gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Study on the Correlation between Digital Images using ICOR (2009)

The comparison of images uses PSNR generally. In the case that PSNR value is above 35, it is hard to distinguish the quality of images. In 2006 Lee has proposed the protocol to be able to prove ownership of image using publishing MSB bit strings of original image instead of original images and used the new function to measure correlation of MSB bit strings of two images. In the view of measuring the quality of images, correlation is a bit different from PSNR. That is, if an object image to gene ate from an original image has lower quality, PSNR has very low value, but though the quality is bad, correlation of the images is very high in the view of similarity. In this paper, we modify MSB comparison function that LEE suggested and propose the ICOR function, then analyze the possibility to decide correlation of two images.
Ethical Concerns in the Care of Individuals with Alzheimer’s Disease (1999)

Educational Objectives 1. Identify important ethical concerns in the care of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease. 2. Describe the use of the Fairhill Guidelines as a frame-work for study of ethical issues related to the care of individuals with Alzheimer's Disease. 3. Discuss interventions to assist individuals with dementia and their family members in exploring ethical concerns.
Long-range parametric amplification of THz wave with absorption loss exceeding parametric gain (2013)

Optical parametric mixing is a popular scheme to generate an idler wave at THz frequencies, although the THz wave is often absorbing in the nonlinear optical material. It is widely suggested that the useful material length for co-directional parametric mixing with strong THz-wave absorption is comparable to the THz-wave absorption length in the material. Here we show that, even in the limit of the absorption loss exceeding parametric gain, the THz idler wave can grows monotonically from optical parametric amplification over a much longer distance in a nonlinear optical material until pump depletion. The coherent production of the non-absorbing signal wave can assist the growth of the highly absorbing idler wave. We also show that, for the case of an equal input pump and signal in difference frequency generation, the quick saturation of the THz idler wave predicted from a much simplified and yet popular plane-wave model fails when fast diffraction of the THz wave from the co-propagating optical mixing waves is considered.
Power Amplifier Protection by Adaptive Output Power Control (2007)

Cellular phone power amplifiers (PAs) operate in strongly varying environments and have to withstand extreme conditions. To avoid destructive breakdown a generic protection concept is proposed that is based on adaptive control of the output power. It provides over-voltage, over-temperature, and/or over-current protection by detection of the collector peak voltage, die temperature, and/or collector current to reduce the effective power control voltage once a threshold level is crossed. By applying protections, PAs can be implemented in low-cost silicon technology competitively to GaAs HBT implementations. In addition, requirements on package thermal resistance are relaxed. In this paper a theoretical analysis is given on the behavior of a class-AB amplifier under mismatch conditions. Measurement results on a silicon bipolar power transistor with integrated protection circuits are presented, proving the concept of adaptive protection. For a supply voltage of 5 V and nominal output power of 2 W no breakdown is observed for a VSWR of 10 over all phases when output power is adaptively reduced by 2.7 dB at most.
Frequency components of systolic blood pressure variability reflect vasomotor and cardiac sympathetic functions in conscious rats (2011)

In this study, after confirming the suppression of autonomic nervous function by isoflurane anesthesia using autonomic antagonists, we pharmacologically investigated the involvement of vasomotor and cardiac sympathetic functions in systolic blood pressure variability (SBPV) frequency components in conscious rats at rest and during exposure to low-ambient temperature (LT-exposure, 9°C for 90 min). Under unanesthesia, phentolamine administration (α-adrenoceptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg) decreased the mid-frequency component (MF 0.33-0.73 Hz) and inversely increased the high-frequency component (HF 1.3-2.5 Hz). The increased HF was suppressed by subsequent treatment with atenolol (β-adrenoceptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg), but not with atropine (muscarinic receptor antagonist, 10 mg/kg). Moreover, phentolamine administration after atenolol decreased MF, but did not increase HF. LT-exposure increased MF and HF; however, phentolamine pretreatment suppressed the increased MF during LT-exposure, and atenolol pretreatment dose-dependently decreased the increased HF. These results suggest that MF and HF of SBPV may reflect α-adrenoceptor-mediated vasomotor function and β-adrenoceptor-mediated cardiac sympathetic function, respectively, in the conscious state.
Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Internet Gateway Device - Port Control Protocol Interworking Function (IGD-PCP IWF) (2013)

This document specifies the behavior of the Universal Plug and Play (UPnP) Internet Gateway Device -Port Control Protocol Interworking Function (IGD-PCP IWF). A UPnP IGD-PCP IWF is required to be embedded in Customer Premises (CP) routers to allow for transparent NAT control in environments where a UPnP IGD is used on the LAN side and PCP is used on the external side of the CP router.
Operational experiences of turbine-powered commercial transport airplanes (1965)

Recent results obtained from NASA V-G and VGH recorders installed on commercial turbine-powered transports have indicated that exceedances of placard speeds appear to have been significantly reduced since the placard speeds have been redefined and changes made in the aural warning. Oscillatory accelerations and unusual events, such as large or rapid departures from the planned flight profile, occur less frequently. Landing-impact accelerations are higher for turbine transports than for piston transports and vary with operator. The total in-flight acceleration experiences for turbine transports, however, are not significantly different from those for four-engine piston transports.
Raman spectroscopy of in vivo cutaneous melanin (2004)

We successfully acquire the in vivo Raman spectrum of melanin from human skin using a rapid near-infrared (NIR) Raman spectrometer. The Raman signals of in vivo cutaneous melanin are similar to those observed from natural and synthetic eumelanins. The melanin Raman spectrum is dominated by two intense and broad peaks at about 1580 and 1380 cm(-1), which can be interpreted as originating from the in-plane stretching of the aromatic rings and the linear stretching of the C-C bonds within the rings, along with some contributions from the C-H vibrations in the methyl and methylene groups. Variations in the peak frequencies and bandwidths of these two Raman signals due to differing biological environments have been observed in melanin from different sources. The ability to acquire these unique in vivo melanin signals suggests that Raman spectroscopy may be a useful clinical method for noninvasive in situ analysis and diagnosis of the skin.
The Adaptor-associated Kinase 1, AAK1, Is a Positive Regulator of the Notch Pathway (2011)

The Notch pathway is involved in cell-cell signaling during development and adulthood from invertebrates to higher eukaryotes. Activation of the Notch receptor by its ligands relies upon a multi-step processing. The extracellular part of the receptor is removed by a metalloprotease of the ADAM family and the remaining fragment is cleaved within its transmembrane domain by a presenilin-dependent γ-secretase activity. γ-Secretase processing of Notch has been shown to depend upon monoubiquitination as well as clathrin-mediated endocytosis (CME). We show here that AAK1, the adaptor-associated kinase 1, directly interacts with the membrane-tethered active form of Notch released by metalloprotease cleavage. Active AAK1 acts upstream of the γ-secretase cleavage by stabilizing both the membrane-tethered activated form of Notch and its monoubiquitinated counterpart. We propose that AAK1 acts as an adaptor for Notch interaction with components of the clathrin-mediated pathway such as Eps15b. Moreover, transfected AAK1 increases the localization of activated Notch to Rab5-positive endocytic vesicles, while AAK1 depletion or overexpression of Numb, an inhibitor of the pathway, interferes with this localization. These results suggest that after ligand-induced activation of Notch, the membrane-tethered form can be directed to different endocytic pathways leading to distinct fates.
Synthesis of highly enantiomerically enriched planar chiral ruthenium complexes via Pd-catalysed asymmetric hydrogenolysis (2009)

Key elements in this communication are a very efficient microwave synthesis of [RuCp(naphthalene)][PF(6)], the precursor of [RuCp(CH(3)CN)(3)][PF(6)], and a Pd-catalysed asymmetric hydrogenolysis to afford planar chiral ruthenium complexes with high levels of enantioselectivity using a bulky chiral phosphoramidite ligand.
Crosslinkable poly(propylene carbonate): High‐yield synthesis and performance improvement (2006)

Abstract A crosslinking strategy was used to improve the thermal and mechanical performance of poly(propylene carbonate) (PPC): PPC bearing a small moiety of pendant CC groups was synthesized by the terpolymerization of allyl glycidyl ether (AGE), propylene oxide (PO), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ). Almost no yield loss was found in comparison with that of the PO and CO 2 copolymer when the concentration of AGE units in the terpolymer was less than 5 mol %. Once subjected to UV‐radiation crosslinking, the crosslinked PPC film showed an elastic modulus 1 order of magnitude higher than that of the uncrosslinked one. Moreover, crosslinked PPC showed hot‐set elongation at 65 °C of 17.2% and permanent deformation approaching 0, whereas they were 35.3 and 17.2% for uncrosslinked PPC, respectively. Therefore, the PPC application window was enlarged to a higher temperature zone by the crosslinking strategy. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 44: 5329–5336, 2006
Trypanosoma cruzi: description of a highly purified surface antigen defined by human antibodies. (1983)

A glycoprotein of 25,000 daltons (G25) purified from T. cruzi extracts is recognized by serum antibodies of Chagas' disease patients. These human antibodies were isolated by affinity chromatography and were used to demonstrate that G25 antigenic determinants are i) represented at the parasite surface, and ii) are expressed in all developmental stages of the parasite's life cycle, as well as in several T. cruzi strains. This antigen-antibody system may be useful for the diagnosis of Chagas' disease because antibodies to radiolabeled G25 are found in the serum of 96.5% of 173 chagasic patients from different endemic areas, but are not found in the serum from other individuals. Taken collectively, the data suggest that antibodies to G25 define highly conserved determinants of the species T. cruzi. Moreover, its remarkable immunogenicity to infected humans offers an opportunity to investigate the role of specific immunologic responses in the pathogenicity of Chagas' disease.
Silica-supported iron nitride in Fischer-Tropsch reactions (1985)

The techniques of Moessbauer effect spectroscopy and wide angle x-ray diffraction have been applied to characterize nitrided iron catalysts (initial composition approx. = Fe/sub 2/N) supported on silica gel and used in the synthesis reaction. Moessbauer spectroscopy shows that the nitride catalyst becomes iron-rich during the first 3 h of reaction in the syngas environment (CO:H/sub 2/ = 1:3, T = 250/sup 0/C, 7.8 atm) indicating that nitrogen atoms are removed more rapidly by H/sub 2/ than they are simultaneously replaced by carbon atoms. After 3 h carburization becomes dominant, the carbon concentration increases, and the catalyst composition stabilizes after about 18 h of reaction. The analysis of the 4.2 K Moessbauer spectrum and x-ray diffraction of an equilibrated catalysts after 49 h of reaction gives a composition of Fe/sub 2.18/C/sub 1-y/N/sub y/, where y was estimated to be between 0.13 and 0.20. 30 refs., 4 figs., 3 tabs.
Analysis on the Formation of Li4SiO4 and Li2SiO3 through First Principle Calculations and Comparing with Experimental Data Related to Lithium Battery (2011)

The formation of Li-Si-O phases, Li 4 SiO 4 and Li 2 SiO 3 from the starting materials SiO and Li 2 Oare analyzed using Vienna Ab-initio Simulation (VASP) package and the total energies of Li-Si-O compounds are evaluated using Projector Augmented Wave (PAW) method and correlated the structural characteristics of the binary system SiO-Li 2 O with experimental data from electrochemical method. Despite Li 2 SiO 3 becomes stable phase by virtue of lowest formation energy calculated through VASP, the experimental method shows presence of Li 4 SiO 4 as the only product formed when SiO and Li 2 O reacts during slow heating to reach 550C and found no evidence for the formation of Li 2 SiO 3 . Also, higher density of Li 4 SiO 4 (2.42 g ml -1 ) compared to the compositional mixture 1SiO 2 -2Li 2 O (2.226 g ml -1 ) and better cycle capacity observed through experiment proves that Li 4 SiO 4 as the most stable anode supported by better cycleabilityfor lithium ion battery remains as paradox from the point of view of VASP calculations.
In vivo Porphyrin Fluorescence from <i>Propionibacterium acnes</i>. A Characterization of the Fluorescing Pigments (1982)

The natural fluorescence from <i>Propionibacterium acnes</i> has been investigated in vivo. The fluorescence spectrum can be decomposed into three distinct emission spectra due to the presence of metal-free coproporphyrin, protoporphyrin and uroporphyrin in the bacteria. The amounts of these substances can be estimated from the in vivo fluorescence measurements, which may serve as a nondestructive technique to study the porphyrin metabolism.
Assessment of Interaction Patterns and AAC Use: A Case Study (1991)

Research into the interaction patterns of nonspeaking individuals suggests that they are disadvantaged in communication interactions, in terms of conversation control and success. This case study examines the interaction patterns of a nonspeaking girl, Eileen, and explores some of the assessment issues which must be addressed in dealing with such a client. These issues are considered from the point of view of the sender and receiver in the communication interaction, the medium or mode of communication and the communication context. The strategies of ‘important listeners’ in maintaining ‘communication equilibrium’ are examined in the context of skill deficits on the part of the nonspeaking partner. Questions which may be pertinent in influencing the choice and efficiency of different communication modes are suggested.
Liquid Phase Behavior of Ionic Liquids with Water and 1-Octanol and Modeling of 1-Octanol/Water Partition Coefficients (2007)

This study examines the effect of structural components of an ionic liquid (IL), including the choice of the anion, alkyl chain length on the cation, and substitution on the cation, on the mutual solubility with water and with 1-octanol. This is important because ionic liquids have been shown to be good replacements for organic extraction solvents in some liquid separations. In addition, we use the measured data to predict 1-octanol/water partition coefficients for the ionic liquids using the nonrandom two liquid (NRTL) and electrolyte nonrandom two liquid (eNRTL) excess Gibbs energy models. Specifically, the mutual solubilities of 15 different imidazolium, pyridinium, and quaternary ammonium ionic liquids with water were measured at (23.5 ± 1) °C. An increase in the alkyl chain length or the substitution decreases the mutual solubility with water. The [BF4]- and [B(CN)4]- anions are significantly more hydrophilic than [PF6]-, [(CF3SO2)2N]-, and [(CF3SO2)3C]-. The mutual solubilities of 10 ILs with 1-octanol were measured at (23.5 ± 1) °C. For these systems, the longer the alkyl chain, the more soluble the IL was in the alcohol, while ring substitution has little effect. From this data, 1-octanol/water partition coefficients of 10 ionic liquids were predicted using the NRTL and eNRTL models.
A 1.2 V CMOS multiplier using low-power current-sensing complementary pass-transistor logic (2002)

This work describes a CMOS 8*8-bit parallel multiplier for 1.2 V supply voltage. The low-power current-sensing complementary pass-transistor logic (LCSCPTL) is applied to the design of the parallel multiplier. The LCSCPTL have certain advantages in both speed and power dissipation over the CPL circuit. The 4-2 compressors and the conditional carry selection scheme are used in this design to achieve regular layout and improve the operation speed. Moreover, the 1.2 V low-voltage 8*8-bit parallel multiplier can be designed and fabricated without changing the conventional 5 V 0.8 m CMOS process. Based upon the HSPICE simulation results, the operation speed of the parallel multiplier is 54 ns for 1.2 V supply voltage.
Thermooptic switch based on photonic-crystal line-defect waveguides (2005)

A thermooptic switch with a symmetric Mach-Zehnder interferometer structure was demonstrated with silicon photonic-crystal-slab line-defect waveguides. The device size was as small as 160×65 μm. The optic switch operated at a wavelength of 1550 nm, and an extinction ratio greater than 30 dB was obtained by 120-mW heating (switching) power over the wavelength range of 15 nm. The switching on-off response times were about 120 μs.
Third generation WCDMA radio evolution (2003)

Abstract Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) produced the first full version of the WCDMA standard at the end of 1999. This release, called Release'99, contains all the necessary elements to meet the requirements for IMT‐2000 technologies, including 2 Mbps data rate with variable bit‐rate capability, support of multi‐service, QoS differentiation and efficient packet data. The Release 5 specifications were created in March 2002 and they contain downlink packet data operation enhancement, under the title high speed downlink packet access (HSDPA). HSDPA utilizes Hybrid ARQ and higher order modulation for improving data‐spectral efficiency and for pushing bit rates beyond 10 Mbps. The further 3GPP releases will study the enhancements of packet‐data performance in uplink. Other important features in future 3GPP releases include advanced antenna technologies and WCDMA standard for new spectrum allocations. The paper describes the main solutions of 3GPP WCDMA standard in more detail. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Sidelobe Envelopes for Small Aperture Earth Stations (1976)

The advent of domestic satellite systems and technological improvements in both space and ground equipment makes the use of small aperture earth stations economically feasible and attractive for broadcast satellite applications. With increasing use of the orbit spectrum, there is some concern that broadcast satellite systems may not be able to obtain satisfactory allocations of this orbit-spectrum resource because of interference considerations. Specifilcally, interference calculations based on the present envelope of 9 + 20 log (θ/θ <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">0</sub> ) result in comparatively large orbit spacings for broadcast satellites. Theoretical and experimental investigations of simple sidelobe suppression techniques, plus an analysis of experimental data on small aperture antennas (from data over a range of 40 < D/λX < 100), indicate that much better sidelobe performance can be obtained with a very small cost or performance penalty.
Crystal Growth and Optical Characterization of Rare-Earth (Re) Calcium Oxyborate ReCa<sub> 4</sub>O(BO<sub> 3</sub>)<sub> 3</sub> (Re = Y or Gd) as New Nonlinear Optical Material (1997)

We report on the growth of GdCa 4 O(BO 3 ) 3 (GdCOB) and YCa 4 O(BO 3 ) 3 (YCOB) crystals and their characterization as new nonlinear optical materials. The crystals with good optical quality were grown by the Czochralski method. YCOB, the characteristics of which has not previously been reported to our knowledge, has a larger temperature acceptance bandwidth than that of GdCOB, and third harmonic generation of a Nd:YAG laser in this crystal was demonstrated.
Trans-activation by human immunodeficiency virus Tat protein requires the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II. (1996)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-encoded trans-activator (Tat) acts through the trans-activation response element RNA stem-loop to increase greatly the processivity of RNA polymerase II. Without Tat, transcription originating from the HIV promoter is attenuated. In this study, we demonstrate that transcriptional activation by Tat in vivo and in vitro requires the C-terminal domain (CTD) of RNA polymerase II. In contrast, the CTD is not required for basal transcription and for the formation of short, attenuated transcripts. Thus, trans-activation by Tat resembles enhancer-dependent activation of transcription. These results suggest that effects of Tat on the processivity of RNA polymerase II require proteins that are associated with the CTD and may result in the phosphorylation of the CTD.
Nodal Liquid Theory of the Pseudo-Gap Phase of High-Tc Superconductors (1998)

We introduce and study the nodal liquid, a novel zero-temperature quantum phase obtained by quantum-disordering a d-wave superconductor. It has numerous remarkable properties which lead us to suggest it as an explanation of the pseudo-gap state in underdoped high-temperature superconductors. In the absence of impurities, these include power-law magnetic order, a T-linear spin susceptibility, non-trivial thermal conductivity, and two- and one-particle charge gaps, the latter evidenced, e.g. in transport and electron photoemission (which exhibits pronounced fourfold anisotropy inherited from the d-wave quasiparticles). We use a 2+1-dimensional duality transformation to derive an effective field theory for this phase. The theory is comprised of gapless neutral Dirac particles living at the former d-wave nodes, weakly coupled to the fluctuating gauge field of a dual Ginzburg-Landau theory. The nodal liquid interpolates naturally between the d-wave superconductor and the insulating antiferromagnet, and our effective field theory is powerful enough to permit a detailed analysis of a panoply of interesting phenomena, including charge ordering, antiferromagnetism, and d-wave superconductivity. We also discuss the zero-temperature quantum phase transitions which separate the nodal liquid from various ordered phases.
Retinal blood vessel detection and tracking by matched Gaussian and Kalman filters (2002)

Detection and tracking algorithms of the blood vessel network in the retinal images are proposed. Two main groups of algorithms are employed for this task, i.e., scanning and tracking. According to the known blood vessel feature, a second-order derivative Gaussian matched filter is designed and used to locate the center point and width of a vessel in its cross sectional profile. Together with this the extended Kalman filter is employed for the optimal linear estimation of the next possible location of blood vessel segment by appropriate formulation of its pattern changing process and observation model. To check the bifurcation in the vessel network, a simple branching detection strategy is implemented during tracking. The proposed algorithms all work well in the whole tracking process and can detect more complete vessel network in the ocular fundus photographs.