gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate as an indicator of adrenal androgen function. (1981)

This study was undertaken to determine whether serum dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (DHEA-S) assays could be used in lieu of urinary 17-ketosteroid (17-KS) determinations. To delineate normal values, serum DHEA-S levels were measured in 41 normal women (controls). These averaged 1.78 +/- 0.1 (SE) micrograms/ml and ranged from 0.3 to 2.8 micrograms/ml. Serum DHEA-S and urinary 17-KS and creatinine were measured in 71 patients with and without signs of androgen excess who were attending the Reproductive Endocrinology/Infertility Clinic. Serum DHEA-S levels did not correlate with body weight, surface area, or ponderal index, and were not elevated in obese women without androgen excess. Both normal and elevated serum DHEA-S concentrations correlated well with total urinary 17-KS when corrected for creatinine (P < .0005). In another group of 26 patients, the 2 urinary 17-KS fractions androsterone (A) and dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) correlated well with serum DHEA-S levels, but the third urinary 17-KS fraction, etiocholanolone (E), did not correlate. Eleven of the 26 patients who had elevated serum DHEA-S concentrations excreted increased amounts of urinary A and DHEA but not E. It is concluded that serum DHEA-S levels are much more conveniently measured than urinary 17-KS and should replace the latter because DHEA-S is a better indicator of adrenal "androgen" secretion.
Expandability of haemopoietic progenitors in first trimester fetal and maternal blood: implications for non‐invasive prenatal diagnosis (2002)

Selective expansion of first trimester fetal haemopoietic progenitors may be useful for amplifying fetal cells from maternal blood.
Regulation of the anthocyanin biosynthetic pathway by the TTG1/bHLH/Myb transcriptional complex in Arabidopsis seedlings (2007)

In all higher plants studied to date, the anthocyanin pigment pathway is regulated by a suite of transcription factors that include Myb, bHLH and WD-repeat proteins. However, in Arabidopsis thaliana, the Myb regulators remain to be conclusively identified, and little is known about anthocyanin pathway regulation by TTG1-dependent transcriptional complexes. Previous overexpression of the PAP1 Myb suggested that genes from the entire phenylpropanoid pathway are targets of regulation by Myb/bHLH/WD-repeat complexes in Arabidopsis, in contrast to other plants. Here we demonstrate that overexpression of Myb113 or Myb114 results in substantial increases in pigment production similar to those previously seen as a result of over-expression of PAP1, and pigment production in these overexpressors remains TTG1- and bHLH-dependent. Also, plants harboring an RNAi construct targeting PAP1 and three Myb candidates (PAP2, Myb113 and Myb114) showed downregulated Myb gene expression and obvious anthocyanin deficiencies. Correlated with these anthocyanin deficiencies is downregulation of the same late anthocyanin structural genes that are downregulated in ttg1 and bHLH anthocyanin mutants. Expression studies using GL3:GR and TTG1:GR fusions revealed direct regulation of the late biosynthetic genes only. Functional diversification between GL3 and EGL3 with regard to activation of gene targets was revealed by GL3:GR studies in single and double bHLH mutant seedlings. Expression profiles for Myb and bHLH regulators are also presented in the context of pigment production in young seedlings.
Platelet-Activating Factor Receptor (2002)

Platelet-activating factor (PAF) is a pro-inflammatory lipid mediator possessing a unique 1-O-alkyl glycerophospholipid (GPC) backbone (1-O-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholin). Cloned PAF receptor, which belongs to the G protein-coupled receptor superfamily, transduces pleiotropic functions including cell motility, smooth muscle contraction, and synthesis and release of mediators and cytokines via multiple heterotrimeric G proteins. Pharmacological studies have suggested that PAF functions in a variety of settings including allergy, inflammation, neural functions, reproduction, and atherosclerosis. Establishment of PAFR(-/-) mice confirmed that the PAF receptor is responsible for pro-inflammatory responses, but that its roles in other settings remain to be clarified.
Handbook of Nanophysics (2010)

Many bottom-up and top-down techniques for nanomaterial and nanostructure generation have enabled the development of applications in nanoelectronics and nanophotonics.  Handbook of Nanophysics: Nanoelectronics and Nanophotonics explores important recent applications of nanophysics in the areas of electronics and photonics. Each peer-reviewed c
The Voltage-Dependent Anion Channel (VDAC): Function in Intracellular Signalling, Cell Life and Cell Death (2006)

Research over the last decade has extended the prevailing view of mitochondria to include functions well beyond the critical bioenergetics role in supplying ATP. It is now recognized that mitochondria play a crucial role in cell signaling events, inter-organelle communication, aging, many diseases, cell proliferation and cell death. Apoptotic signal transmission to the mitochondria results in the efflux of a number of potential apoptotic regulators to the cytosol that trigger caspase activation and lead to cell destruction. Accumulating evidence indicates that the voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) is involved in this release of proteins via the outer mitochondrial membrane. VDAC in the outer mitochondrial membrane is in a crucial position in the cell, forming the main interface between the mitochondrial and the cellular metabolisms. VDAC has been recognized as a key protein in mitochondria-mediated apoptosis since it is the proposed target for the pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl2-family of proteins and due to its function in the release of apoptotic proteins located in the inter-membranal space. The diameter of the VDAC pore is only about 2.6-3 nm, which is insufficient for passage of a folded protein like cytochrome c. New work suggests pore formation by homo-oligomers of VDAC or hetero-oligomers composed of VDAC and pro-apoptotic proteins such as Bax or Bak. This review provides insights into the central role of VDAC in cell life and death and emphasizes its function in the regulation of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and, thereby, its potential as a rational target for new therapeutics.
Combination Therapy for Rheumatoid Arthritis in the Era of Biologicals (2005)

Early, aggressive disease management is critical for halting disease progression and joint destruction in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Combination therapy with at least two disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs, such as methotrexate (MTX), sulfasalazine, or hydroxychloroquine, is often more effective than monotherapy in reducing disease activity. Biologic therapies represent more effective and tolerable treatment options that, when combined with MTX, have been shown to dramatically reduce inflammation, inhibit radiographic progression, and induce remission. Although several types of treatment strategies are used in clinical practice, the most aggressive approaches that target early disease have shown the most promise in reversing disease progression and reducing disease-related costs.
Maintaining consistency in a replicated software archive (1998)

Archives of software packages made available on the Internet have become an increasingly common and important way of distributing these resources. To improve local access speeds, it is common for these archives to be mirrored, i.e. replicated at regional sites throughout the world. When these sites are also active participants in the augmentation and maintenance of the archive, it becomes necessary to impose a regime which will ensure that errors and inconsistencies do not arise as a result of conflicting activities at different centres. We describe here procedures which have been developed for the organisation and management of a multi-site software archive in which items of software may be introduced or updated at any of the participating sites. A simple algorithm is outlined to propagate changes made to all sites, protecting against conflicting changes and ensuring consistency of the archive is maintained. Similar methods are applicable to the management of other kinds of distributed system, especially internet-based information services, including World Wide Web sites which allow regional updates. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalytic Vapor Phase Epoxidation of Propene with Nitrous Oxide as an Oxidant: Investigations on Catalyst Composition and Reaction Conditions (2010)

The vapor phase epoxidation of propene with nitrous oxide (N2O) was experimentally investigated in a fixed bed reactor using different Csx/Fey/SiO2 catalysts. This was done with a systematic approach which comprises the derivation of kinetic parameters for directly comparing catalyst performance. Therefore, kinetic measurements were made for each catalyst by variation of the residence time. It was found that the addition of an alkali promoter to the Fey/SiO2 catalyst is essential for the formation of propylene oxide and a proper alkali/Fe molar ratio is crucial for both activity and selectivity. Maxima in both activity and selectivity were observed for alkali/Fe ratios in the region 1.2−1.7. A further increase in activity without any loss in selectivity was obtained by adjusting the calcination temperature to 783 K. The conversion of PO was used as a tool to measure the product stability and a minimum reaction rate was also found for alkali/Fe ratios in the region 1.2−1.7. The promoter is responsible for the formation of active centers and it reduces surface acidity which leads to an increased stability of PO through the inhibition of the consecutive conversion. Maximum selectivities to PO of about 40% at 5−10% conversion were achieved at moderate reaction temperatures of 648 K. Because of parallel and consecutive formation of carbonaceous deposits on the catalyst, the catalyst deactivated within 2 h of operation to a remaining activity of around 40%. Neglecting the carbonaceous deposits as a reaction product and considering only the vapor phase products, PO selectivity is more than 75% at 5−10% propene conversion. The attempt to slow down the deactivation through the addition of supplementary gases (H2, O2, NH3, H2O) was partially successful, but unfortunately this is always accompanied by lower PO selectivity.
Identification by MALDI-TOF Mass Spectrometry of 17α-Bromoacetamidopropylestradiol Covalent Attachment Sites on Estrogen Receptor α (2002)

Mass spectrometry was used to identify the sites of covalent attachment of [(14)C]-17alpha-bromoacetamidopropylestradiol ([(14)C]17BAPE(2), an estradiol agonist) to the ligand-binding domain (LBD) of mouse estrogen receptor alpha (ERalpha). A glutathione S-transferase (GST)-LBD chimera protein was overexpressed in Escherichia coli, using a vector encoding GST fused with a C-terminal portion of mouse ERalpha (Ser(313)-Ile(599)), via a sequence enclosing a thrombin cleavage site (located 14 amino acids ahead of Ser313). [(14)C]17BAPE(2) covalent labeling experiments were carried out on the GST-LBD chimera immobilized on glutathione-Sepharose. After thrombin cleavage of the chimeric LBD, two major [(14)C]17BAPE(2)-labeled species of 34 ( approximately 75%) and 30 kDa ( approximately 25%) were detected by SDS-PAGE and autoradiography. Their identity was assessed by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS): two main signals were consistent with the mass of the full-length (Ser(313)-Ile(599)) and truncated LBD (Ser(313)-Ala(573)), both comprising the extra 14 N-terminal amino acids and covalently bound [(14)C]17BAPE(2) (via HBr elimination). A purified (14)C-labeled LBD preparation was trypsinized to identify the covalent attachment sites of 17BAPE(2). HPLC of tryptic fragments only revealed two discrete and practically equivalent radioactive fractions. MALDI-TOF MS analysis of these two fractions showed only two signals which exactly matched the molecular masses of the [(14)C]17BAPE(2)-alkylated Cys(534)Lys(535) and Cys(421)-Arg(438) peptides, respectively. Hydrolysis of the second (14)C-labeled fraction by Staphylococcus aureus V8 Glu-C endoproteinase generated signals typical of alkylated the Cys(421)-Glu(423) tripeptide. We concluded that Cys421 and Cys534 were equivalent alternative covalent attachment sites of 17BAPE(2) on the LBD. These biochemical data were interpreted using the crystallographic structures of estradiol-LBD and raloxifene- or 4-hydroxytamoxifen-LBD complexes. The covalent attachment to Cys421, Cys534, or both could be interpreted according to the starting structure. Various hypotheses based on the biochemical results and molecular modeling simulations are discussed, with the likely involvement of dynamic interconversion between multiple conformational states of the LBD-17BAPE(2) complex.
Ovid, Amores, Book I. Edited with translation and running commentary by John A. Barsby. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973. Pp. ix + 180. £2·50. Paper. (1975)

An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Rapid sample throughput for biomedical stable isotope tracer studies (1988)

Typical 13C or 15N tracer studies generate large numbers of samples. Instrumentation capable of rapid automated analysis is therefore of importance as a practical alternative to conventional isotope methodology. Although biomedical sample nature is diverse, experimenters often require analysis of substrates and products of particular biochemical pathways. Clearly, reaction products can contain considerably less isotope tracer than precursors. Analytical techniques thus need to accommodate samples of widely varying nature, size and isotope enrichment. In the clinical field, where stable isotopes are increasingly used to study protein, carbohydrate and fat metabolism, analysis of the isotope ratio of a substrate infused into the plasma and a product of its metabolism is often required. Conventional analytical approaches demand access to two mass spectrometers: isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for isotope analysis of the relatively large concentrations of low-enrichment metabolic product, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) for analysis of the infused substrate often present at high enrichment but low concentration offers a practical alternative to the conventional approaches that is rapid and automatic. In addition to providing a considerably less complex and costly alternative to conventional instrumentation, a single CF-IRMS instrument can also analyse small quantities of low-enrichment metabolites with superior performance than either of the alternative approaches. CF-IRMS is illustrated using results from constant-infusion studies in human protein and fat metabolism which require measurement of the isotope enrichment in submicromolar quantities of plasma substrates together with analysis of larger quantities of their oxidation products, urinary nitrogen and breath CO2.
Charge mobility of mixed organic semiconductors: a NPB-AlQ 3 study (2006)

We report a time-of-flight study of drift mobilities of hole and electron in mixed thin films of N,N'-diphenyl-N,N'- bis(1-napthyl)-1,1'-biphenyl-4,4'-diamine (NPB) and tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (AlQ<sub>3</sub>). Based on Poole- Frenkel model, the extracted zero-field hole mobility of pure NPB was 2.6x10<sup>-4</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs which is much larger than that of pure AlQ<sub>3</sub> (9.16x10<sup>-10 </sup>cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs). As the AlQ<sub>3</sub> concentration is increased, the hole mobility decreases exponentially. In this case, AlQ<sub>3</sub> molecules act as blocking "hills" to the hole transport, since its HOMO energy level is 0.4 eV lower than that of NPB. In contrast, the difference in the electron mobilities of pure NPB and AlQ<sub>3</sub> is much smaller (5.28x10<sup>-6</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs vs. 1.51x10<sup>-7</sup> cm<sup>2</sup>/Vs) and the field-free electron mobility of the mixed films exhibits a minimum as the AlQ<sub>3</sub>/NPB fraction ratio reaches about 75%. The LUMO energy level of AlQ<sub>3</sub> is 0.6 eV lower than that of NPB, making AlQ<sub>3</sub> become "traps" to the electron transport. When the amount of AlQ<sub>3</sub> reaches a certain level such that they form connected transport network, the electrons are then driven mostly in this network and the NPB molecules become blocking "hills". In summary, the HOMO and LUMO energy levels, the charge mobilities of pure compounds and the characteristics of their microscopic networks can greatly influence the resultant transport behaviors. These results may create challenges for existing transport models of disordered organic semiconductors and will be useful in designing organic light-emitting devices based on mixed-layer structures.
Parallel RNAi screens across different cell lines identify generic and cell type-specific regulators of actin organization and cell morphology (2009)

Using parallel RNAi screens and gene expression analyses across cell types we have identified generic and cell type-specific regulators of cell morphology, which include mnb/DYRK1A in the regulation of protrusion morphology in CNS-derived cell lines. This analysis reveals the importance of using different cell types to gain a thorough understanding of gene function across the genome and, in the case of kinases, the difficulties of using the differential gene expression to predict function.
Molecular Evaluation of the Plasma Membrane Proton Pump from<i>Aspergillus fumigatus</i> (2002)

The gene encoding the plasma membrane proton pump (H+ -ATPase) of Aspergillus fumigatus, PMA1, was characterized from A. fumigatus strain NIH 5233 and clinical isolate H11-20. An open reading frame of 3,109 nucleotides with two introns near the N terminus predicts a protein consisting of 989 amino acids with a molecular mass of approximately 108 kDa. The predicted A. fumigatus enzyme is 89 and 51% identical to H+ - ATPases of Aspergillus nidulans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, respectively. The A. fumigatus PMA1 is a typical member of the P-type ATPase family that contains 10 predicted transmembrane segments and conserved sequence motifs TGES, CSDKTGT, MLTGD, and GDGVN within the catalytic region. The enzyme represents 2% of the total plasma membrane protein, and it is characteristically inhibited by orthovanadate, with a 50% inhibitory concentration of approximately 1.8 microM. H+ -ATPases from Aspergillus spp. contain a highly acidic insertion region of 60 amino acids between transmembrane segments 2 and 3, which was confirmed for the membrane-assembled enzyme with a peptide-derived antibody. An increasing A. fumigatus PMA1 copy number confers enhanced growth in low-pH medium, consistent with its role as a proton pump. These results provide support for the development of the A. fumigatus H+ -ATPase as a potential drug discovery target.
A Study on Improvement of Torsional Vibration Characteristics of a Driveline Using a Module-Type-Vibration Analysis System (1999)

In the previous study, a module-type vibration analysis system using modular approach is developed for the purpose of analyzing the torsional vibration of vehicle driveline. In the present paper, the system is utilized to investigate the torsional vibration of the driveline of a middle duty truck. The driveline with driving condition is modeled and the torsional vibration response is simulated. The resonance 45Hz is found at engine speed 900rpm and the resultant vibration is very high. It shows favorable agreements with reference data. The effects of parameter change on torsional vibration are also investigated, so it is clarified that clutch characteristics, axle shaft stiffness are very influential on reduction of vibratio. So the countermeasure is proposed for the clutch characteristics. The reduction of torsonal vibration by 8rad/sec is obtained.
Friedel–Crafts reactions. Part XXV. Acetylation and benzoylation of iodobenzene and of o-, m-, and p-iodotoluenes (1973)

The Friedel–Crafts acetylation and benzoylation of iodobenzene and the isomeric iodotoluenes have been investigated in a range of solvents and at a range of temperatures. Under specific conditions good yields of p-iodoacetophenone or p-iodobenzophenone may be obtained. The reactivities of the iodotoluenes follow the sequence p- < o- < m-. The main products formed in the acylation of o-iodotoluene are 3-iodo-4-methyl- and 4-iodo-3-methyl-acetophenones (or -benzophenones). m-Iodotoluene generally affords acetophenones or benzophenones in the order 4-iodo-2-methyl- > 2-iodo-4-methyl- > 2-iodo-6-methyl. In acylations p-iodotoluene gives very-low yields of 3-iodo-6-methylacetophenone only, or a mixture of 3-iodo-6-methyl- and 2-iodo-5-methyl-benzophenones; rearranged ketones, those formally derived from o-iodotoluene, are also formed. In addition all the iodo-substrates give by-products in major amounts: di-iodobenzenes, or di- and tri-iodotoluenes; aceto- or benzophenone, or the isomeric methylaceto- or methylbenzo-phenones. Acylations of o- and p-iodotoluenes also give isomeric chloromethylaceto-(or chloromethylbenzo-)phenones. Benzoylations carried out in ethylene chloride solution give low yields of 2-chloroethyl benzoate.
Cereal Callus Cultures: Control of Headspace Gases Can Optimise the Conditions for Callus Proliferation (1992)

The protective conditions under which callus cultures are grown to prevent microbial contamination and to reduce tissue desiccation cause the accumulation of volatiles in the vessel headspace and reduce the availability of oxygen for respiration. To demonstrate the importance of the gaseous atmosphere to culture growth a study was undertaken on non-morphogenic rice and wheat callus incubated under a number of environmental conditions. Changes in the gaseous atmosphere above rice (Oryza sativa L.) callus during routine culture in a petri dish suppressed growth and promoted necrosis. Incubating callus under a continuous flow of gas mixtures of known composition suggested that the inhibition of growth was caused by the accumulation of high levels of ethylene and to the rapid depletion of oxygen. In order to evaluate the importance of ethylene accumulation aminoethoxyvinyl glycine (AVG), I-aminocyclopropane-I-carboxylic acid (ACC) and silver nitrate (AgNO3) were added to the nutrient medium and ethylene was measured during callus culture. Ethylene restricted callus growth particularly under high (35°C) compared with moderate (25°C) incubation temperatures and under illuminated compared with dark incubation. Under illuminated incubation at 25°C, AVG ( 5 µM ) and AgNO3 (50 µM) improved rice callus growth by 69 and 54% respectively while ACC (100 µM) decreased growth by 15%. Furthermore, rice callus growth was better in large compared with small culture vessels since ethylene accumulation was reduced. In contrast, wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) callus grew well in the petri dish system and released very little ethylene into the culture vessel headspace. Growth was better under illuminated than darkened conditions and under moderate (25°C) compared with high (35°C) incubation temperatures. Furthermore, wheat callus growth was only marginally better in large compared with small culture vessels. Ethylene was not a restrictive factor of wheat callus growth since only low levels were detected in all conditions of incubation. Better control of ethylene and increased oxygen availability could be a way of increasing cell and tissue production for genetic engineering studies of otherwise recalcitrant species such as rice, and may be a way of improving manipulation of wheat.