gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Direct Method of Determining Preferred Orientation of a Flat Reflection Sample Using a Geiger Counter X-Ray Spectrometer (1949)

A new reflection method is described for determining pole figures of flat samples with a Geiger counter x-ray spectrometer. The chief advantage of the method is that the experimental data may be used directly without corrections for changes in geometry during rotation of the sample. Beginning from an initial position identical with the usual reflection arrangement the sample is rotated about an axis defined by the intersection of the sample surface with the plane of the spectrometer. During this motion a randomly oriented sample of sufficient thickness will yield a constant counting rate because the absorption and effective scattering volume of the sample remain unchanged. As a result, no correction formula is required. The experimental arrangement requires three horizontal slits; two are used to collimate the incident beam, and the third is placed in front of the counter. A mathematical analysis of the optical elements of the arrangement is given together with the results from a practical application.
Protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z is inactivated by ligand‐induced oligomerization (2006)

Receptor‐type protein tyrosine phosphatases (RPTPs) are considered to transduce extracellular signals across the membrane through changes in their PTP activity, however, our understanding of the regulatory mechanism is still limited. Here, we show that pleiotrophin (PTN), a natural ligand for protein tyrosine phosphatase receptor type Z (Ptprz) (also called PTPζ/RPTPβ), inactivates Ptprz through oligomerization and increases the tyrosine phosphorylation of substrates for Ptprz, G protein‐coupled receptor kinase‐interactor 1 (Git1) and membrane associated guanylate kinase, WW and PDZ domain containing 1 (Magi1). Oligomerization of Ptprz by an artificial dimerizer or polyclonal antibodies against its extracellular region also leads to inactivation, indicating that Ptprz is active in the monomeric form and inactivated by ligand‐induced oligomerization.
The hyaluronate receptor is identical to a glycoprotein of Mr 85,000 (gp85) as shown by a monoclonal antibody that interferes with binding activity. (1987)

The cell surface receptor for hyaluronate is an integral membrane glycoprotein of Mr 85,000 (Underhill, C. B., Thurn, A. L., and Lacy, B. E. (1985) J. Biol. Chem. 260, 8128-8133), which appears to be associated with actin filaments. This protein is similar in many respects to another protein, termed gp85, which was originally identified by Tarone, G., Ferracini, R., Galeto, G., and Comoglio, P. (1984) J. Cell Biol. 99, 512-519), using a monoclonal antibody designated as K-3. The gp85 is also a membrane glycoprotein of Mr 85,000 which is associated with the cytoskeleton. Indeed, immunohistological staining has shown that it is distributed in patches along stress fibers of spread baby hamster kidney (BHK) cells. In the present study, we have used the K-3 monoclonal antibody to determine whether gp85 is identical to the hyaluronate receptor. Initial studies showed that the K-3 antibody reacted with material at Mr 85,000 on immunoblots of a purified preparation of the hyaluronate receptor. In addition, the K-3 antibody specifically blocked the binding of [3H]hyaluronate to detergent extracts of the receptor from both BHK and polyoma virus transformed baby hamster kidney (PY-BHK) cells, as well as to intact PY-BHK cells. These results indicate that the K-3 antibody is directed against the hyaluronate receptor, which therefore must be identical to gp85. The K-3 antibody was then used to determine the relative number of hyaluronate receptors associated with parent (BHK) and transformed (PY-BHK) cells. Using an enzyme-linked assay, we found that parent cells had a substantially greater number of receptors than their transformed counterparts. These results were consistent with those obtained when detergent extracts of cells were directly assayed for [3H]hyaluronate binding activity.
PRODUCTION OF CARBON PRODUCTS USING A COAL EXTRACTION PROCESS (2006)

The purpose of this DOE-funded effort is to develop technologies for carbon products from coal-derived feedstocks. Carbon products can include precursor materials such as solvent extracted carbon ore (SECO) and synthetic pitch (Synpitch). In addition, derived products include carbon composites, fibers, foams and others. Key milestones included producing hydrogenated coal in the Hydrotreating Facility for the first time. The facility is now operational, although digital controls have not yet been completely wired. In addition, ultrasound is being used to investigate enhanced dissolution of coal. Experiments have been carried out.
Duplex reactive fluorocarbon films with spin-off resistant characteristics (1987)

As a group, fluorocarbons are by far the most common disc lubricants used in rotating storage memories. They possess excellent properties including chemical inertness, low surface tension, low volativity and moisture repellancy. They have, however, one serious limitation: the continual loss of lubricant from the rotating disc surface due to centrifugal migration. This leads to increased head to disc interference and may eventually cause complete failure of the head-disc assembly (HDA) unit. A unique solution to this problem is described in this paper. It was arrived at by combining two fluorocarbon films, one chemically and permanently bonded to the media surface, the other a normally applied lubricant which is overcoated onto the primed disc surface. These duplex films retain the excellent lubricant properties of the single film but dramatically reduce the lubricant loss by spinoff. Experimental data for duplex and single lubricant systems are presented including spinoff curves, stiction and friction measurements and start-stop wear testing. Finally, a mechanism based upon polymer chain entanglement is proposed to explain the retention of lubricant in this newly discovered system.
Topical anti-itch therapy (2005)

Topical anti-itch therapy could be causative (antiviral, antimycotic, and/or antiparasitic preparations) or symptomatic. Symptomatic therapy includes substituting some other sensation by cooling, heating, and/or counterirritation, by anesthesia of sensory nerve endings with local anesthetics, blocking mediators of pruritus (to deplete substance P or to block acetylcholine release), and reducing inflammation of the skin with corticosteroids or topical immunomodulators (pimecrolimus and tacrolimus). In addition to drugs, the patient should be taught to use emollients and to avoid skin dryness and vasodilatation by contact with irritants. Topical anti-itch preparations can be recommended not only for treatment of localized pruritus, but also for therapy of generalized pruritus when general measures are not effective, systemic drugs are contraindicated, and/or as addition to causative or systemic therapy. Topical anti-itch preparations should be prescribed after the diagnosis is made and used as the first-choice treatment together with general measures.
Correction to Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Equipped with a Phenylsulfonylfuroxan Module as a Nitric Oxide Donor (2015)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVAddition/CorrectionNEXTORIGINAL ARTICLEThis notice is a correctionCorrection to Design, Synthesis, and Antitumor Evaluation of Novel Histone Deacetylase Inhibitors Equipped with a Phenylsulfonylfuroxan Module as a Nitric Oxide DonorWenwen Duan, Jin Li, Elizabeth S. Inks, C. James Chou, Yuping Jia, Xiaojing Chu, Xiaoyang Li, Wenfang Xu*, and Yingjie Zhang*Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2015, 58, 15, 6319Publication Date (Web):July 30, 2015Publication History Published online30 July 2015Published inissue 13 August 2015https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01075https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b01075correctionACS PublicationsCopyright © 2015 American Chemical Society. This publication is available under these Terms of Use. Request reuse permissions This publication is free to access through this site. Learn MoreArticle Views961Altmetric-Citations3LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail PDF (110 KB) Get e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
14-3-3 Epsilon Dynamically Interacts with Key Components of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Signal Module for Selective Modulation of the TNF-α-Induced Time Course-Dependent NF-κB Activity (2010)

Inflammation is tightly regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappaB), and if left unchecked excessive NF-kappaB activation for cytokine overproduction can lead to various pathogenic consequences including carcinogenesis. A proinflammatory cytokine, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), can be used to explore possible mechanisms whereby unknown functional pathways modulate the NF-kappaB activity for regulating TNF-alpha-induced inflammation. Given the multifunctional nature of 14-3-3 family proteins and the recent finding of their presence in the TNF-alpha/NF-kappaB pathway network, we used a dual-tagging quantitative proteomic method to first profile the TNF-alpha-inducible interacting partners of 14-3-3 epsilon, the least characterized 14-3-3 isomer in the family. For the first time, we found that TNF-alpha stimulation enhances the interactions between 14-3-3 epsilon and some key components in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal module which is located at the immediate upstream of NF-kappaB, including transforming growth factor-beta activated kinase-1 (TAK1) and its interacting protein, protein phosphatase 2C beta (PPM1B). By using confocal laser scanning, we observed the TNF-alpha-induced colocalizations among 14-3-3 epsilon, TAK1, and protein phosphatase 2C beta (PPM1B), and these interactions were also TNF-alpha-inducible in different cell types. Further, we found that during the full course of the cellular response to TNF-alpha, the interactions between 14-3-3 epsilon and these two proteins were dynamic and were closely correlated with the time course-dependent changes in NF-kappaB activity, suggesting that these 14-3-3 epsilon interactions are the critical points of convergence for TNF-alpha signaling for modulating NF-kappaB activity. We then postulated a mechanistic view describing how 14-3-3 epsilon coordinates its dynamic interactions with TAK1 and PPM1B for differentially modulating TNF-alpha-induced changes in NF-kappaB activity. By using bioinformatics tools, we constructed the network involving most of the 14-3-3 epsilon interacting proteins identified in our proteomic study. We revealed that 14-3-3 epsilon coordinates the cross talks between the MAPK signal module and other molecular pathways/biological processes primarily including protein metabolism and synthesis, DNA repair, and cell cycle regulation where pharmacological targets for therapeutic intervention could be systematically located.
Managing Diverse Sentiments at Large Scale (2016)

The large-scale aggregation and analysis of user opinions is becoming increasingly relevant to a variety of applications, from detecting social mood on some political topics to tracking their sentiment changes related to events. The analysis of diverse sentiments is another important application, which becomes possible based on the ability of modern methods to capture sentiment polarity on various topics with high precision and on the ever-growing scale. Therefore, there is a need for a scalable way of sentiment aggregation with respect to the time dimension, which stores enough information to preserve diversity, and which allows statistically accurate analysis of sentiment trends and opinion shifts. In this paper, we are focusing on the novel problem of aggregating diverse sentiments at a large scale, based on data sources that are continuously updated. First, we develop a theoretical framework that models sentiment diversity (contradiction) and defines two types of contradictions, depending on the distribution of sentiments over time. Second, we introduce novel measures that capture sentiment diversity from aggregated sentiment statistics. Third, we develop robust and scalable indexing and storage methods for diverse sentiments. Finally, we propose an adaptive approach for identifying contradictions at different time scales. The experimental evaluation demonstrates the effectiveness of the proposed method of capturing contradictions and its superiority over relational databases in real-world scenarios.
Photographic Light Scattering by Polyethylene Films (1960)

The photographic light scattering technique permits a measurement of the size, anisotropy, radial periodicity, packing, and internal structure of polymer spherulites. The theory of some of these effects is described, and experiments are presented showing changes occurring in the melting and growth of spherulites.
The production of menaquinones (vitamin K2) by intestinal bacteria and their role in maintaining coagulation homeostasis. (1993)

Vitamin K is an essential cofactor necessary for the production of clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X in humans and has recently been found to be an essential factor for many other proteins in the body. There are two sources of this essential vitamin, including vitamin K1, or phylloquinone which is primarily found in green leafy vegetables and vitamin K2 or menaquinone which is synthesized by certain intestinal bacteria. The precise contribution of the bacterially synthesized menaquinone to overall vitamin K requirements in man is unknown. This paper reviews the available literature regarding the production and liberation of menaquinones from bacteria, the animal experiments which have been done to examine the absorption of menaquinones and the indirect and direct evidence in humans regarding utilization of menaquinones. The preponderance of the evidence suggests that bacterially synthesized menaquinones, particularly in the ileum can and do play a significant role in contributing to vitamin K requirements in humans to prevent clinically significant coagulopathy, especially during periods of episodic dietary lack of the vitamin.
Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy/Dysplasia (2006)

rrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy/ dysplasia (ARVC/D) is an inherited heart muscle disease that predominantly affects the right ventricle (RV).It is characterized pathologically by RV myocardial atrophy with fibrofatty replacement and clinically by ventricular electric instability with ventricular tachycardia or ventricular fibrillation that may lead to sudden death, primarily in young people and athletes. 1Later in the disease evolution, progression of RV muscle disease and left ventricular involvement may result in heart failure. 2 The condition was initially believed to be a developmental defect of the RV myocardium, leading to the original designation of "dysplasia."This concept has evolved over the last 25 years into the current perspective of a genetically determined "cardiomyopathy." 3 Clinical diagnosis of ARVC/D is often difficult because of the nonspecific nature of disease features and the broad spectrum of phenotypic manifestations.The advent of the molecular genetic era has provided new insights in understanding the pathophysiology of ARVC/D, showing that it is a desmosomal disease resulting from defective cell adhesion proteins such as plakoglobin, desmoplakin, plakophilin-2, and desmoglein-2. 4 -7 The availability of molecular testing for mutation screening of disease genes offers the possibility to identify genetically affected individuals.Potential clinical impact of genotype determination includes diagnosis (family screening and preclinical diagnosis); prediction of clinical phenotype (penetrance, gene-specific clinical manifestations); risk stratification (assessment of malignant versus benign mutations); clinical and genetic counseling (restriction of physical activity, family planning); and therapy (prevention of sudden death by implantable cardioverter/defibrillator [ICD]).
Statistics on the Multinational Corporations as a Means to Exercise Sovereignty (1975)

SUMMARY Statistics of MNC transactions within a peripheral economy and across its frontiers are a critical tool for building up the capacity to exercise national sovereignty and implement national political economic strategies and policies. Conventional international trade statistics are not adequate for this purpose, nor are global, academically respectable models of collection and presentation likely to be fully applicable or suitable. Price monitoring is a central area for improved data collection, and analysis is needed of all MNC transaction prices impinging on a peripheral economy, not simply 'transfer pricing' narrowly defined. A variety of procedures and techniques can be developed and instances of their practical implementation suggest that they can have significant value to their users. National—rathet than international organization—initiatives are urgent, although complementary action by the latter could also be valuable. RESUME Les statistiques sur les corporations multinationales, vues dans le contexte de la souveraineté Les statistiques relatives aux négociations des corporations multinationales jouent un rôle critique dans le développement de la capacité d'effectuer la prise en charge de souveraineté nationale et la mise en oeuvre, à l'échelle politique nationale, de stratégies et politiques économiques. Les statistiques traditionnellement utilisées ne suffisent pas à ce but ; il en est de même des modèles mondiaux de collecte et de présentation bien qu'ils soient généralement admissibles dans le monde académique. Le contrôle des prix représente un foyer central susceptible d'assurer le perfectionnement du système de collecte de renseignements. Le choix de processus et de techniques dont on pourrait se servir est assez divers, tandis que les expériences pratiques relatives à leur application permettent de croire que tout utilisateur en jouira d'un profit considérable. RESUMEN Las estadísticas sobre las corporaciones multinacionales como medio de ejercer la soberanía Las estadísticas sobre transacciones de las corporaciones multi‐nacionales que operan en una economía periférica son una herramienta decisiva para construir la capacidad de ejercer la soberanía político‐económica. Las estadísticas convencionales de comercio internacional no son adecuadas para este propósito, y es probable que los modelos globales, académicamente respetables, de recolección y presentación tampoco sean totalmente aplicables. La supervigilancia de precios es un área crucial para mejorar la recolección de datos; el análisis que se necesita as amplio y no debe restringirse a los 'precios de transferencia'. Es posible desarrollar una variedad de procedimientos y técnicas, y algunos ejemplos de aplicación práctica indican que ellos pueden ser de mucho valor. Es urgente que haya iniciativas nacionales en esta materia, más que iniciativas de organizaciones internacionales, aunque acciones complementarias de estas últimas pueden ser valiosas.
Control of normal differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. V. Normal differentiation in aneuploid leukemic cells and the chromosome banding pattern of D<sup>+</sup> and D<sup>−</sup> clones (1974)

Abstract A line of mouse myeloid leukemic cells in culture contained two types of clones. One type can be induced by the differentiation‐inducing protein MGI to undergo normal differentiation to mature macrophages and granulocytes (D + clones), whereas the other type could not be induced to differentiate (D − clones). D + clones can segregate some D − progeny and D − clones can segregate some D + progeny. The segregant clones were more unstable in their ability to differentiate, than the stable parental clones from which they were derived. The chromosome banding pattern has been analyzed in 10 stable and six unstable clones. The clones had a modal chromosome number of 39, 40 or 41, and none of the clones, not even those with 40 chromosomes, showed a normal diploid banding pattern. Stable D + and D − clones had different karyotypes. However, the banding patterns of the unstable D + and D − segregants were not detectably different from the parental clones from which they were derived. The results indicate that normal differentiation can occur in aneuploid myeloid leukemic cells; that the initial segregation from D + to D − and from D − to D + was due to a hereditary change which did not show chromosome changes detectable by the banding technique; and that detectable chromosome changes were associated with hereditary stabilization of the difference between D + and D − .
Experimental Cardiovascular Benefits of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (1991)

Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology™ is a peer reviewed, multidisciplinary journal that publishes original articles and pertinent review articles on basic and clinical aspects of cardiovascular pharmacology. Appropriate subjects include new drug development and evaluation, physiological and pharmacological bases of drug action, metabolism, drug interactions and side effects, clinical results with new and established agents and novel methods. The focus is on pharmacology in its broadest applications, incorporating not only traditional approaches, but new approaches to the development of pharmacological agents and the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
Lipid modulation of glycolipid receptor function (1994)

Verotoxins bind to glycosphingolipids containing terminal Gal(alpha 1-4)Gal residues. Globotriaosylceramide is the most effective receptor for verotoxin-1 in vitro and is the functional plasma-membrane receptor which mediates cytopathology for most sensitive cells. Binding of verotoxin-1 to a series of galabiose-containing or globotriaose-containing synthetic glycolipids with monoalkylsulfides and bisalkylsulfides or sulfones as the lipid moiety, have been studied for toxin binding by TLC overlay and in solid phase in the presence of auxiliary lipids. The results demonstrate that for an identical carbohydrate, binding is dramatically altered according to the nature of the lipid moiety. The close proximity of the galabiose sequence and the hydrophobic species also compromised recognition. The lipid environment is also a major determinant of receptor function, since species that were effective, even preferred toxin receptors as monitored by TLC overlay, were not necessarily recognized in the presence of auxiliary lipids. Certain glycolipids, which were not recognized by TLC overlay, were nevertheless found to be effective receptors in an auxiliary lipid matrix. These results demonstrate the crucial role of the lipid moiety in verotoxin/glycolipid recognition and are discussed in relation to toxin pathogenesis and glycolipid receptor function.