gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Moderate to Robust Game Theoretical Model for Intrusion Detection in MANETs (2008)

One popular solution for reducing the resource consumption of intrusion detection system (IDS) in MANET is to elect a head-cluster (leader) to provide intrusion detection service to other nodes in the same cluster. However, such a moderate mode is only suitable when the probability of attack is low. Once the probability of attack is high, victim nodes should launch their own IDSs to detect and thwart intrusions. Such a robust mode is, however, costly with respect to energy and leads nodes to die faster. Clearly, to reduce the resource consumption of IDSs and yet keep its effectiveness, a critical issue is: when should we shift from moderate to robust mode? In this paper, we formalize this issue as a nonzero-sum noncooperative game theoretical model that takes into consideration the tradeoff between security and IDS resource consumption. The game solution will guide the leader-IDS to find the right moment for notifying the victim node to launch its IDS once the security risk is high enough. To achieve this goal, the Bayesian game theory is used to analyze the interaction between the leader-IDS and intruder with incomplete information about the intruder. By solving such a game, we are able to find the threshold value for notifying the victim node to launch its IDS once the probability of attack exceeds that value. Simulation results show that our scheme can effectively reduce the IDS resource consumption without sacrificing security.
The molecular biology of mammalian arachidonic acid metabolism (1991)

The metabolism of arachidonic acid by cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase enzymes results in a wide range of oxidized products with potent biological activities. These metabolites, which include the prostaglandins and leukotrienes, have been implicated in the pathogenesis of a variety of inflammatory diseases. Research over the last decade has focused primarily on the elucidation of the chemical structure of the metabolites and their biological effects in vitro and in vivo. Recently, research on the enzymes that produce these bioactive metabolites through oxidization of arachidonic acid has intensified. Recombinant DNA techniques have enabled investigators to determine the nucleotide sequences for several of the enzymes in the arachidonic acid cascade. The resulting cDNAs are now being used to further investigate the biochemical and biological features of arachidonic acid metabolism. The purpose of this paper is to review how the cDNAs for these enzymes were obtained, what information they convey, and how they are being applied in current research.
Pharmacokinetic comparison of a delayed-release combination of doxylamine succinate and pyridoxine hydrocholoride (Diclectin) and oral solutions of these drugs in healthy women of childbearing age. (2009)

The pharmacokinetic profile of Diclectin well explains its documented delayed efficacy.
Delayed Intrathecal Delivery of RhoA siRNA to the Contused Spinal Cord Inhibits Allodynia, Preserves White Matter, and Increases Serotonergic Fiber Growth (2011)

RhoA is a key regulator of the actin cytoskeleton that is upregulated after spinal cord injury (SCI). We analyzed different methods for siRNA delivery and developed siRNAs targeting RhoA (siRhoA) for SCI treatment. Cy 3.5-labeled siRNA delivered at the time of SCI yielded fluorescence in several cell types in the injury site. Intraspinal injections of chemically stabilized siRhoA into the spinal cord of injured rats reduced RhoA protein levels after 1 week and improved hindlimb walking over 6 weeks. To explore a less invasive route, we tested intrathecal injection of Cy 3.5-labeled siRNA via lumbar puncture 1 day after SCI, which resulted in robust uptake in the T9-T10 injury site. Lumbar injection of siRhoA 1 day after SCI reduced RhoA mRNA and protein levels 3 days after injection. Although siRhoA treatment did not yield significant improvement in locomotion, it decreased tactile hypersensitivity significantly compared to controls. Histological analysis at 8 weeks showed significant improvement in white matter sparing with siRhoA compared to control siRNA. siRhoA treatment also resulted in less accumulation of ED1+macrophages, increased PKC-γ immunoreactivity in the corticospinal tract rostral to the injury site, and increased serotonergic fiber growth 12 mm caudal to the contusion site. The ability of siRhoA to preserve white matter and promote serotonergic axonal regrowth caudal to the injury site is likely to suppress allodynia. This provides justification for considering clinical development of RhoA inhibitors to treat SCI sub-acutely to reduce allodynia, which occurs frequently in SCI patients.
Bounds and error estimates for radiosity (1994)

We present a method for determining a posteriori bounds and estimates for local and total errors in radiosity solutions. The ability to obtain bounds and estimates for the total error is crucial fro reliably judging the acceptability of a solution. Realistic estimates of the local error improve the efficiency of adaptive radiosity algorithms, such as hierarchical radiosity, by indicating where adaptive refinement is necessary.First, we describe a hierarchical radiosity algorithm that computes conservative lower and upper bounds on the exact radiosity function, as well as on the approximate solution. These bounds account for the propagation of errors due to interreflections, and provide a conservative upper bound on the error. We also describe a non-conservative version of the same algorithm that is capable of computing tighter bounds, from which more realistic error estimates can be obtained. Finally, we derive an expression for the effect of a particular interaction on the total error. This yields a new error-driven refinement strategy for hierarchical radiosity, which is shown to be superior to brightness-weighted refinement.
Stem cell deficiencies and thymic abnormalities in fetal mouse trisomy 16. (1985)

Mouse fetuses with trisomy 16 have severe abnormalities of several hematopoietic stem cell and precursor populations. The thymus is extremely hypoplastic, with a greater than or equal to 80% reduction in the number of thymocytes. This cellular deficiency appears to be the result of a deficiency in the number of precursor cells in the early thymus, since the rate of proliferation of thymocytes in explanted day-14 thymuses was normal. However, the functional maturation of thymocytes was delayed in vitro in day-17 organ explants, although the maximal response to the mitogenic and interleukin 2-stimulating effects of concanavalin A are quantitatively normal. B cells and pre-B cells in the fetal liver were moderately decreased, but the ability of fetal liver cells to be transformed by Abelson murine leukemia virus was nearly totally lost. There were also significant relative and absolute decreases in the number of spleen, culture, and erythroid colony-forming units (CFU-S, CFU-C, CFU-E) and of erythroid burst-forming units (BFU-E) in the trisomic liver, and the trisomic animals were anemic with small spleens and livers. However, unlike other genetically caused anemias, there was no reduction in the number of germ cells. The hematopoietic abnormalities in the trisomy 16 mouse, involving the lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid cell lineages, are much more generalized than the abnormalities in any of the other described genetically caused immunodeficiencies or anemias in the mouse. They are also more severe than those in human trisomy 21 (Down syndrome), for which mouse trisomy 16 is a genetic model, but there does exist an interesting parallel between the thymic abnormalities in the two species.
Voting Logic Fusion (2009)

Voting logic fusion overcomes many of the drawbacks associated with using single sensors or sensors that recognize signals based on only one signature generation phenomenology to detect targets in a hostile environment. For example, voting logic fusion provides protection against false alarms in high clutter backgrounds and decreases susceptibility to countermeasures that may mask a signature of a valid target or cause a weapon system to fire at a false target. Voting logic may be an appropriate data fusion technique to apply when a multiple sensor system is used to detect, classify, and track objects. Figure 8.1 shows the strengths and weaknesses of combining sensor outputs in parallel, series, and in seriesâparallel. Generally, the parallel configuration provides good detection of targets with suppressed signatures because only one sensor in the suite is required to detect the target. The series configuration provides good rejection of false targets when the sensors respond to signals generated by different phenomena. The weaknesses of these configurations become apparent by reversing their advantages. The parallel is subject to false target detection and susceptibility to decoys, since one sensor may respond to a strong signal from a nontarget. The series arrangement requires signatures to be generated by all the phenomena encompassed by the sensors. Thus, the series configuration functions poorly when one or more of the expected signature phenomena is absent or weak, such as when a target signature is suppressed. The seriesâparallel configuration supports a voting logic fusion process that incorporates the advantages of the parallel and series configurations. These are rejection of signatures from decoys, clutter, and other nontargets and detection of targets that have one or more of their signature domains suppressed. We will show that voting fusion (one of the feature-based inference fusion techniques for object classification) allows the sensors to automatically detect and classify objects to the extent of their knowledge. This process does not require explicit switching of sensors based on the quality of their inputs to the fusion processor or the real-time characteristics of the operating environment. The sensor outputs are always connected to the fusion logic, which is designed to incorporate all anticipated combinations of sensor knowledge. Auxiliary operating modes may be added to the automatic voting process to further optimize sensor system performance under some special conditions that are identified in advance.
Epitaxial growth of Cu on Si by magnetron sputtering (1998)

Epitaxial Cu films were grown on H-terminated Si(100), Si(110) and Si(111) substrates by magnetron sputtering. The epitaxial orientation relationships and microstructural characteristics of the Cu films were studied by x-ray diffraction (XRD) including the conventional θ-2θ mode, rocking curve and pole figures, as well as by transmission electron microscopy. The results of both pole figure and electron diffraction reveal the epitaxial orientation relationship of the Cu/Si epitaxial system is as follows: Cu(100)/Si(100) with Cu[010]//Si[011]; Cu(111)//Si(110) with Cu[1̄10]//Si[001] and Cu[11̄0]//Si[001] which are twin related; and for the Cu/Si(111) system the Cu film grows primarily in the epitaxial relationship of Cu(111)/Si(111) with Cu[11̄0]//Si[2̄11]. It is shown by XRD that Si(110) is a more favorable substrate than Si(111) for the epitaxial growth of Cu(111). An ultrathin Cu(111) film (up to 2.5 nm) with high epitaxial quality can be grown on Si(110). The epitaxial relationships of the Cu/Si are discussed on the basis of geometrical lattice matching, including the invariant-line criterion and the superlattice area mismatch rule.
Formation and growth of black spots in organic light-emitting diodes (1996)

We report electroluminescence (EL) degradation studies of thin-film organic light-emitting diodes under ambient conditions. Bilayer organic ITO/TPD/Alq3/Mg/Ag devices were studied via EL and photoluminescence (PL) microscopy. In situ imaging of device luminescing areas and measurement of sample luminance were performed, allowing for a detailed study of black spot formation and luminance reduction under constant voltage stress conditions. Post-stress devices were further characterized using PL microscopy, and it was found that black spots result from delamination of the metal at the Alq3/Mg interface initiated by pinholes on the cathode, caused by substrate defects.
METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF VELOCITY AND DEPTH FROM SEISMIC REFLECTION DATA<sup>1</sup> (1988)

ABSTRACT The estimation of velocity and depth is an important stage in seismic data processing and interpretation. We present a method for velocity‐depth model estimation from unstacked data. This method is formulated as an iterative algorithm producing a model which maximizes some measure of coherency computed along traveltimes generated by tracing rays through the model. In the model the interfaces are represented as cubic splines and it is assumed that the velocity in each layer is constant. The inversion includes the determination of the velocities in all the layers and the location of the spline knots. The process input consists of unstacked seismic data and an initial velocity‐depth model. This model is often based on nearby well information and an interpretation of the stacked section. Inversion is performed iteratively layer after layer; during each iteration synthetic travel‐time curves are calculated for the interface under consideration. A functional characterizing the main correlation properties of the wavefield is then formed along the synthetic arrival times. It is assumed that the functional reaches a maximum value when the synthetic arrival time curves match the arrival times of the events on the field gathers. The maximum value of the functional is obtained by an effective algorithm of non‐linear programming. The present inversion algorithm has the advantages that event picking on the unstacked data is not required and is not based on curve fitting of hyperbolic approximations of the arrival times. The method has been successfully applied to both synthetic and field data.
Porcine prion protein amyloid (2015)

Mammalian prions are composed of misfolded aggregated prion protein (PrP) with amyloid-like features. Prions are zoonotic disease agents that infect a wide variety of mammalian species including humans. Mammals and by-products thereof which are frequently encountered in daily life are most important for human health. It is established that bovine prions (BSE) can infect humans while there is no such evidence for any other prion susceptible species in the human food chain (sheep, goat, elk, deer) and largely prion resistant species (pig) or susceptible and resistant pets (cat and dogs, respectively). PrPs from these species have been characterized using biochemistry, biophysics and neurobiology. Recently we studied PrPs from several mammals in vitro and found evidence for generic amyloidogenicity as well as cross-seeding fibril formation activity of all PrPs on the human PrP sequence regardless if the original species was resistant or susceptible to prion disease. Porcine PrP amyloidogenicity was among the studied. Experimentally inoculated pigs as well as transgenic mouse lines overexpressing porcine PrP have, in the past, been used to investigate the possibility of prion transmission in pigs. The pig is a species with extraordinarily wide use within human daily life with over a billion pigs harvested for human consumption each year. Here we discuss the possibility that the largely prion disease resistant pig can be a clinically silent carrier of replicating prions.
Toward a Framework for Continuous Authentication Using Stylometry (2014)

Continuous Authentication (CA) consists of monitoring and checking repeatedly and unobtrusively user behavior during a computing session in order to discriminate between legitimate and impostor behaviors. Stylometry analysis, which consists of checking whether a target document was written or not by a specific individual, could potentially be used for CA. In this work, we adapt existing stylometric features and develop a new authorship verification model applicable for continuous authentication. We use existing lexical, syntactic, and application specific features, and propose new features based on n-gram analysis. We start initially with a large features set, and identify a reduced number of user-specific features by computing the information gain. In addition, our approach includes a strategy to circumvent issues regarding unbalanced dataset which is an inherent problem in stylometry analysis. We use Support Vector Machine (SVM) for classification. Experimental evaluation based on the Enron email dataset involving 76 authors yields very promising results consisting of an Equal Error Rate (EER) of 12.42% for message blocks of 500 characters.
Making music through real-time voice timbre analysis: machine learning and timbral control (2010)

People can achieve rich musical expression through vocal sound { see for example human beatboxing, which achieves a wide timbral variety through a range of extended techniques. Yet the vocal modality is under-exploited as a controller for music systems. If we can analyse a vocal performance suitably in real time, then this information could be used to create voice-based interfaces with the potential for intuitive and ful lling levels of expressive control. Conversely, many modern techniques for music synthesis do not imply any particular interface. Should a given parameter be controlled via a MIDI keyboard, or a slider/fader, or a rotary dial? Automatic vocal analysis could provide a fruitful basis for expressive interfaces to such electronic musical instruments. The principal questions in applying vocal-based control are how to extract musically meaningful information from the voice signal in real time, and how to convert that information suitably into control data. In this thesis we address these questions, with a focus on timbral control, and in particular we develop approaches that can be used with a wide variety of musical instruments by applying machine learning techniques to automatically derive the mappings between expressive audio input and control output. The vocal audio signal is construed to include a broad range of expression, in particular encompassing the extended techniques used in human beatboxing. The central contribution of this work is the application of supervised and unsupervised machine learning techniques to automatically map vocal timbre to synthesiser timbre and controls. Component contributions include a delayed decision-making strategy for low-latency sound classi cation, a regression-tree method to learn associations between regions of two unlabelled datasets, a fast estimator of multidimensional di erential entropy and a qualitative method for evaluating musical interfaces based on discourse analysis.
Photometric methods in bacteriology (1963)

Abstract The elementary features of light‐scattering by small particles are described and illustrated by examples relevant to bacteriological practice. A number of specialised applications are reviewed.
Ceramic phases for immobilization of /sup 129/I. [Sodalite and boracite] (1981)

Materials for ultimate disposal of /sup 129/I have been studied. At present, iodide-sodalite, though not ideal, appears to be the best material for /sup 129/I immobilization from the aspects of ease of preparation, thermal stability, cost of materials, and leach resistance. Good consolidation of the material was achieved by sintering in air at 1000 to 1200/sup 0/C, but the iodine content was significantly below stoichiometric expectations. Hot aqueous media preferentially removed iodine, apparently by OH/sup -/ substitution in near-neutral solutions, and I reversible reaction Cl/sup -/ exchange occurred in brine. Alternation of the sodalite also took place. Soxhlet leach rates were about 5 x 10/sup -4/ g/cm/sup 2/-day by total weight loss, but physical weathering contributed significantly to this value. Moderate doses of radiation had no observable deleterious structural effects. Iodoboracites seemingly cannot be prepared by ceramic or nonhydrothermal wet chemical techniques. Fe-iodoboracite has inferior thermal stability to iodide-sodalite and was completely altered to hematite after treatment at 200/sup 0/C in deionized water. Silver zeolites retained some iodine in the form of crystalline ..cap alpha..-AgI at temperatures up to 1300/sup 0/C even though heating above approx. 700/sup 0/C altered the alumino-silicate framework. However, some of the iodine appeared to be present as soluble iodine, even in heated materials. Treatment at 200/sup 0/C in deionized water or 2M NaCl significantly decreased the crystallinity of the aluminosilicate framework and the ..cap alpha..-AgI reflections in the x-ray patterns were enhanced. Mild ..gamma.. irradiations (approx. 50 MR) affected the x-ray diffraction patterns of some of the zeolites. Various lead oxyhalides had very poor thermal stability.
Performance analysis of median filtering on Meiko-a distributed multiprocessor system (2002)

This paper presents the performance analysis of realizing median filtering on a distributed multiprocessor system. The results of the performance analysis give a good indication of the performance gain in using multi-processor for median filtering over uni-processor. Such performance gain is proportional to the problem size as shown by varying the size of the image. Furthermore, through the analysis, it is clear that the computation time and inter-processor communications scale well with the number of processors in the system. However, the overall system performance does not have such behavior because of the initialization overhead dominating the computation time as the number of processors increases beyond a certain point. It is because of this relationship that an optimal performance is achievable with a certain number of processors. It is also found that this number varies with the problem size. In addition, the subimage model is found to be an acceptable approach far this type of processing as only the necessary parts of the image are sent to the other processors. The master and slave scheme proves to be easy for programming, control and data manipulation. As a whole, this type of non-linear processing seems to fit well into the MIMD architecture.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Influence of compositional modifications on the corrosion of iron aluminides of molten nitrate salts (1991)

The corrosion of iron-aluminum alloys by molten nitrate salt as a function of aluminum, chromium, and other minor elements has been studied as part of an alloy design effort aimed at the development of a strong, ductile, corrosion-resistant FeAl type of aluminide. Short- term weight change data were used to examine the compositional dependence of the corrosion processes that occurred upon exposure of iron aluminides to highly oxidizing nitrate salts of 650{degrees}C. Corrosion resistance was found to increase with increasing aluminum concentrations of the alloy up to approximately 30 at. % Al. Chromium additions to the aluminide were not detrimental and may have improved the corrosion behavior for certain aluminum concentrations. No effects of minor alloying additions (C, B, Ti, and Zr) could be determined. The best overall corrosion resistance as measured by weight change results were obtained for an Fe-35.8 at. % Al aluminide containing some chromium. Based on linear weight loss kinetics, the weight change measurements for the most resistant compositions predict corrosion rates of 300 {mu}m/year or less at 650{degrees}C. These rates are substantially better than typical nickel-based alloys and stainless steels. From a consideration of the weight changes; the microstructural, thermodynamic, and X-ray diffraction data; and the salt analyses, corrosion of iron aluminides by the molten nitrate salt appears to be controlled by oxidation of base metal components and a slow release of material from an aluminum-rich product layer into the salt. The rate of release was substantially lower than that previously found for iron and iron-based alloys. This would imply that corrosion of iron aluminides could be minimized by maximizing the surface coverage of this aluminum-rich layer either by alloying or by an appropriate preoxidation treatment.