gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
GaSe Formation at the Cu(In,Ga)Se<sub>2</sub>/Mo Interface–A Novel Approach for Flexible Solar Cells by Easy Mechanical Lift‐Off (2014)

Implementing photovoltaic devices based on high efficiency thin‐film technologies on cheap, light‐weight and flexible polymeric substrates is highly appealing to cut down costs in industrial production and to accelerate very large scale deployment of photovoltaics in the upcoming years. Lift‐off processes, which allow separating active layers from primary substrates and subsequent transfer onto an alternative substrate without modifying the upstream production process and without performance losses, are an emerging alternative to direct growth on polymeric substrates. This study concerns the feasibily of direct mechanical lift‐off process for high efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 (CIGS) thin film solar cells grown by coevaporation on glass/molybdenum substrates without performance losses. The study presents an in depth characterization (SEM,AFM,GIXRD,XPS) of samples leading to excellent lift‐off properties. They are explained by a specific gallium rich CIGS graded interface structure according to the interfacial sequence glass/Mo/MoSe 2 /Ga x Se y /Ga‐rich‐CIGS. The interfacial layer, attributed to GaSe, has a layered structure and out performs the molybdenum diselenide layered layer which forms spontaneously at the interface Mo/CIGS. It allows a very easy lift‐off process at the interface GaSe/CIGS thanks to Van‐der‐Waals adhesion mechanism in GaSe. Key physical‐chemical parameters are identified and analyzed. After lift‐off, an efficiency of 14.3%, higher than the initial reference CIGS solar cell efficiency (13.8%) is measured.
Proliferating principles, or how to sup with the devil without getting eaten (1998)

This article makes a distinction between humanitarian principles (for example the distinction between combatant and non‐combatant as expressed in the Geneva Conventions) and the principles of humanitarian action (such notions as neutrality and impartiality). It then reviews the origins and development of the principles of humanitarian action and examines ways in which recent thinking is expanding and developing the principles as one way of meeting the challenges outlined above. It concludes by looking at the relationship between the principles of humanitarian action and the promotion of respect for broader humanitarian principles.
Deciphering the nuclear bile acid receptor FXR paradigm (2010)

Originally called retinoid X receptor interacting protein 14 (RIP14), the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) was renamed after the ability of its rat form to bind supra-physiological concentrations of farnesol. In 1999 FXR was de-orphanized since primary bile acids were identified as natural ligands. Strongly expressed in the liver and intestine, FXR has been shown to be the master transcriptional regulator of several entero-hepatic metabolic pathways with relevance to the pathophysiology of conditions such as cholestasis, fatty liver disease, cholesterol gallstone disease, intestinal inflammation and tumors. Furthermore, given the importance of FXR in the gut-liver axis feedbacks regulating lipid and glucose homeostasis, FXR modulation appears to have great input in diseases such as metabolic syndrome and diabetes. Exciting results from several cellular and animal models have provided the impetus to develop synthetic FXR ligands as novel pharmacological agents. Fourteen years from its discovery, FXR has gone from bench to bedside; a novel nuclear receptor ligand is going into clinical use.
Exploring the benefits of multiple hardware contexts in a multiprocessor architecture: preliminary results (1989)

A fundamental problem that any scalable multiprocessor must address is the ability to tolerate high latency memory operations. This paper explores the extent to which multiple hardware contexts per processor can help to mitigate the negative effects of high latency. In particular, we evaluate the performance of a directory-based cache coherent multiprocessor using memory reference traces obtained from three parallel applications. We explore the case where there are a small fixed number (2-4) of hardware contexts per processor and the context switch overhead is low. In contrast to previously proposed approaches, we also use a very simple context switch criterion, namely a cache miss or a write-hit to shared data. Our results show that the effectiveness of multiple contexts depends on the nature of the applications, the context switch overhead, and the inherent latency of the machine architecture. Given reasonably low overhead hardware context switches, we show that two or four contexts can achieve substantial performance gains over a single context. For one application, the processor utilization increased by about 46% with two contexts and by about 80% with four contexts.
A METHOD FOR STAINING INTRACELLULAR ANTIGENS IN THIN SECTIONS WITH FERRITIN-LABELED ANTIBODY (1971)

Localization of macromolecules in biological specimens by the use of ferritin-conjugated antibody was first investigated by Singer and Schick (1961), and since that time the technique has been used to stain extraceUular antigens by several workers (Baker and Loosll, 1966; Easton et al., 1962; Morgan et al., 1961). The identification of intracellular antigens was hampered by the lack of adequate penetration of the conjugated ferritin into cells. It was therefore necessary to disrupt the cell membranes by various methods such as dissection of tissue with a razor blade (Andres et al., 1962) or by freezing and thawing (Morgan et al., 1963) to allow access of the ferritinconjugated antibody to the intraceUular antigens. A better method would be the application of the ferritin-conjugated antibody to thin sections of embedded cells so that those antigens on the surface of the sections would be able to combine with the antibody. Two main problems in applying this technique are the destruction of the antigenic determinants by the fixation and embedding and the nonspecific attachment of conjugated antibody to the surface of the embedding plastic (Striker et al., 1966). These problems have been partly overcome by McLean and Singer (1964) by the use of cross-linked polyampholyte and, more recently, by the use of cross-linked bovine serum albumin (McLean and Singer, 1970). A review of studies on the problems of staining of thin sections with the immunoferritin technique has been presented by Sternberger (1967). We report here the results of experiments dealing with the staining of intracellular antigens in thin sections of cells fixed in formaldehyde and erabedded in the water-soluble medium, glycol methacrylate (GMA). 1 In the one case the cells were adenovirus-infected cells (Shahrabadi and Yamamoto, 1970), and in the other the cells were either Micrococats sodonensis or purified cell walls of M. sodonensis.
Rapid fabrication of nanoneedle arrays by ion sputtering (2007)

We report a novel method for rapidly fabricating ordered nanoneedles using an ion beam that cuts through the Fe/GaAs single thin layer or the Fe/MgO/Fe/GaAs multilayer producing a pillar pattern followed by raster-scanning normal to the patterned area. However, such ordered nanoneedles were not formed on the pure GaAs substrate surface without the thin Fe film coating, nor were nanoneedles formed on the GaAs substrate coated with a thin Cr epitaxial film, when this method was used. It has advantages over other methods, being simple, fast and well controlled for fabricating one-dimensional nanostructure arrays, leading to a range of applications such as high aspect ratio sharp tips for atomic force microscope/atom probes and consequent possible quantum confinement effects or arrays of nanostructures for field-optical/photoluminescence emission and data recording.
Preliminary Report of the Effects of Complement Suppression With Pexelizumab on Neurocognitive Decline After Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery (2004)

Pexelizumab administration for 24 hours perioperatively had no effect on global measures of cognition but may reduce dysfunction in the visuo-spatial domain.
Four-parameter transient recovery voltage circuits appropriate for testing of extra high voltage circuit breakers (1988)

Economical four-parameter transient-recovery-voltage (TRV) circuits for testing high-power circuit breakers have been obtained. The principles of four-parameter TRV-producing phenomena are introduced, and preliminary experiments to confirm these principles are reported. Calculations for simulation of current interruption taking into account arc voltages and parallel capacitances of circuit breakers are presented. The calculations show good agreement with experimental results.< <ETX xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">></ETX>
A Self-aligned Bottom Gate Poly-Si TFT Technology (2001)

A novel self-aligned bottom gate thin film transistor (SABG-TFT) technology with grain enhancement by Metal-Induced- Lateral Crystallization (MILC) is proposed and experimentally demonstrated for the first time. The unique feature of the technology is the formation of self-aligned and symmetrical lightly doped source/drain (LDD) structure without any additional photolithographic or implantation step. Moreover, devices formed by the proposed method have thick source/drain and a thin channel region for providing low source/drain resistance. The process is demonstrated by P-channel TFTs fabricated at low temperature (≤600 °C), which exhibits symmetrical transfer characteristics. The effective mobility and on-off current ratio of the devices are about 35 cm<sup>2</sup>/V-s and 6 × 10<sup>6</sup> respectively.
Long-gauge fibre optic sensors: performance comparison and applications (2013)

Long-gauge deformation sensors have opened new possibilities for the health monitoring of civil engineering structures. They are particularly suitable for applications in structures built of inhomogeneous materials, such as concrete, and with complex strain fields, such as bridges, buildings, dams, whenever the global structural behaviour assessment is of interest. Different technologies and measurement principles have been developed for measuring average strains over measurement bases that can reach tens of meters with resolutions in the micrometer range. In this work, the performances of seven commercially available alternative solutions, based on fibre Bragg-grating, Fabry-Perot interferometry, stimulated Brillouin scattering, low-coherence interferometry and traditional vibrating-wire technology, were tested and directly compared both in laboratory and in field conditions. The results are presented and discussed, aiming at the assessment of the main characteristics of each technology, and taking into account the principal requirements of in-field civil engineering applications. The efficiency of a monitoring method based on long-gauge sensors is illustrated through an application at the Ricciolo Viaduct in Switzerland.
YBCO coated nickel-based tapes with various buffer layers (2001)

Biaxially textured YBa 2 Cu 3 O 7 (YBCO) thin films, yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) and yttria (Y 2 O 3 ), CeO 2 buffer layers were grown in situ on NiO/Ni based substrates by Pulsed Injection MOCVD (PICVD) using monoglyme solutions of β-diketonates (Cu(thd) 2 , Ba(thd) 2 , Y(thd) 3 , Ce (thd) 2 , Zr(thd) 4 ). High quality textured nickel oxide layers have been prepared by SOE (Surface Oxydation Epitaxy) following an optimized recrystallisation-oxidation process.Thin YSZ/Y 2 O 3 biaxially textured buffer layers (thickness 200nm/200 nm) were deposited in a wide range of temperature (from 600°C to 800°C). Subsequent YBCO layers (thickness 750nm) on Ni/NiO/YSZ/Y 2 O 3 were grown epitaxially (ω-scan of YBCO FWMH=5°) and exhibited critical current densities Jc ≥3.10 5 A/cm 2 with a critical temperature Tc=90K and ΔTc ≤ 1 K. The best results were obtained for deposition temperatures of 600°C for YSZ, 675°C for Y 2 O 3 and 800°C for YBCO.
SONOS-Type FinFET Device Using P+ Poly-Si Gate and High-k Blocking Dielectric Integrated on Cell Array and GSL/SSL for Multi-Gigabit NAND Flash Memory (2006)

For the multi-gigabit NAND flash memory, SONOS-type FinFET device with p+ gate and high-k blocking dielectric has been integrated both on the cell array and GSL/SSL for the first time. The advantages of the FinFET structure for the NAND flash application have been theoretically and experimentally demonstrated, and the results show that the 85 % improved on-cell current is achievable using FinFET device. The enhanced programming and retention characteristics of FinFET have been also presented, and modeled by the potential changes on fully-depleted body of the sub-40 nm ultra-narrow fin
A WWW-based intelligent multimedia information query and retrieve system (2002)

In this paper, we propose and implement a World Wide Web based video query system: the Intelligent Multimedia Information Processing System (IMIPS). The IMIPS first collects videos available over the WWW, analyzes these videos to extract key frames, and indexes these key frames at a local database. By using the proposed multiple-instance learning algorithm, a user can select a few key frames to train a desired image query model. When a query model is selected, the proposed IMIPS will retrieve matched images from the local database and display them as a small icon at the user interface. A user can then click on the icon to retrieve and play the video from the original Web site. According to the implemented prototype system, a user can find the desired videos on the WWW with only a few (2-3) retraining episodes to achieve a 70% hit rate on 50 retrieved videos among 5 different query models.
D.O.R.T. method as applied to electromagnetic subsurface sensing (2003)

The decomposition of the time reversal operator (D.O.R.T.) method allows detection and localization of point‐like scatterers through a very simple and robust process. Here, with the aim of applying this method to the detection and the localization of buried objects, we focus on the influence of the restriction of the measurements to a line of receivers. The finite size of the objects is also taken into account, as well as losses in the embedding medium. A simple behavior of the time reversal operator is exhibited, almost independent of the polarization, which permits one to detect scatterers in the resonance domain, with very low ambiguity. Experimental data obtained in an anechoïc chamber confirm our theoretical predictions.
Growth Inhibition by Insulin-like Growth Factor-binding Protein-3 in T47D Breast Cancer Cells Requires Transforming Growth Factor-β (TGF-β) and the Type II TGF-β Receptor (2000)

This study explores the relationship between anti-proliferative signaling by transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) and insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) in human breast cancer cells. In MCF-7 cells, the expression of recombinant IGFBP-3 inhibited proliferation and sensitized the cells to further inhibition by TGF-beta1. To investigate the mechanism, we used T47D cells that lack type II TGF-beta receptor (TGF-betaRII) and are insensitive to TGF-beta1. After introducing the TGF-betaRII by transfection, the basal proliferation rate was significantly decreased. Exogenous TGF-beta1 caused no further growth inhibition, but immunoneutralization of endogenous TGF-beta1 restored the proliferation rate almost to the control level. The addition of IGFBP-3 did not inhibit the proliferation of control cells but caused dose-dependent inhibition in TGF-betaRII-expressing cells when exogenous TGF-beta1 was also present. Similarly, receptor-expressing cells showed dose-dependent sensitivity to exogenous TGF-beta1 only in the presence of exogenous IGFBP-3. This indicates that in these cells, anti-proliferative signaling by exogenous IGFBP-3 requires both the TGF-betaRII and exogenous TGF-beta1. To investigate this synergism, the phosphorylation of TGF-beta signaling intermediates, Smad2 and Smad3, was measured. Phosphorylation of each Smad was stimulated by TGF-beta1 and, independently, by IGFBP-3 with the two agents together showing a cumulative effect. These data suggest that IGFBP-3 inhibitory signaling requires an active TGF-beta signaling pathway and implicate Smad2 and Smad3 in IGFBP-3 signal transduction.
Characterization of Laminin 5B and NH2-terminal Proteolytic Fragment of Its α3B Chain (2004)

Various laminin isoforms have specific biological functions depending on their structures. Laminin 5A, which consists of the three truncated chains alpha3A, beta3, and gamma2, is known to have strong activity to promote cell adhesion and migration, whereas a laminin 5 variant consisting of a full-sized alpha3 chain (alpha3Beta) and the beta3 and gamma2 chains, laminin 5B, has not been characterized yet. In the present study, we for the first time cloned a full-length human laminin alpha3B cDNA and isolated the human laminin 5B protein. The molecular size of the mature alpha3B chain (335 kDa) was approximately twice as large as the mature alpha3A chain in laminin 5A. Laminin 5B had significantly higher cell adhesion and cell migration activities than laminin 5A. In addition, laminin 5B potently stimulated cell proliferation when added into the culture medium directly. Furthermore, we found that the alpha3B chain undergoes proteolytic cleavage releasing a 190-kDa NH(2)-terminal fragment. The 190-kDa fragment had activities to promote cellular adhesion, migration, and proliferation through its interaction with integrin alpha(3)beta(1). These activities of the NH(2)-terminal structure of the alpha3B chain seem to contribute to the prominent biological activities and the physiological functions of laminin 5B.
A Low-Power 22-bit Incremental ADC (2006)

This paper describes a low-power 22-bit incremental ADC, including an on-chip digital filter and a low-noise/low-drift oscillator, realized in a 0.6-mum CMOS process. It incorporates a novel offset-cancellation scheme based on fractal sequences, a novel high-accuracy gain control circuit, and a novel reduced-complexity realization for the on-chip sinc filter. The measured output noise was 0.25 ppm (2.5 muV <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">RMS</sub> ), the DC offset 2 muV, the gain error 2 ppm, and the INL 4 ppm. The chip operates with a single 2.7-5 V supply, and draws only 120 muA current during conversion
Synthesis of Polyhydroxyalkanoate in the Peroxisome of <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> by Using Intermediates of Fatty Acid β-Oxidation (2001)

Medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) are polyesters having properties of biodegradable thermoplastics and elastomers that are naturally produced by a variety of pseudomonads. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was transformed with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PHAC1 synthase modified for peroxisome targeting by the addition of the carboxyl 34 amino acids from the Brassica napus isocitrate lyase. The PHAC1 gene was put under the control of the promoter of the catalase A gene. PHA synthase expression and PHA accumulation were found in recombinant S. cerevisiae growing in media containing fatty acids. PHA containing even-chain monomers from 6 to 14 carbons was found in recombinant yeast grown on oleic acid, while odd-chain monomers from 5 to 15 carbons were found in PHA from yeast grown on heptadecenoic acid. The maximum amount of PHA accumulated was 0.45% of the dry weight. Transmission electron microscopy of recombinant yeast grown on oleic acid revealed the presence of numerous PHA inclusions found within membrane-bound organelles. Together, these data show that S. cerevisiae expressing a peroxisomal PHA synthase produces PHA in the peroxisome using the 3-hydroxyacyl coenzyme A intermediates of the beta-oxidation of fatty acids present in the media. S. cerevisiae can thus be used as a powerful model system to learn how fatty acid metabolism can be modified in order to synthesize high amounts of PHA in eukaryotes, including plants.
Nuclear Roundness Factor Measurement for Assessment of Prognosis of Patients with Prostatic Carcinoma. II. Standardization of Methodology for Histologic Sections (1988)

A nuclear shape descriptor, nuclear roundness factor, predicted outcome in patients with prostatic carcinoma whereas standard pathological grading by Gleason's architectural pattern did not. The inability of others to duplicate those successes warranted a reevaluation of the technique for NRF measurement. We previously described our digitization system and measured the perimeter and area of a microscopic circle similar in size to prostatic carcinoma nuclei with a reproducibility and accuracy of greater than 95%. We have applied our improved system to nuclear contour digitization and standardized our method for NRF measurement. In order to calculate accurately the NRF for prostatic carcinoma, the histologic section must have been reviewed by a pathologist and 150 nuclei traced after random selection. NRF measurement reproducibility within and between observers exceeded 90%. This system for NRF measurement successfully predicted outcome in 13 of 15 patients with stages A2, B1, and B2 prostatic carcinoma. Our success with a carefully tested and improved system for NRF determination warrants further evaluation of NRF for assessment of prognosis of patients with prostatic carcinoma.
Transcription of brain natriuretic peptide and atrial natriuretic peptide genes in human tissues. (1994)

We have compared the expression of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) genes in various human tissues using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction technique. Tissues of three human subjects, obtained at autopsy, were analyzed. BNP transcripts could be detected in the central nervous system, lung, thyroid, adrenal, kidney, spleen, small intestine, ovary, uterus, and striated muscle. ANP transcripts could also be demonstrated in various human extracardiac tissues including several endocrine organs. In all peripheral tissues, the level of both natriuretic peptide transcripts was approximately 1-2 orders of magnitude lower than in cardiac ventricular tissues. This distribution is in marked contrast to the much lower level of ANP and BNP transcripts present in extracardiac rat tissues (generally less than 1/1000 of ventricles). These data suggest differential expression of the two natriuretic peptide genes in cardiac and extracardiac tissues in man. Furthermore, the presence of local synthesis of ANP and BNP in various peripheral organs suggests paracrine and/or autocrine function of these natriuretic peptides.
Assessment of contact predictions in CASP12: Co‐evolution and deep learning coming of age (2017)

Following up on the encouraging results of residue-residue contact prediction in the CASP11 experiment, we present the analysis of predictions submitted for CASP12. The submissions include predictions of 34 groups for 38 domains classified as free modeling targets which are not accessible to homology-based modeling due to a lack of structural templates. CASP11 saw a rise of coevolution-based methods outperforming other approaches. The improvement of these methods coupled to machine learning and sequence database growth are most likely the main driver for a significant improvement in average precision from 27% in CASP11 to 47% in CASP12. In more than half of the targets, especially those with many homologous sequences accessible, precisions above 90% were achieved with the best predictors reaching a precision of 100% in some cases. We furthermore tested the impact of using these contacts as restraints in ab initio modeling of 14 single-domain free modeling targets using Rosetta. Adding contacts to the Rosetta calculations resulted in improvements of up to 26% in GDT_TS within the top five structures.
Fibre-reinforced Concrete (2001)

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