gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
The Language Teaching Matrix (1992)

Richards explains how effective language teaching involves a network of interactions between curriculum, methodology, teachers, learners, instructional materials. Each chapter discusses and examines the theoretical and practical dimensions of a central issue in language teaching. Topics covered include the nature of effective teaching, self-monitoring in teacher development, language and content, and teaching listening, speaking, reading and writing. Richards presents key issues in an accessible and highly readable style, and shows how teachers and teachers-in-training can be involved in the investigation of classroom teaching and learning. The emphasis is not on prescriptions but rather on developing effective teaching through understanding the various factors that interact in second language learning and in the second language classroom.
Video transport over packet-switched networks (1999)

The purpose of this study was to develop supersaturatable formulations for the enhanced solubility and oral absorption of sirolimus. Supersaturatable formulations of hydrophilic polymers and/or surfactants were screened by formulation screening, which is based on solvent casting. The solid dispersion particles in the optimized formulations were prepared by spray drying. The particles were characterized in vitro and in vivo. The most effective supersaturatable formulation found in the formulation screening process was hydroxypropylmethyl cellulose (HPMC)-D-α-tocopheryl polyethylene glycol 1000 succinate (TPGS), followed by HPMC-Sucroester. In addition, the supersaturated state generated from HPMC-TPGS and HPMC-Sucroester 15 particles prepared by spray drying significantly improved the oral absorption of sirolimus in rats. Based on the pharmacokinetic parameters and supporting in vitro supersaturated dissolution data, the enhanced supersaturation properties of sirolimus led to enhanced in vivo oral absorption. In addition, the experimental results from the formulation screening used in our study could be useful for enhancing the bioavailability of sirolimus in preformulation and formulation studies.
Downlink admission control strategies for CDMA systems in a Manhattan environment (2002)

Downlink admission control strategies and downlink power control strategies, for CDMA systems in a Manhattan environment, are investigated by simulation experiments. Different admission policies are compared by investigating system capacity versus grade of annoyance, defined as a weighted combination of call blocking and call dropping probabilities, or by just viewing the call dropping probabilities. The admission decision is based on output power levels from base stations (BSs) and the investigation focuses on whether the admission decision should be based on measurements from one BS or measurements from several BSs. Simulations indicate that the admission algorithms do not gain much from using information from more than one cell. However, using information from more than one cell decreases the call dropping probability for very high loads. Further, the performances of the proposed downlink algorithms are not as good as for some previously studied uplink admission control algorithms. Finally, having a maximum output power constraint on a BS basis instead of on a channel basis decreases the call dropping probability.
Exposure assessment of stray electromagnetic fields generated by a wireless power transfer system (2015)

The magnetic wireless power transfer (WPT) technology represents a promising application in contactless electric vehicle battery charging systems. In this framework, a bench prototype of resonant type, delivering a power of 560 W at 85 kHz, suitable for charging the batteries of a city car, was designed and realized. Identical transmitting and receiving resonant coils, equipped with ferrite cores, were realized in a spiral configuration. The single coil and the coupled system were experimentally characterized in terms of inductance and mutual inductance for dimensioning the resonance circuit. Measurements of the stray electromagnetic fields (EMFs) emitted by the prototype were performed, in order to assess the exposure levels at which operators, working in proximity of the bench prototype, will be subjected. Results evidenced that, for this prototype, both measured electric (E) and induction magnetic (B) fields are compliant with the European Directive 2013/35/EU, in which minimum health and safety requirements regarding the EMFs exposure of operators are established. Yet, it is worth noting that measured E field (maximum 127.8 ± 3.1 V/m) was not compliant with the exposure limit established by the European Recommendation (1999/519/CE) for the population (83 V/m). As consequence, it should be necessary to characterize the stray EMFs in the actual exposure scenario, with the system directly mounted on the city car. Moreover, the exposure assessment of wireless systems delivering higher powers (some kW) should be required, also foreseeing numerical dosimetry to assess the induced E field within the human body.
Intrinsic Activated Microglia Map to the Peri-infarct Zone in the Subacute Phase of Ischemic Stroke (2006)

In ischemic stroke patients, minimal activation of microglia is seen before 72 hours. Beyond this, binding potential rises in core infarction, peri-infarct zone, and contralateral hemisphere to 30 days. This may represent a therapeutic opportunity that extends beyond time windows traditionally reserved for neuroprotection.
Active Learning for Parameter Estimation in Bayesian Networks (2000)

Bayesian networks are graphical representations of probability distributions. In virtually all of the work on learning these networks, the assumption is that we are presented with a data set consisting of randomly generated instances from the underlying distribution. In many situations, however, we also have the option of active learning, where we have the possibility of guiding the sampling process by querying for certain types of samples. This paper addresses the problem of estimating the parameters of Bayesian networks in an active learning setting. We provide a theoretical framework for this problem, and an algorithm that chooses which active learning queries to generate based on the model learned so far. We present experimental results showing that our active learning algorithm can significantly reduce the need for training data in many situations. 1 Introduction In many machine learning applications, the most time-consuming and costly task is the collection of a suffic...
Suppression of Powdery Mildews by UV-B: Application Frequency and Timing, Dose, Reflectance, and Automation (2016)

Disease-suppressive effects of nighttime applications of ultraviolet-B (UV-B) were investigated at two irradiance levels (1.6 or 0.8 W/m<sup>2</sup>) in strawberry and rosemary plants inoculated with Podosphaera aphanis or Golovinomyces biocellatus, respectively. Plants were exposed to each irradiance level every third night for either 9 or 18 min, every night for either 3 or 6 min, or three times every night for either 1 or 2 min. Thus, over time, all plants received the same cumulative dose of UV-B, and severity of powdery mildew was reduced by 90 to 99% compared with untreated controls in both crops. Use of polished aluminum lamp reflectors and UV-B reflective surfaces on greenhouse benches significantly increased treatment efficacy. An automated apparatus consisting of an adjustable boom with directed airflow was used to move UV-B lamps over greenhouse benches at 25 or 50 cm/min. Directed airflow moved leaves on the subtending plants to better expose upper and lower surfaces to UV-B but directed airflow actually decreased the efficacy of UV-B treatments, possibly by dispersing conidia from lesions before they were exposed to a lethal dose of UV-B. Results indicate broad applicability of nighttime applications of UV-B to suppress powdery mildews, and that cumulative UV-B dose is an overriding factor determining efficacy. Finally, enhanced suppression on shaded or obscured tissues is more likely to be affected by reflective bench surfaces than through attempts to physically manipulate the foliage.
Meloxicam: a reappraisal of pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety (2005)

The discovery of two distinct isoenzymes of COX has led to the development and clinical introduction of COX-2 inhibitors with increased selectivity onto the market. Meloxicam is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) of the oxicam class, and is a preferential inhibitor of COX-2, demonstrating effectiveness with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic activity. Meloxicam is therapeutically utilised in the management of osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. Trials have examined the risk of gastrointestinal ulceration of meloxicam when compared with traditional non-specific COX-inhibiting NSAIDs with mixed results; meloxicam seems to have a greater gastrointestinal risk than the highly specific COX-2 NSAIDs. Meloxicam has a plasma half-life of approximately 20 h and is convenient for once daily administration. Neither moderate renal nor hepatic insufficiency significantly alters the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in short-term studies. Furthermore, dose adjustment is not required in the elderly. Recent drug-drug interaction studies have demonstrated that meloxicam interacts with some medications, including cholestyramine, lithium and some inhibitors of cytochrome P450 -2C9 and -3A4. Consequently, increased clinical vigilance should be maintained when coprescribing some medications with meloxicam. Concentration-dependent therapeutic and toxicological effects have yet to be extensively elucidated for meloxicam. Long-term safety in various organ systems, especially in the heart and vascular system and with concomitant drug administration, remains to be proven. The pharmacokinetics of meloxicam enables once daily application, which increases compliance compared with some shorter acting NSAIDs; however, long-term clinical data clearly demonstrating safety and efficacy advantages are lacking.
Computer optical interconnects (2002)

Summary form only given. The use of photonics to meet the demands on interconnect technology, posed by the growing complexity of chips, boards, backplanes, and computing machines is addressed. In the field of optical interconnects, the distances involved are so short that attenuation and dispersion may not be the dominant phenomena, and other properties of lightwave signals come into play. Of great importance is the freedom of adjacent optical channels from crosstalk at even extremely high data rates. In some cases it can be shown that optical interconnect solutions will require less communication power than electrical solutions. Optical interconnects are now being experimented with at various levels of the interconnect hierarchy.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
<i>ADAMTS8</i> and <i>ADAMTS15</i> expression predicts survival in human breast carcinoma (2005)

We recently undertook expression profiling of all 19 human ADAMTS metalloproteinases (a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs) in malignant and non-neoplastic breast tissue and showed that 11 of the ADAMTS genes are dysregulated in breast carcinoma. We identified a subgroup of ADAMTSs, based on functional and amino acid sequence similarity (ADAMTS1, 4, 5, 8 and 15), to be the focus of further study in breast carcinoma. Further RNA expression analysis by real-time PCR on a different cohort of 229 patients with breast cancer has identified ADAMTS8 as a predictor of poor overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio (HR) = 2.20, 95% C.I. = 1.29-3.74, p = 0.004) and confirmed ADAMTS15 as a predictor of prolonged relapse-free survival (RFS) (HR = 0.54, 95% C.I. = 0.32-0.89, p = 0.016). We explored the differences in survival of the 4 groups that could be categorized based on the expression levels of ADAMTS8 and ADAMTS15. For both RFS and OS, the group with high ADAMTS8 and low ADAMTS15 expression had a particularly poor prognosis. This group had a 3-fold higher chance of recurrence (HR = 3.03, 95% C.I. = 1.49-6.15, p = 0.001) and a greater than 5-fold higher chance of death (HR = 5.40, 95% C.I. = 2.16-13.5, p < 0.001) than the most favorable prognostic group. This prediction of poor prognosis by ADAMTS8 and ADAMTS15 expression was found to be independent of other classical clinicopathological factors. Results observed in FVB-PyMT mice, a robust transgenic model of highly metastatic breast carcinoma, fitted the expectation that relatively high expression levels of ADAMTS8 together with low expression levels of ADAMTS15 seen in human breast carcinoma are associated with a poor clinical outcome. In summary, ADAMTS8 and ADAMTS15 have emerged as novel predictors of survival in patients with breast carcinoma.
Fast macromolecular proton fraction mapping from a single off‐resonance magnetization transfer measurement (2011)

A new method was developed for fast quantitative mapping of the macromolecular proton fraction defined within the two-pool model of magnetization transfer. The method utilizes a single image with off-resonance saturation, a reference image for data normalization, and T(1), B(0), and B(1) maps with the total acquisition time ~10 min for whole-brain imaging. Macromolecular proton fraction maps are reconstructed by iterative solution of the matrix pulsed magnetization transfer equation with constrained values of other model parameters. Theoretical error model describing the variance due to noise and the bias due to deviations of constrained parameters from their actual values was formulated based on error propagation rules. The method was validated by comparison with the conventional multiparameter multipoint fit of the pulsed magnetization transfer model based on data from two healthy subjects and two multiple sclerosis patients. It was demonstrated theoretically and experimentally that accuracy of the method depends on the offset frequency and flip angle of the saturation pulse, and optimal ranges of these parameters are 4-7 kHz and 600°-900°, respectively. At optimal sampling conditions, the single-point method enables <10% relative macromolecular proton fraction errors. Comparison with the multiparameter fitting method revealed very good agreement with no significant bias and limits of agreement around ± 0.7%.
N-Terminal Sequence in Ovalbumin (1962)

Journal Article N-Terminal Sequence in Ovalbumin Get access KOZO NARITA, KOZO NARITA Institute for Protein Research, Osaka UniversityOsaka Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar JUNKO ISHII JUNKO ISHII Institute for Protein Research, Osaka UniversityOsaka Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar The Journal of Biochemistry, Volume 52, Issue 5, November 1962, Pages 367–373, https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.jbchem.a127629 Published: 01 November 1962 Article history Received: 16 July 1962 Published: 01 November 1962
Purification, cloning, and primary structure of an enantiomer-selective amidase from Brevibacterium sp. strain R312: structural evidence for genetic coupling with nitrile hydratase (1990)

An enantiomer-selective amidase active on several 2-aryl and 2-aryloxy propionamides was identified and purified from Brevibacterium sp. strain R312. Oligonucleotide probes were designed from limited peptide sequence information and were used to clone the corresponding gene, named amdA. Highly significant homologies were found at the amino acid level between the deduced sequence of the enantiomer-selective amidase and the sequences of known amidases such as indoleacetamide hydrolases from Pseudomonas syringae and Agrobacterium tumefaciens and acetamidase from Aspergillus nidulans. Moreover, amdA is found in the same orientation and only 73 bp upstream from the gene coding for nitrile hydratase, strongly suggesting that both genes are part of the same operon. Our results also showed that Rhodococcus sp. strain N-774 and Brevibacterium sp. strain R312 are probably identical, or at least very similar, microorganisms. The characterized amidase is an apparent homodimer of Mr 2 x 54,671 which exhibited under our conditions a specific activity of about 13 to 17 mumol of 2-(4-hydroxyphenoxy)propionic R acid formed per min per mg of enzyme from the racemic amide. Large amounts of an active recombinant enzyme could be produced in Escherichia coli at 30 degrees C under the control of an E. coli promoter and ribosome-binding site.
Synthesis and Incorporation of 5″-Amino- and 5′-Mercapto-5′-Deoxy-2′-O-Methyl Nucleosides Into Hammerhead Ribozymes (1997)

Abstract Novel 5′-amino-5′-deoxy-2′-O-methyl uridine, guanosine and adenosine 3′-O-phosphoramidites 5, 11, and 20, as well as protected 5′-mercapto-5′-deoxy-2′-O-methyl uridine 3′-O-phosphoramidite 23 were synthesized from 2′-O-methyl nucleosides. These analogs were incorporated at the 5′-ends of hammerhead ribozymes to evaluate achiral bridging 5′-N- phosphoramidates and 5′-S-phosphorothioates as alternatives for non- bridging phosphorothioates commonly used for end stabilization against nucleases. Oligonucleotide synthesis and deprotection conditions were optimized for better yields of these modified ribozymes.
Distributed pinwheel scheduling with end-to-end timing constraints (2002)

Algorithms for allocating resources and scheduling tasks are important to the success of many real-time systems with end-to-end performance requirements. In this paper, an end-to-end scheduling model based on the pinwheel scheduling algorithms is presented for distributed real-time systems. We discuss how tasks on different nodes may be transformed to have harmonic periods. We also present algorithms to adjust the phases between schedules on neighboring nodes so that the overall end-to-end delay is reduced. Using the pinwheel approach, schedules on different nodes are closely synchronized and more static. However, for many real-time systems, this practical approach may provide a more predictable performance and a shorter end-to-end delay.
960-km transmission over G.652 fiber at 10 Gb/s with a laser/electroabsorption Modulator and no optical dispersion compensation (2005)

We report, what is to our knowledge, the longest unregenerated reach achieved for a 10-Gb/s intensity modulated direct detection system on standard dispersion fiber with a laser/electroabsorption modulator and no optical dispersion compensation. The total amount of chromatic dispersion compensated with the proposed scheme is 17 245 ps/nm.
Constraint propagation techniques for theory-driven data interpretation (artificial intelligence, machine learning) (1985)

This dissertation defines the task of theory-driven data interpretation (TDDI) and investigates the adequacy of constraint propagation techniques for performing it. Data interpretation is the process of applying a given theory T (possibly a partial theory) to interpret observed facts F and infer a set of plausible initial conditions C such that from C and T one can deduce F. Most existing data interpretation programs do not employ an explicit theory T, but rather use some algorithm that embodies T. A program performs theory-driven data interpretation if it can accept an explicit theory at run time and employ it to perform data interpretation. The method of local propagation of constraints is investigated as a technique for implementing TDDI programs. An empirical study of the adequacy of constraint propagation is described. In the study, a constraint propagation program called PRE was constructed and tested on a set of 22 data interpretation problems. These problems arise as a subtask of the task of forming theories about the UNIX operating system. For UNIX, theories are expressed as computer programs, and TDDI involves the reverse-execution of these programs to determine what inputs could have given rise to the observed outputs. The architecture and implementation details of PRE are described and several key issues affecting the implementation of constraint propagation programs are identified. Constraint propagation techniques are found to be adequate for the UNIX task if (a) the representation for theories is augmented to include certain invariant facts about coordinated data structures and (b) the constraint propagation program is given a simplified algebra for reasoning about the primitive operations in the theory. In general, constraint propagation is adequate for TDDI if (a) the primitive predicates of the theory are invertible, (b) a tractable algebra for reformulating constraint loops is available, (c) all noise is removed from the data, and (d) the theory does not contain implicit global invariants.
Effect of 6‐cyano‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐7‐nitro‐quinoxaline (CNQX) on dorsal root‐, NMDA‐, kainate‐ and quisqualate‐mediated depolarization of rat motoneurones <i>in vitro</i> (1990)

1. Mature in vitro rat spinal cord preparations have been used to compare the depressant effects of 6-cyano-2,3-dihydroxy-7-nitroquinoxalinedione (CNQX) and kynurenate on transmission from low threshold myelinated primary afferents in dorsal roots. EC50 values +/- s.e.mean (number of preparations in parentheses) for depression of the monosynaptic ventral root reflex were respectively 1.0 +/- 0.3 microM (5) and 135 +/- 15 microM (3) for CNQX and kynurenate. Transmission through superior cervical ganglia was not significantly affected by concentrations of CNQX up to 100 microM or kynurenate up to 5 mM. 2. Immature in vitro rat spinal cord preparations were used to measure dose-ratios for antagonism of depolarizations induced by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA), kainate or quisqualate by 4, 10 and 25 microM CNQX. In the presence of 0.75 mM Mg2+ pA2 values +/- s.e.mean were respectively 4.62 +/- 0.05 (16), 5.79 +/- 0.01 (4) and 5.59 +/- 0.05 (16) for each agonist. These values were not significantly altered in the absence of added Mg2+. The mean pA2 values for kainate were significantly higher than those for quisqualate (P less than 0.01). 3. Antagonism of NMDA-induced depolarizations was evident at 10 and 25 but not 4 microM CNQX. The antagonism of NMDA was reversed by D-serine (100 and 200 microM). 4. A similarity between the relative potencies of both CNQX and kynurenate for depression of synaptic transmission and antagonism of amino acid-induced depolarizations indicates that monosynaptic transmission from myelinated primary afferents to motoneurones is mediated by kainate and/or quisqualate sub-types of non-NMDA receptors.
High-Fidelity Adaptive Qubit Detection through Repetitive Quantum Nondemolition Measurements (2007)

Using two trapped ion species ((27)Al(+) and (9)Be(+)) as primary and ancillary quantum systems, we implement qubit measurements based on the repetitive transfer of information and quantum nondemolition detection. The repetition provides a natural mechanism for an adaptive measurement strategy, which leads to exponentially lower error rates compared to using a fixed number of detection cycles. For a single qubit we demonstrate 99.94% measurement fidelity. We also demonstrate a technique for adaptively measuring multiple qubit states using a single ancilla, and apply the technique to spectroscopy of an optical clock transition.