gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Cognitive Radios: System Design Perspective (2007)

A major shift in wireless communications is now emerging with the development of cognitive radios, which attempt to share spectrum in a fundamentally new way. Cognitive radios address the problem of poor spectrum utilization exhibited in many frequency bands. On a conceptual level, cognitive radio networks sense the spectral environment and adapt transmission parameters to dynamically reuse available spectrum. The novelty of this approach requires us to re-architect the mechanisms for using radio frequencies and find a way for multiple systems to co-exist through sharing rather than fixed allocations. <p> This dissertation explores some fundamental questions in cognitive radio system design by bridging the theoretical and practical aspects of the physical and network layers. A system level design involved a closed loop research approach connecting theoretical analysis and development of new algorithms with their implementation and experimental verification. A wireless testbed platform with capabilities for real-time signal processing and protocols, networking and multiple antenna communication was developed to support this research approach. <p> Spectrum sensing has been identified as a key enabling functionality for cognitive radios, therefore the goal of this research was to address its feasibility, performance limits and implementation issues. A major challenge in the spectrum sensing design is the requirement to detect very weak signals of different types in a minimum time with high reliability. To solve this problem, a cross-layer design approach was applied involving sensing radio front-end, digital signal processing and networking solutions. By exploiting spatial filtering for interference suppression, statistical signal processing to combat channels uncertainties and network cooperations to improve detection reliability, we show the practically achievable limits for sensing weak signals in wideband cognitive radio channels. As a result, an architecture of a spectrum sensing function is proposed and its performance and implementation complexity are characterized using the developed testbed platform
Characterisation of Organic Cation Transport across the Apical Membrane of Proximal Tubular Cells with the Fluorescent Dye 4-Di-1-ASP (1997)

Recently, we introduced a new method to monitor organic cation transport using the fluorescent dye 4-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+). We now examined properties of ASP+ uptake across the apical membrane of proximal tubular cells (LLC-PK1 and IHKE1) with this new method and compared the results with characteristics of organic cation transport obtained in transport studies using radio-labeled substrates. Cimetidine and choline inhibited ASP+ accumulation in LLC-PK1 cells with maximal inhibitions of 51 ± 5% (n = 6, at 1 mM) and 45 ± 14% (n = 6, at 50 mM), respectively. TMA+, TEA+ and THA+ showed bell-shaped concentration-response curves in LLC-PK1 and IHKE1 cells. Maximal inhibition was achieved in LLC-PK1 cells with 10 mM TMA+ (53 ± 4%, n = 6), 5 mM TEA+ (64 ± 4%, n = 4) and 10 µM THA+ (97 ± 5%, n = 6) and in IHKE1 cells with > 50 mM TMA+ (51 ± 8%, n = 6), 1 mM TEA+ (53 ± 12%, n = 6) and 5 µM THA+(100 ± 1%, n = 6). Higher concentrations of these cations led to a reduction of the inhibitory effect. ASP+ accumulation in LLC-PK1 cells was reduced at pH 6.0 by 60 ± 5% (n = 7) and increased at pH 8.4 by 18 ± 6% (n = 6). Membrane depolarization induced by increases in the extracelluar K+ concentration to 50 or 145 mM led to a reduction of the ASP+ accumulation in LLC-PK1 cells by 27 ± 7% (n = 5) or 37 ± 6% (n = 5), respectively. The data of this study demonstrate that ASP+ accumulation across the apical membrane of LLC-PK1 and IHKE1 cells measured fluorimetrically has properties comparable to those reported for the H+/organic cation exchanger described for the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule.
Aisle-level scanning for pervasive RFID-based shopping applications (2012)

RFID technology is amongst the most revolutionary technologies that will shape tomorrow's pervasive retail sales. This technology offers an important set of opportunities which improve the shopping experience of customers when visiting any self-service store. Indeed, this technology is increasingly promising to the extent of a potential replacement the barcode system as new low cost RFID tag manufacturing procedures have emerged. This paper presents a novel and cost efficient approach to the application of RFID technology in pervasive retail sales, by shifting from cart level to aisle-level scanning, using new event management procedures at the level of the RFID middleware. These procedures include the use of localization and clustering algorithms in order to form purchase contexts. The motivation behind such approach is the reduction of RFID reader deployment and maintenance cost, its transparency to the customers, and its robustness.
Upgrading of N×40 Gb/s WDM system from 100 GHz to 50 GHz channel spacing by duobinary interleaving concept with optical transversal filter (2002)

We suggest the use of an optical transversal filter for the simultaneous duobinary encoding of several WDM-channels. An add-on concept to upgrade an existing 40 Gb/s WDM system and reduce the channel spacing from 100 to 50 GHz is proposed and investigated.
Epithelial interleukin-4 receptor expression promotes colon tumor growth (2010)

Inflammatory mediators are of considerable interest as potential therapeutic targets in various cancers. Here we investigate whether interleukin (IL)-4 receptor alpha (IL4Ralpha), a component of the receptor complex for the T helper 2 cytokines IL4 and IL13, plays a role in colonic tumorigenesis. IL4Ralpha protein expression was seen in tumor cells of 28/48 human colon adenocarcinomas on a tissue microarray. In human and murine colon tumor cell lines analyzed in vitro, all of which expressed IL4Ralpha, treatment with exogenous ligand resulted in dose-dependent increases in proliferation. IL4 decreased apoptosis only in HCT116 cells. An orthotopic allograft model was used to determine in vivo effects of tumor cell-specific IL4Ra ablation. MC38 murine tumor cells with the IL4Ra gene knocked down showed reduced proliferation but no difference in apoptosis compared with controls after implantation in ceca of syngeneic mice. Mice null for IL4Ra and wild-type controls were treated with azoxymethane and dextran sulfate sodium to induce tumor formation. Mice with global deletion of IL4Ra had significantly fewer and smaller tumors. Reduced tumorigenicity correlated with decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Systemic blockade of IL4Ralpha-IL4 interactions with a chimeric soluble receptor protein gave similar results in the cecal implant model. Thus, IL4Ralpha, a component of the IL4R and IL13R, contributes to tumor formation in a mouse model of colitis-associated cancer. Proliferation appears to be directly mediated via IL4Ralpha on the epithelial tumor cells. Survival may be an indirect response mediated via other host cells. Our results support therapeutic targeting of IL4Ralpha in colon cancer.
Lightweight Application-Level Task Migration for Mobile Cloud Computing (2012)

Mobile cloud computing allows mobile applications to use the enormous resources in the clouds. In order to seamlessly utilize the resources, it is common to migrate computation among mobile nodes and cloud nodes. Therefore, a highly portable and transparent migration approach is needed. In terms of portability, application-level migration with code instrumentation is the most portable approach. However, in the existing literature, this approach imposes significant runtime overhead, even when no migration takes place. Most of these works are for mobile agents, and migrations are to be invoked by the programs. Migration points are also restricted to certain locations where migration status is being polled. In this paper, we propose a Java byte code transformation technique for realizing task migration without imposing significant overhead on normal execution. Asynchronous migration technique is used to allow migrations to take place virtually anywhere in the user codes, and the proposed Twin Method Hierarchy minimizes the overhead resulting from state-restoration codes in normal execution. We have implemented our approach in our middleware. The results show that our approach can allow lightweight computation migration at application level, achieve considerable speedups and utilize the cloud resources from mobile devices.
Amelioration of Diabetes in Nonobese Diabetic Mice with Advanced Disease by Linomide-Induced Immunoregulation Combined with Reg Protein Treatment<sup>1</sup> (1998)

Oral linomide, (quinoline-3-carboxamide), has been shown to prevent autoimmune insulitis, islet destruction, and diabetes in NOD mice treated at an early stage of the disease, but confers only partial protection in animals with advanced disease. Reg protein, the gene product of a complementary DNA isolated from a regenerating rat islet library, has been previously shown to induce expansion of beta-cell mass in pancreatectomized rats. To determine the effect of treatment combining immunomodulation and Reg protein on advanced autoimmune diabetes, we treated female NOD mice with oral linomide and i.p. Reg protein injections. In 14-week-old animals with less severe disease (glucose tolerant), treatment with each agent alone resulted in amelioration of diabetes, as did treatment with Reg alone in 5-week-old prediabetic mice. In 14-week-old animals with more severe disease (glucose intolerant), only treatment with the combination of both agents, but not that with each separately, resulted in amelioration of diabetes. Our study suggests that treatment aimed at abrogation of autoimmunity combined with expansion of beta-cell mass constitutes a potential therapeutic approach for treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.
Dispersion-managed soliton dynamics (1997)

We obtain and solve algebraic eigenvalue equations that predict the dependence of the pulse energy of a dispersion-managed soliton on pulse duration, chirp, and dispersion-map parameters. We demonstrate that a variational ansatz based on a Gaussian pulse shape remains useful even when the actual pulse shape is not Gaussian, and we show that the enhancement factor saturates as the pulse duration decreases.
A machine learning approach for agricultural parcel delineation through agglomerative segmentation (2017)

A correct delineation of agricultural parcels is a primary requirement for any parcel-based application such as the estimate of agricultural subsidies. Currently, high-resolution remote-sensing images provide useful spatial information to delineate parcels; however, their manual processing is highly time consuming. Thus, it is necessary to create methods which allow performing this task automatically. In this work, the use of a machine-learning algorithm to delineate agricultural parcels is explored through a novel methodology. The proposed methodology combines superpixels and supervised classification in order to determine which adjacent superpixels should be merged, transforming the segmentation issue into a machine learning matter. A visual evaluation of results obtained by the methodology applied to two areas of a high-resolution satellite image of fragmented agricultural landscape points out that the use of machine-learning algorithm for this task is promising.
Misexpression of the Opaque-Phase-Specific Gene <i>PEP1</i> ( <i>SAP1</i> ) in the White Phase of <i>Candida albicans</i> Confers Increased Virulence in a Mouse Model of Cutaneous Infection (1999)

Candida albicans WO-1 switches reversibly and at high frequency between a white and an opaque colony-forming phenotype that includes dramatic changes in cell morphology and physiology. A misexpression strategy has been used to investigate the role of the opaque-phase-specific gene PEP1 (SAP1), which encodes a secreted aspartyl proteinase, in the expression of the unique opaque-phase phenotype and phase-specific virulence in two animal models. The PEP1 (SAP1) open reading frame was inserted downstream of the promoter of the white-phase-specific gene WH11 in the transforming vector pCPW7, and the resulting transformants were demonstrated to misexpress PEP1 (SAP1) in the white phase. Misexpression did not confer any of the unique morphological characteristics of the opaque phase to cells in the white phase and had no effect on the switching process. However, misexpression conferred upon white-phase cells the increased capacity of opaque-phase cells to grow in medium in which protein was the sole nitrogen source. Misexpression of PEP1 (SAP1) had no effect on the virulence of white-phase cells in a systemic mouse model, in which white-phase cells were already more virulent than opaque-phase cells. Misexpression did, however, confer upon white-phase cells the dramatic increase in colonization of skin in a cutaneous mouse model that was exhibited by opaque-phase cells. Misexpression of PEP1 (SAP1) conferred upon white-phase cells two dissociable opaque-phase characteristics: increased adhesion and the capacity to cavitate skin. The addition of pepstatin A to the cutaneous model inhibited the latter, but not the former, suggesting that the latter is effected by released enzyme, while the former is effected by cell-associated enzyme.
<i>In vivo</i>repopulating hematopoietic stem cells are present in the murine yolk sac at day 9.0 postcoitus (1997)

The murine yolk sac, being the first site of embryonic blood cell production, has long been theorized to contain the migrating hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) that seed the liver and initiate hematopoiesis on day 10.0 postcoitus (pc). However, it remains controversial whether yolk sac cells isolated before day 11.0 pc possess any long-term repopulating HSC activity upon transplantation into adult recipient mice. We hypothesized that failure to demonstrate engraftment of day <11.0 yolk sac cells in adult hosts may result from an inability of yolk sac cells to home to the active adult hematopoietic sites (spleen and bone marrow). In the present studies, we transplanted yolk sac cells into conditioned newborn mice in whom the liver, as well as the spleen and bone marrow, concomitantly function as a site of blood cell formation. We report that yolk sac cells isolated from day 9.0 pc embryos provide long-term multilineage reconstitution for at least 11 months in primary conditioned newborn mice and for at least 6 months in secondary recipients. Donor yolk sac HSC progeny repopulated mature peripheral blood, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow lymphoid, myeloid, and erythroid compartments. Thus, day 9.0 pc yolk sac HSC can contribute to definitive multilineage hematopoiesis in transplanted recipients. Determination of HSC activity in the day 9.0 pc murine yolk sac suggests that yolk sac HSC are available to seed the liver on day 10.0 pc when definitive hematopoiesis is initiated.
Novel Nanocomposite Materials for Advanced Li-Ion Rechargeable Batteries (2009)

Nanostructured materials lie at the heart of fundamental advances in efficient energy storage and/or conversion, in which surface processes and transport kinetics play determining roles. Nanocomposite materials will have a further enhancement in properties compared to their constituent phases. This Review describes some recent developments of nanocomposite materials for high-performance Li-ion rechargeable batteries, including carbon-oxide nanocomposites, polymer-oxide nanocomposites, metal-oxide nanocomposites, and silicon-based nanocomposites, etc. The major goal of this Review is to highlight some new progress in using these nanocomposite materials as electrodes to develop Li-ion rechargeable batteries with high energy density, high rate capability, and excellent cycling stability.
Central issues regarding the mechanisms of action of electroconvulsive therapy: directions for future research. (1994)

Over 100 theories have been offered to account for the therapeutic effects of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT). The findings that technical factors in treatment administration strongly determine the magnitude of antidepressant effects contradict a number of psychological explanations that focus on placebo effects and patient expectations. The independence of therapeutic and adverse cognitive side effects implies an independence of mechanisms. Biological investigation of mechanisms has been impeded by the belief that therapeutic effects are an intrinsic outcome of seizure elicitation. However, recent research has contradicted long-held conceptions of the necessary and sufficient conditions for ECT's antidepressant effects. The recognition that generalized seizures that lack therapeutic properties can be reliably elicited provides new opportunities for examining the neurophysiological and biochemical determinants of efficacy. Neurophysiological and biochemical theories are described and future research directions are outlined.
Interpersonal Conflict and Its Management in Information System Development1 (2001)

Researchers from a wide range of management areas agree that conflicts are an important part of organizational life and that their study is important. Yet, interpersonal conflict is a neglected topic in information system development (ISD). Based on definitional properties of interpersonal conflict identified in the management and organizational behavior literatures, this paper tests a model of how individuals participating in ISD projects perceive interpersonal conflict and examines the relationships between interpersonal conflict, management of the conflict, and ISD outcomes. Questionnaire data was obtained from 265 IS staff and 272 users working on 162 ISD projects. Results indicated that the construct of interpersonal conflict was reflected by three key dimensions: disagreement, interference, and negative emotion. While conflict management was found to have positive effects on ISD outcomes, it did not substantially mitigate the negative effects of interpersonal conflict on these outcomes. In other words, the impact of interpersonal conflict was perceived to be negative, regardless of how it was managed or resolved.
Food to some, poison to others - honeybee royal jelly and its growth inhibiting effect on European Foulbrood bacteria (2016)

Honeybee colonies (Apis mellifera) serve as attractive hosts for a variety of pathogens providing optimal temperatures, humidity, and an abundance of food. Thus, honeybees have to deal with pathogens throughout their lives and, even as larvae they are affected by severe brood diseases like the European Foulbrood caused by Melissococcus plutonius. Accordingly, it is highly adaptive that larval food jelly contains antibiotic compounds. However, although food jelly is primarily consumed by bee larvae, studies investigating the antibiotic effects of this jelly have largely concentrated on bacterial human diseases. In this study, we show that royal jelly fed to queen larvae and added to the jelly of drone and worker larvae, inhibits not only the growth of European Foulbrood-associated bacteria but also its causative agent M. plutonius. This effect is shown to be caused by the main protein (major royal jelly protein 1) of royal jelly.
Femoroacetabular Impingement (2003)

A multitude of factors including biochemical, genetic, and acquired abnormalities may contribute to osteoarthritis of the hip. Although the pathomechanism of degenerative process affecting the dysplastic hip is well understood, the exact pathogenesis for idiopathic osteoarthritis has not been established. Based on clinical experience, with more than 600 surgical dislocations of the hip, allowing in situ inspection of the damage pattern and the dynamic proof of its origin, we propose femoroacetabular impingement as a mechanism for the development of early osteoarthritis for most nondysplastic hips. The concept focuses more on motion than on axial loading of the hip. Distinct clinical, radiographic, and intraoperative parameters can be used to confirm the diagnosis of this entity with timely delivery of treatment. Surgical treatment of femoroacetabular impingement focuses on improving the clearance for hip motion and alleviation of femoral abutment against the acetabular rim. It is proposed that early surgical intervention for treatment of femoroacetabular impingement, besides providing relief of symptoms, may decelerate the progression of the degenerative process for this group of young patients.
Second-order Optimization for Deep Reinforcement Learning using Kronecker-factored Approximation (2017)

In this work, we propose to apply trust region optimization to deep reinforcement learning using a recently proposed Kronecker-factored approximation to the curvature. We extend the framework of natural policy gradient and propose to optimize both the actor and the critic using Kronecker-factored approximate curvature (K-FAC) with trust region; hence we call our method Actor Critic using Kronecker-Factored Trust Region (ACKTR). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first scalable trust region natural gradient method for actor-critic methods. It is also the method that learns non-trivial tasks in continuous control as well as discrete control policies directly from raw pixel inputs. We tested our approach across discrete domains in Atari games as well as continuous domains in the MuJoCo environment. With the proposed methods, we are able to achieve higher rewards and a 2- to 3-fold improvement in sample efficiency on average, compared to previous state-of-the-art on-policy actor-critic methods. Code is available at https://github.com/openai/baselines
Chapter 6: Estrogen Metabolism by Conjugation (2000)

The involvement of estrogens in carcinogenic processes within estrogen-responsive tissues has been recognized for a number of years. Classically, mitogenicity associated with estrogen receptor-mediated cellular events was believed to be the mechanism by which estrogens contributed to carcinogenesis. Recently, the possibility that estrogens might contribute directly to mutagenesis resulting from DNA damage has been investigated. That damage is apparently a result of the formation of catechol estrogens that can be further oxidized to semiquinones and quinones. Those molecules represent reactive oxygen species and electrophilic molecules that can form depurinating DNA adducts, thus having the potential to result in permanent nucleotide mutation. Conjugation of parent estrogens to sulfate and glucuronide moieties; of catechol estrogens to methyl, sulfate, and glucuronide conjugates; and of catechol estrogen quinones to glutathione conjugates all represent potential "detoxification" reactions that may protect the cell from estrogen-mediated mitogenicity and mutagenesis. In this chapter, the biochemistry and molecular genetics of those conjugative reaction pathways are discussed. When applicable, the involvement of specific enzymatic isoforms is presented. Finally, the activity of many of these conjugative biotransformation reactions is subject to large interindividual variation--often due to the presence of common nucleotide polymorphisms within the genes encoding those enzymes. Functionally significant genetic polymorphisms that might contribute to variable conjugation of estrogens and catechol estrogens are also discussed.
Inactivation of Bacteria in Seawater by Low-Amperage Electric Current (2003)

Seawater used in mariculture has been suspected of being a potential source of infection. In this study, the lethal effects of low-amperage electric treatment on microorganisms were examined in natural seawater and in seawater inoculated with Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In both cases, bacteria including V. parahaemolyticus in seawater were completely eliminated in 100 ms by a 0.5-A, 12-V direct current. Electron microscopic investigation of the electrically treated bacteria revealed substantial structural damage at the cellular level. In conclusion, our results indicate that low-amperage electric treatment is effective for rapid inactivation of microorganisms in seawater.