gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Wie die Natur Vitamin B<sub>12</sub> synthetisiert – ein Überblick über die letzten vier Milliarden Jahre (1993)

Abstract Diese Übersicht stellt neuere experimentelle Ergebnisse der Erforschung der unendlichen Geschichte der Vitamin‐B 12 ‐Biosynthese vor, wobei hauptsächlich auf Arbeiten aus der Arbeitsgruppe des Autors zurückgegriffen wird. Darüber hinaus gibt sie einen persönlichen Ausblick auf die Zukunft der Naturstoff‐Biosyntheseforschung. Von zentraler Bedeutung ist mittlerweile die leistungsfähige Kombination von molekularbiologischen und modernsten spektroskopischen Techniken. Jene dienen der Suche nach und der Expression von Genen, die für die Enzyme der Biosynthese codieren, diese machen die biochemischen Vorgänge im NMR‐Röhrchen direkt beobachtbar. Als logische Weiterentwicklung dieser Ansätze wird die Durchführbarkeit der Eintopf‐Multienzymsynthese von Naturstoffen vorgestellt. Dank der Entwicklung und Nutzung von Klonierungstechniken und der daraus resultierenden Verfügbarkeit von Enzymen für die C‐C‐Verknüpfung hat sich ein grundlegender Wandel im “Handwerkszeug“ des Bioorganikers vollzogen. Gleichzeitig seien aber auch die Organiker angesprochen, die sich diesen technischen Fortschritt zunutze machen wollen. Ihnen wird sich eine neue Welt natürlicher Katalysatoren erschließen, die Synthesen mit hohen Ausbeuten bei einem oftmals überraschenden, aber durchaus willkommenen Mangel an Substratspezifität versprechen. Und schließlich hoffen wir, unsere Begeisterung für diese modernen Methoden weiterzugeben, mit denen heutige wie auch künftige Generationen von Chemikern die Synthesewege der Natur zu komplexen Naturstoffen erforschen können.
La réception de l'œuvre de Karl Marx par les économistes français (1871-1883) (1994)

Cahen Jacqueline. La réception de l'œuvre de Karl Marx par les économistes français (1871-1883). In: Mil neuf cent, n°12, 1994. Ce que le lecteur fait de l'œuvre. pp. 19-50.
A smart gas sensing microsystem (2002)

This article describes a microfluidic system for the compositional characterization of gases. The system consists of a silicon motherboard configured with different flow channels. The flow channels are guided to cavities capable of picking up microstructured thin-film gas sensors. Microvalves may be integrated for the control of the gas stream. The sample flow is generated by a micropump also integrated into the silicon motherboard. The system faces the main problem of thin-film gas sensors-the signal drift of the resistive layer. The idea is to overcome this undesirable effect by cyclic operation of the sensors in respect of purging, calibration and final measurement. The system components are fabricated by silicon microsystem technologies.
Rapport V.3. Contribution à l’étude de la détermination des composantes élastiques de systèmes macromoléculaires aqueux non-newtoniens (1973)

Tatin Gérard, Schutz Richard. Rapport V.3. Contribution à l’étude de la détermination des composantes élastiques de systèmes macromoléculaires aqueux non-newtoniens. In: Hydrotechnique des liquides industriels. Compte rendu des douzièmes journées de l'hydraulique. Paris, 6-8 juin 1972. Tome 2, 1973.
Taxol in epithelial ovarian cancer. (1993)

Epithelial ovarian cancer is the fifth most common cause of cancer death in women. The management of patients with advanced disease involves surgery followed by platinum-based chemotherapy, but most patients will have either residual or recurrent disease. Salvage therapy in these patients is poor, with response rates less than 20%. Taxol, a new antineoplastic agent, was first noted to have activity in platinum-resistant ovarian cancer in a phase I study. Since then, response rates of 20% to 35% have been noted in several phase II studies involving hundreds of patients. Major toxicities include neutropenia and peripheral neuropathy. Taxol dose escalation with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor support, and Taxol in combination with cisplatin, have been tested and shown to be feasible. Intraperitoneal administration of Taxol is possible and appears advantageous from a pharmacokinetic perspective. A phase III study of Taxol and cisplatin in suboptimal disease was completed, and toxicity data show that Taxol administration is safe in a multi-institutional setting. Planned clinical development of Taxol includes use in less bulky stage III disease and dose escalation in platinum-resistant disease. Taxol has already become a major treatment of platinum-resistant disease. Further investigation will determine its role in the overall management of ovarian cancer.
Preparation of symmetrical aryl sulfoxides from N,N-thionyldiimidazole (1968)

ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPREVArticleNEXTPreparation of symmetrical aryl sulfoxides from N,N-thionyldiimidazoleSandra Y. Bast and Kenneth K. AndersenCite this: J. Org. Chem. 1968, 33, 2, 846–847Publication Date (Print):February 1, 1968Publication History Published online1 May 2002Published inissue 1 February 1968https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jo01266a082https://doi.org/10.1021/jo01266a082research-articleACS PublicationsRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views160Altmetric-Citations15LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose Get e-Alerts
Spreadsheet-based template language prototype for tree data structure description and interpretation (2012)

This article suggests a language prototype for tree data structure description in a spreadsheet environment. The need of such language is explained. The language syntax and specifics is discussed. An interpreter which generates a spreadsheet output according to the description written in the language prototype is presented. Example results are shown. The advantages and disadvantages are listed. Some conclusions are made. Important future work aspects are pointed.
Augmented reality systems for medical applications (1998)

Augmented reality (AR) is a technology in which a computer-generated image is superimposed onto the user's vision of the real world, giving the user additional information generated from the computer model. This technology is different from virtual reality, in which the user is immersed in a virtual world generated by the computer. Rather, the AR system brings the computer into the "world" of the user by augmenting the real environment with virtual objects. Using an AR system, the user's view of the real world is enhanced. This enhancement may be in the form of labels, 3D rendered models, or shaded modifications. In this article, the authors review some of the research involving AR systems, basic system configurations, image-registration approaches, and technical problems involved with AR technology. They also touch upon the requirements for an interventive AR system, which can help guide surgeons in executing a surgical plan.
Progesterone stimulates pancreatic cell proliferation in vivo (1999)

Treatment of cyclic and pregnant rats with progesterone stimulates cell proliferation within the islets of Langerhans. It was investigated whether this effect of progesterone depends on sex and/or the presence of the gonads or the presence of oestradiol. For this purpose, Silastic tubes containing progesterone were inserted s.c. in intact and gonadectomized male and female rats, and in gonadectomized female rats treated with oestradiol. After 6 days of progesterone treatment, rats were infused for 24 h with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) and dividing cells were identified in pancreatic sections by immunostaining for BrdU. Progesterone treatment increased islet-cell proliferation in intact male and female rats (P < 0.05), but not in gonadectomized male and female rats or in gonadectomized female rats supplemented with oestradiol. Furthermore, in intact male and female rats, progesterone treatment also stimulated cell proliferation in extra-islet pancreatic tissue (P < 0.05). Identification of the proliferating cells, by double-immunocytochemistry, revealed that progesterone treatment stimulated proliferation of both alpha and beta cells within the pancreatic islets. In extra-islet pancreatic tissue, progesterone treatment stimulated proliferation in both duct (cytokeratin 20-immunoreactive) and non-duct cells. Progesterone treatment did not increase the number of single glucagon or insulin-containing cells outside the pancreatic islets, nor that of cytokeratin 20/insulin double-positive cells, suggesting that progesterone treatment did not stimulate differentiation of duct cells into endocrine cells. Progesterone treatment did not affect insulin responses to an i.v. glucose load (0.5 g/kg body weight). It is concluded that progesterone stimulates pancreatic cell proliferation indirectly; gonadal factor(s), not identical to oestradiol, is (are) probably involved.
Construction and Characterization of Mutant Glucoamylases from the Yeast<i>Saccharomycopsis fibuligera</i> (1989)

To find amino acid residues which are required for glucoamylase activity, mutant glucoamylase genes were constructed by in vitro mutations of GLU1 DNA encoding Saccharomycopsis fibuligera glucoamylase and introduced into Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and the resulting mutant proteins were assayed for enzymatic activities. Eighteen mutant proteins were obtained by random insertions of a BamHX linker DNA. Six out of 7 proteins with mutations in conserved regions among divergent glucoamylases showed no activities, while 8 out of 11 proteins with mutations in unconserved regions had similar specific activities to a wild-type value, suggesting that the conserved regions are important to the activity. A series of amino-terminal deletion mutants were also constructed. A mutant protein with a deletion of only two amino acid residues from the amino terminus had a significant reduction in the activity, suggesting an essential role for the amino-terminal peptide. Ten mutant proteins with single amino acid replacements were produced by site-directed mutagenesis. Analyses for thermal stability and temperature dependency of these mutant proteins revealed that Ala81, Asp89, Trp94, Arg96, Asp97, and Trp166 are required for wild-type levels of activities, and that at least Ala81 and Asp89 are not essential to catalytic activities, but act in thermal stability.
Proteolytic processing of ovalbumin and beta-galactosidase by the proteasome to a yield antigenic peptides. (1994)

The identification of genes in the class II region of the MHC that are homologous to genes encoding subunits of the proteasome has led to intense interest in the possible role of this enzyme in the proteolytic processing of polypeptide Ags. We have tested the ability of the 20S proteasome to produce peptides that can be presented by class I molecules as targets for killing by OVA-specific and beta-galactosidase-specific CTL clones. Samples of intact OVA and beta-galactosidase were subjected to digestion in vitro by 20S proteasome purified from bovine red cells and the resulting peptide mixtures were fractionated by reverse-phase HPLC. The fractions were tested for their ability to sensitize appropriate mouse target cells for lysis by specific CTL clones. In both cases, components that under all chromatographic conditions eluted with retention times indistinguishable from synthetic peptides representing known epitopes of the naturally processed proteins were found to be able to sensitize the target cells. Moreover, in the case of OVA, the presence of the expected target peptides was demonstrated directly by amino acid sequence and mass spectrometric analysis. The results demonstrate that the pure 20S proteasome is capable of generating antigenic peptides from two proteins for presentation by class I molecules without the participation of additional components of the protein degradation system. This finding is consistent with the hypothesis of proteasome involvement in Ag processing in vivo.
Imaging hypoxia in gliomas (2011)

Hypoxia plays a central role in tumour development, angiogenesis, growth and resistance to treatment. Owing to constant developments in medical imaging technology, significant advances have been made towards in vitro and in vivo imaging of hypoxia in a variety of tumours, including gliomas of the central nervous system. The aim of this article is to review the literature on imaging approaches currently available for measuring hypoxia in human gliomas and provide an insight into recent advances and future directions in this field. After a brief overview of hypoxia and its importance in gliomas, several methods of measuring hypoxia will be presented. These range from invasive monitoring by Eppendorf polarographic O(2) microelectrodes, positron electron tomography (PET) tracers based on 2-nitroimidazole compounds [(18)F-labelled fluoro-misonidazole ((18)F-MISO) or 1-(2-[((18))F]fluoro-1-[hydroxymethyl]ethoxy)methyl-2-nitroimidazole (FRP-170)], (64)Cu-ATSM Cu-diacetyl-bis(N4-methylthiosemicarbazone) (Cu-ATSM) or (99m)Tc- and (68)Ga-labelled metronidazole (MN) agents to advanced MRI methods, such as blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) MRI, oxygen-enhanced MRI, diffusion-weighted MRI (DWI-MRI), dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI (DCE-MRI) and (1)H-magnetic resonance spectroscopy.
An image-based annotation technique to overlay users' knowledge on existing systems (2012)

We propose an interactive annotation system that allows users to obtain operational knowledge from annotations that are automatically drawn on top of specific Operation Support System (OSS) windows. Currently it is difficult for OSS users to share knowledge because they lack efficient tools to express and share the knowledge. Our proposal rectifies this omission by allowing users to create, update and read the annotations supplied by others. It creates a knowledge exchange environment that is extremely efficient since the annotations are overlaid on OSS windows; the users do not have to waste time searching formal documents such as user manuals and the latest knowledge is made available. The proposal offers the following innovations: 1) Users can create useful annotations while working 2) Users can alter/update annotations interactively, and 3) Knowledge pooling is realized by a central annotation database. The technical advantages of the proposal are confirmed by tests performed on a prototype. This paper describes the proposed method and practicability in actual use-cases.
Supply-side and Demand-side Revivalism? (1995)

The revivalism connected with what we now call the Second Great Awakening was well established on the American landscape by the 1830s. Having observed the impact of camp meetings and itinerant preachers, particularly in the Far West, Alexis de Tocqueville noted that, “Here and there, in the midst of American Society, you meet with men, full of a fanatical and almost wild enthusiasm” (1847: 142). Yet Tocqueville's discomfort with frontier revivalism was hardly universal. By the late 1820s, many Americans recognized the recruiting success of western Baptists, Methodists, and Christians, and young men like Charles Finney modified their camp-meeting techniques for use in eastern churches. Although his methods shocked many hard-core Calvinists, Finney's New Measures soon overwhelmed the quiet, traditionalist revivalism of Nathaniel Taylor, Asahel Nettleton, and Lyman Beecher. As Finney and his associates gained wider acceptance throughout the nation, they also moved the Second Great Awakening from its formative stage, described by Nathan Hatch (1989), to a mainstream stage described by William McLoughlin (1978), Paul Johnson (1979), and numerous other historians (e.g., Ryan 1983, Roth 1987, C. Johnson 1989).
Microcomputer Plus Saul'yev Method Solves Simultaneous Partial Differential Equations of the Diffusion Type with Highly Nonlinear Boundary Conditions (1977)

Important today is the ability to answer rapidly and inexpensively the complex questions posed by an increasingly complex society. Mathematics has played an important role in scientific problem solving. Practical solutions today rely heavily on computerized numerical approaches. This paper extends for use with the Hewlett-Packard 67/97 a numerical method due to Saul'yev (1,2). His method is very similar to the popular method of Schmidt (3) used in graphical, numerical and computer computations to study transient heat conduction problems. This paper will illustrate the use of a small minicomputer (microprocessor) to apply the Saul'yev approach to a simple case and also to a more complex case. The complex case is that of a hot solid slab bounded on one side by a cooler semi-infinite solid and exposed at the hot surface to solar radiation, cloud cover and forced or free convective heat losses to air. A Simple Case Consider a
Fabrication of large bubble circuits (1973)

Large magnetic bubble circuits, having a capacity of 2 × 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">4</sup> bits and a storage density of 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">6</sup> /in <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> , have been fabricated on-the-chip by conductor-first processing using non-planar and planar processing approaches. Aluminum-copper and Ti/Au conductors have been examined with Al-Cu being preferable since it overcomes two major problems encountered when Ti/Au is used-resistance changes due to subsequent high temperature processing and adhesion of a P-glass dielectric which is used as a separating layer between the conductor and the Permalloy elements. When Ti/Au/Ti is used to improve adhesion of the dielectric layer, it is found that resistance changes are even larger than in Ti/Au. The use of intermediate layers of palladium does not alleviate the problem. High-speed operational testing reported elsewhere has demonstrated that non-planar processing results are equivalent to those obtained from planar processing. This is shown in scanning electron micrographs to be a result of achieving excellent step coverage where Permalloy elements overlap the conductor.
The Effect of X-irradiation on the Biosynthesis of Haemoglobin (1960)

Summary1. A new method for the synthesis of δ-aminolevulinic acid-2, 3-14C has been described.2. The incorporation of δ-aminolevulinic acid-2, 3-14C into haemin was measured in bone-marrow homogenates from irradiated rabbits.3. At times between 0 and 28 days after 800 r of x-radiation, the cellularity of the marrow, measured as its DNA-content, was found to have decreased.4. During the same period, the capacity of the homogenate to synthesize haemin from DAL also decreased. The changes observed could not be ascribed entirely to alterations in the cellularity of the marrow, and it is suggested that the synthesis of haemin per se is affected by radiation.5. A comparison with a similar study with glycine-2-14C as a precursor of haemin has revealed that the reactions by which DAL is formed from glycine and acetate are markedly inhibited on the seventh day after irradiation.
Fatty Acid Composition of Egg Yolk and Adipose Tissue as Influenced by Dietary Fat and Strain of Hen (1968)

CONSIDERABLE information has been gathered concerning the influence of dietary fat on fatty acid composition of egg yolk fat and body fat of the chicken (Cruickshank, 1934; Fisher and Leveille, 1957; Feigenbaum and Fisher, 1959; Ostwald et al., 1962; and Sell and Hodgson, 1963). However, there is only limited information available about the variation existing among chickens due to genetic differences, with regard to fatty acid composition of egg fat and adipose tissue (Edwards, 1964; and Chen et al., 1965). The objectives of this study were to determine the influence of dietary rapeseed oil and soybean oil on the fatty acid composition of egg fat and adipose tissue, and to obtain information about potential variation among strains of hens with respect to composition of egg and body fat. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE The experimental animals and conditions were as described by Kondra et al. (1968) in the preceding paper. Rapeseed oil and . . .
Ion-assisted physical vapor deposition for enhanced film properties on nonflat surfaces (2005)

We have synthesized Ta thin films on Si substrates placed along a wall of a 2-cm-deep and 1-cm-wide trench, using both a mostly neutral Ta flux by conventional dc magnetron sputtering (dcMS) and a mostly ionized Ta flux by high-power pulsed magnetron sputtering (HPPMS). Structure of the grown films was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy. The Ta thin film grown by HPPMS has a smooth surface and a dense crystalline structure with grains oriented perpendicular to the substrate surface, whereas the film grown by dcMS exhibits a rough surface, pores between the grains, and an inclined columnar structure. The improved homogeneity achieved by HPPMS is a direct consequence of the high ion fraction of sputtered species.
Investigation of the Thermal Decomposition of Talc (2014)

Abstract Different changes in the structural and thermal properties of various types of talc have been reported in the literature which have made comparison of analytical results difficult. The objective of the present study was to obtain some fundamental insights into the effects of the thermal behavior of talc and to carry out kinetic analyses of the decomposition of talc under high temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and thermogravimetry-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) were used to study the thermal decomposition mechanism. The Coats-Redfern decomposition model was used to determine the decomposition mechanism of talc samples. The results showed that the decomposition of talc commenced at ~800°C, peaking at ~895°C, with the formation of enstatite and amorphous silica. An isothermal treatment at 1000°C caused the complete dehydroxylation of talc. The XRD and FTIR results indicated that the enstatite and amorphous silica phases were transformed into clinoenstatite and paracrystalline opal phases, respectively, after the decomposition stage at 1200°C. Good linearity in the Coats-Redfern model was observed from room temperature to 1300°C and the activation energy was calculated to be 69 kcal/mol.