gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of Neuraminidase Enzyme Assays Using Different Substrates To Measure Susceptibility of Influenza Virus Clinical Isolates to Neuraminidase Inhibitors: Report of the Neuraminidase Inhibitor Susceptibility Network (2003)

The increasing use of influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) inhibitors (NIs) necessitates the development of reliable methods for assessing the NI susceptibility of clinical isolates. We evaluated three NA inhibition assays against a panel of five clinical isolates each of influenza virus A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B strains and four viruses with a defined resistance genotype (R292K, H274Y, R152K, and E119V). For fluorometric enzyme assay (FA) 1 (FA-1), 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-D-N-acetylneuraminic acid (MUNANA) at 100 microM was used as the substrate, with pretitration of the virus input. For FA-2, MUNANA at 200 microM was used as the substrate, with a fixed 1:10 dilution of input virus. For the chemiluminescence (CL) assay, the 1,2-dioxetane derivative of sialic acid at 100 microM was used as the substrate, with pretitration of the virus. Four different operators repeated the assays several times in a blinded fashion with both zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate (GS4071) to determine intra- and interassay variations. Mean 50% inhibitory concentration (IC(50)) values were lower and generally less variable with the CL assay. FA-1 displayed greater variation than the CL assay or FA-2 and the highest IC(50) values with zanamivir; FA-2 showed the highest values with oseltamivir, particularly for influenza virus B, and was more variable with zanamivir than was the CL assay. All three assays detected 40-fold or greater changes in IC(50) values for the resistant viruses with at least one drug. Mixing experiments, whereby increasing fractions (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%) of NA from a known NI-resistant virus were mixed with the corresponding NI-sensitive parental NA, indicated that the resolution of IC(50) values was clearer with the CL assay than with FA-2 for two of the resistant variants (R152K and E119V). The FA and CL methods were reliable for the detection of NI resistance, but all assays have certain limitations. Based on reproducibility, ease of automation, time required for the assay, and greater sensitivity, the CL assay was selected for future susceptibility testing of influenza virus isolates circulating globally.
Gamma camera energy windows for Tc-99m bone scintigraphy: effect of asymmetry on contrast resolution. Work in progress. (1984)

By raising the lower threshold of the Tc-99m energy window, rejection of scattered photons can be made more efficient. Unfortunately, with most gamma cameras significant nonuniformities are produced when the window is changed to an asymmetric setting. Recently introduced designs with gain stabilization of the photomultiplier tubes and improved energy correction maintain field uniformity even for an asymmetric window. To assess the impact of an asymmetric energy window on clinical images, 33 Tc-99m-MDP scintigrams of the lumbar spine were taken with symmetrical (126-154 keV) and asymmetric windows (135-154 keV). Bone:soft tissue ratios improved with the asymmetric window, and the resulting images were preferred by the physicians questioned.
Numerical Simulation of Plunge Force During the Plunge Phase of Friction Stir Welding and Ultrasonic Assisted FSW (2008)

Ultrasonic assisted friction stir welding (UaFSW) is an hybrid welding technique, where high frequency vibration is superimposed on the movement of a rotating tool. The benefit of using ultrasonic vibration in the FSW process refers to the reduction in the welding force and to the better welding quality. The UaFSW system is being developed and its mechanism needs to be understood using both the experiments and the numerical simulations. In this paper, FE simulations of FSW and UaFSW using ABAQUS/Explicit were carried out to examine plunge forces during the plunge phase of FSW and UaFSW, respectively. First, the simulations of the conventional FSW process were validated. Then, simulation of UaFSW process was performed by imposing sinusoidal horizontal ultrasonic vibrations on the tool.
Fundamental Performance Limits in Image Registration (2004)

The task of image registration is fundamental in image processing. It often is a critical preprocessing step to many modern image processing and computer vision tasks, and many algorithms and techniques have been proposed to address the registration problem. Often, the performances of these techniques have been presented using a variety of relative measures comparing different estimators, leaving open the critical question of overall optimality. In this paper, we present the fundamental performance limits for the problem of image registration as derived from the Cramer-Rao inequality. We compare the experimental performance of several popular methods with respect to this performance bound, and explain the fundamental tradeoff between variance and bias inherent to the problem of image registration. In particular, we derive and explore the bias of the popular gradient-based estimator showing how widely used multiscale methods for improving performance can be explained with this bias expression. Finally, we present experimental simulations showing the general rule-of-thumb performance limits for gradient-based image registration techniques.
Reconfigurability of multi-star based lightwave LANs (2003)

One of the most crucial design issues in the multi-star-based lightwave LAN environment, the system reconfigurability, i.e., the system capability to reconfigure its virtual topology according to different traffic patterns, is discussed. New reconfiguration metrics are defined as functions of the system hardware parameters. A generic fiber assignment algorithm for achieving the maximum reconfigurable physical topology with minimized system cost is introduced. The system designer can use the introduced reconfigurability-hardware considerations for optimizing the system design.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
High-aspect-ratio electro-optical ridge waveguide made by precise dicing and atomic layer deposition (2017)

The development of all-optical, acousto-optical or electro-optical (EO) waveguides represents a stimulating challenge for the production of advanced functionalities in compact optical devices. In particular, high aspect ratio LiNbO3 ridge waveguides have attracted much interest over the past decade, due to their ability to enhance electro-optic effects while ensuring insertion losses lower than 3 dB [1, 2]. However, the large depth and high verticality of the ridge-based waveguides make the electrode deposition difficult to achieve. In particular, a thin and uniform dielectric buffer layer is needed between the ridge waveguide and the metallic electrode to avoid optical losses, but its deposition along deep ridges is highly challenging. Here we show how conformal dielectric buffer layers can be deposited along the ridge edges by Atomic Layer Deposition [3]. An innovative lift-off technique is also proposed, to provide well-defined electrodes.
Structural determination of the vasoactive intestinal peptide by two‐dimensional <sup>1</sup>H‐nmr spectroscopy (1991)

The structure of the vasoactive intestinal peptide 1-28 in 40% 2,2,2-trifluoroethanol was investigated by two-dimensional 1H-nmr spectroscopy. All 1H resonances, except the gamma, delta, and epsilon protons of the lysine residues, could be sequentially assigned. Numerous intraresidual as well as short-range interresidual nuclear Overhauser effect spectroscopy connectivities were observed. Using a variable-target function minimization, a molecular model consisting of two helical stretches involving residues 7-15 and 19-27 connected by a region of undefined structure was calculated. The existence of an undefined structure between residues 16 and 18 confers mobility to the peptide molecule.
Matrix metalloproteinases in immunity (1996)

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of zinc-containing endo-proteinases that share structural domains but differ in substrate specificity, cellular sources, and inducibility. Macrophage production and secretion of large quantities of many MMPs, after contact with matrix proteins, is enhanced by surface determinants on activated T cells and suppressed by cytokines from Th1 and Th2 cells. T cells secrete predominantly the gelatinases MMP-2 and -9, after beta 1, integrin- or vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM)-1-dependent stimulation by cytokines and inflammatory mediators. MMPs of both T cells and macrophages facilitate secretion of TNF-alpha, by cleavage of the membrane-bound form. T cell MMPs prepare connective tissue matrices for T cell chemotaxis across basement membranes and through tissues. The greater amounts of diverse MMPs from macrophages are capable of degrading connective tissues, which may release stored growth factors. In limited studies of animal models of autoimmunity, specific MMP inhibitors have significantly decreased edema and inflammatory tissue damage, suggesting possible therapeutic benefits.
Efficacy of ventilator waveforms observation in detecting patient–ventilator asynchrony* (2011)

The ability of intensive care unit physicians to recognize patient-ventilator asynchronies was overall quite low and decreased at higher prevalence; expertise significantly increased sensitivity for breath-by-breath analysis, whereas it only produced a trend toward improvement for report analysis.
The Stress Kinase p38a as a Target for Cancer Therapy (2015)

p38a is a ubiquitous protein kinase strongly activated by stress signals, inflammatory cytokines, and many other stimuli, which has been implicated in the modulation of multiple cellular processes. There is good evidence in the literature that p38a plays an important tumor-suppressor role by interfering with malignantcelltransformation.Thisismainlybasedontheability ofthe p38a pathway to regulate tissue homeostasis by integrating signals that balance cell proliferation and differentiation or induce apoptosis. However, recent reports have also illustrated protumorigenic functions for p38a. Thus, p38a signaling may
Leukoreduction of blood transfusions does not diminish transfusion‐associated microchimerism in trauma patients (2006)

TA-MC seems to be a prevalent condition among injured patients at the second of two regional trauma centers evaluated, suggesting that it is a common phenomenon after transfusion in the setting of injury. Although leukoreduction removes greater than 99.9 percent of donor WBCs, it fails to prevent or even substantially reduce the likelihood of developing TA-MC. TA-MC does not appear to be strongly associated with symptoms suggestive of cGVHD several months after transfusion.
Polymorphisms in the HFE Gene (1999)

Hereditary hemochromatosis is an autosomal recessive disease characterized by progressive iron overload. Recently, a candidate gene named HFE was isolated on the short arm of the chromosome 6 within which two mutations were identified: C282Y and H63D. To date, only homozygosity for the C282Y mutation is considered as a diagnostic criterion of hemochromatosis. 7.6% of the patients studied in our laboratory did not carry two copies of the C282Y mutation. On the other hand, a dysmetabolic iron overload syndrome has recently been described and the search for the C282Y and H63D mutations revealed that none of the patients was homozygous for C282Y while 67% exhibited one of the mutations. The possibility of a new mutation in the HFE gene has been raised to explain the disease in the remaining patients, as well as, in the few hemochromatotic patients without two copies of the C282Y mutation. The aim of this study was to search for new mutations in the HFE gene in 16 such patients. Direct sequencing of exons and 3 introns did not reveal any new mutation but identified a few polymorphisms.
Product operators, coherence pathways, and phase cycling part i: product operators, spin‐spin coupling, and coherence pathways (1995)

Abstract The vector model is compared with product operator descriptions of NMR pulse sequences. For coupled spins, the relationship between the counter‐rotating vectors of the vector model and antiphase product operators is explained. Coherence pathways for an uncoupled spin I = ½ are explained in vector terms. The compact Cartesian coordinate product operator (C3PO) formalism is shown to provide complete coherence pathway information with vector pictures.
Permeability of coatings made with emulsified polyethylene wax (1991)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPermeability of coatings made with emulsified polyethylene waxRobert D. Hagenmaier and Philip E. ShawCite this: J. Agric. Food Chem. 1991, 39, 10, 1705–1708Publication Date (Print):October 1, 1991Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 October 1991https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jf00010a001https://doi.org/10.1021/jf00010a001research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views473Altmetric-Citations21LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Depletion of Antioxidants from a HDPE Geomembrane in a Composite Liner (2007)

The results of two series of accelerated aging tests are reported. Both series of tests were conducted at temperatures of 85, 70, 55, and 26°C over a period of about 3years. In the simulated liner series, the top of the geomembrane was covered with a geotextile (protection) layer that was exposed to simulated municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate while the bottom of the geomembrane was in contact with a hydrated geosynthetic clay liner. In the immersion series, the geomembrane was immersed in the simulated MSW leachate, and hence, both sides were exposed to leachate. The results from oxidative induction time tests indicate that the antioxidant depletion is about 2.2–4.8 times faster for the leachate immersed geomembrane than for geomembrane in a composite liner. The higher rates are attributed to the higher extraction of antioxidants from two sides of the geomembrane immersed in leachate. The measured antioxidant depletion rates are extrapolated to a range of temperatures (0–60°C) using Arrhenius modeling. At a liner temperature of 35°C, the calculated time for the depletion of antioxidants is about 40years for a geomembrane in a composite liner compared to 10years if it is simply immersed in leachate. These tests suggest that to obtain realistic estimates of geomembrane service life one needs data from tests that simulate the expected field conditions and that prediction based on immersion tests may underestimate the service life.
Sodium Thiosulfate Disposition in Humans (1983)

Thiosulfate concentrations and pharmacokinetics were studied in relation to sodium nitroprusside before, during, and after anesthesia. Normal thiosulfate concentrations were 1.13 +/- 0.11 mg/dl and 0.28 +/- 0.02 mg/dl in plasma and urine, respectively. Cholecystectomy patients had similar concentrations during surgery, with bile thiosulfate concentration of 13.72 +/- 2.95 mg/dl. Fasting patients and children had significantly higher plasma and urine thiosulfate concentrations. Over 99% of endogenous filtered thiosulfate was reabsorbed by the kidney in the average case. Coronary bypass patients had decreased plasma thiosulfate levels and increased excretion postoperatively. Disappearance of injected thiosulfate was biphasic; the distribution phase was dependent on the initial rate of injection, and the elimination phase depended on extracellular fluid turnover and renal excretion. Cholecystectomy patients on diuretics had a markedly increased rate of excretion, 56% within 100 min, versus normal subjects who excreted less than 50% in up to 18 h. In children, plasma thiosulfate did not change significantly, while blood cyanide concentration increased significantly during sodium nitroprusside administration and surgery. Thiosulfate did not change during recovery while cyanide decreased. Normal production of thiosulfate in humans may be limited; hence, continuous thiosulfate infusion may be required during sodium nitroprusside administration.
A monolithic miniaturized programmable implant for neuromuscular stimulation (2002)

Presents a new implantable microstimulator system for neuromuscular stimulation. The implantable circuitry is externally controlled and powered by a single encoded radio frequency carrier and may have up to 16 independently controlled bipolar channels. The implant system is adaptable to the patient's needs and to future development in stimulation algorithms, without changing the implant. The microstimulator is able to generate a wide range of stimulation patterns including selective stimulation waveforms. An optical telemetry link transmits the state of patient to the external controller. The chip has been designed for structural testability and uses circuit techniques to reduce power consumption and insure long-term stability. The implantable system can be used to any neuromuscular applications. If is intended to restore normal bladder functions (retention and incontinence) to spinal cord injured (SCI) patients.
Scientific rationale for inhaled combination therapy with long-acting β<sub>2</sub>-agonists and corticosteroids (2002)

The addition of an inhaled long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) to an inhaled corticosteroid (ICS) gives optimal control of asthma in most patients and two fixed combination inhalers (salmeterol/fluticasone and formoterol/budesonide) are increasingly used as a convenient controller in patients with persistent asthma. There is a strong scientific rationale for the combination of these two drug classes. ICS suppress the chronic inflammation of asthma and reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and this is achieved at low doses in most patients. LABA act on different aspects of the pathophysiology of asthma. In addition to their bronchodilator action, LABA also inhibit mast cell mediator release, plasma exudation and may reduce sensory nerve activation. Thus these two classes of drug address complementary aspects of the pathophysiology of asthma that neither drug class is able to achieve alone. There are several positive interactions between LABA and ICS. Corticosteroids increase the expression of beta2-receptors by increasing gene transcription. Experimentally this protects against the loss of beta2-receptors in response to long-term exposure to beta2-agonists. While this is unlikely to be important in bronchodilator responses to beta2-agonists, in view of the large beta-receptor reserve, it is probably important in preventing loss of beta-agonist effects on the nonbronchodilator actions of LABA discussed earlier. beta2-Agonists may potentiate the molecular mechanism of corticosteroid actions, with increased nuclear localization of glucocorticoid receptors and additive or sometimes synergistic suppression of inflammatory mediator release. Thus LABA and ICS may optimize each others beneficial actions in the airways, but the low systemic effects of these drugs do not result in any increase in adverse effects. Long-acting beta2-agonists corticosteroid inhaler therapy is therefore a logical advance and results in effective control of asthma in the majority of patients without significant adverse effects. This simplified approach to long-term asthma therapy has a strong scientific rationale.
Effect of Alkali Metal Oxide Addition on Crystallization and Phase Transformation of Sintered Spherical Silica (1997)

A compact of spherical silica with alkali metal oxide addition was fired within a temperature range from 600 to 1200°C for 6h in air. The crystallization and phase transformation behavior of sintered spherical silica were examined by XRD, IR, DTA, density and shrinkage measurements and SEM. The following results were obtained. (1) The silica phases formed in the sintered compacts depended on the kind and amount of added alkali metal oxide and on the firing temperature. (2) The phase transformation behavior of sintered spherical silica proceeded as follows: amorphous silica→keatite→quartz→cristobalite→tridymite. (3) Through SEM observation, it was found that molten phase formed in the sintered compacts with alkali metal oxide. The molten phase is hypothesized to be a factor determining the crystallization and phase transformation of sintered spherical silica.
Colony-stimulating factor 1-induced STAT1 and STAT3 activation is accompanied by phosphorylation of Tyk2 in macrophages and Tyk2 and JAK1 in fibroblasts (1995)

Colony-stimulating factor 1 (CSF-1) causes the activation of STAT1 and STAT3 transcription factors in bone marrow macrophages (BMM), in the macrophage cell line BAC1.2F5, and in fibroblasts that express the wild-type receptor for CSF-1. Fibroblasts expressing a mutant receptor in which the tyrosine 809 is replaced with phenylalanine do not activate STAT proteins in response to CSF-1. The activation of the STAT proteins in BMM is accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation of Tyk2. In fibroblasts, the activation of the STAT proteins is accompanied by tyrosine phosphorylation of Tyk2 and JAK1. We propose that these JAK kinases are subjected to very rapid phosphorylation in response to CSF-1, followed by rapid dephosphorylation. Furthermore, we propose that kinases other than JAK kinase may be involved in the phosphorylation of the STAT proteins in response to CSF-1.
Enzymatic synthesis of <i>N</i>‐acyl‐l‐amino acids in a glycerol‐water system using acylase I from pig kidney (2002)

Abstract N ‐Medium‐ and long‐chain acyl‐l‐amino acids were enzymatically synthesized from the corresponding l‐amino acids and fatty acids using a reverse hydrolysis. Enzymes that are suitable for the synthetic reaction of N ‐acyl‐l‐amino acids were screened on the basis of hydrolytic activity toward N ‐lauroyl‐l‐glutamic acid as an indicator. Acylase I from pig kidney (EC 3.5.1.14) showed the highest N ‐acyl‐l‐amino acid hydrolytic activity among 57 commercially available enzymes tested. Acylase I effectively catalyzed the synthesis of N ‐lauroyl‐l‐amino acids except for N ‐lauroyl‐l‐proline and N ‐lauroyl‐l‐tyrosine in a glycerol‐water system. Under the optimized reaction conditions, N ‐lauroyl‐l‐arginine and N ‐lauroyl‐l‐glutamic acid were obtained in conversions of 82 and 44%, respectively. The equilibrium constants calculated from the conversion obtained were 5.6, 15.4, 18.0, and 39.4 for the syntheses of N ‐lauroyl‐l‐glutamic acid, N α ‐lauroyl‐l‐lysine, N ‐lauroyl‐l‐glutamine, and N ‐lauroyl‐l‐methionine, respectively. N ‐Acyl‐l‐arginines with myristic acid and palmitic acid as the fatty acid were also synthesized using acylase I.
Bis(allyl)‐ruthenium(IV) Complexes: Promising Precursors for Catalytic Organic Synthesis (2006)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.