gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Elevated expression of growth-regulated oncogene-alpha in tumor and stromal cells predicts unfavorable prognosis in pancreatic cancer (2016)

Growth-regulated oncogene-alpha (GRO-α) has been reported to be over-expressed in a series of human cancers including colorectal cancer, melanoma, gastric cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and ovarian cancer and was known to regulate multiple biologic activities associated with tumor progression. But the role in human pancreatic cancer remains unclear. To examine the expression of GRO-α and its clinical significance in pancreatic cancer (PC), a total of 12 fresh PC specimens and 12 surrounding normal tissues to detect GRO-α mRNA expression were measured by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Immunohistochemical analysis of GRO-α protein was performed in 160 formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded PC tissue samples and 68 control specimens, including 37 matched normal surgical margins and 31 benign pancreatic lesions. Kaplan-Meier survival and Cox regression analyses were performed to evaluate the prognosis of PC patients.Expression of GRO-α mRNA in PC tissues was significantly compared with that in adjacent normal tissues (1.399 ± 0.165 vs. 0.870 ± 0.103 t = 1.75, P = 0.012), GRO-α protein expression in cytoplasm of cancer cells and stroma was detected in 41.88% and 40.63% PC specimens, respectively, and was significantly higher than that in corresponding normal tissues (P = 0.008, P = 0.002, respectively). High GRO-α expression in the cytoplasm of cancer cells was related to tumor location (P = 0.047), tumor status (T classification; P = 0.001), distant metastasis (P < 0.001), and tumor node metastasis (TNM) stage (P < 0.001). High GRO-α expression in the stroma correlated with perineural invasion (P = 0.010), T classification (P = 0.006) and TNM stage (P = 0.004), and was marginally associated with metastasis (P = 0.056). Elevated expression of GRO-α in cytoplasm of cancer cells (hazard ratio [HR] = 5.730, P = 0.007) and stroma (HR = 3.120, P = 0.022) were independent prognostic factors of pancreatic cancer. T classification (HR = 2.130, P = 0.023), lymphatic metastasis (HR = 4.211, P = 0.009) and TNM classification (HR = 0.481, P = 0.031) were also prognostic predictors in PC patients.GRO-α expression was elevated in pancreatic cancer tissues and might be a potential therapeutic target and prognostic marker in patients with pancreatic cancer.
Genetic programming (2006)

The population size in evolutionary computation is a significant parameter affecting computational effort and the ability to successfully evolve solutions. We find that population size sensitivity - how much a genetic program's efficiency varies with population size - is correlated with problem complexity. An analysis of population sizes was conducted using a unimodal, bimodal and a multi-modal problem with varying levels of difficulty. Specifically we show that a unimodal and bimodal and multimodal problems exhibit an increased sensitivity to population size with increasing levels of difficulty. We demonstrate that as problem complexity increases, determination of the optimal population size becomes more difficult. Conversely, the less complex a problem is the more sensitive the genetic program's efficiency is to population size.
Pores and Ridges: High-Resolution Fingerprint Matching Using Level 3 Features (2006)

Fingerprint friction ridge details are generally described in a hierarchical order at three different levels, namely, Level 1 (pattern), Level 2 (minutia points), and Level 3 (pores and ridge contours). Although latent print examiners frequently take advantage of Level 3 features to assist in identification, Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (AFIS) currently rely only on Level 1 and Level 2 features. In fact, the Federal Bureau of Investigation's (FBI) standard of fingerprint resolution for AFIS is 500 pixels per inch (ppi), which is inadequate for capturing Level 3 features, such as pores. With the advances in fingerprint sensing technology, many sensors are now equipped with dual resolution (500 ppi/1,000 ppi) scanning capability. However, increasing the scan resolution alone does not necessarily provide any performance improvement in fingerprint matching, unless an extended feature set is utilized. As a result, a systematic study to determine how much performance gain one can achieve by introducing Level 3 features in AFIS is highly desired. We propose a hierarchical matching system that utilizes features at all the three levels extracted from 1,000 ppi fingerprint scans. Level 3 features, including pores and ridge contours, are automatically extracted using Gabor filters and wavelet transform and are locally matched using the Iterative Closest Point (ICP) algorithm. Our experiments show that Level 3 features carry significant discriminatory information. There is a relative reduction of 20 percent in the equal error rate (EER) of the matching system when Level 3 features are employed in combination with Level 1 and 2 features. This significant performance gain is consistently observed across various quality fingerprint images.
Coexistence of multiple minor states of fatty acid binding protein and their functional relevance (2016)

Proteins are dynamic over a wide range of timescales, but determining the number of distinct dynamic processes and identifying functionally relevant dynamics are still challenging. Here we present the study on human intestinal fatty acid binding protein (hIFABP) using a novel analysis of <sup>15</sup>N relaxation dispersion (RD) and chemical shift saturation transfer (CEST) experiments. Through combined analysis of the two types of experiments, we found that hIFABP exists in a four-state equilibrium in which three minor states interconvert directly with the major state. According to conversion rates from the major "closed" state to minor states, these minor states are irrelevant to the function of fatty acid transport. Based on chemical shifts of the minor states which could not be determined from RD data alone but were extracted from a combined analysis of RD and CEST data, we found that all the minor states are native-like. This conclusion is further supported by hydrogen-deuterium exchange experiments. Direct conversions between the native state and native-like intermediate states may suggest parallel multitrack unfolding/folding pathways of hIFABP. Moreover, hydrogen-deuterium exchange data indicate the existence of another locally unfolded minor state that is relevant to the fatty acid entry process.
Association between Polymorphisms of Alpha-Adducin Gene and Essential Hypertension in Chinese Population (2012)

The association between polymorphisms of α-adducin (ADD1) gene and essential hypertension is still unclear. Thus, we carried out a case-control study and an interaction analysis to test whether ADD1 is a common candidate gene for hypertension in the Chinese population. Blood samples and information including body mass index (BMI), smoking habit, and alcohol abuse were collected. Meanwhile, total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein, triglyceride were measured by automatic biochemistry analyzer. All 6 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (tagSNPs) within ADD1 gene were genotyped by SNPstream genotyping system. Multifactor dimensionality reduction (MDR) was used to identify the interactions among the SNPs and the non-genetic factors. Results showed that plasma triglyceride, total cholesterol, and BMI were significantly higher in the hypertensive group than in the control group. Result from genotyping indicated that rs4963 was significantly associated with essential hypertension. After stratification by gender, rs4963 was associated with essential hypertension only in males. MDR analysis indicated that interaction among BMI, rs4963, and rs16843452 were involved in susceptibility of hypertension. The present study indicated that rs4963 within ADD1 gene was associated with essential hypertension in Chinese population, which might be related to altered exonic splicing and disrupted gene regulation.
Detection of Dangerous Vehicles from Rear Scene (2005)

An assistance of safe driving is one of the most remarkable field in ITS. In this paper, a system for detecting dangerous vehicles from rear scene using image processing is proposed. The system is very useful for avoiding collisions which occur when changing lanes, or warning following drivers of the sudden collision possibility. The system is comprised of three image processing parts; the Lane Detection, the Vehicle Detection, the Vehicle Observation. Especially, in the Vehicle Detection, a new method for detecting only front faces of following vehicles without their sides is proposed. It is achieved because boundary lines between the vehicle front and the side are detected stably by Area Over-Division and Area Integrate. The detection of boundary lines is treated as the detection of dividing lines which divide into two areas. In the system, the problem of detecting vehicles is divided into many simple steps, and in comparison to conventional researches that try to search correct things, incorrect things are searched and only those are removed on each step. Therefore, only correct front faces remain after many steps. This system has already been experimented as a real time system in-vehicle.
Effect of liquid-sheet thickness on detection sensitivity for laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy of aqueous solution (2014)

For aqueous-solution-based elemental analysis, we used a thin liquid sheet (μm-scale thickness) in laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy with nanosecond laser pulses. Laser-induced plasma is emitted by focusing a pulsed Nd:YAG laser (1064 nm) on a 5- to 80-μm-thick liquid sheet in air. To optimize the conditions for detecting elements, we studied how the signal-to-background ratio (SBR) for Hα Balmer and Na-neutral emission lines depends on the liquid-sheet thickness. The SBR of the Hα Balmer and Na-neutral lines was maximized for a sheet thickness of ~20 μm at the laser energy of 100 mJ. The hydrodynamics of liquid flow induced by the laser pulse was analyzed by laser flash shadowgraph imaging. Time-resolved observation of the hydrodynamics and plasma emission suggests that the dependence of the SBR on the liquid-sheet thickness is correlated with the volume of flowing liquid that interacts with the laser pulses.
Parameter estimates for genetic effects on carcass traits of Korean native cattle. (2000)

Data (n = 1,746) collected from 1985 through 1995 on Korean Native Cattle by the National Livestock Research Institute of Korea were used to estimate genetic parameters for marbling score, dressing percentage, and longissimus muscle area, with backfat thickness, slaughter age, or slaughter weight as covariates. Estimates were obtained with REML. Model 1 included animal genetic and residual random effects. Model 2 was extended to include an uncorrelated random effect of the dam. Model 3 was based on Model 1 but also included sire x region x year-season interaction effects. Model 4 combined Models 2 and 3. All models included fixed effects for region x year-season and age of dam x sex combinations. From single-trait analyses, estimates of heritability with covariates to adjust for backfat thickness, slaughter age, and slaughter weight from Model 4 were, respectively, .10, .08, and .01 for marbling score; .09, .12, and .16 for dressing percentage; and .18, .17, and .24 for longissimus muscle area. From three-trait analyses, estimates of genetic correlations between marbling score and dressing percentage, marbling score and longissimus muscle area, and dressing percentage and longissimus muscle area were, respectively, -.99, .20, and -.11 with backfat thickness as covariate; -.88, .47, and .01 with slaughter age as covariate; and -.03, .39, and .91 with slaughter weight as covariate. Results of this study suggest that choice of covariate (backfat thickness, slaughter age, or slaughter weight) for the model seems to be important for carcass traits for Korean Native Cattle. Including sire x region x year-season interaction effects in the model for marbling score and dressing percentage may be important because whether sire x region x year-season interaction effects were in the model affected estimates of other variance components for the three carcass traits. Whether the maternal effect was in the model had little effect on estimates of other parameters. With backfat thickness and slaughter age end points, selection for increasing marbling score would be expected to result in decreasing dressing percentage for Korean Native Cattle. With slaughter weight as a covariate for end point, increased longissimus muscle area would be associated with increased dressing percentage, and increased marbling score would be related to increased longissimus muscle area. The differences in estimates associated with choice of end point, however, need further study.
Kinetic analysis of California oil shale by programmed temperature micropyrolysis (1992)

iv-mmm^: This is a preprint of a paper intended for publication in a journal or proceedings. Since changes may be made before publication, this preprint is made available with the understanding that it will not be cited or reproduced without the permission of the author. DISCLAIMER This document was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor the University of California nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial products, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement recommendation, or favoring of the United States Government or the University of California. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or the University of California, and shall not be used for advertising or product endorsement purposes. version 12.05.91C
Powder Technology Handbook (2006)

The Powder Technology Handbook, Third Edition provides a comprehensive guide to powder technology while examining the fundamental engineering processes of particulate technology. The book offers a well-rounded perspective on powder technologies that extends from particle to powder and from basic problems to actual applications. Pro
A comparison of SNR estimation techniques in the AWGN channel (2002)

We investigate the performance of various signal-to-noise power ratio (SNR) estimation techniques reported in the literature. The search for the best SNR estimator is undertaken by the software simulation of a baseband, binary PAM signal in an AWGN channel.
Region growing with pulse-coupled neural networks: an alternative to seeded region growing (2002)

The seeded region growing (SRG) algorithm is a fast robust parameter-free method for segmenting intensity images given initial seed locations for each region. The requirement of predetermined seeds means that the model cannot operate fully autonomously. In this paper, we demonstrate a novel region growing variant of the pulse-coupled neural network (PCNN), which offers comparable performance to the SRG and is able to generate seed locations internally, opening the way to fully autonomous operation.
Limitations to the use of military resources for foreign disaster assistance (1996)

The recent increase in the use of military resources for foreign disaster assistance has raised questions about the appropriateness of this role for the military. Argues that using the military for foreign disaster assistance is inappropriate in most cases. The military’s concepts and methods of operation are contrary to the supportive and participative concepts of disaster assistance. Without a significant change in the way the military functions, their involvement in foreign disaster assistance is justified in only the rare catastrophic disaster or where truly unique capabilities are required.
4-Pentynoic and 5-Hexynoic Acid from Jones Oxidation of 5-Hexynol (1979)

Abstract Recently, Holland and Gilman1 reported an improved procedure for the oxidation of alkynols to alkynoic acids. According to it the alkynol is added to a solution of Jones reagent. We had occasion to repeat the procedure on 5-hexynol several times, isolating “5-hexynoic acid (1)“, b. p. ∼108°/10 mm, in somewhat lower yield (55–60%) than described.
IUPHAR-DB: the IUPHAR database of G protein-coupled receptors and ion channels (2008)

The IUPHAR database (IUPHAR-DB) integrates peer-reviewed pharmacological, chemical, genetic, functional and anatomical information on the 354 nonsensory G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs), 71 ligand-gated ion channel subunits and 141 voltage-gated-like ion channel subunits encoded by the human, rat and mouse genomes. These genes represent the targets of approximately one-third of currently approved drugs and are a major focus of drug discovery and development programs in the pharmaceutical industry. IUPHAR-DB provides a comprehensive description of the genes and their functions, with information on protein structure and interactions, ligands, expression patterns, signaling mechanisms, functional assays and biologically important receptor variants (e.g. single nucleotide polymorphisms and splice variants). In addition, the phenotypes resulting from altered gene expression (e.g. in genetically altered animals or in human genetic disorders) are described. The content of the database is peer reviewed by members of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification (NC-IUPHAR); the data are provided through manual curation of the primary literature by a network of over 60 subcommittees of NC-IUPHAR. Links to other bioinformatics resources, such as NCBI, Uniprot, HGNC and the rat and mouse genome databases are provided. IUPHAR-DB is freely available at http://www.iuphar-db.org.
In‐Flight‐Melted Soda‐Lime‐Silica Glass by RF Induction Thermal Plasma (2008)

Granulated raw materials with a particle size of 20–80 μm were prepared from a slurry of Na 2 CO 3 , CaCO 3 , and SiO 2 (quartz) by the spray‐dry method, and injected with carrier gas into a radio‐frequency induction thermal plasma. Spherical particles 5–60 μm in size were obtained and analyzed. Thermo‐gravimetric analysis and X‐ray diffraction analysis showed that during the short flight of the order of milliseconds, all carbonates were decomposed and >95% quartz was reacted into a noncrystalline state. Glass transition was clearly observed by differential thermal analysis. Increase of the carrier gas from 3 to 6 L/min led to a decrease in the volatilization ratio of Na 2 O from 46% to 18% with a slight decrease of the reaction ratio of quartz in trade balance. Electron probe microanalysis showed that the volatilization could be attributed to an excess heating of small particles <30 μm, and suppression by the increase of carrier gas.
Sequence domains required for the activity of avirulence genes avrB and avrC from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea (1991)

avrB and avrC from Pseudomonas syringae pv. glycinea share significant amino acid homology but interact with different soybean resistance genes to elicit the hypersensitive defense reaction. Recombinant genes constructed between avrB and avrC revealed that the central regions were required for avirulence gene activity but the 5' and 3' termini were interchangeable. Recombinants involving the central regions did not yield any detectable avirulence gene activity, and no new avirulence phenotypes were observed from any of the chimeric genes. These results suggest that the protein products of avrB and avrC possess catalytic properties that are required for the avirulence phenotypes.
Letter: Private practice and the N.H.S. (1974)

calculation of the 'uprated' career earnings on which the individual pension is based, instead of movements in the retail price index" (para.64).If earnings lag behind inflation how is it mathematically ipossible for the dynamising formula to protect against inflation?-Iam, etc.,
A structured probabilistic model for recognition (2003)

In this paper we derive a probabilistic model for recognition based on local descriptors and spatial relations between these descriptors. Our model takes into account the variability of local descriptors, their saliency as well as the probability of spatial configurations. It is structured to clearly separate the probability of point-wise correspondences from the spatial coherence of sets of correspondences. For each descriptor of the query image, several correspondences in the image database exist. Each of these point-wise correspondences is weighted by its variability and its saliency. We then search for sets of correspondences which reinforce each other, that is which are spatially coherent. The recognized model is the one which obtains the highest evidence from these sets. To validate our probabilistic model, it is compared to an existing method for image retrieval. The experimental results are given for a database containing more than 1000 images. They clearly show the significant gain obtained by adding the probabilistic model.
An Armadillo-Like Flexible Thermal Protection System for Inflatable Decelerators: A Novel Paradigm (2013)

Polymeric ablative materials play a strategic role in the whole aerospace industry: they are used to produce the thermal protection system (TPS), which protects vehicles during the hypersonic flight through a planetary atmosphere. To date, TPSs are typically designed as rigid monolithic heat shields. Inflatable deployable aeroshells (IDAs) offer an alternative to rigid TPSs: IDAs are based on the use of flexible TPSs (FTPSs). State of the art FTPSs can handle heat fluxes up to approximately 20 W cm−2. However, next generation FTPSs for IADs should be able to survive heat fluxes up to 150 W cm−2. To satisfy these stringent requirements, we propose a radically brand-new paradigm of flexible TPS based on the use of state of the art elastomeric ablatives (EPDM/Aramid) employed to produce the insulation liners for solid rocket motors. This class of ablatives is able to survive heat fluxes in the range of (300–1000) W cm−2. Most important, we envisioned to introduce an “Armadillo-Like” design in which a series of overlapping sacrificial movable tiles could work as a continuous flexible thermal barrier.
Characteristics of ALD-TaN thin films using a novel precursors for copper metallization (2004)

ALD-TaN thin films derived from tert-buthyIimidotrisdiethyl-amidotantalum (TBTDET) and tert-amylimidotrisdim-ethylamidotantalum (TAIMATA) precursors for the diffusion barrier in Cu interconnects were developed. The deposition rate of the ALD-TaN process was saturated at 0.4 /spl Aring/ /cycle in a temperature range between 200/spl deg/C and 250/spl deg/C with TBTDET and at 0.2 /spl Aring//cycle in a temperature range between 150/spl deg/C and 200/spl deg/C with TAIMATA. Both precursors provided roughly comparable film properties such as not only excellent conformality but also composition and structure characterized by XPS and XRD, respectively. ALD-TaN films obtained from above precursors yield low via resistance in aluminum interconnects. However, relatively high via resistance was resulted upon Cu integration as compared to PVD-TaN and Al metallization. The superior diffusion barrier characteristic on Cu metallization was observed with ALD-TaN by BTS result in comparison to the conventional PVD-TaN.