gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Contrast imaging with chirped excitation (2007)

Coded excitation has been successfully used in imaging to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and penetration depth. With a contrast agent, wideband signals have been hypothesized to increase the contrast-to-tissue ratio (CTR). However, nonlinear properties of contrast agents make decoding difficult when applying coded excitation to contrast imaging. We propose two chirped excitation methods to image contrast agents, with a mechanical index (MI) ranging from 0.05 to 0.34. In the single chirp method, one chirp is transmitted, followed by a clutter filter to reject tissue echoes, then a matched filter is used to recover range resolution. In the chirp sequence method, an increasing and decreasing chirp sequence is transmitted followed by subtraction of the compressed echoes to reject tissue echoes (assuming tissue is a linear scatterer at low MI). Ten independent acoustic experiments were performed to evaluate the CTR for chirp and tone burst insonation, with the same spatial peak temporal averaged intensity (I(SPTA)). A significant increase in CTR, ranging from 4 dB to 8 dB, is observed for chirped excitation as compared with tone burst insonation, at an I(SPTA) of 0.1 and 0.3 mW/cm2 (P < or = 5e-3). To achieve the same CTR of 15 dB, the spatial peak pulse averaged intensity (I(SPPA)) can be decreased by 6 dB for chirp insonation as compared with tone burst insonation (P < 1e-5). Additionally, an increase of more than 10 dB in tissue rejection ratio (TRR) is observed for a chirp sequence insonation compared to tone burst phase inversion for this set of parameters (P < or = 1e-9). Deconvolution of the linear microbubble response from the received echoes is proposed as a method to recover spatial resolution. The difference in the axial resolution resulting from chirp and three-cycle tone burst insonation is approximately 220 microm. The difference in the mainlobe width between experimental and predicted compressed echoes is less than 20%. The side-lobe amplitude is 9 dB to 16 dB below the mainlobe with a transmitted I(SPTA) from 0.1 to 6.6 mW/cm2.
Process-Aware Interrupt Scheduling and Accounting (2006)

In most operating systems, the handling of interrupts is typically performed within the address space of the kernel. Moreover, interrupt handlers are invoked asynchronously during the execution of arbitrary processes. Unfortunately, this allows for a process's time quantum to be consumed by arbitrary interrupt handling. To avoid significant impact to process execution and also to respond quickly enough to interrupts, interrupt servicing is usually split into two parts: a "top" and "bottom" half. The top half executes at interrupt time and is meant to be short enough to complete all necessary actions at the time of the interrupt. In contrast, the bottom half can be deferred to a more suitable point in time to complete servicing of a prior interrupt. Systems such as Linux may defer bottom half handling to a schedulable thread that may be arbitrarily delayed until there are no other processes to execute. A better approach would be to schedule bottom halves in accordance with the priorities of processes that are affected by their execution. Likewise, bottom half processing should be charged to the CPU-time usage of the affected process, or processes, where possible, to ensure fairer and more predictable resource management. This paper describes some of our approaches, both algorithmically and in terms of implementation on a Linux system, to combine interrupt scheduling and accountability. We show significant improvements in predictability of a Linux system by modifying the kernel to more accurately account for interrupt servicing costs and more precisely control when and to what extent interrupts can be serviced
Technology and Value Theory (1980)

I begin this paper by surveying the kinds of questions that arise in the emerging field of Technology and Society Studies. This survey leads me to ask if the area of value theory is sufficiently well-developed to sustain intelligent and critical discussion of the value issues in this field. I note that philosophers have had little to say about the kinds of value questions that arise and, in the remainder of the paper, I argue that what little there is has often got off on the wrong foot — either because of assumptions that are wrong-headed or because the approach is question-begging for some of the central value issues. While the field of Technology and Society Studies is as yet rather ill-defined, a perusal of the literature and the course descriptions suggests the categorization that follows.
Advances in Stem Cell Therapy for Erectile Dysfunction (2014)

Stem cell (SC) therapy for erectile dysfunction (ED) has been investigated in 35 published studies, with one being a small-scale clinical trial. Out of these 35 studies, 19 are concerned with cavernous nerve (CN) injury-associated ED while 10 with diabetes mellitus- (DM-) associated ED. Adipose-derived SCs (ADSCs) were employed in 18 studies while bone marrow SCs (BMSCs) in 9. Transplantation of SCs was done mostly by intracavernous (IC) injection, as seen in 25 studies. Allogeneic and xenogeneic transplantations have increasingly been performed but their immune-incompatibility issues were rarely discussed. More recent studies also tend to use combinatory therapies by modifying or supplementing SCs with angiogenic or neurotrophic genes or proteins. All studies reported better erectile function with SC transplantation, and the majority also reported improved muscle, endothelium, and/or nerve in the erectile tissue. However, differentiation or engraftment of transplanted SCs has rarely been observed; thus, paracrine action is generally believed to be responsible for SC’s therapeutic effects. But still, few studies actually investigated and none proved paracrine action as a therapeutic mechanism. Thus, based exclusively on functional outcome data shown in preclinical studies, two clinical trials are currently recruiting patients for treatment with IC injection of ADSC and BMSC, respectively.
Photoreflectance of GaAs and Ga0.82Al0.18As at elevated temperatures up to 600 °C (1988)

We report a modulation spectroscopy experiment on GaAs and Ga0.82Al0.18As at elevated temperatures. Using the contactless electromodulation method of photoreflectance, the direct gaps (E0) of these materials have been observed from 77 K to 600 °C. The latter temperature is comparable to molecular beam expitaxy, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, growth temperatures, etc. Our results are at the highest temperature yet reported for E0 (GaAs) in a reflectance experiment and the first observation of E0 (Ga1−xAlxAs) at elevated temperatures. From the latter, the Varshni coefficients [Physica 34, 149 (1967)] for Ga0.82Al0.18As were determined.
Comparison of Serum rAAV Serotype-Specific Antibodies in Patients with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy, Becker Muscular Dystrophy, Inclusion Body Myositis, or GNE Myopathy (2017)

Recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV) is a commonly used gene therapy vector for the delivery of therapeutic transgenes in a variety of human diseases, but pre-existing serum antibodies to viral capsid proteins can greatly inhibit rAAV transduction of tissues. Serum was assayed from patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD), inclusion body myositis (IBM), and GNE myopathy (GNE). These were compared to serum from otherwise normal human subjects to determine the extent of pre-existing serum antibodies to rAAVrh74, rAAV1, rAAV2, rAAV6, rAAV8, and rAAV9. In almost all cases, patients with measurable titers to one rAAV serotype showed titers to all other serotypes tested, with average titers to rAAV2 being highest in all instances. Twenty-six percent of all young normal subjects (<18 years old) had measurable rAAV titers to all serotypes tested, and this percentage increased to almost 50% in adult normal subjects (>18 years old). Fifty percent of all IBM and GNE patients also had antibody titers to all rAAV serotypes, while only 18% of DMD and 0% of BMD patients did. In addition, serum-naïve macaques treated systemically with rAAVrh74 could develop cross-reactive antibodies to all other serotypes tested at 24 weeks post treatment. These data demonstrate that most DMD and BMD patients should be amenable to vascular rAAV-mediated treatment without the concern of treatment blockage by pre-existing serum rAAV antibodies, and that serum antibodies to rAAVrh74 are no more common than those for rAAV6, rAAV8, or rAAV9.
Design and characterization of a versatile reference instrument for rapid, reproducible specular gloss measurements (2005)

A reference goniospectrophotometer has been developed at the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) for providing high-accuracy traceable measurements of specular gloss at several standard geometries, including 75 degrees for paper samples, haze and absence-of-bloom gloss, and color appearance of gonio-apparent materials. This is to the authors' knowledge the first reported reference instrument that has this level of versatility for rapidly characterizing the total visual appearance properties of a wide variety of materials and applications. This instrument also replaces the NRC glossmeter that has been providing primary level specular gloss measurements in accordance with International Organization for Standardization and American Society for Testing and Materials standards for measurements of paint and ceramic materials at geometries of 20 degrees, 60 degrees, and 85 degrees. The new instrument has been fully characterized for sources of error and compared with the NRC glossmeter. Its measurement reproducibility of 0.02 gloss unit is a factor-of-5 improvement, and its overall estimated expanded (k = 2) uncertainty is 0.3 gloss unit at all three standard geometries.
Débora Finkelstein y María Marta Novella (comps.). 2005. Poblamiento del Noroeste del Chubut. Aportes para su historia. Esquel: Centro de Investigaciones 'El hombre Patagónico y su Medio'; Fundación Ameghino; Editorial FB. 181 p. (2008)

El objetivo central que recorre y vincula todos los articulos de este libro, y que las compiladoras sintetizan en su introduccion, apunta a revisar lo que sin mayores errores podria describirse como la 'historia oficializada' sobre la colonizacion de la region cordillerana y pedemontana de la actual provincia del Chubut. Cabe aclarar que la construccion de esta version 'oficial', sobre la cual podrian recaer otras adjetivaciones no menos formatizadoras en terminos ideologicos como pueden ser 'tradicional', 'fundacional', 'provincial' o 'nacional', recorre un ciclo conocido para otros ambitos patagonicos y que solo investigaciones realizadas recientemente han puesto en la mesa de discusion como problema historiografico. (1)
Abiotic Stress Tolerance in Grasses. From Model Plants to Crop Plants (2005)

Abiotic stresses, notably extremes in temperature, photon irradiance, and supplies of water and inorganic solutes, frequently limit growth and productivity of major crop species such as wheat ( Triticum aestivum ; ). In
AURAL INFECTIONS FROM THE COLON BACILLUS: Report of a Case (1934)

Aural infections with the colon bacillus as the causative agent are rare, and it would seem as though they were generally secondary to an infection in the kidneys or in the rectum and the lower end of the bowel. Little information is available on the subject. Libman,<sup>1</sup>in 141 cases of aural discharge or complications of otitis media, found the colon bacillus in 1 case of abscess of the brain and in 1 of 25 cases of meningitis secondary to otitis media. I have been unable to find any reference to this subject in the literature since Libman's article was published. The report of a recent case of secondary infection due to the colon bacillus in which treatment by surgical measures and the bacteriophage method was unsuccessful follows. <h3>REPORT OF CASE</h3> Mary W., aged 36, was admitted to Morrisania City Hospital on May 27, 1933, complaining of a discharge
Transcripts within the replication origin, oric, of Excherichia coli (1987)

Transcription start and termination sites were mapped in the E. coli replication origin, oriC. Outward transcription from within oriC (promoters Pori-r and Pori-l) was found to start in vivo at position 178 for Pori-l and at positions 294 and 304 for Pori-r, respectively. These transcripts were terminated after 100-150 bases, at terminators designated Tori-l and Tori-r. Transcription from the 16 kd promoter, which lies clockwise adjacent to oriC and promotes transcription toward oriC, started at position 757 and gave transcripts with 3' ends at several positions within and to the left of the minimal replication origin. However, the majority of transcripts traversed the whole oriC region, and were not terminated within the DNA segment tested. Transcription of the chromosomal 16 kd gene was negatively regulated by DnaA protein and positively affected by dam methylation. The possible function of these transcripts is discussed.
See-through Image Enhancement through Sensor Fusion (2012)

Many hardware designs have been developed to allow a camera to be placed optically directly behind the screen. The purpose of such setups is to enable two-way video teleconferencing that maintains eye-contact. However, the image from the see-through camera usually exhibits a number of imaging artifacts such as low signal to noise ratio, incorrect color balance, and lost of details. We develop a novel image enhancement framework that utilizes an auxiliary color+depth camera that is mounted on the side of the screen. By fusing the information from both cameras, we are able to significantly improve the quality of the see-through image. Experimental results have demonstrated that our fusion method compares favorably against traditional image enhancement/warping methods that uses only a single image.
Phases in Ceria–Zirconia Binary Oxide (1− <i>x</i> )CeO <sub>2</sub> – <i>x</i> ZrO <sub>2</sub> Nanoparticles: The Effect of Particle Size (2005)

The phases of ceria–zirconia nanoparticles observed in air are studied as a function of particle size and composition by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy. The emergence of two tetragonal phases t ″ and t monotonically moves toward higher zirconia concentrations with decreasing particle size. A smaller particle size increases the solubility of zirconia in cubic ceria, while higher zirconia content in ceria stabilizes against coarsening. In particular, the cubic Ce 1− x Zr x O 2− y is persistent and is 8% in phase amount even at 90% zirconia with 33 nm crystal size. Neither the monoclinic phase m nor the tetragonal phase t ′ is observed in the present nanoparticles (<40 nm). The effectiveness of these nanoparticles as oxygen source‐and‐sink in catalytic support is largely due to the persistence of the cubic and the t″ phases.
Introduction to Programming in Python: An Interdisciplinary Approach (2007)

By emphasizing the application of computer programming not only in success stories in the software industry but also in familiar scenarios in physical and biological science, engineering, and applied mathematics, Introduction to Programming in Javatakes an interdisciplinary approach to teaching programmingwith theJava programming language. Elements of Programming: Your First Program; Built-in Types of Data; Conditionals and Loops; Arrays; Input and Output. Functions and Modules: Static Methods; Libraries and Clients; Recursion. Object-Oriented Programming: Data Types; Creating Data Types; Designing Data Types. Algorithms and Data Structures: Performance; Sorting and Searching; Stacks and Queues; Symbol Tables. For all readers interested in introductory programming courses using theJava programming language.
Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis Lesions with Spherical Harmonics: Comparison of MR Imaging and Pathologic Findings (2005)

Spherical harmonics (SH) were used to approximate the volume and three-dimensional geometry of multiple sclerosis (MS) lesions in deceased patients. The institutional ethical committee does not require its approval for studies involving pathologic specimens. Pathologic findings were used as the reference standard. In addition, lesion volume was measured with cylindrical approximation (CA). Volumetric comparisons of biases were based on summary statistics, Spearman correlation, Wilcoxon test, and two-way analysis of variance. Shape comparison metrics included mean distance and Dice similarity coefficient (DSC). Eight of 11 lesions had smaller biases with SH method (P < .001). Median biases with SH and CA did not differ significantly, as compared with pathologic findings (r = 1.00 vs 0.99, respectively). Variances of the biases were significantly smaller for SH (P = .04). Ranges of normalized distance and DSC were 0.1%-2.5% and 75%-96%, respectively. Mean DSC was significantly higher than 70% (P < .001). SH method provided unbiased lesion volume and added geometric information that may enable a better understanding of the pathogenesis and lesion evolution over time.
Subunit treadmilling of microtubules or actin in the presence of cellular barriers: possible conversion of chemical free energy into mechanical work. (1982)

Free microtubule or actin filaments, along with the monomeric forms of the protein, hydrolyze GTP or ATP to produce a flux of subunits through the polymer. This flux, called treadmilling, produces no useful work. In the cell, however, these filaments are likely to be constrained between nucleating sites and other barriers that will limit polymer growth. We study here the effects of a small compression of the filaments resulting from polymerization against such barriers. If subunits can still exchange at the two ends, treadmilling will take place here as well. Under these conditions, the filament system can do useful work. The free energy of NTP hydrolysis can be used to transport materials, attached to the filament, against a resisting force. This process can in principle take place at high efficiency and bears a resemblance in a bioenergetic sense to the utilization of ATP free energy in muscle contraction. The same general principles apply to a polymer in which one end is anchored and one end is free.
Using trust for detecting deceitful agents in artificial societies (2000)

Trust is one of the most important concepts guiding decision-making and contracting in human societies. In artificial societies, this concept has been neglected until recently. The inherent benevolence assumption implemented in many multiagent systems can have hazardous consequences when dealing with deceit in open systems. The aim of this paper is to establish a mechanism that helps agents to cope with environments inhabited by both selfish and cooperative entities. This is achieved by enabling agents to evaluate trust in others. A formalization and an algorithm for trust are presented so that agents can autonomously deal with deception and identify trustworthy parties in open systems. The approach is twofold: agents can observe the behavior of others and thus collect information for establishing an initial trust model. In order to adapt quickly to a new or rapidly changing environment, one enables agents to also make use of observations from other agents. The practical relevance of these ideas is demonstrated by means of a direct mapping from a scenario to electronic commerce.
Optical Memory Elements with Extremely Wide Hysteresis Window (94mA) Using Partly Saturable-Absorber Novel Active MMI Bi-Stable Laser Diodes (2010)

Novel active MMI bi-stable laser diodes are proposed and demonstrated. Using partly saturable-absorber configuration in active MMI, extremely wide hysteresis window of 94mA was achieved with 30fJ optical switching energy in 335µm total device length.
Receiver Front-Ends in CMOS with Ultra-Low Power Consumption (2013)

Historically, research on radio communication has focused on improving range and data rate. In the last decade, however, there has been an increasing demand for low power and low cost radios that can provide connectivity with small devices around us. They should be able to offer basic connectivity with a power consumption low enough to function extended periods of time on a single battery charge, or even energy scavenged from the surroundings. This work is focused on the design of ultra-low power receiver front-ends intended for a receiver operating in the 2.4GHz ISM band, having an active power consumption of 1mW and chip area of 1mm². Low power consumption and small size make it hard to achieve good sensitivity and tolerance to interference. This thesis starts with an introduction to the overall receiver specifications, low power radio and radio standards, front-end and LO generation architectures and building blocks, followed by the four included papers. Paper I demonstrates an inductorless front-end operating at 915MHz, including a frequency divider for quadrature LO generation. An LO generator operating at 2.4GHz is shown in Paper II, enabling a front-end operating above 2GHz. Papers III and IV contain circuits with combined front-end and LO generator operating at or above the full 2.45GHz target frequency. They use VCO and frequency divider topologies that offer efficient operation and low quadrature error. An efficient passive-mixer design with improved suppression of interference, enables an LNA-less design in Paper IV capable of operating without a SAW-filter.
Thermo-responsive behavior of novel polyitaconates having pyrrolidinonyl moiety (2000)

Novel itaconates having a pyrrolidinonyl moiety, i. e. 4-methyl 1-(2-pyrrolidonylethyl) itaconate (PyEMI) and 1-methyl 4-(2-pyrrolidonylethyl) itaconate (MPyEI) were synthesized by the reaction of 2-N-hydroxyethyl-pyrrolidinone (HEPy) with 4-methyl or 1-methyl itaconyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. The polymerization of PyEMI and MPyEI were conducted in two ways. By photopolymerization using 2,2-dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone as a photosensitizer, P(PyEMI)-A and P(MPyEI) were obtained. By redox polymerization using N,N,N,N-tetra-methylethylenediamine – potassium persulfate as an initiating system, P(PyEMI)-B was obtained. It was found that both polymers exhibit thermo-responsive behavior in water. The thermo-responsive behavior of P(MPyEI) is similar to that of P(PyEMI)-A, however, P(PyEMI)-B is more sensitive to a change in temperature than P(PyEMI)-A. The fluid dynamic diameter of P(PyEMI)-A and P(PyEMI)-B in water were detected by a laser scattering method, and it was shown that the fluid dynamic diameter of the latter is about 5 times that of the former. Due to the difference in polymer chain size and shape, the thermo-responsive behavior of P(PyEMI)-B is more sensitive in the same mass concentration. The swelling ratios of PyEMI hydrogels with various amounts of cross-linker at different temperature were determined. The thermo-responsive behavior of the PyEMI hydrogel was compared with that of the P(PyEMI) aqueous solution.