gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Detecting weed-free and weed-infested areas of a soybean field using near-infrared spectral data (2004)

Weed distribution maps can be developed from remotely sensed reflectance data if collected at appropriate times during the growing season. The research objectives were to determine if and when reflectance could be used to distinguish between weed-free and weed-infested (mixed species) areas in soybean and to determine the most useful wavebands to separate crop, weed, and soil reflectance differences. Treatments included no vegetation (bare soil), weed-free soybean, and weed-infested soybean and, in 1 yr, 80% corn residue cover. Reflectance was measured at several sampling times from May through September in 2001 and 2002 using a handheld multispectral radiometer equipped with band-limited optical interference filters (460 to 1,650 nm). The spatial resolution was 0.8 m 2 . The reflectance in the visible spectral range (460 to 700 nm) generally was similar among treatments. In the near-infrared (NIR) range (> 700 to 1,650 nm), differences among treatments were observed from soybean growth stage V-3 (about 4 wk after planting) until mid-July to early August depending on crop vigor and canopy closure (76-cm row spacing in 2001 and 19-cm row spacing in 2002). Reflectance rankings in the NIR range when treatments could be differentiated were consistent between years and, from lowest to highest reflectance, were soil < weed-free < weed-infested areas. Increased reflectance from weed-infested areas was most likely due to increased biomass and canopy cover. Residue masked differences between weed-free and weed-infested areas during the early stages of growth due to high reflectance from the residue and reduced weed numbers in these areas. These results suggest that NIR spectral reflectance collected before canopy closure can be used to distinguish weed-infested from weed-free areas.
An Experimental Investigation of the Effect of Strip Thickness, Metallostatic Head and Tip Setback on the Productivity of a Twin-roll Caster (1991)

SummaryAn experimental study has been made of the factors affecting productivity during the twin-roll casting of AA 5182. Strip has been cast over a much wider range of thicknesses and tip setbacks than previously reported. An empirical expression is obtained which relates productivity to strip thickness, metallostatic head and tip setback. It is shown that productivities can be considerably increased over the usual commercial practice by casting thin sheet with large tip setbacks.
TCP-friendly congestion control for layered video streaming using end-to-end bandwidth inference (2008)

More and more streaming protocols are developed for the multimedia applications. However, many streaming protocols only consider the network stability, but not the characteristics of streaming applications. In order to cooperate with H.264/MPEG-4 AVC scalable extension which can achieve fine granularity of scalability at bit level to the time-vary heterogeneous networks, we design a TCP-friendly congestion control algorithm based on the bandwidth estimation to smoothly change sending rate to avoid unnecessary oscillations so that the subscription decision of SVC layers can be made to better utilize the network resource. In case of the unavoidable network congestion, we unsubscribe scalable video layers according to the packet lost rate and the recently received throughput instead of only dropping one layer at a time to rapidly accommodate the streaming service to the channels and avoid persecuting the other flows at the same bottleneck. In addition, the probing packets for estimating the available bandwidth are encapsulated with RTP/RTCP. The simulations show that the proposed congestion control algorithm for real-time applications efficiently utilizes network bandwidth without hampering the performance of the existing TCP applications.
Long‐lasting target binding and rebinding as mechanisms to prolong<i>in vivo</i>drug action (2010)

An increasing number of examples in the literature suggest that the in vivo duration of drug action not only depends on macroscopic pharmacokinetic properties like plasma half-life and the time needed to equilibrate between the plasma and the effect compartments, but is also influenced by long-lasting target binding and rebinding. The present review combines information from different research areas and simulations to explore the nature of these mechanisms and the conditions in which they are most prevalent. Simulations reveal that these latter phenomena become especially influential when there is no longer sufficient free drug around to maintain high levels of receptor occupancy. There is not always a direct link between slow dissociation and long-lasting in vivo target protection, as the rate of free drug elimination from the effect compartment is also a key influencing factor. Local phenomena that hinder the diffusion of free drug molecules away from their target may allow them to consecutively bind to the same target and/or targets nearby (denoted as 'rebinding') even when their concentration in the bulk phase has already dropped to insignificant levels. The micro-anatomic properties of many effect compartments are likely to intensify this phenomenon. By mimicking the complexity of tissues, intact cells offer the opportunity to investigate both mechanisms under the same, physiologically relevant conditions.
Mechanical clot dissolution: new concept. (1989)

The authors present preliminary data on in vitro mechanical clot dissolution by means of a catheter with a tiny high-speed propeller enclosed in a special housing. Preweighed human blood clots were subjected to the catheter in a test tube with saline at various propeller speeds and durations of application. After filtration of the resultant slurry, the clot residue was weighed and examined histologically. Clot dissolution was found to be related to both the duration and speed of propeller rotation. No fibrin residue was seen after dissolution, although potential embolic material, composed of clumps of cellular debris as large as 208 microns in longest dimension, was found. Mechanical clot dissolution could possibly be used in any natural or synthetic blood vessel in which there is acute or subacute thrombosis, with fewer complications and lower cost than obtained with traditional methods.
Auger recombination rates in nitrides from first principles (2009)

We report Auger recombination rates for wurtzite InGaN calculated from first-principles density-functional and many-body-perturbation theory. Two different mechanisms are examined—inter- and intra-band recombination—that affect different parts of the emission spectrum. In the blue to green spectral region and at room temperature the Auger coefficient can be as large as 2×10−30 cm6 s−1; in the infrared it is even larger. Since Auger recombination scales with the cubic power of the free-carrier concentration it becomes an important nonradiative loss mechanism at high current densities. Our results indicate that Auger recombination may be responsible for the loss of quantum efficiency that affects InGaN-based light emitters.
Field Expansion for Homonymous Hemianopia by Optically Induced Peripheral Exotropia (2000)

A novel method for the optical treatment of hemianopia was developed and tested. It was found to be effective in expanding the field and helping patients' mobility.
A Segmentation and Graph-Based Video Sequence Matching Method for Video Copy Detection (2012)

We propose in this paper a segmentation and graph-based video sequence matching method for video copy detection. Specifically, due to the good stability and discriminative ability of local features, we use SIFT descriptor for video content description. However, matching based on SIFT descriptor is computationally expensive for large number of points and the high dimension. Thus, to reduce the computational complexity, we first use the dual-threshold method to segment the videos into segments with homogeneous content and extract keyframes from each segment. SIFT features are extracted from the keyframes of the segments. Then, we propose an SVD-based method to match two video frames with SIFT point set descriptors. To obtain the video sequence matching result, we propose a graph-based method. It can convert the video sequence matching into finding the longest path in the frame matching-result graph with time constraint. Experimental results demonstrate that the segmentation and graph-based video sequence matching method can detect video copies effectively. Also, the proposed method has advantages. Specifically, it can automatically find optimal sequence matching result from the disordered matching results based on spatial feature. It can also reduce the noise caused by spatial feature matching. And it is adaptive to video frame rate changes. Experimental results also demonstrate that the proposed method can obtain a better tradeoff between the effectiveness and the efficiency of video copy detection.
An electron‐flow model can predict complex redox reactions in mixed‐culture fermentative BioH<sub>2</sub>: Microbial ecology evidence (2009)

We developed the first model for predicting community structure in mixed-culture fermentative biohydrogen production using electron flows and NADH2 balances. A key assumption of the model is that H2 is produced only via the pyruvate decarboxylation-ferredoxin-hydrogenase pathway, which is commonly the case for fermentation by Clostridium and Ethanoligenens species. We experimentally tested the model using clone libraries to gauge community structures with mixed cultures in which we did not pre-select for specific bacterial groups, such as spore-formers. For experiments having final pHs 3.5 and 4.0, where H2 yield and soluble end-product distribution were distinctly different, we established stoichiometric reactions for each condition by using experimentally determined electron equivalent balances. The error in electron balancing was only 3% at final pH 3.5, in which butyrate and acetate were dominant organic products and the H2 yield was 2.1 mol H2/mol glucose. Clone-library analysis showed that clones affiliated with Clostridium sp. BL-22 and Clostridium sp. HPB-16 were dominant at final pH 3.5. For final pH 4.0, the H2 yield was 0.9 mol H2/mol glucose, ethanol, and acetate were the dominant organic products, and the electron balance error was 13%. The significant error indicates that a second pathway for H2 generation was active. The most abundant clones were affiliated with Klebsiella pneumoniae, which uses the formate-cleavage pathway for H2 production. Thus, the clone-library analyses confirmed that the model predictions for when the pyruvate decarboxylation-ferredoxin-hydrogenase pathway was (final pH 3.5) or was not (final pH 4.0) dominant. With the electron-flow model, we can easily assess the main mechanisms for H2 formation and the dominant H2-producing bacteria in mixed-culture fermentative bioH2.
Frequencies of lipopolysaccharide core types in Escherichia coli strains from bacteraemic patients (1994)

We have investigated the distribution of the various core types (R1, R2, R3, R4 and K-12) in 138 Escherichia coli isolates obtained from positive blood cultures. Rabbit antisera, raised against five rough strains expressing the respective core types, were made monospecific by extensive absorption. The reactivity of the antisera was tested in ELISA with bacterial cells that had been autoclaved for full exposure of core epitopes. One hundred and thirty strains could be typed directly, while eight strains required prior digestion with proteinase K for removal of cross-reactions. Ninety-four of the strains (68%) expressed the R1 type, and 9 (6.5%), 12 (8.7%), 7 (5.1%) and 3 (2.2%) strains expressed the R2, R3, R4 and K-12 core types, respectively. An R1R4 mixed core type, hitherto not yet described, was found in 13 (9.4%) strains. Results obtained with polyclonal antisera were in agreement with those obtained with monoclonal antibodies to the R1, R2 and R3 core types. Core typing may serve as an additional serological marker next to conventional typing of O-, H- and K-antigens.
An exploratory study of some of the determinants of managements succession planning in family businesses (2009)

This study highlights the importance of management succession planning in small and medium-sized family businesses. The primary objective of this study is twofold : firstly to identify the potential influence of selected variables (determinants) on the management succession planning process in small and medium-sized family businesses, and secondly to make practical recommendations for actions that families can take to improve their chances of a successful succession and thereby ensure the sustainability of the family business for future generations. Structured questionnaires were received from 270 active family members from 77 family businesses. The data collected were subjected to various statistical analyses. An Oblimin oblique rotation was performed on the principal components of the exploratory factor analysis. In this study three factors describing the theoretical dimensions of management succession planning, perceived suitability of the prospective successor and the expected outcome of the succession were extracted. Based on the results of the regression analysis, both management succession planning and the perceived suitability of the prospective successor have a positive influence on the expected outcome of the succession. Although statistical significant differences were found between the perceptions of male and female as well as between senior- and younger-generation family employees regarding the variables, these differences were not practically significant. This study, however, confirms the important role that an effective management succession planning process plays in ensuring the successful transfer of the family business from the senior-generation owner-manager to the younger-generation family.
Circulating nucleic acids as biomarkers in breast cancer (2013)

During tumor development, tumor cells release their nucleic acids into the blood circulation. This process occurs by apoptotic and necrotic cell deaths along with active cell secretion, resulting in high levels of circulating DNA, mRNA, and microRNA in the blood of patients with breast cancer. As circulating cell-free tumor nucleic acids may reflect the characteristics of the primary tumor and even of micrometastatic cells, they may be excellent blood biomarkers for screening breast cancer. Assays that allow the repetitive monitoring of patients by using blood samples as liquid biopsy may be efficient in assessing cancer progression in patients whose tumor tissue is not available. This review evaluates the recent data on the potential use of circulating cell-free nucleic acids as biomarkers for breast cancer.
Some properties of antisera to serum amyloid A protein (SAA): inhibition of precipitation by complexing of SAA to albumin. (1976)

Three potent rabbit antisera to human serum amyloid A protein (SAA) appear to be directed exclusibely to the carboxy terminal region not shared with the tissue amyloid A protein. Since binding to albumin completely blocks the reaction of these antisera with the antigen, and since SAA exists in serum complexed to albumin, the anti-SAA cannot be used to detect or quantitate this serum component. The possibility that similar problems will be encountered with immunoassays for molecules that exist complexed to other proteins is discussed.
The Miami Special: a simple tool for quality section mounting in Mohs surgery. (2004)

High quality frozen sections are fundamental in Mohs surgery, and one of the main elements in tissue processing is the mounting of the specimen. The Miami Special has been used for this purpose at the University of Miami for over 30 years. Since 1989 the Miami Special has languished in the literature among a growing list of mounting instruments. Therefore, new generations of Mohs surgeons may not be acquainted with the advantages of this instrument. This article describes the Miami Special and outlines its use for the benefit of current practitioners.
Assessing Otolith Function by the Subjective Visual Vertical (1999)

The effects of peripheral vestibular diseases on the subjective visual vertical (SVV) are resumed and provide the basis for some insights into the otolith pathophysiology. With a normal range of 0 +/- 2 deg (when measured in an upright body position), the SVV was shifted by 11 +/- 6 deg toward the ipsilateral ear in 40 patients following an acute unilateral vestibular deafferentiation (UVD), but in the opposite direction in 9 of 52 patients after stapes surgery. These opposite effects suggest a push-pull mechanism of the pairs of otolith organs with respect to the SVV. The dissociation between the SVV and the perception of body position indicates influences by unconscious reflexive mechanisms such as ocular cyclotorsion on the SVV. In chronic UVD patients, lateral shifts of the subjects during constant angular velocity rotation into various eccentric positions (+/- 16 cm) revealed a shift of the "center of graviception" close to the remaining intact contralateral inner ear. To date, this seems to be the most consistent test for clinical identification of a chronic compensated unilateral loss of otolith function. The findings regarding asymmetries in otolithic sensitivity to medially and laterally directed roll-tilts remain controversial, probably mainly because of influences of extravestibular cues.
Design of Drill-in Fluids by Optimizing Selection of Bridging Particles (2006)

Abstract To select bridging agents properly is a critical factor in designing the no-damaging or low-damaging drill-in fluids. Historically, the Abrams's rule has been used for this purpose. According to this rule, the median particle size of a bridging agent should be equal to or slightly greater than 1/3 of the mean pore size for a given target formation. However, Abrams' rule only addresses the size of particle required to initiate a bridge. The rule does not give optimum size or address an ideal packing sequence for minimizing fluid invasion and optimizing sealing. This paper elaborates an ideal packing approach to solve the sealing problem, with the aim being to minimize formation damage by sealing pores with different size, especially those large pores which usually make dominant contribution to permeability and thereby preventing the solids and filtrate of drill-in fluids from invading into formations more effectively, compared with the conventionally used techniques. A practical software has been developed to optimize the blending proportion of several bridging agents, so as to achieve ideal packing effectiveness. It is very convenient for use in the field only by inputting some data of formation, such as the maximum pore size or permeability. It has been confirmed from numerous experimental results that the core sample contaminated by the drill-in fluid designed following ideal packing approach can acquire higher return permeabilities, and have a shallower invading depth, a lower breakthrough pressure as well as a lower dynamic filtration rate than cores contaminated by the drill-in fluid designed applying the Abrams's rule. The method and its use in selecting the best blending proportion of several bridging agents, focusing on an ideal packing sequence for minimizing fluid invasion, are also discussed in this paper. A carefully designed drill-in fluid using the ideal paking technique (named the IPT fluid) for offshore drilling operations at the Weizhou oilfield located in the west of South China Sea is presented. The near 100% return permeabilities from the dynamic damage tests using reservoir cores prove the excellent bridging effect can be provided by this drill-in fluid.
Layered representation of motion video using robust maximum-likelihood estimation of mixture models and MDL encoding (2002)

Representing and modeling the motion and spatial support of multiple objects and surfaces from motion video sequences is an important intermediate step towards dynamic image understanding. One such representation, called layered representation, has recently been proposed. Although a number of algorithms have been developed for computing these representations, there has not been a consolidated effort into developing a precise mathematical formulation of the problem. This paper presents one such formulation based on maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) of mixture models and the minimum description length (MDL) encoding principle. The three major issues in layered motion representation are: (i) how many motion models adequately describe image motion, (ii) what are the motion model parameters, and (iii) what is the spatial support layer for each motion model.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Structural analysis of phosphatidylcholines by post-source decay matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (2003)

The utility of post-source decay (PSD) matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF-MS) was investigated for the structural analysis of phosphatidylcholine (PC). PC did not produce detectable negative molecular ion from MALDI, but positive ions were observed as both [PC+H](+) and [PC+Na](+). The PSD spectra of the protonated PC species contained only one fragment corresponding to the head group (m/z 184), while the sodiated precursors produced many fragment ions, including those derived from the loss of fatty acids. The loss of fatty acid from the C-1 position (sn-1) of the glycerol backbone was favored over the loss of fatty acid from the C-2 position (sn-2). Ions emanating from the fragmentation of the head group (phosphocholine) included [PC+Na-59](+), [PC+Na-183](+) and [PC+Na-205](+), which corresponded to the loss of trimethylamine (TMA), non-sodiated choline phosphate and sodiated choline phosphate, respectively. Other fragments reflecting the structure of the head group were observed at m/z 183, 146 and 86. The difference in the fragmentation patterns for the PSD of [PC+Na](+) compared to [PC+H](+) is attributed to difference in the binding of Na(+) and H(+). While the proton binds to a negatively charged oxygen of the phosphate group, the sodium ion can be associated with several regions of the PC molecule. Hence, in the sodiated PC, intermolecular interaction of the negatively charged oxygen of the phosphate group, along with sodium association at multiple sites, can lead to a complex and characteristic ion fragmentation pattern. The preferential loss of sn-1 fatty acid group could be explained by the formation of an energetically favorable six-member ring intermediate, as apposed to the five-member ring intermediate formed prior to the loss of sn-2 fatty acid group.