gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Assumption Hierarchy for a CHA Call Graph Construction Algorithm (2011)

Method call graphs are integral components of many interprocedural static analyses which are widely used to aid in the development and maintenance of software. Unfortunately, the existences of certain dynamic features in modern programming languages, such as Java or C++, can lead to either unsoundness or imprecision in statically constructed call graphs. We investigate a hierarchy of assumptions that a Class Hierarchy Analysis (CHA) call graph construction algorithm can make about dynamic features in Java. Each successive level of the assumption hierarchy introduces new relaxations of suppositions. These relaxations allow the call graph algorithm to treat some uses of dynamic features more precisely and still remain sound. The hierarchy includes a novel assumption that dynamic features will respect encapsulation. We present an empirical study in which a unique call graph algorithm is implemented for each level of the assumption hierarchy. This study shows that assuming that dynamic features will respect encapsulation can lead to a call graph with 44% fewer edges than the fully conservative graph. By incorporating assumptions about casting operations and string values, it is possible to remain conservative and reduce the number of graph edges by 54% and graph nodes by 10% through the use of various resolution techniques. This work demonstrates that even a slight relaxation of assumptions can greatly improve the precision of a call graph. It further articulates the exact assumptions that a CHA call graph construction algorithm must make in order to use advanced resolution techniques.
The power crust (2001)

The power crust is a construction which takes a sample of points from the surface of a three-dimensional object and produces a surface mesh and an approximate medial axis. The approach is to first approximate the medial axis transform (MAT) of the object. We then use an inverse transform to produce the surface representation from the MAT.This idea leads to a simple algorithm with theoretical guarantees comparable to those of other surface reconstruction and medial axis approximation algorithms. It also comes with a guarantee that does not depend in any way on the quality of the input point sample. Any input gives an output surface which is the `watertight' boundary of a three-dimensional polyhedral solid: the solid described by the approximate MAT. This unconditional guarantee makes the algorithm quite robust and eliminates the polygonalization, hole-filling or manifold extraction post-processing steps required in previous surface reconstruction algorithms.In this paper, we use the theory to develop a power crust implementation which is indeed robust for realistic and even difficult samples. We describe the careful design of a key subroutine which labels parts of the MAT as inside or outside of the object, easy in theory but non-trivial in practice. We find that we can handle areas in which the input sampling is scanty or noisy by simply discarding the unreliable parts of the MAT approximation. We demonstrate good empirical results on inputs including models with sharp corners, sparse and unevenly distributed point samples, holes, and noise, both natural and synthetic.We also demonstrate some simple extensions: intentionally leaving holes where there is no data, producing approximate offset surfaces, and simplifying the approximate MAT in a principled way to preserve stable features.
Size Dependence of Tracer Diffusion in Supercooled Liquids (1996)

We have determined by forced Rayleigh scattering the diffusion coefficients D of several photochromic tracers with van der Waals radii between 0.38 and 8 nm (the largest ones being photolabeled polystyrene micronetworks) in 10 glass-forming liquids at temperatures between the glass temperature Tg and ∼1.2Tg. The results were analyzed in terms of power law plots, D(T) ∝ T/η(T)ξ, where η is the solvent shear viscosity, and temperature shifts, D(T) ∝ T/η(T + ΔT). The shift ΔT was related with the width of the rotational correlation time distribution via the time−temperature superposition principle.
Posttranscriptional regulation of mRNA levels in rat liver associated with deoxycholic acid feeding (1995)

We investigated the effects of bile acid feeding on the mRNA levels and transcriptional activity of genes involved in various facets of hepatic cell function. Rats were maintained for 10 days on standard diet supplemented with combinations of 1 and 0.4% deoxycholic acid and ursodeoxycholic acid. Significant reductions in mRNA levels for liver fatty acid binding protein, albumin, the asialoglycoprotein receptor, connexins 32 and 26, and cytochromes P-450IIB1 and P-450IIE1 were associated with 1% deoxycholic acid feeding. Conversely, the 1% deoxycholic acid-fed animals exhibited increased mRNA levels for cholesterol 7 alpha-hydroxylase, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, multidrug resistance, procollagens, extracellular matrix, protooncogenes, tumor suppressors, and cyclins. The 0.4% deoxycholic acid-fed animals exhibited increased mRNA levels for c-jun, H-ras, p53, cyclins D1 and D3, fibronectin, and procollagens alpha 1(I) and alpha 1(III). Transcriptional rate changes could not account for the observed changes in steady-state mRNA levels. Ursodeoxycholic acid feeding had no significant effect on gene expression and almost completely inhibited the changes associated with 1% deoxycholic acid when coadministered. The results indicate that dietary ingestion of deoxycholic acid profoundly affects hepatic gene expression in the rat, and regulation occurs primarily at the posttranscriptional level.
Production, Purification and Biological Properties of an Escherichia Coli-derived Recombinant Porcine Alpha Interferon (1990)

Recombinant plasmids for intracellular synthesis of mature porcine interferon alpha 1 (IFN-alpha 1) in Escherichia coli were constructed. High amounts of antiviral activity were obtained [up to 4 x 10(5) international units (IU) per ml of bacterial culture]. Recombinant porcine IFN-alpha 1 (rIFN-alpha 1) was purified to homogeneity by monoclonal antibody immunoaffinity and was found to have the expected Mr (17.5K) and N-terminal sequence (except for the apparent lack of an N-terminal methionine). Its specific antiviral activity was 5 x 10(7) to 10 x 10(7) IU/mg MDBK cells. In vitro biological properties of this purified rIFN-alpha 1 were compared to those of virus-induced porcine leukocyte interferon: the two interferons shared similar antigenic determinants and had the same ability to induce a cytocidal effect on primary cultures of pig kidney epithelial cells. However, rIFN-alpha 1 was at least six times more active in inducing an antiviral state on homologous porcine cells. These properties are discussed in the light of a possible in vivo use of the purified recombinant molecule.
Depletion of tumor oxygenation during photodynamic therapy: detection by the hypoxia marker EF3 [2-(2-nitroimidazol-1[H]-yl)-N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)acetamide ]. (2000)

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) of tumors can create hypoxia when oxygen is depleted by photochemical consumption or the oxygen supply is compromised by microvascular damage. However, oxygen is a requirement for PDT, and hypoxia during illumination can lead to poorer tumor response. As such, sensitive methods of quantifying tumor oxygen and evaluating its distribution may help in the development and optimization of treatment protocols. In this study, the hypoxia marker EF3 [2-(2-nitroimidazol-1[H]-yl)-N-(3,3,3-trifluoropropyl)acetam ide] was used to evaluate the oxygenation of PDT-treated radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors. Tumor-bearing mice were administered Photofrin (5 mg/kg) 24 h before PDT illumination at 75 mW/cm2, 135 J/cm2 (30 min). EF3 (52 mg/kg) was injected either within 3 min before PDT illumination, with tumor excision at the conclusion of illumination, or within 3 min after illumination, with tumor excision 30 min later. Control animals received EF3 alone, EF3 plus Photofrin, or EF3 plus illumination. After tumor disaggregation, staining with a fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibody, and flow cytometric analysis, control tumors demonstrated an averaged median fluorescence intensity (+/- SE) of 17.1 +/- 2.8. EF3 binding significantly (P = 0.007) increased during PDT to a median fluorescence intensity of 48.9 +/- 8.3. In the 30 min after PDT, EF3 binding returned to control levels (median, 18.3 +/- 3.3). To evaluate the oxygen concentrations corresponding to these fluorescence intensities, an in vitro standard curve was created based on the in vivo exposure conditions. From this curve, the oxygen tensions of tumors exposed to EF3 under control conditions, during PDT, or after PDT were calculated to be 3.1-5.3, 1.2-2.4, and 3.0-5.2 mm Hg, respectively. Detection of EF3 binding using a monoclonal antibody correlated well with direct detection of binding using a radioactive assay. EF3 binding was linear with drug incubation for times from 1.5 to 60 min. Overall, this work demonstrates that hypoxia during PDT illumination of radiation-induced fibrosarcoma tumors can be detected by the hypoxia marker EF3. Hypoxia during illumination can be labeled separately from that found before or after PDT. Tissue oxygen tensions corresponding to EF3 binding levels can be calculated.
An empirical study of Fortran programs for parallelizing compilers (1990)

Some results are reported from an empirical study of program characteristics, that are important in parallelizing compiler writers, especially in the area of data dependence analysis and program transformations. The state of the art in data dependence analysis and some parallel execution techniques are examined. The major findings are included. Many subscripts contain symbolic terms with unknown values. A few methods of determining their values at compile time are evaluated. Array references with coupled subscripts appear quite frequently; these subscripts must be handled simultaneously in a dependence test, rather than being handled separately as in current test algorithms. Nonzero coefficients of loop indexes in most subscripts are found to be simple: they are either 1 or -1. This allows an exact real-valued test to be as accurate as an exact integer-valued test for one-dimensional or two-dimensional arrays. Dependencies with uncertain distance are found to be rather common, and one of the main reasons is the frequent appearance of symbolic terms with unknown values.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Bearingless slice motor concepts without permanent magnets in the rotor (2013)

Bearingless permanent magnet motors are very compact and favorable for high speed designs. Especially the bearingless slice motor (using a permanent magnet excited rotor disc) features a mechanically simple and very cost effective fully magnetically levitated system by stabilizing some degrees of freedom by permanent magnetic reluctance forces. This work focuses on constructional possibilities to apply the slice rotor principle with its passive stabilization without any permanent magnets in the rotor part. As a matter of fact, the permanent magnets are necessary and are therefore located in the stator. Possible stator compositions are outlined and separated into homopolar and heteropolar permanent magnet air gap flux types. The definition of performance parameters allows evaluating the operational behavior of the two considered bearingless reluctance slice motor types (one with hompolar and one with heteropolar air gap flux distribution). The composition, optimization and construction of a prototype are outlined in the last section. Measurements are conducted to show the proper functionality of the bearingless reluctance slice motor prototype.
Detection of Anomalous Elements, X-Ray, and Excess Heat in a D<sub>2</sub>-Pd System and Its Interpretation by the Electron-Induced Nuclear Reaction Model (1998)

A new type of experimental apparatus is developed to induce continuous diffusion of deuterium, in which an electrochemical cell for calorimetry and a vacuum chamber for nuclear measurement are divided by a Pd sheet. Continuous X rays ranging from 10 to 100 keV and neutron and excess heat production are observed using the apparatus. Titanium atoms are detected on the surface where deuterium atoms pass through on Pd cathodes after electrolysis. Quantitative discussion shows that the detected Ti atoms cannot be explained by contamination. An electron-induced nuclear reaction (EINR) model for explaining the obtained experimental results is introduced. Experimental support of the EINR model is demonstrated by using multilayer cathodes, in which a layer containing Ca is placed at the near surface of Pd, based on the EINR model.
A statistical approach for shadow detection using spatio-temporal contexts (2010)

Background subtraction is an important step used to segment moving regions in surveillance videos. However, cast shadows are often falsely labeled as foreground objects, which may severely degrade the accuracy of object localization and detection. Effective shadow detection is necessary for accurate foreground segmentation, especially for outdoor scenes. Based on the characteristics of shadows, such as luminance reduction, chromaticity invariance and texture invariance, we introduce a nonparametric framework for modeling surface behavior under cast shadows. To each pixel, we assign a potential shadow value with a confidence weight, indicating the probability that the pixel location is an actual shadow point. Given an observed RGB value for a pixel in a new frame, we use its recent spatio-temporal context to compute an expected shadow RGB value. The similarity between the observed and the expected shadow RGB values determines whether a pixel position is a true shadow. Experimental results show the performance of the proposed method on a suite of standard indoor and outdoor video sequences.
Synthesis and antiviral properties of some 2'-deoxy-5-(fluoroalkenyl)uridines (1982)

The following 5-substituted 2,4-dimethoxypyrimidines were synthesized: 5-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-hydroxyethyl), 5-(2,2,2-trichloro-1-fluoroethyl),5-(2,2-dichloro-1-fluorovinyl) (5), and 5-(perfluoropropen-1-yl) (a mixture of E and Z isomers, 6 and 7). Demethylation of 5 gave 5-(2,2-dichloro-1-fluorovinyl)uracil, and demethylation of the mixture of 6 and 7 gave some pure (E)-5-(perfluoropropen-1-yl)uracil. Compound 5 was converted into its 2'-deoxyribonucleoside (12) and its alpha-anomer by standard procedures. 2'-Deoxy-3,5-dilithio-3',5'-O-bis(trimethylsilyl)uridine was reacted with the appropriate fluoroalkene to give the following 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines in low yield (6-24%): 5-(2-chloro-1,2-difluorovinyl) (a mixture of E and Z isomers, 15 and 16, which were separated on a small scale), 5-(perfluoropropen-1-yl), 5-(perfluorocyclohexen-1-yl), and 5-(perfluorocyclopenten-1-yl). In these reactions, 2'-deoxy-5-(trimethylsilyl)uridine and 2'-deoxyuridine were also formed. The 5-substituted 2'-deoxyuridines were tested for activity against herpes simplex virus type 1. Compound 12 and the mixture of 15 and 16 had an ID50 of 20-26 micrograms/mL in Vero cells. The activity of the mixture resided in one isomer, which by analogY with the corresponding (Z)- and (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-2'-deoxyuridines was concluded to be the Z isomer (16).
Leaf quality assessment of some selected mulberry genotypes through moulting test using silkworm larvae. (2000)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the nutritive quality of mulberry genotypes through moulting test, weight gain by the worm with two races of silkworm-CBs and Nistari. The moulting test study revealed that when leaves of a few mulberry genotypes like, 5V1, S1 Almora Local, Berhampore-B, Kolita-B, Mandalaya, KPG-3, K2, M. indica H. P. and Bishnupur-4, were fed to 1st instar silkworm showed high percentage of moulting ability after 65% of feeding. Moreover, the worms also showed synchronization in settling in moult and moult out. These genotypes can be exploited in Chawki rearing to maximise the number of worms and also used as parents in quality based breeding.
DIMETHYL SULPHIDE-A REVIEW (1982)

The sources of dimethyl sulphide (DMS) in beer and their relative significance to levels of DMS which are produced under various brewing conditions, are reviewed.
Quantum noise and squeezing in an optical parametric oscillator with arbitrary output-mirror coupling (1992)

We consider here the problem of quantum noise in light produced by an optical parametric oscillator operating below threshold inside a single-sided cavity. By employing the correct boundary conditions on quantum fields at the output mirror, a procedure that is valid for arbitrary mirror transmission, we derive exact expressions for quantum-noise reduction for arbitrary pump phase and output-mirror coupling. We find that for a given output-mirror power reflectance R, squeezing of quantum noise in the intracavity field increases to a final fractional value equal to R/(1+R) as the pump intensity is increased and the oscillation threshold is approached. The output field, on the other hand, exhibits perfect squeezing of noise in one quadrature of its central Fourier component at threshold regardless of the output-mirror coupling. The present approach, which is based on boundary conditions, is quite general and applicable to any matter-field interaction problem inside a cavity.
Localized Ras signaling at the leading edge regulates PI3K, cell polarity, and directional cell movement (2004)

During chemotaxis, receptors and heterotrimeric G-protein subunits are distributed and activated almost uniformly along the cell membrane, whereas PI(3,4,5)P(3), the product of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), accumulates locally at the leading edge. The key intermediate event that creates this strong PI(3,4,5)P(3) asymmetry remains unclear. Here, we show that Ras is rapidly and transiently activated in response to chemoattractant stimulation and regulates PI3K activity. Ras activation occurs at the leading edge of chemotaxing cells, and this local activation is independent of the F-actin cytoskeleton, whereas PI3K localization is dependent on F-actin polymerization. Inhibition of Ras results in severe defects in directional movement, indicating that Ras is an upstream component of the cell's compass. These results support a mechanism by which localized Ras activation mediates leading edge formation through activation of basal PI3K present on the plasma membrane and other Ras effectors required for chemotaxis. A feedback loop, mediated through localized F-actin polymerization, recruits cytosolic PI3K to the leading edge to amplify the signal.
Information re-retrieval (2007)

People often repeat Web searches, both to find new information on topics they have previously explored and to re-find information they have seen in the past. The query associated with a repeat search may differ from the initial query but can nonetheless lead to clicks on the same results. This paper explores repeat search behavior through the analysis of a one-year Web query log of 114 anonymous users and a separate controlled survey of an additional 119 volunteers. Our study demonstrates that as many as 40% of all queries are re-finding queries. Re-finding appears to be an important behavior for search engines to explicitly support, and we explore how this can be done. We demonstrate that changes to search engine results can hinder re-finding, and provide a way to automatically detect repeat searches and predict repeat clicks.
Electromagnetic inductance tomography(EMT): sensor, electronics and image reconstruction algorithm for a system with arotatable parallel excitation field (1998)

The main features and principle of operation of an electromagnetic inductance tomography system are described. The system can image the distribution of electrically conducting and/or magnetically permeable materials and is analogous to the other electrical tomography systems which measure capacitance or resistance. The paper presents a nonintrusive system with a rotatable parallel uniform excitation magnetic field which improves the detectability at the centre of the object space with respect to that near the periphery. The sensor construction, electronics design and image reconstruction are described. A novel electronic compensation scheme is used to condition the output signals from the sensor. This scheme subtracts the empty space background field measurements and consequently increases the overall dynamic range of the data acquisition system. An image reconstruction technique based on a correlation method is described and some images are presented.
Size and Crystallographic Orientation Controls of Gold Nanoparticles Electrodeposited on GC Electrodes (2004)

Gold nanoparticles were electrodeposited onto glassy carbon-electrodes (nano-Au/GC) in the presence of two different additives, namely, cysteine and iodide ions. The electrochemical characterization of the electrodeposited nano-Au/GC electrodes was performed via the measurements of the reductive desorption patterns of a thiol (e.g., cysteine) self-assembled monolayer as well as the cyclic voltammetric response toward the oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline medium. The structural characterization of the electrodeposited Au nanoparticles was performed by the scanning electron microscope. The nano-Au/GC electrodes prepared in the presence of 100 μM cysteine were surprisingly found to be enriched in the Au(100) and Au(110) facets and are characterized by a relatively big particle size up to 300 nm as well as low particle density (number of particles per unit area). The Au nanoparticles prepared in the presence of ions were found to be much enriched in the Au(111) facets and are characterized by a relatively narrow particle size distribution range (10-40 nm) as well as a high particle density. Analysis of the X-ray diffraction data revealed a significantly decreased ratio of Au(111) domains of the Au nanoparticles electrochemically deposited in the presence of cysteine. These preliminary results suggest a simple way to control the size as well as the preferential crystallographic orientations of gold nanoparticles. © 2004 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.