gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Castration in male pigs: techniques and animal welfare issues. (2006)

Castration in male pigs is usually performed during the first weeks of life without prior anesthesia. This technique, however, is known to induce acute pain and stress and will therefore not be tolerated any longer by animal welfare organizations. Practical and animal-friendly alternatives to surgical castration are the production of entire male pigs, semen sexing or immunological castration. Fattening boars has the benefits of better feed efficiency, higher lean meat yield and increased animal welfare due to no pain and stress of castration. The most important disadvantage in raising entire male pigs is the incidence of boar taint ranging between 10 and 75%. To identify tainted carcasses an accurate and rapid on-line method for detection of odorous compounds is absolutely necessary. Sperm sexing through flow cytometry is the only commercially available method at the moment but speed of separation is too low for practical application. Active immunization of boars against gonadotropin-releasing-hormone (GnRH) at the end of the fattening period results in a significant reduction of testicular weight and androstenone production while the benefits of daily growth gain, meat quality as well as welfare remain the same as in entire males. In the present review more detailed information is given about the various techniques, especially the practical application of immunocastration on a large scale base.
액상 Resin 을 이용한 Shell mold 의 Curing 에 따르는 특성변화에 관한 연구 (1978)

본 연구에서는 國産 Resin coated sand를 개발하는 同時에 curing에 따른 Shell mold의 기계적 성질을 引張强度, 硬度, 通氣度 등을 중심으로 조사 검토하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다.
1. Resin coated sand의 引張强度는 225℃에서 90秒 程度 Curing 시켰을 때 最大値를 나타내며 그 以上의 溫度와 時間에서는 減少하였다.
2. Resin coated sand의 scratch hardness는 200℃에서 30秒동안 Curing시켰을 때 92S로 最大値를 나타내고 그 以上에서는 溫度와 時間의 增加에 따라 減少하였다.
3. Resin coated sand의 통기도는 curing溫度와 時間의 增加에 따라 增加하였으며 300℃에서 180秒동안 curing시켰을 때 220㏄/min의 最大値를 나타내었다.
IC process compatible anodic electrode structures for unipolar HfOx-based RRAM (2011)

HfOx RRAM is a most promising candidate for next generation nonvolatile memory with highest endurance, speed till now but bipolar switching affects the selection of steering device, performance and applications. Bipolar and unipolar RRAMs have their advocators. Cell area of 4F <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> and/or 3D stacking for high density applications is the determining factor of preferring unipolar device. High operation power, low endurance and slow speed are most crucial issues. Recently, polarity of RRAM reported to be a strong function of top (anodic) electrode (TE) material. In this work, HfOx-based RRAM is studied by selection of TE stacking structures to find unipolar HfOx-based RRAM device structures with better performance.
Mesenchymal Stem Cell Exosome Ameliorates Reperfusion Injury Through Proteomic Complementation (2013)

The therapeutic efficacy of mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation has recently been attributed to exosomes when a single bolus of MSC exosomes prior to reperfusion of ischemic myocardium ameliorates reperfusion injury and reduces infarct size. In this article we review the therapeutic efficacy of MSC exosome in ameliorating cell intrinsic factors in reperfusion injury by focusing on the proteome complementation of exosomes and reperfused myocardium. The well-documented ATP deficit and initiation of apoptosis during ischemia and reperfusion were recently found to be underpinned by a proteomic deficit in enzymes critical for fatty acid oxidation, glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle, and a proteomic surplus of proapoptotic proteins. Interestingly, this deficit in glycolytic enzymes was complemented by an abundance in MSC exosomes and the surplus of proapoptotic proteins was circumvented by CD73 that could increase survival signaling through the activation of reperfusion injury salvage kinases. Together, this provides a window of opportunity for the cells to repair and regenerate thus constituting the rationale for the therapeutic efficacy of MSC exosomes.
SiBr<sub>4</sub>/Wet Silica Gel as an Efficient Heterogeneous System for Cleavage of C=N. (2004)

Abstract For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Alcohol Enhances Oxysterol-Induced Apoptosis in Human Endothelial Cells by a Calcium-Dependent Mechanism (2001)

Controversy exists about the net effect of alcohol on atherogenesis. A protective effect is assumed, especially from the tannins and phenolic compounds in red wine, owing to their inhibition of low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation. However, increased atherogenesis occurs in subjects with moderate to heavy drinking habits. The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of alcohol in combination with oxysterols on the endothelium. Cultured human arterial endothelial cells (HAECs) served as an in vitro model to test the cellular effects of various oxysterols. Oxysterols (7beta-hydroxycholesterol, 7-ketocholesterol, and cholesterol-5,6-epoxides), which are assumed to be the most toxic constituents of oxidized LDL, induced apoptosis in HAECs through calcium mobilization followed by activation of caspase-3. Ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, tert-butanol, and red wine all potentiated oxysterol-induced cell death up to 5-fold, paralleled by further induction of caspase-3. The alcohol effect occurred in a dose-dependent manner and reached a plateau at 0.05% concentration. Alcohol itself did not affect endothelial cell viability, nor did other solvents such as dimethyl sulfoxide mimic the alcohol effect. So far as the physiologically occurring oxysterols are concerned, this effect was apparent only for oxysterols oxidized at the steran ring. The possibility of alcohol facilitating the uptake of oxysterols into the cell was not supported by the data from an uptake study with radiolabeled compounds. Finally, alcohol in combination with oxysterols did cause a dramatic increase in cytosolic calcium influx. Blockage of calcium influx by the calcium channel blocker aurintricarboxylic acid or the calcium chelator ethylene glycol-bis(beta-aminoethyl ether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid abrogated the alcohol-mediated enhancement of oxysterol toxicity. We describe for the first time a mechanistic concept explaining possible adverse effects of alcohol in conjunction with physiologically occurring oxysterols on atherogenesis.
A Detection System Based on Giant Magnetoresistive Sensors and High‐Moment Magnetic Nanoparticles Demonstrates Zeptomole Sensitivity: Potential for Personalized Medicine (2009)

Abstract Ein zeptomolarer Detektor: Ein hoch empfindlicher Chip mit Riesenmagnetwiderstand in Kombination mit FeCo‐Nanopartikeln ermöglicht die lineare Detektion von nur 600–4500 Streptavidin‐Molekülen. Schon unter nichtoptimierten Bedingungen erkennt das System überdies humanes IL‐6 mit einer 13‐mal höheren Empfindlichkeit als ELISA‐Standardtechniken. magnified image
HVL evaluation of orthovoltage X-ray machine using EGSnrc code of simulation (2014)

Background: Making use of the orthovoltage machines in Radiotherapy, is one of the rouƟ ne methods for the treatment of the superficial lesions. In this study, an important determinant of X-ray quality, the HVL (Half Value Layer), has been evaluated. Materials and Methods: The HVLs of a orthovoltage X- ray machine in 120 and 180 kVp are measured, using an empirical method, in which the HVLs are derived from the absorpƟ on curves. The measured HVLs are compared with calculated (Monte Carlo simulaƟ on) HVLs. Using the BEAMDP code of simulaƟ on, the output spectra are obtained and employed for the measurement of the HVLs. Results: Comparing the calculated and measured HVL values, the results show that the highest and lowest differences between the two are 4.96% and 2.27%, respecƟ vely, which are, in fairly good agreement with those obtained in the former studies. Conclusion: This study shows that the EGSnrc simulaƟ on code is capable of being used for the extracƟ on of the quality indices for the superficial X-ray radiotherapy machines. It seems that, the menƟ oned code, with the menƟ oned experimental method, can be employed as a rouƟ ne clinical test tool for every superficial radiotherapy department.
Analysis of a Standard Peptide Mixture by Capillary Electrophoresis with Mass Spectrometry and with Tandem Mass Spectrometry (1996)

The combination of capillary electrophoresis with mass spectrometry allows efficient separation and identification of components in mixtures with greater specificity than can be obtained using capillary electrophoresis and ultra violet detection alone. For the mixture of peptides analysed in this application, molecular mass information was obtained on all of the components in the initial analysis. On-line capillary electrophoresis/tandem mass spectrometry was then used to generate amino acid sequence information for each of these peptides, at the pmole level, in the form of collision-induced production-ion spectra which were recorded only over the relevant time windows.
Facial feature tracking for eye-head controlled human computer interface (2003)

In this paper, we propose a robust fast and cheap scheme for locating the eyes, lip-corners, and nostrils for eye-head controlled human computer interface on a facial image with non-constrained background. Many researchers have presented eye tracking methods. But the methods are not both robust and fast, and they also have many limitations. The method we propose uses complete graph matching from thresholded images. That is, after labeling the binarized image that is separated by a proper threshold value, the algorithm computes the similarity of between all pairs of objects. After that, the two objects that have the greatest similarity are selected as eyes. The average computing time of the image (360*240) is within 0.2 (sec) and if the search window is reduced by estimation, the average computing time is within 0.1 (sec). It has been tested on several sequential facial images with different illuminating conditions and varied head poses. It returned quite a satisfactory performance in both speed and accuracy. The algorithm is highly cost effective.
Methicillin (Oxacillin)-Resistant <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> Strains Isolated from Major Food Animals and Their Potential Transmission to Humans (2003)

From May 2001 to April 2003, various types of specimens from cattle, pigs, and chickens were collected and examined for the presence of methicillin (oxacillin)-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). S. aureus was isolated and positively identified by using Gram staining, colony morphology, tests for coagulase and urease activities, and an API Staph Ident system. Among 1,913 specimens collected from the animals, 421 contained S. aureus; of these, 28 contained S. aureus resistant to concentrations of oxacillin higher than 2 micro g/ml. Isolates from 15 of the 28 specimens were positive by PCR for the mecA gene. Of the 15 mecA-positive MRSA isolates, 12 were from dairy cows and 3 were from chickens. Antimicrobial susceptibility tests of mecA-positive MRSA strains were performed by the disk diffusion method. All isolates were resistant to members of the penicillin family, such as ampicillin, oxacillin, and penicillin. All isolates were also susceptible to amikacin, vancomycin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. To determine molecular epidemiological relatedness of these 15 animal MRSA isolates to isolates from humans, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) patterns were generated by arbitrarily primed PCR. The RAPD patterns of six of the isolates from animals were identical to the patterns of certain isolates from humans. The antibiotypes of the six animal isolates revealed types similar to those of the human isolates. These data suggested that the genomes of the six animal MRSA isolates were very closely related to those of some human MRSA isolates and were a possible source of human infections caused by consuming contaminated food products made from these animals.
Analysis of Paschen Curves for air, N2 and SF6 Using the Townsend Breakdown Equation (1982)

It has been shown that it is possible to extend the validity of the Townsend breakdown criterion for evaluating the breakdown voltages in the complete pd range in which Paschen curves are available. Evaluation of the breakdown voltages for air (pd=0.0133 to 1400 kPa · cm), N2(pd=0.0313 to 1400 kPa · cm) and SF6 (pd=0.3000 to 1200 kPa · cm) has been done and in most cases the computed values are accurate to ±3% of the measured values. The computations show that it is also possible to estimate the secondary ionization coefficient γ in the pd ranges mentioned above.
Nature of Amine−Surfactant Interactions at the Air−Solution Interface (2008)

The surface tension and adsorption behavior of polymer/surfactant mixtures of polyethyleneimine (PEI)/sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) is strongly dependent on pH. At both low and high pH, a strong PEI/SDS interaction gives rise to surface polymer/surfactant complex formation that results in significantly enhanced SDS adsorption at very low SDS concentrations and in multilayer formation at the interface. At low pH, this strong PEI/SDS interaction is dominated by the electrostatic attraction between the two oppositely charged species. However, at high pH the PEI is essentially neutral, and the origin of the "hydrophobic" interaction, or interaction of nonelectrostatic origin, is less clear. To investigate the origins of this interaction further, we have used neutron reflectivity and surface tension to study the pH dependence of the surface adsorption of different anionic surfactants-SDS, lithium dodecyl sulfate (LiDS), and sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate (LAS)--in the presence of a range of small amine molecules (from ethylenediamine to pentaethylenehexamine). Analogous to that observed in PEI/SDS mixtures, the presence of amine molecules induces a strong enhancement in the surfactant adsorption at both low and high pH, which can result in extreme cases in multilayer formation at the interface. At high pH, the adsorption is highly dependent upon the amine molecular weight and is equivalent to that observed at low pH by the time the molecular weight of the amine has increased to that of pentaethylenehexamine. We attribute this nonelectrostatic interaction observed at high pH to the combined effect of a dipole-dipole interaction between the sulfate (or sulfonate) headgroup and the amine nitrogens and a cooperative hydrophobic interaction between the chains of the attached surfactants. At high pH and when there are at least six amine groups present, this effect appears to be equivalent in strength to the electrostatic attraction that dominates at low pH. These results are significant in the context of understanding the unusual nature of the PEI/surfactant interaction and of using small molecular weight additives rather than much larger molecular weight polymers to manipulate adsorption properties.
Residual HIV-1 RNA in Blood Plasma of Patients Taking Suppressive Highly Active Antiretroviral Therapy (1999)

These data suggest that low-level replication of HIV-1 in patients taking suppressive HAART may be demonstrated not only in peripheral blood mononuclear cells but also in peripheral plasma as cell-free virion RNA. Complete ablation of viral replication may require intensification of antiretroviral therapies beyond standard suppressive HAART.
Effect of sputtered lanthanum hexaboride film thickness on field emission from metallic knife edge cathodes (2012)

We report experiments and analysis of field emission from metallic knife-edge cathodes, which are sputter-coated with thin films of lanthanum hexaboride (LaB6), a low-work function material. The emission current is found to depend sensitively on the thickness of the LaB6 layer. We find that films thinner than 10 nm greatly enhance the emitted current. However, cathodes coated with a thicker layer of LaB6 are observed to emit less current than the uncoated metallic cathode. This result is unexpected due to the higher work function of the bare metal cathode. We show, based on numerical calculation of the electrostatic potential throughout the structure, that the external (LaB6/vacuum) barrier is reduced with respect to uncoated samples for both thin and thick coatings. However, this behavior is not exhibited at the internal (metal/LaB6) barrier. In thinly coated samples, electrons tunnel efficiently through both the internal and external barrier, resulting in current enhancement with respect to the uncoated case. In contrast, the thick internal barrier in thickly coated samples suppresses current below the value for uncoated samples in spite of the lowered external barrier. We argue that this coating thickness variation stems from a relatively low (no higher than 1018 cm−3) free carrier density in the sputtered polycrystalline LaB6.
Editorial: <i>Biotechnology Journal</i> highlights from 2012 – AFOB and more (2013)

Biotechnology Journal welcomed the Asian Federation of Biotechnology (AFOB) in 2012. Together with our existing affiliates, the European Biosafety Association (EBSA) and the EFB Section on Biochmical Engineering (ESBES), the Journal will provide unique bridge between Asian and Europen biotechnologists and bioengineers.
Chemical communication in scarab beetles: reciprocal behavioral agonist-antagonist activities of chiral pheromones. (1996)

A novel mechanism of reciprocal behavioral agonist-antagonist activities of enantiomeric pheromones plays a pivotal role in overcoming the signal-to-noise problem derived from the use of a single-constituent pheromone system in scarab beetles. Female Anomala osakana produce (S, Z)-5-(+)-(1-decenyl)oxacyclopentan-2-one, which is highly attractive to males; the response is completely inhibited even by 5% of its antipode. These two enantiomers have reverse roles in the Popillia japonica sex pheromone system. Chiral GC-electroantennographic detector experiments suggest that A. osakana and P. japonica have both R and S receptors that are responsible for behavioral agonist and antagonist responses.
Le numéro commence, comme toujours, par un éditorial… (2001)

Le numero commence, comme toujours, par un editorial, cette fois-ci de Jean Semal, qui, au fil des lignes, nous montre comme il y a loin des realites de terrain aux theories issues des technostructures, et combien il est difficile de reagir en ce monde rempli d'incertitudes. 
Dans une belle synthese, J. Brossier et B. Hubert font le point sur les experiences et les principaux resultats qui ont marque la construction d'un champ de recherches de plus de 20 ans sur les systemes agraires ou s'integrent les techniques et les sciences socio-economiques. Il s'agit bien d'un complexe pluridisciplinaire et specifiquement francais.
Suivent deux articles originaux.
Dans une premiere etude originale, T. Madani et al. se penchent sur les systemes agraires des massifs montagneux de l'extreme nord-est algerien, leur dynamique, leur diversite, dans le but d'un developpement futur de cette region.
Une seconde etude originale realisee par P. Noupadja et al. presente les resultats d'une analyse de cultivars de bananiers nouvellement introduits et resistants a la grave maladie des raies noires. Les varietes choisies, non seulement doivent etre plus productives pour seduire les agriculteurs, mais doivent aussi etre acceptees par les consommateurs camerounais.
Le numero continue et s'acheve avec quatre notes de recherches.
La premiere traite de varietes de manioc, locales ou introduites, assainies vis-a-vis des maladies qui limitent la production au Congo. J. Mabanza et J. Mahouka etudient leur comportement lorsqu'elles sont mises en culture et soumises a la competition des mauvaises herbes.
Dans la seconde, G. Toure et Z. Ouattara enquetent sur l'elevage ovin et en zone urbaine de Cote d'Ivoire. Cet elevage est pratique par les femmes. Les auteurs analysent et classifient cette activite feminine et specifique tant sur le plan economique que sur le plan social.
Dans une troisieme note de recherche, M. Taher Srairi et M. El Khattabi analysent techniquement et economiquement la production laitiere d'une etable specialisee dans une region semi-aride du Maroc. Ils etudient les pratiques adoptees par les eleveurs pour situer leur niveau de production et leurs resultats economiques pendant trois campagnes agricoles, concluant par une remise en question du schema global de developpement de cette production.
Enfin, dans une quatrieme note, M. Cisse et al. analysent l'efficacite de differents produits alimentaires destines au poulet. Ils montrent les mediocres performances obtenues avec certains aliments du commerce et l'inadequation entre le prix des aliments et leur efficacite. Ils concluent a la necessite de faire des efforts, tant dans le controle que dans la mise au point d'un referentiel sur la composition des matieres premieres utilisees.
Encore une belle moisson d'articles...!
Sugar and Organic Acid Content of Cherry Tomato Fruit at Different Ripening Stages (1987)

Abstract Sugar and organic acid concentrations in fruit of two cherry tomato ( Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme Alef.) cultivars (‘Large Red Cherry’ and ‘Small Fry’) were determined at five stages of ripening. Fructose and glucose concentration increased in both cultivars from the immature-green to table-ripe stage, with fructose being the primary sugar. Sucrose, present in low concentration, was higher in the immature-green than table-ripe stage. Citric acid was the primary organic acid and it increased in concentration from the immature-green to mature-green stage (and to the light-red stage in ‘Small Fry’), but no further change occurred from the light-red to table-ripe stage. Malic acid decreased in concentration from the mature-green to table-ripe stage. ‘Large Red Cherry’ fruit contained more fructose, glucose, and malic acid, but less citric acid than ‘Small Fry’ fruit. The pattern of sugar and organic acid change during cherry tomato fruit ripening was similar to the pattern of change previously reported for large-fruited types.
Polar Terms and Interdependent Concepts (1990)

The notion of polarity, of polar terms and concepts, has been extensively used in the history of philosophy. However, there has never been a careful analysis or elucidation of the very concept of polarity itself. This paper aims to provide just such an elucidation of the concept of polarity.
A 12-V charge pump-based square wave driver in 65-nm CMOS technology (2014)

This paper presents a high-voltage output stage producing signals well beyond the voltage ratings of standard devices in a nanometer-scale CMOS technology. The driver is a two-level, switched capacitor output stage that combines both voltage conversion and pulse drive. The design is highly modular and enables extended device-stacking seamlessly and with little overhead. The driver achieves a peak power efficiency of 64%, a minimum drive resistance of 3.7KΩ and occupies an area of 0.06mm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> .
In Vivo Deuteration of Transfer RNAs: Overexpression and Large-Scale Purification of Deuterated Specific tRNAs (1996)

Structural investigations of tRNA complexes using NMR or neutron scattering often require deuterated specific tRNAs. Those tRNAs are needed in large quantities and in highly purified and biologically active form. Fully deuterated tRNAs can be prepared from cells grown in deuterated minimal medium, but tRNA content under this conditions is low, due to regulation of tRNA biosynthesis in response to the slow growth of cells. Here we describe the large-scale preparation of two deuterated tRNA species, namely D-tRNAPhe and D-tRNAfMet (the method is also applicable for other tRNAs). Using overexpression constructs, the yield of specific deuterated tRNAs is improved by a factor of two to ten, depending on the tRNA and growth condition tested. The tRNAs are purified using a combination of classical chromatography on an anion exchange DEAE column with reversed phase preparative HPLC. Purification yields nearly homogenous deuterated tRNAs with a chargeability of 1400-1500 pmol amino acid/A260 unit. The deuterated tRNAs are of excellent biological activity.