gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Clostridium difficile: moving beyond antimicrobial therapy (2010)

Expanded abstractCitationLowy I, Molrine DC, Leav BA, Blair BM, Baxter R, Gerding DN, Nichol G, Thomas WD Jr, Leney M, Sloan S, Hay CA, Ambrosino DM: Treatment with monoclonal antibodies against Clostridium difficile toxins. N Engl J Med 2010, 362:197-205.BackgroundNew therapies are needed to manage the increasing incidence, severity, and high rate of recurrence of Clostridium difficile infection.MethodsObjectiveTo assess the ability of monoclonal antibodies directed against two toxins of C.difficile to prevent recurrence of disease.DesignRandomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled studySetting30 medical centers in the United States and CanadaSubjects200 subjects with diarrhea and a positive stool toxin assay for C.difficile being treating with metronidazole or vancomycinInterventionAntibodies administered together as a single infusion, each at a dose of 10 mg per kilogram of body weightOutcomesThe primary outcome was laboratory-documented recurrence of infection during the 84 days after the administration of monoclonal antibodies or placebo.ResultsAmong the 200 patients who were enrolled (101 in the antibody group and 99 in the placebo group), the rate of recurrence of C. difficile infection was lower among patients treated with monoclonal antibodies (7% vs. 25%; 95% confidence interval, 7 to 29; P < 0.001). The absolute risk reduction (ARR) was 16%, yielded a number needed to treat (NNT) of 5.5. The recurrence rates among patients with the epidemic BI/NAP1/027 strain were 8% for the antibody group and 32% for the placebo group (P = 0.06); among patients with more than one previous episode of C. difficile infection, recurrence rates were 7% and 38%, respectively (P = 0.006). The mean duration of the initial hospitalization for inpatients did not differ significantly between the antibody and placebo groups (9.5 and 9.4 days, respectively). At least one serious adverse event was reported by 18 patients in the antibody group and by 28 patients in the placebo group (P = 0.09).ConclusionsThe addition of monoclonal antibodies against C. difficile toxins to antibiotic agents significantly reduced the recurrence of C. difficile infection. (ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00350298 [ClinicalTrials.gov].)
Influence of small rubber particles on the environmental stress cracking of high impact polystyrene (2011)

Abstract This article exploits the influence of rubber particle size (RPS) and rubber crosslinking on environmental stress cracking resistance (ESCR) of high impact polystyrene (HIPS), with special interest on the influence of small rubber particles fraction. Three commercial HIPS of high ESCR were selected and four batches of HIPS were prepared in‐house, including samples based on high cis and very high viscosity polybutadiene (PB). Their morphologies were analyzed by low angle laser light scattering, optical microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy, and the samples were submitted to flexural ESCR tests with fatty agents. The ESCR to sunflower oil was found to increase with the reduction of the rubber particles fraction smaller than 1–2 micron. Results have also confirmed that an increase in RPS is the key parameter to promote ESCR, although there is limit for RPS to be effective on ESCR improvement. The reduction of small rubber particles fraction in HIPS was achieved by using a high cis PB, that promotes low grafting efficiency of polystyrene onto PB backbone because of the low content of 1,2 vinyl isomer. Besides the ESCR improvements, HIPS with high cis PB showed higher elastic modulus and impact resistance than HIPS containing medium cis PB, which is desired for thickness reduction in food packaging and refrigeration cabinets. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Field resistance to Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium dahliae in transgenic cotton expressing the plant defensin NaD1 (2014)

The plant defensin NaD1, from Nicotiana alata, has potent antifungal activity against a range of filamentous fungi including the two important cotton pathogens, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. vasinfectum (Fov) and Verticillium dahliae. Transgenic cotton plants expressing NaD1 were produced and plants from three events were selected for further characterization. Homozygous plants were assessed in greenhouse bioassays for resistance to Fov. One line (D1) was selected for field trial testing over three growing seasons in soils naturally infested with Fov and over two seasons in soils naturally infested with V. dahliae. In the field trials with Fov-infested soil, line D1 had 2-3-times the survival rate, a higher tolerance to Fov (higher disease rank), and a 2-4-fold increase in lint yield compared to the non-transgenic Coker control. When transgenic line D1 was planted in V. dahliae-infested soil, plants had a higher tolerance to Verticillium wilt and up to a 2-fold increase in lint yield compared to the non-transgenic Coker control. Line D1 did not exhibit any detrimental agronomic features compared to the parent Coker control when plants were grown in non-diseased soil. This study demonstrated that the expression of NaD1 in transgenic cotton plants can provide substantial resistance to two economically important fungal pathogens.
Reconfigurable photonic integrated mode (de)multiplexer for SDM fiber transmission (2016)

Spatial division multiplexing in multi-mode fibers allows to largely enhance transmission capacity compared to single-mode links. Photonic integrated circuits can provide solutions for mode multiplexing at the transmitter and demultiplexing at the receiver but have to generally face high losses and inter-modal cross-talk issues. Here a photonic circuit for efficient mode multiplexing and demultiplexing in few-mode fibers is presented and demonstrated. Two 10 Gbit/s channels at the same wavelength and polarization are simultaneously transmitted over modes LP<sub>01</sub> and LP<sub>11a</sub> of a few-mode fiber relying only on integrated mode MUX and DEMUX. The proposed Indium-Phosphide-based circuits have a good coupling efficiency with fiber modes and mode-dependant loss smaller than 1 dB. Measured mode excitation cross-talk is as low as -20 dB and a channel cross-talk after propagation and demultiplexing of -15 dB is achieved. An operational bandwidth of the full transmission system of at least 10 nm is demonstrated. Both mode MUX and DEMUX are fully reconfigurable and allow a dynamic switch of channel routing in the transmission system. These results enable fully-integrated fiber mode handling for high-bandwidth flexible optical networks.
Identification of the Fenretinide Metabolite 4-Oxo-Fenretinide Present in Human Plasma and Formed in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells through Induction of Cytochrome P450 26A1 (2004)

A new metabolite of 4-HPR, 4-oxo-4-HPR, present in human plasma and in tumor cells, has been identified. The formation of this biologically active metabolite in tumor cells was due to CYP26A1 induction and was influenced by RAR expression. Moreover evidence was provided that 4-HPR up-modulates the expression of CRBP-I transcript, which is lost during ovarian carcinogenesis.
Comparison of plasma chemistries for dry etching of Ta2O5 (2000)

Inductively coupled plasma etching of Ta2O5 was performed in a variety of different chemistries, including SF6 with additions of O2, Ar, CH4 or H2; Cl2/Ar; N2/Ar; and CH4/H2/Ar. Etch rates up to ∼1200 Å min−1 were achieved with either SF6- or Cl2-based chemistries. Under these conditions the etch rates for Si were approximately four to seven times faster, although equirate etching was achieved at low source powers and low halogen gas percentages in the plasma chemistry. The etched Ta2O5 surfaces were smooth (root mean square roughness ⩽0.5 nm) over a broad range of conditions of source power, chuck power, and process pressure. The etch rates with N2/Ar and CH4/H2/Ar were an order of magnitude lower than with SF6 or Cl2. There was no effect of postdeposition annealing on the Ta2O5 etch rates, at least up to 800 °C.
Correlation of genetic instability with mismatch repair protein expression and p53 mutations in non-small cell lung cancer. (2000)

To examine the etiological association of genetic instability in lung tumorigenesis, we investigated the frequency of microsatellite instability (MI) of eight dinucleotide repeat markers in 68 patients with non-small cell lung cancer. Twenty-eight patients (41.2%) evidenced instability in multiple tested microsatellite markers ranging from 3-7 and were defined as MI-positive patients. MI occurred more frequently in patients suffering from squamous cell lung carcinoma (P = 0.004). We examined the association between MI and expression of hMLH1 mismatch repair protein by immunohistochemical analysis of hMLH1 protein in paraffin-embedded tumors from 64 patients. Twenty MI-positive patients (76.9%) had no expression of hMLH1 protein. The data showed that MI was associated with altered hMLH1 expression (P = 0.03). To examine the role of genetic instability in the previous identified small intragenic deletion of the p53 gene, we explored the association between MI and p53 gene mutations. All patients, except one, containing small intragenic deletion in p53 gene showed MI (P = 0.018). In addition, we found that MI was not associated with the prognosis. Our data suggest that MI plays a significant role in non-small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis in Taiwan and that MI is associated with the altered expression of hMLH1 mismatch repair protein. In addition, MI may be involved in frequent small intragenic deletions of p53 gene.
A method for correcting errors in speech recognition using the statistical features of character co-occurrence (1998)

It is important to correct the errors in the results of speech recognition to increase the performance of a speech translation system. This paper proposes a method for correcting errors using the statistical features of character co-occurrence, and evaluates the method.The proposed method comprises two successive correcting processes. The first process uses pairs of strings: the first string is an erroneous substring of the utterance predicted by speech recognition, the second string is the corresponding section of the actual utterance. Errors are detected and corrected according to the database learned from erroneous-correct utterance pairs. The remaining errors are passed to the posterior process which uses a string in the corpus that is similar to the string including recognition errors.The results of our evaluation show that the use of our proposed method as a post-processor for speech recognition is likely to make a significant contribution to the performance of speech translation systems.
A linked-HMM model for robust voicing and speech detection (2003)

We present a novel method for simultaneous voicing and speech detection based on a linked-HMM architecture, with robust features that are independent of the signal energy. Because this approach models the change in dynamics between speech and nonspeech regions, it is robust to low sampling rates, significant levels of additive noise, and large distances from the microphone. We demonstrate the performance of our method in a variety of testing conditions and also compare it to other methods reported in the literature.
Ni(<scp>ii</scp>)–salt catalyzed activation of primary amine-sp<sup>3</sup>C<sub>α</sub>–H and cyclization with 1,2-diketone to tetrasubstituted imidazoles (2013)

NiCl2·6H2O and Ni(OAc)2·4H2O were found as efficient catalysts for C-H activation of benzyl and aliphatic amines for an unprecedented multi C-N bond forming cyclization with 1,2-diketones under refluxing toluene to furnish highly substituted and polycyclic imidazoles.
Harvesting magnetic energy using extensional vibration of laminated magnetoelectric plates (2009)

Magnetically forced extensional vibrations of laminated plates with piezoelectric and piezomagnetic layers are analyzed theoretically. It is shown that such a structure can be used to harvest magnetic energy and convert it to electric energy. The output power and the energy conversion efficiency are calculated. The load dependence of the magnetoelectric coupling coefficient is also obtained.
The evolving role of dendritic cells in cancer therapy (2010)

Evolving DC-based therapeutic strategies addressing multiple components of tumour-immune system interactions may yield substantial benefits for patients.
Cyclin A and cyclin D1 as significant prognostic markers in colorectal cancer patients (2004)

Loss of cell cycle checkpoints control is common in colorectal cancer. Cyclin A and D1 are superior independent indicators of poor prognosis in colorectal cancer patients. Therefore, they may help in predicting the clinical outcome of those patients on an individual basis and could be considered important therapeutic targets.
Regaining Functional Independence in the Acute Care Setting Following Hip Fracture (1996)

A substantial proportion of patients with hip fracture achieve independence in bed mobility and transfers and in ambulation with a walker during the early postoperative phase, although few progress to a higher level during a short-term stay in the acute care setting. Frequency of physical therapy, among other factors, appears to improve the odds of regaining functional independence and discharge directly to the home from the acute care setting.
Expression of Antisense Acyl Carrier Protein-4 Reduces Lipid Content in Arabidopsis Leaf Tissue (2003)

Arabidopsis plants were transformed with acyl carrier protein (ACP)-4 in antisense conformation driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus 35S promoter. It was hypothesized that reduction of ACP4 in leaf tissue would result in a reduction in lipid biosynthesis and, in addition, affect fatty acid composition and leaf physiology. Several transgenic lines have been generated with reduced ACP4 protein in leaf tissue. Dramatic reductions in ACP4 resulted in a reduction of leaf lipid content (22%-60%) based on fresh leaf weight and a bleached appearance and reduced photosynthetic efficiency. In addition, a decrease in 16:3 as a percentage of the total fatty acid composition was noted. There were no changes in leaf lipid class distribution; however, there was a decrease in the relative amount of 16:3 in monogalactosyldiacylglycerol. These results suggest that ACP4 plays a major role in the biosynthesis of fatty acids for chloroplast membrane development. Alterations in the ACP isoform profile of Arabidopsis leaf also appear to alter the flow of fatty acids between the prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathways for assembly of galactolipids. However, it has not yet been determined if the changes in fatty acid composition are due to changes in the profile of ACP isoforms, or if they are actually a reaction to a reduction in fatty acid precursors.
Audio source separation: solutions and problems (2004)

Abstract The problem of separating out a number of audio sources observed from an array of microphones in a real room environment has received a great deal of attention in the past decade. While there are now a number of workable methods that can even deal with relatively high reverberation ( IEEE Trans Audio Speech Process , 2003; 11 :489–497), a number of interesting problems still remain. In this paper, the authors review the methods based around independent component analysis , discussing the various choices available in algorithm design. We then explore the issue of sensitivity to speaker movement which appears to impose fundamental limitations on BSS performance. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm for representing functions of many variables by superpositions of functions of one variable and addition (1996)

A computer algorithm is given for representing functions of many variables by superpositions of functions of one variable and addition. By this algorithm, nonseparable functions are represented in separable forms automatically by computer.
Fundamentals of Semiconductor Fabrication (2003)

Chapter 1. Introduction. Chapter 2. Crystal Growth. Chapter 3. Silicon Oxidation. Chapter 4. Photolithography. Chapter 5. Etching. Chapter 6. Diffusion. Chapter 7. Ion Implantation. Chapter 8. Film Deposition. Chapter 9. Process Integration. Chapter 10. IC Manufacturing. Chapter 11. Future Trends and Challenges. Appendix A: List of Symbols. Appendix B: International System of Units (SI Units). Appendix C: Unit Prefixes. Appendix D: Greek Alphabet. Appendix E: Physical Constants. Appendix F: Properties of Si and GaAs at 300 K. Appendix G: Some Properties of the Error Function. Appendix H: Basic Kinetic Theory of Gases. Appendix I: SUPREM Commands. Appendix J: Running PROLITH. Appendix K. Percentage Points of the t Distribution. Appendix L: Percentage Points of the F Distribution. Index.
<title>256 x 256 PACE-1 PV HgCdTe focal plane arrays for medium and short wavelength IR applications</title> (1990)

The development of two 256 by 256 hybrid HgCdTe focal plane array (FPA) families is described, and their performance is discussed. The hybrid FPAs employ a PV HgCdTe detector array and custom Si CMOS readouts. The PACE-1 process was used to fabricate the detectors, whereby the liquid phase epitaxial growth of HgCdTe occurs on sapphire substrates buffered by a layer of CdTe. The performance characteristics of the detector arrays are given. A tactical 256 by 256 CMOS readout is tested, in which a high functional yield was achieved. Updated test results are given for a 256 by 256 readout circuit developed for use in an orbital replacement instrument for the Hubble Space Telescope. The characterizations of several MWIR and SWIR FPAs were thorough and shown to be reliable. The pixel yield, maximum FPA responsivity nonuniformity, and SWIR FPA read noise for the tests are given. The high contrast and insignificant fixed pattern noise of the imagery from the MWIR 256 by 256 FPA are emphasized. These qualities were obtained when the device was operating at 80 k and utilizing f/2 optics with an 8-in. focal length and a 4.4 micron high pass filter.
Image processing and understanding for automatic inspection (1988)

This paper reviews the techniques and methodologies that have been proposed for industrial applications of image processing. The application considered here is related to its use in automatic inspection, where techniques for the detection and identification of manufacturing defects are used to support decisions for product quality control. It describes fundamental principles and techniques that have become apparent over the past 20 years giving examples mainly from research perfomed at the Measurement and Instrumentation Centre.
Inheritance of Stearic Acid in the Seed Oil of Safflower (<i>Carthamus tinctorius</i> L.)<sup>1</sup> (1970)

Differences in percentages of stearic acid in the seed oil of the safflower ( Carthamus tinctorius L.) introductions, Israel 55‐46 (high), Russia 60‐110 (high) and the cultivar ‘US‐10’ (low), were determined principally by alleles at a single locus. Seeds of genotypes StSt, Stst , and stst have oils with respective stearic acid contents of 1.0 to 2.5, 2.5 to 5.0, and 5.0 to 12.0%. Increases in the percentage of stearic acid were accompanied by decreases in the relative amounts of linoleic acid, oleic acid, or both linoleic and oleic acids. Palmitic acid was usually reduced slightly as stearic acid increased.
Maximal Sparsity with Deep Networks (2016)

The iterations of many sparse estimation algorithms are comprised of a fixed linear filter cascaded with a thresholding nonlinearity, which collectively resemble a typical neural network layer. Consequently, a lengthy sequence of algorithm iterations can be viewed as a deep network with shared, hand-crafted layer weights. It is therefore quite natural to examine the degree to which a learned network model might act as a viable surrogate for traditional sparse estimation in domains where ample training data is available. While the possibility of a reduced computational budget is readily apparent when a ceiling is imposed on the number of layers, our work primarily focuses on estimation accuracy. In particular, it is well-known that when a signal dictionary has coherent columns, as quantified by a large RIP constant, then most tractable iterative algorithms are unable to find maximally sparse representations. In contrast, we demonstrate both theoretically and empirically the potential for a trained deep network to recover minimal $\ell_0$-norm representations in regimes where existing methods fail. The resulting system, which can effectively learn novel iterative sparse estimation algorithms, is deployed on a practical photometric stereo estimation problem, where the goal is to remove sparse outliers that can disrupt the estimation of surface normals from a 3D scene.
&quot;Fighting Friends&quot;: The Chesterton-Shaw Debates (2003)

Part of the intellectual drama between Chesterton and Shaw has always arisen from a sense of their differences. Chesterton was a cheerful and robust man, large in girth, an avowed journalist, a former Socialist turned passionate defender of Christianity, and, with an almost Falstaffian charm, a loyal patron of the English tavern, the place, he thought, where true friendliness begins with fire and food and drink. Shaw, Chesterton's antithesis, was remarkably fit and agile, a dedicated playwright, a "disarmingly orthodox and shockingly radical religious thinker," as William Sylvester Smith says, 1 a committed but nondoctrinaire Socialist, a teetotaler, and a vegetarian. Given these differences, it is not hard to imagine why Chesterton and Shaw were such fierce intellectual foes. It is much harder indeed to imagine how their differences helped them to be such good friends.
Cardiac Troponin T Isoforms Affect the Ca2+Sensitivity and Inhibition of Force Development (2002)

At least four isoforms of troponin T (TnT) exist in the human heart, and they are expressed in a developmentally regulated manner. To determine whether the different N-terminal isoforms are functionally distinct with respect to structure, Ca(2+) sensitivity, and inhibition of force development, the four known human cardiac troponin T isoforms, TnT1 (all exons present), TnT2 (missing exon 4), TnT3 (missing exon 5), and TnT4 (missing exons 4 and 5), were expressed, purified, and utilized in skinned fiber studies and in reconstituted actomyosin ATPase assays. TnT3, the adult isoform, had a slightly higher alpha-helical content than the other three isoforms. The variable region in the N terminus of cardiac TnT was found to contribute to the determination of the Ca(2+) sensitivity of force development in a charge-dependent manner; the greater the charge the higher the Ca(2+) sensitivity, and this was primarily because of exon 5. These studies also demonstrated that removal of either exon 4 or exon 5 from TnT increased the cooperativity of the pCa force relationship. Troponin complexes reconstituted with the four TnT isoforms all yielded the same maximal actin-tropomyosin-activated myosin ATPase activity. However, troponin complexes containing either TnT1 or TnT2 (both containing exon 5) had a reduced ability to inhibit this ATPase activity when compared with wild type troponin (which contains TnT3). Interestingly, fibers containing these isoforms also showed less relaxation suggesting that exon 5 of cardiac TnT affects the ability of Tn to inhibit force development and ATPase activity. These results suggest that the different N-terminal TnT isoforms would produce different functional properties in the heart that would directly affect myocardial contraction.