gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
When Do Single Mothers Work? An Analysis of the 1990 Census Data (1998)

This study analyzes the relative effect of the amount of public assistance income received one year on the probability that a single mother is employed the following year compared to a variety of other determinants of employment status. The analysis is based on a national sample which was drawn from the Public Use Micro data 5 percent Sample (PUMS) of the 1990 U.S. Census. It consists of the 275,744female householders who were divorced, separated, widowed or never married, and living with their own children age 18 and under. Logistic regression was utilized to calculate the probability of being employed in 1990 according to sources and amounts of income in 1989, level of education, age, work experience, number and age of children, race, and marital status. The results indicate that greater amounts of public assistance income reduced the probability of being employed. However, several other factors-including race-ethnicity, family form and size, educational background and previous earnings-were significant, independent determinants of labor-force status. In particular, African- American women, women with children under six, women with relatively low levels of education and low earnings in the previous year, and nevermarried women all faced a reduced probability of being employed in 1990 regardless of how much public assistance income they received in 1989. The paper concludes with an assessment of the implications of these findings for current debates on the relationships among welfare receipt, work incentives, and employment.
A comparative analysis of single- and multiple-electrode excitation methods in electrical capacitance tomography (2002)

Multiple-electrode excitation methods in electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) are analysed and compared with the conventional single-electrode excitation strategy. A series of experiments carried out employing a purpose-built flexible-excitation ECT system, showed a variable (11–125%) but consistent increase in the detection signals when using 'optimum' excitation patterns, compared with the single-electrode case. However, for most applications this advantage of multiple-electrode excitation may not justify the price that must be paid in terms of higher system complexity.
Laser Beam Focus Forms Optical Trap for Neutral Atoms (1986)

The first color photographs ever to grace the pages of Physical Review Letters show us the fluorescent glow from some 500 sodium atoms caught in the first successfully demonstrated optical trap for neutral atoms. The 21 July Letter by Steven Chu, John Bjorkholm, Arthur Ashkin and Alex Cable at Bell Labs, reports that this tiny “optical dipole” trap, formed at the focus of a single laser beam, was able to hold onto an ultracold, high-density accumulation of atoms for several seconds and manipulate them in space. In recent days the group has been able to hold a much larger collection of sodium atoms for a fraction of a minute with a newer optical-trap design.
Studies of Photoreactive Poly(Norbornene Derivatives) Bearing Chalcone Units (2003)

New photoreactive poly(norbornene derivatives) containing photocrosslinkable pendant units have been prepared via ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) for the first time. The photochemical behavior of these polymers was investigated in dilute solutions. The rates of photocrosslinking were determined under the influence of different factors such as the backbone structure of the polymer, the substituents on the aromatic ring of the photocrosslinkable units, temperature, concentrations of the photocrosslinkable units in the solution, and the solvent. The studies confirmed that all the prepared polymers have higher UV radiation sensitivity in very dilute solutions in different solvents, and at different temperatures.
Wcfq: an opportunistic wireless scheduler with statistical fairness bounds (2003)

We present wireless credit-based fair queuing (WCFQ), a new scheduler for wireless packet networks with provable statistical short- and long-term fairness guarantees. WCFQ exploits the fact that users contending for the wireless medium will have different "costs" of transmission depending on their current channel condition. For example, in systems with variable coding, a user with a high-quality channel can exploit its low-cost channel and transmit at a higher data rate. Similarly, a user in a code-division multiple access system with a high-quality channel can use a lower transmission power. Thus, WCFQ provides a mechanism to exploit inherent variations in channel conditions and select low-cost users in order to increase the system's overall performance (e.g., total throughput). However, opportunistic selection of the best user must be balanced with fairness considerations. In WCFQ, we use a credit abstraction and a general "cost function" to address these conflicting objectives. This provides system operators with the flexibility to achieve a range of performance behaviors between perfect fairness of temporal access independent of channel conditions and purely opportunistic scheduling of the best user without consideration of fairness. To quantify the system's fairness characteristics within this range, we develop an analytical model that provides a statistical fairness bound in terms of the cost function and the statistical properties of the channel. An extensive set of simulations indicate that the scheme is able to achieve significant throughput gains while balancing temporal fairness constraints.
Artoolkitplus for pose tracking on mobile devices (2007)

In this paper we present ARToolKitPlus, a successor to the popular ARToolKit pose tracking library. ARToolKitPlus has been optimized and extended for the usage on mobile devices such as smartphones, PDAs and Ultra Mobile PCs (UMPCs). We explain the need and specific requirements of pose tracking on mobile devices and how we met those requirements. To prove the applicability we performed an extensive benchmark series on a broad range of off-the-shelf handhelds.
Treatment of Herpes Simplex Virus Types 1 and 2 Encephalitis in Mice with 9-β- <scp>d</scp> -Arabinofuranosyladenine (1973)

The susceptibility of herpes simplex type 1 and type 2 viruses to 9-beta-d-arabinofuranosyladenine (ara-A) was tested in intracerebrally infected mice. Subcutaneously administered ara-A resulted in markedly equivalent and reproducible chemotherapeutic activity against both serotypes of herpes simplex viruses. Administration of ara-A by several different intermittent dosage regimens showed that change in pattern of response in terms of survivors appears to be influenced more by total amount of drug administered than by schedule or duration of drug treatment. In general, surviving drug-treated, virus-infected animals survived rechallenge with 1,000 LD(50) of the respective homologous virus inoculated intracerebrally on the 21st day after the initial virus inoculation. A neutralization test performed in vitro-in vivo confirmed the identity of the two distinct serotypes of herpes simplex virus employed. The data indicate that the genital form of herpes simplex virus (type 2) is as sensitive as the oral-mouth form (type 1) to the significant therapeutic activity of ara-A.
Atomistic molecular dynamics simulation of diffusion in binary liquid <i>n</i>-alkane mixtures (2002)

Well relaxed atomistic configurations of binary liquid mixtures of n-alkanes, obtained via a new Monte Carlo simulation algorithm [Zervopoulou et al., J. Chem. Phys. 115, 2860 (2001)], have been subjected to detailed molecular dynamics simulations in the canonical ensemble. Four different binary systems have been simulated (C5–C78 at T=474 K, C10–C78 at T=458 K, and C12–C60 at T=403.5 and 473.5 K). Results are presented for the diffusion properties of these mixtures over a range of concentrations of the solvent (lighter component). The self-diffusion coefficients of the n-alkanes, calculated directly from the simulations, are reported and compared with the predictions of two theories: the detailed free volume theory proposed by Vrentas and Duda based on the availability of free volume in the blends, and a combined Rouse diffusant and chain-end free volume theory proposed by Bueche and von Meerwall et al. A direct comparison with recently obtained experimental data [von Meerwall et al., J. Chem. Phys. 111, 750 (1999)] is also presented.
Impact of distributed gate resistance on the performance of MOS devices (1994)

This paper describes the impact of gate resistance on cut-off frequency (f/sub T/), maximum frequency of oscillation (f/sub max/), thermal noise, and time response of wide MOS devices with deep submicron channel lengths. The value of f/sub T/ is proven to be independent of gate resistance even for distributed structures. An exact relation for f/sub max/ is derived and it is shown that, to predict f/sub max/, thermal noise, and time response, the distributed gate resistance can be divided by a factor of 3 and lumped into a single resistor in series with the gate terminal.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Quantum Computers and Quantum Computer Languages: Quantum Assembly Language and Quantum C (2002)

We show a representation of Quantum Computers defines Quantum Turing Machines with associated Quantum Grammars. We then create examples of Quantum Grammars. Lastly we develop an algebraic approach to high level Quantum Languages using Quantum Assembly language and Quantum C language as examples.
Isolation, functional characterization, and transcriptome of <i>Mastomys</i> ileal enterochromaffin cells (2006)

Although the enterochromaffin (EC) cell is one of the primary neuroendocrine regulatory cells of the small intestine, the lack of a purified cell system has precluded characterization of the cell and limited precise physiological evaluation. We developed methodology to obtain a pure population of Mastomys ileal EC cells, evaluated their functional regulation, and defined the transcriptome. Mastomys ilea were everted, end ligated, pronase-collagenase digested, and Nycodenz gradient centrifuged, and EC cells were collected by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) of acridine orange-labeled cells. Enrichment was confirmed by immunostaining of tryptophan hydroxylase and chromogranin A, specific EC cell markers, serotonin content, EC cell marker gene expression, and electron microscopy. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), somatostatin, and gastrin receptor expression was determined by real-time RT-PCR. Live post-FACS-sorted cells were cultured, and the effects of forskolin, isoproterenol, acetylcholine, GABAA, PACAP-38, and gastrin on serotonin secretion were measured by ELISA. GeneChip Affymetrix profiling of FACS-sorted cells was undertaken to obtain the EC cell transcriptome. FACS produced a >70-fold enrichment of EC cells with a serotonin content of 240 +/- 22 ng/mg protein. Preparations were 99 +/- 0.7% pure by immunostaining for tryptophan hydroxylase. Vasoactive intestinal peptide/PACAP receptor 1 (VPAC1) and somatostatin receptor 2 were present, whereas PACAP receptor 1 (PAC1) and CCK2 receptors were undetectable. Forskolin, isoproterenol, and PACAP-38 stimulated serotonin secretion at EC50 values of 5 x 10(-10), 4.5 x 10(-10), and 1.2 x 10(-9) M, respectively. Isoproterenol stimulated cAMP levels by approximately 3.5 +/- 0.62-fold vs. unstimulated cells (EC50 of approximately 10(-9) M). Octreotide, acetylcholine, and GABAA inhibited serotonin secretion with IC50 values of 3 x 10(-11), 3 x 10(-10), and 2.9 x 10(-10) M, respectively. Gastrin had no effect on serotonin secretion. The naive EC cell transcriptome revealed highly expressed EC cell marker genes, the absence of marker genes for other small intestinal cell types, and a receptor profile that included cholinergic, adrenergic, dopaminergic, serotoninergic, GABAergic, and prostaglandin receptors. We were able to isolate homogeneous preparations (>99%) of live ileal EC cells and demonstrated regulation of serotonin secretion as well as established the normal EC cell transcriptome. Application of this methodology to normal and diseased human ileum will facilitate the elucidation of the pathophysiology of EC cells.
A microgrid energy management system for inducing optimal demand response (2011)

This paper focuses on optimal operation schedule of a Microgrid that is interconnected to the power grid. We develop a mathematical model to compute the optimal operation schedule that embodies demand response. Integer Programming optimization is used to this end. Our model incorporates the electricity load into three types: fixed, transferable, and user-action loads. The transferable load plays a key role in molding demand response. Experimental results show that the proposed model exploits the demand elasticity and significantly reduces the total operation cost. Also observed from the experiments are the impact of the uncertainty in renewable distributed generators on operation schedule and total cost and the role of power storages for enhancing the demand elasticity with respect to user-action loads and for reserving power against high price.
Piggybacking Scheme of MAP IE for Minimizing MAC Overhead in the IEEE 802.16e OFDMA Systems (2007)

This paper analyzes Media Access Control(MAC) overhead of the IEEE 802.16e systems and shows that it causes to degrade system performance critically. MAP, a control message about resource allocation, is broadcasted with high robustness and uses a great amount of radio resource for it. This paper also proposes an advanced scheme which transmits MAP IE, a component of MAP, piggybacked on data packets, and uses fast feedback to conserve the transmission reliability of the MAP IE. Then, MAP IEs can be transmitted with high data rate, and the amount of radio resource for transmitting MAP IEs becomes extremely small. Numerical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme can significantly improve the MAC overhead.
Agonist-activated αvμ3 on Platelets and Lymphocytes Binds to the Matrix Protein Osteopontin (1997)

The phosphorylated acidic glycoprotein osteopontin is present in the extracellular matrix of atherosclerotic plaques and the wall of injured but not normal arteries. To determine if osteopontin could serve as a substrate for platelet adhesion, we measured the adherence of resting and agonist-stimulated human platelets to immobilized recombinant human osteopontin. Agonist-stimulated but not resting platelets bound to osteopontin by a process that was mediated primarily by alphavbeta3. alphavbeta3-mediated adherence occurred at physiologic concentrations of calcium and was inhibited by an alphavbeta3-selective cyclic peptide. Assays using phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated transfected B lymphocytes expressing both alphavbeta3 and alphaIIbbeta3 confirmed that activated alphavbeta3 not activated alphaIIbbeta3 was responsible for the cellular adherence we measured. These studies indicate that alphavbeta3 can reside on the cell surface in an inactive state and can be converted to a ligand binding conformation by cellular agonists. Moreover, they suggest that platelet adherence to osteopontin mediated by activated alphavbeta3 could play a role in anchoring platelets to disrupted atherosclerotic plaques and the walls of injured arteries. By inhibiting alphavbeta3 function, it may be possible to inhibit platelet-mediated vascular occlusion with a minimal effect on primary hemostasis.
OXIDE SUPERCONDUCTIVITY RESEARCH AT NORTHWESTERN UNIVERSITY (1987)

A short review was presented of a wide range of activities involving the high T c oxide superconductors at the Northwestern University. Calculations of the charge density associated with the d 9 shell of the copper atom in the Cu-O planes and the d 8 shell of the copper atoms along the Cu-O lines of the unit cell of YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 performed by Freeman, Massida and Yu were presented. Results of a detailed study of the pseudoternery phase diagram involving CuO, BaO and YO 1.5 were shown which verify the existence of three compounds having the Y:Ba:Cu ratios 123 (the high T c superconductor), 211 (the so-called green phase) and 132 (a new insulating compound). This work, performed by Mason and coworkers, involved X-ray diffraction, optical spectroscopy, magnetic susceptibility, and electrical transport studies. Transport measurements by Poeppelmeier, Song, Hwu and coworkers on the assembledges YBaSrCu 3 O 7 anf YBa 2 Cu 3 O 5 F 2 were reported; no evidence of superconducting behavior at temperatures above 90K was seen in the latter. A detailed study of the magnetic and transport properties of the YBa 2−x La x Cu 3−x Ni x O 7±δ system was reported. For small Ni concentration (x<0.3) a continuous drop in T c was observed. For x= 0.4 and 0.5 evidence of two separate transitions, near 75K and 25K, were seen in the resistance (with the resistance going to zero at about 15K); for x=0.7 semiconducting behavior was observed. A continuous drop in the normalized diamagnetic signal was seen with increasing x with the diamagnetic fraction being below 5 % for x=0.7 and above. X-ray diffraction showed a continuous decrease in the orthorhombic fraction and an increase in the tetragonal fraction with increasing x. Results on d.c. magnetron sputtering of thin films on MgO from a stoichiometric 123 target in an argon atmosphere were shown. With proper annealing films with onset temperature of 90K and zero resistance at 68K have been prepared; this work was done by Jin, Lee, Song and coworkers. A brief report on the effect of O-stoichiometry on EPR and susceptibility measurements in the 123 compound performed by Hoffman and coworkers and NMR in the La 2−x Sr x CuO 4 compound by Halpern and coworkers was presented.
Treatment of Mine Drainage Using Permeable Reactive Barriers:  Column Experiments (2002)

Permeable reactive barriers designed to enhance bacterial sulfate reduction and metal sulfide precipitation have the potential to prevent acid mine drainage and the associated release of dissolved metals. Two column experiments were conducted using simulated mine-drainage water to assess the performance of organic carbon-based reactive mixtures under controlled groundwater flow conditions. The simulated mine drainage is typical of mine-drainage waterthat has undergone acid neutralization within aquifers. This water is near neutral in pH and contains elevated concentrations of Fe(II) and SO4. Minimum rates of SO4 removal averaged between 500 and 800 mmol d(-1) m(-3) over a 14-month period. Iron concentrations decreased from between 300 and 1200 mg/L in the influent to between <0.01 and 220 mg/L in the columns. Concentrations of Zn decreased from 0.6-1.2 mg/L in the input to between 0.01 and 0.15 mg/L in the effluent, and Ni concentrations decreased from between 0.8 and 12.8 mg/L to <0.01 mg/L. The pH increased slightly from typical input values of 5.5-6.0 to effluent values of 6.5-7.0. Alkalinity, generally <50 mg/L (as CaCO3) in the influent, increased to between 300 and 1,300 mg/L (as CaCO3) in the effluent from the columns. As a result of decreased Fe(II) concentrations and increased alkalinity, the acid-generating potential of the simulated mine-drainage water was removed, and a net acid-consuming potential was observed in the effluent water.
Data reconstruction by generalized deconvolution (2004)

The Radon transform is a powerful technique that has been primarily used to remove coherent and incoherent noise from seismic records. In addition, it has a long history in image processing as a tool for feature extraction. In exploration seismology, however, a major shortcoming is the requirement of simple integration paths that often do not quite well approximate the spatio‐temporal signature of real seismic events. The purpose of this presentation is twofold. First, we introduce a generalized convolution that allows us to compute Radon transforms with any class of integration path. Secondly, we present a strategy to utilize generalized convolution to represent seismic data via a Local Wavefield Decomposition (LWD). This is a parametric decomposition of the data in terms of local wavefield operators. The latter can be used to filter undesired events and interpolate aliased data.
<i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i> Displays Multiple Phenotypes during Development as a Biofilm (2002)

Complementary approaches were employed to characterize transitional episodes in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm development using direct observation and whole-cell protein analysis. Microscopy and in situ reporter gene analysis were used to directly observe changes in biofilm physiology and to act as signposts to standardize protein collection for two-dimensional electrophoretic analysis and protein identification in chemostat and continuous-culture biofilm-grown populations. Using these approaches, we characterized five stages of biofilm development: (i) reversible attachment, (ii) irreversible attachment, (iii) maturation-1, (iv) maturation-2, and (v) dispersion. Biofilm cells were shown to change regulation of motility, alginate production, and quorum sensing during the process of development. The average difference in detectable protein regulation between each of the five stages of development was 35% (approximately 525 proteins). When planktonic cells were compared with maturation-2 stage biofilm cells, more than 800 proteins were shown to have a sixfold or greater change in expression level (over 50% of the proteome). This difference was higher than when planktonic P. aeruginosa were compared with planktonic cultures of Pseudomonas putida. Las quorum sensing was shown to play no role in early biofilm development but was important in later stages. Biofilm cells in the dispersion stage were more similar to planktonic bacteria than to maturation-2 stage bacteria. These results demonstrate that P. aeruginosa displays multiple phenotypes during biofilm development and that knowledge of stage-specific physiology may be important in detecting and controlling biofilm growth.
Very Low Ethanol Concentrations Affect the Viability and Growth Recovery in Post-Stationary-Phase <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Populations (2006)

Pharmaceuticals, culture media used for in vitro diagnostics and research, human body fluids, and environments can retain very low ethanol concentrations (VLEC) (< or =0.1%, vol/vol). In contrast to the well-established effects of elevated ethanol concentrations on bacteria, little is known about the consequences of exposure to VLEC. We supplemented growth media for Staphylococcus aureus strain DSM20231 with VLEC (VLEC(+) conditions) and determined ultramorphology, growth, and viability compared to those with unsupplemented media (VLEC(-) conditions) for prolonged culture times (up to 8 days). VLEC(+)-grown late-stationary-phase S. aureus displayed extensive alterations of cell integrity as shown by scanning electron microscopy. Surprisingly, while ethanol in the medium was completely metabolized during exponential phase, a profound delay of S. aureus post-stationary-phase recovery (>48 h) was observed. Concomitantly, under VLEC(+) conditions, the concentration of acetate in the culture medium remained elevated while that of ammonia was reduced, contributing to an acidic culture medium and suggesting decreased amino acid catabolism. Interestingly, amino acid depletion was not uniformly affected: under VLEC(+) conditions, glutamic acid, ornithine, and proline remained in the culture medium while the uptake of other amino acids was not affected. Supplementation with arginine, but not with other amino acids, was able to restore post-stationary-phase growth and viability. Taken together, these data demonstrate that VLEC have profound effects on the recovery of S. aureus even after ethanol depletion and delay the transition from primary to secondary metabolite catabolism. These data also suggest that the concentration of ethanol needed for bacteriostatic control of S. aureus is lower than that previously reported.