problems that occur in this industry are considered to be low Reynolds number because of board size and air speed when compared to problems in aerospace or power-generation industries. This is a solid advantage since required mesh resolution, cost of LES, is directly proportional to Reynolds number. Second, with new high-speed (2-3 GHz) work stations in the market, the phrase, "intensive computation", has been redefined. Other factors include employing non-conformal grid that allows local mesh refinement inside regions of interest and existence of faster solvers. This work is an attempt to introduce LES to electronics cooling industry. First portion of this paper is devoted to explore/invent building blocks for reasonable simulation. They include mesh requirement study, implementing periodic boundary conditions, finding ways to filter pre-heated flow entering periodic condition, and examine an effective way to induce flow instability to create turbulence. Second portion of this paper is devoted to employ LES for better understanding of flow/thermal physics that occur in board level analysis and heat sink modeling.
Prostate Specific Antigen Working Group Guidelines on Prostate Specific Antigen Doubling Time (2008)

We propose that investigators calculate prostate specific antigen doubling time before enrolling patients in clinical studies and calculate it as an additional measurement of therapeutic activity. We believe we have developed practical guidelines for the calculation of prostate specific antigen doubling time and its use as a measurement of prognosis and outcome. Furthermore, the use of common standards for prostate specific antigen doubling time in clinical trials is important as we determine which treatments should progress to randomized trials in which "hard" end points such as survival will be used.
Using UVC Light-Emitting Diodes at Wavelengths of 266 to 279 Nanometers To Inactivate Foodborne Pathogens and Pasteurize Sliced Cheese (2015)

UVC light is a widely used sterilization technology. However, UV lamps have several limitations, including low activity at refrigeration temperatures, a long warm-up time, and risk of mercury exposure. UV-type lamps only emit light at 254 nm, so as an alternative, UV light-emitting diodes (UV-LEDs) which can produce the desired wavelengths have been developed. In this study, we validated the inactivation efficacy of UV-LEDs by wavelength and compared the results to those of conventional UV lamps. Selective media inoculated with Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Listeria monocytogenes were irradiated using UV-LEDs at 266, 270, 275, and 279 nm in the UVC spectrum at 0.1, 0.2, 0.5, and 0.7 mJ/cm(2), respectively. The radiation intensity of the UV-LEDs was about 4 μW/cm(2), and UV lamps were covered with polypropylene films to adjust the light intensity similar to those of UV-LEDs. In addition, we applied UV-LED to sliced cheese at doses of 1, 2, and 3 mJ/cm(2). Our results showed that inactivation rates after UV-LED treatment were significantly different (P < 0.05) from those of UV lamps at a similar intensity. On microbiological media, UV-LED treatments at 266 and 270 nm showed significantly different (P < 0.05) inactivation effects than other wavelength modules. For sliced cheeses, 4- to 5-log reductions occurred after treatment at 3 mJ/cm(2) for all three pathogens, with negligible generation of injured cells.
Correction for beam hardening in computed tomography (1978)

Corrections for beam-hardening artifacts in computed tomography can be made by using a model which assumes that water and bone mineral are the only constituents of tissue. With this model, a correction factor for the measured transmission values can be calculated such that the reconstructed attenuation coefficients have values corresponding to a monoenergetic source of known energy. Systematic errors in the uncorrected attenuation coefficients, which may be 5%, can be reduced to less than 1% if corrected transmission values are used.
Caspase-8 prevents sustained activation of NF-κB in monocytes undergoing macrophagic differentiation (2006)

Caspases have demonstrated several nonapoptotic functions including a role in the differentiation of specific cell types. Here, we show that caspase-8 is the upstream enzyme in the proteolytic caspase cascade whose activation is required for the differentiation of peripheral-blood monocytes into macrophages. On macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) exposure, caspase-8 associates with the adaptor protein Fas-associated death domain (FADD), the serine/threonine kinase receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1) and the long isoform of FLICE-inhibitory protein FLIP. Overexpression of FADD accelerates the differentiation process that does not involve any death receptor. Active caspase-8 cleaves RIP1, which prevents sustained NF-kappaB activation, and activates downstream caspases. Together these data identify a role for caspase-8 in monocytes undergoing macrophagic differentiation, that is, the enzyme activated in an atypical complex down-regulates NF-kappaB activity through RIP1 cleavage.
Characterization of Rhizobacteria Associated with Weed Seedlings (1990)

Rhizobacteria were isolated from seedlings of seven economically important weeds and characterized for potential phytopathogenicity, effects on seedling growth, and antibiosis to assess the possibility of developing deleterious rhizobacteria as biological control agents. The abundance and composition of rhizobacteria varied among the different weed species. For example, fluorescent pseudomonads represented from 11 to 42% of the total rhizobacterial populations from jimsonweed and lambsquarters, respectively. Other bacteria frequently isolated were nonfluorescent pseudomonads, Erwinia herbicola, Alcaligenes spp., and Flavobacterium spp. Only 18% of all isolates were potentially phytopathogenic, based on an Escherichia coli indicator bioassay. However, the proportion of isolates that inhibited growth in seedling assays ranged from 35 to 65% depending on the weed host. Antibiosis was most prevalent among isolates of fluorescent Pseudomonas spp., the activity of which was due to siderophore production in over 75% of these isolates. Overall, rhizobacterial isolates exhibited a complex array of properties that were inconsistent with accepted definitions for plant growth-promoting and deleterious rhizobacteria. It is suggested that for development of effective biological control agents for weed control, deleterious rhizobacteria must be screened directly on host seedlings and must possess several properties including high colonizing ability, specific phytotoxin production, and resistance or tolerance to antibiotics produced by other rhizosphere microorganisms, and they must either synthesize or utilize other bacterial siderophores.
Aqueous-phase oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls by hydroxyl radicals (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTAqueous-phase oxidation of polychlorinated biphenyls by hydroxyl radicalsDavid L. Sedlak and Anders W. AndrenCite this: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1991, 25, 8, 1419–1427Publication Date (Print):August 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 August 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es00020a009https://doi.org/10.1021/es00020a009research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views858Altmetric-Citations149LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Generic Methodology for Analyzing Delay Claims (1999)

It is common for a construction project to encounter delays. There are several reasons that can contribute to delaying a project. Analyzing the various causes that contribute to a project's delay is an important task to resolving it. Determining, in a scientific manner, the impact, timing, and the contributing effect of each of those causes to the overall delay should assist in helping the parties settle the delay without litigation. Project participants are becoming more aware of the high costs and risks associated with delay claims and their litigation. Thus, the construction industry needs to develop methodologies and techniques to prevent and more efficiently resolve delay claims. While many practitioners have been following some kind of a methodology for analyzing delay claims, a written exposition of such a methodology is not widely available in the literature. Thus, this paper presents a written exposition of a generic methodology for analyzing delay claims. This methodology has been developed and successfully used, by the writer, in various projects to resolve delay claims. The developed methodology will be illustrated through its application in those projects. Moreover, this methodology shows that while there are several techniques for analyzing delay claims, very few of these can be considered adequate. The use of such an adequate technique is a key in obtaining a fair allocation of the delay responsibility. This paper's methodology utilizes one of these few adequate techniques for analyzing delay claims.