gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Explosive percolation: A numerical analysis (2010)

Percolation is one of the most studied processes in statistical physics. A recent paper by Achlioptas [Science 323, 1453 (2009)] showed that the percolation transition, which is usually continuous, becomes discontinuous ("explosive") if links are added to the system according to special cooperative rules (Achlioptas processes). In this paper, we present a detailed numerical analysis of Achlioptas processes with product rule on various systems, including lattices, random networks á la Erdös-Rényi, and scale-free networks. In all cases, we recover the explosive transition by Achlioptas However, the explosive percolation transition is kind of hybrid as, despite the discontinuity of the order parameter at the threshold, one observes traces of analytical behavior such as power-law distributions of cluster sizes. In particular, for scale-free networks with degree exponent lambda<3 , all relevant percolation variables display power-law scaling, just as in continuous second-order phase transitions.
Mushrooms of North America (1992)

A comprehensive guide to the mushrooms and other fungi of North America. The author has spent years in field research, studying and photographing thousands of specimens and even identifying a previously unknown variety that is now named after him. Each of the photographs are taken in controlled studio light, revealing the characteristic physical aspects and a cross section of every mushroom. The text offers information on where and when to find each mushroom, and how to make a positive identification. A useful guide for both beginners and serious mycologists.
Effect of instruction on dental students’ ability to light-cure a simulated restoration. (2012)

Provision of immediate feedback on light-curing technique and instruction on how to avoid mistakes led to a significant and lasting improvement in the amount of energy delivered by the students.
Pressure-composition isotherms of hydrogen and deuterium in vanadium films measured with a vibrating quartz microbalance (1982)

Thin films of vanadium produced by vapour deposition on vibrating quartz crystals were used to determine thermodynamic parameters of hydrogen occlusion from the gas phase in the pressure range 10-10<or=p<or=40 bar and temperature range -20<or=T<or=100 degrees C. The partial molar enthalpies and entropies of solution in the dilute Sieverts' law regime were found to be Delta HHx=-26 kJ (mol H)-1, Delta HDx=-28 kJ (mol H)-1 and Delta SH,Dx nc/R=-6. The pressure-composition isotherms indicated various phase transitions in agreement with the known phase diagram. Values of the enthalpies of transition Delta H (in kJ (mol H)-) and the entropies of transition Delta S/R were -35 and -5 for VHx<<1( alpha )-VH0.5( beta ); -36 and -6 for VDx<<1( alpha )-VD0.5( beta ); -37 and -7 for VD0.5( beta )-VD0.7( alpha '); -21 and -8.5 for VH( beta ')-VH2( epsilon ); and -23 and -8 for VD( alpha ')-VD2( epsilon ). The hydriding-dehydriding kinetics were dominated by surface effects.
Liposomes and micelles in cacner chemotherapy. (2001)

An objective of DDS in cancer chemotherapy is to find methods by which anticancer agents selectively target solid tumors. Two main concepts constitute selective tumor targeting, active targeting and passive targeting. The former involves monoclonal antibodies or ligands to tumor related receptors which can target the tumor by utilizing specific binding ability between the antibody and antigen or between the ligand and its receptor. The latter system can be achieved by the so-called “EPR effect, the enhanced permeability and retention effect”. Regarding passive targeting, doxil, a pegylated liposomal doxorubicin, received Food and Drug Administration approval for Kaposi's sarcoma or ovarian cancer. Recent clinical trials including phase III randomized trial have shown clear clinical benefits of doxil. In comparison to doxorubicin, doxil has a significantly smaller volume of distribution, larger AUC, slower clearance, and longer elimination half-life. These different pharmacokinetic profiles likely contribute to the different toxicity profiles and improved therapeutic benefit observed with doxil. NK 911 is a doxorubicin entrapped in a polymer micelle. A phase I clinical trial of NK 911 has just initiated in the National Cancer Center. Miceller encapsulated taxol, KRN 5500 or cisplatin have been developed recently. These will be also evaluated in clinical trials in the near future.
Attosecond Lighthouses: How To Use Spatiotemporally Coupled Light Fields To Generate Isolated Attosecond Pulses (2012)

Under the effect of even simple optical components, the spatial properties of femtosecond laser beams can vary over the duration of the light pulse. We show how using such spatiotemporally coupled light fields in high harmonic generation experiments (e.g., in gases or dense plasmas) enables the production of attosecond lighthouses, i.e., sources emitting a collection of angularly well-separated light beams, each consisting of an isolated attosecond pulse. This general effect opens the way to a new generation of light sources, particularly suitable for attosecond pump-probe experiments, and provides a new tool for ultrafast metrology, for instance, giving direct access to fluctuations of the carrier-envelope relative phase of even the most intense ultrashort lasers.
Selection and Validation of Reference Genes for qRT-PCR in Cycas elongata (2016)

Quantitative reverse transcription PCR (qRT-PCR) is a sensitive technique used in gene expression studies. To achieve a reliable quantification of transcripts, appropriate reference genes are required for comparison of transcripts in different samples. However, few reference genes are available for non-model taxa, and to date, reliable reference genes in Cycas elongata have not been well characterized. In this study, 13 reference genes (ACT7, TUB, UBQ, EIF4, EF1, CLATHRIN1, PP2A, RPB2, GAPC2, TIP41, MAPK, SAMDC and CYP) were chosen from the transcriptome database of C. elongata, and these genes were evaluated in 8 different organ samples. Three software programs, NormFinder, GeNorm and BestKeeper, were used to validate the stability of the potential reference genes. Results obtained from these three programs suggested that CeGAPC2 and CeRPB2 are the most stable reference genes, while CeACT7 is the least stable one among the 13 tested genes. Further confirmation of the identified reference genes was established by the relative expression of AGAMOUSE gene of C. elongata (CeAG). While our stable reference genes generated consistent expression patterns in eight tissues, we note that our results indicate that an inappropriate reference gene might cause erroneous results. Our systematic analysis for stable reference genes of C. elongata facilitates further gene expression studies and functional analyses of this species.
Improved Nitro Blue Tetrazolium staining of creatine kinase isoenzymes following agarose gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels (1987)

Abstract An improved method is described for Nitro Blue Tetrazolium staining of creatine kinase isoenzymes following agarose gel electrophoresis or isoelectric focusing in polyacrylamide gels. The method allows the standard although transient fluorescent stain to be followed by Nitro Blue Tetrazolium staining to give a more permanent positive stain without background interference. It employs. 0.05 M para‐chloromercuribenzoate to block the adverse effects of sulfhydryl compounds (included in commercial creatine kinase‐reagents) upon Nitro Blue Tetrazolium staining.
Heart-to-heart (H2H) (2013)

We present Heart-to-Heart (H2H), a system to authenticate external medical device controllers and programmers to Implantable Medical Devices (IMDs). IMDs, which include pacemakers and cardiac defibrillators, are therapeutic medical devices partially or wholly embedded in the human body. They often have built-in radio communication to facilitate non-invasive reprogramming and data readout. Many IMDs, though, lack well designed authentication protocols, exposing patients to over-the-air attack and physical harm.
Regulation of eicosanoid production and mitogenesis in rat intestinal epithelial cells by transforming growth factor-alpha and phorbol ester. (1994)

Growth factors and tumor promoters have been shown to play a role in intestinal epithelial growth regulation and transformation. In this study, transforming growth factor-alpha (TGF alpha) and the tumor promoter, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate (TPA), are shown to stimulate the production of eicosanoids by rat intestinal epithelial (RIE-1) cells in culture. A 4.5-kb mRNA, which hybridizes to the mouse cyclooxygenase-2 cDNA probe, is elevated 18-fold within 30 min after TGF alpha or TPA treatment. Stimulation of RIE-1 cells with TGF alpha leads to the increase of a protein (M(r) approximately 69,000), which binds a monospecific antibody to the mouse cyclooxygenase-2 protein. Dexamethasone markedly inhibits the increase of the 4.5-kb mRNA. Pretreatment of TGF alpha or TPA-stimulated RIE-1 cells with dexamethasone or cyclooxygenase inhibitors prevents the increase in eicosanoid production by these cells. Treatment of quiescent RIE-1 cells with TGF alpha stimulates mitogenesis. This mitogenic activity is blocked by pretreating the cells with dexamethasone or cyclooxygenase inhibitors. A mitogen-inducible cyclooxygenase gene is thus shown to be regulated by TGF alpha and TPA in rat intestinal epithelial cells. We suggest that products of an intestinal growth factor-inducible cyclooxygenase may play a role in the regulation of mitogenesis.
Developmental origin of age-related coronary artery disease (2015)

Taken together, these data reveal heterogeneity in the fetal epicardium that is linked to coronary artery integrity, and that distortion of the coronaries epicardial origin predisposes to adult onset disease.
Monomer Systems for Dental Composites and Their Future: A Review (2009)

This review discusses the history of monomers used in resin composites, highlights recent and ongoing research reported in the field of dental monomer systems, and future development. The main deficiencies of current resin composites are polymerization shrinkage and insufficient wear resistance under high masticatory forces. The problem has been approached with the synthesis of potentially low-shrinking/nonshrinking resin composites. Monomer systems have been formulated that improve the degree of conversion and mechanical properties.
Amelioration of Experimental Autoimmune Uveitis by Leflunomide in Lewis Rats (2013)

Oral administration of leflunomide effectively suppressed IRBP-induced uveitis in rats. These results suggest that leflunomide may be potentially clinical application in uveitis.
STUDIES ON THIOPEPTIN ANTIBIOTICS (1970)

The microbiological characteristics of Streptomyces strain No. 7906 include formation of white aerial mycelium, light brown growth and thick aerial hyphae forming tufts. Strain No. 7906 was compared with known species and identified as a new species and given the name Streptomyces tateyamensis. Streptomyces tateyamensis No. 7906 produces new sulfur-containing peptide antibiotics which are named thiopeptins. The major component, thiopeptin B, is obtained as a crystalline powder decomposing at 219-222°C, and exhibiting optical rotation [a]23D -80°(c 1, chloroform). Its elementary analysis suggested the empirical formula C72H90O22N18S6. The ultraviolet absorption maxima (shoulder) were found at 230-250, 295 and 305 mμ. Thiopeptin B showed strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria and had no cross resistance with penicillins, aminoglycoside antibiotics, tetracyclines and macrolides. The administration of 500 mg/kg of this antibiotic into mice by intraperitoneal route did not result in any toxic symptom.
Polymorphic transformations in glycine co-crystals at low temperature and high pressure: two new examples as a follow-up to a glycine–glutaric acid study (2016)

The effects of temperature and pressure on the co-crystals of glycine with DL-tartaric and phthalic acids (GTa and GPh, respectively) have been studied by X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy in comparison with those on glycine–glutaric acid (GGa). On cooling, no phase transitions were observed in GTa or GPh, in contrast to the situation with GGa. On hydrostatic compression, both GTa and GPh underwent reversible phase transformations, accompanied by fracture. In the high-pressure phases, the main structural framework was preserved, and the number of crystallographically independent molecules in the unit cell increased. In GTa, dimers are squeezed together so that some hydrogen bonds get a three-centered character, and the interactions of one of the two glycine molecules change dramatically.
Impact of process-variations in STTRAM and adaptive boosting for robustness (2015)

Spin-Torque Transfer Random Access Memory (STTRAM) is a promising technology for high density on-chip cache due to low standby power. Additionally, it offers fast access time, good endurance and retention. However, it suffers from poor write latency and write power. Additionally we observe that process variation can result in large spread in write and read latency variations. The performance of conventionally designed STTRAM cache can degrade as much as 10% due to process variations. We propose a novel and adaptive write current boosting to address this issue. The bits experiencing worst-case write latency are fixed through write current boosting. Simulations show 80% power improvement compared to boosting all bit-cells and 13% performance improvement compared to worst case latency due to process variation over a wide range of PARSEC benchmarks.
In vivo inflammation imaging using a CB2R-targeted near infrared fluorescent probe. (2015)

Chronic inflammation is considered as a critical cause of a host of disorders, such as cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and neurodegenerative diseases, although the exact mechanism is yet to be explored. Imaging tools that can specifically target inflammation are therefore important to help reveal the role of inflammation in disease progression, and allows for developing new therapeutic strategies to ultimately improve patient care. The purpose of this study was to develop a new in vivo inflammation imaging approach by targeting the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2R), an emerging inflammation biomarker, using a unique near infrared (NIR) fluorescent probe. Herein, we report the first in vivo CB2R-targeted NIR inflammation imaging study using a synthetic fluorescent probe developed in our laboratory, NIR760-mbc94. In vitro binding assay and fluorescence microscopy study indicate NIR760-mbc94 specifically binds towards CB2R in mouse RAW264.7 macrophage cells. Furthermore, in vivo imaging was performed using a Complete Freund's Adjuvant (CFA)-induced inflammation mouse model. NIR760-mbc94 successfully identified inflamed tissues and the probe uptake was blocked by a CB2R ligand, SR144528. Additionally, immunofluorescence staining in cryosectioned tissues validated the NIR760-mbc94 uptake in inflamed tissues. In conclusion, this study reports the first in vivo CB2R-targeted inflammation imaging using an NIR fluorescent probe. Specific targeting of NIR760-mbc94 has been demonstrated in macrophage cells, as well as a CFA-induced inflammation mouse model. The combined evidence indicates that NIR760-mbc94 is a promising inflammation imaging probe. Moreover, in vivo CB2R-targeted fluorescence imaging may have potential in the study of inflammation-related diseases.
Maximum likelihood estimation of the attenuated ultrasound pulse (1994)

The attenuated ultrasound pulse is divided into two parts: a stationary basic pulse and a nonstationary attenuation pulse. A standard ARMA model is used for the basic pulse, and a nonstandard ARMA model is derived for the attenuation pulse. The maximum likelihood estimator of the attenuated ultrasound pulse, which includes a maximum likelihood attenuation estimator, is derived. The results of this correspondence are of great importance for deconvolution and attenuation imaging in medical ultrasound.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A 3-10 GHz SiGe resistive feedback low noise amplifier for UWB applications (2005)

The analysis and design of an inductorless, resistive feedback low noise amplifier using advanced SiGe HBT technology, for application in UWB systems is presented. Measurements show 20 dB of gain with 1 dB variation over the 3 GHz to 10 GHz band, and a matched input and output with less than -10 dB of reflection. A minimum noise figure is 3.05 dB at 3 GHz and increases to 4.5 dB at 10 GHz. All these results are comparable to that of conventional LNAs with an emitter degenerated inductor, but this resistive feedback LNA has the advantage of die area over previous wideband LNAs due to the lack of a spiral inductor. Simple analytical design expressions are given for wideband LNA design and are verified using simulation and measurements. The measured input IP3 is -11.75 dBm with 17 mA total current consumption from 2.5 V supply.
Food Allergies (1992)

Food allergies afflict only certain individuals in the population, but the resultant adverse reactions can be quite serious on occasion. The foods eliciting these adverse reactions are safe to consume for the vast majority of consumers. Many different types of mechanisms are involved in these individualistic adverse reactions to foods (1,2). The various types of reactions are listed in Table 1 along with some of the common foods known to elicit these reactions. True Food Allergies True food allergies result from an abnormal immunologic response to some component of a food. Gell et al. (3) classified hypersensitivity into four distinct types designated as types I-IV on the basis of the type of immunologic mechanism involved in the reaction. Three of these types of true allergic reactions (types I, III, and IV) may occur with foods. The Type I reactions are mediated by immunoglobulin E (IgE). These reactions are often known
<scp>l</scp> -Arginine Augments Cardiac Vagal Control in Healthy Human Subjects (2002)

Cardiac vagal control has prognostic significance in cardiac disease, but the control mechanisms of this system remain poorly understood. We have previously demonstrated a role for NO in promoting vagal control of heart rate in humans. Here we examine the influence of L-arginine, the substrate for NO synthase, on this mechanism in healthy human subjects. Eleven healthy volunteers (9 men; age, 20 to 25 years) underwent measurement of heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity before and during a systemic infusion of L-arginine (1 g/min; total, 30 g). To control for the fall in blood pressure, comparison was made with an infusion of the control vasodilator hydralazine. Stereospecificity of observed effects was investigated by infusion of D-arginine. Urinary nitrate and nitrite (NO(x)) and cGMP concentrations were measured as indexes of NO generation. L-Arginine infusion produced a drop in mean arterial pressure of 5 mm Hg. This fall in blood pressure was matched by hydralazine infusion and was not observed with either D-arginine or saline infusion. Although RR interval duration, heart rate variability, and baroreflex sensitivity all fell significantly with hydralazine, the same degree of baroreflex unloading with L-arginine produced an increase in RR interval duration and no change or even slight increases in heart rate variability and baroreflex sensitivity. In contrast, D-arginine produced falls in high-frequency indexes of heart rate variability compared with saline. Only L-arginine increased urinary NO(x) and cGMP excretion. In conclusion, these data demonstrate that short-term L-arginine infusion facilitates vagal control of heart rate in healthy humans, probably via increased NO synthesis.
Optimizing connected component labeling algorithms (2005)

This paper presents two new strategies that can be used to greatly improve the speed of connected component labeling algorithms. To assign a label to a new object, most connected component labeling algorithms use a scanning step that examines some of its neighbors. The first strategy exploits the dependencies among them to reduce the number of neighbors examined. When considering 8-connected components in a 2D image, this can reduce the number of neighbors examined from four to one in many cases. The second strategy uses an array to store the equivalence information among the labels. This replaces the pointer based rooted trees used to store the same equivalence information. It reduces the memory required and also produces consecutive final labels. Using an array instead of the pointer based rooted trees speeds up the connected component labeling algorithms by a factor of 5 ~ 100 in our tests on random binary images.
Wage Subsidies in a Program for Economic Inclusion and Growth (2011)

This paper is in three parts. The first part discusses the workings of a wage subsidy scheme in boosting employment and earnings of workers. The second part reviews the empirical evidence on the effectiveness of wage subsidy schemes in countries that have implemented them both as countercyclical policies as well as structural programs to boost long-term earnings and employment of low wage workers. The third part looks at Singapore as a case study of how wage subsidies have been used in a program for generating economic inclusion both in the context of growth as well as in the context of business fluctuations.
Using Opaque Image Blur for Real-Time Depth-of-Field Rendering and Image-Based Motion Blur (2011)

While depth of field is an important cinematographic means, its use in real-time computer graphics is still limited by the computational costs that are necessary to achieve a sufficient image quality. Specifically, color bleeding artifacts between objects at different depths are most effectively avoided by a decomposition into sub-images and the independent blurring of each sub-image. This decomposition, however, can result in rendering artifacts at silhouettes of objects. We propose a new blur filter that increases the opacity of all pixels to avoid these artifacts at the cost of physically less accurate but still plausible rendering results. The proposed filter is named "opaque image blur" and is based on a glow filter that is applied to the alpha channel. We present a highly efficient GPU-based pyramid algorithm that implements this filter for depth-of-field rendering. Moreover, we demonstrate that the opaque image blur can also be used to add motion blur effects to images in real time.
Experiments on an Optically Controlled 2-D Scanning Antenna 1 (1998)

We present latest results on an optically-controlled, millimeter wave (MMW) scanning antenna. The antenna employs a photo-conducting wafer in which a spatially varying plasma density is photo-injected by a computer controlled light source. The varying plasma density alters the local dielectric constant of the wafer material and allows diffractive control over incident MMW radiation. Operation from 20 to 100 GHz is described, with beam scanning of 30 o in two-dimensions. Experimental results show that the beam can be scanned (hopped) in arbitrary directions at rates greater than 1000 hops per second with excellent control in software. Beam scanners based on this approach promise to be fast, inexpensive, and easily controlled.