gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Fixed-to-variable length distribution matching (2013)

Fixed-to-variable length (f2v) matchers are used to reversibly transform an input sequence of independent and uniformly distributed bits into an output sequence of bits that are (approximately) independent and distributed according to a target distribution. The degree of approximation is measured by the informational divergence between the output distribution and the target distribution. An algorithm is developed that efficiently finds optimal f2v codes. It is shown that by encoding the input bits blockwise, the informational divergence per bit approaches zero as the block length approaches infinity. A relation to data compression by Tunstall coding is established.
Solvent-Assisted Lipid Self-Assembly at Hydrophilic Surfaces: Factors Influencing the Formation of Supported Membranes (2015)

As a simple and efficient technique, the solvent-assisted lipid bilayer (SALB) formation method offers a versatile approach to fabricating a planar lipid bilayer on solid supports. Corresponding mechanistic aspects and the role of various governing parameters remain, however, to be better understood. Herein, we first scrutinized the effect of lipid concentration (0.01 to 5 mg/mL) and solvent type (isopropanol, n-propanol, or ethanol) on SALB formation on silicon oxide in order to identify optimal conditions for this process. The obtained fluid-phase lipid layers on silicon oxide were investigated by using the quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring, epifluorescence microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The experimental results indicate that, in alcohol, lipid attachment to the substrate is reversible and reaches equilibrium in accordance with the bulk lipid concentration. During the solvent-exchange step, the water fraction increases and the deposited lipids are converted into planar bilayer fragments, along with the concurrent adsorption and rupture of micelles within an optimal lipid concentration range. In addition, fluid-phase lipid bilayers were successfully formed on other substrates (e.g., chrome, indium tin oxide, and titanium oxide) that are largely intractable to conventional methods (e.g., vesicle fusion). Moreover, gel-phase lipid bilayers were fabricated as well. Depending on the phase state of the lipid bilayer during fabrication, the corresponding adlayer mass varied by approximately 20% between the fluid- and gel-phase states in a manner which is consistent with the molecular packing of lipids in the two arrangements. Taken together, our findings help to explain the mechanistic details of SALB formation, optimize the corresponding procedure, and demonstrate the general utility for fabricating gel- and fluid-phase planar lipid bilayers.
A new approach to the simulation of the coupled point defects and impurity diffusion (1990)

A program, named FINDPRO, has been developed which efficiently solves the coupled diffusion of point defects and multiple impurity species in two dimensions, using the finite difference method for space discretization. The program simulates an oxidation process step by interfacing with a boundary element oxidation program. It accounts for the effect of point defect recombination by subtracting the vacancy continuity equation from that of the interstitials and then using the point defect equilibrium relationship. The resulting equation is easier to handle numerically because the recombination term has been eliminated. Further, the point-defect-dopant interactions are essentially based on a steady-state approximation, but the correct defect gradients and concentrations in two or three dimensions relative to equilibrium are efficiently generated at a great saving in computational resources. The essential feature of the model used in this program is a realistic coupling between point defects and impurity species. The point defect fluxes depend on the concentrations of impurities and their gradients. Similarly, the impurity fluxes depend on the concentration and gradients of the point defects. This approach allows successful two-dimensional simulation of all major point-defect-mediated diffusion phenomena.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
New Digital Crack Monitoring System for Measuring and Documentation of Width of Cracks in Concrete Structures (2008)

Abstract: The width of cracks is one of the major sources of information for civil engineers for stability assessment and damage detection of concrete structures. Here a new, digital sys-tem is presented to record and analyse cracks. It uses a standard digital camera embedded into a calibrated, cylindrical attachment. Crack parameters like medium width, width variation and width profiles are recorded and analysed with a newly developed software. Applications in the laboratory and for real structures illustrate handling, achieved precision and data content in comparison to standard methods. 1.
Authenticity and Purity of Human Insulin (recombinant DNA) (1982)

A summary of the exhaustive analyses of human insulin (recombinant DNA) shows chemical, structural, and biologic equivalence to pancreatic human insulin. The high degree of purity accounts for its lack of pyrogenicity and immunogenic contamination. Human insulin from both the proinsulin and chain combination methods is essentially identical. The role of proinsulin as an alternate route to human insulin, and as a new treatment for diabetes when used alone or in combination with human insulin or connecting peptide, warrants further investigation.
An S-FSK power line carrier modem for utility AMR applications (1999)

Electric utility companies are giving more attention to the remote control and monitoring of vital network components by using the transmission capability of the power distribution network itself. In this paper, the realisation of an integrated modem chip for power line carrier technology is presented. The circuit, which is mainly digital, integrates the digital hardware blocks, the microprocessor and its software and the analog front end. Despite its focus on S-FSK modulation, the digital programmable architecture enables this chip to be adapted to alternate standards.
Cataloging a Special Art Collection (1989)

Since 1986, a project has been underway to catalog a private collection of the massive body of work of the artist Anne Ward Huey. The project has progressed from a handwritten card file to a computer file using AACR 2 and OCLC tags and format. A compact disc or videotape file is also presently projected. In addition to taking traditional library cataloging out of the library setting, the project has addressed a number of problems involved in cataloging silkscreen prints, and the records created by the project also contain information that AACR 2 does not specifically address but that artists consider important. The author recommends that the cataloging rules be revised to encompass these specific aspects of cataloging art work. This project could serve as a prototype by which other private or public art collections could receive thorough, enhanced documentation.
Pharmacokinetics of 2-F-ara-A (9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine) in cancer patients during the phase I clinical investigation of fludarabine phosphate. (1990)

Fludara I.V. (fludarabine phosphate) (2-F-ara-adenosine monophosphate [2-F-ara-AMP], NSC 312887) is the 5'-phosphate of 2-F-ara-A-(9-beta-D-arabinofuranosyl-2-fluoroadenine), a derivative of ara-A that is resistant to deamination and selectively inhibits DNA synthesis. Concurrent with the phase I evaluation of 2-F-ara-AMP administered as a single intravenous (IV) bolus every 21 days to patients with advanced malignancy, plasma pharmacokinetic profiles of 2-F-ara-A were determined in 30 patients following the rapid infusion (2 to 5 minutes) of doses of 2-F-ara-AMP ranging from 80 to 260 mg/m2. The parent drug was almost quantitatively converted to 2-F-ara-A by apparent first-pass metabolism, with maximum levels of 2-F-ara-A and very low levels (less than 1 fmol/L) of 2-F-ara-AMP observed only in the plasma samples obtained shortly after dosing (2 to 4 minutes). The plasma concentration-time profiles exhibited three exponential phases. Plasma concentrations were computer fitted to a three-compartment open model using a zero-order input function for the injection period. The 2-F-ara-A harmonic mean half-lives were t1/2 alpha = 4.97 minutes, t1/2 beta = 1.38 hours, t1/2 gamma = 10.41 hours, and the mean residence time was 10.51 hours. The rate-limiting process for elimination of the drug from the body appeared to be release from tissue binding sites. The mean total-body plasma clearance was 67.98 +/- 19.58 mL/min/m2 (mean +/- SD). The mean central compartment volume of distribution (V1) was 7.49 L/m2 or 0.20 L/kg. The mean steady-state volume of distribution (Vdss) was 44.17 L/m2 or 1.19 L/kg, indicating that 2-F-ara-A is distributed and bound to the tissues of the body. Total-body clearance and the volume parameters Vdss and Vd gamma decreased with an increase in serum creatinine, indicating that these pharmacokinetic parameters depend upon renal function. Dose reduction in patients with renal dysfunction is recommended.
Mechanism and Prevention of Spontaneous Tin Whisker Growth (2005)

Spontaneous Sn whisker growth on Cu leadframe finished with Pb-free solder is a serious reliability problem in electrical and electronic devices. Recently, Fortune magazine had an article to describe the urgency of the problem. The spontaneous growth is an irreversible process, in which there are two atomic fluxes driven by two kinds of driving force. There are a flux of Cu atoms and a flux of Sn atoms. The Cu atoms diffuse from the leadframe into the solder finish driven by chemical potential gradient to form intermetallic compound of Cu6Sn5 in the grain boundaries of the solder, and the growth of the compound at room temperature generates a compressive stress in the solder. To relieve the stress, a flux of Sn atoms driven by the stress gradient diffuses away to grow a spontaneous Sn whisker which is stress-free. The typical industry solution is to insert a diffusion barrier of Ni between the Cu and solder to prevent the diffusion of Cu into the solder. It is insufficient, because we have to uncouple the irreversible processes and stop both the fluxes of Cu and Sn. A solution is presented here.
P-113 - Five-year follow-up of a chinese patient with opiate drug psychological dependence after treatments with deep brain stimulation: case report (2012)

Opiate drug psychological dependence is acknowledged as a difficult problem in the world. Several studies have shown the short-term efficacy of deep brain stimulation (DBS) in reducing opiate addiction. In this case report, we report on long-term results up to five years in an opiate addiction patient. A 24-year-old man with three-year history of opiate addiction presented with several withdraw syndromes and more than three-time failures in detoxification. The patient was treated with bilateral DBS of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) for opiate psychological dependence. No relapse was found during the follow-up periods. This study suggests that DBS of the NAC could be an effective treatment of patients in reducing psychological dependence with a good recovery in psychological dysfunction.
Real-time monitoring of melting curves on DNA microarrays in plastic lab-on-foil system using silicon photomultiplier detectors (2014)

S.2294-2296
An Objective Fluctuation Score for Parkinson's Disease (2015)

The Fluctuation Score described here promises to be a useful tool for identifying patients whose fluctuations are progressing and may require therapeutic changes. It also shows promise as a useful research tool. Further studies are required to more accurately identify therapeutic targets and ranges.
Functional characterization of novel IL-2 transcriptional inhibitors. (1995)

IL-2-mediated T cell proliferation is a critical early event in the inflammatory process. Formation of the NFAT-1 transcriptional complex on the IL-2 promoter is essential for IL-2 transcription. Using a cell line that is stably transfected with a trimer of the NFAT-1 regulatory element linked to a lac-Z reporter gene, we screened for inhibitors of NFAT-1-mediated beta-galactosidase activity. WIN 61058 and WIN 53071 were identified as microM inhibitors. These compounds also inhibited beta-galactosidase mRNA levels. Similar inhibition of NFAT-1-mediated gene expression was observed in a second cell line, which is stably transfected with NFAT-1 regulatory elements linked to the reporter gene for sCD8. At 10 microM, both compounds inhibited IL-2 mRNA and protein levels in the NFAT-1-linked lac-Z transfectants, and in human lymphocytes. Both compounds inhibited the mixed lymphocyte reaction, and this inhibition was reversed by exogenous IL-2. WIN 53071 inhibited IL-2 production induced in the calcium-dependent PMA and ionomycin pathway. Conversely, calcium-independent anti-CD28 Ab and PMA-induced IL-2 production was resistant. Both compounds altered the NFAT-1 transcriptional complex, causing its retarded mobility on gels. By these functional criteria, we believe we have identified two structurally distinct, novel inhibitors of NFAT-1-mediated transcription.
A Correlation for the Detection of Time and Frequency Offsets (2009)

A correlation is proposed for use to detect time and frequency offsets in a received signal in a digital transmission system. Applications include time and frequency synchronization in a single frequency network; pre-distortion for high power amplifiers in a transmitter. The correlation is formed with the products of two pairs of transmitted samples and received samples. The same correlation can be used to detect both time and frequency offsets in the received signal.
West London first-episode study of schizophrenia (2000)

There was little evidence of any association between either DUP or DUI and progressive deterioration in the schizophrenic illness or the development of resistance to initial drug treatment. Social variables that augur a poor prognosis may be associated with delayed presentation of schizophrenia to psychiatric services.
DNA multiblock copolymers (2007)

Single stranded (ss) DNA block copolymers were applied to synthesize DNA multiblock architectures by hybridization; these polymeric bioorganic hybrids were characterized by gel electrophoresis and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
EXTRACTING RESPIRATION RATE FROM RAW ECG SIGNALS (2010)

There exists several techniques for monitoring respiration (spirometers, nasal thermocouples, transthoracic inductance, impedance plethysmography, strain gauge etc.), but each of these techniques requires a special device. The method proposed in this paper calculates the intervals of respiration rates extracted from ordinary electrocardiogram (ECG) signals. The result obtained shows clearly that each respiration cycle can be represented by a maxima. The simple algorithm proposed in this study is used to count the respiration times. The method has been tested on 26 voluntary subjects in three different conditions (normal, controlled breath to simulate apnea, and during sleep). Moreover, the respiration times obtained have been compared with the respiration rate acquired by Philips Physiological Monitor (MP60). The method proposed in this paper for normal subjects have an accuracy that can reach over 96%. However, for apnea subject, the proposed methods can reach over 93% accuracy. In conclusion, this technique is applicable to any type of automated ECG analysis, in real time and without the need of additional hardware.
Absorption and Luminescence Probes (2000)

Abstract Absorption and luminescence probes are molecules or ions whose spectral properties depend upon the chemical nature of the solubilizing media in the immediate vicinity of the probe molecule. Probe character is generally evidenced by the appearance of new spectral bands, shifts in the absorption or emission wavelengths, or by changes in emission intensities. Probe molecules have been used to determine solvent polarity and solvent acidity/basicity, pH, microviscosity, temperature and/or presence of specific ions/molecules. When combined with fluorescence lifetime measurements, absorption and luminescence probes can provide additional information regarding diffusion coefficients in probe excimer formation, fluidity in lipid vesicles, and rates of intermolecular collisions in quenching experiments.
Corrugated layered heptazine-based carbon nitride: the lowest energy modifications of C3N4 ground state (2009)

We systematically investigate trends in carbon nitride structures targeting the lowest energy configuration of C3N4. Layered conformations, sp2-bonded, turn out to be more favorable than denser, sp3-bonded, networks. Among layered structures, those comprising the heptazine motif are consistently lower in energy when compared to triazine-based models. Additional decrease of energy is achieved by corrugation of the layers, driven by avoiding repulsive interactions between nitrogen lone-pairs. Consequences of such curvature are for one the necessity to approximate the lowest energy configuration of C3N4 with very large unit cells, as indicated through ab-initio molecular dynamic simulations. Secondly, curvature favors the genesis of confined structures of carbon nitride: the energy difference between “one-dimensional” nanostructures and the layered state is at least smaller for C3N4 than for pure carbon.
Browser Fingerprinting: A survey (2019)

With this paper, we survey the research performed in the domain of browser fingerprinting, while providing an accessible entry point to newcomers in the field. We explain how this technique works and where it stems from. We analyze the related work in detail to understand the composition of modern fingerprints and see how this technique is currently used online. We systematize existing defense solutions into different categories and detail the current challenges yet to overcome.
A RSS/AOA based indoor positioning system with a single LED lamp (2015)

Indoor positioning using visible light has attracted great attentions in the world. The reported indoor positioning schemes based on visible light are limited by installing multiple LED lamps in the environments. In order to overcome this limitation, we propose a novel indoor positioning system using only one LED lamp, in which a smartphone is used to be receiver to estimate the three-dimension (3-D) position by using the received-signal-strength (RSS) and angle-of-arrival (AOA) positioning algorithm. The proposed system is demonstrated by experiment and the results show that ~10.2-cm average positioning error is achieved in a 2 m × 2 m × 2.5 m indoor environment.
DNA sequence and expression of the 36-kilodalton outer membrane protein gene of Brucella abortus (1989)

The cloning of the gene(s) encoding a 36-kilodalton (kDa) cell envelope protein of Brucella abortus has been previously described (T. A. Ficht, S. W. Bearden, B. A. Sowa, and L. G. Adams, Infect, Immun. 56:2036-2046, 1988). In an attempt to define the nature of the previously described duplication at this locus we have sequenced 3,500 base pairs of genomic DNA encompassing this region. The duplication represented two similar open reading frames which shared more than 85% homology at the nucleotide level but differed primarily because of the absence of 108 nucleotides from one of the two gene copies. These two genes were read from opposite strands and potentially encoded proteins which are 96% homologous. The predicted gene products were identical over the first 100 amino acids, including 22-amino-acid-long signal sequences. The amino acid composition of the predicted proteins was similar to that obtained for the Brucella porin isolated by Verstreate et al. (D. R. Verstreate, M. T. Creasy, N. T. Caveney, C. L. Baldwin, M. W. Blab, and A. J. Winter, Infect. Immun. 35:979-989, 1982) and presumably represented two copies of the porin gene, tentatively identified as omp 2a (silent) and omp 2b (expressed). The homology between the two genes extended to and included Shine-Dalgarno sequences 7 base pairs upstream from the ATG start codons. Homology at the 3' ends extended only as far as the termination codon, but both genes had putative rho-independent transcription termination sites. Localization of the promoters proved more difficult, since the canonical procaryotic sequences could not be identified in the region upstream of either gene. Promoter activity was demonstrated by ligation to a promoterless lacZ gene in pMC1871. However, only one active promoter could be identified by using this system. A 36-kDa protein was synthesized in E. coli with the promoter in the native orientation and was identical in size to the protein produced in laboratory-grown B. abortus. When the promoter-containing fragment was inverted, a 33-kDa protein was expressed. These results were consistent with the predicted sizes based on the nucleotide sequences of the open reading frames in omp 2b and omp 2a. Whether this locus contains one active and one silent or cryptic porin gene, or two active Brucella porin genes expressed under different environmental conditions, is discussed.
Mapping Protein−Protein Interactions in Solution by NMR Spectroscopy (2001)

NMR is very well suited to the study of especially weak protein-protein interactions, as no crystallization is required. The available NMR methods to this end are reviewed and illustrated with applications from the recent biochemical literature: intermolecular NOEs, cross-saturation, chemical shift perturbation, dynamics and exchange perturbation, paramagnetic methods, and dipolar orientation. Most of these methods are now routinely applied for complexes with total molecular mass of 60 kDa and can likely be applied to systems up to 1000 kDa. A substantial fraction of complexes studied show distinct effects of induced fit affecting structural and dynamical properties beyond the contact interface.
Efficient Synthesis of [2‘-<sup>18</sup>O]Uridine and Its Incorporation into Oligonucleotides:  A New Tool for Mechanistic Study of Nucleotidyl Transfer Reactions by Isotope Effect Analysis (2007)

Lack of sufficient quantities of isotopically labeled materials has precluded the use of heavy atom isotope effects to investigate mechanisms of nucleotidyl transfer reactions in nucleic acids. Here we achieve regioselective opening of 2,2'-cyclouridine with [(18)O2]benzoic acid/potassium hydride, allowing an efficient "one-pot" synthesis of [2'-18O]uridine in 88% yield. Conversion to the corresponding phosphoramidite enables solid-phase synthesis of [2'-(18)O] RNA substrates for isotope effect studies with nucleotidyl transferases and hydrolases.