gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Micro optical spatial and spectral elements (MOSSE) (2009)

Interference transmission filters that have a defect layer incorporated photonic crystal structure provide a narrow transmission notch within a wide stop band. The location and width of transmission notch can be tuned by changing the thickness of the defect layer. In this paper, we propose and implement interference filters with defect layers patterned with diffractive optical elements. The spectral transmission is a function of the local defect layer thickness while the spatial transmission follows contours of equal optical thickness. The novel devices have multiplexed spectral and spatial transmission characteristics. Alternating layers of silicon oxide (SiOx) and silicon nitride (SixNy) were grown onto a clean silicon substrate using plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). A thick defect layer of SiOx was grown and the wafer was removed from the growth chamber. The wafer was then patterned with charge 2, 8-level vortex structures on a GCA 6300 g-line stepper tool. The devices were interrogated with a collimated beam from a tunable laser source that operates from 1520 nm to 1630 nm. The spectral transmission was measured by separately illuminating each level of diffractive element and the spatial transmission was imaged on to a CCD camera. Spectral transmission peaks whose location varies as a function of level height were obtained. The spatial transmission profiles consist of triangular zones with wavelength dependent orientation. The elements have potential applications in hyper spectral imaging, pupil filtering, and engineered illumination systems.
Evaluation of potent inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase in a culture model for growth of Pneumocystis carinii (1995)

Many antifolates are known to inhibit dihydrofolate reductase from murine Pneumocystis carinii, with 50% inhibitory concentrations (IC50s) ranging from 10(-4) to 10(-11) M. The relationship of the potency against isolated enzyme to the potency against intact murine P. carinii cells was explored with 17 compounds that had proven selectivity for or potency against P. carinii dihydrofolate reductase. Pyrimethamine and one analog were inhibitory to P. carinii in culture at concentrations two to seven times the IC50s for the enzyme, suggesting that the compounds may enter P. carinii cells in culture. Methotrexate was a potent inhibitor of P. carinii dihydrofolate reductase, but the concentrations effective in culture were more than 1,000-fold higher than IC50s for the enzyme, since P. carinii lacks an uptake system for methotrexate. Analogs of methotrexate in which chlorine, bromine, or iodine was added to the phenyl ring had improved potency against the isolated enzyme but were markedly less effective in culture; polyglutamation also lowered the activity in culture but improved activity against the enzyme. Substitution of a naphthyl group for the phenyl group of methotrexate produced a compound with improved activity against the enzyme (IC50, 0.00019 microM) and excellent activity in culture (IC50, 0.1 microM). One trimetrexate analog in which an aspartate or a chlorine replaced two of the methoxy groups of trimetrexate was much more potent and was much more selective toward P. carinii dihydrofolate reductase than trimetrexate; this analog was also as active as trimetrexate in culture. These studies suggest that modifications of antifolate structures can be made that facilitate activity against intact organisms while maintaining the high degrees of potency and the selectivities of the agents can be made.
Global Genomic Analysis of Prostate, Breast and Pancreatic Cancer (2012)

Abstract : Prostate cancer and breast cancer are the most prevalent cancers in men and women, respectively, and pancreatic cancer, while more rare than prostate and breast cancer, is an extremely lethal cancer, with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5%. With the recent advances in next generation sequencing technology, there is an opportunity to identify genomic aberrations that will provide knowledge about the biology driving these cancers and serve as novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for these diseases. We performed genome-wide measurements of mRNA, microRNA, and DNA methylation from tumor and patient-matched non-tumor tissues. We have identified DNA methylation and gene expression signatures associated tumor formation, disease recurrence, and treatment sensitivity. These candidate biomarkers may be useful in predicting clinical outcomes for patients, and may suggest pathways that can be targeted with novel treatment regimens.
Isoform-Selective Chemical Inhibition of mDia-Mediated Actin Assembly (2009)

Formins are potent actin assembly factors. Diaphanous formins, including mDia1, mDia2, and mDia3 in mammals, are implicated in mitosis and cytokinesis, but no chemical interactors have been reported. We developed an in vitro screen for inhibitors of actin assembly by mDia1 and identified an inhibitor of mDia1 and mDia2 that does not inhibit mDia3 at the concentrations tested. These results establish the druggability of mDia formins and introduce a first-generation inhibitor.
affy—analysis of <i>Affymetrix GeneChip</i> data at the probe level (2004)

The affy package is an R package of functions and classes for the analysis of oligonucleotide arrays manufactured by Affymetrix. The package is currently in its second release, affy provides the user with extreme flexibility when carrying out an analysis and make it possible to access and manipulate probe intensity data. In this paper, we present the main classes and functions in the package and demonstrate how they can be used to process probe-level data. We also demonstrate the importance of probe-level analysis when using the Affymetrix GeneChip platform.
What's Cooking with Chef Watson? An Interview with Lav Varshney and James Briscione (2015)

Chef Watson is a cognitive computing application that aims to revolutionize how people combine ingredients to create unique dishes with novel flavors. To help explain the motivation behind and applications of Chef Watson, Florian Pinel interviews Lav Varshney, one of the creators of the project, and James Briscione, Director of Culinary Development at the Institute of Culinary Education, who has been using and testing the app since its inception. This department is part of a special issue on pervasive food.
Affinity of 10-(4-methylpiperazino)dibenz[b,f]oxepins for clozapine and spiroperidol binding sites in rat brain (1982)

10-(4-Methylpiperazino)dibenz[b,f]oxepins were prepared and evaluated as potential antipsychotic agents using specific clozapine [8-chloro-11-(4-methylpiperazino)-5H-dibenzo[b,e][1,4]diazepine] binding sites in rat forebrain that are noncholinergic and nondopaminergic in nature and from which [3H]clozapine is displaced by known antipsychotic agents. [3H]Clozapine binding in the presence of atropine represents nonmuscarinic binding, while binding in the absence of atropine represents muscarinic (cholinergic) plus nonmuscarinic binding. The relative affinity for dopamine binding sites was determined by displacement of [3H]spiroperidol from binding sites in rat caudate nuclei. Thus, clozapine, its 2-chloro isomer, its dechloro analogue, and their 5H-dibenzo[a,d]cycloheptene and dibenz[b,f]oxepine analogues have about the same relative affinity for the nonmuscarinic clozapine binding sites. At the spiroperidol (dopaminergic) sites, both the nature of the tricyclic system and the presence of a chlorine atom on the tricyclic system have a substantial effect on the binding affinity. Within each series, shift or a chlorine atom from the position distal to the piperazino group to the proximal position increases the binding affinity by a factor of about nine, but removal of the chlorine atom substantially decreases the binding affinity. Nevertheless, 10-(4-methylpiperazino)dibenz[b,f]oxepin has a threefold greater affinity for the dopaminergic binding sites than does clozapine itself.
Miscibility and Phase Behavior in Blends of Poly(vinyl butyral) and Poly(methyl methacrylate) (2001)

The miscibility and phase behavior in blends of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) and atactic poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) were studied by dynamical mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and optical microscopy (OM). PVB is regarded as a random copolymer containing vinyl butyral (VB) and vinyl alcohol (VA) units. In this study the copolymer composition was varied over a wide range, and PMMA was varied with respect to molecular weight. DMTA measurements show two distinct Tg's for the blends of all PVBs with PMMAs of high molecular weights (Mw = 1.2 × 105 and 1.5 × 104), indicating completely immiscibility. However, OM observations show that the size of phase-separated domains of PVB blends with PMMA (Mw = 1.2 × 105) depends on copolymer composition and displays a minimum in the range 22−33 wt % VA content. For low molecular weight PMMAs (Mw = 2 × 103 to 5 × 103), miscibility with UCST-type phase behavior was observed in certain blends, the miscibility range depending on the copolymer composition and the molecular weight of the PMMA. The segmental interaction parameters of χVA,MMA, χVB,MMA, and χVA,VB and their temperature dependence were determined from the study. The copolymer composition dependence of the averaged interaction parameter between PVB and PMMA, χ12, was then calculated and displayed a minimum around 30 wt % VA content. These finding can all be interpreted in terms of a copolymer effect in which the unfavorable interaction between PVB and PMMA is minimized at a certain copolymer compositions due to the repulsive interaction between VA and VB units within the PVB chains.
Definition of Managed Objects for the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (2012)

This document replaces RFC 6779; it contains revisions and extensions
to the original document. It defines a portion of the Management
Information Base (MIB) for use with network management protocols in
the Internet community. In particular, it describes objects for
configuring parameters of the Neighborhood Discovery Protocol (NHDP)
process on a router. The extensions described in this document add
objects and values to support the NHDP optimization specified in RFC
7466. The MIB module defined in this document, denoted NHDP-MIB, also
reports state, performance information, and notifications about NHDP.
This additional state and performance information is useful to
troubleshoot problems and performance issues during neighbor
discovery.
Mechanisms of egg contamination by<i>Salmonella</i>Enteritidis (2009)

Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) has been the major cause of the food-borne salmonellosis pandemic in humans over the last 20 years, during which contaminated hen's eggs were the most important vehicle of the infection. Eggs can be contaminated on the outer shell surface and internally. Internal contamination can be the result of penetration through the eggshell or by direct contamination of egg contents before oviposition, originating from infection of the reproductive organs. Once inside the egg, the bacteria need to cope with antimicrobial factors in the albumen and vitelline membrane before migration to the yolk can occur. It would seem that serotype Enteritidis has intrinsic characteristics that allow an epidemiological association with hen eggs that are still undefined. There are indications that SE survives the attacks with the help of antimicrobial molecules during the formation of the egg in the hen's oviduct and inside the egg. This appears to require a unique combination of genes encoding for improved cell wall protection and repairing cellular and molecular damage, among others.
High Concentration Dinitrile, 3-Alkoxypropionitrile, and Linear Carbonate Electrolytes Enabled by Vinylene and Monofluoroethylene Carbonate Additives (2012)

Li-ion batteries intended to operate over extremes in temperature or at cell voltages approaching 5 V exceed the fundamental capabilities of the electrolytes presently available. The most promising solvents that do meet the fundamental requirements exhibit exceptional instability at the low potentials found with negative electrodes of Li-ion batteries today. Herein, nitrile and linear carbonate electrolytes were stabilized with only the use of a small percentage of additives to enable formulations that may be of use for low temperature and high voltage operating conditions, respectively. In this work, the electrochemical characteristics of Li-ion cells were explored for a variety of electrolytes, with promising performance identified in systems composed predominantly of ethyl methyl carbonate (EMC), 3-methoxypropionitrile (3MPN), or adiponitrile (ADN). Vinylene carbonate (VC) and monofluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) were added in low concentrations (≤5 vol%) to stabilize the interface of the carbon negative electrode and the electrolyte, with FEC proving to be effective across all electrolytes examined herein. The fluoride decomposition products of FEC contributing to the SEI have been identified for the first time without the presence of lithium hexafluorophosphate (LiPF6) in the electrolyte, thereby leading to a clearer explanation of its exceptional protective effect within the SEI.
In-network optimal rate reduction for packetized MPEG video (2008)

Bottleneck links in network elements cause packet queues to overflow thereby resulting in random packet loss. This problem is a big issue at the boundary of wired and wireless networks, and it can cause streamed media applications to perform poorly. For streamed MPEG video, packet loss can induce an incorrect MPEG video bit-stream syntax. At the video player the corrupt stream leads to an improper decoding of frames resulting in a poor viewer experience that can include frame corruption, frame freezing and tiling artifacts. Even very few packet losses can result in a noticeable decay in perceived video quality. To solve this problem, we propose a deterministic in-network selective packet forwarding algorithm that preserves MPEG video syntax while reducing the bandwidth of the video stream to be below the bottleneck bandwidth. Optimality of the forwarding algorithm is achieved by solving a 0-1 knapsack problem using estimated video parameters. We evaluate the proposed scheme for real MPEG-2 and MPEG-4 video streams. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated in terms of the reduction in the number of bit stream syntax errors in addition to the rate optimality.
Adult Traumatic Leptomeningeal Cyst -Case Report- (2009)

A 60-year-old man presented with a traumatic leptomeningeal cyst manifesting as local tenderness in the right parietal region and local headache 2 years after head injury. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a small arachnoid cyst under bone defect. Dural and bone plasty were performed. Intraoperative examination found small and round defects of the dura and bone. Progressive headache was relieved after the surgery. This rare case of adult posttraumatic leptomeningeal cyst occurred within an unusually short period after trauma, and was associated with a small and round bone defect and small dural defect usually characteristic of congenital arachnoid cyst.
Encapsulation of pentacene/C60 organic solar cells with Al2O3 deposited by atomic layer deposition (2007)

Organic solar cells based on pentacene/C60 heterojunctions were encapsulated using a 200-nm-thick film of Al2O3 deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD). Encapsulated devices maintained power conversion efficiency after exposure to ambient atmosphere for over 6000h, while devices with no encapsulation degraded rapidly after only 10h of air exposure. In addition, thermal annealing associated with the ALD deposition is shown to improve the open-circuit voltage and power conversion efficiency of the solar cells.
Effects of Promastigote Growth Phase, Frequency of Subculture, and Host Age on Promastigote‐initiated Infections with <i>Leishmania donovani</i> in the Golden Hamster*<sup>†</sup> (1974)

SYNOPSIS Promastigotes of Leishmania donovani , 3S strain, were cultured from homogenized infected hamster spleen incubated at 25 C in a particle‐free modification of Tanabe's (1923) medium, and were subcultured in this medium from 1 to 4 times. Promastigotes were inoculated intracardially to golden hamsters ( Mesocricetus auratus ). Promastigotes that were subcultured frequently by transfer from log phase of growth retained their infectivity for hamsters, as assayed by numbers of amastigotes in the liver at 16 days post infection. Promastigotes that were subcultured infrequently by transfer from stationary phase declined in infectivity. The extent of the decline was roughly proportional to the length of the incubation periods of the primary culture plus 1st subculture. Promastigotes harvested from log phase of growth were significantly less infective for hamsters than those harvested from stationary phase of growth, in that numbers of amastigotes found in the liver after 16 days were lower, and times to death longer, when log phase organisms were used to infect hamsters. The age of the hamster at the time of inoculation was found to affect the apparent infectivity of promastigotes from a 1st or 2nd subculture. When weanling (age 4 weeks), juvenile (age 8 weeks) and adult (age 24 to 32 weeks) hamsters received the same numbers of promastigotes, the weanlings had the highest numbers of liver amastigotes at 16 days, and shortest times to death, of the 3 groups; juveniles were intermediate between weanlings and adults; and adults had the lowest numbers of parasites and longest times to death of the host. Differences were statistically significant only between weanlings and adults. Responses of weanling and adult hamsters to infection with promastigotes could be rendered indistinguishable if the promastigotes were inoculated on the basis of 10 5 promastigotes per g of host body weight.
Severe chronic diarrhea and weight loss in cholesteryl ester storage disease: A case report (2005)

It is the first case in the literature with diarrhea as a putative symptom of CESD in adult patients.
Human Body Tracking by Adaptive Background Models and Mean-Shift Analysis (2003)

We present an automatic, real-time human tracking and observation system. Robustness and speed are the two major bottlenecks of the existing approaches. We improve upon the robustness and speed of the current state-of-art by integrating a mean-shift based model update technique with an adaptive change detection method. We also provide optimal solutions for several other stages including illumination compensation, skin color detection, shadow removal, morphological filtering, event analysis of a tracking system. In addition, we introduce a novel background refresh mechanism. Thus, the proposed framework is capable of handling shortcomings of template and correspondence based tracking approaches. The results with the ICVS-PETS data sets show the effectiveness of the algorithm.
Comparison of K-ras mutations in lung, colorectal and gastric cancer (2014)

<i>K-ras</i> is involved in the EGFR pathway that regulates cell survival, motility and proliferation, as well as angiogenesis and metastasis. It is also essential for carcinogenesis. The <i>K-ras</i> mutation status can be used to predict the therapeutic efficacy of targeted drugs such as cetuximab. The aim of this study was to compare <i>K-ras</i> mutation in different types of cancer. Nested and COLD-PCR were used to detect <i>K-ras</i> mutations. The Chi-squared test was used for statistical analysis. In this study, the total <i>K-ras</i> mutation frequency was found to be 9.09, 18.61 and 6.67% in lung, colorectal and gastric cancer, respectively. Similar <i>K-ras</i> mutation frequencies were detected among sample types and genders for lung and gastric cancer, with the exception of colorectal cancer. However, age had no impact on the <i>K-ras</i> mutation rates.
Review the key role of self-efficacy in diabetes care (2013)

Self-caring has a significant role in controlling of diabetes disease. Self-efficacy can induce motivation directly take health promoting behavior through efficacy expectations. It also affects motivation, indirectly, through perceived barriers and determining commitment or stability for following function map. So, self-efficacy is very important in changing self-care behavior process.
An algebraic definition of simulation between programs (1971)

A simulation relation between programs is defined which is quasi-ordering. Mutual simulation is then an equivalence relation, and by dividing out by it one abstracts from a program such details as how the sequencing is controlled and how data is presented. The equivalence classes are approximations to the algorithms which are realized, or expressed, by their member programs. A technique is given and illustrated for proving simulation and equivalence of programs; there is an analogy with Floyd's technique for proving correctness of programs. Finally, necessary and sufficient conditions for simulation are given. (Author)
Warfarin‐based rodenticides: Mode of action and mechanism of resistance (1995)

Abstract Warfarin and related substances have been in use as rodenticides for fifty years. They act by binding to the enzyme vitamin K 2,3‐epoxide reductase, thereby interrupting the cellular recycling of vitamin K. Vitamin K in its hydroquinone form is an essential cofactor for the synthesis of functional prothrombin and related blood‐clotting factors. The binding with the reductase is essentially irreversible, indicating these compounds have a prolonged half‐life in target tissues; 7–10 days for warfarin and congeners and over 100 days for the second generation rodenticides or ‘superwarfarins’ such as difenacoum, brodi‐facoum, and flocoumafen. Rat liver contains 1–2 nmole of enzyme per gram tissue which is a 4–5 fold overcapacity for maintaining effective vitamin K recycling. The use of warfarin as a rat poison has resulted in the natural selection of warfarin‐resistant rats. The resistance is inheritable. Two distinct warfarin resistance genotypes, Welsh and Scottish, have been identified, clearly differing in their biochemistry of vitamin K epoxide reductase. In the Welsh strain, resistance arises from an altered enzyme expressing reduced reactivity to warfarin, whereas the reductase from the Scottish strain is as sensitive as the normal enzyme, but the interaction with warfarin is now readily reversible. The altered enzyme leaves the Welsh rat in need of higher dietary vitamin K intake. The superwarfarins cope with the resistance by having their structures firmly bind with the altered enzymes. Reduced sensitivity to warfarin‐based rodenticides may also be pharmacokin‐etically based, arising from increased warfarin biotransformation. This mechanism may be responsible for resistance to some of the superwarfarins such as difenacoum. A third resistance mechanism may arise from an enhanced capacity to synthesize vitamin K from menadione, a commonly used additive in animal foods on farms. The choice of rodenticide in the case of warfarin resistance should be guided by the underlying mechanism of resistance.
Photon counting techniques with silicon avalanche photodiodes (1993)

The properties of avalanche photodiodes and associated electronics required for photon counting in the Geiger and the sub-Geiger modes are reviewed. When the Geiger mode is used, there are significant improvements reported in overall photon detection efficiencies (approaching 70% at 633 nm), and a timing jitter (under 200 ps) is achieved with passive quenching at high overvoltages (20-30 V). The results obtained by using an active-mode fast quench circuit capable of switching overvoltages as high as 15 V (giving photon detection efficiencies in the 50% range) with a dead time of less than 50 ns are reported. Larger diodes (up to 1 mm in diameter) that are usable in the Geiger mode and that have quantum efficiencies over 80% in the 500-800-nm range are also reported.
Enantiocomplementary asymmetric epoxidation of selected enones using poly-<scp>L</scp>-leucine and poly-<scp>D</scp>-leucine (1995)

M. E. L. Sánchez and S. M. Roberts, J. Chem. Soc., Perkin Trans. 1, 1995, 1467 DOI: 10.1039/P19950001467