gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Narcotic Antagonist Activity of Several Metabolites of Naloxone and Naltrexone Tested in Morphine Dependent Mice (1975)

A rabbit liver enzyme system was used to produce the 6beta-OH reduced metabolites of naloxone and naltrexone. GC analysis indicated the presence of some 6alpha-OH metabolite in these samples. The narcotic antagonist activity of these 6beta-OH metabolite samples were compared to naloxone, naltrexone and standard 6alpha-OH naltrexone (EN-2260A) using the jumping response of morphine pellet implanted mice. For the naloxone series, the potencies were: Naloxone greater than EN 2265A greater than 6 beta-OH maloxone. For the naltrexone series: Naltrexone greater than EN 2260A greater than beta-OH naltrexone. The low potency of the reduced metabolites the rapid onset of action of the parent compounds militate against the formation of these metabolites contributing substantially to the overall narcotic antagonist action of the parent compounds.
Inductively coupled plasma etching of bulk tungsten for MEMS applications (2014)

Tungsten based MEMS devices have the potential to be used for many applications, such as tools for micro electrical discharge machining and ultrasonic machining, or mold for inject molding. For the first time, bulk tungsten inductively coupled plasma (ICP) etching was developed and characterized, which is capable of producing high aspect ratio (>13) structures with feature size below 3μm. Etching depth of 230μm has been achieved at an etch rate up to 2.2μm/min. This technology offers big opportunities for MEMS applications.
Cool Flame Evaporation for Diesel Reforming Technology (2003)

The separation of evaporation from the catalytic reforming process is crucial for fuel processing. Unfavourable mixtures lead to degradation by local hot spots in the sensitive catalysts and formation of unwanted by-products. Cool flames offer a complete and residue-free evaporation of liquid hydrocarbon mixtures. The conditions determining whether cool flames can be stabilised or not are related to the heat management of the vaporizer. To determine this, examinations were conducted in a flow reactor to investigate stable cool flame operation under reformer conditions. A validation of the vaporizer is examined in combination with different reforming technologies.
Novel carry propagation in high-speed synchronous counters and dividers (1993)

A high-speed binary counter and a divider using a new carry propagation scheme is presented. The critical logic depth is one and the maximum fan-in of gates can be reduced to two, independent of the number of bits in both the counter and the divider. The hardware grows linearly with the number of bits, making them well suited for a wide range of applications.
Optical architectures for compressive imaging (2007)

We compare three optical architectures for compressive imaging: sequential, parallel, and photon sharing. Each of these architectures is analyzed using two different types of projection: (a) principal component projections and (b) pseudo-random projections. Both linear and nonlinear reconstruction methods are studied. The performance of each architecture-projection combination is quantified in terms of reconstructed image quality as a function of measurement noise strength. Using a linear reconstruction operator we find that in all cases of (a) there is a measurement noise level above which compressive imaging is superior to conventional imaging. Normalized by the average object pixel brightness, these threshold noise standard deviations are 6.4, 4.9, and 2.1 for the sequential, parallel, and photon sharing architectures, respectively. We also find that conventional imaging outperforms compressive imaging using pseudo-random projections when linear reconstruction is employed. In all cases the photon sharing architecture is found to be more photon-efficient than the other two optical implementations and thus offers the highest performance among all compressive methods studied here. For example, with principal component projections and a linear reconstruction operator, the photon sharing architecture provides at least 17.6% less reconstruction error than either of the other two architectures for a noise strength of 1.6 times the average object pixel brightness. We also demonstrate that nonlinear reconstruction methods can offer additional performance improvements to all architectures for small values of noise.
Recent progress in electronically tunable reflectarray technology using liquid crystals (2011)

In this paper we present an overview of liquid crystal based reflectarray technology which has been developed over the past five years at Queen's University Belfast, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid and Universidad de Oviedo. This new active control strategy requires precise characterisation of the permittivity, dielectric anisotropy and loss tangent of the liquid crystals. The electrical parameters are obtained by fitting computed results to reflection phase and amplitude plots of reflectarray elements measured in the 9.4 −10.4 GHz and 115 – 150 GHz bands and transmission coefficients of a frequency selective surface in the range 300 - 320 GHz. The validity of this new active control strategy is demonstrated by designing a reflectarray antenna which exploits the dielectric anisotropic property of liquid crystals to generate a beam that can be electronically switched from a sum to a difference radiation pattern. The simulated results are shown to be in good agreement with measurements performed at X-band. The paper concludes by showing that the narrow scan profile of an Earth observation limbsounder instrument can be obtained using a dual reflector antenna with a liquid crystal backed reflectarray subreflector. Experimental verification of the numerical results are presented at 94 GHz using a 784 element printed patch reflectarray subreflector which was designed to tilt the beam 5° from the boresight direction.
First Dual-Band Multiconstellation GNSS-R Scatterometry Experiment Over Boreal Forests From a Stratospheric Balloon (2015)

This work presents the first ever dual-frequency multiconstellation Reflectometry using Global Navigation Satellite Systems signals (GNSS-R) observations over boreal forests and lakes using GPS, GLONASS, and Galileo signals. The instrument used is the PYCARO reflectometer, which flew on-board a stratospheric balloon during the SNSB and ESA sponsored BEXUS 19 experiment. The coherent-to-incoherent scattering ratio over boreal forests is found to be as large as ~1.5, while over lakes, it is as high as 16.5. The scatterers' height fluctuations measured using the phase of the peak of the reflected complex waveforms ranges from ±10 m, to the submetric level. Finally, reflectivity maps using the different GNSS codes are presented using the conventional GNSS-R for the open-access codes, and the reconstructed GNSS-R for the encrypted ones. The coherence of the reflected signal is found to be high enough to allow the PYCARO instrument to reconstruct the P(Y) code.
Epidemiological and Serological Investigation into the Role of Gestational Maternal Influenza Virus Infection and Autism Spectrum Disorders (2017)

The literature concerning gestational maternal influenza virus infection and risk of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is inconclusive. To address this uncertainty, we obtained information from questionnaires and samples from the Autism Birth Cohort, a prospective birth cohort comprising mothers, fathers, and offspring recruited in Norway in 1999 to 2008. Through questionnaires, referrals, and linkages to the Norwegian National Patient Registry, we identified 338 mothers of children with ASD and 348 frequency-matched controls for whom plasma samples that had been collected midpregnancy and after delivery were available for influenza virus serology via luciferase immunoprecipitation and hemagglutinin inhibition assays for influenza virus strains circulating during the study period. Assay data were combined to define serological status and integrated with self-reports of influenza-like illness to estimate ASD risk. Neither influenza A nor influenza B virus infection was associated with increased ASD risk. Integration of reports of symptoms of influenza-like illness with serology revealed an increase in risk for seropositive women with symptoms, but this increase did not achieve statistical significance (a level of <i>P</i> < 0.05) in the comparison with seronegative women without symptoms (adjusted odds ratio, 1.93; 95% confidence interval, 0.95 to 3.89; <i>P</i> = 0.068). Although chance may explain our findings, the magnitude of the potential association may be of biological importance, and dismissing our findings could result in failure to detect a bona fide association (type II error). If the association is true, we posit that the risk is due to activation of the maternal immune system following infection rather than direct fetal infection. Data on levels of cytokines or other mediators of inflammation would allow us to test the validity of this hypothesis. <b>IMPORTANCE</b> The causes of most cases of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are unknown. Some epidemiological studies suggest that maternal gestational influenza virus infection may increase the risk of ASD in offspring. Here, we describe an analysis of a large birth cohort with results based on questionnaires that prospectively addressed subjective reports of influenza-like illness and serological assays for objective determination of influenza virus infection. Although serologic evidence of gestational influenza virus infection alone was not associated with risk, positive serology and symptoms of influenza-like illness cannot yet be definitely ruled out as a risk factor.
SDL modeled hybrid error control scheme for reliable multicast over Internet (2004)

With the development of IP multicast and the Internet multicast backbone (Mbone), audio/video conferencing applications become more and more popular. These realtime multicast applications usually have stringent QoS requirements. As one of the most challenging tasks in the QoS guaranteed multicast network, the technology of controlling packet loss has attracted more and more attention. We introduce a new hybrid error control scheme that integrates interleaving, forward error correction (FEC), and threshold based automatic repeat request (threshold based ARQ) to mitigate the error and loss effects encountered in wire and wireless networks. In particular, the threshold based ARQ is studied carefully to shorten the transmission delay in reliable multicast. Moreover, in order to simplify the description and validation of our scheme, specification and description language (SDL) is used for modeling it. SDL depicts different levels of our scheme, from a broad overview down to detailed designs. After the basic algorithms of hybrid error control are devised, the corresponding implementations are developed to achieve the practical performance of our scheme, and the experimental results are analyzed.
Statistical-Mechanical Theory of Irreversible Processes. I. General Theory and Simple Applications to Magnetic and Conduction Problems (1957)

A general type of fluctuation-dissipation theorem is discussed to show that the physical quantities such as complex susceptibility of magnetic or electric polarization and complex conductivity for electric conduction are rigorously expressed in terms of time-fluctuation of dynamical variables associated with such irreversible processes. This is a generalization of statistical mechanics which affords exact formulation as the basis of calculation of such irreversible quantities from atomistic theory. The general formalism of this statistical-mechanical theory is examined in detail. The response, relaxation, and correlation functions are defined in quantummechanical way and their relations are investigated. The formalism is illustrated by simple examples of magnetic and conduction problems. Certain sum rules are discussed for these examples. Finally it is pointed out that this theory may be looked as a generalization of the Einstein relation.
Near-infrared double negative metamaterials (2005)

We numerically demonstrate a metamaterial with both negative epsilon and negative mu over an overlapping near-infrared wavelength range resulting in a low loss negative-index material. Parametric studies optimizing this negative index are presented. This structure can be easily fabricated with standard semiconductor processing techniques.
α5GABA<sub>A</sub>Receptor Activity Sets the Threshold for Long-Term Potentiation and Constrains Hippocampus-Dependent Memory (2010)

Synaptic plasticity, which is the neuronal substrate for many forms of hippocampus-dependent learning, is attenuated by GABA type A receptor (GABA(A)R)-mediated inhibition. The prevailing notion is that a synaptic or phasic form of GABAergic inhibition regulates synaptic plasticity; however, little is known about the role of GABA(A)R subtypes that generate a tonic or persistent inhibitory conductance. We studied the regulation of synaptic plasticity by alpha5 subunit-containing GABA(A)Rs (alpha5GABA(A)Rs), which generate a tonic inhibitory conductance in CA1 pyramidal neurons using electrophysiological recordings of field and whole-cell potentials in hippocampal slices from both wild-type and null mutant mice for the alpha5 subunit of the GABA(A)R (Gabra5(-/-) mice). In addition, the strength of fear-associated memory was studied. The results showed that alpha5GABA(A)R activity raises the threshold for induction of long-term potentiation in a highly specific band of stimulation frequencies (10-20 Hz) through mechanisms that are predominantly independent of inhibitory synaptic transmission. The deletion or pharmacological inhibition of alpha5GABA(A)Rs caused no change in baseline membrane potential or input resistance but increased depolarization during 10 Hz stimulation. The encoding of hippocampus-dependent memory was regulated by alpha5GABA(A)Rs but only under specific conditions that generate moderate but not robust forms of fear-associated learning. Thus, under specific conditions, alpha5GABA(A)R activity predominates over synaptic inhibition in modifying the strength of both synaptic plasticity in vitro and certain forms of memory in vivo.
Maxillary Sinus Membrane Repair: Update on Technique for Large and Complete Perforations (2008)

Maxillary sinus membrane perforation is the most common complication that occurs with sinus elevation augmentation surgery. A technique using a slow resorbing type I collagen membrane for repair of large and complete sinus membrane perforations is described. The biocompatibility and semirigid structural integrity of this membrane, along with external tack fixation, allows for optimal membrane stabilization and maintenance.
Distribution of nanoparticles throughout the cerebral cortex of rodents and non-human primates: Implications for gene and drug therapy (2014)

When nanoparticles/proteins are infused into the brain, they are often transported to distal sites in a manner that is dependent both on the characteristics of the infusate and the region targeted. We have previously shown that adeno-associated virus (AAV) is disseminated within the brain by perivascular flow and also by axonal transport. Perivascular distribution usually does not depend strongly on the nature of the infusate. Many proteins, neutral liposomes and AAV particles distribute equally well by this route when infused under pressure into various parenchymal locations. In contrast, axonal transport requires receptor-mediated uptake of AAV by neurons and engagement with specific transport mechanisms previously demonstrated for other neurotropic viruses. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) represents yet another way in which brain anatomy may be exploited to distribute nanoparticles broadly in the central nervous system. In this study, we assessed the distribution and perivascular transport of nanoparticles of different sizes delivered into the parenchyma of rodents and CSF in non-human primates.
Serum exosomes and cytokines promote a T-helper cell type 2 environment in the peripheral blood of glioblastoma patients (2015)

The results of the current study indicate a Th2 bias in the periphery of GBM patients, likely as a result of products elaborated by the tumor. Consequentially, through immune modulation these brain tumors exert systemic effects beyond the confines of the CNS.
AUTOMATED MOBILE HIGHWAY SIGN RETROREFLECTIVITY MEASUREMENT (2003)

This Innovations Deserving Exploratory Analysis (IDEA) project developed and tested a prototype digital video image analysis system to measure highway sign retroreflectivity. A literature review was conducted to obtain additional relevant information on highway sign retroreflectivity. The image-processing hardware was procured and checked. An image-processing algorithm to perform real time analysis was developed. Signs were obtained from the Missouri Department of Transportation to calibrate the system. An outdoor measuring range with interchangeable sign mounted on a signpost was set up for experimental development. Following laboratory and outdoor evaluations, a prototype system to measure highway sign reflectivity was developed and tested under highway conditions. The results show the feasibility of developing a mobile vision-based system to classify and measure the visibility of road signs. The results also showed a rather poor correlation between retroreflectivity and visibility. Retroreflectivity was found to be a poor predictor of the visibility of white, yellow and to a lesser extent orange signs. It is, however, a relatively good predictor of the visibility of red, and to a lesser extent of green and blue signs. Brown signs were found to be of low retroreflectivity and visibility. The method developed in this project is the closest possible analog to what the eye sees when looking at signs under the normal illumination provided by the headlights. The method should be used at night and may be limited to use with high beams.
Anthraquinone pulping of kudzu (pueraria lobata) (1993)

Kudzu was pulped underpulping conditions for kraft, kraft-AQ, soda, and soda-AQ processes. Anthraquinone addition increased the carbohydrate content of the brownstock pulp for all cooks. Anthraquinone addition lowered the brownstock kappa number while reducing the chemical demand. Brownstock from selected pulping sequences was tested to determine tear strength, tensile strength, burst strength, and freeness. The brownstock was also subjected to a CED bleaching sequence. For the bleached pulps, viscosity and average fiber length were determined.
On the probable origin of some milk fat acids in rumen microbial lipids (1962)

Abstract The quantity and character of the microbial lipid isolated from rumen digesta are interpreted as indicating that significant quantities of milk fat acids originate from rumen microbial synthesis of long chain acids from volatile fatty acids. Component fatty acid patterns are presented of rumen bacterial lipid, crude rumen protozoal lipid, blood serum lipid, and milk lipid isolated from samples taken from a lactating Holstein. Certain rumen bacterial lipid fractions are shown to be very rich sources of odd carbon acids and branched acids, and it is suggested that the major source of these acids in ruminant fats is from bacterial synthesis rather than animal synthesis.
Task-based process know-how reuse and proactive information delivery in TaskNavigator (2006)

Knowledge management approaches for weakly-structured, adhoc knowledge work processes need to be lightweight, i.e., they cannot rely on high upfront modeling efforts. This paper presents TaskNavigator, a novel prototype to support weakly-structured processes by integrating a standard task list application with a state-of-the-art document classification system. The resulting system allows for a task-oriented view on office workers' personal knowledge spaces in order to realize a proactive and contextsensitive information support during daily, knowledge-intensive tasks. Moreover, TaskNavigator supports process know-how reuse by proactively suggesting similar tasks or relevant process models, based on textual similarities. Finally, we report on a feasibility test and a case study that have been conducted in order to evaluate the system in the context of daily research task management and software requirements analysis.
Is Language the Key to Human Intelligence? (2004)

What factors make humans unique? Spoken language? Recursion? In his Perspective,
 Premack
 uses a recent study showing that tamarin monkeys can acquire nonrecursive but not recursive grammar (
 Fitch
 et al.) as a springboard to discuss various aspects of human uniqueness.
Effect of eddy current in the laminations on the magnet field (1992)

In this note theory and measurements of the effect of the eddy current in the laminations on the magnet field are presented. The theory assumes a simple solenoid-type magnet with laminated iron core and ignores the end field effect. The measurements were made on the input voltage and current, and the dipole component of the magnetic field in the middle of the magnet bore. The amplitude and phase relations between these quantities give the field attenuation factor, phase delay, and resistance and inductance of the magnet as functions of frequency. Comparisons of results with theory are discussed.
An Adhesin of the Yeast Pathogen <i>Candida glabrata</i> Mediating Adherence to Human Epithelial Cells (1999)

Candida glabrata is an important fungal pathogen of humans that is responsible for about 15 percent of mucosal and systemic candidiasis. Candida glabrata adhered avidly to human epithelial cells in culture. By means of a genetic approach and a strategy allowing parallel screening of mutants, it was possible to clone a lectin from a Candida species. Deletion of this adhesin reduced adherence of C. glabrata to human epithelial cells by 95 percent. The adhesin, encoded by the EPA1 gene, is likely a glucan-cross-linked cell-wall protein and binds to host-cell carbohydrate, specifically recognizing asialo-lactosyl-containing carbohydrates.
Bromination of Alkenes Using a Mixture of Sodium Bromide and Sodium Perborate (1998)

Bromination of alkenes with sodium bromide in the presence sodium perborate provides a simple, high yield route to dibromoalkanes.
The Relationship between Information Technology and Strategic Knowledge Management and Their Impact on the Financial Performance of Iraqi Companies (2018)

The research aims to determine the relationship between management information technology and strategic knowledge management in Iraqi industrial companies, as well as to identify the impact of that relationship on the financial performance of these companies. In order to achieve this objective, the research was conducted on a sample of the Iraqi industrial companies represented by (Al-Hilal Industrial Company, Baghdad Soft Drinks Company, and Iraqi Company for Carpets and Furniture) for the fiscal years (2014-2015). An analytical study was conducted to identify the Information Technology (IT) used in the administrative process and how companies manage knowledge and its impact on financial performance. A survey was conducted through distributing (100) forms to the staff of the company, and through their responses, the research objectives were achieved. As far as the model of analysis is concerned, the researchers utilized the statistical program SPSS and Likart for analyzing the responses of the study sample to the questionnaires distributed. The main findings of the research are the relationship between IT and strategic knowledge management, which is reflected in the efficiency of the financial performance of the research sample companies. IT helps to develop the administrative structure of the company in a way that increases its financial performance. The most important thing recommended by the research is the need for industrial companies to exploit the expertise and knowledge that they possess in providing administrative and strategic plans that help them achieve their future goals and avoid falling into crises and administrative problems.