gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
High-pressure autoclave for multipurpose nuclear magnetic resonance measurements up to 10 MPa (1999)

High-pressure nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) is an established method in NMR spectroscopy: on-line coupling of high-performance liquid chromatography with NMR, for example, reveals structural information which cannot be obtained with any other method. However, applications has been focused solely on high-pressure NMR spectroscopy, even though high-pressure NMR imaging allows in situ studies of processes such as the fluid exchange in porous media. A versatile high-pressure autoclave for NMR imaging is described in this article. The autoclave allows measurements in any horizontal NMR imager using magnetic field coil systems with an inside diameter of more than 70 mm. Any sample with a diameter up to 28 mm and a length of about 200 mm can be investigated. The autoclave is constructed for operating pressures up to 10 MPa and is temperature controlled between 10 and 60 °C. The materials of the high-pressure cell which are the thermoplastic polyetheretherketon (PEEK) for the pressure tube and brass (63% Cu, 37% Zn) for the caps also permit investigations with aggressive fluids such as supercritical carbon dioxide. Inlet and outlet valves allow replacement of fluids and pressure variations in the autoclave during the NMR measurement. FLASH NMR images of the fluid exchange of methanol for liquid carbon dioxide in silica alcogels at 6.5 MPa are presented in order to demonstrate possible applications.
Gas Phase Atomic Hydrogen-Induced Hydrogenation of Cyclohexene on the Ni(100) Surface (1997)

Gas phase hydrogen atoms add to adsorbed cyclohexene at 100 K on the Ni(100) surface, resulting in cyclohexane formation during subsequent TPR (temperature-programmed reaction) experiments. No C−C bond activation is observed after exposure to gas phase atomic hydrogen. Vibrational and isotope studies indicate that a cyclohexyl intermediate is formed by the addition of gas phase atomic hydrogen to adsorbed cyclohexene. This adsorbed cyclohexyl is hydrogenated primarily by surface hydrogen to form cyclohexane during subsequent heating. Cyclohexane yields increase with increasing atomic hydrogen exposure, and yields in the 90% range have been observed with large atomic hydrogen exposures. In the presence of only coadsorbed hydrogen, no significant hydrogen addition to adsorbed cyclohexene is observed, and cyclohexene desorption dominates during subsequent TPR experiments. Vibrational spectroscopy indicates that π-bonded cyclohexene with the CC bond parallel to the surface is the dominant surface species in the presence of coadsorbed surface hydrogen. In contrast, di-σ-bonded cyclohexene is the dominant species in the absence of coadsorbed hydrogen. In the absence of coadsorbed hydrogen, dehydrogenation of the adsorbed cyclohexene results in benzene formation with increasing temperature. Adsorbed benzene formed by dehydrogenation has been identified after heating to 390 K in the absence of hydrogen using vibrational spectroscopy.
Photoaffinity Labelling Of Peptide Hormone Receptors (1983)

Photoreactive peptide derivatives for the labelling of hormone receptors are usually prepared by inserting a chemically stable aryl azide or nitroaryl azide into a specific site of the molecule, such as an alpha or omega amino or carboxyl group, or into the side-chain of an Arg, Cys, His, Trp or Tyr. With p-azidophenylalanine (Pap), a more or less isosteric replacement of Tyr or Phe can be achieved when other alterations would impair the biological activity of the hormone. Reversible attachment of photoreactive groups via S-S linkage to, e.g., SH-Trp makes it possible to release the covalently bound hormone from the receptor. This is an advantage when photolabelling is used for the isolation of receptors. Photoaffinity labelling of intact cell systems may reveal insights into dynamic aspects, such as receptor inactivation and turnover or the temporal involvement of second messengers, and may be particularly useful for the study of peptide action on target cells occurring only in small numbers. The Xenopus MSH-melanophore system which is stimulated irreversibly upon UV-irradiation of photoreactive alpha-MSH represents such an example.
Multiple Description Coding Using Multiple Reference Frame for Robust Video Transmission (2005)

Multiple description coding is an error-resilient coding method that encodes a video sequence into several bitstreams, called descriptions. The main problem of multiple description coding is the mismatch of reference frames in encoder and decoder, when the descriptions are lost during transmission. The mismatch is also referred to as drift and can be alleviated efficiently by transmitting side information along with each description. We introduce a new generation scheme for side information, which is based on multiple reference frames. For each encoding frame, two previously encoded frames are used as the reference frame's I motion prediction. The prediction results of two reference frames are encoded as descriptions and side information respectively. When transmission errors occur in either reference frame, the decoder can use the correctly received reference frame in decoding. Simulation results prove that the proposed method can improve video quality obviously along different macroblock loss rates.
Combination of digital image analysis and polarization microscopy: Theoretical considerations and experimental data (1998)

The potentialities of polarization microscopy has been greatly increased by using specific stains for selective enhancement of the optical anisotropy of a macromolecular constituent of cells and tissues. Such stainings have proved to be especially useful in exploring the spatial orientation pattern of the extracellular matrix components. The retardation value, which characterizes quantitatively the degree of submicroscopic orientation, can be measured traditionally with a compensator plate. This technique, however, is time-consuming and greatly dependent on visual judgment. Several attempts have been made to combine digital image analysis and polarization microscopy to improve the measuring technique in unstained structures. In this paper, we summarize theoretical considerations and experimental data to show the advantages and limitations of this methodological approach when using stained and birefringent specimens. The technique we are suggesting is the measurement of the light intensity using a 12 bit cCCD camera attached to a polarized light microscope and digital image analysis system. The theoretical basis is given by the Fresnel equation describing the relationship between light intensity and retardation value. According to this, there is a sin2 function between the light intensity and the retardation value. The same relationship of these two parameters was observed in our experiments on the birefringent extracellular matrix around chondrocytes grown in agarose gel and interterritorial and territorial matrix of canine articular cartilage stained with picrosirius red. Our results suggest that the retardation values can be calculated directly from the light intensity values if the retardation value is lower than lambda/2.
<title>An Advanced Imaging Communication System For Planetary Exploration</title> (1975)

An advanced imaging communication system (AICS) for planetary exploration is presented., The system offers "end-to-end" information rate improvements of 3 to 5 times over existing systems in addition to extensive user flexibility to adapt his rate/fidelity priorities to fit a particular mission. AICS contains two major system elements. The first is a concatenated Reed-Solomon/Viterbi coded channel. This provides a powerful, yet practical, solution to the usual "error vulnerability" problem associated with compressed data. The second major element is an extremely adaptive image data compression algorithm called RM2. The details of this algorithm as presently simulated are discussed in considerable detail. Used in conjunction with the virtually error free performance of the Reed-Solomon/Viterbi channel the stated AICS advantages are obtained.
On-Chip Lookup Tables for Fast Symmetric-Key Encryption (2006)

On public communication networks such as the Internet, data confidentiality can be provided by symmetric key ciphers. One of the most common operations used in symmetric key ciphers are table lookups. These frequently constitute the largest fraction of the execution time when the ciphers are implemented using a typical RISC-like instruction set. To accelerate these table lookups, we describe a new hardware module, called PTLU (for parallel table lookup), which consists of multiple lookup tables that can be accessed in parallel. A novel combinational circuit included in the module can optionally perform simple logic operations on the data read from the tables. On a single issue 64-bit RISC processor, PTLU provides maximum speedups of 7.7x for AES and 5.4x for DES. With wordsize scaling, PTLU speedups are significantly higher than that available through more conventional architectural techniques such as superscalar or VUW execution.
Enzymatic Cellulose Hydrolysis: Enzyme Reusability and Visualization of β-Glucosidase Immobilized in Calcium Alginate (2014)

The high cellulase enzyme dosages required for hydrolysis of cellulose is a major cost challenge in lignocellulosic ethanol production. One method to decrease the enzyme dosage and increase biocatalytic productivity is to re-use β-glucosidase (BG) via immobilization. In the present research, glutaraldehyde cross-linked BG was entrapped in calcium alginate gel particles. More than 60% of the enzyme activity could be recovered under optimized conditions, and glutaraldehyde cross-linking decreased leakage of BG from the calcium alginate particles. The immobilized BG aggregates were visualized by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). The CLSM images, which we believe are the first to be published, corroborate that more BG aggregates were entrapped in the matrix when the enzymes were cross-linked by glutaraldehyde as opposed to when they are not cross-linked. The particles with the immobilized BG were recycled for cellulase catalyzed hydrolysis of Avicel. No significant loss in BG activity was observed for up to 20 rounds of reaction recycle steps of the BG particles of 48 h each, verifying a significant stabilization of the BG by immobilization. Similar high glucose yields were obtained by one round of enzymatic hydrolysis of hydrothermally pretreated barley straw during a 72 h reaction with immobilized BG and free BG.
Cerivastatin, a New Potent Synthetic HMG Co-A Reductase Inhibitor: Effect of 0.2 mg Daily in Subjects With Primary Hypercholesterolemia (1997)

BACKGROUND: Reduction of serum cholesterol, most notably low-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with reductions in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Statins have been shown to effectively reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol via inhibition of the hydroxymethyl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. Cerivastatin is the most potent HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor currently under study in the United States. METHODS AND RESULTS: A parallel group, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multicenter study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of three different dosing regimens of 0.2 mg/day of cerivastatin, a new HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, in patients with hypercholesterolemia. After a 10-week diet-placebo lead-in period, 319 patients with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol >160 mg/dL were randomized to 4 weeks of treatment with one of the following regimens: cervastatin 0.1 mg twice daily, cerivastatin 0.2 mg once daily with the evening meal, cerivastatin 0.2 mg once daily at bedtime or placebo. All three active treatment groups produced statistically significant (P <.05) changes compared to aseline and placebo in total cholesterol (0.1 mg twice daily \_18.9%; 0.2 mg once daily with the evening meal: \_21.9%; 0.2 mg once daily at bedtime: \_22.1%; placebo: 0.0%), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.1 mg twice daily: \_25.7%; 0.2 mg once daily with the evening meal: \_29.4%; 0.2 mg once daily at bedtime: \_30.4%; placebo: 1.4%) and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (0.1 mg twice daily: 5.3%; 0.2 mg once daily with the evening meal: baseline and placebo, were also reduced by all active treatments (0.1 mg twice daily: \_11.6% [P =.05]; 0.2 mg once daily with the evening meal: \_11.6% [P =.05]; and 0.2 mg at bedtime: \_10.9% [P =.07]). The percentage change in total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol after 4 weeks of therapy for the once-daily cerivastatin groups was statistically significantly greater (P <.05) than the cerivastatin twice daily regimen. A treatment responser was seen by 1 week of therapy and was maximal by 3 weeks. The drug was well tolerated in all three dosing regimens and resulted in no significant increase in biochemical or clinical side effects compared to placebo. CONCLUSION: Cerivastatin is a novel, highly potent, well-tolerated HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor that produces low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reductions of approximately 30% when administered at 0.2 mg once a day in the evenings.
Dialkyliden‐trischwefel‐tetranitride (1961)

Abstract Es wurde die Reaktion von S 4 N 4 mit Diazomethanverbindungen untersucht. Die Umsetzung von S 4 N 4 mit Diphenyldiazomethan und Fluorenyldiazomethan führt zu Bisdiphenylmethylen‐trischwefel‐tetranitrid, [(C 6 H 5 ) 2 C] 2 S 3 N 4 , und Difluorenyliden‐trischwefeltetranitrid, (C 13 H 8 ) 2 S 3 N 4 . Herstellung und Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen sind beschrieben. Für ihre Bildung wird ein Reaktionsmechanismus vorgeschlagen.
Estradiol inhibits growth of hormone-nonresponsive PC3 human prostate cancer cells. (1994)

Significant inhibition of proliferative activity in PC3 human prostate cancer cells by estradiol is reported, accompanied by experimental evidence for a specific estrogen receptor (ER). Radioligand-binding assays revealed the presence of high affinity sites of estrogen binding in the nuclear compartment of PC3 cells. In addition, using a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction system, we obtained evidence of either normal or a variant ER mRNA; the latter, which lacks the entire exon 4, is coexpressed with normal ER mRNA and has been recently characterized in our laboratories. The likelihood that the inhibitory effect exerted by estradiol could be mediated by an increase of transforming growth factor beta (TGF beta) production was also investigated. Use of monoclonal antibodies against TGF beta 1 produced a 3-fold increase of growth rate in PC3 cells; this clearly speaks for high levels of endogenous TGF beta 1. This effect was almost completely abolished after addition of 100 nM estradiol. However, we failed to demonstrate any increase of TGF beta 1 mRNA after estradiol administration using Northern blot analysis. Further studies are needed to ascertain whether the estradiol-induced growth inhibition of PC3 cells is either mediated by other TGF beta species or exerted via alternative mechanism(s).
Local Structure Study of Ni in Ni-Zn Alloy Coating on Steel by X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (1998)

X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopic studies at the Ni K-edge have been performed for the Ni-Zn alloy coating layer on steel. The Ni-Zn interatomic distances and Debye-Waller factors were determined by fitting the experimental data with the theoretical spectra in the temperature range of 80 to 300K. The average Ni-Zn interatomic distance was found to be and the variation of the Ni-Zn interatomic distance with temperature in this range was insignificant. From the comparison of the Ni-Zn interatomic distance with the nearest neighbor distance of pure Zn lattice it has been suggested that there is an apparent contraction around Ni atom.
Repellent Additives to Reduce Pesticide Hazards to Honey Bees:1Field Tests23 (1975)

Journal Article Repellent Additives to Reduce Pesticide Hazards to Honey Bees: Field Tests Get access E. L. Atkins, E. L. Atkins Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92502 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar R. L. Macdonald, R. L. Macdonald Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92502 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar E. A. Greywood-Hale E. A. Greywood-Hale Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92502 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Environmental Entomology, Volume 4, Issue 2, 1 April 1975, Pages 207–210, https://doi.org/10.1093/ee/4.2.207 Published: 01 April 1975 Article history Received: 29 August 1974 Published: 01 April 1975
Murine model for study of cell-mediated immunity: protection against death from fully virulent Francisella tularensis infection (1975)

To assess cell-mediated immunity in terms of host protection, an experimental model was developed in which passively transferred spleen cells from immunized AKR/J mice enabled nonimmume syngeneic recipients to survive an otherwise fatal infection with fully virulent Francisella tularensis. Donor immunization was achieved by administering live attenuted tularemia vaccine and, subsequently, the virulent streptomycin-sensitive SCHU S4 strain of F. tularensis. At selected intervals after immunization, donor spleen cells were transferred to streptomycin-treated recipients challenged subcutaneously, intravenously, or intraperitoneally with 25 to 50 minimal lethal doses of virulent streptomycin-resistant F. tularensis SCHU S5. The protection afforded by immune spleen cells was maximal (essentially 100%) 12 days after the SCHU S4 secondary immunization.
Urovirulence Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolates Causing First-Episode and Recurrent Cystitis in Women (1991)

To assess the prevalence of urovirulence determinants among Escherichia coli isolates from women with acute uncomplicated cystitis, 121 isolates from 87 women with first-episode or recurrent cystitis and 156 fecal isolates from 52 women without recent urinary tract infection were tested using DNA probes for P fimbriae, hemolysin, aerobactin, and diffuse adhesin and for expression of hemolysin and P and F adhesins. P fimbrial genotype (P = .002), hemolysin phenotype (P = .007), and the diffuse adhesin determinant (P = .03), but not aerobactin, were found more frequently in E. coli from women with acute cystitis, and expression of the F adhesin (41%) was more common than the P adhesin (24%; P = .001). E. coli isolates that caused cystitis in women using diaphragms had fewer virulence determinants than those from nonusers (P = .04), suggesting that diaphragm use may allow infection with less virulent E. coli.
The Reactions of Aromatic Nitriles with Sodium Hydrosulfide in Liquid Ammoniat (1972)

一連の研究から液体アンモニア中,芳香族化合物とNaSHとの反応では,求核置換反応および酸化還元反応が容易に起こることを知ったので,著者らの研究を芳香族ニトリルとNaSHとの反応に拡張した。液体アンモニア中ベンゾニトリルとNaSHおよびNH4C1との反応ではH2Sの付加と同様の付加が起こり,高収率でチオベンズアミドを与えた。一方,液体アンモニア中ベンゾニトリルと97%NaSHとの反応では,低収率でチオベンズアミドを与えるが68%NaSHとの反応ではチオベソズアミドは生成せず,ベンズアミドだけを選択的に生成する。また液体アンモニア中ベンゾニトリルとH2Oは反応しない。液体アンモニア中シアノフェノールおよびそのトシラートとNaSHおよびNH4Clとの反応では相当するチオアミドを得た。液体アンモニア中4-クロロベンゾニトリルとNaSHおよびNH4Clの反応では4-クロロチオベンズアミドと塩素原子が求核攻撃を受けた生成物を与えた。
Universal Membrane Probe for Known Good Die (2005)

We propose a new type of membrane probe, which might be called a Universal Membrane Probe (UMP), as a standard Known-Good Die (KGD) solution for Multi Chip Module (MCM) manufacture. In this paper we will give an outline of this new probe, describe the newly developed manufacturing process for it, and evaluate the performance of a prototype probe. The features of this probe are firstly that it is disposable and based on low-cost materials such as Tape Automated Bonding (TAB) tape; secondly, it is non-customized and so applicable to a wide variety of die sizes and pad configurations; and finally it potentially offers a new standard for wafer probing.
Pd-catalyzed chemoselective threefold cross-coupling of triarylbismuths with benzylic bromides (2013)

An efficient palladium-catalyzed protocol was demonstrated for the chemoselective cross-coupling of functionalized benzylic bromides with triarylbismuth reagents. Under the established conditions, catalyzed by palladium in the presence of K3PO4 base in DMA at 90 °C for 1 h, the threefold arylations using triarylbismuth reagents proceeded smoothly with electronically diverse benzylic bromides. All the coupling reactions furnished the corresponding functionalized diarylmethanes in high yields.
Experimental validation of a pinless femoral reference array for computer‐assisted hip arthroplasty (2009)

The use of computer navigation systems during total hip arthroplasty requires the femoral fixation of a reflective dynamic reference base (DRB), which theoretically involves the risk of bony fracture, infection, and pin loosening. The first objective of this study was to evaluate the relative movements between a novel, noninvasive external femoral DRB system and the femur. Secondly, the maximum effects of these 3D movements on intraoperative, computer-assisted leg length and offset measures were evaluated. An imageless navigation system was used to track the positions of the soft tissue attached, pinless DRB relative to an invasive reference marker on the femur during a less-invasive, anterior surgical hip approach. Relative translatory movements up to 8.2 mm mediolaterally and up to 8.8 degrees in rotation were measured. Using a measurement technique in which the calculation of leg length and offset changes is primarily based on a specific realignment of the leg, maximum differences of 1.3 mm for leg length and 1.2 mm for offset were found when comparing the pin-based and pinless methods. Thus, invasive fixation techniques with screws or pins are still the method of choice when standard measurement algorithms for intraoperative leg length and offset measures are used. Though direct translatory and rotational variations between the pinless array and the femoral bone were detected, the pinless array can be used to assess leg length and offset when used with a specific measurement technique that compensates for such variations.
Artificial riboswitches for gene expression and replication control of DNA and RNA viruses (2014)

Aptazymes are small, ligand-dependent self-cleaving ribozymes that function independently of transcription factors and can be customized for induction by various small molecules. Here, we introduce these artificial riboswitches for regulation of DNA and RNA viruses. We hypothesize that they represent universally applicable tools for studying viral gene functions and for applications as a safety switch for oncolytic and live vaccine viruses. Our study shows that the insertion of artificial aptazymes into the adenoviral immediate early gene E1A enables small-molecule-triggered, dose-dependent inhibition of gene expression. Aptazyme-mediated shutdown of E1A expression translates into inhibition of adenoviral genome replication, infectious particle production, and cytotoxicity/oncolysis. These results provide proof of concept for the aptazyme approach for effective control of biological outcomes in eukaryotic systems, specifically in virus infections. Importantly, we also demonstrate aptazyme-dependent regulation of measles virus fusion protein expression, translating into potent reduction of progeny infectivity and virus spread. This not only establishes functionality of aptazymes in fully cytoplasmic genetic systems, but also implicates general feasibility of this strategy for application in viruses with either DNA or RNA genomes. Our study implies that gene regulation by artificial riboswitches may be an appealing alternative to Tet- and other protein-dependent gene regulation systems, based on their small size, RNA-intrinsic mode of action, and flexibility of the inducing molecule. Future applications range from gene analysis in basic research to medicine, for example as a safety switch for new generations of efficiency-enhanced oncolytic viruses.