gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Purification of a Thermostable DNA Polymerase from a <i>Thermotoga</i> Species<sup>a</sup> (1990)

Most of the initial studies on the fundamental cellular process of biosynthesis and repair of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) have been carried out on the bacterium\nEscherichia coli.¹When a single-stranded DNA template is provided with a primer, the 5’ - 3’ polymerase copies the template in the presence of deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates and a divalent cation, for example, Mg²⁺.
Method computes PVT properties for gas condensate (1995)

A new simple method computes the black-oil PVT properties of gas condensates. The new algorithm represents a significant improvement over past approaches. The algorithm is a valuable tool for the reservoir engineer who analyzes gas-condensate reservoirs. To obtain the so-called black-oil PVT properties of gas condensates, this method requires only data normally available from a standard constant-volume depletion. The method is rigorous, direct, and simple and is ideally suited for a spreadsheet. Remarkably, no k-value or equation-of-state flash calculations are required as in previous methods. The calculations demand only a fraction of the time required by other methods. The black-oil PVT properties are routinely used in a wide variety of reservoir engineering calculations, ranging from material-balance calculations to finite-difference numerical simulations.
Effects of rapid thermal processing on the formation of uniform tetragonal tungsten disilicide films on Si(100) substrates (1988)

Thin films of tungsten silicide with resistivities of 30–35 μΩ cm have been formed by sputter depositing 710 Å of W metal onto (100)–oriented, 3–7 Ω cm, p-type silicon wafers. The samples were fast radiatively processed in a rapid thermal processing (RTP) system under high vacuum for time anneals ranging from 15–20 s at two temperatures (∼1100 and ∼1150 °C). The inevitable oxide barrier at the interface is shown to decrease with increasing RTP time and temperature, evidenced by both Auger electron spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectrometry experiments. The high film stress produced by thermal considerations does not seem to effect the resulting resistivity and, furthermore, appears to relax at higher temperatures when the film surface becomes ‘‘buckled.’’
Mapping RFLP loci in maize using B-A translocations. (1989)

Plants hypoploid for specific segments of each of the maize (Zea mays L.) chromosomes were generated using 24 different B-A translocations. Plants carrying each of the B-A translocations were crossed as male parents to inbreds, and sibling progeny hypoploid or not hypoploid for specific chromosomal segments were recovered. Genomic DNAs from the parents, hypoploid progeny, and nonhypoploid (euploid or hyperploid) progeny for each of these B-A translocations were digested with restriction enzymes, electrophoresed in agarose gels, blotted onto reusable nylon membranes, and probed with nick-translated, cloned DNA fragments which had been mapped previously by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) analysis to the chromosome involved in the B-A translocation. The chromosomal segment on our RFLP map which was uncovered by each of the B-A translocations was determined. This work unequivocally identified the short and long arms of each chromosome on this map, and it also identified the region on each chromosome which contains the centromere. Because the breakpoints of the B-a translocations were previously known on the cytological and the conventional genetic maps, this study also allowed this RFLP map to be more highly correlated with these maps.
The Characteristics Required for a Sendai Virus Preparation to Induce High Levels of Interferon in Human Lymphoblastoid Cells (1981)

The capacity of an egg-grown Sendai virus preparation to induce interferon in the human lymphoblastoid cell Namalwa is dependent on its passage history. Virus which has been serially passaged at high dilution is a poor inducer, whereas virus serially passaged undiluted is a good inducer. Such a good induce preparation has a low infectivity to haemagglutination ratio as the result of a high content of defective-interfering (DI) particles. Using DI particles purified on glycerol gradients, it is shown that for the induction of maximum interferon titres both infectious and DI particles are required. DI particles alone induce little or no interferon. Addition of DI particles to fully infectious Sendai virus preparations increased the interferon yield obtained from Namalwa cells some 60- to 100-fold.
ANALYSIS OF THE ALBINO-LOCUS REGION OF THE MOUSE: IV. CHARACTERIZATION OF 34 DEFICIENCIES (1982)

Thirty-four independent nonviable c-locus mutations (types cal, albino lethal and cas, albino subvital), derived from radiation experiments, were tested for involvement of nearby markers tp, Mod-2, sh-1, and Hbb: 10, 22, and 2 involved, respectively, none of these markers, Mod-2 alone, and Mod-2 plus sh-1. When classified on this basis, as well as according to developmental stage at which homozygotes die, and by limited complementation results, the 34 independent mutations fell into 12 groups. From results of a full-scale complementation grid of all 435 possible crosses among 30 of the mutations, we were able to postulate an alignment of eight functional units by which the 12 groups fit a linear pattern. Abnormal phenotypes utilized in the complementation study were deaths at various stages of prenatal or postnatal development, body weight, and reduction or absence of various enzymes. Some of these phenotypes can be separated by complementation e.g., there is no evidence that mitochondrial malic enzyme influences survival at any age); others cannot thus be separated (e.g., glucose-6-phosphatase deficiency and neonatal death).--We conclude that all of the nonviable albino mutations are deficiencies overlapping at c, and ranging in size from less than 2cM to 6-11 cM. The characterization of this array of deficiencies should provide useful tools for gene-dosage studies, recombinant-DNA fine-structure analyses, etc. Since many of the combinations of lethals produce viable albino animals that resemble the standard c/c type, we conclude (a) that the c locus contains no sites essential for survival, and (b) that viable nonalbino c-locus mutations (cxv) are the result of mutations within the c cistron. Viable albinos (cav, the majority of radiation-induced c-locus mutations) may be intracistronic mutations or very small deficiencies.
Seed legumains are expressed in stamens and vegetative legumains in seeds of Nicotiana tabacum L. (2004)

Detailed analysis of the expression pattern of seven legumain genes from Nicotiana tabacum L. cv. SNN revealed that it showed neither coincidences with the branches of the phylogenetic tree of legumains nor with their conventional assignment to organs. This agreed well with the fact that, so far, no functional differences could be assigned to the sequence differences reflected in the branches of the tree.
New Species of Lindenius from Western North America (1958)

The genus Lindenius Lepeletier and Brulle is a group of small black crabronids with restricted yellow markings. The species are largely Holarctic and were placed in two subgenera, Lindenius and Trachelosimus Morawitz, by Pate ( 1947). In a recent paper on the Palearctic forms de Beaumont (1956) has avoided the use of subgenera and has substituted species groups. He listed five groups and six additional isolated species. Examples of each group have been furnished us by P. M. F. Verhoeff. All of the seven previously known North America species are referable to Trachelosimus which corresponds to the pygmaeus group of de Beaumont. One of these, dugesianus Leclercq ( 1950), described from Guanajuato, Mexico, we have seen also from Sinaloa, Nayarit, and southwestern United States (southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, western Texas). Arizona specimens were kindly compared with the type by J. Lecler cq. We are adding three new specie to the pygmaeus group and a fourth which seems to be isolated.
Studies on heterocyclic compounds. VII. Syntheses of novel furo[2, 3‐<i>b</i>]chromones (1989)

Abstract Furo[2, 3‐ b ]chromone ( 1a ) was conveniently prepared by the PPE‐promoted cyclization of 5‐(2′‐carboxy‐phenoxy)furan‐2‐carboxylic acid ( 8 ) which was made from methyl salicylate and ethyl 5‐nitrofuran‐2‐carboxyl‐ate. Furo[2, 3‐ b ]chromon‐2‐acrylic acid ( 13 ) was obtained by a similar cyclization. Direct acylation of 1a afforded 2‐acetylfuro[2, 3‐ b ]chromone ( 10 ). Several derivatives of furo[2, 3‐ b ]chromone were found to display activity in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PGA) test for antiallergic activity.
Overview of results of the MUC-6 evaluation (1995)

The latest in a series of natural language processing system evaluations was concluded in October 1995 and was the topic of the Sixth Message Understanding Conference (MUC-6) in November. Participants were invited to enter their systems in as many as four different task-oriented evaluations. The Named Entity and Coreference tasks entailed Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML) annotation of texts and were being conducted for the first time. The other two tasks, Template Element and Scenario Template, were information extraction tasks that followed on from the MUC evaluations conducted in previous years. The evolution and design of the MUC-6 evaluation are discussed in the paper by Grishman and Sundheim in this volume. All except the Scenario Template task are defined independently of any particular domain.
A Model to Evaluate Variables Impacting the Productivity of Software Maintenance Projects (1991)

The cost of maintaining application software has been rapidly escalating, and is currently estimated to comprise from 50–80% of corporate information systems department budgets. In this research we develop an estimable production frontier model of software maintenance, using a new methodology that allows the simultaneous estimation of both the production frontier and the effects of several productivity factors. Our model allows deviations on both sides of the estimated frontier to reflect the impact of both production inefficiencies and random effects such as measurement errors. The model is then estimated using an empirical dataset of 65 software maintenance projects from a large commercial bank. The insights obtained from the estimation results are found to be quite consistent for reasonable variations in the specification of the model. Estimates of the marginal impacts of all of the included productivity factors are obtained to aid managers in improving productivity in software maintenance.
pTOYAMAcos, pTYM18, and pTYM19, Actinomycete-Escherichia coli Integrating Vectors for Heterologous Gene Expression (2003)

A novel shuttle integration cosmid vector (pTOYAMAcos), based on pKU402, and shuttle integration vectors (pTYM18 and pTYM19) were constructed for the cloning of actinomycete DNA and its heterologous expression. These vectors contain oriT of an IncP transmissible plasmid in order to transfer genes by conjugation from Escherichia coli to actinomycetes, and they also contain int derived from actinophage phiC31 in order to integrate site-specifically into the chromosomal DNA. pTOYAMAcos contains the lambdacos site to promote packaging of vectors containing 35 to approximately 45-kb DNA fragments into lambda particles. pTYM18 and pTYM19 contain kanamaycin and thiostrepton resistance genes, respectively, and have multiple cloning sites including EcoRI and HindIII sites, which are available for blue/white screening in E. coli. To demonstrate the utility of these vectors, we expressed the entire gene cluster for rebeccamycin biosynthesis from Lechevalieria aerocolonigenes using pTOYAMAcos and detected rebeccamycin production in transformed S. lividans. In addition, we demonstrated the utility of pTYM 19 in a gene-disruption complementation test. L. aerocolonigenes deltarebC strain, which is defective in rebeccamycin production because of a rebC deletion, was restored to rebeccamycin production by complemention by rebC cloned in pTYM 19.
Acquisition of stereo panoramas for display in VR environments (2010)

Virtual reality systems are an excellent environment for stereo panorama displays. The acquisition and display methods described here combine high-resolution photography with surround vision and full stereo view in an immersive environment. This combination provides photographic stereo-panoramas for a variety of VR displays, including the StarCAVE, NexCAVE, and CORNEA. The zero parallax point used in conventional panorama photography is also the center of horizontal and vertical rotation when creating photographs for stereo panoramas. The two photographically created images are displayed on a cylinder or a sphere. The radius from the viewer to the image is set at approximately 20 feet, or at the object of major interest. A full stereo view is presented in all directions. The interocular distance, as seen from the viewer's perspective, displaces the two spherical images horizontally. This presents correct stereo separation in whatever direction the viewer is looking, even up and down. Objects at infinity will move with the viewer, contributing to an immersive experience. Stereo panoramas created with this acquisition and display technique can be applied without modification to a large array of VR devices having different screen arrangements and different VR libraries.
Next Generation Biomass Gasifier (2011)

Gasification of solid fuels attracts increasing interest within the energy supply sector. Allothermal concepts typically use steam as gasification agent and require heat input from external sources. In the “classical” dual fluidized bed gasifier, heat is provided in direct contact with hot bed material particles externally heated in a combustion reactor. This type of gasification system is demonstrated in Güssing and Oberwart (Austria) and yields a high quality product gas. Thus, the gas is well suited for synthesis processes. However, a substantial improvement of fuel flexibility as well as overall efficiency of the process is necessary. In order to achieve these improvements the bubbling fluidized bed, which is used in the classical gasifier design, will be replaced by a countercurrent reactor with zones of solids accumulations in sections operated in the turbulent fluidized bed regime. Therefore, the gas-solids contact, which is important for tar reforming reactions, is increased significantly. Moreover, higher gasification rates and higher efficiencies can be expected due to the improved gas-solids interaction in the gasification section.
Tendencias empíricas en la empresas conjuntas internacionales creadas por empresas españolas (1986-1996) (1997)

En este trabajo se analizan los rasgos caracteristicos de las empresas conjuntas internacionales (ECIs) creadas por empresas espanolas en el periodo 1986-1996. En concreto, se pretende no solo conocer la evolucion de tales rasgos, sino tambien examinar las diferencias existentes entre las empresas conjuntas que han servido para la entrada en Espana de empresas extranjeras y aquellas constituidas para la expansion internacional de las empresas espanolas. Para conseguir tales objetivos hemos utilizado una base de datos construida a partir de las noticias publicadas en la prensa economica espanola durante el mencionado periodo.
The catalytic performance of Ru–NHC alkylidene complexes: PCy<sub>3</sub> versus pyridine as the dissociating ligand (2010)

The catalytic performance of NHC-ligated Ru-indenylidene or benzylidene complexes bearing a tricyclohexylphosphine or a pyridine ligand in ring closing metathesis (RCM), cross metathesis, and ring closing enyne metathesis (RCEYM) reactions is compared. While the PCy₃ complexes perform significantly better in RCM and RCEYM reactions than the pyridine complex, all catalysts show similar activity in cross metathesis reactions.
Purification of a Protein from Bovine Plasma That Binds to Type 1 Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor and Prevents Its Interaction with Extracellular Matrix (1989)

Type 1 plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI-1) binds to the extracellular matrix of cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells. Bovine plasma and bovine lung extract contain protein(s) that bind to PAI-1 and prevent this interaction. One of these proteins was purified approximately 425-fold from ammonium sulfate-fractionated plasma using standard chromatographic procedures together with affinity chromatography on PAI-1-Sepharose. The final product consisted of a major polypeptide of Mr 65,000 and two minor polypeptides of Mr 80,000 and 57,000. NH2-terminal amino acid sequence analysis of the Mr 65,000 polypeptide revealed that it was homologous with vitronectin, and antiserum against this purified binding protein recognized vitronectin and vice versa. Immunological analysis using these antisera demonstrated that the three peptides were immunologically related, and that vitronectin was present in the extracellular matrix of bovine endothelial cells and also in bovine lung.
Toxic effects of tin compounds on microorganisms (1989)

Organotins are used for industrial and agricultural purposes and in antibiologic agents. They are significantly more toxic than inorganic tins, and eventually reach the environment where they can be toxic to a wide variety of organisms. Particular attention has been given to tributyltins which are highly toxic components of antifouling paints. Realization that the molecular species of organotin influences fate and effects of organotins led to development of sensitive methods for quantifying individual molecular species. Even though such methods are now available, little information has been obtained on the ability of microorganisms to bioaccumulate tin compounds. Trisubstituted alkyl and aryltins (R3Sn's) are more toxic than disubstituted compounds (R2Sn's) while monosubstituted organotins (RSn's) are still less toxic. R4Sn's are toxic only if they are metabolized to R3Sn's. Among trisubstituted compounds propyl-, butyl-, pentyl-, phenyl-, and cyclohexyl Sn's are generally the most toxic to microorganisms. Toxicity in the R3Sn series is related to total molecular surface area of the tin compound and to the octanol:water partition coefficient, Kow, which is a measure of hydrophobicity; a high Kow indicates greater hydrophobicity and predicts greater toxicity. Care must be taken when testing the toxicity of tin compounds, for a number of biological, physical and chemical factors can influence the apparent toxicity. Although little is known of the effects of tin compounds on microbial processes, a number of bacterial processes can be inhibited by organotins and all relate to membrane functions. They include effects on energy transduction, solute transport and retention and oxidation of substrates. Very little is known of how organotins exert their toxic effects on algae and fungi; Information on effects on chloroplasts and mitochondria stems principally from animal systems and from higher plants. Triorganotins act against chloroplasts and mitochondria by causing swelling, by acting as ionophores and by acting against ATPase, while diorganotins appear to act by binding to dithiol groups on enzymes and cofactors. Nucleic acids do not seem to be affected at environmentally relevant concentrations. Virtually nothing is known of the action of tin compounds on microbial enzymes, but resistant mutants are easy to obtain and should facilitate work to understand modes of microbial interaction with tin compounds and mechanisms of resistance.
Tensile yielding of multiwall carbon nanotubes (2003)

The tensile yielding of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) has been studied using molecular-dynamics simulations and a transition state theory based model. We find a strong dependence of the yielding on the strain rate. A critical strain rate has been predicted above/below which yielding strain of a MWCNT is larger/smaller than that of the corresponding single-wall carbon nanotubes (CNTs). At an experimentally feasible strain rate of 1%/h and T=300 K, the yield strain of a MWCNT is estimated to be about 3%–4% higher than that of an equivalent single-wall CNT. This is in good agreement with recent experimental observations.
El Escolar y El Faro de Veiga, dos periódicos escolares en los orígenes de la prensa local gallega (2000)

Si bien el afán didáctico y moralizante es básico en la concepción y desarrollo de la prensa infantil, juvenil y escolar, también hay que señalar su creciente importancia como instrumento para la inculturación, fundamentalmente en aquellas comunidades que, teniendo una lengua y cultura propias, se vieron obligados a educar a sus hijos en la lengua común mayoritaria e impuesta. Es por este motivo por lo que, a partir de mediados del siglo XIX -cuando comienzan a tener éxito los movimientos de revitalización de la personalidad y conciencia nacional de estas comunidades (muchas veces a través de la recuperación de la lengua propia para la creación cultural y literaria)-, se tendrá muy en cuenta la utilización de la prensa infantil y juvenil para hacer llegar a los más jóvenes el legado de la tradición cultural del país. Cataluña y, en general, la lengua catalana mostró una especial predilección por estos canales juveniles, predilección que continúa teniendo lugar y presencia en la actualidad. En otras comunidades -como la gallega-, será fundamentalmente la prensa escolar la que dé lugar a primeras y muy genuinas muestras de prensa local, con comarcas enteras implicadas en la publicación de periódicos que trascienden el ámbito de la escuela y de la propia comarca natural. Es el caso de los periódicos El Escolar y El Faro de Veiga, publicados en la primera década del siglo XX en Ortigueira, municipio de la provincia de A Coruña con una interesante tradición en el patrocinio y mantenimiento de peculiares iniciativas de prensa local. Vinculados a esta tradición, y con el apoyo económico de las sociedades y centros gallegos de La Habana y Buenos Aires, dichos periódicos escolares fueron capaces de superar la dimensión de experiencias pedagógicas más o menos adelantadas para convertirse, dentro de sus límites, en documento y crónica de su tiempo. Serán, por otra parte, el precedente de una interesante producción de prensa escolar en Galicia que se mantiene y renueva en nuestros días.
Clinical, biochemical, and ovarian morphologic features in women with acanthosis nigricans and masculinization. (1985)

Nine women with acanthosis nigricans and masculinization, who did not appear to have any of the reported syndromes associated with acanthosis nigricans, were studied to characterize the clinical, biochemical, and ovarian morphologic features of their disorders. These patients had the clinical and biochemical profiles of polycystic ovarian disease. All acanthosis nigricans subjects had significant insulin resistance when insulin binding to both circulating monocytes and erythrocytes was compared to the control subjects. Microscopic examination of the ovaries revealed no evidence of recent normal ovulation, sclerosis of the ovarian cortex, follicle cysts, and stromal hyperthecosis. The authors conclude that ovarian stromal hyperthecosis and insulin resistance are consistent findings in the present type of patient. This study provides further evidence supporting a relationship between insulin resistance and human ovarian function.
Painting gradients: free-form surface design using shading patterns (1996)

An interactive system for designing curved surfaces is proposed which is based on direct manipulation of a single-view shaded image of this surface. Apart from functions like carving in the surface or adding to it, and local smoothing, sharpening or shifting of selected surface regions, the system supports painting local gradient distributions. An iterative algorithm enforces conservativity of the gradient map at all times, so that the shaded image corresponds everywhere to a possible 3-dimensional surface. This surface can be output either as a gradient map, to be used e.g. in bump mapping, or as an adaptively tiled triangular mesh.