gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
<title>Availability and locality measurements of peer-to-peer file systems</title> (2002)

Although peer-to-peer networking applications continue to increase in popularity, there have been few measurement studies of their performance. We present the first study of the locality of files stored and transferred among peers in Napster and Gnutella over month-long periods. Our analysis indicates that the locality of files is skewed in all four cases and fits well to a log-quadratic distribution. This predicts that caches of the most popular songs would increase performance of the system. We also took baseline measurements of file types and sizes for comparison over time with future studies. Not surprisingly, audio files are most popular, however a significant fraction of stored data is occupied by videos. Finally, we measured the distribution of time peers in Gnutella were available for downloading. We found that node availability is strongly influenced by time-of-day effects, and that most user's tend to be available for only very short contiguous lengths of time.
Research on switched reluctance double-rotor motor used for hybrid electric vehicle (2008)

In this paper, switched reluctance machine based double-rotor machine (SRDRM) is proposed. It is a kind of new structure electric machine with two electrical ports and two mechanical ports. Firstly, this paper presents the working principle of SRDRM, builds an equivalent magnetic-network model based on its magnetic structure, and establishes the theoretical analysis and computation fundamental. Secondly, a 2-D finite-element model (FEM) of SRDRM is built and the influence of the magnetic coupling between the outer motor and inner motor is analyzed.
Pulse Width Modulated Inverters for AC Motor Drives (1967)

The use of pulse width modulation techniques applied to thyristor inverters to obtain variable frequency-variable voltage waveforms is reviewed. A number of basic modes of modulation are analyzed; harmonic content and principles of wave generation are investigated and compared to conventional forms of synthesis. The prime advantage of such systems is to preserve a near sine wave envelope rather than to eliminate specific harmonics. This allows a potentially wider range of speed control by keeping the harmonics in fixed but small proportions relative to the fundamental frequency. The principal harmonics which are presen-t are those induced by pulse modulation; these normally can be filtered by the inherent delays of the motor.
Influence of various irrigation fluids on articular cartilage (1995)

When bovine articular cartilage was incubated in Ringer's solution, considerable amounts of proteoglycan were washed out of the cartilage. Thus, 4% of the proteoglycan was lost into the medium during an incubation of 4 hours. Subsequently, it was found that ionic aqueous media like saline or Ringer's solution extracted much more proteoglycan than ion-free media like distilled water or a variety of carbohydrate containing solutions. In separate experiments, it could be shown that solutions of 20% sorbitol and 2% mannitol exhibited particularly low proteoglycan extracting properties. It was found that the extraction of proteoglycan was dependent on the ion concentration in the aqueous media. The extraction of proteoglycan by sodium chloride was negligible at NaCl concentrations of 0.1% and lower. Proteoglycan loss from cartilage was only induced at 0.9% NaCl. Using intact rat femoral heads it could be shown that the elution of proteoglycan from cartilage occurred as well when the cartilage was intact. Here, the elution occurred at a slower rate but the differences between ionic and ion-free solutions were greater. By electronmicroscopic examination of bovine cartilage incubated in different media, it was observed that Ringer's solution induced a more uneven and rougher appearance of the cartilage surface than did 10% mannitol solution, indicating that probably a denudation of collagen fibers occurs on the loss of proteoglycan from the cartilage. Because the observed proteoglycan washout occurred within rather short periods of contact of the cartilage with the medium, it is concluded that this may be of relevance for the clinical situation during arthroscopic procedures. The use of preferably isotonic carbohydrate solutions like 5% mannitol is suggested to prevent unnecessary loss of proteoglycan from hyaline cartilage.
Evidence for a role for both the adenosine A1 and A3 receptors in protection of isolated human atrial muscle against simulated ischaemia (1997)

In human atrium both A1 and A3 receptor stimulation appears to mimic ischaemic preconditioning. This may represent the first evidence for A3 receptor involvement in 'pharmacological' preconditioning of human myocardium.
The Application of Solid Dispersion Technique with D-mannitol to the Improvement in Oral Absorption of Triamterene (1994)

Present paper proposes a new system to administer triamterene, a sparing potassium diuretic which presents absorption problems when administered as a free powder, due to its low solubility in water. To increase the dissolution rate and subsequent oral bioavailability of this drug, it has been formulated as solid dispersion. This method involves preparation by the melting carrier method using D-mannitol as matrix. These systems were subjected to USP XXII dissolution rate determination. The results revealed a marked dissolution rate increase of included triamterene in solid dispersions when compared with micronized drug. Further in vivo assays have demonstrated the absorption efficiency for the proposed systems when referred to pure drug. In vitro-in vivo correlation between the parameter T80% (from dissolution rate studies) and the pharmacokinetic one Ke, has found to be acceptable. All the results obtained make this system suited for further formulation in the pharmaceutical industry.
Modulated expression of secreted Frizzledrelated proteins in human retinal degeneration (2000)

Inherited retinal degenerations such as retinitis pigmentosa (RP) are characterized by progressive loss of photoreceptors, apparently by apoptosis, and our recent report of increased secreted Frizzled-related protein-2 (SFRP2) in RP retinas suggests altered Wnt signalling may be a component of the degenerative process. The present study shows that levels of SFRPI, SFRP3 and SFRP5 mRNAs are also abnormal in RP, giving rise to idiosyncratic expression patterns. In highly degenerative retinas, the SFRP proteins localize mainly to the inner limiting membrane, but in a well-preserved retina SFRPI and SFRP5 are notably localized to the surviving photoreceptors. Together with increased c-jun mRNA expression in all cases examined, these results support the notion that disruptions of Wnt network signalling are involved retinal neurodegeneration.
Morphological study of intracardiac signals as a new tool to track the efficiency of stepwise ablation of persistent atrial fibrillation (2011)

Intracardiac organization indices such as atrial fibrillation (AF) cycle length (AFCL) have been used to track the efficiency of stepwise catheter ablation (step-CA) of longstanding persistent AF, however with limited success. The morphology of AF activation waves reflects the underlying activation patterns. Its temporal evolution is a local organization indicator that could be potentially used for tracking the efficiency of step-CA. We report a new method for characterizing the structure of the temporal evolution of activation wave morphology. Using recurrence plots, novel organization indices are proposed. By computing their relative evolution during the first step of ablation vs baseline, we found that these new parameters are superior to AFCL to track the effect of step-CA âen routeâ to AF termination.
Genetics of Inflammatory Bowel Disease (1998)

1. The aetiology of the chronic inflammatory bowel diseases, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, is uncertain. Studies of specific environmental factors and immune dysfunction have provided little insight into disease pathogenesis. 2. Concordance rates in twin pairs and siblings provide strong evidence that genetic factors are important in disease pathogenesis. In Oxford, information was obtained from 433 adult patients with Crohn's disease. Compared with the prevalence in the general population, the relative risks in siblings of patients with Crohn's disease calculated from these data were respectively 36.5 for Crohn's disease, 16.6 for ulcerative colitis and 24.7 for inflammatory bowel disease. 3. Clinical patterns of disease were compared in members of over 250 multiply affected families with inflammatory bowel disease. A high degree of concordance for many characteristics was noted (disease type, extent, extra-intestinal manifestations). However, in 77 affected parent-child pairs, the median age of onset in the parents was significantly higher than in offspring (P < 0.0001). These data reflect the results from other studies throughout the world, and are consistent with the phenomenon of genetic anticipation. 4. A detailed study investigating the contribution of the major histocompatibility complex was undertaken. Eighty-three affected sibling pairs were involved in a linkage analysis study; 348 patients with inflammatory bowel disease and 472 controls were involved in a detailed allelic association study. These data provide evidence that the major histocompatibility complex is an important determinant in ulcerative colitis, but not in Crohn's disease. 5. Cytokine genes are important candidate genes in inflammatory bowel disease. Allelic association study was performed to investigate the contribution of the gene encoding the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist and tumour necrosis factor-alpha. These data do not suggest that these genes encode important determinants of disease susceptibility in inflammatory bowel disease. 6. A two-stage genome-wide search for susceptibility loci in inflammatory bowel disease was performed involving 186 affected sibling pairs. The data provide strong evidence for the model of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis as related polygenic disorders. Loci on chromosomes 3, 7 and 12 were linked to inflammatory bowel disease overall, whereas loci on chromosomes 2 and 6 were linked only in ulcerative colitis. Linkage with chromosome 16 was noted in Crohn's disease only. Fine mapping of these susceptibility loci is in progress, and may lead to gene identification with attendant clinical benefits.
Capture of Geothermal Heat as Chemical Energy (2015)

Fluids that undergo endothermic reactions were evaluated as potential chemical energy carriers of heat from geothermal reservoirs for power generation. Their performance was compared with that of H2O and CO2. The results show that (a) chemical energy carriers can produce more power from geothermal reservoirs than water and CO2 and (b) working fluids should not be selected solely on the basis of their specific thermo-physical properties but rather on the basis of the rate of exergy (ideal power) they can deliver. This article discusses the results of the evaluation of two chemical energy carrier systems: ammonia and methanol/water mixtures.
Determination of Oxygen-Consumed Values of Organic Wastes (1951)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTDetermination of Oxygen-Consumed Values of Organic WastesW. A. Moore, F. J. Ludzack, and C. C. RuchhoftCite this: Anal. Chem. 1951, 23, 9, 1297–1300Publication Date (Print):September 1, 1951Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 September 1951https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/ac60057a023https://doi.org/10.1021/ac60057a023research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views151Altmetric-Citations30LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Network of Hydrogenase Maturation in <i>Escherichia coli</i> : Role of Accessory Proteins HypA and HybF (2002)

We have studied the roles of the auxiliary protein HypA and of its homolog HybF in hydrogenase maturation. A mutation in hypA leads to the nearly complete blockade of maturation solely of hydrogenase 3 whereas a lesion in hybF drastically but not totally reduces maturation and activity of isoenzymes 1 and 2. The residual level of matured enzymes in the hybF mutant was shown to be due to the function of HypA; HybF, conversely, was responsible for a minimal residual activity of hydrogenase 3 in the mutant hypA strain. Accordingly, a hypA DeltahybF double mutant was completely blocked in the maturation process. However, the inclusion of high nickel concentrations in the medium could restore limited activity of all three hydrogenases. The results of this study and of previous work (M. Blokesch, A. Magalon, and A. Böck, J. Bacteriol. 189:2817-2822, 2001) show that the maturation of the three functional hydrogenases from Escherichia coli is intimately connected via the activity of proteins HypA and HypC and of their homologs HybF and HybG, respectively. The results also support the suggestion of Olson et al. (J. W. Olson, N. S. Mehta, and R. J. Maier, Mol. Microbiol. 39:176-182, 2001) that HypA cooperates with HypB in the insertion of nickel into the precursor of the large hydrogenase subunit. Whereas HypA is predominantly involved in the maturation of hydrogenase 3, HybF takes over its function in the maturation of isoenzymes 1 and 2.
Direct enzymic measurement of glycerides in serum and in lipoprotein fractions. (1986)

A simple two-step procedure is now available for directly measuring triglycerides in whole serum and in lipoprotein fractions. I tested the performance of the assay, using pooled serum stored frozen, freshly prepared lipoprotein fractions, and pure glyceride standards. A parabolic concentration-response curve ensured linearity well beyond total glycerol concentrations of 10 mmol/L, but gave rise to misleading results for massively lipemic samples. Within-day CVs averaged 2.2% for the stored-frozen serum pools; mean day-to-day variation was 2.4%. Analytical recoveries of triglycerides, after lipoprotein fractionation, ranged between 101.9 and 103.7%. Aqueous glyceride standards gave results equivalent to between 95 and 105% of their glycerol content.
Tandem arrayed ligation of expressed sequence tags (TALEST): a new method for generating global gene expression profiles (1999)

We have developed a new and simple method for quantitatively analyzing global gene expression profiles from cells or tissues. The process, called TALEST, or tandem arrayed ligation of expressed sequence tags, employs an oligonucleotide adapter containing a type IIs restriction enzyme site to facilitate the generation of short (16 bp) ESTs of fixed position in the mRNA. These ESTs are flanked by GC-clamped punctuation sequences which render them resistant to thermal denaturation, allowing their concatenation into long arrays and subsequent recognition and analysis by high-throughput DNA sequencing. A major advantage of the TALEST technique is the avoidance of PCR in all stages of the process and hence the attendant sequence-specific amplification biases that are inherent in other gene expression profiling methods such as SAGE, Differential Display, AFLP, etc. which rely on PCR.
Biocatalytic Single‐Step Alkene Cleavage from Aryl Alkenes: An Enzymatic Equivalent to Reductive Ozonization (2006)

O2 can do: Innocuous molecular oxygen O2 is the only reagent needed to perform highly chemoselective biocatalytic single-step alkene-cleavage reactions (see scheme). The products are analogous to those of (reductive) ozonization and related metal-based methods. In contrast neither special equipment nor an additional reducing agent is required. The biocatalytic reaction can be performed at ambient temperature. Depending on the substrate, aldehydes or ketones are obtained.
Surface-Decorated Silicon Nanowires: A Route to High-<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="inline"><mml:mi>Z</mml:mi><mml:mi>T</mml:mi></mml:math>Thermoelectrics (2009)

Based on atomistic calculations of electron and phonon transport, we propose to use surface-decorated silicon nanowires for thermoelectric applications. Two examples of surface decorations are studied to illustrate the underlying ideas: nanotrees and alkyl functionalized silicon nanowires. For both systems we find (i) that the phonon conductance is significantly reduced compared to the electronic conductance leading to high thermoelectric figure of merit ZT, and (ii) for ultrathin wires, surface decoration leads to significantly better performance than surface disorder.
The Cell Death–Inducing Activity of the Peptide Containing Noxa Mitochondrial-Targeting Domain Is Associated with Calcium Release (2009)

DNA damage stabilizes the p53 tumor suppressor protein that determines the cell fate by either cell cycle arrest or cell death induction. Noxa, the BH3-only Bcl-2 family protein, was shown to be a key player in p53-induced cell death through the mitochondrial dysfunction; however, the molecular mechanism by which Noxa induces the mitochondrial dysfunction to cause cell death in response to genotoxic agents is largely unknown. Here, we show that the mitochondrial-targeting domain (MTD) of Noxa is a prodeath domain. Peptide containing MTD causes massive necrosis in vitro through cytosolic calcium increase; it is released from the mitochondria by opening the mitochondrial permeability transition pore. MTD peptide-induced cell death can be inhibited by calcium chelator BAPTA-AM. Moreover, MTD peptide shows the potent tumor-killing activities in mice by joining with tumor-homing motifs.
Simple extractors for all min-entropies and a new pseudorandom generator (2005)

A “randomness extractor” is an algorithm that given a sample from a distribution with sufficiently high min-entropy and a short random seed produces an output that is statistically indistinguishable from uniform. (Min-entropy is a measure of the amount of randomness in a distribution.) We present a simple, self-contained extractor construction that produces good extractors for all min-entropies. Our construction is algebraic and builds on a new polynomial-based approach introduced by Ta-Shma et al. [2001b]. Using our improvements, we obtain, for example, an extractor with output length m = k /(log n ) O (1/α) and seed length (1 + α)log n for an arbitrary 0 < α ≤ 1, where n is the input length, and k is the min-entropy of the input distribution.A “pseudorandom generator” is an algorithm that given a short random seed produces a long output that is computationally indistinguishable from uniform. Our technique also gives a new way to construct pseudorandom generators from functions that require large circuits. Our pseudorandom generator construction is not based on the Nisan-Wigderson generator [Nisan and Wigderson 1994], and turns worst-case hardness directly into pseudorandomness. The parameters of our generator match those in Impagliazzo and Wigderson [1997] and Sudan et al. [2001] and in particular are strong enough to obtain a new proof that P = BPP if E requires exponential size circuits.Our construction also gives the following improvements over previous work:---We construct an optimal “hitting set generator” that stretches O (log n ) random bits into s Ω(1) pseudorandom bits when given a function on log n bits that requires circuits of size s . This yields a quantitatively optimal hardness versus randomness tradeoff for both RP and BPP and solves an open problem raised in Impagliazzo et al. [1999].---We give the first construction of pseudorandom generators that fool nondeterministic circuits when given a function that requires large nondeterministic circuits. This technique also give a quantitatively optimal hardness versus randomness tradeoff for AM and the first hardness amplification result for nondeterministic circuits.
Optical sensor technology for a noninvasive continuous monitoring of blood components (2010)

NIR-spectroscopy and Photoplethysmography (PPG) is used for a measurement of blood components. The absorptioncoefficient of blood differs at different wavelengths. This fact is used to calculate the optical absorbability characteristics of blood which is yielding information about blood components like hemoglobin (Hb), carboxyhemoglobin (CoHb) and arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2). The measured PPG time signals and the ratio between the peak to peak pulse amplitudes are used for a measurement of these parameters. Hemoglobin is the main component of red blood cells. The primary function of Hb is the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue and carbon dioxide back to the lungs. The Hb concentration in human blood is an important parameter in evaluating the physiological status of an individual and an essential parameter in every blood count. Currently, invasive methods are used to measure the Hb concentration, whereby blood is taken from the patient and subsequently analyzed. Apart from the discomfort of drawing blood samples, an added disadvantage of this method is the delay between the blood collection and its analysis, which does not allow real time patient monitoring in critical situations. A noninvasive method allows pain free continuous on-line patient monitoring with minimum risk of infection and facilitates real time data monitoring allowing immediate clinical reaction to the measured data.
Huwe1 ubiquitin ligase is essential to synchronize neuronal and glial differentiation in the developing cerebellum (2010)

We have generated a knockout mouse strain in which the gene coding for the ubiquitin ligase Huwe1 has been inactivated in cerebellar granule neuron precursors (CGNPs) and radial glia. These mice have a high rate of postnatal lethality and profound cerebellar abnormalities. The external granule layer of the cerebellum, which contains CGNPs, is expanded and displays aberrant proliferation and impaired differentiation of the progenitor cell population. The uncontrolled proliferation of the CGNPs is associated with accumulation of the N-Myc oncoprotein, a substrate of Huwe1, and con-sequent activation of the signaling events downstream to N-Myc. Furthermore, loss of Huwe1 in Bergmann glia leads to extensive disorganization of this cell population with layering aberrations, severe granule neuron migration defects, and persistence of ectopic clusters of granule neurons in the external granule layer. Our findings uncover an unexpected role for Huwe1 in regulating Berg-mann glia differentiation and indicate that this ubiquitin ligase orchestrates the programming of the neural progenitors that give rise to neurons and glia in the cerebellum.