gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Range-Energy Relations for Electrons and the Determination of Beta-Ray End-Point Energies by Absorption (1952)

It is shown that for aluminum absorbers, a single range-energy equation $R=412$ ${{E}_{0}}^{1.265\ensuremath{-}0.0954\mathrm{ln}{E}_{0}}$ (mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) will fit the most reliable published values of practical ranges of monoenergetic electrons and the maximum ranges of nuclear beta-rays in the energy region $0.01<~{E}_{0}<~2.5$ Mev. The average deviation of 59 monoenergetic measurements from this equation is +0.08 percent in energy, and -0.05 percent in energy for 35 beta-ray measurements. The mean deviation is 4.1 percent in each case. There are few ranges for energies above 2.5 Mev. All the higher energy values found in the literature and four new measurements on monoenergetic electrons are presented and are shown to be consistent with the range-energy equation $R=530$ ${E}_{0}\ensuremath{-}106$ (mg/${\mathrm{cm}}^{2}$) for ${E}_{0}>~2.5$ Mev. It is shown that the curve ($\frac{d{E}_{0}}{\mathrm{dR}}$) is nearly parallel to the theoretical curve for the rate of energy loss by ionization in the region between 0.01 and 20 Mev and is about 25 percent larger. The reason for this discrepancy is not known. All the methods commonly used to determine the ranges of beta-rays from absorption curves are discussed and a new method developed by the authors is presented.
The Candidate TB Vaccine, MVA85A, Induces Highly Durable Th1 Responses (2014)

MVA85A induces remarkably durable T cell responses in immunocompetent persons. However, results from a recent phase IIb trial of MVA85A, conducted in infants from the same geographic area and study population, showed no vaccine efficacy, suggesting that these durable T cell responses do not enhance BCG-induced protection against TB in infants.
Block‐Selected Molecular Recognition and Formation of Polypseudorotaxanes between Poly(propylene oxide)‐Poly(ethylene oxide)‐Poly(propylene oxide) Triblock Copolymers and α‐Cyclodextrin (2003)

Although a poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) chain was previously thought to be impenetrable to α-cyclodextrin, the middle poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) block of PPO-PEO-PPO triblock copolymers can be selectively recognized and included by α-cyclodextrin to form polypseudorotaxanes (see schematic representation), even though it is flanked by two PPO blocks. Supporting information for this article is available on the WWW under http://www.wiley-vch.de/contents/jc_2002/2003/z19580_s.pdf or from the author. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Synthesis and Properties of Tetracyanamidosilicates ARE[Si(CN<sub>2</sub>)<sub>4</sub>] (2010)

Tetracyanamidosilicates of the type ARE[Si(CN(2))(4)] with A = K, Rb, and Cs and RE = Y and La-Lu have been prepared by a solid-state metathesis reaction. The potassium compounds with RE = La-Gd crystallize orthorhombically in the space group P2(1)2(1)2. Rubidium as well as cesium compounds crystallize tetragonally in the space group I4. The luminescent properties of ARE[Si(CN(2))(4)]:Ln compounds with RE = Y, La, and Gd doped with 5 mol % Ln = Ce, Eu, or Tb were investigated. Temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibilities were measured for KGd[Si(CN(2))(4)]. The value of the magnetic moment is 7.3 mu(B)/Gd(3+) ion, which is in line with the expected value for the [Xe]4f(7) configuration of Gd(3+).
Phosphorylation-dependent Regulation of Unique Nuclear and Nucleolar Localization Signals of LIM Kinase 2 in Endothelial Cells (2006)

LIM kinases (LIMKs) regulate actin dynamics through cofilin phosphorylation and also have a function in the nucleus. Recently we have shown that LIMK2 shuttles between cytoplasm and nucleus in endothelial cells and that nuclear import is inhibited by protein kinase C-mediated phosphorylation of Ser-283. Here we aimed to identify the structural features of LIMK2 responsible for nuclear import. We found that the kinase domain of LIMK2 is localized exclusively in the nucleus and, in contrast to the kinase domain of LIMK1, it accumulated in the nucleolus. Through site-directed mutagenesis, we identified the basic amino acid-rich motif KKRTLRKNDRKKR (amino acids 491-503) as the functional nuclear and nucleolar localization signal of LIMK2. After fusing this motif to enhanced green fluorescent protein, the fusion protein localized exclusively in the nucleus and nucleolus. Mutagenesis studies showed that phosphorylation of Thr-494, a putative protein kinase C phosphorylation site identified within the nuclear localization signal, inhibits nuclear import of the enhanced green fluorescent protein-PDZ kinase domain of LIMK2. After inhibiting nuclear export with leptomycin B, phosphorylation of either Ser-283 or Thr-494 reduced the nuclear import of LIMK2. Phosphorylation of both Ser-283 and Thr-494 sites inhibited nuclear import completely. Our findings identify a unique basic amino acid-rich motif (amino acids 491-503) in LIMK2 which is not present in LIMK1 that serves to target the protein not only to the nucleus but also to the nucleolus. Phosphorylation of Thr-494 within this motif negatively regulates nuclear import of LIMK2.
Hole-Burning Spectroscopy as a Probe of Nano-environments and Processes in Biomolecules: A Review (2012)

Hole-burning spectroscopy, a high-resolution spectroscopic technique, allows details of heterogeneous nano-environments in biological systems to be obtained from broad absorption bands. Recently, this technique has been applied to proteins, nucleic acids, cells, and substructures of water to probe the electrostatic conditions created by macromolecules and the surrounding solvent. Starting with the factors that obscure the homogeneous linewidth of a chromophore within an inhomogeneously broadened absorption or emission band, we describe properties and processes in biological systems that are reflected in the measured hole spectra. The technique also lends itself to the resolution of perturbation experiments, such as temperature cycling to elucidate energy landscape barriers, applied external electric fields (Stark effect) to measure net internal electric fields, and applied hydrostatic pressure to find the volume compressibility of proteins.
Chemistry, Stability and Bioavailability of Resveratrol (2014)

Resveratrol is a bioactive polyphenol found in many vegetables. It is well known for its multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anticancer, neuroprotective and cardioprotective effects. In vitro evidence of resveratrol efficacy is widespread, however, many concerns regarding its effectiveness in vivo arise from its poor stability in vitro and bioavailability following oral ingestion. This review focuses on the in vitro stability, with special focus on the photochemical stability of resveratrol, and on the therapeutic perspectives of this molecule due to its low bioavailability.
Engineering mobile-agent applications via context-dependent coordination (2001)

Mobility introduces peculiar coordination problems in agent-based Internet applications. First, it suggests the exploitation of an infrastructure based on a multiplicity of local interaction spaces. Second, it may require coordination activities to be adapted both to the characteristics of the execution environment where they occur and to the needs of the application to which the coordinating agents belong. This paper introduces the concept of context-dependent coordination based on programmable interaction spaces. On the one hand, interaction spaces associated to different execution environments may be independently programmed so as to lead to differentiated, environment-dependent, behaviors. On the other hand, agents can program the interaction spaces of the visited execution environments to obtain an application-dependent behavior of the interaction spaces themselves. Several examples show how an infrastructure for context-dependent coordination can be exploited to simplify the design of Internet applications based on mobile agents. In addition, the MARS coordination infrastructure is presented as an example of a system in which the concept of context-dependent coordination has found a clean and efficient implementation.
Inhibition of 3‐methylcrotonyl‐CoA carboxylase explains the increased excretion of 3‐hydroxyisovaleric acid in valproate‐treated patients (2011)

Our results suggest the interference of VPA with the activity of 3MCC through a potential cumulative effect: direct inhibition of the enzyme activity by the drug metabolite valproyl-CoA and the inhibition of biotinidase by valproate and/or its metabolites. These interactions may be associated with the skin rash and hair loss which are side effects often reported in VPA-treated patients.
Acute exposure to long-chain fatty acids impairs α2-adrenergic receptor-mediated antilipolysis in human adipose tissue (2007)

The acute in vitro and in vivo effects of long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) on the regulation of adrenergic lipolysis were investigated in human adipose tissue. The effect of a 2 h incubation, without or with LCFA (200 mumol/l), on basal and hormonally induced lipolysis was tested in vitro on isolated fat cells. The lipolytic response to epinephrine was enhanced by suppression of the antilipolytic alpha(2)-adrenergic effect. Then, healthy lean and obese male subjects performed a 45 min exercise bout at 50% of their heart rate reserve either after an overnight fast or 3 h after a high-fat meal (HFM: 95% fat, 5% carbohydrates). Subcutaneous adipose tissue lipolysis was measured by microdialysis in the presence or absence of an alpha-antagonist (phentolamine). In vivo, a HFM increased plasma levels of nonesterified fatty acids in lean and obese subjects. In both groups, the HFM did not alter hormonal responses to exercise. Under fasting conditions, the alpha(2)-adrenergic antilipolytic effect was more pronounced in obese than in lean subjects. The HFM totally suppressed the alpha(2)-adrenergic antilipolytic effect in lean and obese subjects during exercise. LCFAs per se, in vitro as well as in vivo, suppress alpha(2)-adrenergic-mediated antilipolysis in adipose tissue. LCFA-mediated suppression of antilipolytic pathways represents another mechanism whereby a high fat content in the diet might increase adipose tissue lipolysis.
DESIGNS TO BALANCE THE EFFECT OF ORDER OF PRESENTATION AND FIRST‐ORDER CARRY‐OVER EFFECTS IN HALL TESTS (1989)

ABSTRACT. The problem of balancing out the effect of order of presentation and the carryover effect of a preceding sample over a series of presentations of the same set of samples is addressed. A series of designs developed by Williams (1949) are used. The method of calculation is given. Tables containing about 50 consumers of each design for presenting from 4 through to 16 samples are given.
Fault Dictionary Based Scan Chain Failure Diagnosis (2007)

In this paper, we present a fault dictionary based scan chain failure diagnosis technique. We first describe a technique to create small dictionaries for scan chain faults by storing differential signatures. Based on the differential signatures stored in a fault dictionary, we can quickly identify single stuck-at fault or timing fault in a faulty chain. We further develop a novel technique to diagnose some multiple stuck-at faults in a single scan chain. Comparing with fault simulation based diagnosis technique, the proposed fault dictionary based diagnosis technique is up to 130 times faster with same level of diagnosis accuracy and resolution.
Using video-based observation to shape the design of a new technology (1989)

A common problem in the development of software is that the designers either overlook certain aspects of the users' situations or do not have access to them. Not all projects are plagued by this kind of oversight, but it is widespread in the development of single-user systems and is compounded when we turn to systems designed to support collaborative work.
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Falls and Injurious Falls among the Community-dwelling Elderly (1993)

To determine the frequency of and risk factors for falls and injurious falls in the noninstitutionalized elderly, the authors conducted a follow-up study of 409 community-dwelling persons aged 65 years or more in west-central Montreal, Quebec, Canada, from May 1987 to October 1988. Following an initial at-home interview, each subject was telephoned every 4 weeks for 48 weeks for collection of data on falls experienced since the last contact. Each of the 12 follow-up interviews was completed by at least 90% of the subjects eligible for interview. Data were also collected in the follow-up interviews on time-varying exposures. Twenty-nine percent of the subjects fell during follow-up; 17.6% fell once, and 11.5% fell two or more times. The incidence rate for falls was 41.4 falls per 1,000 person-months. The majority of falls resulted in no injury or in minor injury only. Potential risk factors investigated included sociodemographic variables, physical activity, alcohol consumption, acute and chronic health problems, dizziness, mobility, and medications. Multivariate analyses showed that the following factors were statistically significantly associated with an increased rate of falls: dizziness (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 2.0), frequent physical activity (IRR = 2.0), having days on which activities were limited because of a health problem (IRR = 1.8), having trouble walking 400 m (IRR = 1.6), and having trouble bending down (IRR = 1.4). Factors which were protective included diversity of physical activities (IRR = 0.6), daily alcohol consumption (IRR = 0.5), having days spent in bed because of a health problem (IRR = 0.5), and taking heart medication (IRR = 0.6). Risk factors for injurious falls were similar.
The domain structure and retrotransposition mechanism of R2 elements are conserved throughout arthropods (1999)

R2 elements are non-LTR retrotransposons that insert in the 28S rRNA genes of arthropods. Partial sequence data from many species have previously suggested that these elements have been vertically inherited since the origin of this phylum. Here, we compare the complete sequences of nine R2 elements selected to represent the diversity of arthropods. All of the elements exhibited a uniform structure. Identification of their conserved sequence features, combined with our biochemical studies, allows us to make the following inferences concerning the retrotransposition mechanism of R2. While all R2 elements insert into the identical sequence of the 28S gene, it is only the location of the initial nick in the target DNA that is rigidly conserved across arthropods. Variation at the R2 5' junctions suggests that cleavage of the second strand of the target site is not conserved within or between species. The extreme 5' and 3' ends of the elements themselves are also poorly conserved, consistent with a target primed reverse transcription mechanism for attachment of the 3' end and a template switch model for the attachment of the 5' end. Comparison of the approximately 1,000-aa R2 ORF reveals that it can be divided into three domains. The central 450-aa domain can be folded by homology modeling into a tertiary structure resembling the fingers, palm, and thumb subdomains of retroviral reverse transcriptases. The carboxyl terminal end of the R2 protein appears to be the endonuclease domain, while the amino-terminal end contains zinc finger and c-myb-like DNA-binding motifs.
Quantification of biological aging in young adults (2015)

Antiaging therapies show promise in model organism research. Translation to humans is needed to address the challenges of an aging global population. Interventions to slow human aging will need to be applied to still-young individuals. However, most human aging research examines older adults, many with chronic disease. As a result, little is known about aging in young humans. We studied aging in 954 young humans, the Dunedin Study birth cohort, tracking multiple biomarkers across three time points spanning their third and fourth decades of life. We developed and validated two methods by which aging can be measured in young adults, one cross-sectional and one longitudinal. Our longitudinal measure allows quantification of the pace of coordinated physiological deterioration across multiple organ systems (e.g., pulmonary, periodontal, cardiovascular, renal, hepatic, and immune function). We applied these methods to assess biological aging in young humans who had not yet developed age-related diseases. Young individuals of the same chronological age varied in their "biological aging" (declining integrity of multiple organ systems). Already, before midlife, individuals who were aging more rapidly were less physically able, showed cognitive decline and brain aging, self-reported worse health, and looked older. Measured biological aging in young adults can be used to identify causes of aging and evaluate rejuvenation therapies.
The X-Ray Crystal Structure Analysis of the Refined Complex formed by Bovine Trypsin and<i>p</i>-Amidinophenylpyruvate at 1.4 Å Resolution (1983)

The X-ray crystal structure of the complex formed by bovine beta-trypsin and the potent small inhibitor p-amidinophenylpyruvate at pH 7.6, has been determined by difference Fourier methods at 1.4 A resolution and subsequently refined to a crystallographic R value of 0.191, applying diagonal matrix least-squares procedures including energy constraints. The amidino and the phenyl group of this inhibitor are bound to the specificity pocket, essentially as previously observed in benzamidine-trypsin. The reactive Ser195 O gamma of trypsin forms a covalent bond of length 1.7 A to the carbonyl carbon of the pyruvate group. The hybridization of this carbonyl carbon is just between trigonal and tetrahedral. The imidazole ring of His57 is in a correct orientation to form bonds via its N epsilon 2 hydrogen to one of the carboxylate oxygens of p-amidinophenylpyruvate and to Ser195 O gamma. The probable proton shift makes Ser195 O gamma more nucleophilic and the attacked carbonyl carbon of p-amidinophenylpyruvate more electrophilic and thus facilitates bond formation. These specific interactions offer a qualitative explanation for the unique binding properties of p-amidinophenylpyruvate and for the applicability of the quantitative structure-activity relations previously found by Markwardt and coworkers for three series of p-amidinophenylalkanone compounds with carbonyl groups in alpha-, beta- and gamma-position to the phenyl ring.
High-performance, energy-efficient, fault-tolerant network-on-chip design using reinforcement learning (2019)

Network-on-Chips (NoCs) are becoming the standard communication fabric for multi-core and system on a chip (SoC) architectures. As technology continues to scale, transistors and wires on the chip are becoming increasingly vulnerable to various fault mechanisms, especially timing errors, resulting in exacerbation of energy efficiency and performance for NoCs. Typical techniques for handling timing errors are reactive in nature, responding to the faults after their occurrence. They rely on error detection/correction techniques which have resulted in excessive power consumption and degraded performance, since the error detection/correction hardware is constantly enabled. On the other hand, indiscriminately disabling error handling hardware can induce more errors and intrusive retransmission traffic. Therefore, the challenge is to balance the trade-offs among error rate, packet retransmission, performance, and energy. In this paper, we propose a proactive fault-tolerant mechanism to optimize energy efficiency and performance with reinforcement learning (RL). First, we propose a new proactive error handling technique comprised of a dynamic scheme for enabling per-router error detection/correction hardware and an effective retransmission mechanism. Second, we propose the use of RL to train the dynamic control policy with the goals of providing increased fault-tolerance, reduced power consumption and improved performance as compared to conventional techniques. Our evaluation indicates that, on average, end-to-end packet latency is lowered by 55%, energy efficiency is improved by 64%, and retransmission caused by faults is reduced by 48% over the reactive error correction techniques.
Efficient Structure-Aware Selection Techniques for 3D Point Cloud Visualizations with 2DOF Input (2012)

Data selection is a fundamental task in visualization because it serves as a pre-requisite to many follow-up interactions. Efficient spatial selection in 3D point cloud datasets consisting of thousands or millions of particles can be particularly challenging. We present two new techniques, TeddySelection and CloudLasso, that support the selection of subsets in large particle 3D datasets in an interactive and visually intuitive manner. Specifically, we describe how to spatially select a subset of a 3D particle cloud by simply encircling the target particles on screen using either the mouse or direct-touch input. Based on the drawn lasso, our techniques automatically determine a bounding selection surface around the encircled particles based on their density. This kind of selection technique can be applied to particle datasets in several application domains. TeddySelection and CloudLasso reduce, and in some cases even eliminate, the need for complex multi-step selection processes involving Boolean operations. This was confirmed in a formal, controlled user study in which we compared the more flexible CloudLasso technique to the standard cylinder-based selection technique. This study showed that the former is consistently more efficient than the latter - in several cases the CloudLasso selection time was half that of the corresponding cylinder-based selection.
<title>Computer Generated Graphics A Review Of Some Of The More Well-Known Methods Applicable To Simulation</title> (1975)

Some of the well-known methods of computer graphics, especially those useful in simulation, are reviewed qualitatively, to serve as an introduction for readers in less related fields, to the succeeding papers. Operations necessary to display points, lines, polygons, and polyhedra, both stick-figure and solid-face, including hidden line and surface removal, are discussed.
From A to B in free energy space (2007)

The authors present a new method for searching low free energy paths in complex molecular systems at finite temperature. They introduce two variables that are able to describe the position of a point in configurational space relative to a preassigned path. With the help of these two variables the authors combine features of approaches such as metadynamics or umbrella sampling with those of path based methods. This allows global searches in the space of paths to be performed and a new variational principle for the determination of low free energy paths to be established. Contrary to metadynamics or umbrella sampling the path can be described by an arbitrary large number of variables, still the energy profile along the path can be calculated. The authors exemplify the method numerically by studying the conformational changes of alanine dipeptide.
Development of an ultralow current amplifier for scanning tunneling microscopy (2004)

A transimpedance amplifier for ultralow current scanning tunneling microscopy has been developed. Conditions for maximum signal-to-noise ratio have been explored, showing that best results can be obtained with a simple circuital arrangement. The amplifier associates a very high amplification factor (0.5 V/pA) to a sufficiently wide bandwith (1.6 kHz) and very low noise current (49 fA). Those features enable microscopy studies on an almost insulating surface, such as a freshly cleaved mica surface.