gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemotherapy‐induced structural changes in cerebral white matter and its correlation with impaired cognitive functioning in breast cancer patients (2010)

A subgroup of patients with breast cancer suffers from mild cognitive impairment after chemotherapy. To uncover the neural substrate of these mental complaints, we examined cerebral white matter (WM) integrity after chemotherapy using magnetic resonance diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in combination with detailed cognitive assessment. Postchemotherapy breast cancer patients (n = 17) and matched healthy controls (n = 18) were recruited for DTI and neuropsychological testing, including the self-report cognitive failure questionnaire (CFQ). Differences in DTI WM integrity parameters [fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD)] between patients and healthy controls were assessed using a voxel-based two-sample-t-test. In comparison with healthy controls, the patient group demonstrated decreased FA in frontal and temporal WM tracts and increased MD in frontal WM. These differences were also confirmed when comparing this patient group with an additional control group of nonchemotherapy-treated breast cancer patients (n = 10). To address the heterogeneity observed in cognitive function after chemotherapy, we performed a voxel-based correlation analysis between FA values and individual neuropsychological test scores. Significant correlations of FA with neuropsychological tests covering the domain of attention and processing/psychomotor speed were found in temporal and parietal WM tracts. Furthermore, CFQ scores correlated negatively in frontal and parietal WM. These studies show that chemotherapy seems to affect WM integrity and that parameters derived from DTI have the required sensitivity to quantify neural changes related to chemotherapy-induced mild cognitive impairment.
Low effective surface recombination in In(Ga)As/GaAs quantum dot diodes (2011)

Size dependent current-voltage measurements were performed on InGaAs quantum dot active region mesa diodes and the surface recombination velocity was extracted from current density versus perimeter/area plots using a diffusion model. An effective surface recombination value of 5.5 × 104 cm/s was obtained that can be reduced by more than an order of magnitude by selective oxidation of Al0.9Ga0.1As cladding layers. The values are three times smaller than those obtained for a single quantum well. The effect of p-type doping in the active region was investigated and found to increase the effective surface recombination.
Immersed superhydrophobic surfaces: Gas exchange, slip and drag reduction properties (2009)

Superhydrophobic surfaces combine high aspect ratio micro- or nano-topography and hydrophobic surface chemistry to create super water-repellent surfaces. Most studies consider their effect on droplets, which ball-up and roll-off. However, their properties are not restricted to modification of the behaviour of droplets, but potentially influence any process occurring at the solid-liquid interface. Here, we highlight three recent developments focused on the theme of immersed superhydrophobic surfaces. The first illustrates the ability of a superhydrophobic surface to act as a gas exchange membrane, the second demonstrates a reduction in drag during flow through small tubes and the third considers a macroscopic experiment demonstrating an increase in the terminal velocity of settling spheres.
Net-centric optical communication for the global information grid (2006)

Optical communications technologies are being actively explored by the defense and security communities as a potential solution to alleviate bandwidth bottlenecks and to provide covert, jam resistant communications without spectrum restrictions. While static fiber-optic networks are widely deployed in the Department of Defense (DoD) communications network, the integration of wireless, free space optical (FSO) communications technology is required to provide end-to-end high bandwidth paths to support mobile defense and security operations. This paper presents an analysis of inherent benefits of optical wireless communications technologies in enabling net-centric applications and discusses specific technology and architectural challenges that need to be overcome before these technologies can be seamlessly integrated in the Global Information Grid (GIG) to fully realize the net-centric vision.
The evolving use of serum free light chain assays in haematology (2008)

Over the last few years new immunoassays have emerged that allow the measurement of free immunoglobulin light chains (FLCs) in serum to a level of 2-4 mg/l and provide a much greater sensitivity than older methods, such as immunofixation, which is able to detect FLCs at a minimum concentration of 100-150 mg/l. The new FLC assay has enabled the detection of monoclonal protein in some patients with non-secretory myeloma and amyloidosis that were previously undetectable. FLC measurements are quantitative, correlating with disease activity, and are an advance in monitoring light chain only multiple myeloma, AL amyloidosis, non-secretory and oligo-secretory multiple myeloma. Serum FLC concentrations also reflect the disease course in the majority of myeloma patients producing intact monoclonal immunoglobulin proteins and have been incorporated into the new response criteria. The rapid half life of lambda and kappa free light chains means that FLC assays may provide a more rapid indication of the response to treatment but their clinical utility in this setting needs further study. An abnormal FLC ratio has been shown to be a risk factor for progression of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smouldering myeloma and solitary plasmacytoma of bone and is prognostic in multiple myeloma.
Experimental evidence of shock mitigation in a Hertzian tapered chain (2006)

We present an experimental study of the mechanical impulse propagation through a horizontal alignment of elastic spheres of progressively decreasing diameter phi(n): namely, a tapered chain. Experimentally, the diameters of spheres which interact via the Hertz potential are selected to keep as close as possible to an exponential decrease, phi(n+1) = (1-q)phi(n), where the experimental tapering factor is either q(1) approximately equal to 5.60% or q(2) approximately equal to 8.27%. In agreement with recent numerical results, an impulse initiated in a monodisperse chain (a chain of identical beads) propagates without shape changes and progressively transfers its energy and momentum to a propagating tail when it further travels in a tapered chain. As a result, the front pulse of this wave decreases in amplitude and accelerates. Both effects are satisfactorily described by the hard-sphere approximation, and basically, the shock mitigation is due to partial transmissions, from one bead to the next, of momentum and energy of the front pulse. In addition when small dissipation is included, better agreement with experiments is found. A close analysis of the loading part of the experimental pulses demonstrates that the front wave adopts a self-similar solution as it propagates in the tapered chain. Finally, our results corroborate the capability of these chains to thermalize propagating impulses and thereby act as shock absorbing devices.
Adaptive coded modulation for fading channels (2002)

We propose a variable-power and variable-rate coded MQAM modulation technique for high-speed data transmission on fading channels. Coding gain is obtained by superimposing trellis codes designed for AWGN channels on the adaptive modulation, and we obtain the same coding gains as these codes exhibit in AWGN. We present analytical and simulation results which show a 3dB coding gain relative to uncoded adaptive modulation for a simple 4-state trellis code, and a 4 dB coding gain for an 8-state trellis code. More complex trellis codes achieve higher gains.
Stable Chromosomal Expression of Shigella flexneri 2a and 3a O-Antigens in the Live Salmonella Oral Vaccine Vector Ty21a (2017)

We have been exploring the use of the live attenuated <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhi Ty21a vaccine strain as a versatile oral vaccine vector for the expression and delivery of multiple foreign antigens, including <i>Shigella</i> O-antigens. In this study, we separately cloned genes necessary for the biosynthesis of the <i>Shigella flexneri</i> serotype 2a and 3a O-antigens, which have been shown to provide broad cross-protection to multiple disease-predominant <i>S. flexneri</i> serotypes. The cloned <i>S. flexneri</i> 2a <i>rfb</i> operon, along with <i>bgt</i> and <i>gtrII</i>, contained on the SfII bacteriophage, was sufficient in Ty21a to express the heterologous <i>S. flexneri</i> 2a O-antigen containing the 3,4 antigenic determinants. Further, this <i>rfb</i> operon, along with <i>gtrA</i>, <i>gtrB</i>, and <i>gtrX</i> contained on the Sfx bacteriophage and <i>oac</i> contained on the Sf6 bacteriophage, was sufficient to express <i>S. flexneri</i> 3a O-antigen containing the 6, 7, and 8 antigenic determinants. Ty21a, with these plasmid-carried or chromosomally inserted genes, demonstrated simultaneous and stable expression of homologous <i>S</i> Typhi O-antigen plus the heterologous <i>S. flexneri</i> O-antigen. Candidate Ty21a vaccine strains expressing heterologous <i>S. flexneri</i> 2a or 3a lipopolysaccharide (LPS) elicited significant serum antibody responses against both homologous <i>S</i> Typhi and heterologous <i>Shigella</i> LPS and protected mice against virulent <i>S. flexneri</i> 2a or 3a challenges. These new <i>S. flexneri</i> 2a and 3a O-antigen-expressing Ty21a vaccine strains, together with our previously constructed Ty21a strains expressing <i>Shigella sonnei</i> or <i>Shigella dysenteriae</i> 1 O-antigens, have the potential to be used together for simultaneous protection against the predominant causes of shigellosis worldwide as well as against typhoid fever.
Practical Use of Computer-Assisted EEG Interpretation in Epilepsy (1985)

Computer methods can automatically recognize interictal spikes and seizures quite reliably, but they still make a large number of false detections because of physiological or artifactual nonepileptiform transients. In the context of long-term monitoring, these methods can be used efficiently and safely despite their imperfection. They allow considerable data reduction, by selecting epileptiform activity and discarding the largest part of the recording. In addition to data reduction, computer methods can be useful in refining the analysis of epileptic seizures, revealing information not available from visual inspection of the paper tracing. Recent technological advances make these applications affordable in a clinical EEG laboratory.
Zidovudine in Persons with Asymptomatic HIV Infection and CD4+ Cell Counts Greater than 400 per Cubic Millimeter (1993)

Treatment with zidovudine benefits HIV-infected persons with CD4+ cell counts above 400 per cubic millimeter. Despite the use of doses larger than those now generally prescribed, zidovudine was well tolerated for up to three years by most of our patients.
Drug Resistance in Cancer: An Overview (2014)

Cancers have the ability to develop resistance to traditional therapies, and the increasing prevalence of these drug resistant cancers necessitates further research and treatment development. This paper outlines the current knowledge of mechanisms that promote or enable drug resistance, such as drug inactivation, drug target alteration, drug efflux, DNA damage repair, cell death inhibition, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, as well as how inherent tumor cell heterogeneity plays a role in drug resistance. It also describes the epigenetic modifications that can induce drug resistance and considers how such epigenetic factors may contribute to the development of cancer progenitor cells, which are not killed by conventional cancer therapies. Lastly, this review concludes with a discussion on the best treatment options for existing drug resistant cancers, ways to prevent the formation of drug resistant cancers and cancer progenitor cells, and future directions of study.
Distribution and functional analysis of memory antiviral CD8 T cell responses in HIV-1 and cytomegalovirus infections (2002)

In the present study, we have investigated the anatomic distribution and the function of different populations of HIV-1- and cytomegalovirus (CMV)-specific memory CD8 T cells. The different populations of virus-specific memory CD8 T cells were distinguished on the basis of the expression of CD45RA and CCR7, and the composition of HIV-1- and CMV-specific memory CD8 T cell pools were compared in subjects with chronic HIV-1 and CMV co-infection. The distribution of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells was similar between blood and lymph node. However, CMV-specific CD8 T cells were accumulated predominantly in the blood away from the lymphoid tissue. The majority (>70%) of HIV-1- and CMV-specific CD8 T cells in both blood and lymph node had a phenotype, e.g. CCR7-, typical of effector T cells. HIV-1-specific memory CD8 T cells were mostly (>80%) pre-terminally differentiated cells, e.g. CD45RA-CCR7-, in both blood and lymph node while 30-50% of CMV-specific CD8 T cells were terminally differentiated, e.g. CD45RA+CCR7-. Therefore, consistently with studies in mice, antigen-specific effector memory CD8 T cells accumulate predominantly in the target organ of the pathogen in humans, and the differences in the composition of HIV-1- and CMV-specific CD8 T cell pools were also present in the lymphoid tissue. A substantial proportion (30-40%) of virus-specific CD8+CCR7+ T cells produced IFN-gamma. Thus, indicating that the expression of CCR7 does not provide a clear-cut separation of memory CD8 T cells with distinct functional capacities. Taken together, these results provide further advances in the characterization of human memory CD8 T cells.
Myenteric neurons and intestinal mucosa of diabetic rats after ascorbic acid supplementation (2008)

Supplementation with AA in the diabetic animal promoted moderate neuroprotection. There was no observation of alteration of the cellular proliferation of the jejunum mucosa layer of rats with chronic diabetes mellitus with or without supplementation with AA.
EDGE Power Amplifier ACPR Improvement with Inter-Stage Pre- and Postdistortion Linearization (2008)

This paper presents the design, optimization, and measured performance of linearized EDGE power amplifier. The linearization is obtained with inter-stage postdistortion and interstage predistortion networks implemented in three-stage EDGE power amplifier. Simulations are performed to characterize PA inter-modulation (IM) distortion and their improvements with the proposed linearization network. The proposed linearized PA was fabricated in HBT technology. The measurement results showed a strong influence of linearization network on PA gain flatness and an improvement of 2.5 dB was achieved in the ACPR performance.
Ultra-broadband optical parametric amplification by tailoring the group-velocity dispersion of Bragg reflection waveguides (2009)

The possibility of extending the signal-acceptance bandwidth for a non-degenerate optical parametric amplification process using a non-linear Bragg reflection waveguide (BRW) is explored. The strongly dispersive features of BRWs made up of semiconductors, such as GaN/AlxGa1−x N, are employed to maintain the phase-matching condition over a broad range of signal wavelengths. It is found that the signal-acceptance bandwidth could extend over 20 THz in the optical communication band (∼193 THz) which could facilitate simultaneous parametric amplification and wavelength conversion across the entire S–C–L band. Moreover, this idea could also find important applications in optical communication schemes involving ultra-short pulses. The broad bandwidth is essentially a direct consequence of appropriate phase- and group-velocity dispersion compensation by the idler mode in order to preserve the phase-matching condition over a broad spectral range. Since the idea exploits the dispersive features of Bragg reflection based geometries, the scheme could be implemented to realize broadband frequency conversion in any desired spectral region within the constraints imposed by the transparency of non-linear materials and the possibility of periodic poling.
Recycling Privileged Learning and Distribution Matching for Fairness (2017)

Equipping machine learning models with ethical and legal constraints is a serious issue; without this, the future of machine learning is at risk. This paper takes a step forward in this direction and focuses on ensuring machine learning models deliver fair decisions. In legal scholarships, the notion of fairness itself is evolving and multi-faceted. We set an overarching goal to develop a unified machine learning framework that is able to handle any definitions of fairness, their combinations, and also new definitions that might be stipulated in the future. To achieve our goal, we recycle two well-established machine learning techniques, privileged learning and distribution matching, and harmonize them for satisfying multi-faceted fairness definitions. We consider protected characteristics such as race and gender as privileged information that is available at training but not at test time; this accelerates model training and delivers fairness through unawareness. Further, we cast demographic parity, equalized odds, and equality of opportunity as a classical two-sample problem of conditional distributions, which can be solved in a general form by using distance measures in Hilbert Space. We show several existing models are special cases of ours. Finally, we advocate returning the Pareto frontier of multi-objective minimization of error and unfairness in predictions. This will facilitate decision makers to select an operating point and to be accountable for it.
Early Warnings of Cyber Threats in Online Discussions (2017)

We introduce a system for automatically generating warnings of imminent or current cyber-threats. Our system leverages the communication of malicious actors on the darkweb, as well as activity of cyber security experts on social media platforms like Twitter. In a time period between September, 2016 and January, 2017, our method generated 661 alerts of which about 84% were relevant to current or imminent cyber-threats. In the paper, we first illustrate the rationale and workflow of our system, then we measure its performance. Our analysis is enriched by two case studies: the first shows how the method could predict DDoS attacks, and how it would have allowed organizations to prepare for the Mirai attacks that caused widespread disruption in October 2016. Second, we discuss the method's timely identification of various instances of data breaches.
Evolution of vacuolar targeting in algae (2009)

Abstract Sorting of soluble vacuolar proteins destined for vacuoles is facilitated by vacuolar sorting receptors (VSRs). To date, three different types of VSRs have been described, namely the mammalian mannose-6-phosphate receptor, the yeast VPS10p receptor, and a plant-type receptor. We searched completed algal genomes for the presence of the plant-type VSRs and examined their structure and phylogeny. We show that green algae and some chromalveolates contain a plant-type vacuolar receptor that seems to be absent in glaucophytes and rhodophytes. All putative plant-type protistan VSRs examined have a similar protein structure. The results of a phylogenetic analysis suggest that plant-type VSRs may have evolved in the last common ancestor of the Viridiplantae and that chromalveolates obtained this type of VSR by horizontal or endocytotic gene transfer. Gene duplications took place in several viridiplant and chromalveolate lineages. We present hypotheses about the evolution of paralogous plant-type VSRs in chlorophytes and chromalveolates.
The Oxidation of Carbanions. I. Oxidation of Triaryl Carbanions and Other Tertiary Carbanions<sup>1</sup> (1966)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTThe Oxidation of Carbanions. I. Oxidation of Triaryl Carbanions and Other Tertiary Carbanions1Glen A. Russell and Alan G. BemisCite this: J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1966, 88, 23, 5491–5497Publication Date (Print):December 1, 1966Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 December 1966https://doi.org/10.1021/ja00975a024RIGHTS & PERMISSIONSArticle Views544Altmetric-Citations53LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (918 KB) Get e-Alerts Get e-Alerts
ChemInform Abstract: Small Molecule Somatostatin Receptor Subtype‐2 Antagonists. (2002)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Comparision of zero-valent iron and activated carbon for treating chlorinated contaminants in groundwater (1998)

Thesis (M. Eng.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1998.
Identification of genes expressed by zebrafish oligodendrocytes using a differential microarray screen (2010)

Myelination of central nervous system axons requires that oligodendrocytes extend multiple membrane processes that specifically recognize and wrap axons, which is followed by expression of proteins necessary for formation of myelin sheaths. To identify new genes that might be important for myelination, we used microarrays to analyze the expression profiles of cells sorted from transgenic zebrafish embryos and larvae under conditions that permitted or blocked oligodendrocyte development. Here, we describe eight genes that have not been previously implicated in oligodendrocyte development. Among the predicted functions of proteins encoded by these genes are lipid sensing, cell-cell junction formation, cytoskeleton regulation, and intracellular signaling. The predicted functions raise the possibility that these genes are involved in multiple cellular events during oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation.