gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Four-channel system for stabilizing a scintillation gamma-spectrometric installation (1974)

The histologic distinction between papillary breast lesions remains challenging, especially with core biopsy (CB) specimens. A retrospective review of the clinical, imaging, and histologic findings was performed for patients with papillary breast lesions on CB from 2013 to 2017. The interpretation accuracy was expressed as upgrade rate relative to the excision diagnosis. Diagnostic reproducibility with and without immunohistochemistry was analyzed as interobserver variability among 3 board-certified pathologists. Among 57 papillary lesions with biopsies and excisions available for review, the upgrade rates were 0% for benign papilloma, 30% for papilloma with atypical ductal hyperplasia, and 25% for papilloma with ductal carcinoma in situ, resulting in an overall upgrade rate of 11.1%. There were no statistical differences between patients in an upgrade group and others, when comparing the patient age, clinical presentation, BI-RADS (Breast Imaging Reporting and Database System) category, location, and histologic grade. The overall interobserver variability of the 60 consecutive core biopsies of papillary breast lesions by morphology alone was in the "substantial" agreement range (κ = 0.79, 86% agreement), with an excellent κ score of 0.88 for papilloma (92% agreement). "Substantial" and "fair" κ values were seen for papilloma with atypical ductal hyperplasia/ductal carcinoma in situ (0.74, 84% agreement) and invasive carcinoma (0.40, 60% agreement). Use of immunohistochemical stains improved the κ values into "excellent" range (0.92, 94% agreement). Our study favors a conservative approach in the management of benign papillomas, at least in cases of good radiologic-pathologic concordance. Papillary breast lesions with atypia/malignancy show lower diagnostic reproducibility on CB, and utility of immunohistochemistry is recommended in challenging cases.
Water Quality Program Defines Operations (1999)

This article reports on the comprehensive water quality control program (WQCP) developed by Southern California Water Company (SCWC) to comply with regulations and maintain water quality in the distribution system. The WQCP is a written blueprint of system responsibilities and activities, incorporating all the operations, maintenance, and water quality programs related to system sources, treatment, distribution pipes, storage tanks, fire hydrants, valves, and other appurtenances that affect water quality.
Reduction of urinary tract and cardiovascular defects by periconceptional multivitamin supplementation (1996)

The objective in the Hungarian randomised double-blind controlled trial was to study the preventive effect of periconceptional multivitamin supplementation on neural tube-defects and other congenital abnormalities. There were 2,471 and 2,391 informative offspring (prenatally diagnosed and terminated malformed fetuses, stillborn fetuses, and liveborn infants) in the multivitamin and placebo-like trace element groups, respectively. A single tablet either of a multivitamin containing 0.8 mg of folic acid or trace element supplement was given daily for at least one month before conception and at least until the date of the second missed menstrual period. The total rate of major congenital abnormalities was 20.6/1,000 in the multivitamin and 40.6/1,000 in the trace element group. After the exclusion of six cases of neural-tube defects in the trace element group the difference was very highly significant [P = 0.0003; relative risk of 0.54 (95% CI 0.39, 0.76)]. Multivitamin supplementation appeared to result in a significant reduction in the rate of urinary tract abnormalities, mainly obstructive defects, and in the rate of sporadic cardiovascular malformations, mainly ventricular septal defects. This report is regarded as a hypothesis-generating study encouraging others to see if the result can be repeated.
The impact and potential of blockchain on securities transaction lifecycle (2016)

This paper reports the outcome of a series of interviews and focus group meetings with professionals working in post-trade processing and the provision of mutual distributed ledger services. The objective was to elicit and document views on three research hypotheses about the potential impact of mutual distributed ledger technology (‘blockchain’) on post-trade processing global securities markets. \n\nThese hypotheses are (a) on the appropriate access to mutual distributed ledger; (b) on whether change would be piecemeal or ‘big bang’; and (c) on the extent to which applying mutual distributed ledger in securities settlement would require major changes in business processes. Our research finds that while the use of blockchain to validate operational data in mutual distributed ledgers can yield substantial reductions in both cost and risk, the concept of data sharing itself is far from new. Current interest in mutual distributed ledgers has established significant momentum, but there is a danger of building unrealistic expectations of the extent to which the technology on its own will address the underlying need for co-ordination of business processes both within and between firms. Achieving all the potential benefits from mutual distributed ledgers will require board level buy-in to a substantial commitment of time and resource, and active regulatory support for process reform, with relatively little short term payoff.
Clostridium botulinum and the safety of minimally heated, chilled foods: an emerging issue? (2006)

Foodborne botulism is caused by consumption of preformed botulinum neurotoxin, with as little as 30 ng of neurotoxin being potentially lethal. Consumption of minute quantities of neurotoxin-containing food can result in botulism. In view of the severity of foodborne botulism, it is essential that new foods be developed safely without an increase in incidence of this disease. Minimally heated, chilled foods are a relatively new type of food, sales of which are currently increasing by about 10% per annum. These products meet consumer demand for high-quality foods that require little preparation time. Their safety and quality depends on mild heat treatment, chilled storage, restricted shelf life and sometimes on intrinsic properties of the foods. The principal microbiological hazard is nonproteolytic Clostridium botulinum, and there is a concern that this may become an emerging issue. A considerable amount of research and development over the last 15 years has underpinned the safe production of commercial, minimally heated, chilled foods with respect to foodborne botulism, and it is essential that safe food continues to be developed. In particular, the desire to use lighter heat processes and a longer shelf life presents a challenge that will only be met by significant developments in quantitative microbiological food safety.
A Sucker for Extracting Small Stones from Kidney Calices (1931)

No AccessJournal of Urology1 Aug 1931A Sucker for Extracting Small Stones from Kidney Calices W.E. Lower W.E. LowerW.E. Lower More articles by this author View All Author Informationhttps://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-5347(17)72780-2AboutPDF ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints ShareFacebookLinked InTwitterEmail "A Sucker for Extracting Small Stones from Kidney Calices." The Journal of Urology, 26(2), pp. 325–326 © 1931 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.FiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Volume 26Issue 2August 1931Page: 325-326 Advertisement Copyright & Permissions© 1931 by The American Urological Association Education and Research, Inc.MetricsAuthor Information W.E. Lower More articles by this author Expand All Advertisement PDF DownloadLoading ...
Power and Pinch Grip Strength Recorded Using the Hand-Held Jamar® Dynamometer and B+L Hydraulic Pinch Gauge: British Normative Data for Adults (1994)

The purpose of this study was to establish British normative data for adults aged 15 to 92 years, using four different hand grips. A Jamar® dynamometer was used to measure power grip and a B+L hydraulic pinch gauge to measure tip, tripod and lateral grips. A sample of 130 men and 130 women from the Cambridgeshire area was tested, using standardised positioning and instructions. The results showed that male grip strength was stronger than female grip strength in all hand grips. In both men and women, power grip peaked between the ages of 15 and 49 years and declined gradually after the age of 50 years. Tip, tripod and lateral pinch grips did not decline noticeably until after the age of 70 years in women and, although there was a gradual decline in male tripod and lateral pinch grips after 65 years, male tip pinch grip showed no noticeable decline related to age. Normative data collected in this study were lower than norms reported in American studies.
A novel multifunctional labeling reagent for enhanced protein characterization with mass spectrometry (2001)

Individual peptides with lysine at the C-terminus as well as protein tryptic digests were reacted with 2-methoxy-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole, converting lysine residues to their 4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazol-2-yl derivatives. The mass spectra of derivatized digests exhibit a greater number of more intense features than their underivatized counterparts, thus increasing the information obtained in peptide mapping experiments. Additionally, MS/MS spectra of the derivatized peptides are greatly simplified in comparison to their native species, yielding primarily an easily interpretable series of y-ions. Finally, this novel label also enables differential quantitation studies, as a stable isotopic form containing four deuterium atoms can readily be produced. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristics of GaAs, AlGaAs, and InGaAs materials grown by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition using an on-demand hydride gas generator (1992)

We report results on the properties of GaAs, AlGaAs, and InGaAs materials grown using a new, on-demand hydride gas generator. Low pressure arsine gas is generated from an arsenic containing precursor (KAsH2) by the controlled addition of water as a chemical activator. Both generated and bottled arsine are used to grow GaAs, AlGaAs, and InGaAs structures using atmospheric pressure metalorganic chemical vapor deposition. Using generated arsine, GaAs layers with background carrier concentrations of less than n=3×1013 cm−3 were produced across a growth temperature range of 625–725 °C using a V/III ratio of 30. InGaAs grown at 640 °C with V/III=30 exhibits a background carrier concentration of n=2.5×1014 cm−3 and mobility values of μ300 K=11 350 cm2/V s and μ77 K=71 200 cm2/V s. Photoluminescence measurements show highly resolved exciton spectra using either generated or bottled arsine with donor-bound exciton linewidths as narrow as 0.16 meV full width at half-maximum. Broad area GaAs/AlGaAs laser devices exhibit threshold current densities as low as 195 A/cm2. The results obtained from bulk layer, quantum well structure, and broad area laser device characterization indicate that the quality of materials produced using generated arsine is equivalent or superior to that of materials produced using a high quality bottled arsine source.
On the laser ignition and initiation of explosives (2001)

Energetic materials are conventionally ignited by the application of heat to some part of an explosive target. This is most often provided by a flame or by electrical heating using a resistive wire. The material responds by thermally heating and starting a burning zone, which spreads out from the ignition point generating gas. In some cases this zone can accelerate (due to the effect of this gas) into a reactive shock wave, termed detonation. Lasers are used in a variety of applications to thermal heat a range of materials, and thus seem an obvious candidate to trigger chemical reaction in energetic ones. A light pulse offers several advantages over an electrical one, since it may be delivered down a path both immune to electrical effects and chemically stable. Thus, the triggering of safety apparatus (such as the firing of bolts on aircraft exits) represents a major thrust in the development of laser–triggered explosive devices. The energy of the pulse may be used in one of two ways to achieve these effects. In the first, the laser is shone directly upon the chemical medium, which absorbs the light at discrete wavelengths. In the second, it is used to vaporize a metallic flyer that is launched to impact on a target creating a high–pressure zone. Either mechanism starts the required reaction. However, when the pulse is delivered directly to the material, detonation is found to proceed immediately with no transition via burning. This makes the process inexplicable using present concepts. This review will address a range of the experiments conducted and theories developed for this novel field. However, it should be emphasized that the fundamental mechanisms remain to be fully explained making the application both academically stimulating as well as industrially important.
Identification of early plasma cells in peripheral blood and their clinical significance (1996)

In the peripheral blood (PB) we detected so-called early plasma cells that might already be committed to entering the bone marrow (BM). By two-colour staining with FITC-anti-CD38 antibody, their intensity (CD38++) of expression of CD38 antigen was between that of germinal centre (GC) B cells (low expression (CD38+)) and that of BM plasma cells (high expression (CD38++)), and their phenotype was CD38++ CD19+ CD10- CD20- CD21+ CD24- CD39+ CD5- VLA-4+ VLA-5- MPC-1- without expression of surface membrane IgM (SmIgM). Morphological and immunological examination of the sorted cells confirmed that they were plasmacytoid cells with expression of cytoplasmic IgG (cIgG). Variations of these early plasma cells were examined in various diseases. In active systemic lupus erythematosus, bacterial septicaemia and liver cirrhosis, early plasma cell levels were significantly increased in PB, and after subsidence of such inflammation (inactive states) these cells returned to normal levels. In contrast, normal early plasma cells were significantly suppressed in myelomas, whilst normal or slightly increased numbers of early plasma cells was found in benign monoclonal gammopathy (BMG). In addition, the number of normal early plasma cells returned to a normal level in myeloma cases with complete responses. Therefore, early plasma cells were identified phenotypically, and an increase and decrease in these cells in PB may reflect mobilization and suppression, respectively, of activated B cells into BM plasma cells.
KCNMB1 genotype influences response to verapamil SR and adverse outcomes in the INternational VErapamil SR/Trandolapril STudy (INVEST) (2007)

Our findings suggest that KCNMB1 genotype influences responsiveness to verapamil SR and risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
Final Outcome Results of the Multicenter Isradipine Diuretic Atherosclerosis Study (MIDAS) (1996)

<h3>Objective.</h3> —To compare the rate of progression of mean maximum intimal-medial thickness (IMT) in carotid arteries, using quantitative B-mode ultrasound imaging, during antihypertensive therapy with isradipine vs hydrochlorothiazide. <h3>Design.</h3> —Randomized, double-blind, positive-controlled trial. <h3>Setting.</h3> —Nine medical center clinics. <h3>Population.</h3> —A total of 883 patients with baseline mean ±SD systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively) of 149.7±16.6 and 96.5±5.1 mm Hg, age of 58.5±8.5 years, and maximum IMT of 1.17±0.20 mm. <h3>Interventions.</h3> —Twice daily doses of isradipine (2.5-5.0 mg) or hydrochlorothiazide (12.5-25 mg). <h3>Main Outcome Measure (Primary End Point).</h3> —Rate of progression of mean maximum IMT in 12 carotid focal points over 3 years. <h3>Results.</h3> —There was no difference in the rate of progression of mean maximum IMT between isradipine and hydrochlorothiazide over 3 years (<i>P</i>=.68). There was a higher incidence of major vascular events (eg, myocardial infarction, stroke, congestive heart failure, angina, and sudden death) in isradipine (n=25; 5.65%) vs hydrochlorothiazide (n=14; 3.17%) (<i>P</i>=.07), and a significant increase in nonmajor vascular events and procedures (eg, transient ischemic attack, dysrhythmia, aortic valve replacement, and femoral popliteal bypass graft) in isradipine (n=40; 9.05%) vs hydrochlorothiazide (n=23; 5.22%) (<i>P</i>=.02). At 6 months, mean DBP decreased by 13.0 mm Hg in both groups, and mean SBP decreased by 19.5 mm Hg in hydrochlorothiazide and 16.0 mm Hg in isradipine (<i>P</i>=.002); the difference in SBP between the 2 groups persisted throughout the study but did not explain the increased incidence of vascular events in patients treated with isradipine. <h3>Conclusion.</h3> —The rate of progression of mean maximum IMT in carotid arteries, the surrogate end point in this study, did not differ between the 2 treatment groups. The increased incidence of vascular events in patients receiving isradipine compared with hydrochlorothiazide is of concern and should be studied further.
Stereoselectivity at the Calcium Channel: Different Profiles of Hemodynamic Activity of the Enantiomers of the Dihydropyridine Derivative PN 200-110 (1986)

The enantiomers of PN 200-110 (PN), a highly potent calcium antagonist, were synthesized by a stereoselective synthesis. Cross-contamination was less than 0.2% for the (S)-enantiomer and 0.5% for the (R)-enantiomer. Both isomers inhibited depolarization-induced contraction of rabbit aorta, the (S)-enantiomer being much more active: The pD'2 values were 9.1 and 6.9 for the (S)- and the (R)-enantiomer, respectively. This activity of (R)-PN on potential-operated channels can be attributed to the contamination with 0.5% of (S)-PN. In anesthetized cats, the (S)-enantiomer lowered blood pressure and heart rate dose-dependently (0.3-10 micrograms/kg i.v.). The (R)-enantiomer had almost no effect on heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) at doses up to 300 micrograms/kg. However, both enantiomers increased cardiac output and blood flow to the heart and the brain. The effects on regional blood flow were tissue-dependent, the (R)-enantiomer being surprisingly potent in the subendocardium of the left ventricle. The qualitative and quantitative differences between the activities of the two enantiomers suggest that the results obtained cannot merely be explained by traces of the more active enantiomer contaminating the less active enantiomer. These results, together with those found with the enantiomers of a nitro-substituted dihydropyridine, suggest that calcium channels appear to be able not only to discriminate between enantiomers but also to respond differently to them.
An Analogy of an Ion-Selective Electrode Sensor Based on the Voltammetry of Microcrystals of Tetracyanoquinodimethane or Tetrathiafulvalene Adhered to an Electrode Surface (2003)

The voltammetry of solid 7,7,8,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and tetrathiafulvalene (ITF) at an electrode-microparticle-aqueous (electrolyte) interface generates characteristic current-potential profiles associated with solid-solid-phase transformations. During the reactions, electrolyte ions are included into the TCNQ (cations) and TTF (anions) lattice sites as part of the charge neutralization process. Consequently, electrolyte ion concentration is associated with the reversible potential of the TCNQ0/- and TTF0/+ reactions, making these processes candidates for the development of novel voltammetric cation and anion sensors, respectively. Electrode potential-analyte ion concentration dependence studies exhibited highly reproducible potential shifts of 45 (+/- 1) mV/decade change in ion analyte concentration for both the TCNQ cation sensor and the TTF anion sensor. When presented with mixed-analyte solutions, both ion-sensing systems exhibited a degree of ion selectivity. Ion selectivity trends may be modeled using equations based on a Nicolsky-type selectivity relationship, in accordance with the concept that these are the voltammetric analogies of potentiometric ion-selective membrane electrodes.
IgE immunotherapy (2013)

The importance of antibodies in activating immune responses against tumors is now better appreciated with the emergence of checkpoint blockade antibodies and with engineered antibody Fc domains featuring enhanced capacity to focus potent effector cells against cancer cells. Antibodies designed with Fc regions of the IgE class can confer natural, potent, long-lived immune surveillance in tissues through tenacious engagement of high-affinity cognate Fc receptors on distinct, often tumor-resident immune effector cells, and through ability to activate these cells under tumor-induced Th2-biased conditions. Here, we review the properties that make IgE a contributor to the allergic response and a critical player in the protection against parasites, which also support IgE as a novel anti-cancer modality. We discuss IgE-based active and passive immunotherapeutic approaches in disparate in vitro and in vivo model systems, collectively suggesting the potential of IgE immunotherapies in oncology. Translation toward clinical application is now in progress.
Unbinds data and tasks to improving the Hadoop performance (2014)

Hadoop is a popular framework that provides easy programming interface of parallel programs to process large scale of data on clusters of commodity machines. Data intensive programs are the important part running on the cluster especially in large scale machine learning algorithm which executes of the same program iteratively. In-memory cache of input data is an efficient way to speed up these data intensive programs. However, we cannot be able to load all the data in memory because of the limitation of memory capacity. So, the key challenge is how we can accurately know when data should be cached in memory and when it ought to be released. The other problem is that memory capacity may even not enough to hold the input data of the running program. This leads to there is some data cannot be cached in memory. Prefetching is an effective method for such situation. We provide a unbinding technology which do not put the programs and data binded together before the real computation start. With unbinding technology, Hadoop can get a better performance when using caching and prefetching technology. We provide a Hadoop framework with unbinding technology named unbinding-Hadoop which decide the map tasks' input data in the map starting up phase, not at the job submission phase. Prefetching as well can be used in unbinding-Hadoop and can get better performance compared with the programs without unbinding. Evaluations on this system show that unbinding-Hadoop reduces the execution time of jobs by 40.2% and 29.2% with WordCount programs and K-means algorithm.
Synthesis of thiophenedicarbonyldiazides and Di‐<i>t</i>‐butyl thiophendicarbamates (1986)

Abstract Dicarbamates 1b and 1c , and dicarbonyldiazides 2b and 2c are obtained in good yields starting from thiophenedicarboxylic acids 3b and 3c , but the vicinal diacids 3a and 3d are not suitable for the synthesis of dicarbamates 1a and 1d and dicarbonyldiazides 2a and 2d; 1a is prepared by a stepway procedure previously described, and 1d by t ‐butoxycarbonylation of the recently known 3,4‐thiophenediamine.
A modular approach to the analytic calculation of spectral phase for grisms and other refractive/diffractive structures (2008)

Analytic expressions for spectral phase for optical systems are very important for the design of wide-bandwidth optical systems. We describe a general formalism for analytically calculating the spectral phase for arbitrary optical structure made up of nested pairs of plane-parallel interfaces that can be diffractive or refractive. Our primary application is the calculation of the spectral phase of a grism pair, which is then used to analyze the behavior of higher-order phase terms. The analytic expressions for the grism spectral phase provide insight into the tunability of the third-order phase of grisms as well as the fourth-order limits. Our exact and approximate expressions are compared with a raytracing model.