gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cross‐Coupling of Alkyl Halides with Aryl Grignard Reagents Catalyzed by a Low‐Valent Iron Complex (2004)

A striking reversal of the usual reactivity pattern of aryl Grignard reagents is observed for reactions in the presence of catalytic amounts of the “bare” ferrate complex [Li(tmeda)]2[Fe(C2H4)4] (1). Highly reduced iron–magnesium clusters may play a decisive role in the exceptionally facile and chemoselective cross-coupling reaction with alkyl halides (see scheme).
The Effects of Mixing and Oxidant Choice on Laboratory-Scale Measurements of Supercritical Water Oxidation Kinetics (2002)

The use of laboratory-scale equipment to measure intrinsic oxidation kinetics in supercritical water environments was evaluated in this study. The objectives were two-fold: (1) to compare the use of hydrogen peroxide with dissolved oxygen as an oxidant and (2) to characterize the dynamics and intensity of mixing organic reactant and oxidant streams. Methanol was used as the model organic as the oxidation rate exhibits a first-order dependence according to extensive earlier studies. No statistically significant difference was observed in the reaction rates or product distributions for the use of either dissolved oxygen gas or hydrogen peroxide that was preheated and fully decomposed before mixing with methanol at supercritical water conditions (500 °C, 246 bar). The intensity of mixing was shown to be an important factor in determining effective mixing times for the reactant and oxidant. Although hydrodynamic effects are certainly dependent on the design and geometry of the mixing tee in the reactor system, fully turbulent (Re > 10 000) cross-flow between entering oxidant and organic streams was found to reduce mixing times to 1 s or less.
The Valence Structure of the Boron Hydrides (1954)

A set of extended valence postulates is presented including the concept of the localized three-center bond. These postulates are applied systematically to the boron hydrides and account for their unusual geometry, their unexpected dipole moments, and the fact that they are not ``electron-deficient.''
Gene Therapy for Dentin Regeneration with Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (2006)

Recent advances in stem cell biology and gene therapy technology have provided the great potential of adult stem cells for therapeutic use in regeneration of lost tissue due to diseases including cancer, trauma, and even caries. Dental pulp tissues harbor mesenchymal stem/progenitor cells and have potential to regenerate and/or repair dentin-pulp complex after injury such as caries. There are two main methods, in vivo and ex vivo gene therapy. In in vivo gene therapy the healing potential of pulp tissue is enhanced by genes inducing dentin directly applied on the exposed/amputated dental pulp. In ex vivo gene therapy, pulp stem/progenitor cells transfected with some therapeutically proven genes to induce differentiation into odontoblasts which are transplanted on the exposed/amputated pulp. In the inflamed pulp under deep caries or trauma, possibly due to the limited supply of pulp stem/progenitor cells, it might be useful to apply cell-based ex vivo gene therapy compared to in vivo gene therapy. Before clinical use of ex vivo gene therapy for dentin regeneration in endodontics, there is a need for establishment of isolation, identification and expansion of the pulp stem cells. A safe and efficient gene delivery system also needs to be optimized. In this review we provide an overview of our current knowledge in the biology and function of adult pulp stem cells. This is followed by a discussion of the challenges of translating basic cellular and molecular biology of differentiation of pulp stem cells to safe and efficient gene therapy for dentin regeneration.
Anesthetic Pregnanes Counteract Androgen-Induced Defeminization (1982)

The capacity of various pregnanes for counteracting androgen-induced defeminization was evaluated in an attempt to define some cellular mechanisms involved in the defeminization process. 5-day-old female rats received 60 microgram testosterone propionate (TP) along with one of various pregnanes: progesterone, 5 beta-pregnandione, 5 beta, 3 alpha-pregnanolone, 5 beta, 3 beta-pregnanolone, 5 alpha-pregnandione, 5 alpha, 3 beta-pregnanolone, 5 alpha, 3 alpha-pregnanolone or chlormadinone acetate. Protection against defeminization was defined as a significantly smaller proportion of anovulatory animals in a group compared to the control TP group. Data were analyzed at 60, 90 and 120 days of age. The anesthetic potency of the pregnanes was evaluated in 5-day-old male rats through the analysis of EEG and EMG records. Anesthetic pregnanes - progesterone, 5 beta-pregnandione and 5 beta, 3 alpha-pregnanolone - counteracted defeminization while nonanesthetic pregnanes - 5 alpha-pregnanes, chlormadinone acetate and 5 beta, 3 beta-pregnanolone - did not. The results show a clear relation between anesthetic capacity and protection against defeminization.
Targeting Macrophages Sensitizes Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia to Apoptosis and Inhibits Disease Progression (2016)

The role of monocytes/macrophages in the development and progression of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is poorly understood. Transcriptomic analyses show that monocytes/macrophages and leukemic cells cross talk during CLL progression. Macrophage depletion impairs CLL engraftment, drastically reduces leukemic growth, and favorably impacts mouse survival. Targeting of macrophages by either CSF1R signaling blockade or clodrolip-mediated cell killing has marked inhibitory effects on established leukemia also. Macrophage killing induces leukemic cell death mainly via the TNF pathway and reprograms the tumor microenvironment toward an antitumoral phenotype. CSF1R inhibition reduces leukemic cell load, especially in the bone marrow, and increases circulating CD20(+) leukemic cells. Accordingly, co-targeting TAMs and CD20-expressing leukemic cells provides a survival benefit in the mice. These results establish the important role of macrophages in CLL and suggest therapeutic strategies based on interfering with leukemia-macrophage interactions.
SIRP-α-CD47 system functions as an intercellular signal in the renal glomerulus (2010)

The renal glomerulus consists of endothelial cells, podocytes, and mesangial cells. These cells cooperate with each other for glomerular filtration; however, the intercellular signaling molecules between glomerular cells are not fully determined. Tyrosine phosphorylation of slit diaphragm molecules is a key to the detection of the signal to podocytes from other cells. Although src kinase is involved in this event, the molecules working for dephosphorylation remain unclear. We demonstrate that signal-inhibitory regulatory protein (SIRP)-alpha, which recruits a broadly distributed tyrosine dephosphorylase SHP-2 to the plasma membrane, is located in podocytes. SIRP-alpha is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein, which has three immunoglobulin-like domains in the extracellular region and two SH2 binding motifs in the cytoplasm. This molecule functions as a scaffold for many proteins, especially the SHP-2 molecule. SIRP-alpha is concentrated in the slit diaphragm region of normal podocytes. CD47, a ligand for SIRP-alpha, is also expressed in the glomerulus. CD47 is located along the plasma membrane of mesangial cells, but not on podocytes. CD47 is markedly decreased during mesangiolysis, but increased in mesangial cells in the restoration stage. SIRP-alpha is heavily tyrosine phosphorylated under normal conditions; however, tyrosine phosphorylation of SIRP-alpha was markedly decreased during mesangiolysis induced by Thy1.1 monoclonal antibody injection. It is known that the cytoplasmic domain of SIPR-alpha is dephosphorylated when CD47 binds to the extracellular domain of SIRP-alpha. The data suggest that the CD47-SIRP-alpha interaction may be functionally important in cell-cell communication in the diseased glomerulus.
Selective turn-on fluorescence detection of cyanide in water using hydrophobic CdSe quantum dots (2008)

The ability of 2,2'-bipyridine-bound copper(ii) ions to quench the photoluminescence of hydrophobic CdSe quantum dots is used to create a novel, selective turn-on fluorescence cyanide sensor.
AN APPROACH FOR CLOSED TRANSPORT SYSTEMS CONTROL USING NEURAL NETWORKS (1996)

In this paper, the authors propose an approach for a closed transport system in which neural networks are connected in parallel to the automated control system. Features regarding loading, unloading capacity, and movement are briefly discussed. TEXT IN BULGARIAN
[Characteristics of the role of the hydroxyl group in serotonin in the pharmacological and antiradiation effect of serotonin]. (1984)

It was shown that omega-hydroxylation of O-alkyl serotonin derivatives can slightly improve the radioprotective and pharmacological properties of these substances but fails to remove completely the unfavourable action of O-alkylation of serotonin. There is a close correlation between the radioprotective effect of 5-oxyalkoxytryptamines and their action on blood supply of mouse spleen. The introduction of the alkoxy-group or the tertiary amino-group into omega-position removes the radioprotective effect of 5-alkoxytryptamines.
A rule-based system for dense-map name placement (1992)

A map is a medium of communication that uses graphical symbols to represent spatial relationships among geographic features. For many years, we have had well-developed techniques for generating the lines, point symbols, and texture markings to represent the geographic features. .....
Rice Bran Treatment for Patients with Hypercalciuric Stones: Experimental and Clinical Studies (1984)

The purpose of this study is to confirm the hypocalciuric effect of rice bran experimentally and clinically. Urinary calcium excretion and its absorption in the intestine were reduced significantly by rice bran or phytin in rats fed high calcium diets, while there were no significant decreases with a low calcium diet. For the clinical study 70 patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria were treated with rice bran (10 gm. twice daily) for 1 month to 3 years. In almost all patients rice bran caused a significant decrease in urinary calcium excretion, which was maintained during treatment. Evidence of stones has decreased clearly among patients treated with rice bran for 1 to 3 years, although this might be a halfway judgment of the long-term treatment. We suggest that phytin should be the most effective substance to reduce the intestinal absorption of calcium and that rice bran treatment should be effective for prevention of recurrent urinary stone disease.
Using transaction level modeling techniques for wireless sensor network simulation (2010)

Wireless Sensor Networks are gaining more and more importance in various application fields. Often, energy autonomy on the node level is an essential nonfunctional constraint to be met. Therefore, when simulating such networks, the energy consumption on the node level has to be included into the simulation. To make this time consuming task feasible, an overall simulation speedup on the network level is desirable. In this paper, we propose to use techniques similar to those used in Transaction Level Models of Bus Systems. 1
On Scleroderma (1989)

An integrated view of the pathogenesis of scleroderma should include vascular, immunologic, and fibrotic processes. This review introduces the mast cell into this picture, emphasizing recent knowledge gained from a study of experimental chronic graft-vs-host disease and scleroderma itself. In both of these situations, increased mast cell activity occurs. A link between the activation of both endothelial cells and fibroblasts may be provided by the family of heparin-binding growth factors. These cytokines are produced by many cells and are bound, protected, and enhanced by heparin, which may be provided by the activated mast cells. These and other growth factors may be responsible for endothelial proliferation and excess collagen production by fibroblasts. This enlarged schema should provide additional points for therapeutic intervention in scleroderma.
Optimum Highway Design and Site Location Using Spatial Geoinformatics Engineering (2015)

The current road or highway design systems are not conceived for making computer-aided design judgments such as automated generation of alternative grade lines, optimizing the number of curves, land cover and land use consideration, minimizing the volume of cut and fill, optimizing intersection with existing networks and infrastructure, the best fitting vertical alignment for minimizing the total road costs, or consider environmental impact or land cost. Spatial satellite remote sensing data were used to derive a GIS (Geographic Information System) model combined with a three dimensional road design model which was then used as a decision support tool. The combination of different types of data is to compose a product with optimum characteristics that may be valuable in the preliminary route location studies and provides a designer with a quick evaluation of alternative road paths. In the model, initial trial corridors were investigated. Several paths within each corridor were studied to choose the best path within each corridor. The criteria in the methodology section were used in the comparison process. Routes are generated by “tracing” the possible paths using computer cursor on a 3D model of the terrain (DEM). Based on high-resolution Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data generated using ArcGIS package, corridors are selected by integrating in the process, all factors which may affect selecting the optimum route corridor such as land use and land cover, geology, soil, number of crossing with valleys, number of crossing with existing roads, number of vertical alignment, length, optimal slope, with the lowest total costs, while conforming to environmental requirements. The development of the road design model incorporating powerful computer, high resolution spatial remote sensing data, advanced geoinformatics technologies, improved modern optimization techniques, and environmental considerations will improve the design process for highways and roads.
Prostaglandin E2 stimulates glutamate receptor‐dependent astrocyte neuromodulation in cultured hippocampal cells (1999)

Recent Ca2+ imaging studies in cell culture and in situ have shown that Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes stimulate glutamate release and increase neuronal Ca2+ levels, and that this astrocyte-neuron signaling can be stimulated by prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). We investigated the electrophysiological consequences of the PGE2-mediated astrocyte-neuron signaling using whole-cell recordings on cultured rat hippocampal cells. Focal application of PGE2 to astrocytes evoked a Ca2+ elevation in the stimulated cell by mobilizing internal Ca2+ stores, which further propagated as a Ca2+ wave to neighboring astrocytes. Whole-cell recordings from neurons revealed that PGE2 evoked a slow inward current in neurons adjacent to astrocytes. This neuronal response required the presence of an astrocyte Ca2+ wave and was mediated through both N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) and non-NMDA glutamate receptors. Taken together with previous studies, these data demonstrate that PGE2-evoked Ca2+ elevations in astrocyte cause the release of glutamate which activates neuronal ionotropic receptors. © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Neurobiol 41: 221–229, 1999
A breathable, biodegradable, antibacterial, and self-powered electronic skin based on all-nanofiber triboelectric nanogenerators (2020)

Mimicking the comprehensive functions of human sensing via electronic skins (e-skins) is highly interesting for the development of human-machine interactions and artificial intelligences. Some e-skins with high sensitivity and stability were developed; however, little attention is paid to their comfortability, environmental friendliness, and antibacterial activity. Here, we report a breathable, biodegradable, and antibacterial e-skin based on all-nanofiber triboelectric nanogenerators, which is fabricated by sandwiching silver nanowire (Ag NW) between polylactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). With micro-to-nano hierarchical porous structure, the e-skin has high specific surface area for contact electrification and numerous capillary channels for thermal-moisture transfer. Through adjusting the concentration of Ag NW and the selection of PVA and PLGA, the antibacterial and biodegradable capability of e-skins can be tuned, respectively. Our e-skin can achieve real-time and self-powered monitoring of whole-body physiological signal and joint movement. This work provides a previously unexplored strategy for multifunctional e-skins with excellent practicability.
Remote Sensing Fiber Optic Probe NIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Chemometric Data Treatment (1987)

A near-infrared fiber optic probe remote sensing spectroscopic system has been developed for online multicomponent composition analysis. The Guided Wave Model 200 UV-VIS-NIR spectrophotometer has been evaluated as the base of this system. Multiple linear regression (MLR) software has been combined with data transfer, graphics, and online monitoring programs. The system has been evaluated in plant trials to monitor the composition of mixed alcohol purification streams, mixed solvent distillate, and a fatty acid derivative. The combined use of derivative spectroscopy and MLR data treatment provided good prediction equations for the real-time (20 s) monitoring of the concentrations of several components in moving streams.
Detection of extended distribution of beta2-thyroid hormone receptor messenger ribonucleic acid (RNA) in adult rat brain using complementary RNA in situ hybridization histochemistry (1996)

In situ hybridization histochemistry using a complementary RNA probe, directed at the entire length of the thyroid hormone receptor beta2 (TRbeta2)-specific region (-56 to 495 bp), was used to evaluate expression of TRbeta2 messenger RNA (mRNA) in coronal sections of adult rat brain. An extended distribution and intense expression of TRbeta2 mRNA was found in several regions of rat brain, including regions where TRbeta2 mRNA had not been previously identified using PCR or in situ hybridization histochemistry. These areas included hippocampus (dentate gyrus and C1, -2, and -3), cerebral cortex (predominantly layer 3), arcuate nucleus, median eminence, medial geniculate nucleus, tegmental bundle, medial and lateral lemniscus, Purkinje layer of the cerebellum, and several brain stem nuclei. In conclusion, we have developed a highly sensitive and specific method to demonstrate TRbeta2 mRNA expression in adult rat brain. The present findings are in agreement with immunoreactive TRbeta2 studies of rat brain and argue against the presence of an unidentified T3-binding protein to explain the previous discordant results of TRbeta2 mRNA and protein studies. In addition, the specificity of distribution of TR beta2 mRNA to certain brain nuclei, particularly those involved in hearing, implies a specific functional role of this receptor subtype and provides a physiological basis to understand the effects of hypothyroidism on brain development.
Region-Based Super-Resolution Using Multiple Blurred and Noisy Undersampled Images (2006)

Super-resolution is the process of combining multiple low-resolution images to produce a higher resolution image. Because the super-resolution problem is an ill-posed one, many regularized algorithms have been proposed. Those algorithms usually use the same regularization term for a whole image. However, since an image generally contains various regions of different characteristics, simple regularization is not good enough for the prospective result. In this paper, we propose a region-based super-resolution algorithm to apply a suitable regularization term for each region. In the algorithm, the image is divided into homogeneous and inhomogeneous regions. According to the type of region, we apply different filters for regularization. Regularization parameters are also adaptively determined during the iteration. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to the conventional algorithm in terms of objective quality as well as subjective one.
Enzyme Colorimetric Assay Using Unmodified Silver Nanoparticles (2008)

Colorimetric assay based on the unique surface plasmon resonance properties of metallic nanoparticles has received considerable attention in bioassay due to its simplicity, high sensitivity, and low cost. Most of colorimetric methods previously reported employed gold nanoparticles (GNPs) as sensing elements. In this work, we develop a sensitive, selective, simple, and label-free colorimetric assay using unmodified silver nanoparticle (AgNP) probes to detect enzymatic reactions. Enzymatic reactions concerning adenosine triphosphate (ATP) dephosphorylation by calf intestine alkaline phosphatase (CIAP) and peptide phosphorylation by protein kinase A (PKA) were studied. In the absence of the enzymes, unreacted ATP could protect AgNPs from salt-induced aggregation, whereas in the presence of the enzymes, the reaction product of ATP (i.e., adenosine for CIAP and ADP for PKA) could not. Via our method, dephosphorylation and phosphorylation could be readily detected by the color change of AgNPs, with a detection limit of 1 unit/mL for CIAP and a detection limit of 0.022 unit/mL for PKA. More importantly, the enzymatic inhibition by inhibitors and enzymatic activity in complex biological fluids could also be realized. This work is an important step toward a colorimetric assay using AgNPs and might provide a promise for enzyme assay in realistically complex systems and for screening of different enzyme inhibitors in future.
Single fertilization in maize (1999)

Single fertilization events were detected in seven maize lines (Zea mays L.) of different genetic background. Detection of single fertilization was achieved by a dual pollination method, that is, pollen parent 1 (y1/y1, white endosperm) was pollinated onto the silks of Oh43 (Y1/Y1, yellow endosperm) and 24 h later the same silks were pollinated with pollen of X18G (R1-scm2/R1-scm2, purple aleurone and purple embryo). Seventy-nine kernels with purple aleurone and white scutellum (Pw) were observed in 29,999 examined kernels. Determination of chromosome numbers and progeny tests revealed that 31 plants were maternal haploid, 4 were monosomics between Oh43 and X18G, 36 originated from single fertilization events by pollen parent 1 (0.4%), and 5 triploids are thought to have originated from single fertilization by a diploid sperm cell of pollen parent 1. At least one-fifth of heterofertilization events in maize can be the result of single fertilization.
Brain Learning, Attention, and Consciousness (2003)

Defense Advance Research Projects Agency; Office of Naval Research (N00014-95-1-0409, N00014-95-1-0657); National Science Foundation (IRI-97-20333)
Modeling naturally fractured reservoirs: from experimental rock mechanics to flow simulation (2005)

thin-section analysis and image processing.I am also extremely grateful to the FRAC consortium for allowing me to use their microscope and their image acquisition system.I would like to extend my genuine gratitude to the entire POR team for helping me better understand the POR reservoir.Specifically