gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Surface Chemical Treatment for the Cleaning of AlN and GaN Surfaces (2000)

In this study, various surface cleaning techniques for the removal of carbon (C) and oxygen (O) from AlN and GaN were investigated. Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and secondary mass ion spectroscopy were used to monitor the presence of surface C and O, and atomic force microscopy was used to monitor surface roughness. AES analysis showed that ex situ ultraviolet/ozone and wet chemical treatments based on HF and HCl were very effective in removing surface C and reducing the native oxide on both AlN and GaN. After and plasma treatments in ultrahigh vacuum at temperatures of 750 and 900°C, clean GaN surfaces could be achieved within the detection limits of AES. An oxygen‐free AlN surface could not be obtained within the detection limits of AES. SIMS analysis showed that concentrations of surface C and O up to and , respectively, still exists on plasma‐treated GaN. The results of this study indicate that ex situ followed by plasma treatment is highly effective in reducing the C and O contamination at the GaN surface, but that further in situ methods are needed to obtain clean GaN and AlN surfaces. None of the various cleaning methods were found to affect the surface roughness. © 2000 The Electrochemical Society. All rights reserved.
Volume imaging: three-dimensional appreciation of the fetal head and face. (1995)

Quasi-three-dimensional volume imaging provides an inexpensive means of evaluating the usefulness of three-dimensional imaging. The technique works most efficiently with water-skin interfaces and therefore we investigated its application in obstetrical ultrasonography. Three-dimensional perspectives of the normal and abnormal fetal head and face were spectacular and at times provided more information than the two-dimensional images. The ability of an inexperienced observer to interpret the three-dimensional image more easily may have a role in training sonographers and counseling parents whose fetuses have structural defects. Volume imaging has certain limitations and can only be used as a complementary technique.
TH-E-L100J-06: Detection of Breast Cancer with Ultrasound Tomography (2007)

Purpose: To investigate the use of operator independent ultrasound tomography for breast imaging with the goal of differentiating breast masses. Method and Materials: A series of in-vitro and in-vivo experiments were carried out using a recently developed prototype based on the principles of ultrasound tomography. To characterize the performance of the prototype, an anthropomorphic breast tissue phantom with embedded inclusions was imaged to yield reflection and transmission (i.e. sound speed and attenuation) tomograms. The in-vivo performance of the prototype was assessed by imaging 125 patients with suspicious mammograms. Each data set yielded ∼45 to ∼75 tomograms covering the whole breast volume. Masses were identified by biopsy and their locations inferred from conventional mammography and ultrasound exams. These data were compared with the ultrasound tomograms to evaluate the in vivo detection capabilities of the prototype. Results: Our techniques successfully demonstrated tomographic imaging of breast architecture in both reflection and transmission imaging. Furthermore, phantom studies indicated that masses as small as 6 mm in size were detected in all imaging tomograms. In addition, statistically significant differences were observed between the sound speed and attenuation measurements of the benign inclusions and cancerous masses. The in vivo data suggested that ∼90% of masses >15mm in size were routinely detected including cancers as small as 8 mm in size. Overall, reflection, sound speed, and attenuation imaging of breast masses were demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: Operator-independent whole-breast imaging and the detection of breast masses are feasible using ultrasound tomography techniques. Our approach has the potential to provide a cost-effective, non-invasive, and non-ionizing means of evaluating breast masses, leading to more routine analysis and evaluation of treatment response.
Estimating alphanumeric selectivity in the presence of wildcards (1996)

Success of commercial query optimizers and database management systems (object-oriented or relational) depend on accurate cost estimation of various query reordering [BGI]. Estimating predicate selectivity, or the fraction of rows in a database that satisfy a selection predicate, is key to determining the optimal join order. Previous work has concentrated on estimating selectivity for numeric fields [ASW, HaSa, IoP, LNS, SAC, WVT]. With the popularity of textual data being stored in databases, it has become important to estimate selectivity accurately for alphanumeric fields. A particularly problematic predicate used against alphanumeric fields is the SQL like predicate [Dat]. Techniques used for estimating numeric selectivity are not suited for estimating alphanumeric selectivity.In this paper, we study for the first time the problem of estimating alphanumeric selectivity in the presence of wildcards. Based on the intuition that the model built by a data compressor on an input text encapsulates information about common substrings in the text, we develop a technique based on the suffix tree data structure to estimate alphanumeric selectivity. In a statistics generation pass over the database, we construct a compact suffix tree-based structure from the columns of the database. We then look at three families of methods that utilize this structure to estimate selectivity during query plan costing, when a query with predicates on alphanumeric attributes contains wildcards in the predicate.We evaluate our methods empirically in the context of the TPC-D benchmark. We study our methods experimentally against a variety of query patterns and identify five techniques that hold promise.
Cathodoluminescence properties of yttrium aluminum garnet doped with Eu2+ and Eu3+ ions (2007)

Yttrium aluminium garnet (YAG) doped with Eu2+ and Eu3+ ions is very interesting as a phosphor for conversion of light-emitting diode light for white light sources. The europium ion occupies the structural position of yttrium in yttrium aluminium garnet and has valence state Eu3+. Our sample was doped with Zr4+, which is why some of the europium ions had valence state Eu2+. As a rule, luminescence of Eu3+ ions is observed in the orange and red range of spectrum. The luminescence of Eu2+ in yttrium aluminum garnet is characterized by an intensive broad band with maximum of intensity at about 560 nm (green color). In this work, we studied the intensity and decay time dependences on europium concentration, and the influence of excitation power density on the cathodoluminescence of the sample. The most interesting result is the change of visible cathodoluminescence color in dependence on the density of the exciting power.
Pattern design construction for ladies' made‐to‐measure outerwear (2000)

This study was initiated in order to develop a system for made‐to‐measure (MTM) pattern generation with special reference to computer‐aided design (CAD) applications. Recognition of the relationship between body figuration and pattern construction is essential for the production of MTM clothing with good fit. By linking theory and practice, a methodology has been developed for research in this field from female figure typing through sizing, pattern design construction and grading to pattern alteration. The study is divided into three parts. In the first part, the background to women's sizing systems and categorisation of female figure types is discussed, and a new system of size codes and size charts is proposed.
Cloning of collagenase 3 from the synovial membrane and its expression in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. (1996)

The expression of collagenase 3 in the synovial membrane in RA and OA suggests its involvement in articular tissue degradation.
AN ALTERNATIVE STRATEGY FOR NON‐LINEAR INVERSION OF SEISMIC WAVEFORMS<sup>1</sup> (1991)

A bstract A common example of a large‐scale non‐linear inverse problem is the inversion of seismic waveforms. Techniques used to solve this type of problem usually involve finding the minimum of some misfit function between observations and theoretical predictions. As the size of the problem increases, techniques requiring the inversion of large matrices become very cumbersome. Considerable storage and computational effort are required to perform the inversion and to avoid stability problems. Consequently methods which do not require any large‐scale matrix inversion have proved to be very popular. Currently, descent type algorithms are in widespread use. Usually at each iteration a descent direction is derived from the gradient of the misfit function and an improvement is made to an existing model based on this, and perhaps previous descent directions. A common feature in nearly all geophysically relevant problems is the existence of separate parameter types in the inversion, i.e. unknowns of different dimension and character. However, this fundamental difference in parameter types is not reflected in the inversion algorithms used. Usually gradient methods either mix parameter types together and take little notice of the individual character or assume some knowledge of their relative importance within the inversion process. We propose a new strategy for the non‐linear inversion of multi‐offset reflection data. The paper is entirely theoretical and its aim is to show how a technique which has been applied in reflection tomography and to the inversion of arrival times for 3D structure, may be used in the waveform case. Specifically we show how to extend the algorithm presented by Tarantola to incorporate the subspace scheme. The proposed strategy involves no large‐scale matrix inversion but pays particular attention to different parameter types in the inversion. We use the formulae of Tarantola to state the problem as one of optimization and derive the same descent vectors. The new technique splits the descent vector so that each part depends on a different parameter type, and proceeds to minimize the misfit function within the sub‐space defined by these individual descent vectors. In this way, optimal use is made of the descent vector components, i.e. one finds the combination which produces the greatest reduction in the misfit function based on a local linearization of the problem within the subspace. This is not the case with other gradient methods. By solving a linearized problem in the chosen subspace, at each iteration one need only invert a small well‐conditioned matrix (the projection of the full Hessian on to the subspace). The method is a hybrid between gradient and matrix inversion methods. The proposed algorithm requires the same gradient vectors to be determined as in the algorithm of Tarantola, although its primary aim is to make better use of those calculations in minimizing the objective function.
Fast three-dimensional MR imaging of the knee: comparison with arthroscopy. (1988)

Twenty patients with suspected internal derangement of the knee were examined with fast, three-dimensional (3D) magnetic resonance (MR) imaging and arthroscopy with a numerical classification system designed for use by both the radiologist and orthopedist. MR volume acquisitions allowed delineation of all arthroscopically diagnosed meniscal tears and high-grade meniscal degeneration. All arthroscopically visible ligamentous injuries, including partial cruciate tears, were detected with MR imaging. There was excellent correlation for high-grade cartilaginous lesions, although MR imaging appeared insensitive to small cartilage irregularities. Additionally, MR imaging allowed diagnosis of ten bone abnormalities not accessible to arthroscopic evaluation. The high accuracy of MR imaging that was found in this study was in large part due to the thin, contiguous sections generated in volume imaging. With the added advantage of high patient throughput, fast volume MR imaging is an accurate and efficient method for evaluation of knee abnormality.
Permeation and Block of the Skeletal Muscle Chloride Channel, ClC-1, by Foreign Anions (1998)

A distinctive feature of the voltage-dependent chloride channels ClC-0 (the Torpedo electroplaque chloride channel) and ClC-1 (the major skeletal muscle chloride channel) is that chloride acts as a ligand to its own channel, regulating channel opening and so controlling the permeation of its own species. We have now studied the permeation of a number of foreign anions through ClC-1 using voltage-clamp techniques on Xenopus oocytes and Sf9 cells expressing human (hClC-1) or rat (rClC-1) isoforms, respectively. From their effect on channel gating, the anions presented in this paper can be divided into three groups: impermeant or poorly permeant anions that can not replace Cl- as a channel opener and do not block the channel appreciably (glutamate, gluconate, HCO3-, BrO3-); impermeant anions that can open the channel and show significant block (methanesulfonate, cyclamate); and permeant anions that replace Cl- at the regulatory binding site but impair Cl- passage through the channel pore (Br-, NO3-, ClO3-, I-, ClO4-, SCN-). The permeability sequence for rClC-1, SCN- approximately ClO4- > Cl- > Br- > NO3- approximately ClO3- > I- >> BrO3- > HCO3- >> methanesulfonate approximately cyclamate approximately glutamate, was different from the sequence determined for blocking potency and ability to shift the Popen curve, SCN- approximately ClO4- > I- > NO3- approximately ClO3- approximately methanesulfonate > Br- > cyclamate > BrO3- > HCO3- > glutamate, implying that the regulatory binding site that opens the channel is different from the selectivity center and situated closer to the external side. Channel block by foreign anions is voltage dependent and can be entirely accounted for by reduction in single channel conductance. Minimum pore diameter was estimated to be approximately 4.5 A. Anomalous mole-fraction effects found for permeability ratios and conductance in mixtures of Cl- and SCN- or ClO4- suggest a multi-ion pore. Hydrophobic interactions with the wall of the channel pore may explain discrepancies between the measured permeabilities of some anions and their size.
Clinically relevant differences between antipsychotic compounds (1990)

All currently available antipsychotic drugs in general clinical use for the treatment of schizophrenia have in common the pharmacological property of dopamine receptor blockade and it is upon this that their anti-psychotic effects are thought to depend. Where they differ is in the spectrum of side effects they may produce, in their clinical profile, in potency, and in time course. Such differences reflect variations in pharmacological properties, both pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic. The substituted benzamides (sulpiride, remoxipride) are highly selective D2 receptor blockers and this pharmacological specificity confers important clinical advantages. In practice the choice of which antipsychotic drug to use in any given clinical situation depends on the degree of psychopathology present, the purpose for which treatment is being given, and the patient's age and general physical health.
Loss of p16INK4A stimulates aberrant mitochondrial biogenesis through a CDK4/Rb-independent pathway (2017)

The tumor suppressor p16INK4A (p16) inhibits cell cycle progression through the CDK4/Rb pathway. We have previously shown that p16 regulates cellular oxidative stress, independent of its role in cell cycle control. We investigated whether loss of p16 had a direct impact on the mitochondria. We found that p16-null primary mouse fibroblasts (PMFs) displayed increased mitochondrial mass and expression of mitochondrial respiratory subunit proteins compared to wild-type (WT) PMFs. These findings in p16-null PMFs were associated with increased expression of the mitochondrial biogenesis transcription factors PRC and TFAM. On the other hand, p16-deficient PMFs demonstrated reduced mitochondrial respiration capacity consistent with electron microscopy findings showing that mitochondria in p16-deficient PMFs have abnormal morphology. Consistent with increased mitochondrial mass and reduced respiratory capacity, p16-deficient PMFs generated increased mitochondrial superoxide. One biological consequence of elevated ROS in p16-deficient PMFs was enhanced migration, which was reduced by the ROS scavenger N-acetylcysteine. Finally, p16-deficient PMFs displayed increased mitochondrial membrane potential, which was also required for their enhanced migration. The mitochondrial and migration phenotype was restored in p16-deficient PMFs by forced expression of p16. Similarly, over-expression of p16 in human melanocytes and A375 melanoma cells led to decreased expression of some mitochondrial respiratory proteins, enhanced respiration, and decreased migration. Inhibition of Rb phosphorylation in melanocytes and melanoma cells, either by addition of chemical CDK4 inhibitors or RNAi-mediated knockdown of CDK4, did not mimic the effects of p16 loss. These results suggest that p16 regulates mitochondrial biogenesis and function, which is independent of the canonical CDK4/Rb pathway.
Usage of public key infrastructures in automation networks (2012)

Due to the use of standardized information technology from the office world in industrial automation networks, threats concerning such networks become relevant for automation systems. Communication protocols used in automation networks typically provide no security functionalities. In this paper, a public key infrastructure (PKI) for automation networks is proposed that supports the establishment of secured connections between automation components and also supports protective measures against product piracy.
Venous Thromboembolism After Head and Neck Cancer Surgery (2013)

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is common after major cancer surgery, and thromboprophylaxis is generally recommended. However, anticoagulants are often
Nanoporous organosilica membrane for water desalination (2013)

Nanoporous organosilica membranes are successfully coated on porous alumina tubes and tested for desalination via membrane distillation. The membranes produced pure water (up to 13 kg m(-2) h(-1)) across an extreme range of salt concentrations (10-150 g L(-1) NaCl) at moderate temperatures (≤60 °C) without exhibiting the characteristic flux decay of competing materials.
High Efficiency High Temperature Heat Extraction from Porous Media Reciprocal Flow Burner. (2017)

YAO, ZHAOXI.High Efficiency High Temperature Heat Extraction from Porous Media Reciprocal Flow Burner.(Under the direction of Dr
Data association for non-overlapping multi-camera multi-object tracking based on similarity function (2016)

Outdoor visual surveillance systems have studied object tracking in non-overlapping multiple cameras. In this paper, we present a data association method for multi-object tracking in a non-overlapping camera network. Proposed method is based on similarity function which consists of a multi-camera topology obtained from local tracking results and matching results from person re-identification. Simulation results indicate that the proposed method effectively deal with object tracking approach in a non-overlapping camera network.
Cardiac applications of EPR imaging (2004)

This review summarizes the development and application of a variety of EPR imaging modalities including spatial, spectral-spatial (spectroscopic), gated-imaging and oxygen mapping to cardiovascular studies. It has been hypothesized that free radical metabolism, oxygenation and nitric oxide generation in biological organs such as the heart may vary over the spatially defined tissue structure. We have developed instrumentation optimized for 3D spatial and 3D or 4D spectral-spatial imaging of free radicals at 1.2 GHz. Using this instrumentation high quality 3D spectral-spatial imaging of nitroxyl (nitroxide) metabolism was performed, as well as spatially localized measurements of oxygen concentrations, based on the oxygen-dependent line-broadening of the EPR spectrum. Both exogenously infused probes and endogenous radicals were used to obtain the images. It is demonstrated that the EPR imaging is a powerful tool which can provide unique information regarding the spatial localization of free radicals, oxygen and nitric oxide in biological organs and tissues.
Characterization of a novel variant of the second domain of bikunin with increased leukocyte elastase inhibitory activity (2012)

The light chain of inter-α inhibitor, also known as bikunin or urinary trypsin inhibitor, is composed of two tandemly arranged Kunitz-type protease inhibitor domains. The second domain of bikunin has factor Xa inhibitory activity which previously was enhanced by mutating two amino acids, glutamine 19 and tyrosine 46 to lysine and aspartate, respectively. In this study, we tried to potentiate its inhibitory activity against leukocyte elastase. A molecular docking model of the second domain of bikunin with leukocyte elastase revealed that P5 arginine 11 was a candidate residue for a third substitution. We generated six triple point mutants using site-directed mutagenesis, compared their leukocyte elastase-inhibitory activities, and selected the most potent variant with arginine 11 substituted to serine. The IC50 values for factor XIa, factor Xa, and leukocyte elastase were 182, 302, and 273 nM, respectively. Moreover, this triple point mutant prolonged the activated partial thromboplastin time and moderately reduced leukocyte elastase-induced endothelial injury. Additionally, favorable conformations created by these mutations were speculated using the structure of the Kunitz protease inhibitor domain of protease nexin 2 complexed with factor XIa as a reference. We discovered a novel triple point mutant of the second domain of bikunin that has potent inhibitory activities against factor XIa, factor Xa, and leukocyte elastase. This variant exhibited anticoagulant activity in plasma and suppressed endothelial cell injury.
High-affinity binding of laminin by<i>Helicobacter pylori</i>: Evidence for a lectin-like interaction (1993)

Laminin, the major glycoprotein of basement membranes, was shown to be bound by the human gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori. Binding of 125I-laminin by strain 17874 was time-dependent, specific and saturable. Scatchard analysis of specific binding indicated about 2000 binding sites per cell with a dissociation constant of 8.5 pM. Treatment of the cells by heat (80 degrees) and with proteolytic enzymes drastically reduced laminin binding, suggesting that the laminin receptors are surface proteins. Some highly glycosylated glycoproteins inhibited laminin binding by 50%. Furthermore, N-acetylneuraminyllactose decreased laminin binding by 70% and neuraminidase treatment of laminin by 50%, while a recombinant B1 chain of laminin, containing high-mannose type oligosaccharides, inhibited binding by only 25%. This suggests that terminal sialic acids on laminin compete for a specific sugar binding protein(s) on H. pylori cells.