gebhart/patrepeval huggingface dataset:
Chemically modified carbon fibers and their applications (1990)

Part 1 Types of carbon fibers: classification of carbon fibers types of element-carbon fibers. Part 2 Structure of carbon fibers: general remarks structural models of carbon fibers structural features of element-carbon fibers. Part 3 Properties of carbon fibers: general consideration carbon fiber mechanical properties chemical stability thermophysical properties electrical properties of carbon fibers properties of sorption-active carbon fibers properties of activated carbon fibers properties of carbon fiber ion-exchangers. Part 4 The cellulose carbonization process: kinetics of cellulose thermal decomposition evaporation of physically bound water dehydration of cellulose cellulose transformations at 230-400 degrees celcius pyrolysis at temperatures over 400 degrees celcius on some factors controlling the cellulose carbonization process. Part 5 Formation of element-carbon fiber materials: effects of basic additives, neutral salt additives, acid-type additives and metal chlorides some features of cellulose carbonization in the presence of additives at heat-treatment temperatures over 400 degrees celcius production of PAN-based element-carbon fibers. Part 6 Surface modification of carbon fibers: introduction of ionic groups general problems sulfonation of carbon fibers phosphorylation of carbon fibers ion-exchangers based on oxidized carbon miscellaneous approaches to producing ion-exchangers oxidative treatment improvement of mechanical properties increasing adhesion to binders optimization of/performance of carbon fiber activation to enhance adsorption chemical activation gas/vapor activation and miscellaneous activation activation in the presence of inorganic additives modification of carbon fiber adsorbents features of PAN-based activates carbon fiber production ablative treatment and other modes of surface modifications. Part 7 Applications of carbon fibers: application areas of carbon fiber adsorbents general considerations environmental application areas application for purification of water and service solutions medical applications other application areas of carbon fiber adsorbents environmental application areas application for purification of water and service solutions other application areas of carbon fiber adsorbents element-carbon fibers as catalysts in chemical reactions application areas for composite materials composites with an organic polymer matrix composites with an inorganic polymer matrix composite materials with a cement matrix composites with metallic, ceramic and vitreous enamel matrices composites in medicine othe application areas of element-carbon fibers.
Dancing with the Dragon: Canadian Investment in China and Chinese Investment in Canada (2017)

While Canadian trade and investment with China is today relatively modest, with China well on track to displace the United States as the world’s largest economy, Canada must make it a priority to prepare for a future characterized by dramatically increased trade and investment between our two countries. This paper sheds light on some the issues and measures Canadian governments will have to consider as they look to establish safe and prosperous relationships with China. To begin with, Canadians choosing to invest in China must be prepared for the risk inherent in that country’s peculiar “capitalism with socialist characteristics.” The Chinese state continues to play an interventionist role in many significant sectors in the economy, and the strategy behind China’s overseas investment in countries such as Canada is specifically aimed at furthering China’s own national security goals and geopolitical influence. Canadians wishing to do business in China will also require great cultural competency. The cultural institution known as guanxi — in which gifts to sway influence are considered an acceptable, even desirable practice — persists in China, with even native Chinese unclear on where to draw the line between “good” guanxi and “bad” corruption. At home, Canadians may soon be forced to confront questions about how much of our own land security and natural resource security we are willing to compromise by permitting Chinese investment to gather up our farmland and key industries. Canadians should decide sooner, not later, how well our own strategic interests are served by permitting unrestricted Chinese investment in our economy. In anticipation of these issues, Canada’s federal and provincial governments should provide increased support for a more comprehensive training and research infrastructure that better prepares Canadians for the growing bilateral trade between our countries. They should also reinvest in the monitoring and regulatory enforcement for food and product safety to ensure that Canadians remain protected from unsafe Chinese imports.
Natural Oil-Based Polymers: Opportunities and Challenges (2000)

The downstream plastic conversion industries have received a large boost and have mushroomed without a corresponding increase in the production of plastic raw materials in the world. There is a gre...
Large-Scale Biophysical Evaluation of Protein PEGylation Effects: In Vitro Properties of 61 Protein Entities (2016)

PEGylation is the most widely used method to chemically modify protein biopharmaceuticals, but surprisingly limited public data is available on the biophysical effects of protein PEGylation. Here we report the first large-scale study, with site-specific mono-PEGylation of 15 different proteins and characterization of 61 entities in total using a common set of analytical methods. Predictions of molecular size were typically accurate in comparison with actual size determined by size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) or dynamic light scattering (DLS). In contrast, there was no universal trend regarding the effect of PEGylation on the thermal stability of a protein based on data generated by circular dichroism (CD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), or differential scanning fluorimetry (DSF). In addition, DSF was validated as a fast and inexpensive screening method for thermal unfolding studies of PEGylated proteins. Multivariate data analysis revealed clear trends in biophysical properties upon PEGylation for a subset of proteins, although no universal trends were found. Taken together, these findings are important in the consideration of biophysical methods and evaluation of second-generation biopharmaceutical drug candidates.
Biostable aptamers with antagonistic properties to the neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (2004)

The neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), the endogenous ligand of the opioid receptor-like 1 (ORL1) receptor, has been shown to play a prominent role in the regulation of several biological functions such as pain and stress. Here we describe the isolation and characterization of N/OFQ binding biostable RNA aptamers (Spiegelmers) using a mirror-image in vitro selection approach. Spiegelmers are L-enantiomeric oligonucleotide ligands that display high affinity and specificity to their targets and high resistance to enzymatic degradation compared to D-oligonucleotides. A representative Spiegelmer from the selections performed was size-minimized to two distinct sequences capable of high affinity binding to N/OFQ. The Spiegelmers were shown to antagonize binding of N/OFQ to the ORL1 receptor in a binding-competition assay. The calculated IC(50) values for the Spiegelmers NOX 2149 and NOX 2137a/b were 110 nM and 330 nM, respectively. The competitive antagonistic properties of these Spiegelmers were further demonstrated by their effective and specific inhibition of G-protein activation in two additional models. The Spiegelmers antagonized the N/OFQ-induced GTPgammaS incorporation into cell membranes of a CHO-K1 cell line expressing the human ORL1 receptor. In oocytes from Xenopus laevis, NOX 2149 showed an antagonistic effect to the N/OFQ-ORL 1 receptor system that was functionally coupled with G-protein-regulated inwardly rectifying K(+) channels.
Vitamin E and Other Antioxidants in Neuroprotection (1999)

Several pathological conditions are believed to be causally related to the generation of reactive oxygen species and free radicals including various neurodegenerative disorders. In the histopathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) many signs of oxidative reactions can be found building the basis of the oxidative stress hypothesis of AD. One major player in the generation of an overall oxidative microenvironment for the nerve cells is the amyloid beta protein (A beta) of the senile plaques in brain areas affected in AD. A beta can be neurotoxic and this toxicity is mediated by peroxides and by the peroxidation of membrane lipids leading to the lysis of the cell. Consequently, lipophilic free radical scavengers such as vitamin E and the recently discovered antioxidant activity of the female sex hormone estrogen protects neurons against the oxidative toxicity of A beta and other AD-related oxidative insults. In a first clinical trial using vitamin E in therapy, this antioxidant could slow down the course of the disease launching further clinical investigations. Although antioxidants act as non-specific protective chemical shields for neurons and do not target specific pathological events, they are highly effective and further investigations on their activity might lead to an even more effective application of antioxidants. Since the knowledge of the pathways of neuronal cell death that occur during oxidative challenges is increasing, it will be of central interest how antioxidants can interfere with signal transduction mechanisms and therefore also modify genetic programs. As long as specific interventions are not available the optimistic data concerning the neuroprotective activity of antioxidants in vitro and in vivo underline an important role for antioxidative acting compounds for the prevention and therapy of oxidative stress-related conditions including AD.
Robust unsupervised feature selection (2013)

A new unsupervised feature selection method, i.e., Robust Unsupervised Feature Selection (RUFS), is proposed. Unlike traditional unsupervised feature selection methods, pseudo cluster labels are learned via local learning regularized robust nonnegative matrix factorization. During the label learning process, feature selection is performed simultaneously by robust joint l2,1 norms minimization. Since RUFS utilizes l2,1 norm minimization on processes of both label learning and feature learning, outliers and noise could be effectively handled and redundant or noisy features could be effectively reduced. Our method adopts the advantages of robust non-negative matrix factorization, local learning, and robust feature learning. In order to make RUFS be scalable, we design a (projected) limited-memory BFGS based iterative algorithm to efficiently solve the optimization problem of RUFS in terms of both memory consumption and computation complexity. Experimental results on different benchmark real world datasets show the promising performance of RUFS over the state-of-the-arts.
Epidemiology of carbapenem resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE) during 2000-2012 in Asia. (2015)

Given the fact that the prevalence of CRE was increasing during the past decade, it is urgent for us to establish regional surveillance worldwide, carry out more effective antibiotic stewardship and infection control measures to prevent further spread of carbapenem resistance in Enterobacteriaceae.
Small-Molecule Adsorption in Open-Site Metal–Organic Frameworks: A Systematic Density Functional Theory Study for Rational Design (2014)

Using density functional theory, we systematically compute and investigate the binding enthalpies of 14 different small molecules in a series of isostructural metal–organic frameworks, M-MOF-74, with M = Mg, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, and Zn. The small molecules we consider include major flue-gas components, trace gases, and small hydrocarbons, i.e., H2, CO, CO2, H2O, H2S, N2, NH3, SO2, CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, and C3H8. In total, the adsorption energetics of 140 unique systems are presented and discussed. Dispersion interactions are included by employing a nonlocal van der Waals density functional, vdW-DF2. Hubbard U corrections are applied to the localized d electrons of transition metal atoms, and the impact of such corrections is assessed quantitatively. For systems for which measured binding enthalpies have been reported, our calculations lead to excellent overall agreement with experimentally determined structures and isosteric heats of adsorption. For systems that have yet to be realized or characterized, this study provides quantitative predictions, establishes a better understanding of the role of different transition-metal cations in small-molecule binding at open-metal sites, and identifies routes for predicting potential candidates for energy-related gas-separation applications. For example, we predict that Cu-MOF-74 will exhibit selectivity of CO2 over H2O and that Mn-MOF-74 can be used to separate trace flue-gas impurities and toxic gases from gas mixtures.
Fast electron transfer from PbSe quantum dots to TiO2 (2012)

Fast electron transfer from PbSe quantum dots (QDs) to the porous anatase TiO2 film was observed in transient absorption and luminescence, when the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital level of PbSe QDs is higher than that of TiO2. In PbSe QDs 2.7 nm in diameter linked to the TiO2 film the bleaching recovery and the luminescence decay shortened to 1 ps and 4.2 ns from 650 ps and 1.3 μs observed in the non-linked PbSe QDs, respectively. The electron transfer from both the quantum state and the localized state in PbSe QDs to TiO2 takes place fast and efficiently.
Improving Conveyor Belt Safety Training Through the Use of Virtual Reality (2008)

Working around conveyor belts is the cause of numerous accidents each year that are costly to the mining industry. Current safety training practices generally include the use of slide show presentations, lectures, videos, and paper material before sending each worker onto site with an experienced person for on-the-job task training. These training methods are passive in nature and do not allow for an actual realization of consequences resulting from ignoring safety practices during interaction between the employee and the environment. It is with this in mind that virtual reality (VR) is being proposed as an added effective method of safety training. In order to prove this hypothesis, a working VR prototype application of a mining environment has been developed. The application is designed in two modules. The first consists of an instructional based module, where the user is given all relevant information based on background research dealing with safety issues, hazard awareness, conveyor maintenance, and conveyor components and assemblies. The second module is a task-based training session that then tracks the user's performance as they complete assigned tasks. An evaluation scheme was performed on the prototype to determine the usability and usefulness and identify areas in need of improvement. First, industry professionals were presented the application in an informal setting where the types of information and overall concept were examined and perceived usefulness was discussed. Secondly, users, both novice and industry professionals, were asked to go through the prototype training application and rate their agreement with statements based on the user interface and usability of the application. Finally, subjective interviews were performed to record perceived benefits of the virtual reality application over typical training material. This final stage consists of using both industry professionals and novice experience individuals and documenting their perceptions of benefits and challenges of using both typical methods of training and the designed prototype. This document consists of an explanation of the research steps and papers that are published (or in press) detailing certain areas of the research, compiled findings, conclusions, and future research suggestions.
Identification of mouse liver proteins on two‐dimensional electrophoresis gels by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry of <i>in situ</i> enzymatic digests (1997)

A number of proteins from a silver-stained two-dimensional (2-D) electrophoresis gel of mouse liver whole-cell lysate were identified by peptide mass mapping and sequence database searching. The excised protein spots were processed by in situ reduction and alkylation, followed by Lys-C digestion. The masses of the resulting peptide mixtures were measured with a matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) reflection-time-of-flight mass spectrometer. These masses were used successfully to search a protein sequence database. Optimized silver staining and digestion protocols allowed proteins to be identified routinely at the low picomole level. The high mass accuracy and resolution provided by delayed extraction were important for high specificity in the database search. Fragment ion data obtained by MALDI post-source decay (PSD) measurements not only provided confirmation of peptide identification, but could be used to identify the protein from a single peptide without spectral interpretation.
Imaging Cognition II: An Empirical Review of 275 PET and fMRI Studies (2000)

Positron emission tomography (PET) and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have been extensively used to explore the functional neuroanatomy of cognitive functions. Here we review 275 PET and fMRI studies of attention (sustained, selective, Stroop, orientation, divided), perception (object, face, space/motion, smell), imagery (object, space/motion), language (written/spoken word recognition, spoken/no spoken response), working memory (verbal/numeric, object, spatial, problem solving), semantic memory retrieval (categorization, generation), episodic memory encoding (verbal, object, spatial), episodic memory retrieval (verbal, nonverbal, success, effort, mode, context), priming (perceptual, conceptual), and procedural memory (conditioning, motor, and nonmotor skill learning). To identify consistent activation patterns associated with these cognitive operations, data from 412 contrasts were summarized at the level of cortical Brodmann's areas, insula, thalamus, medial-temporal lobe (including hippocampus), basal ganglia, and cerebellum. For perception and imagery, activation patterns included primary and secondary regions in the dorsal and ventral pathways. For attention and working memory, activations were usually found in prefrontal and parietal regions. For language and semantic memory retrieval, typical regions included left prefrontal and temporal regions. For episodic memory encoding, consistently activated regions included left prefrontal and medial temporal regions. For episodic memory retrieval, activation patterns included prefrontal, medial temporal, and posterior midline regions. For priming, deactivations in prefrontal (conceptual) or extrastriate (perceptual) regions were consistently seen. For procedural memory, activations were found in motor as well as in non-motor brain areas. Analysis of regional activations across cognitive domains suggested that several brain regions, including the cerebellum, are engaged by a variety of cognitive challenges. These observations are discussed in relation to functional specialization as well as functional integration.
Using silicon injection phenomenon during fire-through contact formation to improve process control and performance of screen-printed multicrystalline-silicon solar cells (2010)

High-performing screen printed, fire-through Si solar cells require a uniform, about 10-μm-thick, back surface field (BSF), with a peak Al concentration of about 10 <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">18</sup> cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">-3</sup> . This entails forming an ~30-μm-thick Si-Al melt, which initiates sporadically and tends to agglomerate and ball up, thus producing a non-uniform BSF. We have developed a method to stabilize the Si-Al melt by deploying Si injection (at about 550°C for 2-5 s) during ramp-up, which initiates a thin, uniform melt along the entire Si-Al interface. This promotes adhesion between the Si surface and the growing Al-Si melt. We have previously shown that this process produces an excellent back contact, but the quality of the front contact and overall cell efficiency were not evaluated. The primary concern was whether molten glass frit would rapidly react with SiN:H and etch away a significant thickness of N <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">+</sup> silicon. Here, we report that high-efficiency cells with a uniform BSF, an open-circuit voltage >620 mV, and short-circuit current density >32 mA/cm <sup xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">2</sup> can be produced by a T-t firing profile that includes Si injection.
Isolation and Purification of Leaf Starch Components (1979)

A procedure was developed for the separation and purification of amylose and amylopectin isolated from cotton leaves. Cotton leaves were homogenized in 0.02 molar phosphate buffer at pH 7.0 containing HgCl(2) plus toluene. Crude starch granules were collected by centrifugation and partially purified by treating with acetone and toluene. The starch granules were then dispersed in dimethylsulfoxide and precipitated with ethyl alcohol. The precipitate was suspended in boiling water. Amylose was separated from amylopectin and cell wall particles on a Sepharose 2B column and further purified with thymol and butanol. Amylopectin was then separated from the colloidal cell wall contaminants by its specific interaction with concanavalin A. Purities of starch components were verified by specific biochemical and enzymic tests in addition to their iodine-binding capacity. This procedure should also be suitable for purification of starch components from other plant sources.
Yang Data Model for Service Function Chaining (2016)

This document defines a YANG data model that can be used to configure
and manage Service Function Chains.
Pattern discovery by residual analysis and recursive partitioning (1999)

In this paper, a novel method of pattern discovery is proposed. It is based on the theoretical formulation of a contingency table of events. Using residual analysis and recursive partitioning, statistically significant events are identified in a data set. These events constitute the important information contained in the data set and are easily interpretable as simple rules, contour plots, or parallel axes plots. In addition, an informative probabilistic description of the data is automatically furnished by the discovery process. Following a theoretical formulation, experiments with real and simulated data will demonstrate the ability to discover subtle patterns amid noise, the invariance to changes of scale, cluster detection, and discovery of multidimensional patterns. It is shown that the pattern discovery method offers the advantages of easy interpretation, rapid training, and tolerance to noncentralized noise.
γ‐Chloropropyl Acetate (2003)

Abstract γ‐Chloropropyl acetate product: γ‐Chloropropyl acetate
Light-controlled synthesis of gold nanoparticles using a rigid, photoresponsive surfactant (2012)

We report a new strategy for shape control over the synthesis of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) by using a photoresponsive surfactant based on a modified seed growth method. Owing to photoresponsive properties of the azo group, the designed surfactant, N(1),N(3),N(5)-tris[(4'-azobenzene-4-sulphonic acid)phenyl]benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxamide, exhibits a distinctive molecular configuration under light leading to different growth processes of AuNPs. As a result, the blackberry-like, spherical AuNPs and multilayered Au plates were successfully prepared in high yield under visible and UV light. The size and morphological control of Au nanocrystals are described and the synthesized Au nanocrystals are evaluated for SERS applications.