gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Using model checking to generate tests from specifications (2002)

We apply a model checker to the problem of test generation using a new application of mutation analysis. We define syntactic operators, each of which produces a slight variation on a given model. The operators define a form of mutation analysis at the level of the model checker specification. A model checker generates countersamples which distinguish the variations from the original specification. The countersamples can easily be turned into complete test cases, that is, with inputs and expected results. We define two classes of operators: those that produce test cases from which a correct implementation must differ, and those that produce test cases with which it must agree. There are substantial advantages to combining a model checker with mutation analysis. First, test case generation is automatic; each countersample is a complete test case. Second, in sharp contrast to program-based mutation analysis, equivalent mutant identification is also automatic. We apply our method to an example specification and evaluate the resulting test sets with coverage metrics on a Java implementation.
Development of specific receptors for N-formylated chemotactic peptides in a human monocyte cell line stimulated with lymphokines (1980)

A human monocyte-like cell line, U937, when grown in continuous culture, does not secrete lysosomal enzymes or migrate towards chemotactic factors. When the cells are stimulated by lymphokines, however, they develop the ability both to migrate directionally and to secrete enzymes in response to several types of chemoattractants. The development, by stimulated cells, of chemotactic and secretory responses to one class of chemoattractants, the N- formylated peptides, is accompanied by the appearance on the cells of specific binding sites for these substances. Using tritiated N-formyl- methionyl-leueyl-phenylalanine (fMet-Leu-[(3)H]Phe) as a ligand, it was determined that unstimulated U937 cells possess no detectable binding sites. However, after stimulation with lymphocyte culture supernates for 24, 48, and 72 h, they developed 4,505 (+/-) 1,138, 22,150(+/-) 4,030, and 37,200 (+/-) 8,000 sites/cell, respectively. The dissociation constants for the interaction of fMet-Leu-[SH]Phe with the binding sites were approximately the same regardless of stimulation time and ranged between 15 and 30 nM. The binding of fMet-Leu-[(3)H]Phe by stimulated U937 cells was rapid and readily reversed by the addition of a large excess of unlabeled peptide. The affinity of a series of N-formylated peptides for binding to U937 cells exactly reflected the potency of the peptides in inducing lysosomal enzyme secretion and chemotaxis. The availability of a continuous human monocytic cell line that can be induced to express receptors for N-formylated peptides will provide a useful tool not only for the characterization of such receptors but also for the delineation of regulatory mechanisms involved in cellular differentiation and the chemotactic response.
Expression of glycerol 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase gene (<i>CvGPD1</i>) in salt‐tolerant yeast <i>Candida versatilis</i> is stimulated by high concentrations of NaCl (2007)

We cloned the glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) gene (CvGPD1) from salt-tolerant yeast Candida versatilis. When CvGPD1 was expressed in glycerol synthesis-deficient Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells, the salt tolerance of the recombinant strain was enhanced, and NADP(+)-dependent GPDH (EC 1.1.1.94), Cvgpd1p synthesis and recovery of glycerol synthesis were confirmed. The transcription of CvGPD1 in C. versatilis cells was stimulated by high concentrations of NaCl. The relationship between expression of CvGPD1 and growth of C. versatilis cells in the mash of Japanese seasonings (miso- and shoyu-moromi) is also discussed.
Molecular Cloning and Determination of the Nucleotide Sequence of Raw Starch Digesting α-Amylase from Aspergillus awamori KT-11 (2004)

Complementary DNAs encoding alpha-amylases (Amyl I, Amyl III) and glucoamylase (GA I) were cloned from Aspergillus awamori KT-11 and their nucleotide sequences were determined. The sequence of Amyl III that was a raw starch digesting alpha-amylase was found to consist of a 1,902 bp open reading frame encoding 634 amino acids. The signal peptide of the enzyme was composed of 21 amino acids. On the other hand, the sequence of Amyl I, which cannot act on raw starch, consisted of a 1,500 bp ORF encoding 499 amino acids. The signal peptide of the enzyme was composed of 21 amino acids. The sequence of GA I consisted of a 1,920 bp ORF that encoded 639 amino acids. The signal peptide was composed of 24 amino acids. The amino acid sequence of Amyl III from the N-terminus to the amino acid number 499 showed 63.3% homology with Amyl I. However, the amino acid sequence from the amino acid number 501 to C-terminus, including the raw-starch-affinity site and the TS region rich in threonine and serine, showed 66.9% homology with GA I.
Methods of selecting a small reflectance set as a transfer standard for correcting spectrophotometers (2005)

Abstract The present article concerns the use of software and transfer standards of reflectance to correct a fielded spectrophotometer so that it behaves closely like a reference instrument. A method is described to choose from a large set of reflectances the best subset of a few reflectances to act as a transfer standard. A reflectance set is generated from the algorithm using each of two alternative metrics for instrument closeness: CIELAB Δ E * and a weighted sum of absolute differences over wavelength. Both metrics yield transfer standards that conspicuously exclude BCRA reflectances and also show improvement over the BCRA reflectances currently used for this purpose. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 13–17, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20169
Optimal Chunk Processing for Multi-User MIMO OFDM Wireless Systems (2006)

It has been shown that CSI at the transmitter can significantly improve the performance and reliability of multiple antenna multi-user systems. In MIMO OFDM systems the control overhead and signal processing complexity lead to the definition of time-frequency chunks. For all carriers and at all times in the chunk, the same spatial signal processing is applied. In this paper, we study the optimal signal processing using chunks in multi-user MIMO OFDM systems with respect to sum capacity optimization. At first, the optimal single-user chunk capacity optimization is studied and different optimal and suboptimal approaches are proposed. Then, the extension to the spectral power allocation is analyzed. Finally, the multi-user case is addressed. The results are illustrated by numerical simulations based on the IEEE 802.11n channel model
Highly Active Well-Defined Palladium Precatalysts for the Efficient Amination of Aryl Chlorides (2011)

The efficient preparation of [Pd(Amphos)(cinnamyl)Cl)] and [Pd(Amphos)(TFA)(κ2-N,C-C6H4-CH2NMe2)] (Amphos = 4-(di-tert-butylphosphino)-N,N-dimethylaniline and TFA = trifluoroacetate), two new well-defined palladium precatalysts, is reported. These complexes prove highly active in the Buchwald–Hartwig amination reaction, allowing the coupling of a wide range of (hetero)aryl chlorides, including unactivated, neutral, and sterically hindered substrates, with a wide range of amines, including primary and secondary amines. Finally, the catalytic systems have proven efficient at low catalyst loadings ranging from 0.1 to 0.3 mol %.
Catalysis with N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes under Oxidative Conditions (2013)

This Concept article discusses the potential of oxidative carbene catalysis in synthesis and comprehensively covers pioneering studies as well as recent developments. Oxidative carbene catalysis can be conducted by using inorganic and organic oxidants. Applications in cascade processes, in enantioselective catalysis, and also in natural product synthesis are discussed.
Recombinant human stem cell factor stimulates differentiation of mast cells from dispersed human fetal liver cells (1992)

Abstract We have previously shown the development in vitro of tryptase+ human mast cells from fetal liver cells cocultured with murine 3T3 fibroblasts. In this study, recombinant human stem cell factor (rhuSCF), the ligand for the c-kit proto-oncogene product called Kit, stimulated the growth and differentiation primarily of mast cells from dispersed fetal liver cells, whereas recombinant human interleukin-3 (rhuIL-3) stimulated the differentiation of basophils along with other cell types. Cultures of fetal liver cells were initiated and maintained in the presence of rhuSCF or rhuIL-3 for up to 6 weeks. Metachromatic cells in cytospins were identified as mast cells primarily on the basis of tryptase expression, and as MCT or MCTC by immunohistochemistry using monoclonal antibodies against tryptase and chymase, whereas basophils were metachromatic, polymorphonuclear, and lacked these proteases. Levels of tryptase and histamine were measured by radioimmunoassay, tryptase and chymase activities by peptide hydrolysis, and cell surface Kit by flow cytometry with the monoclonal antibody YB5.B8. The predominant presence of mast cells occurred only in the cultures supplemented with rhuSCF. The percentage and total number of mast cells increased over time with increasing concentrations of rhuSCF and reached a plateau at 55 ng/mL. At this concentration of rhuSCF, mast cells first appeared by day 7; by day 42, 106% of the starting number of cells were present and 85% of these were tryptase+, 31% being weakly chymase+. These mast cells appeared immature by ultrastructural criteria; most cells were mononuclear, but some had nuclei with deeply divided lobes. DNA synthesis in tryptase+ mast cells at days 21 and 28 of culture with rhuSCF was demonstrated by incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. Calculated levels of histamine (1.2 pg/mast cell) and tryptase (0.9 pg/mast cell) were similar to those determined previously in coculture experiments with murine 3T3 fibroblasts. Chymase activity was undetectable in most cell extracts. On day 0, 4% to 20% of fetal liver cells expressed cell surface Kit. In the presence of rhuSCF, the percentages and total numbers of Kit+ cells and the apparent concentration of Kit per cell increased along with the number of tryptase+ cells. In the presence of rhuIL-3, toluidine blue+, tryptase- cells first and maximally appeared at day 14 (11% +/- 2.5%). The percentage of these toluidine blue+ cells then declined to about 6% by days 21 and 35, while the total number of positive cells declined over 10-fold. Kit+ cells in the presence of rhuIL-3 declined from 9% on day 3 to 2% on day 35.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Public Service and Outreach to Faith-Based Organizations (2001)

This article describes the changing legal context for community development by faith-based organizations and accordingly encourages public service and outreach by institutions of higher education. Although many colleges and universities already partner with churches and other faith-based organizations to accomplishpublic service goals, recent changes in federal legislation offer new opportunities for collaboration. To take advantage of these opportunities, leadership by institutions of higher education is needed to stimulate and facilitate faith-based community development. Potential roles for institutions of higher education arediscussed and the legal context for involvement is reviewed. With proper guidance, the unrealized potential of collaborations between institutions of higher education and faith-based organizations may be more fully realized.
Implications of symbolic computation for the teaching of mathematics (1976)

The experience gained in teaching an experimental computer calculus course using the symbolic manipulation system MACSYMA is described. Interesting course material is presented to show how symbolic computation on computer can facilitate the teaching and learning of calculus. Some other college mathematics topics that could benefit from symbolic systems are indicated. The advantages and difficulties of such an approach are discussed.
Immunochemical characterization of the antigen recognized by the murine monoclonal antibody A7 against human colorectal cancer. (1989)

The nature of the antigen recognized by the murine monoclonal antibody A7 (Mab A7) against human colorectal carcinoma was investigated using immunochemical and biochemical techniques. Binding activity of 125I-labeled Mab A7 was examined using various human cancer cell lines. Mab A7 gave the highly specific binding to colon cancer cell lines, SW1116 and WiDr, and gave only a very weak or no reactivity to gastric cancer cell lines, pancreas cell lines or lung cancer cell lines. SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and immunoblotting of the extractable antigen from SW1116 showed a single band at approximately 45,000 dalton formed by 125I-labeled Mab A7. Treatment of SW1116 with sodium periodate, pronase and ficin resulted in the loss of antigenic activity. These data strongly suggest that the antigen recognized by Mab A7 is composed of glycoprotein. Competitive binding analysis to the surface of the colon cancer cell line using polyclonal anti-CEA and Mab A7 as well as immunoblotting analysis using monoclonal anti-CEA and Mab A7 suggested that the antigen recognized by Mab A7 was different from CEA. Moreover, this antigen was also found in surgical specimens of colorectal cancer patients and its molecular property was identical to the antigen extracted from SW1116.
Voxels on Fire (2003)

We introduce a method for the animation of fire propagation and the burning consumption of objects represented as volumetric data sets. Our method uses a volumetric fire propagation model based on an enhanced distance field. It can simulate the spreading of multiple fire fronts over a specified isosurface without actually having to create that isosurface. The distance field is generated from a specific shell volume that rapidly creates narrow spatial bands around the virtual surface of any given isovalue. The complete distance field is then obtained by propagation from the initial bands. At each step multiple fire fronts can evolve simultaneously on the volumetric object. The flames of the fire are constructed from streams of particles whose movement is regulated by a velocity field generated with the hardware-accelerated Lattice Boltzmann Model (LBM). The LBM provides a physically-based simulation of the air flow around the burning object. The object voxels and the splats associated with the flame particles are rendered in the same pipeline so that the volume data with its external and internal structures can be displayed along with the fire.
Operational Properties of Ridge Waveguide Lasers with Laterally Tapered Waveguides for Monolithic Integration (2007)

We report on a ridge waveguide laser diode with laterally tapered waveguides fabricated in a single growing step using a double patterning method. In this structure, nearly constant output power is obtained with the change of the lower tapered waveguide width, and the facet power ratio of 1.4 to 1.5 is observed over the current range. The asymmetric facet power property is also investigated.
Effect of O<sub>2</sub>post-deposition anneals on the properties of ultra-thin SiO<sub><i>x</i></sub>/ZrO<sub>2</sub>gate dielectric stacks (2000)

The effect of post-deposition anneal in O2 at different temperatures (500-700 °C) on the microstructure and electrical properties of SiOx/ZrO2 gate dielectric stacks is investigated. It is shown that the as-deposited ZrO2 layers are partly amorphous and crystallize after post-deposition anneal. From the analysis of high-frequency capacitance-voltage (C-V) characteristics, positive (negative) fixed charge is found in the as-deposited layer when Al (Au) electrodes are used. Furthermore, positive charge is generated in the gate stack and the density of interface states is increased during post-deposition anneal in O2. Both positive charge and interface state density can be greatly reduced by an additional post-metallization anneal in H2 at low temperature (400 °C). The dielectric constant of the gate stack presents a large increase after O2 post-deposition anneal at 700 °C, which may be attributed to the partial transformation of the silicon oxide interfacial layer into a Zr silicate. The leakage current through the gate stack is reduced by several orders of magnitude after O2 annealing, consistent with the increase in SiOx layer thickness, as well as the reduction in bulk trap density revealed by the reduced hysteresis effect observed in the C-V characteristics. The temperature dependence of the current density through the gate stack is also reduced after the post-deposition anneal in O2, which is attributed to the reduction in the trap-assisted tunnelling contribution to the leakage current.
Tau-beta-galactosidase, an axon-targeted fusion protein. (1994)

The most commonly used enzymatic reporter molecule, Escherichia coli beta-galactosidase (beta-gal; beta-D-galactoside galactohydrolase, EC 3.2.1.23), fails to readily diffuse into axons; consequently, the morphologies of beta-gal-labeled neurons cannot directly be determined. For analysis of neuronal pathfinding and synaptic connectivity, this information is essential. We have constructed an axon-targeted beta-gal reporter by fusing the cDNA encoding the bovine microtubule-binding protein, tau, to lacZ, the E. coli gene encoding beta-gal. This reporter labels cell bodies and axons when expressed by developing and adult Drosophila neurons. It also reveals the entire cellular extent of nonneuronal cells such as muscle fibers and glia. To generate neuronal markers for studies of Drosophila neural development, we constructed a tau-beta-gal enhancer-trap transposon. From 1500 independent lines generated by mobilization of this transposon, we have isolated a set of useful markers for specific subsets of neurons, glia, and muscles. Since the tau cDNA-lacZ reporter utilizes bovine tau, it may also effectively target beta-gal in vertebrate neurons and prove to be a useful reagent for the analysis of vertebrate nervous systems.
A role for factor XIIa–mediated factor XI activation in thrombus formation in vivo (2010)

Mice lacking factor XII (fXII) or factor XI (fXI) are resistant to experimentally-induced thrombosis, suggesting fXIIa activation of fXI contributes to thrombus formation in vivo. It is not clear whether this reaction has relevance for thrombosis in pri mates. In 2 carotid artery injury models (FeCl(3) and Rose Bengal/laser), fXII-deficient mice are more resistant to thrombosis than fXI- or factor IX (fIX)-deficient mice, raising the possibility that fXII and fXI function in distinct pathways. Antibody 14E11 binds fXI from a variety of mammals and interferes with fXI activation by fXIIa in vitro. In mice, 14E11 prevented arterial occlusion induced by FeCl(3) to a similar degree to total fXI deficiency. 14E11 also had a modest beneficial effect in a tissue factor-induced pulmonary embolism model, indicating fXI and fXII contribute to thrombus formation even when factor VIIa/tissue factor initiates thrombosis. In baboons, 14E11 reduced platelet-rich thrombus growth in collagen-coated grafts inserted into an arteriovenous shunt. These data support the hypothesis that fXIIa-mediated fXI activation contributes to thrombus formation in rodents and primates. Since fXII deficiency does not impair hemostasis, targeted inhibition of fXI activation by fXIIa may be a useful antithrombotic strategy associated with a low risk of bleeding complications.
Surface-modulated skin layers of thermal responsive hydrogels as on-off switches: I. Drug release (1992)

Thermosensitive co-polymers of isopropyl acrylamide (IPAAm) with butyl methacrylate (BMA) are capable of 'on-off' regulation of drug release in response to external temperature changes due to skin formation with increasing temperature. To clarify the role of the surface-modulated skin and controlled pulsatile drug release patterns, the surface shrinking process was regulated by changing the length of the methacrylate alkyl side-chain. Release of indomethacin in response to stepwise temperature changes between 20 and 30 degrees C from co-polymers of IPAAm with BMA, hexyl methacrylate (HMA), and lauryl methacrylate (LMA) was studied. The drug release rate during the 'on' state (20 degrees C) remained constant before and after the 'off' state (30 degrees C) when the period of the 'off' state was increased. These results suggest that the drug in the polymeric matrices diffused from the inside to the surface during the 'off' state even when no drug release was seen. The length of alkyl side-chain was found to be an important parameter in controlling the thickness and density of the surface skin layer.
Optimizing polysilicon thin-film transistor performance with chemical-mechanical polishing and hydrogenation (1996)

Chemical-mechanical polishing and hydrogen passivation were jointly used to improve the electrical characteristics of polycrystalline-Si thin-film transistors (poly-Si TFT's). It was found that each treatment affects the devices differently; polishing is more effective in smoothing the poly-Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface while hydrogenation is more effective in passivating the grain boundaries. Their effects are additive. Hence, optimal device performance was achieved by combining both treatments.
Separate computation of alias information for reuse (1996)

Interprocedural data flow information is useful for many software testing and analysis techniques, including data flow testing, regression testing, program slicing and impact analysis. For programs with aliases, these testing and analysis techniques can yield invalid results, unless the data flow information accounts for aliasing effects. Recent research provides algorithms for performing interprocedural data flow analysis in the presence of aliases; however, these algorithms are expensive, and achieve precise results only on complete programs. This paper presents an algorithm for performing alias analysis on incomplete programs that lets individual software components such as library routines, subroutines or subsystems be independently analyzed. The paper also presents an algorithm for reusing the results of this separate analysis when the individual software components are linked with calling modules. Our algorithms let us analyze frequently used software components, such as library routines or classes, independently, and reuse the results of that analysis when analyzing calling programs, without incurring the expense of completely reanalyzing each calling program. Our algorithms also provide a way to analyze large systems incrementally.
서비스산업구조의 이질성과 쿠즈네츠곡선의 기울기에 관한 실증 연구: 한국의 7대 광역시를 중심으로 (2020)

본 연구는 2000년에서 2015년 기간 동안의 우리나라 광역시를 대상으로 대도시의 산업구조변화와 쿠즈네츠곡선 기울기의 관계에 관하여 실증적으로 분석하였다. 실증 분석결과는 다음과 같이 정리할 수 있다. 첫째, 우리나라의 대도시 간 쿠즈네츠곡선의 형태에 차이가 있으며, 특히 쿠즈네츠곡선의 기울기가 대도시 간에 다르다는 것을 확인하였다. 둘째, 고정효과모형으로 분석한 결과, 서비스업 대비 제조업의 상대 노동생산성과 종사자 수 기준 제조업 대비 서비스업의 상대 비중은 타 대도시 대비 서울·울산의 쿠즈네츠곡선 기울기와 유의한 관계가 있는 것을 확인하였다. 셋째, 제조업의 상대 노동생산성 대신 제조업의 상대 임금을 활용하여 분석한 결과, 제조업 상대 임금의 증가는 서울·울산 쿠즈네츠곡선의 기울기가 더 가파른 것과 유의한 관계가 있었다. 또한 종사자 수 기준 서비스업의 상대 비중의 증가는 서울과 울산을 제외한 5대 광역시 쿠즈네츠곡선의 기울기가 더 완만한 것과 통계적으로 유의한 관계가 있음을 확인하였다. 이에 따르면, 제조업의 상대 노동생산성과 서비스업의 상대 비중에서 나타난 광역시 간 이질성에 따라 지니계수에 대한 소득의 영향력은 광역시 간 다르게 나타나는 것으로 해석할 수 있다.