gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Realism: An Essay in Definition (1949)

Research Article| June 01 1949 Realism: An Essay in Definition George J. Becker George J. Becker Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Modern Language Quarterly (1949) 10 (2): 184–197. https://doi.org/10.1215/00267929-10-2-184 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation George J. Becker; Realism: An Essay in Definition. Modern Language Quarterly 1 June 1949; 10 (2): 184–197. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00267929-10-2-184 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsModern Language Quarterly Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 1949 by Duke University Press1949 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Articles You do not currently have access to this content.
Correction: A Novel Survival-Based Tissue Microarray of Pancreatic Cancer Validates MUC1 and Mesothelin as Biomarkers (2012)

Background: One-fifth of patients with seemingly 'curable' pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) experience an early recurrence and death, receiving no definable benefit from a major operation. Some patients with advanced stage tumors are deemed 'unresectable' by conventional staging criteria (e.g. liver metastasis), yet progress slowly. Effective biomarkers that stratify PDA based on biologic behavior are needed. To help researchers sort through the maze of biomarker data, a compendium of ,2500 published candidate biomarkers in PDA was compiled (PLoS Med, 2009. 6(4) p. e1000046).
Bulk and Surface Behavior of Cationic Guars in Solutions of Oppositely Charged Surfactants (1998)

We study the bulk and surface behavior of aqueous mixtures of cationic guars and anionic sulfate surfactants. The phase diagrams are determined and the phases characterized with a variety of techniques. When the surfactant is gradually added, the polyelectrolyte is physically modified by ionic binding of the surfactant or more likely surfactant aggregates to the polymer chains. This results in the increase of the solution viscosity and leads to phase separation between a polymer- and surfactant-rich phase and a dilute supernatant. Phase separation always occurs for surfactant concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (cmc). A second one-phase region is obtained for surfactant concentration as low as twice the cmc, independent of the polymer charge density or of the alkyl chain length of the sulfate surfactant. The surface behavior is investigated with a surface forces apparatus. The force profiles between two layers of cationic guar preadsorbed onto mica surfaces are measured in water and in surfactant solutions for concentrations covering the three regions of the bulk-phase diagram. We conclude that the structure of the adsorbed layers is clearly related to the structure of the corresponding polymer/surfactant mixtures.
Policy gradients in linearly-solvable MDPs (2010)

We present policy gradient results within the framework of linearly-solvable MDPs. For the first time, compatible function approximators and natural policy gradients are obtained by estimating the cost-to-go function, rather than the (much larger) state-action advantage function as is necessary in traditional MDPs. We also develop the first compatible function approximators and natural policy gradients for continuous-time stochastic systems. 1
PDZ binding motif-dependent localization of K<sup>+</sup> channel on the basolateral side in distal tubules (2004)

Kir5.1, a nonfunctional inwardly rectifying K(+) channel by itself, can form functional channels by assembling with other proteins. We previously showed that Kir5.1 assembled with Kir4.1 and functioned as an acid-base regulator in the kidney. In this study, we examined the intrarenal distribution of Kir5.1 by RT-PCR analysis on dissected nephron segments and immunohistochemical analysis with the specific anti-Kir5.1 antibody. Strong expression of Kir5.1 was detected in distal convoluted tubules, and weak expression was also detected in thick ascending limb of Henle's loop. Colocalization of Kir5.1 with Kir4.1 indicated expression of Kir5.1/Kir4.1 heteromer in these nephron segments. In a renal epithelial cell line, Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, heteromer formation with Kir4.1 changed the localization of Kir5.1 from intracellular components to the cell surface. The COOH-terminal cytoplasmic portion that includes the PDZ binding motif of Kir4.1 was responsible for this intracellular localization. These data suggest the signals on the COOH terminus of Kir4.1, including PDZ binding motif, determine the intracellular localization of Kir5.1/Kir4.1 heteromer in distal tubules.
Air-Fuel Ratio Sensor Utilizing Ion Transportation in Zirconia Electrolyte (1991)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">To detect an air-fuel ratio in wide range is very important to control the automotive engines with low fuel consumption and low exhaust emissions. Although the application of zirconia electrolyte for this purpose has been proposed by the authors several years ago, there remained several problems due to the contamination of gas diffusion apertures which are exposed to the exhaust gas environment.</div> <div class="htmlview paragraph">Here the behavior of ions transported in zirconia electrolyte have been analyzed to optimize the structure and characteristics, and to guarantee the long life operation of sensor. Gas contents and their reactions in combustion process under the wide range air-fuel ratio have been analyzed, and these results were reflected to the analysis of ion transportation in zirconia electrolyte. Experimental results supported the analytical results, and they showed the possibilities of long life operation of zirconia air-fuel ratio sensor utilizing ion transportation phenomena. Results of durability tests in typical engines have also been shown in this paper.</div>
Development of a VII-enabled prototype intersection collision warning system (2009)

Vehicle collisions at intersections account for a large percentage of overall traffic accidents, a good portion of which are fatal. A large number of these accidents can be avoided by a warning system which makes a driver aware of potential collisions on the road, thus allowing the driver enough time to prevent such situations. This paper presents the design of a prototype intersection collision warning system based on vehicle infrastructure integration (VII). Moreover, we design a system consisting of roadside and on-board units, in which appropriate alarm messages are disseminated by the roadside unit in case it predicts a potential collision at the intersection to notify endangered vehicles of the moving car which is about to cross the red light. Furthermore, we implemented the proposed configuration in a real world scenario whose promising results in the form of negligible probability of false alarm, renders the system a fine benchmark for future more detailed and realistic studies. Underlying the system are wireless communications, positioning technology, and information technology that ensure accurate and timely safety information.
Nanoparticle-induced negative differential resistance and memory effect in polymer bistable light-emitting device (2006)

Recently, electrical bistability was demonstrated in polymer thin films incorporated with metal nanoparticles [J. Ouyang, C. W. Chu, C. R. Szmanda, L. P. Ma, and Y. Yang, Nat. Mater. 3, 918 (2004)]. In this letter, we show the evidence that electrons are the dominant charge carriers in these bistable devices. Direct integration of bistable polymer layer with a light-emitting polymer layer shows a unique light-emitting property modulated by the electrical bistability. A unique negative differential resistance induced by the charged gold nanoparticles is observed due to the charge trapping effect from the nanoparticles when interfaced with the light-emitting layer.
Comparative Analysis of Genetically Engineered Immunodeficient Mouse Strains as Recipients for Human Myoblast Transplantation (2005)

The development of an optimized animal model for the in vivo analysis of human muscle cells remains an important goal in the search of therapy for muscular dystrophy. Here we examined the efficiency of human myoblast xenografts in three distinct immunodeficient mouse models. We found that different conditioning regimes used to provoke host muscle regeneration (i.e., cardiotoxin versus cryodamage) had a marked impact on xenograft success. Tibialis anterior muscle of Rag2-, Rag-/gammac-, and Rag-/gammac-/C5- mice was treated by cardiotoxin or cryodamage, submitted to enzymatic digestion, and analyzed by cytofluorometry to quantitate inflammatory cells. Human myoblasts were injected into pretreated muscles from immunodeficient recipients and the cell engraftment evaluated by immunocytochemistry, 4-8 weeks after transplantation. Donor cell differentiation and dispersion within the host muscles was also investigated. Host regeneration in cardiotoxin-treated mice was accompanied by a higher inflammatory cell infiltration when compared to that induced by cryodamage. Accordingly, when compared to the cardiotoxin group, more human myogenic cells were found after cryodamage. When the distinct immunodeficient mice were compared, we found that the alymphoid strain lacking the complement component C5 (Rag-/gammac-/C5- mice) was the most efficient host for human muscle xenografts, when compared with C5(+)Rag-/gammac- mice or Rag- mice. Our results demonstrate that cryolesion-conditioned muscles of Rag-/gammac-/C5- mice provide the best environment for long-term in vivo human myoblast differentiation, opening the way for a novel approach to study the pathophysiology of human muscle disorders.
Bile Lipid Secretion in Obese and Non-Obese Individuals with and without Gallstones (1985)

1. Biliary lipid secretion rates were measured in non-obese and obese individuals with and without cholesterol gallstones, using a steady-state, amino acid duodenal perfusion method. In addition, biliary lipid secretion rates were measured in five obese gallstone patients receiving high-dose chenodeoxycholic acid therapy (16-22 mg day−1 kg−1). 2. Bile acid secretion rates in the non-obese patients with cholesterol gallstones (563+sem 70 μmol/h, n = 6) were significantly lower than in the non-obese controls (1078 + 210 μmol/h, n = 10, P &lt; 0.05), whereas cholesterol secretion rates were similar in the non-obese individuals with and without gallstones (51+7 and 42+4 μmol/h respectively). 3. In the obese, both with and without gallstones, the major abnormality was hypersecretion of cholesterol (107+7 μmol/h, n = 7, and 81 + 15 μmol/h, n = 7, respectively). Both these values were significantly greater than those in the non-obese controls (P &lt; 0.01-0.02). 4. Biliary cholesterol secretion rates correlated significantly with bile acid secretion rates but, for every mole of bile acid secreted, the obese secreted more cholesterol than the non-obese. 5. Chenodeoxycholic acid treatment lowered biliary cholesterol saturation in obese gallstone patients by reducing biliary cholesterol secretion. 6. These results suggest that there are two major types of defect in biliary lipid secretion in gallstone patients: reduced biliary bile acid secretion in non-obese gallstone patients and excessive biliary cholesterol secretion in the obese.
Nuclear Reactor Dynamic Analysis (1958)

To investigate aspects of safety of control of a nuclear reactor system requires a method of analysis of the dynamic behaviour of the system following postulated disturbances or during particular operating conditions. The paper derives equations which indicate the dependence of reactor power dynamics on fundamental design parameters, the ‘reactivity’, and the delayed neutrons, for a static fuel thermal reactor, a static fuel fast reactor, and a circulating fuel thermal reactor. A method of analysis of component temperature variations is presented, with particular reference to a solid-fuel element, clad in a sheathing material, cooled on the outer surface by a flowing coolant. The coolant channel is formed in a solid moderator. A comparison of theory and experiment for the BEPO reactor shows a fair agreement, there being a maximum difference of 10 per cent at maximum power during a transient resulting from a sudden increase in reactivity of 200 × 10 −5 .
An Unusual Lignin from Kenaf (1996)

A novel (possibly unique) lignin isolated from kenaf bast fibers had a high syringyl:guaiacyl ratio, was highly etherified, and was high in β-ether units with predominantly erythro stereochemistry. Moreover, it was extensively side-chain acetylated (primarily at γ), implicating 4-hydroxycinnamyl acetates as monomers in its biosynthesis.
Global Router (1979)

The paper describes a new router which develops all connections simultaneously. Routes do not exist as lines, but rather as connected irregularly shaped areas which grow and retract in an amoeba-like manner. It is as if some routes are being rerouted, but it is all done at once. Because the cell map is scanned sequentially, the data handling and storage is vastly simplified.
Preparation of a hydroxyapatite and hydrogen peroxide composite for tooth whitening. (2007)

Hydroxyapatite (HA)/Hydrogen Peroxide (H(2)O(2)) solutions was prepared for a tooth whitening application. HA powder was immersed in the 100, 1000 and 10,000 ppm of the H(2)O(2) solutions. The HA/H(2)O(2), HA and H(2)O(2) solutions were applied to HA discs and extracted teeth for weight and whiteness change evaluation. After 24 hours, each HA disc was measured for the weight changes and each tooth was measured for the whitening changes (L(*)) using a Spectro Color Meter. The topology of the teeth surfaces were also observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The weight of the HA disc applied with H(2)O(2) at all concentrations was lower than that applied with HA and HA/H(2)O(2) solutions. The whiteness of the teeth treated with HA/H(2)O(2) were higher than that treated with HA and H(2)O(2) only solutions. The whiteness change of the teeth treated with the HA/H(2)O(2) (10,000 ppm) showed the highest value in all solutions at L(*)=4.98+/-0.90 (p<0.05). In the SEM observation, the teeth surface treated with the H(2)O(2) showed rough and destructive holes on the enamel surface. However, the teeth surface treated with the HA/H(2)O(2) show smooth enamel surface due to covering of the destructive holes with HA powder.
EFFICIENCY, ECONOMICS, ENERGY AND EMISSIONS - EMERGING CRITERIA FOR COMMINUTION CIRCUIT DECISION MAKING (2010)

The ‘smarter’ approach to processing described in this paper is limited to the benefi ts of a more effi cient high pressure grinding roll (HPGR) circuit over a traditional semi-autogenous grinding (SAG) comminution circuit. The effi ciency challenge described concerns comminution circuit designs that are relatively risk averse and compliment current mainstream engineering practice. The HPGR effi ciency assessment aims to motivate more widespread use of HPGR technology, particularly for the copper and gold mining industry. The summarised results presented stem from the completion of several SAG versus HPGR trade-off studies conducted in the past few years. Trade-off studies primarily relate to evaluating effi ciency in engineering studies in terms of energy and project economics. In this paper, an additional sustainable aspect incorporating the impact on environment is evaluated. The concept is presented through the analysis of three case studies where ‘typical’ mines A, B and C are viewed by considering the impact the design has on the environment. The methodology followed culminates in new measures, standards and targets that can be used by engineers to aid the decision making and process that ultimately justifi es plant designs which are eco-effi cient and more sustainable. The results show that a 15 - 20 per cent reduction in direct energy (kWh/t or ‘energy cost’) is achievable through the use of HPGR circuit designs. HPGR circuits eliminate the need for grinding media and result in a 23 - 25 per cent reduction in operating “dollar” costs. The salient feature from evaluating HPGR circuits over SAG-based circuits in terms of reduced environmental impact (or reduced carbon footprint) showed that up to 26 - 39 per cent less total energy (direct + embodied energy) was required to process the same quantity of ore and produce the same quantity of metal. This appears to be a generic feature of HPGR circuits irrespective of the operating conditions.
Molecular analysis of the PI3K‐AKT pathway in uterine cervical neoplasia: Frequent <i>PIK3CA</i> amplification and AKT phosphorylation (2005)

Uterine cervical carcinogenesis is probably dependent on cellular genetic damage in addition to the integration of high-risk HPV DNA in the epithelial cell genome. Gain of chromosome 3q24-29 is commonly observed in cervical neoplasia. The putative oncogene PIK3CA located in this region encodes a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K). In a process reversed by PTEN, PI3K generates inositol phospholipids that trigger AKT phosphorylation, which in turn effects tumor driving signals. We studied 46 specimens of formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded cervical neoplastic tissue. The activation state of the PI3K-AKT pathway was assessed immunohistochemically using an antibody with specificity towards serine 473-phosphorylated AKT. AKT phosphorylation was found in 39 out of 46 examined specimens. To examine the possible molecular basis for this activation, we searched for PIK3CA amplification using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. PIK3CA gene copy number was estimated to be 3 or more in 28 out of 40 successfully examined cases. Further, a PTEN mutation analysis of all 9 PTEN exons was carried out, but except for 1 metastasis with an exon 9 V369I heterozygosity, all cases showed normal PTEN sequence. Immunohistochemical staining for PTEN was strong in all lesions. In conclusion, an increased activation state of AKT kinase appears to be present in cervical carcinogenesis, and may be accounted for by PIK3CA amplification, whereas PTEN mutation seems to be of little importance.
Single-Crystalline Platinum Nanosheets from Nonionic Surfactant 2-D Self-Assemblies at Solid/Aqueous Solution Interfaces (2005)

Single-crystalline platinum nanosheets have been prepared via a new methodology based on the chemical reduction of a platinum salt (H2PtCl6) with hydrazine at a graphite/solution interface, using polyoxyethylene (20) sorbitan monostearate (Tween 60) based self-assembly (hemicylindrical micelle) templates. The platinum nanosheets with a uniform thickness of as thin as 3.5 +/- 1 nm are surface-smooth and continuous over relatively large length scales of micrometer sizes. In striking contrast to the Tween 60 based system, no Pt nanosheets are obtained with nonaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (C12EO9) and polyoxyethylene (23) dodecyl ether (C12EO23). No Pt nanosheets are also obtainable with a laterally homogeneous layer of Tween 60 formed at the silica/solution interface. These results indicate that surfactant Tween 60 molecules with a triple polyoxyethylene structure, as well as their hemicylindrical micelle templates, play an essential role for the formation of the Pt nanosheets. It is also suggested that the interfacially directed growth of Pt metals within the aqueous shells of the Tween 60 hemicylindrical micelles induces the thin Pt crystals as thick as the aqueous shells. The present approach could be extended to prepare a wide range of novel nanostructures of noble metals, using various micelle-like self-assemblies at interfaces.
Dominant paths for the field strength prediction (2002)

An algorithm for the determination of the dominant paths for indoor wave propagation is presented. The algorithm computes a tree of the relations between the rooms inside the building and the branches of the tree are used for the determination of the dominant paths. Based on these dominant paths, three different prediction models are presented and compared with one another and with measurements. Two of the three models are based on neural networks, trained with measurements and the third model is an empirical model. With the neural prediction models a good generalization is achieved and they are very accurate in buildings not used for the training of the neural network.
NLFM-DSS signal acquisition method based on DPT and PMF-FFT (2012)

For the problem of acquisition of high dynamic NLFM-DSS (nonlinear frequency modulation direct spread spectrum) signal, a kind of new method is presented, which is based on Discrete Polynomial-phase Transform (DPT) and PMFFFT. In this algorithm, the high-order phase coefficient of Polynomial Phase Signal (PPS) is estimated by DPT, so that the high-order phase term can be removed. Using this method, the NLFM-DSS signal can be transformed into new PN code multiplied by sine and new noise. That is direct sequence spread spectrum (DSSS) signal with the residual carrier frequency offset. And then, using algorithm based on partial correlation and Unrelated cumulation of power spectral to capture the signal. This paper presents the algorithm based on the signal model and the analytical expression, and through the use of computer simulation to verify the feasibility of the method.
Structural transition of α<sub>1</sub>‐antitrypsin by a peptide sequentially similar to β‐strand s4A (1990)

Crystal structure studies have shown that cleaved and intact serpins differ essentially in the topology of beta-sheet A. This is five-stranded in the intact molecules and six-stranded after cleavage by insertion of strand s4A whose C-terminus has become free [Löbermann, H., Tokuoka, R., Deisenhofer, J. & Huber, R. (1984) J. Mol. Biol. 177, 531-556; Wright, T. H., Qian, H. X. & Huber, R. (1990) J. Mol. Biol. 213, 513-528]. The structural transition is accompanied by changes in spectral properties and an increase in thermal stability. We show here that an N alpha-acetyl-tetradecapeptide with the amino acid sequence of strand s4A, residues 345-358 of human alpha 1-antitrypsin, associates with intact alpha 1-antitrypsin and forms a stoichiometric complex with properties very similar to cleaved alpha 1-antitrypsin. Complex generation has the characteristics of a folding process.
A language independent error recovery method for LL(1) parsers (1984)

Abstract An efficient and systematic LL(1) error recovery method is presented that has been implemented for an LL(1) parser generator. Error messages which provide good diagnostic information are generated automatically. Error correction is done by discarding some input symbols and popping up some symbols from the parsing‐stack in order to restore the parser to a valid configuration. Thus, symbol deletions and insertions are simulated. The choice between different possible corrections is made by comparing the cost of the inserted (popped) symbols with the reliability value of the recovery symbol (the first input symbol that is not discarded). Our concept of reliability is based on the observation that input symbols differ from each other in their ability to serve as recovery points. A high reliability value of a symbol asserts that it was probably not placed in the input by accident. So it is reasonable not to discard that symbol but to resume parsing. This is done even if a string with high insert‐cost has to be inserted before that symbol in order to fit it to the part of the program that has already been analysed. The error recovery routine is invoked only when an error is detected. Thus, there is no additional time required for parsing correct programs. Error‐correcting parsers for different languages, including Pascal, have been generated. Some experimental results are summarized.