gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Oxygen- and temperature-dependent cytotoxic and radiosensitizing effects of cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) on human NHIK 3025 cells in vitro. (1988)

The radiosensitizing effect of the chemotherapeutic drug cis-dichlorodiammineplatinum(II) (cis-DDP) was tested on human NHIK 3025 cells cultivated in vitro. cis-DDP was found to exert a radiomodifying effect under hypoxic but not under aerobic conditions. These results confirm that cis-DDP may act as a radiosensitizer of hypoxic cells; however, the radiosensitizing effect was seen only at concentrations of cis-DDP having a considerable cytotoxic activity, and for practical reasons concerning survival level the highest drug concentration that was investigated was 15 microM at 37 degrees C. The radiosensitizing effect was of a dose-modifying type and with a dose-modifying factor (DMF) of 1.2 at 15 microM in hypoxic cells. The radiosensitizing as well as the cytotoxic effect of cis-DDP was found to be strongly temperature dependent. Isoeffect doses of cis-DDP was reduced with a factor of 3 at 22 as compared to 37 degrees C. We also found that hypoxic cells were less sensitive to cis-DDP than cells treated in the presence of oxygen. To test the correlation between cytotoxicity and radiosensitization on the one hand and cellular uptake of cis-DDP on the other, cell-associated Pt was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. From these studies the cytotoxicity of cis-DDP at 22 and 37 degrees C under aerobic conditions was found to be the same as long as the amount of cell-associated Pt (i.e., the cellular uptake) was the same. However, whether the cells were treated under hypoxic or aerobic conditions, the cellular uptake of Pt was the same. While the radiosensitizing effect was present at 37 and at 40 degrees C, no such effect could be found at 22 degrees C. Since the cytotoxicity of cis-DDP as well as the drug uptake was reduced about three times at 22 as compared to 37 degrees C, we increased the concentration threefold, to 50 microM at 22 degrees C. Still no radiosensitizing effect was found at this temperature.
Prolonged Antigen Presentation Is Required for Optimal CD8+ T Cell Responses against Malaria Liver Stage Parasites (2010)

Immunization with irradiated sporozoites is currently the most effective vaccination strategy against liver stages of malaria parasites, yet the mechanisms underpinning the success of this approach are unknown. Here we show that the complete development of protective CD8+ T cell responses requires prolonged antigen presentation. Using TCR transgenic cells specific for the malaria circumsporozoite protein, a leading vaccine candidate, we found that sporozoite antigen persists for over 8 weeks after immunization--a remarkable finding since irradiated sporozoites are incapable of replication and do not differentiate beyond early liver stages. Persisting antigen was detected in lymphoid organs and depends on the presence of CD11c+ cells. Prolonged antigen presentation enhanced the magnitude of the CD8+ T cell response in a number of ways. Firstly, reducing the time primed CD8+ T cells were exposed to antigen in vivo severely reduced the final size of the developing memory population. Secondly, fully developed memory cells expanded in previously immunized mice but not when transferred to naïve animals. Finally, persisting antigen was able to prime naïve cells, including recent thymic emigrants, to become functional effector cells capable of eliminating parasites in the liver. Together these data show that the optimal development of protective CD8+ T cell immunity against malaria liver stages is dependent upon the prolonged presentation of sporozoite-derived antigen.
Applied study of birch pulp bleaching using dimethyldioxirane to obtain acetate-grade pulp (2010)

As a pulp bleaching agent, dimethyldioxirane (DMD) is effective and selective. In this study, it was employed as a delignifying agent or as an activating agent for hydrogen peroxide treatment in bleaching acetate-grade pulp. Brightness, kappa number, degree of polymerization (DP), and alpha-cellulose content were evaluated to determine the optimal charges of DMD: 2.5% AO, and 4% HSO5-, respectively. Results from the totally chlorine-free (TCF) sequences MEQMPA, MEpQMPA, and OQMPA suggested that DMD is both effective and selective as a delignifying agent but not as a brightening agent as compared to oxygen. And in a long sequence for the bleaching of dissolving pulp, acid treatment can be used in two approaches: to remove the metal ions without washing before the chelation stage, and to reduce hemicellulose and ash in the final stage.
Identification of swirling flow in 3-D vector fields (1995)

An algorithm for identifying the center of swirling flow in 3-D discretized vector fields has been developed. The algorithm is based on critical point theory and has been implemented as a visualization tool within pV3, a package for visualizing 3-D transient data. The scheme works with gridding supported by pV3: structured meshes as well as unstructured grids composed of tetrahedra, polytetrahedral strips, hexahedra, pyramids, and/or prism cells. The results have been validated using artificially-generated vector fields and 3-D CFD data. Introduction This work is motivated by the need to easily locate vortices in large 3-D transient problems. A tool that will automatically identify such structures is definitely needed to avoid the time-consuming and tedious task of manually examining the data. However, the question of what defines a vortex raises considerable confusion. As a result, various definitions have been proposed by investigators, including, among others, Moin and Kim [1] [2]...
Immunization against the HIV-associated anti-self, anti-CD4 cytotoxic T lymphocyte (1993)

Department of Medicine, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, 14445 Olive View Drive, Sylmar, CA 91342–1495, USA.
Controlled Metamorphosis Between Skeleton‐Driven Animated Polyhedral Meshes of Arbitrary Topologies (2013)

Abstract Enabling animators to smoothly transform between animated meshes of differing topologies is a long‐standing problem in geometric modelling and computer animation. In this paper, we propose a new hybrid approach built upon the advantages of scalar field‐based models (often called implicit surfaces) which can easily change their topology by changing their defining scalar field. Given two meshes, animated by their rigging‐skeletons, we associate each mesh with its own approximating implicit surface. This implicit surface moves synchronously with the mesh. The shape‐metamorphosis process is performed in several steps: first, we collapse the two meshes to their corresponding approximating implicit surfaces, then we transform between the two implicit surfaces and finally we inverse transition from the resulting metamorphosed implicit surface to the target mesh. The examples presented in this paper demonstrating the results of the proposed technique were implemented using an in‐house plug‐in for Maya™.
Simulation of modern electronic combat scenarios by means of a flexible generic computer model (1991)

The effectiveness of EW equipment and tactics is becoming more difficult to predict as the level of complexity of ECCM and ECM increases. Simulation, when validated, is an important tool in the evaluation of EW equipment and tactics. It complements traditional methods such as laboratory measurements or trials, providing a cost effective, secure and repeatable means of extrapolating into dense scenarios, performing sensitivity analysis, rapid prototyping of proposed enhancements, quantitative comparisons of alternative designs, and performance evaluation against current or postulated threats. To be most cost-effective, a tool should be flexible. A generic simulation model, with parametric functional models of equipment, provides maximum flexibility if it is based on a framework which imposes no unnecessary limitations. The requirements for such a framework have been given and an implementation of a pulse-by-pulse functional model by Software Sciences outlined. Sample applications of this model and others in the family have been given to demonstrate the simulation of modern electronic combat scenarios by means of a flexible generic computer model.
Virulence and drug resistance roles of multidrug efflux systems of <i>Salmonella enterica</i> serovar Typhimurium (2005)

Summary Drug efflux systems play a major role in resistance to a wide range of noxious compounds in several Gram negative species. Here, we report the drug resistance and virulence phenotypes of Salmonella mutants defective in either resistance‐nodulation‐division (RND)‐type systems and/or in drug efflux systems belonging to the major facilitator (MFS), multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE), and ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) superfamilies. We determined that nine potential drug transporters contribute to drug resistance of Salmonella and found that the Salmonella ‐specific MdsABC system conferred resistance to a variety of toxic compounds. The RND‐type MdsAB system could function with either MdsC, which is encoded in the same operon, or TolC as the outer membrane component. Although the Salmonella EmrAB, MdfA and MdtK are 90% identical in their amino acid sequences to their Escherichia coli homologues, the drug specificity of Salmonella transporters was different from that reported for equivalent E. coli transporters. Deletion of the macAB genes attenuated Salmonella virulence and a strain lacking all drug efflux systems was avirulent when mice were inoculated by the oral route. The promoter region of the macAB drug efflux system genes harbours a binding site for the response regulator PhoP, which functions to repress macAB transcription. The PhoP/PhoQ two‐component system is a major regulator of Salmonella virulence, which underscores the connection between drug efflux systems and virulence.
Digestion, Absorption and Metabolism of Chimyl Alcohol Fed as Free Alcohol or as Alkoxydiglyceride. (1959)

1. C14-labelled chimyl alcohol (α:-/1-C14/-hexadecylglyceryl ether) has been fed as free chimyl alcohol or as chimyl dioleate to rats. Intestinal contents and thoracic duct lymph lipids have been analyzed and expired CO2 has been collected. 2. Mixed ether-glycerides have been isolated from the intestinal contents after feeding free chimyl alcohol dissolved in olive oil, indicating a synthesis of new glyceride ester bonds. 3. Free labelled chimyl alcohol has been isolated from the intestinal contents after feeding labelled chimyl dioleate indicating an exchange and release of fatty acids in both 1-, and 2-position in the mixed ether-glyceride. 4. In lymph lipids more than half the radioactivity was associated with palmitic acid, indicating a splitting of the ether bond in mucosa cells. 5. It is concluded that chimyl alcohol can be absorbed unchanged but that it is extensively metabolized already in the mucosa cells, whether it is fed as free chimyl alcohol or as an alkoxydiglyceride.
[Sarcoidosis: acute versus chronic--2 case reports]. (2000)

Sarcoidosis manifests itself with different symptoms and can thereby follow an acute or chronic course. We will discuss one case each. Case 1 involves a 41-year-old patient with Loefgren's syndrome, showing the typical trias of erythema nodosum, bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy and acute polyarthritis. With systemic steroid treatment the symptoms disappeared rapidly. In case 2 we present a 39-year-old-man with chronic sarcoidosis for several years with no vital threat. His organ involvement includes chronic dacryocystitis. Systemic steroids relieved his symptoms and the dacryo-rhinostomy could perhaps have been prevented had the therapy been started earlier. Evaluating the diagnostic and therapeutic procedure can be difficult because there are no standard guidelines. A vital threat demands rapid diagnosis and effective therapy. The chronic illness requires a thorough evaluation of the appropriate therapy. We discuss the criteria for diagnosis, therapy and follow up.
A four-tiered hierarchy in a converged fixed-mobile architecture enabling personal networks (2004)

We present a new way of capturing the future technical infrastructure of a converged fixed-mobile infrastructure by means of a four-tiered hierarchy of one fixed and three different mobile and wireless (access) layers. With such a view, the current range of heterogeneous interconnected public and private networks can be easily modelled as a landscape of pockets (the mobile/wireless networks) with various depths and widths, connected by a drainage of high capacity (the fixed network) in which marbles (informa-tion) find their way. The metaphor clearly illustrates that higher demand for mobility will increase the need for a densely distributed high-capacity fixed access network. It also shows the high potential of the relatively new concept of personal networking. In the light of this model, we describe crucial technologies for fixed-mobile convergence, such as handover, roaming, and gateways. Summarising, we believe that our contribution in this paper could prove to be a helpful guideline to the telecom industry both from a strategic and operational perspective.
The rate of coagulation as a measure of the stability of silver iodide sols (1954)

H. Reerink and J. Th. G. Overbeek, Discuss. Faraday Soc., 1954, 18, 74 DOI: 10.1039/DF9541800074
Transmittance of skew rays through metal light pipes (1999)

The transmittance of skew rays through metal light pipes is examined with ray tracing. The transmittance with respect to pipe length is compared with analytical approximations and with experimental data. The effects of pipe material, pipe shape, wavelength of the incident light, distribution of the incident light, and maximum angle of incidence on transmittance are examined. The transmittance is shown, in general, not to be exponential with respect to pipe length. Additionally, the effect on transmittance of elbows and gaps in a pipe is investigated.
New Technique for Pyrolyzing Samples for Gas Chromatographic Analysis (1961)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTNew Technique for Pyrolyzing Samples for Gas Chromatographic AnalysisW. B. Swann and J. P. DuxCite this: Anal. Chem. 1961, 33, 4, 654Publication Date (Print):April 1, 1961Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 April 1961https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60172a059Request reuse permissionsArticle Views12Altmetric-Citations14LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InReddit PDF (978 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Prostaglandin D2 Causes Preferential Induction of Proinflammatory Th2 Cytokine Production through an Action on Chemoattractant Receptor-Like Molecule Expressed on Th2 Cells (2005)

PGD2, produced by mast cells, has been detected in high concentrations at sites of allergic inflammation. It can stimulate vascular and other inflammatory responses by interaction with D prostanoid receptor (DP) and chemoattractant receptor-like molecule expressed on Th2 cells (CRTH2) receptors. A significant role for PGD2 in mediating allergic responses has been suggested based on the observation that enhanced eosinophilic lung inflammation and cytokine production is apparent in the allergen-challenged airways of transgenic mice overexpressing human PGD2 synthase, and PGD2 can enhance Th2 cytokine production in vitro from CD3/CD28-costimulated Th2 cells. In the present study, we investigated whether PGD2 has the ability to stimulate Th2 cytokine production in the absence of costimulation. At concentrations found at sites of allergic inflammation, PGD2 preferentially elicited the production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 by human Th2 cells in a dose-dependent manner without affecting the level of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10. Gene transcription peaked within 2 h, and protein release peaked approximately 8 h after stimulation. The effect of PGD2 was mimicked by the selective CRTH2 agonist 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGD2 but not by the selective DP agonist BW245C, suggesting that the stimulation is mediated by CRTH2 and not DP. Ramatroban, a dual CRTH2/thromboxane-like prostanoid receptor antagonist, markedly inhibited Th2 cytokine production induced by PGD2, while the selective thromboxane-like prostanoid receptor antagonist SQ29548 was without effect. These data suggest that PGD2 preferentially up-regulates proinflammatory cytokine production in human Th2 cells through a CRTH2-dependent mechanism in the absence of any other costimulation and highlight the potential utility of CRTH2 antagonists in the treatment of allergic diseases.
Interfacial reactions in the Ir/GaAs system (1990)

Interfacial reactions between iridium and gallium arsenide in both the thin-film and bulk forms have been investigated in the temperature range 400 to 1000 °C using transmission electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray analysis, and electron probe microanalysis. The diffusion path for Ir/GaAs has been determined to be Ir/IrGa/IrAs2 /GaAs and is consistent with the phase diagram between the initial stages of reaction (thin-film) and long-term annealing (bulk). In the thin film case where the Ir supply is limited, the final configuration is Ir3 Ga5/ IrAs2 /GaAs. The diffusion path and reaction morphology has been rationalized using the phase diagram, kinetic observations, and growth mechanisms observed during the reactions.
Just noticeable defocus blur detection and estimation (2015)

We tackle a fundamental problem to detect and estimate just noticeable blur (JNB) caused by defocus that spans a small number of pixels in images. This type of blur is common during photo taking. Although it is not strong, the slight edge blurriness contains informative clues related to depth. We found existing blur descriptors based on local information cannot distinguish this type of small blur reliably from unblurred structures. We propose a simple yet effective blur feature via sparse representation and image decomposition. It directly establishes correspondence between sparse edge representation and blur strength estimation. Extensive experiments manifest the generality and robustness of this feature.
Further LDL Cholesterol Lowering Through Targeting PCSK9 for Coronary Artery Disease (2008)

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a serine protease that belongs to the proprotein convertase family. PCSK9 is synthesized as a zymogen and its prodomain is cleaved by its own catalytic activity. The cleaved prodomain forms a protein complex with the rest of the PCSK9 carboxyl terminus within the endoplasmic reticulum and is secreted. Secreted PCSK9 has been shown to be able to reduce low-density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) levels in vitro and in vivo. Thus PCSK9 has emerged as an important player modulating LDLR levels and plasma LDL cholesterol. Furthermore, PCSK9 deficiency leads to significantly lowered LDL cholesterol levels in humans and provides dramatic protection against coronary heart disease. We review here the current understanding of PCSK9 and its potential as a therapeutic target through which to reduce LDL cholesterol for prevention and treatment of coronary heart disease.
Foamability and Foam Stability of Several Surfactants Solutions: The Role of Screening and Flooding (2015)

Foamability and foam stability are of main concerns in foam displacement for enhanced oil recovery. This work presents the output of systematic laboratory screening of foamability and foam Stability of several surfactants. The surfactants examined were Brij 700, Triton X-100, Triton X-405, Zonyl FSO, Hitenol H-10, Hitenol H-20, Noigen N-10 and Noigen N-20. Foam was generated by sparging Carbon Dioxide gas at a fixed flow rate through surfactants solutions and R5 parameter as suggested by
Raoul Dufy's rheumatoid arthritis. (1998)

Afin d'evaluer de facon prospective la prevalence des bronchectasies (BR) dans la polyarthrite rhumatoide (PR), 46 patients (34 femmes, 12 hommes, âge moyen 60,1 ans), repondant aux criteres de l'ARA 87, ont beneficie d'une tomodensitometrie pulmonaire a haute resolution (TDMPHR) sur une periode de 18 mois. Les resultats ont ete confrontes a divers parametres cliniques et biologiques, ainsi qu'aux explorations fonctionnelles respiratoires. Des BR ou bronchiolectasies ont ete trouvees chez 23 patients (50%) et representent l'anomalie pulmonaire la plus frequente sur TDMPHR; si l'on excepte les bronchiolectasies isolees, la prevalence est de 41 %. Les BR n'etaient pas connues chez 18 patients et 13 d'entre eux ne presentaient aucun symptome respiratoire. Nous avons compare deux groupes selon la presence (groupe I, n=23) ou l'absence (groupe II, n=23) de BR sur la TDMPHR. Aucune difference significative n'a ete constatee concernant l'âge de debut ou l'anciennete de la PR, les atteintes extra-articulaires, les facteurs rhumatoides, les erosions osseuses, le recours aux corticoides ou aux immunosuppresseurs, les manifestations respiratoires, le tabagisme, les valeurs spirometriques. La seule anomalie significative etait la frequence plus elevee d'alteration des echanges gazeux alveolocapillaires dans le groupe II. Dans le groupe avec BR ont egalement ete compares les patients avec (groupe Ia, n=10) et sans (groupe Ib, n=13) symptomes respiratoires. On notait de facon significative une frequence plus elevee d'antecedents pulmonaires dans le groupe Ia et un diagnostic de BR secondaire a la PR dans le groupe Ib. Les autres facteurs n'etaient pas significativement differents. La TDMPHR, grâce a la mise en evidence de formes silencieuses, confirme ainsi que les BR sont l'une des particularites pulmonaires les plus frequentes dans la PR. Neanmoins, nous n'avons pas constate, au moment de l'etude, d'influence nefaste de cette association sur l'etat articulaire ou respiratoire des patients.
Masked Deposition of Gallium‐Indium Alloys for Liquid‐Embedded Elastomer Conductors (2013)

Abstract A fabrication method is introduced that utilizes masked deposition and selective wetting to produce hyperelastic electronic circuits that are composed of a thin elastomer film embedded with microchannels of liquid‐phase gallium‐indium (Ga‐In) alloy. This method exploits the low melting‐point and controllable wetting dynamics of Ga‐In alloys, as well as the ability for Ga‐In alloys to form irregularly‐shaped, free‐standing, micrometer‐scale structures via gallium surface oxidation. Masked deposition eliminates the need for manual injection filling, which enables certain geometries that cannot be produced by injection and allows for the automated, high‐volume production of Ga‐In based “liquid‐embedded elastomer electronics” (LE3). With this approach, LE3 circuits can be produced with isolated features that have planar dimensions of less than 200 μm and edge‐to‐edge feature separations as small as 25 μm.