gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
ECONOMIC CATHODIC PROTECTION (1956)

Cathodic protection is one of the best methods of preventing corrosion. It can be made even more effective and economical through the use of organic coatings to limit the cathodically protected area
Effect of Dexamethasone on Transport of α‐Aminoisobutyric Acid and Sucrose Across the Blood‐Brain Barrier (1988)

The effect of glucocorticoids on the blood-brain barrier (BBB) was studied in rats following a single injection or 3 days of dexamethasone administration. Tracers with a low permeability across the intact endothelium, [14C]sucrose and alpha-[3H]aminoisobutyric acid ([3H]AIB), were simultaneously injected intravenously in untreated rats or in rats treated with dexamethasone. Unidirectional blood-to-brain transfer constants (Ki) in 14 regions of the rat brain were determined. In regions of control brain, average Ki values for AIB and sucrose were approximately 0.0020 and 0.00060 ml g-1 min-1, respectively. The lowest transfer constants were found in caudate nucleus, hippocampus, white matter, and cerebellum. In dexamethasone-treated animals, Ki values for both sucrose and AIB markedly decreased by 30-50% in almost all brain regions. These results indicate that a single injection or 3 days of treatment with dexamethasone causes an apparent reduction in the normal BBB permeability, and dexamethasone may greatly interfere with drug delivery into brain. These observations may have an importance for the administration of drugs in brain disease in the presence of steroids.
Further Studies on Environment‐Sensitive Hardness and Machinability of Al <sub>2</sub> O <sub>3</sub> (1975)

Studies were continued on the effects of surface‐active environments on the hardness and the rates of drilling and abrasive wear of mono‐ and polycrystalline Al 2 O 3 . Changes in hardness induced by n ‐alcohols and various aqueous environments were correlated with changes in ζ‐potential, hardness being maximum at the point of zero charge (pzc). Diamond‐core drilling rates exhibited a similar relation. Studies of the environment‐sensitive abrasive wear of both mono‐ and polycrystalline Al 2 O 3 on a diamond‐impregnated metallographic wheel revealed more complicated behavior. The wear rate of Al 2 O 3 under n ‐alcohols is markedly dependent on the viscosity of the environment, with little or no correlation with ζ‐potential being evident. Studies using methanol‐water mixtures indicated, on the other hand, a slight viscosity dependence and the converse correlation with ζ‐potential to that observed in diamond‐core drilling, i.e. the rate of material removal was lowest at the pzc. Tests in aqueous solutions revealed no dependence on viscosity, but a strong inverse dependence on ζ‐potential, wear rate again being lowest at the pzc. These and other results are interpreted in terms of the various influences of adsorbed species on the near‐surface flow and fracture behavior of Al 2 O 3 .
Spin-based optical quantum computation via Pauli blocking in semiconductor quantum dots (2003)

We present a solid-state implementation of ultrafast conditional quantum gates. Our proposal for a quantum-computing device is based on the spin degrees of freedom of electrons confined in semiconductor quantum dots, thus benefiting from relatively long decoherence times. More specifically, combining Pauli blocking effects with properly tailored ultrafast laser pulses, we are able to obtain sub-picosecond spin-dependent switching of the Coulomb interaction, which is the essence of our conditional phase-gate proposal. This allows us to realize {\it a fast two qubit gate which does not translate into fast decoherence times} and paves the road for an all-optical spin-based quantum computer.
TAR loop-dependent human immunodeficiency virus trans activation requires factors encoded on human chromosome 12 (1993)

The trans-activator response region (TAR) RNA in the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and HIV-2 long terminal repeat forms stem-loop secondary structures in which the loop sequence is essential for trans activation. We investigated how the HIV trans-activation mechanism encoded on human chromosome 12 relates to the TAR RNA loop-dependent pathway. DNA transfection experiments showed that trans activation in human-hamster hybrid cells with the single human chromosome 12 and human T-cell lines was highly dependent on the native sequences of the HIV-1 TAR loop and the HIV-2 5' TAR loop. In nonhuman cell lines or hybrid cells without chromosome 12 that supported trans activation, the cellular mechanism was independent of the HIV-1 TAR loop and the response to mutations in the HIV-2 TAR loops differed from that found in human T-cell lines and human-hamster hybrid cells with chromosome 12. Our results suggest that the human chromosome 12 mechanism interacts directly with the TAR RNA loop or indirectly by regulating TAR RNA-binding proteins.
Inhibition of the Lysosomal Pathway of Protein Degradation in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes by Ammonia, Methylamine, Chloroquine and Leupeptin (1979)

Protein degradation in isolated rat hepatocytes was measured as the release of [ 14 C]valine from pre‐labelled protein. To reduce background radioactivity, the intracellular [ 14 C]valine pool was depleted by serial extraction at 37 °C, effecting equilibration between the intracellular pool and the valine‐free extracellular medium. After extraction, a small, non‐equilibrating intracellular [ 14 C]valine pool remained; this pool could only be labelled in the presence of ongoing protein synthesis, and might represent valine and valine‐containing oligopeptides derived from protein degradation. The [ 14 C]valine released from degraded protein was not significantly re‐utilized for protein synthesis intracellularly (no effect of cycloheximide or high concentrations of unlabelled valine), reflecting the low rate of protein synthesis and the rapid transport of valine into the extracellular medium, both characteristic of isolated hepatocytes. From cells pre‐labelled for 24 h in vivo , [ 14 C]valine was released linearly at a rate of 5%/h, probably representing the true over‐all protein degradation rate. The lysosomotropic inhibitor ammonia (10 mM NH 4 Cl) inhibited 70% of the degradation, presumably the contribution by the lysosomal pathway. From 1‐h pre‐labelled cells, [ 14 C]valine was released at a declining rate, and ammonia inhibited degradation only by 45%, consistent with the view that the majority of short‐lived proteins are degraded by the non‐lysosomal pathway(s). Chloroquine and methylamine, which accumulate in lysosomes by virtue of their weak base properties, inhibited hepatocytic protein degradation to the same extent as ammonia, with no additivity. These compounds therefore seem to block the lysosomal pathway of protein degradation selectively and completely. Leupeptin, which binds to and inhibits the activity of certain lysosomal proteases, also inhibited protein degradation almost to the same extent as ammonia, but with a small part of the effect (< 20%) being additive to the NH 3 effect and thus probably reflecting a slight inhibition of non‐lysosomal protein degradation as well. Of the four inhibitors tested, only the effect of ammonia was rapidly reversible within the experimental period (2 h). Leupeptin, on the other hand, was the only degradation inhibitor which did not also affect protein synthesis. Chloroquine caused significant cell death at concentrations above 0.2 mmol/l in this protein‐free medium, i.e. in the concentration range needed for maximal inhibition of protein degradation. Incubation of hepatocytes under anoxic conditions resulted in an inhibition of protein degradation which was greater than, and partially additive to, the effect of ammonia, i.e. most of the degradation by the lysosomal pathway and more than one‐half of the degradation by the non‐lysosomal pathways appears to be energy‐dependent.
Closed Loop RF Management Algorithm for Enterprise High Density WLANs (2007)

The growing adoption of 802.11 networks in the enterprise segment has led to the emergence of High Density (HD) WLAN scenarios where large (100-1000) numbers of clients are serviced by 10-100s of APs in a multi-cell environment. This leads to an interference limited environment due to limited spectrum availability; hence network design for throughput scalability becomes the primary design challenge. Current industry practice leans towards centralized RF management of HDWLAN Enterprise deployments using a RF controller. The main focus of the work in this paper is a new CS/RT (Carrier Sense/Receiver threshold) adaptation algorithm in which APs, Clients and RF controllers participate collaboratively to mitigate the interference. Performance comparisons of the proposed CS/RT adaptation compared with current rate adaptation algorithms such as SampleRate [2] and ARF [1] are presented.
The N.A.C.A. Apparatus for Studying the Formation and Combustion of Fuel Sprays and the Results from Preliminary Tests (1931)

Described here is an apparatus for studying the formation and combustion of fuel sprays under conditions closely simulating those in a high speed compression-ignition engine. The apparatus consists of a single-cylinder modified test engine, a fuel injection system so designed that a single charge of fuel can be injected into the combustion chamber, an electric driving motor, and a high-speed photographic apparatus. The cylinder head of the engine has a vertical disk form of combustion chamber whose sides are glass windows. When the fuel is injected into the combustion chamber, motion pictures at the rate of 2000 per second are taken of the spray formation by means of spark discharges. When combustion takes place, the light of combustion is recorded on the same photographic film as the spray photographs. Included here are the results of some tests to determine the effect of air temperature, air flow, and nozzle design on the spray formation. The results show that the compression temperature has little effect on the penetration of the fuel spray, but does not affect the dispersion, that air velocities of about 300 feet per second are necessary to destroy the core of the spray, and that the effect of air flow on the spray is controlled to a certain extent by the design of the injection nozzle. The results on the combustion of the spray show that when ignition does not take place until after spray cut-off, the ignition may start almost simultaneously throughout the combustion chamber or at different points throughout the chamber. When ignition takes place before spray cut-off, the combustion starts around the edge of the spray and then spreads throughout the chamber.
Preparation of Chiral Bisoxazolines: Observations on the Effect of Substituents (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of Chiral Bisoxazolines: Observations on the Effect of SubstituentsScott E. Denmark, Noriyuki Nakajima, Olivier J.-C. Nicaise, Anne-Marie Faucher, and James P. EdwardsCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 15, 4884–4892Publication Date (Print):July 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 July 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00120a036https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00120a036research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views1812Altmetric-Citations138LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-AlertscloseSupporting Info (2)»Supporting Information Supporting Information Get e-Alerts
Mammographic unit compression force: acceptance test and quality control protocols. (1992)

Firm compression of the breast in screen-film mammography procedures lowers the radiation dose to patients, enhances image contrast and definition, and improves visibility of pathologic conditions. Most mammography unit compression systems have no force-level indicator. Some systems show force variations with time and others, with angle and region of the compression device. Still other systems give poorly reproducible compression-force levels, and in one unit the force release mechanism jammed repeatedly. Detailed procedures for initial acceptance testing and continuing quality control checks are listed. Recommended measurements include levels of manual and automatic applied force, stability, reproducibility, and dependence on angulation and breast size and evaluation of operation of release mechanisms. Also necessary are observations of the condition and operation of the compression system. Test equipment is described and measurement frequency is specified, as well as suggested tolerance limits. Manufacturers of mammographic units are urged to build in compression-force gauges and to provide both a manual mode and a variable-force automatic mode.
DRILLING FLUID TYPE AFFECTS ELASTOMER SELECTION (1998)

Thorough research and field studies, coupled with effective communications among interested parties, can help operators find the best elastomer for use in drilling operations. Because of increasingly stringent environmental standards, the oil and gas industry has developed more-environmentally friendly, synthetic-based drilling fluids as alternatives to conventional oil-based muds (OBMs). Some of these synthetic-based muds (SBMs), however, are incompatible with the conventional elastomers used in downhole equipment and drilling tools--a situation that can impair elastomer performance and result in costly, premature failures. Currently, researchers are examining the relationships between elastomer design and SBM formulation to find the most successful correlation between formation needs, drilling fluids, and elastomers. Ultimately, however, the real solution to the incompatibility problem may be found not only in this ongoing research, but also in cooperative efforts among the various contractors directing the onsite operations. The paper discusses the compatibility dilemma, SBMs versus OBMs, elastomers, elastomer damage, laboratory research, comprehension, communication, and cooperation.
Syntheses of Two Stereoselectively Trideuterated Vinylcyclopropanes (1995)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTSyntheses of Two Stereoselectively Trideuterated VinylcyclopropanesJohn E. Baldwin and Karla A. VillaricaCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 1, 186–190Publication Date (Print):January 1, 1995Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 January 1995https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo00106a032https://doi.org/10.1021/jo00106a032research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views473Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Cholesteric polymers and the orbital angular momentum of light (2012)

The interaction of light's orbital angular momentum (OAM) with matter has still several unexplored aspects. In particular, it is unknown if there exists for OAM an effect analogous to spin angular momentum-based optical activity. Here we study experimentally the influence of OAM on the interaction of light with a cholesteric liquid crystal polymer. We use strongly focussed light where the polarization and the orbital degrees of freedom are coupled. Two possible manifestations of an OAM-sensitive interaction are investigated: (i) the modification of circular dichroism, and (ii) the occurrence of intermodal dispersion of the {l = +1, l = -1} modes. We conclude that such an interaction does not exist within the experimental parameter range studied here.
Chemical and microstructural properties of titanium dioxide synthesized by sol-gel procedure (1997)

Nanosized titanium dioxide powders were prepared using sol-gel procedure. The selected colloidal suspensions were stabilized with polyethylene glycol. This polymer prevented sintering of TiO_2 particles during the calcination of the starting material. X-ray powder diffraction showed that the samples, obtained up to 773 K , were a mixture of anatase and brookite. In the samples obtained at 1123 K and higher temperatures, rutile as a single phase was detected. The TGA/DTA curves were dependent on the preparation of TiO_2 samples. The samples were also characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and laser Raman spectroscopy.
Adenylyl cyclase inhibition and altered G protein subunit expression and ADP-ribosylation patterns in tissues and cells from Gi2 alpha-/-mice. (1996)

The inhibition of alpha i2-/- mouse cardiac isoproterenol-stimulated adenylyl cyclase (AC; EC 4.6.1.1) activity by carbachol and that of alpha i2-/- adipocyte AC by phenylisopropyladenosine (PIA), prostaglandin E2, and nicotinic acid were partially, but not completely, inhibited. While the inhibition of cardiac AC was affected in all alpha i2-/- animals tested, only 50% of the alpha i2-/- animals showed an impaired inhibition of adipocyte AC, indicative of a partial penetrance of this phenotype. In agreement with previous results, the data show that Gi2 mediates hormonal inhibition of AC and that Gi3 and/or Gi1 is capable of doing the same but with a lower efficacy. Disruption of the alpha i2 gene affected about equally the actions of all the receptors studied, indicating that none of them exhibits a striking specificity for one type of Gi over another and that receptors are likely to he selective rather than specific in their interaction with functionally homologous G proteins (e.g., Gi1, Gi2, Gi3). Western analysis of G protein subunit levels in simian virus 40-transformed primary embryonic fibroblasts from alpha i2+/+ and alpha i2-/- animals showed that alpha i2 accounts for about 50% of the immunopositive G protein alpha subunits and that loss of the alpha i2 is accompanied by a parallel reduction in G beta 35 and G beta 36 subunits and by a 30-50% increase in alpha i3. This suggests that G beta-gamma levels may be regulated passively through differential rates of turnover in their free vs. trimeric states. The existence of compensatory increase(s) in alpha i subunit expression raises the possibility that the lack of effect of a missing alpha i2 on AC inhibition in adipocytes of some alpha i2-/- animals may be the reflection of a more pronounced compensatory expression of alpha i3 and/or alpha i1.
Peroxo-bridged dinuclear cobalt(III) complexes containing N-glycoside ligands from tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and D-glucose and their reversible dioxygen binding properties (1997)

Peroxo-bridged dinuclear cobalt(III) complexes containing N-glycoside ligands from tris(2-aminoethyl)amine (tren) and D-glucose (D-Glc), [{Co[(D-Glc)2tren]}2O2]X3·5H2O (X = Cl 2, Br 3), and their reversible dioxygen binding properties are reported [(D-Glc)2tren = bis(N-D-glucosyl-2-aminoethyl)(2-aminoethyl)amine].
Matching sets of features for efficient retrieval and recognition (2006)

In numerous domains it is useful to represent a single example by the collection of local features or parts that comprise it. In computer vision in particular, local image features are a powerful way to describe images of objects and scenes. Their stability under variable image conditions is critical for success in a wide range of recognition and retrieval applications. However, many conventional similarity measures and machine learning algorithms assume vector inputs. Comparing and learning from images represented by sets of local features is therefore challenging, since each set may vary in cardinality and its elements lack a meaningful ordering. 
In this thesis I present computationally efficient techniques to handle comparisons, learning, and indexing with examples represented by sets of features. The primary goal of this research is to design and demonstrate algorithms that can effectively accommodate this useful representation in a way that scales with both the representation size as well as the number of images available for indexing or learning. 
I introduce the pyramid match algorithm, which efficiently forms an implicit partial matching between two sets of feature vectors. The matching has a linear time complexity, naturally forms a Mercer kernel, and is robust to clutter or outlier features, a critical advantage for handling images with variable backgrounds, occlusions, and viewpoint changes. I provide bounds on the expected error relative to the optimal partial matching. For very large databases; even extremely efficient pairwise comparisons may not offer adequately responsive query times. I show how to perform sub-linear time retrievals under the matching measure with randomized hashing techniques, even when input sets have varying numbers of features. 
My results are focused on several important vision tasks, including applications to content-based image retrieval, discriminative classification for object recognition, kernel regression, and unsupervised learning of categories. I show how the dramatic increase in performance enables accurate and flexible image comparisons to be made on large-scale data sets, and removes the need to artificially limit the number of local descriptions used per image when learning visual categories.
Soap based detergent formulations. V. Amphoteric lime soap dispersing agents (1973)

Abstract A series of amphoteric surfactants was prepared by the reaction of 1,3‐propanesultone with fat derived primary amines, N‐methylalkylamines, N,N‐dimethylalkylamines, and N‐acyl‐N′,N′‐dimethyl‐1,3‐propanediamines. Both mono‐ and disulfopropylated derivatives of the primary amines were synthesized. All compounds were found to be excellent lime soap dispersing agents. The quaternary sulfobetaines were found to possess the best detergency properties both by themselves and when formulated with tallow soap with or without sodium silicate builder. The detergency performance of such formulations is ca. the same as that of a commercial phosphate‐built detergent.