gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin converting enzyme inhibition ameliorates glomerular filtration of macromolecules and water and lessens glomerular injury in the rat. (1990)

The effect of enalapril on glomerular hemodynamics and permselectivity and on subsequent sclerosis was studied in male MWF/Ztm rats which spontaneously develop proteinuria and glomerular structural damage. Untreated group 1 and enalapril-treated group 2 (50 mg/liter, in the drinking water) underwent micropuncture studies after 2 mo of observation. After the same period of treatment, group 3 (untreated) and group 4 (enalapril treated) were used for determination of whole-kidney function and neutral dextran clearances. Group 5 (untreated) and group 6 (enalapril treated) were followed for an additional 4 mo and used for kidney function and morphological studies. Enalapril significantly lowered systolic blood pressure, which was elevated in untreated groups, and significantly reduced proteinuria (295 +/- 64 vs. 128 +/- 24 mg/24 h by the end of the study). Despite the reduced renal perfusion pressure, whole-kidney glomerular filtration rate was higher in enalapril-treated than in untreated rats (0.96 +/- 0.14 vs. 0.81 +/- 0.10 ml/min, P less than 0.05) as was the single nephron glomerular filtration rate (54 +/- 7.1 vs. 46 +/- 4.0 nl/min, P less than 0.05). The single glomerular afferent plasma flow was comparable in both groups. Enalapril reduced mean glomerular capillary hydraulic pressure from the normal value of 51 +/- 1 mmHg (untreated rats) to a value lower than normal (44 +/- 1 mmHg, P less than 0.001). These hemodynamic changes were associated with a significant reduction in afferent (approximately 23%) and efferent (approximately 26%) arteriolar resistance. The mean ultrafiltration coefficient was two times higher in the enalapril (0.126 +/- 0.027 nl/s per mmHg) than in the untreated group (0.061 +/- 0.023 nl/s per mmHg). The clearance of dextran macromolecules relative to that of inulin was significantly reduced for all molecular sizes studied (26-64 A) in enalapril-treated vs. untreated rats. Theoretical analysis of dextran fractional clearances using a heteroporous model of neutral solute transport across the glomerular capillary wall indicated that enalapril affected glomerular membrane size selective properties, reducing uniformly the radius of hypothetical membrane pores. Enalapril treatment also significantly limited (P less than 0.01) the development of glomerular structural lesions (mean percentage of sclerotic glomeruli was 4.2 +/- 3.5% [treated] vs. 28 +/- 15% [untreated] rats at the end of the study) as well as tubulo-interstitial damage. These results suggest that the protective effect of enalapril on the development of proteinuria and glomerular sclerosis in this model is due to its property of ameliorating size selectivity and hydraulic permeability of the glomerular capillaries.
Measurement of the chondrocyte membrane permeability to Me <sub>2</sub> SO, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol (2003)

The addition of cryopreservative agents (CPAs) to chondrocytes and natural and engineered cartilage is critical to protect the cells and tissues from freezing damage during cryopreservation, but this may cause cell damage, e.g. by osmotic shock. The damage could be minimized by the control of the cell volume excursion with the knowledge of cell membrane permeability. In this study, the cell volume responses of chondrocytes to three commonly used CPAs were evaluated using a perfusion microscope stage. The osmotic response of chondrocytes was measured to the perfusion with 1.4 M dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO), 1,2-propanediol and glycerol at 21 degrees C. Cell volumes and their transients were determined with image analysis. The cell membrane permeability parameters, including the hydraulic conductivity (Lp), the CPA permeability (omega) and the reflection coefficients (sigma) in the Kedem-Katchalsky (K-K) model, and the Lp and omega in the two-parameter model were determined. The correlated K-K parameters at 21 degrees C were Lp=0.166 +/- 0.035, 0.149 +/- 0.061, 0.212 +/- 0.041 microm/min atm, omega=(7.630 +/- 0.174) x 10(-2), (1.428 +/- 0.627) x 10(-2), (2.744 +/- 0.775) x 10(-2) microm/s and sigma=0.91 +/- 0.09, 0.82 +/- 0.11, 0.88 +/- 0.10 for Me(2)SO, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, respectively. For the two-parameter model, the parameter values were Lp=0.163 +/- 0.040, 0.128 +/- 0.031, 0.169 +/- 0.025 microm/min atm, omega=(7.881 +/- 0.178) x 10(-2), (1.529 +/- 0.525) x 10(-2), (3.716 +/- 0.493) x 10(-2) microm/s for Me2SO, glycerol and 1,2-propanediol, respectively. No significant difference in the predictions of cell volume excursion during CPA addition was observed when using either the K-K model or the two-parameter model and it was hence advised to adopt the simple two-parameter model in the evaluation. The measured parameters can be used to optimise the CPA addition and removal protocols to maximize the cell survival during cryopreservation.
Genetic mapping of a QTL controlling source–sink size and heading date in rice (2015)

Source size, sink size and heading date (HD) are three important classes of traits that determine the productivity of rice. In this study, a set of recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from the cross between an elite indica line Big Grain1 (BG1) and a japonica line Xiaolijing (XLJ) were used to map quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for source-sink size and heading date. Totally, thirty-one QTLs for source size, twenty-two for sink size, four for heading date and seven QTL clusters which included QTLs for multiple traits were identified in three environmental trials. Thirty QTLs could be consistently detected in at least two trials and generally located in the clusters. Using a set of BC4F2 lines, the QTL cluster in C5-1-C5-2 on chromosome 5 was validated to be a major QTL pleiotropically affecting heading date, source size (flag leaf area) and panicle type (neck length of panicle, primary branching number and the ratio of secondary branching number to primary branching number), and was narrowed down to a 309.52Kb region. QTL clusters described above have a large effect on source-sink size and/or heading date, therefore they should be good resources to improve the adaptability and high yield potential of cultivars genetically.
Triangular, Rhomboid, and V Distributed - Resistance Networks and Their Applications (1968)

This paper presents the computer-aided design of three new distributed-resistance thin-film networks of various triangular, rhomboid, and V geometries. The triangular network may avoid two shortcomings of earlier rectangular networks: nonuniform current density and power dissipation in the resistance film and computational difficulty involved in elliptic function transformation. In distributed-resistance network design, uniform power dissipation is desirable for higher operational reliability and stability, and more efficient use of substrate area. Rhomboid and V networks appear attractive for applications requiring low and high insertion loss, respectively. A PCM decoder design using triangular networks is presented as an example to demonstrate the merits of the new geometry.
Randomly Duty-cycled Wireless Sensor Networks: Dynamics of Coverage (2006)

This paper studies wireless sensor networks that operate in low duty cycles, measured by the percentage of time a sensor is on or active. The dynamic change in topology as a result of such duty-cycling has potentially disruptive effect on the performance of the network. We limit our attention to a class of surveillance and monitoring applications and random duty-cycling schemes, and analyze certain coverage property. Specifically, we consider coverage intensity defined as the probability distribution of durations within which a target or an event is uncovered/unmonitored. We derive this distribution using a semi-Markov model, constructed using the superposition of alternating renewal processes. We also present the asymptotic (as the number of sensors approaches infinity) distribution of the target uncovered duration when at least one sensor is required to cover the target, and provide an asymptotic lower bound when multiple sensors are required to cover the target. The analysis using the semi-Markov model serves as a tool with which we can find suitable random duty-cycling schemes satisfying a given performance requirement. Our numerical observations show that the stochastic variation of duty-cycling durations affects performance only when the number of sensors is small, whereas the stochastic mean of duty-cycling durations impacts performance in all cases studied. We also show that there is a close relationship between coverage intensity and the measure of path availability, defined as the probability distribution of durations within which a path (of a fixed number of nodes) remains available. Thus the results presented here are readily applicable to the study of path availability in a low duty-cycled sensor network
Design of a novel micro-detection system based on image dynamic range enhancement (2009)

In the microscopic image detection, the image quality is the key factors for accuracy of measurement. Owing to the different material and uneven surface of work pieces, different regions of the work piece have a different response to light intensity in imaging. In order to obtain complete information of detection of objects, it is necessary to expand the dynamic range of microscopic images. A new design of micro-detection system based on high dynamic range imaging technology is proposed. The hardware of our system mainly includes computer system, light intensity control system and micro-imaging system equipped with a digital CCD image sensor. The effective synthesis algorithm for high dynamic range image based the quantity of information of image is also proposed. In our algorithm, the images are divided into to many layers levels by the laplacian pyramid algorithm and the weight of each layer is determined according to the grads and entropy of image, then the laplacian pyramid inverse algorithm is applied to obtain a high dynamic range image. The detail features in both areas with high and low illumination of the view can be increased. The experiments have shown that the entropy and definition of composite image is better than each images of different exposure. Therefore, the method we propose can effectively improve the resolution of the microscopic images and the accuracy of detection.
<i>CD274/PD-L1</i>gene amplification and PD-L1 protein expression are common events in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity (2016)

Immunomodulatory therapies, targeting the immune checkpoint receptor-ligand complex PD-1/PD-L1 have shown promising results in early phase clinical trials in solid malignancies, including carcinomas of the head and neck. In this context, PD-L1 protein expression has been proposed as a potentially valuable predictive marker. In the present study, expression of PD-L1 and PD-1 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry in 80 patients with predominantly HPV-negative oral squamous cell carcinomas and associated nodal metastasis. In addition, CD274/PD-L1 gene copy number status was assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. PD-L1 expression was detected in 36/80 (45%) cases and concordance of PD-L1 expression in primary tumor and corresponding nodal metastasis was present in only 20/28 (72%) cases. PD-1 expression was found in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) but not in tumor cells. CD274/PD-L1 gene amplification was detected in 19% of cases, with high level PD-L1 amplification present in 12/80 (15%), and low level amplification in 3/80 (4%). Interestingly, CD274/PD-L1 gene amplification was associated with positive PD-L1 immunostaining in only 73% of cases. PD-L1 copy number status was concordant in primary tumor and associated metastases. Clinically, PD-L1 tumor immunopositivity was associated with a higher risk for nodal metastasis at diagnosis, overall tumor related death und recurrence. Based on our findings we propose to include PD-L1 copy number status in addition to protein status in screening programs for future clinical trials with immunotherapeutic strategies targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 axis.
Expression of GC-C, a Receptor-Guanylate Cyclase, and Its Endogenous Ligands Uroguanylin and Guanylin along the Rostrocaudal Axis of the Intestine* (2000)

Members of the receptor-guanylate cyclase (rGC) family possess an intracellular catalytic domain that is regulated by an extracellular receptor domain. GC-C, an intestinally expressed rGC, was initially cloned by homology as an orphan receptor. The search for its ligands has yielded three candidates: STa (a bacterial toxin that causes traveler's diarrhea) and the endogenous peptides uroguanylin and guanylin. Here, by performing Northern and Western blots, and by measuring [125I]STa binding and STa-dependent elevation of cGMP levels, we investigate whether the distribution of GC-C matches that of its endogenous ligands in the rat intestine. We establish that 1) uroguanylin is essentially restricted to small bowel; 2) guanylin is very low in proximal small bowel, increasing to prominent levels in distal small bowel and throughout colon; 3) GC-C messenger RNA and STa-binding sites are uniformly expressed throughout the intestine; and 4) GC-C-mediated cGMP synthesis peaks at the proximal and distal extremes of the intestine (duodenum and colon), but is nearly absent in the middle (ileum). These observations suggest that GC-C's activity may be posttranslationally regulated, demonstrate that the distribution of GC-C is appropriate to mediate the actions of both uroguanylin and guanylin, and help to refine current hypotheses about the physiological role(s) of these peptides.
Facets Formed by Hydrogen Chloride Vapor Etching on Silicon Surfaces through Windows in SiO[sub 2] and Si[sub 3]N[sub 4] Masks (1971)

Selective etching of silicon by gas through windows in and masks was investigated on silicon surfaces with nine different orientations on the [110] zone, including (001), (111), and (110). In the etched holes {111}, {311}, and {110} facets were observed, depending on the specimen orientation. For specimens with Si3N4 films, facets were developed directly below the film as well as on the periphery of the bottom of the etched area. For specimens with films, however, few facets could be found directly below the film. This difference might be explained by assuming that, in the case of film, the reaction of , which is dominant at higher temperature as indicated by thermodynamic calculations, occurs at the periphery of the etched hole, giving rise to faces without facets.
Mucosal adjuvants and delivery systems for oral and nasal vaccination (2004)

Muscosal vaccination offers the advantages of blocking pathogens at the portal of entry, improving patient compliance, facilitating vaccine delivery and decreasing the risk of unwanted spread of infeptious agents via contaminated syringes. During the last several decades, an enomous expansion in the knowledge of mucosal immunity, cellular immunology and molecular biology has led to new perspectives for creating mucosal vaccines with the ability to induce a balanced systemic and secretory immune response. Better understanding of the mechanisms of action has resulted in an explosion of technologies. In addition to classical aluminium salts, components of microbial origin (DNA motifs, lipid A, bacterial toxins), emulsions and particles (immunostimulating complexes, liposomes. PLGA and saponins), as well as synthetic analogues and cytokines, are examples of adjuvants and delivery systems in use or under preclinical or clinical development.
Reducing and utilizing electrical noises for battery monitoring purposes (2005)

The presence of the AC across batteries were known for some time now (Harrison, D., 1984), (Noworolski, Z et al., 1996). D. Wilson presented some results of ripple current in the battery plant (Wilson, D., 1988). Some aspects of impedance measurements with the presence of noises were also reported (DeBardelaben, S.L., 1988). D.H.J Baert, A.A.K Vervaet utilized noises generated by the battery itself for assessment of the state-of health of VRLA batteries (Baert, D.H.J et al., 2001). In this paper, the authors will briefly revive previously published data and concentrate on the application of two types of noises for the purposes of battery health assessment.
Context-aware Search for Personal Information Management Systems (2012)

With the fast growth of disk capacity in personal computers, keyword search over personal data (a.k.a. desktop search) is becoming increasingly important. Nonetheless, desktop search has been shown to be more challenging than traditional Web search. Modern commercial Web search engines heavily rely on structural information (i.e., hyperlinks between Web pages) to rank their search results. However, such information is not available in the circumstance of desktop search. Therefore, state-of-the-art desktop search systems such as Google Desktop Search usually leverage pure text-based ranking approaches (e.g., TF-IDF), which often fail to give promising rankings due to the misinterpretation of user intention. We observed that in desktop search, the semantics of keyword queries are often context-aware, i.e., they are related to the current activity state (e.g., writing a paper, navigating a website, etc.) of the user. In this paper, we present a novel context-aware search framework by taking this activity information into consideration. Specifically, we use Hidden Markov Model (HMM) to capture the relationships between user's access actions (e.g., opening/closing files, sending/receiving emails, etc.) and activity states. The model is learned from user's past access history and is used to predict user's current activity upon the submission of some keyword query. We further propose a ranking scheme with this predicted context information incorporated. Experimental evaluation demonstrates both the effectiveness of the proposed context-aware search method and the enhancement to user's search experience.
Retroviruses associated with leukemia and ablative syndromes in animals and in human beings. (1985)

T-lymphotropic retroviruses of cats cause lymphopenia and immunosuppression and represent the major cause of death in that species. Similarly HTLV-I which is T4 tropic is associated with an increased risk for development of infectious disease in regions where the virus is endemic. Since HTLV-I is also believed to be transmitted by blood and by sexual intercourse we considered the possibility that a variant form of HTLV might cause AIDS. The identification of cross-reactive antibodies to HTLV-I-MA in a third or more of the AIDS patients and in suspicious blood donors that donated to transfusion-associated cases of AIDS eventually led to the recognition of HTLV-III, the causative agent of AIDS. The protein most associated with lymphocyte immortalization or transformation in the case of HTLV-I is p42. The proteins of HTLV-I encoded by the amino terminus of the env gene designated gp61 and gp45 are the most immunogenic antigens of this virus. Similarly those encoded by the amino terminus of the env gene HTLV-III designated gp160 and gp120 appear to be the most immunogenic markers for this agent. Almost all AIDS patients, ARC patients, and asymptomatic hemophiliacs have detectable antibodies to gp120 and gp160. HTLV-III related agents designated STLV-III have been found in macaque monkeys that develop simian AIDS and high prevalence rates of antibodies to STLV-III can be found in healthy African green monkeys. We hypothesize that the STLV-III of African green monkeys could represent a recent source of the virus to have infected humans in central Africa where the human epidemic probably began. The recognition that up to one million people may already be infected with HTLV-III in the United States alone indicates the need for development of a vaccine. The availability of primate species infected with the serologically related STLV-III agents that either resist disease development (African green monkeys) or succumb to an AIDS-type syndrome (rhesus) provide models that should aid in our attempts to develop such vaccines.
The Gastric H,K ATPase as a Drug Target (2007)

The recent progress in therapy if acid disease has relied heavily on the performance of drugs targeted against the H,K ATPase of the stomach and the H2 receptor antagonists. It has become apparent in the last decade that the proton pump is the target that has the likelihood of being the most sustainable area of therapeutic application in the regulation of acid suppression. The process of activation of acid secretion requires a change in location of the ATPase from cytoplasmic tubules into the microvilli of the secretory canaliculus of the parietal cell. Stimulation of the resting parietal cell, with involvement of F-actin and ezrin does not use significant numbers of SNARE proteins, because their message is depleted in the pure parietal cell transcriptome. The cell morphology and gene expression suggest a tubule fusion-eversion event. As the active H,K ATPase requires efflux of KCl for activity we have, using the transcriptome derived from 99% pure parietal cells and immunocytochemistry, provided evidence that the KCl pathway is mediated by a KCQ1/KCNE2 complex for supplying K and CLIC6 for supplying the accompanying Cl. The pump has been modeled on the basis of the structures of different conformations of the sr Ca ATPase related to the catalytic cycle. These models use the effects of site directed mutations and identification of the binding domain of the K competitive acid pump antagonists or the defined site of binding for the covalent class of proton pump inhibitors. The pump undergoes conformational changes associated with phosphorylation to allow the ion binding site to change exposure from cytoplasmic to luminal exposure. We have been able to postulate that the very low gastric pH is achieved by lysine 791 motion extruding the hydronium ion bound to carboxylates in the middle of the membrane domain. These models also allow description of the K entry to form the K liganded form of the enzyme and the reformation of the ion site inward conformation thus relating the catalytic cycle of the pump to conformational models. The mechanism of action of the proton pump inhibitor class of drug is discussed along with the cysteines covalently bound with these inhibitors. The review concludes with a discussion of the mechanism of action and binding regions of a possible new class of drug for acid control, the K competitive acid pump antagonists.
Towards a Framework for Privacy-Aware Mobile Crowdsourcing (2013)

The practice of employing "the crowd" to help solve an organization's problems first became popular in the business sector, and has since spread to public and not-for-profit organizations. Input from the crowd can be solicited using different mechanisms involving various types of web-based applications, or the more recent trend of employing mobile phones with sensing capabilities. However, these crowd sourcing systems may lead to various privacy and security risks which can then hinder the adoption of these services. How to identify and address these potential risks in such systems has both research and practical value. This paper presents two aspects of our work in this emerging space. First, we describe a survey of potential privacy and security risks in mobile crowd sourcing systems (MCSS). Second, we describe our PEALS framework to support privacy-aware mobile crowd sourcing.