gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Current and novel drug therapies for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (2012)

Over the past decade, there has been a cohesive effort from patients, physicians, clinical and basic scientists, and the pharmaceutical industry to find definitive treatments for idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). As understanding of disease behavior and pathogenesis has improved, the aims of those treating IPF have shifted from reversing the disease to slowing or preventing progression of this chronic fibrotic illness. It is to be hoped that by slowing disease progression, survival will be improved from the current dismal median of 3.5 years following diagnosis. In Europe and Asia, a milestone has recently been reached with the licensing of the first IPF-specific drug, pirfenidone. This review assesses the current treatment modalities available for IPF, including pirfenidone. It also turns an eye to the future and discusses the growing number of promising compounds currently in development that it is hoped, in time, will make their way into the clinic as treatments for IPF.
Low Crossover of Methanol and Water Through Thin Membranes in Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (2006)

Low crossover of both methanol and water through a polymer membrane in a direct methanol fuel cell (DMFC) is essential for using high concentration methanol in portable power applications. A novel design of the membrane-electrolyte assembly (MEA) has been developed in this work to attain low methanol crossover, low water crossover, and high cell performance simultaneously. The anode catalyst layer, in the form of a catalyzed diffusion medium (CDM), serves as a methanol diffusion barrier to reduce methanol crossover. In addition, a highly hydrophobic cathode microporous layer (MPL) is employed to build up the hydraulic pressure at the cathode and hence drive the product water from the cathode into the anode to offset the water dragged by electro-osmosis. The new MEA, consisting of a CDM anode, a thin Nafion membrane, and a carbon cloth precoated with an MPL on the cathode, is shown to attain: (i) a net water transport coefficient through the membrane smaller than 0.8 at and 0.4 at ; (ii) fuel efficiency of ; and (iii) a steady-state power density of at ca. and with low stoichiometric flow rates of ambient dry air and methanol solution.
Relationship of Kernel Oil Content to Yield in Maize<sup>1</sup> (1968)

Oil content of the grain of six maize (Zea mays L.) single crosses was modified by xenia‐like effects induced by pollen from high and low oil stocks. Oil analyses were made and the calorie grain production on an individual plant basis determined In comparisons of high and low oil versions of eight hybrids, one high oil hybrid stored significantly more calories than the low oil version, one stored significantly fewer calories, and six did not differ significantly. We conclude that oil content and calorie yield per plant are probably independent in most stocks but that calorie yield may be limited in some stocks by inefficient oil synthesizing systems. Conversely, high oil strains may be limited in total calorie storage by hyper‐active oil synthesis
A Gold Catalyst for Carbene‐Transfer Reactions from Ethyl Diazoacetate (2005)

Approaching El Dorado: A gold catalyst has been discovered that transfers a carbene unit from ethyl diazoacetate to aromatic substrates (see scheme) as well as olefins, amines, and alcohols. The insertion of carbene units into the CH bonds of the aromatic ring of benzene, toluene, and styrene is a novel reaction. R=H, CH3, CHCH2; IPr=1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene. Supporting information for this article (general experimental procedures and product characterization data) is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2005/z501056_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
A new regenerable process for the recovery of SO<sub>2</sub> (1988)

Abstract Increasing demand for regenerable processes with SO 2 recovery is to be expected. Advantages and limitations of the earlier developed citrate and adipate absorption/ steam stripping process are compared with those of the Wellman‐Lord (sulphite) process. On the basis of comprehensive laboratory studies, a new process is proposed which supplements the citrate and adipate process. In this new process, the absorbent is a concentrated sodium phosphate buffer and the loaded buffer is regenerated by evaporation. The main buffer component is Na 2 HPO 4 , but NaH 2 PO 4 is added in order to obtain a more complete stripping of SO 2 during regeneration. The new process promises excellent absorption properties for SO 2 with extremely low oxidation losses, regeneration with few incrustation problems and appreciable energy savings.
Very Large Databases (1999)

Abstract The sections in this article are Application‐Oriented Database Management Systems Multimedia Database Management Systems
Evaluation of Oxford Nanopore MinION <sup>TM</sup> Sequencing for 16S rRNA Microbiome Characterization (2017)

Abstract In this manuscript we evaluate the potential for microbiome characterization by sequencing of near-full length 16S rRNA gene region fragments using the Oxford Nanopore MinION (hereafter ‘Nanopore’) sequencing platform. We analyzed pure-culture E. coli and P. fluorescens , as well as a low-diversity mixed community sample from hydraulic fracturing produced water. Both closed and open reference operational taxonomic unit (OTU) picking failed, necessitating the direct use of sequences without OTU picking. The Ribosomal Database Project classifier against the Green Genes database was found to be the optimal annotation approach, with average pure-culture annotation accuracies of 93.8% and 82.0% at the phyla and genus levels, respectively. Comparative analysis of an environmental sample using Nanopore and Illumina MiSeq sequencing identified high taxonomic similarity when using a weighted metric (Bray-Curtis), and significantly reduced similarity when using an unweighted metric (Jaccard). These results highlight the great potential of Nanopore sequencing to analyze broad microbial community trends, and the challenge of applying Nanopore sequencing to discern rare taxa in mixed microbial communities. Finally, we observed that between-run carryover following washes on the same flowcell accounted for >10% of sequence reads, necessitating future development to either prevent carryover or filter sequences of interest (e.g. barcoding).
Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence (1995) (2013)

This is the Proceedings of the Eleventh Conference on Uncertainty in Artificial Intelligence, which was held in Montreal, QU, August 18-20, 1995
The role of von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 in the no-reflow phenomenon: after primary percutaneous coronary intervention. (2011)

We prospectively studied the correlations between plasma levels of von Willebrand factor and its cleaving protease--a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin type I motif, member 13 (ADAMTS13)--in 126 patients who did or did not develop no-reflow phenomenon after primary percutaneous intervention for acute ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Quantitative plasma levels of von Willebrand factor and ADAMTS13 were measured by immunoturbidometric assay.Angiographic no-reflow was observed in 46 (37%) of the 126 patients. At admission, plasma levels of von Willebrand factor were significantly higher in the no-reflow group (P < 0.001), but levels of ADAMTS13 at admission were similar in the 2 groups (P = 0.143). At logistic regression, after adjustment for serum creatinine, left ventricular ejection fraction, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, and N-terminal pro B-type natriuretic peptide, plasma von Willebrand factor level at admission (≥ 5,531 mU/mL) was still the predictive factor for the no-reflow phenomenon. The area under the receiver operating characteristics curve was 0.785.Our results suggest that high von Willebrand factor level is related to the no-reflow phenomenon in such a way that it might be a predictor of the phenomenon.
Role of secreted extracellular nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (eNAMPT) in prostate cancer progression: Novel biomarker and therapeutic target (2020)

This study suggests that eNAMPT is a potential biomarker for PCa, especially invasive PCa. Neutralization of eNAMPT may be an effective therapeutic approach to prevent PCa invasion and progression.
Integration of Silicon Circuit Components Onto Plastic substrates Using Fluidic Self-Assembly (2006)

We demonstrate the use of fluidic self-assembly for the integration of microfabricated silicon components, including diffusion resistors and single crystal silicon field effect transistors, onto a clear, flexible plastic substrate. Preferential self-assembly of parts on a template is achieved with complementary shape recognition. The self-assembly process is driven in part by capillary forces resultant from a low melting point alloy re-flow. Our method allows for the integration of parts made via incompatible microfabrication processes onto a single platform. The self-assembly is performed in a single step providing both mechanical and electrical connection between substrate and silicon component.
Luminescence and Dosimetric Performances of KMgF3 Crystals Doped with Metal Impurity Ions (1990)

Abstract Thermoluminescence spectra have been recorded for crystals of pure KMgF3, KMgF3:Pb2+ and KMgF3:Eu3+, with the aim of identifying new phosphors for radiation dosimetry. Glow peaks, due to thermal activation of colour centres formed by ß or ? irradiation, were measured in both pure and doped materials. Typical thermoluminescence signals due to Pb2+ or Eu3+ impurities have been obtained, besides those of the host KMgF3. The intensity of the thermoluminescence peaks is not very high in Pb2+-doped samples, while Eu3+ ions are found to be excellent activators, as usual for rare earth impurities. In KMgF3:Eu3+ a new prominent peak has been found very efficient for monitoring radiation doses, because of its high sensitivity, good stability over time and elevated activation energy.
Impact of a Workplace Stress Reduction Program on Blood Pressure and Emotional Health in Hypertensive Employees (2003)

Results suggest that a brief workplace stress management intervention can produce clinically significant reductions in BP and improve emotional health among hypertensive employees. Implications are that such interventions may produce a healthier and more productive workforce, enhancing performance and reducing losses to the organization resulting from cognitive decline, illness, and premature mortality.
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of 4′‐Substituted Thymidines by Substitution of the Thymidine 5′‐Esters. (2001)

Abstract ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 100 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract of an article which was published elsewhere, please select a “Full Text” option. The original article is trackable via the “References” option.
Why Interpretability in Machine Learning? An Answer Using Distributed Detection and Data Fusion Theory (2018)

As artificial intelligence is increasingly affecting all parts of society and life, there is growing recognition that human interpretability of machine learning models is important. It is often argued that accuracy or other similar generalization performance metrics must be sacrificed in order to gain interpretability. Such arguments, however, fail to acknowledge that the overall decision-making system is composed of two entities: the learned model and a human who fuses together model outputs with his or her own information. As such, the relevant performance criteria should be for the entire system, not just for the machine learning component. In this work, we characterize the performance of such two-node tandem data fusion systems using the theory of distributed detection. In doing so, we work in the population setting and model interpretable learned models as multi-level quantizers. We prove that under our abstraction, the overall system of a human with an interpretable classifier outperforms one with a black box classifier.
Universal Slow Dynamics in Granular Solids (2000)

Experimental properties of a new form of creep dynamics are reported, as manifest in a variety of sandstones, limestone, and concrete. The creep is a recovery behavior, following the sharp drop in elastic modulus induced either by nonlinear acoustic straining or rapid temperature change. The extent of modulus recovery is universally proportional to the logarithm of the time after source discontinuation in all samples studied, over a scaling regime covering at least ${10}^{3}\mathrm{s}$. Comparison of acoustically and thermally induced creep suggests a single origin based on internal strain, which breaks the symmetry of the inducing source.
Rapid Flip-flop of Oleic Acid across the Plasma Membrane of Adipocytes (2003)

Nonesterified long-chain fatty acids may enter cells by free diffusion or by membrane protein transporters. A requirement for proteins to transport fatty acids across the plasma membrane would imply low partitioning of fatty acids into the membrane lipids, and/or a slower rate of diffusion (flip-flop) through the lipid domains compared to the rates of intracellular metabolism of fatty acids. We used both vesicles of the plasma membrane of adipocytes and intact adipocytes to study transmembrane fluxes of externally added oleic acid at concentrations below its solubility limit at pH 7.4. Binding of oleic acid to the plasma membrane was determined by measuring the fluorescent fatty acid-binding protein ADIFAB added to the external medium. Changes in internal pH caused by flip-flop and metabolism were measured by trapping a fluorescent pH indicator in the cells. The metabolic end products of oleic acid were evaluated over the time interval required for the return of intracellular pH to its initial value. The primary findings were that (i) oleic acid rapidly binds with high avidity in the lipid domains of the plasma membrane with an apparent partition coefficient similar to that of protein-free phospholipid bilayers; (ii) oleic acid rapidly crosses the plasma membrane by the flip-flop mechanism (both events occur within 5 s); and (iii) the kinetics of esterification of oleic acid closely follow the time dependence of the recovery of intracellular pH. Any postulated transport mechanism for facilitating translocation of fatty acid across the plasma membrane of adipocytes, including a protein transporter, would have to compete with the highly effective flip-flop mechanism.
Immunogenicity of HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein oligomers (2009)

Several studies within the past 18 months provide exciting structural information and the development of tools that have the potential to improve Env trimer design and the analysis of trimer immunogenicity studies. The ability to predict protection against a challenge virus through an in-vitro neutralization screen may be very helpful for evaluation of immunogens to move forward into clinical trials.
Current status of InGaAs detector arrays for 1-3 μm (1991)

In(x)Ga(1-x)As detector linear arrays with 256 and 512 elements have been made for the 1.0-1.7 micron spectrum (x = 0.53) and 1.4-2.6 microns (x = 0.8) with 30 x 30, 30 x 100, and 25 x 500 micron pixel sizes. Room temperature D* values beyond 1 x 10 exp 13 W/cm-sq rt Hz (at 1.7 micron) and 1 x 10 exp 11 W/cm-sq rt Hz (at 2.5 microns) are reported. A 128 x 128 element In(0.53)Ga(0.47)As detector array with less than 1 percent dropouts is also described. High reliability is also reported for these arrays. Future improvements needed include lower-noise multiplexers and the use of zero-bias multiplexers.
Construction of cDNA coding for human von Willebrand factor using antibody probes for colony-screening and mapping of the chromosomal gene (1985)

Von Willebrand Factor (vWF) mRNA was identified in fractionated polyA+ RNA preparations isolated from cultured human endothelial cells. Micro-injection of specific polyA+ RNA fractions in Xenopus laevis oocytes provoked the synthesis of a vWF-like product which could be detected with an immunoradiometric assay relying on Sepharose-linked monoclonal anti-vWF IgG and different radiolabeled monoclonal anti-vWF IgGs. A vWF-mRNA-containing polyA+ RNA preparation served as substrate for a size-selected cDNA-expression library of 60 000 colonies which was screened for the synthesis of antigens related to vWF, using polyclonal anti-vWF IgG and a second antibody conjugated with peroxidase. Eight positive colonies were detected of which two reacted strongly in the enzyme-linked assay. Immunoblotting of bacterial extracts of "expression clones" with a monoclonal anti-vWF IgG revealed polypeptides which size fits within the length of the cDNA insertions. Northern blotting of human endothelial RNA, employing fragments of vWF cDNA as probes, showed specific hybridization with a mRNA of about 9000 nucleotides. DNA-sequence analysis of a vWF-cDNA insertion revealed an open reading frame followed by a translation stopcodon. It is argued that the cDNA insertions encode the carboxy-terminal part of the vWF protein. vWF-cDNA probes were employed to map the von Willebrand factor gene on chromosome 12 using a panel of 35 human-rodent somatic cell hybrids.
Unusual immunoglobulin DNA sequences from the nonexpressed chromosome of mouse normal B lymphocytes: implications for allelic exclusion and the DNA rearrangement process. (1987)

Allelic exclusion of immunoglobulin gene products results in the expression of only one of two possible alleles in normal B lineage cells. Attempts to define the role of heavy chain gene rearrangements in this process have revealed the nonexpressed allele to be rarely in its germline context, but rather incompletely rearranged (D/J rearrangements) or completely rearranged (V/D/J rearrangements) and in a context that cannot be expressed as a protein. Nearly all DNA sequences of heavy chain genes from the nonexpressed allele have originated from plasmacytomas, virus-induced pre-B leukemias, and hybridomas--all clonal cell lines perhaps altered by the neoplastic process. In this communication, we present the first examples of isolation and DNA sequence analysis of heavy chain gene rearrangements from the nonexpressed allele of normal B lymphocytes. Splenic B lymphocytes from allotype heterozygous (BALB/c X C57BL/6J)F1 mice expressing the BALB/c IgD allotype were detected with a monoclonal antibody, H10-4.22, to the BALB/c delta chain genetic marker and were isolated with a FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorter). lambda phage clones containing the JH gene region from the sorted cells were isolated, and those containing sequences derived from the C57BL/6J nonexpressed chromosome were identified by a restriction fragment length polymorphism. DNA sequences of seven rearranged clones from the nonexpressed allele are presented. Five of these rearrangements have unexpected compositions. Four of the five clones contain V/D/J rearrangements with no obvious impediments to expression generated by the rearrangements. The novel variable region gene in one of these V/D/J rearrangements is a member of a newly described VH gene family. The fifth clone has a 3.5 kb deletion removing all of the JH gene segments. The remaining two clones contain D/J rearrangements that are typical of the initial stage of variable region assembly. These findings suggest that the mechanisms that generate nontranslatable heavy chains do not exclusively account for allelic exclusion. Rather, several different mechanisms may contribute to the establishment of allelic exclusion in normal B lymphocytes.
The aggregation-promoting factor of Lactobacillus crispatus M247 and its genetic locus (2004)

These results suggest that the mutation in Mu5 may be contained in another molecule involved in aggregation such as a possible receptor for APF.
Adaptive multilingual sentence boundary disambiguation (1997)

The sentence is a standard textual unit in natual language processing applications. In many language the punctuation mark that indicates the end-of-sentence boundary is ambiguous; thus the tokenizers of most NLP systems must be equipped with special sentence boundary recognition rules for every new text collection.As an alternative, this article presents an efficient, trainable system for sentence boundary disambiguation. The system, called Satz, makes simple estimates of the parts of speech of the tokens immediately preceding and following each punctuation mark, and uses these estimates as input to a machine learning algorithm that then classifies the punctuation mark. Satz is very fast both in training and sentence analysis, and its combined robustness and accuracy surpass existing techniques. The system needs only a small lexicon and training corpus, and has been shown to transfer quickly and easily from English to other languages, as demonstrated on Franch and German.
Maillard reaction products and their relation to complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (1993)

Glycation, oxidation, and browning of proteins have all been implicated in the development of diabetic complications. We measured the initial Amadori adduct, fructoselysine (FL); two Maillard products, N epsilon-(carboxymethyl) lysine (CML) and pentosidine; and fluorescence (excitation = 328 nm, emission = 378 nm) in skin collagen from 39 type 1 diabetic patients (aged 41.5 +/- 15.3 [17-73] yr; duration of diabetes 17.9 +/- 11.5 [0-46] yr, [mean +/- SD, range]). The measurements were related to the presence of background (n = 9) or proliferative (n = 16) retinopathy; early nephropathy (24-h albumin excretion rate [AER24] > or = 20 micrograms/min; n = 9); and limited joint mobility (LJM; n = 20). FL, CML, pentosidine, and fluorescence increased progressively across diabetic retinopathy (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, P < 0.05, P < 0.01, respectively). FL, CML, pentosidine, and fluorescence were also elevated in patients with early nephropathy (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, P < 0.01, P < 0.01, respectively). There was no association with LJM. Controlling for age, sex, and duration of diabetes using logistic regression, FL and CML were independently associated with retinopathy (FL odds ratio (OR) = 1.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.01-1.12, P < 0.05; CML OR = 6.77, 95% CI = 1.33-34.56, P < 0.05) and with early nephropathy (FL OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01-1.10, P < 0.05; CML OR = 13.44, 95% CI = 2.00-93.30, P < 0.01). The associations between fluorescence and retinopathy and between pentosidine and nephropathy approached significance (P = 0.05). These data show that FL and Maillard products in skin correlate with functional abnormalities in other tissues and suggest that protein glycation and oxidation (glycoxidation) may be implicated in the development of diabetic retinopathy and early nephropathy.