gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Muscarinic receptor subtypes in the alimentary tract. (2009)

Acetylcholine is a transmitter in preganglionic autonomic and postganglionic parasympathetic nerves and a non-neuronal paracrine mediator in the alimentary tract. Acetylcholine is involved in the control of almost any function within these organ systems, and almost every cell type expresses multiple muscarinic receptor subtypes. Although muscarinic receptors at non-neuronal effector cells commonly are of the M3 subtype, the population usually consists of a mixture of muscarinic receptor subtypes often co-acting postsynaptically. However, the pattern of heterogeneity of varies between different tissues. The population in gland parenchymal tissue often consists of a mixture of M1 and M3 receptors, smooth muscle tissue of the gut of M2 and M3, blood vessels of M1, M3, M4 and M5 and neuronal cells of M1 and M4. Nitric oxide production, effects on inflammation and proliferation may involve M1, M3 and M5 receptors. Muscarinic receptors expressed on nerve terminals may indirectly modulate the responses by inhibition or facilitation of neuronal transmission in the autonomic nervous system. The present review describes signalling mechanisms, expression and functional effects of muscarinic receptors in salivary glands and in the gastrointestinal tract.
Improvement of the surface quality and aesthetics of ultra-high-performance concrete (2017)

The low moisture content of ultra-high-performance concrete (UHPC) combined with its minimal bleeding leads to quick drying of its exposed surfaces by way of moisture evaporation and self-desiccation. The result is the formation of a rough texture and occasional cracks on the exposed surfaces of UHPC within hours after its placement and finishing. This phenomenon is referred to as ‘elephant skin’ formation. Different strategies were devised and experimentally evaluated for the control of elephant skin formation on exposed UHPC surfaces. These strategies emphasised reduction of the moisture loss from the surface, enhancement of early-age dimensional stability and increase in plastic shrinkage crack resistance. The potential for elephant skin formation was assessed through monitoring of the surface aesthetics, crack area, penetration resistance and temperature under exposure to air flow and radiation. The results indicated that measures that effectively reduce moisture loss from the surface are most effective in controlling elephant skin formation on the exposed surfaces of UHPC.
Compact Ejector Thrust Augmentation (1973)

Ejectors offer interesting means for resolving problems arising from the additional power requirements of V/STOL aircraft. They are capable not only of turning and augmenting the cruise engine's thrust vector, but their efflux can also serve to control circulation lift. The feasibility of ejector propulsion-lift concepts requires the simultaneous attainment of two conflicting objectives: high performance and compactness. Performance is degraded by losses occurring in the inlet, the primary nozzle, and the duct-diffuser of the ejector. Analytic results identified practical loss trade-offs that led to the design of the ejector's components. Static experiments with independently varied duct and diffuser lengths showed, surprisingly, that skewed flows can be diffused effectively. Augmentation ratios in excess of 1.85 were measured with a duct-diffuser 28 in. long. Increasing the length to 50 in. caused augmentation ratios to exceed 2.0.
A method for poling barium titanate, BaTiO3 (1991)

Relatively large samples of single crystal barium titanate, BaTiO3, are needed for current photonic applications including for example; optical memories, associative memories and neural networks. The process of producing single-domain crystals called poling usually involves uniaxial pressing to remove orthogonal or 90° domains and then electric field poling to remove antiparallel or 180deg; domains. A method for poling BaTiO3 that significantly reduces the processing time for single-domain sample preparation is described herein. The technique involves the removal, by etching, of surface stresses that mechanically restrict or pin the 90° domains that inhibit their elimination. In this “stress free” state, large volume samples (10 × 10 × 5 mm) are easily electrically poled into single crystals without uniaxial pressing.
Hybrid Si-LiNbO_3 microring electro-optically tunable resonators for active photonic devices (2011)

Hybrid Si-LiNbO₃ electro-optic tunable ring resonators have been proposed and demonstrated as a path to achieving ultracompact and high-speed electro-optic devices. Free standing single crystal LiNbO₃ microplatelets (~mm long and ~1 μm thick) were obtained from a z-cut LiNbO₃ substrate by ion implantation and thermal treatment. The platelets were transferred and thermally bonded on top of Si resonators that were fabricated in a Si-on-insulator platform by a 0.18 μm standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor process. For the hybrid microring resonator, a free spectral range of 16.5 nm, a finesse F of ~1.67 × 10², a Q-factor of ~1.68 × 10⁴, and an effective r coefficient of ~1.7 pm/V were achieved for the TE mode. These values are in good agreement with the calculated results.
High-mobility group box 1 is involved in the initial events of early loss of transplanted islets in mice (2010)

Islet transplantation for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus is limited in its clinical application mainly due to early loss of the transplanted islets, resulting in low transplantation efficiency. NKT cell-dependent IFN-gamma production by Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) cells is essential for this loss, but the upstream events in the process remain undetermined. Here, we have demonstrated that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) plays a crucial role in the initial events of early loss of transplanted islets in a mouse model of diabetes. Pancreatic islets contained abundant HMGB1, which was released into the circulation soon after islet transplantation into the liver. Treatment with an HMGB1-specific antibody prevented the early islet graft loss and inhibited IFN-gamma production by NKT cells and Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) cells. Moreover, mice lacking either of the known HMGB1 receptors TLR2 or receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), but not the known HMGB1 receptor TLR4, failed to exhibit early islet graft loss. Mechanistically, HMGB1 stimulated hepatic mononuclear cells (MNCs) in vivo and in vitro; in particular, it upregulated CD40 expression and enhanced IL-12 production by DCs, leading to NKT cell activation and subsequent NKT cell-dependent augmented IFN-gamma production by Gr-1(+)CD11b(+) cells. Thus, treatment with either IL-12- or CD40L-specific antibody prevented the early islet graft loss. These findings indicate that the HMGB1-mediated pathway eliciting early islet loss is a potential target for intervention to improve the efficiency of islet transplantation.
The 2 Å crystal structure of subtilisin E with PMSF inhibitor (1995)

Using enzyme prepared by the DNA recombination technique, subtilisin E from Bacillus subtilis was crystallized in space group P2(1)2(1)2(1) with two molecules in an asymmetric unit. The crystal structure of PMSF-inhibited subtilisin E was solved by molecular replacement followed by refinement with the X-PLOR program. This resulted in the 2.0 A structure of subtilisin E with an R-factor of 0.191 for 8-2 A data and r.m.s. deviations from ideal values of 0.021 A and 2.294 for bond lengths and bond angles respectively. The PMSF group covalently bound to Ser221 appeared very clearly in the electron density map. Except for the active site disturbed by PMSF binding, the structural features of subtilisin E are almost the same as in other subtilisins. The calcium-binding sites are different in detail in the two independent molecules of subtilisin E. Based on the structure, the remarkably enhanced heat stability of mutant N118S of subtilisin E is discussed. It is very likely that there is an additional water molecule in the mutant structure, which is hydrogen bonded to side chains of Ser118 and its neighbouring residues Lys27 and Asp120.
Modern developments in speech coding (1989)

Modern speech coding algorithms are based on models which attempt to successfully describe short-term speech signals. These models can be defined in the 'time' or in the 'frequency' domain and analysis by synthesis (AbS) estimation procedures are often used to determine the short term model parameters. The parameters can then be vector quantised if the coder is designed to operate at low bit rates (less than 8 kbits/sec). Frequency domain algorithms decompose the speech signal into sinusoidal components, with time varying amplitudes and frequencies, and hence the speech is modelled as a time varying line spectrum. Medium to low bit rate frequency domain coding systems include: adaptive transform coding, subband coding, harmonic coding, sinusoidal transform, multiple excitation, codebook excitation, backward excitation recovery.
Development and Evaluation of a DAS-ELISA for Rapid Detection of Avian Influenza Viruses (2006)

Rapid detection of avian influenza virus (AIV) infection is critical for control of avian influenza (AI) and for reducing the risk of pandemic human influenza. A double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) was developed for this purpose. The method employed a monoclonal antibody (MAb) as the capture antibody and rabbit polyclonal IgG labeled with horseradish peroxidase as the detector antibody, and both antibodies were against type-specific influenza A nucleoprotein (NP). The DAS-ELISA could detect minimally 2.5 ng of influenza viral protein in virus preparations treated with Triton X-100, which is equvilent to 2.5 x 10(2) EID50 virus particles. This DAS-ELISA could detect all 15n AIV subtypes (H1-H15) and did not cross react with other avian pathogens tested. The DAS-ELISA were directly compared with virus isolation (VI) in embryonated chicken eggs, the current standard of influenza virus detection, for 805 chicken samples. The DAS-ELISA results correlated with VI results for 98.6% of these samples, indicating a sensitivity of 97.4% and specificity of 100%. The method was further tested with H5N1 and H9N2 AIV experimentally infected chickens, ducks, and pigeons, as well as field samples obtained from central China in 2005. The DAS-ELISA method has demonstrated application potential as an AIV screening tool and as a supplement for virus isolation in Asia.
Design and simulation of control systems for electric-assist bikes (2016)

Control design plays a key role in electric-assist bikes. This paper has established dynamic models of electrically assisted biking systems, and then, designed proportion-assisted power controllers (PAPC) in accordance with Taiwan government rules. In the PAPC controllers, current bike speed and pedal torque are used as inputs to determine the assisted torque generated from a motor. On the other hand, a fuzzy logic controller (FLC) has been also designed, using the current bike speed and pedal frequency as inputs to determine the assisted torque. In order to compare these two controllers, simulations of riding bikes on a flat ground and different slopes have been performed. Simulation results show that the FLC outperforms PAPC in a more stable bike speed.
Early Signaling Events Triggered by Peroxovanadium [bpV(phen)] Are Insulin Receptor Kinase (IRK)-Dependent: Specificity of Inhibition of IRK-Associated Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase(s) by bpV(phen) (1997)

Peroxovanadiums (pVs) are potent protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) inhibitors with insulin-mimetic properties in vivo and in vitro. We have established the existence of an insulin receptor kinase (IRK)-associated PTP whose inhibition by pVs correlates closely with IRK tyrosine phosphorylation, activation, and downstream signaling. pVs have also been shown to activate various tyrosine kinases (TKs) that could participate in activation of the insulin-signaling pathway. In the present study we have sought to determine whether pV-induced IRK tyrosine phosphorylation requires the intrinsic kinase activity of the IRK, and whether IRK activation is necessary to realize the early steps in the insulin-signaling cascade. To address this we evaluated the effect of a pure pV compound, bis peroxovanadium 1,10-phenanthroline [bpV(phen)], in HTC rat hepatoma cells overexpressing normal (HTC-IR) or kinase-deficient (HTC-M1030) mutant IRKs. We showed that at a dose of 0.1 mM, but not 1 mM, bpV(phen) induced IRK-dependent events. Thus, 0.1 mM bpV(phen) increased tyrosine phosphorylation and IRK activity in HTC-IR but not HTC-M1030 cells. Tyrosine phosphorylation of insulin signal-transducing molecules was promoted in HTC-IR but not HTC-M1030 cells by bpV(phen). The association of p185 and p60 with the src homology-2 (SH2) domains of Syp and the p85-regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase was induced by bpV(phen) in HTC-IR, but not in HTC-M1030 cells, as was insulin receptor substrate-1-associated phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinase activity. Thus autophosphorylation and activation of the IRK by bpV(phen) is effected by the IRK itself, and the early events in the insulin- signaling cascade follow from this activation event. This establishes a critical role for PTP(s) in the regulation of IRK activity. bpV(phen) could be distinguished from insulin only in its ability to activate ERK1 in HTC-M1030 cells, thus indicating that this event is IRK independent, consistent with our previous hypothesis that bpV(phen) inhibits a PTP involved in the negative regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinases.
A review of pollination and fruit set in the tomato (<i>Lycopersicon esculentum</i>Mill.) (1984)

SummaryFruit setting is often poor in midwinter in early heated crops of tomatoes grown in the United Kingdom. This review considers recent research on the processes leading to fruit set in tomato with particular reference to the effects of low light and carbohydrate deficiency. Further research is needed to establish the most cost-effective cultural practices for maximum fruit set and early yield.
Computational modeling of the thermal conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotube–polymer composites (2008)

A computational model was developed to study the thermal conductivity of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT)–polymer composites. A random walk simulation was used to model the effect of interfacial resistance on the heat flow in different orientations of SWNTs dispersed in the polymers. The simulation is a modification of a previous model taking into account the numerically determined thermal equilibrium factor between the SWNTs and the composite matrix material. The simulation results agreed well with reported experimental data for epoxy and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites. The effects of the SWNT orientation, weight fraction and thermal boundary resistance on the effective conductivity of composites were quantified. The present model is a useful tool for the prediction of the thermal conductivity within a wide range of volume fractions of the SWNTs, so long as the SWNTs are not in contact with each other. The developed model can be applied to other polymers and solid materials, possibly even metals.
Randomized initialization protocols for packet radio networks (2003)

The main contribution of this work is to propose efficient randomized leader election and initialization protocols for Packet Radio Networks (PRN, for short). As a result of the initialization protocol, the n stations of a PRN are assigned distinct integer IDs from 1 to n. The results include protocols to: (1) initialize the single-channel PRN with the collision detection (CD) capability in O(n) rounds with probability at least 1-1/(2/sup n/); (2) initialize the k-channel PRN with CD capability in O(n/k) rounds with probability at least 1-1/n, whenever k/spl les/n/3 log n; (3) elect a leader on the single-channel PRN with no CD in O((log n)/sup 2/) broadcast rounds with probability at least 1-1/n; (4) initialize the single-channel PRN with no CD in O(n) rounds with probability at least 1-1/(2/spl radic/n); (5) initialize the k-channel PRN with no CD in O(n/k) broadcast rounds with probability at least 1-1/n, whenever k/spl les/n/(4(log n)/sup 2/).
Interstitial cells of Cajal and neuromuscular transmission in the rat lower oesophageal sphincter (2007)

Abstract The distribution of interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) and neurotransmission were investigated in lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) circular muscle strips from Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats, Ws/Ws mutant rats and their wild‐type (+/+) siblings. Intramuscular c‐Kit‐positive cells, confirmed to be ICC‐IM by electron microscopy, were observed throughout both muscle layers from SD and +/+ rats. In contrast, c‐Kit‐positive, ultrastructurally typical ICC‐IM were absent in Ws/Ws. LES strips from Ws/Ws rats showed increased spontaneous contractile activity. Strips from SD and +/+ rats, responded to electrical neuronal stimulation with a relaxation that was in part L‐NNA and in part apamin sensitive, followed by a contraction which was decreased by atropine. In Ws/Ws rats, similar to +/+ rats, neurally mediated relaxation was L‐NNA and apamin sensitive and the contraction was decreased by atropine. We conclude that in the rat LES, relaxation is mediated by NO and an apamin‐sensitive mediator, and contraction primarily by acetylcholine. Despite the absence of c‐Kit‐positive ICC, nerve–muscle interaction can be accomplished likely by diffusion of neurotransmitters to the smooth muscle cells. The lack of c‐Kit‐positive ICC is related to an increase in the basal tone and spontaneous contractile activity. The presence of fibroblast‐like ICC in Ws/Ws rats might represent immature ICC whose possible functions need further investigation.
Development of Dynamic DNA Probes for High-Content in situ Proteomic Analyses (2012)

Dynamic DNA complexes are able to undergo multiple hybridization and dissociation events through a process called strand displacement. This unique property has facilitated the creation of programmable molecular detection systems and chemical logic gates encoded by nucleotide sequence. This work examines whether the ability to selective exchange oligonucleotides among different thermodynamically-stable DNA complexes can be harnessed to create a new class of imaging probes that permit fluorescent reporters to be sequentially activated (“turned on”) and erased (“turned off”). Here, dynamic DNA complexes detect a specific DNA-conjugated antibody and undergo strand displacement to liberate a quencher strand and activate a fluorescent reporter. Subsequently, incubation with an erasing complex allows the fluorophore to be stripped from the target strand, quenched, and washed away. This simple capability therefore allows the same fluorescent dyes to be used multiple times to detect different markers within the same sample via sequential rounds of fluorescence imaging.\nWe evaluated and optimized several DNA complex designs to function efficiently for in situ molecular analyses. We also applied our DNA probes to immunofluorescence imaging using DNA-conjugated antibodies and demonstrated the ability to at least double the number of detectable markers on a single sample. Finally, the probe complexes were reconfigured to act as AND-gates for the detection of co-localized proteins. Given the ability to visualize large numbers of cellular markers using dynamic DNA probe complexes, high-content proteomic analyses can be performed on a single sample, enhancing the power of fluorescence imaging techniques. Furthermore, dynamic DNA complexes offer new avenues to incorporate DNA-based computations and logic for in situ molecular imaging and analyses.
Bootstrap Analysis of Gene Networks Based on Bayesian Networks and Nonparametric Regression (2002)

The development of the microarray technology provides us a huge amount of gene expression profiles. The estimation of a gene network has received considerable attention in the field of bioinformatics and several methodologies have been proposed such as the Boolean network [1], the Bayesian network [3, 4, 5] and so on. In this paper, we propose the method for measuring the reliability of the estimated gene network by using the bootstrap method [2].
Module generation of complex macros for logic-emulation applications (1997)

Logic emulation is a technique that uses dynamically reprogrammable systems for prototyping and design verification. Using an emulator, designers can realize designs through a software configuration process and perform real-time design verification before fabricating the chip into silicon. However, converting designs into an emulator involves the use of multi-phase design tasks, which is a very time-consuming process. Hence, shortening the Time-To-Emulation (TTE) is always the main concern for the logic-emulation design process. One approach t o shorten the design processing time is to replace portions of the design with macro cells. This paper presents a module generator for logic-emulation applications, which is able to generate macro cells of arbitrarily complex functions described in High-level Descriptive Languages the (HDLs), Furthermore, the module generator can effectively generate a multiple-FPGA macro for large macros which can not fit in a single FPGA chip. Experiments using the module generator for logic emulation are reported. The results demonstrate that the module generator can effectively and efficiently generate complex macros from their Register-Transfer-Level (RTL) description. In addition, the results also show that the design processing time is significantly shortened when the module generation method is incorporated into the logic-emulation design flow.