gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A 256 energy bin spectrum X-ray photon-counting image sensor providing 8Mcounts/s/pixel and on-chip charge sharing, charge induction and pile-up corrections (2017)

To achieve better and faster material discrimination in applications like security inspection, X-Ray image sensors giving a highly resolved energy spectrum per pixel are required. In this paper, a new pixel architecture for spectral imaging is presented, exhibiting a 256 bin spectrum per pixel in a single image duration, up to two orders of magnitude higher than previous works. A prototype circuit, composed of 4×8 pixels of 756μm×800μm and hybridized to a CdTe crystal, was fabricated in a 0.13μm process. Our pixel architecture has been measured at 8 Mcounts/s/pixel while embedding on-chip charge sharing, charge induction and pile-up corrections.
Speaker Adaptation for Multichannel End-to-End Speech Recognition (2018)

Recent work on multichannel end-to-end automatic speech recognition (ASR) has shown that multichannel speech enhancement and speech recognition functions can be integrated into a deep neural network (DNN)-based system, and promising experimental results have been shown using the CHiME-4 and AMI corpora. In other recent DNN-based hidden Markov model (DNN-HMM) hybrid architectures, the effectiveness of speaker adaptation has been well established. Motivated by these results, we propose a multi-path adaptation scheme for end-to-end multichannel ASR, which combines the unprocessed noisy speech features with a speech-enhanced pathway to improve upon previous end-to-end ASR approaches. Experimental results using CHiME-4 show that (1) our proposed multi-path adaptation scheme improves ASR performance and (2) adapting the encoder network is more effective than adapting the neural beamformer, attention mechanism, or decoder network.
Ethanol-Induced Conditioned Place Preference Is Expressed Through a Ventral Tegmental Area Dependent Mechanism. (2005)

The authors examined the role of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) in the expression of ethanol-induced conditioned place preference (CPP). After cannulas were implanted, male DBA/2J mice underwent an unbiased Pavlovian-conditioning procedure for ethanol-induced CPP. Before preference testing, the mice were injected intra-VTA (Experiments 1 and 3) or intra-NAc (Experiment 2) with the nonselective opioid antagonist methylnaloxonium (0-ng, 375-ng, or 750-ng total infusion; Experiments 1 and 2) or the gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA(B)) agonist baclofen (0-ng, 25-ng, or 50-ng total infusion; Experiment 3). Intra-VTA methylnaloxonium or baclofen decreased ethanol-induced CPP, whereas intra-NAc methylnaloxonium had no effect. These findings indicate that the conditioned rewarding effect of ethanol is expressed through a VTA-dependent mechanism that involves both opioid and GABA(B) receptors.
LAXTER, a new method for extraction of parasitic effects from MCM layout (2002)

A new method based on the scan line method and a computer program for extracting parasitic effects from mask layout data have been developed and are integrated in a design environment. This method and the design environment are presented. With this method the coupled lines and the discontinuities among N interconnection lines can be found in time proportional to (N+I)log N, where I is the number of objects to be found. The details of the proposed algorithms and test results are given.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
Vertical stratification of microbial communities in the Red Sea revealed by 16S rDNA pyrosequencing (2010)

The ecosystems of the Red Sea are among the least-explored microbial habitats in the marine environment. In this study, we investigated the microbial communities in the water column overlying the Atlantis II Deep and Discovery Deep in the Red Sea. Taxonomic classification of pyrosequencing reads of the 16S rRNA gene amplicons showed vertical stratification of microbial diversity from the surface water to 1500 m below the surface. Significant differences in both bacterial and archaeal diversity were observed in the upper (20 [corrected] and 50 m) and deeper layers (200 and 1500 m). There were no obvious differences in community structure at the same depth for the two sampling stations. The bacterial community in the upper layer was dominated by Cyanobacteria whereas the deeper layer harbored a large proportion of Proteobacteria. Among Archaea, Euryarchaeota, especially Halobacteriales, were dominant in the upper layer but diminished drastically in the deeper layer where Desulfurococcales belonging to Crenarchaeota became the dominant group. The results of our study indicate that the microbial communities sampled in this study are different from those identified in water column in other parts of the world. The depth-wise compositional variation in the microbial communities is attributable to their adaptations to the various environments in the Red Sea.
Transdermal drug delivery system: An overview (2012)

Transdermal drug delivery system (TDDS) is one of the systems lying under the category of controlled drug delivery, in which the aim is to deliver the drug through the skin in a predetermined and controlled rate. It has various advantages,like prolonged therapeutic effect, reduced side-effects, improved bioavailability, better patient compliance and easy termination of drug therapy. The stratum corneum is considered as the rate limiting barrier in transdermal permeation of most molecules.There are three main routes of drug penetration, which include the appendageal, transcellular and intercellular routes. Skin age, condition, physicochemical factors and environmental factors are some factors that are to be considered while delivering drug through this route. Basic components of  TDDS include polymer matrix, membrane, drug, penetration enhancers, pressure-sensitive adhesives, backing laminates, release liner, etc.Transdermal patches can be divided into various systems like reservoir system, matrix system and micro-reservoir system, which are used to incorporate the active ingredients into the circulatory system via the skin.After preparation of transdermal patches, consistent methodology are adopted to test the adhesion properties,physicochemical properties, in vitro drug release studies, in vitro skin permeation studies, skin irritation studies and stability studies. According to the duration of therapy, various drugs are commercially available in the form of transdermal patches.
Zur Fließfähigkeit von Schüttgütern – Definition und Meßverfahren (1995)

Abstract Flowability of Bulk Solids – Definition and Measuring Principles . The flowability of bulk solids has to be known for many practical applications. The present paper describes how the flowability is defined and on which physical properties it depends. Experimental determination of the flowability using a shear test is demonstrated. Conditions influencing measuremed results are described. Finally an overview of various methods used for characterization of the flowability of bulk solids is given.
Intensity profile of outgoing beams from uniform and linearly tapered grating couplers (1981)

Intensity distribution of outgoing beams from a uniform sinusoidal grating is investigated on the basis of first-order perturbation theory by dividing the grating region into short subsections. Intensity distribution of outgoing beams from a linearly tapered sinusoidal grating is also studied by considering it as a chain of uniform gratings with steplike amplitudes and using the results obtained for the uniform grating. The intensity profile of outgoing beams from a uniform grating coupler is theoretically verified to exhibit an extremely asymmetric shape and to differ considerably from the Gaussian shape laser beam usually employed as an incident beam in an input coupler, although this fact has been well recognized by people who have studied gratings. However, the output intensity beam profiles from the linearly tapered grating are found to approach a Gaussian shape similar to the profile of the incident beam.
Deterministic Replay of System's Execution with Multi-target QEMU Simulator for Dynamic Analysis and Reverse Debugging (2012)

This paper describes the design and implementation of full-system logging and deterministic replay mechanisms in QEMU simulator for several target platforms.
Vibrational Spectra of ReF7 (1965)

The infrared spectrum of ReF7 vapor and the Raman spectrum of liquid ReF7 suggest that this molecule, like IF7, belongs to Symmetry Group D5h. The five expected Raman-active fundamentals have been observed at 351, 485, 590, 650, and 737 cm−1. Of the five expected infrared-active fundamentals, three have been observed at 299, 353, and 703 cm−1.
MAC-Layer Scheduling in Cognitive Radio based Multi-Hop Wireless Networks (2006)

Cognitive radios (CR) have the ability to dynamically adapt to local spectrum availability. In a multi-hop wireless network comprised of CR-enabled devices, medium access control (MAC) layer scheduling for data communication involves assignment of timeslots and channels to either links or nodes in the network. The number of channels available and the channel identities vary from one node to another within the CR network. This is in contrast to the existing use of multiple channels where all the nodes have the same set of channels available (for example in IEEE 802.11 networks). In this paper, we present an integer linear programming (ILP) formulation for the MAC-layer scheduling problem and find an optimal schedule. We also propose a simple and efficient distributed heuristic for MAC-layer scheduling. Simulation results indicate that the proposed distributed heuristic provides near optimal schedule
Development of a generic adenovirus delivery system based on structure-guided design of bispecific trimeric DARPin adapters (2013)

Adenoviruses (Ads) have shown promise as vectors for gene delivery in clinical trials. Efficient viral targeting to a tissue of choice requires both ablation of the virus' original tropism and engineering of an efficient receptor-mediated uptake by a specific cell population. We have developed a series of adapters binding to the virus with such high affinity that they remain fully bound for >10 d, block its natural receptor binding site and mediate interaction with a surface receptor of choice. The adapter contains two fused modules, both consisting of designed ankyrin repeat proteins (DARPins), one binding to the fiber knob of adenovirus serotype 5 and the other binding to various tumor markers. By solving the crystal structure of the complex of the trimeric knob with three bound DARPins at 1.95-Å resolution, we could use computer modeling to design a link to a trimeric protein of extraordinary kinetic stability, the capsid protein SHP from the lambdoid phage 21. We arrived at a module which binds the knob like a trimeric clamp. When this clamp was fused with DARPins of varying specificities, it enabled adenovirus serotype 5-mediated delivery of a transgene in a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-, epidermal growth factor receptor-, or epithelial cell adhesion molecule-dependent manner with transduction efficiencies comparable to or even exceeding those of Ad itself. With these adapters, efficiently produced in Escherichia coli, Ad can be converted rapidly to new receptor specificities using any ligand as the receptor-binding moiety. Prefabricated Ads with different payloads thus can be retargeted readily to many cell types of choice.
Decorative Figureheads: Eliminating Class Representatives in Class Actions (1990)

The role of the class respresentative in class actions has become an enigma. On a doctrinal level, the United States Supreme Court has, at times, treated the named plaintiff as the pivotal figure in the class lawsuit; the fate of the entire action rising or falling with the status of the representative. On other occasions, however, the Court has reduced the representative to nothing more than a figurehead with little or no function. On a practical level, there has been an increasingly open acknowledgement from both courts and commentators that the latter view is closer to reality. That is, the named plaintiff plays almost no role in the actual prosecution of the class action, and the class attorney is actually the moving party. This Article argues that keeping the representative engenders confusion and the proliferation of phantom issues, distracting courts from directly addressing the unique problems inherent in class action litigation. The author concludes that the time has come to think about eliminating the class representative.
Technological Approaches for Improving Vaccination Compliance and Coverage (2020)

Vaccination has been well recognised as a critically important tool in preventing infectious disease, yet incomplete immunisation coverage remains a major obstacle to achieving disease control and eradication. As medical products for global access, vaccines need to be safe, effective and inexpensive. In line with these goals, continuous improvements of vaccine delivery strategies are necessary to achieve the full potential of immunisation. Novel technologies related to vaccine delivery and route of administration, use of advanced adjuvants and controlled antigen release (single-dose immunisation) approaches are expected to contribute to improved coverage and patient compliance. This review discusses the application of micro- and nano-technologies in the alternative routes of vaccine administration (mucosal and cutaneous vaccination), oral vaccine delivery as well as vaccine encapsulation with the aim of controlled antigen release for single-dose vaccination.
Pancreatitis: TIGAR-O Version 2 Risk/Etiology Checklist With Topic Reviews, Updates, and Use Primers (2019)

The Toxic-metabolic, Idiopathic, Genetic, Autoimmune, Recurrent and severe acute pancreatitis and Obstructive (TIGAR-O) Pancreatitis Risk/Etiology Checklist (TIGAR-O_V1) is a broad classification system that lists the major risk factors and etiologies of recurrent acute pancreatitis, chronic pancreatitis, and overlapping pancreatic disorders with or without genetic, immunologic, metabolic, nutritional, neurologic, metaplastic, or other features. New discoveries and progressive concepts since the 2001 TIGAR-O list relevant to understanding and managing complex pancreatic disorders require an update to TIGAR-O_V2 with both a short (S) and long (L) form. The revised system is designed as a hierarchical checklist for health care workers to quickly document and track specific factors that, alone or in combinations, may contribute to progressive pancreatic disease in individual patients or groups of patients and to assist in treatment selection. The rationale and key clinical considerations are summarized for each updated classification item. Familiarity with the structured format speeds up the completion process and supports thoroughness and consideration of complex or alternative diagnoses during evaluation and serves as a framework for communication. The structured approach also facilitates the new health information technologies that required high-quality data for accurate precision medicine. A use primer accompanies the TIGAR-O_V2 checklist with rationale and comments for health care workers and industries caring for patients with pancreatic diseases.
The density of particle aggregates (1997)

Aggregates of particles formed in coagulation/flocculation processes very often have a fractal, self-similar structure, with the very important practical consequence that the effective density of aggregates decreases as their size increases. This has very significant effects on separation processes such as sedimentation, flotation and filtration. The fundamental factors which influence the density of aggregates (flocs) are reviewed, with a discussion of the effects on aggregate size distribution, the rate of formation of flocs and their capture by collectors. Several experimental methods for determining floc density are critically examined.
Persistent Intraprostatic Androgen Concentrations after Medical Castration in Healthy Men (2006)

In this small study of healthy subjects, despite a 94% decrease in serum T with medical castration, intraprostatic T and dihydrotestosterone levels remained 20-30% of control values, and prostate cell proliferation, apoptosis, and androgen-regulated protein expression were unaffected. Our data highlight the importance of assessing tissue hormone levels. The source of persistent prostate androgens associated with medical castration and their potential role in supporting prostate metabolism deserves further study.
Chiral Toxicology: It's the Same Thing…Only Different (2009)

Chiral substances possess a unique architecture such that, despite sharing identical molecular formulas, atom-to-atom linkages, and bonding distances, they cannot be superimposed. Thus, in the environment of living systems, where specific structure-activity relationships may be required for effect (e.g., enzymes, receptors, transporters, and DNA), the physiochemical and biochemical properties of racemic mixtures and individual stereoisomers can differ significantly. In drug development, enantiomeric selection to maximize clinical effects or mitigate drug toxicity has yielded both success and failure. Further complicating genetic polymorphisms in drug disposition, stereoselective metabolism of chiral compounds can additionally influence pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, and toxicity. Optically pure pharmaceuticals may undergo racemization in vivo, negating single enantiomer benefits or inducing unexpected effects. Appropriate chiral antidotes must be selected for therapeutic benefit and to minimize adverse events. Enantiomers may possess different carcinogenicity and teratogenicity. Environmental toxicology provides several examples in which compound bioaccumulation, persistence, and toxicity show chiral dependence. In forensic toxicology, chiral analysis has been applied to illicit drug preparations and biological specimens, with the potential to assist in determination of cause of death and aid in the correct interpretation of substance abuse and "doping" screens. Adrenergic agonists and antagonist, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents, SSRIs, opioids, warfarin, valproate, thalidomide, retinoic acid, N-acetylcysteine, carnitine, penicillamine, leucovorin, glucarpidase, pesticides, polychlorinated biphenyls, phenylethylamines, and additional compounds will be discussed to illustrate important concepts in "chiral toxicology."
Initial Noise Assessment of an Embedded-Wing-Propulsion Concept Vehicle (2006)

Vehicle acoustic requirements are considered for a Cruise-Efficient Short Take-Off and Landing (CESTOL) vehicle concept using an Embedded-Wing-Propulsion (EWP) system based on a review of the literature. Successful development of such vehicles would enable more efficient use of existing airports in accommodating the anticipated growth in air traffic while at the same time reducing the noise impact on the community around the airport. A noise prediction capability for CESTOL-EWP aircraft is developed, based largely on NASA's FOOTPR code and other published methods, with new relations for high aspect ratio slot nozzles and wing shielding. The predictive model is applied to a preliminary concept developed by Boeing for NASA GRC. Significant noise reduction for such an aircraft relative to the current state-of-the-art is predicted, and technology issues are identified which should be addressed to assure that the potential of this design concept is fully achieved with minimum technical risk.
Silicone Rubber: A New Diffusion Property Useful for General Anesthesia (1966)

Ether, nitrous oxide, halothane, and cyclopropane diffuse through silicone rubber. General anesthesia can be produced in dogs by passing the vapors of any of these anesthetic agents through a coil of silicone rubber tubing, each end of which is placed in an artery and vein. Potential applications include a new method for general anesthesia and a simple accurate vaporizer for halothane.
Cannabinoids and Cystic Fibrosis (2002)

Abstract Cannabis stimulates appetite and food intake. This property has been exploited to benefit AIDS and cancer patients suffering from wasting disease, by administering the whole plant or its major active ingredient ?9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Endogenous cannabinoids (“endocannabinoids”) are found in maternal milk. We have recently shown that endocannabinoids are critical for milk ingestion and survival of newborns because blocking CB1 receptors resulted in death from malnutrition. Lack of appetite resulting in malnutrition is a contributing factor to mortality in many Cystic Fibrosis (CF) patients. It is proposed here for the first time, to administer THC to CF patients. It is hoped that the cannabinoid will alleviate malnutrition and thus help prevent wasting in CF patients. Recent findings suggest that a lipid imbalance (high arachidonic acid/low DHA) is a primary factor in the etiology of CF and that defective CFTR (CF transmembrane conductor regulator) that characterizes the CF condition is responsible for the dysregulation. Endocannabinoids are all fatty acid derivatives. Therefore, it is further proposed here that the CFTR gene product also modulates endocannabinoid synthesis, through regulation of fatty acid biosynthesis. According to this hypothesis, CF patients display decreased levels of endocannabinoids and by elevating these levels, symptoms may improve. Indeed, a number of physiological mechanisms of cannabinoids and endocannabinoids coincide with the pathology of CF. Thus it is suggested that potential benefits from THC treatment, in addition to appetite stimulation, will include antiemetic, bronchodilating, anti-inflammatory, anti-diarrheal and hypo-algesic effects.
Errors in the series-parallel buildup of four-terminal resistors (1965)

The use of n equal res istors (a) in seri es and (b) in pa ra llel provides a n n 2 : 1 ratio of potentially high acc uracy. Such devices are importan t for extending t he use of t he national one-ohm standard to t he hundred-ohm, a nd thence to the 10 ODD-o hm, level.
Effects of Heparin on Insulin Binding and Biological Activity (1987)

The effect of heparin, a polyanionic glycosaminoglycan known to alter the function of many proteins, on insulin binding and bioactivity was studied. Cultured human lymphocytes (IM-9) were incubated with varying concentrations of heparin, then extensively washed, and 125I-labeled insulin binding was measured. Heparin at concentrations used clinically for anticoagulation (1-50 U/ml) inhibited binding in a dose-dependent manner; 50% inhibition of binding occurred with 5-10 U/ml. Scatchard analysis indicated that the decrease in binding was due to a decrease in both the affinity and the apparent number of available insulin receptors. The effect occurred within 10 min at 22 degrees C and persisted even after the cells were extensively washed. Inhibition of insulin binding also occurred when cells were preincubated with heparinized plasma or heparinized serum but not when cells were incubated with normal serum or plasma from blood anticoagulated with EDTA. By contrast, other polyanions and polycations, e.g., poly-L-glutamic acid, poly-L-lysine, succinylated poly-L-lysine, and histone, did not inhibit binding. Heparin also inhibited insulin binding in Epstein-Barr (EB) virus-transformed lymphocytes but had no effect on insulin binding to isolated adipocytes, human erythrocytes, or intact hepatoma cells. When isolated adipocytes were incubated with heparin, there was a dose-dependent inhibition of insulin-stimulated glucose oxidation and, to a lesser extent, of basal glucose oxidation. Although heparin has no effect on insulin binding to intact hepatoma cells, heparin inhibited both insulin binding and insulin-stimulated autophosphorylation in receptors solubilized from these cells.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)