gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
A Study on Gasoline Fueled Compression Ignition Engine ∼ A Trial of Operation Region Expansion ∼ (2002)

<div class="htmlview paragraph">A fundamental examination was made of gasoline-fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion under various compression ratios, intake temperatures and intake gas compositions. The results revealed the basic combustion characteristics, and the ignition timing and combustion duration were found for every set of conditions. Suitable intake air temperatures were also determined for every operating condition. Internal residual gas was used to raise the mixture temperature in the cylinder. The region of maximum engine speed was expanded without heating the intake air. Minimum and maximum indicated mean effective pressures (IMEP) were found in several engine speed regions under several residual gas rates. Based on the results, a comprehensive interpretation is given of conventional HCCI combustion in 2- and 4-stroke gasoline engines.</div>
Biomarkers for hepatocellular carcinoma: progression in early diagnosis, prognosis, and personalized therapy (2013)

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors in the world. Currently, surgical resection, liver transplantation, and local ablation are considered curative therapeutic practices for HCC. The diagnosis of HCC without pathologic confirmation is achieved by analyzing serum alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels combined with imaging techniques, including ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, and computerized tomography. Although progress has been made in the diagnosis and management of HCC, its prognosis remains dismal. Various new technologies have identified numerous novel biomarkers with potential diagnostic as well as prognostic value, including Dickkopf-1 and Golgi protein 73. These biomarkers not only help in the early diagnosis and prediction of prognosis, but also assist in identifying potential targets for therapeutic interventions. In this article, we provide an up-to-date review of the biomarkers that are used for early diagnosis, prognosis prediction, and personalized treatment of HCC.
A comprehensive two-dimensional map of cytosolic proteins ofBacillus subtilis (2001)

Proteomics relying on two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis of proteins followed by spot identification with mass spectrometry is an excellent experimental tool for physiological studies opening a new perspective for understanding overall cell physiology. This is the intriguing outcome of a method introduced by Klose and O'Farrell independently 25 years ago. Physiological proteomics requires a 2-D reference map on which most of the main proteins were identified. In this paper, we present such a reference map with more than 300 entries for Bacillus subtilis proteins with an isoelectric point (pI) between 4 and 7. The most abundant proteins of exponentially growing cells were compiled and shown to perform mainly housekeeping functions in glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCC), amino acid biosynthesis and translation as well as protein quality control. Furthermore, putative post-translational modifications were shown at a large scale, with 47 proteins in total forming more than one spot. In a few selected cases evidence for phosphorylation of these proteins is presented. The proteome analysis in the standard pI range was complemented by either stretching the most crowded regions in a narrow pH gradient 4.5-5.5, or by adding other fractions of the total B. subtilis proteome such as alkaline proteins as well as extracellular proteins. A big challenge for future studies is to provide an experimental protocol covering the fraction of intrinsic membrane proteins that almost totally escaped detection by the experimental procedure used in this study.
Cross-Canada EMR Case Studies: Analysis of Physicians' Perspectives on Benefits and Barriers (2011)

Objective: Our objective was to provide physicians with practical information on best practices and lessons learned with regards to implementation and use of electronic medical record (EMR) systems in ambulatory clinical practice settings. Methodology: A cross-Canada EMR study—the first of its kind—used case study methodology to investigate how EMRs were implemented and used in primary care. Knowledge transfer methods included print and web publications by the Canadian Medical Association (CMA) and a workshop. Results: The 20 case studies informed us in detail of the critical success factors for implementation. These were validated and augmented through a workshop. Conclusions: Electronic medical record (EMR) uptake in Canada and the US significantly lags behind other countries. Hence, there is a need to spread the good news about the actual benefits of EMRs to patients, physicians and the health care system and to mitigate barriers to EMR adoption and use.
The development of ultra-high-frequency VLSI device test systems (1990)

The development of test systems for high-performance semiconductor logic and memory devices is discussed. The capabilities of shared-resource and tester-per-pin system architectures are reviewed. Test-system hardware design to provide high-speed pin electronics and generation of LSSD, weighed random, and algorithmic patterns is described. The reasons for the selection of the tester-per-pin system architecture are given in terms of the way in which overall system accuracy and test-system user flexibility are maximized for differing test methodologies.
ming pai zhi lu gui lin san jin yao ye ji tuan gong si fa zhan ji shi (1997)

提起“三金药业”，谁都能说出它的几个产品来，如三金片、桂林西瓜霜、西瓜霜润喉片等。中央电视台常有“三金”的广告镜头；在广西首府南宁，“三金”的霓虹广告牌闪耀在市中心百货大楼的上空，而更亲切的体会，即许多人都是“三金”的受益者。这就是名牌实力！名牌效应！名不虚传！三金药业集团公司的名牌之路是怎样走起来的呢？有什么特色呢？记者带着这些问题来到旅游名城桂林市，寻找三金创名牌的奥秘。三金药业集团公司的总经理邹节明、副总经理工许飞热情地接待了记者，并回答了记者的问题。正确的质量效益观是三金名牌产生的基础邹节明总经理说：过去，一提“质量是企业的生命”，一些人往往仅简单地联想到产品质量，我们应纠正这一简单、
MOBILISING LIGHT INDUSTRY (2002)

SUBTITLE: TO SERVICE AN EVOLVING INDUSTRIAL BASE AND ATTRACT NORTH/SOUTH CARGO, THE ALABAMA STATE PORT AUTHORITY IS PLANNING TO CREATE AN INTEGRATED LOGISTICS NETWORK CENTERING AROUND A NEW CONTAINER PORT.
On‐line measurement of polymer orientation using ultrasonic technology (2001)

Abstract The propagation velocity of an ultrasonic shear wave can be used to detect anisotropic behavior in the mechanical properties of a solid. Thus, an ultrasonic shear transducer imbedded in an injection mold produces a signal that is sensitive to polymer orientation. This results in a non‐invasive, on‐line technique for monitoring the orientation of polymer in an injection mold cavity during part cooling and solidification. The technique is shown to be quite sensitive for semicrystalline polymers, but much less effective for amorphous polymers. Sensor results are compared to mechanical tests.
Learning Bayesian Networks from Incomplete Databases (2013)

Bayesian approaches to learn the graphical structure of Bayesian Belief Networks (BBNs) from databases share the assumption that the database is complete, that is, no entry is reported as unknown. Attempts to relax this assumption involve the use of expensive iterative methods to discriminate among different structures. This paper introduces a deterministic method to learn the graphical structure of a BBN from a possibly incomplete database. Experimental evaluations show a significant robustness of this method and a remarkable independence of its execution time from the number of missing data.
Copper-Catalyzed Synthesis of Sulfenamides Utilizing Diaryl Disulfides with Alkyl Amines (2007)

The copper-catalyzed coupling of diaryl disulfides with alkyl amines can afford various sulfenamides in good yields. Furthermore, the present reaction is efficient and can be used for both of the aryl sulfide groups on disulfide.
Solution Manipulation of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications in Electrochemistry (2009)

Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) are a unique family of all carbon one dimensional nanomaterials that offer extraordinary mechanical, electrical and thermal properties leading to great promises in applications ranging from composite materials, nanoelectronics, electrochemical devices, biology to analytical science.This dissertation describes the synthesis and solution manipulation of single-walled carbon nanotubes and their applications in electrochemistry.Single-walled carbon nanotubes were synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method.SWNTs were individually and randomly grown on silicon substrates, which were used in study of the dielectric properties of SWNTs.As-produced SWNT bundles were individually dispersed in aqueous solution using designed "polysoap" surfactants.The polysoaps are synthesized by functionalizing the side chain of poly(styrene-alt-maleic acid) with aminopyrene.The designed polysoaps adsorb on the sidewalls of SWNTs and exhibit dispersion efficiency better than DNA.In addition, SWNT-metal nanoparticle (NP) assemblies were synthesized by using the polymer-SWNT complexes as templates for the binding of metal ions and metal NPs.Temperature and pH-responsive single-walled carbon nanotube dispersions were realized by using poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) and poly-L-lysine solutions as dispersion
Photolysis of Some Quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides. A Method of Structural Assignment (1976)

The structures of some 2,3,6(7)-trisul3stituted quinoxaline-1,4dioxides were assigned through their photolytic rearrangement into 1,3,5(6)-trisubstituted benzimidazolones.Photolysis of related quinoxaline-1,4-dioxides demonstrated the generality of the rearrangement.
Noncataleptogenic, centrally acting dopamine D-2 and serotonin 5-HT2 antagonists within a series of 3-substituted 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indoles (1992)

A series of 1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indoles substituted at the 3-position with 1-piperazinyl, 1,2,3,6-tetrahydro-4-pyridinyl, and 4-piperidinyl was synthesized. Within all three subseries potent dopamine D-2 and serotonin 5-HT2 receptor affinity was found in ligand binding studies. Quipazine-induced head twitches in rats were inhibited by most derivatives as a measure of central 5-HT2 receptor antagonism. Piperazinyl and tetrahydropyridyl indoles were cataleptogenic, while piperidyl substituted indoles surprisingly were found to be noncataleptogenic or only weakly cataleptogenic. Noncataleptogenic piperidyl derivatives also failed to block dopaminergic-mediated stereotypies, that is methyl phenidate-induced gnawing behavior in mice. These profiles resemble that of the atypical neuroleptic clozapine. 1-Ethyl-2-imidazolidinone was found to be the optimal substituent of the basic nitrogen atom in order to avoid catalepsy. The atypical neuroleptic 1-[2-[4-[5-chloro-1-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-indol-3-yl]-1-piperidinyl] ethyl]-2-imidazolidinone (sertindole, compound 14c) was selected for further development as a result of these structure/activity studies.
Identification of retinal neurons in a regressive rodent eye (the naked mole-rat) (2004)

The retina consists of many parallel circuits designed to maximize the gathering of important information from the environment. Each of these circuits is comprised of a number of different cell types combined in modules that tile the retina. To a subterranean animal, vision is of relatively less importance. Knowledge of how circuits and their elements are altered in response to the subterranean environment is useful both in understanding processes of regressive evolution and in retinal processing itself. We examined common cell types in the retina of the naked mole-rat, Heterocephalus glaber with immunocytochemical markers and retrograde staining of ganglion cells from optic nerve injections. The stains used show that the naked mole-rat eye has retained multiple ganglion cell types, 1-2 types of horizontal cell, rod bipolar and multiple types of cone bipolar cells, and several types of common amacrine cells. However, no labeling was found with antibodies to the dopamine-synthesizing enzyme, tyrosine hydroxylase. Although most of the well-characterized mammalian cell types are present in the regressive mole-rat eye, their structural organization is considerably less regular than in more sighted mammals. We found less precision of depth of stratification in the inner plexiform layer and also less precision in their lateral coverage of the retina. The results suggest that image formation is not very important in these animals, but that circuits beyond those required for circadian entrainment remain in place.
Augmented reality needle ablation guidance tool for irreversible electroporation in the pancreas (2018)

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) is a soft tissue ablation technique suitable for treatment of inoperable tumours in the pancreas. The process involves applying a high voltage electric field to the tissue containing the mass using needle electrodes, leaving cancerous cells irreversibly damaged and vulnerable to apoptosis. Efficacy of the treatment depends heavily on the accuracy of needle placement and requires a high degree of skill from the operator. In this paper, we describe an Augmented Reality (AR) system designed to overcome the challenges associated with planning and guiding the needle insertion process. Our solution, based on the HoloLens (Microsoft, USA) platform, tracks the position of the headset, needle electrodes and ultrasound (US) probe in space. The proof of concept implementation of the system uses this tracking data to render real-time holographic guides on the HoloLens, giving the user insight into the current progress of needle insertion and an indication of the target needle trajectory. The operator’s field of view is augmented using visual guides and real-time US feed rendered on a holographic plane, eliminating the need to consult external monitors. Based on these early prototypes, we are aiming to develop a system that will lower the skill level required for IRE while increasing overall accuracy of needle insertion and, hence, the likelihood of successful treatment.
Influence of Protein Binding of Antibiotics on Serum Pharmacokinetics and Extravascular Penetration: Clinically Useful Concepts (1980)

Critical evaluation of existing data on binding of antibiotics to serum proteins and on pharmacokinetics provides several useful principles for administration of antibiotics. With the exception of the aminoglycosides, antibiotics distribute with total body water, and the concept of a variable apparent volume of distribution leads to incorrect assumptions about restricted extravascular penetration. Antibiotics with a high degree of binding to serum proteins are not necessarily inferior; raising a given drug's binding to serum proteins from 0 to 90% reduces the concentration of free drug in serum and tissue by only one-half. The concentration of an antibiotic in extravascular fluid is essentially constant despite the marked variability of serum levels seen during intermittent administration of the drug. An important factor in determining a successful therapeutic response is maintenance of the level of free antibiotic in extravascular fluid above the minimal inhibitory concentration for the infecting organism. Finally, the extravascular distribution, tissue binding, and free-drug concentration of an antibiotic can be accurately predicted from serum kinetics and serum protein binding.
Ontogeny and Cytochemistry of Alkaloidal Vesicles in Laticifers of Papaver somniferum L. (Papaveraceae) (1977)

Development of alkaloidal vesicles in laticifers of opium poppy, Papaver somniferum L., was investigated at the ultrastructural level. Laticifer initials possessed abundant endoplasmic reticulum throughout their dense cytoplasm. During differentiation the endoplasmic reticulum organized into long, folded sheets that were parallel to the longitudinal walls along the periphery of the cell. Vesicles appeared to be derived from dilation of endoplasmic reticulum. This relationship was confirmed through cytochemical data obtained with zinc iodide-osmium tetroxide and osmium tetroxide impregnation. Alkaloidal vesicles had electron-dense regions or caps that occurred early in laticifer differentiation, but these caps became less conspicuous in mature cells. Caps appeared to be derived from small particles which condensed along the inner surface of the vesicle membrane and subsequently accumulated at one or two positions along the membrane of the vesicle.
Characterization of digestion residues of alfalfa and orchardgrass leaves by microscopic, spectroscopic and chemical analysis (1993)

Abstract Leaflets of alfalfa ( Medicago sativa L) and leaf blade sections of orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L) were digested for three consecutive incubation periods of 3 days each with rumen bacteria. Residues were then analyzed by the following methods: (i) scanning electron and light microscopy to define the botanical structures; (ii) ultraviolet absorption microspectrophotometry to characterize phenolic constituents within specific regions; (iii) NMR and midinfrared spectroscopy to determine components, linkages, and functional groups; and (iv) gas‐liquid chromatography for phenolic acids and lignin constituents after treatment with 1 M NaOH (25°C, 24 h) and 1 M NaOH followed by 4 M NaOH (170°C, 2h). Alfalfa residue consisted of extensive amounts of cuticular sheets, a network of vascular bundles, and smaller portions of cuticle overlying lignified structures associated with major vascular bundles. Orchardgrass residue consisted of large and small vascular bundles, usually without the mestome sheath surrounding phloem, and small portions of cuticle. Alfalfa lignin was more condensed but had similar proportion of ether‐linked phenolic acids compared with that of orchardgrass, while the grass lignin had substantially higher concentrations of ester‐linked p ‐coumaric and ferulic acids associated with a higher proportion of carbohydrates in the residue. Alfalfa had a higher fatty ester content, likely due to the large amount of cuticle in the residue, and protein, which likely was contained within the lignin. The results provide a detailed characterization of aromatics and linkages within the most recalcitrant tissues of plants and indicate variations between non‐degradable residues of a legume and a grass.
Development of a Surgical Diode-Laser System: Controlling the Mode of Operation (2006)

Results emphasized the significance of mode of operation as well as the other laser parameters. Modulated mode was found to be a promising regime for safer laser surgery.
An Upscaling Procedure for Constructing Generalized Dual-Porosity/Dual-Permeability Models From Discrete Fracture Characterizations (2006)

Abstract The geological complexity of fractured reservoirs requires the use of simplified models for flow simulation. This is often addressed in practice by using flow modeling procedures based on the dual-porosity/dual-permeability concept. However, in most existing approaches, there is not a systematic and quantitative link between the underlying geological model (in this case a discrete fracture model) and the parameters appearing in the flow model. In this work, a systematic upscaling procedure is presented to construct a generalized dual-porosity/dual-permeability model from detailed discrete fracture characterizations. The technique, referred to as a multiple subregion model, represents an extension of an earlier method that did not account for gravitational effects. The subregions (or subgrid) are constructed for each coarse block using the iso-pressure curves obtained from local pressure solutions of a discrete fracture model over the block. The subregions thus account for the fracture distribution and can represent accurately the matrix-matrix and matrix-fracture transfer. The matrix subregions are connected to matrix in vertically adjacent blocks (as in a dual-permeability model) to capture phase segregation due to gravity. Two-block problems are solved to provide fracture-fracture flow effects. All connections in the coarse scale model are characterized in terms of upscaled transmissibilities, and the resulting coarse model can be used with any connectivity-based reservoir simulator. The method is applied to simulate 2D and 3D fracture models, with viscous, gravitational and capillary pressure effects, and is shown to provide results in close agreement with the underlying discrete fracture model. Speedups of about a factor of 80 are observed for a complex 3D example.
Low‐calorie Sweeteners and Other Sugar Substitutes: A Review of the Safety Issues (2006)

ABSTRACT Sugar‐free or reduced‐sugar foods and beverages are very popular in the United States and other countries, and the sweeteners that make them possible are among the most conspicuous ingredients in the food supply. Extensive scientific research has demonstrated the safety of the 5 low‐calorie sweeteners currently approved for use in foods in the United States–acesulfame K, aspartame, neotame, saccharin, and sucralose. A controversial animal cancer study of aspartame conducted using unusual methodology is currently being reviewed by regulatory authorities in several countries. No other issues about the safety of these 5 sweeteners remain unresolved at the present time. Three other low‐calorie sweeteners currently used in some other countries–alitame, cyclamate, and steviol glycosides–are not approved as food ingredients in the United States. Steviol glycosides may be sold as a dietary supplement, but marketing this product as a food ingredient in the United States is illegal. A variety of polyols (sugar alcohols) and other bulk sweeteners are also accepted for use in the United States. The only significant health issue pertaining to polyols, most of which are incompletely digested, is the potential for gastrointestinal discomfort with excessive use. The availability of a variety of safe sweeteners is of benefit to consumers because it enables food manufacturers to formulate a variety of good‐tasting sweet foods and beverages that are safe for the teeth and lower in calorie content than sugar‐sweetened foods.
Minimizing chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy: preclinical and clinical development of new perspectives (2015)

To date, based on meta-analyses of clinical trials, no drug can be proposed as a gold standard to prevent or treat CIPN. Consequently, there is a strong discrepancy between the optimistic results of animal studies and the poor outcomes of clinical trials. Pain assessment in preclinical and clinical studies is probably not the best outcome measurement tool and all these studies should include composite outcomes including the full complexity of CIPN symptoms, such as positive symptoms (pain, paresthesia, and dysesthesia) and negative ones (numbness).
Effect of Storage Time of Potatoes after Harvest on Increase in the Ascorbic Acid Content by Wounding. (1995)

Although the ascorbic acid (AsA) content in most vegetables is decreased by wounding, that in potato tubers tends to be increased by wounding.The change of AsA content in wounded potatoes was investigated in connection with the Storage time after harvest to clarify the cause of the AsA increase. Whereas the AsA content in wounded potato tubers did not increased within 4 weeks after harvest, the content slightly increased during 5-6 weeks and remarkably increased after 7 weeks. The AsA content in potato tubers stored more than 7 weeks after harvest decreased to approximately half the value on the beginning of storage, but it returned to the original value by wounding. The activity of L-galactono-γ-lactone dehydrogenase, the synthetic enzyme of AsA, in wounded potato tubers also was remarkably increased by using tubers stored more than 7 weeks. These results suggested that potato tubers wounded after a constant storage time increase the AsA content to overcome the damage generated by wounding stress.