gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Glycerin and ethanol as additives on silk fibroin films: Insoluble and malleable films (2012)

Abstract Silk fibroin (SF) films have been largely studied as biomaterials due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. Casting a SF aqueous solution at room temperature is a common technique to produce SF films at relative low cost and processing time; however, their brittleness and solubility in water make them unsuitable for certain biomedical applications. In this study, the incorporation of additives, ethanol and glycerin, are presented as an alternative to both improve mechanical properties of SF films and decrease their solubility in water. SF films with additives were further characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflection, analysis of water solubility, mechanical test of traction, and in vitro cytotoxicity experiments. The results show that SF films containing additives are stable in water due to the effect of glycerin and ethanol, and do not require post‐treatments. Furthermore, great improvements on elongation of the films were achieved, mainly in the presence of both additives. In addition, all films were not toxic to cells, which is a first indication of their biocompatibility. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The efficiency of nuclear plasmid DNA delivery is a critical determinant of transgene expression at the single cell level (2009)

Our findings demonstrate formally that although the efficiency of plasmid nuclear delivery is a critical determinant of the level of transgene expression, intranuclear events also influence the transcriptional activity of the transgene, and must be taken into consideration when attempting to maximize the efficiency of non-viral vectors.
Quantum mechanics gives stability to a Nash equilibrium (2002)

We consider a slightly modified version of the rock-scissors-paper (RSP) game from the point of view of evolutionary stability. In its classical version the game has a mixed Nash equilibrium (NE) not stable against mutants appearing in small numbers. We find a quantized version of the RSP game for which the classical mixed NE becomes stable.
Gaussian synapse ANNs in multi- and hyperspectral image data analysis (2003)

A new type of artificial neural network is used to identify different crops and ground elements from hyperspectral remote sensing data sets. These networks incorporate Gaussian synapses and are trained using a specific algorithm called Gaussian synapse back propagation described here. Gaussian synapses present an intrinsic filtering ability that permit concentrating on what is relevant in the spectra and automatically discard what is not. The networks are structurally adapted to the problem complexity as superfluous synapses and/or nodes are implicitly eliminated by the training procedure, thus pruning the network to the required size straight from the training set. The fundamental difference between the present proposal and other ANN topologies using Gaussian functions is that the latter use these functions as activation functions in the nodes, while in our case, they are used as synaptic elements, allowing them to be easily shaped during the training process to produce any type of n-dimensional discriminator. This paper proposes a multi- and hyperspectral image segmenter that results from the parallel and concurrent application of several of these networks providing a probability vector that is processed by a decision module. Depending on the criteria used for the decision module, different perspectives of the same image may be obtained. The resulting structure offers the possibility of resolving mixtures, that is, carrying out a spectral unmixing process in a very straightforward manner.
Isolation of Monoclonal Antibody Fragments from Phage Display Libraries (2009)

Techniques developed over the past 20 years for the display of foreign peptides and proteins on the surfaces of filamentous bacteriophages have been a major driving force in the rapid development of recombinant antibody technology in recent years. With phage display of antibodies as one of its key components, recombinant antibody technology has led to the development of an increasing number of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. Antibody gene libraries are fused to a gene encoding a phage coat protein. Recombinant phage expressing the resulting antibody libraries in fusion with the coat protein are propagated in Escherichia coli. Phage displaying monoclonal antibodies with specificities for target antigens are isolated from the libraries by a process called panning. The genes encoding the desired antibodies selected from the libraries are packaged within the phage particles, linking genotype and phenotype. Here, we describe the application of this technology to the construction of a phage-displayed single-domain antibody (sdAb) library based on the heavy chain antibody repertoire of a llama, the panning of the library against a peptide antigen and the expression, purification, and characterization of sdAbs isolated by panning.
Possibilities of Nitrification with Immobilized Cells in Waste-Water Treatment: Model or Practical System? (1993)

A dynamic model was developed to study the growth and substrate consumption of immobilized nitrifying cells. This model system was chosen in order to study the complex immobilized cell processes. It was shown that in this system high nitrification capacities could be reached. This has been the reason to consider the possibility of using immobilized cells as a practical system as well. Besides the high capacity, the process proved to be relatively insensitive to temperature changes. Application of artificially immobilized cells in waste-water treatment is an attractive alternative in case the gel material used is stable in waste-water.
The trend towards capitation: the basis for the movement. (1994)

With the trend towards integrated health delivery systems gaining momentum, more health plans and joint ventures are considering capitation as the payment method of choice to physicians, specialty contractors, and other suppliers of health care services. This first article of a two-part series examines the basis for the capitation movement.
BIS- A Blockchain-based Solution for the Insurance Industry in Smart Cities (2020)

Insurance is one of the fundamental services offered to the citizens to reduce their costs and assist them in case of an emergency. One of the most important challenges in the insurance industry is to address liability challenge and the forging of documents by the involved parties, i.e., insurance company or the users, in order to increase financial gain. Conventional methods to address this challenge is significantly time consuming and costly and also suffers from lock of transparency. In this paper, we propose a blockchain-based solution for the insurance industry in smart cities (BIS). BIS creates a big umbrella that consists of the smart city managers, insurance companies, users, and sensors and devices. The users are known by changeable Public Keys (PKs) that introduces a level of anonymity. The data collected by the sensors is stored in cloud or local storage and is shared with insurance company on demand to find the liable party that in turn increases the privacy of the users. BIS enables the users to prove and share the history of their insurances with other users or insurances. Using Proof of Concept (POC) implementation we demonstrated the applicability of blockchain in insurance industry. The implementation results prove that BIS significantly reduces delay involved in insurance industry as compared with conventional insurance methods.
Predicting Ca<sup>2+</sup>‐binding sites using refined carbon clusters (2012)

Identifying Ca(2+) -binding sites in proteins is the first step toward understanding the molecular basis of diseases related to Ca(2+) -binding proteins. Currently, these sites are identified in structures either through X-ray crystallography or NMR analysis. However, Ca(2+) -binding sites are not always visible in X-ray structures due to flexibility in the binding region or low occupancy in a Ca(2+) -binding site. Similarly, both Ca(2+) and its ligand oxygens are not directly observed in NMR structures. To improve our ability to predict Ca(2+) -binding sites in both X-ray and NMR structures, we report a new graph theory algorithm (MUG(C) ) to predict Ca(2+) -binding sites. Using carbon atoms covalently bonded to the chelating oxygen atoms, and without explicit reference to side-chain oxygen ligand co-ordinates, MUG(C) is able to achieve 94% sensitivity with 76% selectivity on a dataset of X-ray structures composed of 43 Ca(2+) -binding proteins. Additionally, prediction of Ca(2+) -binding sites in NMR structures was obtained by MUG(C) using a different set of parameters, which were determined by the analysis of both Ca(2+) -constrained and unconstrained Ca(2+) -loaded structures derived from NMR data. MUG(C) identified 20 of 21 Ca(2+) -binding sites in NMR structures inferred without the use of Ca(2+) constraints. MUG(C) predictions are also highly selective for Ca(2+) -binding sites as analyses of binding sites for Mg(2+) , Zn(2+) , and Pb(2+) were not identified as Ca(2+) -binding sites. These results indicate that the geometric arrangement of the second-shell carbon cluster is sufficient not only for accurate identification of Ca(2+) -binding sites in NMR and X-ray structures but also for selective differentiation between Ca(2+) and other relevant divalent cations.
Two short basic sequences surrounding the zinc finger of nucleocapsid protein NCp10 of Moloney murine leukemia virus are critical for RNA annealing activity (1993)

The 56 amino acid nucleocapsid protein (NCp10) of Moloney Murine Leukemia Virus, contains a CysX2CysX4HisX4Cys zinc finger flanked by basic residues. In vitro NCp10 promotes genomic RNA dimerization, a process most probably linked to genomic RNA packaging, and replication primer tRNA(Pro) annealing to the initiation site of reverse transcription. To characterize the amino-acid sequences involved in the various functions of NCp10, we have synthesized by solid phase method the native protein and a series of derived peptides shortened at the N- or C-terminus with or without the zinc finger domain. In the latter case, the two parts of the protein were linked by a Glycine - Glycine spacer. The in vitro studies of these peptides show that nucleic acid annealing activities of NCp10 do not require a zinc finger but are critically dependent on the presence of specific sequences located on each side of the CCHC domain and containing proline and basic residues. Thus, deletion of 11R or 49PRPQT, of the fully active 29 residue peptide 11RQGGERRRSQLDRDGGKKPRGPRGPRPQT53 leads to a complete loss of NCp10 activity. Therefore it is proposed that in NCp10, the zinc finger directs the spatial recognition of the target RNAs by the basic domains surrounding the zinc finger.
Adiponectin and Coronary Heart Disease (2006)

In contrast to the strong associations previously reported between adiponectin levels and risk of type 2 diabetes, any association with CHD risk is comparatively moderate and requires further investigation.
Graft versus host disease in allogeneic stem cell transplantation--3 1/2 years experience. (2005)

The morbidity and mortality due to severe acute and chronic GvHD remains high despite standard prophylaxis against GvHD. New strategies are needed to prevent and treat GvHD.
Seismic critical‐angle reflectometry: A method to characterize azimuthal anisotropy? (2006)

Existing anisotropic parameter‐estimation algorithms that operate with long‐offset data are based on the inversion of either nonhyperbolic moveout or wide‐angle AVO (amplitude‐variation‐with‐offset) response. Here, we show that valuable information about anisotropic reservoirs can also be provided by the critical angle of reflected waves. To explain the behavior of the critical angle, we develop the weak‐anisotropy approximation for vertical transverse isotropy and then use Tsvankin's notation to extend it to azimuthally anisotropic models of orthorhombic symmetry. The P‐wave critical‐angle reflection in orthorhombic media is particularly sensitive to the parameters ε(1) and ε(2) responsible for the symmetry‐plane horizontal velocities in the high‐velocity layer. The azimuthal variation of the critical angle for typical orthorhombic models can reach 5–6°, which translates into substantial changes in the critical offset of the reflected P‐wave. The main diagnostic features of the critical‐angle reflection employed in our method include the rapid increase of the reflection amplitude at the critical angle and the subsequent separation of the head wave. Analysis of synthetic seismograms generated with the reflectivity method confirms that the azimuthal variation of the critical offset is detectable on wide‐azimuth, long‐spread data. Critical‐angle reflectometry can be used to constrain the dominant fracture directions and, in combination with other methods, to reduce the uncertainty in anisotropic parameter estimates.
An Overview of a Theory of Syntactic Recognition for Natural Language (1979)

Assume that the syntax of natural language can be parsed by a left-to-right deterministic mechanism without facilities for parallelism or backup. It will be shown that this 'determinism' hypothesis, explored within the context of the grammar of English, leads to a simple mechanism, a grammar interpreter. (Author)
Thermal-Aware Task Scheduling to Minimize Energy Usage of Blade Server Based Datacenters (2006)

Blade severs are being increasingly deployed in modern datacenters due to their high performance/cost ratio and compact size. In this study, we document our work on blade server based datacenter thermal management. Our goal is to minimize the total energy costs (usage) of datacenter operation while providing a reasonable thermal environment for their reliable operation. Due to special characteristics of blade servers, we argue that previously proposed power-oriented schemes are ineffective for blade server-based datacenters and that task-oriented scheduling is a more practicable approach since the contribution to the total energy cost from cooling and computing systems vary according to the utilization rates. CFD simulations are used to evaluate scheduling results of three different task scheduling algorithms: Uniform Outlet Profile (UOP), Minimal Computing Energy (MCE), and Uniform Task (UT), under four different blade-server energy consumption models: DiscreteNonOptimal (DNO), DiscreteOptimal (DO), AnalogNonOptimal (ANO), and AnalogOptimal (AO). Simulation results show that the MCE algorithm, in most cases, results in a minimal total energy cost - a conclusion that differs from the findings of previous research. UOP performs better than UT at low datacenter utilization rates, whereas UT outperforms UOP at high utilization rates.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme from Rabbit Pulmonary Particles (1974)

Angiotensin-converting enzyme has been solubilized from rabbit pulmonary particles and purified to homogeneity. The molecular weight of the native enzyme was estimated to be about 136,000 by glycerol gradient centrifugation, and a value of 140,000 was obtained for the reduced denatured protein by disc-gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate and 2-mercaptoethanol. The enzyme was found to be a glycoprotein with carbohydrate accounting for approximately 16% of its dry weight. The major sugar residues were identified as galactose, N -acetylglucosamine, and mannose, with smaller amounts of fucose and sialic acid. The homogeneous enzyme catalyzed the release of His-Leu from the COOH-terminus of angiotensin I and of Phe-Arg and Ser-Pro from that of bradykinin.
Disparity Based Image Segmentation For Occupant Classification (2005)

Frontal "depowered" air bag systems are underdesign today to be even more effective than current air bags in saving lives, while at the same time reducing the potential of causing an air bag induced serious injury or death. Stereovision real-time occupant sensing systems (airbag suppression) have been developed at Delphi Automotive Systems for use in comercial vehicle applications. One of the issues in such a system is that the irrelevant non-stationary background information within the field of view of the cameras results in less robust occupant classifications. In this paper, a disparity-based image segmentation method is provided. The input images are first segmented according to a pre-determined disparity threshold map and the real-time disparities of the occupants. Binary image processing techniques are used to reject noise introduced into the segmented images through low- resolution disparity calculations. The segmented images are then used for image feature extraction for a neural network classifier. For comparison, two neural network classifiers were created with and without the infrared image segmentation. Our experiements on segemnted images shown an increase of the classifier performance by at least 23% on a large database of IR images collected in extreme outdoor conditions.
Realization of adiabatic and diabatic CZ gates in superconducting qubits coupled with a tunable coupler* (2021)

High fidelity two-qubit gates are fundamental for scaling up the superconducting qubit number. We use two qubits coupled via a frequency-tunable coupler which can adjust the coupling strength, and demonstrate the CZ gate using two different schemes, adiabatic and diabatic methods. The Clifford based randomized benchmarking (RB) method is used to assess and optimize the CZ gate fidelity. The fidelities of adiabatic and diabatic CZ gates are 99.53(8)% and 98.72(2)%, respectively. We also analyze the errors induced by the decoherence. Comparing to 30 ns duration time of adiabatic CZ gate, the duration time of diabatic CZ gate is 19 ns, revealing lower incoherence error rate <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" overflow="scroll"> <mml:mrow> <mml:msub> <mml:msup> <mml:mi>r</mml:mi> <mml:mo>′</mml:mo> </mml:msup> <mml:mrow> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">incoherent</mml:mi> <mml:mo>,</mml:mo> <mml:mi mathvariant="normal">int</mml:mi> </mml:mrow> </mml:msub> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.0197</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">(</mml:mo> <mml:mn>5</mml:mn> <mml:mo stretchy="false">)</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> </mml:math> compared to r incoherent, int = 0.0223(3).
Cholinergic synaptic input to different parts of spiny striatonigral neurons in the rat (1988)

The postsynaptic targets of cholinergic boutons in the rat neostriatum were assessed by examination in the electron microscope of boutons that were immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase, the synthetic enzyme for acetylcholine. These boutons formed symmetrical synaptic specializations with neostriatal neurons. Of 209 immunoreactive synaptic boutons observed in random searches of the neostriatum, 45% made contact with dendritic shafts, 34% with dendritic spines, and 20% with neuronal perikarya. Many of the postsynaptic structures had ultrastructural characteristics of the most common type of striatal neuron, the medium-size densely spiny neuron. This was confirmed by the examination in the electron microscope of Golgi-impregnated medium-size spiny neurons from sections that had also been immunostained for choline acetyltransferase. Immunoreactive boutons formed symmetrical synaptic specializations with all parts of the neurons examined, i.e., perikarya, proximal and distal dendritic shafts, and dendritic spines. Two of the Golgi-impregnated medium-size spiny neurons that received input from the cholinergic boutons were also retrogradely labelled with horseradish peroxidase that had been injected into the substantia nigra, they were thus further characterized as striatonigral neurons. Similarly, seven retrogradely labelled perikarya of striatonigral neurons were found to receive input from the cholinergic boutons. It is concluded that cholinergic boutons in the neostriatum form synaptic specializations and that one of their major targets is the medium-size densely spiny neuron that projects to the substantia nigra. The topography of the cholinergic afferents of these cells is distinctly different from that of other boutons derived from local neurons and from boutons that form asymmetrical synaptic specializations, but it is similar to that of the dopaminergic boutons originating from neurons in the substantia nigra.
First passively-quenched single photon counting avalanche photodiode element integrated in a conventional CMOS process with 32ns dead time (2003)

A passively quenched single photon counting avalanche diode (PQ-SPAD) is integrated in a conventional CMOS process. Co-integration of passive quenching circuit and photodiode leads to a robust pulse and a dead time as low as 32ns. The FWHM timing resolution of the PQ-SPAD is 50ps. The 30mm2 photosensitive area photodiode has a maximum photon detection probability about 20% at λ=460nm, 5% at λ=700nm and 1% at λ=900nm. The dark count rate is 300Hz at room temperature and follows a poissonian distribution. By a cooling of the detector at -20°C, a dark count rate in the 10Hz range can be obtained. The afterpulsing probability is 2.5% at room temperature with 80% of the afterpulses located in the first 100ns after the avalanche event. The PQ-SPAD is well suited for detection applications in the visible and near infrared wavelengths and where the light can be concentrated on the active area using a high magnification objective. The PQ-SPAD also offers gated operation possibility for applications where the arrival of the photons is known. Due to its outstanding characteristics obtained at very low cost, the PQ-SPAD element opens the way to integration of detector arrays.
Stripes and zones: the origins of regionalization of the adult cerebellum. (1997)

The mammalian cerebellum is subdivided into an elaborate, reproducible array of parasagittal stripes and transverse zones. Stripes and zones are most clearly revealed by the patterns of expression of numerous genes and by the consequences of several naturally-occurring mutations. Because the stripe and zone boundaries are orthogonal, they subdivide the cerebellum into a patchwork grid. How is this elaborate topography created during cerebellar development? This article reviews the evidence for cerebellar regionalization and considers various mechanisms by which it might arise during embryogenesis.
Translational Therapeutics of Dipyridamole (2008)

Dipyridamole (DP) is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor that increases the intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanine monophosphate (cGMP) by preventing their conversion to AMP and GMP, respectively. By increasing cAMP and cGMP levels in platelets, DP reversibly inhibits platelet aggregation and platelet-mediated thrombotic disease. In addition, DP may potentiate some of the vascular protective effects of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO), which increases cGMP by stimulating soluble guanylyl cyclase. Endothelium-derived NO is an important regulator of vascular tone, blood flow, and tissue perfusion. Indeed, endothelial NO synthase-deficient (eNOS-/-) mice exhibit elevated systemic blood pressure and have larger myocardial and cerebral infarct size after ischemic injury. Other NO/cGMP-dependent effects that may be potentiated by DP include inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation and prevention of endothelial-leukocyte interaction. In addition, DP increases local concentrations of adenosine and prostacyclin, which could affect vascular tone and inflammation. Finally, DP has antioxidant properties, which could stabilize platelet and vascular membranes as well as prevent the oxidation of low-density lipoprotein. These platelet and nonplatelet actions of DP may contribute to some of its therapeutic benefits in vascular disease.