gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Stereographic imaging condition for wave-equation migration (2007)

Abstract Imaging under the single-scattering approximation consists of two steps: wavefield reconstruction of source and receiver wavefields from simulated and recorded data, respectively, and imaging from the extrapolated wavefields of locations where reflectors occur. Conventionally, the imaging condition indicates the presence of reflectors when propagation times of reflections in the source and receiver wavefields match. The main drawback of a conventional crosscorrelation imaging condition is that it ignores the local spatial coherence of reflection events and relies only on their propagation time. This leads to interference between unrelated events that occur at the same time. Sources of crosstalk include seismic events corresponding to different seismic experiments, propagation paths, types of reflections (primary or multiple), or wave modes (P or S). An alternative imaging condition operates on the same extrapolated wavefields, but crosscorrelation takes place in a higher-dimension domain where seismic events are separated based on their local space-time slope. Events are matched based on two parameters (time and local slope), thus justifying the name “stereographic” for this imaging condition. Stereographic imaging attenuates wavefield crosstalk and reduces imaging artifacts compared with conventional imaging. Applications of the stereographic imaging condition include simultaneous imaging of multiple seismic experiments, multiple attenuation in the imaging condition, and attenuation of crosstalk between multiple wavefield branches or multiple wave modes.
Zonula Occludens-1 and -2 Are Cytosolic Scaffolds That Regulate the Assembly of Cellular Junctions (2020)

The integrity of the tight junction barrier in epithelial and endothelial cells is critical to human health, but we still lack a detailed mechanistic knowledge of how the barrier is formed during development or responds to pathological and pharmacological insults. This limits our understanding of barrier dysfunction in disease and slows the development of therapeutic strategies. Recent studies confirm the long-maintained but previously unsupported view that the zonula occludens (ZO) proteins ZO-1 and ZO-2 are critical determinants of barrier formation. However, ZO proteins can also be components of adherens junctions, and recent studies suggest that ZO proteins may also promote the assembly and function of these junctions during epithelial morphogenesis. We review these studies and outline several recent observations that suggest that one role of ZO proteins is to regulate cytoskeletal dynamics at cell junctions. Finally, we propose a model by which the functional activities of ZO proteins in the adherens junction and tight junction are differentiated by a novel regulatory motif known as the U6 or acidic motif.
Multidrug resistance gene (MDR‐1) expression as a useful prognostic factor in patients with human hepatocellular carcinoma after surgical resection (2001)

This study suggested that the measurement of the MDR-1 mRNA levels in HCC and nontumorous liver tissue might be a useful prognostic factor after surgical resection in patients with HCC.
Digital Signal Processing in a Novel Flip Chip Solder Joint Defects Inspection System (2003)

Digital signal processing methods in a novel flip chip solder joint quality inspection system are presented. Laser ultrasound and interferometric system is a new approach for solder joint inspection. It has many advantages such as being noncontact, nondestructive, fast, accurate and low cost. Furthermore, it can be used on-line in assembly line or off-line during process development. In this system, signals recorded are ultrasound waveforms. Because noise is present, signal processing methods are developed to increase signal-to-noise ratio, and to extract solder joint quality information from those waveforms. Signals are analyzed both in frequency domain and time domain. In the frequency domain, digital filtering and Bartlett power spectrum estimation method are used, and defects can be detected from the frequency shifting. A series of experimental results are presented, showing that power spectrum estimation can greatly increase the signal-to-noise ratio than when only time domain averaging is used. This speeds up the data acquisition and analysis process. In the time domain, “error ratio” is used to measure the difference between a good chip and a chip with defect. Results indicate that error ratio method not only can detect whether a chip has solder joint defect or not, but can also locate that defect. Overall, signal processing plays a very important role in this flip chip quality inspection system.
Cs<sub>2</sub>InAgCl<sub>6</sub>: A New Lead-Free Halide Double Perovskite with Direct Band Gap (2017)

A<sub>2</sub>BB'X<sub>6</sub> halide double perovskites based on bismuth and silver have recently been proposed as potential environmentally friendly alternatives to lead-based hybrid halide perovskites. In particular, Cs<sub>2</sub>BiAgX<sub>6</sub> (X = Cl, Br) have been synthesized and found to exhibit band gaps in the visible range. However, the band gaps of these compounds are indirect, which is not ideal for applications in thin film photovoltaics. Here, we propose a new class of halide double perovskites, where the B<sup>3+</sup> and B<sup>+</sup> cations are In<sup>3+</sup> and Ag<sup>+</sup>, respectively. Our first-principles calculations indicate that the hypothetical compounds Cs<sub>2</sub>InAgX<sub>6</sub> (X = Cl, Br, I) should exhibit direct band gaps between the visible (I) and the ultraviolet (Cl). Based on these predictions, we attempt to synthesize Cs<sub>2</sub>InAgCl<sub>6</sub> and Cs<sub>2</sub>InAgBr<sub>6</sub>, and we succeed to form the hitherto unknown double perovskite Cs<sub>2</sub>InAgCl<sub>6</sub>. X-ray diffraction yields a double perovskite structure with space group Fm3̅m. The measured band gap is 3.3 eV, and the compound is found to be photosensitive and turns reversibly from white to orange under ultraviolet illumination. We also perform an empirical analysis of the stability of Cs<sub>2</sub>InAgX<sub>6</sub> and their mixed halides based on Goldschmidt's rules, and we find that it should also be possible to form Cs<sub>2</sub>InAg(Cl<sub>1-x</sub>Br<sub>x</sub>)<sub>6</sub> for x < 1. The synthesis of mixed halides will open the way to the development of lead-free double perovskites with direct and tunable band gaps.
In-video product annotation with web information mining (2012)

Product annotation in videos is of great importance for video browsing, search, and advertisement. However, most of the existing automatic video annotation research focuses on the annotation of high-level concepts, such as events, scenes, and object categories. This article presents a novel solution to the annotation of specific products in videos by mining information from the Web. It collects a set of high-quality training data for each product by simultaneously leveraging Amazon and Google image search engine. A visual signature for each product is then built based on the bag-of-visual-words representation of the training images. A correlative sparsification approach is employed to remove noisy bins in the visual signatures. These signatures are used to annotate video frames. We conduct experiments on more than 1,000 videos and the results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of our approach.
Dopamine promotes striatal neuronal apoptotic death via ERK signaling cascades (2009)

Although the mechanisms underlying striatal neurodegeneration are poorly understood, we have shown that striatal pathogenesis may be initiated by high synaptic levels of extracellular dopamine (DA). Here we investigated in rat striatal primary neurons the mobilization of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways after treatment with DA. Instead of observing an elevation of the archetypical pro-cytotoxic MAPKs, p-JNK and p-p38 MAPK, we found that DA, acting through D1 DA receptors, induced a sustained stimulation of the phosphorylated form of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) via a cAMP/protein kinase A (PKA)/Rap1/B-Raf / MAPK/ERK kinase (MEK) pathway. Blockade of D2 DA receptors, beta-adrenergic receptors or N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with receptor-specific antagonists had no significant effect on this process. Activation of D1 DA receptors and PKA by DA caused phosphorylation and inactivation of the striatal-enriched tyrosine phosphatase, an important phosphatase for the dephosphorylation and subsequent inactivation of p-ERK in the striatum. Interestingly, p-ERK was primarily retained in the cytoplasm, with only low amounts translocated to the nucleus. The scaffold protein beta-arrestin2 interacted with both p-ERK and D1 DA receptor, triggering the cytosolic retention of p-ERK and inducing striatal neuronal apoptotic death. These data provide unique insight into a novel role of p-ERK in striatal neurodegeneration.
Prostate (Cancer) Stem Cells (2007)

The prostate stem cell concept described in this chapter was studied in our laboratory, where we provided experimental immunophenotypic evidence of the presence of keratin, androgen receptor, neuroendocrine markers, and c-Met protooncogene in unique populations of normal developing and malignant human prostate epithelial cells. The characteristic responses of these stem cells to growth factors and neoadjuvant hormonal therapy supported the cancer stem cell concept, and, if successfully applied to human prostate cancer specimens, could reveal new therapeutic targets.
Modeling and Minimization of Integrated Circuit Packaging Parasitics at Radio Frequencies (2013)

Many integrated circuits are connected to their packaging pins through bondwires. Due to the low cost of bondwires, there is interest in extending operating frequencies or negating their effects in order to keep the price of packaged integrated circuits as low as possible. Bondwires function as lumped circuits consisting of inductors, capacitors, and resistors which can be modeled based on wire geometry. Knowing this, models can be created which approximate the effects of bondwires. With the knowledge of these models, compensation techniques can be implemented which will match the bondwire impedance to the signal line impedance. The effects of these elements on circuit operation is apparent on both signal and power lines to devices. This dissertation is going to present 1. A bondwire model based on physical characteristics of interconnections including neighboring wires. The model is tested against data from fabricated test fixtures, and results compared to those produced by current software. 2. A compensation method for performance degradation caused by bondwires at radio frequencies. Test fixtures implementing these methods are fabricated and checked with results compared to predictions. 3. A method of component stacking which can be used to attach passive components directly to IC die. -Use of above method to improve power distribution network (PDN) performance. Theoretical results are compared to measured test fixture results. -Use of above method to improve performance of off device filters through Q-factor improvement. Improvement verified through test and analysis of a physical test fixture.
Development of silicon-on-insulator waveguide technology (2004)

An overview of the present silicon-on-insulator (SOI) waveguide technology is given and supplemented with an extensive set of theory and simulation results. Characteristics of slab-, rectangular- and ridge waveguides in SOI are explained. In particular, the number of modes and the single-mode conditions are carefully analyzed. Experimental work with straight and bent 8 to 10 μm thick SOI ridge waveguides and a very fast thermo-optical switch are reported. Propagation loss in a very long spiral waveguide down to 0.3 dB/cm, waveguide birefringence below 10<sup>-4</sup>, and a switching frequency up to 167 kHz were obtained. A very promising multi-step patterning principle for SOI waveguides is described together with many practical application examples.
Blind deconvolution of ultrasound sequences using nonparametric local polynomial estimates of the pulse (2002)

The problem of reconstructing the reflectivity of a biological tissue is examined by means of blind deconvolution of the echo ultrasound signals. It is shown that the quality of the reconstruction procedure can be significantly improved when initially the ultrasonic pulse is accurately estimated. A new approach to the estimation of the ultrasound pulse echo sequences is proposed, using local polynomial approximation, which is closely related to the wavelet transform theory. This approach can be viewed as a modification of homomorphic deconvolution, by using bases different from the Fourier basis of the space of square-integrable functions L2. The bases used here are the orthogonal compactly supported wavelet bases. It is shown that the locality of the estimate can be extremely useful in number of cases of practical interest, resulting in estimates with smaller root-mean squared (rms) errors, as compared with estimates employing the Fourier basis. This approach is applied to ultrasound signals, for estimation of the ultrasound pulse log-spectrum from the log-spectrum of radio-frequency (RF) sequences. It is shown, conceptually and experimentally, that the proposed approach can provide robust and rapidly computed estimates of the ultrasound pulses from the RF-sequences, as obtained in the process of tissue scanning. The pulse phase was recovered using the minimum-phase assumption, which was found to hold for the transducers in use. The obtained pulse estimates are used for the deconvolution of the RF-sequences, which result in stable estimates of the tissue reflectivity function, fairly independent of the properties of the imaging system. Simulated data, data obtained from several phantoms and from in vitro experiments have been processed and the results seem to be quite promising.
A Novel Blocks Placement Strategy for Hadoop (2012)

A novel blocks placement strategy is developed for solving some shortages in recent Hadoop. With the Strategy, the optimal Data nodes, according to the real-time situation of Data nodes, are chosen dynamically to achieve load balancing. Finally, the simulation experiments indicate that our strategy behaves much better than the HDFS blocks placement when the situation is coherent to time.
Laminin 5 deposition regulates keratinocyte polarization and persistent migration (2004)

Repair of wounded epidermis requires both keratinocyte migration and deposition of laminin 5 over exposed dermal collagen. To understand the coupling between leading cell migration and laminin 5 deposition, we developed a novel migration assay using time-lapse microscopy. We demonstrate that in migrating, human keratinocytes the deposition of laminin 5 promoted 'processive migration', characterized by stable cell polarization that was tightly coupled to persistent, linear migration in the absence of a chemotactic gradient. Processive migration required deposition of laminin 5, which was restricted to the rear of the polar cell. Integrin alpha 3 beta 1 interacted with these laminin 5 deposits at contact sites that did not require actin-dependent cross-linking. Further, we show that the migrating cells switched adhesion by integrin alpha 2 beta 1 on collagen at the front of the cell to integrin alpha 3 beta 1 on exogenous laminin 5 at the rear of the cell. Along with this switch of integrin usage was the removal of collagen from sites under the cell that precisely correlated with deposition of laminin 5. Processive migration was blocked with suppressors of microtubule dynamics (nocodazole and taxol) or rottlerin, a PKC-delta inhibitor. These drugs were also shown to block deposition of laminin 5 but, surprisingly, constitutive secretion was unimpaired, suggesting deposition was a regulated event. Thus, at the front of the cell, the leading lamellipodium was stabilized through integrin interactions in focal complexes with the exogenous substratum. However, at the rear of the cell, stable cell polarization and linear migration was promoted by laminin 5 deposits and integrin alpha 3 beta 1.
Direction of the magnetization of thin films and sandwiches as a function of temperature (1990)

We present a simple model for the temperature and thickness dependence of the direction of magnetization of ferromagnetic thin films or sandwiches. Above a temperature that is much smaller than the Curie temperature, the magnetization in the presence of a uniaxial anisotropy is aligned completely parallel to the surface plane. The main reason for this is the entropy of the magnetization vector. Also, the direction of magnetization is determined by the competition between uniaxial and shape anisotropy. The decrease of the magnetic ordering for increasing temperature turns out to be not so important.
Towards virtually-addressed memory hierarchies (2002)

Current cache hierarchies are indexed in parallel with a TLB but their tags are part of the physical address so that the memory hierarchy is physically addressed. This design faces problems as more concurrency is exploited in the processor core and as the memory demand of emerging applications is growing fast. The traditional TLB does not scale well inside the processor core and its hit rate call be poor for data-intensive applications or scientific applications without much locality. At the same time, given current trends towards computing in memory and in communication interfaces, virtual addresses are needed not just inside the processor but throughout the memory hierarchy. These observations have prompted us to result the problem of moving virtual address translation away from the processor. This paper introduces new ideas to enable the use of virtual addresses throughout the memory hierarchy. The major idea is the replacement of the TLB with a small Synonym Lookaside Buffer (SLB), which scales well because its size depends on the number of addresses, and not on the size of the application or of the physical memory. We also characterize synonym usage, evaluate the amount of cache and SLB flushing due to remapping of addresses, and compare the miss rate of various virtual physical cache organizations for several application domains. These evaluations show that virtually addressed memory hierarchies overall have better performance behavior than physically-addressed memory hierarchies. Finally, we also show how virtually-addressed memory hierarchies facilitate natural, scalable multiprocessor extensions, as well as computing-in-memory in the context of general-purpose computers.
Classification of Proteins into Groups Based on Amino Acid Composition and Other Characters. II. Grouping into Four Types (1983)

Correlations of the amino acid composition of a protein to its location in an organism, biological function, folding type, and disulfide bond(s) were examined for 356 proteins. In the present data set, 325 proteins of known location and biological characters were divided into 122 intracellular enzymes (BI), 73 intracellular non-enzymes (BII), 45 extracellular enzymes (BIII), and 85 extracellular nonenzymes (BIV). The composition of these proteins were expressed as points in the composition space of 18 orthogonal axes, each representing the content of an amino acid. The distributions of points of BI and BIII were narrow and approximately spherical but those of BII and BIV were distributed rather widely. The groups are separated from each other in the space. We divided the space into four regions (A1 to A4) corresponding to the groups BI to BIV. A protein could be assigned to one of the four groups (A1 to A4) from its amino acid composition: The proteins correctly assigned amounted to 177 out of 195 intracellular proteins, and 94 out of 130 extracellular proteins. The correspondence was about 80% for classification into intracellular and extracellular proteins and 66% for that into the four groups. The folding type also had a significant correlation to the above groups, i.e., intracellular enzymes are rich in alpha/beta, nonenzymes alpha, extracellular enzymes beta and alpha + beta, and nonenzymes beta. The differences in average composition between intra- and extracellular proteins, and between enzymes and nonenzymes were related to the structural characters, i.e., intracellular proteins contain more amino acids favoring alpha-helix than extracellular ones, and enzymes contain more hydrophobic amino acids than nonenzymes. The statistics on 213 Cys-containing proteins showed that disulfide bond(s) are found mostly (90%) in the extracellular proteins. The results indicate that amino acid composition is well correlated to location in an organism, biological function, folding type, and disulfide bonding. The implications of the new findings are discussed from the protein-taxonomical point of view, and the validity of the present method is assessed.
Evaluation of the Breakdown Pressure to Initiate Hydraulic Fractures of Tight Sandstone and Shale Formations (2018)

Abstract Hydraulic Fracturing has been used successfully in the oil and gas industry to enhance oil and gas production. Recent years have seen the great development of tight gas, coalbed methane, and shale gas. Different fluids were used as fracturing fluids in shale and sandstone formations, including the use of CO2, N2 and CO2 foam, slick water, crosslinked solutions, and oil-based fracturing fluids. The objective of this study is to develop an experimental setup to measure the breakdown pressure to initiate the fractures in shale and tight sandstone cores. This study investigated the effect of injection flow rate, temperature, fluid viscosity, and fluid type on the breakdown pressure of different rock cores. 5 wt% KCl brine, slick water with a friction reducer, linear gel systems were used as a fracturing fluid. Kentucky, Scioto, Bandera, and Berea sandstone cores were used. Also, Mancos, Marcellus, and Barnett shale cores were used in this study. Finally, the behavior of the breakdown pressure was examined as a function of the back pressure (0, 100, 300 psi). The preliminary results show that the breakdown pressure increased as the injection flow rate increased. Where the breakdown pressure increased from 438 to 1,000 psi as the flow rate increased from 5 to 10 cm3/min in case of 5 wt% KCl with Kentucky sandstone cores. The breakdown pressure increased in Marcellus shale to 1,800 psi in case of 5 wt% KCl at 5 cm3/min. As the fluid viscosity increased the breakdown pressure increased, it increased to 1,115 psi in case of 2 gptg friction reducer (5 cp) comparing to 5 wt% KCl (1.1 cp) case at 5 cm3/min. A straight line relationship was found between the breakdown pressure and the logarithmic scale of the fluid viscosity. This study will give recommendations for the fluid viscosity, type, and the injection flow rate that will improve the efficiency of the hydraulic fracturing operation.
Ionomers (2005)

Abstract Polymers containing ions can be classified into two major families: polyelectrolytes and ionomers. For polyelectrolytes, the ion content is very high, eg, every repeat unit of the polymer has pendent ionic groups. Thus, polyelectrolytes are water soluble. Ionomers are used to define the thermoplastic polymers, which contain a small amount of ionic groups in a matrix of low dielectric constants. Characterization of ionomers is discussed. The use of scattering and X‐ray absorption studies, electron microscopic studies, atomic force microscopy is discussed as ways to determine ionic aggregates and morphology of ionomers. Glass transitions are also studied in this category. Properties of styrene ionomers, as well as polyethylene and polytetrafluroethylene ionomers and ionomer blends are detailed. External polasticizers for ionomers can be used as additives to plasticize either polar or nonpolar regions, or both, depending on the polarities of the additives and the ionomer. Important applications of ionomers include membranes, molded materials, and as fertilizer coatings.